cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A .net based resource sharing framework

This thesis presents an Internet resource sharing architecture . It allows users to access and utilize unused computer resources, such as CPU cycles and storage, without an expert's knowledge. It achieves this by providing a number of abstract services that hide some of the complexity inherent in distributed computing. In recent years, Grid Computing has been proposed as a solution for Internet resource sharing. However, Grid Computing as presently implemented does not address the need of the large majority of the users. In this thesis, we propose a different approach to achieve Internet resource sharing called the Realm. The Realm Framework offers a lightweight layer on top of the Microsoft .Net Framework so that the programs that can be migrated to .Net Framework can also utilize the shared resources through the Realm Framework. By leveraging the Microsoft .Net Framework, the Realm Framework avoids tedious re-working in this fast-paced world of technology by sitting on the top of the full-featured, coherent and up-to-date development platform. The Realm Framework applies current technologies such as Web Services, the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and popular encryption algorithms. In this thesis a versatile runtime system and a set of extension interfaces in C# programming language is developed. The modularized software package offers a layered programming model for distributed-application developers with different levels of proficiency. Two utilities that are helpful for maintaining a distributed system are also developed, namely, a dynamic domain-name based inter-realm communication scheme and a distributed debugger. Examples of applying the Realm Framework to several typical scenarios are shown, including embarrassingly parallel problems that require little communication between computing nodes, parallel computing problems that require intensive message-passing between the computing nodes, and universal storage systems that are based on storage media and the messenger-like applications that require a sophisticated communication scheme. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Effect of antipressor therapy on the course and prognosis.

Abstract Relatively short-term follow-up studies have almost invariably shown that effective medical treatment of hypertension improves survival rates for patients with group 3 or group 4 hypertensive retinopathy. The beneficial effect of antipressor therapy on survival rates for patients with group 1 or group 2 hypertension is just becoming apparent, because the chronicity of the natural history in nonmalignant hypertension makes it necessary that there be longterm follow-up results to establish the effectiveness of therapy. Once complications of hypertension have occurred, the prognosis becomes worse than for hypertensive patients without complications. Although treatment improves the prognosis for patients with complicated hypertension, the survival rate is not so good as for patients with treated hypertension without complications. Survival and prevention of complications are related to the extent of reduction in diastolic blood pressure. In this regard it should be clearly understood that “treatment” is not necessarily synonymous with control of hypertension. Adequate control of hypertension not only prolongs life but also prevents or reverses some of the complications of hypertension. Malignant neuroretinopathy and congestive heart failure secondary to hypertensive heart disease are preventable and reversible by effective treatment. Renal failure is preventable but not reversible, and azotemia greatly limits the effectiveness of therapy. There is inconclusive evidence that the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents can be reduced by effective therapy. There is little evidence that the incidence of myocardial infarction is reduced by treatment. It is obvious that neither cerebral nor cardiac infarction is reversible. As a corollary of the impact of antihypertensive therapy on the various complications of hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents have replaced uremia as the leading cause of death among patients with malignant hypertension, while myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular disease have replaced congestive heart failure as the leading cause of death among patients with less severe forms of hypertension. The apparent increase in the incidence of atherosclerotic complications may simply be a late manifestation of accelerated atherogenesis that occurred before effective therapy was instituted and which became apparent clinically because treatment prevented earlier death from uremia and congestive heart failure. Antihypertensive therapy does not halt atherogenesis, but the clinical data are not inconsistent with a hypothesis that it retards atherogenesis. While reduction in blood pressure improves the survival rates for hypertensive patients, it should be pointed out that none of the studies have shown that treated patients have a normal life expectancy. It is reasonable to hope that their survival rates will continue to improve as increasingly effective drugs become available and as more hypertensive patients are treated early in the course of the disease.
Evaluating IPv6 adoption in the internet

As IPv4 address space approaches exhaustion, large networks are deploying IPv6 or preparing for deployment. However, there is little data available about the quantity and quality of IPv6 connectivity. We describe a methodology to measure IPv6 adoption from the perspective of a Web site operator and to evaluate the impact that adding IPv6 to a Web site will have on its users. We apply our methodology to the Google Web site and present results collected over the last year. Our data show that IPv6 adoption, while growing significantly, is still low, varies considerably by country, and is heavily influenced by a small number of large deployments. We find that native IPv6 latency is comparable to IPv4 and provide statistics on IPv6 transition mechanisms used.
Arachidonate released upon agonist stimulation preferentially originates from arachidonate most recently incorporated into nuclear membrane phospholipids.

When icosanoid-producing cells are stimulated by an agonist, 2-10% of total cellular arachidonate is released from phospholipids, and a variable percentage of the released arachidonate is subsequently converted into icosanoids. We used a mouse fibrosarcoma cell line (HSDM1C1) which synthesizes prostaglandin E2 in response to bradykinin stimulation to address the following questions: 1) upon cell stimulation is newly incorporated arachidonate preferentially released from phospholipids over previously incorporated arachidonate and 2) is there a corresponding change in phospholipid or membrane compartmentation of arachidonate to explain preferential release of newly incorporated arachidonate? To study changes in the availability of arachidonate for release from phospholipids, we incubated HSDM1C1 cells with 0.67 microM [14C]arachidonate for 15 min and chased the pulse of radiolabeled arachidonate with normal serum fatty acids. We found that of the [14C]arachidonate incorporated into phospholipids during the 15-min pulse, the percent released upon stimulation decreased nearly 3-fold from 8.9 +/- 0.5% at 5 min of chase to 3.6 +/- 0.2% (mean +/- S.E., n = 6, P less than 0.001) after only 60 min of chase. Percent release of arachidonate from nonpulsed controls was 3-4%. Although arachidonate release from phospholipids decreased significantly after 60 min of chase, the arachidonate which was released always originated predominantly from phosphatidylinositol. There was no decrease in the activities of enzymes required for arachidonate release during this time period. We also observed that throughout the period of the chase, the radiolabeled arachidonate remained esterified to the same phospholipid class into which it was initially incorporated (approximately 40% of [14C]arachidonate in diacyl phosphatidylcholine, 40% in phosphatidylinositol, and 15% in diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine. In cell fractionation experiments, we found that after 1-3 h of chase, [14C]arachidonate decreased in subcellular fractions containing nuclei, as it became progressively unavailable for release from phospholipids. Thus, our results indicate that 1) upon cell stimulation, the most recently incorporated pool of arachidonate, which is in high concentration in the nuclear membrane, is preferentially released and that 2) arachidonate rapidly moves out of the nuclear membrane into a less releasable pool while remaining esterified to the phospholipid moiety into which it was initially incorporated. This study indicates that the subcellular compartmentation of arachidonate has a marked influence on the cellular metabolism of arachidonate.
Controller placement for maximum throughput under delayed CSI

The performance of wireless scheduling algorithms directly depends on the availability and accuracy of network state information at the scheduler. As channel state updates must propagate across the network, they are delayed as they arrive at the controller. The location of the controller directly affects the attainable throughput, as its dictates the delays with which information is obtained to make scheduling decisions. In this paper, we analyze the optimal controller placement over a network in which CSI delays are proportional to distance. We propose a dynamic controller placement framework, in which the controller is relocated using delayed queue length information at each node, and scheduling is done using delayed QLI and CSI. We characterize the throughput region under such policies, and find a policy which stabilizes the system for all arrival rates within the throughput region.
Adaptive Control of Nonminimum Phase Processes with Application to the End Millng Process

In this work a modified model reference adaptive control design is presented for use with nonminimum phase plants which are likely to exist in end milling processes. The control law is derived and several aspects pertaining to adaptive controller design are discussed. A modified recursive least squares algorithm is used for plant parameter estimation. Simulations are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm. Comparison are made with existing adaptive control schemes for non-minimum phase plants.
The usefulness of computer-based information to public managers

This study uses data from 260 public managers to assess two broad images of the potential of information technology and computer-based information (CBI) to serve public managers: the "knowledge executive" and the "CBI consumer." The data were collected as part of a longitudinal study of computer user in more than 40 U.S. cities conducted in 1976 and again in 1988. The results show that computer-based information is important for most managers, and many report they are extremely dependent upon it. Also, the managers currently find the information more valuable for control of financial resources than for management of operations. Furthermore, among four sets of factors that might account for differences in the usefulness of computer-based information to managers, quality and accessibility of the information and the manager's style of use are particularly important. Finally, managers who are most satisfied with the usefulness of computer-based information are those who use support staff to mediate their computer-based information environment, rather than those who use the computer to access information directly. Such indirect use of computing might be the most appropriate mode for many contemporary managers. Therefore, the focus of design efforts for information systems for managers should be as much on these intermediaries as on the executives themselves.
ESSAYS IN CINEMA SOUND

Two volumes published in 2004 make valuable contributions to our understanding of film sound. Silent Film Sound is a thoroughgoing reassessment of sound practices during the first 20 years of American film history that corrects a myriad of erroneous received opinion. Despite the uncertain claims of its underlying critical approach, Silent Film Sound is an impressively researched work that should be an immediate standard reference for its subject. The historical essays collected in Le son en perspective: nouvelles recherches/New Perspectives in Sound Studies offer a useful European supplement to Silent Film Sound's discussion of early sound practices. In addition, several essays offer varying perspectives on current issues in the restoration and preservation of film sound.
Dystrophin as a focal adhesion protein. Collocalization with talin and the Mr 48,000 sarcolemmal protein in cultured Xenopus muscle.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies against dystrophin and the postsynaptic 58 kDa protein from Torpedo electric organ were used to localize homologs of these proteins in cultured skeletal muscle (Xenopus laevis). The Xenopus homolog is an Mr 48000 protein and, like dystrophin, is a sarcolemmal protein. Both proteins localized precisely to talin-positive sites, hence with each other, on the substrate-apposed sarcolemma. Therefore, the first sites of appearance of dystrophin on cultured muscle cells are focal adhesions, i.e. specific sites of cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix interaction. These data also add to evidence that dystrophin and the 58 kDa act together.
Comparative study of the cell walls of the yeastlike and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum.

Cell walls were prepared from the yeastlike and mycelial phases (YP and MP) of Histoplasma capsulatum and from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mechanical disruption and washing. Lipids were extracted with methanol-ether, chloroform, and acidified methanol:ether; a final extraction was made with ethylenediamine. The lipid contents of H. capsulatum YP and MP walls were about the same. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made of the products obtained from treatment of the cell walls, or fractions from them, with weak acid or with enzymatic preparations containing glucanase and chitinase activities. YP walls contained much larger quantities of chitin and smaller quantities of mannose and amino acids than the MP walls. H. capsulatum MP was shown to resemble S. cerevisiae by low chitin content and by the presence of a mannose polymer, soluble in ethylenediamine and water. H. capsulatum MP chitin appeared to be intimately associated with glucose in the wall, since enzymatic hydrolysis of the residue after mild acid hydrolysis of cell walls or fractions from them resulted in the release of glucose and acetylglucosamine; only acetylglucosamine was released from YP walls with such treatment. By electron microscopic observations, the unextracted MP cell walls were much thinner than the YP, and neither wall appeared laminated. Images
Preferences, Priorities, and Plebiscites

This Essay, which was prepared for a symposium on "Direct Democracy" at the University of San Diego School of Law, explores a "populist" critique of plebiscites: that they "cannot be trusted to reflect the voice of the people accurately or meaningfully." At the center of the critique are two concerns: that previous discussions of plebiscites have been based on a too narrow understanding of "what it means to hear the voice of the people," and that "single-issue direct democracy lacks a mechanism for reflecting voter priorities among issues." The Essay examines both claims and ultimately finds them unpersuasive. The Essay concludes with an examination of the related claim that the mere availability of direct democracy distorts the "voice of the people" as expressed through candidate elections and representative lawmaking, and concludes that representative lawmaking need not be exclusive.
Targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in triple-negative breast cancer using human antibodies for imaging and therapy

453 Objectives The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a promising target for the non-invasive imaging and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an extremely aggressive subtype that predominantly affects young premenopausal women. Detailed here is the development of novel uPAR-targeted human antibody probes that can be radiolabeled for imaging and radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Methods Human antibodies specific for uPAR were discovered using a human Fab phage display library. The IgG antibodies were labeled with near-IR fluorophores for optical imaging and with 111In for SPECT imaging in MDA-MB-231 orthotopic xenografts. Mice given an intracardiac injection of MDA-MB-231 cells (dissemination model) were used to evaluate the sensitivity of 111In-IgG and 99mTc-Fab probes for micrometastasis detection compared to 18F- FDG-PET. An RIT study using 177Lu-IgG was performed in MDA-MB-231 orthotopic xenografts. The 150 µCi dose was fractionated two weeks apart over the course of a five week study. Results In MDA-MB-231 xenografts, fluorophore and 111In-IgG antibodies demonstrated specific probe localization to the tumors using optical and SPECT imaging. 111In-IgG and 99mTc-Fab successfully imaged the tumors in the dissemination model and were found to be superior to 18F- FDG at detecting both osseous and soft-tissue metastases. At day 35 of the RIT study, animals treated with the 177Lu-IgG had tumors volumes of 50 ± 43 mm3, while the saline control had volumes of 1166 ± 201 mm3. Conclusions Human antibodies that target uPAR in TNBC preclinical models have been prepared and selected. The SPECT probes were found to be more accurate and sensitive than 18F- FDG at detecting metastatic lesions in mice. When radiolabeled with 177Lu, the probes were effective RIT agents. These agents may be useful for evaluating and treating TNBC
Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, A. S. Edelstein and R. C. Cammarata, Editors

The editors of this bound volume are of the firm opinion that nanomaterials have recently become an active research field in the areas spanning solid state physics, chemistry and including engineer...
Comparison of proteolytic susceptibility in phosphoglycerate kinases from yeast and E. coli: modulation of conformational ensembles without altering structure or stability.

Abstract Escherichia coli phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is resistant to proteolytic cleavage while the yeast homolog from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not. We have explored the biophysical basis of this surprising difference. The sequences of these homologs are 39% identical and 56% similar. Determination of the crystal structure for the E. coli protein and comparison to the previously solved yeast structure reveals that the two proteins have extremely similar tertiary structures, and their global stabilities determined by equilibrium denaturation are also very similar. The extrapolated unfolding rate of E. coli PGK is, however, 105 slower than that of the yeast homolog. This surprisingly large difference in unfolding rates appears to arise from a divergence in the extent of cooperativity between the two structural domains (the N and C-domains) that make up these kinases. This is supported by: (1) the C-domain of E. coli PGK cannot be expressed or fold independently of the N-domain, while both domains of the yeast protein fold in isolation into stable structures and (2) the energetics and kinetics of the proteolytically sensitive state of E. coli PGK match those for global unfolding. This suggests that proteolysis occurs from the globally unfolded state of E. coli PGK, while the characteristics defining the yeast homolog suggest that proteolysis occurs upon unfolding of only the C-domain, with the N-domain remaining folded and consequently resistant to cleavage.
Hypotensive Sequelae of Diazoxide and Hydralazine Therapy

DIAZOXIDE (Hyperstat), a nondiuretic, benzothiadiazine vasodilator, has been shown to be a potent and rapidly effective hypotensive agent.1The promptness of the hypotensive effect of diazoxide and the infrequency of adverse reactions following injection has led to widespread use of this agent in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.1 We have recently seen, in consultation, four patients in whom severe hypotension followed diazoxide therapy. In each case, another vasodilatory agent, hydralazine hydrochloride, had been administered in close sequence to diazoxide therapy. Additionally, two of the four patients had received potential catecholaminedepleting agents while they were outpatients. The present communication serves to emphasize that combinations of diazoxide and other vasodilatory or catecholamine-depleting agents may result in extreme hypotension. Report of Cases Case 1.— A 44-year old woman with a history of hypertension was admitted to the hospital with left chest pain and a blood pressure of 250/170 mm Hg. She
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Enviradene, a New Antiviral Agent, in Plasma and Its Application in Bioavailability Studies in the Dog

A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the determination of enviradene, 1, at concentrations of 2–5 ng/mL in plasma. The drug was extracted from the samples using benzene. The benzene extract was evaporated and the residue dissolved in the mobile phase. The HPLC system consisted of a reversed-phase column and a 75% methanol:25% 0.2 M sodium acetate mobile phase. Either a UV detector set at 268 nm or an electrochemical (EC) detector set at a potential of +0.9 V (versus Ag/AgCl/3 M NaCl) was used to monitor the drug. A column-switching system was used to remove late-eluting plasma constituents that interfered in subsequent chromatograms. The limit of sensitivity was 2 ng/mL for the HPLC–EC procedure and 5 ng/mL for the HPLC–UV procedure. Recovery from plasma was ∼97%; the procedure had a relative error of ∼3% and a relative standard deviation of 4.5% over the range of 20–200 ng of 1/mL of plasma. Following intravenous administration of 1 or 2 mg/kg of 1 to dogs, the parent drug was quantitated in plasma for 24 h using this procedure. The terminal phase half-life in plasma was calculated to be 10 h. Oral administration to dogs of single 8 mg/kg doses of 1, formulated with povidone-30 or polysorbate 80 and microcrystalline cellulose, produced high and persistent plasma concentrations of drug. At doses below 2 mg/kg, plasma concentrations were found to be nonlinearly related to the amount of the dose administered. The bioavailability of the drug in dogs was found to be increased by the concomitant administration of food.
Inferring an Investment Return Series for Real Estate from Observations on Sales

Accurate measurement of the returns to real estate investment are essential to sound analysis. This paper improves upon the traditionally employed method-collecting comparable sales data. A dynamic model of real estate appraisal is developed in which agents have incomplete information, heterogeneous search costs, and varying expectations. Various types of simulation analysis of the model indicate it performs best in the sense that the return estimate converges to the true value faster than other simpler rules. Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.
Hopf bifurcations for a variable yield continuous fermentation model

Abstract In this paper the authors investigate the Hopf bifurcation of solutions to a certain mathematical model for a continuous fermentation process. In particular, it is shown that the model, which incorporates Monod kinetics and a variable yield term which depends linearly on the underlying substrate, possesses a one-parameter family of periodic solutions when certain system parameters of the model assume a specific ratio.
Stress analysis of a canine spinal motion segment using the finite element technique

Abstract Canine models have been frequently employed to investigate the in vivo effects of a surgical procedure. Various studies indicate that canine models can provide a successful in vivo biological model for these studies. Use of canine models for the biomechanical studies of the spine, however, have been questioned because of different loading conditions on the canine and human spines originated from posture differences between canine and human. Similarities between the stress distributions within the canine and human motion segments under physiological loads will strengthen the use of canine models for the studies of spine biomechanics. In the present study, finite element models of the canine intact and stabilized motion segments were developed to investigate these aspects. Comparison of model predicted flexion angle, axial stiffness, and facet contact force for the canine intact L6–L7 motion segment revealed good agreement with the corresponding parameters experimentally measured under the similar loading conditions. Similar stress distributions within the intact canine and human models were found from the predicted results in response to the physiological load. Stabilizing and stress-shielding effects of a pedicle screw-plate-type fixation device [variable spinal plating (VSP)] on the stabilized motion segment were also similar for the canine and human stabilized models. Furthermore, maximum stresses in the pedicle screws were found at the junction between the bone screw and the integrated nut of the inferior screw in both the canine and human stabilized models. This corresponds to the location of pedicle screw breakage reported in the literature. These findings suggest that a canine is a suitable model for the biomechanical studies of the lumbar spine.
Never Leave Yourself: Ethnopsychology As Mediator of Psychological Globalization among Belizean Schoolgirls

How do transnational ideas and images become psychologically salient to youth in local communities? Based on five years of fieldwork among high school girls in a rapidly changing Belizean community, this article investigates how some transcultural symbolic material (e.g., gender-based maltreatment) becomes psychologically salient in a given society and yet other constructs (e.g., thin body image) can pass by with relatively few consequences in an increasingly transnational world. The ethnopsychological practice of self-protection among young Belizean women, which girls describe as "Never Leave Yourself, " mediates how girls make sense of and incorporate transnational concepts into their lived experience. The current material realities and particular historic moment in Belize also influence variations in how transnational concepts are incorporated.
Electron-beam irradiation of fresh broccoli heads (Brassica oleracea L. italica)

Abstract Broccoli is a popular item in the diet of the US population, commonly found in salads ready-to-eat. The recent recalls of fresh produce due to contamination with Escherichia coli and other pathogens emphasize the need to find effective means to treat minimally processed fresh foods. Our study assessed the effect of ionizing radiation using electron beams on the shelf-life, physicochemical properties, and consumer acceptability of broccoli florets. One-hundred broccoli heads were irradiated at 1, 2, and 3 kGy with a 10 MeV linear accelerator at 22 °C. We monitored pH, color, texture, respiration rate, weight loss, chlorophyll, total carotenoids, and vitamin C of irradiated and non-irradiated samples at 5-day intervals up to 14 days at 4 °C and 95% RH. Fifty consumer panelists scored the samples using a nine-point hedonic scale. Irradiation did not affect color, firmness, pH, and weight loss of the samples. Both irradiated samples and controls showed a slight change in color during storage, though the effect was not dose-dependent. Irradiation affected ( P 2 levels) but all samples, including the controls, attained the same equilibrium value. Vitamin C content of all samples decreased ( P
Compact radio cores in three Seyfert galaxies - High resolution studies of Mkn 3, Mkn 231, and Mkn 463

The small-scale morphologies of Mkn 231 and Mkn 463 have been investigated using the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.6 GHz and the VLA at 15 and 22 GHz. Mkn 3 has been studied using the EVN at 1.4 and 1.6 GHz. All of the galaxies have a substantial fraction of their core radio flux in linear or elongated structures, typically tens of parsecs in extent. Agreement between the parsec- and kiloparsec-scale position angles of continuum radio emission suggests collimated outflow from the galaxy centers that continues over several orders of magnitude in scale. Supernova rates of order one hundred per year on scales of tens of parsecs are required to explain the nuclear radio emission as the result of bursts of star formation. The luminosities, small extents, and linear morphologies of the radio sources all support the idea that the nuclear radio sources are energized by active galactic nuclei and therefore support the more general picture of Seyfert galaxy nuclei being low-luminosity quasars. All of the galaxies appear to have undergone violent interactions in the recent past.
ALTERED HELPER: SUPPRESSOR LYMPHOCYTE RATIO DURING CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFETION OF MICE

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections of humans and experimental animals have been associated with altered cell mediated immunity. In a murine model, we have observed an increased susceptibility to secondary infection during acute murine CMV (MCMV) infection. To further investigate the effect of MCMV infection upon host defense, we studied helper:suppressor lymphocyte (H:S) ratios in Balb/c mice undergoing sublethal MCMV infection. On days 1, 3, 5 and possibly 9, H:S ratios were reduced. On day 3 the H:S ratio was 0.82 in MCMV-infected mice vs 1.78 in controls (p<0.01) and on day 5, 0.59 vs 3.85 (p<0.01). On days 3 and 5, reduced H:S ratios were attributable to decreased absolute numbers of helper lymphocytes. Thereafter, suppressor cell numbers increased. Infectious MCMV was recovered from blood lymphocytes and bone marrow on days 3, 5 and 9 and from spleen on days 1 through 16.Alterations in H:S ratio appeared to correlate most closely with recovery of infectious virus trom spleen (p=0.07). Examination of bone marrow preparations suggested diminished cellularity on days 1 through 5. These results indicate that acute MCMV infection is associated with reduced H:S ratios and suggest that altered H:S ratios may correlate with enhanced susceptibility to secondary infection. These observations may be relevant to the association between CMV and opportunistic infections in human organ transplant recipients as well as in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Nonimaging optics, optical phase space, measuring radiance and the van Cittert-Zernike theorem

These topics have a fundamental connection. Nonimaging optics is the optics of extended objects, hence of phase-space transport. Obviously, measurement of radiance (the density in phase space) depends on the statistical properties of the wave field and of the instrument. Playing the movie backwards gives a van Cittert-Zernike-like theorem for the instrument. The observable effects, important for measurements near the diffraction limit, have been tested experimentally with high resolution long-wave IR radiometers. The qualitative result is that objects are closer (or warmer) than you think.
The Council of Florence (1438–1439) and the Problem of Union Between the Greek and Latin Churches

For the medieval world the Council of Florence provided the last great opportunity to close the gap separating Eastern from Western Christendom. Not only was it the most brilliant convocation of Greeks and Latins in the entire Middle Ages, but it marked the first occasion in centuries that East and West assembled in ecumenical council to debate the differences separating their two churches.
Scaling effects on hypoxia tolerance in the Amazon fish Astronotus ocellatus (Perciformes: Cichlidae): contribution of tissue enzyme levels.

Abstract Astronotus ocellatus is one of the most hypoxia tolerant fish of the Amazon; adult animals can tolerate up to 6 h of anoxia at 28°C. Changes in energy metabolism during growth have been reported in many fish species and may reflect the way organisms deal with environmental constraints. We have analyzed enzyme levels (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH: EC 1.1.1.27; and malate dehydrogenase, MDH: EC 1.1.1.37) in four different tissues (white muscle, heart, liver, and brain) from different-sized animals. Both enzymes correlate with body size, increasing the anaerobic potential positively with growth. To our knowledge, this is the first description of scaling effects on hypoxia tolerance and it is interesting to explore the fact that hypoxia survivorship increases due to combining effects of suppressing metabolic rates and increasing anaerobic power as fish grow.
The influence of concurrent load on mouthed and vocalized modality effects

A visual search task was coupled with the serial recall of words to assess the extent to which modality effects mediated by vocalizing and silent mouthing reflect an automatically activated preattentive process. Overall, serial position functions systematically changed as concurrent task demands increased, but the magnitude of the modality effect associated with both mouthing and vocalizing was not altered, regardless of whether or not subjects simultaneously searched for digits. These results support the notion that modality effects index a preattentive process that can be activated automatically by either spoken input or gestural cues associated with speech.
The Satiety Effect of Cholecystokinin Recent Progress and Current Problemsa

Since the discovery of the satiety effect of CCK in 1973, progress has been made and problems have been encountered. The progress has included the accumulation of strong, indirect evidence that exogenous CCK acts in the abdomen to activate vagal afferent fibers and that exogenous CCK may be useful in the treatment of bulimia and obesity in humans. The most pressing problem is the current lack of evidence for the hypothesis that the satiety effect of exogenous CCK reveals a physiological function of endogenous CCK released by food entering the small intestine during a meal. Since clarification of this problem and exploitation of the current progress seem possible with current ideas and techniques, the satiety effect of CCK should continue to receive considerable experimental attention.
Mechanism of inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation in heat-shocked Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.

The rate of polypeptide synthesis is inhibited by 80% in Ehrlich cells incubated at 43°C compared to those at 37°C. The regulatory site of translation resides at polypeptide chain initiation. Polypeptide synthesis does not recover at the higher temperature; however, the inhibition is reversed by returning the cells to 37°C. Neither new RNA synthesis or protein synthesis is required for recovery at 37°C, eliminating degradation of mRNA and irreversible denaturation of a protein essential for polypeptide chain initiation. The concentration of 40-S initiation complexes was found to be reduced markedly in heat-shocked cells compared to controls. This was confirmed in the cell-free protein-synthesizing systems prepared from heat-shocked and control cells. Reversible alteration in the activity of components affecting eIF2 function is, therefore, a likely mechanism of regulation in heat-shocked Ehrlich cells. In extracts from heat-shocked cells, Met-tRNA synthetase activity was unaltered compared to control extracts.
Accounting rationality and financial legitimation

The quantitative measurement of value is a central requirement in capitalist production and exchange relations. A major role in this measurement has been played by public accounting since its establishment as a profession in the United States and Great Britain at the turn of the century. Public accountants see themselves as the monitors of world economic order. Their metaphor is the system, in which rationality and unity are assumed and all accounts are monetary and quantitatively measurable in precise, constant terms. Their method is positivist. Uncertainty in financial markets is reducible through objective analysis of the relations of capital in a value-free environment. Their mandate is to provide to the public a periodic independent examination of corporate financial accounts in the form of an annual audit. These audits were instituted by governments following violent fluctuations in the business cycle, particularly the world depression of the 1930s, largely in response to public demand for more comprehensive information. However, despite this charge, public accountants serve primarily the interests of their clients. Not only do they monitor actual expenditures of capital, but they are also gatekeepers of capitalist ideology. The social organization of their work, the organizational and career structures they inhabit, the body of knowledge they control, all serve to legitimate political, economic, and social arrangements.
The disruption of aromatic stacking order in mesophase petroleum coke via reductive alkylation

Abstract The thermolysis of a 510° C vacuum residuum of petroleum under hydrogen can lead to an insoluble coke material of correlation length in the direction of aromatic stacking (L c ) of 7.3 nm, which is more than 3 times greater than that typically found for coals of anthracite rank. In spite of this high degree of stacking order, the coke material can be solubilized via the technique of reductive alkylation. The coke is combined with tetrahydrofuran and potassium metal, and the aromatic “molecules” of the coke form solubilized anions (K° consumption 5–6 mmol/gram). These anions react with alkyl iodides to form alkylated aromatic adducts, of vapor pressure osmometry molecular weight ca. 1000 gram/mole and showing only weak intermolecular paraffin interactions in X-ray diffraction. Thus, a high degree of aromatic stacking, as manifested by a narrow (002) peak in diffraction, does not imply that the material is refractory; the chemical significance of such aromatic-aromatic interactions is currently of interest to those studying both carbon fibers and coal conversion. Heteronuclear correlated 1 H/1b 13 C NMR is used to elucidate the detailed chemistry of the disruption of aromatic stacking.
Spatial heterogeneity and the stability of predator-prey systems

Abstract A predator-prey model in an environment consisting of many discrete, identical patches is presented. Simplified but still realistic dynamics are assumed within patches, and three qualitatively different regions of behavior are located in parameter spaces. If the mobility of the predator is too low, it goes extinct. If it is high and prey mobility is low, no stable equilibrium results, but analysis did not settle the question of global behavior. Finally, for high mobility in both species, stability and constancy result. Thus, dispersal can have a stabilizing effect regionally even without underlying environmental variability.
PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN DOUBLING TIME AS A SURROGATE END POINT FOR PROSTATE CANCER SPECIFIC MORTALITY FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY OR RADIATION THERAPY

ABSTRACTPurpose: A short posttreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA)-doubling time (DT) following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy was evaluated as a surrogate end point for prostate cancer specific mortality (PCSM).Materials and Methods: Baseline, treatment and followup information was compiled on a cohort of 8,669 patients with prostate cancer treated with surgery (5,918) or radiation (2,751) from January 1, 1988 to January 1, 2002 for clinical stage T1c-4NxMo prostate cancer, forming the study cohort. Cox regression analysis was used to test whether Prentice criteria were violated in this cohort.Results: After PSA defined recurrence PSA-DT less than 3 months and the specific value of PSA-DT at 3 months or greater were statistically significantly associated with time to PCSM and with time to all cause mortality after PSA defined recurrence (each Cox p <0.001). Treatment received was not statistically significant associated with time to PCSM following PSA defined recurrence in patients with P...
Characterization of the propionyl-CoA synthetase (PrpE) enzyme of Salmonella enterica: residue Lys592 is required for propionyl-AMP synthesis.

The propionyl-CoA synthetase (PrpE) enzyme of Salmonella enterica catalyzes the first step of propionate catabolism, i.e., the activation of propionate to propionyl-CoA. The PrpE enzyme was purified, and its kinetic properties were determined. Evidence is presented that the conversion of propionate to propionyl-CoA proceeds via a propionyl-AMP intermediate. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that propionate was the preferred acyl substrate (kcat/Km = 1644 mM(-1) x s(-1)). Adenosine 5'-propyl phosphate was a potent inhibitor of the enzyme, and inhibition kinetics identified a Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping Pong mechanism for the reaction catalyzed by the PrpE enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change the primary sequence of the wild-type protein at positions G245A, P247A, K248A, K248E, G249A, K592A, and K592E. Mutant PrpE proteins were purified, and the effects of the mutations on enzyme activity were investigated. Both PrpEK592 mutant proteins (K592A and K592E) failed to convert propionate to propionyl-CoA, and plasmids containing these alleles of prpE failed to restore growth on propionate of S. enterica carrying null prpE alleles on their chromosome. Both PrpEK592 mutant proteins converted propionyl-AMP to propionyl-CoA, suggesting residue K592 played no discernible role in thioester bond formation. To the best of our knowledge, these mutant proteins are the first acyl-CoA synthetases reported that are defective in adenylation activity.
Some Observations on the Reliability of REM Variables

Previous reports on inter-night reliability of sleep stage percentages have not controlled for total sleep time (TST). With TST held constant with either of two methods, REM as well as NREM variables showed significant inter-night correlation coefficients. Reliability across nights for rapid eye movement activity is reported here for the first time and found to be highly significant.
A two-dimensional discrete convolution algorithm

A theoretical result concerning the discrete Fourier transform is derived and used to develop a transform algorithm for computing two-dimensional convolutions. The use of this algorithm minimises the number of arithmetic operations and the memory requirements in computing a convolution of order (M×N) using a transform processor or program designed for a length No, where M≤N0 and N≤N0.It is particularly suitable for computing convolutions whose orders are not powers of two using conventional fast Fourier transform processors. Methods of implementing the algorithm are also presented.
Electrical Impedance of a Pore Wall for the Flooded‐Agglomerate Model of Porous Gas‐Diffusion Electrodes

The dc and small-signal ac impedances of a flooded-agglomerate element of a porous gas-diffusion electrode have been calculated. The complete solution involves a nonlinear concentration profile within the agglomerate and requires numerical integration. An approximate solution has been developed leading to a simple equivalent circuit that is valid for most practical situations. The complete agglomerate model was combined with a thin-film diffusion element and the total impedance was calculated. Transfer functions were developed that also allow the simplified agglomerate representation to be combined with the thin-film element, greatly facilitating numerical fitting of the model to measured impedance data. Details of the model and these studies are presented by the authors.
Outpatient oral sulindac to prevent recurrence of preterm labor.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of oral sulindac in preventing the recurrence of preterm labor. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study of patients between 24–34 weeks' gestation with preterm labor treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate. After successful tocolysis, patients were randomized by the pharmacy to receive either oral sulindac (200 mg) or placebo (once orally every 12 hours) for 7 days. Results: Sixty-nine patients were enrolled (34 in the sulindac group, 35 controls). No significant differences were found with respect to time gained in utero (40 ± 4.4 versus 31 ± 3.4 days, P = .1), delivery at more than 35 weeks' gestation (20 versus 18, P = .70), recurrent preterm labor (11 versus 13, P = .88), birth weight (2528 ± 646 versus 2459 ± 707 g, P = .68), or time spent in the neonatal intensive care unit (4.2 ± 12.9 versus 5.7 ± 13.5 days, P = .63) for the sulindac and control groups, respectively. However, in women who failed therapy (ie, those who delivered before 37 weeks' gestation or required readmission for tocolysis), there was a significantly longer interval between the start of therapy and failure in the sulindac group (25.9 ± 3.4 days, n = 26) than in the control group (15.2 ± 2.8 days, n = 25; P Conclusion: The use of oral sulindac for 1 week after successful parenteral tocolysis failed to reduce the overall rate of preterm birth. In women who delivered prematurely or required readmission for tocolysis, oral sulindac significantly prolonged the interval from the start of therapy until delivery or readmission Moreover, this benefit was achieved without observable adverse effects on the fetus.
Getting to the heart of the matter: written disclosure, gender, and heart rate.

Objective: The present study examined gender differences in the psychologic and physical symptom changes associated with written disclosure. Methods: Male (n = 48) and female (n = 46) college students were assigned to either a written disclosure condition or a control writing condition. Participants in each condition wrote on 3 consecutive days for 20 minutes each session. Heart rate was recorded during each writing session and the narratives were examined for linguistic content. Participants completed measures of psychologic and physical health at baseline and again 1 month later. Results: Participants assigned to the written disclosure condition reported significantly greater psychological and physical health benefits at follow up compared with the control group participants. No significant gender differences were found among those participants assigned to the written disclosure condition. Additionally, although heart rate reactivity and changes in the use of words denoting positive emotion, negative emotion, and cognitive appraisal significantly differed between the writing conditions, no significant gender differences in these variables were found among individuals assigned to the written disclosure condition. Conclusions: Written disclosure is associated with significant improvements in both psychologic and physical health for men and women. There was no support for the notion that men may derive greater benefits than women from written disclosure. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that changes in physiological reactivity and word use associated with written disclosure do not differ between men and women.
Comments on `An empirical assessment of the residual income valuation model'

Abstract The comment reviews major features of the research design of the DMS study. Several opportunities for future research are discussed, including the exploration of the underlying information variables that influence analyst's forecasts.