cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on the effectiveness of dataflow- and control-flow-based test adequacy criteria

This paper reports an experimental study investigating the effectiveness of two code-based test adequacy criteria for identifying sets of test cases that detect faults. The all-edges and all-DUs (modified all-uses) coverage criteria were applied to 130 faulty program versions derived from seven moderate size base programs by seeding realistic faults. We generated several thousand test sets for each faulty program and examined the relationship between fault detection and coverage. Within the limited domain of our experiments, test sets achieving coverage levels over 90% usually showed significantly better fault detection than randomly chosen test sets of the same size. In addition, significant improvements in the effectiveness of coverage-based tests usually occurred as coverage increased from 90% to 100%. However the results also indicate that 100% code coverage alone is not a reliable indicator of the effectiveness of a test set. We also found that tests based respectively on control-flow and dataflow criteria are frequency complementary in their effectiveness. >
Transmissible and nontransmissible components of anthropometric variation in the Alexanderwohl Mennonites: I. Description and familial correlations

Data on 34 anthropometric measures from the Alexanderwohl Mennonite congregations of Kansas and Nebraska are presented. A factor analysis of these traits shows that body length and body width measures are distinct from each other as well as from measures of the head and face. Moreover, familial correlations estimated by maximum likelihood for all 34 traits tend to separate from each other along factor lines with correlations for body lengths being the highest and those for skinfolds and circumferences being the lowest. These results suggest the presence of various body “fields” which are under differing degrees of genetic and environmental control. We offer the term “functional multifactorial complex” as a means of referring to the joint genetic and environmental influences on these fields.
Design and Development of a Telerehabilitation Self-Management Program for Persons with Chronic Lower Limb Swelling and Mobility Limitations: Preliminary Evidence

This paper describes design and development of a self-management program, delivered by telerehabilitation (TR), to address the problem of chronic lower limb swelling in persons with limited mobility. The 18.6 million persons with limited mobility in the USA are at increased risk for chronic lower limb swelling and related secondary complications, including cellulitis and skin ulcers. Over time, chronic swelling often progresses to lymphedema, an incurable condition requiring lifelong care. Without successful self-management, lymphedema and its related complications inevitably worsen. Access and adherence to appropriate treatment are challenging for persons with limited mobility. Program development involved a structured process to establish content validity (videos and manuals), readability, suitability, and selection of a TR platform to deliver the educational program. Our goal was to develop a program that would engage patients in self-management skills. The TR software platform chosen, Versatile and Integrated System for Telerehabilitation (VISYTER) was designed to facilitate face-to-face delivery of an interactive home-based self-management program via the internet in real time. Results demonstrated validity of the educational program and ease of use with TR. Future plans are to evaluate ability of this approach to promote self-management skills, home monitoring, and improved management of persons with lymphedema and limited mobility.
Capital and the Lagos Presidency: Business as Usual?

Business-state relations in Chile's new democracy had been relatively tension-free for the first two governments of the centre-left Concertacion de Partidos por la Democracia. However, during the first two years of the third Concertacion administration, under the presidency of Ricardo Lagos, the relationship soured dramatically. At first glance, an ideological shift in the ruling coalition's centre of gravity would seem to explain the change in business-state relations. During the first two governments more conservative factions of the centrist Christian Democratic party had controlled the Concertacion. Lagos, on the other hand, represented the left pole of the coalition and his socialist credentials brought the long shadow of the past on his presidency. This, however is an insufficient cause, three additional conditions must also be taken into account. The first one considers changes in the institutional and economic context that eroded the private sector's confidence in the Concertacion's commitment to maintain the free-market socioeconomic model imposed under military rule. The second and third conditions are a decline in the electoral fortunes of the Concertacion in favour of conservative parties and a shift in power relations among employers' associations towards more confrontational factions.
SOCIAL DYNAMICS AND PUBLIC OPINION

Students of public opinion are in final analysis students of human thought and behavior. Whether as political scientists, economists, psychologists, sociologists or philosophers our universe of discourse is the same. We are in short, whether we realize it or not, students of the sociology of knowledge, belief and conduct. There are few, if any, areas of human experience toward which we can safely assume an attitude of unconcern. The "flower in the crannied wall" leads no less surely to every frontier of thought and feeling than does the form and function of social action and belief. I know of no field of inquiry where vision, imagination, and insight are so vitally necessary. The description of a philosopher as one who sees life steadily and sees it whole is equally applicable to the student of public opinion at his best. He must constantly ask not only how but why we behave like human beings. He must be concerned with human drives or motives no less than with the structure and mechanism of social conduct, with social dynamics as well as social statics. Above all he must remember that the particular inquiry upon which he may be for the moment engaged is but a segment of a larger whole to which it must somehow be related. Otherwise he comes to resemble the blind man who undertook to describe an elephant by feeling its tail. What has been said assumes, of course, that students of public opinion are interested in the functional etiology of attitudes as well as in the description and measurement of opinion. (An opinion is at best merely a crude representation of an attitude.) Our position
Polymorphisms in drug metabolism genes, smoking, and p53 mutations in breast cancer

Polymorphisms in phase I and phase II enzymes may enhance the occurrence of mutations at critical tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, and increase breast cancer risk by either increasing the activation or detoxification of carcinogens and/or endogenous estrogens. We analyzed polymorphisms in CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and p53 mutations in 323 breast tumor samples. Approximately 11% of patients exhibited mutations in p53. Women with mutations had a significantly younger age of diagnosis (P = 0.01) and a greater incidence of tumors classified as stage II or higher (P = 0.002). More women with mutations had a history of smoking (55%) compared to women without mutations (39%). Although none of the genotypes alone were associated with p53 mutations, positive smoking history was associated with p53 mutations in women with the GSTM1 null allele [OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 0.97-12.90 P = 0.06] compared to women with the wild-type genotype and smoking history [OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.19-2.07], although this association did not reach statistical significance. To test for gene-gene interactions, our exploratory analysis in the Caucasian cases suggested that individuals with the combined GSTP1 105 VV, CYP1B1 432 LV/VV, and GSTM1 positive genotype were more likely to harbor mutations in p53 [OR = 4.94; 95% CI = 1.11-22.06]. Our results suggest that gene-smoking and gene-gene interactions may impact the prevalence of p53 mutations in breast tumors. Elucidating the etiology of breast cancer as a consequence of common genetic polymorphisms and the genotoxic effects of smoking will enable us to improve the design of prevention strategies, such as lifestyle modifications, in genetically susceptible subpopulations.
Immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for detection of BRAF V600E mutation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

High frequencies of the BRAF V600E mutation have been reported in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA). Recently, a BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody has been developed and validated. We evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of BRAF V600E mutation in PXA by comparing to gold standard molecular analysis and investigating the interobserver variability of the IHC scoring. We performed BRAF V600E IHC in 46 cases, of which 37 (80%) cases had sufficient tumor tissue for molecular analysis. IHC detection was performed using monoclonal mouse antibody VE1 (Spring Bioscience). IHC slides were scored independently by four reviewers blind to molecular data, including a primary (gold standard) and three additional reviewers. BRAF V600E mutation status was assessed by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with fragment analysis. All 46 cases showed interpretable BRAF V600E IHC results: 27 (59%) were positive (strong cytoplasmic staining), 19 (41%) were negative (6 of these cases with focal/diffuse weak cytoplasmic staining, interpreted as nonspecific by the primary reviewer). By molecular analysis, all 37 cases that could be tested had evaluable results: 22 (59%) cases were positive for BRAF V600E mutation and were scored as “IHC-positive”, and 15 (41%) were negative (including 11 cases scored as “IHC-negative” and 4 cases scored as negative with minimal nonspecific staining). IHC detection of BRAF V600E mutant protein was congruent in all 37 cases that were successfully evaluated by molecular testing (sensitivity and specificity of 100%). Agreement for IHC scoring among the 4 reviewers was almost perfect (kappa 0.92) when cases were scored as “positive/negative” and substantial (kappa 0.78) when minimal nonspecific staining was taken into account. We conclude that detection of BRAF V600E mutation by immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific. BRAF V600E IHC interpretation is usually straightforward, but awareness of possible nonspecific staining is necessary and training is recommended. It is a practical rapid method that may avoid the need of labor-intensive molecular testing and may be most valuable in small biopsies unsuitable for molecular analysis.
Expectations and realities for community college engineering transfers at a large university

This paper is focused on identifying the factors that worry potential and new transfer students in engineering. Special efforts to help students transfer smoothly into engineering and computer science have been in place since 2002 at Arizona State University (ASU) through an Academic Success and Professional Development class and a Motivated Engineering Transfer Student (METS) Center. During this time, we have become aware that transfer students come to a university with certain expectations and preconceived ideas, some which are true and some which are not. In addition, many transfer students are not aware of some of the realities they will face as a transfer. In order to check on what the actual expectations and realities are for transfer students, we surveyed 120 transfer students who were enrolled in the Academic Success Class during Fall 2012. The top six expectations were reality over which the transfer students had little control: higher tuition, some very large classes, expensive parking, a large campus, a long commute, and difficulty in parking. These expectations were followed closely by several factors to which the students had some control: GPA shock, a faster pace of classes, feeling like a freshman all over again, and not knowing where resources are. The top four expectations upon transferring were the same as the top four realities, although in a different order. For half of the students, the fifth most prevalent reality was that the METS Center helped in their transfer. The next most frequent realities were that the pace of classes was faster and that classes had more assigned homework than they had at the community college. We also examined gender differences. We detail what we are doing to help transfer students with these realities. We will use the data in this paper to inform potential and new transfer students and to help them plan for success. Even though much of this knowledge may be well known, a new transfer often does not believe that the challenges will affect him. By using the results of this study, at this university, the facts are more believable. We encourage others working with transfer students to become familiar with the expectations and realities of their own transfer students in order to help them be successful.
Beryllium: Inorganic Chemistry

The speciation and molecular interactions of beryllium have remained relatively unexplored compared to most metals, despite its high toxicity and extensive use in industry. One reason for this fact is the difficulty in characterizing beryllium species in solution. Herein, the chemistry of beryllium, and its interaction with hydroxo, inorganic and organic ligands are discussed. The structure and formation of beryllium species are communicated with emphasis on the stability of species in solution. Keywords: beryllium; ligands; hydrolysis; speciation; chronic beryllium disease; beryl; nuclear magnetic resonance
MRI may be used as a prognostic indicator in patients with extra-abdominal desmoid tumours.

Objective:To determine the association of MRI features of extra-abdominal desmoid tumours (DTs) with prognosis.Methods:MRIs for 90 patients with DT were retrospectively reviewed for imaging features associated with biological behaviour. The primary end point was progression (for lesions managed with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and observation) or recurrence (following surgery). Time to event was studied using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models when accounting for demographic, clinicopathological and imaging variables. Kaplan–Meier plots were used to estimate event-free rate (EFR).Results:Univariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between EFR and treatment, location and compartment of origin [subcutaneous (SC), superficial fascial, intramuscular (IM) and deep fascial/intermuscular]. None of the imaging features commonly associated with biological behaviour of DTs (e.g., shape, enhancement, T2 signal etc.) or surgical margins (in surgical cases) was asso...
Extension agriculture and natural resources in the U.S. Midwest: a review and analysis of challenges and future opportunities.

This review addresses key changes in U.S. agricultural extension and future opportunities. Agricultural extension has been a part of the land-grant university (LGU) system for more than 100 years. The Morrill Act of 1862 established the LGU system by authorizing states access to federally controlled land and funding for public institutions offering educational opportunities focusing on agriculture and mechanical arts for farmers and the working class. Current surveys in Iowa reveal changing trends in extension: more than 90% of farmers identified private-sector crop advisers as their primary source for recommendations, whereas more than 80% of those advisors identified Iowa State University (ISU) extension as their primary source. These results highlight the shift in extension's client base from end users—farmers and agronomists—to their advisers and consultants. This change reflects, in part, a conscious effort by extension to target agricultural advisers—in addition to farmers— and represents a changing trend in extension's role. Extension has contributed to U.S. farmers' potential for profit and export of goods to international markets. Today, due to continuous reductions in state and federal support, extension faces unprecedented challenges to continue its non-formal educational role. These challenges present opportunities for extension to evaluate programs and serve the common good by charting new directions.
The Relationships Among Sleep, Nutrition, and Obesity

Obesity is associated with an array of adverse physiological, psychological, and social consequences. Tackling obesity remains difficult, given the challenges of maintaining positive behavior changes. Obesity occurs from persistent positive energy (excessive energy intake with insufficient counteractive energy expenditure), but several biological, psychological, and environmental factors influence energy balance. It has recently emerged that sleep duration is an important factor that impinges on energy balance and could be a potential overlooked behavior predisposing to obesity. We highlight and review the recent evidence surrounding sleep in relation to obesity from epidemiological studies to experimental work.
Pseudomonas syringae Genomics: From Comparative Genomics of Individual Crop Pathogen Strains Toward Population Genomics

Whole-genome sequencing has become so affordable that we can now sequence genomes of dozens of individuals of a pathogen population instead of sequencing a single representative isolate. This change of framework enables us to answer questions impossible to address just a few years ago. Recent work on the complex has shown that such genomic approaches have practical implications for disease diagnostics, source attribution, and crop improvement. Most of this work is represented so far by studies on P. syringae pv. aesculi, pv. tomato, pv. actinidiae, and pv. phaseolicola and Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis. These studies performed comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses using exclusively populations of P. syringae associated with crops. They thus excluded the vast majority of the P. syringae metapopulation, which is present outside of agricultural fields in habitats associated with the water cycle, leaf litter, and soil, which have been found to be significantly involved in the population dynamics of P. syringae and its evolutionary history. Bulk sequencing of P. syringae strains closely related to pathovar tomato from snowpack and surface water has started to reveal how the genomic diversity of P. syringae in non-agricultural environments relates to that of the epidemic population on crops. This chapter describes how population genomic analyses can take the study of evolution, ecology, disease, and molecular plant–microbe interactions of P. syringae to the next level by integrating all of its diversity and how such studies can be applied to help prevent and/or control future disease outbreaks.
Community College Students’ Perception Towards Digital Learning In Malaysia

Abstract Digital learning is an effective teaching method to enhance students’ learning experience. It emphasizes a high quality teaching experience and provides access to challenging contents, feedback through formative assesment, and self-learning opportunity at student's own pace. Therefore, this research had been conducted to identify students’ perception towards digital learning implementation and its suitability in Malaysian Community Colleges. 81 students from Certificate of Computer System and Support Programme in 3 Community Colleges in Malacca state had participated in this study. Method of analysis used in this study was descriptive and inferential by using a questionnaire as an instrument. The findings showed that the level of students’ perceptions of the use of digital learning was high and from the analysis carried out revealed that the level of appropriateness of the use of digital learning in Community College was also high. The findings also showed agreed that D-learning practices can improve the quality of their learning. The findings of this research could be a useful guide to the management and lecturers of Community College in setting up and planning for the strategy to improve the level of professionalism and availability of infrastructure, so as to fully implement the digital learning practice.
Predictive Optimal Pulse-jet Control for Symmetric Projectiles

The linear theory model of a symmetric projectile is well suited to optimal control. Two methods leveraging a model predictive strategy based on closed–form trajectory solutions including relevant derivatives are developed and compared. These controllers are easily implemented using a discrete actuator such as a pulse–jet. Each controller is tested on a full six degree–of–freedom non–linear simulation, and some control parameters are tuned through appropriate trade studies.
Cytoplasmic Insect Alpha-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase: I. Preparation and Purification

Cytoplasmic α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was extracted from house cricket, Acheta domesticus L., and flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata Parker, thoraces with Tris®-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid buffer at pH 7.2. Following centrifugation and dialysis, the crude preparation was ion-exchanged on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and then sieve-chromatographed on Bio-Gel® P-60. The resulting enzyme seemed to be homogeneous and free of common contaminating enzymes following routine enzyme tests and gel electrophoresis.
Conformal polymeric thin films by low-temperature rapid initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) using tert-butyl peroxybenzoate as an initiator.

Conformal poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (pCHMA) thin films were synthesized via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), with tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPOB) as the initiator, representing the first time that TBPOB has been used as an initiator for iCVD synthesis. Using TBPOB instead of tert-butyl peroxide (TBPO), the rate of iCVD film growth increased by a factor of up to seven at comparable conformality and lower the filament temperature from 257 to 170 °C at a comparable deposition rate of 3 nm/min. The conformal deposition of functional thin films is desired for applications including microfluidics, medical devices and membranes. Lower filament temperatures reduce the heat load to the deposition surface and thus are advantageous for polymeric substrates that are temperature sensitive or monomers that decompose at high temperatures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results demonstrate the similarity of the TBPOB- to the TBPO-initiated pCHMA ...
Review of Metalliferous Sediments of the World—Fundamental Theory of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Sedimentation. Evgeny G. Gurvich. Pp. 416. Berlin, Springer. 2006. ISBN 3-540-27869-9. Price US$159.

This book bridges the gap between the economic geology and oceanographic communities. Generally, economic geologists are well versed in the hydrothermal systems that form volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) systems on the sea floor yet are less familiar with processes resulting in deposition and zoning of metalliferous sediments over areas as large as, in the case of the South Pacific, 10 million km2. The book contains 416 pages, 174 figures, and 38 tables in five chapters, synthesizing a diverse literature. It is rich in data documenting the lithological, mineralogical, and geochemical manifestations of these systems over expansive areas of the ocean bottom and emphasizes Russian data, some published here for the first time, that previously had been somewhat overlooked in Western literature. The first chapter presents extensive data gathered from the East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Indian Ocean, South Pacific, and …
Evolutionary dissociation between cleavage, cell lineage and embryonic axes in sea urchin embryos

Using vital dye staining and the microinjection of fluorescent cell lineage-autonomous tracers, the relationship between the first cleavage plane and the prospective larval dorsoventral axis was examined in several sea urchin species, including: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, Lytechinus pictus, Clypeaster rosaceus, Heliocidaris tuberculata and H. erythrogramma. The results indicate that there is no single relationship between the early cleavage pattern and the dorsoventral axis for all sea urchins; however, specific relationships exist for individual species. In S. purpuratus the first cleavage plane occurs at an angle 45 degrees clockwise with respect to the prospective dorsoventral axis in most cases, as viewed from the animal pole. On the other hand, in S. droebachiensis, L. pictus and H. tuberculata, the first cleavage plane generally corresponds with the plane of bilateral symmetry. There does not appear to be a predominant relationship between the first cleavage plane and the dorsoventral axis in C. rosaceus. In the direct-developing sea urchin H. erythrogramma the first cleavage plane bisects the dorsoventral axis through the frontal plane. Clearly, evolutionary differences have arisen in the relationship between cleavage pattern and developmental axes. Therefore, the mechanism of cell determination is not necessarily tied to any particular pattern of cell cleavage, but to an underlying framework of axial systems resident within sea urchin eggs and embryos.
Study on the microbial contamination of centralized air conditioning system of train

[Objective]To understand the microbial contamination of centralized air conditioning system of train.[Methods]The microbial pollution indicators of air conditioning system in running train were detected and analyzed.[Results]The total bacterial count,total fungi of air conditioning system outlet exceeded the national standards,the rate was 47. 62%-90. 91%,36. 36%-45. 45%,respectively. The maximum of over standard rate was 36. 28 and 42. 34 times. β-hemolytic streptococci was not detected. The sample mean of total bacterial count and total fungi of air conditioning system outlet was not significantly different between different compartments( P 0.05). The over stand rates of total bacterial count,total fungi in air duct were 58. 33%,25. 0%,with the maximum of42. 40 times and 5. 90 times.[Conclusion]The microbiological indicators shows the centralized air conditioning system of train has been seriously polluted.
Accuracy of Dolphin visual treatment objective (VTO) prediction software on class III patients treated with maxillary advancement and mandibular setback

Dolphin® visual treatment objective (VTO) prediction software is routinely utilized by orthodontists during the treatment planning of orthognathic cases to help predict post-surgical soft tissue changes. Although surgical soft tissue prediction is considered to be a vital tool, its accuracy is not well understood in tow-jaw surgical procedures. The objective of this study was to quantify the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging’s VTO soft tissue prediction software on class III patients treated with maxillary advancement and mandibular setback and to validate the efficacy of the software in such complex cases. This retrospective study analyzed the records of 14 patients treated with comprehensive orthodontics in conjunction with two-jaw orthognathic surgery. Pre- and post-treatment radiographs were traced and superimposed to determine the actual skeletal movements achieved in surgery. This information was then used to simulate surgery in the software and generate a final soft tissue patient profile prediction. Prediction images were then compared to the actual post-treatment profile photos to determine differences. Dolphin Imaging’s software was determined to be accurate within an error range of +/− 2 mm in the X-axis at most landmarks. The lower lip predictions were most inaccurate. Clinically, the observed error suggests that the VTO may be used for demonstration and communication with a patient or consulting practitioner. However, Dolphin should not be useful for precise treatment planning of surgical movements. This program should be used with caution to prevent unrealistic patient expectations and dissatisfaction.
A Finite Planet

We’ve put a lot of effort into learning how science works and what it says about a number of issues of concern to many people. In this chapter we will attempt to predict the future characteristics of some of these issues (and a few new ones). It is crucial that we remember that predictions concerning people are only as good as current knowledge and guesses of future behavior.
She's Doing All the Talking, So What's in It for Me? (The Use of Time in Groups)

SUMMARY This paper discusses the use of time in a group and suggests that practitioners conceptualize group time pluralistically rather than distributionally or linearly. Examples of each approach are presented and implications for practice are drawn.
Coupled Mooring Analyses for the WEC-Sim Wave Energy Converter Design Tool

A wave-energy-converter-specific time-domain modeling method (WEC-Sim) was coupled with a lumped-mass-based mooring model (MoorDyn) to improve its mooring dynamics modeling capability. This paper presents a verification and validation study on the coupled numerical method. First, a coupled model was built to simulate a 1/25 model scale floating power system connected to a traditional three-point catenary mooring with an angle of 120 between the lines. The body response and the tension force on the mooring lines at the fairlead in decay tests and under regular and irregular waves were examined. To validate and verify the coupled numerical method, the simulation results were compared to the measurements from a wave tank test and a commercial code (OrcaFlex). Second, a coupled model was built to simulate a two-body point absorber system with a chain-connected catenary system. The influence of the mooring connection on the point absorber was investigated. Overall, the study showed that the coupling of WEC-Sim and the MoorDyn model works reasonably well for simulating a floating system with practical mooring designs and predicting the corresponding dynamic loads on the mooring lines. Further analyses on improving coupling efficiency and the feasibility of applying the numerical method to simulate WEC systems with moremore » complex mooring configuration are still needed.« less
Seasonal-to-Subseasonal Model Forecast Performance during Agricultural Drought Transition Periods in the U.S. Corn Belt

AbstractThe prediction of drought onset and decay in the U.S. Corn Belt region (CBR) on seasonal-to-subseasonal time scales has not been well studied. This study utilizes the subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction archive to assess model errors in large-scale circulation patterns associated with agricultural drought transition periods, targeting models used by the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, and Australian Bureau of Meteorology. An analysis of the seasonal cycle of bias for geopotential anomalies at 200 hPa and net radiation at the top of the atmosphere in each model is presented and used to subtract the long-term bias from each model. Model fields are decomposed into three spectral bands—low frequency (periods > 100 days), intraseasonal (periods 20–100 days), and synoptic (periods < 20 days)—to demonstrate each model’s ability to predict patterns associated with agricultural drought transition periods in each band. Results demonstrate that ECMWF ...
Legal Status, Civic Organizations, and Political Participation among Latino Young Adults

This investigation examines the roles of legal status and civic associations in shaping political participation. Analyses of survey and semistructured interview data collected from Latino young adu...
The Twenty-First Century: “Trauma, Drama, Conspiracy”

“Trauma, Drama, and Conspiracy,” begins with the publication of Katherine Duncan-Jones’ biography of Shakespeare. Although she was composing the book prior to 2001, its publication in the exact same year as 9/11 participated in a dismantling of all binaries, both political and literary, and also helped to alter the simple dual take on the pair as much as the attacks on the World Trade Center on 9/11 and the London bombings on 7/7 unsettled our notions of “good” and “evil.” Using Trauma Theory as a starting point for my conclusions about the twenty-first century, I show how the relationship of Shakespeare and Marlowe has been upended and re-shaped by current historical and aesthetic pressures. I also show how the climate of conspiracy theories birthed after 9/1, as well as the more recent notion of “belief echoes,” has led to an outbreak of new versions of the old, anti-Stratfordian fever in numerous printed works.
Fissured Memory and Mad Tongues: The Aesthetics of Marronnage in Haitian Women’s Fiction

Johanna Garvey explores manifestations of madness, resistance, and healing experienced by women in texts by two authors, one writing from within Haiti and one from its dyaspora. The discussion centers on Evelyne Trouillot’s novel Rosalie L’Infâme (2003), a fictional evocation of maroons and the enslaved in Haiti leading up to the Revolution, and Roxane Gay’s recent novel An Untamed State (2014), which recounts the kidnapping, rape, and abuse suffered by a Haitian American woman in contemporary Port-au-Prince. Each text suggests how to stitch the torn fabric of Haitian history, both individual and collective, revisiting horrific acts in a process of testifying and witnessing. Drawing upon the figure of the maroon, Garvey argues that the female protagonists perform both literal and figurative marronnage, expressing themselves from the space created by rupture and dechirure, a refuge that affords each of them the opportunity to remember, redact, and reflect, as they tell their stories of madness and gendered/sexualized violence.
A Role for Ploidy in Heart Regeneration.

There is mounting circumstantial evidence that ploidy, a cell's relative DNA content, is in part responsible for the differential cardiac regenerative capacity observed between regenerative and non-regenerative organisms. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Gonzalez-Rosa et al. (2018) provide direct evidence that polyploid cardiomyocytes have reduced proliferative and regenerative potential.
Analysis of 98 individual −200 mesh iron ore samples in a single scanning electron microscope-automated mineralogy session

Single-step trans-vertical moulds have been shown to increase the throughput of automated mineralogy systems. Owing to the small particle size of iron ore grains in the −200 mesh size fraction (<75...
TPA-induced differentiation of rat aortic endothelial cells is substrate-specific and receptor mediated

Under normal conditions, the morphology of cultured endothelial cells (EC) is characterized by a contact-inhibited monolayer with a distinct cobblestone appearance. However, when treated with phorbol esters, EC acquire fibroblast-like growth characteristics, are no longer contact-inhibited in growth, become invasive and form pre-capillary, tubular structures within collagen matrices. These events describe the basic processes of angiogenesis. We characterized the early effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) on the attachment and spreading of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) to purified extracellular matrix proteins by analyzing the distribution of fibronectin integrin receptors and the organization of cytoskeleton microfilaments during RAEC spreading on four different extracellular matrix peptides (i.e., Collagen Types I and IV, fibronectin and laminin). Type IV collagen appeared to be the best substrate for RAEC adhesion and spreading while laminin proved to be the poorest. TPA (0.1 µm) decreased the rate of RAEC spreading on Type IV collagen with a subsequent delay in cell-cell contact formation. In contrast, TPA increases the rate of spreading and cell-cell contact formation of RAEC plated on laminin.
Health Care Evolves From Reactive to Proactive

Decoding health and disease pathways drives healthcare evolution. Historically, therapeutic paradigms have relied on interventions that mitigate symptoms of established diseases. Increasingly, molecular insights into pathophysiology now provide unprecedented opportunities to offer curative solutions or even prevent disease and thereby secure longitudinal wellness. These opportunities extend past individual patients to entire populations and geographies. Moreover, they optimize prospective healthspan across lifespan. Linking discovery science and its translatable innovations beyond reactive disease intervention to proactive prevention will maximize society’s returns creating the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people globally.
Ethical disobedience

The heated rhetoric surrounding digital copyright in general, and peer-to-peer file sharing in particular, has inspired great confusion about what the copyright law does and does not prohibit. Most of the key legal questions are still unsettled, in part because copyright defendants have run out of money and gone out of business before their cases could go to trial. In that vacuum, some copyright owners are claiming that their preferred rules of conduct are well-established legal requirements. But those claims are strategic; those rules have never been endorsed by the courts. They are made-up rules. There's a difference between our obligation to follow real rules, and our obligation to follow made-up ones. There may be an ethical obligation to follow real rules, even when they seem unreasonable. But we don't have any ethical obligation to follow made-up ones. Indeed, in this context, we may have an ethical obligation to resist them. Some copyright owners believe the law ought to enable them to control essentially all significant uses of their works. The law has never said that, but it gets closer and closer every day. If we behave as though the made-up rules were actually the law, we will make that day come much sooner.
Some Proof Procedures Based on Herbrand's Theorem

This chapter discusses the Prawitz procedure. The Prawitz procedure has the great virtue of generating only the sub-stitutions actually needed for obtaining an unsatisfiable set of ground clauses. However, the use of disjunctive normal form inevitably prevents it from being efficient. In V-resolution, every clause is augmented by a substitution. V-resolution is also called variable-constrained resolution because variables are treated as unknowns rather than as universal variables. Like resolution, V-resolution is complete in the sense that if an alleged S -unsatisfiable set M has a solution, then the empty clause can be derived by repeatedly applying V -resolution on M . In addition to the fact that V-resolution is complete, many refinements of resolution, such as hyperresolution, set-of-support resolution, and linear resolution can be incorporated into V-resolution. By Herbrand's theorem, a set S of clauses is unsatisfiable if and only if there is a finite closed semantic tree of S .
Some Perspectives on Electroorganic Chemistry

A kinetic study of the anodic oxidation of ethylene was my introduction to modern electrochemistry in Philadelphia in the early 1960s. The electrochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons had just been demonstrated, and there was great enthusiasm for the development of fuel cells using organic fuels. Steady-state potentiostatic measurements of current as a function of ethylene partial pressure led us to conclude that on platinum the rate of oxidation decreased as the ethylene concentration was increased. We understood the negative pressure dependence in terms of competition for adsorption sites on the electrode surface, and the water discharge mechanism was proposed.(1) The ethylene work was followed by a study of several alkenes, and the electrode kinetics was well explained by the water discharge mechanism.(2) Interest in the development of fuel cells with hydrocarbon fuels lasted a relatively short time, primarily because of the poisoning of the electrode surface by species involved in the oxidation process. Recent publications(3-5) indicate that some interest still exists in the anodic oxidation of alkenes. Arvia and co-workers have suggested from non-steady-state measurements using cyclic voltammetry that water discharge is not the rate-limiting step in ethylene oxidation at platinum.(6,7) We have recently reexamined our early work and extended the study to include several titanium-platinum alloys (electrodes that were developed for our ongoing study of electrochemical processes in physiological systems).(8) We were not surprised to find that the negative ethylene partial pressure dependence was observed provided measurements were made at potentials negative to diffusion-limiting currents (see Fig. 1). Steady-state Tafel behavior was observed in 1N H2SO4 at 80°C with Pt, Ti-5% Pt, Ti-10% Pt, Ti-20% Pt, and Ti-30% Pt anodes with ethylene partial pressures from 0.01 to 1 atm. An interesting correlation of electrocatalytic activity is presented in Fig. 2. We have also observed that Ti-Pt alloys have an increased resistance to corrosion and an increased electrocatalytic activity for ethylene oxidation with a maximum between 20% and 30% Pt.
A Decade of Training in Global Public Health: Achievements and Lessons Learned:

Accumulating evidence demonstrates an increasing interest among students in global experiences, particularly among students engaged in public health professional training and scholarship. The 2-yea...
Less Data Delivers Higher Search Effectiveness for Keyword Queries

As many users, such as scientists, do not know the schema and/or content of their databases, they cannot precisely formulate their information needs using formal query languages, such as SQL. To help these users, researchers have proposed keyword query interfaces over which users can submit their information need using a set of keywords without the precise knowledge about the schema or content of the database. Despite their usability, keyword query interfaces suffer from low effectiveness in answering queries. Therefore, they may return many non-relevant answers or do not return many answers related to the input queries. It is well established that the effectiveness of answering queries decreases as the size of the dataset grows, given all other conditions are the same. In this paper, we propose an approach that uses only a relatively small subset of the database to answer most queries effectively. Since this subset may not contain the relevant answers to many queries, we also propose a method that predicts whether a query can be answered more effectively using this subset or the entire database. Our comprehensive empirical studies using multiple real-world databases and query workloads indicate that our approach significantly improves both the effectiveness and efficiency of answering queries.
Intestinal enteroids/organoids: A novel platform for drug discovery in inflammatory bowel diseases

The introduction of biologics such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies followed by anti-integrins has dramatically changed the therapeutic paradigm of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Furthermore, a newly developed anti-p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 (ustekinumab) has been recently approved in the United States for patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease who have failed treatment with anti-TNFs. However, these immunosuppressive therapeutics which focus on anti-inflammatory mechanisms or immune cells still fail to achieve long-term remission in a significant percentage of patients. This strongly underlines the need to identify novel treatment targets beyond immune suppression to treat IBD. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Physical, biochemical and immunologic driven barrier dysfunctions of epithelial cells contribute to the development of IBD. In addition, the recent establishment of adult stem cell-derived intestinal enteroid/organoid culture technology has allowed an exciting opportunity to study human IECs comprising all normal epithelial cells. This long-term epithelial culture model can be generated from endoscopic biopsies or surgical resections and recapitulates the tissue of origin, representing a promising platform for novel drug discovery in IBD. This review describes the advantages of intestinal enteroids/organoids as a research tool for intestinal diseases, introduces studies with these models in IBD, and gives a description of the current status of therapeutic approaches in IBD. Finally, we provide an overview of the current endeavors to identify a novel drug target for IBD therapy based on studies with human enteroids/organoids and describe the challenges in using enteroids/organoids as an IBD model.
Association Between Cilioretinal Arteries and Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Secondary Analysis of the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment Trials (CATT).

Importance Recent reports suggest that cilioretinal arteries (CRAs) confer protection against developing advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objective To further characterize the association between the presence of a CRA and incidence of geographic atrophy (GA) or choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Design This cohort study constituted an ad hoc secondary analysis of data from the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT) and was performed at 44 clinical centers in the United States among participants in CATT with CNV in the study eye and without advanced AMD in the fellow eye at baseline. The presence of a CRA was determined by 2 graders, masked to clinical data, using color fundus photographs, red-free fundus photographs, and fluorescein angiography. The proportion with CRAs at baseline between the study eye with CNV and fellow eye without CNV was first compared. The association of a CRA with incidence of CNV or GA at 5 years among fellow eyes and with incidence of GA among study (treated) eyes was then assessed. In addition, the association of CRAs with the Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale among the fellow eyes at baseline was assessed. Data were collected from February 1, 2008, through April 30, 2015, and analyzed from July 1, 2018, through April 30, 2019. Exposures Presence of a CRA. Main Outcomes and Measures The association between the presence of a CRA and incidence of CNV or GA at 5 years of follow-up. Results A total of 350 patients (700 eyes) (230 [65.7% women; mean [SD] age, 77 [7.2] years) were included in the analysis. Cilioretinal arteries were present in 67 of 345 (19.4%) fellow eyes without baseline CNV and 73 of 349 (20.9%) study eyes with baseline CNV (P = .60). Cilioretinal arteries in fellow eyes were not associated with incidence of CNV at 5 years (125 of 278 [45.0%] among eyes without CRAs and 30 of 67 [44.8%] among eyes with CRAs;P = .99) or with incidence of GA at 5 years (110 of 278 [39.6%] among eyes without CRAs and 25 of 67 [37.3%] among eyes with CRAs;P = .89). Cilioretinal arteries in study eyes were not associated with incidence of GA at 5 years (105 of 276 [38.0%] study eyes without CRAs and 26 of 73 [35.6%] study eyes with CRAs;P = .72). Conclusions and Relevance The analysis did not find a protective association between CRAs and incidence of CNV or GA among CATT participants who had unilateral exudative AMD. Why these findings were different from those of previous publications is unclear but may be partially explained by the different techniques used to detect CRAs or by the baseline advanced disease in CATT participants. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT00593450
A NIR-emitting cyanine with large Stokes shifts for live cell imaging: large impact of the phenol group on emission.

There are a limited number of near-infrared (NIR) emitting (λem = 700–900 nm) molecular probes for imaging applications. A NIR-emitting probe that exhibits emission at ∼800 nm with a large Stokes shift was synthesized and found to exhibit excellent selectivity towards mitochondria for live-cell imaging. The photophysical properties were attributed to an excited “cyanine structure” via intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) involving a phenol group.
Parental Perspectives: Identifying Profiles of Parental Attitudes and Barriers Related to Diabetes Device Use

Background: Despite the demonstrated benefits of diabetes device use, uptake of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) remains quite low. The current study aimed to identify profiles ...