cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disability in Schizophrenia: Contributing Factors and Validated Assessments

Patients with schizophrenia experience impairments in multiple domains of everyday life, including the ability to maintain social relationships, sustain employment, and live independently. These impairments typically persist after patients achieve symptom remission. Assessment of patients' functioning requires multiple information sources (such as the patient, a relative, or a case worker) and performance-based measures. Functional milestones (for example, marriage or a job) are not highly related to each other and require separate assessments. Clinicians could enhance their practice by being familiar with assessment tools, such as the University of California, San Diego, Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, which are designed to evaluate real-life skills and cognitive abilities. Although often considered together, cognitive and negative symptoms appear to have differential effects on domains of functioning and likely require separate treatment interventions. With targeted therapies and frequent contact with supportive clinicians, there is increasing evidence that patients can improve in their functioning in crucial areas that impact their quality of life.
Intergranular phases in cyclically annealed YBa2Cu3O7 − x: Implications for critical current densities

Abstract We report changes in the intergranular material composition and grain morphology of YBa2Cu3O7 − x caused by cyclic anneals between 780 and 980 °C in oxygen at 1 atm. Two endothermic reactions are detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 1. (a) the eutectic reaction of YBa2Cu3O7 − x with CuO and BaCuO2 at 900 °C (reaction enthalpy ΔHa and 2. (b) the peritectic reaction of YBa2Cu3O7 − x with CuO at 950 °C to form Y2BaCuO5 and liquid (reaction enthalpy ΔHb). During the first anneal, only reaction (b) is detected. Although reaction (b) should only occur if there is an excess of CuO, its signature is apparent in all published DSC data covering this temperature range. Cyclic annealing causes a monotonic decrease in ΔHb and an increase in ΔHa. A steady state is reached after 10 cycles at which point ΔHb = 0. We propose a model that explains the origin of the intergranular CuO and the changes in the intergranular material composition with cyclic annealing. The cyclic annealing causes increases in the average grain size and in the volume fraction of superconducting phase.
Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of cerebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in humans

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine whether gender differences exist in the forebrain cerebral activation patterns of the brain during pain perception. Accordingly, positron emission tomography (PET) with intravenous injection of H2 15O was used to detect increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal right-handed male and female subjects as they discriminated differences in the intensity of innocuous and noxious heat stimuli applied to the left forearm. Each subject was instructed in magnitude estimation based on a scale for which 0 indicated `no heat sensation'; 7, `just barely painful' and 10, `just barely tolerable'. Thermal stimuli were 40°C or 50°C heat, applied with a thermode as repetitive 5-s contacts to the volar forearm. Both male and female subjects rated the 40°C stimuli as warm but not painful and the 50°C stimuli as painful but females rated the 50°C stimuli as significantly more intense than did the males (P=0.0052). Both genders showed a bilateral activation of premotor cortex in addition to the activation of a number of contralateral structures, including the posterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex and the cerebellar vermis, during heat pain. However, females had significantly greater activation of the contralateral prefrontal cortex when compared to the males by direct image subtraction. Volume of interest comparison (t-statistic) also suggested greater activation of the contralateral insula and thalamus in the females (P
The dynamics of protein phosphorylation in bacterial chemotaxis

The chemotaxis signal transduction pathway allows bacteria to respond to changes in concentration of specific chemicals (ligands) by modulating their swimming behavior. The pathway includes ligand binding receptors, and the CheA, CheY, CheW, and CheZ proteins. We showed previously that phosphorylation of CheY is activated in reactions containing receptor, CheW, CheA, and CheY. Here we demonstrate that this activation signal results from accelerated autophosphorylation of the CheA kinase. Evidence for a second signal transmitted by a ligand-bound receptor, which corresponds to inhibition of CheA autophosphorylation, is also presented. We postulate that CheA can exist in three forms: a "closed" form in the absence of receptor and CheW; an "open" form that results from activation of CheA by receptor and CheW; and a "sequestered" form in reactions containing ligand-bound receptor and CheW. The system's dynamics depends on the relative distribution of CheA among these three forms at any time.
NASA Lewis advanced individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel/hydrogen technology

Abstract Individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel/hydrogen technology was advanced at NASA Lewis and under Lewis contracts. Some of the advancements are as follows: (1) to use 26% KOH electrolyte to improve cycle life and performance; (ii) to modify the state-of-the-art cell design to eliminate identified failure modes and further improve cycle life, and (iii) to develop a lightweight nickel electrode to reduce battery mass, hence reduce launch and/ or increase satellite payload. A breakthrough in the Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) cycle life of individual pressure vessel nickel/hydrogen battery cells was reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26% KOH electrolyte was about 40 000 accelerated LEO cycles at 80% depth-of-discharge (DOD) compared with 3500 cycles for cells containing 31% KOH. Results of the boiler plate cells tests have been validated at Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, IN. Forty-eight Ah flight cells containing 26 and 31% KOH have undergone real time LEO cycle life testing at an 80% DOD, in 10 °C. The three cells containing 26% KOH failed on the average at cycle 19 500. The three cells containing 31% KOH failed on the average at cycle 6400. Validation testing of NASA Lewis 125 Ah advanced design IPV nickel/hydrogen flight cells is also being conducted at Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, IN under a NASA Lewis contract. This consists of characterization, storage, and cycle-life testing. There was no capacity degradation after 52 days of storage with the cells in the discharged state, on open circuit, 0 °C, and a hydrogen pressure of 14.5 psia (1 atm). The catalyzed wall wick cells have been cycled for over 22 694 cycles with no cell failures in the continuing test. All three of the noncatalyzed wall wick cells failed (cycles 9588, 13 900 and 20 575). Cycle-life test results of the Fibrex nickel electrode has demonstrated the feasibility of an improved nickel electrode giving a higher specific energy nickel/hydrogen cell. A nickel/hydrogen boiler plate cell using an 80 mil (2 mm) thick, 90% porous Fibrex nickel electrode has been cycled for 10 000 cycles at 40% DOD.
Electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of fluorinated carboxylate and sulfonate salts

Abstract Electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of fluorinated mono- and bis-carboxylates and -sulfonates results in the formation of polymeric films having electrical conductivities in the range 0.8–50 S cm −1 . The conductivities, stabilities, optical spectra and morphological properties of selected films have been investigated.
Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Constructed Soils Amended with Compost

Composted organic materials used to stabilize roadside embankments in Texas promote rapid revegetation of soils disturbed by construction activities. Yet, adding compost to soil may increase total and soluble plant nutrients available for loss in runoff water. Composted municipal biosolids and dairy manure products were applied to soils in Texas according to prescribed Texas Department of Transportation specifications for stabilizing roadside soils. The specifications included a method for incorporating compost into soils prior to seeding or applying a compost and woodchip mix over a disturbed soil and then seeding. Applying compost and woodchips over the soil surface limited sediment losses (14 to 32 fold decrease) compared to incorporating compost into the soil. Yet, the greatest total phosphorus and nitrogen losses in runoff water occurred from soils where the compost and woodchip mix was applied. The greatest losses of soluble phosphorus also occurred when the compost and woodchip mix was applied. In contrast, nitrate-nitrogen losses in runoff were similar when compost was incorporated in the soil or applied in the woodchip mix. Compost source affected the nutrient losses in runoff. While the composted municipal biosolids added greater nutrient loads to the soil, less nutrient loss in runoff occurred.
A small molecule inhibitor of Pim protein kinases blocks the growth of precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma

The serine/threonine Pim kinases are up-regulated in specific hematologic neoplasms, and play an important role in key signal transduction pathways, including those regulated by MYC, MYCN, FLT3-ITD, BCR-ABL, HOXA9, and EWS fusions. We demonstrate that SMI-4a, a novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2, 4-dione small molecule inhibitor of the Pim kinases, kills a wide range of both myeloid and lymphoid cell lines with precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre–T-LBL/T-ALL) being highly sensitive. Incubation of pre–T-LBL cells with SMI-4a induced G1 phase cell-cycle arrest secondary to a dose-dependent induction of p27Kip1, apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, and inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (mTORC1) pathway based on decreases in phospho-p70 S6K and phospho-4E-BP1, 2 substrates of this enzyme. In addition, treatment of these cells with SMI-4a was found to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and the combination of SMI-4a and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor was highly synergistic in killing pre–T-LBL cells. In immunodeficient mice carrying subcutaneous pre–T-LBL tumors, treatment twice daily with SMI-4a caused a significant delay in the tumor growth without any change in the weight, blood counts, or chemistries. Our data suggest that inhibition of the Pim protein kinases may be developed as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pre–T-LBL.
Long-term plasticity of excitatory inputs to granule cells in the rat olfactory bulb

Using two photon–guided stimulation, the authors demonstrate spike timing–dependent plasticity of cortical feedback inputs to olfactory bulb granule cells.
Retrospective satellite ocean color analysis of purposeful and natural ocean iron fertilization

Significant effort has been invested in understanding the role of iron in marine ecosystems over the past few decades. What began as shipboard amendment experiments quickly grew into a succession of in situ, mesoscale ocean iron fertilization (OIF) experiments carried out in all three high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world ocean. Dedicated process studies have also looked at regions of the ocean that are seasonally exposed to iron-replete conditions as natural OIF experiments. However, one problem common to many OIF experiments is determination of biological response beyond the duration of the experiment (typically<1 month). Satellite-derived products have been used to address this shortcoming with some success, but thus far, have been limited snapshots of a single parameter, chlorophyll. Here, we investigate phytoplankton responses to OIF in both purposeful and naturally iron enriched systems using estimates of chlorophyll (Chl), phytoplankton carbon biomass (Cphyto), their ratio (Chl:Cphyto) and two fluorescence indices, fluorescence per unit chlorophyll (FLH:Chl) and the chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency (ϕf). These quantities allow partitioning of the biological response to OIF into that due to changes in biomass and that due to phytoplankton physiology. We find that relative increases in Chl (∼10–20x) following OIF far exceed increases in Cphyto (<4–5x), suggesting that a significant fraction of the observed Chl increase is associated with physiological adjustment to increased growth rates, photoacclimation, and floristic shifts in the phytoplankton community. Further, a consistent pattern of decreased satellite fluorescence efficiency (FLH:Chl or ϕf) following OIF is observed that is in agreement with current understanding of phytoplankton physiological responses to relief from iron stress. The current study extends our ability to retrieve phytoplankton physiology from space-based sensors, strengthens the link between satellite fluorescence and iron availability, and shows that satellite ocean color analyses provide a unique tool for monitoring OIF experiments.
International Transfer Pricing at Marks Pharmaceuticals: A Tax and Financial Accounting Perspective

This case presents a realistic global business situation dealing with an important and timely topic: transfer pricing. Specifically, the case addresses transfer pricing issues relating to both tangibles and intangibles and examines the issue from both tax and financial accounting perspectives. Recent developments in the tax and financial reporting domains make this an ideal setting in which to introduce students to current issues and to demonstrate the interrelated nature of these subdisciplines. The case can be readily adapted for use in a variety of classes (research, tax, or financial accounting) at both the graduate and undergraduate levels.
Oxygen extraction in lamb skeletal muscle.

ABSTRACT: Past studies have found that total-body O2 extraction during hypoxia was less in 1-wk-old lambs than in older animals. It was proposed that reduced O2 extraction was secondary to suppression of growth-related oxygen consumption (Vo2) in tissues such as skeletal muscle, bone, kidney, and skin, rather than a defect in peripheral O2 use. To determine the capacity of immature skeletal muscle to extract O2, we isolated the hind limb circulation of eight ketamine-anesthetized, 7- to 18-d-old lambs exposed to stagnant hypoxia by inflation of a right atrial balloon catheter. Femoral arterial and venous Po2, Pco2, pH, Hb concentration, O2 saturation, and femoral arterial blood flow (Q) were measured and hind limb O2 delivery (Do2), extraction ratio, and Vo2 calculated. Individual critical levels of Do2 below which Vo2 was dependent on O2 supply were determined by dual-line best-fit regression analysis, In six of eight animals, Vo2 was clearly independent of supply until Do2 reached critically low levels. However, O2 extraction during extreme hypoxia appeared submaximal (baseline O2 extraction ratio, 0.22 ± 0.06; at critical levels of Do2, 0.51 ± 0.11; at the lowest level of Q, 0.64± 0.15). When 2,4-dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, was administered to four additional lambs exposed to stagnant hypoxia, O2 extraction below critical levels of Do2 increased from 0.48 ± 0.15 to 0.79 ± 0.10 (p < 0.001, unpaired t test). These data suggest that initial limitations in O2 extraction were a result of the suspension of O2-consuming processes, not an irreversible defect in peripheral O2 use.
New Finite Element Field Calculation Technique in Which Continuity of Electric Flux is Satisfied

A new finite element technique to calculate electric field strength accurately has been developed. In this technique, new expressions for potential distribution in an element are derived in order to include electric flux densities as unknowns in basic equations. Trial calculations of coaxial cylinder models were performed by traditional methods and by new methods to examine the accuracy of field strength. The results show that the accuracy of field strength calculated by the new technique is much higher. By the calculation of a spacer which is used in SF6-gas-insulated equipment, the new technique was confirmed to be effective for practical use.
Hypertension Management in the Diabetes Patient

Approximately 11 million of the 17 million US citizens with type 2 diabetes mellitus also have hypertension. The development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes is frequently associated with hypertension, and both may present several years after the onset of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, hypertension may precede the development of diabetes by several years. Differences that exist between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the development of hypertension may indicate differences in the concomitant disease processes, yet the inevitable development of both diseases contributes to significant increases in risk of cardiovascular disease.The pharmacist must be familiar with blood pressure treatment goals in the hypertensive-diabetic patient and appropriate pharmacotherapeutic management. This article outlines treatment goals in the patient with diabetes and concurrent hypertension, reviews trials assessing pharmacologic treatments, and provides a summary of monitoring parameters to guide the ph...
XmdvtoolQ:: quality-aware interactive data exploration

In this work, we describe our approach for making the interactive data exploration system, called XmdvTool, quality-aware to assure informed decision-making. XmdvToolQ, makes quality or lack thereof explicit for all stages of the data exploration process from raw data, to abstracted data, to the final visual displays, allowing users to query and navigate through data-, structure- and quality-spaces.
Missing the Joke: A Reception Analysis of Satirical Texts

This paper presents findings from a study of audience interpretations and evaluations of satirical videos. Thirty-one participants were shown 1 of 4 short video segments from 3 satirical films (Starship Troopers, Bob Roberts, and Thank You for Smoking) and a television program (The 1/2 Hour News Hour). Participants were then asked to describe and evaluate what they saw. We found that audience members frequently missed the satire in the texts. However, these nonsatirical readings typically worked in the same ideological or rhetorical direction as satirical readings. When participants thought the author's intentions were serious, they also found the argument less than compelling. We conclude that viewers who “miss the joke” may still “get the message.” Ne pas saisir la blague : une analyse de reception des textes satiriques Ann Johnson, Esteban del Rio & Alicia Kemmitt Cet article presente les resultats d’une etude des interpretations et des evaluations de l’auditoire de videos satiriques. 39 participants ont visionne l’un de quatre courts segments videos tires de trois films satiriques (Starship Troopers, Bob Roberts et Thank You For Smoking) et d’une emission televisee (The 1/2 Hour News Hour). On a ensuite demande aux participants de decrire et d’evaluer ce qu’ils avaient vu. Nous avons decouvert que, souvent, les membres de l’auditoire ne saisissaient pas la satire des textes. Cependant, ces lectures non satiriques fonctionnaient generalement dans le meme sens ideologique ou rhetorique que les lectures satiriques. Lorsque les participants croyaient que les intentions de l’auteur etaient serieuses, ils trouvaient aussi l’argument loin d’etre convaincant. Nous concluons que les telespectateurs qui ne saisissent pas la blague peuvent neanmoins «comprendre le message». Perdiendo la Broma: Un Analisis de la Recepcion de los Textos Satiricos Ann Johnson1, Esteban del Rio2, & Alicia Kemmitt3 1 Department of Communication, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA 2 Department of Communication Studies, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA 3 Department of Communication, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Resumen Este articulo presenta los hallazgos de un estudio sobre la interpretacion de la audiencia y las evaluaciones de videos satiricos. Treinta y nueve participantes vieron 1 de 4 fragmentos cortos de video de 3 filmes satiricos (Starship Troopers, Bob Roberts, y Gracias por no fumar) y un programa de television (La Media Hora de la Hora de Noticias). Los participantes fueron interrogados despues para describir y evaluar lo que vieron. Encontramos evidencia que los miembros de la audiencia pierden muy frecuentemente la satira en los textos. No obstante, estas lecturas no-satiricas trabajaron tipicamente en la misma direccion ideologica o retorica de las lecturas satiricas. Cuando los participantes pensaron que las intenciones del autor eran serias, ellos encontraron al argumento menos convincente. Concluimos que los televidentes que ‘‘perdieron la broma’’ pueden aun ‘‘recibir el mensaje. ’’
Improved accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram: Identification of three-vessel coronary disease in stable angina pectoris by analysis of peak rate-related changes in ST segments

Exercise electrocardiography has relatively poor specificity and predictive accuracy for 3-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) when conventional diagnostic criteria are used. However, electrocardiographic evaluation using linear regression analysis of the heart-rate (HR)-related change in ST-segment depression (ST/HR slope) is reported to accurately distinguish patients with from those without CAD, and to accurately separate patients with 1-, 2- and 3-vessel CAD. To assess the applicability of this method and to compare it with conventional interpretation, retrospective evaluation of 50 patients in whom exercise electrocardiography and coronary cineangiography had been performed for suspected CAD was conducted using a modified ST/HR slope analysis limited to leads V5, V6 and aVF. Eighteen patients had 3-vessel, 22 had 2-vessel, 6 had 1-vessel and 4 had no CAD. Standard electrocardiographic criteria (1 mm or more of horizontal or downsloping ST depression) identified 3-vessel CAD with a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 56% and positive predictive value of only 50%. Peak ST/HR slope criteria (greater than or equal to 6.0 microV/beat/min) identified 3-vessel CAD with a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 97% and positive predictive value of 93%. The overall test accuracy using measured peak ST/HR slope was 90%, compared with 64% for standard ST-depression criteria. In conclusion, analysis of the peak ST/HR slope can greatly improve the diagnostic accuracy of exercise electrocardiography, and further prospective study of this method is indicated.
Density adjusted kernel smoothers for random design nonparametric regression

Abstract It has been shown in recent years that quotient (Nadaraya-Watson) and convolution (Priestley-Chao or Gasser-Muller)-type kernel estimators both have distinct disadvantages when applied in random design nonparametric regression settings. Improved asymptotic behavior is achieved by the locally weighted least-squares estimator fitting local lines. We investigate the question whether this supreme asymptotic behavior can be achieved by directly modified versions of the Nadaraya-Watson estimator. It is shown that one modified version, the “Density Adjusted Kernel Smoother (DAKS)” which is introduced here, achieves, in fact, the same desirable asymptotic distribution characteristics as the locally weighted least-squares estimator. This yields an alternative “linearly unbiased” kernel estimator, i.e., the asymptotic bias depends only on the local curvature of the regression function at the point where it is to be estimated.
Ultra-fast aqueous Li-ion redox energy storage from vanadium oxide-carbon nanotube yarn electrodes

Abstract Half-cell electrochemical characterizations were conducted on carbon nanotube-vanadium oxide (CNT-VOx) yarn electrodes in an 8 M LiCl aqueous electrolyte. A supercritical fluid deposition and in-situ oxidation process was utilized to deposit nanoscale coatings of vanadium oxide on carbon nanotube (CNT) surfaces throughout the porous structure of CNT yarns. The high surface area, interconnected pore structure and high electrical conductivity of the CNT yarn enabled extraordinary rate capabilities from the high capacity Li/VOx system. High-rate cyclic voltammetry scans, requiring current densities of hundreds of amperes per gram of electrode mass, produced rectangular voltammograms with distinguishable redox peaks from Li-ion intercalation/deintercalation. Capacitances of over 150 F g−1 were achieved at a scan rate of 5 V s−1 over a 1.2 V potential window resulting in an energy density of >32 Wh kg−1 (>30 Wh L−1) for the yarn electrode. The charge storage also showed good reversibility when cycled over this large potential window, maintaining 90% of the capacitance after 100 cycles at a scan rate of 2 V s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows the frequency dependent behavior is distinctly lacking of the characteristic responses from the rate-limiting processes associated with faradaic charge storage in VOx.
An unexpected relationship between failure and subsequent mathematics learning

135 high schoolSs were presented with one of three treatment programs: rule (R); rule, then discovery (RD); and discovery, then rule (DR). AllSs were tested on the training rules and on three transfer problems. No significant differences were found on the transfer problems, but the R and RDSs learned the training rules better than the DRSs (p<0.01). It was proposed that failure on the discovery task may have had an inhibiting effect on subsequent learning on the R program.
Getting There Is Half the Fun: Relating Happiness to Health

(1998). Getting There Is Half the Fun: Relating Happiness to Health. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 66-68.
Detection of shipboard fires with fiber optic temperature sensors

The U.S. Navy is developing fiber optic temperature sensors to detect shipboard fires for the damage control monitoring system. For fire detection, continuous measurements of temperature are required to a value of 1100 degree(s)C in every compartment, in addition to other measurements. Fire detection information is transmitted on a fiber optic data network for display to the ship's damage control officer. Fabry-Perot, black body, and microbend sensors were evaluated on a Navy ship, the ex-USS SHADWELL, to determine ability to detect fires. Results demonstrated the ability to measure temperatures up to 1100 degree(s)C with no deleterious effects from the shipboard environment of high humidity, vibration, and shock. Further research and development has revealed additional fiber optic sensor technology, based on other techniques, that is also capable of high temperature measurement onboard ship. Multiplexing is being used to reduce sensor cost.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Family of nuclear mass relations

A family of simple nuclear mass relations, which includes as members the Garvey-Kelson transverse and longitudinal relations, is presented. Each member of this family gives a prediction of roughly equal statistical accuracy for the unknown mass of a given nuclide. The average of this family is statistically more reliable than is any single prediction. The essential physical observation that leads to these relations is that the empirical neutron-proton effective interaction is generally weak and that the strength of this interaction is strongly correlated separately for neighboring even-A and for neighboring odd-A nuclei.
High temperature phase transformation in rhombohedral bismuth strontium oxide

Abstract A combined DSC and high temperature XRD study of the phase transformation reported for the β-phase solid solution (Bi2O3)1-x (SrO)x was undertaken for the composition Bi1.6Sr0.2O2.6. The DSC and high temperature XRD results were in good agreement. A reversible phase transformation was observed over a narrow temperature range around 650°C, characterized by a large increase in the c lattice parameter, although, both the low and high temperature phases have the same crystal symmetry.
Automatic defect classification using topography map from SEM photometric stereo

As the industry moves to smaller design rules, shrinking process windows and shorter product lifecycles, the need for enhanced yield management methodology is increasing. Defect classification is required for identification and isolation of yield loss sources. Practice demonstrates that an operator relies on 3D information heavily while classifying defects. Therefore, Defect Topographic Map (DTM) information can enhance Automatic Defect Classification (ADC) capabilities dramatically. In the present article, we describe the manner in which reliable and rapid SEM measurements of defect topography characteristics increase the classifier ability to achieve fast identification of the exact process step at which a given defect was introduced. Special multiple perspective SEM imaging allows efficient application of the photometric stereo methods. Physical properties of a defect can be derived from the 3D by using straightforward computer vision algorithms. We will show several examples, from both production fabs and R&D lines, of instances where the depth map is essential in correctly partitioning the defects, thus reducing time to source and overall fab expenses due to defect excursions.
Structural Characterization of Carbohydrate Sequence, Linkage, and Branching in a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer: Neutral Oligosaccharides and N-Linked Glycans

Several oligosaccharide and N-linked glycan samples have been utilized to evaluate structural detail obtained with an ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). Using multistage MS/MS (MSn) in a commercial instrument, linear sequence, linkage, and branching have been studied, as well as the positional isomers within branched glycans. Samples were prepared as methylated derivatives, which amplifies the structurally informative cross-ring and double glycosidic cleavage products associated with interresidue linkage and oligomer branching detail. Spectral analysis of a linear glucose homopolymer demonstrated ITMS to be comparable with data obtained from a triple-quadrupole instrument, and in a study of complex glycans, the feature of MSn enabled the assignment of linkages that cannot be assessed by conventional triple-quadrupole tandem instrumentation. The longer time scale of CID experiments enhances the abundance of multiple bond ruptures important for a complete understanding of structure. This technology appears to provide a significant step toward the goal of characterizing all aspects of carbohydrate structure using a single instrument.
Zr-promoted ‘pair’-selective and regioselective synthesis of penta-substituted benzene derivatives

Tetra-substituted zirconacyclopentadiene derivatives, obtainable via in situ generation of zirconacyclopropenes and their cyclic carbozirconation with alkynes, can be treated with alkynyllithiums to induce 1,2-migration accompanied by aromatization and protonolysis, leading to the formation of penta-substituted benzene derivatives, in which all five substituted may be different.
Marketing to Chinese consumers on the internet

Purpose – To provide an objective assessment of the current and future potential of China as an environment for the practice of internet marketing.Design/methodology/approach – The findings of a series of biennial longitudinal studies, published by a research centre operating under the auspices of the Chinese government, were analysed and interpreted. Key variables and future trends were inferred from the re‐assembled data.Findings – The online market in China is growing rapidly and has a strong potential, despite many real obstacles and many others based on superficial interpretation of received wisdom now substantially out of date. Although the majority of Chinese consumers are still internet novices, the only concrete concerns among the experimenting minority are product quality and online security. The indications are that the short‐to‐medium term future therefore offers more opportunities than threats to alert market entrants.Practical implications – A comprehensive analysis of the findings of an off...
Comparison of solid-state amorphization reactions in deformed Ni-Ti and Ni-Zr multilayered composites.

Differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray-diffraction analysis were utilized to compare solid-state reactions in multilayered composites of two different metal systems: Ni-Zr and Ni-Ti. We found that solid-state amorphization reactions occurred in both the Ni-Zr and the Ni-Ti system. Our results indicate that a suitable kinetic constraint exists on the formation of crystalline intermetallic compounds in the Ni-Ti system such that solid-state amorphization reactions can occur in this system, although the relatively sluggish growth of amorphous material in the Ni/Ti composites limits the thickness that can be grown. The differences between the kinetics of the solid-state amorphization reactions in these two systems provide some insight into the nature of the solid-state amorphization process.
A Population Approach to the Middle Atlantic Archaic

Population studies should provide a context with which hypotheses concerning the complex and dynamic relationships between population, subsistence, settlement, and social organization may be formulated and tested. Associations between these variables are, however, innately complex, particularly among hunter-gatherers, and thus population accounts tend to be largely detached from those correlates. This article implements an approach grounded in population ecology and settlement demography to evaluate some longstanding impressions regarding the population history of the Middle Atlantic Archaic. It further provides an interpretive context that considers factors such as population density and growth, social organization, and patterns of mobility and land use.
Regulation of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Promoter and Intron I Enhancer by Sp1 Family Transcription Factors

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) has a complex spatial and temporal pattern of expression and is essential for the normal development of a diverse set of tissues. Recently, mutations have been identified in FGFR3 that result in constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and cause a number of different human skeletal disorders. To examine the regulatory mechanisms governing FGFR3 expression, the promoter for the FGFR3 gene was identified and characterized. It resides in a CpG island, which encompasses the 5′ end of the FGFR3 gene and lacks classical cis-regulatory motifs. As little as 100 base pairs of sequence 5′ to the initiation site can confer a 20–40-fold increase in transcriptional activity upon a promoter-less vector. The transcriptional activity of thesecis-regulatory sequences is further stimulated by elements found within the first intron. Mapping of the enhancer activity found within intron I identified two purine-rich sequence motifs between +340 and +395. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that sequences within this region bind members of the Sp1 family of transcription factors. In a background lacking Sp1-like activity, we demonstrate that Sp1 can enhance transcription of the minimal promoter (which contains five classical Sp1 sites), whereas both Sp1 and Sp3 can enhance transcription through the elements found in intron I. Although these transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed, we demonstrate that the sequences between −220 and +609 of the FGFR3 gene are sufficient to promote the tissue-specific expression of a reporter gene in transgenic mice.
Evaluating probability sampling strategies for estimating redd counts: an example with Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Precise, unbiased estimates of population size are an essential tool for fisheries management. For a wide variety of salmonid fishes, redd counts from a sample of reaches are commonly used to monit...
Chemische und elektrochemische Aspekte der Korrosion im Kernreaktor

Der Verfasser behandelt die chemischen und elektrochemischen Aspekte der Korrosion von Metallen in Kernreaktoren. Nach einer Darstellung der elektrochemischen Korrosionsreaktionen an den Phasengrenzflachen Metall-Schutzfilm-Losung werden die Einflusse von Kernstrahlen auf diese Reaktionen und die Reaktionen der Spaltprodukte mit den im Reaktor verwendeten Metallen behandelt. Abschliesend werden praktische Ergebnisse, die im National Oak Ridge Laboratory erzielt wurden, eingehend diskutiert. Chemical and Electro-Chemical Aspects of Corrosion in Atomic Piles The author presents a treatment on the chemical and Electro-chemical aspects of the corrosion of metals in atomic piles. After a survey of the electro-chemical corrosion processes on the phase boundaries metal - protective film-solution under normal conditions, the influences of radioactive radiation on these processes and the corrosion reactions caused by the products of nuclear fission are discussed. Finally some practical results obtained in National Oak Ridge Laboratory are treated.
Papillary thyroid cancer: surgical management of lymph node metastases.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common thyroid malignancy, is associated with cervical lymph node metastases in 30% to 90% of patients. While surgery is the primary treatment modality for PTC, radioactive iodine and thyroid hormone suppression often complement the treatment plan. Although thyroid hormone suppression may decrease the incidence of recurrent disease and radioactive iodine may diagnose and treat metastases, lymph node dissection (LND) is the mainstay treatment for clinically evident cervical lymph node metastases. The surgical treatment options published in the literature include the traditional radical LND, the modified radical LND, the selective LND (compartment-based resection based on documented lymph node metastases), and a ‘berry picking’ resection (in which only the grossly abnormal lymph nodes are excised). At the University of California, San Francisco, we prefer the modified radical LND with preservation of the cervical sensory nerves for the first lymph node dissection with the ‘berry picking’ procedure limited to surgical treatment of recurrent nodal metastases in previously resected lymph node basins. Some centers are evaluating the potential role of sentinel lymph node biopsies for PTC. While the extent of lymphadenectomy is debated, most physicians treating patients with PTC agree that clinical evidence of lymphatic metastases should be surgically exercised and there is no role for prophylactic LND.
Numerical linear algebra in the streaming model

We give near-optimal space bounds in the streaming model for linear algebra problems that include estimation of matrix products, linear regression, low-rank approximation, and approximation of matrix rank. In the streaming model, sketches of input matrices are maintained under updates of matrix entries; we prove results for turnstile updates, given in an arbitrary order. We give the first lower bounds known for the space needed by the sketches, for a given estimation error e. We sharpen prior upper bounds, with respect to combinations of space, failure probability, and number of passes. The sketch we use for matrix A is simply STA, where S is a sign matrix. Our results include the following upper and lower bounds on the bits of space needed for 1-pass algorithms. Here A is an n x d matrix, B is an n x d' matrix, and c := d+d'. These results are given for fixed failure probability; for failure probability δ>0, the upper bounds require a factor of log(1/δ) more space. We assume the inputs have integer entries specified by O(log(nc)) bits, or O(log(nd)) bits. (Matrix Product) Output matrix C with F(ATB-C) ≤ e F(A) F(B). We show that Θ(ce-2log(nc)) space is needed. (Linear Regression) For d'=1, so that B is a vector b, find x so that Ax-b ≤ (1+e) minx' ∈ Reald Ax'-b. We show that Θ(d2e-1 log(nd)) space is needed. (Rank-k Approximation) Find matrix tAk of rank no more than k, so that F(A-tAk) ≤ (1+e) F{A-Ak}, where Ak is the best rank-k approximation to A. Our lower bound is Ω(ke-1(n+d)log(nd)) space, and we give a one-pass algorithm matching this when A is given row-wise or column-wise. For general updates, we give a one-pass algorithm needing [O(ke-2(n + d/e2)log(nd))] space. We also give upper and lower bounds for algorithms using multiple passes, and a sketching analog of the CUR decomposition.
Time Series analysis for prediction of ASR-induced expansions

Abstract The aim of this study was to predict and classify ASR reactivity of mortar bars submerged in 1, 0.5 and 0.25N NaOH solutions. The experimental expansion data were recorded from the mortar specimens prepared with twelve different aggregate groups for the three alkali solutions. The dataset were then fitted in a Time Series (TS) regression model to predict the ASR-induced expansion of each aggregate group for up to 98 days. The results showed that, regardless of aggregate source, the TS model was very suitable in prediction of mortar expansions when compared to those obtained experimentally. The ASR classification of the investigated aggregates obtained from the predicted expansions of the TS regression model was nearly identical to the classification determined by using experimental mortar expansions.
Stripline Measurements of Surface Resistance: Relation to HTSC Film Properties and Deposition Methods

ABSTRACT We describe the measurement of microwave surface resistance, Rs, of thin films of high -transition- temperature superconductors by the stripline resonator method. This method allowsmeasurement of Its as a function of frequency from 0.5 GHz to 20 GHz and has a sensitivity ofgreater than 1x10 -7 O. RS for films deposited by various methods has been measured, and alimited temperature dependence for one YBCO film is also reported. The results are related to thedeposition methods and film properties. 1. INTRODUCTION The discovery of the high -Tc superconducting materials has heightened interest in manypassive microwave device applications, including resonators, filters, delay lines and other signalprocessing components that can operate at temperatures as high as that of liquid nitrogen. Inparticular, planar stripline circuit implementations of these devices are desirable because they arecompact, have low radiation losses and can be fabricated using conventional photolithographictechniques. Superconductors are of interest because conventional low -Tc materials havedemonstrated much lower microwave losses than conventional conductors and on theoreticalgrounds we expect the same properties for the high -Ta materials but at higher temperatures.Furthermore, for most superconducting materials, transmission lines are dispersionless because,for frequencies small compared with the bandgap energy, the London penetration depth isindependent of frequency. In a normal conductor dispersion results from the frequencydependence of the skin depth.The parameter which reflects the loss in a superconductor is the microwave surfaceresistance, RS, which, although potentially low, is not identically zero as it is at dc.1 At any acfrequency and finite temperature, resistive losses are present because the inductance which resultsfrom the inertia of the superconducting electrons allows penetration of the microwave electric fieldinto the superconductor. This field couples to the normal electrons, resulting in resistive powerdissipation. Thus a superconducting material is characterized by a surface resistance that can beexpressed as1
Legionella pneumophila Persists within Biofilms Formed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Flavobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens under Dynamic Flow Conditions

Legionella pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires' disease pneumonia, is transmitted to humans following the inhalation of contaminated water droplets. In aquatic systems, L. pneumophila survives much of time within multi-organismal biofilms. Therefore, we examined the ability of L. pneumophila (clinical isolate 130 b) to persist within biofilms formed by various types of aquatic bacteria, using a bioreactor with flow, steel surfaces, and low-nutrient conditions. L. pneumophila was able to intercalate into and persist within a biofilm formed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Flavobacterium sp. or Pseudomonas fluorescens. The levels of L. pneumophila within these biofilms were as much as 4 × 10(4) CFU per cm(2) of steel coupon and lasted for at least 12 days. These data document that K. pneumoniae, Flavobacterium sp., and P. fluorescens can promote the presence of L. pneumophila in dynamic biofilms. In contrast to these results, L. pneumophila 130 b did not persist within a biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, confirming that some bacteria are permissive for Legionella colonization whereas others are antagonistic. In addition to colonizing certain mono-species biofilms, L. pneumophila 130 b persisted within a two-species biofilm formed by K. pneumoniae and Flavobacterium sp. Interestingly, the legionellae were also able to colonize a two-species biofilm formed by K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, demonstrating that a species that is permissive for L. pneumophila can override the inhibitory effect(s) of a non-permissive species.
Are supersymmetric models with large tanβ natural

Abstract We point out that, contrary to general belief, generic supersymmetric models are not technically unnatural in the limit of very large values of the parameter tan β when radiative corrections are properly included. Rather, an upper limit on tan β only arises from the requirement that Yukawa couplings remain perturbative up to some high scale. We quantify the relation between this scale and the maximum value of tan β . Whereas tan β is limited to lie below 50–70 in the mSUGRA model, models with a much lower scale of new physics (beyond supersymmetry) may have tan β ≲150–200.
The Complete CDS of the Prion Protein ( PRNP ) Gene of African Lion ( Panthera leo )

We provide the complete PRNP CDS sequence for the African lion, which is different from the previously published sequence and more similar to other carnivore sequences. The newly obtained prion protein sequence differs from the domestic cat sequence at three amino acid positions and contains only four octapeptide repeats. We recommend that this sequence be used as the reference sequence for future studies of the PRNP gene for this species.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces cell proliferation in the mouse urogenital sinus.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a TGFβ family member, and GDNF signals through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface receptor (GFRα1) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF signaling plays crucial roles in urogenital processes, ranging from cell fate decisions in germline progenitors to ureteric bud outgrowth and renal branching morphogenesis. Gene ablation studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in urogenital development, although its role in prostate development is unclear. We investigated the functional role of GDNF signaling in the urogenital sinus (UGS) and the developing prostate of mice. GDNF, GFRα1, and RET show time-specific and cell-specific expression during prostate development in vivo. In the UGS, GDNF and GFRα1 are expressed in the urethral mesenchyme (UrM) and epithelium (UrE), whereas RET is restricted to the UrM. In each lobe of the developing prostate, GDNF and GFRα1 expression declines in the epithelium and becomes restricted ...