cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Constitutional Parameters of Campaign Finance Reform

Few issues today are more controversial than campaign finance reform. Fueled by a widespread public belief that the political process has been improperly distorted by the immense costs of running for public office, and the resulting perception that those who make significant campaign contributions or independent expenditures may exert undue influence on the legislative process, a number of proposals for campaign finance reform have been introduced at both the federal and state levels. At the same time, however, government regulation of political campaigns raises concerns that lie at the core of the First Amendment's protection of freedom of speech. Uncertainty regarding the permissible constitutional parameters of campaign finance reform further complicates the already difficult task faced by legislative bodies considering campaign finance reform legislation.Thus article, adapted from written testimony provided to the Kansas Legislature’s Special Committee on Local Government, is intended to help clarify these constitutional parameters and thereby provide assistance to policymakers on this complex issue. My goal is not to advocate a particular position on the merits of campaign finance reform, but to explain the current state of the law in as neutral a manner as possible. In particular, the Committee asked me to address the related subjects of “independent expenditures” and “soft money.” In responding to this request, the article consists of three parts. First, I will review the United States Supreme Court's decision in Buckley v. Valeo, which established the basic constitutional principles governing campaign finance regulation. Second, I will discuss the development of the Buckley principles in subsequent judicial decisions, with particular reference to the implications of the case law for regulation of independent expenditures and soft money. Finally, I will attempt to summarize the permissible scope of campaign finance regulation.
Propofol inhibits long-term potentiation but not long-term depression in rat hippocampal slices.

Background:Although propofol is known to produce amnesia when used for anesthesia, mechanisms underlying its effects on memory are poorly understood. The current study was designed to examine the effects of propofol on forms of synaptic plasticity thought to contribute to memory processing.Methods:E
Human skin permittivity determined by millimeter wave reflection measurements.

Millimeter wave reflection from the human skin was studied in the frequency range of 37–74 GHz in steps of 1 GHz. The forearm and palm data were used to model the skin with thin and thick stratum corneum (SC), respectively. To fit the reflection data, a homogeneous unilayer and three multilayer skin models were tested. Skin permittivity in the mm-wave frequency range resulted from the permittivity of cutaneous free water which was described by the Debye equation. The permittivity increment found from fitting to the experimental data was used for determination of the complex permittivity and water content of skin layers. Our approach, first tested in pure water and gelatin gels with different water contents, gave good agreement with literature data. The homogeneous skin model fitted the forearm data well. Permittivity of the forearm skin obtained with this model was close to the skin permittivity reported by others. To fit reflection from the palmar skin with a thick SC, a skin model containing at least two layers was required. Multilayer models provided better fitting to both the forearm and palmar skin reflection data. The fitting parameters obtained with different models were consistent with each other. Bioelectromagnetics 28:331–339, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Indochinese refugees: Five years later

(1979). The Indochinese refugees: Five years later. New Community: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 448-456.
A reversible generalized movement disorder in critically ill children with cancer.

Introduction: Some children treated for cancer become critically ill because of immune suppression and sepsis requiring prolonged intensive care support and assisted ventilation. Methods: Over a 3-year-period, we have identified six children (four with brain tumors) who developed a generalized movement disorder during a protracted intensive care unit stay. Median age was 2 years (range 1–6 years). Movement disorder developed while receiving multiple medications. Results: Sedation was achieved with midazolam and opioid infusions. Dystonic posturing of limbs, jaw movements, tongue thrusting, and intermittent eye deviations were present in all. Movements increased if the child was stimulated and an electroencephalogram performed in five children excluded seizures. Conclusions: This movement disorder should be differentiated from seizures to prevent inappropriate treatment. Exacerbation with stimulation is a clinical clue to the correct diagnosis and an electroencephalogram can help differentiate this movement disorder from seizures.
Novel relationships of age, visceral adiposity, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein concentrations to growth hormone (GH) releasing-hormone and GH releasing-peptide efficacies in men during experimental hypogonadal clamp.

Background: Sex steroids influence GH secretion in complex ways. Hypothesis: Analyses in a low sex-steroid milieu will help unveil the effects of age and other nonsteroidal regulators on GH secretion. Context: The study was conducted in a tertiary medical center. Subjects: The study group included 13 healthy young men and 12 healthy older men. Methods: We used GnRH agonist-induced down-regulation of testosterone and estradiol secretion, followed by consecutive infusion of l-arginine and GHRH or GHRP-2, to test secretagogue efficacies. Outcomes: We measured basal and pulsatile GH secretion. Results: During experimental testosterone/estradiol deprivation, older (57 ± 1.7 yr) men maintained: 1) 6.8-fold less pulsatile GH secretion (P < 0.001); and 2) 2-fold lower maximal GH responses to GHRH (P = 0.0065) and GHRP-2 (P = 0.022) than young (23 ± 1.1 yr old) individuals. Stepwise forward-selection regression analyses identified: 1) abdominal visceral fat as a dominant negative predictor of both GHRH (R2 = 0.49;...
Justice and capabilities in the postcolony Extending Sen to the Jamaican and South African contexts

This article explores briefly the practical as well as theoretical issues that arise when Amartya Sen’s evaluation of justice through the capabilities afforded citizens in a society is applied to postcolonies like Jamaica and South Africa. It argues that the application of the capabilities approach to the circumstances of the postcolony gives rise to the need for an expansion of its purview as the informational focus of Sen’s theory of justice. This is so because of the manner in which domestic as well as external forces and interests function so as to limit in particular the material conditions necessary for freedom and self-actualization in the postcolony. As examples the article engages briefly with the way in which multinationals and multilateral lending agencies in pursuit of their interests have adverse impact upon capabilities in Jamaica and South Africa, affecting in turn the quality of material life, as well as that of democratic governance in both states. In doing so it broaches the important is...
Coil embolization of segmental arterial mediolysis of the hepatic artery.

JVIR 2000; 11:865–868 SEGMENTAL arterial mediolysis was described as a distinct pathologic entity by Slavin et al (1) in 1976. The angiographic features of the disease were first described in 1990 by Heritz et al (2) and were subsequently described by other investigators (3–6). Slavin et al originally named the entity segmental mediolytic arteritis, but later changed the name to segmental arterial mediolysis when it became evident that the pathologic process was, in fact, quite dissimilar to the histologic appearances of arteritis. In 1949, Grunewald (7) described a pathologically similar process in the epicardial coronary arteries of neonates, and it is now generally believed that this was the first description of segmental arterial mediolysis in the literature (1,4). We describe a case of an elderly patient with a presumptive diagnosis of segmental arterial mediolysis who presented with abdominal pain and hemobilia. We report the use of coil embolization to treat the symptomatic aneurysmal abnormalities. We also describe the angiographic findings after 5 months of follow-up.
Differences in physical phenomena governing laser machining of structural ceramics

Several structural ceramics such as alumina, silicon nitride, silicon carbide and magnesia were machined using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Laser processing conditions and temperature dependent thermo-physical properties govern the physical phenomena that machine these ceramics. Melting, dissociation and evaporation are some of the vital mechanisms associated with material removal. Discrimination and incorporation of these physical processes into a hydrodynamic machining model to predict different machining parameters was conducted. The model provides an outstanding tool for advance prediction of thermal energy and time required for machining desired depth of material.
A Learner-Centered Pedagogy to Facilitate and Grade Online Discussions in Writing Courses

Taking a practitioner focus, I present the need for and features of a new learner-centered discussion pedagogy. The article begins with an analysis of the dynamics and difficulties of facilitating and grading online threaded discussions in writing classes. It demonstrates how De Nigris and Witchel’s (2000) concepts of the “WRITE” and the “WRONG” can be integrated into Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) to plan and create a discussion pool and tree that keeps students engaged as it moves them from lower to higher levels of learning. It further shows how the students’ progress on the cognitive scale and their timely, well thought out, and interactive participation can be encouraged and assessed. The discussion concludes with an examination of the advantages and feasibility of using the new, learner-centered discussion management pedagogy in graduate and undergraduate online and hybrid writing classes across universities and learning management systems.
A kinase inhibitor activates the IRE1α RNase to confer cytoprotection against ER stress

Abstract Unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause trans-autophosphorylation of the bifunctional transmembrane kinase IRE1α, inducing its RNase activity to splice XBP1 mRNA, in turn triggering a transcriptional program in the unfolded protein response (UPR). As we previously showed with the yeast IRE1 kinase ortholog, a single missense mutation in the ATP-binding pocket of murine IRE1α kinase sensitizes it to the ATP-competitive inhibitor 1NM-PP1, and subordinates RNase activity to the drug. This highly unusual mechanism of kinase signaling requiring kinase domain ligand occupancy—even through an inhibitor—to activate a nearby RNase has therefore been completely conserved through evolution. We also demonstrate that engagement of the drug-sensitized IRE1α kinase through this maneuver affords murine cells cytoprotection under ER stress. Thus kinase inhibitors of IRE1α are useful for altering the apoptotic outcome to ER stress, and could possibly be developed into drugs to treat ER stress-related diseases.
Characterization of Klebsiella sp. Strain 10982, a Colonizer of Humans That Contains Novel Antibiotic Resistance Alleles and Exhibits Genetic Similarities to Plant and Clinical Klebsiella Isolates

A unique Klebsiella species strain, 10982, was cultured from a perianal swab specimen obtained from a patient in the University of Maryland Medical Center intensive care unit. Klebsiella sp. 10982 possesses a large IncA/C multidrug resistance plasmid encoding a novel FOX AmpC β-lactamase designated FOX-10. A novel variant of the LEN β-lactamase was also identified. Genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that this isolate contains genes associated with nitrogen fixation, allantoin metabolism, and citrate fermentation. These three gene regions are typically present in either Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates or Klebsiella nitrogen-fixing endophytes but usually not in the same organism. Phylogenomic analysis of Klebsiella sp. 10982 and sequenced Klebsiella genomes demonstrated that Klebsiella sp. 10982 is present on a branch that is located intermediate between the genomes of nitrogen-fixing endophytes and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Metabolic features identified in the genome of Klebsiella sp. 10982 distinguish this isolate from other Klebsiella clinical isolates. These features include the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster, which is typically present in endophytic Klebsiella isolates and is absent from Klebsiella clinical isolates. Additionally, the Klebsiella sp. 10982 genome contains genes associated with allantoin metabolism, which have been detected primarily in K. pneumoniae isolates from liver abscesses. Comparative genomic analysis of Klebsiella sp. 10982 demonstrated that this organism has acquired genes conferring new metabolic strategies and novel antibiotic resistance alleles, both of which may enhance its ability to colonize the human body.
Playing with strangers: understanding temporary teams in league of legends

Game researchers have extensively studied how players form long-term social organizations such as guilds and clans to accomplish complex tasks such as raiding in online games. Few studies have paid attention to how temporary teams (or pickup groups) composed of strangers fulfill complex tasks. Riot Games' League of Legends, a team-based competitive online game, is played by two temporary teams. Players must collaborate with strangers in a relatively short time (about 30-50 minutes). How do players interact and collaborate with their teammates in temporary teams? To answer this question, we conducted an ethnographic study within the League of Legends community. We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with experienced players. We found that rich social interaction exists within temporary teams. Players want to collaborate with strangers through communication and coordination. They discipline their own ways of interaction to facilitate collaboration. They try to exert influence over their teammates. We further discuss design implications for facilitating collaboration among strangers.
Teachers' perceptions of control over presenting problems and resulting preferences for consultation versus referral services

Abstract The impact of modifying teacher's perceptions of control over a presenting problem and their resulting preference for consultation versus referral services was investigated. The subjects were sent a brief description of a common classroom problem along with information designed to alter their sense of control over this problem. Data analyses indicated that increasing teachers' perceptions of control over a problem resulted in an increased preference for consultative rather than referral services. The results are discussed in regard to potential strategies for overcoming resistance to school-based consultation.
The familial aggregation of obstructive sleep apnea

An inherited basis for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been suggested by reports of families with multiple affected members and by a previous study of the familial aggregation of symptoms of SDB. In this study, we quantify and characterize the aggregation of SDB and assess the degree to which familial similarities may be independent of obesity. This was a genetic-epidemiologic study that assessed the distribution of SDB in families identified through a proband with diagnosed sleep apnea and among families in the same community with no relative with known sleep apnea. SDB was assessed with overnight in-home monitoring of airflow, oxygen saturation, chest wall impedance, heart rate, and body movement. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess symptoms, and weight, height, and neck circumference were measured directly. Intergenerational and intragenerational correlation coefficients and pairwise odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with adjustment for proband sampling. In toto, 561 members of 91 families were studied: (1) 47 subjects with laboratory-confirmed SDB (index probands), (2) 44 community control subjects, and (3) the spouses and relatives of 1 and 2. Of all 91 families, 32 (35%) had two or more members with SDB, 30 (33%) had one affected member, and 29 had no affected members. SDB was more prevalent in the relatives of index probands (21%) than among neighborhood control subjects (12%) (p = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long-range forces between two excited mercury atoms and associative ionization

The long-range quadrupole-quadrupole (∼ R −5 ) and leading dispersion (∼ R −6 ) interactions between all pairs of excited Hg(6s6p) 3 P0, 3 P1, 3 P2, and 1 P1 atoms are determined. The quadrupole moments are calculated using the ab initio relativistic configuration-interaction method coupled with many-body perturbation theory. The van der Waals coefficients are approximated using previously calculated static polarizabilities and expressions for the dispersion energy that are validated with similar systems. The long-range interactions are critical for associative ionization in thermal and cold collisions, and are found to be quite different for different pairs of interacting states. Based on this knowledge and the short-range parts of previously calculated potential curves, improved estimates of the chemi-ionization cross sections are obtained.
Prevalence of thyroid antibodies among healthy middle-aged women. Findings from the thyroid study in healthy women

Autoimmune thyroiditis is the most common cause of subclinical hypothyroidism in North America, is more common in women than men, and is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). We measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and two thyroid antibodies, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin, in stored sera of the participants (aged 44 to 54 years) of the Healthy Women Study. We selected 254 samples from the premenopausal baseline examination in 1983 to 1985 and from a follow-up examination that occurred an average of 5.7 years later (range, 3 to 7.7 years). At follow-up, 95 women remained premenopausal, 98 had ceased menstruating for at least 12 months, and 61 were taking postmenopausal hormone therapy. Overall, the prevalence of the thyroid antibodies in this healthy population was high at both time points (21 to 26%). Women with antibodies had higher TSH concentrations than did those with no antibodies (2.68 +/- 1.3 versus 1.51 +/- .73 mU/L, P 6.0 mU/L). TSH and antibody levels did not differ by menopausal status or hormone therapy use at follow-up. Given the high prevalence of thyroid antibodies among healthy middle-aged women, long-term follow-up is warranted to ascertain whether the presence of antibodies is associated with subsequent excess risk of disease, in particular, CHD.
In vitro Reassembly of the Ribose ATP-binding Cassette Transporter Reveals a Distinct Set of Transport Complexes

Bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) importers are primary active transporters that are critical for nutrient uptake. Based on structural and functional studies, ABC importers can be divided into two distinct classes, type I and type II. Type I importers follow a strict alternating access mechanism that is driven by the presence of the substrate. Type II importers accept substrates in a nucleotide-free state, with hydrolysis driving an inward facing conformation. The ribose transporter in Escherichia coli is a tripartite complex consisting of a cytoplasmic ATP-binding cassette protein, RbsA, with fused nucleotide binding domains; a transmembrane domain homodimer, RbsC2; and a periplasmic substrate binding protein, RbsB. To investigate the transport mechanism of the complex RbsABC2, we probed intersubunit interactions by varying the presence of the substrate ribose and the hydrolysis cofactors, ATP/ADP and Mg(2+). We were able to purify a full complex, RbsABC2, in the presence of stable, transition state mimics (ATP, Mg(2+), and VO4); a RbsAC complex in the presence of ADP and Mg(2+); and a heretofore unobserved RbsBC complex in the absence of cofactors. The presence of excess ribose also destabilized complex formation between RbsB and RbsC. These observations suggest that RbsABC2 shares functional traits with both type I and type II importers, as well as possessing unique features, and employs a distinct mechanism relative to other ABC transporters.
Copper and Zinc Metallation Status of Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Transgenic Mice

Mutations in the metalloenzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause one form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and metals are suspected to play a pivotal role in ALS pathology. To learn more about metals in ALS, we determined the metallation states of human wild-type or mutant (G37R, G93A, and H46R/H48Q) SOD1 proteins from SOD1-ALS transgenic mice spinal cords. SOD1 was gently extracted from spinal cord and separated into insoluble (aggregated) and soluble (supernatant) fractions, and then metallation states were determined by HPLC inductively coupled plasma MS. Insoluble SOD1-rich fractions were not enriched in copper and zinc. However, the soluble mutant and WT SOD1s were highly metallated except for the metal-binding-region mutant H46R/H48Q, which did not bind any copper. Due to the stability conferred by high metallation of G37R and G93A, it is unlikely that these soluble SOD1s are prone to aggregation in vivo, supporting the hypothesis that immature nascent SOD1 is the substrate for aggregation. We also investigated the effect of SOD1 overexpression and disease on metal homeostasis in spinal cord cross-sections of SOD1-ALS mice using synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence microscopy. In each mouse genotype, except for the H46R/H48Q mouse, we found a redistribution of copper between gray and white matters correlated to areas of high SOD1. Interestingly, a disease-specific increase of zinc was observed in the white matter for all mutant SOD1 mice. Together these data provide a picture of copper and zinc in the cell as well as highlight the importance of these metals in understanding SOD1-ALS pathology.
Improved Tolerance Factors for Multivariate Normal Distributions

ABSTRACT In this article, an improved method of computing tolerance factors for multivariate normal distributions is proposed. The method involves an approximation and simulation, and is more accurate than the several approximate methods considered in Krishnamoorthy and Mathew (1999). The accuracies of the tolerance regions are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation study shows that the new approach is very satisfactory even for small samples. Tolerance factors based on the proposed approach are tabulated for the dimension of the normal distribution p = 2(1)10, and various sample sizes ranging from 2p + 1 to 1000.
Theoretical analysis and critique of the chromatographic separation of macromolecules using porous adsorbents

A theoretical analysis of the separation of a mixture of macromolecules by a chromatographic column packed with porous adsorbents is given. Fractionation may take place by either exclusion of large molecules from the pores in the column packing or by selective adsorption. A model for packing structure is developed which is used as the basis of a theory of chromatographic separation.
Sound and efficient closed-world reasoning for planning

Abstract Closed-world inference—an essential component of many planning algorithms—is the process of determining that a logical sentence is false based on its absence from a knowledge base, or the inability to derive it. We describe a novel method for closed-world inference and update over the first-order theories of action used by planning algorithms such as nonlin, tweak and ucpop . We show the method to be sound and efficient, but incomplete. In our experiments, closed-world inference consistently averaged about 2 milliseconds while updates averaged approximately 1.2 milliseconds. Furthermore, we demonstrate that incompleteness is nonproblematic in practice, since our mechanism makes over 99% of the desired inferences. We incorporated our method into the xii planner, which supports our Internet Softbot (software robot). The technique cut the number of actions executed by the Softbot by a factor of one hundred, and resulted in a corresponding speedup to xii .
Simple interpretation of the Josephson effect

The effect of a dc voltage to cause an alternating current through the barrier between two superconducting regions was predicted on theoretical grounds by Josephson. It is shown for the simplified geometry of a thin ring, interrupted by a single barrier, that this effect can be interpreted as a direct consequence of general principles which are closely related to those previously employed to explain the quantization of trapped flux.
Multisite saturation transfer using DANTE and continuous wave

The DANTE pulse sequence was modified to produce selective resonance saturation similar to that produced by the continuous wave (CW) technique. A combined DANTE and CW saturation technique can be used to perform multisite saturation transfer experiments because of the similar saturation produced by the two techniques. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Ecology of insect nucleopolyhedroviruses.

Abstract The underlying thesis of this paper is that nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV), like their insect hosts, exist as populations that can be considered in an ecological context. Population dynamics and transport within and from soil are basic to ecology and, in many cases, long-term survival of NPVs. Morphology, growth characteristics, and indirect effects of the host plants generally have short-term effects on these viruses. The host insect is the most critical component of the NPV environment. NPVs are capable of abiotic and biotic transport, even over long distances with the aid of vertical transmission. NPVs have competitive and amensalistic interactions with other biotic agents. Permissive and non-permissive ecosystems are proposed to partially explain observed differences in NPV epizootics. Vertical transmission may play a role in host resistance, which in turn has co-evolved with viral virulence. Insect control with NPVs, as well as risk assessment, is heavily based on ecology; this is particularly the case for the long-term approaches: release as recycling microbial insecticides, introduction-establishment, and environmental manipulation. Their use as short-term microbial insecticides is also environmentally dependent. Thus, in spite of their relative genetic and morphological simplicity, NPVs function as parasites in complex ecological relationships that must be fully understood in any given crop/insect/NPV system for successful microbial control.
Ultrastructural localization of viral antigen in nuclear inclusions of cytomegalovirus infected guinea pig cells.

Intranuclear localization of viral antigens in guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infected guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells was investigated by cross-reactive indirect immunoperoxidase and immunoferritin techniques utilizing guinea pig antisera to GPCMV. Following primary fixation with 4 percent paraformal-dehyde, a brief treatment of infected cells with 0.25 percent trypsin was found to enhance penetration of antibodies and the conjugates. Ferritin or horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as a secondary antibody that cross reacted with guinea pig immunoglobulins in order to reduce non-specific immunochemical reactions. Using light microscopy following immunoperoxidase staining, GPCMV antigens in an intranuclear location were not discernable when the infected cells were stained without pretreatment with trypsin, however intranuclear GPCMV antigens could be visualized after the fixed cells were treated with trypsin for 2–4 minutes prior to addition of the antiserum. Electron microscopic examination following indirect immunoferritin staining revealed viral antigens localized on viral capsids and on scattered electrondense amorphous matrices but not on the surrounding tubular structures or fibrils. The possibility that tubular structures may be a host cell product produced in response to GPCMV infection is discussed.
Evidence for the existence of functional roots on potato tubers and stolons: Significance in water transport to the tuber

Field observations of potato plants showed various types of roots. There were roots originating at the base of the main stem (basal roots); roots arising from the mainstem at the junction of the stolon to the mainstem (junction roots); roots on the stolons (stolon roots) and roots growing directly from the base of the buds on the tuber (tuber roots). The path of water uptake and movement was studied by examining the transport of a water soluble dye from each type of roots. The results showed xylem connections from the different types of roots to the tuber as well as to the aerial part of the plant. However, under field conditions the basal and the junction roots do not appear to transport water to the tuber. The stolon and the tuber roots, on the other hand, transported water to the tuber under similar moisture conditions. To our knowledge this is the first report documenting the presence of potato tuber roots. Our study clearly demonstrates the role of tuber and stolon roots in tuber water uptake. These roots may play a role in tuber calcium uptake which is thought to move primarily with the water in the xylem.
Physician practices of bone density testing and drug prescribing to prevent or treat osteoporosis during androgen deprivation therapy [An erratum to this Article has been published in Cancer 2006;106(11):2530]

BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a strong risk factor for osteoporosis. The current study identified physician practices in preventing or treating osteoporosis during ADT. The practices of interest are the uses of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, bisphosphonates, calcium or vitamin D supplement, calcitonin, or estrogen. METHODS A retrospective medical record review was conducted. Patients were included if they had received ADT with goserelin injection for ≥ 1 year. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of receiving at least one intervention. RESULTS Analyses included 184 patients. Most were the elderly with multiple risk factors for osteoporosis. Only 8.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6–13.0%) of patients received a DXA scan at least once during the past 3 years. Oral and intravenous bisphosphonates were prescribed in 4.9% (95%CI, 1.8–8.0%) and 0.5% (95%CI, 0–2.0%) of patients, respectively, during the past year. Overall, 14.7% of patients (95%CI, 9.5–20.0%) received at least one intervention. Concurrent risk factors for osteoporosis, including smoking, alcoholism, advanced age, low body mass index, long duration of ADT, multiple comorbidities, history of fractures, and steroid use, were not independent predictors of having received interventions. However, bone metastasis was, with a hazard ratio of 5.6 (95%CI, 1.99–15.6%). Primary care physicians provided the greatest number of interventions and cancer-related specialists provided the fewest. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with prostate carcinoma undergoing ADT did not receive interventions to prevent or treat osteoporosis. Having other concurrent risk factors for osteoporosis was not predictive of receiving these few interventions. [An erratum to this Article has been published in Cancer 2006;106(11):2530] Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Welser Keynote Speaker

In this talk, the scaling challenges facing the current CMOS technology roadmap will be discussed, along with the ultimate limits for charge-switching based devices. From this motivation, the current status of the NRI program will be discussed, with an overview of the current research topics being investigated at the NRI centers.
Positrons and low energy cosmic rays from supernovae

Burgeret al. (1970) calculated the positron flux from the decay of56Co→56Fe from cosmic rays injected from supernovae. The plasma properties of the ejected matter are determined in the present calculation in order to include the ionization loss of the positrons as the matter expands. It is found that using the matter velocity distribution of previous supernova model calculations that roughly 10% of the positrons escape. The average lifetime in the galaxy due to ionization loss is found to be relatively small, 1.5×105 yr, and with the above injection results in ×3, the observed flux. The same matter velocity distribution is subjected to ionization loss in the galaxy and a steady state low energy, 10≤E≤200 MeV, differential flux spectrum is found,J(E)∼E −1.2. This removes the difficulty of the high galactic energy density resulting from a steeper spectrum.
An Improved Molecular Mechanics Force Field for Alcohols and Ethers

The MM2 force field has been extended to the title class compounds. Generally, the force field does a good job of calculating structures and energies. A number of interesting conformational problems are examined, including: conformational energies of methyl groups on oxane and 1,3-dioxane rings, the syn-axial methyl–hydroxyl interaction and a number of hydrogen–bonding problems, including the bifurcated hydrogen bond in axial-5-hydroxyl-1,3-dioxane.
Fermentation of lactose by cell-free extracts of Bacillus anthracis.

THE inability of certain bacterial species and genera to ferment various sugars has important taxonomic value. Such strains, it is stated, do not ferment a particular sugar, and bacteriologists assume that this inability reflects a failure of the organisms to synthesize the proper enzymes. Fermentation tests are typically carried out by growing bacteria in tubes of media containing the sugar and an indicator dye. If fermentation occurs, the indicator changes colour. Obviously, this procedure tests fermentative ability only if the enzyme or the sugar, or both, can permeate the cell wall of the organism. It is possible that cell-free extracts obtained from bacteria can ferment a sugar, although whole cells are unable to do so. We have investigated such a case.
Polysomatism, polytypism, defect microstructures, and reaction mechanisms in regularly and randomly interstratified serpentine and chlorite

High-resolution (HRTEM) and analytical electron (AEM) microscopic evidence for a polysomatic series based on regular interstratifications of serpentine (amesite) and chlorite (clinochlore) are reported from an altered skarn in Irian Jaya. The assemblage includes regular interstratifications of one clinochlore and two (2:1; three structural variants), three (3:1), and four (4:1) amesite composition 1:1 layers as well as randomly interstratified serpentine and chlorite. The order of abundance of regularly interstratified minerals is 1:1>2:1>4:1>3:1. Atomic-resolution images, image simulations, and comparison between calculated and observed diffracted intensities verify the proposed 1:1 and 2:1 structures and reveal details of their defect microstructures. AEM data show that compositions are linear combinations of the associated amesite and clinochlore. The 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 minerals occur both as discrete sub-micron crystals and as domains within serpentine or chlorite. Some crystals of the 2:1 phase were sufficiently large for study by X-ray precession and powder methods. Crystals of the regularly interstratified 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 phases are usually bent. High-resolution images reveal that, within polygonal segments, the layers commonly exhibit a few degrees of curvature with segments separated by antigorite-type offsets. Deformed chlorite crystals are probably replaced by interstratified minerals during an aluminum metasomatic event. Al may have been deposited from sulfuric acid-rich solutions when they interacted with calcite and dolomite to form the anhydrite-rich corona around the phyllosilicate-rich region of the core. The interstratified chlorite (clinochlore composition) suggests aluminum addition by selective conversion of a sub-set of the chlorite layers to amesite. Defect microstructures suggest that crystals of regularly interstratified material grew by direct structural modification of preexisting chlorite. Regular interstratifications may form in response to thermally controlled limits on Al solubility in chlorite and heterogeneities in the distribution of Al-rich solutions during metasomatism. Regularly interstratified minerals coexist with randomly interstratified serpentine/chlorite, chrysotile, antigorite, lizardite, and several amesite and chlorite polytypes. Tentative chlorite and amesite identifications include one-layer (b=97°, probably IIbb), one-layer (b=90, possibly Ibb), two-, and three-layer chlorites, and 2H1 (but possibly 1M or 1T), rhombohedral (3R or 6R), and twelve-layer (Tc; non standard) serpentine polytypes. The complex phyllosilicates attest to rampant chemical and structural disequilibrium.
Deposition and Suspension of Large, Airborne Particles

The focus of this paper is the experimental determination of size-resolved estimates of both deposition and suspension velocities for large, airborne particles (greater than 10 μm diameter). Measurements of particle dry flux onto the top and bottom surface of a smooth, horizontal, surrogate surface were divided by measurements of the concentration of airborne particles to provide estimates of deposition and suspension velocities in 14 size intervals between 5 and 100 μm diameter. Eddy inertial deposition efficiencies (ηdi) were determined as a function of eddy Stokes numbers (Stke) larger than 1 and the results agree with the model of Slinn and Slinn (1980). The model was used to provide estimates of both the inertial and gravitational components for total upward and downward particle velocities. Experimental results for individual particle size intervals produced highly variable results. Much of this variation can be attributed to experimental errors associated with the nature of the atmospheric experime...
Architecture and Implementation of a Design Repository System

This paper describes the design and development of a design repository software system. This system is a prototype implementation intended to demonstrate the role of design repositories as part of a vision for the next generation of product development software systems. This research involves not only the creation of a prototype software system, but is part of a broader effort that also includes the development of a core product knowledge representation, and that seeks to address terminological and semantic issues associated with computer-aided product development. This paper focuses on the interfaces that have been developed to support authoring and navigation of the product models stored in design repositories, as well as the software architecture and associated rationale that provide the framework on which the system is built.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The rhode island sun smart project: a scientific approach to skin cancer prevention

S kin cancer prevention is important. We know that skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the United States. About 1,000,000 cases are diagnosed each year.1 The American Cancer Society has projected that about 7300 deaths will result in 1998.2 Ironically, it is also among the most preventable types of cancer because exposure to excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important and avoidable cause. It has been estimated that the overwhelming majority of skin cancers are attributable to this exposure and at least in theory could be avoided.3
Structure of sodium bis(pentadecatungstodiphosphato)diaquatetrazincate hydrate (16∶1∶50)

Crystals of Na16[Zn4(H2O)2(α-P2W15O56)2]·∼50H2O are triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ , witha+14.670(5),b+14.661(5),c+19.817(3)A, α=84.95(3), β=81.51(3), γ=65.73(3)o. Least-squares refinement converged atR+0.053 for 5906 independent data withl>3σ(I). The centrosymmetric anion consists of two α-P2W15O 56 12− ligands attached to a planar group of four Zn2+, two of which also carry water molecules. The distortions in the ZnO6 octahedra and in the W15 framework of the ligands are smaller than the corresponding distortions in the otherwise similar [Cu4(H2O)2(P2W15O56)2]16− anion.
Preventing Communications Breakdowns

Most agree that communications is an essential skill of leaders, yet so many take it for granted, not really understanding how complex an activity it is. The writer explains his model to ensure imp...
Unilateral Contrast Neurotoxicity as a Stroke Mimic After Cerebral Angiogram

Contrast neurotoxicity (CN) following exposure to iodinated contrast is uncommon, and usually presents as cortical blindness due to bilateral occipital lobe involvement. Unilateral cortical dysfunction due to CN could mimic an acute stroke and has been rarely described. We report the case of an 89-year-old female who developed a transient dense/complete left homonymous-hemianopsia and left-sided tactile extinction after undergoing a right internal carotid (ICA) artery rotational angiogram with a standard high-volume iodinated contrast injection for 3D visualization a 6×4-mm right posterior communicating artery aneurysm with a fetal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) incorporated in the neck. This was associated with transient fullness and loss of gray-white matter differentiation in the right occipital and parietal lobes. The potential mechanism of CN in our case was the injection of a high volume of contrast in the ICA for the rotational angiogram. The presence of a right fetal PCA possibly allowed the contrast to reach the right occipital lobe. CN manifesting as an acute focal neurologic syndrome should be considered in the setting of recent iodinated contrast exposure.
Moments of Zen: Effects of The Daily Show on Information Seeking and Political Learning

A growing number of scholars continue to investigate relationships between exposure and attention to political comedy programs like The Daily Show and political knowledge. One prominent explanation for these relationships suggests that exposure to such programs facilitates the acquisition of political information from hard news sources, particularly among less politically sophisticated comedy viewers, thus serving as a gateway to political attention and knowledge. Previous studies have provided support for this explanation largely through cross-sectional survey data focused on learning from traditional hard news outlets such as television news. This research draws on data from two experimental studies conducted with undergraduates at a major midwestern university to provide a more direct causal investigation of these processes and also expands the scope of hard news media considered to include online sources. Our findings provide general support for the gateway hypothesis but raise important questions con...
Effective simultaneous hands-on drill for basic electronic database instruction

Abstract Academic librarians are always concerned with discovering new, more successful methods of teaching college students the fundamentals of searching electronic databases. A portion of the professional library literature deals with “conceptual instruction” and “mental models” in great detail. The reality is often that the librarian's role is limited to a perfunctory orientation session that may last no longer than one hour. This article, which concerns “procedural instruction,” gives reasons for emphasizing this practical method. It also renders an example of a model instructional search session.
Differential localization patterns of septins during growth of the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus reveal novel functions

Septins, a conserved family of GTPases, are heteropolymeric filament-forming proteins that associate with the cell membrane and cytoskeleton and serve essential functions in cell division and morphogenesis. Their roles in fungal cell wall chitin deposition, septation, cytokinesis, and sporulation have been well established and they have recently been implicated in tissue invasion and virulence in Candida albicans. Septins have never been investigated in the human pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, which is a leading cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Here we localize all the five septins (AspA–E) from A. fumigatus for the first time, and show that each of the five septins exhibit varied patterns of distribution. Interestingly AspE, which is unique to filamentous fungi, and AspD, belonging to the CDC10 class of septins, localized prominently to tubular structures which were dependent on actin and microtubule networks. Localization of AspD and AspE has never been reported in filamentous fungi. Taken together these results suggest that septins in A. fumigatus might have unique functions in morphogenesis and pathogenicity.
Granulometric Relationships for Urban Source Area Runoff as a Function of Hydrologic Event Classification and Sedimentation

This study investigated particulate matter (PM) granulometry delivered in source area runoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling. At a Baton Rouge, LA paved urban watershed, event runoff volume and PM load were “fully captured” and recovered in settling tanks. Events were differentiated as mass-limited (ML) or flow-limited (FL) and PM differentiated into suspended (1 to ~25 μm), settleable (~25 to 75 μm), sediment (75 to 4,750 μm) fractions; and also particle size distributions (PSDs). Suspended sediment concentration (SSC)-turbidity relationships were unique for FL events compared to ML events; while 60 min of quiescent settling produced a single distinct relationship across all events. ML events transported higher proportions of settleable and sediment mass compared to higher suspended mass for FL events. Event-based ratios of settled and unsettled turbidity as well as SSC mass were statistically different for ML and FL events. For the same settling conditions, treatment of ML and FL events were statistically different. Results demonstrated that PM separation by a unit operation was a deterministic function of granulometry, hydrodynamics, unit operation mechanisms and loads, but significantly influenced by the indeterminate nature of local climate; and hydrology which drives PM delivery and is not known a priori. Combining the influences of scour and lack of maintenance, unit operation performance is non-stationary and cannot be described by a single value. Treatment should be tied to an effluent concentration; granulometry and load.
Film, thought and language

: The purpose of this paper is to identify and clarify some of the ways pictorial images in the form of still photography, illustrated magazines, film, television and computer graphics are changing the way we read, write and think. The single most easily observed and far-reaching change is the way pictorial images are altering the content of our concepts. Pictorial images have become the illustrating exemplars of many base-level concepts—kinds of things, people, places and situations with consequences for Reading: readers, instead of drawing on first-hand experience or imagination, are filling out mental pictures from their vast experience with pictorial images; Writing: contemporary writers of fiction or non-fiction tend to eschew lavish description and key up mental images by a single term or referring phrase; Thinking: although it appears that the heavy influx of photographic images is dulling or inhibiting certain creative activities associated with reading and writing, in fact, pictorial images are stimulating other creative activities of mind that render the thought of a particular time coherent. Further, English as an international language of communication is becoming more universal as photographic or television images go everywhere, but English as a literary language is becoming more parochial as writers, in response to the accelerating number of pictorial images, are turning away from traditional narrative description to explore the possibilities of language itself.