cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stretching the Capabilities of Energy Harvesting: Electroactive Polymers Based on Dielectric Elastomers

Dielectric elastomer actuators are “stretchable capacitors” that can offer muscle-like strain and force response to an applied voltage. As generators, dielectric elastomers offer the promise of energy harvesting with few moving parts. Power can be produced simply by stretching and contracting a relatively low-cost rubbery material. This simplicity, combined with demonstrated high energy density and high efficiency, suggests that dielectric elastomers are promising for a wide range of energy-harvesting applications. Indeed, dielectric elastomers have been demonstrated to harvest energy from human walking, ocean waves, flowing water, blowing wind, pushing buttons, and heat engines. While the technology is promising and advances are being made, there are challenges that must be addressed if dielectric elastomers are to be a successful and economically viable energy-harvesting technology. These challenges include developing materials and packaging that sustain a long lifetime over a range of environmental conditions, designing the devices that stretch the elastomer material uniformly, and system issues such as practical and efficient energy-harvesting circuits.
Brief paper: A staircase model for unknown multivariable systems and design of regulators

Based on a very simple model, a discrete-time integrating regulator can be designed for a linear time-invariant system. The linear system is not restricted to be scalar with a monotone step response, as required in previously published literature. The number of tuning parameters in the controller depends on the number of steps in the staircase model which can be properly chosen so that the closed-loop system is an asymptotically stable system with a specified tracking speed.
Comments on the OECD Proposal for Secret and Mandatory Arbitration of International Tax Disputes

The OECD has proposed amendments to its Model Tax Convention and Commentary that would establish a system for the mandatory arbitration of tax disputes between two treaty countries when the tax officials of those countries have been unable to resolve those disputes within a two-year period. The proposal is undoubtedly well-meaning and does address a small but significant problem - the "rare cases" (OECD characterization) of potential double taxation that are unresolved through the existing tax-treaty mechanism. Nevertheless, the public policy goals of this proposed system are at best obscure, and the risks to sound administration of national tax systems are great. The OECD proposal includes the following three features that have been on the wish lists of multinational companies for a very long time: (1) A forum outside the control of the tax authorities where they can litigate tax disputes in secret; (2) A club they can use to compel the tax authorities to resolve international tax disputes within very tight time deadlines (typically six months); (3) Direct involvement by their legal staffs in the competent-authority process. In these comments, I argue that these features, most importantly the secrecy feature, are inconsistent with public policy. I would require that the arbitrators to an international tax dispute be required to prepare and publish a full report that sets forth the controlling facts and explains in appropriate detail the legal basis for their decision. As the OECD has recognized in other contexts, transparency is a condition for legitimacy. An adjudicative system that lacks legitimacy is simply unacceptable in a democratic society.
Effect of compound 48/80 on toxicity of histamine and of serotonin in mice.

Summary(1) Compound 48/80 appears to have an additive effect on toxicity of histamine and a synergistic effect on toxicity of serotonin in the mouse. (2) Heparin interferes with this compound 48/80 effect on lethal intoxication with histamine or serotonin by direct interaction with compound 48/80 but does not appear to alter individual toxicities of respective amines. (3) It is suggested that degranulation of mast cells in response to compound 48/80 is a protective function of connective tissue in which the releaser drug is sequestered by heparin of the mast cell. The associated release of amines is thought to be a manifestation of this interaction between mast cells and compound 48/80 and only indirectly related (if at all) to lethal effects of this drug.
Cybersecurity in health care.

To date, cybercrime against health care has manifested as data loss, monetary theft, and attacks on medical devices and infrastructure. To find feasible solutions, organizations need to understand the interplay among threats, vulnerabilities, risks, and resilience.
Winter mortality of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) eggs in Michigan

The northern lower peninsula of Michigan was heavily defoliated by gypsy moth in 1991 and 1992 despite being in a climate considered marginal for gypsy moth. We investigated the impact of extreme cold events on egg hatch by collecting egg masses from counties in Michigan with active gypsy moth populations in 1994 and 1996, the 2 coldest winters in the past 7 yr. Egg hatch from masses located 90 cm or more above ground was not as complete as egg hatch from masses close to the ground in regions with the coldest temperatures. More successful egg hatch close to the ground may be partially explained by snow cover, In 3 separate data sets, egg hatch was negatively correlated with the number of days in January and February when the temperature dropped below -26°C (r 2 = 0.31, 0.62, and 0.54). The heaviest defoliation in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan occurred in years following a mild winter when temperatures dropped below -26°C fewer than 4 times.
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: Challenges and Opportunities.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA; formerly, the Churg-Strauss syndrome) is best recognized by the company it keeps. For a hematologist, EGPA belongs in the family of hypereosinophilic syndromes, a potentially fatal group of leukoproliferative disorders associated with eosinophilic endomyocarditis and other forms of end-organ damage. For an allergist, EGPA is considered along with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease and other forms of severe, adult-onset asthma characterized by the presence of nasal polyposis. For a rheumatologist, EGPA is one of the canonical forms of the so-called antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides, a family of disorders characterized by the presence of inflammation that affects the smalland mediumcaliber blood vessels. The diagnosis of EGPA poses a unique set of challenges. Patients may present with several years of nonspecific symptoms, leading the physician down a diagnostic rabbit hole, looking for the malignancy or the parasitic infection that does not exist. It is not uncommon for a patient to be evaluated by multiple physicians before the diagnosis becomes clear. Along the way, patients may develop congestive heart failure, renal failure, or mononeuritis multiplex, all while accumulating the consequences of chronic glucocorticoid therapy. For patients presenting with critical illness, the standard of care requires treatment with cytotoxic agents, such as cyclophosphamide, and high doses of glucocorticoids. For patients presenting with milder manifestations of EGPA, antimetabolites such as methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil are often used, although the efficacy of this approach is less clear. For the clinician, the great challenge posed by EGPA lies in making the initial diagnosis and treatment plan, which often requires recognizing a diagnosis that one has not seen previously and using drugs with which the practitioner may not be overly familiar. For the patient, however, the challenges of EGPA persist long past the initial diagnosis. Traditionally, the teaching has been that the respiratory symptoms associated with EGPA, such as asthma, resolve as the disease matures. As such, discussion of the management of EGPA often focuses on the use of immunosuppressive therapies,
Extensively Self-Renewing Erythroid Precursors Emerge from the Embryo but Not from the Adult

The only cell in the hematopoietic hierarchy thought to be capable of long-term selfrenewal is the stem cell. An erythroid progenitor derived from mammalian hematopoietic tissue, fetal or adult, is capable of limited proliferation (10 3 –10 6 fold expansion; Bauer, 1999; Panzenbock, 1998; von Lindern, 1999). Here we report that an erythroid precursor derived from the mouse embryo is capable not only of limited, but also of extensive proliferation (~10 30 fold expansion). These cells resemble proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts based on their morphology, their globin gene expression profile, and their immunophenotype. While aneuploidy is not necessary for extensive proliferation, it sporadically begins to accumulate after prolonged culture. These cells are capable of massive (>100 days) daily proliferation in vitro in the presence of Epo, SCF, IGF-1, and dexamethasone. Examination of cultures lacking each of these factors support that glucocorticoids play an important role in this expansion by uncoupling erythroid precursor proliferation from maturation. Despite prolonged in vitro culture, these cells preserve their potential to fully differentiate into enucleated red blood cells with the removal of dexamethasone. Differentiation occurs over 2–3 days and is characterized by the accumulation of adult (α, β1, and β2), but not embryonic (ζ, ey, and βH1), globins. The retention of full differentiation potential despite >10 30 fold expansion indicates that this proliferation represents self-renewal. To determine the developmental origin of these extensively self-renewing erythroblasts (ESREs), we initiated in vitro cultures from staged mouse embryos as well as adult tissues. E7.5 embryos, that contain primitive but not definitive erythroid progenitors, failed to generate ESREs. In contrast, ESREs can be derived from E8.5–E10.5 yolk sac and E11.5–E14.5 fetal liver. These findings along with the globin expression pattern indicate that erythroblast self-renewal is associated with definitive, but not primitive, erythropoiesis. Surprisingly, marrow from adult steady-state hematopoiesis failed to yield ESREs. Furthermore, despite the characteristics shared by stress erythropoiesis (adult spleen) and fetal erythropoiesis (liver), stress erythropoiesis only yielded erythroblasts with limited, and not extensive, self-renewal capacity. This result suggests that extensive self-renewal potential is linked either to the transient yolk sac-derived definitive erythroid lineage or to the fetal hematopoietic microenvironment. We are currently investigating the mechanisms responsible for the extensive self-renewal capacity of such lineage-restricted and mature hematopoietic precursors. Our findings raise the possibility that the expansive cellular output of the erythron within the midgestation mammalian embryo may be regulated, in part, at the level of late stage erythroid precursors.
Hybrid atomistic-continuum simulation of nucleate boiling with a domain re-decomposition method

In this study, a domain re-decomposition hybrid atomistic-continuum method is developed to conduct a multiscale/multiphase investigation on the bubble nucleation. In addition to the conventional co...
Refining Current Scientific Priorities and Identifying New Scientific Gaps in HIV-Related Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Research

Abstract The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) AIDS Program's goal is to provide direction and support for research and training programs in areas of HIV-related heart, lung, blood, and sleep (HLBS) diseases. To better define NHLBI current HIV-related scientific priorities and with the goal of identifying new scientific priorities and gaps in HIV-related HLBS research, a wide group of investigators gathered for a scientific NHLBI HIV Working Group on December 14–15, 2015, in Bethesda, MD. The core objectives of the Working Group included discussions on: (1) HIV-related HLBS comorbidities in the antiretroviral era; (2) HIV cure; (3) HIV prevention; and (4) mechanisms to implement new scientific discoveries in an efficient and timely manner so as to have the most impact on people living with HIV. The 2015 Working Group represented an opportunity for the NHLBI to obtain expert advice on HIV/AIDS scientific priorities and approaches over the next decade.
Where Are Adults Active? An Examination of Physical Activity Locations Using GPS in Five US Cities

Increasing physical activity (PA) at the population level requires appropriately targeting intervention development. Identifying the locations in which participants with various sociodemographic, body weight, and geographic characteristics tend to engage in varying intensities of PA as well as locations these populations underutilize for PA may facilitate this process. A visual location-coding protocol was developed and implemented in Google Fusion Tables and Maps using data from participants (N = 223, age 18-85) in five states. Participants concurrently wore ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers and Qstarz BT-Q1000X GPS units for 3 weeks to identify locations of moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) or vigorous (VPA) bouts. Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel general association tests examined usage differences by participant characteristics (sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index (BMI), and recruitment city). Homes and roads encompassed >40% of bout-based PA minutes regardless of PA intensity. Fitness facilities and schools were important for VPA (19 and 12% of bout minutes). Parks were used for 13% of MVPA bout minutes but only 4% of VPA bout minutes. Hispanics, those without a college degree, and overweight/obese participants frequently completed MVPA bouts at home. Older adults often used roads for MVPA bouts. Hispanics, those with ≤high school education, and healthy/overweight participants frequently had MVPA bouts in parks. Applying a new location-coding protocol in a diverse population showed that adult PA locations varied by PA intensity, sociodemographic characteristics, BMI, and geographic location. Although homes, roads, and parks remain important locations for demographically targeted PA interventions, observed usage patterns by participant characteristics may facilitate development of more appropriately targeted interventions.
The Rise Of Autonomy

In the context of genetics, autonomy usually involves appeals to human rights: rights to know or not know information, rights to respect, rights to decide, rights to services, rights to referral, or rights to privacy. Among those with means in rich nations, autonomy may also mean frivolous consumerism, as people pick and choose among medical services of dubious necessity, or demand access to any service they desire and can pay for out of pocket. Originally the word meant independence or self-governance for a political entity, such as a city-state in ancient Greece (Gouldner, 1965). In countries influenced by the eighteenth century Enlightenment, the concept of autonomy became attached to individuals. Now the word autonomy applies mainly to individuals as separate, independent entities who own their genetic information and may even seek a share in intellectual property rights derived from it.
The Love of Large Numbers: A Popularity Bias in Consumer Choice:

Social learning—the ability to learn from observing the decisions of other people and the outcomes of those decisions—is fundamental to human evolutionary and cultural success. The Internet now pro...
Considering a Practical Orientation and Mobility Framework to Design Communication Interventions for People With Visual Impairments, Deafblindness, and Multiple Disabilities

Communication assessment and interventions for individuals with complex communication needs and concomitant vision loss are enhanced when individuals' movement and orientation needs are considered....
Carbon Dot Incorporated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Coated Filters for Bacterial Removal and Inactivation.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filters incorporated with carbon quantum dots (CDots) or single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were produced for bacteria removal from aqueous solutions and also for inactivating the captured bacteria. TMTP Millipore membranes were used as the base of these filters. The results showed that filters with higher MWCNT loading had higher bacterial removal efficiencies. Filters with a MWCNT loading of 4.5 mg were highly effective at removing bacteria from aqueous solution, resulting in a log reduction of 6.41, 6.41, and 5.41 of E. coli cell numbers in filtrates compared to MWCNT filters without coating, MWCNTs filters with 0.15 mg CDot coating, and MWCNTs filters with 0.15 mg SWCNT coating, respectively. Ionic strength played an important role in bacteria removal. A higher NaCl concentration resulted in higher bacteria removal efficiencies of the filters. Both CDot coatings and SWCNT coatings did not significantly affect the MWCNT filter effects (P > 0.05). The coatings, especially CDot coatings, significantly inhibited the activities of bacteria retained on the filter surfaces (P < 0.05). The inhibitory rates were 94.21% or 73.17% on the MWCNT filter surfaces coated with 0.2 mg CDots or SWCNTs, respectively. These results demonstrated that MWCNT filters with CDot coatings were highly effective to remove bacteria from water and to inhibit the activities of the captured bacteria on filter surfaces.
Work-Related Stressors Among Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Home Visitors: A Qualitative Study.

Background The Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program delivers evidence-based home visiting services to over 1400 families each year. Home visitors are integral in providing resources for families to promote healthy pregnancy, child development, family wellness, and self-sufficiency. Due to the nature of this work, home visitors experience work-related pressures and stressors that can impact staff well-being and retention. Objectives The purpose of this study was to understand primary sources of work-related stress experienced by home visitors, subsequent effects on their engagement with program participants, and to learn of coping mechanisms used to manage stress. Methods In 2015, Florida MIECHV program evaluators conducted ten focus groups with 49 home visitors during which they ranked and discussed their top sources of work-related stress. Qualitative analysis was conducted to identify emergent themes in work-related stressors and coping/supports. Results Across all sites, the burden of paperwork and data entry were the highest ranked work-related stressors perceived as interfering with home visitors’ engagement with participants. The second-highest ranked stressors included caseload management, followed by a lack of resources for families, and dangerous environments. Home visitors reported gratification in their helping relationships families, and relied on coworkers or supervisors as primary sources of workplace support along with self-care (e.g. mini-vacations, recreation, and counseling). Conclusions for practice Florida MIECHV home visitors across all ten focus groups shared similar work-related stressors that they felt diminished engagement with program participants and could impact participant and staff retention. In response, Florida MIECHV increased resources to support home visitor compensation and reduce caseloads, and obtained a competitive award from HRSA to implement a mindfulness-based stress reduction training statewide.
In-Flight Wing-Membrane Strain Measurements on Bats

An efficient system for high-resolution measurements of a bat wing’s membrane during flight is presented, proving the feasibility of dynamic strain measurements on bats wing membranes during flapping. Data were collected from wind tunnel wind-off flights of a Jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, a nocturnal and frugivorous specie trained by Brown University team to fly back and forth in the test section. Visual image correlation was used for image post-processing providing spatial highresolution three-dimensional displacements and strains on the bat’s wing.
Application of Bender’s Salts to the Synthesis of Mercaptan — Containing Polymers

Interest in the preparation of polymers containing free mercaptan groups for potential applications as reducing agents, ion exchange resins, heavy metal scavengers, radiation prophylatics and polymeric catalysts has prompted a thorough investigation of potential synthetic techniques.1 In contrast to vinyl alcohol, vinyl mercaptan can be isolated in very low yield from the addition of hydrogen sulfide to acetylene in the presence of light.2 However it is useless as a monomer because the sulfhydryl group is too labile, i.e., it is a very efficient chain transfer agent and undergoes trimerization via a tautomeric thioacetaldehyde intermediate.3 Thus one is forced to resort to indirect synthetic techniques of the following general types: (a) synthesis and polymerization of monomers containing a “blocked” mercaptan group and (b) introduction of mercaptan groups into polymers with suitable reactive sites.
Chapter 2 – Approximate methods

Publisher Summary The Boltzmann-Vlasov equation based on fundamental concepts provides the basis for analytical treatment of plasma problems. In hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, almost all practical problems can be accurately treated with fluid equations of motion and the thermodynamic state. For plasmas there is a richer variety of phenomena, but it may still be possible to obtain equations of fluid-like behavior, or magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), from the Boltzmann equation by means of suitable approximations. There are three types of circuit elements to be considered: resistance R, capacitance C, and inductance L. These are usually small in size, and are often referred to lumped as distinct from spatial. The circuit problem is also one of the commonest problems illustrating the idea of cause and effect relationships. These effects include almost everything that can happen when electric currents, charges, and conductors are let loose. It is interesting, not surprising, to find that the circuit relations are just special cases of the more general field relations. In MHD approximation, a key assumption is that perturbations are small enough that only linear terms need be retained. This leaves open the important question of the arrival of fresh particles from quite separate parts of the flow field. Reconnection is a large-scale process that cannot be described exhaustively by inspecting only the x-line or its surroundings. A method, called four-field junction, is especially useful on the magnetopause where the complicated geometry makes it difficult to locate the reconnection line.
Two classes of azo dye reductase activity associated with rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.

Reduction of carcinogenic and other azo dyes by rat liver microsomes is catalyzed by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P-450 (P-450). Dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB), a lipid soluble hepatocarcinogen, is reduced by a form of P-450 which is selectively induced by clofibrate but not other commonly used inducing agents; reduction is insensitive to O2 and CO (Raza and Levine, 1986; Levine and Raza, 1988). In contrast, microsomal reduction of amaranth, a water soluble dye, is catalyzed by forms of P-450 which are induced by phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene; reduction is inhibited by O2 and CO (Fujita and Peisach, 1978). Oxygen sensitivity of azoreduction is attributed to reoxidation of the 1-electron reduced free radical intermediate with formation of superoxide (Mason et al., 1978; Peterson et al., 1988). It follows that reduction of 2’-COOH-DAB (methyl red) by NAD(P)H:quinone reductase is oxygen insensitive since this enzyme contains two molecules of FAD and catalyzes a 2-electron reduction of the dye (Huang et al., 1979).
Taiwan’s 1989 national election

Taiwan, or officially the Republic of China, has had four elections in recent years that have impacted the election process and contributed to the nation’s rapid evolution toward democracy. The December 1989 election was the fourth and perhaps the most important. It was the first since martial law was terminated. New political parties were legal. the nation had a new election law. The results of the election favored the opposition, Democratic Progressive Party. Other opposition parties did not perform well, suggesting a two-party system is evolving. More important in the view of the author, it signals many salient changes in Taiwan’s polity of both a positive and negative nature.
Miscellaneous Orthogonal Transforms

In addition to the DFT, (WHT) w , (WHT) h , and MWHT, there are several other discrete orthogonal transforms. Of these, we will study the following in this chapter: (1) Generalized transform, (2) Haar transform, (3) slant transform, and (4) the discrete cosine transform.
Behind the Curve: Higher Education's Efforts to Implement Advanced Information Systems

ABSTRACT A rapidly changing and increasingly hostile environment creates incentives for organizations in the higher education sector to invest in high capability information systems technology. How...
False Choice: Pseudoscientific Narrative

Children are sent to school, in part, to learn how to transition from their youthful self-centeredness to the mature understanding of their relationships to others that will be expected of them as adults. This includes an understanding that, in the adult world, rights come with responsibilities. Constitutional rights in particular, we teach students, have limits. Laws that benefit the whole of society will be personally inconvenient at times; an individual’s needs and desires are not all that matters because other people exist too, people with different perspectives, different circumstances, and different legitimate goals. Consequently, compromise is a necessary part of any negotiation in our democracy. However, these core values of responsibility, perspective, and compromise—values that adults say they want schools to teach children—are often openly violated in public by these same adults. For example, we do not tolerate intellectual dishonesty from our children in our schools. But it is apparently tolerated and promoted everywhere else. Educational standards cannot be improved until adults begin to model the education values that they loudly espouse.
The challenges of enforcing cell phone use while driving laws among police: A qualitative study

Research suggests that cell phone use while driving (CPWD) citations are not issued frequently due to CPWD laws being difficult to enforce. No studies have sought law enforcements’ perspective. The...
I am Multiracial: Predictors of Multiracial identification strength among mixed ancestry individuals

Research has yet to examine variability in how strongly individuals claim the unconventional Multiracial identity and why. In two studies, we examined mixed-race individuals’ strength of Multiracia...
Lymphomatoid papulosis in children and adolescents: A clinical and histopathologic retrospective cohort.

Abstract Background, aims and objectives Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder that is rare and not well described within the pediatric subpopulation. We sought to review the literature and characterize clinical and pathologic features among pediatric and adolescent patients diagnosed with LyP at a tertiary care center. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort of 27 pediatric and adolescent patients (defined as Results While type A was the most prevalent subtype, B and C subtypes were also frequently observed. CD8 predominance was a common finding, especially among type B LyP patients and those with eccrinotropic granulomatous features. None of the patients with clinical follow-up have developed secondary lymphoma, and some patients experienced remission of their disease. Conclusion While type A appears to be the dominant variant described in children, types B, C, and even the newly described variants E and F may occur more often than previously reported. Pediatric LyP may be more indolent than the adult variant, but close clinical follow-up is still warranted.
powmic: an R package for power assessment in microbiome case-control studies.

Summary Power analysis is essential to decide the sample size of metagenomic sequencing experiments in a case-control study for identifying differentially abundant (DA) microbes. However, the complexity of microbial data characteristics, such as excessive zeros, over-dispersion, compositionality, intrinsically microbial correlations and variable sequencing depths, makes the power analysis particularly challenging because the analytical form is usually unavailable. Here, we develop a simulation-based power assessment strategy and R package powmic, which considers the complexity of microbial data characteristics. A real data example demonstrates the usage of powmic. Availability and implementation powmic R package and online tutorial are available at https://github.com/lichen-lab/powmic. Contact chen61@iu.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Machine Learning-Based Modeling and Operation of Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium Oxide Thin Films

Abstract Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) has demonstrated its superiority at coating ultra-conformal high dielectric thin-films, which are essential to the fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs) as well as the advanced 3D V-NAND (vertical Not-AND) flash memory cells. Despite the growing research interest, the exploration of the optimal operation policies for PEALD remains a complicated and expensive task. Our previous work has constructed a comprehensive 3D multiscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for the PEALD process and demonstrated its potential to enhance the understanding of the process. Nevertheless, the limitation of computational resources and the relatively long computation time restrict the efficient exploration of the operating space and the optimal operating strategy. Thus, in this work, we apply a 2D axisymmetric reduction of the previous 3D model of PEALD reactors with and without the showerhead design. Furthermore, a data-driven model is derived based on a recurrent neural network (RNN) for process characterization. The developed integrated data-driven model is demonstrated to accurately characterize the key aspects of the deposition process as well as the gas-phase transport profile while maintaining computational efficiency. The derived data-driven model is further validated with the results from a full 3D multiscale CFD model to evaluate model discrepancy. Using the data-driven model, an operational strategy database is generated, from which the optimal operating conditions can be determined for the deposition of Hafnium Oxide (HfO 2 ) thin-film based on an elementary cost analysis.
Dosimetric impact from cardiac motion to heart substructures in thoracic cancer patients treated with a magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy system.

Abstract Few studies have examined the cardiac volume and radiation dose differences among cardiac phases during radiation therapy (RT). Such information is crucial to dose reconstruction and understanding of RT related cardiac toxicity. In a cohort of nine patients, we studied the changes in the volume and doses of several cardiac substructures between the end-diastolic and end-systolic phases based on the clinical magnetic resonance-guided RT (MRgRT) treatment plans. Significant differences in the volume and dose between the two phases were observed. Onboard cardiac cine MRI holds promise for patient-specific cardiac sparing treatment designs.
Default by intervention: Allomorphy and locality in the Modern Greek verb

An often discussed dimension of the locality conditions on allomorphy is visibility: when do the trigger and target of allomorphy ‘see’ each other? An equally important dimension is intervention: when do the trigger and target stop seeing each other? This paper offers two case studies on intervention from Modern Greek verbal morphology. In Greek, Agr is sensitive to the features of Voice, and T is sometimes sensitive to the identity of the root; but in both cases, allomorphy only takes place when all heads intervening between the target and trigger are null. When at least one intervening head is overt, the target retreats to a default realization. I argue that such patterns, whereby intervention leads to the emergence of a default, are readily understandable in theories where adjacency of heads is a necessary condition for allomorphy, and where only null nodes may be transparent.
Bilateral Luxatio Erecta Humeri.

Author(s): Martinez-Romo, Miguel A.; Lotfipour, Shahram; McCoy, C. Eric | Abstract: Case Presentation: We describe a middle-aged male presenting to the emergency department with bilateral shoulder pain, holding both arms in abduction after trauma. Radiographs demonstrated a bilateral inferior dislocation of the glenohumeral joints consistent with luxatio erecta humeri.Discussion: We review the clinical presentation of luxatio erecta and its complications. We also describe the characteristic presentation on radiographs. Our case illustrates the hallmark findings of luxatio erecta of an abducted humeral shaft parallel to the scapular spine.
Association Between Neonates With Laryngomalacia and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Objective Laryngomalacia (LM) is the most common congenital anomaly of the larynx. The cause of LM is still largely unknown, but a neurological mechanism has gained the most acceptance. There have not been any studies examining the prevalence of LM in infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). The aim of our study is to determine if infants with NAS are more likely to be diagnosed with LM. Methods This study was a population-based inpatient registry analysis. We examined nationwide neonatal discharges in 2016 using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). Only patients listed as neonates were included. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes for neonatal withdrawal symptoms from maternal use of drugs of addiction (P96.1) and diagnoses denoting LM were used. To quantify associations between the LM and NAS groups, prevalence rates and odds ratios (ORs) were used. Results There were 3 970 065 weighted neonatal discharges in the 2016 KID. Among patients included in our dataset, 0.809% (32 128) had NAS and 0.075% (2974) had LM. There was an increased odds ratio for neonates with NAS and LM (OR of 2.85, 95% CI = 2.24-3.63) compared to infants without NAS. Multiple logistic regression accounting for possible confounders produced an adjusted OR of 1.68 (95% CI = 1.29-2.19). Conclusion Our study found an association between NAS and LM. This suggests that prenatal exposure to opioids or possibly the sequelae of withdrawal symptoms may be risk factors for the development of LM.
The Constitution and America's Destiny

In this ambitious study, Robertson explains how the US Constitution emerged from an intense battle between a bold vision for the nation's political future and the tenacious defense of its political present. Given a once-in-a-lifetime chance to alter America's destiny, James Madison laid before the Constitutional Convention a plan for a strong centralized government that could battle for America's long-term interests. But delegates from vulnerable states resisted this plan, seeking instead to maintain state control over most of American life while adding a few more specific powers to the existing government. These clashing aspirations turned the Convention into an unpredictable chain of events. Step-by-step, the delegates' compromises built national powers in a way no one had anticipated, and produced a government more complex and hard to use than any of them originally intended. Their Constitution, in turn, helped create a politics unlike that in any other nation.
Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer rate disparities are pronounced for blacks and whites. This study presents black-white esophageal cancer incidence, mortality, relative survival rates, histology and trends for two five-year time periods--1991-1995 and 1996-2000--and for the time period 1991-2000. METHODS: The study used data from the National Cancer Institute's population-based Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER) program with submission dates 1991-2000. Age-adjusted incidence, mortality, relative survival rates and histology for esophageal carcinoma were calculated for nine SEER cancer registries for 1991-2000. Rates were analyzed by race and gender for changes over specified time periods. RESULTS: Esophageal cancer age-adjusted incidence of blacks was about twice that of whites (8.63 vs. 4.39/100,000, p < 0.05). Age-adjusted mortality for blacks, although showing a declining trend, was nearly twice that of whites (7.79 vs. 3.96, p < 0.05). Although survival was poor for all groups, it was significantly poorer in blacks than in whites. Squamous cell carcinoma was more commonly diagnosed in blacks and white females, whereas adenocarcinoma was more common among white males (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Racial disparities in esophageal cancer incidence, mortality, survival and histology exist. Survival rates from this disease have not significantly improved over the decade. These data support the need for advances in prevention, early detection biomarker research and research on new, more effective treatment modalities for this disease.
The relational turn, the therapeutic alliance, and psychotherapy research: Strange bedfellows or postmodern marriage?

(2003). The Relational Turn, the Therapeutic Alliance, and Psychotherapy Research. Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 449-475.
The Role of Microturbulence on Collisionless Reconnection

The linear, non-linear and anomalous transport properties associated with various micro instabilities driven by cross field currents in reconnecting geometries are reviewed. An assessment of their role in collisionless tearing based on analytic theory, computer simulations and experimental evidence, supports the dominant role of lower hybrid waves. The relevance of microturbulence on macroscopic stationary and time dependent models of merging is presented. It is concluded that a fluid-numerical simulation approach that includes (at each space and time step) the effects of anomalous transport in a self consistent manner, similar to the one used for laboratory collisionless shocks, represents the best method for studying and modeling the details of the reconnection process.
The introduction of tobacco mosaic virus into single hair cells of Nicotiana langsdorffii leaves: I. The concentration of virus

Abstract The green aucuba strain of tobacco mosaic virus was inoculated into epidermal hair cells of Nicotiana langsdorffii leaves. A successful inoculation was followed by the development of a local lesion. When inocula containing 12 mg virus per milliliter and 1 10 , 1 100 , and 1 1000 this concentration were each inoculated into 50 hair cells, lesions were initiated from 15, 9, 6, and 3 cells respectively. Thus a thousandfold dilution of virus was accompanied by a fivefold decrease in lesion number.
Kinetic studies of hydroquinone_quinone at the boron-doped diamond electrode by cyclic voltammetry

Therefore, we report in this letter the redox kinetic behaviour of hydroquinone/quinone (HQ/Q) in 0.5 M HCl and 1 M Na 2 SO 4 supporting electrolytes using moderately conducting (resistivity: 8.5 x 10 3 Ω cm) and highly conducting (resitivity: 0.001 Ω cm) boron-doped diamond electrode material
Nuclear performance optimization of the Be/Li/Th blanket for the fusion breeder

More rigorous nuclear analysis, including treatment of resonance self-shielding effects coupled with an optimization procedure, has resulted in improved performance of the Be/Li/Th blanket. Net U-2...
Biophysical and Biochemical Studies on Rhinovirus and Poliovirus II. Chemical and Hydrodynamic Analysis of the Rhinovirion

Abstract Chemical analysis of rhinovirus 14 revealed a ribonucleic acid (RNA) content of 29.8% and a high adenylic acid content (35%). A partial specific volume of 0.682 cm3/g was obtained for the rhinovirion. Rhinovirus and poliovirus had identical sedimentation coefficients of 158S. A diffusion coefficient of 1.71 × 10−7 cm2/sec was consistent with a hydrated diameter of 25 nm for the rhinovirion. The calculated molecular weights of the rhinovirion and its genome were 7.1 × 106 and 2.1 × 106 daltons, respectively. Sedimentation analysis of infectious RNA confirmed the similarity of the molecular size of the poliovirus and rhinovirus genomes.
The Works of James Bernoulli (1973)

Some decades ago an edition of the collected works of the Bernoullis was projected by Otto Spiess and after some vicissitudes given formal support by Swiss organizations. The first volume to appear was Der Briefwechsel von Johann Bernoulli, Band I, in 1955. This volume was edited by Spiess himself. I reviewed it in terms as laudatory as I knew how to write. [See the preceding essay in this volume.]
Art and Archaeology of Pre‐Columbian Cuba

Art and Archaeology of Pre-Columbian Cuba. Ramon Dacal Moure and Manuel Rivero de Lacalle. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996. xxiv +134 pp., 17 color and 102 b/w photographs, bibliography. $35.00
Systematic review of the cost‐effectiveness of varenicline vs. bupropion for smoking cessation

The purpose of this systematic review was to review the cost-effectiveness of first-line non-nicotine therapies (varenicline and bupropion SR) for smoking cessation, identify differences in the models used and their conclusions of cost-effectiveness, and to determine which variables, if any, impact conclusions of cost-effectiveness. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, PsychINFO, the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, the Health Technology Database and the Tufts Cost-effectiveness Analysis Registry from the earliest possible date through May 2011. To be included, studies had to compare cost-effectiveness of varenicline to bupropion using either a Markov model or discrete event simulation and be published as a full text manuscript in English or Spanish. Study selection and data extraction were done in duplicate with disagreement resolved through discussion. Data regarding the model characteristics, results and conclusions were extracted as were details to assess the quality of the study. Model characteristics and cost-effectiveness results were compared across studies and summarised qualitatively. Ten unique studies were included, all of which were Markov models. Eight studies used the Benefits of Smoking Cessation on Outcomes (BENESCO) model and all found varenicline to dominate bupropion. The two non-BENESCO models found varenicline to be cost-effective. Conclusions regarding the cost-effectives were changed upon sensitivity analysis with the following variables: time horizon, cost of bupropion, efficacy of either drug, age and the incidence of smoking related disease. Varenicline dominated bupropion in most cost-effectiveness models. However, applicability of models to clinical practice and variables which changed conclusion of cost-effectiveness should be considered in the interpretation of results.
Moral Blame and Causal Explanation

People are excused from moral blame for the harm they are said to have caused if they could not have done otherwise. Such excuses rely on causal explanations deriving mostly from social and biological sciences whose paradigms are probabilistic, disjunctive, and combine dispositional and circumstantial factors according to the variance accounted for by each type of factor. The more complete the explanation, the less choice the harm-doer seems to have and therefore the less moral blame is warranted. Thus, the biological bases of people's behaviour, their earlier socialization, and their prior choices reduce the scope and severity of moral blame - but have no effect on judgments of right and wrong. Fairness also requires a similar analysis of the behaviour of moral judges whose standards vary with their dispositions, social class, and culture. It follows that moral assessments are joint products of both ethics and the social and biological sciences, with neither group able to make fair moral assessments of people's behaviour without help from the other.
Proximity of acetate, manganese, and exchangeable deuterons to tyrosine YZ. in acetate-inhibited photosystem II membranes: implications for the direct involvement of YZ. in water-splitting.

The environment of the photosystem II YZ• radical, trapped in the “split-signal” form, is examined in acetate-treated PSII membranes using pulsed EPR methods. The split-signal line shape is simulated with dipolar and exchange couplings to the Mn cluster of 1260 and −28 MHz, respectively. The 1260-MHz dipolar coupling corresponds to a Mn−YZ• distance of 3.5 A in the point dipole limit. A 0.117-MHz dipolar coupling is observed between nonexchangeable deuterons of methyl-deuterated acetate and YZ•. This interaction is modeled with a 3.1-A distance between an acetate methyl group deuteron and the phenoxy oxygen of YZ•. Since acetate inhibition is competitive with Cl-, this result strongly suggests a close proximity between YZ• and the Cl- cofactor binding site. Analysis of pulsed ENDOR and ESEEM experiments investigating the proximity of deuterons exchanged into the vicinity of YZ• after incubation in 2H2O-enriched buffer demonstrates that YZ• trapped in the split-signal form participates in two hydrogen-bond...
Controlling Insulin-Like Growth Factor Activity and the Modulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein and Receptor Binding

The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and insulin perform seemingly unique roles by causing the same metabolic effect: cellular hypertrophy. Although overlapping, there are different consequences to cellular hypertrophy induced by IGF and that induced by insulin. The IGF enhance the cell hypertrophy that is requisite for cell survival, hyperplasia, and differentiation, and insulin enhances cell hypertrophy primarily as a means to increase nutrient stores. The effects of IGF and insulin are controlled by the segregation of their receptors between different cell types. A model is discussed that describes the need for three hormones (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin) to control nutrient partitioning. Insulin receptor localization, as well as an episodic mode of secretion, evolved to perform the short-term action of clearing excess nutrients from the circulation. In contrast, a complex and interactive set of factors ensure that maximal IGF activity occurs only when conditions are optimal for growth. A relatively invariant rate of secretion and the IGF binding proteins serve to maintain a large mutable pool of IGF. This pool exists to ensure a constant supply of IGF to maintain the basal metabolic rate and to ensure that, once a cell begins to proliferate or differentiate, adequate exposure is available to complete the process even after severe short-term physiological insults. The IGF concentrations only change in response to prolonged differences in protein and energy availabilities, environmental and body temperatures, and external stress. Also, evidence is now emerging that describes a discrete role for trace nutrients in the regulation of IGF activity. In this latter regard, zinc has the notable role of targeting IGF binding proteins to the cell surface. New data are presented showing that zinc also changes the affinity of the type 1 IGF receptor and cell-associated IGF binding proteins to optimize IGF activity.