cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook

Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook, is a vivid account of some of Dr. Douglas Ubelaker's most intriguing forensic cases. This volume contains 25 relatively short chapters, many concentrating on a single forensic case involving the analysis of skeletal remains, The cases are related in an entertaining manner which makes the volume readable to the general public as well as the forensic specialist. There is a humorous vein throughout despite the tales of death which unfold. Woven into these skeletal cases is a wealth of information for forensic specialists. The reader is given information on the history of forensic anthropology and key figures in its development. In particular, Dr. Larry Angel (Ubelaker's predecessor at the Smithsonian) is described in the midst of his forensic work. Not only does Ubelaker describe pioneers in the field, he brings numerous colleagues and their contributions to light throughout these chapters.
Ethics and marketing management: A retrospective and prospective commentary

Abstract The Authors thank the Journal of Business Research for awarding its Quality and Impact in Marketing Scholarship Award to our 1985 article, “Ethics and Marketing Management.” In this article, provide a retrospective that examines how subsequent research has extended our findings and provide a prospective that suggests directions for future research.
Spatially-resolved, three-dimensional investigation of surface plasmon resonances in complex nanostructures

We report a three-dimensional study of surface plasmons in random-morphology nanoparticles by combining spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy, which probes optical excitations, and cathodoluminescence, which probes radiative decay, in a scanning transmission electron microscope.
Fish community structure in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers in relation to flow characteristics

Human alteration is commonplace among large rivers and often results in changes in the flow regime which can lead to changes in fish community structure. We explored the features of fish community structure, morphological characteristics, functional composition, and life-history attributes in relation to six unique flow regimes in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers where we found significant differences in community composition and abundance. The clearest pattern was the distinction between the channelized portion of the river below the mainstem reservoirs and all other parts of the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers due to a marked reduction of species richness above the reservoirs. We also found morphological, functional, and life-history differences among the flow units, with the inter-reservoir communities consisting of slightly more generalist characteristics. Our results suggest some relation between flow and fish community structure, but that human alteration may have the strongest influence in distinguishing community differences in the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers.
Active Region Transient Events Observed with TRACE

Nearly all active region observations made by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) contain seemingly spontaneous, short-lived brightenings in small-scale loops. In this paper, we present an analysis of these brightenings using high-cadence TRACE observations of Active Region 9506 on 2001 June 21 from 15:17:00 to 15:46:00 UT. During this time frame, several brightenings were observed over a neutral line in a region of emerging flux that had intensity signatures in both the 171 A (log Te ≈ 6.0) and 1600 A (log Te ≈ 4.0-5.0) channels. The events had a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 2'' and a length of 25''. We interpret these as reconnection events associated with flux emergence, possible EUV counterparts to active region transient brightenings.
Cognitive performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease receiving cholinesterase inhibitors for up to 5 years

The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is)--rivastigmine, donepezil and galantamine--demonstrated efficacy in large, 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, and are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the past few years, data have emerged, suggesting that these agents may have long-term benefits. These data have been summarized in this study, followed by an interpretation of clinical relevance. Data were identified by searches of Medline((R)) and references from relevant English-language articles. The search words 'Alzheimer', 'donepezil', 'rivastigmine', 'galantamine' and 'long term' were used. In addition, recent data presented at international congresses and/or provided by colleagues in this field of research were included in order to ensure maximum topicality. Data are available showing cognitive performance in patients remaining on rivastigmine for up to 5 years (n = 83), donepezil for up to 4.9 years (n = 18) and galantamine for up to 4 years (n = 185). Most of these data come from open-label studies and need to be interpreted with caution. The data appear to suggest that patients, caregivers and physicians will still see some decline on ChE-Is after a period of stabilization, but this may be slower and later than expected if the patients were left untreated. This applies across all domains of AD - not simply cognition - and function can be relatively preserved, even if cognitive scores are falling. Despite the limitations of current data, the information reviewed in this study may help practising doctors assess the long-term value of ChE-Is in this consistently progressive disease.
Mass spectrometry as a separation technique

Abstract For analytical applications, mass spectrometry (MS) can be considered as a separation method as well as an identification technique. Important factors affecting MS as a separation technique include resolution, speed, sensitivity, specificity, molecular weight limitations, cost and maintenance. Use of tandem mass spectrometers (MS-MS) for both separation and identification purposes appears to have particularly promising applications for the analysis of targeted molecules in complex mixtures with minimum separation of interfering materials. The applicability of MS should be extended very significantly by adequate methods for obtaining data from non-volatile molecules, for which direct solution introduction techniques appear to be particularly promising.
Chapter 3 Building Blocks for SiC Devices: Ohmic Contacts, Schottky Contacts, and p-n Junctions

Publisher Summary This chapter review of the essential building blocks necessary for operating silicon carbide (Sic) structures as electronic devices: ohmic contacts. Schottky contacts, and p-n junctions. Many of the advantages of Sic devices are because of its wide forbidden energy bandgap, enabling, for example, operation at high voltage or current and/or high temperature. However, this wide bandgap also creates difficulties in the fabrication of well-controlled metal-Sic contact properties. At the same time, operation under the extreme conditions of which Sic is capable introduces additional requirements on the physical and electronic properties of the metal contacts. High-quality ohmic contacts are necessary to transfer signals to and from the semiconductor and the external circuitry. Stable rectifying (Schottky) contacts may also be required, either by themselves, to perform switching or to provide rectification, or for the efficient operation of other devices utilizing them.
Spoken language communication with machines: the long and winding road from research to business

This paper traces the history of spoken language communication with computers, from the first attempts in the 1950s, through the establishment of the theoretical foundations in the 1980s, to the incremental improvement phase of the 1990s and 2000s. Then a perspective is given on the current conversational technology market and industry, with an analysis of its business value and commercial models.
Social Microvolunteering: Donating Access to Your Friends for Charitable Microwork

We propose social microvolunteering, in which people can do charitable microwork themselves for free, but also grant access to their Facebook friends as additional volunteers to magnify their effort. Social microvolunteering lets people volunteer despite temporal, financial, or physical limitations.
Neural signal during immediate reward anticipation in schizophrenia: Relationship to real-world motivation and function

Amotivation in schizophrenia is a central predictor of poor functioning, and is thought to occur due to deficits in anticipating future rewards, suggesting that impairments in anticipating pleasure can contribute to functional disability in schizophrenia. In healthy comparison (HC) participants, reward anticipation is associated with activity in frontal–striatal networks. By contrast, schizophrenia (SZ) participants show hypoactivation within these frontal–striatal networks during this motivated anticipatory brain state. Here, we examined neural activation in SZ and HC participants during the anticipatory phase of stimuli that predicted immediate upcoming reward and punishment, and during the feedback/outcome phase, in relation to trait measures of hedonic pleasure and real-world functional capacity. SZ patients showed hypoactivation in ventral striatum during reward anticipation. Additionally, we found distinct differences between HC and SZ groups in their association between reward-related immediate anticipatory neural activity and their reported experience of pleasure. HC participants recruited reward-related regions in striatum that significantly correlated with subjective consummatory pleasure, while SZ patients revealed activation in attention-related regions, such as the IPL, which correlated with consummatory pleasure and functional capacity. These findings may suggest that SZ patients activate compensatory attention processes during anticipation of immediate upcoming rewards, which likely contribute to their functional capacity in daily life.
Mentor-guided self-directed learning affects resident practice

Objective Self-directed learning (SDL) can be as effective as instructor-led training. It employs less instructional resources and is potentially a more efficient educational approach. Although SDL is encouraged among residents in our surgical training program via 24-hour access to surgical task trainers and online modules, residents report that they seldom practice. We hypothesized that a mentor-guided SDL approach would improve practice habits among our residents. Design From 2011 to 2013, 12 postgraduate year (PGY)-2 general surgery residents participated in a 6-week minimally invasive surgery (MIS) rotation. At the start of the rotation, residents were asked to practice laparoscopic skills until they reached peak performance in at least 3 consecutive attempts at a task (individual proficiency). Setting Trainees met with the staff surgeon at weeks 3 and 6 to evaluate progress and review a graph of their individual learning curve. All trainees subsequently completed a survey addressing their practice habits and suggestions for improvement of the curriculum. Results By the end of the rotation, 100% of participants improved in all practiced tasks (p n = 3) felt that the curriculum could be improved by including task-specific goals and additional practice sessions with the staff surgeon. Conclusions Mentor-guided SDL stimulated surgical residents to practice with greater frequency. This repeated deliberate practice led to significantly improved MIS skills without significantly increasing the need for faculty-led instruction. Some residents preferred more discrete goal setting and increased mentor guidance.
Advancing the biobehavioral research of fatigue with genetics and genomics.

Purpose: To examine phenotypic considerations in the study of fatigue and to explore significant issues affecting the extension of biobehavioral research of fatigue by the inclusion of genetic and genomic markers. Theoretical Organization: Fatigue is a condition that has an adverse effect on quality of life that has been a focus of nursing inquiry. Yet, the study of fatigue has been stymied by the lack of phenotypic clarity. To expand the biobehavioral inquiry of fatigue, phenotypic clarity is needed. In addition, examining genomic factors associated with fatigue may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of fatigue and, in the future, lead to targeted interventions that address the molecular basis of fatigue. Conclusions: Given that nursing has been at the forefront of the study of fatigue, nurse scientists should consider enhancing phenotypic clarity by the development of a case-definition and use of a core measure of fatigue, one that can be augmented by condition- or population-specific measures as needed. Following the establishment of phenotypic clarity, the integration of genomics into biobehavioral research offers an opportunity for further clarity of phenotypes and for theoretical specification of the pathophysiology of conditions such as fatigue. Clinical Relevance: The development of targeted interventions for fatigue depend on a more precise definition of fatigue and a better understanding of the biologic processes that contribute to its development and persistence.
Novel Brillouin- and Raman-Suppressing Optical Fibers

This paper describes novel optical fibers employing intrinsically low Brillouin and Raman gain materials. Such fibers enable continued scaling to higher optical powers critical for their use in modern communication and defense systems.
Multichannel ellipsometry from 1.5 to 6.5 eV for real time characterization of wide band gap materials: phase identification in boron nitride thin films

Abstract A recently developed real time spectroscopic ellipsometer with an ultraviolet-extended spectral range (1.5–6.5 eV) has been applied to investigate the sputter deposition of BN films with high cBN content. Based on the optical contrast between the two phases (sp2 and sp3 bonded BN) above 4.5 eV, it has been possible to characterize the growth of these films using a two-layer isotropic optical model. In this model, the innermost layer represents the combined contribution from the sp2 bonded material (aBN and hBN) denoted collectively as hBN, whereas the outermost layer represents the contribution of the predominantly sp3 bonded material denoted as cBN. The BN films were grown on crystalline silicon substrates using two processes: (i) r.f. magnetron sputtering of a BN target with pulsed d.c. substrate biasing; and (ii) pulsed d.c. sputtering of a B4C target with r.f. substrate biasing. In both cases, the thickness evolution of the hBN and cBN layers as well as their dielectric functions over the extended spectral range have been determined. The cBN content deduced from the two-layer analysis is in good agreement with estimates from ex situ infrared transmission spectroscopy.
Ontology based entity disambiguation with natural language patterns

Text is still the most important carrier of information. Names are essential anchor points in text, and they are essential to link pieces of information spread in the text. Unfortunately names are ambiguous, which makes it difficult for systems to understand whether syntactically identical names are actually semantically equivalent. Disambiguation is therefore an indispensable feature for the automatic processing of texts. We introduce a novel approach to dis-ambiguate names using ontologies, natural language text patterns and a customisable ranking algorithm. We evaluate our approach in the area of geographic names, and demonstrate the utility of our results with a geographic news reader.
A case of squamosal craniosynostosis from the 16th century southeastern United States

This paper describes a case of plagiocephaly stemming from a unilateral synostosis of the left squamosal and coronal sutures in a 16th century calvaria from Georgia. Although cases of squamosal involvement in syndromic, multisuture synostotic cases have been found in the archaeological record, isolated squamosal involvement is quite rare. Our literature review found only 15 such cases reported, and this is the first case to be reported from the southeastern United States. Despite the fact that the bevelled nature of the squamosal suture is unique in the human body and that the cause for squamosal involvement remains unclear, to our knowledge there have been no reviews of the nosology and aetiology of synostosis with particular reference to the squamosal suture in the anthropological or clinical literature. Isolated squamosal craniosynostosis may be frequently unreported in clinical settings, and thus case studies on the condition in archaeological contexts may prove valuable for future attempts to identify the frequency and causes of squamosal involvement. This case study also highlights both the potential and challenges of using rare pathological conditions as a tool for positive identification of human remains in historical forensic cases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of prenatal diagnosis of birth defects in Houston, Galveston and the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas 1995

Background: Estimates of the proportion of birth defects diagnosed before birth exist for only a few types of birth defects and for a few geographic regions in the United States. Th
A New Genus of African Monkey, Rungwecebus: Morphology, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenetics

A new species of African monkey, Lophocebus kipunji, was described in 2005 based on observations from two sites in Tanzania. We have since obtained a specimen killed by a farmer on Mount Rungwe, the type locality. Detailed molecular phylogenetic analyses of this specimen demonstrate that the genus Lophocebus is diphyletic. We provide a description of a new genus of African monkey and of the only preserved specimen of this primate. We also present information on the animal's ecology and conservation.
Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Environment

Two experiments were conducted to investigate route and configurational knowledge acquisition in a virtual environment (VE). The results indicate that route knowledge can be acquired in a VE and th...
Measurement of the velocity of a quantum object: a role of group velocity

We consider a free motion of a quantum particle. Introducing an explicit measurement procedure for velocity, we demonstrate that the measured velocity is related to the group and phase velocities of the corresponding matter waves. We show that for long distances the measured velocity coincides with the matter wave group velocity.
Segueways into Cyberspace: Multiple Geographies of the Digital Divide:

Despite stereotypes that cyberspace spells the ‘end of geography’ and promises universal, democratic entree to the electronic highways of the world economy, access to the Internet is highly unevenly distributed both socially and spatially. In this paper I examine the geopolitics of Internet access and its implications. I open by situating electronic communications within contemporary social theory, emphasizing cyberspace as a contested terrain of competing discourses. Second, international discrepancies in access are illustrated, dramatizing the ways in which the Internet enhances the advantages enjoyed by a global elite consisting largely of white, male professionals. Third, I turn to discrepancies in Internet access within the United States, including class, racial, gender, and spatial disparities. I seek to demonstrate that geography still matters; the Internet creates and reflects a distinct spatial structure interlaced with, and often reinforcing, existing relations of wealth and power.
Software modelling of manufacturing systems: A case for an object-oriented programming approach

With the recognition of the importance of Computer Integrated Systems (CIM) in improving manufacturing productivity, there is a pressing need for good software modelling approaches to support efficient design and control of manufacturing systems. Software design concepts based on Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are emerging as powerful techniques for developing large scale software systems. This paper presents important features of object-oriented computing and the relevance of such an approach in modelling and developing software for manufacturing systems.
The differentiation of cerebral dendrites: A study of the post-migratory neuroblast in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.

The differentiation of dendrites in the medial trapezoid nucleus of the opossum and cat has been traced from the stage of the post-migratory neuroblast in developmental series prepared with the rapid Golgi technique. The post-migratory neuroblast is an elongated cell. Its perikaryon is located initially at the outer limiting layer of the medulla. Its primitive internal process grows into the primordial medial trapezoid nucleus and gives rise to an axon. On the part of the neuroblast adjacent to the axon's origin the endings of the afferent axons beging to differentiate. The perikaryon moves to the same part of the neuroblast through the primitive internal process. Subsequently the dendrites differentiate. Dendrites and their branches form from budding growth cones. The cell body and dendritic processes of the young growing neuron are covered with transitory filopodia. Sprouting growth cones and filopodia appear at the tips and along the shafts of the elongating and enlarging dendrites. The locomotor and synthetic activities of the growth cones establish the stereotyped dendritic branching patterns of each kind of neuron. The development of the dendritic branches accompanies the elaboration of the particular type of axonal plexus that will become synaptically related. This suggests that the patterns of the dendritic trees and of the afferent axonal end-branches derive from mutual interactions of the growing dendritic and axonal branches. These interactions may be mediated by physical contacts as well as chemotactic factors. The filopodia are implicated in the formation of dendritic appendages. Filopodia could participate in membrane synthesis, locomotion, and synaptogenesis. There is an indication that the afferent axons can induce the differentiation of the post-synaptic parts of the neuroblast. The findings imply that the influence of physical and chemical factors in the differentiation of the synaptic organization of the brain depends on their temporal and spatial sequences.
Molecular dynamics investigation of the transient regime in the freezing of salt clusters.

Molecular dynamics (MD) investigations of the freezing of supercooled liquids can identify nuclei far smaller than can be detected in laboratory experiments, to date, and consequently can provide information about nucleation so far inaccessible to experiment. In a recent MD study of the freezing of clusters of SeF 6 , a new method of recording nucleation events was introduced. It involved the observation of times of first appearance of nuclei of the size of n. An advantage of the new approach is that it provides information about the size of the critical nucleus. For nuclei smaller than the critical size, it also avoids the overshoots of nucleation rates that precluded the application of the Miloshev-Wu method in the subcritical region. Kinetic information in the transient regime can be characterized by three parameters, the time lag, the reduced moment, and the steady state nucleation rate. To get some idea of how general the new approach is, a very different system was investigated, that of clusters of NaCl. Two different fitting functions were used to analyze the results. The first one adopted the log-normal probability distribution of Wu. The second function was a modification of Shneidman's analytical solution appropriate for large nuclei. The second function gave a rather good account of MD data for all nuclear sizes and temperatures and gave more stable results in the subcritical region. Several inferences of the sizes of critical nuclei were made. Applying the criterion for n* based on the Zeldovich solution of the Becker-Doring equations, we estimated the critical nucleus sizes to be 14, 18, and 24 ions for quench temperatures of 640, 690, and 740 K, respectively. Even though the interionic interactions initiating nucleation in salt are very different from the van der Waals interactions in clusters of SeF 6 , the characteristic aspects of the transient regimes of the two systems were quite similar.
Cardiac Arrhythmias Due to Oral Aminophylline in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The effect of orally-administered ammophylline on cardiac arrhythmias was studied in 15 patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by continuous 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings. During the control period, the mean frequency of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) per hour was 43 ± 26 (range 0.3 to 401), and heart rate was 80 ± 3 beats per minute. All grades of ventricular arrhythmias were seen with occasional VEBs in five patients, frequent in three, multifocal in four, coupled beats in two, and short runs of ventricular tachycardia in one patient. Seven patients had occasional atrial premature contractions, six paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and one patient had stable atrial fibrillation. Mean frequency of VEBs per hour and heart rate were statistically similar in patients undergoing two 24-hour control recordings. Mean grade of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias also remained similar on two control recordings. After oral aminophylline, the mean frequency of VEBs per hour increased to 72 ± 41 (P = 0.006). Heart rate increased to 88 ± 4 beats per minute (P =
Alteration of mitochondrial structure and heme biosynthetic parameters in liver and kidney cells by bismuth.

Abstract Ultrastructural and biochemical studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of bismuth, a potentially toxic group V trace metal, on organelle structure and heme biosynthetic parameters in rat liver and kidney cells. Bismuth subnitrate (BiONO 3 ) was administered subcutaneously to male rats in 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg doses 16 hr prior to euthanasia. Electron microscopy revealed swollen mitochondria and distortion of mitochondrial inner membranes in liver and renal proximal tubule cells at 40 and 80 mg/kg dose levels. In liver, dose-related decreases were observed in the activities of the mitochondrial enzymes, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and heme synthetase, and of the cytoplasmic enzyme, ALA dehydratase, to 51, 48, and 35% of levels seen in untreated controls, respectively. In kidney, ALA synthetase and ALA dehydratase, but not heme synthetase, were depressed in vivo to 32 and 20% of control, respectively. Studies in vitro conducted for 1-hr periods with Bi concentrations at 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 m m in reaction mixtures revealed that the direct action of the metal on membranal enzymes only partially accounts for the impairment of the activity of membranal enzymes. These studies demonstrate that the initial acute effects of bismuth in liver and kidney cells include distortion of mitochondrial membranes and direct inhibition of specific heme pathway enzymes. Both effects contribute to compromise of membrane-associated enzymatic functions. These findings are comparable to those previously reported of other trace metals with known toxicologic potential and may represent early events in bismuth-induced cell injury.
Balanced binary trees for ID management and load balance in distributed hash tables

We present a low-cost, decentralized algorithm for ID management in distributed hash tables (DHTs) managed by a dynamic set of hosts. Each host is assigned an ID in the unit interval [0, 1). At any time, the set of IDs splits the interval into disjoint partitions. Hosts do not possess global knowledge of other IDs in the system. The challenge then is to design an efficient decentralized algorithm that maintains roughly equi-sized partitions, in the face of arrivals, departures and changes in the average number of hosts.Our ID management algorithm is the first to enjoy all of the following properties: (a) both arrivals and departures of hosts are handled, (b) departure of a host causes at most one existing host to change its ID, (c) the ratio of the largest to the smallest partition is at most 4, with high probability, and (d) the expected cost per arrival/departure is Θ(R + log n) messages, where n denotes the current number of participants, and R denotes the cost of routing one message in the DHT. In fact, our algorithm is independent of the topology of the overlay network used for routing.Variations of our algorithm diminish the ratio between the largest and the smallest partition to (1 + e), for any e > 0, albeit at the cost of re-assigning the IDs of O(1/e) existing hosts per arrival/departure. Ours is the first algorithm that allows such fine-tuning.Finally, our ID management algorithm enables (a) estimation of the total number of hosts in the system by making only local measurements, and (b) emulation of a variety of deterministic and randomized families of routing topologies, in a straightforward fashion. Among these families are several networks that require O(log n/log k) routing hops in an n-node network with k links per node.
Incorporation of Iron and Sulfur from NifB Cofactor into the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor of Dinitrogenase

NifB-co is an iron- and sulfur-containing precursor to the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) of dinitrogenase. The synthesis of NifB-co requires at least the product of the nifB gene. Incorporation of 55Fe and 35S from NifB-co into FeMo-co was observed only when all components of the in vitro FeMo-co synthesis system were present. Incorporation of iron and sulfur from NifB-co into dinitrogenase was not observed in control experiments in which the apodinitrogenase (lacking FeMo-co) was initially activated with purified, unlabeled FeMo-co or in assays where NifB-co was oxygen-inactivated prior to addition to the synthesis system. These data clearly demonstrate that iron and sulfur from active NifB-co are specifically incorporated into FeMo-co of dinitrogenase and provide direct biochemical identification of an iron-sulfur precursor of FeMo-co. Under different in vitro FeMo-co synthesis conditions, iron and sulfur from NifB-co were associated with at least two other proteins (NIFNE and gamma) that are involved in the formation of active dinitrogenase. The results presented here suggest that multiple FeMo-co processing steps might occur on NIFNE and that FeMo-co synthesis is most likely completed prior to the association of FeMo-co with gamma.
Assessing the advantages of a multi-method approach: Measuring mothering with data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort

Abstract Large surveys tend to be strong on reliability and generalizability but weak on validity. The recently collected Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort, a large and representative sample of over 10,000 infants assessed at 9 and 24 months, took a provocative step toward trying to improve the validity of measures of infants’ environmental conditions. Instead of relying solely on self-reported surveys, the study design employed two additional data collection methods—interviewer observations and a videotaped mother/infant interaction. We assess how much additional and unique information about mothering is gained by having this extra data. The percentage of variation in infants’ cognitive development we can explain with mothering behaviors doubles when using a multi-method approach versus relying solely on mothers’ self-reports. However, our multi-method model of mothering still only explains about two percent of the variation in infants’ cognitive development.
The propagation of torsion along flux tubes subject to dynamical nonequilibrium

It is noted that the dynamical nonequilibrium of close-packed flux tubes is driven by the torsion in the individual tubes. Because of this, whenever tubes with the same sense of twisting come into contact, there is reconnection of their azimuthal field components. The reconnection consumes the local torsion, and this causes the propagation of torsional Alfven waves into the region from elsewhere along the tubes. The formal problem of the propagation of the torsion along twisted flux tubes is presented, along with some of the basic physical properties worked out in the limit of small torsion. It is noted that in tubes with finite twisting the propagation of torsional Alfven waves can be a more complicated phenomenon. Application to the sun suggests that the propagation of torsion from below the visible surface up into the corona is an important energy supply to the corona for a period of perhaps 10-20 hours after the emergence of the flux tubes through the surface of the sun, bringing up torsion from depths of 10,000 km or more. Torsion is of course continually furnished by the manipulation and shuffling of the field by the convection.
Progradational sand-mud deltas in lakes and reservoirs. Part 2. Experiment and numerical simulation

Rivers deposit deltas wherever they reach standing water, i.e. a lake or reservoir. Here the case of a sand-bed river carrying mud as wash load is considered. In general the sand tends to deposit out to form a fluvial topset and an avalanching foreset, and the mud tends to deposit out as a bottomset. During floods, many sand-bed rivers carry sufficiently high concentrations of washload to render the river water heavier than that of the body of standing water. In such a case the mud-laden river fow plunges to form a bottom turbidity current. In a companion paper a 1 -D numerical model of a prograding delta was presented. In this model fluvial, avalanching and turbidity current deposition are all linked in terms of a moving boundary formulation. Here the model is compared against two experiments on delta progradation. The experiments reveal an intriguing interaction between the three elements of the model, with foreset progradation burying the bottomset and pushing its upstream point ever downstream, and wi...
Changes of pH of Blood Diluted with Plasma and Plasma Substitutes in Vitro

In vitro changes of blood pH following serial dilution (1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 of dog arterial blood) with three colloid plasma substitutes, ACD plasma and two crystalloid solutions were observed. Dilution of blood with ACD plasma (pH 6.95) caused a marked and progressive decrease in pH. During dilution with colloid plasma substitutes (clinical dextran, low molecular weight dextran and hydroxyethyl starch), pH remained at physiologically normal levels. Only with 1:15 dilution there was a slight but significant decrease in pH with dextrans. Likewise, following dilution with the crystalloid solutions (lactated Ringer's solution and isotonic saline) pH remained essentially unchanged.
Neuronal Correlates of Behavior in Freely Moving Rats

Firing patterns of single neurons in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, midbrain reticular system, and hippocampus of awake, freely moving female rats were temporally correlated with exploratory sniffing and vibrissa twitching, feeding, lordosis, locomotion, and (or) arousal. These relationships were remarkably stable during continuous observations lasting many hours. During extended periods when certain of these movements were not performed, the correlated neurons showed no action potentials for minutes at a time. Electrical stimulation at certain recording sites elicited behavior patterns whose spontaneous occurrence was accompanied by neuronal activation. Self-stimulation was elicited from sites spontaneously activated during exploratory behavior.
Chlorine atom-initiated low-temperature oxidation of prenol and isoprenol: The effect of C=C double bonds on the peroxy radical chemistry in alcohol oxidation

The chlorine atom-initiated oxidation of two unsaturated primary C5 alcohols, prenol (3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, (CH 3 ) 2 CCHCH 2 OH) and isoprenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, CH 2 C(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 OH), is studied at 550 K and low pressure (8 Torr). The time- and isomer-resolved formation of products is probed with multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS) using tunable vacuum ultraviolet ionizing synchrotron radiation. The peroxy radical chemistry of the unsaturated alcohols appears much less rich than that of saturated C4 and C5 alcohols. The main products observed are the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes – prenal (3-methyl-2-butenal) from prenol oxidation and isoprenal (3-methyl-3-butenal) from isoprenol oxidation. No significant products arising from QOOH chemistry are observed. These results can be qualitatively explained by the formation of resonance stabilized allylic radicals via H-abstraction in the Cl + prenol and Cl + isoprenol initiation reactions. The loss of resonance stabilization upon O 2 addition causes the energies of the intermediate wells, saddle points, and products to increase relative to the energy of the initial radicals and O 2 . These energetic shifts make most product channels observed in the peroxy radical chemistry of saturated alcohols inaccessible for these unsaturated alcohols. The experimental findings are underpinned by quantum-chemical calculations for stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the reactions of the initial radicals with O 2 . Under our conditions, the dominant channels in prenol and isoprenol oxidation are the chain-terminating HO 2 -forming channels arising from radicals, in which the unpaired electron and the –OH group are on the same carbon atom, with stable prenal and isoprenal co-products, respectively. These findings suggest that the presence of C C double bonds in alcohols will reduce low-temperature reactivity during autoignition.
Epitaxial growth of Cu(111) films on Si(110) by magnetron sputtering: orientation and twin growth

Abstract Cu epitaxial films were grown on H-terminated Si(110) and Si(111) substrates by magnetron sputtering. The epitaxial orientation of the Cu films and microstructural characteristics were studied by X-ray diffraction, including the conventional θ –2 θ mode and pole figures, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of pole figure analysis show an epitaxial orientation relationship of Cu(111)//Si(110) with Cu[110]//Si[001] and Cu[110]//Si[001] which are twin-related. The TEM observations of the cross-sectional samples reveal that the Cu film contains a layered structure due to growth twins. The reason for twin formation is discussed.
New Approaches to Genetic Counseling and Testing for Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Degeneration

The discovery of new autosomal dominant and susceptibility genes for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) is revealing important new information about the neurodegenerative process and the risk for acquiring these diseases. It is becoming increasingly clear that both the mechanisms that drive these diseases and their phenotypes overlap. New technologies will assist access to genetic testing but may increase difficulty with genetic test interpretation. Thus, the process of genetic counseling and testing for these diseases is becoming more complex. This article will review current knowledge on the genetics of AD and FTD and suggest clinical guidelines for helping families to navigate through these complexities. The implications of future discoveries will be offered.
Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers.

Glasses can be formed by many routes. In some cases, distinct polyamorphic forms are found. The normal mode of glass formation is cooling of a viscous liquid. Liquid behavior during cooling is classified between "strong" and "fragile," and the three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. Strong liquids become fragile liquids on compression. In some cases, such conversions occur during cooling by a weak first-order transition. This behavior can be related to the polymorphism in a glass state through a recent simple modification of the van der Waals model for tetrahedrally bonded liquids. The sudden loss of some liquid degrees of freedom through such first-order transitions is suggestive of the polyamorphic transition between native and denatured hydrated proteins, which can be interpreted as single-chain glass-forming polymers plasticized by water and cross-linked by hydrogen bonds. The onset of a sharp change in d dT( is the Debye-Waller factor and T is temperature) in proteins, which is controversially indentified with the glass transition in liquids, is shown to be general for glass formers and observable in computer simulations of strong and fragile ionic liquids, where it proves to be close to the experimental glass transition temperature. The latter may originate in strong anharmonicity in modes ("bosons"), which permits the system to access multiple minima of its configuration space. These modes, the Kauzmann temperature T(K), and the fragility of the liquid, may thus be connected.
A NOTE ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI

1. Some strains of Trypanosoma lewisi may, at times, produce rapidly fatal infections in a large percentage of the rats infected. 2. In such strains of Trypanosoma lewisi, a sufficient degree of pathogenicity may persist to warrant the designation of these strains as pathogenic. 3. The pathogenicity of a given strain of Trypanosoma lewisi is not constant, but is subject to marked and even sudden variations.
Estimating total knee replacement joint load ratios from kinematics

Accurate prediction of loads acting at the joint in total knee replacement (TKR) patients is key to developing experimental or computational simulations which evaluate implant designs under physiological loading conditions. In vivo joint loads have been measured for a small number of telemetric TKR patients, but in order to assess device performance across the entire patient population, a larger patient cohort is necessary. This study investigates the accuracy of predicting joint loads from joint kinematics. Specifically, the objective of the study was to assess the accuracy of internal-external (I-E) and anterior-posterior (A-P) joint load predictions from I-E and A-P motions under a given compressive load, and to evaluate the repeatability of joint load ratios (I-E torque to compressive force (I-E:C), and A-P force to compressive force (A-P:C)) for a range of compressive loading profiles. A tibiofemoral finite element model was developed and used to simulate deep knee bend, chair-rise and step-up activities for five patients. Root-mean-square (RMS) differences in I-E:C and A-P:C load ratios between telemetric measurements and model predictions were less than 1.10e-3 Nm/N and 0.035 N/N for all activities. I-E:C and A-P:C load ratios were consistently reproduced regardless of the compressive force profile applied (RMS differences less than 0.53e-3 Nm/N and 0.010 N/N, respectively). When error in kinematic measurement was introduced to the model, joint load predictions were forgiving to kinematic measurement error when conformity between femoral and tibial components was low. The prevalence of kinematic data, in conjunction with the analysis presented here, facilitates determining the scope of A-P and I-E joint loading ratios experienced by the TKR population.
Differences Among Color Normals: Classes I and II*

Color-normals may be divided into two distinct groups by studying (i) the spectral location of unique green, (ii) the additivity of spectral lights, (iii) the rate of recovery of sensitivity, and (iv) the colorimetric coordinates for “white.” The results of any one of these tests may be used to predict an individual’s performance on the remaining tests. Taken together, the results suggest that, for some individuals, 540-mm cone activity innervates the same channel activated by the 440-nm cones. This desaturation effect of the 540-nm cones cannot be entirely neural, however, because of certain differences in color matches.
Thirty allele-level haplotypes centered around KIR2DL5 define the diversity in an African American population

KIR2DL5 alleles were physically linked to alleles at adjacent KIR loci to define this region of KIR haplotypes in 55 gene-positive random African Americans. The majority carried KIR2DL5B. Three KIR2DL5A and six KIR2DL5B alleles that have been previously described and 11 novel KIR2DL5 alleles were identified by DNA sequencing. Novel alleles included variation that may impact promoter activity; two alleles carried nonsynonymous coding region variation. Based on linkage with KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3, KIR2DS5, KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, and KIR3DS1 alleles, seven haplotypes of KIR2DL5A and 23 haplotypes of KIR2DL5B were observed. The phylogenetic relationships among the KIR2DL5 alleles predicted their association with either KIR2DS3 (six alleles) or KIR2DS5 (seven alleles). All of the KIR2DL5A alleles were linked either to KIR3DS1*01301 or KIR3DS1*049N. The majority of the KIR2DL5B alleles were linked to seven KIR2DL2 alleles; two were linked to a novel allele of KIR2DL3. These findings underscore the diversity of KIR haplotypes present in this population.
Surface states in negative-band-gap semiconductor films: Intrinsic or topological?

Abstract We show that in HgTe films with passivated surface, surface states evolve from the cation derived dangling-back bond band and that they must be classified as intrinsic surface states of the inverted gap materials. The surface states can only be formed when the passivating potential reaches a threshold value needed to overlap the positive band gap of the surface layers and negative band gap of the interior layers of the slabs. The surface states found do not have characteristic topological properties. Depending on a terminating layer, these surface states are gapless or quasi-gapless at the zone center, but they cannot prevent back-scattering.
Alphas from the deuteron bombardment of 9Be and 12C

Abstract A thin 9Be layer deposited on a carbon foil was bombardment by 11 MeV deuterons. The outgoing α-particles were analysed in a Browne-Buechner spectrograph. The widths of the 7Li states at 4.63 and 7.48 MeV excited in the 9Be(d,α)7Li reaction were determined to be 93±25 and 80±20 keV, respectively. No evidence was seen for the 7Li state at ≈ 5.5 MeV suggested in several experiments. Attempts to observe the excited states at Ex ≈ 8.6, 9.7 and 12.5 MeV reported in photonuclear work and the new T = 3 2 state at E x = 11.13 MeV observed in the 9Be(p, 3He)7Li reaction were unsuccessful. The Jπ = 0+, T = 1 state at 1.74 MeV in 10B was not observed in the 12C(d, α)10B reaction. Upper limits to the intensities of the alpha-particle groups to this state are about 3 % of the intensities of the groups to its Jπ = 1+, T = 0 neighbours at Ex = 0.72 and 2.15 MeV.
New interventions in diabetes with medical nutrition therapy.

Abstract Nutrition therapy has been the focus of diabetes management since before insulin was discovered. 1 Many theories and approaches have been recommended and reemerged over the years. Since the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) results were released in 1993, nutrition is considered the most critical and pivotal component of diabetes care in achieving blood glucose goals. We have seen increased emphases on individualized nutrition therapy and the dietitian as a true partner in diabetes care, research, and management. 1 Advances in nutrition therapy now center on methods to improve behavioral change because it is the major challenge facing people with diabetes. Access to nutrition therapy and self-management training is critical to improve clinical outcomes and reduce health care costs otherwise spent on clinic visits, expensive medications, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations. 1
Coherent and incoherent scattering cross sections for polarized X-rays integrated over a small distributed source

Abstract The cross sections for the coherent and incoherent scattering of polarized X-rays into a circular aperture have been integrated over a small rectangular source. The cross sections are applicable to any degree of polarization of the X-rays. The results are in a form simple enough that the cross sections can be calculated with a pocket calculator and tables of atomic form and incoherent scattering factors. A procedure to determine the appropriateness of the “small size” approximation for a given geometry is provided.