cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of intracanal medicaments used in endodontic regeneration procedures on microhardness and chemical structure of dentin

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to investigate the effects of different intracanal medicaments on chemical structure and microhardness of dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty human dentin discs were obtained from intact third molars and randomly assigned into two control groups and three treatment groups. The first control group received no treatment. The second control group (no medicament group) was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), stored in humid environment for four weeks and then irrigated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The three treatment groups were irrigated with NaOCl, treated for four weeks with either 1 g/mL triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based triple antibiotic paste (DTAP), or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and finally irrigated with EDTA. After treatment, one half of each dentin disc was subjected to Vickers microhardness (n = 10 per group) and the other half was used to evaluate the chemical structure (phosphate/amide I ratio) of treated dentin utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 5 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Dentin discs treated with different intracanal medicaments and those treated with NaOCl + EDTA showed significant reduction in microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.05) compared to no treatment control dentin. Furthermore, dentin discs treated with TAP had significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.0001) compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of DTAP or Ca(OH)2 medicaments during endodontic regeneration may cause significantly less microhardness reduction and superficial demineralization of dentin compared to the use of TAP.
702 Ex-Vivo Lymphadenectomy During Gastrectomy for Adenocarcinoma Optimizes Lymph Node Yield

Introduction Variability in surgical and pathological techniques in Western centers may lead to inconsistency in lymph node staging in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. We hypothesize that ex vivo dissection (EVD) after gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma increases lymph node yield.
Research progress on etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children

Community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) is one of the most common childhood diseases,which is the main reason causes death in children under 5 years old.The common pathogens,which induces CAP,includes bacteria,viruses and atypical pathogens(mycoplasma,chlamydia,legionella).Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most important bacterial pathogen,and respiratory syncytial virus is the most common viral pathogen.The age of children is negatively correlated with viral infection,while hospitalization length is positively correlated with the ratio of the bacterial infection.Children CAP distribution varies significantly in different countries,districts and periods.Closely monitoring of major pathogens of local respiratory infections and categories of pathogens of children patients in different age groups not only helps to assist the clinical diagnosis and treatment,but also to guide targeted prevention measures adoption in local disease control.
AMIA President's Awards, 2002

Jeffrey S. Blair, MBA Mr. Blair is recognized for his work with the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics and service as chair of the workgroup on Computer-based Patient Records and as Vice-chair of the subcommittee on Standards and Security. Christopher G. Chute, MD, DrPH Dr. Chute is acknowledged for his leadership and contributions over …
Patterns of transmission of bilharziasis in Rhodesia.

Bilharziasis ranks .as one of .the most important endemIc diseases In Rhodesia and elsewhere in Africa because of its high prevalence, particularly In the AfrIcan population and because both the prevalence and the intensity of infection are increasing in most areas. This article deals with the patterns of transmission.
Second Messenger Models

In this chapter, more abstractions of a second messenger model are presented. The trigger effects are explicitly modeled in terms of sigmoidal transformations leading to models involving concatenations of up to three sigmoidal functions as a useful abstraction. Details of the calcium second messenger pathways are presented in terms of the three sigmoid model as well. Finally, a short discussion of how this all ties together in cellular computation is included.
Vagueness is a kind of conflation

This paper sketches an understanding of conflation and vagueness according to which the latter is a special kind of the former. First, I sketch a particular understanding of conflation. Then, I go on to argue that vague concepts fit directly into this understanding. This picture of vagueness is related, but not identical, to a number of existing accounts.
Wrongful Convictions and Upstream Reform in the Criminal Justice System

This Article explores the viability of upstream criminal justice reforms within the context of an adversary and procedural system of criminal justice, focusing on reforms in eyewitness identification procedures. Mistaken eyewitness identification evidence is often cited as the leading cause of wrongful convictions in the United States. Eyewitness identification reforms have also been the most developed upstream efforts to grow out of the innocence movement. The success and limitation of upstream reform in eyewitness identification shed light on the efficacy of upstream criminal justice system reform more generally, as well as in areas that are less developed, such as the introduction of false confessions or the use of unreliable forensic science. Part II of the Article describes the upstream trajectory of reform in the area of eyewitness identifications. It demonstrates how DNA exonerations have shed light on the inadequacy of trial procedures to correct or mitigate the damage caused by investigatory missteps that alter eyewitness testimony, and it explains the reforms to law enforcement investigatory practices that have been recommended by social science researchers to prevent mistaken eyewitness identifications. Part III demonstrates the landscape of post-exoneration legal reform, cataloguing the legislation enacted in a growing number of states that requires law enforcement agencies to adopt and adhere to eyewitness identification "best practices." This Part also demonstrates the reluctance of legislatures and courts to fashion robust downstream enforcement mechanisms to incentivize good investigatory practices, such as establishing a per se rule excluding evidence that resulted from impermissibly suggestive eyewitness identification procedures.
Leverage: Review of Burk & Lemley, 'The Patent Crisis and How the Courts Can Solve It'

Dan L. Burk and Mark A. Lemley’s “The Patent Crisis and How the Courts Can Solve It” (The University of Chicago Press, 2009) is valuable for anyone interested in patent law. The book serves two goals. First, it suggests how patent reform in the United States can best be accomplished: not through Congressional amendment of the patent statute, but by judicial implementation of industry-specific reforms, in interpreting the existing act. Some jurisdictions, such as India, already differentiate between industrial sectors more explicitly in patent policy than the United States. Second, of interest to patent law worldwide, the book provides a clear and concise explanation of the many applications of economics to patent law and theory over the past few decades, especially with respect to how the diverse forms in innovation in different industries are reflected in patent economics, and could bolster patent reform.
Highly Selective Cyclotrimerization of Lithocholic Acid by DCC/DMAP Reagent

Recently, the synthesis of taylor-made dimeric and oligomeric steroids has become of interest because of their possible application as biochemical/ cellular membrane models and as components in molecular engineering. Cyclocholates are bile acid-based macrocycles capable of binding other biologically important substances. Some of them have been used as a chiral building block to construct artificial receptors and led to related molecular recognition studies. The peptide conformations influenced by a subtle change in the molecular structure of the steroid is also reported recently. The syntheses of cyclocholates were achieved from the cycloesterification of appropriately prepared monomeric hydroxy acids by using 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (DCBC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) refluxing in toluene (Yamaguchi macrolactonization) or by transesterification under thermodynamic, equilibrating conditions using a potassium methoxide-crown ether complex. In this paper, we report a unique macrolactonization of lithocholic acid using DCC and DMAP and the isolation of cyclodilithocholate (2a), cyclotrilithocholate (2b), and cyclotetralithocholate (2c). CROATICA CHEMICA ACTA CCACAA 71 (3) 827?831 (1998)
Abstract TP104: A Novel in vitro Model of Cerebral Ischemia Using Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stroke constitutes the 5th cause of death in the United States and an important cause of morbidity. During ischemic stroke injury, the blood-brain barrier (BBB, part of the neurovascular unit) is c...
A Comparison of Long Pediatric Hospitalizations in 1985 and 1994

The objective of this study was to identify pediatric conditions commonly resulting in long hospitalizations, to evaluate changes in hospital use for these conditions over a 9-year period, and to describe the characteristics of children hospitalized for long periods (longer than 7 days). To accomplish this purpose we conducted a population-based, descriptive analysis of pediatric hospitalizations for children aged 1 to 12 years in California in 1985 and 1994 using hospital discharge data. We found that hospitalizations of longer than 7 days accounted for 10.8% of pediatric hospitalizations in 1985 (58.4% of pediatric hospital days) and 11.8% of hospitalizations in 1994 (50.4% of hospital days). Rates of long pediatric hospitalization decreased from 312.1/100,000 children in 1985 to 236.4/100,000 children in 1994. Rates fell for both sexes, in all racial/ ethnic groups, and among both preschool-age and school-age children. Common reasons for long hospitalizations in both 1985 and 1994 included lower-limb fractures, pneumonia, appendicitis, and malignancies. The rate of long hospitalization for mental disorders increased by 57% between 1985 and 1994, while the rate for injuries and poisoning decreased by 38%. In summary, long pediatric hospitalizations in 1985 and 1994 accounted for under 12% of all hospitalizations of children but for more than 50% of all hospital days. Although the overall rate of long pediatric hospitalizations decreased, rates for certain conditions, notably mental disorders, increased. As states continue to implement major health care changes, further study of conditions among children that account for a large proportion of hospital days is warranted.
Ribosome Collision Is Critical for Quality Control during No-Go Decay.

Summary No-go decay (NGD) is a eukaryotic quality control mechanism that evolved to cope with translational arrests. The process is characterized by an endonucleolytic cleavage near the stall sequence, but the mechanistic details are unclear. Our analysis of cleavage sites indicates that cleavage requires multiple ribosomes on the mRNA. We also show that reporters harboring stall sequences near the initiation codon, which cannot accommodate multiple ribosomes, are not subject to NGD. Consistent with our model, we uncover an inverse correlation between ribosome density per mRNA and cleavage efficiency. Furthermore, promoting global ribosome collision in vivo resulted in ubiquitination of ribosomal proteins, suggesting that collision is sensed by the cell to initiate downstream quality control processes. Collectively, our data suggest that NGD and subsequent quality control are triggered by ribosome collision. This model provides insight into the regulation of quality control processes and the manner by which they reduce off-target effects.
Identidad de género de la mujer: tres tesis sobre su dimensión social

En la historia del pensamiento social, identidad y genero son conceptos que, a pesar de haber prevalecido durante periodos prolongados, no han provocado grandes aspavientos, por lo que, en realidad, su presencia y fortaleza conceptual han pasado inadvertidas. Durante los cinco lustros mas recientes, hemos sido espectadores de un considerable numero de movimientos que, al provenir de distintas esferas sociales y por tener diferentes directrices politicas, han propiciado la necesidad de una profunda reconsideracion acerca de sus contenidos y usos en el discurso cientifico, institucional y cotidiano. En el orden de lo teorico, esto ha significado una reconceptualizacion radical: genero e identidad, identidad y genero, identidad de genero. Como actores sociales y sujetos cognoscientes, hemos presenciado no el nacimiento de esos dos conceptos, sino su resignificacion total. En este trabajo se explora la dimension social —y en ese sentido sociologica— de la estructuracion y renovacion de la identidad de genero de la mujer. ABSTRACT Even the history of social thought, identity and gender are ideas that, even though they have prevailed for a long period of time, haven't caused a great fuss, so, in reality, their presence and conceptual strength have gone unnoticed. Over the last 25 years, we have witnessed a considerable amount of movements that, because they originate from different social spheres, and because they have diverse political directrices, have caused the need for a profound reconsideration about their contents and uses in the scientific, institutional and daily discourse; theoretically this has meant a radical rethinking: gender and identity, identity and gender, gender identity. As social actors and cognitive subjects, we have not only witnessed the birth of these two concepts, but their total re-significance. This essay explores the social —and, in a sense, sociological— dimension of the structuring and renewal of women's gender identity.
The Vietnam War Reexamined

Going beyond the dominant orthodox narrative to incorporate insight from revisionist scholarship on the Vietnam War, Michael G. Kort presents the case that the United States should have been able to win the war, and at a much lower cost than it suffered in defeat. Presenting a study that is both historiographic and a narrative history, Kort analyzes important factors such as the strong nationalist credentials and leadership qualities of South Vietnam's Ngo Dinh Diem; the flawed military strategy of 'graduated response' developed by Robert McNamara; and the real reasons South Vietnam collapsed in the face of a massive North Vietnamese invasion in 1975. Kort shows how the US commitment to defend South Vietnam was not a strategic error but a policy consistent with US security interests during the Cold War, and that there were potentially viable strategic approaches to the war that might have saved South Vietnam.
Defeating Cancers' Adaptive Defensive Strategies Using Thermal Therapies: Examining Cancer's Therapeutic Resistance, Ablative, and Computational Modeling Strategies as a means for Improving Therapeutic Outcome.

Background:Diverse thermal ablative therapies are currently in use for the treatment of cancer. Commonly applied with the intent to cure, these ablative therapies are providing promising success ra...
THE INFLUENCE OF WIND DIRECTION ON THE RESPONSE OF A SQUARE-SECTION TALL BUILDING

This paper describes a wind-tunnel study to determine the effect of wind-direction on the response of a square-section tall building with an 8.33 to 1 aspect ratio. Rigid models instrumented with pressure transducers were used to determine the modal forces for the fundamental translational and torsional modes of the building. Using these forces and typical stiffness and damping values, the influence of wind-direction on the response of a 500:1 scale prototype building was estimated. The maximum response was generally found to occur when the wind was blowing onto a face of the building. Comparisons are made between predicted response levels of the prototype building, based on experimental results on the one hand, and on current design procedures on the other hand.
Role of placental lactogen and prolactin in human pregnancy.

Placental lactogen and prolactin along with growth hormone form a family of protein hormones with striking homologies in chemical and biological properties (Josimovich and McLaren, 1962; Sherwood et al., 1971). The three hormones have molecular weights in the range of 22–24 kD and exhibit both lactogenic and somatotrophic properties (Table 1). Human placental lactogen (hPL; human chorionic somatomammotrophin, hCS) is synthesized by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta, the same cells which synthesize and secrete human chorionic gonadotropin. Human prolactin during pregnancy is synthesized and secreted by both the anterior pituitary gland and the decidua.
Usefulness of early morning stem water potential as a sensitive indicator of water status of deficit-irrigated grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the practical use of early morning stem water potential ( Ψ stem-em ) as a measure of water status of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo under field conditions within the Southern Oregon American Viticultural Area (AVA). Midday leaf water potential ( Ψ leaf-md ), midday stem water potential ( Ψ stem-md ), and Ψ stem-em were each measured on vines being irrigated at 70% of crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) and 35% of ET c . Predawn leaf water potential ( Ψ pd ) and Ψ stem-em were also measured on the same cultivar with the same irrigation treatments at a different vineyard within the same AVA. In comparing Ψ leaf-md , Ψ stem-md , and Ψ stem-em over the growing season, early morning measurements showed differences between irrigation treatments on three of four measurement dates while midday measurements on the same vines showed differences on only one of four dates. Linear regression analysis of Ψ stem-em versus Ψ pd , Ψ stem-md , and Ψ leaf-md indicated significant positive correlations. Ψ stem-em measurements also had a high degree of repeatability as indicted by their low coefficients of variance. The results of this study indicate that Ψ stem-em could be a useful parameter for the assessment of grapevine water status due to its high sensitivity compared to other commonly used metrics.
Meaning in Second Language Learning and Teaching.

In this article I will focus on the role of grammar rules and their relationship to language teaching, learning, and communicating. My intent is to stimulate teachers to examine the approach that t...
Students as researchers: learning about tourists of the future

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a class project that engaged undergraduate students as researchers to learn about the concepts and practices involved in conducting and sharing research regarding hospi...
Linking innate immunity and chronic antibody-mediated allograft rejection.

Purpose of review To summarize recent findings linking donor-specific antibodies with innate immunity resulting in chronic allograft rejection. Recent findings Studies in recent years highlight the significance of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) in both acute and chronic allograft rejection. Since chronic rejection is the leading cause of graft failure, this review centers on the contribution of three areas of innate immunity of particular recent focus: complement, NK cells, and macrophages. Recent advances indicate the diverse roles that complement components play both in directly initiating allograft injury and indirectly by contributing to enhanced alloreactivity. NK cells also have emerged as an additional innate response that directly links DSA with chronic graft injury. Finally, recent studies identify alternatively activated macrophages as an additional arm of innate immunity contributing to chronic allograft rejection. Summary Chronic allograft rejection involves a significant contribution of DSA and differing pathways of the innate immune system. However, key issues remain unresolved. First, it is not always clear which of these varied sources of innate immunity contributing to chronic rejection may be antibody dependent. Moreover, it is not yet clear if these innate pathways represent independent routes that contribute to chronic rejection or rather act in concert to mediate allograft injury.
When Minoritized Students Challenge Biases towards Members of Dominant Groups in Cultural Immersion

Cultural immersion exercises, used often in counselor education, can effectively challenge student biases and encourage interaction with persons outside of the student’s own community or comfort zone. Through such exercises students belonging to minoritized groups may choose to address biases they hold for members of dominant groups who have discriminated against them, yet this dynamic has not been adequately studied. A thematic narrative analysis of student journal entries during a cultural immersion experience illuminated distinct qualities of their developmental processes. Implications for how counselor educators can support minoritized students’ growth in cultural responsiveness (and self-care) through such immersion experiences are emphasized.
Real-world Outcomes among Eyes with Center-Involving Diabetic Macular Edema and Good Visual Acuity

We aimed to determine long-term visual and anatomical outcomes among patients with center involving-diabetic macular edema and good vision and evaluate factors associated with visual and anatomic o...
Contraception need and available services among incarcerated women in the United States: a systematic review.

Seventy-five percent of incarcerated women are of reproductive age, most of whom are at-risk for unintended pregnancy. Women who are incarcerated come disproportionately from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds and often lack access to desired reproductive health care. While the carceral system provides a unique opportunity to fill this gap, a better understanding of the contraceptive needs, desires, and plans of incarcerated women is needed to optimize health care provision within the carceral system. A review of current contraceptive services available to women inmates may both identify model care programs and shed light on areas for improvement. PubMed electronic database used to identify relevant articles published between January 1975 and September 2019 using a systematic review method. Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and answered four key questions surrounding contraception in the carceral system. Most articles (48%) represented scientific research. Other publications identified by this review were expert commentaries, policy briefings, guidance and recommendations reports, and law and bioethics reviews. Incarcerated women desire access to standard and emergency contraception from carceral health care systems. Knowledgeable family planning practitioners providing patient-centered and trauma-informed care and public health interventions linking newly released inmates to community clinics can help alleviate inmates’ concerns regarding initiating desired contraception while incarcerated.
Functional Assessment in Latinos with Dementia: A Review of Tools and Cultural Considerations

As the American elderly population continues to grow, so will the number of Latinos living with dementia. A critical aspect of dementia evaluation involves functional assessment, referring to the evaluation of the ability to carry out basic activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Functional assessment bears relevance in numerous fashions, including safety and care planning, diagnostic conclusions, treatment planning, and recommendations. A number of questionnaire- and performance-based measures exist to assess the capacity to execute ADLs and IADLs, each possessing their own unique strengths and limitations. However, a number of cultural and linguistic influences can impact the validity of results from these measures, ranging from language barriers to cultural beliefs about illness to shame and stigma, which can alter reporting styles on questionnaires or execution of tasks on performance-based measures. Moreover, the psychometric properties of these measures, as well as translated versions of these measures, need to be considered yet are often overlooked, calling into question the suitability of their use and findings among Latinos. This chapter reviews key issues pertaining to the functional assessment of Latinos with dementia, including the general strengths and limitations of available measures, key cultural and linguistic considerations, and clinical and research recommendations to help improve the accuracy of the functional assessment of Latinos with dementia.
Nuclear physics on the lattice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the strong interaction in quarks and gluons. Describing the nucleus at the level of quarks and gluons is useful because nuclei are unique laboratories for studying the theory of this strong interaction. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is complicated but techniques are being developed to solve it. The chapter discusses the computation of the potential between a static quark and an anti-quark. Using the path-integral Monte Carlo method, the exact vacuum energy can be obtained efficiently. The 3-quark potential to describe a baryon can be calculated in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. String rearrangement in a 6-quark situation that leads to fundamental understanding of the short-range nucleon–nucleon interaction can also be studied.
Natural product scaffolds as inspiration for the design and synthesis of 20S human proteasome inhibitors

The 20S proteasome is a valuable target for the treatment of a number of diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and parasitic infection. In an effort to discover novel inhibitors of the 20S proteasome, many reseaarchers have looked to natural products as potential leads for drug discovery. The following review discusses the efforts made in the field to isolate and identify natural products as inhibitors of the proteasome. In addition, we describe some of the modifications made to natural products in order to discover more potent and selective inhibitors for potential disease treatment.
A Tutorial of Bland Altman Analysis in A Bayesian Framework

There are two schools of thought in statistical analysis, frequentist, and Bayesian. Though the two approaches produce similar estimations and predictions in large-sample studies, their interpretations are different. Bland Altman analysis is a statistical method that is widely used for comparing two methods of measurement. It was originally proposed under a frequentist framework, and it has not been used under a Bayesian framework despite the growing popularity of Bayesian analysis. It seems that the mathematical and computational complexity narrows access to Bayesian Bland Altman analysis. In this article, we provide a tutorial of Bayesian Bland Altman analysis. One approach we suggest is to address the objective of Bland Altman analysis via the posterior predictive distribution. We can estimate the probability of an acceptable degree of disagreement (fixed a priori) for the difference between two future measurements. To ease mathematical and computational complexity, an interface applet is provided with a guideline.
Debility Risk Model as a Predictor for Postsurgical Outcomes.

BackgroundDecreased patient functional status is associated with higher rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The Vizient program recently implemented a debility risk model to identify pa...
Early Warning for Great Earthquakes From Characterization of Crustal Deformation Patterns With Deep Learning

Although infrequent, large (Mw7.5+) earthquakes can be extremely damaging and occur on subduction and intraplate faults worldwide. Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems aim to provide advanced warning before strong shaking and tsunami onsets. These systems estimate earthquake magnitude using the early metrics of waveforms, relying on empirical scaling relationships of abundant past events. However, both the rarity and complexity of great events make it challenging to characterize them, and EEW algorithms often underpredict magnitude and the resulting hazards. Here we propose a model, M-LARGE, that leverages the power of deep learning to characterize crustal deformation patterns of large earthquakes in real time. We demonstrate the algorithm in the Chilean Subduction Zone by training it with more than six million different simulated rupture scenarios recorded on the Chilean GNSS network. M-LARGE successfully performs reliable magnitude estimation on the testing dataset with an accuracy of 99%. Furthermore, the model successfully predicts the magnitude of five real Chilean earthquakes that occurred in the last 11 years. These events were damaging, large enough to be recorded by the modern HR-GNSS instrument in the last decade, and provide valuable ground truth. M-LARGE tracks the evolution of the source process and can make faster and more accurate magnitude estimation, significantly outperforming other similar EEW algorithms.
Perceived sensitivity to medicines and the experience of side-effects: understanding intentional medication nonadherence among people living with HIV

Patient initiated decisions to forgo taking medications (i.e. intentional nonadherence) pose significant challenges to managing chronic health conditions. Identifying factors and their underlying m...
Aortic stenosis

Valvular aortic stenosis in pediatric age group is mostly congenital in origin. The aortic valve may be unicuspid, bicuspid, tricuspid or rarely quadricuspid. Left ventricle undergoes concentric hypertrophy secondary to obstruction to its outflow tract. In neonatal aortic stenosis, left ventricle may be hypoplastic. The pathophysiology and clinical presentation vary with the age of onset and severity of obstruction. Echocardiography and Doppler are indispensible for the diagnosis of aortic stenosis and its severity. Cardiac catheterization is not necessary for the diagnosis, however it is performed as a part of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in severe cases. Balloon valvuloplasty is an effective alternative to surgery in pediatrie age group. Some of these patients require surgical valve repair or replacement on follow-up. Neonates and young infants with critical aortic stenosis present with cardiogenic shock and need aggressive treatment with prostaglandin E1 infusion along with inotropic support. In experienced hands, balloon valvuloplasty is a safe procedure in neonates and infants with critical stenosis. Patients with mild and moderate aortic stenosis may be left on medical follow-up.
Assisted Reproduction and Male Factor Fertility: Which Type Is Right?

Over the past 25 years, the reproductive endocrinologist and the in vitro fertilization (IVF)/andrology laboratory have had an increasing role in the treatment of male infertility. In general, the male with compromised fertility is first evaluated by the reproductive urologist. Based upon this evaluation and a thorough discussion with the couple, the reproductive endocrinology team has several options in maximizing the couple’s chance to conceive. The two interventions currently employed are intrauterine insemination (IUI) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Resonant waveguide grating imagers for single cell analysis and high throughput screening

Resonant waveguide grating (RWG) systems illuminate an array of diffractive nanograting waveguide structures in microtiter plate to establish evanescent wave for measuring tiny changes in local refractive index arising from the dynamic mass redistribution of living cells upon stimulation. Whole-plate RWG imager enables high-throughput profiling and screening of drugs. Microfluidics RWG imager not only manifests distinct receptor signaling waves, but also differentiates long-acting agonism and antagonism. Spatially resolved RWG imager allows for single cell analysis including receptor signaling heterogeneity and the invasion of cancer cells in a spheroidal structure through 3-dimensional extracellular matrix. High frequency RWG imager permits real-time detection of drug-induced cardiotoxicity. The wide coverage in target, pathway, assay, and cell phenotype has made RWG systems powerful tool in both basic research and early drug discovery process.
New Insights into the Evolution of an Intervalley Prehistoric Irrigation Canal System, North Coastal Peru

We present the results of combined AMS-14C and single-grain luminescence dating of pre-Columbian irrigation canals that are part of the Racarumi Intervalley Canal System (RICS) in northern Peru. Archaeological and archival evidence suggest that the RICS was constructed during Middle Sican (A.D. 900–1100) rule and continued to operate during Chimu and Inka conquests in the A.D. 1300s and 1400s, respectively, until finally succumbing to Spanish control of the area in the early A.D. 1500s. Detrital charcoal (AMS-14C) and sand grains (OSL and IRSL) were collected from active, post-abandonment, and clean out deposits in six earthen canals located within three separate alignments of the RICS. Resulting ages confirm operation during Middle Sican, Late Sican, Chimu, and Inka control, and possibly into the early part of the Spanish period. Placed within their hydroclimatological context, RICS canal deposits document recurrent El Nino flooding ∼A.D. 1300–1600 but indicate that damage to the system was repaired and the canals continued to operate despite periodic disruptions. This study demonstrates that single-grain luminescence analysis conducted within a framework of geomorphology and formation processes has significant potential for detailed and accurate dating of ancient water-control systems.
The Transmission/Disequilibrium Test

The transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) is an association-based test for linkage. It is a family-based test and thus avoids the problems potentially arising in case–control tests from population stratification. However it does this at some loss of power. Various other positive and negative features of the test are examined from a quantitative viewpoint. Keywords: transmission-disequilibrium test; linkage; association; power; marker alleles; chi-square tests
Twenty‐Five Years of Interdisciplinary Global Change Science

An interdisciplinary approach to global change research is required for scientific advances that are both fundamental and relevant to real-world problems. The Aspen Global Change Institute (AGCI), under the leadership of director John Katzenberger, has provided global leadership for such interdisciplinary science over the past 25 years. From its first workshop, AGCI has brought together physical and social scientists researching the drivers of change, Earth system response, natural and human system impacts, and options for risk management. The sessions are small (usually around 30 participants), held in a retreat-like setting (recently in a tent near a stream), and long enough (a week or more) to allow communication, reflection, and planning. Landmark AGCI science sessions have frequently set the course of future global change research.
iPath: Intelligent and optimal path selection for Byzantine fault tolerant communication

This paper considers reliable communication in presence of Byzantine faulty nodes, using multiple node-disjoint routes. To tolerate f Byzantine faults, at least 2f + 1 node-disjoint paths are needed between a source and destination node pair. However, often the faulty nodes' misbehavior manifests itself as a "disagreement" between information provided by the faulty node and its neighbors. This disagreement can be captured in the form of a conflict graph. Even though the conflict graph does not always allow us to identify faulty nodes precisely, we show that it can still be used to reduce the number of paths necessary for reliable communication (to smaller than 2f+1). We consider two strategies for using the node-disjoint paths for reliable delivery of messages: replication and coding across different paths. For each strategy, we propose iPath, a scheme to identify the optimal set of paths that needs to be used to achieve reliable communication for a given conflict graph.
The Thermodynamics of Electrical Systems

This chapter discusses the thermodynamics of electrochemical cells. An electrochemical cell can function as an electrolytic cell, in which an externally imposed voltage produces a chemical reaction, or as a galvanic cell, in which a spontaneous chemical reaction produces a current in an external circuit. Thermodynamic relations can be specialized to give useful information about electrochemical systems. The electrostatic potential energy is part of the thermodynamic energy U and is included in the Gibbs energy and in the chemical potential. The chemical potential including the electric potential is usually called the electrochemical potential. It is the true chemical potential that obeys the Gibbs-Duhem relation and the fundamental fact of phase equilibrium. Standard-state half-cell reduction potentials can be used to obtain the standard-state voltage for any cell that can be made from two half-cells, using the relation E° = E° (right) - E°(left), where E°(right) and E°(left) are the half-cell potentials for the two electrodes in their standard states.
Dynamic correlations between hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuronal responses to acute whole-brain ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia sets off a cascade of neuronal and metabolic responses to preserve brain viability. An understanding of the temporal evolution of these changes during and after ischemia, and their correlation with hemodynamic changes, is essential. In this study, a 12-min whole-brain ischemia based on the four-blood-vessel occlusion model was employed in rats. Using a high-temporal-resolution simultaneous (1)H-(31)P MRS acquisition sequence at 9.4 T, we investigated dynamic occlusion and reperfusion responses in cerebral lactate (Lac), phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), pH, and blood oxygenation level dependence (BOLD), together with changes in neuronal field potential activity. We reveal tightly coupled dynamics between hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuronal responses to ischemia. Neuronal activity, BOLD, PCr, Lac, and pH changed immediately following occlusion, indicating reduced energy substrates and consumption, and increased glycolysis to maintain cellular ATP levels, which started to decrease 2.2 min after the onset of occlusion. ATP stores were then gradually consumed to maintain a minimum housekeeping neuronal activity level. By correlating dynamic changes of brain activity, BOLD, and energy metabolism, new insights into the brain's survival ability and mechanisms during an acute ischemic attack from the perspectives of cerebral metabolism, neuroenergetics, and neuronal activity were gained.
Building Bridges from the Campus to XSEDE

XSEDE is the integration framework for national-scale, public HPC resources in the United States. XSEDE is used by thousands of researchers at hundreds of college and university campuses throughout the country, as well as many international collaborators. Over the past several program years, XSEDE has redefined its identity management, security, and service interfaces to bridge the gap between national-scale HPC resources and campus-based computing resources. These changes make it easier for research performed on campus to access our national computing resources and make them a part of the everyday research process. We report here on XSEDE's new identity management system and how it provides a smooth bridge between campus and national identity systems. We also describe how this federated security system supports two additional bridges between campuses and national HPC services, one involving data movement and another involving scientific workflows.
Fusion-defective mutants of mouse hepatitis virus A59 contain a mutation in the spike protein cleavage signal.

Abstract Infection of primary mouse glial cell cultures with mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 results in a productive, persistent infection, but without any obvious cytopathic effect. Mutant viruses isolated from infected glial cultures 16 to 18 weeks postinfection replicate with kinetics similar to those of wild-type virus but produce small plaques on fibroblasts and cause only minimal levels of cell-to-cell fusion under conditions in which wild type causes nearly complete cell fusion. However, since extensive fusion is present in mutant-infected cells at late times postinfection, the defect is actually a delay in kinetics rather than an absolute block in activity. Addition of trypsin to mutant-infected fibroblast cultures enhanced cell fusion a small (two- to fivefold) but significant degree, indicating that the defect could be due to a lack of cleavage of the viral spike (fusion) protein. Sequencing of portions of the spike genes of six fusion-defective mutants revealed that all contained the same single nucleotide mutation resulting in a substitution of aspartic acid for histidine in the spike cleavage signal. Mutant virions contained only the 180-kDa form of spike protein, suggesting that this mutation prevented the normal proteolytic cleavage of the 180-kDa protein into the 90-kDa subunits. Examination of revertants of the mutants supports this hypothesis. Acquisition of fusion competence correlates with the replacement of the negatively charged aspartic acid with either the wild-type histidine or a nonpolar amino acid and the restoration of spike protein cleavage. These data confirm and extend previous reports concluding cleavage of S is required for efficient cell-cell fusion by mouse hepatitis virus but not for virus-cell fusion (infectivity).
Predicting Maternal Physical Child Abuse Risk Beyond Distress and Social Support: Additive Role of Cognitive Processes

Although personal vulnerabilities, such as distress, have been identified as factors that elevate physical child abuse risk, relatively less literature has clarified the added contribution of parents’ maladaptive cognitive processes that can theoretically impact a parent’s physical discipline decisions and abuse risk. Moreover, the existing literature has been dominated by the use of single measures of hypothesized predictors and parental abuse risk to investigate their association. Indeed, measures of such predictors often evidence considerable conceptual or item overlap with the measure of the intended dependent variable of physical abuse risk, which could artificially magnify observed associations. Therefore, the current study employed multiple indicators for risk factors while also assessing parental child abuse risk in a number of ways, including the perspective of more than one informant. A sample of 95 mothers reported on their distress and social support as well as on the cognitive processes of empathic ability and negative attributions of child behavior whereas children reported on their parents’ positive and negative parenting. Results indicated that, beyond the major role of distress, mothers’ social support buffered the relation between distress and abuse risk, and low empathy and negative child attributions further exacerbated maternal abuse risk. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for continued research on such therapeutically meaningful cognitive processes capitalizing on more comprehensive assessment approaches for the variables of interest that can be applied to child abuse prevention efforts.
Infants Form Associations Between Memory Representations of Stimuli That Are Absent

Traditional models of learning assume that an association can be formed only between cues that are physically present. Here, we report that when two objects that had never appeared together were simultaneously activated in memory, young human infants associated the representations of those objects. Neither object was physically present at the time the association was formed. The association remained latent for up to 2 weeks, when the infants used it to perform a deferred imitation task. These findings reveal that what infants merely see “brings to mind” what they saw before and combines it in new ways. In addition to challenging a fundamental tenet of classic learning models, these findings have major theoretical and practical implications for early cognitive development. Every day, in the same manner, young infants probably form numerous associations between activated memories of objects that are physically absent, creating a potential knowledge base of untold dimensions.
Faculty development for preservice teacher educators: A research utilization perspective

Abstract Weak research utilization strategies limit the faculty development of university-based preservice teacher educators. Compared to school district-based inservice teacher educators, preservice teacher educators have weaker knowledge acquisition strategies, and are less likely to have sustained contact with researchers, especially where a training focus is prominent. Preservice teacher educators have less developed networks that facilitate research utilization, and have less institutional support for internal staff development. A research utilization theoretical framework is used to propose recommendations for helping preservice teacher educators.
Plasma proteins, oxygen transport and atherosclerosis.

Abstract In summary, we have presented evidence to support the hypoxic theory for the formation of atherosclerosis. More importantly, though, we have presented the following etiology for such hypoxia: 1. (1) Oxygen transport is affected by plasma protein concentrations and in most humans probably decreases with age; 2. (2) The result of hypoxia at the aortic lining is a degeneration of surface features which results in increased cellular permeability; and 3. (3) The interior structure of the vessel is further disorganized due to the influx of lipids and other plasmatic matter. This in turn accelerates oxygen demand and augments hypoxia. These ideas concerning the effects of proteins on oxygen transport, as well as the importance of the diffusion resistance of blood plasma, provide strong indications of a comprehensive mechanism for the occurrence of atherosclerosis and other vascular changes associated with aging.
The Case of Effort Variables in Student Performance

Studies of the effect of study time on test scores have generally shown an insignificant or negative relationship. However, this study suggests that the effects are different for students with different ability levels. By failing to test separately by ability, previous studies cancelled out the significant effects of study time.
Fiber front end for an OMEGA EP demonstration of beam-smoothing techniques for NIF polar-drive ignition

A fiber front end delivering shaped optical waveforms with various radio-frequency modulations has been developed to demonstrate beam-smoothing concepts on OMEGA EP with applications to polar-drive ignition at the National Ignition Facility.
Double Resonance Excitation of Fluorescence in the Condensed Phase—An Alternative to Infrared, Raman, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The feasibility of performing a double resonance excitation of fluorescence from molecules in a condensed phase is discussed. A vibrational excitation can be created by either stimulated Raman scattering or infrared absorption while a second excitation can excite the molecule to an excited electronic state from which fluorescence can occur. By providing high rates of excitation, one can overcome the rapid vibrational relaxation rates to produce fluorescence. By scanning the second excitation frequency in synchronization with either the infrared frequency or the difference frequency producing the stimulated Raman scattering, one can obtain spectra that are analogous to Raman or infrared spectra. This approach would have the sharp lines characteristic of Raman or infrared spectroscopy but would have an increased sensitivity characteristic of fluorescence spectroscopy.