cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Crime and Punishment" Rereading and Rewriting Plato’s "Gorgias"

The main characters in Crime and Punishment refer back to Plato’s dialogue Gorgias. Marmeladov is called an “orator” and calls Gorgias to mind, while Raskolnikov is a critic of morality resembling Callicles and calling for a new “natural” ethics as Callicles did. Meanwhile the two roles of philosophy joined together in the person of Socrates are taken separately by Porfiry (philosophy enforcing morality) and Sonia (wisdom capable of healing souls). But Crime and Punishment turns what had been Platonic discourse into practice. The two Lazarus figures in the Gospels, both of whom are alluded to in the novel, exemplify the two statuses story-character and real person. Callicles represents one, Raskolnikov the other. Raskolnikov executes the morality that Callicles only theorizes. Accordingly he needs a therapy beyond the powers of Socratic philosophy, that comes in the form of Sonia. All of this is one way to understand the novel’s function as Christian fiction.
Electrode-shift tolerant myoelectric movement-pattern classification using extreme learning for adaptive sparse representations

Myoelectric signal patterns can be used to predict the intended movements of amputees for prosthesis activation. Real-world prosthesis use introduces a variety of unpredictable conditional influences on these patterns, hindering the performance of classification algorithms and potentially leading to device abandonment. We have discovered a state-of-the-art classification method which is significantly more tolerant to these conditional influences. In our prior work, we presented a robust sparsity-based adaptive classification method that is tolerant to pattern deviations resulting from untrained limb positions and the prosthesis load. Herein, we demonstrate that this method is tolerant to the shifting or misalignment of the contact-electrode array which occurs during prosthesis use. We demonstrate the robustness of this approach in untrained electrode-site locations for amputee and able-bodied subjects, and report significant performance improvements over conventional myoelectric pattern recognition approaches. By showing that a single, unified method is robust across a variety of real-world condition spaces, clinicians are more likely to incorporate this method into myoelectric prosthesis controllers, resulting in improved utility and increased adoption among amputee users.
Creating a Research-Friendly Workplace

Research productivity is one of the defining characteristics of academic excellence. However, research may become a low priority at medical schools and academic health centers as faculty increasingly are asked to generate clinical revenue to support their faculty positions. This increased demand for clinical revenue results in less time for teaching and research. Given these conditions, it is imperative that administrators working at academic health centers look for creative ways to increase the research productivity of their faculty in those situations in which faculty may have little time to write grants and conduct research. This paper overviews the success of the Missouri Institute of Mental Health in tripling research productivity over the past 5 years.
The Future of Voice Interactive Applications

The purpose of this chapter is to explore some of the current issues facing speech technologies as a whole, including the internationalization of applications, portability of technologies, and application and system integration. Usability issues for speech recognition on the desktop are also considered.
A tropomyosin-receptor kinase-fused gene mutation associates with vacuolar myopathy.

A 44-year-old Caucasian man presented with a 7-year history of upper and lower limb muscle fasciculations and cramps, progressive asymmetric weakness, muscle atrophy, and length-dependent sensory loss. His parents (deceased), 3 older siblings, and 3 children had no history of neurologic symptoms, including weakness and sensory symptoms, with the exception of cramps in the mother. He was not taking any medication known to cause neuropathy or myopathy. On examination, there was right greater than left shoulder girdle muscle weakness and atrophy (Medical Research Council grades 3/5 and 4/5), intrinsic left hand muscle weakness (4+/5) with atrophy, asymmetric pelvic girdle (4/5 right, 3/5 left), and left foot dorsiflexor weakness (4+/5). Strength of neck flexor and extensors, and axial muscles, was normal. He had bilateral calf muscle atrophy and weakness as suggested by his inability to stand on toes (figure, A–C). He was areflexic. Sensory examination revealed distal vibration and pinprick deficits in the upper and lower limbs in a length-dependent fashion. He had bilateral pes cavus. The authors thank the patient for the photographs; Dr. A. Kendler at University of Cincinnati for sharing the muscle biopsy slides; and Invitae for performing the additional analysis of genes associated with myopathies.
Writing through Loss: The Rise of Grief Narratives through the Lens of Linville’s Self-complexity Theory

Grief unmakes the self. Linville’s social-cognitive theory [1985. “Self-complexity and Affective Extremity: Don’t Put All of Your Eggs in One Cognitive Basket.” Social Cognition 3: 94–120] suggests...
JSF and Denmark, Israel, Italy, and Japan

Potential and actual interest in purchasing and deploying the JSF has not been confined to the United States and its Anglosphere allies. This interest also encompasses numerous other US allies including Denmark, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey. Each of these countries has experienced successes and controversies in their JSF decision-making while also seeking to benefit its defense industrial bases by participating in this program. Determining to participate in the JSF is also influenced by the presence of competitor jet fighters produced by Dassault Aviation Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, and Saab-Gripen whose capabilities and international customers are also reviewed.
Novel approach for quantification of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport.

The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive approach to selectively measure sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function in the cellular environment. The newly developed Ca2+ sens...
Expedited Digital Appraisal for Regular Archivists: An MPLP-Type Appraisal Workflow for Hybrid Collections

AbstractWhile conducting a project at a German state archives, the author developed a simple, generalizable workflow to appraise hybrid collections. The More Product Less Process (MPLP)-type workfl...
Parallel tempering strategies for model-based landmark detection on shapes

In the field of shape analysis, landmarks are defined as a low-dimensional, representative set of important features of an object’s shape that can be used to identify regions of interest along its ...
Quantifying Recreational Use of an Estuary: A Case Study of Three Bays, Cape Cod, USA.

Estimates of the types and number of recreational users visiting an estuary are critical data for quantifying the value of recreation and how that value might change with variations in water quality or other management decisions. However, estimates of recreational use are minimal and conventional intercept survey methods are often infeasible for widespread application to estuaries. Therefore, a practical observational sampling approach was developed to quantify the recreational use of an estuary without the use of surveys. Designed to be simple and fast to allow for replication, the methods involved the use of periodic instantaneous car counts multiplied by extrapolation factors derived from all-day counts. This simple sampling approach can be used to estimate visitation to diverse types of access points on an estuary in a single day as well as across multiple days. Evaluation of this method showed that when periodic counts were taken within a preferred time window (from 11 am–4:30 pm), the estimates were within 44% of actual daily visitation. These methods were applied to the Three Bays estuary system on Cape Cod, USA. The estimated combined use across all its public access sites is similar to the use at a mid-sized coastal beach, demonstrating the value of estuarine systems. Further, this study is the first to quantify the variety and magnitude of recreational uses at several different types of access points throughout the estuary using observational methods. This work can be transferred to the many small coastal access points used for recreation across New England and beyond.
A Call for Gender Identity Data Collection in iPLEDGE and Increasing the Number of Isotretinoin Prescribers Among Transgender Health Providers

Acne is a common adverse event among trans-masculine people using testosterone as masculinizing hormone therapy. Isotretinoin is the most effective medication for severe recalcitrant acne and, as such, trans-masculine people with severe acne would likely benefit from treatment with this therapy. Incorporation of gender identity-based questions in iPLEDGE registration documentation will increase information about gender-diverse patients taking isotretinoin in the United States and allow better understanding of teratogenicity risks among these patients. An increase in the number of transgender health providers registered as isotretinoin prescribers in iPLEDGE would increase access to this effective medicine and may improve outcomes in these patients.
Record-Low Arctic Stratospheric Ozone in 2020: MLS Observations of Chemical Processes and Comparisons With Previous Extreme Winters

Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that chemical processing was critical to the observed record-low Arctic stratospheric ozone in spring 2020. The 16-year MLS record indicates more...
Wellbore injectivity response to step-rate CO2 injection: Coupled thermo-poro-elastic analysis in a vertically heterogeneous formation

Abstract Safe and permanent carbon geological storages require an elaborate analysis of geomechanical stability. Subsurface injection of CO2 changes the local temperature and pore pressure and, further, alters the stress due to thermo-poro-elastic responses. A permanent CO2 storage testing was conducted in the water leg of Cranfield reservoir in Mississippi, USA, where hosted CO2 enhanced-oil recovery activities. During CO2 injection, the injection rate was ramped up twice but the bottom-hole pressure did not increase with the imposed injection rates as expected. This unexpected field observation suggests the possibility of an open-mode fracture development at the injector. However, the injector response and potential fracture development have not been rigorously interpreted with detailed near-wellbore temperature and pore pressure change upon the CO2 injection. In this study, we performed history matching of CO2 injection using coupled thermo-poro-elastic reservoir simulation to examine the possibility of fracturing. We built a reservoir model including vertical heterogeneity in both petrophysical and geomechanical properties estimated from well-logging analysis and laboratory experiments. The simulation results show that CO2 injection changes stresses and support the hypothesis of development of an open-mode fracture at the injector during the Cranfield test. The near-injector region exhibits a large temperature reduction up to 55 °C with ensuing effective horizontal stress reduction up to 9.1 MPa. However, a caprock integrity issue is unlikely because of the horizontal stress contrast within layers and low hydraulic communication with the injection zone. This study indicates that the injectant temperature should be considered in the design of high-rate CO2 injector.
Epilepsy and neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice with a dominant-negative KCNB1 pathogenic variant

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are a group of severe epilepsies that usually present with intractable seizures, developmental delay, and often have elevated risk for premature mortality. Numerous genes have been identified as a monogenic cause of DEE, including KCNB1. The voltage-gated potassium channel KV2.1, encoded by KCNB1, is primarily responsible for delayed rectifier potassium currents that are important regulators of excitability in electrically excitable cells, including neurons. In addition to its canonical role as a voltage-gated potassium conductance, KV2.1 also serves a highly conserved structural function organizing endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions clustered in the soma and proximal dendrites of neurons. The de novo pathogenic variant KCNB1-p.G379R was identified in an infant with epileptic spasms, and atonic, focal and tonic-clonic seizures that were refractory to treatment with standard antiepileptic drugs. Previous work demonstrated deficits in potassium conductance, but did not assess non-conducting functions. To determine if the G379R variant affected KV2.1 clustering at endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions, KV2.1-G379R was expressed in HEK293T cells. KV2.1-G379R expression did not induce formation of endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions, and co-expression of KV2.1-G379R with KV2.1-wild-type lowered induction of these structures relative to KV2.1-WT alone, consistent with a dominant negative effect. To model this variant in vivo, we introduced Kcnb1G379R into mice using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. We characterized neuronal expression, neurological and neurobehavioral phenotypes of Kcnb1G379R/+ (Kcnb1R/+) and Kcnb1G379R/G379R (Kcnb1R/R) mice. Immunohistochemistry studies on brains from Kcnb1+/+, Kcnb1R/+ and Kcnb1R/R mice revealed genotype-dependent differences in the expression levels of KV2.1 protein, as well as associated KV2.2 and AMIGO-1 proteins. Kcnb1R/+ and Kcnb1R/R mice displayed profound hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, impulsivity and reduced anxiety. Spontaneous seizures were observed in Kcnb1R/R mice, as well as seizures induced by exposure to novel environments and/or handling. Both Kcnb1R/+ and Kcnb1R/R mutants were more susceptible to proconvulsant-induced seizures. In addition, both Kcnb1R/+ and Kcnb1R/R mice exhibited abnormal interictal EEG activity, including isolated spike and slow waves. Overall, the Kcnb1G379R mice recapitulate many features observed in individuals with DEE due to pathogenic variants in KCNB1. This new mouse model of KCNB1-associated DEE will be valuable for improving the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and will provide a valuable tool for the development of therapies to treat this pharmacoresistant DEE.
Anatomy of Being, Metaphysics of Death: The Case of Avicenna’s Logical Dissection

Elucidating a metaphysics of medicine is vital for framing a coherent medical ethics. In this paper, I examine the historical case of Avicenna, the eleventh century physician-philosopher. Avicenna radicalizes the dissective power of reason using a logicized Aristotelian metaphysics to clarify concepts at the metaphysical level, which I call his anatomy of being. One of the practical consequences of Avicenna’s metaphysics is a dehumanizing eschatology of death. I outline the main elements of Avicenna’s thought that constitute his anatomy of being. Through an examination of his logic, metaphysics, and psychology, I show how Avicenna develops a dissective logic. I conclude that one’s epistemology, as a method of knowing, entails a metaphysics, and, in turn, results in an ethical stance to the object of knowledge. For Avicenna, mental dissective logic applied to humans results in dehumanization, thereby destroying the humanistic impulse of medicine.
The Surrounding Bronze Age World: Kazakhstan and South Siberia, 1300–700 BC

Chapter 6 broadens the perspective on Late and Final Bronze Age Inner Asia by considering the archaeology of central and eastern Kazakhstan and South Siberia with a focus on the Minusinsk Basin and Tuva. I compare and contextualize the Mongolian record with research from these surrounding areas in order to demonstrate the importance of contacts and networks between them. The western and northwestern interaction spheres of Inner Asia are key to understanding many of the processes transpiring in Mongolia and especially in the region of west-central Mongolia (i.e., Khovsgol and Arkhangai provinces). I pay special attention to differences in diet and mobility across these regions and analyze the emergence of Inner Asian “horse culture” during the early first millennium BC.
Aging of the Liver

Most organs are altered morphologically and functionally in old animals. To a varying extent, these age-related changes lead to a progressive loss of differentiated functions and physiologic capacities [1]. For the liver, the data are inconsistent and conflicting regarding the effects of aging on structure and function [2]. A number of reviews dealing with the physiology, structure and function of the aging liver have been published recently [3–5]. Reported morphological and structural changes do not generally correlate with the functional alterations found in the liver with age. These disparities raise the question of whether or not the observed changes with age actually compromise liver function, which led to the idea that the liver ages well when compared to other organs.
The Abolition of Plea Bargaining: A Case Study of El Paso County, Texas

This Article reports the results of a field survey of a judicially initiated ban on plea bargaining in felony prosecutions in El Paso County, Texas. The study is based primarily upon personal interviews with participants in the criminal justice process and a statistical analysis of a random sample of 1,395 felony prosecutions commenced in the district courts during the four-year period from 1974 to 1977 – two years when plea bargaining was practiced and two years after implementation of the purported prohibition in late 1975. It also discusses the reasons for judicial dissatisfaction with the prosecutor's explicit policy toward plea bargaining during the period before the ban. After describing plea bargaining practices before this change in policy, the Article reports the impact of the attempted ban on various facets of the criminal process during the subsequent two-year period. The study focuses on the following questions: (1) Is it possible for a system relying principally upon negotiated pleas to be supplanted by a system relying heavily on adjudication through jury trials? (2) In a system without plea bargaining, are there still substantial numbers of defendants who choose to plead guilty? (3) What effect did the prohibition have on the disposition of indicted cases? (4) How did the ban affect charging practices? (5) What effect did the ban have on case processing time? (6) How did the prohibition affect sentencing practices? Before the ban, had longer sentences been imposed on defendants who pleaded guilty than on those who were convicted by a jury?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the Upcoming Hajj

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel virus which was first isolated in April 2012 from a patient with severe acute respiratory infection in Jordan. As of September 7, 2013, there have been 114 cases of laboratory-confirmed infection with MERS-CoV in the Middle East (predominantly Saudi Arabia) and Europe, including 54 deaths. All reported cases outside of the Middle East have occurred in recent travelers to the Middle East or their close contacts, and the majority of fatalities have occurred in individuals with underlying medical conditions. Much remains unknown about the epidemiology of MERS-CoV, including the exact mode of transmission, number of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases, and presence of an animal reservoir. Transmission seems to occur primarily among household contacts and has also been reported in health care facilities, including an outbreak with 23 confirmed and 11 probable cases in four health care facilities in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia during April and May 2013. The incubation period of MERSCoV is thought to be up to 14 days, which can facilitate spread of the virus when infected individuals travel prior to becoming symptomatic. At present, there is no available vaccine for MERS-CoV, and treatment consists of supportive measures only. However, due to lack of sustained transmission in communities, the World Health Organization (WHO) does not consider MERS-CoV to be a public health emergency at this time. The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia is one of the largest mass gatherings in the world, drawing more than three million Muslims from around the globe each year. Transmission of communicable diseases during mass gatherings such as the Hajj has become an increasing concern, as such gatherings bring individuals from all over the world into close contact for days at a time. In fact, “mass gathering medicine” has recently emerged as a medical specialty focused on preventing and treating illness and injury during such events. In order to prevent transmission of communicable diseases during the Hajj, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health currently requires certain vaccines (for yellow fever, meningococcal meningitis, and poliomyelitis) depending on a traveler's country of origin. Influenza vaccination, strict attention to personal hygiene (especially handwashing and cough etiquette), and avoidance of unnecessary contact with animals are also strongly recommended. Despite reassurance by the WHO that the risk of infection with MERS-CoV among those traveling to Saudi Arabia this October for the Hajj is very low, there remains significant concern among the international community about the poDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell, Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Quantum Mechanics at the End of the 20th Century

The Odd Quantum . Sam Treiman. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1999. 270 pp. $24.95, £15.95. ISBN 0-691-00926-0. Writing for anyone who is not afraid of mathematical equations they do not have to manipulate, Treiman provides a fresh overview of the well established and amply debated oddities of quantum theory.
The influence of patient's sex, race and depression on clinician pain treatment decisions.

Background Pain treatments often vary across patients' demographic and mental health characteristics. Most research on this topic has been observational, has focused on opioid therapy exclusively and has not examined individual differences in clinician decision making. The current study examined the influence of patient's sex, race and depression on clinicians' chronic pain treatment decisions. Methods We used virtual human technology and lens model methodology to enhance study realism and facilitate a richer understanding of treatment decisions. Clinicians and trainees (n = 100) made treatment decisions (opioid, antidepressant, pain specialty referral, mental health referral) for 16 computer-simulated patients with chronic low back pain. Patients' sex, race and depression status were manipulated across vignettes (image and text). Results Individual- and group-level analyses indicated that patient's depression status had the strongest and most consistent influence on treatment decisions. Although less influential overall, patient's sex and race were significantly influential for a subset of participants. Furthermore, the results indicated that participants who were influenced by patient's race had less experience in treating chronic pain than those who were not influenced by patient's race [t(11.59) = 4.75; p = 0.001; d = 1.20]. Conclusions The results of this study indicated considerable variability in participants' chronic pain treatment decisions. These data suggest that interventions to reduce variability in treatment decision making and improve pain care should be individually tailored according to clinicians' decision profiles.
Acute Blockade of PDGF Receptors Decreases Arterial Blood Pressure and Renal Vascular Resistance in Cyp1a1-Ren2 Transgenic Rats with Angiotensin II-Dependent Malignant Hypertension

Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic blockade of PDGF receptors prevents the decreases in renal hemodynamic function and renal injury that occur in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats with angio...
Effects of exogenous estrogen on Po2 and experimental endotoxemia in sheep

Abstract Parenterally administered estrone and estradiol produce a rapid rise (within 15 minutes) in arterial bloodPo 2 (8 mm. Hg) in oophorectomized sheep. No changes in arterial blood pH or CO 2 content occur. The effect is not blocked by progesterone but is blocked by the antiestrogen MER-25. It is proposed that this effect is the result of decreased physiologic shunting of blood across the pulmonary circulation. Because of the observation that estrogens elevate the arterialPo 2 , an attempt was made to reverse the pulmonary effects of E. coli endotoxin infusion in sheep by the administration of estrogen. Infusions of conjugated equine estrones (Premarin) reverse the pulmonary artery hypertension and hypoxia and the clinical signs of respiratory distress seen after infusion of E. coli endotoxin.
VALIDATION OF A SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ASSESSING OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OF PREGNANT WOMEN

The present investigation sought to determine whether a self-administered questionnaire could be used to obtain occupational information from pregnant women attending the obstetrical clinics at the University of California, San Francisco from July to November 1986. The authors compared the accuracy of responses of 57 women on the self-administered questionnaire with those obtained on a detailed clinical interview by an occupational health professional. The self-administered questionnaire and the clinical interview included information on the woman's job title, the type of company she worked for, the level of physical activity, her exposures on the job and at home, and her partner's occupation. The authors also examined whether the validity of the self-administered questionnaire could be improved on review by an industrial hygienist. The questionnaire took less than 20 minutes to complete, with over 90% of the women answering three-quarters of it. It was substantially accurate in obtaining information on number of hours worked during pregnancy, type of shift worked, and stress level in the workplace; exposure to radiation, video display terminals, fumes, gases, and cigarette smoke in the workplace; and exposure to pesticides, paint, and cigarette smoke at home. On those variables for which the responses on the self-administered questionnaire weremore » less accurate, review by the industrial hygienist improved the level of accuracy considerably. These findings suggest that a self-administered questionnaire can be used to obtain valid information from pregnant women attending a prenatal clinic.« less
Mixed-initiative management of dynamic business processes

Managing and participating in complex, dynamic business processes is difficult due to their inherent uncertainty, which undermines the predictability necessary for efficient planning and execution. Effective management of these processes hinges on the ability of the manager to recognize unanticipated difficulties in the process execution, determine the causes of the anomalies, and implement remedies. Current process-management approaches respond reactively to process dynamics, if they deal with them at all. In this paper, we present the ProME process-management environment, focusing on how human process managers and participants interact with a dynamic, online model of executing dynamic processes to proactively manage and operate in dynamic business processes. We show how having the best information available about a process and its future can provide managers with the time needed to detect and understand impending process anomalies and to develop and implement effective interventions. Furthermore, we show enabling managers how to update the model of executing processes and having the effects of those modifications to be pushed to the relevant participants reduces the time it takes to implement remedies, ProME was used in a commercial product for managing design processes in the automotive and aerospace industries.
ASUSat 1: An example of low-cost nanosatellite development

Abstract In October 1993, the students at Arizona State University (ASU) were challenged by Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) to develop a 4.5-kg (10-lb) satellite (ASUSat 1) to be launched as a piggyback payload on a Pegasus rocket. The challenge also included the requirements for the satellite to perform meaningful science and to fit inside the Pegasus avionics section (0.02 m 3 ). Moreover, the students were faced with the cost constraints associated with university satellite projects. This unusual set of constraints resulted in a design and development process which is fundamentally different from that of traditional space projects. The spacecraft capabilities and scientific mission evolved in an extremely rigid environment where cost, size and weight limits were set before the design process even started. In the ASUSat 1 project, severe constraints were determined first, and then a meaningful scientific mission was chosen which fit those constraints. This design philosophy can be applied to future interplanetary spacecraft. In addition, the ASUSat 1 program demonstrates that universities can provide an open-minded source for the innovative nanospacecraft technologies required for the next generation of low-cost planetary missions, as well as an economical testbed to evaluate those technologies. At the same time, the program provides hands-on training for the space scientists and engineers of the future.
Simple Models Show the General Advantages of Dendrites in Coincidence Detection

Dendrites can influence and improve information processing in single neurons. Here, simple models are used to elucidate mechanisms underlying the dendritic enhancement of coincidence detection. We ...
In vitro and in vivo regulation of tumor antigen expression by human recombinant interferons.

In vitro treatment with either type I or type II interferon (IFN) can selectively enhance the expression of several tumor antigens, such as the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72) in different human carcinoma cell lines and result in enhanced level of monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding to the cell surface. In vivo animal studies demonstrated that treatment of athymic mice with a type I interferon [i.e. interferon-alpha (A)] significantly increased the expression of a 90 kDa tumor antigen which improved the targeting of a MAb to the carcinoma xenograft. More recent studies reported that in vitro IFN treatment of human adenocarcinoma cells isolated from human malignant serous effusions selectively increased the expression of TAG-72 and CEA. One can envision that the ability of these cytokines to upregulate the level of expression of human tumor antigens presents an important experimental model in which to study the regulation of markers often correlated with epithelial cell differentiation. In addition, the increase of selective MAb-defined antigens may also be exploited in an adjuvant setting to localize higher amounts of MAbs to the tumor cell surface and, thereby, improve the effectiveness of a MAb for tumor diagnosis and, possibly, therapy.
A test of receiver perceptual performance: European starlings' ability to detect asymmetry in a naturalistic trait

There has been substantial interest in whether birds use small degrees of asymmetry (fluctuating asymmetry, FA) in visual communication. However, there is a scarcity of experimental evidence for the visual role of FA. Hence, there is still much debate as to whether FA could be a visual cue. We address this issue by exploring whether European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, can perceive small asymmetries in digital representations of a visual communication trait: white plumage spots on dark throat and chest feathers. Through a series of operant learning trials, we trained starlings to discriminate symmetry from an initially large asymmetry (50% relative asymmetry in the position and number of dots) and then reduced the asymmetry through subsequent learning and unreinforced test trials. Six of seven birds could reliably detect a 25% asymmetry and one bird could detect a 15% asymmetry. There was no evidence for discrimination of a 10% asymmetry. Therefore, we propose that starlings express a limit for detection of asymmetry in this complex structured trait between 10 and 15% relative asymmetry. We discuss this limit in light of natural plumage asymmetries and conclude that most individuals in a wild population would probably be perceived as equally ‘symmetric’, rendering FA in such a trait an unlikely cue in visual communication. We also discuss the commonalities between this apparent limit to asymmetry detection and other reports of perception in European starlings and pigeons, Columba livia, and suggest that our findings could be applied cautiously to other avian systems.
Mice: Postpartum aggression is elevated following prenatal progesterone exposure

Abstract Pregnant Rockland-Swiss (R-S) mice were injected with sesame oil or 250 or 500 μg of progesterone (P) on Days 12 through 16 of gestation and the postpartum aggressive behavior of their female offspring was examined in adulthood. Both doses of P significantly increased the intensity of aggression (number of attacks) exhibited by the female offspring toward an adult male intruder. The low dose of P also produced significant increases in relative anogenital distance. These effects were seen in the absence of any effects on body weight at birth or in adulthood, or on reproductive performance. The findings support previous research, in both animals and humans, showing that prenatal brain differentiation and subsequent behavior are masculinized by prenatal exposure to progesterone.
The ‘open-door’ policy and the reform of mathematics education in the People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China, in its attempt to achieve rapid industrialization and close its developmental gap with the Western world, has made mathematics a priority subject in its school curricula. Under the effects of the Great Cultural Revolution, the Chinese educational system has been completely reformed. The resulting reforms of mathematics teaching and learning have been particularly dramatic. This article examines those reforms, their background, philosophy, and particular relevance to the Chinese society.
Application of NASA Kennedy Space Center system assurance analysis methodology to nuclear power plant systems designs

Abstract In May of 1982, the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) entered into an agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to conduct a study to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of applying the KSC System Assurance Analysis (SAA) methodology to nuclear power plant systems designs. North Carolina's Duke Power Company expressed an interest in the study and proposed the nuclear power facility at CATAWBA for the basis of the study. In joint meetings of KSC and Duke Power personnel, an agreement was made to select two CATAWBA systems, the Containment Spray System and the Residual Heat Removal System, for the analyses. Duke Power provided KSC with a full set of Final Safety Analysis Reports (FSAR) as well as schematics for the two systems. During Phase I of the study the reliability analyses of the SAA were performed. During Phase II the hazard analyses were performed. The final product of Phase II is a handbook for implementing the SAA methodology into nuclear power plant systems designs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the SAA methodology as it applies to nuclear power plant systems designs and to discuss the feasibility of its application.
Embrittlement of nano-scale structures

Abstract A dealloyed surface layer formed on a Cu-30 Au alloy due to a corrosion process is capable of inducing intergranular cleavage of the normally ductile substrate during subsequent mechanical loading. The structure of the dealloyed layer consists of nanoscale pores that were formed by the selective removal of copper atoms during the anodic polarization. To contribute to the understanding of environmentally — induced embrittlement, we presently compute the stress state within the porous layer and in the bulk substrate due to the eigenstraining by the dealloying. The results of the calculations shows that a tensile stress state exists in the porous dealloyed layer while a compressive stress state is generated in the substrate. Implications on the “film-induced cleavage” model of stress corrosion cracking mechanism are discussed.
Automorphisms and holomorphic differentials in characteristic p

Abstract Let G be a group of automorphisms of a function field F of genus g F over an algebraically closed field K . The space Ω F of holomorphic differentials of F is a g F − dimensional K -space. In response to a query of Hecke, Chevalley and Weil ( Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg , 10 (1934), 358–361) completely determined the structure of Ω F as representation space for G in the classical case. They carried out the proof for the special case in which F is unramified over the fixed field of G . The case of cyclic ramified extensions had been previously considered by Hurwitz ( Math. Ann. , 41 (1893), 37–45). Weil ( Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg , 11 (1935), 110–115) gave a proof in the general case. The treatment in the last two papers is analytical. In characteristic p , the problem is open. If G is cyclic and F is unramified over the fixed field E of G , Tamagawa ( Proc. Japan Acad. , 27 (1951), 548–551) proved that the representation is the direct sum of one identity representation of degree 1 and g E − 1 regular representations. The principal object of this paper is an extension of Tamagawa's result to arbitrary cyclic extensions of p -power degree. The number of times an indecomposable representation of given degree occurs in the representation of G on Ω F is explicitly determined in terms of g E and the Witt vector characterizing the extension F E . The paper also contains a purely algebraic proof of the result of Chevalley and Weil for arbitrary cyclic extensions of degree relatively prime to p . Using character theory, it can be extended to arbitrary groups of order relatively prime to the characteristic.
Classification of streaming big data with misses

Classification is a task of paramount importance for learning tasks involved in nowadays ‘Big Data’ applications. It is however challenged by the large volume of streaming and possibly incomplete data, and the need for real-time processing. The present paper advocates a novel approach that leverages the intrinsic low-dimensionality of (possibly large-scale) data to design a support-vector-machine (SVM) classifier from feature vectors with misses ‘on the fly.’ Towards this end, the max-margin cost function is regularized with the nuclear-norm to jointly impute the missing features and design the SVM hyperplane. Iterative batch and online algorithms are developed. Per iteration, a low-dimensional subspace is updated to enable imputation, and the SVM hyperplane is adjusted accordingly. Lightweight firstorder iterations are also devised using stochastic alternating-minimization carried out via simple updates. Preliminary numerical tests corroborate the effectiveness of the novel approach.
Cushing disease as possible cause of persistent growth failure despite growth hormone therapy in a small for gestational age male.

Growth hormone (GH) therapy in children with small for gestational age (SGA) has been shown to be of significant therapeutic benefit. We report the case of an 11-year-old Caucasian male who developed early adrenarche, hypertension and insulin resistance on GH therapy for SGA and profound short stature (ht −5 SD). This patient demonstrated a poor response to GH therapy and developed physical and biochemical findings of insulin resistance responsive to metformin therapy. He remained hypertensive, however, and continued to have elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. Urinary free cortisol excretion was subsequently found to be elevated. The diagnosis of Cushing’s disease was confirmed with inferior petrosal sinus sampling and pituitary MRI. The patient underwent partial adenohypophysectomy with resulting normalization of plasma cortisol levels and associated symptoms. Our patient’s diagnosis of Cushing’s disease was complicated by his past history of poor growth since birth and history of SGA. The signs of Cushing’s disease did not overtly appear until GH therapy was initiated to help treat severe short stature. It is possible that the metabolic effects of GH therapy unmasked the presence of underlying Cushing’s disease.
Brane-localized Goldstone fermions in bulk supergravity

We construct the action and transformation laws for bulk five-dimensional AdS supergravity coupled to one or two brane-localized Goldstone fermions. The resulting bulk-plus-brane system gives a model-independent description of brane-localized supersymmetry breaking in the Randall-Sundrum scenario. We explicitly reduce the action and transformation laws to spontaneously broken four-dimensional supergravity (in AdS, Minkowski or dS space)
Parallel synthesis of N-biaryl quinolone carboxylic acids as selective M1 positive allosteric modulators

An iterative analog library synthesis approach was employed in the exploration of a quinolone carboxylic acid series of selective M(1) positive allosteric modulators, and strategies for improving potency and plasma free fraction were identified.
Stress inversion methods: are they based on faulty assumptions?

Abstract Stress inversion methods employed by structural geologists for estimating a regional stress tensor from populations of faults containing slickenlines rely on the basic assumption that slip on each fault plane occurs in the direction of maximum resolved regional shear stress. This premise ignores directional differences in fault compliance caused by fault shape, the Earth's surface or frictional anisotropy of the fault itself. It is also assumed that the regional stress field is homogeneous in space and time. Thus, perturbations in the local stress field caused by such things as material heterogeneities near the fault and mechanical interaction with nearby faults are not considered. Regional stresses may exercise dominant control on the slip direction; however local factors may perturb this field. We show how differences in fault compliance and local stress perturbations can result in a measureable difference between the direction of resolved shear stress and the direction of fault slip. Numerical modeling of common fault geometries in an elastic half space provides a means for evaluating the magnitude of this difference. We illustrate a few examples of geological circumstances under which the inversion techniques should be reliable, and a few where errors related to violations of the basic assumptions exceed those inherent to the data gathering and inverse techniques.
Power-aware operand delivery

Based on operand delivery, existing microprocessors can be categorized into architected register file (ARF) or physical register file (PRF) machines, both with or without payload RAM (PL). Though many previous generation microprocessors use a PRF without PL, the trend of newer microprocessors targeting lower power environments seem to be moving towards ARF with PL. We quantitatively analyze power consumption of different machine styles: ARF with PL, ARF without PL, PRF with PL, and PRF only machine. Our result shows that PRF without PL consumes the least amount of power and is fundamentally the best approach for building power-aware out-of-order microprocessors.
Tropical cyclone induced asymmetry of sea level surge and fall and its presentation in a storm surge model with parametric wind fields

Abstract The asymmetry of tropical cyclone induced maximum coastal sea level rise (positive surge) and fall (negative surge) is studied using a three-dimensional storm surge model. It is found that the negative surge induced by offshore winds is more sensitive to wind speed and direction changes than the positive surge by onshore winds. As a result, negative surge is inherently more difficult to forecast than positive surge since there is uncertainty in tropical storm wind forecasts. The asymmetry of negative and positive surge under parametric wind forcing is more apparent in shallow water regions. For tropical cyclones with fixed central pressure, the surge asymmetry increases with decreasing storm translation speed. For those with the same translation speed, a weaker tropical cyclone is expected to gain a higher AI (asymmetry index) value though its induced maximum surge and fall are smaller. With fixed RMW (radius of maximum wind), the relationship between central pressure and AI is heterogeneous and depends on the value of RMW. Tropical cyclone’s wind inflow angle can also affect surge asymmetry. A set of idealized cases as well as two historic tropical cyclones are used to illustrate the surge asymmetry.
CrkL and CrkII participate in the generation of the growth inhibitory effects of interferons on primary hematopoietic progenitors

Interferons are potent regulators of normal and malignant hematopoietic cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, but the signaling mechanisms by which they exhibit their growth inhibitory effects are unknown. We have recently shown that CrkL is engaged in Type I IFN signaling, as shown by its rapid tyrosine phosphorylation during engagement of the Type I IFN receptor. In the present study, we provide evidence that the related CrkII protein is also rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine during treatment of U-266 and Daudi cells with IFNalpha or IFNbeta. We also show that both members of the Crk-family, CrkL and CrkII, are phosphorylated in an interferon-dependent manner in primary hematopoietic progenitors. Furthermore, inhibition of CrkL or CrkII protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides, reverses the inhibitory effects of IFNalpha or IFNgamma on the proliferation of normal bone marrow progenitor cells (colony forming units-granulocytic/monocytic [CFU-GM] and burst-forming units-erythroid [BFU-E]). Thus, both CrkL and CrkII are engaged in a signaling pathway (s) that mediates interferon-regulated inhibition of hematopoietic cell proliferation.
Synthesis of myelin glycosphingolipids by isolated oligodendrocytes in tissue culture

Isolated lamb oligodendrocytes in tissue culture were tested for their ability to express differentiated functions related to the synthesis of myelin. Galactocerebrosides and sulfatides are highly enriched in myelin and are recognized as markers for myelination. Hence, we followed the synthesis of these glycosphingolipids. At selected times, monolayer cultures of cells were double labeled for 60–72 h with [3H]galactose and H235SO4. Glycosphingolipids were separated and identified by thin layer chromatography. During the first week in tissue culture, there was gradual decline in incorporation of both isotopes relative to the values obtained for freshly isolated cells. However, by 3 weeks high levels of H235SO4 incorporation into sulfatide and [3H]galactose into cerebrosides were found. A complex pattern of incorporation ensued after this peak which varied for each particular glycosphingolipid. It is concluded that: (1) cultured oligodendrocytes retain the capacity to synthesize components of myelin; (2) since the isolated cells have already been involved in myelination, these cultures afford a unique model to study remyelination; and (3) these cells provide a good system to study the properties of oligodendrocytes.