cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular identification and immunolocalization of the water channel protein aquaporin 1 in CBCECs.

PURPOSE: Water channel proteins are important pathways for water movements across cell membranes, including those in the corneal endothelium that contribute to the fluid transport mechanism essential in maintaining corneal transparency. This study was conducted to identify and locate the water channel protein(s) in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells (CBCECs). METHODS: Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from CBCECs, and MMLV reverse transcriptase and random hexamer primers were used to generate a cDNA pool by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two specific degenerate primers were synthesized based on consensus sequences from the major intrinsic lens protein superfamily; a "touchdown" PCR protocol accommodated the degeneracy. Immunolocalization was performed by incubating sections of CBCECs with an antibody against human aquaporin 1 (AQP1). Cryosections (0.85 microm) of CBCECs were used for light microscopy, and 800-A ultrathin cryosections were used for electron microscopy (EM). RESULTS: A 372-bp fragment was isolated. Its encoded amino acid sequence was 100% identical with that of bovine AQP1 (AQP2_bovin). CBCECs reacted strongly with the anti-AQP1 antibody, and the labeling was selectively localized to the plasma membrane by light microscopy. Subcellular localization by EM revealed immunoreactivity with the inner leaflets of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS: The identity of the aquaporin, its abundance, and its membrane location suggest that it is a major pathway for fluid flow across endothelial cell membranes. This is consistent with transcellular endothelial fluid transport.
Choosing Your Kitchen Cabinet

Your closest associates should be loyal, helpful, informed, and have novel ideas – but you must be careful in selecting them and have an orderly system of renewing the group.
DISSOLUTION OF CLAY MINERALS IN DILUTE ORGANIC ACIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

TWO GRAMS EACH OF REPRESENTATIVE CLAY MINERALS WERE SHAKEN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE IN DISTILLED WATER, AND IN 0.01M ASPARTIC, CITRIC, SALICYLIC, TARTARIC, AND TANNIC ACIDS (REPRESENTATIVE OF COMPONENTS OF HUMIC ACID). ALIQUOTS OF CENTRIFUGED SOLUTION, UP TO 102 DAYS DISSOLUTION, WERE ANALYZED FOR SILICON, IRON, ALUMINUM, IRON, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM. THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF CLAY MINERALS DISSOLVED BY STRONGLY COMPLEXING ORGANIC ACIDS EXCEEDS THAT DISSOLVED BY DISTILLED WATER BY FACTORS 5 TO 75. DISSOLVED SILICON IN STRONGLY COMPLEXING ACID SOLUTIONS EXCEEDED 2-35 TIMES ITS CONCENTRATION IN DISTILLED WATER; DISSOLVED ALUMINUM, 3-500 TIMES. ASPARTIC, AN AMINO-ACID, DISSOLVED CALCUM AND MAGNESIUM BEST. CLAY MINERALS DISSOLVE INCONGRUENTLY IN DISTILLLED WATER, SILICON PREFERENTIALLY TO A ALUMINUM. IN ALL ACIDS USED, SILICON INCONGRUENTLY EXCEEDS ALUMINUM DISSOLVED FROM ARIZONA AND WYOMING SMECTITES, SEMI-PLASTIC REFRACTORY CLAY, ALSO FOR ILLITES IN SALICYLIC ACID, AND KEOKUK KAOLINITE IN CITRIC AND TANNIC ACID. CONGRUENT DISSOLUTION, OR ALUMINUM INCONGRUENTLY EXCEEDING SILICON, 1.3-1.6:1, OCCURRED WITH BUEKER FLINT CLAY, GEORGIA KAOLINITE, AND ILLITES IN CITRIC, TARTARIC, AND TANNIC ACIDS. PREFERENTIAL SOLUBILITIES OF EITHER SILICON OR A ALUMINUM FROM CLAY MINERALS INDICATE GENETIC MECHANISMS FOR POSSOLS, LATERITES, KAOLIN (ESPECIALLY MOORVERWITTERUNG TYPE), AND BAUXITES. GEOLOGIC AND PEDOLOGIC EXAMPLES ARE CITED. /AUTHOR/
Tensor Decomposition Approach to Data Association for Multitarget Tracking

Bayesian methods employed in classical observation-to-track data-association problems in dense environments suffer from exponential growth in complexity with an increase in the number of targets. T...
Negative Pressure Incisional Therapy and Postoperative Infection after Posterior Approach Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

A major complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is infection, which can have devastating clinical and financial results. Silver-impregnated dry dressings, such as Aquacel dressings, and incisional negative pressure dressings (Prevena) have been developed to reduce the rates of surgical site infections (SSIs) after surgery. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 235 patients who underwent primary posterior approach THA at our institution during a three-year period. Patients were grouped based on surgical dressing. Rates of SSI were recorded, as well as the effects of factors including age, sex, body mass index, and medical comorbidities. In the high-risk subgroup, defined as BMI > 30 and ASA > 3, the infection rate was 2.97% in the Aquacel group, compared to 1.20% in the Prevena group. This difference did not reach statistical significance. There was a statistically significant impact on readmissions rate (p = 0.028) and reoperation (p = 0.001). The findings of this study suggest that negative pressure dressings in carefully selected patients may help to reduce reoperations and readmissions in this subgroup.
GPU acceleration of all-electron electronic structure theory using localized numeric atom-centered basis functions

Abstract We present an implementation of all-electron density-functional theory for massively parallel GPU-based platforms, using localized atom-centered basis functions and real-space integration grids. Special attention is paid to domain decomposition of the problem on non-uniform grids, which enables compute- and memory-parallel execution across thousands of nodes for real-space operations, e.g. the update of the electron density, the integration of the real-space Hamiltonian matrix, and calculation of Pulay forces. To assess the performance of our GPU implementation, we performed benchmarks on three different architectures using a 103-material test set. We find that operations which rely on dense serial linear algebra show dramatic speedups from GPU acceleration: in particular, SCF iterations including force and stress calculations exhibit speedups ranging from 4.5 to 6.6. For the architectures and problem types investigated here, this translates to an expected overall speedup between 3–4 for the entire calculation (including non-GPU accelerated parts), for problems featuring several tens to hundreds of atoms. Additional calculations for a 375-atom Bi 2 Se 3 bilayer show that the present GPU strategy scales for large-scale distributed-parallel simulations.
Whither Fair Clustering

Within the relatively busy area of fair machine learning that has been dominated by classification fairness research, fairness in clustering has started to see some recent attention. In this position paper, we assess the existing work in fair clustering and observe that there are several directions that are yet to be explored, and postulate that the state-of-the-art in fair clustering has been quite parochial in outlook. We posit that widening the normative principles to target for, characterizing shortfalls where the target cannot be achieved fully, and making use of knowledge of downstream processes can significantly widen the scope of research in fair clustering research. At a time when clustering and unsupervised learning are being increasingly used to make and influence decisions that matter significantly to human lives, we believe that widening the ambit of fair clustering is of immense significance.
Accelerated subcutaneous abdominal stem cell adipogenesis predicts insulin sensitivity in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective To examine whether subcutaneous (SC) abdominal adipose stem cell differentiation into adipocytes in vitro predicts insulin sensitivity (Si) in vivo in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Eight normal-weight women with PCOS and 8 age- and body mass index–matched controls. Intervention(s) Women underwent circulating hormone/metabolic determinations, intravenous glucose tolerance testing, total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and SC abdominal fat biopsy. Main Outcome Measure(s) PPARγ and CEBPa gene expression and lipid content of adipocytes matured in vitro were compared between women with PCOS and control women, and correlated with patient characteristics, systemic Si, and adipose insulin resistance (adipose-IR). Result(s) Serum androgen levels, adipose-IR, and percentage of android fat were greater in women with PCOS than control women. Stem cell PPARγ and CEBPa gene expression increased maximally by day 12 without a female-type effect. In control cells, gene expression positively correlated with fasting serum insulin levels (both genes) and adipose-IR (CEBPa) and negatively correlated with Si (CEBPa). Conversely, CEBPa gene expression in PCOS cells negatively correlated with adipose-IR and serum free testosterone, whereas total lipid accumulation in these cells positively corelated with Si. Conclusion In normal-weight women with PCOS, accelerated SC abdominal adipose stem cell differentiation into adipocytes in vitro favors Si in vivo, suggesting a role for hyperandrogenism in the evolution of metabolic thrift to enhance fat storage through increased cellular glucose uptake.
Benralizumab effect on severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP): A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) can be a severe and debilitating disease associated with significant morbidity, loss of smell, sinus pressure and asthma exacerbations. Eosinophils play a role in the majority (85%) of patients. Benralizumab, an afucosylated monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-5 receptor, has powerful apoptotic effects on eosinophils. Objective We sought to investigate the therapeutic benefit of inhibiting the IL-5 receptor using benralizumab to treat severe rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Methods Patients with severe NP (defined by endoscopic grade 5 or more out of 8) with elevated eosinophils and a history of previous surgical or endoscopic polypectomy met entry criteria and were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive 30 mg benralizumab SC or placebo. Endoscopic NP score was assessed at baseline and at treatment week 20. CT scan, SNOT-22 survey and UPSIT smell test score changes were also evaluated. Results Thirty-three patients were screened, and twenty-four (n = 24) were enrolled in the study. Compared with baseline, benralizumab significantly improved NP score (-0.9 ± 0.2, P = 0.004) whereas placebo did not (-0.3 ± 0.3, P = 0.166). Benralizumab induced polyp size reduction compared with placebo did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.103). Five of 12 benralizumab-treated patients (42%) had improvements in all major outcomes (polyp score, CT, SNOT-22 and smell test) versus 2 out of 12 placebo (17%). The ratio of blood eosinophil count to allergen skin test positivity correlated with polyp reduction. Conclusion Benralizumab was well-tolerated and compared with baseline achieved a statistically significant reduction in nasal polyp size, sinus occupancy, symptoms and improved sensation of smell for most patients (83%).
Outlook for ammonia as a sustainable transportation fuel

Recognition of the adverse impacts of climate change has led to interest in a transition to renewable, carbon-neutral energy and fuels. Ammonia has been proposed as a renewable transportation fuel, a medium for local energy storage, and a means for long-distance renewable energy transportation. We provide a perspective on the future use of ammonia as a transportation fuel. Ammonia poses health and safety concerns and ensuring safety for widespread distribution and consumer use would be challenging. Ammonia has a low energy content and is difficult to ignite, making it a relatively poor fuel in internal combustion engines. Engine unburnt ammonia emissions reported in the literature are approximately two to three orders of magnitude greater than Euro IV tailpipe limits and point to severe challenges in meeting emission regulations. Ammonia can be used in solid oxide fuel cells, but these operate at high temperatures (700–800 °C) and are not well suited for road vehicles. Proton exchange membrane and direct ammonia alkaline membrane fuel cell systems operate near room temperature and can use ammonia directly or indirectly (after conversion to H2) however poisoning and durability is problematic. Therefore, the expected use of ammonia as fuel for road transportation is very limited. With its low energy content, ammonia is not a viable aviation fuel. Substantial use of ammonia in rail applications seems unlikely given the advanced state of electrification and challenges associated with ammonia noted for road transport, many of which would also apply to rail. In contrast, the future use of ammonia as fuel in ocean-going ships seems feasible. Many large ports are already equipped to handle ammonia, storage volume and weight are not pressing issues for large ships, safety issues would be addressed with trained crews, and emission standards are less stringent. Ammonia might also find use as an energy carrier for transport of renewable energy between regions which would be a synergy with its use as a marine fuel.
Agricultural landowners’ willingness to participate in a filter strip program for watershed protection

Non point source (NPS) pollution remains a challenge to communities meeting watershed management objectives around the world. Installing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) such as filter strips is a widely accepted mechanism to control NPS pollution and agricultural runoff. Government programs in the form of payment for environmental services (PES) have been introduced to encourage BMP adoption for watershed protection. However, the voluntary nature of these programs makes landowners’ decision to participate in them critical to achieving program goals. Understanding the drivers behind landowners’ decisions to participate in watershed protection programs is essential for designing effective and efficient programs. This study examines agricultural landowners’ decisions to participate in a conservation program involving filter strips. Using responses from a survey of agricultural landowners in Michigan's Saginaw Bay watershed, the study examines key programmatic, socio-psychological, and demographic determinants of landowners’ participation decisions. The study results suggest that making contract durations shorter with enhanced rental payments, and educating landowners about program efficacy as well as on- and off-farm benefits of the conservation practice would enhance participation.
An evaluation of the dose-response relationship in naturalistic treatment settings using survival analysis.

To date, few studies have been published on the dose–response relationship in psychotherapy. The current study addresses limitations of previous research by using (1) clinical significance methodology to address the meaningfulness of patient change, (2) survival analysis to assess change across time, (3) assessment of patient change on a session-by-session basis, and (4) a large data set representing a variety of treatment settings. A total of 4,761 patients representing standard treatment settings in the United States were tracked at each session of therapy. A survival analysis of this data reveals that between 15 and 19 sessions of therapy are required for a 50% recovery rate using clinical significance methodology. The results of this study provide a useful overview of time-to-change in naturalistic settings that can be used to estimate reliable treatment expectations and as a baseline for comparison when modifications are made within treatment delivery systems.
The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes

This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.
Diode laser material evaluation using liquid contact luminescence

A non-destructive, liquid contact luminescence (LCL) technique is described. LCL spectral data obtained by current injection through single quantum well GaAs (infrared) and CdZnSe (blue-green) diode laser material are compared.
Ordered Regions of Channel Nucleoporins Nup62, Nup54, and Nup58 Form Dynamic Complexes in Solution

Three out of ∼30 nucleoporins, Nup62, Nup54, and Nup58, line the nuclear pore channel. These “channel” nucleoporins each contain an ordered region of ∼150–200 residues, which is predicted to be segmented into 3–4 α-helical regions of ∼40–80 residues. Notably, these segmentations are evolutionarily conserved between uni- and multicellular eukaryotes. Strikingly, the boundaries of these segments match our previously reported mapping and crystal data, which collectively identified two “cognate” segments of Nup54, each interacting with cognate segments, one in Nup58 and the other one in Nup62. Because Nup54 and Nup58 cognate segments form crystallographic hetero- or homo-oligomers, we proposed that these oligomers associate into inter-convertible “mid-plane” rings: a single large ring (40–50 nm diameter, consisting of eight hetero-dodecamers) or three small rings (10–20 nm diameter, each comprising eight homo-tetramers). Each “ring cycle” would recapitulate “dilation” and “constriction” of the nuclear pore complex's central transport channel. As for the Nup54·Nup62 interactome, it forms a 1:2 triple helix (“finger”), multiples of which project alternately up and down from mid-plane ring(s). Collectively, our previous crystal data suggested a copy number of 128, 64, and 32 for Nup62, Nup54, and Nup58, respectively, that is, a 4:2:1 stoichiometry. Here, we carried out solution analysis utilizing the entire ordered regions of Nup62, Nup54, and Nup58, and demonstrate that they form a dynamic “triple complex” that is heterogeneously formed from our previously characterized Nup54·Nup58 and Nup54·Nup62 interactomes. These data are consistent both with our crystal structure-deduced copy numbers and stoichiometries and also with our ring cycle model for structure and dynamics of the nuclear pore channel.
Anti-Poly(glycerolphosphate) in Human Sera

Ultrasonic extracts from staphylococci contained red cell-sensitizing poly(glycerolphosphate)teichoic acid antigen. The antigen may contribute to the variability of precipitin reactions used in the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Real-time, phased-array, cross-sectional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular asynergy and quantitation of left ventricular function. A comparison with left ventricular cineangiography.

The left ventricular (LV) wall motion was assessed in 66 patients with ischemic heart disease and other diseases by means of real-time, phased-array, cross-sectional echocardiography (ECHO). The LV wall was divided into 7 anatomic segments, according to the AHA Committee Report, and the motion of each segment (a total of 462 segments) was compared with that in the cineangiographic observation (ANGIO). Two tomographic planes, corresponding to the LAO and RAO views of ANGIO, were employed in ECHO. The LV chamber volume and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated from the RAO plane by an arealength method.The following results were obtained; (1) The motions of 414 segments (89.6%) were visualized by ECHO. The apical area showed the poorest visualization. (2) Three hundred and ninety segments (94.2%) showed a concordant finding between ECHO and ANGIO. Twentyfour slight discrepancies were noted. (3) Calculated LV volume and EF were well correlated with the results from ANGIO (r=0.84 and 0.88, respectively), even in the presence of LV asynergy.It was concluded that ECHO was an useful method for detecting the LV asynergy and the determination of the LV functional parameters. Discrepancies between ECHO and ANGIO in the assessment of the LV asynergy might well be attributed to some factors including the difference between the methods, that is, non-invasive and invasive.
Management of advanced primary urethral carcinomas

Primary urethral carcinoma (PUC) is a rare malignancy accounting for T2 or N+) and lesions involving the bulbomembranous urethra. In women, in addition to stage and location, the size of the tumour has also prognostic implications. While surgery and radiation therapy (RT) are of benefit in early stage disease, advanced stage PUC requires multimodal treatment strategies to optimise local control and survival. These include induction chemotherapy followed by surgery or RT and concurrent chemoradiation with or without surgery. The latter strategy has been used successfully to treat other human papillomavirus-related cancers of the vagina, cervix and anus and may be of value in achieving organ preservation. Given the rarity of PUC, prospective multi-institutional studies are needed to better define the optimal treatment approach for this disease entity.
Review Essay:Place, Social Structure, and Culture: A Review Essay on Community

Prairie City: The Story of an American Community, by Angie Debo. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press Rural Wales: Community and Marginalization, by Paul Cloke, Mark Goodwin, and Paul Milbourne. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Teaching the Commons: Place, Pride, and the Renewal of Community, by Paul Theobald. Boulder: Westview
Isolation and characterization of various types of organic matter in oil sands tailings sludge

Abstract In bitumen extraction of oil sands by hot water, the problem of sludge accumulation is, at least partially, attributable to the presence of unrecovered bitumen as well as acetone solubles and so called ‘insoluble organic matter’ (IOM) on the surfaces of inorganic particles. A comparative study of the bitumens separated from both sludge and the original oil sands feed suggested that the former was depleted in high molecular weight fractions. Examination of the organic matter extracted from sludge with acetone indicated that asphaltene constituents, as well as long chain fatty acids, could report with the acetone solubles. The structural parameters of the IOM derived from sludge were, in general, similar to those for oil sand IOM.
Desktop deities: Hindu temples, online cultures and the politics of remediation

This study examines Hindu temples on the Web by focusing on three key types, the temple homepage, the commercial puja site and the Hindu discourse site. It argues that Hindu temples sites demonstrate the emergence of what I call ‘desktop deity culture,’ constituted through the practices of digital darshan, online rituals and virtual Hinduism. These Web practices in turn exemplify the ‘remediation’ (Bolter and Grusin) of new media conceptualizations of digitality, network capital flows, hypertextuality and virtuality as they are articulated to ideas of the Hindu image, embodied ritual practice and the temporal and spatial logic of the temple as sacred place. Remediation in Bolter and Grusin's influential theorization of new media is a refashioning characterized by a ‘double logic’ whereby new media ‘remediate and are remediated by their predecessors’ (55). Hindu temple sites, I argue, are repurposing ‘older’ media forms such as photographs of deities, Hindu calendar art, the analog sacred texts and temple ...
A Critical Role for the mTORC2 Pathway in Lung Fibrosis

A characteristic of dysregulated wound healing in IPF is fibroblastic-mediated damage to lung epithelial cells within fibroblastic foci. In these foci, TGF-β and other growth factors activate fibroblasts that secrete growth factors and matrix regulatory proteins, which activate a fibrotic cascade. Our studies and those of others have revealed that Akt is activated in IPF fibroblasts and it mediates the activation by TGF-β of pro-fibrotic pathways. Recent studies show that mTORC2, a component of the mTOR pathway, mediates the activation of Akt. In this study we set out to determine if blocking mTORC2 with MLN0128, an active site dual mTOR inhibitor, which blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2, inhibits lung fibrosis. We examined the effect of MLN0128 on TGF-β-mediated induction of stromal proteins in IPF lung fibroblasts; also, we looked at its effect on TGF-β-mediated epithelial injury using a Transwell co-culture system. Additionally, we assessed MLN0128 in the murine bleomycin lung model. We found that TGF-β induces the Rictor component of mTORC2 in IPF lung fibroblasts, which led to Akt activation, and that MLN0128 exhibited potent anti-fibrotic activity in vitro and in vivo. Also, we observed that Rictor induction is Akt-mediated. MLN0128 displays multiple anti-fibrotic and lung epithelial-protective activities; it (1) inhibited the expression of pro-fibrotic matrix-regulatory proteins in TGF-β-stimulated IPF fibroblasts; (2) inhibited fibrosis in a murine bleomycin lung model; and (3) protected lung epithelial cells from injury caused by TGF-β-stimulated IPF fibroblasts. Our findings support a role for mTORC2 in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and for the potential of active site mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of IPF and other fibrotic lung diseases.
Exploring the Tensions of Problem-Based Learning: Insights From Research

Professors who wish to implement problem-based learning (PBL) must reconcile numerous tensions regarding its efficacy. The authors address some of these tensions by considering empirical literature about PBL.
Two-step evaporation process for formation of aligned zinc oxide nanowires

Abstract Two-step gas flow controlled evaporation process was introduced as a simple technique to fabricate aligned ZnO nanowires via the VLS growth mode. Using this method, well-aligned single crystalline ZnO nanowires was successfully synthesized on Au coated Si substrates. The diameter of ZnO nanowires was controlled from 40 to 150 nm and the ratio of length to diameter was observed to be larger than 30. Tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanostructures were formed using a mixture of Ar and O 2 gases, and it indicated that the partial pressure of oxygen during the synthesis is crucial for the growth of ZnO nanowire structures. Green emission induced from singly ionized oxygen vacancies was generated from ZnO nanowires with the excitonic emission in UV range. Higher intensity of the green emission was observed in thinner nanowires, which is attributed to their higher surface-to-volume ratio. Patterned structure of ZnO nanowires with a high fidelity was achieved by pattering the Au catalyst films.
Langmuir probe measurements of the ion extraction process in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Part 2. Measurements of floating voltage and radiofrequency voltage

Abstract A single Langmuir probe is thrust axially through the skimmer into the supersonic jet of a typical interface for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Floating voltage Vf is measured from current-voltage curves at various axial positions and is generally in the range +2 to +7 V in the supersonic jet. A disturbance at the skimmer, when present, induces a sharp increase in Vf in the vicinity of the skimmer tip. Floating voltage generally decreases as the probe is retracted farther behind the skimmer. The measured d.c. voltages are attributed primarily to plasma rectification and to the calorelectric effect between two metal surfaces at different temperatures in a plasma. An r.f. voltage of up to 25 V (peak-to-peak) at the frequency of the plasma generator can also be measured behind the sampler.
Cis-diaquodioxalatochromate(III) oxalate transfer in aqueous solution

Abstract Cis -diaquodioxalatochromate(III) ion undergoes a slow, second-order, reversible reaction in aqueous solution in which the oxalatotetraaquochromium(III) and trioxalatochromate(III) ions are formed. The Arrhenius activation energy is 18·6±1·0 kcal/mole. The reaction is slightly accelerated in acid solution. A mechanism is proposed which assumes a dimeric intermediate consisting of two cis -diaquodioxalatochromate(III) ions joined by an oxalate bridge. The equilibrium constant for the overall reaction is (5·5±0·5)×10 −3 and is seen to be temperature independent in the range 29–57°C.
Temporal Stability of Strength-Based Assessments Test–Retest Reliability of Student and Teacher Reports

This study focused on evaluating the temporal stability of self-reported and teacher-reported perceptions of students’ social and emotional skills and assets. We used a test–retest reliability procedure over repeated administrations of the child, adolescent, and teacher versions of the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales. Middle school students in Grades 6 through 8 reliably self-reported on their social and emotional competencies. In a similar vein, teacher ratings of students in Grades K through 5 also showed strong temporal stability. Although all samples and versions of this scale demonstrated temporal stability, multiple administrations of the child self-report version of the SEARS showed evidence of the mean score of the initial administration being significantly lower than what was obtained on later administrations. Implications for further research and development efforts are discussed.
Suffragists and nationalism in early twentieth-century Ireland∗☆

(1993). Suffragists and nationalism in early twentieth-century Ireland∗. History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 4-6, pp. 1009-1015.
Contribution of Mineral to Bone Structural Behavior and Tissue Mechanical Properties

Bone geometry and tissue material properties jointly govern whole-bone structural behavior. While the role of geometry in structural behavior is well characterized, the contribution of the tissue material properties is less clear, partially due to the multiple tissue constituents and hierarchical levels at which these properties can be characterized. Our objective was to elucidate the contribution of the mineral phase to bone mechanical properties across multiple length scales, from the tissue material level to the structural level. Vitamin D and calcium deficiency in 6-week-old male rats was employed as a model of reduced mineral content with minimal collagen changes. The structural properties of the humeri were measured in three-point bending and related to the mineral content and geometry from microcomputed tomography. Whole-cortex and local bone tissue properties were examined with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation to understand the role of altered mineral content on the constituent material behavior. Structural stiffness (−47%) and strength (−50%) were reduced in vitamin D-deficient (−D) humeri relative to controls. Moment of inertia (−38%), tissue mineral density (TMD, −9%), periosteal mineralization (−28%), and IR mineral:matrix ratio (−19%) were reduced in −D cortices. Thus, both decreased tissue mineral content and changes in cortical geometry contributed to impaired skeletal load-bearing function. In fact, 97% of the variability in humeral strength was explained by moment of inertia, TMD, and IR mineral:matrix ratio. The strong relationships between structural properties and cortical material composition demonstrate a critical role of the microscale material behavior in skeletal load-bearing performance.
α-Noradrenergic potentiation of neurotransmitter-stimulated cAMP production in rat striatal slices

Abstract The present study examines the possible involvement of α-adrenergic receptors in catecholamine-stimulated cAMP production in intact slices of rat striatum. Norepinephrine (NE) produces a greater stimulation of cAMP levels than does the s-adrenergic agonist, isoprotererenol (ISO), and the NE response is inhibited by both the s-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, and the α-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine. The α-adrenergic agonist, 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6-FNE), has little or no effec on basal cAMP levels; however, 6-FNE causes a marked potentiation of the cAMP responses to ISO. Hence, NE stimulation of cAMP levels in striatal slices appears to involve a synergistic interaction between α- and s-adrenergic receptors. α-Receptors also potentiate adenosine stimulation of cAMP levels in striatal slices. However, in contrast to results previously reported in cerebral cortical slices, the α-adrenergic component of the NE response in striatal slices is not dependent on endogenous adenosine. Finally, 6-FNE interactions with adenylate cyclase in striatal homogenates differ from those observed in the slice preparation. In homogenates, 6-FNE appears to directly stimulate adenylate through a D-1 receptor. D-1 receptor involvement in catecholamine responses in the striatal slice preparation, on the other hand, appears to minimal.
Distribution and immunohistochemical characterization of torsinA immunoreactivity in rat brain.

Abstract A mutation of the DYT1 gene on chromosome 9q34 has recently been identified as the cause of one form of autosomal-dominantly inherited dystonia. TorsinA, the protein product of this gene, has homology with the family of heat shock proteins, and is found in many peripheral tissues and brain regions. We used a polyclonal antibody to torsinA, developed in our laboratory, to systematically examine the regional distribution of torsinA in rat brain. We find that neurons in all examined structures are immunoreactive for this protein. There is intense immunoreactivity in most neuronal nuclei, with slightly less labeling of cytoplasm and proximal processes. Terminals also are labeled, especially in striatum, neocortex and hippocampus. Double-labeling fluorescence immunohistochemistry using antibodies to neurotransmitters and other neurochemical markers demonstrated that the majority of neurons of all studied neurochemical types are immunoreactive for torsinA. Our findings indicate that torsinA is widely distributed in the central nervous system implicating additional, localized factors, perhaps within the basal ganglia, in the development of dystonia. Many other proteins have a similar widespread distribution, including some which have been implicated in other movement disorders and neurodegenerative processes, such as parkin, α-synuclein, ubiquitin and huntingtin. The distribution of torsinA in rat brain as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry contrasts with the results of in situ hybridization studies of torsinA mRNA in human postmortem brain in which a more limited distribution was found.
Catalytic activity is retained in the Tetrahymena group I intron despite removal of the large extension of element P5.

Abstract We have made sizeable internal deletions within the self-splicing group I intron of Tetrahymena thermophila. Deletions were made in a piecewise manner in order to remove secondary structural elements thought to be extraneous to the catalytic center of the molecule. The resulting deletion mutants retain self-splicing activity, albeit under modified reaction conditions that enhance duplex stability. Considering those portions of the molecule that can be deleted without a loss of catalytic activity, one is left with a catalytic center of approximately 130 nucleotides that is solely responsible for the molecule's activity.
Migration of young neurons in adult avian brain

Neurons are born in the ventricular walls of the vertebrate central nervous system. From there, the young neurons migrate to their final destinations, where differentiation occurs. Neuronal migration has been described during the ontogeny of the avian and mammalian brain. Whereas in mammals most neurogenesis occurs during early development, in the adult avian forebrain wide-spread neurogenesis continues to occur. How do neurons born in adulthood reach their final destination? We report here that small elongated cells, born in the ventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle, differentiate into mature neurons 20-40 days later, after migrating over distances of up to 5 mm. Migration rates are highest (28 micron h-1) when young neurons migrate through regions which are rich in radial glia. The adult vertebrate brain offers unique opportunities for studying factors that regulate neuronal migration, pathfinding and differentiation.
Special Feature: Software Theft

Modular decomposition offers a way to ascertain a software theft. Morevoer, the method is straightforward enough for a software-illiterate judge or jury to understand
Processing and domain selection: Quantificational variability effects.

Three studies investigated how readers interpret sentences with variable quantificational domains, for example, The army was mostly in the capital, where mostly may quantify over individuals or parts (Most of the army was in the capital) or over times (The army was in the capital most of the time). It is proposed that a general conceptual economy principle, No Extra Times, discourages the postulation of potentially unnecessary times, and thus favours the interpretation quantifying over parts. Disambiguating an ambiguously quantified sentence to a quantification over times interpretation was rated as less natural than disambiguating it to a quantification over parts interpretation (Experiment 1). In an interpretation questionnaire, sentences with similar quantificational variability were constructed so that both interpretations of the sentence would require postulating multiple times; this resulted in the elimination of the preference for a quantification over parts interpretation, suggesting the parts pre...
Arterial spin labeled MRI detects clinically relevant increases in myocardial blood flow with vasodilatation

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether arterial spin labeled (ASL) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is capable of detecting clinically relevant increases in regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) with vasodilator stress testing in human myocardium. BACKGROUND Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion at rest and during vasodilatation are used to determine perfusion reserve, which indicates the presence and distribution of myocardial ischemia. ASL CMR is a perfusion imaging technique that does not require any contrast agents, and is therefore safe for use in patients with end-stage renal disease, and capable of repeated or continuous measurement. METHODS Myocardial ASL scans at rest and during adenosine infusion were incorporated into a routine CMR adenosine induced vasodilator stress protocol and was performed in 29 patients. Patients who were suspected of having ischemic heart disease based on first-pass imaging also underwent x-ray angiography. Myocardial ASL was performed using double-gated flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery tagging and balanced steady-state free precession imaging at 3-T. RESULTS Sixteen patients were found to be normal and 13 patients were found to have visible perfusion defect based on first-pass CMR using intravenous gadolinium chelate. In the normal subjects, there was a statistically significant difference between MBF measured by ASL during adenosine infusion (3.67 1.36 ml/g/min), compared to at rest (0.97 0.64 ml/g/min), with p 0.0001. There was also a statistically significant difference in perfusion reserve (MBFstress/MBFrest) between normal myocardial segments (3.18 1.54) and the most ischemic segments in the patients with coronary artery disease identified by x-ray angiography (1.44 0.97), with p 0.0011. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that myocardial ASL is capable of detecting clinically relevant increases in MBF with vasodilatation and has the potential to identify myocardial ischemia. (J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2011;4:1253– 61) © 2011 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
Measurement of Temporal Awareness in Air Traffic Control

Temporal awareness, or level 3 situation awareness, is critical to successful control of air traffic, yet the construct remains ill-defined and difficult to measure. This research sought evidence for air traffic controllers awareness of temporal characteristics of their tasks in data from a high-fidelity system evaluation simulation. Five teams of controllers worked on four scenarios with different traffic load. Several temporal parameters were defined for each task controllers performed during a simulation run and their actions on the tasks were timed relative to them. Controllers showed a strong tendency to prioritize tasks according to a first come, first served principle. This trend persisted as task load increased. Also evident was awareness of the urgency of tasks, as tasks with impending closing of a window of opportunity were performed before tasks that had longer time available before closing of the window.
Simple Technique for the Assay of Antibiotic Synergism Against Enterococci

Abstract A simple technique with antibiotic-impregnated disks has been developed to demonstrate the antibiotic synergism of penicillins and aminoglycosides against enterococci. The two antibiotic disks are placed on inoculated plates so that the distance between their centers is less than the sum of the two radii of their previously determined inhibitory zones. After 5 h of incubation, β-lactamase powder is dusted onto the susceptibility plate with a sterile cotton swab. After overnight incubation, the synergistic effect of the antibiotics is demonstrated by a clear area of no growth in between the two disks. There is good correlation between the synergism determined by this procedure and the susceptibility of the organisms to 2 mg of streptomycin per ml. This technique is simple and can be employed by any laboratory which performs Kirby-Bauer susceptibility procedures.
Morphometric changes in growth of the rat pelvis after papain administration.

The proteolytic enzyme, papain, was given systematically to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of inhibition of endochondral bone formation on pelvic growth, with emphasis on the innominate bone. Ninety-eight Lewis-strain male rats, used concurrently for craniofacial growth studies, were divided into two groups. Thirty rats from Group I (n = 48) received 2% crude papain i.p. daily from 25–40 days-of-age and were euthanized at 40, 54, and 70 days-of-age. Thirty-five rats from Group II (n = 50) were given papain at the same dose from 25–70 days-of-age and were euthanized at 26, 40, 54, 70, and 120 days. The remaining animals in both groups were the controls. Standardized dorsoventral pelvic radiographs were taken of all 98 animals. Ten linear dimensions were measured on each and the data evaluated statistically. A reduction both in size and rate of growth of the bony pelvis was found. All the anteroposterior and most of the transverse pelvic dimensions were significantly shorter, to a greater extent in the prolonged papain group. Bi-ischial width was increased, perhaps to compensate for pelvic shortening and to accommodate the pelvic contents. The findings may contribute to our better understanding of abnormal endochondral bone growth in the pelvis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reduced Phosphorus Compounds in the Environment

Reduced phosphorus compounds (phosphorus with oxidation number less than +5) are and often ignored component of the global phosphorus cycle. This paper highlights environments in which reduced phosphorus compounds may be significant, reviews their importance in industrial applications and products, and examines their possible production by anaerobic bacteria or the steel industry. The role of reduced phosphorus in corrosion of iron and steel is worthy of additional research, since reduced phosphorus compounds can catalyze iron corrosion, and corrosion can liberate significant quantities of reduced phosphorus to the environment. The recent discovery that volcanic emissions can contain phosphorus is also deserving of additional study, given its potential impact on the global phosphorus cycle and the likelihood that reduced phosphorus compounds may be present.
The effect of channel spacing during magma migration on trace element and isotopic ratios

An analytical, mathematical model is discussed for the transport of trace element and isotopic ratios during magma migration, when no major dissolution or precipitation of minerals occurs, but diffusive exchange of atoms between magma and solid is important. This model is then used to elucidate the effect of channel spacing on the transport of trace element and isotopic ratios during the migration of basaltic magma. It is found that, when total reequilibration occurs, as it will in migration through closely spaced channels on grain boundaries, isotopic ratios are transmitted to the surface unchanged but trace element ratios may vary wildly. When channels are far enough apart so that only partial reequilibration occurs, variations in both isotopic and trace element ratios are reduced or eliminated during magma migration. Finally, when channels are sufficiently distant so that negligible reequilibration occurs, both trace element and isotopic ratios are transmitted to the surface unchanged.
Effect of Interfacial Roughness on Phonon Radiative Heat Conduction

The interface between a solid and a liquid or two dissimilar solids poses a resistance to heat transport by phonons, which are quanta of lattice vibrational energy. The classical theory explains that the resistance R arises due to a mismatch in acoustic impedances of the two media and predicts R to vary with temperature T as R {approximately} T{sup {minus}3}. Experiments with copper and liquid {sup 3}He have shown that first, although RT{sup 3} is a constant below 0.1 K, its value is much less than that predicted by the classical theory. Second, at higher temperatures the resistance behaves as R {approximately} T{sup {minus}n} where n > 3. This study explains these observations in the temperature range of 0.06 K-1 K and {sup 3}He pressure range from zero atmospheres in liquid state to solid state, by including the effects of surface roughness and phonon attenuation in solids by electrons or dislocations. Roughness measurements have shown that solid surfaces have a fractal structure and are characterized by a fractal dimension D lying between 2 and 3 for a surface. Using the fractal characteristics, the thermal boundary resistance is shown to follow the relation RT{sup 3} {approximately} (1 + {eta}T{sup {beta}}){sup {minus}1}more » where {beta} is a function of the dimension D and {eta} is a scaling constant. The predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental observations, indicating that, in addition to other surface effects, the fractal surface structure could have a strong influence on thermal boundary resistance.« less
Relationships between tristimulus colour values and digestibility of grain sorghum by swine

Fourteen grain sorghum cultivars were used to study the degree of relationship between energy and protein digestion coefficients and tristimulus colour values of grain sorghum. Colour values from whole grain, ground dry and ground blended samples of each cultivar were used. Colour values of the ground blended samples were more highly associated with digestibility and nitrogen retention than were colour values of either whole grain or ground dry grain sorghum. Although close relationships were shown by simple correlation coefficients, valid prediction equations could not be developed (P < 0.05) from combinations of these three colour observations. These data indicate that colour difference meter values can be used to develop linear regression equations that would assist in screening grain sorghum cultivars for nutritive value in swine.