cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The necessary and sufficient conditions for motor learning, recognition, and recall

Abstract The first experiment paired four kinds of study tasks with three kinds of retrieval tests. Verbal repetition of a digit string produced motor facilitation without perceptual recognition, while, conversely, repeated perceptual processing of the digit string produced perceptual recognition of it without motor facilitation. Furthermore, perceptual and verbal repetition did not produce recall. Only repeated active retrieval attempts produced recall of the digit string, thus establishing the separate existence of the semantic code. In the second experiment, recognition memory declined faster following a task that did not involve the active retrieval of the digit string than one that did. These results extend the domain of the encoding specificity principle.
Interventions during donor care before lung transplantation

Improvement in the ratio of Pao2 to the fraction of inspired oxygen and treatment of pulmonary infections in donors have been cited as important goals for improving lungs before implantation and restoring marginal lungs to the donor pool. Likewise, improving donor Pao2 is often critical for other organs during donor care. The common physiological mechanisms responsible for hypoxemia are ventilation/perfusion mismatching, abnormal oxygen diffusion, and hypoventilation. These mechanisms are discussed and treatment options are considered.
The Impact of Venous Thromboembolism on Risk of Death or Hemorrhage in Older Cancer Patients

Among older cancer patients, there is uncertainty about the degree to which venous thromboembolism (VTE) and its treatment increase the risk of death or major hemorrhage. To determine the prevalence of VTE in a cohort of older cancer patients, as well as the degree to which VTE increased the risk of death or major hemorrhage. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry and Medicare administrative claims data. Patients with any of ten invasive cancers diagnosed during 1995 through 1999 were included; the independent variable was VTE diagnosed concomitantly with cancer diagnosis. Outcomes included major hemorrhage during the first year after cancer diagnosis and all-cause mortality; Overall, about 1% of patients who were diagnosed with cancer also had a VTE diagnosed concomitantly. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors and cancer stage and grade, concomitant VTE was associated with a relative increase in the risk of death for 8 of the 10 cancer types; the increase in risk tended to range 20–40% across most cancer types. Approximately 16.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.9–18.8%) of patients with a concomitant VTE and 7.9% (95% CI 7.7–8.0%) of patients without a VTE experienced a major hemorrhage during the year after cancer diagnosis (P value <.001). The excess risk of hemorrhage associated with VTE varied substantially across cancer types, ranging from no significant excess (kidney and uterine cancer) to 11.5% (lymphoma). Concomitant VTE is not only a marker and potential mediator of increased risk of death among older cancer patients, but patients with a VTE have a marked increased risk of major hemorrhage.
Knowledge, Trade‐Offs, and Tracking Truth

There are so many ideas in Roush’s dashing yet meticulous book that it is hard to confine oneself to a manageable menu of issues. Here I will reluctantly omit discussion of scientific realism, fallibilism, contextualism, and much else. My focus will be on one core part of Roush’s account of the ‘‘tracking’’ of facts, and the relation between tracking and knowledge. In approaching rival ‘‘theories of knowledge’’ it is helpful to distinguish three sets of facts. An imaginary complete philosophical theory in this area would have things to say on three different matters. First, there are facts about our ordinary concept of knowledge, and related concepts such as those of evidence and justification. The term ‘‘concept’’ might (should) be suspicious here, and I use it in a low-key sense. Perhaps it is better to imagine a complete account of how the words ‘‘knowledge’’ and ‘‘know’’ (etc.) are used, in both everyday circumstances and special ones. A second set of facts concerns how we human beings, and perhaps other organisms, are actually connected to the world with respect to epistemic matters. What sort of coordination and contact with external affairs do our perceptual states, beliefs, and theories achieve, when things go well and when things go badly? What sort of outcomes can be reasonably hope for, when we set out on the task of representing the world? Philosophers have to use some terms and concepts when developing this second body of theory, but they need not be familiar, everyday terms like ‘‘knowledge.’’ A third set of facts follows from, and concerns the relation between, the first two. How do the terms, concepts, and pictures that people ordinarily employ in this area relate to our actual epistemic attributes?
DRAG: a database for recognition and analasys of gait

A novel approach is proposed for creating a standardized and comprehensive database for gait analysis. The field of gait analysis is gaining increasing attention for applications such as visual surveillance, human-computer interfaces, and gait recognition and rehabilitation. Numerous algorithms have been developed for analyzing and processing gait data; however, a standard database for their systematic evaluation does not exist. Instead, existing gait databases consist of subsets of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic activity recordings by different investigators, at separate laboratories, and under varying conditions. Thus, the existing databases are neither homogenous nor sufficiently populated to statistically validate the algorithms. In this paper, a methodology for creating a database is presented, which can be used as a common ground to test the performance of algorithms that rely upon external marker data, ground reaction loading data, and/or video images. The database consists of: (1) synchronized motion-capture data (3D marker data) obtained using external markers, (2) computed joint angles, and (3) ground reaction loading acquired with plantar pressure insoles. This database could be easily expanded to include synchronized video, which will facilitate further development of video-based algorithms for motion tracking. This eventually could lead to the realization of markerless gait tracking. Such a system would have extensive applications in gait recognition, as well as gait rehabilitation. The entire database (marker, angle, and force data) will be placed in the public domain, and made available for downloads over the World Wide Web.
GENDER AND AGE IN FIELDWORK AND FIELDWORK EDUCATION: NO GOOD THING IS DONE BY ANY MAN ALONE*

With examples chosen principally from her own fieldwork, the author shows how age and gender affect the conduct of field research, facilitating the study of some groups and inhibiting (or prohibiting) the study of others. Because much instruction about fieldwork ignores age and gender, it leaves the novice ill prepared to cope with the vicissitudes of actual research. Further, it has led to inaccurate portraits of societies marked by sexual segregation. Male fieldworkers often believe they have described the totality, when in fact their ethnographic vision has been restricted to half or less. In many cases, mature women have the greatest scope as fieldworkers. During the past decade, there has been an explosion in the number of textbooks on how to do fieldwork: some direct attention to the entire research process; some to exotic intercultural situations; some to illicit and countercultural activities; and others to exposing the intricacies of seemingly conventional American life. Some refer to "qualitative methods" or "participant observation," others to "ethnographic investigation." All have the salutary orientation of encouraging students to move beyond campus and the boundaries of their conventional living-to observe, inquire, and mingle with others, to record their observations, and then to analyze the resultant data. My examination of these texts has revealed a common limitation or failing-one making the process of learning fieldwork hard for the persons attempting it and tending to make them feel unnecessarily inadequate, even when performing brilliantly. In formal and quantitative methods, the peculiarities of the individual tend to go unnoticed. Electronic data processing pays no heed to the age, gender, or ethnicity of the research director or programmer. But, in fieldwork these basic aspects of personal identity become salient; they drastically affect the process of field research.' Nowhere is essential humanity more exposed than in the process of fieldwork. The American system of education and commerce tends to treat persons as if they were interchangeable parts in mass production activities. Federal regulations and bureaucratic principles tend to minimize and disregard differences among individuals by age, gender, or ethnicity. So, when students reach field situations, they expect to be able to subordinate those aspects of themselves to the exigencies of performing research. Yet, paradoxically, in the field, one's basic humanity is emphasized, and such essential traits as age, gender, temperament and ethnicity become, if anything, magnified in the process of developing interactions with strangers.
Noncontact Dipole Effects on Channel Permeation. VI. 5F- and 6F-Trp Gramicidin Channel Currents

Fluorination of peptide side chains has been shown to perturb gramicidin channel conductance without significantly changing the average side chain structure, which, it is hoped, will allow detailed analysis of electrostatic modulation of current flow. Here we report a 1312-point potassium current-voltage-concentration data set for homodimeric channels formed from gramicidin A (gA) or any of eight fluorinated Trp analogs in both lecithin and monoglyceride bilayers. We fit the data with a three-barrier, two-site, two-ion (3B2S) kinetic model. The fluorination-induced changes in the rate constants were constrained by the same factor in both lipids. The rate constant changes were converted to transition-state free-energy differences for comparison with previous electrostatic potential energy differences based on an ab initio force field. The model allowed a reasonably good fit (chi = 8.29 with 1271 degrees of freedom). The measured changes were subtle. Nevertheless, the fitted energy perturbations agree well with electrostatic predictions for five of the eight peptides. For the other three analogs, the fitted changes suggested a reduced translocation barrier rather than the reduced exit barrier as predicted by electrostatics.
Class E driver for transcutaneous power and data link for implanted electronic devices

Magnetic transcutaneous coupling is frequently used for power and data transfer to implanted electronic devices. The paper describes a transmitter/coil driver based on the class E topology. The development of a ‘high-Q approximation’ simplifies the design procedure. A method of data modulation using synchronous frequency shifting is decribed. The class E circuit shows great promise, especially for circuits with unusually low coefficients of coupling. Transmitter coil currents of several amperes, at radio frequencies, with relatively low active device power dissipation, can easily be obtained.
A national perspective on the role of Marine Protected Areas in sustaining fisheries.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been used by traditional cultures for generations as a means to sustain local fisheries for food security. In more recent decades, MPAs have been used by coastal and ocean managers to protect special areas for a wide range of purposes – protecting threatened or rare species, conserving areas for biological diversity and other ecological functions, setting aside areas for recreation – as well as a fisheries management tool. While the role of an MPA in protecting species or biological diversity is fairly well understood, their role as fisheries management tools is more complex and controversial. This paper provides an overview of the use of MPAs as a fisheries management tool in the United States, drawing on the comprehensive MPA Inventory developed and maintained by the National Marine Protected Areas Center (MPA Center).
A Review of Canadian Policy on Social Determinants of Health

This paper provides an assessment of the social and fiscal policies related to social determinants of health at the federal level in Canada. An extensive review of grey literature was carried out to obtain information about policies and programs that address socio-economic factors influencing population health. Publications and reports on government websites such as Service Canada and non-government organizations such as UNICEF were examined in order to evaluate current socio-economic policies related to social determinants of health in Canada. The study found that Canada has generated a substantial body of research in the area of social determinants of health. Several policies and some programs directed towards social determinants such as income distribution, childhood care and development, education, employment and housing, have been implemented in Canada on the national level. Canada has made major progress in some areas of social determinants of health related policy-formulation and implementation, but it is deficient in several others. There is a need to galvanize efforts across all levels of governance to address the gaps between research and policy development related to social determinants of health at a system-wide level in Canada.
Aspects of the thermodynamics of metallic solutions

Recent work on the thermodynamics of metallic solutions has produced information which cannot be obtained from an analysis of the various phase diagrams alone. Selected binary solution systems will be discussed with a view towards illustrating the influence on the excess thermodynamic properties of a difference in the size, the electronegativity and the characteristic valence of the two solution partners. Particular attention will be given to the effect of valence on the enthalpy of mixing in terminal solutions of group B metals, and to the general problem of the excess entropy of mixing in metallic solution systems.
Bose-Einstein condensation and thermodynamic functions of 4He film

Abstract A monolayer of 4 He atoms is treated as a system of hard-sphere bosons in a thin film geometry, with a finite thickness. The method of pseudopotential is used to calculate first the energy spectrum, and then the Helmholtz free energy and other thermodynamic functions of the system. It is found that Bose-Einstein condensation exists below a definite temperature. Much like a liquid-gas transition, the boson system displays a high temperature normal phase, a low temperature condensed superfluid phase and coexistence region. In the present treatment, the minimum momentum associated with the finite thickness of monolayer is used as a parameter. We find that the transition temperature is linearly proportional to the density of the 4 He film. After performing double-tangent construction of the Helmholtz free energy curve we find for the specific heat a rounded peak at the transition temperature, in agreement with recent experiments. The ratio of the superfluid density at the transition point to the transition temperature is found to be essentially a constant.
Results of allergen-specific immunotherapy in 117 dogs with atopic dermatitis

The success of the treatment of 117 dogs with atopic dermatitis with allergen-specific immunotherapy for up to 48 months was assessed. An excellent response (remission with exclusive immunotherapy) was recorded in 18 of the dogs, a good response (more than 50 per cent reduction in medication and improvement of clinical signs) was recorded in 57, a moderate response was recorded in 24 and a poor response in 18. The mould antigens in the allergen extract were stored in a separate vial before administration and the success rate of the immunotherapy including mould antigens was much higher than in an earlier study in which mould and pollen antigens had been stored in one vial. The success rate was not affected significantly by the age of the dogs when the disease developed, or by their age or the period for which they had shown clinical signs when the treatment began; it was also unaffected by whether pollens, moulds or dust mites were used as antigens, or by whether the offending allergens had been identified by intradermal testing or by serum testing for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E.
Trajectories of sexual risk from middle adolescence to early adulthood.

Developmental trajectories of risky sexual behavior were identified in a multiethnic sample of 1,121 youth drawn from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set (NLSY79). Group-based trajectory modeling of a composite index of sexual risk taking revealed four sexual risk groups from ages 16 to 22: low risk, decreasing risk, increasing risk, and high risk. The Low Risk group exhibited low levels of risk across the study period. The Decreasing Risk group had high levels of sexual risk in adolescence that declined in early adulthood. The Increasing Risk and High Risk groups showed distinct risk patterns during adolescence but converged in early adulthood. When compared with adolescents in the low-risk group, individuals in the other groups were more likely to be male, had mothers who had an early birth, were less likely to live with both biological parents in early adolescence, had higher risk proneness, and reported more negative peer pressure.
Phase transformation in an yttrium-hydrogen system studied by TEM

Abstract Phase transformations in Pd-capped epitaxial yttrium films grown on (0 0 0 1) sapphire substrates covered with a Ti buffer layer and hydrogenated for different times were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For short hydrogen charging times, the phase transformation from α-Y to β-YH 2 is associated with the nucleation and growth of two orientational variants, which after coalescence form twin-related lamellae of the β-YH 2 phase with twin interfaces parallel to the substrate plane. Shockley partial dislocations are present at the twin boundaries; their glides during phase transformation are responsible for the formation of the twin lamellae. Superlattice reflections were observed for β-YH 2 , and the existence of a new long-range ordered superstoichiometric YH 2+ x phase was suggested. A structural model of the ordering based on the occupation of octahedral interstitial sites by H in a doubled cell of Y-face-centered cubic was offered. For samples hydrogenated for longer times, β-YH 2 -to-γ-YH 3 phase transformation was accompanied by cracking along the twin boundaries, which eventually developed into a network of pores and caused significant swelling of the films. No γ-YH 3 phase was observed directly in TEM because of its unstable nature under the high vacuum of a microscope column. The fully transformed YH 3 films have over a 60% increase in its thickness, which is mostly accounted for by the high volume fraction of pores.
Remembering the past to envision the future in middle childhood: Developmental linkages between prospection and episodic memory

Abstract Prospection is the mental simulation of future events and may promote positive, future-oriented action in the present. Despite evidence of a relation between prospection and episodic memory, there is a paucity of research comparing the developmental trajectories of each during middle childhood, a time of substantial episodic memory development. This study examined prospection and episodic memory in 5-, 7-, and 9-year-old children and adults (N = 80). Participants provided narratives and introspective judgments about their experience of mentalizing past and future events. The development of prospection was more protracted than that of episodic memory, although individual differences in past event episodicity predicted prospection. Although both prospection and episodic memory were characterized by a rich subjective experience, future events were rated as more difficult to envision and were more frequently viewed in the third-person perspective. Although both prospection and episodic memory appear to improve during middle childhood, results suggest that prospection may require additional skills.
The first operational FAA SWIM program: CDDS weather data dissemination using data and service standards

• CDDS disseminates weather data using standardized data models (WXXM) and data services (OGC WCS, WFS) • CDDS validates the NextGenSWIM Transformation Program for both Segments One and Two - Weather data can be distributed using SWIM-compliant software, security and messaging throughout the NAS and externally • CDDS enables real-time collaborative ATM technologies - Weather data can be automatically integrated with flight trajectory data into decision support tools enabling a more collaborative environment between airline operators and controllers
A commanding control of behavior.

Descending projection neurons to the spinal cord carry important information for movement initiation and control. A new study shows that relatively few projection neurons may be needed to generate certain visually guided movements.
Defibrillator patch electrode constriction: An underrecognized entity

Pericardial constriction associated with the placement of intrapericardial defibrillator patches is a rare occurrence that is reported only one tenth as often in defibrillator patients as in patients undergoing other types of cardiac operations. Although this discrepancy may be attributable to a lower incidence of constriction with the defibrillator patch electrode procedure, it may also indicate a failure to recognize that progressive right heart failure and signs of low cardiac output that could be due to pericardial constriction and not progressive systolic dysfunction. Because surgical removal of the patches and decortication of the epicardial surface is the only effective therapy, it is important to recognize this uncommon, but profoundly debilitating entity.
SU‐E‐J‐272: Long‐Term Evaluation and Cross‐Checking of Two Geometric Calibration Systems On Linacs

Purpose: Geometric or mechanical accuracy of kV and MV imaging systems of two Varian Truebeam linacs have been monitored by two geomertirc calibration systems, Varian IsoCal geometric calibration system and home-developed gQA system. Results of both systems are cross-checked and the long term geometric stabilities of linacs are evaluated. Methods: Two geometric calibration methodologies, the built-in IsoCal system (Varian Medical Systems) and the home-developed gQA system, have been used to assess kV and MV imaging systems and their coincidence periodically on two Truebeam linacs. Both systems analyze kV or MV projection images of special designed phantoms to retrieve geometric parameters of the imaging systems. The iso-centers are then calculated based on results of multiple projections from different angles. Calibration results from both systems are compared for cross-checking. Results: Special tests were performed by misaligning QA phantoms on purpose and both systems could detect the known deviations. The errors are within 1 mm. To date, 32 sessions of side-by-side calibrations has been performed by both systems on two Truebeam linacs and the study still continues. All the disagreements of iso-centers between two calibrations systems are less than 1 mm with 0.1 mm standard deviations. The most of large disagreements occurred in vertical direction (AP direction) with an averaged disagreement of 0.45 mm. The average disagreements of iso-centers are 0.09 mm in other directions. The calibrations have been lasted for about one year. The deviations of geometric parameters have been small and consistent for both Truebeam linacs. Conclusion: Both geometric calibration systems, IsoCal and gQA, are capable of detecting geometric deviations of kV and MV imaging systems of linacs. The long term evaluation also shows that the geometric accuracies of both linacs are very consistent. This project has been supported by a Varian Research Grant.
THE LENS AND THE SKIN. I. COMMON ANTIGENS OF THE SKIN AND CRYSTALLINE LENS.

The immunologic relationship of ocular, cutaneous and renal glomerular antigens has been demonstrated by a number of investigators. The earlier distribution studies (1-3) using antibody against renal glomerular antigen showed the probable localization of immunologically similar antigen in the basement membranes of many organs including skin and eye. These in vitro experiments were recently confirmed and extended in vivo by Nozaki et al (4) who showed that fluorescein-conjugated anti-rat-glomerular antibody reacts specifically with rat glomeruli, corneal basement membrane, lens capsule, and small blood vessels in the choroid, optic nerve, and conjunctiva.
Interposed abdominal compression-CPR in human subjects

Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been thought to produce approximately 30% of the usual resting cardiac output. Further increase of blood flow to vital organs may increase chances of resuscitation and decrease likelihood of permanent, residual central nervous system or cardiac damage. Various methods have been promoted, most requiring equipment not available to bystanders and time to initiate once advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) providers have necessary equipment at hand. Interposed abdominal compression-CPR (IAC-CPR), application of manual abdominal pressure during the release phase of chest compression in otherwise standard CPR, has been demonstrated in dogs to increase diastolic blood pressure by 100% and cardiac output by 75%. We measured systolic and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a group of six cardiac arrest patients after resuscitation was deemed unsuccessful by the physician directing CPR. We alternated periods of CPR versus IAC-CPR measuring femoral and radial or brachial pressures in six subjects, and found a 50% increase in MAP (from 26 to 39 mm Hg). Central venous pressures (CVP) were measured in one subject and, using MAP minus mean CVP to determine mean perfusion pressure, we found a 37% increase (from 19 mm Hg to 26 mm Hg). We propose that IAC-CPR may be a significant improvement in basic CPR if these studies are reproducible in resuscitatable patients.
Self-organised clustering for road extraction in classified imagery

Abstract The extraction of road networks from digital imagery is a fundamental image analysis operation. Common problems encountered in automated road extraction include high sensitivity to typical scene clutter in high-resolution imagery, and inefficiency to meaningfully exploit multispectral imagery (MSI). With a ground sample distance (GSD) of less than 2 m per pixel, roads can be broadly described as elongated regions. We propose an approach of elongated region-based analysis for 2D road extraction from high-resolution imagery, which is suitable for MSI, and is insensitive to conventional edge definition. A self-organising road map (SORM) algorithm is presented, inspired from a specialised variation of Kohonen's self-organising map (SOM) neural network algorithm. A spectrally classified high-resolution image is assumed to be the input for our analysis. Our approach proceeds by performing spatial cluster analysis as a mid-level processing technique. This allows us to improve tolerance to road clutter in high-resolution images, and to minimise the effect on road extraction of common classification errors. This approach is designed in consideration of the emerging trend towards high-resolution multispectral sensors. Preliminary results demonstrate robust road extraction ability due to the non-local approach, when presented with noisy input.
Environmental levels of p,p'‐DDE indicate multiple sources

Studies undertaken to determine the causes of continuing reproductive failures of populations of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Texas and California demonstrate exceptionally high levels of DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) in prey species in western Texas and unchanged high levels of DDE since 1969 in the peregrine population of the central coast of California. Although DDE is a derivative of DDT (p,p'-DDT; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane), levels of DDT were very low in in these samples. These observations follow a recent pattern of DDE contamination in the South and Southwest that is characterized by locally high environmental levels of DDE and low levels of DDT. The virtual absence of DDT indicates that the possible illegal uses of DDT, or the transport of DDT compounds from Latin America by migrating birds, cannot account for all of the DDE in these samples. Another source of environmental DDE is therefore indicated.
Specification and Design of Electrical Flight System Architectures with SysML

Modern space flight systems are required to perform more complex functions than previous generations to support space missions. This demand is driving the trend to deploy more electronics to realize system functionality. The traditional approach for the specification, design, and deployment of electrical system architectures in space flight systems includes the use of informal definitions and descriptions that are often embedded within loosely coupled but highly interdependent design documents. Traditional methods become inefficient to cope with increasing system complexity, evolving requirements, and the ability to meet project budget and time constraints. Thus, there is a need for more rigorous methods to capture the relevant information about the electrical system architecture as the design evolves. In this work, we propose a model-centric approach to support the specification and design of electrical flight system architectures using the System Modeling Language (SysML). In our approach, we develop a domain specific language for specifying electrical system architectures, and we propose a design flow for the specification and design of electrical interfaces. Our approach is applied to a practical flight system.
Reexpansion pulmonary edema.

o G E EINFLATION OF A collapsed lung in some cases may lead to pulmonary edema of the reexpanded lung. This atrogenic complication, termed “reexpansion pulmonary dema” (RPE), may occur after the treatment of a lung that has ollapsed because of a pneumothorax or pleural effusion. The rst known case of RPE occurred in 1853, when 3 L of pleural uid were drained by Pinault.1 The first well-described case as by Foucart in 1875.2 These early cases all followed drainge of large amounts of pleural fluid. At the turn of the century, t had been recommended to treat pleural effusions with thoraentesis, using high amounts of suction.3 The first report of a atient who developed RPE after treatment for a totally colapsed lung because of pneumothorax was by Carlson4 in 1958. eexpansion pulmonary edema may occur in the periopertive setting, which may complicate an anesthetic.5 In that ase, more than 3 L of pleural fluid were removed intraopratively during a thoracotomy. The lung, which had been hronically collapsed because of a malignant pleural effuion, was reexpanded intraoperatively after a subtotal pleuectomy. The pulmonary edema occurred within 1 hour of ung reexpansion but cleared over the next 2 to 3 hours with ositive-pressure ventilation. The purpose of this review is o discuss the incidence, clinical features, pathophysiology, nd management of the pulmonary edema that may occur fter reexpansion of a collapsed lung.
Infrared Hartmann wavefront sensor

An infrared Hartmann-type wavefront sensor was assembled from a 32 X 32 lenslet array, fabricated by a binary-optic process on a germanium substrate, and a 128 X 128 pixel InSb detector, manufactured by Amber Engineering, Inc. The sensor was used to measure the wavefront of a hydrogen-fluoride laser beam from the TRW Alpha Verification Module.
The effect of dietary copper supplementation on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of adipose depots in Boer × Spanish goats

A feeding trial was designed to examine the effects of copper sulfate pentahydrate (Cu-SO 4 .5H 2 O) on the fatty acid composition and oxidative stability in muscle and adipose tissues of Boer x Spanish goat kids. Fifteen (n = 5 per treatment) goats were fed 0, 100, or 200 mg of supplemental Cu per day as copper sulfate for 98 d. The animals were slaughtered, and LM, s.c. adipose from the sternal region, and mesenteric adipose tissues were collected. Total lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1), methylated and isolated via GLC from all tissues. The subsequent peaks were then positively identified by mass spectrometry. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were measured also. In s.c. adipose, dietary Cu significantly decreased C14:0 (P = 0.03) and C16:0 (P = 0.01). In muscle, C15:0 (P = 0.03) was linearly increased by Cu. Dietary Cu supplementation did not influence oxidative stability in goat muscle or s.c. adipose. Copper supplementation at 200 mg/d resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde in mesenteric adipose (P = 0.01) compared with the 0 or 100 mg/d groups. These results indicate that lipid composition may differ from depot to depot and that depending on the depot, dietary Cu seems to elicit a variable response on the fatty acid composition.
2-Amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole (PK 26124), a proposed antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, does not produce phencyclidine-like behavioral effects in pigeons, rats and rhesus monkeys.

Abstract PK 26124, a proposed excitatory amino acid antagonist, was compared to mephenesin and phencyclldine (PCP).In pigeons, PK 26124 and mephenesin produced loss of righting that was to some extent associated with eye closure and muscle relaxation, whereas PCP produced catalepsy, i.e., loss of righting without eye closure and without muscle relaxation. PK 26124, but not nephenesin, produced PCP-like discriminative stimulus effects in some but not all pigeons.In rats, PK 26124 and mephenesin produced loss of righting but did not induce locomotion, sniffing, swaying and falling, unlike PCP.In rhesus monkeys, PK 26124 did not Induce ketamine-like discriminative stimulus effects.While PK 26124 may share some biochemical properties with excitatory amino acid antagonists these do not lead to behavioral effects similar to PCP.
Signal transduction through the T cell receptor is dynamically regulated by balancing kinase and phosphatase activities

Within seconds of T cell receptor engagement, a well-characterized series of tyrosine phosphorylation events mediate cellular activation. It is widely accepted that these initial phosphorylations remain stable until protein tyrosine phosphatases return the cell to its basal level. Based on a model of peripheral blood T cell activation, in which the kinetics of phosphorylation can be modulated, we propose an alternate hypothesis that T cell signaling is highly dynamic. Our results demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are occurring co-temporally after T cell receptor cross-linking, regulated by a delicate balance of kinases and phosphatases.
Antidepressant administration has a differential effect on rat brain α2-adrenoceptor sensitivity to agonists and antagonists

The aim of this study was to characterize the action of antidepressants on rat brain α2-adrenoceptor function by examining their effect on the yohimbine-sensitive component of the cAMP response to adrenoceptor agonists. Using a prelabeling technique for measuring cAMP accumulation, it was found that chronic (2 weeks) administration of antidepressants increased the potency of yohimbine, an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, to inhibit norepinephrine-stimulated cAMP accumulation in rat brain cerebral cortical slices. In contrast, antidepressant treatment decreased the ability of the α-adrenoceptor agonist 6-fluoronorepinephrine to augment isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The results suggest that antidepressants alter rat brain α2-adrenergic function by shifting the receptor to antagonist-preferring state. Such an effect may contribute to the change in noradrenoceptor responsiveness that is characteristic of antidepressant administration.
Genetic changes from artificial propagation of Pacific salmon affect the productivity and viability of supplemented populations

Although several studies have shown genetic diVerences between hatchery and wild anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), none has provided compelling evidence that artificial propagation poses a genetic threat to conservation of naturally spawning populations. When the published studies and three studies in progress are considered collectively, however, they provide strong evidence that the fitness for natural spawning and rearing can be rapidly and substantially reduced by artificial propagation. This issue takes on great importance in the Pacific Northwest where supplementation of wild salmon populations with hatchery fish has been identified as an important tool for restoring these populations. Recognition of negative aspects may lead to restricted use of supplementation, and better conservation, better evaluation, and greater benefits when supplementation is used. ? 1999 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-Fabp) Modifies Intestinal Fatty Acid Composition and Adenoma Formation in ApcMin/+ Mice

Evidence suggests a relationship between dietary fat intake, obesity, and colorectal cancer, implying a role for fatty acid metabolism in intestinal tumorigenesis that is incompletely understood. Liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-Fabp), a dominant intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, regulates intestinal fatty acid trafficking and metabolism, and L-Fabp deletion attenuates diet-induced obesity. Here, we examined whether changes in intestinal fatty acid metabolism following L-Fabp deletion modify adenoma development in Apc(Min)(/+) mice. Compound L-Fabp(-/-)Apc(Min)(/+) mice were generated and fed a 10% fat diet balanced equally between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat. L-Fabp(-/-)Apc(Min)(/+) mice displayed significant reductions in adenoma number and total polyp area compared with Apc(Min)(/+)controls, reflecting a significant shift in distribution toward smaller polyps. Adenomas from L-Fabp(-/-)Apc(Min)(/+) mice exhibited reductions in cellular proliferation, high-grade dysplasia, and nuclear β-catenin translocation. Intestinal fatty acid content was increased in L-Fabp(-/-)Apc(Min)(/+) mice, and lipidomic profiling of intestinal mucosa revealed significant shifts to polyunsaturated fatty acid species with reduced saturated fatty acid species. L-Fabp(-/-)Apc(Min)(/+) mice also showed corresponding changes in mRNA expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid elongation and desaturation. Furthermore, adenomas from L-Fabp(-/-)Apc(Min)(/+) mice displayed significant reductions in mRNA abundance of nuclear hormone receptors involved in cellular proliferation and in enzymes involved in lipogenesis. These findings collectively implicate L-Fabp as an important genetic modifier of intestinal tumorigenesis, and identify fatty acid trafficking and metabolic compartmentalization as an important pathway linking dietary fat intake, obesity, and intestinal tumor formation.
Timing of planned delivery in uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies: a review of the literature

Monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins comprise of 20–30% of twin pregnancies; roughly 50% will be undelivered and ‘uncomplicated’ beyond 32 weeks gestation. This review details accumulating data regarding the risk of intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in ‘uncomplicated’ MCDA twins and risks associated with prematurity. ‘Uncomplicated’ MCDA twins are at increased risk for IUFD, even when under intensified surveillance in tertiary care centers. The prospective risk of IUFD in uncomplicated MCDA varies among different studies, with reported rates of up to 3.3% at 34 weeks and 2.2% at 36 weeks. If single IUFD occurs, it exposes the surviving co-twin to potential significant morbidity and mortality. It had been suggested that elective preterm delivery would eliminate this risk, but recent evidence of prematurity morbidity are accumulating. With more intensified monitoring from 32 weeks, it is possible that the rate of IUFD is lower than anticipated. We reviewed the data regarding these risks and their contribution to the decision-making process.
The Equivalence of Second Order Impedance Control and Proportional Gain Explicit Force Control: Theory and Experiments

This paper reveals the essential equivalence of second order impedance control and proportional gain explicit force control with feedforward. This is first done analytically by reviewing each control method and showing how they mathematically correspond. For stiff environments the correspondence is exact. However, even for softer environments similar response of the system is indicated. Next, the results of an implementation of these control schemes on the CMU DD Arm II are presented, confirming the predictions of the analysis. These results experimentally demonstrate that proportional gain force control and impedance control, with and without dynamics compensation, have equivalent response to commanded force trajectories.
Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise

Although frequency-domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been performed in the setting of exercise and recovery from exercise, the relationship of specific frequency components to sym...
ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand Factor in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was a mystery for over half a century until the discovery of ADAMTS13. ADAMTS13 is primarily synthesized in the liver, and its main function is to cleave von Willebrand factor (VWF) anchored on the endothelial surface, in circulation, and at the sites of vascular injury. Deficiency of plasma ADAMTS13 activity ( 20%) in other forms of thrombotic microangiopathy secondary to hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation, infection, and disseminated malignancy or in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Plasma infusion or exchange remains the initial treatment of choice to date, but novel therapeutics such as recombinant ADAMTS13 and gene therapy are under development. Moreover, ADAMTS13 deficiency has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebral malaria, and preeclampsia.
Ca2+ binding to EF hands 1 and 3 is essential for the interaction of apoptosis-linked gene-2 with Alix/AIP1 in ocular melanoma.

Apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG-2) encodes a 22 kDa Ca2+-binding protein of the penta EF-hand family that is required for programmed cell death in response to various apoptotic agents. Here, we demonstrate that ALG-2 mRNA and protein are down-regulated in human uveal melanoma cells compared to their progenitor cells, normal melanocytes. The down regulation of ALG-2 may provide melanoma cells with a selective advantage. ALG-2 and its putative target molecule, Alix/AIP1, are localized primarily in the cytoplasm of melanocytes and melanoma cells independent of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration or the activation of apoptosis. Cross-linking and analytical centrifugation studies support a single-species dimer conformation of ALG-2, also independent of Ca2+ concentration. However, binding of Ca2+ to both EF-1 and EF-3 is necessary for ALG-2 interaction with Alix/AIP1 as demonstrated using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Mutations in EF-5 result in reduced target interaction without alteration in Ca2+ aff...
Interactions of Manifest Anxiety Score with Anagram Letter Transition Probability and Thorndike-Lorge Frequency of Solution Word

In an experiment designed for further exploration of the effects of manifest anxiety upon anagram problem solving, two levels each of manifest anxiety score, letter transition probability of anagram, and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word were factorially combined (N = 40 male and 40 female freshmen and sophomores). While corroborating the previous findings that anagram solving rate is positively related to solution word frequency and negatively related to anagram letter transition probability, the results have demonstrated a significant interaction of solution word frequency, though not of anagram letter transition probability, with manifest anxiety score. This interaction, as shown in the facilitative effect of manifest anxiety with anagrams derived from high-frequency words and the inhibitory effect with anagrams derived from low-frequency words, is consistent with Taylor's interpretation that manifest anxiety, as an emotionally based drive, multiplicatively interacts with habit strength.
Estimates of Mean Consequences and Confidence Bounds on the Mean Associated With Low-Probability Seismic Events in Total System Performance Assessments

An approach is described to estimate mean consequences and confidence bounds on the mean of seismic events with low probability of breaching components of the engineered barrier system. The approach is aimed at complementing total system performance assessment models used to understand consequences of scenarios leading to radionuclide releases in geologic nuclear waste repository systems. The objective is to develop an efficient approach to estimate mean consequences associated with seismic events of low probability, employing data from a performance assessment model with a modest number of Monte Carlo realizations. The derived equations and formulas were tested with results from a specific performance assessment model. The derived equations appear to be one method to estimate mean consequences without having to use a large number of realizations.
An advanced point-wise ambiguity selection algorithm: application to SeaWinds

The scatterometer wind estimation process results in several possible wind vectors (ambiguities) at each resolution cell. The current ambiguity selection technique applied to SeaWinds on QuikSCAT data requires outside data as part of the initialization. An advanced ambiguity selection algorithm known as BYU point-wise does not use nudging data; rather, it utilizes a low-order Karhunen Loeve (KL) wind field model to promote self-consistency. In application to a subset of SeaWinds data, BYU point-wise selects 93% of the same ambiguities as the JPL method. On a set of non-storm error regions, BYU point-wise performed subjectively better in 55% of regions and subjectively worse in only 11% of regions. In cyclonic-storm cases, BYU pointwise performed subjectively better in 11% of regions while performing worse in 23% of regions. Thus, BYU point-wise generally produces more consistent results in non-storm regions without the aid of external nudging data.
Nonlinear long-wave stability of superposed fluids in an inclined channel

We consider the two-layer flow of immiscible, viscous, incompressible fluids in an inclined channel. We use long-wave theory to obtain a strongly nonlinear evolution equation which describes the motion of the interface. This equation includes the physical effects of viscosity stratification, density stratification, and shear. A weakly nonlinear analysis of this equation yields a Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation, which possesses a quadratic nonlinearity. However, certain physical situations exist in two-layer flow for which modifications of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation are physically pertinent. In particular, the presence of the second layer can mediate the wave-steepening instability found in single-phase falling films, requiring the inclusion of a cubic nonlinearity in the weakly nonlinear analysis. The introduction of the cubic nonlinearity destroys the symmetry-breaking bifurcations of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation, and new isolated solution branches emerge as the strength of the cubic nonlinearity increases. Bistability between these new solutions and those associated with the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation is found, as well as the formation of a hysteresis loop from smaller-amplitude travelling waves to larger-amplitude travelling waves. The physical implications of these dynamics to the phenomenon of laminar flooding in a channel are discussed.