cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
House Fly (Musca domestica L.) Survival after Mechanical Incorporation of Poultry Manure into Field Soil

Abstract Land application is often a routine part of manure management. Not only is it a practical means of disposing large amounts of poultry wastes, it is an efficient use of an organic fertilizer. Unfortunately, poultry manure may contain a large number of house fly larvae and pupae that can become a nuisance if they complete development. Mechanical incorporation of poultry manure is often recommended to help reduce odor; it has also been though to reduce the potential for a fly outbreak. This study examined fly survival following burial in field soil at depths of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 in. One quarter of the adult house flies developing from pupae were able to crawl through 12 in. of soil to reach the surface. Survival of flies buried closer to the surface was greater. We compared house fly survival following disk, harrow, and moldboard plow incorporation of manure to surface application. No method of incorporation was better than the surface application. Adult flies reached outbreak proportions 10 days following application and the outbreak lasted another 11 days.
On transitive irreducible BLT-sets

Abstract We completely classify the BLT-sets, B , whose group acts transitively on B and irreducibly on the underlying vector space.
Management Dilemmas Due to a Paratracheal Follicular Dendritic Cell Tumor

Follicular dendritic cell tumors are rare cancers of the lymph nodes of the head and neck. Despite a relatively high rate of recurrence, these neoplasms have a limited impact on the airways because they can be potentially cured by surgical resection. We present the case of a young woman with an unresectable follicular dendritic cell tumor involving the paratracheal region causing upper airway obstruction and respiratory failure. This malignant tumor created numerous management dilemmas and therapeutic challenges related to the unstable airway and the need for tracheal stenting to bypass the airway obstruction.
THE STATUS OF OILED WILDLIFE: RESEARCH AND PLANNING

ABSTRACT The cleaning and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife, especially waterfowl, has been one of our most difficult environmental problems to solve. It is plagued by controversy, emotion, apathy, and a host of biological unknowns. Costs have been high and survival rates low. This paper discusses the efforts taken by organizations and individuals in recent years to reverse this trend. It assesses biological problems and outlines research results. It analyzes people problems and wildlife contingency planning and presents a review of recent accomplishments in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.
A Correlational Approach to Turbulent Saturated Film Boiling

A correlation method for saturated film boiling is proposed. The correlation is based on the analogy between film boiling and natural convection. As in the case of natural convection, the turbulent film boiling correlation takes the form of a Nusselt number versus the Raleigh number power law, Nu[sub B] [proportional to] Ra[sub B][sup 1.3]. The proposed correlation shows very good agreement with current data for film boiling of water from vertical surfaces. The general applicability of the correlation is established by comparisons with film boiling data from R-113 and cryogenic fluids. 25 refs., 8 figs.
Thermal degradation in a trimodal poly(dimethylsiloxane) network studied by (1)H multiple quantum NMR.

Thermal degradation of a filled, cross-linked siloxane material synthesized from poly(dimethylsiloxane) chains of three different average molecular weights and with two different cross-linking species has been studied by (1)H multiple quantum (MQ) NMR methods. Multiple domains of polymer chains were detected by MQ NMR exhibiting residual dipolar coupling ( ) values of 200 and 600 Hz, corresponding to chains with high average molecular weight between cross-links and chains with low average molecular weight between cross-links or near the multifunctional cross-linking sites. Characterization of the values and changes in distributions present in the material were studied as a function of time at 250 degrees C and indicate significant time-dependent degradation. For the domains with low , a broadening in the distribution was observed with aging time. For the domain with high , increases in both the mean and the width in were observed with increasing aging time. Isothermal thermal gravimetric analysis reveals a 3% decrease in weight over 20 h of aging at 250 degrees C. Degraded samples also were analyzed by traditional solid-state (1)H NMR techniques, and off-gassing products were identified by solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results, which will be discussed here, suggest that thermal degradation proceeds by complex competition between oxidative chain scissioning and postcuring cross-linking that both contribute to embrittlement.
CORR Insights®: Hospital for special surgery pediatric functional activity brief scale predicts physical fitness testing performance.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale Predicts Physical Fitness Testing Performance” by Fabricant and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3429-1 The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3429-1.
Variation in Plant Distributions, Plant Traits and Disease Levels across a Woodland/Grassland Ecotone

Abstract The ability of species to establish and persist in multiple habitats is of increasing importance given ecotone shifts following climate change. We examined a sedge (Carex blanda) that primarily occurs in woodlands in Kansas but is reported at low frequency in grasslands. At a Kansas, USA site, we found C. blanda occurred at similar densities across woodland, edge and grassland habitats. Plants differed in morphology: grassland plants were often broader and shorter than woodland plants. We transplanted cloned woodland plants into woodland, edge and grassland habitats. Transplanted plants developed similar height to naturally occurring plants, showing a plastic response. Further, seed number per plant was highest for woodland plants transplanted to grasslands. Both naturally occurring and transplanted plants growing in the grassland also had low disease incidence, suggesting that pathogen presence is affected more by habitat than plant origin. Since light differed greatly among the habitats, we gre...
Assessment in Self-Determination: Guiding Instruction and Transition Planning

Self-determination is an important component of transition services for youth with disabilities and, like any instructional domain, promoting this outcome requires that educators use assessment both to design instruction and to provide information about the impact of instruction. This article introduces self-determination as a critical transition outcome, examines issues pertaining to the assessment of student self-determination, and overviews practices, materials and resources important to such assessment activities.
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA IN ADOLESCENCE

Hyperprolactinemia is recognized commonly as a cause of menstrual dysfunction and hypogonadism in adults but is often assumed to be rare in adolescents. The clinical features of this in adolescence have not been well characterized. We have studied 20 patients with adolescent onset of hyperprolactinemia. Initial results on 16 (13 females and 3 males) are as follows: The cause of hyperprolactinemia was microadenoma in 6, macroadenoma in 7, pituitary cyst in 1 and tumor hydrocephalus in 2. Onset was between 9 and 19 years with a mean of 14.6 years but the diagnosis was delayed almost 5 years to a mean age of 19.3 years. Prolacting levels varied from 33 to 3450 ng/ml. Presenting complaints in females were: Amenorrhea in 64%, galactorrhea in 18%, cystic acne in 9%. Galactorrhea was present in 73% but only 1/3 of these were aware of it. Headaches were present in 82%. 6 of 8 patients had withdrawal bleeding after Provera. 3 patterns of pubertal progression were seen: 1)primary amenorrhea 18%, 2)normal menarche with only a few periods 36%, 3) normal menarche, irregular menses for several years and amenorrhea in 46%. 4 of 5 patients with macroadenomas have had surgery, radiotherapy or both and 3 of these have residual hyperprolactinemia and other residua. Although hyperprolactinemia is a common cause of menstrual or pubertal disturbance in adolescence, diagnosis is usually delayed. Because outcome is often suboptimal, an effort toward timely diagnosis is indicated.
Human embryonic stem cells are pre-mitotically committed to self-renewal and acquire a lengthened G1 phase upon lineage programming.

Self-renewal of human embryonic stem (ES) cells proceeds by a unique abbreviated cell cycle with a shortened G1 phase and distinctions in molecular cell cycle regulatory parameters. In this study, we show that early lineage-commitment of pluripotent hES cells modifies cell cycle kinetics. Human ES cells acquire a lengthened G1 within 72 h after lineage-programming is initiated, as reflected by loss of the pluripotency factor Oct4 and alterations in nuclear morphology. In hES cells that maintain the pristine pluripotent state, we find that autocrine mechanisms contribute to sustaining the abbreviated cell cycle. Our data show that naive and mitotically synchronized pluripotent hES cells are competent to initiate two consecutive S phases in the absence of external growth factors. We conclude that short term self-renewal of pluripotent hES cells occurs autonomously, in part due to secreted factors, and that pluripotency is functionally linked to the abbreviated hES cell cycle.
Specialization in the alimentary canal of some mole crickets (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae)

Abstract The objectives of this work were to describe the structure of the gut in 4 species of mode crickets from dissections and paraffin embedded serial sections, and to use SEM techniques to study the setae-bearing papillae in the hindgut. The anatomy and histology of the guts were similar in Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, S. acletus Rehn and Hebard, S. abbreviatus Scudder, and Neocurtilla hexadactyla Perty, (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) but there were differences in overall length of the gut, and in the length of particular regions of the gut. The species of Scapteriscus had a female-specific gland, the proctodaeal gland, evaginated from the gut wall near the origin of the malpighian tubules. In each of the species the midgut was limited to 2 large gastric caeca. All of the gut posterior to the caeca had a cuticular lining on the cell surface and was considered to be hindgut. thus, more than one-half of the hindgut was anterior to the origin of the malpighian tubules. The long hindgut contained clearly delineated anterior, middle, and posterior regions. The middle segment contained several rows of setae-bearing papillae projecting into the lumen of the gut. The setae trapped partially digested food and provided a suitable habitat and substrate surface for the growth of numerous microorganisms. No peritrophic membrane was found in any part of the gut.
Challenges in Comparing Transgenic and Nontransgenic Soybean Cultivars

Genetically modified soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars containing herbicide resistance have become the predominant cultivars marketed in the USA. This technology dramatically changed weed management strategies inthe USA and created controversy and new challenges within various segments of the industry. This review seeks to summarize many of the issues that arose within the soybean industry surrounding the introduction of the world's first major transgenic crop. Hopefully, the experiences gained during this transition period will benefit future efforts to commercialize transgenic crops. Initially, the new transgenics made the already difficult, yet critically important, task of cultivar selection even more arduous and confusing. Lack of university data, high cultivar turnover rates, and the added burden of factoring in technology fees, yield lag, and weed control costs into the decision of which cultivar to plant were frustrating to most producers. Industry's early insistence on separate cultivar performance trials for Roundup Ready (RR) cultivars taxed limited testing resources and increased the size of the already massive data sets generated. Most often, the end result did not provide a direct comparison with popular conventional cultivars. As this new technology has become fully accepted and assimilated into our industry, comparisons with conventional cultivars are less important since most farmers are selecting only among RR cultivars. The current literature indicates that soybean variety test (SVT) programs with limited resources can effectively compare soybean cultivar performance using combined trials treated only with conventional herbicides with little risk of yield loss or herbicide × cultivar interactions. However, the use of a systems approach or separate RR trials to evaluate the performance of soybean cultivars is now commonplace in the USA due to the sheer dominance of RR cultivars. Many larger SVT programs will soon consider discontinuing separate trials for conventional cultivars as their numbers and importance diminish.
A rigorous assessment of the benefits of miniaturization in the Kolsky bar system

A rigorous experimental and numerical assessment is made of the benefits and limits of miniaturization in the Kolsky bar system. The primary issues that arise in very high strain rate testing (stress equilibration, inertial effects, wave dispersion, friction, and controllability of deformations) are addressed through experiments coupled with explicit finite element analyses. A miniaturized Kolsky bar system that includes the input bar is developed, together with the use of the laser occlusive radius detector to obtain local measurements of specimen strain during the very high rate deformations. It is demonstrated that this miniaturized Kolsky bar system can be used to provide fully validated results, including the explicit determination of equilibration, over a very wide range of strain rates (1×103 to 5×104 s−1). The desired high strain rate can be achieved even at low accumulated strains, and the total strain developed can be controlled very effectively. Specific conditions are developed for determining the range of utility of the technique for a given material. The technique is applied to the characterization of 6061-T651 aluminum, and the results are compared with the results obtained using a conventional Kolsky bar.
Pade approximations for detectability in K-clutter and noise

The Pade approximation (PA) method is used to analyze the detection performance of single and multiple pulse radar systems operating in K-distributed clutter and thermal noise. Simple approximations for false-alarm and detection probabilities are obtained, using lower order moments for the detection decision statistic. Both envelope and squaring detector laws are considered, with noncoherent integration, for independent and correlated K clutter. The target is assumed to be pulse-to-pulse Rayleigh fading. The methods are a substantial application of the PA methods we have previously published. >
Lessons on emergency recovery from past experience

The World Bank has learned some valuable lessons in its 30 years supporting emergency recovery efforts. Project success depends on the government's commitment to a project, on cooperation and communication between the borrower and the Bank, on an appropriate institutional framework, on simplified and consolidated procurement and disbursement procedures, on simplicity of project design, and on land acquisition and assembly. Land use planning and control are highlighted in damage assessment reports among the forms of disaster mitigation that could protect industry, infrastructure and housing.
Lissencephaly: Computed tomographic diagnosis

Lissencephaly is a rare congenital condition with distinctive brain changes. Most of these changes were demonstrated on computed tomography, and include lack of cortical sulci and gyri; calcification in the region of paraphysis; wide, shallow sylvian fissures; colpocephaly; poor development of white matter; and persistent cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae.
An Integrative Model of Entitlement Beliefs

Entitlement is frequently cited as a pressing managerial challenge in contemporary organizations, but the extant research on this topic has been inconsistent, vague, and incomplete. In response, this paper presents an integrative model of entitlement beliefs. Specifically, prior research across multiple disciplines is synthesized to offer an integrative conceptualization of entitlement beliefs, which is distinguished from trait entitlement. This synthesis forms the conceptual foundation for a theoretical model that specifies antecedents to entitlement beliefs, and the proximal and distal outcomes associated with these beliefs. Theoretical and practical implications for managing entitlement beliefs more effectively are discussed.
Measurement and modeling of ion-exchange parameters for IOG-10 glass

Accurate knowledge of the diffusion coefficients of an ion-exchange glass is crucial for the design, simulation, and optimization of optical waveguide structures created in the glass. We present the measurement of the Stewart coefficient, the maximum refractive index, and the diffusion coefficients for Ag + and Na + ions in IOG-10 glass. With knowledge of these glass properties, we can in turn control the optical and physical properties of the waveguides. Temperature dependence of the optical properties is also presented.
A note on a statistical-mechanical treatment of activation-limited surface diffusion

A brief review is given of a class of simple statistical-mechanical models for surface diffusion, applicable to the limiting case where diffusional “hopping” is controlled by the thermal activation rate of the adsorbed particle. A theoretical result of Reyes, for the pre-exponential or “frequency” factor, is discussed and compared briefly to experiment.
families and communities: essential resources for nurturing giftedness and talent

The writer emphasises the importance of providing opportunities for students to manifest, exceptional talent. These opportunities are extensive if education is utilising the resources within the family and the community. The paper provides an example of a Leadership Development Programme and from this draws guidelines.
Allocation of resources in intensive care: a transatlantic perspective

The USA and the UK have differed substantially in approaches to health care and especially in intensive care provision. We have compared the health care systems, clinical justification for intensive care, selection of patients likely to benefit from such care, and the performance of the systems. The differences are lessening. Both countries are moving away from clinical autonomy as the driving force of medical decision-making. There is increasing recognition that not all patients will benefit from intensive care and that the doctor's obligation to the patient can be limited by constraints set by society.
The synthesis of some substituted pyridine and piperidine compounds from dipicolinic acid.

A general procedure for the synthesis of pyridine carbinols by the condensation of dipicolinic acid with aldehydes and ketones and their reduction to the corresponding piperidine and N-methylpiperidine derivatives has been described.
Mu and kappa opioid agonists elevate brain stimulation threshold for escape by inhibiting aversion

Abstract Rats were trained to press a lever to escape electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and to obtain stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Morphine sulfate and ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) both elevated the intensity of stimulation required to sustain escape at doses which did not affect self-stimulation. Parallel dose-response lines were obtained for the two opioid agonists but the effect of EKC was more resistant to naloxone antagonism. These results suggest that both μ-and ℵ-sub-types of opiate receptor mediate the inhibition of supraspinally-elicited aversion.
Perfectionism and evaluative threat

Perfectionism, the tendency to set high standards and to evaluate oneself in an overly critical fashion, has been hypothesized to be associated with a host of psychological problems, yet little research has been done on it. This study examined the role of perfectionism in cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to an evaluated writing task. Compared to nonperfectionists, perfectionists assigned the task greater importance at the outset, reported higher levels of negative affect when the evaluative component of the task was emphasized, and, following the task, were more likely to report that they should have done better. Moreover, their work was judged to be lower in quality. Further research on perfectionism and task performance is warranted.
Background pollutant measurements in air masses affecting the eastern half of the United States—I. Air masses arriving from the northwest

Abstract Background measurements of ozone, sulfates, and other species are fundamental inputs required for regional-scale modeling of summertime ozone and haze episodes in the eastern U.S. To obtain this information for air masses which approach the eastern U.S. from the west and northwest, a comprehensive monitoring site was operated m a remote area in South Dakota for 8 weeks during the summer of 1978. During the study three types of air masses dominated: continental polar, maritime polar, and continental tropic. Significant differences for ozone and beryllium-7 between various air mass types were related to intrusions of stratospheric air. Concentrations of most anthropogenic pollutants, however, were quite similar in all air mass types. Mean values for selected species were: daily maximum ozone, 0.041 ppm; nitrogen dioxide. 1.2 ppb; fine particulate mass, 12.9 μg m −3 ; sulfate, 1.9 μg m −3 ; organic carbon, 5.1 μg m −3 : elemental carbon, 1.4μg m −3 ; light extinction due to scattering, 4.7 × 10 −5 m −1 ; and total extinction, 6.1 × 10 −5 −5 −1 .Based on tracer techniques, the dominant source of the ozone appeared to be the stratosphere.
DNA Index of Glial Tumors in Children Correlation with Tumor Grade and Prognosis

BACKGROUND Although DNA index (DI) has prognostic significance in a variety of pediatric malignancies, there are few data regarding its utility in central nervous system (CNS) tumors. We have previously shown that patients with hyperdiploid medulloblastoma have a significantly better survival than those whose tumors are diploid. Here, we examine the effect of DI and tumor grade on the progression free survival (PFS) of 57 patients with a variety of glial neoplasms. METHODS DI was determined by flow cytometry on freshly obtained tumor tissue from the initial diagnostic specimens; a DI = 1.0 was defined as diploid (DIP), 1.0 1.1 as hyperdiploid (HYP). Tumors were histologically graded according to the World Health Organization classification. RESULTS There were 21 Grade I tumors, 20 Grade II, 8 Grade III, and 8 Grade IV. Among the 41 low grade tumors (Grade I-II), 39 were DIP or NDIP, and 2 were HYP. Among the 16 high grade tumors (Grade III-IV), 9 were DIP, 2 NDIP, and 5 HYP. The 4-year PFS of low grade tumors was 70% (standard deviation [SD] 12%) versus 8% (SD 7%) for high grade tumors. There was a significant correlation between low grade tumor histology and a DIP/NDIP DI (P = 0.015), and univariate analysis suggested improved PFS was associated with DIP/NDIP tumors (P = 0.05). However, DI did not remain a significant prognostic factor after being stratified by tumor grade (P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Unlike medulloblastoma, DI is not an independent prognostic factor in pediatric glial tumors. Cancer 1996;78:881-6.
Particle precipitation in the south atlantic geomagnetic anomaly

A simple model of the motion of charged particles in the closed-field-line magnetic field for L less than about 4.5 is used together with Injun 3 measurements of 40-keV precipitated electrons made in the northern hemisphere to estimate theoretically the extent of electron precipitation, the energy input, and the 3914-A airglow in the South Atlantic geomagnetic anomaly. Using average values of the northern hemisphere precipitated electron flux, two regions of significantly enhanced electron precipitation are found in the southern hemisphere. The results show a gradual increase in precipitation for near sunspot minimum conditions on the western side of the anomaly followed by a rapid increase and sudden cut-off in precipitation within a few degrees west of minimum B. The flux on L = 2 reaches a spike in the southern hemisphere about 35 times greater than the average flux precipitated on L = 2 in the northern hemisphere. This increase in precipitation arises from the loss of trapped particles to the atmosphere where the mirror heights are lowest.
Effects of thymidine analogs upon growth control in cultured hormone-dependent rat ovary cells

Abstract As described previously, a cultured line of rat ovary cells (31A), undergoes a transition in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR); cells which had previously been dependent for growth upon hormones added to the culture medium became autonomous following exposure to FUdR, in a medium deficient in required growth factors. Working with 31Ac3, a clonal subline of 31A, I have found this transition to be due to two factors: (1) decreased FUdR sensitivity of the hormone-independent variant cells arising in a normal population; (2) a spontaneous transition to autonomy undergone by c3 cells in hormone-deficient medium, irrespective of the presence or absence of FUdR. However, other thymidine analogs, notably 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) and 5-trifluoromethyldeoxyuridine (F3TdR), can effect a transient modification of c3 cells to a hormone-independent state. This may result from incorporation of these analogs into cellular DNA, for simultaneous treatment with cytosine arabinoside or hydroxyurea, both inhibitors of DNA synthesis, prevents the transition of BUdR-treated cells to autonomy.
Simultaneously Powering and Controlling Many Actuators with a Clinical MRI Scanner

Actuators that are powered, imaged, and controlled by Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanners offer the potential of inexpensively providing wireless control of MR-guided robots. Similar to traditional electric motors, the MR scanner acts as the stator and generates propulsive torques on an actuator rotor containing one or more ferrous particles. The MR scanner can control three orthogonal gradient fields. Prior work demonstrated control of a single actuator rotor. This paper proposes and demonstrates independent, simultaneous control of n rotors. The controller relies on inhomogeneity between rotors, such as ensuring no rotor axes are parallel. This paper provides easily-implemented velocity and position controllers with global asymptotic convergence, and optimization techniques for implementation. Code for simulations and control laws is available online.
The Bα and Bδ regulatory subunits of PP2A are necessary for assembly of the CaMKIV·PP2A signaling complex

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) is a serine/threonine kinase that is important in synaptic plasticity and T cell maturation. Activation of CaMKIV requires calcium/calmodulin binding and phosphorylation at T200 by CaMK kinase. Our previous work has shown that protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) forms a complex with CaMKIV and negatively regulates its activity. Here we demonstrate that PP2A tightly regulates T200 phosphorylation of endogenous CaMKIV, but has little effect on the phosphorylation of the ectopically-expressed kinase. This differential regulation of endogenous versus exogenous CaMKIV is due to differences in their ability to associate with PP2A, as exogenous CaMKIV associates poorly with PP2A in comparison to endogenous CaMKIV. The inability of exogenous CaMKIV to associate with PP2A appears to be due to limiting amounts of endogenous PP2A regulatory B subunits, since coexpression of Bα or Bδ causes the recruitment of PP2Ac to ectopic CaMKIV, leading to formation of a CaMKIV·PP2A complex. Together, these data indicate that the B subunits are essential for the interaction of PP2A with CaMKIV.
Renal effects of amphotericin B lipid complex

A study was conducted to compare the renal effects of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), a lipid formulation of the widely used antifungal medication, with conventional amphotericin B (AmB) in the treatment of serious fungal infections, including invasive candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. The clinical experience of ABLC includes two types of open-label studies: randomized comparative (ABLC 5 mg/kg/d compared with AmB 0.6 to 1 mg/kg) and emergency use. In the comparative studies, changes in serum creatinine were evaluated three ways: doubling of the baseline value, an increase from or = 1.5 mg/dL, and an increase from or = 2.0 mg/dL. More patients in the AmB group reached these end points than in the ABLC group (P < or = 0.007), and the time needed to reach each of these end points was significantly shorter for the AmB group (P < or = 0.02). Increased serum creatinine was reported as an adverse event more frequently by patients receiving AmB than by patients receiving ABLC. In the emergency use study, a steady and statistically significant decrease in serum creatinine was observed among patients who started ABLC treatment with serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dL due to prior AmB treatment. ABLC offers the physician a valuable, less-nephrotoxic alternative to AmB for the treatment of patients with severe, invasive fungal infections.
Facilitating and inhibiting effects of brand cues on recall, consideration set, and choice

Abstract This article reports on an experiment designed to investigate the effects of brand cues on subsequent retrieval and consideration of other brands in a category. Past research that has investigated these effects in the marketing literature has produced conflicting results, with some studies showing facilitative effects and others demonstrating inhibitory effects of cuing. The present research attempts to reconcile these conflicting findings and to identify the conditions under which facilitation or inhibition occurs. We also explore whether cuing effects on brand recall necessarily extend to brand consideration and choice.
Two-color rotary modulated flow birefringence

A method is described that solves the problem of determining the correct birefringence and orientation angle of samples having multiple orders of retardation. The approach simultaneously uses two wavelengths of light combined with modulation of the polarization vector using a high-speed rotating half waveplate. The simultaneous application of two wavelengths is possible with the use of an achromatic waveplate. The technique is demonstrated by performing start-up Couette flow experiments on a concentrated polystyrene solution that produced multiple orders in retardation.
TREATMENT WITH ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE TO A CONSERVED SEQUENCE OF OPIOID RECEPTORS INHIBITS ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS OF DELTA SUBTYPE SELECTIVE LIGANDS

AbstractPrevious work has suggested the existence of subtypes of the delta opioid receptor (DOR) which have been termed δ1 and δ2. [D-Ala2, Glu4]deltorphin has been suggested to selectively elicit antinociception via the δ2 receptor while [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) is thought to act via the δ1 receptor. Treatment with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo) directed towards the N-terminal portion of the cloned DOR has been demonstrated to selectively inhibit the antinociceptive actions of [D-Ala2, Glu4]deltorphin, but not of DPDPE, suggesting that the cloned DOR corresponds to that pharmacologically defined as δ2. Here, an antisense oligo (or a mismatch sequence) was designed to target a conserved region of the cloned μ δ and opioid receptor. These oligos were employed in order to determine whether the antinociceptive effects of [DAla2, Glu4]deltorphin, as well as DPDPE, could be inhibited. The data indicate that the antinociceptive actions of both ligands were inhibited by treatment with this a...
Reply-An Answer to Sasieni's Question on PERT Times

In a recent note, Sasieni (1986) questioned the classical PERT formula for finding the average time: t = (A + 4M + B)/6, where A is the least possible time, B the greatest possible time, M the modal time and t the estimate of the mean time. The original source of this formula (Navy 1958) has the answer. This answer is summarized here, since the original document is now difficult to obtain. As Sasieni points out, the beta distribution is the usual assumption for the times in PERT analysis. The standardized beta density with parameters a > -1 and 3 > -1 for the random variable X is given by:
Overview of Clostridium difficile infection: implications for China

The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have dramatically increased in the Western world in recent years. In contrast, CDI is rarely reported in China, possibly due to under-diagnosis. This article briefly summarizes CDI incidence, management and preventive strategies. The authors intend to raise awareness of this disease among Chinese physicians and health workers, in order to minimize the medical and economic burden of a potential epidemic in the future.
Postoperative pulmonary complications in dogs undergoing laparotomy: anesthetic and perioperative factors

Objective: To define the peri-anesthetic risk factors that are associated with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in dogs following laparotomy. Study design: Retrospective study. Animals: One hundred and sixty-two dogs that underwent laparotomy at a veterinary teaching hospital. Methods: Cases were evaluated for factors including signalment, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (PS) score, duration of fast, duration of anesthesia, anesthetic and analgesic protocols, fluid and blood product therapy, animal positioning, and postoperative temperature. Results: Statistically significant differences between dogs that developed PPCs and those that did not (nPPCs) were identified in the following categories: ASA PS score≥III (P=0.041), emergent surgery (P=0.038), longer duration of anesthesia (P=0.0462), and use of butorphanol or oxymorphone instead of hydromorphone for postoperative medication (P=0.04 and 0.015, respectively). Dogs that received transfusions of stored blood products (fresh frozen plasma or packed red blood cells) during their hospital stay were also more likely to develop PPCs (P=0.035 and 0.005, respectively). Dogs that developed PPCs were also more likely to have received antagonists for potent opiates or benzodiazepines postoperatively and to have recovered in the intensive care unit (ICU) (P=0.03 and 0.009, respectively). Conclusions: Dogs with ASA PS scores≥III, or those requiring longer or emergency anesthesia are at a higher risk of developing PPCs. Additionally, dogs receiving stored blood products in the perioperative period may be at risk for pulmonary complications. Dogs fitting criteria for the above risk factors should be monitored closely postoperatively for development of pulmonary complications.
Existence and a Priori Bounds for the Finite Torsion Solution for a Class of General Blatz-Ko Materials

The boundary-value problem (BVP) resulting from the equations of nonlinear elastostatics for torsion of a circular cylinder for a class of general Blatz-Ko materials is considered. Using a topological shooting argument, the existence of a solution to this BVP is proven, and two-sided a priori bounds implying that the tube must contract radially are given. Previous studies have considered special cases, that is, slightly compressible materials or nearly isochoric deformations. The present results place no such restrictions on compressibility or strain.
Suberoyl Bis-Hydroxamic Acid Activates Notch-1 Signaling and Induces Apoptosis in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine (NE) malignancy that frequently metastasizes and has limited treatments. We recently reported that ectopic expression of Notch-1 in human MTC cells suppresses growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) to modulate Notch-1 signaling in MTC cells. At baseline, no active Notch-1 protein was present in MTC cells. Treatment with SBHA resulted in a dose-dependent induction of the Notch-1 intracellular domain, the active form of the protein. Furthermore, with Notch-1 activation there was a concomitant decrease in achaete-scute complex-like 1 (ASCL-1), a downstream target of Notch-1 signaling, as well as the NE tumor marker chromogranin A (CgA). Transfection of Notch-1 small-interfering RNA into MTC cells blocked the effects of SBHA on Notch-1 activation, ASCL-1, and CgA. Importantly, SBHA treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. Treated cells had an increase in protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and changes in the expression of apoptotic mediators including Bcl-X(L) and Bad, indicating that the growth inhibition was a result of apoptosis. These results demonstrate that SBHA activates Notch-1 signaling, which is associated with the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in MTC cells. Therefore, Notch-1 activation with SBHA is an attractive new strategy for the treatment of patients with MTC.
The Two-Point System: A Method for Encouraging Students to Read Assigned Material before Class

A simple substitute for daily quizzes increases incidence and criticality of reading and frequency of class discussion.
The Impact of a Clinic-Based Literacy Intervention on Language Development in Inner-City Preschool Children

Objective. To determine the effect of a clinic-based literacy intervention on the language development of preschool children. Methods. A convenience sample of families presenting to 2 urban pediatric clinics for well-child care met the following criteria: the family was Latino or black and English- or Spanish-speaking; the child was 2 to 5.9 years old, with no neurodevelopmental disability, at a gestational age of 34 weeks or more, and not attending kindergarten. Participants at the first clinic (intervention group) were exposed to a literacy support program, based on Reach Out and Read (ROR), during the previous 3 years. At the second clinic (comparison group), a similar program started 3 months before the study. Parent-child reading activities were measured using the READ Subscale of the StimQ. Language development was measured using the One-Word Expressive and Receptive Picture Vocabulary Tests, and was performed in the child9s primary language. Results. A total of 122 study participants (49 interventions and 73 comparisons) met inclusion criteria and completed all measures. Intervention and comparison families were similar for most sociodemographic variables. Intervention families reported reading together with their children approximately 1 more day per week. Intensity of exposure to ROR (measured by total number of contacts with the program) was associated with increased parent-child reading activities, as measured by the StimQ-Read Subscale (r = 0.20). Intervention children had higher receptive language (mean: 94.5 vs 84.8) and expressive language (mean: 84.3 vs 81.6). After adjusting for potential confounders in a multiple regression analysis, intervention status was associated with an 8.6-point increase (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3, 14.0) in receptive language (semipartial correlation [SR]coefficient = 0.27), and a 4.3-point increase (95% CI: 0.04, 8.6) in expressive language (SR = 0.17). In a similar multiple regression, each contact with ROR was associated with an adjusted mean 0.4-point increase (95% CI: 0.1, 0.6) in receptive score, and an adjusted mean 0.21-point increase (95% CI: 0.02, 0.4) in expressive score. Conclusions. ROR is an important intervention, promoting parental literacy support and enhancing language development in impoverished preschool children. Integration of literacy promoting interventions such as these into routine pediatric health care for underserved populations can be recommended.
Demonstration of a feed-forward PMD compensation technique

We demonstrate a feed-forward technique, which characterizes first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and aligns it to a compensator. With appropriate components, the system could perform real-time compensation of first-order PMD with rapidly varying principal states of polarizations.
“Was Hayek Right About Group Selection After All?” Review Essay of Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, by Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson

One of the most controversial aspects of Hayek's social theory was his acceptance of the concept of cultural group selection. The publication of Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior provides an opportunity to revisit this much-maligned component of Hayek's thought. Sober and Wilson are concerned with biological group selection, but much of their argument is equally applicable to cultural group selection. This essay revisits Hayek's views on cultural group selection in light of the model proposed by Sober and Wilson. Comparing their model to Hayek's model suggests that group selection theories are more plausible than traditionally thought and that their viability in any given situation is an empirical, not an a priori, question. So long as there are benefits to a group from greater levels of altruism and cooperation, and so long as free rider problems can be mitigated, group selection models are plausible.
Native Americans as active and passive promoters of mast and fruit trees in the eastern USA

We reviewed literature in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, ethnobotany, palynology and ecology to try to determine the impacts of Native Americans as active and passive promoters of mast (nuts and acorns) and fruit trees prior to European settlement. Mast was a critical resource for carbohydrates and fat calories and at least 30 tree species and genera were used in the diet of Native Americans, the most important being oak (Quercus), hickory (Carya) and chestnut (Castanea), which dominated much of the eastern forest, and walnut (Juglans) to a lesser extent. Fleshy tree fruits were most accessible in human-disturbed landscapes, and at least 20 fruit- and berry-producing trees were commonly utilized by Native Americans. They regularly used fire and tree girdling as management tools for a multitude of purposes, including land clearing, promotion of favoured mast and fruit trees, vegetation control and pasturage for big-game animals. This latter point also applies to the vast fire-maintained prairie r...
Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. VIII. Mating success mediated by epicuticular hydrocarbons within and between isolated populations

We tested the hypothesis that intrademic sexual selection has caused sexual isolation between populations of geographically isolated populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis, and was mediated by epicuticular hydrocarbons (EHCs), contact pheromones in this system. Sexual selection and sexual isolation were estimated using a Baja California and mainland population by comparing the number of mated and unmated males and females in each of four pairwise population mating trials. EHC profiles were significantly different in mated and unmated males in the interdemic (Bajafemale symbol x Mainlandmale symbol and Mainlandfemale symbol x Bajamale symbol), but not the intrademic mating trials. A small number of EHCs was identified that best discriminated among mated and unmated males, mostly alkadienes with 34 and 37 carbons. Females showed population-specific preferences for male EHC profiles. However, EHC profiles between mated and unmated males in the intrademic mating trials were not significantly different, consistent with undetectable sexual selection estimated directly from numbers of copulating pairs vs. unmated adults. Thus, sexual isolation among populations was much stronger than sexual selection within these populations of D. mojavensis.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting with biventricular cardiac thrombi.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare condition characterized by idiopathic eosinophilia with organ system involvement. Cardiac involvement portends a less favorable prognosis as it can be complicated by development of heart failure, valvular dysfunction, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. We present a rare case of hypereosinophilic syndrome with FIP1L1/PDGFRA fusion in a 50-year-old male associated with thrombus in left and right ventricle. (Echocardiography 2010;27:E57-E59)
Identification of insulin receptor substrate proteins as key molecules for the TβR-V/LRP-1-mediated growth inhibitory signaling cascade in epithelial and myeloid cells

The type V TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR-V) mediates IGF-independent growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 and mediates growth inhibition by TGF-beta1 in concert with the other TGF-beta receptor types. TbetaR-V was recently found to be identical to LRP-1. Here we find that insulin and (Q3A4Y15L16) IGF-I (an IGF-I analog that has a low affinity for IGFBP-3) antagonize growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu cells) stimulated by serum. In these cells, IGFBP-3 induces serine-specific dephosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. The IGFBP-3-induced dephosphorylation of IRS-2 is prevented by cotreatment of cells with insulin, (Q3A4Y15L16) IGF-I, or TbetaR-V/LRP-1 antagonists. The magnitude of the IRS-2 dephosphorylation induced by IGFBP-3 positively correlates with the degree of growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 in Mv1Lu cells and mutant cells derived from Mv1Lu cells. Stable transfection of murine 32D myeloid cells (which lack endogenous IRS proteins and are insensitive to growth inhibition by IGFBP-3) with IRS-1 or IRS-2 cDNA confers sensitivity to growth inhibition by IGFBP-3; this IRS-mediated growth inhibition can be completely reversed by insulin in 32D cells stably expressing IRS-2 and the insulin receptor. These results suggest that IRS-1 and IRS-2 are key molecules for the TbetaR-V/LRP-1-mediated growth inhibitory signaling cascade.
Compiling Recursive Functional Prolog Programs with List Structure into Procedural Languages

We describe methods for translating certain classes of recursive Prolog programs representing functions into ordinary, statement-oriented languages like Pascal or C. The techniques of deductive databases are applied to Prolog programs that are functional, recursive, have no side effects (such as printing values in a particular order) and whose defining rules are mutually exclusive.