cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new procedure for implementing the modified inherent strain method with improved accuracy in predicting both residual stress and deformation for laser powder bed fusion

Abstract As a metal additive manufacturing (AM) process, laser powder bed fusion ( L -PBF) has been widely used to produce parts with complex geometries. The large thermal gradient caused by the fast, intense, and repeated laser scanning induces significant residual deformation and stress to the as-built parts, which increase manufacturing difficulty and geometrical inaccuracy as a result. The modified inherent strain (MIS) method exploiting multiscale process simulations was developed to simulate residual deformation accurately and efficiently. However, the existing procedure of implementing the MIS method is found to give inaccurate residual stress prediction. In this work, a new implementation procedure for the MIS method is proposed to improve the simulation accuracy of residual stress without degrading the residual deformation prediction. The new procedure concerns the application of inherent strains to the part-scale layer-by-layer finite element model to obtain residual stress and deformation field. While the existing implementation of the part-scale MIS model involves only mechanical properties at ambient temperature, the new procedure adds one more solution step employing mechanical properties at an elevated temperature determined from the inherent strain extraction step. Both numerical and experimental studies are conducted to validate the proposed new implementation procedure. It shows that by using the new procedure, the MIS-based simulation can predict both residual stress and deformation of as-built L -PBF metal parts with good accuracy.
Association of human leukocyte antigen mismatches between donor-recipient and donor-donor in pancreas after kidney transplant recipients.

The effects of HLA mismatching on pancreas outcomes among pancreas after kidney (PAK) recipients are undefined. Outcomes might potentially differ depending on whether there is a mismatch between pancreas donor and recipient (PD-R) or pancreas donor and kidney donor(PD-KD). All primary PAK at our centre were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the degree of HLA mismatching: low (L-MM) as 0-4 and high (H-MM) as 5-6. We analysed all (N = 73) PAK for PD-R mismatch and the subset of PAK for PD-KD mismatch (N = 71). Comparing PD-R L-MM (n = 39) and H-MM (n = 34) PAKs, we observed no difference in the rate of pancreas graft failure. There was also no difference in the rate of rejection (L-MM 33% vs. H-MM 41%) or the severity of rejection. However, we observed a significantly (P < 0.01) shorter time to acute pancreas rejection in the H-MM group (6.8 ± 8.7 mo) versus the L-MM cohort (29.0 ± 36.2 mo) (P < 0.001). Similar to the PD-R mismatched cohort, we did not observe a detrimental effect of HLA mismatching on graft outcomes in the PD-KD cohort; time to rejection was again shorter in the H-MM subset. In this study, we found no impact of HLA mismatch on either pancreas graft survival or rejection rates, though rejection occurred earlier in high mismatched PAK transplants.
From “Sea Turtles” to “Grassroots Ambassadors”: The Chinese Politics of Outbound Student Migration:

International student migration/mobility (ISM) has long come under the spotlight in migration and education studies. Previous research has focused primarily on inbound students in Western host coun...
F&E-Aktivitäten und technologischer Wandel im duopolistischen Innovationswettbewerb

Eine entscheidungstheoretisch begrundete Analyse des technologischen Wandels kann nicht ohne die Hilfe geschickt angesetzter „Kunstgriffe“ erfolgen. Im Hinblick auf den Neuheitsgrad einer Innovation waren bislang vor allem zwei dieser Kunstgriffe von Bedeutung. Dem Kapitel 2 lag die Vorstellung kontinuierlicher Verbesserungsinnovationen zugrunde, aus denen die Unternehmen jederzeit ohne Unsicherheit auswahlen konnen. In einer Gleichgewichtsanalyse sind dann das Innovationsergebnis und die sich einstellende Marktstruktur bereits von vornherein determiniert. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 5 wurden diesen kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsinnovationen drastische Basisinnovationen gegenubergestellt. Hier wurde zwar der Unsicherheit im Innovationsprozes Rechnung getragen — allerdings nur die Fragen betreffend, welchem Unternehmen wann die Basisinnovation gelingt. Die Innovationsertrage des erfolgreichen Unternehmens wurden vereinfachend entweder exogen vorgegeben oder wie in Kapitel 6 zumindest ansatzweise durch Verkaufserlose im Diffusionsprozes erklart. Folglich sind auch hier die okonomischen Eigenschaften der angestrebten Innovation den Unternehmen von vornherein bekannt. Beide theoretischen Kunstgriffe schliesen somit die Suche nach „Unbekanntem“ aus. In diesem Kapitel werden nun Zwischenformen von Innovationsklassen (vgl. Mensch 1975, S. 37) analysiert, die sich weder den kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsinnovationen noch den drastischen Basisinnovationen zurechnen lassen. Zudem wird unterstellt, das der Neuheitsgrad einer eventuellen Innovation ex ante nicht genau vorhersehbar ist.
El laberinto espacio-temporal en dos relatos de El llano en llamas de Juan Rulfo

Abstract The pattern of Latin American Boom criticism developed by Donald L. Shaw established that Juan Rulfo's protagonists are universal, not regional. In this interpretative mode, espoused by Graciela B. Coulson and others, Rulfo's characters are viewed as powerless to alter their own destinies. Humans are dominated and doomed by the hostile natural world that surrounds them. However, through a detailed analysis of Rulfo's technique and the internal and external structure of two of Rulfo's short stories in El llano en llamas—“No oyes ladrar a los perros” and “Es que somos muy pobres”—a new theoretical framework emerges for the study of Rulfo's work. In these two stories, Rulfo imagines the llano as a space that individuals control through their personal choices and actions. This article proposes, therefore, that Rulfo's protagonists are not victims of their environment, but rather the perpetrators of its violence.
Space solar cell research

A brief overview is given of the scope of the NASA space solar cell research and development program. Silicon cells, gallium arsenide cells, indium phosphide cells, and superlattice solar cells are addressed, indicating the state of the art of each type in outer space and their advantages and drawbacks for use in outer space. Contrasts between efficiency in space and on earth are pointed out.
What's your sign?: efficient sign coding for embedded wavelet image coding

Wavelet transform coefficients are defined by both a magnitude and a sign. While promising algorithms exist for efficiently coding the transform coefficient magnitudes, current wavelet image coding algorithms are not efficient at coding the sign of the transform coefficients. It is generally assumed that there is no compression gain to be obtained from entropy coding of the sign. Only recently have some authors begun to investigate this component of wavelet image coding. In this paper, sign coding is examined in detail in the context of an embedded wavelet image coder. It is shown that PSNR improvements of up to 0.7 dB are possible from an efficient modeling and entropy coding of the coefficient signs, combined with a new extrapolation technique, which is used to improve the final estimate of insignificant coefficients. These sign coding techniques are applicable to any genre (e.g., zero-tree, context-model) of the embedded wavelet image coder.
Development of supported manganese oxides catalysts for partial oxidation: Preparation and hydrogenation properties

Abstract Supported manganese oxide catalysts were prepared by impregnating manganese salts onto TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 and precipitating Mn(OH)2 in situ using ammonium hydroxide. X-ray diffraction and ion scattering spectroscopy showed that the preparation procedure left well-dispersed overlayers on the support surfaces without formation of separate crystalline Mn oxide phases. The catalytic activity for ethylene hydrogenation varied by over three orders of magnitude on all the catalysts. The changes are a function of the support and are apparently related to the reducibility of the surfaces, the hydrolysis of Mn-support bonds and/or structural changes in the MnOx overlayers.
Dissociation, relaxation, and incubation in the high-temperature pyrolysis of ethane, and a successful RRKM modeling

Abstract The thermal dissociation of ethane has been examined in two complementary sets of shock-tube experiments that together cover 1400–2200 K and a pressure range of 70–5700 torr. These experiments used both laser-schlieren and UV absorption of CH3 as diagnostics. In addition, that ethane exhibits a double vibrational relaxation has been confirmed for high temperatures, demonstrating slow IVR in this molecule, and both relaxation times have been determined for 1000–1500 K. Some estimates of dissociation incubation times were possible over about 1900–2100 K. An RRKM model calculation using the earlier Klippenstein–Harding theoretical model provides a remarkably accurate description of the complete range of data with 〈ΔE〉down = 120 (T/300)0.9 cm−1. Over 1400–2200 K, the k∞ from this model is 8.03 × 1028 T−3.52 exp (−95346 cal/mol/RT) s−1. It is suggested that the success of this model shows that there is no non-RRKM behavior in this reaction.
Ultra-low-noise receivers for the 1 to 120 GHz frequency range

Recent developments in ultra-low-noise receiver technology for frequencies up to 120 GHz are discussed. The following main topics are covered: - a short review of competing low-noise devices, - noise and signal properties of heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFET's) at cryogenic temperatures, - design and examples of the realization of wideband low-noise, cryogenically-coolable HFET amplifiers in the 1 to 120 GHz range, - examples of HFET receiver realizations and the factors limiting their performance, and - a comparison of competing ultra-low-noise receiver technologies (masers, SIS/HFET IF amplifier tandems) in the 1 to 120 GHz frequency range. Illustrative examples of the different receivers installed on U.S.-based antennas are presented, followed by a short discussion of possible future developments.
Temporal logic robot mission planning for slow and fast actions

This paper addresses the challenge of creating correct-by-construction controllers for robots whose actions are of varying execution durations. Recently, Linear Temporal Logic synthesis has been used to construct robot controllers for performing high-level tasks. During continuous execution of these controllers by a physical robot, one or more low-level controllers are invoked simultaneously. If these low-level behaviors take different lengths of time to complete, the system will pass through several potentially unsafe intermediate states. This paper presents an algorithm that either generates a hybrid controller such that every continuous behavior of the robot is safe, or determines at synthesis time that the behavior may be unsafe. The proposed approach is implemented within the LTLMoP toolkit for reactive mission planning.
On the opiate trail of respiratory depression

agonists at μ-opiate receptors are very important clinically in the alleviation of pain. A well known and unwanted side effect is the marked depression of breathing that complicates their clinical administration and is potentially life threatening when opiates are abused. Neuronal μ-opiate
Engineering of planar photonic crystal waveguides on silicon-on-insulator for larger guiding bandwidth

ABSTRACT Photonic crystal waveguides (PCW) on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) are considered as a promising guiding platform with flexible guiding properties for dense photonics integration. Although SOI is a versatile material for photonics integration, PCWs fabricated on SOI substrates suffer fr om small guiding bandwidth due to the coupling to leaky TM-like modes. The purpose of this work is to present a systematic approach to increase the low-loss guiding bandwidth of PCWs on SOI. This has been achieved by reducing the interaction of low-group-velocity modes with the surrounding photonic crystal. By this method the low-loss bandwidth of a W1 PCW is increased from 2.5 nm to 12 nm which is the highest reported for this type of waveguide. We also present a detailed analysis of transmission properties of W1 PCWs and elaborate on the coupling to TM-like guided modes present in the low-loss transmission bandwidth of this device. Keywords: Integrated optics, photonic crystal slabs, photonic crystal waveguides
Differential customer racial attitudes toward scandal and patriotism: The Mitchell Report, the Olympics, race, and baseball memorabilia

Abstract This paper investigates differential customer racial reaction to negative and positive publicity related to professional athletes. In terms of negative publicity, it analyzes the effect of mention in the Mitchell Report on the price of baseball cards. In regards to positive publicity, it considers the impact of having been identified as a member of the United States Olympic or national team. After controlling for player productivity with performance statistics, the effects of being mentioned in the Mitchell Report are isolated within regression analysis to draw conclusions concerning customer racial attitudes toward the steroids scandal. Similar analysis is conducted to see the impact of being seen as a baseball representative of the United States. Regression results are consistent with the conclusion that negative publicity devalues the cards of nonWhite players but not of White players. Positive publicity, however, increases the value of a player's card regardless of ethnicity.
Innovative e-commerce site design : A conceptual model to match consumer mbti dimensions to website design

ABSTRACT Designing an e-commerce site that will appeal to customers and convince them to purchase a product or service becomes difficult because of the variety of personalities and preferences that individual customers may have. One approach is to base the website's text, imagery, and navigation features on customers' personality types. The goal of this paper is to propose a conceptual model that links the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator's (MBTI) personality dimensions to business-to-consumer e-commerce website design. The model can offer guidance to those e-retailers who want to target their products at a particular audience.
High-resolution seismic-reflection interpretations of some sediment deposits, Antarctic continental margin: Focus on the western Ross Sea

Abstract High-resolution seismic-reflection data have been used to a varying degree by geoscientists to interpret the history of marine sediment accumulations around Antarctica. Reconnaissance analysis of 1-, 3.5-, and 12-kHz data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in the western Ross Sea has led to the identification of eight echo-character facies and six microtopographic facies in the sediment deposits that overlie the Ross Sea unconformity. Three depositional facies regions, each characterized by a particular assemblage of echo-character type and microtopographic facies, have been identified on the continental shelf. These suites of acoustic facies are the result of specific depositional processes that control type and accumulation of sediment in a region. Evidence of glacial processes and products is uncommon in regions 1 and 2, but is abundant in region 3. McMurdo Sound, region 1, is characterized by a monospecific set of acoustic facies. This unique assemblage probably represents turbidity current deposition in the western part of the basin. Most of the seafloor in region 2, from about latitude 77°S to 75°S, is deeper than 600 m below sealevel. The microtopographic facies and echo-character facies observed on the lower slopes and basin floor there reflect the thin deposits of pelagic sediments that have accumulated in the low-energy conditions that are typical of deep-water environments. In shallower water near the boundary with region 3, the signature of the acoustic facies is different from that in deeper water and probably indicates higher energy conditions or, perhaps, ice-related processes. Thick deposits of tills emplaced by lodgement during the most recent advance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet are common from latitude 75°S to the northern boundary of the study area just south of Coulman Island (region 3). The signature of microtopographic facies in this region reflects the relief of the base of the grounded ice sheet prior to decoupling from the seafloor. Current winnowing and scour of shallow parts of the seafloor inhibits sediment deposition and maintains the irregular, hummocky relief that characterizes much of the region. Seafloor relief of this type in other polar areas could indicate the former presence of grounded ice.
Global MHD test particle simulations of >10 MeV radiation belt electrons during storm sudden commencement

[1] Prior to 2003, there are two known cases where ultrarelativistic (≳10 MeV) electrons appeared in the Earth's inner zone radiation belts in association with high speed interplanetary shocks: the 24 March 1991 and the less well studied 21 February 1994 storms. During the March 1991 event electrons were injected well into the inner zone on a timescale of minutes, producing a new stably trapped radiation belt population that persisted for ∼10 years. More recently, at the end of solar cycle 23, a number of violent geomagnetic disturbances resulted in large variations in ultrarelativistic electrons in the inner zone, indicating that these events are less rare than previously thought. Here we present results from a numerical study of shock-induced transport and energization of outer zone electrons in the 1–7 MeV range, resulting in a newly formed 10–20 MeV electron belt near L ∼ 3. Test particle trajectories are followed in time-dependent fields from an MHD magnetospheric model simulation of the 29 October 2003 storm sudden commencement (SSC) driven by solar wind parameters measured at ACE. The newly formed belt is predominantly equatorially mirroring. This result is in part due to an SSC electric field pulse that is strongly peaked in the equatorial plane, preferentially accelerating equatorially mirroring particles. The timescale for subsequent pitch angle diffusion of the new belt, calculated using quasi-linear bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients, is in agreement with the observed delay in the appearance of peak fluxes at SAMPEX in low Earth orbit. We also present techniques for modeling radiation belt dynamics using test particle trajectories in MHD fields. Simulations are performed using code developed by the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling.
Impact of work function induced electric fields on laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract We examine the effects of the electric fields caused by the difference in work function between a sample and its surroundings in laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (laser ARPES) experiments. To simulate these effects we created several samples and surrounding puck geometries using SimIon 8.0 modeling software, and found that in most cases the system can be approximated by a circular sample mounted on an infinite conducting plane. Experimental measurements of the cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ mounted on copper, aluminum, and graphite pucks confirmed the model's accuracy. Both the model and experimental data showed that work-function-induced fields have a significant effect on the outgoing trajectories of electrons for kinetic energies up to six times the work function difference between the sample and the puck. However, with the exception of effects very close to the sample edge, all electric field effects can be taken into account using linear corrections.
The effect of semantic priming on the detection of letters within words

Smith (1979) reported an experiment in which subjects were to detect whether or not a displayed word contained a particular target letter. Her data indicated that if the word bearing the target letter was preceded by a semantically related item, the detection of the target letter was faster than it was if the preceding item was unrelated. Those results provided strong support for holistic models of word recognition, in which it is assumed that letter detection must be mediated by prior word recognition. That is, any facilitating effect of the prime on lexical access should be passed on to subsequent letter detection. The present experimental paradigm, which was very similar to (albeit different from) that of Smith, served to explore the generality of her effect, but the results did not confirm her findings. Although a lexical-decision task used in Experiments 2, 5, and 7 provided clear evidence that the priming items employed in these experiments did facilitate lexical processing, a letter-detection task used in Experiments 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8 failed to reveal any facilitating effect of semantic priming on letter detection. The conclusion is that the generality of Smith's effect is far too limited to offer support for holistic models of word recognition.
Load to failure of common meniscal repair techniques: Effects of suture technique and suture material

Abstract Success of meniscal repair with early or immediate motion depends on the ability of the suture fixation to withstand the loads applied. Vertical and horizontal mattress suture techniques were tested using 2-0 Ethibond, and 0-PDS and 1-PDS sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ). Mulberry knot technique was tested with 0-PDS and 1-PDS sutures. Twenty menisci (60 sutures) were tested for each suture material. Sutures were placed 3 to 4 mm from the peripheral edge of the meniscus with double barreled cannulas for vertical and horizontal mattress techniques or a spinal needle for the mulberry knot technique, reproducing clinical techniques of meniscal repair. Mechanical testing of suture fixation was performed to failure at a rate of 10 mm/min on a MTS material testing system (MTS Systems Corp. Minneapolis, MN). Suture pullouts were reported as the load displacement to failure from the inner fragment only, because clinical failure would ensue should a suture pull through the inner fragment of a tear. Vertical mattress technique with 1-PDS suture had significantly greater load to failure than any other combination ( P P P
Stack Emission Control

Control of emissions from ceramic processes involves legal consideration, technical evaluation, and engineering procedures in the proper sequence. Combined industrial team effort can result in minimizing and solving air pollution problems.
Teaching multiculturalism in an age of terrorism: a business perspective

While the debate about the value of teaching multiculturalism has continued, recent political events have made the task more difficult. University students affected by these events are likely to bring prejudices with them to the classroom. This article presents steps that an individual Instructor can take to apply multicultural education to an existing curriculum without systemic change to institution or curriculum. The topic is addressed in the context of a US Legal Environment of Business course. Multicultural education is defined and explained, and causes of prejudice are explored. Reactions to terrorism are addressed. Assignments, projects and strategies are presented. The article concludes with a business perspective on the value of multicultural education and its role in economic development, which will be a necessary component to eradicate the causes of terrorism.
Role model influencers of nontraditional professional women

Abstract A sample of 142 women college graduates now employed in engineering, natural science, and architecture or pursuing advanced degrees in these three areas or law, business administration, or social science allowed a test of the hypothesis that these women had received a family environment congruent with their nontraditional work orientation. Five types of influencer—parents, siblings, teachers, friends, and other adults—of both sexes were found at three points in time (high school, undergraduate years, and graduate school) to significantly influence the women in a positive direction. Further, when the pairs of each type of influencer were compared, there was no evidence that females or males were more effective at influencing nontraditional professional women.
Polymorphism in glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) is associated with sulfamethoxazole-induced hypersensitivity in HIV/AIDS patients

Background Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a commonly used antibiotic for prevention of infectious diseases associated with HIV/AIDS and immune-compromised states. SMX-induced hypersensitivity is an idiosyncratic cutaneous drug reaction with genetic components. Here, we tested association of candidate genes involved in SMX bioactivation and antioxidant defense with SMX-induced hypersensitivity.
Book Review: Labor Organization, Wage Restraint and Economic Performance

This essay surveys recent literature analyzing the impact of variation in labor organization - specifically, union density and centralization - on workers' wage-bargaining strategies and, thereby, on economic performance. I evaluate the logic of the various arguments and offer a revised model which incorporates their strengths and clears up some of their inconsistencies. I then briefly discuss some strategic implications for labor.
Examination of Operator Variability for Selected Methods for Measuring Bulk Specific Gravity of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete

The ability of different operators to obtain similar results when performing laboratory tests on the same material is vital for producing accurate testing results. By conducting trials in triplicate for each of three different testing methods, a measurement of the bulk specific gravity (Gmb) of compacted hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) cores was obtained. An analysis of the variability between operators was investigated using a total of almost 1,300 test results, using HMAC sampled from six projects in Arkansas. Three methods were used to determine the bulk specific gravity of compacted HMAC samples, including saturated surface dry (SSD) (as per AASHTO T166), height and diameter (as per AASHTO T269), and vacuum sealing (using the Corelok vacuum sealing device). In almost all cases, Gmb values determined using the height and diameter method were statistically different from those determined using the SSD and Corelok methods; further, statistical differences were noted in paired analyses between the SSD and...
SU‐FF‐T‐49: Investigating Radiation Properties of a New Radioactive Seed for Concurrent Brachytherapy and Hyperthermia Treatments: A Monte Carlo Study

Purpose: Concurrent delivery of Radiation and hyperthermia has not been documented and is believed to be complementary. The purpose of this research project was two folds: a) to design a new thermobrachytherapy radioactive seed that can be used for concurrent delivery of radiation and heat by insertion of ferromagnetic materials for heat source, and b) to use MNCP5 Monte Carlo simulation code to model this new thermobrachytherapy seed and compare the TG‐43 factors, to both the Book values and the calculated Best Model. Method and Materials: A newly designed seed was modeled based on the BEST I 125 seed Model 2301, where tungsten marker core is replaced with a ferromagnetic material, capable of producing heat when subjected to external alternating electro‐magnetic field. Monte Carlo Simulations using MCNP5 was used to compute the AAPM TG43 factors and compare the results to Book values as published by Sowards et al and the TG43 report. Results: In Liquid Water, the dose rate constant calculated for the Best Seed model ♯2301 is 1.056±0.0055 Gy*h−1*U−1 (Book value of 1.01: with a percentage difference of 4.6%). The value measured for thermobrachytherapy seed is 1.057 ±0.031 cGy*h−1U−1. Radial dose function was computed from 0.1cm to 10cm at 0.1cm intervals, and Anisotropy Function was calculated from 1cm to 7cm in 1cm increments at 0°–90° at 10° increments. Conclusions: The newly designed thermobrachytherapy seed appears comparable in all TG43 factors to the existing Best seed model 2301. Maximum deviations for radial dose function and anisotropy function in the range of distance and angles studied were 4.5% and 4.8% respectively. Geometry function remained essentially unchanged.
Proposal for piezoelectric-ferromagnet bilayer based microwave oscillators without any external magnetic field or spin transfer torque

To summarize, we proposed and simulated a nanomagnetic microwave oscillator that does not require any DC or r.f. magnetic field (unlike in conventional FMR), nor any spin torque current (unlike in STNO's). The frequency of oscillation can be effectively tuned by DC voltage in the microwave domain. The fact that magnetic fields and currents are not needed can make it a much cheaper, denser and less power hungry alternative for future electromagnetic oscillator applications.
Access Flow after Angioplasty Predicts Subsequent Arteriovenous Graft Survival

PURPOSE The effectiveness of angioplasty can be assessed by access blood flow (ABF) measurements after the procedure; however, ABF after angioplasty is highly variable. The purpose of this study was to determine if the level of ABF achieved after angioplasty of arteriovenous (AV) grafts was predictive of subsequent graft outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review was performed of 51 shunt images in 31 patients who were receiving dialysis via functioning AV grafts. Patients were referred for shunt imaging because of low ABF rates, increased venous pressure, or clinical indications. Only those patients with ABF measurements performed less than 1 month after angioplasty were included. Patients were then followed for at least 12 months after the initial angioplasty and access-related events were recorded (eg, thrombosis, repeat angioplasty, infection, loss of access). RESULTS Average ABF rates increased from 655 mL/min ± 45 before angioplasty to 946 mL/min ± 50 after angioplasty. The median ABF rate after the procedure was 1,040 mL/min. Grafts with an ABF rate after angioplasty of less than 1,000 mL/min were more likely to require repeat intervention and to exhibit thrombosis within the first 6 months compared with those with ABF rates greater than 1,000 mL/min. They also had a lower 1-year assisted patency rate (ie, graft survival). The most important determinant of flow after angioplasty was the ABF before angioplasty. CONCLUSION Grafts with an ABF rate greater than 1,000 mL/min after prophylactic angioplasty required fewer repeat interventions and had longer assisted patency after prophylactic angioplasty than those with ABF rates less than 1,000 mL/min.
Properties of Phonological Markers That Affect the Acquisition of Gender-Like Subclasses☆☆☆★

Abstract Many natural languages contain gender subclasses. Although membership in these classes may appear arbitrary, there are actually a variety of linguistic cues that indicate subclass membership. In three experiments using artificial languages, we manipulated properties of phonological markers and examined what conditions most easily allow adults to generalize subclass knowledge. Results suggest that generalization only occurs when some studied items are systematically marked and the process consists of two components. One component involves making a link between the phonological markers and the indicators (e.g., definite and indefinite articles) of subclass membership. This allows generalization to new words containing markers. This generalization is facilitated when markers are of high perceptual salience, high frequency, or in initial position. A second component involves linking indicators within a subclass to each other. This allows correct generalization to unmarked items if at least one subclass indicator is known. This second type of generalization may be facilitated when memory load is low, such as when subclass membership is indicated by highly salient and redundant markers.
High-Frequency Internal Waves at 0°, 140°W and Their Possible Relationship to Deep-Cycle Turbulence

Abstract An analysis of a moored time series at 0°, 140°W from November to December 1991 found a nighttime enhancement of isotherm displacement variance and of zonal velocity variance below the surface mixed layer at frequencies higher than 1 cph. The nighttime enhancement was generally not seen below the core of the equatorial undercurrent. At 45-m depth, the potential energy and the horizontal kinetic energy of high-frequency waves were strongly correlated and similar in magnitude. The shear production of turbulence kinetic energy calculated from the mooring measurements is strongly correlated with the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate observed from the nearby R/Vs Wecoma and Moana Wave during the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment. This suggests a dynamical link between the observed high-frequency internal waves and deep-cycle turbulence. The relationship between internal waves and turbulence in the thermocline was further explored in a case study of one energetic wave packet. This wave pack...
Evaluating the Outcomes of Human Service Programs: A Reassessment

Measuring client and program outcomes in human services remains as difficult as it is controversial. In the context of changing public funding in many social programs, we offer an assessment of cur...
Intrastriatal injection of [3H]dopamine through a chronic cannula to produce rotation: Distribution and concentration of the tracer in specific brain regions

Abstract As others have shown, rats rotated contralaterally following unilateral intrastriatal injections of dopamine. However, the concentration of the injection solution necessary to elicit rotation in our and others' studies was high, 50 μg/0.5 μl (10,000 times endogenous concentration) and the latency to turn was 20–60 min. Thus, we injected [ 3 H]dopamine ([ 3 H]DA) to determine the concentration of the injected DA in the striatum and to determine if the long latency to turn was related to spread of DA over time to distal nuclei such as the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. Microinjections (0.5 μl) of [ 3 H]DA were made through a chronic striatal cannula in pargyline-treated freely moving rats. Determinations of [ 3 H]DA concentrations in individual brain areas were made at 20 min and 60 min following intrastriatal injection. The major accumulation of [ 3 H]DA and its metabolites was in the dorsal striatum, near the cannula tip, and in the sensorimotor cortex where the cannula passed through to the striatum. The concentration of [ 3 H]DA in the dorsal striatum was only 10–100 times the endogenous concentration, depending upon the cannula injection system used. The 60 min latency to rotate could not be attributed to spread of DA to the subthalamic n., entopeduncular n. and substantia nigra. Rotation following an intrastriatal injection of DA was dependent upon the dorsal striatal tissue concentration of DA. The ventral striatum and globus pallidus were also possibly involved. The highest striatal [ 3 H]DA concentrations were, at most, 10 times greater than the concentrations of systemically injected l -[ 3 H]DOPA, and, at the lower concentrations which produced twisting and weak rotation, the DA concentration was similar to that seen with systemic l -DOPA.
Tyrosine Raman Signatures of the Filamentous Virus Ff Are Diagnostic of Non-Hydrogen-Bonded Phenoxyls: Demonstration by Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy of p-Cresol Vapor†,‡

p-Cresol is a simple molecular model for the para phenolic side chain of tyrosine. Previously, Siamwiza and co-workers [(1975) Biochemistry 14, 4870-4876] investigated p-cresol solutions to identify Raman spectroscopic signatures for different hydrogen-bonding states of the tyrosine phenoxyl group in proteins. They found that the phenolic moiety exhibits an intense Raman doublet in the spectral interval 820-860 cm(-1) and that the doublet intensity ratio (I2/I1, where I2 and I1 are Raman peak intensities of the higher- and lower-wavenumber members of the doublet) is diagnostic of specific donor and acceptor roles of the phenoxyl OH group. The range of the doublet intensity ratio in proteins (0.30 < I2/I1 < 2.5) was shown to be governed by Fermi coupling between the phenolic ring-stretching fundamental nu1 and the first overtone of the phenolic ring-deformation mode nu(16a), such that when the tyrosine phenoxyl proton is a strong hydrogen-bond donor, I2/I1 = 0.30, and when the tyrosine phenoxyl oxygen is a strong hydrogen-bond acceptor, I2/I1 = 2.5. Here, we interpret the Raman and infrared spectra of p-cresol vapor and extend the previous correlation to the non-hydrogen-bonded state of the tyrosine phenoxyl group. In the absence of hydrogen bonding, the Raman intensity of the higher-wavenumber component of the canonical Fermi doublet is greatly enhanced such that I2/I1 = 6.7. Thus, for the non-hydrogen-bonded phenoxyl, the lower-wavenumber member of the Fermi doublet loses most of its Raman intensity. This finding provides a basis for understanding the anomalous Raman singlet signature (approximately 854 cm(-1)) observed for tyrosine in coat protein subunits of filamentous viruses Ff and Pf1 [Overman, S. A., et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 1037-1042; Wen, Z. Q., et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 3148-3156]. The implications of the present results for Raman analysis of tyrosine hydrogen-bonding states in other proteins are considered.
Inactivation of a newly transferred gene in recombination-deficient recipients of Escherichia coli

The expression of a newly transferred lacZ+ gene in lacZ recipients carrying various mutations in the recA and recB genes was studied by measuring the rates of induced synthesis of β-galactosidase in zygotes formed after mating with either F′ or Hfr donors. The ability to synthesize β-galactosidase decreases with time in both recA and recB zygotes when the lacZ+ gene is transferred from an Hfr donor, but not when the lacZ gene is transferred from an F′ donor. There is no such inactivation of the newly transferred lacZ+ gene in Rec+ zygotes. We conclude that the functioning of the transferred DNA is progressively inactivated in rec recipients unless the DNA is contained in an episome such as F′.
Migration and song elaboration in wood-warblers (Geothlypis)

ABSTRACT Although some comparative studies of oscine songbirds have found that long-distance migration is positively correlated with elaborate songs, an analysis of singing by species in the genus Geothlypis (Parulidae) found no evidence of such a correlation. The migratory species in the genus sing relatively simple songs, whereas the singing of nonmigratory species varies; some species have simple songs, and others have more elaborate songs. Elaborate songs are found in the nonmigratory species G. semiflava, G. aequinoctialis, and G. poliocephala. For example, in Costa Rican populations of these species, songs are longer, contain more notes, have greater note-type diversity, and (in G. semiflava and G. aequinoctialis) have more phrase types than the songs of the migratory Geothlypis species. However, in other nonmigratory species (G. nelsoni, G. flavovelata, G. speciosa, and G. rostrata), the duration, note count, and note-type diversity of songs are similar to those of the migratory species. Thus, ther...
pH-Controlled fermentors to increase production of leuconocin S by Leuconostoc paramesenteroides

Abstract The production of leuconocin S, a bacteriocin from Leuconostoc paramesenteroides OX, was examined during batch fermentations at pH 6·0, 6·5, 7·0 and 7·5. The specific growth rate and bacteriocin titers were highest at pH 7·0, with values of 0·33 h −1 and 20 000 AU/ml, respectively. Maximum bacteriocin production corresponded to late logarithmic-early stationary growth phase. Bacteriocin levels decreased during late stationary phase, possibly due to proteolytic enzymes produced during this period.
Amyloidosis associated with metastasizing basal cell carcinoma

A patient is reported on who had a large basal cell carcinoma of the lower back that metastasized to an axillary lymph node and also had associated systemic amyloidosis. This is the second reported case of basal cell carcinoma associated with systemic amyloidosis.
Microtubulebundling studies revisited: is there a role for MAPs?

The molecular mechanism of microtubule bundling has been enveloped in controversy for the past few years. At the centre of the debate are MAPs: are they necessary for the formation of microtubule bundles? In this article, Gloria Lee and Roland Brandt weigh the evidence and propose that microtubule stability might be the crucial factor in microtubule bundling. Perhaps then MAPs might act as spacer molecules between microtubules.
Effect of Peer Education on Stroke Prevention: The Prevent Recurrence of All Inner-City Strokes Through Education Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and Purpose—Efforts to reduce disparities in recurrent stroke among Black and Latino stroke survivors have met with limited success. We aimed to determine the effect of peer education on secondary stroke prevention among predominantly minority stroke survivors. Methods—Between 2009 and 2012, we enrolled 600 stroke or transient ischemic attack survivors from diverse, low-income communities in New York City into a 2-arm randomized clinical trial that compared a 6 week (1 session/week), peer-led, community-based, stroke prevention self-management group workshop (N=301) to a wait-list control group (N=299). The primary outcome was the proportion with a composite of controlled blood pressure (<140/90 mm Hg), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL, and use of antithrombotic medications at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included control of the individual stroke risk factors. All analyses were by intent-to-treat. Results—There was no difference in the proportion of intervention and control group ...
Free Energy Profiles of Base Flipping in Intercalative Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Damaged DNA Duplexes: Energetic and Structural Relationships to Nucleotide Excision Repair Susceptibility

The crystal structure of Rad4/Rad23, the yeast homolog of the human nucleotide excision repair (NER) lesion recognition factor XPC-RAD23B (Min, J. H. and Pavletich, N. P. (2007) Nature449, 570−575) reveals that the lesion-partner base is flipped out of the helix and binds to amino acids of the protein. This suggests the hypothesis that the flipping of this partner base must overcome a free energy barrier, which constitutes one element contributing to changes in the thermodynamic properties induced by the DNA damage and sensed by the recognition protein. We explored this hypothesis by computing complete flipping free energy profiles for two lesions derived from the procarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), R-trans-anti-DB[a,l]P-N6-dA (R-DB[a,l]P-dA) and R-trans-anti-B[a]P-N6-dA (R-B[a]P-dA), and the corresponding unmodified duplex. The DB[a,l]P and B[a]P adducts differ in number and organization of their aromatic rings. We integrate t...
Optimum Phase for Thin Film Synthesis by Fourier Transforms

An optimum phase is developed for rugate reflector design by a simple Fourier Transformation. Surprisingly good solutions are obtained for arbitrary spectral curves by phase shaping alone.
Cultivar Differences in Starch Content and Protoplast Yields from Root Cortical Ex plants of Pisum salivum

Protoplasts were isolated from root cortical explants of thirteen cultivars of Pisum sativum. The roots were tested for starch in the cortical tissues. There was a considerable range in the average protoplast yields and the coefficient of variation of those yields from the thirteen cultivars. Cultivars with a higher incidence of starchy roots had lower average explam protoplast yields and greater variation in their protoplast yields. Significantly higher protoplast yields were observed from explants with no starch or few starchy cells. Increasing the germination time of the peas increased the starch content in the seedling roots and decreased the protoplast yields.
Opportunities for women in IT security

Much prior research has examined the dearth of women in the IT industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the questions surrounding women in IT within the context of Information Security and Assurance. This research-in-progress report describes results from one phase in a study of a relatively new career path to see if there are female-friendly opportunities that have not existed in previous IT career paths. Research methodology focuses on a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with women who are self-described IT security professionals. The next phase will focus on interviews with men in the IT security field as a basis for comparison. A primary goal of the study is to determine whether or not women in security face the same challenges and opportunities as they do in other IT fields. Further, does the security area offer equivalent opportunities for women and men? Finally, implications are explored, including those for IT educators in terms of recruiting and retaining diverse groups of students to pursue security related careers.
The Methodist Hospital System: Tax Exemption and Charitable Responsibilities of Not‐for‐Profit Hospitals

In November 1990, the Texas Attorney General filed a lawsuit against The Methodist Hospital System, alleging that it had failed in its duty to provide enough charity care to poor people. The state claimed that the hospital provided significantly less charity care than the hospital reported; it then filed the suit in an effort to require specific performance—that is, to compel the hospital to provide greater amounts of charity care in the future. The case focuses on the amount of charity care provided before the suit, the economic value of the tax exemption provided to the hospital because it is a not‐for‐profit (NFP) hospital, and the responsibilities of the hospital given the expectations of society. The case also brings into sharp relief the value of having tax‐exempt status and the social and political expectations that accompany the exemption. In addition, the case raises ethical questions concerning these issues, as well as issues involving the financial reporting of the entity and management perquis...
The feedback circuit connecting the central mesencephalic reticular formation and the superior colliculus in the macaque monkey: tectal connections

The connectional and physiological characteristics of the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) indicate that it participates in gaze control. The cMRF receives projections from the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC) via collaterals of predorsal bundle axons. These collaterals target cMRF neurons, which in turn project back upon the SC. In the present study, we examined the pattern of connections made by the cMRF reticulotectal projection by injecting the bidirectional neuroanatomical tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), into the cMRF of macaque monkeys. Anterogradely labeled reticulotectal terminals were found bilaterally in the SC, with an ipsilateral predominance, and were concentrated in the intermediate gray layer (SGI). BDA also retrogradely labeled SC neurons projecting to the cMRF. These labeled tectoreticular cells were located mainly in SGI. Injection site specific differences in the SC labeling pattern were evident, suggesting the lateral cMRF is more heavily connected to the upper sublamina of SGI, whereas the medial cMRF is more heavily connected with the lower sublamina. In view of the known downstream connections of the cMRF and these SC sublaminae, this organization intimates that the cMRF may contain subdivisions specialized to modulate the eye and the head components of gaze changes. In addition, reticulotectal terminals were observed to have close associations with retrogradely labeled tectoreticular cells in the ipsilateral SC, indicating possible synaptic contacts. Thus, the cMRF’s reciprocal connections with the SC suggest this structure plays a role in defining the gaze-related bursting behavior of collicular output neurons.