cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homologous inhibition with heated and ultraviolet-treated vaccinia virus in cultures of L cells.

Abstract Heated (56°, 45 minutes) vaccinia virus exerts an inhibitory effect upon the growth of homologous infectious virus in L-cell cultures. Cells receiving a multiplicity of about 1000 heated and 10 fresh virus particles exhibit a general toxic response with 5%, or less, of normal virus growth. At lower multiplicities (100 heated plus 10 fresh) viral growth is about 50% of normal, but delay of the fresh virus inoculation results in further reduced growth. At multiplicities of 10 and 3, typical interference develops. In no case was complete interference observed. Minimal virus growth was 5–10% of normal, but its quality (PFU per 1000 particles) was the same as that of fresh inoculum. No incomplete virus production was observed. Inhibitory activity is a property of the virus particles, not of some smaller particulate unit. No interferon has been detected. Heating virus at 60° rapidly destroys inhibitory activity. Virus inactivated with 2537 A ultraviolet rays exhibits inhibitory power only at very high input multiplicities which are toxic to the cells. Evidence is presented which suggests that vaccinia virus preparations may often contain noninfectious particles that exert inhibitory power which modifies the effect of the infectious particles when the particle-cell multiplicity is greater than one.
Twentieth century sea level: An enigma

Changes in sea level (relative to the moving crust) are associated with changes in ocean volume (mostly thermal expansion) and in ocean mass (melting and continental storage): ζ(t) = ζsteric(t) + ζeustatic(t). Recent compilations of global ocean temperatures by Levitus and coworkers are in accord with coupled ocean/atmosphere modeling of greenhouse warming; they yield an increase in 20th century ocean heat content by 2 × 1023 J (compared to 0.1 × 1023 J of atmospheric storage), which corresponds to ζgreenhouse(2000) = 3 cm. The greenhouse-related rate is accelerating, with a present value ζgreenhouse(2000) ≈ 6 cm/century. Tide records going back to the 19th century show no measurable acceleration throughout the late 19th and first half of the 20th century; we take ζhistoric = 18 cm/century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change attributes about 6 cm/century to melting and other eustatic processes, leaving a residual of 12 cm of 20th century rise to be accounted for. The Levitus compilation has virtually foreclosed the attribution of the residual rise to ocean warming (notwithstanding our ignorance of the abyssal and Southern Oceans): the historic rise started too early, has too linear a trend, and is too large. Melting of polar ice sheets at the upper limit of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates could close the gap, but severe limits are imposed by the observed perturbations in Earth rotation. Among possible resolutions of the enigma are: a substantial reduction from traditional estimates (including ours) of 1.5–2 mm/y global sea level rise; a substantial increase in the estimates of 20th century ocean heat storage; and a substantial change in the interpretation of the astronomic record.
Comparison of renal transplantation and dialysis in rehabilitation of diabetic end-stage renal disease patients

We have reviewed the outcome of replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 100 diabetic patients with emphasis on late complications, extrarenal diabetic manifestations, and overall patient rehabilitation. Long-term complications, other than myocardial infarction, were not different after renal transplantation compared with chronic dialysis. Overall rehabilitation was better after renal transplantation compared with chronic dialysis (p less than 0.05). Retinopathy and neuropathy were more stable with renal transplantation and peritoneal dialysis compared with hemodialysis (p less than 0.05). These factors should be considered along with expected patient survival when deciding between different treatment modalities for diabetic ESRD.
Marker proteins for gene expression

Reporter genes are widely used as a rapid and convenient means of measuring molecular genetic events. Their role in experimental strategies has expanded from analysis of the DNA sequences mediating RNA transcription to the broader ensemble of molecular events that define phenotype expression. The several genetic reporters available today impart a range of performance criteria to choose from, including assay convenience and reliability, sensitivity, linearity, simplicity and dynamics.
Limiting relations between soil moisture and soil texture with implications for measured, modeled and remotely sensed estimates

The relation between near surface soil moisture (s) and the similar media scaling factor (α) is shown to follow a power law in four limiting cases: long time flux limited infiltration, short time flux limited infiltration into dry soil, long time soil limited evaporation, and long time soil limited transpiration. The exponents of these relations are derived from dimensional analysis of approximate solutions to the Richards equation. Numerical simulations of moisture fluxes indicate that a power law also describes the relation between s and α at intermediate times, with exponents bounded by the short time flux limited infiltration and the long time transpiration solutions. The relative magnitudes of the derived exponents imply an increasing coefficient of variation of soil moisture during drydowns, consistent with observations from field experiments.
Optimum Dimensions of Extended Surfaces Operating in a Convective Environment

This article is devoted to the review of the literature on optimum dimensions of extended surfaces losing heat by pure convection to the surroundings. The review covers straight (longitudinal) fins, annular (radial) fins, and spines of different profile shapes. The optimum dimensions for each shape are given both in terms of the volume of the material as well as the heat dissipation. The effects of tip heat loss, variable heat transfer coefficient, internal heat generation, temperature dependent thermal conductivity, base convection, and primary surface thickness on the optimum dimensions are discussed. The optimization procedure is illustrated with several numerical examples. Areas of extended surface technology where further optimization studies are needed are identified. It is hoped that the article would serve the dual purpose of the state-of-the-art as well as a pedagogical review. 24 refs., 22 figs., 9 tabs.
A magnetotelluric transect of the Jacobsville Sandstone in northern Michigan

Eight magnetotelluric soundings were conducted across a basin of the Jacobsville Sandstone along a northwest-southeast line, beginning north of Toivola, Michigan, northwest of the Keweenaw fault and ending near the village of Keweenaw Bay in Michigan9s Upper Peninsula. The soundings have provided an estimate of the thickness and resistivity of structures in the Jacobsville Sandstone as well as the resistivity, stratigraphy, and structure of the underlying strata. One-and two-dimensional models indicate a northwestward thickening of the Jacobsville Sandstone, a faulted basement uplift, the Keweenaw fault, and a deep conductor at the southeast end of the profile.
Mechanism of NMR Relaxation of Fluids in Rock

A theory of the nuclear magnetic relaxation of fluids in the pore spaces of sedimentary rocks at low frequencies is presented. Because the materials studied are varied in their composition and cannot be thoroughly characterized, the theory cannot be considered as universally applicable; however, it is consistent with diverse experimental observations that are in the literature, many of which have not been heretofore explained. The multiexponential character of the NMR decays has earlier been found to be correlated with the heterogeneities in pore sizes which characterize most rocks. The heterogeneity length scale is larger than the diffusion length associated with NMR relaxation times. It is found that the most important relaxation mechanism arises from hyperfine interactions with paramagnetic ions such as Mn2+ and Fe3+ at the grain surfaces. Lack of a strong temperature dependence of the rates indicates that the diffusive motion of the fluid molecules or the on-off motion at a surface site do not enter into a determination of T1 and T2. The ratio T1-/T2 measured at low frequencies has been generally found to be significantly greater than 1. It is proposed that the explanation for this phenomenon lies in the fact that the scalar part of the hyperfine interaction is comparable to the dipolar part, because the latter is partially averaged due to the restricted rotational motion of the molecules at a surface site. © 1994 Academic Press. All rights reserved.
Efficient trans-activation by the HIV-2 Tat protein requires a duplicated TAR RNA structure

Human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 and HIV-2 encode a Tat protein that activates transcription from the long terminal repeats. The target for transactivation is termed the trans-acting responsive (TAR) element. TAR has an extensively folded RNA secondary structure and is present at the 5' end of all viral mRNAs. Considerable similarities exist between both Tat and TAR of the two viruses. The TAR element of HIV-2 (TAR-2) resembles a tandem duplication of the TAR-1 hairpin structure. Tat-2 conserves many of the protein domains in Tat-1, although it is slightly larger than its counterpart. Given the similarity between the two Tat proteins, it is somewhat unexpected that HIV-2 Tat (Tat-2) only poorly activates the heterologous TAR-1 element. Here, we tested whether the duplicated structure of TAR-2 is required for full Tat-2 activity. We show that the addition of a second TAR hairpin to TAR-1 increased its Tat-2 responsiveness by 3-fold.
Azimuthal asymmetry in Ar+V collisions from E / A =35 to 85 MeV

Azimuthal distributions of fragments with respect to the reaction plane are studied in the Ar+V system as a function of beam energy. Light charged particles are found to exhibit an enhanced emission in the reaction plane which increases with the mass of the detected particle. As the beam energy is increased, the asymmetry decreases. Possible mechanisms behind the asymmetry, such as rotational collective motion and directed transverse momentum, are discussed.
Loss of Resources as Mediators between Interpersonal Trauma and Traumatic and Depressive Symptoms among Women with Cancer

We hypothesized that loss of interpersonal, financial and work resources would mediate the relationship between physical and sexual abuse, cancer-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, noncancer-related PTSD symptoms and depressive mood among women with cancer. Participants were 64 women with heterogeneous cancers (64.1% breast cancer) seeking outpatient treatment. Structured interviews were conducted to assess for pre-cancer interpersonal trauma, recent loss of interpersonal, financial and work resources, cancer-related PTSD symptoms, noncancer-related PTSD symptoms and depressive mood. Only interpersonal loss mediated the relationship between earlier interpersonal trauma and current PTSD symptoms and depressive mood. Implications of the findings are discussed.
An Empirical Model for Fabric Hand : Part I: Objective Assessment of Light Weight Fabrics

A new model for fabric hand assessment is developed that uses fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to predict hand. One of the main aspects of this research is the establishment of a fuzzy relation matrix R for objective evaluation of fabric hand. This was achieved by investigating a large number ( n = 100) of light weight fabrics for selected physical and mechanical properties and developing a series of membership functions for the properties tested. Another important element is the weighted factor vector A, which was deduced from a survey of a panel of judges ( n = 25). A in conjunction with R generates multifactorial equations that can be used to calculate fabric hand.
From ghosts to ancestors the psychoanalytic vision of Hans Loewald

The papers of Hans Loewald are among the most frequently cited and least understood within the psychoanalytic literature. Part of the problem is that his prescient ideas, extraordinarily creative and often visionary, are presented in traditional terminology. This paper is intended as a contribution to the explication of Loewald's important contribution, focusing on his novel understanding of language (both the development of language in the child and the language of psychoanalysis), and his richly dialectical view of the relationship between fantasy and actuality.
A multimode optical-fibre sensing system using white-light interferometry and a two-wavelength synthetic source

Abstract A tandem interferometer system linked with a 100 μm core diameter multimode fibre has been investigated and a signal-processing scheme introduced to suppress the noise in the system, simulated by a reproducible vibration of the fibre. The results show a short-term repeatability (to three standard deviations) of better than 15 nm displacement with the use of an appropriate curve-fitting signal-processing scheme, under conditions where the fibre is subjected to a known noise signal by being constantly subjected to vibration.
BPTrust: A Novel Trust Inference Probabilistic Model based on Balance Theory for Peer-to-Peer Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel trust inference model named BPTrust (Balance and Probability based Trust model) based on balance theory and probability theory. Trust relations network, trust inference network and trust inference deep level are defined firstly before modelling. Based on balance theory, two inference rules are proposed, and trusted evidence chains generation algorithm is designed. In terms of a single trusted evidence chain, mathematics models are proposed to infer the trust value of sink node based on Markov chain theory while Bayesian theory is used to design inferring model during multi paths condition. Simulations proved the rightness and effectiveness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.18.10.3068
Cardiac output in four-, five-, and six-week-old broilers, and hemodynamic responses to intravenous injections of epinephrine

Abstract Female broilers were evaluated at 4, 5, and 6 wk of age (1.2, 1.8, and 2.3 kg BW, respectively) to assess changes in cardiac output and related hemodynamics associated with BW gain, and to evaluate cardiopulmonary hemodynamic adjustments occurring secondary to i.v. injections of epinephrine (0.1 mg/ kg BW). Cardiac output increased with BW (253, 348, and 434 mL/min at 4, 5, and 6 wk, respectively) due to increases in stroke volume (0.70, 1.03, and 1.33 mL/beat) that more than compensated for reductions in heart rate (362, 337, and 328 bpm). Normalization for BW eliminated the differences in cardiac output and stroke volume. Increases in cardiac output were not associated with age- or BW-related increases in mean systemic arterial pressure (101.5, 108.6, and 108.0 mm Hg) due to corresponding reductions in total peripheral resistance (0.41, 0.32, and 0.26 relative resistance units). Epinephrine initially triggered immediate (within 90 s) threefold increases in total peripheral resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance, which, in turn, increased the systemic arterial pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure in spite of concurrent reductions in cardiac output that were associated with diminished venous return and dependent reductions in stroke volume and heart rate. Within 150 s after epinephrine injection, the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances returned to preinjection control levels. By 300 s postinjection, stroke volume and heart rate increased, causing cardiac output to rise above preinjection control levels, which, in turn, elicited variable pulmonary arterial pressure responses apparently reflecting individual variability in the capacity for flow-dependent pulmonary vasodilation. These studies demonstrate that chronic (age- and BW-related) and acute (epinephrine-induced) changes in cardiac output in broilers reflect complex interactions among hemodynamic variables that include stroke volume, heart rate, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances.
Reverse-Genetic Analysis of the Two Biotin-Containing Subunit Genes of the Heteromeric Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase in Arabidopsis Indicates a Unidirectional Functional Redundancy

The heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase catalyzes the first and committed reaction of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids. This enzyme is composed of four subunits: biotin carboxyl-carrier protein (BCCP), biotin carboxylase, α-carboxyltransferase, and β-carboxyltransferase. With the exception of BCCP, single-copy genes encode these subunits in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Reverse-genetic approaches were used to individually investigate the physiological significance of the two paralogous BCCP-coding genes, CAC1A (At5g16390, codes for BCCP1) and CAC1B (At5g15530, codes for BCCP2). Transfer DNA insertional alleles that completely eliminate the accumulation of BCCP2 have no perceptible effect on plant growth, development, and fatty acid accumulation. In contrast, transfer DNA insertional null allele of the CAC1A gene is embryo lethal and deleteriously affects pollen development and germination. During seed development the effect of the cac1a null allele first becomes apparent at 3-d after flowering, when the synchronous development of the endosperm and embryo is disrupted. Characterization of CAC1A antisense plants showed that reducing BCCP1 accumulation to 35% of wild-type levels, decreases fatty acid accumulation and severely affects normal vegetative plant growth. Detailed expression analysis by a suite of approaches including in situ RNA hybridization, promoter:reporter transgene expression, and quantitative western blotting reveal that the expression of CAC1B is limited to a subset of the CAC1A-expressing tissues, and CAC1B expression levels are only about one-fifth of CAC1A expression levels. Therefore, a likely explanation for the observed unidirectional redundancy between these two paralogous genes is that whereas the BCCP1 protein can compensate for the lack of BCCP2, the absence of BCCP1 cannot be tolerated as BCCP2 levels are not sufficient to support heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity at a level that is required for normal growth and development.
Intensity and Polarization for Single Scattering by Polydisperse Spheres: A Comparison of Ray Optics and Mie Theory

Intensity and polarization for meteorological spherical and nonspherical particle size parameters, comparing exact Mie scattering and ray optics
Redescription and Phylogenetic Relationships of Doswellia kaltenbachi (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia

ABSTRACT A detailed redescription of the Late Triassic archosauromorph reptile Doswellia kaltenbachi Weems, 1980 from the Poor Farm Member of the Falling Creek Formation in the Taylorsville basin (Newark Supergroup) in Virginia is presented based upon additional preparation of the holotype. The euryapsid skull has a distinctive occiput with a prominent supraoccipital process that is flanked by posterior “horn-like” projections of the squamosals. Postfrontals, tabulars, and postparietals are absent. Plesiomorphic features of the palate and braincase include a plate-like horizontal parabasisphenoid, a pair of foramina for the internal carotid arteries on the ventral surface of the basisphenoid, and two fields of teeth on the palatal surface of the pterygoid. A sharp angle along the cervical and anterior dorsal ribs clearly separates the dorsal and lateral sides of the neck and anterior thoracic region. The posterior thoracic region has shorter ribs that project laterally with only a slight curvature. The il...
Abnormal Magnocellular Pathway Visual Processing in Infants at Risk for Autism

Background A wealth of data has documented impairments in face processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Recently, the suggestion has been made that these impairments may arise from abnormal development of a subcortical system involved in face processing that originates in the magnocellular pathway of the primate visual system. Methods To test this developmental hypothesis, we obtained visual perceptual data from 6-month-old infants who were at risk for ASD because they had an older sibling diagnosed with the disorder ("high-risk infants"). To measure sensitivity of the magnocellular (M) pathway and, for comparison, of the parvocellular (P) visual pathway, we employed visual stimuli designed to selectively stimulate the two. Sensitivity data from high-risk infants ( n = 13) were compared with data from matched control infants (i.e., "low-risk" infants with no family history of ASD, n = 26). Results On the P pathway stimulus, high-risk infants exhibited sensitivities that were identical to those of control infants. By contrast, on the M pathway stimulus, high-risk infants exhibited sensitivities nearly twofold greater than those of control infants. Conclusions Given that ASD and its symptoms are known to run in families, these preliminary results suggest that ASD may be associated with abnormal M pathway function early in infancy, which may aid in early diagnosis of the disorder.
Historia, Antropología, Y Fuentes Orales

Historia, Antropologia y Fuentes Orales (HAYFO) is a Spanish-language journal for the study of oral data across diverse disciplinary traditions, such as history, anthropology, and sociology. The jo...
Habermas and Oppositional Public Spheres: A Stereoscopic Analysis of Black and White Press Practices:

Drawing upon Jurgen Habermas's discourse-based theoretical approach, this article argues that his thesis regarding the bourgeois public sphere needs to be redirected so as (1) to show how sources of communicative action may have dried up within the bourgeois public sphere and (2) to explore real emancipatory alternatives that spring up as oppositional voices of subaltern groups, oriented to understanding, and expressed in contexts wherein people's upward struggles against power and domination have not yet been completed. In support of the argument, a stereoscopic analysis is conducted that focuses on public sphere practices and counter-practices – specifically those of The New York Times as exemplar participant of bourgeois publicness and the black-owned and operated New York Amsterdam News as its oppositional counterpart.
A new explicit equation for accurate friction factor calculation of smooth pipes

Abstract Calculation of friction factor for smooth pipes in fully developed flow is important for heat transfer applications. Many different coefficients in the Prandtl equation (Prandtl, L., 1949. Fuhrer durch die Stromungslehre. F. Vieweg & S, Braunschweig.), or PKN correlation [Kakac, S., Shah, R.K., Aung, W., 1987. Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons; Rohsenow, W.M., Hartnett, J.P., Cho, Y.I., 1998. Handbook of Heat Transfer. McGraw-Hill Professional.], are cited in the literature. This report reviews these coefficients and presents the original Prandtl equation based on the Fanning friction factor. In addition, a new explicit equation is presented to approximate the PKN correlation. This equation yields a more accurate approximation than the existing ones.
Video Transcoding with H.263 Bit-Streams

Video transcoding is one of the key technologies in implementing dynamic adaptation of the bit-rate of a coded video bit-stream to the available bandwidth over various networks. Many fast transcoder architectures have been proposed to achieve fast processing. However, they suffer from quality degradation caused by the drift error. In this paper, we investigate the drift caused by the fast transcoder architectures for transcoding H.263 bit-streams. We discuss the limitations of the fast transcoder architectures and the flexibility that can be offered by a cascaded pixel-domain transcoder. Since the cascaded pixel-domain transcoder can achieve drift-free performance, we also propose methods to reduce the computational complexity of the drift-free cascaded pixel-domain transcoder.
Effects of cadmium on osteoclast formation and activity in vitro.

Abstract Chronic exposure to cadmium has been linked to bone loss, low bone mass, and increased incidence of fracture. To determine if Cd could directly increase the formation of cells responsible for bone resorption, we cultured normal canine bone marrow cells containing the progenitor cells for osteoclasts. Cultures were evaluated for the number of multinucleate osteoclast-like cells (MNOCs) formed. Exposure to Cd (10–100 n M ) increased the number of MNOCs formed over control values when cultured in the presence but not in the absence of a bone wafer. The MNOCs formed were functional, evidenced by pits excavated on the bone wafers included in the cultures. By 12 days, MNOCs formed in the presence of 50 n M Cd excavated significantly more pits and a greater pit area than did untreated MNOCs. By 14 days, the control values were similar to those of the Cd-exposed MNOCs, but pit formation was enhanced by Cd in that the ratio of pit complexes to single pits was increased twofold over that for untreated cultures. Mature osteoclasts, isolated from the long bones of rat neonates and cultured for 1–3 days on bone slices, provided a direct method to assess the effect of Cd on osteoclast activity. Exposure of osteoclast cultures to 100 n M Cd increased the number of osteoclasts present over that for untreated osteoclasts by a factor of 1.7 ± 0.1, the number of pits excavated by 2.8 ± 0.6, the area excavated by 3.2 ± 0.8, and the area excavated per osteoclast by 1.8 ± 0.4 (mean ± SE;n= six experiments). These data suggest that Cd accelerates the differentiation of new osteoclasts from their progenitor cells and activates or increases the activity of mature osteoclasts.
Generation and performance of automated jarosite mineral detectors for visible/near-infrared spectrometers at Mars

Abstract We have developed two automated detectors that can recognize the sulfate mineral jarosite in unknown visible to near-infrared spectra (350–2500 nm). The two detectors are optimized for use within the terrestrial and martian atmospheres. The detectors are built from Support Vector Machines trained using a generative model to create linear mixtures of library mineral spectra. Both detectors performed with an average ∼90% accuracy on laboratory spectra of single minerals and the laboratory and field spectra of rocks collected in a hydrothermal environment. This type of algorithm will contribute to the efficiency of onboard data analysis of landed and orbital visible/near-infrared spectrometers at Mars.
Relationship Between Level of Insight and Severity of Dementia in Alzheimer Disease

Although the cognitive and psychiatric symptoms associated with Alzheimer disease have received increasing attention over the past decade, the study of insight in this illness has been relatively neglected. This paper reports on the relationship between level of insight and severity of dementia in a large sample of patients with Alzheimer disease, largely with mild to moderately severe dementia. The study is based on data from 670 patients with a research diagnosis of probable Alzheimer disease who were enrolled in the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). The degree of insight was rated by the examiner on the basis of the patient's answers to questions probing awareness of his or her memory deficits or other symptoms of cognitive impairment. Severity of dementia was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, Short Blessed Test, Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, and Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination. Two-year longitudinal follow-up data on insight level and dementia severity were available for 148 of the 670 patients. Decreased level of insight correlated significantly with severity of dementia as measured by all rating instruments. For the patients followed for 2 years, 33.1% declined in level of insight from the entry level. This decline was statistically associated with more severe dementia as measured by the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale. This study confirms the generally accepted belief that patients with Alzheimer disease experience a progressive loss of insight as the severity of dementia increases. Due to methodologic limitations, we are unable to draw conclusions about loss of insight in patients with very mild cognitive impairment.
Monitoring web browsing behavior with differential privacy

Monitoring web browsing behavior has benefited many data mining applications, such as top-K discovery and anomaly detection. However, releasing private user data to the greater public would concern web users about their privacy, especially after the incident of AOL search log release where anonymization was not correctly done. In this paper, we adopt differential privacy, a strong, provable privacy definition, and show that differentially private aggregates of web browsing activities can be released in real-time while preserving the utility of shared data. Our proposed algorithms utilize the rich correlation of the time series of aggregated data and adopt a state-space approach to estimate the underlying, true aggregates from the perturbed values by the differential privacy mechanism. We evaluate our algorithms with real-world web browsing data. Utility evaluations with three metrics demonstrate that the quality of the private, released data by our solutions closely resembles that of the original, unperturbed aggregates.
Role of Nonspecific Interactions in Molecular Chaperones through Model-Based Bioinformatics

Molecular chaperones are large proteins or protein complexes from which many proteins require assistance in order to fold. One unique property of molecular chaperones is the cavity they provide in which proteins fold. The interior surface residues which make up the cavities of molecular chaperone complexes from different organisms has recently been identified, including the well-studied GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex found in Escherichia coli. It was found that the interior of these protein complexes is significantly different than other protein surfaces and that the residues found on the protein surface are able to resist protein adsorption when immobilized on a surface. Yet it remains unknown if these residues passively resist protein binding inside GroEL-GroEs (as demonstrated by experiments that created synthetic mimics of the interior cavity) or if the interior also actively stabilizes protein folding. To answer this question, we have extended entropic models of substrate protein folding inside GroEL-GroES to include interaction energies between substrate proteins and the GroEL-GroES chaperone complex. This model was tested on a set of 528 proteins and the results qualitatively match experimental observations. The interior residues were found to strongly discourage the exposure of any hydrophobic residues, providing an enhanced hydrophobic effect inside the cavity that actively influences protein folding. This work provides both a mechanism for active protein stabilization in GroEL-GroES and a model that matches contemporary understanding of the chaperone protein.
The Diagnosis of Postprandial Hypoglycemia

Our observation that hypoglycemia, often self-diagnosed by our patients, was seldom confirmed led the authors to establish norms for the glucose tolerance test. We first obtained values for 650 patients who were entirely free from symptoms before and during testing. The median nadir in this group was 64 mg/dl. Ten percent of the patients had plasma glucose nadirs of 47 mg/dl or below and 2.5% had values of 39 mg/dl or less. Utilizing these values in combination with clinical criteria, we confirmed hypoglycemia after glucose load in 16 (median nadir 39.5 mg/dl) of 118 patients presenting with this diagnosis, and only 5 of the 16 were hypoglycemic after their usual meals. The other 102 patients, whose many complaints were unrelated to measured plasma glucose levels, had nadirs similar to those of the control group. Placebo tests performed on 14 nonhypoglycemic patients provoked symptoms (recorded by the patients themselves) and they considered indicative of hypoglycemia. Some accepted other diagnoses after we demonstrated that their symptoms occurred when they were normoglycemic. Since nadirs of hypoglycemics and control subjects overlap, we conclude that accurate diagnosis of hypoglycemia requires that symptoms develop concurrently with low blood sugar and that they are absent at other times. Low plasma glucose must be considered only one of the criteria in diagnosing functional hypoglycemia along with a relationship between food intake, timing of symptoms, correlation of symptoms and low glucose levels, and reproducibility of test results.
Theory and simulation of resonant absorption in a hot plasma

A detailed theoretical and simulation study of resonant absorption in a hot plasma is presented which isolates the behavior of the plasma for times short compared to an ion response time. The extent to which an electron fluid model can describe the absorption process in the kinetic regime is discussed. At high intensities the absorbed energy is observed to be deposited in a suprathermal tail of electrons whose energy varies approximately as the square root of the incident power. The density profile modification due to the ion response to the pondermotive force is also discussed.
Cleaning of vias by ion milling

Abstract The cleaning of via holes in devices of large scale integrated structures has been successfully accomplished in situ by a rotating and variable-incidence-angle tooling and ion-milling apparatus in a metal evaporator. Via materials were removed from thin film conductors which connect transistors, Schottky barrier diodes etc., through etched holes, with lift-off structures (temporary stencils) in place for the next level of thin film conductor deposition. Removal rates of greater than 300 A min -1 were obtained at temperatures of less than 160°C, with 1–2 min of ion milling. The plasma-free environment permitted the wafer to be rotated, tilted, offset and cleaned at a high speed without damage to devices.
Multidimensional periodic knots

Abstract We introduce the concept of multidimensional periodic knot f:Sn–2→Sn generalizing the classical case n=3. More precisely, given a semifree Z s action on Sn, ϱ: Z s×Sn, the above knot ⨍ periodic with respect to ϱ if and only if ϱ( Z s×f(S{sun–2}))⊂f(S{sun–2}) and f(S &{sun–2})∩ Fix(ρ)=O where Fix(ρ)={xϵSn|ϱ(ξ,x)=x,∀ξϵ Z s} is the fixed point set of ϱ. We study such knots from the point of view of embeddability questions.
Synthesis and gas chromatographic stationary phase properties of alkylammonium thiocyanates

Abstract Twenty-three alkylammonium thiocyanate salts were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Eleven of these salts were found to have useful stationary phase properties for gas chromatography. The characteristic stationary phase interactions for organic solutes were determined using a mixture of substituted benzene derivatives and the McReynolds' probe set as test solutes. McReynolds' constants are shown to be an unreliable measure of stationary phase selectivity due to the preponderance of the n -alkane retention index markers to be retained largely by gas—liquid phase adsorption while the polar probes are retained largely by gas—liquid phase partitioning. From qualitative evidence it is shown that dispersive forces are weak in solute—salt interactions, that they increase in importance with increasing size and number of alkyl groups attached to the cation, that the retention order of solutes with a significant dipole moment can be predicted by first ranking the solutes in terms of their dipole moments and then making allowances for volatility differences, and that the retention of proton donor solutes, such as alcohols, is most significantly influenced by the basicity of the cation.
Electrical resistivity of chromium in the neighborhood of the spin-flip transition

Abstract A small anomally in the lnϱ i versus ln T and d(lnϱ i )/d(ln T ) versus ln T curves of pure polycrystalline chromium, where ϱ i is the intrinsic electrical resistivity, has been observed in the neighborhood of the spin-flip transition (120°K). This anomaly is very similar to that recently seen by Matsumoto et al.
Isoniazid Activation Defects in Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Catalase-Peroxidase (KatG) Mutants Evident in InhA Inhibitor Production

Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG catalyzes the activation of the antitubercular agent isoniazid to yield an inhibitor targeting enoyl reductase (InhA). However, no firm biochemical link between many KatG variants and isoniazid resistance has been established. In the present study, six distinct KatG variants identified in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates resistant to isoniazid were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, and the recombinant mutant proteins (KatG(A110V), KatG(A139P), KatG(S315N), KatG(L619P), KatG(L634F), and KatG(D735A)) were purified and characterized with respect to their catalase-peroxidase activities (in terms of k(cat)/K(m)), rates of free-radical formation from isoniazid oxidation, and, moreover, abilities to activate isoniazid. The A110V amino acid replacement did not result in significant alteration of KatG activities except that the peroxidase activity was enhanced. The other mutations, however, resulted in modestly reduced catalase and peroxidase catalytic efficiencies and, for the four mutants tested, significantly lower activities to oxidize isoniazid. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the ability of the KatG(L634F), KatG(A139P), and KatG(D735A) variants to activate isoniazid decreased by 36%, 76%, and 73%, respectively, whereas the KatG(S315N) and KatG(L619P) variants completely lost their abilities to convert isoniazid into the InhA inhibitor. In addition, the inclusion of exogenous Mn(2+) to the isoniazid activation reaction mix significantly improved the ability of wild-type and KatG mutants to produce the InhA inhibitor.
Microheterogeneous photosensitizers from water-soluble polymers

Abstract Poly(ethylene glycol) has been functionalized with rose bengal and its photochemical properties and spectra studied in solvents ranging from toluene to water. The compound is a microheterogeneous photosensitizer in that the dyes attached to the polymer aggregate in solvents in which they are not normally soluble. This effects both the quantum yield of singlet oxygen formation and the spectral shapes of the dye.
Thermal characterization of BIST, scan design and sequential test methodologies

It is a well known fact that during testing of a complex integrated circuit (IC), power consumption can far exceed the values reached during its normal operation. High power consumption, combined with limited cooling support, leads to overheating of ICs. This can cause permanent damage to the chip or can invalidate test results due to changes in the path delay. Therefore, even good chips can fail the test. To prevent this problem, a methodology to generate the thermal profile of chips during test is needed. If such profiles are provided beforehand, temperature-aware testing techniques can be devised. In this paper, we address this problem by presenting a methodology for thermally characterizing circuits under test. In our methodology, first, the test sequences for each targeted test strategy, namely, built-in self-test (BIST), scan design and sequential test generation, are generated automatically. Then, power profiles are extracted by using the switching activity information obtained from simulations. Finally, a very fast thermal profiling tool is used to produce the final thermal profiles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on characterizing the thermal effects of different test methods. Such a thermal characterization can be leveraged for temperature-aware system-on-chip (SoC) test scheduling. Our experimental results present the maximum temperature values attained when using different testing techniques on several benchmarks. Results also demonstrate that low power testing techniques are not necessarily temperature-aware.
Sleep Apnea in Children with Laryngomalacia: Diagnosis via Sedated Endoscopy and Objective Outcomes after Supraglottoplasty

ObjectiveThe authors study the contribution of laryngomalacia to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children older than 12 months. The clinical and polysomnographic outcomes in patients with OSAS who underwent a supraglottoplasty were also studied.SettingTertiary care children’s hospital.Study DesignA case series with chart review.Subjects and MethodsA review of consecutive pediatric patients diagnosed with both OSAS and state-dependant laryngomalacia (SDL) between 2005 and 2008. The diagnosis of SDL was made via laryngoscopy under light general anesthesia (sleep endoscopy). All subjects underwent a supraglottoplasty.ResultsA total of 43 patients met inclusion criteria, and 36 patients had complete pre- and postoperative data available for review. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) score decreased following supraglottoplasty for 33 (92%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 78%-98%) of the 36 patients. The mean (SD) change in AHI score (calculated as the postoperative minus the preoperative measure) was −9.2...
Lipase-mediated epoxidation utilizing urea–hydrogen peroxide in ethyl acetate

A green method for alkene epoxidation based on the chemo-enzymatic perhydrolysis of carboxylic acids and esters has been optimized using Novozyme 435, the immobilized form of Candida antarctica lipase B, and the complex urea–hydrogen peroxide (UHP). UHP, an anhydrous form of hydrogen peroxide, has the potential of releasing hydrogen peroxide in a controlled manner and thus avoids the need to add the aqueous hydrogen peroxide slowly to the reaction mixture. The absence of water in the reaction media was also beneficial, because it minimized undesired reactions of the oxidized products. A minimum amount of enzyme was necessary to show the catalytic effect. On recycling, the enzyme maintained its activity up to six rounds of epoxidations. A range of alkenes was epoxidized by this method providing yields ranging from 75 to 100 percent.
Economy, Family, and Remarriage: Theory of Remarriage and Application to Preindustrial England

THIS article applies the emerging economic theory of remarriage to data on remarriage after widowhood in preindustrial Western society and examines the implications of these data both for the theory of remarriage and for the understanding of remarriage processes in modern American society. The first section briefly reviews the theory of remarriage, based largely on U.S. data, and specifies some of the assumptions implicit in theory. This is followed by a discussion of the social and economic conditions for the area studied in this article, which examine the structural and economic similarities and differences relevant to the study of remarriage. Data analyses and findings are presented in the third section, followed by discussion of the findings, and a concluding section that discusses the relevance for studies of remarriage in the modern period and the needs for further research.
Thoracoscopic Organ Suffusion for Regional Lung Chemotherapy (Preliminary Results)

Background After promising preclinical studies using a thoracoscopic regional lung chemotherapy technique less morbid than open perfusion methods, we initiated a Phase I clinical study. Methods Four performance status 0 to 1 patients with oligometastatic stage IV lung cancer underwent unilateral thoracoscopic lung suffusion targeting the bulk of primary disease and regional lymph nodes. We used the term suffusion (permeation of an organ) to describe the total lung distribution of chemotherapy afforded by venous distention akin to retrograde cardioplegia physiology. This was obtained by temporary thoracoscopic pulmonary vein occlusions and fluoroscopy-guided transfemoral intravascular balloon occlusion, drainage, and cisplatin distention of the main pulmonary artery. Single-lung ventilation allowed atelectasis that helped to drain the blood under pulmonary artery occlusion, then cisplatin (5% systemic dose) was instilled during venous occlusion and lung reexpansion. Chemotherapy dwelled for 30 minutes before lung reperfusion. Results All four suffusions were successful (three right, one left). Cisplatin remained concentrated in the pulmonary circulation by the end of the dwell (1,124 versus 236 ng/mL systemic). There were no changes in the postsuffusion pulmonary function tests or lung perfusion scans. All patients were discharged early (24 to 48 hours) without chest tubes, began standard chemotherapy without delay, and completed follow-up. After two systemic chemotherapeutic cycles primary tumors had volume reductions of 96%, 88%, 64%, and 14%, with the latter showing a 100% volume increase in a nonsuffused osseous metastasis. Conclusions Our initial clinical experience of thoracoscopic lung suffusion suggests that this approach is safe and merits future study with higher dose levels.
A New Approach to Solve a Class of Continuous-Time Nonlinear Quadratic Zero-Sum Game Using ADP

In this paper, a new approach is presented to solve a class of continuous-time nonlinear two-person zero-sum game. The idea is using approximate dynamic programming (ADP) technique to obtain the optimal control pair where the saddle point value of the zero-sum may not exist. It is shown that the control pair will stabilize the nonlinear system and the convergence of the performance index is also proof. And an example will show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A conceptual framework and open research questions for chat-based reference service: Research Articles

This article seeks to shift the literature on chat-based reference services beyond the current spate of case studies and discussions of emerging standards and best practices in providing chat-based reference, to a higher level of discussion on the creation and discussion of theoretical frameworks to unite these standards and practices. The article explores the various steps in the process of providing synchronous, chat-based reference, as well as issues involved in providing such service at each step. The purpose of this exploration is twofold: First, this article presents some open research questions at each step in the process of providing chat-based reference service. Second, the entire process of providing chat-based reference is viewed as a whole, and a model of the provision of chat-based reference service is developed at a high level of abstraction. It is hoped that this model may serve as a conceptual framework for future discussions of and development of applications for chat-based reference. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Boring in Response to Bark and Phloem Extracts From North American Trees Does Not Explain Host Acceptance Behavior of Orthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

When invasive herbivorous insects encounter novel plant species, they must determine whether the novel plants are hosts. The Mediterranean pine engraver, Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston), an exotic bark beetle poised to expand its range in North America, accepts hosts after contacting the bark. To test the hypothesis that O. erosus accepts hosts on the basis of gustatory cues, we prepared bark and phloem extracts from logs of four North American tree species that we had used in previous host acceptance experiments. Water, methanol, and hexane extracts of red pine, tamarack, balsam fir, and paper birch were presented alone and in combination on a neutral filter paper substrate in a section of a plastic drinking straw. Boring behavior in response to the three-extract combinations differed from the pattern of acceptance previously observed among species when the beetles were in contact with the bark surface. Only the aqueous extracts of tamarack, Larix laricina, increased the initiation and the extent of boring by O. erosus on the filter paper substrate. We conclude that the effects of extracted chemicals do not match the behavior of the beetles observed when penetrating excised bark and phloem discs, indicating that host selection by O. erosus may not be predictable from bark and phloem chemistry alone. Instead, host acceptance may be determined by nongustatory stimuli or by a combination of stimuli including gustatory and nongustatory cues.