cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion and water balance in normal and mutant fluid imbalanced (ff) embryos of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).

Abstract 1. 1. In normal axolotl embryos (10 or 20°C) Na influx, net Na uptake and water content increased greatly before hatching. 2. 2. The rate of Na influx into normal larval axolotls was comparable to that of fish, but there were no cells in the gill similar to the Cl or “S” cell of fish gill. 3. 3. The swelling of fluid unbalanced embryos ( ff ) was especially severe at low (10°C) and high (28–30°C) temperatures. 4. 4. In 200 mOsm mannitol, ff embryos did not swell but survival was not enhanced. 5. 5. Injection or transplantation of normal tissues into ff embryos did not reduce the swelling. 6. 6. Due to a low influx rate, body Na content of ff embryos was reduced.
Student-Athletes’ Perceptions of Leadership Styles of Division III Basketball Coaches

AbstractThis study examined the perceptions of leadership style of Division III head basketball coaches, as well as the relationship between leadership style and both success and satisfaction. In addition, this study also examined variables such as gender and player status (starter or non-starter) to determine if they had an effect on leadership perceptions. Using a combination of a random and snowball sample, 21 teams participated in the study, totaling 13 coach and 145 student-athlete usable questionnaires. Questionnaires consisted of 35 items from the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) developed by , one item measuring overall satisfaction, and nine demographic items. Results showed significant relationships between leadership and success and leadership and satisfaction. There was a significant difference between genders on leadership behaviors, with men rating each behavior higher. No significant difference in perceived leadership behavior was found between starters and non-starters. Practical implicati...
Limbal‐conjunctival autograft transplantation in cases with recurrent pterygium

. This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate limbal conjunctival autotransplantation in the management of cases with recurrent pterygium. At present, new surgical techniques to prevent pterygium recurrence following surgery are in investigation. In recent years, it has been postulated that pterygium is due to hypofunction of limbal stem cells. Thirty-one out of 49 patients with recurrent pterygium were treated by limbal-conjunctival autograft transplantation and the other 18 treated by Czermak technique, including two line of limbal cauterization intraoperatively, and used as a control group. During a mean follow-up period of 10 months (ranging 3–18 months), 4 recurrences (13.3%) in the limbal-conjunctival autograft transplantation group and 9 recurrences (50%) in the control group were observed. We conclud that this was a successful method to prevent secondary recurrence in the management of recurrent pterygium patients under 40 years of age.
Regulation of Amino Acid Arginine Transport by Lipopolysaccharide and Nitric Oxide in Intestinal Epithelial IEC-6 Cells

As a precursor for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and an immune-enhancing nutrient, amino acid L-arginine plays a critical role in maintaining intestine mucosal integrity and immune functions in sepsis. However, the relationship between intestinal arginine transport and NO synthesis in sepsis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and NO on the arginine transport in cultured rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cell. Near-confluent IEC-6 cells were incubated with LPS (0-50 μg/ml) in serum-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagles’s medium, in the presence and absence of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0–500 μmol/L) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor N-ω-nitro-L-arginine (NNA, 0–1000 μmol/L) for various periods of time (0-48 hours). Arginine transport activity, arginine transporter CAT1 mRNA and protein levels were measured with transport assay, Northern blot analysis, and Western blot analysis, respectfully. LPS increased arginine transport activity in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Prolonged incubation of LPS (24 hours, 25 μg/ml) resulted in a 3-fold increase of arginine transport activity (control: 28 ±5; LPS: 92 ±20 pmol/mg/ min, P < 0.05), with the System y+ as the predominant arginine transport system, and a 2-fold increase of System y+ CAT1 mRNA and transporter protein levels (P < 0.05). LPS increased the arginine transport System y+ maximal velocity (Vmax, control: 1484 ±180; LPS: 2800 ±230 pmol/mg/min, P<0.05) without affecting the transport affinity (Km, control: 76 ±8; LPS: 84 ±14 μmol/L, p = NS). The LPSinduced arginine transport activity was blocked by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (control: 25 ±6; LPS: 97 ±26*; SNP: 22 ±0.4+; LPS+SNP: 33 ±10.3+ pmole/mg/min, *P < 0.01 and +p = NS, compared with control). In contrary, the LPS-induced arginine transport activity was further augmented by NNA (control: 18 ±3.2; LPS: 59 ±2.7*; NNA: 26.3 ±5.8; LPS + NNA: 127 ±18+ pmol/mg/min; *P < 0.01 compared with control and +P < 0.01 compared with control or LPS). LPS-stimulates arginine transport activity in IEC-6 cells via a mechanism that involves increase of transport System y+ mRNA levels and transporter protein levels. The LPS-stimulated arginine transport activity is regulated by the availability of nitric oxide.
Trace metal assessment in soils in a small city and its rural surroundings, Pensacola, FL, USA

This study assesses the origin and pollution of trace metals in surface soils in a region with contrasting land uses (urban vs. rural). Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that Cr and Ni are predominantly of geogenic origin. These two trace metals are also the only ones with statistically significant correlations with soil particle size and organic matter content. Copper, Pb and Zn, and possibly Hg, are of anthropogenic origin, but their concentrations rarely reach levels described as strongly polluted by pollution indexes. The concentrations of these anthropogenic trace metals are statistically not different in urban and rural areas, except for Pb that is higher in the urban area. This general lack of a difference between the two land uses indicates that the influence of this small urban area on trace metal concentrations in soils is minor. Lead and Zn have the most, but still a modest number, of strongly polluted sites, mainly in an industrial part of the city. GIS analysis shows that, based on the pollution load index (PLI), overall concentrations of trace metals also reach their highest levels in that industrial area. These observations indicate that the influence of industry on trace metal pollution in soil exceeds that of other urban activities in the region. Local background concentrations were found to be very different from general crustal background concentrations. This demonstrates the importance of the careful selection of a background type in studies like this.
Changeover from unsignaled to signaled avoidance as a function of the changeover period duration

A changeover procedure was used to study choice of signaled over unsignaled free operant avoidance. Four rats avoided unsignaled shock (RS-20, SS-5) on one lever but, by pressing a second (changeover) lever, they changed the condition to signaled avoidance (5-sec signal) for 60-sec periods. After changeover responding stabilized, the changeover period was gradually reduced from 60 to as low as 5 sec. Three of the subjects continued changing over to the signaled avoidance condition until the period was reduced to below 20 sec. The fourth subject stopped changing to the signaled schedule when the changeover period was reduced to 30 sec. The reduction in changeover responding at the shorter changeover periods was attributed to subjects receiving fewer signals and more shocks
Three-dimensional interconnected nanowire networks of ZnO

In this Letter, three-dimensional (3D) interconnected networks of ZnO nanowires and nanorods are synthesized by a high temperature solid–vapor deposition process. The nanorods and nanowires have diameters of 20–100 nm and they grow along the c-axis. Due to the diverse orientation of the nanowires grown from a polycrystalline substrate, the networks are formed by a sintering process of the crossed nanowires during growth. The thickness of the multilayer nano-network could be as thick as � 30 lm. The sharp nanowire tips, the high degree of networking, and high surface area of these unique nanonetworks make them a potential candidate for field emission, ultra-sensitive gas sensing, catalysts and filtering. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Telomere length and telomerase in a well-characterized sample of individuals with major depressive disorder compared to controls.

Summary Background: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a marker of cellular turnover and oxidative stress. Studies suggest major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with oxidative stress, but examinations of MDD and LTL have yielded mixed results, likely because of differences in measurement methods and unmeasured confounding. This study examined LTL and telomerase activity in 166 individuals with MDD compared to 166 age- and gender-matched matched controls free of any psychiatric disorder, using well-validated assays and clinical assessment methods, and controlling for a range of potential confounders.
Difficulties in diagnosing pulmonary embolism in the obese patient: A literature review

Several of the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism, such as dyspnea, tachypnea, and tachycardia, are common in the obese population, so these patients are frequently suspected of having a pulmonary embolism. Establishing an accurate diagnosis in this situation is often difficult. We performed a review of the literature examining the difficulty of diagnosing pulmonary embolism in obese patients. Several factors compromise the ability of clinicians to accurately diagnose pulmonary embolism in obese patients. When patients weigh over 350 lbs (159 kg), thoracic imaging often cannot be performed because of the weight limitations of the scanning equipment. If equipment is available that can scan these patients, image quality is often poor. The literature that is available to guide the clinician in this difficult clinical scenario is sparse. Access to radiology equipment that can image morbidly obese patients is improving, but questions about image quality remain. Further research on both imaging and outcomes is needed.
Evaluation of normal tissue exposure in patients receiving radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer based on RTOG 0848.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy. Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is utilized in many cases to improve locoregional control; however, toxicities associated with radiation can be significant given the location of the pancreas. RTOG 0848 seeks to evaluate chemoradiation using either intensitymodulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or 3D conformal photon radiotherapy (3DCRT) modalities as an adjuvant treatment. The purpose of this study is to quantify the dosimetric changes seen when using IMRT or 3D CRT photon modalities, as well as proton radiotherapy, in patients receiving CRT for cancer of the pancreas treated per RTOG 0848 guidelines. Materials: Ten patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma treated between 2010 and 2013 were evaluated in this study. All patients were simulated with contrast-enhanced CT imaging. Separate treatment plans using IMRT and 3DCRT as well as proton radiotherapy were created for each patient. All planning volumes were created per RTOG 0848 protocol. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) were calculated and analyzed in order to compare plans between the three modalities. The organs at risk (OAR) evaluated in this study are the kidneys, liver, small bowel, and spinal cord. Results: There was no difference between the IMRT and 3DCRT plans in dose delivered to the kidneys, liver, or bowel. The proton radiotherapy plans were found to deliver lower mean total kidney doses, mean liver doses, and liver D 1/3 compared to the IMRT plans. The proton plans also gave less mean liver dose, liver D 1/3 , bowel V 15 , and bowel V 50 in comparison to the 3DCRT. Conclusions: For patients receiving radiotherapy per ongoing RTOG 0848 for pancreatic cancer, there was no significant difference in normal tissue sparing between IMRT and 3DCRT treatment planning. Therefore, the choice between the two modalities should not be a confounding factor in this study. The proton plans also demonstrated improved OAR sparing compared to both IMRT and 3DCRT treatment plans.
What is an empowerment approach to working with sexual assault survivors

This exploratory study sought to better understand what constitutes the empowerment approach used by rape crisis advocates working with sexual assault survivors. A grounded theory, qualitative, semistructured interview study was conducted of rape victim advocates (N=25) working in rape crisis centers in a large metropolitan area. Several characteristics were described as reflecting an empowerment orientation or approach to work with survivors, some of which were specifically described as a “feminist” empowerment approach. Implications for research and practice are drawn. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tools of the Trade: Adjunctive Tools for Lesion Crossing in Critical Limb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) due to obstructive atherosclerosis causes pain and tissue damage and may result in amputation and death. Revascularization saves the limbs and lives of patients with CLI. This review addresses adjunctive tools for lesion crossing, including mechanical atherectomy, laser atherectomy, crossing devices, and luminal reentry devices. Mechanical atherectomy devices are designed to excise atheroma, often heavily calcified, thereby preparing a channel for further intervention. Mechanisms (and devices) include directional (SilverHawk™, TurboHawk™, RockHawk™), rotational (Jetstream™, Pheonix™), and orbital (Diamondback 360°™, Predator 360°™, Stealth 360°™) atherectomy. A laser atherectomy device (Turbo Elite™) vaporizes atheroma by heating tissues with ultraviolet light. Crossing devices specifically designed for chronic total occlusions either navigate a vessel’s true lumen or guide a controlled subintimal course with reentry into the distal true lumen. Crossing devices include Crosser® Catheter, Wildcat™, Ocelot™, Kittycat™, TruePath™, Viance™, Frontrunner™, TOTAL across™, and PowerWire™. When a guidewire or crossing device traverses a lesion via a subintimal course, a luminal reentry device may facilitate deployment of the guidewire in the distal vessel lumen. Reentry devices include Outback LTD™, Offroad™, Pioneer Plus™, and Enteer™.
The role of eopepod fecal pellets in the deposition of diatoms in Lake Tanganyika1

Fecal pellets from a 16,000-year sediment core from southern Lake Tanganyika account for over 40% of all diatom deposition and about 30% of total bulk sedimentation. Comparison of diatoms inside pellets with those in the surrounding sediment indicates that small, blunt species like Fragilaria brevistriata and Gomphonema clevei are preferentially ingested by grazing copepods. Long, fragile species like Nitzschia spiculum are strongly avoided. Filamentous Melosira spp. seem to be an important food of copepods. This grazing selectivity, coupled with the enhanced sinking rates and preservation of fecal pellets, could distort the fossil diatom record. Relative diatom abundances in pelletized, nonpelletized, and pooled stratigraphies indicate that pellets actually cause shifts of <4% of total diatom abundance in Lake Tanganyika. Even with selective grazing, F. brevistriata and G. clevei are rare in sediments (<2% of all diatoms).
Impact of millennial-scale Holocene climate variability on eastern North American terrestrial ecosystems: pollen-based climatic reconstruction

We present paleoclimatic evidence for a series of Holocene millennial-scale cool intervals in eastern North America that occurred every ~1400 years and lasted ~300–500 years, based on pollen data from Chesapeake Bay in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The cool events are indicated by significant decreases in pine pollen, which we interpret as representing decreases in January temperatures of between 0.28 and 2 8C. These temperature decreases include excursions during the Little Ice Age (~1300–1600 AD) and the 8 ka cold event. The timing of the pine minima is correlated with a series of quasi-periodic cold intervals documented by various proxies in Greenland, North Atlantic, and Alaskan cores and with solar minima interpreted from cosmogenic isotope records. These events may represent changes in circumpolar vortex size and configuration in response to intervals of decreased solar activity, which altered jet stream patterns to enhance meridional circulation over eastern North America. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Risk Factors for Scleral Buckle Removal: A Matched, Case-Control Study

Purpose To identify preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative risk factors for scleral buckle (SB) removal. Design Retrospective, consecutive, matched, case-control study. Methods Cases included all patients undergoing SB removal between August 1988 and December 2007 at a single academic center. Cases were matched against four randomly selected control patients who underwent SB implantation during the same year as the case. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for each factor investigated. Results Forty cases of SB removal and 148 matched control cases were identified. Three cases of SB removal were omitted from analysis because of incomplete records. Factors associated with SB removal for any reason, using univariate analysis, included concurrent globe-penetrating injury at time of SB placement (OR, 24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9 to 200), concurrent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (OR, 17.3; 95% CI, 4.9 to 61), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.8 to 30), prior chronic topical ocular therapy (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.7 to 11), and subsequent ocular procedures (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 7.5). Factors independently associated with SB removal using multivariate analysis included concurrent globe-penetrating injury (OR, 27.3; 95% CI, 1.7 to 426), concurrent PPV (OR, 11.3; 95% CI, 2.9 to 45), DM (OR, 8.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 58), and subsequent ocular procedures (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 11). Factors that did not alter SB removal risk included patient age; gender; and type, size, or location of buckling elements used. Conclusions Awareness of these risk factors may be valuable for the surgical planning of retinal detachment repair in patients at higher risk for subsequent SB removal and for risk stratification subsequent to SB implantation.
OA031-04. Impairment of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell function by soluble epithelial adhesion molecules

Background HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses play an important role in the control over viral replication. Under persistent antigenic stimulation virus-specific CD8+ T cell become increasingly dysfunctional and upregulate several inhibitory molecules. The interaction and co-regulation of these molecules is largely unknown. The gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is one of the major sites of viral replication. Despite a substantial infiltration and expansion of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in the GALT, viral replication appears to be more active in the GALT than in other body compartments. Here we show a distinct mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells by soluble epithelial adhesion molecules with increasing viral loads in chronic HIV-1 infection.
Do physical abuse, depression, and parental substance use influence patterns of substance use among child welfare involved youth? Substance use misuse

To date studies have not explored patterns of substance use exclusively among youth in the child welfare system. Consequently, little is known about polysubstance use among child welfare-involved youth. This study aimed to explore whether physical abuse, parental substance use, depression, and demographic characteristics predict distinct patterns of substance use among child welfare-involved youth using latent class analysis (LCA). The sample included 822 11-17 year olds who participated in the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW II) study between March 2008 and September 2009. We found the following three classes: (1) polysubstance use, (2) alcohol and marijuana use, and (3) low use. Older youth and youth who experienced physical abuse were at greater risk of being in the polysubstance use class, while living with a biological parent reduced the likelihood of polysubstance use class membership. Youth in the alcohol and marijuana use class were more likely to be older and depressed. Results from this study illuminate important targets for interventions.
Workspace analysis of robotic manipulators for a teleoperated suturing task

An important missing piece in the medical robotics literature is the lack of systematic methods to quantitatively compare different manipulator designs, and to evaluate kinematic configurations chosen for telesurgical manipulators in application-critical tasks. Such a quantitative method is especially important during design stage to make an informed decision between various design alternatives. In the paper, a quantitative method to evaluate the kinematic ability of surgical manipulators to perform the critical tasks of suturing and knot tying is presented. The proposed method does not require a physical prototype. This is achieved by running typical tool motions during these tasks through the inverse kinematics of the manipulators and checking if the system can accommodate the desired motions. The system can perform a given motion if the whole trajectory lies continuously within the workspace of the manipulator. Open surgical suturing motion data collected from experiments done with expert surgeons is used as the set of desired tool motions used in the analysis. The method is applied to compare two different wrist configurations of telesurgical slave manipulators, intended for use in minimally invasive surgery, by looking at the requirements on joint ranges and wrist manipulability during these motions.
Effect of different test situations on creativity scores.

Summary.-This study assessed the effect of the testing situation on scores on a creativity test. GO fifth and sixth graders were randomly assigned to highand low-stress and control groups. The resulcs indicated a curvilinear relationship among creativity scores which was a result of the situational stress. Thus, too little or too much stress in such a situation could depress a score, while a moderate amount of stress might be beneficial. The study of creativity requires assessment by administration of a test. With measurement of creativity, as with other constructs such as personality and intelligence, a score may be influenced by variables other than the iosuument. One significant siti~ational variable would be the pressure placed on the subjects by the examiner in giving the test. Wallach and Kogan ( 1965) have demonstrated that a creativity test administered individually with a low level of stress (game-like situation) produced significantly better scores than administering the test in a standard group situation. Vogel ( 1968) obtained essentially the same results; subjects tested under conditions of low conflict performed significantly better than those examined under high conflict. Torrance (1966) has advocated making the situation as non-threatening as possible. His hypothesis was that the lower the stress in the test situation the greater the probability of high scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Conversely, Fleisher (1964) found no significant difference in creativity test scores for subjects tested under high stress and low stress. Suedfeld and Vernon (1965) supported these results with a nonsignificant correlation between verbal originality and stress from stimulus deprivation. Interestingly, they did hypothesize an inverted-U relationship between stress and verbal originality. Hadley (1965) used the Minnesota Tests of Creativity and found a curvilinear relationship between stress level and creativity, thus supporting Suedfeld and Vernon's hypothesis. In summary, research has indicated that high stress had a debilitating effect upon creativity test scores. Data concerning the effect of low levels of stress were contradictory. This study was conducted to help clarify this apparently contradictory information by examining the effects of induced stress and the lack of stress during performance on a creativity test.
TWENTY QUESTIONS WITH NOISE: BAYES OPTIMAL POLICIES FOR ENTROPY LOSS

We consider the problem of 20 questions with noisy answers, in which we seek to nd a target by repeatedly choosing a set, asking an oracle whether the target lies in this set, and obtaining an answer corrupted by noise. Starting with a prior distribution on the target’s location, we seek to minimize the expected entropy of the posterior distribution. We formulate this problem as a dynamic program and show that any policy optimizing the one-step expected reduction in entropy is also optimal over the full horizon. Two such Bayes-optimal policies are presented: one generalizes the probabilistic bisection policy due to Horstein and the other asks a deterministic set of questions. We study the structural properties of the latter, and illustrate its use in a computer vision application.
Association between Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis Infection among Offspring and their Dams in Nondomestic Ruminant Species Housed in a Zoo

The objective of the present study was to determine whether offspring of dams infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) have an increased risk for Map infection. Antemortem and postmortem disease surveillance data were used to identify positive and test-negative ruminants born at the Zoological Society of San Diego (ZSSD) between 1991 and 2007 and to estimate cumulative lifetime incidence. A matched case-control study, nested within the population, was conducted and conditional logistic regression analyses were used to quantify the association between infection status of offspring and their dams. Cases (infected ruminants, n 5 47) were matched to controls (test-negative ruminants, n 5 152) by species, birth date, birth enclosure, and follow-up time to control for confounding factors. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of infection was estimated at 2.2%, but it decreased over time and varied by species. There was a significant association between infection status of offspring and their dams (odds ratio (OR) 5 6.8, P , 0.01), which is consistent with studies in domestic livestock species. The association was stronger for animals whose dam was diagnosed within 2 years of their birth (OR 5 9.0, P , 0.01) than for animals whose dam was diagnosed more than 2 years after their birth (OR 5 6.0, P , 0.01) compared to animals with test-negative dams. For positive animals born to a positive dam, 85.3% of the Map infections were attributable to having a positive dam. For the entire population of ZSSD ruminants, 36.8% of the cases were attributable to having a positive dam. Findings will help guide future management of Map infection in zoo ruminant populations.
AN EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF DUST-MIST RESPIRATORS

This paper compares experimental measurements of filter performance with predictions of aerosol collection by dust-mist respirators using the single fibre efficiency model and an empirical model developed by the authors. The former, a theoretically-based semi-empirical model, indicates that mechanical phenomena such as impaction, interception and diffusion are responsible for only a fraction of the collection efficiency of dust-mist respirators, i.e. 30-70% depending on particle size. The difference between these relatively low predicted efficiencies and experimentally observed values, which were greater than 95%, can be attributed to electrostatic forces. Because it was not possible to determine filter fibre charge the single fibre efficiency model could not be used to predict electrostatic collection. An empirical model developed from experimental data with monodisperse latex aerosols was used to predict silica and asbestos collection. The empirical model adequately described silica collection, but predicted much higher asbestos penetration than was observed experimentally.
Balamuthia mandrillaris: its Pathogenic Potential

In 1958, Clyde G. Culbertson predicted the occurrence in humans of infection by free-living amebas (6). A few years later, Rodney F. Carter and Malcolm Fowler, in Adelaide, Australia, reported the first human cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri [2, 91. Since then, hundreds of cases of infection caused by Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri have been published all over the world [20]. During the last 10 years, another opportunistic ameba, B. mandrillaris has been added to the list of pathogenic, opportunistic free-living amebas [ I , 3-5, 7, 8, 10-12, 15-27,
Microsatellite markers for two species of dampwood termites in the genus Zootermopsis (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

Dampwood termites in the genus Zootermopsis inhabit forested areas in western North America. To better understand the colony composition and breeding structure of Zootermopsis , we identified polymorphic microsatellite loci to use in population analysis. Microsatellite loci were isolated from Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Hagen); however, all primers amplified homologous loci in Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen) and Zootermopsis nevadensis nuttingi (Hagen). Twelve loci were polymorphic in one or more of the above subspecies and species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to six, with some allelic differences among subspecies and species. We are currently utilizing the microsatellite markers to investigate the population genetics of Zootermopsis .
Using cost based FMEA to enhance reliability and serviceability

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a design tool that mitigates risks during the design phase before they occur. Although many industries use the current FMEA technique, it has many limitations and problems. Risk is measured in terms of Risk Priority Number (RPN) that is a product of occurrence, severity, and detection difficulty. Measuring severity and detection difficulty is very subjective and with no universal scale. RPN is also a product of ordinal variables, which is not meaningful as a proper measure. This paper addresses these shortcomings and introduces a new methodology, Life Cost-Based FMEA, which measures risk in terms of cost. Life Cost-Based FMEA is useful for comparing and selecting design alternatives that can reduce the overall life cycle cost of a particular system. Next, a Monte Carlo simulation is applied to the Cost-Based FMEA to account for the uncertainties in: detection time, fixing time, occurrence, delay time, down time, and model complex scenarios. A case study of a large scale particle accelerator shows the advantages of the proposed approach in predicting life cycle failure cost, measuring risk and planning preventive, scheduled maintenance and ultimately improving up-time. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Experimental uncertainties associated with particle image velocimetry (PIV) based vorticity algorithms

We have recently used Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to study the dynamics of vortex propagation in reacting and non-reacting flows. In order to do so, it became necessary to assess the uncertainty in PIV-based vorticity data. A computer simulation was developed to investigate how uncertainty propagates throughout the post-processing, numerical data smoothing, and vorticity calculating algorithms commonly used in the analysis of PIV data. Results indicate that the average uncertainty in vorticity per interrogation cell (normalized to the average vorticity, and then surface averaged), for a simple vortex, can be reduced to approximately ±4% with appropriate measures. This value was obtained using PIV autocorrelation software, a local regression technique combined with a Gaussian-smoothing filter. Our best experimental results (these areas with no lost or spurious vectors) are consistent with Stoke’s theorem.
Functional Encryption: Origins and Recent Developments

In this talk, we will present the notion of functional encryption and recent progress in the area. We will begin by describing the concept and origins of functional encryption. Next, we will describe intuitively why current bilinear map based constructions appear to be “stuck” with boolean formula type functionality even in the public index setting. Finally, we will see some very recent work that uses multilinear forms to move beyond these barriers and achieve functionality for any circuit.
An Amacrine Cell Circuit for Signaling Steady Illumination in the Retina

Decades of research have focused on the circuit connectivity between retinal neurons, but only a handful of amacrine cells have been described functionally and placed in the context of a specific retinal circuit. Here, we identify a circuit where inhibition from a specific amacrine cell plays a vital role in shaping the feature selectivity of a postsynaptic ganglion cell. We record from transgenically labeled CRH-1 amacrine cells and identify a postsynaptic target for CRH-1 amacrine cell inhibition in an atypical retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in mouse retina, the Suppressed-by-Contrast (SbC) RGC. Unlike other RGC types, SbC RGCs spike tonically in steady illumination and are suppressed by both increases and decreases in illumination. Inhibition from GABAergic CRH-1 amacrine cells shapes this unique contrast response profile to positive contrast. We show the existence and impact of this circuit, with both paired recordings and cell-type-specific ablation.
Advanced Uses of Functions

There are three legal ways to specify parameters in a function definition. We have used the simplest method in which each parameter is given a unique name that matches directly with an argument when the function is called. These functions must be called with a fixed number of arguments. We can create functions that take a variable number of arguments. This is done by specifying one parameter after the function name and a period (making a function heading that looks like a dotted list). When the function is called, the arguments will be in a list that is bound to the single parameter.
Technique for rearing worker honeybees in the laboratory

SummaryA technique was developed for rearing worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) from larvae in the laboratory. Larvae were reared in beeswax cups in petri dishes at 34°C and 96% relative humidity (RH). Eighty-eight to 96% of larvae transferred at one day of age survived to the defecation stage on a mixed diet consisting of royal jelly (RJ), water, glucose, fructose, and yeast extract or on RJ for one or two days followed by the mixed diet. Fewer larvae survived (75%) when the mixed diet was prepared without yeast extract. Use of wax cells resulted in greater larval survival (90%) than use of plastic cells (57%). Success at metamorphosis was greater when larvae were transferred at the onset of defecation to a gauze rather than a wax substrate (75% vs 35%) at 70% RH. Adult weights were higher (average 112 mg) when larvae were reared on the mixed diet alone than when reared on RJ for one day followed by mixed diet (average 102 mg). The technique will facilitate studies of honeybee brood diseases.
Child Influences, Attitudinal and Behavioral Comparisons between Single Parent and Dual Parent Households in Grocery Shopping Decisions

Female-headed single parent families are the fastest growing family type in the United States. Using a mail-out survey this study tests several hypotheses that differences exist between this family type and two parent families on grocery shopping attitudes and behaviors. Single mothers and married mothers hold similar attitudes toward grocery shopping. It is the behavior of the children and the interaction of the parent with the children that represents the major source of difference between the two family types. Family shopping is three times as common for single parent families, and children of single parents shop alone for the family at three times the rate of children raised in dual parent households. Potential marketing implications are discussed.
Beginning the Work of Integration: An Investigation of Primary Care Physicians' Attitudes Toward Psychiatry.

Objective The authors sought to better understand the attitudes of primary care physicians toward psychiatrists in order to assess their receptivity for further psychiatric education.
keV- and MeV- Ion Beam Synthesis of Buried SiC Layers in Silicon

Homogeneous, epitaxial buried layers of 3C-SiC have been formed in Si(100) and Si(111) by ion beam synthesis (IBS) using 180 keV high dose C ion implantation. It is shown that an annealing temperature of 1,250 C and annealing times of 5 to 10 h are sufficient to achieve well-defined Si/SiC/Si layer systems with abrupt interfaces. The influence of dose, annealing time and temperature on the layer formation is studied. The favorable dose is observed to be dependent on the substrate orientation. IBS using 0.8 MeV C ions resulted in a buried SiC precipitate layer of variable composition.
Numerical Experiments with Observable Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations in Shocks and Turbulent Flows

Problems involving shocks and turbulence in fluids are multi-scale in nature and are prone to continuous generation of high-wavenumber modes or small-scales. Viscous terms are generally introduced to remedy this high wave mode irregularity. An alternate regularization method was recently introduced , dubbed as observable Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, by deriving the conservation laws based on observable divergence theorem. This study investigates the validity of these equations in simulating a series of turbulence and shock dominated flows. In particular, we will investigate the 1D shocktube, 2D shock vorticity/entrophy wave interaction, 3D Taylor-Green vortex, and a compressible turbulence with shocklets with observable Euler or Navier-Stokes equations and compare the results with the available direct numerical simulations or large eddy simulations.
Reinforcement and cue factors in reversal learning

In a 2x2x2 experimental design involving learning to a criterion and overlearning, small and large food reward, and a differentiated and undifferentiated maze, 35 rats learned a spatial discrimination and then were reversed. An analysis of the reversal learning data indicated all main effects were significant as well as both double interactions involving the amount of food. No overlearning reversal effect was obtained.
Memorial: Nancy McCartney‐Francis, 1950–2014

A tribute to Nancy McCartney-Francis, highlighting her contributions in the field of leukocyte biology.
High-Performance Organic Vertical Thin Film Transistor Using Graphene as a Tunable Contact.

Here we present a general strategy for the fabrication of high-performance organic vertical thin film transistors (OVTFTs) based on the heterostructure of graphene and different organic semiconductor thin films. Utilizing the unique tunable work function of graphene, we show that the vertical carrier transport across the graphene–organic semiconductor junction can be effectively modulated to achieve an ON/OFF ratio greater than 103. Importantly, with the OVTFT design, the channel length is determined by the organic thin film thickness rather than by lithographic resolution. It can thus readily enable transistors with ultrashort channel lengths (<200 nm) to afford a delivering current greatly exceeding that of conventional planar TFTs, thus enabling a respectable operation frequency (up to 0.4 MHz) while using low-mobility organic semiconductors and low-resolution lithography. With this vertical device architecture, the entire organic channel is sandwiched and naturally protected between the source and dra...
A Few Good Words

“Do you have any questions?” I asked. My brain immediately began chanting, “Please don't, please don't, please don't.” I thought the chant was quiet enough that only I could hear it, but my patient...
Changes in Concentration of Advertising Expenditures Among the Leading National Advertisers in the United States 1970–1988: A Note

This paper investigates the change of advertising concentration between 1970 and 1988. Using six measures of concentration and based on the advertising expenditures of the one hundred leading advertisers in the US reported by Advertising Age, this paper finds that the level of advertising concentration varies in the 1970s and has been steadily increasing since the early 1980s. However, the change of advertising concentration between all of the two-year periods examined is not significant. The findings also suggest that the nature of industry and the country of origin of advertisers do not exhibit significant impact on the level of advertising concentration.
Pressure-flow characteristics of the coronary collateral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Effects of hemodilution.

Hemodilution is employed frequently during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Previous investigators have shown that normal coronary arteries are capable of supplying the increase in blood flow required to maintain tissue oxygenation during moderate hemodilution. However, the effects of hemodilution on myocardial regions supplied by collateral vessels have not been determined. Thus 14 dogs were divided into two groups and were subjected to hemodilution during normothermic CPB: Group I, “normal hearts” supplied by normal coronary arteries; Group II, “collateralized” hearts (Ameroid model) having regions of myocardium supplied by collateral vessels as well as regions of myocardium supplied by normal coronary arteries. Regional myocardial blood flow was determined by tracer microspheres. Retrograde coronary pressure (RCP) was measured in the collateralized hearts by cannulation of the circumflex artery distal to the Ameroid-induced occlusion. Data were collected in the empty beating state at hematocrit values of 39 ± 1.6 and 20 ± 0.7 percent, while perfusion pressure was maintained at 80 mm. Hg. Mean heart rate was 141 ± 3 beats per minute at a hematocrit value of 40 percent and did not vary with subsequent interventions. In the collateralized hearts, the endocardial flow difference between the normal and collateral regions which existed at a hematocrit value of 40 percent was markedly exaggerated at 20 percent (p
No Exit? Emigration Policy and the Consolidation of Apartheid

Emigration policy in post-1948 South Africa functioned as both a tool of oppression and a safety valve, at once a mechanism to punish Apartheid’s staunchest political opponents and a mechanism for dissipating white opposition to National Party policies. This article examines the National Party’s policy toward emigration in the 1950s and 1960s, exploring the role of travel documents in the evolving National Party strategy for maintaining, and even extending, its control over internal political opponents. At no point, however, could the Minister of the Interior simply impose his will without facing innovative challenges to the law. Anti-apartheid figures repeatedly sought to test emigration provisions in the courts and nullify their effects. The Government developed its emigration policy by deciding individual applications on a case-by-case basis, rather than articulating ‘coherent’ public guidelines. It further believed that citizens did not have a right to a passport and that travellers constituted ‘quasi...
Jacobs, Harriet A.

Born: ca. 1813, Edenton, NC Education: Taught as a slave Died: March 7, 1897 Jacobs's Edenton, North Carolina mistress taught her to read and write. Her master's sexual harassment later forced her to escape and write Incidents in Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself (1861), the first published narrative of a black bondwoman. Using pseudonyms, Jacobs related a “harrowing and sensational story,” which many scholars assumed a white person had written. But historian Jean Yellin confirmed her authorship in 1987. Jacobs aimed “to arouse the women of the North to a realizing sense of the condition of the two millions of women at the South, still in bondage, suffering what I suffered, and most of them far worse” ( Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl , 1987, p. 1). Thus Linda resisted the advances of her master, Dr. Flint. Her grandmother Martha, a freedwoman and homeowner, provided refuge, as did Sawyer, a white neighbor, who fathered Linda's two children. Hoping that her absence ultimately would force Flint to sell them to their father, she hid in the crawl space of her grandmother's attic for seven years. In 1842, aided by the antislavery underground, she escaped to Boston. Antislavery women furnished material and moral support and helped purchase the children's freedom. Linda's female employer paid for and freed her in 1853.
Analytical Techniques for Materials Characterization

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview X-Ray Diffraction Raman Spectroscopy Scanning Probe Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Confocal Microscopy Auger Electron Spectroscopy X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry This chapter contains sections titled: References Exercises ]]>
Modeling Light Gas and Tar Yields from Pyrolysis of Green River Oil Shale Demineralized Kerogen Using the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization Model

Recent detailed chemical structure analyses of three demineralized kerogens from Green River oil shale samples were used to generate input parameters for the chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model. This model uses a lattice network to describe pyrolysis of solid hydrocarbons, such as coal and biomass. It was necessary to modify the formulation of the CPD model to account for the long aliphatic carbon chains found in oil shale, because gases formed from these long chains condense at room temperature and are counted as tar. It was initially assumed that 20% of the aliphatic material was released as light gas during formation of stable char bridges, leaving 80% of the aliphatic material to form side chains that would later be released as heavier condensable gas. With slight adjustments to the kinetic coefficients, calculations from the reformulated model agreed well with tar and light gas yields reported for these same demineralized kerogens at 10 K/min. The calculation of bridge parameters showed...
Predictors of Outcomes for Older Adults Participating in Calmer Life, a Culturally Tailored Intervention for Anxiety.

ABSTRACTObjective: Determine predictors of reduced worry and anxiety for older adults participating in the pilot phase of Calmer Life, a modular, personalized cognitive-behavioral treatment for wor...
Antigay Bias in Role-Model Occupations

Employment discrimination against gay people has been used in a calculated and often systematic effort to dissociate gay people from certain positive qualities and values. At the same time, such employment discrimination against gay people has been used as a means to maintain and strengthen the association between these positive qualities and values and the heterosexual majority as well as the institutions that the heterosexual majority holds dear: the majority defines itself in contradistinction to the minority. Thus, sexual orientation discrimination in employment serves as a powerful tool to reinforce social understandings about the inferior nature of gay people. This book seeks to elaborate this thesis by developing and exploring the record of employment discrimination against gay people with respect to six “role-model” occupations: lawyer/judge, soldier, teacher, politician, major league athlete, and clergy. Each of these role-model occupations evokes certain positive qualities and values. Thus, sexual orientation discrimination in each of these role-model occupations acts as an effective means to define certain qualities and values as heterosexual while reinforcing the notion that gay people lack these qualities and values.