cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes, opportunity and development : why unequal opportunities and not outcomes hinder economic development

This paper studies the relationship between inequality of opportunity and development outcomes in a cross-country setting. Scholars have long debated the impact of inequality on growth, development, and the quality of institutions in a society. The empirical relationships are however confounded by the notion that "inequality" can be seen as a composite of inequality arising from differences in effort and ability, which would tend to encourage competition and productivity, and inequality attributable to unequal opportunities, particularly in terms of access to basic goods and services, which might translate to wasted human potential and lower levels of development. The analysis in this paper applies a measure of educational opportunities that incorporates inequality between "types" or circumstance groups. Theories from economic history are used to instrument for this type of inequality in a large cross-country dataset. The results seem to confirm the hypothesis that this measure of inequality of opportunity is a better fit for structural inequality than the Gini index of income. The results suggest that inequality of endowments at the outset of history led to unequal educational opportunities, which in turn affected development outcomes such as institutional quality, infant mortality, and economic growth. The findings are robust to several checks on the instrumental variable specification.
Practical Advice for Introducing AI into Service Management

In the following chapter, we summarize best practices for the introduction of AI in service management, for the benefit of IT leaders and their teams. In our view, the following points are essential: 1. Introducing AI has to be part of a holistic strategy of transforming service management. It requires both top-down leadership support as well as community engagement, and clear communication of expected results as well as limitations. It is not just about selection of technologies and training of practitioners but has deep implications for processes and organizational culture. 2. AI has great potential to significantly change and elevate the work that performed by human experts by identifying automation opportunities. This requires different skills and organizational setups and should be use to accelerate agile transformation. We suggest to run the introduction of AI as an agile project, with disciplined iterations and clear measurements [1] 3. A successful AI strategy for IT requires establishing a data-driven approach and culture. Understanding IT operational data (especially ticket data for incidents and service requests) is a prerequisite to knowing what questions to ask and how to accelerate the training of AI. 4. When building ground truths, leverage your organizational knowledge and treat it as an enterprise asset, but also be prepared to challenge hidden assumptions. Establish an end-to-end knowledge lifecycle strategy that engages the subject matter experts.
Value of Mammography for Women 30-39 Years Old Presenting With Breast Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance and added value of bilateral mammography in identifying cancers distant from sites of presenting breast symptoms in women 30–39...
Impacts of Diatomaceous Earth on the Properties of Cement Pastes

Fresh properties of concrete are closely related to operation and construction, such as transporting, placing, compacting, etc.; and they also have a great impact on the lifetime performance of concrete. In this paper, the influence of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) as a natural pozzolan on fresh properties of cement pastes has been investigated. Cement pastes with different water-to-binder ratios (w/b=0.4, 0.5 and 0.6) and 0%, 2%, 6% and 10% replacement levels of DE by weight of cement were studied. Viscosity, yield stress, flow diameter, bleeding, setting times, and the heat evolution of all cement pastes were measured. Results showed that DE has a significant impact on fresh properties of cement pastes. Increasing DE content in cement pastes resulted in higher viscosity and lower flow diameters. Pastes with higher DE replacement levels showed lower bleeding rate and shorter initial and final setting times. The isothermal calorimetry test also showed that, as a pozzolanic material, DE lowered the heat of hydration, however, it advanced the appearance of the heat evolution peaks which was in agreement with the results from setting time tests.
Effect of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablation on lipid metabolism in high glucose diet (HGD) pair-fed mice

Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) is the major fatty acid binding/"chaperone" protein in hepatic cytosol. Although fatty acids can be derived from the breakdown of dietary fat and glucose, relatively little is known regarding the impact of L-FABP on phenotype in the context of high dietary glucose. Potential impact was examined in wild-type (WT) and Lfabp gene ablated (LKO) female mice fed either a control or pair-fed high glucose diet (HGD). WT mice fed HGD alone exhibited decreased whole body weight gain and weight gain/kcal food consumed-both as reduced lean tissue mass (LTM) and fat tissue mass (FTM). Conversely, LKO alone increased weight gain, lean tissue mass, and fat tissue mass while decreasing serum β-hydroxybutyrate (indicative of hepatic fatty acid oxidation)-regardless of diet. Both LKO alone and HGD alone significantly altered the serum lipoprotein profile and increased triacylglycerol (TG), but in HGD mice the LKO did not further exacerbate serum TG content. HGD had little effect on hepatic lipid composition in WT mice, but prevented the LKO-induced selective increase in hepatic phospholipid, free-cholesterol and cholesteryl-ester. Taken together, these findings suggest that high glucose diet diminished the effects of LKO on the whole body and lipid phenotype of these mice.
Anomaly Detection Models for Smart Home Security

Recent years have seen significant growth in the adoption of smart homes devices. These devices provide convenience, security, and energy efficiency to users. For example, smart security cameras can detect unauthorized movements, and smoke sensors can detect potential fire accidents. However, many recent examples have shown that they open up a new cyber threat surface. There have been several recent examples of smart devices being hacked for privacy violations and also misused so as to perform DDoS attacks. In this paper, we explore the application of big data and machine learning to identify anomalous activities that can occur in a smart home environment. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is trained on network level sensor data, created from a test bed with multiple sensors and smart devices. The generated HMM model is shown to achieve an accuracy of 97% in identifying potential anomalies that indicate attacks. We present our approach to build this model and compare with other techniques available in the literature.
NP2 Fruving the World: A Social Marketing and Environmental Change Intervention

Objective To describe the current outcomes of the Get Fruved project. Description Get Fruved is a social marketing and environmental change intervention seeking to prevent unwanted weight gain among high school and college students. The intervention, a non-diet approach focusing on increasing healthy diet choices, physical activity, and stress management, was Initially developed and tested on college campuses. In year 05, college students worked with high school students to implement the intervention in high schools. Evaluation Because prevention of unwanted weight gain was the primary outcome, propensity score matching and counterfactual modeling was used to evaluate weight change between individuals at intervention and control schools. Evaluations from the year 04 randomized control trial (RCT) on college campuses indicated a positive intervention effect after adjusting for age, gender, race and ethnicity, baseline Body Mass Index (BMI), baseline stress score, and dropout propensity. Specifically, the weight of the intervention group, on average, increased 0.77 lbs less than the control group (P Conclusion and Implications During this project, 19 instruments have been developed/validated, 123 presentations conducted, 17 manuscripts published, and health promotion toolkits created for college and high school settings. Data from the RCT in colleges indicate that Fruved may be effective in producing small reductions in unwanted weight gain in college settings. Data from high schools are currently being analyzed. Funding 2014-67001-21851.
Consumption of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine Among Depressed Outpatients: Relationship With Response to Treatment

The authors present findings from the first investigation of the use of alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine in nonsubstance-abusing outpatients with major depressive disorder. The patients (N = 94) were assessed for their intake of alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine, and then treated openly for 8 weeks with 20 mg/day of fluoxetine. The degree of alcohol consumption at baseline was a significant predictor of poorer response to the antidepressant. This relationship remained significant even after adjusting for severity of depression at baseline. Even moderate levels of alcohol consumption appear to negatively affect pharmacologic treatment in depressed outpatients.
Minecraft Economics: A Study of Wealth Inequality in a Virtual World

We examine the hypothesis that capitalist economies generate inequality by looking at the distribution of wealth in a virtual world. Employing the sandbox video game Minecraft as an example of a “pure” market economy, we chose several Minecraft economy servers and collected their respective wealth data. We found these unregulated economies to have greater wealth inequality than any single nation's economy. These results suggest that market economies generate significant “natural” inequality, and that government policies are effective in moderating the inequality-inducing impact of capitalism.
Workplace discrimination for persons with hearing loss: Before and after the 2008 ADA Amendments Act.

BACKGROUND Individuals with hearing loss experience unique barriers to employment frequently documented in the areas of communication and education. The purpose of this article is to contribute to extend this inquiry to the uniqueness of workplace discrimination involving persons with hearing loss. OBJECTIVE This study investigated differences in allegations of workplace discrimination filed by persons with hearing loss ("Hearing") compared to those filed by persons with other physical or neurological disabilities (General Disability, or "GENDIS") before and after the enactment of the 2008 Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (2008 Amendments). METHODS Using secondary data collected from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Integrated Mission System, we employ simple measures of proportion and odds ratios to describe differences between allegations derived from GENDIS and Hearing loss populations. These are population statistics, and not samples, of all allegations of discrimination reported to the EEOC through 2016. The comparisons involve Characteristics of the Charging Parties, Issues or discriminatory behaviors alleged, and closure statuses or Merit Rate of the EEOC's investigations - both before and after the 2008 Amendments. RESULTS Following the 2008 Amendments, Charging Parties changed dramatically on age and gender status. Reasonable Accommodation, Hiring, Harassment, and employment Terms and Conditions showed unique features between groups and/or time periods. The "veracity" (confirmed truthfulness or merit) of the EEOC allegation (or Merit) rate also changed following the Amendments: higher for GENDIS; lower for Hearing. CONCLUSIONS Possible rationale for these findings are offered, and new research questions are raised. Finally, implications for the cross-disability movement are presented.
Strengthening Africa’s Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: African Union Law and Implications of China’s Belt and Road Policy

People in Africa are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change due to factors such as agro-based economies, poor infrastructure, low technology and industrialization. This phenomenon has weakened Africa’s adaptive capacity to climate change. In an interconnected global economy, effective and inclusive development demands effective partnerships. On the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) adopted by the Chinese Government propagates infrastructural investment in participating countries and logistic connectivity. This chapter discusses the strategic goals and scope of the BRI in relation to Africa’s priority adaptation sectors such as agricultural modernization, industrialization, energy and infrastructural development. It argues that the BRI has huge potential in promoting agricultural modernization, infrastructural development and industrialisation in Africa which will strengthen the continent’s adaptive capacity. In conclusion, it suggests that the African Union and African governments must develop and/or revise their multi-sectoral climate change adaptation policy frameworks to tap into the opportunities that the BRI offers.
A History of Informal, Out-of-School Education

Informal, out-of-school education encompasses a variety of programs existing alongside the founding and growth of public schools. This chapter explores the history of the institutionalization of in...
External facilitators' perceptions of internal facilitation skills during implementation of collaborative care for mental health teams: a qualitative analysis informed by the i-PARIHS framework.

Facilitation is a key strategy that may contribute to successful implementation of healthcare innovations. In blended facilitation, external facilitators (EFs) guide and support internal facilitators (IFs) in directing implementation processes. Developers of the i-PARIHS framework propose that successful facilitation requires project management, team/process, and influencing/negotiating skills. It is unclear what IF skills are most important in real-world settings, which could inform recruitment and training efforts. As prior qualitative studies of IF skills have only interviewed IFs, the perspectives of their EF partners are needed. Furthermore, little is known regarding the distribution of implementation tasks between IFs and EFs, which could impact sustainability once external support is removed. In the context of an implementation trial, we therefore: 1) evaluated IFs’ use of i-PARIHS facilitation skills, from EFs’ perspectives; 2) identified attributes of IFs not encompassed within the i-PARIHS skills; and 3) investigated the relative contributions of IFs and EFs during facilitation. Analyses were conducted within a hybrid type II trial utilizing blended facilitation to implement the collaborative chronic care model within mental health teams of nine VA medical centers. Each site committed one team and an IF to weekly process design meetings and additional implementation activities over 12 months. Three EFs worked with three sites each. Following study completion, the EFs completed semi-structured qualitative interviews reflecting on the facilitation process, informed by the i-PARIHS facilitation skill areas. Interviews were analyzed via directed content analysis. EFs emphasized the importance of IFs having strong project management, team/process, and influencing/negotiating skills. Prior experience in these areas and a mental health background were also benefits. Personal characteristics (e.g., flexible, assertive) were described as critical, particularly when faced with conflict. EFs discussed the importance of clear delineation of EF/IF roles, and the need to shift facilitation responsibilities to IFs. Key IF skills, according to EFs, are aligned with i-PARIHS recommendations, but IFs’ personal characteristics were also emphasized as important factors. Findings highlight traits to consider when selecting IFs and potential training areas (e.g., conflict management). EFs and IFs must determine an appropriate distribution of facilitation tasks to ensure long-term sustainability of practices. Clinicaltrials.gov, September 7, 2015, #NCT02543840.
Survival and thermal resistance among four Salmonella serovars inoculated onto flaxseeds.

Abstract Thermal resistance among Salmonella serovars has been shown to vary, however, such data are minimal for Salmonella inoculated onto low moisture foods. We evaluated survival and subsequent thermal resistance for 32 strains of Salmonella from four serovars (Agona, Enteritidis, Montevideo, and Tennessee) on flaxseed over 24 weeks. After inoculation, flaxseeds were adjusted to aw = 0.5 and stored at 22 °C. After 24 weeks at 22 °C, strains of serovar Agona had a significantly slower rate of reduction compared to those of Enteritidis and Montevideo (adj. p
Factors associated with traffic crashes on urban freeways

Abstract The majority of earlier works suggested that traffic fatalities in a rural section of highways are relatively higher than those observed in urban areas. However, the recent report released by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) described the trend that the urban area highway fatalities in the last four years are higher than the crashes that occurred on a rural section of the highway segments. In the present work, the key factors influencing fatal, non-fatal injury and property damage only crash on four and six-lane urban interstate highway segments are analyzed. A negative binomial regression approach was used for the analyses of the three crash categories, and a meaningful statistical interpretation of the developed model estimates are provided in terms of the incident rate ratio. The results of the study suggest that traffic volume, median type, and the number of lanes were factors associated with fatal, non-fatal injury, and property damage only crashes. All the categories of the horizontal and vertical geometries of the roadway segment were found to be critical factors influencing property damage only crashes. The results also showed that the effect of drivers’ gender was insignificant across the three crash categories.
The Role of Educational Technology in Informal Learning Environments: Making and Tinkering

Informal learning environments are varied and broad. These environments have generally fit into the category of “not school” (Sefton-Green, 2012) and have been more specified by not only informal learning institutions like libraries, museums, zoos, and parks but also learning that happens at home, with friends (Ito et al., 2013), and in hobby and leisure activities (e.g., Azevedo, 2013). Despite these differences, Rogoff, Callanan, Gutierrez, and Erickson (2016) have noted that informal learning has some similar common features across contexts, settings, and types of learners. These features include:
Non‐parametric estimation in an illness‐death model with component‐wise censoring

In disease settings where study participants are at risk for death and a serious nonfatal event, composite endpoints defined as the time until the earliest of death or the nonfatal event are often used as the primary endpoint in clinical trials. In practice, if the nonfatal event can only be detected at clinic visits and the death time is known exactly, the resulting composite endpoint exhibits "component-wise censoring." The standard method used to estimate event-free survival in this setting fails to account for component-wise censoring. We apply a kernel smoothing method previously proposed for a marker process in a novel way to produce a nonparametric estimator for event-free survival that accounts for component-wise censoring. The key insight that allows us to apply this kernel method is thinking of nonfatal event status as an intermittently observed binary time-dependent variable rather than thinking of time to the nonfatal event as interval-censored. We also propose estimators for the probability in state and restricted mean time in state for reversible or irreversible illness-death models, under component-wise censoring, and derive their large-sample properties. We perform a simulation study to compare our method to existing multistate survival methods and apply the methods on data from a large randomized trial studying a multifactor intervention for reducing morbidity and mortality among men at above average risk of coronary heart disease.
Systematic Generation of the Dunham Coefficients Using Symbolic Mathematics Software.

The Dunham coefficients are an indispensable part of the analysis of the ro-vibrational spectrum of a diatomic molecule. They provide a direct connection between the ro-vibrational states observed and the interatomic potential that must exist in the molecule. One may deduce the interatomic potential from the spectrum or, alternatively, predict the spectrum from a theoretically generated interatomic potential. The coefficients result from a mathematical analysis of the Schrodinger equation for such a system. Dunham's derivation relied on the WKB approximation and, as such, was subject to the associated limitations. In this paper, the quantum condition is derived without any reliance on the WKB approximation, using only principles of complex analysis. This sidesteps the need for introducing an approximate function to join solutions and suggests that the expansion has a more fundamental basis. Also in this paper, a mathematical algorithm for generating the Dunham coefficients is elaborated in detail. Careful attention is paid to keeping these coefficients accurate to a specified order in the smallness parameter, τe = Be/ωe. This algorithm is intended to be presented in a way that makes it amenable to incorporation into computer code and points where the efficiency can be improved are indicated. Coefficients have been generated and presented in the literature through the years. The current paper presents the coefficients explicitly to tenth order in the smallness parameter, far more than have been generated in any previous work.
Police attitudes toward the use of inappropriate force in China

The purpose of this study is to explore police attitudes toward the use of inappropriate force in China. Using original data from a survey of over 900 police officers in China, this study investiga...
Cancellation ideals of a ring extension

We study properties of cancellation ideals of ring extensions. Let \(R \subseteq S\) be a ring extension. A nonzero \(S\)-regular ideal \(I\) of \(R\) is called a ( quasi )- cancellation ideal of the ring extension \(R \subseteq S\) if whenever \(IB = IC\) for two \(S\)-regular (finitely generated) \(R\)-submodules \(B\) and \(C\) of \(S\), then \(B =C\). We show that a finitely generated ideal \(I\) is a cancellation ideal of the ring extension \(R\subseteq S\) if and only if \(I\) is \(S\)-invertible.
Reflecting on the State of our Field: Challenging our Purpose, Impact, and Potential

This “Afterword” essay was written several months after the Frontiers of Democracy 2014 conference. It offers the Journal of Public Deliberation’s editors’ reflections on the conference and connections to the articles published in this special issue.
Mapping floods due to Hurricane Sandy using NPP VIIRS and ATMS data and geotagged Flickr imagery

In this study, we present an approach to estimate the extent of large-scale coastal floods caused by Hurricane Sandy using passive optical and microwave remote sensing data. The approach estimates the water fraction from coarse-resolution VIIRS and ATMS data through mixed-pixel linear decomposition. Based on the water fraction difference, using the physical characteristics of water inundation in a basin, the flood map derived from the coarse-resolution VIIRS and ATMS measurements was extrapolated to a higher spatial resolution of 30 m using topographic information. It is found that flood map derived from VIIRS shows less inundated area than the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood map and the ground observations. The bias was mainly caused by the time difference in observations. This is because VIIRS can only detect flood under clear conditions, while we can only find some clear-sky data around the New York area on 4 November 2012, when most flooding water already receded. Meanwhile, microwave...
Introduction to Extracellular Enzymes: From the Ribosome to the Market Place

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the general properties of extracellular enzymes. It describes rhe features of extracellular enzymes that are common to their synthesis, to their manipulation, in their stability, and to the entire spectrum of the reactions that they catalyze. Future advances in the application of extracellular enzymes and other enzymes are also presented. The extracellular enzymes are, majorly, hydrolases are important in basic studies because they are produced in high concentrations, they are easy to purify, they are easy to assay, they are stable, and they have relatively low molecular weights. Microbially produced extracellular enzymes are of ecological significance. They hydrolyze the macromolecules that are too large to be transported into many types of microbial cells. In contrast to the many labile enzymes, extracellular enzymes survive fairly adverse conditions. Many are able to tolerate high temperatures and survive for relatively long periods of time in soil, the open sea, the sediments of oceans and freshwater lakes, and even in activated sludge.
Concepts and Semantic Memory

Humans accumulate vast amounts of knowledge over the life span. Much work aimed at understanding this knowledge store has been called either concepts or semantic memory research. This essay reviews early research on the nature of concrete concepts (concepts of concrete objects) and their organization in memory. It then raises considerations of abstract and relational concepts and of how action affects representation and vice versa. Additional advances discussed come from statistically based views of semantics, connectionist modeling, and neuroscientific evidence, all showing how distributed sources of information can be integrated to create semantic or conceptual content. Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic evidence indicate, though, that models based on evidence from any one cultural or language group may not apply well to others. The essay concludes by arguing that key issues for future research include broadening the kinds of knowledge structures that are studied and clarifying how language and nonlinguistic representations are related. Keywords: semantic memory; concepts; categorization; semantics; prototypes; exemplars; embodied cognition; distributed representations; connectionism; cultural psychology; language-thought interface
Certifiably Sound Parallelizing Transformations

Sustaining scalable performance trends in the multicore era has led many compiler researchers to develop a host of optimizations to parallelize sequential programs. At the same time, formal methods researchers have pushed compiler verification technology forward to the point that real compilers may be checked for correctness by proving that the compiler preserves a simulation relation between the source and target languages. We join these two lines of research by proving a general parallelizing transformation schema sound for an extension of the Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) with semaphores and sequential composition. When source programs contain internal nondeterminism, we have found that the simulation relations that underlie the most prominent verified compilers, like CompCert, are too strong to admit a large class of parallelizing transformations. Thus we prove soundness with respect to a new simulation relation, called eventual simulation, that resolves this issue and is equivalent to weak bisimulation when no internal nondeterminism is present. All formal details presented are proven and mechanically checked using the Coq Proof Assistant.
Plant resistance to aphid feeding: behavioral, physiological, genetic and molecular cues regulate aphid host selection and feeding

Aphids damage major world food and fiber crops through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Fortunately, the development of many aphid-resistant crop plants has provided both ecological and economic benefits to food production. Plant characters governing aphid host selection often dictate eventual plant resistance or susceptibility to aphid herbivory, and these phenotypic characters have been successfully used to map aphid resistance genes. Aphid resistance is often inherited as a dominant trait, but is also polygenic and inherited as recessive or incompletely dominant traits. Most aphid-resistant cultivars exhibit constitutively expressed defenses, but some cultivars exhibit dramatic aphid-induced responses, resulting in the overexpression of large ensembles of putative aphid resistance genes. Two aphid resistance genes have been cloned. Mi-1.2, an NBS-LRR gene from wild tomato, confers resistance to potato aphid and three Meloidogyne root-knot nematode species, and Vat, an NBS-LRR gene from melon, controls resistance to the cotton/melon aphid and to some viruses. Virulence to aphid resistance genes of plants occurs in 17 aphid species--more than half of all arthropod biotypes demonstrating virulence. The continual appearance of aphid virulence underscores the need to identify new sources of resistance of diverse sequence and function in order to delay or prevent biotype development.
You Have to Use Endoscopy

A few days following receipt of the issue containing the article by Law and Kosloske (Pediatrics 58:362, September 1976), we admitted a 1-year-old child with a history of coughing after "putting a piece of paper" in his mouth. Radiographic findings were not remarkable and physical examination revealed an occasional coarse rhonchus bilaterally. The question arose should we use bronchoscopy in this infant or attempt removal according to this nonoperative method. In our opinion, there was no hesitancy to recommend bronchoscopy.
Sustaining Power Through Reality TV Discourse

(Department of Sociology, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut)Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture , edited by Susan Murray and LaurieOuellette. New York: New York University Press, 2004. 352 pp. $65.00(cloth). ISBN: 0Ð8147Ð5687Ð5. $22.00 (paper). ISBN: 0Ð8147Ð5688Ð3.Talking Trash: The Cultural Politics of Daytime TV Talk Shows , by Julie EngelManga. New York: New York University Press, 2003. 264 pp. $60.00(cloth). ISBN: 0Ð8147Ð5683Ð2. $22.00 (paper). ISBN: 0Ð8147Ð5684Ð0.The Money Shot: Trash, Class, and the Making of TV Talk Shows, by LauraGrindsta . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. 325 pp. $65.00(cloth). ISBN: 0Ð226Ð30909Ð6. $20.00 (paper). ISBN: 0Ð226Ð30911Ð8.While scholarly analyses of reality TV and its daytime talk show vari-ants are increasing, research has just begun to examine how guests, pro-duction sta , and viewers make sense of these shows. Research on talkshows and reality TV usually focus on their content Omaking claimsabout what the shows OareO or the possibilities they represent, taking arange of positionsO (Manga, p. 7). GamsonOs (1998) study on talk showsand sexual nonconformity exempli es research in this area with its con-tention that talk shows facilitate the development of new discursive prac-tices when they publicize the lives of marginalized groups. Specically,he argues that reality TV provides people who are largely excluded fromthe public sphere with a communal venue for normalizing their beingand cultural identities.The three works under review o er a more extensive critique of real-ity TVOs discursive production using various approaches. The rst assesseshow reality TV viewers make sense of these shows, the second investigates
Contribution of thermal conductivity to the crystal-regrowth velocity of embedded-atom-method-modeled metals and metal alloys.

The regrowth velocity of a crystal from a melt depends on contributions from the thermal conductivity, heat gradient, and latent heat. The relative contributions of these terms to the regrowth velocity of the pure metals copper and gold during liquid-phase epitaxy are evaluated. These results are used to explain how results from previous nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations using classical potentials are able to predict regrowth velocities that are close to the experimental values. Results from equilibrium molecular dynamics showing the nature of the solid-vapor interface of an embedded-atom-method-modeled ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{57}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{43}$ alloy at a temperature corresponding to 62% of the melting point are presented. The regrowth of this alloy following a simulation of a laser-processing experiment is also given, with use of nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics techniques. The thermal conductivity and temperature gradient in the simulation of the alloy are compared to those for the pure metals.
Form and Substance in Physical Database Design: An Empirical Study

As with many complex design problems, physical database design is difficult, ill-structured, and highly human intensive. In order to effectively construct support systems or improve the practice of database design, it is important to understand how human designers reason about the task. We report an empirical study of physical database design problem solving. Thirteen subjects each solved two physical database design problems: five subjects were experienced designers; eight were graduate students with little or no actual design experience, though they were exposed to the principles of design through course-work. For each problem, subjects were presented with a list of available problem information hardware, content, and activity data and were directed to generate a physical design record structures and access paths that would minimize retrieval time and storage space. All sessions were audiotaped. Three types of data were incorporated for the analysis: information acquisition patterns, solution generation patterns, and verbal protocol. It was hypothesized that database design reasoning embodies forms of deliberation to reduce problem-solving complexity and that these forms resemble those found in other design problem-solving studies-commonality of task environmental demands will result in commonality in problem-solving methods in response to those demands. In particular, we expected to find specific control strategies, the use of hierarchical abstraction, the use of problem-specific heuristics, and the use of qualtitative reasoning with mental models of dynamic components of the task. Our results indicate that these forms are indeed present and of significant value in physical database design problem solving. Experience played a significant role in determining both the form and substance of reasoning used in physical database design. Both experienced and inexperienced database designers exhibited at least some of these forms of reasoning. Experienced designers, however, effectively applied these forms, demonstrating a substance of reasoning, although their methods of application varied considerably. The least experienced designers did not effectively apply these forms and, lost in the detail of the design problems, were unable to generate reasonable designs. It is concluded that recognition of appropriate reasoning forms and the effective application of these forms are critical to developing efficient physical database designs. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Walden 1.9: Successive Approximations

In Walden Two, B. F. Skinner offered a cultural design that has intrigued behavior analysts and other thoughtful individuals for over forty years. Some experimental attempts to implement the technologies in the real world have occurred, but clearly the effects until now have been circumscribed, and behavior analysis is in short-term danger of becoming a specialized technology for dealing with a narrow range of human problems. Skinner himself, and others, have examined reasons for the limited situation and that of Walden two is too large to leap all at once. While Frazier’ s argument that separation from the mainstream is essential may ultimately prove true, at this point very few individuals have emitted the requisite behaviors, leaving behind family, career, and economic independence for a promised land of perpetual reinforcement. Three initial approaches are explored in this fictional account, each of which, building on stimulus equivalence, resembles existing cultural institutions to some extent, but may have potential for bringing Skinner’ s technology more broadly into daily life.
Trace elements and organochlorines in the shoalgrass community of the lower Laguna Madre Texas

Our objectives were to measure concentrations of seven trace elements and 14 organochlorine compounds in sediment and biota of the shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii) community of the lower Laguna Madre of south Texas and to determine whether chemicals associated with agriculture (e.g. mercury, arsenic, selenium, organochlorine pesticides) were highest near agricultural drainages. Arsenic, mercury, selenium, lead, cadmium, and organochlorines were generally at background concentrations throughout the lower Laguna Madre. Nickel and chromium concentrations were exceptionally high in shrimp and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), which is difficult to explain because of no known anthropogenic sources for these trace elements. For sediment and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), mercury was highest near agricultural drainages. Also, DDE was more frequently detected in blue crabs near agricultural drainages than farther away. In contrast, selenium concentrations did not differ among collecting sites and arsenic concentrations were lowest in shoalgrass, blue crabs, and brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) near agricultural drainages.
Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Corn in the Northern Great Plains

Nitrogen and water are the two most common limitations to crop production in the semiarid northern Great Plains. Little is known about N use efficiency by irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in this region. A study was conducted to determine how irrigation and N fertility levels affect growth and N use efficiency by corn. Corn was grown under three irrigation levels : precipitation plus irrigation equal to one, two, and three times the calculated evapotranspiration (ET) rate. Fertilizer use efficiency was determined using 15 N-enriched fertilizer applied at rates equivalent to 100 and 200 kg N ha -1 . Grain and dry matter yields, N content, and utilization of fertilizer N all exhibited yearly variations, probably the result of annual weather patterns, especially temperature. For years when temperatures during the growing season were below the 30-yr average and affected corn growth, there were no differences in yields and N content between the two fertility levels. For years when temperatures during the growing season were warm enough for favorable growth, corn responded to increasing N fertility with 60% greater yields, 75% greater N content, and 60% greater percentage N derived from fertilizer with the higher N fertility treatment. Averaged across rates, grain utilized 35% and stover an additional 15% of the applied fertilizer, while 30% remained in the upper 0.6 m of the soil profile at the end of the growing season. Twenty percent of the applied fertilizer could not be accounted for, lost to leaching or denitrification. Supplemental irrigation and N fertilization are viable management practices available to producers in the semiarid northern Great Plains.
Mechanisms of ryanodine-induced depression of caffeine-induced tension transients in skinned striated rabbit muscle fibers.

Evidence suggests that ryanodien affects ligandgated calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) resulting in depressed muscle contraction. In skinned fibers from striated muscle the effects of ryanodine were examined (1) on Ca2+ uptake and on Ca2+ release to differentiate whether the effects are on the pump or channel, and (2) during the tension transient, with ryanodine exposure at various times either simultaneous with or directly after exposure to caffeine. Of total calcium content in the SR, 25 mM caffeine released>90% in papillary muscle (PM), ≃25% in soleus (SL), and ≃20% in adductor magnus (AM). Ryanodine (100 μM for 1–3 s for AM and SL; 1 μM for 7–10 s for PM), in the initial loading phase, did not significantly change, and in the initial release phase, markedly depressed the subsequent control caffeine-induced tension transients (C2) in all three muscle types. The depression increased with increasing time of exposure to ryanodine (10 μM) in the order of PM>AM>SL. Upon introduction of ryanodine after caffeine-induced tension transients, maximal depression was observed at half-maximum rise of the tension transient, followed by recovery of depression to completion in SL, and only partially in AM and PM at steady state of relaxation. The extent of recovery was in the order of SL>AM>PM. The data suggest that ryanodine affects Ca2+ releasing channel as a result of its binding to open channels.
Isolation, characterization, and application of monoclonal antibodies to rat tyrosine hydroxylase.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; EC 1.14.16.2) activity in crude extracts of rat pheochromocytoma, rat brain, and bovine adrenal medulla can be immunoprecipitated in an indirect assay by monoclonal antibodies prepared against partially purified rat pheochromocytoma TH. One of tese monoclonal antibodies, TH-2D8hyphen;2, can be used for immunocytochemical localization of TH in cell bodies, dendrites, and axons in catecholaminergic neurons (e.g., cells in the substantia nigra) of rat brain and in the cell body, neurites, and growth cones of rat pheochromocytoma cells after treatment with nerve growth factor. When linked to Affihyphen;gel 10, this monoclonal antibody can also be used for immunoaffinity purification of rat and bovine TH. These results suggest that THhyphen;2D8hyphen;2 is a valuable reagent with which to investigate the localization, physiological regulation, and function of this important enzyme.
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein

Loss of the retinoblastoma protein, pRb, appears to have a role in several human tumor types. Mice lacking pRb have been produced as models of human disease, but have a different spectrum of affected tissues. Recent work shows that the tumorigenic effects of pRb may be revealed only after additional genetic alterations, such as loss of p53. New targets/effectors of pRb have been identified recently, and the system of kinases that inactivate pRb is proving to be complex.
Graphitized carbon on GaAs(100) substrates

We report on the formation of graphitized carbon on GaAs(100) surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy. We grew highly carbon-doped GaAs on AlAs, which was then thermally etched in situ leaving behind carbon atoms on the surface. After thermal etching, Raman spectra revealed characteristic phonon modes for sp2-bonded carbon, consistent with the formation of graphitic crystallites. We estimate that the graphitic crystallites are 1.5–3 nm in size and demonstrate that crystallite domain size can be increased through the use of higher etch temperatures.
A Criticism of Interrater Reliablility Procedures for the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Interrater agreement figures for the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Scales (NBAS) may be inflated by the limited functional range of several of the scales, by the practice of allowing disagreements of 1 point to be counted as agreements, and by the procedure for administration of the first four scales. The effect of these factors on interrater reliability is discussed in this paper. Furthermore, evidence is shown that high interrater agreement on the full NBAS may not produce high interrater agreement on the a-priori scales which are often used to interpret the NBAS.
VENTURIA INAEQUALIS (CKE.) WINT. XIV. NUTRITIONAL CONTROL OF PATHOGENICITY OF CERTAIN INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL MUTANTS

IN A PAPER (Boone et al., 1957) published concurrently with this, references are given to earlier papers in this series on the genetics, nutrition, and pathogenicity of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., and the pathogenicity of many induced biochemical mutants is reported. Mutants requiring, respectively, biotin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, inositol, or reduced sulfur were pathogenic like the wild-type line from which they were derived. Mutants requiring choline, riboflavin, purines, pyrimidines, arginine, histidine, methionine, or proline were nonpathogenic. Three lines of evidence indicated that the losses of pathogenicity were due to the nutritional deficiencies: (1) loss of pathogenicity was associated with auxotrophy, (2) mutants with like nutritional requirements showed like losses of pathogenicity, (3) all mutant progeny from crosses of nonpathogenic mutants with wild type were nonpathogenic whereas all wild-type progeny from the same crosses were pathogenic. It was hypothesized that if the mutants were nonpathogenic because they were nutritionally deficient, they should become pathogenic2 if their required substances were made available to them during the incubation period. This paper reports studies made to test this hypothesis. An account of the growth of the mutants in vitro in leaf sap is also given. Preliminary reports have been made (Boone et al., 1954; Keitt and Boone, 1955, 1956; Kline, 1956; Kline et al., 1956). MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Mutants employed.All mutants used in this study were derived from the monoascosporic, highly pathogenic, wild-type line 365-4 (Boone et al., 1956). The attempts at restoring pathogenicity were made mainly with eight mutants that had been found to be nonpathogenic in previous studies (Keitt and Boone, 1954; Boone et al., 19,57). The mutants required, respec-
A Plasmodium from Chickens in Wisconsin

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE species of Plasmodium known to occur naturally in chickens and cause malaria in that host are Plasmodium gallinaceum (Brumpt, 1935) and P. juxtanucleare (Versiani and Gomes, 1941). The former species has been recorded from fowls in Ceylon, Indo-China, Malaya and Sumatra. Natural outbreaks in fowls have been described (Crawford, 1945) in Ceylon. Occurrence of two naturally acquired infections in exotic fowls at the Izatnagar Poultry Farm, India, was described (Rao, Das and Ramnani, 1951Rao, Das and Ramnani, 1952). Plasmodium juxtanucleare has been described in chickens in Brazil by Versiani (1943) and in Mexico by Beltran (1943). The natural occurrence of a Plasmodium in chickens within the United States has apparently not been reported previously. OBSERVATIONS OF NATURAL INFECTIONS In June, 1959, during a survey of chicken parasites in Wisconsin, a Plasmodium-like organism was discovered in a blood smear from a 6-week-old chicken, one of a small flock maintained for research work …
Programs of teacher education as mediators of White teacher identity

A growing body of scholarship in teacher education has explored the historical, systemic, interactional, and individual factors that create possibilities and challenges in White teachers’ reconceptualization of their racial identity and of the purpose and nature of their work in a racialized society. However, there has been little attention to programs of teacher education as critical mediators of such learning and change. Through an analysis of in-depth interviews with four prospective White teachers in the United States, we develop a framework of White teachers’ racial identities as situated within racial ideologies and mediated by the context of teacher education programs. The framework helps elucidate how teachers’ racial identities are instantiated through interactions and available identities in a program space, which are in turn shaped both by ideology and program structure and culture. The framework and findings urge an insertion of our own agency, as teacher educators, into the analyses of White ...