cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3 How “Monopolizing Conduct,” “Attempts to Monopolize,” and “Exclusionary or Foreclosing Conduct” Should Be Defined by Economists

Both U.S. antitrust law and E.C./E.U. competition law prohibit “monopolizing” or “attempting to monopolize” either explicitly in those terms or by using other words to proscribe such conduct. Thus, Section 2 of the U.S. Sherman Act explicitly prohibits firms from monopolizing or attempting to monopolize; in essence, Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits firms from monopolizing by entering into contracts, agreements, or conspiracies in restraint of trade; and Article 102 of the 2009 Lisbon Treaty prohibits firms that are individually dominant or members of a set of rivals that are collectively dominant from committing exclusionary abuses of their dominant position. Unfortunately, none of these statutes or treaties and none of the economic and legal scholars and judges that have analyzed the character of particular business behavior has ever explicitly defined “monopolizing conduct” or “exclusionary abuse,” and the implicit definitions of these concepts that can be derived from the operational decision-rules that scholars recommend be used to decide and that judges have used to decide whether to hold defendants guilty of monopolizing contain both errors of commission and errors of omission. Chapter 3 defines the concepts “monopolizing conduct” and “attempts to monopolize” and comments on what I take to be the coincident concept of an exclusionary abuse (of a dominant position). Inter alia, Chap. 4 explains the errors that relevant judges and antitrust-enforcement agencies have made when operationalizing these concepts.
Development of Modified Screening Criteria for Retinopathy of Prematurity: Primary Results From the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity Study.

Importance Current retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) guidelines, which are based on studies of high-risk infants and expert opinion, have low specificity for disease requiring treatment. Postnatal weight gain–based models improve specificity but have been limited by complexity and small development cohorts, which results in model overfitting and resultant decreased sensitivity in validation studies. Objective To develop a birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA), and weight gain (WG) prediction model using data from a broad-risk cohort of premature infants. Design, Setting, and Participants The Postnatal Growth and ROP Study was a retrospective multicenter cohort study conducted in 29 hospitals in the United States and Canada from 2006 to 2012 that included 7483 premature infants at risk for ROP with a known ROP outcome. A hybrid modeling approach was used that combined BW/GA criteria, weight comparison with expected growth from infants without ROP, multiple growth-interval assessments, consideration of nonphysiological WG, and user-friendly screening criteria. Numerous BW/GA levels, postnatal age periods, time intervals, and WG percentile thresholds were evaluated to identify the most robust parameters. Main Outcome and Measures Sensitivity for Early Treatment of ROP Study type 1 ROP and potential reduction in infants who require examinations. Results Of 7483 infants, the median (SD) BW was 1099 (359) g, the median GA was 28 weeks (range, 22-35), 3575 (47.8%) were female, 3615 (48.4%) were white, 2310 (30.9%) were black, 233 (3.1%) were Asian, 93 (1.2%) were Pacific Islander, and 40 (0.5%) were American Indian/Alaskan Native. Infants who met any of 6 criteria would undergo examinations: (1) a GA of younger than 28 weeks; (2) a BW of less than 1051 g; a WG of less than 120 g, 180 g, or 170 g during ages 10 to 19, 20 to 29, or 30 to 39 days, respectively; or hydrocephalus. These criteria predicted 459 of 459 (100%) type 1 (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 99.2%-100%), 524 of 524 (100%) treated, and 466 of 472 (98.7%) type 2 cases while reducing the number of infants who required examinations by 2269 (30.3%). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study, broadly representative of infants who are undergoing ROP examinations, provides evidence-based screening criteria. With validation, the Postnatal Growth and ROP Study criteria could be incorporated into ROP screening guidelines to reduce the number of infants who require examinations in North America.
A Joint Design Approach for Communication Schedule and Layout of Wireless Sensor Networks.

This paper considers the problem of designing the layout geometry of a wireless sensor network to extend network lifetime. The communication pattern between sensor nodes and their associated base station is exploited in building an efficient network structure prior to network deployment. Such an approach is feasible for sensor networks whose installation and layout can be planned ahead of time, as is possible in many sensor network applications including intrusion detection, powerline monitoring and indoor monitoring. Since sensor nodes expand energy for relaying packets, we consider the question of placement of nodes in the typical line network topology to reduce the packet forwarding load on sensor nodes closer to the base station. Similar to scheduling problems in other domains, we also exploit the problem structure to find the periods for each sensor node to keep its radio active. The novelty of our problem formulation is that it jointly determines geometric layout and idlelistening times for line topologies. We also explain how the line solution can be used as a primitive in design of networks for the coverage of two dimensional regions. Simulation results show that such a joint design approach yields significant improvements in network lifetime as compared to the conventional network design method using uniform node distribution.
Digital quantification of Goldmann visual fields (GVFs) as a means for genotype-phenotype comparisons and detection of progression in retinal degenerations.

Purpose To develop a reliable and efficient digital method to quantify planimetric Goldmann visual field (GVF) data to monitor disease course and treatment responses in retinal degenerative diseases.
Internal Tidal Modal Ray Refraction and Energy Ducting in Baroclinic Gulf Stream Currents

AbstractUpstream mean semidiurnal internal tidal energy flux has been found in the Gulf Stream in hydrodynamical model simulations of the Atlantic Ocean. A major source of the energy in the simulat...
Gina’s mathematics: Thinking, tricks, or “teaching”?

Abstract Students with learning disabilities display a diverse array of factors that interplay with their mathematical understanding. Our aim in this paper is to discuss the extent to which one case study elementary school child with identified learning disabilities (LDs) made sense of composite units and unit fractions. We present analysis and results from multiple sessions conducted during a teaching experiment cast as one-on-one intervention. Results of a multi-phase qualitative analysis reveal two themes evident in the child’s thinking structures across the sessions: (a) Gina’s accommodations over time versus traditional progressions, and (b) Persistent factors that interacted with the child’s reasoning. Throughout the analysis, we raise questions about the child’s reasoning and what the child’s apparent knowing and learning was relying upon. When well-intentioned researchers or educators provide children interventions that promote procedures and replication of teacher-taught strategies, not only are they not serving their children’s mathematics learning needs, they may be preventing them from engaging in, reflecting upon, and coordinating actions that support the children to accommodate their thinking structures and advance their learning. Discussion and implications are shared.
Hydraulics of Vascular Water Transport

The science of plant water transport is equal parts of physics and biology. Plants have evolved a complex wick system that harnesses the cohesive hydrogen bond energy of liquid water and suppresses the heterogeneous nucleation of cavitation. Trade-offs between making the wick safe against cavitation and implosion, yet efficient in moving water, result in the process being limiting to plant performance. Cavitation limits the range of negative pressures that can be harnessed to move water, and the hydraulic conductance of the wick limits the flow rate that can be moved at a given negative pressure gradient. Both limits constrain CO2 uptake via the water-for-carbon trade-off at the stomatal interface. Research in the area concerns the mechanisms of cavitation, its reversal by embolism repair, consequences for plant ecology and evolution, and the coupling of water transport to plant productivity. Very little is known of the molecular biology underlying xylem physiology.
A Longitudinal Content Analysis of the Use of Radical and Mainstream, Pro- and Anti-LGBT Organizations as Sources in The New York Times & The Washington Post

ABSTRACTPublic opinion about LGBT rights has shifted dramatically in the last 30 years. This study, a content analysis of 659 news articles from The New York Times and The Washington Post from 1977...
One-Dimensional Second-Order Equation

One-dimensional steady-state problems are encountered in boundary value problems involving displacement of prismatic rods, heat transfer in a cooling fin, pressure-driven laminar ideal and viscous fluid flows between two parallel infinite walls and the corresponding heat transfer problems, and in general, potential problems as well as engineering problems involving the bar equation.
Preparing elementary pre-service teachers for social studies integration in an alternative field placement

Abstract As social studies receives less instructional time in elementary classrooms, elementary pre-service teachers (PSTs) observe little social studies instruction in their field placements. Social studies integration is one way to counteract the devaluation of social studies in elementary schools. This multiple case study examines the extent to which nine elementary PSTs were able to integrate social studies into lessons during an alternative field placement, an integratedSTEM camp. The findings show variance across and within participants in their ability to integrate social studies in a quality way. Implications for elementary social studies methods course instructors are discussed.
The evolution of mental health outcomes across a combat deployment cycle: A longitudinal study of a Guam-based National Guard unit

In the United States, National Guard soldiers have been called upon at unprecedented rates since 2001 to supplement active duty military forces. Frequent military deployments generate many occupational and environmental stressors for these citizen-soldiers, from serving in a dangerous zone to being away from family and home for long periods of time. Whereas there is a substantial amount of research focused on deployment-related health outcomes in relation to active duty (i.e., full-time) military populations, reserve forces are less understood. This study focuses on a United States Army National Guard combat unit deployed to Afghanistan. This prospective longitudinal study was conducted over the course an operational deployment cycle (i.e., before, during, and after) to document the evolution of salient mental health outcomes (i.e., post-traumatic stress, depression, general anxiety, and aggression). The findings show that both combat (e.g., killing others) and non-combat (e.g., boredom) stressors negatively affect mental health outcomes, and the severity of these outcomes increases over the course of a deployment cycle. Of special note, the study reveals key gender differences in the evolution of post-traumatic stress (PTS), depression, and anxiety across a deployment cycle: females report increased PTS, depression, and anxiety 6 months post-deployment, whereas the levels reported by males stabilize at their mid-deployment levels. The findings offer insights for medical providers and policymakers in developing more targeted health promotion campaigns and interventions, especially at the post-deployment phase.
Mastectomy or Breast-Conserving Therapy: Which Factors Influence A Patient's Decision?

BACKGROUND The choice between mastectomy and breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is a first step for patients with breast cancer who are confronting decisions about treatment. OBJECTIVE To identify the most important determinants in treatment decision making by patients with breast cancer. METHODS Between 2003 and 2013, a total of 5258 patients with breast cancer were recorded in Kaiser Permanente Northwest's cancer registry. Patients had similar clinical-pathologic profiles, education, and insurance coverage, and were managed by 1 surgical group. A total of 2604 patients with invasive breast cancer chose mastectomy or BCT as they met unambiguous criteria for equivalent outcomes with either option. We examined the influence of the patient's surgeon on patient preferences. RESULTS Our retrospective analyses examined a study population that had similar risk profiles (age, family history of breast cancer, T category on tumor-node-metastasis staging system, tumor size, physical examination findings), surgeons consulting on similar patient types, and managed by surgeons with similar surgical performance patterns (case volumes, reexcision rates, number of reoperations, and ability to meet patient's expectations). Patients who preferred mastectomy were strongly influenced by tumor size (p < 0.001) and abnormal physical examination findings (palpable mass; p = 0.004), rather than age, family history of breast cancer, T category, or surgeon. CONCLUSION Physical examination findings and tumor size were statistically significant determinants influencing patients to choose mastectomy. Because geographic and practice style explanations fail to explain these variations, surgeons can identify, anticipate, and consider these factors when counseling patients about mastectomy and BCT therapeutic equivalency.
The urban-adapted underground mosquito, Culex molestus, maintains exogenously influenced circadian rhythms despite an absence of photoperiodically induced dormancy

ABSTRACT In temperate climates, the mosquito Culex molestus lives almost exclusively in urban underground locations such as flooded basements, sewer systems and subway tunnels. Unlike most other mosquito taxa found at higher latitudes, Cx. molestus remains active and continues to breed throughout the winter. This is attributable to year-round above freezing temperatures in its preferred underground habitats combined with an inability to enter a state of arrested development (‘diapause’) in response to shortening photoperiods in autumn. Prior studies have shown that the genes associated with circadian rhythms (i.e. ‘clock genes’) also influence the photoperiodic induction of diapause in the closely related mosquito, Cx. pipiens. These results suggest that molecular changes in one or more clock genes could contribute to the absence of photoperiodically induced diapause in Cx. molestus. As Cx. molestus predominantly inhabits underground locations generally devoid of a predictable photoperiod, such mutations may not be removed by purifying selection as they would have minimal fitness consequences. To examine the possibility that Cx. molestus- specific genetic changes in one or more clock genes correlate with its inability to enter a photoperiodically induced dormant state, we first used genomic data to search for inactivating mutations or other structural variants in genes known to influence circadian rhythms in Diptera (‘flies’). We further investigated non-synonymous, derived genetic divergence in this same class of genes. Next, we generated transcriptome data from multiple life-stages of Cx. molestus to survey binary expression of annotated clock genes throughout this mosquito’s lifecycle. Finally, we carried out experimental studies to assess the extent to which Cx. molestus retains exogenously influenced circadian rhythms, and whether it harbors any tendencies towards dormancy when exposed to a shortened photoperiod. Our results indicate that the gene Helicase domino (dom) has a nine-nucleotide, in-frame deletion specific to Cx. molestus. Previous work has shown that splice variants in this gene influence circadian behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. We also find derived, non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes that may also affect circadian rhythms and/or diapause induction in Cx. molestus. Four other circadian genes were found to have no quantifiable expression during any examined life stage, suggesting potential regulatory variation. Our experimental results confirm that Cx. molestus retains exogenously-influenced circadian rhythms but is not induced to enter a dormant state by a shortened photoperiod. Collectively, these findings show that the distinct, but potentially molecularly interconnected life-history traits of diapause induction and circadian rhythms are decoupled in Cx. molestus and suggest that this taxon may be a valuable tool for exploring exogenously influenced phenotypes in mosquitoes more broadly.
Neural Correlates of Attentional Bias to Food Stimuli in Obese Adolescents

Adolescent obesity is an increasingly prevalent problem in several societies. Researchers have begun to focus on neurocognitive processes that may help explain how unhealthy food habits form and are maintained. The present study compared attentional bias to food stimuli in a sample of obese (n = 22) and Normal-weight (n = 18) adolescents utilizing an Attention Blink (AB) paradigm while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. We found lower accuracy and Event-Related Potential (ERP) P3 amplitudes during the presentation of food stimuli in AB trials for obese adolescents. These findings suggest an impaired ability of their brains to flexibly relocate attentional resources in the face of food stimuli. The results were corroborated by lower P3s also being associated with higher body mass index (BMI) values and poorer self-reported self-efficacy in controlling food intake. The study is among the few examining neural correlates of attentional control in obese adolescents and suggests automatic attentional bias to food is an important aspect to consider in tackling the obesity crisis.
Carbon nanodot-hybridized silica nanospheres assisted immunoassay for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli

Abstract Carbon dots (CDs) are intrinsically luminescent nanomaterials that have many potential applications in biosensing technologies due in part to their high photostability and fluorescent properties. However, attempts to integrate CDs into immunosorbent assays have been deterred by challenges preventing quantum yield augmentation and surface functionalization. To address these issues, we fabricated carbon dot-encapsulated silica nanospheres (CSNs) using a facile one-pot synthesis method. The enclosing silica matrix rendered extensive material stability to the nanospheres and abated quenching by nonradiative decay to cause considerable signal amplification. Nanosphere hybridization to antibodies permitted their use in solid-phase immunoassays as tracers. Here, we demonstrate the suitability of CSN-based immunosorbent assays as a point-of-care technique for the detection of foodborne pathogens through E. coli O157:H7 quantitation experiments. After optimization, detection limit of E. coli O157:H7 was determined to be 2.4 CFU mL−1. The estimated recoveries were in the range of 91.7–110.5% in spiked samples, which indicated that the developed method is capable for detecting E. coli O157:H7 in food samples. The nanosphere tracers described herein, and the methods used to create them, may be beneficial tools for the development of new pathogen biosensing strategies.
Case 3: No Train of Four Neuromuscular Monitor. No Problem

You have just arrived at a mission hospital in northern Zululand, South Africa. All your anesthetic equipment has not arrived, like an airway bougie and a train of four neuromuscular monitors. You are told they will arrive in a week.
A Supervised Feature Selection Method For Mixed-Type Data using Density-based Feature Clustering.

Feature selection methods are widely used to address the high computational overheads and curse of dimensionality in classifying high-dimensional data. Most conventional feature selection methods focus on handling homogeneous features, while real-world datasets usually have a mixture of continuous and discrete features. Some recent mixed-type feature selection studies only select features with high relevance to class labels and ignore the redundancy among features. The determination of an appropriate feature subset is also a challenge. In this paper, a supervised feature selection method using density-based feature clustering (SFSDFC) is proposed to obtain an appropriate final feature subset for mixed-type data. SFSDFC decomposes the feature space into a set of disjoint feature clusters using a novel density-based clustering method. Then, an effective feature selection strategy is employed to obtain a subset of important features with minimal redundancy from those feature clusters. Extensive experiments as well as comparison studies with five state-of-the-art methods are conducted on SFSDFC using thirteen real-world benchmark datasets and results justify the efficacy of the SFSDFC method.
The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Hospitalized Babies

"If infants die because, while passing through a period of increased physiological vulnerability, some critical combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors proves lethal, then it would be strange if death occurs only in the course of minor and not major illnesses. Is it possible that sudden unexplained death does happen in hospital, but is not recognized as such because the major diagnosis is judged to be the cause of death, or do the resuscitative measures which are readily available prevent it?" This provocative question, posed in an editorial in late 1971,1 drew a response from Raphael, who submitted rather convincing evidence of an instance of sudden unexplained infant death in a Canadian hospital.2
Model membrane thermodynamics and lateral distribution of cholesterol: from experimental data to Monte Carlo simulation.

Abstract Thermodynamic analysis and Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to study cholesterol‐lipid interactions in lipid membranes. Experimental data, including the maximum solubility of cholesterol in lipid bilayers, the 1‐to‐1 displacement of cholesterol by ceramide, and the cholesterol chemical activity with cholesterol oxidase (COD), were systematically analyzed using thermodynamic principles. A conceptual model, the umbrella model, is presented to describe the key cholesterol‐lipid interaction in lipid membranes. In a lipid membrane, nonpolar cholesterol relies on polar phospholipid headgroup coverage to avoid the unfavorable free energy of cholesterol contact with water. This coverage requirement leads to cholesterol's strong tendency not to clustering in a bilayer, its preferential association with large headgroup lipids with saturated acyl chains, and its competition with ceramide for large headgroup lipids. The umbrella model was parameterized into a form of multibody (i.e., nonpairwise) interaction for Monte Carlo simulation, and the measured chemical potentials of cholesterol agreed favorably with the predictions from the simulation. Under the right conditions, the multibody interactions can also lead to the formation of cholesterol superlattices. Also, an intrinsic thermodynamic connection between a jump in chemical potential and a regular distribution (RD) of membrane molecules was uncovered. This study shows that combining thermodynamics with computer simulation can be a productive approach for analyzing and interpreting complex experimental data, and thermodynamics can yield a predicting power in bioscience research.
Catalan "Déu n'hi do" and Conventional Implicatures in Exclamatives*

This paper presents a formal semantic analysis of the Catalan interjection ‘Deu n’hi do’ (DND,henceforth) and its interactions with exclamative sentences. The analysis of DND in a nutshell is that (1) it has the lexical meaning of weakening and not of intensification, contrary to previous approaches in the literature and (2) it changes the semantic type of the exclamative sentence it precedes, turning a set of propositions into a proposition. Since DND-exclamatives can syntactically embed in more contexts than bare exclamatives, they provide evidence that part of the meaning of exclamatives is conveyed through a Conventional Implicature (CI). Finally, the syntactic distribution and semantic behavior of DND-clauses in embedded contexts can be explained by the interaction between the asserted and the CI meaning.
Group A Streptococcus evades lysosomal degradation in macrophages (836.3)

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has evolved multiple immune evasion strategies in order to successfully establish infections in otherwise healthy individuals. In this study, we sought to create a molec...
Differential Mobilization of Myeloma Cells and Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Multiple Myeloma After Treatment With Cyclophosphamide and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) mobilized with high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic growth factors are now widely used to support myeloablative therapy of multiple myeloma and effect complete remissions in up to 50% of patients with apparent extension of event- free and overall survival. Because tumor cells are present not only in bone marrow, but also in virtually all PBSC harvests, it is conceivable that autografted myeloma cells contribute to relapse after autotransplants. In this study, the kinetics of mobilization of normal hematopoietic stem cells were compared with those of myeloma cells present in PBSC harvests of 12 patients after high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration. CD34+ and CD34+Lin-Thy+ stem cell contents were measured by multiparameter flow cytometry, and myeloma cells were quantitated by immunostaining for the relevant Ig light chain and by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the myeloma-specific CDRIII sequence. Results indicated marked heterogeneity in the percentages of mobilized stem cells among different patients (0.1% to 22.2% for CD34+ cells and 0.1% to 7.5% for CD34+Lin-Thy+ cells, respectively). The highest proportions of hematopoietic progenitor cells were observed early during apheresis, with 9 of 12 patients mobilizing adequate amounts of CD34+ cells for 2 autotransplants (> 4 x 10(6)/kg) within the first 2 days, whereas peak levels (percent and absolute numbers) of myeloma cells were present on days 5 and 6 (0.5% to 22.0%). During the last days of collection, mobilized tumor cells exhibited more frequently high labeling index values (1% to 10%; median, 4.4%) and an immature phenotype (CD19+). The differential mobilization observed between normal hematopoietic stem cells and myeloma cells can be exploited to reduce tumor cell contamination in PBSC harvests.
Multigranular simulation of heterogeneous embedded systems

Heterogeneous embedded systems, where configurable or application specific hardware devices (FPGAs and ASICs) are used alongside traditional processors, are becoming more and more widely used. To facilitate rapid design and development of such heterogeneous hardware/software systems, it is essential to expand the software design cycle to integrate hardware modeling and simulation. Co-simulation and exploration of the joint design space are key problems. To design, develop and verify such systems, different kinds of simulations at various levels of granularity are required The hardware modeling and simulation framework of the Model-Based Integrated Simulation Framework (MILAN) integrates these requirements into a single powerful design, development and simulation environment.
Factors Influencing a Learner's Decision to Drop-Out or Persist in Higher Education Distance Learning

Previous studies conducted on dropouts within online courses have found inconsistent factors affecting attrition. A literature review was performed, focusing on eight main studies. These studies were performed at both national and international universities. The methodology, participants, research question, and results varied by study. Overall, internal factors of self-efficacy, self-determination, autonomy, and time management along with external factors of family, organizational, and technical support were found to be significant. An additional variable of course factors, which includes course relevance and course design, was found to significantly impact learners’ decisions to persist or drop an online course. These variables were incorporated into a modified version of Bandura’s reciprocal causation theory, which states that each of these variables influences and is influenced by the decision of a student to persist or drop an online course. The model needs statistical testing within the context of an individual study. Further studies are also needed on course factors impacting an online student’s decision to persist or drop an online course.
Evaluation of different testing methods for identification of RhIG in red blood cell antibody detection.

BACKGROUND RhIG has had great success in protecting fetuses from potential harm; however, little work has been done to demonstrate how long RhIG reactivity is detected in the mother after administration when using common red blood cell antibody detection methods. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective investigation was performed examining positive antibody identification panels due to RhIG. These panels were run on solid-phase (SP) testing. The time to a positive result, length of detection, and positive strength of reactivity (PSR) were evaluated. Additionally, a comparative study was performed evaluating how sensitive SP, gel (GT), and tube testing (TT) were at detecting RhIG using serially diluted plasma samples spiked with different RhIG formulas. RESULTS Retrospectively, most antibody identification panels by SP were positive 3.5 months after RhIG administration and demonstrated a strong PSR. The longest recorded positive panel was present at 4.5 months. RhIG administered intramuscularly could not be detected until several hours after injection. The comparative study showed that SP was the most sensitive method while GT and TT were comparable to one another in detecting RhIG. SP also recorded strong PSR at very low concentrations of RhIG. GT and TT recorded weak PSR even with higher concentrations of RhIG. CONCLUSION SP is the most sensitive testing method and has the ability to detect RhIG 4 to 5 months after administration. TT and GT have the ability to detect RhIG up to 3 to 4 months after administration. Different RhIG formulas may show slightly different lengths of detection.
Novel mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by a new non-nucleoside analog, KM-1.

Abstract 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid (4-hydroxy-7-[[[[5-hydroxy-6-[(4 cinnamylphenyl)azo]-7-sulfo-2-naphthalenyl]amino]-carbonyl]amino]-3-[(4-cinnamylphenyl)]azo (KM-1)) is a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that was designed to bind at an unconventional site on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) (Skillman, A. G., Maurer, K. W., Roe, D. C., Stauber, M. J., Eargle, D., Ewing, T. J., Muscate, A., Davioud-Charvet, E., Medaglia, M. V., Fisher, R. J., Arnold, E., Gao, H. Q., Buckheit, R., Boyer, P. L., Hughes, S. H., Kuntz, I. D., and Kenyon, G. L. (2002) Bioorg. Chem. 30, 443–458). We have investigated the mechanism by which KM-1 inhibits wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT by using pre-steady state kinetic methods to examine the effect of KM-1 on the parameters governing the single nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by RT. Analysis of the pre-steady-state burst phase of dATP incorporation showed that KM-1 decreased the amplitude of the reaction as previously shown for other NNRTIs, because of the slow equilibration of the inhibitor with RT. In the ternary enzyme-DNA-KM-1 complex (E-DNA-I), incorporation of the next nucleotide onto the primer is blocked. However, unlike conventional NNRTIs, the inhibitory effect was caused primarily by weakening the DNA binding affinity and displacing DNA from the enzyme. Wild-type RT binds a 25/45-mer DNA duplex with an apparent Kd of 3 nm, which was increased to 400 nm upon saturation with KM-1. Likewise, the apparent Kd for KM-1 binding to RT increased at higher DNA concentrations. We therefore conclude that KM-1 represents a new class of inhibitor distinct from nevirapine and related NNRTIs. KM-1 can bind to RT in both the absence and presence of DNA but weakens the affinity for DNA 140-fold so that it favors DNA dissociation. The data suggest that KM-1 distorts RT conformation and misaligns DNA at the active site.
Preparation and Reactions of Base-Free Bis(1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)-uranium Methylimide, Cp'~2U=NMe, and Related Compounds

The uranium metallocenes [η5-1,3-(Me3E)2C5H3]2UMe2 (E = C, Si) react with NH3 to give the dimers {[η5-1,3-(Me3E)2C5H3]2U}2(μ-NH)2 (E = C (1), Si (2)) but with p-toluidine to give the monomeric diamides [η5-1,3-(Me3E)2C5H3]2U(NH-p-tolyl)2 (E = C (3), Si (4)). The diamides [η5-1,3-(Me3E)2C5H3]2U(NH-p-tolyl)2 (E = C (3), Si (4)) do not eliminate p-toluidine but sublime intact at 140 °C in a vacuum. The uranium metallocene [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2UMe2 reacts with RNH2 to yield [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U(NHR)2 (R = Me (8), PhCH2 (9), p-tolyl (10)), which are isolated as crystalline solids. In benzene solution these diamides are in equilibrium with [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2UNR, which may be isolated pure when R is Me (11) or p-tolyl (12), and the primary amine. The monomeric imide [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2UNMe (11) reacts with R‘C⋮CR‘ to yield the cycloaddition products [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U[N(Me)C(R‘)C(R‘)] (R‘ = Me (15), Ph (16)), which react with excess MeNH2 to regenerate the diamide [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U(NH...
Theoretical optimization of operating parameters in non-ideal displacement chromatography

Abstract A mathematical model was developed for the simulation of non-ideal displacement chromatography. The model incorporates finite mass transport to the solid adsorbent by using a linear driving force approximation with a coupled external film and internal pore mass transfer coefficient. Equilibrium adsorption at the fluid—solid interface is described using competitive langmuirian adsorption isotherms. A finite difference numerical technique was employed to approximate the system of coupled, non-linear partial differential equations. The model was used to simulate the effluent concentration profiles under various displacement chromatographic conditions. The effects of axial dispersion and finite mass transport were examined by varying the Peclet and Stanton numbers, respectively. Slow mass transfer rates were shown to have a dispersive effect on the shock waves generated in displacement chromatography, resulting in greater zone overlap. Constant pattern formation was observed under non-ideal conditions. The throughput obtained in displacement chromatography was examined as a function of feed load, flow velocity, and displacer concentration. For non-ideal systems, the throughput was shown to exhibit a maximum at unique values of these operating parameters. The effects of particle diameter and solute diffusivity on the throughput were also examined. Model predictions indicate that the use of large particles could be detrimental to the performance of displacement systems when high velocities are employed. For macromolecular separations by displacement chromatography, small particles are required regardless of the linear velocity. The model presented here is a useful tool for the optimization and scale-up of displacement chromatographic processes.
Operative treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: balancing cost-effectiveness with successful outcomes.

Summary of the arguments in favor of routine 4-gland exploration A greater number of abnormal glands are found during bilateral exploration than dur-ingfocusedparathyroidectomy. Thishighrate ofunsuspectedabnormal glandsraisesa legitimate concern about the long-term durability of cure from focused parathyroid-ectomy in approximately 15% of patients. Furthermore, unsuspected MEN-1 may bethe underlying cause of PHPT in up to 18% of patients with apparently sporadic dis-ease. Because the underlying biology of disease is asymmetric 4-gland hyperplasia,focused parathyroidectomy does not adequately address parathyroid disease inMEN-1. It must be more cost-effective to have a higher cure rate at initial explorationthan to rely on a reoperation for persistent disease. In order for a focused approach tobe of greater economic value, the added time and cost expenditure of preoperativelocalization and intraoperative confirmation of curative reduction in PTH should beassociated with fewer complications and a higher cure rate than routine 4-glandexploration without preoperative localization and intraoperative adjuncts. Further-more, those added costs must be considered reasonable for the incremental benefitthat is gained.
Preventing persistent misconceptions with first-year engineering students

Previous studies on student misconceptions of science and engineering concepts focused on repairing and correcting misconceptions after they have formed. However, it may be too difficult or too late to correct and repair such misconceptions by the time misconceptions have been formed or identified in engineering students. This work-in-progress focuses on a different approach towards treating persistent misconceptions, switching from correcting and repairing persistent misconceptions to preventing those misconceptions from forming.
Soil Thermal Resistivity Measured Simply and Accurately

There is a growing need for each utility to gain a thorough knowledge of the soil thermal resistivity throughout its system. The volume of heavily loaded multiduct runs of power cables promises to increase rapidly in the years ahead. We can no longer afford to plan for cable loadings based purely on an assumed soil thermal resistivity. Rather, we must compile information that accurately describes the thermal resistivity of soils commonly found within specific geographic areas; then very realistic values of soil thermal resistivity can be used in the planning of new underground systems in these areas.
The Demographic Transformation and the Sociological Enterprise

The dramatic demographic changes of the 1980s and 1990s in the United States are creating a multiracial, multicultural society. This article examines the intellectual challenges for sociology posed by the emerging racial diversity brought about by these population trends. The problem is that conventional sociological frameworks no longer apply in this increasingly complex social world of rapid population changes, diversity, and polarization. Most significant, conventional American sociology, which has focused on white society rooted in western culture, is challenged by three large racial/ethnic categories. We argue that diversity must be incorporated into our sociologies. This requires two new approaches: (1) Sociology must be recentered, that is, it must move away from the notion that whites have the universal experience against which all others are measured; and (2) Sociologists must apply to diverse populations the same kind of sociological analysis that they apply to mainstream categories. This means that we demythologize by dispelling common myths about those outside the mainstream and that we uncover the mechanisms that construct social differences.
Schur method for low-rank matrix approximation

The usual way to compute a low-rank approximant of a matrix H is to take its truncated SVD. However, the SVD is computationally expensive. This paper describes a much simpler generalized Schur-type algorithm to compute similar low-rank approximants. For a given matrix H which has d singular values larger than (epsilon) , we find all rank d approximate H such that H - H has 2-norm less than (epsilon) . The set of approximants includes the truncated SVD approximation. The advantages of the Schur algorithm are that it has a much lower computational complexity (similar to a QR factorization), and directly produces estimates of the column space of the approximants. This column space can be updated and downdated in an on-line scheme, amenable to implementation on a parallel array of processors.
The Stanley Foundation brain collection and Neuropathology Consortium

The Stanley Foundation brain collection is an attempt to supplement existing brain collections for the purpose of promoting research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Specimens are collected with the permission of the families in a standardized manner, with half of each specimen being frozen and half fixed in formalin. The Neuropathology Consortium is a subset of 60 specimens from the collection, well-matched groups of 15 each with diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder without psychotic features, and normal controls. More than 75000 sections and blocks from the Consortium have been sent to over 50 research groups worldwide to carry out a wide variety of assessments. These data will be integrated to provide a more complete picture of the neuropathology of these disorders.
Lipid Membrane Phase Dynamics

We study lipid phase behavior using giant unilamellar vesicles to model cell membrane dynamics. In our system, we investigate the effects of cross-linking in the head groups position via biotinylated lipids, avidin, and its analogues. Cross-linking is the linking of two molecules (biotinylated lipids) via a crosslinking agent (avidin). Vesicles allow us to isolate the lipid rearrangement due to cross-linking, a common activity on cell surfaces. By comparing specific binding strength of the coupling and self-adhesion, we study the role that cross-linking plays in membrane behavior. Using anti-avidin we attempt to induce aggregation of the membrane bound protein, producing micron size phase domains from initial one-phase vesicles. Confocal microscopy enables us to image this change in the membrane dynamics. Using phase specific dyes, we probe phase segregation on the nanometer scale from the addition of a cross-linker to the system. Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) enables us to detect clustering on the submicron (1-10 nm) scale, beyond the limits of conventional microscopy. Both techniques allow us to quantify the phase behavior due presence of the cross-linking agent. Using FRET we detect lipid rearrangement associated with the transition from one-phase vesicles to two-phase vesicles using two different fluorescent dyes, a donor and acceptor. From judicious choice of donor and acceptor dyes, we detect the changes in fluorescence acceptor signal as a function of clustering. We are pursuing lifetime studies to complement our current FRET analyses. From this simple cross-linking system, we model membrane responses to protein complex formation and oligomerization.
Regional Carbonate Flow Systems in Nevada

Abstract Mifflin, M.D. and Hess, J.W., 1979. Regional carbonate flow system in Nevada. In. W. Back and D.A. Stephenson (Guest-Editors), Contemporary Hydrogeology — The George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume. J. Hydrol., 43: 217-237. Carbonate rocks include some of the most extensive and productive aquifers in the world. In Nevada, the limited surface water supply has been extensively developed and most of the alluvial groundwater basins are used to the point of estimated perennial yield, thus are closed to further development. Based on the review of over 570 geologic/hydro-logic references, 150 petroleum wildcat test-hole records, and cave and carbonate spring data it is believed that deep regional carbonate aquifers exist and that they are potentially favorable for development for water supplies. Approximately the eastern one-third of Nevada (105,000 km2) is underlain by carbonate rock. Eastern Nevada lies within the miogeosynclinal belt of the cordilleran geosyncline, in which 9,000-12,000 m of marine sediments accumulated during the Precambrian and Paleozoic. Two major periods of deformation have affected the region. Cave, wildcat well and carbonate spring data indicate that the Cambrian and Devonian carbonate strata may generally have the highest permeability. Water quality at depth in general ranges between 300 and 600 mg/1 TDS. A “Phase II” project has been designed to further these investigations and will increase our understanding of large regional carbonate aquifers in the Great Basin.
The Political Ideology of Martin Delany

The life and thought of Martin Delany are objects of recent scholarship because of his frequent identification as the American black community's first black nationalist.1 One marvels to learn that the life of an American black man in the nineteenth century could encompass the adventures, accomplishments, and versatility of both a picaresque hero and a Renaissance man. Yet, Martin Delany lived such a life.2 It is a life that is only summarized with great difficulty since Delany could lay claim to so many different careers and accomplishments: physician, newspaper writer and editor, abolitionist lecturer, inventor, novelist, African explorer, army recruiter, infantry major, administrator for the Freedmen's Bureau, real estate agent, candidate for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, trial judge, and finance chairman for a black steamship company. The locations for some of the adventures during this life-long odyssey included: Pittsburgh, Boston, Cleveland, Chatham in West Canada, Yorubaland in Africa, London, Washington, D.C., and South Carolina. His life also crossedsometimes just for a brief encounter and sometimes long enough for a feud or joint venture to develop the paths of such well-known contemporaries as Frederick Douglass, Wil-
Chemical potential dependence of defect formation energies in GaAs : application to Ga self-diffusion

We calculate absolute formation energies of native defects in GaAs. The formation energy and hence the equilibrium concentration of the defects depends strongly on the atomic chemical potentials of As and Ga as well as the electron chemical potential. For example, the Ga vacancy concentration changes by more than ten orders of magnitude as the chemical potentials of As and Ga vary over the thermodynamically allowed range. This result indicates that the rate of self-diffusion depends strongly on the surface-annealing conditions.
Geometrical supercooling of liquids in porous glass.

The supercooling and freezing of a restricted liquid has been studied by the probing of its molecular dynamics with picosecond optical techniques. A newly developed transparent porous host material makes it possible to study the liquid viscosity as a function of the confining pore radius and temperature. The observed behavior is remarkably different from that of an ordinary liquid, and can be interpreted in terms of a simple model.
A redetermination of chlorido[hydridotris(3‐tert‐butyl‐5‐methylpyrazolyl)borato]nickel(II)

In the title complex, [NiCl(C24H40BN6)], the Ni atom is coordinated by three N atoms, with the typical facial arrangement imposed by tris­pyrazolylborate ligands, and a chloride ligand in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry. A structure of the title complex was previously reported in a lower symmetry space group [Santi, Romano, Sommazzi, Grande, Bianchini & Mantovani (2005). J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 229, 191–197].