cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Bullying Practices in American Schools: Perspectives of School Psychologists.

A random sample of 213 school psychologists working in a school setting completed a survey on their schools' current anti-bullying practices. Talking with bullies following bullying incidents, disciplinary consequences for bullies, and increasing adult supervision were the three most frequently used strategies. Peer juries/court, an anti-bullying committee, and peer counselors were least frequently used, according to respondents. School-wide positive behavior support, modifying space and schedule, and immediate responses to bullying incidents were perceived as most effective, whereas avoiding contact between bullies and victims, a zero-tolerance policy with bullies, and a written anti-bullying policy were least effective. Results and implications are discussed within the context of empirically supported practices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal expansion and optical length variation of sodium β-alumina along the c-axis

Abstract Thermal expansion and the optical length variation have been measured for a single crystal sodium β-alumina, along the c-axis. A laser interferometer has been used in the measurement. The measurements of the length and optical length variation do not indicate any anomalous behavior. The thermal expansion and thermooptic coefficients vary smoothly like the ionic conductivity and do not display any indication of cooperative effects.
Solution and analysis for crystallization with agglomeration

Abstract A population balance equation for a CST crystallizer with agglomeration and an exponential crystal distribution in the feed is solved analytically. A solution to the crystal free feed case is also obtained as a special case, and matches with that given by Liao and Hulburt (1976, Annual Meeting of AIChE). For the crystal free feed case, it is proved that a unimodal distribution is only predicted, which is in agreement with the analysis of Lui and Thompson (1992, Chem. Engng Sci. 47 , 1897-1901). Comparison with the exponential distribution, after transforming both distributions using the same dimensionless variables, shows that, for certain values of the parameters, narrow distributions of small-sized particles are observed. A different choice of dimensionless variables which is more natural to investigate the effect of agglomeration is also pointed out.
Metabolic Dissociation of the Parent and Daughter Radionuclide Pair, Barium-140 and Lanthanum-140

BARIUM-140, one of the γ-ray emitting isotopes in fallout, has a physical half-life of 12.8 days. It decays to lanthanum-140 which emits γ-rays and has a physical half-life of 40.3 h. Barium-140 contributes approximately 10 per cent of the total fission product activity at 10 days and 30 days after production. About 12 per cent of the total radioactivity of fission products aged for 10 or 30 days after production is lanthanum-140 (ref. 1). Therefore, barium-140 and its daughter contribute significantly to that portion of the fall-out radiation dose caused by radionuclides of short or intermediate half-lives.
A comparison of immediate versus delayed endoscopic injection sclerosis of bleeding esophageal varices

The authors report their experience with immediate endoscopic injection sclerosis at the time of diagnosis of active bleeding esophageal varices compared to delayed sclerotherapy performed after control of variceal bleeding with vasopressin and Sengstaken-Blakemore tamponade. Twenty-eight active index bleeders and 20 active rebleeders were treated by immediate endoscopic injection sclerosis, which could technically be performed on all of the former and in 18 of the rebleeders (96%). Immediate control of active bleeding was achieved in all patients whose varices were injected (100%). Control at 48hours was 89% for the index bleeding group and 80% for the rebleeding group. In the delayed sclerotherapy group of 19 patients, initial control (79%) and 48-hour control (64%) were significantly less. The rebleeding rate, complications, and death from exsanguination were greater in the delayed group, whereas longevity was similar in both groups. We conclude that immediate sclerotherapy effectively controls acutely bleeding esophageal varices with a lower complication rate than sclerotherapy performed after conventional medical therapy with vasopressin and Sengstaken-Blakemore tube tamponade.
The Effect of Pressure Suit Gloves on Hand Performance

The effects of pressure gloves on human hand capabilities is a major concern in the performance of extravehicular activity (EVA) for space maintenance and construction missions. The effects of EVA gloves on six hand performance domains was investigated in this NASA sponsored research. They were range of motion, strength, tactile perception, dexterity, fatigue, and comfort. All tests were designed to be performed in a glove box using the barehand as well as the glove at 0 and 4.3 pressure differentials. Ten subjects participated in the test in a repeated measures design. The results of the experiments are summarized in this paper.
Noninvolvement of chromosome 16 in karyotype evolution of acute myeloid leukemia in a patient with a heritable fragile site on 16q22

A fragile site on the long arm of chromosome #16 (q22) was detected in a 24-year-old man with pancytopenia. During the course of the disease he developed an inverted duplication of region q11-12 of chromosome #1 and a translocation between chromosomes #9 and #13: t(9;13)(p22;q32). These abnormalities, as well as an additional iso-like marker chromosome that consisted of one normal 9p and the abnormal 9p arm, were detected in Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-positive B-cell cultures. Two years later, evolution of the abnormal clone with loss of chromosome #7 and, subsequently, chromosome #22 occurred in connection with development of acute myeloid leukemia. Although the heritable fragile site on chromosome #16 was present in all cell populations investigated, it was not involved in the evolution of the abnormal karyotype. This fragile chromosome #16 also was found in 4 of 11 family members in whom chromosome analysis was performed, thus suggesting this aberration was inherited in a dominant autosomal pattern. The incidence of the heritable fragile site in normal and leukemic cells of the patient, as well as stimulated blood cultures of his relatives, are reported. In addition, the possible relationship between this constitutional chromosome breakage syndrome and the occurrence of leukemia is analyzed.
Climate and vegetation patterns in surface samples from arid Western U.S.A.; application to Holocene climatic reconstructions

Abstract Nearly 1,400 samples from over 50 sources have been assembled and analyzed to characterize the contemporary pollen rain of the arid western U.S.A. Of the nearly 300 pollen types recorded, Pinus, Quercus, and Cupressaceae are the most common arboreal types; Chenopodiaceae‐Amaranthus. Gramineae, Artemisia, Ambrosia, and “Other Compositae”; are the most frequent non‐arboreal pollen types. Forest vegetation is represented by 661 samples, steppe by 450 samples, and desert by 116 samples. Ambrosia, Cactaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Larrea, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Prosopis achieve maximum percentages in hot ‐ dry climate (>20°C mean annual temperature and <250 mm mean annual precipitation); Artemisia, Juniperus, Sarcobatus, Caryophyllaceae, Liguliflorae, Other Compositae, and Polygonaceae have minor peaks in cold dry climate (<15°C and <250 mm); Arceuthobium, Abies, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Sequoiadendron, Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana reach maxima in cool moist climate (10–15°C, 500 ...
Stress and success: Individual differences in the glucocorticoid stress response predict behavior and reproductive success under high predation risk

A fundamental element of how vertebrates respond to stressors is by rapidly elevating circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Individual variation in the magnitude of the glucocorticoid stress response has been linked with reproductive success and survival. But while the adaptive value of this response is believed to stem in part from changes in the expression of hormone-mediated behaviors, it is not clear how the behavior of stronger and weaker glucocorticoid responders differs during reproduction, or during exposure to ecologically relevant stressors. Here we report that in a population of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) experiencing high rates of nest predation, circulating levels of corticosterone (the primary avian glucocorticoid) during exposure to a standardized stressor predict aspects of subsequent behavior and fitness. Individuals that mounted a stronger corticosterone stress response during the early reproductive period did not differ in clutch size, but fledged fewer offspring. Parents with higher stress-induced corticosterone during the early reproductive period later provisioned their nestlings at lower rates. Additionally, in the presence of a model predator stress-induced corticosterone was positively associated with the latency to return to the nest, but only among birds that were observed to return. Model comparisons revealed that stress-induced hormones were better predictors of the behavioral and fitness effects of exposure to transient, ecologically relevant stressors than baseline corticosterone. These findings are consistent with functional links between individual variation in the hormonal and behavioral response to stressors. If such links occur, then selection on the heritable components of the corticosterone stress response could promote adaptation to novel environments or predation regimes.
Accuracy of computer algorithms and the human eye in scoring actigraphy.

The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal scoring method and parameter settings of actigraphy by comparison to simultaneous polysomnography (PSG). Fifteen studies of simultaneous PSG and actigraphy were completed in adolescents (mean age = 16.3 years) and analyzed. Scoring actigraphy by the human eye was compared to a commercial computerized algorithm using various parameters. The PSG was considered the reference standard. There was a better correlation between actigraphy and PSG sleep start/end, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency when the rest period was determined by the human (mean r = 0.640) rather than auto-set by the software (r = 0.406). The best results came when the rest intervals were set based on the PSG (r = 0.694). Scoring the printed actogram by the human eye was superior to the auto analyses as well (r = 0.575). Higher correlations and lower biases were obtained from lower wake threshold settings (low and medium) and higher immobility times (10 and 15 min). Visual scoring by simple inspection of the actigraphy tracing had a reasonable correlation with the gold standard PSG. Accurate determination of the rest interval is important in scoring actigraphy. Scoring actigraphy by the human eye is superior to this computer algorithm when auto-setting major rest periods. A low wake threshold and 10–15 min of immobility for sleep onset and sleep end yield the most accurate computerized results. Auto-setting major rest intervals should be avoided to set start/end of rest intervals; adjustments for artifacts and/or a sleep diary for comparison are helpful.
Nitrogen fixation in the littoral benthos of an oligotrophic lake

Blue-green algae are common in the benthos of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire (U. S. A.) — on macrophytes and on the lake bottom-and are probably responsible for the variable, sometimes high rates of N-fixation that detected by a series of acetylene-reduction assays during September and October.
Task values, achievement goals, and interest: An integrative analysis.

The research presented in this article integrates 3 theoretical perspectives in the field of motivation: expectancy-value, achievement goals, and interest. The authors examined the antecedents (initial interest, achievement goals) and consequences (interest, performance) of task value judgments in 2 learning contexts: a college classroom and a high school sports camp. The pattern of findings was consistent across both learning contexts. Initial interest and mastery goals predicted subsequent interest, and task values mediated these relationships. Performance-approach goals and utility value predicted actual performance as indexed by final course grade (classroom) and coach ratings of performance (sports camp). Implications for theories of motivation are discussed.
Dexamethasone blocks adaptive increase of Na+Pi cotransport in renal brush border membrane elicited by thyroid hormone

Dexamethasone administered to rats blocks and/or reverses adapative increases in the rate of Na+Pi cotransport, and also in the Na+-dependent binding of [14C]-phosphonoformic acid (PFA) by renal brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles elicited by thyroid hormone (T3). In contrast, dexamethasone had no effect on Na+-independent binding of [14C]-phosphonoformic acid, on Na+-dependent transport of D-glucose or on Na+-dependent binding of phlorizin by BBMV which indicates that its inhibitory effect is specific for Na+Pi cotransport system of BBM. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids antagonize T3-elicited adaptive enhancement of Na+Pi cotransport in renal proximal tubules by blocking the T3-stimulated denovo synthesis of Na+Pi symporters and/or their insertion into BBM.
Raman gain of SiC as a potential medium for Raman lasers

We have investigated stimulated Raman scattering in the 4H polytype of SiC, due to its excellent thermal conductivity which is of great importance for power scaling of Raman lasers. Spectroscopy verifies the sample’s polytype and precludes any significant admixture of other polytypes. Tests indicate the moderate optical quality of this commercially available sample. Using pump-probe measurements around 1030 nm, we find the Raman gain coefficient of the major peak at 777 cm -1 to be 0.46 cm/GW. Although this value is only modest, calculations and experience with other Raman materials indicate that Raman lasing of 4H SiC should be possible with reasonable intensities of 1064-nm pulsed pumping.
Eventful archaeology: The place of space in structural transformation

Unexpected ruptures in material culture patterning present interpretive challenges for archaeological narratives of social change. The concept of the event, as proposed by William Sewell Jr., offers a robust theoretical vocabulary for understanding the sudden appearance of novel patterning. Sewell defines historical events as sequences of happenings or occurrences that transform social structures by creating durable ruptures between material resources and their associated virtual schemas. Thus conceived, events occur in three phases: (1) a sequence of contingent happenings produces (2) ruptures in the articulation of resources and schemas, creating (3) an opportunity for rearticulation within new frames of reference. This perspective has much to recommend it for archaeology because it explicitly and uniquely grounds the concepts of structure, structural change, and agency in materiality. The implications of this approach are apparent in the cases of Iceland's conversion to Christianity (AD 1000-1050), barrow construction during Denmark's Bronze Age (1700-1500 BC), platform construction at Formative Chiripa, Bolivia (450-400 BC), and the planning and layout of Mississippian Cahokia, Illinois (AD 1050-1100).
Is It Feasible to Build New Land in the Mississippi River Delta

What if the Mississippi River levees were cut below New Orleans? What if much of the water and sediment were allowed to flow out and build new deltas? Could deltaic land loss be reversed, and indeed restored? Using a conservative sediment supply rate and a range of rates of sea level rise and subsidence, a physically based model of deltaic river sedimentation [Kim et al., 2009] predicts that approximately 700–1200 square kilometers of new land (exposed surface and in-channel freshwater habitat) could be built over a century (Figure 1).
Aesthetics and the World at Large

I argue, contra Noel Carroll, that there is no reason to think that an aesthetic theory of art cannot do justice to art in its relation to the extra-artistic world. My argument depends on a reinterpretation of the aesthetic theory of Francis Hutcheson, according to which Hutcheson does not hold aesthetic perception to be non-epistemic, as Peter Kivy has maintained.
Explicit Fermi coordinates and tidal dynamics in de Sitter and Gödel spacetimes

Fermi coordinates are directly constructed in de Sitter and G\"odel spacetimes and the corresponding exact coordinate transformations are given explicitly. The quasi-inertial Fermi coordinates are then employed to discuss the dynamics of a free test particle in these spacetimes and the results are compared to the corresponding generalized Jacobi equations that contain only the lowest-order tidal terms. The domain of validity of the generalized Jacobi equation is thus examined in these cases. Furthermore, the difficulty of constructing explicit Fermi coordinates in black hole spacetimes is demonstrated.
Hippocrates, cardiology, Confucius and the Yellow Emperor

Although Hippocrates (460-c.375 BC) has been traditionally recognized as the Father of Medicine, the fact that he was seminal in the development of cardiology is much less well known. Evidence is presented to support the notion that Hippocrates could also be considered the Father of Cardiology. Hippocrates also had many of the teachings and practices in common with Confucius (c.551-c.479 BC) and the Yellow Emperor of China (2695-2589 BC). Whereas Confucius was not a physician, the Yellow Emperor was an ancient Chinese physician whose Huang Di Neijing, the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, is the oldest known treatise of medicine in existence.
Slow intracellular trafficking of catalase nanoparticles targeted to ICAM-1 protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress

Nanotechnologies promise new means for drug delivery. ICAM-1 is a good target for vascular immunotargeting of nanoparticles to the perturbed endothelium, although endothelial cells do not internalize monomeric anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. However, coupling ICAM-1 antibodies to nanoparticles creates multivalent ligands that enter cells via an amiloride-sensitive endocytic pathway that does not require clathrin or caveolin. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that internalized anti-ICAM nanoparticles are retained in a stable form in early endosomes for an unusually long time (1-2 h) and subsequently were degraded following slow transport to lysosomes. Inhibition of lysosome acidification by chloroquine delayed degradation without affecting anti-ICAM trafficking. Also, the microtubule disrupting agent nocodazole delayed degradation by inhibiting anti-ICAM nanoparticle trafficking to lysosomes. Addition of catalase to create anti-ICAM nanoparticles with antioxidant activity did not affect the mechanisms of nanoparticle uptake or trafficking. Intracellular anti-ICAM/catalase nanoparticles were active, because endothelial cells were resistant to H2O2-induced oxidative injury for 1-2 h after nanoparticle uptake. Chloroquine and nocodazole increased the duration of antioxidant protection by decreasing the extent of anti-ICAM/catalase degradation. Therefore, the unique trafficking pathway followed by internalized anti-ICAM nanoparticles seems well suited for targeted delivery of therapeutic enzymes to endothelial cells and may provide a basis for treatment of acute vascular oxidative stress.
Beach Restoration Efforts Influenced by Plant Variety, Soil Inoculum, and Site Effects

Abstract Recent research has highlighted the importance of soil biota in the establishment success of target plant species in restorations. This has led to restoration efforts that include soil amendments containing mycorrhizal fungi as well as other soil organisms. Although several studies have demonstrated interactions between plant species and soil biota, few studies have looked at interactions between plant variety and soil biota, particularly in the context of restoration. When several sources of plant material are available to land managers, it may be important to account for interactions between plant variety and soil inoculum. Here we present results from an experiment examining interactions between plant variety and soil inoculum for beach restoration. At two lakeshore beaches in Chicago, IL, we planted two varieties of the native beach grass Ammophila breviligulata, a common plant used in beach restoration. We included a soil inoculum treatment for half of the plots, using soil from nearby matur...
X-ray investigations of the structure of colloidal electrolytes. IV. A new type of micelle formed by film penetration☆

Abstract 1. 1. X-ray evidence is presented which shows micelles which contain from a third to half as many molecules of a moderately long chain (6 to 10 C atoms) alcohol as soap are not increased in diameter above that of the micelle of soap alone. On the contrary the diameter is decreased by as much in some instances as 6 A (Table I). This is just the opposite of the effect produced by the solubilization of a hydrocarbon which may increase the diameter by as much as 11 A (Table II) or even more. 2. 2. Other work in this laboratory shows that whereas hydrocarbons which solubilize in the inner nonpolar part of the micelle have little effect on the critical concentration, long chain n-alcohols produce a very great lowering, which is evidence that they play a part similar to that of soap molecules themselves. 3. 3. These relations indicate that the alcohols (amines and other polar nonpolar molecules also) form a new type of micelle in which the amphipathic molecules take a position which is essentially the same as that of the soap molecules, with their polar groups toward the water and their hydrocarbon chains between those of the soap, in which position the diameter is not increased. A possible explanation of the decrease is as follows. Consider a normal 6 C atom alcohol between molecules of a 12 C atom soap. The chain of the alcohol cannot extend as far into the interior of the micelle as those of the soap. This would result in a hole at the inner end of the alcohol chain. However if the hydrocarbon chains of the soap fold into these holes, they would be partly filled and the effective length of the hydrocarbon chains of the soap thereby reduced, which would decrease the diameter of the micelle. 4. 4. The diameters of micelles were calculated on the basis of a theory of X-ray scattering from a system of spherical particles. The values obtained indicate a spacing of 43.6 A for sodium dodecyl sulfate, independent of soap concentration. 5. 5. Bragg spacings are listed for the long spacing or l-band used by all other investigators, but since no theory by which they can be utilized has been developed, they serve only as a qualitative indication of a change of distance between the micelles.
Resorption characteristics of bone and bone substitutes

Abstract Resorption of ninety intramuscular implants of different types of bone and bone substitutes were studied radiographically in twenty-two adult mongrel dogs. On the basis of mean resorption time, the implants were resorbed in the following order: (1) plaster of Paris, (2) autogenous cancellous bone, (3) cathode-ray-sterilized canine cancellous bone, (4) cathode-ray-sterilized human cancellous bone, (5) homologous cancellous bone, (6) fetal bovine bone, (7) bovine cancellous bone, (8) freeze-dried cancellous bone, (9) collapatite, (10) anorganic bone, and (11) polyurethane foam. The significance of these findings and their possible correlation with other clinical studies are discussed.
Semi-empirical model for depth dose distributions of megavoltage x-ray beams

The dose distribution due to absorption of photon energy fluence in a homogeneous water phantom irradiated by megavoltage x-ray beams has been analyzed with a semiempirical model. The method generalizes an analytical formalism for the scattering component of dose within a water phantom which was developed recently for monoenergetic photon beams. Contributions to dose via Compton interaction and pair creation form the essential structure of the secondary component formula. Both the central-axis percent depth dose and off-central-axis ratios can be determined for beams of different sizes, used at any value of source to surface distance. The input data include the values of linear attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients in water at energies between 10 keV and the equivalent energy of the beam. Predicted values of the central-axis percent depth dose and the off-central-axis ratios are compared with the measured data for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 20, 35, 45, and 70 MVp x-ray beams. For the central-axis percent depth dose, agreement is within 3% for fields of sizes between 5 X 5 and 20 X 20 cm2, and 5% for larger fields, for beams of MVp up to 20. For higher energy beams, comparison was made only for the 10 X 10 cm2 fields and the discrepancies were within 3%. For the off-central-axis ratios, agreement between the predicted and measured values is within 5% over the umbra region but worsens in the penumbra region and geometrical shadow. This formalism requires large computer storage for generating data for all realistic beams irradiating normal-size phantoms.
Hematological assessment of temperature and oxygen stress in a reservoir population of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Abstract 1. 1. Hematological characteristics of a reservoir population of adult striped bass were monitored for 15 months to evaluate their responses to seasonal changes in water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. All fish were caught and removed from gill nets within 1 hr. 2. 2. All hematological parameters measured varied significantly with month of capture. In general, red blood cell counts, hematocrits, hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values were highest in autumn and winter and lowest in summer. 3. 3. Most hematological parameters measured were significantly correlated with both water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration at the site of capture. 4. 4. The hematological changes observed in this study suggest that fish were stressed by high water temperatures and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in summer 1987, and that this stress probably resulted in secondary nutritional problems and extensive mortality.
Stereoselectivity in peptide synthesis under simple conditions.

Die Umsetzung vond,l-Leucin mit verschiedenenl-Aminosauren und Dicyanamid als Kondensationsmittel zu Oligopeptiden verlauft nicht stereoselektiv. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtung in bezug auf den Ursprung des Lebens wird diskutiert.
Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by substances in aqueous humor

The authors conclude that there resides in aqueous humor substances that act to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism by way of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase catalyzed reactions. We are currently isolating and characterizing the substances in aqueous humor to determine whether they are the same as those described in other biological fluids. The possibility exists that by regulating the activity of these modulators of arachidonic acid metabolism we may provide new approaches to the treatment of a variety of ophthalmic diseases, including uveitis and glaucoma.
Differential regulation of the two-component regulatory system senX3-regX3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The highly successful pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved strategies to adapt to various stress conditions, thus promoting survival within the infected host. The two-component regulatory system (2CRS) senX3-regX3, which has been implicated in the Mtb response to inorganic phosphate depletion, is believed to behave as an auto-regulatory bicistronic operon. Unlike other 2CRS, Mtb senX3-regX3 features an intergenic region (IR) containing several mycobacterium interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) of unknown function. In this study, we used a lacZ reporter system to study the promoter activity of the 5′ untranslated region of senX3, and that of various numbers of MIRUs in the senX3-regX3 IR, during axenic Mtb growth in nutrient-rich broth, and upon exposure to growth-restricting conditions. Activity of the senX3 promoter was induced during phosphate depletion and nutrient starvation, and IR promoter activity under these conditions was directly proportional to the number of MIRUs present. Quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR analysis of exponentially growing Mtb revealed monocistronic transcription of senX3 and regX3, and, to a lesser degree, bicistronic transcription of the operon. In addition, we observed primarily monocistronic upregulation of regX3 during phosphate depletion of Mtb, which was confirmed by Northern analysis in wild-type Mtb and by RT-PCR in a senX3-disrupted mutant, while upregulation of regX3 in nutrient-starved Mtb was chiefly bicistronic. Our findings of differential regulation of senX3-regX3 highlight the potential regulatory role of MIRUs in the Mtb genome and provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying Mtb adaptation to physiologically relevant conditions.
KINEMATIC TRAJECTORY GENERATION IN A NEUROMUSCULOSKELETAL MODEL WITH SOMATOSENSORY AND VESTIBULAR FEEDBACK

Abstract Mechanisms of posture and movement control in the human body are investigated via a four-segment neuro-musculoskeletal model characterizing the action of the central nervous system (CNS). The model includes position, velocity, force, and vestibular feedback, the intrinsic stiffness properties of the muscle, and the physiological latencies of the motor servo-system. Prediction of limb kinematics is achieved through a combination of analytical methods and computer simulations. Our simulation results confirm that the anatomical arrangement, active muscle stiffness, force and vestibular feedback, and physiological latencies of the body segments play a major role in shaping motor control processes in the human body.
Increase in Nonspecific Resistance to Infection in Mice Following Administration of Staphylococcal Extracts

SummaryPretreatment of mice by the intraperitoneal route with staphylococcal extracts significantly protects the host against a subsequent lethal challenge of E. coli and prolongs survival time of mice infected with S. typhimurium. The same extracts were also found to produce a biphasic fever and a leucopenic response in rabbits to which refractoriness was rapidly developed.The skilled technical assistance of Miriam Graff, Roger Rollins, and Romus Broadway is gratefully acknowledged.
EFFECTS OF SALMON-DERIVED NITROGEN ON RIPARIAN FOREST GROWTH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR STREAM PRODUCTIVITY

Anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) transport marine-derived nitrogen (MDN) to the rivers in which they reproduce. Isotopic analyses indicate that trees and shrubs near spawning streams derive -22-24% of their foliar nitrogen (N) from spawn- ing salmon. As a consequence of this nutrient subsidy, growth rates are significantly in- creased in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) near spawning streams. As riparian forests affect the quality of instream habitat through shading, sediment and nutrient filtration, and pro- duction of large woody debris (LWD), this fertilization process serves not only to enhance riparian production, but may also act as a positive feedback mechanism by which salmon- borne nutrients improve spawning and rearing habitat for subsequent salmon generations and maintain the long-term productivity of river corridors along the Pacific coast of North America.
Associations of symptoms, psychosocial function and hope with qualities of self-experience in schizophrenia: Comparisons of objective and subjective indicators of health

While changes in self-experience have been suggested to be an important element of recovery from severe mental illness, little is known about how qualities of self-experience are linked with other indicators of health including objective measures such as symptoms profiles and subjective measures such as hope. To examine these issues the narratives of self and illness of 65 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were obtained prior to entry into rehabilitation and rated using the Scale to Assess Narrative Development (STAND). STAND scores were then compared with concurrent assessments of hope assessed with the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), psychosocial function using the Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) and symptom profile defined categorically using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results suggest that higher ratings of the STAND were associated with greater expectations of perseverance on the BHS and higher levels of psychosocial function on the QOL. Lower symptom profiles were similarly linked with higher STAND scores. Results suggest qualities of self-experience expressed within personal narratives are linked to symptom profiles and subjective assessments of health. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
An overview of millimeter‐wave spectroscopic measurements of chlorine monoxide at Thule, Greenland, February–March, 1992: Vertical profiles, diurnal variation, and longer‐term trends

Measurements of chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere over Thule, Greenland (73.6 N, 68.4 W) were made quasi-continuously during the period February 8 to March 24, 1992, using a high-sensitivity ground based mm-wave spectrometer. These observations give diurnal, short term, and long term changes in the mixing ratio and vertical distribution of ClO. At an equivalent time after the Antarctic winter solstice, very large concentrations (up to approximately 1.5 ppbv) occur in lower stratospheric ClO, resulting in massive ozone destruction. We saw no evidence for large (approximately 1 top 1.5 ppbv) amounts of ClO in the 16-25 km range over Thule in February or March, in agreement with UARS (satellite) observations by the MLS mm-wave spectrometer for this period, and in marked contrast to UARS/MLS and ER-2 aircraft measurements over northern Europe and eastern Canada, respectively, during January, 1992. We have evidence for smaller enhancements (approximately 0.2 to 0.5 ppbv) in the 18-30 km range during late February-early March, which could result from transport of residual low NO2 air following earlier polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) processing (the last of which occurred at least one month earlier, however) or the result of chemical processing by Pinatubo aerosols. Direct influence of Pinatubo aerosols on Arctic ozone during the spring of 1992 has been difficult to assess, and this enhancement of low-altitude ClO might be a significant indicator of aerosol effects.
Random-phase-approximation approach to collective modes around inhomogeneous Hartree-Fock states: One-dimensional doped Hubbard model

All the linear excitations are calculated in the random-phase approximation around a doped inhomogeneous Hartree-Fock state as well as the undoped uniform antiferromagnetic state in the one-dimensional Hubbard model. Upon doping, shape modes appear, localized around an introduced hole, as well as some shake-off'' branches related to combinations of local and extended Hartree-Fock orbitals. These modes are in addition to spin wave and ultragap branches in the pure antiferromagnetic state. Some characteristics of the shape modes are similar to bare processes in the {ital t}-{ital t}{prime}-{ital J} model derived from the Hubbard model at strong coupling. Spectral weights in different susceptibility channels are calculated and shown to have peaks in low-energy regions, arising from specific shape modes.
In vitro effects of dexrazoxane (Zinecard) and classical acute leukemia therapy: time to consider expanded clinical trials?

Anthracyclines have been the backbone of acute leukemia therapy in the adult for many years, but little attention has been paid to the long-term toxicity of these agents in this disease because of the poor survival of this population of patients. Recent studies have examined dose-intensified daunorubicin with dosages as high as 95 mg/m2 daily × 3 in this population with the attendant concerns of both acute and chronic toxicity. We have examined three human leukemia cell lines in vitro, treated with either daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, with or without cytosine arabinoside in the presence of dexrazoxane to determine whether such treatment would be synergistic or antagonistic. AML-193, CRF-SB, and Molt-4 cell lines were grown to confluence, plated into microtiter dishes and incubated for 72 h with varying concentrations of the above drugs. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay, and synergy or antagonism by median effect analysis. Dexrazoxane demonstrated additive or synergistic cytotoxic effects (CI <1) under most conditions. The triplet of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and dexrazoxane showed profound synergy in all three cell lines. These effects occurred at clinically achievable levels. If high dosages of anthracyclines are contemplated in this population, these preclinical data suggest that the addition of dexrazoxane to classical therapy is not antagonistic and thus may allow an investigation of the role of dexrazoxane as a cardiac protectant.
Scopira: an open source C++ framework for biomedical data analysis applications -- a research project report

In MRI research labs, algorithms are typically implemented in MATLAB or IDL. If performance is an issue they are ported to C and integrated with interpreted systems, not fully utilizing object-oriented software development. This paper presents Scopira, an open source C++ framework suitable for MRI data analysis and visualization.
Dynamic particle sizing in suspension by laser anemometry technique

Abstract A new optical particle sizing technique is presented by which in situ local measurements can be made in a suspension of particulates in flow by laser-Doppler anemometry. This technique is unintrusive and produces far more accurate results than conventional collection sizing technique. It is also fast due to the use of digital electronics and real-time data processing and analysis in a minicomputer. Some sample measurement results are also presented.
Selection for perceptual distinctiveness: evidence from Aguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta

This paper presents evidence that cultivars of manioc (Manihot esculenta) have been selected for combinations of characters that allow them to be perceptually distinguished. This mode of selection is proposed to explain why cultivars are so variable in perceptually salient taxonomic characters unrelated to the use or survival of the plant. This paper reanalyzes published material on manioc and related species and presents new evidence from the inventory of manioc cultivars maintained by the Aguaruna Jivaro of northern Peru. Rogers and Fleming’s (1973) sample of manioc cultivars exhibits 3 characteristics implied by the model of selection for perceptual distinctiveness: high, continuous, and independent variation of nonadaptive taxonomic characters. The inventory of Aguaruna cultivars exhibits 2 additional characteristics predicted by the model: taxonomic characters of this local inventory vary as independently and nearly as greatly as those of the species as a whole. Anthropological evidence is presented to demonstrate that Aguaruna interact with the plants as predicted by the model: Aguaruna identify cultivars using many of the same characters as Rogers and Fleming and they confuse cultivars they regard as similar in stem color, petiole color, and leaf shape. The evidence suggests that procedures used by cultivators to identify cultivars leave their imprint on the plants; crops show the effect of the cultivator's eye as well as hand.
The Materiality of Urban Discourse: Rational Planning in the Restructuring of the Early Twentieth-Century Ghetto

The author uses poststructuralist advances in discourse analysis to examine the ways the circulation of symbolic representations and characterizations of the city are useful to understanding urban ...
Epithelial nature of spindle-cell thymoma. An ultrastructural study.

The ultrastructure of a spindle-cell thymoma, unassociated with hematologic or immunologic abnormalities, is reported. The fine structure of the tumor cells has been compared to the squamous epithelium of Hassall's corpuscles. The cells of the spindle-cell thymoma demonstrated well-developed desmosomes, into which prominent cytoplasmic bundles inserted; these structures were similar to those seen in the cells of Hassall's corpuscles. We have concluded that this spindle-cell thymoma is an epithelial neoplasm. Distinction between epithelial spindle-cell thymoma and hemangiopericytoma is discussed.
Computer abuse, information technologies and judicial affairs

Crime on the Internet has become a formidable challenge for university information technology and student judicial systems. The nature of university computing requires a relatively unrestricted network, which exposes the university to online hacking, harassment, spam, copyright violations and other computing abuses. This paper will discuss the University of Delaware’s efforts to control and prevent online crime while maintaining the open network access required for teaching, research and collaboration by faculty and students. Information Technologies and the Dean of Students Office at the University of Delaware have worked together to implement policies and procedures to educate students, discourage computer abuse, fairly adjudicate offenders and protect victims. We will discuss these policies and standard practices and our proactive approach to anticipating future threats to computer security. Next, we will discuss several types of computer abuse typically seen in a university setting. We then outline both the University’s response to particular incidents and its efforts toward long-term solutions for each type of computer abuse. The intended audience for this paper includes both professionals in information technologies, system security and those involved in student judicial systems.
Laser prophylaxis for age-related macular degeneration§

Abstract Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of severe and irreversible vision loss among people 50 years of age or older in many Western countries. Most of the available treatments for AMD are intended for the late stage, specifically for choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Effective preventive treatments could have an even greater impact on the vision of the millions of people at risk for vision loss from AMD. Drusen are typically the earliest lesions seen in patients with AMD and precede the development of CNV. In 1973, Gass noted the disappearance of drusen in eyes that received laser photocoagulation, which led to the hypothesis that laser-induced drusen reduction could alter the natural course of AMD. Methods: We reviewed relevant articles found through a search of MEDLINE through February 2005 by means of the following key words, alone or in combination: drusen, laser, photocoagulation, age-related macular degeneration, macula and choroidal neovascularization . Results: Reports ranging from individual cases and case series to randomized controlled pilot studies have described various laser treatment protocols and their effects on eyes with high-risk drusen but no neovascular changes. These reports provide evidence that laser photocoagulation can induce drusen reduction. Although some investigators have reported a corresponding improvement in visual function, others have found no change or even worsening.The results in several of the larger randomized controlled studies suggest that CNV may occur at an increased rate in laser-treated eyes with high-risk drusen in patients who have neovascular AMD in the other eye. The long-term effects of laser treatment in patients with high-risk drusen in both eyes and no neovascular changes have yet to be determined. Interpretation: The outcome of clinical trials such as the Prophylactic Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and the Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial will help to determine the role of laser prophylaxis in patients with AMD.
Multidimensional Steady Conduction in Convecting, Radiating, and Convecting-Radiating Fins and Fin Assemblies

This article reviews the literature on multidimensional heat conduction in single fins and fin assemblies. The surface heat dissipation mechanisms include pure convection, pure radiation, and simultaneous convection and radiation. Two-dimensional heat transfer results are presented for longitudinal, radial, and cylindrical fins. The discussion also covers square and polygonal fins on round tubes and composite fins. These heat transfer results encompass a variety of situations, such as a nonconstant base temperature, nonuniform ambient temperature, asymmetric thermal boundary conditions, anisotropy of fin material, variable heat transfer coefficient, and internal heat generation. The article provides a comprehensive collection of important analytical and numerical results for two-dimensional effects in extended surfaces, and, as such, both scientific and practice-oriented heat transfer workers would find the information convenient to use for analysis and design.
Charged membrane ultrafiltration of heavy metal salts: Application to metal recovery and water reuse

An experimental investigation is presented of the thin-channel ultrafiltration of 0.6 × 10−3 M to 15.0 × 10−3 M aqueous solutions of Cu2+, Ni2+, or Zn2+ sulfate or chloride salts through a negatively-charged, non-cellulosic membrane. Multi-salt solutions and the actual rinse water from a Watts-type-nickel-plating process are also ultrafiltered. The membrane provides a Ni2+ rejection of 0.83 and water flux of 1.0 × 103 cm/sec (23 gal/ft2 day) at a transmembrane pressure difference of 4.0 × 105 N/m2 (3.9 atm). The membrane rejection and water flux data are utilized in a computer simulation procedure for scale-up to a multi-module, two-staged process for the closed-loop operation of a plating plant.
Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase: characterization, molecular cloning, and evidence for two isoforms.

Abstract We have cloned and sequenced the cDNA coding for human HepG2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC; EC 6.4.1.2). The sequence has an open reading frame of 7038 bp that encode 2346 amino acids (M(r), 264,737). The C-terminal 2.6-kb sequence is very different from that recently reported for human ACC (Ha, J., Daniel, S., Kong, I.-S., Park, C.-K., Tae, H.-J. & Kim, K.-H. [1994] Eur. J. Biochem. 219, 297-306). Northern blot analysis revealed that the ACC mRNA is approximately 10 kb in size and that its level varies among the tissues tested. Evidence is presented to show that the human ACC gene is 200-480 kbp in size and maps to chromosome 17q12. We also provide evidence for the presence of another ACC-like gene with similarly sized mRNA but tissue-specific expression different from that of the ACC gene reported herein. That this second ACC-like gene encodes the 280-kDa carboxylase is not ruled out.