cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Starwisp - An ultra-light interstellar probe

Starwisp is an interstellar flyby probe of wire mesh sail with microcircuits at each intersection. It is pushed by beamed microwaves at high acceleration and reaches a coast velocity near light speed while still close to the transmilting antenna. Upon arrival at the target star, the transmitter floods the star system with microwave energy. Using the wires as microwave antennas, the microcircuits collect energy to power their optical detectors and logic circuits to form images of the planets in the system. The phase of the microwaves at each point of the mesh is sensed and used to form a retrodirective phased array that beams a signal back to Earth. A minimal Starwisp would be a I km mesh sail weighing 16 g and carrying 4 g of microcircuits. It would be accelerated at 115 g by a 10 GW microwave beam, reaching one-fifth of the speed of light in one week. Upon arrival at Alpha Centauri 21 years later, Starwisp would collect sufficient microwave power to send 'back high-resolution television pictures during its fly through of the system.
SELF‐ASSESSED TRAINING NEEDS: THE EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARD TRAINING, MANAGERIAL LEVEL, AND FUNCTION

Self-assessment research has concentrated on validity and psychometric issues in selection and appraisal contexts. Little is known about factors that affect self-assessment of training needs. The present study examines the influence of managerial position (level, function) and managerial attitudes toward training utility on self-reported training needs. A training-needs survey consisting of items related to basic managerial, interpersonal, administrative, and quality control skills was completed by 506 lower and middle level managers across four functional areas. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that managerial level and function had some effect on reported administrative training needs, while function and attitudes towards training utility had some impact on self-reported training needs for quality control. Level, function, and attitude were not related to reported basic managerial and interpersonal training needs. The implications and limitations of the results are discussed, and future research directions are presented.
The ‘New Protectionism’: Industrial Policy Barriers to Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

First, this paper introduces a conceptual framework of analysis steeped in the statist approach to political economy — specifically, of a transformational view of the state. Second, a review of the status of competition law and policy in the World Trade Organization agreement focuses on its critical role in trade and competition policy across jurisdictions. Third, an explanation of the fundamental socio-economic philosophies embodied in the comparative national development of domestic competition law and policy, and its often conflicting role in national industrial policy and the cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) review process, is undertaken. Fourth, predicated on the preceding two sections, a discussion ensues on the international business strategy threats inherent in a new trade ‘protectionist’ environment that focuses on an industrial policy which includes the criteria of competition law and policy (including the complications inherent in bilateral and multilateral competition policy review), ...
Nasal hyperreactivity in allergic and non‐allergic rhinitis: a potential risk factor for non‐specific building‐related illness

Self-reported non-allergic nasal symptom triggers in non-allergic (vasomotor) rhinitis overlap with commonly identified environmental exposures in non-specific building-related illness. These include extremes of temperature and humidity, cleaning products, fragrances, and tobacco smoke. Some indi- viduals with allergic rhinitis also report non-allergic triggers. We wished to explore the phenotypic overlap between allergic and non-allergic rhinitis by ascertaining self-reported non-allergic nasal symptom triggers among allergic rhinitics. Sixty subjects without work-related respiratory exposures or symp- toms, aged 19-68 years, stratified by age, gender and (skin test-proven) allergic rhinitis status, were queried with regard to self-reported non-allergic nasal symptom triggers (aggregate score 0-8). In this sample, the number of self- reported non-allergic triggers was bimodal, with peaks at 1 and 5. Forty-two percent of seasonal allergic rhinitic subjects reported more than three non- allergic triggers, compared with only 3% of non-allergic non-rhinitics (P < 0.01). Subjects over 35 years were more likely to report one or more non- allergic triggers, particularly tobacco smoke (P < 0.05). Allergic rhinitics reported more non-allergic symptom triggers than did non-allergic, non-rhini- tics. As indexed by self-reported reactivity to non-specific physical and chemical triggers, both non-allergic rhinitics and a subset of allergic rhinitics may con- stitute susceptible populations for non-specific building-related illness.
Spatial Cognition, Psychology of

People think about space in terms of the elements in space and their spatial relations, not in metric terms. Different spaces are conceptualized differently: the space of the body, the space around the body, the space of navigation, and the metaphoric or miniature space of graphics. Keywords: cognitive map; perspective; reference frame; navigation; spatial thinking
Examining variation in depressive symptoms over the life course: a latent class analysis.

Background Older adults have the lowest prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder, although it has been hypothesized that this finding is due in part to differences in expression of psychopathology in later life. The aim of this study was to examine variation in depressive symptomatology in the general population across the lifespan. Method Data came from three sites of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project (n=10 529). Depressive symptoms during the past 6 months were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify homogeneous groups of depressive symptomatology based on 16 individual symptoms, and to examine variation in the prevalence and composition of depression classes across age groups. Results The DIS symptoms fit a four-class model composed of non-depressed (83.2%), mild depression (11.6%), severe depression (1.9%), and despondent (3.2%) groups. Relative to the non-depressed class, older age was inversely associated with being in the mild or severe depression class. The profile of the latent classes was similar across age groups with the exception of the despondent class, which was not well differentiated among the youngest adults and was not inversely associated with age. Conclusions The symptom profiles of depression are similar across age with the exception of the despondent class, which is more differentiated from severe depression among older adults. The findings demonstrate the benefit of examining individual symptoms rather than broad symptom groups for understanding the natural history of depression over the lifespan.
The Timing of α-Gustducin Expression during Cell Renewal in Rat Vallate Taste Buds

TheG protein subunita-gustducin is expressed in a subset of light (Type II) but not in dark (Type I) cells in rat vallate taste buds. The thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) is incorporated into DNA during the S-phase of the cell cycle and can be used to determine the time of origin of a cell. In this study, 31 rats were injected with BrdU (50 mg/kg i.p.) and perfused at various times, from 2.5 to 10.5 days, following BrdU administration. Vallate papillae were embedded in polyester wax, cut into 4 urn transverse sections, and characterized with antibodies to BrdU and a-gustducin. Sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence or with an immunoperoxidase procedure. From immunoperoxidase material on 21 rats, counts of a-gustducin- and BrdU-labeled cells were obtained from 300-800 taste bud profiles at each survival time; a total of 4122 taste bud profiles were examined. Cells with nuclei immunoreactive for BrdU occurred within the taste buds at 2.5 days and double-labeled cells were clearly evident at 3.5 days; a small number of double-labeled cells were seen as early as 2.5 days. Double-labeled cells reached a peak at 6.5 days and did not decline significantly by 10.5 days. Cells labeled for BrdU but not a-gustducin peaked at 5.5 days and showed a significant decline by 8.5 days. These latter cells included light cells not expressing a-gustducin and dark cells, which have previously been shown to have a shorter life span than light cells. These data suggest that expression of a-gustducin appears very early in a cell's life span and that these cells are longer lived than many of the cells that do not express this G protein.
DYNAMICS OF DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN COLLOIDAL GELS

Abstract We use dynamic light scattering to measure the dynamic structure factor of density fluctuations occurring in colloidal suspensions that have attained a quiscent state long after aggregation. We find a stretched-exponential decay to a finite plateau. Our interpretation of the arrested decay is that these systems are gels, i.e., systems possessing a finite elastic modulus G. We develop a theory for the internal elastic modes of a fractal cluster and use it to derive G and the arrested, stretched-exponential behavior of colloidal gel dynamics. Good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.
Collective construction of environmentally-adaptive structures

We describe decentralized algorithms by which a swarm of simple, independent, autonomous robots can build two-dimensional structures using square building blocks. These structures can (1) exactly match arbitrary user-specified designs, (2) adapt their shape to immovable obstacles, or (3) form a wall of given minimum width around an environmental feature. These three possibilities span the range from entirely prespecified structures to those whose shape is entirely determined by the environment. Robots require no explicit communication, instead using information storage capabilities of environmental elements (a form of "extended stigmergy") to coordinate their activities. We provide theoretical proof of the correctness of the algorithms for the first two types of structures, and experimental support for algorithms for the third.
How Thomas Nelson and Sons' Royal Readers Textbooks Helped Instill the Standards of Whiteness into Colonized Black Caribbean Subjects and Their Descendents

This essay looks at a key component of the colonial-era curriculum in Grenada, West Indies—the Royal Readers textbooks. A close analysis of three stories in volume Royal Readers No. 4 reveals the textbooks communicate several unstated and often unrecognized tenets of ideological whiteness, instilled by the colonial authorities to augment a project of subjugated and unquestioning acquiescence to their imperial power. A dynamic of a present-day avoidance of historical critique seems to have remained in the society, in part because of an enduring and potent ideology of whiteness. And yet, a brief description of the responses of some attendees to a presentation that included parts of this essay, suggests that the issue of historical erasure is of serious concern to many Carriacouans. The implication is that researchers who report directly to community members about their findings, may be able to support them in a critical engagement with their heritage.
FORMATION OF SRBI2TA2O9 : PART I. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL SOL-GEL SOLUTION FOR PRODUCTION OF FERROELECTRIC SRBI2TA2O9 THIN FILMS

We have developed a simple and rapid method for the synthesis of a precursor solution used in the production of SBT powders and thin films of the layered-perovskite phase SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT). Precursor solution preparation takes less than 30 min and involves the generation of two solutions: (a) Bi(O2CMe)3 dissolved in pyridine and (b) Ta(OCH2Me)5 added to Sr(O2CMe)2 and then solubilized by HO2CMe. After stirring separately for 10 min, these solutions are combined, stirred for an additional 10 min, and used without any further modifications. The individual solutions and ternary mixture were studied using a variety of analytical techniques. Films of the layered-perovskite phase were formed at temperatures as low as 700 °C. Ferroelectric testing of SBT films, fired at 750 °C, reveals standard hysteresis loops with no fatigue for up to 4 × 109 cycles.
Consistent 3D Background Model Estimation from Multi-viewpoint Videos

We present an approach for estimating the 3D background model of a scene from a collection of synchronized videos. Unlike previous work, our method is fully automatic, does not require empty frames depicting just the background, and makes very mild assumptions about the foreground. The constraint on the cameras is that they should have sufficiently narrow baselines to enable multi-view stereo matching. Using the images and primarily the depth maps as inputs, our algorithm detects potential background pixels to generate initial per-camera background models, which are then fused to form the final, consistent 3D background model. We show results on diverse video sequences captured using different camera configurations. Despite the challenges posed by the input videos, in which some parts of the background are always occluded in the images, we are able to extract accurate models of the background that are effective in foreground segmentation. This would have been impossible using conventional background subtraction methods that operate on the frames of each camera separately. Moreover, fusion makes the per-camera background models consistent.
The new American paradigm: a modest critique

»The Sociology of American Religion is undergoing a period of ferment… a paradigm shift in process.« Thus does R. Stephen Warner (1993) begin a long and seminal article in the American Journal of Sociology. Scarcely three years after the article, Warner’s prediction has been spectacularly fulfilled. A group of scholars, many of them young, some of them on the faculties of Catholic universities (though not themselves Catholic), have swept all before them, reduced to ashes Peter Berger’s (1967) Sacred Canopy, dismissed Bryan Wilson’s (1966)claim that high levels of religious practice in the United States are proof of secularization as senseless ideology, challenged European theories of secularization, refuted attacks on their own methodology, and transferred their industrious work within their New Paradigm from field journals to the prestigious major journals.
Functionalized carbon nanohoops: synthesis and structure of a [9]cycloparaphenylene bearing three 5,8-dimethoxynaphth-1,4-diyl units.

A functionalized [9]cycloparaphenylene ([9]CPP) bearing three evenly spaced 5,8-dimethoxynaphth-1,4-diyl units and two macrocyclic [6]CPP precursors have been synthesized. The Diels–Alder reaction between (E,E)-1,4-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-butadiene and 1,4-benzoquinone followed by methylation produces cis-5,8-bis(4-bromophenyl)-5,8-dihydro-1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene as the key intermediate for the construction of the hooplike structures. The nickel-mediated homocoupling reactions followed by aromatization led to the functionalized [9]CPP.
Sacrifice and Worship among the Jewish Sectarians of the Dead Sea (Qumrân) Scrolls

Following the publication of S. Schechter's Fragments of a Zadokite Work in 1910, some scholars examined the possibility of an Essene origin. This idea was suggested by such points of contact as the stricter observance of the Sabbath, the emphasis on ritual purity, and the avoidance of oaths. One of the main objections to this identification was the recurrence in CDC of laws relating to animal sacrifice and the Temple at Jerusalem. For R. H. Charles this fact alone was decisive: “The Zadokites were not Essenes, since they inculcated the duty of animal sacrifice.” This judgment was based on the widespread belief that the Essenes were unalterably opposed to the sacrificial cult and the priestly tradition.
Mode Shapes in Compliant Mechanisms, and a Procedure to Identify Appropriate Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model Type

The mobility characteristics of compliant mechanisms are a function of the structural arrangement of the comprising segments and links, their types, as well as the load and/or displacement boundary conditions. It is hypothesized that an earlier defined concept of compliance number and stored strain energy in a compliant mechanism are strongly correlated. It therefore becomes necessary to define and better understand the characteristics of deformation mode shapes of compliant mechanisms. A compliant mechanism may exhibit a variety of mode shapes. In keeping with the classical mechanics notions, this paper systematically develops the mode shapes in compliant mechanisms, utilizing two distinct categories: i) segmental (elemental) mode shapes, and ii) mechanism (system) mode shapes. The possible mode shapes of the basic segment types are identified. Based on the energy storage capability of the segment types, segmental mode shapes are further classified into higher and lower order mode shapes. Similar identification is extended to compliant mechanisms as well, and the possible mechanism mode shapes are illustrated with the help of a few examples. Finally, the utility of this methodology in identifying an appropriate pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) corresponding to a given compliant mechanism is demonstrated. An experimental procedure aids in this process.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ultrastructural studies of isolatedZea mays L. Chloroplasts

The ultrastructure of isolated mesophyll chloroplasts ofZea mays L. was studied using the shadow casting technique. Grana and interconnecting fret membranes were observed in the same basic arrangement as they appear in thin sections. Quantasome units, as previously described by other authors for other species, were detected. Portions of the peripheral reticulum and envelope were also observed. Swollen membranes, comparable to those observed when isolated plastids are placed in water, were frequent in the preparations. It can be assumed, then, that in any preparation of this nature the hydrophillic spaces will absorb a large amount of water, swelling the intramembranous spaces and giving the membranes the appearance of large vesicles which will appear as flattened sacs when dried on the electron microscope grids. As there is no indication of any quantasome pattern in these membranes it is assumed that the particle arrangement of these membranes was altered during the procedure. It was not possible to determine whether the membranes observed in the swollen vesicles belonged to the grana or frets. A change in the morphology of the membranes during the processing may be observed with the light microscope. Recognition of this change is frequently difficult in electron micrographs, consequently, membranes with similar appearance under the electron microscope may actually have arisen from different portions of the plastid membrane systems.
Junctional Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms: The Schrödinger's Cat of Vascular Neurosurgery.

Objectives Despite advances in neuroimaging, it is not always definitive whether a paraclinoid aneurysm is intradural or entirely extradural. We illustrate the potential use of surgical exploration in these aneurysms that we refer to as “junctional” aneurysms. Methods Retrospective review of eight patients with unruptured aneurysms who underwent a planned surgical exploration of a junctional aneurysm. Results Of the eight patients, three underwent exploration of the aneurysm during surgery for a different aneurysm. All three of these were found to be extradural. Five patients underwent a craniotomy for the exclusive purpose of clarifying the location of the aneurysm. Two of these cases were found to be intradural and were clipped. Two cases were found to be extradural. In one patient, the initially extradural aneurysm was converted into an intradural aneurysm during removal of the anterior clinoid process, necessitating surgical clipping. One transient third nerve palsy was observed. Discussion Until further progress in neuroimaging allows clinicians to determine unequivocally the exact anatomical location of a paraclinoid aneurysm, we advocate the use of the term junctional aneurysm to reflect the clinical uncertainty inherent in management decisions made regarding these aneurysms. We have illustrated a strategy of surgical exploration in select patients.
Tennessee to the Top: One State’s Pursuit to Win Race to the Top:

In 2009, a seldom-used policy lever emerged in the form of a competitive grant program, Race to the Top (RTTT), and sparked a flurry of state-led initiatives as states vied for federal dollars. The current study examines the policymaking context that surrounded these events and propelled Tennessee to the top of the race among the states. Through interviews with legislators and bureaucrats, I analyze the state-level processes instigated by a federal program in which all but four states participated, but fewer than half were winners. My examination details the parallels between the RTTT guidelines, Tennessee’s efforts, including the Special Session in the General Assembly, and the state’s plan for improving education in the state as outlined in their RTTT application.
Analysis of Iodine Nutrition among Focus groups of Benxi City

[Objective] To investigate iodine nutrition among focus groups for the prevention of children brain damage.[Methods]Arsenic acid digestion cerium contact spectrophotometry was applied to detect urinary iodine among pregnant women and infants(range:3~24 months).[Results] 8519 pregnant women and 13 218 infants were conducted urine iodine determination.The median urinary iodine among pregnant women was 254.77 μg/L,the ratio of urinary iodine50 μg/L and 100 μg/L was 2.36%,10.11%,respectively.The median urinary iodine among infants was 211.64 μg/L,the ratio of urinary iodine50 μg/L and 100 μg/L was 4.0%,17.57%,respectively.[Conclusion]Among iodine deficiency groups(pregnant women and infants),the existing policy of universal salt iodization should be insisted,urinary iodine determination among pregnant women should be improved as well as targeted iodine supplements and health guidelines.
Electronic structure of the high-T c superconductor Sr 0.2 La 1.8 CuO 4

Employing ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopy to study ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{La}}_{1.8}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, we have obtained a density-of-states type of picture of the electronic structure of this novel material which becomes superconducting below ${T}_{c}$=40 K. Our results compare favorably with recent band-structure calculations.
Soviet Policies and Problems Prior to Poland’s Invasion of the Ukraine

On 25 April 1920, Poland launched an invasion of the Ukraine and soon occupied the ancient Russian capital, Kiev. One purpose behind this attack was to detach the Ukraine by placing it under the control of Simon Petliura, a Ukrainian separatist leader. Protected by Poland, the Ukraine would then become a member of a federation of former Russian provinces. As envisaged by Polish strongman Pilsudski, this federation carved out of Imperial Russia would stretch from Finland to the Black Sea and would also be associated with an independent Caucasus.3 Another purpose behind the invasion, however, was ‘to force, at a moment chosen by him, a showdown with Soviet Russia’.4
Geometric and Analytic Estimates

In Chap. 1 and 2, we dealt at length with estimates concerning various coordinates on Posn and the volume on Posn. Here we come to deal with the metric itself, and the application of coordinate estimates to the convergence of certain Dirichlet series called Eisenstein series. Further properties of such series will then be treated in the next chapter. On the whole we follow Maass [Maa 71], Sect. 3, Sect. 7 and especially Sect. 10, although we make somewhat more efficient use of the invariant measure in Iwasawa coordinates, thereby introducing some technical simplifications.
Chronic Pancreatitis: Medical and Surgical Management: I. Medical Discussion/II. Surgical Treatment by Pancreaticojejunostomy

The paramount step in medical management is the elimination of the alcoholism most commonly associated with this disorder, Dr. Finlayson says. When control of pain is no longer feasible medically, surgical treatment is indicated. Dr. Puestow presents a patient operated by pancreaticojejunostomy—but not until years had passed in which cholecystectomy and cessation of drinking failed to yield the desired results.
Political Behavior and Extreme Television Media Consumption

How do extreme television media affect policy attitudes and behavior? Are extreme television media different from their partisan or mainstream brethren? Are their effects more powerful? Using multiple datasets from the National Annenberg Election Study and a multimethod approach, Taylor shows how extreme media are correlated with policy attitudes on immigration, and frequency of discussing politics. Taylor shows that extreme media cause viewers to become advocates for candidates, but extreme media are not significant predictors of formal political behaviors like voting, working for a campaign, or online campaign activity. These findings show the complexity and nuance of extreme television media effects on normatively valuable aspects of politics. Extreme television media help citizens engage in political expression, but do create problematic effects such as attitude polarization.
Pottery in the Mormon Economy: An Historical, Archaeological, and Archaeometric Study

Pottery production was important to Latter-day Saint communities and distinguished these towns from their non-Mormon neighbors. The potters and workers left scant records that reveal how their wares fit into Utah’s theocratically organized economy. Potters and potteries of 19th-century Utah and the Mormon Domain were part of an archaeological survey conducted between 1999 and 2000. The research project yielded examples of kiln wasters that could be subjected to instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The results demonstrate the utility of integrating primary records and archaeometric tools in the study of historical era economic processes. Data also indicate the applicability of the approach for potteries in close geographic proximity and to determine patterns of variation within site assemblages. The authors propose an anthropological research program to explore the economics of religion in Mormon Utah, combining the analytical power of archaeometry with the contextualized questioning possible in historical archaeology.
Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Contest between Apples and Oranges

Viruses can be engineered or adapted for selective propagation in neoplastic tissues and further modified for therapeutic transgene expression to enhance their antitumor potency and druggability. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can be administered locally or intravenously and spread to a variable degree at sites of tumor growth. OV-infected tumor cells die in situ, releasing viral and tumor antigens that are phagocytosed by macrophages, transported to regional lymph nodes, and presented to antigen-reactive T cells, which proliferate before dispersing to kill uninfected tumor cells at distant sites. Several OVs are showing clinical promise, and one of them, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), was recently granted marketing approval for intratumoral therapy of nonresectable metastatic melanoma. T-VEC also appears to substantially enhance clinical responsiveness to checkpoint inhibitor antibody therapy. Here, we examine the T-VEC paradigm and review some of the approaches currently being pursued to develop the next generation of OVs for both local and systemic administration, as well as for use in combination with other immunomodulatory agents.
Foreign body removal

Foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract may be the result of intentional ingestion of household objects, unintentional food impaction, or a migrated gastrointestinal device. Managing these foreign bodies hinges on the patient history, physical characteristics of the foreign body, and an assessment of risk for complications. When endoscopic intervention is indicated, determining the timing to intervention and a retrieval strategy are needed. There are many endoscopic retrieval devices and techniques developed to suit the diverse circumstances encountered in gastrointestinal foreign bodies. This chapter discusses the current management and endoscopic retrieval strategies for gastrointestinal foreign bodies.
APPLYING THIESSEN POLYGON CATCHMENT AREAS AND GRIDDED POPULATION WEIGHTS TO ESTIMATE CONFLICT-DRIVEN POPULATION CHANGES IN SOUTH SUDAN

Abstract. Recent violence in South Sudan produced significant levels of conflict-driven migration undermining the accuracy and utility of both national and local level population forecasts commonly used in demographic estimates, public health metrics and food security proxies. This article explores the use of Thiessen Polygons and population grids (Gridded Population of the World, WorldPop and LandScan) as weights for estimating the catchment areas for settlement locations that serve large populations of internally displaced persons (IDP), in order to estimate the county-level in- and out-migration attributable to conflict-driven displacement between 2014-2015. Acknowledging IDP totals improves internal population estimates presented by global population databases. Unlike other forecasts, which produce spatially uniform increases in population, accounting for displaced population reveals that 15 percent of counties (n = 12) increased in population over 20 percent, and 30 percent of counties (n = 24) experienced zero or declining population growth, due to internal displacement and refugee out-migration. Adopting Thiessen Polygon catchment zones for internal migration estimation can be applied to other areas with United Nations IDP settlement data, such as Yemen, Somalia, and Nigeria.
A Comprehensive Review of Motor Stereotypies in Children

Stereotypies are common movement disorders seen in developmentally normal children. This review characterizes the clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of this condition. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature associated with stereotypies in developmentally normal children. The pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. Some recent proton imaging studies implicate GABAergic dysfunction within corticostriatal pathways. It appears that the complexity in the pathophysiology makes treatment strategies more difficult. There are no known pharmacologic treatments. However, behavioral interventions have some proven efficacy. Several reports demonstrate that the motor stereotypies are persistent in adulthood and hence suggesting to parents that they are brief and transient is erroneous. The impairment subsides with age although no prospective studies are published in this regard.
Differences in Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Microaggression among Asian, Latino/Hispanic, Black, and White Young Adults

Racial and ethnic discrimination is a significant risk factor for health and mental health problems among non-White children, adolescents, and adults. Recent evidence suggests that a form of discrimination known as microaggression, characterized by subtle and often unintentional acts of discriminatory behavior, is associated with detrimental effects on the psychological and emotional wellbeing of non-White individuals. We examined differences in microaggression experiences among a sample of 409 Asian, Latino, Black, and White young adults. The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (Nadal, 2011) was used to measure respondents’ experiences of racial and ethnic microaggression. Young adults in all the nonWhite groups reported significantly higher rates of microaggressive experiences than respondents in the White group. Black participants experienced the highest levels of microaggression, followed by Latinos/Hispanics and Asians. Exploratory post-hoc comparisons yielded significant differences in the nature and type of racial and ethnic microaggressions experienced by members of different racial or ethnic groups. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOCALLY TOROIDAL REGULAR POLYTOPES

A central problem in classical geometry is the classification of all regular polytopes and tessellations in spherical, euclidean or hyperbolic space. When asked within the theory of abstract regular polytopes, the classification problem must necessarily take a different form, because a priori an abstract polytope is not embedded into the geometry of an ambient space. The appropriate substitute now calls for the classification of abstract regular polytopes by their local or global topological type. The classical theory of regular polytopes is concerned with, and solves, the spherical case. In recent years, much work has been done on the toroidal case and a complete classification is now within reach.
Aprotinin conformational distributions during reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Analysis by hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry

Hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry analysis of the stable protein aprotinin during reversed-phase liquid chromatography shows both native and unfolded protein. The behavior is consistent with only two conformational states, a near-native state and a fully solvent-accessible state, with reversible interchange of species within and between the mobile and stationary phases. The amount of unfolded form is greater on C18 relative to C4 alkyl modified silica surfaces. The addition of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, or NaSCN to the mobile phase stabilized native conformation on the chromatographic surface, especially on the C4 media. Finally, the retention and the proportion of denatured form increases with added salts in anorder consistent with the lyotropic series, but reversed from that observed for small molecules.
Missed Opportunities for HIV Testing of Patients Tested for Sexually Transmitted Infections at a Large Urban Health Care System From 2010 to 2015.

Background Appropriate testing of people at risk for HIV is an important piece of the HIV care continuum. We analyzed HIV testing patterns of patients tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia (GC/CT) at a large urban health care system in New York City. Methods We retrospectively studied HIV and GC/CT testing from 2010 to 2015. Data were collected from a clinical laboratory database and linked to electronic health records. Patients were older than age 13 years, not known to be HIV positive, and had had a GC/CT test. The main outcome was the proportion of patients who had both HIV and GC/CT testing performed at the same encounter. Results We analyzed 85 768 patients with 139 404 GC/CT testing encounters. Most of the testing encounters (88% for men and 94% for women) were in the outpatient setting. Same-day HIV testing improved from 59% in 2010 to 70% in 2015 for male patients, and from 41% to 51% for female patients. In multivariate regression, male sex was associated with receipt of an HIV test (odds ratio [OR], 2.49; P < .001). Emergency department (OR, 0.22; P < .0001) and inpatient (OR, 0.10; P < .0001) locations were negatively associated with receipt of HIV testing. Among patients with HIV and GC/CT testing at the same encounter, 37 were HIV positive. Conclusions Concurrent HIV testing of patients being evaluated for GC/CT increased from 2010 to 2015. However, many patients failed to receive HIV testing, especially in emergency and inpatient settings. There continue to be missed opportunities for diagnosis of HIV among individuals with ongoing high-risk behavior.
Exploiting Design-for-Debug in SoC Security Policy Architecture

Systematic implementation of System-on-Chip (SoC) security policies typically involves smart wrappers extracting local security-critical events of interest from Intellectual Property (IP) blocks, together with a control engine that communicates with the wrappers to analyze the events for policy adherence. However, developing customized wrappers at each IP for security requirements may incur significant overhead in area and hardware resources. In this chapter, we address this problem by exploiting the extensive design-for-debug (DfD) instrumentation already available on-chip. In addition to reduction in the overall hardware overhead, the approach also adds flexibility to the security architecture itself, e.g., permitting use of on-field DfD instrumentation, survivability, and control hooks to patch security policy implementation in response to bugs and attacks found at post-silicon or changing security requirements on-field. We show how to design scalable interface between security and debug architectures that provides the benefits of flexibility to security policy implementation without interfering with existing debug and survivability use cases and at minimal additional cost in energy and design complexity.
Light harvesting and energy transfer in a porphyrin-based metal organic framework.

We present the synthesis and photophysical characterization of a water stable PCN-223(freebase) metal organic framework (MOF) constructed from meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP). The photophysical properties of the synthesized crystalline material were studied using a wide range of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Quenching experiments performed on TCPP and PCN-223 demonstrated that the extent and the rate of quenching in the MOF is significantly higher than the monomeric ligand. Based on these results, we propose that upon photo-excitation, the singlet excitation energy migrates across neutral TCPP linkers until it is quenched by a N-protonated TCPP linker. The N-protonated linkers act as trap states that deactivate the excited state to the ground state. Variable temperature measurements aided in understanding the mechanism of singlet–singlet energy transfer in the PCN-223 MOF. The rate of energy transfer and the total exciton hopping distance in PCN-223 were calculated in order to quantify the energy transfer characteristics of PCN-223. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study the triplet excited state photophysics in both the free ligand and PCN-223 MOF. Furthermore, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to get a better understanding of the photophysical processes taking place in the ligand and MOF on ultrafast timescales. Efficient energy transfer (Forster radius = 54.5 A) accompanied with long distance exciton hopping (173 A) was obtained for the PCN-223 MOF.
The New Sanctuary and Anti-Sanctuary Movements

Since the November 2016 election, new forms of "sanctuary" have emerged. In addition, many have engaged in "anti-sanctuary" activities. What do these two trends — the expansion of sanctuary in sites and scope of protection provided to immigrants and increasing of public and private anti-sanctuary expressions — that developed after Donald Trump’s election to the Presidency suggest about immigration law? This Essay sketches our initial answers to this question that we will explore more in-depth in our forthcoming work. Ultimately, this Essay argues that these developments call for a rethinking of how we descriptively, doctrinally, and theoretically understand governance in immigration law. Specifically, we contend that traditional doctrinal and normative conceptions about governance on immigration law place too much emphasis on the federal government’s plenary role and power over immigration law. This conventional approach overlooks the important roles that non-federal stakeholders — states, cities, individuals, and other private actors — play in immigration law governance that are occurring on the ground. Ignoring the role of these stakeholders is curious given that the federal immigration statutory and administrative regulatory scheme relies on the participation of state, local, and private individuals. Thus, greater attention must be paid to these emerging trends in sanctuary and anti-sanctuary movements, and how they are changing how governance over immigration is and should be conducted.
Cases, Questions, and Comparison in Research on Contemporary Chinese Politics

This chapter outlines and makes the case for systematic subnational comparison in research on Chinese politics and beyond. Beginning with an overview of case study and small-n comparative analysis, and moving on to a specific example in the study of state sector lay-offs, the chapter illustrates the advantages of subnational comparison, especially at certain key points in the research cycle on particular topics.
Fraction and Spatial Organization of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Correlating with Bladder Cancer Patient Survival

Abstract Recent studies based on deep learning on pathology images have shown the potential prognostic role of Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in many cancer types. In general, most of these studies focused on detecting, quantifying and identifying TILs and spatial organization in entire whole slide images (WSIs) including both non-cancer and cancer regions. In this work, we hypothesize that TILs present in cancer regions not entire WSIs could have prognostic values. Here we present an automatic technique based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) that detects both cancer and TILs regions, and explores fraction and spatial organization of TILs in the detected cancer region from WSIs. A novel set of quantitative histological image features reflecting TILs fraction and spatial organization is extracted and used to stratify patients with distinct survival outcomes. In experiments using 277 different patient pathology slides selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) bladder cancer cohort, we show that bladder cancer patient survival is significantly correlated with our designed TIL-related image features, with a log-rank test p value below 0.05. Our method is extensible to histopathology images of other organs for predicting patient survival via TIL analysis.
Physiology of Electrolyte Transport in the Gut: Implications for Disease

We now have an increased understanding of the genetics, cell biology, and physiology of electrolyte transport processes in the mammalian intestine, due to the availability of sophisticated methodologies ranging from genome wide association studies to CRISPR-CAS technology, stem cell-derived organoids, 3D microscopy, electron cryomicroscopy, single cell RNA sequencing, transgenic methodologies, and tools to manipulate cellular processes at a molecular level. This knowledge has simultaneously underscored the complexity of biological systems and the interdependence of multiple regulatory systems. In addition to the plethora of mammalian neurohumoral factors and their cross talk, advances in pyrosequencing and metagenomic analyses have highlighted the relevance of the microbiome to intestinal regulation. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of electrolyte transport processes in the small and large intestine, their regulation in health and how dysregulation at multiple levels can result in disease. Intestinal electrolyte transport is a balance of ion secretory and ion absorptive processes, all exquisitely dependent on the basolateral Na+ /K+ ATPase; when this balance goes awry, it can result in diarrhea or in constipation. The key transporters involved in secretion are the apical membrane Cl- channels and the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1 and K+ channels. Absorption chiefly involves apical membrane Na+ /H+ exchangers and Cl- /HCO3 - exchangers in the small intestine and proximal colon and Na+ channels in the distal colon. Key examples of our current understanding of infectious, inflammatory, and genetic diarrheal diseases and of constipation are provided. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:947-1023, 2019.
Crohn's disease of the esophagus.

Crohn 's disease of the esophagus is rare but is being detected more frequently because of the use of upper endoscopy. Clinicopathologic correlation is required to establish the correct diagnosis. We present a case of esophageal Crohn's disease and review the literature to demonstrate that esophageal involvement is usually associated with disease elsewhere in the gut.
172 – Multigrid Methods*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multigrid methods applicable to ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. A numerical approximation technique is obtained. After differential equations are discretized for the purpose of approximating the solution numerically, some linear algebraic operations must be performed. Frequently, a system of linear equations may need to be solved. If the system of linear equations is large, then iterative methods are often used to solve the linear equations. Multigrid methods are iterative methods for solving systems of linear equations arising from differential equations. Different grids are used with only a few iterations per grid. The last approximation on one grid becomes the first approximation on the next grid. The multigrid method is applicable to linear algebraic equations. Its importance for differential equations comes about because differential equations can be approximated by solving linear algebraic equations.
Applying the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Endoscopic Reference Scores (EREFS) to Different Aged Children.

OBJECTIVES The eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) endoscopic reference score (EREFS) was developed to analyze adults with EoE and has been successfully applied to a pediatric cohort. The present study compares EREFS in younger and older children with EoE. METHODS The 99 patients were divided among 3 cohorts: 44 active EoE (EoE-A); 16 EoE remission (EoE-R); and 39 controls (esophageal dysfunction but 10 years) that were compared based on the composite and the individual components of their EREFS. RESULTS EREFS identified EoE-A in all children with an area under the receiving operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.85, in older children with an AUC of 0.90 and in younger children with an AUC of 0.77. Mean EREFS for ≤10 years was 1.26 ± 1.19 and 2.71 ± 1.33 for >10 years (P < 0.01). The 3 most common findings in our entire EoE-A cohort and in both ages were furrows, edema, and exudates. EREFS in patients with EoE-A had similar specificities (0.88 vs 0.89) and positive predictive values (0.89 vs 0.91) in both ages. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation confirms the utilization of EREFS in Pediatric EoE. Furthermore, EREFS can detect EoE and document response to treatment in both younger and older children. EREFS, however, predicted EoE in the older children with a higher sensitivity (0.89 vs 0.63) and a higher negative predictive value (0.87 vs 0.59) than was seen in the younger cohort.
Right ventricular stroke distance predicts death and clinical deterioration in patients with pulmonary embolism.

Abstract Purpose The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) velocity time integral (VTI), an echocardiographic measure of stroke distance, correlates with cardiac index. We sought to determine the prognostic significance of low RVOT VTI on clinical outcomes among patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective review of echocardiograms on Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT) activations at our institution. The main outcome was a composite of death, cardiac arrest, or hemodynamic deterioration. Results Of 188 patients, 30 met the combined outcome (16%) and had significantly lower RVOT VTI measurements (9.0 cm v 13.4 cm, p Conclusions Low RVOT VTI is associated with poor clinical outcomes among patients with acute PE.