cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low thermal conductivity in high-entropy rare-earth pyrosilicate solid-solutions for thermal environmental barrier coatings

Abstract Dense thermal environmental barrier coatings (TEBCs) with low thermal conductivities are needed for the protection and insulation of SiC-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in future gas-turbine engines. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the high-temperature thermal conductivity of dense β-Yb2Si2O7 pyrosilicate ceramic can be reduced progressively in β-(Y0.1Yb0.9)2Si2O7 and β-(Y0.5Yb0.5)2Si2O7 solid-solutions for TEBC application. We also demonstrate that by going to a dense five-component equi-atomic single-phase β-(Y0.2Yb0.2Sc0.2Gd0.2Lu0.2)2Si2O7 pyrosilicate high-entropy ceramic (HEC), the thermal conductivity can be reduced further to 1.52 W.m.K−1 (at 1000 °C). This is attributed to enhanced phonon scattering due to the increased mass-disorder with the incorporation of the additional RE3+ cations in the HEC. Although the high-entropy aspect and bonding-disorder do not appear to contribute significantly to the phase stability or the low thermal conductivity in such HECs, they are strong candidates for future TEBCs for CMCs.
Danke für die Blumen. Kontinuierliches Feedback als Qualitätssicherung im Schreibcoaching

Schreibcoaching ist eine personenzentrierte, langerfristige Entwicklungs- und Prozessbegleitung mit dem Fokus auf Schreibprozess, schreibender Person und/oder die entstehenden Texte. Aus Sicht des*der Coaches*in ist Schreibcoaching kein einmaliger Vorgang, sondern eine stetige Folge individueller Coachingprozesse. Auf diese sich wiederholenden Prozesse konnen Ansatze des Qualitatsmanagements ubertragen werden, was in der Qualitatsdiskussion im Coaching allgemein bereits geschieht. Das vorgestellte Modell des Qualitatsmanagementsystems fur das Schreibcoaching zeigt auf, dass Qualitatsmonitoring in allen Phasen erfolgen und sich konstitutiv auf das Coaching bzw. den Coachingerfolg auswirken kann. Grundlage hierfur bildet ein von dem*der Schreibcoach*in gesteuertes Qualitatskonzept, das Werte, Grundhaltungen und einen operationalisierten Qualitatsbegriff beinhaltet, und in Form eines Leitbilds veroffentlicht werden sollte. Das Fallbeispiel belegt die Umsetzbarkeit des Modells: Qualitatsmessungen aus 22 Schreibcoachings aus dem Bezugsrahmen des beruflichen Schreibens wurden mit der Feedbacktechnik Danke fur die Blumen durchgefuhrt. Diese basiert auf der Blitzlicht-Technik und wurde flachendeckend und kontinuierlich in den Schreibcoachings der Autorin eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mittels der inhaltlich strukturierenden, qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz rekurrierend auf die Qualitatskriterien im BC-Modell und einer deskriptiv-explorativen statistischen Analyse ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass abhangig von den Coachingzielen unterschiedliche Wahrnehmungen zum Schreibcoaching und zur Schreibcoach dominieren, diese sich dennoch uber alle Qualitatsdimensionen des Schreibcoachings verteilen. Ein Abgleich mit dem Qualitatskonzept ist daher moglich und kann in einem wiederkehrenden Reflexionsprozess als Entscheidungsgrundlage fur das Herbeifuhren von Veranderungen herangezogen werden.
President Obama's Legacy of Cultural Imperialism

Liberals once staunchly opposed colonialism politically as well as economically and culturally. Despite President Obama's purported opposition to colonialism, however, his term of office was marked by an imperialistic attitude and course of conduct toward foreign peoples — particularly on issues regarding abortion, sexuality, and the family. This article argues that the Obama administration's rhetoric on colonialism contradicted its actions in the realm of international affairs and that the administration systematically attempted to impose socially liberal policies on economically developing nations, without considering those countries’ traditional cultures and religious beliefs. The article examines three channels of diplomatic influence: direct advocacy, financial incentives, and international institutions. Finally, it examines local resistance to these foreign values and the appropriation of anti-colonial language to the struggle.
Local-Level Immigration Enforcement and Risk of Pediatric Hospitalization for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions.

Immigration enforcement may disrupt access to health care, potentially increasing hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC). We aimed to assess the effect of local-level 287(g) immigration enforcement on North Carolina pediatric ACSC hospitalizations. Pediatric (< 19 year) ACSC hospitalizations were identified based on ICD-9 codes. We compared ACSC hospitalizations pre and post 287(g) implementation using a difference-in-difference analysis of Fiscal Year (FY)2006-2009 data. We used multi-level models to assess the effects of 287(g) programs on ACSC hospitalizations during FY2011-2015. Difference-in-difference analyses showed that ACSC hospitalizations increased by more than 2.48% in the year following 287(g) implementation (95% CI: 0.99%, 3.97%). Among the counties that had ever implemented a 287(g) program, the ACSC-increasing effect of an active 287(g) program was greatest in counties with a shorter tenure of their 287(g) program and for Hispanic/Latino children/adolescents. Our findings underscore the importance of describing the effects of local-level immigration enforcement on pediatric access to care and potentially avoidable hospitalizations.
Law is Not Enough

In this Carhart Memorial Lecture, Professor Neil Siegel seeks to explain why, over the past several years, many Americans of diverse ideological commitments have been emphasizing the importance of constitutional norms. It is because they understand that law is not enough to sustain the American constitutional project. Why is law not enough? Because the vitally important purposes that Americans ascribe to the U.S. Constitution require more than legal fidelity for their vindication. Constitutional norms are constitutional in the sense that they are closely tied to the purposes, or spirit, of the Constitution. They are constitutional in the sense that it would be anticonstitutional for government officials to violate them without very good, public-regarding reasons for doing so — not in the sense that it would be unconstitutional for officials to violate them.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: The impact of a multimodal/hybrid design on student learning in a diabetes pharmacotherapy series for third professional year pharmacy student population

Introduction: Over the last several years, pharmacy education has been moving towards a blended/hybrid model of learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a hybrid, multi-modal design in a diabetes sequence. Method: A diabetes series was converted from a lecture-based to a hybrid design. Percentage scores from Exam 1 and Final exam questions compared a control cohort to different cohorts over two years. Primary outcome measure was student scores. Results: The score difference on Exam 1 between the 2015 and 2017 cohorts was -6.69 (p = 0.19). Comparison of 2016 and 2017 showed a -5.13% (p = 0.33) score change. An 8.6-point improvement in Final exam scores was observed. Both hybrid model cohorts scored higher on questions related to insulin titration and treatment selection. Conclusion: No change in knowledge acquisition using the hybrid multi-modal design was seen; however there an improvement in knowledge retention was observed.
The Collaboration with E. Hopf and R.E.A.C. Paley

Wiener needed contacts outside mathematics for the inception of his own ideas. The electrical engineers at MIT had fulfilled this need during the 1920s, as had Max Born, cf. §§ 9A, 10B. But in the early 1930s it was G.D. Birkhoff’s great discovery of the Individual Ergodic Theorem that brought Wiener into touch with one of his important collaborators. Soon after the appearance of Birkhoff’s paper in 1931, a young German mathematical astrophysicist from the Potsdam Observatory, Eberhard Hopf, came to Harvard to study ergodic theory. As an ardent Gibbsian and Lebesguist, Wiener was quite excited by Birkhoff’s discovery, and Hopf and he began discussing it in earnest. These conversations were instrumental in propelling Wiener to a proper appreciation of Birkhoff’s theorem and toward a conception of statistical mechanics in which the Birkhoff theorem is central (cf. § 12A).
Significant understaging is seen in clinically staged T2N0 esophageal cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy

This study aimed to determine the impact of preoperative staging on the treatment of clinical T2N0 (cT2N0) esophageal cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy. We reviewed a retrospective cohort of 27 patients treated at a single institution between 1999 and 2011. Clinical staging was performed with computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound. Patients were separated into two groups: neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery (NEOSURG) and surgery alone (SURG). There were 11 patients (41%) in the NEOSURG group and 16 patients (59%) in the SURG group. In the NEOSURG group, three of 11 patients (27%) had a pathological complete response and eight (73%) were partial or nonresponders after neoadjuvant therapy. In the SURG group, nine of 16 patients (56%) were understaged, 6 (38%) were overstaged, and 1 (6%) was correctly staged. In the entire cohort, despite being clinically node negative, 14 of 27 patients (52%) had node-positive disease (5/11 [45%] in the NEOSURG group, and 9/16 [56%] in the SURG group). Overall survival rate was not statistically significant between the two groups (P = 0.96). Many cT2N0 patients are clinically understaged and show no preoperative evidence of node-positive disease. Consequently, neoadjuvant therapy may have a beneficial role in treatment.
Coronal and root caries in the dentition of adults in the United States, 1988-1991

Dental public health policy planning requires accurate and current information about the extent of caries in the United States population. These data are available from the caries examination from Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which found that 94% of adults in the United States show evidence of past or present coronal caries. Among the dentate, the mean number of decayed and filled coronal surfaces per person was 21.5. Dentate females had a lower number of untreated coronal tooth surfaces with caries (1.5), but a higher mean number of treated and untreated surfaces per person (22.7) than males, with scores of 2.1 and 20.2, respectively. Estimates for race-ethnicity groups were standarized by age and gender to control for population differences among them. Dentate non-Hispanic blacks (11.9) and Mexican-Americans (14.1) had half the number of decayed and filled coronal surfaces as non-Hispanic whites (24.3), but more untreated surfaces (non-Hispanic whites, 1.5; non-Hispanic blacks, 3.4; Mexican-Americans, 2.8). Mexican-Americans were most likely to be dentate, had the highest average number of teeth, and had 25% fewer decayed, missing, and filled coronal surfaces (37.6) than non-Hispanic blacks (49.2) and non-Hispanic whites (51.0). Root caries affected 22.5% of the dentate population. Blacks had the most treated and untreated root surfaces with caries (1.6), close to the value for Mexican-Americans (1.4). The score for non-Hispanic whites was 1.1. Untreated root caries is most common in dentate non-Hispanic blacks (1.5), followed by Mexican-Americans (1.2), with non-Hispanic whites (0.6) having the fewest untreated carious root surfaces. Race-ethnicity groups were disparate with respect to dental caries; effort is needed to treat active caries common in some population subgroups.
Countable Version of Omega-Rule

Omega-rule used by W. Buchholz to give an ordinal-free proof-theoretic analysis of \(\it \Pi^1_1\)-comprehension axiom has uncountable set of premises. We show how to make this set countable preserving the results and ideas of cut-elimination proof by Buchholz. The price is introduction of non-well founded derivation-like figures and use of continuous cut-elimination.
Dental service utilization and neighborhood characteristics in young adults in the United States: a multilevel approach.

Objective To investigate the association between neighborhood level factors and dental visits in young adults in the United States after adjusting for individual level factors. Methods The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Wave 1 (1994-1995) to Wave III (2001-2002) was analyzed. The primary outcome of having had at least one dental visit in the previous 12 months was analyzed via a multilevel random-effects logistic model accounting for geographic clustering in Wave III and survey design clustering from Wave I. Neighborhood level covariates were defined at the census tract level. Results Overall rate of dental visits was 57 percent, highest among 18-20 year olds (65 percent) and lowest in 23-26 year olds (52 percent). Increased proportion of African-Americans (≤5 percent to ≥20 percent) and Hispanics (≤5 percent to ≥20 percent) in a neighborhood corresponded with a decrease in dental visits (60 percent versus 52 percent) and (58 percent versus 51 percent), respectively. Neighborhoods with a high proportion of college-educated residents had a higher percentage of dental visits. Similar differences were found when comparing the lowest and highest tertiles defined by poverty level and unemployment with dental visits. Neighborhood education was significantly associated with dental service utilization after adjustment for individual level factors and dental utilization in adolescence (Waves I and II) in the random effects model. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the education level of residents within a neighborhood was associated with dental service utilization in young adults in the United States.
Anti-Herding Regulation

In some contexts, an individual’s choice to mimic the behavior of others, to join the herd, can increase systemic risk and retard the production of information. Herding can thus produce negative externalities. And in such situations, individuals by definition have insufficient incentives to separate from the herd. But the traditional regulatory response to externality problems is to impose across-the-board mandates. Command-and-control regulation tends to displace one pooling equilibrium by moving behavior to a new, mandated pool. Mortgage regulators, for example, might respond to an unregulated equilibrium where most homeowners start with 2% down by imposing a requirement that causes most homeowners instead to place 10% down. But this Article shows that society can at times be better off if regulation induced separating behaviors by regulated entities. We evaluate a variety of mechanisms including licenses, subsidies and regulatory variances as well as regulatory menus and heterogeneous altering rules that can incentivize a limited number of regulated entities to take the path less chosen. Anti-herding regulation provides a new means to attend to ways that mimicry can both suppress the production of information and exacerbate systemic risk.
Exploring A Two-market Genetic Algorithm

The ordinary genetic algorithm may be thought of as conducting a single market in which solutions compete for success, as measured by the fitness funtion. We introduce a two-market genetic algorithm, consisting of two phases, each of which is an ordinary single-market genetic algorithm. The two-market genetic algorithm has a natural interpretation as a method of solving constrained optimization problems. Phase 1 is optimality improvement; it works on the problem without regard to constraints. Phase 2 is feasibility improvement; it works on the existing population of solutions and drives it towards feasibility. We tested this concept on 14 standard knapsack test problems for genetic algorithms, with excellent results. The paper concludes with discussions of why the two-market genetic algorithm is successful and of how this work can be extended.
Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans

Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome have been used extensively in the study of modern human origins and other phylogenetic questions, but not in the context of their sex-specific modes of transmission. mtDNA is transmitted exclusively by females, whereas the Y chromosome is passed only among males. As a result, differences in the reproductive output or migration rate of males and females will influence the geographic patterns and relative level of genetic diversity on the Y chromosome, autosomes and mtDNA (ref. 1 ). We have found that Y chromosome variants tend to be more localized geographically than those of mtDNA and the autosomes2,5. The fraction of variation within human populations for Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is 35.5%, versus 80–85% for the autosomes and mtDNA (refs 6, 7, 8 ). A higher female than male migration rate ( via patrilocality, the tendency for a wife to move into her husband's natal household) explains most of this discrepancy, because diverse Y chromosomes would enter a population at a lower rate than mtDNA or the autosomes. Polygyny may also contribute, but the reduction of variation within populations that we measure for the Y chromosome, relative to the autosomes and mitochondrial DNA, is of such magnitude that differences in the effective population sizes of the sexes alone are insufficient to produce the observation.
N-terminal half of CheB is involved in methylesterase response to negative chemotactic stimuli in Escherichia coli

The chemotactic receptor-transducer proteins of Escherichia coli are responsible for directing the swimming behavior of cells by signaling for either straight swimming or tumbling in response to chemostimuli. The signaling states of these proteins are affected not only by the concentrations of various stimuli but also by the extent to which they have been methylated at specific glutamyl residues. The activities of a chemotaxis-specific methyltransferase (CheR) and a chemotaxis-specific methylesterase (CheB) are regulated in response to chemotactic stimuli to enable sensory adaptation to unchanging levels of stimuli by appropriately shifting the signaling states of the transducer proteins. For CheB this regulation involves a feedback loop that requires some of the components making up the chemotactic signal transduction machinery of the cell. This feedback loop causes the methylesterase activity of CheB to decrease transiently in response to attractant stimuli and to increase transiently in response to negative stimuli (repellent addition or attractant removal). In this report we demonstrate that the methylesterase response to negative stimuli involves the N-terminal half of the CheB protein, whereas the response to positive stimuli does not require this segment of the protein. Both aspects of the methylesterase response to positive stimuli does not require this segment of the protein. Both aspects of the methylesterase response require CheA. In addition, we demonstrate that mutant forms of CheB lacking methylesterase activity can adversely affect the swimming behavior and chemotactic ability of cells and can markedly diminish modulation of the wild-type methylesterase activity in response to negative stimuli. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the recent demonstration of phosphoryl transfer from CheA to CheB (J. F. Hess, K. Oosawa, N. Kaplan, and M. I. Simon, Cell 53:79-87, 1988) and the discovery of sequence homology between the N-terminal half of CheB and CheY (A. Stock, D. E. Koshland, Jr., and J. Stock, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7989-7993, 1985).
Coaxial aperture electrical sensor and its application-a tutorial overview

Many scientific and industrial applications require nondestructive techniques for the characterization of associated materials. An open-ended coaxial probe has been studied extensively in order to use it as an electromagnetic sensor for such applications. These sensors are broadband and have been used in the frequency range of 1-MHz to over 40-GHz. Further, the coaxial probes have been found useful from the cryogenic temperatures to over 1000 C. Studies conducted on the coaxial sensors include static as well as quasi-static formulations of the aperture admittance under various simplifying assumptions. A stationary expression has also been reported in the literature that is based on the variational principle with principal mode fields of the signal excitation. A full-wave analysis of the signal distribution requires numerical solution to an integral equation. This analysis is then used to determine the characteristics of the material. This paper presents a tutorial overview of these techniques. Selected results are included to illustrate the procedure and application of the sensor.
Aortopulmonary Window, Ventricular Septal Defect, and Membranous Pulmonary Atresia with a Diagnosis of Truncus Arteriosus

An infant with aortopulmonary window, ventricular septal defect, membranous pulmonary atresia, right aortic arch, and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery was believed to have persistent truncus arteriosus following cardiac catheterization. Thirty-five percent of patients with aortopulmonary window have coexistent cardiac anomalies; these include ventricular septal defect (7.7 percent), right aortic arch (6.8 percent), anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (5.1 percent), and patent ductus arteriosus (11 percent). The differential diagnosis of aortopulmonary window and persistent truncus arteriosus is difficult when associated anomalies are present in patients with aortopulmonary window. Evaluation before operation on such patients should include an attempt to delineate coronary arterial origins.
Supporting implementation through collaborative learning: facilitating access to clinical expertise

Objective Learning collaboratives (LCs) have potential to promote implementation of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) in healthcare organizations and systems by building networks among clinicians and with key content experts that facilitate shared expertise. However, the effectiveness of LCs for facilitating clinicians’ access to expertise, and implementation success is untested. This study examines LCs’ impact on how clinicians choose colleagues for professional advice by assessing the influence of expertise and experience on the evolution of advice-seeking patterns among LC participants.
Implementation of a logic-based support system for concurrent engineering

Abstract In this paper we detail the representation and implementation techniques used to build SPARK, a logic-based support system for designers engaged in concurrent engineering. Design rules are represented as constraints in a constraint satisfaction problem. This problem is translated into equivalent order-sorted logic formulae that form a concurrent engineering logic problem. The solution to this problem is determined through interactive constraint satisfaction performed by a deduction system and associated proof strategy. This illustrated with an example from Printed Wiring Board Design.
Adalimumab-Induced Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in a 16-Year-Old Girl with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) antagonists are used in the treatment of numerous autoimmune conditions. Adalimumab is the first monoclonal antibody to TNF-α and is used to treat juvenile idiopathic arthritis. A growing body of literature associates anti-TNF-α therapies with several adverse dermatologic manifestations, including drug-induced lupus erythematosus (LE). We describe a case of cutaneous LE in a 16-year-old girl treated with adalimumab for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The temporal association between her presenting symptoms and adalimumab initiation and gradual improvement after stopping biologic therapy suggest adalimumab-induced cutaneous LE. With increasing use of anti-TNF therapies in children, the potential for drug-induced LE should not be overlooked.
Solution 1H NMR Investigation of the Molecular and Electronic Structure of the Active Site of Substrate-Bound Human Heme Oxygenase: the Nature of the Distal Hydrogen Bond Donor to Bound Ligands

The 265-residue soluble and completely active portion of inducible recombinant human heme oxygenase-1 (hHO), the enzyme responsible for heme catabolism, has been investigated by 1H NMR to elucidate the molecular and electronic structure of the substrate-bound complex. 2D NMR of substrate-free hHO reveals a cluster of nine mobile aromatic residues whose signals are largely “bleached” upon binding high-spin hemin but reappear as new signals in the low-spin, cyanide-inhibited hHO-hemin complex. Unambiguous assignment of the heme and axial His25 signals in the latter complex allows placement of the aromatic clusters, as well as other TOCSY-detected side chains, into proximal, distal, or peripheral positions over specific pyrroles based on dipolar contacts and/or relaxation effects. The three aromatic clusters are located one on the proximal side adjacent to the axial His and the other two peripheral and distal to the pyrrole I/II junction, the site of heme oxidation. The density of heme methyl dipolar contact...
Oligonucleotide capture during end joining in mammalian cells

Abstract Extra nucleotides (termed filler DNA) are found at about 10% of the junctions of the genetic rearrangements that arise by illegitimate recombination in mammalian cells. Such filler DNAs could arise by the joining of oligonucleotide fragments to broken ends prior to end joining. We tested this possibility by microinjecting mixtures of defined oligonucleotides with SV40 genomes that were linearized in the intron for T antigen, a site where incorporation of extra nucleotides does not impair viability. Using an injection ratio of 1000 oligonucleotides per DNA end, we screened viable genomes for incorporation of single-stranded and double-stranded oligonucleotides with varying degrees of complementarity to the ends of the linear SV40 molecules. Genomes from 510 independent plaques were screened by restriction digestion to identify those that had picked up a restriction site unique to the injected oligonucleotides. Double-stranded oligonucleotides that were fully complementary to the SV40 ends were readily incorporated, but uptake of the other oligonucleotides was not detected by restriction analysis. Nucleotide sequences of junctions from 12 genomes derived from co-injection of noncomplementary oligonucleotides revealed two with filler DNA, but neither could be assigned unambiguously to the injected oligonucleotides.
Hardware-Enforced Comprehensive Memory Safety

The lack of memory safety in languages such as C and C++ is a root source of exploitable security vulnerabilities. This article presents Watchdog, a hardware approach that eliminates such vulnerabilities by enforcing comprehensive memory safety. Inspired by prior software-only mechanisms, Watchdog maintains bounds and identifier metadata with pointers, propagates them on pointer operations, and checks them on pointer dereferences. Checking this bounds and identifier metadata provides both precise, byte-granularity buffer-overflow protection and protection from use-after-free errors, even in the presence of reallocations. Watchdog stores pointer metadata in a disjoint shadow space to provide comprehensive protection and ensure compatibility with existing code. To streamline implementation and reduce runtime overhead, Watchdog uses micro-operations to implement metadata access and checking, eliminates metadata copies via a register renaming scheme, and uses a dedicated identifier cache to reduce checking overhead.
Light-Cone Dominance in Inclusive e − e + Annihilation

It is argued that light-cone dominance ideas are compatible with canonical scaling in the process ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}+\mathrm{anything}$ and a logarithmic increase in hadronic multiplicity.
Novel Phosphonate-Functional Poly(ethylene oxide)-Magnetite Nanoparticles Form Stable Colloidal Dispersions in Phosphate-Buffered Saline

Many studies have concerned the colloidal stability of magnetite nanoparticles coated with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), but their long-term stability when such complexes are exposed to physiological media is still not well understood. This paper describes effects of different functional anchor groups, including one carboxylate, one ammonium, one phosphonate zwitterion, and three phosphonate zwitterions, on the structural stabilities of PEO−magnetite nanoparticle complexes in water and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). While PEO oligomers bound to the magnetite through any of these functional groups remain stably bound in water, only the complexes with polymers bound through the zwitterionic phosphonates were stable in PBS. The stabilities of the PEO-magnetite complexes with these phosphonate zwitterions in PBS allowed for investigating colloidal properties of their dispersions as functions of the number of phosphonates per chain and the chain densities and molecular weights. In contrast to all of the other ...
BANKS' DEMAND FOR EXCESS RESERVES

A bank's demand function for excess reserves is derived using inventory theory. In the model, banks hold excess reserves as a means of reducing the cost of meeting their reserve requirements in a world in which they are faced with random reserve flows and transaction costs. The resulting demand curve is kinked at very low interest rates (estimated to be between 0.3 and 0.5 percent for the Treasury bill rate). This kinked demand curve offers an explanation of the large accumulation of excess reserves during the 1930s that compares favorably with alternative hypotheses.
Studies on the ribonucleic acid components of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein network

Abstract Parallel studies were carried out on the sedimentation and base composition of RNA of the nuclear residue fraction. Comparative studies were performed on the RNA of isolated nucleoli. To obtain the nuclear residue fraction, isolated nuclei were fractionated by successive extraction with salt solutions into (a) the “nuclear sap”, (b) the deoxyribonucleoprotein fraction and (c) the nuclear residue fraction. The main difference between the sedimentation profiles of RNA of nucleoli and the nuclear residue is the polydispersity of the rapidly sedimenting RNA and the greater amount of 18-S RNA and 23-S RNA in the nuclear residue. A difference profile suggests that a number of types of RNA are present in the nuclear residue with sedimentation coefficients different from the RNA of isolated nucleoli. Studies of the rapidly labeled RNA ([32P]Pi or [14C]orotate) and total RNA of the nuclear residue fraction following administration of actinomycin D indicate that the rapid decrease in the amount of RNA in this fraction was correlated with the inhibition of synthesis of rapidly labeled, rapidly sedimenting G-C-rich RNA. Sequentially, 55-S RNA, 45-S RNA, 35-S RNA and 28-S RNA of isolated nucleoli and the nuclear residue decreased in amount and isotope when they were prelabeled. Turnover studies revealed that the half-life of nucleolar 55-S RNA and 45-S RNA were approx. 8.5 min and 11 min, respectively. The main difference between the sedimentation profiles of RNA of nucleoli and the nuclear residue 1 h after the administration of actinomycin D is the presence of 18-S RNA in the nuclear residue. The nuclear residue fraction is also a site of synthesis of rapidly sedimenting, rapidly labeled A-U-rich RNA as shown by (a) the continued labeling of the polydisperse rapidly sedimenting RNA after the inhibition of G-C-rich nucleolar RNA by actinomycin D and (b) the progressive increase in the A-U content of RNA in this fraction as the dose of actinomycin D is increased, and as time increases after treatment with actinomycin D. Studies on the rates of labeling of 18-S and 28-S RNA in the cytoplasm indicate that the specific activity of 18-S RNA is decreased less markedly than that of 28-S RNA following administration of actinomycin D (150–450 μg/kg body weight). These results provide support for the concept that 18-S RNA and 28-S RNA are synthesized at different sites in the nucleus, presumably in the strands of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein network and the nucleolus, respectively.
LIFETIME ESTIMATES OF BIPARENTAL INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN THE SELF-INCOMPATIBLE ANNUAL PLANT RAPHANUS SATIVUS.

Studies of inbreeding depression in plant populations have focused primarily on comparisons of selfing versus outcrossing in self-compatible species. Here we examine the effect of five naturally occurring levels of inbreeding (f ranging from 0 to 0.25 by pedigree) on components of lifetime fitness in a field population of the self-incompatible annual, Raphanus sativus. Pre- and postgermination survival and reproductive success were examined for offspring resulting from compatible cross-pollinations. Multiple linear regression of inbreeding level on rates of fruit and seed abortion as well as seed weight and total seed weight per fruit were not significant. Inbreeding level was not found to affect seed germination, offspring survival in the field, date of first flowering, or plant biomass (dry weight minus fruit). The effect of inbreeding on seedling viability in the greenhouse and viability to flowering was significant but small and inconsistently correlated with inbreeding level. Maternal fecundity, however, a measure of seed yield, was reduced almost 60% in offspring from full-sib crosses (f = 0.25) relative to offspring resulting from experimental outcross pollinations (f = 0). Water availability, a form of physiological stress, affected plant biomass but did not affect maternal fecundity, nor did it interact with inbreeding level to influence these characters. The delayed expression of strong inbreeding depression suggests that highly deleterious recessive alleles were not a primary cause of fitness loss with inbreeding. Highly deleterious recessives may have been purged by bottlenecks in population size associated with the introduction of Raphanus and its recent range expansions. In general, reductions in total relative fitness of greater than 50% associated with full-sib crosses should be sufficient to prohibit the evolution of self-compatibility via transmission advantage in Raphanus.
Gut-derived commensal bacterial products inhibit liver dendritic cell maturation by stimulating hepatic interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity.

Intraorgan dendritic cells (DCs) monitor the environment and help translate triggers of innate immunity into adaptive immune responses. Liver-based DCs are continually exposed, via gut-derived portal venous blood, to potential antigens and bacterial products that can trigger innate immunity. However, somehow the liver avoids a state of perpetual inflammation and protects central immune organs from overstimulation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity increases the activation/maturation threshold of hepatic DCs toward innate immune signals. The results show that the liver nuclear STAT3 activity is significantly higher than that of other organs and is IL-6–dependent. Hepatic DCs in normal IL-6 wild-type (IL-6+/+) mice are phenotypically and functionally less mature than DCs from IL-6–deficient (IL-6−/−) or STAT3-inhibited IL-6+/+ mice, as determined by surface marker expression, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and allogeneic T-cell stimulation. IL-6+/+ liver DCs produce IL-6 in response to exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytidine phosphate guanosine oligonucleotides (CpG) but are resistant to maturation compared with IL-6−/− liver DCs. Conversely, exogenous IL-6 inhibits LPS-induced IL-6−/− liver DC maturation. IL-6/STAT3 signaling influences the liver DC expression of toll-like receptor 9 and IL-1 receptor associated kinase-M. The depletion of gut commensal bacteria in IL-6+/+ mice with oral antibiotics decreased portal blood endotoxin levels, lowered the expression of IL-6 and phospho-STAT3, and significantly increased liver DC maturation. Conclusion: Gut-derived bacterial products, by stimulating hepatic IL-6/STAT3 signaling, inhibit hepatic DC activation/maturation and thereby elevate the threshold needed for translating triggers of innate immunity into adaptive immune responses. Manipulating gut bacteria may therefore be an effective strategy for altering intrahepatic immune responses. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Involvement of spinal opioid systems in footshock-induced analgesia: Antagonism by naloxone is possible only before induction of analgesia

Footshock reliably produces analgesia in rats which is mediated either by opiate or non-opiate systems. It has recently been demonstrated that a critical factor determining the involvement of endogenous opioids is the body region shocked; front paw shock produces a naloxone-reversible analgesia and hind paw shock produces an analgesia which fails to be attenuated by this opiate antagonist. The present study demonstrated that a crucial opiate site for the production of front paw footshock-induced analgesia (FSIA) exists within the spinal cord. One microgram of naloxone delivered directly to the lumbosacral cord immediately prior to shock significantly attenuated this analgesia. However, the efficacy of naloxone antagonism was order-dependent in that naloxone failed to antagonize fron paw FSIA if delivered immediately after shock; naloxone could prevent but could not reverse the analgesic state. The body region shocked was again observed to be a critical factor determining the involvement of endogenous opioids since 1 microgram of spinal naloxone failed to antagonize hind paw FSIA. These results were discussed in light of recent evidence proposing a neuromodulatory role of opioids within the spinal cord.
North Korea and the US State Sponsors of Terrorism List

On 11 October 2008, the Bush administration removed North Korea from the State Department's list of states that sponsor terrorism. Pyongyang had been on the list since 1988 and was placed there after the November 1987 bombing of Korean Airlines flight 858 over the Andaman Sea. Though North Korea went on the list for terrorist actions, its removal became part of the Six-Party process to convince Pyongyang to forgo its nuclear weapons ambitions. This article will explore these issues and examine the leverage the terrorism list had on North Korean behavior, how the USA chose to utilize that leverage, and North Korea's response to US efforts. This article argues that the intertwining of the terrorism list with denuclearization gave the USA leverage in the Six-Party Talks but there were limits to what this leverage could gain. Moreover, the links to the denuclearization process also generated leverage for North Korea that it exercised, creating a more complex and crosscutting mix of costs and incentives that was more difficult for Washington to control.
Characterization of gamma-ray induced graftcopolymers of fibrous cotton cellulose-acrylamide system

Abstract Graftcopolymers of fibrous cotton cellulose prepared by both preirradiation and simultaneous irradiation technique using Co-60 radiation source, have been investigated for the characterization of grafting. The preirradiation process (I) involved the gamma-preirradiation of cellulosic samples at room temperature followed by prompt treatment with aqueous solution of acrylamide at temperature from 60°C to 80°C, while the simultaneous irradiation process (II) was performed by irradiating the impregnated cellulosic samples with aqueous solution of acrylamide at room temperature. The cuprammonium cellulose complex solution followed by acidification and the homopolyacrylamide extraction with hot water were both applied to determine the molecular weights of the grafted polyacrylamide (PAA). It was confirmed that the polyacrylamide grafted onto the fibrous cotton cellulose by the preirradiation process (I) had relatively shorter PAA polymer-chain length (Mol. Mgt. of PAA: 3.1 × 10 6 ≈ 5.3 × 10 6 ) together with more PAA polymer-chains grafted to the cellulose backbone molecule, compared with the corresponding PAA polymer-chain length (Mol. Mgt. of PAA : 5.2 × 10 6 ≈9.1 × 10 6 ) and the numbers of PAA polymer-chain grafted due to the simultaneous irradiation process (II). Acidification of cuprramonium solution of the radiation induced PAA grafted cotton cellulose was found to have the grafted PAA-chain be hydrolyzed away from the backbone cellulose at temperature above 25°C. Swelling effects of methanol, ethanol and acetone were also recognized to be significant on the PAA grafted polymer-chain length.
Anisotropic fluorescent materials via self-organization of perylenedicarboximide

In this communication, we report the self-organization of a perylenedicarboximide to produce materials that exhibit dichroic (direction-dependent) absorption and anisotropic fluorescence emission of visible light.
Gastrointestinal contrast agents: A diamagnetic approach

The clay minerals kaolin and bentonite are demonstrated as gastrointestinal contrast agents for MRI. Weak field dependence of the relaxation efficiency assures effectiveness of these agents at all field strengths in clinical use. These agents eliminate signals from their immediate environment and are not toxic.
Hopf bigalois extensions

(1996). Hopf bigalois extensions. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 3797-3825.
Group Additivity Methods in Terms of Response Reactions

The concept of stoichiometrically unique reactions (response reactions, RERs) is extended to the group additivity (GA) methods. Namely, it is shown that the main assumption of the GA methods according to which chemical species may be “constructed” from a specified number and type of structural units, or groups, may be formally appended to the conventional RER formalism. As a result, one can define and generate a stoichiometrically unique class of GA RERs. Several properties and applications of the newly defined GA RERs are pointed out. In particular, it is proved that the stoichiometry and thermodynamic functions of the GA RERs are interrelated in a simple manner with the error of the GA methods. This finding is used to reformulate the GA methods alternatively (and equivalently), in terms of GA RERs.
ANOVA analysis of unweighted and weighted fisher z's

Abstract Sometimes the outcome measures for an experiment or status study are statistics such as arithmetic means, medians, percentages, correlation coefficients, regression coefficients, variances, or coefficients of variation, where each measure may be based on a different number of individual observations. Such data may present special problems of analysis. We illustrate unweighted vs. weighted analyses with transformed correlation coefficients in a three-factor unreplicated ANOVA design.
Evaluating Three Elementary Mathematics Programs for Presence of Eight Research-Based Instructional Design Principles.

The present review builds on earlier research that evaluated the curricular features of core math programs to improve the performances of students with or at risk for mathematics difficulties. In t...
RGM study of the NN interaction in an extended quark model

Abstract The extended quark model study of the NN interaction, in which the ( q q ) excitations inherent in the quark-gluon interaction are explicitly incorporated into the model space, is completed with the inclusion of the ( q q ) ( q q ) excitations generated by RPA-type terms of the color Breit interaction. The new coupling kernels connecting the dominant (3q)-(3q) components of the NN system to the (3 q )−(3 q )( q q )( q q ) components lead to potentials with the characteristics of conventional σ and δ meson exchange potentials and furnish the additional medium-range attraction needed to bind the deuteron. The full model is subjected to a quantitative test through a solution of the RGM equations in a coupled channel formalism. With one improvement of the model, to yield an Nπ tensor force with OPEP strength and long-range characteristics, this model leads to a prediction of the low-energy NN scattering data and deuteron bound state characteristics which is in semiquantitative agreement with the experimental data and is free of parameter adjustments.
Peritoneal cytology in malignant mixed müllerian tumors of the uterus

Peritoneal cytologic studies (10 ascitic fluids, 18 peritoneal washings) were performed on 28 patients with malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus. The frequency of recovery of malignant cells from the peritoneal cavity was directly related to stage of disease and depth of myometrial invasion. In stage I, positive peritoneal cytology was of greater prognostic importance than depth of invasion: all patients with negative cytology are alive without evidence of disease; all patients with positive cytology are dead.
Rescaling Education: Reconstructions of Scale in President Reagan's 1983 State of the Union Address.

This article presents a discourse analysis of President Ronald Reagan’s 1983 State of the Union Address. Focusing on questions of scale, the article considers how and with what effects Reagan reconstructs education as a local, state, national and global endeavour. It is argued that by situating education in a competitive global economy, Reagan justifies his project of rolling back social/educational programmes and placing the USA’s institutions more squarely in service to capitalist growth. Furthermore, it is argued that Reagan’s efforts to rescale education and society contribute to a New Right project of re-establishing a white-dominated racial order in the USA and around the world. Although Reagan did not prioritise education in his domestic agenda, his statements on education advanced the New Right’s project of rescaling society and set the terms of debate in education for subsequent presidents.
Light in the dark

Writing in Cell, X.-W. Deng and colleagues describe the cloning of one of a particular class of genes concerned in the control of a plant's response to light. That achievement, and the authors' related observations, will help in the endeavour to understand plant phototransduction. The paper is also the latest in a series reporting the association of familiar functional modules of regulatory proteins in unfamiliar combinations; this is a line of plant research that is turning in a number of surprises and will be of interest to a much wider community.
Sexual fantasy experiences and guilt among conservative Christians: An exploratory study

This study examines the sexual fantasy experiences and cognitive‐affective evaluations in a sample of conservative Christians. The study also operationalizes and documents fantasy guilt as an entity distinct from the more broadly defined category of sex guilt. Respondents reported normative fantasy categories and frequencies of fantasy occurrences. Concomitantly, fantasy episodes were experienced along with substantial to high levels of guilt over fantasizing. Findings show a complex interrelationship between a subject's cognitions, emotions, and fantasy guilt. These point to the import this sample gives to learned cognitions in furthering guilt, over and above the content or frequency of the fantasy experience itself.