cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by clofibrate pretreatment: role of catalase induction.

Mice pretreated with the peroxisome proliferator clofibrate (CFB) are highly resistant to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the increase in hepatic catalase activity following CFB pretreatment plays a role in this hepatoprotection. An irreversible inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), was used to modulate catalase activity. Hepatic catalase activity in mice pretreated with CFB (500 mg/kg, i.p., for 10 days) was significantly inhibited by 3-AT (100 or 500 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, the lower dose of 3-AT (100 mg/kg) had minimal effect on biliary and urinary excretion of APAP metabolites generated from a nontoxic dose, suggesting that APAP metabolism was not modulated by this dose of 3-AT. The mortality rate of corn-oil-pretreated mice challenged with APAP (800 mg/kg, p.o.) was significantly increased by 3-AT (100 mg/kg, i.p.) given 1 h before APAP. As expected, CFB pretreatment conferred full protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The same 3-AT treatment, however, did not abolish hepatoprotection in CFB-pretreated mice, despite the marked inhibition of hepatic catalase activity. In conclusion, these results indicate that elevated catalase activity in mice exposed to CFB does not appear to mediate the hepatoprotection, suggesting that other cellular defense mechanisms are involved.
Blood flow and vascular permeability during motor dysfunction in a rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia.

Delayed deterioration of neurological function after central nervous system ischemia is a well-documented clinical problem. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the role of spinal cord blood flow and spinal cord-blood barrier integrity in the evolution of delayed neurological deterioration after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.Anesthetized rabbits were subjected to lumbar spinal cord ischemia (25 minutes) and variable periods of reperfusion (30 minutes to 48 hours after ischemia). Regional spinal cord blood flow was monitored by carbon-14-labeled iodoantipyrine autoradiography; vascular permeability was assessed by quantitative microhistofluorescence of Evans blue-albumin in frozen sections of spinal cord. Hindlimb motor function was assessed by standard scoring system and tissue edema by wet/dry weight method.Hindlimb motor function indicated complete paralysis during ischemia and partial gradual recovery upon reperfusion (up to 8 hours), followed by progressive deterioration to severe def...
Seasonal Variation in Populations of Panamanian Litter Frogs and Their Prey: A Comparison of Wetter and Drier Sites

Various species of frogs and toads, belonging to the genera Bufo, Atelopus, Dendrobates, Colostethus, and Eleutherodactylus, occur in the leaf litter in rainforest in Panama. This study compares the litter communities at two sites in Panama: Pipeline Road, the drier site, and Carti Road, the wetter site. At both sites, frog abundance is greater in the dry season, when abundance of their prey, the litter arthropods, is greater. Species diversity does not change seasonally at either site; however, species diversity differs strikingly between sites, with Carti Road having the greater species diversity. Similarity in diet does not vary consistently with seasonal changes in food abundance at a single site or with differences in species diversity between sites. These results suggest that neither moisture nor food abundance alone influences the abundance or the diversity of litter frogs at these two sites in Panama.
Adaptation to various sources of dietary sulfur by ruminants

The objective of these experiments was to determine adaptation by ruminants to dietary sulfur. In Exp. 1, lambs (n = 54; BW = 33.6 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to 3 treatments: 1) 0% added dietary S (0%S), 2) 0.2% added dietary S (0.2%S), or 3) 0.4% added dietary S (0.4%S). Sulfur was added to the diet as Na(2)SO(4). Lambs fed the 0.2%S and 0.4%S diets had greater (P 0.19) by diet on d 1 or 8; however, H(2)S were greater (P < 0.01) for lambs fed 0.2%S and 0.4%S than for lambs fed 0%S on d 15, 22, and 29 (0.2% was 931, 846, and 1,131 mg/L and 0.4% was 975, 737, and 1,495 mg/L on d 15, 22, and 29, respectively). These data suggest it takes at least 29 d for peak ruminal H(2)S to occur after exposure to Na(2)SO(4). In Exp. 2, lambs (n = 66; BW = 51.1 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to 3 treatments: 1) 60% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 2) corn-based diet with Na(2)SO(4), or 3) corn-based diet with H(2)SO(4). All diets were formulated to contain 0.4%S. Lambs fed Na(2)SO(4) had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, DMI, and G:F than those fed H(2)SO(4) or 60% DDGS. A time × diet interaction occurred (P < 0.01) for ruminal H(2)S. There was no difference (P = 0.82) in H(2)S of lambs on d 1. However, at d 14 and 27 lambs fed supplemental Na(2)SO(4) had the lowest H(2)S concentrations while lambs fed 60% DDGS had the greatest (P < 0.01 on both d); lambs fed H(2)SO(4) were intermediate and different than both. These data suggest that at the same dietary S concentration, acidic S sources increased H(2)S and decreased DMI and ADG. In Exp. 3, Angus cross calves (n = 72; average initial BW = 324 ± 3 kg) were allotted to 3 treatments: 1) corn-based control d 0 through 85 (0%DDGS), 2) gradual step up to 60% DDGS diet (20% DDGS d 0 to 6, 40% DDGS d 7 to 13, 50% DDGS d 14 to 20, and 60% DDGS d 21 to 85; Step-up), or 3) 60% DDGS d 0 to 85 (60%DDGS). Overall, cattle fed 0%DDGS had increased (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG compared with those fed 60%DDGS or Step-up, and G:F was not affected (P = 0.42) by dietary treatment. On d 14, ruminal H(2)S concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed 60%DDGS and Step-up than for those fed 0%DDGS, and they did not differ (P ≥ 0.22) between DDGS-containing diets. These data illustrate that source of S impacts ruminal S metabolism and that S from DDGS is more readily reduced than S from Na(2)SO(4) or H(2)SO(4).
The impedance of the human knee

Abstract Tests are described in which the in vivo dynamic behavior of both intact and injured human knees in varus-valgus and axial rotation are assessed by means of mechanical impedance techniques. The impedance characteristics of the subject's leg were compared to the contralateral fellow over a frequency range of 0.5–10 Hz. Agreement was reached between the two knees of control subjects whereas significant differences were noted between the injured and uninjured knees of injured subjects. The knee was found to behave dynamically as a Kelvin body.
Variational Many Body States for the U=∞ Hubbard Model

We study a general class of variational wavefunctions for strongly correlated lattice fermions. The wavefunctions considered here automatically satisfy local constraints of no double occupancy and include correlations between opposite spin particles in a very physical way. We calculate the energy and correlation functions for the one dimensional U=∞ Hubbard model, where a comparison with exact results is made. We briefly report on preliminary results for the t-J model.
Another nonnormal box product

Abstract Kunen has shown that the Continuum Hypothesis implies that the box product of countably many compact spaces with weight ⩽ τ is paracompact. We prove the converse by showing that the box product of countably many copies of the Tychonoff product 2 ω 2 is not normal. The proof uses the notion of a k -box-product. We also comment on such products.
Considerations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Elderly Men

Increased longevity and population aging will increase the number of men with relative testosterone deficiency, as systemic levels of testosterone decrease by about 1% each year. Androgen deficiency should only be diagnosed in men with definite signs and symptoms, accompanied by low total testosterone levels measured in the morning by a reliable assay. Although clinical trials data are limited, current practice guidelines recommend testosterone replacement therapy for symptomatic men with low testosterone levels to improve bone mineral density, muscle mass and strength, sexual function, and quality of life. Testosterone replacement is not recommended for all older men with low testosterone levels, and should be avoided in patients with prostate or breast cancer, hyperviscosity, erythrocytosis, untreated obstructive sleep apnea, or severe heart failure. The goal of all available testosterone treatment modalities (intramuscular injections, nongenital patch or gel, bioadhesive buccal and oral testosterone, and pellets) is to achieve serum testosterone levels in the mid-normal range during treatment. Cost varies widely among these preparations and may limit their use. Patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy should be re-evaluated 3 months after testosterone initiation and at least annually thereafter.
MRI findings in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: correlation with histopathology and clinical staging

Abstract Purpose To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to determine the correlation of MRI findings with histopathology and Mayo End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Materials and Methods Thirty patients (18 males, 12 females; mean age: 57±8.9 years; age range: 35–71 years) with histopathologically proven NASH who underwent MRI examinations between January 2001 and October 2005 were included in the study. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed all magnetic resonance (MR) examinations in consensus to evaluate the presence and extent of predetermined findings of NASH including liver steatosis, early patchy liver enhancement indicating inflammation and liver fibrosis. The findings detected on MRI were correlated and compared to histopathological findings and MELD score by using nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance. Results Liver steatosis was observed in 10 of 30 patients; early patchy liver enhancement, in 8 of 30 patients and liver fibrosis in 19 of 30 patients on MR images. Liver fibrosis was reticular in all these patients. There were statistically significant moderate correlations between MRI findings of liver steatosis and histopathologic grades of steatosis ( r =0.43; P r =0.61; P P =.28). There was no statistically significant overall correlation between MRI findings of NASH and MELD score. Conclusion MRI findings of liver steatosis and fibrosis in NASH showed moderate correlations with histopathologic grades of steatosis and stages of fibrosis, but MRI findings of NASH did not demonstrate any significant correlations with MELD score.
Intra-operative pubic arch interference during prostate seed brachytherapy in patients with CT-based pubic arch interference of ⩽1 cm

Abstract Purpose There are only a few reports on the frequency of intra-operative pubic arch interference (I-PAI) during prostate seed brachytherapy (PB). Materials and methods Two hundred and forty-three patients with a CT-based pubic arch interference (PAI) of ⩽1 cm and a prostate volume of ⩽50–60 cc underwent PB. Those patients requiring needle repositioning by ⩾0.5 cm on the template were scored as having I-PAI. The incidence of I-PAI and its impact on biochemical control were analyzed. Results Intra-operative PAI was encountered in 47 (19.3%) patients. Forty two patients (17.3%) had I-PAI in 1–2 needles, two (0.8%) had I-PAI in four needles and three patients (1.2%) had I-PAI in six needles. Overall, 1.4% of needles required repositioning due to I-PAI. BMI > 27 kg/m2 and wider (>75 mm) pubic bone separation at mid ramus (PS-ML) were associated with a lower incidence of I-PAI. At a median follow-up of 50.1 months, the 3- and 5-year bPFS was 97.3% and 95.2%, respectively. The 5-year bPFS rates for patients with and without I-PAI were 95.6% and 95%, respectively (p = 0.28). Conclusions The use of CT-based PAI of ⩽1 cm as a selection criterion for PB is a simple and reliable method for minimizing the incidence of I-PAI and maintaining excellent biochemical control rates.
Functional interactions between the estrogen receptor coactivator PELP1/MNAR and retinoblastoma protein.

PELP1 (proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein-1 (also referred to as MNAR, or modulator of nongenomic activity of estrogen receptor)), a recently identified novel coactivator of estrogen receptors, is widely expressed in a variety of 17 β-estradiol (E2)-responsive reproductive tissues and is developmentally regulated in mammary glands. pRb (retinoblastoma protein), a cell cycle switch protein, plays a fundamental role in the proliferation, development, and differentiation of eukaryotic cells. To study the putative function of PELP1, we established stable MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines overexpressing PELP1. PELP1 overexpression hypersensitized breast cancer cells to E2 signaling, enhanced progression of breast cancer cells to S phase, and led to persistent hyperphosphorylation of pRb in an E2-dependent manner. Using phosphorylation site-specific pRb antibodies, we identified Ser-807/Ser-811 of pRb as a potential target site of PELP1. Interestingly, PELP1 was discovered to be physiologically associated with pRb and interacted via its C-terminal pocket domain, and PELP1/pRb interaction could be modulated by antiestrogen agents. Using mutant pRb cells, we demonstrated an essential role for PELP1/pRb interactions in the maximal coactivation functions of PELP1 using cyclin D1 as one of the targets. Taken together, these findings suggest that PELP1, a steroid coactivator, plays a permissive role in E2-mediated cell cycle progression, presumably via its regulatory interaction with the pRb pathway.
Novel pyropheophorbide steryl esters in Black Sea sediments

Abstract A series of non-polar chlorophyll degradation products (NPCs) with greater than 10 components has been isolated from Black Sea sediment and identified as pyropheophorbide steryl esters by visible and mass spectrometry. These compounds have been previously observed in seawater and sediment trap samples, and may be formed during grazing of phytoplankton by zooplanktonic herbivores. In Black Sea sediments, NPCs constitute 14% of the total phorbins determined spectroscopically at 660 nm, and 39% of the total chlorophyll degradation products measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. NPCs therefore constitute a significant sedimentary sink for chlorophyll. The distribution of sterols released by hydrolysis of NPCs most closely resembles sterols in suspended particulate matter collected from the euphotic zone and is quite different from the distribution of solvent-extractable sterols in sediments. Sterols extracted from sediments have high concentrations of 4-methylsterols and high stanol/stenol ratios. NPC-derived sterols have very low concentrations of 4-methylsterols and low stanol/stenol ratios. We suggest that these differences reflect an enhanced preservation of NPCs in sediments relative to free sterols and phorbins. As a result, the original production of sterols in the euphotic zone may be more closely approximated by the distribution of NPC-derived sterols than by the distribution of free sterols in sediments.
Evaluation of the impact of a continuing professional development worksheet on sustained learning and implementing change after a continuing pharmacy education activity.

Abstract Background Continuing professional development (CPD) continues to gain acceptance as a model for health care professionals to engage in lifelong learning. Little is known about how CPD participants use the experience to develop learning plans and implement new knowledge into practice. Objective The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of instruments designed to guide the pharmacist through a CPD process to plan and participate in continuing professional education activities at a national meeting. Methods The study was a case-control study of pharmacists randomized from the participants of the 2010 American Pharmacists Association Annual Meeting. The test group (n = 47) was instructed to complete CPD planning worksheets designed to facilitate planning of their continuing pharmacy education activities before the meeting. The control group (n = 58) did not have instructions beyond the meeting program. Both groups completed 3 surveys assessing components of the CPD processes: 1 before and 2 after the meeting. The surveys focused on confidence in abilities to identify, plan, and evaluate learning as well as implementation of practice change. Results Nearly all the test groups reported successful application of learning (95%) and achieving their designed learning plan (87%). Practice changes were implemented in more than half (60%) of the test groups after using a CPD process to plan their learning activities. There were no significant differences among groups regarding the outcome measures. Conclusions Participants successfully used a CPD approach to meet their learning plans and achieve meaningful learning outcomes. Integration of CPD components into educational activities may help to promote practice change.
Photoswitchable luminescence of rhenium(i) tricarbonyl diimines.

The synthesis, characterization, and X-ray crystal structures of [Re(diimine)(CO)3(dpe)](PF6) (dpe = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene) compounds are reported. The cis-dpe complexes exhibit yellow luminescence after UV excitation, whereas the trans-dpe counterparts are nonluminescent. The luminescence quantum yields of the cis-dpe complexes are strongly dependent on the identity of the diimine ligand. Irradiation (350 nm) of the trans-dpe complexes induces trans → cis dpe-ligand isomerization with quantum yields on the order of 0.2, and this process leads to an on-switching of yellow luminescence. After long 350-nm irradiation times, a steady state composed of roughly 70% cis- and 30% trans-dpe complexes is reached. The reverse cis → trans photoisomerization reaction is induced by irradiating the cis-dpe complexes at 250 nm, switching off the yellow luminescence. For 250-nm excitation, photodecomposition of the [Re(diimine)(CO)3(dpe)]+ complexes competes efficiently with photoisomerization.
Using collaborative learning research to enhance pair programming pedagogy

Programming is a pillar of IT education; teaching programming is a major challenge of IT education. A significant amount of recent research has demonstrated the success of pair programming pedagogy in meeting this challenge. Pair programming is a key component of the Extreme Programming software development methodology. When used as pedagogy, pair programming is an instance of collaborative learning, a well-established technique for teaching complex, conceptual tasks. Research has documented the success of collaborative learning and has identified the critical attributes of successful collaborative learning approaches. This article uses a review of the research as a basis for recommended enhancements to ensure that pair programming pedagogy possesses the critical attributes of successful collaborative teaming approaches.
“Real Time” Syndromic Surveillance for ED Patients with Community Respiratory Virus (CRV) at a University Medical Center

ISSUE: During CRV season, pts requiring hospital care can impact our bed capacity and our ability to provide services to all pts. PROJECT: 1. Syndromic surveillance: ICP reviewed ED logs daily, recording total number of ED pts seen and number of pts with CRV symptoms. 2. Recommended Rapid Testing: for RSV, Influenza (A and B), and viral culture for pts being admitted with CRV symptoms. 3. Respiratory Hygiene/Empiric Precautions: At ED entrance Volunteer observes patients/visitors for Flu Like Illnesses (FLI) asks them to put on a mask. ED Staff discharge pts not requiring admission asap. Pts for admission with a positive rapid test, admit to private room or in with another confirmed case of like illness. Pts with CRV symptoms and a negative rapid test remain on precautions/private room until CRV is excluded by culture. 4. Special High Census Provision: is activated if 5 or more ED pts are waiting for admission. 5. Dissemination of Information: Weekly graphs on IC Web Site. RESULTS: From Dec04 - Mar 05, there were 39,947 ED pt visits, average 333 and range [180 to 399] per day, of those 7,463 pts had FLI. average was 62 range was [31 to 135]. ED pt volume increased several times but didn't necessitate special high census provisions. Specimens for direct influenza testing (QFLU) and respiratory virus cultures (RVC) were submitted for 158 pts from 12/1/04 to 3/1/05. 146 RVC were done. 161 QFLU were done. Influenza A was diagnosed in 39 pts, 12 by QFLU and 27 by RVC after negative QFLU. Influenza B was diagnosed in 4 pts, one by QFLU and 3 by RVC after negative QFLU. RSV was diagnosed in 9 pts by RSV direct assay followed by positive culture. RSV was diagnosed in 15 pts by culture. Sensitivity of QFLU was disappointing, only 13 of 43 pts with influenza were detected by the direct test (30% sensitivity). The sensitivity of the RSV direct assay was better 9 of 15 pts with positive culture for RSV were positive by the RSV direct assay. There were no nosocomial cases resulting from pts admitted directly from the ED, but 4 immunosuppressed inpatients developed nosocomial Influenza and 1 nosocomial RSV. LESSONS LEARNED: Real time CRV data helped manage pt flow during periods of high census. Rapid assays had variable sensitivity and specificity, limiting their utility in bed management. Daily screening for FLI and work restriction of sick employees/visitors is needed to prevent nosocomial CRV transmission to immunosuppressed inpatients.
Donor Substrate Regeneration for Efficient Synthesis of Globotetraose and Isoglobotetraose

Here we describe the efficient synthesis of two oligosaccharide moieties of human glycosphingolipids, globotetraose (GalNAcbeta1-->3Galalpha1-->4Galbeta1-->4Glc) and isoglobotetraose (GalNAcbeta1-->3Galalpha1-->3Galbeta1-->4Glc), with in situ enzymatic regeneration of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc). We demonstrate that the recombinant beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd can transfer N-acetylgalactosamine to a wide range of acceptor substrates with a terminal galactose residue. The donor substrate UDP-GalNAc can be regenerated by a six-enzyme reaction cycle consisting of phosphoglucosamine mutase, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, phosphate acetyltransferase, pyruvate kinase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase from Escherichia coli, as well as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine C4 epimerase from Plesiomonas shigelloides. All these enzymes were overexpressed in E. coli with six-histidine tags and were purified by one-step nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Multiple-enzyme synthesis of globotetraose or isoglobotetraose with the purified enzymes was achieved with relatively high yields.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Basis of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange on the Rab Ypt1p by the Membrane Tethering Complex TRAPPI

TRAPPI is a multiprotein tethering complex involved in mediating the initial interaction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles at the cis-Golgi, that serves as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the Rab GTPase, Ypt1p. Activation of Ypt1p by TRAPPI is required for membrane fusion, and thus the mechanism of nucleotide exchange by TRAPPI is a crucial step of regulation in vesicular transport. A minimal complex of five proteins (Bet5p, Trs23p, Trs31p, and 2 copies of Bet3p) is required for GEF activity, suggesting a complex interaction between TRAPPI and Ypt1p.The large majority of GEFs accelerate nucleotide exchange from G-proteins by inserting a glutamate finger wedge into the nucleotide binding pocket. We recently solved the crystal structure of nucleotide-free Ypt1p in complex with TRAPPI, which revealed the absence of the canonical glutamate finger and suggested a novel mechanism of GEF activity by TRAPPI.In this study, we measured the rate and equilibrium constants for nucleotide and TRAPPI binding to Ypt1p. Nucleotide binding is accelerated ∼30-fold and dissociation more than three orders of magnitude, suggesting that the nucleotide binding site is more accessible in the presence of TRAPPI. Analysis of various mutant TRAPPI complexes, a Ypt1 mutant defective in nucleotide binding, and the Mg2+-dependence of exchange do not support a glutamate finger mechanism, and favor nucleotide exchange through a novel mechanism in which TRAPPI accelerates nucleotide dissociation by opening the nucleotide binding site through interactions with switch I and II. Thermodynamic linkage analysis indicates that TRAPPI binds nucleotide-free Ypt1 with greater affinity than Ypt1 with bound nucleotide. However, this increased stability cannot account for the >1000-fold increase in the rate of nucleotide exchange, indicating that GEF activity of TRAPPI is under kinetic control.
Braitenberg swarm vehicles for odour plume tracking in laminar airflow

This paper presents an algorithm to trace an odour plume using swarm robots in laminar airflow. The algorithm proposed here aims to bridge the gap between single and multiple element systems by mimicking and enhancing biologically derived strategies for odor plume tracking. Simulations were carried out on Webots to verify the potential of the algorithm. A simple gas sensor model was introduced to mimic the response of a real metal oxide sensor in the simulation. A gas sensor model was introduced based on the response of metal oxide sensor (MOS) to closely mimic and provide real environment condition. Different weightage configurations of the gas sensor, kg and wind sensor, kw are compared to find its effects on the performance and behavior of the purposed algorithm. It was found that robots separated from the swarm can still perform the plume tracking task. Also, multiple entity systems show an increase in performance compared to single entity robots.
Extension of Newman's formula for the Sylvester equation to the generic case

The Sylvester “inivilator” equation AX – XB=C is solved in finite terms when A and B are quite general. Newman's formula for the case of A and B periodic is recovered by a limiting process. Some applications are discussed.
Device to steady divers

A device to help steady divers and their equipment during underwater research has been developed at the Battelle Columbus Laboratories. Divers have problems keeping themselves in position and holding onto equipment during salvage and other underwater operations, explained developer Donald J. Hackman. The ‘seawater evacuation system’ operates as a suction pump and establishes a clamping force.
The importance of indifference in scientific research

Current issues regarding scientific ethics have focused for the most part on regulations governing research and publication. I suggest that the internal process by which we separate self interest from the scientific process is a crucial and neglected part of training. Consideration of these issues might help us train better scientists instead of just scientists who adhere to the rules.This is a follow-up to the essay 'The importance of stupidity in scientific research' by Martin A. Schwartz (J. Cell Sci. 121, 1771).
The accuracy of human senses in the detection of neonatal heart rate during standardized simulated resuscitation: implications for delivery of care, training and technology design.

Abstract Aim Auscultation and palpation are recommended methods of determining heart rate (HR) during neonatal resuscitation. We hypothesized that: (a) detection of HR by auscultation or palpation will vary by more than ±15 BPM from actual HR; and (b) the inability to accurately determine HR will be associated with errors in management of the neonate during simulated resuscitation. Subjects and methods Using a prospective, randomized, controlled study design, 64 subjects participated in three simulated neonatal resuscitation scenarios. Subjects were randomized to technique used to determine HR (auscultation or palpation) and scenario order. Subjects verbalized their numeric assessment of HR at the onset of the scenario and after any intervention. Accuracy of HR determination and errors in resuscitation were recorded. Errors were classified as errors of omission (lack of appropriate interventions) or errors of commission (inappropriate interventions). Cochran's Q and chi square test were used to compare HR detection by method and across scenarios. Results Errors in HR determination occurred in 26–48% of initial assessments and 26–52% of subsequent assessments overall. There were neither statistically significant differences in accuracy between the two techniques of HR assessment (auscultation vs palpation) nor across the three scenarios. Of the 90 errors in resuscitation, 43 (48%) occurred in association with errors in HR determination. Conclusions Determination of heart rate via auscultation and palpation by experienced healthcare professionals in a neonatal patient simulator with standardized cues is not reliable. Inaccuracy in HR determination is associated with errors of omission and commission. More reliable methods for HR assessment during neonatal resuscitation are required.
Skp2 is a Promising Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among American women, and remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death for female in the United States. It has been known that several signaling pathways and various factors play critical roles in the development and progression of breast cancer, such as estrogen receptor, Notch, PTEN, Her2, PI3K/Akt, BRCA1 and BRCA2. Emerging evidence has shown that the F-box protein Skp2 (S-phase kinase associated protein 2) also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Therefore, in this brief review, we summarize the novel functions of Skp2 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Moreover, we provide further evidence regarding the state of our knowledge toward the development of novel Skp2 inhibitors especially natural “chemopreventive agents” as targeted approach for the prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer.
Fabrication and characterisation of suspended carbon nanotube devices in liquid

Suspended carbon nanotube devices represent a promising platform for future bio-electronic applications. Suspended carbon nanotube transistors have been previously fabricated in air; however all previous attempts to bring them into liquid failed. We analyse forces acting on the suspended nanotube devices during immersion into liquids and during device operation and show that surface tension forces acting on the suspended nanotubes during transfer into the liquid phase are responsible for the nanotube damage. We have developed a new strategy that circumvents these limitations by coating suspended nanotubes with a rigid inorganic shell in the gas phase. The coating reinforces the nanotubes and allows them to survive transfer through the interface. Subsequent removal of the coating in the solution phase restores pristine suspended nanotubes. We demonstrate that devices fabricated using this technique preserve their original electrical characteristics.
Plants for Which Model Predictive Control Admits an Analytical Solution

Model predictive control (MPC) provides an optimal control sequence that is the solution to a moving horizon, constrained optimization problem. This problem is usually solved numerically on-line. A question that often process control engineers face is for what class of plants, MPC admits an analytical solution, in which case the optimal control sequence takes significantly less time to calculate. This paper presents an answer to this question. A class of nonlinear and linear plants for which MPC admits an analytical solution, is characterized. It is shown that for plants without directionality, constrained MPC can be identical to unconstrained MPC with saturation. Structural information on the characteristic (decoupling) matrix of a plant is often adequate for the characterization. Two input-constrained plant examples are considered. On the basis of structural information on the characteristic (decoupling) matrices of the two plants, the plan(s) for which constrained MPC admits an analytical solution is (are) specified. Simulated closed-loop responses are then presented to validate the characterization numerically.
Gypsic and Petrogypsic Horizons

Gypsum-rich soils are important because they (1) comprise 200 million ha globally and are important in rainfed and irrigated crop production (Boyadgiev and Verheye 1996), (2) are useful for paleoclimatic interpretations (Khademi and Mermut 2003; Buck and Van Hoesen 2005), (3) enable an understanding of the roles of parent material and climate in soil formation (Carter and Inskeep 1988; Taimeh 1992), (4) elucidate the desertification process (Florea and Al-Joumaa 1998), and (5) have been useful in the application of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data in digital mapping of soils (Nield et al. 2007).
A Little pRB Can Lead to Big Problems

Summary: Germline deletion of RB1 , the gene encoding the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor protein pRB, predisposes to eye tumor formation upon loss of the remaining wild-type allele. Many functions affecting cell-cycle control, cell-cycle exit, and numerous other processes involved in the transformed phenotype have been ascribed to pRB, and deregulation of these processes is generally thought to result from complete loss of pRB in both hereditary and sporadic tumors in multiple tissues. Loss of just one allele of RB1 is now shown to lead to replication stress and aneuploidy in both mouse and human cells, and the mechanism through which this haploinsufficient phenotype is achieved may open up new opportunities for interceding both in tumor initiation and in treatment of extant tumors. Cancer Discov; 4(7); 764–5. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Coschi et al., [p. 840][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/4/840?iss=7
Echocardiography Screening for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Ugandan Schoolchildren

Background—Historically, sub-Saharan Africa has had the highest prevalence rates of clinically detected rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Echocardiography-based screening improves detection of RHD in endemic regions. The newest screening guidelines (2006 World Health Organization/National Institutes of Health) have been tested across India and the Pacific Islands, but application in sub-Saharan Africa has, thus far, been limited to Mozambique. We used these guidelines to determine RHD prevalence in a large cohort of Ugandan school children, to identify risk factors for occult disease, and to assess the value of laboratory testing. Methods and Results—Auscultation and portable echocardiography were used to screen randomly selected schoolchildren, 5 to 16 years of age, in Kampala, Uganda. Disease likelihood was defined as definite, probable, or possible in accordance with the 2006 National Institutes of Health/World Health Organization guidelines. Ninety-seven percent of eligible students received screening (4...
Identification of Inhibitory and Calmodulin-binding Domains of the PDE1A1 and PDE1A2 Calmodulin-stimulated Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases

Using a bovine 61-kDa (PDE1A2) calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase (CaM-PDE) cDNA and a bovine lung 59-kDa (PDE1A1) CaM-PDE cDNA reported here, we have identified two new regions within the primary structure of these two related isozymes that are important for regulation by Ca2+/CaM. PDE1A1 is identical to the PDE1A2 isozyme except for the amino-terminal 18 residues. In agreement with earlier studies, the CaM concentration required for half-maximal activation (KCaM) of recombinant PDE1A1 (0.3 nM) was ≈10-fold less than the KCaM for recombinant PDE1A2 (4 nM). A series of deletion mutations of the PDE1A2 cDNA removing nucleotide sequence encoding the first 46-106 amino-terminal residues were constructed and expressed using the baculovirus system. Deletion of the amino acids encompassing a previously identified, putative CaM-binding domain (residues 4-46) produced a polypeptide that was still activated 3-fold by CaM (KCaM≈ 3 nM). However, complete CaM-independent activation occurred when residues 4-98 were deleted. To determine the location of the additional CaM-binding domain(s), the inhibitory potency of seven overlapping, synthetic peptides spanning amino acids 76-149 of PDE1A2 was tested using the CaM-activated enzyme. One peptide spanning amino acids 114-137 of PDE1A2 appeared to be the most potent inhibitor of CaM-stimulated activity. These results reveal the existence of a CaM-binding domain located approximately 90 residues carboxyl-terminal to the putative CaM-binding domains previously identified within the PDE1A1 and PDE1A2 isozymes. Moreover, a discrete segment important for holding these CaM-PDEs in a less active state at low Ca2+ concentrations is located between the two CaM-binding domains.
Effects of long-term organic amendments and soil sanitation on weed and nematode populations in pepper and watermelon crops in Florida

Florida vegetable growers have relied on methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation to manage soil pathogens, nematodes, and weeds. This system combined with raised beds, polyethylene mulch, and seepage and/or drip irrigation has been effective for producing high vegetable yields. Alternatives to MeBr such as solarization and organic amendments have given favorable results in small trials, but there are few large-scale studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of long-term organic amendment applications and soil sanitation treatments on weed and nematode populations on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Manst.). During 1998 and 1999 fall vegetable seasons, main plots received a yearly organic amendment (biosolids) application or a non-amendment control, with sub-plots consisting of soil sanitation treatments with solarization, MeBr, Telone® (1,3-dichloropropene), or a non-fumigated control. Each sub-plot was further divided into two sub-sub-plots, one receiving additional weed and without control weed control. During the solarization period (60 d in 1998–1999; 90 d in 1999–2000), percent weed cover was higher in the non-biosolid plots than the biosolid plots for the first part of the solarization period, but there were no differences during the last 30 days in both seasons. Purple nutsedge was able to germinate on the north edge of the beds for a border effect; a point of vulnerability when beds run east–west. With the pepper crop, the number of weeds and percent weed cover were greater in the non-fumigated plots and Telone®-treated plots than in plots treated with MeBr or in solarized plots with and without biosolids. Nematode population densities from plot to plot within the site were highly variable, which likely accounted for the relatively few consistent effects from treatments observed during the experiment. The data do provide some indication of the importance of weeds in the recovery and buildup of nematode populations. During spring 1999, both root-knot and stubby-root nematodes were more abundant in the sub-sub-plots that had not received weed control. The results suggest that solarization and organic amendments can be viable alternatives to MeBr. However, MeBr produced the most consistent results.
Carrier mediated transport of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine across bovine olfactory mucosa: implications on nose-to-brain transport.

Abstract Delivery to the CNS via the nasal cavity has been pursued as a means to circumvent the blood–brain barrier (BBB), yet the mechanism of drug transport across this novel route is not well understood. Hydroxyzine and triprolidine have been reported to readily reach the CNS following nasal administration, whereas no measurable amounts of chlorcyclizine or chlorpheniramine, structurally similar antihistamines, were observed in the CSF. The permeation of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine in vitro across the bovine olfactory mucosa was studied to investigate the biological and physicochemical characteristics that contribute to the limited CNS disposition of these compounds following nasal administration. The submucosal to mucosal fluxes ( J s–m ) of chlorcyclizine and chlorpheniramine across the olfactory mucosa were significantly greater than the mucosal to submucosal fluxes ( J m–s ). Moreover, the submucosal–mucosal permeability of both compounds was temperature dependent and saturable. In the presence of metabolic inhibitors (ouabain and 2,4‐dinitrophenol) and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp)/multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) inhibitors (quinidine and verapamil), the J m–s increased and J s–m decreased significantly. These results indicate that chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine are effluxed from the olfactory mucosa by efflux transporters such as P‐gp and MRP1. Transport studies across inert polymeric membranes demonstrated that the permeability of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine decreased at donor concentrations higher than 3 mM suggesting that physicochemical properties such as self‐aggregation also play a role in the reduced olfactory mucosal permeability of these compounds at higher concentrations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 94:613–624, 2005
Effect of exercise conditioning on plasma high density lipoproteins and other lipoproteins

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an inverse correlation between HDL-cholesterol and the incidence of coronary artery disease. Although physically active individuals tend to have higher HDL levels than their sedentary peers, they also have lower body weights. It has yet to be shown that physical activity by itself can raise HDL when other variables such as body weight are maintained constant. We examined the effect of a 6-week exercise conditioning program on 10 young normal subjects who were maintained on a constant composition, iso-weight diet. A training effect was documented by an increase in maximum oxygen consumption from 44 to 49 ml/min/kg and by a fall in heart rate at submaximal exercise from 120 to 109 beats/min. Total plasma cholesterol levels decreased significantly from 156 to 140 mg/dl. However, there was no significant change in plasma triglyceride, VLDL, LDL or HDL-cholesterol levels, although all these values decreased. Thus, under the conditions of this study in which diet and weight were controlled, exercise conditioning did not elevate HDL-cholesterol levels. HDL levels have been shown to be inversely related to body weight. These data are consistent with the concept that exercise conditioning may affect HDL via alterations in body weight.
DISTORTED3/SCAR2 Is a Putative Arabidopsis WAVE Complex Subunit That Activates the Arp2/3 Complex and Is Required for Epidermal Morphogenesis

In a plant cell, a subset of actin filaments function as a scaffold that positions the endomembrane system and acts as a substrate on which organelle motility occurs. Other actin filament arrays appear to be more dynamic and reorganize in responsetogrowthsignalsandexternalcues.Thedistortedgroupoftrichomemorphologymutantsprovidespowerfulgenetic tools to study the control of actin filament nucleation in the context of morphogenesis. In this article, we report that DISTORTED3 (DIS3) encodes a plant-specific SCAR/WAVE homolog. Null alleles of DIS3, like those of other Arabidopsis thalianaWAVEandActin-RelatedProtein(ARP)2/3subunitgenes,causetrichomedistortion,defectsincell‐celladhesion,and reduced hypocotylgrowthin etiolatedseedlings. DIS3efficiently activates theactinfilamentnucleation andbranching activity of vertebrate Arp2/3 and functions within a WAVE-ARP2/3 pathway in vivo. DIS3 may assemble into a WAVE complex via a physical interaction with a highly diverged Arabidopsis Abi-1‐like bridging protein. These results demonstrate the utility of the Arabidopsis trichome system to understand how the WAVE and ARP2/3 complexes translate signaling inputs into a coordinated morphogenetic response.
Anger, Attitudes, and Aggressive Behavior: Exploring the Affective and Cognitive Foundations of Angry Aggression:

Although general strain theory highlights the role of affective processes in the development of offending behavior, the theory also recognizes the role of cognition. In fact, Agnew and other theori...
Effects of Ritalin on Reading

A description of the nature of Ritalin, its use in education, and its effects on reading performance
Relationship Between Body Weight at Three Different Ages in Turkeys

Abstract Due to the problem of handling mature turkeys it would be of considerable aid to turkey breeders if they could weigh their stock at an age when the birds are easier to handle. This study was made in order to determine the relationship between body weight at 24 weeks of age and at both 8 and 16 weeks of age. In chickens, the relationship between body weight at various ages has been studied extensively. However, few estimates of these relationships have been reported for turkeys. Funk (1930) reported coefficients of correlation of combined sexes of the Broad Breasted Bronze and White Holland breeds. The correlation value was .85 when 8-week weight was compared to 16 week weight, .67 for 8 and 24 week weights, and .87 for 16 and 24 week weights. Correlation values of a similar nature were reported for each sex of White Hollands by McCartney (1954). Not …
Postantibiotic Effects of Telavancin against 16 Gram-Positive Organisms

The in vitro postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs), and sub-MIC effects of telavancin were determined for 16 gram-positive organisms. Telavancin staphylococcal, streptococcal, and enterococcal PAE ranges were 0.9 to 3.9 h, 0.4 to 6.7 h, and 0.3 to 2.2 h, respectively. The PA-SME ranges (0.4 times the MIC) for staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci were 6.7 to >10.7 h, >10.7 to >11.0 h, and >10 to >10.8 h, respectively. The extended PAE of telavancin, together with its long elimination half-life in humans, supports once-daily dosing for this investigational drug.
Diffuse Anterior Retinoblastoma without Retinal Involvement

Purpose To present a unique case of an 8.5-year-old child with unilateral, anterior, pseudouveitis. He was found to have unilateral, invasive, small blue cell tumor of the anterior segment that was diagnosed as diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma despite lack of retinal involvement on fundus examination or histopathologic analysis. Design Interventional case report. Participants One patient. Intervention The patient was treated with topical prednisolone acetate 1% and oral prednisone with no improvement in anterior chamber reaction. The patient underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of anterior chamber fluid, the results of which were consistent with a primitive neuroectodermal neoplasm, either retinoblastoma or medulloepithelioma. Retinoblastoma was favored strongly, and the patient underwent enucleation followed by chemotherapy with vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide, and radiation to the eye socket of 4140 cGy total was performed. Main Outcome Measures The patient is alive and tumor free with follow-up of 5 years. Results Microscopic examination demonstrated cells similar to those seen on the FNAB infiltrating the iris stroma, trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and the inner portion of sclera in the region of the angle. No calcifications were identified. Serial sections of the entire globe were performed to determine the origin of the tumor. No retinal involvement was identified, and tumor was not seen to arise from the ciliary epithelium. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive staining with synaptophysin and negative staining with leukocyte common antigen and CD34. Conclusions This patient represents a case of diffuse anterior retinoblastoma with lack of obvious retinal involvement. Morphologic features typical of medulloepithelioma were not found on pathologic analysis. Although the patient lacked a retinal focus, he is alive at 5 years without evidence of recurrence of tumor. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.