cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on phosphoproteins of submandibular gland nuclei isolated from isoproterenol-treated rats

Abstract Rat submandibular gland nuclei incubated with γ- 32 P-ATP incorporated the label into histone and non-histone phosphoproteins. The latter was the predominantly radioactive fraction. After a single injection of isoproterenol (Ipr), the incorporation of 32 P into non-histone phosphoproteins decreased during the first few hours, followed by an increase at 4 h which reached its peak at 24 h at a higher level compared with normal controls. The values returned to the control level at 40 h after the injection. The changes were reflected in the initial rates as well as the total level of incorporation of 32 P into the phosphoproteins. Temporally, the onset of increase in the phosphorylation of non-histone phosphoproteins appeared to precede that in RNA synthesis, although peak activity of the phosphorylation coincided with the peak of RNA synthesis. The non-histone phosphoproteins which depicted maximal changes in response to Ipr were further characterized as phenol-soluble acidic phosphoproteins. The phosphorylation of histone phosphoproteins also declined after the injection of Ipr, but the recovery of the rate of phosphorylation was not observed until 16 h after the injection, reaching the control levels at 24 h. Treatment of rats with actinomycin D or cycloheximide, prior to Ipr, abolished the increase in phosphorylation of non-histone phosphoproteins observed at 24 h after Ipr. Further, the changes in the phosphorylation of nuclear phosphoproteins induced by Ipr were blocked by prior treatment of the animals with dichloroisoproterenol. The results suggest that the phosphorylation of the non-histone phosphoproteins plays an important role in the events controlling the synthesis of RNA which precedes the replication of DNA and cell. In addition, the regulation of the metabolism of nuclear phosphoproteins may be controlled through a function of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Picosecond Camera for Time-of-Flight Imaging

We present an ultra-fast imaging system capable of capturing images with picosecond time resolution or movies with a frame rate of 5x10^11 frames per second.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Childhood Undernutrition in India: Analyzing Trends between 1992 and 2005

Background India experienced a rapid economic boom between 1991 and 2007. However, this economic growth has not translated into improved nutritional status among young Indian children. Additionally, no study has assessed the trends in social disparities in childhood undernutrition in the Indian context. We examined the trends in social disparities in underweight and stunting among Indian children aged less than three years using nationally representative data. Methods We analyzed data from the three cross-sectional rounds of National Family Health Survey of India from 1992, 1998 and 2005. The social factors of interest were: household wealth, maternal education, caste, and urban residence. Using multilevel modeling to account for the nested structure and clustering of data, we fit multivariable logistic regression models to quantify the association between the social factors and the binary outcome variables. The final models additionally included age, gender, birth order of child, religion, and age of mother. We analyzed the trend by testing for interaction of the social factor and survey year in a dataset pooled from all three surveys. Results While the overall prevalence rates of undernutrition among Indian children less than three decreased over the 1992–2005 period, social disparities in undernutrition over these 14 years either widened or stayed the same. The absolute rates of undernutrition decreased for everyone regardless of their social status. The disparities by household wealth were greater than the disparities by maternal education. There were no disparities in undernutrition by caste, gender or rural residence. Conclusions There was a steady decrease in the rates of stunting in the 1992–2005 period, while the decline in underweight was greater between 1992 and 1998 than between 1998 and 2005. Social disparities in childhood undernutrition in India either widened or stayed the same during a time of major economic growth. While the advantages of economic growth might be reaching everyone, children from better-off households, with better educated mothers appear to have benefited to a greater extent than less privileged children. The high rates of undernutrition (even among the socially advantaged groups) and the persistent social disparities need to be addressed in an urgent and comprehensive manner.
The fundamental theorem of game theory revisited

Abstract This paper offers an alternative proof of the so-called fundamental theorem of the theory of games or the minimax theorem. The proof uses a particularization of Farkas' theorem involving the expression of one vector as a convex combination of a set of vectors. It is demonstrated that the minimax theorem holds as a consequence of this specialization of Farkas' theorem of the alternative.
Electrical characteristics of amorphous molybdenum-nickel contacts to silicon

The electrical characteristics of sputtered, amorphous Mo-Ni contacts have been measured on both p- and n-type Si, as functions of composition (30, 54, and 58 at. % Mo). The contact resistivity on both p+ and n+ Si is in the 10^−6 Ω cm^2 range. The barrier height for as-deposited samples varies between φbp=0.47–0.42 V on p-type Si and between φbn=0.63–0.68 V on n-type Si, as the composition of the amorphous layer goes from Ni-rich to Mo-rich. The sum φbp+φbn always equals 1.12 V, within experimental error. After thermal treatment at 500 °C for 1/2 h, the contact resistivity changes by a factor of two or less, while the barrier height changes by at most ~0.05 V. In light of these results, the amorphous Mo-Ni film makes good ohmic contacts to silicon.
SU-GG-I-139: Improving the Efficacy of a Radionuclide Targeting Agent by Simulating Its Pharmacokinetics

Purpose: Radionuclide therapy aims to delivertherapeuticdoses to a tumor while sparing normal tissues by selective retention of a radionuclide carrying agent in the tumor. We determined how varying tumor and body clearance rates affect the dosedelivered to a tumor.Method and Materials:Organ pharmacokinetics were adapted from a model targeting agent while tumor kinetics were simulated. The dosimetry of the normal organs and a tumor in the head‐and‐neck region was found by using MIRD software, OLINDA 1.0. The tumor percent‐injected‐dose (%ID) was assigned an instantaneous value of 10, 5, 4, 3 and 1% while the tumor and body washout times were varied over three orders of magnitude: 1, 0.1, and 0.01. Using 1Gy total body dose as the limit, the tumordose for each simulation was determined. Results: For each tumor ID%, the most important kinetic parameter was tumor washout time. Delivering at least 50 Gy to a tumor when the tumor washout time was 1 did not depend on body washout time but did require that the tumor %ID was greater than 3%. In order to deliver at least 50 Gy when the tumor washout was 0.1 and body washout was 0.01, the tumor %ID needed to be greater than 3%. The greatest increase in tumordose for each scenario was seen when the body washout was simulated at 0.1 and the tumor washout time was increased from 0.1 to 1. Conclusion: A fast body washout allows for more permissible injected activity and delivereddose. In this experiment, it was possible to achieve meaningful therapy even at a sub‐optimal tumor %ID's because fast body washout and slow tumor washout permitted favorable residence times within the body and tumor. When considering the pharmacokinetics of a targeting agent, the tumor kinetics influences therapy more than fast body clearance.
Lack of Correlation betweenpara-Aminophenol Toxicityin Vivoandin Vitroin Female Sprague–Dawley Rats☆☆☆

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis thatpara-aminophenol (PAP) nephrotoxicity is due to autooxidation. We compared renal functional responses following PAP administration to female Sprague–Dawley rats and following incubation of renal proximal tubules with PAP. The concentrations of PAP selected forin vitroincubations produced cytotoxicity (for example, a decrease in oxygen consumption or adenine nucleotide concentration) in rat renal epithelial cells or rabbit proximal tubule suspensions. In rats, PAP (300 mg/kg ip) caused proximal tubular necrosis within 24 hr. Changes in renal function 24 hr following PAP administration included increased kidney weight and blood urea nitrogen concentration and decreased renal glutathione (GSH) content and adenine nucleotide concentrations. PAP did not cause hepatic damage. Within 2–4 hr following PAP administration, renal GSH content and adenine nucleotide concentrations were significantly decreased. In renal cortical slices prepared from PAP-treated rats, oxygen consumption and accumulation of organic ions (para-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium) were significantly decreased compared with renal cortical slices prepared from control rats. In liver, GSH content was significantly decreased from 1 to 4 hr following PAP administration. In contrast to the effects of PAPin vivo,renal proximal tubules showed little evidence of injury when incubated with 0.1 or 0.5 m M PAP for up to 4 hr in the presence or absence of amino acids in the incubation medium. When tubules were incubated with 1 m M PAP for 4 hr in the presence of amino acids, GSH content, AMP concentration, and TEA uptake were significantly decreased. When amino acids were removed from the incubation medium, 1 m M PAP caused decreases in oxygen consumption and ATP concentration after 4 hr of incubation. Functional changes observed during incubation with PAPin vitrowere not consistent with functional changes observedin vivo.The discrepancy between PAP toxicityin vivoandin vitrosuggests that autooxidation is unlikely to be responsible for PAP nephrotoxicity and that nephrotoxicityin vivois primarily mediated by extrarenal bioactivation. Further, depletion of hepatic GSH content prior to changes in renal function suggests that PAP or a PAP metabolite may conjugate with hepatic GSH. These observations suggest that PAP nephrotoxicity may be mediated by PAP–GSH conjugates rather than autooxidation of PAP in the kidney.
Neurochemical and behavioral correlates of antidepressant drug action.

Abstract Chronic (4 days or more) administration of imipramine or mianserin, but not atropine, leads to an extinction in muricidal behavior in the rat. Moreover, receptor binding assays revealed that there is a significant decline in the number of β-adrenergic, but not serotonin 2 , receptors in the frontal cortex at the onset of the behavioral modification. While the antidepressants also induced receptor binding changes in nonmuricidal control animals, the pattern of these changes differed from that observed in the muricidal subjects suggesting that the receptor modification was, to some extent, trait-dependent. These findings indicate that, with the muricidal model, chronic rather than acute drug treatment may be a more selective test for antidepressant efficacy. In addition, the data suggest that a decline in brain β-adrenergic receptors may be causily related to the behavioral modification.
Some effects of dopamine transporter and receptor ligands on discriminative stimulus, physiologic, and directly observable indices of opioid withdrawal in rhesus monkeys

Rationale Some monoamine uptake inhibitors (e.g., cocaine) attenuate the subjective and discriminative stimulus effects of opioid withdrawal.
Off‐site storage: an analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offrer a reflective look at PASCAL (Preservation and Access Service Center for Colorado Academic Libraries) in the larger context of off‐site storage facilities and practicesDesign/methodology/approach – The article includes an analysis based on five key points of cooperative repository projects that were made by Vattulainen. The five points are applied to this case study of PASCAL, a shared collaborative off‐site storage facility.Findings – Concerns are discussed in the five key areas: Concept of ownership, Provision of buildings, Management of repositories, Relegation decisions and User needs,Originality/value – This article contributes a case study to the discussion of collaborative off‐site storage, with implications for both the immediate region and for larger networked systems that may exist in the future.
Absolute Sea Level Determination for the Subtropical Atlantic Climate Study

The Subtropical Atlantic Climate Study (STACS) is a subprogram in the NOAA climate program designed to access the feasibility of monitoring horizontal fluxes in the Gulf Stream system off Florida. Transport in the Florida Current fluctuates on time scales which are reflected in sea level records monitored at tide gauges. Geodetic leveling, connecting tide gauges along the east coast of the United States, allows inter-comparison of sea level records alongstream, but the cross-stream and alongstream records in the Bahamas and Cuba are not connected. In this study, various methods to determine absolute sea level differences across the Straits of Florida between Miami, Florida and Cat Cay, Bahamas, a part of the STACS area, were investigated; the desired accuracy of the sea level difference is ± 1 cm. This study indicates that a combination of dense gravity data with satellite altimeter (TOPEX and GEOSAT) data in the STACS area could provide a ± 1 cm absolute sea level difference accuracy across the Straits of Florida. This paper also provides discussion of other conventional methods.
An algorithm for performing an inverse chirp z-transform

An efficient algorithm for the determination of the coefficients of a polynomial from evenly spaced sample values of that polynomial on a spiral contour in the complex plane is presented. It is useful for the determination of a sequence from evenly spaced values of its Fourier transform.
Modelling the Effects of Current on Prey Acquisition in Planktivorous Fishes

Many planktivorous fishes forage in currents, where they actively maintain position and visually strike at current-entrained zooplankton. In general, the zooplankton are wafted by the foraging fish at a rate equivalent to the current velocity. From a fish's viewpoint the plankton approach either head-on or offset at varied distances from the fish's position. We present a model that describes the relative motion of particles as they approach and pass a foraging fish at different offset distances, and the rate of change in apparent size as they close on a fish. In addition, a series of experiments of fish feeding on plankton in a flume at increasing current velocities revealed that two basic tactics are utilized. At low current velocities (<10-14 cm s m 1), the fish swims toward the prey, whereas at higher current velocities the fish tends to fall back with the current to capture a prey item. The model and experimental results are discussed in terms of the visual problems associated with the detection and t...
A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time

J. B. Jackson, a pioneer in the field of landscape studies, here takes us on a tour of American landscapes past and present, showing how our surroundings reflect important changes in our culture. Because we live in urban and industrial environments that are constantly evolving, says Jackson, time and movement are increasingly important to us, place and permanence less so. We no longer gain a feeling of community from where we live or assemble but from common work hours, habits, and customs. Jackson examines the new vernacular landscape of trailers, parking lots, trucks, loading docks, and suburban garages, which all reflect this emphasis of motility and transience; he redefines roads as scenes of work and leisure and social intercourse - as places rather than as means of getting to places; he argues that pubic parks are now primarily for children, older people, and nature lovers, while more mobile or gregarious people seek recreation in shopping malls, in the street, and in sports arenas; he discusses the form and function of dwellings in New Mexico, from prehistoric Pueblo villages to mobile homes; and he criticizes the tendency of some environmentalists to venerate nature instead of interacting with it and learning to share it with others. Written with Jackson's customary lucidity and elegance, this book reveals his passion for vernacular culture, his insights into a style of life that blurs the boundaries between work and leisure, between middle and working classes, and between public and private spaces.
Ordering in the Subphase of a Langmuir Monolayer: X-ray Diffraction and Anomalous Scattering Studies

The properties of amphiphilic organic monolayers (“Langmuir films”) at the air−water interface are strongly affected by metal ions in the aqueous subphase, and such monolayers can be used as templates to grow oriented crystals from dissolved salts. Our synchrotron X-ray studies of fatty acid monolayers spread on a dilute aqueous solution of lead ions indicate that a ∼5 A thick ordered layer is formed in the subphase. The lattice is commensurate with the organic lattice and has 14 times the unit cell area. It is unlikely that lead ions alone would form such a large repeat unit; indeed, using anomalous X-ray scattering, we detect no evidence of lead within the ordered layer. Thus, the interfacial superlattice is not simply an array of lead ions but may consist of lead hydrolysis products and water molecules.
Cardiac responses to psychological tasks: impedance cardiographic studies.

Abstract In a series of studies, cardiac activity, assessed with an impedance cardiograph, was monitored as college students performed either a visual search or pursuit rotar task. Heart rate, systolic time intervals, stroke volume, cardiac output and the Heather (1969) index of contractility were measured before, during and after performance. In the first study, visual search did not affect the participants' (N = 44) level of cardiac output or their length of the pre-ejection period. It is likely that the lack of charge in cardiac output resulted from a fall in stroke volume and in the Heather index while the task was performed. Heart rate was most rapid during performance and emerged as the only measure affected by the withdrawal of monetary incentives for failure to solve the visual search problem. In the second study, 40 subjects performed a pursuit rotar task and increases in cardiac output as well as changes in all of the other cardiac measures occurred. The level of task difficulty influenced the extent of heart rate increases and stroke volume decreases during performance. An additional 20 male subjects participated in a third study in which the level of difficulty of the pursuit rotar task was signalled and the order of the levels of difficulty was balanced across trial blocks. Under these conditions, the changes in cardiac activity before, during and after performance were similar to those observed in the first two studies. Heart rate was the only measure sensitive to the level of task difficulty. In general, the findings underscore the sensitivity of heart rate to changes in subtle aspects of psychological situations. To enlist increases in cardiac output and inotropic parameters extensive alterations in behavioral state are required.
Topical Therapies for Localized Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with pronounced physical and psychosocial implications. This common condition affects 1% to 2% of the US population and is encountered frequently by nondermatologists and dermatologists. Fortunately, most patients have limited psoriasis, involving less than 5% of their body surface area. Although no cure is available, several topical therapies can minimize the disease in such patients. This article reviews the topical medications currently available for the treatment of psoriasis and provides an approach to patients with localized disease.
Epistemic Gradualism and Ordinary Epistemic Practice: Responce to Hetherington

This paper responds to Stephen Hetherington's discussion of my ‘Is Fallibility an Epistemological Shortcoming?’ (2004). The Infallibilist skeptic holds that in order to know something, one must be able to rule out every possible alternative to the truth of one’s belief. This requirement is false. In this paper I first clarify this requirement’s relation to our ordinary practice. I then turn to a more fundamental issue. The Infallibilist holds – along with many non-skeptical epistemologists – that Infallibility is epistemically superior to the epistemic position attained when we have (what we ordinarily call) knowledge. This is false, too, as our ordinary practices show. Ordinary epistemic appraisal does not concern our standing on a scale of evaluation which has Infallibility at its apex. For this reason, even if gradualism is correct, it does not show how Infallibilist skepticism can arise out of our ordinary practice.
Inhibition of Experimental Dental Caries by Fluorine in the Absence of Saliva.

Although the inhibition of dental caries by fluorine has been demonstrated in endemic areas1, 2 and in laboratory rats fed on a caries-producing diet3, 4 the mechanism by which the action takes place has not yet been adequately demonstrated. Armstrong and Brekhus5 found a higher fluorine content of sound enamel than in carious and offered the hypothesis that this may be the factor responsible for the inhibition. In this report we have attempted a further investigation of this mechanism. Since the enamel of the molar teeth of the animals used was fully formed before fluorine was applied it would appear that the action of fluorine must be due to its being held in the region of the tooth surface or, as far as the dentin is concerned, to the possibility of fluorine reaching it through the circulation.Previous studies are inclined to disregard the ability of fluorine becoming incorporated into the tooth surface after formation and thus causing an increased resistance to the mechanism responsible for decalcific...
Comparing Teachers' Thinking about Promoting Students' Thinking

Abstract Certain beliefs and theories of teachers outstanding at promoting students' thinking are compared to those of teachers less-than outstanding. Analysis reveals that differences exist between the two groups regarding their instructional goals, conceptions of thinking, and views on the dilemma of depth vs breadth of content coverage. Results may provide direction for pre- and in-service teacher training efforts which attempt to facilitate teachers' instructional practices in the area of thinking by engaging teachers' in reflection about practice.
Schleiermacher and the Christologies Behind Chalcedon

Although Schleiermacher's Christology is one of the most commented-upon doctrines of his dogmatic system, little scholarship exists on its relation to patristic Christology.One exception is an article by Richard Muller (“The Christological Problem as Addressed by Friedrich Schleiermacher,” in Perspectives on Christology [ed. M. Shuster and R. Muller; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1991] 141–62) that shows how “the doctrinal intention behind Schleiermacher's way of affirming the divinity of Christ evidences common ground with the dogmatic intention” of Chalcedon (p. 142). Muller's main objective is to demonstrate that Schleiermacher's Christology does not violate what he calls “patristic orthodoxy.” He does not explore in detail how Schleiermacher's doctrine of Christ may draw (whether intentionally or not) on the Christologies of specific patristic figures or schools. George Hunsinger, in an article outlining Karl Barth's debt to Martin Luther, makes a very brief comparison between Schleiermacher's Christology and that of Theodore of Mopsuestia, labeling both as “spirit-oriented” because they hold that “Jesus points us to the Holy Spirit” and not vice versa. Thus, in Hunsinger's view, these Christologies are focused only formally on Christ, but substantively on the Holy Spirit. See “What Karl Barth Learned from Luther,” Lutheran Quarterly 13:2 (1999) 129. Given Schleiermacher's view of the church, as well as his conception of the dependence of the believer and the community upon Christ, Hunsinger's interpretation is not convincing. To many this gap in scholarship will seem understandable and even appropriate, given Schleiermacher's famous rejection of two-natures language in his major dogmatic work, Der christliche Glaube.Henceforth Gl. All references to passages from Der christliche Glaube nach den Grundsatzen der evangelischen Kirche in Zusammenhange dargestellt follow the English translation of the second German edition offered in The Christian Faith (ed. H. R. Mackintosh and J. S. Stewart; Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1928). Occasionally I supply in parentheses the German original, from the standard critical edition edited by Martin Redeker (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1960). In this essay, I shall identify parallels between Schleiermacher's Christology and some of the Christologies “behind” Chalcedon—those conflicting Christologies that Chalcedon attempted to mediate. By examining the way in which certain emphases of Cyril of Alexandria, on the one hand, and Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius, on the other, are present in Schleiermacher's own doctrine of Christ (especially in Gl. §§93–99), I shall argue that Schleiermacher does not simply reject Chalcedon, but rather reconfigures its combination of apparently disjunct christological traditions in a new and creative way.
On laminar boundary-layer blow-off. Part 2

Several examples of incipient blow-off phenomena described by the compressible similar laminar boundary-layer equations are considered. An asymptotic technique based on the limit of small wall shear, and the use of a novel form of Prandtl's transposition theorem, leads to a complete analytical description of the blow-off behaviour. Of particular interest are the results for overall boundarylayer thickness, which imply that, for a given large Reynolds number, classical theory fails for a sufficiently small wall shear. A derivation of a new distinguished limit of the Navier–Stokes equations, the use of which will lead to uniformly valid solutions to blow-off type problems for Re → ∞, is included. A solution for uniform flow past a flat plate with classical similarity type injection, based on the new limit, is presented. It is shown that interaction of the injectant layers and the external flow results in a favourable pressure gradient, which precludes the classical blow-off catastrophy.
Cargo Selection by the COPII Budding Machinery during Export from the ER

Cargo is selectively exported from the ER in COPII vesicles. To analyze the role of COPII in selective transport from the ER, we have purified components of the mammalian COPII complex from rat liver cytosol and then analyzed their role in cargo selection and ER export. The purified mammalian Sec23–24 complex is composed of an 85-kD (Sec23) protein and a 120-kD (Sec24) protein. Although the Sec23–24 complex or the monomeric Sec23 subunit were found to be the minimal cytosolic components recruited to membranes after the activation of Sar1, the addition of the mammalian Sec13–31 complex is required to complete budding. To define possible protein interactions between cargo and coat components, we recruited either glutathione-S-transferase (GST)–tagged Sar1 or GST– Sec23 to ER microsomes. Subsequently, we solubilized and reisolated the tagged subunits using glutathione-Sepharose beads to probe for interactions with cargo. We find that activated Sar1 in combination with either Sec23 or the Sec23–24 complex is necessary and sufficient to recover with high efficiency the type 1 transmembrane cargo protein vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein in a detergent-soluble prebudding protein complex that excludes ER resident proteins. Supplementing these minimal cargo recruitment conditions with the mammalian Sec13–31 complex leads to export of the selected cargo into COPII vesicles. The ability of cargo to interact with a partial COPII coat demonstrates that these proteins initiate cargo sorting on the ER membrane before budding and establishes the role of GTPase-dependent coat recruitment in cargo selection.
Status, Stress, and Atherosclerosis: The Role of Environment and Individual Behavior

: Atherosclerosis induced by moderate hyperlipoproteinemia in group-housed cynomolgus monkeys differs significantly between animals of dominant and subordinate social status. The nature of this association also varies by sex, and in males, by stability of the social environment. Dominant males develop more extensive atherosclerosis than subordinates when housed in unstable, but not stable, social groups; in contrast, subordinate females develop greater atherosclerosis than dominants, and do so irrespective of the conditions of social housing. Experimental investigations reveal that the first of these associations (males) is mediated by concomitant sympathoadrenal activation and the second (females) by ovarian impairment associated with the stress of social subordination. We believe our findings offer clues to the neuroendocrine mediation of behavioral influences on coronary artery disease in humans. This is particularly true where these influences reflect asymmetries in the power or status relationships among individuals within similar social environments, or when dimensions of temperament or disposition give rise to such relationships. We propose that these data also may be informative regarding the pathophysiological sequelae of social stratification (in which disease incidence varies by class membership within populations), but only where social environments engendered by class inequalities exacerbate status-dependent behavioral differences among individuals within communities of associates.
Adolescent crisis and suicidal behavior: Dynamics and treatment

Suicide among adolescents is increasing. Three interacting factors—the crisis of adolescent development, family dysfunctioning, and social factors—create vulnerability to feelings of rejection and worthlessness among suicidal adolescents. Long-term family problems that are not openly acknowledged but for which the adolescent feels responsible are particularly relevant. The authors recommend a multiple approach to assessment and treatment in which crisis intervention is employed initially; and individual treatment for the adolescent and family therapy are utilized concurrently on a long-term basis.
Cloud parameters from infrared lidar used singly and in combination with radar and infrared radiometer

A CO/sub 2/ lidar operating at wavelength of about /spl lambda/=10.6 /spl mu/m differs in some respects from most other lidars, which operate at wavelengths an order of magnitude smaller. One important difference is that ice and water particles absorb strongly at CO/sub 2/ lidar wavelengths, whereas scattering dominates at the shorter wavelengths. The authors are developing cloud-sensing techniques that rely on the unique characteristics of a coherent CO/sub 2/ Doppler lidar. >
Notes: Differences in Otolith Morphology among the Two Subspecies of Largemouth Bass and Their F1 Hybrid

Abstract Otolith shape differed among Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salrnoides floridanus, northern largemouth bass M. s. salrnoides, and the first-generation (F1) hybrid between these two subspecies. As fish grew, Florida largemouth bass otoliths became progressively longer along the anterior axis and less wide along the dorsal axis than those of the northern subspecies; otolith measurements of F1 hybrids were intermediate between those of the two subspecies. Computations of back-calculated lengths that disregard these variations in the relationships of body length to anterior otolith radius and body length to dorsal otolith radius could cause bias in comparative age and growth studies, especially in newly established multistock populations. Because the differences in otolith morphometry were more evident along the dorsal plane, greater sources of error may be encountered when otoliths must be sectioned and measured than when whole-view measurements are used.
Physician-performed point-of-care echocardiography using a laptop platform compared with physical examination in the cardiovascular patient.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the results of physical examinations (PEs) performed by board-certified cardiologists with the results of point-of-care (POC) echocardiography in a group of patients with cardiovascular disease. BACKGROUND Although cardiovascular PE is crucial in the evaluation of patients with suspected heart disease, the skills required to diagnose abnormal cardiovascular findings have been declining. Echocardiography is a powerful noninvasive cardiovascular diagnostic tool; however, echocardiographic evaluation of patients is not performed at the time of patient encounter (POC echocardiography), beacuse current platforms are cumbersome and expensive for individual physician use. The development of miniaturized echocardiographic equipment has the potential to overcome some of these limitations. METHODS Thirty-six subjects had a complete cardiovascular examination by four board-certified cardiologists. The physicians subsequently imaged each patient using a miniaturized echocardiographic platform. The yield of PE and POC echocardiography were compared using a complete echocardiographic study as the gold standard, performed on an upper-end platform. RESULTS Cardiac examination failed to detect 59% of the overall cardiovascular findings. Physician-performed echocardiography with the prototype device missed 29% of the overall cardiovascular pathology. When considering only the major cardiovascular findings, the cardiologists' PEs still failed to correctly detect 43%. Point-of-care echocardiography reduced this to 21% without significant interphysician variation. CONCLUSIONS Point-of-care echocardiography using a miniaturized echocardiographic platform substantially improved the detection of important cardiovascular pathology compared with PE. Use of this device by a cardiovascular specialist with training in echocardiography as a routine adjunct to PE appears to be useful.
Transitions from Drag-based to Lift-based Propulsion in Mammalian Swimming

Synopsis. The evolution of fully aquatic mammals from quadrupedal, terrestrial mammals was associated with changes in morphology and swimming mode. Drag is minimized by streamlining body shape and appendages. Improvement in speed, thrust production and efficiency is accomplished by a change of swimming mode. Terrestrial and semiaquatic mammals employ drag-based propulsion with paddling appendages, whereas fully aquatic mammals use lift-based propulsion with oscillating hydrofoils. Aerobic efficiencies are low for drag-based swimming, but reach a maximum of 30% for lift-based propulsion. Propulsive efficiency is over 80% for lift-based swimming while only 33% for paddling. In addition to swimming mode, the transition to high performance propul? sion was associated with a shift from surface to submerged swimming providing a reduction in transport costs. The evolution of aquatic mam? mals from terrestrial ancestors required increased swimming performance with minimal compromise to terrestrial movement. Examination of modern analogs to transitional swimming stages suggests that only slight modification to the neuromotor pattern used for terrestrial locomotion is re? quired to allow for a change to lift-based propulsion.
Regularities in Human Affairs

When we review the course of human history or the results of anthropological research we see a delicate interplay of regularity and randomness. This article discusses several regularities in human affairs, including approximate mathematical laws, such as the logistic equation, and semi-empirical regularities, such as a power law or a Guttman scale. The search for regularities in human history is becoming a trifle more respectable than it was formerly. That could well portend some significant improvement in our ability to discuss the human future.
Transient thermoelastic contact problems for an elastic foundation

Abstract The paper presents a numerical solution of the problem of a hot rigid indenter sliding over a thermoelastic Winkler foundation at constant speed. It is shown analytically that no steady-state solution can exist for sufficiently high temperature or sufficiently small normal load or speed. The numerical solution shows that the steady-state solution, when it exists, is the final condition regardless of the initial conditions imposed. This suggests that the steady-state is also stable. When there is no steady-state, the predicted transient behavior involves regions of transient stationary contact interspersed with regions of separation. Initially, the system typically exhibits a small number of relatively large contact and separation regions, but as time progresses, larger and larger numbers of small contact areas are established, until eventually the accuracy of the algorithm is limited by the discretization used.
Market Structure Across Retail Formats

We study how market structure within a product category varies across retail formats. Building on the literature on internal market structure, we estimate a joint store and brand choice model where the loading matrix of brand attributes are allowed to be retail format specific. The approach allows us to recover brand maps for different retail formats while controlling for the short-term marketing mix activities at these stores and the self-selection of households that frequent a particular format. The model is applied to consumer panel data from two product categories, where households are observed to make purchases across three store types: high-end grocery store, traditional supermarket, and large everyday low pricing (EDLP) formats. Our results show strong correlations between the marketing mix sensitivities, store format preference, and unobserved brand attributes. These correlations translate into significant differences in market structure across retail formats and in the direction and size of preference vectors for unobservable brand attributes. We find a tight clustering of brands at the EDLP format, whereas brands are found to compete in distinct subgroups at other stores. Results show that failure to account for retail format effects can substantially bias the understanding of underlying market structure and could lead to incorrect implications in applications such as new product entry.
Systemic blastomycosis in childhood. Case report and review.

In a 21-month-old infant with systemic blastomycosis blood and bone marrow specimens were found reliable sources for culture, whereas sputum cultures were negative. A clinical cure followed hydroxystilbamidine therapy. Family members and neighbors tested for serum precipitins had no evidence of infection, past or present. The true prevalence of blastomycosis in the pediatric population of the United States is not known.
Radiative Corrections to pi_{l2} and K_{l2} Decays

We report on our reexamination of the radiative corrections to $\pi_{l2}$ and $K_{l2}$ decays. We perform a matching calculation, using a specific model with vector meson dominance in the long distance part and the parton model in the short distance part. By considering the dependence on the matching scale and on the hadronic parameters, and by comparing with model independent estimates, we scrutinize the model dependence of the results. For the pseudoscalar meson decay constants, we extract the values $f_\pi = (92.1 \pm 0.3)\,\mbox{MeV}$ and $f_K = (112.4 \pm 0.9) \, \mbox{MeV}$. For the ratios $R_\pi$ and $R_K$ of the electronic and muonic decay modes, we predict $R_\pi = (1.2354 \pm 0.0002) \cdot 10^{-4}$ and $R_K = (2.472 \pm 0.001) \cdot 10^{-5}$.
TWO DISTINCT SMALL-SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE ALEXANDRIUM FUNDYENSE (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Two distinct small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes, termed the A gene and B gene, were detected in a clonal isolate of the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense Balech. The two sequences, which occur in roughly a 1:1 ratio in polymerase chain reaction-amplified material, differ at approximately 40 positions scattered throughout the length of the molecule. Transcripts of the B sequence were not detected in total RNA extracts from nutrient-replete and ammonium-starved (sexually induced) cultures or nutrient-replete log-phase cultures harvested at 2-h intervals over a complete circadian cycle. Many of the position changes in the B gene deviate from universally and eukaryotic-conserved small-subunit rRNA sequences. In contrast, the A gene is expressed under all culture conditions tested and does not violate any conserved sequence positions. Thus, the B sequence is not represented by stable transcripts and is likely a pseudogene. The B gene may serve as a useful marker for fine-scale population and taxonomic analyses of some Alexandrium species.
On digital replica correlation algorithms with applications to active sonar

The fast Fourier transform is employed in the design of replica correlation algorithms for application in narrow-band and wide-band active FM sonar. A discrete analog of the narrow-band heterodyne correlator is presented and modified such as to lead to an efficient technique for wide-band FM where several time-compressed references are required.
THE ACTION OF EXTREME COLD ON LEUKEMIC CELLS OF MICE

Suspensions of leukemic cells of mice from three different strains of leukemia were subjected to rapid or slow freezing and rapid or slow thawing. Suspensions rapidly frozen to –196°C. were in all cases innocuous, whereas those frozen slowly were capable of transmitting leukemia. The infectivity of slowly frozen material varied from an estimated 0.0001 per cent to 1 per cent of that of fresh material, and this figure probably represents the percentage of surviving leukemic cells. Particles of spleen and lymph node reacted to slow and rapid freezing in the same manner as suspensions prepared from them. For one of the strains rapid thawing was less injurious than slow thawing; for the other two the rate of thawing seemed to be immaterial. Infectivity was equally well preserved after freezing to –21°C. whether freezing occurred spontaneously after supercooling or was initiated near the freezing point by inoculation with ice, or whether thawing was slow or rapid. Suspensions already slowly frozen at temperatures of –2° or lower, whether spontaneously or by inoculation with ice, could no longer be completely inactivated by subsequent rapid cooling to –196°C. Unfrozen suspensions initially above the freezing point or supercooled to –2°C. or –8°C. and then rapidly cooled to –196°C. were inactivated. This protective action of previous slow freezing was most marked when the initial temperature of the frozen suspension was –15°C. or lower; when it was –2°C. protection was barely detected. These observations indicate that the changes which are peculiar to rapid freezing alone and lead to complete inactivation take place during rapid transition from the liquid to the solid state, in a range of temperature lying between –15°C. and the freezing point. Temperature measurements carried out in this range showed that suspensions were about equally infections whether the temperature at their centers dropped from 0°C. to –15°C. in 30 minutes or in 1 minute; when the drop occurred in 12 seconds or less, the suspensions became innocuous.
Fluid Flow Structures in Staggered Banks of Cylinders Located in a Channel

This paper contains numerical experiments that model fluid flow through a staggered array of cylinders and represents a continuation of work previously performed by the authors (Braun et al., 1993; Kudriavtsev et al., 1993). The results shown here concentrate on the analysis of the physics of.flow and pressure distribution in (1) one row of cylinders, and (2) seven rows of cylinders. The test section is the same square channel described by Braun et al. (1993). The numerical experiments were run in transient mode at Reynolds numbers (Re = u{sub max}d/v) ranging from 86 to 869. The primary purpose of this paper is to report qualitative results regarding the attached near-wall jet phenomenon and to discuss its flow mechanics. The authors compare various stages of the transient evolution of the flow structures for geometric configurations that contain one, and seven rows of pins respectively. The associated pressure distributions in the arrays of pins are also discussed.
Compact sum-over-states expression without dipolar terms for calculating nonlinear susceptibilities

Using sum rules, the dipolar terms can be eliminated from the commonly-used sum-over-states (SOS) expression for nonlinear susceptibilities. This new dipole-free expression is more compact, converges to the same results as the common SOS equation, and is more appropriate for analyzing certain systems such as octupolar molecules. The dipole-free theory can be used as a tool for analyzing the uncertainties in quantum calculations of susceptibilities, can be applied to a broader set of quantum systems in the three-level model where the standard SOS expression fails, and more naturally leads to fundamental limits of the nonlinear susceptibilities.
Bringing Reality into the Classroom

This paper presents seven activities that were implemented in a senior level, undergraduate course in Environmental Engineering to bring reality into the classroom. Each of the activities will be discussed along with student feedback and an assessment of the use of the seven activities will be presented.
Experimental Possibilities for a 50 MeV Electron Linac with Long Duty Factor

The description here is intended to emphasize the latent possibilities for entirely new and valuable experiments at a long duty factor linac of 50 MeV. It also outlines one way of realizing many of these in the design of a laboratory to suit such a machine.
The QCAD framework for quantum device modeling

We present the Quantum Computer Aided Design (QCAD) simulator that targets modeling quantum devices, particularly Si double quantum dots (DQDs) developed for quantum computing. The simulator core includes Poisson, Schrodinger, and Configuration Interaction solvers which can be run individually or combined self-consistently. The simulator is built upon Sandia-developed Trilinos and Albany components, and is interfaced with the Dakota optimization tool. It is being developed for seamless integration, high flexibility and throughput, and is intended to be open source. The QCAD tool has been used to simulate a large number of fabricated silicon DQDs and has provided fast feedback for design comparison and optimization.
FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF THE CTAS CONFLICT PREDICTION AND TRIAL PLANNING CAPABILITY

The conflict prediction and resolution capability resident in the Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) has been enhanced and field tested. All-track processing (overflights, arrivals, departures), conflict probability estimation, and interactive trial planning, were incorporated into the Conflict Prediction and Trial Planning (CPTP) tool for field test evaluation. The objective of the work was to field test CPTP under operational air traffic control conditions and to measure benefits of CPTP capability to air traffic controllers and airspace users. The system was tested on the operational floor at the Denver Air Route Traffic Control Center in September 1997. It was found that controllers using CPTP-aiding resolved many conflicts by issuing a direct-route clearance to one of the aircraft. A direct route often resolved a conflict well before it became tactical, gave the aircraft a short-cut, and required one less controller clearance. The potential for a three-fold increase in direct routing was noted with CPTP-aiding over baseline operations with no aiding. The data show better than a two-fold increase in the number of direct-route clearances actually issued to aircraft when controllers were using the CPTP system. The ability of CPTP to confirm that a trial trajectory resolves the conflict without creating any other conflicts was consistently identified by the controllers as one of its most powerful features.