cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye-Tracking Analysis of Near-Term Terminal Automation for Arrival Coordination

Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), The MITRE Corporation’s Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) developed the Relative Position Indicator (RPI) concept. RPI is an automation concept to aid air traffic controllers in coordinating arrival traffic, reducing the need to vector for spacing during merging operations and, thus, retaining the benefits of Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) procedures. Validation activities involving an RPI research prototype have shown benefits in achieving more efficient merging and spacing of aircraft. Since the RPI concept makes additional information available on the situation display that can be referenced by the controller, an understanding of this information presence upon controller scan behavior was desired. As part of a Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) simulation of Denver operations conducted by CAASD, a comparison of two scenarios was made to evaluate the change in controller attentional allocation , as measured by an eye-tracking capability, when RPI is introduced. The simulated traffic consisted of predominantly RNAV operations and was managed with and without RPI automation. Participants were air traffic control specialists at Denver Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) facility. Given the design of the RPI tool, two behavior changes were anticipated; 1) an increase of time spent scanning the primary flow of a merging flow geometry and 2) an increase of time spent scanning farther ahead or in advance of the merge point location. The eye-tracking analysis provides a preliminary indication that RPI does affect air traffic controller visual scanning patterns. Although the magnitude of change does not seem concerning , additional evaluation should be pursued to understand the impact of this change.
Experiments on three-dimensional separating and reattaching flows

In studies of multijet rockets, failure to find solutions when using a reasonable mathematical model led to performing airflow tests of supersonic circular jets exhausting into noncircular channels of various sizes. Amomalous base pressure trends and puzzling wall pressure patterns resulted. A flow-into-the-corner test was then devised, using a 90 deg trough behind a back step. A vortex pair, generated by the unsymmetrical squeezing of the shear layer, was found to fill much of the corner and provided an explanation for the peculiar results of the previous tests. No previous reference could be found to this phenomenon. Further experiments of bodies with base fins defined the conditions for creating this trough vortex effect. The trough vortex was used successfully as an igniter/flameholder for combustion of hydrogen in a supersonic stream. Other applications are suggested for base drag reduction, base burning and for providing guidance to avoid errors in half-plane wind tunnel model testing.
Derivatives: Understanding Their Usefulness and Their Role in the Financial Crisis

This article makes two main arguments that are intended to guide policymakers and regulators of financial markets: (1) when used properly, derivatives are enormously useful to companies in managing business risks; and (2) neither derivatives nor derivatives-related products played significant roles in causing or exacerbating the financial crisis of 2007–2009. The author begins by illustrating the corporate use of derivatives with a detailed example of how a large brewer uses both exchange-traded wheat futures and over-the-counter aluminum swaps to hedge the risks of higher wheat and aluminum prices. In the process, the value of much-maligned OTC derivatives, and the role of financial intermediaries in facilitating their use, are clearly demonstrated. The second part of the article refutes the popular claims, widely expressed in the media and on Capitol Hill, that derivatives were at the heart of the financial crisis. Losses and failures during the crisis are shown to have resulted primarily from excessive non-derivative leverage and from investments in non-derivative mortgage products that fell dramatically in value. The only significant exception involved the insurance company AIG, whose failure and bailout are attributable not only to large losses on credit default swaps, but to comparable losses on non-derivative mortgage products. Moreover, by the time AIG failed, many other large financial institutions had already either failed or experienced large losses. What's more, and all but forgotten during the controversy, some large banks were able to reduce risk by hedging with those derivatives.
Monitoring and investigation of absence among primary and secondary school students in Yizheng City in 2011

[Objective]To understand the baseline conditions,dynamic characteristics and development tendency of illness-induced absence among primary and secondary school students in Yizheng City,provide evidence for further perfecting the network information platform and warning system of illness-induced absence among primary and secondary school students in Yizheng City.[Methods]29 primary and secondary schools were chosen as the monitoring stations. Strictly according to the requirements of Jiangsu monitoring scheme of illness-induced absence among primary and secondary school students,the reporting data were collected and analyzed.[Results]In 2011,the main causes of absence among primary and secondary students were cold( 77. 26%),unknown diseases( 3. 88%),gastrointestinal diseases( 2. 67%),rubella( 1. 66%) and varicella( 1. 51%). The peak of absence occurred in March,April,September and December.[Conclusion]In order to enhance the physical quality of teenagers and reduce the frequency of illness-induced absence,it is necessary to popularize the prevention and control knowledge about students' common diseases and carry out the comprehensive measures which are dominated by prevention.
A Quantitative Evaluation Based on Factor Analysis for Logistics & Distribution CSI

A satisfied customer can bring not only repeated consumption,advertisement,good reputation etc.,but also an efficient way of cost reduction.So,the way to maximum customer satisfaction is the way to maximum profit.This thesis,by using factor analysis from management statistics,is studying on the CSI(customer satisfaction index)analysis of logistics distribution.It has some profound guidance on how to improve CSI of logistics distribution.
Homogeneous, Bioluminescent Proteasome Assays

Protein degradation is mediated predominantly through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The importance of the proteasome in regulating degradation of proteins involved in cell-cycle control, apoptosis, and angiogenesis led to the recognition of the proteasome as a therapeutic target for cancer . The importance of the proteasome for general cell homeostasis has been established, and the 2004 Nobel Prize for Chemistry honored the researchers that discovered the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Robust, sensitive assays are essential for monitoring proteasome activity and for developing inhibitors of the proteasome. Peptide-conjugated fluorophores are widely used as substrates for monitoring proteasome activity, but fluorogenic substrates can exhibit significant background and can be problematic for screening because of cellular autoflorescence or fluorescent library compounds. To address these issues, we developed a homogeneous, bioluminescent method that combines peptide-conjugated aminoluciferin substrates and a stabilized luciferase. We have developed homogeneous, bioluminescent assays for all three proteasome activities, the chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and caspase-like, using purified proteasome. We have also applied this technology to a cellular assay using the substrate for the chymotrypsin-like activity in combination with a selective membrane permeabilization step (patent pending). The proteasome assays are designed in a simple "add and read" format and have been tested in 96-and 384-well plates. The bioluminescent, coupled-enzyme format enables sensitive and rapid protease assays ideal for inhibitor screening.
Establishment and Distribution of Ailanthus altissima in the Urban Environment

An Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle population in Ithaca, New York was found to be comprised of individuals from all size classes suggesting its continued potential for regeneration. Dispersal of seeds as intact panicles and strong root suckering contributed to its grouped formation in urban habitats. Ailanthus inhabited a range of urban sites that had a limited amount of exposed surface soil. The successful growth of Ailanthus into such sites was attributed to its simple rope-like lateral roots.
Recognition in Multilateral Relations

From modest beginnings in the nineteenth century, multilateral relations have grown to involve nearly every state in the world in at least some of the large array of global and regional organizations dealing with just about every conceivable political, economic, social, cultural, and technical issue. These relations involve inter-government contacts of various types: regional heads of government meetings, the foreign ministers’ meetings of the Concert of Europe, the League of Nations Council, or ad hoc conferences, ambassadorial-level assemblies and conferences, and gatherings of lower-level administrators and experts in the public international unions of the nineteenth century or the UN specialized agencies of today. Multilateral activity is now so widespread that it is impossible to examine all of it here. This chapter will concentrate on examples from the League of Nations, the United Nations, and some of the larger regional organizations.
Daily Variations in Plasma Zinc in Normal Adult Women

The present study was designed to measure the daily variations in the plasma zinc concentrations of normal, adult women of child-bearing age with particular emphasis on the effect of meals on plasma zinc concentrations.
The evolution of monogamy in response to partner scarcity

The evolution of monogamy and paternal care in humans is often argued to have resulted from the needs of our expensive offspring. Recent research challenges this claim, however, contending that promiscuous male competitors and the risk of cuckoldry limit the scope for the evolution of male investment. So how did monogamy first evolve? Links between mating strategies and partner availability may offer resolution. While studies of sex roles commonly assume that optimal mating rates for males are higher, fitness payoffs to monogamy and the maintenance of a single partner can be greater when partners are rare. Thus, partner availability is increasingly recognized as a key variable structuring mating behavior. To apply these recent insights to human evolution, we model three male strategies – multiple mating, mate guarding and paternal care – in response to partner availability. Under assumed ancestral human conditions, we find that male mate guarding, rather than paternal care, drives the evolution of monogamy, as it secures a partner and ensures paternity certainty in the face of more promiscuous competitors. Accordingly, we argue that while paternal investment may be common across human societies, current patterns should not be confused with the reason pairing first evolved.
Preliminary Results: Modeling Fine Participate Mass for the Eastern United States Using the EPA Regional Particulate Model

PM-10, Paniculate Matter less than 10 μm, is one of several criteria air pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect human health and welfare. Recently, attention has been focussed on finer particles, those less than about 2.5μm. Typically, particles in this size range arise as products of atmospheric reactions of sulfur, nitrogen and organic pollutants. These pollutants are also primary natural and anthropogenic emissions from urban areas and from point sources in rural areas. The atmospheric lifetimes of aerosol particles can be several days. Strategies designed to reduce emissions to achieve NAAQS for particulate matter must incorporate inventories for both primary particulate emissions and primary gaseous precursor emissions. Assessments of current loadings from such emissions and development and analysis of control strategies to achieve compliance with NAAQS require regional-to-urban scale photochemical and aerosol models.
Chemical paste characterization of Late Middle Preclassic-period ceramics from Holtun, Guatemala and its implications for production and exchange

Abstract This study uses type: variety-mode classification, digital stereomicroscopy, and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) to characterize the paste composition of Late Middle Preclassic-period pottery at the site of Holtun, Guatemala. The sample consists of 98 sherds including unslipped utilitarian ware, slipped serving ware, and Mars Orange fine paste serving ware. NAA reveals four paste composition groups that approximate types produced through type: variety-mode classification and paste groups recognized by digital stereomicroscopy. The analysis suggests a pattern of production in which unslipped utilitarian vessels, slipped serving vessels, and Mars Orange fine paste serving vessels were produced using different paste recipes. While unslipped utilitarian vessels and slipped serving vessels may have been produced and consumed locally, Mars Orange fine paste serving vessels were likely produced in or around Holtun but consumed more widely. Results of this research suggest the Late Middle Preclassic-period ceramic economy at Holtun was characterized by incipient specialized production, and exchange of at least one ceramic ware. These results advance our understanding of Late Middle Preclassic-period ceramic production and exchange at Holtun, and inform the study of the development of socio-political complexity in the Maya lowlands.
Enzymatic Interesterification of Coconut and High Oleic Sunflower Oils for Edible Film Application

Blends [60:40, 70:30, and 80:20 (w/w)] of coconut oil (CO) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) were interesterified using immobilized enzyme, Lipozyme® TL IM (Novozymes North America Inc., Franklinton, NC, USA). The structured lipids (SLs), referred to as interesterified products (IPs) IP60:40, IP70:30, and IP80:20, were compared to CO and HOSO for application in edible films. IPs were compared based on fatty acid profile, TAG molecular species, melting profile, moisture vapor permeability, mechanical properties, film transparency, density, and thickness. Interesterification increased oleic acid content at the sn-2 position of IPs. CO had 5.50 ± 1.67 mol% oleic acid at the sn-2 position, and when interesterified with HOSO (92.81 ± 1.10 mol% oleic acid) the amount of oleic acid significantly increased (p < 0.05) at the sn-2 position for IP60:40, IP70:30, and IP80:20 (33.86 ± 1.55, 27.34 ± 1.20, 20.61 ± 1.50 mol%), respectively. There was no significant difference between SLs, HOSO, and CO for water vapor permeability and density when applied to emulsion edible films. The HOSO film was significantly different (1.43 ± 0.27 AUmm−1) from the rest of the SLs and CO for film transparency. IP60:40 (2.20 ± 0.22 AUmm−1) decreased the opacity and was significantly different from HOSO and IP80:20 (2.88 ± 0.08 AUmm−1). Tensile strength of IP60:40 was 0.39 ± 0.17 MPa which was significantly different from IP70:30, IP80:20, and HOSO. The elongation at break was significantly different for HOSO and IP60:40. IP60:40 could be used to further investigate the use of SL in edible film for sports nutrition products.
Seismocardiography-Based Cardiac Computed Tomography Gating Using Patient-Specific Template Identification and Detection

To more accurately trigger cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) than electrocardiography (ECG) alone, a sub-system is proposed as an intermediate step toward fusing ECG with seismocardiography (SCG). Accurate prediction of quiescent phases is crucial to prospectively gating CTA, which is susceptible to cardiac motion and, thus, can affect the diagnostic quality of images. The key innovation of this sub-system is that it identifies the SCG waveform corresponding to heart sounds and determines their phases within the cardiac cycles. Furthermore, this relationship is modeled as a linear function with respect to heart rate. For this paper, B-mode echocardiography is used as the gold standard for identifying the quiescent phases. We analyzed synchronous ECG, SCG, and echocardiography data acquired from seven healthy subjects (mean age: 31; age range: 22–48; males: 4) and 11 cardiac patients (mean age: 56; age range: 31–78; males: 6). On average, the proposed algorithm was able to successfully identify 79% of the SCG waveforms in systole and 68% in diastole. The simulated results show that SCG-based prediction produced less average phase error than that of ECG. It was found that the accuracy of ECG-based gating is more susceptible to increases in heart rate variability, while SCG-based gating is susceptible to high cycle to cycle variability in morphology. This pilot work of prediction using SCG waveforms enriches the framework of a comprehensive system with multiple modalities that could potentially, in real time, improve the image quality of CTA.
The Prime Directive: Choosing an Appropriate Antibiotic Duration.

The toddler hospitalized early yesterday morning with periorbital cellulitis looks much better on today’s morning rounds. There’s been no fever overnight, and the eye redness is significantly diminished after just 24 hours of an intravenous, antistaphlococcal antibiotic. It’s time for discharge, and the housestaff decides amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is a good choice to complete the antibiotic course as an outpatient. The team turns to you, the experienced clinician, and asks, “How long should we treat?” Consulting your memory bank and weighing factors such as today’s relative humidity and the vibe you’re getting from the collective consciousness of pediatricians everywhere, you make the following authoritative declaration: 7 days. Boom! That was easy. On to the next case. “Wait a minute,” the senior resident says, “I …
Metamodeling-based approach for risk assessment and cost estimation: Application to geological carbon sequestration planning

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is being evaluated globally as a geoengineering measure for significantly reducing greenhouse emission. However, long-term liability associated with potential leakage from these geologic repositories is perceived as a main barrier of entry to site operators. Risk quantification and impact assessment help CCS operators to screen candidate sites for suitability of CO 2 storage. Leakage risks are highly site dependent, and a quantitative understanding and categorization of these risks can only be made possible through broad participation and deliberation of stakeholders, with the use of site-specific, process-based models as the decision basis. Online decision making, however, requires that scenarios be run in real time. In this work, a Python based, Leakage Assessment and Cost Estimation (PyLACE) web application was developed for quantifying financial risks associated with potential leakage from geologic carbon sequestration sites. PyLACE aims to assist a collaborative, analytic-deliberative decision making processes by automating metamodel creation, knowledge sharing, and online collaboration. In PyLACE, metamodeling, which is a process of developing faster-to-run surrogates of process-level models, is enabled using a special stochastic response surface method and the Gaussian process regression. Both methods allow consideration of model parameter uncertainties and the use of that information to generate confidence intervals on model outputs. Training of the metamodels is delegated to a high performance computing cluster and is orchestrated by a set of asynchronous job scheduling tools for job submission and result retrieval. As a case study, workflow and main features of PyLACE are demonstrated using a multilayer, carbon storage model.
Exploiting Carvone To Demonstrate Both Stereocontrol and Regiocontrol: 1,2- vs 1,4-Addition of Grignard Reagents and Organocuprates

The ability of certain organometallic reagents to react via 1,2- or 1,4-addition to an α,β-unsaturated ketone is a fundamental example of regioselectivity at the second-year undergraduate organic level. The following two experiments were designed to demonstrate this preference by exploiting carvone as an inexpensive chiral, nonracemic substrate. The first, intended for a typical undergraduate audience, makes use of phenylmagnesium bromide; the second calls for the manufacture of lithium dimethylcuprate from a stock solution of methyl lithium and copper(I) iodide and is envisioned to be carried out by upper-division students. Importantly, due to the chiral nature of carvone, these addition reactions are highly stereoselective and will provide an opportunity for students to revisit stereochemistry. Also discussed are several thoughts on assessment of student learning as well as an easy to adopt protocol that details reaction setup, aqueous workup, purification, waste management, and the analysis of products using 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Improving Event Coreference Resolution by Modeling Correlations between Event Coreference Chains and Document Topic Structures

This paper proposes a novel approach for event coreference resolution that models correlations between event coreference chains and document topical structures through an Integer Linear Programming formulation. We explicitly model correlations between the main event chains of a document with topic transition sentences, inter-coreference chain correlations, event mention distributional characteristics and sub-event structure, and use them with scores obtained from a local coreference relation classifier for jointly resolving multiple event chains in a document. Our experiments across KBP 2016 and 2017 datasets suggest that each of the structures contribute to improving event coreference resolution performance.
Hawaii Educators' Experiences in a Professional Development Course on Mindfulness.

Mindfulness as focused attention and awareness with acceptance is increasingly being promoted and used as a professional development tool for educators to improve their own as well as students’ well-being, stress, and learning climate. Twenty-six K-12 Hawaii teachers and counselors participated in a three-day mindfulness training course as part of a professional development opportunity. Phenomenological, content analyses of educators’ reflections on personal practices revealed feelings of stress associated with classroom/student management and lack of self-care. Reflections also revealed mindfulness practices helping them to become more aware of their unskillful emotional and mental habit patterns, and how to manage stress. Their reflections on implementing three simple mindfulness lesson plans with students revealed favorable perceptions of mindfulness to improve the lives of their students, the ease as well as challenges of incorporating the practices into the classroom, and the enthusiastic ado...
Multimodality Imaging Agents with PET as the Fundamental Pillar.

Positron emission tomography (PET) provides quantitative information in vivo with ultra-high sensitivity but is limited by its relatively low spatial resolution. Therefore, PET has been combined with other imaging modalities, and commercial systems such as PET/computed tomography (CT) and PET/magnetic resonance (MR) have become available. Inspired by the emerging field of nanomedicine, many PET-based multimodality nanoparticle imaging agents have been developed in recent years. This Minireview highlights recent progress in the design of PET-based multimodality imaging nanoprobes with an aim to overview the major advances and key challenges in this field and substantially improve our knowledge of this fertile research area.
86 Skandale und Erregungen

Mit Thomas Bernhard verbindet man auch heute noch zahlreiche Skandale und Erregungen. Zum 25. Todestag gab Edwin Baumgartner seinem Artikel in der Wiener Zeitung den Titel »Der Skandalmacher« (Baumgartner 2014). Dass Bernhard einmal so bezeichnet wurde, hatte man Anfang der 1950er Jahre nicht ahnen konnen, als er seinen dichterischen Anfang nahm. Seine ersten schriftstellerischen Versuche waren eher vom anti-modernen, konservativen Zeitgeist gekennzeichnet. Doch bereits Mitte der 1950er Jahre vernahm man einen Ton, den man sich von dem jungen Autor nicht erwartet hatte. Am 3. Dezember 1955 meldete sich Bernhard kulturkritisch in der katholischen Wochenzeitung Die Furche zu Wort. Er griff das Salzburger Landestheater wegen seines Spielplans an; es sei dort in letzter Zeit kein Theaterstuck angesetzt worden, das »in den Kulturspalten diskutabel« sei. Die »Bretter rechts der Salzach« wurden bald zu einem »Rummelplatz des Dilettantismus« verkommen sein. »Halt man denn die Einwohner dieser wenn auch nicht immer kulturfreundlichen Stadt wirklich fur so dumm, das man sich ihnen Jahr und Tag nichts als sauer gewordene Schlagobersmarchen vorzusetzen getraut?« (W 22/1, 411).
Morphological Aspects of Brain Damage in Aging

The field of neurobiology has recently witnessed a surge of research aimed at studying and evaluating neural growth following various types of damage in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). This research has taken on a very intriguing atmosphere since it has been suggested that this growth might serve as a basis for the recovery or restitution of function following damage. Conversely, one possibility must be recognized that aberrant neural circuitry formed as a result of remodeling may be functionally deleterious. Anomalous growth may thus be in part responsible for altered behavioral responses seen within aging. Interest in this area of research is further enhanced when one considers that this reactive growth process takes place not only in the developing nervous system but in the mature adult CNS.
Genetic effects on beef heifer puberty and subsequent reproduction

Significant genetic variation exists within and between breeds of beef cattle for age at puberty (AP). In general, faster-gaining breed groups of larger mature size reach puberty at a later age than do slower-gaining breed groups of smaller mature size; breeds selected for milk production reach puberty at younger ages than do those breeds not selected for milk production. Heterosis, independent of heterosis effects on weight, influences most measures of puberty in females and scrotal circumference (SC) in males. Crossbred heifers reach puberty at younger ages and heavier weights than their straightbred counterparts. Scrotal circumference has been shown to be an excellent indicator of AP in yearling bulls. Furthermore, a favorable genetic relationship exists between SC in bulls and AP of female offspring. Beef cattle breeders may take a direct approach to breeding for AP and subsequent reproduction by directly selecting for measures of fertility such as SC. However, an indirect approach, involving selection for an array of traits that provide an appropriate "genetic environment" for the expression of fertility (i.e., size, milk production, calving ease) may be preferred. Although seedstock producers are limited to making change through within-breed selection, commercial producers can take advantage of both within- and between-breed selection as well as crossbreeding to achieve the same goal.
Peacemaking Criminology: The 1990s

The 1990s were marked as somewhat a return to formal engagement with critical criminology. He, along with others, developed a spiritually informed criminology, a peacemaking criminology. Richard was to set out to develop some of the initial possible contours of this emerging perspective, a perspective that was beginning to become more receptive in critical criminology and even showing some acceptability in mainstream criminology.
Pattern Formation of Grand States

This chapter is concerned with pattern formation of grand states. That is, pattern formation is considered that involves structural changes. The structural changes are not due to external forces that act as driving forces as discussed in Chap. 6. Rather, the structural changes are part of the pattern formation.
When is EROI Not EROI

This paper outlines some very real issues with the use of energy return on investment (EROI) for comparing different energy delivery pathways, particularly when directly comparing EROI calculated at the scale of a single energy facility (as a ratio of full lifetime energy transfers) with that calculated at the scale of a geographical region or industry (as a ratio of annual energy flows). While these two ratios may converge, it is only under a very specific set of circumstances. The aim of this paper is to outline this issue in detail and provide some specific examples of the difference between these two ratios for the global wind and photovoltaics industries.
Evaluation of Changes in Frequency, D-CPAP, and Flow and Measured MAP on FIO2 Using Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation

Background: Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV) is an airway clearance modality designed to assist in mucus removal and lung recruitment. Frequency, CPAP and flow are adjusted to target small and large airways. The IPV 2C incorporates demand CPAP flow controls, and a variable I:E ratio. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Demand CPAP, flow and frequency changes on FIO2. Methods: An IPV 2C and Phasitron 5, (Percussionaire, Sandpoint, ID) were connected to a calibrated Maxtec O2ME oxygen monitor (Maxtec, Salt Lake City, UT) and an Airlife 1L Baby Safe flow-inflating resuscitation bag (Vyaire, Mettawa, IL). Using a constant inspiratory time, FIO2 was measured after stabilization at frequency 350, and D-CPAP and flow at 3 setting changes. Mean airway pressures (MAP) and frequency was derived from the multimeter on the IPV 2C. Descriptive statistics, Mean and Standard Deviations for frequency, flow and D-CPAP were calculated and a paired t-test was performed with a statistical significance level set at P
Real-Time Volumetric Thermoacoustic Imaging and Thermometry Using a 1.5-D Ultrasound Array

Noninvasive thermal therapies for the treatment of breast cancer depend on accurate monitoring of tissue temperature to optimize treatment and ensure safety. This work describes a real-time system for 3-D thermoacoustic imaging and thermometry (TAI-TAT) for tracking temperature in tissue samples during heating. The study combines a 2.7-GHz microwave pulse generator with a custom 1.5-D 0.6 MHz ultrasound array for generating and detecting TA signals. The system is tested and validated on slabs of biological tissue and saline gel during heating. Calibration curves for relating the TA signal to temperature were calculated in saline gel (3.40%/°C), muscle (1.73%/°C), and fat (1.15%/°C), respectively. The calibrations were used to produce real-time, volumetric temperature maps at ~3-s intervals with a spatial resolution of approximately 3 mm. TAT temperature changes within a region of interest were compared to adjacent thermocouples with a mean error of 17.3%, 13.2%, and 20.4% for muscle, gel, and fat, respectively. The TAT algorithm was also able to simultaneously track temperatures in different tissues. With further development, noninvasive TAI-TAT may prove to be a valuable method for accurate and real-time feedback during breast cancer ablation therapy.
Regional Differences and Physiologic Behaviors in Peripapillary Scleral Fibroblasts

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the cellular architecture of normal human peripapillary sclera (PPS) and evaluate surface topography's role in fibroblast behavior. Methods PPS cryosections from nonglaucomatous eyes were labelled for nuclei, fibrillar actin (FA), and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and imaged. Collagen fibrils were imaged using second harmonic generation. Nuclear density and aspect ratio of the internal PPS (iPPS), outer PPS (oPPS), and peripheral sclera were determined. FA and αSMA fibril alignment with collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) was determined. PPS fibroblasts were cultured on smooth or patterned membranes under mechanical strain and in the presence of TGFβ1 and 2. Results The iPPS (7.1 ± 2.0 × 10-4, P < 0.0001) and oPPS (5.3 ± 1.4 × 10-4, P = 0.0013) had greater nuclei density (nuclei/µm2) than peripheral sclera (2.5 ± 0.8 × 10-4). The iPPS (2.0 ± 0.3, P = 0.002) but not oPPS (2.4 ± 0.4, P = 0.45) nuclei had smaller aspect ratios than peripheral (2.7 ± 0.5) nuclei. FA was present throughout the scleral stroma and was more aligned with oPPS collagen (9.6 ± 1.9 degrees) than in the peripheral sclera (15.9 ± 3.9 degrees, P =0.002). The αSMA fibers in the peripheral sclera were less aligned with collagen fibrils (26.4 ± 4.8 degrees) than were FA (15.9 ± 3.9 degrees, P = 0.0002). PPS fibroblasts cultured on smooth membranes shifted to an orientation perpendicular to the direction of cyclic uniaxial strain (1 Hz, 5% strain, 42.2 ± 7.1 degrees versus 62.0 ± 8.5 degrees, P < 0.0001), whereas aligned fibroblasts on patterned membranes were resistant to strain-induced reorientation (5.9 ± 1.4 degrees versus 10 ± 3.3 degrees, P = 0.21). Resistance to re-orientation was reduced by TGFβ treatment (10 ± 3.3 degrees without TGFβ1 compared to 23.1 ± 4.5 degrees with TGFβ1, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Regions of the posterior sclera differ in cellular density and nuclear morphology. Topography alters the cellular response to mechanical strain.
The Association of Malnutrition, illness duration, and pre-morbid weight status with anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents and young adults with restrictive eating disorders: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Restrictive eating disorders (EDs) are often comorbid with anxiety and depression symptoms, placing patients at risk for more severe disease, worse treatment outcomes, and higher rates of mortality. To identify risks for developing such co-morbidities, we assessed the association of malnutrition, ED illness duration, and pre-morbid weight status with symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents/young adults (AYAs) with EDs. METHODS 145 participants with restrictive EDs (anorexia nervosa [AN], other specified feeding and eating disorders [OSFED], avoidant restrictive food intake disorder [ARFID]) were included from the RECOVERY study, a longitudinal web-based registry of AYAs with EDs. We measured malnutrition as percent of expected body mass index (%eBMI), based on participants' pre-morbid growth trajectory. Outcomes were anxiety and depression scores from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scales. We used multiple linear regression to examine the association of malnutrition, ED duration, and pre-morbid weight status with symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS Mean (SD) age was 16.4(3.0) years; 87% were female; 89% white; 85% had AN, 6% OSFED, 10% ARFID. Of these, 2/3 had ED symptoms ≥1 year, 1/3 had previous higher level of ED care (HLOC), and half were taking psychiatric medications. Mean %eBMI was 90% (range 57-112%). Mean GAD-7 was 9.4(5.9) and CES-D was 24(13.8), indicating most participants had clinically significant anxiety and/or depression. Degree of malnutrition was not significantly associated with anxiety or depression adjusting for age, sex, sexual orientation, ED diagnosis, and use of psychiatric medication. Those with longer duration of ED symptoms had higher depression scores after adjusting for malnutrition, HLOC, length of ED symptoms, and time in our care (p = 0.038). Patients with pre-morbid BMIs ≥75th percentile had lower depression scores than those with pre-morbid BMIs <75th percentile (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS We find high degree of clinically relevant anxiety and depression symptoms in a population of AYAs with EDs. Our findings suggest that factors beyond malnutrition play a role in the co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders in this population. Overall, rapid ED diagnosis and comprehensive treatment for patients with EDs across the weight spectrum-and especially those with psychiatric co-morbidities-will likely aid in recovery.
Spectral sensitivity of circadian phase resetting, melatonin suppression and acute alerting effects of intermittent light exposure

Abstract Intermittent light (IML) pulses are more efficient per minute of exposure than continuous exposure in resetting the phase of the human circadian pacemaker. We assessed the spectral sensitivity in phase resetting, melatonin suppression and alertness induced by IML pulses. Twelve healthy young adults (6 females; mean age ± SD = 25.4 ± 3.6 years) were exposed to six monochromatic light pulses (2.8 × 1013 photons/cm2/s) over a 6.5 h window during the biological night. Six participants (3F) received 6 × 15-minute 460 nm (blue) pulses and six participants received 6 × 2-minute 555 nm (green) light pulses. Results were compared to historical data in 16 individuals who received continuous 460 nm (n = 8) or 555 nm (n = 8) light exposure using an identical protocol. As expected, long duration continuous 460 nm light exposure induced the largest total phase delay shifts, but intermittent 555 nm light induced the largest phase delay shifts per minute of the photic stimulus. Melatonin suppression was significantly higher under continuous light exposure compared to intermittent exposure patterns, and for 460 nm versus 555 nm exposure (under both light patterns). These data extend prior work showing a non-linear relationship between light exposure duration and phase resetting responses and illustrate the potential role of light wavelength, and therefore photoreceptor recruitment, in mediating these responses.
Presleep Arousal and Sleep in Early Childhood.

Research suggests that arousal during the transition to sleep—presleep arousal—is associated with sleep disturbances. Although a robust literature has examined the role of presleep arousal in confe...
Evolving neural selection with adaptive regularization

Over-parameterization is one of the inherent characteristics of modern deep neural networks, which can often be overcome by leveraging regularization methods, such as Dropout [31]. Usually, these methods are applied globally and all the input cases are treated equally. However, given the natural variation of the input space for real-world tasks such as image recognition and natural language understanding, it is unlikely that a fixed regularization pattern will have the same effectiveness for all the input cases. In this work, we demonstrate a method in which the selection of neurons in deep neural networks evolves, adapting to the difficulty of prediction. We propose the Adaptive Neural Selection (ANS) framework, which evolves to weigh neurons in a layer to form network variants that are suitable to handle different input cases. Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of commonly-used neural network architectures on standard image recognition benchmarks. Ablation studies also validate the effectiveness and contribution of each component in the proposed framework.
The Agathon Scene in Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae

This article interprets Agathon's speech of self-justification in light of its dramaturgical functions within the prologue of Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae. Agathon refutes Inlaw's charges of homosexual effeminacy by outlining a theory of poetic composition according to which the poet changes his nature to create in himself the qualities of his characters and plays. The speech simultaneously works against Agathon's self-justification by portraying the tragedian as an elite intellectual whose theories are only valid within his own isolation.
X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals of rat liver NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase containing cibacron blue

NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.2) is a widely distributed dicoumarol-inhibitable FAD-containing protein that catalyzes the obligatory two-electron reduction of quinones. The enzyme plays an important role in protecting animal cells against quinone toxicity and may be involved in the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation cascade. Cocrystallization of rat liver quinone reductase with Cibacron blue, a potent inhibitor with respect to NAD(P)H, was achieved by the method of vapor diffusion in the presence of ammonium sulfate and low concentrations of polyethylene glycol. X-ray diffraction analysis showed these blue crystalline platelets to be monoclinic and to belong to the space group P2(1) (a = 71.6 A, b = 107.1 A, c = 87.8 A and beta = 92.60 degrees) with two dimers in the asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to a resolution of at least 2.8 A.
Does Bilingual Education Interfere with English‐Language Acquisition?*

Objective. In 1975, the Puerto Rican community successfully sued the New York City Department of Education, mandating the city to provide bilingual education to its Spanish-speaking English learner (EL) students. The settlement, known as the “Aspira Consent Decree,” has been amended over time to include EL students of all language groups and now requires public schools that have at least 15 students of the same language group in two contiguous grades to offer bilingual education. Yet observational studies of bilingual education classrooms in the city document that Spanish-speaking EL students may be the only language group that receives native-language instruction, while students from other language groups who are enrolled in bilingual education primarily receive English instruction. Method. I use this difference in treatment dosage to estimate the effect of bilingual education on the time that it takes students to learn English. Results and Conclusions. Students who enroll in bilingual education classrooms learn English less quickly, but the effect of bilingual education is the same for Spanish-speaking and other students, implying that negative selection mechanisms are at work.
Exploratory Students' Experiences With First-Year Academic Advising

Six sophomore students who had entered a public midwestern university as undeclared participated in the study. The advisors used a modified form of appreciative advising designed to assist first-ye...
Polynomial-complexity, adaptive symbol-by-symbol soft-decision algorithms with application to non-coherent detection of LDPCC

Iterative decoding in the presence of unknown channel parameters requires the generation of symbol-by-symbol soft-decision metrics (SbSSDMs), jointly with parameter estimation. Traditional methods for the exact evaluation of these metrics have exponential complexity with the length of the data sequence. In this paper, a class of problems is identified, for which the exact SbSSDMs can be obtained with only polynomial complexity with the data sequence length. The applicability of this technique is demonstrated by considering the problem of iterative detection of low-density parity-check codes in the presence of unknown and time-varying carrier-phase offset.
The role of radiation oncologists and discussion of fertility preservation in young cancer patients

Abstract Purpose The risk of infertility increases after cancer treatment with chemotherapy, with radiotherapy, and in some cases with surgery. The goal of these secondary analyses was to examine potential differences in practice behaviors, specifically referral and discussion of fertility preservation, among oncologists (ie, surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists). Methods and Materials Two items examining discussion and referral for fertility preservation were administered as part of a larger 53-item survey measuring oncologists' fertility preservation knowledge, practice behaviors, and attitudes was developed and mailed to a nationally representative, stratified, random sample of US oncology care physicians. Results There was a significant difference by oncology subspecialty in discussion of the impact of treatment on future fertility for cancer patients of childbearing age. Follow-up χ 2 tests of discussion and specialty showed 82% of radiation oncologists "always/often" discussed the impact of treatment on fertility, compared with 51% for surgical oncologists. There was not a significant difference between oncology specialty and reported referrals to reproductive endocrinologist with 24% to 31% of all oncologist types reporting "rarely/never" referring patients of child-bearing age to an infertility specialist or reproductive endocrinologist. Conclusions These findings are important particularly for radiation oncologists, who may have a unique role in communicating fertility preservation options to their patients given their opportunity for multiple patient encounters. As such, there is a notable opportunity for further research into the reasons why and how to implement provider education about fertility preservation to improve quality of life and quality care for patients of reproductive potential.
Some n by dn linear complementarity problems

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study some recent applications of the n by dn LCP solvable by a parametric principal pivoting algorithm (PPP algorithm). Often, the LCPs arising from these applications give rise to large systems of linear equations which can be solved fairly efficiently by exploiting their special structures. First, it is shown that by analyzing the n by dn LCP we could study the problem of solving a system of equations and the (nonlinear) complementarity problem when the function involved is separable. Next, we examine conditions under which the PPP algorithm is applicable to a general LCP, and then present examples of LCPs arising from various applications satisfying the conditions; included among them is the n by dn LCP with a certain P -property. Finally we study a special class of n by dn LCPs which do not possess the P -property but to which the PPP algorithm is still applicable; a major application of this class of problems is a certain economic spatial equilibrium model with piecewise linear prices.
Loss of Mechanical Strain Impairs Abdominal Wall Fibroblast Proliferation, Orientation and Collagen Contraction Function

Background Laparotomy wound load forces are reduced when dehiscence and incisional hernia formation occur. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strain loss on abdominal fascial fibroblast proliferation, orientation, and collagen compaction function. Methods Cultured rat linea alba fibroblasts were subjected to continuous cyclic strain (CS), CS interrupted at 24 or 48 hours followed by culture at rest (IS-24 and IS-48) or were cultured without mechanical strain (NS). Cell number was measured and images analyzed for cell orientation. Fibroblasts from these groups were seeded onto the surface of (FPCL-S) or mixed into (FPCL-M) a collagen gel matrix and gel area was measured over time. Results Continuous strain stimulated proliferation when compared with the nonstrained cells. The loss of strain (IS) delayed proliferation compared with CS throughout ( P P P P = .029). Conclusion Mechanical strain rapidly induces a proliferative, morphologic, and functional response in abdominal wall fibroblasts that is dependent on the continued presence of the strain signal and quickly lost when the load force is removed. The loss of wound edge tension that occurs during laparotomy wound separation and hernia formation may contribute to impaired wound healing through loss of a key stimulatory mechanical signal with important implications for abdominal wall reconstruction.