cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting consequences: Bringing charges of sexual harassment compared with other cases of whistleblowing

The phenomenon of whistleblowing seems puzzling in that whistleblowing presumably brings a wrongful practice to the attention of those with power to correct the situation. In this respect, whistleblowers act to serve the public interest in defeating harmful, illegal and unjust practices. Yet these persons suffer vilification and worse, not only from their fellow employees, but from members of the general public as well. Cases in which members of a discriminated minority report instances of job discrimination, and especially instances of sexual harassment resemble other cases in which an employee reports corporate or bureaucratic misdeeds. In the early 1970s those who brought charges of sexual harassment did suffer character assassination, reprisals and difficulties in finding equivalent employment afterwards. But by the mid-1980s, consequences for those bringing discrimination charges, and especially the charge of sexual harassment have come to differ in several important respects from other cases of whistleblowing. Examining the differences, and what seem to be underlying causes of these differences, provides some insight into the factors that set limits to the practice of whistleblowing in a democratic society.
DD Simulations of Dislocation-Crack Interaction During Fatigue

The effect of different shaped cracks on fatigue behavior in metals is investigated with the help of the discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) technique. The cracks are represented as distributions of infinitesimal dislocation loops. The distribution is determined by an integral equation satisfying stress-free boundary conditions and containing a singular kernel of the third type. The stress field in the cracked domain is calculated using a superposition principle. The derived stress field describes the interaction between the crack and the dislocations into the framework of dislocation dynamics. The simulation results provide an insight on the three-dimensional character of the dislocation structure around the crack tip and its relation to the crack shape and number of cycles. The effect of the crack on the macroscopic yield stress is also computed for various crack sizes and shapes.
Effect of imposed pressure gradients on the viscous stability of longitudinal vortices

References Marten, A., "High-Resolution Schemes for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 49, No. 2, 1983, pp. 357393. Chakravarthy, S. R., and Osher, S., "A New Class of High-Accuracy TVD Schemes and Their Applications," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 68, No. 1, 1987, pp. 151-179. Yee, H. C., "A Class of High-Resolution Explicit and Implicit ShockCapturing Methods," NASA TM-101088, Feb. 1989. Roe, P. L., "Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors and Difference Schemes," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 43, No. 2,1981, pp. 357-372. Priem, R. J., "Round Robin Calculation of Wave Characteristics in a Fixed Geometry-Operating Conditions Liquid Rocket Using Given Simplified Combustion Equations," JANNAF Workshop on Numerical Methods in Combustion Instability, Orlando, FL, Feb. 1990. Venkateswaran, S., Grenda, J., and Merkle, C. L., "Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Liquid Rocket Combustion Instability," Proceedings of the AIAA 10th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference (Honolulu, HI), AIAA, Washington, DC, 1991, pp. 926-936.
The splice leader addition domain represents an essential conserved motif for heterologous gene expression in B. malayi.

Two promoters from the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi have been mapped in detail. The essential domains of both promoters lacked canonical eukaryotic core promoter motifs. However, the largest contiguous essential domain in both promoters flanked and included the splice leader addition site. These findings suggested that the region flanking the trans-splicing addition site might represent a conserved core domain in B. malayi promoters. To test this hypothesis, the putative promoters of 12 trans-spliced genes encoding ribosomal protein homologues from B. malayi were isolated and tested for activity in a B. malayi transient transfection system. Of the 12 domains examined, 11 produced detectable reporter gene activity. Mutant constructs of the six most active promoters were prepared in which the spliced leader acceptor site and the10 nt upstream and downstream of the site were deleted. All deletion constructs exhibited >90% reduction in reporter gene activity relative to their respective wild type sequences. A conserved pyrimidine-rich tract was located directly upstream from the spliced leader splice acceptor site which contained a conserved T residue located at position −3. Mutation of the entire polypyrimidine tract or the conserved T individually resulted in the loss of over 90% of reporter gene activity. In contrast, mutation of the splice acceptor site did not significantly reduce promoter activity. These data suggest that the region surrounding the splice acceptor site in the ribosomal promoters represents a conserved essential domain which functions independently of splice leader addition.
The validity of nonlinear geometric optics for weak solutions of conservation laws

The method of weakly nonlinear geometric optics is one of the main formal perturbation techniques used in analyzing nonlinear wave motion for hyperbolic systems. The tacit assumption in using such perturbation methods is that the corresponding solutions of the hyperbolic system remain smooth; since shock waves typically form in such solutions, these assumptions are rarely satisfied in practice. Nevertheless, in a variety of applied contexts, these methods give qualitatively reliable answers for discontinuous weak solutions. Here we give a rigorous proof for the validity of nonlinear geometric optics for general weak solutions of systems of hyperbolic conservation laws in a single space variable. The methods of proof do not mimic the formal construction of weakly nonlinear asymptotics but instead rely on structural symmetries of the approximating equations, stability estimates for intermediate asymptotic times, and the rapid decay in variation of weak solutions for large asymptotic times.
Philosophical Anthropology on the Eve of Biological Determinism: Immanuel Kant and Georg Forster on the Moral Qualities and Biological Characteristics of the Human Race

In the late eighteenth century, any attempt to categorize humankind by race was necessarily tied to the controversy surrounding slavery as well as to the debate about the general perfectibility of humankind, which, in turn, focused on the potential of “primative” peoples to achieve higher (European) levels of civilization. The widespread glorification of the Pacific Islanders as unspoiled childern of nature in the wake of Rousseau's idealization of a natural state and Bougainville's La Nouvelle Cythere made the debate even more complex; the enthusiastic reception of these texts in Europe bespoke an alienation from a polarized society and a dissatisfaction with rapid technological advances. Meanwhile, scientists were striving to avoid such rhetoric by attempting to define anthropology as a science, to collect data, and to categorize humankind free of political bias and the limitations of any particular philosophy of history.
Galerkin schemes and the Sinc-Galerkin method for singular Sturm-Liouville problems

Abstract Galerkin schemes for the computation of the eigenvalues of both regular and singular Sturm-Liouville problems are compared to the sine-Galerkin method. Contrasted are numerical results as well as qualitative features. The schemes discussed include finite element, spectral, and collocation. The equivalence of the spectral method with sine basis functions to the Sinc-collocation scheme provides this technique with many distinctive features. Highlighted among these features through the course of the computational comparisons is its ease of implementation, its exponential accuracy in the presence of singularities and its all-around versatility.
Fiber Optic Spectrochemical Emission Sensors: A Detector For Chlorinated And Fluorinated Compounds

Prior work on fiber optic spectrochemical emission sensor (FOSES) concepts1,2 has been extended to the design and fabrication of a prototype fiber optic chemical sensor system for chlorinated compounds. The sensor performs analyte dissociation and atomic excitation via a radio-frequency-excited helium plasma. The device has been configured for field measurements of vadose-zone concentrations of carbon tetrachloride on the Hanford Reservation in southeastern Washington state. Detection and quantification of other atomic species may be achieved by varying the analytical wavelength. The sensor system design incorporates an RF excitation source; a metered, sub-atmospheric pressure helium supply system; an optical detection system; and a fiber optic umbilical to transmit analyte emissions to a central detection/data acquisition system. Sensor system design is summarized as well as performance data relating to detection limits and dynamic range.
Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies 17.13 and 63.12 with oral epithelial dysplasia and hyperkeratosis.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 17.13 and 63.12 exhibit characteristic reactivity patterns in normal stratified squamous epithelium, as well as highly sensitive and specific altered reactivity patterns in squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the patterns of reactivity of MABs 17.13 and 63.12 in 43 biopsies of clinical oral leukoplakia or erythroleukoplakia with microscopic diagnoses of hyperkeratosis or epithelial dysplasia. Altered carcinoma-like reactivity patterns were seen in 72% of hyperkeratoses and in all cases of epithelial dysplasia, but varied in the level of epithelial strata exhibiting altered reactivity. Increased frequency of altered reactivity within the epithelial strata was associated with the presence, but not the grade of, epithelial dysplasia, as well as with the presence, intensity, and pattern of submucosal inflammation. The results of this study suggest that altered reactivity patterns of MAb 17.13 are associated with epithelial dysplasia and may be of assistance in detecting precancerous changes in hyperkeratoses before morphologically identifiable epithelial dysplasia. The association of submucosal inflammation with altered MAbs 17.13 and 63.12 reactivity may indicate either a decrease in specificity of these antibodies for precancerous change or an increased significance of inflammation in precancerous lesions.
Pay Premiums for Economic Sector and Race: A Decomposition.

Abstract This paper examines two issues concerning a dual economy theory of labor markets. Using data from the older men's file of the National Longitudinal Surveys, I first investigate the degree to which differences in rates of pay among economic sectors (competitive, monopoly, public) are accounted for by sector differences in (1) human capital composition, (2) unionization, (3) occupational skill requirements, and (4) other factors producing an ability and willingness to pay high wages. The results of this decomposition suggest that the greater ability and willingness to pay high wages and the higher levels of unionization are the primary factors producing a monopoly sector pay premium. Second, I examine how racial differences in pay vary across sector and perform an analogous decomposition of these differences. In contrast to several previous studies, the relative disadvantages of black men were found to be somewhat greater in the competitive sector than in the monopoly sector.
Gender Differences in the Career Aspirations of Recent Cohorts of High School Seniors

The career aspirations of three cohorts of high school seniors are examined for evidence of changing patterns of sex role socialization. Several important changes occur in the distribution of male and female choices, most of which serve to reduce the overall level of gender dissimilarity. A multivariate analysis of aspirations for high status professional jobs highlights the importance of gender in the choice of career goals. The direct effects of gender are larger than those of the other independent variables (SES, class quartile, residential location and cohort), all of which interact with gender in their relationship to aspirations. In the largest of these interactions the relationship of gender to aspirations weakens across cohorts, suggesting an important change in the acceptance of occupational sex roles by high school seniors.
Dyadic event attribution in social networks with mixtures of hawkes processes

In many applications in social network analysis, it is important to model the interactions and infer the influence between pairs of actors, leading to the problem of dyadic event modeling which has attracted increasing interests recently. In this paper we focus on the problem of dyadic event attribution, an important missing data problem in dyadic event modeling where one needs to infer the missing actor-pairs of a subset of dyadic events based on their observed timestamps. Existing works either use fixed model parameters and heuristic rules for event attribution, or assume the dyadic events across actor-pairs are independent. To address those shortcomings we propose a probabilistic model based on mixtures of Hawkes processes that simultaneously tackles event attribution and network parameter inference, taking into consideration the dependency among dyadic events that share at least one actor. We also investigate using additive models to incorporate regularization to avoid overfitting. Our experiments on both synthetic and real-world data sets on international armed conflicts suggest that the proposed new method is capable of significantly improve accuracy when compared with the state-of-the-art for dyadic event attribution.
Modelling the ancient maize agriculture potential of landforms in Tikal National Park, Guatemala

The ancient polity of Tikal has been extensively studied by archaeologists and soil scientists, but more information is needed to determine the specific subsistence and ancient farming techniques that sustained its inhabitants for more than eight centuries. Recent settlement, soil resource, and vegetation surveys were completed during a re-evaluation of the earthworks of Tikal. The objective of this research was to combine non-parametric multiplicative regression, stable carbon isotopes, soil properties, and remote-sensing data for cost-effective, predictive modelling of ancient maize Zea mays L. agricultural areas. The study area is positioned within a 300 km2 region surrounding the Tikal site centre 17° 13′ 19.0″ N, 89° 27′ 25.2″ W. In the study area, ancient maize agriculture was determined using carbon C isotopic signatures of C4 vegetation that were incorporated into the soil humin fraction. Probability models predicting C isotopic enrichment were used to outline areas of potential long-term maize agriculture. A binomial model predicted areas mainly along the bajo margins, indicating that these areas may have been used for sustained ancient maize agriculture. Upland areas with shallow Rendolls soil were found to lack strong C4 isotopic signatures. They showed a long-term C3 vegetation signature that could have supported native forest, silvicultural activities, or C3 cropping practices i.e. forest gardens. The mosaic of C3 and C4 signatures within the study site soils suggests that the Tikal area supported a variety of food production systems.
Differences in Novice and Competent Teachers' Knowledge

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge differences between competent and novice teachers. Data were collected through extended, multiple interviews with five novice and five competent teachers. The teachers were interviewed three times and each interview lasted approximately one hour. Interviews focused on the knowledge the teachers used in planning and conducting their classes. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative technique (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and the findings were framed by Berliner's (1988) theory of expertise acquisition in teaching. Differences were found between competent and novice teachers in assessing student learning difficulties, conceptions of knowledge and reflective practice. Novice teachers attributed most student learning difficulties to the student, their home environment, and society. The competent teachers held themselves responsible for learner difficulties and sought ways to solve problems their students encountered. While novice teachers...
Vibroseis deconvolution: A case study in the Granny Creek oil field, West Virginia

Several seismic lines were collected over a small oil field (the Granny Creek oil field) in the central Appalachians plateau province of West Virginia. This paper discusses improvements in the quality of the data obtained through different deconvolution procedures. Reprocessing improved the resolution of small faults in the reservoir interval and enhanced the resolution of detail in the shallow part of the section. Three approaches to deconvolution were tested: 1) a phase-corrected spiking deconvolution discussed by Ristow and Jurczyk, (1975), Bickel (1982), and Gibson and Larner (19841, 2) a zero-phase deconvolution approach presented by Berkhout (1977), and 3) a phase corrected double-spiking deconvolution described by Jurkevics and Wiggins (1975). Model studies indicate that, in the presence of relatively high ambient noise, the zero-phase deconvolution out-performs the phase-corrected spiking deconvolution. Double-spiking deconvolution had a negative influence on the quality of the data and produced significant phase distortions in the presence of ambient noise. Reprocessing enhanced the appearance of structural discontinuity in the reservoir interval. These reflection discontinuities occur on the margins of small time-structures and are interpreted to be faults. Our interpretation is supported by well log correlations, fracture zones identified during water flooding of the field, vertical seismic profiles, and 3-D seismic maps from a crooked portion of one of our seismic lines. Our interpretations reveal that the faults and small structures identified in the seismic data are important controls on production within the field.
CALCULATION OF GAUSSIAN INTEGRALS USING SYMBOLIC MANIPULATION

The calculation of molecular integrals is extremely important for applications to such diverse areas as statistical mechanics and quantum chemistry. A careful derivation of a method for calculating primitive Gaussian integrals originally proposed by Obara and Saika is presented. The basic recursion relations for the two- and three-center overlap integrals is derived using a simple technique. Several new horizontal recursion relations are given. Finally, an innovative method for implementing these recursion relations is discussed. The recursion relations in this form are suited for programming using a symbolic manipulation language. There are several reasons why it is of interest to consider programming with symbolic manipulation. It has been found that it is possible to write algorithms that will generate values for Gaussian integrals for very large values of angular momentum automatically. Calculations can be done to arbitrary precision in Maple. Having these recursions programmed in Maple allows for the possibility of using the Maple programs to help in the writing of similar programs in other languages which are, numerically, much faster. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 62: 557–570, 1997
Penetration and Diffusion of Hard X-Rays through Thick Barriers. I. The Approach to Spectral Equilibrium

When some of the secondary components of a complex radiation are barely softer than the primary, the process of formation and decay of these components alone governs the approach to equilibrium. It is then possible to determine the asymptotic trend of the total radiation intensity at great depths of penetration. Under broad assumptions, this trend is ${x}^{{K}_{0}}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}x)$.
Assay of inulin in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

Following independent reports by Shannon [l] and by Richards et al. [2] that inulin appears to be eliminated by the kidney at the same rate as fluid is filtered by renal glomeruli, measurement of inulin clearance was established as the reference clinical method for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Gaudino et al. [3] later demonstrated that inulin can also be used to measure extracellular fluid space. Although [t4C]and [3H]inulin are available to facilitate measurements of glomerular filtration rate [4] and extracellular fluid space [5] in experimental animals, clinical studies with inulin have been impeded by the lack of satisfactory methods to measure concentrations of nonradioactive inulin in biological fluids. Classical calorimetric methods entail initial hydrolysis of inulin with subsequent quantitation of the fructose that is formed. Since other compounds react with the chromogenic reagents that have been used [6, 71, analytical sensitivity is limited and precision at low levels is suspect because the assumption is made that the initial blank readings represent the level of interference in all subsequent samples. Accordingly, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring inulin concentrations in plasma and urine.
Cutaneous manifestations of HIV: a primer.

PURPOSE To provide physicians and nurses with an overview of the characteristics and treatments for skin lesions associated with HIV/AIDS. TARGET AUDIENCE This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in identifying and managing skin lesions in patients with HIV/AIDS. OBJECTIVES After reading the article and taking the test, the participant will be able to: 1. Identify the characteristics of skin lesions associated with HIV/AIDS. 2. Identify treatment options for skin lesions associated with HIV/AIDS.
A Review of the Effectiveness of Creative Training on Adult Learners

A demand for fostering creativity has become a universal discourse across different nations, reflecting globalization of economic activity. Teachers play a key role in promoting creative thinking through appropriate approaches in the classroom. Because a number of studies indicate that most creativity research focuses on children rather on adults, the purpose of this meta-analytic study is to investigate the effects of creativity training on adults. It is hoped that by providing evidence-based findings, adult educators could consider fostering creativity in adult classrooms. The results confirm the findings of previous meta-analysis indicating that creativity training is effective on adults. The magnitude of this finding indicates creativity training is promising for increasing adults’ creative thinking.
Medical management of otitis externa.

Successful medical management of otitis externa requires that one diagnose and treat systemic or underlying diseases; carefully clean and examine the entire ear canal before starting therapy; apply topical preparations that were selected based on resnlts of gross and microscopic examination; educate the client as to the causes of otitis externa and their role in treating the disease; schedule regular follow-up examinations until the disease is completely cured; recommend preventive procedures, such as drying ears after swimming; and use systemic treatment when indicated by chronicity of disease or the owner’s inability to treat the patient.
Apolipoprotein B metabolism in normal, type IV, and type V hyperlipoproteinemic subjects

Abstract Apolipoprotein B (apoB) metabolism was investigated in four normal, three type IV, and three type V hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. Following injection of autologous radioiodinated very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) the rate of clearance of the apoprotein from this particle and its subsequent appearance in low density lipoprotein (LDL) was measured by frequent apoB specific activity determinations over an 11-day period. The resultant data were analyzed using the SAAM 27 computer program. In the normal subjects, more than 95% of the injected VLDL apoB was rapidly transferred to the LDL density range and accounted for all LDL apoB synthesis in that group. The plasma VLDL apoB concentration in the type IV group was, on average, five times the normal level. This resulted primarily from a doubling of the VLDL apoB synthetic rate associated with a defective or saturated catabolic mechanism. Only 60% of this material subsequently appeared in LDL, while the remainder was catabolized via an LDL-independent pathway. The turnover parameters of LDL apoB were normal in the type IV patients. Type V hyperlipoproteinemic subjects exhibited a 12- to 35-fold increase in plasma VLDL apoB concentration over normal. This again derived from increased VLDL apoB synthesis in the presence of defective removal of the apoprotein; the fractional catabolic rate of VLDL apoB in this group was 14% of the normal value. However, in contrast to the type IV patient data, more than 85% of the apoB in type V VLDL eventually appeared in LDL whose turnover rate was raised as a result of an increase in its catabolism; the fractional catabolic rate of LDL apoB in type V patients was four-fold above normal. The plasma LDL apoB pool size was substantially reduced in these subjects. This study shows that in hyperlipoproteinemic pheno-types IV and V there exist multiple anomalies of apoB metabolism affecting both VLDL and LDL.
PERTURBATION THEORY AND MOMENTS FOR NONLINEAR FREUNDLICH DESORPTION IN A CONTINUOUS-FLOW WELL-STIRRED VESSEL

A regular perturbation expansion is applied to desorption governed by a Freundlich isotherm in a continuous-flow well-stirred vessel. A power series solution is presented, whose convergence is improved by the Shanks transformation. With a symbolic manipulation computer program, the first few temporal moments are derived exactly in closed form from the perturbation scheme.
Upsetting social interactions and distress among Alzheimer's disease family care-givers: A replication and extension

Although several studies have suggested that negative aspects of relationships have a greater impact on mood than positive elements, the individuals in these studies have been victims of life crises. To assess the generality of these findings, social support and mood data were collected from two well-matched groups that differed with respect to the presence of a chronic stressor in their lives. The 34 family care-givers for Alzheimer's disease victims and 34 comparison persons (non-care-givers) did not differ in the frequency of contacts, the closeness of their relationships, or ratings of the helpfulness or upset associated with the relationships. However, while upset accounted for a significant portion of the variance in care-givers' depressive symptoms in regression equations, neither upset nor helpfulness was significantly related to mood in non-care-givers. Care-givers whose relatives had more symptomatic Alzheimer's disease behaviors were more distressed and described their relationships with others as more upsetting. Implications for interventions and for the contextual importance of upsetting or negative support are discussed.
Buckling of a fiber bundle embedded in epoxy

Buckling of a fiber bundle embedded in epoxy resin was studied to gain insight into compressive failure mechanisms in unidirectional composites. The fibers used were E-glass, T300 graphite, T700 graphite, and P75 graphite. These fibers were combined with two different resins: Epon 815/V140 and Epon 828/Z. In both resins the failure mode of the bundle was found to be microbuckling of fibers for the first three types of fibers; however, the high-modulus P75 fibers failed in shear without any sign of microbuckling. The strains at which microbuckling occurred were higher than the compressive failure strains of the corresponding unidirectional composites. In the soft resin, Epon 815/V140, fibers buckled at lower strains than in the stiff resin, Epon 828/Z. The buckling strains and the segment lengths followed the trends predicted for a single filament embedded in an infinite matrix.
Spoken language and multimodal applications for electronic realities

We use the term ‘electronic reality’ (ER) to encompass a broad class of concepts that mix real-world metaphors and computer interfaces. In our definition, ‘electronic reality’ includes notions such as virtual reality, augmented reality, computer interactions with physical devices, interfaces that enhance 2D media such as paper or maps, and social interfaces where computer avatars engage humans in various forms of dialogue. One reason for bringing real-world metaphors to computer interfaces is that people already know how to navigate and interact with the world around them. Every day, people interact with each other, with pets, and sometimes with physical objects by using a combination of expressivemodalities, such as spoken words, lone of voice, pointing and gesturing, facial expressions, and body language. In contrast, when people typically interact with computers or appliances, interactions are unimodal, with a single method of communication such as the click of a mouse or a set of keystrokes serving to express intent. In this article, we describe our efforts to apply multimodal and spoken language interfaces to a number of ER applications, with the goal of creating an even more ‘realistic’ or natural experience for the end user.
Endosymbiosis in the lucinid clams Lucinoma aequizonata, Lucinoma annulata and Lucina floridana : a reexamination of the functional morphology of the gills as bacteria-bearing organs

A three-dimensional representation of the structure of the endosymbiont-containing gills of Lucinoma aequizonata, L. annulata and Lucina floridana was constructed using light and electron microscopy of fresh and plastic-embedded thin-sectioned samples. The gills of these lucinids are identical in overall structure, each being composed of three structurally and functionally distinct regions here called the ctenidial filament zone (CFZ), the transition zone (TZ), and the bacteriocyte zone (BZ). Rather than a simple medial extension of the filament tissue, the bacteriocyte tissue is organized as an array of cylindrical tubes, the walls of which are composed primarily of bacteriocyte cells covered by a thin microvillar epithelium. The physical relationship between the symbionts, the host tissues and the external environment are examined, and structural constraints on the potential functions of bacteria in this host-symbiont system are discussed.
Modern pollen assemblages from northern Alaska

Abstract Surficial sediments from 101 lakes in northern Alaska were analyzed for their pollen content. Isopoll maps of pollen percentages show that boreal forest, mixed forest-tundra, and tundra are characterized by distinctive pollen assemblages. Pollen spectra from boreal forest contain the highest percentages of spruce ( Picea ) and birch ( Betula ) pollen, forest-tundra samples have the highest frequencies of alder ( Alnus ) pollen, and tundra spectra contain the highest grass (Gramineae) and sedge (Cyperaceae) pollen percentages. In addition, vegetational variations within the tundra and boreal forest are evident in the modern pollen. Differentiation of pollen from spruce and birch species accurately indicates areas (in northcentral and northeastern Alaska) where white spruce ( P. glauca ) and paper birch ( B. papyrifera ) are common. The coastal tundra is distinguished from a more interior tundra by higher percentages of grass and heath (Ericales) pollen. The increased resolution of the vegetation-pollen relationships is, in part, a function of a sampling design that employs a broad grid of sample sites instead of using isolated sites or isolated transects. The insight gained from the modern study should help in interpreting fossil pollen records and provide a more detailed picture of the development of the modern boreal forest and tundra in northern Alaska.
Black Student Empowerment and Chicago: School Reform Efforts in 1968

Current school reform efforts in Chicago have gained national attention, but little is known about the struggle for educational reform that took place in the 1960s. Black students, surrounded by the organizing in their communities and the events shaping the civil rights and Black Power movements, moved to correct the injustices they experienced at their schools in 1968. After several protests at individual schools, students organized citywide boycotts demanding community control, Black administrators, more Black history courses, and various other school improvements. Their protests led to increased Black administrators and increased Black history courses. The most significant accomplishment was the organized efforts to improve their education.
Soft X-ray studies of a c(4 × 2)* β-SiC(100) surface

Abstract We report soft X-ray results for a Si-terminated β-SiC(100) surface characterized by a c(4 × 2) plus a weak possibly (2 × 2) reconstruction in low-energy-electron diffraction. The existence of two surface Si 2p photoemission core levels is confirmed, shifted by −0.5 and −1.4 eV from the bulk-like level. We further show results which indicate that the component with the large −1.4 eV shift is correlated with the surface reconstruction. Surface-sensitive Si L 23 absorption spectra suggest the existence of a high density of unfilled s-like states about 1.3 eV above, as well as unfilled s-like states near, the bulk conduction band minimum. Reconstructed surfaces beyond this “c(4 × 2)*” surface are also noted.
Quality assurance evaluation of delivery of respiratory- gated treatments

We describe a method for evaluating the quality of respiratory-gated radiation delivery using a commercially available device. During irradiation, gating traces for one field for each treatment were extracted from the system for each of 14 patients. The data were then transferred to a spreadsheet. Software was developed to evaluate the following parameters: duty cycle, amplitude of fiducial motion, fraction of amplitude of motion during gated delivery, and respiratory cycle time. Criteria were established for acceptability of gating traces. In our sample, over 85% of the traces indicated acceptability. An example of results for one patient extracted from analyzed gating traces is as follows: mean duty cycle ? 57%, average amplitude of motion ? 0.89 cm, average fraction of motion during gated delivery ? 0.45, mean respiratory cycle time ? 4.5 sec. This technique can be used to evaluate delivery of respiratory-gated radiation therapy for quality assurance purposes and to assess various techniques for improving delivery of gated therapy. A hardcopy of the gating traces can be used to document gated treatment delivery for potential billing of the gated delivery process.
(dppe)Pt(OTf)2 and (R-BINAP)Pt(OTf)2 Lewis acids catalyze the Diels-Alder reaction by different mechanisms

In situ observation, by 31P and 1H NMR at 195−240 K, of acryloyl-N-oxazolidinone (4)/cyclopentadiene (HCp) Diels−Alder reactions catalyzed by the Pt(II) Lewis acids P2Pt(OTf)2 (2; P2 = dppe (a), R-BINAP (b)) revealed that the ditriflate catalysts are consumed by HCp at different rates to produce the catalytically inactive 18-electron complexes [P2Pt(η5-Cp)]+[OTf]- (9). Mechanistic studies point to formal loss of HOTf from the proposed intermediate diene complex [P2Pt(HCp)]2+[OTf]-2, facilitated by a necessary second equivalent of HCp; ill-defined HCp/HOTf byproducts, whose 1H NMR resonances include a broad singlet at 12.7 ppm, are also formed. Both catalyst decomposition and Diels−Alder catalysis proceeded faster in reactions involving dppe Lewis acid 2a than in those involving R-BINAP Lewis acid 2b. In the 2b reaction at 195 K, Pt-bound dienophile 4 was immediately converted to the Pt-bound Diels−Alder adduct 2S-5 on addition of HCp; however, no turnover occurred and no η5-Cp complex was detected until t...
Disenfranchised Grief Among Lesbian and Gay Bereaved Individuals

Experiences of grief among lesbian and gay (LG) individuals who have encountered the death of their partner remain invisible within the larger culture and within the counseling literature. This contribution provides a conceptual review of literature regarding the bereavement process of individuals who identify as sexual minorities. Special focus is given to the concept of disenfranchised grief and its impact on LG individuals. Two clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the distinct experiences of older LG individuals who face end-of-life issues in their caregiver roles, as well as middle-aged LG persons who may encounter the death of a partner.
Anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-19 inhibits smooth muscle cell migration and activation of cytoskeletal regulators of VSMC motility

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is an important cellular event in multiple vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and transplant vasculopathy. Little is known regarding the effects of anti-inflammatory interleukins on VSMC migration. This study tested the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory Th2 interleukin, interleukin-19 (IL-19), could decrease VSMC motility. IL-19 significantly decreased platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated VSMC chemotaxis in Boyden chambers and migration in scratch wound assays. IL-19 significantly decreased VSMC spreading in response to PDGF. To determine the molecular mechanism(s) for these cellular effects, we examined the effect of IL-19 on activation of proteins that regulate VSMC cytoskeletal dynamics and locomotion. IL-19 decreased PDGF-driven activation of several cytoskeletal regulatory proteins that play an important role in smooth muscle cell motility, including heat shock protein-27 (HSP27), myosin light chain (MLC), and cofilin. IL-19 decreased PDGF activation of the Rac1 and RhoA GTPases, important integrators of migratory signals. IL-19 was unable to inhibit VSMC migration nor was able to inhibit activation of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins in VSMC transduced with a constitutively active Rac1 mutant (RacV14), suggesting that IL-19 inhibits events proximal to Rac1 activation. Together, these data are the first to indicate that IL-19 can have important inhibitory effects on VSMC motility and activation of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. This has important implications for the use of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the treatment of vascular occlusive disease.
Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: long-term results from 114 operations performed without neurophysiological monitoring.

Object Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the facial nerve is an effective treatment for hemifacial spasm (HFS), but the procedure is associated with a significant risk of complications such as hearing loss and facial weakness. Many surgeons advocate the use of intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) monitoring in an attempt to improve surgical outcomes. The authors critically assessed a large series of patients with HFS who underwent MVD without neurophysiological monitoring. Methods The authors retrospectively identified 114 consecutive patients, with a history of HFS and without a history of HFS surgery, in whom MVD was performed by a single surgeon without the use of neurophysiological monitoring. Postoperative outcomes were determined by reviewing records and through telephone interviews. At least 1 year of postoperative follow-up data were available for 91 of the 114 patients, and the median follow-up duration in all cases was 8 years (range 3 months–23 years). A Kaplan–Meier anal...
The attachment of poly(ribitol phosphate) to lipoteichoic acid carrier.

Abstract The linkage between the lipoteichoic acid carrier from Staphylococcus aureus and poly)ribitol phosphate) synthesized with poly(ribitol phosphate) polymerase has been shown to be a phosphoric diester bond between a glycerol residue in the lipoteichoic acid carrier molecule and a ribitol residue. The phosphate residue is derived from CDP-ribitol. Indirect evidence suggests that this glycerol residue is located at the hydrophobic end of the lipoteichoic acid carrier, which contains all the d -glucose and fatty acid residues of the molecule. Such an attachment site explains the requirement of poly(ribitol phosphate) polymerase for the intact lipoteichoic acid carrier molecule and its inability to use poly(glycerol phosphate) as an acceptor.
FASTBUS State Generator a Simple, High Speed Module for Testing FASTBUS Interfaces

The FASTBUS State Generator provides a convenient method of independently controlling FASTBUS signals at normal bus speeds. Parallel generation or test of all FASTBUS lines at rates up to 25 MHz is possible using a simplified version of BASIC. The module may be programmed to emulate many of the sequential interface charateristics of standard FASTBUS devices
Lattice-Scattering Mobility of Holes in Germanium

The lattice-scattering mobility of holes in germanium is calculated by using the transition probabilities for scattering by acoustical and optical phonons derived in an earlier paper, in which both the rigid- and deformable-ion models were used to determine the interaction between holes and the lattice. Coupled Boltzmann equations are considered, describing the distribution of carriers under the influence of an electric and phonon field in the two valence bands of germanium, degenerate at $k=0$. The results involve two previously described constants ${C}_{1}$ and ${C}_{4}$ which are treated as arbitrary parameters. Results are presented for several sets of these parameters and also for values of the temperature $\ensuremath{\Theta}=300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K} \mathrm{and} 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$ which might correspond to the fundamental optical frequency of the germanium lattice. The curves, $log\ensuremath{\mu}$ vs $logT$, closely resemble straight lines over the lattice-scattering range. It is possible to find values of ${C}_{1}$ and ${C}_{4}$ for both rigid- and deformable-ion models which agree well with the observed mobility if $\ensuremath{\Theta}=300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K but not if $\ensuremath{\Theta}=500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The question as to whether these values of ${C}_{1}$ and ${C}_{4}$ are correct is not considered in this paper.
A direct nonchromatographic assay for 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase

1-Acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (also called lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase) which catalyzes the acylation of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate to phosphatidic acid is generally assayed by the use of a radioactive substrate followed by a time-consuming chromatographic separation of substrate and product. We report a direct and highly sensitive nonchromatographic assay for this enzyme based on the ability of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase to dephosphorylate 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate but not phosphatidic acid. This selective hydrolysis coupled with the use of 32P-labeled 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate as substrate permits measurement of the product, 32P-labeled phosphatidic acid by solvent extraction or precipitation. We also report a series of enzymatic reactions for the efficient conversion of 32Pi to 32P-labeled 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.
Effects of Different Cereal Grains in Diets for Laying Hens on Production Parameters and Liver Fat Content

Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens to study the effects of different cereal grains on production criteria and liver fat content. The results of Experiment 1, in which pullets 21 weeks of age were used for a period of 22 weeks indicated that Gaines wheat or triticale (Trailblazer) were equal to corn in supporting egg production, egg weight and body weight, with comparable feed consumption. Henry wheat(a hard red winter class) was slightly, yet significantly (P less than 0.05) inferior to corn for the above criteria. No significant differences were observed among four treatments in wet liver weight and liver fat content. Hens fed the corn diet had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower carcass fat followed by the hens fed triticale in comparison with those fed Gaines or Henyry wheat. Mortality was very low and not related to dietary treatments. Neither dietary fat nor energy content was related to fat content of liver and carcass of the hens. Body weight and liver fat content were not closely related to each other. Wet liver weight was the only significantly (P less than 0.05) related factor to liver fat content. In the second experiment, in which hens 33 weeks of age were used for an experimental period of 20 weeks, opaque-2 corn was slightly superior to normal corn and triticale was comparable to normal corn in supporting egg production and egg weight. Supplementation of the diets containing the two corns and triticale with lysine failed to improve egg production and egg weight. Hens fed the diets containing either normal corn or opaque-2 corn as the only grain in the diet had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher liver fat content in comparison with hens fed the diet containing triticale as the only grain. Mortality, however, was much higher among hens fed triticale-containing diets in comparison with groups fed corn-containing diets in spite of the fact that they had significantly lower liver fat content. Regardless of dietary treatments or grains used, the hens that died were diagnosed to have fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Dietary fat content was postively and significantly (P less than 0.05) related to liver fat content. Dietary energy or body weight was not closely related to liver content. Liver fat content and mortality were negatively related to each other. The higher for content did not adversely affect laying performance.
Pulmonary mechanics in guinea pigs: repeated measurements using a nonsurgical computerized method.

Abstract A method of pulmonary mechanics measurement using plethysmography and esophageal pressure to determine tidal volume, compliance, resistance, frequency, and minute volume in guinea pigs is described. The procedure is not surgical, does not require anesthesia, and allows for repeated measurements in the same animals. Calculations based upon physiological data (esophageal pressure as a measure of transpleural pressure and plethysmograph pressure as a measure of tidal volume) are done in real time with a relatively low-cost ($12,000) digital computer that displays numerical results as well as stores data for later analysis. The results of this method are compared to the published results of others. Data on repeated measurements in two animals over a 2-week period and the pulmonary effects of exposure to combustion products of plastics at 1, 24, 48 hr postexposure are given.
The Viking Biological Investigation: General aspects

The Viking biological investigation has tested four different hypotheses regarding the possible nature of Martian organisms. While significant results were obtained for each of these, tests of three of the hypotheses appear to indicate the absence of biology in the samples used, while the fourth is consistent with a biological interpretation. The original assumptions for each experiment and the experimental procedures that were utilized to test these assumptions are reviewed.
Structural features of a novel glucuronogalactofucan from ascophyllum nodosum

Abstract Extraction of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum with water (adjusted to pH 2) yielded several fucose-containing polymer fractions 1 . One of these fractions was further purified by repeated fractional precipitation with ethanol from aqueous calcium chloride solutions. The resulting, electrophoretically (cellulose acetate) pure polymer was unique in composition, compared with any previously reported polysaccharide from this species. It contained essentially only the neutral sugars fucose and L -galactose (molar ratio 1.1:1), together with glucuronic acid (8%), sulfate (15%), and protein (7%). Major structural features were established by periodate oxidation and methylation analysis. The majority of the fucose residues were sulfated end-units. Glucuronic acid also was found mainly as end-units. The major galactose derivative from the methylated polymer was 3,6-di- O -methylgalactose.