cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges of using metadata in a library setting: the Collection And Management of Electronic Links (CAMEL) project at Oregon State University

In late 1998, the Valley Library at Oregon State University embarked on a project to provide access to electronic resources in its catalog. This project, known as CAMEL (Collection And Management of Electronic Links), was started because students and faculty were increasingly relying on Web-based resources, but inadequate access was being provided to these resources. A small team was charged with developing a process that would help achieve the goals of better identifying and providing access to these resources in the online catalog. Because the quantity of information being provided in electronic form is expanding very rapidly, this team also investigated the possibilities of using metadata as well as other tools to reduce the need to manually create records for electronic resources. This paper outlines some of the social, technical, and organizational challenges encountered during the CAMEL project. Further information about CAMEL may be found at http://osu.orst.edu/dept/library/camel/.
The Use of Ioxaglate in the Paediatric Gastrointestinal Tract: A Report of 25 Cases

There are recognised dangers in the use of either barium sulphate suspensions or the conventional hypertonic water-soluble contrast media in the gastrointestinal tract which can be avoided by the use of water-soluble contrast media isosmolar with plasma. This paper reports the satisfactory use of ioxaglate (Hexabrix) in solutions with osmolality of 290 mosmol/kg (160 mg I/ml) and it is proposed that isosmolar water-soluble contrast media could be usefully used in all at-risk children. In one case with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis there was no delay in the passage of isosmolar ioxaglate through the hypertrophied pylorus.
Smitin, a novel smooth muscle titin–like protein, interacts with myosin filaments in vivo and in vitro

Smooth muscle cells use an actin–myosin II-based contractile apparatus to produce force for a variety of physiological functions, including blood pressure regulation and gut peristalsis. The organization of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus resembles that of striated skeletal and cardiac muscle, but remains much more poorly understood. We have found that avian vascular and visceral smooth muscles contain a novel, megadalton protein, smitin, that is similar to striated muscle titin in molecular morphology, localization in a contractile apparatus, and ability to interact with myosin filaments. Smitin, like titin, is a long fibrous molecule with a globular domain on one end. Specific reactivities of an anti-smitin polyclonal antibody and an anti-titin monoclonal antibody suggest that smitin and titin are distinct proteins rather than differentially spliced isoforms encoded by the same gene. Smitin immunofluorescently colocalizes with myosin in chicken gizzard smooth muscle, and interacts with two configurations of smooth muscle myosin filaments in vitro. In physiological ionic strength conditions, smitin and smooth muscle myosin coassemble into irregular aggregates containing large sidepolar myosin filaments. In low ionic strength conditions, smitin and smooth muscle myosin form highly ordered structures containing linear and polygonal end-to-end and side-by-side arrays of small bipolar myosin filaments. We have used immunogold localization and sucrose density gradient cosedimentation analyses to confirm association of smitin with both the sidepolar and bipolar smooth muscle myosin filaments. These findings suggest that the titin-like protein smitin may play a central role in organizing myosin filaments in the contractile apparatus and perhaps in other structures in smooth muscle cells.
Scattering of optical light pulses from a disordered medium

Abstract The transmission and reflection of optical light pulses near the mobility edge of a disordered medium is considered. We describe how the wave vector and frequency dependence of the diffusion constant near the mobility edge determines the shape of the scattered pulse.
Spray from a Bluff Body Combustor in Annular Air Flow

Abstract Abstract-Non-combusting flow from a bluff-body combustor was studied. The combustor consisted of a cylinder centered in an annular air jet. Water was sprayed downstream from a poppet nozzle mounted in the downstream end of the cylinder. The air flow was seeded with titanium dioxide particles and then illuminated with laser light, as a means of visualizing the flow. Three lighting techniques were used: continuous sheetlighting, pulse sheetlighting, and pulse backlighting. The Reynolds numbers (based on hydraulic diameters) for the water flow ranged from 0 to 12,280; and for the air flow ranged from 0 to 90,400. The effects of varying air and water flow rate on the resulting axisymmetric flow field were recorded on film and videotape. Three general categories of flow structure were observed. In two of these categories, the effect of increasing air flow rate was to widen the dispersion of the spray. In the third category, the momentum flux of the water spray dominated pressure and drag effects of th...
Skin manifestations of herpesvirus infections.

Currently there are eight human herpesviruses identified that cause disease in both adults and children. Although the manifestations of disease differ with each herpesvirus, cutaneous presentations are common among almost all of them. These skin manifestations may be visually similar among several of these viruses, occasionally making it challenging to diagnose the patient’s illness. Laboratory diagnostic testing is commercially available for most of these viruses. Because many herpesvirus infections are self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts, patients require only supportive care. Effective antiviral therapy is available for the more severe cases of infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), or cytomegalovirus (CMV). Healthcare practitioners should become familiar with the different cutaneous manifestations these viruses may exhibit.
Argentina and the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics

The election of Raul Alfonsin in October of 1983 represented the return of democracy to Argentina after more than seven years of a military dictatorship that left the country in a terribly distressed state. Since the dictatorship had joined the boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics led by the USA, for Argentina, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics meant both coming back to the Olympic fold and the first such festival under the new democratic government. This paper explores Argentina's trajectory towards, and construction of, its participation in the country's first post-dictatorship Olympics. In doing so, this paper reveals why participation in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was not a priority for the incoming administration and why such participation was not conceived as a potential emissary capable of reaffirming on the global Olympic stage the hard fought, yet still emerging, democracy of Argentina. In addition, it reveals not only the determination of the Alfonsin administration to make his sport policy work b...
Equilibria in transition

We investigate the motion of a single particle in transition from one equilibrium state to another via time-frequency analysis. Between quasi-stationary regimes a sudden change of state occurs, and we show that the Cohen-Lee local variance tracks well this highly nonstationary, sudden transient motion. In the quasi-stationary regime, instantaneous equilibria yield simple harmonic motion when the amplitude of oscillation is sufficiently small. Nonlinear effects induce harmonic generation for larger amplitude oscillations.
Mars without the equilibrium rotational figure, Tharsis, and the remnant rotational figure

[1] We use a revised partitioning of the planet figure into equilibrium and nonequilibrium contributions that takes into account the presence of an elastic lithosphere to study the Martian gravity field and shape. The equilibrium contribution is associated with the present rotational figure, and the nonequilibrium contribution is dominated by Tharsis and a remnant rotational figure supported by the elastic lithosphere that traces the paleopole location prior to the formation of Tharsis. We calculate the probability density functions for Tharsis' size and location, the paleopole location, and the global average thickness of the elastic lithosphere at the time Tharsis was emplaced. Given the observed degree-3 spherical harmonic gravity coefficients, the expected Tharsis center location is 258.6 ± 4.2°E, 9.8 ± 0.9°N, where the uncertainties represent the 90% confidence interval. Given this Tharsis center location and the observed degree-2 spherical harmonic gravity coefficients, the expected paleopole location prior to the emplacement of Tharsis is 259.5 ± 49.5°E, 71.1−14.4+17.5°N, and the expected elastic lithospheric thickness at the time of loading is 58−32+34 km. Our estimated paleopole colatitude implies 18.9−17.5+14.4° of true polar wander (TPW) driven by the emplacement of Tharsis, in disagreement with previous studies that invoke large TPW. The remnant rotational figure is visible in both the nonequilibrium degree-2 geoid (areoid) without Tharsis and the nonequilibrium degree-2 topography without Tharsis. The remnant rotational figure is also visible in the total nonequilibrium geoid without Tharsis, but it is not visible in the total nonequilibrium topography without Tharsis due to the strong signal of the north-south dichotomy. Shorter wavelength geological features become significantly more visible in the geoid with the removal of the long wavelength contributions of the equilibrium rotational figure, Tharsis, and the remnant rotational figure. Removal of the equilibrium rotational figure and Tharsis from the topography reveals a better defined north-south dichotomy boundary.
Binding of single-strand DNA to human platelets.

Abstract 125 I-labelled single strand DNA (ss-DNA) was found to bind to human platelets. Binding was time and dose dependent. It could be inhibited by unlabelled ss-DNA and polyinosinic acid but not by native DNA or polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid. Radiolabel was removed from platelets following digestion with deoxyribonuclease but not ribonuclease. Binding of 125 I-ss-DNA to platelets did not require platelet aggregation or release of platelet granule constituents. These studies suggest that human platelets possess a membrane receptor for single-stranded polynucleotides which could be important in modulation of platelet function.
Trial of mannoheptulose in man

Abstract Isotonic solution of MH was ingested by normal volunteers in 18 studies. MH caused significant though minor elevations in blood glucose between one and one-half and four hours after ingestion, without significant change in plasma insulin levels. Reduction of K values was noted when intravenous glucose was injected two hours after MH ingestion. Compared with control studies, there was also a reduction in the mean initial plasma insulin levels following glucose injection. No evidence of toxicity or unpleasant symptoms were noted at lower doses, but nausea and diarrhea were produced at a dose level of 20 gms. The quantity of MH excreted in the urine was not related to ingested dose. In a patient with islet cell carcinoma, the ingestion of 15 gms produced no clinically significant change, hypoglycemia developing at the time of peak blood MH concentration. Although orally administered MH is unlikely to have any clinical value, it has been demonstrated to exert effects in man similar to those noted in animal preparations.
A tungsten-mediated closed cycle of reactivity for the reduction of CO(2) to CO.

The recycling of CO2 by reduction to CO is an important objective in the context of renewable carbon feedstock chemicals. A tungsten-mediated reduction of CO2 to CO reported by Mayer and coworkers has been re-examined, and it is shown that a series of four well-defined stoichiometric steps can be executed which form a closed cycle and sum as CO2 + 2H+ + 2e− → CO + H2O. Energetic parameters of this system are probed by cyclic voltammetry, by calculations of gas-phase reaction enthalpies for each of the four steps, and by calculation of the WO bond dissociation energy for the tungsten species that results from oxidation addition of CO2.
Influence of Sediment and Groundwater on the Distribution and Biomass of Myriophyllum spicatum L. in Devil's Lake, Wisconsin

ABSTRACT Influences of physical and chemical characteristics of sediments and of groundwater inputs on the distribution and biomass of Eurasian milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., were studied in Devil's Lake, Wisconsin. Sediment cores from inside and outside M. spicatum beds were analyzed for density, particle size composition, and moisture, organic, elemental, and nutrient contents. Groundwater direction, volume, and nutrient concentration were determined using seepage meters. Whereas sediment composition appears to be inadequate to support dense growth of macrophytes, localized groundwater inputs may be important in regulating the distribution and biomass of M. spicatum in Devil's Lake.
Experimental observation of radiative ignition mechanisms

Abstract Radiative ignition experiments were conducted on PMMA and red oak using a CO 2 laser with incident flux up to about 20 W/cm 2 under autoignition and piloted ignition in air. The laser irradiated perpendicular to the horizontal sample surface. It was observed that there was strong attenuation of the incident laser radiation by the plume consisting of decomposition products in the gas phase. This was also observed using an electric coil heater as a radiant source. It is postulated that, under autoignition, PMMA ignites by the absorption of the incident radiation by the decomposition products in the gas phase, and red oak by a similar absorption at high-incident flux and at medium flux, aided by high surface temperature acting as an induced pilot.
Transfer of learned discrimination from peripheral to central auditory stimulation in cats

Cats were implanted with chronic bipolar electrodes either in the inferior colliculus (IC) or in the lateral tegmental nucleus (LTN). The animals were then trained in a Y-maze to make a differential response to an 800-Hz and a 1,000-Hz tone. On a series of test trials, electrical brain stimulation at either 800 or 1,000 pulses /sec was substituted for the tonal stimuli used during original training. Cats with IC electrodes tended to behave as though they were responding to the tonal stimuli, while LTN animals did not. These data suggest that direct electical brain stimulation can be a useful technique in the study of sensory coding.
Atmospheric 14 C and century-scale solar oscillations

THE solar-wind plasma in our interplanetary space deflects part of the Earth-bound cosmic-ray flux through its magnetic interaction with the electrically charged incoming particles. Because changes in the magnetic properties of the plasma originate at the Sun's surface, the cosmic-ray flux arriving at Earth therefore depends on the changing surface conditions of the Sun. Consequently, by monitoring the variable production rate of cos-mogenic isotopes (such as 14C) in our atmosphere, a time history of changing conditions of the Sun's surface can be obtained. Trees, through carbon dioxide assimilation, lay down a 14C record which provides clues towards the causes underlying 14C production-rate changes. Here we show from maximum-entropy spectral analysis of a 9,600-yr high-precision 14C chronology that changes occur in the Sun's convective zone with a fundamental oscillatory mode of about 2.4 x 10−3 yr−1 (420-yr period), and we also identify several harmonics. Previous searches1–3 for cyclicity in the atmospheric 14C record have yielded periods near 140 and 200 yr. We discuss the implications of a longer and more precise 14C record.
Wellness and Impairment: Moving Beyond Noble Us and Troubled Them

Psychologists tend to view wellness and impairment in dangerous dualities. In actuality, our level of functioning varies continuously due to multiple factors. We examine factors influencing psychologists’ level of functioning, and offer recommendations for individuals and the profession. In addition, we explore topics too often considered taboo in discussions of psychologist impairment, such as depression and suicide, with the hope that such discussions can help prevent future problems. In sum, wellness and impairment should not be viewed as an “Us and Them” issue, but rather as an “Us and When” issue.
Validity considerations in the assessment of professionalism

During the last decade, interest in assessing professionalism in medical education has increased exponentially and has led to the development of many new assessment tools. Efforts to validate the scores produced by tools designed to assess professionalism have lagged well behind the development of these tools. This paper provides a structured framework for collecting evidence to support the validity of assessments of professionalism. The paper begins with a short history of the concept of validity in the context of psychological assessment. It then describes Michael Kane’s approach to validity as a structured argument. The majority of the paper then focuses on how Kane’s framework can be applied to assessments of professionalism. Examples are provided from the literature, and recommendations for future investigation are made in areas where the literature is deficient.
Community building for capacity building: case study of Liberia's iLab

Technology hubs---labs committed to fostering local technology and entrepreneurship communities---are newcomers in local African ICT ecosystems. While research has focused on the organizational structure of labs, the degree to which they fuel start ups, and surrounding institutional contexts in which they operate, less is understood about how each operates as a Community of Practice (CoP) from social learning theory. And yet, the creation of such a community of practice seems central to building local ICT capacity. Drawing on data from Liberia's iLab, we describe how it functions as a CoP and identify some next steps for supporting its community.
Right ventricular aneurysm associated with postinfarction ventricular septal defect

Isolated right ventricular aneurysms are rare. Postinfarction right ventricular aneurysm associated with a ventricular septal defect is a very unusual complication. We present such a case that was successfully treated surgically.
A mathematical model for the study of the mechanics of the human vertebral column.

Abstract The construction of a mathematical model for studies of the mechan cal function of the human vertebral column is described. The column is modeled as a collection of rigid bodies, and equilibrium or geometrical configurations of the collection are sought to satisfy constraints imposed so as to simulate the action of a real spine. The initial studies conducted with the model demonstrate the geometry of three-dimensional motions of the spine in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. In each case, the predicted deformations of ligaments and intervertebral discs are anatomically reasonable. Agreement with in-vivo studies of other investigators is obtained. It is shown that the vertebral column is not geometrically constrained to have patterns of motion, but can achieve many configurations in a variety of ways.
Effects of amide additives on polymerization of silica under acidic conditions

The effects of drying control chemical additives (DCCAs) formamide, N-methylformamide and N,N-dimethylformamide on polymerization of silicic acid prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was investigated by pH, rheology and small angle X-ray scattering. Under acidic conditions, basic DCCAs are hydrolyzed and ammoniums produced. The pH values of the solutions go over 3 by the formation of ammoniums. This pH increase affected the growth of the condensed species. In the region around pH 2, particle growth was slow and growth rate became faster above pH 2.5–3. The pH increase also influenced the form of the particles. When TEOS was hydrolyzed with sufficient water ([H2O]/[TEOS] = 5), shear thinning flow was observed above and below pH 2. Condensed species with fractal dimensions about 2 were formed in both pH regions based on small angle X-ray scattering measurement results. When TEOS was hydrolyzed with less water ([H2O]/[TEOS] = 2), the condensed species formed above pH 2 had a more branched structure than those formed without DCCAs. Solutions without DCCAs showed Newtonian flow in the final stage of polymerization. During aging, the pH value of the solvent in the pore of gels increased to 5–8. Dissolution of silica cannot be neglected in the pH region above 5. A large pore diameter of gels with DCCAs resulted from particle growth and coalescence by the Thompson-Gibbs effect during aging.
Photopheresis therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Abstract Background: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a chronic peripheral lymphoma in which aggressive combined therapy elicits high response rates but does not improve survival. Photopheresis therapy has reportedly induced remissions and prolonged survival in patients with advanced disease. Objective: We studied all patients who began photopheresis treatment between February 1988 and July 1994 to determine whether we could confirm the remission rates of previous studies, to evaluate variables that might predict a response, and to discover whether an accelerated delivery system would improve the remission rate or response time. Methods: After an oral dose of methoxalen was administered, a leukocyte-enhanced quantity of blood was exposed to UVA radiation for 1.5 hours and returned to the patient. With our accelerated system, 6 × 10 9 cells were irradiated in nine cycles. Treatments were given on 2 consecutive days once a month. Results: Among 34 patients whose results could be evaluated, the overall response rate (complete and partial remissions) was 50%; most patients had mild side effects. All responders except one had erythroderma. Responders had a decrease of 75% in mean skin scores, whereas nonresponders had an increase of 21%. Conclusion: Photopheresis appears to be effective for selected patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, although we did not achieve as high a remission rate as previously reported by others.
Scaling the pipe: NASA EOS Terra data systems at 10

Standard products from the five sensors on NASA's Earth Observing System's (EOS) Terra satellite are being used world-wide for earth science research and applications. This paper describes the evolution of the Terra data systems over the last decade in which the distributed systems that produce, archive and distribute high quality Terra data products were scaled by two orders of magnitude.
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 over Sn-Nafion® coated electrode for a fuel-cell-like device

Abstract Commercially available Sn particles mixed with Nafion® ionomer are used to prepare an electrode with a gas diffusion layer support in a manner similar to that in which fuel cell electrodes are prepared. Cyclic voltammetry is performed in aqueous NaHCO3 (basic medium) on the electrode and the Tafel parameters are obtained and compared with a Sn metal disc and with a graphite disc coated with Sn powder. In addition, electrolysis is carried out potentiostatically, also in NaHCO3 solution, at various potentials. The exchange current density on the Sn/gas diffusion layer electrode shows to be two orders of magnitude higher that on the metallic Sn disc. The maximum current density obtained during electrolysis is 27 mA cm−2 at −1.6 V vs. NHE, with 70% faradaic efficiency towards the formation of formate, which is one of the highest values found in the literature on Sn electrode at ambient pressure.
Particle Size or Electronic Effect? An XAS Study of Re@Pd Overlayer Catalysts

Re@Pd (core@overlayer) catalysts are analyzed via X-ray absorption spectroscopy to correlate structural and electronic properties with previous reactivity results. The ethylene hydrogenation turnover frequency of the Re–Pd bimetallic and the Re@Pd catalysts is much lower than that of the pure Pd. A reduction of activity agrees with the computationally predicted properties of the overlayer catalysts and indicates that the overlayer catalysts have been synthesized. The FEFF fitted EXAFS yields a Pd–Pd inter-atomic distance in the Re@Pd SD small particle (2.7 nm) catalyst of 2.79 A and in the Re@Pd SD large particle (6.3 nm) catalyst of 2.76 A. The fitted Pd–Pd inter-atomic distance of Pd foil is 2.74 A. The small particle overlayer Re@Pd SD catalyst is also longer than the Pd–Pd inter-atomic distance seen in the, as synthesized, structureless bimetallic Re–Pd (2.73 A). The disparity in calculated inter-atomic distances indicates an electronic effect is being exerted upon the disperse Pd atoms by the larger Re crystals and vice versa. The Pd K-edge and Re LIII-edge white line data also show the electronic interaction between the Pd overlayer and the core Re atoms. The Pd white line of the overlayer catalysts shifted up relative to Pd foil indicating Pd d-band broadening as a result of the interaction of Pd with Re. The Re d-band of the overlayer catalysts narrowed, which is evidenced by the decreased white line absorption relative to Re foil. These observed changes in the Pd and Re d-band are consistent with computational predictions for catalysts with overlayer structures.
Dying Patients' Need for Emotional Support and Personalized Care from Physicians: Perspectives of Patients with Terminal Illness, Families, and Health Care Providers

This study addressed the emotional and personal needs of dying patients and the ways physicians help or hinder these needs. Twenty focus groups were held with 137 individuals, including patients with chronic and terminal illnesses, family members, health care workers, and physicians. Content analyses were performed based on grounded theory. Emotional support and personalization were 2 of the 12 domains identified as important in end-of-life care. Components of emotional support were compassion, responsiveness to emotional needs, maintaining hope and a positive attitude, and providing comfort through touch. Components of personalization were treating the whole person and not just the disease, making the patient feel unique and special, and considering the patient's social situation. Although the levels of emotional support and personalization varied, there was a minimal level, defined by compassion and treating the whole person and not just the disease, that physicians should strive to meet in caring for all dying patients. Participants also identified intermediate and advanced levels of physician behavior that provide emotional and personal support.
Antenna pointing algorithms for the mobile user objective system

The mobile user objective system (MUOS) will provide the next generation of military satellite communications at UHF bands in support of mobile users worldwide. These user terminals will include handhelds that present challenges in the ability to close links with high availability. To enable this capability for disadvantaged terminals, MUOS designs will likely include spot beam antennas to provide higher gains at the space segment. These spot beams, whether electronically or mechanically steered, must be dynamically pointed to regions on the earth to support deployed users. These pointing algorithms would be resident in the control segment of the system and could address a range of optimization objectives such as maximizing the number of terminals covered, simultaneous optimization of beam size and terminal coverage, multiple beam coverage and dynamic coverage for terminal mobility. This paper describes algorithms for MUOS spot beam pointing and applies them to notional reference scenarios.
Variability across the ARM SGP area by temporal and spatial scale

No abstract available.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Randomized gossip algorithms

Motivated by applications to sensor, peer-to-peer, and ad hoc networks, we study distributed algorithms, also known as gossip algorithms, for exchanging information and for computing in an arbitrarily connected network of nodes. The topology of such networks changes continuously as new nodes join and old nodes leave the network. Algorithms for such networks need to be robust against changes in topology. Additionally, nodes in sensor networks operate under limited computational, communication, and energy resources. These constraints have motivated the design of "gossip" algorithms: schemes which distribute the computational burden and in which a node communicates with a randomly chosen neighbor. We analyze the averaging problem under the gossip constraint for an arbitrary network graph, and find that the averaging time of a gossip algorithm depends on the second largest eigenvalue of a doubly stochastic matrix characterizing the algorithm. Designing the fastest gossip algorithm corresponds to minimizing this eigenvalue, which is a semidefinite program (SDP). In general, SDPs cannot be solved in a distributed fashion; however, exploiting problem structure, we propose a distributed subgradient method that solves the optimization problem over the network. The relation of averaging time to the second largest eigenvalue naturally relates it to the mixing time of a random walk with transition probabilities derived from the gossip algorithm. We use this connection to study the performance and scaling of gossip algorithms on two popular networks: Wireless Sensor Networks, which are modeled as Geometric Random Graphs, and the Internet graph under the so-called Preferential Connectivity (PC) model.
Pageant Princesses and Math Whizzes Understanding children's activities as a form of children's work

Organized children's activities qualify as children's work, in much the same way that school work does. Both produce transferable use value and create capital that contributes to the future production of goods and services. To illustrate this argument, this article draws on qualitative research primarily based on interviews with the parents of participants in two activities: child beauty pageants and academic enrichment classes. Despite considerable differences in the backgrounds of children who participate in these two types of activities, their parents converge in the reasons they give for enrolling their young children in these activities, and in their focus on their children's future careers and achievements.
A new implementation of the Icon language

Jcon is a new, full-featured, Java-based implementation of the Icon programming language. The compiler, written in Icon, generates an intermediate representation that is optimized and then used to produce classfiles of Java bytecode. A four-chunk control-flow model handles goal-directed evaluation and produces constructs not expressible as Java code. The runtime system, written in Java, finds object-oriented programming a great advantage in implementing a dynamically typed language, with method calls replacing many conditional tests. An all-encompassing descriptor class supports values, references, and suspended operations. The procedure call interface is simple and incurs overhead for generator support only when actually needed. Performance is somewhat disappointing, and some limitations are annoying, but in general Java provides a good implementation platform.
Adaptive matrix multiplication in heterogeneous environments

In this paper an adaptive matrix multiplication algorithm for dynamic heterogeneous environments is developed and evaluated. Unlike the state-of-the-art approaches, where load balancing is achieved through unequal distribution of the matrix data among the heterogeneous nodes, the matrices in our approach are partitioned into blocks of equal size. Task allocation and the block size are adapted during run time. Data pre-fetch is used to perform efficient communication. Our approach enables the use of various task scheduling heuristics. Further we show that the control and coordination overheads of this approach are negligible when compared with the overall execution time. The effectiveness of the approach is verified through a configurable simulator developed for understanding the performance of heterogeneous computing environments.
Electron transfer in mixed-valence compounds

Mixed-valence compounds where there is weak electronic coupling between sites provide perhaps the clearest experimental insight into electron transfer in solution. When combined with recent advances in electron transfer theory, they may help provide a nearly complete microscopic description of electron transfer in most chemical and biological systems.
On the Generation of Roll Vortices due to the Inflection Point Instability of the Hurricane Boundary Layer Flow

Horizontal roll vortices, or rolls, are frequently observed in the hurricane boundary layer (HBL). Previous studies suggest that these rolls can be generated by the inflection point instability of the HBL flow. In this study we investigate the formation of rolls due to this mechanism in the axisymmetric HBL using a numerical approach that explicitly resolves rolls. The effects of mean HBL wind and stratification distributions on rolls are evaluated. We identifytwo important factors of the meanHBLwind that affect the characteristics of rolls. The dynamical HBL height affects the wavelength of rolls, and the magnitude of the mean wind shear affects the growth rate of rolls. As a result, under neutrally stratified HBL, the wavelength of rolls increases with the radius (out of the radius of maximum wind), while the growth rate of rolls decreases. The stratification also plays an important role in the generation of rolls. The stable stratification suppresses the growth of rolls because of the negative work done by the buoyancy force. Nonuniform stratification with a mixed layer has less suppressing effect on rolls. Rolls can trigger internal waves in the stably stratified layer, which have both vertically propagating and decaying properties. We derive analytical solutions for the internal waves, which relate the properties of the internal waves to the boundary layer rolls. We find the properties of the internal waves are affected by the mixed-layer height.
Innate immune signaling by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) shapes the inflammatory microenvironment in colitis-associated tumors.

Background: Patients with ulcerative colitis are at increased risk for developing colorectal cancer. We have shown that Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is overexpressed in human colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and that mice deficient in TLR4 are markedly protected against colitis-associated neoplasia. We wished to elucidate the specific contributions of TLR4 signaling by myeloid cells and colonic epithelial cells (CEC) in colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Methods: TLR4-deficient mice or wildtype littermates (WT) were transplanted with bone marrow (BM) cells: TLR4−/− BM→WT mice (TLR4-expressing CEC) and WT BM→TLR4−/− mice (TLR4-expressing myeloid cells). Colitis-associated neoplasia was induced by azoxymethane (AOM 7.3 mg/kg) injection and 2 cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. Results: The number and size of dysplastic lesions were greater in TLR4−/− BM→WT mice than in WT BM→TLR4−/− mice (P < 0.005). Histologically, TLR4−/− BM→WT mice had greater numbers of mucosal neutrophils and macrophages compared to WT BM→TLR4−/− mice. The chemokines KC and CCL2, important in recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, were induced in mice expressing TLR4 in CEC rather than the myeloid compartment. The lamina propria infiltrate of mice expressing TLR4 in CEC was characterized by macrophages expressing Cox-2. Moreover, mice expressing TLR4 in CEC rather than the myeloid compartment had increased production of amphiregulin and EGFR activation. Conclusions: These findings indicate that TLR4 signaling on CEC is necessary for recruitment and activation of Cox-2-expressing macrophages and increasing the number and size of dysplastic lesions. Our results implicate innate immune signaling on CEC as a key regulator of a tumor-promoting microenvironment. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009)
Family Structure Transitions and Adolescent Well-being

Using data from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I extend prior research on family transitions and adolescent well-being by examining the influence of parental marital and cohabitation transitions on adolescent delinquency, depression, and school engagement. Adolescents who experienced a family transition reported decreased well-being, on average, relative to those in stable, two-biological-parent families. Specific comparisons of various types of family stability and change revealed that cohabitation is often associated with poorer outcomes. Moving out of a cohabiting stepfamily into a single-mother family was not harmful and was actually associated with improvements in school engagement. Moving into a cohabiting stepfamily from a single-mother family decreased adolescent well-being, and this impact was greater than that experienced by those who moved into a married stepfamily. Stable cohabiting stepfamilies were associated with lower levels of well-being than stable married stepfamilies. Formalization of a cohabiting stepfamily through marriage did not translate into any appreciable benefits for adolescent well-being.
Map-based lane identification and prediction for autonomous vehicles

A novel map-based lane identification and prediction algorithm is developed to characterize areas around an autonomous robot as it travels in an obstacle strewn and rugged roadway environment. The implementation of this algorithm employs probabilistic and heuristic methods to improve the placement of lane features, whose location is uncertain due do to vehicle motion and sensor data ambiguity. The resulting map can be effectively used for local and regional path planning and navigation. The algorithm uses data acquired from a LIDAR, compass, GPS, wheel encoders, and camera images.
Putting the Political Back into Political Economy by Bringing the State Back in yet Again

Dominant theoretical approaches in political economy today, whether they posit convergence to neoliberal capitalism, binary divergence of capitalisms, or tripartite differentiation of financial governance, downplay the importance of state action. Their methodological approaches, rational choice and historical institutionalism, tend to reinforce their substantive theories either by disaggregating the state into its historical institutional components or by focusing on the strategic actions of its rational actors. This article argues that by not taking state action seriously, they are unable to explain the differences in degree and kind of countries' neoliberal reforms. For this, it is necessary to bring the state back in and to put the political back into political economy not just in terms of political economic institutions but also in terms of policies, polity, and politics. To explore the political in all its variety, however, the article demonstrates that at least one more methodological approach, discursive institutionalism, is also needed. This approach, by taking the role of ideas and discourse seriously, brings political actors as sentient beings back in. This in turn also enables the author to explain the dynamics of neoliberal reform in political economy.
Shapes of Venusian 'pancake' domes imply episodic emplacement and silicic composition

The main evidence available for constraining the composition of the large circular 'pancake' domes on Venus is their gross morphology. Laboratory simulations using polyethylene glycol show that the height to diameter (aspect) ratios of domes of a given total volume depend critically on whether their extrusion was continuous or episodic, with more episodes leading to greater cooling and taller domes. Thus without observations of their emplacement, the compositions of Venusian domes cannot be uniquely constrained by their morphology. However, by considering a population of 51 Venusian domes to represent a sampling of many stages during the growth of domes with comparable histories, and by plotting aspect ratio versus total volume, we find that the shapes of the domes are most consistent with episodic emplacement. On Earth this mode of dome growth is found almost exclusively in lavas of dacite to rhyolite composition, strengthening earlier inferences about the presence of evolved magmas on Venus.
Urbanisation in Africa

(1976). Urbanisation in Africa. The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 286-298.
Association of Copayment and Statin Adherence Stratified by Socioeconomic Status

Background: There is a growing body of evidence supporting means testing out of copayment for high-value therapies such as statins. Objective: To investigate association between statin adherence and copayment when stratified by socioeconomic status. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study set in a network of VA facilities that includes Southern California and Nevada, with an enrollment of 1.4 million veterans. Socioeconomic status was estimated using zip code median household income. Differences in medication possession ratio (MPR) associated with copayment was the primary outcome measure. Odds of attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) <100 mg/dL was the secondary outcome measure. Separate regression models for each income quintile were performed for each outcome measure, respectively. Results: A total of 4748 patients were included in the analysis. Patients in quintiles two (−0.057, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.095 to −0.020) and three (−0.044, CI = −0.081 to −0.007) had statisti...
Reducing mutans streptococci levels in caregivers may reduce transmission to their children and lead to reduced caries prevalence.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Association of mutans streptococci between caregivers and their children. Douglass JM, Li Y, Tinanoff N. Pediatr Dent 2008;30:375-87. Reviewer Rebecca L. Slayton, MS, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question The authors evaluated studies that investigated the source of bacterial colonization, particularly mutans streptococci, in young children, as well as interventions to reduce the transmission from caregivers to children. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Comprehensive literature review Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade C: Consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series for studies of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or screening
Expanding the Terrain for Global Capital When Local Housing Becomes an Electronic Instrument

© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Beyond its social and political role, housing has long been a critical ec onomic sector in all developed societies. There have historically been three ways in which it played this economic role: as part of the construction sector, as part of the real estate market and as part of the banking sector in the form of mortgages (see Aalbers 2008; Wyly et al. 2004; Gotham 2006, among others). In all three sectors it has at times been a vector for innovation. For instance, in the early stages of development solar energy was largely applied to housing rather than offices or factories. Mass construction has used housing as a key channel to develop new organizational formats, and so has the industrial production of prefabricated buildings, which has mostly been about housing. Finally, mortgages have been one of the key sources of income and innovation for traditional-style banking. The 30-year mortgage, now a worldwide standard, was actually a major innovation for credit markets. Japan earlier and China today have instituted, respectively, 90and 70-year mortgages to deal with a rapidly growing demand for housing finance in a situation where it takes three generations to cover the cost of housing in a boom period – the 1980s in Japan and the 2000s in China. Today, housing has become the instrument for yet another innovation: a financial instrument that has lengthened the distance between itself and the underlying asset (housing) to an extreme that is usually associated with high-risk innovative finance. This is not the first time the financial sector has used housing for such an instrument: the first residential-mortgage-backed securities were produced in the late 1970s. The original intention was quite reasonable: to generate an additional source for funding the mortgages of 3
There Is No Accounting For Fannie Mae

The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA, Fannie Mae), was created in 1938, as a part of the New Deal. In 2003, regulators discovered serious accounting problems that may cost Fannie Mae several billion dollars in losses. In 2003, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprises Oversight (OFHEO) investigated Fannie Mae and found a culture of corruption, arrogance, and pervasive accounting violations in the company. Executives at Fannie Mae cooked books to pocket an extra twenty-seven million dollars in bonuses. This paper presents the accounting improprieties at Fannie Mae and the consequences that followed its investigation.
Peanut Cultivar Response to Preemergence Applications of Pyroxasulfone

ABSTRACT Pyroxasulfone is a residual herbicide developed for use in several agronomic crops such as corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Pyroxasulfone provides effective preemergence (PRE) control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, but little is known about peanut cultivar tolerance. Therefore, field trials were conducted in Georgia during 2012 and 2013 to evaluate peanut cultivars ‘Georgia-06G’, ‘Georgia Greener’, and ‘Tifguard’ response to pyroxasulfone applied PRE at 0, 120, or 240 g ai/ha. Greater stunting occurred during 2012 than 2013. Peanut stunting 10 days after planting (DAP) during 2012 and 2013 ranged from 38 to 55% and 3 to 11%, respectively. At 10 DAP, greater injury was observed in ‘Tifguard’ as compared to ‘Georgia-06G’ with pyroxasulfone at 120 g ai/ha. ‘Georgia Greener’ was injured more than ‘Tifguard’ following the 240 g ai/ha rate of pyroxasulfone. By 120 DAP, peanut had recovered substantially from stunti...
Persistence Patterns in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs).

Using a unique dataset of 44 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), this article examines critical patterns of enrollment, engagement, persistence, and completion among students in online higher education. By leveraging fixed-effects specifications based on over 2.1 million student observations across more than 2,900 lectures, we analyzed engagement, persistence, and completion rates at the student, lecture, and course levels. We found compelling and consistent temporal patterns: across all courses, participation declines rapidly in the first week but subsequently flattens out in later weeks of the course. However, this decay is not entirely uniform. We also found that several student and lecturespecific traits were associated with student persistence and engagement. For example, the sequencing of a lecture within a batch of released videos as well as its title wording were related to student watching. We also saw consistent patterns in how student characteristics are associated with persistence and completion. Students were more likely to complete the course if they completed a pre-course survey or followed a quantitative track (as opposed to qualitative or auditing track) when available. These findings suggest potential course design changes that are likely to increase engagement, persistence, and completion in this important, new educational setting.
Parasitism of the Wheat Stem Maggot in South Dakota

Six species of hymenopterous parasites of Meromyza americana Fitch were found in cereal crops in South Dakota during 1966 and 1967. Listed in the order of numerical importance, these were: Bracon meromyzae Gahan, Coelinidea ferruginea Gahan, C. meromyzae (Forbes), Bubekia fallax Gahan, Halticoptera patellana (Dalman), and Eupelmus allynii (French). The incidence of parasitism was higher in spring grains than winter grains. Rate of parasitism did not appear to he influenced by population density and location of hosts within fields or by varietal differences of spring wheat.