cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreward: 'Law as . . .': Theory and Method in Legal History

Legal historians have long taken their intellectual cues from the problematic of the “law and” theory. The “law and” theory has been influential both intellectually and institutionally because of the capaciousness of the conjunctive metaphor. “Law and” allows all manner of claims about the natures of law and history, and about the insights one might gain from studying law as part of other domains of human activity. The pragmatic usefulness of the conjunction papers over abiding doubts about the continuing intellectual coherence of the framework that encompasses so much sociolegal historical work. The sixteen papers in this symposium issue of the UC Irvine Law Review responded to an invitation to consider legal history through a lens other than that provided by the “law and society” framework. Instead of parsing relations between distinct domains of activity, between law and what lies “outside” of it, the objective of historical research about law might be to imagine them as the same domain: “law as . . . .” The ellipses began as a hopeful invitation to consider what law is if it is not half of a conjunction. The ellipses became statement of principle: law can and should be imagined in many ways, including as the five themes reflected in these papers: law as the language of social relations, law as consciousness, law as enchanted ritual and spectacle, law as sovereignty, and law as economic/cultural activity.
Chapter 22 Physiologic and enhanced physiologic tremor

Publisher Summary Healthy people exhibit rhythmic oscillations in body position and muscle contraction, and these oscillations are called physiologic tremor. The mechanisms of physiologic tremor are reviewed in this chapter. The friction and viscous damping in most joints are not sufficient to prevent passive mechanical oscillation in response to a perturbation. Skeletal muscle behaves as a low-pass filter in response to motor-unit excitation, and this filtering effect limits the fluctuations in muscle force caused by irregularities in motor unit firing. However, these irregularities are not filtered completely, and they continuously perturb associated joints into oscillation. Muscle spindle and tendonorgan reflex loops lack the sensitivity to attenuate these small oscillations, and the underdamped mechanical properties of most joints are conducive to oscillation. Consequently, irregularities in muscle force keep most body parts in a constant state of oscillation that is barely visible to the unaided eye. This oscillation is the mechanical component of physiologic tremor.
'If it Suffices to Accuse': United States V. Watts and the Reassessment of Acquittals

Despite sweeping changes, few courts or commentators have reflected upon the communicative effects of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. Enacted in 1984, the Sentencing Guidelines represent the most significant modem alteration of federal sentencing. The extensive commentary on the Sentencing Guidelines tends to focus on the constitutional and political issues surrounding their implementation. If punishment is constitutive of social beliefs, however, current sentencing practices merit examination. Though the Supreme Court's decisions have not been illuminating in this regard, a 1997 case that centered on a controversial Sentencing Guidelines practice provides a compelling opportunity to examine the intersection of sentencing and its communicative effects. United States v. Watts decided whether federal judges should consider acquitted conduct under the Guidelines. The Watts decision received little attention, and those who followed the development of the Sentencing Guidelines were probably not surprised by the outcome of the decision. The lack of critical engagement is not, however, indicative of the decision's significance; Watts underscores the manner in which the communicative force of current sentencing practices is overlooked.
Closed-form solutions to a class of H/sup infinity /-optimization problems-output feedback case

The authors present a closed-form solution to a class of H/sup infinity / suboptimal control problems via output feedback. The issue of pole/zero cancellations in the closed-loop system resulting from the H/sub infinity /-suboptimal output feedback control law is examined. >
Directed Energy Sensors/Actuators

Directed energy sensing methods have found increased use as inspection tools over the last several decades. To a large degree, this is due to the abundance of new energy sources and detectors, which span the entire electromagnetic spectrum. In this brief review article, the key underlying principles of directed energy sensing are presented with a special emphasis on recent developments related to material inspections, nondestructive evaluation, and structural health monitoring. For most applications, directed energy approaches are best classified by their wavelength/frequency, which along with incident energy/power levels determines how the directed energy interacts with the material of interest. In keeping with this theme, specific technology examples will be provided for short-wavelength X ray, midwave visible, long-wave infrared, and ultra-long-wave terahertz/microwave inspection approaches. The interested reader is encouraged to refer to the numerous cited articles and books for additional information and details, which are covered in the article. Keywords: electromagnetic radiation; directed energy; X rays; lasers; infrared; terahertz; microwaves; millimeter-waves
Counseling via analogy: improving patient adherence in major depressive disorder.

Rates of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the United States are approximately 16.2% for lifetime prevalence and 6.6% for 1-year prevalence. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the United States, resulting in more deaths annually than human immunodeficiency virus. The consequences and costs of untreated MDD are immense. The psychosocial consequences of MDD in terms of marital and family strain are severe, and impairment resulting from MDD contributes to reduced productivity. Untreated MDD also has physical consequences for patients. Evidence suggests that the presence of MDD is a significant risk factor for stroke, hypertension, heart disease, and death after myocardial infarction. The enormous magnitude and impact of untreated MDD are highlighted by the World Bank’s 1996 report noting MDD as the fourth leading contributor to total disabilityadjusted life-years lost on a worldwide basis and by their projection that MDD will be the second leading contributor by the year 2020. Patient resistance to diagnosis and treatment is seen by primary care physicians as the most challenging barrier to initiating treatment for depression. Studies examining patient adherence with medication have found that a substantial number of patients who are prescribed antidepressants do not take them as directed. It is estimated that, of the 57% of patients with MDD receiving treatment for depression in the primary care setting, only 1 in 5 is adequately treated. Insufficient frequency and duration of treatment for MDD are strongly associated with higher rates of depressive relapse and impaired functioning. Another effect of inadequate treatment of MDD is suicide; approximately 15% of all patients hospitalized for
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Workplace Under the ADA in the Wake of Sutton and Its Companions

The terms Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) refer to a neurological impairment that affects the individual's ability to sustain attention and to behave in a calm, rational manner. Although this disorder has long been considered to be restricted to childhood, recent research has demonstrated that many children carry it over into adult life and take it with them into the workplace. Most U.S. courts have treated AD/HD as a disability covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). However, in the summer of 1999, the U.S. Supreme Court made three decisions that will undoubtedly affect the future status of AD/HD and other impairments under the ADA. This article examines those decisions, how they affect the employment rights of AD/HD-afflicted employees, and the changes they will probably bring to litigation in this area. Because we have many reservations about the court's decisions, we not only voice our criticisms of the decisions, but also offer an alternative approach.
Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive coccus and a member of the normal skin flora as well as the nasal passages of humans. S. aureus is also the etiological agent of suppurative abscesses, as first described by Sir Alexander Ogston in 1880. Ever since, studies on S. aureus have focused on the complex battery of virulence factors and regulators that allow for its swift transition between commensalism and pathogenic states and escape from host immune defenses. The success of this pathogen is further evidenced by its ability to acquire antibiotic resistance traits through mechanisms that often remain poorly understood.
Spotlight on the Dance

(1963). Spotlight on the Dance. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 73-74.
Pediatric residency education: is sports medicine getting its fair share?

Introduction. Sports are the leading injury-related cause for pediatric primary care visits. Pediatric residency education guidelines suggest incorporating sports medicine (SM) education into curricula; however, research is lacking regarding effective teaching methods. Objective. To assess reported US pediatric residency SM curricula, teaching methods, and resident evaluation of SM education. Design/Methods. Chief residents (CRs) and third-year residents (PL3s) from 100 randomly selected US Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited residency programs, stratified by size and geographic location, received surveys regarding programs9 SM curriculum and teaching methods and individuals9 methods for learning SM. Results. Response rates were 63% and 39% for CRs and PL3s, respectively. According to CRs, 34% of programs had no one in charge of their SM curriculum. Lecture (77%) was the primary method used for teaching SM. Hands-on teaching (37%) was used less frequently. CRs stated that 29% of programs did not include musculoskeletal examination teaching in their curriculums; 24% did not include formal teaching of concussion management, and 29% did not include reasons for medical disqualification. PL3s rated teaching of joint examinations and the preparticipation physical as the most poorly taught components of the physical examination. PL3s rated hands-on teaching and patient experience as the best methods for improving SM education. CRs reported that only 36% of programs have discussed incorporating more SM into their curriculum. Conclusions. SM education is deficient in US pediatric residency programs. Standardized curricula should be developed with a focus on hands-on training as a means for teaching SM to pediatric residents.
The 'Unintended Consequences' of H.B. 56 on Victims of Domestic Violence

The Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer & Citizen Protection Act (H.B. 56) has many unintended consequences. The law creates a culture of impunity for those who prey on vulnerable immigrants such as victims of domestic violence. H.B. 56 also undermines the aims of federal protections in place to protect these immigrants.
The Professional Ideology of Criminologists

In the 1970s, rejection of offender treatment as misguided and ineffective was common among criminologists. Recently, however, there are reasons to believe that faith in correctional intervention may have returned as a core feature of criminologists’ professional ideology. To date, no one has undertaken a systematic investigation of criminologists’ opinions on rehabilitation. Drawing on a random sample of criminologists, the current study examines the extent to which the discipline stands ready to support a central role for offender treatment. Finding broad-based support for rehabilitation, we discuss the implications of these results for correctional policy.
Evaluation of the Potential Role of Alirocumab in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia in Patients with High‐Risk Cardiovascular Disease

A high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has proved to have a positive correlation with mortality from cardiovascular disease, and it is the key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lowering levels of LDL-C with statins reduces both vascular morbidity and mortality; however, myalgias occur in 10% to 15% of patients, and many patients managed with statins achieve suboptimal levels of LDL-C. The injectable drug alirocumab-the first of a new class of drugs called proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors-is a monoclonal antibody to the PCSK9 gene, which regulates LDL receptor expression and circulating levels of LDL-C. In this review, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of alirocumab and its potential role in the management of patients with high-risk cardiovascular disease. Data were gathered from articles indexed in the PubMed database (2006-April 2015). All English-language, prospective, randomized, double-blinded trials evaluating the efficacy of alirocumab, as a monotherapy or in combination with statins, for treatment of hypercholesterolemia were identified. Five clinical trials were evaluated, and the results from these studies revealed that the use of alirocumab, both as monotherapy or in combination with statins, significantly reduced LDL-C levels. Patients treated with alirocumab, with or without statins, were more likely to achieve LDL-C goals of less than 100 or 70 mg/dl compared with placebo. Despite its ability to lower LDL-C level, one study did not show any antiinflammatory activity (i.e., reduced C-reactive protein level) among patients who received alirocumab; however, more clinical trials will be needed to further assess this effect. Alirocumab also appears to cause regression of plaque. The most commonly reported adverse effect was mild injection-site reaction. With increased odds of statin discontinuation among patients taking high-intensity statins, alirocumab will contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk reduction. However, morbidity and mortality data, as well as long-term safety data, are pending. Therefore, we propose that alirocumab will better serve as an adjuvant therapy for the management of hypercholesterolemia in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. As with all new promising injectable drugs, cost will also be a key consideration.
A literacy task to assist reader awareness in children's informational writing

That our writing can be misunderstood by our readers is a conceptual difficulty for developing writers. This paper outlines a perspective-taking process that assists elementary students in composing referentially detailed descriptions. Through a procedural sequence that includes drafting, feedback, readers' perspective task, revision and drafting anew, young writers learn to think like their readers and envision what their readers may ‘see’ through their writings. Adaptable to different content areas, this written referential task facilitates the complex development of students' reader awareness as they compose informational text.
Recall and clustering as a function of categorization and distance between related items

Lists composed of six pairs of categorically related associates (CA) and six pairs of categorically unrelated associates (UA) were presented to Ss for free recall. Presentation order was varied between groups by controlling the number of items (0, 1, 2, 3, or 5) intervening between associates. Recall and clustering were greater for CA words than for UA words, but only with noncontiguous presentation of associates. The locus of the recall effect was in the number of items recalled per pair rather than in the number of pairs represented in recall. The results were considered supportive of the hypothesis that in the absence of blocked presentation, categorically related items are more likely to be experienced contiguously (functional contiguity) than are categorically unrelated items.
Contour scanning laser vibrometry characterization of Caribbean steelpan

A conformal scanning laser vibrometer was used to determine the vibrational modes of a 17-note portion of a C-lead tenor steelpan. The data represents the surface-normal motion of the instrument in response to an impulsive excitation intended to mimic the strike of a mallet. A description of this novel measurement system is presented, followed by the surface velocity data and a summary of response shapes and the frequencies at which those responses occur. The data indicate that individual note areas respond when adjacent or non-adjacent notes are struck, and clearly illustrate the complex vibration of the steelpan and the coupling between notes that produce the rich distinctive nature of the steelpan sound.
Relative effects of pentobarbital and chloralose on the responsiveness of neurons in sensorimotor cerebral cortex of the domestic cat.

Abstract A sample of 583 individual neurons was obtained from the sensorimotor cerebral cortex in cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Four sites related to the contralateral forepaw were sampled: precoronal (field 3b), midsigmoid (field 3a), and postcruciate (field 4γ) and precruciate (field 4γ). The sample was compared with one previously obtained from the same four sites (4175 neurons) in cats anesthetized with α-chloralose. The average number of evokable neurons per electrode track was the same under both anesthetics at the precoronal site in somatosensory area I. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, the number of neurons/track decreased linearly through an order of magnitude from the precoronal to the precruciate sites, whereas under chloralose anesthesia it was nearly the same at three of the four sites, decreasing by about 25% at the midsigmoid site. The pentobarbital sample consisted almost exclusively of small-field neurons, whereas the chloralose sample contained a substantial number of bilateral-field and wide-field neurons. Two wide-field neurons found under pentobarbital anesthesia were found to become unresponsive to some, but not all, cutaneous inputs after a supplemental dose of pentobarbital. The small-field neurons found under pentobarbital anesthesia responded with lower probability but at significantly shorter latency than those found under chloralose. It is argued that although a few of the neurons classed as wide-field under chloralose anesthesia may be classed as small-field or bilateral-field under pentobarbital anesthesia, the majority simply become unresponsive to cutaneous input under pentobarbital anesthesia. They probably increase their tonic discharge under pentobarbital anesthesia, some showing ‘burst’ discharges. It is concluded that the sample of cutaneously excitable neurons obtainable under pentobarbital anesthesia is limited by comparison with that obtainable under chloralose anesthesia, and that a specific set of neurons is affected most strongly. This set—the wide-field neurons—includes the great majority of the pyramidal tract neurons. It is argued that not only do the views of the sensorimotor cerebral cortex differ between the two anesthetic conditions, but also that neither view relates in a simple or direct way to that obtained from awake, unanesthetized preparations.
Adrenaline is a critical mediator of acute exercise-induced AMP-activated protein kinase activation in adipocytes.

Exercise increases AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) activity in human and rat adipocytes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of this activation are not known. Since adrenaline (epinephrine) concentrations increase with exercise, in the present study we hypothesized that adrenaline activates AMPK in adipocytes. We show that a single bout of exercise increases AMPKα1 and α2 activities and ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) Ser79 phosphorylation in rat adipocytes. Similarly to exercise, adrenaline treatment in vivo increased AMPK activities and ACC phosphorylation. Pre-treatment of rats with the β-blocker propranolol fully blocked exercise-induced AMPK activation. Increased AMPK activity with exercise and adrenaline treatment in vivo was accompanied by an increased AMP/ATP ratio. Adrenaline incubation of isolated adipocytes also increased the AMP/ATP ratio and AMPK activities, an effect blocked by propranolol. Adrenaline incubation increased lipolysis in isolated adipocytes, and Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, attenuated this effect. Finally, a potential role for AMPK in the decreased adiposity associated with chronic exercise was suggested by marked increases in AMPKα1 and α2 activities in adipocytes from rats trained for 6 weeks. In conclusion, both acute and chronic exercise are significant regulators of AMPK activity in rat adipocytes. Our findings suggest that adrenaline plays a critical role in exercise-stimulated AMPKα1 and α2 activities in adipocytes, and that AMPK can function in the regulation of lipolysis.
Influence of elicitors on alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxides and related amino acids in onion (Allium cepa) tissue cultures

Abstract Conditions were developed whereby onion tissue cultures could produce alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxides (ACSOs) at levels exceeding those in mature onion bulbs. Callus cultures grown in Gamborg's B5 basal medium with minimal organics supplemented with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (at 2.5 μM) and 6‐benzyl‐aminopurine (at 1 μM) exhibited greening and partially differentiated roots within 6 months culture, and could be maintained for over 1 year. Within 10–12 months, callus cultures produced up to twice as much 1‐propenyl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxide (1‐PeCSO) and up to 6 times as much methyl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxide (MCSO) as found in mature onion bulbs. These callus cultures also had greater levels of glutamic acid, glycine and valine than mature onion bulbs. The supplementation of growth media with the elicitors, salicylic acid (SA), onion cell wall fragments (CWF) and acid‐cleaved chitosans (ACC) had differential effects of ACSO yields in 10–12 month old callus cultures. CWF suppressed tissue levels of both...
For want of a bit the user was lost: cheap user modeling

The more a computer knows about a user, the better it can serve that user. But there are different styles, and even philosophies, of how to teach our computers about us-about our habits, interests, patterns, and preferences. "Cheap" user modeling, the subject of this essay, simply means ascertaining a few bits of information about each user, processing that information quickly, and providing the results to applications, all without intruding upon the user's consciousness. In short, there are techniques for personalization that can-and should-be built into today's systems. Like most journal papers, this is a description of an existing system: DOPPELGANGER. But it is also an exhortation for readers to incorporate the described techniques and philosophy into their own systems.
Plasma atrial natriuertic peptide concentrations in childen with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

subjects and is retrospective in nature, our findings describe specific clinical criteria that reliably differentiate hyperinsulinemic from nonhyperinsulinemic forms of hypoglycemia. When these criteria suggest hyperinsulinemia, the diagnostic blood sample at the time of hypoglycemia can be limited to measurement of glucose, insulin, and ketone levels, and followed by glucagon administration and serial glucose measurements. In the face of symptomatic hypoglycemia with nonhyperinsulinemic causes, the glucagon test could be dangerous, and its routine use needs to be carefully considered. If hyperinsulinemia is not suspected or has been excluded by previous testing, then other components of the classic "critical sample" should be measured during a repeat controlled fast, with performance of specific hormonal and metabolic challenge tests as indicated.
Microscopic‐controlled excision of cutaneous tumors. Chemosurgery, fresh tissue technique

A modification of Mohs' chemosurgery which eliminates the zinc chloride paste but follows the careful piece by piece excision, marking, and mapping has been developed for the treatment of cutaneous tumors. The technique is called Microscopic Controlled Exicision (MCE). This 8-year retrospective study reports a 97.2% cure rate for 532 determinant lesions. On hundred eighty-five (35%) of these cases followed for 5 years or longer had a 96% cure rate. The modified technique eliminates the pain of zinc chloride fixative paste, shortens the time required to perform the surgery, removes less uninvolved, normal tissues, and the final defect is a fresh surgical wound which can be repaired immediately. These advantages become highly significant since a high 5-year cure rate can be obtained. It is recommended that this technique be used for all tumors which recur after routine treatment by excision, radiation therapy, curettage and desiccation, or cryosurgery, for tumors with poorly defined clinical borders, for sclerosing basal cell epitheliomas, and for primary cutaneous carcinomas in areas which have a predilection for recurrence.
Surface fitting to scattered data by a sum of Gaussians

Abstract We study the computational behavior and the interpolation accuracy of functions defined by a sum of Gaussians (SOG) in surface fitting. We compare the interpolation accuracies of SOG and multiquadrics (MQ) in data interpolation, and describe an algorithm for approximation of scattered data by SOG with minimal least-squares error. We also characterize the computational behaviors of SOG and MQ in data interpolation as functions of their parameters σ and r, respectively.
Improving telephone fundraising by use of self-prophecy

The self-prophecy phenomenon served as the basis for a simple, inexpensive technique aimed at increasing donations in a telephone fundraising drive. Self-prophecy is predicated on two psychological effects. First, asking people to make predictions about normatively influenced behaviours results in biased responses—people respond as they think they should. Secondly, when later asked to perform those same behaviours, people tend to be consistent with their predictions. In an experiment, asking people to make a prediction increased the success rate from 30.4 per cent to 49 per cent, relative to a control group. Although it may be limited to occasional use, the self-prophecy technique appears a simple and economical tool for increasing donations. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
A New Methodology to Measure Strength of Adherence of the Fetal Membrane Components, Amnion and the Choriodecidua

Abstract We have previously shown that separation of the amnion from choriodecidua occurs as an integral part of the fetal membranes (FM) rupture process. We have also reported that spontaneous separation of FM is nearly universal with term vaginal delivery. The etiology of this spontaneous FM separation is unknown. If biochemical degradation at the amnion–choriodecidua interface is a factor, decreased adhesive force between the FM components prior to their complete separation would be expected. The purpose of this project was to develop and validate machinery and procedures to measure the adhesive force between amnion and choriodecidua. Commercial tensile testing equipment was adapted to perform a standard T-peel test, per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines. FM test strip dimensions, peel speed, and peel force data measurements from force versus displacement curves were optimized for reproducibility. Test system validation was performed using Shurtape CP 60 (slow release painter's masking tape) as the standard. Equipment and procedures for a standard T-peel test on FM were developed. Shurtape CP 60 of decreasing widths showed reproducible, linear changes in the adhesive force range for FM ( r 2 = 0.96). The adhesive force between FM components ranged from 0.017 to 0.262 N/cm. Reproducibility was optimal with FM test strips of 4 × 6 cm and a peel speed of 25.4 cm/min. FM showed greater adhesive force adjacent to the placental disc than distal from the disc ( p
Intensity-dependent absorption in Cu and Ag metal mirrors - The role of temperature and surface roughness

The intensity-dependent absorption in diamond-turned Cu and Ag metal mirrors and mechanically polished Cu mirrors was investigated at 1.06 and 0.532 μm. The absorption increased with increasing intensity. The change is explained in terms of thermal mechanisms. The absorption is independent of the surface alterations introduced by irradiation. The observed reduction in damage resistance of the altered material may be caused by the interaction of light with the sharp edges produced by mechanical deformation.
Radial distribution function of amorphous NiPtP alloys

Abstract Accurate X-ray diffraction measurements were made upon five amorphous alloys having the composition (NixPt100−x)75P25 with 20 ⩽ x ⩽ 60, which were obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state. The shapes of the interference function a(K), and of the atomic radial distribution function (RDF) curves are strikingly similar to those observed for metallic liquids. Contrary to what was observed in previously studied amorphous metallic alloys, there is no shoulder on the high angle side of the second peak of a(K) and the RDF does not have a double peak beyond the first maximum. The ratio of second to first near-neighbor atomic distances is 1.86±0.02, a value which is larger than that (∼1.7) observed for previously known amorphous foils. The first coordination number is close to 12. On the basis of these and further experimental studies on the first band of various amorphous metallic alloys, it is concluded that the present alloys possess a higher degree of disorder than that found in any of the existing amorphous metallic materials. The degree of disorder is comparable to that present in fused silica. The factors contributing towards successful synthesis of these alloys are discussed.
Measurement of capillary pulsations in the rat neocortex with two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy

Background Hydrocephalus is associated with increased pulsations in the cerebral aqueduct, as demonstrated by cine MRI, as well as increased pulse pressure, as demonstrated by invasive intracranial pressure monitoring. What has yet to be elucidated is the relationship between increased pulsations and the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. Are increased pulsations an important component of the pathophysiology, or simply an artefact of decreased intracranial compliance? We have shown that under normal circumstances, the transmission of arterial pulsations into the cranium is minimized (the so-called Windkessel effect). In this paper, we sought to demonstrate this effect directly by measuring capillary pulsations with two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy.
Laser Ablation Therapies for Barrett’s Esophagus

The metaplastic change of the normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus into a specialized columnar epithelium is known as Barrett's esophagus (BE) and is associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. It is a frequent complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and up to 10% of patients with GERD suffer from BE. The progression to dysplasia increases the risk of cancer development and the annual risk of developing cancer in Barrett's esophagus is estimated to be 0.5% per year. The management of BE with high grade dysplasia (HGD) is controversial. Recent innovations in endoscopic therapy have allowed for the development of multiple endoscopic techniques, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), argon plasma coagulation (APC), and endoscopic mucosal resection. In this article, we will discuss primarily photodynamic therapy, and other ablative technologies such as argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of BE.
Temperature dependence of effective cutoff wavelegth in depressed clad single-mode fibers

The effective cutoff wavelength is known to be dependent on fiber length, bending radius and fiber connections. In this paper we show that the effective cutoff wavelength is also temperature dependent in depressed clad single mode fibers. The annealing condition which affects the results is discussed. A theoretical model based on residual stress remaining in the fiber during the drawing process is proposed to explain the experimental observation. The temperature dependence of the effective cutoff wavelength in matched clad fiber is also presented for comparison.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypercube algorithms for neural network simulation: the Crystal_Accumulator and the Crystal Router

We discuss communication algorithms relevant for neural network modeling on distributed memory concurrent computers with a hypercube topology. Full, intermediate (medium range) and sparse network connectivities are analyzed. We point out that the flexible hypercube topology allows for the efficient implementation of the broad class of network algorithms with variety of connectivity patterns. We find algorithms index, crystal_router, fold and crystal_ accumulator which are appropriate in different cases depending on the sparseness and regularity of the network interconnect. We show that there are natural analogies between biological communication paths and the interconnects of a distributed memory concurrent computer.
Large wind shears and stabilities in the mesopause region observed by Na wind‐temperature lidar at midlatitude

[1] Unexpected large horizontal winds and wind shears in the lower thermosphere have been observed by rocket soundings and lidars for decades. From 4 years of the Colorado State University sodium wind-temperature lidar data set (2002–2005; total of ∼1600 nocturnal h), we observed an altitude distribution of high wind velocity and wind shears between 80 and 105 km, similar to the results of chemical release experiments. Our lidar data show conclusively that when the observed wind shears are plotted as a function of the squared Brunt-Vaisala frequency, N2, they are below the value corresponding to the Richardson number of 1/4, which is a necessary condition of the onset of dynamic instability. This suggests that large wind shears can be sustained in the region of high static stability, for example, in the lower thermosphere, where large wind shears are often observed by rocket sounding. The full-diurnal-cycle lidar data enable the extraction of tidal wave components with periods of 24, 12, 8, and 6 h, therefore allowing us to reveal the strong correlation of 60% between large wind shears (>50 m s−1 km−1) and tidal waves. The lidar-measured seasonal variation in N2 and tidal amplitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are found to be consistent with the difference in altitude distribution of strong wind shears between winter and summer.
SU‐E‐T‐664: Accuracy of Patient Dose Calculation in Proton Therapy of Lung Cancer: A Comparison of Monte Carlo and Pencil Beam Computations

Purpose: The analytical, semi‐empirical algorithms are used widely for protontreatment planning in the current clinical practice. The aim of this study is the assessment of possible dosimetric uncertainties in these algorithms in highly heterogeneous areas of the thorax. Methods: In this study we use a detailed Monte Carlo model of the passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT) beam line together with a computed tomography(CT) based model of the patient anatomy to investigate the heterogeneity‐induced dosimetric uncertainties in PSPT treatment planning. A CT scan and a treatment plan were used to assemble the input files for the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. The total energy deposition inside the patient volume was computed with statistical uncertainty of less than 2% and converted to dose‐in‐water. The results were compared to the dose computed by the clinical treatment planning system (TPS). The corresponding dose in the water phantom was computed using both the TPS and the Monte Carlo model and used to calibrate the absolute dosimetry in the Monte Carlo model. Results: While there is acceptable agreement between the TPS and the Monte Carlo dose in the water phantom, there are noticeable differences caused by heterogeneities. The regions of largest differences are the points around and beyond the distal edge and points around the lateral penumbra. These are most pronounced when the beam passes through or is stopped in the low density regions of the lung, and increase with the range of the beam and the amount of the heterogeneities in the beam path. Conclusions: In some lung cases the actual target coverage and the accuracy of dose to lung tissues around and beyond the distal edge of the proton beam, calculated with conventional algorithms, may be suboptimal.
Oxygen-Dependent Regulation of Bacterial Lipid Production

Understanding the mechanisms of lipid accumulation in microorganisms is important for several reasons. In addition to providing insight into assembly of biological membranes, lipid accumulation has important applications in the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an attractive organism to study lipid accumulation, as it has the ability to increase membrane production at low O2 tensions. Under these conditions, R. sphaeroides develops invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane to increase its membrane surface area for housing of the membrane-bound components of its photosynthetic apparatus. Here we use fatty acid levels as a reporter of membrane lipid content. We show that, under low-O2 and anaerobic conditions, the total fatty acid content per cell increases 3-fold. We also find that the increases in the amount of fatty acid and photosynthetic pigment per cell are correlated as O2 tensions or light intensity are changed. To ask if lipid and pigment accumulation were genetically separable, we analyzed strains with mutations in known photosynthetic regulatory pathways. While a strain lacking AppA failed to induce photosynthetic pigment-protein complex accumulation, it increased fatty acid content under low-O2 conditions. We also found that an intact PrrBA pathway is required for low-O2-induced fatty acid accumulation. Our findings suggest a previously unknown role of R. sphaeroides transcriptional regulators in increasing fatty acid and phospholipid accumulation in response to decreased O2 tension. IMPORTANCE Lipids serve important functions in living systems, either as structural components of membranes or as a form of carbon storage. Understanding the mechanisms of lipid accumulation in microorganisms is important for providing insight into the assembly of biological membranes and additionally has important applications in the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. In this study, we investigate the ability of Rhodobacter sphaeroides to increase membrane production at low O2 tensions in order to house its photosynthetic apparatus. We demonstrate that this bacterium has a mechanism to increase lipid content in response to decreased O2 tension and identify a transcription factor necessary for this response. This is significant because it identifies a transcriptional regulatory pathway that can increase microbial lipid content.
A comparison of the effectiveness of tournaments

When it is desired to compare t treatments in a paired-comparison experiment the simplest balanced design requires (t - 1) units of each treatment. Each replication, comprising jt(t - 1) comparisons, is analogous to a round robin tournament involving t players, with each comparison corresponding to a game between two contestants. This analogy was first pointed out by Kendall (1955). If we are primarily concerned with picking the best treatment it may be practicable to use a technique requiring less than (t - 1) units of each treatment per replication. The knock-out tournament (or cup-tie procedure) has been suggested for this purpose by Maurice (1958) and also by David (1959), Maurice compares the balanced design or round robin tournament with the cup-tie procedure for the case of four populations with means in the most unfavourable configuration (one population has a mean larger by 8 than the common mean of the other tlhree populations). She bases the comparison on the amount of replication (and hence the sampling cost) required to ensure detection of the difference 8 with probability at least P, and concludes that the cup-tie procedure is the more economical. In effecting comparisons with the balanced design she uses tables provided by Bechhofer (1954). David investigates some properties of knock-out and round robin tournaments and obtains an expression for the probability with which the best player wins a knock-out tournament, certain assumptions having been made about the strengths of the players. In this paper six tournament types are investigated for their effectiveness in selecting the best one of four players. The types, together with abbreviations used for convenience in
Response of porcine aortic smooth muscle cells to cyclic tensional deformation in culture.

Abstract The vascular wall is continuously subjected to pulsatile hydrostatic pressures. However, most studies of smooth muscle cells (SMC) are done under static tissue culture conditions. We have utilized a flexible-bottom culture plate and applied cyclic tensional deformation to cultured SMC. Recent studies have shown that endothelial cells (EC) proliferate but remain randomly oriented when subjected to a force regimen of 3 cycle/min of up to 24% elongation. The current experiments were performed to study the effects of a similar force regimen on SMC. Porcine SMC were seeded at 200,000 cells/35-mm2 well and permitted to adhere for 24 hr. After 24 hr, the plates were placed on a vacuum-operated stress-providing unit that exerted a 24% elongation on the culture plate substratum at maximum downward deflection of the plate bottom. The stretched cells (n = 6 wells/day) were subjected to cycles of 10 sec of 24% elongation and 10 sec of relaxation for 7 days. The control cells (n = 6 wells/day) were subjected to similar incubations as the control group but without cyclic deformation. Media were changed every 24 hr. [3H]Thymidine (THY), a precursor for DNA synthesis, was added (2 μCi/well) to plates 24 hr prior to harvesting. On Days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 cells were counted and analyzed for THY incorporation. While previous results indicate that pulsatile stretching stimulates EC, the present study indicates that a similar regimen of stress inhibits SMC proliferation. THY incorporation into SMC paralleled the observed changes in cell count. Morphologically, SMC aligned in an annular pattern in response to applied strain, whereas EC maintained a random orientation. We conclude that pulsatile stretching alters the behavior of cells in culture and has opposite effects on EC and SMC.
Supporting real advances in public health through FDA regulation.

Professor Richard Daynard's commentary entitled: Public Health vs. Philip Morris: Is it a Zero-Sum Game? in the December 2005, Volume 26, No. 4 of the Journal of Public Health Policy regarding my article in the same issue entitled: Philip Morris' FDA Gambit: Good For Public Health sets up an interesting and, I think, false dichotomy regarding whether health groups should join Philip Morris in support of Philip Morris' preferred form of FDA regulation. The issue, is not as Daynard claims, a zero-sum game between no FDA regulation or accepting proposals in Congress that are congruent with Philip Morris's FDA regulation goals, which purportedly benefit the public health. Rather, the issue is whether health advocates should support different and more effective FDA legislation. As my article indicated, almost all of the purported claims in the
The WAIS picture arrangement subtest as a measure of anticipation.

Summary Recent research and theory has stressed the importance of future extension as a parameter in psychological development and in psychopathology. One of the primary methods for assessing future extension has been through fantasy productions to TAT cards or to story stems. Both of these methods have been useful but they are limited because they are dependent in part on verbal fluency. It has been suggested that the Picture Arrangement (PA) subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale assesses anticipation and planning and, as such, it provides a non-verbal measure of future extension. PA scores were found in a pilot study to have a positive and significant relationship to future extension as measured in stories told to story roots, and in the present study to future extension as measured in TAT stories.
Malglycemia and cancer: introduction to a conceptual model.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To introduce a conceptual model detailing the physiologic contributions of malglycemia to cancer formation and increased morbidity and mortality. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL®, and Cochrane databases, as well as Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer statistics. DATA SYNTHESIS Multiple complex factors are associated with malignancy formation, proliferation, and outcomes for each individual. The authors present a model, termed the Malglycemia Orbit Model, that is analogous to an atom, centered on a core of individual factors, and surrounded by "orbits" containing cancer and related factors. Highlighted in this model is the role of malglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Cancer formation and sequelae involve numerous multifaceted factors. One factor not well described or understood within the context of malignancies is glycemic status, most notably how malglycemia impacts cancer formation and risks for adverse outcomes. The atomic-structured malglycemia model describes this process. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Among the many uncontrollable factors that contribute to cancer formation and adverse outcomes, malglycemia is one that is modifiable. Nurses are in a prime position to conduct research to enhance understanding and ultimately improve protocols for better glycemic control and, in effect, better outcomes for individuals with cancer.
Perennial crops and endogenous nutrient supplies

Perennial cropping systems may achieve significant improvement over annual systems in the synchrony between crop nutrient demands and nutrient supplies. Improvements in nutrient synchrony would result in the reduction of nutrient losses and their associated environmental impacts. A perennial system with high levels of synchrony would also require fewer nutrient inputs, such that it may be possible to develop an agriculture that functions mostly, if not entirely, on nutrient inputs from endogenous sources (i.e., weathering of primary and secondary minerals and biological nitrogen fixation). In this paper I describe three realms of research that will inform the development of relatively high-yielding grain production systems grown on endogenous nutrient supplies: (1) improvement of nutrient synchrony through the development of perennial crops; (2) identification of soils that are in a high nutrient release phase of pedogenesis, which could balance the export of rock-derived nutrients in crop harvests; and (3) optimization of legume density, harvest index and percent nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) to achieve adequate nitrogen inputs through biological fixation.
The empirical transfer function estimate method for determining mode shape

A very direct method for estimating a power system's electromechanical mode shape is presented. The method develops an empirical transfer function estimate (ETFE) from measurement data acquired during low-level periodic probing of a power system to obtain a relationship between system outputs distributed throughout the power system. This frequency response is then used to obtain mode shape estimates. The method is applied to a system model and results are compared with true values. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to assess the performance of the method. The algorithm is also applied to Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data from Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system wide probing tests and comparisons with the known configuration of the power system are provided.