cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Was There a Reformation Doctrine of Justification

In this essay I take up cudgels against a central construct in the confessional historiography of the Protestant Reformation: The notion that there existed a clear, well-defined doctrine of justification shared by all the major reformers from the earliest stages of the conflagration and that this “Reformation doctrine of justification” served as the “material principle” in the formation of the emerging Protestant self-identity.1 In contrast with this traditional view, I argue that the first-generation reformers, galvanized by Luther's protest against the indulgence trade, adopted a common “rhetoric of dissent” aimed at critiquing the regnant Catholic orthopraxy of salvation in the interest of a common set of primarily existential-religious concerns. During the course of the next several decades following the initia Lutheri, however, an “orthodox” doctrine of justification quickly emerged'several of them, in fact. The Roman Catholic church and the emerging Protestant confessions, Lutheran and Reformed, quickly found it necessary to formulate their teachings in increasingly precise terms, so as both to integrate their central soteriological affirmations within a wider body of contested doctrines and practices and to demarcate clearly the boundaries of confessional identity in opposition to competing confessions. As with earlier periods of intense theological controversy within the Christian tradition, this conflict represented not a sudden breakthrough, but rather “a search for orthodoxy, a search conducted by the method of trial and error.”2 Unlike earlier debates, however, what emerged in the aftermath of the Reformation was not a single, dominant orthodoxy which carried the field, but rather multiple, competing orthodoxies, each one with its own Gospel.
The Relationship Between the Constructs of Religiousness and Prejudice: A Structural Equation Model Analysis

Research examining the connection between religiousness and prejudice has used scales exclusively as proxies for the underlying constructs. Scholars in the psychology of religion, however, are ultimately concerned about the nature of religious constructs and their relationships with other variables, and the use of scales provides only indirect information concerning these constructs. To overcome this limitation, structural equation modeling (SEM) allows researchers to gather information about the relationship among constructs directly. The present study used SEM to examine the relationship between religion and prejudice using four of the most important and heavily researched constructs in the psychology of religion: religious commitment, orthodoxy, fundamentalism, and openness, as well as their relationships with three types of prejudice: racial, sexual orientation, and religious. The strongest results revealed that religious commitment, orthodoxy, and fundamentalism were linked positively with sexual ori...
Genetic Algorithm for Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming Problems Using Separate Constraint Approximations

This paper describes a new approach for reducing the number of the fitness and constraint function evaluations required by a genetic algorithm (GA) for optimization problems with mixed continuous and discrete design variables. The proposed additions to the GA make the search more effective and rapidly improve the fitness value from generation to generation.The additions involve memory as a function of both discrete and continuous design variables, and multivariate approximation of the individual functions' responses in terms of several continuous design variables. The approximation is demonstrated for the minimum weight design of a composite cylindrical shell with grid stiffeners.
The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Amphibian Development

SYNOPSIS. Amphibia require thyroid hormone (TH) for larval development and metamorphosis, and secretion of TH by the thyroid gland is greatly increased just before the onset of metamorphic climax. This communication is concerned with changes which occur during development at three potential sites of regulation of TH action at the level of the target cell: the nuclear TH receptor, and the TH 5 monodeiodinase (5 D) and 5′ monodeiodinase (5′D) systems. The nuclear TH receptor was studied in isolated red blood cells (RBCs) and in liver Both tissues were found to contain a single class of putative TH receptors with an affinity for T3 that is at least three times that for T4. In RBCs the number of sites/nucleus increases almost fivefold during development from the premetamorphic stages to the onset of metamorphic climax. This increase was shown to be causally related to the increases in circulating TH levels. In contrast, receptor number in liver does not increase with development and is not influenced by TH. In vivo studies indicate that accumulation of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) following administration of thyroxine (T4) is minimal until just prior to metamorphic climax. In vitro studies of 5 D and 5′D activities suggest that this is due primarily to the presence in pre- and prometamorphic tadpole liver of an active 5 D system which rapidly converts any T3, present to 3,3′-diiodothyronine. During climax the activity of this enzyme is minimal and thus T3 can accumulate. These findings are discussed in the light of the current theory of TH action and the known marked differences in the ultimate expression of TH action in RBCs and hepatic tissue during metamorphosis.
Antisocial personality disorder, HIV risk behavior and retention in methadone maintenance therapy

In a sample of 55 consecutive methadone maintenance admissions to our clinic, 42% were diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule NIMH DIS. Individuals with ASPD exhibited greater risk for HIV infection as defined by more sexual contacts, needle use and equipment sharing. Data at 1 year follow-up were obtained on this group of patients. The objective was to compare the ASPD and non-ASPD groups with regards to demographics, drug abuse history, outcome and retention in treatment. There were no significant differences between the groups on any demographic or treatment outcome variables. Survival analysis indicated that there were no group differences in treatment retention. In conclusion, although there were no differences in treatment outcome between ASPD and non-ASPD groups it is possible that ASPD patients who drop out of treatment will be at higher risk for contracting and spreading HIV within the IV drug using population. These data also suggest that in this population the diagnosis of ASPD using primarily behavioral traits as measured in the NIMH-DIS-III, has little utility in predicting treatment outcome.
Analysis of High-Affinity Protein Interactions by Fluorescence Optical Analytical Ultracentrifugation

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) offers substantial advantages for studying protein complex formation, providing information on size, shape and binding energies for reversible systems from analysis of the sedimentation profiles of molecular mixtures in free solution. By virtue of the hydrodynamic resolution achieved in sedimentation velocity experiments, multiple co-existing complexes can be identified, even in the presence of impurities and aggregates, but until recently the limited sensitivity of AUC has prevented accurate analysis of high affinity interactions. A recently introduced fluorescence optical detection system (FDS) for AUC offers specific advantages for studying high-affinity protein interactions due to the high sensitivity of fluorescence, but the unique characteristics of the optical system in this instrument require new analytical tools. We have developed computational approaches for analysis of FDS data that provide excellent fits to the observed sedimentation boundaries, correcting for effects intrinsic to the use of confocal laser optics. With these tools we have explored the detection limit of FDS, and have now recorded sedimentation signals with hydrodynamic resolution at low picomolar concentrations. This allows us to analyze sedimentation isotherms for interacting systems with Kds in the pM to nM range. Using different systems with high-affinity interaction we will demonstrate how the FDS-AUC system can be reliably applied to study high-affinity protein self- and hetero-associations at orders of magnitude lower concentrations and with much higher accuracy than previously possible.
Complementary Theories of Safety Psychology

(1957). Complementary Theories of Safety Psychology. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
Intensive plasma exchange for severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a four-month-old infant.

We report the smallest infant (7.5 kg) to receive intensive plasma exchange (52 PEs) therapy as treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). PE temporarily reduces circulating autoantibody levels and can be an effective adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs or other immuno-suppressants. Although his clinical course was prolonged and complicated by cytomegalovirus infection with spontaneous perforation of his colon, his recovery was complete. He has remained healthy for more than 2 years. Because of his small size, calcium gluconate was added to replacement fluids and calcium levels closely monitored. The apheresis machine and tubing were routinely primed with red blood cells and FFP substituted for 5% human albumin during the second half of all procedures to maintain adequate levels of procoagulant. Our experience suggests that intensive PE is helpful in controlling severe AIHA and should be considered even for very small patients.
The negative effect of triple-negative breast cancer on outcome after breast-conserving therapy.

To evaluate disease failure patterns and overall survival (OS) of women with triple-negative (TN) breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and to understand the relationship of TN tumors with other prognostic factors. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry identified 562 women diagnosed and/or treated with unilateral invasive breast cancer during 2003–2004 at three Emory hospitals. After medical record review, 193 eligible women, with all tumor types, received BCT. Primary endpoints (local, regional, and distant recurrences) and secondary endpoint (OS) were evaluated using chi-square tests and Cox proportional hazards models. Of the 193 women, 33 (17.1%) had TN tumors and 160 (82.9%) had non-TN tumors. Patient characteristics were similar between the two tumor types; however, tumor grade and use of chemotherapy and hormones differed between the two groups. Median follow-up was 3.4 years; 22 patients had recurrence (12.2%), and 12 died (6.2%). Patients with TN tumors had higher local (12% versus 4% for non-TN) and distant recurrences (15% versus 4% for non-TN) rates (p = 0.01). On multivariate survival analyses, TN status [hazard ratio (HR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–2.93] and African American (AA) race (HR 1.9, 95%CI 1.2–3.07) were independent predictors of inferior OS. Patients with TN breast cancer showed significant increases in local and distant metastatic recurrence rates after BCT, and TN status and AA race were independent negative predictors of survival. For the future, identification of these high risk features may bring personalized medicine closer to reality.
Radioiodine utilization in the chick.

The effects of thyrotrophin, thiouracil and diets containing various amounts of iodine upon thyroidal metabolism of radioiodine were studied in chicks. Great variability of quantity of radioiodine accumulated by the chick thyroid at different seasons was redemonstrated. The level of additional administered iodine did not appreciably affect this variability. TSH increased the absolutethyroid uptake of I131; additionally administered iodine and thiouracil depressed it. Labeled monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxinewere found in normal chicks. Their proportions were altered by the various experimental conditions and by season alone. Thyrotrophin favored thyroxine production. Thiouracil appeared to block hormone synthesis at the monoiodotyrosinc stage. With time, MIT/DIT ratios of more than seven were progressively developed, indicating accumulation of MIT in thiouracilized thyroids. Some of the factors in the well known seasonal variability of thyroid function in chicks are discussed.
Anomalous tunneling in a strong magnetic field and smooth random potential: The universal distribution of the localization lengths.

We study the decay of the wave function of an electron in a strong magnetic field and a smooth random potential. If the energy of an electron state is far away from the center of the Landau level, the decay is described by a simple exponent, i.e., the logarithm of the wave function depends linearly on the tunneling distance. The characteristic decay length is proportional to the inverse correlation length of the random potential and is linear in the reciprocal magnetic field. The fluctuations of the localization length are also studied. We show that these fluctuations are universal: their distribution function is independent of the specific form of the correlator of the random potential. The calculated distribution function is strongly asymmetric: it falls off as a double exponent towards the small values of the localization length and as a simple exponent towards the large localization lengths.
The effect of flowing and stationary solutions upon retinal sodium diffusion.

Abstract 1. 1. After equilibration for 2 hr in Ringer's solution containing Na 22 , frog retinas were transferred to a chamber through which fresh Ringer's solution flowed and aliquots collected and analyzed for Na 22 . A high Na 22 concentration was obtained in the first aliquot, followed by low concentrations in succeeding aliquots. 2. 2. A small increase in Na 22 leaving the retina after 4–10 min in the flow chamber, followed by a decrease, was usually observed. 3. 3. After transferring the retina to a series of tubes in which there was no flowing solution, the Na 22 leaving the retina always greatly increased. 4. 4. Different methods of tranferring the retina from the following solution did not affect the results. 5. 5. Removing the retina temporarily from the flowing solution, or temporarily stopping the flow of solution, increased the Na 22 leaving the retina. 6. 6. It is suggested that the flow of solution inhibits retinal sodium diffusion.
Designing conducting polymer films for electrochemical energy storage technologies

The search for new materials for electrical energy storage (EES) is one of the most active research areas today. In terms of materials for electrochemical (super)capacitors, most work has focused on high surface area carbons (HSAC) (surface areas in excess of 2000 m2 g−1) and metal oxides (e.g. RuO2). These materials offer high charge/discharge rates but suffer from high cost in the case of metal oxides (RuO2) and/or low capacities (less than 10–20 mAh/g) for HSAC. Our work seeks to design materials with high specific capacity and high gravimetric energy and power densities. Conducting polymers are attractive as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors due to their ability to store charge in a pseudo-capacitive manner and their insolubility in most organic solvents used as electrolytes. In fact, some devices based on conducting polymer materials have shown promise due to their fast doping/de-doping processes (e.g. polythiophenes). However the capacities of these polymeric materials are low when compared to inorganic battery materials, because the electrochemical reactions involve a fraction of an electron per monomer unit and the need for significant amounts of supporting electrolyte solution which lowers the gravimetric capacity and energy density. We have synthesized and thoroughly characterized hybrid organic-pendant/conducting-polymer composite materials (e.g. poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT)/N,N,N′,N′-tetraalkylated-p-phenylenediamine composite) which can exchange up to 2.6 electrons per monomer unit. The materials can be electropolymerized, ostensibly through the EDOT units, to yield films capable of storing charge with contributions from both the conducting polymer (pseudocapacitor) and the organic pendant (faradaic). Early studies indicate good electrochemical cyclability.
The utility of urine cytology in the diagnosis of allograft rejection after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation

A major problem in pancreas transplantation is the lack of a reliable method for the early detection of rejection. Over a 32-month period, we performed 61 combined pancreas-kidney transplants with pancreaticoduodenocystostomy. All patients received quadruple immunosuppression with OKT3 induction. Urine cytologic monitoring was performed on Papanicolaou-stained membrane filters for cell counts and cytocentrifuge preparations for HLA-DR antigen staining. The final diagnosis of rejection was based on clinical criteria, a rise in serum creatinine, histopathology, and hypoamylasuria. Cytologic features of acute rejection included hypercellularity with lymphocyturia, increased numbers of epithelial cells and positive antibody staining for HLA-DR antigen. A total of 36 definite acute rejection episodes occurred in 28 patients, with 19 confirmed by histopathology. Satisfactory urine cytologic specimens were available in 28 rejection episodes and corroborated the diagnosis in 21 cases, for a sensitivity of 75% compared with 75% and 50% with serum creatinine and urine amylase, respectively. When the urine cytologic score was combined with HLA-DR antigen staining, sensitivity improved to 93%. Thirteen false-positive diagnoses occurred in the remaining 1444 urine cytologic specimens available for evaluation, for a specificity for rejection of 99%. The positive predictive value of cell counts was 62% and negative predictive value was 99%. Patient survival is 98.4%, kidney allograft survival is 96.7%, and pancreas allograft survival is 93.4% after a mean follow-up of 15 months. Only 2 immunologic graft losses occurred (1 kidney, 1 pancreas). In conclusion, urine cytologic monitoring shows promise as a simple, reliable, and noninvasive method to detect rejection after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation with bladder drainage. Prospective studies are needed to assess the role of urine cytologic monitoring after solitary pancreas transplantation.
Contents or ideology? A case study of mathematical teaching in North Korea

This article addresses mathematics education in one of the most closed countries in the world, North Korea. It is known that ideology permeates all aspects of life in North Korea, but how exactly do the ideological and substantive mathematical components interact in mathematics education there? What concrete form does this interaction take in actual everyday teaching practice? This article seeks to answer these questions based on interviews with former North Korean mathematics teachers and students who have found a refuge in South Korea. With their help, we attempt to analyze the everyday life of North Korean schools, by reconstructing their concrete features and the routines of North Korean mathematics education.
Individual differences: Factors affecting employee utilization of flexible work arrangements

This study investigated individual and organizational factors that predict an individual’s choice to use flexible work arrangements (FWAs). Survey data was collected from 144 employees in two different organizations. The results revealed several significant predictors of FWAs: tenure, hours worked per week, supervisory responsibilities, perceptions of workgroup use and personal lifestyle. Individuals with longer tenure in the organization, who had supervisory responsibilities, had coworkers in their immediate workgroup who used FWAs or had personal lifestyle preferences were more likely to use the programs than those with less tenure, who did not have supervisory responsibilities, did not perceive their workgroup used FWAs or did not have personal lifestyle preferences.
Spatial separation between targets constrains maintenance of attention on multiple objects

Humans are limited in their ability to maintain multiple attentional foci. In attentive tracking of moving objects, performance declines as the number of tracked targets increases. Previous studies have interpreted such reduction in terms of a limit in the number of attentional foci. However, increasing the number of targets usually reduces spatial separation among different targets. In this study, we examine the role of target spatial separation in maintaining multiple attentional foci. Results from a multiple-object tracking task show that tracking accuracy deteriorates as the spatial separation between targets decreases. We propose that local interaction between nearby attentional foci modulates the resolution of attention, and that capacity limitation from attentive tracking originates in part from limitations in maintaining critical spacing among multiple attentional foci. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tracking performance is limited not primarily by a number of locations, but by factors such as the spacing and speed of the targets and distractors.
Motion analysis in 3D DCT domain and its application to video coding

Abstract Global, constant-velocity, translational motion in an image sequence induces a characteristic energy footprint in the Fourier-transform (FT) domain; spectrum is limited to a plane with orientation defined by the direction of motion. By detecting these spectral occupancy planes, methods have been proposed to estimate such global motion. Since the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a ubiquitous tool of all video compression standards to date, we investigate in this paper properties of motion in the DCT domain. We show that global, constant-velocity, translational motion in an image sequence induces in the DCT domain spectral occupancy planes, similarly to the FT domain. Unlike in the FT case, however, these planes are subject to spectral folding. Based on this analysis, we propose a motion estimation method in the DCT domain, and we show that results comparable to standard block matching can be obtained. Moreover, by realizing that significant energy in the DCT domain concentrates around a folded plane, we propose a new approach to video compression. The approach is based on 3D DCT applied to a group of frames, followed by motion-adaptive scanning of DCT coefficients (akin to “zig-zag” scanning in MPEG coders), their adaptive quantization, and final entropy coding. We discuss the design of the complete 3D DCT coder and we carry out a performance comparison of the new coder with ubiquitous hybrid coders.
Cyclometallated gold(III) complexes with a trithiacrown ligand: Solventless Au(III) cyclometallation, intramolecular gold–sulfur interactions, and fluxional behavior in 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane Au(III) complexes

Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization for several gold(III) complexes involving a series of cyclometallating ligands. These cyclometallating ligands (CˆN) are: 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), 2-(p-tolyl)pyridine (tpy), 2-(2′-benzothienyl)pyridine (btp) and 7,8-benzoquinoline (bzq). With the assistance of TGA data, we have developed solventless reactions to prepare the neutral cyclometallated Au(III) dichloro complexes. Reaction of these with the crown trithioether [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane), followed by metathesis with NH4PF6, yields the heteroleptic complexes [Au([9]aneS3)(CˆN)](PF6)2. The X-ray structures of the gold(III) [9]aneS3 complexes display axial Au–S interactions formed by the endodentate conformation of the thiacrown, resulting in elongated square pyramidal geometries. The Au–S axial distance correlates with the electron-donating properties of the CˆN ligand with the better donating btp showing the longest distance (2.855(1) A) while the ppy shows the shortest (2.818(1) A). The coordinated [9]aneS3 ligand shows fluxional behavior by its NMR spectroscopy, resulting in a single 13C NMR resonance despite the asymmetric coordination environment of the cyclometallating ligand. Electrochemical studies of the [9]aneS3 complexes reveal irreversible one-electron reductions which are assigned as a Au(III)/Au(II) couple. The ease of reduction correlates with the axial Au–S distances with the btp being the easiest to reduce and the ppy the most difficult. In addition, we report the crystal structures for three intermediate complexes: [Au(H-tpy)Cl3], [Au(H-btp)Cl3], and [Au(btp)Cl2]. The [Au(H-btp)Cl3] complex shows an interesting Au–S axial interaction at 3.139(2) A which alters the physicochemical properties of the complex.
Reversible Permeabilization: A Novel Technique for the Intracellular Introduction of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Into Intact Smooth Muscle

Abstract Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been used to modify gene expression in vitro and are also promising therapeutic agents. Although there are numerous reports of antisense ODN–mediated changes in protein expression of cultured cells, use of these compounds to achieve antisense regulation of specific proteins in intact tissue has been limited. The aims of this study were (1) to define organ culture conditions for ileum smooth muscle that would permit long-term maintenance of force-generating capabilities and normal ultrastructure and (2) to develop a method for efficient introduction of antisense ODNs into intact tissue. Sheets of ODN-containing, reversibly permeabilized rat outer longitudinal ileum were maintained in a serum-free organ culture medium for 1 week without significant decreases in tension response to membrane depolarization or carbachol stimulation; the G protein–coupled calcium sensitization pathway was also intact after 7 days. Reversible permeabilization, a method previously used to load smooth and cardiac muscle with aequorin and heparin, was effective for loading >95% of ileum smooth muscle cells with a fluorescein-conjugated antisense ODN (5′-AAGGGCCATTTTGTT-FITC-3′). Confocal microscopy of reversibly permeabilized smooth muscle loaded with fluorescent antisense ODNs revealed intense nuclear fluorescence and less intense, homogeneous, cytoplasmic fluorescence. Internally radiolabeled ODNs (homologous to the above sequence) showed complete degradation between 4 and 16 hours after introduction into the cells. In summary, we have demonstrated methods for long-term organ culture and high-efficiency introduction of antisense ODNs into intact smooth muscle sheets. Such methods have broad potential utility for investigating many questions in smooth muscle biology. At present, however, a major limitation of this approach is the short half-life of phosphorothioated ODNs.
Human platelets as a platform to monitor metabolic biomarkers using stable isotopes and LC-MS.

Background: Intracellular metabolites such as CoA thioesters are modulated in a number of clinical settings. Their accurate measurement from surrogate tissues such as platelets may provide additional information to current serum and urinary biomarkers. Methods: Freshly isolated platelets from healthy volunteers were treated with rotenone, propionate or isotopically labeled metabolic tracers. Using a recently developed LC–MS-based methodology, absolute changes in short-chain acyl-CoA thioesters were monitored, as well as relative metabolic labeling using isotopomer distribution analysis. Results: Consistent with in vitro experiments, isolated platelets treated with rotenone showed decreased intracellular succinyl-CoA and increased β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, while propionate treatment resulted in increased propionyl-CoA. In addition, isotopomers of the CoAs were readily detected in platelets treated with the [13C]- or [13C15N]-labeled metabolic precursors. Conclusion: Here, we show that human platelets can provi...
Synthetic biodegradable hydrogel delivery of demineralized bone matrix for bone augmentation in a rat model

Abstract There exists a strong clinical need for a more capable and robust method to achieve bone augmentation, and a system with fine-tuned delivery of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has the potential to meet that need. As such, the objective of the present study was to investigate a synthetic biodegradable hydrogel for the delivery of DBM for bone augmentation in a rat model. Oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) constructs were designed and fabricated by varying the content of rat-derived DBM particles (either 1:3, 1:1 or 3:1 DBM:OPF weight ratio on a dry basis) and using two DBM particle size ranges (50–150 or 150–250 μm). The physical properties of the constructs and the bioactivity of the DBM were evaluated. Selected formulations (1:1 and 3:1 with 50–150 μm DBM) were evaluated in vivo compared to an empty control to investigate the effect of DBM dose and construct properties on bone augmentation. Overall, 3:1 constructs with higher DBM content achieved the greatest volume of bone augmentation, exceeding 1:1 constructs and empty implants by 3- and 5-fold, respectively. As such, we have established that a synthetic, biodegradable hydrogel can function as a carrier for DBM, and that the volume of bone augmentation achieved by the constructs correlates directly to the DBM dose.
BINDING, EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER AND PHOTOSENSITIZATION IN GRISEOFULVIN‐DNA MIXTURES

— The weak and reversible binding of the antifungal drug, griseofulvin (GF), to calf thymus DNA has been demonstrated by difference spectroscopy and the quenching of the fluorescence of GF by DNA observed. The value of Kn was determined to be 800 M-1by fluorescence quenching titration. Adenosine and guanosine also exhibit difference spectra with GF and quench GF fluorescence indicating that they may be the site of both binding and energy transfer. The in vitro photosensitization of DNA by griseofulvin is shown to occur. It is proposed that the clinically observed in vivo photosensitizing action of griseofulvin may result from binding followed by excitation energy transfer and that this may also be important in the antifungal activity of the drug.
Extraction of HReO4, HNO3, HBr and HCl by trioctylphosphine oxide in nitrobenzene and in 1,2-dichloroethane, and hydration of the anions

Abstract The extraction of HReO 4 , HNO 3 , HBr and HCl into solutions of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in either nitrobenzene or 1,2-dichloroethane has been studied. In both diluent systems when the stoichiometric ratio TOPO/H + was > 2, the extracting species was a two-TOPO acid complex, which was dissociated at lower organic-phase concentrations. The cation portion of the acid complex was found to be anhydrous. Consequently, the coextracted water is assumed to be associated with the anions. The resulting organic-phase “hydration” numbers are: 0·4 for ClO 4 − (ReO 4 − ), 1·9 for Br − and 3 for Cl − in both diluents. The order of extractability was HReO 4 > HNO 3 > HBr > HCl, as expected.
Effect of Mammalian Gonadotrophins (PMS and FSH) on the Growth Response of the Oviduct of White Leghorn Chicks

Abstract CONFLICTING evidence has been published on the growth of the oviduct following gonadotrophin administration to prepuberal chicks. Stimulated oviducal growth, if it occurs, implies an active source of estrogen. The specific tissue elaborating estrogen in the bird has not been established (Taber, 1948). In line with mammalian data, the ovarian cortex, if not the maturing follicle itself, might be the source. However, the ovarian hypertrophy following gonadotrophic treatment appears to be confined to proliferation of medullary tissue, with little, if any, follicular development (Domm and Van Dyke, 1933; Asmundson et al., 1935, 1937; Domm, 1937; Uotila, 1939; Nalbandov and Card, 1946; Taber, 1948; and Das and Nalbandov, 1955). Thus, further information on the oviducal and ovarian response of immature chicks to gonadotrophins might provide clues relative to the unsettled question of the source of estrogen. PROCEDURE Pregnant mare serum (Gonadogen) was administered to female White Leghorn chicks, 5½-weeks old, also …
Discussion paper: The structure and the logic of proof in trials

If one travels across time, continents and cultures, one needs to attend to the interests and attitudes of one’s audience. If one does not do so, one risks being thought strange. Of course, the same may hold true if one travels just from New York City to Texas (a mere 1600 miles or so). Many years ago I traveled from New York City, where I was teaching at the time, to Houston, Texas, to give a talk at one of the law schools in Houston. At the time I was much preoccupied with the work that had been done by people in artificial intelligence. I was interested in such stuff because I wondered about the possible applications of that research to the study of evidentiary processes in litigation and adjudication. In my talk in Houston, I tried to explain my tentative conclusion that artificial reasoning methods (including statistical methods) could not supplant ordinary methods of reasoning. After the talk, it soon became apparent that some or much of the audience viewed me as closely akin a man from Mars.1 In this paper, I will use some words—words such as ‘ontology’—that may seem strange or repellent to some or many readers. So I thought I would begin by talking briefly about some of my motivations for talking in ways that may seem strange or unpleasant to some or many readers. Several decades ago I revised the first volume of John Henry Wigmore’s multivolume treatise on the law of evidence.2 Being a reviser is both harder and easier than being an author of one’s own book. It is easier because one can, if one wishes, take the position of a critic and commentator rather than that of author. And in dealing with some or many of the theoretical portions of Wigmore’s magnum opus, I often did exactly that. However, after finishing my revision, I agreed to write a successor to my revision. Now, after a delay of many years, I am doing that. The job of this successor volume, like part of its precursor, is to examine ‘theoretical considerations’ that bear on the law of evidence and proof. This means that I can no longer just be a commentator. Now I must present my own ‘theory of proof’. In looking at what others had done in trying to develop a theory of the law of evidence and proof, I saw many impressive accomplishments. I also saw a variety of approaches. On the one hand, some of the authors seemed to focus on the abstract logic of uncertain reasoning; and their theory of the law of evidence and proof (a theory that they often called a theory of ‘relevance’) effectively amounted to their view of the nature of logical thinking about uncertain factual propositions.3 It seemed to me then—and it seems to me now—that there is something wrong with this approach. Above all, I wondered and I wonder still how it can be confidently said that the methods of reasoning and demonstration in a particular legal system (such as the American one) rest on and express such logic.
Airway Deposition and Clearance and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Amiloride Following Aerosolization With an Ultrasonic Nebulizer to Normal Airways

Study objectives Airway epithelial ion transport is an important component of the airway defense mechanism, and new therapies that target ion transport are being developed. Amiloride is an example of such a new drug, exerting a dose-dependent action to inhibit Na + transport. Amiloride may be useful in cystic fibrosis, blocking the characteristic airway epithelial Na + hyperabsorption that occurs in the disease. To evaluate airway and systemic delivery of amiloride via an ultrasonic nebulizer (Omron NE-U07), we measured the airway surface concentrations of amiloride in normal volunteers via a novel approach, together with the systemic pharmacokinetics of amiloride. Design Direct measurement of airway surface liquid, plasma, and urine amiloride concentrations following ultrasonic nebulization. Participants/interventions Seven normal subjects were studied in the General Clinical Research Center of the University of North Carolina. Following inhalation with amiloride (1 mg/mL, 4.5 mL) for approximately 12 min, a bronchoscopy was performed. Amiloride deposition and clearance from airway surfaces over 1 h were evaluated by transbronchoscopic sampling using preweighed filter papers. Pulmonary and systemic absorption was assessed by measuring drug concentrations in blood and urine. Results The mean volume aerosolized was 3.5 ±0.3 mL during 12 min of aerosolization time; the mean initial concentration of amiloride on airway surfaces after nebulization was 1.6×10 −4 mol/L, with an elimination half life of approximately 23 min. Peak plasma concentrations of amiloride (30 min, 3.36±0.70 ng/mL) suggest early absorption across lung surfaces, rather than via the GI route. Mean urinary excretion of amiloride over 72 h was 0.63±0.07 mg, with 87%; excreted in the first 24 h. Conclusions The ultrasonic nebulizer rapidly delivers amiloride to normal conducting airways as assessed by the transbronchoscopic sampling technique. Early blood concentrations of amiloride probably reflect initial absorption across lung surfaces and are a useful index of the efficiency of the machine.
School Vouchers in the United States: Productivity in the Public and Private Sectors

Private schooling has been shown to be more beneficial for students from disadvantaged social and minority ethnic backgrounds than for advantaged white students. Possible explanations for difference in impact across social groups include: 1) fewer choices available in the public sector to minority and other disadvantaged families; 2) smaller schools, fewer transfers among schools, and greater administrative simplicity in the private sector; 3) better co-production in the private sector by providing stronger extrinsic learning incentives to students and families (more homework, higher behavioral and educational expectations if student is to remain in the school; more extensive communications between school and family, and requirements that families make financial and educational contributions). Because stronger extrinsic incentives are needed to motivate disadvantaged than advantaged students and families, it is for these students that private schooling has particularly positive educational impacts, despite the fewer fiscal resources available to private than public schools.
Electromechanical properties of 1D ZnO nanostructures: nanopiezotronics building blocks, surface and size-scale effects

One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide nanostructures are the main components of nanogenerators and central to the emerging field of nanopiezotronics. Understanding the underlying physics and quantifying the electromechanical properties of these structures, the topic of this research study, play a major role in designing next-generation nanoelectromechanical devices. Here, atomistic simulations are utilized to study surface and size-scale effects on the electromechanical response of 1D ZnO nanostructures. It is shown that the mechanical and piezoelectric properties of these structures are controlled by their size, cross-sectional geometry, and loading configuration. The study reveals enhancement of the piezoelectric and elastic modulus of ZnO nanowires (NW) with diameter d > 1 nm, followed by a sudden drop for d < 1 nm due to transformation of NWs to nanotubes (NTs). Degradation of mechanical and piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanobelts (NBs) followed by an enhancement in piezoelectric properties occurs when their lower dimension is reduced to <1 nm. The latter enhancement can be explained in the context of surface reconfiguration and formation of hexagon–tetragon (HT) pairs at the intersection of (20) and (010) planes in NBs. Transition from a surface-reconstructed dominant to a surface-relaxed dominant region is demonstrated for lateral dimensions <1 nm. New phase-transformation (PT) kinetics from piezoelectric wurtzite to nonpiezoelectric body-centered tetragonal (WZ → BCT) and graphite-like phase (WZ → HX) structures occurs in ZnO NWs loaded up to large strains of ∼10%.
Tri­carbonyl(η6‐1,3,5‐tri­methoxy­benzene)­chromium(0)

The title compound, (1,3,5-(MeO)3C6H3)Cr(CO)3 or [Cr(C9H12O3)(CO)3], exhibits the three-legged piano-stool structure expected for a metal tri­carbonyl with an η6-coordinated arene. The mol­ecule exhibits threefold symmetry. The methoxy groups display an out-of-plane distortion.
Glycopeptidolipids from Mycobacterium avium promote macrophage activation in a TLR2‐ and MyD88‐dependent manner

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components in the immune response against numerous pathogens. Previous studies have indicated that TLR2 plays an essential role in promoting immune responses against mycobacterial infections. Prior work has also shown that mice deficient in TLR2 are more susceptible to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Mycobacterium avium. Therefore, it is important to define the molecules expressed by pathogenic mycobacteria, which bind the various TLRs. Although a number of TLR agonists have been characterized for M. tuberculosis, no specific TLR ligand has been identified in M. avium. We have found that glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), which are highly expressed surface molecules on M. avium, can stimulate the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines when added to murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. This stimulation was dependent on TLR2 and myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88) but not TLR4. M. avium express apolar and serovar-specific (ss)GPLs, and it is the expression of the latter that determines the serotype of a particular M. avium strain. It is interesting that the ssGPLs activated macrophages in a TLR2- and MyD88-dependent manner, and no macrophage activation was observed when using apolar GPLs. ssGPLs also differed in their ability to activate macrophages with Serovars 1 and 2 stimulating inhibitor of kappaB p38 and phosphorylation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion, while Serovar 4 failed to stimulate p38 activation and TNF-alpha production. Our studies indicate that ssGPLs can function as TLR2 agonists and promote macrophage activation in a MyD88-dependent pathway.
Rural Community Transition and Resilience: What now for social work?

Rural communities, like all communities, face myriad social, economic and ecological challenges as they endeavor to resolve precarious dependencies on critical, energy-intensive and supply-chain extensive resource systems. With increasing impacts of climate change and related incidents of human and more-than-human displacements, including losses of life and habitat, rural communities have become beset with frequent, prolonged and persistent recovery and coping obligations. The progressive resolution of injustices will need to occur in the face of serious ecological stressors. Designing for and increasingly demonstrating social work practices that prioritize the multi-modal skills of sustainable living may well be the most effective means to realize and sustain environmental justice advancements. Practitioners, educators, researchers and students engaged in mobilizing social work’s professional commitments to environmental justice causes would be well-served by acquiring the knowledge and skills needed to realize sustainable livelihoods. Permaculture design principles and methods are cited as means for social work professionals to begin with their own personal and professional practices. Considerations for social work practice, research and education are provided.
Evaluation of a vancomycin dosing nomogram based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation in intensive care unit patients

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a vancomycin nomogram using actual body weight and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation to estimate renal function in intensive care unit patients. Methods Retrospective evaluation (preimplementation group, n = 57) was conducted from March 2011 to April 2011. Prospective evaluation was conducted after nomogram implementation (postimplementation group, n = 60) from December 2011 to February 2012. Results The percentage of patients with an initial vancomycin trough concentration 15 μg/mL or higher increased in the postimplementation group as compared with the preimplementation group (72% vs 39%, P = .0004). The postimplementation group also demonstrated an increase in the percentage of patients with initial trough concentration between 15 and 20 μg/mL (42% vs 19%, P = .0099), and no statistical difference in the percentage of patients with an initial trough greater than 20 μg/mL (30% vs 19%, P = .2041). There was no difference in nephrotoxicity in the postimplementation group compared with the preimplementation group (18% vs 17.5%, P = 1.0). Conclusion Use of a vancomycin nomogram increased the percentage of initial vancomycin trough concentrations 15 μg/mL or higher in intensive care unit patients and was not associated with an increased occurrence of nephrotoxicity.
Development of a Miniaturized Liquid Core Waveguide System With Nanoporous Dielectric Cladding—A Potential Biosensing Platform

We present a high-throughput optofluidic light waveguide system consisting of etched microchannels in silicon using water as the core and an ultra low refractive index nanoporous dielectric (ND) as the cladding organosilicate nanoparticulate films with refractive index of 1.16 have been used as the cladding layer. Although NDs offers many advantages over Teflon AF for use as the cladding layer, integration of these coatings to the waveguide design is not trivial. In this paper, we address the various integration issues of the NDs to the liquid core waveguide architecture followed by testing of these waveguides for their light guiding capability. Compared to uncoated channels, ND clad channels offer a high light guiding efficiency. In addition, the high surface areas associated with them could be potentially used to immobilize higher density of sensor probes implying a great potential for biosensor applications in an integrated system.
Status of a UAVSAR designed for repeat pass interferometry for deformation measurements

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently implementing a reconfigurable polarimetric L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), specifically designed to acquire airborne repeat track interferometric (RTI) SAR data, also known as differential interferometric measurements. Differential interferometry can provide key deformation measurements, important for the scientific studies of earthquakes and volcanoes. Using precision real-time GPS and a sensor controlled flight management system, the system will be able to fly predefined paths with great precision. The expected performance of the flight control system will constrain the flight path to be within a 10 m diameter tube about the desired flight track. The radar will be designed to operate on a UAV (unpiloted aerial vehicle) but will initially be demonstrated on a minimally piloted vehicle (MPV), such as the Proteus built by scaled composites or on a NASA Gulfstream III. The radar design is a fully polarimetric with an 80 MHz bandwidth (2 m range resolution) and 16 km range swath. The antenna is an electronically steered along track to assure that the actual antenna pointing can be controlled independent of the wind direction and speed. Other features supported by the antenna include an elevation monopulse option and a pulse-to-pulse resteering capability that will enable some novel modes of operation. The system will nominally operate at 45,000 ft (13800 m). The program began out as an Instrument Incubator Project (IIP) funded by NASA Earth Science and Technology Office (ESTO).