cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous intermolecular diels-alder chemistry: novel products derived from substituted benzoquinone-diene carboxylate adducts via tandem Michael reactions

Abstract The aqueous intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions between 2,6- and 2,5-dimethylbenzoquinone and sodium ( E )-4,6-heptadienoate proceed in the presence of a catalytic amount of base to give rise via tandem Michael reactions to pentacyclic adducts 5 and 6 , respectively.
Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 expand and activate type-1 dendritic cells (DC1) when administered in vivo to cancer patients.

Two rare populations of cells with the features of dendritic cell precursors (preDC) can be identified in human peripheral blood. PreDC1 are HLA-DR+/CD11c+ cells which mature into DC1 capable of stimulating Th1 responses. In contrast, preDC2 are HLA-DR+/CD11c−/CD123+ cells that promote Th2 responses when matured into DC2. We hypothesized that administration of GM-CSF and IL-4, growth factors for DC1, would specifically augment the number and function of circulating DC1 in vivo. Patients with advanced metastatic cancer were treated with GM-CSF (2.5 μg/kg/day) and IL-4 (4 or 6 μg/kg/day) for 7 days. Cytokine administration at the highest IL-4 dose produced an average 2.3-fold increase in preDC2 number, but a 6.5-fold increase in preDC1, resulting in an increased ratio of circulating preDC1:preDC2 from 1.4:1 pre-treatment to 4.3:1 after cytokine therapy. DC1 precursors identified after in vivo therapy were larger, more complex and expressed higher levels of HLA-DR, CD11c and CD80 than pre-treatment cells. DC1 isolated from the peripheral blood of patients receiving GM-CSF/IL-4 therapy demonstrated MLR activity comparable to that of monocyte-derived DC generated in vitro from the patients' pre-treatment blood using GM-CSF and IL-4. We conclude that systemic administration of GM-CSF and IL-4 preferentially expands and matures the preDC1 population in vivo. These effects correlate with antigen-presenting activity, providing a mechanism by which systemic GM-CSF and IL-4 might stimulate anti-tumor immunity in vivo. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Lagrangian Stochastic Model for Heavy Particle Dispersion in the Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer

The dispersion of heavy particles and pollutants is often simulated with Lagrangian stochastic (LS) models. Although these models have been employed successfully over land, the free surface at the air-sea interface complicates the implementation of traditional LS models. We present an adaptation of traditional LS models to the atmospheric marine boundary layer (MBL), where the bottom boundary is represented by a realistic wavy surface that moves and deforms. In addition, the correlation function for the turbulent flow following a particle is extended to the anisotropic, unsteady case. Our new model reproduces behaviour for Lagrangian turbulence in a stratified air flow that departs only slightly from the expected behaviour in isotropic turbulence. When solving for the trajectory of a heavy particle in the air flow, the modelled turbulent forcing on the particle also behaves remarkably well. For example, the spectrum of the turbulence at the particle location follows that of a massless particle for time scales approximately larger than the Stokes’ particle response time. We anticipate that this model will prove especially useful in the context of sea-spray dispersion and its associated momentum, sensible and latent heat, and gas fluxes between spray droplets and the atmosphere.
Grevillea robusta seed oil: A source of ω-5 monoenes

Abstract The fatty acids from Grevillea robusta seed oil triglycerides contain 22.5 % ω-5 monoenes ranging in chain length from C14 to C28. C16 to C26 saturates (18 %), C18 to C24 ω-9 monoenes (55 %), C18 diene (2.3 %) and C18 triene (0.7 %) make up the remainder of the acids.
Globalization and Urban Change: Capital, Culture, and Pacific Rim Mega-Projects. Kris Olds

(2004). Globalization and Urban Change: Capital, Culture, and Pacific Rim Mega-Projects. Kris Olds. Eurasian Geography and Economics: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 316-318.
Constructing a line segment whose length is equal to the measure of a given angle

Given an angle α (in radians), can we construct (using straight edge and compass) a straight line with length α? The answer is no. If we could construct a line length of π, then we could square the...
Dual-molecule spectroscopy: molecular rulers for the study of biological macromolecules

Single-molecule detection and spectroscopy by laser induced fluorescence offer many applications to life sciences. We review recent techniques and experiments based on the detection and spectroscopy of two near-by molecules. The spectroscopic signature of the light emitted from the two molecules can be used to measure the distance, orientation and relative dynamics between biological macromolecules.
The system of alignments challenging physician professional dominance: an elaborated theory of countervailing powers

Abstract The growth of managed care in the United States is altering the shape of the system of professions and is accelerating an overall decline of physician professional dominance in that system. An adequate understanding of the changing character of the system of professions demands a consideration of the interacting roles of ‘competing’ health care providers, the state, corporate and consumer forces; however, past research addressing one or more of these forces has not explicitly examined their interrelation. The countervailing powers framework provides a starting point for articulating precisely this sort of interrelation. Using data from a comparative case study of interprofessional competition between certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and physicians within select state policy and managed care contexts, this article extends the countervailing powers framework, illustrating how the relationships among relevant parties in the health care system can be understood as a system of alignments challenging physician professional dominance in a complex manner. Specifically, this research finds that the actions of consumers and health care administrators, coupled with state policy evolutions and the expansion of managed care, not only separately challenge physician professional dominance but also work together, as a system, to intensify interprofessional competition between certified nurse-midwives and physicians, further undermining that dominance.
Parallel Evolution of Plumage Pattern and Coloration in Birds: Implications for Defining Avian Morphospace

Abstract I studied the recurrence of similar plumage-pattern elements in distantly related taxa across class Aves and examined whether such pattern elements are associated with morphological features, such as body size and anterior emphasis, and with habitat type and age class in selected examples. The identification of recurrent plumage-pattern elements across a wide array of taxa can be interpreted as evidence for parallel evolution and thus for shared developmental pathways. Developmental constraint, therefore, may serve to both generate and delimit the diversity of avian plumage patterns, which are subsequently presented to selection. By examining over 8300 examples of avian plumages mostly from the literature, I derived a plumage-pattern trajectory that can be used as a theoretical model to identify associated morphological trends within various taxonomic contexts of comparison. When comparing species within a clade, as body size increases, plumage pattern often shifts along a trajectory, from counte...
Participation in the National School Lunch Program and food security: An analysis of transitions into kindergarten

article i nfo We use variation in state kindergarten eligibility dates to explore the protective effects of NSLP participation on household food security by focusing on the research question: What is the impact of the NSLP on household food insecurity among households with a kindergarten-aged child in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study — Birth cohort (ECLS-B)? Our modeling approach provides consistent support for the contention that the NLSP reduces food insecurity. Additionally, we find that paying full price for school lunch is associated with increases in food insecurity among our low-income sample. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that controlling for the reduction in child care hours among low-income households does not diminish the size of the NSLP effect. Additionally, school entry is not associated with reductions in food insecurity among families whose incomes are above 185% of the federal poverty line. Finally, our findings are robust to excluding twins. This finding is consistent with a growing literature documenting the benefits of school lunch programs but is unique for the focus on the period of school entry, at time when behavioral and cognitive patterns of school outcomes are being established for the future.
THE FREQUENCY OF FAINT M GIANT STARS AT HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDES

Based on the observations of M giant stars in the north galactic polar objective-prism survey of Upgren (1960) and the data summarized by Blanco (1965) the overall space density of all M-type giants as a function of distance from the galactic plane at the position of the sun can be approximated by, $$ \rho \left( {\text{z}} \right){ } = { 9}.0{ }{{\text{e}}^{ - {3}.0{\text{z}}}} $$ (1) where z is in kpc and ρ(z) is the number of stars per 106pc3. This relationship is derived from the observed fall-off in space densities up to a distance of about 2 kpc.
Cluster-based retrieval using language models

Previous research on cluster-based retrieval has been inconclusive as to whether it does bring improved retrieval effectiveness over document-based retrieval. Recent developments in the language modeling approach to IR have motivated us to re-examine this problem within this new retrieval framework. We propose two new models for cluster-based retrieval and evaluate them on several TREC collections. We show that cluster-based retrieval can perform consistently across collections of realistic size, and significant improvements over document-based retrieval can be obtained in a fully automatic manner and without relevance information provided by human.
Does a Monsoon Climate Exist over South America

Abstract The climatology and the basic state of the summertime circulation and rainfall over South America are studied using assimilation products from the data assimilation system of Goddard Earth Observing System-1 (GEOS-1) and satellite-derived rainfall. Results indicate the existence of a regional summer monsoon circulation regime induced by strong diabatic heating over the subtropical South American highland centered at the Altiplano Plateau. Sensitivity of the results to the assimilation scheme is tested by comparing that with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis and with satellite rainfall estimates. Results show general agreement between the model produced rainfall anomaly and the satellite estimates, as well as consistency between the basic circulation features in the GEOS-1 and the NCEP reanalyses. A case study of 1989–90 South American summer monsoon (SASM) reveals the following characteristics. 1) In late spring, the onset of SASM is signaled by an abrupt merging...
Intratumoral Modeling of Gefitinib Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Glioblastoma

The major issue of heterogeneity in solid tumors, having been characterized yet again by deep sequencing studies, dramatically affects intratumoral drug activities, for which better models are needed to enhance our understanding.
Postpartum endometrial hyperplasia in diabetics treated with stilbestrol and progesterone.

FEMALES with diabetes mellitus are apt to have numerous difficulties associated with pregnancy. For example, the rate of early spontaneous abortion and pre-eclampsia is high, as is the incidence of intrauterine death of the fetus. These and other complications of pregnancy are so common that, according to White (1), a normal obstetrical course in diabetes has been conspicuous by its rarity. Such difficulties occur even with adequate control of the blood sugar. Hypo-ovarianism in diabetics is also frequent (1, 2) and is associated with such things as amenorrhea, poor follicular development, dwarfism, hypoplasia of the uterus, a low 17-ketosteroid excretion and a high serum level for follicle-stimulating hormone. In the belief that some of the complications of pregnancy are due to a deficiency of ovarian and placental hormones, several hundred diabetics have been treated by Dr. Priscilla White of the Joslin Clinic, with large doses of stilbestrol and progesterone during the course of the pregnancy.
Effect of oral diuretics on chronic warfarin therapy: a retrospective study

Background Limited clinical documentation is suggestive of a drug interaction between warfarin and diuretics. Objective To evaluate the effect on international normalized ratio (INR) when a daily oral diuretic is started or increased in patients on chronic stable warfarin therapy. Methods The medical records of all active patients of two hospital-based anticoagulation clinics were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who were started on or received a dose increase of a daily oral diuretic while on stable warfarin therapy. The primary endpoint was the mean difference between an INR recorded within 30 days prior to the diuretic initiation (pre-INR) and an INR recorded within 30 days after diuretic initiation (post-INR). Results A total of 1254 patient charts were screened and a total of 123 patients met the study criteria. The mean difference in pre-INR and post-INR was 0.09 (95% CI -0.03 to 0.21, p = 0.12). Post-INR values were outside of the patient's therapeutic range in 39 patients (32%), but no major bleeding or thromboembolic events were reported. Conclusion Based on this retrospective study, diuretics did not result in a significant change in the INR in patients on stable warfarin therapy.
The Role of Leadership in Managing Emergencies and Disasters

Leadership in managing disasters and emergencies can minimize the damage inflicted by an event whilst lack of successful leadership exacerbates the impact. Leaders should have certain skills and abilities in order to manage catastrophes based on the environmental conditions, organizations they lead, scope of the disaster. This study provides an overview of the leadership competencies and traits that are necessary for disaster management. A conceptual framework for leadership was provided throughout the research.
The Impact of Age Upon Healing: Absolute Quantification of Osteogenic Genes in Calvarial Critical-Sized Defects

Background:The current study was performed to elucidate changes in growth factor expression over time in critical-sized calvarial defects in rats from infancy to skeletal maturity.Materials and Methods:Critical-sized parietal defects of 5, 6, and 8 mm were created in postnatal day 6 (P6), postnatal
Thermoregulatory effects of intracranial norepinephrine injections in goldfish

Cannulas were implanted into forebrain loci of goldfish (Carassius auratus; 45-90 g) to determine the effects and site of action of intracranial norepinephrine (NE) injections on behavioral thermoregulation. Following 30 min in a thermal gradient, implanted fish were injected with norepinephrine-bitartrate salt (2.5-500 ng NE) in 0.2 microliter 0.7% NaCl. Injections of 5, 10, 25, and 50 ng NE into the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP, Ref. 25) led to consistent dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature (Tsel). No effect on Tsel was observed following injections of 2.5 ng NE or control injections of 100 ng tartaric acid. The effects of injections into other loci, including intraventricular injections, were dependent on the dose and proximity to the anterior NPP; at sites adjacent to the anterior NPP, larger doses were required, and the effects became inconsistent. At sites further removed, no effect on Tsel was observed. Included in this category were more caudal sites within the NPP and the nucleus preopticus. We postulate that in fish the anterior NPP is an important locus for thermoregulatory integration and that increased release of NE in this area leads to the selection of cooler water.
On independence conditions in nonseparable models: Observable and unobservable instruments

This paper develops identification results employing independence conditions among unobservable variables. The independence conditions are used to derive first-stage nonseparable reduced form functions. Once constructed, these reduced form functions are employed to express the derivatives of nonseparable structural functions in terms of the derivatives of the reduced form functions. For models with simultaneity, we obtain the new results by combining the independence assumptions together with parametric specifications and exclusion restrictions. For models with triangularity, we allow all functions to be nonparametric and nonseparable in unobservable random terms. For the latter, we provide several equivalence results and discuss some of the trade-offs between observable and unobservable instruments.
Life History of Conophthorus radiatae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and its Principal Parasite, Cephalonomia utahensis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins is the principal pest of Monterey pine cones along the coast of central California. There is one generation per year. Adults overwinter within tut cones in which they matured during the previous season and emerge in late February and March to attack 2-year-old pine cones. The female constructs a gallery which severs the vascular tissues of the cone, causing its death. From 1 to 30 eggs are deposited singly in small niches and in the frass of the main gallery; under field conditions they hatch in about 25 days. There are two larval instars, the first requiring 15 to 20 days, the second 30 to 40 clays; the pupal period lasts 15 to 20 days. Most of the callow adults remain within the same aborted cone until the following year. Developmental periods for each of the immature stages under controlled conditions are given. The number of cones killed is extremely variable, but is over 90% in some stands. The principal natural enemy is a bethylid parasite, Cephalonomia utahensis Brues, whose life history is described.
Development and Utilization of Forest Toursim in Shenshan National Forest Park

Back to nature",enjoying the forest traveling in the nature was becoming a new living fashion nowadays.it was also a trend in tourism over the world.Entrying trees was going to be one of the most important ways of ecosystem tour.In this article,the authors introduced the abundance of forest tourism, culture tourism and great environment,and analyzed the existing problems in builiding Shenshan National Forest Park and gave practical and helpful proposals about developing the tourism industry.
An Analysis of China's Soybean Market Supply and Demand based on Grey Prediction Model

Based on improved gray prediction model GM( 1,1),respectively,this article predicts the demand,the domestic supply and imports of China's soybean from 2015 to 2020,and analyzes supply and demand conditions of soybean market during this period. The results show that the supply of soybeans during this period will be greater than demand,and imports will gradually rise. Therefore,it is crucial to reduce the number of import growth and improve national soybean production,under the premise of maintaining the balance between supply and demand.
Scope of the Therapeutic Relationship

The goal of this essay is to discuss the scope of the therapeutic relationship primarily as a conceptual question. Because major intrinsic and extrinsic changes in medicine have complicated considerably relationships between physicians and patients, it is exceedingly difficult even to speak of the physician- patient relationship without engaging in ideological rhetoric [34]. Conflicts involving, for example, informed consent and the common law notion of ‘therapeutic privilege’ and confidentiality and the duty to warn others of potentially violent actions on the part of patients raise fundamental questions regarding the limits of therapeutic relationships.1 Although the notion of ‘scope’ may be construed as indicating the drawing of boundaries simply in terms of the concepts of rights and duties, it is important to recognize that the various rights and obligations which constitute therapeutic relationships and physician-patient relationships in particular do so in terms of a specific understanding of those relationships. This should not be surprising insofar as the meaning of rights (and duties) is functionally related to particular contexts or practices. A full analysis of the scope of the therapeutic relationship, then, will necessarily indicate how rights and duties are woven into the concept of the relationship within the practice of medicine. But before such an analysis can be undertaken, it is essential to clarify the meaning of medicine as a practice and the definition of therapeutic relationships in medicine. It will be useful also to consider two ways that the question of the scope of the therapeutic relationship has been raised: in terms of models of physician-patient interactions and the distinction between research and therapy.
Remission maintenance therapy for meningeal leukemia: intrathecal methotrexate vs. intravenous bis-nitrosourea.

Central nervous system infiltrates have become a major cause of morbidity among leukemic children and may constitute a site from which a remission marrow is again infiltrated. Conventional intrathecal methotrexate (IT MTX) therapy produces excellent palliation and complete reversal of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid findings for periods ranging from 6 to 414 days (median 87 days). The CNS remission maintenance potential of (1) IT MTX, 12 mg/sq m, every 6-8 wk, and (2) bis-nitrosourea (BCNU), 100 mg/sq m intravenously, every 6-8 wk were compared with "no therapy" maintenance. Only those children in CNS remission 6-8 wk following induction therapy were eligible for randomization to the maintenance study. The duration of CNS remission for BCNU-maintained and "no therapy" patients was similar, with a median length of remission of 96 days and 112 days, respectively. The median duration of remission for the MTX maintenance group was 472 days. The differences in length of CNS remission between the MTX group and the other two groups were statistically highly significant (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). Headache, fever, and/or vomiting occurred in 38% of the children after one or more of the intrathecal maintenance treatments and, in general, symptoms tended to worsen as maintenance continued.
Lubricin/proteoglycan 4 increases in both experimental and naturally occurring equine osteoarthritis

Summary Objective The goals of this study were (1) to quantify proteoglycan 4 ( PRG4 ) gene expression; (2) to assess lubricin immunostaining; and (3) to measure synovial fluid lubricin concentrations in clinical and experimental models of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA). Design Lubricin synovial fluid concentrations and cartilage and synovial membrane PRG4 expression were analyzed in research horses undergoing experimental OA induction ( n = 8) and in equine clinical patients with carpal OA ( n = 58). Lubricin concentrations were measured using a custom sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PRG4 expression was quantified using qRT-PCR. Lubricin immunostaining was assessed in synovial membrane and osteochondral sections in the experimental model. Results Lubricin concentrations increased in synovial fluid following induction of OA, peaking at 21 days post-operatively in OA joints vs sham-operated controls (331 ± 69 μg/mL vs 110 ± 19 μg/mL, P = 0.001). Lubricin concentrations also increased in horses with naturally occurring OA as compared to control joints (152 ± 32 μg/mL vs 68 ± 4 μg/mL, P = 0.003). Synovial membrane PRG4 expression increased nearly 2-fold in naturally occurring OA ( P = 0.003), whereas cartilage PRG4 expression decreased 2.5-fold ( P = 0.025). Lubricin immunostaining was more pronounced in synovial membrane from OA joints as compared to controls, with intense lubricin localization to sites of cartilage damage. Conclusions Although PRG4 gene expression decreases in OA cartilage, synovial membrane PRG4 expression, synovial fluid lubricin concentrations and lubricin immunostaining all increase in an equine OA model. Lubricin may be elevated to protect joints from post-traumatic OA.
WDM channel monitoring and signal power control/equalization using integrated tunable active filters

To manage a WDM network, the signal at each wavelength channel must be constantly monitored, and the power of each channel should be individually controlled to provide a reliable, user friendly system. Although terminal devices (such as detectors) can monitor, an optical in-line device that can perform both the monitoring and controlling function would be optimal. In this paper, we present the experimental results of using an integrated tunable active filter as just such a useful device.
Using model systems to understand errant plasticity mechanisms in psychiatric disorders

Animal models have failed to yield new treatments for psychiatric disorders. Some psychiatric disorders may result from pathology in plasticity mechanisms. Therefore, understanding plasticity mechanisms in model systems may provide insight into the disordered processes in patients. In vivo model systems are a critical tool for gaining insight into the pathology underlying psychiatric disorders. Although modern functional imaging tools allow study of brain correlates of behavior in clinical groups and genome-wide association studies are beginning to uncover the complex genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders, there is less understanding of pathology at intervening levels of organization. Several psychiatric disorders derive from pathological neural plasticity, and studying the mechanisms that underlie these processes, including reinforcement learning and spike-timing-dependent plasticity, requires the use of animals. It will be particularly important to understand how individual differences in plasticity mechanisms at a cellular level confer resilience on some but lead to disease in others.
Scenario Development Process at the Vertical Motion Simulator

There has been a significant effort within the simulation community to standardize many aspects of flight simulation. More recently, an effort has begun to develop a formal scenario definition language for aviation. A working group within the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technical Committee has been created to develop a standard aviation scenario definition language, though much of the initial effort has been tailored to training simulators. Research and development (R&D) simulators, like the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS), and training simulators have different missions and thus have different scenario requirements. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the unique tasks and scenario elements used at the VMS so they may be captured by scenario standardization efforts. The VMS most often performs handling qualities studies and transfer of training studies. Three representative handling qualities simulation studies and two transfer of training simulation studies are described in this paper. Unique scenario elements discussed in this paper included special out-the-window (OTW) targets and environmental conditions, motion system parameters, active inceptor parameters, and configurable vehicle math model parameters.
Nomenclature, classification, and documentation of catastrophic fractures and associated preexisting injuries in racehorses

Racehorses are susceptible to bone fractures when damage from repetitive, high-magnitude loads incurred during training and racing exceed concurrent damage removal and replacement, resulting in transient periods of focal osteoporosis and bone weakening. Clinically, these events correspond to cortical stress fractures and subchondral bone stress remodeling. Evidence of these preexisting lesions include periosteal callus, endosteal callus, and intracortical focal hyperemia for cortical stress fractures; and subchondral focal hyperemia located superficial to sclerotic compacted trabecular bone tissue for subchondral stress remodeling. These findings must be in direct physical association with an acute fracture to infer that the abnormalities precipitated complete bone fracture. Recognition of preexisting lesions must be conveyed in the autopsy report to the racehorse industry audience because this is the mechanism for education of racehorse trainers, veterinarians, and owners. Standardized anatomic nomenclature, fracture classification, and documentation of gross autopsy findings specific to catastrophic bone fractures in racehorses provides information to empower changes in management of racehorses for the detection and management of mild injuries and prevention of catastrophic fractures.
Insights into the genetics of clubfoot

Clubfoot, a common complex birth defect, affects 135,000 newborns each year worldwide. While tremendous strides have been made in treatment with the Ponsetti nonsurgical method, the post-treatment foot generally remains small with hypoplastic calf musculature. Even though clubfoot has been studied for more than 100 years, only a few contributing factors have been identified. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure is the only consistently associated environmental factor and confers an increased risk in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, maternal smoking and a family history of clubfoot increases the risk 20-fold confirming that genetic factors play a role. Genetic studies have shown that variation in TBX4 and PITX1 cause syndromic forms of clubfoot; however, there is no evidence that variation in these genes contribute to nonsyndromic clubfoot. Recent work suggests that variants in the regulatory regions of muscle-specific genes play a role by subtly affecting gene expression and it is hypothesized that variation in the expression of multiple genes is necessary for clubfoot development. This mechanism is consistent with the multifactorial model first proposed for clubfoot over 50 years ago. Confirmation of this work should enable identification of unique gene risk signatures that will aid in genetic counseling. Next generation approaches should speed gene identification in clubfoot.
Foreign Currency Debt

Most foreign lending to developing countries is denominated in foreign currency, which is undesirable from a risk-sharing perspective, and contributes to financial fragility. This chapter surveys some of the explanations for why foreign currency debt is chosen despite the risks involved, and also discusses recent developments in local bond markets in Emerging Markets.
Molecular Links Between Centrosome Duplication and Other Cell Cycle-Associated Events

The centrosome duplicates once in each cell cycle, and the duplication proceeds in coordination with other cell cycle events. Thus, centrosome duplication must crosstalk with other cell cycle events, including the growth signaling and DNA replication. Recent studies have identified several pathways that link the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activation and initiation of centrosome duplication. The molecular mechanisms of how those pathways link the RTK activation and initiation of centrosome duplication will be discussed in the first part of this chapter. Because centrosome duplication occurs at the time of S-phase entry, there is a mechanism that couples the initiation of centrosome duplication and DNA replication, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)-cyclin E kinase complex is known to play a key role. In the second part of this chapter, through focusing of the p53-p21 pathway, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the coupling of initiation of centrosome duplication and DNA replication, and how loss of p53 leads to overduplication of centrosomes (centrosome amplification) will be discussed.
Heparan Sulfate D -Glucosaminyl 3- O -Sulfotransferase-1, -2, -3, and -4

Heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase (HS3ST) is a class of sulfotransferase that transfers the sulfate from 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the 3-OH of the glucosamine residue. HS3ST was originally exclusively designated the key sulfotransferase to synthesize the antithrombin-binding site in heparan sulfate (HS) to confer its anticoagulant activity (Kusche et al. 1990; Shworak et al. 1996). However, recent studies suggest that HS3ST is present in at least five iso- forms (Shworak et al. 1999). Among these isoforms HS3ST-1, HS3ST-2, HS3ST-3A, and HS3ST-3B have been characterized, and the results allow us to distinguish these enzymes by their DNA/amino acid sequence, biochemical, and biological aspects. Although HS3ST isoforms have similar amino acid sequences at the C-terminus, they differ mainly in the following characteristics: (1) gene locations in the human genome; (2) mRNA expression levels in various human tissues; (3) substrate specificity; and (4) biological functions of enzyme-modified HS (Rosenberg et al. 1997).
Transit Ramsey EIT resonances in a Rb vacuum cell

We report the observation of a transient spectral feature in a dual-channel arrangement for electromagnetically induced transparency in a vacuum Rb vapor cell, which is caused by consecutive interactions of atoms with the two laser beams while their ground-state spin coherence are preserved. Despite a relatively small fraction of atoms that are participating in this process, their contribution to the overall line shape is not negligible and can be controlled by adjusting the relative phases between the optical fields in the two interaction regions. We also demonstrate that, thanks to the extended spin coherence evolution time, such differential intensity measurements can produce an error signal for the microwave frequency stabilization that is as strong as single-channel measurements. Additionally, the effective cancellation of the intensity noise, which dominates the single-channel detection, results in more than an order of magnitude higher signal-to-noise ratio.
Managing Macroeconomic Stability While Investing in Reconstruction in Post-conflict Sri Lanka

In the aftermath of an exogenous shock such as resolving the prolonged conflict in Sri Lanka, it is expected that markets begin to revive, domestic and foreign investment increases, and the government and donor communities begin to extend substantial rebuilding efforts. The major impact of such events and efforts is the expansion of the economy which may also exert inflationary pressures, create exchange rate upheavals, and expand external and internal imbalances. Addressing and managing the forces of such instability on the economy to ensure a sustainable growth path require well-designed policy measures. However, policy design becomes complicated if the external economic environment becomes unhealthy, while it is facilitated by some external help such as assistance from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). To evaluate the stability of the Sri Lankan economy after the end of the conflict in 2009, this chapter compares it with Sri Lanka’s liberalization shock of 1977. The paper concludes that after the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka’s economic stability was better maintained with a tighter monetary policy, and it was facilitated by the lesser impact of a shock, a gradual global recovery from the great global recession of 2007, and the effects of assistance from the IMF.
Wine Tourism: Balancing Core Product and Service-Dominant Strategies

This paper examines winery visit motives more critically in order to ascertain, firstly, the presence of goods-dominant versus experience-dominant objectives, and, secondly, whether a dominant motive will affect visitor perceptions of winery benefits and the brand in general. We additionally explore the relationships between dominant motives and consumer profile characteristics. Empirical results distinguish two types of visitors: wine buyers and winery holiday-makers. The paper further suggests that wineries should design a tasting process that provides potential buyers with clear information and purchase opportunities, since ‘buyers’ are not opting into facilitating information services, e.g., tours or winemaker visits, as a support for their decision making. For ‘holiday-makers,’ the tasting process is simply one more aspect of a winery attraction and may not carry the same level of importance as an information source as it does for wine ‘buyers.’
The impact of building energy codes on household electricity expenditures

Abstract Home energy use is a major source of a typical US household’s carbon emissions. This study uses the American Community Survey (ACS) micro data to estimate the impact of building energy codes on household electricity expenditures, using multiple regression and difference-in-difference models. In California and US samples, I present new evidence that energy codes were modestly effective. Homes built in the decade after energy codes were first adopted spend between 1.5% and 4% less on electricity compared to homes built prior to their adoption.
Large displacement models for composites based on Murakami's Zig-Zag Function, Green-Lagrange Strain Tensor, and Generalized Unified Formulation

Abstract Murakami's Zig-Zag Function in conjunction of Green-Lagrange Strain- and Second-Piola Kirchhoff Stress-tensors and Generalized Unified Formulation are introduced for the first time to present a class of Zig-Zag theories for composite structures. Transverse strain effects are retained and modeled, making the present approach also suitable for thick structures. Each displacement variable is independently represented with user-selected order of expansion. The stress recovery is achieved with a special procedure in which combination of deformation gradient and Second-Piola Kichhoff transverse stresses are integrated along the thickness of the undeformed geometry. Comparison with available data and commercial codes indicate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for variable kinematics Zig-Zag theories in the presence of large displacements.
Cushing’s Syndrome

Cushing’s syndrome is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and should be considered in specific clinical circumstances, including patients who show suggestive symptoms and signs or have incidental adrenal or pituitary lesions. Exogenous glucocorticoid use should always be thoroughly ascertained, as this is the most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome in the general population. If possible, testing for Cushing’s syndrome should be deferred to the outpatient setting, with the exception of acutely ill patients whose presenting symptoms could be directly related to hypercortisolism. Diagnostic testing should first document the presence of pathologic hypercortisolism and should then determine whether the source is ACTH-dependent (pituitary or ectopic causes) or ACTH-independent (adrenal causes). Tumor-directed surgery should be considered as first-line treatment; pharmacotherapy and radiotherapy are also useful in specific situations. Bilateral adrenalectomy is generally used as a last resort but can be life-saving in acutely ill patients with unresectable tumors or those whose hypercortisolism is of unclear source and does not adequately respond to medical therapy. Cushing’s syndrome in pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, wherein its diagnosis and management can be challenging.
Marketing the construction of reality: Multiplatform production routines and the renegotiation of journalistic role identities in a legacy local television newsroom:

Times have changed since Warren Breed published his famous study, ‘Social Control in the Newsroom’. Today, corporate owners are requiring newsroom managers to adopt marketing strategies, launching ...
Patterning Liquid-Crystal Alignment for Ultrathin Flat Optics.

Liquid-crystal (LC)-based ultrathin flat optical elements (FOEs) exhibit several attractive properties, such as a high degree of optical tunability, strong polarization selectivity, nearly 100% diffraction efficiency, and a simple fabrication process. Investigating the alignment patterning of LC-FOEs to diversify their performance has attracted broad interest in the optics field. In this mini-review, we start from the photoalignment (PA) process and then dive into device structures and performances. By generating and recording the desired polarization fields on the PA layer, the LC molecules will follow the recorded patterns and establish the phase profiles for different functionalities, such as gratings and lenses. Because of the polarization dependency, LC-FOEs have found useful applications in near-eye displays. Understanding the interactions between the PA mechanism and LC molecules helps to optimize the device performance for novel optical systems.
A study of the factors behind the maternal and infantile mortality of black American woman

This paper delves into the factors that contribute to the racial disparity of maternal and infantile mortality rate in the United States. According to a study done by the Center for Disease control, black women in the United States are overall two to three times more likely to die than white women. This paper asks the question “what is causing this disparity and what are the consequences and factors to this increased maternal mortality rate for African American women". This paper uncovers that from the beginning of the creation of allopathic healthcare in the late 1800’s black birthing has become more dangerous for mothers and children. Throughout case studies and interviews, black women feel less respected by health care professionals and are less likely to be listened to. There is also evidence that racial stress of living in an overwhelming racialized white country has decreased the health outlooks for both mother and newborns born in the U.S.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene: pathogenesis and treatment implications in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) has been implicated in several human malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma. In urothelial carcinoma, the oncogenic role of mutated FGFR is mediated by the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, resembling the effects observed with activated HRAS Activating somatic mutations of FGFR3 are clustered in three hotspots in exons 7, 10 and 15, and are almost always missense mutations leading to amino acid substitution in the external, transmembrane or intracellular regions of the receptor. A fusion of FGFR3 to transforming acid coiled-coil containing protein 3, FGFR3 amplification and alternative splicing leading to aberrant FGFR3 activation are less common molecular alterations. In April 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first targeted FGFR therapy, erdafitinib, in patients with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer who have progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy. Herein, we reviewed the normal structure and function of FGFR We also explored its role in the development of urothelial carcinoma and major developments in the FGFR-targeted therapy.
A Friendship over 35 Years

This article describes the memoirs and history of correspondence of two outstanding chemists, R. Hoffman and A.A.Pasynskii. A number of discussions related to isoloble principle and the theory of molecular orbitals were considered.
Democratizing International Arbitration? Mass Claims Proceedings in Abaclat v. Argentina

Mass claims have been accepted, in principle, in the landmark 2011 ICSID Decision on Jurisdiction and Admissibility of Abaclat v. Argentina. Welcoming this development as providing novel access for the common man and woman to international investment arbitration, the author explores related streamlined procedures in domestic and international law -- such as class actions and international mass claims commissions as well as vanguard use of technology and statistical methods -- that allow the processing of a high number of claims arising from common factual and/or legal issues with a view toward elaborating rules and mechanisms tailor-made for the context of international arbitration.
Peripheral vestibular loss detected in pediatric patients using a smartphone-based test of the subjective visual vertical

Abstract Introduction Detection of peripheral vestibular loss (PVL) in children with dizziness is an important and challenging task. The static subjective visual vertical (SVV) test can effectively detect PVL, but requires specialized equipment. Objective The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of a smartphone-based SVV test at detecting PVL in pediatric patients. Methods Thirty-nine patients between 7 and 18 years old (mean = 14.0 ± 2.70) underwent conventional SVV (conv-SVV) and smartphone-based SVV (ip-SVV) testing. Subjects included 6 with PVL (based on clinical history and other vestibular tests), 6 with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV), 11 with central causes of vertigo (CV), 8 with non-vestibular dizziness (NVD), and 8 controls. Results Mean ip-SVV score in the PVL group (2.77 ± 1.45) was significantly higher than in each of the other groups (BPPV = 0.89 ± 0.55; CV = 1.08 ± 0.68; NVD = 1.45 ± 1.19; Control = 1.08 ± 0.73; one-way analysis of variance, p = 0.008), and remained significant after adjusting for age and gender by multiple linear regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis predicted an optimal ip-SVV cut-off score of >2.13° with a sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 97.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 80%, and negative predictive value of 94.1% for detecting PVL. Sensitivity and PPV improved to 75% and 100%, respectively, when subjects tested >1 month after symptom onset ( n = 24) were excluded. Conclusion Smartphone-based SVV testing is a simple and useful office-based method for detecting PVL in children with dizziness.
Inversion of signal operations

In a variety of applications, one is given the response signal which results when a known linear system (operator) is excited by an unknown input signal. From this information, it is then desired to ascertain the input signal which gave rise to the observed response behavior. An efficient operational, as well as an algorithmic, procedure shall be presented for achieving the desired signal inversion operation. Conditions under which this inversion is well-posed mathematically shall be detailed. The development is carried out in a general normed space setting thereby making the results applicable to a variety of signal inversion problems.
The etiologic role of radiation in the development of leukemia.

A review is given on whether or not radiation causes leukemia, and the role it performs if it does. Several previous results are referred to and in some instances are evaluated. Both the medical and fall-out aspects are considered. It is concluded that it would be desirable to establish a radiation leukemia registry in some organization within the US with the purpose of evaluating the likelihood of radiation as the etiologic agent.