cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral lymphoid development and function in TCR mutant mice

We describe the development and function of the peripheral lymphoid system of mutant mice rendered deficient in either alpha beta or gamma delta T cells via targeting of TCR genes in embryonic stem cells. In the spleen of alpha beta T cell-deficient mice, gamma delta T cells do not compensate in numbers for the lack of alpha beta T cells, but B cells do. alpha beta T cell-deficient mice are unable to mount an antibody response to ovalbumin and do not reject skin allografts. Natural killer cell function is not impaired in any of the mutant mice. TCR mutant mice will prove useful in dissecting differential functions of alpha beta and gamma delta T cells in vivo.
From Every Direction—How Personality Traits and Dimensions of Project Managers Can Conceptually Affect Project Success

Based on extensive literature review, this theoretical paper adds to the “soft skill” research stream by enlarging the scope of personality dimensions and their subsequent effects on project success and, second, considers dimensions heretofore not explored within the project management body of knowledge. We posit that a project manager's extent of communication apprehension, degree of innovativeness, level of self-monitoring, conflict management style, degree of change orientation and Myers-Briggs (MBTI) personality type can affect project outcomes. Additionally, we conjecture that organizational dynamics such as structure, incentive systems, and organizational project management maturity can moderate the relationship between these personality dimensions and project success.
Modeling and Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Poppet Valve

This paper explores the dynamic modeling of a novel two stage bidirectional poppet valve and proposes a control scheme that uses a Nodal Link Perceptron Network (NLPN). The dynamic nonlinear mathematical model of this Electro-Hydraulic Control Valve (EHCV) is based on the analysis of the interactions among its mechanical, hydraulic, and electromagnetic subsystems. A discussion on experimental approaches to determine the model parameters is included along with model validation results. Finally, the control scheme is developed by proposing that the states of the EHCV follow a set of desired states, which are calculated based upon the desired valve flow conductance coefficient KV . A simulation is presented at the end to verify the proposed control scheme.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Magnetic rotary position encoders with magneto-resistive sensors

The performance of magnetic encoders is now comparable to optical types for many motion control applications. Magnetic recording techniques are used to establish high density tracks with uniform pole structures on isotropic permanent magnet media. The flux reversals are sensed using magneto-resistive elements, which allow quadrature incremental and index encoder channels to be derived from a single thick-film sensor. >
Improved efficiency for colorimetric determination of furfural in citrus juices

The operational efficiency of a method for colorimetric determination of furfural in citrus juices is improved by inclusion of a concentration-screening step prior to the color reaction. The absorbance at 277 nm may be used to determine the appropriate dilution for samples exceeding the recommended maximum furfural concentration in the reaction mixture. As much as 1 h per sample may be saved in the time required for analysis.
Germany Treacherously Invades Holland

This is an important chapter, finding Van der Waerden in an awkward situation: he is a German professor at the time when Germany treacherously attacked his Homeland, Holland. Where do his loyalties lie?
Use of Spine Robot Employing Real Time Force Control to Simulate a Pure Moment Protocol for the Subaxial Cervical Spine: An In Vitro Biomechancial Study

A standard biomechanical testing protocol for evaluation of the sub-axial cervical spine is the application of pure bending moments to the free end of the spine (with opposing end fixed) and measurement of its motion response. The pure moment protocol is often used to compare spinal fusion instrumentation and has also been used to evaluate non-fusion instrumentation (e.g. disc arthroplasty devices) [1,2]. A variety of different testing systems have been employed to implement pure moment application. In cases where the loading is applied quasi-statically using a series of weights and pulleys the spine may relax between intermittent loading phases and/or unintended loading may be applied causing experimental artifact. Our objective was to use an existing programmable robotic testing platform (Spine Robot) to develop a novel real time force control strategy to simulate pure moment loading under precisely controlled continuous movement conditions. This would serve to advance robotic testing capabilities with an end goal to simulate different protocols in the same platform, and to potentially minimize fixturing and quasi-static artifacts.© 2011 ASME
Feasibility Analysis on the Application of Decoupling Cylinder

Mixing pump and surface type heat exchanger has been installed to heat-supply system to improve hydraulic maladjustment and increased the system' hydraulic stability now,the investment and operating costs of which is high.So a new pressure and flux balancer-decoupling cylinder is introduced,the structure characteristic and advantages and disadvantages of it is described in detail,and its large central heating system application technical feasibility and rationality of economic is analyzed.In the heating system operation,decoupling cylinder can regulate pipeline flow itself,it can distribute primary pipe network flow and secondary pipe network flow reasonably,improve the hydraulic stability,to meet different thermal requirements.So that heat can be distributed to users according to their requirements,thus not only achieving maximum energy-saving of the heating system,but also reducing investment and running costs effectively,avoiding the waste of manpower,materials resources and financial resources.So it is ideal for the applications in the centralized heat-supply household metering system,worthy of promotion and application.
Lessons from Nature: A Bio-Inspired Approach to Molecular Design

Metalloproteins contain actives sites with intricate structures that perform specific functions with high selectivity and efficiency. The complexity of these systems complicates the study of their function and the understanding of the properties that give rise to their reactivity. One approach that has contributed to the current level of understanding of their biological function is the study of synthetic constructs that mimic one or more aspects of the native metalloproteins. These systems allow individual contributions to the structure and function to be analyzed and also permit spectroscopic characterization of the metal cofactors without complications from the protein environment. This Current Topic is a review of synthetic constructs as probes for understanding the biological activation of small molecules. These topics are developed from the perspective of seminal molecular design breakthroughs from the past that provide the foundation for the systems used today.
Angioplasty and noncardiac surgery: risks of myocardial infarction.

Prophylactic percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is one revascularization strategy employed to reduce risks of cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery in certain patients. Reduced adverse cardiac event rates are at least partially offset by costs and complications of angioplasty. Patients who undergo noncardiac surgery within 90days of coronary angioplasty may be at increased risk for postoperative cardiac complications. Curr Opin Anaesthiol 12:15-20.
Primary Genitourinary Tuberculosis: Rapid Progression and Tissue Destruction During Treatment

We report a case of primary genitourinary tuberculosis associated with severe progressive scarring, and obstruction of the left collecting system and proximal ureter, a contracted bladder with persistent vesicoureteral reflux and a bulbar urethral stricture. Scarring commenced soon after initiation of medical therapy, and resulted in left nephrectomy and reconstruction with colocystoplasty, right ureteral reimplantation and urethroplasty. The rapidity of disease progression and severity of tissue destruction in this case suggest that patients with genitourinary tuberculosis require close supervision starting at initiation of drug treatment. When complications do arise appropriate surgical intervention may become mandatory to decrease morbidity and to conserve renal function. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, radiological findings and treatment of genitourinary tuberculosis are reviewed.
Adrenergic regulation of renin secretion and renal hemodynamics during deliberate hypotension in humans

To assess the relative contributions of neural and nonneural stimuli of renin secretion, the effects of an alpha 1-agonist, phenylephrine (Phe), or a beta-agonist, epinephrine (Epi), on plasma renin activity (PRA), renal blood flow (RBF), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were compared during sympathetic blockade with epidural hypotensive anesthesia [mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) = 60 and 50 mmHg]. Controls (NaCl) received saline alone to maintain MAP at 50 mmHg. Epi increased PRA (ng.ml-1.h-1) from 0.9 +/- 0.6 to 3.0 +/- 1.5 at 60 mmHg MAP and 4.7 +/- 1.8 at 50 mmHg MAP, with associated decreases in RBF (-33 and -60%, respectively) and GFR (-27 and -53%, respectively). During hypotension with Phe and NaCl, PRA and RBF were unchanged from baseline but GFR decreased. Urinary Na secretion decreased comparably in all three groups. In conclusion, during sympathetic blockade with epidural anesthesia, marked reductions in both renal perfusion pressure and distal nephron Na delivery were insufficient to increase renin secretion. beta-Adrenergic stimulation (e.g., Epi) was required to increase PRA. Epi decreased RBF suggesting an angiotensin II-mediated effect.
Moral Responsibility and the Moral Community: Is Moral Responsibility Essentially Interpersonal?

Many philosophers endorse the idea that there can be no moral responsibility without a moral community and thus hold that such responsibility is essentially interpersonal. In this paper, various interpretations of this idea are distinguished, and it is argued that no interpretation of it captures a significant truth. The popular view that moral responsibility consists in answerability is discussed and dismissed. The even more popular view that such responsibility consists in susceptibility to the reactive attitudes is also discussed, and it is argued that this view at best supports only an etiolated interpretation of the idea that moral responsibility is essentially interpersonal.
Unconstrained enhanced sampling for free energy calculations of biomolecules: a review

Free energy calculations are central to understanding the structure, dynamics and function of biomolecules. Yet insufficient sampling of biomolecular configurations is often regarded as one of the main sources of error. Many enhanced sampling techniques have been developed to address this issue. Notably, enhanced sampling methods based on biasing collective variables (CVs), including the widely used umbrella sampling, adaptive biasing force and metadynamics, have been discussed in a recent excellent review (Abrams and Bussi, Entropy, 2014). Here, we aim to review enhanced sampling methods that do not require predefined system-dependent CVs for biomolecular simulations and as such do not suffer from the hidden energy barrier problem as encountered in the CV-biasing methods. These methods include, but are not limited to, replica exchange/parallel tempering, self-guided molecular/Langevin dynamics, essential energy space random walk and accelerated molecular dynamics. While it is overwhelming to describe all details of each method, we provide a summary of the methods along with the applications and offer our perspectives. We conclude with challenges and prospects of the unconstrained enhanced sampling methods for accurate biomolecular free energy calculations.
TU-H-BRB-04: Radiation Countermeasures and the NCI Radiation Research Program

The US government has substantial research and development activities underway for medical countermeasures that will insure the long-term safety and survival of the country's population after unfortunate large-scale biological, chemical and radiological and nuclear events. Preparedness includes research and development of medical countermeasures to address radiation-induced cutaneous and internal injury from radiation and nuclear events as well as for minimizing radiation risks incurred during and after travel in space. Other important research and development efforts include the repurposing of countermeasures and development of radioprotectors and mitigators to improve the outcome of radiation treatment. Participating agencies include NIAID, BARDA, NCI, and NASA, with examples of research and development funding that includes the Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation (CMCR) consortia (NIAID) and primary and sub-contracts with commercial entities (BARDA). Each of these programs requires substantial medical and health physics effort in collaboration with biology colleagues to provide a range of radiation sources, dosimetry instrumentation and assessment methods, and animal models for specific radiation-induced effects and injuries. Radiation countermeasure activities for government agencies will be reviewed, the importance of model development will be stressed, example radiation countermeasure research projects will be reviewed, and the roles for medical physicists will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1.Review US national radiation countermeasure activities. 2.Review the roles for medical physicists in radiation countermeasures research and development. 3.Understand specific physics challenges in radiation research that need solutions. Research for JD Bourland supported in part by: NIH/NIAID, U19 AI67798 (subcontract 131714). NIH/NCI, R01CA155293. HHSO10020130019C, BARDA/Argentum Medical LLC.; J. Bourland, Research supported in part by: NIH/NIAID, U19 AI67798 (subcontract 131714); NIH/NCI, R01CA155293; HHSO10020130019C, BARDA/Argentum Medical LLC.; P. Prasanna, Supported by the Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute
Innovative Soil and Groundwater Remediation; Applications and Demonstrations: The Site Program Experience

The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) evaluates innovative hazardous waste remediation technologies. The program works with technology developers to demonstrate technologies on Superfund sites. To date 118 technologies are in the program. Some technologies demonstrated by SITE have become standard such as soil vapor extraction, thermal desorption, and solvent extraction.
Policy/Goal Percentaging for Teaching

Policy/Goal Percentaging Analysis (P/G%) is a decision-aiding program that can be used in a number of undergraduate political science courses. I use the program in a Policy Evaluation Course for juniors and seniors, mostly political science majors. The purpose of the policy evaluation course is to provide students with a variety of policy evaluation analytic frameworks and decision-aiding tools which can help them make informed judgements about the likely consequences of public policies before, during and after the fact. This is a course that draws on a student’s previous learning from liberal arts education courses in history, economics, political science, sociology, communications, etc. For example, historical knowledge is put to use by application of Neustadt and May’s (1986) historical policy analysis framework, economic knowledge is used in utilizing cost-benefit analysis, and multi-disciplinary knowledge is drawn from in performing Nagel’s (1984) P/G% analysis.
Regression Methods for Completely Randomized Experiments

INTRODUCTION One of the more common ways of estimating causal effects with experimental, as well as observational, data in many disciplines is based on regression methods. Typically an additive linear regression function is specified for the observed outcome as a function of a set of predictor variables. This set of predictor variables includes the indicator variable for the receipt of treatment and usually additional pre-treatment variables. The parameters of the regression equation are estimated by least squares, with the primary focus on the coefficient for the treatment indicator. Inferences, including point estimates, standard errors, tests, and confidence intervals, are based on standard least squares methods. Although popular, the use of these methods in this context is not without controversy, with some researchers arguing that experimental data should be analyzed based on randomization inference. As Freedman writes bluntly, “Experiments should be analyzed as experiments, not as observational studies” (Freedman, 2006, p. 691). It has also been pointed out that the justification for least squares methods does not follow from randomization. Again Freedman: “randomization does not justify the assumptions behind the ols [ordinary least squares] model” (Freedman, 2008a, p. 181). In this chapter we discuss in some detail the rationale for, and the interpretation and implementation of, regression methods in the setting with completely randomized experiments. This chapter can be viewed as providing a bridge between the previous chapter, which was largely focused on exact finite-sample results based on randomization, and the next chapter, which is based on fully parametric models for imputation of the unobserved potential outcomes. The most important difference between the methods discussed in Chapters 5 and 6 and the ones discussed here is that they rely on different sampling perspectives. Both the Fisher approach discussed in Chapter 5 and the Neyman methods discussed in Chapter 6 view the potential outcomes as fixed and the treatment assignments as the sole source of randomness. In the regression analysis discussed in this chapter, the starting point is an infinite super-population of units.
Mechanism and Ecological Significance of Sperm Storage in the Northern Fulmar with Reference to Its Occurrence in Other Birds

-Sperm-storage glands were found in the uterovaginal (UV) region of the oviduct in Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata), and Leach's Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) collected before or shortly after egg laying. Previously described only in domestic Galliformes, UV sperm-storage glands may prove to be a common feature of the avian reproductive system. There is as yet no compelling explanation of their function in the Horned Puffin. In the Northern Fulmar, and probably in other petrels, however, sperm-storage glands allow the separation of the male and female over pelagic waters for several weeks immediately before egg laying. The likelihood of prolonged viability of sperm in the female reproductive tract should be considered in interpreting the sexual behavior of other wild birds. Received 27 August 1982, accepted 18 January
Ground-Truth Data Set and Baseline Evaluations for Base-Detail Separation Algorithms at the Part Level

Base-detail separation is a fundamental image processing problem, which models the image by a smooth base layer for the coarse structure and a detail layer for the texturelike structures. Base-detail separation is hierarchical and can be performed from the fine level to the coarse level. The separation at coarse level, in particular at the part level, is important for many applications, but currently lacks ground-truth data sets that are needed for comparing algorithms quantitatively. Thus, we propose a procedure to construct such data sets and provide two examples: Pascal Part UCLA and Fashionista, containing 1000 and 250 images, respectively. Our assumption is that the base is piecewise smooth, and we label the appearance of each piece by a polynomial model. The pieces are objects and parts of objects obtained from human annotations. Finally, we propose a way to evaluate different separation methods with our data sets and compared the performances of seven state-of-the-art algorithms.
A fully-synthesizable 0.6V digital LDO with dual-loop control using digital standard cells

A fully synthesizable digital low drop-out regulator (LDO) with dual (coarse/fine) loops control is proposed. This structure employs a synchronized comparator to compare the feedback voltage (Vfb) and the desired reference voltage (Vref). A coarse loop is used to simplify the control logic circuit and increase the LDO response speed during the output dynamic transit. A fine loop is used to minimize the output ripple voltage of the LDO in the steady-state. A dynamic detection circuit using dual offset comparators is employed to detect the output voltage variation. To minimize the current consumption, the switching frequency is scaled to 1/32 of original frequency in steady-state. The circuit is implemented by purely digital standard cells. Simulation results at 130nm CMOS technology shows that this structure can achieve a peak current efficiency of 99.9% using a 1 MHz clock and a 0.6 V supply.
Photolyase: Dynamics and Mechanisms of Repair of Sun-Induced DNA Damage

Photolyase, a photomachine discovered half a century ago for repair of sun-induced DNA damage of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), has been characterized extensively in biochemistry (function), structure and dynamics since 1980s. The molecular mechanism and repair photocycle have been revealed at the most fundamental level. Using femtosecond spectroscopy, we have mapped out the entire dynamical evolution and determined all actual timescales of the catalytic processes. Here, we review our recent efforts in studies of the dynamics of DNA repair by photolyases. The repair of CPDs in three life kingdoms includes seven electron transfer (ET) reactions among 10 elementary steps through initial bifurcating ET pathways, a direct tunneling route and a two-step hopping path both through an intervening adenine from the cofactor to CPD, with a conserved folded structure at the active site. The repair of 6-4PPs is challenging and requires similar ET reactions and a new cyclic proton transfer with a conserved histidine residue at the active site of (6-4) photolyases. Finally, we also summarize our efforts on multiple intraprotein ET of photolyases in different redox states and such mechanistic studies are critical to the functional mechanism of homologous cryptochromes of blue-light photoreceptors.
Immunologic response of patients with acute leukemia to platelet transfusions.

Nine leukemic patients in aplasia received platelet concentrates from random donors over a period of 5 to 32 wk (an average of 31 transfusions per patient). All nine developed lymphocytotoxic activity (presumably HL-A antibodies) in their serum against cells from a panel of 40 selected donors within 20-50 days after transfusions were begun. Lymphocytotoxic activity markedly diminished in the sera of seven surviving patients over a period of 8-24 wk despite continued occasional platelet transfusions. When lymphocytotoxic activity was present in the serum of these patients, survival of transfused platelets was significantly reduced. Sera in which lymphocytotoxic activity was detected released endogenous serotonin (26 ± 5% SEM) from washed human platelets (but not from dog or rabbit platelets) when incubated at 37°C for 30 min. In contrast, sera from these patients, obtained when lymphocytotoxic activity was not detected, released minimal amounts of serotonin (6 ± 2%) and sera from nine healthy subjects released none (0 ± 1%). The ability of serum to release serotonin was abolished, and lymphocytotoxic activity was markedly diminished, after preincubation with allogeneic platelets.
Aqueous Emulsion Polymers

Aqueous emulsion polymers are environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvent-based polymers. In this chapter, emulsion polymerization as an eco-friendly method for the production of aqueous dispersions and the ongoing trends in process optimization are discussed. The production of dispersible powders by spray drying is explained. The usage of aqueous dispersions and dispersible powders, and their main application fields are presented as well as the ongoing trends in these different industries. It is clearly shown that the technology of water-based polymer binders (or dry powders) is playing a key role with regard to sustainability in many market segments.
Lower Bounds for Truncated Fourier and Laplace Transforms

We prove sharp stability estimates for the Truncated Laplace Transform and Truncated Fourier Transform. The argument combines an approach recently introduced by Alaifari, Pierce and the second author for the truncated Hilbert transform with classical results of Bertero, Grunbaum, Landau, Pollak and Slepian. In particular, we prove there is a universal constant \(c >0\) such that for all \(f \in L^2(\mathbb {R})\) with compact support in \([-1,1]\) and normalized to \(\Vert f\Vert _{L^2[-1,1]} = 1\) $$\begin{aligned} \int _{-1}^{1}{|{\widehat{f}}(\xi )|^2d\xi } \gtrsim \left( c\left\| f_x \right\| _{L^2[-1,1]} \right) ^{- c\left\| f_x \right\| _{L^2[-1,1]}} \end{aligned}$$ The inequality is sharp in the sense that there is an infinite sequence of orthonormal counterexamples if c is chosen too small. The question whether and to which extent similar inequalities hold for generic families of integral operators remains open.
Comparison of E-Book Acquisitions Strategies Across Disciplines Finds Differences in Cost and Usage

A Review of: Carrico, S.B., Cataldo, T.T., Botero, C., & Shelton, T. (2015). What cost and usage data reveals about e-book acquisitions: Ramifications for collection development. ALCTS, 59(3). Retrieved from https://journals.ala.org/lrts/article/view/5752/7199 Abstract Objective – To compare e-book cost-usage data across different acquisitions styles and disciplines. Design – Case study. Setting – A public research university serving an annual enrollment of over 49,000 students and employing more than 3,000 faculty members in the Southern United States. Subjects – Cost and usage data from 15,006 e-books acquired by the Library through packages, firm orders, and demand-driven acquisitions. Methods – Data was collected from publishers and vendors across the three acquisitions strategies. Usage, cost, and call number information was collected for the materials purchased via firm order or demand driven acquisitions and these were sorted into disciplines based on the call number assigned. Discipline, cost, and use were determined for each package collection as a whole because information on individual titles was not provided by the publishers. The authors then compared usage and cost across disciplines and acquisitions strategies. Main Results – Overall, e-books purchased in packages had a 50% use rate and an average cost per use of $3.39, e-books purchased through firm orders had a 52% use rate and an average cost per use of $22.21, and e-books purchased through demand driven acquisitions had an average cost per use of $8.88 and 13.9 average uses per title. Package purchasing was cost effective for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) materials and medicine (MED) materials. Demand driven acquisition was a particularly good strategy for humanities and social sciences (HSS) titles. Conclusion – There are differences between the acquisitions strategies and disciplines in cost and use. Firm orders had a higher cost per use than the other acquisitions strategies.
The Intergenerational Effects of Parental Divorce on Young Adult Relationships

Due to the current high rates of divorce, many young adults have experienced the effects of parental divorce. Although a large body of research has investigated both the positive and negative intra...
Metachronous colon polyps in younger versus older adults: a case-control study

Background and Aims The incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States has decreased substantially in individuals aged 50 and older. In contrast, it is increasing in young adults. The polyp characteristics on baseline and follow-up colonoscopy in young adults are not well characterized. We describe the polyp characteristics on baseline and follow-up colonoscopy in adults Methods Patients 1 polyp removed on colonoscopy followed by a postpolypectomy colonoscopy were eligible. The primary outcome was the occurrence of advanced neoplasia or HR polyp features on follow-up colonoscopy. Secondary endpoints included factors associated with metachronous advanced neoplasia in young adults. The occurrence of metachronous advanced neoplasia in young adults was compared with a cohort of patients aged 50 years and older. Results Included were 128 patients with a mean age of 34.9 years; 124 patients (97%) had adenomas and 7% had sessile serrated polyps (SSPs). Advanced neoplasia was seen in 35% of patients at baseline. The median follow-up time was 33.6 months. Metachronous advanced neoplasia was identified in 7% of patients on follow-up colonoscopy. Baseline factors associated with metachronous advanced neoplasia included the presence of an SSP (hazard ratio, 7.8; 95% CI, 1.09-56.3; P = .041) with a trend in those with advanced neoplasia (hazard ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, .89-12.8; P = .072). The occurrence of metachronous advanced neoplasia did not differ between the young and older cohorts (7% vs 12.2%, P = .58); however, young adults were less likely to have HR polyp features on follow-up (8.6% vs 20.3%, P = .008). Conclusions More than 1 in 3 adults
The Geography of Campaign Finance Law

Constitutional law is committed to a principle of geographic self-government: congressional districts and states are separately located and entitled to select different officials to send to Congress. James Madison explained in The Federalist Papers that checks and balances would only work if different places and their different politics were empowered to compete with and constrain one another. While constitutional law makes place significant for congressional elections, campaign finance law does not. Those with the resources to contribute often and in large amounts to congressional campaigns primarily reside in a few neighborhoods in a few metropolitan areas. Campaign finance law imposes no limitations and minimal disclosure on contributions from these places to other districts and states — places quite different than the ones where contributors reside. The result is that a few metropolitan areas dominate contributions to congressional campaigns. Campaign finance law thus allows Congress to be controlled by very few places, dramatically undermining geographic self-government. While scholars have devoted substantial attention to other problematic features of money in politics, the geography of campaign finance law is a different constitutional problem justifying different constitutional solutions. This Article considers two types of legal responses: those that focus special attention on where campaign contributions are beginning and those that focus special attention on where campaign contributions are ending. While both types of solutions have their own respective constitutional benefits and negatives, they both share a common insight. Only by making campaign finance law conscious of place can we begin to address the problems of the geography of campaign finance law.
Operando Multi-modal Synchrotron Investigation for Structural and Chemical Evolution of Cupric Sulfide (CuS) Additive in Li-S battery

Conductive metal sulfides are promising multi-functional additives for future lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. These can increase the sulfur cathode's electrical conductivity to improve the battery's power capability, as well as contribute to the overall cell-discharge capacity. This multi-functional electrode design showed initial promise; however, complicated interactions at the system level are accompanied by some detrimental side effects. The metal sulfide additives with a chemical conversion as the reaction mechanism, e.g., CuS and FeS2, can increase the theoretical capacity of the Li-S system. However, these additives may cause undesired parasitic reactions, such as the dissolution of the additive in the electrolyte. Studying such complex reactions presents a challenge because it requires experimental methods that can track the chemical and structural evolution of the system during an electrochemical process. To address the fundamental mechanisms in these systems, we employed an operando multimodal x-ray characterization approach to study the structural and chemical evolution of the metal sulfide-utilizing powder diffraction and fluorescence imaging to resolve the former and absorption spectroscopy the latter-during lithiation and de-lithiation of a Li-S battery with CuS as the multi-functional cathode additive. The resulting elucidation of the structural and chemical evolution of the system leads to a new description of the reaction mechanism.
Gynecologic Management of Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

Abstract Study Objective Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a connective tissue disorder resulting in abnormal collagen synthesis leading to skin, joint, ligament, blood vessel, and organ abnormalities. Studies in adult women show an association with heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and pelvic organ prolapse. We aimed to evaluate gynecologic complaints in pediatric and adolescent patients with EDS and their management by pediatric and adolescent gynecology (PAG) Providers. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures Charts of female individuals less than 21 years of age with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Ninth or Tenth revision diagnosis of EDS who were evaluated between July 1, 2007, and July 31, 2017, were reviewed for menstrual history, gynecologic complaints, and interventions prescribed. Results A total of 156 patients met inclusion criteria, and 26 (16.7%) were seen by PAG providers. The mean age was 14.5 ± 1.9 years. Fifteen (57.7%) reported dysmenorrhea, 13 (50%) complained of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), 10 (38.5%) reported irregular menses, and 7 (26.9%) sought contraception. Concurrent medical problems were reviewed, as this affected hormone choice. The cohort was stratified into 2 groups: patients whose menstrual cycles were well controlled on a single method (group A), and patients who tried multiple medications (group B). Progesterone-only pills were most commonly used in froup A. Eleven (73%) patients in group B tried depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), but ultimately a levonorgestrel intrauterine device (IUD) was the most popular final choice of treatment and was used by 4 (27%) patients. Conclusion Few adolescents with EDS are referred to PAG providers despite the prevalence of gynecologic complaints and potential for obstetric and gynecologic complications. In this population, early entry to gynecologic care would be beneficial.
Uncanny and Doubly Liminal: Social Media, Cross-Cultural Reentry, and LDS /Mormon Missionary Religious Identity

This study offers a theoretical perspective on the role of social media in the transition home for returning missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS /Mormon). Despite a long tradition of strict LDS institutional norms aimed at sheltering full-time church missionaries from outside media influences, missionaries are today increasingly encouraged to use social media sites in their proselytizing efforts. Through qualitative, in-depth interviews with recently returned LDS missionaries, this study explores the role Facebook plays in facilitating the maintenance of mission relationships after missionaries have returned home, something interviewees said helps them retain the sense of religious commitment and identity developed through missionary service. Interview findings also complicate the potential benefits of social media use, providing evidence for the argument that returning LDS missionaries are often caught between media technology, personal media preferences, institutional authority, and popular culture. These individuals seem to occupy a doubly liminal position between full-time proselytizing and life at home, between a historical religious tradition of missionary media isolation and an emerging institutional embrace of social media—all of which results in what might best be described as an uncanny experience.
Linguistic Renascence and the Politics of Exoglossic Education in Africa

Providing quality education in the rich linguistic diversity of multilingual societies remains a utopia, decades after multidisciplinary evidence demonstrated the encompassing benefits of mother language-based multilingual education (MLB-MLE). The institutionalization of exoglossic education systems across Africa, which prioritizes foreign languages as media of instruction, has worked to normalize the disjuncture between exogenous dimensionalities of schooling and autochthonous social traditions. Building on eight years of focused ethnography in Africa, Asia, and Europe, this research examines tensions between MLB-MLE discourse and renascent interests in indigenous languages for public media and social functions in Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya. Data analysis probes mainstream assumptions about obstacles to agent-centric MLB-MLE policy reform regarding: (a) popular/parental resistance against/devaluation of indigenous languages, (b) user ignorance about the benefits/value of MLB-MLE, and (c) notions of languages as autonomous/independent. Using the global education agenda (including the Education For All initiative) of the past century as reference, this study highlights the ways global norm making on multilingual education paradoxically embodies the same logic of linguistic and cultural hierarchies inherent in the exoglossic education traditions it manifestly opposes. This study points to the need for critical revisions of the modernist epistemological underpinnings of education and institutionalized social change processes in Africa.
Visual outcome in herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus uveitis: a clinical evaluation and comparison.

Abstract Purpose To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with uveitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Design Retrospective comparative study. Participants Forty patients with HSV uveitis and 24 patients with VZV uveitis. Methods A retrospective study of 40 patients with HSV and 24 patients with VZV uveitis was performed. The patients were followed between May 1987 and September 1999 (median follow-up time, 46 months). The diagnosis of HSV uveitis was made clinically and serologically, and the diagnosis of VZV uveitis was made clinically. Main outcome measures Clinical presentation of the disease, ocular complications, visual acuity, surgical and medical treatments needed. Results Both populations were comparable for gender and age at disease onset. The course of the disease tended to be remitting and recurrent in HSV patients and chronic in VZV patients ( P = 0.046). The most frequent ocular complication in both groups was secondary glaucoma (54% HSV, 38% VZV). Twenty-five percent of VZV patients developed posterior pole complications (cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane, papillitis, retinal fibrosis, and detachment) compared with 8% of HSV patients ( P = 0.069). Treatment modalities selected were generally similar in the two groups, although periocular and systemic steroids were required more frequently in HSV patients (60% versus 25%; P = 0.01). Surgical procedures were required with similar frequency in both populations. The percentage of eyes that were legally blind at end of follow-up was also comparable (HSV, 20%; VZV, 21%). The visual outcome was similar in the studied populations. Conclusions This study represents the only direct comparison of HSV and VZV uveitis patients reported in the literature. HSV patients were more likely to be treated with periocular and systemic steroids, and VZV patients were more likely to develop posterior pole complications (a finding of borderline significance). Other parameters evaluated in this study were not statistically different in the two patient groups.
Executive Insights: The Korean Automobile Industry—Challenges and Strategies in the Global Market:

This article deals with the current challenges and future strategies for the Korean automobile industry in the global market. To understand its strengths and weaknesses, the trends of the world mar...
Replication protein A dynamically regulates monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen

DNA damage tolerance permits bypass of DNA lesions encountered during S-phase and may be carried out by translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Human TLS requires selective monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) sliding clamps encircling damaged DNA. This posttranslational modification (PTM) is catalyzed by Rad6/Rad18. Recent studies revealed that replication protein A (RPA), the major ssDNA-binding protein, is involved in the regulation of PCNA monoubiquitination and interacts directly with Rad18 on chromatin and in the nucleoplasm. However, it is unclear how RPA regulates this critical PTM and what functional role(s) these interactions serve. Here, we developed an in vitro assay to quantitatively monitor PCNA monoubiquitination under in vivo scenarios. Results from extensive experiments revealed that RPA regulates Rad6/Rad18 activity in an ssDNA-dependent manner. We found that "DNA-free" RPA inhibits monoubiquitination of free PCNA by directly interacting with Rad18. This interaction is promoted under native conditions when there is an overabundance of free RPA in the nucleoplasm where Rad6/Rad18 and a significant fraction of PCNA reside. During DNA replication stress, RPA binds the ssDNA exposed downstream of stalled primer/template (P/T) junctions, releasing Rad6/Rad18. RPA restricted the resident PCNAs to the upstream duplex regions by physically blocking diffusion of PCNA along ssDNA, and this activity was required for efficient monoubiquitination of PCNA on DNA. Furthermore, upon binding ssDNA, RPA underwent a conformational change that increased its affinity for Rad18. Rad6/Rad18 complexed with ssDNA-bound RPA was active, and this interaction may selectively promote monoubiquitination of PCNA on long RPA-coated ssDNA.
Influence of energy source on forage intake, digestibility, in situ forage degradation, and ruminal fermentation in beef steers fed medium-quality brome hay

Eight ruminally cannulated steers (average initial weight 196 & 13 kg) were arranged in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square. Steers had ad libitum access to chopped brome hay (Bromus inermus L. 9.9% CP) and one of four supplements. Supplements were fed to provide 195 g of CP.steer-l.d-l (equalized with soybean meal), and supplemental energy intake was similar among energy supplements. Supplemental treatments were control (CTRL; primarily soybean meal), barley (BAR), beet pulp (PULP), and corn (CORN). Amounts fed were 481, 1,285, 1,335, and 1,289 g of DM.steer-l.d-l for CTRL, BAR, PULP, and CORN, respectively. Individually stanchioned steers were allowed a 13-d adaptation period followed by an 8-d collection period. Chromic oxide was used as the indigestible flow marker. Forage intake was less (P < .lo) for steers fed BAR, PULP, and CORN than for CTRL steers, but total intake (forage + supplement) did not differ among treatments. Total tract DM and OM digestibilities were greater (P < .lo) for PULP- and CORN- than for CTRL- and BAR-supplemented steers. Digestibility of NDF was least (P < .lo) for BAR, intermediate for CORN, and greatest for CTRL and PULP (44.0, 47.2, 50.1, and 52.1%, respectively). Apparent CP digestibility was least ( P < .lo) in BAR- (60.81, greatest in CTRL- (69.71, and intermediate in PULP- and CTRL- (64.0 and 64.4) supplemented steers. Ruminal DM fill was less (P < .lo) in steers fed BAR and PULP than in CTRL steers. No differences ( P < .lo) were noted in DM and NDF rate of in situ degradation. Rate of forage CP in situ degradation was faster ( P < .lo) in CTRL- and PULP- than in CORN- and BAR-supplemented steers. Steers fed BAR and PULP supplements exhibited a lower overall pH response curve (P < .005) than did steers fed CTRL and CORN; this finding corresponded to increased (P < .005) response curves in PULP-fed steers for total VFA, acetate, and propionate compared with other treatments. These data indicate that energy supplementation decreased forage intake, al- tered ruminal fill, shifted VFA patterns, and changed in situ rate of forage CP degradation. Moreover, PULP maintained NDF digestibilities equal to CTRL levels, whereas CORN and BAR did not.
Application of optimal FrFT order for improving the azimuth resolution of range Doppler imaging algorithm

The traditional range Doppler (RD) imaging algorithm has become the most intuitive and classical method in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging processing because of its easy implementation and high processing efficiency. However, owing to the poor quality of the image produced by RD algorithm, this traditional imaging method is growing increasingly unable to meet practical needs. In an effort to solve the problem of poor azimuth imaging quality, this study proposes a high-resolution RD azimuth imaging algorithm. The expression of the optimal order of the SAR azimuth signals using fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) is derived in detail herein. A theoretical analysis shows that this optimal order is unique and depends on the azimuth imaging parameters. The experimental results based on airborne SAR simulation data and spaceborne SAR measurement data indicate that the azimuth resolution of the proposed algorithm is improved by 31.6 or 46.8% as against that of the traditional RD algorithm, whereas the peak side lobe ratio (PSLR) and integrated side lobe ratio (ISLR) values obtained via the proposed algorithm are approximately equivalent to those obtained via the traditional RD algorithm.
Understanding Work: Moving beyond the RVU.

In the United States, the most widely used measure of clinical productivity is the relative value unit (RVU) system, which calculates compensation on the basis of relative physician resource costs. Before its implementation, payers for health care services based compensation on the historical
Generalized Lichen Nitidus in a Middle-Aged Adult

Lichen nitidus (LN) is a benign micropapular eruption of unknown etiology that often follows an unpredictable course. LN typically affects children and young adults and presents with asymptomatic, discrete, uniform, skin colored, pin-point sized papules. 1 These papules are commonly found on the chest, abdomen, flexor surfaces of the upper extremities, dorsal hand, and anogenital region. 1 Focal presentation is more common while generalized distribution of LN is rarer and seen more exclusively in pediatric patients. 2 Although patients are typically asymptomatic, pruritus is sometimes a noted symptom. 1 We report the diagnosis and treatment of an uncommon case of generalized LN in a middle-aged adult.