cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal ion requirement and tryptophan inhibition of normal and variant anthranilate synthase-anthranilate 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase complexes from Salmonella typhimurium

1. Both Mn2+ and Co2+ can replace Mg2+ as the required divalent cation for all activities of the enzyme complex between anthranilate synthase (chorismate pyruvate-lyase (amino-accepting), EC 4.1.3.27) and anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (N(5'-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate:pyrophosphate phosphoribosytransferase, EC 2.4.2.18) from Salmonella typhimurium. They have much lower apparent Km values than Mg2+, both for glutamine-dependent anthranilate synthase (Mn2+ = 1.1 muM, Co2+ - 2.6 muM, Mg2+ = 83 muM) and for phosphoribosyltransferase (Mn2+ = 16 muM, Co2+ = 14.6 muM, Mg2+ = 133 muM). The ratio of total Mg2+ to total Mn2+ found in a cell extract of S. typhimurium trpE2 , the source of normal enzyme complex, was found to be 350, suggesting that Mg2+ is probably utilized by the enzyme complex in vivo under our growth conditions. 2. An enzyme complex has been isolated from a mutant strain of S. typhimurium (SO-515) that has a variation in the anthranilate synthase subunit which is thought to be a single amino acid substitution. This variation causes glutamine-dependent anthranilate synthase to be hypersensitive to feedback inhibition by tryptophan (Ki = 0.4 muM compared to Ki = 20 muM for normal enzyme complex). The phosphoribosyltransferase in the variant enzyme complex is also hypersensitive to tryptophan but the kinetics are complex and involve activation by tryptophan in the presence of low amounts of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. 3. In the variant enzyme complex the apparent Km for Mg2+ is elevated to 360 muM for glutamine-linked anthranilate synthase but reduced to 75 muM for phosphoribosyltransferase. 4. These results suggest that the variant enzyme complex has altered tertiary and quaternary structures and that regulation of both activities is effected by tryptophan binding to only anthranilate synthase.
Prenatal exposure to phenobarbital permanently decreases testosterone and causes reproductive dysfunction

Exposure of rats to phenobarbital during late prenatal development decreased the concentration of testosterone in plasma and the brain during the late fetal, early postnatal, pubertal, and adult periods, By decreasing the production of testosterone in the brain during the period of sexual differentiation, phenobarbital may lead to sexual dysfunction in later life.
Impact of electrode contamination on the α-NPD/Au hole injection barrier

Abstract This paper addresses the effects of ambient exposure of a polycrystalline Au electrode prior to making contact with the hole-transport material N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis (1-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD). Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and current–voltage (I–V) measurements are used to investigate the resulting hole barrier and charge injection characteristics. UPS measurements show that the hole barrier with the contaminated low work function Au electrode is reduced by 0.4–0.6 eV with respect to the barrier with the clean high work function Au electrode. The corresponding interface dipoles are 0.3 eV for the former and 1.3 eV for the latter. I–V measurements confirm this unexpected change in barrier. These results are accounted for using the induced density of interface state model, and considering the role of the contamination layer in reducing the direct interaction between metal and molecules.
Progression of geminivirus-induced transgene silencing is associated with transgene methylation.

Summary • The association of viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS) elicited by a DNA virus with DNA methylation of the silenced transgene was studied. • 35S-Green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana were treated with an inhibitor of DNA methylation, 5-azacytidine (5-Aza-C), and VIGS of the transgene was observed upon inoculation with tomato golden mosaic virus carrying the GFP coding sequence. • The onset of VIGS of the 35S-GFP transgene occurred 14–16 d after inoculation in both control and 5-Aza-C-treated plants. At this stage, the silencing was observed in localized regions. Silencing was uniform by 30 d after inoculation in plants that had methylated GFP-DNA, whereas plants that continued to display the same phenotype as seen at 14–15 d after inoculation had hypomethylated GFP-DNA. Viral expression of GFP persisted in pockets throughout the life of infected plants. • This is the first demonstration of a correlation between post transcriptional gene silencing induced by a DNA virus, and transgene methylation. The results suggest that, while DNA methylation is not necessary for the initiation of silencing, the progression of silencing is affected by inhibition of DNA methylation.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of triglyceride-phospholipid mixtures in an organic solvent

The abilities of four commercially available lipolytic enzymes [three immobilized lipases—Lipozyme IM-20, SP-435 (Novo Biolabs, Danbury, CT), and AY-30/Celite (Amano Enzyme Co., Ltd., Troy, VA)—and a nonimmobilized Amano phospholipase B preparation] to hydrolyze mixtures of triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipids (PL) were determined. All of the lipases hydrolyzed both types of substrates in water, with maximum rates of TG hydrolysis exceeding those of PL hydrolysis by between 20- and 200-fold. The phospholipase B preparation was inactive against both TG and PL in water. All the enzymes showed some activity against lipids in hexane. The amount of activity was sharply dependent on the amount of water added to the reaction. Lipozyme IM-20 and AY-30/Celite hydrolyzed both TG and PL in hexane. Their estimated initial activities were between 10- and 100-fold lower than those in water. Complete hydrolysis of the TG (measured as the hydrolysis of at least one ester bond in each molecule) was achieved, whereas only 40–60% of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were hydrolyzed. Lipase SP-435 was inactive against TG in hexane but hydrolyzed PC at a rate comparable to that seen in water, and it achieved complete hydrolysis of this substrate. Amano phospholipase B was inactive against TG in hexane but completely hydrolyzed the PC. The abilities of the enzymes to hydrolyze the TG, PC, and PE components of soybean soapstock, a by-product of edible oil production, were also examined. Lipozyme IM-20 hydrolyzed all the TG and a fraction of the PL in soapstock. SP-435 and AY-30/Celite were active only on soapstock that had been acidified prior to being dissolved in hexane. SP-435 displayed significant activity only toward PE under these conditions, whereas AY-30/Celite was active only toward TG. Phospholipase B was inactive against soapstock in hexane. The identity of the acid used in the acidification of soapstock affected the degree of hydrolysis by AY-30/Celite, with nitric and hydrochloric acids giving the best activity.
The possibilities of the past: Two routes to a past and what they tell us about professional power

Walter Benjamin's 1940 essay ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’ offers a basis for assessing the current engagement with history within the field of organizational studies. In this paper I argue...
Synthesis of methyl 6″-deoxy-6′-fluoro-α-isomaltoside and of the corresponding trisaccharide

Abstract Methyl 6- O -(6- O -acetyl-2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- d -glucopyranosyl)-2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- d -glucopyranoside ( 5 ) was formed with high stereoselectivity when the condensation of methyl 2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- d -glucopyranosyl ( 1 ) with 6- O -acetyl-2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- d -glucopyranosyl chloride in ether was promoted with silver perchlorate in the presence of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine. O-Deacetylation of 5 , followed by treatment of the formed 6 , containing only HO-6′ unsubstituted, with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) or dimethylaminosulfur trifluoride (methyl DAST) gave the per- O -benzyl derivative ( 9 ) of methyl 6′-deoxy-6′-fluoro-α-isomaltoside. Compound 9 was also obtained by condensation of 1 with 2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-6-deoxy-6-fluoro-β- d -glucopyranosyl fluoride ( 4 ) in the presence of silver perchlorate and anhydrous stannous chloride. The fully benzylated methyl α-glycoside ( 15 ) of 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-isomaltotriose, was obtained by condensation of 6 with 4 . Hydrogenolysis of 9 and 15 gae the methyl α-glycosides of isomaltose and isomaltotriose fluorinated at C-6 of their (nonreducing) d -glucosyl group. Fluoride-ion displacements involving DAST and methyl DAST gave practically identical results, but mixtures arising from reactions involving the latter reagent were lighter-colored and easier to resolve by chromatography. The isolation of methyl α-glycosides of 6′-deoxy-6′-fluorogentiobiose and of 6′- O -(6-deoxy-6-fluoro-β- d -glucopyranosyl) isomaltose is also described.
An Argument against Assimilating Appositive Relatives to Coordinate Structures

This article offers a critical examination of De Vries's (2006) account of appositive relatives, which treats appositive relatives and nominal appositions alike and assimilates both to coordinate structures. Its main focus is on the following properties of appositive relatives: (a) the category of the appositive head, (b) the case of the appositive head, (c) relative pronoun selection, (d) extraction phenomena, (e) the typology of specifying coordinators, and (f) the lack of prenominal appositives. It examines these properties from both an empirical and a theoretical perspective, contrasting De Vries's account with a version of an adjunction account.
Plasma Urate and Risk of Parkinson's Disease

Oxidative stress contributes to dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD).Urate, a potent antioxidant, could be neuroprotective. To determine whether higher plasma concentrations of urate predict a reduced risk of PD, we conducted a nested case-control study among participants in the Health Professional Follow-up Study, a cohort comprising over 18,000 men who provided blood samples in 1993–95. 84 incident cases of PD were diagnosed through 2000 and each was randomly matched to two controls by year of birth, race, and time of blood collection. Rate ratios (RR) of PD according to quartile of uricemia were estimated using conditional logistic regression. The mean urate concentration was 5.7mg/dL among cases and 6.1mg/dL among controls (p=0.01). After adjusting for age, smoking, and caffeine, the RR (95 percent confidence interval [CI]) of PD for the highest quartile of uricemia compared to the lowest was 0.43 (0.18, 1.02; p-for-trend=0.017). This association was stronger in analyses excluding cases diagnosed within 4 years (median) from blood collection (RR=0.17; 95 percent CI: 0.04, 0.69; p-for-trend=0.010). These results suggest that high plasma urate concentrations may decrease risk of PD and raise the possibility that interventions to increase plasma urate may reduce risk and delay the progression of PD.
Nano-electronics and nano-computing: status, prospects, and challenges

Nano-electronics is an emerging area of electrical and computer engineering that concerns itself with the study of building electronic devices at nanometer dimensions. This paper is a review of the current state of nano-electronics and nanocomputing technologies, and it also evaluates the prospects and the challenges that must be overcome for commercial realization of nano-electronic products. It is hoped that this paper would serve as a good starting point for those who want to explore this area and would like to know the status of the technology, the issues, the challenges, and research opportunities.
Noise-tolerant texture classification and image segmentation

Most previous work on image texture has not studied the effect of noise on texture classification or on textured image segmentation. Classification studies typically use samples of unknown textures that were digitized under the same noise-free conditions as the samples in the training set . In this paper noise-tolerant texture classification is demonstrated. Noise-tolerant texture classification allows the samples of unknown textures to be digitized under different noise and illumination conditions than the samples in the training set. The features extracted from the texture samples are relatively tolerant of noise and illumination gradients resulting in reliable classification. The method is based on edges found in texture samples using a noise-tolerant edge detector similar to the Canny operator [4]. Texture features are average distances separating edges in various orientations [10 11]. Since the edges are reliably extracted from noisy samples texture features based on these edges are noise-tolerant. This method is investigated experimentally and compared with cooccurrence matrix features [6] and cooccurrence matrix features of directionally-smoothed samples. The edge-based features may be used for texture-based image segmentation. This is demonstrated by partitioning an image into areas of uniform texture even when there are illumination and noise gradients over the image.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Thiazide-Sensitive Na-Cl Cotransporter and Human Disease: Reemergence of an Old Player

The greatest breakthrough in the history of the drug treatment of hypertension came with the discovery of the orally effective diuretic, chlorothiazide ([1][1]). Hypertension affects up to 25% of the adult population in industrialized countries. It contributes importantly to morbidity and
Applying the Steinmetz Model to Small Cores in LTCC Ferrite for Integration Applications

An empirical model for the low permeability LTCC magnetic material is developed based on Steinmetz equation, taking into account temperature variations and DC premagnetization. Steinmetz exponents and coefficient are expressed as a function of temperature and DC pre-magnetization to describe core loss for frequencies between 1 to 4 MHz, peak flux density between 5 mT to 50 mT, DC magnetic flux intensity, H, between 0 A/m to 1780 A/m and temperature range between 26 °C to 70 °C.
Comparative mortality risk of anemia management practices in incident hemodialysis patients.

Context Controversy exists about optimal management of anemia in end-stage renal disease. Objective To compare the mortality risk of different dialysis center–level patterns of anemia management. Design, Setting, and Patients Using data from Medicare's end-stage renal disease program (1999-2007), we characterized each US dialysis center's annual anemia management practice by estimating its typical use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and intravenous iron in hemodialysis patients within 4 hematocrit categories. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to correlate center-level patterns of ESA and iron use with 1-year mortality risk in 269 717 incident hemodialysis patients. Main Outcome Measure One-year all-cause mortality. Results Monthly mortality rates were highest in patients with hematocrit less than 30% (mortality, 2.1%) and lowest for those with hematocrit of 36% or higher (mortality, 0.7%). After adjustment for baseline case-mix differences, dialysis centers that used larger ESA doses in patients with hematocrit less than 30% had lower mortality rates than centers that used smaller doses (highest vs lowest dose group: hazard ratio [HR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-0.97). Centers that administered iron more frequently to patients with hematocrit less than 33% also had lower mortality rates (highest vs lowest quintile, HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98). However, centers that used larger ESA doses in patients with hematocrit between 33% and 35.9% had higher mortality rates (highest vs lowest quintile, HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.12). More intensive use of both ESAs and iron was associated with increased mortality risk in patients with hematocrit of 36% or higher. These findings persisted across a range of secondary analyses. Conclusions Greater ESA and iron use were associated with decreased mortality risk at lower hematocrit levels, in which mortality rates are the highest. Although the overall mortality rate was lower at higher hematocrit levels, elevated mortality risk was associated with greater use of ESAs and iron in these patients.
Blood Pressure Regulation VIII: Resistance Vessel Tone and Implications for a Pro-Atherogenic Conduit Artery Endothelial Cell Phenotype

Dysfunction of the endothelium is proposed as the primary initiator of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease, which occurs mainly in medium- to large-sized conduit arteries of the lower extremities (e.g., iliac, femoral, popliteal arteries). In this review article, we propose the novel concept that conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype is determined, in part, by microvascular tone in skeletal muscle resistance arteries through both changes in arterial blood pressure as well as upstream conduit artery shear stress patterns. First, we summarize the literature supporting the involvement of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of microvascular tone and arterial blood pressure. We then focus on the role of elevated blood pressure and shear stress profiles in modulating conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Last, we discuss findings from classic and emerging studies indicating that increased vascular resistance, as it occurs in the context of increased SNA and/or reduced NO bioavailability, is associated with greater oscillatory shear stress (e.g., increased retrograde shear) in upstream conduit arteries. The ideas put forth in this review set the stage for a new paradigm concerning the mechanistic link between increased microvascular tone and development of conduit artery endothelial dysfunction and thus increased risk for peripheral artery disease. Indeed, a vast amount of evidence supports the notion that excessive blood pressure and oscillatory shear stress are potent pro-atherogenic signals to the endothelium.
Potentially Exposed but Uninfected Individuals Produce Cytotoxic and Polyfunctional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses Which Can Be Defined to the Epitope Level

We measured CD8(+) T-cell responses in 12 potentially exposed but uninfected men who have sex with men by using cytokine flow cytometry. Four of the individuals screened exhibited polyfunctional immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag or Vif. The minimum cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope was mapped in one Gag responder.
Security risk assessment of cloud carrier

Cloud computing based delivery model has been adopted by end-users and enterprises to reduce IT costs and complexities. The ability to offload user software and data to cloud data centers has raised many security and privacy concerns over the cloud computing model. Significant research efforts have focused on hyper visor security and low-layer operating system implementations in cloud data centers. Unfortunately, the role of cloud carrier in the security and privacy of user software and data has not been well studied. Cloud carrier represents the wide area network that provides the connectivity and transport of cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud providers. In this paper, we present a risk assessment framework to study the security risk of the cloud carrier between cloud consumers and cloud providers. The risk assessment framework leverages the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) to examine the security vulnerabilities of operating systems of routers within the cloud carrier. This framework provides quantifiable security metrics for cloud carrier, which enables cloud consumers to establish the quality of security services among cloud providers. Such security metric information is very useful in the Service Level Agreement (SLA) negotiation between a cloud consumer and a cloud provider. It can be also be used to build a tool to verify SLA compliance. Furthermore, we implement this framework for the cloud carriers of Amazon Web Services and Windows Azure Platform. Our experiments show that the security risks of cloud carriers on these two commercial clouds are significantly different. This finding provides guidance for a network provider to improve the security of cloud carriers.
The Simple Virtual Environment Library: An Extensible Framework for Building VE Applications

As virtual environment (VE) technology becomes accessible to (and affordable for) an ever-widening audience of users, the demand for VE applications will increase. Tools that assist and facilitate the development of these applications, therefore, will also be in demand. To support our efforts in quickly designing and implementing VE applications, we have developed the Simple Virtual Environment (SVE) library. In this article, we describe the characteristics of the library that support the development of both simple and complex VE applications. Simple applications are created by novice programmers or for rapid prototyping. More-complex applications incorporate new user input and output devices, as well as new techniques for user interaction, rendering, or animation. The SVE library provides more-comprehensive support for developing new VE applications and better supports the various device configurations of VE applications than current systems for 3-D graphical applications. The development of simple VE applications is supported through provided default interaction, rendering, and user input and output device handling. The library's framework includes an execution framework that provides structure for incrementally adding complexity to selected tasks of an application, and an environment model that provides a layer of abstraction between the application and the device configuration actually used at runtime. This design supports rapid development of VE applications through incremental development, code reuse, and independence from hardware resources during the development.
Response to ocean acidification in larvae of a large tropical marine fish, Rachycentron canadum

Currently, ocean acidification is occurring at a faster rate than at any time in the last 300 million years, posing an ecological challenge to marine organisms globally. There is a critical need to understand the effects of acidification on the vulnerable larval stages of marine fishes, as there is potential for large ecological and economic impacts on fish populations and the human economies that rely on them. We expand upon the narrow taxonomic scope found in the literature today, which overlooks many life history characteristics of harvested species, by reporting on the larvae of Rachycentron canadum (cobia), a large, highly mobile, pelagic-spawning, widely distributed species with a life history and fishery value contrasting other species studied to date. We raised larval cobia through the first 3 weeks of ontogeny under conditions of predicted future ocean acidification to determine effects on somatic growth, development, otolith formation, swimming ability, and swimming activity. Cobia exhibited resistance to treatment effects on growth, development, swimming ability, and swimming activity at 800 and 2100 latm pCO2. However, these scenarios resulted in a significant increase in otolith size (up to 25% larger area) at the lowest pCO2 levels reported to date, as well as the first report of significantly wider daily otolith growth increments. When raised under more extreme scenarios of 3500 and 5400 latm pCO2, cobia exhibited significantly reduced size-at-age (up to 25% smaller) and a 2 –3 days developmental delay. The robust nature of cobia may be due to the naturally variable environmental conditions this species currently encounters throughout ontogeny in coastal environments, which may lead to an increased acclimatization ability even during long-term exposure to stressors.
Calcium-induced Tetramerization and Zinc Chelation Shield Human Calprotectin from Degradation by Host and Bacterial Extracellular Proteases

Calprotectin (CP, S100A8/S100A9 oligomer, MRP-8/14 oligomer, calgranulins A and B) is a protein component of the innate immune system that contributes to the metal-withholding response by sequestering bioavailable transition metal ions at sites of infection. Human CP employs Ca(II) ions to modulate its quaternary structure, transition metal binding properties, and antimicrobial activity. In this work, we report the discovery that Ca(II)-induced self-association of human CP to afford heterotetramers protects the protein scaffold from degradation by host serine proteases. We present the design and characterization of two new human CP-Ser variants, S100A8(C42S)(I60E)/S100A9(C3S) and S100A8(C42S)(I60K)/S100A9(C3S), that exhibit defective tetramerization properties. Analytical size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation reveal that both variants, hereafter I60E and I60K, persist as heterodimers in the presence of Ca(II) only, and form heterotetramers in the presence of Mn(II) only and both Ca(II) and Mn(II). Coordination to Fe(II) also causes I60E and I60K to form heterotetramers in both the absence and presence of Ca(II). The Ca(II)-bound I60E and I60K heterodimers are readily degraded by trypsin, chymotrypsin and human neutrophil elastase, whereas the Ca(II)-bound CP-Ser heterotetramers and the Ca(II)- and Mn(II)-bound I60E and I60K heterotetramers are resistant to degradation by these host proteases. The staphylococcal extracellular protease GluC cuts the S100A8 subunit of CP-Ser at the C-terminal end of residue 89 to afford a ΔSKHE variant. The GluC cleavage site is in close proximity to the His3Asp metal-binding site, which coordinates Zn(II) with high affinity, and Zn(II) chelation protects the S100A8 subunit from GluC cleavage. Taken together, these results provide new insight into how Ca(II) ions and transition metals modulate the chemistry and biology of CP, and indicate that coordination to divalent cations transforms human CP into a protease-resistant form and enables innate immune function in the hostile conditions of an infection site.
Long-term results of total knee arthroplasty in young and active patients with posterior stabilized design.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term quality and performance of cemented posterior-stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in young and active patients with gap balancing technique. Methods Between January 2000 and October 2001, 55 TKAs (21 rotating platform [RP] and 34 fixed bearing [FB]) in 41 patients, 60 years and younger, with University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score of five and above were included in this study and prospectively followed. Clinical assessments included Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), Knee Society, UCLA activity score, and Patient Administered Questionnaire (PAQ). Radiographic measurements included component positioning, patellar tilt and thickness, radiolucency, loosening or osteolysis. Results At a mean follow-up of 12.3 ± 0.5 years (11 to 13), there was no instability, malalignment, or patellofemoral maltracking. Sixty eight percent of patients were still participating in regular recreational activities at the final follow-up. The mean satisfaction score was 9.1 ± 1.9 and 8.5 ± 2.1 in RP-PS and FB-PS groups, respectively. There was no malalignment or osteolysis, no revision for osteolysis or loosening. One patient in the FB-PS group underwent open reduction and internal fixation for a peri-prosthetic fracture. Overall Kaplan–Meier survivorship was 98%. Conclusion The PS TKA in young and active patients can provide long-term durability and high quality of function. Level of evidence III
Efferent neurons and suspected interneurons in binocular visual cortex of the awake rabbit: receptive fields and binocular properties

1. In fully awake rabbits the stability of the two eyes was monitored and was sufficient to enable receptive-field analysis of antidromically identified efferent neurons and suspected interneurons in the binocular segment of visual area 1. Efferent neurons analyzed included callosal efferent neurons (CC neurons, n = 52), neurons projecting to visual area 2 (CV2 neurons, n = 35), corticotectal neurons (CT neurons, n = 43), and corticogeniculate neurons (CG neurons, n = 51). Six additional neurons projected a branching axon to both the corpus callosum and visual area 2. 2. Most CC and CV2 neurons were found in layer 2-3 and had receptive fields of the simple type. Only two corticocortical neurons with complex receptive fields were found. Orientation tuning ranges of CC and CV2 simple cells were similar and end stopping was prevalent in both CC (62%) and CV2 (45%) neurons. Axonal conduction velocities of CC and CV2 neurons were low (mean = 3.5 and 1.4 m/s, respectively) and visually nonresponsive CC neurons (19%) had conduction velocities that were significantly lower than visually responsive neurons. Spontaneous firing rates of corticocortical neurons were low (mean less than 1 spike/s) and these neurons responded to a lower range of stimulus velocities than did corticofugal neurons. 3. Most CG neurons had simple receptive fields and none had a complex field. Orientation tuning ranges of these neurons were comparable to those of CC and CV2 neurons, but a significantly smaller proportion (12%) were end stopped. Both spontaneous firing rates (mean = less than 1 spike/s) and axonal conduction velocities (mean = 2.4 m/s) of CG neurons were low and, as was found for CC neurons, visually nonresponsive CG neurons (25%) had significantly lower conduction velocities than did visually responsive neurons. 4. CT neurons had receptive fields that were predominantly complex (37%), motion/uniform (28%), or simple (26%). Conduction velocities (mean = 10.9 m/s) and spontaneous firing rates (mean = 7 spikes/s) of CT neurons of all receptive-field types were much higher than those of CC, CV2, and CG neurons. 5. An additional class of neurons was studied that responded synaptically at a short latency to electrical stimulation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) with a burst of three or more spikes at frequencies of 600-900 Hz. These neurons showed a high degree of synaptic convergence, also responding synaptically with a high-frequency burst of spikes to stimulation of both visual area 2 and the corpus callosum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Syntectonic 1.46 Ga magmatism and rapid cooling of a gneiss dome in the southern Mazatzal Province: Burro Mountains, New Mexico

Large-volume granitic plutons in the Burro Mountains, southwestern New Mexico, cover an area of 1300 km 2 and include biotite leucogranite and biotite-hornblende granodiorite. These intrusions are part of the ca. 1.4 Ga granite and rhyolite province stretching across Laurentia. U-Pb zircon dating of five samples of the biotite leucogranite yielded ages ranging from 1469 ± 12 to 1455 ± 11 Ma (2σ uncertainty). Three samples of granodiorite range from 1470 ± 16 Ma to 1459 ± 14 Ma. All of the zircon ages are within error and together have a weighted mean age of 1462 ± 3 Ma, but the granodiorite is older than the granite based on crosscutting relationships. Pressure and temperature estimates from metapelitic country rock, the first from southern New Mexico, are 4–6.5 kbar and 575–650 °C, consistent with their mineralogy. Decompression textures on garnets indicate exhumation following peak conditions, interpreted to have been reached during magmatic heating at 1460 Ma. Decompression had a magnitude of 1–3 kbar. An amphibolite from the country rock has metamorphic zircons dated at 1458 ± 9 Ma, with low Th/U and soccer-ball morphology enclosed within hornblende; this is the age of amphibolite-facies metamorphism. Electron microprobe monazite U-Pb dates from metapelite country rock mostly range from 1500 to 1400 Ma, with a peak at 1474 Ma. This is interpreted as indicating that the area experienced high-temperature metamorphism associated with pluton emplacement at this time. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates from granite and amphibolite form two main groups. The older group includes four hornblende dates of 1477–1467 Ma and biotite and white mica ages from 1472 to 1459 Ma. These are interpreted as reflecting cooling of the plutons and their country rock soon after intrusion. The younger group of hornblende and biotite ages is at 1228 ± 3 Ma and is close in age to the adjacent Redrock granite, which intruded at 1225 Ma. There is a dominant strong foliation in the country rock gneisses and metasedimentary rocks. Foliated granite and gabbro both yield ca. 1630 Ma U-Pb zircon ages. The Burro Mountain granite is not pervasively deformed, but the granodiorite has strong augen gneissic foliations and mylonitic shear zones with S-C fabrics. This fabric formed prior to intrusion of undeformed dikes of Burro Mountain granite and thus is synmagmatic within geochronologic uncertainty. The fabric is identical to the fabric in the country rock, and xenoliths of country rock are foliated with orientations parallel to the foliation in the granodiorite. The similar orientations and the timing of metamorphism suggest that most of the deformation in the Burro Mountains occurred at 1460 Ma and was synchronous with intrusion of the granodiorite. We interpret the 1460 Ma plutonism, deformation with steep fabrics, exhumation, and rapid cooling as having formed during gneiss dome development within an extensional tectonic setting, although a transpressional setting is also permissible.
Mobility and Political Orientation: An Analysis of Sex Differences

Public attention recently has been drawn to the existence of a “gender gap” in public opinion and electoral politics in the United States. Yet the reasons for this sex difference in politics are unclear. Do men and women have differences of political orientation that are independent of social class differences or do sex differences in politics reflect different class experiences for men and women? This research uses national survey data to compare the political effects of social mobility for three groups of respondents: Males, women employed for wages outside the home, and housewives. I predict that women who are mobile by virtue of their own occupational status will have political orientations close to those of their class-of-destination, while women who are mobile by virtue of a spouse's occupation will retain political orientations similar to those of their class-of-origin. Further, I predict that the difference between the relationship of social mobility and political orientation for employed men and ...
Supplemental Dietary Fat and Laying Hen Performance

Abstract Four dietary energy levels ranging from 2.64 to 3.08 kcal. M.E./g. were formulated with the supplements of 5, 10 and 15% added fat. These diets, containing 17.7% protein, were fed to laying hens under two housing conditions for a period of 280 days. Birds housed in an evaporatively cooled house exhibited a significant decrease in egg production rate with the feeding of 15% added fat (3.08 kcal. M.E./g.). Those housed in a conventional cage house did not show a significant change in egg production rate as a result of fat supplementation. Regression analyses indicated significant improvements in feed conversion for only the birds housed in the conventional cage houses. Feed intake was significantly reduced with increasing dietary energy under both conditions. Metabolizable energy consumptions were significantly increased with the feeding of higher levels of dietary fat.
Theoretical Studies of Electrons in Fluids

While we could probably trace the appearance of excess electrons in fluids to prehistoric thunderstorms, a more likely starting point for our discussion is man’s discovery of metal ammonia solutions. It had been widely believed that the German chemist Weyl (1864) was the first to study this interesting system in 1863 since he published the first accounts of his studies in the Annals of Physics in 1864. However, Peter Edwards (1982) discovered in a laboratory notebook dated November 1808, almost fifty years earlier, that Sir Humphry Davy had made very detailed studies of potassium exposed to ammonia gas (dry gas as he noted most precisely) leading to potassium-ammonia solutions. These studies were apparently never published, although he clearly described the unique features of the blue and bronze solutions.
Early-Emerging Nicotine Dependence Has Lasting and Time-Varying Effects on Adolescent Smoking Behavior.

Novice and light adolescent smokers can develop symptoms of nicotine dependence, which predicts smoking behavior several years into the future. However, little is known about how the association between these early - emerging symptoms and later smoker behaviors may change across time from early adolescence into young adulthood. Data were drawn from a 7-year longitudinal study of experimental (<100 cigarettes/lifetime; N = 594) and light (100+ cigarettes/lifetime, but ≤5 cigarettes/day; N = 152) adolescent smokers. Time-varying effect models were used to examine the relationship between baseline nicotine dependence (assessed at age 15 ± 2 years) and future smoking frequency through age 24, after controlling for concurrent smoking heaviness. Baseline smoking status, race, and sex were examined as potential moderators of this relationship. Nicotine dependence symptoms assessed at approximately age 15 significantly predicted smoking frequency through age 24, over and above concurrent smoking heaviness, though it showed declining trends at older ages. Predictive validity was weaker among experimenters at young ages (<16), but stronger at older ages (20–23), relative to light smokers. Additionally, nicotine dependence was a stronger predictor of smoking frequency for white smokers around baseline (ages 14.5–16), relative to nonwhite smokers. Nicotine dependence assessed in mid-adolescence predicts smoking frequency well into early adulthood, over and above concurrent smoking heaviness, especially among novice smokers and nonwhite smokers. Early-emerging nicotine dependence is a promising marker for screening and interventions aimed at preventing smoking progression.
Factoren en motieven geassocieerd met (niet-)deelnemen aan een werkhervattingsprogramma voor vangnetters met een diagnose kanker (RE-CAP)

Van 2011 tot 2016 voerden het VU medisch centrum en het Kenniscentrum voor Verzekeringsgeneeskunde het wetenschappelijk onderzoek RE-CAP uit. RE-CAP staat voor RE-employment for CAncer Patients and survivors. In het onderzoek is een werkhervattingsprogramma aangeboden aan vangnetters in de Ziektewet en de WIA, met een diagnose kanker. Er is onderzocht hoeveel interesse er vanuit deze doelgroep was om aan het programma deel te nemen, en welke factoren en motieven geassocieerd zijn met wel of niet deelnemen aan het programma. Er is specifiek gekeken naar socio-demografische factoren, zoals leeftijd en geslacht; gezondheidsgerelateerde en psychosociale factoren, waaronder kwaliteit van leven en tumortype; en factoren gerelateerd aan werk, zoals werkvermogen en intentie om werk te hervatten. Een beknopte samenvatting.
Crimes Against Caring: Exploring the Risk of Secondary Traumatic Stress, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction Among Child Exploitation Investigators

Secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout are debilitating occupational hazards that inhibit helping professional’s overall well-being. Much of the extant scholarship on this topic has focused on mental health and child welfare workers and not law enforcement officials who investigate Internet child exploitation. This study used data from 433 Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Force personnel to explore the impact of individual and work-related factors associated with the risk of STS, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Findings indicated that nearly one in four ICAC personnel exhibited low compassion satisfaction and high levels of STS and burnout. Individual-level protective factors for increasing compassion satisfaction and mitigating symptoms of STS and burnout included having a strong social support system outside of work and the frequent use of positive coping mechanisms. Work-related risk factors such as frequent indirect exposure to disturbing materials, low organizational support, and frequently feeling overwhelmed at work were all associated with higher STS and burnout and lower levels of compassion satisfaction. Policy implications and future avenues of research are discussed.
A Social Psychological Interpretation of the Hermeneutic of Suspicion in Contemporary American Legal Thought

The hermeneutic of suspicion is a disposition of participants in legal discourse to interrogate skeptically claims of legal necessity made to justify decision of a legal issue involving significant ideological stakes. The hermeneutic critiques a particular claim of legal necessity and alleges an ideologically motivated error. This article proposes a social psychological explanation of the hermeneutic as the projection of the actor onto his opponent of his own denied ideological motives. The projection lessens the pain of role conflict. Legal technique is supposed to purge ideological motives from legal judgment, but regularly puts the jurist in the position of choosing rather than following law, and requiring that he deny what he is doing. Cause lawyers, whether believers or realists, and legal neutrals, respond differently to the dilemma. Because they are bound to pursue substantive justice as well as legality in an unstable legal field, and substantive justice claims are today not distinguishable from ideological claims, all lawyers have to (should) doubt their own motives. Projection of the denied forbidden motive onto the opponent is solace. But ideology forms law through substance far more than through ideologically motivated error, and this too is elided by the projection.
Discovering Meaningful Mobility Behaviors of Campus Life from User-Centric WiFi Traces

User-centric WiFi traces1 are those traces that are actively collected by users in WiFi networks. Users carry mobile devices and these devices scan, collect and record the data (such as MAC address) of nearby APs at each timestamp. Missed information in the traces poses challenge for discovering mobility behaviors. Specifically, the real geographic locations of access points (APs) are important information that the data does not offer. However, it does not mean these traces are useless, we still can extract meaningful information related to mobility behaviors. First, we propose to discuss campus life in two behavioral categories: Study-Work (SW) and Entertainment-Recreation (ER). And use a new selection rule to divide APs into the two categories. Then we speculate on the behavior of people (SW or ER) at different times based on the two sets. Second, we establish two types of cells representing SW and ER, and then integrate the traces into different cells. Lastly, we introduce visual analytic methods (ST path and flow map) to reveal both general and detailed mobility behaviors.
Modes of Action of Antibiotics and Bacterial Structure: Bacterial Mass Versus their Numbers

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the schematic mode of action of antibiotics and the respective structural alterations produced on bacteria as observed in vitro, in animal models as well as after therapy in humans. The modes of action of antibiotics on the bacterial cell can be classified according to the target site and, to some extent, to the structural alterations produced. The largest group of agents is characterized by their action on the ribosome, resulting in the alteration of protein synthesis. The most frequently utilized antibiotics in clinical practice are found within the second largest group, which consists of agents that interfere with the integrity of the cell wall. Other modes of action include disruption of the cytoplasmic membranes (polymyxin), alteration of RNA synthesis by inhibition of RNA polymerase (rifampin), inhibition of DNA gyrase (quinolones), and competitive inhibition of coenzyme synthesis (sulfonamides). The morphology-ultrastructure and probably the mode of action of antibiotics on bacteria in vivo are comparable with the same phenomenon occurring in vitro, if the bacteria are grown on a solid surface rather than in a liquid medium. An important consequence of morphologic alteration of bacteria exposed to antibiotics is that the equation of the number of bacteria and their pathogenic activity holds no longer true. The morphological effects of antibiotics also cause problems of interpretation in studies that utilize colony-forming units (CFUs) as a means of determining the phagocytic efficiency of polymorphonuclear cells against bacteria that were exposed to antibiotics. In a phagocytic system, where the targets are antibiotic-treated bacteria, the mass, and not the CFU count of phagocytized organisms, is the correct criterion for the quantitative evaluation of phagocytosis.
Human Studies of Epileptic Seizures Induced by Sound and Their Conditioned Extinction

In considering the untoward effects of auditory stimulation the most important and obvious instances are those where the auditory stimulus is unpleasant for the vast majority of people (for example, sonic booms or the screaming of sirens) or where it is reasonably unpleasant for a percentage of the population yet may be harmful even to those who find it pleasant (rock and roll music). The untoward and unpleasant effects of these auditory stimuli affect large numbers of people. This paper deals with a small select group of patients who by their own predisposition are harmed by auditory stimulation which for others is entirely neutral (for example, telephone bells or even pleasurable music). In these patients the auditory stimulus evokes a seizure because they are in that group of patients afflicted with what is referred to as sensory-evoked or reflex epilepsy.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Fiber-Type Regulation in Skeletal Muscle

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are conserved protein kinases that regulate a diverse array of cellular activities. Stress or mitogenic signals activate three primary branches of the greater MAPK cascade, each of which consists of a phosphorylation-dependent array of successively acting kinases. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) branch is regulated by growth factory signaling at the cell membrane, leading to phosphorylation of the dual-specificity kinase MEK1, which is dedicated to ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Previous studies have established a link between MAPK activation and endurance exercise, but whether a single MAPK is responsible for establishing muscle metabolic fate is unclear. Using mouse genetics we observed that muscle-specific expression of a constitutively active MEK1 promotes greater ERK1/2 signaling that mediates fiber-type switching in mouse skeletal muscle to a slow, oxidative phenotype with type I myosin heavy chain expression. Induced expression of the activated MEK1 mutant using either a MyoD-Cre or myosin light chain-Cre strategy equally increased the number of type I fibers in skeletal muscle with significantly reduced size compared to controls. Moreover, activation of MEK1 in mature myofibers of an adult mouse using a transgene containing a tamoxifen inducible MerCreMer cDNA under the control of a skeletal alpha-actin promoter produced a similar phenotype of switching towards a slow-oxidative program. Physiologic assessment of mice with greater skeletal muscle slow-oxidative fibers showed enhanced metabolic activity and oxygen consumption with greater fatigue resistance of individual muscles. In summary, these results show that sustained MEK1-ERK1/2 activity in skeletal muscle produces a fast-to-slow fiber-type switch, suggesting that modulation of this signaling pathway may represent a therapeutic approach to enhance the long-term metabolic effectiveness of muscle in vivo.