cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbamazepine‐Induced Tics

A variety of movement disorders are known to occur in association with carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy in adults and children, but development of tics has been described infrequently and only in patients with underlying Tourette's syndrome or other movement disorders. We report 3 children with epilepsy who developed facial motor tics after initiation of CBZ for complex partial seizures. All 3 had documented CBZ blood levels in the therapeutic range at the time, and none had other symptoms or signs of clinical intoxication. Neurologic examinations were normal in 2 and showed developmental delay of expressive language in the third. Brain imaging was normal in all. After development of the tics in 2, CBZ was continued at the same or higher dose, and the tics abated and then ceased spontaneously < or = 6 months. In the third child, the tics ceased after CBZ discontinuation. These cases demonstrate that CBZ can induce simple motor tics in children. These idiosyncratic reactions may be transient and do not always necessitate drug discontinuation.
A simple PCR-RFLP method for genetic phase determination in compound heterozygotes

When susceptibility to diseases is caused by cis-effects of multiple alleles at adjacent polymorphic sites, it may be difficult to assess with confidence the genetic phase and identify individuals carrying the risk haplotype. Experimental assessment of genetic phase is still challenging and most population studies use statistical approaches to infer haplotypes given the observed genotypes. While these statistical approaches are powerful and have been proven very useful in large scale genetic population studies, they may be prone to errors in studies with small sample size, especially in the presence of compound heterozygotes. Here, we describe a simple and novel approach using the popular PCR-RFLP based strategy to assess the genetic phase in compound heterozygotes. We apply this method to two extensively studied SNPs in two clustered immune-related genes: The -308 (G>A) and the + 252 (A>G) SNPs of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and the lymphotoxin alpha (LTA) genes, respectively. Using this method, we successfully determined the genetic phase of these two SNPs in known compound heterozygous individuals and in every sample tested. We show that the A allele of TNF -308 is carried on the same chromosome as the LTA +252(G) allele.
ELECTRIC POLARIZATION AND DEPOLARIZATION IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS, STUDIED BY APPARENT ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Electric polarization in cement-based materials (without conductive admixture) under an applied DC electric field was found by apparent electrical resistance measurement to be faster than subsequent depolarization under a reverse field by a factor ranging from 5 to 8. The slow depolarization suggested a degree of ionic trapping. In contrast, depolarization was even faster than polarization in carbon fiber cement, due to the fast hole response. Sand addition slowed down polarization saturation, but enhanced the polarization. Silica fume addition did not slow down polarization saturation, but diminished the polarization slightly. An increase in temperature enhanced the polarization due to increase in ionic mobility.
From Me to We: the Role of the Psychological Contract in Team Formation

In this paper we integrate the psychological contract literature with the shared cognition and mental model literature to help explain team formation. The model attempts to illustrate how individuals, entering into a team relationship, may evolve into team players and thus develop outcomes that build positive attributions with the team. The model begins by exploring how the expectations an individual brings into a team situation forge a psychological contract with their team which ultimately affects the team's outcomes by influencing the mental models an individual associates with their team. The role of communication activities in this process is also discussed, since information exchange forms the basis for an individual's perceptions and judgments about their new environment. Finally, the moderating effect of trust is incorporated to help explain individual differences in "assessing" the impact of actions taken by other team members.
A Review of: “Ethical Visions of Education”

This book is a collection of essays discussing the work of ten philosophers of education from around the world, including Austria, Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, and the United States....
Elasticity of the Lens Capsule as Measured by Osmotic Swelling

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. June 2010. Major: Biomedical Engineering. Advisor: Victor Howard Barocas. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 66 pages, appendices A-D. Ill. (some col.)
Periodontal disease status in gullah african americans with type 2 diabetes living in South Carolina.

Background: African Americans have a disproportionate burden of diabetes. Gullah African Americans are the most genetically homogeneous population of African descent in the United States, with an estimated European admixture of only 3.5%. This study assessed the previously unknown prevalence of periodontal disease among a sample of Gullah African Americans with diabetes and investigated the association between diabetes control and the presence of periodontal disease.Methods: Two hundred thirty-five Gullah African Americans with type 2 diabetes were included. Diabetes control was assessed by percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and divided into three categories: well controlled, 8.5%. Participants were categorized as healthy (no clinical attachment loss [AL] or bleeding on probing) or as having early periodontitis (clinical AL ≥1 mm in at least two teeth), moderate periodontitis (three sites with clinical AL ≥4 mm and at least two sit...
HIV-1 infection and CD4 T cell depletion in the humanized Rag2 -/- γc -/- (RAG-hu) mouse model

The currently well-established humanized mouse models, namely the hu-PBL-SCID and SCID-hu systems played an important role in HIV pathogenesis studies. However, despite many notable successes, several limitations still exist. They lack multi-lineage human hematopoiesis and a functional human immune system. These models primarily reflect an acute HIV infection with rapid CD4 T cell loss thus limiting pathogenesis studies to a short-term period. The new humanized Rag2-/-γc-/- mouse model (RAG-hu) created by intrahepatic injection of CD34 hematopoietic stem cells sustains long-term multi-lineage human hematopoiesis and is capable of mounting immune responses. Thus, this model shows considerable promise to study long-term in vivo HIV infection and pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate that RAG-hu mice produce human cell types permissive to HIV-1 infection and that they can be productively infected by HIV-1 ex vivo. To assess the capacity of these mice to sustain long-term infection in vivo, they were infected by either X4-tropic or R5-tropic HIV-1. Viral infection was assessed by PCR, co-culture, and in situ hybridization. Our results show that both X4 and R5 viruses are capable of infecting RAG-hu mice and that viremia lasts for at least 30 weeks. Moreover, HIV-1 infection leads to CD4 T cell depletion in peripheral blood and thymus, thus mimicking key aspects of HIV-1 pathogenesis. Additionally, a chimeric HIV-1 NL4-3 virus expressing a GFP reporter, although capable of causing viremia, failed to show CD4 T cell depletion possibly due to attenuation. The humanized RAG-hu mouse model, characterized by its capacity for sustained multi-lineage human hematopoiesis and immune response, can support productive HIV-1 infection. Both T cell and macrophage tropic HIV-1 strains can cause persistent infection of RAG-hu mice resulting in CD4 T cell loss. Prolonged viremia in the context of CD4 T cell depletion seen in this model mirrors the main features of HIV infection in the human. Thus, the RAG-hu mouse model of HIV-1 infection shows great promise for future in vivo pathogenesis studies, evaluation of new drug treatments, vaccines and novel gene therapy strategies.
Mechanism for collision-induced transitions between Λ-doublets in 1Π molecules: Reduction to a single scattering potential

Abstract The theory is presented for rotational excitation of 1 Π molecules by collisions with rare gas atoms. It is shown that collision dynamics are described by the two electronic potential energy surfaces which correlate with the electronically degenerate Λ components (doublets) in the diatomic molecule. Because the ±Λ degeneracy can alternatively be described as being in the rotational rather than in the electronic degree of freedom, one can reformulate the collision dynamics in terms of a single effective electronic potential which then depends on Φ, the angle of rotation about the diatomic axis. The form of this Φ dependence is found to be identical to that postulated to explain experimental data for collisional transfer of laser-induced fluorescence.
Demystify Statistical Significance—Time to Move on From the P Value to Bayesian Analysis

Compared to the long histories of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, statistics is a young science. Rooted in mathematics, statistics is a science of quantitative reasoning. It provides a formal framework for assessing the strength of evidence in the midst of uncertainty. More specifically, statistics allows one to quantify the probability of an event to make proper inference. It provides tools that we can use to sift through mountains of information to identify the signal and filter out the noise. Recently, the United Nations declared October 20, 2010, as “World Statistics Day.” The declaration stated “On 20 October 2010, the World will celebrate the first World Statistics Day, to raise awareness of the many achievements of official statistics premised on the core values of service, integrity and professionalism” (1).
Platform for JFET-based sensing of RF MEMS resonators in CMOS technology

This paper presents an RF MEMS resonator with embedded junction field effect transistor (JFET) for efficient electrical detection of the high quality factor acoustic resonance. A homogenous single-crystal silicon resonator is excited in its fundamental thickness extensional resonant mode at 1.61 GHz with a quality factor of 25,900. This device can be fully integrated into a typical SOI CMOS technology with minimal modifications to the existing front-end process. Furthermore, it achieves an acoustic transconductance of 171 µS at a bias current of 143 µA, approaching a practical range for monolithic, low-power RF systems.
Recognizing small subgraphs

Although the general problem of subgraph isomorphism is NP-complete, polynomial-time algorithms exist for recognizing any fixed subgraph. However, certain subgraphs appear easier to recognize than others. In this paper, we present general algorithms for fixed-subgraph isomorphism which improve or unify previous results. In particular, we present an O(n f m) algorithm for recognizing a fixed subgraph H with flower number f within a graph G with n vertices and m edges. Special cases of this algorithm match the best algorithms known for recognizing small paths, cycles, and cliques. Further, we improve previous results for recognizing C 5 and small even cycles C 2k , k ≥ 3
Evaluating Community-Based Health Programs That Seek to Increase Community Capacity

Central to most community-based programs is the goal of improving the community's capacity to address its own problems. Evaluating changes in community capacity requires contextualized definitions that (1) respect geographic, political, academic, and community perspectives and (2) inclusive evaluation approaches.
Electro-oxidation of formic acid catalyzed by FePt nanoparticles

The electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid at a gold electrode functionalized with FePt nanoparticles was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a mixed solution of 0.1 M HCOOH and 0.1 M HClO4. The FePt bimetallic nanoparticles, with a mean diameter of 3 nm, were prepared by a chemical reduction method. The Au/FePt nanostructured electrode was prepared firstly by the deposition of FePt nanoparticles onto a clean Au electrode surface, followed by ultraviolet ozone treatment to remove the organic coating. In CV measurements, two well-defined anodic peaks were observed at +0.20 and +0.51 V (vs. a Ag/AgCl quasi-reference). The anodic peak at +0.20 V was attributed to the oxidation of HCOOH to CO2 on surface unblocked by CO, whereas the peak at +0.51 V was ascribed to the oxidation of surface-adsorbed CO (an intermediate product of HCOOH oxidation) and further oxidation of bulk HCOOH. From the onset potential and current density of the electro-oxidation of HCOOH, FePt nanoparticles exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activities as compared to Pt and other metal alloys. EIS measurements were carried out to further examine the reaction kinetics involved in the HCOOH electro-oxidation. The EIS responses were found to be strongly dependent on electrode potentials. At potentials more positive than −0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), pseudo-inductive behavior was typically observed. At potentials between +0.3 and +0.5 V, the impedance response was found to reverse from the first quadrant to the second quadrant; such negative Faradaic impedance was indicative of the presence of an inductive component due to the oxidation of surface-adsorbed CO. The impedance responses returned to normal behavior at more positive potentials (+0.6 to +0.9 V). The mechanistic variation was attributed to the formation of different intermediates (CO or oxygen containing species) on the electrode surface in different potential regions. Two equivalent circuits were proposed to model these impedance behaviors.
Studies on the Ecology and Population Biology of Little Known Ecuadorian Anoles

Abstract Little is known about the ecology and natural history of South American anoles. This study reports the results of a variety of different studies on several relatively common species of Ecuadorian Anolis. In part I, habitat use and population density are compared among three species of Anolis that occur in sympatry at a number of sites in Ecuador. The three species—A. chloris, A. festae, and A. peraccae—are roughly the same body size. These species perch primarily on tree trunks, and A. chloris perches substantially higher than the other two species, which are similar in perch height. Large differences from one year to the next were observed both in mean perch height and in population densities. In Part II, natural history, growth rates, and population densities are reported for two little known Anolis species, A. bitectus and A. gemmosus. Although the two species are from nearby regions and are similar in microhabitat use, they show more differences than similarities in most aspects of their biol...
Site Fidelity of Shrubland and Forest Birds

Abstract. In eastern North America, most early-successional woody habitats are ephemeral and succeed to forests within a few decades. Consequently, for shrubland birds patches of habitat are generally suitable for breeding for only a short time. This has led some authors to suggest that shrubland birds should show little fidelity to former breeding sites and frequently disperse to new, more suitable patches. Similarly, one would expect birds of mature forests to have greater site fidelity because their habitats are more stable. Understanding the dispersal strategies of shrubland birds has important implications for the management and conservation of these declining species. Therefore, I used meta-analysis to compare rates of site fidelity of migratory shrubland and forest passerines that breed in eastern North America. For adult birds, site fidelity of shrubland (estimate ± SE = 0.353 ± 0.022) and forest species (0.364 ± 0.036) was similar. Philopatry of yearling birds to their natal site was lower but si...
S‐(1‐Oxido‐2‐pyridinyl)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethylthiouronium Hexafluorophosphate (HOTT)

[212333-72-7] C10H16N3OSPF6 (MW 371.28) InChI = 1S/C10H16N3OS.F6P/c1-11(2)10(12(3)4)15-9-7-5-6-8-13(9)14;1-7(2,3,4,5)6/h5-8H,1-4H3;/q+1;-1 InChIKey = UCOGEMMJHLHOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used to convert carboxylic acids into Barton esters and for peptide coupling/amidation) Physical Data: mp 115–116°C. Solubility: acetonitrile, CH2Cl2, THF (moderate solubility). Form Supplied in: white solid. Purification: recrystallized from CH2Cl2. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: it is advised to protect the solid from prolonged exposure to light since 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide and related compounds can be light-sensitive. Preparative Methods: the title reagent can be prepared by slowly adding Et3N to a dry CH2Cl2 solution of 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide and tetramethylchloroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate.1 After removal of CH2Cl2 from the reaction mixture, the resulting solid mass is pulverized, washed with CHCl3, and then filtered to give a white solid of sufficient purity to be used in subsequent reactions.2
Holland’s Embedding Theorem

Recall example 1.1.15: Let T be a totally ordered set and A(T) the l-group of orderpreserving permutations of T, where α ∈ A(T) is positive if tα ≥ t for all t ∈ T. Birkhoff [B] asked what l-groups can be constructed in this manner. Holland [63] gave a partial answer to this question and in the process provided a new perspective from which l-groups can be studied. (Bigard, Keimel and Wolfenstein [BKW] refer to this as “l’ecole americaine”.) Holland’s main result is that every l-group is l-isomorphic to an l-subgroup of the l-group of order-preserving permutations of some totally ordered set. In this chapter we will derive Holland’s theorem, along with some immediate consequences. For a more complete study of groups viewed in this manner see [G]. The reader should note that after Holland’s theorem is proved we will employ multiplicative notation extensively.
Attitude toward Visionary Leadership.

Typologies of leadership style are emerging from naturalistic studies conducted by researchers at school sites. Through extensive observation and interviews with members of schools, researchers hav...
The Effect of Same-Gender and Same-Race Role Models on Occupation Choice: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Mentors at West Point

We use random assignment of role models to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point to investigate the effect of same gender or race mentors on occupation choice in the United States Army. Women and racial minorities have traditionally been underrepresented in certain branches in the Army and these disparities seem to persist over time. We find that when a female cadet is assigned a female tactical officer, the cadet is 5.9 and 18.1 percentage points more likely to pick her officer's branch as her first or among her top three branch preferences respectively. These results are robust to controlling for a limited choice set for females and the timing of the mentorship. We find that black cadets paired with black officers are 6.1 percentage points more likely to pick their role model's branch. However, we find no results for Hispanic cadets.
Fumigation of the Immature Stages of Clothes Moths and Carpet Beetles With a Mixture of Ethylene Dichloride and Carbon Tetrachloride

A mixture composed of three parts by volume of ethylene dichloride to one part by volume of carbon tetrachloride is a practical household fumigant for clothes moths and carpet beetles. When confined for 48 hours in an ordinary trunk, two fluid ounces to 5 cubic feet, proved toxic to eggs and larvae of the common clothes moth, and to larvae of both the black and the varied carpet beetle, even at temperatures somewhat below 70°F. Satisfactory results were also obtained when the mixture was used in a tight closet.
Mean flow and noise measurements in the Purdue Quiet-Flow Ludwieg Tube

Purdue University continues to develop a 9.5-inch Mach-6 Ludwieg tube for quiet-flow operation to high Reynolds number. The aerodynamic and mechanical design were reported earlier, along with the design and testing of several facility subsystems. Here, measurements of the completed nozzle contour are reported, along with preliminary measurements of the tunnel performance. A fast transducer was used to make pitot-pressure measurements of the mean flow and fluctuations on the nozzle centerline. The run time is about 10 seconds. The mean Mach number decreases from about 6.0 at 1 atm. stagnation pressure to about 5.5 at 10 atm. The pitot-pressure fluctuations decrease from about 4% at a stagnation pressure of 1 atm. to about 1% at 10 atm. Problems with the bleed slot flow are suspected to be the cause of the lack of quiet flow; the pressure fluctuations at the geometrical minimum of the bleed slot range from 0.4% at 1 atm. to 0.2% at 10 atm.
A Search for Treponema pallidum in the Lymph Nodes of the Syphilitic Mouse.

Summary1. Attempts to use dark field examinations of the lymph nodes of mice as proofs of syphilitic infection 45 and 90 days after inoculation have failed, using the method employed successfully by Kato.2. This failure to find the Treponema pallidum in lymph nodes by Kato's method confirms Karrenberg's studies.3. More exhaustive methods of searching for the treponeme, such as those of Van Haelst, appear to be necessary.
A Catalyst is a Resilient Self-Assembly in Space and Time

To illustrate the operation of any homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst, we select the smallest possible catalytic cycle made up of only two elementary steps (Fig. 1).
Epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Baodi District of Tianjin from 2006-2011

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Baodi District of Tianjin,provide the scientific evidence for developing the effective prevention and control strategies.[Methods]The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of mumps in Baodi District of Tianjin from 2006-2011.[Results]A total of 1 123 mumps cases were reported in Baodi District of Tianjin from 2006-2011,and the average annual incidence rate was 24.39/lakh.The peak season was May to July.82.64% of cases were students,while scattered children and preschool children accounted for 7.84% and 2.67% respectively.85.44% of patients were people aged 5-19 years old,and male patients(681 cases) were more than female patients(442 cases).Four mump outbreaks were reported in primary and middle schools with 401 cases,accounting for 35.71% of the total cases.[Conclusion]The students are the high risk population of mump in Baodi District.It is necessary to further strengthen the surveillance of mumps,and carry out the MMR vaccination among preschool children.
Understanding How Groups Work: A Study of Homogeneous Peer Group Failures

The study examines thirty-six homogeneous peer support groups that failed to positively benefit most of the participants. Outcomes were assessed pre and one-year post using measures of mental health, marital relationships, and motherhood role indices. Four central group process characteristics previously found to be common in successful peer support groups were used as a framework for developing a series of post hoc hypotheses. The groups were found to be low on cohesiveness defined behaviorally, saliency, cognitive structures for reframing common dilemmas, and limited in the range of therapeutic experiences.
TerrainLOS: An Outdoor Propagation Model for Realistic Sensor Network Simulation

We present TerrainLOS, an outdoor propagation model that uses Digital Elevation Models to determine whether two nodes can communicate. We have implemented TerrainLOS in the sensor network simulator COOJA and used it to evaluate how the roughness of terrain, which we classify using Average Cumulative Visibility, affects the number of edges, connectedness, latency, and power of a network. We compare the difference in results when using TerrainLOS and a simpler propagation model to show how the performance of outdoor simulation is greatly affected by a model that takes terrain into account.
Neuromediators for cholestatic pruritus

Cholestatic pruritus is one of the most common complaints in patients with liver diseases and intra- or post- hepatic cholestasis. The mechanisms of cholestatic pruritus remain poorly understood although multiple factors are considered to participate in the pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus. Recent exciting studies have discovered several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and endogenous chemical ligands that play critical roles in mediating cholestatic pruritus in animal models and patients. These new findings have provided novel insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cholestatic pruritus and improved our understanding of the etiology and treatment for the condition.
Continued fractions and q-series generating functions for the generalized sum-of-divisors functions

Abstract We construct new continued fraction expansions of Jacobi-type J-fractions in z whose power series expansions generate the ratio of the q-Pochhammer symbols, ( a ; q ) n / ( b ; q ) n , for all integers n ≥ 0 and where a , b , q ∈ C are non-zero and defined such that | q | 1 and | b / a | | z | 1 . If we set the parameters ( a , b ) : = ( q , q 2 ) in these generalized series expansions, then we have a corresponding J-fraction enumerating the sequence of terms ( 1 − q ) / ( 1 − q n + 1 ) over all integers n ≥ 0 . Thus we are able to define new q-series expansions which correspond to the Lambert series generating the divisor function, d ( n ) , when we set z ↦ q in our new J-fraction expansions. By repeated differentiation with respect to z, we also use these generating functions to formulate new q-series expansions of the generating functions for the sums-of-divisors functions, σ α ( n ) , when α ∈ Z + . To expand the new q-series generating functions for these special arithmetic functions we define a generalized class of so-termed Stirling-number-like “q-coefficients”, or Stirling q-coefficients, whose properties, relations to elementary symmetric polynomials, and relations to the convergents to our infinite J-fractions are also explored within the results proved in the article.
The Anticipation of Immediate Versus Final Consequences of Positive, Negative, and Ambiguous Life Events in Depressed and Nondepressed College Students

College students, categorized either depressed or nondepressed based on Beck Depression Inventory scores, served as subjects in this research. Their anticipation of immediate versus final consequences of positive, negative, and ambiguous life events was assessed. They were asked to write out what they believed would be the immediate and final consequences of specific life events. Events were defined as positive, negative, and ambiguous with subtype categories of affiliation and achievement. Subjects were then asked to rate the impact intensity on their lives of each anticipated consequence. The results indicate that depressive college students expect greater erosion over time of the impact of positive events than do nondepressives.
Unusual galena from the Boulder Batholith, Montana

A brief study was made of the occurrence of a galena biceral associated with uraninite, which it resembles both in shape and in their isolated occurrence in microcrystalline quartz. (J.E.D.)
The influence of topographic roughness on lava flow emplacement

A quantitative understanding of the factors controlling lava flow emplacement is critical for both hazard assessment and mitigation and for the interpretation of past flow emplacement conditions. The influence of topography with a vertical amplitude smaller than flow thickness (i.e., substrate roughness) is currently not accounted for in most flow emplacement models and hazard estimates. Here, we measure the effect of substrate roughness on flow emplacement through experiments using analog fluids and molten basalt, complementing recent work on the interaction of lava flows with obstacles taller than flow thickness. We present results from three sets of analog experiments, in which corn syrup, polyethylene glycol, and molten basalt were each extruded onto a sloping plane covered with a series of beds of varying grain sizes. We find that flow front advance rates are impacted by bed roughness for all materials, with decreases in average velocities by up to 50% with increases of substrate grain sizes by 5–100 times, ranges analogous with topographic variations found in nature. These decreases in flow front advance velocities are equivalent to up to an order of magnitude increase in fluid viscosity. We interpret this velocity decrease to be caused by the movement of material into void spaces between substrate grains and by enhanced cooling through heat conduction to the substrate due to increased surface contact area. The difference in advance velocity with increasing grain size diminishes with time after initial emplacement as a basal boundary layer is established. Additionally, the experimental flow geometry, measured by the complexity of the flow external perimeter, became increasingly complex with increasing substrate grain size. This effect will act to both slow the forward advance of lava flows and to create irregular emplacement paths of flows moving over rough surfaces. We propose that flow emplacement models should be modified, possibly through a calibrated “effective viscosity” term, to account for bed roughness to increase accuracy in flow prediction and hazard estimation models.
Chapter 14 – Novel Methods to Eliminate the Immune Response to Adenovirus Gene Therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses novel methods to suppress immune responses to adenovirus gene therapy. Suppression of the T-cell main response to adenovirus has been achieved using the same paradigms to reduce the cellular immune response as applied in other systems. This includes reducing the T-cell response either by inhibiting T-cell activation at the surface by blocking costimulatory molecules such as the CD28/CTLA4 or B7.1/B7.2 ligand pathway or by blocking intracellular signaling using cyclosporine or FK506. More general immunosuppressants such as prednisone and cyclophosphamide also suppress the immune response and are synergistic with more specific T-cell surface or intracellular signaling pathways. A second approach to suppress the immune response is by reducing the antigenicity of the adenovirus or the transgene. The immune response to the transgene is similar to the immune response to any biological administered reagent. These responses lead to neutralizing antibodies or elimination mechanisms for antibody response.
Valuation of Land Using Regression Analysis

Estimating the market value of vacant land is one of the more difficult tasks of current real estate appraisal. The problem applies equally to the appraisal of a single site or to the mass appraisal of land. Appraisal texts list several methods to use for this purpose. Regardless of the method chosen, however, when land sales are sparse, valuation may be reduced to an educated guess.
On Continuous Dependence of Fixed Points of Condensing Maps

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the continuous dependence of fixed points of condensing maps. It presents an assumption in which X is a Banach space, the parameter λ belongs to a metric space ∧, and the family Tλ (λ ∈ A) is collectively α-condensing. The Kuratowski measure α of noncompactness associates with a subset B of X the number α(B) = inf{r : B can be covered by a finite number of sets with diameter less than r}. Anoperator T is α-condensing if for every B ⊂ X the inequality α(TB) ≥ α(B) implies α(B) = 0. Many differential and integral equations, and functional differential equations can be reduced to a fixed-point equation x = Tx, where T is α-condensing. The mapping s(λ) that associates with each λ the set of solutions of the equation x = Tλx is a multivalued mapping with the possibility of empty values. The only values of Tλ that are involved in creating s(λ) are the fixed points of the operator. Without any restrictions, one could change Tλ on the complement of s(λ) and maintain the same set of fixed points.
Unravelling High-Energy Hadron Structures with Lattice QCD

Parton distribution functions are key quantities for us to understand the hadronic structures in high-energy scattering, but they are difficult to calculate from lattice QCD. Recent years have seen fast development of the large-momentum effective theory which allows extraction of the $x$-dependence of parton distribution functions from a quasi-parton distribution function that can be directly calculated on lattice. The extraction is based on a factorization formula for the quasi-parton distribution function that has been derived rigorously in perturbation theory. A systematic procedure that includes renormalization, perturbative matching, and power corrections has been established to calculate parton distribution functions. Latest progress from lattice QCD has shown promising signs that it will become an effective tool for calculating parton physics.
EFFICIENT SYNTHESES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF NEW BENZENE-CONTAINING CRYPTANDS

Seven new cryptands 3–9 containing two or three aromatic rings in one bridge were prepared in good yields by treating N,N'-bis(p-chlorophenol)-substituted diaza-18-crown-6 (2) with three oligoethylene glycol ditosylates, 1,3-propanediol ditosylate, 2,6-pyridinedimethanol ditosylate, α,α'-dibromo-o-xylene and α,α'-dibromo-p-xylene. Because of the convenient synthesis of 2 from N,N'-bis(methoxymethyl)diaza-18-crown-6 (1) and the relative ease of isolation of the cryptand products, this is an excellent method for the design of three-dimensional cavities containing aromatic fragments. In an attempt to better understand the synthetic route to the cryptands, the crystal structures of KI·2 and Na Picrate·2 were determined using X-ray analysis. In addition, crystal structure analyses of cryptands 3, 6 and 8 were used to establish their structures.
Reformation and Confessionalization

This article provides an overview of the historiography and the major historical developments of the Protestant Reformation, Catholic reform, and confessionalization in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Germany and Europe. In the first part of this article, the historiography of the Reformation and the confessional age is discussed, with particular emphasis on questions of periodization. In the second part, the major historical developments between the late Middle Ages and the middle of the seventeenth century in the German Empire as well as in Europe are summarized.
Preparing Teachers in a Pedagogy of Third Space: A Postcolonial Approach to Contextual and Sustainable Early Childhood Teacher Education

ABSTRACTThis article draws from a series of qualitative inquiries conducted with early childhood teachers in some Asian countries (primarily India) and interrogates the sustainability of applying E...
Site-directed mutagenesis to enhance thermostability of Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase is a secreted glycoprotein containing Nlinked carbohydrate recognition sites at Asnl71, Asnl82, and Asn395. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed at Asnl82 and Asn395 to determine whether these res­ idues were N-glycosylated by S. cerevisiae, to investigate the function of any glycans linked to them, and to determine the effect of their deamidation on glucoamy­ lase thermostability. Asnl71 and Asn395, but not Asnl82, were N-glycosylated. Deletion of the glycan N-linked to Asn395 did not affect specific activity, but great­ ly decreased enzyme secretion and thermostability. The mutant lacking the N-glycan linked to Asn395 was synthesized very slowly, and was more associated with cell membrane components and susceptible to protease degradation than were wild-type or other mutant glucoamylases. Its secreted form was thirty-fold less thermostable than wild-type enzyme at pH 4.5. Replacement of Asnl82 by Gin to eliminate deamidation at this site did not change glucoamylase specific activity or thermostability, while replacement by Asp decreased specific activity about 25% but increased thermostability moderately at pH 4.5 below 70°C. Both mutations of Asnl82 increased glucoamylase production.
La procreazione medicalmente assistita tra diritto e clinica: il ruolo del medico

In Italy, assisted reproduction is regulated by a variety of sources, the most important being Law 40/2004. The paper discusses how the tight legal framework allocates ample discretion to physicians who play a major role in various aspects of assisted reproduction – namely in implementing a gatekeeping role whenever a couple applies for access to assisted reproduction, in choosing the techniques that better suits the couple, and in performing preimplantation embryo testing aiming to select which embryo (or embryos) is suitable for implantation. The paper also highlights the professional, legal and ethical responsibility of physicians that arises whenever a couple seeks treatment for infertility or sterility.
Magnetic field-induced quantum criticality via new asymptotically AdS5 solutions

Using analytical methods, we derive and extend previously obtained numerical results on the low temperature properties of holographic duals to four-dimensional gauge theories at finite density in a nonzero magnetic field. We find a new asymptotically AdS5 solution representing the system at zero temperature. This solution has vanishing entropy density, and the charge density in the bulk is carried entirely by fluxes. The dimensionless magnetic field to charge density ratio for these solutions is bounded from below, with a quantum critical point appearing at the lower bound. Using matched asymptotic expansions, we extract the low temperature thermodynamics of the system. Above the critical magnetic field, the low temperature entropy density takes a simple form, linear in the temperature, and with a specific heat coefficient diverging at the critical point. At the critical magnetic field, we derive the scaling law s ~ T1/3 inferred previously from the numerical analysis. We also compute the full scaling function describing the region near the critical point and identify the dynamical critical exponent: z = 3. These solutions are expected to holographically represent boundary theories in which strongly interacting fermions are filling up a Fermi sea. They are fully top–down constructions in which both the bulk and boundary theories have well-known embeddings in the string theory.Communicated by S F Ross
Effects of Graded Buffer Design and Active Region Structure on GaAsP Single-Junction Solar Cells Grown on GaP/Si Templates

We investigated the effect of GaAs y P 1-y graded buffer layer design and cell structure on GaAsP solar cells grown on GaP/Si templates. Heavy Si doping in the graded buffer layer increases threading dislocation density (TDD) by 2.7× compared to no doping, while heavy Be doping has little or no effect on TDD. Higher TDD increases the bandgap-voltage offset, but its effect on short-circuit current density is more complex. For example, by implementing an n+/i/p structure in cells with elevated TDD, we could obtain significantly higher internal quantum efficiencies at 500–750 nm compared to n+/p structures with low TDD. All cells investigated here achieved efficiencies of 15.5-15.9% despite TDD values ranging from 4.5×106-1.2×107 cm−2.
Co-free CuFeMnNi high-entropy alloy with tunable tensile properties by thermomechanical processing

An equiatomic CuFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) was synthesized and homogenized at 1000 °C to achieve a microstructure of single face centered cubic phase based on CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) prediction. The strength and ductility of this Co-free (low cost) HEA can be tuned through thermomechanical processing (cold rolling and annealing at temperatures ranging from 650 °C to 950 °C). Electron backscattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the deformation microstructure of this new HEA. The results show that plastic deformation was achieved through the slip of full dislocations with Burgers vector of a/2 . No dissociated dislocations and deformation twins were observed, indicating that this alloy poses high stacking-fault energy, which is supported by first principle calculations. The research suggests that further improvement on the mechanical properties of this alloy can be achieved by reducing stacking-fault energy via alloying, providing a promising low-cost alternative to CoCrFeMnNi HEAs for engineering applications.
Characterization of QUBO reformulations for the maximum $k$-colorable subgraph problem

Quantum devices can be used to solve constrained combinatorial optimization (COPT) problems thanks to the use of penalization methods to embed the COPT problem's constraints in its objective to obtain a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) reformulation of the COPT. However, the particular way in which this penalization is carried out, affects the value of the penalty parameters, as well as the number of additional binary variables that are needed to obtain the desired QUBO reformulation. In turn, these factors substantially affect the ability of quantum computers to efficiently solve these constrained COPT problems. This efficiency is key towards the goal of using quantum computers to solve constrained COPT problems more efficiently than with classical computers. Along these lines, we consider an important constrained COPT problem; namely, the maximum $k$-colorable subgraph (M$k$CS) problem, in which the aim is to find an induced $k$-colorable subgraph with maximum cardinality in a given graph. This problem arises in channel assignment in spectrum sharing networks, VLSI design, human genetic research, and cybersecurity. We derive two QUBO reformulations for the M$k$CS problem, and fully characterize the range of the penalty parameters that can be used in the QUBO reformulations. Further, one of the QUBO reformulations of the M$k$CS problem is obtained without the need to introduce additional binary variables. To illustrate the benefits of obtaining and characterizing these QUBO reformulations, we benchmark different QUBO reformulations of the M$k$CS problem by performing numerical tests on D-Wave's quantum annealing devices. These tests also illustrate the numerical power gained by using the latest D-Wave's quantum annealing device.
Grieving Critically: Barack Obama and the Counter-Eulogy:

How can grieving communities respond to public loss while also seizing the reflective and transformative potential inherent in moments of collective mourning? In this article, I explore this questi...
Transient receptor potential canonical 5 mediates inflammatory mechanical and spontaneous pain in mice

Tactile and spontaneous pains are poorly managed symptoms of inflammatory and neuropathic injury. Here, we found that transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5) is a chief contributor to both of these sensations in multiple rodent pain models. Use of TRPC5 knockout mice and inhibitors revealed that TRPC5 selectively contributes to the mechanical hypersensitivity associated with CFA injection, skin incision, chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, sickle cell disease, and migraine, all of which were characterized by elevated concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Accordingly, exogenous application of LPC induced TRPC5-dependent behavioral mechanical allodynia, neuronal mechanical hypersensitivity, and spontaneous pain in naive mice. Lastly, we found that 75% of human sensory neurons express TRPC5, the activity of which is directly modulated by LPC. On the basis of these results, TRPC5 inhibitors might effectively treat spontaneous and tactile pain in conditions characterized by elevated LPC.
Machine learning applications to enhance patient specific care for urologic surgery

As computational power has improved over the past 20 years, the daily application of machine learning methods has become more prevalent in daily life. Additionally, there is increasing interest in the clinical application of machine learning techniques. We sought to review the current literature regarding machine learning applications for patient-specific urologic surgical care. We performed a broad search of the current literature via the PubMed-Medline and Google Scholar databases up to Dec 2020. The search terms “urologic surgery” as well as “artificial intelligence”, “machine learning”, “neural network”, and “automation” were used. The focus of machine learning applications for patient counseling is disease-specific. For stone disease, multiple studies focused on the prediction of stone-free rate based on preoperative characteristics of clinical and imaging data. For kidney cancer, many studies focused on advanced imaging analysis to predict renal mass pathology preoperatively. Machine learning applications in prostate cancer could provide for treatment counseling as well as prediction of disease-specific outcomes. Furthermore, for bladder cancer, the reviewed studies focus on staging via imaging, to better counsel patients towards neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Additionally, there have been many efforts on automatically segmenting and matching preoperative imaging with intraoperative anatomy. Machine learning techniques can be implemented to assist patient-centered surgical care and increase patient engagement within their decision-making processes. As data sets improve and expand, especially with the transition to large-scale EHR usage, these tools will improve in efficacy and be utilized more frequently.
Brain metastases

Despite advances in the treatment of cancer, brain metastases appear to be increasing in frequency and are associated with a poor prognosis. Type of tumor, age, performance status, and extent of systemic disease are important prognostic factors that should be taken into consideration when making treatment decisions. Patients with a good performance status and controlled systemic disease may benefit from aggressive focal therapies (surgery or radiosurgery). Whole brain radiotherapy seems to increase local control but is associated with the risk of delayed cognitive deterioration in long-term survivors. In spite of this, whole brain radiotherapy remains the standard of care for those patients with poorer prognosis and for the treatment of recurrence after focal therapy. Chemotherapy has a limited role in the treatment of brain metastases but should be considered in selected patient populations.
Long-term Pannexin 1 ablation promotes structural and functional modifications in hippocampal neurons through the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and Rho GTPases activity

Enhanced activity and overexpression of Pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels contribute to neuronal pathologies, such as epilepsy and Alzheimers disease (AD). In the hippocampus, the PANX1 channels ablation alters glutamatergic neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and memory flexibility. Nevertheless, PANX1-knockout (KO) mice still preserve the ability to learn, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms work to stabilize neuronal activity. Here, we show that the absence of PANX1 in the adult brain promotes a series of structural and functional modifications in KO hippocampal synapses, preserving spontaneous activity. Adult CA1 neurons of KO mice exhibit enhanced excitability, complex dendritic branching, spine maturation, and multiple synaptic contacts compared to the WT condition. These modifications seem to rely on the actin-cytoskeleton dynamics as an increase in actin polymerization and an imbalance between Rac1 and RhoA GTPase activity is observed in the absence of PANX1. Our findings highlight a novel interaction between PANX1, actin, and small Rho GTPases that appear to be relevant for synapse maintenance as a long-term compensatory mechanism for PANX1 deficiency.