cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minorities and Foreigners in a Provincial Iranian City: Bahāʾis in the Russian Consulate of Isfahan in 1903

This article is about the struggles of a persecuted confessional minority in Qajar Iran. It shows that the massacre of the Bahāʾis in Isfahan in 1903 was representative of the ongoing power struggles in the city. Previous scholarship that has briefly explored these events has relied primarily on a handful of British diplomatic sources. Drawing on unexplored documents in British and Iranian archives, this article provides crucial details about the social dynamics on the ground and stresses the role of key actors involved in this episode in Iranian history. In the process, the article puts together the socio-economic contexts of the events in Isfahan, explains why the Bahāʾis sought foreign protection, and analyzes the attitudes of powerful local actors such as Zell al-Soltān and Āqā Najafi.
Surgical Pathology of Lymph Nodes in Cancer Staging: Routine and Specialized Techniques

The processing of lymph node-bearing tissue for pathologic staging follows relatively well-accepted techniques for gross dissection and microscopic examination. In addition, a variety of special techniques have been offered for increasing the sensitivity of detection of metastatic disease, including xylene clearance, serial macroscopic of microscopic sectioning, immunohistochemistry, and others. These techniques are presented with a consideration of the expected increased yield or lymph node metastases. At present, the biologic significance of 7“occult” micrometastases and submicroscopic metastases is uncertain, and therefore, the role of these specialized techniques in the routine evaluation of lymph nodes is unclear.
Structure–function relationships in single molecule rectification by N-phenylbenzamide derivatives

We examine structure–function relationships in a series of N-phenylbenzamide (NPBA) derivatives by using computational modeling to identify molecular structures that exhibit both rectification and good conductance together with experimental studies of bias-dependent single molecule conductance and rectification behavior using the scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique. From a large number of computationally screened molecular diode structures, we have identified NPBA as a promising candidate, relative to the other structures that were screened. We demonstrate experimentally that conductance and rectification are both enhanced by functionalization of the NPBA 4-carboxamido-aniline moiety with electron donating methoxy groups, and are strongly correlated with the energy of the conducting frontier orbital relative to the Fermi level of the gold leads used in break-junction experiments.
Diatomic Molecular Spectra

The primary interactions of light and matter take the form of emission, absorption, or scattering.
Basketball officiating as a gendered arena: An autoethnography

Abstract In this study, an autoethnographic methodological approach was used to examine my basketball officiating experience as a female. Autoethnography involves situating the self's experiences in the context of the setting and the culture at-large. My experiences as a female basketball official over the course of 250 games are examined. The details of the officiating autoethnography will simultaneously be compared to sport-specific feminist autoethnographies. Further, I argue that the merits of autoethnography combined with the general underrepresentation of females in sports officiating make it such that the autoethnographic approach undertaken in this examination provides support for continued varied qualitative approaches in sport management research.
Social Politics: The Eustace Diamonds

Trollope always maintained that The Eustace Diamonds (1871—3)1, one of his most popular novels, was not one of his best. The novel received considerable attention in the reviews, and reactions were mostly favorable. Exceptions were the Athenaeum, only lukewarm in its praise; the Spectator, which found Lizzie unbelievable and unsympathetic, the other characters (with the exception of Lord Fawn — a general favorite) loathe-some, base, sordid, and unreal, and the novel generally depressing; and the Nation (New York), which complained of the novelist’s “familiar mannerious” and “formal slowness.” The Examiner, and Harper’s Magazine (New York), both said The Eustace Diamonds was Trollope’s greatest novel; while The Times, calling it one of his best, added that in it Trollope “has done one of the most difficult things in the world — he has made a respectable man [Fawn] interesting.” The Saturday Review satisfied itself by announcing that “Trollope is himself again” and that Lizzie would live forever.2
Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Branched Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens in Inbred Mice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses specific immune response genes of guinea pigs. Two inbred guinea pig strains, 2 and 13, as well as random bred lines were used to study the genetic control of specific immune responsiveness. The PLL gene was the first specific Ir gene identified. It controls responsiveness to poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-L-arginine, to a copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-lysine, and to all hapten conjugates of these polypeptides. The PLL gene is found in all strain 2 guinea pigs and is lacking in strain 13 animals. Another gene designated as the “GA gene” was identified in all inbred strain 2 guinea pigs; it controlled responsiveness to a random linear copolymer containing 60% L-glutamic acid and 40% L-alanine (GA). Similarly to the PLL gene, the GA gene was not found in strain 13 guinea pigs. A third gene was identified in inbred guinea pigs. It was concerned with responsiveness to a random linear copolymer composed of 50% L-glutamic acid and 50% L-tyrosine and is called the “GT gene.”
Bayesian linearized rock-physics inversion

ABSTRACTThe estimation of rock and fluid properties from seismic attributes is an inverse problem. Rock-physics modeling provides physical relations to link elastic and petrophysical variables. Most of these models are nonlinear; therefore, the inversion generally requires complex iterative optimization algorithms to estimate the reservoir model of petrophysical properties. We have developed a new approach based on the linearization of the rock-physics forward model using first-order Taylor series approximations. The mathematical method adopted for the inversion is the Bayesian approach previously applied successfully to amplitude variation with offset linearized inversion. We developed the analytical formulation of the linearized rock-physics relations for three different models: empirical, granular media, and inclusion models, and we derived the formulation of the Bayesian rock-physics inversion under Gaussian assumptions for the prior distribution of the model. The application of the inversion to real ...
Stop the carts.

Nurses and pharmacists at the University of Utah Hospitals & Clinics successfully implement an automated medication distribution system to cut costs, and find they also create measurable process improvements.
Isotope geochemistry reveals ontogeny of dispersal and exchange between main‐river and tributary habitats in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu

Radiogenic strontium isotope ratios (87 Sr:86 Sr) in otoliths were compared with isotope ratios predicted from models and observed in water sampling to reconstruct the movement histories of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu between main-river and adjacent tributary habitats. A mechanistic model incorporating isotope geochemistry, weathering processes and basin accumulation reasonably predicted observed river 87 Sr:86 Sr across the study area and provided the foundations for experimental design and inferring fish provenance. Exchange between rivers occurred frequently, with nearly half (48%) of the 209 individuals displaying changes in otolith 87 Sr:86 Sr reflecting movement between isotopically distinct rivers. The majority of between-river movements occurred in the first year and often within the first few months of life. Although more individuals were observed moving from the main river into tributaries, this pattern did not necessarily reflect asymmetry in exchange. Several individuals made multiple movements between rivers over their lifetimes; no patterns were found, however, that suggest seasonal or migratory movement. The main-river sport fishery is strongly supported by recruitment from tributary spawning, as 26% of stock size individuals in the main river were spawned in tributaries. The prevailing pattern of early juvenile dispersal documented in this study has not been observed previously for this species and suggests that the process of establishing seasonal home-range areas occurs up to 2 years earlier than originally hypothesized. Extensive exchange between rivers would have substantial implications for management of M. dolomieu populations in river-tributary networks.
Price-optimal querying with data APIs

Data is increasingly being purchased online in data markets and REST APIs have emerged as a favored method to acquire such data. Typically, sellers charge buyers based on how much data they purchase. In many scenarios, buyers need to make repeated calls to the seller's API. The challenge is then for buyers to keep track of the data they purchase and avoid purchasing the same data twice. In this paper, we propose lightweight modifications to data APIs to achieve optimal history-aware pricing so that buyers are only charged once for data that they have purchased and that has not been updated. The key idea behind our approach is the notion of refunds: buyers buy data as needed but have the ability to ask for refunds of data that they had already purchased before. We show that our techniques can provide significant data cost savings while reducing overheads by two orders of magnitude as compared to the state-of-the-art competing approaches.
The Relationship Between Uncompensated Care and Hospital Financial Position: Implications of the ACA Medicaid Expansion for Hospital Operating Margins

Objective : Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act has reduced the number of uninsured Americans and, by extension, has reduced uncompensated care. However, whether these changes improve hospital finances is a complex question, and the answer depends on the relative payment amounts that hospitals receive from Medicaid, uninsured patients, and private insurers and the extent to which Medicaid coverage crowds-out private insurance. We explore these effects and identify the conditions under which Medicaid expansion will improve hospital finances. Data : Nationally representative inpatient, emergency department, and outpatient event files from the 2001-2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Study Design : We estimate average hospital reimbursements by payer source (Medicaid, uninsured, privately insured) in the inpatient, emergency department, and outpatient hospital settings and use these estimates to simulate the impact of changes in payer mix on uncompensated care and hospital revenues. Principal Findings : Overall, hospitals receive 9 times as much reimbursement from Medicaid as from uninsured patients with the same conditions in the inpatient setting and 2.5 times as much in the emergency department and outpatient settings. Hospitals receive 1.5 times more for privately insured patients than Medicaid in the inpatient setting and over 3 times as much in the emergency department and outpatient settings. We find that very high crowd-out would be required to reduce inpatient revenue (70%) and moderately high crowd-out would be required to reduce emergency department and outpatient revenue (30%). Conclusions : The financial impact of Medicaid expansion on hospitals will vary across care settings and conditions as well as the extent to which new Medicaid patients would otherwise have been uninsured or would have had private insurance.
Histopathology of Prostate Cancer

This review focuses on histopathological aspects of carcinoma of the prostate. A tissue diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is often essential for establishing a diagnosis of prostate cancer, and the foundation for a tissue diagnosis is currently light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections. Markers detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections can support a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma that is primary in the prostate gland or metastatic. Histological variants of carcinoma of the prostate are important for diagnostic recognition of cancer or as clinicopathologic entities that have prognostic and/or therapeutic significance. Histological grading of adenocarcinoma of the prostate, including use of the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) modified Gleason grades and the new grade groups, is one of the most powerful prognostic indicators for clinically localized prostate cancer, and is one of the most critical factors in determination of management of these patients.
Nativity and citizenship status affect Latinos’ health insurance coverage under the ACA

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) aimed to increase health insurance access for the over 47 million uninsured people in the U.S.A., among whom ethnoracial minorities had the...
Abstract 267: The Impact of Modulating Afterload on Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Background: Increased hemodynamic stress induces left ventricular hypertrophy followed by heart failure. Accumulating evidence suggests that the adult mammalian heart possess regeneration ability through the action of resident stem/progenitor cell. However, the effects of hemodynamic fluctuation on cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and cardiac repair remain unknown. Results: Proliferation of Cardiac Side Population (CSP) cells and cardiomyocytes was evaluated in experimental models of Ascending Aortic Constriction (AAC)-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in mice, over a period of seven weeks. Continuous AAC caused LVH while increasing the number of BrdU + CSP cells (one week post-AAC) and the amount of BrdU + cardiomyocytes (seven weeks post-AAC). To evaluate the effects of pressure fluctuation on CSP cell and cardiomyocyte proliferation we generated another group (de-AAC) in which the constriction was removed one week post-AAC. Interestingly, restoration of cardiac pressure further increased the proliferative capacity of CSP cells and cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Our data show that restoration of hemodynamic stress confers favorable effects on cardiac repair through increase proliferation of CSP cells and cardiomyocytes. Thus, the hemodynamic state of the heart might be related to CSP cell proliferation and cardiomyogenesis.
Rapid determination of free prolyl dipeptides and 4-hydroxyproline in urine using flow-gated capillary electrophoresis

Unhydrolyzed prolyl hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) and total 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) in urine have been suggested as disease biomarkers for bone turnover and osteoporosis. Here, a rapid method was developed to accurately and selectively determine free prolyl compounds in unhydrolyzed urine samples. Urine samples were treated with o-phthalaldehyde to block primary amines followed by selective fluorogenic derivatization of secondary amines using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) at room temperature. The derivatized mixture was then directly analyzed and quantitated on a flow-gated capillary electrophoresis system. Six prolyl compounds: Pro-Hyp, Pro-Pro, Pro-Gly, Pro-Leu, Hyp, and Pro in unhydrolyzed urine samples were separated in 30 s, which was > 60-fold faster than the reported HPLC method, using the separation buffer (pH 9.2) composed of tetraborate, cholate, and deoxycholate at 40 mM each. The limits of detection were ~ 20 nM for the dipeptides and ~ 60 nM for Hyp and Pro. The levels of these prolyl compounds in fresh urine samples were determined by using the one-point standard addition method with nipecotic acid as the internal standard. The present protocol was significantly simplified compared with reported techniques, which could improve accuracy and analytical speed. This method is potentially useful in the determination of prolyl dipeptides and Hyp in biological fluids.
Webs of Support: An Integrative Framework of Relationships, Social Networks, and Social Support for Positive Youth Development

Supportive relationships promote positive academic, behavioral, and psychological outcomes, while also buffering against negative outcomes. Traditionally, there has been a schism in how developmental scientists study relationships, with studies focused either on relationship quality and supports within dyads or general structures of relationships and social capital across social networks. While these lines of research provide insight into the power of relationships, resources, and networks for youth, they have not fully captured how relationships and resources operate in a relational developmental system. Drawing from relationship, social support, social capital, and social network literatures, this article presents a new framework, webs of support, to actualize how relationships and resources optimally operate to promote more accurate examinations of how adolescents gain the developmental supports necessary to thrive. This article also discusses implications and poses larger questions about the use of this framework in research and practice.
The Logic of Science and the Science of Logic: Toward a Science of Reasoning

We have seen that neither formal logic, nor the psychology of reasoning, nor the new rhetoric, offer completely sound approaches to the science of reasoning, though each has something valuable to contribute. Formal logic is rigorous and systematic but formal i. e., it is no empirical science; the psychology of reasoning is sound insofar as it is empirical, but its experimental method has intrinsic limitations and needs to be supplemented, and perhaps replaced, by an observational, historical, introspective approach; the new rhetoric is valuable for the generality of its aim but needs to be made more concrete, vis-a-vis both the materials of reasoning and logical analysis. Let us continue our critical review of available approaches.
Does prosthetic humeral articular surface positioning associate with outcome after total shoulder arthroplasty

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of humeral articular component positioning on changes in patient-reported outcomes after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods This was a retrospective series of consecutive patients at 2 high-volume referral centers. The study included patients with (1) a preoperative and postoperative radiograph demonstrating a perfect or nearly perfect profile of the humerus and implant and (2) Simple Shoulder Test, visual analog scale for pain, and American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Shoulder Assessment scores preoperatively and at greater than 2 years postoperatively. Head height, head diameter, tuberosity-to-head height distance, inclination, and medial offset of the center of rotation (COR) were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Distance and direction from the ideal COR to the reconstructed center of rotation was measured. Measurements were correlated with improvement in functional outcomes. Results The study included 95 patients, aged 66 ± 9 years, with a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 1.7 years. An a priori power analysis suggested that a sample size of 95 patients provided 80% power to detect correlations of R2 = 0.07. The COR shift was >2 mm in 62% of patients and >4 mm 15%. Thirty-two percent had a change of ASES of .05). Conclusion In this retrospective analysis of total shoulder arthroplasty in which most components were well positioned, humeral component positioning did not associate with change in postoperative outcomes. These findings should be prospectively confirmed.
Four-wave mixing: applications to both fundamental research and photonics technology

This paper presents a review of the principles, experimental details and applications of four wave mixing. The principles of four wave mixing are discussed using models of both nonlinear optical interaction and transient grating. Various physical mechanisms contributing to four wave mixing are discussed. The contributions of purely electronic coherent term as well as of the population dependent and time delayed incoherent terms are discussed. Applications illustrated here cover the determination of third-order optical nonlinearity; study of excited state dynamics; evaluation of acoustic properties and elastic moduli; and application to high density holographic data storage using photorefractivity.
Emerging therapeutic targets for primary sclerosing cholangitis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, cholestatic liver disease that can progress to end-stage cirrhotic liver disease and/or hepatobiliary malignancy. The etiopathogenesis of PSC remains unknown, and considerable heterogeneity is seen both phenotypically as well as genetically; this, together with its relative rarity and the lack of consensus regarding appropriate (surrogate) clinical endpoints, has hampered the development and implementation of effective pharmacologic therapies. Several different disease mechanisms have been proposed which have led to various potential therapeutic approaches. However, to date, no medical therapies short of liver transplantation have been proven to be effective for PSC, and as such, liver transplantation – an option for only a fraction of patients – remains the only potentially curative therapy.Areas covered: This review will highlight the various different proposed mechanisms of the etiopathogenesis of PSC and explore the therapeutic t...
Lawsonia intracellularis ELISA: A New Test at the ISU-VDL

Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE) is a common disease of swine which is caused by the intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis. The performance of a recently available commercial ELISA for L. intracellularis was evaluated by comparison with an immuno-peroxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and found to have at least 97% correlation. The same assay when conducted at different laboratories showed 100% agreement in results. Examination of serum samples from various cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic laboratory indicated that 87% of the herds examined were sero-positive for L. intracellularis. Therefore, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Lawsonia intracellularis is a useful and reliable test which allows veterinary practitioners and producers to obtain same day results on swine serum samples submitted.
Was Führungskräfte von Jazzmusikern über emergente Prozesse lernen können

Vergleicht man Unternehmen mit einer Jazzband, so ist die herkommliche Auffassung, dass Manager (die Leiter der Jazzband) ihre Fachspezialisten, die sich mit aufkommenden Arbeitsprozessen beschaftigen (Bandmitglieder), fuhren sollen, indem sie Plane verwenden, Experten in ihren Fachgebieten werden, den Entwicklungscharakter ihrer Arbeit vor ihren Kunden verbergen und trotz aller Unsicherheit charismatisch fuhren. Die Analyse und die Erfahrung der Autoren in den Bereichen Jazz und Management zeigen, dass dies keineswegs die typische Vorgehensweise erfolgreicher Manager oder Jazzleader darstellt, da sie den Lernprozess von der eigentlichen Umsetzung trennt. Vielmehr konzentrieren sich erfolgreiche Manager auf Gesprache statt auf Plane; sie verlassen sich auf das Knowhow in ihrer „Band“ und bilden dieses standig in mentalen Landkarten ab; sie wenden sich der Offentlichkeit zu, statt sich vor ihr zu verstecken, sobald sich das Wissen uber die Arbeit weiterentwickelt. Und sie fuhren, indem sie Verbindungen herstellen, und nicht durch charismatische Selbstdarstellung.
The consequences of partially directed search effort

Search effort is undirected when a forager has a stereotypical searching behaviour that results in fixed encounter rates with its prey (e.g. diet choice models), and is directed when the forager can bias its encounter with a ‘chosen’ prey. If the bias is complete, search is totally directed (e.g. habitat selection models). When the bias is incomplete (i.e. search modes are not exclusive to a single prey type), search is partially directed. The inclusion of a prey type in the diet is then the result of two decisions: (1) which prey to search for and (2) which prey to handle. The latter decision is determined by the ratio of energy to handling time and the abundance of the preferred prey. The former decision is a function of the encounter probabilities and densities of all potential prey types in addition to their ratio of energy to handling time. Assuming two prey types, there are three distinct behavioural strategies: (1) search for the preferred prey/forage selectively; (2) search for the preferred prey/forage opportunistically; and (3) search for the non-preferred prey/forage opportunistically. If prey are depletable (i.e. prey occur in resource patches), the forager may switch search modes such that prey are depleted to the point where the marginal values of the search modes are equalized.
Dicey on Log-Rolling

Dicey’s attitude, that of the instructed English politician of his own day or of ours, is that log-rolling is an “admitted evil.”1 Pointing out that proportional representation would tend to multiply the number of groups or parties and weaken the system of parliamentary government, he continues: That proportional representation would tend to extend the vicious system of log-rolling is all but demonstrable. Let me suppose sixty-seven anti-vaccinators to be already in existence; let me suppose, as would probably be the case, that they are elected because of their firm faith in anti-vaccination, and that, both from their position and their creed, they feel that to destroy the vaccination laws is the supreme object at which every good man should aim. They will soon find that their sixty-seven votes, though of high importance, are not enough to save the country. The course which these patriots must follow is obvious. They are comparatively indifferent about Home Rule, about Disestablishment, about the objects of the Labor Party. Let them promise their support to each of the groups advocating each of these objects in return for the help in repealing legislation which originates, say our anti-vaccinators, in the delusions of Jenner. A political miracle will have been performed. A majority in favor of anti-vaccination will have been obtained; the voice of fanatics will have defeated the common sense of the nation.”2
Cell mediated immune response to the hepatitis C virus.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, positive stranded RNA virus that causes an inflammatory disease of the liver. Parenteral transmission is common; however, because de novo hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is usually clinically inapparent, in almost 40% of the patients neither the time of onset nor the route of infection are known. Although the immune response probably contributes to viral clearance in a minority of patients, the factors and mechanisms that allow the virus to circumvent the host’s immune response and to persist in most patients are not completely understood.
Efficient Identification of Error-in Variables Switched Systems Based on Riemannian Distance-Like Functions

This paper considers the problem of identifying error in variables switched affine models from experimental input/output data. Since this problem is generically NP hard, several relaxations have been proposed in the past. While these relaxations work well for low dimensional systems with few subsystems, they scale poorly with both the number of subsystems and their memory. As an alternative, in this paper we present a computationally efficient method based on embedding the data in the manifold of positive semidefinite matrices, and using a manifold metric to detect switches and identify subsystems. The main result of the paper shows that, under dwell-time assumptions, the method is guaranteed to identify the system, for suitably low noise scenarios. In the case of larger noise levels, consistent numerical experience shows that the proposed method outperforms existing ones. These results are illustrated with a non-trivial practical example: action segmentation.
Provably secure time distribution for the electric grid

We demonstrate a quantum time distribution (QTD) method that combines the precision of optical timing techniques with the integrity of quantum key distribution (QKD). Critical infrastructure is dependent on microprocessor- and programmable logic-based monitoring and control systems. The distribution of timing information across the electric grid is accomplished by GPS signals which are known to be vulnerable to spoofing. We demonstrate a method for synchronizing remote clocks based on the arrival time of photons in a modified QKD system. This has the advantage that the signal can be verified by examining the quantum states of the photons similar to QKD.
How to Succeed in Health Information Technology

ABSTRACT: The United States is poised to move the debate over electronic information systems for health care beyond the question of whether to computerize to how to computerize. Developers should h...
Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

A transcription factor (TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA is a novel transcription activator found specifically in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia. Protein pulldown assays using affinity beads have revealed that GrgA binds two σ factors, namely σ66 and σ28, which recognize different sets of promoters for genes whose products are differentially required at developmental stages. We have used BLI to confirm and further characterize the interactions. BLI demonstrates several advantages over pulldown: 1) It reveals real-time association and dissociation between binding partners, 2) It generates quantitative kinetic parameters, and 3) It can detect bindings that pulldown assays often fail to detect. These characteristics have enabled us to deduce the physiological roles of GrgA in gene expression regulation in Chlamydia, and possible detailed interaction mechanisms. We envision that this relatively affordable technology can be extremely useful for studying transcription and other biological processes.
"Race" in Search of a Discipline.

The academic study of “race” varies from discipline to discipline. “Race” is placed in quotes in this instance because historically race was considered a biological category that denoted unalterabl...
Verbal Mand Interventions for Young Children with Autism: a Review of the Literature

When educating young children with autism, it is imperative to use a teaching practice that is supported by evidence-based research. This review examined and synthesized the results of studies targeting the acquisition of verbal requests (mands) by young children with autism. Results indicated that verbal mand interventions are effective at increasing communication for young children with autism. These interventions were primarily implemented in clinical or private school settings by highly trained professionals. There are also several methodological limitations in the articles reviewed. Given the limitations, the researchers discuss implications for practice and future research.
Chemotherapy response score as a prognostic tool in patients with advanced stage endometrial carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Background Chemotherapy response score (CRS) applied to interval debulking specimens quantifies histopathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma and correlates with progression-free and overall survival. Objective To investigate whether the chemotherapy response score could be applied to interval debulking specimens in patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma and be a prognostic indicator. Methods The study included patients with clinical stage III–IV endometrial carcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery. Chemotherapy response scores were assigned to omental and adnexal metastases, and categorized as no/minimal (CRS1), partial (CRS2), and complete/near-complete (CRS3) response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate baseline characteristics and feasibility of chemotherapy response score assessment. Univariate analyses were used to evaluate associations between the chemotherapy response score, complete cytoreduction, and survival. Results This study included 40 patients. The median age was 63.5 years, and 31 patients (78%) had stage IV disease. Thirty patients had an omentectomy, 22 patients (73%) had an omental chemotherapy response score assigned. Thirty-nine patients had a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, 28 patients (72%) had an adnexal chemotherapy response score assigned. Omental CRS2 and CRS3 were associated with improved progression-free survival (CRS2: HR=0.18, p Conclusion Chemotherapy response score can be applied to omental and adnexal metastases in patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma and was associated with survival and complete cytoreduction. The score may be a prognostic indicator and help to guide first-line treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma.
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract: Congenital Aortic Valve and Left Ventricular Outflow Anomalies

Left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve anomalies in a biventricular circulation are a heterogeneous group of lesions with resultant obstruction below, at the level of, and above the aortic valve. Valvar aortic stenosis accounts for the majority of left ventricular outflow obstructive lesions with predominance of bicuspid aortic valve disease. Majority of aortic stenosis progresses over time; clinically significant aortic stenosis will need intervention in the neonatal period. Current management strategies are evolving with improved understanding of this heterogeneous condition.
The Influence of Radiology Image Consultation in the Surgical Management of Breast Cancer Patients

Patients referred to comprehensive cancer centers arrive with clinical data requiring review. Radiology consultation for second opinions often generates additional imaging requests; however, the impact of this service on breast cancer management remains unclear. We sought to identify the incidence of additional imaging requests and the effect additional imaging has on patients’ ultimate surgical management. Between November 2013 and March 2014, 153 consecutive patients with breast cancer received second opinion imaging reviews and definitive surgery at our cancer center. We identified the number of additional imaging requests, the number of fulfilled requests, the modality of additional imaging completed, the number of biopsies performed, and the number of patients whose management was altered due to additional imaging results. Of 153 patients, the mean age was 55 years; 98.9 % were female; 23.5 % (36) had in situ carcinoma (35 DCIS/1 LCIS), and 76.5 % (117) had invasive carcinoma. Additional imaging was suggested for 47.7 % (73/153) of patients. After multidisciplinary consultation, 65.8 % (48/73) of patients underwent additional imaging. Imaging review resulted in biopsy in 43.7 % (21/48) of patients and ultimately altered preliminary treatment plans in 37.5 % (18/48) of patients (Fig. 1). Changes in management included: conversion to mastectomy or breast conservation, neoadjuvant therapy, additional wire placement, and need for contralateral breast surgery. Our analysis of second opinion imaging consultation demonstrates the significant value that this service has on breast cancer management. Overall, 11.7 % (18/153) of patients who underwent breast surgery had management changes as a consequence of radiologic imaging review.
The Role of L1 Transfer in the Interpretation of Articles with Definite Plurals in L2 English

This study examines second language (L2) acquisition of the interpretation of plural noun phrases. Languages with articles differ in whether they use bare plurals (English) or definite plurals (Spanish) to express generic interpretation (Chierchia, 1998; Dayal, 2004; among others). It is hypothesized that Spanish-speaking learners of English transfer the interpretation of definite plurals from their native language. Results of a truth-value judgment task provide support for this hypothesis: Spanish speakers (N= 24) overaccepted the generic interpretation of English definite plurals to a greater extent than proficiency-matched speakers of Korean (N= 29), an articleless language. Results of a follow-up study further show that with advanced proficiency and increased immersion in the target language, Spanish-speaking learners of English (N= 11) were as targetlike as Korean-speaking learners of English (N= 9) on the interpretation of definite plurals, which suggests that recovery from first language transfer is possible. Implications of these findings for theories of L2 acquisition are discussed.
War, Strategy, and Military Effectiveness: The Problem of German Military Effectiveness, 1900–1945

The first half of the twentieth century was the time of the German problem. Emerging from centuries as “the Germanies,” Bismarck's Second Reich had by 1900 established itself as the dominant power on the European Continent. Its leaders had every expectation that Germany would become a world power. On the weight of its industrial development, the educational level of its population, its cultural and national discipline, and geographic location, Germany seemed on the verge of emerging as a superpower, overshadowing its European rivals, including Britain, and perhaps even challenging the United States. But this failed to come to pass. In two great world wars, Germany caused its own downfall, and in the resulting disaster drowned itself, its neighbors, and much of the world in a sea of blood. The nature of that European catastrophe had much to do with Germany's attitude toward its military services, especially the army, the peculiar cultural and intellectual forces that shaped those institutions, and a combination of battlefield brilliance mixed with a myopic strategic vision. That last combination proved deadly, and in both 1914 and 1939 Germany embarked on conflicts that offered only the slightest chance of victory. As early as the failure before Paris in September 1914 and the disaster in front of Moscow in December 1941, Germany reached turning points that made defeat inevitable. Yet, the tactical and operational competence of German military forces ensured that the final defeat in both world wars would not come for four more years and at a horrendous cost to all involved.
Resonant tunneling heterojunction bipolar transistors and their applications in high functionality/speed digital circuits

Resonant tunneling heterojunction bipolar transistors (RTBT's) or RTD and HBT combinations are particularly suitable for very high speed/low-power digital circuits. Here we will present recent results on InP-based devices and their applications.
Contemporary strain rates in the northern Basin and Range province from GPS data

We investigate the distribution of active deformation in the northern Basin and Range province using data from continuous GPS (CGPS) networks, supplemented by additional campaign data from the Death Valley, northern Basin and Range, and Sierra Nevada–Great Valley regions. To understand the contemporary strain rate field in the context of the greater Pacific (P)–North America (NA) plate boundary zone, we use GPS velocities to estimate the average relative motions of the Colorado Plateau (CP), the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley (SNGV) microplate, and a narrow north-south elongate region in the central Great Basin (CGB) occupying the longitude band 114–117°W. We find that the SNGV microplate translates with respect to the CP at a rate of 11.4 ± 0.3 mm yr^(−1) oriented N47 ± 1°W and with respect to NA at a rate of ∼12.4 mm yr^(−1) also oriented N47°W, slower than most previous geodetic estimates of SNGV-NA relative motion, and nearly 7° counterclockwise from the direction of P-NA relative plate motion. We estimate CGB-CP relative motion of 2.8 ± 0.2 mm yr^(−1) oriented N84 ± 5°W, consistent with roughly east-west extension within the eastern Great Basin (EGB). Velocity estimates from the EGB reveal diffuse extension across this region, with more rapid extension of 20 ± 1 nstr yr^(−1) concentrated in the eastern half of the region, which includes the Wasatch fault zone. We estimate SNGV-CGB relative motion of 9.3 ± 0.2 mm yr^(−1) oriented N37 ± 2°W, essentially parallel to P-NA relative plate motion. This rate is significantly slower than most previous geodetic estimates of deformation across the western Great Basin (WGB) but is generally consistent with paleoseismological inferences. The WGB region accommodates N37°W directed right lateral shear at rates of (1) 57 ± 9 nstr yr^(−1) across a zone of width ∼125 km in the south (latitude ∼36°N), (2) 25 ± 5 nstr yr^(−1) in the central region (latitude ∼38°N), and (3) 36 ± 1 nstr yr^(−1) across a zone of width ∼300 km in the north (latitude ∼40°N). By construction there is no net extension or shortening perpendicular to SNGV-CGB relative motion. However, we observe about 8.6 ± 0.5 nstr yr^(−1) extension on average in the direction of shear from southeast to northwest within the Walker Lane belt, comparable to the average east-west extension rate of 10 ± 1 nstr yr^(−1) across the northern Basin and Range but implying a distinctly different mechanism of deformation from extension on north trending, range-bounding normal faults. An alternative model for this shear parallel deformation, in which extension is accommodated across a narrow, more rapidly extending zone that coincides with the central Nevada seismic belt, fits the WGB data slightly better. Local anomalies with respect to this simple kinematic model may reveal second-order deformation signals related to more local crustal dynamic phenomena, but significant improvements in velocity field resolution will be necessary to reveal this second-order pattern.
Assessment Is Not a Four-Letter Word

The past two decades has seen a rising tide of criticism of American universities. This criticism is expressed in national reports, voter initiatives, legislative reports, and by employers and accrediting agencies who have concluded that there is “a crisis of educational quality in our nation's colleges and universities” (Gardiner 1998, 71–88) and that “a disturbing and dangerous mismatch exists between what American society needs from higher education and what it is receiving” (Wingspread Group on Higher Education 1993). From such criticisms, the assessment movement was born (see, for example, Diamond 1998; Palomba and Banta 1999; Allen 2004).
Masking of antigenic epitopes by antibodies shapes the humoral immune response to influenza

The immune responses to influenza, a virus that exhibits strain variation, show complex dynamics where prior immunity shapes the response to the subsequent infecting strains. Original antigenic sin (OAS) describes the observation that antibodies to the first encountered influenza strain, specifically antibodies to the epitopes on the head of influenza's main surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (HA), dominate following infection with new drifted strains. OAS suggests that responses to the original strain are preferentially boosted. Recent studies also show limited boosting of the antibodies to conserved epitopes on the stem of HA, which are attractive targets for a ‘universal vaccine’. We develop multi-epitope models to explore how pre-existing immunity modulates the immune response to new strains following immunization. Our models suggest that the masking of antigenic epitopes by antibodies may play an important role in describing the complex dynamics of OAS and limited boosting of antibodies to the stem of HA. Analysis of recently published data confirms model predictions for how pre-existing antibodies to an epitope on HA decrease the magnitude of boosting of the antibody response to this epitope following immunization. We explore strategies for boosting of antibodies to conserved epitopes and generating broadly protective immunity to multiple strains.
Longitudinal Associations among Impulsivity, Friend Substance Use, and Adolescent Substance Use

Adolescent substance use is an increasing problem in the United States, and some researchers posit a bidirectional relation between adolescent substance use and the personality trait of impulsivity (e.g., Quinn, Stappenbeck, & Fromme, 2011). Friend substance use has been shown to be a powerful predictor of adolescent substance use, with prior research suggesting a bidirectional relation between adolescent substance use and friend substance use (e.g., Simons-Morton & Chen, 2006). Extant literature has not tested the bidirectional relation between adolescent substance use and impulsivity with longitudinal data nor has it examined this relation while considering the bidirectional relation with the social context factor of friend substance use. Using three waves of longitudinal data, we tested if there was a bidirectional relation between adolescent substance use and impulsivity while also examining the influences of friend substance use. Participants were 131 adolescents (male = 55%, mean age = 13 years at Wave 1). We tested nested models and examined whether adding equality constraints degraded the model fit using a Wald test. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that, after controlling for baseline levels of substance use, impulsivity predicted adolescent and friend substance use over time, whereas adolescent and friend substance use did not predict impulsivity. Adolescents with substance using friends were likely to increase their own substance use. The findings imply that aiming at both improving adolescents’ ability to regulate impulsivity and deterring associations with friends who are using substances is essential for prevention and intervention efforts against substance use development in adolescents.
Monitoring and the Transfer of Individual Problem Solving.

Abstract A monitoring interpretation of the transfer of complete concept learning skills was discussed. Individual and group monitoring in the learning session were promoted through required vocalization of reasoning and working with a partner, respectively. All subjects completed the transfer session as nonvocalizing individuals. Both sources of monitoring were expected to facilitate performance in the learning session. Only individual monitoring was expected to facilitate performance in the individual transfer session. Ninety-six male and female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of four groups, composed of vocalizing or nonvocalizing pairs or individuals. In the learning session, pairs required fewer trials to solution and used more efficient selection strategies than did the individuals. However, the superior performance of the previously paired subjects was not evident in the transfer session. Individual monitoring through vocalization during the learning session served to partially ameliorate the negative group-to-individual transfer, as well as the less effective individual performance in the learning session. It is suggested that transfer may be promoted by inducing self-monitoring during the initial learning.
Delayed contact sensitivity to catechols and resorcinols. The relationship of structure and immunization procedure to sensitizing capacity

Abstract In this study it was found that all alkylcatechols tested, regardless of position in the ring of the alkyl group, induced delayed contact sensitivity in guinea-pigs. The introduction of a carboxyl group either into the ring or side chain abolished sensitizing capacity of the catechols. Of three alkylresorcinols tested, only pentadecylresorcinol induces sensitivity. Quinones prepared from the catechols were slightly better sensitizers than the corresponding catechols but no better than the catechols in inducing a delayed reaction in sensitive animals.