cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global neuroscience: distributing the management of brain knowledge worldwide.

A frequent hot topic in neuroscience is the need for and challenge of thorough knowledge annotation. Expressing knowledge in machine-readable format is a common goal of many if not all domains of modern science. The unsurpassed complexity of the nervous system makes this goal particularly arduous in neuroscience. The difficulty is amplified by the often-discussed multitude of relevant scales and data types, from neurons to whole brain imaging, and from molecules to clinical applications. Continuously accelerating advances of computing technologies in the past two decades suggest that computational power may soon no longer be a limiting factor in the quest for a realscale, biologically realistic model of an entire mammalian brain at the level of individual neurons. Parallel breakthroughs in high-throughput imaging and genetic approaches are fostering the emergence of several “big science” approaches for collecting comprehensive data sets of neural structure and function. Examples within the domain of “connectomics” alone include the Human Connectome Project of the National Institutes of Health, the Fly Light Project of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Mouse Connectivity Atlas of the Allen Brain Institute, in addition to the grass root 1000 Connectomes Project, just to mention a few. It is thus at least conceivable, if not likely, that in the notso-distant future we will have access to gigantic databases of neural data as well as sufficiently powerful computers to model entire nervous systems. Although most neuroscientists would certainly welcome such a scenario, even at that point the problem of reverse engineering the brain would remain tremendously challenging. Why? Because building computational models based on experimental data requires those data to be annotated. In keeping with the connectomic theme, it is not sufficient to have a large connectivity matrix describing the blueprint of the entire circuit. Incorporating these data in a computational model requires explicit identification of the brain regions and neuron types for each of those synapses, so as to enable integration of appropriate biophysical details, sources of input, and targets of output. Large data sets (which are inescapable given the complexity of the brain) imply huge annotation efforts. Extensive
A subset of malignant phyllodes tumors harbors alterations in the Rb/p16 pathway

Breast phyllodes tumors are fibroepithelial neoplasms with variable risk of aggressive local recurrence and distant metastasis, and the molecular pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we systematically study p16 and Rb expression in 34 phyllodes tumors in relation to proliferation. Tissue microarrays were constructed from 10 benign, 10 borderline, and 14 malignant phyllodes (5 cores/tumor) and from 10 fibroadenomas (2 cores/tumor). Tissue microarrays were labeled by immunohistochemistry for p16, Rb, and Ki-67 and by in situ hybridization for high-risk human papillomavirus. Cytoplasmic and nuclear p16 were scored by percentage labeling (0%-100%, diffuse >95%) and intensity. Nuclear Rb was scored by percentage labeling (0%-100%, diffuse >75%) and intensity. p16 and Rb labeling were repeated on whole sections of cases with Rb loss on the tissue microarray. Twenty-nine percent (4/14) malignant phyllodes showed diffuse strong p16 labeling with Rb loss in malignant cells (diffuse p16+/Rb−), whereas 21% (3/14) malignant phyllodes showed the reverse pattern of p16 loss with diffuse strong Rb (p16−/diffuse Rb+). Results were consistent between tissue microarrays and whole sections. No borderline phyllodes, benign phyllodes, or fibroadenoma showed diffuse p16+/Rb− or p16−/diffuse Rb+ phenotypes. No cases contained high-risk human papillomavirus. Average Ki-67 proliferation indices were 15% in malignant phyllodes, 1.7% in borderline phyllodes, 0.5% in benign phyllodes, and 0% in fibroadenoma. Ki-67 was highest in malignant phyllodes with diffuse p16+/Rb− labeling. In summary, 50% malignant phyllodes display evidence of Rb/p16 pathway alterations, likely reflecting p16 or Rb inactivation. These and other mechanisms may contribute to the increased proliferation in malignant phyllodes relative to other fibroepithelial neoplasms.
Blood banking issues pertaining to neonatal red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract Many preterm infants are given multiple red blood cell transfusions during the early weeks of life. Because firm standards for neonatal transfusions do not exist, it is important to consider the pathophysiology of the anemia of prematurity, the goals of transfusion therapy and blood banking practices that best provide safe and effective neonatal transfusions. There is increasing agreement that efforts continue to minimize phlebotomy blood losses, to transfuse per conservative indications and to limit donor exposure by transfusing stored red blood cells from a single unit reserved for an infant – rather than insisting on fresh blood.
Relationships Between Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations and Rearing Mortality of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) Eggs from Lake Michigan

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate a possible correlation between chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and rearing mortality of chinook salmon. Eggs, collected from adult Lake Michigan chinook salmon in October, 1982, were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and rearing mortality. Polychlorinated biphenyls, toxaphene, and fifteen other chlorinated hydrocarbons were quantified. Also, concentrations of individual PCB congeners were quantified. We found 78 quantifiable PCB congeners, only three of which were non-ortho substituted. Mean concentrations of Arocloi ® 1242, 1254 and 1260 were 1.7, 5.4, and 1.1 μg/g, respectively. The concentration of toxaphene-like material was 3.3 μg/g, and the mean concentration of the total DDT complex was 1.0 μg/g. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons ranged approximately 10-fold among individual fish. An analysis of variance components demonstrated that this variability represented among-fish variation and was not due to errors in sampling or quantification. Duplicate studies of egg viability and fry mortality, conducted at 10, 11, and 15°C, correlated with residue concentrations. While some residue concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with egg viability and survival of fry, others were positively correlated. Thus, we observed no consistent trends in Pearson, pairwise-correlations between either egg viability or survival of fry to swim-up stage and individual residue concentrations. When the residues were classified into four principal components, two of the principal components which contained primarily the toxaphene and PCB concentrations were negatively correlated with survival of fry to the swim-up stage.
Fibre-optic sensor technologies for humidity and moisture measurement

A review of the use of fibre-optic sensor technologies for humidity sensing is presented. The paper first provides a brief overview on the basic concept of what is meant by humidity and on conventional detection methods. This is followed by an extensive review on the various fibre-optic techniques reported for humidity sensing, covering both intrinsic and extrinsic sensor configurations.
Correlation between the spin-independent and spin-dependent direct detection of dark matter

We study the correlation between spin-independent and spin-dependent scattering in the context of minimal supersymmetric standard model neutralino dark matter for both thermal and nonthermal histories. We explore the generality of this relationship with reference to other models. We discuss why either fine-tuning or numerical coincidences are necessary for the correlation to break down. We derive upper bounds on spin-dependent scattering mediated by a ${Z}^{0}$ boson.
Phase II trial of trimetrexate in patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcoma.

Trimetrexate, a lipophilic, 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivative of methotrexate, enters cells by passive diffusion rather than via a transport system. Trimetrexate has shown promising activity in animal model systems. A total of 16 patients with metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma who had received only one prior chemotherapy regimen were treated with trimetrexate (8 mg/m2 given intravenously daily for 5 days) every 3 weeks. Treatment-related toxicity included ≥ grade 2 neutropenia (8/16), thrombocytopenia (3/16), mucositis (4/16) and skin rash (3/16). No partial or complete responses were observed in 15 evaluable patients (95% confidence interval for true response rate, 0–22%) Six subjects showed stabilization of disease for periods ranging from 2 to 9 months. At this dose and on this schedule, trimetrexate appears to have little activity against refractory soft-tissue sarcomas.
Signal-averaging and time-delay techniques for experiments with plasma-wave echoes

Signal-averaging and time-delay techniques have been successfully adapted to experiments on temporal wave echoes and Landau damping in plasma, utilising commonly available instrumentation. Noise-free damped waves can be observed over a period of several hundred microseconds.
Noise Generation by Fans with Supersonic Tip Speeds

Fan noise continues to be a significant issue for commercial aircraft engines and there still exists a requirement for improved understanding of the fundamental issues associated with fan noise source mechanisms. At the present time, most of the prediction methods identify the dominant acoustic sources to be associated with the stator vanes or blade trailing edges which are downstream of the fan face. However recent studies have shown that acoustic waves are significantly attenuated as they propagate upstream through a rotor, and if the appropriate corrections are applied, sound radiation from the engine inlet is significantly underpredicted. The prediction models can only be applied to fans with subsonic tip speeds. In contrast, most aircraft engines have fan tip speeds which are transonic and this implies an even higher attenuation for upstream propagating acoustic waves. Consequently understanding how sound propagates upstream through the fan is an important, and not well understood phenomena. The objective of this study is to provide improved insight into the upstream propagation effects through a rotor which are relevant to full scale engines. The focus of this study is on broadband fan noise generated by boundary layer turbulence interacting with the trailing edges of the fan blades. If this source mechanism is important upstream of the fan, the sound must propagate upstream through a transonic non uniform flow which includes large gradients and non linearities. Developing acoustic propagation models in this type of flow is challenging and currently limited to low frequency applications, where the frequency is of the same order as the blade passing frequency of the fan. For trailing edge noise, much higher frequencies are relevant and so a suitable approach needs to be developed, which is not limited by an unacceptably large computational effort. In this study we are in the process of developing a computational method which applies for the high frequencies of interest, and allows for any type of flow field associated with the fan. In this progress report the approach to be used and the basic equations will be presented. Some initial results will be given, but these are preliminary and need further verification.
Materials Screening for Attenuating Embedded {Phase-Shift} Photoblanks for {DUV} and 193 nm Photolithography

We surveyed more than 150 different materials as candidates for optically tunable (at 248 nm and 193 nm), attenuating embedded phase-shift masks. Multicomponent materials with four distinct microstructures: (1) composites, (2) cermets, (3) multilayers, and (4) copolymers, where one component was optically clear at the application wavelength and the other component more optically absorbing, provided a systematic approach for adjusting the needed optical properties: specifically, optical transmission and π-phase-shift. From evaluation of optical properties and other mask manufacturability issues, including chemical and radiation durability, etch selectivity, alignment and inspection properties, film stress and adhesion, we identified promising nitride and oxide materials based on MNx-AlN (M=Cr, Mo, W,...) and M'Oy-RuO2 (M'=Al, Hf, Zr...) as well as promising polymers.
Investigation of a Direct Effect of Nanosecond Pulse Electric Fields on Mitochondria

ABSTRACT The unique cellular response to nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) exposure, as compared to longer pulse exposure, has been theorized to be due to permeabilization of intracellular or ganelles including the mitochondria. In this investigation, we utilized a high-throughput oxygen and pH sensing system (Seahorse® XF24 extracellular flux analyzer) to assess the mitochondrial activ ity of Jurkat and U937 cells after nsPE F. The XF Analyzer uses a transient micro-chamber of only a few µL in specialized cell culture micro-plates to enable oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) to be monitored in real-time. We found that for nsPEF exposures of 10 pulses at 10-ns pulse width and at 50 kV/cm e-field, we were able to cause an increase in OCR in bo th U937 and Jurkat cells. We also found that high pulse numbers (>100) caused a significant decrease in OCR. Higher amplitude 150 kV/cm exposures had no effect on U937 cells and yet they had a deleterious effect on Jurkat cells, matching previously published 24 hour survival data. These results suggest that the exposures were modulating metabolic activity in cells possibly due to direct effects on the mitochondria themselves. To validate this hypothesis, we isolated mitochondria from U937 cells and exposed them similarly and found no significant change in metabolic activity for any pulse number. In a final experiment, we removed calcium from the buffer solution that the cells were exposed in and found that no significant enhancement in metabolic activity was observed. These results suggest that direct permeabilization of the mitochondria is unlikely a primary effect of nsPEF exposure and calcium-mediated intracellular pathway activation is likely responsible for observed pulse-induced mitochondrial effects. Keywords : nanosecond pulse electric field, mitochondria, Seahorse, mitochondrial function basal respiration, ATP production, maximal respiration, oxygen consumpti on rate (OCR), extracellular acidification rate (EAR) *Larry.e.estlack.ctr@mail.mil; phone 1 210 539-5945, fax 1 210 539-7945
Evaluation of two non-destructive sampling methods for bean thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) detection in navel oranges

Abstract Adult bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande), over-wintering inside the navel of navel oranges in California are an export problem when detected in fruit sent to Australia. At present, a systems approach is used to reduce fruit infestation levels and one component of this approach is to search for thrips inside the navel by cutting 50 fruit per block prior to harvest and 75 fruit per grower lot before packing in the packinghouse with any detection of live bean thrips leading to that grower lot not being eligible for shipment to Australia. Given that bean thrips infestation levels are often 0.5% of the fruit or less, this amount of fruit cutting can lead to shipment of infested lots of citrus to Australia. As an alternative to cutting more fruit, two non-destructive methods of sampling for bean thrips inside the navel of navel oranges were investigated which might be used on larger numbers of fruit and result in fewer infested lots being shipped to Australia. A light trap at the apex of a pyramid-shaped black cloth tent caught 41.1% of adult bean thrips released at the bottom of the tent. When this experiment was repeated with the tent placed over a citrus bin two-thirds full of fruit, however, only 9.3% of thrips released at the bottom of the bin were captured. A second method of sampling, washing bean thrips out of the navel onto a screen, resulted in close to 90% recovery of thrips with each of the five spray rinses evaluated, including distilled water. Regression analysis indicated there was no statistical difference between results with the five rinses. Thus, it might be worthwhile trying to scale-up our laboratory method of rinsing with distilled water to a method that might be used in a commercial packinghouse for detection of bean thrips in large numbers of fruit. Even if one assumes that cutting fruit is 100% efficient in finding bean thrips inside the navel of navel oranges, sampling a much larger number of fruit using a method with 90% efficiency is shown to result in higher odds of finding any bean thrips that are present.
Assessing specificity for immunogenicity assays

Developing sensitive and specific bioanalytical assays for measuring the immunogenicity of biological therapeutics has become an integral component of the drug-development process. The strategy for measuring these immune responses involves performing sensitive screening assays that are capable of detecting low levels of both low- and high-affinity antibodies. However, having sensitive assays inherently results in a certain rate of false-positivity. Hence, developing steps to determine specificity in these assays is important to confirm the presence of antidrug antibodies. The specificity assays are defined by the ability of an assay to score a positive result if the serum sample contains an antibody that can bind and/or neutralize the therapeutic protein. Here, we discuss the methodologies for determining specificity in the bioanalytical assays used for measuring antidrug antibodies. These methods will provide investigators and regulators with guidelines to develop and review assays to measure antidrug antibodies, which can specifically interfere with the actions of the drug and/or influence the safety profile of the therapeutic proteins.
The Interrelationships among Prolactin, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone in Humans*

Serum PRL, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] concentrations were measured in 6 women and 2 men with hyperprolactinemia, 6 normal men and 7 normal women, 4 men and 4 women with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 16 men and 4 women with Ca nephrolithiasis. Plasma 1,25(OH)2D and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were normal in the women and men with hyperprolactinemia. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and elevated serum PTH, plasma 1,25(OH)2D concentrations were elevated but serum PRL levels were normal. Likewise, serum PRL levels were normal in patients with Ca nephrolithiasis who had significantly elevated plasma, 1,25(OH)2D concentrations and normal serum PTH concentrations. Thus, hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary adenoma or idiopathic hypersecretion is not accompanied but elevated plasma concentrations of l,25(OH)2D. (J Clin EndocrinolMetab 49: 628, 1979)
Stimulus learning versus response learning in a discriminated punishment situation

Abstract The suppression of bar pressing under two kinds of conditions was compared. Under one condition the response was occasionally punished by shock in the presence of a signal. Suppression to the signal was quickly acquired, indicating rapid learning about the signal-shock relationship (stimulus learning). Under the other condition the response was occasionally punished in the presence of the signal but additional free shocks were given in the absence of the signal. The slow acquisition of suppression found in this case indicated that there was, at best, only gradual learning about the response-shock relationship (response learning).
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE ORGANIZATION OF SONG SPARROW REPERTOIRES

Abstract We asked whether geographic variation exists in the complexity of song repertoires in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) by quantitatively comparing four measures of repertoire organization across four geographically distant populations: (1) repertoire size (the number of distinct song types), (2) the number of “minimal units of production” per repertoire, (3) mean similarity among variants of the same song type (“within-type” similarity), and (4) mean similarity among song types in a repertoire (“between-type” similarity). We found significant geographic differences among populations in three of these four measures, with mean similarity among song types being the exception. In general, relatively sedentary populations in North Carolina and Washington were more similar to each other than to migratory populations in Pennsylvania and Maine. Contrary to our expectation based on prior interspecific analyses of variation in repertoire complexity, the relatively sedentary populations in our sample had m...
Prelude to Catastrophe: FDR's Jews and the Menace of Nazism. By Robert Shogan. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2010. 312 pp.

Prelude to Catastrophe: FDR's Jews and the Menace of Nazism. By Robert Shogan. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2010. 312 pp. In Prelude to Catastrophe: FDR's Jews and the Menace of Nazism, Robert Shogan critiques the failure of American Jewish leaders to prod the Roosevelt administration into stronger action on behalf of Jewish victims of the Third Reich. The book is organized as a series of brief biographies focused on the Jewish leaders who had the most access to Franklin D. Roosevelt: Louis D. Brandeis, progressive reformer and Supreme Court Justice; Felix Frankfurter, Harvard law professor, talent-spotter for the Roosevelt administration, and eventually a Supreme Court Justice; Samuel Rosenman, FDR speechwriter and political confidante; Benjamin Cohen, White House legislative assistant and architect of important New Deal legislation; Rabbi Stephen Wise, prominent spokesman for American Jews; and Henry Morgenthau, Roosevelt's neighbor, friend, and Secretary of the Treasury. Shogan identifies four failures of "FDR's Jews" and of the larger American Jewish community. First, Jews too often backed away from organized protests and boycotts out of fear of intensifying anti-Semitism or losing influence with the Roosevelt administration. Shogan claims that other New Deal political constituencies, such as labor unions and African Americans, extracted the best results from the administration when they resorted to protests or the threat of demonstrations. Second, he holds that Jews should have worked harder to convince the American public that Hitler's regime harmed not only Jews, but "threatened all of Western Civilization" (p. 225). Third, he writes that advocates for Jewish refugees failed to mount an effective rebuttal to the claims that increasing immigration quotas would worsen unemployment. Finally, the biggest mistake of American Jewish leaders was to let the president take their electoral support for granted. Shogan's Roosevelt governed by "temporizing and dissembling" (p. 163). His failure "to lead the public in the proper direction.., doomed hopes that he would deal effectively with the Jewish refugee crisis" (p. 165). Roosevelt allowed the State Department to keep immigration quotas unfilled, and ignored creative proposals such as Harold Ickes' suggestion to open up Alaska to refugees. In one of his last acts as president, FDR betrayed a promise to the Jewish community and pledged to King Saud that he would oppose efforts to create a Jewish state in Palestine. Shogan sees Brandeis, Frankfurter, Rosenman, and Wise failing to speak truth to power. In varying degrees, all four men acted too timidly, fearful of undermining their own clout with the president. Cohen, convinced that he could do little to modify FDR's indifference to the Jews, instead worked to gain passage of measures such as the Destroyer-for-Bases Deal, which would help Great Britain stay in the war against Hitler. Only Morgenthau took the kind of action that the situation required. …
Long-term effect of adenotonsillectomy on quality of life in pediatric patients.

Hypothesis: Adenotonsillectomy improves general and disease-specific quality of life for properly selected patients suffering for upper airway obstruction secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (UAO) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Study Design: Prospective, nonrandomized questionnaire. Specific Aims: To evaluate quality of life in patients with UAO and OSA using general quality of life instruments as well as disease-specific instruments. The results will be compared both pre- and postoperatively. Methods: Fifty-five patients aged 2 to 16 with the clinical diagnosis of UAO or OSA were recruited. The caregivers completed Children's Health Questionnaire Parent Form-28 (CHQPF-28) and OSA-18 quality of life measures both pre- and postoperatively in the long and short term. Statistical analysis was performed using the unpaired Student t test, P value less than .05, and Spearman Rank coefficient. Results: CHQ-PF28 scores were improved in the Physical Summary parameter in long-term follow-up. Psychosocial scores did not improve significantly. OSA-18 scores showed improvement in both the short-and long-term scores. Physical findings and symptoms did not impact scores in any domain. Conclusions: Quality of life in children with OSA does improve after adenotonsillectomy. Disease-specific clinometric instruments show improvement in domains affected by the disease process. However, instruments used to assess general quality of life may show physical improvement but not psychosocial.
Small female head and neck interaction with a deploying side airbag

Abstract Objective : This paper presents dummy and cadaver experiments designed to investigate the injury potential of an out-of-position small female head and neck from a deploying side airbag. Methods : Seat-mounted, thoracic-type, side airbags were selected for this study to represent those currently available on selected luxury automobiles. A computer simulation program was used to identify the worst case loading position for the small female head and neck. Once the initial position was identified, experiments were performed with the Hybrid III 5th percentile dummy and three small female cadavers, using three different inflators. Results : Peak head center of gravity (CG) accelerations for the dummy ranged from 71× g to 154× g , and were greater than cadaver values, which ranged from 68× g to 103× g . Peak neck tension as measured at the upper load cell of the dummy increased with inflator aggressivity from 992 to 1670 N. A conservative modification of the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) N ij proposed neck injury criteria, which combines neck tension and bending, was used. All values were well below the 1.0 injury threshold for the dummy and suggested a very low possibility of neck injury. In agreement with this prediction, no injuries were observed. Conclusions : Even in a worst case position, small females are at low risk of head or neck injuries under loading from these thoracic-type airbags; however, injury risk increases with increasing inflator aggressivity.
Pediatric Neurologic Potpourri: Cases to Remember

Abstract Neurological emergencies are many and varied. While some emergencies occur commonly, others are seen more infrequently and can create diagnostic dilemmas. The four cases presented in this paper are intended to expose the reader to uncommon yet consequential cases that can pass through the emergency department. In each case we identify key concerns and offer up-to-date information on the patient management.
Differential effects of concanavalin A and succinyl concanavalin A on the macromolecular events of platelet activation

Abstract Cancanavalin A is capable of activating platelets in a concentration-dependent manner as judged by [ 14 C]serotonin secretion from prelabeled platelets. In contrast, succinyl concanavalin A does not induce platelet secretion. Concanavalin A treatment also results in a number of alterations in platelet macromolecules which are presumably associated with the process of platelet activation. These include the phosphorylation of 20 and 47 kDa platelet proteins, the increased polymerization and association of new proteins with th platelet cytoskeleton and the association of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/III complex with the platelet cytoskeleton. Succinyl concanavalin A treatment results in none of these macromolecular events. This difference is observed despite the demonstration that both lectins bind to the platelet surface. Gel overlay experiments also indicate that concanavalin A and succinyl concanavalin A bind to the same receptors. These differences in the biological effects of concanavalin A and succinyl concanavalin A on platelets may be due to decreased receptor crosslinking by the succinylated derivative. The formation of multiple linked interactions between surface receptors may be an important event in the activation of platelets by concanavalin A.
Reactivity of a 1:1 copper-oxygen complex: isolation of a Cu(II)-o-iminosemiquinonato species.

While a 1∶1 Cu–O2 adduct is generally unreactive with organic substrates, phosphines displace O2via an associative process and added Cu(I) leads to a novel internal ligand oxidation to yield a Cu(II)-o-iminosemiquinone complex.
Tunable machine vision-based strategy for automated annotation of chemical databases.

We present a tunable, machine vision-based strategy for automated annotation of virtual small molecule databases. The proposed strategy is based on the use of a machine vision-based tool for extracting structure diagrams in research articles and converting them into connection tables, a virtual “Chemical Expert” system for screening the converted structures based on the adjustable levels of estimated conversion accuracy, and a fragment-based measure for calculating intermolecular similarity. For annotation, calculated chemical similarity between the converted structures and entries in a virtual small molecule database is used to establish the links. The overall annotation performances can be tuned by adjusting the cutoff threshold of the estimated conversion accuracy. We perform an annotation test which attempts to link 121 journal articles registered in PubMed to entries in PubChem which is the largest, publicly accessible chemical database. Two cases of tests are performed, and their results are compare...
Vascular ring: right aortic arch, mirror image branching with Kommerell's diverticulum.

Images of vascular ring—right aortic arch, mirror image branching with Kommerell's diverticulum and a brief comment on its management.
Patterns of proteins synthesized by non-proliferating murine L cells.

Abstract When L cells were plated at high density (2 × 105/cm2), proliferation ceased within 3 days, but the cells remained viable and capable of reinitiating DNA synthesis for at least 16 days. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine labeled polypeptides at various intervals after plating revealed distinct changes in the relative abundance of major cellular proteins beginning 9 days after DNA synthesis ceased. An 84 000 mol. wt polypeptide increased markedly in amount while a polypeptide of 94 000 mol. wt disappeared. Autoradiograms following pulse-labeling showed that these changes were due to increased synthesis of the 84 000 mol. wt polypeptide and decreased synthesis of the 94 000 mol. wt polypeptide. Increased synthesis of a 109 000 mol. wt polypeptide occurred without a concomitant change in its relative abundance. These alterations in the pattern of proteins synthesized revert to normal after feeding with serum-free medium even though DNA synthesis does not resume. Therefore, it appears that even though no abrupt changes in the synthesis of major cellular proteins occurred upon cessation of proliferation, eventually a distinct adaptive pattern of protein synthesis develops in response to the changing culture conditions.
Kink band propagation and broadening in ductile matrix fiber composites: Experiments and analysis

Experimental observations of the kinking process in ductile matrix fiber composites confirm that kinking occurs in three distinct stages, incipient kinking, transient kinking and band broadening. Each of these stages is controlled by different kinematics. These stages and their underlying kinematics are described in detail in terms of soft deformation modes. New features revealed by our micrographs and experiments include: the tip of a propagating band lies at a shallower angle than the rest of the band, band broadening is steady-state phenomenon and occurs through localized micro-kink gliding. The experimentally measured steady-state band broadening stress is in agreement with a previous analytical prediction.
The quantitative histochemistry of acid proteinase in the nervous system: localization in neurons.

A new, fluorometric method was used to assay acid proteinase in tissue samples at great sensitivity. Digestion of hemoglobin at pH 3.8 (in brain mostly due to cathepsin D) was measured in individual nerve cell bodies and neuropil from the anterior horn of the spinal cord, and in the molecular and granular layers and while matter of cerebellum, in man and in monkey. Anterior horn cell perikarya were about 25 times more active than neuropil, and the granular layer of cerebellum had about three times the activity of the molecular layer. This predominantly neuronal localization resembles the distribution of other lysosomal hydrolases. The high capacity for protein breakdown found in neurons is in accord with their known high rates of protein synthesis and turnover.
Coevolution of communication and knowledge networks in transactive memory systems: Using computational models for theoretical development

This study focuses on the initial conditions of work teams and the impacts of these conditions on the development of teams’ transactive memory (TM) systems through computational modeling. TM theory describes the conditions under which team members retrieve and allocate information to accomplish collective tasks. Previous research has shown evidence for teams developing TM systems over time, but field research does not allow for the extensive manipulation of initial conditions a team might face when working together; conversely, this experimental research allowed for such manipulations without negatively impacting the ongoing productivity of organizations. Initial knowledge, initial accuracy of expertise recognition, and network size are explored as predictor variables on the development of a TM system as mediated through communication. System development is measured by the degree to which team members accurately perceive other members’ expertise and the extent to which the system has differentiated its stored knowledge. This study includes theoretically derived propositions tested through a path analysis of computationally generated data. The analysis validates the five propositions and is consistent with the developmental mechanisms of TM theory. Three additional paths proved to be significant and directly connect the initial conditions with the developmental indicators at the end state model.
PLATELET 12-HYDROXY-5,8,10, HEPTADECATRIENOIC ACID (HHT) INCREASES PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION BY AN EFFECT ON VASCULAR CYCLOOXYGENASE

No definite function has been attributed to HHT, a plt. arachidonic acid (AA) product produced in equivalent amounts to the plt. proaggregatory metabolite thromboxane (Tx.) We report that HHT stimulates prostacyclin production by endothelial cells, and have identified the mechanism for this effect. In human umbilical venous endothelial cells, HHT (0.5 and 1μM) stimulated prostacyclin (RIA for 6KPGF1α) by 32 ± 10% (1SE) and 42±13% (p<0.05 and 0.01). Similar changes were observed when the effect of HHT on exogenous 14C-AA metabolism in fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells (FBAECs) was studied. 6KPGF1α was stimulated by 25±9% and 30±6% at HHT cones, of 0.5 and 1μM (p<0.05 and 0.01). While prelabelling experiments with 14C-AA revealed that HHT (1μM) had no effect on AA release from FBAEC membrane lipids (6481±232cpm/well control vs 6928±339 in HHT treated cells), kinetic analyses revealed that HHT affected vascular cyclooxygenase. HHT (IpM) increased Vmax in test microsomes (706±49pmol/mg/min) when compared to controls (524±47; p<0.02). No effect on Km was observed (6.16±0.64μM control vs 7.19±1.02 in test microsomes). The effect of HHT on plt. AA metabolism was next evaluated. Preincubation of washed plts, with HHT (1μM) did not enhance thrombin (0.2U/ml) induced plt TXB2 (2.27±1.34pmol/106 pits, control vs 2.28±1.62 in HHT treated plts). No effect was also seen when AA (20μM) was the agonist. Further studies in plts prelabeled with 14C-AA did not reveal an effect of HHT on plt. AA release. HHT stimulates vascular prostacyclin production without a concomitant effect on pit. AA metabolism. HHT may be an important local modulator of plt. plug formation.
Energy and entropy of bond-breaking in liquid chalcogenides

Abstract From static magnetic susceptibility studies, we find that the energy to create a paramagnetic center in liquid sulfur at temperatures above 550°C is approximately 0.79 eV and the associated entropy is 4.4 k B . The bonding energies and entropies for a number of SSe alloys obtained from data reported here are similar to those of the pure materials. We also give magnetic susceptibility data for liquid S doped with Te and Tl which are compared to previous results for liquid Se.
Sedimentary record of a shoaling of the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea

Abstract Recent studies of hydrographic, nutrient and geochemical properties in the upper 200 m of the Black Sea have led to the hypothesis that the oxic/anoxic interface (chemocline) has shoaled by ∼ 30 m during the past few decades. This conclusion remains disputed, however, because historical hydrographic data are not sufficient to distinguish between short-term variability and a long-term net upward displacement in the position of the chemocline. Sediments deposited on the shelf, where the oxic/anoxic interface impinges on the sea floor, provide a reliable record of the redox conditions of overlying bottom waters. Sediments deposited under anoxic conditions are invariably laminated, whereas sediments deposited under sustained conditions of oxygenated bottom waters are heavily bioturbated. A set of five cores collected along a transect across the shelf in the south central Black Sea was examined for evidence of a shoaling of the oxic/anoxic interface. Results indicate that there has not been a basin-wide 30 m shoaling of the interface during the past ∼ 20 years as postulated from hydrographic data, although brief intervals during which the interface was depressed to a position as much as 30 m deeper than at present may have occurred. One core contained a clear record of a shoaling of the interface, as indicated by a transition from bioturbated to laminated sediments, but this transition occurred ∼ 200 years ago.
The Effect of Intestinal Reperfusion on Renal Function and Perfusion

This study examines the effect of intestinal reperfusion injury (IIR) on renal blood flow and relates this temporally to changes in renal ATP levels and renal tubular function. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 120 min of intestinal ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion (IIR). Renal blood flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres and a Doppler flow probe. Renal dysfunction was quantitated by measuring inulin clearance and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) in the isolated perfused organ. Renal tissue ATP levels were measured using a luciferase-luciferin assay. Sham-operated animals served as controls (SHAM). Renal blood flow was reduced by > 80% in the animals sustaining IIR when compared to baseline measurements (P < 0.05) or SHAM (P < 0.05). Temporally this reduction in renal blood flow was associated with a 25% reduction in tissue ATP levels (P < 0.05). The kidneys of animals sustaining IIR had a significantly greater FENa than did those of controls. These data support the notion that IIR is associated with a profound reduction in renal blood flow which is temporally related to reduced renal tissue ATP levels and renal tubular dysfunction.
Interface Stresses in Nanostructured Multilayered Materials

Surface and interface stresses, which are intrinsic thermodynamic quantities associated with all types of solid surfaces and interfaces are reviewed. A simple model for one type of interface stress is presented. These stresses can strongly influence the structure and mechanical behavior of nanostructured materials such as multilayered materials with ultrathin layer thicknesses.
Papillomavirus capsid proteins mutually impact structure

We studied a panel of mutant viruses containing wild-type and chimeric capsid HPV16 and HPV18 proteins. The mutant capsid protein expression, genome amplification, and episomal maintenance were comparable with the wild-type virus. However, the chimeric viruses varied in their titers from wild-type. We show that the intertypical mutant chimeric capsid viruses, that L2 affects the structure of L1 and that L1 affects the structure of L2 in the virion. These effects were measured using a panel of conformation-dependent neutralizing L1 MAbs and an L2 capsid surface peptide derived neutralizing antibody. These data suggest that variation of one capsid gene not only affects its own structure and antigenicity, but also affects the structure and antigenicity of the other capsid protein. Implications of our data suggest that for the continued effectiveness of a vaccine, variation in both capsid proteins need to be considered and not just the protein the vaccine is directed against.
A Variable- and Person-Oriented Investigation of Preschool Competencies and Head Start Children's Transition to Kindergarten and First Grade.

The present longitudinal study employed two distinctive approaches (variable-oriented and person-oriented) to examine low-income children's academic and social functioning across the important transition from pre-k to first grade. Participants included 152 former urban Head Start children. Variable-oriented and person-oriented approaches were hypothesized to contribute complementary information for purposes of whole-child assessment. Analyses revealed distinct and significant relationships between the variable-oriented preschool dimensions and person-oriented profiles and kindergarten and first grade outcomes. Findings support the use of both approaches for analyzing the interactive and predictive relationships of social and cognitive skills during early childhood. Implications for early intervention practice and policy are discussed.
Gas phase studies of ammonium–cyclodextrin compounds using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance

Abstract Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of 6, 7, or 8 glucose molecules (α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrin, respectively) which are used widely in industry due to their ability to form inclusion complexes with a variety of molecules in aqueous solution. Much speculation has been made as to whether inclusion complexes form as a result of hydrophobic interactions between guest molecules and the inner hydrophobic cavity of the CDs in water. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry was used to study adducts of cyclodextrins with various amines in the gas phase. Protonated cyclodextrins were generated using electrospray ionization, and were allowed to react with neutral amines. Adducts of each amine studied were observed to form with all three cyclodextrins. Equilibrium constants were measured for the exchange of neutral amines on protonated CD molecules. Size and shape dependent trends, especially with bulkier amines, suggest inclusion complex formation. Molecular modeling studies also support the formation of inclusion complexes rather than nonspecific adducts, and suggest that solvation of the charged guest by the CD host provides a large driving force for the formation of inclusion complexes, which are then stabilized by van der Waals interactions between the host and the guest. A second series of experiments was performed using gas phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange of protonated cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin–amine complexes with D 2 O. The protonated cyclodextrins have a rapid rate of exchange that slows by more than a factor of 10 when an amino guest is added. The amino groups of the guests are expected to have significantly higher gas phase basicities than the hydroxyl sites on the cyclodextrins or the deuterating agent, accounting for the observed decrease in exchange rates for cyclodextrin–amine complexes. Observed differences in the α- versus β- versus γ-cyclodextrin exchange rates suggest an exchange mechanism dependent upon the size of the cyclodextrin ring and its gas phase conformation.
mRNA-dependent synthesis of rat apolipoprotein E in vitro: Cotranslational processing and identification of an endoglycosidase H-sensitive glycopeptide intermediate

Abstract Total polyadenylated enriched mRNA was prepared from rat liver by guanidine-HCl extraction and oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. It was translated in vitro in an mRNA-dependent wheat germ system and rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, using radiolabeled leucine or methionine as amino acid precursor. A product, designated preapoE, was specifically precipitated by a rabbit anti-rat apoE serum and accounted for 1.5% of the total radioactive peptides. It migrated as a single band of radioactivity on SDS gels with an apparent molecular weight similar to that of mature plasma apoE. Inclusion of dog pancreatic microsomal membranes in the translation reaction resulted in a slightly smaller product (by 500 daltons). It also converted the preapoE from an endoglycosidase H-resistant to an enzyme-sensitive species. This suggests that processing of preapoE takes place by the cotranslational removal of a signal peptide and core glycosylation of the mature protein.
The relationship of phonological skills to language skills in Spanish–English-speaking bilingual children

These two studies investigate the relationship between phonological production skills and performance in other domains of language in Spanish-English-speaking bilingual children. We examine the relationship between scores on a single-word phonology test and language measures selected from formal testing and narrative samples in Spanish and English. The first study explores the language and phonology scores of 186 children (mean age = 5 years, 9 months) who represent a range of language ability levels. Phonology scores in both languages were most strongly correlated with performance on the Spanish morphosyntax subtest of the bilingual English-Spanish assessment and grammaticality of utterances in English narratives. The second study focuses on 12 children with low or high phonology skills selected from those who participated in the first study. Children with higher phonological production accuracy in both languages produced grammatical structures of low-phonetic salience with greater accuracy than children with lower phonological skills.
Constraints on Spontaneous Entrainment

Past research has revealed that a person's rhythmic limb movements become spontaneously entrained to an environmental rhythm if a.) visual information about the environmental rhythm is available and b.) its frequency of the environmental rhythm is near that of the person's movements. Further, this research has demonstrated that if the eyes track the environmental stimulus, the spontaneous entrainment to the environmental rhythm is strengthened. Experiments were performed to investigate two hypotheses that could explain this eye-tracking enhancement of spontaneous entrainment. One hypothesis is that eye tracking allows for the pick up of important coordinative information at the turn-around points of a movement trajectory. Another hypothesis is that the limb movements entrain to the moving eyes through a neuromotor synergy linking the eyes and limb. Results of these experiments will help delineate the informational and dynamical constraints that can impact the acquisition of skilled actions.