cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
hStorage-DB: heterogeneity-aware data management to exploit the full capability of hybrid storage systems

As storage systems become increasingly heterogeneous and complex, it adds burdens on DBAs, causing suboptimal performance even after a lot of human efforts have been made. In addition, existing monitoring-based storage management by access pattern detections has difficulties to handle workloads that are highly dynamic and concurrent. To achieve high performance by best utilizing heterogeneous storage devices, we have designed and implemented a heterogeneity-aware software framework for DBMS storage management called hStorage-DB, where semantic information that is critical for storage I/O is identified and passed to the storage manager. According to the collected semantic information, requests are classified into different types. Each type is assigned a proper QoS policy supported by the underlying storage system, so that every request will be served with a suitable storage device. With hStorage-DB, we can well utilize semantic information that cannot be detected through data access monitoring but is particularly important for a hybrid storage system. To show the effectiveness of hStorage-DB, we have implemented a system prototype that consists of an I/O request classification enabled DBMS, and a hybrid storage system that is organized into a two-level caching hierarchy. Our performance evaluation shows that hStorage-DB can automatically make proper decisions for data allocation in different storage devices and make substantial performance improvements in a cost-efficient way.
Interpreting the Observed Clustering of Red Galaxies at z ~ 3

Daddi et al. have recently reported strong clustering of a population of red galaxies at z � 3 in the Hubble Deep Field-South. Fitting the observed angular clustering with a power law of index � 0.8, they infer a comoving correlation length r0 � 8 h � 1 Mpc; for a standard cosmology, this r0 would imply that the red galaxies reside in rare, M � 10 13 h � 1 Mhalos, with each halo hosting � 100 galaxies to match the number density of the pop- ulation. Using the framework of the halo occupation distribution (HOD) in a CDM universe, we show that the Daddi et al. data can be adequately reproduced by less surprising models, e.g., models with galaxies residing in halos of mass M > Mmin ¼ 6:3;10 11 h � 1 Mand a mean occupation Navg(M) ¼ 1:4(M =Mmin) 0:45 above this cutoff. The resultant correlation functions do not follow a strict power law, showing instead a clear transition from the one-halo-dominated regime, where the two galaxies of each pair reside in the same dark matter halo, to the two-halo-dominated regime, where the two galaxies of each pair are from different halos. The observed high- amplitude data points lie in the one-halo-dominated regime, so these HOD models are able to explain the observations despite having smaller correlation lengths, r0 � 5 h � 1 Mpc. HOD parameters are only loosely constrained by the current data because of large sample variance and the lack of clustering information on scales that probe the two-halo regime. If our explanation of the data is correct, then future observations covering a larger area should show that the large-scale correlations lie below a � � 1:8 extrapolation of the small-scale points. Our models of the current data suggest that the red galaxies are somewhat more strongly clustered than UV-selected Lyman break galaxies and have a greater tendency to reside in small groups. Subject heading gs: galaxies: halos — galaxies: high-redshift — large-scale structure of universe
Robust high-performance control for robotic manipulators

A robust control scheme to accomplish accurate trajectory tracking for an integrated system of manipulator-plus-actuators is proposed. The control scheme comprises a feedforward and a feedback controller. The feedforward controller contains any known part of the manipulator dynamics that can be used for online control. The feedback controller consists of adaptive position and velocity feedback gains and an auxiliary signal which is simply generated by a fixed-gain proportional/integral/derivative controller. The feedback controller is updated by very simple adaptation laws which contain both proportional and integral adaptation terms. By introduction of a simple sigma modification to the adaptation laws, robustness is guaranteed in the presence of unmodeled dynamics and disturbances. >
S-duality in N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories

A solution to the infinite coupling problem for N = 2 conformal supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions is presented. The infinitely-coupled theories are argued to be interacting superconformal field theories (SCFTs) with weakly gauged flavor groups. Consistency checks of this proposal are found by examining some low-rank examples. As part of these checks, we show how to compute new exact quantities in these SCFTs: the central charges of their flavor current algebras. Also, the isolated rank 1 E6 and E7 SCFTs are found as limits of Lagrangian field theories.
The Navier–Stokes Equations in Nonendpoint Borderline Lorentz Spaces

It is shown both locally and globally that \({L_t^{\infty}(L_x^{3,q})}\) solutions to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are regular provided \({q\neq\infty}\). Here \({L_x^{3,q}}\), \({0 < q \leq\infty}\), is an increasing scale of Lorentz spaces containing \({L^3_x}\). Thus the result provides an improvement of a result by Escauriaza et al. (Uspekhi Mat Nauk 58:3–44, 2003; translation in Russ Math Surv 58, 211–250, 2003), which treated the case q = 3. A new local energy bound and a new \({\epsilon}\)-regularity criterion are combined with the backward uniqueness theory of parabolic equations to obtain the result. A weak-strong uniqueness of Leray–Hopf weak solutions in \({L_t^{\infty}(L_x^{3,q})}\), \({q\neq\infty}\), is also obtained as a consequence.
Probing Cool and Warm Infrared Galaxies Using Photometric and Structural Measures

We have analyzed a sample of nearby cool and warm infrared (IR) galaxies using photometric and structural parameters. The set of measures include far-infrared color [C = log(S_(60 μm)/S_(100 μm))], total IR luminosity (L_TIR), radio surface brightness, and radio, near-infrared, and optical sizes. In a given luminosity range cool and warm galaxies are considered as those sources that are found approximately 1 σ below and above the mean color in the far-infrared C-L_TIR diagram. We find that galaxy radio surface brightness is well correlated with color whereas size is less well correlated with color. Our analysis indicates that IR galaxies that are dominated by cool dust are large, massive spirals that are not strongly interacting or merging and presumably the ones with the least active star formation. Dust in these cool objects is less centrally concentrated than in the more typical luminous and ultraluminous IR galaxies that are dominated by warm dust. Our study also shows that low-luminosity early-type unbarred and transitional spirals are responsible for the large scatter in the C-LTIR diagram. Among highly luminous galaxies, late-type unbarred spirals are predominately warm, and early-type unbarred and barred spirals are systematically cooler. We highlight the significance of the C-L_TIR diagram in terms of local and high-redshift submillimeter galaxies.
A method of predicting unsteady turbulent flows and its application to diffusers with unsteady inlet conditions

An integral method for computing the main characteristics of unsteady, incompressible, turbulent flows is developed. The method is applied to unsteady boundary layers with a prescribed freestream velocity and to diffusers with unsteady inlet conditions. For prescribed pressure gradient flows, the method gives as good results and is more than an order of magnitude faster than finite difference methods. For diff user flows, no other methods have been found in the literature.
Dynamic Hierarchical Factor Models

This paper uses multilevel factor models to characterize within- and between-block variations as well as idiosyncratic noise in large dynamic panels. Block-level shocks are distinguished from genuinely common shocks, and the estimated block-level factors are easy to interpret. The framework achieves dimension reduction and yet explicitly allows for heterogeneity between blocks. The model is estimated using an MCMC algorithm that takes into account the hierarchical structure of the factors. The importance of block-level variations is illustrated in a four-level model estimated on a panel of 445 series related to different categories of real activity in the United States.
Status of the Nevis Synchrocyclotron Modification

After 20 years of operation as a conventional synchrocyclotron producing 0.4 ?A time average internal beam current of protons (increased to 1.6 ?A in 1967) of ~ 385 MeV, we stopped operation in September 1970 for the major modification for which we have been planning since 1965. The major study program and the conversion project are supported by a $ 3.9 M grant from the NSF. The conversion retains the basic cyclotron magnet (2000 tons of Fe and ~ 300 tons of Cu coils), but adds a 10-in. thick Fe band around the outside magnet perimeter to lower the return path reluctance. A new larger vacuum chamber is used, with auxilliary excitation coils. Pole iron within 30 in. of the median plane is replaced by a new configuration which includes N=3 symmetry sector iron with a small median plane gap. = 18 kG near the center and 20 kG near 80 in. radius. Strong azimuthal magnetic field flutter begins at < 2 in. radius to give strong focusing ?z, and ?r?1. We expect to obtain ~ 550 MeV proton energy, with high extraction efficiency for a 10 to 40 ?A time average external beam (~ 50% duty factor), when operation starts later this year. Additional details are given in companion papers in these Proceedings. The system will still be a synchrocyclotron and will have a 300 Hz FM repetition rate, with a new RF system, etc.
From globular clusters to tidal dwarfs: structure formation in the tidal tails of merging galaxies

Using V and I images obtained with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) of the Hubble Space Telescope, we investigate compact stellar structures within tidal tails. Six regions of tidal debris in the four classic Toomre sequence mergers: NGC 4038/39 (Antennae), NGC 3256, NGC 3921, and NGC 7252 (Atoms for Peace) have been studied in order to explore how the star formation depends on the local and global physical conditions. These mergers sample a range of stages in the evolutionary sequence and tails with and without embedded tidal dwarf galaxies. The six tails are found to contain a variety of stellar structures, with sizes ranging from those of globular clusters up to those of dwarf galaxies. From V and I WFPC2 images, we measure the luminosities and colors of the star clusters. NGC 3256 is found to have a large population of blue clusters (0.2 V-I 0.9), particularly in its western tail, similar to those found in the inner region of the merger. In contrast, NGC 4038/39 has no clusters in the observed region of the tail, only less luminous point sources likely to be individual stars. NGC 3921 and NGC 7252 have small populations of clusters along their tails. A significant cluster population is clearly associated with the prominent tidal dwarf candidates in the eastern and western tails of NGC 7252. The cluster-rich western tail of NGC 3256 is not distinguished from the others by its dynamical age or by its total H I mass. However, the mergers that have few clusters in the tail all have tidal dwarf galaxies, while NGC 3256 does not have prominent tidal dwarfs. We speculate that star formation in tidal tails may manifest itself either in small structures like clusters along the tail or in large structures such as dwarf galaxies, but not in both. Also, NGC 3256 has the highest star formation rate of the four mergers studied, which may contribute to the high number of star clusters in its tidal tails.
Path dependent analysis of logic programs

This paper presents an abstract semantics that uses information about execution paths to improve precision of data flow analyses of logic programs. We illustrate the abstract semantics by abstracting execution paths using call strings of fixed length and the last transfer of control. Abstract domains that have been developed for logic program analyses can be used with the new abstract semantics without modification.
Where do the children of professors attend college

Abstract To judge whether better-informed consumers of higher education, the families of faculty, make different choices than other similarly endowed consumers, we compare the pattern of colleges chosen by 4742 children of college and university faculty with the pattern chosen by the children of non-faculty families of similar socio-economic status. The patterns are remarkably different. The children of faculty are more likely to choose research universities and even more likely to choose selective liberal arts colleges. Available evidence does not explain why the differences occur.
Complementary RNA and Protein Profiling Identifies Iron as a Key Regulator of Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Mitochondria are centers of metabolism and signaling whose content and function must adapt to changing cellular environments. The biological signals that initiate mitochondrial restructuring and the cellular processes that drive this adaptive response are largely obscure. To better define these systems, we performed matched quantitative genomic and proteomic analyses of mouse muscle cells as they performed mitochondrial biogenesis. We find that proteins involved in cellular iron homeostasis are highly coordinated with this process and that depletion of cellular iron results in a rapid, dose-dependent decrease of select mitochondrial protein levels and oxidative capacity. We further show that this process is universal across a broad range of cell types and fully reversed when iron is reintroduced. Collectively, our work reveals that cellular iron is a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and provides quantitative data sets that can be leveraged to explore posttranscriptional and posttranslational processes that are essential for mitochondrial adaptation.
A managerial investigation into the product placement industry.

This article reports the findings of a managerial investigation of key players in the product placement industry, including placement agents, clients, studios and production companies, and research organizations. The evolution of the product placement industry in North America is reviewed, perspectives on the role and objectives product placements serve in the marketing mix are discussed, and current means of assessing product placement efforts examined. The data provide insights on the relationship-driven industry where power, trust, and commitment play an important role. They also suggest recommendations for how participants should plan, use, and evaluate their placement efforts.
THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION AT TETRACOORDINATED SILICON

During the past decade experimental work, largely through the efforts of Corriu1.2a-c and co-workers, has greatly expanded the reaction chemistry of tetra-coordinated silicon compounds that had its...
Disorders of childhood and adolescence: gender and psychopathology.

Early-onset disorders (e.g., conduct problems, autism) show a marked male preponderance, whereas adolescent-onset disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) show a marked female preponderance. A developmental psychopathology framework provides a means to investigate complex gender-related etiologies of these different disorders. This review focuses on biological and environmental factors implicated in the development of conduct problems and depression in boys and girls. Boys and girls showed certain differences in types, rates, comorbidities, antecedents, correlates, and trajectories of these problems. Origins of male and female preponderant problems are likely to be rooted, in part, in biological, physical, cognitive, and social-emotional differences in boys and girls that can precede the expression of clinical problems. These male-like and female-like characteristics are considered regarding conduct problems and depression to explore how they inform biological and environmental theories about gender and psyc...
Metrics for Generalized Persistence Modules

We consider the question of defining interleaving metrics on generalized persistence modules over arbitrary preordered sets. Our constructions are functorial, which implies a form of stability for these metrics. We describe a large class of examples, inverse-image persistence modules, which occur whenever a topological space is mapped to a metric space. Several standard theories of persistence and their stability can be described in this framework. This includes the classical case of sublevelset persistent homology. We introduce a distinction between `soft' and `hard' stability theorems. While our treatment is direct and elementary, the approach can be explained abstractly in terms of monoidal functors.
On the path to fusion energy

There is a need to develop alternate energy sources in the coming century because fossil fuels will become depleted and their use may lead to global climate change. Inertial fusion can become such an energy source, but significant progress must be made before its promise is realized. The high-density approach to inertial fusion suggested by Nuckolls, et al., leads to reactors compatible with civilian power production. Methods to achieve the good control ofhydrodynamic stability (adiabat shaping) and implosion symmetry required to achieve these high fuel densities will be discussed. Examples of symmetry control for targets driven by Z-pinches or heavy ion beams are given. Fast Ignition, a technique that achieves fusion ignition by igniting fusion fuel after it is assembled, will be described along with its gain curves. Fusion costs of energy for conventional hotspot ignition will be compared with those of Fast Ignition and their capital costs compared with advanced fission plants. Finally, techniques that may improve possible Fast Ignition gains by an order of magnitude and reduce driver scales by an order of magnitude below conventional ignition requirements are described. If these innovations are successful, the fusion specific capital costs can be reduced below 10% of the balance of plant.
Diversity and evolution of centromere repeats in the maize genome

Centromere repeats are found in most eukaryotes and play a critical role in kinetochore formation. Though centromere repeats exhibit considerable diversity both within and among species, little is understood about the mechanisms that drive centromere repeat evolution. Here, we use maize as a model to investigate how a complex history involving polyploidy, fractionation, and recent domestication has impacted the diversity of the maize centromeric repeat CentC. We first validate the existence of long tandem arrays of repeats in maize and other taxa in the genus Zea. Although we find considerable sequence diversity among CentC copies genome-wide, genetic similarity among repeats is highest within these arrays, suggesting that tandem duplications are the primary mechanism for the generation of new copies. Nonetheless, clustering analyses identify similar sequences among distant repeats, and simulations suggest that this pattern may be due to homoplasious mutation. Although the two ancestral subgenomes of maize have contributed nearly equal numbers of centromeres, our analysis shows that the majority of all CentC repeats derive from one of the parental genomes, with an even stronger bias when examining the largest assembled contiguous clusters. Finally, by comparing maize with its wild progenitor teosinte, we find that the abundance of CentC likely decreased after domestication, while the pericentromeric repeat Cent4 has drastically increased.
Sublinear Communication Protocols for Multi-Party Pointer Jumping and a Related Lower Bound

We study the one-way number-on-the-forehead (NOF) communication complexity of the $k$-layer pointer jumping problem with $n$ vertices per layer. This classic problem, which has connections to many aspects of complexity theory, has seen a recent burst of research activity, seemingly preparing the ground for an $Omega(n)$ lower bound, for constant $k$. Our first result is a surprising sublinear --- i.e., $o(n)$ --- upper bound for the problem that holds for $k ge 3$, dashing hopes for such a lower bound. A closer look at the protocol achieving the upper bound shows that all but one of the players involved are collapsing, i.e., their messages depend only on the composition of the layers ahead of them. We consider protocols for the pointer jumping problem where all players are collapsing. Our second result shows that a strong $n - O(log n)$ lower bound does hold in this case. Our third result is another upper bound showing that nontrivial protocols for (a non-Boolean version of) pointer jumping are possible even when all players are collapsing. Our lower bound result uses a novel proof technique, different from those of earlier lower bounds that had an information-theoretic flavor. We hope this is useful in further study of the problem.
Lewis Acid Mediated (3 + 2) Cycloadditions of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Heterocumulenes

Isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and carbodiimides are effective substrates in (3 + 2) cycloadditions with donor–acceptor cyclopropanes for the synthesis of five-membered heterocycles. These reactions exhibit a broad substrate scope, high yields, and well-defined chemoselectivity. Discussed herein are the implications of Lewis acid choice on the stereochemical outcome and the reaction mechanism.
Pseudorandom financial derivatives

Arora, Barak, Brunnermeier, and Ge showed that taking computational complexity into account, a dishonest seller could dramatically increase the lemon costs of a family of financial derivatives. We show that if the seller is required to construct derivatives of a certain form, then this phenomenon disappears. In particular, we define and construct pseudorandom derivative families, for which lemon placement only slightly affects the values of the derivatives. Our constructions use expander graphs.We study our derivatives in a more general setting than Arora et al. In particular, we analyze arbitrary tranches of the common collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) when the underlying assets can have significant dependencies.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Soraphen A: A Flexible Alkyne Strategy†

The alkyne functional group can be a valuable handle for organic synthesis since the alkyne can function both as a nucleophile or as an electrophile when activated with an appropriate metal catalyst. Herein, we exploit this dual nature of the alkyne moiety for the concise total synthesis of the natural product soraphen A.
The Response of Deferred Executive Compensation to Changes in Tax Rates

Abstract Given the increasing use of stock options in executive compensation, we examine how taxes influence the choice of compensation and document that income deferral is an important margin of adjustment in response to tax rate changes. To account for this option in the empirical analysis, we explore deferral by estimating how executives' choice of compensation between current and deferred income depends on changes in tax policy. Our empirical results suggest a significant impact of taxes on the composition of executive compensation.
Reculturing the Profession of Educational Leadership: New Blueprints

This article provides an in-depth investigation of the foundations of the educational leadership profession. It first overviews the constructs of leadership roles and the discipline-based and practice-based knowledge base of the profession and then focuses on the construct of academic (technical) content. The article subsequently proceeds to reconceptualize the educational leadership profession itself. The goal of the author is to shift from a phenomenon related to “bodies of subject matter” to that of “valued ends.” Thus, the author encourages his readers to focus their attention on the central roles of the leader in education and identifies three such roles: “moral steward,”“educator” and “community builder.”
Learning binary relations and total orders

The problem of learning a binary relation between two sets of objects or between a set and itself is studied. This paper represents a binary relation between a set of size n and a set of size m as an $n \times m$ matrix of bits whose $(i,j)$ entry is 1 if and only if the relation holds between the corresponding elements of the two sets. Polynomial prediction algorithms are presented for learning binary relations in an extended on-line learning model, where the examples are drawn by the learner, by a helpful teacher, by an adversary, or according to a uniform probability distribution on the instance space.The first part of this paper presents results for the case in which the matrix of the relation has at most k row types. It presents upper and lower bounds on the number of prediction mistakes any prediction algorithm makes when learning such a matrix under the extended on-line learning model. Furthermore, it describes a technique that simplifies the proof of expected mistake bounds against a randomly chos...
Theories of coalitional rationality

This paper generalizes the concept of best response to coalitions of players and offers epistemic definitions of coalitional rationalizability in normal form games. The (best) response of a coalition is defined to be an operator from sets of conjectures to sets of strategies. A strategy is epistemic coalitionally rationalizable if it is consistent with rationality and common certainty that every coalition is rational. A characterization of this solution set is provided for operators satisfying four basic properties. Special attention is devoted to an operator that leads to a solution concept that is generically equivalent to the iteratively defined concept of coalitional rationalizability.
Determination of Range of Effectiveness of Transmitter Harmonic Output Filtering

The actual effectiveness of a transmitter harmonic filter, when inserted in the transmission line to the antenna, can vary over a wide range which extends both above and below the standard characteristic-impedance circuit insertion-loss values. The location in this range varies with interconnecting transmission line lengths. An example discussed here shows that the actual insertion loss of a 60 db filter could be anywhere between 10 db and 94 db. Furthermore, the transmitter harmonic power delivered to an antenna, in the absence of a filter, can also vary with the length of the interconnecting transmission line. These effects are produced by changes in mismatch loss which occur as the length of interconnecting transmission line is varied. The purpose of this paper is to show how to determine the range of variation of such effects. Included are some sample calculations and the results of limited experimental tests.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of syn-β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids by direct aldolization of pseudoephenamine glycinamide.

β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids figure prominently as chiral building blocks in chemical synthesis, serving as precursors to numerous important medicines. We have developed and here report a method for the synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives by aldolization of pseudoephenamine glycinamide, which can be prepared from pseudoephenamine in a one-flask protocol. Enolization of (R,R)- or (S,S)-pseudoephenamine glycinamide with lithium hexamethyldisilazide in the presence of lithium chloride followed by addition of an aldehyde or ketone substrate affords aldol addition products that are stereochemically homologous with L- or D-threonine, respectively. These products, which are typically solids, can be obtained in stereoisomerically pure form in yields of 55–98%, and are readily transformed into β-hydroxy-α-amino acids by mild hydrolysis or into 2-amino-1,3-diols by reduction with sodium borohydride. This new chemistry greatly facilitates the construction of novel antibiotics of several different classes.
Navβ4 regulates fast resurgent sodium currents and excitability in sensory neurons.

Background Increased electrical activity in peripheral sensory neurons including dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia neurons is an important mechanism underlying pain. Voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC) contribute to the excitability of sensory neurons and are essential for the upstroke of action potentials. A unique type of VGSC current, resurgent current (INaR), generates an inward current at repolarizing voltages through an alternate mechanism of inactivation referred to as open-channel block. INaRs are proposed to enable high frequency firing and increased INaRs in sensory neurons are associated with pain pathologies. While Nav1.6 has been identified as the main carrier of fast INaR, our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to INaR generation is limited. Specifically, the open-channel blocker in sensory neurons has not been identified. Previous studies suggest Navβ4 subunit mediates INaR in central nervous system neurons. The goal of this study was to determine whether Navβ4 regulates INaR in DRG sensory neurons.
The role of blowing snow in the activation of bromine over first-year Antarctic sea ice

Abstract. It is well known that during polar springtime halide sea salt ions, in particular Br-, are photochemically activated into reactive halogen species (e.g., Br and BrO), where they break down tropospheric ozone. This research investigated the role of blowing snow in transporting salts from the sea ice/snow surface into reactive bromine species in the air. At two different locations over first-year ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, collection baskets captured blowing snow at different heights. In addition, sea ice cores and surface snow samples were collected throughout the month-long campaign. Over this time, sea ice and surface snow Br- / Cl- mass ratios remained constant and equivalent to seawater, and only in lofted snow did bromide become depleted relative to chloride. This suggests that replenishment of bromide in the snowpack occurs faster than bromine activation in mid-strength wind conditions (approximately 10 m s−1) or that blowing snow represents only a small portion of the surface snowpack. Additionally, lofted snow was found to be depleted in sulfate and enriched in nitrate relative to surface snow.
A Novel and Highly Efficient Synthetic Route to Unsymmetrical Organoselenides Using Cesium Bases

A new and convenient one-pot method for the preparation of unsymmetrical selenides has been developed. In the presence of cesium hydroxide, molecular sieves, and DMF, benzeneselenol undergoes direct alkylation with various alkyl halides for the synthesis of alkyl phenyl selenides in moderate to excellent yields. Another method to prepare unsymmetrical organoselenides was also completed by coupling terminal alkynes with benzeneselenyl bromide. As an application, the synthesis of a selenopeptide was also accomplished. Furthermore, this methodology was extended to the synthesis of an organoselenide on solid support.
Spin-1/2 and beyond: a perspective in solid state NMR spectroscopy.

▪ Abstract Novel applications of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to the study of small molecules, synthetic polymers, biological systems, and inorganic materials continue at an accelerated rate. Instrumental to this uninterrupted expansion has been an improved understanding of the chemical physics underlying NMR. Such deeper understanding has led to novel forms of controlling the various components that make up the spin interactions, which have in turn redefined the analytical capabilities of solid state NMR measurements. This review presents a perspective on the basic phenomena and manipulations that have made this progress possible and describes the new opportunities and challenges that are being opened in the realms of spin-1/2 and quadrupole nuclei spectroscopies.
The Tradeoff between Oligopsony Power and Cost Efficiency in Horizontal Consolidation: An Example from Beef Packing

In this paper we model the tradeoff between regional oligopsony power and cost efficiency resulting from consolidation in a food processing industry. The model can be used to calculate the cost reductions necessary to offset the anticompetitive effects of market power and to compare them to actual cost savings achieved through plant scale or multiplant operating economies. For an application, we choose the beef packing industry. For this case, we find that the estimated cost savings necessary to neutralize the anticompetitive effects of consolidation in beef packing are about half the actual cost savings from scale economies.
Nonlinear Spatial and Temporal Effects of Highway Construction on House Prices

This paper studies the effect of a newly completed highway extension on home prices in the surrounding area. We analyze non-linearities in both the effect of distance from the highway and the effect of time relative to the completion of the road segment. While previous studies of the effects of nearby amenities on property and land values have focused on either cross-sectional spatial or temporal patterns, the joint analysis of the two dimensions has not been thoroughly investigated. We use home sale data from a period of 11 years centered around the completion of a new highway extension in metropolitan Los Angeles. We combine a standard hedonic model with a spline regression technique to allow for non-linear variations of the effect along the temporal and spatial dimensions. Our empirical results show that the maximum home price appreciation caused by the new highway extension occurs at moderate distances from the highway after it is completed. Lower price increases for this period are observed for homes sold closer to the highway or much further away. This price pattern gradually fades away in the years following the construction completion. A similar, although weaker, price pattern is also observed in the first years of the construction period. There is no statistically significant distance dependency in the 2 years in our sample prior to the beginning of the construction. This indicates that the housing market is not fully efficient as the information about the impending construction of the highway is not immediately incorporated into sales prices.
Algorithms for mining the evolution of conserved relational states in dynamic networks

Dynamic networks have recently being recognized as a powerful abstraction to model and represent the temporal changes and dynamic aspects of the data underlying many complex systems. Significant insights regarding the stable relational patterns among the entities can be gained by analyzing temporal evolution of the complex entity relations. This can help identify the transitions from one conserved state to the next and may provide evidence to the existence of external factors that are responsible for changing the stable relational patterns in these networks. This paper presents a new data mining method that analyzes the time-persistent relations or states between the entities of the dynamic networks and captures all maximal non-redundant evolution paths of the stable relational states. Experimental results based on multiple datasets from real-world applications show that the method is efficient and scalable.
Efficient synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides and 2′,3′-dideoxy C-nucleosides from D-glucosamine☆

Abstract D-Glucosamine 1 can be easily converted into 2,5-anhydro-6-O-benzoyl-3,4-dideoxygluconic acid 6 which can be taken on to both 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides such as dideoxyuridine (ddU) 4 and 2′,3′-dideoxy C-nucleosides such as dideoxyformycin B 5 and dideoxyshowdomycin 20.
CEO DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE INCENTIVES, AND CORPORATE STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

Istudyhowdirectorswhoarechiefexecutiveofficers(CEOs)ofotherfirmsaffect board effectiveness. I find that CEOs are paid more and their compensation is less sensitive to firm performance when other CEOs serve as directors. This is not an employment risk premium because CEO directors are not associated with higher turnover-performance sensitivity. Also, CEO directors have no effect on corporateinnovationbutareassociatedwithhigheracquisitionreturns,especially for complex deals. My results suggest that the advisory benefits of CEO directors must be balanced against the distortions in executive incentives associated with their board service.
Modeling the Effects of Epidemics on Routinely Collected Data

The use of routinely collected data, such as absenteeism, to provide an early warning of an epidemic will depend on better understanding of the effects of epidemics on such data. We reviewed studies in behavioral medicine and health psychology in order to build a model relating known factors related to human health information and treatment seeking behavior and effects on routinely collected data. This review and modeling effort may be useful to researchers in early detection, simulation, and response policy analysis.
THE BACKWARD-BENDING PHILLIPS CURVE AND THE MINIMUM UNEMPLOYMENT RATE OF INFLATION: WAGE ADJUSTMENT WITH OPPORTUNISTIC FIRMS*

This paper presents a theory of the backward-bending Phillips curve. There is a minimum unemployment rate of inflation which offers a policy alternative to the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment. Nominal wages are downwardly rigid because workers oppose cuts initiated from within the employment relation. Instead, workers may accept real wage adjustments effected by increases in the general price level, a variable outside individual firms’ control. This is why inflation ‘greases’ labor market adjustment. However, workers resist too rapid a real wage adjustment, and too high an inflation generates wage resistance that cancels the grease effect and increases unemployment. 1I  This paper presents a theory of the backward-bending Phillips curve in which there is a minimum unemployment rate of inflation (MURI). The MURI offers an alternative to the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) for purposes of policy formation. Nominal wages are downwardly rigid because workers oppose wage cuts initiated from within the employment relation. Instead, they may accept real wage adjustments effected by increases in the general price level, a variable outside the control of individual firms. It is for this reason that inflation ‘greases’ labor market adjustment. However, workers resist too rapid a real wage adjustment, so that too high an inflation cancels the grease effect and causes unemployment to increase.
A COMPUTER SIMULATION APPROACH TO THE TEACHING OF MAIL SURVEY STRATEGY ALTERNATIVES AND CHOICE

The author uses a computer simulation of mail questionnaire response rates to acquaint students with trade-offs in terms of survey cost, accuracy, and time. In the absence of a theoretical base in the literature, the approach familiarizes students with current issues and problems, and helps to develop a decision-making framework for this survey method. A step-by-step procedure emphasizing student involvement is described.
Male Syrian Hamsters Experimentally Infected with Helicobacter spp. of the H. bilis Cluster Develop MALT-Associated Gastrointestinal Lymphomas.

Background Aged hamsters naturally infected with novel Helicobacter spp. classified in the H. bilis cluster develop hepatobiliary lesions and typhlocolitis. Methods To determine whether enterohepatic H. spp. contribute to disease, Helicobacter-free hamsters were experimentally infected with H. spp. after suppression of intestinal bacteria by tetracycline treatment of dams and pups. After antibiotic withdrawal, weanlings were gavaged with four H. bilis-like Helicobacter spp. isolated from hamsters or H. bilis ATCC 43879 isolated from human feces and compared to controls (n = 7 per group). Results Helicobacter bilis 43879-dosed hamsters were necropsied at 33 weeks postinfection (WPI) due to the lack of detectable infection by fecal PCR; at necropsy, 5 of 7 were weakly PCR positive but lacked intestinal lesions. The remaining hamsters were maintained for ~95 WPI; chronic H. spp. infection in hamsters (6/7) was confirmed by PCR, bacterial culture, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and ELISA. Hamsters had mild-to-moderate typhlitis, and three of the male H. spp.-infected hamsters developed small intestinal lymphoma, in contrast to one control. Of the three lymphomas in H. spp.-infected hamsters, one was a focal ileal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma, while the other two were multicentric small intestinal large B-cell lymphomas involving both the MALT and extra-MALT mucosal sites with lymphoepithelial lesions. The lymphoma in the control hamster was a diffuse small intestinal lymphoma with a mixed population of T and B cells. Conclusions Results suggest persistent H. spp. infection may augment risk for gastrointestinal MALT origin lymphomas. This model is consistent with H. pylori/heilmannii-associated MALT lymphoma in humans and could be further utilized to investigate the mechanisms of intestinal lymphoma development.
Optimizing Software Cache-coherent Cluster Architectures

Software cache-coherent systems using programmable protocol processors provide a flexible infrastructure to expand the systems in size and function. However this flexibility comes at a cost in performance. First, the software implementation of protocols is inherently slower than a hardware implementation. Second, when multiple processors share a protocol processor, contention may result in a substantial increase in memory latency. In this paper, we study how the overhead of a software scheme can be reduced in the context of a shared- memory system consisting of SMP clusters. We study various design choices including hardware assists such as forwarding logic in the protocol processor and software hints through explicit communication primitives. We conduct our experiments via trace-driven simulation and compare the execution of three programs from the SPLASH-2 suite. We found that small cluster sizes (up to 4 processors/node) work well for both hardware and software implementations. When the forwarding logic is incorporated with the software scheme, the performance is competitive to that of the hardware scheme. When enhanced further by explicit communication primitives, the software scheme can perform even better than a pure hardware implementation. This is particularly noticeable when the network latency is high.
NewsPad: designing for collaborative storytelling in neighborhoods

This paper introduces design explorations in neighborhood collaborative storytelling. We focus on blogs and citizen journalism, which have been celebrated as a means to meet the reporting needs of small local communities. These bloggers have limited capacity and social media feeds seldom have the context or readability of news stories. We present NewsPad, a content editor that helps communities create structured stories, collaborate in real time, recruit contributors, and syndicate the editing process. We evaluate NewsPad in four pilot deployments and find that the design elicits collaborative story creation.
On the Non-Existence of Redundant Options

In a seminal paper, Ross (Q J Econ 90:75–89, 1976) shows that if security markets are resolving, then there exist (non-redundant) options that generate complete security markets. Complementing his work, Aliprantis and Tourky (2002) show that if security markets are strongly resolving and the number of primitive securities is less than half the number of states, then every option is non-redundant. Our paper extends Aliprantis and Tourky’s result to the case when their condition on the number of primitive securities is not imposed. Specifically, we show that if there exists no binary payoff vector in the asset span, then for each portfolio there exists a set of exercise prices of full measure such that any option on the portfolio with an exercise price in this set is non-redundant. Since the condition that there exists no binary payoff vector in the asset span holds generically, redundant options are thus rare.
Attitudes of U. s. purchasing managers toward industrial products manufactured in selected western european nations

This study reports the findings of a research project which focused on the stereotypes that United States purchasing managers have about industrial products manufactured in England, France, Italy, and West Germany, as well as the United States. The objective of the research was to determine what stereotypes, if any, exist in the minds of industrial buyers as they consider industrial products from these Western European nations. The findings suggest that stereotypes do exist for industrial products being traded by these nations. Managerial implications for marketing managers are discussed.
The shifting landscape of LGBT organizational research

Abstract Over the past generation, sexual minorities—particularly lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons—have gained increased visibility in the public arena. Yet organizational research has lagged behind in recognizing and studying this category of organizational members. This article offers a critical review of this growing body of research. More specifically, we identify and discuss four dominant scholarly frames that have informed LGBT organizational research from the late nineteenth century to date. The frames include a “medical abnormality,” “deviant social role,” “collective identity,” and “social distinctiveness” view of sexual minorities. We argue that these frames have profoundly shaped the scope and range of organizational scholarship devoted to sexual minorities by showing that scholars using such contrasted frames have been drawn to very different research questions with respect to sexual minorities. We document and discuss the main and contrasted questions asked within each of these frames and show how they have both enabled and constrained LGBT organizational research. We conclude by calling for more attention to the frames organizational scholars adopt when studying sexual minorities, but also for more research on both minority and majority sexual orientations in organizations.
Artificial ants deposit pheromone to search for regulatory DNA elements

Identification of transcription-factor binding motifs (DNA sequences) can be formulated as a combinatorial problem, where an efficient algorithm is indispensable to predict the role of multiple binding motifs. An ant algorithm is a biology-inspired computational technique, through which a combinatorial problem is solved by mimicking the behavior of social insects such as ants. We developed a unique version of ant algorithms to select a set of binding motifs by considering a potential contribution of each of all random DNA sequences of 4- to 7-bp in length. Human chondrogenesis was used as a model system. The results revealed that the ant algorithm was able to identify biologically known binding motifs in chondrogenesis such as AP-1, NFκB, and sox9. Some of the predicted motifs were identical to those previously derived with the genetic algorithm. Unlike the genetic algorithm, however, the ant algorithm was able to evaluate a contribution of individual binding motifs as a spectrum of distributed information and predict core consensus motifs from a wider DNA pool. The ant algorithm offers an efficient, reproducible procedure to predict a role of individual transcription-factor binding motifs using a unique definition of artificial ants.