cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Pediatric Society Presidential Address 2000: Reflections on the 20th and 21st Centuries

American Pediatric Society Presidential Address 2000: Reflections on the 20th and 21st Centuries
The effects of transportation and distance on voluntary association participation among the aged.

In a community with neither public nor commercial transportation facilities for intra-community mobility, the availability of means of personal transportation is related to higher levels of voluntary association participation among the aged. Further analysis indicates that the role of transportation as an explanatory variable is greater both as distance of residence from the sites of associations increases and as the analytical focus shifts from the number of memberships to the frequency of attendance at association meetings. Also considered are the implications of these findings for explaining the generally lower levels of voluntary association participation of the elderly compared with other adult age groups.
Partial purification of RNA Polymerase from bovine thymus

Abstract A method is presented for obtaining large quantities of highly purified, stable, mammalian nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase from bovine thymus. The thymus glands were homogenized in a Waring Blendor, and the nuclei were separated by centrifugation, then lysed by incubation at 37 °. The two RNA polymerase enzymes were purified by streptomycin treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography (which separated the two activities), and glycerol gradient centrifugation. The nucleolar enzyme was 400 × purified over the nuclear lysate, while the nucleoplasmic enzyme was 1500 × purified. Glycerol and very high levels of thioglycerol (0.05 m ) were necessary for stability of the enzymes as well as for maximal activity. Phosphate-cellulose chromatography separated from the catalytic portion of the nucleoplasmic (but not the nucleolar) enzyme a protein factor which is necessary for the enzyme's stability and which stimulates the activity of the catalytic portion several-fold. The anatomic sites of origin of the two RNA polymerases eluted from the DEAE-cellulose column were established by comparing them with RNA polymerase activities isolated from the nucleoli and nucleoplasm. The two enzymes otherwise behaved like similar enzymes obtained from rat liver nuclei.
Increased TRPV4 Expression in Urinary Bladder and Lumbosacral Dorsal Root Ganglia in Mice with Chronic Overexpression of NGF in Urothelium

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) family member 4 (TRPV4) expression has been demonstrated in urothelial cells and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and roles in normal micturition reflexes as well as micturition dysfunction have been suggested. TRP channel expression and function is dependent upon target tissue expression of growth factors. These studies expand upon the target tissue dependence of TRPV4 expression in the urinary bladder and lumbosacral DRG using a recently characterized transgenic mouse model with chronic overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF-OE) in the urothelium. Immunohistochemistry with image analyses, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting were used to determine TRPV4 protein and transcript expression in the urinary bladder (urothelium + suburothelium, detrusor) and lumbosacral DRG from littermate wild-type (WT) and NGF-OE mice. Antibody specificity controls were performed in TRPV4(-/-) mice. TRPV4 transcript and protein expression was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) increased in the urothelium + suburothelium and suburothelial nerve plexus of the urinary bladder and in small- and medium-sized lumbosacral (L1, L2, L6-S1) DRG cells from NGF-OE mice compared to littermate WT mice. NGF-OE mice exhibit significant (p ≤ 0.001) increases in NGF transcript and protein in the urothelium + suburothelium and lumbosacral DRG. These studies demonstrate regulation of TRPV4 expression by NGF in lower urinary tract tissues. Ongoing studies are characterizing the functional roles of TRPV4 expression in the sensory limb (DRG, urothelium) of the micturition reflex.
Chinese Nationalism, a False Alarm for Korea-The Case of the Beijing Olympics -

Chinese popular nationalism has been spotlighted as a source of the “China Threat” in interpreting the country’s foreign policies by China scholars, especially, so-called constructivist pessimists. However, the applicability of this interpretation is quite limited when Sino-South Korea relations are examined. Though it is true that the anti-Korean sentiment of the Chinese has seriously grown in recent years, it has not affected the government’s foreign policies to Korea. On the contrary, it has been played down or counter-balanced by the government, its media, and academics of China, as the period around the 2008 Beijing Olympics, when negative feelings surged, clearly illustrates. Chinese nationalism is not a threat to South Korea and cannot be generalized as a variable explaining Chinese foreign policies.
Synthesis of TlCaBaCuO superconductors

Abstract Starting compositions of Tl 2 Ca 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 O x , TlCa 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 O x , and TlCa 3 BaCu 3 O x were used to synthesize TlCaBaCuO superconductors. The atmosphere was pure oxygen of pressure 10 5 to 6 × 10 5 Pa, and the temperature range was 890 to 940°C. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that the TlCa 3 BaCu 3 O x composition formed the most phase pure compound. The highest T c was 120 K.
The Slaw and the Slow Cooked: Culture and Barbecue in the Mid-South

Review of The Slaw and the Slow Cooked: Culture and Barbecue in the Mid-South. James R. Veteto and Edward M. Maclin, eds. 2011 Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville. Pp. 216 $22.95 (paperback). ISBN 978-0826518019.
Late onset laryngeal and facial pain in previously asymptomatic vagus nerve stimulation patients.

Early common side effects following vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation include voice alteration, throat pain, cough, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, and parasthesias.1 We report two patients with delayed VNS side effects that occurred with previously well-tolerated VNS parameter settings. Patient 1 is an 8-year-old girl with tuberous sclerosis and medically refractory seizures. She had multiple seizure types with a frequency of 15 to 30 seizures per day. A VNS stimulator was implanted. No aberrant nerve branches were noted by the neurosurgeon. Intraoperative testing documented a DC Conversion Code of 0. The VNS settings were gradually increased until, at 9 months after implantation, the VNS settings were programmed to 1.25-mA, 30-Hz, 500-μsec, 30-sec on, 5-minute off. Seizure frequency decreased to 5 to 6 per day. The patient tolerated this setting without signs of discomfort. This nonverbal patient began demonstrating signs of pain in her left cheek 2 months after …
Health information in material safety data sheets for a chemical which causes asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of health information on material safety data sheets (MSDS) for a workplace chemical that is well known to cause or exacerbate asthma (toluene diisocyanate, TDI). DESIGN: We reviewed a random sample of 61 MSDSs for TDI products produced by 30 manufacturers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two physicians independently abstracted data from each MSDS onto a standardized audit form. One manufacturer provided no language about any respiratory effects of TDI exposure. Asthma was listed as a potential health effect by only 15 of the 30 manufacturers (50%). Listing asthma in the MSDS was associated with higher toluene diisocyanate concentrations in the product (P<.042). Allergic or sensitizing respiratory reactions were listed by 21 manufacturers (70%). CONCLUSIONS: Many MSDSs for toluene diisocyanate do not communicate clearly that exposure can cause or exacerbate asthma. This suggests that physicians should not rely on the MSDS for information about health effects of this chemical.
On the dynamics of cranes, or spherical pendula with moving supports

We consider the dynamics of a tower crane: a point mass suspended by a light cable (itself assumed massless) from a horizontally moving support. We derive general equations of motion, and analyse two cases in detail: the linearly accelerating support, and the support describing a circle at constant speed. We show that the former system remains completely integrable, in spite of the fact that energy is no longer conserved. In the second case, while a Hamiltonian is conserved, there is no analogue of angular momentum conservation and the system appears to be non-integrable. We find steadily rotating solutions, discuss their stability and bifurcations, and provide a partial characterisation of global orbit structures.
Measurement of the chromatic variation of index of refraction gradients.

The theory of multiple-wavelength ac interferometry has been developed. A system has been constructed and used to measure simultaneously the index of refraction profile and the chromatic variation of the index of refraction gradient. Samples of gradient-index glass manufactured by Bausch & Lomb (Rochester, N.Y.), University of Rochester (Rochester, N.Y.), and Schott Optical (Mainz, West Germany) have been characterized.
Poster: Improved OpenCL Programmability with clUtil

This poster presents clUtil, a library that simplifies OpenCL's C frontend. It provides significant productivity improvements using C++11 features, such as variadic templated functions for launching kernels, while giving users a simple construct for exploiting multiple heterogeneous devices. The parallel-for construct allows developers to seamlessly use multiple OpenCL devices with automatic work distribution and load-balancing.
THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : IV. THE EFFECT OF RADIATIONS FROM RADIUM EMANATION ON SOLUTIONS OF INVERTASE.

A quantitative study has been made of the radiochemical decomposition of trypsin by the radiations from radium emanation. The following equation accounts quantitatively for the experimental results presented. See PDF for Equation It follows from this that the amount of trypsin decomposed by the radiations from radium emanation depends on the concentration of trypsin present and is proportional to the quantity of emanation expressed in millicuries and to the time of irradiation expressed in hours. It would seem that it is the active or undissociated trypsin that is affected. Evidence has been found which suggests that the beta radiations produce the decomposition observed for which the above statement holds. Qualitative evidence has been found which suggests that x-rays, gamma rays, and beta rays produce identical effects in dilute trypsin solutions.
On conditions near the neutral points on the magnetosphere boundary

Fluid flow around magnetosphere boundary analyzed, noting geomagnetic field effect on hot plasma
Use Of Larger Versus Smaller Drug-Safety Databases Before Regulatory Approval: The Trade-Offs

Although efforts to revamp the drug-safety system have been directed at strengthening postmarketing surveillance, strategies for the preapproval stage may be useful. One strategy would be to require larger sample sizes in preapproval safety databases. To evaluate the potential benefits and costs of this approach, we developed a hypothetical model to estimate the expected incremental number of adverse drug events that could be avoided in a postapproval population. We found that the potential to limit adverse events can be an important consideration in sample-size determinations for preapproval trials. Requiring larger preapproval databases could be a cost-effective means of reducing adverse events in postapproval populations.
Increased expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors in a Smith-Lemli-Opitz infant with elevated bilirubin levels

We report on an infant girl with severe RSH or Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome with hyperbilirubinemia. The infant died at age 2 months. Sterol analysis of liver and brain tissues showed marked elevations of 7-dehydrocholesterol with decreased levels of cholesterol. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated remarkable increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in these tissues, indicative of a deficiency in available cholesterol for tissue needs.
Aqueous piperazine derivatives for CO2 capture: Accurate screening by a wetted wall column

Abstract Concentrated aqueous piperazine (PZ) has been identified as a better solvent for CO2 capture than monoethanolamine (MEA), because it has a greater rate of CO2 absorption and greater CO2 capacity. This work evaluates the effect of substitute groups on PZ performance. Many previous screening studies measured absorption/desorption with CO2/N2 sparging, which lacks accuracy and cannot be used to estimate actual absorber performance. In this work a wetted wall column was used to accurately measure absorption/desorption rate at typical rich and lean CO2 loading (α) and simulate performance of real packing. The method also provides accurate measurement of CO2 solubility at 40–100 °C. This study provided rate and solubility data at 40–100 °C and practical ranges of CO2 loading for 8 m 1-methylpiperazine (1-MPZ), 8 m 2-methylpiperazine (2-MPZ), 4 m 2-MPZ/4 m PZ, 7.7 m N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (HEP), 6 m 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AEP), 8 m 2-piperidine ethanol (2-PE), and 2 m trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine (2,5-DMPZ). With the measurements of CO2 flux ( N C O 2 ) and equilibrium driving force, liquid film mass transfer coefficients (kg′) are calculated. The rate decreases as of 1-MPZ = PZ > 2-MPZ/PZ > 2-MPZ > HEP > MEA > AEP = 2-PE. This method also allows bracketing and determination of equilibrium CO2 partial pressure ( P C O 2 * ) at each condition. Semi-empirical solubility models of CO2 for each amine were regressed from experimental solubility data to find the lean and rich CO2 loading corresponding to 0.500 kPa and 5 kPa CO2 partial pressure respectively. Based on the solubility model, the actual operating capacity of the solvents without overstripping decreases in the sequence of 2-PE > 2-MPZ > 2-MPZ/PZ > 1-MPZ > PZ > HEP > AEP > MEA. The enthalpy of CO2 absorption (ΔHabs) of all the piperazine derivatives is around 70 kJ/mol CO2.
The algebra of group kinship

Group theory and the theory of relations are used to study the kinship of certain kinds of primitive societies. It will be shown that these societies partition their members into classes that are permuted by the relations “class X has fathers (mothers) in class Y” so as to form a regular permutation group. A mathematical characterization of the conditions under which groups become relevant for the study of kinship is given and is related to the theory of structural balance. It is argued that the concept of group extension and its specialization to direct and semidirect products determine the evolutionary sequences and the coding of these kinship systems. These predictions are found to be consistent with certain observed changes, geographical distribution, and habits of usage of the kinship systems under consideration. Generalizations to aspects of behavior outside of kinship are briefly discussed.
Bond-order and charge-density waves in the isotropic interacting two-dimensional quarter-filled band and the insulating state proximate to organic superconductivity

We report three surprising results regarding the nature of the spatial broken symmetries in the two-dimensional (2D), quarter-filled band with strong electron-electron interactions that provides a microscopic model of the 2:1 cationic organic charge-transfer solids (CTS's). First, in direct contradiction to the predictions of one-electron theory, we find a coexisting ``bond-order and charge-density wave'' (BCDW) insulating ground state in the 2D rectangular lattice for all anisotropies, including the isotropic limit. Second, in contrast to the interacting half-filled band, which exhibits one singlet-to-antiferromagnet (AFM) transition as the interchain coupling is increased from zero, there occur in the interacting quarter-filled band two distinct transitions: a similar singlet-to-antiferromagnet/spin-density wave (AFM/SDW) transition at small interchain coupling, giving rise to a bond-charge-spin density wave (BCSDW) state, followed by a second AFM/SDW-to-singlet transition at large interchain coupling. Third, we show that our conclusions remain unchanged if one assumes the conventional ``effective 1/2-filled'' lattice of dimer sites for the CTS's: the dimer lattice unconditionally dimerizes again to give the same BCDW found in the quarter-filled band. We make detailed comparisons to recent experiments in the tetramethyl-tetrathiafulvalene (TMTTF), tetramethyl-tetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF), bisethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) and bisethylenedithio-tetraselenafulvalene (BETS)-based CTS's. Our theory explains the mixed charge-spin density waves observed in TMTSF and certain BEDT-TTF systems, as well as the absence of antiferromagnetism in the BETS-based systems. An important consequence of this work is the suggestion that organic superconductivity is related to the proximate Coulomb-induced BCDW, with the SDW that coexists for large anisotropies being also a consequence of the BCDW, rather than the driver of superconductivity. We point out that the BCDW and BCSDW states are analogous to four different classes of ``paired'' semiconductors that are obtained within certain models of exotic superconductivity. That all four of these models can in principle give rise to superconductivity in the weakly incommensurate regime provides further motivation for the notion that the BCDW may be driving the superconductivity in the organics.
Child marriage prevention in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Association of communication exposure and social influence with parents/guardians' knowledge and attitudes

Despite increasing international attention to child marriage and its negative health and social consequences, little is known about the knowledge and beliefs of individuals who are in control of negotiating children's marriages and of the social context in which these individuals function. Using data from a 2007 cross-sectional household survey and multilevel logistic regression models, this paper examined the associations of communication exposure and measures of social influence with knowledge of marriage legislation, perceptions that marriage before age 18 was "too early", and beliefs in daughters' rights to individual marriage choice among parents/guardians in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The study found that mass media and interpersonal communication exposure were positively associated with all outcomes. The influence of communication exposure on knowledge of the legal minimum age at marriage and the perception that marriage before 18 was "too early" varied significantly across communities. Community pressure to stop child marriages and awareness of marriage law enforcement were positively associated with endorsing daughters' rights to choose their marriage age and partner. Perceived social norms regarding early marriage, normative beliefs and perceived benefits of delayed marriage were at least as important as communication exposure for endorsing daughters' rights to marriage choice. Gender and education differences were detected. The findings imply that child marriage-prevention programs should diversify information channels, reinforce perceived advantages of delayed marriage, and adopt a social influence perspective.
Asteroid collisions and evolution of asteroidal mass distribution and meteoritic flux

Abstract In Part I, several early papers are reviewed. In Part II, a theory of fragmentation is developed, based not on statistical treatment of many collisions as has been done earlier, but rather on the physics of a single collision. In Part III, the fragmentation theory is applied to the original distribution of asteroid masses found by Anders, to show that this distribution will migrate toward that presently observed. In Part IV, we consider the tendency for fragmentation to produce a steady state mass distribution, and conclude that B, the slope in a log-log mass distribution, will tend toward a value 2 3 except at masses less than roughly 108 gm, where certain physical effects produce a steeper slope. In Part V, we estimate the total number of parent bodies (i.e., those belonging to Anders' initial mass distribution) required to provide the present number of asteroidal fragments, and conclude that in the zone 2.15 to 2.6 a.u., 5 to 30 such bodies, each of mass greater than several times 1020 gm, have been broken. In Part VI, we attempt to relate the buildup of particles in the asteroid belt to the time history of meteoritic flux observed on the Earth. Anders' model of meteorite origin among the “Mars asteroids” is used. A critical factor is the half-life against perturbation by Mars into Earth-crossing orbits, found to be about 1 × 109 years. This produces an exponential depletion of the meteorite pool. The short cosmic ray exposure ages of meteorites is attributed to (1) this depletion effect, (2) grinding and refragmentation, especially of stones, and (3) a possibly statistical excess of recent major collisions. The flux near the Earth has increased nearly linearly but with a superimposed sawtooth effect caused by discrete collisions and the relatively short perturbation half-life. The total cratering flux, composed of large fragments and a possible nonsteroidal component but excluding anomalous early effects, is now roughly a factor 2 above its average value over solar system history unless recent major cillisions have occurred, a conclusion of importance in interpreting planetary surfaces. In Part VII, these results are contrasted with other literature, in particular an earlier suggestion that the flux has increased exponentially by a factor 50 over its average value. Part VIII applies the results of this paper in an attempt to explain properties of meteorites as observed on Earth, and predicts the terrestrial flux of asteroidal meteorites.
Thy-1 differentiation protein and monocyte-derived cells during regeneration and aging of human placental villi

PROBLEM: The classification of placental villi was reviewed, and regeneration of villous trees in mature human placentae was examined. METHOD OF STUDY: Expression of Thy-1 by placental fibroblasts and pericytes, and markers of endothelial cells and monocyte-derived cells were studied by immuno-histochemistry and image analysis. RESULTS: Villous regeneration consists of: (i) dedifferentiation of mature ramuli into young stem villi producing mesenchymal villi; (ii) differentiation of mesenchymal villi into immature intermediate villi; and (iii) differentiation of immature intermediate villi into transitory intermediate villi, branching into the precursors of mature intermediate and terminal villi. These processes are associated with dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of placental monocyte-derived cells. Significant changes of Thy-1 expression by fibroblasts and pericytes accompany aging and degeneration, as well as regeneration of placental villi. CONCLUSIONS: Villous aging and degeneration in normal mature human placenta is compensated by regeneration of villous trees. Lack of villous regeneration may cause chronic fetal distress, due to the increasing demands of the growing fetus on the remaining terminal villi.
Proximity-based document representation for named entity retrieval

One aspect in which retrieving named entities is different from retrieving documents is that the items to be retrieved - persons, locations, organizations - are only indirectly described by documents throughout the collection. Much work has been dedicated to finding references to named entities, in particular to the problems of named entity extraction and disambiguation. However, just as important for retrieval performance is how these snippets of text are combined to build named entity representations.We focus on the TREC expert search task where the goal is to identify people who are knowledgeable on a specific topic. Existing language modeling techniques for expert finding assume that terms and person entities are conditionally independent given a document. We present theoretical and experimental evidence that this simplifying assumption ignores information on how named entities relate to document content. To address this issue, we propose a new document representation which emphasizes text in proximity to entities and thus incorporates sequential information implicit in text. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model significantly improves retrieval performance. The main contribution of this work is an effective formal method for explicitly modeling the dependency between the named entities and terms which appear in a document.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF GLUE SNIFFING IN A POPULATION OF EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED ADOLESCENTS.

The following study used an eight question survey to explore some ecological and behavioral dimensions of glue sniffing in a population of emotionally disturbed adolescents. The results indicated that peer-based pressure was a dominant motivational aspect for engaging initially in glue-sniffing behavior. In addition, a significant number of adolescents in this survey revealed a trend toward experiencing unpleasantness with continual use.
Microskills: Advisor Behaviors that Improve Communication with Advisees

In writing this article, we wanted to provide advisors practical means with which to optimize their relationships with advisees. First, we describe behavioral microskills that can be used by advisors to enhance advising sessions. Attending behaviors (eye contact, vocal cadence and tone, verbal tracking, body language) and listening skills (asking questions, observing, guiding discussion, reflecting feelings) are two core microskills that advisors can practice. Use of these microskills has been shown to improve session effectiveness and strengthen the advisee-advisor relationship. Second, we present the results of a small-scale experiment that suggests that even modest training in microskills can benefit advising sessions. Relative emphasis: * practice, theory, research
Pain relief in children following outpatient surgery

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate perioperative analgesia, prescription patterns, pain relief, and parental care of children undergoing outpatient surgery. Design: Prospective data collection and parental interview. Setting: Large tertiary care, university-based medical center. Patients: 471 children aged between 10 months and 18 years who underwent an outpatient surgical procedure expected to be associated with pain. Measurements and Main Results: All perioperative data regarding analgesia, antiemetics, postoperative pain scores, and discharge prescriptions were recorded. Parents were telephoned 24 hours following surgery, and data concerning their child's pain relief, analgesic and antiemetic usage, and their ability to care for their child were obtained. Of the 460 patients questioned, 97% were described by their parents as having adequate, good, or very good pain relief (acceptable) during the first 24 hours postoperatively, whereas only 15 (3%) had poor pain relief (unacceptable). All patients received some form of analgesia intraoperatively. The children with poor pain relief were more likely to have experienced postoperative nausea and vomiting ( p = 0.01) and were more difficult to care for at home ( p p = 0.05). Conclusions: Despite a wide range of surgical procedures being performed on children on an ambulatory basis, current selection of patients for outpatient surgery is appropriate given the ability of the parents to manage their children's pain and to care for their children at home.
Membrane tether formation by rolling neutrophils on E-selectin

Leukocyte rolling is a dynamic process which allows leukocytes to survey the endothelium for signs of inflammation that can activate them and cause firm adhesion and transendothelial migration. Utilizing a parallel plate flow assay in combination with high speed/high resolution video microscopy, we recently have been able to visualize directly the formation of elongated membrane tethers (2-35 /spl mu/m in length) by neutrophils as they rolled on P-selectin or platelet coated surfaces (1). In this study we demonstrate that identical membrane tethers are formed by neutrophils as they roll on E-selectin.
How often did the Athenian Assembly Meet

According to the Aristotelian Constitution of the Athenians (Ath. Pol. 43.4), the Assembly in Athens met four times every prytany. At each one of these meetings certain topics had to be discussed or voted on. For instance, a vote concerning the conduct of magistrates presently in office was to be taken at the κυρ⋯α ⋯κκλησ⋯α. At another meeting anyone who wished to could request a discussion of any matter, be it private or public. Nothing is said in this passage or anywhere else in the Constitution of the Athenians about the possibility of holding additional meetings of the Assembly in times of emergency, but in a few passages in the Attic orators we find the term ⋯κκλησία σύγκλητος used. The scholia to these passages and some entries in the ancient lexica indicate that this term refers to an extra meeting of the Assembly which could be convened at short notice in order to deal with emergencies.On the basis of this information, scholars have in the past concluded that the Assembly normally met four times each prytany in the Classical period, but that extra meetings, called ⋯κκλησίαɩ σύγκλητοɩ, could also be held if the need arose. Recently, however, M. H. Hansen, whose work on many aspects of the Assembly has greatly increased our understanding of Athenian democracy, has challenged this communis opinio. Hansen argues that the evidence found in the scholia and lexica is unreliable and should be disregarded. In his view, several passages in the speeches of Aeschines and Demosthenes and some fines in IG ii 212 indicate that the Assembly met a fixed number of times each prytany, no more, no less.
Water Relations and Low-Temperature Acclimation for Cactus Species Varying in Freezing Tolerance

Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia streptacantha are widely cultivated cacti that can tolerate temperatures no lower than -10[deg]C, whereas Opuntia humifusa, which is native to southern Canada and the eastern United States, can tolerate -24[deg]C. As day/night air temperatures were decreased from 30/20 to 10/0[deg]C, the osmotic pressure increased 0.10 MPa for O. ficus-indica and O. streptacantha but 0.38 MPa for O. humifusa. The increases in osmotic pressures were due mostly to the synthesis of fructose, glucose, and sucrose. In addition, O. humifusa produced a substantial amount of mannitol during exposure to low temperatures. Substantial accumulation of sugars and mannitol in cells of O. humifusa may help prevent intracellular freeze dehydration and ice formation as well as provide noncolligative protection to its membranes. Mucilage was slightly higher in all three species at the lower temperatures. Extracellular nucleation of ice occurred closer to the equilibrium freezing temperature for plants at 10/0[deg]C compared with 30/20[deg]C, which could make the cellular dehydration more gradual and, thus, less damaging. Results from nuclear magnetic resonance indicated a restricted mobility of intracellular water at the lower temperatures, especially for O. humifusa, which is consistent with its lower water content and higher levels of low molecular weight solutes.
Diminished organelle motion in murine Kupffer cells during the erythrocytic stage of malaria

Parasitized erythrocytes are ingested by murine hepatic macrophages during malaria infection. We non-invasively monitored how this altered the motion of intracellular phagosomes in Kupffer cells using magnetometry. Submicrometric gFe2O3 particles were injected prior to malaria infection. They were cleared from the blood, primarily by Kupffer cells, and retained within their phagosomes. The mice were periodically magnetized. After removing this external magnet, the aligned iron particles created a remnant magnetic field (RMF) which then decayed (relaxation), reflecting the motion of particle-containing phagosomes. After baseline measurements of relaxation, the mice were injected intravenously with Plasmodium chabaudi-parasitized or normal murine red blood cells (RBCs). During the next 15 days, relaxation measurements, parasitaemia and haematocrit values were monitored. At 6 days post injection with 3 � 10 7 parasitized RBCs, relaxation rates had decreased. At this time, all mice had parasitaemias greater than 58 per cent and haematocrits less than 20 per cent. At day 7, while the parasitaemias were declining, the rate of relaxation continued to decrease. Throughout the experiment, relaxation remained constant in animals injected with normal RBCs. Electron microscopy revealed Kupffer cells filled with damaged and parasitized erythrocytes, and haemoglobin degradation pigment. We conclude that ingestion and metabolism of parasitized erythrocytes by liver macrophages during malaria infection decreases their organelle motion with likely consequences of compromised host defences.
A scalable and adaptive clock synchronization protocol for IEEE 802.11-based multihop ad hoc networks

This paper studies the fundamental problem of clock synchronization in IEEE 802.11-based multihop ad hoc networks. Clock synchronization is important for power saving, network throughput and many basic operations of 802.11 protocols in a multihop ad hoc network (MANET). The scalability problem of 802.11 timing synchronization has been studied extensively in single hop ad hoc networks and good solutions are available. However these solutions do not perform well in the MANET environment. A few multihop solutions were proposed; but the performance is still not very good. The maximum clock offset is still over 200 mus for these protocols. In this paper, we propose an adaptive protocol through beacon transmission prioritization, frequency adjustment and construction of dominating set. The frequency adjustment is proved to be bounded. Simulation shows that we are able to control the maximum clock offset under 50 mus after protocol stabilization. The improvement is more than 400% over the current solutions with similar complexity. The new protocol also shows great long-term stability
A study of static versus dynamic keying schemes in sensor networks

Sensor network security has received much deserved attention in the last few years. Key management is at the heart of securing such networks. Key management schemes for sensor networks may be classified broadly into static and dynamic keying based on administrative key updates after network deployment. While static schemes assume no updates, dynamic ones provide for post-deployment administrative key updates. The general security and performance objectives of key management schemes include minimizing number of keys stored per sensor node, providing rich logical pairwise connectivity, and enhancing network resilience to node capture. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, we propose an efficient dynamic key management scheme that uses key polynomials and is based on Exclusion Basis Systems (EBS); a combinatorial formulation of the group key management problem. Second, we compare our scheme to both static and dynamic keying with regards to resilience to node capture, overhead, and connectivity. Up to our knowledge, this is the first study of dynamic versus static keying schemes in sensor networks. Our results show that dynamic keying using EBS-based, as opposed to random, key assignment together with efficient rekeying mechanisms may lead to better security and may outperform static keying.
On-Chip Test Generation Using Linear Subspaces

A central problem in built-in self test (BIST) is how to efficiently generate a small set of test vectors that detect all targeted faults. We propose a novel solution that uses linear algebraic concepts to partition the vector space of tests into subspaces (clusters). A subspace is defined by a compact set of basis vectors. We give an algorithm to compute sets of basis vectors defining the clusters. We also describe a low-cost logic circuit based on Gray codes that reproduces the subspaces from these basis vectors. Experimental results are presented which show that this approach reduces on-chip hardware overhead and test application time, while also guaranteeing full fault coverage.
Monitoring and Control of Action by the Frontal Lobes

Success requires deciding among alternatives, controlling the initiation of movements, and judging the consequences of actions. When alternatives are difficult to distinguish, habitual responses must be overcome, or consequences are uncertain, deliberation is necessary and a supervisory system exerts control over the processes that produce sensory-guided movements. We have investigated these processes by recording neural activity in the frontal lobe of macaque monkeys performing a countermanding task. Distinct neurons in the frontal eye field respond to visual stimuli or control the production of the movements. In the supplementary eye field and anterior cingulate cortex, neurons appear not to control directly movement initiation but instead signal the production of errors, the anticipation and delivery of reinforcement, and the presence of processing conflict. These signals form the core of current models of supervisory control of sensorimotor processes.
Role of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors in cardiac hypertrophy and disease

Angiotensin II modulates beat-to-beat cardiac performance as a potent vasocontrictor, inotrope, and regulator of water and electrolyte balance. It is also a growth factor that can stimulate the early molecular growth responses of proto-oncogene activation and new protein synthesis, and the later event of cardiocyte hypertrophy independent from load. Its effects are mediated through the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor, which exists as the AT1a and AT1b isoforms, and the angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor. There is still controversy regarding the role of activation of the AT1 receptor subtype(s) as a mandatory signal versus modulatory regulator of the transduction of mechanical load in pressure-overload hypertrophy due to hypertension or aortic stenosis. The role of the AT2 receptor subtype in the heart is even less well understood, although this receptor appears to serve as an antigrowth signal in proliferating cells. Here we review current data on these controversies, including new data that support the notion that angiotensin II activation of the cardiac AT2 receptor subtype inhibits the effects of angiotensin II on the immediate growth response in the adult heart.
New method: Calculation of magnification factor from an intracardiac marker

In order to calculate a magnification factor (MF), an intracardiac marker (pigtail catheter with markers) was evaluated using a new formula and correlated with the conventional grid method. By applying the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometry, a new formula was developed, which is (formula; see text) In an experimental study, MF by the intracardiac markers was 0.71 +/- 0.15 (M +/- SD) and one by the grid method was 0.72 +/- 0.15, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. In patients study, MF by the intracardiac markers was 0.77 +/- 0.06 and one by the grid method was 0.77 +/- 0.05. We conclude that this new method is simple and the results were comparable to the conventional grid method at mid-chest level.
Obesity pharmacotherapy from a regulatory perspective: overview and key challenges.

Obesity is an epidemic with tremendous impact on both patients and health-care systems globally. This paper explores some of the questions related to the clinical development of new pharmacotherapies in the context of an evolving regulatory perspective. These include patient entry criteria, clinical database size, study designs, weight loss end points (including those for maintenance of weight loss and prevention of weight regain), clinically important patient-reported outcomes, comorbidity/risk factor end points, and challenges in establishing safety and efficacy in adolescent/pediatric patients, and approaches to the development of combination pharmacotherapies. Ultimately, patients, physicians, academia, industry, payers, and governments must continue to partner with regulators to help establish the appropriate balance between the known adverse consequences associated with inadequate treatment of the growing obesity epidemic and the concern for potential unknown risks that may be associated with the long-term use of new pharmacotherapies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 756–760. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100169; published online 28 March 2007
Dynamical Critical Exponent for Two-Species Totally Asymmetric Diffusion on a Ring

We present a study of the two species totally asymmetric diffusion model using the Bethe ansatz. The Hamiltonian has Uq(SU(3)) symmetry. We derive the nested Bethe ansatz equations and obtain the dynamical critical exponent from the finite-size scaling properties of the eigenvalue with the smallest real part. The dynamical critical exponent is 3 which is the exponent corresponding to KPZ growth in the single species asymmetric diffusion model.
Advances and Applications of Biodegradable Elastomers in Regenerative Medicine

When elastomers were first proposed as useful materials for regenerative medicine a few decades ago, their high versatility and suitability for a diverse and wide range of in vivo applications could not have been predicted. Due to their ability to recover after deformation, these materials were first introduced in tissue engineering in an attempt to mimic the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, elastomeric characteristics have been described as important criteria for cell interaction by modulating cellular behavior. From soft to hard tissues, elastomers have demonstrated degradation, mechanical, and biocompatibility requirements in accordance with the target tissue. In this feature article, biodegradable synthetic polyester elastomers that have been reported in the literature are discussed, with special focus on those that show promise for in vivo tissue replacement. Their satisfactory performance in vivo shows the promise of elastomers for use in regenerative medicine. However, further investigation is required to demonstrate the prospect of elastomer-based therapies in clinical trials.
The Indian Constitution, Free Speech and Economic Structure

This essay explores a somewhat neglected facet of Indian free speech jurisprudence: the connection between the freedom of speech and the background economic structure and distribution of resources. Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution guarantees to all citizens the freedom of speech and expression. Article 19(2) permits the government to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions upon the exercise of this freedom, in the interests of public order, decency or morality, defamation, and so on. Over the years, the Supreme Court has adjudicated a number of cases dealing with the scope of Article 19(2). In all these cases, what is undisputed is the existence of a law that restricts the freedom of speech. The disputed question has been whether that law is saved by any one of Article 19(2)’s terms. Such cases, therefore, have directly implicated the meaning of key terms such as “reasonable”, “in the interests of”, “public order”, “morality”, “decency” and “defamation”. Through these cases, the Court has developed an extensive jurisprudence, in which questions about the nature and purpose of free speech in a democracy, have played a central role. There is, however, another set of cases, where a prior question has been at issue: is an impugned law, which admittedly curtails someone’s speech, a restriction upon it? Or, in other word, does everything that may affect my speech also, for that reason, affect my freedom of speech? To answer this question, one must first answer another question: what does the word “freedom” mean, in the phrase “freedom of speech”? This enquiry goes to the heart of Article 19(1)(a), and is inescapably moral and political. As we shall see, however, unlike its 19(2) cases, the Court has largely evaded the issue, and attempted to screen a set of moral and political choices by invoking seemingly “neutral”, objective concepts, to settle the issue.
Ord's Kangaroo Rats in North-Central Kansas: Patterns of Body Size and Reproduction

Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii) were collected in Russell and Lincoln counties, Kansas during 1977–1986. Most specimens (n = 43 of 45) were collected in the Saline River valley during 1985–1986. All individuals were necropsied to document features of body size and reproductive condition for both females and males. For 43 kangaroo rats captured in the Saline River valley, 35% were males. Sex ratios tended to differ between nights 1–2 (18% males) and nights 3–5 (41% males); a pattern likely caused by delayed capture of males relative to females over the 5-day sampling period. For 45 Ord's kangaroo rats, mean body length was similar for males (109.5 mm) and females (108.2 mm). As expected, body mass increased significantly with increasing body length for males and non-pregnant females. Tail length also increased significantly with increasing body length for males and females; body length explained almost 80% of the variation in tail length for males in contrast to <45% for females. Hind foot and ear le...
Effects of augmented delivery of pyruvate on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism at high workstate

This study was performed to determine whether the fall in myocardial high-energy phosphates (HEP) that occurs during high workstates can be ascribed to either inadequate glycolytic pyruvate generat...
Electromechanical modelling and design for phase control of locked modes in the DIII-D tokamak

A basic nonlinear electromechanical model is developed for the interaction between a pre-existing near-saturated tearing-mode, a conducting wall, active coils internal to the wall, and active coils external to the wall. The tearing-mode is represented by a perturbed helical surface current and its island has a small but finite moment of inertia. The model is shown to have several properties that are qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations of mode-wall and mode-coil interactions. The main purpose of the model is to guide the design of a phase control system for locked modes (LMs) in tokamaks. Such a phase controller may become an important component in integrated disruption avoidance systems. A realistic feedback controller for the LM phase is designed and tested for the electromechanical model. The results indicate that a simple fixed-gain controller can perform phase control of LMs with a range of sizes, and at arbitrary misalignment relative to a realistically dimensioned background error field. The basic model is expected to be a useful minimal dynamical system representation also for other aspects of mode-wall-coil interactions.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Nanohybrids

To date, the functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) has become one of the most intensively explored methods to produce CNT-based nanostructure composite materials. In this study, a simple and effective synthesizing method has been reported to prepare a nanohybrid material consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and aminopropylisobutyl-POSS. The approach is based on covalent bonding between CNTs and POSS molecules. Characterization of the as-received materials as well as the POSS-treated CNTs has been performed. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses verify the covalent grafting of POSS onto CNT walls through the formation of amide bonds. TEM studies reveal the attachment of relatively high amount of POSS to the CNT walls in POSS-treated product. TGA observations suggest that the presence of relatively high amount of POSS in MWCNT-POSS product is responsible for the thermal stability of CNTs at temperature range of RT–200 °C. The resulting nanohybrids with improved functionality and thermal stability would be good candidates as reinforcing materials for compatible polymer matrices.Copyright © 2015 by ASME