cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognosis of patients with benign thyroid nodules: a population-based study.

Most thyroid nodules are benign. The ideal follow-up of these patients should reflect their prognosis, which has been scarcely investigated. We aimed to evaluate the prognosis of patients with initial benign thyroid cytology. A population-based study, using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, identifying patients with benign thyroid cytology diagnosed between 2003 and 2006 and completely followed to 2014 using linked medical records. We identified 363 thyroid nodules with benign cytology in 327 patients after fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Patients were on average 53 years old (standard deviation 17), and 80 % were women. The median nodule size was 1.6 cm (interquartile range 1.2–2.4); 26 % had at least one suspicious ultrasound feature. During a median follow-up of 8 years, 54 patients (17 %) with 57 benign nodules underwent thyroidectomy, mostly due to compressive symptoms (44 %). Thyroidectomy was more likely in younger patients [hazard ratio (HR) 0.97, 95 % CI 0.96–0.99] and patients with larger nodules (HR 1.3, 95 % CI 1.16–1.48). Two patients were found to have follicular thyroid cancer in the index nodule (0.6 %) and 6 patients had papillary thyroid cancer detected in other nodules (1.8 %). No patient died from thyroid cancer. Patients with benign thyroid nodules are unlikely to suffer morbidity or mortality due to thyroid cancer. Follow-up strategies for these patients should consider this excellent prognosis and avoid causing unnecessary fear in patients and adding unneeded expense and burden to the healthcare system.
Care and treatment of spinal cord injury patients.

(1992). Care and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury Patients. The Journal of The American Paraplegia Society: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 235-249.
Newer Approaches to Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Testing

The prevalence of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in the United States as estimated from “first office visits” has increased 9-fold over the period from 1966 to 1984 (Centers for Disease Control, 1986). The incidence of neonatal HSV infections has also increased, as reported from King County, Washington, from 2.6 to 28.2 per 100,000 live births over the period from 1966 to 1982 (Sullivan-Bolyai et al. 1983). In Southern California we have experienced similar increases from 2 cases in 1982 (8.2/100,000 live births) to 6 and 7 cases in 1985 and 1986 (25.5/100,000). The mortality associated with neonatal HSV infections has decreased with antiviral therapy from 80% to 15% of the cases with central nervous system (CNS) and to 50% of cases with disseminated disease (Stagno and Whitley, 1985). One third to one-half of these treated infants, however, have neurologic sequelae which may appear as late as 1 to 2 years after treatment (Whitley et al. 1980, 1986).
Ethics, placebos, and meaning

I haven't mentioned it very often, but there are many ethical issues which people routinely raise about placebos. This has been a perennial problem in medicine, I think. The primary problem is that, historically at any rate, when doctors really didn't know what to do for a patient, or simply didn't have any treatment which they thought might be effective, they often gave people inert drugs: bread pills, sugar pills, whatever. In a famous passage from a letter to a physician in 1807, Thomas Jefferson wrote: “One of the most successful physicians I have ever known, has assured me, that he used more bread pills, drops of colored water, & powders of hickory ashes, than of all other medicines put together. It was certainly a pious fraud.” Jefferson is forgiving, but he does credit this action to be a “fraud,” even if a “pious” one. That the use of placebos seems somehow “fraudulent” is a serious problem for medicine. The case of the Kwakiutl shaman One of the great cases, which raises many important issues, can be found in anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss' famous paper “The Sorcerer and his Magic” (Levi-Strauss 1967b). In it, Levi-Strauss analyzes the case of Quesalid, a Kwakiutl Indian from Vancouver Island in British Columbia, a case originally reported a generation earlier by Franz Boas (Boas 1930). Quesalid had reason to believe that the shamans were cheats and frauds, shamelessly exploiting their patients with trickery.
Reihentransformationen. Ein Satz von Cesàro.

Das dreieckige Zahlenschema Open image in new window bestehe aus lauter nichtnegativen Zahlen, und die Summe jeder Zeile sei =1 (p nv ≧ 0, \({p_{n0}} + {p_{n1}} + \cdot \cdot \cdot + {p_{nn}} = 1\) fur v = 0, 1, ..., n; n = 0, 1, 2, ...). Bildet man aus einer gegebenen Zahlenfolge s 0, s 1, s 2, ..., s n , ... die neue Zahlenfolge t 0, t 1, t 2 ..., t n , ... durch die Vorschrift $${t_n} = {p_{n0}}{s_0} + {p_{n1}}{s_1} + {\text{ }} \cdot \cdot \cdot {\text{ }} + {p_{nn}}{s_n},$$ so liegt t n zwischen dem Minimum und dem Maximum der Zahlen s 0, s 1, s 2, ..., s n .
Examination of the Bovine Nervous System

Neurologic evaluation of cattle requires a complete history, a basic physical examination, and knowledge of the more common diseases affecting the nervous system of dairy and beef cattle. It is not time-consuming to perform a complete neurologic examination. With interest on the part of the practitioner and reasonable and careful observation, the experience can be rewarding and challenging, leading to accurate diagnoses, prognoses, and good patient care and herd health management.
PARP-1 Expression Quantified by [18F]FluorThanatrace: A Biomarker of Response to PARP Inhibition Adjuvant to Radiation Therapy

Abstract Introduction: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is the major target of clinical PARP inhibitors and is a potential predictive biomarker for response to therapy. Due to the limited success of PARP inhibitors as monotherapy, investigators have shifted the clinical role of PARP inhibitors to the adjuvant setting. In this study, we evaluate the radiotracer [18F]FluorThanatrace ([18F]FTT) as a marker of PARP expression in vitro and the associated biological implications of PARP-1 expression in PARP inhibitor treatment adjuvant to radiation therapy. Materials and Methods: SNU-251 (BRCA1-mutant) and SKOV3 (BRCA1-WT) cell lines were evaluated in vitro by using the radiotracer [18F]FTT. Pharmacological binding assays were performed at baseline and were correlated with PARP-1 protein expression measured by Western blot protein analysis. Cell viability and clonogenic assays were used to characterize in vitro cytotoxicity for treatments, including: PARP inhibitors alone, radiation alone, and PARP inhib...
Syntheses, structures, and electrochemical studies of N , N ′-bis(alkylthiocarbamate)butane-2,3-diimine Cu(II) complexes as pendent alkoxy derivatives of Cu(ATSM)

Abstract A series of N2S2-Cu(II) complexes based on N,N′-bis(alkylthiocarbamate)butane-2,3-diimine ligands have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. This class of ligands contains a conjugated N2S2 chelate framework with a non-coordinating, terminal alkoxy (–OR) group. Ligands and Cu(II) complexes were investigated for R = Me, Et, nPr, iPr, and octyl. Additionally, N,N′-bis(ethylthiocarbamate)hexane-3,4-diimine and its Cu(II) complex were analyzed. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies on all six Cu(II) complexes confirm a square planar Cu(II) environment with no significant changes in the core structure as a function of R. Spectroscopic studies are consistent with a similar electronic environment in all complexes. However, electrochemical investigations reveal significant shifts in the CuII/I and CuIII/II reduction potentials throughout the series. The complexes are analogues of the well-known bis(thiosemicarbazone) Cu(II) which contain a similar donor core with terminal, non-coordinating amines. Substitution of the terminal amines of bis(thiosemicarbazones) with the alkoxy groups of N,N′-bis(alkylthiocarbamate)butane-2,3-diimines allows tuning of redox potentials with minimal changes in the physical and electronic structure.
Sobre la propiedad comunal de los pueblos, de la Reforma a la Revolución

This essay offers a series of general observations intended to guide the development of a new historiography regarding the subdivision of the communal lands of the pueblos during the half-century that preceded the Revolution of 1910. It summarizes the deficiencies of the narrative that for most of the twentieth century framed the explanation of the causes and consequences of those civil disentailments, and it highlights the recent emergence of research findings from local and regional archives that contradict that narrative and open up new analytic and interpretive paths. The essay then outlines six large themes that deserve both a conceptual reconsideration and further research in primary sources: the law as cause; the distribution of communal property rights inside the pueblos prior to the disentailments; the distinction between the political community and the landed community; the character of social relations (and differences) regarding access to juridically communal property in nineteenth-century pueblos; the fate of the private, formerly communal land parcels created by disentailment; and the relationship between the history of the evolution of village land tenure during the Porfiriato and the ejido-centered agrarian reform of the Revolution.
Evaluating Sterility of Single Dose Vials on an Automated Compounding Device.

Background: Current guidelines for sterile compounding require that single dose vials of pharmaceuticals must be discarded after 6 hours when accessed in an ISO Class 5 environment. At this time, no studies have evaluated the sterility of single dose vials at any time after opening. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sterility of single dose vials attached to an automated compounding device for up to 24 hours and accessed and maintained within a cleanroom environment. Methods: This is a prospective, observational study evaluating the sterility of 32 pooled samples of manufactured single dose injectable drugs attached to an automated compounding device for up to 24 hours and maintained within an ISO Class 5 environment in an ISO Class 7 buffer area. Each pooled sample was comprised of the remaining contents of 10 single dose vial additives that were used for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and attached to the compounder within the previous 24 hours. Samples were evaluated using membrane filtration sterility testing and incubated for 14 days per USP requirements. Results: The results revealed zero failed sterility samples. Single dose vials remained attached to the compounder for an average of 23.8 hours (±0.1 hours). The average volume per sample was 879 mL (±105.1 mL). Manipulation of vials during the compounding process included an average of 20.4 manipulations (±1.4). Conclusions: Single dose injectable drugs attached to an automated compounding device within an ISO Class 5 cleanroom environment may remain sterile for up to 24 hours. Future studies are needed with a larger sample size and under continued dynamic working conditions to provide further evidence to extend the beyond use date within USP .
A Comparison of Olfactory and Visual Cue Utilization in Laboratory Rats

Hooded male rats were simultaneously or sequentially presented with pairs of relevant brightness and odor cues in a 2-choice discrimination problem. They learned to use brightness and odor cues equally and at the same rate. Irrelevant cue learning took place in a way understandable for a rat.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathic Syndrome in the Setting of Induced Elevated Mean Arterial Pressure in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is managed by avoiding hypotension and elevating mean arterial pressure (MAP) to attain optimal perfusion of the spinal cord. Few studies have been published regarding complications related to this treatment paradigm. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Three patients with SCI developed posterior reversible encephalopathic syndrome (PRES) during treatment with intravenous fluids and vasopressors administered to maintain elevated MAPs. All of them experienced temporary elevations well above the standard blood pressure goals for acute SCI and deterioration of neurological status. CONCLUSION PRES is a potential complication of elevated MAPs in patients with SCI, particularly if the blood pressure rises above the goals of standard treatment paradigms. The neurosurgical staff should be suspicious of possible PRES early in the course of acute SCI in patients with unexplained neurological decline. This case series is the first report of PRES in patients with acute SCI.
Cognitive Development After Kawasaki Disease - Clinical Study and Validation Using a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort.

BACKGROUND This purpose of this study was to investigate whether Kawasaki disease (KD) increases the risk of cognitive impairment. In this clinical study, cognitive profiles were compared between KD patients, control subjects, and a nationwide population-based cohort to determine the potential correlation between KD and a subsequent diagnosis of an intellectual disability.Methods and Results:The clinical study consisted of 168 KD patients (mean age 5.6 years, 62.5% male) and 81 healthy controls (mean age 6.4 years, 54.3% male). The nationwide cohort consisted of 4,286 KD patients and 50,038 controls retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 1996 and 2000. The clinical study sample revealed no significant difference in any developmental index or cognitive function between KD patients and controls across various age groups (P>0.05). In the nationwide cohort, Cox regression analysis showed that a diagnosis of KD did not significantly affect the likelihood of developing an intellectual disability (adjusted hazard ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.68-1.11). CONCLUSIONS Both the clinical data and the population-based cohort consistently demonstrated that KD does not increase a child's risk of future cognitive impairment. Although the outcome of the present study is negative, caregivers and patients with KD can be reassured that KD will have no effect on developmental milestones or cognitive function later in life.
Vulnerabilidad corporal, coalición y la política de la calle

Desde una postura feminista, el articulo aborda el tema del activismo politico a partir del tema de la vulnerabilidad corporal y la movilizacion de cuerpos en las practicas de resistencia. El enfoque que utiliza, parte del reconocimiento de la vulnerabilidad como una condicion precontractual de las relaciones humanas que senala la interdependencia social. A partir de algunos ejemplos de movilizacion social contemporaneos, resalta la importancia de reconocer la precariedad compartida y luchar en alianza contra esta, como forma de construir vidas dignas de vivir, frente al tipo de poder que desecha ciertos cuerpos y poblaciones.
Acheulean Industries of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, Middle Awash, Ethiopia

Abstract The Middle Awash region of Ethiopia contains a rich record of Acheulean occupation spanning from Early Pleistocene times through much of the Middle Pleistocene. Here we will present an overview of some of the major reported features of the Acheulean archaeological record of the Middle Awash (Clark et al., 1994; de Heinzelin et al., 2000) and compare and contrast earlier and later biface technological patterns in this important study area. As an overall pattern, later Acheulean bifaces, here tend to differ from earlier ones in the following characteristics: later biface forms tend to be smaller, more ovate, wider relative to length, thinner (both relative to length and width and in absolute terms), more symmetrical, more heavily flaked, show greater use of soft hammer flaking and Kombewa technique, be straighter-edged or less sinuous, and often exhibit a remarkably high degree of standardization at a given site. These technological changes over perhaps half a million years (between approximately 1.0 and 0.5 million years ago) accompany the transition from Homo erectus to Homo heidelbergensis in this region. The later technological patterns thus correlate with the emergence of larger-brained, more intelligent hominids that exhibit greater technological finesse and also appear to develop and maintain stronger rules and traditions pertaining to their technological behaviors. It is likely that, relative to earlier hominids, these later hominid forms (which would evolve into early anatomically modern humans or Homo sapiens) had richer communicative abilities and cultural complexity, which we believe to be manifested in the technological finesse and standardization of their material culture.
Economic, Environmental, and Health/Well-Being Benefits Associated with Green Industry Products and Services: A Review

Abstract Green industry firms have competed for decades on the basis of quality and service. While these competitive dimensions are still important, the industry has continued along its path of maturation and firms must incorporate other factors into their value proposition in order to be successful in this hypercompetitive market. Given the recent economic downturn of 2008–2009, consumers are more value-conscious than ever, but are still willing to consume, and pay premiums for, products and services that enhance their quality of life. This paper summarizes the peer-reviewed research regarding the economic benefits, environmental benefits (eco-systems services), and health/well-being benefits of green industry products and services that serve to enhance the quality of life for consumers.
Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and the unification of plant population ecology

Seed dispersal determines the conditions that seeds, seedlings, and saplings confront, and thus potentially provides a unifying theme for plant population ecology. This potential is seldom realized...
Commissioning the CMS pixel detector with Cosmic Rays

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of two general purpose experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. The CMS experiment prides itself on an ambitious, all silicon based, tracking system. After almost 20 years of design and construction the CMS tracker detector has been installed and commissioned. The tracker detector consists of ten layers of silicon microstrip detectors while three layers of pixel detector modules are situated closest to the interaction point. The pixel detector consists of 66 million pixels of 100μm × 150μm size, and is designed to use the shape of the actual charge distribution of charged particles to gain hit resolutions down to 12μm. This paper will focus on commissioning activities in the CMS pixel detector. Results from cosmic ray studies will be presented, in addition to results obtained from the integration of the pixel detector within the CMS detector and various calibration and alignment analyses.
Community Respiratory Viral Infections

Transplantation has become an increasingly effective strategy for the treatment of many end-stage and life-threatening illnesses. Despite many advances in post-transplant care, infection remains a major problem for transplant recipients. Although the specific infectious complications vary among different transplant populations, viral infections are increasingly recognized to occur in all types of transplant patients. Post-transplant viral infections can occur through reactivation of latent recipient infection (such as with varicella zoster virus or cytomegalovirus), through transmission by donor allografts (as with cytomegalovirus), or through new infection acquired in the community (as with respiratory syncytial virus). Because of delays in diagnosis and limited treatment options, viral infections are often associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients.
Evaluation of an Objective Method for the Prediction of Central Pressures of North Pacific Cyclones1

The U. S. Navy's Project-AROWA method of forecasting 24-hr deepening of North Atlantic surface cyclones is applied, with modifications, to the North Pacific for both winter and summer. As in the North Atlantic study, the method successfully separates deepening from non-deepening cases about 90 per cent of the time. Comparison of the forecast and observed values of deepening is also presented.
Survivability of Wyoming Big Sagebrush Transplants

On the Ground • Wyoming big sagebrush is a dominant shrub species on millions of acres of rangelands throughout the Intermountain West and plays a critical role in the health and diversity of many wildlife species. • Restoration practices to re-establish Wyoming big sagebrush on degraded habitats have largely been met with submarginal success, yet the need to restore or rehabilitate Wyoming big sagebrush has become increasingly important due to extensive losses of big sagebrush habitats, fragmentation, and sensitive sagebrush obligate species. • Lack of success from seeding rangelands either by ground application or aerially has prompted some resource managers to look more closely at transplantng methodologies. Transplanting of Wyoming big sagebrush is largely done using cone-size containers or bare-stock plants and is recommended to be conducted in spring. This study was initiated in 2012 to test fall versus spring transplanting. • Fall transplanting success averaged 65% with a range of 41% to 82%, while spring transplant success averaged 41% with a range of 13% to 65%. • The cold desert of the Great Basin receives the majority of its precipitation during winter months, therefore providing a more reliable source of available precipitation for newly transplanted Wyoming big sagebrush seedlings. A significant part of increasing big sagebrush transplanting success is the combination of increased container size and moving the timing of transplanting from spring to fall due to an increase in favorable and reliable precipitation.
Human Polyomavirus JCPyV and its role in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Oncogenesis

The human neurotropic virus JCPyV, a member of the Polyomaviridiae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal disease seen in severe immunosuppressive conditions and, during the last decade, in patients undergoing immunotherapy. JCPyV is a ubiquitous pathogen with up to 85% of the adult population word-wide exhibiting antibodies against it. Early experiments demonstrated that direct inoculation of JCPyV into the brain of different species resulted in the development of brain tumors and other neuroectodermal-derived neoplasias. Later, several reports showed the detection of viral sequences in medulloblastomas and glial tumors, as well as expression of the viral protein T-Antigen. Few oncogenic viruses, however, have caused so much controversy regarding their role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors, but the discovery of new Polyomaviruses that cause Merkel cell carcinomas in humans and brain tumors in racoons, in addition to the role of JCPyV in colon cancer and multiple mechanistic studies have shed much needed light on the role of JCPyV in cancer. The pathways affected by the viral protein T-Antigen include cell cycle regulators, like p53 and pRb, and transcription factors that activate pro-proliferative genes, like c-Myc. In addition, infection with JCPyV causes chromosomal damage and T-Antigen inhibits homologous recombination, and activates anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Survivin. Here we review the different aspects of the biology and physiopathology of JCPyV.
Quantitative relationship between indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid during leaf growth in Coleus blumei

Quantitative determinations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ofindole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in growing leaves ofColeusblumei plants show parallel declines in leaf concentrations of bothhormones,except in leaf number 3 (about three-fourths of full size) where IAA level wasthe lowest of those measured. Expansion of the most recently unfurled leaf tofull size serves, in effect, to dilute both IAA and ABA about 1.7 to 1.Althoughabsolute levels of leaf IAA varied as much as an order of magnitude from onebatch of plants to another, ABA levels were proportional to the IAA level withan overall correlation coefficient of 0.91. Evidence, both correlative andcausal, for the determination of ABA status by IAA—and of IAA status byABA—in leaves and other developing organs is summarized.
Helping Children Cope with Divorce, Death, and Deployment

1. Joshua D. Arthur, MD, MTS* 1. *Department of Pediatrics and Department of Health Care Ethics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO During the past decade, pediatricians have increasingly incorporated the social-ecological model of health into their practices, recognizing the profound interactions between environmental and individual factors in child health outcomes. Despite a growing awareness of the social determinants of health, comparatively little attention has been given to the impact of a child being separated from a parent, despite the fact that more than 1 million American children experience divorce, death of a parent, or deployment of a parent each year. Although divorce, parental death, and deployment arise from dramatically different family circumstances, each of these events can have lasting effects on involved children. For pediatricians, routine health supervision visits should include surveillance of stressors associated with either a current or impending separation, as well as the social and familial changes that can occur before, during, and after such experiences. When assessing a child undergoing a temporary or permanent separation from a parent, a pediatrician should be aware of the health risks experienced by the child, as well as being prepared to offer an appropriate palette of options for support to the child and caregiver(s). Special attention should be given to a patient’s developmental stage because children of different ages will present with sequelae of varying types and severities. For example, developing secure attachment to caregivers is an important feature of infancy and early childhood; thus, a change in a child’s day-to-day routine or the presence or absence of particular caregivers may result in increased fussiness or irritability, regression of developmental milestones, or disturbance in sleep and feeding patterns. As children mature, their understanding of parent separation likewise evolves. For example, in the context …
Collaboration between homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining in repair of meiotic double-strand breaks in Drosophila

Abstract Programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) made during meiosis are repaired by recombination with the homologous chromosome to generate, at some sites, reciprocal crossovers that are critical for the proper separation of homologs in the first meiotic divisions. Backup repair processes can compensate when the normal meiotic recombination processes are non-functional. We describe a novel backup repair mechanism that occurs when the homologous chromosome is not available in Drosophila melanogaster meiosis. In the presence of a previously described mutation (Mcm5A7) that disrupts chromosome pairing, DSB repair is initiated by homologous recombination but is completed by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Remarkably, this process yields precise repair products. Our results provide support for a recombination intermediate recently discovered in mouse meiosis, in which an oligonucleotide bound to the Spo11 protein that catalyzes DSB formation remains bound after resection. We propose that this oligonucleotide functions as a primer for fill-in synthesis to allow scarless repair by NHEJ.
Jim shooter: conversations: edited by Jason Sacks, Eric Hoffman, and Dominick Grace, Jackson, MS, University Press of Mississippi, 2017, 252 pp., US$40.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-1-4968-1179-0

With this entry in UP of Mississippi’s Conversations with Comic Artists series, editors Jason Sacks, Eric Hoffman, and Dominick Grace seek to evoke from the American superhero comics community a cr...
Incidence and Impacts of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases among Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and its significance in kidney transplant recipients is not well established. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the incidence of and complications from IBD in adult kidney transplant recipients. Methods: Eligible articles were searched through Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception through April 2020. The inclusion criteria were adult kidney transplant patients with reported IBD. Effect estimates from the individual studies were extracted and combined using the fixed-effects model when I2 ≤ 50% and random-effects model when I2 > 50%. Results: of 641 citations, a total of seven studies (n = 212) were included in the systematic review. The mean age was 46.2 +/− 6.9 years and up to 51.1% were male. The mean duration of follow-up was 57.8 +/− 16.8 months. The pooled incidence of recurrent IBD was 27.6% (95% CI, 17.7–40.5%; I2 0%) while the pooled incidence of de novo IBD was 18.8% (95% CI, 10.7–31.0%; I2 61.3%). The pooled incidence of post-transplant IBD was similar across subgroup analyses. Meta-regression analyses showed no association between the incidence of IBD and age, male sex, and follow-up duration. For post-transplant complications, the pooled incidence of post-transplant infection was 4.7% (95% CI, 0.5–33.3%; I2 73.7%). The pooled incidence of graft rejection and re-transplantation in IBD patients was 31.4% (95% CI, 14.1–56.1%; I2 76.9%) and 30.4% (95% CI, 22.6–39.5%; I2 0%). Conclusion: Recurrent and de novo IBD is common among kidney transplant recipients and may result in adverse outcomes.
Influencing the means but not the ends: The role of entertainment-education interventions in development

Abstract As new information technologies facilitate the production and dissemination of broadcast media, entertainment-education interventions are increasingly used in attempts to influence audiences on issues such as political participation, support for democracy, violence against women, and tolerance of ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities. What factors make these programs effective in catalyzing behavior change in their audiences? Insights from social learning theory and other theories that motivate entertainment-education media highlight that individuals (i) learn about behaviors by observing examples of behavior in their environment and (ii) adopt behaviors that they believe will help them achieve their goals. We review existing empirical literature on entertainment-education in light of this foundational theory and find that exposure to broadcast media can change behavior by linking desired behaviors to pre-existing goals. Conversely and as expected, the literature does not provide much evidence that media leads to behavior change by persuading individuals to adopt new goals. We conclude the review with a discussion of the prospects for successful broadcast media interventions in two domains: public health, a realm where most interventions focus on linking behavior with existing goals, and countering violent extremism (CVE), where most interventions focus on changing goals. We also provide a checklist of desirable components to assist designers of edutainment programming.
Locoregional Radionuclide Cancer Therapy (LRCT) Using Sealed and Unsealed Radionuclides

Different approaches of LRCT using sealed and unsealed radionuclides are reexamined and contrasted to allow optimal choice to treat human cancers. With the production of devices of smaller particulate sizes and of soluble radiopharmaceuticals of more potency and longer half-life, the distinction of sealed versus unsealed radiopharmaceuticals differs only in the choice of compliance pathways and becomes less important. There are many choices of radiopharmaceuticals for LRCT such as sealed versus unsealed radiopharmaceuticals, those with versus those without tumor affinity, and particulate versus soluble forms. These choices will allow treating human cancer with less toxic and more efficacious applications.
Modeling nearshore dynamics of extreme storms in complex environments of Connecticut

Abstract Flood hazard planning requires the accurate estimation of total water elevation due to predicted tide, surge, and wave runup to design flood protection structures and improve coastal risk planning for severe storms. The beach geomorphology and nearshore hydrodynamic conditions impact the conclusive flood inundation mapping in complex environments. The conventional approaches of flood modeling are limited due to either i) simple static estimates, ii) the application of a coupled circulation and phase-averaged wave models in coarse resolution, iii) failing to calibrate and validate with in-situ data, or iv) not considering sea-level rise projections in mapping the flood extent. We used a fully nonlinear Boussinesq wave model (FUNWAVE-TVD) on the nearshore area with a high-resolution grid to determine total water elevation on the shores. The model adopted the boundary conditions from coupled circulation and wave model of the Long Island Sound (Liu et al., 2020).We applied the model to Branford, Norwalk, and New Haven, CT to represent the complex topo-bathymetric features and the structural interference in shallow water wave dynamics. We compared the model results with the FEMA base flood elevation, the North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study (NACCS), and (Liu et al., 2020)’s Long Island Sound FVCOM-SWAVE model. The FUNWAVE-TVD model is found to model wave processes more accurately in shallow water regions compared to the empirical equation application of FEMA and coupled circulation-phase averaged model application of NACCS and FVCOM-SWAVE. We also examined local sea-level rise predictions of storms with 1% and 10% annual exceedance probability by the year 2050 in Connecticut and found that the flood extent of these two storms showed little to no difference. We suggest the planning approaches should consider the increase in the frequency of the storms in the predicted inundation zones due to sea-level rise.
Graphic Pathogeographies

This paper focuses on the graphic pathogeographies in David B.’s Epileptic and David Small’s Stitches: A Memoir to highlight the significance of geographic concepts in graphic novels of health and disease. Despite its importance in such works, few scholars have examined the role of geography in their narrative and structure. I examine the role of place in Epileptic and Stitches to extend the academic discussion on graphic novels of health and disease and identify how such works bring attention to the role of geography in the individual’s engagement with health, disease, and related settings.
Effect of bacterial concentration of Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae (JT-P482) on the control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.)

植物病原細菌 Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae (JT-P482薗株) のもつ寄主特異性を利用し, 芝地における強害雑草スズメノカタビラを特異的に枯殺する「微生物除草剤」を開発した. 20℃(昼温)/15℃(夜温) の温室条件下において, JT-P482菌 (リファンピン耐性菌Rif-482を使用) の最適かつ最小処理濃度は108CFU/mlであった. 一方, 閾値は, 萎凋症状と再生した無病徴の組織とが継続してあらわれた106CFU/mlの濃度であった. 植物体内で増殖した菌が生重1gあたり1010CFUを越したのち萎凋症状があらわれたことから, この濃度が, 導管を閉塞させうる濃度であろうと推察された. また, 1996年4月12日に栃木県小山市の芝地圃場において実施した「処理濃度 (107～109CFU/ml) と液量 (100～800ml/m2) による影響試験」では, 5月13日の評価時にはいずれの試験区においても著しい防除効果が見られた. 本菌の野外における効果は, 処理濃度や液量よりも, 4月 (月平均気温12.9℃) から5月 (18.0℃)にかけての気温の上昇に大きく影響されるものと推察された.
The Mystic Mind: The Psychology of Medieval Mystics and Ascetics

Preface. Acknowledgments. Part I Psychology and Biology 1. Introduction 2. Heroic Asceticism and Self-Injurious Behavior 3. Mysticism and Altered States of Consciousness 4. Pain and Laceration of the Flesh 5. Sleep Deprivation 6. Fasting and Starvation Part II History. 7. Historical Methods: Selecting a Data Base 8. Pathways to Holiness 9. Radegund 10. Beatrice of Nazareth 11. Beatrice of Ornacieux 12. Henry Suso 13. Mental Illness, Hysteria, and Mysticism 14. Appendix: Statistical Analyses 15. Conclusion Notes. Bibliography.
Imaging of the patellofemoral joint.

The rapidly expanding technologic improvements in diagnostic imaging have afforded radiology an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders. For the past two decades, cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have supplemented conventional radiography, arthrography, and the radionuclide bone scan, to provide important information about biomechanic structure and function of the bones and the joints. This chapter will address the utility of the various imaging modalities in the radiologic assessment of the patellofemoral joint.
MERCURY AIR/SURFACE EXCHANGE KINETICS OF BACKGROUND SOILS OF THE TAHQUAMENON RIVER WATERSHED IN THE MICHIGAN UPPER PENINSULA ?

Air/surface exchange of mercury was investigated over background soils at five sites in the Tahquamenon River watershed in the Michigan Upper Peninsula in the summer of 1998. Measurements of Hg fluxes were performed during middayperiods using the ORNL Teflon dynamic flux chamber. Mean Hg emission fluxes were 1.4±0.3–2.4±1.0 ng m-2 hr-1 for three shaded forest sites and 7.6±1.7 ng m-2 hr-1 for an open field site. Hg dry deposition was observed at a heavily shaded forest site overwet soils (mean = –0.3±0.2 ng m-2 hr-1). Theoverall mean Hg flux was 1.4±1.4 ng m-2 hr-1for the four shaded forest sites. The Hg fluxes observed at these sites are similar to those found at other northern background sites. Significant, rapid response of Hg emission to solar radiation was observed over these background soils. Artificial irrigation over these soils induced immediate andmeasurable increases in Hg emission. Soil temperature was found to be less influential to Hg air/surface exchange over these heavily shaded forest background soils than we have seen elsewhere.
Pharmacokinetics of [14C]abacavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered in a single oral dose to HIV-1-infected adults : a mass balance study

Abacavir (1592U89) ((-)-(1S, 4R)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-2-cyclopentene- 1-m ethanol) is a 2'-deoxyguanosine analogue with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. To determine the metabolic profile, routes of elimination, and total recovery of abacavir and metabolites in humans, we undertook a phase I mass balance study in which six HIV-infected male volunteers ingested a single 600-mg oral dose of abacavir including 100 microCi of [(14)C]abacavir. The metabolic disposition of the drug was determined through analyses of whole-blood, plasma, urine, and stool samples, collected for a period of up to 10 days postdosing, and of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), collected up to 6 h postdosing. The radioactivity from abacavir and its two major metabolites, a 5'-carboxylate (2269W93) and a 5'-glucuronide (361W94), accounted for the majority (92%) of radioactivity detected in plasma. Virtually all of the administered dose of radioactivity (99%) was recovered, with 83% eliminated in urine and 16% eliminated in feces. Of the 83% radioactivity dose eliminated in the urine, 36% was identified as 361W94, 30% was identified as 2269W93, and 1.2% was identified as abacavir; the remaining 15.8% was attributed to numerous trace metabolites, of which <1% of the administered radioactivity was 1144U88, a minor metabolite. The peak concentration of abacavir in CSF ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 microg/ml, which is 8 to 20 times the mean 50% inhibitory concentration for HIV clinical isolates in vitro (0.07 microg/ml). In conclusion, the main route of elimination for oral abacavir in humans is metabolism, with <2% of a dose recovered in urine as unchanged drug. The main route of metabolite excretion is renal, with 83% of a dose recovered in urine. Two major metabolites, the 5'-carboxylate and the 5'-glucuronide, were identified in urine and, combined, accounted for 66% of the dose. Abacavir showed significant penetration into CSF.
Thermal denaturation of type I collagen vitrified gels

Abstract The denaturation kinetics of type I collagen vitrigels synthesized under different vitrification time and temperature were analyzed by the classical Kissinger approach and the advanced model free kinetics (AMFK) using the Vyazovkin algorithm. The AMFK successfully elucidated the overall denaturation into reversible and irreversible processes. Depending on vitrification conditions, the activation energy for the irreversible process ranged from 100 to 200 kJ/mol, and the reversible enthalpy ranged from 250 to 300 kJ/mol. All of these values increased with the vitrification time and temperature, indicating that a more stable and complex structure formed with increased vitrification. The classical Kissinger method predicted the presence of a critical temperate of approximately 60 °C for the transition between reversible and irreversible processes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of fibril structures in vitrigels both before and after full denaturation; however the fibrils had became thicker and rougher after denaturation.
Gender Role Attitudes and Male Adolescent Dating Violence Perpetration: Normative Beliefs as Moderators

Commonly used dating violence prevention programs assume that promotion of more egalitarian gender role attitudes will prevent dating violence perpetration. Empirical research examining this assumption, however, is limited and inconsistent. The current study examined the longitudinal association between gender role attitudes and physical dating violence perpetration among adolescent boys (n = 577; 14 % Black, 5 % other race/ethnicity) and examined whether injunctive (i.e., acceptance of dating violence) and descriptive (i.e., beliefs about dating violence prevalence) normative beliefs moderated the association. As expected, the findings suggest that traditional gender role attitudes at T1 were associated with increased risk for dating violence perpetration 18 months later (T2) among boys who reported high, but not low, acceptance of dating violence (injunctive normative beliefs) at T1. Descriptive norms did not moderate the effect of gender role attitudes on dating violence perpetration. The results suggest that injunctive norms and gender role attitudes work synergistically to increase risk for dating violence perpetration among boys; as such, simultaneously targeting both of these constructs may be an effective prevention approach.
CLOSED-FORM INVERSE KINEMATIC POSITION SOLUTION FOR HUMANOID ROBOTS

This paper focuses on developing a consistent methodology for deriving a closed-form inverse kinematic joint solution of a humanoid robot with decision equations to select a proper solution from multiple solutions. Most researchers resort to iterative methods for inverse kinematics using the Jacobian matrix to avoid the difficulty of finding a closed-form joint solution. Since a closed-form joint solution, if available, has many advantages over iterative methods, we have developed a novel reverse-decoupling method by viewing the kinematic chain of a limb of a humanoid robot in reverse order and then decoupling it into the positioning and orientation mechanisms, and finally utilizing the inverse-transform technique to derive a consistent joint solution for the humanoid robot. The proposed method presents a simple and efficient procedure for finding the joint solution for most of the existing humanoid robots. Extensive computer simulations of the proposed approach on a Hubo KHR-4 humanoid robot show that it can be applied easily to most humanoid robots such as HOAP-2, HRP-2 and ASIMO humanoid robots with slight modifications.
Food Applications of Oat, Sorghum, and Triticale Protein Products

Oat, sorghum, and triticale protein products offer considerable potential as food supplements. Each has special characteritics applicable to improved food product development. High protein or high lysine lines of these grains have been developed in recent years. Oat, sorghum, and triticale protein fractions have been separated from their grains by wet and dry milling procedures and also by air classification. Recent research is reviewed here concerning production and applications of the protein products.
An Integral Equation for Scattering Amplitudes

We outline a dynamical scheme for studying Regge behavior of scattering amplitudes. It is based on unitarity and the concept of short-range momentum-space correlations in high-energy processes.
Prospective evaluation of a teaching model to determine competency in performing flexible sigmoidoscopies

Objective: There are limited objective criteria for determining competency in performing flexible sigmoidoscopies. The authors developed a teaching model using eight objective criteria that measured both cognitive and technical skills in performing flexible sigmoidoscopies. The objective was to determine whether the teaching model was a valid method and then to compare it to a commonly used Overall Competence Score or independent observer method. Methods: A total of 120 procedures with 10 residents were evaluated using the two methods. Eight objective parameters had been determined before validating the teaching model. Preset criteria determined competency on a single procedure, and competent performance on five procedures in a row determined certification to independently perform procedures. The teaching model was separately tested for validity and then compared with the independent observer method. Results: A total of 120 procedures were graded using the teaching model method: 73 competent and 47 incompetent. Six of the seven objective parameters were associated with competency in the teaching model method. The eighth objective parameter was excluded because of lack of variation. Fifty of the 120 procedures were graded using the independent observer method: 36 competent and 14 incompetent. Two of the seven objective parameters were associated with competency in the independent observer method. Comparison of the two methods revealed seven discrepancies regarding competent and incompetent procedures. The correlation between the two methods was 0.71. Conclusion: The teaching model method offers objective criteria to evaluate skill in performing flexible sigmoidoscopies.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: caught in the act of glutamine hydrolysis.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the production of carbamoyl phosphate from two molecules of Mg 2+ ATP, one molecule of bicarbonate, and one molecule of glutamine. The enzyme consists of two polypeptide chains referred to as the large and small subunits. While the large subunit provides the active sites responsible for the binding of nucleotides and other effector ligands, the small subunit contains those amino acid residues that catalyze the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. From both amino acid sequence analyses and structural studies it is now known that the small subunit belongs to the class I amidotransferase family of enzymes. Numerous biochemical studies have suggested that the reaction mechanism of the small subunit proceeds through the formation of the glutamyl thioester intermediate and that both Cys 269 and His 353 are critical for catalysis. Here we describe the X-ray crystallographic structure of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from E. coli in which His 353 has been replaced with an asparagine residue. Crystals employed in the investigation were grown in the presence of glutamine, and the model has been refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 19.1% for all measured X-ray data from 30 to 1.8 A resolution. The active site of the small subunit clearly contains a covalently bound thioester intermediate at Cys 269, and indeed, this investigation provides the first direct structural observation of an enzyme intermediate in the amidotransferase family.