cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prochiral sulfides as in vitro probes for multiple forms of the flavin-containing monooxygenase

A homologous series of alkyl-substituted p-tolyl sulfides have been synthesized and evaluated as in vitro, isozyme-selective substrate probes for the microsomal flavin containing monooxygenases. Straight-chain and branched-chain alkyl homologs were metabolized to the corresponding (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides which were analyzed by chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Initial studies demonstrated that the stereochemical composition of alkyl p-tolyl sulfoxides generated by FMO2, purified from rabbit lung, was a function of the degree of steric crowding about the prochiral center. In contrast, purified rabbit liver FMO1 formed the (R)-sulfoxide from the n-alkyl series of substrates in a highly stereoselective manner (> 90%). Similar results were obtained with these two rabbit cDNAs expressed in E. coli. In contrast to rabbit FMO1 and FMO2, a characteristic feature of catalysis by cDNA-expressed rabbit FMO3 was the lack of stereoselectivity observed for formation of methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the stereochemical composition of sulfoxides generated from the n-alkyl series of sulfides is isozyme-dependent. Metabolism of methyl p-tolyl sulfide by detergent-solubilized hepatic microsomes from a wide variety of experimental animals yielded predominantly (R)- methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, which, at least in rabbit liver, is indicative of catalysis dominated by FMO1. However, solubilized human and macaque liver preparations catalyzed this reaction in a relatively non-stereoselective manner. Macaque liver FMO was purified and the metabolite profile generated from the n-alkyl p-tolyl sulfides was found to be most similar to rabbit FMO3. Moreover, antibodies directed against macaque liver FMO selectively reacted with rabbit FMO3 and a microsomal protein expressed in adult human, but not fetal human liver, adult human kidney or adult human lung. Therefore, an FMO isoform expressed selectively in adult primate liver has catalytic and immunochemical properties consistent with its classification in the FMO3 family.
Neural pathways in tactile object recognition.

Objective: To define further the brain regions involved in tactile object recognition using functional MRI (fMRI) techniques. Background: The neural substrates involved in tactile object recognition (TOR) have not been elucidated. Studies of nonhuman primates and humans suggest that basic motor and somatosensory mechanisms are involved at a peripheral level; however, the mechanisms of higher order object recognition have not been determined. Methods: The authors investigated 11 normal volunteers utilizing fMRI techniques in an attempt to determine the neural pathways involved in TOR. Each individual performed a behavioral paradigm with the activated condition involving identification of objects by touch, with identification of rough/smooth as the control. Results: Data suggest that in a majority of individuals, TOR involves the calcarine and extrastriatal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus–polar region. Conclusions: TOR may utilize visual systems to access an internal object representation. The parietal cortices and inferior frontal regions may be involved in a concomitant lexical strategy of naming the object being examined. Frontal polar activation likely serves a role in visuospatial working memory or in recognizing unusual representations of objects. Overall, these findings suggest that TOR could involve a network of cortical regions subserving somatosensory, motor, visual, and, at times, lexical processing. The primary finding suggests that in this normal study population, the visual cortices may be involved in the topographic spatial processing of TOR.
Inviscid melt-spun high-temperature alumina-magnesia fibres

Al2O3-MgO (AM) fibres containing 98.16 wt% Al2O3 and 1.84 wt% MgO, were produced via inviscid melt spinning. By using scanning electron microscopy it was found that the as-spun AM fibres were hollow and their surfaces were very rough. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the as-spun AM fibre showed δ-Al2O3 as a major phase and α-Al2O3 as a minor phase. The DTA curve of the as-spun AM fibre showed a single endothermic peak representing the phase transformation of δ-Al2O3 to α-Al2O3. This phase transformation was readily confirmed by analysing the X-ray diffraction pattern of heat-treated AM fibres.
A Photodiode - Readout (SPED) Sampling Calorimeter

We have built and tested a new type of sampling calorimeter using scintillator as the active material, and thin vacuum photodiodes for signal readout, the new feature. We measured an energy resolution of about 22%/?E for electrons of 10-37.5 GeV. For muons the signal to noise ratio is somewhat greater than 2. The main merits of such a design are the excellent gain stability (gain = 1), absence of the need for high voltages or for highly stabilized voltages or for elaborate calibration systems, and the ability to operate in high magnetic fields.
Software complexity, program synthesis, and data flow analysis (session overview): session overview

The papers in this session address three different themes - software complexity measurement, program synthesis, and data flow analysis. Research results in each area should have significant impact in the software industry.Kearney, et al's paper describes the difficult problems that must be solved by software complexity measurement research. Researchers in this area are looking for the structural properties of software that make programs difficult to understand and debug. Much software measures research has been plagued with theoretical and methodological problems which the paper describes. Because software complexity measurement research results promise to benefit the software industry through lower development and maintenance costs, the software industry is often too ready to apply measures that are still of questionable value. As the paper points out, users of complexity measures should be aware of the current limitations.
Projection, introjection, and projective identification: a reformulation.

In this essay, the author recommends a reformulation of the psychoanalytic concept of pojection. The author proposes that projective processes are not merely defensive maneuvers that interfere with perception, but rather an essential means by which human perception is rendered possible. It is the manner in which human beings test and-evaluate reality in terms of their experiential structure, and their needs for survival and nourishment. Projection is the early phase of introjection.
Sensitization of human ovarian tumor cells by subtoxic CDDP to anti-fas antibody-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis.

Abstract Treatment of drug-sensitive or resistant tumor cells with combination of anti-Fas antibody and drugs (e.g., CDDP) results in augmented cytotoxicity and synergy. This study examined a possible underlying mechanism of synergy achieved by anti-Fas and CDDP. Three human ovarian tumor cell lines were selected for the studies, namely, the CDDP-sensitive A2780 and CDDP-resistant variants AD10 and C30 tumor cells. All three lines express Fas but are resistant to cytotoxicity by anti-Fas antibody. Treatment of tumor cells with monoclonal mouse anti-human Fas (IgM) antibody and CDDP resulted in significant augmentation of cytotoxicity and synergy in all three lines. The magnitude of synergy was a function of the concentrations of both the anti-Fas antibody and the CDDP used. Pretreatment of tumor cells first with CDDP, but not with anti-Fas and then treatment with anti-Fas, resulted in synergy, suggesting that CDDP sensitizes the cells to anti-Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. This was corroborated by inhibiting synergy by the addition of neutralizing anti-Fas (IgG) antibody. Sensitization of tumor cells by CDDP resulted in upregulation of surface Fas expression which was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. Findings similar to those obtained in cytotoxicity were also obtained in apoptosis as determined by DNA hypoploidy and DNA fragmentation. The effect of CDDP-mediated sensitization to anti-Fas and cytotoxicity was compared to CDDP-mediated toxicity. The addition of the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) inhibited CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity in both AD10 and C30 but not in A2780 ovarian tumor cells. However, BHA did not inhibit upregulation of Fas expression by CDDP in all three lines and further BHA did not inhibit the synergy achieved with combination of subtoxic concentrations of CDDP and anti-Fas (IgM) antibody. These findings revealed that CDDP exerts its cytotoxic effect and its sensitization to Fas cytotoxicity by different mechanisms. Since cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) express Fas ligand and kill Fas + target cells, a significant potentiation of tumor cell killing will be achieved following sensitization of tumor cells to Fas signaling by subtoxic concentrations of CDDP. These findings suggest a new approach for augmenting CTL-mediated immune interventions in the therapy of resistant ovarian tumor cells.
Liquid-helium Green's functions near the lambda transition

Abstract The renormalized equations for the thermodynamic potential A and the Green's functions Gν of the degenerate interacting boson system are studied in the limit of small condensate density. Assuming that for a small positive ϵ = T − Tλ scaling-law-type asymptotic forms Σ(0, 0) − μ ∝ ϵσ, Σ(k, 0) − Σ(0, 0) ∝ (ϵ2ν + k2) 1− η 2 , ϖ 2 A ϖσ 1 2 2 ∝ ϵ λ are realized, neglecting the class K(2) of 2-irreducible graphs, and taking leading terms in entropy, it is found that γ = min(σ, ν(2 − η)). The relation of σ to the other critical indices is found, and yields the equation γ = (2 − η) (1 + η) .
Optical demonstrations through science fairs

The New England Section of the Optical Society of America (NES/OSA), founded in 1949, provides programming for the promotion of science and optics education. In recent years, the NES/OSA has combined funding to provide demonstrations during the Massachusetts Science Fairs for Middle and High School age groups and award prizes to the winners. This funding is supplied from the Section's operating budget, along with grants from the Optical Society of America (OSA). NES/OSA attends two annual science fairs comprised of the statewide finalists from 6 regional competitions. During these fairs, NES/OSA members conduct optics demonstrations using the Section's "Optics Suitcases". This talk will outline the NES/OSA's outreach program, some of the demonstrations and results.© (2010) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypothermia-produced retrograde amnesia in young and adult rats

Although the phenomenon of retrograde amnesia has received extensive investigation in adult animals, relatively little attention has been given to the effects of amnestic agents on retention performance of young animals. In the present experiment, 50-66- and 25-31-day-old rats were given one-trial passive avoidance training followed immediately by hypothermia treatment. Adult and young rats cooled to a temperature at or below 21$#x00B0; C within 8-9 min showed little evidence of retention 24 h later. In contrast, 25-31-day-old rats cooled in half the time to the same temperature showed evidence of good retention. The implications of these findings for further studies examining the relationship between age and short-term changes in memory traces were considered.
Characterization of the cell death promoter, Bad, in the developing rat retina and forebrain

Neuronal programmed cell death, or apoptosis, occurs during development, following injury or in certain disease processes, and is regulated by members of the B-cell leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) protein family. These molecules include both positive and negative regulators of cell death and act by selective dimerization that results in permissive or inhibitory effects on a cascade of cellular events, including mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, stimulation of cysteine protease activity and subsequent cellular deterioration. Here, we have characterized the expression of the cell death agonist, Bad, in the postnatal rat retina and forebrain. Isolation, subsequent amplification by RT-PCR and DNA sequence analysis revealed that retinal Bad was identical to Bad expressed in the developing and adult rat brain. Using a polyclonal antibody to Bad, we determined that, in the retina, on the day of birth (postnatal day-0, PND-0) Bad immunoreactivity was expressed primarily by retinal ganglion cells, some cells in the inner neuroblastic layer (NBL) and an indistinct plexus of processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). On PND-7, Bad immunoreactivity was observed in most cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), numerous cells scattered throughout the inner nuclear layer (INL), a lightly stained IPL and in a distinct band of immunostained fibers in the forming outer plexiform layer (OPL). By PND-15, Bad immunoreactivity was present in cells in the GCL, in some cells in the proximal INL and in horizontal cell processes in the OPL. The IPL was only faintly labeled. In the adult retina, specific Bad immunostaining was confined to large cells in the ganglion cell layer (presumed ganglion cells), occasional lightly stained horizontal cells and their processes in the OPL and to occasional small, lightly stained cells in the proximal INL (presumed amacrine cells) and GCL (presumed displaced amacrine cells). Again, the interposed IPL was faintly labeled. In the brain, Bad immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout the forebrain parenchyma but were particularly concentrated in neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Bad immunoreactivity was heaviest in these cells at PND-7, distinctly weaker at PND-10 and absent by PND-24. At all time points examined, Bad immunoreactivity was present in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, as previously reported in the adult rat brain. These data suggest that Bad is transiently expressed by various cell types in the perinatal retina, particularly ganglion cells, and in discrete forebrain regions. In the context of corroborative observations, Bad expression may be regulated in response to acute ischemia and may act as a control point for retinal neuronal apoptosis.
Quantitative validation of the discrete element method using an annular shear cell

Abstract The discrete element method (DEM) is often used as the “gold standard” for comparison to continuum-level theories and/or coarse-grained models of granular material flows due to its derivation from first-principal constructs, like contact mechanics. Despite its prevalence, the method is most often validated against experiment in only qualitative ways – comparison of mixing rates, gross features of concentration profiles, etc. – for exactly the reason it has found its popularity; detailed experimental measurements are difficult and often expensive. In this paper, we outline work aimed at using detailed, particle-level experimental measurements to quantitatively validate DEM simulations. Specifically, we examine the flow in a horizontally-aligned annular shear cell. Measurements are performed using digital particle tracking velocimetry (DPTV) so that the velocity, granular temperature, and solids fractions profiles may be extracted. Computationally, we attempt to match the experimental measurements as closely as possible and study the impact of a variety of contact mechanics-inspired force laws as well as perform sensitivity analysis on device and particle geometry and material properties employed.
Sesquiterpenoids from flue-cured tobacco leaves

Abstract Eight sesquiterpenoids were identified from an essential oil of flue-cured tobacco leaves. 2,3-Dehydrosolanascone was a new compound in nature.
Experimental and theoretical high pressure strategies for investigating protein-nucleic acid assemblies

Abstract A method was developed to investigate the stability of protein–nucleic acid complexes using hydrostatic pressure during electrophoretic gel mobility shift analysis. The initial system probed by this technique was the well-characterized cognate Bam HI–DNA complex. Band shift analysis at several elevated pressures found the equilibrium dissociation ( K d ) constant to be dependent on pressure, which allowed the volume change of dissociation (Δ V ) to be calculated. In order to describe the effects of pressure on the specific Bam HI–DNA complex at the molecular level, molecular dynamics simulations at both ambient and elevated pressure was performed. Comparison of the simulation trajectories identified several individual Bam HI–DNA contacts that are disrupted due to pressure. The disruption of these contacts can be attributed to an observed pressure-induced increase in hydration at the protein–DNA interface during the elevated pressure simulation.
Comparison of Measured Particle Lung-Deposited Surface Area Concentrations by an Aerotrak 9000 Using Size Distribution Measurements for a Range of Combustion Aerosols

Surface area in addition to mass concentration is increasingly being emphasized as an important metric representing potential adverse health effects from exposure to inhaled particles. Lung-deposited surface area (SA) concentrations for a variety of aerosols: coal, biomass, cigarette, incense, candle, and TiO2 were measured using an AeroTrak 9000 (TSI Incorporated) and compared with those calculated from number size distributions from a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Three methodologies to compute the SA concentrations using the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) Lung Deposition model and an SMPS were compared. The first method calculated the SA from SMPS size distributions, while the second method used lognormal size distribution functions. A third method generated a closed-form equation using the method of moments. All calculated SMPS SA data against which the measured SA data were compared were generated using the first method only; however, the SA concentrations cal...
The Ins and Outs of Programmed Cell Death during C. elegans Development

During the development of the C. elegans hermaphrodite, 131 of the 1090 cells generated undergo programmed cell death. Genetic studies have identified mutations in 14 genes that specifically affect this process. These genes define a genetic pathway for programmed cell death in C. elegans. Two genes, ced-3 and ced-4, are required for cells to undergo programmed cell death, while a third gene, ced-9, protects cells that should live from undergoing programmed cell death. The proteins encoded by ced-3 and ced-9 show significant similarity to proteins that affect programmed cell death in vertebrates, suggesting that the molecular cell death pathway in which ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9 act has been conserved between nematodes and vertebrates.
High and low affinity binding of [3H]cholate to rat liver plasma membranes

Abstract The transport of bile acids across sinusoidal and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes is characterized as carrier mediated. Such a carrier should specifically bind bile acids at physiological concentrations. We examined the binding of [ 3 H]cholate to rat liver plasma membranes using a microcentrifugation technique and detected high ( K D = 1.23 ± 0.44 μM , B max = 21.8 ± 3.3 pmol/mg protein) and low ( K D = 1.97 ± 1.33 mM, B max = 41.5± 25.3 nmol/mg protein) affinity binding sites. Maximal binding was achieved within 15–45 sec and was stable for 2 min at 37°. Binding to the high affinity site was reversible, was not Na + dependent or attributable to vesicular uptake, and exhibited a broad pH optimum. Binding to this site was negligible or not detected in liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, was saturable, and was inhibited by other bile acids. The IC 50 values for bile acids as inhibitors of [ 3 H]cholate binding at the high affinity site were: taurocholate, 1.9 nM; glycodeoxycholate, 3.1nM; chenodeoxycholate, 5.6nM; taurochenodeoxycholate, 7.3nM; glycochenodeoxycholate, 11 nM; lithocholate, 13 nM; taurodeoxycholate, 20 nM; glycocholate, 3.6 μM; and deoxycholate, 5.6 μM. [ 3 H]Cholate specific binding was inhibited by 10 −5 M bromosulfophthalein, bilirubin and indocyanin green. These data support the hypothesis that the high affinity binding site represents a carrier which is shared by bile acids and nonbile acid organic anions.
Substitutions of prolines examine their role in kinetic trap formation of the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of RICK

Caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) are small helical protein domains that adopt the Greek key fold. For the two CARDs studied to date, RICK-CARD and caspase-1-CARD (CP1-CARD), the proteins unfold by an apparent two-state process at equilibrium. However, the folding kinetics are complex for both proteins and may contain kinetically trapped species on the folding pathway. In the case of RICK-CARD, the time constants of the slow refolding phases are consistent with proline isomerism. RICK-CARD contains three prolines, P47 in turn 3, and P85 and P87. The latter two prolines constitute a nonconserved PxP motif in helix 6. To examine the role of the prolines in the complex folding kinetics of RICK-CARD, we generated seven proline-to-alanine mutants, including three single mutants, three double mutants, and one triple mutant. We examined the spectroscopic properties, equilibrium folding, binding to CP1-CARD, and folding kinetics. The results show that P85 is critical for maintaining the function of the protein and that all mutations decrease the stability. Results from single mixing and sequential mixing stopped-flow studies strongly suggest the presence of parallel folding pathways consisting of at least two unfolded populations. The mutations affect the distribution of the two unfolded species, thereby affecting the population that folds through each channel. The two conformations also are present in the triple mutant, demonstrating that interconversion between them is not due to prolyl isomerism. Overall, the data show that the complex folding pathway, especially formation of kinetically trapped species, is not due to prolyl isomerism.
Experience from hosting a corporate prediction market: benefits beyond the forecasts

Prediction markets are virtual stock markets used to gain insight and forecast events by leveraging the wisdom of crowds. Popularly applied in the public to cultural questions (election results, box-office returns), they have recently been applied by corporations to leverage employee knowledge and forecast answers to business questions (sales volumes, products and features, release timing). Determining whether to run a prediction market requires practical experience that is rarely described. Over the last few years, Ford Motor Company obtained practical experience by deploying one of the largest corporate prediction markets known. Business partners in the US, Europe, and South America provided questions on new vehicle features, sales volumes, take rates, pricing, and macroeconomic trends. We describe our experience, including both the strong and weak correlations found between predictions and real world results. Evaluating this methodology goes beyond prediction accuracy, however, since there are many side benefits. In addition to the predictions, we discuss the value of comments, stock price changes over time, the ability to overcome bureaucratic limits, and flexibly filling holes in corporate knowledge, enabling better decision making. We conclude with advice on running prediction markets, including writing good questions, market duration, motivating traders and protecting confidential information.
Anderson localization effects via the invariant measure for discretely disordered negative and positive index structures

For one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures consisting of alternating layers of positive and negative index materials, Anderson localization effects will appear when one or more parameters is disordered. Such long randomly disordered systems can be modeled via a long chain of independent identically distributed random matrices. The Lyapunov exponent of such a random matrix product characterizes the energy confinement due to Anderson localization. Furstenberg’s integral formula gives, at least theoretically, the Lyapunov exponent precisely. Furstenberg’s integral formula requires integration with respect to the probability distribution of the randomized layer parameters, and integration with respect to the so-called invariant probability measure of the direction of the vector propagated by the long chain of random matrices. This invariant measure can rarely be calculated analytically, so some numerical technique must be used to produce the invariant measure for a given random matrix product model. Here we use the Froyland-Aihara method to find the invariant measure. This method estimates the invariant measure from the left eigenvector of a certain sparse row-stochastic matrix. This sparse matrix represents the probabilities that a vector in one of a number of discrete directions will be transferred to another discrete direction via the random transfer matrix. This paper, possibly for the first time, presents the numerically calculated invariant measure for a discretely disordered one-dimensional photonic bandgap structure which includes negative index material in alternating layers. Results are compared with the structure containing all positive index layers, as well as with the counterpart structure in which random variables are drawn from a uniform probability density function.
Multispecies retention parameters for cadmium.

The intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral administration of radioisotopic cadmium to experimental animals yielded results for retention parameters comparable to most of those reported in the literature. Whole-body biological retention half-lives ranged from 250 to 1270 days. Repeated oral administration to dogs and monkeys gave an interesting pattern of buildup for stable cadmium intake, with equilibrium being projected at approximately 6.3 and 55% of the repeated single dose, respectively. The kidney definitely is the organ of greatest concentration with time. Various retention parameters reported here are compared to those used in calculating maximum permissible concentrations of radiocadmium in air and water. This comparison suggests that current allowable working levels may be high by a factor of 100.
RECOVERY OF PHENOLIC WOOD SMOKE COMPONENTS FROM SMOKED FOODS AND MODEL SYSTEMS

SUMMARY– Procedures for extraction, isolation, and concentration of wood smoke phenols from commercial summer sausage, laboratory smoked pork belly, and model systems were evaluated during development of methods for quantitative determination of individual phenolic compounds in smoked food products. Extraction of summer sausage with 50% aqueous ethanol, followed by thorough washing of the residue resulted in 84% recovery of added 14C-phenol. Additional losses occurred during isolation and concentration of a phenolic fraction, resulting in an overall recovery of 59% of the added phenol. Concentrates were prepared from 5% NaOH extracts and compared by gas chromatographic analysis with those prepared by aqueous ethanol extraction. A greater variety of substituted methoxy and dimethoxy phenols was found in the concentrates prepared from alkaline extracts. Recoveries of phenols from summer sausage, pork belly, and model systems simulating wet tissue and fat are compared.
Re-negotiating the Discourse of Lower Track High School Students

The purpose of this study was to examine how lower track science students would understand shifts in standard classroom discourse patterns. The researcher videotaped his daily efforts to renegotiate the lower track classroom environment to become more representative of a scientific community. This paper is an analysis of the implicit obstacles inherent in shifting class discussions to classroom arguments examining tentative hypotheses. Students have inserted struggles for social status into classroom arguments about scientific ideas making it difficult to separate in a group discussion when the evidence convinced a student or whether the social politics of the class had persuaded her. As a result of changing classroom rules for participation, engagement, and collaborative inquiry, students' abilities to argue scientifically were changed. Despite these shifts students continued to insert their own interpretations of argumentation, social norms, and strategies for active re-negotiation of the teacher's agenda for the construction of scientific classroom discourse.
Dizocilpine (MK-801) increases not only dopamine but also serotonin and norepinephrine transmissions in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis in freely moving rats

The extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens (NACC) of freely moving rats were monitored simultaneously via intracerebral microdialysis. Local infusion of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine) (5-250 microM) produced significant increases in extracellular levels of DA, NE and 5-HT in a concentration-dependent fashion. Perfusion with tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 microM) blocked the ability of focal MK-801 (50 microM) to increase DA, NE and 5-HT in the dialysate. Systemic administration of MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) also produced small, but statistically significant, increases in extracellular concentrations of DA, NE and 5-HT in the NACC. Our microdialysis results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in addition to dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmissions in the NACC are involved in the mechanism by which MK-801 alters behavior in rats. Also, the present study gives further support to the concept that NMDA receptors within the NACC do not regulate DA release through direct excitatory control.
EXTRAVERSION AND DURATION OF THE ARCHIMEDES SPIRAL AFTEREFFECT.

Two studies are reported testing the relationship between reported duration of the Archimedes Spiral Aftereffect (SAE) and the interaction between the personality variables of neuroticism and extra...
P1–21: Field electron emission under Coulomb blockade in a suspended metallic island

We observe Coulomb blockade in the field-emission current of a metallic island between two electrodes freely suspended by a thin insulating layer. The Coulomb-controlled current shows a stepwise increase in the low bias regime at 77K [1]. The variation of the step width at different gate voltages is investigated. A theoretical model suggested by Raichev [2] explains the obtained traces, taking into account orthodox Coulomb blockade and field emission in the low bias regime.
Shock-induced Preferred Disorder in Solids

X ray detectable preferred disorder in solids by shock loading studied in Ainsworth meteorite and in hexagonal alpha silicon dioxide
Glasses in howardites: Impact melts or pyroclasts?

We have analyzed glasses in eight howardites with the aim of distinguishing their origins as impact melts or pyroclasts. Although theoretical calculations predict that pyroclastic eruptions could have taken place on Vesta, the occurrence of pyroclastic glasses in HED meteorites has not been documented. This study involved petrographic examination of textures, electron microprobe analysis of major and minor elements, and LA-ICP-MS analysis for selected trace elements. Previously documented textural and compositional differences between lunar impact-melt and pyroclastic glasses partly guided this study. This work yielded no positive identification of pyroclastic glasses. The most likely explanation is that pyroclastic glasses never formed, either because Vesta contains insufficient volatiles to have powered explosive eruptions, or because eruptive conditions produced optically dense fire-fountains that allowed melt drops to collect as lava ponds. The impact-melt glasses were grouped (low-alkali, Ca-rich, and K-rich) based on compositions. We suggest that these glasses are the result of impacts onto known HED lithologies. The low-alkali glasses are impact melts of bulk HED lithologies. We hypothesize that the Ca-rich and K-rich glasses result from oversampling of plagioclase and of mesostasis that experienced liquid immiscibility, respectively, during micrometeorite impacts into eucrite targets.
Gender Ideology and Religion: Does a Masculine Image of God Matter?

A number of recent studies explore predictors of gender ideology due to its consistent influence on a range of outcomes. Another growing body of research investigates the effects of images of God on an assortment of attitudes. This study unites these two strands of research to provide an account of the association between religious belief and gender ideology. Using data from a national random survey and multivariate analysis, I examine whether a masculine image of God is significantly associated with a more conservative gender ideology. The results demonstrate that viewing God as a “he” is robustly associated with a more traditional gender ideology.
Price Level Stabilization Experiments Using the Dynamic Phillips Curve Concept

This paper deals with the price-level stabilization issue from a monetarist point of view. Government fiscal action is assumed to be ineffective without corresponding monetary actions. The price-level stabilization is studied here using the dynamic econometric model developed by the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank and, employing a linear parameterised control law, optimized monetary policies are found which drive the economy to specified target inflation rates. The economic response is described in terms of dynamic Phillips curves and the tradeoff between short term unemployment and long term stabilized inflation rates is given. The control solution indicates that optimized monetary policy should be initially contractionary, followed by a mild expansionary phase. There is a short term rise in unemployment which is the price paid for stabilized low inflation rates.
High Reliability Organizations—Medication Safety

High reliability organizations (HROs), such as the aviation industry, successfully engage in high-risk endeavors and have low incidence of adverse events. HROs have a preoccupation with failure and errors. They analyze each event to effect system wide change in an attempt to mitigate the occurrence of similar errors. The healthcare industry can adapt HRO practices, specifically with regard to teamwork and communication. Crew resource management concepts can be adapted to healthcare with the use of certain tools such as checklists and the sterile cockpit to reduce medication errors. HROs also use The Swiss Cheese Model to evaluate risk and look for vulnerabilities in multiple protective barriers, instead of focusing on one failure. This model can be used in medication safety to evaluate medication management in addition to using the teamwork and communication tools of HROs.
Misuse, abuse, overuse, and unuse of on-line computer facilities by psychologists

This, then, is a very personal and informal view of some of the peculiar trends of computer application in experimental psychology. If there is any single point on which I would prefer to end, it would be a reiteration of my belief that, on the whole, the positive attributes and contributions to our science of on-line computers have far outweighed some of these nagging aggravations. Regardless of what has been done and in what way it has been done, it is certainly better to have done something than never to have done anything at all. Our science, like a computer program, is also contingent and self-adapting, and most minor strategic errors are quickly corrected. But no one can debug a computer program or a major technological movement without at least having pushed the startbutton.
Pharmacology of some synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols.

Abstract DMHP (1-hydroxy-3-1′, 2′-dimethylheptyl-6,6,9-trimethyl 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6-dibenzopyran or in brief dimethyl heptyl pyran, EA 1476) is a synthetic analog of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC). Both DMHP and its acetate, DMHPA (EA 2233) produce varying degrees of physical and mental incapacitation. Both compounds elicit orthostatic hypotension at dose levels far below those required to produce mild mental incapacitation. Compared with Δ 9 -THC, DMHP has clearly more potent and prolonged hypotensive action, but much less psychological effect. The potencies of DMHP and DMHPA are more or less similar, but the acetate derivative is more stable against the degrading effects of light and air. Like DMHP, DMHPA consists of eight isomers which vary in their potency. Accordingly, depending on the proportion of the isomers, the racemic mixtures show variability in their potencies. The isomers 2 and 4 have been shown to be more potent than the other isomers.
Effect of hydration on polarographic reduction of some carbonyl compounds

Abstract Hydration and acid-base equilibria of the hydrated form govern the reduction and oxidation of numerous carbonyl compounds. Aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes are reduced in the free carbonyl form and oxidized as geminal diol anions. In haloacetaldehydes and haloacetones the C−X bond can be reductively cleaved both in the free carbonyl and in the hydrated form, oxidized form is again the geminal diol anion. Schemes (6), (7), (10), (11), (12) and (13) summarize the mechanism of the hydration and its relation to electrooxidation and reduction. Differential pulse of polarographic waves enabled measurement of heights of waves close to the initial or final rise of current and following the variations of their height with changes in activity of the solution.
Severity Function Describing the Hydrolysis of Xylan Using Carbonic Acid

Beech wood derived xylan to hydrolyzed to predominantly xylose monomer units after exposure to hot, compressed liquid water saturated with carbon dioxide. Similar treatment without CO2 saturation resulted in only minor hydrolysis and a smaller fraction of monomers among the hydrolysis products. Severity of the hydrolysis reaction was correlated to reaction time, temperature, and carbon dioxide partial pressure and followed a function similar to those used to characterize mineral acid systems. Results from parallel hydrolysis experiments with an aqueous system and a very dilute sulfuric acid system allowed an approximation of the dissociation constant of carbonic acid in the temperature range of 170–230°C. Results suggest that carbonic acid may be a viable reagent for promoting hydrolysis without mineral acids, especially in the case of a bioprocessing plant that produces carbon dioxide.
An Allosteric Mechanism for Activation of the Kinase Domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The mechanism by which the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is activated upon dimerization has eluded definition. We find that the EGFR kinase domain can be activated by increasing its local concentration or by mutating a leucine (L834R) in the activation loop, the phosphorylation of which is not required for activation. This suggests that the kinase domain is intrinsically autoinhibited, and an intermolecular interaction promotes its activation. Using further mutational analysis and crystallography we demonstrate that the autoinhibited conformation of the EGFR kinase domain resembles that of Src and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). EGFR activation results from the formation of an asymmetric dimer in which the C-terminal lobe of one kinase domain plays a role analogous to that of cyclin in activated CDK/cyclin complexes. The CDK/cyclin-like complex formed by two kinase domains thus explains the activation of EGFR-family receptors by homo- or heterodimerization.
IRRATIONAL ROOTS REVISITED

kp n is rational only when n is a perfect k-th power. Proposition. Suppose that n and k are positive integers such that k p n is rational. Then, n is a perfect k-th power. Proof. Suppose that k p n = a b , where a;b 0 and (a;b) = 1. Then, we let c = b k p nb k p nc : We observe that 0 c < b, since 0 k p nb k p nc < 1. But then, c a k 1 = c( k p n) k 1 = b( k p n) k bb k p nc( k p n) k 1
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE REDUCING INTENSITY OF LUMINOUS BACTERIA

The effect of a series of redox indicators and systems has been tested with a suspension of luminous bacteria (B. fischeri) in M/4 phosphate buffer of P(H) = 7.6. The indicators behave as expected from their position in the redox series, the most positive being reduced rapidly even in presence of air and before luminescence of the bacteria disappears, those of intermediate position at the time luminescence disappears, and the more negative only long after the luminescence had ceased, due to utilization of oxygen by the bacterial respiration. Indigo monosulphonate was the only indicator not reduced on long standing of a bacterial suspension. The aerobic redox potential may be placed at an R(H) = 18-20 and the anaerobic potential at an R(H) = 8-10. Ferricyanides do not affect luminescence and behave as if they could not penetrate the bacterial cell. Quinone and the napthoquinones cause progressive dimming of luminescence in any concentration which affects the light but it cannot be definitely stated that this is due to rapid oxidation of luciferin although it seems likely in the case of quinone. Some indophenols dim the luminescence at first, followed by return of brightness, which is interpreted to mean rapid oxidation of luciferin while the indophenol is unreduced, more luciferin production after reduction of indophenol. The more negative redox systems do not affect the luminescence. Investigation of indicator reduction and luminescence is being continued.
A NOTE ON THE ROLE OF SURVEY DATA AND EXPERT OPINION IN CONSTRUCTING INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES

This note addresses the role of survey information and expert opinion in constructing input-output tables. In contrast to assuming polar positions between tables based on expert opinion and tables based on empirical observation, we argue that the distinction is not well-defined. We provide, as evidence, a comparison of U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data on the use of commodities by industries with corresponding Bureau of the Census (BOC) Census of Manufacturers data on selected use of materials by industry (published as Census Table 7). Results show that changes in BEA data cannot be explained by corresponding changes in the Census data on which they are founded.
A comparative study of inverse dynamics of manipulators with closed-chain geometry

The dynamics of closed-chain manipulators was not studied as extensively as that of open-chain manipulators. In this article, the inverse dynamics of two types of closedchain manipulators, namely, a pantograph manipulator and a five-bar manipulator, are studied. The recently developed computationally efficient method1 is applied to both manipulators. The computational efficiency of inverse dynamics is evaluated in terms of both formulating methods (the method in reference 1 vs. the Lagrange method), and geometric structures (the pantograph vs. the five-bar). The inverse kinematics computation of pantogaph manipulators is expected to be simpler than that of five-bar manipulators simply because of the decoupling nature of the pantogaph mechanisms. On the contrary, the inverse kinetics of the pantograph is less efficient than the five-bar because more links are involved during motion. It is also found that the overall inverse dynamics which includes both the inverse kinematics and kinetics of the pantograph manipulators, is more computationally efficient than that of the five-bar, mainly due to the simple kinematics of the pantograph.
A Comparison of Fission Power System Options for Lunar and Mars Surface Applications

This paper presents a comparison of reactor and power conversion design options for 50 kWe class lunar and Mars surface power applications with scaling from 25 to 200 kWe. Design concepts and integration approaches are provided for three reactor‐converter combinations: gas‐cooled Brayton, liquid‐metal Stirling, and liquid‐metal thermoelectric. The study examines the mass and performance of low temperature, stainless steel based reactors and higher temperature refractory reactors. The preferred system implementation approach uses crew‐assisted assembly and in‐situ radiation shielding via installation of the reactor in an excavated hole. As an alternative, self‐deployable system concepts that use earth‐delivered, on‐board radiation shielding are evaluated. The analyses indicate that among the 50 kWe stainless steel reactor options, the liquid‐metal Stirling system provides the lowest mass at about 5300 kg followed by the gas‐cooled Brayton at 5700 kg and the liquid‐metal thermoelectric at 8400 kg. The use of a higher temperature, refractory reactor favors the gas‐cooled Brayton option with a system mass of about 4200 kg as compared to the Stirling and thermoelectric options at 4700 kg and 5600 kg, respectively. The self‐deployed concepts with on‐board shielding result in a factor of two system mass increase as compared to the in‐situ shielded concepts.
New Technology and Methodologies for Intraoperative, Perioperative, and Intraprocedural Monitoring of Surgical and Catheter Interventions for Congenital Heart Disease

We review the new technology and methods available for support of intraoperative and intraprocedural imaging in the catheterization laboratory for surgical and interventional catheterization procedures in the treatment of congenital heart disease. The methods reviewed include miniaturized probes and new ways of using them perioperatively for cardiac imaging from transesophageal, substernal, and intracardiac imaging locations. The smaller and more versatile the probes, the better adapted they will be in providing methods to improve the outcomes in babies born with serious forms of congenital heart disease.
Integrin receptors and platelet adhesion to synthetic surfaces

The activation-independent and -dependent integrin receptors--glycoproteins GPIc-IIa (alpha 5-beta 1) and GPIIb-IIIa (alpha IIb-beta 3)--are involved in platelet adhesion and thrombus growth on damaged subendothelium through interactions with fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. Because these receptors are used in normal in vivo hemostatic adhesion, they may also have a role for adhesion onto synthetic surfaces in the vasculature. Platelet adhesion in vitro was examined onto Formvar, glass, and four polyurethaneureas with various soft segment chemistries and surface properties. Platelets were pretreated with RGD peptides before and after adhesion. RGD peptide pretreatment inhibited spreading and close contact formation compared to treatment with saline or control RGE peptides, with no observable effect on the number of adherent platelets per area. High-voltage electron microscopy showed abnormally sparse and short microfilament structures with RGD peptide treatment, suggesting an indirect inhibition of actin filament formation. Video-enhanced light microscopy showed a cessation of spreading and a partial reversal of close contacts following RGD peptide application to adherent platelets. Because minimal amounts of plasma proteins are present in column-washed platelet suspensions, and as platelet secretion appeared to be minimal in these experiments, these observations suggest that RGD binding integrin receptors may function in platelet spreading even in the absence of exogenous ligand. As RGD peptides did not affect the numbers of adherent platelets, while producing substantial decreases in the extent of spreading, we suggest that platelet integrins, possibly GPIIb-IIIa, are involved in spreading on synthetic surfaces but not for initial adhesion.
Ambivalence and Stereotypes Cause Sexual Harassment: A Theory with Implications for Organizational Change

We theorize that sexual harassment in the workplace results from the complex interplay of ambivalent motives and gender stereotyping of women and jobs. Ambivalence combines hostile and “benevolent” sexist motives based on paternalism, gender differentiation, and heterosexuality. Stereotyped images of women and jobs also reflect these three dimensions. Together, these ambivalent motives and stereotyped cognitions promote sexual harassment of different types. Organizational context can encourage or discourage the cognitive-motivational dimensions that underlie sexual harassment.