cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated With Failure To Complete Isoniazid Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Rhode Island

Background The treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential for tuberculosis elimination in the United States, but the major limitation is poor adherence to therapy. To aid the design of targeted adherence interventions, we investigated the factors associated with noncompletion of isoniazid (INH) therapy for LTBI. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with who failed to complete vs those who completed 9 months of INH therapy at the RISE TB Clinic (Miriam Hospital; Providence, RI) in 2003 was performed. Factors associated with treatment noncompletion were examined using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results Of 845 patients with LTBI, 690 patients (81.6%) initiated INH therapy, of whom 426 patients (61.7%) completed therapy, and 246 patients (35.6%) were lost to follow-up. Treatment was discontinued in 18 patients (2.6%). Patients who failed to complete therapy were younger (mean age, 30.6 vs 33.8 years, respectively; p=0.006), and were more likely to be uninsured (42.9% vs 29.8%, respectively; p=0.0004), to be postpartum (66.7% vs 37.3%, respectively; p=0.043), and to report treatment side effects (54.8% vs 30.1%, respectively; p Conclusions: LTBI patients who are young, pregnant or postpartum, uninsured, and/or report treatment side effects may require additional case management to improve INH treatment completion rates.
Surgical therapy of primary cutaneous melanoma

This review focuses on the surgical treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma. Interpretation of biopsy results and a rational approach to preoperative screening methods for metastases are examined. The marked changes in operative approach to melanoma over the past century are reviewed, with emphasis on the impact of prospective, randomized trials upon the width of surgical margins for melanoma. General principles of current surgical technique are discussed, with attention given to modifications of technique dictated by unique anatomic tumor sites. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating Centralized versus Decentralized Zoning Strategies for Metropolitan ADA Paratransit Services

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) paratransit systems are dial-a-ride services that provide public transportation to disabled customers. In large metropolitan areas, these services might use zoning strategies to simplify their management. The objective of this paper is to provide a more in-depth evaluation and comparison between centralized and decentralized zoning strategies. This is achieved by developing a simulation model to evaluate the effects of zoning strategies on the productivity and quality of service for the particular ADA paratransit service, using actual demand data from the city of Houston. Four decentralized zoning strategies are compared with a centralized no-zoning strategy. Higher degrees of decentralization degrade the operational efficiency in terms of larger fleet size because the causative empty trip kilometers are greater. The intrazonal trip percentages of demand and productivity are positively correlated.
Pricing and Charging for QoS

We have introduced and studied a scalable pricing scheme as an effective regulatory tool that provides proper incentives so that users' self-interest will lead them to modify their usage according to their needs. This scheme resulted in better overall network utilization and enhanced users' satisfaction. In this work, we further study the scheme from revenue and performance perspective. Simulation results suggest that revenue and network utilization play a vital role in achieving a better usage behavior as well as for service providers to be reasonable in charging for QoS in Internetworks. The implementation and usage costs of the framework are low
Reteplase: A New Thrombolytic for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE:To summarize the published data on reteplase, the most recent thrombolytic agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the management of acute myocardial infarction in adults.DATA SOURCES:Published data on reteplase identified by MEDLINE searches (January 1985–June 1997), as well as other pertinent literature.DATA SYNTHESIS:Reteplase is a new thrombolytic agent derived from human tissue plasminogen activator. Its mechanism of action is similar to that of alteplase, but it differs in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Certain structural changes contribute to differences in pharmacokinetic properties such as a prolonged half-life (15 min), which allows it to be administered as two 10-MU bolus injections. Reteplase has been shown to have fibrin specificity similar to that of alteplase, but with a lower binding affinity for fibrin. This enables reteplase to bind to the thrombus repeatedly and increases its fibrinolytic potential. In clinical trials, reteplase demonstra...
SEX DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN ORGANIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN COMMUNICATION

This article reviews current knowledge in two major research domains: sex differences in neuropsychophysiology, and in human communication. An attempt was made to integrate knowledge from several areas of brain research with human communication and to clarify how such a cooperative effort may be beneficial to both fields of study. By combining findings from the area of brain research, a communication paradigm was developed which contends that brain-related sex differences may reside largely in the area of communication of emotion.
Getting A Laugh: Gender, Status, and Humor in Task Discussions

Humor is a quintessentially social phenomenon, since every joke requires both a teller and an audience. Here we ask how humor operates in task-oriented group discussions. We use theories about the functions of humor to generate hypotheses about who jokes, when and in what situations. Then we use event history techniques to analyze humor attempts and successes in six-person groups. Our results combine to suggest an image of joking as a status-related activity, with men, high participators, frequent interrupters, and those who are frequently interrupted all showing status-related patterns of humor use. We find substantial time dependence in humor use, in which humor may serve to form a status hierarchy early in a group's development and to dissipate task-related tension later in the discussion. We use these results, in conjunction with core insights on status and emotion from the group processes literature, to develop a new theory of humor use in task-oriented groups. The new theory generates predictions about the content of humor episodes, which we examine with additional data from our group discussions. Consistent with the theory, we find that a higher proportion of men's humor is differentiating, while a higher proportion of women's humor is cohesion-building. We find the same general pattern with our other status variable, participation.
Input filter design criteria for switching regulators using current-mode programming

Design criteria are developed for a constant-frequency current-programmed switching DC-to-DC converter with an input filter to ensure stability and prevent performance degradation. The criteria are given in terms of the filter voltage transfer function H/sub S/, output admittance Y/sub s/, and the y-parameter model of the switching converter. The criteria are listed as four inequalities and illustrated graphically. The criteria may be summarized as follows: assuming a converter that satisfies its loop gain T, line-to-output transfer function A/sub gf/, and output impedance Z/sub of/ requirement is given, an input filter with H/sub s/ and Y/sub s/ can be used to attenuate the noise emissions from the converter without adversely affecting the converter if H/sub s/ >
Cognitive Styles and Related Determinants: A Reference for Bilingual Education Teachers.

Recent literature on cognitive styles has spurred an interest among educators who are searching for ways to classify students in terms of specific learning domains. The purpose of this paper is to present four underlying features relative to cognitive learning styles. It outlines several positions expressed by contemporary authors and researchers on cognitive learning styles, provides a brief description of twelve cognitive learning styles as viewed by contemporary writers on the subject, and describes several recent research studies on the topic. Several criterion statements are suggested for readers to consider in reviewing research studies on cognitive learning styles. Several statements are made pertaining to cognitive learning styles and teaching that may be of interest to practicing teachers, especially those working with children from diverse cultural and language backgrounds. Finally, some directions for future research are suggested.
Conceptualizing Institutions And Organizations: A Critical Approach

This paper review s the concept of institutions and its relationship to capitalist development as used in the field of NIE and compare s it to the use of the concept by Hall and Soskice. B y specifying exactly what institutions are, how and why they should be differentiated from organizations, and how they influence transaction and production costs, Douglass North and the NIE articulate the role of institutions in understanding economic development. Hall and Soskice however, reveal s a broad and varied use of the concept which ignores one of the key elements of institutions – enforcement and also fail s to provide a clear differentiation between institutions and organizations which leads to confusions in understanding their specific role s in th e process of development of the two types of economies that the authors define. A varied, imprecise and inconsistent use of the concept may lead to an overestimation of the role of institutions and conversely underestimation of the role of organizations in capitalist development.
Multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of hereditary multiple exostoses

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation of multiple osteochondromas. Because of its superior soft tissue contrast and absence of ionizing radiation, magnetic resonance imaging is the first choice imaging technique for the evaluation of complex lesions and complications related to HME. However, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) also can be of value in the evaluation of patients with HME, which is reviewed in this article. Topics outlined are low-dose MDCT technique, 3-dimensional visualization techniques, typical MDCT appearances, differential diagnostic considerations, and the usefulness of MDCT in the assessment of emergent and non-emergent complications related to HME, among which spinal cord compression, pneumothorax and hematothorax, pseudoaneurysms, fractures, growth disturbances, chondrosarcoma transformation, and muscular and peripheral nerve involvement.
Far-infrared Study of an Antenna-coupled Quantum Point Contact

We have developed a theory of photon-assisted quantum transport in quantum point contact devices. According to the theory, ballistic electrons in a quantum point contact can absorb an integer number of far-infrared photons via intersubband transitions. Consequently, a photon-induced drain/source current can be produced by a far-infrared radiation whose frequency is comparable to that of the intersubband spacing at the narrowest constriction of the quantum point contacts. Motivated by this theory, we have studied transport properties of an antenna-coupled quantum point contact under coherent far-infrared (285 GHz) radiation. A pronounced photon-induced drain/source current is observed. The amplitude of the photon-induced current is about 10% of that corresponding to a quantized conductance step, and it oscillates with the gate voltage. Our analysis suggests that the observed photon-induced current is mainly due to heating of the electron gas in the source and drain (a bolometric effect) rather than photon-assisted quantum transport. Further investigation reveals a photon-induced thermopower which oscillates with the gate voltage in a manner that tracks the onset of subband channels. This thermopower is a result of asymmetric heating.
Lesion-Related Delusional Misidentification Syndromes: A Comprehensive Review of Reported Cases

Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) are persistent delusions of hyper- or hypofamiliarity for meaningful persons and places in one's environment. This study set to determine the clinical course, neuroanatomical localization, neuropsychological abnormalities, and delusional content in patients with DMSs occurring after focal neurological injuries. Sixty-one patients were identified: 28 with hypofamiliar delusions, 27 with hyperfamiliar delusions, and, most surprisingly, six patients with both hypo- and hyperfamiliar delusions. Recognition is often delayed by months from the time of injury, and the delusions are self-limited. Patients with DMSs had right hemisphere (92%) injuries (specifically right frontal injuries in 63%), prominent memory impairment (73%), and multiple concurrent DMSs (29%).
Commognition as a lens for research

This paper is a commentary on the theoretical formulations of the five empirical papers in this special issue. All five papers use aspects of the theory of commognition as presented by Anna Sfard; however, even when the same notions (e.g., rituals or explorations) are incorporated into theoretical frameworks undergirding the research, these notions are not always used in the same way. The analysis of how commognitive theory is used in the papers suggests that it is broad enough to be a useful theoretical lens in diverse settings. However, there are many aspects of Sfard’s careful theoretical formulation that are not touched upon, suggesting that there is much more potential for use of the theory than has been realized in these papers.
Adrenocorticotropin Inhibition of Mineralocorticoid Hormone Production

1. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-induced steroidogenesis, obtained by continuous administration of ACTH for 3 days, produces in man (a) sustained elevations of plasma deoxycorticosterone and cortisol concentrations, (b) transient elevations of plasma aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone concentrations that return to near-control values, and (c) brisk initial increases in plasma 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and corticosterone concentrations that fall to 20-68% of peak values 30 h thereafter. 2. Dexamethasone (8 mg/day, orally) treatment for 2 days in man permits a greater postural increase in plasma aldosterone and 18-hydroxycortisone concentrations. A dampening effect of ACTH is suggested. 3. An ACTH-initiated inhibition of 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation is proposed to be operative in regulation of mineralocorticoid hormones.
The image: print and pixel

There is little question that we live in an age of images, in a mediated environment in which the image is ever-present – with its effects nevertheless still growing [1]. This essay – as an introduction to the four papers that follow – examines aspects of the complex questions surrounding the image and those that accompany the shift from print to pixel.
Education: Medical Technology and Clinical Laboratory Science Faculty Salary Survey

Faculty salaries are of interest to those who teach in medical technology and clinical laboratory science programs. A questionnaire was sent to the program directors of 135 university-based programs; 60% responded. The salaries reported were compiled by academic rank according to geographic location and type of program. Salary variations were noted in different geographic locations and between academic ranks. There was a larger increase in salary between the associate professor and full professor ranks than between other academic ranks.
The waterfall paradox: How knickpoints disconnect hillslope and channel processes, isolating salmonid populations in ideal habitats

Abstract Waterfalls create barriers to fish migration, yet hundreds of isolated salmonid populations exist above barriers and have persisted for thousands of years in steep mountainous terrain. Ecological theory indicates that small isolated populations in disturbance-prone landscapes are at greatest risk of extirpation because immigration and recolonization are not possible. On the contrary, many above-barrier populations are currently thriving while their downstream counterparts are dwindling. This quandary led us to explore geomorphic knickpoints as a mechanism for disconnecting hillslope and channel processes by limiting channel incision and decreasing the pace of base-level lowering. Using LiDAR from the Oregon Coast Range, we found gentler channel gradients, wider valleys, lower gradient hillslopes, and less shallow landslide potential in an above-barrier catchment compared to a neighboring catchment devoid of persistent knickpoints. Based on this unique geomorphic template, above-barrier channel networks are less prone to debris flows and other episodic sediment fluxes. These above-barrier catchments also have greater resiliency to flooding, owing to wider valleys with greater floodplain connectivity. Habitat preference models further indicate that salmonid habitat is present in greater quantity and quality in these above-barrier networks. Therefore the paradox of the persistence of small isolated fish populations may be facilitated by a geomorphic mechanism that both limits their connectivity to larger fish populations yet dampens the effect of disturbance by decreasing connections between hillslope and channel processes above geomorphic knickpoints.
Induction of leukemia and ovarian tumors in mice by pulse-doses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Pulse-doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene and 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene share a remarkable ability to damage selectively endocrine glands and targets of hormones in female rodents. Both compounds depress synthesis of DNA in ileum and spleen. In CF-1 mice, 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene and 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene severely injured the ovary and elicited ovarian tumors and leukemia, whereas the adrenal was uninjured by these compounds. 3-Methylcholanthrene and benzo[ a ]pyrene induced leukemia, but ovarian tumors did not develop. In adult rats, a pulse-dose of 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene caused adrenal apoplexy but did not evoke ovarian tumors. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Lipid emulsions of hydrocarbons were prepared by P. E. Schurr, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan. We are grateful to Eugene DeSombre, Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, for measurement of radioactivity.
The Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response Protects against Anoxia in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a surveillance pathway that defends proteostasis in the “powerhouse” of the cell. Activation of the UPRmt protects against stresses imposed by reactive oxygen species, respiratory chain deficits, and pathologic bacteria. Consistent with the UPRmt’s role in adaption, we found that either its pharmacological or genetic activation by ethidium bromide (EtBr) or RNAi of the mitochondrial AAA-protease spg-7 was sufficient to reduce death in an anoxia-based Caenorhabditis elegans model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The UPRmt-specific transcription factor atfs-1 was necessary for protection and atfs-1 gain-of-function (gf) mutants were endogenously protected from both death and dysfunction. Neurons exhibited less axonal degeneration following non-lethal anoxia-reperfusion (A-R) when the UPRmt was pre-activated, and consistent with the concept of mitochondrial stress leading to cell non-autonomous (ie. “remote”) effects, we found that restricted activation of the UPRmt in neurons decreased A-R death. However, expression of the atfs-1(gf) mutant in neurons, which resulted in a robust activation of a neuronal UPRmt, did not upregulate the UPRmt in distal tissues, nor did it protect the worms from A-R toxicity. These findings suggest that remote signaling requires additional component(s) acting downstream of de facto mitochondrial stress.
Industry professionals’ evaluation of apparel design student portfolios

ABSTRACTPortfolios are an important component of an apparel design student’s application package for both internships and entry-level jobs in the industry. The portfolio must be aesthetically pleasing and demonstrate the skills desired by the design professionals making hiring decisions. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted with 51 industry professionals regarding the content and presentation of apparel design portfolios. Results indicate that students must demonstrate a breadth of strong creative and technical design skills. Portfolios submitted for an internship are expected to differ in content from the ones submitted for an entry-level design position. Design managers were found to use the portfolio’s layout and content as a cue to the applicant’s skill level, organisational skills, and work habits. Additionally, participants provided advice to students on how to present their portfolio during a job interview.
Realistic geometry for the track simulation and reconstruction in the ATLAS muon spectrometer

The ATLAS muon spectrometer is arguably the largest precision instrument ever constructed in the field of high energy particle physics, we describe the methods used to include the geometrical factors impacting the momentum measurement of high energetic muons in the ATLAS offline software. These include geometrical mis-alignment, chamber deformation and wire sagging.
Abstract PL02-03: Diet, nutrition, and cancer: Past, present, and future

For many years, Dr. John Milner was a champion for research on diet, nutrition and cancer. As part of his memorial symposium, this presentation will review the state of science on this topic, including a consideration of where the field has been, where it is today, and opportunities for future progress. The 1980s focused research on this topic, with the publication of several landmark reports, including the 1982 publication on “Diet, Nutrition and Cancer” by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, which was followed by a Surgeon General9s Report on Nutrition and Health in 1988 and several other landmark publications. The conclusions of these reports reflected a cautious optimism that diet might provide a strategy for cancer prevention, at least for selected cancers, and noted new directions for research to propel the field forward. Nearly a decade later (in 1997), another landmark report on nutrition and cancer was released, the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research report on “Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective,” which was updated in 2007 and continuously thereafter. The decades of research described in these reports demonstrate a substantial evolution in the scientific evidence base linking diet, nutrition and cancer prevention. As will be discussed, advances in dietary assessment and analysis, interpretation of dietary/nutrient data in relation to cancer risk, recognition of tumor heterogeneity, and consideration of hierarchy of research evidence have provided greater clarity to early findings in the field. Similarly, a new wave of technological advances, largely based in genetics/genomics, is now enabling exciting new lines of investigation into diet, nutrition and cancer. Dr. Milner was a passionate advocate for the incorporation of genetic and genomic technologies into nutrition research, and emphasized the value of mechanistically-based research for a more comprehensive understanding of the role of nutrition in carcinogenesis. The impact of his vision and leadership on emerging topics in diet, nutrition and cancer is evident as will be presented. Citation Format: Susan T. Mayne. Diet, nutrition, and cancer: Past, present, and future. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr PL02-03.
Mixed-weight open locating-dominating sets

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and other monitoring systems often use sensors of multiple strengths within the same network. This information is lost when the network is modeled by a typical non-weighted graph. We introduce the mixed-weight open locating-dominating set (mixed-weight OLD-set), an extension of the open locating-dominating set, that allows vertices in the graph to have different weights. We show that finding the minimum mixed-weight OLD-set is NP-complete, establish probabilistic bounds for the size of mixed-weight OLD-sets in random graphs, and provide simulation results supporting those bounds.
Leisure, Relatedness, and Ill-Being among Older Adults in Long-Term Care

ABSTRACTA self-determination theoretical framework was applied to examine the relationship between leisure activity engagement and ill-being (depression and health) and the mediating role of relatedness, measured as social support, among older adults in long-term care (N = 110). Results from the latent variable structural equation models suggest that, when controlling for functional status, participating in leisure activities was related to lower ill-being. This relationship was mediated by social support, such that activity engagement facilitated relatedness and relatedness was associated with improved mental and physical health. Discussion of the importance of leisure activities and social support as well as intervention implications are included.
The Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR): Decadal Mission concept technology development overview

The Large Ultraviolet / Optical / Infrared (LUVOIR) Surveyor is one of four large mission concept studies being developed by NASA for consideration in the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. LUVOIR will support a broad range of science objectives, including the direct imaging and spectral characterization of habitable exoplanets around sun-like stars, the study of galaxy formation and evolution, the epoch of reionization, star and planet formation, and the remote sensing of Solar System bodies. The LUVOIR Science and Technology Definition Team (STDT) has tasked a Technology Working Group (TWG), with more than 60 members from NASA centers, academia, industry, and international partners, with identifying technologies that enable or enhance the LUVOIR science mission. The TWG has identified such technologies in the areas of Coronagraphy, Ultra-Stable Opto-mechanical Systems, Detectors, Coatings, Starshades, and Instrument Components, and has completed a detailed assessment of the state-of-the-art. We present here a summary of this technology assessment effort, as well as the current progress in defining a technology development plan to mature these technologies to the required technology readiness level (TRL).
Time-resolved measurements of an ion channel conformational change driven by a membrane phase transition

Using temperature-jump infrared spectroscopy, we are able to trigger a gel-to-fluid phase transition in lipid vesicles and monitor in real time how a membrane protein responds to structural changes in the membrane. The melting of lipid domains in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine vesicles is observed to occur in as fast as 50 ns, with a temperature dependence characteristic of critical slowing. Gramicidin D (gD) added to the membrane responds primarily to the change in thickness of the membrane on a timescale coincident with the membrane melting. Using structure-based spectral modeling, we assign the conformational changes to compression and rotation of a partially dissociated gD dimer. Free energy calculations indicate that the high rate is a result of near-barrierless diffusion on a protein energy landscape that is radically reshaped by membrane thinning. The structural changes associated with the phase transition are similar to the fluctuation modes of fluid phase membranes, highlighting the importance of understanding the dynamic nature of the membrane environment around proteins.
Event-Related Potential Paradigms Using Tin Electrodes

ABSTRACT.The introduction of electrode placement caps as a rapid means of electrode application has prompted an evaluation of their position placement accuracy and technical reliability for electroencephalography (1). Such caps appear to provide quick, highly consistent electrode placement, ready adaptation for unconventional electrode sites (e.g. “Oz”) and reliable recordings for EEG activity. However, it is not clear how the tin electrodes employed in these devices might affect event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Since metals differ in their capability to transmit electrical signals (2) and because a long time-constant is optimal for recording of several ERP components (3) a comparison of ERPs recorded with the often used nonpolarizable silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes and the tin electrodes was made.
Improvement of Threshold Voltage Reliability of 4H-SiC MOSFETs With Lanthanum Silicate by High Temperature Forming Gas Anneal

We report the effect of a high-temperature forming gas anneal (FGA) on the electrical characteristics and threshold voltage (VT) instability of high-mobility Si-face (0001) 4H-SiC metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with lanthanum silicate (LaSiOx). The MOSFET with LaSiOx after 800 °C FGA in 5% H2 and 95% N2 mixture shows significantly reduced VT shift under 3-MV/cm positive bias stressing from 2.78 to 1.65 V, while maintaining high field-effect mobility of 122.7 cm2/Vs and sufficiently positive VT of 2.76 V.
Psychopathy and entertainment preferences: Clarifying the role of abnormal and normal personality in music and movie interests

Abstract We examined the associations between psychopathic subdimensions and music and movie genre preferences in a community sample (N = 429). We also considered the extent to which these relations were specific to psychopathy per se as opposed to other personality disorder or general personality traits. Fearless Dominance psychopathy features were moderately related to a variety of entertainment preferences, whereas Self-centered Impulsivity and Coldheartedness traits were largely unrelated. There was a notable lack of specificity in psychopathy subdimensions' relations with entertainment preferences: Leadership/Authority narcissism features, extraversion, and openness to experience were also moderately positively associated with a swath of entertainment interests whereas Entitlement/Exploitativeness narcissism features and Machiavellianism were largely unrelated. The higher-order trait of Beta, comprising extraversion and openness, statistically accounted for most of the associations between Fearless Dominance and entertainment preferences. In accordance with “niche picking” theories, our findings suggest that individuals' may prefer genres of music and movies that most closely align with their respective personality traits.
Social Issues as a Focus of Community Studies

Community studies has a long history of employing participant observation strategies in the study of social issues. This chapter opens with an accounting of that history and then provides practical guidance on the use of participant observation as a data collection strategy. Relative advantages and challenges of participant observation are considered. Approaches for planning participant observation, for data collection in the field and for the analysis of participant observation data are detailed. The aim is not to suggest that every study of a social issue be a participant observation study, but rather to provide a road map of how the integration of participant observation might benefit the study of social issues.
Severe Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis with deep corneal involvement.

Abstract Purpose To describe a case of Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis with deep involvement of the corneal stroma and discuss its management. Observations A 73 year-old monocular male with infectious keratitis of the right eye was referred to the Wilmer Eye Institute after a month of empiric treatment with besifloxacin. On presentation, slit lamp examination of the right eye demonstrated a diffusely edematous cornea with three areas of corneal infiltrates and an overlying epithelial defect and a 1.3 mm hypopyon in the anterior chamber. The corneal culture performed grew A. xylosoxidans. Empiric antibiotic regimen was adjusted once corneal culture susceptibility results were available. Seven days later, slit lamp examination demonstrated a resolving epithelial defect, stable infiltrates, and resolution of the hypopyon. After approximately two months of follow up with his primary ophthalmologist, he was noted to have recurrent hypopyon and infiltrates and was referred back to Wilmer. Slit lamp examination again demonstrated an epithelial defect, diffuse corneal haze, deep stromal infiltrates, and a 1 mm hypopyon. Corneal infiltrates were too deep to culture. Ultimately, the patient underwent a therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty with anterior chamber washout resulting in improvement of vision. Conclusions and importance The indolent progression of A. xylosoxidans keratitis may predispose patients to delayed presentation and treatment. This can result in deep stromal infection that complicates management due to poor antibiotic penetration. Deep stromal infections in A. xylosoxidans keratitis warrant the consideration of intrastromal antibiotic injection or early therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty.
Lessons from the Legislative History of Federal Special Education Law: A Vignette for Advocates

Assume you are a doctoral student in a discipline serving individuals with disabilities and their families. Assume your major advisor, Professor Shelly Keats, received an invitation to testify before a Congressional committee that is preparing a bill to reauthorize (re-enact) the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The committee members want to know about the types of interventions and services they should require educators to use.
Explaining the Varying Levels of Adoption of E-government Services in American Municipal Government:

Technological innovations offer opportunities for governments to connect with citizens and improve service provision efficiency and effectiveness, but why do some governments adopt these innovation...
Judgment and Decision Making in Genome Sequencing

Abstract Genome sequencing involves a host of decisions on the part of the provider and client, including whether to be tested, when and how to receive sequencing results, whether to inform biological relatives, and whether to take protective actions to reduce risk. In this chapter, we consider the relevance of research in the decision sciences to decisions in the genome sequencing context. We review the role of cognitive factors (e.g., use of heuristics, low numeracy), affective factors (e.g., incidental emotions, affective forecasting), and motivational factors (e.g., regarding oneself positively, adhering to social norms) in judgment and decision-making. In so doing, we consider how knowledge of these factors might inform practice toward the end of improving preference-based decision-making regarding the results of genome sequencing.
The age of a wake

This study attempts to quantify the decay rates of stratified wakes in active oceanic environments, characterized by the presence of intermittent turbulence and double-diffusive convection. Of particular interest is the possibility of utilizing standard oceanographic microstructure measurements as a means of wake identification and analysis. The investigation is based on a series of direct numerical simulations of wakes produced by a sphere uniformly propagating in stratified two-component fluids. We examine and compare the evolution of wakes in fluid systems that are (i) initially quiescent, (ii) double-diffusively unstable, and (iii) contain preexisting turbulence. The model diagnostics are focused primarily on the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (e) and thermal variance (χ). The analysis of decay patterns of e and χ indicates that microstructure generated by an object of D = 0.6 m in diameter moving at the speed of U = 0.02 m/s could be detected, using modern high-resolution profiling instruments, for 0.5–0.7 h. The detection period depends on environmental conditions; convective overturns are shown to be particularly effective in terms of dispersion of microscale wake signatures. The extrapolation of model results to objects of ∼10 m in diameter propagating with speeds of ∼10 m/s suggests that the microstructure-based wake detection is feasible for at least 4 h after the object’s passage through the monitored areas. The overall conclusion from our study is that the measurement of microscale signatures of turbulent wakes could represent a viable method for hydrodynamic detection of propagating submersibles.
International Initiatives in AI

In the final chapter we examine how AI is affecting the world’s economies. We review the European Union’s Declaration and its Communication of 2018, its very important General Data Protection Regulation, its draft AI Guidelines, and other Directives and initiatives affecting its member states. We then proceed to a discussion on how the People’s Republic of China is making major advances in AI with its projected expenditures of some $1.6 trillion by the year 2030. We review in depth its New Generation Artificial Development Plan AI. We then examine how the Middle East and Latin America are attempting to incorporate AI into their economies. Lastly, we examine international conventions and declarations, in particular the ASILOMAR AI Principles and future trends coupled with a discussion of consciousness as it applies to AI.
Ablation of Endothelial TRPV4 Channels Alters the Dynamic Ca2+ Signaling Profile in Mouse Carotid Arteries

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels (TRPV4) are pivotal regulators of vascular homeostasis. Altered TRPV4 signaling has recently been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. These versatile nonselective cation channels increase endothelial Ca2+ influx in response to various stimuli including shear stress and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation. Recent findings suggest TRPV4 channels produce localized Ca2+ transients at the endothelial cell plasma membrane that may allow targeted effector recruitment and promote large-scale Ca2+ events via release from internal stores (endoplasmic reticulum). However, the specific impact of TRPV4 channels on Ca2+ signaling in the intact arterial intima remains unknown. In the current study, we employ an endothelium-specific TRPV4 knockout mouse model (ecTRPV4−/−) to identify and characterize TRPV4-dependent endothelial Ca2+ dynamics. We find that carotid arteries from both ecTRPV4−/− and WT mice exhibit a range of basal and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced Ca2+ dynamics, similar in net frequency. Analysis of discrete Ca2+ event parameters (amplitude, duration, and spread) and event composite values reveals that while ecTRPV4−/− artery endothelium predominantly produces large Ca2+ events comparable to and in excess of those produced by WT endothelium, they are deficient in a particular population of small events, under both basal and ACh-stimulated conditions. These findings support the concept that TRPV4 channels are responsible for generating a distinct population of focal Ca2+ transients in the intact arterial endothelium, likely underlying their essential role in vascular homeostasis.
Educationalizing Jefferson’s Revolutionary Theory

The educational implications of Jefferson’s theory are identified and conceptualized. Primary attention is devoted to the “human capacity to revise,” a capacity that is theorized as constituting the existential guts of what Jefferson was attempting to elucidate conceptually and to activate politically through the rhetoric of his revolutionary thought. The human capacity to revise is shown to be not only a vital educational dimension of Jefferson’s theory, but also a moral capacity crucial to the healthy development of both democratic personalities and cultures, as reflected historically in ancient Athenian democracy. The final sections discuss how Jefferson’s understanding of the moral sense gave him confidence that future generations of Americans would be able to transform themselves by revising and renewing their founding principles in novel circumstances. Educators are urged to exercise this vital democratic capacity through a radical revaluation of questioning, itself a component of the capacity to revise.
Influence of oversewing the transverse staple line during functional end-to-end stapled intestinal anastomoses in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oversewing the transverse staple line after functional end-to-end stapled intestinal anastomoses (FEESA) on canine jejunal leakage pressures. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, ex vivo, randomized study. SAMPLE POPULATION Jejunal segments from three adult canine cadavers. METHODS Jejunal segments were harvested within 2 hours of euthanasia and anastomosed (24 jejunal segments per group, consisting of two segments per construct with n = 12/ group). Constructs were then randomly assigned to receive FEESA alone, FEESA + Cushing oversew, or FEESA + simple-continuous oversew of the transverse staple line with 3-0 polydioxanone. Results for initial leakage pressure (ILP) and maximal leakage pressure (MLP) and initial leakage location (LL) were compared between groups. RESULTS Mean ILP was 1.8-fold higher for FEESA + Cushing oversew (62.4 ± 7.8 mm Hg) compared with FEESA alone and FEESA + simple-continuous oversew (P < .001). Mean MLP were higher for both oversewn techniques compared with FEESA alone (P < .001). Oversewing the transverse staple line with either pattern increased mean MLP by 1.4-fold compared with FEESA alone. Leakage occurred at the level of the transverse staple line in nonoversewn constructs (P < .001). CONCLUSION Oversewing the transverse staple line after FEESA increased MLP and decreased the occurrence of leakage at this location. Oversewing with a Cushing pattern increased ILP compared with oversew with a simple-continuous pattern. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide evidence to support oversewing the transverse staple line after FEESA. Doing so may reduce the occurrence of postoperative dehiscence. These findings warrant additional focused investigation in vivo through a prospective randomized clinical trial.
Provider‐Selected Training Needs and Associations With Related Practices in Childcare Settings in Minnesota and Wisconsin

Background Early care and education settings (ECE) are potential venues for young children to develop healthy lifestyle habits. The study assesses training needs and associations with relevant practices of licensed ECE providers across Minnesota and Wisconsin. Methods A random sample of 823 providers completed a 97-item survey assessing nutrition and physical activity (PA) practices and training needs. Logistic regression, adjusted for program type (center- and family home-based), and location (urban/rural) examined associations between the top 3 selected training needs and provider practices. Results Top training needs: (1) ways to effectively engage parents about healthy eating and PA, (2) low-cost ways to serve healthy foods, and (3) fun and easy nutrition education curricula. Providers who reported being not happy/somewhat happy vs happy/very happy with parent communication were more likely to need training to engage parents. Among providers who prepared food on-site, shopping at Farmer's Market had lower odds of needing training for serving healthy meals on a budget. Not having completed nutrition training in the past year providers were more likely to need training for fun and easy nutrition education curricula. Conclusions Providers need additional training to improve communication with parents, healthy food shopping practices, and nutrition-related games.
Genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of the non-model yeast Issatchenkia orientalis SD108 and its application to organic acids production

Abstract Many platform chemicals can be produced from renewable biomass by microorganisms, with organic acids making up a large fraction. Intolerance to the resulting low pH growth conditions, however, remains a challenge for the industrial production of organic acids by microorganisms. Issatchenkia orientalis SD108 is a promising host for industrial production because it is tolerant to acidic conditions as low as pH 2.0. With the goal to systematically assess the metabolic capabilities of this non-model yeast, we developed a genome-scale metabolic model for I. orientalis SD108 spanning 850 genes, 1826 reactions, and 1702 metabolites. In order to improve the model’s quantitative predictions, organism-specific macromolecular composition and ATP maintenance requirements were determined experimentally and implemented. We examined its network topology, including essential genes and flux coupling analysis and drew comparisons with the Yeast 8.3 model for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We explored the carbon substrate utilization and examined the organism’s production potential for the industrially-relevant succinic acid, making use of the OptKnock framework to identify gene knockouts which couple production of the targeted chemical to biomass production. The genome-scale metabolic model iIsor850 is a data-supported curated model which can inform genetic interventions for overproduction.
How International Human Rights Law Potentially Applies to Development NGOs in a Post-Mass Atrocity Context Working in Partnership with/as Proxies of States

This chapter examines how international human rights law potentially applies to development NGOs working as proxies for governments in the provision of social services. It details the intricate relationship NGOs have with states and how increasingly they act as implementing agents of the state globally, and therefore have corresponding human rights responsibilities. It explores the power and resources that NGOs have and the extent to which they can influence development policy and implementation in a way that either advances the respect and fulfillment of human rights or violates and denies them. It uses the framework David Karp creates for the human rights responsibilities of corporations and illustrates how this can apply to NGOs. It shows that many reputable NGOs, such as Oxfam and Save the Children, have exhibited problematic human rights policies and practices. It argues that they need to be held to account and their policies and practices urgently improved. It further provides evidence that NGOs cannot rely exclusively on self-regulation because it is insufficient to ensure the respect and fulfillment of human rights.
Low Back Pain, Abdominal Pain and Headache

Chronic back pain, abdominal pain and headache are by far the most common symptoms that bring patients to physicians. Although all three types of pain have potentially dangerous causes, in the vast majority of cases no medical cause can be identified, so-called medically unexplained symptoms. Imaging the back, abdomen or brain with CT or MRI is appropriate in a subset of patients, particularly when pain is acute and/or associated with “red flags,” but it is rarely helpful for chronic isolated pain. Nonspecific incidental findings on imaging are an important cause for developing chronic pain via the nocebo effect. Depression, stress and inactivity are major risk factors for developing chronic low back pain, and regular exercise, including stretching and relaxation techniques, is key to successful management. Peptic ulcer disease nicely illustrates the complex interaction of biopsychosocial factors in the production of symptoms. Although infection with H. pylori and chronic use of NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal irritation, psychological stress and genetic variants can influence whether or not ulcers develop. Other environmental risk factors include smoking, alcohol use and obesity. In many ways, migraine is the prototypical psychophysiological disorder, with genetic underpinning overlapping anxiety and depression, symptoms associated with observable physiological changes in the brain, and stress a common trigger.