cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Velocity measurements in a plane turbulent air jet at moderate Reynolds numbers

An experimental investigation of the moderate Reynolds number plane air jets was undertaken and the effect of the jet Reynolds number on the turbulent flow structure was determined. The Reynolds number, which was defined by the jet exit conditions, was varied between 1000 and 7000. Other initial conditions, such as the initial turbulence intensity, were kept constant throughout the experiments. Both hot-wire and laser Doppler anemometry were used for the velocity measurements. In the moderate Reynolds number regime, the turbulent flow structure is in transition. The average size and the number of the large scale of turbulence (per unit length of jet) was unaffected by the Reynolds number. A broadening of the turbulent spectra with increasing Reynolds number was observed. This indicated that there is a decrease in the strength of the large eddies resulting from a reduction of the relative energy available to them. This diminished the jet mixing with the ambient as the Reynolds number increased. Higher Reynolds numbers led to lower jet dilution and spread rates. On the other hand, at higher Reynolds numbers the dependence of jet mixing on Reynolds number became less significant as the turbulent flow structure developed into a self-preserving state.
The disarming virtue of Stanley Hauerwas

Stanley Hauerwas reconnait la difference entre le courage aristotelicien et le courage chretien. Chez Aristote (ou J. Milbank), le courage est celui du soldat qui depasse sa peur face au danger et a la mort. Pour Thomas d'Aquin (et Hauerwas), c'est la charite qui forme les vertus, et patience et perseverance constituent le coeur du courage. Pour l'un, le but est le bien de la nation, pour l'autre, l'amitie avec Dieu. Et le modele de la vertu chretienne est le martyr. L'A., dans le present article, argumente que l'opposition entre l'etat-cite et l'Eglise chez Milbank, et l'opposition entre soldat et martyr chez Hauerwas, font partie d'une distinction plus fondamentale : La vertu fait des heros, tandis que Dieu appelle a la saintete. Le heros est au centre d'une histoire, alors que le saint est un personnage de l'histoire de Dieu.
Diffusion waves and selectivity modifications in cyclic operation of a porous catalyst

Abstract The selectivity for a complex heterogeneously catalyzed reaction is examined for steady and periodic control of reactant concentration at the exterior catalyst surface. Cycling alters the selectivity by creating waves of concentrations within the catalyst which interact favorably in this instance. This new phenomenon in periodic processing is revealed by an analytical perturbation solution for the reaction-limited regime, a technique which can be extended to other reaction mechanisms. Numerical simulations employing an orthogonal collocation technique reproduce the perturbation solution in the reaction-limited regime and show that favorable effects of cycling persist when mass transfer limits the overall reaction.
Localization of ribonucleoprotein in the trilaminar kinetochore of PtK1

A high-voltage electron microscope was used to study the distribution of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in trilaminar kinetochores of metaphase and anaphase PtK 1 cells. The results indicate that the inner plate of the trilaminar kinetochore contains a component which can be selectively stained by a method which preferentially stains RNP. This staining reaction is abolished by RNase digestion and cold perchloric acid (PCA) extraction. It is not eliminated by PCA treatment alone or by substituting other positively charged proteins (i.e., cytochrome c or lysozyme) for RNase. These results support the contention that RNase removes this component from the kinetochore and strongly suggest that the inner plate of the trilaminar kinetochore in PtK 1 contains RNP. Treatment of PtK 1 with colchicine induces structural changes within the kinetochore: Its trilaminar composition is supplanted by a single RNP-containing plate which is exaggerated in size. The significance of these observations with regard to the structure of the trilaminar kinetochore is discussed. When considered in light of other reports describing RNP in the centriole and pericentriolar material, the presence of RNP in the kinetochore suggests that this nucleoprotein may be a universal component of microtubule organizing centers.
Gonadotropins Induce the Release of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α from the Human Preovulatory Follicle

PROBLEM The effects of exogenous gonadotropin administration and steroid levels on the release of various cytokines into the human follicular fluid (FF) were studied. METHOD OF STUDY Forty patients were included in two groups, those undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) (n = 33) and natural cycles (n = 7). FF transvaginal aspirations were performed 36 hr after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin or a spontaneous surge of luteinizing hormone, respectively. FF cytokine measurements were performed with sensitive immunoassays. RESULTS FF cytokine levels were higher after COH [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, 6.6 +/- 0.32 pg/ml; IL-6, 18.7 +/- 2.1 pg/ml; and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 32.5 +/- 4.9 pg/ml] than in natural unstimulated cycles (0.52 +/- 0.1 pg/ml, P < 0.001; 8.9 +/- 1.2 pg/ml, P < 0.01; and 13.2 +/- 2.6 pg/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). FF estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels were not statistically different between groups, despite the higher serum E2 levels observed in patients after COH. CONCLUSIONS Gonadotropins might regulate ovarian secretion of cytokines, because FF IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels after COH were higher than during natural cycles.
A Bayesian approach to removal of incoherent scattering from neutron total‐scattering data

A Bayesian statistics approach for subtraction of incoherent scattering from neutron total-scattering data has been developed and implemented in a public domain software package. In this approach, the estimated background signal associated with incoherent scattering maximizes the posterior probability, which combines the likelihood of this signal in reciprocal and real spaces with the prior that favors smooth lines. The probability distributions are constructed according to the principle of maximum entropy. The method enables robust subtraction of incoherent-scattering backgrounds while providing estimated uncertainties for recovered signals. The developed procedure was first tested using simulated data and then demonstrated using three representative experimental data sets, collected on bulk materials and nanoparticles, featuring distinct ratios of coherent to incoherent scattering.
Influence of international emergency medicine opportunities on residency program selection.

Objectives In the last several years, there has been increasing interest in international emergency medicine (IEM) programs. A number of residency programs offer or encourage international opportunities during residency. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to determine whether the availability of international opportunities during residency affected the ranking of emergency medicine (EM) residency programs by graduating medical students and 2) to determine whether prior international health experience among medical students influences interviewing and ranking of residency programs with international opportunities. Methods An eight-question survey measuring interest in IEM and its effect on ranking of programs was mailed to all 1,205 first-year EM residents from 122 accredited allopathic EM residency programs in the United States. International opportunities were defined as any program that offered an international elective during residency or had an IEM fellowship. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results Of the 1,205 mailed surveys, 34% were returned by the first-year residents. Of all respondents, 281/408 (69%) interviewed at programs with international opportunities. Study findings revealed 62% (164/264) of the students who interviewed at programs with international opportunities considered the availability of international opportunities a positive factor in ranking residency programs. Analysis revealed that applicants with previous international health experience, 68% (104/152), were more likely to rank EM residency programs with international opportunities higher than those that did not. Conclusions This study suggests that the availability of international opportunities during residency positively affected residency ranking. This relationship was stronger in medical students with prior international health experience.
On the Optimality of an Equal Life Policy for Equipment Subject to Technological Improvement

The equipment replacement model with equal replacement intervals has been studied by a number of authors. When new equipment is identical to old equipment, it has been proved that an optimum policy involves replacement at equal intervals (the equal life assumption). However, when equipment is subject to technological change, no such proof exists.
DETERMINATION OF SLIP VELOCITIES IN A CONCENTRIC CYLINDER VISCOMETER WITH MOONEY AND KILJANSKI METHODS

Slip velocities of 19 tomato concentrates and 5 apple sauces at cup and bob of a concentric cylinder (CC) system (MVI) were determined using two methods: (1) of Kiljanski using two CC systems, and (2) of Mooney using three CC systems. For many food samples, there were large differences in the magnitudes of slip velocities at the cup and bob calculated according to the two methods. However, corrected shear rates according to the two methods were in good agreement. Both the calculated slip coefficient of Mooney and the slip velocity of Kiljanski increased with applied shear stress according to power relationships; however, the former showed a weaker dependence on applied stress.
Neither peripheral nerve input nor cortical NMDA receptor activity are necessary for recovery of a disrupted barrel pattern in rat somatosensory cortex.

Abstract Elevating cortical serotonin (5-HT) in rats from postnatal day (P-) 0 to P-6 by administering the monoamine oxidase (MAOA) inhibitor, clorgyline, produces a dose-dependent spectrum of effects on rat somatosensory organization, ranging from enlarged with indistinct septa to a complete lack of vibrissae-related patterns. However, if clorgyline treatment is stopped on P-6, a qualitatively and quantitatively normal vibrissae-related pattern of thalamocortical afferents appears in somatosensory cortex (S-I) on P-10. We employed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infraorbital nerve (ION) transection, N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3″3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) labeling of thalamic afferents, and CO histochemistry to determine whether peripheral nerve input and/or cortical NMDA receptor activity were required for the recovery of vibrissae-related patterns in clorgyline-treated animals. Clorgyline administration from P-0 to P-6 produced a 1589.4±53.3% increase in cortical 5-HT over control animals on P-6 and a 268.8±6.3% elevation over controls at P-10. Postnatal day 6 pups had significantly altered vibrissae-related patterns in S-I following 6 days of clorgyline treatment but by P-10, the characteristic vibrissae-related patterns were restored. Neither transection of the ION nor application of the NMDA antagonist, dl -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), to the cortices of P-6 pups that were treated with clorgyline from birth had any significant effect on the recovery of the vibrissae-related patterns by P-10. These results indicate that neither peripheral nerve input nor cortical NMDA receptor activity are necessary for the restoration of cortical vibrissae-related patterns in rats that have sustained transient elevations of 5-HT.
Molecular targeting with recombinant cytotoxins for the treatment of brain tumors

Substantial progress has been made in the clinical application of molecularly targeted proteinaceous cytotoxins for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a primary brain tumor of dismal prognosis. These recombinant cytotoxins are composed of tumor-targeting ligands and genetically engineered derivatives of extremely toxic to eukaryotic cells bacterial toxins. Several cytotoxins moved relatively quickly, as for novel anti-cancer drugs, from bench to clinic during the last decade; both clinical studies and laboratory research have brought invaluable translational information. The important factors that are linked to the overall cytotoxins' clinical utility are target specificity, proportion of potential responders to a cytotoxin among patients and an efficient delivery of the cytotoxin directly to the tumor site using convection-enhanced delivery (CED). Novel, potent, and very specific cytotoxins against GBM are being continuously generated. Moreover, a combinatorial targeting of more than one target in GBM with the cytotoxins emerges as an approach of potentially higher anti-tumor efficacy and more universal usage. Novel means of recombinant cytotoxins delivery are being envisioned and tested. The next decade should bring more complete and successful clinical application of recombinant cytotoxins, a highly promising class of anti-GBM drugs. Drug Dev Res 69:407–414, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental Investigation of Boundary Layer Behavior in a Simulated Low Pressure Turbine

A detailed investigation of the flow physics occurring on the suction side of a simulated low pressure turbine (LPT) blade was performed. A contoured upper wall was designed to simulate the pressure distribution of an actual LPT blade onto a flat plate. The experiments were carried out at Reynolds numbers of 100,000 and 250,000 with three levels of freestream turbulence. The main emphasis in this paper is placed on flow field surveys performed at a Reynolds number of 100,000 with levels of freestream turbulence ranging from 0.8 percent to 3 percent. Smoke-wire flow visualization data were used to confirm that the boundary layer was separated and formed a bubble. The transition process over the separated flow region is observed to be similar to a laminar free shear layer flow with the formation of a large coherent eddy structure. For each condition, the locations defining the separation bubble were determined by careful examination of pressure and mean velocity profile data. Transition onset location and length determined from intermittency profiles decrease as freestream turbulence levels increase. Additionally, the length and height of the laminar separation bubbles were observed to be inversely proportional to the levels of freestream turbulence
RS-170 to 700 frame-per-second CCD camera

A versatile new camera, the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) model GY6, is described. It operates at a wide variety of frame rates, from RS-170 to 700 frames per second. The camera operates as an NTSC compatible black and white camera when operating at RS- 170 rates. When used for variable high-frame rates, a simple substitution is made of the RS- 170 sync/clock generator circuit card with a high speed emitter-coupled logic (ECL) circuit card.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anisotropic spin waves and exchange interactions in the A -type antiferromagnetic state of Pr 0.5 Sr 0.5 Mn O 3

Inelastic neutron scattering is used to investigate the spin dynamics in the layered $A$-type antiferromagnetic state of ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The spin wave dispersion, observed between 2 and $12\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, for neutron momentum transfer, $\mathbf{Q}$, parallel to the ferromagnetic planes is found to be much steeper than the dispersion when $\mathbf{Q}$ is perpendicular to the ferromagnetic planes, indicating strong anisotropy. Here we show that the three-dimensional Heisenberg model with nearest neighbor exchange interactions, an interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling, an intralayer ferromagnetic coupling, and a single ion anisotropy can account for these dispersions. A comparison of the ratio of exchange couplings in ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ shows that the anisotropy of exchange interactions strongly depends on the type of orbital ordering.
The collapse load of rigid-plastic circular plates under arbitrary loading in one direction only

Eine Kreisplatte aus ideal starrplastischem Material mit der v. Misesschen Fliessbedingung als Fliesskriterium ist rotationssymmetrisch belastet. Die Lasten sollen einseitig wirken, damit die Platte an Kollapszustand voll plastifiziert ist. Aus einem zulassigen Geschwindigkeitsfeld wird eine obere Schranke fur den Kollapslastparameter hergeleitet, in Form eines Quotienten von zwei Integralen, deren Integranden Funktionen des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes sind. Der Extremwert des Quotienten fuhrt auf eine Differentialgleichung, deren Losung die exakte Kollapsbelastung und den entsprechenden Fliesszustand ergibt.
Irradiated wires for internal wiring

Abstract Irradiated modified polyolefin and polyvinyl chloride have excellent heat-resistant, mechanical, and electrical properties. In the present paper, wires with modified insulation that are used for the internal wiring of appliances and automobiles are described.
Relationship between ageing and deformation characteristics, and microdefects in aluminium-lithium alloys: an X-ray double crystal diffractometry study

A non-destructive X-ray technique, the double crystal diffractometer method, is presented as a tool to investigate the ageing and deformation characteristics of aluminium-lithium alloys. This method is extremely sensitive and can be used to measure strains and dislocation densities through the rocking curve half-width. X-ray data were used to correlate the different stages of the microstructure during ageing and deformation. Models were also developed to describe the microstructural behaviour of these alloys.
A SMT-based diagnostic test generation method for combinational circuits

A diagnostic test pattern generator using a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver is proposed. Rather than targeting a single fault pair at a time, the proposed SMT approach can distinguish multiple fault pairs in a single instance. Several heuristics are proposed to constrain the SMT formula to further reduce the search space, including fault selection, excitation constraint, reduced primary output vector, and cone-of-influence reduction. Experimental results for the ISCAS85 and full-scan versions of ISCAS89 benchmark circuits show that fewer diagnostic vectors are generated compared with conventional diagnostic test generation methods. Up to 73% reduction in the number of vectors generated can be achieved in large circuits.
CALIBRATION OF RING-CURRENT MODELS FOR THE HEME RING

Abstract Three ring-current models for the heme ring system have been calibrated using data from cytochrome c, cytochrome c551, cytochrome b5, and pyridine and picoline complexes of zinc porphyrin. Excellent agreement between observed and calculated shifts was obtained, even for protons in close proximity to the heme ring. Best agreement was obtained with the eight-loop Johnson-Bovey and five-loop Haigh-Mallion models. Data was fitted less well when a Johnson-Bovey five-loop model was used. The new calibrations provide a basis for conformational studies of diamagnetic heme proteins.
Mobilization and Incorporation of Photoassimilated 14C by Growing Vegetative and Reproductive Tissues of Adult Pinus resinosa Ait. Trees

Variations in translocation and incorporation of (14)C-labeled photosynthate in actively growing vegetative and reproductive tissues of 20-year-old Pinus resinosa trees with time were investigated. Five hours after exposure of 1-year-old needles on second order branches to (14)CO(2), 90% of the recoverable activity was still in the needles. The 1-year-old bark showed a small amount of activity, but terminal sinks had accumulated little (14)C. After 24 hours, activity in the 1-year-old needles decreased to 59% while actively growing terminal and lateral shoots and 2nd year cones had accumulated considerable tracer. Whereas activity in the 1-year-old bark increased, recovery from the 1-year-old wood was only 1.8%. After 1 week, relative activity in the 1-year-old needles had declined to 27%. Recovery of (14)C from various sinks was high and in the following order: 2nd year cones > terminal needles > lateral needles > terminal internode > lateral internodes > 1-year-old wood. Ninety per cent of the (14)C recovered after 5 hours was in the ethanol-soluble form, but by the end of 1 week only half was in the soluble fraction. Incorporation of tracer into insoluble compounds was high in expanding internodes and in 1-year-old xylem, and low in 2nd year cones. Total activity in the terminal internode generally declined toward the distal end while specific radioactivity increased. Only 5% of the (14)C recovered from cones was localized in developing seeds, but specific radioactivity of seeds was higher than in the cone scales and axis.
Oct-1 acts as a transcriptional repressor on the C-reactive protein promoter.

Abstract C-reactive protein (CRP), a plasma protein of the innate immune system, is produced by hepatocytes. A critical regulatory region (−42 to −57) on the CRP promoter contains binding site for the IL-6-activated transcription factor C/EBPβ. The IL-1β-activated transcription factor NF-κB binds to a κB site located nearby (−63 to −74). The κB site overlaps an octamer motif (−59 to −66) which is the binding site for the constitutively active transcription factor Oct-1. Oct-1 is known to function both as a transcriptional repressor and as an activator depending upon the promoter context. Also, Oct-1 can regulate gene expression either by binding directly to the promoter or by interacting with other transcription factors bound to the promoter. The aim of this study was to investigate the functions of Oct-1 in regulating CRP expression. In luciferase transactivation assays, overexpressed Oct-1 inhibited (IL-6 + IL-1β)-induced CRP expression in Hep3B cells. Deletion of the Oct-1 site from the promoter drastically reduced the cytokine response because the κB site was altered as a consequence of deleting the Oct-1 site. Surprisingly, overexpressed Oct-1 inhibited the residual (IL-6 + IL-1β)-induced CRP expression through the promoter lacking the Oct-1 site. Similarly, deletion of the Oct-1 site reduced the induction of CRP expression in response to overexpressed C/EBPβ, and overexpressed Oct-1 inhibited C/EBPβ-induced CRP expression through the promoter lacking the Oct-1 site. We conclude that Oct-1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of CRP expression and it does so by occupying its cognate site on the promoter and also via other transcription factors by an as yet undefined mechanism.
Diffusion and adsorption in microporous solids: Measurement of effective diffusivities in coal

Abstract The unsteady-state diffusion and adsorption of carbon dioxide was examined using the unsteadystate diffusion equation which included an additional term to account for the adsorption. This allowed a theoretical prediction of the uptake of carbon dioxide which could be compared with the experimental uptake in a static volumetric adsorption device. The solution of this equation also allowed the determination of a diffusion parameter characteristic of each coal. The long equilibrium times experienced experimentally were predicted theoretically by the solution of this equation. Also, the diffusion parameter appears to be a function of the surface area, increasing with increasing surface area.
Fungi, leaves, and the theory of island biogeography

Species dynamics of fungi (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on apple leaves were studied within the framework of the theory of island biogeography by following "immigration" and "extinction" patterns on individual apple leaf "islands" over time. Total fungi were censused on unmanipulated leaves collected throughout two seasons; filamentous fungi only were monitored additionally for several weeks in one season on newly created, axenic, model (seedling) islands introduced to the orchard, and on surface-sterilized, preexisting leaves. Analyses based on both the natural and the surface-sterilized systems showed that an equilibrium in species number was reached and turnover in species composition occurred in both. Immigration and extinction events were strongly related to number of species present on each island. The balance between immigration and extinction implies that species number on leaves and "real" (oceanic) islands is determined by a common mechanism, and emphasizes the need to regard leaf microbial communities as dynamic.
SOME FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROGRAM: HISTORY AND PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENTS*

A REVIEW OF ECONOMIC indicators clearly shows that the Canadian economy in the past few years has undergone tremendous expansion. Indices of industrial production, employment in manufacturing, national income, etc., have risen markedly. However, throughout 1951 and the early part of 1952 residential construction has been a very noticeable exception to this pattern of growth. The significance of this drop in house building is apparent from statements of Canadian government housing officials indicating that "Canada may be facing by 1955 a housing situation similar to that existing in 1945 with backlog requirements larger than ever before.... (so that) perhaps between 115,000 and 120,000 new housing units per annum will then be necessary."' In view of the fact that the greatest number of new housing units completed in Canada in any year has been 92,000 (1950) and that housing starts declined 24 per cent in 1951 to 72,000 units,2 it seems appropriate to examine the possibility of achieving a building program of the magnitude envisaged by government economists within the limits of existing Canadian housing legislation.
The traveling idea of Islamic Protestantism: a study of Iranian Luthers

Abstract This article examines some religious ideas of three prominent Iranian intellectuals: Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, Ali Sharī c ati, and Hashem Aghajari. They are considered Iranian Luthers for their deep appreciation of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth-century in Europe, and their calls for Islamic Protestantism in Iran. However, this article is not intended to compare two religious reformations in Europe and Iran, but rather to study the traveling idea of Islamic Protestantism from al-Afghānī and Sharī c ati, to Aghajari in different situations and periods, and in response to different challenges. Edward Said's ‘traveling theory’ is used to analyze the dynamic historical movement of Islamic Protestantism ‘from person to person, from situation to situation, and from one period to another’. The traveling idea of Islamic Protestantism from al-Afghānī, Sharī c ati, to Aghajari, then creates the chain of intellectual transmission from the old generation to a newer one. As wit...
Fixed-window image descriptors for image retrieval

We work towards a content-based image retrieval system, where queries can be image-like objects. At entry time, each image is processed to yield a large number of indices into its windows. A window is a square in a fixed quad-tree decomposition of the image, and an index is a fixed-size vector, called a descriptor, similar to the periodograms used in spectral estimation. The fixed decomposition of images was prompted by the need for fast processing, but leads to windows that often straddle image regions with different textural contents, making indices less effective. In this paper, we investigate different definitions of spectral distance which we plan to use to classify windows according to their texture content.
Control of cardiac myosin heavy chain gene expression.

The alpha- and beta-myosin genes extend over 51 kb on chromosome 14 in human and 11 in mouse separated by about 4.5 kb of intergenic sequence. They are located in tandem in the order of their expression during development. Transcription of each gene is independently controlled but coordinately regulated. During each embryogenesis, the beta-MHC gene is expressed as part of the cardiac myogenic program under the control of NKX-2.5, MEF-2C, and GATA-4/5/6. After birth, thyroid hormone induces expression of alpha-MHC mRNA and inhibits expression of the beta-MHC gene. While a large number of physiological stimuli are capable of modifying this basic paradigm, thyroid hormone is required for expression of alpha-MHC in ventricular muscle. The positive TRE for T(3)-stimulation of alpha-MHC is an imperfect direct repeat located in the proximal promoter of the gene. The negative TRE for the beta-MHC gene is probably a binding half-site that is located adjacent to the TATA box. Binding of TEF-1 to a strong positive element in the proximal promoter is important in basal expression of beta-MHC gene and in the response to alpha(1)-adrenergic stimulation. The beta-MHC gene also is induced together with several other "fetal" genes during cardiac hypertrophy by a mechanism involving Ca(2+)-mediated activation of calcineurin and NF-AT3. Upon activation, NF-AT3 translocates to the nucleus and interacts with GATA-4 to stimulate beta-MHC expression. Changes in chromatin structure mediated by the association of histone acetylases and deacetylases with transcription factors are essential in regulating cell-specific expression of MHC genes.
Requirement of Developing Turkeys for Calcium and Phosphorus

Abstract PHOSPHORUS and calcium requirements for the young poult have been reviewed by Wilcox et al. (1953) and the phosphorus requirement by Almquist (1954). The requirements of the turkey over 8 weeks of age are not well established. Sullivan (1959) indicated that the total phosphorus requirement of female and male turkeys from 4 to 20 weeks was .70 to .80% and .75 to .85% respectively, when a diet containing 1.55% calcium was fed. The experiments reported in this paper were conducted to obtain data to estimate the quantitative requirements of turkeys over 8 weeks of age for calcium and phosphorus, and to study the interrelationship of these minerals. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS Experiment 1. Two hundred eighty sexed eight-week old Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys were distributed into 10 groups of 14 females and 10 groups of 14 males. The turkeys were reared in confinement in a concrete floored building during the …
Stream of Variation Based Error Compensation Strategy in Multi-Stage Manufacturing Processes

Linear state space Stream of Variation (SoV) models of error flow in multistation assembly and machining systems have been well studied in the past decade. SoV models were utilized for identification of process-level root causes of manufacturing errors, quantitative characterization of measurements in multistation manufacturing systems, systematic selection of measurement points and features, as well as tolerance allocation and process design. Nevertheless, natural connection of the linear state space form of SoV models with traditional control theory has not been utilized to automatically compensate observed manufacturing errors and thus close the quality control loop. Recent advances in measurement technology and flexible fixtures make such operations possible and in this paper, we propose a method for strategic elimination of root causes of quality problems based on the SoV models of the flow of manufacturing errors. Furthermore, the concept of compensability that quantitatively depicts the capacity of error compensation in a specific system is proposed. Based on this concept analogous to the controllability in the traditional control theory, compensable and non-compensable subspaces of dimensional errors are identified and quantitatively described. Theoretical results have been demonstrated using the SoV model of a real industrial process used for machining of automotive cylinder heads.© 2005 ASME
Spectrum and energy levels of doubly-ionized zirconium (Zr III)

The spectrum of doubly-ionized zirconium Zr III, was observed from 630 A to 4610 A with sliding spark discharges on the 10.7-m normal-incidence vacuum spectrograph at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The spectral analysis of C C Kiess (1956 J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std. (US) 56 167), was considerably revised and extended. Experimental energies were obtained for almost all levels of the 4d2, 4d5s, 5s2, 4d5p, 5s5p, 4d5d, 4d6s, 4d6p, 4d4f, 5p2, 5s6s, 5s5d, 4d5f, 4d5g and 5s4f configurations as well as for a few levels of 4d7p and 4d6f. A total of 482 lines were classified as transitions between 139 energy levels. From the optimized energy level values, a system of Ritz-type wavelengths with uncertainties varying from about 0.005 A to 0.003 A was determined. The observed configurations were theoretically interpreted by means of Hartree-Fock calculations and least-squares fits of the energy parameters to the observed levels. The fitted energy parameters were used to calculate oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for all classified lines. An improved value of the ionization energy was obtained from the 4d4f, 4d5f and 4d5g configurations. The adopted value is 186 880 ± 30 cm−1 (23.170 ± 0.004 eV).
The 30-year trend of bronchogenic carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935–1964☆

Abstract The results of trend studies of bronchogenic carcinoma in the Olmsted County population are similar to those derived from mortality statistics and tumor registries assembled elsewhere, although the trends for other diseases in Olmsted County have not always conformed to the results from those other sources. Having available a unique data resource, centered about the records of the Mayo Clinic, which made it possible to avoid many of the methodologic shortcomings of retrospective population studies and permitted the identification of practically all cases of malignancy in the population of Olmsted County, we investigated the incidence and mortality of primary lung cancer in the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota, over the three decades 1935–1964, inclusive. Thus identified were 137 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma (112 male patients, 25 female) diagnosed among Olmsted residents during the years 1935–1964. Tissue specimens were located in 131 (95 per cent) of the cases, and 127 of these could be classified by specific cell type: 40 (31 per cent) adenocarcinoma and 37 (28 per cent) squamous-cell, 26 (20 per cent) small-cell, and 23 (18 per cent) large-cell carcinoma. There was a single case of adenocystic type. The average annual incidence per 100,000 population for males increased rapidly from 3 in the first decade to about 25 in the third, but for females the rate remained about 3 over the three decades. Since the same medical facilities and the same methods of record-keeping, indexing, and retrieval are available for females in the community as for males, the observed upward trend of bronchogenic carcinoma in males presumably is valid and not related to diagnostic procedures nor to any systematic artifact. The upward trend was more marked among urban males than among rural males; the reason for the difference is unknown. As of 1 January 1970, 130 (95 per cent) of the patients had died. The death certificates recorded bronchogenic carcinoma as the underlying cause of death in 116 (90 per cent) of these 130. This study reveals a marked increase over the last 30 years in the incidence rates for primary cancer of the lung and tends to refute the argument that proficiency in diagnosis has accounted for the rise. Such a dramatic upward trend through the same period has not been noted in Olmsted County for other diseases studied in a similar manner.
The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part I: Numerical methods for treating the subgrid evolution of discrete size- and composition-resolved contrails from all commercial flights worldwide

This paper provides and evaluates mass conservative, positive-definite, unconditionally-stable, and non-iterative numerical techniques for simulating the evolution of discrete, size- and composition-resolved aerosol and contrail particles in individual aircraft exhaust plumes in a global or regional 3-D atmospheric model and coupling the subgrid exhaust plume information to the grid scale. Such treatment represents a new method of simulating the effects of aircraft on climate, contrails, and atmospheric composition. Microphysical processes solved within each plume include size-resolved coagulation among and between aerosol and contrail particles and their inclusions, aerosol-to-hydrometeor particle ice and liquid nucleation, deposition/sublimation, and condensation/evaporation. Each plume has its own emission and supersaturation, and the spreading and shearing of each plume's cross-section are calculated as a function of time. Aerosol- and contrail-particle core compositions are tracked for each size and affect optical properties in each plume. When line contrails sublimate/evaporate, their size- and composition-resolved aerosol cores and water vapor are added to the grid scale where they affect large-scale clouds. Algorithm properties are analyzed, and the end-result model is evaluated against in situ and satellite data.
Cyanide reactivity of cytochrome c derivatives.

The kinetic rates and equilibrium association constants for cyanide binding have been measured for a series of cytochrome c derivatives as a probe of heme accessibility. The series included horse and yeast cytochromes iodinated at Tyr 67 and 74, horse cytochrome formylated at Trp 59 in both a low and high redox potential form, the Met 80 sulfoxide derivative of horse cytochrome and the N-acylisourea heme propionate derivative of tuna cytochrome. Native cytochromes c are well known to bind cyanide slowly in a reaction simply first order both in cytochrome and cyanide up to at least 100 mM in cyanide. The derivatives demonstrate markedly different kinetics which indicate the following conclusions. (1) In spite of chemical modification at different loci, all the derivatives have highly similar reactivity, suggesting common ligation structures and mechanisms for reaction. (2) Compared to native cytochromes, reaction rates are 10–20 fold greater. This is in accord with a more accessible heme crevice, but not a completely opened crevice. For the completely opened case, rate increases are expected to be between three and five orders of magnitude. (3) Reaction rates are either independent of cyanide concentration (zero order) or show only slight variation. A mechanism which accounts for the data over four orders of magnitude in concentration postulates a protein conformation step, opening of the heme crevice, as the rate determining step. This conformation change has a limiting rate of 6 · 10−2 s−1.
Personality as a Predictor of Hooking Up Among College Students

Hookups--casual sexual encounters that may or may not include intercourse - are common on college campuses. Previous research has suggested that these casual sexual encounters may have serious health-related consequences. Understanding the relationships among multiple predictors of hooking up is important if high-risk prevention programming among college students is to be effective. This study considers each of the Big Five personality traits as predictors of hooking-up behaviors in a sample of Midwestern undergraduates (N = 247). Fifty-six percent of women and 63% of men reported engaging in a hookup. In general, Extraversion was positively associated with hooking up behaviors; Conscientiousness was negatively associated with hooking up. Relationships between personality and hooking up were significant while controlling for alcohol use. Implications for prevention programming on college campuses are discussed.
Self-modification of depression via cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies: A time series analysis

A 20-year-old student enrolled in an undergraduate adjustment course implemented a self-modification program oriented toward the reduction of a 4-year history of moderate to severe depression. Following an initial baseline period, separate interventions were aimed at reducing depressive ruminatory activity by (a) reinforcing the gradual completion of academic tasks that had been serving as primary sources of negativistic thinking, and (b) reducing maladaptive rumination directly via the implementation of a cognitive-behavioral intervention package consisting of rational restructuring, covert self-reinforcement, and covert modeling. Results, analyzed by time series analysis, indicated a significant decline in frequency and intensity of self-monitored depressive thoughts only during the cognitive-behavioral intervention. Moreover, treatment effects were maintained at 6-month follow-up, with self-report data being corroborated by independent peer evaluation. Limitations and potential implications of the present single-subject experiment are discussed.
No strict alignment is required between a transcriptional activator binding site and the "TATA box" of a yeast gene

GAL4 is a transcriptional activator of the galactose metabolism genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that GAL4 expressed in yeast activated transcription equally well when a single GAL4 binding site was placed at any of nine positions upstream of the GAL1 (galactokinase gene) "TATA box." We chose a sufficient number of positions for the binding site to ensure that, in several of these positions, GAL4 was on the opposite side of the DNA helix with respect to the TATA box. Smaller GAL4 derivatives were similar to wild-type GAL4 in that they also activated transcription in a manner independent of the side of the DNA helix they bound with respect to the TATA box. Unlike wild-type GAL4, however, these smaller GAL4 derivatives activated transcription better when we placed a binding site progressively closer to the TATA box over a distance of 34 base pairs.
Attitudes Toward Task-Based Language Learning: A Study of College Korean Language Learners

This study explores second/foreign language (L2) learners' attitudes toward task-based language learning (TBLL) and how these attitudes relate to selected learner variables, namely anxiety, integrated motivation, instrumental motivation, and self-efficacy. Ninety-one college students of Korean as a foreign language, who received task-based language instruction, participated in this questionnaire study. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. A correlation analysis between variables indicated that students' attitudes toward TBLL were positively associated with self-efficacy and integrative motivation while they were negatively associated with anxiety. A multiple regression analysis further revealed that only one variable, self-efficacy, was the significant predictor of learners' attitudes toward TBLL.
How Far Have We Come in Teletherapy? Comment on “Telephone‐Administered Psychotherapy”

Telecommunication allows for therapy to be done in many formats, including telephone, computer teleconferencing, and e-mail. My comments are directed broadly at how telecommunications can be used to provide psychological services. My comments include observations on the review article, impressions following a computer search on the topic of electronic therapy, thoughts on other uses of electronic psychological services, and caveats regarding ethical and legal issues.
The effects of D1 or D2 dopamine receptor blockade on zif/268 and preprodynorphin gene expression in rat forebrain following a short-term cocaine binge

Selective D1 or D2 dopamine receptor antagonists were used to investigate the transynaptic regulation of mRNAs coding for the opioid peptide, preprodynorphin, and the nuclear transcription factor, zif/268 after an acute cocaine binge. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with the D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, or the D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride, 30 min prior to 3 hourly injections of saline or 20 mg/kg cocaine and killed 1 h after the final injection. Behavioral ratings indicated that SCH 23390 blocked, whereas sulpiride augmented, cocaine-induced stereotypical behaviors. Striatal sections were hybridized with oligonucleotides coding for zif/268 and preprodynorphin. Quantitative image analysis of autoradiograms revealed that (1) SCH 23390 completely suppressed basal and cocaine binge-induced zif/268 mRNA in the striatal and cerebral cortical areas examined; (2) sulpiride enhanced basal levels of zif/268 mRNA in the medial caudate and dorsomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens; (3) sulpiride partially blocked cocaine binge-induced levels of zif/268 mRNA in the dorsal striatum but had no effect in sensory cortex; (4) SCH 23390, but not sulpiride, significantly reduced the constitutive expression of preprodynorphin mRNA; and (5) SCH 23390 and sulpiride blocked cocaine binge-induced expression of preprodynorphin mRNA in the dorsal striatum.
Recent accomplishments and future directions in the US Fusion Safety and Environmental Program

The US Fusion Program has long recognized that the safety and environmental (S&E) potential of fusion can be attained by prudent materials selection, judicious design choices and integration of safety requirements into the design of the facility. To achieve this goal, S&E research is focused on understanding the behaviour of the largest sources of radioactive and hazardous materials in a fusion facility, understanding how energy sources in a fusion facility could mobilize those materials, developing integrated state-of-the-art S&E computer codes and risk tools for safety assessment and evaluating S&E issues associated with current fusion designs. In this paper, recent accomplishments are reviewed and future directions outlined.
The Effect of Testing Methods on the Shear Strength Distribution in Laminated Composites

An experimental investigation was performed to study the effect of testing methods on the in situ shear strength distribution in fiber-reinforced laminated composites. T300/976 Graphite/Epoxy cross-ply laminates were used in the tests, and rail shear, Iosipescu, and short beam shear fixtures were selected for measuring the shear strengths. The results strongly indicate that the interlaminar shear strength measured from the short beam shear test has no correlation with the inplane shear strengths measured by the other two methods. The rail shear and losipescu fixtures provide, in general, consistent results in the measurement of the inplane shear strength. However, the consistency between the results of the two test methods strongly depends on the ply orientation of the test specimens. As shown in the paper, the resultant differences in inplane shear strengths measured from the two test methods could be as much 50%. These differences can be attributed to the in terlaminar stress distributions along the fre...
Conversion of nitric oxide and methane over Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts in the absence of oxygen

Abstract We have studied the conversion of nitric oxide and methane on several H- and Na-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the absence of oxygen. Our results suggest that the NO-CH4 reaction can be explained in terms of a mechanism that starts with a nitric oxide decomposition step followed by the surface reaction of methane with the product oxygen regenerating the active site. We have found that reduced Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts are active for the nitric oxide decomposition reaction but deactivate rapidly due to self-poisoning by product oxygen. By contrast, in the presence of methane these catalysts can exhibit high activity and stability under certain conditions. For instance, when the nitric oxide decomposition and the reaction of methane with the surface oxygen proceed at comparable rates the catalyst is stable but when the methane conversion is lower than that required to remove all the oxygen produced (stoichiometric methane conversion) the catalyst rapidly deactivates. Under some conditions the methane conversion may be higher than the stoichiometric requirement leading to the deposition of carbonaceous species. These carbonaceous deposits can promote the reaction by helping to remove the product oxygen.