cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ClusteringWiki: personalized and collaborative clustering of search results

How to organize and present search results plays a critical role in the utility of search engines. Due to the unprecedented scale of the Web and diversity of search results, the common strategy of ranked lists has become increasingly inadequate, and clustering has been considered as a promising alternative. Clustering divides a long list of disparate search results into a few topic-coherent clusters, allowing the user to quickly locate relevant results by topic navigation. While many clustering algorithms have been proposed that innovate on the automatic clustering procedure, we introduce ClusteringWiki, the first prototype and framework for personalized clustering that allows direct user editing of clustering results. Through a Wiki interface, the user can edit and annotate the membership, structure and labels of clusters for a personalized presentation. In addition, the edits and annotations can be shared among users as a mass collaborative way of improving search result organization and search engine utility.
The blood level of vitamin B1 in healthy children and its relation to the urinary thiamine

T HERE. have been few reports on the blood level of vitamin B1 in healthy children. Urinary thiamine excretions have been studied extensively and have been found to reflect the degree of thiamine tissue saturation of the body. It seemed to us profitable to study the relationship of the blood B1 to the urinary thiamine excretion. Thiamine is found mainly as thiamine pyrophosphate, that is, cocarboxylase, in the blood and tissues. It is as this coenzyme that vitamin B~ functions in the metabolism of carbohydrates. This active form of thiamine, cocarboxylase, exists in the cellular elements of the blood, and only about 10 per cent of the total blood vitamin B1 content is present in the plasma as free thiamine. Thus, blood determinations of total vitamin B~ (cocarboxyiase plus free thiamine), must be done on whole blood rather than on plasma. Three principal methods have been used for determining vitamin B1 in the blood. The first is based on an observation by Ochoa and Peters, 1 that the amount of carbon dioxide evolved from 1oyruvic acid in the presence of washed yeast and maximal amounts of thiamine will be directly proportional to the amount of cocarboxylase which is added to the system. The second method is dependent on the fact that vitamin B1 stimulates the growth of the fungus P h y c o m y c e s b lakes leeanus . 2, 3 In the third method the cocarboxy]ase is split to free thiamine and this plus the preformed thiamine is converted to thiochrome. The fluorescence of the thiochrome is then quantitatively measured. 4 Results of blood determinations in normal individuals as reported by other observers are found in Table I. Two of these studies use children as subjects. Wortis, Goodhart, and Bueding 5 determined the cocarboxylase content of the blood in fifty children from 4 to 15 years of age, none of whom exhibited any of the generally recognized clinical signs of vitamin B1 deficiency in children. These children had a range of 4 to 13 ~g with a mean of 7.5 (plus or minus 1.82) ~g per 100 c.c. Sch]utz and Knott 6 do not give any average for their healthy children but believe that an infant or young child should have a value of cocarboxylase in the blood of 10 t~g or more per ]00 c:c. of blood.
Advocating Noise as an Agent for Ultra-Low Energy Computing: Probabilistic Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Devices and Their Characteristics

Noise immunity and low-energy computing have become limiting factors in the semiconductor roadmap as transistor feature sizes shrink. The subject of our study is the probabilistic switch, implemented in the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) domain, referred to as a probabilistic CMOS (PCMOS) switch, whose behavior is rendered probabilistic by noise. In conducting this study, we are motivated by the possibility of using such probabilistic switches to realize ultra-low energy computing. Based on PCMOS switches realized using 0.5 and 0.25 µm processes, we present detailed analytical models, subsequently verified through HSpice simulations. We consider the thermal noise and power supply noise as our sources for probabilistic behavior. Through one interesting aspect of the study, we characterize the effects of the noise sampling frequency and the output sampling frequency on probabilistic behavior. Finally, we briefly outline the opportunity that such probabilistic switches offer to ultra low-energy computing through the concept of a probabilistic system-on-a-chip (PSoC) architecture (that is based on PCMOS switches); such architectures can achieve significant energy savings and performance improvements at the application level.
Reactor Configuration Development for ARIES-CS

New compact, quasi-axially symmetric stellarator configurations have been developed as part of the ARIES-CS reactor studies. These new configurations have good plasma confinement and transport properties, including low losses of alpha particles and good integrity of flux surfaces at high beta. We summarize the recent progress by showcasing two attractive classes of configurations-configurations with judiciously chosen rotational transforms to avoid undesirable effects of low order resonances on the flux surface integrity and configurations with very small aspect ratios (~2.5) that have excellent quasi-axisymmetry and low field ripples
Vibrational spectrum and assignments for 1,6- and 1,8-naphthyridine☆☆☆

Abstract Assignments of all 42 fundamental vibrations of 1,6- and 1,8-naphthyridine are reported. Assignments were made from infrared and Raman spectra, comparison with naphthalene and related azanaphthalenes, and the results of a normal coordinate calculation of the fundamentals.
A Simple Technique to Preserve the LSVC during Reoperative Orthotopic Heart Transplant

Increasingly, patients undergo heart transplant after previous heart surgery. In patients with a persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC), the preferred technique, preservation of drainage via the native coronary sinus, can be difficult in reoperative cases due to adhesions. We report a technique simplifying this operation in such a patient. (J Card Surg 2012;27:767-768)
Legionnaires' disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients : eight cases and review

Despite being a well-known pathogen for immunocompromised patients, Legionella pneumophila has infrequently been described in persons with infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Since 1986, we have identified eight cases of legionella pneumonia among seven HIV-infected persons enrolled in the HIV Natural History Study of the U.S. Air Force. The median CD4+ T cell count for these patients was 83/mm3; 50% of the cases occurred in persons for whom AIDS was previously diagnosed, and five of the cases were nosocomial. Six of the patients had coexistent pulmonary infections. None of the cases occurred among persons receiving prophylactic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Therapeutically, all patients appeared to respond well to standard antilegionella therapy or high doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Overall, these seven patients represent 1.7% of the patients with late-stage HIV infection (Walter Reed stage 5 or 6) in this cohort. L. pneumophila, although remaining an uncommon pathogen for HIV-infected patients, may produce serious disease in this population. HIV-infected persons should be considered at risk for legionnaires' disease, particularly in institutions where potable water supplies have become contaminated.
Etnicidad y comunidad en el proceso patrimonial: el caso del último barrio chino rural de EE. UU. en Locke, California

Locke, California es el ultimo barrio chino rural en America formado por los primeros inmigrantes chinos, en 1915. El valor de Locke como un sitio historico conmemora la contribucion de los trabajadores chinos al Estado Nacion y ha sido extensamente reconocido. Pero su preservacion ha levantado muchas controversias dentro y fuera de la comunidad. Este articulo muestra como el discurso hegemonico de tradicion y lugar podria generar los significados impugnados de herencia y espacio que firmemente se conectan con los discursos sobre la ideologia y la identidad. Esto tambien proporciona perspicacias para entender la dinamica y la politica compleja de paisaje etnico y patrimonio
Gaussian model-based statistical matching for image enhancement and segmentation

A Gaussian model-based statistical matching procedure is proposed for image enhancement and segmentation. Generally speaking, enhanced images are desired for visual analysis whereas segmented images are required for target recognition. A histogram matching procedure is used to enhance a given image. To perform histogram matching, two histograms are needed, an original histogram computed from the given image and a specified histogram to be matched to. For image enhancement, the specified histogram is a Gaussian model (mean & standard deviation) that can be estimated from a number of well-exposed images or properly processed images. Certainly the Gaussian model varies with the category of imagery. For image segmentation, N Gaussian models (means & standard deviations) are estimated from the original histogram of a given image. The number of Gaussian models (N) is decided by analyzing the original histogram. A statistical matching procedure is used to map the original histogram onto one of the Gaussian models defined by their means and standard deviations. Specifically, the mapped image can be computed by subtracting the mean of original image from the original image, scaling with the ratio of the standard deviation of Gaussian model to the standard deviation of original image and plus the mean of Gaussian model. The statistically mapped image is thresheld by using the mean of Gaussian model, which results one set of expected segments. The statistical matching plus thresholding procedure is repeated N times for N Gaussian models. Finally, all N sets of segments are fully obtained. The proposed image enhancement and segmentation procedure are validated with multi-sensor imagery.
A critical role for TCF-1 in T-lineage specification and differentiation

The vertebrate thymus provides an inductive environment for T-cell development. Within the mouse thymus, Notch signals are indispensable for imposing the T-cell fate on multipotential haematopoietic progenitors, but the downstream effectors that impart T-lineage specification and commitment are not well understood. Here we show that a transcription factor, T-cell factor 1 (TCF-1; also known as transcription factor 7, T-cell specific, TCF7), is a critical regulator in T-cell specification. TCF-1 is highly expressed in the earliest thymic progenitors, and its expression is upregulated by Notch signals. Most importantly, when TCF-1 is forcibly expressed in bone marrow (BM) progenitors, it drives the development of T-lineage cells in the absence of T-inductive Notch1 signals. Further characterization of these TCF-1-induced cells revealed expression of many T-lineage genes, including T-cell-specific transcription factors Gata3 and Bcl11b, and components of the T-cell receptor. Our data suggest a model where Notch signals induce TCF-1, and TCF-1 in turn imprints the T-cell fate by upregulating expression of T-cell essential genes.
The Economics of Elective Cesarean Section

Four million deliveries occur annually in the United States, and obstetric care has traditionally constituted a substantial portion of medical costs for young women, as well as being a major source of uncompensated care. The economic implications of a large shift in the mode of delivery are potentially important. This article reviews the relevant economic issues surrounding elective cesarean section and cesarean section at maternal request, summarizes the methodological quality and results of current literature on the topic, and presents recommendations for further study.
MARSYAS: a framework for audio analysis

Existing audio tools handle the increasing amount of computer audio data inadequately. The typical tape-recorder paradigm for audio interfaces is inflexible and time consuming, especially for large data sets. On the other hand, completely automatic audio analysis and annotation is impossible using current techniques. Alternative solutions are semi-automatic user interfaces that let users interact with sound in flexible ways based on content. This approach offers significant advantages over manual browsing, annotation and retrieval. Furthermore, it can be implemented using existing techniques for audio content analysis in restricted domains. This paper describes MARSYAS, a framework for experimenting, evaluating and integrating such techniques. As a test for the architecture, some recently proposed techniques have been implemented and tested. In addition, a new method for temporal segmentation based on audio texture is described. This method is combined with audio analysis techniques and used for hierarchical browsing, classification and annotation of audio files.
Feige 24 - A very hot white dwarf

OAO-2 ultraviolet photometry of the composite spectrum white dwarf Feige 24 is compared with model atmospheres to derive an effective temperature of 70,000 (+20,000, -15,000) K. The distance to this star is estimated to be 90 (+55, -31) pc if the cool component is assumed to be a main-sequence star with a red and near-infrared energy distribution that is normal for its spectral type. The derived characteristics of Feige 24 are compatible with its identification as the extreme-ultraviolet source observed by Margon et al.
ADIPOSE TISSUE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LARVAL FAT BODY.

Morphological, cytochemical and developmental studies were undertaken of the adipose cells present in third instar larvae and in adult females of Drosophila melanogaster. The adipose cells of the adult type in the abdomens of recently emerged and seven-day-old adult females contain deposits of lipid and glycogen. Although the cells increase in size during this period, their nuclei do not. During the third instar the larval adipose cells and their nuclei undergo a five- and twofold increase in average cross-sectional area, respectively. Deposits of lipid and glycogen are present throughout this period. Proteinaceous globules first appear in the middle of the third instar. They increase in diameter and number until just before pupation they comprise one fourth of the cytoplasm of the cells. In the young adult the surviving larval adipose cells and their nuclei have decreased in average cross-sectional area by two and three times, respectively, from the late third instar values. The surviving larval adipose cells contain droplets of unsaturated lipids, protein globules, and deposits of glycogen which completely fill the remaining cytoplasmic area. By the third day of adult life these cells histolyze. When late second instar larvae are starved for three days, the average cross-sectional area of their fat body cells decreases ten times. Despite the absence of glycogen and a huge decrease in lipid, protein globules form, and by the third day of starvation comprise one fourth of the cytoplasm. Transplantation experiments demonstrate that a hormone produced by the ring gland during the late third instar induces the formation of these protein globules.
A simple procedure for removal of intra- and extra-tumoral macrophages from primary tumor cultures.

Improved growth of tumor cells in primary cell suspensions isolated from solid tumors can be achieved by addition of an antifungal agent, mycostatin, to the culture medium. Mycostatin inhibits the cytotoxicity of macrophages and also quickly detaches phagocytes without any apparent retardation of the growth of tumor cells. This method is particularly useful for obtaining cultures of lung tumor cells or cells from lung metastases of other tumors.
Assessing the Accuracy of Long-Term Subsidence Derived from Borehole Extensometer Data Using GPS Observations: Case Study in Houston, Texas

AbstractThis study investigated long-term land subsidence derived from borehole extensometer and Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from Addicks, a suburb located in West Houston, Texas. The Addicks borehole extensometer was built in 1974 by the USGS. Two GPS stations were installed at this site in 1993 and 1996, respectively. One GPS antenna (ADKS) is mounted on the inner pipe of the extensometer borehole, which is firmly anchored 549 m below the land surface. Another GPS antenna (PA05) is mounted on a permanent antenna pole anchored 6 m below the land surface. The horizontal distance between these two GPS antennas is 50 m. Continuous GPS data collected from the deeply anchored GPS antenna indicate that the bottom of the borehole has been stable over the past 20 years (1993–2012). Hence the compaction derived from the borehole extensometer data represents the total subsidence at this site, which should be approximately equivalent to the vertical displacement (subsidence) recorded by the shallow...
Consistency in attitude and behavior of women with a liberated attitude toward the rights and roles of women

The study was designed to determine the extent of consistency of attitude and behavior of women with liberated attitudes toward their rights and roles, and to identify determinants of inconsistency between attitude and behavior. The Attitude Towards Women Scale, Rotter's locus of control scale, the Ego-Strength Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, the Liberated Behavior Questionnaire, and the Attitude of Family and Friends Questionnaire were administered to 242 women. Women with more liberated attitudes tended to act more liberated. Also, women with liberated attitudes tended to act more liberated if their close friends were liberated and if they themselves were more aware of leaders in the women's liberation movement. The personality measures did not relate to the tendency to act liberated.
Dexmedetomidine for an awake fiber-optic intubation of a parturient with Klippel-Feil syndrome, Type I Arnold Chiari malformation and status post released tethered spinal cord presenting for repeat cesarean section.

Patients with Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS) have congenital fusion of their cervical vertebrae due to a failure in the normal segmentation of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of gestation and also have myriad of other associated anomalies. Because of limited neck mobility, airway management in these patients can be a challenge for the anesthesiologist. We describe a unique case in which a dexmedetomidine infusion was used as sedation for an awake fiber-optic intubation in a parturient with Klippel-Feil Syndrome, who presented for elective cesarean delivery. A 36-yearold female, G2P1A0 with KFS (fusion of cervical vertebrae) who had prior cesarean section for breech presentation with difficult airway management was scheduled for repeat cesarean delivery. After obtaining an informed consent, patient was taken in the operating room and non-invasive monitors were applied. Dexmedetomidine infusion was started and after adequate sedation, an awake fiberoptic intubation was performed. General anesthetic was administered after intubation and dexmedetomidine infusion was continued on maintenance dose until extubation. Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS) is a rare congenital disorder for which the true incidence is unknown, which makes it even rare to see a parturient with this disease. Patients with KFS usually have other congenital abnormalities as well, sometimes including the whole thoraco-lumbar spine (Type III) precluding the use of neuraxial anesthesia for these patients. Obstetric patients with KFS can present unique challenges in administering anesthesia and analgesia, primarily as it relates to the airway and dexmedetomidine infusion has shown promising result to manage the airway through awake fiberoptic intubation without any adverse effects on mother and fetus.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE SODIUM IN RAT KIDNEY.

Because of an editorial error, Fig. 1, of the report on Autoradiographic Distribution of Radioactive Sodium in Rat Kidney [Science 143, 695 (14 Feb.)] was incorrectly described as a reverse autoradiograph. Because these are normal autoradiographs, the dark, not the light, areas denote deposition of the radioisotope. In the legend of the cover photograph (p. 631), which is associated with this report, the word "Reverse" should be deleted and in the third line the word "dark" should replace "light." The first six lines of the legend of Fig. 1 (p. 696) should read: "Autoradiographs of cross sections, parallel to the long axis of the kidney, from rats injected with Cl36 (A); and with inulin-C14OOH (B). In each section, dark areas denote deposition of the radioisotope . . ."
Realistic neural network models using backpropagation: panacea or oxymoron?

Abstract Recent advances in neural network training algorithms make it possible to train network models of distributed processing systems of unprecedented complexity. After training, the response properties of interneurons in the model are often very similar to those in the biological system, suggesting that realistic network models are feasible. Prospects for further progress in using network training algorithms to construct realistic network models are examined by contrasting two examples of realistic network models trained by backpropagation. Recurrent backpropagation, which can train networks with feedback connections, holds great promise for realistic network modeling.
Medicine versus Orthopaedic Service for Hospital Management of Hip Fractures

Background Hospital care of patients with hip fractures often is managed primarily by either a medicine or orthopaedic service, depending on the institution. Whether complication rates, length of stay, or time to surgery differs on different services is unknown.
On applicability of the sparse grid method in the worst case setting

Let $T_k:W^{r_k}_p\to W^{s_k}_q$ be bounded linear operators. We provide several sufficient conditions for the validity of the inequality $\|\otimes_kT_k\|\le\prod_k\|T_k\|$ . These results can be applied to error and cost estimates for the sparse grid method.
Uncertainty, Impermanence Syndrome, and Public Land Ranching

On the Ground Impermanence syndrome involves farmer apprehension or uncertainty about the future and leads to disinvestment in an agricultural operation as well as erosion of producer confidence. We explored impermanence syndrome among New Mexico public rangeland cattle producers in order to assess perceptions of impermanence syndrome impact factors in the region. Urban fringe effects, proximity to the US-Mexico border, multiple-use of public rangelands, public perception of public land ranching, as well as economic and government agency issues were identified as causes of ranching impermanence syndrome. Mitigation of uncertainty and perceived impermanence threats to ranching would promote management and investments that promote long-haul planning for and enhancement of rangeland health.
Electrical aging phenomena of medium voltage EPR cable energized by ac voltage with switching impulses superimposed

Electrical aging of polymer insulated power cables has been an important subject of investigation in the last several decades. Cable insulation is placed under heavy electrical stress due to overvoltages occurring during switching operations taking place in the power system. Transients overriding the normal ac operation voltage are some of the most hazardous conditions for cable insulation life. Although a good understanding of aging mechanisms under single stress has been achieved, more research work is needed to fully grasp the phenomena taking place under multi-stress conditions. In this study, the electrical aging of 15 kV Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) power cables was undertaken by ac voltage with switching impulses superimposed in wet condition. The experiments aimed at providing a better understanding of the electrical aging phenomenon of EPR cable insulation in wet condition. It also helped to assess the reliability of EPR cables used under such circumstances.
Improve vehicle's function safety with an approach investigating vehicle's electromagnetic interference with its function safety

In this paper, an approach to improve vehicle's function safety by integrating the analysis of electromagnetic interference with the analysis of safety function is proposed. It is proposed that vehicle's EMI analysis should be carried out with vehicle's function safety analysis. These two analyses should be carried out together from the beginning of the design of vehicle's electrical and electronic systems to the final stage of EMI and function safety testing. Effects of the electromagnetic interference on vehicle's function safety are discussed. The technical approaches to reduce electromagnetic interference so as to improve vehicle's function safety are proposed.
Justification and relative apriority

There is obviously tension between any view which claims that the object denoted is all that names and simple referring terms contribute to propositions expressed by sentences in which they appear and the apparent a posteriority of identity statements containing different but codesignative names. Frege solved the tension by adopting a description theory of names. The direct designation theorist cannot do the same, for that would amount to abandoning the theory. Instead, she has to provide one of two solutions; (a) argue that although Hesperus is Hesperus and Hesperus is Phosphorus express the same proposition their epistemic status differs such that one's justification of the proposition expressed by the former but not the latter is a priori, or (b) argue that both Hesperus is Hesperus and Hesperus is Phosphorus express a priori truths. I will argue for a version of option (a), and that while coreferential names can be freely substituted in simple belief contexts, they cannot be freely substituted in contexts involving justification.
The Drivers of Loyalty Program Success: An Organizing Framework and Research Agenda

Despite the proliferation of loyalty programs over the past three decades, evidence regarding their effectiveness in cementing customer loyalty remains mixed and often inconsistent. The current lack of understanding of what factors drive a successful loyalty program represents an important knowledge gap. Accordingly, this review (1) organizes current thinking on loyalty program management and (2) outlines an agenda for future research. This review is organized around three categories of drivers that affect loyalty program effectiveness: program structure, reward structure, and customer factors. In synthesizing this body of research, this review identifies important research questions that offer opportunities for hospitality managers and academic researchers to collaborate on a mutually beneficial topic that has both theoretical and practical importance.
Introduction to the Special Section

This special section in the Journal of Counseling & Development is presented primarily for counselors, counselor educators, and researchers who wish to publish in academic counseling journals, but the content is also relevant to readers who use counseling research findings in their work. Whereas some of the articles in this special section are directed toward aspects of the design, conduct, and publication of research, others are focused on preparing conceptual and practice-focused articles for publication, conducting ethical and responsible counseling research, and engaging in research with an international focus. We sought to cover counseling research broadly by including quantitative and qualitative approaches. We appreciate that we were selected as guest editors and are pleased the people who agreed to contribute to this special section are experienced, well-known, and frequently published authors in counselor education. Although each author was invited to submit a manuscript, each manuscript went through the same review process as other submissions to the journal. Trusty's article is about designing, conducting, and publishing quantitative research. He presents guidelines and processes for developing quantitative studies, including information on identifying research problems, defining the studies' parameters, designing studies, operationalizing variables, and selecting statistical analysis methods. He closes his article with guidelines for preparing quantitative articles for publication. In their article, Balkin and Sheperis examine statistical power, framing the discussion of power in a counseling context. They provide a solid rationale for the salience of power analysis, outline the principles of power analysis, and offer practical ways to calculate power. Particularly useful are their descriptions of how to effectively use the free computer software program G'Power. Whiston and Li's article on meta-analysis outlines the usefulness of meta-analyses for the knowledge base in counseling. They present the meta-analysis process in seven major steps, including rich information on coding and data analysis. Whiston and Li describe important decision points in conducting meta-analyses, and they offer numerous resources for researchers who are interested in performing meta-analyses. Guiffrida, Douthit, Lynch, and Mackie explore action research. They begin by emphasizing the relevance of action research for the field of counseling and then provide four major steps in the processes of planning, conducting, and presenting action research. Within their article, the important intersections of research and practice are illuminated, as are the intersections of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Hays and Wood's article provides a clear and concise overview of six qualitative research traditions used in counseling: grounded theory, phenomenology, consensual qualitative research, ethnography, narratology, and participatory action research. …
Thermal Radiation Characteristics of Some Glasses

The emissivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity have been studied for a number of glasses throughout the wave-length region 2.2 to μ, and through a temperature range of 500° to 1500°F. In general it is found that, although the spectral emissivity varies considerably with wave length throughout the opaque portion of the spectrum, the emission spectrum is almost completely independent of temperature throughout the region of the spectrum studied. The most prominent feature of the emission spectrum of all silicate structures studied is the metallic-reflection band at approximately 9.5 μ.
Racial Differences in Age at First Sexual Intercourse: Residential Racial Segregation and the Black-White Disparity Among U.S. Adolescents

Objectives.The age of adolescents at first sexual intercourse is an important risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and adolescent pregnancy. Black adolescents are at higher risk than white adolescents for first sexual intercourse at younger ages as well as STDs and pregnancy. Individual- and family-level factors do not fully explain this disparity. We examined whether five dimensions of black-white residential racial segregation can help explain the racial disparity in age at first sexual intercourse.Methods.Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and U.S. Census 2000 data, we performed multiple hierarchical discrete time-to-event analyses on a nationally representative cohort of adolescents followed since 1997. Although the cohort study is ongoing, we used data from 1997 through 2005.Results.Concentration and unevenness significantly modified the association of race and age at first sexual intercourse. However, stratified results suggested differences in the effect of race on...
A ghost fluid Lattice Boltzmann method for complex geometries

SUMMARY A ghost fluid Lattice Boltzmann method (GF-LBM) is developed in this study to represent complex boundaries in Lattice Boltzmann simulations of fluid flows. Velocity and density values at the ghost points are extrapolated from the fluid interior and domain boundary via obtaining image points along the boundary normal inside the fluid domain. A general bilinear interpolation algorithm is used to obtain values at image points which are then extrapolated to ghost nodes thus satisfying hydrodynamic boundary conditions. The method ensures no-penetration and no-slip conditions at the boundaries. Equilibrium distribution functions at the ghost points are computed using the extrapolated values of the hydrodynamic variables, while non-equilibrium distribution functions are extrapolated from the interior nodes. The method developed is general, and is capable of prescribing Dirichlet as well as Neumann boundary conditions for pressure and velocity. Consistency and second-order accuracy of the method are established by running three test problems including cylindrical Couette flow, flow between eccentric rotating cylinders and flow over a cylinder in a confined channel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective study of pulmonary function in Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients

Abstract Background To prospectively study changes in lung function in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients and to explore predictors for these changes over time. Methods In all, 52 patients with HL receiving bleomycin-based chemotherapy with (n = 23) or without (n = 29) mediastinal radiotherapy were enrolled. Pretreatment pulmonary function tests were carried out. These were repeated at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after therapy. Results With chemotherapy alone, the median %DLCO declined significantly at 1 month but returned to baseline by 6 months. The median %DLCO did not further decrease with radiotherapy, but remained persistently reduced at 1 year. In patients who received radiotherapy, having >33% of lung volume receive 20 Gy (V20) and a mean lung dose (MLD) of >13 Gy significantly predicted for persistently reduced %DLCO at 6 months (P = 0.035). Smoking significantly predicted for a persistently reduced %DLCO at 1 year (P = 0.036). On multivariable analysis, significant predictors for decline in %DLCO at 1 year were higher baseline %DLCO (P = 0.01), higher MLD (P = 0.02), and a smoking history (P = 0.02). Conclusions Several factors contribute to decline in %DLCO in HL patients who received bleomycin-based computed tomography. The identification of threshold radiation dosimetric parameters for reduced lung function may provide guidance in the radiation planning of these patients.
A Method for Computer Recognition of Intracellularly Recorded Neuronal Events

Described in the following text is a method for recording intracellular responses on magnetic tape, recovering the analog data in digital form and, subsequently, operating upon the digitized data to recognize and tabulate salient features of the observed transmembrane potential.
Genetic algorithms and method of moments (GA/MOM) for the design of integrated antennas

This paper introduces a novel technique for efficiently combining genetic algorithms (GAs) with method of moments (MoM) for integrated antenna design and explores a two example applications of the GA/MoM approach. Integral to efficient GA/MoM integration is the use of direct Z-matrix manipulation (DMM). In DMM a "mother" structure is selected and its corresponding impedance or Z-matrix is filled only once prior to beginning the GA optimization process. The GA optimizer then optimizes the design by creating substructures of the mother structure as represented by the corresponding subsets of the original mother Z-matrix. Application of DMM with GA/MoM significantly reduces the total optimization time by eliminating multiple Z-matrix fill operations. DMM also facilitates the use of matrix partitioning and presolving to further reduce the optimization time in many practical cases. The design of a broad-band patch antenna with greater than 20% bandwidth and a dual-band patch antenna are presented as examples of the utility of GA/MoM with DMM. Measured results for the dual-band antenna are compared to numerical results. Excellent agreement between numerical and measured results is observed.
Characterization of the Firing Schedule for Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance BaTiO3

The development of positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) behavior during the firing procedure of semiconducting BaTiO3 was characterized. The PTCR properties of BaTiO3 were shown to be sensitive to the material's microstructure, liquid-phase distribution, and extent of grain-boundary oxidation. The PTCR behavior first became pronounced as the material cooled from the sintering stage at 1350°C to the annealing stage at 1175°C. Within this region, rapid oxidation of the grain boundaries occurred, which resulted in significant formation of charge carrier traps and a potential barrier. The rapid oxidation of the grain boundaries corresponded with the redistribution and solidification of the liquid phases. Once the carrier traps were established, the magnitude and slope of the PTCR jump increased during the annealing and cool-down stages of the firing procedure because of further oxidation of the grain boundaries.
Salt bridges: Geometrically specific, designable interactions

Salt bridges occur frequently in proteins, providing conformational specificity and contributing to molecular recognition and catalysis. We present a comprehensive analysis of these interactions in protein structures by surveying a large database of protein structures. Salt bridges between Asp or Glu and His, Arg, or Lys display extremely well-defined geometric preferences. Several previously observed preferences are confirmed and others that were previously unrecognized are discovered. Salt bridges are explored for their preferences for different separations in sequence and in space, geometric preferences within proteins and at protein-protein interfaces, cooperativity in networked salt bridges, inclusion within metal-binding sites, preference for acidic electrons, apparent conformational side chain entropy reduction upon formation, and degree of burial. Salt bridges occur far more frequently between residues at close than distant sequence separations, but at close distances there remain strong preferences for salt bridges at specific separations. Specific types of complex salt bridges, involving three or more members, are also discovered. As we observe a strong relationship between the propensity to form a salt bridge and the placement of salt-bridging residues in protein sequences, we discuss the role that salt bridges might play in kinetically influencing protein folding and thermodynamically stabilizing the native conformation. We also develop a quantitative method to select appropriate crystal structure resolution and B-factor cutoffs. Detailed knowledge of these geometric and sequence dependences should aid de novo design and prediction algorithms.
Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10 000 US children and adolescents.

Objectives. To describe the association of sunscreen use, sunburning, and tanning bed use by age, sex, residence, and psychosocial variables associated with tan-seeking behaviors, and to compare these findings with sun protection recommendations from federal agencies and cancer organizations. Methods. A cross-sectional study, from all 50 states, of 10 079 boys and girls 12 to 18 years of age in 1999. Data were collected from self-report questionnaires with the children of the participants from the Nurses Health Study (Growing Up Today Study). Results. The prevalence of sunscreen use was 34.4% with girls more likely to use sunscreen than boys (40.0 vs 26.4, odds ratio: 1.86; 95% confidence interval: 1.70–2.03). Eighty-three percent of respondents had at least 1 sunburn during the previous summer, and 36% had 3 or more sunburns. Nearly 10% of respondents used a tanning bed during the previous year. Girls were far more likely than boys to report tanning bed use (14.4 vs 2.4), and older girls (ages 15–18) were far more likely than younger girls (ages 12–14) to report tanning bed use (24.6% vs 4.7). Tanning bed use increased from 7% among 14-year-old girls to 16% by age 15, and more than doubled again by age 17 (35%; N = 244). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that attitudes associated with tanning, such as the preference for tanned skin, having many friends who were tanned, and belief in the worth of burning to get a tan, were generally associated with sporadic sunscreen use, more frequent sunburns, and increased use of tanning beds. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that many children are at subsequent risk of skin cancer because of suboptimal sunscreen use, high rates of sunburning, and tanning bed use. Recommendations in the United States for improved sun protection and avoidance of tanning beds and sunburning, which began in the early 1990s, have been primarily unheeded. Nationally coordinated campaigns with strong policy components must be developed and sustained to prevent skin cancer in a new generation of children and adolescents.
A Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for Quantitation of 1,3-Butylene Glycol in Whole Blood or Plasma and the Separation of the Short Chain Glycols

A microanalytical method with direct on-column specimen injection for determination of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-butanediol) in whole blood or plasma using gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization is described. Whole blood or serum (minimum of 10 microL) was mixed with an equal volume of internal standard (1,2-propanediol, 50 mg/dL) and a 2-microL aliquot was injected onto the column without prior derivatization or extraction. The other short chain (C2 to C4) alkyldiols were separated by this method and did not interfere with the quantitation of 1,3-butylene glycol. The method was linear (y = 0.0206x + [-0.0073], r = 0.9990) over the range of 25 to 100 mg/dL and the coefficient of variation varied between 0.74 and 6.03%. Minimum detectable concentration of 1,3-butylene glycol was 5.0 mg/dL. The method described is suitable for the rapid detection of potentially toxic blood or plasma levels of 1,3-butylene glycol, as well as for the detection of other short chain glycols.
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization to PMSM Stator Fault Diagnosis

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are frequently used to high performance applications. Accurate diagnosis of incipient faults can significantly improve system availability and reliability. This paper proposes a new scheme for the automatic diagnosis of turn-to-turn short circuit faults in PMSM stator windings. Both the fault location and fault severity are diagnosed using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The performance of the motor under the fault conditions is simulated through lumped-parameter models. Waveforms of the machine phase currents are monitored, based on which a fitness function is formulated and PSO is used to identify the fault location and fault size. Simulation results in MATLAB provide preliminary verification of the diagnosis scheme.
A discrete lattice plane analysis of the composition profile and surface energy of binary H.C.P. alloys with applications to γ AlAg

Abstract The discrete lattice plane (DLP) model has been used to make a nearest neighbor (n.n.), broken bond, regular solution calculation for the composition profile and surface energy of h.c.p. alloys as a function of surface orientation and temperature. This appears to be the first such calculation for h.c.p. alloys. The surface energy and the anisotropy of surface energy thus calculated were compared to the experimental values of these quantities concurrently determined on a γ AlAg alloy by Hyland et al. using the zero-creep and thermal grooving method. An oscillating, diffuse composition profile was obtained, with the former characteristic arising from the negative regular solution constant. A recent FIM/AP study of γ AlAg precipitates by Osamura et al. is in qualitative agreement with this prediction. Calculations of the surface energy of the γ AlAg phase show rough agreement with the experimentally determined value at 873 K but poor agreement at 773 K. The DLP model predicts a much smaller temperature dependence of surface energy than is experimentally observed when the regular solution model is employed. It appears from these results and those of related studies that the frequently used nearest neighbor model is unable to provide an adequate accounting for the surface energy of Al-base alloys.
Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Domestic Violence Advocates: Workplace Risk and Protective Factors

This study identified workplace factors associated with secondary traumatic stress (STS) in a sample of 148 domestic violence advocates working in diverse settings. Findings indicate that coworker support and quality clinical supervision are critical to emotional well-being and that an environment in which there is shared power—that is, respect for diversity, mutuality, and consensual decision making—provides better protection for advocates than more traditional, hierarchical organizational models. Furthermore, shared power emerged as the only workplace variable to significantly predict STS above and beyond individual factors. The discussion includes implications for practice and policy as well as directions for future research.
Floral morphometrics and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Lycium (Solanaceae).

Plants of Lycium californicum, L. exsertum, and L. fremontii produce flowers that are either male-sterile (female) or hermaphroditic, and populations are morphologically gynodioecious. As is commonly found in gyno- dioecious species, flowers on female plants are smaller than those on hermaphrodites for a number of floral traits. Floral size dimorphism has often been hypothesized to be the result of either a reduction in female flower size that allows reallocation to greater fruit and seed production, or an increase in hermaphroditic flower size due to the increased importance of pollinator attraction and pollen export for hermaphroditic flowers. We provide a test of these two alternatives by measuring 11 floral characters in eight species of Lycium and using a phylogeny to reconstruct the floral size shifts associated with the evolution of gender dimorphism. Our analyses suggest that female flowers are reduced in size relative to the ancestral condition, whereas flowers on hermaphrodites have changed only slightly in size. Female and hermaphroditic flowers have also diverged both from one another and from ancestral cosexual species in several shape characteristics. We expected sexual dimorphism to be similar among the three dimorphic taxa, as gender dimorphism evolved only a single time in the ancestor of the American dimorphic lineage. While the floral sexual dimorphism is broadly similar among the three dimorphic species, there are some species-specific dif- ferences. For example, L. exsertum has the greatest floral size dimorphism, whereas L. fremontii had the greatest size- independent dimorphism in pistil characters. To determine the degree to which phylogenetic uncertainty affected reconstruction of ancestral character states, we performed a sensitivity analysis by reconstructing ancestral character states on alternative topologies. We argue that investigations such as this one, that examine floral evolution from an explicitly phylogenetic perspective, provide new insights into the study of the evolution of floral sexual dimorphism.
Infrared characterization of water and hydroxyl ion in the basic magnesium carbonate minerals

Infrared spectra in the 0.5-50 m range have been measured on nesquehonite (MgCO 3 .3H 2 O, artinite (MgCO 3 .Mg(OH) 2 .3H 2 O) and hydromagnesite (4MgCO 3 .Mg(OH) 2 .4H 2 O). The CO 3 2- internal vibrations are sharp in hydromagnesite and unexpectedly broad and diffuse in artinite and nesquehonite. The OH - stretching region contains a sharp band indicative of a weak, well defined hydrogen bond in all three minerals. There is also a broad band characteristic of moderately strong and less well defined hydrogen bonds in all three. In addition hydromagnesite has two sharp intense bands not present in the other two minerals. The artinite spectrum is interpretable by Jagodzinski's structure and nesquehonite appears to be similar. Hydromagnesite should have a distinctly different structure. There is no evidence for bicarbonate groups in nesquehonite.