cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Molecular Solvation Energetics and Forces Computation

The total free energy of a molecule includes the classical molecular mechanical energy (which is understood as the free energy in vacuum) and the solvation energy, which is caused by the change of the environment of the molecule (solute) from vacuum to solvent. The solvation energy is important to the study of the intermolecular interactions. In this paper we develop a fast surface-based generalized Born method to compute the electrostatic solvation energy along with the energy derivatives for the solvation forces. The most time-consuming computation is the evaluation of the surface integrals over an algebraic spline molecular surface (ASMS), and the fast computation is achieved by the use of the nonequispaced fast Fourier transform (NFFT) algorithm. The main results of this paper involve (a) an efficient sampling of quadrature points over the molecular surface by using nonlinear patches, (b) fast linear time estimation of energy and intermolecular forces, (c) error analysis, and (d) efficient implementation combining fast pairwise summation and the continuum integration using nonlinear patches.
Iranian Cinema in the Twentieth Century: A Sensory History

This essay addresses itself to the century long history of cinema in Iran, focusing on the history of the senses as they combine with and are extended by film technologies. It argues that Khomeini's aim was to produce a transformed and Shi'ite Iran by purifying the sensorial national body by means of film technologies.
Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism. By Charles Perrow. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 259. $34.95.

Charles Perrow is interested in big organizations and how they shape communities, the distribution of wealth, power and income, and working lives. Today, organizations with over 500 employees employ more than half the working population in the United States. There were no such organizations in 1800. Referring to William Roy (Socializing Capital: The Rise of Large Industrial Corporations in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997) and Naomi Lamoreaux (The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985) Perrow argues that corporate capitalism was entrenched in five short years (1898–1903) during which more than half the book value of all manufacturing capital was incorporated. The firms were made giant by consolidating the assets of several firms in the same industry.
Estradiol regulation of the secretory mmune system in the female reproductive tract: IgA in uterine and vaginal secretions of rats following portacaval anastomosis

The uterine immune system is under the control of estradiol which acts to increase the levels of both IgA and secretory component (SC) in uterine secretions. The objective of the present study was to determine whether serum is the primary source of the IgA which enters uterine secretions in response to estradiol. To examine this, serum IgA levels in rats were surgically elevated by portacaval anastomosis which prevents hepatic clearance of IgA. Under these conditions, IgA levels in serum were 2- to 4-fold higher than those of intact or sham-operated animals. Levels of IgA in uterine secretions of portacaval animals, however, were significantly lower than those measured in controls when animals were ovariectomized and treated with estradiol. IgA in vaginal secretions of portacaval animals was greater than that in sham-operated or intact rats. To determine whether IgA had leaked from the uterus into vaginal secretions, a second group of animals had their uteri ligated at the utero-cervical junction prior to hormone treatment. Following estradiol stimulation, uterine IgA levels in portacaval animals were the same as those measured in intact and sham-operated animals. When free SC was measured in uterine secretions of ligated rats, levels were the same in all three groups. These studies indicate that elevated levels of serum IgA did not lead to a rise in uterine IgA. Further, since SC, which is thought to be a receptor for transporting IgA into mucosal secretions, remained unchanged, it appears unlikely that IgA movement into the uterine lumen was transport limited. These studies suggest that the presence of IgA in uterine and vaginal secretions is not due exclusively to serum contributions but may involve local synthesis of IgA.
PAR1-mediated RhoA activation facilitates CCL2-induced chemotaxis in PC-3 cells

Patients with advanced prostate cancer often exhibit increased activation of the coagulation system. The key activator of the coagulation cascade is the serine protease thrombin which is capable of eliciting numerous cellular responses. We previously reported that the thrombin receptor PAR1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer. To investigate furthertheroleofPAR1inprostatecancermetastasis,weexaminedtheeffectsofthrombinactivationoncelladhesionand motilityinPC-3prostatecancercells.ActivationofPAR1-induceddynamiccytoskeletalreorganizationandreducedPC-3 binding to collagen I, collagen IV, and laminin (P <0.01) but not fibronectin. Expression of the cell surface integrin receptorsdidnotchangeasassessedbyflowcytometry.ImmunofluorescencemicroscopyrevealedthatPAR1stimulation caused reorganization of the focal adhesions, suggesting that PAR1 activation in PC-3 cells may be modulating cell adhesion through integrin function but not expression. Furthermore, RhoA was activated upon stimulation with thrombin with subsequent cell contraction, decreased cell adhesion, and induced migration towards monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2). Thus, it appears that thrombin stimulation plays a role in prostate cancer metastasis by decreasingcelladhesiontotheextracellularmatrixandpositioningthecellina''readystate''formigrationinresponsetoa chemotactic signal. Further exploration is needed to determine whether PAR1 activation affects other signaling pathways involved in prostate cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 1292-1300, 2007. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Iterative solutions to boundary-value differential equations involving reflection of the argument

Abstract This paper discusses the integral and numerical methods to a boundary value problem involving reflection of the argument. It presents an algorithm which generates an iterative sequence of approximate functions which converge to the exact solution of such problem. Convergence rate is computed and some examples are analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Equations of convolution type with monotone coefficients

This paper studies convolution type linear difference equations with coefficients satisfying some monotonicity properties. Methods from renewal theory are employed to obtain easily verified conditions for asymptotic stability of the zero solution, in terms of the coefficient sequence. Explicit bounds and rates of convergence are also considered, and an application to norms of matrix inverses is included.
Subthreshold Glutamate Release from Mitral Cell Dendrites

The dendrites of a number of neuron types function as presynaptic structures, releasing transmitter after action potentials and dendritic spikes. In this regard, dendrites can function like axons, producing discrete outputs after suprathreshold electrical events. However, as the major site of synaptic inputs, dendrites experience ongoing subthreshold fluctuations in membrane potential, raising the question of whether these subthreshold changes can cause changes in transmitter release. Here, we show that mitral cells of the accessory olfactory bulb release glutamate from their dendrites in response to both subthreshold and suprathreshold stimuli. Whereas subthreshold output was typically low under control conditions, it could be enhanced several fold by pharmacological or endogenous activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. These results indicate that presynaptic dendrites can support two distinct forms of output, and can dynamically regulate how electrical activity is coupled to transmitter release.
Paleodrainage on the Chukchi shelf reveals sea level history and meltwater discharge

Abstract CHIRP subbottom data collected across the Chukchi shelf, offshore NW Alaska, imaged numerous paleochannels and valleys that appear to have been downcut and incised during sea level falls associated with glacial intervals. In contrast, the two most recent incisions appear to have been formed during the period of sea level rise following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The architecture and infill associated with these two incisions suggests that they were formed by an increase in discharge. These events appear to be unrelated to sea level fluctuations, but rather triggered by climatic variations during the most recent deglaciation (i.e. meltwater discharge). Radiocarbon dates from sediment cores within the southern incised valley suggest that the two episodes of meltwater discharge may correlate with Meltwater Pulse 1-A (~ 14,000 cal. yr BP) and evidence of iceberg scouring on outer Chukchi shelf (~ 12,000 to 13,000 cal. yr BP), respectively. Regional transgression across the interfluves on the middle Chukchi shelf appears to postdate the second meltwater discharge and may correlate with Meltwater Pulse 1-B (11,500 cal. yr BP). This evidence suggests that in glacially dominated landscapes, episodes of large discharge to the shelf might be out of phase with the sea level cycle. In addition, the presence of glacial meltwater drainage on the shelf implies a greater volume of continental glaciation during the LGM than previously recognized.
Blindness limitations in optical coherence domain reflectometry

The theoretical and measured limitations on dynamic range near strong reflections in optical coherence domain reflectometry arc examined. A model and data are presented that show that such blindness limitations can be caused by broad spectral tails from the superluminescent diodes typically used in such measurements.
Factor price equalization beyond a ¿cubic¿ world

The importance of factor price equalization (FPE) is widely recognized in economics. The FPE theorem states that, absent any factor intensity reversal, factor prices are equal across countries with identical technologies and product mixes. In a two-factor-two-good-two-country Heckscher-Ohlin model this is equivalent to countries’ factor endowments being contained in the diversification cone defined by goods’ factor intensities. This paper identifies a condition, stated in terms of the allocation of factor endowments across countries relative to the demand for and the factor intensities of goods, that is necessary and sufficient for FPE in a world with arbitrary number of countries, goods and factors.
Nonoccupational postexposure HIV prophylaxis in sexual assault programs: a survey of SANE and FNE program coordinators.

This cross-sectional study describes sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE)/forensic nurse examiner (FNE) program practices related to HIV testing, nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP), and common barriers to offering HIV testing and nPEP. A convenience sample of 174 SANE/FNE programs in the United States and Canada was drawn from the International Association of Forensic Nurses database, and program coordinators completed Web-based surveys. Three fourths of programs had nPEP policies, 31% provided HIV testing, and 63% offered nPEP routinely or upon request. Using χ 2 and Fisher's exact tests, a greater proportion of Canadian programs had an nPEP protocol ( p = .010), provided HIV testing ( p = .004), and offered nPEP ( p = .0001) than U.S.-based programs. Program coordinators rated providing pre- and/or posttest counseling and follow-up as the most important barrier to HIV testing, and medication costs as the most important barrier to providing nPEP. Our results indicate HIV-related services are offered inconsistently across SANE/FNE programs.
PROJECT RISK ASSESSMENT: A EUROPEAN FIELD STUDY

Abstract One of the practical problems faced by managers when appraising strategic investment opportunities, is how to deal with the uncertainty of the outcome(s). They often make subjective judgements about the riskiness of prospective projects, but these are rarely formalized into their strategic decision-making processes. Little attention is paid to this qualitative side of investment appraisal in the corporate finance literature. This paper reports on a field-based study carried out in the logistics industry, which followed an innovative action research approach, operationalized by the use of focus groups and repertory grids. Using a repertory grid technique, constructs were elicited, which managers used to explain the riskiness of a particular project, compared to other projects of a similar type that they had knowledge of from past investment appraisals. The results of the study include a set of 12 project risk attributes, a project typology which defines three types of project, each with a set of weightings reflecting the relative importance of the attributes to the participants. These provide a useful insight into managers' perceptions of the risk attached to strategic investment projects in a large European group. In addition to the context-specific results, conclusions are drawn regarding the use of repertory grids as a framework for a risk assessment technique in other organizational settings.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study on Effects of Nonlinear Temperature Gradients in Concrete Pavements

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model is developed to investigate whether the condition of plane sections remaining plane exists in concrete pavements subjected to nonlinear temperature gradients. This model is utilized to validate the analytical method proposed by Mohamed and Hansen. The 3D brick element is chosen so that the plane section condition is not imposed in the model, as compared with the model using the flat plate element. Furthermore, the possibility of loss of contact between the pavement slab and the subgrade is studied. The condition of full contact is investigated for a nonlinear temperature gradient that produces the maximum tensile stress in the slab according to the data used. Two slab lengths and two radii of relative stiffness are considered. It is found that plane sections remain plane for the entire slab except for a region very close to the free edges, which also establishes the boundary where solutions by Mohamed and Hansen are applicable. In both cases of the contac...
Workshop on computer architecture for non-numeric processing: abstracts and summaries

On October 14-15, 1974 SIGIR together with SIGARCH, SIGMOD and the the IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture sponsored a two day workshop on computer architecture for non-numeric processing. By all standards the workshop was a huge success primarily due to the fine papers and the efforts of Bob Korfhage and John Fike of SMU. The Conference was such a success that a second workshop is being planned on this same subject for Gainesville Florida in February 1976. For the benefit of those who were unable to attend the workshop we have included the abstracts and sunmaries here.
Five Fractions of Radiation Therapy Followed by 4 Cycles of FOLFOX Chemotherapy as Preoperative Treatment for Rectal Cancer

Background Preoperative radiation therapy with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy is a standard of care for cT3-4 rectal cancer. Studies incorporating additional cytotoxic agents demonstrate increased morbidity with little benefit. We evaluate a template that: ( 1 ) includes the benefits of preoperative radiation therapy on local response/control; ( 2 ) provides preoperative multidrug chemotherapy; and ( 3 ) avoids the morbidity of concurrent radiation therapy and multidrug chemotherapy. Methods and Materials Patients with cT3-4, any N, any M rectal cancer were eligible. Patients were confirmed to be candidates for pelvic surgery, provided response was sufficient. Preoperative treatment was 5 fractions radiation therapy (25 Gy to involved mesorectum, 20 Gy to elective nodes), followed by 4 cycles of FOLFOX [5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, leucovorin]. Extirpative surgery was performed 4 to 9 weeks after preoperative chemotherapy. Postoperative chemotherapy was at the discretion of the medical oncologist. The principal objectives were to achieve T stage downstaging (ypT Results 76 evaluable cases included 7 cT4 and 69 cT3; 59 (78%) cN+, and 7 cM1. Grade 3 preoperative GI morbidity occurred in 7 cases (9%) (no grade 4 or 5). Sphincter-preserving surgery was performed on 57 (75%) patients. At surgery, 53 patients (70%) had ypT0-2 residual disease, including 21 (28%) ypT0 and 19 (25%) ypT0N0 (complete response); 24 (32%) were ypN+. At 30 months, local control for all evaluable cases and freedom from disease for M0 evaluable cases were, respectively, 95% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 89%-100%) and 87% (95% CI: 76%-98%). Cases were subanalyzed by whether disease met requirements for the recently activated PROSPECT trial for intermediate-risk rectal cancer. Thirty-eight patients met PROSPECT eligibility and achieved 16 ypT0 (42%), 15 ypT0N0 (39%), and 33 ypT0-2 (87%). Conclusion This regimen achieved response and morbidity rates that compare favorably with those of conventionally fractionated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy.
The Natural History of HIV Infection: Implications for the Assessment of Antiretroviral Therapy

Although AIDS is a complex clinical disease with diverse manifestations, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) per se is almost entirely subclinical. The evaluation of antiretroviral agents is difficult because of the lack of a direct clinical relationship between the replication of HIV and the subsequent development of nonviral opportunistic infection. Thus surrogate markers, especially the results obtained in laboratory assays of the inhibition of replicating virus in vivo, have emerged as important factors in the evaluation of a drug's in vivo antiviral efficacy.
Prediction of enhanced ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As by intrinsic defect manipulation

Abstract In the diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As the excess of As incorporated as As antisites (As Ga ) is responsible for the hole compensation. The As Ga defect can be transformed into a As interstitial–Ga vacancy pair (As i –V Ga ) upon illumination. In this paper we study the effects of such a transition on the ferromagnetism of (Ga,Mn)As using density functional theory within the local spin density approximation. We find that the ferromagnetic order in (Ga,Mn)As is strongly enhanced if As Ga are transformed into As i –V Ga pairs, since the hole compensation is reduced. This suggests a valuable way to tune the carrier concentration and hence the T c in (Ga,Mn)As, without changing the Mn concentration nor the microscopic configuration of the Mn ions.
Arterial spin tagging fMRI in continuous overt speech production compared to BOLD technique

Conventional BOLD fMRI has limited use in overt speech paradigms, due to movement and susceptibility artifacts. Our study used an arterial spin-tagging (AST) sequence to quantify focal brain activation in a continuous speech task. Furthermore, we compared the results to conventional BOLD fMRI. The ASSIST sequence was used to obtain transverse perfusion images of the brain, acquired on a 1.5T GE-Signa scanner. Three conditions were alternated in a block design: generation of complete sentences, nonsense syllables and rest with continuous and overt speech production. For 4 normal volunteers, task-related perfusion maps with quantified rCBF and rCBV values were calculated and activations were mapped to the MNI brain. The same paradigm was scanned with BOLD contrast fMRI in separate, independent scans and data from 6 subjects were analyzed using SPM99. Using the AST sequence, we could reliably identify focal brain activation in an overt continuous speech paradigm, and the activations observed were consistent with previous PET studies. We found differential activation at increasing levels of speech production with a focus in the left insula and opercular IFG related to the production of sentences at a syntactic level as opposed to nonsense syllable production. The BOLD technique failed to identify some of these activation foci, possibly due to decreased SNR and artifacts.
A note on the stress-dilatancy relation for simulated fault gouge

Theoretical constraints on the stress-dilation relation for a deforming Coulomb material requirev≤θ ifC=0 andv ≤ sin-1(τ m /σ m ) always, wherev is the dilation angle, θ is the friction angle,C is cohesion, τ m is the maximum shear stress, and σ m is the mean effective stress. Recent laboratory measurements of friction and dilatancy of simulated fault gouge show that small amplitude shear-load cycling causes compaction and consolidation. Comparison of the data with theory indicates that such load cycling produces: (1) increased coefficient of friction (or friction angle), (2) increased cohesion, and (3) increased dilatancy rate (or dilation angle). Under certain conditions of load cycling without significant plastic shear strain accumulation ( p <0.005) we find thatv exceeds both θ and, in contrast to theory, sin-1(τ m /σ m ). This result is interpreted in terms of enhanced cohesion and overconsolidation, which lead to residual stresses within the gouge. An analogy is drawn between these special loading conditions and those extant on natural faults. In particular, our results imply that jostling and minor stress variations associated with microearthquakes may produce strengthening of fault gouge and changes in the fault zone's stress-dilatancy relation. Hence, compaction associated with microseismicity may lead to subsequent dilation of fault gouge, even for faults with large displacement rates and large net offsets (e.g., San Andreas). In regions where such dilation persists over sufficient displacements (on the order of the critical slip distance for seismic faulting) it may tend to inhibit unstable slip.
Statistical analysis of simulation output: output data analysis for simulations

This paper reviews statistical methods for analyzing output data from computer simulations. First, it focuses on the estimation of steady-state system parameters. The estimation techniques include the replication/deletion approach, the regenerative method, the batch means method, and the standardized time series method. Second, it reviews recent statistical procedures to find the best system among a set of competing alternatives.
Optimizing the number of equivalent iterations of 3D OSEM in SPECT reconstruction of I-131 focal activities

Abstract To externally estimate the radiation dose to a tumor during therapy with I-131 radiopharmaceuticals, and its distribution, one must accurately estimate activity, and its distribution, by means of SPECT imaging. Our objective is to characterize the quantification of the total activity in focal targets and in their uniform background, and of the activity distribution within the targets, after 3D Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization (OSEM) reconstruction with attenuation and scatter correction and no post smoothing, in the good-counting-statistics case. A cylindrical phantom containing seven spheres simulating tumors, ranging in volume from 209 to 4.2 cm 3 , and filled with an I-131 water solution containing background, was imaged. A Siemens Symbia SPECT/CT scanner was used to acquire 128×128 projection images, employing 60 angles over 360°. With dynamic SPECT, 10 sequential acquisitions of 15 min duration each were obtained and each was reconstructed with particular values of the number of subsets and the number of iterations. Let the product of the number of subsets times the number of iterations equal the equivalent number of iterations, EI. The counts-to-activity conversion factor was derived from the average ratio of total count divided by true activity for the largest sphere at the largest value of EI. Then, for the activity of each sphere at each of the values of EI, we evaluated (1) the fractional variance (variance in estimate over true activity), (2) the fractional bias (average estimate bias over true activity) and (3) the fractional error (the root mean square error (RMSE) in the estimate divided by the true activity). The fractional bias and fractional variance were smaller for the larger spheres compared to the smaller (the fractional bias decreased faster with an increase in the fractional variance for them as well). The RMSE was dominated by the bias. The fractional error decreased as EI increased for all sphere sizes. The minimum average value was 25.8% and occurred for EI=480 although that image had texture and was noisy. The average fractional error was already approaching that value by EI=80 at 30.7%, and that image was less noisy. For the water background surrounding the spheres, the fractional error in the activity estimate varied but little with EI; its smallest value was 13.1% at EI=480. The error in a measure of estimated sphere activity non-uniformity worsened as EI increased. (The OSEM initial guess of identical counts/voxel everywhere was perfect as far as uniformity for these uniform-activity targets.) Therefore, the EI to employ in reconstruction depends on the activity-estimation task of interest. Different dosimetric goals might best be met by employing different images generated at different values of EI.
Lipids and lipolytic enzyme activities of rat heart mitochondria.

Abstract The lipid composition and lipolytic enzyme activities in rat cardiac mitochondria were examined. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria were prepared by treatment of heart muscle with a Polytron tissue processor, while interfibrillar mitochondria were released by exposure of the remaining low-speed pellet to the protease, nagarse. These procedures are known to yield two functionally different populations of mitochondria. However, their phospholipid contents and compositions were identical, as were the positional distributions of the constituent fatty acids. Of the ethanolamine phospholipids, 20% were plasmalogens, and about 2% of the choline phospholipids consisted of this alkenylacyl species. Both subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria contained a Ca2+-activated phospholipase A2, as evidenced by the Ca2+-dependent release of unsaturated fatty acids and lysophosphatidylethanolamine from endogenous lipids. Ruthenium red prevented the activation of this enzyme by Ca2+, indicating that the activity is located in the matrix space or associated with the inner surface of the inner membrane. Both mitochondrial fractions produced free fatty acids and lysophosphatidylethanolamine in the absence of free Ca2+ apparently due to an outer membrane phospholipase A1. The activity of this enzyme decreased with time, particularly in interfibrillar mitochondria, providing that Ca2+ was absent. Nagarse treatment of subsarcolemmal mitochondria resulted in a preparation with the same phospholipase A1 properties as interfibrillar mitochondria. The possibility that differences in phospholipase A1 properties account for some of the functional variations between the two mitochondrial types is discussed.
Sustained Activation of the Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Required for Megakaryocytic Differentiation of K562 Cells *

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), originally identified as a participant in mitogenic signaling, has recently been implicated in the signaling of cellular differentiation. To examine the role of the ERK/MAP kinase pathway in megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells, the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and bryostatin on ERK activation were determined. Both TPA and bryostatin are known to activate PKC but paradoxically have opposing effects on megakaryocytic differentiation. TPA, a differentiation inducer, caused sustained activation of ERK (>24 h), whereas bryostatin, a differentiation blocker, only transiently activated ERK (∼6 h) and attenuated the activation of ERK by TPA. To confirm a requirement for sustained ERK activation for megakaryocytic differentiation, PD098059, a synthetic inhibitor of the MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) was employed. Introduction of PD098059 at any time during the first 18 h of TPA treatment completely abrogated megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells. After 24 h of TPA treatment, introduction of PD098059 failed to block differentiation. Differentiation blockade by PD098059 occurred via inhibition of MEK because transfection of a constitutively active mutant of MEK2 could override the PD098059 blockade. Experiments with conditioned media suggested that sustained activation of the ERK/MAP kinase pathway promoted the autocrine secretion of megakaryocytic lineage determination factors.
Adhesion and migration of extracellular matrix-stimulated breast cancer.

Abstract Background. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as vitronectin and fibronectin, have been shown to enhance the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that ECM binding to integrin receptors on breast cancer cells influenced cellular adhesion and migration. Materials and methods. Adhesion assays were performed using breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 and various concentrations of vitronectin or fibronectin. Migration assays were performed using the same cell lines and invasion chambers with 8 μm pore polycarbonate membranes. Blocking antibodies and specific peptidomimetic inhibitors to integrin receptors were used to identify the integrin subunits reacting with vitronectin and fibronectin. Results. While both breast cancer cell lines adhered to and migrated toward vitronectin and fibronectin, MDA-MB-435 had a higher maximum binding to vitronectin and MDA-MB-231 had a higher maximum binding to fibronectin. Anti-β1 antibody inhibited the adhesion and migration of MDA-MB-231 to fibronectin and the adhesion of MDA-MB-231 to vitronectin but had no effect on vitronectin-induced adhesion or migration of MDA-MB-435. The αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonist, SB 265123, inhibited MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 adhesion and migration to vitronectin but had no effect on migration to fibronectin in either cell line. Conclusions. We conclude that the integrin subunits β1, αvβ3, and αvβ5 can be involved in breast cancer cell adhesion and migration to vitronectin and fibronectin. Because more than one integrin inhibitor was required to block adhesion or migration in the cell lines studied, breast cancer therapy based on integrin antagonists would most likely require concomitant use of multiple agents.
Active Management of Labor

A source of great controversy, the active management of labor as classically defined, is routinely misunderstood and misapplied in many clinical settings. Aggressive induction protocols, early amniotomy, operative delivery, epidural analgesia, and even early admission to labor and delivery units are actions frequently thought to be synonymous with "active management of labor". To regain an understanding of the active management of labor, one needs to examine the goal of this management scheme and become more familiar with its components.
Effects on state estimation of time-skew errors in inter-utility data exchange

Abstract Inter-utility data exchange poses several unresolved problems. One is the error caused by time skewing of exchanged data. Three manifestations of time skewing, namely, load changes, inter-area interchange changes, and external topology changes, are addressed. The system under study is the IEEE 118-bus system. The system is modified incrementally and solved using a power flow program to simulate different operating states in time. For each operating state the system is divided into three parts, an internal system and two external systems. Selected modified external operating states are combined with the unmodified internal system and solved using a state estimator program, thus simulating exchanging data with various amounts of time skew. The results of load changes and inter-area interchange changes are predictable relationships between errors and changes. Although the actual amount of error would be difficult to determine in actual operation, it could be reliably minimized. The results of topology changes are much less predictable but are considerably easier to detect and may possibly be avoided completely.
The endocrines and spermatogenesis

Abstract 1. 1. The basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary gland are intimately concerned with elaboration of gonadotropic hormones. 2. 2. Two fractions of gonadotropic hormones are recognized: the follicle stimulating and the luteinizing fractions. These act on the interstitial and spermatogenic cells of the testes. 3. 3. There are three principal sources of gonadotropic hormones in the normal human: (a) anterior pituitary extract; (b) pregnancy urine; (c) castrate urine. 4. 4. All of these have varying amounts of the two fractions and act accordingly. 5. 5. Biologic activity of these hormones is substantiated by animal experiments and human studies. 6. 6. Androgens are derived from the gonads and are now synthetically prepared. 7. 7. Androgens effect secondary sexual characteristics and genital structures, but probably have little action on human spermatogenic tissue. 8. 8. Anti-hormone response may be a foreign protein immunity. 9. 9. Minor endocrine disturbances may account for a certain percentage of seminal deficiencies. 10. 10. Problems of treatment are discussed. 11. 11. Three cases are presented illustrating improvement, coincidental to use of the gonadotropic principles.
Failure of ACTH or Cortisone to suppress Tuberculin Skin Reactions in Tuberculous Guinea Pigs.

SummaryGuinea pigs with active progressive tuberculosis were given ACTH or cortisone for 6 days. A definite tuberculin skin reaction was obtained in all animals during the period of hormone administration. The reaction appeared less marked in the treated animals than in the controls. It is suggested that ACTH or cortisone do not interfere primarily with the immune mechanism of the tuberculin skin reaction but decrease the associated acute inflammatory process.
Characterizing the Estimation of Parameters in Incomplete-Data Problems

Abstract A framework is given for organizing and understanding the problems of estimating the parameters of a multivariate data set which contains blocks of missing observations. The basic technique is to decompose the original estimation problem into smaller estimation problems by factoring the likelihood of the observed data into a product of likelihoods. The result is summarized in a “factorization table,” which identifies the “complete-data” factors whose parameters may be estimated using standard, well-understood complete-data techniques, and the “incomplete-data” factors whose parameters must be estimated using special missing-data methods.
IC-P3-176: What goes up, must come down: Compensatory neural activity among the very old

Background: Understanding factors that contribute to successful cognitive aging has become increasingly important as a growing portion of the population lives to very old age. Our research has focused on different patterns of cognitive aging by using electrophysiologic and behavioral measures. Previously, we demonstrated (e.g., NeuroImage, 2008; 39(1)) that cognitively high-functioning younger-old (y-old) (65-79 y.o.) subjects allocate more neural resources, as measured by the P3 event-related potential, than cognitively high-functioning middle-aged and young subjects and than cognitively average-functioning y-old subjects. Interestingly, although cognitively average-functioning middle-aged subjects appropriate more resources to novel stimuli than cognitively-matched young subjects, cognitively average-functioning y-old subjects exhibit a substantial reduction in novelty P3 amplitude. These findings suggest that age-related compensatory activity may involve increased allocation of capacity-limited controlled resources that persists until capacity limits are exceeded. For cognitively average-functioning adults this may occur by y-old age. We hypothesized that in cognitively high functioning adults this would develop in old-old (o-old) age. Here we have extended our investigations to include o-old individuals (’80 y.o.), and report on preliminary results. Objective: To determine whether cognitively high functioning o-old adults continue to exhibit compensatory neural activity and a preference for attending to novelty. Methods: Electrophysiologic and behavioral responses to standard, target, and novel visual stimuli were recorded while young, middleaged, y-old, and o-old individuals performed a subject-controlled variant of the novelty oddball task. Results: Cognitively high-functioning o-old adults exhibited a large reduction in their novelty P3, but not until their mid to late 80s. Behaviorally, cognitively high-functioning individuals in their 90s continued to spend more time exploring novel than repetitive standard visual stimuli. Conclusions: Our research suggests that age-related compensatory neural activity may not be limited to high-functioning older individuals with substantial cognitive reserve, but also be observed among cognitively average-functioning adults at an earlier stage of the lifespan. Cognitively high-functioning adults appear to have the capacity to appropriate compensatory neural resources at least through their early 80s, and continue to be attracted to novelty, a hallmark of healthy human behavior, at least through their early 90s.
Cross-talk between Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Is Essential for Exendin-4-induced Insulin-positive Differentiation of AR42J Cells

A key goal of cellular engineering is to manipulate progenitor cells to become beta-cells, allowing cell replacement therapy to cure diabetes mellitus. As a paradigm for cell engineering, we have studied the molecular mechanisms by which AR42J cells become beta-cells. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), implicated in a myriad of developmental pathways, have not been well studied in insulin-positive differentiation. We found that the canonical intracellular mediators of BMP signaling, Smad-1 and Smad-8, were significantly elevated in AR42J cells undergoing insulin-positive differentiation in response to exendin-4 treatment, suggesting a role for BMP signaling in beta-cell formation. Similarly, endogenous BMP-2 ligand and ALK-1 receptor (activin receptor-like kinase-1; known to activate Smads 1 and 8) mRNAs were specifically up-regulated in exendin-4-treated AR42J cells. Surprisingly, Smad-1 and Smad-8 levels were suppressed by the addition of BMP-soluble receptor inhibition of BMP ligand binding to its receptor. Here, insulin-positive differentiation was also ablated. BMP-2 ligand antisense also strongly inhibited Smad-1 and Smad-8 expression, again with the abolition of insulin-positive differentiation. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized key role for BMP signaling in mediating insulin-positive differentiation through the intracellular Smad signaling pathway. In short, BMP signaling may represent a novel downstream target of exendin-4 (glucagon-like peptide 1) signaling and potentially serve as an upstream regulator of transforming growth factor-beta isoform signaling to differentiate the acinar-like AR42J cells into insulin-secreting cells.
Strain Gage Calibration of a Complex Wing

Modern complex structural arrangements have complicated the task of measuring flight loads with calibrated strain gages. This paper examines the use of a relatively simple structural model to characterize the load responses of strain gages located on various spars of a delta wing. Strains measured during a laboratory load calibration of a wing structure are compared with calculations obtained from a simplified NASA structural analysis (NASTRAN) model. Calculated and measured influence coefficient plots that show the shear, bending, and torsion characteristics of typical strain-gage bridges are presented. Typical influence coefficient plots are given for several load equations to illustrate the derivation of the equations from the component strain-gage bridges. A relatively simple structural model was found to be effective in predicting the general nature of strain distributions and influence coefficient plots. The analytical processes are shown to be useful in obtaining a good load calibration. The analytical processes cannot, however, be used in lieu of an actual load calibration of an aircraft wing.
Coexistence and chaos in complex ecologies

Abstract Many complex dynamical systems in ecology, economics, neurology, and elsewhere, in which agents compete for limited resources, exhibit apparently chaotic fluctuations. This Letter proposes a purely deterministic mechanism for evolving robustly but weakly chaotic systems that exhibit adaptation, self-organization, sporadic volatility, and punctuated equilibria.
Modernity as Representation: The Self-Reflexivity of the Spanish Realist Novel

This article argues that the perception in Restoration Spain that modernity was constituted by representation allowed the Spanish realist novel to be self-reflexive without contradicting its claim to depict contemporary reality. It outlines how the Spanish realist novel critiques modernity’s conversion of reality into representation in relation to the following contemporary phenomena: social reform initiatives which imposed gender norms on women; the market economy including consumerism, fiduciary money, and the abandonment of the gold standard; and a fraudulent system of parliamentary representation.
Spirituality of Sport: Balancing Body and Soul. By Susan Saint Sing. Published 2004 by St. Anthony Messenger Press, Cincinnati, OH.

(2005). Spirituality of Sport: Balancing Body and Soul. By Susan Saint Sing. Published 2004 by St. Anthony Messenger Press, Cincinnati, OH. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 227-229.
Ice-wedge Casts of Wisconsinan Age in Eastern Nebraska

Sand-filled, wedge-shaped structures beneath a thin layer of aeolian sand penetrate a pre-Illinoian till and gravel in northeastern Nebraska. Interpreted to be relic thermal contraction crack wedges, they provide the first definite evidence in this State of the former presence of permafrost. The wedges are 5-7 m apart, 1.8-2.8 m deep and 0.6-0.9 m across at the top, taper downward to a crack and intersect to form polygons. They are filled with medium sand that contains mostly rounded and frosted grains. Vertical fabric is present in each wedge. Ventifacts lie along the top of the till, which is covered by 0.3-0.4 m of interlaminated medium and fine sand that grades upward into 1.0 m of Peoria Loess. These sand wedges formed in thermal contraction cracks, in dry, windswept areas 25-50 km south of the Late Wisconsinan ice margin, where snow cover was minimal, so that blown sand fell into the open cracks. They probably required mean annual temperatures of —6 °C to —8 °C or lower, along with strong winds and rapid drops in temperature. Yardang-like topography, beyond the limit of Wisconsinan till across central South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska, is further evidence of exceptionally strong winds parallel to the ice margin during the Late Wisconsinan glacial maximum, between 22 and 18 ka. Des structures en forme de coin, remplies de sable penetrent sous une fine couche de sable eolien dans un depet glaciaire et des graviers pre-illinoiens dans le NE du Nebraska. Interpretees comme des fentes de gel fossiles formees par contraction thermique, ces structures fournissent la premiere evidence de l'existence ancienne d'un pergelisol dans cet Etat. Les coins sont distants de 5 a 7 m et s'intersectent pour former des polygones. Us sont profonds de 1,8 a 2,8 m, larges de 0,6 a 0,9 m au sommet et s'amincissent en profondeur jusqu'a devenir des fissures. Ils sont remplis de sables de taille moyenne formes principalement de grains arrondis et mats. La disposition verticale des elements est la meme dans chaque coin. Des cailloux eolises se trouvent pres du sommet du depet glaciaire qui est couvert par 0,3 a 0,4 m de sables interstratifies moyens et fins; au-dessus, ce depet passe a 1,0 m de loess Peoria. Ces coins a remplissage de sables ont ete formes comme des fissures de contraction thermique dans des regions seches balayees par le vent, a 25 ou 50 km au S de la derniere limite glaciaire wisconsinienne. La couverture de neige y etait minime, de telle sorte que le sable deplace par le vent tombait dans les fissures ouvertes. Ces formes sont sans doute apparues quand la temperature moyenne annuelle etait de —6 a —8 °C ou plus basse, et pendant une periode ou existaient des vents puissants et de brusques chutes de temperature. Une topographie semblable a celle des yardangs, s'etendant au sud du depet glaciaire wisconsinien, fournit pour le centre du S Dakota et le NE du Nebraska, une evidence supplementaire de l'existence de vents exceptionnellement forts, paralleles e la bordure glaciaire, pendant le maximum de la glaciation de la fin du Wisconsin, entre 22 et 18 ka.
Knowledge management within information security: the case of Barings Bank

Managing the growing problem of computer fraud within organisations has led researchers and practitioners to emphasise the need to take into account the 'social' aspects of information security. In addition, wider organisational issues such as lack of communication have been associated with computer fraud. In trying to minimise 'opportunities' for computer fraud, this paper argues that managers' awareness and knowledge of how an organisation functions can significantly affect the effectiveness of management information security. This is because managers can send 'cues' to other employees, which influence how the latter perceive and abide by information security and other policies and procedures in their daily activities. Such perception and application are examples of tacit knowledge development and use. In developing the argument, this paper uses the case of Barings Bank together with Mintzberg's five functions of an organisation. Thus it contributes in effective management of information security from a knowledge management perspective.
A comparison of cancer survivors from the PROMIS study selecting telephone versus online questionnaires.

In response to steadily growing Internet use among a broad array of demographic groups in the United States [1], investigators are increasingly employing online surveys to collect self-reported data.[2, 3] Compared to mail and telephone survey administration, online technology provides options for survey administration that may be more convenient for subjects and more cost-effective for study personnel.[2, 4] However, online-only surveys may result in lower participant response rates, especially among individuals who are older, and of minority and lower socio-economic status.[5-7] Increased anonymity provided by online surveys has been shown to convey a sense of privacy to the respondent, who then may feel more comfortable answering sensitive questions,[6, 8] but online surveys limit the ability to clarify survey questions and limits communication with participants. The resulting increase in missing data inserts an unknown amount of bias into final survey estimates which can threaten the generalizability and validity of results.[9] Research Questions The primary aim of this study was to compare the demographic profiles of cancer survivors who self-selected telephone vs. on-line survey administration as they participated in the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) surveys.[10] Secondly, we sought to evaluate the efficiency of online and telephone questionnaire based on the number of reminders required for completion. Our final aim was to assess completion rates between the two modes of survey administration.