cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive phenotyping of neuropsychiatric traits in a multiplex 3q29 deletion family: a case report

3q29 deletion syndrome is associated with a range of medical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric phenotypes. The deletion is usually de novo but cases have been reported where the deletion is inherited from apparently unaffected parents. The presence of these unaffected or mildly affected individuals suggests there may be an ascertainment bias for severely affected cases of 3q29 deletion syndrome, thus the more deleterious consequence of the 3q29 deletion may be overestimated. However, a substantial fraction of 3q29 deletion syndrome morbidity is due to psychiatric illness. In many case reports, probands and transmitting parents are not systematically evaluated for psychiatric traits. Here we report results from a systematic phenotyping protocol for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric traits applied to all 3q29 deletion carriers in a multiplex family. Through the 3q29 registry at Emory University, a multiplex family was identified where three offspring had a paternally inherited 3q29 deletion. We evaluated all 4 3q29 deletion family members using our previously described standardized, systematic phenotyping protocol. The transmitting parent reported no psychiatric history, however upon evaluation he was discovered to meet criteria for multiple psychiatric diagnoses including previously undiagnosed schizoaffective disorder. All four 3q29 deletion individuals in the pedigree had multiple psychiatric diagnoses that interfered with quality of life and prohibited successful academic and occupational functioning. Cognitive ability for all individuals was average or below average, but within the normal range. This is the first case report of inherited 3q29 deletion syndrome where all affected individuals in the pedigree have been comprehensively and systematically evaluated for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric symptoms, using a standard battery of normed instruments administered by expert clinicians. Our investigation reveals that individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome may have psychiatric morbidity that is debilitating, but only apparent through specialized evaluation by an expert. In the absence of appropriate evaluation, individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome may suffer from psychiatric illness but lack avenues for access to care. The individuals evaluated here all have cognition in the normal range alongside multiple psychiatric diagnoses each, suggesting that cognitive ability alone is not a representative proxy for 3q29 deletion-associated disability. These results require replication in a larger cohort of individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome.
A Simple Framework for Uncertainty in Contrastive Learning

Contrastive approaches to representation learning have recently shown great promise. In contrast to generative approaches, these contrastive models learn a deterministic encoder with no notion of uncertainty or confidence. In this paper, we introduce a simple approach based on "contrasting distributions" that learns to assign uncertainty for pretrained contrastive representations. In particular, we train a deep network from a representation to a distribution in representation space, whose variance can be used as a measure of confidence. In our experiments, we show that this deep uncertainty model can be used (1) to visually interpret model behavior, (2) to detect new noise in the input to deployed models, (3) to detect anomalies, where we outperform 10 baseline methods across 11 tasks with improvements of up to 14% absolute, and (4) to classify out-of-distribution examples where our fully unsupervised model is competitive with supervised methods.
Design and implementation of a real-time digital signal processing system using PIC24 microcontroller and wireless GUI control

In this paper, a real-time Digital Signal Processing (DSP) system is designed and implemented by using a PIC24 microcontroller circuit and a C# GUI application running on PC. The wireless communication between the PIC24 subsystem and the GUI subsystem is implemented via Bluetooth modules on the subsystems. The DSP system first digitises an input square signal of a certain frequency through an on-chip ADC of PIC24 microcontroller, then uses different FIR digital filters to extract certain harmonics of the input signal, and outputs it as a sinusoidal signal to an on-chip DAC as well as sends the sampled data and filtered data over Bluetooth to the GUI. The GUI, besides plotting the input and output wave forms, can provide a means of controlling all functionalities of the system through a developed communication protocol. The design and implementation for the proposed DSP system are successfully demonstrated by experimental results. The hardware and software co-design method can be extended to other industrial applications and used as a good paradigm of engineering education for college students.
Mindfulness and Silent Sitting in the Classroom

Resilience and the application of the Sathya Sai Education in Human Values Program (SSEHV) to the phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST) were discussed at length in Chap. 5. In this chapter, we examine the concept of mindfulness as a type of silent sitting and provide practical tools and resources for creatively integrating mindfulness into Grades K–12 and college classrooms. The purpose of this chapter is to provide specific techniques to help hone students’ attention and focus and to model creative use of activities to increase opportunities for mindfulness in the classroom.
Disproportionate multimorbidity among veterans in middle age.

Background Little is known about the prevalence of multimorbidity among middle-aged veterans. Multimorbidity holds implications for planning for a population with high health care utilization, poor quality of life and marked need for interdisciplinary care. Methods The current study used the US 2017 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System to measure multimorbidity in three ways: (1) reporting two or more health conditions, (2) reporting two or more conditions controlling for demographic characteristics (e.g. income) and health risk behaviors (e.g. smoking) and (3) a weighted index using health-related quality of life. Results After age 25, veterans' risk for multimorbidity increased across all age groups. The increased odds of reporting multimorbidity was highest when comparing veterans aged 35-44 to non-veterans of the same ages. Veterans aged 35-44 are 50% (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16, 1.94) to 80% (AOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.46, 2.23) more likely to report multimorbidity when compared with same aged non-veterans. Conclusions Younger veterans may benefit from comprehensive interdisciplinary services to aid in the treatment of multiple medical conditions. Failure to account for the impact of chronic conditions on quality of life may lead to an underestimate of the health care needs of veterans across the lifespan.
Geometric Scaling of a 4.2 K Gifford-McMahon Refrigerator

An approach is presented to increase the cooling power of small regenerative cycle cryogenic refrigerators (cryocoolers). While several researchers have demonstrated Gifford-McMahon refrigerators capable of producing 0.5W of cooling at 4.2K, the U.S. Navy is interested in several applications, including mine countermeasures and electric ship propulsion, that have cryogenic refrigeration requirements of several times that amount. These applications are the impetus for scaling the existing 0.5W, 4.2K Gifford-McMahon refrigerators to a size where they can produce more cooling power. The approach is to properly increase the size of the various components based on the basic thermodynamic processes involved and the known performance of the present systems. This scaling method allows the estimation of increased compressor requirements as well as other important parameters. A new larger refrigerator, 1.5W at 4.2K, has been designed and operated. Test results ofthat refrigerator are presented.
Teacher Aides: Selection and Training

The teacher aide in the classroom is becoming more and more a permanent fixture of the educational setting. Schools offering individualized programs and specializing in "humanized" curriculum rest their existence upon the extra pair of hands, the second set of ears. But, as the case may be, the teacher aide does not simply materialize, trained and ready to function smoothly in the classroom. Additionally, the classroom teacher is often totally unprepared to organize this new "pair-of-hands" in an efficient manner. Nothing in the educational preparation of a teacher requires that they know how to organize subordinate instructional employees. There are several important areas to consider in establishing teacher aide programs:
Object individuation and event mapping: developmental changes in infants' use of featural information

The present research examined the development of 4.5- to 7.5-month-old infants’ ability to map different-features occlusion events using a simplified event-mapping task. In this task, infants saw a different-features (i.e. egg-column) event followed by a display containing either one object or two objects. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed infants’ ability to judge whether the eggcolumn event was consistent with a subsequent one-column display. Experiments 3 and 4 examined infants’ ability to judge whether the objects seen in the egg-column event and those seen in a subsequent display were consistent in their featural composition. At 7.5 and 5.5 months, but not at 4.5 months, the infants successfully mapped the egg-column event onto the onecolumn display. However, the 7.5- and 5.5-month-olds differed in whether they mapped the featural properties of those objects. Whereas the 7.5-month-olds responded as if they expected to see two specific objects, an egg and a column, in the final display the 5.5-month-olds responded as if they simply expected to see ‘two objects’. Additional results revealed, however, that when spatiotemporal information specified the presence of two objects, 5.5-month-olds succeeded at tagging the objects as being featurally distinct, although they still failed to attach more specific information about what those differences were. Reasons for why the younger infants had difficulty integrating featural information into their object representations were discussed.
Posttranslational phosphorylation of lens fiber connexin46: A slow occurrence

Purpose. To study in both in situ and primary cultures the posttranslational phosphorylation of connexin46 (Cx46), one of two members of the connexin family of gap junction proteins expressed by lens fibers. Methods. Phosphatase digestion, gel electrophoresis, cell culture, organ culture, immunoprecipitation, metabolic labeling, and phosphoamino acid analysis were the methods used in this study. Results. Cx46 immunoprecipitated from either rat or bovine lenses resulted in a shift to a more rapidly migrating species. During rat embryonic development, the more rapidly migrating, nonphosphorylated form of Cx46 was prevalent at 15 days gestation; as development progressed, there was a loss of the nonphosphorylated form with a concomitant increase in the phosphorylated form, such that by 28 days after birth only the phosphorylated form was detectable. The rate of posttranslational phosphorylation was very slow compared to previously measured rates for connexin43. Primary cultures of rat embryonic lens epithelial cells, which contained differentiating lentoids, were labeled with 35 S-methionine and chased for 8 days. Very low levels of Cx46 were detectable, and none of this labeled material shifted to the slower mobility during the 8-day chase period. Similarly, in organ culture of bovine lenses, Cx46 could be labeled with 35 S-methionine, but the immunoprecipitated material remained in the rapidly migrating form for 1 week, the longest time measured. This immunoprecipitated material was shown to be serine-phosphorylated, which was insufficient to cause the electrophoretic mobility shift. Conclusions. There are low levels of Cx46 synthesis and phosphorylation in rat embryo lens primary cultures and a slow rate of phosphorylation of Cx46 in bovine organ cultures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:3558-3565.
Traumatic pneumatocele from a revolving restaurant.

Revolving restaurants and lounges are becoming very popular. Usually rotating at about one revolution per hour, their motion is inconspicuous. Distracted or inebriated adults or inattentive children may be caught by the progress of the moving parts. Two such incidents have occurred recently in Tampa, Florida. The case of one child is presented. CASE REPORT A 3-year-old boy was leaning out of a booth in a revolving restaurant when the motion of the floor compressed him between the booth and the stationary wall. The space between the end of the booth and the wall was 12.5 cm (Fig. 1). He was trapped until the rotation of the restaurant was stopped by turning off the motor and his father pulled him out, with considerable effort.
Cyclin B1 overexpression and resistance to radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Radiotherapy (RT) and surgery are the cornerstones in treating head and neck squamous cellcarcinoma (HNSCC). RT is effective in the initial treatment of early to intermediate stage HNSCC but less effective for locally advanced disease, some cases of which are best managed using the combination of surgery and RT. Although various clinical/pathologic parameters have been used to classify patients according to their likelihood of responding to RT, they have generally low predictive value. We have shown previously that cyclin B1 is associated with a poor clinical outcome in HNSCC patients. In this study, we investigate the potential role of cyclin B1 in assessing RT response in patients with HNSCC. Tumor specimens obtained from 80 patients participated in a prospective Phase III clinical trial addressing the dose and fractionation regimen of postoperative RT were analyzed for cyclin B1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Patients were classified according to currently accepted clinical/pathologic parameters into three risk groups, i.e ., low, intermediate, and high risk, and received surgery alone, surgery plus intermediate-dose RT, and surgery plus high-dose RT, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 4.9 years. Cyclin B1 overexpression was noted in 38 of the 80 (47%) HNSCC tumors. Interestingly, 11 of the 38 patients (29%) with cyclin B1-overexpressing tumors experienced local or nodal recurrence compared with only 3 of 42 patients (7%) having carcinomas with no or weak cyclin B1 expression ( P = 0.01). When locoregional control was used as the end point for the high-risk group, patients whose tumors showed cyclin B1 overexpression had a statistically significant higher tumor recurrence and metastasis compared with patients whose tumors showed no cyclin B1 overexpression ( P = 0.01). Our results indicate that tumors overexpressing cyclin B1 may be resistant to RT, and cyclin B1 may be an indicator of the risk of locoregional recurrence and metastasis in patients having HNSCC receiving RT.
Functional and Dysfunctional Sensorimotor Anatomy and Imaging

The sensorimotor system of the human brain and body is fundamental only in its central role in our daily lives. On further examination, it is a system with intricate and complex anatomical, physiological, and functional relationships. Sensorimotor areas including primary sensorimotor, premotor, supplementary motor, and higher order somatosensory cortices are critical for function and can be localized at routine neuroimaging with a familiarity of sulcal and gyral landmarks. Likewise, a thorough understanding of the functions and dysfunctions of these areas can empower the neuroradiologist and lead to superior imaging search patterns, diagnostic considerations, and patient care recommendations in daily clinical practice. Presurgical functional brain mapping of the sensorimotor system may be necessary in scenarios with distortion of anatomical landmarks, multiplanar localization, homunculus localization, congenital brain anomalies, informing diffusion tensor imaging interpretations, and localizing nonvisible targets.
Cowden syndrome: Recognizing and managing a not‐so‐rare hereditary cancer syndrome

Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome causing increased risk for breast, thyroid, renal, uterine, and other cancers as well as benign neoplasias and neurodevelopmental concerns. Timely diagnosis of affected patients is key, as early recognition allows for high-risk screening and other preventative measures prior to a patient enduring multiple cancer diagnoses. This review will highlight the cardinal features of CS and management recommendations for affected patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:125–130. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon Nanotubes and Nanocomposites for Electrical and Thermal Applications

The extraordinary electrical and thermal properties of individual carbon nanotubes have prompted predictions on their potentials for ultimately forming polymeric nanocomposites. A significant barrier for the predicted nanocomposites is the severe bundling and insolubility of carbon nanotubes. Chemical modification and functionalization have been demonstrated as being effective in the debundling and solubilization of carbon nanotubes for their homogeneous dispersion into polymer matrices for desired high-quality nanocomposites. More elegant is the approach to use polymers that are structurally identical or maximally similar to the matrix polymers in the nanotube functionalization to ensure full compatibility of the functionalized nanotubes with the corresponding polymer matrix. Several representative examples are presented, along with discussion on the benefits and issues concerning the polymeric nanocomposites thus obtained. For superior electrical properties, there is experimental evidence suggesting that the nanotube dispersion in the polymer matrix plays an important role. More promising is the use of separated metallic carbon nanotubes for a much enhanced performance in conductive nanocomposites and in related applications, such as transparent conductive films. For highly thermal conductive polymeric nanocomposites, on the other hand, the feasibility of using carbon nanotubes to achieve the desired performance has yet to be convincingly demonstrated experimentally. Nevertheless, the available results do suggest significant effects of the nanotube dispersion and alignment on thermal conductivities of the nanocomposites. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; polymeric nanocomposites; functionalization; matrix functionalization; dispersion; electrical conductivity; nanotube separation; metallic SWNTs; thermal conductivity; alignment
Politics in a State of Nature

Aristotle thought we are by nature political animals, but the state-of-nature tradition sees political society not as natural but as an artifice. For this tradition, political society can usefully be conceived as emerging from a pre-political state of nature by the exercise of innate normative powers. Those powers, together with the rest of our native normative endowment, both make possible the construction of the state, and place sharp limits on the state's just powers and prerogatives. A state-of-nature theory has three components. One is an account of the native normative endowment, or “NNE.” Two is an account of how the state is constructed using the tools included in the NNE. Three is an account of the state's resulting normative endowment, which includes a (purported) moral power to impose duties of obedience. State-of-nature theories disagree about the NNE. For Locke, it included a “natural executive right” to punish wrongdoing. Recent social scientific findings suggest a quite different NNE. Contrary to Locke, people do not behave in experimental settings as one would predict if they possessed a “natural executive right” to punish wrongdoing. Moral reproof is subject to standing norms. These norms limit the range of eligible reprovers. The social science can support two claims. One, is that the NNE is (as Aristotle held) already political. The other is that political authority can be re-conceived as a matter of standing—that is, as the state's unique moral permission coercively to enforce moral norms, rather than as a moral power to impose freestanding duties of obedience.
Two interconverting Fe( IV ) intermediates in aliphatic chlorination by the halogenase CytC3

Two interconverting Fe( IV ) intermediates in aliphatic chlorination by the halogenase CytC3
Open access: increased citations not guaranteed.

In their Brevia “Open access and global participation in science” (20 February, p. [1025][1]), J. A. Evans and J. Reimer report a small but significant citation effect (about 8%) that they attribute to free access to the scientific literature. However, Evans and Reimer only measure the effect of open access where publishing is concerned, such as when a journal makes articles freely available after a period of delay ([ 1 ][2]). They ignore other sources of open-access articles, such as when authors pay to make their articles freely available in subscription-access journals ([ 2 ][3]) or use self-archiving. In a randomized controlled trial of open-access publishing, we were unable to detect a citation advantage that could be attributed to access status, although we did observe that open-access articles received more article downloads from more visitors ([ 3 ][4]). 1. [↵][5] HighWire Press ( ). 2. [↵][6] 1. P. M. Davis , J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 60, 3 (2009). [OpenUrl][7][CrossRef][8] 3. [↵][9] 1. P. M. Davis 2. et al ., BMJ 337, a568 (2008). [OpenUrl][10][Abstract/FREE Full Text][11] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1154562 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ.%2BAm.%2BSoc.%2BInf.%2BSci.%2BTechnol.%26rft.volume%253D60%26rft.spage%253D3%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1002%252Fasi.20965%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1002/asi.20965&link_type=DOI [9]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [10]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DDavis%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BM%26rft.volume%253D337%26rft.issue%253Djul31_1%26rft.spage%253Da568%26rft.epage%253Da568%26rft.atitle%253DOpen%2Baccess%2Bpublishing%252C%2Barticle%2Bdownloads%252C%2Band%2Bcitations%253A%2Brandomised%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.a568%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18669565%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [11]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjE2OiIzMzcvanVsMzFfMS9hNTY4IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjQ6Ii9zY2kvMzI1LzU5MzgvMjY2LjEuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9
The “Neighborhood Effect” in International Politics

All International Politics Is Local: The Diffusion of Conflict, Integration, and Democratization. By Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. 280 pp., $47.50 (ISBN: 0-472-11267-8). International politics is intimately linked to geography. States are defined in terms of borders, and conflict often involves competing claims to territory. It is surprising, then, that modern social scientific studies of international conflict have shown relatively little interest in spatial variables, at least until recently. Political geography has been mostly the purview of geographers rather than political scientists. All International Politics Is Local by Kristian Skrede Gleditsch joins an important movement to bring geography into the quantitative analysis of international affairs. In the book, Gleditsch seeks to bring together three elements: the democratic peace proposition, secular trends toward democratization and interdependence, and theoretical insights such as Deutschian integration theory. What is unique about his approach is that he does all this within the setting of “political neighborhoods.” In short, he asserts that states exist in context with one another—geographically, politically, and economically—and that this setting cannot be ignored. What he achieves through his research is exciting, both because of the immediate insights gained and because of the future potential of his approach as part of international relations scholarship. All International Politics Is Local is organized into seven chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 discuss the empirical motivation for the project (namely, an interest in “zones of peace”), …
Marking arteries and catheters in x-ray fluoroscopy using morphological filtering

We present a method for marking objects of inte rest, such as catheters and arteries, in x-ray fluoroscopy images. The method uses morphological filtering with four oriented structuring elements. Results are illustrated on a phantom with and without added noise, and on a coronary artery image containing a catheter. The targeted application is x-ray fluoroscopy temporal filtering where this algorithm serves as a method to detect objects of interest. Other potential applications are artery tracking and roadmapping enhancement.
Pre-treatment social anxiety severity moderates the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction and aerobic exercise.

We examined whether social anxiety severity at pre-treatment would moderate the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) or aerobic exercise (AE) for generalized social anxiety disorder. MBSR and AE produced equivalent reductions in weekly social anxiety symptoms. Improvements were moderated by pre-treatment social anxiety severity. Practitioner points Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and aerobic exercise (AE) are effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety. Pre-treatment social anxiety severity can be used to inform treatment recommendations. Both MBSR and AE produced equivalent reductions in weekly levels of social anxiety symptoms. MBSR appears to be most effective for patients with lower pre-treatment social anxiety symptom severity. AE appears to be most effective for patients with higher pre-treatment social anxiety symptom severity.
Generalization of Murty's direct algorithm to linear and convex quadratic programming

Murty's algorithm for the linear complementarity problem is generalized to solve the optimality conditions for linear and convex quadratic programming problems with both equality and inequality constraints. An implementation is suggested which provides both efficiency and tight error control. Numerical experiments as well as field tests in various applications show favorable results.
Abstract PR-09: Low-fat diet reduces NF-κB regulated inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors in plasma of men with prostate cancer

Purpose: Diet and certain dietary supplements are postulated to influence the development and progression of prostate cancer. Angiogenesis and inflammation are central to tumor growth and progression, but the effect of diet on these processes remains uncertain. Procedure: We examined changes in 50 plasma cytokines and angiogenic factors (CAFs) in 145 men with prostate cancer enrolled in a pre-operative, randomized controlled phase-II trial with four arms: control (usual diet); low-fat (LF) diet; flaxseed-supplemented (FS) diet; and flaxseed-supplemented, low-fat diet. The mean duration of dietary intervention was 30 days. While two CAFS changed significantly in the FS arm (eotaxin and IL-16), 11 CAFs, including proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], stromal-cell derived-1α) and myeloid factors (granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage-colony-stimulating factor) changed significantly in the LF arm compared to controls with virtually all of these factors decreasing. Results: Significant decreases in body mass index occurred in the LF arms and correlated with VEGF decreases (P Conclusions: Low-fat diets may reduce levels of specific inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors via the NF-κB mediated pathway. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):PR-09.
The Effect of Food Type and Training on the Ability of Students to Estimate Food Portion Sizes

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify the differences in estimation accuracy for solid, liquid, and amorphous foods following a 15-minute training on food portion sizes The study investigated the influences of the three food types (solid, liquid, and amorphous) and training on the accuracy of food portion size estimations. A separate-sample pretest-posttest research design was used. The sample of 63 college students between the ages of 17 and 21 years was randomly divided into an untrained and a trained group. The untrained group completed an evaluation where they identified the amounts of nine foods, while the trained group received a 15-minute training on estimating food portion sizes prior to an identical evaluation. The results of the analyses of variance indicate that training had a significant effect on the accuracy of estimation (p=.006) . Following the 15-minute training, accuracy of estimation for solid and liquid foods significanly improved (p=.001 and .025 respectively) while training appeared to have no significant impact on the portion size estimations for amorphous foods (p=.420) . Errors in food portion size estimation vary as a result of food type and training. Increased knowledge on how the factors affect estimation is vital in order for dietitians to improve current training methods for patients on portion-controlled diets.
Motile chondrocytes from newborn calf: migration properties and synthesis of collagen II.

Abstract Objective : To determine whether differentiated chondrocytes are motile. Design : Calf articular chondrocytes isolated from six animals were cultured in spinner flasks and removed on days 3 and 7. Boyden chamber assays and time-lapse videomicroscopy were performed to monitor and quantify cell migration. A novel method for selectively harvesting and metabolically labeling the migrated cells was developed, based on cell movement to the underside of the Boyden chamber membranes. The 3 H-collagen synthesized by these cells was purified and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography either before or after cyanogen bromide cleavage. Results : In Boyden chambers, locomotion of day 3 chondrocytes on fibronectin-coated membranes was ∼3-fold higher than on bovine serum albumin-coated controls (39±15 vs 12±8cells/mm 2 , respectively ( P =0.005)). Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I, 10ng/ml) was chemotactic, increasing motility to 87±16 cells/mm − (difference from fibronectin alone: P =0.0003). A similar response was observed for day 7 cells, but IGF-I activation was not as pronounced ( P =0.055). The collagen patterns produced by the migrated cells closely resembled those of standard collagen type II, without any evidence of collagen I production. In videotracking experiments, motile cells attached on fibronectin exhibited typical lamellipodia and filopodia, and ∼30% of attached cells were motile (speed >1μm/h and directional persistence >1h). Typical cell path lengths were 30–50μm, substantially greater than a full cell length displacement. Conclusion : A population of well-differentiated chondrocytes capable of matrix (COL II) synthesis are motile in vitro . This original finding opens new avenues to study the potential of motile cells for cartilage repair.
Blood group antigen expression in the rat colon II. Modulation by dietary ethanol consumption.

In the accompanying article, we established that in the rat distal colon expression of H, B, and Leb blood group antigens by goblet cells is phenotypically fetal in nature. Because of the cocarcinogenic property of ethanol, the present study examined the effects of dietary ethanol consumption, fasting, and withdrawal on the expression of these antigens in the adult rat colon. To that effect, male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed ethanol-containing or control Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets for 3 weeks. The effects of ethanol withdrawal were studied in rats fed the ethanol-containing diet for 3 weeks followed by the control diet for 1 , 3, and 6 days. In rats fed the control diet, no antigen expression in the distal colon was observed, as expected. Ethanol feeding for 3 weeks resulted in a striking reappearance of H, B, and Leb antigens in goblet cells of the distal colon. In colonic crypts, a lower-to-upper crypt gradient of increasing numbers of positive goblet cells was present, suggesting that the induction of antigen expression paralleled the differentiation of goblet cells. After an overnight fast, the number of positive cells was significantly decreased. Withdrawal of ethanol for 1 day further decreased the number of positive goblet cells. The decrease was reflected by a downward shift in the number of positive cells per crypt column, which was more striking in the lower and mid-crypt segments than in the upper segment, suggesting that antigen expression was more labile in immature differentiating goblet cells than in mature ones. No antigen staining of goblet cells was detected after 3 and 6 days of ethanol withdrawal. Hence, expression of H, B, and Leb antigens by goblet cells of the distal colon can be modulated by ethanol consumption. Expression in the distal colon of A and Lea antigens, which did not exhibit a fetal phenotype, was not affected by ethanol feeding. In conclusion, because of the oncofetal phenotype of H, B, and Leb antigens, their reappearance in the distal colon may serve as a cytochemical marker for early recognition of epithelial changes of the colon in ethanol-related cocarcinogenesis before more overt manifestations of neoplasia. Anat Rec 259:405–412, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simulation of Heat Flow During the Welding of Thin Plates

Based on the finite difference method and the enthalpy model of Shamsundar, a computer model was developed to describe the steady state, two-dimensional heat flow during the welding of thin plates. In order to allow accurate computations of the weld pool configuration, the size of the mushy zone and the temperature distribution near the heat source, a grid mesh of variable spacings was used. The heat of fusion, the size and distribution of the heat source, the temperature dependence of thermal properties, the heat conduction in the welding direction and the surface heat loss during welding were considered. The model was first checked with Rosenthal’s analytical solution of welding heat flow using pure aluminum for examples. Experimental results of 6061 aluminum, including the width of the fusion zone and the thermal cycles at positions in both the fusion and the heat affected zones, were then compared with the calculated results of the heat flow model. The agreement was very good. Finally, in order to demonstrate systematically the quantitative effect of welding parameters such as the heat input, the welding speed and the preheating of the workpiece, a series of computations were made based upon 6061 aluminum.
Statistical mechanics of dislocation systems

Abstract This paper discusses a number of issues related to the development of a physical theory of crystal plasticity based on the statistical mechanics modeling of the underlying dislocation system.
Primary radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma

Radiotherapy has recently been recognized as the treatment of choice for most primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM). Radiotherapy is incorporated into the treatment of non optic nerve sheath meningiomas for unresectable or subtotally resected tumors. Most primary ONSM are not surgically approachable without a high risk of visual deterioration. Radiotherapy has been found to prevent or delay tumor growth for the majority of patients and improve vision in some. We review the rational and current methods of the use of radiotherapy for these tumors.
A Method for Relating Multiple Newspaper Articles by Using Graphs, and Its Application to Webcasting

This paper describes methods for relating (threading) multiple newspaper articles, and for visualizing various characteristics of them by using a directed graph. A set of articles is represented by a set of word vectors, and the similarity between the vectors is then calculated. The graph is constructed from the similarity matrix. By applying some constraints on the chronological ordering of articles, an efficient threading algorithm that runs in O(n) time (where n is the number of articles) is obtained. The constructed graph is visualized with words that represent the topics of the threads, and words that represent new information in each article. The threading technique is suitable for Webcasting (push) applications. A threading server determines relationships among articles from various news sources, and creates files containing their threading information. This information is represented in eXtended Markup Language (XML), and can be visualized on most Web browsers. The XML-based representation and a current prototype are described in this paper.
Living Motion as Label-Free Imaging Contrast in Three-Dimensional Tissue-Based Drug Screening

Motility contrast imaging (MCI) detects sub-cellular motion in living tissue as a fully endogenous imaging contrast agent. Three-dimensional imaging assays of anti-mitotic cancer drugs have extracted label-free functional signatures in tumors for the first time.
Patterns of fight interference in free-ranging rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys occasionally break up fights among conspecifics and this phenomenon may be called “interference.” The present study describes the patterns of interference in a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys and evaluates the effect of this behavior onMacaca mulatta social organization. Data were collected at Cayo Santiago. Strong sexual differences were found in the patterning of interference behavior. Females tended to help victims of aggression and animals from the interferer's own genealogy, especially juveniles. In addition, females were likely to interfere as subordinate to the target animal. Natal and non-natal males oriented toward unrelated adult females and generally only interfered in fights if dominant to the target animal. Further, the males helped victims of aggression significantly less often than females did. Contrary to expectation, the dominant males were noteworthy neither for the quantity nor the effect of their interference. In general, the findings reinforce the notion that females are the stable and central part of a rhesus monkey social group. The findings also suggest that interference plays a role in the maintenance of group stability and cohesion.
Comparative effectiveness of surfactant preparations in premature infants.

Objective To compare effectiveness of 3 surfactant preparations (beractant, calfactant, and poractant alfa) in premature infants for preventing 3 outcomes: (1) air leak syndromes; (2) death; and (3) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death (composite outcome). Study design We conducted a comparative effectiveness study of premature infants admitted to 322 neonatal intensive care units in the US from 2005-2010 who were treated with beractant, calfactant, or poractant alfa. We compared the incidence of air leak syndromes, death, and BPD or death, adjusting for gestational age (GA), antenatal steroids, discharge year, and small for GA status. Results A total of 51 282 infants received surfactant; 40% received beractant, 30% calfactant, and 30% poractant alfa. Median birth weight was 1435 g (IQR 966-2065); median GA was 30 weeks (27-33). On adjusted analysis, we observed a similar risk of air leak syndromes (calfactant vs beractant OR = 1.17 [95% CI: 0.95, 1.43]; calfactant vs poractant OR = 1.23 [0.98, 1.56]; beractant vs poractant OR = 1.06 [0.87, 1.29]), death (calfactant vs beractant OR = 1.14 [0.93, 1.39]; calfactant vs poractant OR = 0.98 [0.78, 1.23]; beractant vs poractant OR = 0.86 [0.72, 1.04]), and BPD or death (calfactant vs beractant OR = 1.08 [0.93, 1.26]; calfactant vs poractant OR = 1.19 [1.00, 1.41]; beractant vs poractant OR = 1.10 [0.96, 1.27]). Conclusions Beractant, calfactant, and poractant alfa demonstrated similar effectiveness in prevention of air leak syndromes, death, and BPD or death in premature infants when adjusted for site. Previously described differences in mortality between surfactants likely do not represent true differences in effectiveness but may relate to site variation in outcomes.
Incomplete thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on tumor proliferation

Abstract Introduction Local recurrence after thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common, problematic, and poorly understood. The continued effects of the heat sink around major vessels have been hypothesized to increase local ablation failure and possibly enhance the growth of the incompletely ablated malignancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the critical temperature to which incomplete ablation would occur. Methods Established murine (Hep-6L), rodent (Hep-4IIE), and human (Hep-G2) HCC cells were cultivated and then exposed to variable 2° temperatures from 37°C–54°C and incubated at 37°C for 72 h. After incubation, 3-(4, 5-dimthyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays were used to measure proliferation, metabolic activity, and apoptosis. Results Reliable cell death occurred in all three cell lines by microscopy and MTT assay after treatment at temperatures above 48°C. However, in the 72 h after treatment, we observed successive recovery or maintenance of cellular proliferation at each time endpoint at ≤47°C. This effect was present across all cell lines at 45°C, and was most pronounced in the Hep-6L and Hep-4IIE cell lines ( P P Conclusions Cellular proliferation and resistance to apoptosis are significantly increased after incomplete thermal ablation, with a 2° difference in complete versus incomplete ablation.
Exercise as a Nonpharmacologic Intervention in Patients with Heart Failure

For patients with heart failure (HF), dyspnea and fatigue resulting in diminished exercise tolerance are among the main factors that contribute to decreased social and physical functioning and quality of life. There has long been evidence to suggest that measures of cardiac function, such as ejection fraction and cardiac output, only poorly correlate with a patient's exercise capacity, indicating the involvement of factors other than those impacting central circulation. The lack of a close correlation between central hemodynamics and exercise tolerance has led to investigations into alterations in the periphery, such as abnormalities in vascular endothelial function, hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, and changes in structure and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, which are commonly seen in patients with HF. Over the past 2 decades, numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial impact of exercise training on skeletal muscle energy metabolism, vascular function, and ventilatory capacity, which correlate with improvements in exercise tolerance, hospitalization rates, and quality of life of patients with HF. In accordance with recent guidelines established by the leading cardiology societies in the United States and Europe, physicians are urged to emphasize exercise training for all clinically stable patients with HF using individualized protocols that feature early mobilization after acute exacerbations of the disease and gradual increases in intensity.
Synthesis and evaluation of a bromine-76-labeled PPARγ antagonist 2-bromo-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide

Peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma (PPARgamma) binds to peroxisome receptor response elements with its heterodimeric partner, retinoid X receptor, and regulates downstream gene expression. PPARgamma transcriptionally modulates fat metabolism, and receptor agonists have been developed to treat type II diabetes. PPARgamma is also overexpressed in some tumor cell lines and primary tumors, including breast and prostate tumors. Two PPARgamma antagonists, 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (GW9662) and 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-pyridin-4-yl-benzamide (T0070907), represent good lead compounds for radiotracer development. In the current study, four additional halogen substituted analogs were synthesized and evaluated in a whole cell screening assay for PPARgamma binding activity. Two bromine-containing analogs having EC50 values <5 nM were chosen for bromine-76 radiolabeling. Bromine-76-labeled 2-bromo-5-nitro-N-phenyl-benzamide was selected for subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies due to its superior radiolabeling yield (approximately 70%) and the well-characterized pharmacological properties of its analog GW9662. An in vitro stability study showed that 40% of the compound remained intact in plasma and about 25% in whole blood after 30 min. Biodistribution studies in MDA-MB-435 human breast tumor-bearing nude mice were carried out at 5 min, 30 min, 2 h and 24 h post injection of the radiotracer. Although in vivo metabolite studies demonstrated rapid compound degradation, at least 10% of the parent compound was delivered to the tumor. We are currently exploring second generation analogs of these lead compounds for the development of radiolabeled antagonists of the PPARgamma receptor.
Pulse radiolysis conductivity measurements in aqueous solutions with nanosecond time resolution(1)

Abstract A d.c.-conductivity apparatus is described which allows high precision time resolved conductometric measurements to be made beginning ∼ 7 ns after a fast electrom pulse over a pH range from 3 to 11.5. A time resolution of 1.8 ns has been achieved by using a new type of cell made of glassy carbon and improved detection electronics. A rate constant of k = 1.2×10 11 M -1 s -1 has been determined for the neutralization reaction H + + OH - →H 2 O at pH = 10.64.
Accreditation and student assessment in distance education: why we all need to pay attention

Distance Education (D.E.) is changing fundamental debates about academic integrity and rigor. The role of teaching and learning is being discussed with respect to both accreditation and student assessment. Evidence suggests that popular methods of student assessment in D.E. differ little from traditional methods. Studies of cheating in D.E. show that perceptions do not match reality. Accrediting agencies are grappling with an inherent educational paradigm shift. Beliefs about professional autonomy and academic freedom may be affected. Computer Scientists are in a unique position to understand the implications of this technology-driven debate. We need to educate ourselves about these issues and make our voices heard.
A note on positive dependence im multivariate distributioms

I counterexample is presented to the result by Alam and Malleolus asserting that if Y is stochastically increasing in a random vector X, then Y is stochastically increasing in a subvector of X. Their result concerning m*-positive dependence, whose proof relies on the erroneous result, is still true.