cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Custom-Molded Earplug Performance: A Retrospective Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of custom-molded earplugs in preventing hearing threshold shifts over a long period of time. A stepwise regression analysis was employed to accomodate job related variables including workplace noise level, demographic elements including age, and factors related to hearing including ear history. These variables would be expected to exert considerable influence on hearing threshold shifts. However, workplace noise level absorbed unexpected small amounts of variation in hearing threshold shifts for the textile worker subjects (N = 1517) even when noise level was entered as the only variable on the first step for each analysis. And, baseline hearing values absorbed unexpected large amounts even when entered on the last step. An argument based on these findings is presented suggesting that custom-fitted hearing protection was effective in preventing substantial changes in hearing threshold level during the period of this investigation.
Tuberosity Fracture Management: Surgical Macramé

Arthroplasty performed for complex proximal humerus fractures has traditionally been associated with reliable pain relief but inconsistent patient outcome and satisfaction. Tuberosity displacement or nonunion is most often associated with poorer results. Careful restoration of height and version maximize the opportunity for anatomic tuberosity healing and therefore shoulder function. The use of caution during the rehabilitation phase may also minimize stress of the repair. Attention to these intraoperative and postoperative details may improve tuberosity healing and therefore patient outcome.
Microcosms for testing common sense reasoning abilities

A key step towards achieving human-level intelligence is to endow computers with reasoning abilities common to most people but absent from the current best artificial intelligence systems. Tests of intelligence can play an important role in this endeavour. We suggest some criteria for tests that measure progress towards human-level artificial intelligence (HLAI) and argue that tasks designed to study child cognition can be used in constructing such tests. When these tasks are presented in properly constructed simulated environments, which we call microcosms, systems that test well will represent significant progress towards achieving broad HLAI. We illustrate this approach using the domain of infant physical reasoning.
Multiple behavior therapy techniques with a homosexual client: A case study

Abstract A case is described in which various aspects of a client's homosexuality and heterosexual avoidance were modified by education, self-management, desensitization, covert sensitization, aversive conditioning, aversion relief, orgasmic reconditioning and assertive training. The analysis of an individual's homosexual behaviors may lead to the application of multiple techniques. Dimensions of analysis and problems in sequencing are discussed.
PLANT PROTECTIVE RESPONSE TO ENHANCED UV-B RADIATION UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS: LEAF OPTICAL PROPERTIES and PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Abstract— Plants of Vicia faba were grown in the field during early to midsummer while receiving two levels of supplemental UV-B radiation. Light-saturated photosynthesis and stomatal diffusive conductance of intact leaves did not show any indications of UV-radiation damage. Supplemental UV treatment did cause increased concentrations of UV-absorbing flavonoid pigments in leaf tissues and decreased epidermal transmittance of UV radiation. While epidermal transmittance was reduced 30% under the low-UV treatment, the high-UV treatment failed to elicit as large a change. However, total amounts of flavonoids in other leaf tissues did increase in response to the high-UV treatment (up to 12% greater per unit leaf area than for control plants). This may have been a major factor protecting underlying photosynthetic tissues.
Hospital in the United States: A Study of the Entity Assumption in Accounting

Abstract Through a study of US hospital in two historical periods, this paper explores the construction of hospitals as accounting entities in the early 1900s, and the subsequent protection of established entity boundaries with the adoption of the federal Medicare health insurance program in the 1960s. The analysis examines the social, economic and political conflicts underlying entity definitions and the consequences of accounting entity boundaries for relations profit accumulation and cost reporting in the US health care sector.
Directed synthesis of noncentrosymmetric molybdates using composition space analysis.

A systematic investigation of the factors governing the reaction product composition, hydrogen bonding, and symmetry was conducted in the MoO3/3-aminoquinuclidine/H2O system. Composition space analysis was performed through 36 individual reactions under mild hydrothermal conditions using racemic 3-aminoquinuclidine. Single crystals of three new compounds, [C7H16N2][Mo3O10]·H2O, [C7H16N2]2[Mo8O26]·H2O, and [C7H16N2]2[Mo8O26]·4H2O, were grown. The relative phase stabilities for these products are dependent upon the reactant mole fractions in the initial reaction gel. This phase stability information was used to direct the synthesis of two new noncentrosymmetric compounds, using either (S)−(−)-3-aminoquinuclidine dihydrochloride or (R)-(+)-3-aminoquinuclidine dihydrochloride. [(R)-C7H16N2]2[Mo8O26] and [(S)-C7H16N2]2[Mo8O26] both crystallize in the noncentrosymmetric space group P21 (No. 4), which has the polar crystal class 2 (C2). The second-harmonic generation activities were measured on sieved powders. T...
Queue-Aware Spectrum Sensing for Interference-Constrained Transmissions in Cognitive Radio Networks

We propose the queue-aware spectrum sensing schemes for interference-constrained opportunistic transmissions of secondary users (SUs) in cognitive radio networks. Specifically, we employ the energy detection for SUs to sense the spectrum-usage status of the primary users (PUs). Unlike the traditional energy detector using a fixed energy threshold to decide the presence of the PUs' signals, we dynamically change the energy threshold based on the queue length at the sender of SUs. Our proposed dynamic-threshold policies aim at effectively satisfying the statistical quality-of-service (QoS) requirements such as the queue-length-bound violation probability and buffer-overflow probability, while upper-bounding the probability of causing interferences to the PUs. We develop the dynamic-threshold policies for the scenarios that the sender of SUs has infinite and finite queue buffer sizes, respectively. Simulations evaluations show that under the specified statistical QoS requirements and interference constraints, our proposed schemes can support higher data traffic loads for SUs than the traditional energy-detection based scheme.
The Use of a Prototype MRI Safe Glidescope in a Pediatric Patient with CHARGE Syndrome: A Case Report

Introduction: Charge syndrome is a very rare condition with an estimated prevalence of one in ten thousand. The care and treatment of these patients involve an interdisciplinary team. This case reports difficult airway management of a pediatric patient with CHARGE syndrome with an MRI safe glidescope. Case Presentation: A 13-year-old female with a past medical history significant for CHARGE syndrome, lumbar scoliosis, developmental delay, vitiligo, Wenckebach type AV block, intrinsic asthma and pulmonary hemosiderosis was scheduled to undergo an MRI of the spine as preoperative imaging for scoliosis corrective surgery under sedation. The patient desaturated during sedation for IV placement. After a failed attempt at sedation, the patient was then intubated safely with an MRI compatible glidescope. Conclusion: As cases increase in remote locations, it is necessary to have access to alternative devices for intubation of a difficult airway, particularly in MRI facilities where equipment must be compatible with MRI technology.
Verdict, Sentencing, and Certainty as a Function of Sex of Juror and Amount of Evidence in a Simulated Rape Trial:

The purpose was to investigate the relationship between sex of juror and amount of evidence to verdict, sentencing, and certainty in a simulated rape trial. Subjects were 118 female and 109 male college students. Analyses indicate, even under conditions of strong evidence, men are less likely to find the defendant guilty and prescribe shorter sentences than women. Women, under the conditions of moderate evidence, were more likely than men to find the defendant guilty. The results also suggest that certitude and severity of sentence are driven by the verdict reached rather than by gender. The findings are compared with those of other studies and discussed in terms of the ideation of men and women, environment and subjects' characteristics, and mode of presentation in a simulated rape trial.
SOI circuits powered by embedded solar cell

Solar cells embedded in the SOI substrate were successfully used as the sole energy source to power a ring oscillator fabricated using an ultra-low-power fully depleted SOI process on the same wafer. The speed of the ring oscillator increased with increasing light intensity and showed a fastest oscillation with a 4.5 ns stage delay and 0.26 fJ power-delay product. The maximum power generated by the solar cell was 9.6 mW/cm2 with an efficiency of 11.6%.
Heat Transfer in Pulse Combustor Tailpipes

Abstract A heat transfer model for the flow in the tailpipe of pulse combustors, is proposed. The model is developed by following a novel approach resting on the microscales appropriate for oscillating (on the mean) turbulent flows. Here Nu denotes the Nusselt number based on the hydraulic diameter D of the tailpipe, Re¯ denotes the Reynolds number based on the mean velocity U¯, U0 denotes the amplitude of velocity oscillations, and (ω − ω0) D denotes the velocity related to the frequency ω of the oscillations and ω0 is the frequency below which quasi-steadiness holds (ω0 = 46 for the above correlation). The model is least-squares fitted to the experimental data available in the recent literature. The agreement between the data and the model is remarkably good.
Preparation of 2‐fluoroquinoline and 2,6‐difluoropyridine by halogen exchange

The syntheses of 2-fluoroquinoline and 2,6-difluoropyridine in yields of respective 60% and 52% have been accomplished by treating the corresponding chloro-compounds with anhydrous potassium fluoride in dimethyl sulfone. Under similar conditions, 2-chloropyridine did not yield appreciable amounts of 2-fluoropyridine.
HAND POSITION AFFECTS ELBOW JOINT LOAD DURING PUSH-UP EXERCISE

Electromagnetic motion sensors and a piezoelectric force plate were used to record simultaneously upper-extremity motion and forces in nine healthy male subjects during push-ups in six different hand positions. The intersegmental loading pattern on the elbow joint during a push-up exercise was investigated. The importance of hand position on these loads was examined. Peak forces exerted on the elbow joint along the forearm axis averaged 45% of the body weight for the 'normal' hand position and were significantly decreased if hands were positioned either 'apart' or 'superior' from 'normal'. The peak torque in the 'normal' position tended to produce elbow flexion and was 2305.9 N cm, or 56% of the maximal isometric extensor torque, which was significantly different from hands 'apart' and hand 'together' at 29 and 71% of the maximal isometric torque, respectively. The maximum torque about the forearm axis tended to produce forearm pronation with a mean value of 315.4 N cm (35% of the maximal isometric supinator torque). The maximum valgus torque at the elbow opposed by the medial ligamentous structure was 1241 N cm and was significantly increased if the hand was positioned superiorly. The valgus torque increased by 42% for the one-handed push-up under simulated fall condition. The results of this analysis give an insight into the biomechanics of a normal elbow and to its load-carrying capacity. The data may be extrapolated to the design of rehabilitation programs and possibly to the mechanisms of forearm injury during a fall.
Important thermodynamic characteristics of poly(3-hexyl thiophene)

Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) is widely studied as a model material in many electrical and photovoltaic applications, and has become the benchmark polymer when studying the physics of these devices. Despite its extensive use, its precise crystalline structure and thermodynamic characteristics, such as its enthalpy of melting of an ideal crystal, crystalline density, and amorphous density, are not well characterized. This work seeks to provide more certainty in defining these thermodynamic characteristics for regioregular P3HT. This is accomplished by determining the density of rr-P3HT with various thermal histories, and thus percent crystallinity. These densities are correlated to their melting enthalpy melting (ΔHm) via DSC. This relationship estimates that ΔH0 for P3HT is between 37 and 50 J/g, that the density of the amorphous portion of semicrystalline rr-P3HT is 1.094 g/cc, and that the density of crystalline P3HT is 1.12–1.14 g/cc. Interestingly, the density of the amorphous portion of rr-P3HT differs significantly from that of regio-random P3HT. This result indicates that the local packing of the segments differs in regio-random P3HT from that in the amorphous portions of rr-P3HT and that care must be expended when equating the behavior of these two phases.
On the dynamical role of coherent structures in turbulence

Abstract The notion of coherent structures in fluid mechanics – distinguishable regions of the flow field that share common properties and are correlated in space and time – has played a significant role in characterizing and modeling turbulent flows. They have not yet, however, truly become predictive tools, in part because there is no universally accepted way of extracting coherent structures from the flow field. A wide range of types of structures have been suggested, but there has been comparatively little work done to determine their role in the flow dynamics, and therefore to discern which structures are useful for more than flow visualization. Here, I review several common types of coherent structures, both Eulerian and Lagrangian, with a focus on two-dimensional turbulence far from boundaries. I also discuss a framework for pinpointing the dynamical role of coherent structures based on spatial localization of the spectral properties of the flow. Future work on coherent structures should focus on defining structures that play clear roles in the turbulence dynamics.
Lumbar spinal cord responses to limb vein distention.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if central neural responses were elicited by distention of limb veins, and to compare the pattern of these response to those produced in previous studies using electrical stimulation to excite limb venous afferent fibers. Spinal evoked potentials were measured in response to stretch of the wall of a segment of the femoral-saphenous vein by perfusion-distention or by mechanical stretch. These studies revealed that spinal cord evoked potentials were elicited by these procedures, and that the activated venous afferent fibers coursed through the saphenous nerve and entered the sixth lumber spinal cord segment. The minimum stretches which were required to elicit spinal evoked potentials were produced by perfusion pressures starting at 2–3 mm Hg, or by mechanical stretch of the wall of 5 μm/mm. A vein wall proprioceptor hypothesis is proposed and discussed in the light of these findings. In addition to the cord dorsum evoked potentials, distention or stretch of the vein wall elicited ventral root potentials (excitatory postsynaptic population potentials) which are known to be produced by excitatory inputs to motoneurons. A venous afferent mediated muscle-tonus venopressor mechanism hypothesis is proposed and discussed in the light of these and previous findings.
Development of wheelchair cushion pressure monitoring system

As part of a pressure-relief regimen, individuals with spinal cord injury often rely on air-filled wheelchair cushions to minimize pressure on the body interface and to prevent pressure ulcers. An air-filled cushion is not a stable form of pressure ulcer protection and can effectively be rendered useless if over- or under-inflated. Air loss may happen rapidly and, coupled with loss of sensory feeling and motor movement after spinal cord injury, result in an immediate increase in risk for pressure ulcer development, even with regular pressure relief. Prolonged uneven weight distribution, such as leaning to a side, may lead to “bottoming out” with corresponding increase in risk of pressure ulcers. This paper presents a wheelchair cushion pressure monitoring system that is designed to detect changes in air pressure of a wheelchair cushion as well as body weight and weight distribution. The device is designed to aid both the patient and the caregiver in identifying pressure hazards that may lead to ulcer development and deliver audible and wireless alerts in real time. Inexpensive and low-powered components are used in order to make the device an economical solution. Initial tests demonstrate high sensitivity of the device to potential pressure hazards.
Iodine monochloride and iodine trichloride systems involving pyridine and quinoline

Abstract Spectrophotometric studies indicate that only addition compounds with 1:1 stoicheiometries are present in significant concentrations in carbon tetra-choride solutions of iodine monochloride or iodine trichloride with heterocyclic amines. However, thermal studies reveal that in the solid state, in addition to the expected 1:1 type compounds, the system iodine trichloride-pyridine forms C 5 H 5 N·2ICl 3 (m.p. 140°) and ICl 3 ·2C 5 H 5 N (m.p. 69° incongruent) and the system iodine trichloride-quinoline forms IC1 3 ·2C 9 H 7 N (m.p. 81°). The system iodine monochloride-quinoline forms only the 1:1 type compound, and a reinvestigation of part of the system iodine monochloride-pyridine confirmed the absence of a compound with a mole ratio of 1:2 of iodine monochloride to pyridine.
The KRAB zinc finger protein RSL1 modulates sex-biased gene expression in liver and adipose tissue to maintain metabolic homeostasis.

Kruppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) are a huge family of vertebrate-specific repressors that modify gene expression in an epigenetic manner. Despite a well-defined repression mechanism, few biological roles or gene targets of KRAB-ZFP are known. Regulator of sex-limitation 1 (RSL1) is a mouse KRAB-ZFP that enforces male-predominant expression in the liver, affecting body mass and pubertal timing. Here we show that female but not male Rsl1(-/-) mice gain more weight than wild-type mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) and that key liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolic genes are altered in both Rsl1(-/-) sexes in response to dietary stress. Expression profiling of Rsl1-sensitive genes in liver and WAT indicates that RSL1 accentuates sex-biased gene expression in liver but greatly diminishes it in WAT. RSL1 expression solely in liver is sufficient to limit diet-induced weight gain and suppress lipogenic genes in WAT, indicating that RSL1 balances metabolism via liver-to-adipose-tissue communication. RSL1's effects on adult physiology exemplify a significant modulatory capacity of KRAB-ZFPs, in the absence of which there is widespread metabolic dysregulation. This ability to buffer against gene expression noise, coupled with extensive individual genetic variation, highlights the enormous potential of KRAB-Zfp genes as candidate risk factors for complex diseases.
Arm: A tool for identifying and repairing un-machinable shapes in designs

Abstract Providing early feedback on the manufacturability of a part design can greatly improve the quality of the product while reducing the time and cost of production. However, the necessary manufacturing knowledge is not always available. Computer tools that can provide this manufacturing knowledge by analyzing a design suggesting changes to improve its manufacturability would be a valuable asset to a designer. To this end, we present an approach to automatically generate redesign suggestions to improve the manufacturability of machined parts. Novel aspects of this approach include the ability to identify un-machinable shapes in a part and transform them into machinable features and to automatically identify the possible shape transformations based on properties of the machining equipment. This increases the scope of redesign generation tools by allowing them to be applied to parts that are not already machinable. We have developed a system called automated redesign for machined parts ( Arm ) that assists users in repairing parts that contain un-machinable shapes.
Neutrophils Find Smoke Attractive

Although neutrophils defend the lung against bacterial and viral infections, they also promote an inflammatory response that can lead to several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. These diseases are difficult to treat with anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids) because they actually increase neutrophil survival. In addition, T helper 17 cells, which may drive neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs, respond poorly to glucocorticoids ( 1 ). So far, nonsteroid-based anti-inflammatory drugs that target neutrophilic inflammation have had limited use because of side effects ( 2 ). On page 90 of this issue, Snelgrove et al. ( 3 ) describe how a neutrophil enzyme, leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), controls inflammation, with implications for new therapeutic strategies to treat debilitating lung disorders.
The visual pigments of several species of birds.

Abstract Retinal preparations were made from the outer segments or whole retinas of 20 species of birds. The oil droplets were extracted with petroleum ether, and the visual pigments either with digitonin or with Triton X-100. The visual pigment samples were analyzed by the method of partial bleaching. Fourteen species each yielded but one visual pigment, ranging in absorbance maximum from 500 nm to 506 nm. Five other species each yielded a predominant visual pigment with λmax near 502 nm, and also a second photopigment with λmax ranging fromca. 480 nm to 490 nm. One species yielded no measurable photopigment. No evidence was obtained for the presence of any cone pigments. The oil droplets were analyzed spectrophotometrically and exhibitedinter se similar absorbance spectra.
Statistical Design Issues and Other Practical Considerations for Conducting Phase III Prostate Cancer Prevention Trials

ABSTRACTPurpose: We briefly describe the purpose of phase II studies as a source of preliminary data for phase III prevention trials, and address statistical and other practical considerations for phase III prostate cancer prevention trials.Materials and Methods: Objectives of 2 types of phase II studies and general criteria for validating surrogate end points are described, and statistical considerations needed for planning a phase III prevention trial are explained, including selection of an appropriate study population and end point, the corresponding expected event rate, estimates of loss to followup, and death and compliance rates. If a preventive agent has an impact on the ability to detect prostate cancer, additional study design considerations are then made. Other practical issues are addressed, including collection of biological materials for correlative studies, assessment of quality of life measures and the addition of ancillary studies that may include the collection of additional end points u...
The Humoral Immune Response of Mice Exposed to Simulated Road Paving-Like Asphalt Fumes

Asphalt is a complex mixture of organic molecules, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which have been reported to cause serious adverse health effects in humans. Workers in manufacturing and construction trades exposed to asphalt are potentially at risk for being exposed to asphalt fumes and PAHs. Epidemiological investigations have collected mounting evidence that chemicals found in asphalt fumes present carcinogenic and possibly immunotoxic hazards. Studies evaluating the immunotoxic effects of asphalt fume are limited due to the large number of variables associated with asphalt fume exposures. This work investigates the immuno-toxic effects of road paving-like asphalt fume by analyzing the in vivo IgM response to a T-dependent antigen after exposure to whole, vapor, and particulate phase road paving-like asphalt fumes and asphalt fume condensate. Systemic exposures via intraperitoneal injection of asphalt fume condensate (at 0.625 mg/kg) and the particulate phase (at 5 mg/kg) resulted in significant reductions in the specific spleen IgM response to SRBC. Pharyngeal aspiration of the asphalt fume condensate (at 5 mg/kg) also resulted in significant suppression of the IgM response to SRBC. A significant reduction in the specific spleen IgM activity was observed after inhalation exposure to whole asphalt fumes (35 mg/m(3)) and the vapor components (11 mg/m(3)). Dermal exposures to the asphalt fume condensate resulted in significant reductions in the total (at 50 mg/kg) and specific (at 250 mg/kg) spleen IgM response to SRBC. These results demonstrate that exposure to road paving-like asphalt fumes is immunosuppressive through systemic, respiratory, and dermal routes of exposure in a murine model and raise concerns regarding the potential for adverse immunological effects.
Coordination (Ag+) Ion Spray−Mass Spectrometry of Peroxidation Products of Cholesterol Linoleate and Cholesterol Arachidonate: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Peroxide Products from Polyunsaturated Lipid Autoxidation

Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and esters leads to a complex mixture of hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides, some of which possess potent biological activity. These product mixtures contain dozens of diastereomers and regioisomers. The technique of coordination ion spray−mass spectrometry (CIS−MS), recently reported by Bayer and collaborators, proves to be a powerful tool for the analysis of complex peroxide mixtures. Silver ion forms readily detected Ag+ adducts of peroxides and hydroperoxides. These ions, observed at [M+107] and [M+109], undergo fragmentation typical of hydroperoxides, and cyclic peroxides. Thus, Hock fragmentation is observed from many of the silver ion adducts of hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides undergo fragmentation to give aldehydes and epoxides. Silver ion coordination ion spray−mass spectrometry (Ag+CIS−MS) can be coupled to normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by postcolumn addition of AgBF4, allowing the use of powerful techniques such...
Targeting excessive angiogenesis with functional foods and nutraceuticals

Abstract Interest in angiogenesis as a target for degenerative diseases prevention and/or therapy has resulted from the gradual recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of—and pivotal for the spread of—almost all neoplastic and non-neoplastic degenerative diseases including cancer, diabetes, chronic inflammation, arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's, psoriasis, restenosis, and many more. Angiogenesis is a dynamic, complex, multistep enzymatic process which involves almost all classes of enzymes and includes positive and negative regulators. Since angiogenesis is a process that is generally down regulated in healthy individuals, targeting of angiogenesis with safe anti-angiogenic compounds, that are selective against newly formed vessels while sparing existing ones, may not lead to side effects even after prolonged exposure. Many inhibitors of angiogenesis are being isolated from functional foods. The rationale of investigating functional foods as anti-angiogenic compounds for degenerative disease prevention is that data from cell cultures and animal models show that these compounds can be safe, effective, reversible inhibitors, ingested appropriately over a life span without severe toxicity, amenable to clinical trials, and possibly become low cost budget prescription. This review demonstrates that enzyme inhibition is the major molecular basis of anti-angiogenic functional foods and highlights their potentials and challenges.
The extended abdominal wall flap for transplantation.

Abstract Introduction and aims Patients with extensive loss of the abdominal wall tissue have few options for restoring the abdominal cavity. Composite tissue allotransplantation has been used for limited abdominal wall reconstruction in the setting of visceral transplantation, yet replacement of the entire abdominal wall has not been described. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximal abdominal skin surface available through an external iliac/femoral cuff–based pedicle. Materials and methods Five human cadaveric abdominal walls were injected with methylene blue to analyze skin perfusion based on either the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA; n = 5) or a cuff of external iliac/femoral artery ( n = 5) containing the deep circumflex iliac, deep inferior epigastric, and superficial inferior epigastric, and superficial circumflex iliac arteries. Results Abdominal wall flaps were taken full thickness from the costal margin to the midaxillary line and down to the pubic tubercle and proximal thigh. In all specimens, the deep inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, superficial inferior epigastric, and superficial circumflex iliac arteries were found to originate within a 4-cm cuff of the external iliac/femoral artery. Abdominal wall flaps injected through a unilateral external iliac/femoral segment had a significantly greater degree of total flap perfusion than those injected through the DIEA alone (76.5% ± 4% vs 57.2% ± 5%; Student t test, P Conclusions Perfusion of a large portion of the abdominal wall is possible using a single-vessel anastomosis through a short segment of the external iliac/femoral system. Perfusion is significantly greater than that based on the DIEA vessel alone.
Abstracting pain management documentation from the electronic medical record: comparison of three hospitals.

Abstract Background Pain management science results are derived from research conducted using medical record. Approach This article describes methodological issues arising from abstracting pain management documentation (PMD) from the electronic medical record in three hospitals. After approval, PMD data were collected from the patient's history and physical, discharge summary, operative care notes, computerized nursing flow sheets, progress notes, and medication records. Results Each acute care facility required a different approach to abstract data. Inconsistent documentation in pain management assessments, interventions, and reassessments were identified across hospitals. Discussion Inconsistencies pose measurement threats and hinder benchmarking efforts. Work to standardize PMD across propriety computer systems is warranted.
Essayist literacy and the rhetoric of deproduction

sharply and clearly than I had been able the pedagogical problem I want to explore here. He or she noted, with an undisguised exasperation I understood all too well, "God knows, the seniors in my personal essay class still seem to want to read even the best of essays as if the essays belong to [a] 'monological regime of silence and facticity"' (citing one of the phrases that appears below). This comment was
Fusarenon X and nivalenol production by Gibberella zeae in liquid and rice cultures

Toxigenesis of Gibberella zeae strains NHL-F-1372 and NHL-F-1373 was compared in liquid and rice culture. Growth of both strains in glucose-yeast extract-peptone medium (GYEP) for 25 days resulted in peak levels of fusarenon X (FX) ranging from 40–200 mg/L with lower levels of nivalenol (NIV) (10 mg/L). Growth of these strains in modified Fries medium amended with 4% corn steep liquor (CSL) resulted in a much lower total 8-ketotrichothecene yield than in GYEP, with NIV being the primary compound produced. Although FX appeared initially in this latter medium, the toxin disappeared concurrently as the pH exceeded 8.0. Growth rates and total mycelial accumulation were lower in GYEP cultures than in the modified Fries with CSL cultures. Appearance of FX and NIV in modified Fries medium with CSL paralleled the order of appearance of these compounds in rice, but the total trichothecene yield in rice was much higher. In general, growth and toxigenesis by the nivalenol-producing fusaria in liquid and rice cultures was qualitatively similar to that previously found for deoxynivalenol-producing isolates.
Abstract Explanations in Science

Abstract This article focuses on a case that expert practitioners count as an explanation: a mathematical account of Plateau’s laws for soap films. I argue that this example falls into a class of e...
Seasonal changes in microbial heterotrophic activity in subarctic marine waters as related to phytoplankton primary productivity

Water samples were collected in and near Kasitsna Bay (Cook Inlet), Alaska over 18 mo (February 1979–August 1980). Seasonal changes in glucose and glutamate uptake rates were measured in these samples. During the second year of the study, the uptake rates of glycolate and acetate and primary productivity were also measured. Of the substrates tested, significant positive linear correlations were observed between glucose and glutamate uptake and primary productivity. A higher correlation was observed between glucose to glutamate uptake ratios and primary productivity. The seasonal patterns of glucose uptake, glucose-to-glutamate uptake ratios and primary productivity rates show that the ratios changes simultaneously with fluctuations in primary productivity rates. The glucose uptake patterns reveal a delay in the response of the glucose-utilizing microorganisms to the onset of the bloom. It is suggested that by measuring the uptake rates of the simple compounds by microheterotrophs, and comparing these rates with each other, one can determine the relative flux of these compounds through the system. If the major source of these compounds is material released into the seawater by phytoplankton, it is possible that this approach could characterize the flux of extracellular products. As more is known about how the composition of extracellular material relates to the physiological state of phytoplankton, such an approach may eventually be a useful indirect assessment of the physiological state of natural phytoplankton populations.
Rescue of long-tail data from the ocean bottom to the Moon: IEDA Data Rescue Mini-Awards

Abstract Over the course of a scientific career, a large fraction of the data collected by scientific investigators turns into data at risk of becoming inaccessible to future science. Although a part of the investigators’ data is made available in manuscripts and databases, other data may remain unpublished, non-digital, on degrading or near obsolete digital media, or inadequately documented for reuse. In 2013, Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA) provided data rescue mini-awards to three Earth science investigators. IEDA’s user communities in geochemistry, petrology, geochronology, and marine geophysics collect long-tail data, defined as data produced by individuals and small teams for specific projects, tending to be of small volume and initially for use only by these teams, thus being less likely to be easily transferred or reused. Long-tail data are at greater risk of omission from the scientific record. The awarded projects topics were (1) Geochemical and Geochronological data on volcanic rocks from the Fiji, Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc, and Endeavor segments of the global mid-ocean ridge, (2) High-Resolution, Near-bottom Magnetic Field Data, and (3) Geochemistry of Lunar Glasses. IEDA worked closely with the awardees to create a plan for the data rescue, resulting in the registration of hundreds of samples and the entry of dozens of data and documentation files into IEDA data systems. The data were made openly accessible and citable by assigning persistent identifiers for samples and files. The mini-award program proved that a relatively small incentive combined with data facility guidance can motivate investigators to accomplish significant data rescue.
Wall shear stress estimates in coronary artery constrictions

Wall shear stress estimates from laminar boundary layer theory were found to agree fairly well with the magnitude of shear stress levels along coronary artery constrictions obtained from solutions of the Navier Stokes equations for both steady and pulsatile flow. The relatively simple method can be used for in vivo estimates of wall shear stress in constrictions by using a vessel shape function determined from a coronary angiogram, along with a knowledge of the flow rate.
Nanoparticles in porous microparticles prepared by supercritical infusion and pressure quench technology for sustained delivery of bevacizumab.

Nanoparticles in porous microparticles (NPinPMP), a novel delivery system for sustained delivery of protein drugs, was developed using supercritical infusion and pressure quench technology, which does not expose proteins to organic solvents or sonication. The delivery system design is based on the ability of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) to expand poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) matrix but not polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The technology was applied to bevacizumab, a protein drug administered once a month intravitreally to treat wet age related macular degeneration. Bevacizumab coated PLA nanoparticles were encapsulated into porosifying PLGA microparticles by exposing the mixture to SC CO2. After SC CO2 exposure, the size of PLGA microparticles increased by 6.9-fold. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrated the expansion and porosification of PLGA microparticles and infusion of PLA nanoparticles inside PLGA microparticles. In vitro release of bevacizumab from NPinPMP was...
The Design and Analysis of a Polypropylene Hub CBN Wheel to Suppress Grinding Chatter

This research investigated the addition of flexibility into a CBN grinding wheel to suppress regenerative chatter, and illustrates some design features that should be present in such a wheel. Flexibility was added by replacing the hub of an aluminum-hub CBN grinding wheel with polypropylene, decreasing the bulk stiffness to approximately 12 percent of its original value. Experiments showed that the modified wheel met the design requirements and suppressed chatter, but exhibited increased forced vibration at two frequencies. When the polypropylene between the flanges was replaced by an aluminum insert, one forced vibration disappeared. There is evidence that such a flexible wheel with a homogeneous rim would outperform a standard aluminum hub wheel.
An Arm-Powered Racing Bicycle

A new arm-powered racing bicycle is described. The features and performance of this bicycle are delineated, and the relative advantages over tricycles are outlined.
WAVELENGTH PAIR SELECTION FOR BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE DETECTION BY USE OF TERBIUM DIPICOLINATE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE

Two regression techniques, a multivariate technique and a subtracted component technique, were applied to two-wavelength response functions of mixtures of terbium (III) dipicolinate and insoluble bacterial particles. Two wavelength pairs were analyzed: a pair of neighboring wavelengths (450/490 nm) and a pair of widely spaced wavelengths (490/622 nm). The analysis shows that two emission-wavelength spectra from terbium-treated endospores can be distinguished from the vegetative bacteria spectrum above a limit of detection for endospores, which depends on the regression algorithm used to analyze the spectra. The subtracted component method for the neighboring wavelength pair had far lower limits of detection than the other methods.
A Tale of Two “Unorganizables”

How should we define “organizability?” I identify here four factors that contribute to a group’s organizability: organizers’ expectations, labor market structures, employers’ actions, and workers’ union sentiments. I briefly discuss how the first three factors correspond with workers’ union sentiments in comparing two divergent occupations: teaching assistants (TAs) and web designers. Workers must choose between conflicting identities in constructing themselves as “organizable” workers. While TAs ultimately framed their identities primarily as employees, web designers still consider themselves unorganizable. I explore similarities and differences between these cases and propose some steps union organizers and web designers could take in unionizing.
Hepatitis Delta: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management 36 Years After Discovery

With recent studies showing increased prevalence of hepatitis delta (HDV) even in the US, Australia, and some countries in Europe, and very high prevalence in endemic regions, HDV infection is far from being a disappearing disease. Although immigrants from endemic countries have been shown to have increased risk, studies have clearly shown that the disease is not solely appearing in traditional high-risk groups. Recent studies provide increasing evidence that sexual transmission may be an important factor in HDV infection spread. Based on the totality of evidence showing increased disease progression and substantially increased risk of cirrhosis in HDV-infected CHB patients, and the current studies showing higher than expected prevalence, it is time to call for HDV screening of all CHB patients. HDV viral load detection and measurement should be considered in all patients whether or not they are anti-HDV-positive. With universal screening of CHB patients for HDV, earlier diagnosis and consideration of treatment would be possible. Current treatment of HDV is IFN-based therapy with or without HBV antivirals, but current research indicates the possibility that prenylation inhibitors, entry inhibitors, HBsAg release inhibitors, or other therapies currently in the pipeline may provide more effective therapy in the future. In addition, universal screening would serve the important public health goal of allowing patients to be educated on their status and on the need for HDV-negative patients to protect themselves against superinfection and for HDV-infected patients to protect against transmission to others. Further studies and global awareness of HDV infection are needed.
First-principles quantum mechanical characterization of structure and NLO properties of Li + @C 60

We present here our first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the potential energy and dipole moment function for Li+C60. We also present the results for the equilibrium geometry, dipole moment and polarizability dispersion obtained from ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations. The calculated equilibrium position of Li inside the C60 cage agrees with other theoretical calculations. The dipole moments calculated by the DFT and HF calculations, while differing from each other by almost a factor of two, are considerably smaller than a recent DFT result. The polarizability tensor calculated at lambda equals infinity (static) and at lambda equals 1064 nm are very nearly isotropic, indicating little deformation of the spherically symmetric charge distribution of C60. Quantitatively, the alpha values of the Li+C60 complex are very close to the corresponding value for the C60 molecule.
Thermal stress implications in athermal TiO2 waveguides on a silicon substrate

Ring resonators with TiO2 core confinement factors from 0.07 to 0.42 are fabricated and measured for thermal sensitivity achieving -2.9 pm/K thermal drift in the best case. Materials used are CMOS compatible (TiO2, SiO2 and Si3N4) on a Si substrate. The under discussed role of stress in thermo-optic behavior is clearly observed when contrasting waveguides buried in SiO2 to those with etched sidewalls revealed to air. Multiphysics simulations are conducted to provide a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon in contrast to the more widely reported theories on thermo-optic behavior dominated by confinement factor.
EVIDENCE AGAINST THE PRODUCTION OF SUPEROXIDE BY PHOTOIRRADIATION OF HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE

Experiments were performed to ascertain whether superoxide anion (O2−) was produced by the photodynamic activation of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). Three different systems were utilized to detect formation of O2−, oxidation of epinephrine to adrenochrome, reduction of cytochrome c and reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). The effects on these detectors under identical conditions for HPD + hν were compared to those obtained with two O2− generating systems, riboflavin + by and xanthine-xanthine oxidase, and to a singlet oxygen generating system, photoradiation of methylene blue. The results indicated that HPD + hv differed from the two O2− generating systems in failing to reduce cytochrome c or NET, and that HPD + hν was similar to the behavior of methylene blue + hν. In addition, HPD + hν but not the O2− generating systems could inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. We conclude that the photodynamic activation of HPD does not produce O2− as a major oxygen radical and that the effects of HPD + hν on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase are not caused by O2−.
Rapid Purification of Monomer HIV-2 Tat Protein Expressed in Escherichia coli

Human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 encode transactivator proteins, named Tat-1 and Tat-2, that stimulate transcription directed by the viral long terminal repeat sequences. The Tat-1 and Tat-2 proteins are related in protein sequence and mechanism of transactivation. We expressed Tat proteins by in vitro translation and found, as expected, that both Tat-1 and Tat-2 were monomers. Unexpectedly, we found that the Tat-1 and Tat-2 proteins displayed significantly different tertiary structures. As determined by velocity sedimentation and gel filtration, Tat-1 acted as a compact structure and Tat-2 acted as an extended, asymmetric structure. Additionally, we found that the in vitro-expressed Tat-2 protein was significantly less susceptible to aggregation than the Tat-1 protein. This observation led us to overexpress Tat-2 in Escherichia coli and develop a simple and rapid method to purify monomer Tat-2 to approximately 50% purity. These results suggest that large amounts of Tat-2 protein can be purified in suitable form for biochemical and biophysical studies of Tat protein structure.
Generalized differentiability for a class of nondifferentiable operators with applications to nonsmooth optimization

A theory of generalized gradients is presented for a class of Lipschitz vector-valued mappings from a Banach space to a locally convex order complete vector lattice. Necessary optimality conditions are obtained for nonconvex programming problems on Banach spaces with vector- valued operator constraints and/or an arbitrary set constraint. Sufficient optimality conditions are also obtained under mild convexity assumptions.
Instrumental measurement of the gypsy moth pre-flight behavioural response to pheromone

ABSTRACT. Vibrations of the thorax and electrical activity (EMG) of gypsy moth flight muscles were recorded during wing fanning following pheromone stimulation. The percentage of positive responses and durations of bursts of flight muscle activity increased with the logarithm of pheromone dose, whereas latency decreased. The results correlated well with wing fanning responses of freely moving gypsy moths exposed to nearly identical stimulus conditions. Typical dose-response curves in the range of 0.04-400ng disparlure were obtained in both types of experiments. These methods provide an electrical analogue of wing fanning behaviour.