cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mood and anxiety symptoms among 140 children from alcoholic and control families.

Abstract Objective : Children of alcoholics have been reported to have elevated levels of internalizing symptoms, including anxiety and depression. However, many studies have not adequately controlled for the influence of independent (i.e. not substance-induced) parental mood or anxiety disorders and other factors. The present evaluations assess the relationships of the family histories of alcohol use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders to internalizing symptoms in children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects. Method : A behavioral checklist and a structured interview were administered to the parents of 140 children aged 7–18 years. The fathers of these offspring had been recruited 15 years previously from a university population to participate in a prospective study of 453 men from alcoholic and nonalcoholic families. Results : While a higher score for one of four measures of internalizing symptoms in the children was found to relate to a higher density of alcoholic relatives, this pattern was more robust in children of parents with mood or anxiety disorders. In a hierarchical regression, the family history of alcohol use disorders did not add significantly to the prediction of any of the four internalizing scores in the children after considering the impact of a family history of independent mood and anxiety disorders. Conclusions : The results indicate that internalizing symptoms in children of alcoholics were more strongly influenced by a positive family history of mood and anxiety disorders than the family history of alcohol use disorders.
MIMD vs. SIMD parallel processing: a case study in 3D medical image registration

Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the issues involved with implementing computationally intensive medical imaging algorithms on a multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) and single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) parallel processing computers. Implementation issues and timing analysis are presented for a 3D medical image registration algorithm implemented on a 16 processor SGI Challenge MIMD computer and on a 128 × 128 processor MasPar SIMD computer. The MIMD implementation is shown to have nearly N -times performance improvement with respect to a single processor when using N processors. It is also shown that the MIMD implementation is a minimum of four times faster than the SIMD implementation.
Tests of randomness in two dimensions

In an earlier paper, the author shows that a suitably normalized estimator of the variance function of a two-dimensional Poisson process converges to a two-dimensional nonstationary Gaussian process . In this paper, distributions of the functionals and are obtained, and computing formulas for sample analogues are given. The first is a normal random variable; the characteristic function, the first two moments and an approximation to the upper tail of the distribution function of the second are given. Finally, tests of “marginal randomness” based upon are considered.
Mortality benefit of beta-blockade after successful elective percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the mortality benefit of beta-blockers after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Beta-blockers reduce mortality after myocardial infarction (MI), though limited data are available regarding their role after successful PCI. Methods Each year from 1993 through 1999, the first 1,000 consecutive patients undergoing PCI were systematically followed up. Patients presenting with acute or recent MI, shock, or unsuccessful revascularization procedures were excluded from the analysis. Clinical, procedural, and follow-up data of beta-blocker-treated and non-beta-blocker-treated patients were compared. A multivariate survival analysis model using propensity analysis was used to adjust for heterogeneity between the two groups. Results Of the 4,553 patients, 2,056 (45%) were treated with beta-blockers at the time of the procedure. Beta-blocker therapy was associated with a mortality reduction from 1.3% to 0.8% at 30 days (p = 0.13) and a reduction from 6.0% to 3.9% at one year (p = 0.0014). This survival benefit of beta-blockers was independent of left ventricular function, diabetic status, history of hypertension, or history of MI. Using propensity analysis, beta-blocker therapy remained an independent predictor for one-year survival after PCI (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.46 to 0.87; p = 0.0054). Conclusions Within this large prospective registry, beta-blocker use was associated with a marked long-term survival benefit among patients undergoing successful elective percutaneous coronary revascularization.
An Evaluation of Orthokeratology

Twenty-three orthokeratology (OK) patients and 16 cosmetic hard contact lens (CL) patients were evaluated. Initially, each patient underwent a complete examination including central and peripheral keratometry, specular microscopy, axial length determination, uncorrected visual acuity, and cycloplegic refraction. The patients were then re-evaluated every three months. When the retainer lens stage was reached, the contacts were removed, and the patients were again re-examined for six additional months. Nine of ten CL patients remained in the study, during which time there was no improvement in unaided visual acuity or spherical equivalent. Both the central horizontal and vertical meridians flattened during this time. Twenty of 21 OK patients were also studied. A different technique of fitting contact lenses was used for this group, which produced significant changes in uncorrected visual acuity (P > 0.01) and spherical equivalent (0.1 > P > 0.05), but not in the central or peripheral corneal curvature. Five of the OK patients failed to respond. Six had variable, unpredictable responses, and nine had good responses. Analysis of the information in this study demonstrates that an OK procedure utilizes techniques of fitting that differ from standard contact lens techniques. The responses to OK are unpredictable and uncontrollable. The quality of uncorrected vision is worse than with contacts or glasses, and the chances of attaining 6/12 (20/40) uncorrected vision are small. Once lenses are removed, the corneal parameters return toward prefit levels.
Prostaglandin E1 and intrapulmonary shunt in cardiac surgical patients with pulmonary hypertension

Unlike many other vasodilators, prostaglandin E1 may reduce pulmonary vascular resistance without changing intrapulmonary shunt in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Whether the same is true for surgical patients with cardiogenic pulmonary hypertension but normal gas exchange remains unclear. Data from the intraoperative records of 8 patients with pulmonary hypertension and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance were used for the study. Hemodynamic variables had been monitored through radial arterial cannulas and pulmonary arterial catheters. Arterial and mixed venous oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin level, as well as cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, had been determined in each patient before prostaglandin E1 infusion was started and again when the desired pulmonary vascular response had been achieved. Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances and intrapulmonary shunt were calculated from standard formulas. Infusion rates of prostaglandin E1 ranged from 7 to 135 ng/kg/min. Prostaglandin E1 reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure but did not change intrapulmonary shunt. Heart rate and mean arterial and right atrial pressures were not changed, whereas systemic vascular resistance decreased and cardiac output increased. The present study shows that prostaglandin E1 reduces pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance without dramatic changes in intrapulmonary shunt in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to cardiac disease.
Vinyl radical cyclization in the synthesis of natural products: seychellene

Abstract The use of vinyl radical cyclization in the simplification of synthesis design is probed with the sesquiterpene seychellene as a target. The construction is particularly effective because of very high stereoselectivity in the alkylation of a 2,2,2-bi- cyclo-5-octene-2-one system and because of the control offered by the specific location of the double bond in the product of the vinyl radical cyclization.
Perceptual recognition and guessing behavior by normal and educable retarded children

This study was concerned with the recognition of fragmented (or incomplete) stimulus forms by normal and educable-retarded children (EMRs) at two MA levels. A series of 12 slides was presented, and the number of brief exposure periods required to make a correct identification was recorded. The analyses of the results showed that younger MA Ss need more exposures to identify these forms. While there were no effects of IQ, the EMRs made many more incorrect guesses than did the normals, and the younger EMRs guessed more than all other children.
Treatment of primary hypothyroidism during pregnancy: is there an increase in thyroxine dose requirement in pregnancy?

Abstract We studied the dose requirements of thyroxine (T4) and serum concentrations of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 in 16 pregnant women with primary hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD, n = 11) or thyroidectomy (n = 5). All patients had been advised by their obstetricians to take prenatal vitamins enriched with iron (~90mg/tablet) and calcium (~200 mg/tablet), known to inhibit absorption of T4. We asked patients to take their vitamins 4 hours after ingesting T4 in the morning. The mean T4 dose of 0.10 ± 0.01 (mean ± SEM, mg/d) during pregnancy did not differ significantly from that (0.09 ± 0.005) before or after (0.10 ± 0.01) pregnancy. Similarly, mean serum TSH of 2.7 ± 0.28 mIU/L during pregnancy did not differ significantly from that before (2.2 ± 0.47) or after (3.2 ± 1.31) pregnancy. The mean serum free T4 concentration during pregnancy (16 ± 0.97 pmol/L) was significantly (P
Virtual reality and multiple intelligences: Potentials for higher education

IN THIS PAPER WE EXAMINE how virtual reality, an emerging computer-based technology, can promote learning that engages all seven of the multiple intelligences proposed by Harvard educational psychologist Howard Gardner. We provides an overview of virtual reality technologies and an overview of Gardner’s multiple intelligences. There is an extensive discussion of how virtual reality supports learning within and across seven intelligence domains. Finally, there is a review of technical and conceptual issues concerning the implementation of virtual reality in education. Educational experiences that promote the various multiple intelligences and interlinkages are needed in the emerging electronic age more than at any previous time.
Requirements for the development of GIS-based group decision-support systems

Though GIS technology has progressed rapidly during the past decade, the focus of most research and development activity has been placed on the development of single-user systems. A mismatch exists, however, between the widespread single-user model of GIS and the group-based approach to decision making that is often adopted when semistructured public policy issues are addressed. GIS-based spatial analysis and display methods must be expanded to encompass group decision making processes, and new tools must be developed that will enable group members to generate, evaluate, and illustrate the strong and weak points of alternative scenarios and come to a consensus about how to proceed toward a decision. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Land Reform Policies in Iran: Reply

The purpose of my article on land reform in Iran (Majd 1987) was to show that despite twenty years of literature to the contrary, land reform gave land on highly advantageous terms to all of Iran's tenant farmers and thus radically changed the nature and structure of landownership. This was an interesting result because it established Iran as a nonrevolutionary country which had implemented a comprehensive land reform. My statistical analysis of land reform has been criticized by Araghi as a neoclassical economic approach that did not consider the politics and the socioeconomic effects of land reform. The issues raised by Araghi were beyond the scope of my article and, therefore, some of the inferences drawn by Araghi are unwarranted. Araghi argues that land reform in Iran, similar to land reform in some other developing countries, was the product of U.S. foreign policy and security considerations. Land reform, he argues, enabled the Shah to strengthen his external support and consolidate power by eradicating the socioeconomic and political power of the landowners. Land reform thus succeeded in abolishing the outmoded landlord-peasant relationship in rural areas and destroyed the political power of the "great and powerful lords."
Pancreatic Encephalopathy With Prolonged Delirium

Received October 19, 2005; revised December 29, 2005; accepted January 9, 2006. From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center. Send correspondence and reprint requests to James A. Bourgeois, O.D., M.D., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento CA 95817. e-mail: james.bourgeois@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu 2007 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine A 64-year-old white man presented with acute pancreatitis and delirium. He did not receive antipsychotics during a 15-day period of illness. He recovered with good cognitive functioning and no residual psychiatric symptoms.
On a numerical minimization problem for a new class of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in nonspherical geometrical optics and beamforming lenticular antennas 11

Abstract An improved mixed numerical and analytical procedure for solving the problem of determining the surfaces I and I ′ of a three-dimensional, aperture or volume extremized and ellipticized, bifocal, nonspherical, singlet optical, radar or sonar lens antenna defined by a system of four nonlinear partial differential equations with specified symmetry and boundary conditions subject to a minimizing side condition on the antenna focal length, of f -number, is presented. The index of refraction n0, the maximum lens diameter 2b0 and the bifocal off-axis angle ψ0 are assumed given. The results obtained are of approximately twice the accuracy of those computed in part I.
Can we become better robot surgeons through simulator practice

There is significant growth in the use of the robotic surgery platform in the general surgery community. Current pre-requisites for robot surgery training include performing basic tasks on a simulator and achieving a minimum overall score for each task. However, there is limited information about these tasks related to performance and time required to become proficient. We focused on critical tasks that have the highest potential for preventing inadvertent injuries, and constructed models to predict how many attempts would be needed to master the tasks depending on the user’s initial attempt. This study was conducted using de-identified data collected over 12 months from the dV-Trainers® simulator at our institution. We analyzed tasks used in institutional surgical robot credentialing that focused on camera manipulation and energy use. Data were extracted from the Camera Targeting, Energy Dissection, and Energy Switching exercises focusing on individual metrics such as Time to Complete Exercise, Economy of Motion, Misapplied Energy Time, and Blood Volume Loss. Mixed linear models looking at sequential attempts and specific performance metrics were constructed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Over 26,000 overall minutes of recorded use was logged in our simulator by more than 30 unique users across all exercises. An average of 15 users performed each of the analyzed exercises, with an average of eight attempts per exercise. Based on our models, on average most users would need four to five attempts to achieve 80 % proficiency for any given metric. Virtual reality robotic simulators such as the dv-Trainer® can be used by general surgeons to become better robotic surgeons. Our data suggests that it can be used by a surgeon to predict how much time and effort one would need to spend on the simulator in order to become proficient with the robot, especially in critical metrics such as camera manipulation and energy application. Surgeons who require more attempts to successfully complete tasks may want to consider additional training methods, such as proctoring or hands-on laboratories, to improve robot surgery proficiency.
Distribution of Sertoli cell microtubules, microtubule‐dependent motors, and the Golgi apparatus before and after tight junction formation in developing rat testis

Sertoli cells are polarized epithelial cells of the seminiferous epithelium which provide structural and physiological support for differentiating germ cells. They establish different basal and adluminal environments for the selective nurturing of pre- and post-meiotic germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium, segregated by the Sertoli-Sertoli cell tight junctional complex, the blood-testis barrier. Tight junction formation between epithelial cells in vitro is a critical polarizing event associated with changes in polarized targeting of membrane-specific proteins and reorganization of microtubules, centrioles, and the Golgi apparatus. To investigate whether tight junction formation is associated with organelle reorganization in Sertoli cells in vivo, we have characterized distribution patterns of Sertoli cell microtubules, the mechanoenzymes kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, and the Golgi apparatus during tight junction formation in developing rat testis. Immunocytochemistry on samples taken at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of age was used to examine the distribution of these proteins during the extensive cellular reorganization that culminates in the formation of the blood-testis barrier at 19 days of age. Our data show that the distribution patterns reflect the extensive intercellular repositioning of tubule cells in developing seminiferous tubules, but that changes in intracellular organization are not temporally associated with formation of the blood-testis barrier. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On linear acoustic solutions of high speed helicopter impulsive noise problems

Abstract The nature of linear acoustic solutions for a helicopter rotor blade with a blunt leading edge operating at high transonic tip Mach number is studied. As a part of this investigation a very efficient computation procedure for helicopter rotor blade thickness noise according to linear theory is developed. Numerical and analytical results reveal that as the blade tip Mach number approaches unity, the solution develops singularities and a radiating discontinuity. It is shown that these characteristic features are caused by the contributions of the higher harmonics which decrease in magnitude only as n 1 2 in the limit n → ∞. These higher harmonics are generated by the blunt leading edge. The far field wave form at sonic tip Mach number for a blade with a NACA 0012 airfoil section has a singularity of the inverse root type at its front and a logarithmic singularity near its end. Thus caution must be exercised in applying linear acoustic theory to high speed helicopter impulsive noise problems.
Some properties of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus and their relation to purification problems.

Abstract The filamentous apple virus, chlorotic leaf spot, seems unusual among elongate plant viruses in several respects. Its ultraviolet absorption characteristics are unusual for a rod-shaped virus. It has a critical, pH-dependent, structural requirement for some divalent cations, and their removal by dialysis, exchange, or chelation causes degradation. Its RNA is accessible to ribonuclease in the intact particle. Attempts to improve purification procedures made use of some of these properties. Yields and viral stability were improved, especially by providing divalent cations during leaf extraction and dialysis of viral preparations.
Multivariate Classes of Life Distributions in Reliability Theory

Four classes of life distributions which have been useful in describing aging where systems are assumed to have independent univariate component lifetimes are: 1 the increasing failure rate IFR class; 2 the increasing failure rate average IFRA class; 3 the new better than used NBU class; and 4 the new better than used in expectation NBUE class. These classes together with multivariate analogs of the IFR and IFRA classes are reviewed and discussed. An up to date survey of the literature on this topic is included. New multivariate definitions of the NBU and NBUE classes are introduced.
Electron Transfer Kinetics of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) Electrooxidation in Aprotic Solvents

Double layer and solvent effects on the kinetics of the one-electron oxidation of Ru(phen)32+ (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) at platinum and gold ultramicroelectrodes were studied by ac-voltammetry. The standard rate constant of Ru(phen)32+ electrooxidation is independent of both electrode material and concentration of supporting electrolyte, indicating the absence of double-layer effects on the kinetics of electron transfer. The small variation of the formal redox potential of the Ru(phen)32+/3+ system with change of the supporting electrolyte concentration demonstrates the absence of a significant influence of ion pairing on the reaction rate. Therefore, the electrode process of Ru(phen)32+ oxidation is found to be ideally suitable for the study of solvent effects on electron transfer kinetics. The solvent dependence of the electron transfer rate constant was interpreted within the context of contemporary theory. The charge transfer process was found to be perfectly adiabatic. Since the crossing rat...
Generation of potentially bioactive ergosterol-derived products following pulsed ultraviolet light exposure of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

The production of vitamin D(2) from ergosterol in mushrooms upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been well established in recent years. However, the effect of this treatment on the generation of non-vitamin D(2) products of ergosterol in mushrooms has not been reported. In this study, the ergosterol-derived photoproducts previtamin D(2), lumisterol(2) and tachysterol(2) were, for the first time, identified and quantified in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) following treatment with pulsed UV (PUV) light. Mushrooms were treated with up to 60pulses of PUV irradiation and the formation of major photoproducts was observed to increase as a function of dose. Vitamin D(2) was the most abundant product, followed by previtamin D(2), lumisterol(2) and tachysterol(2) in order of decreasing abundance. Untreated mushroom samples were not observed to contain detectable levels of any photoproduct. This study shows for the first time the production of these photoproducts in UV irradiated mushrooms. A complete understanding of the potential biological significance of these products remains to be seen.
The effect of a distribution in surface properties on colloid stability

Abstract A distribution in the Stern potential or the surface charge density of sol particles was found to have a much more profound effect on the stability ratio, W, and on the sensitivity of the stability ratio to salt concentration, C, than a distribution in particle size with the same percentage standard deviation. For example, a standard deviation in Stern potential equal to 10% of the mean was found to halve the slope d in W d ln C in the slow coagulation region and to reduce W by orders of magnitude.
A numerical formulation of dyadic Green's functions for planar bianisotropic media with application to printed transmission lines

An integral equation (IE) method with numerical solution is presented to determine the complete Green's dyadic for planar bianisotropic media. This method follows directly from the linearity of Maxwell's equations upon applying the volume equivalence principle for general linear media. The Green's function components are determined by the solution of two coupled one-dimensional IE's, with the regular part determined numerically and the depolarizing dyad contribution determined analytically. This method is appropriate for generating Green's functions for the computation of guided-wave propagation characteristics of conducting transmission lines and dielectric waveguides. The formulation is relatively simple, with the kernels of the IE's to be solved involving only linear combinations of Green's functions for an isotropic half-space. This method is verified by examining various results for microstrip transmission lines with electrically and magnetically anisotropic substrates, nonreciprocal ferrite superstrates, and chiral substrates. New results are presented for microstrip embedded in chiroferrite media.
Guar Meal in Dairy Rations

Abstract The value of guar meal in rations for dairy animals was studied. In investigations with lactating dairy cows using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, the average daily solids-corrected milk production was 14.6, 14.5, 14.4 and 14.9 kg on concentrate rations containing 15% soybean, cottonseed, raw guar, or processed guar meals, respectively. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in flavor, fat, protein or total solids per cent in milk from cows on these diets. The apparent coefficients of digestion for protein were 81.3, 79.2, 80.0%, and the protein efficiency coefficients were 82.6, 87.7 and 88.4%, respeetively, with rations containing 15% cottonseed meal, raw guar meal and processed guar meal. No marked differences in the palatabilities of rations containing either raw or processed guar meal, or cottonseed meal were observed in group-fed or, after the second day, in stall-fed lactating dairy cows. In calf-starter mixtures flavored, processed guar and cottonseed meal gave slightly better rates of intake and gain than unflavored, processed guar for the first 30 days only.
Gas giants in hot water: inhibiting giant planet formation and planet habitability in dense star clusters through cosmic time

I show that the temperature of nuclear star clusters, starburst clusters in M82, compact high-z galaxies, and some globular clusters of the Galaxy likely exceeded the ice line temperature (T_Ice ~ 150-170 K) during formation for a time comparable to the planet formation timescale. The protoplanetary disks within these systems will thus not have an ice line, decreasing the total material available for building protoplanetary embryos, inhibiting the formation of gas- and ice-giants if they form by core accretion, and prohibiting habitability. Planet formation by gravitational instability is similarly suppressed because Toomre's Q > 1 in all but the most massive disks. I discuss these results in the context of the observed lack of planets in 47 Tuc. I predict that a similar search for planets in the globular cluster NGC 6366 ([Fe/H] = -0.82) should yield detections, whereas (counterintuitively) the relatively metal-rich globular clusters NGC 6440, 6441, and 6388 should be devoid of giant planets. The characteristic stellar surface density above which T_Ice is exceeded in star clusters is ~6 x 10^3 M_sun/pc^2 f_{dg, MW}^{-1/2}, where f_{dg, MW} is the dust-to-gas ratio of the embedding material, normalized to the Milky Way value. Simple estimates suggest that ~5 - 50% of the stars in the universe formed in an environment exceeding this surface density. Caveats and uncertainties are detailed.
A Short-Term Business Training Program for Chinese Managers at a U.S. University

Abstract The recent changes in Chinese business organizations have created a tremendous demand for Western management skills and knowledge. In this study, Chinese managers enrolled in a management training program at a U.S. university evaluated 13 management skills and knowledge areas for managerial effectiveness and for amount of coverage in their U.S. business training program. The results show that the trainees desired more exposure to all management areas. This study provides useful information to U.S. educational institutions that offer management training to Chinese managers.
More rain in the forecast

Global land precipitation has increased during the 20th century, especially at the mid and high latitudes, according to a paper published in the November 1997 issue of the Journal of Climate. The paper, written by NASA scientists Aiguo Dai, Inez Fung, and Anthony Del Genio, is based on a recalibrated compilation and analysis of data from 1900–1988. The paper shows a global land trend of a 2.4 mm per decade increase in annual precipitation amounts, and that rainfall as a global mean has risen by slightly more than 2%. About 22 mm more rain falls now each year than at the turn of the century, the researchers say.
The “terminal Triassic catastrophic extinction event” in perspective: a review of carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate extinction patterns

Abstract A catastrophic terminal Triassic extinction event among terrestrial vertebrates is not supported by available evidence. The current model for such an extinction is based on at least eight weak or untenable assumptions: (1) a terminal Triassic extinction-inducing asteroid impact occurred, (2) a terminal Triassic synchronous mass extinction of terrestrial vertebrates occurred, (3) a concurrent terminal Triassic marine extinction occurred, (4) all terrestrial vertebrate families have similar diversities and ecologies, (5) changes in familial diversity can be gauged accurately from the known fossil record, (6) extinction of families can be compared through time without normalizing for changes in familial diversity through time, (7) extinction rates can be compared without normalizing for differing lengths of geologic stages, and (8) catastrophic mass extinctions do not select for small size. These assumptions have resulted in unsupportable and (or) erroneous conclusions. Carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate families mostly have evolution and extinction patterns unlike the vertebrate evolution and extinction patterns during the terminal Cretaceous event. Only the Serpukhovian (mid Carboniferous) extinction event shows strong analogy to the terminal Cretaceous event. Available data suggest no terminal Triassic extinction anomaly, but rather a prolonged and nearly steady decline in the global terrestrial vertebrate extinction rate throughout the Triassic and earliest Jurassic.
Regulation of Cell Division and Cell Enlargement by Turgor Pressure

Isolated radish (Raphanus sativus L., var. Red Prince) cotyledons were incubated in growth medium plus graded concentrations of mannitol (-1 to -16 bars) for 28 hours. At the end of the incubation period, turgor pressures were measured using thermocouple psychrometers. Cell division, as measured by DNA increase, was greatly stimulated by increasing turgor from 5 to 6 bars. Cell enlargement was stimulated as turgor increased above 3 bars. The critical turgor pressure for increased cell division thus appeared significantly greater than that for increased cell enlargement.
CO2-induced c-Fos expression in hypothalamic vasopressin containing neurons

Abstract Following exposure of anesthetized and unanesthetized rats to hypercapnic stress, arginine vasopressin (AVP)-containing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei were examined for expression of the c-fos gene encoded protein (c-Fos). In addition, we determined whether AVP-containing PVN neurons activated by hypercapnia project to phrenic nuclei. In adult control rats, only scant c-Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were observed within the hypothalamic nuclei. A marked increase in c-Fos positive cells was induced after 2 h of breathing a gas mixture with elevated CO 2 (5% CO 2 , 21% O 2 and 74% N 2 , or 1 h following breathing of 12% CO 2, 21% O 2, and 67% N 2 ). Colocalization studies of AVP and c-Fos protein revealed that in the PVN, 75% of AVP-containing cells expressed c-Fos immunoreactivity. c-Fos and AVP were coexpressed in 60% of SON neurons in anesthetized rats. In addition, retrograde labeling studies with cholera toxin b subunit (CTb) revealed that a subpopulation of PVN cells (15%) that project to phrenic nuclei are activated by hypercapnia, as indicated by c-Fos expression. These results indicate that (i) PVN and SON AVP-containing neurons are part of the neuronal networks that react to hypercapnic exposure; and (ii) a subset of CO 2 reactive PVN cells innervate phrenic nuclei.
Special Issue ofHuman evolution on intelligence and evolutionary biology

This is a Special Issue on intelligence and evolutionary biology, based on selected lectures at a NATO Advanced Study Institute on this topic. The proceedings of the ASI have been published in a separate volume. The papers presented here have been reviewed and updated to reflect information available in 1988.
Real-time detection and characterization of individual flowing airborne biological particles: fluorescence spectra and elastic scattering measurements

Real-time methods which is reagentless and could detect and partially characterize bioaerosols are of current interest. We present a technique for real-time measurement of UV-excited fluorescence spectra and two-dimensional angular optical scattering (TAOS) from individual flowing biological aerosol particles. The fluorescence spectra have been observed from more than 20 samples including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Erwinia herbicola, allergens, dust, and smoke. The S/N and resolution of the spectra are sufficient for observing small lineshape differences among the same type of bioaerosol prepared under different conditions. The additional information from TAOS regarding particle size, shape, and granularity has the potential of aiding in distinguishing bacterial aerosols from other aerosols, such as diesel and cigarette smoke.
Clinical update on emergency medical care in the wilderness

Wilderness emergency medical care differs from ur­ ban prehospital care in many ways. Definitive medical care may be up to days away, physician control by radio may be unavailable, limited medical equipment can be carried by rescuers, and the environment may present physical hazards. In addition, illnesses seldom seen in the urban setting, such as acute mountain sickness and frostbite, may be encountered [1]. Despite these obsta­ cles, wilderness emergency medical care is a vital ne­ cessity, owing to the large number of people who par­ ticipate in outdoor activities in the backcountry. The delivery of optimal emergency medical care in remote areas requires knowledge of all aspects of wil­ derness medicine. First, the epidemiology of wilderness injuries and illnesses must be understood. Defining the types of injuries sustained and the populations at risk is crucial for estimating medical need. Second, the neces­ sary scope of medical response must be determined. The need for medical skills, especially advanced life support (ALS) techniques, must be balanced against the con­ straints of training and skill maintenance. Finally, this information must be synthesized to design an emergency medical care system that is able to provide effective wil­ derness care. This clinical update reviews the current medical literature regarding the occurrence of injury and the provision of emergency medical care in the wilder­ ness. The evidence regarding ALS training for wilder­ ness medical providers is also presented.
Marek's disease virus gene clones encoding virus-specific phosphorylated polypeptides and serological characterization of fusion proteins.

Marek's disease virus (MDV) gene clones, RA2 and GA8, constructed inE. coli bacteriophage lambda-gt11 (gt11) were identified by a monoclonal antibody (MAb), H19.47, against a putative transformation-related viral antigen consisting of a complex of three phosphorylated polypeptides, pp41, pp38, and pp24. Both recombinants have a MDV-DNA insert of about 0.5 kb and are mapped to the region ofBamHI-H orEcoRI-X fragments of the MDV genome by Southern blot hybridization. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation with H19.47 identified a recombinant beta-galactosidase-MDV 140-kD fusion protein for RA2 and a 127-kD fusion protein for GA8.
Reply to Anckarsäter: A belief in free will is based on faith

Anckarsater is certainly correct when he reminds us “covariation does not equal causation” (1). Indeed, I have made this very point in reference to the covariance of conscious thought processes and behavior (2). It is the daily “minute by minute” reminder of this covariance that may be the primary reason that the majority is willing to believe in free will. However, as argued by many, this relationship is unlikely to be causal, with Huxley noting that it is similar to “the steam whistle which signals but doesn't cause the starting of the locomotive” (3). Yet this belief in free will still holds, despite the insane difficulty in providing a molecular model that might accommodate such a belief. As I have suggested, society would be better served if such a belief was discarded, at least until someone provides a molecular explanation for free will (2, 4). Now Anckarsater might argue that belief in free will should be retained until proof is provided that human behavior can be fully explained by the genetic, environmental, and stochastic history of individuals. Such an argument would be analogous to a decision to require belief in bodily resurrection and to retain this requirement until someone provides proof that it does not occur. That is, Western and many other societies concede that an act of faith is required for many religious beliefs, and for this reason a requirement for such beliefs is generally excluded from government constitutions. Ironically, and in striking contrast, an integral component of most legal systems is the equally nonsensical belief that individuals can make decisions that derive from something over and above their genetic and environmental history and a degree of stochasticism.
Eye-Movements During Search for Coded and Uncoded Targets

Eye movements and search time of four subjects were studied as they searched for a target dial in a 4 х 4 array of dials which were differentiated by (1) color, (2) shape, (3) a combination of color and shape, or (4) were uncoded. Subjects did not exhibit a characteristic scanpath, and method of scanning did not relate to search time. Search time varied reliably among conditions; it was generally shortest in the color condition, followed by color shape, shape, and the uncoded condition. Subjects were capable of using both shape and color simultaneously. Search time was strongly associated with the average number of fixations required for target detection but not with other measures of eye movements. Fixation duration was a particularly inconsistent measure.
Recognition and localization of objects with curved surfaces

This paper concerns the problem of recognition and localization of three-dimensional objects from range data. Most of the previous approaches suffered from one or both of the following shortcomings: (1) They dealt with single object scenes and/or (2) they dealt with polyhedral objects or objects that were approximated as polyhedra. The work in this paper addresses both of these shortcomings. The input scenes are allowed to contain multiple objects with partial occlusion. The objects are not restricted to polyhedra but are allowed to have a piecewise combination of curved surfaces, namely, spherical, cylindrical, and conical surfaces. This restriction on the types of curved surfaces is not unreasonable since most objects encountered in an industrial environment can be thus modeled. This paper shows how the qualitative classification of the surfaces based on the signs of the mean and Gaussian curvature can be used to come up withdihedral feature junctions as features to be used for recognition and localization. Dihedral feature junctions are robust to occlusion, offer a viewpoint independent modeling technique for the object models, do not require elaborate segmentation, and the feature extraction process is amenable to parallelism. Hough clustering on account of its ease of parallelization is chosen as the constraint propagation/ satisfaction mechanisms. Experimental results are presented using the Connection Machine. The fine-grained architecture of the Connection Machine is shown to be well suited for the recognition/localization technique presented in this paper.
Two-level optimization techniques for dynamic systems†

Techniques have been developed to date for the decomposition of complex interacting systems and their optimization through multilevel techniques. A second level Newton-Raphson controller that removes some of the restrictions of the second level gradient controller is developed in this paper. Simple examples are worked to demonstrate the techniques and to compare the two types of controllers. The re-optimization required of the subsystems after each iteration of the second level may be offset by the advantages of smaller subsystem optimization problems and the ability to use different optimization methods for different subsystems.
Sequence variability and function of measles virus 3' and 5' ends and intercistronic regions

Sequences critical for the activity of the measles virus (MV) RNA polymerase in transcription and replication were analyzed using a MV genomic cDNA library containing overlapping clones encompassing the entire MV genome. Clones corresponding to the 3' and 5' ends of the MV genome were identified and sequenced, and these sequences were confirmed by primer extension experiments. Neither (+) nor (-) strand leader RNAs were detected in MV-infected cell extracts, using high specific activity riboprobes made form these clones. Clones representing each of the MV gene boundaries were also sequenced, and variations including point mutations, insertions, and deletions were noted. Together with the sequence of the MV L gene region, this report completes the sequence determination of the MV genome.
Peak Blood Alcohol Levels in Men at High Risk for the Future Development of Alcoholism

Studies utilizing diverse methaodologies in different populations have consistently demonstrated that alcoholism appears to be a genetically influenced disorder. One biological mechanism which could hypothetically influence the acute effects and metabolism of ethanol is the rate of alcohol absorption, a trait found to be relatively consistent for any one individual under similar conditions. This investigation tested the possibility that the magnitude of and time to peak blood alcohol level might be involved in a genetic propensity toward alcoholism with suitable controls. The study has revealed no differences in the time elapsed between oral intake and peak blood alcohol concentration and no differential in the height of the peak alcohol concentration for the two groups. The results are not consistent with the rate of absorption as an important mediator of a genetic propensity in alcoholism.
A cryptographic watermarking technique for multimedia signals

Digital watermarking has been widely used in digital rights management and copyright protection. In this paper, new cryptographic watermark schemes are proposed. Compare to the existing watermarking techniques, our proposed watermark schemes combine both security and efficiency that none of the existing schemes can do. We first develop an algorithm to randomly generate the watermark indices based on the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) and the Fermat’s little theorem. Then we embed watermark signal into the host image in both time domain and frequency domain at the indices. Our security analysis and simulation demonstrate that our proposed schemes can achieve excellent transparency and robustness under the major security attacks and common signal degradations. The novel approaches provided in this paper are ideal for general purpose commercial digital media copyright protection.
Semi-claustral colony founding in the seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus : a comparative analysis of colony founding strategies

The evolution of queens that rear their first brood solely using body reserves, i.e. fully claustral, is viewed as a major advance for higher ants because it eliminated the need for queens to leave the nest to forage. In an apparently unusual secondary modification, the seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus displays obligate queen foraging, i.e. queens must forage to garner the resources necessary to survive and successfully rear their first brood. I examined the potential benefits of queen foraging by comparing ecological and physiological traits between P. californicus and several congeners in which the queen can rear brood using only body reserves. The primary advantage of foraging appears to lie in providing the queens of P. californicus with the energy to raise significantly more brood than possible by congeners that use only body reserves; the workers reared in the first brood were also heavier in mass than that predicted by their head width. Other correlates of queen foraging in P. californicus relative to tested congeners included a significantly lower total fat content for alate queens, a small queen body size, and a low queen to worker body mass ratio. Queens also forage in several other well-studied species of Pogonomyrmex, suggesting the possibility that queen foraging may be more common than previously thought in higher ants.
Thoracic radicular symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

We report 4 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) complaining of thoracic radicular symptoms. We postulate that in some patients paraspinal muscle weakness can result in an increased thoracic kyphosis, possibly producing traction on the thoracic roots.
On the aging of supported metal catalyst due to hot spots

Abstract Aging of supported metal catalyst because of sintering of small crystallites is primarily controlled by the high temperatures achieved on the crystallite sites because the heat of reaction per molecules is released in a very short time. The overall rate of the sintering process is determined by a relatively slow cascade mechanism of successive rapid heatings followed by the detachment of clusters of platinum atoms and their ability over the support. Because a hot spot is generated during a time on the order of 10 −13 sec. and the relaxation time of the heat flux is of the same order or larger, the finite propagation velocity of the heat flux must be taken into account in the description of the temperature field. The conclusion is reached that the temperature achieved near the reaction surface is much higher than that resulting from Fourier's law and that the cooling of the hot spot after the completion of a reaction is so hindered that the high temperature lasts sufficiently long for detachments of clusters of atoms to take place. A lower bound is established for a stable distribution of particle sizes.
Use of quantitative 16S rRNA PCR to determine bacterial load does not augment conventional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures among children undergoing treatment for CSF shunt infection

The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative 16S rRNA assay for determination of bacterial nucleic acid load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection and to compare quantitative 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings to those of conventional bacterial culture in patients treated for CSF shunt infection. We developed a quantitative 16S rRNA PCR assay that detected bacterial load across a range of 2.5 × 109 down to 2.5 × 104 16S copies/mL CSF under experimental conditions for numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. However, when applied to archived CSF samples from 25 shunt infection episodes, correlations between positive bacterial culture and 16S rRNA levels were seen in only half of infections, and 16S rRNA levels dropped precipitously after an initial peak on the first day of sample collection. Bacterial load measured using 16S rRNA PCR does not provide sufficient information beyond bacterial culture to inform CSF shunt infection treatment.