cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical oxidation of fatty acid esters with and without chlorophyll

1. It has been confirmed that the principal products formed in the oxidation of methyl oleate by oxygen under a variety of conditions are predominantlytrans hydroperoxides. However no inversion of the double bond occurs in unoxidized oleate. Hence the conversion ofcis totrans double bonds and peroxide formation occur together in the same molecules. 2 The autoxidation of methyl linoleate at low temperature yields predominantlycis,trans conjugated hydroperoxides. Autoxidation at 25°C., oxidation catalyzed by visible light, or ultraviolet light and copper soap catalyzed oxidation at temperatures appreciably above 0°C., lead to the formation primarily oftrans,trans conjugated hydroperoxides. The inversion of the second double bond in this case appears to be independent of the peroxide-forming reactions. 3 The photochlorophyll oxidation of methyl linoleate leads to the formation of some unconjugated hydroperoxides, some of which containtrans double bonds. 4 Under all of the conditions employed in the present investigation, the oxidation of methyl oleate and linoleate led primarily to the formation of monomeric peroxides which retained most of the unsaturation of the parent compound.
Ecological design for urban coastal resilience

Often implemented in the context of coastal resilience and in response to sea-level rise, urban shorelines are being armored at ever-increasing rates on coastlines worldwide. Engineered structures (that is, seawalls, bulkheads and revetments) are designed to mitigate risks from flooding and storm surge. While shoreline armoring can serve as an effective means of protecting people, property and infrastructure from damage, engineered ‘gray’ solutions often have unintended and cascading negative consequences to coupled human–natural ecosystems, including the coastal communities they are designed to benefit. For instance, gray infrastructure can actively degrade the marine environment by reducing habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity, which significantly dampens the plethora of ecosystem services humans receive from healthy coastal habitats. In some cases, the unintended negative consequences of shoreline armoring can be more severe in magnitude than the problems they are designed to solve.
A Digestion-free Method for Quantification of Residual Host Cell DNA in rAAV Gene Therapy Products.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a vector with increasing popularity in the field of gene therapy. Like other drug substances manufactured in cell lines, rAAV vectors are commonly contaminated with host cell DNA, and the levels must be carefully monitored. The current method for residual DNA quantification in rAAV was adapted from protein programs and required sample digestion by proteinase prior to qPCR analysis. While the method worked effectively, it was unclear if proteinase digestion was essential for releasing DNA from rAAV capsids and improving qPCR efficiency. In this study, we systematically investigated the role of each component and treatment with the goal to simplify and streamline the method. It was determined that the proteinase digestion step was dispensable, while the addition of Tween 20 to rAAV samples was essential for accurate quantification of residual DNA. Based on this finding, a digestion-free method has been established that requires only a one-step sample preparation—addition of Tween 20. The method has been tested extensively with an rAAV9-based drug substance and process intermediates and verified with other rAAV serotypes. This significantly simplified and faster assay can be easily automated for high-throughput applications.
The Tang Dynasty in Song-Period Stories: The Case of Yijian zhi

A few of the many ways the Tang dynasty weighed heavily on the minds of people of the succeeding Song dynasty show themselves in the voluminous twelfth-century story collection, Yijian zhi. But the...
Exploring guest response towards service failure in home-sharing: service presence and consumption motivation

Abstract The present study leverages the tenets of social presence theory (SPT) and attribution theory to demonstrate a service presence effect on guests’ behavioral responses toward home-sharing platforms following a service failure. Results indicate that in the case of a typical, controllable service failure, guests with a hedonic motivation have a higher tendency to complain and switch out of the home-sharing platform when the service contact is a hotel representative (vs. a private host), and this effect is mediated by levels of fault attributed to the home-sharing platform. However, guests with a utilitarian motivation respond to service failure equally across types of service contacts. For uncontrollable service failures, the service presence effect holds true across consumption motivations and is explained by fault attribution. The study is the first comprehensive inquiry into service failure in the home-sharing context and has important implications for theory and businesses competing in this space.
14 – Norming Subjects for the Halstead–Reitan Battery

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the research on volunteer norms used for studies with the HRB and finds that they are all almost one standard deviation above normal. This means they are inappropriate as control groups for neuropsychology. The adequacy of neuropsychological norms depends on the characteristics of the subjects whose data are used. Volunteer participants and neurologically normal participants in major normative studies show markedly different patterns of test performance that reflect on the inadequacy of using volunteer participants to develop norms. In this study, when all of the Halstead–Reitan Battery norming studies with an N of 200 or more were examined, Wechsler FSIQ score differences of approximately one standard deviation above average for the volunteer normative participants was found. The norms from the norming study using neurologically normal patients were essentially average. The exclusion of neurologically suspect participants from volunteer normative studies lead to a bias reflected in artificially inflated levels of performance and a restricted range of variation. This sets inappropriately rigid assessment cutoffs for defective performance. Furthermore, data collection from neurologically normal subjects follows the same format as that used in the assessment of neurologically compromised subjects, whereas the more research-oriented protocol used to collect normative data from volunteer participants does not.
Expanding Constituency Support Through Shared Local Roots in U.S. House Primaries

This paper addresses the enduring connection of localism and place-based roots shared between many elected leaders and their constituents, which previous work has either ignored or improperly speci...
A Study of Talent Management and Employee Job-related Outcomes in the Indian Manufacturing Industry

This study examined the relationship between talent management and employee job-related outcomes in the Indian manufacturing setting. Talent management practices included talent acquisition, talent...
Causal effect of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature on the Upper Colorado River Basin spring precipitation

The Colorado River is one of the most important rivers in the southwestern U.S., with ~ 90% of the total flow originating from the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). The UCRB April–July streamflow is well-correlated to the UCRB spring precipitation. It is known that the UCRB precipitation is linked to an El Nino-like sea surface temperature (SST) pattern, but the causal effect of the tropical Pacific SST on the UCRB spring precipitation is still uncertain. Here, we apply a Granger causality approach to understand the causal effect of the tropical Pacific averaged SST in previous three seasons (winter, fall, and summer) on the UCRB averaged precipitation in spring in observations and two climate models. In observations, only the winter SST has Granger causal effect (with p-value ~ 0.05) on spring precipitation, while historical simulations of the two climate models overestimate the causal effect for winter and fall (with p-value < 0.01 and < 0.05, respectively) due to model biases. Moreover, future projections of the two climate models show divergent causal effects, especially for the scenario with high anthropogenic emissions. The divergent projections indicate that (1) there are large uncertainties in model projections of the causal effect of the tropical Pacific SST on UCRB spring precipitation and (2) it is uncertain whether climate models can reliably capture changes in such causality. These uncertainties may result in large uncertainties in seasonal forecasts of the UCRB hydroclimate under global climate change.
Second wave Black feminism in the African diaspora: news from new scholarship

The legacy of Black feminists' organising, agitating, and speaking truth to power has been underplayed, obscured, or simply ignored until relatively recently, writes BENITA ROTH
Transcriptomes That Confer to Plant Defense against Powdery Mildew Disease in Lagerstroemia indica

Transcriptome analysis was conducted in two popular Lagerstroemia cultivars: “Natchez” (NAT), a white flower and powdery mildew resistant interspecific hybrid and “Carolina Beauty” (CAB), a red flower and powdery mildew susceptible L. indica cultivar. RNA-seq reads were generated from Erysiphe australiana infected leaves and de novo assembled. A total of 37,035 unigenes from 224,443 assembled contigs in both genotypes were identified. Approximately 85% of these unigenes have known function. Of them, 475 KEGG genes were found significantly different between the two genotypes. Five of the top ten differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (plant defense) and four in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (antioxidant activities or flower coloration). Furthermore, 5 of the 12 assembled unigenes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis and 7 of 11 in flavonoid biosynthesis showed higher transcript abundance in NAT. The relative abundance of transcripts for 16 candidate DEGs (9 from CAB and 7 from NAT) detected by qRT-PCR showed general agreement with the abundances of the assembled transcripts in NAT. This study provided the first transcriptome analyses in L. indica. The differential transcript abundance between two genotypes indicates that it is possible to identify candidate genes that are associated with the plant defenses or flower coloration.
Do the waves begin to waver? ERP studies of language processing in the elderly*

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the event-related brain potential (ERP) studies of language processing in the elderly. The chapter reviews what is currently known about the electrophysiology of visual language processing in the elderly and what ERPs tell about age-related changes in the neural substrates of reading. While language processes have usually been thought to be impervious to aging, it is now clear that some changes do occur. Moreover, many of these changes often seem to be directly linked to changes in the efficacy of other cognitive operations affected by aging, particularly the active suppression of irrelevant information and the management of working memory (WM). One way to study these changes is to record ERPs from the scalp in response to individual words, either in isolation or in sentences. Some of the more profound effects of aging on psychological and language processes seem to stem from changes in inhibitory processes and their effects on memory. The chapter elaborates on two equally important issues in the psycholinguistic literature—namely, lexical access and the processing of syntactic structure.
Complex Ocular Motor Disorders in Children

A number of complex ocular motility disorders are discussed in this chapter. The diversity of these conditions reflects the need for the ophthalmologist to maintain a broad working knowledge of pediatric neurologic disorders along with their ocular motor manifestations. Some clinical features of these conditions (e.g., congenital ocular motor apraxia, congenital fibrosis syndrome) are sufficiently unique that the diagnosis can be established solely on the basis of the clinical appearance. Other disorders either show overlapping manifestations or effectively masquerade as other entities. Unique features of some conditions, such as conjugate ocular torsion in patients with skew deviation, have been recently recognized and are considered worthy of emphasis because they significantly expand the differential diagnosis. Indeed, assessment of objective torsion (and subjective torsion when possible) is a necessary component of any comprehensive strabismological evaluation. Correction of coexisting torsion can be integrated into the surgical plan, except when the torsion serves a compensatory function, as in patients with skew deviation.
Dynamically configurable pHEMT model using neural networks for CAD

A novel approach to developing CAD microwave device models is presented. Traditional CAD devices are implemented using static empirical equations to describe electrical behavior. Recently, neural networks have been used in place of empirical equations to model device behavior. This paper describes the implementation of a CAD device model that utilizes a dynamically configurable combination of empirical equations and neural networks to increase the flexibility of the model's capabilities. The model was developed for pHEMT devices but can be customized to work with other device structures such as HBTs. The framework for this model is a common-source large-signal equivalent FET circuit. With the exception of the drain current source, all of the nonlinear elements of the circuit are configurable to either empirical or bias-dependent neural network controlled components. The neural network architecture employed is based on the knowledge-based algorithm.
Dysmagnesemia in Hospitalized Patients: Prevalence and Prognostic Importance

Abstract Objective To examine the prevalence of serum magnesium (Mg) alterations and outcomes in hospitalized patients. Patients and Methods All admissions to Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2013 (288,120 patients), were screened. Admission Mg from each unique patient and relevant clinical data were extracted from the institutional electronic database. Results After excluding patients aged less than 18 years, those without Mg measurement, and readmission episodes, a total of 65,974 patients were studied. Magnesium levels of 2.1 mg/dL or higher were found in 20,777 patients (31.5%), and levels less than 1.7 mg/dL were noted in 13,320 (20.2%). Hypomagnesemia was common in patients with hematologic/oncological disorders, and hypermagnesemia was common in those with cardiovascular disease. The lowest hospital mortality, assessed by restricted cubic spline and percentage death, occurred in patients with Mg levels between 1.7 and 1.89 mg/dL. An Mg level of less than 1.7 mg/dL was independently associated with an increased risk of hospital mortality after adjusting for all variables except the admission diagnosis; risk for longer hospital stay and being discharged to a care facility were increased in the fully adjusted model. An elevated Mg level of 2.3 mg/dL or higher was a predictor for all adverse outcomes. The magnitude of Mg elevations in patients with levels of 2.3 mg/dL or higher (N=7908) was associated with worse hospital mortality in a dose-response manner. In patients with cardiovascular diseases, Mg levels of 1.5 to 1.69 mg/dL and 2.3 mg/dL or higher both independently predicted poor outcomes including hospital mortality. Conclusion Dysmagnesemia in hospitalized patients is common, with hypermagnesemia being most prevalent. Compared with hypomagnesemia, hypermagnesemia is a stronger predictor for poor outcomes. Magnesium supplementation for patients without Mg deficiency should be avoided in the absence of randomized controlled trials documenting a benefit.
Characterization of synthesis and storage of TGF-alpha in rat parotid acinar and intercalated duct cells

Although the expression and biological role of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) have been explored in a variety of normal cells in mammalian species, little is known about the storage of TGF-alpha in secretory cells of exocrine organs. Parotid glands from four rats were homogenized for RNA isolation followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to determine the presence of TGF-alpha message. In situ hybridization using a hamster-specific TGF-alpha riboprobe was done on paraffin sections. Parotid gland and isolated acinar cells were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and postembedding immunogold labeled for TGF-alpha. Gold particles were counted on approximately 200 granules in 10 acinar cells and in 10 intercalated duct cells. Labeling density was calculated as the number of gold particles per square micrometer +/- SD. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance. Using multiple technologies, we have established that rat parotid acinar and intercalated duct cells synthesize TGF-alpha and store the precursor form of this cytokine in their secretory granules.
Family Genealogy: A Sociological Imagination Reveals Intersectional Relations

This article depicts everyday family genealogy as a vehicle for the sociological imagination that links personal biography to social–historical contexts across generations. As genealogists construct current from past identities, they engage a sociological imagination that potentially enables them to grasp how intersectionality – gender, race, ethnic, sexuality, nation, class, and age relations – is articulated through history. The key aims here are: (1) to provide background conditions behind the growth of genealogy; (2) to reveal how doing and studying family genealogy engages a sociological imagination that can be a vehicle for perceiving the intersectional underpinnings of social memories. Genealogy can be seen as a political practice where race-class-gender within social memories can contribute to diverse stories from new standpoints in American history.
Antifibrinolytic use and bleeding during surgery on the descending thoracic aorta: a multivariate analysis.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the potential benefit of antifibrinolytic (AF) therapy in improving hemostasis in descending aortic surgery in which extracorporeal distal perfusion is used. Design: Retrospective database study. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Seventy-two patients who underwent descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic replacement during the period from January 1993 through December 1996 when the use of AF therapy was emerging. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Seventy-two records met criteria for inclusion. The use of AF therapy had no significant effect on any bleeding or transfusion outcome in any model. Excessive chest tube drainage postoperatively was independently associated with repeat surgery and intraoperative hypothermia. The risk of receiving a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion was independently predicted by low preoperative hemoglobin and age ≥65 years. Cross-clamp was an independent predictor of receiving a transfusion of non-RBC products ( p = 0.03). Conclusions: The authors could not show a beneficial effect of AF therapy on bleeding and transfusion, although current practice shows that this therapy continues to be used. Because heterogeneity of patient population exists and bias cannot be completely excluded, a prospective investigation evaluating efficacy and safety in this population is warranted.
Role of type II endoleak in sac regression after endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms

Objective Endovascular repair (EVAR) of infrarenal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is increasingly used in patients with suitable aortic morphology conforming to device-specific instructions for use. Despite improvements in graft design, type II endoleak (EL-2) from the inferior mesenteric artery (EL-IMA) or the lumbar artery (EL-LA) remains the Achilles' heel of EVAR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural history of the AAA sac after EVAR. We hypothesized that persistent EL-2 would be associated with inferior AAA sac volume regression. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on all nonruptured AAA treated by elective EVAR using Food and Drug Administration-approved endografts from January 2005 to December 2008 in our facility. Review of medical records and preoperative and follow-up computed tomography angiograms at 1, 6, and 12 months was performed. Patients with type I, III, and IV endoleaks were excluded, as were those lost to all follow-up. AAA size and volume were analyzed using TeraRecon software (Aquarius Intuition, Foster City, Calif). Change in AAA sac volume was compared in patients with and without EL-2, and with an occluded vs patent IMA. Results The study cohort comprised 191 patients (161 men, 30 women) with a mean age of 74 years. The mean preoperative AAA diameter was 5.5 cm (range, 4-11 cm), and mean volume was 137.45 cm 3 . EL-2 was present in 24% at completion of EVAR and in 9% at a mean follow-up of 6 months (range 4-8 months). Completion angiography at 1 month showed 63% of EL-2 had resolved. Those with EL-2 present at 1 month had statistically inferior sac regression compared with those who did not (23% reduction vs 2% increase at 1 year; P = .002). Preoperatively, the IMA was occluded by coils or was chronically occluded in 82 patients vs 109 patients who had a patent IMA. At the 6-month follow-up, patients with an occluded IMA had an EL-2 rate of 2.4% vs 14.7% in those with a patent IMA ( P = .005 by t -test). Sac volume regression was 21.8% in those with an occluded IMA vs 13.2% in those with a patent IMA ( P = .004 by t -test). Regression in AAA sac volume was highly significant in patients with occluded IMA, at 30% vs 16% at 1 year ( P = .0018 by two-sided t -test). Conclusions The presence of persistent EL-2 after EVAR results in inferior AAA sac regression. A preoperatively patent IMA is associated with increased rates of EL-2 and inferior AAA sac regression. Consideration should be given to preoperative occlusion of a patent IMA before EVAR.
Efficacy of behavioral treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia.

In this critique of research in behavioral treatment of dysphagia, three types of investigations are briefly reviewed: general managment guides, specific behavioral treatments applied to single patients or a few patients, and dysphagia programs applied to large numbers of patients. Efficacy of treatment has been demonstrated in some of the single-case or small-group studies where specific techniques have been utilized. Unfortunately, efficacy has not been demonstrated in any of the studies where large groups of patients have been enrolled in dysphagia programs. Some of the critical factors that have been lacking in many of these studies are discussed and the need to include functional outcome measures in efficacy studies is emphasized.
Ventricular parasystole and re-entry: Clinical-electrophysiological correlations.

Abstract A 23-year-old patient with ventricular parasystole is described. Detailed analysis of ECG's obtained during 260 hours of Holter monitoring revealed a complex arrhythmia best explained in terms of the occurrence of manifest and concealed re-entry within the parasystolic focus. Re-entry, when manifest, resulted in premature beats coupled to the parasystolic beats, and brief runs of ventricular tachycardia. When concealed, re-entry produced an irregularity in the timing of the parasystolic beats. Re-entry within the parasystolic focus was also induced by sinus beats, giving rise to a pattern of bigeminy. Correlation with data obtained from glass microelectrode studies on canine Purkinje fibers and human cardiac tissue permits speculation regarding the electrophysiologic basis of “protection,” and the possible interrelationships between parasystole and other types of ectopic ventricular rhythm.
Antecedent attitudes of effective managerial performance

Abstract A theoretical model is presented that specifies the kinds of attitudes that are assumed to lead to effective managerial performance. The basic components of the model are attitudes toward the values of rewards, attitudes toward the perceived probability that rewards depend upon effort, role perceptions, abilities, and job behavior. Data from a study of 154 managers are also presented in order to test part of the model. There was a positive relationship between the degree to which effective job behavior is seen as leading to rewards, and measures of job performance. More importantly, this relationship was increased by taking into account the relative importance of the rewards. Further, the data indicate that managers' role perceptions were related to their rated job performance effectiveness.
X-ray astronomy in the Uhuru epoch and beyond /Newton Lacy Pierce Prize Lecture/

A review of results from the Uhuru satellite is presented. An intensive treatment of two subjects is given, rather than a broad review. First, Cyg X-1, a stellar X-ray source and a candidate for a black hole, is discussed; second, the X-ray source in the Perseus cluster of galaxies, which may be a cloud of hot intergalactic gas, is treated. In both cases, the train of logic used in establishing the nature of these objects is presented and evaluated. For both, while alternative explanations cannot be completely eliminated, they become more difficult to sustain when examined in detail, suggesting that the candidate explanations are more likely correct.
Further study of a new dispersion relation for electron-atom scattering

A recently proposed dispersion relation (DR) is tested for e-He scattering; the results show that the new DR is not satisfied. Therefore, the analytic structure of the difference amplitude, previously assumed to be nonsingular, is investigated on the negative scattering energy axis. Even under severe approximations, the difference amplitude contains both poles and branch points. This suggests, however, a useful approximation of these contributions to the DR which gives very satisfactory agreement in both e-H and e-He scattering.
Direct stress solution of axially nonuniform circular shaft in torsion

Abstract A numerical method is developed, using finite-difference approximations, to obtain shear stress distribution in nonuniform circular shafts, subjected to torsion, without the use of a stress function. The disadvantage of using a stress function in a numerical solution is that a numerical differentiation is necessary to obtain the shear stresses in the shaft. This requires consideration of a large number of mesh points for getting a reasonably accurate solution. It is shown that by the use of the direct stress method it is possible to obtain the same order of accuracy with a much coarser finite difference network. Moreover, the direct method of solution is convenient to use and, in general, requires less computer time for a given accuracy.
Molecular Influences on Miscibility Patterns in Random Copolymer/Homopolymer Binary Blends

The lattice cluster theory (LCT) is used to study the microscopic molecular factors affecting the miscibilities of AxB1-x/C binary mixtures (where the homopolymer C is either different or identical to the AxB1-x random copolymer species). A prime goal of this study lies in describing gross departures of LCT predictions from the prevailing random copolymer Flory−Huggins (FH) theory. These departures are illustrated by analyzing computed constant pressure spinodal (and binodal) curves, and some computations are compared with experimental data. Different miscibilities are predicted for several AxB1-x/A and AxB1-x/B systems with x = 1/2, departing considerably from predictions of FH random copolymer theory. These differences are partially explained in terms of the entropic structural parameter that provides one measure of blend structural asymmetry. The computed phase diagrams of AxB1-x/C ≠ A,B blends exhibit richer miscibility patterns than those derived from FH random copolymer theory. The illustrations foc...
Playfulness and the Early Play Environment

Summary This study investigates the influence of home environment and parental characteristics on levels of playfulness in young children. Data for 106 preschool children were collected on the birth order and sibling size of the family, age and occupation of both parents, and child-rearing attitudes and practices, including degree and type of parent-child play interaction. These measures were correlated with ratings of playfulness along five dimensions and results indicated significant interrelationships between the child's playfulness and the characteristics of the home environment. The findings were mediated by the presence of a strong gender effect indicating different influences on playfulness in boys and girls.
Mobilizing Adolescent Workers' Support for an American Newspaper Strike: Results from a Case Study

This study examines the behaviour of newspaper carriers during a strike at the Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Times-Leader, a paper published by Capital Cities Communications, Inc. The strike began in October 1978 and continues to the present. The workers have managed to create a commercially viable newspaper, grabbing the larger part of the daily circulation in the region. An important component in the success of the strike was the defection in mass of the carriers from the company and their decision to work for the strikers. The vast majority of these carriers were between the ages of 12 and 18. Our purpose is to examine the dynamics of their mobilization on behalf of the strikers.
Dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dietary intake and physical activity contribute to obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Case–control study. SUBJECTS: A total of 84 cases and 79 neighborhood controls of similar age. MEASUREMENTS: Fasting insulin, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), waist/hip ratio, Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: Although women with PCOS had a higher BMI than control women, an overall comparison of women with and without PCOS showed no significant difference in dietary intake. However, stratification by BMI revealed that lean women with PCOS reported significantly lower energy intake than lean women without PCOS. CONCLUSION: Differences in dietary intake and physical activity alone are not sufficient to explain differences in weight between women with and without PCOS. Further research is necessary to determine the relative contributions of lifestyle factors and metabolism to obesity in PCOS.
Types of constraints on development: An interactivist approach

Abstract The interactivist approach to development generates a framework of types of constraints on what can be constructed. The four constraint types are based on: (1) what the constructed systems are about; (2) the representational relationship itself; (3) the nature of the systems being constructed; and (4) the process of construction itself. We give illustrations of each constraint type. Any developmental theory needs to acknowledge all four types of constraint; however, some current theories conflate different types of constraint or rely on a single constraint type to explicate development. Such theories will be inherently unable to explain important aspects of development.
Accurate monotone cubic interpolation

Monotone piecewise cubic interpolants are simple and effective. They are generally third-order accurate, except near strict local extrema where accuracy degenerates to second-order due to the monotonicity constraint. Algorithms for piecewise cubic interpolants, which preserve monotonicity as well as uniform third and fourth-order accuracy are presented. The gain of accuracy is obtained by relaxing the monotonicity constraint in a geometric framework in which the median function plays a crucial role.
Neural substrates of abstinence-induced cigarette cravings in chronic smokers

Craving is a hallmark of drug dependence, including dependence on nicotine. Many studies have examined the neural substrates of cravings elicited by smoking-related cues. Less is known about the neural basis of unprovoked, abstinence-induced cravings, despite the contributions of such cravings to smoking relapse. To fill this gap, we used arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI to characterize the neural substrates of abstinence-induced cravings to smoke. Fifteen chronic smokers were scanned during a resting state on two separate occasions: (1) smoking satiety and (2) abstinence (following ≥ 12 hours of smoking deprivation), in counterbalanced order. Smoking abstinence state (vs. satiety) was associated with increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left OFC. Abstinence-induced cravings to smoke were predicted by CBF increases (abstinence minus satiety) in: right OFC, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), occipital cortex, ACC, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, thalamus, amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, left caudate, and right insula. These data suggest that increased activation in the brain's visuospatial and reward circuitry underlies abstinence-induced cravings to smoke, and thereby, may be important in relapse.
Isolated Metastasis to Optic Nerve from Medulloblastoma

Isolated involvement of the optic nerve with metastatic tumor is uncommon. A 19-year-old man had a midline cerebellar medulloblastoma; a gross total removal was performed. He received postoperative radiation therapy to the whole brain, posterior fossa, and craniospinal axis. A progressive optic neuropathy developed 28 months later with radiologic evidence of an enlarged optic nerve. There was no evidence of metastatic disease elsewhere. An optic nerve biopsy showed metastatic medulloblastoma. An intramedullary metastasis developed 48 months after the primary diagnosis, and the patient died 5 months later.
Aerodynamic response of an airfoil with thickness to a longitudinal and transverse periodic gust

The unsteady lift of an airfoil with thickness subject to a two-dimensional periodic gust is analyzed using the recent theory of Goldstein and Atassi. It is found that to properly account for the coupling between the steady potential flow and the unsteady vortical flow, one has to consider the contribution of order alpha-squared (when alpha is steady state disturbance) to the potential flowfield. A closed form analytical formula is then derived for the lift function. The results show strong dependence on the wave members of the gust.
Timing and Ownership Effects in Environmental Projects

Punitive regulatory actions are now being supplemented with supportive non-regulatory interventions to drive environmental improvements (EIs) in firms. An important policy and operational question is whether these two approaches have a complementary or counterproductive influence on EIs. Using an event history analysis of 300+ EIs tracked over several months, this study shows that the nature of influence depends on (1) timing effects of regulatory & non-regulatory events and (2) ownership effects of EIs. First, this paper finds that mistimed regulatory shocks (e.g. audits and sanctions) can have a detrimental effect on the adoption of EIs. However, non- regulatory nudges (e.g. reminders and follow-ups) can ensure higher (and faster) adoption of EIs. Further, this paper shows how managerial ownership moderates the effect of regulatory shocks and non-regulatory nudges. Specifically, we find that while senior managers are highly responsive to regulatory shocks, they may exhibit limited responsiveness towards...
Distribution of parental DNA markers inEncelia virginensis (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), a diploid species of putative hybrid origin

Morphological, geographical and ecological evidence suggests thatEncelia virginensis is a true-breeding diploid species derived from hybrids ofE. actoni andE. frutescens. To test this hypothesis, we examined the chloroplast and nuclear DNA of severalEncelia species. PCR amplification targeted three separate regions of chloroplast DNA:trnK-2621/trnK-11,rbcL/ORF106, andpsbA3/TrnI-51, which amplify 2600bp, 3300bp and 3200bp fragments respectively. Restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA revealed no variation that could be used to discriminate between the parent species. A RAPD analysis using 109 dekamer primers was used to analyze the nuclear genome.Encelia actoni andE. frutescens were distinguished by several high-frequency RAPD markers. In populations ofE. virginensis, these markers were detected in varying proportions, and no unique markers were found. Evidence from the nuclear genome supports the hypothesis thatE. virginensis is of hybrid origin. ThatE. virginensis may have arisen by normal divergent speciation followed by later introgression remains a possibility, however, and is not formally ruled out here. Diploid hybrid speciation inEncelia differs from other documented cases in that there are no discernible chromosome differences between the species, and all interspecific hybrids are fully fertile. In addition, apparent ecological selection against backcross progeny provides an external barrier to reproduction between F1 progeny and the parental species. These characteristics suggest that hybrid speciation inEncelia may represent an alternative model for homoploid hybrid speciation involving external reproductive barriers. In particular, this may be the case for other proposed diploid hybrid taxa that also exhibit little chromosomal differentiation and have fertile F1s.
Role of Helpers in the Sentinel Behaviour of the Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma c. coerulescens)

Two independently conceived and executed field studies using somewhat different methodologies tested the hypothesis that non-breeding helpers of the Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma c. coerulescens) contribute importantly to antipredator sentinel behaviour. Specifically, we made four predictions: 1. Helpers participate to a non-trivial degree in sentinel behaviour; 2. Breeding pairs with helpers spend less time on sentinel behaviour and hence more time foraging; 3. Breeders with helpers have more protected foraging time; and 4. Groups with helpers have greater total sentinel time. Results of the two studies agreed on most major points and even, in many cases, on minor points and quantitative aspects. Non-breeding adult helper birds participated in sentinel watches almost as much as breeders in their group. In winter, breeding pairs with one or more helpers decreased their own sentinel time compared with that of unassisted pairs. However, in the one study, the concomitantly increased available foraging time of breeders was no better protected by another group member being on sentinel than in the lone pairs. Results of the other study showed a significant increase of protected foraging time for breeding males only. In winter, groups with helpers did not have increased total sentinel time; time was either the same (Study A) or significantly less (Study B). During nesting, breeders with helpers did not decrease their sentinel effort relative to lone pairs. Instead, groups with helpers had a sentinel for more time. These results are interpreted as indicating that, in winter, sentinel behaviour is more important to antiraptor defense in lone pairs than larger groups. In groups with helpers the mere addition of extra pairs of eyes and ears may render formal sentinel behaviour less necessary, so breeders can decrease their sentinel time and increase their foraging time. During nesting, additional sentinels may be important for increased nest protection. The presence of helpers contributing to predator detection may thus be an important factor in the better annual survival and nesting success of breeders that have helpers (Woolfenden & Fitzpatrick 1984).
Sources of specification errors in the assessment of voluntary environmental programs: understanding program impacts

Voluntary environmental policy has often been criticized as picking the low-hanging fruit, producing benefits that are relegated to a self-selected sample, and improvements observed in voluntary environmental policy are indistinguishable from business as usual. These criticisms are, in part, the result of the two-stage models used to evaluate voluntary environmental programs that may over-control for the mechanisms that lead to program effectiveness. In addition, voluntary environmental policy may play a valuable role in achieving effective, efficient, and meaningful change in corporate behavior through spillover of public goods to non-participating firms, and changing norms of corporate behavior that are not detected using econometric methods. This manuscript details evidence across the body of literature that supports this hypothesis and suggests a variety of mechanisms that voluntary environmental programs may produce social welfare benefits with low social costs. The decision to employ voluntary environmental programs should be based on an assessment of trade-offs of consequences between adopting ineffective programs and costs involved with failing to adopt effective programs.
Using numerical simulation to predict ventilation efficiency in a model room

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is used to simulate the air currents and the contaminant decay inside a small scale model room with forced ventilation through a simple supply and return. The numerical results are validated with flow visualization experiments and local clearance rate measurements by laser extinction. The comparisons show excellent agreement on the inlet side of the room and fair agreement on the outlet side. Based on the concept of local exponential tracer decay and mixing factor (m), an arithmetic average of m is proposed as a measure of overall air ventilation efficiency ηm. The proposed definition has practical benefit in numerical simulation because it reduces computational time without sacrificing the concept of air ventilation effectiveness. Examples of application are demonstrated by eviluating ηm for different room configurations and ventilation arrangements. The calculated ηm correlate well with the time required for evacuating the contaminants in different room configurations. The results show that, for the room geometry studied, a ventilation system performs better when the inlet and the outlet are perpendicular to each other than when they are parallel to each other, and that partitions in the room can have a significant influence on ventilation performance.
Physiological Assessment of Speech and Voice Production of Adults With Hearing Loss

The purpose of this investigation was to study the impact of hearing loss on phonatory, velopharyngeal, and articulatory functioning using a comprehensive physiological approach. Electroglottograph...
The Semantics of Technical Graphics

Common technical graphics terms table, graph, chart, and diagram share a parallel logical structure with the four common types of technical graphics that the terms typically refer to. In the system of terminology as in the system of graphics types, four logical categories result from the possible permutations of two features. The abstract semantic features which underlie the meanings of the terms are in this discussion labeled as [UNITS] and [PROPERTIES]; likewise the significant features which distinguish the graphics types are here labeled as “units” and “properties.” These proposed semantic features reflect a fundamental semantic relation common to all meaningful statements, the attribution of a property (a predicate) to an object (a subject). The connection between term-features ([UNITS] and [PROPERTIES]) and type-features (“units” and “properties”) is a variable but systematic sense-reference relation. Consequently the terminology used to refer to the various graphics types varies systematically acco...
Time-Lapse Transcription

Measurements that involve averaging values from large numbers of cells can obscure the fact that processes such as gene expression are fundamentally dynamic and can vary greatly from cell to cell ( 1 ). Similarly, static snapshots of individual cells can reveal instantaneous differences between cells but cannot reveal often important changes over time; for example, it is impossible to tell whether a yellow light follows a green light using only static pictures of traffic lights. On pages 472 and 475 of this issue, Suter et al. ( 2 ) and Larson et al. ( 3 ) report on using a time-lapse approach to document the dynamics of a key cellular process, RNA transcription. Using carefully constructed experimental systems and sophisticated analyses, they tracked changes in RNA transcription in single live cells. Their results provide new details about the dynamics of key steps in transcription.
CT prior to second-look operation in ovarian cancer

Second-look surgery is used in restaging patients with ovarian cancer to define sites of recurrence, plan therapy, and perform tumor debulking. We evaluated the role of CT in detecting residual or recurrent tumor in 55 patients in whom 64 abdominopelvic CT scans were obtained. Forty-eight patients underwent a second-look operation, and eight of these patients had an additional third-look operation. CT correctly identified 17 (85%) of 20 cases with residual or recurrent pelvic disease and three (75%) of four cases with bulky abdominal disease. CT failed to detect tumor in any of the five cases with minimal abdominopelvic disease and was able to detect carcinomatosis in only two (8%) of 24 cases. In four cases, CT detected pelvic disease not identified on clinical pelvic examination. On the 56 scans in 48 patients with surgical proof (280 surgical findings), CT had a sensitivity of 40% (22/55) and a specificity of 99% (224/225). In seven additional patients, second-look laparotomy was canceled because of CT...