cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed-laser-stimulated field ion emission from metal and semiconductor surfaces: A time-of-flight study of the formation of atomic, molecular, and cluster ions

In field ion emission, ions are formed beyond a critical distance from the emitter surface. This distance is imposed by the condition that the energy level of the tunneling atomic electron must line up with a vacant electronic state in the solid. As a result the field-emitted ions exhibit a critical energy deficit in the energy distribution. The critical energy deficit is related to the binding energy and the ionization energy of the emitted atoms, and the work function or the electron affinity of the emitter surface. A time-of-flight measurement of the ion energy distribution and the critical energy deficit of various types of ions from both metal and semiconductor surfaces has been made using the pulsed-laser atom probe. From the result mechanisms of the formation of various types of ions in pulsed-laser-stimulated field ion emission, including novel molecular and cluster ions such as ${\mathrm{D}}_{3}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{ArH}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{RhHe}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{PtHe}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{PtHe}}_{2}^{2+}$,${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}11}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}6}^{+}$, etc., are investigated. It is found that photoexcitation plays an important role in pulsed-laser field evaporation of silicon. Pulsed-laser field evaporation of Si can be sustained almost indefinitely by a field-gradient- and temperature-pulse-induced surface diffusion of Si atoms from the emitter shank. The most abundant Si-cluster ions are ${\mathrm{Si}}_{4}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}_{5}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{Si}}_{6}^{2+}$. These clusters and ${\mathrm{Si}}_{13}^{4+}$ are the only small, symmetrically structured atomic units one can remove from a Si crystal. The numbers 4, 5, 6, and 13 are the magic numbers in Si-cluster formation. The critical number is found to be 3 for 2+ ions. The higher ionization energies of heavy metal atoms, data of which are not readily available, can also be derived from a measurement of the critical energy deficit of field-evaporated ions.
DOK3 Negatively Regulates LPS Responses and Endotoxin Tolerance

Innate immune activation via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), although critical for host defense against infection, must be regulated to prevent sustained cell activation that can lead to cell death. Cells repeatedly stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) develop endotoxin tolerance making the cells hypo-responsive to additional TLR stimulation. We show here that DOK3 is a negative regulator of TLR signaling by limiting LPS-induced ERK activation and cytokine responses in macrophages. LPS induces ubiquitin-mediated degradation of DOK3 leading to SOS1 degradation and inhibition of ERK activation. DOK3 mice are hypersensitive to sublethal doses of LPS and have altered cytokine responses in vivo. During endotoxin tolerance, DOK3 expression remains stable, and it negatively regulates the expression of SHIP1, IRAK-M, SOCS1, and SOS1. As such, DOK3-deficient macrophages are more sensitive to LPS-induced tolerance becoming tolerant at lower levels of LPS than wild type cells. Taken together, the absence of DOK3 increases LPS signaling, contributing to LPS-induced tolerance. Thus, DOK3 plays a role in TLR signaling during both naive and endotoxin-induced tolerant conditions.
Social Trust and Value Change: The Decline of Social Capital in American Youth, 1976-1995

Given the importance that generalized social trust plays in various theories of American society, recent evidence of its low levels among younger people portends ominous changes in American civic life. Using survey data collectedfrom high school seniors over the last 20 years, this paper examines the origins of social trust among young people and the causes of change in beliefs about trust over time. Such changes could not be accounted for by the explanations for declining trust offered in other accounts of social capital. An alternative explanation, based on the theoretical accounts ofAlexis de Tocqueville and Emile Durkheim, is that materialistic values may be undermining young people's views about the trustworthiness of others. Both aggregate time series correlations and an individual-level model show that the rapid rise of materialistic value orientations that occurred among American youth in the 1970s and 1980s severely eroded levels of social trust. The paper concludes with some observations about the likely trajectory ofAmerican democracy, given the kinds of trends observed in the youth data.
Teams without Uniforms: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections

The use of a nonpartisan ballot was one of the many Progressive reforms introduced around the turn of the century that is still heavily used today. The intent of the change to a nonpartisan format was, and still is, to remove party cues from a voter's decision, thereby causing the voter to seek out other information about a candidate. This study seeks to examine the effects of nonpartisan elections on patterns of voter decisionmaking. We examine the structure of electoral choice in partisan and nonpartisan elections at the state and local levels using paired comparisons and interrupted time series. Using precinct and district level voting data, we compare mayoral races in the sister cities of Champaign and Urbana (IL) and state legislative elections in Nebraska and Kansas. In addition, we examine the city of Asheville (NC) during its change from partisan to nonpartisan elections in the early 1990s and state legislative elections in Minnesota during its change from nonpartisan to partisan contests in the e...
Breaking of isospin symmetry in theories with a dynamical Higgs mechanism

The sensitivity of physical amplitudes to the observed isospin-symmetry breaking in the fermion mass matrix is analyzed in theories where the electroweak symmetry is dynamically broken. As a first step toward discussing dynamical theories in a model-independent way, we consider a strongly interacting Higgs theory. The nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model coupled to an SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) Yang-Mills theory and to fermions is used to generate the low-dimensional operators induced by the quantum theory. The strengths of these operators, in particular those that break isospin symmetry, are estimated using the Higgs-boson mass of the linear \ensuremath{\sigma} model as a regulator. Technicolor models are next considered as a specific example of the strong-interaction physics which leads to electroweak symmetry breaking. Emphasis is placed on the effective four-fermion interactions that are natural partners of those which give mass to the ordinary fermions. New sources of isospin-symmetry breaking are found; in particular there is one which contributes directly to the \ensuremath{\rho} parameter with strength that is linear in the effective Yukawa coupling of the heaviest ordinary fermion. This effect is qualitatively different from the quadratic dependence found in Higgs theories.
SIMPLE HIGH-PRESSURE CELL FOR NEUTRON SCATTERING

A high‐pressure cell, capable of 8 kbar, is developed for neutron scattering. It can be used with ILL type orange cryostats to obtain a temperature as low as 1.5 K. The simple seal design described here can easily be adopted to other high‐pressure applications.
Probing the Solar Wind Acceleration Region Using Spectroscopic Techniques

Measurements of the intensities and profiles of UV and EUV spectral lines can provide a powerful tool for probing the physical conditions in the solar corona out to 8R ⊙ and beyond. We discuss here how measurements of spectral line radiation in conjunction with measurements of the white light K-corona can provide information on electron, proton and ion temperatures and velocity distribution functions; densities; chemical abundances and mass flow velocities. Because of the fundamental importance of such information, we provide a comprehensive review of the formation of coronal resonance line radiation, with particular emphasis on the H I Lα line, and discuss observational considerations such as requirements for rejection of stray light and effects of emission from the geocorona and interplanetary dust. Finally, we summarize some results of coronal H I Lα and white light observations acquired on sounding rocket flights.
Implementation of a robotic depalletizing cell

This case study describes the application of robots to an agricultural depalletizing operation. Discusses the reasons for adopting robotics, the requirements of the application and the resulting system performance.
Gravimetric determination of indium by benzenephosphonic acid

Results are presented for the quantitative determination of indium by benzenephosphonate precipitation. The precipitation is carried out between pH 2 and 4 and the results are reproducible. Because of the interference of several ions indium is preferably separated prior to its precipitation.
Outcome of children with low-grade cerebellar astrocytoma: long-term complications and quality of life

Objects To study the long-term outcome of surgically treated low-grade cerebellar astrocytomas in children.
Effect of adiabatic co-planar extension surfaces on wind-related solar-collector heat transfer coefficients

The heat transfer response to framing the thermally active cover surface of a flat plate solar collector with adiabatic co-planar extension surfaces has been investigated by wind tunnel experiments. Various framing patterns were employed (leading edge and/or trailing edge and/or side edge framing), along with frames of different width. The experiments were performed for various angles of inclination of the plate surface relative to the oncoming airstream and for a range of Reynolds numbers. It was found that the wind-related heat transfer coefficients can be substantially lower when the collector is framed than when it is unframed. An estimate of the possible reduction of the average heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from the equation h/h +- = (L/sub c//L/sub f/)/sup 1/2/, where h and h +- respectively denote the coefficients in the presence and in the absence of the frame. The quantity L/sub c/ is a dimension that is characteristic of the thermally active area of the cover surface, while L/sub f/ is a characteristic of the outer edges of the frame. With respect to the reduction of the heat transfer coefficient, framing along the side edges appears to be more beneficial than framing along the leading and trailingmore » edges, as is framing along the trailing edge compared with framing along the leading edge.« less
Teratogenic effects on the neuroepithelium of the CD‐1 mouse embryo exposed in utero to sodium valproate

A causal association has now been recognized between the use of the anticonvulsant drug sodium valproate during pregnancy and the increased incidence of spina bifida in the human population. The objective of this study was to investigate the teratogenic effects of sodium valproate on the cephalic 1) neuroepithelium, 2) extracellular matrix, and 3) embryonic protein content in the CD-1 mouse embryo. Nulliparous female CD-1 mice were dosed intraperitoneally on day 8 of gestation with 340 mg/kg of sodium valproate. On day 10 of gestation, females were killed by cervical dislocation, and all live embryos were assigned to one of the following groups and processed accordingly for: 1) head measurements, 2) scanning electron microscopy, 3) total protein determination, 4) two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 5) immunohistochemistry, and 6) light microscopy. Exposure to sodium valproate at the selected dosage resulted in a 30% incidence of neural tube defects in the cranial region of these embryos. Treated embryos showed a significant reduction in head size, indicating a drug-induced microcephaly. No major differences were seen in the total embryonic protein patterns between control and treated embryos. Immunoreactivity to laminin and fibronectin showed a similar distribution in control and treated embryos except in the vasculature pattern of the hindbrain neuroepithelium. The neuroepithelium of the treated embryos showed marked disorganization when it was examined histologically, particularly in the forebrain region. Cells were disoriented, and there was a noticeable loss of intercellular adhesion in the juxtaluminal region. Increased cellular blebbing was apparent at the ependymal surface, and large protrusions of cells were seen invading the neural tube lumen. The lumen was distorted in shape and frequently contained blood cells. Irregularities and gaps were observed in the underlying basal lamina. These results suggest that treatment with sodium valproate during a critical time in neurogenesis in the CD-1 mouse embryo alters the normal architecture of the neuroepithelium, with a loss of integrity at both the basal and apical surfaces. The alterations seen in the neuroepithelium at any of these sites in this animal model could help explain the increased incidence of spina bifida seen in children of epileptic mothers receiving sodium valproate.
Galactose metabolism: phenotypic differences among tissues of a patient with congenital galactosaemia.

IT has recently been reported that two patients who had the characteristic syndrome of congenital galactosaemia as infants, and who lack gal-1-P uridyl transferase in their red blood cells, are nevertheless able to oxidize galactose-1-14C to 14CO2 in vivo in a near-normal fashion1. It is therefore apparent that some tissues within these individuals must be capable of metabolizing galactose. Further studies on one of these subjects (T. B.), a 30-year-old Negro who was the first case of galactosaemia reported in the American literature2, have inquired into possible tissue differences with respect to the presence or absence of the metabolic derangement typical of galactosaemia.
A map of peace and conflict studies in U.S. Undergraduate colleges and universities

Colleges and universities continue to explore avenues for making curriculum relevant for students and responsive to world events and societal changes. Peace studies and conflict resolution are increasingly seen as approaches that can be taken to achieve these objectives at the undergraduate level. This article provides a succinct overview of curriculum strategies at the programmatic level. The Inter-American Summit on Conflict Resolution Education provided an opportunity to explore approaches that are being used in all educational sectors to advance peace and conflict approaches.
Functional imaging with FENSI: Flow-enhanced signal intensity

Flow measurement methods for functional MRI (fMRI) are desirable as they are more closely tied to neuronal activity than the commonly used blood oxygenation techniques. In this work we introduce a flow-based functional imaging method. The method, called flow enhancement of signal intensity (FENSI), is an extension of the diffusion enhancement of signal and resolution (DESIRE) method from MR microscopy. The FENSI method offers a localized flow-weighted signal across a very thin slice (0.4 mm in this study) that provides a signal enhancement that is dependent on the velocity and direction of the flow. The FENSI method was implemented on a human 3 T system and applied to a blocked visual cognitive task. Activation maps showed good localization and the measured signal changes of around 10% were in good agreement with the predicted enhancements. Magn Reson Med 58:396–401, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple views of an executable software specification language

Abstract The front end of the software life cycle has been identified as critical in the development of software systems. The development of precise, concise, and unambiguous software specifications is the important link in the front end of the software life cycle. Executable software specification languages have been developed for prototyping as a means of demonstrating functionality. The executable specifications can serve to validate end-user needs. In addition, the executable specifications can also serve as the standard for activities downstream in the software life cycle, e.g., design validation, test data generation, and software enhancements. The iterative development process puts stringent requirements on the usability of the tools and techniques in the front end of the software life cycle. The DESCARTES specification language and support software were developed to address these issues. The DESCARTES language is a simple yet powerful approach to the specification of software systems. A language processor with an abstract execution facility allows for execution of partial through complete DESCARTES specifications. This article discusses the usability of DESCARTES in the context of evaluation criteria proposed by several specification language developers. Presented here are approaches to enhance usability in terms of providing multiple views and editing of DESCARTES specifications and using these views in an integrated fashion. Textual, graphical, and Nassi-Shneiderman representations are described for DESCARTES specifications. The DESCARTES Visual Support Environment is presented as the means for providing the multiple views.
Atomic Structures of $$ [0\bar{1}10] $$ Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in Hexagonal Close-Packed (hcp) Crystals

Molecular dynamics simulation and interface defect theory are used to determine the relaxed equilibrium atomic structures of symmetric tilt grain boundaries (STGBs) in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystals with a $$ [0\bar{1}10] $$ tilt axis. STGBs of all possible rotation angles θ from 0 deg to 90 deg are found to have an ordered atomic structure. They correspond either to a coherent, defect-free boundary or to a tilt wall containing an array of distinct and discrete intrinsic grain boundary dislocations (GBDs). The STGBs adopt one of six base structures, $$ P_{B}^{(i)} $$ , i = 1, …, 6, and the Burgers vector of the GBDs is related to the interplanar spacing of the base structure on which it lies. The base structures correspond to the basal plane (θ = 0 deg, $$ P_{B}^{(1)} $$ ); one of four minimum-energy, coherent boundaries, $$ (\bar{2}111),\;(\bar{2}112),\;(\bar{2}114) $$ , and $$ (\bar{2}116)\;\left( {P_{B}^{(2)} - P_{B}^{(5)} } \right) $$ ; and the $$ \left( {11\bar{2}0} \right) $$ plane (θ = 90 deg, $$ P_{B}^{(6)} $$ ). Based on these features, STGBs can be classified into one of six possible structural sets, wherein STGBs belonging to the same set i contain the same base boundary structure $$ P_{B}^{(i)} $$ and an array of GBDs with the same Burgers vector $$ b_{\text{GB}}^{(i)} $$ , which vary only in spacing and sign with θ. This classification is shown to apply to both Mg and Ti, two metals with different c/a ratios and employing different interatomic potentials in simulation. We use a simple model to forecast the misorientation range of each set for hcp crystals of general c/a ratio, the predictions of which are shown to agree well with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for Mg and Ti.
Oblique shock-sound interaction at a freestream Mach number of about20 in helium.

Detailed experimental measurements of the characteristics and level of pre- and postshock disturbances obtained for typical disturbance modes and shock angles are presented to aid in the evaluation of transition studies conducted in 'noisy' hypersonic wind tunnels. The presented data suggest that the shock is probably generating total temperature fluctuations in a fashion directly related to shock strength. Since in high supersonic and hypersonic flows the total temperature fluctuations are mainly contained in velocity fluctuations, it may be concluded that the predominant disturbances generated are vorticity as long as the postshock flow is at a sufficiently high Mach number.-
Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390 – James M. Murray

In this study the author sets out to explore the fourteenth‐century social and economic evolution that transformed Bruges into the international commercial and economic center of northern Europe.Ja...
Prevalence of axial spondylarthritis in the United States: estimates from a cross-sectional survey.

Objective The US national prevalence of spondylarthritis (SpA) was estimated for 2 published sets of classification criteria: the Amor criteria and the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) criteria. These 2 SpA criteria sets have been the most widely utilized in previous population-based studies of SpA. Methods The US SpA prevalence estimates were based on a representative sample of 5,013 US adults ages 20–69 years who were examined in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2010. Results The overall age-adjusted prevalence of definite and probable SpA by the Amor criteria was 0.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.7–1.1%), corresponding to an estimated 1.7 million persons (95% CI 1.4–2.1 million persons). The age-adjusted prevalence of SpA by the ESSG criteria was 1.4% (95% CI 1.0–1.9%), corresponding to an estimated 2.7 million persons (95% CI 1.9–3.7 million persons). There were no statistically significant sex differences in SpA prevalence. The SpA prevalence among non-Hispanic white persons was 1.0% (95% CI 0.7–1.5%) by the Amor criteria and 1.5% (95% CI 1.0–2.3%) by the ESSG criteria. SpA prevalence could not be reliably estimated in other race/ethnicity subgroups due to sample size imitations. Conclusion The SpA prevalence estimates are in the range of SpA prevalence estimates reported elsewhere in population-based surveys and it is likely that SpA may affect up to 1% of US adults, a prevalence similar to that reported for rheumatoid arthritis. The current US SpA prevalence estimates may be lower than the true value because the NHANES 2009–2010 data collection did not capture a complete set of the elements specified in the 2 SpA criteria sets.
Stereotyped personality trait ratings of concrete and “typical” stimulus persons

Male and female subjects provided ratings of personality traits for students pictured in a large set of facial photographs. Each photograph was rated on each of eight traits. Trait ratings were also provided for subjects’ impressions of “typical” male and female college students. Male and female subjects did not differ in their ratings of photographs or of typical students. Sex of the picture (and of the typical student) did reliably influence the ratings for several traits. Certain groups of traits appeared to form intercorrelated clusters, suggesting the operation of a halo effect.
Translationally invariant density

Translationally invariant nuclear density is derived from the shell model one-body densities by removing their spurious $0\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ center-of-mass (c.m.) motion component. This paves the way to utilizing the ab initio no-core shell-model (NCSM) nuclear structure in folding approaches to optical potentials. As an illustration, the $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ diagonal and transitional densities are calculated from the NCSM wave functions obtained using the CD-Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential in the $10\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ basis space. A particularly significant impact of the exact removal of the spurious c.m. motion is found for the spin-orbit part of the optical potential proportional to the derivative of the nuclear density.
Using map algebra to determine the mesoscale distribution of invasive plants: the case of Celastrus orbiculatus in Southern Illinois, USA

Since its introduction into North America in the late 19th century, Celastrus orbiculatus (Thumb.) has become a serious ecological threat to native ecosystems. Development of a method to accurately map the occurrence of invasive plants, including C. orbiculatus, would greatly assist in their assessment and control. Using an innovative map regression model, we predicted 85% of presence and absence of C. orbiculatus within our study area. We identify environmental characteristics associated with C. orbiculatus and demonstrate the use of this information to predict occurrence of C. orbiculatus across a broad area in Southern Illinois, USA. Presence and absence information were obtained at sample points within discrete areas of C. orbiculatus occurrence. Forest cover, elevation, slope gradient and aspect, soil pH and texture, distance to nearest road, and potential annual direct incident radiation were recorded for invaded and adjacent non-invaded areas. Presence of oak, elevation, slope gradient, soil pH, soil texture, and distance to road were significant factors associated with the presence or absence of C. orbiculatus. Probability of occurrence of C. orbiculatus was highest on gently sloping interfluves with successional forest canopy not dominated by oak, and less acidic, mesic soil. A logistic regression model was developed and extrapolated over a raster GIS data layer using map algebra to predict current invasion throughout the study area. The model correctly predicted at least 85% occurrence of C. orbiculatus. When combined with logistic regression, map algebra is a potentially powerful tool for evaluating the spatial distribution of invasive plants provided sound statistical principles are applied in extrapolating validated regression models.
Structure of the adducts of lithium dimethylcuprate to acetylenic esters: Spectroscopical proof for the presence of copper allenolates

Abstract The 13C NMR spectra of the adducts of Me2CuLi to acetylenic esters RCCCO2Me (R = H, Me, Et) were obtained in diethyl ether and THF between −100° and −60°C. Comparison with model compounds shows that these adducts possess copper allenolate structures.
Structural instability of uniaxially compressed α-quartz

Abstract We report a molecular dynamics simulation study of stress–strain response of single crystal α-quartz under uniaxial compression using the interatomic potential of van Beest et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 1955]. The results at 1073 K shows an abrupt onset of large deformation of 14 GPa and subsequent time-dependent evolution of an “amorphous” structure with near-planar character. We regard this to be a lattice instability leading to structural failure, to be distinguished from a similar instability observed under hydrostatic loading which results in a phase change. The simulation results allow us to suggest new interpretations of experimental observations with regard to the formation of thin zones of isotropic (glassy) material along faults and a possible mechanism for planar fracture.
Bowel obstruction in elderly ovarian cancer patients: A population-based study

Abstract Purpose Bowel obstruction is a common pre-terminal event in abdominal/pelvic cancer that has mainly been described in small single-institution studies. We used a large, population-based database to investigate the incidence, management, and outcomes of obstruction in ovarian cancer patients. Patients and methods We identified patients with stages IC–IV ovarian cancer, aged 65years or older, in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database diagnosed between January 1, 1991 and December 31, 2005. We modeled predictors of inpatient hospitalization for bowel obstruction after cancer diagnosis, categorized management of obstruction, and analyzed the associations between treatment for obstruction and outcomes. Results Of 8607 women with ovarian cancer, 1518 (17.6%) were hospitalized for obstruction subsequent to cancer diagnosis. Obstruction at cancer diagnosis (HR=2.17, 95%CI: 1.86–2.52) and mucinous tumor histology (HR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.15–1.83) were associated with increased risk of subsequent obstruction. Surgical management of obstruction was associated with lower 30-day mortality (13.4% in women managed surgically vs. 20.2% in women managed non-surgically), but equivalent survival after 30days and equivalent rates of post-obstruction chemotherapy. Median post-obstruction survival was 382days in women with obstructions of adhesive origin and 93days in others. Conclusion In this large-scale, population-based assessment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer, nearly 20% of women developed bowel obstruction after cancer diagnosis. While obstruction due to adhesions did not signal the end of life, all other obstructions were pre-terminal events for the majority of patients regardless of treatment.
Percutaneous Drainage of Abdominal and Pelvic Abscesses in Children

It has only been in the last several decades that abscesses within deep compartments, particularly within the abdomen and pelvis, have become safely accessible with imaging guidance. Since that time, percutaneous abscess drainage has become the standard of care in children. We review the clinical features, diagnosis, and image-guided management of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in children.
Integrated Traffic Simulation-Statistical Analysis Framework for Online Prediction of Freeway Travel Time

This paper introduces a novel approach to the online short-term prediction of point-to-point freeway travel time, combining statistical forecasting techniques with traffic simulation. At every freeway entrance point, a time series analysis model based on traffic detector counts is used to predict traffic demands, whose flow through the freeway segment is simulated by a cell transmission model. This procedure, applied within a rolling-horizon framework, generates online travel time predictions consistent with traffic flow theory. Experimental results obtained from synthetic data strongly suggest that the estimates obtained with this methodology are robust and accurate. For a wide range of congestion conditions and freeway segment lengths, more than half of the predictions errors were found to be smaller than 15%. Moreover, 80% of these errors fell below 40 s when the actual travel times ranged between 3 and 10 min. Further analyses of the model sensitivity to traffic detector coverage revealed that detecto...
Schottky barrier effects on the electrical properties of the BiNbO2Bi system

Transport and dielectric properties of polycrystalline NbO2 are studied in the MIM configuration as a function of the applied field, frequency, and temperature. I—U—T characteristics show the existence of a Schottky barrier of heigh 1.2 eV, which is higher than the observed thermal activation energy, 0.48 eV. Measurements of capacitance and ac conductance indicate that the experimental results may be satisfactorily explained by the MIM model with Schottky barriers at both metal-insulator interfaces. The functional dependences of the derived parameters such as loss tangent, real and imaginary part of dielectric constant, and Cole-Cole plots are also in agreement with the above model. Deviation from this model is observed when the Schottky barrier resistance Rsc becomes smaller than bulk resistance Rb. For this case the Debye or the modified Debye dielectric dispersion model is found to be applicable. Die Transport- und dielektrischen Eigenschaften von polykristallinem NbO2 werden in der MIM-Konfiguration als Funktion des angelegten Feldes, der Frequenz und Temperatur untersucht. I—U—T-Charakteristiken zeigen die Existenz einer Schottky-Barriere mit der Hohe 1,2 eV, die hoher ist als die beobachtete thermische Aktivierungsenergie von 0,48 eV. Messungen der Kapazitanz und der Wechselstromleitfahigkeit zeigen, das die experimentellen Ergebnisse befriedigend durch das MIM-Modell mit Schottky-Barrieren an beiden Metall—Isolator-Grenzflachen beschrieben werden konnen. Die funktionelle Abhangigkeit der abgeleiteten Parameter, wie Verlustwinkel, Real- und Imaginarteil der Dielektrizitatskonstante und Cole-Cole-Diagramme befinden sich mit dem obigen Modell ebenfalls in Ubereinstimmung. Abweichungen von diesem Modell werden beobachtet, wenn der Widerstand der Schottky-Barriere Rsc kleiner wird als der volumenwiderstand Rb. Fur diesen Fall wird gefunden, das das Debye- oder modifizierte Debye-Modell der dielektrischen Dispersion anwendbar ist.
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF SILANOLS ON CARBAMATE-FUNCTIONALIZED SURFACE ASSEMBLIES : MONOALKOXY VERSUS TRIALKOXY SILANES

Aminosilanes were protected with benzyloxylcarbonyl succinimidyl ester (CBZ-SE) in solution, forming carbamates. Investigations of surface assemblies made of CBZ-protected aminosilanes were done using XPS, contact angle measurements, and an amine reactive fluorescent probe. Spontaneous loss of the protection group was observed and determined to be caused by the catalytic effect of silanols from both the surface and the assembling silanes. The use of CBZ-protected monoalkoxy, which require days to assemble, as opposed to di- and trialkoxy silanes which require only hours, mitigated the deprotection.
Disarticulations and Commodity Chains: Cattle, Coca, and Capital Accumulation along Colombia's Agricultural Frontier:

In this paper I take up Jennifer Bair and Marion Werner's call for a commodity-chains analysis which is sensitive to particular places and articulated–disarticulated modes of capital accumulation. The analytical fix is on the Lower and Middle Caguan area of Colombia, explaining how the region became articulated into (and disarticulated from) three distinct commodity chains: a domestic cattle commodity chain (1960s until the late 1970s), a global coca commodity chain (late 1970s to the late 1990s), and a global cattle commodity chain (1990s to the present). In doing so, I find that the articulation of the region into each commodity chain rests critically upon the actions of the state and/or state-like forms of political intervention which are an attempt to rectify the class contradictions associated with the particular modes of capital accumulation associated with that chain. The region's articulation into the domestic ‘hides and meat’ chain rested upon an exclusionary developmental state, its articulation...
The Co-Influence of the Natural, Built, and Linguistic Landscape: Indexing Security.

This study examines physical aspects of place and how such visible aspects work to index a discourse of insecurity, including an insider–outsider binary, particularly through security signs in the linguistic landscape (LL). Our main focus is the relationship between policy and the uses of written language that appear in the LL in different census tracts in Palm Springs, California. Data includes community demographic and discourse data, geographical information systems maps, and comprehensive photography of the three census tracts, which include contiguous low income, middle-income, and high-income tracts. Findings demonstrate that the discourse of insecurity is indexed differently in each of the tracts as explicit and implicit policies are enacted in the LL based in the way that residents in each tract reproduce a discourse of insecurity. Implications include the effects that these different ways of indexing the discourse of insecurity through the LL may have on social inequality.
Gammer Gurton's Cat of Sorrows

AbstractThe cat Gib in Gammer Gurton's Needle participates in a tradition of cat‐abuse that originates in pagan charms and is assimilated to medieval Catholicism in the forms of witch‐lore and calendar festivity. This same body of tradition enters the field of Reformation polemic as evidence of Catholic superstition, and it is in this capacity that it appears in Gammer Gurton's Needle. Similar Protestant appropriations of cat‐abuse may be found in early modern English historical records and related Reformation satirical works such as William Baldwin's Beware the Cat. (B.B.)
Computational Study of the Mechanisms for the Reaction of O2(3Σg) with Aromatic Radicals

The potential energy surface (PES) of the C6H5• + O2(3Σg) reaction has been studied using the B3LYP method. Several pathways were considered following the formation of the phenylperoxy (C6H5OO•) radical. At low temperatures (T < 432 K), the lowest energy pathway was found to go through a dioxiranyl radical. Scission of the O−O bond to form the phenoxy (C6H5O•) radical and O(3P) atom is more favorable at higher temperatures. Transition state structures for several steps in the decomposition of the phenylperoxy radical are presented to augment the C6H5• + O2 PES. For the heteroatomic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals, such as pyridine, furan, and thiophene, only minima on the PES are calculated in analogy with the intermediates obtained for the reaction of phenyl radical with O2. One important result of the proposed decomposition mechanism is that subsequent rearrangements of the heteroatomic aromatic hydrocarbon peroxy radicals (Ar−OO•) are likely to yield intermediates that are of atmospheric interest.
Effect of disk roughness on slider dynamics

The effect of roughness on the static and dynamic behavior of a taper flat slider on particulate disks of varying roughness and a much smoother thin-film disk has been measured, using a capacitance technique. The results are compared to the behavior modeled for a perfectly smooth disk. The data on the thin-film disk agree very well with the modeling results, but significant differences are observed for the rougher particulate disks. The trailing-edge resting height at zero velocity is higher on rougher disks. At low velocities, the frequency of the normal air bearing mode on the particulate disks is significantly higher than on the thin-film disk. At higher disk velocities, the air bearing mode on the particulate disks is at a lower frequency than on the thin-film disk. This implies that the disk roughness makes the slider fly at an effectively higher flying height at these disk velocities. At low disk velocities the increase in the frequency of the air bearing mode could be due to disk asperity contacts. >
Prevention science, drug abuse prevention, and Life Skills Training: Comments on the state of the science

There has been tremendous growth in the field of prevention science over the past two decades. The defining features of contemporary prevention science are high quality empirical research using rigorous and well-established scientific methods, careful hyphothesis testing, and the systematic accumulation of knowledge. One area where substantial progress has been made is in our understanding of the etiology and prevention of tobacoo, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse. In this paper, we review the growth in prevention as a scientific enterprise, discuss advances in drug abuse prevention research, and review the effectiveness of one approach to the problem of adolescent drug abuse, the Life Skills Traning (LST) program, and the methodological strengths of the LST evaluation research. In addition, we provide a response to criticism regarding two types of data analysis in evaluation research, and show that these analyses can help address a number of important research questions with implications for theory and practice. First, the analysis of high fidelity subsamples can address research questions about the importance of program implementation fidelity; and second, composite measures of concurrent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use (i.e., polydrug use) are useful in testing research questions about program effects on more serious levels of drug involvement. With an increasing number of ramdomized controlled trials underway, the field of prevention science is contributing to a new generation of evidence-based approaches and policies that, if widely utilized, offer the potential of reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with a number of major health and social problems.
Imaging with rotating slit apertures and rotating collimators.

The statistical quality of conventional nuclear medical imagery is limited by the small signal collect through low‐efficiency conventional apertures. Coded‐aperture imaging overcomes this by employing a two‐step process in which the object is first efficiently detected as an ‘‘encoded’’ form which does not resemble the object, and then filtered (or ‘‘decoded’’) to form an image. We present here the imaging properties of a class of time‐modulated coded apertures which, unlike most coded apertures, encode p r o j e c t i o n s of the object rather than the object itself. These coded apertures can reconstruct a volume object nontomographically, tomographically (one plane focused), or three‐dimensionally. We describe a new decoding algorithm that reconstructs the object from its planar projections. Results of noise calculations are given, and the noise performance of these coded‐aperture systems is compared to that of conventional counterparts. A hybrid slit‐pinhole system which combines the imaging advantages of a rotating slit and a pinhole is described. A new scintillation detector which accurately measures the position of an event in one dimension only is presented, and its use in our coded‐aperture system is outlined. Finally, results of imaging test objects and animals are given.
Communication Infrastructure Theory and Entertainment-Education: An Integrative Model for Health Communication

This article suggests a hybrid model for entertainment-education, where the integrated activation of communication channels across different levels of influence can increase the reach and effectiveness of entertainment-education campaigns. The synergy between communication infrastructure theory (CIT) and entertainment-education offers a systematic, integrated and collaborative approach to augment campaign exposure, and represents a promising way to reach at-risk communities with critical health messages. By taking advantage of micro-, meso- and macrolevel opportunities to improve campaign reach, as described in this model, entertainment-education producers can capitalize on the interconnected storytelling network upon which their target communities rely for the fulfillment of their everyday goals.
Soluble Aβ Promotes Wild-Type Tau Pathology In Vivo

Growing evidence suggests that soluble Aβ species can drive Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis by inducing a cascade of events including tau hyperphosphorylation, proteasome impairment, and synaptic dysfunction. However, these studies have relied largely on in vitro approaches to examine the role of soluble Aβ in AD. In particular, it remains unknown whether soluble Aβ oligomers can facilitate the development of human wild-type tau pathology in vivo. To address this question, we developed a novel transgenic model that expresses low levels of APP with the Arctic familial AD mutation to enhance soluble Aβ oligomer formation in conjunction with wild-type human tau. Using a genetic approach, we show that reduction of β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) in these ArcTau mice decreases soluble Aβ oligomers, rescues cognition, and, more importantly, reduces tau accumulation and phosphorylation. Notably, BACE reduction decreases the postsynaptic mislocalization of tau in ArcTau mice and reduces the association between NMDA receptors and PSD-95. These studies provide critical in vivo evidence for a strong mechanistic link between soluble Aβ, wild-type tau, and synaptic pathology.
‘Global Resistance, Interdisciplinary Dialogue, and Critical Cosmopolitanism’

‘Global Resistance, Interdisciplinary Dialogue, and Critical Cosmopolitanism’, Revathi Krishnaswamy and John C. Hawley. eds. 2007. The Postcolonial and the Global. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 240pp. ISBN 9780802091901. David Jefferess. 2007. Postcolonial Resistance: Culture, Liberation, and Transformation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 329 pp. ISBN 9780816646098.
Transactivation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene by Kruppel-like Factor 6 Regulates Apoptosis during Influenza A Virus Infection

Influenza A virus (flu) is a respiratory tract pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality among the human population. NO is a cellular mediator involved in tissue damage through its apoptosis of target cells and resulting enhancement of local inflammation. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is involved in the production of NO following infection. Although NO is a key player in the development of exaggerated lung disease during flu infection, the underlying mechanism, including the role of NO in apoptosis during infection, has not been reported. Similarly, the mechanism of iNOS gene induction during flu infection is not well defined in terms of the host transactivator(s) required for iNOS gene expression. In the current study, we identified Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) as a critical transcription factor essential for iNOS gene expression during flu infection. We also underscored the requirement for iNOS in inducing apoptosis during infection. KLF6 gene silencing in human lung epithelial cells resulted in the drastic loss of NO production, iNOS promoter-specific luciferase activity, and expression of iNOS mRNA following flu infection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed a direct interaction of KLF6 with iNOS promoter during in vitro and in vivo flu infection of human lung cells and mouse respiratory tract, respectively. A significant reduction in flu-mediated apoptosis was noted in KLF6-silenced cells, cells treated with iNOS inhibitor, and primary murine macrophages derived from iNOS knockout mice. A similar reduction in apoptosis was noted in the lungs following intratracheal flu infection of iNOS knockout mice.
Force and deflection modeling of IPMC fingers

This paper utilizes a FEA (Finite Element Analysis) model to determine the change in performance that results from varying the size and shape of multiple IPMC (Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite) fingers. Unlike earlier IPMC models that predicted only deflection, this effort predicts both deflection and force. Modeling these different fingers, we are able to determine the tip deflection and force output which can then be verified experimentally. A 7 mm × 17 mm finger was modeled and determined to have a deflection of 1.44 mm and force of 2.61 mN, while the experimental data was determined to be 1.4 mm and 2.0 mN, respectively. The model had an error of 2.77% deflection and 23.37% force. Another triangular finger was also modeled in a similar fashion.
Hydrodynamic Model of Steady Movement of a Solid / Liquid / Fluid Contact Line

Abstract Movement of the contact line over a solid surface violates the adherence, or “no slip,” boundary condition which is otherwise obeyed by flowing liquids. A flat fluid interface moving steadily over a flat solid is modeled with the creeping flow approximation, which turns out to be self-consistent. Adherence is required except at the contact line itself. Though the velocity field appears to be realistic, stresses and viscous dissipation are found to increase without bound at the contact line. The way the hydrodynamic model breaks down suggests that in reality there may be steep gradients, rheological anomalies, and discontinuous processes around the contact line. Slip and the role of long-range forces are explored with the aid of the lubrication flow approximation.