cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are patients covered under a state's consumer protection act from doctors' acts?

C an a physician be found to have engaged in deceptive acts and practices as described in a state’s consumer protection act? Specifically, is it a violation of the act if a doctor knowingly makes misrepresentations regarding a proposed treatment or willfully conceals or fails to fully disclose material facts? These are the questions recently answered in Williamson v Amrani (152 P.3d 60) (Kan., 2007). The patient sustained a back injury 14 years previously. Having sought treatment off and on for over a decade, the patient turned to the defendant, an orthopedic surgeon, who recommended spinal surgery. According to the plaintiff, the defendant stated that the surgery had a high likelihood of successfully relieving the patient’s pain. In fact, that surgical procedure had been unsuccessful in most patients in whom the doctor had performed it. The plaintiff claimed that this deception violated K.S.A.50-626, a section of the Kansas Consumer Protection Act (KCPA). The plaintiff also alleged that the defendant’s deceptive statements were a willful misrepresentation and that they concealed material facts since the defendant knew or should have known that the surgery he was recommending had produced bad results for most of his patients. It was claimed that this unconscionable act violated K.S.A. 50-627, another section of the KCPA. At trial, the defendant moved for summary judgment, arguing that the KCPA did not apply to physicians and was merely a creative way to entertain a malpractice action against him. The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, noting that, under the KCPA, a physician can easily be construed to be a supplier and the patient a consumer, and that the doctor-patient relationship is within the scope of the act, which by law must be broadly construed. Finally, the judge noted that what the defendant did or did not tell the plaintiff was a factual determination that should be made by the jury.
Compact dispersion relations for parametric instabilities of electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasmas

The existence of compact dispersion relations for parametric instabilities of coherent electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasmas is addressed here. In general, comprehensive dispersion relations for parametric instabilities in unmagnetized plasmas become more complicated in the presence of an applied time‐independent magnetic field. This is demonstrated with a fluid perturbation theory. A compact dispersion relation for parametric instabilities in unmagnetized plasma is heuristically extended here to the case of a magnetized plasma. This dispersion relation gives the correct results in a variety of circumstances of interest in considering electron cyclotron heating applications.
Alternative Modes of Measuring Self-Reports on HIV-Related Behaviors among College Students: Web-Delivered Mode versus Paper-Pencil Mode.

Abstract HIV-related behaviors, self-reported using Web-delivered or paper-pencil modes, were collected from two convenience samples of college students at a major university in the southeastern U.S. To enhance the equivalence of the comparisons, a subset pool of participants from each group, proportionally matched on key demographic variables including age, gender, and race, was randomly selected to be included in the analysis. Multiple-regression analyses showed similar self-reporting patterns on HIV testing-related behaviors and intention, as well as various sexual behaviors (oral, vaginal, and anal), initial age of sexual activity, number of partners, alcohol and condom use (Type I error adjusted), with the exception that prevalence of self-reported behaviors on alcohol use before and condom use during anal sex were higher from data collected via Web-delivered mode. Age and peer norms were consistently shown as significant positive predictors for the various sexual activities. The implication of using...
Multimodal Interfaces for Cell Phones and Mobile Technology

By modeling users' natural spoken and multimodal communication patterns, more powerful and highly reliable interfaces can be designed that support emerging mobile technology. In this paper, we highlight three different examples of research that is advancing state-of-the-art mobile technology. The first is the development of fusion-based multimodal systems, such as ones that combine speech and pen or touch input, which are substantially improving the robustness and stability of system recognition. The second is modeling of multimodal communication patterns to establish open-microphone engagement techniques that work in challenging multi-person mobile settings. The third is new approaches to adaptive processing, which are able to transparently guide user input to match system processing capabilities. All three research directions are contributing to the design of more reliable, usable, and commercially promising mobile systems of the future.
Interactive computer method for rating quality of life: comparison of chronic pain patients and healthy controls.

Objective. This study presents information on the development of an interactive computer-based rating method of quality of life that assesses the multidimensional impact of chronic pain on the individual. Method. A software program assessing 20 categories of quality of life was created and administered to 103 chronic pain patients. Comparison data were obtained from 103 matched healthy controls. Results. High variability was found among pain patients in their ratings of quality of life, and pain patients rated all categories lower than controls. Three groups emerged from a cluster analysis of the data reflecting high, mixed, and low ratings of satisfaction with quality of life. Conclusions. The rating method was convenient, was easy for the patient to understand, and took very little time to administer. Further investigation of the validity and reliability of this tool is needed.
Mechanism(s) regulating inhibition of thymidylate synthase and growth by γ-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxy-3-iodobenzene, a novel melanin precursor, in melanogenic melanoma cells

Abstract A proposed mechanism for the melanoma specific activity of phenolic amines is based upon the ability of the enzyme tyrosinase to oxidize these prodrugs to toxic intermediates. In this study, we synthesized an iodinated analog of γ- l -glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB) with increased antimelanoma activity in both human and murine melanoma cell lines. GHB and γ- l -glutaminyl-4-hydroxy-3-iodobenzene (I-GHB) were shown to be substrates for both mammalian and mushroom tyrosinase. Glutathione, a cellular antioxidant, inhibited tyrosinase mediated formation of γ- l -glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone (GBQ) from GHB, inhibited melanin production, and blocked the inhibition of the enzyme thymidylate synthase by oxidized GHB. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) depletion of cellular glutathione enhanced the growth inhibitory activity and the inhibition of in situ thymidylate synthase by phenolic amines in melanoma cells. GHB and I-GHB were shown to be approximately 5- and 10-fold more cytotoxic, respectively, in highly metastatic B16-BL6 cells than in weakly metastatic B16-F1 cells with approximately equal tyrosinase activity. B16-BL6 cells had approximately 20-fold higher γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GTPase) activity than B16-F1 cells which suggested the possible involvement of this enzyme in the activation of the cytotoxicity of the phenolic amines. 4-Aminophenol, a product of γ-GTPase reaction with GHB, was a substrate for tyrosinase and a potent inhibitor of in situ thymidylate synthase activity in melanogenic cells. In pigmented melanoma cells containing the enzyme tyrosinase, the quinone mediated mechanism of phenolic amine cytotoxicity may be uniquely important and the cellular antioxidant glutathione essential in the detoxification of these quinone-generated intermediates.
Fitting the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess with cascade annihilations

The apparent excess of gamma rays in an extended region in the direction of the Galactic Center has a spatial distribution and amplitude that are suggestive of dark matter annihilations. If this excess is indeed due to dark matter annihilations, it would indicate the presence of both dark matter and an additional particle beyond the Standard Model that mediates the interactions between the dark matter and Standard Model states. We introduce reference models describing dark matter annihilation to pairs of these new mediators, which decouples the SM-mediator coupling from the thermal annihilation cross section and easily explains the lack of direct detection signals. We determine the parameter regions that give good descriptions of the gamma-ray excess for several motivated choices of mediator couplings to the SM. We find fermion dark matter with mass 7--26 GeV and a dark vector mediator, or scalar dark matter in the 10--50 GeV range (Higgs portal mediator) or 10--65 GeV range (gluophilic mediator) can provide a comparable or improved fit, compared to the case of direct annihilation. We demonstrate that these models can easily satisfy all constraints from collider experiments, direct detection, and cosmology.
Determinants of female labor force participation: a focus on Muslim countries1

This article analyses the cross-national determinants of female labor force participation and different industry sectors with a focus on Muslim countries. The study explores neo-patriarchal perspectives and its measures show a significant impact on the different sectors as well as on the share of the total labor force. The Muslim percentage of the population (% Islamic) has its largest impact on the most modern sectors (industry and service). In contrast, % Islamic has no effect on female share of agriculture. Fertility shows no impact on female share of the labor force (FSHLF), but the separate sector models suggest that higher fertility significantly reduces female employment in the modern sectors. The study also examines the effect of economic development across different sectors. Unlike the FSHLF, which shows a curvilinear effect on energy consumption per capita, the sector models show linear effects on the development measure. Therefore the curvilinearity effect is the result of one linear negative i...
Surgical resection of coarctation of the aorta in infancy.

Abstract The results of resection for aortic coarctation with or without banding of the main pulmonary artery in 46 patients with intractable congestive heart failure are reported. There were 32 survivors (70%). Death occurred only in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension and mortality was higher in infants with an associated ventricular septal defect. In most survivors there was prompt relief of symptoms of heart failure. There have been no late deaths. Survivors have not had significant elevation of systemic arterial pressure or recurrent congestive heart failure. Some persisting mild aortic obstruction (or restenosis) is not uncommon. We have not yet had to perform secondary resections of residual obstructions though such may be necessary after longer periods of observation in some patients.
Making the case for the competitive advantage of corporate social responsibility

Purpose – Seeks to provide practitioners of management with a sense of the importance of strategically leveraging social responsibility in that it provides a sustainable competitive advantage and requires a culture that can successfully execute a combination of activities. These activities include deeply studying the forces that can shape the future of the industry and gathering intelligence about current and potential social and political issues, involvement of stakeholders, managing stakeholder expectations, decision making, incorporating the decisions into the strategic plan and tactical activities, communicating symbols to stakeholders, and ethical business behavior.Design/methodology/approach – A review of the applied literature on practices and actual examples in the Pittsburgh area have shown that innovative responsible strategy, exceeding government requirements and considering multiple stakeholders, is a long‐term objective.Findings – A firm must control the triple‐bottom‐line, or the environment...
Primary dendrite distribution and disorder during directional solidification of Pb-Sb alloys

Pb-2.2 wt pct Sb and Pb-5.8 wt pct Sb alloys have been directionally solidified from a single-crystal seed with its [100] orientation parallel to the growth direction, to examine the primary dendrite distribution and disorder of the dendrite arrays. The dendrite distribution and ordering have been investigated using analysis techniques such as the Gauss-amplitude fit to the frequency distribution of nearest and higher-order spacings, minimum spanning tree (MST), Voronoi polygon, and Fourier transform (FT) of the dendrite centers. Since the arrangement of dendrites is driven by the requirement to accommodate side-branch growth along the 〈100〉 directions, the FT images of the fully developed dendrite centers contain spots which indicate this preferred alignment. A directional solidification distance of about three mushy-zone lengths is sufficient to ensure a steady-state dendritic array, in terms of reaching a constant mean primary spacing. However, local dendrite ordering continues throughout the directional solidification process. The interdendritic convection not only decreases the mean primary spacing, it also makes the dendrite array more disordered and reduces the ratio of the upper and lower spacing limits, as defined by the largest 5 pct and the smallest 5 pct of the population.
Trafficking of glucose, lactate, and amyloid-β from the inferior colliculus through perivascular routes

Metabolic brain imaging is widely used to evaluate brain function and disease, and quantitative assays require local retention of compounds used to register changes in cellular activity. As labeled metabolites of [1- and 6-14C]glucose are rapidly released in large quantities during brain activation, this study evaluated release of metabolites and proteins through perivascular fluid flow, a pathway that carries solutes from brain to peripheral lymphatic drainage sites. Assays with [3,4-14C]glucose ruled out local oxidation of glucose-derived lactate as a major contributor of label loss. Brief infusion of [1-14C]glucose and -[14C]lactate into the inferior colliculus of conscious rats during acoustic stimulation labeled the meninges, consistent with perivascular clearance of [14C]metabolites from interstitial fluid. Microinfusion of Evans blue albumin and amyloid-β1−40 (Aβ) caused perivascular labeling in the inferior colliculus, labeled the surrounding meninges, and Aβ-labeled-specific blood vessels in the caudate and olfactory bulb and was deposited in cervical lymph nodes. Efflux of extracellular glucose, lactate, and Aβ into perivascular fluid pathways is a normal route for clearance of material from the inferior colliculus that contributes to underestimates of brain energetics. Convergence of ‘watershed' drainage to common pathways may facilitate perivascular amyloid plaque formation and pathway obstruction in Alzheimer's disease.
Production of congenic mouse strains carrying genomic intervals containing SLE-susceptibility genes derived from the SLE-prone NZM2410 strain

Systemic lupus erythematosus is inherited as a complex polygenic trait. Four genomic intervals containing major SLE-susceptibility loci were previously identified by interval mapping in the NZM2410 mouse model. In this paper, we utilized a marker-assisted selection protocol to produce four congenic mouse strains, each carrying an NZM2410-derived SLE-susceptibility interval on a C57BL/6-resistant background. Each strain carries only one susceptibility allele derived from this polygenic model and consequently can be used to characterize the specific component phenotypes contributed by individual SLE-susceptibility genes. We illustrate the efficacy of this approach with phenotypic data for one of our congenic strains, B6.NZMH2Z. Our results indicate that this single genomic interval from Chromosome (Chr) 17 of NZM2410 can mediate increased levels of IgG autoantibodies specific for chromatin and that, similar to results obtained in our original genetic cross, B6.NZMH2z/b heterozygotes are more prone than B6.NZMH2z homozygotes to the development of humoral autoimmunity to nuclear antigens. These results illustrate the feasibility of using congenic strains to dissect the complex pathogenic mechanisms that mediate polygenic SLE. These congenic strains will be valuable tools in the genetic analysis of SLE susceptibility. In future studies, these congenic strains will be interbred to produce bi- and tri-congenic strains in order to assess the role of genetic interactions in the expression of specific components of SLE pathogenesis. They will also be instrumental to the positional cloning and identification of the genes responsible for SLE susceptibility, via the production of congenic recombinants.
Environmental Programs for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

The environmental research effort in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program has the goal of providing documented information on the effect of proposed operations on the ocean and the effect of oceanic conditions on the plant. With existing technology, the potential OTEC operating area is in the tropical oceans where a temperature differential of 20\deg C can be found at less than 1000 meters water depth. The associated environment program consists of archival studies in potential areas serial oceanographic cruises to sites or regions of interest, studies from various fixed platforms at sites, and compilation of such information for appropriate legal compliance and permit requirements and for use in progressive design of OTEC plants. Site/regions investigated are south of Mobile and west of Tampa, Gulf of Mexico; Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico; St. Croix, Virgin Islands; Kahe Point, Oahu and Keahole Point, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands; and off the Brazilian south Equatorial Coast.
The effect of autonomic drugs on ureteric peristalsis: A canine in vivo study

An in vivo canine model was developed in which the renal pelvis was perfused by a cannula nephrostomy and ureteric activity assessed by monitoring bolus volume and interperistaltic interval. The effect of autonomic drugs showed that the ureter contained α-adrenergic receptors which on stimulation caused an increase in ureteric contraction rate and a decrease in bolus volume. With β-adrenergic receptor stimulation, there was complete inhibition of ureteric peristalsis for a variable period and evidence is presented that the β-adrenergic receptors may be β1 rather than β2. Cholinergic stimulation of ureteric rate was observed, but seemed to be mediated indirectly via α-adrenergic receptors. No significant change was seen in ureteric activity with adrenergic blocking agents alone, suggesting that the physiological importance of these receptors in normal activity is questionable.
A Correlation Between Low Cycle Fatigue Properties and Scuffing Properties of 4340 Steel

A correlation is demonstrated between the low-cycle fatigue properties and the scuff resisting properties of 4340 steel. Low cycle fatigue properties were estimated from measured tensile properties for specimens with a wide range of hardness. Scuff resistance was measured in sliding tests using white mineral oil as the lubricant.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting Pull Force for the Pultrusion of Graphite/Epoxy Composites.

The influence of process parameter settings on the pull force required for the pultrusion of two epoxy resin systems reinforced with unidirectional graphite fiber was investigated. Experiments were conducted using the Shell EPON 9310/9360/537 epoxy resin system and the Shell EPON 9420/9470/537 epoxy resin system. Five independent factors—fiber volume, line speed, die zone I temperature, die zone 2 temperature, and die zone 3 temperature—were examined in each study. Regression analysis was used to iden tify the factors and factor interactions that influence the pull force required for the pultru sion of each resin system and to develop mathematical models to describe the pull force. The models indicated that process variable interactions were especially significant. Re sponse surface methods were used to illustrate the nature of the interactions. Additional statistical techniques were employed to investigate the influence of resin viscosity on the pull force and the influence of pull force on the four-poin...
Nanotechnology's future.

This article discusses the rising prominence of nanotechnology in scientific research. Nanotechnology, focused on controlling the properties of matter, has begun to draw increasingly large amounts of state funding around the world. The author suggests that this field of research will expand in several different ways, including the development of passive nanostructures, active nanostructures, expertise within nanostructure systems, and finally molecular nanostructures.
Ontong Java and Kerguelen Plateaux: Cretaceous Icelands?

Together with Iceland, the two giant oceanic plateaux, Ontong Java in the western Pacific and Kerguelen/Broken Ridge in the Indian Ocean, are accumulations of mafic igneous rock which were not formed by ‘normal’ seafloor spreading. We compare published geochronological, crustal structure, and subsidence results with tectonic fabric highlighted in new satellite-derived free-air gravity data from the three igneous provinces, and conclude that existing evidence weighs lightly against the Ontong Java and Kerguelen plateaux originating at a seafloor spreading centre.
The geometry of planar domino-style normal faults above a dipping basal detachment

Abstract Geometrical analysis of planar domino-style normal faults rooted into a dipping basal detachment fault allows derivation of equations which relate: (1) horizontal extension within the upper plate; (2) dip of the detachment; (3) final fault dips; (4) rotation that faults and beds undergo; and (5) net slip on domino-style faults. Past geometrical models have focused on extremely idealized and non-unique geometries, in which domino-style faults are parallel and similar cut-off points are all at the same elevation after faulting. This corresponds to evenly spaced domino-style faults above a horizontal detachment. Considering non-parallel faults and dipping detachments introduces unique geometries, which allows calculation, for example, of permissible depth ranges to the detachment. Horizontal extension varies significantly: (1) with dip of the detachment; and (2) for synthetic and antithetic cases, in which the domino-style faults dip in the same or opposite direction, respectively, as the detachment. When other factors (e.g. rotation and fault dips) are held constant, horizontal extension greatly increases for moderate detachment dips and moderately decreases for antithetic detachment dips, as compared to the horizontal detachment case. This is important because the synthetic case has been widely reported.
Stem cell plasticity, beyond alchemy.

Cell plasticity is a central issue in stem cell biology. Differentiated somatic nuclei have the flexibility to dedifferentiate when transferred into oocytes or when fused to pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Recent publications also claim that somatic stem cells can convert into developmentally unrelated cell types both in vivo and ex vivo without such drastic cell manipulations. Some of these claims are still controversial, making it difficult for us to determine the reality of somatic stem cell plasticity. Indeed, we have heard enough about the “potentials” of cell plasticity; how much do we know about mechanisms? A fundamental issue in current stem cell biology is to understand the mechanisms underlying cell plasticity. In this short review, we overview three research fields related to cell plasticity: nuclear transfer, transdifferentiation, and cell fusion, with an emphasis on studies of molecular mechanisms underlying cell plasticity.
FREE VIBRATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT PLATES SUBJECTED TO COMPLEX MIDDLE PLANE FORCE SYSTEMS

A finite element method is presented for free vibration analysis of thin plates subjected to complex force systems applied in the middle-plane of the plate. The equation of motion is characterized by the basic stiffness, consistent mass, and incremental stiffness matrices. The method is demonstrated by using both a conforming and a non-conforming rectangular plate element. Numerical examples of free vibration of plates under various inplane loadings for different aspect ratios and edge support conditions are illustrated. Particular attention is given to the influence of load intensity on the natural frequency of vibration and the extrapolated load corresponding to zero frequency which yields the static buckling load. It was found that in most cases the relationship between the square of the frequency and the load is not linear. The finite element solutions were also made for a sequence of gridwork refinements to show the convergence characteristics. Comparison of the natural frequencies (zero middle-plane load), the buckling loads and the frequency-load relationships with known analytical and numerical solutions indicates that the method gives good results even for relatively few elements.
Structures and mechanism of the monoamine oxidase family

Members of the monoamine oxidase family of flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of primary and secondary amines, polyamines, amino acids, and methylated lysine side chains in proteins. The enzymes have similar overall structures, with conserved FAD-binding domains and varied substrate-binding sites. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the catalytic reactions of these enzymes. The present review compares the structures of different members of the family and the various mechanistic proposals.
Spin-Lattice and Spin-Spin Relaxation in Porous Media: A Generalized Two Site Relaxation Model

Abstract The T1 and T2 relaxation times in porous media have been greatly used in the field of petrophysics and biology. The relaxation behavior can be used as a fingerprint of a system, or can provide information on some other parameters which cannot be easily measured. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of the T1, and T2 relaxation in two types of media, (1) an object consisting of closely packed glass beads and (2) a column of gel beads. We assume a generalized two site relaxation process for both of the objects. This model assumes that the spins in the medium are under two different relaxation modes and the two modes are in fast exchange with each other. The results confirm that the generalized two site relaxation model is applicable for both types of porous media. A possible explanation for the relaxation mechanism is also discussed.
A square root ensemble Kalman filter application to a motor-imagery brain-computer interface

We here investigated a non-linear ensemble Kalman filter (SPKF) application to a motor imagery brain computer interface (BCI). A square root central difference Kalman filter (SR-CDKF) was used as an approach for brain state estimation in motor imagery task performance, using scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Healthy human subjects imagined left vs. right hand movements and tongue vs. bilateral toe movements while scalp EEG signals were recorded. Offline data analysis was conducted for training the model as well as for decoding the imagery movements. Preliminary results indicate the feasibility of this approach with a decoding accuracy of 78%–90% for the hand movements and 70%–90% for the tongue-toes movements. Ongoing research includes online BCI applications of this approach as well as combined state and parameter estimation using this algorithm with different system dynamic models.
Ecdysones from gametophytic tissues of a fern

Abstract Ponasterone A and crustecdysone have been isolated from culture filtrates of the fern gametophyte Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.
Multipotential model for atoms in alkali microclusters

An alkali-atom shell model for alkali microclusters is introduced, where the quantum constituent is the neutral atom itself considered as a heavy fermion in a central potential created by all atoms in each shell of the cluster. Thus, here the magic numbers are due to atoms and not to electrons as in jellium models. The model is applicable under conditions (of production, temperature, size, etc.) not favoring delocalization of valence electrons. For conditions favoring electron delocalization the jellium model is applicable. New experiments are suggested via nuclear methods.
Modeling multiphase migration of organic chemicals in groundwater systems--a review and assessment.

Over the past two decades, a number of models have been developed to describe the multiphase migration of organic chemicals in the subsurface. This paper presents the state-of-the-art with regard t...
ASSESSMENT OF WORLD VIEWS

This paper reports the development of a scale to assess world views both within and across cultures. It is a 45-item Likert-type scale, developed to assess beliefs, values, and assumptions on five variables (views of human nature, interpersonal relationships, nature, time, and activity). The scale was administered to 501 university students. Reliability and validity data are described. A multidimensional scaling procedure was used to assess intra-group variation and to determine the profile of world views of the sample studied.
Child Birth Education for Adolescents: Removing the Barriers That Prevent Attendance at Child Birth Classes

AbstractNearly half the families in a rural county in Southwestern Pennsylvania have annual incomes less than $35,000. Poverty, a predictor of adolescent sexual activity American Academy of Pediatrics. Adolescent pregnancy-current trends and issues: 1998. Pediatrics 1999; 103(2):516; Retrieved 06 15, 2002 Health Reference Center—Academic Web Site at http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/1/1/1/purl=rc6_HRCA), may contribute to the adolescent pregnancy rate in this county. Twelve percent of clientele from a low-income pre/postnatal clinic in this county are adolescent mothers. Many low-income adolescents refrain from attending childbirth classes because there are no perceived benefits from these classes. The Health Belief Model is used to assess the extraneous and intrinsic variables that prevent this clientele from attending childbirth class and proposes an intervention plan addressing these variables.
Bridging Social Networks and Female Labor- Force Participation in a Multiethnic Metropolis.

Using data from a multi-city survey of urban inequality, we assess the effects of bridging social networks—ties that connect individuals to different worlds of information, resources, and opportunities—on Black, Hispanic, and White female labor-force participation in metropolitan Los Angeles. Our findings indicate that these types of networks are far more important in explaining the labor-market experiences of females in Los Angeles than the kinds of cultural forces that serve as the foundation of much contemporary conservative social policy making in the United States. Implications for current efforts to transition women from welfare to work are discussed.
The Tomato Effect: Rejection of Highly Efficacious Therapies

THE TOMATO ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) is a New World plant, originally found in Peru and carried back to Spain from whence it quickly spread to Italy (pommidoro) and France, where it was known as the pomme d'amour and thought to have aphrodisiac properties (this is the first recorded confusion between the placebo effect and the tomato effect— described herein). By 1560, the tomato was becoming a staple of the continental European diet. Of interest is that while this exotic fruit from South America (along with other novel products such as potatoes, corn, beans, cocoa, and tobacco) was revolutionizing European eating habits, at the same time it was ignored or actively shunned in North America. 1,2 During the 18th century, tomatoes were not even cultivated in North America. Not until the 1800s did North Americans accept the tomato as edible; commercial cultivation of tomatoes was rare until the 20th century, although in the
CFD analysis on the influence of helical carving in a vortex flow solar reactor

Abstract Solar thermal cracking of natural gas is a promising technology, which has attracted researchers in recent years for its potential to lead to the development of CO 2 free hydrogen production process. However, experimental access to the reaction chamber of solar cracking reactors is a challenge due to the high temperature process as the instruments capable of measuring fluid flow cannot survive the medium inside the reactor. However, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can provide an insight into the flow, where experimental access is limited or not possible. This paper presents a CFD analysis for directly irradiated solar thermochemical reactor to characterize the influence of flow behavior on the heat transfer and solar cracking process. The heat transfer by radiation from carbon particles is considered by providing global absorption and scattering coefficients in the computational domain obtained from Mie code. The flow field is based on RNG k – ɛ model derived using renormalization group theory. This technique accounts for the effect of swirl on turbulence thereby enhancing accuracy for the swirl flows. Validation of the numerical results is carried out by making a comparison with the experimental results. Highlighting the effects of carving on the solar reactor walls, this study presents numerical analyses of solar reactor geometry for two cases; namely, when there is no vortex forming carving in the cavity, and when there is vortex forming helical carving. The results show that carving has significant influence on the flow behavior, however, it has very little effect on the outlet temperature. The numerical results also show that the radiative heat transfer mechanism is the dominant means of heat transfer compared to the effects of conduction and convection.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry compatible β‐elimination of O‐linked oligosaccharides

A new β-elimination procedure has been introduced to cleave O-linked oligosaccharides from low- to sub-microgram amounts of glycoproteins prior to analysis by mass spectrometry. Borane-ammonia complex in aqueous ammonia is used as a cleaving solution alternative to the sodium borohydride/sodium hydroxide medium conventionally used in β-elimination. The procedure results in minimum sample purification, leading to minimal sample loss and consequently an overall enhancement in sensitivity. It was applied successfully in the analysis of bovine fetuin and submaxillary mucin, as well as to a complex bile-salt-stimulated lipase glycoprotein isolated from human milk. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral lateralization of function and bilingual decision processes: Is thinking lateralized? ☆

Abstract Four experiments utilizing tachistoscopic presentation of verbal and spatial stimuli to visual half-fields are presented. Three experiments failed to find any cerebral lateralization effect of the type predicted from existing models of cerebral lateralization processes. One experiment found marked lateralization effects. Since the experiments differ only in the ratio of trials to experimental stimuli, it is argued that cerebral lateralization experiments are detecting only a memory process occurring after subjects have learned all the stimuli to be presented. When new stimuli are presented on each trial, no cerebral lateralization effects are found, suggesting that active ongoing cognitive processing is independent of lateralization.
Amphiphilic networks: II. Biocompatibility and controlled drug release of poly[isobutylene-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate].

Biocompatibility and diffusional characteristics of recently synthesized unique amphiphilic networks, i.e., copolymers of methacryloyl-capped polyisobutylene (MA-PIB-MA) with 2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) have been examined. Excellent biocompatibility and biostability were obtained after 7 weeks with films containing 53-58% MA-PIB-MA implanted dorsally or abdominally in rats. In contrast, networks with higher or lower MA-PIB-MA contents showed decreased biocompatibility. These amphiphilic networks were also studied as potential implantable drug release systems. Bromophenol blue and folic acid were used as model compounds for drug release. Diffusion of these chemicals from loaded networks into water showed a marked pH dependence. Under specific well-defined conditions (MA-PIB-MA/DMAEMA content, pH, time range) release was observed to be independent of time (zero-order release).
Long bonds in silicon clusters: a failure of conventional Møller—Plesset perturbation theory?

Abstract On the basis of generalized valence bond calculations we propose a new type of structure for the Si 10 cluster. This structure is found to have large intra-pair correlation effects, suggesting the inadequacy of a single determinant reference wave function in conjunction with Moller—Plesset perturbation theory for determining the relative energetics of silicon clusters. The bonding in Si 10 is analyzed and the origin of the large intra-pair correlation effects is found to be four “long bonds” in the new Si 10 geometry.
Projection of taste nerve afferents to anterior opercular- insular cortex in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Abstract Cortex buried within the sylvian fissure of deeply anesthetized squirrel monkeys was probed with steel microelectrodes to record slow wave responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the three nerves innervating the tongue. A responsive locus was located in the most anterior opercular-insular cortex. Only stimulation of the two ipsilateral taste nerves (the chorda tympani and the lingual-tonsilar branch of the glossopharyngeal) was effective. Electrical stimulation of the contralateral taste nerves, the contra- and ipsilateral lingual nerves and mechanical stimulation of the tongue evoked no responses in this region. Ablation of the responsive region did not cause any retrograde degeneration of the thalamic taste relay in the ventromedial nuclear complex. If the other taste nerve projection areas located in somatic sensory area I were included in the lesion, complete degeneration of thalamic taste neurons resulted. It was concluded that the taste system has only sustaining projections to the neocortex.
6S RNA Regulates E. coli RNA Polymerase Activity

Abstract The E. coli 6S RNA was discovered more than three decades ago, yet its function has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that 6S RNA associates with RNA polymerase in a highly specific and efficient manner. UV crosslinking experiments revealed that 6S RNA directly contacts the σ 70 and β/β′ subunits of RNA polymerase. 6S RNA accumulates as cells reach the stationary phase of growth and mediates growth phase–specific changes in RNA polymerase. Stable association between σ 70 and core RNA polymerase in extracts is only observed in the presence of 6S RNA. We show 6S RNA represses expression from a σ 70 -dependent promoter during stationary phase. Our results suggest that the interaction of 6S RNA with RNA polymerase modulates σ 70 -holoenzyme activity.
The Formation and Future of Multiple Institutional Logics in Corporate Climate Change Reporting

Climate change is a complex issue of global urgency and companies are increasingly expected to respond to societal and governmental calls for action. A growing number of companies strategically address climate change and leverage their sustainability reports to discuss, promote, and/or defend their activities in this area (Etzion and Ferraro, 2010). In this study we use sustainability reports to examine the underlying logics of corporations addressing climate change. We explore these logics over time as addressing climate change emerges as a legitimate corporate action. We find that there are four logics that guide corporate responses to climate change: efficiency, opportunity, risk avoidance, and conservation. The efficiency and opportunity logics co-exist with each other, complementing various potential strategies. On the other hand, the risk avoidance and conservation logics are more exclusive and offer competing views of climate change and the role of corporations in addressing it. This work contribut...
Polarization model for poorly-organized interfacial water: hydration forces between silica surfaces.

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to review the theoretical models which can be used to describe the interactions between silica surfaces and to show that a model proposed earlier by the authors (the polarization model), which accounts concomitantly for double layer and hydration forces, can be adapted to explain recent experiments in this direction. When the water molecules near the interface were considered to have an ice-like structure, a strong coupling between the double layer and hydration forces (described by the correlation length between neighboring dipoles, λ m ) generates long range interactions, larger than the experimentally determined interactions between silica surfaces. Arguments are brought that a gel layer is likely to be formed on the surface of silica, which, by generating disorder in the interfacial water layers, can decrease strongly the value of λ m . Since the prediction of λ m involves a choice for the microscopic structure of water, which is often unknown, the polarization model is also presented here as a phenomenological theory, in which λ m is used as a fitting parameter. Two extreme cases are considered. In one of them, the water molecules near the interface are considered to have an ice-like structure, whereas in the other they are considered randomly distributed. In the first case, the dipole correlation length λ m = 14.9 A. In the second limiting case, λ m can be of the order of 1 A. It is shown that, for λ m = 4 A, a more than qualitative agreement with the experiment could be obtained, for reasonable values of the parameters involved (e.g. surface dipole strength and density, dipole location, surface charge).
Role of the F1 Region in the Escherichia coli Aerotaxis Receptor Aer

In Escherichia coli, the aerotaxis receptor Aer is an atypical receptor because it senses intracellular redox potential. The Aer sensor is a cytoplasmic, N-terminal PAS domain that is tethered to the membrane by a 47-residue F1 linker. Here we investigated the function, topology, and orientation of F1 by employing random mutagenesis, cysteine scanning, and disulfide cross-linking. No native residue was obligatory for function, most deleterious substitutions had radically different side chain properties, and all F1 mutants but one were functionally rescued by the chemoreceptor Tar. Cross-linking studies were consistent with the predicted α-helical structure in the N-terminal F1 region and demonstrated trigonal interactions among the F1 linkers from three Aer monomers, presumably within trimer-of-dimer units, as well as binary interactions between subunits. Using heterodimer analyses, we also demonstrated the importance of arginine residues near the membrane interface, which may properly anchor the Aer protein in the membrane. By incorporating these data into a homology model of Aer, we developed a model for the orientation of the Aer F1 and PAS regions in an Aer lattice that is compatible with the known dimensions of the chemoreceptor lattice. We propose that the F1 region facilitates the orientation of PAS and HAMP domains during folding and thereby promotes the stability of the PAS and HAMP domains in Aer.
Vulnerability to Stress-Induced Tumor Growth Increases with Age in Rats: Role of Glucocorticoids*

Aged males rats show a delay in terminating their adrenocortical stress response and, thus, hypersecrete corticosterone during the poststress period. Because of the numerous catabolic effects of corticosterone, we hypothesized that chronic stress should induce greater pathophysiological changes in aged than in young subjects. We report that stress–induced tumor growth, associated with inoculation with fetal rats cells transformed by tumor virus, is accelerated in aged rats. Furthermore, simulation of the aged pattern of corticosterone hypersecretion in young animals using steroid administration similarly accelerates stress–induced tumor growth. (Endocrinology 117: 662–666, 1985)
Efficient Presentation of Naturally Processed HLA Class I Peptides by Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for the Generation of Effective Antitumor Responses

Appropriate presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by antigen-presenting cells (APC) is required for the development of clinically relevant antitumor T-cell responses. One common approach, which uses APC pulsed with synthetic peptides, can sometimes generate ineffective immune responses. This failure may, in part, be attributed to the formation of HLA/synthetic pulsed peptide complexes that possess different conformations compared with those of endogenously presented peptides. In addition, endogenous peptides may undergo post-translational modifications, which do not occur with synthetic peptides. Because our goal is to induce immunity that can recognize TAA that are endogenously presented by tumors, we designed an APC that would not only express the required immunoaccessory molecules but also naturally process and present target antigenic peptides. In this study, we generated an artificial APC (aAPC) that can endogenously present any chosen HLA-A*0201 (A2)-restricted peptide by processing a fusion protein that contains a unique "LTK" sequence linked to the antigenic peptide. Proteasome-dependent processing is so effective that the presented peptide can be directly eluted from the cell surface and identified by biochemical methods. Furthermore, we found that aAPC, engineered to endogenously present peptide derived from the melanoma antigen MART1, can be used to prime and expand antitumor CTL that target MART1-expressing tumor cells in a HLA-A2-restricted manner. Our engineered aAPC could serve as an "off-the-shelf" APC designed to constitutively express class I-restricted TAA peptides and could be used to generate effective T-cell responses to treat human disease.
Are crocodiles really monophyletic?--Evidence for subdivisions from sequence and morphological data.

Abstract Recently, the phylogenetic placement of the African slender snouted crocodile, Crocodylus cataphractus , has come under scrutiny and herein we address this issue using molecular and morphological techniques. Although it is often recognized as being a “basal” form, morphological studies have traditionally placed C. cataphractus within the genus Crocodylus , while molecular studies have suggested that C. cataphractus is very distinct from other Crocodylus . To address the relationship of this species to its congeners we have sequenced portions of two nuclear genes ( C-mos 302 bp and ODC 294 bp), and two mitochondrial genes ( ND6-tRNA glu - cytB 347 bp and control region 457 bp). Analyses of these molecular datasets, both as individual gene sequences and as concatenated sequences, support the hypothesis that C. cataphractus is not a member of Crocodylus or Osteolaemus . Examination of 165 morphological characters supports and strengthens our resurrection of an historic genus, Mecistops (Gray 1844) for cataphractus .