cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity of dicationic 2,4- diarylpyrimidines

Summary A synthesis of 2,4-bis-(4-amidinophenyl)pyrimidine 6 , 2,4-bis-[(4-imidazolin-2-yl)phenyl)]pyrimidine 7 , 2,4-bis [(4-tetrahydropyrimidinyl-2-yl)phenyl]pyrimidine 8 , 2,4-bis[(4- N - n -propylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 9 , 2,4-bis[(4- N -isopropylamidino)-phenyl]pyrimidine 10 and 2,4-bis[(4- N -isobutylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 11 starting from 4-bromobenzamidine and 4-bromoaceto-phenone is reported. A synthesis of 2-(4-amidinopnenyl)-4-(2-methoxy-4-amidinophenyl)pyrimidine 20 , 2-[4-(imidazolin2-yl)-phenyl]-4-[2-me thoxy-4-(imidazolin-2-yl)phenyl]pyrimidine 21 , and 2-[4-( N -iso-propylamidino)phenyl]-4-[2-methoxy-4-( N -isopro-pylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 22 beginning with 4-bromobenzamidine and 2-methoxy-4-bromoacetophenone is described. Compounds 6-11 and 20-22 all bind strongly to DNA. Compounds 6, 9-11 , and 20 given at 5 mg/kg are more active and less toxic than pentamidine at its effective dose when evaluated against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in the immunosuppressed rat model. Several compounds in this series are being evaluated further as potential new anti-PCP agents.
Does the Equivalence between Gravitational Mass and Energy Survive for a Composite Quantum Body

We define passive and active gravitational mass operators of the simplest composite quantum body—a hydrogen atom. Although they do not commute with its energy operator, the equivalence between the expectation values of passive and active gravitational masses and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. In our calculations of passive gravitational mass operator, we take into account not only kinetic and Coulomb potential energies but also the so-called relativistic corrections to electron motion in a hydrogen atom. Inequivalence between passive and active gravitational masses and energy at a macroscopic level is demonstrated to reveal itself as time-dependent oscillations of the expectation values of the gravitational masses for superpositions of stationary quantum states. Breakdown of the equivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level reveals itself as unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by macroscopic ensemble of hydrogen atoms, moved by small spacecraft with constant velocity in the Earth’s gravitational field. We suggest the corresponding experiment on the Earth’s orbit to detect this radiation, which would be the first direct experiment where quantum effects in general relativity are observed.
Neutrinos: heralds of new physics

Abstract The central role of neutrinos in the determination of fundamental interactions is reviewed. The recent SuperKamiokande discovery of neutrino mass gives an c of physics at short distances, and tests theories of flavor. Quark-lepton symmetries, derived from grand unification and/or string theories, can help determine the standard model parameters in the neutrino sector.
Job Search and Unemployment Duration: Implications for the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between unemployment duration and the spatial distribution of employment. It builds on the spatial mismatch literature by analyzing the role of access in a job search framework. A unique measure of access is created using municipal level employment growth and a matrix of commuting times for the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Area. Individuals with more access to employment are found to have shorter unemployment spells. The effect of access on unemployment duration is found to be sensitive to the specification of access.
Bubbling the Newly Grown Black Ring Hair

New families of BPS black ring solutions with four electric and four dipole magnetic charges have recently been explicitly constructed and uplifted to M-theory. These solutions were found to belong to a CFT with central charge different compared to the one of the STU model. Because of their importance to AdS/CFT, here we give the microstate description of these geometries in terms of topological bubbles and supertubes. The fourth charge results in an additional flux through the topological cycles that resolve the brane singularities. The analog of these solutions in the IIB frame yield a generalized regular supertube with three electric charges and one dipole charge. Direct comparison is also made with the previously-known bubbled geometries.
NMR studies of dynamic biomolecular conformational ensembles.

Multidimensional heteronuclear NMR approaches can provide nearly complete sequential signal assignments of isotopically enriched biomolecules. The availability of assignments together with measurements of spin relaxation rates, residual spin interactions, J-couplings and chemical shifts provides information at atomic resolution about internal dynamics on timescales ranging from ps to ms, both in solution and in the solid state. However, due to the complexity of biomolecules, it is not possible to extract a unique atomic-resolution description of biomolecular motions even from extensive NMR data when many conformations are sampled on multiple timescales. For this reason, powerful computational approaches are increasingly applied to large NMR data sets to elucidate conformational ensembles sampled by biomolecules. In the past decade, considerable attention has been directed at an important class of biomolecules that function by binding to a wide variety of target molecules. Questions of current interest are: “Does the free biomolecule sample a conformational ensemble that encompasses the conformations found when it binds to various targets; and if so, on what time scale is the ensemble sampled?” This article reviews recent efforts to answer these questions, with a focus on comparing ensembles obtained for the same biomolecules by different investigators. A detailed comparison of results obtained is provided for three biomolecules: ubiquitin, calmodulin and the HIV-1 trans-activation response RNA.
Tensor constructions of open string theories (I) foundations

Abstract The possible tensor constructions of open string theories are analyzed from first principles. To this end the algebraic framework of open string field theory is clarified, including the role of the homotopy associative A ∞ algebra, the odd symplectic structure, cyclicity, star conjugation, and twist. It is also shown that two string theories are off-shell equivalent if the corresponding homotopy associative algebras are homotopy equivalent in a strict sense. It is demonstrated that a homotopy associative star algebra with a compatible even bilinear form can be attached to an open string theory. If this algebra does not have a space-time interpretation, positivity and the existence of a conserved ghost number require that its cohomology is at degree zero, and that it has the structure of a direct sum of full matrix algebras. The resulting string theory is shown to be physically equivalent to a string theory with a familiar open string gauge group.
Spectroscopic and Morphologic Characterization of the Dentin/ Adhesive Interface

The potential environmental risks associated with mercury release have forced many European countries to ban the use of dental amalgam. Alternative materials such as composite resins do not provide the clinical function for the length of time characteristically associated with dental amalgam. The weak link in the composite restoration is the dentin/adhesive bond. The purpose of this study was to correlate morphologic characterization of the dentin/adhesive bond with chemical analyses using micro-Fourier transform infrared and micro-Raman spectroscopy. A commercial dental adhesive was placed on dentin substrates cut from extracted, unerupted human third molars. Sections of the dentin/adhesive interface were investigated using infrared radiation produced at the Aladdin synchrotron source; visible radiation from a Kr + laser was used for the micro-Raman spectroscopy. Sections of the dentin/adhesive interface, differentially stained to identify protein, mineral, and adhesive, were examined using light microscopy. Due to its limited spatial resolution and the unknown sample thickness the infrared results cannot be used quantitatively in determining the extent of diffusion. The results from the micro-Raman spectroscopy and light microscopy indicate exposed protein at the dentin/adhesive interface. Using a laser that reduces background fluorescence, the microRaman spectroscopy provides quantitative chemical and morphologic information on the dentin/adhesive interface. The staining procedure is sensitive to sites of pure protein and thus, complements the Raman results. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S1083-3668(99)00201-4]
Solubility of Systems of Quadratic Forms

It has been known since the last century that a single quadratic form in at least five variables has a nontrivial zero in any p -adic field, but the analogous question for systems of quadratic forms remains unanswered. It is plausible that the number of variables required for solubility of a system of quadratic forms simply is proportional to the number of forms; however, the best result to date, from an elementary argument of Leep [ 6 ], is that the number of variables needed is at most a quadratic function of the number of forms. The purpose of this paper is to show how these elementary arguments can be used, in a certain class of fields including the p -adic fields, to refine the upper bound for the number of variables needed to guarantee solubility of systems of quadratic forms. This result partially addresses Problem 6 of Lewis' survey article [ 7 ] on Diophantine problems.
A market interpretation of the proportional extended core

Abstract Any TU-game can be generated from a production economy with indivisible labor inputs. An equilibrium of that economy always exists after a central intervention that taxes income and subsidizes production. The set of equilibrium allocations corresponding to the smallest income tax coincides with the proportional extended core of the game.
Legal liability issues in agricultural biotechnology

This article presents an overview of the legal liability issues in torts and patent law that arise from the use of transgenic crops produced by agricultural biotechnology. Torts-A tort is a civil legal action whereby the claimant alleges injury or wrong, arising independent of contract, to the person or property of the claimant. The article begins with legal liability claims for damage to property, damage to persons, and damage to economic interests (markets) that may arise with the use of transgenic crops. The tort theories discussed include the legal claims of trespass, strict liability, negligence, private nuisance, and public nuisance. With respect to each tort theory, the discussion points out unique legal issues that are likely to exist specifically because the litigation involves agricultural biotechnology. Patent Infringement-The article ends by focusing on four patent infringement cases that courts in Canada and the USA have decided regarding farmers who used patented seed from agricultural biotechnology without permission of the patent holder. As of May 2003, these are the only four patent infringement cases that have resulted in formal legal opinions by courts construing patent and antitrust laws in the context of farmers saving seeds protected by patents.
Contrast enhancement of medical images using multiscale edge representation

Experience suggests the existence of a connection between the contrast of a gray-scale image and the gradient magnitude of intensity edges in the neighborhood where the contrast is measured. This observation motivates the development of edge-based contrast enhancement techniques. We present a simple and effective method for image contrast enhancement based on the multiscale edge representation of images. The contrast of an image can be enhanced simply by stretching or upscaling the multiscale gradient maxima of the image. This method offers flexibility to selectively enhance features of different sizes and ability to control noise magnification. We present some experimental results from enhancing medical images and discuss the advantages of this wavelet approach over other edge-based techniques.
School characteristics and the demand for college

Abstract We estimate the demand for 772 U.S. colleges in 1994 by relating new applications to easily confirmable characteristics of the schools in the sample. Pooling all colleges, we find that demand is positively related to out-of-state tuition but inversely related to in-state tuition. Further, we find evidence that those who apply to public schools and private schools are distinct subpopulations. Specifically, private school applicants are more price and less income sensitive than public school applicants. That a given state has more schools has a positive effect on the number of public school applications and a negative impact on private school applications. [ JEL I21, D12]
A Trace-Like Invariant for Representations of Hopf Algebras

We introduce an invariant for the irreducible representations of finite dimensional Hopf algebras, defined as the trace of a map induced by the antipode on the endomorphisms of each corresponding simple module. We also compute the value of this invariant for the representations of two families of non-semisimple Hopf algebras.
Structural relationships in silatrane molecules

An updated compendium of silatrane structural data is presented. The relationships between nonplanarity at silicon (δSi) andd(N-Si), the length of the dative bond, and nonplanarity at nitrogen ΔN andd(N-Si) are examined. Excluding a platinum-substituted derivative: the ΔSi relationship is strong and predicts the limiting length of a strong N → Si bond, while the ΔN relationship is weak. A good relationship between ΣσI for the four (non-N) exo- and endocyclic substituents attached to Si holds for silatranes, methyl, keto, and diketo derivatives as well as for 2-carbasilatranes. The relationship fails for strong π-donor exocyclic substituents, implicating resonance, and for benzo- and tribenzosilatranes, where steric effects dominate.
Difluoromethylornithine inhibits crypt fission

Crypt fission is a physiologic mechanism of crypt reproduction. It increases in pathophysiologic situations where intestinal regeneration is required (e.g., radiation injury). Polyamine metabolism is important in the regulation of intestinal growth and recovery from injury in response to a variety of stimuli. Our aim was to determine whether inhibition of polyamine synthesis by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) influenced crypt fission. Forty-eight rabbits underwent patch enteroplasty in the terminal ileum. One group served as a control group and the other took 2 % DFMO orally. Animals (n = 6) from each group were killed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Normal ileum adjacent to the enteroplasty was studied. Crypt dissection was performed 2 hours after vincristine was administered intravenously to determine crypt cell production rate, crypt depth, and proportion of bifurcating crypts (fission). DFMO administration decreased crypt fission (4 ±2% vs. 11 ± 2% and 13 ±1% vs. 34 ±4% at 7 and 14 days) compared to control animals. There was a corresponding increase in crypt depth at 14 and 21 days. Crypt cell production rate was similar in both groups and did not change with time. Mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity (11.9 ±2.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 specific activity at 21 days; P <0.05)and polyamine content (323 ±32 vs. 17±8 and 382 ±89 vs. 160 ±47 pmol/mg at 14 and 21 days, control vs. DFMO; P <0.05) were significantly lower in the DFMO group. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) DFMO administration inhibits crypt fission in stimulated intestinal epithelium; (2) this effect correlates temporally with reduced polyamine production; and (3) reduced crypt fission is another potential mechanism of inhibition of intestinal growth by altered polyamine metabolism.
The design of a rotating associative array memory for a relational data base management application

There are significant advantages to tailoring hardware storage devices to support high level data models in very large data bases. A storage device that can assume some of the data selection functions traditionally performed by the CPU can substantially reduce the amount of data to be transferred to the CPU. This reduction together with increased concurrency of CPU and device operation result in increased data rates and lowor response times By designing the device to support one specific data model, greator efficiency can be achieved than in devices dosigned to be a compromise in their support of several different models. The number and complexity Of the functions performed by the device can be drastically reduced, along with its development and production costs. In this paper we describe the design and usage Of an associative array memory using a rotating storage device which is tailored to support the relational model of E. F. Codd.
A Tale of Two Populations: The Contribution of Merger and Secular Processes to the Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei

Due to the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, understanding the mechanisms that trigger active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is imperative to understanding galaxy evolution and the formation of massive galaxies. It is observationally difficult to determine the trigger of a given AGN due to the difference between the AGN lifetime and triggering timescales. Here, we utilize AGN population synthesis modeling to determine the importance of different AGN triggering mechanisms. An AGN population model is computed by combining an observationally motivated AGN triggering rate and a theoretical AGN light curve. The free parameters of the AGN light curve are constrained by minimizing a ?2 test with respect to the observed AGN hard X-ray luminosity function. The observed black hole space density, AGN number counts, and X-ray background spectrum are also considered as observational constraints. It is found that major mergers are not able to account for the entire AGN population. Therefore, non-merger processes, such as secular mechanisms, must also trigger AGNs. Indeed, non-merger processes are the dominant AGN triggering mechanism at z 1-1.5. Furthermore, the shape and evolution of the black hole mass function of AGNs triggered by major mergers are intrinsically different from the shape and evolution of the black hole mass function of AGNs triggered by secular processes.
Contingency-constrained unit commitment with post-contingency corrective recourse

Sandia National Laboratories' Laboratory-Directed Research and Development Program; U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science (Advanced Scientific Computing Research program); U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000]
Formation and early evolution of massive black holes

The astrophysical processes that led to the formation of the first seed black holes and to their growth into the supermassive variety that powers bright quasars at z ∼ 6 are poorly understood. In standard ΛCDM hierarchical cosmologies, the earliest massive holes (MBHs) likely formed at redshift z ≳ 15 at the centers of low-mass ( M ≳ 5 × 10 5 M ⊙ ) dark matter “minihalos”, and produced hard radiation by accretion. FUV/X-ray photons from such “miniquasars” may have permeated the universe more uniformly than EUV radiation, reduced gas clumping, and changed the chemistry of primordial gas. The role of accreting seed black holes in determining the thermal and ionization state of the intergalactic medium depends on the amount of cold and dense gas that forms and gets retained in protogalaxies after the formation of the first stars. The highest resolution N-body simulation to date of Galactic substructure shows that subhalos below the atomic cooling mass were very inefficient at forming stars.
The ubiquitous solar electric propulsion stage

Abstract Mission analyses indicate there are several near-term interplanetary missions that cannot be performed with any degree of sophistication without electric propulsion. Cost and performance benefits are suggested when this same technology is included in the Shuttle-based Earth-orbital transportation system. Specific Earth-orbital payload programs gain from increased weight allowances, decreased costs through simplification, and reduced numbers of spacecraft due to on-orbit servicing. More ambitious mission planners looking toward space industrialization will find uses ranging from GSO debris clearance to a versatile support element for a multipurpose manned space station.
Survey for Transiting Extrasolar Planets in Stellar Systems. III. A Limit on the Fraction of Stars with Planets in the Open Cluster NGC 1245

We analyze a 19 night photometric search for transiting extrasolar planets in the open cluster NGC 1245. An automated transit search algorithm with quantitative selection criteria finds six transit candidates; none are bona fide planetary transits. We characterize the survey detection probability via Monte Carlo injection and recovery of realistic limb-darkened transits. We use this to derive upper limits on the fraction of cluster members with close-in Jupiter radii, RJ, companions. The survey sample contains ~870 cluster members, and we calculate 95% confidence upper limits on the fraction of these stars with planets by assuming that the planets have an even logarithmic distribution in semimajor axis over the Hot Jupiter (HJ; 3.0 < P day-1 < 9.0) and Very Hot Jupiter (VHJ; 1.0 < P day-1 < 3.0) period ranges. For 1.5RJ companions we limit the fraction of cluster members with companions to <6.4% and <52% for VHJ and HJ companions, respectively. For 1.0RJ companions we find that <24% have VHJ companions. We do not reach the sensitivity to place any meaningful constraints on 1.0RJ HJ companions. From a careful analysis of the random and systematic errors of the calculation, we show that the derived upper limits contain a +13%/ - 7% relative error. For photometric noise and weather properties similar to those of this survey, observing NGC 1245 twice as long results in a tighter constraint on HJ companions than observing an additional cluster of richness similar to that of NGC 1245 for the same length of time as this survey. If 1% of stars have 1.5RJ HJ companions (as measured in radial velocity surveys), we expect to detect one planet for every 5000 dwarf stars observed for a month. To reach an ~2% upper limit on the fraction of stars with 1.5RJ companions in the 3.0 < P day-1 < 9.0 range, we conclude that a total sample size of ~7400 dwarf stars observed for at least a month will be needed. Results for 1.0RJ companions, without substantial improvement in the photometric precision, will require a small factor larger sample size.
Molecular Electronic Structure and Energetics of the Isomers of Ti2H6

Ab initio calculations have been performed on five singlet and five triplet isomers which are minima on the two lowest potential energy surfaces of Ti2H6. We have used single-configuration ROHF as well as multiconfigurational methods, employing triple-ζ with polarization basis sets. Dynamic correlation effects are accounted for using second-order perturbation methods. Staggered and eclipsed C3v triple hydrogen bridged structures, which have been studied previously using single-determinant closed-shell reference wave functions, are shown to require a more sophisticated treatment. The remaining isomersCs triple hydrogen bridged, D2h double hydrogen bridged, and D4h quadruple hydrogen bridgedhave not previously been considered. The triplets are by definition diradical, and the singlets are found to possess largely diradical character. The D2h isomer may be thought of as the simplest model for dititanium(III) bridged compounds. It is found to be antiferromagnetic with a calculated isotropic exchange interacti...
Melosh Construction of Relativistic Three-Quark Baryon Wave Functions

A method for constructing a complete set of relativistic three-quark states in light front dynamics is implemented for the nucleon, N*(1520) and N*(1535). This approach facilitates constructing states containing virtual antiquarks and a physical interpretation is provided in terms of transition amplitudes from quark to quark–gluon or quark–Goldstone boson Fock states of chiral dynamics generated by flux tube breaking expected in QCD at intermediate distances.
The Markov selection model for concurrent speech recognition

In this paper we introduce a new Markov model that is capable of recognizing speech from recordings of simultaneously speaking a priori known speakers. This work is based on recent work on non-negative representations of spectrograms, which has been shown to be very effective in source separation problems. In this paper we extend these approaches to design a Markov selection model that is able to recognize sequences even when they are presented mixed together. We do so without the need to perform separation on the signals. Unlike factorial Markov models which have been used similarly in the past that feature state spaces that are exponential in the number of sources, this approach features a low computational complexity model with a state space that is linear in the number of sources. We demonstrate the use of this framework in recognizing speech from mixtures of known speakers.
A bright molecular core in a crab nebula filament

In a sub-arcsec near-infrared survey of the Crab Nebula using the new Spartan Infrared Camera, we have found several knots with high surface brightness in the H{sub 2} 2.12 {mu}m line and a very large H{sub 2} 2.12 {mu}m to Br{gamma} ratio. The brightest of these knots has an intensity ratio I(H{sub 2} 2.12 {mu}m)/I(Br{gamma}) = 18 {+-} 9, which we show sets a lower limit on the ratio of masses in the molecular and recombination (i.e., ionized) zones M{sub mol}/M{sub rec} {>=} 0.9, and a total molecular mass within this single knot M{sub mol} {>=} 5 x 10{sup -5} M{sub sun}. We argue that the knot discussed here probably is able to emit so strongly in the 2.12 {mu}m line because its physical conditions are better tuned for such emission than is the case in other filaments. It is unclear whether this knot has an unusually large M{sub mol}/M{sub rec} ratio, or if many other Crab filaments also have similar amounts of molecular gas which is not emitting because the physical conditions are not so well tuned.
Imaging beyond the proteome

Imaging technologies developed in the early 20th century achieved contrast solely by relying on macroscopic and morphological differences between the tissues of interest and the surrounding tissues. Since then, there has been a movement toward imaging at the cellular and molecular level in order to visualize biological processes. This rapidly growing field is known as molecular imaging. In the last decade, many methodologies for imaging proteins have emerged. However, most of these approaches cannot be extended to imaging beyond the proteome. Here, we highlight some of the recently developed technologies that enable imaging of non-proteinaceous molecules in the cell: lipids, signalling molecules, inorganic ions, glycans, nucleic acids, small-molecule metabolites, and protein post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and methylation.
Problem-solving analysis: A piagetian study

Fifty-nine second-year medical students were asked to solve 12 Piagetian formal operational tasks. The purpose was to describe the formal logical characteristics of this medical student sample (59 of a total 65 possible) in terms of their abilities to solve problems in four formal logical schemata-combinatorial logic, probabilistic reasoning, propositional logic, and proportional reasoning. These tasks were presented as videotape demonstrations or in written form, depending on whether or not equipment manipulation was required, and were scored using conventional, prespecified scoring criteria. The results of this study show approximately 96% of the sample function at the transitional (Piaget's 3A level) stage of formal operations on all tasks and approximately 4% function at the full formal (Piaget's 3B level) stage of formal operations on all tasks. This sample demonstrates formal level thinking to a much greater degree than other samples reported in the literature to date and suggests these students are adequately prepared and developed to meet the challenge of their training (i.e., medical problem solving).
High Range Gamma Radiation Meter

A low power meter has been constructed and tested to measure gamma fields from .1 R/h to 1500 R/h over the energy range of 60 keV to 1.2 MeV. The portable, battery-powered meter consists of a local display unit and remote probe. The display unit indicates gamma intensities via a 4-1/2 digit liquid crystal display (LCD) and a 50-segment bargraph LCD.
Differential Distributed Space-Time Coding With Imperfect Synchronization in Frequency-Selective Channels

Differential distributed space-time coding (D-DSTC) is a cooperative transmission technique that can improve diversity in wireless relay networks in the absence of channel information. Conventionally, it is assumed that channels are flat-fading and relays are perfectly synchronized at the symbol level. However, due to the delay spread in broadband systems and the distributed nature of relay networks, these assumptions may be violated. Hence, inter-symbol interference (ISI) may appear. This paper proposes a new differential encoding and decoding process for D-DSTC systems with multiple relays over slow frequency-selective fading channels with imperfect synchronization. The proposed method overcomes the ISI caused by frequency-selectivity and is robust against synchronization errors while not requiring any channel information at the relays and destination. Moreover, the maximum possible diversity with a decoding complexity similar to that of the conventional D-DSTC is attained. Simulation results are provided to show the performance of the proposed method in various scenarios.
The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule and current algebras

Abstract The status of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rules for polarized inclusive photo-production on nucleons is reviewed. It isshown that results from currently available data compare favorably with an estimate based on an extended current algebra.Implications for integrals of spin-dependent structure functions are also briefly discussed.
Medical Information Systems: A Foundation for Healthcare Technologies in Developing Countries

Among the significant barriers to the provision of health care in developing countries, detailed information concerning disease incidence, health practices and available resources (such as drugs for treatment) are some of the most important. Without detailed information concerning the response to health programs, it is impossible to evaluate the efficacy of a particular program and, hence, effectively allocate funding and resources. Although paper-based systems can provide a partial solution, information transmission is slow and prone to errors. Furthermore, aggregation of data is challenging as patient numbers rise into the hundreds [19], and near impossible with thousands of patients. It is also difficult to impose consistent reporting indicators. The systems described above illustrate the advantages of implementing healthcare technologies within larger collaborations that improve the overall public health infrastructure. One key aspect of the technologies employed in these projects is the use of open standards and open-source development in a collaborative environment. The cases described in this article also demonstrate the need for community data collection, and feasibility of using ICT to enable data collection, and improve information flow in developing countries. Without such approaches, interventions may exacerbate inequalities within countries with weak infrastructure and ingrained social disparities. However, these systems will only work well with carefully designed forms and interfaces, and excellent data management. Furthermore, EMRs can provide a foundational technology that allows for the adoption and evaluation of other health care technologies, such as drug ordering, medical devices, and longitudinal patient follow-ups. Moreover, the projects described above illustrate that the creation of long-term relationships to build infrastructure and solving systemic problems to provide health care can be beneficial to both the patients and the projects involved.
Intramolecular Silicon-Assisted Cross-Coupling: Total Synthesis of (+)-Brasilenyne

The first, total synthesis of (+)-brasilenyne (1) has been achieved in 19 steps from l-(S)-malic acid. The key elements of this approach are a highly diastereoselective ring-opening of a 1,3-dioxolanone with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene) promoted by TiCl4 to set a propargylic stereocenter and the successful application of the sequential ring closing metathesis/silicon-assisted intramolecular cross-coupling reaction for construction of the oxonin core structure of 1.
Effect of Stroke Deviation on Forward Flapping Flight

The performance of a rigid, thin surface flat-plate flapping wing in forward flight, at Re=10,000 using different stroke deviation trajectories, has been investigated to assess the different capabilities that such kinematics might offer. The instantaneous lift and thrust profiles were observed to be influenced by a combination of the leading-edge vortex and the trailing-edge vortex structures existing in the flow at any given time. Unlike regular no-deviation flapping cycles, the trailing-edge vortex is shown to be significant for out-of-plane trajectories. Both clockwise and anticlockwise variations for trajectory choice are analyzed for their efficacy as an improved kinematic choice over a no-deviation base case. The power requirements for the different cases, based on the fluid torques, are used as an index of the cost of performance across all cases. The anticlockwise eight-cycle deviation is shown to be very complex with high power costs albeit having better performance. The clockwise O cycle holds p...
Concordance invariants from higher order covers

Abstract We generalize the Manolescu–Owens smooth concordance invariant δ ( K ) of knots K ⊂ S 3 to invariants δ p n ( K ) obtained by considering covers of order p n , with p a prime. Our main result shows that for any prime p ≠ 2 , the thus obtained homomorphism ⊕ n ∈ N δ p n from the smooth concordance group to Z ∞ has infinite rank. We also show that unlike δ, these new invariants typically are not multiples of the knot signature, even for alternating knots. A significant portion of the article is devoted to exploring examples.
B physics, BTeV, and all that

Abstract The status of “flavor physics” in our pursuit of knowledge in elementary particle physics is discussed. Then, the BTeV experiment, planned for the Fermilab Tevatron collider, is described briefly and its physics reach is discussed. Comparisons are made to the current B physics experiments at e+e− facilities and to the LHCb experiment, planned for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Magnetic polarizability of hadrons from lattice QCD

We extract the magnetic polarizability from the quadratic response of a hadron's mass shift in progressively small static magnetic fields. The calculation is done on a 24x12x12x24 lattice at a = 0.17 fm with an improved gauge action and the clover quark action. The results are compared to those from experiments and models where available.
Strain and Current Responses During Electron Flux Excitation of Piezoelectric Ceramics

The electric field induced strain in piezoelectric materials subjected to an electron flux is examined in this paper. An analysis using quantum mechanics indicates that stable and controllable strains with very low current draw should be achievable over a range of positive and negative control potentials. The model also predicts instability in the internal electric field at larger negative potentials. The model was evaluated by observing the strain output of PZT5h plates subjected to an electron flux on one face and voltage inputs from a single electrode on the opposite face. The strain response and current flow were measured as a function of electrode potential and electron energy. All of the significant predictions of the model were verified by the experimental results. Further experiments were performed to examine the time response of the strain induced in the plate. It was found that the location and potential of the electron collector dramatically influences the dynamic response of the system.
Opportunities for artificial intelligence development in the accounting domain: the case for auditing

This paper reviews the nature of accounting and auditing problems and the need for application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to the discipline. The discussion includes current accounting issues for which new AI development should be fruitful, particularly auditing and assurance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turbulent oxygen flames in type Ia supernovae

In previous studies, we examined turbulence-flame interactions in carbon-burning thermonuclear flames in Type Ia supernovae. In this study, we consider turbulence-flame interactions in the trailing oxygen flames. The two aims of the paper are to examine the response of the inductive oxygen flame to intense levels of turbulence, and to explore the possibility of transition to detonation in the oxygen flame. Scaling arguments analogous to the carbon flames are presented and then compared against three-dimensional simulations for a range of Damkohler numbers (Da16) at a fixed Karlovitz number. The simulations suggest that turbulence does not significantly affect the oxygen flame when Da16 1, turbulence enhances heat transfer and drives the propagation of a flame that is narrower than the corresponding inductive flame would be. Furthermore, burning under these conditions appears to occur as part of a combined carbon-oxygen turbulent flame with complex compound structure. The simulations do not appear to support the possibility of a transition to detonation in the oxygen flame, but do not preclude it either.
High speed receiver designs based on surface acoustic wave devices

The principles of operation and several types of surface acoustic wave devices are reviewed. One device, the interdigital transducer device, can accomplish matched filtering for complex bandwidth-efficient phase modulations. Data speeds in excess of 120 Mb/s are accomplished with existing thin film lithography. Filters are cheap and small, and show little mismatch to the desired response. A number of receiver designs are proposed that are based on these filters. A bank-of-matched-filters approach seems superior to the Viterbi algorithm at high speeds.
Numerical simulation of the electromagnetic instability of an intense beam in a quadrupole focusing system.

Abstract : Discrete quadrupole focusing systems are subject to an electromagnetic instability wherein the growing transverse motion of the beam interacts with the quadrupole field and the TE11, waveguide mode. We study this via three-dimensional particle simulation. We find evidence of the instability, with growth rates and frequencies in reasonable agreement with theory. The instability is found to saturate at a low amplitude, however, and has no discernable effect on the macroscopic properties of the beam. Intense beam Quadrupole focusing Three-wave instability.
How to make concrete that will not suffer deleterious alkali-silica reaction

Abstract Excessive expansion of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction will not occur if any one of the following circumstances exists: (1) the aggregate is insufficiently reactive; (2) the pH of the pore fluid is not too high; (3) the amount of reaction product formed is not sufficiently large or not sufficiently expansive so that its expansion can cause damage; or (4) there is not enough available water to cause the reaction to progress so as to develop the expansive product and to be available for imbibition by the product so as to cause it to swell and disrupt the concrete. Put the other way around, excessive expansion can occur only if there is enough potentially expansive alkali-silica reaction product and water so that, as the product takes up the water and swells, the concrete expands excessively. Hence, what is needed to avoid excessive expansion is to be able to predict the probable reactivity of the available aggregates, the probable mechanisms by which the pH of the pore fluid might get well above 13, and, when justified, select and implement appropriate precautions against the undesirable consequences of these eventualities. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cavitation-induced streaming in shock wave lithotripsy

Cavitation generated by lithotripter shock waves (SWs) in non-degassed water was studied using a 60 frames-per-second camcorder—recording the migration of microbubbles over successive SWs. Lithotripter SWs were produced using a Dornier DoLi-50 electromagnetic lithotripter at 0.5 and 2 Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Cavitation was affected by PRF and by the power level (PL) of the lithotripter. At slow PRF, such as shots fired many seconds apart, cavitation was relatively sparse and bubble clouds flowed in the direction of SW propagation. When PRF was increased, the bubble clouds generated by one SW were amplified by subsequent SWs. Cloud amplification was accompanied by an apparent change in the pattern of bubble migration. Whereas bubbles continued to enter the field of view from the prefocal side, the main bubble cloud remained near the focal point. This was due to a streaming of bubbles opposite to the direction of SW propagation. Increasing the PL grew the cavitation field and enhanced the flow of bubbles opposite to the direction of SW propagation. Stepping up the PL acted to push the broad cloud progressively pre-focally (toward the SW source), shifting the position of the plane at which the opposing directional bubble flows collided. [NIH DK43881.]
Asymptotic curvature decay and removal of singularities of Bach-flat metrics

We prove a removal of singularities result for Bach-flat metrics in dimension 4 under the assumption of bounded L 2 -norm of curvature, bounded Sobolev constant and a volume growth bound. This result extends the removal of singularities result for special classes of Bach-flat metrics obtained by Tian and Viaclovsby. For the proof we emulate Cheeger and Tian and analyze the decay rates of solutions to the Bach-flat equation linearized around a flat metric. This classification is used to prove that Bach-flat cones are in fact ALE of order 2. This result is then used to prove the removal of singularities theorem.
Sequential tracking of a hidden Markov chain using point process observations

We study finite horizon optimal switching problems for hidden Markov chain models with point process observations. The controller possesses a finite range of strategies and attempts to track the state of the unobserved state variable using Bayesian updates over the discrete observations. Such a model has applications in economic policy making, staffing under variable demand levels and generalized Poisson disorder problems. We show regularity of the value function and explicitly characterize an optimal strategy. We also provide an efficient numerical scheme and illustrate our results with several computational examples.
Institutional entrepreneurs' social mobility in organizational fields

This study examines how institutional entrepreneurs with marginalized social positions use institutional change to become more influential members of organizational fields. We analyze how the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) used rhetoric to garner more influence as it altered a key sourcing practice in the retail home-improvement field. Our findings indicate that RAN relied on three rhetorical practices, comprising an encompassing process, to cultivate positive associations between the new sourcing practices and its social position in the field. Overall, by specifying a marginalized entrepreneur's methods for leveraging one type of change to enact another, we enhance theory at the intersection of institutional entrepreneurship, institutional work, and rhetoric.
Post Main Sequence Orbital Circularization of Binary Stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.

We present results from a study of the orbits of eclipsing binary stars (EBs) in the Magellanic Clouds. The samples comprise 4510 EBs found in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) by the MACHO project, 2474 LMC EBs found by the OGLE-II project (of which 1182 are also in the MACHO sample), 1380 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) found by the MACHO project, and 1317 SMC EBs found by the OGLE-II project (of which 677 are also in the MACHO sample); we also consider the EROS sample of 79 EBs in the bar of the LMC. Statistics of the phase differences between primary and secondary minima allow us to infer the statistics of orbital eccentricities within these samples. We confirm the well-known absence of eccentric orbit in close binary stars. We also find evidence for rapid circularization in longer period systems when one member evolves beyond the main sequence, as also found by previous studies.
KECK NIRSPEC RADIAL VELOCITY OBSERVATIONS OF LATE-M DWARFS

We present the results of an infrared spectroscopic survey of 23 late-M dwarfs with the NIRSPEC echelle spectrometer on the Keck II telescope. Using telluric lines for wavelength calibration, we are able to achieve measurement precisions of down to 45 m s^(–1) for our late-M dwarfs over a one- to four-year long baseline. Our sample contains two stars with radial velocity (RV) variations of >1000 m s^(–1). While we require more measurements to determine whether these RV variations are due to unseen planetary or stellar companions or are the result of starspots known to plague the surface of M dwarfs, we can place upper limits of <40 M_J sin i on the masses of any companions around those two M dwarfs with RV variations of <160 m s^(–1) at orbital periods of 10-100 days. We have also measured the rotational velocities for all the stars in our late-M dwarf sample and offer our multi-order, high-resolution spectra over 2.0-2.4 μm to the atmospheric modeling community to better understand the atmospheres of late-M dwarfs.
Financial contagion: A local correlation analysis

Abstract Local correlation is used to examine financial contagion. We share the view of previous research that there is contagion from the U.S. spot equity market to that of Germany and Britain. In addition, we provide evidence to suggest contagion from the U.S. spot equity market to that of Japan and Hong Kong. Furthermore, we have detected contagion from U.S. futures to other futures markets. However, there is no reverse contagion from any of the German, British, Japanese, and Hong Kong spot or index futures markets to those of the U.S. The results have international diversification, portfolio management, and within-industry implications.