cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer progression and androgen deprivation therapy resistance

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy among men in the world. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the lethal form of the disease, which develops upon resistance to first line androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Emerging evidence demonstrates a key role for the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis in the development and maintenance of CRPC. This pathway, which is deregulated in the majority of advanced PCas, serves as a critical nexus for the integration of growth signals with downstream cellular processes such as protein synthesis, proliferation, survival, metabolism and differentiation, thus providing mechanisms for cancer cells to overcome the stress associated with androgen deprivation. Furthermore, preclinical studies have elucidated a direct connection between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and androgen receptor (AR) signaling axes, revealing a dynamic interplay between these pathways during the development of ADT resistance. Thus, there is a clear rationale for the continued clinical development of a number of novel inhibitors of the PI3K pathway, which offer the potential of blocking CRPC growth and survival. In this review, we will explore the relevance of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in PCa progression and castration resistance in order to inform the clinical development of specific pathway inhibitors in advanced PCa. In addition, we will highlight current deficiencies in our clinical knowledge, most notably the need for biomarkers that can accurately predict for response to PI3K pathway inhibitors.
Hemodynamic diagnostics of epicardial coronary stenoses: in-vitro experimental and computational study

The severity of epicardial coronary stenosis can be assessed by invasive measurements of trans-stenotic pressure drop and flow. A pressure or flow sensor-tipped guidewire inserted across the coronary stenosis causes an overestimation in true trans-stenotic pressure drop and reduction in coronary flow. This may mask the true severity of coronary stenosis. In order to unmask the true severity of epicardial stenosis, we evaluate a diagnostic parameter, which is obtained from fundamental fluid dynamics principles. This experimental and numerical study focuses on the characterization of the diagnostic parameter, pressure drop coefficient, and also evaluates the pressure recovery downstream of stenoses. Three models of coronary stenosis namely, moderate, intermediate and severe stenosis, were manufactured and tested in the in-vitro set-up simulating the epicardial coronary network. The trans-stenotic pressure drop and flow distal to stenosis models were measured by non-invasive method, using external pressure and flow sensors, and by invasive method, following guidewire insertion across the stenosis. The viscous and momentum-change components of the pressure drop for various flow rates were evaluated from quadratic relation between pressure drop and flow. Finally, the pressure drop coefficient (CDPe) was calculated as the ratio of pressure drop and distal dynamic pressure. The pressure recovery factor (η) was calculated as the ratio of pressure recovery coefficient and the area blockage. The mean pressure drop-flow characteristics before and during guidewire insertion indicated that increasing stenosis causes a shift in dominance from viscous pressure to momentum forces. However, for intermediate (~80%) area stenosis, which is between moderate (~65%) and severe (~90%) area stenoses, both losses were similar in magnitude. Therefore, guidewire insertion plays a critical role in evaluating the hemodynamic severity of coronary stenosis. More importantly, mean CDPe increased (17 ± 3.3 to 287 ± 52, n = 3, p < 0.01) and mean η decreased (0.54 ± 0.04 to 0.37 ± 0.05, p < 0.01) from moderate to severe stenosis during guidewire insertion. The wide range of CDPe is not affected that much by the presence of guidewire. CDPe can be used in clinical practice to evaluate the true severity of coronary stenosis due to its significant difference between values measured at moderate and severe stenoses.
Treatment partners and adherence to HAART in Central Mozambique.

Abstract Adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has been associated with increased survival rates and decreased drug resistance in various settings. There is growing concern that loss to follow-up will increase and adherence rates will decrease as HAART programs are expanded in resource-limited settings. In Central Mozambique, an innovative program was implemented, using community-based (trained community activists) and self-selected (family members or friends) “treatment partners” to provide psycho-social support to patients on HAART. We calculated adherence rates based on pharmacy records for all patients who refilled their medication for at least six consecutive months between September 2004 and June 2006. Medical charts were reviewed for a subset of 375 patients having high (≥90%) adherence and 59 patients having low (<90%) adherence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis assessed the association between the type of treatment partner used and adherence to HAART. A total of 305...
Regional dynamics of the fMRI-BOLD signal response to hypoxia-hypercapnia in the rat brain.

Purpose To examine the regional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal response to rapid changes in arterial oxygen tension. Materials and Methods Functional MR imaging (fMRI) was carried out in five male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with Sodium Pentobarbital. Rats were subjected to different durations of apnea as a rapid, graded, and reversible hypoxic-hypercapnic stimulus. Dynamics of the BOLD signal response were studied on a pixel-by-pixel basis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, third ventricle, and thalamus in the rat brain. Results Apnea induced a BOLD signal drop in all the brain regions studied, the magnitude of which increased with longer durations of the stimulus. The signal recovered to preapnic baseline levels after resumption of normal ventilation. Regional variation in the BOLD signal dynamics was observed with the magnitude of the BOLD signal change in the hippocampus being the least, followed by a relatively larger change in the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and third ventricle. The time (t0) for the signal change after the onset of the stimulus was estimated for every pixel. Time delay maps generated show the highest onset time values in the hippocampus followed by the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and third ventricle. Conclusion The regional dynamics of the BOLD signal in the brain in response to apnea may vary depending on the rate of oxygen metabolism in addition to cerebral blood flow (CBF). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:641–647. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Inertial Measurement Unit for User Interfaces

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 2000.
A new genus and species of Tricorythidae (Ephemeroptera : Pannota) from Madagascar

Newly discovered mayflies from Madagascar have proven to represent a new genus and species of Tricorythidae. Provonsha­ ka n. gen. is described in the larval stage, and compared with the Madagascar genus Manohyphella, which is also shown to be a member of the Tricorythidae. Provonshaka is a member of a phylogenetic lineage that also contains Manohyphella and the sou­ theast Asia genus Teloganella. There are presently three tricorythid genera present in Madagascar, including the distantly related Tricorythus. Provonshaka thomasorwn n.sp. is described from three rivers in Madagascar and is sometimes found cohabiting wi­ th Manohyphella keiseri. A diagnostic table giving the differences between Provonshaka and Manohyphella is provided. Un genre nouveau et une espece nouvelle de Tricorythidae (Ephemeroptera : Pannota) de Madagascar Mots cles : Tricorythidae, Madagascar, Provonshaka, genre nouveau, Manohyphella. Des ephemeres malgaches recemment decouverts appartiennent a un genre nouveau et a une espece nouvelle de Tricorythidae. Provonshaka n.gen. est decrit a l'etat larvaire, et est compare au genre malgache Manohyphella, dont l'appartenance aux Trico­ rythidae est aussi prouvee. Provonshaka fait partie d'une lignee phylogenetique comprenant aussi Manohyphella et le genre Te­ loganella d'Asie du Sud-Est. Trois genres de Tricorythidae sont actuellement connus de Madagascar, y compris le genre plus eloigne Tricorythus. Provonshaka thomasorum n.sp. est decrite de trois rivieres malgaches et peut cohabiter avec Manohyphella keiseri. Une table de diagnose resumant les caracteres differentiels entre Provonshaka et Manohyphella est presentee.
Treatment of severe ocular hypotony in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and cidofovir-associated uveitis.

(2001). Treatment of severe ocular hypotony in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and cidofovir-associated uveitis. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 137-139.
Programming embedded networked sensor systems

Summary form only given. The article describes a state-centric abstraction for application users to interact with sensor networks. Just as in data-centric routing and storage where physical nodes are less important than the data itself, state-centric abstraction introduces "states" as a natural vocabulary to describe spatio-temporal physical phenomena that the sensor networks are typically designed for. Application programmers specify the computation as creation, sharing and transformation of states, which naturally map to descriptions in signal processing and control applications. We argue that due to the dynamic nature of sensor networks, programs written in state-centric abstractions are more invariant to constant changes in data stream configurations and make the resulting software more portable across multiple sensor network platforms. With the help of models of sensor collaboration, sensing and estimation, the state-centric specifications are mapped into collaborative processing tasks at compile time, and further maintained at run time, leveraging the data-centric caching and routing services. We use a multi-target tracking system as an example to show how state-centric programming models can raise the abstraction level for users to interact with sensor networks and help modularize the design.
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses after sedation.

Background The administration of certain sedatives has been shown to promote sleep in humans. Related agents induce sleep-like behavior when administered to horses. Interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEGs) obtained from sedated horses should take into account background activity, presence of sleep-related EEG events, and the animal's behavior. Hypothesis Sedatives induce states of vigilance that are indistinguishable on EEGs from those that occur naturally. Animals Six healthy horses. Methods Digital EEG with video was recorded after administration of 1 of 4 sedatives (acepromazine, butorphanol, xylazine, or detomidine). Serum drug concentrations were measured. Recordings were reviewed, states were identified, and representative EEG samples were analysed. These data were compared with data previously obtained during a study of natural sleep. Results Butorphanol was associated with brief episodes resembling slow wave sleep in 1 horse. Acepromazine led to SWS in 3 horses, including 1 that also exhibited rapid eye movement sleep. Periods of SWS were observed in all horses afer xylazine or detomidine administration. Normal sleep-related EEG events and heart block, occurred in association with SWS regardless of which sedative was used. Spectral data varied primarily by state, but some differences were observed between sedative and natural data. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Qualitatively, EEG findings appeared identical whether sedation-induced or naturally occurring. The startle response and heart block associated with some sedatives may be related to sleep. Alpha2 agonists can be used to obtain high quality EEGs in horses, but acepromazine does not promote a relaxed state in all animals.
Palladium(II)‐katalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung/C‐C‐Kreuzkupplung: Vielseitigkeit und Anwendbarkeit

Katalyse mit Methode: Eine ganze Reihe katalytischer Palladiumsysteme fur die C-H-Aktivierung/C-C-Kupplung (siehe Schema) wurde in jungerer Zeit entwickelt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt ist die PdII-katalysierte Kupplung von C-H-Bindungen mit metallorganischen Reagentien durch PdII/Pd0-Katalysezyklen. Die Vielseitigkeit dieser Katalysemethode wird demonstriert, zudem werden offene Fragen sowie das Entwicklungspotenzial des Gebietes angesprochen. In den letzten zehn Jahren wurde die palladiumkatalysierte C-H-Aktivierung/C-C-Kupplung zu einer vielversprechenden katalytischen Umwandlung entwickelt. Allerdings sind die Moglichkeiten auf diesem Gebiet bisher noch nicht so umfangreich wie bei den Kreuzkupplungen, bei denen Aryl- und Alkylhalogenide eingesetzt werden. Dieser Aufsatz stellt vier ausfuhrlich untersuchte Katalysemethoden zur C-C-Bindungsbildung ausgehend von C-H-Bindungen vor: PdII/Pd0-, PdII/PdIV-, Pd0/PdII/PdIV- und Pd0/PdII-Katalyse. Auserdem werden neuere Entwicklungen bei der PdII-katalysierten Kupplung von C-H-Bindungen mit metallorganischen Reagentien durch einen PdII/Pd0-Katalysezyklus vorgestellt. Ungeachtet aller bisherigen Fortschritte verbleibt es eine wichtige Aufgabe, die Vielseitigkeit und Anwendbarkeit dieser Reaktionen auf eine breitere Grundlage zu stellen.
The Roles of Counseling Psychologists in Reducing Health Disparities

This article presents an overview of the health disparities problem that exists among individuals from ethnic minority and low-income backgrounds and their majority counterparts. The argument is made that the involvement of counseling psychologists in addressing this health disparities problem presents an opportunity for the field to remain true to its commitment to prevention, multiculturalism, and social justice while becoming more competitive in the health care and health promotion fields. This article highlights the prevalence of health disparities and identifies the primary factors contributing to these disparities. In addition, the roles and approaches that counseling psychologists can adopt to help alleviate this problem are specified.
Measurements of dynamic interactions in thin films of polymer melts: The transition from simple to complex behavior

Two techniques are described for measuring the shear viscosities of thin liquid films confined between two surfaces. Both techniques employ the surface forces apparatus, which has already been used extensively to measure the static interactions between surfaces in liquids. With either of the new dynamic techniques, shear viscosities of the confined liquids can be measured as a function of film thickness with a precision of about 0.1 nm (1 A). The techniques complement each other: one is used to best advantage at high shear rates, the other at low shear rates. Results are presented for measurements made on low-molecular-weight polymer melts of polybutadienes. At low shear rates, these results provide detailed information on the relation between polymer molecular weight, the conformation of polymer molecules at the surfaces, the intermolecular forces between the surfaces, and the location of the shear plane (plane of no-slip). At high shear rates, the results suggest the gradual evolution of non-Newtonian behavior in submicron liquid films.
Bibliometrics and the Modern Commercial Regime

This paper examines the role of bibliometrics in exploring the question of the effect of commercialization upon the health of American science. It approaches the problem through the question: What would constitute relevant evidence documenting decline in the number of scientific articles published by American authors in the last two decades? Because even the data have been privatized recently, it begins by criticizing article counts used in other venues. It concludes by demonstrating that the problem of decline is not merely in relative shares between countries, but also an absolute decline in American-authored articles across the board. We close with some proposed causes of the decline.
NanoRNAs prime transcription initiation in vivo

It is often presumed that, in vivo, the initiation of RNA synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases occurs using NTPs alone. Here, using the model Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we demonstrate that depletion of the small-RNA-specific exonuclease, Oligoribonuclease, causes the accumulation of oligoribonucleotides 2 to ∼4 nt in length, "nanoRNAs," which serve as primers for transcription initiation at a significant fraction of promoters. Widespread use of nanoRNAs to prime transcription initiation is coupled with global alterations in gene expression. Our results, obtained under conditions in which the concentration of nanoRNAs is artificially elevated, establish that small RNAs can be used to initiate transcription in vivo, challenging the idea that all cellular transcription occurs using only NTPs. Our findings further suggest that nanoRNAs could represent a distinct class of functional small RNAs that can affect gene expression through direct incorporation into a target RNA transcript rather than through a traditional antisense-based mechanism.
Tele-ICU: experience to date.

Tele-intensive care unit (ICU) is a care provided to critically ill patients by off-site clinicians using audio, video, and electronic links to leverage technical, informational, and clinical resources. Providing care includes the ability to detect patient’s instability or laboratory abnormalities in real-time, collect additional clinical information from or about the patient, order diagnostic testing, make diagnoses, implement treatment, render other forms of intensive care such as managing life-support devices, and communicate with patients and bedside providers. This review summarizes how tele-ICU services are delivered, the alternative approaches that have been used, and summarizes published reports of its effects on patient-focused outcomes. Tele-ICU is thought to have great promise to support critically ill adults.
Neural functional and structural correlates of childhood maltreatment in women with intimate-partner violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a strong risk factor for development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) upon adult exposure to extreme adverse events. However, the neural underpinnings of this relationship are not well understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that severity of CM history is positively correlated with emotion-processing limbic and prefrontal brain activation/connectivity and negatively correlated with prefrontal gray matter volumes in women with PTSD due to intimate-partner violence (IPV-PTSD). Thirty-three women with IPV-PTSD underwent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a facial emotion processing task. Multivariate regressions examined the relationship of CM to patterns of activation, connectivity, and gray matter volumes. CM severity was: (a) positively correlated with ventral ACC activation while processing angry faces; (b) negatively correlated with dorsal ACC and insula activation while processing fear and angry faces, arising from positive correlations with the shape-matching baseline; (c) positively correlated with limbic-prefrontal connectivity while processing fear faces but negatively correlated with amygdalo-insular connectivity while processing fear and angry; and (d) negatively correlated with prefrontal gray matter volumes. These results suggest CM exposure may account for variability in limbic/prefrontal brain function and prefrontal structure in adulthood PTSD and offer one potential mechanism through which CM confers risk to future development of PTSD. Language: en
Differential Earth Mover's Distance with Its Applications to Visual Tracking

The Earth mover's distance (EMD) is a similarity measure that captures perceptual difference between two distributions. Its computational complexity, however, prevents a direct use in many applications. This paper proposes a novel differential EMD (DEMD) algorithm based on the sensitivity analysis of the simplex method and offers a speedup at orders of magnitude compared with its brute-force counterparts. The DEMD algorithm is discussed and empirically verified in the visual tracking context. The deformations of the distributions for objects at different time instances are accommodated well by the EMD, and the differential algorithm makes the use of EMD in real-time tracking possible. To further reduce the computation, signatures, i.e., variable-size descriptions of distributions, are employed as an object representation. The new algorithm models and estimates local background scenes as well as foreground objects to handle scale changes in a principled way. Extensive quantitative evaluation of the proposed algorithm has been carried out using benchmark sequences and the improvement over the standard mean shift tracker is demonstrated.
Polypharmacy in Psychiatry

Summary Although it is wise to be cautious when administering more than one drug to a patient, polypharmacy is not a controversial practice. Rather, it is a useful and an accepted method of treating complicated cases in all medical specialities. There is a need for more rigorous study of multiple-medication therapies. However, physicians must be able to make decisions based on the data that are available and not be limited in their ability to treat a patient by a lack of scientific validation for every aspect of the treatment.
Invariantism about ‘can’ and ‘may’ (as well as ‘might’)

Braun (Linguistics & Philosophy 35, 461–489, 2012) argued for a non- relativist, invariantist theory of ‘might’. Yanovich (Linguistics & Philosophy, 2013) argues that Braun’s theory is inconsistent with certain facts concerning diachronic meaning changes in ‘might’, ‘can’, and ‘may’. This paper replies to Yanovich’s objection.
Simulating windows-based cyber attacks using live virtual machine introspection

Static memory analysis has been proven a valuable technique for digital forensics. However, the memory capture technique halts the system causing the loss of important dynamic system data. As a result, live analysis techniques have emerged to complement static analysis. In this paper, a compiled memory analysis tool for virtualization (CMAT-V) is presented as a virtual machine introspection (VMI) utility to conduct live analysis during simulated cyber attacks. CMAT-V leverages static memory dump analysis techniques to provide live system state awareness. CMAT-V parses an arbitrary memory dump from a simulated guest operating system (OS) to extract user information, network usage, active process information and registry files. Unlike some VMI applications, CMAT-V bridges the semantic gap using derivation techniques. This provides increased operating system compatibility for current and future operating systems. This research demonstrates the usefulness of CMAT-V as a situational awareness tool during simulated cyber attacks and measures the overall performance of CMAT-V.
Phonics Based Reading Interventions for Students with Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Literature Review.

Teachers require interventions for students with intellectual disability (ID) that are simple, efficient, and can be implemented in the classroom versus interventions requiring isolation. The purpose of this review was to update the prior review by Joseph & Seery (2004) and to serve as a resource for parents, practitioners and researchers interested in the reading education of students with ID. Studies that focused on implementation of phonics based reading interventions to students with ID occurring over the subsequent 12-year period since the last review by Joseph & Seery (2004) were examined to determine which types of settings are typically used, what type of interventions are being implemented, outcomes for each intervention, Results indicate students with ID continue to respond to phonics based reading interventions and indicate an increase in published studies involving phonics based reading interventions for students with ID. Implications for future research and practice are also discussed.
Short-term Effect of Snail Control by Earth Covered with Black Plastic Mulch

Objective To observe the short-term effect of covering the irrigationl and drainage ditch with or without the black plastic mulch,and combined with one-time spraying different concentrations of Luomiecide for snail control.Method 12 sections of ditch were selected as pilot sites.6 sections were covered with blach plastic mulch and the other 6 sections without mulch.Besides,different concentrations of Luomiecide i.e.0,2,4,6,8,10g2/m2 were sprayed on all sections.Snail survey was made before experimeat and 1,2,3,4,5,7,10 days after experiment.Air temperature and soil temperature in different depth(3,6,15 cm)were measured everyday.Result The ditch covered with mulch,the temperature of the earth was maximum at 10 to 16 o'clock i.e.40-62℃ in sunny day,22-36 ℃ at 3-15 cm under the surface of the earth.In 10 days,the snail mortality rate was 44.55% and the snail density declined 72.90% in the non-spraying drug group.However in the spraying drug groups,the snail mortality rate was 64.79%-85.59%,and the density declined 84.83%-95.24%.In groups without mulch,the two indices were 58.03%-83.81% and 59.96%-90.17%.Conclusion The spraying drug groups are higher than the non-spraying group in the mortality rate and the rate of the decline of density,and all the groups mentioned above are higher than without mulch groups in the two indices.This method is simple and efficient,and it should be studied and promoted continuously.
Teaching Statistics in APA-Accredited Doctoral Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology A Syllabi Review

Although statistical methods and research design are crucial areas of competency for psychologists, few studies explore how statistics are taught across doctoral programs in psychology in the United States. The present study examined 153 American Psychological Association–accredited doctoral programs in clinical and counseling psychology and aimed at identifying specific aspects of statistics instruction within these programs. We conducted a comprehensive review of statistics syllabi to clarify how much emphasis and time were spent on each topic, and whether different types of programs differed significantly in their approach to statistics instruction. We detected relative consistency of the material covered in statistics classes across the various doctoral programs.
Solar energy overview and maximizing power output of a solar array using sun trackers

An overview of solar energy technology is discussed briefly. To increase the energy efficiency of a solar array, maximum power output is desired. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction from a solar array. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or a combination of both. The sun-tracking design can increase energy yield up to 50% over the year compared to the fixed-array design. The purpose of this paper is to present a dual-axis sun tracker using solar panels as sensors. The two sensors output voltage difference drives a power transistor that control the sun tracker motor. A similar approach is used to track the sun movement from North to South over the period of a year. To enhance the overall performance of the system, a PID controller was included in the feedback loop. MATLAB software is used to simulate the composite system. Finally, the designed circuits are implemented in laboratory and the overall performance of the composite system are evaluated.
Incidental leiomyosarcoma found at the time of cesarean hysterectomy for morbidly adherent placenta.

Abstract Background Incidental leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare diagnosis in pregnancy or in the puerperium. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature of incidental LMS after cesarean hysterectomy for morbidly adherent placenta. Case We present a case of a cesarean hysterectomy performed for a suspected morbidly adherent placenta in a patient with three prior cesarean deliveries, an anterior placenta previa and a fundal fibroid. Subsequent pathology identified a LMS on final specimen. The patient declined bilateral oophorectomy and removal of her remaining cervix. No chemotherapy or radiation was given for her presumed stage IB disease. Conclusion An incidental finding of a LMS is infrequent; the risk of recurrence is > 50% even if the sarcoma is removed in its entirety.
CHAPTER 11 – Bird Communities in the Central Rocky Mountains

This chapter reviews research from long-term studies of bird communities in the central Rocky Mountains. The majority of such studies are censuses of breeding bird communities, repeated over a series of different years at the same site, but some pertain to wintering bird communities. In some cases, censuses from related habitats at nearby sites are contrasted; in other habitats, which may share species, they are compared within and among years. The main part of the chapter concerns research at two sites within Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), Wyoming. They are adjacent but very different habitats—a semi-desert grass-sagebrush site of low, dry, and open vegetation and a marshy site dominated by scrubby willows. In very few cases discussed, the bird communities occupy habitats that have undergone substantial and systematic changes; more commonly, there is minor or no habitat change over several decades, although variations in abiotic conditions from year to year may have become conspicuous. Factors affecting bird community variations are discussed relative to their extrinsic (off-site) or intrinsic (on-site) origins. The consistency of other community attributes, habitat preference and utilization patterns, and interspecific interactions is also reported for two sites (grass-sage and wet willows), for which extensive and detailed community data exist.
Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence during development

The vast diversity of neurons and glia of the CNS is generated from a small, heterogeneous population of progenitors that undergo transcriptional changes during development to sequentially specify distinct cell fates. Guided by cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues, invertebrate and mammalian neural progenitors carefully regulate when and how many of each cell type is produced, enabling the formation of functional neural circuits. Emerging evidence indicates that neural progenitors also undergo changes in global chromatin architecture, thereby restricting when a particular cell type can be generated. Studies of temporal-identity specification and progenitor competence can provide insight into how we could use neural progenitors to more effectively generate specific cell types for brain repair.
The construction of sparse models of Mars's crustal magnetic field

Previous work has shown that Mars' crustal magnetic field is highly non-uniform, with large regions of either very weak or very strong magnetic field. Commonly used techniques of magnetic field analysis (such as truncation or L2 regularization of a spherical harmonic expansion) have a smoothing effect, and are not well-suited to representing magnetic fields which may have regions of zero magnetization or sharp contrasts in magnetization. Indeed, there is no a priori reason to expect that the crustal field should be smooth. In this study, we use L1 and elastic net regularizations of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) magnetometer data to create sparse representations of the magnetic field of Mars, and examine what percentage of the surface field is actually required to have non-zero magnetization in order to fit the data. We find that solutions with up to 98% or higher sparsity yield an adequate fit to the data, although solutions with 85% sparsity are more realistic. These sparse solutions are substantially different from other smoothed solutions. The choice of inversion method used to analyze the data significantly impacts the resulting field morphology, which may affect the resulting physical interpretation.
Validation of FAST.Farm Against Large-Eddy Simulations

FAST.Farm is a new midfidelity, multiphysics engineering tool for modeling the power performance and structural loads of wind turbines within a wind farm, including wake and array effects. Previous calibration of the tuneable model parameters of FAST.Farm has shown that its prediction of wake dynamics for a single wind turbine across different atmospheric stability conditions and nacelle-yaw errors matches well with high-fidelity large-eddy simulation at a small fraction of the computational expense. This paper presents a validation of FAST.Farm against large-eddy simulation for a series of cases—independent from those used to support the calibration—considering single-turbine and small wind-farm scenarios, which are both subject to variations in inflow and control. The validation has demonstrated that FAST.Farm reasonably accurately predicts: (1) thrust and power for individual turbines both in isolation and down the row of the small wind farm, (2) wake meandering behavior across different atmospheric conditions, and (3) averaged wake-deficit advection, evolution, and merging effects. The validation also highlights potential physics that could be improved in FAST.Farm in the future.
Wissenssoziologische Diskursforschung und Deutungsmusteranalyse

In jungerer Zeit lasst sich in der qualitativen sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung im deutschsprachigen Raum eine Renaissance der Deutungsmusteranalyse bzw. des Deutungsmusterbegriffs beobachten. Obwohl sich grundlegende Spuren des Konzepts bspw. in der sozialphanomenologischen Tradition bei Alfred Schutz finden (der allerdings eher von Deutungsschemata spricht), geht seine Einbindung in die sozialwissenschaftliche Diskussion doch wesentlich auf ein 1973 verfasstes, jahrzehntelang unveroffentlicht zirkulierendes Papier von Ulrich Oevermann zuruck, das erst 2001 weitgehend unverandert tatsachlich erschien. Im vorliegenden Beitrag sollen zunachst die Entfaltung des Deutungsmusterbegriffs und der Deutungsmusteranalyse knapp rekonstruiert werden. Im Anschluss daran diskutiere ich ihren aktuellen Einbau in die wissenssoziologische Diskursforschung.
Nitric oxide, salt sensitivity, and cardiorenal injury in hypertension.

A connection between salt sensitivity and hypertension seems certain, but a number of issues remain unresolved, e.g., the mechanisms involved in salt sensitivity, its role in pathogenesis and/or maintenance of hypertension, and its ability to predict cardiorenal risk. The role of nitric oxide (NO) has been studied extensively. Evidence shows that NO, along with the vasoactive substances angiotensin II and endothelin-1, is important in modulating vascular tone. In addition, imbalances among these substances may participate in the abnormal cardiovascular and renal remodeling that occurs in hypertension. What causes such imbalances remains unclear. Animal studies show that in salt-sensitive subjects, the activity of NO synthase (NOS) fails to upregulate in response to increases in blood pressure, but that such activity upregulates rapidly in similar circumstances in non-salt-sensitive subjects. Human studies of essential hypertensives have shown an association between salt sensitivity and a number of conditions, including impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation mediated by NO, insulin resistance, microalbuminuria, and ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular events. These findings have intriguing implications in regard to whether, in hypertension, salt sensitivity might be a marker of increased cardiovascular and renal risk that is linked to abnormalities in the bioactivity of NO.
The Origins of Authorisation: Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty and International Space Law

The issue of authorisation of private space activities ultimately goes back to the principled political disagreements in the 50s and 60s between the two superpowers in space, the United States and the Soviet Union, on the proper role of other entities than states in space activities. The first legal document dealing fundamentally with that compromise was Resolution 1962(VIII) of 13 December 1963. Private activities in outer space were legal but always as subject to the responsibility on the international plane of one state, which also was under the concurrent obligation to authorize and continuously supervise such activities-'private activity but public responsibility', indeed. When, four years after Resolution 1962(VIII), the Outer Space Treaty transformed most of its principles into formally binding treaty obligations, Article VI was to copy Principle 5 almost word by word. Keywords: international space law; outer space treaty; Resolution 1962(VIII)
Dissertation in progress: an empirical analysis of the costs and benefits of naturalness in spoken dialog systems

In this paper I describe work for my Ph.D. dissertation whieh is currently in progress. The overarching goal of the work is to develop a methodology for empirically evaluating the effects of different interface design decisions in spoken dialogue systems. The methodology I will use is the dual-task method, borrowed from cognitive psychology, which is advantageous because it provides fine-grained information about the cognitive load of the user while he/she is engaged in interacting with the system. For my dissertation I will focus specifically on the use of definite referring expressions and the question of whether "natural" or "fully-specified" definite referring expressions are easier for users to generate and/or understand. The answers are important because both strategies are used in systems on the market today. More importantly, I hope my work will provide a tool for software developers, and encourage them to carefully weigh the empirically observed costs and benefits of various design decisions.
The Shared Experience

I would like to address myself first to the cornerstones of psychoanalytic inquiry, namely, anxiety, transference, and resistance. Specifically, the typical pattern is that under the impetus of anxiety, the individual often utilizes the transference in order to act out the resistance. In like fashion, we now know and understand that this experience of the patient is often met by the counteranxiety, the countertransference, and the counterresistance of the analyst. What then takes place in the arena of psychoanalysis is inextricably woven and interwoven in a combined interaction between patient and analyst. Who is influencing whom, at any given moment, in what direction, to what end, as a function of that interaction? This is what may be referred to as the psychology of “shared experience’” (Wolstein, 1971). I will return to this idea shortly.
Histopathology of Bronchial Asthma and the Effects of Treatment

Asthma is a complex condition with an imprecise definition. The airways in fatal asthma are occluded by tenacious plugs consisting of a mixture of exudate and mucus. There is fragility of airway surface epithelium and thickening of the subepithelial reticular layer (referred to as the epithelial “basement membrane” by light microscopy). Bronchial vessel dilatation, congestion and oedema, hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle and mucus-secreting submucosal glands together with an inflammatory cell infiltrate contribute to thickening of the airway wall. An inflammatory cell infiltrate, comprising lymphocytes and ‘activated’ (EG2+) eosinophils with release of granular content in the latter, are features of fatal asthma and also of relatively mild stable atopic, intrinsic and occupational forms of asthma. Whilst widespread mast cell degranulation (apparent by a reduction in their number) is found in fatal asthma, it is not a feature of mild stable disease as evidenced by studies of the numbers of tryptase positive mast cells and by morphometry of cells examined by electron microscopy. Release of cytokines, particularly IL-5, by lymphocytes, favour selective eosinophil adhesion to endothelium and their differentiation, survival and activation in the mucosa. Short term treatment of atopic asthmatics with inhaled corticosteroid reduces the numbers of mast cells, eosinophils and the extent of eosinophil degranulation. However, neither short-term nor long-term corticosteroid treatment reduces the thickening of reticular basement membrane.
The sensitivity of satellite-based PM2.5 estimates to its inputs: Implications to model development in data-poor regions.

Abstract Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes. The overwhelming majority of the epidemiological studies that helped establish such associations was conducted in regions with sufficient ground observations and other supporting data, i.e., the data-rich regions. However, air pollution health effects research in the data-poor regions, where pollution levels are often the highest, is still very limited due to the lack of high-quality exposure estimates. To improve our understanding of the desired input datasets for the application of satellite-based PM2.5 exposure models in data-poor areas, we applied a Bayesian ensemble model in the southeast U.S. that was selected as a representative data-rich region. We designed four groups of sensitivity tests to simulate various data-poor scenarios. The factors considered that would influence the model performance included the temporal sampling frequency of the monitors, the number of ground monitors, the accuracy of the chemical transport model simulation of PM2.5 concentrations, and different combinations of the additional predictors. While our full model achieved a 10-fold cross-validated (CV) R2 of 0.82, we found that when reducing the sampling frequency from the current 1-in-3 day to 1-in-9 day, the CV R2 decreased to 0.58, and the predictions could not capture the daily variations of PM2.5. Half of the current stations (i.e., 30 monitors) could still support a robust model with a CV R2 of 0.79. With 20 monitors, the CV R2 decreased from 0.71 to 0.55 when 100% additional random errors were added to the original CMAQ simulations. However, with a sufficient number of ground monitors (e.g., 30 monitors), our Bayesian ensemble model had the ability to tolerate CMAQ errors with only a slight decrease in CV R2 (from 0.79 to 0.75). With fewer than 15 monitors, our full model collapsed and failed to fit any covariates, while the models with only time-varying variables could still converge even with only five monitors left. A model without the land use parameters lacked fine spatial details in the prediction maps, but could still capture the daily variability of PM2.5 (CV R2 ≥ 0.67) and might support a study of the acute health effects of PM2.5 exposure.
Privacy and Security Issues in DDDAS Systems

With the rapidly increasing prevalence of the DDDAS paradigm, privacy and security issues have come to the forefront. In the measurement, feedback, and control phases of dynamic data driven adaptive systems, protecting data integrity (security) and inferred sensitive information (privacy) from inadvertent release or malicious attack is crucial. The PREDICT (Privacy and secuRity Enhancing Dynamic Information Collection and moniToring) project investigates secure dynamic and adaptive techniques for distributed data collection and fusion, sampling and monitoring, and data modeling that preserve privacy and integrity. These approaches deliver provable guarantees of privacy and security while ensuring high fidelity, and complement encryption-based techniques. Application scenarios include health surveillance data release, traffic analysis, situation awareness and monitoring, and fleet tracking.
Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) sorbed to silica surfaces

The reaction kinetics of groundwater contaminants are integral to evaluating the fate and transport of toxic metals in the environment. For redox sensitive contaminants, such as chromium, the kinetics of different reaction pathways can vary by orders of magnitude. Species-specific rate constants for iron-chromium oxidation-reduction reactions are unknown for many systems, especially in the presence of sorbing surfaces. We investigate the role of quartz and amorphous silica (SiO2(am)) surfaces in mediating abiotic reduction of Cr(VI)aq by aqueous and sorbed Fe(II) using batch sorption and redox experiments. Sorption edges indicate outer-sphere (Fe(II)ads,OS) and inner-sphere (Fe(II)ads,IS) complexes are present on both silica surfaces, and their abundance depends on pH, ionic strength, and surface disorder. The rate constants for Cr(VI)aq reduction by Fe(II) species increase in the following order: kaq ≪ kads,OS,quartz < kads,OS,SiO2(am) < kads,IS,quartz < kads,IS,SiO2(am), suggesting that increasing proximity of Fe(II) to the negatively charged silica surface enhances the rate of reduction of Cr(VI)aq. However, we observe that experiments with larger amounts of sorbed Fe(II) reduce less total Cr(VI)aq over time, which we attribute to a portion of the sorbed Fe(II) being sequestered into the Cr(III)-Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide precipitates forming on the silica surface. Therefore, the balance between increases in the rate and decreases in the total amount of Cr(VI)aq reduction by various sorbed Fe(II) species must be considered when devising remediation strategies.
Utility and safety of vaccines in Sjögren's syndrome

Abstract Sjogren's syndrome is a disease with onset in older adulthood, a time when several vaccinations are recommended, including influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, and others. There are only sparse data concerning the safety and efficacy of vaccinations among this patient group. To date, however, there is no evidence of reduced effectiveness of vaccination or exacerbation of disease in Sjogren's syndrome patients. Extrapolating from data in other autoimmune rheumatic diseases, vaccination should be avoided after rituximab therapy, but otherwise Sjogren's syndrome patients should receive vaccines as recommended for all other adults.
Theta Functions and Brownian Motion

A theta function for an arbitrary connected and simply connected compact simple Lie group is defined as an infinite determinant that is naturally related to the transformation of a family of independent Gaussian random variables associated with a pinned Brownian motion in the Lie group. From this definition of a theta function, the equality of the product and the sum expressions for a theta function is obtained. This equality for an arbitrary connected and simply connected compact simple Lie group is known as a Macdonald identity which generalizes the Jacobi triple product for the elliptic theta function associated with su(2).