cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiogenic Function of Prostacyclin Biosynthesis in Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells

The role of prostaglandin production in the control of regenerative function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has not been studied. We hypothesized that activation of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymatic activity and the subsequent production of prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is an important mechanism responsible for the regenerative function of EPCs. In the present study, we detected high levels of COX-1 protein expression and PGI(2) biosynthesis in human EPCs outgrown from blood mononuclear cells. Expression of COX-2 protein was almost undetectable under basal conditions but significantly elevated after treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Condition medium derived from EPCs hyperpolarized human coronary artery smooth muscle cells, similar to the effect of the PGI(2) analog iloprost. The proliferation and in vitro tube formation by EPCs were inhibited by the COX inhibitor indomethacin or by genetic inactivation of COX-1 or PGI(2) synthase with small interfering (si)RNA. Impaired tube formation and cell proliferation induced by inactivation of COX-1 were rescued by the treatment with iloprost or the selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)delta agonist GW501516 but not by the selective PGI(2) receptor agonist cicaprost. Downregulation of PPARdelta by siRNA also reduced angiogenic capacity of EPCs. Iloprost failed to reverse PPARdelta siRNA-induced impairment of angiogenesis. Furthermore, transfection of PGI(2) synthase siRNA, COX-1 siRNA, or PPARdelta siRNA into EPCs decreased the capillary formation in vivo after transplantation of human EPCs into the nude mice. These results suggest that activation of COX-1/PGI(2)/PPARdelta pathway is an important mechanism underlying proangiogenic function of EPCs.
Reperfusion rather than Ischemia drives the Formation of Ubiquitin Aggregates after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Background and Purpose—Cerebral ischemia leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. However, the factors triggering ubiquitination and their impact on the outcome of cerebral ischem...
Treatment of Childhood Migraine With Autogenic Training and Skin Temperature Biofeedback: A Component Analysis

Using a controlled group outcome design, skin temperature biofeedback with autogenic training and autogenic training only was compared to a waiting list as a treatment for childhood headache. Thirty children with migraine headaches, ages 7 to 18 years were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Statistical analyses of headache activity indicated that children in the treatment groups improved in headache frequency and duration but not intensity as compared to the waiting list control group. These findings were consistent through a 6 month follow-up. In terms of clinical improvement, 80% of the biofeedback group, 50% of the autogenics group, and none of the waiting list control group were symptom-free. These findings were discussed in relation to past childhood headache studies and implications for current treatment of children with headaches.
Comparison of two laser Doppler systems on the measurement of blood flow of premolar teeth under different pulpal conditions

An in vivo investigation was conducted to assess the ability of two laser Doppler flowmeters (DRT4, Moor Instruments Ltd; Laserflo BPM2, Vasamedics) to differentiate between vital pulp, ischaemically necrosed pulp, and an empty pulp chamber in premolar teeth in children. Sixteen intact, vital teeth in need of extraction for orthodontic purposes were identified. Laser Doppler blood flow readings were taken prior to (T1) and after the administration of adrenaline-free local anaesthetic (T2), after extraction and replantation of the teeth (T3), and after broaching the pulp tissue and replanting the teeth (T4). The data collected (flux values) for both instruments were analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA. Significant differences were found for vital pulp (T1, T2) versus ischaemically necrosed pulp (T3), and for vital pulp (T1, T2) versus an empty pulp chamber (T4), with the Moor DRT4 instrument. This instrument also detected a significant difference in pulpal blood flow to the vital pulp, before and after the administration of local anaesthetic. No other significant differences were found.
Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications:

The authors develop a measurement scale tapping Pine and Gilmore's (1999) four realms of experience that is applicable to lodging and, potentially, tourism research across various destinations. Focusing on the bed-and-breakfast industry, the authors conducted preliminary qualitative studies and a subsequent field survey to collect data from bed-and-breakfast owners and guests to develop and test a proposed model of experience economy concepts. The proposed measurement model includes four realms of experience and four theoretically justifiable nomological consequences. The data supported the dimensional structure of the four realms of experience, providing empirical evidence for both face and nomological validities of these realms and a starting point for measuring emerging experience economy concepts and practices within lodging and tourism settings. The authors discuss ways the measurement scale can be further refined for adoption by destination marketers and directions for future research.
Circle of Friends or Members of a Group? Sex Differences in Relational and Collective Attachment to Groups:

In the current investigation, we studied sex differences in belonging needs by exploring men's and women's attachment to groups. Previous work has shown that women's social needs tend to be express...
Modifications to the Cauchy–Born rule: Applications in the deformation of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract This paper presents a study of the Cauchy–Born (CB) rule as applied to the deformation analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that are modeled as 2-dimensional manifolds. The C–C bond vectors in the SWNT are assumed to deform according to the local deformation gradient as per the CB rule or a modified version thereof. Aspects of the CB rule related to spatial inhomogeneity of the deformation gradient at the atomic scale are investigated in the context of a specific class of extension–twist deformation problems. Analytic expressions are derived for the deformed bond lengths using the standard CB rule as well as modified versions of the standard CB rule. Since the deformation map is conveniently prescribed in this work, it is possible to compare the performance of these deformation rules with the exact solution (i.e. the exact analytic expression for the deformed bond vectors) given directly by the deformation map. This approach provides insights into the CB rule and its possible modifications for use in more complicated deformations where an explicit deformation map is not available. Specifically, it is concluded that in the case of inhomogeneous deformations at the atomic scale for which the CB rule is only approximate (as demonstrated in Section 1 of this paper), the mean value theorem in calculus can be used as a guide to modify the CB rule and construct a more rigorous and accurate atomistic–continuum connection. The deformed bond lengths are used to formulate an enriched continuum hyperelastic strain energy density function based on interatomic potentials (the multi-body Tersoff–Brenner [Tersoff, J., 1988. New empirical approach for the structure and energy of covalent systems. Phys. Rev. B 37, 6991–7000; Brenner, D.W., 1990. Empirical potential for hydrocarbons for use in simulating the chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. Phys. Rev. B 42, 9458–9471] empirical interatomic potential for carbon-carbon bonds is used in this work). The deformation map (and hence the deformation gradient, the bond vectors and the continuum strain energy density) contains certain parameters, some of which are imposed and others determined as a result of energy minimization in the standard variational formulation. Numerical results for kinematic coupling and binding energy per atom are presented in the case of imposed extension and twist deformations on representative chiral, zig-zag and armchair nanotubes using the CB rule and its modifications. These results are compared with the exact solution based on the deformation map which serves as a basis for evaluating the efficacy of these deformation rules. The ideas presented in this paper can also be directly extended to other lattices.
Constructing Kaleidoscopic Tiling Polygons in the Hyperbolic Plane

We have all seen many of the beautiful patterns obtained by tiling the hyperbolic plane H by repeated reflection in the sides of a "kaleidoscopic" polygon. Though there are such patterns on the sphere and the euclidean plane, these positively curved and fiat geometries lack the richness we see in the hyperbolic plane. Many of these patterns have been popularized by the beautiful art of M.C. Escher. For a list of references and a more complete discussion on the construction of artistic tilings see [6].
Cash Flow, Investment, and Hedging

Using a sample of SP to further controls for leverage, size, and diversification; and to controls for the endogeneity of the hedging decision. Finally, we find additional evidence supporting the effectiveness of hedging as indicated in the above model: hedgers reduce the volatility of net cash flow significantly more than non-hedgers.
Cardiac Cell Repair Therapy: A Clinical Perspective

From bone marrow transplants 5 decades ago to the most recent stem cell-derived organ transplants, regenerative medicine is increasingly recognized as an emerging core component of modern practice. In cardiovascular medicine, innovation in stem cell biology has created curative solutions for the treatment of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Multiple cell-based platforms have been developed, harnessing the regenerative potential of various natural and bioengineered sources. Clinical experience from the first 1000 patients (approximately) who have received stem cell therapy worldwide indicates a favorable safety profile with modest improvement in cardiac function and structural remodeling in the setting of acute myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure. Further investigation is required before early adoption and is ongoing. Broader application in practice will require continuous scientific advances to match each patient with the most effective reparative phenotype, while ensuring optimal cell delivery, dosing, and timing of intervention. An interdisciplinary effort across the scientific and clinical community within academia, biotechnology, and government will drive the successful realization of this next generation of therapeutic agents for the "broken" heart.
Does suppression of HBV replication by antiviral therapy confer the same benefit as host immune control of HBV

Approximately 50% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide is attributed to chronic HBV infection.1 Data from the population-based Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer-HBV REVEAL-HBV study showed that high levels of serum HBV DNA are associated with increased risk of cirrhosis, HCC and liver-related mortality.2 The REVEAL-HBV study also demonstrated that among hepatitis B surface antigen positive persons with high levels of HBV DNA at enrolment, the risk of HCC was lower in those who had decline in HBV DNA levels during follow-up compared with those with persistently high levels of HBV DNA. These data suggest that antiviral therapy may decrease the risk of HCC through suppression of HBV replication. There has been only one randomised controlled trial of nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) with HCC as one of the predefined outcomes.3 This study comparing lamivudine versus placebo was terminated after a median of 32.4 months (range 1–42 months) because a significant difference in the composite outcome of disease progression which included HCC was observed between the two groups. At the time of study termination, HCC had occurred in 3.9% of the lamivudine-treated group and 7.4% of the placebo group with a HR of 0.49, and 95% CI 0.25 to 0.99 (p=0.047); however, this difference was no longer significant when the five cases of HCC diagnosed during the 1st year were excluded (p=0.052). …
Freeze‐Drying of Mannitol–Trehalose–Sodium Chloride‐Based Formulations: The Impact of Annealing on Dry Layer Resistance to Mass Transfer and Cake Structure

The objective of this article was to study the mechanism by which annealing increases the primary drying time in mannitol-trehalose-sodium chloride-based formulations. The thermal events occurring during annealing and the glass transition of the frozen solutions were monitored with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Manometric temperature measurement was used to evaluate the dry layer resistances during primary drying. The morphologies of the freeze-dried cakes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degrees of crystallinity of mannitol and sodium chloride (NaCl) in freeze-dried cakes were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). DSC results indicated that annealing during freezing did not increase the glass transition temperature (Tg') significantly, but there was a distinct decrease of deltaCp at Tg' with annealing, suggesting a decrease in amorphous content. SEM revealed that most mannitol crystallized as the delta-form during annealing at -23 degrees C, and further crystallized as the alpha-form, together with NaCl crystallization, during subsequent annealing at -33 degrees C. The powder XRD results demonstrated that annealing caused crystal growth of mannitol and NaCl, and thus prevented the partial collapse observed without annealing. However, the highly crystallized mannitol blocked the pathways for water vapor escape, contributing to the increase in the dry layer resistance and thus the longer times for primary drying. Freeze-dried cakes without annealing had lower dry layer resistances because partial collapse created larger channels for water vapor escape. Therefore, two-step annealing in freezing makes mannitol-trehalose-sodium chloride-based formulations robust in freeze-drying, but annealing increases the dry layer resistances, thereby extending primary drying.
Medical and graduate students' attitudes toward personal genomics.

Purpose: Medical schools are being approached by direct-to-consumer genotyping companies about genotyping faculty or trainees as a method to “teach” them about the potential implications of genotyping. In thinking about the future incorporation of genotyping into a graduate level genetics course, the purpose of this study was 2-fold: first, to assess knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of students toward personal genomics as it related to themselves as both as customers and future physicians and as it related to consumers at large, and second, to determine the impact of the course (as taught without genotyping) on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Methods: We surveyed first-year medical students and graduate students before and after a core genetics course. Results: After the course, students were less likely to believe that genotyping information would be useful to physicians, patients, or consumers; genotyping would provide information to improve their own personal health; or personal genomic testing services are diagnostic of medical conditions. They were more likely to answer knowledge questions accurately after the course but still had difficulty with clinical interpretation. Despite these changes, a slight majority of students were, and remained, interested in undergoing genotyping themselves. Of note, the number who believed genotyping “would help them understand genetic concepts better than someone else's data” decreased. General curiosity was the most commonly chosen reason for interest in undergoing genotyping, and approximately 50% of respondents expressed concern about confidentiality of results. Conclusions: In conclusion, even without the genotyping process, an educational program about genotyping increased knowledge, particularly about the clinical limitations of genotyping, but student interest in genotyping did not significantly change. Institutions thinking about offering genotyping to their students as part of a learning experience should consider the pros and cons of doing so.
Sexual Conspecific Aggressive Response (SCAR): A Model of Sexual Trauma that Disrupts Maternal Learning and Plasticity in the Female Brain

Sexual aggression can disrupt processes related to learning as females emerge from puberty into young adulthood. To model these experiences in laboratory studies, we developed SCAR, which stands for Sexual Conspecific Aggressive Response. During puberty, a rodent female is paired daily for 30-min with a sexually-experienced adult male. During the SCAR experience, the male tracks the anogenital region of the female as she escapes from pins. Concentrations of the stress hormone corticosterone were significantly elevated during and after the experience. Moreover, females that were exposed to the adult male throughout puberty did not perform well during training with an associative learning task nor did they learn well to express maternal behaviors during maternal sensitization. Most females that were exposed to the adult male did not learn to care for offspring over the course of 17 days. Finally, females that did not express maternal behaviors retained fewer newly-generated cells in their hippocampus whereas those that did express maternal behaviors retained more cells, most of which would differentiate into neurons within weeks. Together these data support SCAR as a useful laboratory model for studying the potential consequences of sexual aggression and trauma for the female brain during puberty and young adulthood.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and the Need for a Novel Treatment to Prevent Kernicterus

Hyperbilirubinemia occurs frequently in newborns, and in severe cases can progress to kernicterus and permanent developmental disorders. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, one of the most common human enzymopathies, is a major risk factor for hyperbilirubinemia and greatly increases the risk of kernicterus even in the developed world. Therefore, a novel treatment for kernicterus is needed, especially for G6PD-deficient newborns. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of bilirubin toxicity in the brain. We propose that the activation of G6PD via a small molecule chaperone is a potential strategy to increase endogenous defense against bilirubin-induced oxidative stress and prevent kernicterus.
The Candidacies of U.S. Women of Color for Statewide Executive Office

Scholarship on women of color in electoral politics is expanding. However, the relationship between political parties and the candidacies of women of color has largely been overlooked. Drawing on insights from gender, race, and intersectionality research, I examine the status of women of color and analyze the role of parties in shaping their candidacies. I examine contests for statewide elective executive office from 2000 to 2012 with Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP) data. While women of color have made important inroads with respect to statewide officeholding, they remain underrepresented as candidates and officeholders in both parties.
GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

The aim of this research was to explore potential benefits and challenges of adopting green building rating system on a global level. A Building Information Modeling (BIM) of an illustrative building was developed and situated in different international locations with the goal of representing varying climate types, economic conditions and energy sources. The base BIM was individually changed to meet local codes, reasonable heating and cooling systems while in compliance with the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Life cycle environmental impacts related to energy use with electricity generation mix were calculated. Discrepancies were observed in the results between the different sites; with differences clearly increase with more diversified energy sources. Range of variation in equivalent CO2 emissions was over 10,000 ton for the same building and the same level of LEED certification. We explored the need for LEED to require buildings with higher environmental impacts to achieve higher levels of energy performance based on associated impacts.
Variation of Flow Control Configurations to Improve Submerged Inlet Uniformity

A ∞ow control study was initiated upon a generic submerged inlet to determine whether discrete blowing could be efiective in eliminating the boundary layer deflcit created in the throat and therefore the engine face. The throat was a rectangular area of 7.14 cm 2 , with the stream wise velocity of Mach 0.064, with a free stream velocity of Mach 0.039. Difierent mass ∞ow rates were applied to determine the quantity necessary to overcome the efiect of the boundary layer upon the inlet. Up to seven percent of the inlet mass ∞ow was injected to determine the mr necessary to overcome the boundary layer and wall spillage induced vortices. Discrete holes were injected at the head of the ramp in a manner in which the ∞ow was angled to follow the ramp. The holes directed the ∞ow parallel to the ramp and in another conflguration with a induced secondary angle to direct the ∞ow towards the sidewalls. The hole locations were also altered to be approximately one third of the way down the ramp, closer to the inlet. This was found to decrease the efiective amount of blowing required by a small amount, since the boundary layer was being disrupted and reset at this location. The growth would be less after the sluggish region had been energized and this should be re∞ected in the inlet proflle uniformity. Three-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was the investigative tool utilized in this test to determine the changes created by blowing upon the secondary velocity components and the origin of any improvements in the throat proflle. The downstream location, with the addition of the angled ∞ow towards the wall, provided the best results cutting the amount of mass addition required by two percent into the inlet to obtain the same results.
Optimal Investment Under Risk

The useful interplay of linear programming and probability theory forms the basis for an optimal strategy for a cautious investor.
Corporate Risk-Return Relations: Returns Variability Versus Downside Risk

This study tested a model of firm risk-return relations in which risk was conceptualized in terms of downside outcomes. Drawing on the behavioral theory of the firm, we developed a set of hypothese...
Quantum Oscillations in Magnetothermopower Measurements of the Topological Insulator Bi 2 Te 3

We report the magnetothermopower measurements of the nonmetallic topological insulator ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ in magnetic fields up to 35 T. Quantum oscillations arising from surface states are observed in both thermoelectric and conductivity tensors. The inferred surface thermopower has a peak magnitude $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mV}/\mathrm{K}$ possibly as a result of surface electron and bulk phonon interaction. At the $n=1$ Landau level, we resolve additional quantum oscillations signaling Landau sublevels.
Survey of reporting quality of hepatitis B infection in Haikou City in 2005

Objective To understand the report quality of hepatitis B infections and incidence,and offer basis for control of hep- atitis B.Methods The hepatitis B patients in seven synthetic hospitals in Haikou City in 2005 were surveyed based on national di- agnostic standard and the resuhs were checked with that of on-line infectious disease report network.Results There 508 patients were diagnosed ad hepatitis B cases and 273 eases were reported on the network with mistaken reporting rate of 47.99% (131/273). In 2005 there were 164 new hepatitis B cases including 137 males and 27 females and 22 missed with a rate of missing report of 13. 41%.Conclusion Mistaken reporl is the main cause of false high outbreak rate of hepatitis B in Haikou City.
Stress Distribution Laws of Bolt-mesh Supporting Roadway With Large Cross Section

Taking bolt and mesh supporting roadway with large cross section in Lu'an Mining Area as research object.The paper studies the influence of roadway's section size on roadway surrounding rock's stability by theoretical analysis.Meantime,it also researches surrounding rock stress distribution laws of coal roadway with FLAC2D,and the change laws of surrounding rock stress under situation of different bolt-mesh supporting parameters.The research result is that the range of stress reduced and shear deformation is growing by nonlinear with roadway cross increasing.Besides,the long bolt improves the stress of depth rock and reduces the distribution of shear deformation.At last,the paper provides technical scheme that takes high strength,high pretension and large reinforced area as core.
Cell-associated nonesterified fatty acid levels and their alteration during lipolysis in the isolated mouse adipose cell.

A rapid and flexible method has been developed for measuring cell-associated, probably intracellular, nonesterified fatty acids (CAFA) in isolated mouse adipose cells. A variety of lipolytic agents as well as various concentrations of epinephrine elevate CAFA levels in rough proportion to their stimulation of glycerol and fatty acid release. Insulin reduces epinephrine-elevated CAFA levels. A detailed, quantitative study of the relationship among lipolytic activity, CAFA levels, and the extracellular molar ratio of fatty acids to albumin has been carried out. Epinephrine-elevated CAFA levels rise linearly with, while epinephrine- stimulated lipolytic activity is independent of, fatty acid to albumin ratios below 2–3. As the ratio increases from 3 to 5, CAFA levels continue to increase, whereas lipolytic activity decreases. Above ratios of 5, fatty acid release almost completely ceases; CAFA levels increase dramatically with residual glycerol release. A temperature-dependent efflux of epinephrine-elevated CAFA can be elicited through blockade of stimulated lipolysis with propranolol, but only in the presence of extracellular fatty acid to albumin ratios below 3. These observations suggest that during stimulated lipolysis, a fatty acid gradient exists between the cell and extracellular serum albumin and that CAFA represent the intracellular component of this gradient. In addition, these observations support the concept that intracellular fatty acids play a role in the feedback regulation of adipose cell function as extracellular fatty acids accumulate during the lipolytic response.
A cellular high-throughput screening approach for therapeutic trans-cleaving ribozymes and RNAi against arbitrary mRNA disease targets.

Abstract Major bottlenecks in development of therapeutic post transcriptional gene silencing ( PTGS ) agents (e.g. ribozymes, RNA interference, antisense) include the challenge of mapping rare accessible regions of the mRNA target that are open for annealing and cleavage, testing and optimization of agents in human cells to identify lead agents, testing for cellular toxicity, and preclinical evaluation in appropriate animal models of disease. Methods for rapid and reliable cellular testing of PTGS agents are needed to identify potent lead candidates for optimization. Our goal was to develop a means of rapid assessment of many RNA agents to identify a lead candidate for a given mRNA associated with a disease state. We developed a rapid human cell-based screening platform to test efficacy of hammerhead ribozyme ( hhRz ) or RNA interference ( RNAi ) constructs, using a model retinal degeneration target, human rod opsin ( RHO) mRNA. The focus is on RNA Drug Discovery for diverse retinal degeneration targets. To validate the approach, candidate hhRzs were tested against NUH↓ cleavage sites (N = G,C,A,U; H = C,A,U) within the target mRNA of secreted alkaline phosphatase ( SEAP ), a model gene expression reporter, based upon in silico predictions of mRNA accessibility. HhRzs were embedded in a larger stable adenoviral VAI RNA scaffold for high cellular expression, cytoplasmic trafficking, and stability. Most hhRz expression plasmids exerted statistically significant knockdown of extracellular SEAP enzyme activity when readily assayed by a fluorescence enzyme assay intended for high throughput screening ( HTS ). Kinetics of PTGS knockdown of cellular targets is measureable in live cells with the SEAP reporter. The validated SEAP HTS platform was transposed to identify lead PTGS agents against a model hereditary retinal degeneration target, RHO mRNA. Two approaches were used to physically fuse the model retinal gene target mRNA to the SEAP reporter mRNA. The most expedient way to evaluate a large set of potential VAI-hhRz expression plasmids against diverse NUH↓ cleavage sites uses cultured human HEK293S cells stably expressing a dicistronic Target -IRES- SEAP target fusion mRNA. Broad utility of this rational RNA drug discovery approach is feasible for any ophthalmological disease-relevant mRNA targets and any disease mRNA targets in general. The approach will permit rank ordering of PTGS agents based on potency to identify a lead therapeutic compound for further optimization.
Feeding the pelican: using archival hard drives for cold storage racks

Microsoft's Pelican storage rack uses a new class of hard disk drive (HDD), known by vendors as archival class HDD. These HDDs are explicitly designed to store cooler and archival data, differing from existing HDDs by trading performance for cost. Our early Pelican experiences have helped some vendors define the particular characteristics of this class of drive. During the last twelve or so months we have gained considerable data on how these drives perform in Pelicans and in this paper we present data gathered from a test and a production environment. A key design choice for Pelican was to have only a small fraction of the HDDs concurrently spun up making Pelican a harsh environment to operate a HDD. We present data showing how the drives have been used, their power profile, their AFR, and conclude by discussing some issues for the future of these archive HDDs. As flash capacities increase eventually all HDDs will be archive class, so understanding their characteristics is of wide interest.
Enhancing the Coevolutionary Signal

Popular coevolutionary methods for predicting residue-residue contacts in 3D proteins structure from aligned sequences use an arbitrary cutoff to separate the signal from the noise. These methods, like GREMLIN and PSICOV, rely on a fixed cutoff value from a rank-sorted list of potential contacts. We show that by considering the local signal within the GREMLIN or PSICOV score matrix, we can increase both the accuracy and the number of correctly predicted contacts. Our approach uses a random forest classification scheme and reveals that even a simple Gaussian kernel can improve the contact prediction.
Philosophy of perception

Current philosophy of perception has its roots in the assumption of what is sometimes called “the Cartesian epistemological tradition”. These assumptions are: (1) That to understand what knowledge is one must understand what justified belief is; (2) That the justification of a person S’s belief in a contingent proposition is always at least partly constituted by S’s perceptual judgments (“I see that this is red”, “I hear that a dog is barking”, “I smell (that)the house (is) burning”, etc.); (3) That whenever S judges perceptually S has a sensory experience; (4) That S’s perceptual judgment derives its warrant at least partly from propositions about the accompanying sensory experience; (5) That these sensory propositions are self-warranted - They do not derive all of their warrant from other propositions. (This interpretation is defended in Firth [1] and critiqued in Pastin [2].) Current philosophy of perception has its roots in these assumptions in that it has developed from a series of attempts to defend, elaborate, or criticize some of these assumptions, particularly, assumptions (3) to (5).
Thermos/Vacuum-Insulated Bottles/Flasks

These are double lined flasks separated by a vacuum or other form of thermal insulation. Usually these units are small and intended to carry aliquots of liquid nitrogen (LN) adequate enough for a bud applicator to be dipped and transferred onto small or benign lesions. Examples are shown.
A SEVENTH-CENTURY INSCRIBED MINIATURE FLASK FROM COPAN FOUND AT TAZUMAL, EL SALVADOR

Late Classic interaction between Copan and western El Salvador has been archaeologically recognized in prestige items, monumental influences, and the common use of Copador ceramics. An inscribed flask excavated in 1952 in the main pyramid at Tazumal, El Salvador provides historical evidence for these ties. The flask is dedicated as the property of K'ahk' Uti' Witz' K'awiil (Copan Ruler 12), a long-lived seventh-century ruler who presided over the expansion of Copan's influence far outside of the Copan valley. The flask is the only hieroglyphic text from El Salvador naming a recognizable individual or that can be dated to an absolute calendrical span, one of only a few miniature Classic Maya vessels tagged with an individual's name, and the only one naming an ajaw (lord). The vessel's text, iconography, and context brings the political relationship between Copan and western El Salvador into sharper focus.
Mercury-free HID headlamps: glare and colour rendering

This study examined the potential effects of the spectral power distributions of mercury-free high-intensity discharge (HID) headlamps on discomfort glare for oncoming drivers and on colour rendering of retroreflective traffic materials. In both cases, the effects of mercury-free HID light sources were compared to the changes in these properties that occurred when the tungsten-halogen light sources were replaced with traditional (mercury containing) HID light sources. Specifically, the effect on discomfort glare was estimated by comparing the chromaticities of nine mercury-free light sources with the chromaticities of 17 traditional HID light sources. Similarly, the effects on colour rendering were estimated by comparing the chromaticities of seven red retroreflective materials (red being the most important messenger of meaning in traffic control) when illuminated by the mercury-free light sources with the chromaticities of the same materials when illuminated by the traditional HID light sources. The main findings are: (1) The discomfort glare from the mercury-free HIDs is predicted to be comparable to that from the 'bluest' of the traditional HIDs. (2) Colour rendering with headlamps using the mercury-free HIDs is likely to be acceptable. (3) The use of mercury-free HIDs is unlikely to have appreciable effects on the relative brightness of coloured retroreflective materials.(A)
A Sample-Efficient Black-Box Optimizer to Train Policies for Human-in-the-Loop Systems With User Preferences

We present a new algorithm for optimizing control policies for human-in-the-loop systems based on qualitative preference feedback. This method is especially applicable to systems such as lower limb prostheses and exoskeletons for which it is difficult to define an objective function, hard to identify a model, and costly to repeat hardware experiments. To solve these problems, we combine and extend an algorithm for learning from preferences and the Predictive Entropy Search Bayesian optimization method. The resulting algorithm, Predictive Entropy Search with Preferences (PES-P), solicits preferences between pairs of control parameter sets that optimally reduce the uncertainty in the distribution of objective function optima with the least number of experiments. We find that this algorithm outperforms the expected improvement method (EI), and random comparisons via Latin hypercubes (LH) in three simulation tests that range from optimizing randomly generated functions to tuning control parameters of linear systems and of a walking model. Furthermore, we find in a pilot study on the control of a robotic transfemoral prosthesis that PES-P finds good control parameters quickly and more consistently than EI or LH given real user preferences. The results suggest the proposed algorithm can help engineers optimize certain robotic systems more accurately, efficiently, and consistently.
Demographics, tumor characteristics, and survival in inflammatory breast cancer.

e12602 Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare form of breast cancer that makes up 1-6% of all breast cancers and has a median overall survival of less than 4 years. To identify pati...
A New Source Detection Algorithm Using the False-Discovery Rate

The false-discovery rate (FDR) method has recently been described by Miller et al., along with several examples of astrophysical applications. FDR is a new statistical procedure due to Benjamini & Hochberg for controlling the fraction of false positives when performing multiple hypothesis testing. The importance of this method to source detection algorithms is immediately clear. To explore the possibilities offered, we have developed a new task for performing source detection in radio telescope images, SFIND 2.0, which implements FDR. We compare SFIND 2.0 with two other source detection and measurement tasks, IMSAD and SExtractor, and comment on several issues arising from the nature of the correlation between nearby pixels and the necessary assumption of the null hypothesis. The strong suggestion is made that implementing FDR as a threshold-defining method in other existing source detection tasks is easy and worthwhile. We show that the constraint on the fraction of false detections as specified by FDR holds true even for highly correlated and realistic images. For the detection of true sources, which are complex combinations of source pixels, this constraint appears to be somewhat less strict. It is still reliable enough, however, for a priori estimates of the fraction of false source detections to be robust and realistic.
Community College Scientists and Salary Gap: Navigating Socioeconomic and Academic Stratification in the U.S. Higher Education System

More than 4 decades of research on community colleges has indicated that students who begin in these institutions realize lower levels of educational attainment than initial 4-year entrants. In terms of labor market outcomes, studies have overwhelmingly focused on comparing 2-year entrants to high school graduates who did not attend college. In contrast, this study concentrated on 2-year entrants who became scientists in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and compared their individual and professional characteristics and monetary compensation during a 10-year period to those of scientists who entered college in the 4-year sector. The data analyzed came from 2 National Science Foundation longitudinal and nationally representative samples of doctorate recipients. The analytic techniques relied on the instrumental variables approach for dynamic panel data and propensity score weighting. Findings consistently revealed that 2-year entrants came from lower-income backgrounds...
All Work And No Play Makes Jack A Dull Boy: The Case For Play At All Educational Levels

In this paper, the author explores the importance of play at various stages of literacy development and contends that play is an essential element of learning. The author begins by defining play an...
Applying Le Châtelier’s Principle To Model Strong Acid–Strong Base Titration

Le Châtelier’s principle is used as a basis to derive an expression to calculate solution pH during titrations that involve only strong acids and strong bases. Central to this model are the reaction quotient and a re-equilibration term that represents the extent of neutralization during a titration. Unlike the method traditionally taught to students to determine the pH of these acid–base mixtures, the expression obtained is exact and applies throughout the entire range of a titration curve without the need for modification or segmentation. The expression is the same as one that is obtainable using charge balance; however, the present derivation applies Le Châtelier’s principle instead, and therefore remains within the scope of a general chemistry curriculum. Instructors are then able to reinforce and deepen understanding of previously learned concepts in acid–base chemistry while connecting them to chemical equilibrium and titration curves.
Enantioenriched Molybdenum Dearomatization: Dissociative Substitution with Configurational Stability

The preparation and properties of the complex (RMo,R)-MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(η2-α-pinene) are described (∼10 g scale; DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine; Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate). This complex undergoes exchange of the pinene with a wide range of other π ligands including acetone, ethyl acetate, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and naphthalene. Treatment of the α-pinene complex with iodine results in the complex (S)-MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(I), which is recovered in enantioenriched form (er = 99:1; yield >90%; scale 4.6 g). Reduction of this molybdenum(I) precursor results in enantioenriched molybdenum(0) complexes, including (R)-MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(η2-trifluorotoluene). Sequential treatment of this arene complex with acid, a masked enolate, and iodine regenerates MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(I) along with an alkylated 1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene with an er value as high as 99:1. This process demonstrates the efficient transfer of asymmetry from α-pinene to the diene product. Accompanying studies with (1R)-myrtenal rev...
Culture and Crisis in the Age of Tolerance

This article investigates the concept of culture as it has functioned in the discourse of crisis across the social sciences and humanities. As part and parcel of contemporary globality’s restructur...
Control Variables and Causal Inference: A Question of Balance.

A common motivation for adding control variables to statistical models is to reduce the potential for spurious findings when analyzing non-experimental data and to thereby allow for more reliable c...
Reciprocal interactions between cancer and Schwann cells contribute to oral cancer progression and pain

Abstract Pain associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (oral SCC) decreases quality of life and survival. The interaction between cancer and the peripheral nerves is known to initiate and amplify pain and contribute to carcinogenesis. Schwann cells envelop peripheral nerves and are activated in response to neuronal damage. The contributions of Schwann cells to oral SCC progression and pain are unknown. Using a non-contact co-culture model, we demonstrate that Schwann cells (RSC-96) and oral SCC cells (HSC-3) reciprocally interact to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Schwann cell-oral SCC interaction leads to increased production of adenosine, which stimulates cell proliferation and migration of both cell types. The adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B) is expressed on RSC-96 cells. We show that supernatant from the RSC-96 cells co-cultured with HSC-3 cells induces increased mechanical hypersensitivity in mice compared to supernatant from control RSC-96 cells. Treatment with the ADORA2B antagonist PSB603 significantly inhibits co-culture interactions - proliferation and migration, and co-culture supernatant induced mechanical hypersensitivity. RSC-96 cells co-cultured with HSC-3 cells secrete increased amounts of the pronociceptive mediator, interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can be reduced by adding PSB603 into the co-culture. Our data support a reciprocal interaction between oral SCC and Schwann cells mediated by adenosine with potential to promote oral SCC progression and pain via increased secretion of IL-6.
3185 A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Nonabsorbable Antibiotic Rifaximin vs. Dietary Intervention Low in Fermentable Sugars (FODMAP) in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Objectives and goals of this study are to (i) determine whether IBS-D patients randomized to either rifaximin or low FODMAP diet show improvement in IBS-related symptoms; and (2) identify using longitudinal analyses how SIBO status and fecal microbiota features associate with response to either rifaximin or low FODMAP dietary intervention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 42 patients ≥ 18 years of age who meet Rome IV criteria for IBS-D will be randomized to receive either rifaximin or low FODMAP diet intervention. The primary outcome will be the proportion of responders to intervention which is defined as ≥ 30% reduction in mean daily abdominal pain or bloating by visual analog scale compared with baseline. Exclusion criteria will include: (a) history of microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, or other organic disease that could explain symptoms, (b) prior gastrointestinal surgery, other than appendectomy or cholecystectomy > 6 months prior to study initiation, (c) prior use of rifaximin or formal dietary interventions for IBS-D, (d) use of antibiotics within the past 3 months, or (e) use of probiotics within 1 month of study entry. Glucose hydrogen breath tests will be performed at the beginning and end of the trial to evaluate for SIBO. Fecal samples will be collected at 0, 2, and 6 weeks to determine changes in fecal microbial composition and structure. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: This study seeks to examine whether longitudinal analyses of small intestinal and colonic microbiota can subtype IBS-D subjects into clinically relevant phenotypes. A total of 18 subjects have been enrolled into the study. Clinical variables, hydrogen breath test results, and fecal microbiota data are being collected for ongoing analysis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results from this study may help move treatment of IBS from a purely symptom based approach to a more individualized approach by stratifying IBS-D patients into distinct clinical phenotypes which are amenable to targeted therapeutic approaches.
Military Service and Legislative Agendas: A Study of Legislators in Four States:

Candidates often highlight military experience on the campaign trail. Do they also govern differently? This study examines whether and how military experience is associated with state lawmaking. We...
Measurement Scales and Gradability: On the Semantics of the Possessive Property Concept Construction in Mandarin Chinese

In Mandarin Chinese, gradable predicates can be classified into two types based on their morphosyntactic features: one consisting of gradable lexemes like gradable adjectives (e.g., gao “tall”) and gradable verbs (e.g., xihuan “to like”), and the other consisting of verbal phrases made up of a possessive/existential morpheme, you, and a bare NP (“you + NP”; the Possessive Property Concept construction). The goal of this paper is to provide a formal account of the gradability of the “you + NP” construction. We show that the gradability of this construction is conditioned by the NP inside: when the NP inside denotes abstract substances (e.g., wisdom), “you + NP” is gradable; if NPs denote non-abstract substances (e.g., apples and water), “you + NP” is non-gradable. Abstract and non-abstract NPs differ in the types of measure scales they are associated with: abstract NPs are associated with a scale that lacks an absolute zero point (i.e., an ordinal or an interval scale), and non-abstract NPs are associated with a scale that contains such a point (i.e., a ratio scale). The semantics of the existential/possessive morpheme you is sensitive to this distinction and gives rise to variation in gradability.