cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Connectivity Among Brain Regions Associated With Slow Temporal Summation of C-Fiber-Evoked Pain in Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy Controls

Abstract Temporal summation of “second pain” (TSSP) or “windup” results from the summation of C-fiber-evoked responses of dorsal-horn neurons. This phenomenon is dependent on stimulus frequency (≥.33 Hz) and relevant to central sensitization and chronic pain. Our previous neuroimaging studies characterized brain regions associated with TSSP in normal control (NC) and fibromyalgia (FM) groups. During an fMRI scan, subjects received sensitivity-adjusted repetitive heat pulses at .33 on the right foot. FM subjects required significantly lower stimulus intensities than NC to achieve similar TSSP and no significant group differences in the pain-related brain activity were detected. In our current study, we asked whether the effective connectivity among a set of TSSP-related brain regions identified in our previous work differs amongst FM and NC groups. Structural equation modeling was used to characterize the effective connectivity amongst a priori selected brain areas, including the thalamus, S1, S2, posterior insula, and the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) within the left and right hemispheres. This analysis confirmed our a priori models of effective connectivity among these regions mainly confirmed those hypothesized, yet some unpredicted connections were additionally identified (thalamus to aMCC and aMCC to S1). While the models of effective connectivity were not identical in the FM and NC groups, they were very similar. Additionally, the TSSP related effective connectivity of right and left hemisphere regions was very similar. These results provide evidence for significant overlap of the fundamental brain mechanisms that process sensory and affective information related to TSSP in NC and FM groups. Perspective Models of effective connectivity involving pain-related processes were estimated with fMRI data from chronic pain and healthy populations. Models were estimated in both hemispheres, and although similar, fibromyalgia was associated with unique models of pain-related processes. Group differences involved the left hemisphere and S1, S2, and posterior insula.
Infanticide: genetic, developmental and hormonal influences in mice.

Abstract DBA/2J and androgen-deficient C57BL/6J mice were examined for their response to newborn (1–3 day old) Rockland Swiss (R-S) albino mouse pups. Significantly more 70–90 day old C57BL male mice killed young as compared to similarly aged DBA males (80% vs 30% respectively). Adult, 70–90 day old, female mice of both strains typically retrieved newborn young to the nest site. Adult castration significantly reduced infanticide in males of both strains while exposure to testosterone (T)-containing silastic capsules restored it. Treatment of adult ovariectomized female mice of both strains with T-containing capsules significantly elevated the exhibition of pup killing. When tested for infanticide at 25, 35, 45, 55 or 65 days of age, few males of either strain killed young at 25 days of age. However, beginning at 35 days of age, significantly more C57BL males killed young at every age as compared to DBA males. Moreover, C57BL males exhibited an earlier developmental onset of adult-like levels of infanticide than DBA males (45 vs 65 days of age respectively). Finally, older (4.5 to 7 months of age) DBA males exhibited levels of pup-killing identical to that of younger (2 months of age) C57BL males (70%). The findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to other sexually dimophic T-dependent masculine behaviors. The potential importance of infanticide for rodent reproductive strategies and population regulation is also considered.
The reaction kinetics of dimethyl ether. I: High‐temperature pyrolysis and oxidation in flow reactors

Dimethyl ether reaction kinetics at high temperature were studied in two different flow reactors under highly dilute conditions. Pyrolysis of dimethyl ether was studied in a variable-pressure flow reactor at 2.5 atm and 1118 K. Studies were also conducted in an atmospheric pressure flow reactor at about 1085 K. These experiments included trace-oxygen-assisted pyrolysis, as well as full oxidation experiments, with the equivalence ratio (ϕ) varying from 0.32 ≤ ϕ ≤ 3.4. On-line, continuous, extractive sampling in conjunction with Fourier Transform Infra-Red, Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (for CO and CO2) and electrochemical (for O2) analyses were performed to quantify species at specific locations along the axis of the turbulent flow reactors. Species concentrations were correlated against residence time in the reactor and species evolution profiles were compared to the predictions of a previously published detailed kinetic mechanism. Some changes were made to the model in order to improve agreement with the present experimental data. However, the revised model continues to reproduce previously reported high-temperature jet-stirred reactor and shock tube results. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet: 32: 713–740, 2000
Dithiothreitol prevents membrane fusion but not centrosome or microtubule organization during the first cell cycles in sea urchins.

Dithiothreitol (DTT), a disulfide reducing agent, inhibits the fusion of male and female pronuclei within the activated cytoplasm of sea urchin eggs. The migrations of the pronuclei are not affected by DTT, indicating that microtubule function is not impaired. Centrosomal antigens are detected in the sperm aster and in all subsequent microtubule-based configurations. Nuclear membranes never fuse and the chromatin of male and female pronuclei never mix in the DTT-treated cells. During prophase, when nuclear envelopes break down to undergo mitosis, both sets of chromosomes undergo condensation cycles independent from each other. Both pronuclei initially stain for centrosomal material and surrounding microtubules. With time, the female's centrosomal material as well as the microtubules disappear while the male forms a bipolar spindle. Interestingly, one pole of the paternal mitotic apparatus communicates with the separate maternal chromatin, forming a half spindle which moves the egg-derived chromatin towards its pole. At the time for cell division, the individual karyomeres are not able to fuse their nuclear membranes to reconstitute the blastomere nuclei. When DTT is applied at prometaphase of the first cell cycle, the chromosome cycle continues until next metaphase. Centrosomes also continue their cycle and undergo somewhat atypical splitting during the time for second telophase. Division furrows are initiated but aborted. These results support the hypothesis that disulfide groups are required for membrane fusion of the pronuclei, for membrane fusion of the karyomeres, and for the completion of the division furrow to achieve successful cell division. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Daily LSD administration selectively decreases serotonin2 receptor binding in rat brain

The effect of ten daily injections of saline or d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (260 micrograms/kg i.p.) on serotonin1 (5-hydroxytryptamine1, 5-HT1) and 5-HT2 receptor binding was determined in brain membranes from rats killed 24 h after the last injection. [3H]LSD (3.0 nM) was used with either 30.0 nM 5-HT or 70.0 nM cinanserin to estimate 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. LSD administration decreased 5-HT2 binding in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and diencephalon/midbrain without altering 5-HT1 or total specific binding.
Surface-Reflection-Based Communication and Localization in Underwater Sensor Networks

Most communication and localization algorithms in underwater environments have been constrained by dependencies on the Line Of Sight (LOS), which is hard to guarantee due to the inherent node mobility. This constraint hinders node discovery and ad hoc formation in underwater networks and limits the performance of routing protocols. This article introduces a novel Surface-Based Reflection (SBR) model that uses a homomorphic deconvolution technique to establish water-surface-reflected communication links. We then propose a Surface-Based Reflection Anchor-free Localization (SBR-AL) algorithm that can be employed by the individual nodes to establish a relative coordinate system. Our approach also employs a switch-beamed directional antenna model that allows each node to use the LOS estimated from SBR-AL to enable directional communication which is beneficial for higher Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR). The relative locations can facilitate the various network operation functions such as geo-routing and collision-free medium access. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Medical knowledge: the importance of faculty involvement and curriculum in graduate medical education.

Purpose: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that each residency program must demonstrate and document actual accomplishments through objective measures. At University of Washington we identified deficiencies in resident medical knowledge and designed interventions that would assist in improving resident AUA IS scores, using this as a metric to document the outcomes.Materials and Methods: In 2001 the University of Washington syllabus and faculty precepted chapter review sessions were formally established. The national AUA IS was used as an objective standardized examination to determine an annual group percentile score.Results: We noted a gradual and consistent increase in the average percentile group score on the national annual AUA IS examinations of our residents. A generalized estimating equation model demonstrated a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention average percentile resident AUA IS scores (p <0.001). Average resident percentile ranki...
Fine mapping the soybean aphid resistance gene Rag1 in soybean

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is an important soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest in North America. The dominant aphid resistance gene Rag1 was previously mapped from the cultivar ‘Dowling’ to a 12 cM marker interval on soybean chromosome 7 (formerly linkage group M). The development of additional genetic markers mapping closer to Rag1 was needed to accurately position the gene to improve the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and to eventually clone it. The objectives of this study were to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near Rag1 and to position these SNPs relative to Rag1. To generate a fine map of the Rag1 interval, 824 BC4F2 and 1,000 BC4F3 plants segregating for the gene were screened with markers flanking Rag1. Plants with recombination events close to the gene were tested with SNPs identified in previous studies along with new SNPs identified from the preliminary Williams 82 draft soybean genome shotgun sequence using direct re-sequencing and gene-scanning melt-curve analysis. Progeny of these recombinant plants were evaluated for aphid resistance. These efforts resulted in the mapping of Rag1 between the two SNP markers 46169.7 and 21A, which corresponds to a physical distance on the Williams 82 8× draft assembly (Glyma1.01) of 115 kilobase pair (kb). Several candidate genes for Rag1 are present within the 115-kb interval. The markers identified in this study that are closely linked to Rag1 will be a useful resource in MAS for this important aphid resistance gene.
Identification of Image-Potential Surface States on Metals

Rydberg-like surface states are identified at Au(100) and Cu(100) surfaces by use of inverse photoemission with tunable photon energy. The binding energy (0.6 eV below vacuum) and width (\ensuremath{\le} 0.3 eV full width at half maximum) of the $n=1$ state agree well with previous calculations. Theory yields the expectation that these states represent a widespread phenomenon at surfaces.
Far-ultraviolet diffuse galactic light

Diffuse galactic light is detected at very low galactic latitudes, and useful upper limits are obtained at moderate and high galactic latitudes. Together, these data indicate that the albedo of the interstellar grains is high (a greater than 0.5) and that the grains very strongly (g greater than 0.7) forward-scatter far-ultraviolet radiation.
Scale economies, perverse comparative statics results, the Marshallian stability and the long-run equilibrium for a small open economy☆

Abstract Using a simple general-equilibrium model, we show that the perverse comparative statics results can occur under scale economies. These paradoxes disappear iff the equilibrium is Marshallian stable, and the latter holds iff it is a stable long-run equilibrium under capital adjustment.
Subcellular distribution of two enzyme systems which degrade 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (“Active sulfate”)

Abstract 1. 1. The subcellular distribution of two enzyme systems which degrade 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) (“active sulfate”) has been determined. PAPS sulfatase has the wider distribution and accounts for most of the PAPS hydrolyzed. The 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate (PAP) thus formed might be available to serve as the requisite coenzyme in phenolic sulfotransferase reactions (detoxification). 2. 2. PAPS-phosphatase activity has a more restricted distribution. It is concentrated in the lighter vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth-4 fraction). It is chiefly present in the soluble portion of this fraction. The adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS) thus formed might be available for conversion back to PAPS as required by the needs of the sulfotransferase systems (lipid, mucopolysaccharide, steroid) also localized in the smooth reticulum.
Some factors influencing shear force determinations of Norgold Russet and Russet Burbank potatoes

Norgold Russet did not increase in shear force readings with growth and development as did the raw product of Russet Burbank which showed a progressive increase in readings with growth during the latter half of the season. Seasonal differences were apparent with Russet Burbank, but not for Norgold Russet during the 3 years of this study. Higher shear force readings were recorded with an increase of specific gravity of Russet Burbank, but not for Norgold Russet. Low fertility level resulted in slightly higher shear force values possibly because of enhanced maturity. No major influence of moisture stress was evident. Higher shear force values resulted from longer periods of storage and with higher storage temperatures of Russet Burbank within the range of 34F to 45F.
Electrospun nano-vanadium pentoxide cathode

Abstract Nanocrystallites of vanadium pentoxide were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of electrospun composite nanofibers. Each crystallite of dimension ⩽100 nm was found to be a single crystal of δ-phase H x V 4 O 10 · n H 2 O. The crystallinity and morphology was maintained on heating to 500 °C when V 2 O 5 was formed. The electrochemical capacity of the nano-V 2 O 5 in a lithium cell was found to be above 350 mAh/g. The columbic efficiency is close to 100% when small amounts of lithium bis(oxalato)borate is added to the LiPF 6 electrolyte.
Indirect calorimetry in the nutritional management of eating disorders

The caloric prescription, a key component of the nutritional therapy of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), may be empirically prescribed, or based on predicted resting energy expenditure (REE), yet adaptive changes in the metabolic rate may render both methods unreliable. Indirect calorimetry measurement of fasting REE was obtained in 32 patients with AN (n = 21) or BN (n = 11). Predicted REE was calculated according to the Harris-Benedict equation, and empiric caloric prescriptions were made by experienced physicians. In the AN group, mean measured REE was significantly lower than predicted REE (p = .00). The empiric caloric prescription was, as intended, significantly higher than the measured REE, but the two methods correlated significantly (r = .53, p < .05). The predicted REE overestimated caloric needs but was also highly correlated with measured REE (r = .69, p < .001). By regression analysis, measured REE could be calculated from predicted REE as follows: measured REE (Kcal/day) = (1.84 x Harris-Benedict predicted REE) - 1,435. In the BN group, mean measured REE was not significantly different from the empiric caloric prescription (p = .09) but was significantly lower than the Harris-Benedict predicted REE (p = .022). Neither correlated with measured REE in BN. Therefore, in BN indirect calorimetry is the only reliable method for determining caloric needs. In AN indirect calorimetry remains the preferred method, but when not available, we recommend the above equation to determine resting energy requirements.
Acculturation and Diabetes Self-management of Cuban Americans: Is Age a Protective Factor?

Migration to the United States has been linked to obesity and poor diet quality. We investigated the relationship among diabetes self-management, diet, age and acculturation factors for 182 Cuban-Americans (Females = 110, Males = 72) with type 2 diabetes recruited from a randomized mailing list in South Florida. Inadequate glycemic control (β = 0.257), BMI (β = 0.251), total fat intake (β = 0.251), and smoking (β = 0.200), were positively associated, while understanding of overall diabetes care (β = -0.165), was negatively associated with migration (N = 162, adj.R2 = 0.286, F = 14.65, p < 0.001). These associations suggest that effective diabetes education targeting acculturation issues is lacking.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHINA'S CITY POPULATION, 1982

This paper attempts to evaluate the definition of city population as employed in the 1982 China's population census, to interpolate a set of nonagricultural population for all designated cities as city population in 1982 for statistical analysis, and to display and interpret the hierarchical and spatial distribution of cities in China as related to regional economic development in terms of rank-size rule, primacy index, regional patterns, and relevant explicit and implicit causes and sources of city growth during the interim between 1953 and 1982.
The Case: Acute kidney injury in a patient with P. carinii pneumonia.

A 61-year-old man who had undergone remote orthotopic liver transplant was admitted for fever and progressive dyspnea of several days duration. A chest radiograph demonstrated bilateral interstitial infiltrates with diffuse patchy alveolar opacities. The patient was treated empirically for presumed pulmonary infection with broad-spectrum antibiotics. High-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was initiated 24 h after admission because of continued fevers and concern for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Bronchoscopy was performed and direct fluorescent antibody staining for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was positive, confirming the diagnosis. Before admission, the patient carried a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease because of toxicity from calcineurin inhibitors, which had since been discontinued. Seventy-two hours after presentation and despite ongoing intravenous hydration, the patient's creatinine increased from a baseline of 1.6 mg per 100 ml (122 μmol/l) to 3.4 mg per 100 ml (259 μmol/l), representing a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate of 42–19 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Urine output had also decreased dramatically. Renal ultrasound was unremarkable with no evidence for obstruction. By initial dipstick analysis, the urine had pH of 5.0, specific gravity 1.020, negative blood, trace protein, and negative leukocyte esterase. A microscopic evaluation of the urine sediment demonstrated rare granular casts, no red blood cells, rare white blood cells per high-powered field, and innumerable yellow-brown crystals as depicted (Figure 1). Figure 1 Microscopic urine analysis What is the cause of the patient's renal failure based on the findings of the urine sediment?
Reflex responses to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Role of prostaglandins.

Powerful vasodepressor and cardioinhibitory reflexes are activated in humans during inferior wall myocardial ischemia or infarction and during restoration of flow to the ischemic region. Experiments in dogs have demonstrated that these responses are due to stimulation of afferent vagal fibers that are located mainly in the inferior wall of the heart. Prostaglandins are released during myocardial ischemia and possibly during reperfusion. Prostaglandins stimulate chemosensitive but not mechanosensitive endings in the ventricles. Our studies determined whether blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or sodium meclofenamate decreased the reflex inhibitory responses to coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Experiments were done in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs after sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation. Occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery for 5 minutes resulted in decreases in arterial pressure and in renal sympathetic nerve activity. During the first 5 minutes after release of the occlusion, renal nerve activity remained inhibited. After treatment with indomethacin (n = 6, 5 mg/kg i.v.) or sodium meclofenamate (n = 3, 4 mg/kg i.v.), coronary occlusion resulted in significantly less inhibition of renal nerve activity. Renal nerve activity returned to control during the first minute of reperfusion. In six additional experiments the responses to coronary occlusion and reperfusion were not altered by treatment with vehicle. Our data suggest that prostaglandins serve as the major stimulus to ventricular sensory endings during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Our data further suggest that reflex inhibitory responses during ischemia and reperfusion are due mainly to stimulation of chemosensitive endings.
STOCHASTIC DEMAND, SPECIALIZATION, AND INCREASING RETURNS

Adam Smith pointed out that specialization makes individuals more productive through improved dexterity, judgment, and innovation. The theory of increasing returns incorporated in this paper does not depend on the presence of such intra-personal enhancement of productivity. Instead, we note that specialization reduces the costs of meeting stochastic demand that is infrequent and probabilistically uncertain. Specialization characterized as coordinating convention clarifies and extends the economic logic in Smith's interpretation of conditions required for economic progress.
Faith in Politics. New Trends in the Study of Religion and Politics

Studies of religion and politics have begun to force their way into the mainstream of the discipline thanks to their increasing methodological sophistication and theoretical ambition in addition to the push of real-world events. In comparative politics, puzzle-driven structured comparison has yielded new insights into the rationality of religious behavior, the weight of path dependence in shaping religious values, and the play of socioeconomic factors in shaping religion's vitality. In international relations, recognition of the importance of religious identities and values in the play of international affairs has spelled an advance over realist caricatures that long discounted ideas as epiphenomenal and focused on the quest for wealth and power as the sole driver of international politics. But notable lacunae remain. The comparative subfield still needs to reckon with the noninstrumental aspect of religious behavior, the power of religion as an independent variable, and the differential appeal, persuasiveness, and political salience of religious ideas over time. The IR subfield must move beyond “paradigm wars” focused on whether religion matters in international politics in favor of more empirically grounded, structured comparison to illuminate when and why religion matters in international affairs.
Determination of Transport Properties for Solid Ionic Conductors

A mathematical model has been developed that describes multicomponent transport in solid electrolytes that contain either three or four independent species. The treatment includes homogeneous reactions, short-time transients, and the effects of a co-continuous inert phase. Application of the model to low-frequency AC impedance experiments shows that accurate information on reaction stoichiometries and the nature of the mobile species is needed for proper interpretation of transference numbers and diffusion coefficients. A set of consistency checks for the impedance data is identified that helps distinguish between dilute and concentrated solid ionic conductors and between systems that should be regarded as four-species electrolytes rather than binary electrolytes.
Variations in temperature coefficient of anisotropy and coercivity in finite particles of Nd/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/B type recording materials through substitutions

A theoretical and experimental study is reported on how to modify the temperature dependence of coercivity, H/sub c/(T), in R/sub 2/F/sub 14/B type compounds (R=rare earth) through modifications of the temperature dependence of anisotropy field, H/sub A/(T). This is accomplished by partial substitutions on R sites. Experimentally it is found that for Y/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/B fine particles ( approximately 1- mu m), values of H/sub c/ are in the range of 1 kOe. For these materials, a slightly positive H/sub c/(T) is obtained near 300 K. Stable H/sub A/(T) and H/sub C/(T) near 300 K are obtained, e.g., with Nd/sub 0.2/Y/sub 0.8/Fe/sub 14/B, while strongly increasing H/sub A/(T) and H/sub c/(T) are obtained with small substitutions of Er for Y in Y/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/B. More complex H/sub A/(T) and H/sub c/(T) can be obtained in more complex systems. >
Negotiating group decisions

The research on negotiations, coalition formation, and group decision making suggests numerous ways to improve the quality of group decisions ranging from selection and training of group members, development of norms to maximize the amount of relevant information considered by the group, and the selection of an approach to integrate that information. In thinking about managing the process, it is useful to consider what may be done at the time a task force or team is formed, what needs to be done prior to decision making, and what may be done to integrate information and preferences to make high quality decisions. Table 5 organizes the ideas discussed in this article by stages. An interesting question is how overtly a group leader or member may act in managing this process. Groups themselves do not seem to engage in much deliberate planning. They often jump into their tasks only to back off and plan when they find themselves hopelessly frustrated, such as in the MIS task force in our example. Most groups do not have the luxury of “team-building” training—learning techniques to reach high quality group decisions in a simulated environment. So, it is often up to individual group members to direct the group to use processes that will produce high quality decisions.
Compact, separable, linearly ordered spaces

Abstract A proof that a compact, separable, zero-dimensional, monotonically normal space is always a continuous image of a compact linearly ordered space is given.
Some Properties of High Resistivity P -Type Germanium

A summary is given of some characteristics of single crystals of high resistivity, homogeneous, $P$-type germanium. The Hall effect, resistivity, and rectification characteristics of this material were studied with respect to changes of temperature and magnetic field. A very high mobility figure at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C (\ensuremath{\sim}2730 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec. for a field of 3600 gauss) was obtained by calculating $\frac{{10}^{8}R}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$. An effect of type of contact at the Hall probes on Hall effect measurements is pointed out. The resistivity of the material was 18.8 ohm-cm average, the Hall coefficient 5.14\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ volt-cm/amp.-gauss. The magneto-resistance of this germanium amounted to about 22 percent in a field of 13,750 gauss. The Hall coefficient decreased by about 22 percent between 3600 and 13,750 gauss. The band separation for one sample was 0.82 volts from Hall effect data, 0.75 from the resistivity. The mobility was found to obey a ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2.0}$ law in the temperature range 78 to 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This $P$-type material exhibited only slight rectification.
Hereditary polyposis syndromes and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer due to hereditary syndromes comprises approximately 5% of the overall colorectal cancer burden. Conditions fall into two distinct categories, the polyposis syndromes and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. It is important for the clinician to have a working knowledge of both as screening and surveillance recommendations differ significantly from those applicable to the general population. The polyposis syndromes include familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis, and Cowden syndrome. For each condition, a review of both the intestinal and extra-intestinal clinical findings is presented as well as the genetic basis, genetic testing, screening, surveillance and treatment options. As genetic testing for several of these conditions has recently become both commercially available and standard practice, special attention is given to indications and strategies for genetic testing in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes.
EMOTION-MODULATED PERFORMANCE AND ACTIVITY IN LEFT DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine the relationship between processing of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and activity in prefrontal cortex. Twenty volunteers identified the colors in which pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant words were printed. Pleasant words prompted more activity bilaterally in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) than did unpleasant words. In addition, pleasant words prompted more activity in left than in right DLPFC. Response speed to pleasant words was correlated with DLPFC activity. These data directly link positive affect, enhanced performance, and prefrontal activity, providing some of the first fMRI evidence supporting models of emotional valence and frontal brain asymmetry based on electroencephalography (EEG).
AMDB: an access method debugging tool

The design and tuning of new access methods (AMs) for nontraditional data types and application areas has always been more of a black art than a rigorous discipline. The designer can only rely on intuition to come up with an effective design; its evaluation and profiling require tedious instrumentation of complex AM code and a host of hand-written scripts. To address these issues, we developed amdb, a visual AM “debugging” tool to support the AM design and implementation process. It is based on the GiST (Generalized Search Tree, [HNP95]) framework for AM construction, which offers the designer an abstracted view of a tree-structured AM and factors out the mechanical aspects of an AM implementation, such as tree traversal, concurrency control and recovery. Amdb is a visual analysis, debugging and profiling tool for AMs that are written as extensions of libgist, a public-domain stand-alone C++ implementation of GiSTs.
Are Firms Myopic?: The Case of Contracting on Performance and Risk

Academic and anecdotal evidence has consistently shown that incentive systems often provide short-term payouts without regard for long-term risk. To prevent managers from exploiting the potential horizon mismatch between outcomes of performance and risk taking, the owners of the firm must be able to measure and contract upon an accepted level of risk. The new detailed disclosures mandated by FIN No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, enable us to use a tax setting to investigate whether firms acknowledge the mismatched horizon of risk and performance. We find that, among tax-focused firms, manager bonus compensation is associated with tax performance and that this relation is moderated by tax risk. This result is robust to considering the other components of the manager’s compensation contract (i.e., equity). Overall, our results indicate that the compensation committee rewards managers for risk-adjusted performance, at least in some settings.
THE INFLUENCE OF BODY CONDITION ON LOCAL APPARENT SURVIVAL OF SPRING MIGRANT SANDERLINGS IN COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA

Abstract Many shorebirds are long-distance migrants, and they depend upon widely spaced stopover sites for refueling during their annual migrations. Two competing hypotheses attempt to explain stopover duration: one predicts departure based on time minimization (time-selection hypothesis) and the other predicts departure on the basis of maximum energy gain (energy-selection hypothesis). During spring 1993, we tested these hypotheses during a mark-resight study of migrant Sanderlings (Calidris alba) at Portsmouth Island, North Carolina. We individually color-banded 204 Sanderlings and used capture-recapture methods to estimate local apparent survival during 10 five-day intervals from late April to mid-June. We found that survival rates were best modeled as a decreasing quadratic time trend; a linear time trend and period-specific survival rates received little support. We found no evidence that either body mass or a simple body condition index better explained survival rates. Our estimates of the 5-day loc...
Shiga Toxin 1 Triggers a Ribotoxic Stress Response Leading to p38 and JNK Activation and Induction of Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Shiga toxins made by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Shiga toxins (Stxs) may access the host systemic circulation by absorption across the intestinal epithelium. The effects of Stxs on this cell layer are not completely understood, although animal models of STEC infection suggest that, in the gut, Stxs may participate in both immune activation and apoptosis. Stxs have one enzymatically active A subunit associated with five identical B subunits. The A subunit inactivates ribosomes by cleaving a specific adenine from the 28S rRNA. We have previously shown that Stxs can induce multiple C-X-C chemokines in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, including interleukin-8 (IL-8), and that Stx-induced IL-8 expression is linked to induction of c-Jun mRNA and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway activity. We now report Stx1 induction of both primary response genes c-jun and c-fos and activation of the stress-activated protein kinases, JNK/SAPK and p38, in the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8. By 1 h of exposure to Stx1, mRNAs for c-jun and c-fos are induced, and both JNK and p38 are activated; activation of both kinases persisted up to 24 h. Stx1 enzymatic activity was required for kinase activation; a catalytically defective mutant toxin did not activate either. Stx1 treatment of HCT-8 cells resulted in cell death that was associated with caspase 3 cleavage and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation; this cytotoxicity also required Stx1 enzymatic activity. Blocking Stx1-induced p38 and JNK activation with the inhibitor SB202190 prevented cell death and diminished Stx1-associated caspase 3 cleavage. In summary, these data link the Stx1-induced ribotoxic stress response with both chemokine expression and apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8 and suggest that blocking host cell MAP kinases may prevent these Stx-associated events.
Ion Current, Combustion and Emission Characteristics in an Automotive Common Rail Diesel Engine

Advanced electronically controlled diesel engines require a feedback signal to the ECU to adjust different operating parameters and meet demands for power, better fuel economy and low emissions. Different types of in-cylinder combustion sensors are being considered to produce this signal. This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on the characteristics of the ion current in an automotive diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system. The engine is a 1.9 L, 4-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Experiments covered different engine loads and injection pressures. The relationships between the ion current, combustion parameters and engine out NO emissions and opacity are presented. The analysis of the experimental data identified possible sources of the ion current produced in diesel engines.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Losing Their Configural Mind: Amnesic Patients Fail on Transverse Patterning

A configural theory of human amnesia is proposed. The theory predicts that amnesic patients will exhibit selective deficits on tasks that normal subjects perform by learning new configurations of stimulus elements. This prediction is supported by results for four amnesic patients who learned a nonconfigural control task but failed to learn the configural transverse patterning task even after extensive practice. Matched normal subjects easily learned both tasks. The theory provides unique and viable accounts of the central results in the human amnesia literature. Relations between the configural approach and other theories are discussed.
Sex differences in the effects of pubertal development on responses to a corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge: the Pittsburgh psychobiologic studies.

Abstract: We propose that sex differences in HPA regulation may emerge during puberty and help to explain sex differences in depression. In this study, we examined sex differences in cortisol responses to CRH challenge across pubertal stages in carefully screened control subjects from the Pittsburgh Psychobiologic Studies. Participants were 7-16 years of age, physically healthy, and had no personal or family history of psychiatric disorder. Physician-rated Tanner staging was conducted, followed by CRH challenge sessions including 30-40 minutes pre-infusion baseline, 1 μg/kg CRH infusion, 90-180 minutes of post-infusion measures, and 9-10 plasma cortisol samples. Girls showed increasing total cortisol responses to CRH across Tanner stages, explained by slower recovery from peak cortisol levels, while boys showed similar total responses across Tanner stages. Results show subtle sex differences in the influence of puberty on HPA regulation at the pituitary level, which may represent one factor underlying the emergence of girls' greater rates of depression during this time.
Electronic mail: legal and ethical concerns in the United States and Canada

This essay explores legal and ethical issues related to electronic mail (e-mail) systems in the United States and Canada. Among the recommendations made, based on analysis of actual cases, are: better education in computer-telecommunications technologies should be provided for government officials to enable them to make and uphold appropriate laws concerning electronic mail; clear published policies, consistent with the law and with the professional ethics of users, should be developed for e-mail systems; access to up-to-date legal information should be available to computer system operators and those who employ them; and ongoing monitoring of legal and ethical issues related to computer-telecommunications technologies (and applications such as e-mail) is needed to maximize the democratic potential of the Information Age. >
Intestinal NaCl transport in NHE2 and NHE3 knockout mice.

Sodium/proton exchangers [Na+/H+ (NHEs)] play an important role in salt and water absorption from the intestinal tract. To investigate the contribution of the apical membrane NHEs, NHE2 and NHE3, t...
Sex on the Soap Operas: Afternoon Delight

To examine the portrayal of intimate sexual behavior on soap operas 65 hours of programming over 3 seasons was sampled. During 1 week in the winter of 1976 2 episodes of 12 different soap operas (15.5 hours) were videotaped. In the summer of 1979 2 episodes of 13 different soap operas (21 hours) were videotaped. In 1980 3 episodes of each of 11 soap operas (28.5 hours) were coded off the air. In all 3 seasons 10 of the same soap operas were coded. Intimate sexual behavior was defined as explicit or implied acts of sexual intercourse any type of illicit sexual behavior homosexuality or petting. The unit of analysis was the physical or verbal act or reference to 1 of these intimate sexual behavior categories. A unit began with either a physical or verbal display of a category and ended with the completion of the act category a new character entering the scene or a scene change. In addition to coding instances of these content variables the physical and verbal explicitness of each incident was judged as high low or absent. The net changes in rate of occurrence are an increase from 2.00 to 2.28 acts per hour between 1976 and 1979 and a decrease to 1.80 acts per hour in 1980. Petting acts were the most frequently occurring activity overall and the predominant activity in the first 2 analyses. Unmarried partners outnumbered married partners in incidents of and references to intercourse by a ratio of 4 to 1. For the remaining analyses the distribution of petting acts was compared with a collapsed category of the remaining acts labeled "intercourse/all other sexual acts." CBS had comparable rates of petting and all other activity; NBC and ABC had higher rates of the latter. 30-minute shows contained more than 1 additional intimate sexual act or reference overall in each hour of programming than did 60-minute shows and that addition came from increased occurrences of both petting and intercourse/all other sexual acts. Shows broadcast earlier in the afternoon (before 1 p.m. EST) had higher rates in both categories than did shows broadcast later in the afternoon. The intimate sexual acts categories of petting and intercourse did not differ by sex of the participants or by age occupation or marital status either for the initiators or for the targets. Of the petting incidents 35% involved marital partners and 45% involved lovers with the remainder distributed equally among work partners strangers and those planning to marry. Of the incidents of intercourse 49% involved lovers 29% involved strangers and only 6% involved marital partners. A comparison of these results with those from prime-time analysis shows that there is more sex activity and reference to such activity in afternoon programming but the content of the intimacies differs greatly in the afternoon and evening programs.
Depressive symptoms and smokers' perceptions of lung cancer risk: moderating effects of tobacco dependence.

Abstract Smokers who acknowledge the personal health risks of smoking are more likely to attempt quitting. Unfortunately, many smokers are unrealistically optimistic about their health risks. Depressed smokers, however, may be more realistic about their risks. These studies examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and risk perceptions among two groups: college-age smokers ( N = 128) and smokers from the nationally representative HINTS database ( N = 1,246). In the college sample, among highly tobacco dependent smokers, more depressed smokers believed more strongly that quitting eliminates lung cancer risk ( b = − .27, p = .01), and they estimated a faster reversal of risk after quitting ( b = − .70, p = .03). In the HINTS sample, among highly tobacco dependent women, the more depressed they were, the higher their perceived risk of developing lung cancer ( b = .23, p = .05). In sum, depressive symptoms among some smokers may lead to heightened risk perceptions. However the belief that quitting can reduce risk quickly might encourage smokers to postpone quitting. Cessation programs could benefit from tailoring their programs accordingly.
Improvements to the BSIM model in Spice2G

The Berkeley Short-Channel IGFET Model, known as BSIM, is implemented in the Spice2G6 circuit simulator. The latest release of Spice2G6 is known to generate negative output conductance and has convergence problems under certain normal conditions. Improvements addressing these problems are described. Some of these have already been incorporated into Spice3. >
Research Impact Quantification

A method was developed to quantify the impacts of research. The method is able to identify indirect impacts of research, and the pathways through which they are disseminated. A fully connected network is constructed whose nodes represent research, technology, and mission areas. The total impact of a given research node on any other node is the sum of the impacts (link value products) along every path in the network, and includes research-research, research-technology, and technology-research impacts. A pilot study was performed using a taxonomy of research and development nodes, with the raw input data (the link values) obtained from a survey of experts. An algorithm processed the data to provide total impact results, which are presented here.
Connecticut's Pleistocene Horse Reassigned to the 19th Century

Abstract Radiocarbon dating of the specimen YPM 40001 at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, previously referred to the Pleistocene horse Equus cf. niobrarensis, determined that the specimenis less than 400 years old. The specimen is reassigned to Equus caballus.
Coupled Aeroelastic Vortex Lattice Modeling of Flexible Aircraft

This paper presents a recently developed computational tool for aeroelastic analysis of aircraft performance. The computational tool couples a vortex-lattice code, Vorview, with an aeroelastic model that computes wing structural deflections under a combined coupled bending-torsion motion. The aeroelastic model of the wing structure is based on a one-dimensional structural dynamic theory using steady state aerodynamics assumption. An automated aircraft geometry modeler is developed to generate a deformed aircraft geometry based on the structural deflection aeroelastic analysis. The computation is iterated until the solution converges within a specified error tolerance. This computational tool is capable to predict both steady state aerodynamics as well as aeroelastically induced unsteady aerodynamics. Simulations are conducted for a generic transport aircraft to demonstrate the capability of the computational tool.
MRO's Evolving Process for Science Planning

[Abstract] The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) began Primary Science Phase (PSP) mapping operations on November 8, 2006. It carries six science instruments, with differing requirements for repetitive global monitoring, regional or global survey mapping, and/or targeted observations of Mars. While some instruments require nadir-oriented operations, others take frequent off-nadir observations (especially for stereo viewing). Since four instruments share a common boresight, the operations requirements of these six experiments are often incompatible; thus the science planning process is interactive. This process is by necessity more complex than in some recent NASA Mars missions, but it is far less time-consuming (and more repetitive) than processes used by many large planetary missions. It takes full advantage of MRO’s novel onboard processing capabilities, and uses simple electronic file exchange between widely distributed Science Teams. This paper describes the process used to plan and schedule observations of Mars, with a special emphasis on lessons learned and modifications made since PSP began. A “waterfall” process is used to schedule decreasingly interactive activities on MRO. First, a Background Sequence of spacecraft activities (e.g. orbital trim maneuvers) is generated. This becomes the background against which MRO’s Science Teams, acting together every second Monday as the Target Acquisition Group (TAG), schedule two weeks of the highest-priority observations (“Must-Haves”) and the orbits reserved for nadir survey observations. Following this, three teams (CRISM, HiRISE, and CTX) propose off-nadir observations for a two-week science sequence. These interactive observations (IOs) are specified by latitude, longitude, and orbit. A priority-driven round-robin procedure is used to schedule IOs on that Friday, a week before the beginning of the two-week sequence. Exact timing is not needed for this scheduling activity, because MRO uses onboard targeting software to determine when to slew toward a target and shutter an instrument, using an onboard ephemeris. Finally, each week, MRO’s science teams schedule one week of non-interactive observations (NIOs) that don’t conflict with the scheduled Must-Haves and IOs.