cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A maximin procedure for the optimal insertion timing of ad executions

It has been recommended that dominant brands should not suffer from long periods with little or no advertising. For such brands in a product category which is not subject to seasonality, it is important not to let the minimum effectiveness level fall too low. Toward this end, we present an analytical model for determining the optimal insertion timing pattern of a long run ad campaign which consists of a number of varying executions. We develop a computational procedure to calculate the time between the insertions within a pulse in order to maximize the minimum effectiveness level at any point in time. The focus of the procedure is to provide conceptual insights and on benchmark solutions, which can reduce the computational burden of simulations, rather than on providing an exact solution. We also provide a theoretical justification for the two common economic axioms of nonsatiation and diminishing marginal returns, in the context of an advertising model with exponential forgetting.
Measuring shared understanding in software project teams using pathfinder networks

[Context] Software engineering teams must have a shared understanding of the system design in order to work independently but successfully integrate their code. Success also depends on the differentiated skill and experience of the team members. These issues of understanding are important to project success but difficult to investigate with current approaches. [Goal] To investigate this problem, we developed and evaluated a technique to measure the degree of shared understanding and identify areas of similarity and difference. Adapted from the Pathfinder technique for evaluating Team Mental Models, this is a quantitative analysis of paired comparisons of design concepts as understood by the team. [Method] We performed an empirical, mixed-methods pilot study of the technique with 5 student teams developing a semester long project. We used questionnaires and interviews to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique in measuring areas of similarity and difference. We also investigated the association between differences in understanding and problems during development. [Results] Our results support the ability of the technique to identify and measure areas of similarity and difference. There is limited support for the association between differences and poor project outcomes. [Conclusions] We find these pilot results encouraging. We will use them to refine the technique and plan to re-evaluate it with a professional software development team.
Histone chaperones link histone nuclear import and chromatin assembly

Histone chaperones are proteins that shield histones from nonspecific interactions until they are assembled into chromatin. After their synthesis in the cytoplasm, histones are bound by different histone chaperones, subjected to a series of posttranslational modifications and imported into the nucleus. These evolutionarily conserved modifications, including acetylation and methylation, can occur in the cytoplasm, but their role in regulating import is not well understood. As part of histone import complexes, histone chaperones may serve to protect the histones during transport, or they may be using histones to promote their own nuclear localization. In addition, there is evidence that histone chaperones can play an active role in the import of histones. Histone chaperones have also been shown to regulate the localization of important chromatin modifying enzymes. This review is focused on the role histone chaperones play in the early biogenesis of histones, the distinct cytoplasmic subcomplexes in which histone chaperones have been found in both yeast and mammalian cells and the importins/karyopherins and nuclear localization signals that mediate the nuclear import of histones. We also address the role that histone chaperone localization plays in human disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Histone chaperones and chromatin assembly.
Solitary chemoreceptor cell proliferation in adult nasal epithelium

Nasal trigeminal chemosensitivity in mice and rats is mediated in part by solitary chemoreceptor cells (SCCs) in the nasal epithelium (Finger et al., 2003). Many nasal SCCs express the G-protein alpha-gustducin as well as other elements of the bitter-taste signaling cascade including phospholipase Cbeta2, TRPM5 and T2R bitter-taste receptors. While some populations of sensory cells are replaced throughout life (taste and olfaction), others are not (hair cells and carotid body chemoreceptors). These experiments were designed to test whether new SCCs are generated within the epithelium of adult mice. Wild type C57/B6 mice were injected with the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. At various times after injection (1-40 days), the mice were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and prepared for dual-label immunocytochemistry. Double labeled cells were detected as early as 3 days post BrdU injection and remained for as long as 12 days post-injection suggesting that SCCs do undergo turnover like the surrounding nasal epithelium. No BrdU labeled cells were detected after 24 days suggesting relatively rapid replacement of the SCCs.
Insulin Release in Aging: Dynamic Response of Isolated Islets of Langerhans of the Rat to D-Glucose and D-Glycer aldehyde*

Glucose-stimulated insulin release is diminished islets of Langerhans from older rats compared to that in islets from young controls. The causes of this age-related decrease in hormone release and its relationship to the hyperglycemia seen aging populations have not been fully elucidated. In attempts define this secretory defect, we demonstrated in static studies that the insulin secretion to D-glyceraldehyde is not diminished aging. To gain further insight into the effects of D-glyceraldehyde vs. D-glucose in aging and to understand the dynamics insulin release from islets of older rats, dynamic insulin release from isolated islets of 2.5- and 13-month-old rats was studied by the technique of perifusion to 2.8 mM and 16.7 mM D-glucose or 2.8 mM D-glucose with 5, 10, or 14 mM D-glyceraldehyde. Insulin secretion at nonstimulatory glucose concentrations 2.8 mM) was similar in the two groups of islets. Insulin release was reduced by 36% from islets of older rats incubated in the presence of 16.7 mM D-glucose...
Risk factors for Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea on an adult hematology-oncology ward

Nosocomial diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile causes significant morbidity and mortality in an increasing proportion of hospitalized patients annually. This case-control study of patients admitted to the hematology-oncology ward of a tertiary academic medical center over a 2-year period demonstrates that patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) were 22 times more likely than ward-matched controls with diarrhea to have received any antibiotic either during hospitalization or in the month preceding admission (p < 0.005), and they were nearly three times as likely as controls to have received a cephalosporin during the same period (p < 0.005). Diarrhea among lung cancer patients was approximately three times more likely to be caused by this organism than to be due to other causes (p = 0.04). A trend towards CDAD patients receiving higher numbers of different antibiotics during hospitalization (3.3 vs. 2.6, 95%CI −1.42–0.02, p = 0.06) was noted. Administration of interleukin-2 either during hospitalization or in the 30 days preceding admission was seven times more likely to have occurred in CDAD cases (p = 0.04), raising the question of whether or not this agent increases risk.
Birmingham in the good old days

Perhaps it is difficult for a European or American at the end of the 20th century to imagine Birmingham in the year 1953, when I arrived after 5 days on the Queen Elizabeth II, via Southampton and London. It was the chief city of the Midlands because it was in the middle — at the center of gravity of England, I was told — and it was the entrance to the “black country” because it was black. Since those glorious days the socialist city government has managed to clean things up, so that it looks quite pleasant now, but at that time it was not only black it was depressing. The Quakers who ran things saw to it that nothing moved on the streets after about 9 ’clock at night. Why did I leave MIT to pursue graduate study there? My advisors told me that if I wanted to see the world and also study physics then Birmingham was the place to go. Why was this so? Because of the presence of a man, Rudolf Peierls (later Sir Rudolf), who had established a leading center of theoretical physics at the University of Birmingham. (The English called it ‘mathematical physics’, but this is not to be confused with the word as it is currently used or, at least, as I use it.) Peierls had gone there from a threatening situation in Germany and became, initially at least, a professor of mathematics — which was somewhat ironic considering his attitude toward the subject’s significance for theoretical physics. (For instance, one of his most famous ideas was a method of proving the existence of long-range order in Ising-like spin models, but he was never quite happy with the idea that it was later made into a rigorous method with far reaching consequences.) Peierls was, as we all know, a brilliant physicist who understood and contributed heavily to many of the important fields of his day, e.g., solid state physics, nuclear physics, quantum field theory, to name a few. More or less single-handedly he established a center to which very many of the leading theorists of the day made a pilgrimage. There were many students there who later made important contributions. Some in my cohort were Jim Langer
Clinical application of blood replacement solutions.

The clinical application of blood replacement solutions is discussed. It is pointed out that under hemorrhagic shock conditions blood restores renal oxygenation but drugs may make tissue conditions worse. The need for blood replacement solutions is emphasized and their possible use in emergencies and organ preservation is explored. It is concluded that application of modern techniques to the assessment of tissue metabolic conditions may help in identifying the most physiological solutions to replace blood.
Resonant excitation of white dwarf oscillations in compact object binaries – I. The no back reaction approximation

We consider the evolution of white dwarfs with compact object companions (specifically black holes with masses up to ∼10^6 M_⊙, neutron stars, and other white dwarfs). We suppose that the orbits are initially quite elliptical and then shrink and circularize under the action of gravitational radiation. During this evolution, the white dwarfs will pass through resonances when harmonics of the orbital frequency match the stellar oscillation eigenfrequencies. As a star passes through these resonances, the associated modes will be excited and can be driven to amplitudes that are so large that there is a back reaction on the orbit which, in turn, limits the growth of the modes. A formalism is presented for describing this dynamical interaction for a non-rotating star in the linear approximation when the orbit can be treated as non-relativistic. A semi-analytical expression is found for computing the resonant energy transfer as a function of stellar and orbital parameters for the regime where back reaction may be neglected. This is used to calculate the Results of passage through a sequence of resonances for several hypothetical systems. It is found that the amplitude of the l = m = 2f-mode can be driven into the non-linear regime for appropriate initial conditions. We also discuss where the no back reaction approximation is expected to fail, and the qualitative effects of back reaction.
Magnetohydrodynamic entrance region problem with heat transfer

Abstract The entrance region problem for a viscous, electrically and thermally conducting fluid inside a parallel plate channel is considered. A one-parameter Pohlhausen-type method with two integral equations momentum integral and the energy integral-has been employed. This method was earlier proposed by Campbell and Slattery[1] who used it to solve the entrance region problem for simple viscous flow through a circular tube. The governing equations are reduced to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations in the pressure, the velocity boundary layer thickness, and the thermal boundary layer thickness. That system is solved numerically for quadratic velocity and temperature profiles. These profiles, of course, are also dependent on the unknown thickness of the velocity and thermal boundary layers. Graphs have been sketched to show the effects of heat transfer and imposed magnetic field. Also, a new definition for the entrance length has been given, and a proposal is put forward for work leading toward further clarifications of the Pohlhausen-type techniques.
A Measure of Association for Nominal Independent Variables

Subroutines are presented to calculate a measure of association between a nominal independent variable and nominal, ordinal, or interval dependent variable. A permutation test of significance is provided.
Nursing research in the United States: The protection of human subjects

In the United States the protection of the rights of human subjects in experimentation has evolved at three levels: professional, public, and private. At the professional level, codes, guidelines and the Patient's Bill of Rights address the issues of protecting the dignity, privacy and autonomy of individuals who serve as research subjects. At the public level, regulations promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services have become the standard for protecting human subjects. At the private level, United States common law regulates the conduct of individual researchers by requiring them to act in a manner consistent with generally accepted standards of care. As professionals, nurses must be actively involved in the formation of public policy regarding the conduct of research and strive to formulate a research agenda that will ensure that the ethics of research in nursing is above question.
Fluorescent, photoaffinity, and biotinyl analogs of oxytocin.

Abstract This study reports the solid phase synthesis and biological activities of two oxytocin analogs, [1-desamino, 4-lysine, 7-(L-3,4,-dehydroproline)]oxytocin and [1-desamino, 4-threonine, 7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline),8-lysine]oxytocin, and several fluorescent, photoaffinity, or biotinylated derivatives of these analogs and of oxytocin. The activities (in IU/mg) of the lysine-containing parent compounds, respectively, were as follows: uterus (without Mg ++ ) 4.8 and 54; uterus (with Mg ++ ) 19 and 440; milk ejection 65 and 414. The above analogs were coupled through the chemically reactive ϵ-amino group of lysine in position 4 or 8 or, in the case of oxytocin, through the N-terminal amino group to fluoresceine, photoaffinity, or biotinyl ligands. Fluoresceine coupled in position 1 of oxytocin gave an analog of low to moderate uterine (3.8 without Mg + and 1.9 with Mg ++ ) and milk ejection (7.9) activities. Analogs with biotin or fluoresceine coupled to lysine in position 4 had moderate uterine (11 and 23 without Mg ++ ; 38 and 11 with Mg ++ ) and milk ejection (33 and 13) activities. Analogs with fluoresceine, photoaffinity, or biotinyl labels coupled to lysine in position 8 retained good uterine (106, 62, and 147 without Mg ++ ; 79, 78, and 509 with Mg ++ ) and milk ejection (101, 181, and 247) activities and represent potentially useful experimental tools for studying hormone-receptor interactions and for receptor localization and isolation.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis for Glass Transitions in Long Shelf‐Life Bread

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) showed three thermal transitions in meal, ready-to-eat (MRE) bread, resulting in various degrees of change in the viscoelastic property. The moisture-dependent transition at an extremely low temperature (-90°C to – 50°C) was due to humcctants added, while that at a higher temperature T1 was possibly due to ice melting and the polymer components. T1 increased from ∼−10°C at 29% moisture to ∼ 150°C as moisture decreased to 2%. This correlated with hardening of the sample. A moisture independent transition at ∼ 10-15°C by DMA was identified as a melting process of lipids (shortening). During storage, the magnitude of tan 8 peak decreased but its peak temperature did not change. No evidence of any network could be observed by DMA throughout 3 yr storage.
FP-S: A simplified function point counting method

Abstract This article presents a simplified method for counting function points. The method is a modification of Albrecht's well-known detailed function point counting method. One inhibitor to the widespread use of function points as a measure of information systems work output is the time required to complete the function point counting task. The simplified method described here was developed in the McDonnell Douglas Corporation and has the potential to reduce the time required for the counting task with no significant reduction in accuracy.
Gender identity in disorders of sex development: review article.

Objectives Many concerns have been raised regarding the treatment and long-term outcome of infants born with complex genital anomalies. Debate among clinicians, psychologists, ethicists, and patient advocate groups regarding the optimal management of these individuals is ongoing. Although determining the most appropriate gender is a difficult task, this review will help clarify some of the issues at hand. Methods A literature review which addresses the challenges of advising families about gender identity in infants and children with disorders of sex development. Results The evidence for endocrine effects on neurobiological development with regard to sexual behavior is compelling, although the existing outcome studies are largely anecdotal and somewhat contradictory. Conclusions Gender assignment in infants born with a disorder of sex development remains only one of the many difficult decisions faced by both the treatment team and the family. Improved long-term follow-up of these patients will provide much needed feedback on previous and contemporary management.
Individual and combined effects of multiple pathogens on Pacific treefrogs

In nature, individual hosts often encounter multiple pathogens simultaneously, which can lead to additive, antagonistic, or synergistic effects on hosts. Synergistic effects on infection prevalence or severity could greatly affect host populations. However, ecologists and managers often overlook the influence of pathogen combinations on hosts. This is especially true in amphibian conservation, even though multiple pathogens coexist within amphibian populations, and several pathogens have been implicated in amphibian population declines and extinctions. Using an amphibian host, Pseudacris regilla (Pacific treefrog), we experimentally investigated interactive effects among three pathogens: the trematode Ribeiroia sp. (hereafter, Ribeiroia), the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter, BD), and the water mold Achlya flagellata. We detected no effects of A. flagellata, but did find effects of Ribeiroia and BD that varied depending on context. Low doses of Ribeiroia caused relatively few malformations, while higher Ribeiroia doses caused numerous deformities dominated by missing and reduced limbs and limb elements. Exposure to low doses of BD accelerated larval host development, despite there being no detectable BD infections, while exposure to higher BD doses caused infection but did not alter developmental rate. Hosts exposed to both Ribeiroia and BD exhibited the highest mortality, although overall evidence of interactive effects of multiple pathogens was limited. We suggest further research on the influence of multi-pathogen assemblages on amphibians, particularly under a variety of ecological conditions and with a wider diversity of hosts and pathogens.
Inclusive jet production in p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Abstract Measurements of reconstructed jets in high-energy proton–lead collisions over a wide rapidity and transverse momentum range can serve as a detailed probe of the partonic structure of nuclei over a large ( x , Q 2 ) range. Inclusive jet production may be sensitive to the nuclear modification of parton distribution functions and such effects as the energy loss of the initial state partons entering into the hard scattering. Furthermore, any modification of jet production in p + Pb collisions can provide context for the strong suppression observed in central 2.76 TeV Pb + Pb collisions which is attributed to the formation of a hot nuclear medium. We present a measurement of inclusive jet production in p + Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. While the jet rate in minimum bias p + Pb events is seen to be only slightly enhanced above the geometric expectation, the centrality-dependent yields are observed to be modified, with systematically stronger effects at higher p T and at more forward (proton-going) rapidities.
Teachers’ Use of and Attitudes Toward Informational Text in K–5 Classrooms

The purposes of this research were (a) to understand the frequency with which K–5 teachers use informational text in their routine classroom instruction, (b) to understand the percentage of informational text in classroom libraries, and (c) to explore teachers’ attitudes about informational text. Survey data of 318 participants indicated that K–5 teachers used an average of 31.55 minutes (SD = 22.24) of informational text per day and that classroom libraries consisted of an average of 32.77% (SD = 14.16) of informational text. Participants were overwhelmingly positive about the instructional value of informational text but also reported that a lack of time, a lack of resources, and curricular limitations restricted their use of informational text. Implications on how to increase the use of informational text in K–5 classrooms are provided.
A Review of: “A Journey of Heart and Mind: Transformative Jewish Learning in Adulthood. By Lisa D. Grant, Diane Tickton Schuster, Meredith Woocher, and Steven M. Cohen. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 2004. HB, 263 pages, $47.90.”

Unlike some books with multiple authors, A Journey of Heart and Mind: Transformative Jewish Learning in Adulthood is carefully conceived and tightly organized in ways that draw on the strengths of ...
A parametric study of segregation effects during vertical Bridgman crystal growth with an axial magnetic field

Abstract This paper presents a model for the unsteady transport of a dopant during the vertical Bridgman crystal growth process with a planar crystal–melt interface and with an axial magnetic field, and investigates the effects of varying different process variables on the crystal composition. The convective mass transport due to the buoyant convection in the melt produces nonuniformities in the concentration in both the melt and the crystal. The convective mass transport plays an important role for all magnetic field strengths considered. Diffusive mass transport begins to dominate for a magnetic flux density of 4 T and a fast growth rate, producing crystals which have an axial variation of the radially averaged crystal composition approaching that of the diffusion-controlled limit. Dopant distributions for several different combinations of process parameters are presented.
Effects of intergranular gas bubbles on thermal conductivity

Abstract Model microstructures obtained from phase-field simulations are used to study the effective heat transfer across bicrystals with stationary grain boundary bubble populations. We find that the grain boundary coverage, irrespective of the intergranular bubble radii, is the most relevant parameter to the thermal resistance, which we use to derive effective Kapitza resistances that are dependent on the grain boundary coverage and Kaptiza resistance of the intact grain boundary. We propose a model to predict thermal conductivity as a function of porosity, grain-size, Kaptiza resistance of the intact grain boundary, and grain boundary bubble coverage.
Waves in wood: free vibrations of a wooden pole

Elastic waves in materials with cylindrical orthotropy are considered, this being a plausible model for a wooden pole. For time-harmonic motions, the problem is reduced to some coupled ordinary differential equations. Previously, these have been solved using the method of Frobenius (power-series expansions). Here, Neumann series (expansions in Bessel functions of various orders) are used, motivated by the known classical solutions for homogeneous isotropic solids. This is shown to give an effective and natural method for wave propagation in cylindrically orthotropic materials. As an example, the frequencies of free vibration of a wooden pole are computed. The problem itself arose from a study of ultrasonic devices as used in the detection of rotten regions inside wooden telegraph (utility) poles and trees; some background to these applications is given.
Translation vectors with non-identically distributed components

Abstract A model for non-Gaussian random vectors is presented that relies on a modification of the standard translation transformation which has previously been used to model stationary non-Gaussian processes and non-Gaussian random vectors with identically distributed components. The translation model has the ability to exactly match target marginal distributions and a broad variety of correlation matrices. Joint distributions of the new class of translation vectors are derived, as are upper and lower bounds on the target correlation that depend on the target marginal distributions. Examples are presented that demonstrate the applicability of the approach to the modelling of heterogeneous material properties, and also illustrate the possible shortcomings of using second moment characterizations for such random vectors. Lastly, an outline is given of a method under development for extending the model to non-stationary, non-Gaussian random processes.
Sharp regularity results for hyperbolic-dominated thermoelastic systems with point control☆

Abstract We provide sharp regularity results for thermoelastic plate-like systems under the action of an interior point control exercised in the Kirchhoff-type mechanical equation, in the case of hinged/Dirichlet boundary conditions (B.C.).
The newly revised F-Tag 315 and surveyor guidance for urinary incontinence in long-term care.

Recently there was a symposium held in a midwestern state to brief those working in long-term care about the recent changes in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) F-Tag 315, the management of urinary incontinence. A national physician expert on urinary incontinence had been invited to speak. The turnout for the event was surprising in a positive manner, with more than 500 individuals present and nearly every county in the state was represented. The audience was energetic and interested. During the question and answer period, audience members discussed their own success stories and challenges in the management of urinary incontinence. They also shared their recent experiences with surveyors, as several decried the punitive and antagonistic nature of the survey process. The speaker answered queries from the audience, and stayed after the address to answer several questions from individuals who remained. What might have seemed a successful example of collaboration was tempered by one realization: according to the registration sheet, there was not a single medical director or any physician in attendance. While this may just be an isolated phenomenon, there is additional information to suggest otherwise. Have medical directors and primary care health professionals in long-term care left the responsibility for urinary incontinence management to the facilities and their nursing staff? If so, why? Do medical directors and primary care health professionals have the expertise to help improve the quality of life of their incontinent long-term care residents? How might physician involvement change with the new F-Tag 315 and surveyor guidance for management of urinary incontinence? This article will discuss several features of the revised F-Tag 315 and surveyor guidance for urinary incontinence, briefly
Clinical and immunologic studies of patients with large local reactions following insect stings

During the summer of 1978, 22 patients who had large local reactions following insect stings were evaluated for the development of potential systemic sensitivity. Approximately half the patients had venom IgE antibodies, detected by either the immediate skin test or radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A control group of 26 patients experiencing normal sting reactions had only a 15% incidence of venom-specific IgE. No correlations could be found between the presence of venom-specific IgE and age, sex, sting location, atopic history, or prior stings. IgE antibodies were found in 13 of 17 patients who had experienced local reactions lasting more than 48 hr. Serum venom-specific IgG was detected in only three of 19 patients. These results suggest that following large local reactions from insect stings patients must be individually assessed for the presence of venom-specific IgE and consideration for specific immunotherapy.
A Thermodynamic Model for Liquid-Liquid Chromatography with a Binary Mobile Phase

Article on a thermodynamic model for liquid-liquid chromatography with a binary mobile phase.
The Simple Desire‐Fulfillment Theory

Parmi les differentes versions de la theorie de la satisfaction des desirs inauguree par D. Parfit et completee par H. Sidgwick, R. Brandt et P. Railton, l'A. privilegie la theorie simple de la satisfaction du desir, qui prend en compte les seuls desirs actuels de l'agent, sur la theorie modifee par la connaissance qui avance l'idee d'une situation hypothetique de desirs ou l'agent est mieux informe de ses propres desirs. Examinant la justification de celle-ci en termes de prevention des fausses croyances et de prevention de l'absence de desir due a l'absence de croyance vraies, l'A. defend la theorie simple contre l'objection de Railton concernant le caractere critique des jugements de valeur et du bien
Sex differences in comments made during conflict within close heterosexual pairs

Questionnaires were used to investigate (1) stereotypes about what young couples do and say during their conflicts and (2) reports (by actual young couples) of what each one is likely to do or say. The two sets of data yielded much the same pattern of results. The female is expected and reported to cry and sulk and to criticize the male for lack of consideration of her feelings and for insensitivity to his effect on her. The male is expected and reported to show anger, to reject the female's tears, to call for a logical and less emotional approach to the problem, and to give reasons for delaying the discussion. The Study I expectations for sex differences during conflict are held to about the same degree by the female and male respondents. In both studies, the differences were found to depend primarily on sex of the person and not on the particular problem involved in the conflict. The results are interpreted in terms of the interaction between a conflict-avoidant person (the male) and his partner (the female), who is frustrated by the avoidance and asks that the problem and the feelings associated with it be confronted.
Dipole correlations in TeO2-WO3 glass☆

Abstract Capacitance and thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements on TeO 2 ·0.23WO 3 glass from 4.2–300 K reveal structure at temperatures where phase transitions are observed in crystalline WO 3 . These results indicate that the local WO 6 -octahedra determine the dielectric properties of this glass and that dipole-dipole correlations contribute to the ferroelectric-like character of this amorphous system.
Detailed measurements of inelastic scattering in Anderson localization.

Considerable progress has been made in the experimental observation of Anderson localization and quantum eigenstate coherence for electrons in disordered solids. The coherence effects deduced from conductivity measurements require some corrections for inelastic scattering, and often the necessary information is imprecisely known. In this letter we report detailed observations of inelastic effects in an acoustic localization experiment where parameters may be precisely controlled and measured; some phase correlation effects are evident.
A detailed RFLP map of Sorghum bicolor x S. propinquum, suitable for high-density mapping, suggests ancestral duplication of Sorghum chromosomes or chromosomal segments.

The first “complete” genetic linkage map of Sorghum section Sorghum is described, comprised of ten linkage groups putatively corresponding to the ten gametic chromosomes of S. bicolor and S. propinquum. The map includes 276 RFLP loci, predominately detected by PstI-digested S. bicolor genomic probes, segregating in 56 F2 progeny of a cross between S. bicolor and S. propinquum. Although prior cytological evidence suggests that the genomes of these species are largely homosequential, a high level of molecular divergence is evidenced by the abundant RFLP and RAPD polymorphisms, the marked deviations from Mendelian segregation in many regions of the genome, and several species-specific DNA probes. The remarkable level of DNA polymorphism between these species will facilitate development of a high-density genetic map. Further, the high level of DNA polymorphism permitted mapping of multiple loci for 21 (8.2%) DNA probes. Linkage relationships among eight (38%) of these probes suggest ancestral duplication of three genomic regions. Mapping of 13 maize genomic clones in this cross was consistent with prior results. Mapping of heterologous cDNAs from rice and oat suggests that it may be feasible to extend comparative mapping to these distantly-related species, and to ultimately generate a detailed description of chromosome rearrangements among cultivated Gramineae. Limited investigation of a small number of RFLPs showed several alleles common to S. bicolor and S. Halepense (“johnson-grass”), but few alleles common to S. propinquum and S. halepense, raising questions about the origin of S. halepense.
USRP2 implementation of compressive sensing based channel estimation in OFDM

Radio channel impairment is a major concern in any wireless system, and channel estimation is used to calculate the multipath channel effects. The traditional way of using pilots for channel estimation has a tradeoff between spectral efficiency and estimation accuracy. An increasing amount of research has been done based on a novel signal processing technique called compressive sensing (CS) and its applications in the modern day wireless systems. In this paper, we can exploit the sparsity of the time domain channel by choosing the pilots randomly and building a random projection measurement matrix, thereby conserving the bandwidth. We investigate the implementation and the challenges in an open source software based radio development kit, GNU Radio for a wireless system, and build a CS-based channel estimator for the OFDM module on a Universal Software Radio Peripheral 2 (USRP2). Simulations are conducted to prove the effectiveness over traditional channel estimation. A Python signal processing package is developed and performance studies are conducted in the real-time system through USRP2.
CAMAC to GPIB Interface

A CAMAC module developed at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory allows any device conforming to the GPIB standard to be connected to a CAMAC system. This module incorporates a microprocessor to control up to 14 GPIB-compatible instruments using a restricted set of CAMAC F-N-A commands. The marriage of a device-independent bus (IEEE Standard 488-1975) to a computer-independent bus (IEEE Standard 583-1975) provides a general method for interfacing a system of programmable instruments to any computer. This module is being used to interface a variety of interactive devices on a control console to a control computer.
Increased vascular endothelial growth factor and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, but not insulin-like growth factor-I, in maternal blood of cows gestating twin fetuses

Differences in placental mass and vascularity exist between cows gestating single vs. multiple fetuses. Therefore, the association between fetal number and placental development or function was assessed by comparing concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG), IGF-I, and progesterone in the maternal blood of cattle selected for twin births and gestating 1 (n = 23) vs. 2 (n = 17) fetuses. Samples of jugular venous blood were collected serially at a mean of 57, 121, 192, and 234 d (range within groups was 20 d) after AI. Plasma concentrations of VEGF, IGF-I, and progesterone were measured by double-antibody RIA, and of PAG by an indirect sandwich ELISA. Concentrations of VEGF and progesterone were greater (P < 0.05) in dams with twin vs. single fetuses. Maternal VEGF concentrations did not differ among collection times, but progesterone concentrations increased (P < 0.01) between d 192 and 234. Conversely, PAG concentrations were low at d 57 and 121 and did not differ between dams carrying singles or twins. However, the subsequent increase (P < 0.01) in PAG was greater in dams with twins, resulting in greater (P < 0.01) PAG concentrations for dams with twins at d 192 and 234 (type of birth x time; P < 0.01). Maternal IGF-I concentrations were unaffected by fetal number. Because corpora lutea persisted for the duration of the evaluation period, maternal progesterone concentrations were likely related to the number of corpora lutea rather than the number of fetuses. It is postulated that the greater PAG and VEGF concentrations in the blood of dams gestating twins are the result of a larger uteroplacental mass, including increased numbers of binucleate cells and increased angiogenesis and vasculogenesis associated with a twin pregnancy. Although PAG and VEGF were elevated in dams gestating twins, variability within and among birth groups limits the use of PAG or VEGF measurements for the diagnosis of twins.
An empirical investigation of the Taylor curve

Abstract Taylor (1979) posited that a central bank faces a tradeoff between the volatility of the output gap and volatility of inflation; this trade-off has become known as the Taylor curve. Thus, the Taylor curve necessitates that the correlation between the volatilities of inflation and the output gap be non-positive for optimal monetary policy. Friedman (2006) challenged Chatterjee (2002) and Taylor’s (2006) view that the Taylor curve may be used as a policy menu from which the central bank may choose the level of inflation and output gap volatilities. To better understand the issue, we take an in depth look at the correlation between the second moments of inflation and the output gap through the lens of the Taylor curve. Our results reveal that macroeconomic performance is superior in time periods in which the Taylor curve relationship holds.
Silver 108m Dating in Marine Organisms

WE have read with interest the recent letter by Beasley and Held1 which voices reservations concerning the origins of the 108mAg and 110mAg reported by us2. Their comments are well thought out and deserve a careful reply.
Cost-effectiveness of confirmatory techniques for the placement of lumbar pedicle screws.

Object There is considerable variation in the use of adjunctive technologies to confirm pedicle screw placement. Although there is literature to support the use of both neurophysiological monitoring and isocentric fluoroscopy to confirm pedicle screw positioning, there are no studies examining the cost-effectiveness of these technologies. This study compares the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of isocentric O-arm fluoroscopy, neurophysiological monitoring, and postoperative CT scanning after multilevel instrumented fusion for degenerative lumbar disease. Methods Retrospective data were collected from 4 spine surgeons who used 3 different strategies for monitoring of pedicle screw placement in multilevel lumbar degenerative disease. A decision analysis model was developed to analyze costs and outcomes of the 3 different monitoring strategies. A total of 448 surgeries performed between 2005 and 2010 were included, with 4 cases requiring repeat operation for malpositioned screws. A sample of 64 of these pati...
Effect of objective risk on key actor support for seismic mitigation policy

This article investigates the policy formulation process related to seismic hazard mitigation. A preemergent policy climate is identified by focusing on key actors, assessments of seismic risk, and policy alternatives. Two major factors were found to affect key actor support for policy development: (a) the objective risk to which their constituent community is exposed, and (b) their elective or appointive position at the local level of government.
Carotid body and allied tumors.

Abstract Carotid bodies belong to an organ system of mesenchymal or neural origin intimately connected with blood vessels in various parts of the body, and function as chemoreceptors. Tumors derived from them are slow growing and spread essentially by expansion and incorporation of local structures; however, lymph and blood vessel spread does occur. Excision of carotid body tumors should be done without sacrificing the carotid bifurcation since this procedure has a high mortality and disability rate. Allied tumors arise in other locations, giving rise to characteristic signs and symptoms which demand surgical treatment: the jugular, aortic, ciliary and vagal bodies, and the questionable alveolar, femoral and retroperitoneal bodies. Eight carotid body tumors and one aortic body tumor have been seen at the Boston City Hospital. One tumor was operated upon in 1887 and may have been the first such tumor resected without sacrificing the carotid bifurcation.
Application of a modified technique for X-ray topography of large crystals

Abstract A transmission X-ray topography technique has been developed which is suitable for examining large, uncut crystals. A relatively large volume is represented in each photograph, and regions that are misoriented by more than 0.3° can be detected. Examination of single crystal ruby laser rods is used to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of the method.
Budget constrained location problem with opening and closing of facilities

In this paper, we study a budget constrained location problem in which we simultaneously consider opening some new facilities and closing some existing facilities. Motivations for this problem stem from applications where, due to a change in the distribution of customer demand, the existing facility system no longer provides adequate service. The objective is to minimize the total weighted travel distance for customers subject to a constraint on the budget for opening and/or closing facilities and a constraint on the total number of open facilities desired. For this problem, we develop a mathematical programming model and examine its theoretical properties. We then develop three heuristic algorithms (greedy interchange, tabu search and Lagrangian relaxation approximation) for this NP-hard problem. Computational testing of these algorithms includes an analysis of the sensitivity of the solution to the budget and the desired number of facilities. The intended application in this testing is that of locating/relocating bank branches in a large-size town such as in our data set from Amherst, New York. We also discuss the situation where operating costs are part of the objective function.
Embattled entrepreneurs: Soviet cooperatives in an unreformed economy

(1991). Embattled entrepreneurs: Soviet cooperatives in an unreformed economy. Soviet Studies: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 797-821.
The Freezing Point of Milk. A Review

Summary The literature clearly shows that the freezing point of milk varies within relatively narrow limits. Some of the variations that do occur have been attributed to seasonal effects, feed, water intake, time of day (i.e., morning versus evening milk), breed of cow, and method of handling samples. In handling milk samples, it has been reported that storing them at low temperatures, or freezing them, may raise the freezing point. Some analysts claim that heat treatment affects the freezing point slightly, whereas other workers have not observed any change. Vacuum treatment of milk has been reported to raise the freezing point slightly. Some of the apparent differences in freezing points reported by different workers may be due to differences in analytical techniques. Comparison of the freezing points reported by different analysts for identical samples reveals a need for more careful standardization of the method. It is believed that more attention should be given to the calibration of the thermal sensing element. It has been suggested that salt solutions or saturated aqueous solutions of stable compounds should be used as calibration standards instead of sucrose solutions. The necessity of standardizing the manner in which the thermometer is tapped has been emphasized. The ease and speed of determining freezing points with the recently designed cryoscopes, employing thermistors as thermal sensing elements, should increase the use of cryoscopes for routine analysis. The reported results show that the freezing point of milk is a useful index for detecting added water. However, the decision to classify a sample as watered must be based upon careful consideration of all of the available evidence. One should not rely on the conclusions of others without examining their data. The published evidence indicates that the present official standard in this country should be reexamined. It has been suggested that the adoption of a minimum freezing point standard might overcome the limitations of using an assumed average as a standard.
Excitation intensity and polarization effects in the picosecond spectroscopy of molecular aggregates

ABSTRACT The optical dynamics of J-aggregates of 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine in solution and adsorbed on 4-nm-diameter colloidalsilica particles has been studied by using picosecond polarized pump-probe spectroscopy. The absorption anisotropy andthe excitation-intensity dependence of the ground-state recovery kinetics are compared in these two systems. The results arediscussed in terms of the dynamics of delocalized and localized excitons. 1. INTRODUCTION Theelectronic excitation of an aggregate of interacting molecules can lead to an excited state whose energy resides onmore than one of the molecules in the aggregate during the lifetime of the state. Such a state is treated as an exciton.1 Ifthe aggregate is smaller than the optical wavelength of the excitation light, the aggregate can be viewed as a supermoleculewith a transition dipole length proportional to NeffU2/1, where Neff is the number of coherently coupled molecules in the aggregate and p is the monomer transition dipole length.2 If Neff is equal to the actual number of molecules in theaggregate, the exciton is delocalized. The instant the light is absorbed and the energy converted into an exciton, theexcitation can oscillate back and forth between the molecules with a transfer rate  10's. Shifts or splittings of peaksin absorption spectra are manifestations of this coherence at the moment the light is absorbed. However, moleculardephasing can cause the loss of this coherence. The excitation transfer becomes slower and must be described by anincoherent hopping mechanism involving localized excitons. Molecular aggregates are important in photosyntheticsystems.36 The study of exciton transport in simple molecular aggregates is crucial in understanding the dynamics ofexcitation energy transfer in light-harvesting antennae. For this reason, there has been a great deal of eoal41 and