cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applicability of the willow architecture for cloud management

The differences between Grids and Clouds arguably include objectives, organization, scale, and workload. By examining these characteristics and requirements in detail, we assess the degree to which a generic management infrastructure for Grid computing can be applied to Cloud infrastructures. Our analysis is further refined by considering a specific management system, Willow, which we have recently successfully applied to Grid management. Three distinct architectures are evaluated: wholly within the datacenter transparent to users; completely within the user software stack and transparent to the Cloud provider; and, a hybrid in which the system is known to both the provider and the users.
Modulation by ketone bodies of the rate of fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland slices from lactating rats

The absolute rate of fatty acid synthesis was measured in slices of mammary gland from lactating rats by incubation in [3H]2O-labeled medium containing 10 mM D-3-hydroxybutyrate or aceto-acetate alone and paired in combination with 10 mM glucose, lactate, or pyruvate. When compared with our previous studies, the ketone bodies alone supported significant fatty acid synthesis; the rate of synthesis from either ketone body and lactate was higher than that from pyruvate and lactate, and that from pyruvate and glucose; the rate of synthesis from D-3-hydroxybutyrate and lactate was the highest we have observed in the absence of an exogenous substrate for the hexose monophosphate pathway. This study confirms our previous contention that, in rat mammary gland, substrates formed in the mitochondria can be utilized in the cytosol to provide some of the NADPH necessary for fatty acid synthesis.
On zeros of solutions of certain Emden-Fowler like differential equations in Hilbert space

On demontre un theoreme sur l'existence des zeros des solutions d'equations differentielles de type Emden-Fowler dans des espaces de Hilbert
Evidence for segregation of heterologous GPI-anchored proteins into separate lipid rafts within the plasma membrane.

Cholesterol and glycosphingolipid-rich membrane rafts, which are rich in GPI-anchored proteins and are distinct from caveolae, are believed to serve as platforms for signal transduction events and protein recycling. GPI-anchored proteins with diverse functions as well as caveolin may be recovered in a membrane fraction insoluble in cold non-ionic detergent. This study tests for possible heterogeneity in the protein composition of the lipid rafts and detergent-insoluble membrane complexes by examining the two GPI-anchored homologous human folate receptors (FR)-a and -b, the GPI-anchored human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), and caveolin (control) in transfected CHO cells. Both FR and PLAP showed the equal distribution of cell-surface vs. sequestered (recycling) protein typical of GPI-proteins. Quantitative affinity purification of detergent-insoluble complexes using biotinylated folate or specific antibodies demonstrated a strong association of the homologous FR-a and FR-b in the same detergent-insoluble complex and separate complexes containing either PLAP or caveolin. Immunogold localization experiments using antibody crosslinking to produce larger aggregates of GPI-anchored proteins for visualization by electron microscopy also showed a clear separation between FR- and PLAP-rich membrane microdomains. Thus, even though functionally diverse and heterologous GPI-anchored proteins are known to share endocytic and recycling vesicles, they may be segregated in distinct lipid rafts on the basis of their ecto(protein) domains facilitating clustering, compartmentalization and homotypic protein interactions.
Medical psychiatry units and the roles of the inpatient psychiatric service in the general hospital

The medical-psychiatric unit concept has been the most important influence in the development of general hospital inpatient psychiatry in the last decade. This concept and style of unit organization is reviewed in the context of the history of general hospital inpatient psychiatry. It is suggested that elements of the medical-psychiatry unit model will become more important in the organization of general hospital psychiatric units. Modifications of the medical psychiatry unit concept are suggested to take into account the heterogeneity of many general hospital inpatient services. Implications of these factors are discussed in the context of unit design, models of staff organization, and the formation of networks of care.
Naloxone pretreatment alters the local cerebral metabolic effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate in rats

Abstract The effect of naloxone on γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-induced cerebral metabolic depression was studied in rats with the 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose method. Naloxone pretreatment statistically significantly antagonized the cerebral metabolic effect of GHB in 10 of 38 structures examined. These results are consistent with previous data showing reversal of the dopaminergic, electroencephalographic, and behavioral effects of GHB by naloxone and suggest that some of the neuropharmacological effects of GHB are mediated by the endogenous opiate system.
Nanoporous, Interpenetrated Metal-Organic Diamondoid Networks.

Reactions of Cd(NO(3))(2).4H(2)O with 4-cyanopyridine in the presence of ethanol or pyrazine guest molecules under hydro(solvo)thermal conditions afford two new cadmium coordination polymers, [Cd(isonicotinate)(2)(EtOH)][EtOH], 1, and [Cd(isonicotinate)(2)(H(2)O)][pyrazine], 2. The Cd centers in both 1 and 2 are seven-coordinate with distorted pentagonal bipyrimidal structures via coordination to two pyridyl nitrogen atoms, one oxygen atom from a solvent molecule, one chelating carboxylate, and one semichelating carboxylate group. The bridging isonicotinate groups link each Cd center to four adjacent Cd centers, resulting in three-dimensional polymeric networks based on doubly interpenetrated diamondoid structures. One molecule of ethanol or pyrazine is also included in 1 or 2, respectively, to fill the void space left within the solid after the twofold interpenetration. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) showed that the included and coordinated ethanol molecules in 1 could be removed stepwise at 100 and 160 degrees C, respectively. After the removal of the guest ethanol molecules, the resulting nanoporous solid exhibits the same X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern as 1. Guest ethanol molecules can be reintroduced into the evacuated sample of 1 via exposure to ethanol vapor at room temperature. Further heating results in the loss of coordinated ethanol molecules and the collapse of the polymeric network structure. On the other hand, XRPD shows that removal of pyrazine in 2 is accompanied by the loss of the coordinated water molecules and, consequently, the collapse of the polymeric network structure. These results demonstrate that nanopores can be designed based on interpenetrated coordinated networks. Crystal data for 1: orthorhombic space group Pbca, a = 12.691(1) A, b = 15.545(1) A, c = 18.342(1) A, and Z = 8. Crystal data for 2: orthorhombic space group Pbca, a = 12.081(1) A, b = 15.323(2) A, c = 19.705(3) A, and Z = 8.
The Baryonic Content of Galaxies and Clusters

Optical and X-ray observations of early-type galaxies, groups, and clusters of galaxies show that a greater fraction of the gravitating mass is observable in rich clusters than in individual galaxies. In elliptical galaxies, only a few percent of the gravitating mass is observed in stars or gas, while in rich clusters, approximately 30% of the mass is contained in hot gas and galaxies. In this Letter, we show that if the recent estimate of the MACHO abundance in our Galaxy is representative of all galaxies, then the "observable" content of galaxies, groups, and rich clusters (in the form of MACHOs, stars, and gas) is nearly constant at 50% of the total mass. We also explore the consequences for the gaseous content of groups and clusters if MACHOs are the stellar remnants of an early population of stars. Previous studies have shown that the hot gas in clusters cannot be supplied by the present population of stars in clusters, which implies that the gas is primordial. However, based on the MACHO detection rate in our Galaxy, we find that the stellar progenitors of MACHOs could produce the observed gas mass and abundance of heavy elements in rich clusters. The observed trend of increasing gas mass fraction between groups and clusters then can be explained within the context of hierarchical clustering scenarios.
Micropatterning of Microsphere-Based Thin Films with a Femtosecond Laser

We demonstrate the possibility of micropatterning arrays of silica microspheres using femtosecond laser pulses. Selective removal of individual spheres is observed and the interaction of the pulse with the microsphere is characterized.
GPR imaging of land mines by solution of an inverse problem

Imaging of land mines using signal of a light-weight GPR is considered as an inverse problem for a Helmholtz-like equation. This equation is derived from Maxwell's system. The inverse problem consists in recovery of electrical permittivity and conductivity of a target(s) using multi- frequency measurements of the back-reflected signal. A novel method of solution is proposed. A crucial advantage of this algorithm over many traditional ones is that it avoids entirely the problem of local minima, since it does not use a least squares cost functional.
Deformation and patterns of sedimentation, South San Clemente Basin, California Borderland

Abstract Seismic reflection profiling in the South San Clemente Basin and the southern portion of the San Diego Trough has revealed at least six sedimentary units exhibiting varying stages of deformation. Four of the units are interpreted to be marine turbidites supplied by adjacent submarine canyons. Sediments comprising the Descanso Plain and correlative material within the South San Clemente Basin are attributed to a southerly source (Banda Canyon), while the more recent Quaternary turbidites from Coronado Canyon filled the southern San Diego Trough and then spilled over into South San Clemente Basin. The relatively high but intermittent rates of sedimentation, together with shifting sources and areas of deposition, have resulted in sedimentary units that were emplaced in comparatively short episodes but which were subjected to relatively continuous tectonic activity. Consequently, the sedimentary layers of each unit appear uniformly affected by deformation which increases in successively older units.
On the Computation of Compressible Turbulent Flows on Unstructured Grids

An accurate, fast, matrix-free implicit method has been developed to solve compressible turbulent How problems using the Spalart and Allmaras one equation turbulence model on unstructured meshes. The mean-flow and turbulence-model equations are decoupled in the time integration in order to facilitate the incorporation of different turbulence models and reduce memory requirements. Both mean flow and turbulent equations are integrated in time using a linearized implicit scheme. A recently developed, fast, matrix-free implicit method, GMRES+LU-SGS, is then applied to solve the resultant system of linear equations. The spatial discretization is carried out using a hybrid finite volume and finite element method, where the finite volume approximation based on a containment dual control volume rather than the more popular median-dual control volume is used to discretize the inviscid fluxes, and the finite element approximation is used to evaluate the viscous flux terms. The developed method is used to compute a ...
Comparison of a One-Dimensional Model of a High-Temperature Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Stack with CFD and Experimental Results

A one-dimensional model has been developed to predict the thermal and electrochemical behavior of a high-temperature steam electrolysis stack. This electrolyzer model allows for the determination of the average Nernst potential, cell operating voltage, gas outlet temperatures, and electrolyzer efficiency for any specified inlet gas flow rates, current density, cell active area, and external heat loss or gain. The model includes a temperature-dependent area-specific resistance (ASR) that accounts for the significant increase in electrolyte ionic conductivity that occurs with increasing temperature. Model predictions are shown to compare favorably with results obtained from a fully 3-D computational fluid dynamics model. The one-dimensional model was also employed to demonstrate the expected trends in electrolyzer performance over a range of operating conditions including isothermal, adiabatic, constant steam utilization, constant flow rate, and the effects of operating temperature.
Effects of Photoperiod or Exogenous Melatonin Administration on the Activity of N‐Acetyltransferase and Hydroxyindole‐O‐Methyltransferase and the Melatonin Content of the Harderian Gland of Two Strains of Female Syrian Hamsters

The activities of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) and the melatonin concentration of the Harderian glands of two strains of Syrian hamster females (outbred and inbred LSH/SsLak) exposed to two different photoperiods (14:10 h and 8:16 h) were studied. The Harderian glands of the inbred hamsters showed greater NAT activity than those of the outbred animals. On the other hand, the glands of the outbred hamsters exhibited higher HIOMT activity and melatonin content than those of the inbred LSH/SsLak. Short photoperiod exposure, which produced gonadal regression in the inbred but not in the outbred hamsters, decreased the NAT activity in the inbred animals to the levels of the outbred. HIOMT activity was not affected by the lighting conditions. After the exposure to short days, the melatonin content of the inbred hamster Harderian glands increased to that in the outbred animals. Daily melatonin injections, which caused gonadal regression in the LSH/SsLak but not in the outbred hamsters, did not stimulate the effect of the short photoperiod on the Harderian gland NAT activity and melatonin content of the inbred hamsters.
Reassessing Security Assurances in a Unipolar World

The same changes to the international security environment that have increased the interest in security assurances may also be making new types of security assurances possible and may make them more important as means to address today's greatest proliferation threats.
Water vapor profiling using limb scatter measurements

Analysis of the use of near IR limb scatter measurements to estimate water vapor profiles in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Data taken by SAGE III and other sensors will be presented.
Noradrenergic systems in human cerebellum

Thin, beaded axons, immunostained with antisera to human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), were present in all layers of the anterior vermis of human cerebellum. This plexus appears similar to that described in rodents and provides information complementary to receptor autoradiographic studies that show significant noradrenergic innervation of mammalian cerebellum. Moreover, in two aged controls, we demonstrated abnormal, swollen, tortuous axons not visualized in young controls.
Effect of Interfacial Bonding on the Self-Adhesion of SBR and Neoprene

Abstract When two elastomer layers are partially crosslinked in contact with each other, the strength of adhesion increases. This effect has now been studied for simple vulcanizates of SBR and for CR vulcanizates crosslinked with sulfur and/or oxide linkages. Under threshold conditions, e.g., at high temperatures and in the swollen state, when both viscous effects and strain-induced crystallization are virtually eliminated, the work of detachment is small and approximately proportional to the inferred degree of interlinking, rising from a few J/m2 when only Van der Waals' attractions are present, up to 40–70 J/m2 in the fully-interlinked state. No significant differences were observed between SBR and CR vulcanizates, or with different types of crosslinking of CR. The principal structural factors governing the adhesive strength under threshold conditions appear to be the number and length of the molecular strands comprising the network and crossing the interface. The threshold fracture energy is directly p...
Gasdynamic light guide.

The refractive index gradients in the gas flow in a radial flow convergent-divergent nozzle whose throat lies on the arc of a circle can create, in the neighborhood of the throat, a region capable of trapping and guiding light. Such a device, with a deflection angle of 90° and a throat radius of 7.6 cm, is described. The shape, structure, and transmission characteristics of the light guiding region were investigated for a variety of nozzle conditions and light injection conditions. The data appear to form a consistent picture which gives a considerable degree of understanding of the light guiding region of this particular machine. Under optimum operating conditions, the transmission of the device was measured to be >0.996. The optical quality of this light guide was poor; however, there appears to be no fundamental limitation to developing gasdynamic light guides of much higher quality.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October–December 2000

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 263 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2000. The solutions are obtained using corrections for a spherical earth structure represented by the whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward [A.M. Dziewonski, R.L. Woodward, Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale, in: H. Emert, H.-P. Harjes (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging, Plenum Press, New York, vol. 19, 1992, pp. 785–797]. The model of an elastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom [Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 86 (1996) 144] is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Organization and expression of non-Alu family interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in the mouse genome☆

Abstract The mouse genome is complex with regard to DNA sequence organization and transcriptional activity. To more fully understand the role of interspersed repetitive DNA sequences we have isolated and characterized five different mouse non-Alu DNA sequence families. We have found that: (1) the distribution of repetitive sequences is non-random in the genome; (2) two of the five families (Bam5 and R) were previously described by Fanning (1982) and Gebhard et al. (1982), respectively. We found that these two families are linked to each other and are found adjacent to seven of seven studied structural genes but in randomly selected DNA fragments showed much less significant linkage. (3) The position of the Bam5 and R family repeat units relative to β-globin and relative to a housekeeping gene has been evolutionarily conserved in mice and humans. (4) Three previously undescribed families representing from 200 to 40,000 copies per genome have been characterized and shown to have equivalent human sequences. (5) All five families studied are represented in RNA polymerase II transcripts. Little RNA polymerase III transcription homologous to these three families could be detected. The structural and functional features of these five families defined in this paper provide a basis for studies on the functional role of interspersed repetitive DNA in the mouse.
Condensation energy in Eliashberg theory: From weak to strong coupling

We consider two issues related to the condensation energy in superconductors described by the Eliashberg theory for various forms of the pairing interaction, associated either with phonon or electronic mechanisms of superconductivity. First, we derive a leading correction to the BCS formula for the condensation energy to first order in the coupling $\lambda$. Second, we show that at a given $\lambda$, the value of the condensation energy strongly depends on the functional form of the effective pairing interaction $\Gamma (\omega)$.
Toll-Like Receptor Expression and Responsiveness of Distinct Murine Splenic and Mucosal B-Cell Subsets

Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and trigger innate immunity leading to initiation of adaptive immunity. TLR-mediated activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is known to be a critical event in the initiation of cellular and humoral immune responses. Recent work however suggests that B cells also express TLRs, and that they can be activated via TLR ligands. However, whether such B cell activation occurs only on memory B cells, or whether it can also occur on truly naive B cells remains controversial. Furthermore, the expression and functional relevance of TLRs on distinct subsets of B cells, which are known to play differential roles in humoral responses is not known. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of different TLRs in distinct subsets of murine B cells (naive, memory, follicular, marginal zone, B-1 and peyer's patch). In contrast to the reported restricted expression pattern of TLRs in human peripheral blood naive B cells, murine splenic naive B cells express a variety of TLRs with the exception of TLR5 and 8. Consistent with this relatively broad expression pattern, murine naive B cells proliferate and secrete antibody to a variety of TLR agonists in vitro, in the absence of B-cell receptor cross-linking. In addition, we observed subtle differences in the antibody secretion pattern of follicular, marginal zone, B-1 and peyer's patch B-cell subsets. Conclusions/Significance Thus various B cell subsets, including truly naive B cells, express multiple TLRs, and signaling via such TLRs results in their robust proliferation and antibody secretion, even in the absence of dendritic cell activation, or T-cell help.
Guidelines for Family Business Boards of Directors

Governance reform of publicly held corporations is an important topic these days, but a critical subtext has been missing from this often searing debate. Namely, what is the significance of these governance reforms, de jure and de facto, for the publicly held corporation's distant, smaller, but economically robust brethren—namely, the closely held, family-owned business? Should these family-owned entities be held to the same governance guidelines and standards that apply to those firms making up the ranks of the Fortune 500, for example? To put it another way, does one size fit all? We caution that many of the most popularized corporate governance practices may be detrimental to family businesses. Many of these recommendations may harm family unity or might be too complex for private firms, and many are applicable only to very large, public companies with dispersed ownership. Popular corporate governance practices are focused toward a market model of corporate governance, found prevalently in the United S...
A comparison of biomarker records of northeast African vegetation from lacustrine and marine sediments (ca. 3.40 Ma)

Integrated terrestrial and marine records of northeast African vegetation are needed to provide long high resolution records of environmental variability with established links to specific terrestrial environments. In this study, we compare records of terrestrial vegetation preserved in marine sediments in the Gulf of Aden [Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 231] and an outcrop of lacustrine sediments in the Turkana Basin, Kenya, part of the East African Rift System. We analyzed higher plant biomarkers in sediments from both deposits of known equivalent age, corresponding to a ca. 50‐100 ka humid interval prior to the b-Tulu Bor eruption ca. 3.40 Ma, when the Lokochot Lake occupied part of the Turkana Basin. Molecular abundance distributions indicate that long chain n-alkanoic acids in marine sediments are the most reliable proxy for terrestrial vegetation (Carbon Preference Index, CPI = 4.5), with more cautious interpretation needed for n-alkanes and lacustrine archives. Marine sediments record carbon isotopic variability in terrestrial biomarkers of 2‐3&, roughly equivalent to 20% variability in the C3/C4 vegetation contribution. The proportion of C4 vegetation apparently increased at times of low terrigenous dust input. Terrestrial sediments reveal much larger (2‐10&) shifts in n-alkanoic acid d 13 C values. However, molecular abundance and isotopic composition suggest that microbial sources may also contribute fatty acids, contaminating the lacustrine sedimentary record of terrestrial vegetation. ! 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tailoring the Operative Approach for Appendicitis to the Patient: A Prediction Model from National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Data

Background Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is increasingly being performed in the United States, despite controversy about differences in infectious complication rates compared with open appendectomy (OA). Subpopulations exist in which infectious complication rates, both surgical site and organ space, differ with respect to LA compared with OA. Study Design All appendectomies in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were analyzed with respect to surgical site infection (SSI) and organ space infection (OSI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified independent predictors of SSI or OSI. Probabilities of SSI or OSI were determined for subpopulations to identify when LA was superior to OA. Results From 2005 to 2009, there were 61,830 appendectomies performed (77.5% LA), of which 9,998 (16.2%) were complicated (58.7% LA). The risk of SSI was considerably lower for LA in both noncomplicated and complicated appendicitis. Across all ages, body mass index, renal function, and WBCs, LA was associated with a lower probability of SSI. The risk of OSI was considerably greater for LA in both noncomplicated and complicated appendicitis. In complicated appendicitis, OA was associated with a lower probability of OSI in patients with WBC >12 cells × 10 3 /μL. In noncomplicated appendicitis, OA was associated with a lower probability of OSI in patients with a body mass index Conclusions Subpopulations exist in which OA is superior to LA in terms of OSI, however, SSI is consistently lower in LA patients.
Targeted PET/CT Imaging of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques: Microcalcification with Sodium Fluoride and Inflammation with Fluorodeoxyglucose

A significant majority of atherosclerotic plaque ruptures occur in coronary arteries exhibiting none or only modest luminal narrowing on coronary angiography. Emerging data suggest the biological composition of an atherosclerotic plaque (vulnerability to rupture) rather than its degree of stenosis or size is the major determinants for acute clinical events. Thus, the pursuit for noninvasive molecular imaging probes that target plaque composition, such as inflammation and/or microcalcification is a creditable goal. 18 F-fluorodioxyglucose (18 F-FDG) is a metabolic probe that can be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET)/computer tomography (CT) technology to target plaque macrophage glucose utilization and inflammation. Vascular plaque 18 F-FDG uptake has been linked to cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. More recently, another molecular probe 18 F-sodium fluoride (18 F-NaF) was introduced for PET imaging, which targets active microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaques. Little is known regarding the role of early microcalcification in the initiation and progression of plaque, partly because of lack of a noninvasive imaging modality targeting molecular calcification. 18 F-NaF PET/CT imaging could provide new insights into the complex interaction of plaque, and facilitate understanding the mechanism of plaque calcification. Moreover, when these 2 molecular probes, 18 F-FDG and 18 F-NaF, that target distinct biological processes in an atherosclerotic plaque are used in combination, they may further elucidate the link between local inflammation, microcalcification, progression to plaque rupture, and cardiovascular event.
Effect of topical indomethacin on uvr-induced redness and prostaglandin E levels in sunburned guinea pig skin

Prostaglandin E (PGE) levels in the skin have been shown to be elevated during the 24 hr. period following exposure of guinea pig skin to ultraviolet radiation from 280-320 nm in the so-called UVB or "sunburn spectrum". The development of increased PGE levels paralleled the development of the delayed phase of erythema. When applied immediately after UVB exposure, one topical application of 2.5% Indomethacin (IM) simultaneously decreased the redness and PGE levels in the skin to near normal within one hr. of treatment. The IM effect persisted for approximately 24 hrs. By 48 hrs. the PGE level in the sunburned skin was near normal whether or not the skin had been treated with IM. The redness which was evident at 48 hrs. did not respond to additional topical IM treatment. This suggests that a substance(s) other than PGE may be involved in this latter portion of UVB-induced erythema. A major role for PGE as an early mediator or potentiator of UVB-induced erythema has been deomonstrated. Any involvement of PGE with UVB-induced cell death or alterations in DNA synthesis seems unlikely.
Local and global microcode compaction using reduction operators

The problem of compacting microcode has received considerable attention, but there remains much room for improvement. The major obstacle is the NP-completeness of the associated optimization problem and the coupling between code generation and compaction. Reduction operators are one form of heuristic technique that have been used effectively in scene analysis. By abstracting the microcode compaction problem as a constraint satisfaction problem, we can utilize some developed heuristic techniques. This approach is demonstrated along with experimental results obtained from a computer implementation. A comparison is made with several existing methods.
Relative role of stomatal and aerodynamic resistances in transpiration of a tomato crop in a CO2-enriched greenhouse

Abstract Three adjacent ventilated mini-greenhouses, made of clear polyethylene film were planted with an equal number of tomato plants in the spring of 1984, keeping the plants at optimum levels of water and nutrients. During the entire growing period, CO 2 levels in the mini-greenhouses were maintained during the daytime at ∼ 340, 700, and 1000 ppmv. With an increase in CO 2 level from 340 to 1000 ppmv, the epidermal resistance typically increased from 30 to 90 s m −1 . Nevertheless, the water use, as measured by weighing mini-lysimeters, or as computed from the water vapor balance of each mini-greenhouse, decreased only by 15–20% as a result of the CO 2 enrichment. This can be explained by the value of the aerodynamic resistance, which was estimated directly from the heat transfer coefficient and indirectly by a residual computation. The aerodynamic resistance averaged 200 s m −1 at an air exchange rate of 30 m 3 m −2 h −1 . Therefore, its value dominated gas exchange by the plants, even at the highest CO 2 level of 1000 ppmv.
Breast Cancer Therapies and Cardiomyopathy

The prevalence of chemotherapy-related cardiac disease is increasing and management demands a multidisciplinary approach from cardiologists and oncologists. Pretreatment identification of predisposing risk factors and assessment of cardiac function before and at intervals during and after therapy with cardiotoxic agents are necessary. In clinical practice, surveillance is largely performed using transthoracic echocardiography or multi-gated radionuclide angiography. Imaging strategies that detect cardiac injury before overt left ventricular systolic dysfunction provide an opportunity for early intervention and improved cardiac outcomes.
Expanding venue and persistence of planetary mobile robotic exploration: new technology concepts for Mars and beyond

The domain and technology of mobile robotic space exploration are fast moving from brief visits to benign Mars surface regions to more challenging terrain and sustained exploration. Further, the overall venue and concept of space robotic exploration are expanding-“from flatland to 3D”-from the surface, to sub-surface and aerial theatres on disparate large and small planetary bodies, including Mars, Venus, Titan, Europa, and small asteroids. These new space robotic system developments are being facilitated by concurrent, synergistic advances in software and hardware technologies for robotic mobility, particularly as regard on-board system autonomy and novel thermo-mechanical design. We outline these directions of emerging mobile science mission interest and technology enablement, including illustrative work at JPL on terrain-adaptive and multi-robot cooperative rover systems, aerobotic mobility, and subsurface ice explorers.
Images of the environment in corporate America

Three nature images influence the environmental policies of major American corporations. Successively they are images of the (1) unfouled nest, (2) protected habitat, and (3) uncontaminated environment. Each contains unexpected surprises for its corporation, however. Polaroid, for example, does not foul its company precincts, but is now a Superfund “Potentially Responsible Party” for its deposited wastes in its home and neighboring states. This anomaly thus extends its unfouled-nest image to its dumpsites and beyond, but also implodes upon its workplace. Parallel extensions and inversions affect Martin Marietta's favored image of the protected habitat and Union Carbide's of the uncontaminated environment. These are shown with references to Kant and to Aristotle, but a concluding moral compares further neglect of the full consequences of such images to Dante's allegorical Circles 4 and 5 of Hell.
Two mast cell stabilizers, pemirolast potassium 0.1% and nedocromil sodium 2%, in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a comparative study.

This randomized, double-masked, active-control, parallel-group trial compared the mast cell stabilizers pemirolast potassium 0.1% and nedocromil sodium 2% in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Pemirolast is currently indicated for four-times-daily administration, nedocromil, for twice-daily dosing. Both ophthalmic solutions were instilled bilaterally twice a day for 8 weeks. The study involved four office visits and two telephone contacts. Participants evaluated their symptoms daily in take-home diaries (itching was the primary efficacy variable) and completed questionnaires to assess comfort. Of a total enrollment of 80, 78 patients completed the study. No significant differences were found between pemirolast and nedocromil on any signs or symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis (redness, chemosis, itching, eyelid swelling). At each visit, pemirolast was rated significantly more comfortable than nedocromil. A significantly higher percentage of the pemirolast group experienced no signs or symptoms at work or school (58% vs 28%; P = .005). The number of adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. Twice-daily administration of pemirolast potassium was as efficacious and safe as twice-daily nedocromil sodium in the 8-week treatment of ragweed allergic conjunctivitis and was superior to nedocromil in comfort. Increased comfort with pemirolast may increase patient satisfaction and compliance with therapy.
Scaphoid interfragmentary motions due to simulated transverse fracture and volar wedge osteotomy.

Abstract Background Our goal was to determine 3-dimensional interfragmentary motions due to simulated transverse fracture and volar wedge osteotomy of the scaphoid during physiologic flexion–extension of a cadaveric wrist model. Methods The model consisted of a cadaveric wrist (n = 8) from the metacarpals through the distal radius and ulna with load applied through the major flexor–extensor tendons. Flexibility tests in flexion–extension were performed in the following 3 test conditions: intact and following transverse fracture and wedge osteotomy of the scaphoid. Scaphoid interfragmentary motions were measured using optoelectronic motion tracking markers. Average peak scaphoid interfragmentary motions due to transverse fracture and wedge osteotomy were statistically compared (P Findings The accuracy of our computed interfragmentary motions was ± 0.24 mm for translation and ± 0.54° for rotation. Average peak interfragmentary motions due to fracture ranged between 0.9 mm to 1.9 mm for translation and 5.3° to 10.8° for rotation. Significant increases in interfragmentary motions were observed in volar/dorsal translations and flexion/extension due to transverse fracture and in separation and rotations in all 3 motion planes due to wedge osteotomy. Interpretation Comparison of our results with data from previous in vitro and in vivo biomechanical studies indicates a wide range of peak interfragmentary rotations due to scaphoid fracture, from 4.6° up to 30°, with peak interfragmentary translations on the order of several millimeters. Significant interfragmentary motions, indicating clinical instability, likely occur due to physiologic flexion–extension of the wrist in those with transverse scaphoid fracture with or without volar bone loss.
Soft Liner in a Complete Denture: Report of Case

For a number of years an edentulous patient had experienced discomfort and pain from unsatisfactory dentures. There was need for a soft liner. Application of a liner, a simple procedure, relieved the patient’s discomfort and allowed the denture to f it satisfactorily.
Hyaline bodies: Some observations on their ultrastructure

Abstract The ultrastructure of hyaline bodies was examined. Their constant association with elements of squamous epithelium pointed to an epithelial component in their structure. Elements of red blood cells, blood vessels, and endothelium were not evident in these hyaline bodies, thereby negating a vascular origin. Due to ultrastructural limitations, the exact composition of the structures could not be determined.
THE EFFECT OF SIZE, BOOK‐TO‐MARKET EQUITY, PRIOR RETURNS, AND BETA ON STOCK RETURNS: JANUARY VERSUS THE REMAINDER OF THE YEAR

Size and book-to-market equity are shown to transcend beta in explaining stock returns. One possible explanation of the book-to-market equity effect is overreaction. We investigate the effect of size, book-to-market equity, prior returns, and beta on stock returns. We find significant reversals in January consistent with overreaction. We find a strong positive relation between returns and prior returns for February through December. Both patterns are distinct from either a size or book-to-market equity effect. Book-to-market equity is significantly related to returns, with some evidence of a stronger effect in January.
Development of orientation coherence in plane-strain deformation

Spatial orientation coherence in 20 pct channel-die compressed aluminum ingot is investigated using the two-point orientation coherence function (OCF) constructed from individual crystallite orientation measurements. It is found that orientation coherence clusters formed in the initially coherence-free ingot during deformation. The orientation coherence cluster consists of a central grain with lattice orientation (φ1, ϕ, φ2) surrounded by grains with lattice orientation (π + φ1, ϕ, φ2); this coincides with one of the processing-symmetry orientations of the central grain. The observed clustering is compared with simulations of structure evolution based upon the classical full-constraint Taylor model. As is expected, no coherence structure develops in these simulations. A mechanism of formation for the orientation coherence cluster is proposed based upon a requirement of stress equilibrium between neighboring grains, while maintaining, on average, strain compatibility with the overall plane-strain compression deformation mode. A simplified Fourier representation of the conditional two-point OCF is described, and a numerical scheme to obtain the expansion coefficients is proposed and tested.
In-Work Benefits in the United States: The Earned Income Tax Credit

The earned income tax credit (EITC) is or soon will be the largest cash or nearcash benefit provided to low-income households in the United States.' The EITC is a credit on the federal income tax available to working poor families with children. In I994 the credit equals 26-3 % of earned income (wages, salaries, self-employment income, and farm income) for taxpayers with one child, up to an earned income of $7,750; hence, the maximum benefit is $2,038 for families with one child. Because benefits increase with earned income (up to a certain point), the EITC seems to encourage work and therefore is a popular antipoverty programme. Taxpayers with one child and incomes above $7,750 but below $i i,ooo receive the maximum benefit. Taxpayers with one child whose incomes exceed $I I,ooo are in the phase-out range of the credit: their $2,038 credit is reduced by I5 98 cents for every dollar of income earned over and above $I I,ooo. Taxpayers with two or more children are entitled to a slightly larger credit ($2,528, or 30o0 %0 of $8,425), which is phased out at a I 7p68 0 rate. A small credit of at most $306 was available to childless taxpayers betnween the ages of 25 and 64 for the first time in I 994. Unlike most credits and deductions in the federal individual income tax system, the EITC is refundable that is, if the amount of the credit exceeds what the taxpayer owes, he or she receives a payment from the US Treasury for the difference. The EITC was adopted in I975 and was originally promoted as a way to relieve the burden of the social security payroll tax on low-wage working parents.2 The original EITC equaled IO 0 of earnings up to a maximum credit of $400 for taxpayers with children, and was phased out at a rate of IO cents per dollar of earnings (or adjusted gross income, whichever was higher) for incomes between $4,ooo and $8,ooo. The EITC has been increased many times since I975, though the largest changes occurred in I990 and I993. In i996 when the I993 legislative changes are fully phased in, the credit rate will be 40 0 of earnings for families with two or more children and 34 0 for families
Sanitization models and their limitations

This work explores issues of computational disclosure control. We examine assumptions in the foundations of traditional problem statements and abstract models. We offer a comprehensive framework, based on the notion of an inference game, that unifies various inference problems by parameterizing their problem spaces. This work raises questions regarding the significance of intractability results. We analyze common structural aspects of inference problems via case studies; these emphasize why explicit policies are needed to specify all social context and ethical values relevant to a problem instance.
A guide to prescribing home phototherapy for patients with psoriasis: The appropriate patient, the type of unit, the treatment regimen, and the potential obstacles

Background Ultraviolet B phototherapy is underused because of costs and inconvenience. Home phototherapy may alleviate these issues, but training is spotty, and many physicians are not comfortable prescribing home phototherapy. Objective The purpose of this review is to provide a practical guide for recognizing appropriate patients, prescribing, and dealing with potential obstacles for home phototherapy treatment. Methods Current guidelines for treatment of psoriasis were used to describe an appropriate patient for home phototherapy. Current literature and resources from phototherapy providers were reviewed to determine appropriate type of light, unit, treatment regimen, and how to navigate the insurance claim process. Results Treatment schedules vary based on skin type. Home phototherapy companies provide various units suited for individual situations. Assistance can be used from suppliers to facilitate the process of obtaining a home phototherapy unit and navigating obstacles. Limitations Phototherapy treatment varies on an individual basis, so this review serves only as a guide. Conclusion Home phototherapy is a suitable treatment for many patients for whom office-based phototherapy is not accessible. Home phototherapy companies simplify the process by providing assistance for prescribing home light units.
Search for lowest-energy nonclassical fullerenes III: C22.

Density functional and second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation (MP2) methods were employed in the investigation of low-lying C22 isomers. All cage structures with four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered rings were examined with the monocyclic ring, bowl, and other noncage structures. Cage isomers were first identified via graph theoretical methods, and noncages were identified by basin-hopping methods. Initial isomer screenings were carried out at the PBE/DND level of theory. Low-lying isomers, within 0.6 eV of the predicted lowest-energy isomer, were further evaluated at the PBE1PBE/cc-pVTZ and MP2/cc-pVTZ levels. Our results confirm that the cage structures are more stable than the ring structure and the bowl structure. The lowest-energy structure for C22 is predicted to be the C22-1 cage containing one four-membered ring. Anion photoelectron and optical spectra of the six lowest-lying isomers are also computed.
Treatment of cancer of the pancreas with high energy photons and electrons.

Abstract A technique for using high energy photons and electrons in the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer is described. This technique consists of opposed lateral 45 Mv photon beams and an anterior mixed beam (45 Mv photons and 20 Mev electrons). This technique achieves greater sparing of adjacent normal structures than traditional 60 Co techniques. The case of a patient so treated is reported. Other applications of high energy photon and electron beams to pancreatic neoplasms are briefly discussed. The authors conclude that with high energy photon and electron beams it should now be possible to provide improved palliation if not definitive radiotherapeutic management of localized but unresectable cancers of the pancreas.
Radiographic findings in Paget's disease of bone.

Often Paget’s disease of bone is asymptomatic and is detected during radiograph or laboratory testing for another complaint.
Stress analysis of a reversed dish head of a cylindrical pressure vessel

Abstract Cylindrical, steam-pressurized vessels with ‘reversed dish’ heads are in wide use in the textile industries. The complicated head design had not previously been analyzed and was designed using limited strain gage data. A finite element analysis of the head was performed and compared to the strain gage data. It was found that the head did meet the ASTM standard even though the strain gage locations were not in the region where the largest principal stresses occurred.
Nondipole effects in the photoionization of neon: Random-phase approximation

The random-phase approximation (RPA) is applied to study nondipole corrections to the angular distribution of photoelectrons from the n=2 shell of Ne. Calculations of the parameters {gamma}{sub nl} and {delta}{sub nl} arising from E{sub 1}-E{sub 2} interference effects are carried out for the 2s and 2p subshells of Ne in the photon energy range 100{endash}2000 eV. For the 2s shell, the RPA calculations show small effects of correlation near the 2s threshold energy, but are otherwise in agreement with independent-particle approximation (IPA) calculations. The RPA and IPA values of {gamma}{sub 2s} are also in agreement with experiment. For the 2p shell, a small difference between RPA and IPA calculations of the nondipole parameters is found for energies near the 1s threshold; however, both RPA and IPA calculations of the parameter {gamma}{sub 2p}+3{delta}{sub 2p} disagree significantly with experimental measurements for photon energies above 1000 eV. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}