cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification Benchmarks to Assess the Implementation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Based Hemolysis Prediction Models

As part of an ongoing effort to develop verification and validation (V&V) standards for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the evaluation of medical devices, we have developed idealized flow-based verification benchmarks to assess the implementation of commonly cited power-law based hemolysis models in CFD. Verification process ensures that all governing equations are solved correctly and the model is free of user and numerical errors. To perform verification for power-law based hemolysis modeling, analytical solutions for the Eulerian power-law blood damage model (which estimates hemolysis index (HI) as a function of shear stress and exposure time) were obtained for Couette and inclined Couette flow models, and for Newtonian and non-Newtonian pipe flow models. Subsequently, CFD simulations of fluid flow and HI were performed using Eulerian and three different Lagrangian-based hemolysis models and compared with the analytical solutions. For all the geometries, the blood damage results from the Eulerian-based CFD simulations matched the Eulerian analytical solutions within ∼1%, which indicates successful implementation of the Eulerian hemolysis model. Agreement between the Lagrangian and Eulerian models depended upon the choice of the hemolysis power-law constants. For the commonly used values of power-law constants (α = 1.9-2.42 and β = 0.65-0.80), in the absence of flow acceleration, most of the Lagrangian models matched the Eulerian results within 5%. In the presence of flow acceleration (inclined Couette flow), moderate differences (∼10%) were observed between the Lagrangian and Eulerian models. This difference increased to greater than 100% as the beta exponent decreased. These simplified flow problems can be used as standard benchmarks for verifying the implementation of blood damage predictive models in commercial and open-source CFD codes. The current study only used power-law model as an illustrative example to emphasize the need for model verification. Similar verification problems could be developed for other types of hemolysis models (such as strain-based and energy dissipation-based methods). However, since the current study did not include experimental validation, the results from the verified models do not guarantee accurate hemolysis predictions. This verification step must be followed by experimental validation before the hemolysis models can be used for actual device safety evaluations.
Mutations of Bacterial Viruses Affecting Their Host Range.

In this follow up to his 1943 article with Delbruck on phage-resistant bacteria, Luria demonstrated that not only do bacteria mutate into forms resistant to certain phages, but that phages can mutate to compensate for resistant mutations in their host.
Gorgonolaureus muzikae sp. nov. (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) parasitic on a Hawaiian gorgonian, with special reference to its protandric hermaphroditism

Summary Twenty-five specimens of a new ascothoracid parasite, Gorgonolaureus muzikae were found within cortical galls on specimens of a bathyal Hawaiian gorgonian, Placogorgia sp. These represent the first ascothoracid known from Hawaii. G. muzikae differs from its congener G. bikiniensis primarily in its larger size and details of setation. Five developmental stages are described and illustrated: the mature female, young female, late protander, protander, and nauplius. The protander is compared to species of Synagoga, and the characters distinguishing the two genera are specified. Sexuality in Ascothoracida is reviewed, and the life cycle of G. muzikae is reconstructed as follows: eggs and larvae are brooded within the carapace of a mature female; a bivalved, free-swimming male stage is postulated; after inseminating one or more established females it settles permanently on a host gorgonian; as the protandric male changes into a female, the carapace valves fuse and expand dorsally, the first and second a...
Cognitive Design Principles and the Successful Performer: A Study on Spatial Ability

An important trend in educational measurement is the use of principles of cognitive psychology to design achievement and ability test items. Many studies show that manipulating the stimulus features of items influences the processes, strategies, and knowledge structures that are involved in solution. However, little is known about how cognitive design influences individual differences. That is, does applying cognitive design principles change the background skills and abilities that are associated with successful performance? This study compared the correlates of two spatial ability tests that used the same item type but different test design principles (cognitive design versus psychometric design). The results indicated differences in factorial complexity in the two tests; specifically, the impact of verbal abilities was substantially reduced by applying the cognitive design principles. An important trend in educational measurement is the use of principles of cognitive psychology to design achievement and ability test items. Mislevy (1993) notes that contemporary educational measurement strives to measure individual skills and abilities that are more diagnostic of learning and problemsolving processes. Recently, Wittrock and Baker's (1991) book Testing and Cognition examines the potential of cognitive design principles in diverse areas of testing. Applying cognitive principles to design test items requires analyzing how item stimulus content influences the cognitive processes, strategies, and knowledge structures that are involved in item solving. Stimulus features which are hypothesized to influence irrelevant processes may be controlled, and features which influence relevant processes may be selected (see Embretson, 1985; Whitely, 1981). Mathematical modeling of item difficulty from item stimulus features has supported the importance and independence of multiple processes for many item types that appear on ability and achievement tests. A recent example is a study on mathematical problem solving (Embretson, 1995) in which item difficulty is well predicted by stimulus features that operationalize the difficulty of various processes in Mayer, Larkin, and Kadane's (1984) theory.
Reward event systems : reconceptualizing the explanatory roles of motivation, desire and pleasure

Abstract A developing neurobiological/psychological theory of positive motivation gives a key causal role to reward events in the brain which can be directly activated by electrical stimulation (ESB). In its strongest form, this Reward Event Theory (RET) claims that all positive motivation, primary and learned, is functionally dependent on these reward events. Some of the empirical evidence is reviewed which either supports or challenges RET. The paper examines the implications of RET for the concepts of ‘motivation’, ‘desire’ and ‘reward’ or ‘pleasure’. It is argued (1) that a ‘causal base’ as opposed to a functional’ concept of motivation has theoretical advantages; (2) that a causal distinction between the focus’ and the ‘anchor’ of desire suggests an ineliminable ‘opacity’ of desire; and (3) that some affective concept, such as ‘pleasure’, should play a key role in psychological explanation, distinct from that of motivational (or cognitive) concepts. A concept of ‘reward’ or ‘pleasure’ as intrinsicall...
Seasonal Patterns of Infectious Diseases

Why is that many infectious diseases, like cholera, malaria, and meningococcal meningitis, show seasonal patterns? And how can we accurately determine these patterns?
Preparation of Ruthenium and Osmium Carbonyl Complexes Using Microwave Heating: Demonstrating the Use of a Gas-Loading Accessory and Real-Time Reaction Monitoring by Means of a Digital Camera

By using a gas-loading accessory, we show that it is possible to perform reactions involving gases and prepare organometallic complexes easily in good yields using microwave heating. The complexes Ru3(CO)12, H4Ru4(CO)12, and H2Os3(CO)10 are prepared. Ligand substitution reactions of Ru3(CO)12 are also studied and, in the case of the reaction with triphenylphosphine, the reaction is monitored in real time by means of a digital camera interfaced with the microwave unit.
The International Journal of Emergency Medicine : a new journal for a new era

The past decade has witnessed the emergence and substantial growth of the specialty of emergency medicine as a truly international medical discipline that refuses to be restrained by barriers of language, culture or geography. While the formal recognition of the specialty of emergency medicine is relatively young in most countries and nonexistent in some, the provision of emergency care is as ancient as the art of medicine itself. Descriptions of emergency care are documented in the Ebers Papyrus of ancient Egypt (2600 BC) [1], in the ancient teachings of traditional Chinese [2] and Ayurvedic [3] medicine and in the earliest writings of western medical care [4]. The growth of emergency medicine globally has been spurred by a number of factors, including population growth, urbanization, globalization and increasing expectations of patients around the world who are aware of what can be done to provide for emergency care [5]. The international growth of emergency medicine has resulted in an expanding presence of emergency medicine and related topics in scientific journals. In addition, the US has recently seen substantial growth in the number of international emergency medicine fellowship programs [6], and the international section and interest groups of emergency medicine societies are typically among the largest and most active in these organizations. A recent review of international emergency medicine from 2006 noted that one of the greatest obstacles to continue the growth of international emergency medicine remains the lack of high-quality, consolidated, and easily accessible evidence-based literature in this field [7]. This review of the literature from 2006 identified 25 international emergency medicine research articles. These articles include broad categories that cover the areas of evaluating EMS and trauma care services in both developed and developing countries, the global spread of emergency medicine and ways to improve emergency care for special populations within a developing country. A large proportion of international emergency medicine studies examines the methods for evaluating morbidity and mortality and improving the delivery of humanitarian aid during disasters and conflicts. The field of international emergency medicine has several major components that have been identified. These include (1) relief and disaster medicine, (2) prehospital care systems and infrastructure, (3) health-care policy at the national, regional and local levels, (4) clinical emergency medicine including the provision of emergency care in settings of limited resources, (5) emergency medicine research and (6) emergency medicine education. All of these domains have enjoyed development and continue to grow robustly.
Current Status of Total Joint Replacement in the Upper Extremity

The principles ot total joint arthroplasty recently have been expanded to the upper extremity, following the dramatic success with total hip and total knee replacement procedures. New problems have been encountered with the rebalancing of the soft tissues and the technical nature of joint mechanics in the upper extremities. Work on shoulder joint replacement is in the very early stages and of unknown success. Several prostheses are being used and tested. For elbow and wrist replacement, early and predictable success has been accomplished, enabling relief of pain and satisfactory motion. Total joint replacement in the fingers and thumb has provided excellent relief of pain but has been hindered by difficulties in rebalancing the soft tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It appears that total reconstruction of arthritic upper-extremity joints will be commonplace in the not-too-distant future. Clinical trials are being expanded, with increasing success.
Food product composition, consumer health, and public policy: Introduction and overview of special section

As efforts to improve diets in high income countries intensify, attention has turned to how policies may influence diet composition. The case studies in this special issue contribute to our understanding of how two main types of policies have influenced food product composition and dietary outcomes: (1) policies affecting food manufacturers’ input costs and (2) information policy affecting competition. Research on the first type of policy is relatively new, but suggests that US commodity policies would not be good policy instruments to influence diets, except through the long run impacts of agricultural research. Research on the impacts of information policy continues to demonstrate that it can spur food industry competition to introduce healthier products, but may not result in healthier diets. International comparisons show where the US experience may have relevance for other high income countries.
Oxidation of ZrB2- and HfB2-based ultra-high temperature ceramics: Effect of Ta additions

Several compositions of ZrB2- and HfB2-based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTC) were oxidized in stagnant air at 1627°C in ten minute cycles for times up to 100 min. These compositions include: ZrB2-20 vol% SiC, HfB2-20 vol% SiC, ZrB2-20 vol% SiC-20 vol% TaSi2, ZrB2-33 vol% SiC, HfB2-20 vol% SiC-20 vol% TaSi2, and ZrB2-20 vol% SiC-20 vol% TaC. The weight change due to oxidation was recorded. The ZrB2-20 vol% SiC-20 vol% TaSi2 composition was also oxidized in stagnant air at 1927°C and in an arc jet atmosphere. Samples were analyzed after oxidation by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to determine the reaction products and to observe the microstructure. The ZrB2-20 vol% SiC-20 vol% TaSi2 showed the lowest oxidation rate at 1627°C, but performed poorly under the more extreme tests due to liquid phase formation. Effects of Ta-additions on the oxidation of the diboride-based UHTC are discussed.
In Vitro Effects of Spice Extracts on Acid Formation and Enamel Solubility

Effects of a number of spice extracts on streptococcal acid formation and enamel decalcification were tested in vitro. Of those which produced appreciable reductions, five were tested further to determine the nature of the effective components. Results demonstrated that both inorganic and organic factors play a part in reducing enamel solubility.
Hydroxy-anthraquinones as antimalarial agents

Abstract A series of hydroxy- and polyhydroxy-anthraquinones were screened for inhibitory activity against the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum . Rufigallol demonstrated the most potent effects with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 value of ∼10.5 ng/ml (∼35 nM). Deleterious effects were exerted by rufigallol toward bone marrow progenitor cells at concentrations≥ 10 μM (3 μg/ml) where ∼30% suppression of colony growth was noted. Taking into consideration its potency and relative lack of toxicity, we believe that rufigallol should be advanced for in vivo studies. At the very least, rufigallol represents a simple, inexpensive lead drug for the development of more potent analogs.
Assay of mouse-cell clones for retrovirus p30 protein by use of an automated solid-state radioimmunoassay

A solid-state radioimmunoassay system has been developed that is useful for automated analysis of samples in microtiter plates. Assays for interspecies and type-specific antigenic determinants of the C-type retrovirus protein, p30, have been used to identify clones of cells producing this protein. This method allows testing of at least 1000 clones a day, making it useful for studies of frequencies of virus protein induction, defective virus production, and formation of recombinant viruses.
Antibodies play a greater role than immune cells in heterologous protection against secondary dengue virus infection in a mouse model.

The four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4) are causative agents of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Previous DENV infection is a risk factor for DHF/DSS during subsequent infection by a different serotype. Nonetheless, most primary and secondary DENV infections are asymptomatic. To investigate the possible mechanisms of immune protection in vivo, 129/Pas mice lacking IFN-α/β and -γ receptors (AG129) were used to model secondary infection using both DENV1-DENV2 and DENV2-DENV4 sequences. At intervals between sequential infections of 4 to 52 weeks, protection against secondary heterologous DENV infection was observed. Passive transfer of DENV-immune serum was protective against replication of heterologous challenge virus in all tissues tested, whereas adoptive transfer of DENV-immune cells significantly protected mice from replication of the challenge virus only when a lower inoculum was administered. These findings are relevant for understanding both natural and vaccine-induced immunity to DENV.
Intersectionality in context: A mixed‐methods approach to researching the faculty experience

This chapter describes intersectionality as it relates to faculty careers, and a mixed-methods approach to researching faculty members' identities in departmental contexts.
Hematologic malignancies of the female genital tract diagnosed on liquid‐based Pap test: Cytomorphologic features and review of differential diagnoses

The female genital tract is rarely the primary site for hematologic malignancies; however, secondary involvement of this anatomic site is common. Primary lymphomas of the gynecologic tract are reported to represent less than 1% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), and the majority of them being B-cell in origin. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype, whereas primary extraosseus plasmacytoma of the genital tract is rare.If clinically not suspected, these rare tumors pose a diagnostic challenge both for clinicians and pathologists. Clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and mimic other more common gynecologic malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix or endometrial adenocarcinoma. Although cervico-vaginal (Pap) smear is the primary screening method for cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors, it is far less sensitive for detection of other primary or metastatic malignancies. In this review, we present three cases of hematologic gynecologic malignancies, two cases of primary NHL, and a case of acute myeloid leukemia with relapse as a pelvic mass, all of which were diagnosed on a liquid-based Pap test. In addition, we discuss the morphologic features of differential diagnostic entities of these rare tumors on conventional and liquid-based preparations.
Effects of kVp Variation And X-Ray Tube Filtration On The Mammographic Examination

Radiographs of a phantom containing excised breast tissue and idealized test objects embedded in tissue equivalent plastic have been obtained using a variety of mammographic film-screen detectors. A CGR Senographe (molybdenum target, beryllium window) was modified to accept a series of x-ray filters: 0.03 mm molybdenum, 0.5 mm aluminum or 1.2 mm aluminum. Radiographs were obtained at kVp's ranging from 26 to 32 kVp with the mAs adjusted to achieve the same optical density on the films. Entrance skin exposure was measured for the range of techniques from which dependence of mean gland dose on kVp was derived. Indices of image quality were also determined from the radiographs. A discussion of the effects of kVp variation on mammographic image quality, especially on low contrast discrimination is included.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surface-micromachined polysilicon MOEMS for adaptive optics

Abstract This paper presents an overview of Air Force research and development programs in micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) for adaptive optics using commercially available surface-micromachined polysilicon fabrication processes. Adaptive optic systems are a growing area of interest because advanced technologies are now becoming available to make these systems lightweight, low power, and compact. In short, they are becoming practical for space, missile, and man-portable applications. The technologies that are making this possible include highly integrated low power electronics, new processing architectures for error sensing and control, flexible high density packaging, and especially MOEMS. Micromirror design, mirror array design, and design tradeoffs are discussed, as well as high density packaging for combining MEMS-specific die with standard electronic die. The micromirror devices described below were developed for adaptive optic systems, and for exploring the design, manufacture, and actuation options made possible by the commercial surface-micromachining fabrication processes.
Restructuring Agricultural Economics Extension to Meet Changing Needs: Discussion

I agree that continued relevance of extension absolutely requires improved structural linkages to research and teaching. Extenders must invest in the search for useful knowledge, just as most land grant researchers should spend their time on topics that make a difference to somebody. I say "most" advisedly, since some important disciplinary work in physical, social, and biological sciences is of uncertain utility for solving immediate problems. Extension is an integral part of the intellectual capital of departments of agricultural economics, not just as deliverers of research results but as contributors to the stock of knowledge. Within departments, extension specialists must be full-fledged members of faculties. That should not need repeating, but it does. Departmental and college structures that artificially separate extension from the rest of academic enterprise are the essential threat to the unique contributions of the land grant university. I agree with Kramer, University of Florida, that extension specialists should be members of the graduate faculty, eligible to supervise M.S. and Ph.D. research, and should participate with researchers in formulation of research priorities. Their insights are valuable in the graduate and undergraduate classroom. The greatest threat to extension, I believe, is that it will wither and die, not just from failure to adjust to new priorities but from failure to continue attracting the best minds our profession can generate.
The OII 834 Å dayglow: A general model for excitation rate and intensity calculations

Abstract A generalized model is presented which describes the radiative transport of OII multiplet radiation in the daytime ionosphere. The model allows for vertical separation between the O + multiple scattering layer and the region of production of photons by ionization-excitation of atomic oxygen. Details of the model are illustrated with volume excitation rates and intensities. It is concluded that the generalized model is required in order to obtain reliable information about the ionospheric O + from 834 A observations.
Direct-channel resonance model of deep-inelastic electron scattering. i. scattering on unpolarized targets

We construct a resonance model of deep-inelastic electron scattering. Using semiempirical rules for the form of the nucleon spectrum and a universality hypothesis for the transition form factors, we obtain explicit expressions for the structure functions ${W}_{1}$ and ${W}_{2}$ in the Bjorken limit. The ratio of the longitudinal to transverse photoabsorption cross sections vanishes for large momentum transfers, and $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ becomes scale invariant. A one-parameter fit is obtained to $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ (proton), and a zero-parameter prediction is made of $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ (proton)-$\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ (neutron). There is good agreement between the theory and experiment in the region where scale invariance is well established.
Mitochondria-to-nucleus stress signaling in mammalian cells: nature of nuclear gene targets, transcription regulation, and induced resistance to apoptosis.

Depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or treatment with mitochondrial poison CCCP initiates mitochondrial stress signaling, which operates through altered Ca2+ homeostasis. In C2C12 rhabdomyoblasts and A549 human lung carcinoma cells mitochondrial stress signaling activates calcineurin and a number of Ca2+ responsive factors including ATF, NFAT, CEBP/δ and CREB. Additionally, PKC and MAP kinase are also activated. A number of nuclear gene targets including those involved in Ca2+ storage/release (RyR1, calreticulin, calsequestrin), glucose metabolism (hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, Glut4), oncogenesis (TGFβ1, cathepsin L, IGFR1, melanoma antigen) and apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bid, Bad, p53) are upregulated. Mitochondrial stress in both C2C12 myoblasts and A549 cells induced morphological changes and invasive phenotypes. These cells also showed markedly increased resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis that is a hallmark of highly invasive tumors. Our results describe a new mechanism of altered nuclear gene expression and phenotypic changes triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA damage.
Neurologic symptoms and diagnosis in adults with mast cell disease

Abstract Objective To identify complications of mastocytosis that impact the nervous system across a large cohort. Patients and methods In this retrospective series, we reviewed the electronic medical records of adult patients with a diagnosis of mastocytosis who were referred to a Neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2008. Results Thirty patients were identified who presented to a Neurologist with symptoms potentially related to the mast cell disease. Twelve of these patients presented with complex spells involving syncope, which frequently preceded a formal diagnosis of mastocytosis. Nine individuals presented with acute back pain which was ultimately deemed symptomatic of vertebral compression fractures. One individual experienced spinal cord compression from a vertebral mast cell infiltrate. Headaches were reported in 78/223 (35%) total patients with mastocytosis. Although details of headaches were insufficiently ascertained to diagnose most, the five individuals in our referral cohort met International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine. Finally, three individuals (1.3%) were identified with multiple sclerosis occurring at variable times after the mast cell diagnosis. Conclusion Symptoms related to mastocytosis may be encountered by neurologists and mimic many common, often idiopathic syndromes including, syncopal spells, back pain, and headache. In our cohort, multiple sclerosis may be over-represented. Mastocytosis should be considered in patients with these presentations, especially when also accompanied by flushing, abdominal cramping or diarrhea.
Ahemeral Light-Dark Cycles and Egg Production Parameters of Ring-Necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Abstract The effects of two ahemeral light-dark (L:D) cycles on ring-necked pheasant egg production were investigated in this experiment. Three groups of 36 female and 12 male 10-month-old birds were exposed to control 24-hr (14L:10D), ahemeral 22-hr (14L:8D), or ahemeral 26-hr (14L:12D) L:D cycle. Average percent hen-day egg production (HDEP) was 63.8 for hens exposed to ahemeral 26-hr L:D cycle compared with 55.6% HDEP for the controls. Although this was not significant (P .05) affect egg mass, shell-less eggs, cracked eggs, egg hatchability, and embryonic mortality. Shell quality, measured by specific gravity and shell thickness, was significantly (P≤.05) reduced for eggs obtained from hens exposed to ahemeral 22-hr L:D cycle. Fertility of eggs from hens kept under ahemeral 26-hr L:D cycle was significantly (P≤.05) improved compared with fertility of eggs from controls (89.3 vs. 78.4). Results of this research suggest that long ahemeral L:D cycles do play a role in the improvement of pheasant egg production and egg fertility.
A Pilot Test of a Church-Based Intervention to Promote Multiple Cancer-Screening Behaviors among Latinas

We assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and initial impact of a church-based educational program to promote breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening among Latinas ages 18 years and over. We used a one-group pre-/post-evaluation within a low-income, Latino Baptist church in Boston, MA. Participants completed interviewer-administered assessments at baseline and at the end of the 6-month intervention. Under the guidance of a patient navigator (PN), women from the church (peer health advisors, or PHAs) were trained to deliver evidence-based screening interventions, including one-to-one outreach, small group education, client reminders, and reduction of structural barriers to screening. The PN and PHAs also implemented a health fair, and the pastor integrated health information into regular sermons. At pre-intervention, nearly half of the sample did not meet screening guidelines. The majority (97 %, n = 35) of those who completed the post-intervention assessment participated in intervention activities. Two thirds (67 %) reported talking with the PN or PHAs about health issues. Participation in small group education sessions was highest (72 %), with health fairs (61 %) and goal setting (50 %) also being popular activities. Fourteen percent also reported receiving help from the PN in finding a primary care provider. This study supports the feasibility and acceptability of churches as a setting to promote cancer screening among Latinas.
Repair of the high vagina in girls with severely masculinized anatomy from the adrenogenital syndrome

In the most severe form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in females, the vagina is located above the level of the external urethral sphincter. Sixteen of these patients had reconstruction with a pull-through technique described previously. Nine are now adults; six have coitus and three do not. Five are young and sexually immature. Two have been lost to follow-up.
On Making Mountains Out of Molehills

Abstract Seven thoughtful and provocative commentaries were activated by one or both of two articles I authored or coauthored. One article (Geller, 2002) presented a case for broadening the content of organizational behavior management (OBM), while the other (Wiegand & Geller, 2004) discussed linkages between positive reinforcement, positive psychology, and achievement motivation. This rejoinder explains apparent misperceptions of the earlier papers, and adds to the case for expanding the language and scope of OBM, including a consideration of hypothetical constructs influenced reciprocally by environmental conditions and contingencies. A rationale for success seeking over failure avoiding is given with reference to Skinner's theorizing about freedom and dignity.
Viral oncolysis with host survival.

SummaryEhrlich ascites tumors grew equally well in ICR and inbred A2G mice. ICR mice were sensitive, A2G mice were fully resistant to WSA influenza virus given intracerebrally. When mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumors were inoculated intraperitoneally with WSA virus, rapid oncolysis ensued. In ICR mice this invariably led to death of the animals, while around 80% of A2G mice survived. Of these, some later succumbed to slowly growing subcutaneous tumors developing at the site of primary tumor implantation. This occurred frequently when tumors were either treated early with large doses of virus, or late with small doses. With other combinations of timing and dosage, some mice developed subcutaneous tumors which later regressed. Mice surviving the primary tumor inoculation for 1 to 4 months were resistant to challenge with the same tumor.
Novel atmospheric plasma enhanced chitosan nanofiber/gauze composite wound dressings

Electrospun chitosan nanofibers were deposited onto atmospheric plasma treated cotton gauze to create a novel compos- ite bandage with higher adhesion, better handling properties, enhanced bioactivity, and moisture management. Plasma treatment of the gauze substrate was performed to improve the durability of the nanofiber/gauze interface. The chitosan nanofibers were electro- spun at 3-7% concentration in trifluoroacetic acid. The composite bandages were analyzed using peel, gelbo flex, antimicrobial assay, moisture vapor transmission rate, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), absorbency, and air permeability tests. The peel test showed that plasma treatment of the substrate increased the adhesion between nanofiber layers and gauze substrate by up to four times. Atmospheric plasma pretreatment of the gauze fabric prior to electrospinning significantly reduced degradation of the nano- fiber layer due to repetitive flexing. The chitosan nanofiber layer contributes significantly to the antimicrobial properties of the band- age. Air permeability and moisture vapor transport were reduced due to the presence of a nanofiber layer upon the substrate. XPS of the plasma treated cotton substrate showed formation of active sites on the surface, decrease in carbon content, and increase in oxy- gen content as compared to the untreated gauze. Deposition of chitosan nanofibers also increased the absorbency of gauze substrate. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 129: 916-923, 2013
Engineering Molecular Transformations for Sustainable Energy Conversion

Future strategies for sustainable energy production will undoubtedly require processes and materials that can efficiently convert renewable resources into fuels. Nature’s enzymes can exquisitely integrate highly active catalytic centers within flexible environments that can adaptively guide reactants to products with very high activities and selectivities. They are limited, however, by their stability and ability to integrate into large scale production processes. The design of more robust heterogeneous catalytic materials that mimic the performance of enzymes, however, has been hindered by our limited understanding of how such transformations proceed. The tremendous advances in ab initio quantum mechanical methods, atomistic simulations, and high performance computing that have occurred over the past two decades, however, provide unprecedented ability to track molecular transformations and how they proceed at specific sites and within particular environments. This information together with the advances i...
A new method for correcting under-estimation of disabled life expectancy and an application to the Chinese oldest-old.

This article demonstrates that disabled life expectancies that are based on conventional multistate life-table methods are significantly underestimated because of the assumption of no changes in functional status between age x and death. We present a new method to correct the bias and apply it to data from a longitudinal survey of about 9,000 oldest-old Chinese aged 80–105 collected in 1998 and 2000. In our application, the age trajectories of disability (activities of daily living—ADL), status-specific death rates, and the probabilities of transitions between ADL states of the oldest-old were investigated for the first time in a developing country. In this article, we report estimates of bias-corrected disabled and active life expectancies of the Chinese oldest-old and demonstrate patterns of large differences associated with initial status, gender, and advances in ages. Using combined information on ADL disabilities and length of having been bedridden before dying, we analyze gender and age patterns of the extent of morbidity before dying among the oldest-old and their implications for debates on the hypothesis of compression of morbidity.
Counterattack: (Re)contextualizing propaganda

ABSTRACTThis article uses Fanji/Counterattack (Li Wenhua, Beijing Film Studio, 1976) as a case study to consider the importance of contextualization to the ‘propaganda process’. The film is intimately linked with elite politics of the closing years of the Cultural Revolution and was produced under the auspices of the Gang of Four. Although it was not released prior to the Gang of Four's arrest on 6 October 1976, it was used in the campaigns attacking them in the ensuing years. The film's reincarnation as a weapon against its instigators points to the importance of contextualization in articulating the ‘correct’ reading of a propaganda work as well as propaganda's ability to sustain multiple readings.
Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens and Putative Symbionts of Black Bears (Ursus americanus floridanus) from Georgia and Florida

Abstract Ticks were collected from 38 black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus) from northwestern Florida (n = 18) from 2003 to 2005 and southern Georgia (n = 20) in 2006. Five species (Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, and I. affinis) were collected from Florida bears, and 4 species (A. americanum, A. maculatum, D. variabilis, I. scapularis) were collected from bears in Georgia. Ixodes scapularis was the most frequently collected tick, followed by D. variabilis, A. americanum, A. maculatum, and I. affinis. The collection of I. affinis from a Florida bear represents a new host record. A subset of ticks was screened for pathogens and putative symbionts by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The zoonotic tick-borne pathogens Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Rickettsia parkeri were detected in 1 of 23 (4.3%) A. americanum and 1 of 12 (8.3%) A. maculatum, respectively. The putative zoonotic pathogen “Rickettsia amblyommii” was detected in 4 (17.4%) A. americanum and 1 (8...
P19, A hormonally regulated phosphoprotein of peptide hormone-producing cells: Secretagogue-induced phosphorylation in AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells and in rat and hamster insulinoma cells

P19, a group of 19,000 mol wt cytosolic proteins, with apparent isoelectric points of pI 5.9, pI 5.7, and pI 5.4, respectively, was identified in three peptide hormone-producing cell types: AtT20 mouse pituitary tumor cells, RIN-1122 rat insulinoma cells, and hamster insulinoma cells. Secretagogue-dependent phosphorylation of P19 was analyzed in 32P-labeled cells by two-dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiography. The results were quantitated by computer-assisted densitometry. Cellular levels of cAMP and hormone release were measured in parallel incubations. In addition to stimulating ACTH release, CRF raised the cellular level of cAMP and increased the 32P labeling of all three 19,000 mol wt proteins in AtT20 cells. Other agents known to act through cAMP, which included isoproterenol, forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP, mimicked the effect of CRF on both ACTH release and phosphorylation of P19. 12-O-Tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a tumor-promoting phorbol ester, also stimulated both ACTH release and phosphorylation of P19. In contrast, although 40 mM K+ promoted ACTH release, it did not affect the phosphorylation of P19. Analogous findings were observed in insulinoma cells. Glucagon stimulated insulin release, increased cellular cAMP and promoted phosphorylation of P19 in RIN 1122 cells. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate also enhanced insulin release and the phosphorylation of P19 in these cells. The results obtained with hamster insulinoma cells closely resembled the observations in RIN-1122 cells. In conclusion, P19, an apparently homologous set of cytosolic proteins, undergoes phosphorylation in three peptide hormone-producing cells in response to two groups of secretagogues, the effect of which is probably mediated, in one case, by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and, in the other, by protein kinase C. The data suggest the possibility that P19 participates in a secretory pathway activated by these two effector systems.
Response mode and speed of access to different types of information in memory

Over three tasks, subjects decided whether members of word pairs were spelled alike, were pronounced the same, or represented the same taxonomic category. Subjects in different response mode conditions indicated their decisions by (1) responding “same” or “different” for each pair, (2) responding only when the pair called for a “different” response (skipping same pairs), or (3) responding only when the pair required a “same” decision (skipping different). Physical identity decisions were faster than homophone decisions, and category decisions were slower than homophone decisions. Response mode was not significant as a main effect, nor did it interact with type of decision.
99mTc-MAA vs. 68Ga-MAA as Perfusion Agents

The use of 99mTc Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA) as a perfusion agent has been evaluated since 1965. With the advent of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an initial attempt to produce pharmaceutical grade 68Ga-MAA was successfully performed in 1989. However, a comparison of both perfusion agents, beyond the advantages of PET over Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPET) has not been performed to date. Both 99mTc-MAA and 68Ga-MAA were used to perform lung perfusion studies in male Sprague Dawley rats. Images were taken at several time points. Animals were euthanized at 2 and 4 hours, organs collected and biodistribution determined. Biodistribution of both agents was very similar within the first hour; however, 99mTc is released from the MAA after the first hour and it is excreted into the urine. 68Ga-MAA remains stable until 68Ga decays and more than 95% of the injected activity is concentrated in lungs. The previously reported 6 hour "in vivo" half-life of MAA is challenged. Both imaging agents are suitable for lung perfusion studies. However, the observed half-life of MAA, greater than 6 hours, has significant implication for other applications. 68Ga-MAA is introduced as a possible candidate for Selective Internal Radiation Treatment Planning agent.
Alarm and Defense: a Function for the Pygidial Gland of the Myrmicine Ant, Pheidole biconstricta

The recently rediscovered pygidial gland of the ant subfamily Myrmicinae is greatly hypertrophied and has a defensive function in Pheidole biconstricta Mayr. Its contents have a volatile component that repels other ants at a distance, and a viscous component that is smeared directly on an enemy and acts as a gumming agent and irritant. Gland contents are usually released only during assaults on the gaster, trunk or head, and rarely during attacks to extremities or the waist. The gland is also a new source of alarm pheromone for the Myrmicinae.
JOSEPH SCHUMPETER LECTURE IDEOLOGY

I develop a model of ideologies as collectively sustained (yet individually rational) distortions in beliefs concerning the proper scope of governments versus markets. In processing and interpreting signals of the efficacy of public and market provision of education, health insurance, pensions, etc., individuals optimally trade off the value of remaining hopeful about their future prospects (or their children’s) versus the costs of misinformed decisions. Because these future outcomes also depend on whether other citizens respond to unpleasant facts with realism or denial, endogenous social cognitions emerge. Thus, an equilibrium in which people acknowledge the limitations of interventionism coexists with one in which they remain obstinately blind to them, embracing a statist ideology and voting for an excessively large government. Conversely, an equilibrium associated with appropriate public responses to market failures coexists with one dominated by a laissez-faire ideology and blind faith in the invisible hand. With public-sector capital, this interplay of beliefs and institutions leads to history-dependent dynamics. The model also explains why societies find it desirable to set up constitutional protections for dissenting views, even when ex-post everyone would prefer to ignore unwelcome news. (JEL: H11, D72, D83, P16, Z1)
Selective inhibitors of the serine protease plasmin: probing the S3 and S3' subsites using a combinatorial library.

A combinatorial library of 400 serine protease inhibitors with the general structure Cbz-Xaa-Trp-cyclohexanone-Trp-Yaa-OH has been constructed. The library was synthesized on the solid phase using mix-and-split synthesis, where 20 different amino acids were incorporated at both the Xaa and Yaa positions. These two positions correspond to the S3 and S3‘ subsites of the active site. Iterative deconvolution was used to identify hits from the library. The library was screened against four serine proteases: plasmin, kallikrein, thrombin, and trypsin. Seven inhibitors from the library that showed promising activities were resynthesized using solution-phase methods. Four of these compounds were good inhibitors of plasmin with IC50 values in the range of 2.7−3.6 μM. The most potent of these inhibitors showed >150-fold selectivity for plasmin when compared to the other three serine proteases.
Accumulation of porphobilinogen and other pyrroles by mutant and wild type Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: regulation by heme.

Abstract Certain mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides accumulate coproporphyrin(ogen) and porphobilinogen when incubated with low aeration in malate-glutamate medium supplemented with glycine and succinate. Strains 6-6 and 6-6R have barely detectable levels of uroporphyrinogen synthetase and accumulate porphobilinogen. Strain 6-6R is more active than 6-6 in porphobilinogen formation but is less active in heme synthesis. Production of porphobilinogen by strain 6-6 is stimulated by addition of δ-aminolevulinate or o-phenanthroline but neither additive affects strain 6-6R. Strain 2–33 accumulates porphobilinogen and coproporphyrin(ogen) and is exceptionally low in heme synthesis. Inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis by puromycin in the wild type and strain 6-6R is accompanied by an acceleration in heme synthesis. The wild type accumulates coproporphyrin(ogen) upon addition of o-phenanthroline but this is prevented by the prior addition of puromycin. It is concluded that the excess production of pyrroles by the mutants and by the wild type in response to o-phenanthroline is attributable to failure of feedback control of δ-aminolevulinate synthetase by heme. The mutants are convenient sources of porphobilinogen and coproporphyrin.
Release and capture of bioactive oxidized phospholipids and oxidized cholesteryl esters during percutaneous coronary and peripheral arterial interventions in humans

Objectives This study sought to assess whether oxidized lipids are released downstream from obstructive plaques after percutaneous coronary and peripheral interventions using distal protection devices. Background Oxidation of lipoproteins generates multiple bioactive oxidized lipids that affect atherothrombosis and endothelial function. Direct evidence of their role during therapeutic procedures, which may result in no-reflow phenomenon, myocardial infarction, and stroke, is lacking. Methods The presence of specific oxidized lipids was assessed in embolized material captured by distal protection filter devices during uncomplicated saphenous vein graft, carotid, renal, and superficial femoral artery interventions. The presence of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) and oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCE) was evaluated in 24 filters using liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunostaining. Results Phosphatidylcholine-containing OxPL, including (1-palmitoyl-2-[9-oxo-nonanoyl] PC), representing a major phosphatidylcholine-OxPL molecule quantitated within plaque material, [1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine], and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, were identified in the extracted lipid portion from all vascular beds. Several species of OxCE, such as keto, hydroperoxide, hydroxy, and epoxy cholesteryl ester derivatives from cholesteryl linoleate and cholesteryl arachidonate, were also present. The presence of OxPL was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunoassays and immunohistochemistry of captured material. Conclusions This study documents the direct release and capture of OxPL and OxCE during percutaneous interventions from multiple arterial beds in humans. Entrance of bioactive oxidized lipids into the microcirculation may mediate adverse clinical outcomes during therapeutic procedures.