cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Category width and acquiescence.

Abstract Four studies are reported on the degree of confusion between the acquiescence and category width response-styles. In two of the studies, the type and the meaning of the response modes for reporting category widths were manipulated in an attempt to enhance confusion due to acquiescence. It was generally found that acquiescence did not significantly affect category width. In three of the studies, correlations between acquiescence and category-width. In three of the studies, correclations between styles. From the bulk of the correlations, it was found that acquiescence and category width were not significantly confused. It was also found that the MMPI can be reliably scored for acquiescence, and that category width was stable and could be usefully measured by means of a computer.
The object-line inferiority effect in pigeons

Eight pigeons (Columba livia) were trained to discriminate between diagonal lines presented alone or embedded in a redundant L-shape right-angle form. The stimuli were white and were presented in an environment that was otherwise totally dark. Numerous experiments done with human observers have shown a strong superiority effect when the diagonal lines are embedded in redundant contexts. However, in Experiment 1 ofthe present study, the pigeons discriminated significantly better between the two diagonal lines when presented alone than when they were embedded in the right-angle context. In order to check on the possibility that these results were restricted to the semi-Ganzfeld condition of Experiment 1, a second experiment was done with black stimuli presented on a white background. Results of Experiment 2 also showed a strong distractor effect. The results of the present experiments confirmed the predictions of the Heinemann and Chase model of pattern recognition by pigeons.
Purification, properties, and titer of a hemolymph trophic factor in larvae and pupae of Manduca sexta

Abstract Purification of a hemolymph protein (hemolymph trophic factor, or HTF) from last instar larvae of Manduca sexta was achieved using Sephadex G15-120 gel filtration and DEAE anion exchange chromatography. Homogeneity was visualized using SDS gel electrophoresis and ampholytic chromatofocusing. HTF was estimated to be a tetrameric protein with a molecular weight of 286 K and a Stokes' radius of 55.3 × 10−8 cm by agarose bead gel filtration; chromatofocusing suggests an isoionic point > 10. Polyclonal antibodies to HTF were prepared in rabbits and an ELISA was developed. The ELISA was used to titer HTF during the last larval instar and day 1 and 14 of the pupal stage and estimates a maximum of 1.5 mg/ml larval hemolymph on day 6 with a smaller larval peak of 0.75 mg/ml at day 3 and titers of 0.70 and 0.35 mg/ml on the 2 pupal days, respectively. ELISA of aqueous extracts of larval fat body, epidermis, and cuticle demonstrate that HTF comprises nearly a third of the soluble fat body protein and is a lesser component of epidermis and cuticle. The physiological role of HTF has not yet been determined.
Elevated Serum MicroRNA Levels Associate with Absence of High-Grade Prostate Cancer in a Retrospective Cohort

To reduce treatment of indolent prostate cancer (PCa), biomarkers are needed to improve identification of patients with a low-risk of having aggressive disease. Over-treatment of these patients occurs because of uncertainty in the aggressiveness of the entire tumor based on the biopsies, which do not accurately sample multifocal tumors. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are stable serum markers and differential miRNA levels occur in men with PCa. The goal of this study was to identify circulating miRNAs that were associated with aggressive or indolent PCa. We measured circulating miRNAs in 150 patients prior to surgery and compared the miRNA levels to the pathology of the entire radical prostatectomy specimen. For this study we used an exceptionally well-characterized cohort of patients who had benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), low-grade or high-grade PCa. Low-grade was defined as patients with 100% Gleason grade 3 tumor as determined by step-wise sectioning. High-grade PCa patients had 30-90% Gleason grade 4+5 in the tumor. BPH patients had at least two biopsies negative for PCa. Twenty one miRNAs were selected for analysis. The miRNAs were quantified by RT-qPCR and analyzed by logistic regression. High levels of 14 miRNAs were exclusively present in the serum from patients with low-grade PCa or BPH, compared to men with high-grade PCa who had consistently low levels. The expression levels of the 14 miRNAs were combined into a “miR Score” which had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.939 to predict absence of high-grade PCa among PCa and BPH patients. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) was known for the PCa patients and a combined “miR Risk Score” accurately classified a subset of patients with low risk of BCR (NPV 0.941). In summary, measurement of serum miRNAs may have pre-surgical utility in combination with clinical risk calculators to identify patients with low risk of harboring aggressive PCa.
High-field magnetoresistance of AuGa

Measurements of the high-field magnetoresistance in AuGa indicate the existence of open orbits in [001]. The nearly free-electron model predicts open orbits in [001] and [100], but evidence for the existence of the latter only begins to appear at the highest fields used in this work.
Postischemic canine cerebral blood flow appears to be determined by cerebral metabolic needs.

Following a period of complete global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion there ensues a low flow state referred to as the delayed postischemic hypoperfusion state. It is unknown whether this low flow state contributes to neuronal injury or whether the magnitude of hypoperfusion correlates with the duration of ischemia. The latter question was addressed in 20 dogs in which complete global ischemia was induced by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compression for periods of 3, 9, 12, or 18 min. Following reperfusion, CBF (by sagittal sinus outflow) and CMRO2 were determined for 90 min, and results were correlated with the duration of ischemia. At 90 min postischemia the magnitude of decrease in CBF correlated crudely with the duration of ischemia (r = – 0.67, p < 0.01). For CMRO2 correlation of the magnitude of decrease with the duration of ischemia was more evident (r = –0.74, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the postischemic ratio of CBF to CMRO2 was virtually identical for all dog groups regardless of the ischemic time. T...
Cerebral Blood Flow Is Reduced in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome As Assessed by Arterial Spin Labeling

Abstract Background Chronic fatigue syndrome is diagnosed by a set of clinical criteria and therefore is probably heterogeneous. Earlier reports tested the hypothesis that the syndrome had a neurological substrate by doing studies of cerebral blood flow (CBF) but with discrepant results. One possible reason for the discrepancy was that relative CBF was assessed. We found reduced CBF in an earlier study of absolute CBF using xenon-CT. The purpose of this study was to use a second method of assessing CBF and to look within the study group for heterogeneity of responses. Method Eleven CFS patients and 10 age matched healthy controls underwent neuroimaging using arterial spin labeling to determine their regional and global absolute CBF. A template was constructed based on the control data, and individual patient montages were compared on a case by case basis to determine if differences in regions of interest occurred. Results The patients as a group had significantly lower global CBF than the controls. The reduction in CBF occurred across nearly every region assessed. Nine of the 11 patients showed these reductions compared to the average control data, while two patients showed actual increases relative to the controls. Conclusion The data extend our earlier observation that CFS patients as a group have broad decreases in CBF compared to healthy controls. However, as expected, the effect was not homogeneous in that 2 of the 11 patients studied showed actual increases in CBF relative to controls.
A Field ion Microscope Investigation of 10 MeV Proton Damage in Iridium

Annealed iridium specimens of 99.99% purity were irradiated at 5 °K with 10 meV protons in a field ion microscope attached to a cyclotron. Contrast effects due to point defects and their clusters were analyzed. By a field evaporation technique the point defect distribution in the bulk was investigated. Interstitial migration to the surface was directly observed upon annealing in the temperature range 15 to 42 °K. The decrease in the bulk concentration of interstitials during annealing in the temperature range 5 to 300 °K indicated that stage I is caused by interstitial migration to close-by vacancies and traps and stage II was due to interstitial detrapping. Damage caused by irradiation at 5 °K was compared to that introduced at 300 °K. The damage which was large voids (400 to 500 vacancies) and dislocation loops suggested a different formation mechanism in the specimens irradiated at higher temperature.
Radioimmunoassay of human plasma corticosterone: method, measurement of episodic secretion and adrenal suppression and stimulation.

Abstract A radioimmunoassay for human plasma corticosterone has been developed. Antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate-BSA. An antiserum titer of 1:4000 was used for standard curves ranging from 0–1000 pg. Interfering steroids were removed from plasma extracts by paper chromatography. Plasma blanks obtained from adrenalectomized or Addisonian patients ranged from 29 to 42 ng/dl. Recovery of radioactive corticosterone through the entire method was 67.6 ± 5.2%. The coefficient of variation within assays was 19% and between assays 13%. The average 8 a.m. value in males was 396 ± 228 ng/dl and in females it was 655 ± 271 ng/dl. Corticosterone was found to be secreted episodically, in parallel with cortisol. Secretion of this steroid was suppressed by dexamethasone and stimulated by ACTH infusion.
High resolution of glacial ice stratigraphy: A ground‐penetrating radar study of Pegasus Runway, McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been used to detect areas of present or potential structural weakness beneath a 3.2-km snow-covered ice runway on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The bandwidths of the transmitted wavelets were centred near 500 MHz. The data show many horizons up to tens of metres long and occurring to about a 9-m depth, below which a brine intrusion limits penetration. The horizons are interpreted as discrete scatterers because of their diffraction nature and loss of higher frequencies with depth. The presence of porous ice or dispersed water is interpreted from wavelet phase. The water may be associated with apparent deepening and fading of the brine horizon. If the above interpretation is correct, water occurs at depths to 3.5m and extends as much as 40 m horizontally, which is greater and deeper than known previously. At 3.5 m depth, the water may be adsorbed on mineral particles rather than remain free. Migration of the diffractions with a single-layer migration scheme shows all horizons above the brine layer to be small dielectric perturbations within the ice. Stacking and Hilbert transformation of the data reveal slight folding along the length of the runway. Loss of high-frequency amplitude in the wavelets suggests that higher frequency radar might improve resolution only in the top few metres.
On the identification of carbonaceous aerosols via 14C accelerator mass spectrometry, and laser muprobe mass spectrometry

Abstract Carbon isotopic measurements (12C, 14C), derived from chemical measurements of total carbon plus AMS measurements of 14C/12C have become an accepted means for estimating fossil and contemporary carbon source contributions to atmospheric carbon. Because of the limited sensitivity of these techniques, however, such measurements are restricted to “bulk” samples comprising at least 10–100 μg of carbon. Laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS) offers an important complementary opportunity to investigate the chemical nature of individual particles as small as 0.1 μm in diameter. Although there is little hope to measure 14C/12C in such small samples, the compositional and structural information available with the laser microprobe is of interest for possible source discrimination. Also, the analysis of individual particles, which may reflect individual sources, yields significant potential increases in spatial, temporal and source resolution, in comparison to bulk sample analysis. Results of our exploratory investigation of known sources of carbonaceous particles, using LMMS, are presented. By applying multivariate techniques to laser mass spectra of soot from the combustion of heptane and wood, we found striking differences in the alkali metals (notably potassium) in the positive ion mass spectra. For ambient particles, 14C has proved to be a crucial adjunct for the development and validation of the LMMS approach to single particle source assignment via carbon cluster pattern recognition. The combined techniques offer great promise for objective modeling (number and types of carbon sources) and for extension of the dichotomous carbon apportionment (fossil, contemporary) to subclasses such as soot from wood and agricultural burning, and that from coal and petroleum combustion.
Comparative study of potentiometric and amperometric tissue-based electrodes for oxalate

Abstract Acetone-precipitated pulp from banana skins is physicall entrapped at the tip of a carbon dioxide gas-sensor and on a hydrogen peroxide sensor probe to determine oxalate potentiometrically and amperometrically in aqueous solution and inurine. The enzyme present in the tissue is oxalate oxidase. The potentiometric response has a slope of 47–50 mV/decade for 1 × 10−4 M–2 × 10−3 M oxalate with a detection limit of 2 × 10−5 M. The amperometric response is linear for 2 × 10t-5–3 × 10−4 M oxalate with a dectection limit of 2 × 10−6 M. Average recoveries of oxalate added to aqueous samples were 96.2% and 98.0%, and average relative standrd deviations were 3.8% and 3.6% for the potentiometric and amperometric systems, respectively. Oxalate was determined in six control urine samples, with relative errors of about 2.5%, by both electrode systems after a simple clean-up.
Lattice model of dynamic heterogeneity and kinetic arrest in glass-forming liquids

We present a new model of glass-forming liquids in which free volume fluctuations drive dynamic heterogeneity and diffusion of mobility. Our kinetic model is developed from a microscopic perspective where free volume creation requires existing free volume nearby as a source of mobility; free volume diffusion and destruction is spontaneous by virtue of its own mobility. Simulations indicate “molten” and kinetically arrested “glassy” regions in parameter space, and a critical point where dynamic length and intermittency time scales grow as power laws. Systems near the critical point contain colonies of free volume that propagate around bubbles of glassified material.
The rise, fall, and transformation of the rural social contract in Russia

Abstract The Russian countryside was among the biggest losers during market reforms in the 1990s. The combination of an emasculated state, vocal rural leadership which opposed reform, and rural conservatism would seem to portend rural instability. Yet, mass protests did not occur, and in general the countryside was quiet. Why? This article analyzes sources of rural stability in Russia through the prism of the social contract. Rural quiescence occurred because of a transformation in the rural social contract. As market reforms unfolded, the Soviet era rural social contract ended, or at the very least was rendered untenable, and a new relationship between state and the countryside emerged. This transformation of the rural social contract was characterized by movement from state-dependence to relative household independence. The nature of the rural social contract changed in three important ways: (1) the ‘contract’ was changed from below, not above; (2) rural households became less dependent upon the state for their income and welfare; and (3) the content of the ‘contract’ changed from the Soviet era exchange of increasing standards of living for quiescence/compliance to increased economic freedom for political quiescence/compliance.
Alternative To The SVD: Rank Revealing QR-Factorizations

Both the singular value decomposition (SVD) and the QR factorization play central roles in signal processing algorithms. The usual tradeoff is that the SVD is more expensive but can reveal rank more reliably. In this paper, we show how to construct a QR factorization which can also reveal the rank reliably. For matrices with low rank deficiency, the overhead over the usual QR procedures is negligible. It also appears possible to implement the new procedure in systolic arrays.
Review of Brain, Body and Mind: Neuroethics with a Human Face by Walter Glannon

Among the many challenging conceptual and empirical puzzles in neurophilosophy, perhaps the most vexing are the brain-body-mind-environment relationships and interactions affecting individual perso...
Suppression of sigma spindle electroencephalographic activity as a measure of transient arousal after spontaneous and occlusion-evoked sighs and startles.

Defective arousal mechanisms are viewed as contributory to sleep hypopnea disorders and sudden infant death syndrome. Sighs (i.e. augmented breaths) as well as startles have not traditionally been viewed as arousal-related phenomena in infants. We hypothesized that, if sighs and starles are the initial event in a sequential arousal process, then they might be associated with specific EEG activity changes, because activation of the arousal-related ascending reticular activating system can suppress thalamus-generated σ spindle oscillations. We studied spontaneous sighs and startles and those elicited by briefly occluding the infants face mask airway in 12 normal infants (age 10-19 wk) during non-rapid eye movement sleep. We recorded EEG (C3-P3), ECG, O2 saturation, diaphragmatic electromyography, limb electromyography, and video of the infant. The startle intensity was scored on a scale of 0 to 3 based on video recorded movements. Sleep spindle periodicity was analyzed by using a threshold over a compressed spectral band array. Spontaneous sighs and sleep startles were immediately followed by an interspindle interval prolongation from (mean ± SEM) 8.0 ± 0.16 s (control period) to 17.9 ± 1.45 s after spontaneous sighs, to 23.8 ± 1.26 s after spontaneous sighs accompanied by startles and to 26.5 ± 1.45 s after occlusion-related sighs and startles. Furthermore, the intensity of occlusion-evoked startles was positively correlated with the interspindle interval prolongation (p < 0.01). We conclude that spontaneous as well as evoked sighs and startles are immediately followed by a transient sleep spindle suppression. This phenomenon indicates a close linkage between sighs, startles, and reticular formation-related arousal mechanisms.
Multi-channel Change-Point Malware Detection

The complex computing systems employed by governments, corporations, and other institutions are frequently targeted by cyber-attacks designed for espionage and sabotage. The malicious software used in such attacks are typically custom-designed or obfuscated to avoid detection by traditional antivirus software. Our goal is to create a malware detection system that can quickly and accurately detect such otherwise difficult-to-detect malware. We pose the problem of malware detection as a multi-channel change-point detection problem, wherein the goal is to identify the point in time when a system changes from a known clean state to an infected state. We present a host-based malware detection system designed to run at the hypervisor level, monitoring hypervisor and guest operating system sensors and sequentially determining whether the host is infected. We present a case study wherein the detection system is used to detect various types of malware on an active web server under heavy computational load.
Trading Futures: Queer Theory's Anti-Anti-Relational Turn

QUEER THEORY'S ANTI-ANTI RELATIONAL TURN Drew Daniel Jose Esteban Munozs new book fights for the future of a field— queer theory—arguably defined by the differences between two works from its recent past: Mu noz's own Disidentif cations: Queers of Color and the Performance of Pol itics (1999) and Lee Edelman's No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (2004).' Insofar as Cruising Utopia marries an argument of crankily counterintuitive original ity to whipsmart readings of both familiar and underground queer artworks, it more than succeeds in living up to the high standard set by his previous book. Just as Dis identifications broke with then-pre vailing critical orthodoxies of gay affirmation and belonging in its evocation of the anti-identitarian
Comparing mutants, selective breeding, and transgenics in the dissection of aging processes of Caenorhabditis elegans

The genetic analysis of aging processes has matured in the last ten years with reports that long-lived strains of both fruit flies and nematodes have been developed. Several attempts to identify mutants in the fruit fly with increased longevity have failed and the reasons for these failures are analyzed. A major problem in obligate sexual species, such as the fruit fly, is the presence of inbreeding depression that makes the analysis of life-history traits in homozygotes very difficult. Nevertheless, several successful genetic analyses of aging in Drosophila suggest that with careful design, fruitful analysis of induced mutants affecting life span is possible. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, mutations in the age-1 gene result in a life extension of some 70%; thus age-1 clearly specifies a process involved in organismic senescence. This gene maps to chromosome II, well separated from a locus (fer-15) which is responsible for a large fertility deficit in the original stocks. There is no trade-off between either rate of development or fertility versus life span associated with the age-1 mutation. Transgenic analyses confirm that the fertility deficit can be corrected by a wild-type fer-15 transformant (transgene); however, the life span of these transformed stocks is affected by the transgenic array in an unpredictable fashion. The molecular nature of the age-1 gene remains unknown and we continue in our efforts to clone the gene.
Instability threshold for an array of coupled semiconductor lasers.

A simple approximate expression is obtained for the critical coupling strength at which an array of N evanescent coupled semiconductor lasers will lose stability. The critical coupling decreases with increasing N but reaches a limiting value for large N which is one-half of the value for N=2.
Two Types of Civic Friendship

Among the tasks of modern political philosophy is to develop a favored conception of the relations among modern citizens, among people who can know little or nothing of one another individually and yet are deeply reciprocally dependent. One might think of this as developing a favored conception of civic friendship. In this essay I sketch two candidate conceptions. The first derives from the Kantian tradition, the second from the 1844 Marx. I present the two conceptions and then describe similarities and differences. My approach is both taxonomic and programmatic. My taxonomic goal is to provide an initial sketch of the conceptual territory. My programmatic goal is to provide reasons to think that the conception derived from Marx is both appealing and feasible.
Size selectivity of sampling gears targeting red snapper in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The ability to estimate fish abundance accurately over a particular habitat is contingent upon the use of appropriate sampling methods. The objectives of this study were to compare the catch per unit area (A), length-specific bias, and relative catchability (q-ratio) of four different gear types for sampling red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) over natural low-relief reef habitats on the inner continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Specifically, our goal was to assess the overall performance of a standard otter trawl, a small fish trap, a chevron trap, and a stationary 4-camera underwater video array during six quarterly sampling cruises performed in 2004 and 2005. The sizes of snapper captured by trawls ranged from 30 to 250 mm total length (TL) (ages 0 and 1 yr). Trawls captured the most red snapper per unit area and had q-ratios of 3:1 to 5:1 relative to small fish traps for juvenile red snapper. The chevron trap collected the second highest number of red snapper and proved most useful at collecting red snapper from 150 to 440 mm TL (ages 1–5 yr). The q-ratio of the chevron trap relative to the underwater video array was approximately 3:1. Our comparison demonstrated the chevron trap is most effective for sampling adults, while trawls were the most effective gear for sampling age-0 yr fish.
Dynamical instability as the cause of the massive outbursts in eta Carinae and other luminous blue variables

A new type of stellar envelope structure has been computationally discovered at very high stellar masses. The outer part of the envelope resembles a nearly detached, diffusely filled shell overlying an ultrahot surface of small radius. This structural anomaly is caused by a large iron bump occurring in the new opacities of Iglesias et al. (1992). The new stellar models with normal metallicity encounter a strong ionization-induced dynamical instability in the outer envelope as they rapidly transit the H-R diagram after the end of central hydrogen burning. Preliminary evolutionary and hydrodynamical calculations successfully mimic the most basic observed properties of Eta Carinae and other very luminous blue variables. The Humphreys-Davidson sloped line in the H-R diagram, however, seems to be unrelated to these variables, and is instead the observed terminus of the main-sequence phase of evolution if convective core overshooting is insignificant.
Opening the Window of Sustainable Development to Future Civil Engineers

A recent survey by ASCE showed a major need for rebuilding the critical components of the nation’s aging infrastructure, such as roads and water-supply systems. To accomplish this major task, in addition to knowledge of basic civil engineering principles and techniques, future civil engineers need to be aware of the effects of planning, design, and construction on our environment. Specifically, a course needs to be developed for educating future civil engineers on concepts and techniques of protecting our natural resources, and planning for sustainable development and construction in an environmentally friendly manner. Specific topics can include modules on water resources and recycling in construction. The focus should be on teaching applications of new environmentally friendly concepts and techniques through case histories and real-world problems. Continuous evaluation of course content and methods of presentation should be made. The course should instill environmental awareness in the students’ minds s...
BSN Medical-Surgical Student Ability to Perform CPR in a Simulation: Recommendations and Implications

Abstract Most nursing students are required to successfully complete a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) course prior to starting their clinical experiences. Successful course completion implies that students are prepared to perform CPR effectively over a 2-year period. Thirty-two students in groups of four, were filmed while performing CPR, 22 weeks after their initial CPR certification, as part of an acute coronary syndrome scenario. Videos were scored using a modified Public Access Defibrillation tool, based on lay CPR AHA guidelines. None of the groups could successfully perform the basic steps of CPR; however all groups used an AED successfully.
Bioavailability of prednisolone tablets

Two fourtreatment crossover studies were performed using 12 adult male volunteers in each with seven different commercially available prednisolone tablets. Plasma samples were assayed for prednisolone by a radioimmunoassay method. Statisacal analyses of the data, by analysis of variance for crossover design (ANOVA), showed no significant differences among the treatment averages at any of the sampling times except at 0.25 and 4 hr in one of the studies. There were also no significant differences among the treatment averages for peak plasma level, time of peak plasma level, area 0–12 hr, area 0–24 hr, and the halflife of elimination of prednisolone. We conclude that the average plasma concentrations of prednisolone are superimposable in a statistical sense and that the tablets tested are bioequivalent. Results of dissolution studies of six tablets of each of the seven lots of prednisolone tablets, using deaerated water in the spin filter apparatus, are presented.
Reevaluating the sociotropic economic voting hypothesis

One of the canonical causal claims in political science links individuals' evaluations of the national economy with their votes. Yet there are reasons to expect that these economic perceptions are endogenous to vote choice, meaning that existing cross-sectional models cannot provide a valid test of the causal retrospective voting claim. Using an instrumental variables approach, we assess the effect of sociotropic evaluations on the decision to vote for the incumbent president or his party's candidate in eight recent U.S. presidential elections. In contrast with prior work, our results reveal that while there is a correlation between sociotropic evaluations and vote choice, individuals' subjective evaluations only exert a causal effect on votes when there is not an incumbent president on the ballot. These results suggest that, when incumbents are on the ballot, individuals' economic perceptions are particularly clouded by appraisals of the incumbent and thus do not operate as an exogenous influence on votes.
Ohmic contacts and doping of CdTe

Abstract Fabrication of ohmic contacts to CdTe is strongly dependent on obtaining sufficient carrier density in the material. Acceptor levels greater than 10 17 cm −3 are easily obtained in single-crystal CdTe but are very difficult to obtain for polycrystalline material. Consequently, contacts with a specific resistivity of about 0.2 ω cm 2 , which is adequate for efficient solar cells, can be obtained readily with single crystals but not with polycrystalline CdTe. This paper reviews the current art and science of contacting p-CdTe and its relation to doping the material.
Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) employs two cameras to record simultaneous but distinct off-axis views of the same region of interest (illuminated plane within a flow seeded with tracer particles). Sufficient information is contained in the two views to extract the out-of-plane motion of particles, and also to eliminate perspective error which can contaminate the in-plane measurement. This review discusses the principle of stereoscopic PIV, the different stereoscopic configurations that have been used, the relative error in the out-of-plane to the in-plane measurement, and the relative merits of calibration-based methods for reconstructing the three-dimensional displacement vector in comparison to geometric reconstruction. It appears that the current trend amongst practitioners of stereoscopic PIV is to use digital cameras to record the two views in the angular displacement configuration while incorporating the Scheimpflug condition. The use of calibration methods has also gained prominence over geometric reconstruction.
Unit cell transformations in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA crystals

Abstract The orthorhombic unit cell of crystalline yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA has dimensions a = 33 A , b = 56 A and c = 161 A . When the mother liquor dries partially, a series of transformations takes place in which the a and b axes change very little but the c axis decreases abruptly first to 128 A and then to 109 A. In a closely related orthorhombic cell in a different space group the c axis is 104 A. Although there is some loss in resolution in these smaller unit cells, the over-all distribution of scattering intensity does not change substantially. This suggests that the tRNA molecules can slide together along the c axis without a substantial change in internal structure.
Evaluation of the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) Hypothesis: Loss of Defense Against Generalist but not Specialist Herbivores

The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that invasive plant species may escape their specialized natural enemies in their introduced range and subsequently evolve with a decrease in investment in anti-herbivore chemical defenses relative to native conspecifics. We compared the chemical profile of 10 populations of US native and 20 populations of European invasive Solidago gigantea. To test for differences in inducibility between native and invasive populations, we measured secondary chemistry in both damaged and undamaged plants. We also performed bioassays with three specialist and two generalist insect herbivores from four different feeding guilds. There was no evidence that invasive populations had reduced concentrations of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, or short-chain hydrocarbons (SCH), although significant variation among populations was detected. Sesquiterpene and diterpene concentrations were not influenced by damage to the host plant, whereas SCH concentrations were decreased by damage for both native and invasive plants. Performance of the three specialist insects was not affected by the continental origin of the host plant. However, larval mass of the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera exigua was 37% lower on native plants compared to invasive plants. The other generalist insect, a xylem-tapping spittlebug that occurs on both continents, performed equally well on native and invasive plants. These results offer partial support for the defense predictions of the EICA hypothesis: the better growth of Spodoptera caterpillars on European plants shows that some defenses have been lost in the introduced range, even though our measures of secondary chemistry did not detect differences between continents. Our results show significant variation in chemical defenses and herbivore performance across populations on both continents and emphasize the need for analysis across a broad spatial scale and the use of multiple herbivores.
Cytochalasin B: alterations in salivary gland morphogenesis not due to glucose depletion.

Abstract Salivary glands cultured in a glucose-free medium do not show the changes in morphogenesis or loss of the filaments typical of cytochalasin-treated cultures. Cytochalasin treatment does not cause the salivary epithelium to dissociate more readily and is fully reversible when glucose is present in the medium.
Thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease

The thiopurines azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have been used in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis for over 40 years. Randomized controlled trials have supported their use in the treatment of active disease, as well as for the maintenance of disease remission. Presently, the most debated issues surrounding the thiopurines include: the role of thiopurine methyltransferase and metabolite-adjusted dosing in enhancing efficacy and minimizing toxicity; the timing of thiopurine use, that is, earlier versus later use during the course of the disease; the selection of thiopurine monotherapy versus combination therapy with an anti-TNF-α; agent; and the safety profile of thiopurines. Accumulated evidence has supported the safety of 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine use in pregnancy and lactation. Thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases is associated with an increased risk of lymphoproliferative disorders. Factoring their proven efficacy over a broad range of clinical scenarios within Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis together with their overall safety profile and convenient and inexpensive once-daily oral administration, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine remain among the mainstays of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis therapy.
The application of soft X-ray microscopy to the in-situ analysis of sporinite in coal

Abstract Soft X-ray imaging and carbon near edge absorption fine structure spectroscopy (C-NEXAFS) has been used for the in-situ analysis of sporinite in a rank-variable suite of organic-rich sediments extending from up to high volatile A bituminous coal. The acquisition of chemically based images (con trast based on the 1s−1π∗ transition of unsaturated carbon), reveals a homogeneous chemical structure in the spore exine. C-NEXAFS microanalysis indicates a chemical structural evolution of the sporopollenin bio/geopolymer with increasing maturation. The most significant change in the C-NEXAFS spectrum is an increase in unsaturated carbon, presumably aromatic, with rank. The rate of “aromatization” in sporinite in coal exceeds that of the associated vitrinite. Increases in the concentration of unsaturated carbon are paralleled by losses of aliphatic and hydroxylated aliphatic carbon components. Carboxyl groups are present in low and variable concentrations. Absorption due to carboxyl persists in the most mature specimen in this series, a high volatile A bituminous coal. The reactions that drive sporopollenin chemical structural evolution during diagenesis presumably involve sequential dehydration, Diels-Alder cyclo-addition, and dehydrogenation reactions that ultimately lead to a progressively aromatized bio/geopolymer.
Hybridization-induced band gaps in transition-metal aluminides

The occurrence of hybridization gaps around the Fermi level in ordered binary and ternary transition-metal aluminides is investigated using first-principles electronic structure calculations. Hybridization between transition-metal atoms and Al and the {ital lack} of transition-metal{endash}Al d-d hybridization are both found to be important for the formation of the hollows or pseudogaps in the density of states. Whether these hollows become actual gaps, as predicted for RuAl{sub 2}, FeAl{sub 2}, and Fe{sub 2}NbAl, depends on details of the electronic structure, including the relative positions of the atomic levels, the size of the atoms, the crystal structure, and the number of valence electrons. Although hybridization gaps resulting in true semiconductors are uncommon, at least among the aluminides, hollows in the density of states around the Fermi level are ubiquitous. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Milk component(s) inhibitory to Bacillus stearothermophilus

Abstract The growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus was inhibited by raw or mildly heated milks; however, the growth of Bacillus subtilis was not inhibited under the same conditions. A microbiological assay for the determination of inhibitor concentrations was developed. After fractionation of the milk, the major portion of the total inhibitory activity remained with the acid-insoluble (pH 4.6) fraction, indicating that the milk component(s) which inhibits B. stearothermophilus is, or is associated with, the casein fraction.
Immunofluorescence in psoriasis: a clinical study of sixty patients.

Direct immunofluorescent microscopy was positive on skin biopsy specimens in thirty-one of sixty patients with various forms of psoriasis. Patients with positive immunofluoreseence were classified into five main clinical subgroups: (1) psoriasis vulgaris with decreased tolerance to sunlight or ultraviolet light B (eight patients), (2) psoriatic arthritis (seven patients), (3) guttate psoriasis (five patients), (4) pustular psoriasis (four patients), and (5) "uncomplicated" psoriasis vulgaris (seven patients). Various patterns of deposition of immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrin were seen in the five subgroups, the most consistent being granular C3 at the basement membrane zone in specimens from five of the seven patients with guttate psoriasis. Direct immunofluorescent microscopy was usually negative in psoriasis vulgaris, but positive results may be anticipated in special forms of psoriasis.
Alkoxylipids. V. The isomeric monounsaturated substituents of neutral alkoxylipids and triglycerides of ratfish liver.

Abstract The monounsaturated alk-I-enyl, alkyl and acyl moieties in the lipids of ratfish ( Hydrolagus colliei ) liver comprise mixtures of positional isomers. The major alk-I-enyl chain of the O -alk-I-enyl diglycerides has the structure Δ 13–20:1; the predominant alkyl chain of the O -alkyl diglycerides has the structure Δ9–18 : I In all three lipid classes, the structure of the major acyl chain is Δ9–18:1. Similarities between the positional isomers of the alkyl and acyi moieties strongly suggest a close metabolic relationship between alkyl ethers and esters in ratfish liver. However, the alk-I-enyl chains differ markedly from both the alkyl and acyl moieties in chain lengths and in position of double bonds.
The influence of oxygen on the microstructural, optical and photochromic properties of polymer-matrix, tungsten-oxide nanocomposite films

Abstract An in situ vapor deposition process has been used to create a photochromic, tungsten-oxide, polymer matrix nanocomposite. Under specific processing conditions, the composite consists of discrete tungsten-oxide nanoparticles distributed uniformly throughout the bulk of an optically transparent fluoropolymer matrix. Ultraviolet exposure of the nanocomposite produces characteristic photochromic changes that result in a 40% change in optical transmission. Optical absorption measurements yield a value of 3.08 eV for the bandgap of the tungsten-oxide particles. Incorporating oxygen as a supplementary deposition agent in the synthesis process increased the transparency of the films in the visible region, increased the change in transmission due to the photochromic effect, and led to the percolation of larger nanoparticles near the film surface. Growth of particles in this region allowed the nanocomposite to be bleached readily in an oxygen atmosphere while retaining photochromic activity.
Gene-specific cell labeling using MiMIC transposons

Binary expression systems such as GAL4/UAS, LexA/LexAop and QF/QUAS have greatly enhanced the power of Drosophila as a model organism by allowing spatio-temporal manipulation of gene function as well as cell and neural circuit function. Tissue-specific expression of these heterologous transcription factors relies on random transposon integration near enhancers or promoters that drive the binary transcription factor embedded in the transposon. Alternatively, gene-specific promoter elements are directly fused to the binary factor within the transposon followed by random or site-specific integration. However, such insertions do not consistently recapitulate endogenous expression. We used Minos-Mediated Integration Cassette (MiMIC) transposons to convert host loci into reliable gene-specific binary effectors. MiMIC transposons allow recombinase-mediated cassette exchange to modify the transposon content. We developed novel exchange cassettes to convert coding intronic MiMIC insertions into gene-specific binary factor protein-traps. In addition, we expanded the set of binary factor exchange cassettes available for non-coding intronic MiMIC insertions. We show that binary factor conversions of different insertions in the same locus have indistinguishable expression patterns, suggesting that they reliably reflect endogenous gene expression. We show the efficacy and broad applicability of these new tools by dissecting the cellular expression patterns of the Drosophila serotonin receptor gene family.
Adjustable speed drive for residential applications

This paper describes a demonstration of an adjustable speed drive suitable for use in residential applications such as compressors and fans in heat pumps, air conditioners, and refrigerators. The adjustable speed drive uses only a four-diode rectifier and a six-transistor six-diode inverter and does not require a source-frequency filter inductor or capacitor. Motor speed is adjusted with source-frequency phase control eliminating the switching loss and electromagnetic interference caused by the more commonly used high-frequency pulse-width modulation. Low source-current distortion and high power factor are obtained at a full-load operating point which is found using a parametric analysis.
The Effect of B-Pyracin and the Lactobacillus casei Factor Upon Hemoglobin Regeneration Following Hemorrhage.

In severe experimental hemorrhagic anemia in hens, the injection of β-pyracin and Lactobacillus casei factor, alone and in combination, was found to hasten the regeneration of hemoglobin. When these factors were administered together, however, the rise in hemoglobin was much more rapid and the level reached was higher than in the lots administered the factors alone. The hemoglobin levels in the control lots rose above the "pre-bleeding" values and then began an almost immediate decline to approximately the original level. In the lots receiving β-pyracin and Lactobacillus casei factor, alone or in combination, the hemoglobin levels also rose above the "pre-bleeding" values but were maintained for some time after injections were discontinued before declining to the original values.
Control of Bone Remodeling by the Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System

The skeleton is no longer seen as a static, isolated, and mostly structural organ. Over the last two decades, a more complete picture of the multiple functions of the skeleton has emerged, and its interactions with a growing number of apparently unrelated organs have become evident. The skeleton not only reacts to mechanical loading and inflammatory, hormonal, and mineral challenges, but also acts of its own accord by secreting factors controlling the function of other tissues, including the kidney and possibly the pancreas and gonads. It is thus becoming widely recognized that it is by nature an endocrine organ, in addition to a structural organ and site of mineral storage and hematopoiesis. Consequently and by definition, bone homeostasis must be tightly regulated and integrated with the biology of other organs to maintain whole body homeostasis, and data uncovering the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in the control of bone remodeling support this concept. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) represents one of the main links between the CNS and the skeleton, based on a number of anatomic, pharmacologic, and genetic studies focused on β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling in bone cells. The goal of this report was to review the data supporting the role of the SNS and βAR signaling in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis.
Poorly Differentiated Prostate Cancer Treated With Radical Prostatectomy: Long-Term Outcome and Incidence of Pathological Downgrading

Purpose: Patients with high grade (Gleason score 8 to 10) prostate cancer on biopsy are at high risk for cancer recurrence after local treatment, such as radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy. We examined long-term outcomes in patients with high grade prostate cancer on biopsy who were treated with radical prostatectomy alone. We also investigated the impact on outcomes of changes in the radical prostatectomy Gleason score.Materials and Methods: Of 5,662 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy during 20 years 238 had a biopsy Gleason score of 8 to 10. We analyzed the rate of biochemical recurrence in this subgroup according to the Gleason grade of cancer in the radical prostatectomy specimen.Results: Ten-year biochemical recurrence-free probability in the cohort was 39%. However, 45% of patients (95% CI 38 to 51%) with Gleason score 8 to 10 cancer on biopsy had a Gleason score of 7 or less in the radical prostatectomy specimen. These patients had a 10-year biochemical recurrence-free probabilit...