cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sums of projections

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for an n × n complex matrix to be the sum of projection matrices. The result is applied to show when a matrix is the sum of involutions.
PHOTODIMERIZATION OF UROCANIC ACID IN VITRO AND IN VIVO.

Abstract 1. 1. Irradition of urocanic acid or urocanate frozen in aqueous solution with 280–320-mμ light produced a photodimer which was isolated by gradient elution from an anion-exchange resin. 2. 2. A similar substance was shown to be present in dilute acid extracts of guinea-pig epidermis after irradiation with 280–320-mμ light. 3. 3. The photodimer formed with 280–320-mμ light when irradiated in solution with 254-mμ light was converted to urocanic acid and smaller amounts of several other products. 4. 4. Irradiation of crystalline urocanic acid or its solutions does not produce an accumulation of the photodimer.
Inflammatory disease of the colon: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis

Ulcerative colitis differs from Crohn's colitis in several ways. In ulcerative colitis the disease is limited to the mucosa and, occasionally, the submucosa; Crohn's colitis may involve all layers of the large intestine. Ulcerative colitis almost always begins in the rectum, is diffuse, and spreads proximally. Crohn's colitis may spare the rectum and has a patchy distribution. Perianal fistulas and ulcers are rare in ulcerative colitis but are common in Crohn's colitis. Granulomas and giant cells are not found in ulcerative colitis but are seen in the majority of patients with Crohn's colitis. Colonic and extraintestinal symptoms in the two illnesses may be indistinguishable but growth failure is far more severe in Crohn's colitis and may precede intestinal symptoms by months to years. Cancer of the colon is a risk in patients with either ulcerative or Crohn's colitis but is far more common in the former. It is important to distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis because response to treatment and prognosis are different. Although neither condition can be cured by medical management, patients with ulcerative colitis may respond more frequently. Unfortunately, in the pediatric age range most cases of ulcerative and Crohn's colitis may be classified as moderate to severe. Fortunately for patients with ulcerative colitis, total colectomy with ileostomy will result in cure of illness. Patients with Crohn's colitis who require surgery may obtain remission of symptoms, but the disease is likely to recur in the small intestine.
Free-space coherent broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

This paper reports on a free-space broadband terahertz (THz) spectroscopy technique with frequency ranging from 30 GHz to over 40 THz. A historical review is given on the development of THz spectroscopy and its unique features. We focus on a time-domain detection technique using free-space electro-optic sampling. This broadband THz spectroscopy technique opens the door to many interesting applications. We present some recent developments in applications of THz spectroscopy, including characterization of the optical properties of materials, study of the dynamics of phonon and photocarriers and THz imaging. This THz time-domain technique continues to attract interest in both fundamental research and real-world applications.
Mortality from Lymphomatosis and Other Causes Among Inbred Lines of White Leghorns

Abstract THIS report presents data collected over a nine-year period on resistance and susceptibility to lymphomatosis among six different inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens maintained at the Regional Poultry Research Laboratory at East Lansing, Michigan. Waters (1945) presented data which included the behavior of these six inbred lines, together with nine other lines, for 1939 to 1943 inclusive. In addition to mortality from lymphomatosis, this report gives consideration to all other mortality occurring among the six inbred lines. In nearly all, if not all, experiments with living organisms, the investigator must contend not only with mortality resulting from the specific disease under consideration but also with mortality from a multiplicity of causes. Thus, when dealing with death from a specific disease as it occurs in a group of chickens, one should also give consideration to the aggregate of other reasons for death in this same group of chickens. It becomes . . .
Congenital absence of the left pericardium with surgical correction.

Abstract A case of congenital absence of the left pericardium is reported in which a silastic graft was used to stabilize the hypermobile left ventricle. This is believed to be the 128th such case reported in the English literature. The incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical significance and corrective procedures have been briefly discussed. In view of at least 8 cases reported in the past year, this anomaly should not be considered the rarity that it once was.
Antibodies to trophoblasts during the post-partum period.

RECENT investigation of homograft tolerance has stimulated speculation about the immunological relationship between mother and fœtus during pregnancy1,2. Since the fœtus with its placenta is genetically different from the maternal host, it can be looked upon as a homograft tolerated by the mother for nine months. Fundamental to the support of such a concept is the demonstration of an immune response by the mother to her products of conception at some time during or after pregnancy. In human beings, the syncytiotrophoblasts are the fœtal cells in direct contact with the maternal bloodstream. They invade the bloodstream and disappear1. It would seem, therefore, that an immune response by the mother would most likely be directed towards tropho-blasts. Although experimental homograft immunity is mediated primarily through a cellular response by the host3, the direct contact between trophoblasts and maternal blood might stimulate a humoral response as well. The large mass of trophoblastic tissue in the placenta could absorb circulating antibody effectively. This might explain previous reports of failure to detect antibodies to placenta during pregnancy4,5. After delivery of the fœtus and placenta, the absence of this absorptive surface might allow any anti-trophoblastic antibody to remain in the bloodstream, where it could be detected by appropriate methods.
A quantal statistical isobologram model to identify joint action for chemical mixtures

The isobologram model is a commonly used and powerful graphical and statistical tool for analyzing the joint action for simple chemical mixtures. Substantial research has been done for the quantitative response and the amount of research in the qualitative framework is minuscule. In this paper, isobologram model is proposed to analyze the joint action of chemical mixtures for quantal dose-response relationship based on the generalized linear model technique to estimate the associated parameters by the maximum likelihood estimation and then to be used to construct the isobologram so that the joint action from the chemicals can be identified both by the isobologram and the statistical inference for interaction parameter. A real dataset is used to illustrate the application of the developed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conditions Affecting the Association between Father Identity and Father Involvement.

To better understand the conditions under which fathers are more or less involved with their children, we tested the moderating influences of interparental relationships on the association between identity and behavior in a sample of 186 married and 93 divorced fathers. Results showed that identity investment and satisfaction were positively associated with involvement in childrelated activities, but identity salience was not. Also, the relationship between satisfaction and involvement was stronger when there was less cooperation and less indirect conflict, and the relationship between investment and involvement was stronger when there was less cooperation. These moderating effects were stronger for divorced fathers.
Chiral symmetry, constituent quarks and quasi-elastic electron―nucleus scattering

Abstract The effects of chiral symmetry breaking are examined for quasi-elastic electron scattering on nuclei. Nucleons are assumed to be composed of constituent quarks with masses that depend on density. This density dependence is determined on the basis of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. It is found that the effects of chiral symmetry breaking are in the right direction and the right order of magnitude to explain the discrepancies between theory and experiment.
Satisfaction with participation in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury.

Purpose: To validate a single item self-report of satisfaction with participation in two groups with differing patterns of symptoms and disease progress, multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Method: Community-dwelling adults with MS (N = 1,271) or SCI (N = 620) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires covering demographic information, disease specific measures, symptoms, psychological distress, social-environmental issues, and overall well-being. They were also asked to rate satisfaction with participation: How satisfied are you with your ability to take part in activities that are important to you: not satisfied, somewhat satisfied, satisfied, or very satisfied. Kendall’s tau rank correlation coefficient and χ2 tests were used to examine the strength and direction of associations between demographic and symptom variables and responses to the participation item. Results: Although the demographics of the MS and SCI differed in predictable ways, younger participants and those emplo...
Are veterans healthier? Military service and health at age 40 in the all-volunteer era

Abstract I explore the relationship between active-duty military service and self-reported health measured at age 40. Based on selectivity, veterans of active-duty service might be expected to have better health than civilians. Using data taken from the NLSY-79, I show that this is not the case. Although veterans of reserve-duty service, and nonveterans who passed the military’s physical exam for entrance into the military report better physical health, active-duty veterans do not. The lower than expected self-reported health of active-duty veterans cannot be explained by differences on confounding variables such as income, education, and marital status. In addition, the lower physical health of these veterans cannot be explained by differences in health-related behaviors such as excessive alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and body mass index.
Highly Photoluminescent and Stable Aqueous ZnS Quantum Dots

We report an all-aqueous synthesis of highly photoluminescent and stable ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with water as the medium. The method involves first synthesizing ZnS QDs with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as the capping molecule and then replacing some of the MPA with (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS). The resultant MPS-replaced ZnS QDs were about 5 nm in size with a cubic zinc blende crystalline structure, and they had both MPA and MPS on the surface as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. They exhibited blue trap-state emissions around 415 nm and a quantum yield (QY) of 75% with rhodamine 101 as the reference, and they remained stable for more than 60 days under ambient conditions. Through the capping-molecule replacement procedure, the MPS-replaced ZnS QDs avoided the shortcomings of both MPA/ZnS QDs and MPS/ZnS QDs and acquired the advantages of strong photoluminescence and good stability, which are important to QD applications, especially for bioimaging.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Solvation and Isomers in Fe + (H2O)1,2Arm Complexes

Vibrational spectroscopy in the OH-stretching region is reported for the mass-selected ion–molecule complexes Fe+(H2O)Ar2 and Fe+(H2O)2Ar. These species are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source, mass-selected with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy. To achieve efficient photodissociation, the pure metal–water complexes are ‘tagged’ with weakly bound argon atoms. Such tagging is expected to exert a minor perturbation on the spectroscopy. However, we find that this may not be true depending on the binding site. The symmetric stretch and asymmetric stretch of water in these complexes shifts 30–50 cm−1 to the red as a result of binding to the metal cation, and an additional redshift is found for isomers with argon bound to the OH of water. The relationships between isomers and infrared spectra are discussed.
Parameterization of gdl liquid water front propagation and channel accumulation for anode purge scheduling in fuel cells

This paper parameterizes the 0-dimensional model of liquid water front evolution associated with: (1) water transport through the membrane, and (2) accumulation and transport of liquid water in the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) originally presented in [1]. We add here vapor transport into and out of the channels and liquid water removal from the anode channel during a purge. This completely describes a model for purge scheduling, to avoid anode channel plugging, and to prevent over-drying of the membrane. The model is parameterized using two tunable and one experimentally identified parameter to match the rate of liquid water accumulation in the anode channel that was observed via neutron imaging of an operational 53 cm2 PEMFC. Simulation results for the GDL and Membrane model augmented with a lumped channel model are presented and compared with measured liquid water values.
Tlr‐4 Deficiency Selectively Protects Against Obesity Induced by Diets High in Saturated Fat

Toll-like receptor-4 (Tlr-4), a key pattern recognition receptor involved in innate immune response, is activated by saturated fatty acids (SFAs). To investigate the involvement of this receptor in obesity caused by consumption of diets high in fat, we utilized male Tlr-4-deficient 10ScN mice and 10J controls. Mice were fed either low fat (low-fat control (LFC)), high unsaturated fat (high-fat control (HFC)), or high saturated fat + palmitate (HFP) diets ad libitum for 16 weeks. Relative to the LFC diet, the HFC diet resulted in greater epididymal fat pad weights and adipocyte hypertrophy in both Tlr-4-deficient and normal mice. However, the 10ScN mice were completely protected against the obesigenic effects of the HFP diet. Moreover, macrophage infiltration and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) transcript abundance were lower in adipose tissue of 10ScN mice fed the HFP diet, and the hyperinsulinemic response was negated. Tlr-4-deficient mice also had markedly lower circulating concentrations of MCP-1 and much less nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) protein in nuclear extracts prepared from adipose tissue, irrespective of diet. In contrast, Tlr-4 deficiency did not attenuate the induction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in adipose tissue. These data indicate that Tlr-4 deficiency selectively protects against the obesigenic effects of SFA and alters obesity-related inflammatory responses in adipose tissue.
Monocyte requirement for mitogen-induced aggregation of human peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in vitro

Formation of distinct multicellular aggregates is one of the phenomena associated with activation of quiescent human mononuclear leukocytes in vitro. Aggregate formation involves active cell motility and enhances cell-cell interactions required for an optimal proliferative response of T-cells stimulated with agents like phytohemagglutinin. We have developed an assay to quantitate the rate at which motile cells form aggregates on a flat surface. This assay follows the time rate of deviation of cells in undisturbed culture away from an initial random distribution using an "aggregation index." We used this assay to establish minimal culturing conditions required to observe an aggregation response for a partially purified mononuclear leukocyte population. We also studied the ability to aggregate of various subpopulations enriched for T- and B-lymphocytes and monocytes and found evidence for a monocyte requirement for lymphocyte aggregation. In a second assay, we followed the rate of entry of esterase positive monocytes into aggregates and compared this to the rate of entry of mononuclear cells in toto. We found that monocytes are preferentially associated with non-esterase positive cells within one hour of PHA stimulation. The results support the conclusion that monocytes play a central role in directing the motility of human T-lymphocytes leading to their aggregation response in tissue culture.
Methodological design for economic evaluation in Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) trial.

Objective Our objective is to describe the rationale and methods for the economic analysis of the PAD trial. The objective of this analysis is to assess whether automated external defibrillators (AEDs) use by lay responders is good value for money. Methods Design . This economic evaluation is being conducted concurrently with a randomized trial of ( a ) control —training to recognize arrest, access 911, and administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while awaiting arrival of emergency medical services providers versus ( b ) intervention —training to recognize arrest, access 911, administer CPR, and use an AED while awaiting emergency medical services providers. Lay responders in either group were trained to deliver the study intervention. Population . Participating sites identified distinct units with a population of at least 250 people aged ≥50 years. Outcome . The primary economic outcome is the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of intervention versus control. Results Nine hundred ninety-three units including 1260 public and residential locations were randomized. There were 30 survivors in the intervention group and 15 in the control group ( P = .03). Sampling will identify program and health care costs. A societal perspective will be adopted. Incremental cost effectiveness will be estimated by using bootstrapping and decision analytic modeling. Conclusion The study will demonstrate whether defibrillation by lay responders improves outcomes at reasonable cost. If so, then the thousands of lives will be improved annually. If not, then limited resources can be invested in other interventions. Our methods also provide a framework for economic evaluations of other interventions for acute cardiovascular events.
Upper crustal low-velocity layers: Possible effect of high temperatures over a mantle upwarp at the basin range-Colorado plateau transition

Abstract Widespread observations of crustal reflections in conjunction with delayed refracted phases have been interpreted as evidence of upper crustal low-velocity layers. A plausible explanation of the low-velocity effect, determined from laboratory experiments on granites, suggests a decrease in the P-wave velocity of up to 0.2 km/sec in the depth range of 6–15 km that is produced by high temperatures. Synthetic seismograms computed for velocity-depth functions calculated from these temperature effects and corresponding to regional heat-flow provinces indicate three characteristics that define the upper crustal low-velocity layer: (1) high attenuation of Pg, (2) the presence of wide-angle, large-amplitude reflections (PcR), and (3) large PcR-Pg time differences. As an example of the possible effects of high heat flow (∼2.5 HFU), an upper crustal low-velocity layer is shown to correlate with a thin crust (25 km), a 9-km mantle upward, Pn velocities as low as 7.5 km/sec, an area of active seismicity, and a Cenozoic zone of normal faulting that all occur along the Basin Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone of the western United States.
A New Ultraviolet Band System of Silver Iodide

A new ultraviolet band system of AgI has been photographed in absorption at temperatures 700-900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At higher temperatures the system is overlapped by strong continuous absorption, which advances gradually from shorter wave-lengths. The new system lies at 2300A, i.e., at shorter wave-lengths than the known system, and its lower state vibrational constants agree with those given by Brice for the lower state of the longer wave-length system. The rotational structure and the very small isotope effect are not resolved. The equation for the band heads may be written ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{h}=44,724+152.8({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}1.1{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}205.1({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})+0.43{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}.$ This formula is based upon progressions from ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0$ to ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4$ and from ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=0$ to ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=11$. An additional new band system was found at 2150A, and the wave numbers of the band heads may be represented by the following formula: ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{h}=45,487+176({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}b+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}2.5{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}b+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}205({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}a+\frac{1}{2})+{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}a+\frac{1}{2})}^{2};$ the values of $a$ and $b$ could not be determined.
Determination of Modulus of Metal Films Using Thermoreflectance

The acoustic displacements in a film of indium pressed on to a sapphire wafer were generated by incidence of a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser beam. Acoustic displacements from tungsten film deposited on silicon substrate were also measured by the same technique. Thermoreflectance from a continuous red laser incident on the surface was used simultaneously to measure the acoustic oscillations. The acoustic oscillations were simulated using the solution to the modified wave equation. The acoustic velocity and the modulus of the metal film were determined from the simulation of the experimental results. It is shown that this technique provides a nondestructive method of determination of acoustic velocity and modulus in the metal films.
Numerical analysis of laminar flow in curved elliptic ducts

The complete form of the Navier-Stokes equations is solved in this paper for a steady, incompressible, fully developed laminar flow in a curved duct of elliptic cross section. This is achieved by the use of the control volume-based finite difference method via the numerically generated boundary fitted coordinate system. The curvature ratio is included in the primitive variable governing equations, which are solved based on the SIMPLE algorithm. Solutions are obtained for the minor-axis to major-axis ratios of the elliptic duct, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, and for Dean numbers ranging from 11.41 to 635.7. It is found that only one pair of vortices appears on the cross-section, even at a Dean number of 635.7. The friction factor and the ratios of the curved duct to straight duct are tabulated and the correlation equation is developed. Furthermore, the distribution of the axial velocity is displayed graphically to illustrate its variations with the Dean number and the minor-axis to major-axis ratio of the elliptic duct on the horizontal symmetry line and on the half-vertical symmetry line. The present method is also applied to solve for a fully developed laminar flow in a curved square flow. The results are compared with the data available in the literature and very close agreement is observed.
Precise single-scattering optical-potential fit to 1-GeV p-$sup 4$He elastic scattering

Using a relativistic form for the relation between the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude and the scattering operator, a single-scattering nucleon- nucleus optical potential is found which gives a precise fit with no adjustable parameters to the small-angle scattering of protons on /sup 4/He at 1-GeV incident lab energy. The method then allows a determination of the ratio of real to imaginary nucleon-nucleon foward-scattering amplitudes at other energies such as 600 MeV. (auth)
Continuous Solvent Extraction Process for Recovery of Natural Rubber from Guayule

Abstract The Food Protein Research and Developments Center's Industrial Crops Extraction Pilot Plant, with a nameplate capacity of 1 ton/24 h, was used to evaluate effects of shrub type, preparation methods, different solvents, and operating parameters on rubber yield. Shrub sources which have been evaluated include baled whole plants from USD A in Weslaco, Texas, and from Texas AM that is their leaves were not removed. Toluene, xylene, pentane, and blends of pentane/perchloroethylene as solvents, in combination with methyl alcohol as precipitant, were investigated at different extraction and precipitating temperatures. Approximately 600 pounds of guayule rubber have been prepared during a series of runs over a 3-year time period on an actual plant-operating basis of around 4 months. Rubber yields ...
Social Dilemmas Among Supergenes: Intragenomic Sexual Conflict and a Selfing Solution in Oenothera

Recombination is a powerful policing mechanism to control intragenomic cheats. The "parliament of the genes" can often rapidly block driving genes from cheating during meiosis. But what if the genome parliament is reduced to only two members, or supergenes? Using a series of simple game-theoretic models inspired by the peculiar genetics of Oenothera sp., we illustrate that a two supergene genome (α and β) can produce a number of surprising evolutionary dynamics, including increases in lineage longevity following a transition from sexuality (outcrossing) to asexuality (clonal self-fertilization). We end by interpreting the model in the broader context of the evolution of mutualism, which highlights that greater α, β cooperation in the self-fertilizing model can be viewed as an example of partner fidelity driving multilineage cooperation.
A Representative Survey of Sexual Fantasies

“This book contains a great deal of extremely explicit material—literally hundreds and hundreds of sexual fantasies” (p. xi). How often do you get to read a book that opens with this kind of statem...
Finding optimal trajectory points for TDOA/FDOA geo-location sensors

In emitter geo-location estimation systems, it is well known that the geometry between sensors and the emitter can seriously impact the accuracy of the location estimate. Here we consider a case where a set of sensors is tasked to perform a sequence of location estimates on an emitter as the sensors progress throughout their trajectories. The goal is to select the trajectories so as to optimally improve the location estimate at each step in the sequence. To build the optimal trajectories, the aircraft, at their current locations, need to know their optimal next states at the time of next estimation, under the constraint of a reachable set due to limited reachable velocity or thrust. In this paper, we propose a one-step method to tackle the optimal next state(ONS) problem using the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) by solving the optimal amount of applied thrust along the flying trajectories. Simulation results show that the proposed method dramatically improves the estimation accuracy along the flying trajectories, compared to the random walk and constant velocity scheme. We also show that the estimation accuracy performance is also insensitive to the problem dimensionality.
Differential accumulation and pigmenting ability of dietary carotenoids in colorful finches.

Abstract Many animals develop bright red, orange, or yellow carotenoid pigmentation that they use to attract mates. Colorful carotenoid pigments are acquired from the diet and are either directly incorporated as integumentary colorants or metabolized into other forms before deposition. Because animals often obtain several different carotenoids from plant and animal food sources, it is possible that these pigments are accumulated at different levels in the body and may play unique roles in shaping the ultimate color expression of individuals. We studied patterns of carotenoid accumulation and integumentary pigmentation in two colorful finch species—the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) and the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Both species acquire two main hydroxycarotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, from their seed diet but transform these into a series of metabolites that are used as colorful pigments in the plumage (goldfinches only) and beak (both species). We conducted a series of carotenoid‐suppl...
An intrinsic connectivity network approach to insula-derived dysfunctions among cocaine users

AbstractBackground: Addiction is a complex phenotype, though it consistently includes characteristics of impulsivity. A number of brain regions are suggested to be involved in cocaine addiction, including the insula, which serves diverse functions including interoceptive awareness and integration of neural signals from sensory, subcortical and frontal regions. Malfunction of this integration links impulsive behavior to the insula. Objectives: This study examines intrinsic connectivity of the insula in chronic cocaine users to investigate abnormal insular circuitry, its role in cocaine addiction, and relationships to measure of impulsivity. Methods: Cocaine-dependent individuals (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 32) completed a resting-state fMRI scan. An intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) approach generated metrics of mean network connectivity and inter-network connectivity from fMRI data. Metrics pertaining to ICNs involving insula and other structures repeatedly involved in addiction (e.g. striatum) ...
The Path Density of Interhemispheric Surface-to-Surface Transport. Part I: Development of the Diagnostic and Illustration with an Analytic Model

A new path-density diagnostic for atmospheric surface-to-surface transport is formulated. The path density h gives the joint probability that air whose last surface contact occurred on patch Vi at time ti will make its next surface contact with patch Vf after a residence time t 2 (t, t 1 dt) and that it can be found in d 3 r during its surface-to-surface journey. The dependence on t allows the average surface-to-surface flow rate carried by the paths to be computed. A simple algorithm for using passive tracers to determine h is developed. A key advantage of the diagnostic is that it can be computed efficiently without an adjoint model and using only a moderately large number of tracers. The nature of the path density is illustrated with a one-dimensional advection‐diffusion model. In Part II of this study, the path density diagnostic is applied to quantify interhemispheric transport through the troposphere and stratosphere.
Numerical solution of the fractional Bagley-Torvik equation by using hybrid functions approximation

In this paper, a new numerical method for solving the fractional Bagley-Torvik equation is presented. The method is based upon hybrid functions approximation. The properties of hybrid functions consisting of block-pulse functions and Bernoulli polynomials are presented. The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator for hybrid functions is introduced. This operator is then utilized to reduce the solution of the initial and boundary value problems for the fractional Bagley-Torvik differential equation to a system of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the chemical bond on the K emission spectrum of oxygen and fluorine

The K emission spectrum of oxygen and fluorine from a number of simple oxides and fluorides is divided into three to six sub-peaks. The spectra of many of these oxides and fluorides resemble one another owing to their basically ionic bonding. Certain sub-peaks, however, are ascribed to cross-over transitions and partially covalent energy levels. The different fluorine spectrum of Teflon is due to the hybrid nature of its covalent bonds.
An aortic dissection in a young weightlifter with non-Marfan fibrillinopathy

Aortic dissection (AD) is an uncommon condition that occurs mainly in the older patient population (>40 years). It is rare in younger people and is usually associated with trauma, Marfan's syndrome, or pregnancy. We report a case of a young weightlifter who died from an AD, and upon autopsy, was diagnosed as having non-Marfan's fibrillinopathy. We recommend that AD should be considered in symptomatic patients with any family history of early cardiac deaths, a history suggestive of a connective tissue disorder (that is, multiple joint surgeries) or who practise weightlifting.
Mothers and primary care medicine.

To the Editor. — Dr Elwy1 is correct that a pediatrician sees the parents of chronically ill children, and even well infants, with great frequency and is well positioned to identify maternal or parental health issues that are affecting his or her patients. This fact has prompted calls for a structural inclusion in the pediatric visit of screening for domestic violence, as well as broader issues that could affect the functioning of the …
Regional interdependence and forest "transitions": Substitute deforestation limits the relevance of local reversals

Using case studies and concepts we suggest that constraints upon aggregate or global forest transition are significantly more severe than those upon local forest reversals. The basic reason is that one region’s reversal can be facilitated by other regions that supply resources and goods, reducing the demands upon the region where forests rise. Many past forest reversals involve such interdependence. For ‘facilitating regions’ also to rise in forest requires other changes, since they will not be receiving such help. We start by discussing forest-transitions analysis within the context of Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKCs), for a useful typology of possible shifts underlying transitions. We then consider the historical Northeast US where a regional reversal was dramatic and impressive. Yet this depended upon agricultural price shocks, due to the Midwest US supplying food, and also upon the availability of timber from other US regions. Next we consider deforestation in Amazonia, whose history (like the Northeast US) suggests a potential local role for urbanization, i.e. spatial concentration of population. Yet inter-regional issues again are crucial. For cattle and soy, expansion of global demands may give to Amazonia a role more like the Midwest than the Northeast US. In addition, across-region interdependencies will help determine where reversal and facilitation occur. Finally we discuss the constraints upon very broad forest transition.
Creating an Educational Day

Our PeriAnesthesia Leadership and our Nurse Educator convened a group of nurses to participate in presenting an Educational Day. The need for an environment that would have the audio visual components was identified and arrangements weremade for a classroom. Presentationswere developed to address a variety of topics. Staff was given an Educational Day to participate in this day. The goal of this day was to educate staff, engage them in the learning process and have them participate by sharing their wealth of knowledge aswell. Staff evaluated the topics and the environment at the end of their day.
A high-performance double precision accumulator

The accumulation operation A new = A old + X is required for many numerical methods. However, when using a floating-point adder with pipeline latency α, the data hazard that exists between A new and A old creates design challenges for situations where inputs must be delivered to the accumulator at a rate exceeding 1/α. Each of the techniques proposed to address this problem requires either static data scheduling or overly complex micro-architectures having multiple adders, a large amount of memory, or control overheads that force the accumulator to operate at a diminished speed relative to the adder on which it is based. In this paper we present a design for a double precision accumulator that achieves high performance without the need for data scheduling or an overly complex implementation. We achieve this by integrating a coalescing reduction circuit within the low-level design of a base-converting floating-point adder. When implemented on our Virtex-2 Pro 100 FPGA, our design achieves a speed of 170 MHz.
Quasi-optical slot antenna SIS mixers

A quasi-optical SIS mixer designed for efficient radiation coupling is described. The mixer uses a twin-slot antenna which has the advantages of a good beam pattern and a low impedance. The radiation and impedance characteristics of the antenna were obtained from a moment-matched calculation. Tapered superconducting microstrip transmission lines are used to carry the radiation from the slot antennas to the tunnel junction. The effective impedance seen by the tunnel junction is quite low, about 4 Omega , which allows micron-size junctions to be used at 500 GHz. The mixers have been fabricated using Nb/Al-oxide/Nb tunnel junctions and a receiver noise temperature of 420 K (DSB) was measured at 490 GHz, which is the best yet obtained for a quasi-optical mixer at this frequency. The comparatively large junction area increases the mixer saturation power and allows strong suppression of noise from the Josephson effect by the application of a magnetic field of modest strength. >
‘An Actual Working Out of Internationalism’: Russian Politics, Zionism, and Lillian Wald's Ethnic Progressivism

Students of the life of Lillian D. Wald (1867–1940) know her best as a Progressive activist. A trained nurse and advocate for East European Jewish immigrants on New York's Lower East Side, she founded Henry Street Settlement House there in 1893 and worked for state intervention in public health issues concerning women and children. Though she lived until 1940, historians have focused almost exclusively on her achievements before 1920: her founding of Henry Street, her key role in the formation of the Children's Bureau, her anti-militarism during World War I. This is not surprising, given that Wald' s rhetoric is that of a dyed-in-the-wool Progressive. She consistently cited her actions as in line with her universalist philosophy of human interdependence, which she referred to as “mutuality” and defined as a vision in which “no one class of people can be independent of the other”. Wald's mutuality echoes the Protestant social gospel movement's call for a “brotherhood of man” which inspired so many – including so many middle-class women – to work for various currents of Progressive reform.
TCP-PR: TCP for persistent packet reordering

Most standard implementations of TCP perform poorly when packets are reordered. In this paper, we propose a new version of TCP that maintains high throughput when reordering occurs and yet, when packet reordering does not occur is friendly to other versions of TCP. The proposed TCP variant, or TCP-PR, does not rely on duplicate acknowledgments to detect a packet loss. Instead, timers are maintained to keep track of how long ago a packet was transmitted. In case the corresponding acknowledgment has not yet arrived and the elapsed time since the packet was sent is larger than a given threshold, the packet is assumed lost. Because TCP-PR does not rely on duplicate acknowledgments, packet reordering (including out-of-order acknowledgments) has no effect on TCP-PR performance. Through extensive simulations, we show that TCP-PR performs consistently better than existing mechanisms that try to make TCP more robust to packet reordering. When the case that packets are not reordered, we verify that TCP-PR maintains the same throughput as typical implementations of TCP (specifically, TCP-SACK) and shares network resources fairly.
Dual Active-Capacitive-Feedback Compensation for Low-Power Large-Capacitive-Load Three-Stage Amplifiers

A dual active-capacitive-feedback compensation (DACFC) scheme for low-power three-stage amplifiers with large capacitive loads is presented in this paper. Dual high-speed active-capacitive-feedback paths enable the non-dominant complex poles of the amplifier to be located at high frequencies for bandwidth extension under low-power condition. The proposed DACFC amplifier also consists of two left-half-plane (LHP) zeros that relax the stability criteria for further improving the gain-bandwidth product (GBW) and reducing the required compensation capacitance of the amplifier. Moreover, the transient response of the DACFC amplifier is enhanced via the use of the small compensation capacitance and the presence of push-pull second and output stages. Two three-stage amplifiers using the proposed DACFC and the well-known nested Miller compensation (NMC) have been implemented in a standard 0.35-μm CMOS process. The proposed DACFC amplifier uses a total compensation capacitance of 2.2 pF and is robust in stability with a phase margin of >;58° under the variation of the load capacitance between 300 pF and 800 pF. When driving a 500-pF//25-kΩ load, the DACFC three-stage amplifier improves the GBW-to-power by 66 times, enhances the slew rate-to-power by 51 times, and reduces the chip area by 33 times, as compared to the conventional NMC counterpart.
And Marvin Raised His Hand: Practices That Encourage Children's Classroom Participation

This article discusses teaching practices that foster student involvement. It highlights one marginalized child's transformation into a participant in a Spanish classroom in an urban, multiethnic school setting. Selected student experiences as well as the Spanish teacher's practices and beliefs are described and analyzed within a Freirean framework.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL BASES OF LIMB REDUCTION AND BODY ELONGATION IN SQUAMATES

Employing an integrative approach to investigate the evolution of morphology can yield novel perspectives not attainable from a single field of study. Studies of limb loss and body elongation in squamates (snakes and lizards) present a good example in which integrating studies of systematics and ecology with genetics and development can provide considerable new insight. In this comment we address several misunderstandings of the developmental genetic literature presented in a paper by Wiens and Slingluff (2001) to counter their criticism of previous work in these disciplines and to clarify the apparently contradictory data from different fields of study. Specifically, we comment on (1) the developmental mechanisms underlying axial regionalization, body elongation, and limb loss; (2) the utility of presacral vertebral counts versus more specific partitioning of the primary body axis; (3) the independent, modular nature of limbs and limb girdles and their utility in diagnosing genetic changes in development; and (4) the causal bases of hind limb reduction in ophidian and nonophidian squamates.
An Active Life Extension Strategy for Thermally Aged Power Switches Based on the Pulse-Width Adjustment Method in Interleaved Converters

The research on noninvasive incipient fault diagnosis of power converters is very critical to avoid strenuous periodic checkups and costly interruptions. In many of the research studies, on-state resistance of power MOSFETs is identified as the fault precursor, and suggested to be monitored online for prognosis. In this paper, a condition monitoring algorithm is proposed for power MOSFETs of interleaved converters and integrated with the conventional current loops. The proposed technique utilizes on-state resistance information of the switches to adjust the current reference of each interleaving leg. In addition, a pulse-width adjustment method is proposed to avoid one current sensor and current-control loop. With the proposed scheme, the thermal stress on the aged device can be reduced, and the overall lifetime of the converter can be extended. The proposed approach is verified on two-leg interleaved converters both in simulation and experimentally.
Beyond the first year: Supporting sophomores through information literacy outreach

ABSTRACTThe sophomore year is increasingly becoming a target of retention efforts, as universities and colleges realize that nearly as much attrition occurs between the sophomore and junior years as between the first and sophomore years. As a result, there is an opportunity for libraries to reach out to and target second-year students. This article presents a case study of a sophomore outreach program at the University of Puget Sound focused on citation management software. Our results suggest that libraries should pursue outreach targeting the sophomore population.
Mechanistic variations in ionic hydrogenation of unsaturated phosphine and amine boranes.

Internal hydride transfer occurs when tethered carbocations are generated from unsaturated phosphine or phosphinite boranes. 3-Methylenecyclohexyl-derived boranes 12 or 18 react with MsOH to give i...
COMPARISON OF PERI-PROCEDURAL ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS FOR URGENT PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOLLOWING FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY

The optimal antithrombotic regimen for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following fibrinolytic therapy for ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) is currently unknown. We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients referred to our institution from January 2005 - June 2014,
Maryland's First Evidence Code

The paper is a short look at the history of the development of the then newly adopted Maryland Rules of Evidence (Title 5 of the Md. Rules), and then reprints them in this paper for the use of the audience, which the author also used to comment on individual rules as well as the overall rules in total.
Accurate measurement of liquid transport through nanoscale conduits

Nanoscale liquid transport governs the behaviour of a wide range of nanofluidic systems, yet remains poorly characterized and understood due to the enormous hydraulic resistance associated with the nanoconfinement and the resulting minuscule flow rates in such systems. To overcome this problem, here we present a new measurement technique based on capillary flow and a novel hybrid nanochannel design and use it to measure water transport through single 2-D hydrophilic silica nanochannels with heights down to 7 nm. Our results show that silica nanochannels exhibit increased mass flow resistance compared to the classical hydrodynamics prediction. This difference increases with decreasing channel height and reaches 45% in the case of 7 nm nanochannels. This resistance increase is attributed to the formation of a 7-angstrom-thick stagnant hydration layer on the hydrophilic surfaces. By avoiding use of any pressure and flow sensors or any theoretical estimations the hybrid nanochannel scheme enables facile and precise flow measurement through single nanochannels, nanotubes, or nanoporous media and opens the prospect for accurate characterization of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanofluidic systems.
The Feasibility of Building a Clear Visual Emergency Responding Command Network

This paper explains the feasibility of building a clear visual emergency responding command network based on the experiences of two natural disasters: the serious sleet of the early spring this year and Wenchuan earthquake.