cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How did Humans become Behaviorally Modern? Revisiting the “Art First” Hypothesis

Numerous impressive proposals addressing the title question have been made that appear to be rich, coherent, and stimulating but are either theoretically incomplete or empirically weak. It is proposed here that recent scientific results provide the elements for an empirically robust hypothesis that fills some theoretical gaps. Prompted by Henshilwood’s archeological discovery at Blombos SA and drawing from Tomasello’s results in comparative psychology on shared intentionality and from Rizzolotti and Arbib’s results in neuropsychology on mirror neurons, and adapting Sterelny’s notion of decoupling, an empirically robust hypothesis is proposed: deliberate symbolic artifacts of material culture preceded, triggered, and facilitated the origination of modern language and abstract thought. Of the three classic features of modern humans—art, language, and abstract thought—language has been an exclusive focus of many twentieth-century theorists, a focus attributed to advances in logic and computational modeling, with background assumptions from a simplistic epistemology. Hypotheses by Cassirer and Langer that art was prior to and facilitated the origination of language were dismissed by what we now know were false premises. It is proposed here that art enabled the critical features of displacement and communally shared semantic content required by human languages. The proposal also provides a causal answer to Harnad’s “symbol grounding problem.” A first-approximation sketch of the empirical model is given.
A game-theoretic approach to optimal defense strategy against load redistribution attack

The wider deployment of advanced computer and communication technologies in the cyber monitoring and control layer of power system will inevitably make the power grid more vulnerable to various cyber attacks, such as false data injection attack and load redistribution (LR) attack. It is critical to develop methods to study the interaction between the attacker and defender for finding the optimal allocation of the limited defense resources. In this study, the LR attack considering the attack and defense is modeled by bilevel optimization. Game-theoretic approaches are developed to model the interaction of the attacker and defender for two scenarios for defending critical measurements and for defending critical substations. The attack and defense interaction is modeled by a zero-sum game if only the load curtailment is considered in the utility functions. And it can be modeled by a non-zero-sum game if both the load curtailment and the associated attack cost and defense cost are considered. The proposed approach is tested based on a representative IEEE 14-bus system, and optimal defense strategies are derived in different scenarios. This study can offer some meaningful insight on effectively preventing and mitigating the LR attack.
Model study of polar cap arcs

Two major features of polar cap arcs, namely, multiple arc structures and strong electrojets flowing along the arcs, resulted from model studies using an M-I coupling model (Zhu et al., 1993) are presented. The model results indicate that the appearance of these two features is due to the M-I coupling processes associated with polar cap arcs and is not externally imposed by the magnetosphere.
On minimum walks in graphs

In this paper homomorphisms are used to define four new parameters of a graph, which have to do with minimum walks in graphs satisfying certain conditions. Several bounds and exact equations are obtained for two of these parameters; a third parameter is seen to be closely related to the Traveling Salesman Problem and the question of whether a given graph is Hamiltonian.
Cleavable biotin probes for labeling of biomolecules via azide-alkyne cycloaddition.

The azide−alkyne cycloaddition provides a powerful tool for bio-orthogonal labeling of proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and lipids. In some labeling experiments, e.g., in proteomic studies involving affinity purification and mass spectrometry, it is convenient to use cleavable probes that allow release of labeled biomolecules under mild conditions. Five cleavable biotin probes are described for use in labeling of proteins and other biomolecules via azide−alkyne cycloaddition. Subsequent to conjugation with metabolically labeled protein, these probes are subject to cleavage with either 50 mM Na_2S_2O_4, 2% HOCH_2CH_2SH, 10% HCO_2H, 95% CF_3CO_2H, or irradiation at 365 nm. Most strikingly, a probe constructed around a dialkoxydiphenylsilane (DADPS) linker was found to be cleaved efficiently when treated with 10% HCO_2H for 0.5 h. A model green fluorescent protein was used to demonstrate that the DADPS probe undergoes highly selective conjugation and leaves a small (143 Da) mass tag on the labeled protein after cleavage. These features make the DADPS probe especially attractive for use in biomolecular labeling and proteomic studies.
Side-product formation during cyclization with HBTU on a solid support.

The coupling reagent 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) was used in an attempt to prepare a highly strained 10-membered lactam ring on a solid support via side-chain to side-chain cyclization of the adjacent α,γ-diaminobutyric (Dab) and D-glutamic acid residues in [Dab 2 ,D-Glu 3 ,Leu 5 ]enkephalinamide. This attempted cyclization failed, however, and yielded linear products instead. Characterization by mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis, peptide sequencing and NMR indicated that the major products were the tetramethylguanidinium (Tmg) derivatives [Dab(Tmg) 2 ,D-Glu 3 ,Leu 5 ]-enkephalinamide and the corresponding dimeric linear Tmg-containing peptide which resulted from the transfer of the tetramethyluronium moiety from HBTU to the amino side chain of Dab. The formation of these tetramethylguanidinium side products during cyclization reactions limits HBTU's usefulness for the formation of lactams
A low-barrier hydrogen bond in the catalytic triad of serine proteases

Spectroscopic properties of chymotrypsin and model compounds indicate that a low-barrier hydrogen bond participates in the mechanism of serine protease action. A low-barrier hydrogen bond between N delta 1 of His57 and the beta-carboxyl group of Asp102 in chymotrypsin can facilitate the formation of the tetrahedral adduct, and the nuclear magnetic resonance properties of this proton indicate that it is a low-barrier hydrogen bond. These conclusions are supported by the chemical shift of this proton, the deuterium isotope effect on the chemical shift, and the properties of hydrogen-bonded model compounds in organic solvents, including the hydrogen bond in cis-urocanic acid, in which the imidazole ring is internally hydrogen-bonded to the carboxyl group.
Fibronectin fragments bind to and penetrate cartilage tissue resulting in proteinase expression and cartilage damage

Abstract We have reported that fibronectin (Fn) fragments added to bovine articular cartilage slices in culture causes marked cartilage damage by enhancing proteinase expression and resultant degradation and release of proteoglycan (PG). Several different non-overlaping Fn fragments, an amino-terminal 29-kDa, gelatin-binding 50-kDa and integrin-binding 140-kDa Fn fragment, representing nearly all of the polypeptide chain, were compared in terms of ability to cause PG release from cartilage and to bind cartilage. The most active fragment, the 29-kDa fragment, was able to enter cartilage in an intact metacarpophalangeal joint in culture and cause PG release at the same rate as with surgically cut cartilage. Further, when radiolabelled 29-kDa fragment was added to cartilage, a large proportion bound the intact articular surface, while a lesser amount diffused throughout the tissue matrix and concentrated in clusters near the mid-section of full thickness cartilage. The 29-kDa, 50-kDa, 140-kDa Fn fragments and Fn, respectively, showed PG degradation activities 9-, 6-, 2- and 1.1-fold that of control levels and bound cartilage to the extent of 180, 20, 18 and 2 pmol/100 mg cartilage, respectively. Therefore, the PG degradation activities were greatest for the smaller fragments, which bound to the greatest extent. The apparent K d values for interactionof the 29-kDa, 5-kDa, 140-kDa fragments and Fn for cartilage tissue were about 1.2, 0.3, 0.1 and 0.02 μM, respectively, and the order was inversely related to PG degradation activities. We conclude that the smaller the Fn fragment, the greater the degradation activity and extent of binding to cartilage tissue, but the weaker the affinity.
Assessing the impact of fire on the spatial distribution of Larrea tridentata in the Sonoran Desert, USA

In southwestern American deserts, fire has been historically uncommon because of insufficient continuity of fuel for spreading. However, deserts have been invaded by exotic species that now connect the empty space between shrubs to carry fire. We hypothesized that fire would change the spatial distribution of surviving Larrea tridentata shrubs. We established two study plots, one each in a burned and unburned area, and recorded location and living status of all shrubs. We performed univariate and bivariate point pattern analyses to characterize the impact of fire on the overall distribution of shrubs. Additionally, we used a simple wildfire model to determine how close we could come to reconstructing the observed spatial pattern of living and dead shrubs. We found a hyper-dispersed pattern of shrubs at finer scales and a random pattern at broader scales for both the unburned plot and for the living and dead shrubs combined in the burned plot, the latter providing an approximation of the pre-burn distribution of shrubs. After fire, living shrubs showed a clustered pattern at scales >2.5 m, whereas dead shrubs were randomly distributed, indicating that fire caused a change in the spatial pattern of the surviving shrubs. The fire model was able to partially reconstruct the spatial pattern of Larrea, but created a more clustered distribution for both living and dead shrubs. Our study reinforces the key role of fire in altering landscapes that had not been habituated to fire, and suggests the existence of potential cascading effects across the entire plant community.
Self-Selection Bias and Cost-of-Living Estimates

Due to continued interest in geographic living-cost differentials, some researchers have used data from the ACCRA Cost of Living Index. This paper explores further the potential for using ACCRA data for cost-of-living research. In particular, it investigates the possibility of self-selection bias affecting OLS estimates using ACCRA data. The findings indicate that self-selection bias is a concern that researchers using ACCRA data should be aware of. Results using Heckman’s two-step procedure to estimate a cost-of-living model indicate promise for using ACCRA data to update and expand upon previous cost-of-living research.
Resolvins and protectins: novel lipid mediators in anti-inflammation and resolution

A well-integrated inflammatory response and its natural resolution are essential to homeostasis. Hence, it is important to achieve a complete understanding of the molecular events that govern termination of acute inflammation. Recent studies uncovered endogenous pathways in inflammatory exudates taken from the resolution phase that actively generate new families of locally acting mediators from the essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These new chemical families were coined resolvins and protectins because in animals specific members of these families control the duration and magnitude of inflammation. Hence, mapping of these resolution circuits, mediators and their target signaling pathways of these potent agonists of resolution has provided new avenues for appreciating the molecular basis of many inflammatory diseases. This overview covers recent advances on the biosynthesis and actions of these novel anti-inflammatory lipid medi ators, with a focus on the stereochemical basis of the potent actions of resolvin E1 and protectin D1. These previously unappreciated families of lipid-derived mediators were originally isolated from experimental murine models of acute inflammation captured during natural self-limited resolution. Since they have proven anti-inflammatory, proresolving, and protective properties in experimental models of disease, it follows that potential defective resolution mechanism(s) may underlie the current appreciation of inflammatory disease phenotype(s). Keywords: anti-inflammatory; aspirin; human leukocytes; lipid mediators
Management of short children born small for gestational age.

Lee, Chernausek, Hokken-Koelega, and Czernichow,1 for the International SGA Advisory Board, have presented a complete guide for management of short children born small for gestational age (SGA). This project received research support from Pharmacia Corporation (Peapack, NJ). This suggested clinical pathway addresses those infants born SGA as defined by birth weight and/or length at least 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean for gestational age (less than or equal to −2 SD), who remain short at 2 to 3 years of age. The authors point out that –2 SD is equivalent to the 2.3 percentile, allowing one to calculate that in the United States ∼91 000 infants were born SGA in 1999, the most recent year for which adult birth data are available from the National Center for Health Statistics.2 Furthermore, it is estimated that 10% of children born SGA will remain less than or equal to −2 SD for height throughout childhood and adolescence and into adulthood,3,4 thus making over 9000 children annually in the United States alone eligible to receive growth hormone (GH) according to the suggested protocol. A brief discussion of the definition of terms and accuracy issues is necessary. Lee et al1 note that the most commonly used data on intrauterine growth in the United States is derived from charts developed by Usher and McLean.5 These data provide information about the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, rather than by SDs above or below the mean. Many centers continue to use … Address correspondence to Jeffrey J. Pomerance, MD, 2214 Loma Vista St, Pasadena, CA 91104-4906. E-mail: jpomerance{at}msn.com
Cultured cell extracts support organelle movement on microtubules in vitro

Directed movements of organelles have been observed in a variety of cultured cells. To study the regulation and molecular basis of intracellular organelle motility, we have prepared extracts from cultured chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF cells) which support the movement of membraneous organelles along microtubules. The velocity, frequency and characteristics of organelle movements in vitro were similar to those within intact cells. Organelles and extract-coated anionic beads moved predominantly (80%) toward the minus ends of microtubules that had been regrown from centrosomes, corresponding to retrograde translocation. Similar microtubule-dependent organelle movements were observed in extracts prepared from other cultured cells (African green monkey kidney and 3T3 cells). Organelle motility was ATP and microtubule dependent. The frequency of organelle movement was inhibited by acidic (pH less than 7) or alkaline (pH greater than 8) solutions, high ionic strength ([ KCl] = 0.1 M), and the chelation of free magnesium ions. Treatment of the extracts with adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP, 7 mM), sodium orthovanadate (vanadate; Na3VO4, 20 microM), or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 2 mM) blocked all organelle motility. The decoration of microtubules with organelles was observed in the presence of AMP-PNP or vanadate. Motility was not affected by cytochalasin D (2 microM) or cAMP (1 mM). Kinesin (Mr = 116,000), an anterograde microtubule-based motor, was partially purified from the CEF extract by microtubule affinity purification in the presence of AMP-PNP, and was able to drive the movement of microtubule on glass coverslips. A similar preparation made in the presence of vanadate contained a different subset of proteins and did not support motility. These results demonstrate that intracellular organelle motility can be reproduced in vitro and provide the basis for investigating the roles of individual molecular components involved in the organelle motor complex.
Personalized and Depersonalized Conflict in Small Group Discussions An Examination of Differentiation

The present study tested the relationship between a group's ability to differentiate characteristics of conflict and consensus/cohesion formation. A total of 141 subjects participated in 32 problem-solving discussions. Subjects responded to a post-discussion questionnaire that assessed their ability to discriminate characteristics of four types of conflict: personalized/positive, personalized/negative, depersonalized/positive, and depersonalized/negative. The results indicated that high consensus groups had significantly higher differentiation scores on personalized/positive, depersonalized/negative, and depersonalized/positive conflicts than did low consensus groups. Also, high cohesion groups had significantly higher differentiation scores on depersonalized/positive and depersonalized/negative conflict than did low cohesion groups. Low cohesion groups, however, had significantly higher scores on personalized/negative conflict than did high cohesion groups. The results affirmed the importance of the diff...
BUILDING THE EXECUTIVE DASHBOARD

Executive dashboards are systems that provide business intelligence to company executives and managers by presenting data from a wide variety of sources in ways that support effective monitoring and decision making. They are linked to a company's data warehouses or other sources of data from operations, finance, marketing, and other domains and thus must provide visualizations that allow users to comprehend what can be an enormous quantity of data. In order to do so, the designer must consider many of the formats that have been identified in human factors practice to support various kinds of data and tasks. Many executive dashboards include capabilities to aggregate data from multiple sources, drill down to examine specific data, analyze historical or conceptual trends, and other functionality. These added capabilities add a significant amount of complexity to the design that must be addressed carefully. Users are often experts in their domains (ie. marketing) but not necessarily proficient with informati...
Emergency department satisfaction: What matters most?

Study objective: To determine the relative importance of variables correlated with patient satisfaction with emergency department care and service. Design: Retrospective telephone survey targeting all patients who visited the Panorama City Kaiser Permanente ED from April 4 to April 17, 1991. Patients were contacted within one week of their discharge from the ED or hospital. Participants: Two hundred fifty-eight ED patients completed telephone surveys. Fifty-one percent of the respondents were male, and the mean age was 53 years. The majority of the respondents were white (70%); the most common service received was medical (82%). Measurements and results: Of the 14 variables that were found to be correlated with overall ED satisfaction, a multiple regression analysis revealed that the five most important variables were patient satisfaction with the amount of time it took before being cared for in the ED; patients' ratings of how caring the nurses were, how organized the ED staff was, and how caring the physicians were; and patient satisfaction with the amount of information the nurses gave them about what was happening to them. Conclusion: The total time patients spend in the ED and patients' perceptions of their wait time for an ED bed are not as important to patient satisfaction as is receiving prompt and caring service. The above service variables are key areas that may be targeted to improve ED services.
The experience of a united states graduate nursing student in a clinical placement at substance misuse services in london, england

The purpose of this article is to describe the academic and clinical experience of a graduate student in a 3-week clinical placement at Substance Misusea Services in London, England. This international placement opportunity came about as a result of a meeting among members of the Association of Nurses in Substance Abuse (ANSA-UK) and the National Nurses Society on Addictions (NNSA-USA) at the ANSA Annual Conference, April 1998, in Nottingham, England. The meeting resulted from both countries’ organizations, independently pursuing international collaborations. This meeting, also, resulted from the fact that via e-mail, the internet was the first point of contact among these members. Definitely a sign of the times and a new way of greeting and getting to know colleagues!
Conducting Functional Communication Training via Telehealth to Reduce the Problem Behavior of Young Children with Autism

Functional communication training (FCT) was conducted by parents of 17 young children with autism spectrum disorders who displayed problem behavior. All procedures were conducted at regional clinics located an average of 15 miles from the families' homes. Parents received coaching via telehealth from behavior consultants who were located an average of 222 miles from the regional clinics. Parents first conducted functional analyses with telehealth consultation (Wacker, Lee, et al., in press) and then conducted FCT that was matched to the identified function of problem behavior. Parent assistants located at the regional clinics received brief training in the procedures and supported the families during the clinic visits. FCT, conducted within a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design, reduced problem behavior by an average of 93.5%. Results suggested that FCT can be conducted by parents via telehealth when experienced applied behavior analysts provide consultation.
Application of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Methodology to the Cardiovascular Surgery Operating Room

Background Improving patient safety by reducing human error is a priority in all surgical specialties. A model for assessing the myriad of factors affecting performance in the operating room (OR) has yet to be developed. We hypothesized that human factors identified in other domains would similarly be viewed as contributors to error in cardiac surgery. Methods As a first step, we utilized a model previously employed in aviation to develop structured interviews of individuals in multiple roles (surgeons and allied health staff). To enhance relevance to the OR, Likert scale questions were formulated based on published sentinel event analyses and focus group studies in which specific factors found to be causally related to error in health care were described. Additional items from other high risk-consequence industries were generated to address theoretically important factors not highlighted previously. Results Application of the modified model to the interview responses allowed the identification of factors impacting performance in the OR and estimation of their relative importance. Analysis of correlations among responses were consistent with predictions of the model that the origin of errors can be traced to organizational influences that impact supervisory processes, which in turn establish preconditions predisposing to errors. Conclusions These data demonstrate a model of error causation derived from aviation can be modified and applied to the cardiac surgery OR. This tool may prove useful in identifying systemic factors impacting human performance and patient safety.
Miscoding properties of 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine in reactions catalyzed by mammalian DNA polymerases.

We have investigated the miscoding properties of the exocyclic DNA adduct, 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (epsilon dC), using an experimental system designed to detect and quantify base substitutions and deletions generated by primer extension in reactions catalyzed by DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and delta. Oligodeoxynucleotides modified site-specifically with epsilon dC were used as DNA templates for this study. Pol alpha catalyzed incorporation of dTMP and dAMP opposite epsilon dC, accompanied by lesser amounts of dCMP and dGMP and some two-base deletions. Pol beta promoted incorporation of dCMP and dAMP, along with small amounts of one-base and two-base deletions. Pol delta catalyzed incorporation of dTMP and lesser amounts of dAMP and dGMP. The frequency of nucleotide insertion opposite epsilon dC and of chain extension from the 3'-primer terminus in reactions catalyzed by pol alpha and pol beta was established by steady-state kinetic analysis. Results of this study were consistent with those obtained in primer extension experiments. The miscoding properties of epsilon dC determined in vitro are consistent with observations of epsilon dC-->A transversions and epsilon dC-->T transitions in site-specific mutagenesis experiments in mammalian cells (Moriya et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 11899). We conclude from this study that DNA polymerases may differ significantly in their miscoding potential and that in vitro analysis can be used to predict mutagenic specificity of exocyclic DNA adducts in mammalian cells.
The maharishi effect: A model for social improvement. Time series analysis of a phase transition to reduced crime in merseyside metropolitan area

Abstract Time series analysis was used to test the hypothesis that Merseyside crime rate was reduced by a group practising Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme. Previous research suggests that a phase transition to increased orderliness u evidenced by reduced crime rate should occur when the group size approaches the square root of 1% of the total population. Analysis of Merseyside monthly crime data and coherence group size from 1978 to 1991 shows that a phase transition occurred during March 1988 with a 13.4% drop in crime when the group size first exceeded the √1 % or Maharishi Effect threshold (p < 0.00006). Up to 1992, Merseyside crime rate has remained steady in contrast to the national crime rate which has increased by 45%. In 1987 Merseyside had the third highest rime rate of the eleven largest Metropolitan Areas in England and Wales; by 1992 it had the lowest crime rate. 40% below levels predicted by the previous behaviour of the series. There were 255,000 less...
Block ionomer complexes as prospective nanocontainers for drug delivery

Nanosized environmentally responsive materials are of special interest for various applications, including drug delivery. Block ionomer complexes (BIC) composed of graft-comb copolymers of Pluronic and poly(acrylic acid) (Pluronic-PAA) and a model cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), were synthesized by mixing the polymer and surfactant in aqueous media. According to TEM, the resulting BIC represented spherical particles of nanoscale size (50 to 100 nm). The stability of the BIC in the aqueous dispersion depended on the lengths of the hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) and hydrophobic poly(propylene oxide) chains in Pluronic molecules as well as on the surface charge of the resulting complexes. The latter was controlled by changing the ratio of the Pluronic-PAA and HTAB in the BIC and by changing the pH due to reversible ionization of the PAA chains. The acidification of the media below pH 6.0 resulted in the appearance of a strong positive charge on the BIC, which in the intracellular environment can trigger interaction of such BIC with the cell membranes. An efficient solubilization of a model hydrophobic molecule, Sudan III, and a drug, Etoposide, in such BIC was demonstrated with the loading capacities of about 6 to 15% by weight of the dispersed complex. Overall, these BIC wield a promise as environmentally responsive nanocarriers for pharmaceuticals.
The Unanchored Self in The Hours after Dalloway

ABSTRACT The mutation of story that takes place between Woolf's 1925 novel and Cunningham's in 1998 reveals differences in how a novel operates in the cultural context of postmodernism. One of the key elements being adjusted in this particular adaptation is an approach to identity. This article considers how treatments of subjectivity resonate with the workings and contexts of the narratives in which they appear. The boundaries of the subject in Mrs. Dalloway locate an epistemological, modernist quest at the center of the novel. The three story lines of The Hours give us fictional characters constructed not only differently from those in Woolf, but differently from each other. It is in Cunningham's departure from a coherent representation of the subject that his novel becomes more radically postmodern.
HYPOLIMNETIC HEATING IN CASTLE LAKE, CALIFORNIA1

A S-year series of summer temperature profiles was used to calculate the coefficient of eddy conductivity in a small (20.1 ha) mountain lake. The relatively high value obtained (6.22 ~10~’ g cm-l set-I) prompted us to evaluate the role of direct solar heating in the hypolimnion using data on total daily solar radiation, the spectral curve of sunlight, and the light transmission properties of the lake water. It was found that an estimated 65-85s of the heating in the upper hypolimnion could be accounted for by direct solar heating. It is postulated that in Castle Lake direct solar heating rather than turbulent mixing is responsible for the shape of the hypolimnetic thermal profile.
Industrialization on Chicago’s Periphery Examining Industrial Decentralization, 1893–1936

Industrial decentralization in the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth century is usually presented as a straightforward process in which central city firms built new factories on suburban greenfield sites. The conventional wisdom is that these sites were located just beyond the central city, or adjacent built up areas, on the urban fringe. The essay argues that this view of industrial growth on Chicago’s periphery fails to capture important nuances of capital flow and suggests expanding the current industrial decentralization models to include outlying industrial settlements.
Tests of Bivariate Exchangeability

Summary We discuss the hypothesis of bivariate exchangeability and show that testing bivariate exchangeability is related to the two-sample testing of equality of distribution functions. We consider three test statistics based on the ordering of the Euclidean interpoint distances. The runs test of exchangeability counts the runs among the observations and their mirror images on the minimal spanning tree. The nearest neighbour test of exchangeability is based on the number of nearest neighbour type coincidences among the observations and their folded images on the plane. The rank test of exchangeability compares the within and between ranks of the interpoint distances. We also consider the sign test of exchangeability, which uses the signs of the observations in specific regions, and a bootstrap test of exchangeability based on the maximum distance between the mirror images. We compare the power of these methods in a Monte Carlo study which shows different power orderings of the methods, depending on the alternative hypothesis. Resume Nous discutons le probleme du test de l'hypothese d'echangeabilite bivariee, en liaison avec celui de l'hypothese d'egalite de deux fonctions de repartition. Nous considerons trois types de statistiques de test fondees sur les distances euclidiennes entre les observations et leurs symetriques. Les tests de sequences denombrent les sequences dans les suites formees par les observations et leurs images-miroir dans l'arbre generateur minimal. Les tests de plus proches voisins considerent le cardinal de l'intersection des ensembles de plus proches voisins dans l'ensemble forme par les observations et leurs images-miroir. Les tests de rangs sont fondes sur les rangs des distances euclidiennes entre les observations. Nous prenons aussi en consideration un test de signes dans lequel les signes sont ceux des observations appartenant a certaines regions specifiques, et un test de type reechantillonnage fonde sur les distances maximales entre les observations et leur image-miroir. Une etude par simulation des puissances comparees de ces divers tests est presentee et commentee.
Gender Transports: Privileging the “Natural” in Gender Testing Debates for Intersex and Transgender Athletes

In 1977, a transwoman named Dr. Renee Richards (formerly Richard Raskind) filed a civil lawsuit against the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) arguing that, against the backdrop of inherent, dramatic...
Products obtained by digestion of the nucleic acids of some strains of tobacco mosaic virus with ribonuclease T1

Abstract The nucleic acids of three strains of tobacco mosaic virus were digested with RNAase T1 and the resulting products were separated by a two-dimensional mapping procedure and by paper chromatography. Maps of the RNA digests from the three strains were qualitatively very similar. Quantitative analysis of the various fractions showed no significant differences between strains M and TMV, but revealed several striking differences between strain HR and the other two strains.
Chemotherapy in the management of intraocular lymphoma

Six patients with intraocular (vitreous) lymphomas were treated with high-dose intravenous cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). Four patients were previously untreated, one patient had previously received ocular and central nervous system radiation therapy and relapsed, and one patient had previously received chemotherapy for systemic lymphoma. Five responses were observed: one complete and four partial. High-dose Ara-C is active in intraocular (vitreous) lymphoma, but complete response is uncommon. Adjunctive use of Ara-C in combination with ocular irradiation may be a useful form of therapy in this uncommon lymphoma.
Review: Type 2 diabetes: how far have we come?

The last 50 years has witnessed the recognition of type 2 diabetes as a complex heterogeneous disease that results from an interaction between environmental factors and genetic predispositions. As its pathophysiology has been unfolded by the advances in clinical science, so its prevalence has increased dramatically, and it is now one of the major personal and public health problems worldwide. Therapeutic approaches to address insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction have intensified and diversified during the last decade, driven by indisputable evidence that the treatment goals include both glycaemic control and attention to all vascular risk factors. Advances in basic and clinical research over the last fifty years have culminated in sufficient strategies and pharmacological agents to start to achieve these goals. Equally as important, they have laid the foundation for what promise to be remarkable future developments.
Concentração de macronutrientes e metais pesados em maravalha de unidade de suínos em cama sobreposta

The swine production industry in Brazil has been severely criticized due to pollution, mainly in water, that has been noticed in regions where swine production is concentrated. This fact puts in question the current production model. Deep bedding system for swine production appears as a promising alternative, because it reduces the risks of contamination by converting manure management from liquid to solid phase. Additionally, it makes possible the production of organic compost, which can generate extra income or can be applied in the same farm to implement an organic agricultural production. This study evaluated the increase of macronutrients, copper and zinc concentrations in wood shavings used as a substrate in four stalls during a period when 8 groups of 70 animals were raised. Each stall had animals installed during 35 days, according to their age of entrance (nursery = 21, S1 = 56, S2 = 91 and S3 = 126 days). Results have shown that average concentrations of nutrients in beds are in compliance with legislation for simple organic fertilizer. The concentration of zinc in the nursery bed was about 5 times higher than other stalls, which shows the influence of diet on the composition of the compost.
Brachymeria lasus and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae: Sterol requirements during larval growth of two hymenopterous insect parasites reared in vitro on chemically defined media

Abstract Brachymeria lasus and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae failed to develop in vitro on sterol-free artificial media, and dietary acetate and squalene failed to maintain and/or support growth. The sterols, cholesterol, cholestanol, β-sitosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and cholesterol linoleate were all utilized and maintained larvae of both species. Larval survival and development rate were greatest with cholesterol followed by cholestanol, β-sitosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol. Although cholesterol linoleate maintained larvae little growth occurred and mortality was high. Cholestanol followed by β-sitosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol displayed partial cholesterol sparing activity. Cholesterol linoleate had little effect on larval growth when fed with suboptimal levels of cholesterol or cholestanol. Both species contained 5 to 10% of the total body lipids as free sterol with traces of sterol ester. The major free sterol appears to be cholesterol.
Optical characterization of inter-Stark energy levels and effects of temperature on sharp emission lines of Nd3+ in CaZn2Y2Ge3O12

Abstract A characterization of the Stark components of the 4 I 9/2 and 4 I 11/2 manifolds have been performed using the room temperature fluorescence spectra for the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 and 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 transitions of Nd 3+ in CaZn 2 Y 2 Ge 3 O 12 laser crystal. The temperature dependencies of the linewidths, positions, and line shifts of the inter-Stark transitions of the 939.4 (R 1 →X 5 ) and 1058.8 (R 1 →Y 1 ) nm lines within the respective intermanifold transitions of 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 and 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 have been also investigated. The linewidths of these transitions were found to increase with increasing temperature. The 939.4 nm line shifted toward the shorter wavelength, while the 1058.8 nm line shifted toward the longer wavelength. The experimental results of the temperature-dependent widths and shifts of these emission lines are explained using the phonon–ion interaction theory which assumes the Debye model for phonons in crystalline solids.
Range of frontal plane QRS axes. Electrocardiograms of subjects in a multiphasic screening program.

The range of mean QRS axes In the frontal plane was determined in electrocardiograms of subjects examined in a program of periodic health screening. Fifty-three of 5,163 individuals had a mean frontal QRS axis between –30° and –60°. Fourteen individuals had an axis between +110° and +133°. These findings suggest that individuals with no history of heart disease may manifest a considerable range of frontal plane QRS axes often to a degree previously considered abnormal. The axes were calculated by the use of leads 1 and 3. Other leads, or the use of the method of Grant, would give different results. Comparison of series of patients can be made only if these variables are understood.
Ion Gel Gated Polymer Thin-Film Transistors

We have fabricated polymer semiconductor thin-film transistors using an ion gel (ionic liquid plus triblock copolymer) as the gate dielectric layer. The gate capacitance of the ion gel can be as large as 40 μF/cm2 at 10 Hz and 2 μF/cm2 at 1 kHz. In addition, the polarization response time of the ion gel is much faster than previously tested solid polymer electrolytes, allowing the ion gel gated transistors to operate at higher frequencies (>100 Hz).
RELIABILITY OF THE DEPRESSION ADJECTIVE CHECK LISTS

Data from 172 college subjects (93 males and 79 females) with mean age = 24.3 yr. (SD, 7.0) were used to replicate and extend previous findings on the alternate form, split-half and test-retest reliability for Set 2 (Forms E, F, G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (Lubin, 1967). Findings are reported for complete lists and for the two columns, i.e., “half lists.”
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE IN BLOOD AND OTHER FLUIDS. VALUES IN HUMAN BLOOD IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.

Abstract The level of a carboxypeptidase which hydrolyzes basic C-terminal amino acids has been measured in the blood serum of 422 individuals. Normal values have been established in 50 healthy persons of both sexes. Pregnant women showed higher and newborn lower than normal enzymatic activity. Among clinical subjects, neoplastic patients had high carboxypeptidase levels, cirrhotics significantly lower than normal. Cardiac conditions, diabetes, various allergic conditions and certain other diseases offered no clear correlation with the enzyme activity. The involvement of the enzyme in the metabolism of active peptides, such as bradykinin, was discussed.
Swyer-James-Macleod syndrome: A case with a baseline normal chest radiograph

Development of Swyer-James-Macleod syndrome in a child which can be directly attributed to an adenoviral pneumonia is presented. The case is remarkable as there is a baseline normal chest x-ray immediately prior to the pneumonia and subsequent development of the hyperlucent, hypoplastic lung.
Inhibition of ion accumulation in maize roots by abscisic acid.

An inhibition of root growth, a decrease in the amount of potassium (as 86Rb) and phosphate (32P) accumulation by the root, and a partial depolarization of transmembrane electropotential were observed to develop with a similar time course and to a similar extent when intact maize (Zea mays L.) roots were treated with 10-5 M abscisic acid (ABA). Potassium uptake was inhibited by ABA when excised, low-salt roots were bathed in KCl, KH2PO4, or K2SO4. ABA did not affect the ATP content of the tissues, the activity of isolated mitochondria, nor the activity of microsomal K+-stimulated ATPases.
Contributions to the Lichen Flora of North Carolina: New and Interesting Records of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

Abstract. Notes on the occurrences of Arthothelium spectabile, Buellia maculata, Caloplaca flavorubescens, Cystocoleus ebeneus, Dictyocatenulata alba, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Graphis inversa, Megalaria beechingii, Myelochroa metarevoluta, Nectriopsis rubefaciens, and Thelotrema monospermum in North Carolina, USA are provided.
Allocation of errors to theory and experiment

Errors in theory and experiment are each taken into account explicitly in the methodology here presented. The theory is assumed to be represented by a mathematical model and the experiment by a measured function. A suitably defined composite deviation permits a proper allocation to model and to measurement of any discrepancy between them. It is shown how quantitative limits may be obtained for the trust-worthiness of the theory relative to the experiment. An appendix contains appropriate mathematical formalism, based on the calculus of variations, as well as examples of application of the methods described.
Spectral characterization of n-th order cyclostationarity

The spectral characterization of second-order (or wide-sense) cyclostationarity gives rise to a generalization of the Wiener relation between the power spectral density and the autocorrelation associated with second-order stationary time-series. This generalization, called the cyclic Wiener relation, is a Fourier transform relation between the spectral autocorrelation function and the cyclic temporal autocorrelation function, both defined in terms of time averages on a single time-series. The spectral characterization is generalized from second-order cyclostationarity to n-th order cyclostationarity for n=2,3,4,5,. . ., and some basic properties of the generalised spectral characterization are presented. These include a further generalization of the Wiener relation, called the n-th order cyclic Wiener relation, which relates the n-th order joint cyclic temporal moment function to the n-th order joint spectral moment function. >
Analysis of liver transplant outcomes for united network for organ sharing recipients 60 years old or older identifies multiple model for end-stage liver disease-independent prognostic factors

Older recipient age is associated with worse posttransplant survival. Although the median age of liver disease patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) continues to rise, prognostic factors for posttransplant survival specific to older patients have not been defined. To address this issue, the United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network outcome database was searched to identify prognostic factors for the 8070 liver recipients 60 years old or older who underwent transplantation from 1994 to 2005. Prognostic factors were assessed with univariate analysis and multivariate modeling. The 5 strongest prognostic variables (ventilator status, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C virus, creatinine levels >/=1.6 mg/dL, and recipient and donor age >or=120 years) were aggregated to define a novel older recipient prognostic score (ORPS). The overall 1- and 5-year posttransplant survival rates were 83% and 67%, respectively. The risk model, created by the assignment of 1 point to each ORPS factor, stratified patient outcomes into distinct prognostic groups at the 1-, 3-, and 5-year posttransplant time points (P 2 points consistently experienced 5-year survival rates of less than 50%. In conclusion, in liver transplant recipients 60 years old or older, the ORPS was able to predict significant and clinically relevant differences in posttransplant survival. By optimization of donor selection for recipients over the age of 60 years, clinical utilization of the ORPS model may enhance organ utilization for all patients awaiting OLT.
Casualties of war and sunk costs: Implications for attitude change and persuasion☆

Abstract The purpose of the present research was to gain greater insight into how people's support for an ongoing war might be influenced by providing information about recent casualties of war. On intuitive grounds, one might expect that such information might often decrease support for the war, especially when the war in question is relatively unpopular. However, research and theory on the “sunk cost effect” suggests, somewhat paradoxically, that highlighting such losses could actually increase, not decrease, support for the war, as driven by the goal to avoid wasting valuable resources. Across two experiments (one focusing on the war in Iraq, another focusing on the war in Afghanistan), we found that the effects of the war casualty information on attitudes were moderated by a recent use and activation of the relevant “don't waste” goal, which had been previously primed in a non-political context. The implications of our findings for theory and research on attitude change, as well as the judgment and decision making area, are discussed.
Synthesis of Chemically Stabilized Cristobalite

The synthesis of chemically stabilized cristobalite (CSC) by a wet-chemical route is described. CSC is a form of silica (containing small amounts of other oxides) which is similar in many ways to β-cristobalite, but does not invert to α-cristobalite upon cooling. The effects of changing the dopant levels and various synthetic parameters on the phases formed in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system have been investigated. Stabilization of cristobalite with a number of different dopant combinations has been attempted, with mixed results. The use of wet-chemical techniques has led to the synthesis of apparently phase-pure CSC in a composition region where traditional solid-state synthetic techniques yield a mixture of other phases.