cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residual life techniques for plant life extension

Abstract According to industry estimates, by the year 1990, 15% of the total capacity and 75% of the reserve capacity of the electric power in the U.S.A. will be supplied by units which are over 30 years old. Under current procedures for life assessment, which embody severely conservative assumptions, a large number of the boilers will probably be retired at the end of the 30 years. Development of more accurate life assessment procedures may enable extension of their life by 20–30 years and result in an improvement of their availability by at least 1%. Although a number of post-service evaluation procedures have been applied by the industry, interpretation of the results is often clouded in uncertainties owing to a lack of a quantitative basis for relating observed damage to the remaining life. For instance, the progress of creep damage leading up to crack initiation in boiler and turbine steels needs to be quantitatively characterized in terms of materials and operational parameters. The effects of environment, stress state and cyclic operation on creep damage need to be considered. The validity of the life fraction rule for life assessment needs to be verified. For heavy section components, creep crack growth data should be generated for typical boiler steels, and generalized methodologies which rationalize crack growth in terms of readily measurable parameters must be developed. Research projects directed by the Electric Power Research Institute have made significant advances in a number of these areas. This paper is a progress report of the results from the various projects relating to boiler pressure parts operating in the creep regime.
Parenting their adolescents: The experiences of Jordanian immigrant women in California

Having their children enter adolescence presents new demands on the role functions of Jordanian immigrant women in the United States. Such demands require modifications in traditional parenting approaches. The authors attempted to uncover and describe the experiences of Jordanian immigrant mothers (N = 30) in parenting their adolescents in the United States. Content and narrative analysis revealed the dynamic processes that the mothers used in raising their children. They continuously attempted to balance the need for their teens to maintain a Jordanian ethnic identity and the need for them to become integrated into the new community. Their parenting was driven by an attempt to avoid loss of honor and bad reputation. Four aspects of the maternal role emerged from the analysis: mothering through nurturing the adolescents and promoting cultural identity, disciplining for cultural adherence, advocacy and mediation, and vigilant parenting. The findings support a dynamic interplay between cultural and structural conditions in shaping the experiences of Jordanian immigrant women.
The Creative Use of Chain Analysis Techniques in Counseling Clients Who Engage in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

The purpose of this article is to present creative ways that chain analysis techniques, an intervention used in dialectical behavior therapy, can be used to address clients' nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors. A description and rationale for using chain analysis techniques with clients who self-injure is provided. An illustrative case example is used to demonstrate the concepts discussed in the article.
Gluon Bremsstrahlung in Weakly-Coupled Plasmas

Abstract I report on some theoretical progress concerning the calculation of gluon bremsstrahlung for very high energy particles crossing a weakly-coupled quark-gluon plasma. (i) I advertise that two of the several formalisms used to study this problem, the BDMPS-Zakharov formalism and the AMY formalism (the latter used only for infinite, uniform media), can be made equivalent when appropriately formulated. (ii) A standard technique to simplify calculations is to expand in inverse powers of logarithms ln ( E / T ) . I give an example where such expansions are found to work well for ω / T ≳ 10 where ω is the bremsstrahlung gluon energy. (iii) Finally, I report on perturbative calculations of q ˆ .
A Very Low Frequency (VLF) Synchronizing System

A receiving system for the use of standard-frequency Navy and NBS VLF transmissions to phase-control a local frequency standard has been designed, built, and tested. Frequency synchronization accuracies of better than one part in 10,000,000,000 are practical, and the electronic instrumentation of the receiving system is not complex. Techniques for time synchronization to similar accuracies are not yet available; however, a time standard may be maintained in time accuracy to within 10 ?sec once a synchronization is performed.
A Full-Band Monte Carlo study of gain, bandwidth and noise of GaN avalanche photodiodes

A growing number of system applications are increasingly demanding high speed, low noise, and high sensitivity UV detectors. GaN avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are prime candidates to become the device of choice in this area. This work presents a theoretical analysis of the performance of GaN APDs using Full Band Monte Carlo simulation. A study of the multiplication gain, noise and bandwidth is presented in this paper. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data available in literature.
Image-Guided Sinus Surgery: Current Concepts and Technology

Since its introduction in the 1980s, image-guided surgery (IGS) technology has gained considerable acceptance for its applications in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Appropriate use of IGS during surgical procedures requires that the rhinologic surgeon understand the fundamental principles that guide the technique. Such knowledge will also serve to elucidate potential IGS limitations and minimize secondary complications. Domain of computer-aided surgery
Sequence specificity of aminoglycoside-induced stop codon readthrough: Potential implications for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

As a result of their ability to induce translational readthrough of stop codons, the aminoglycoside antibiotics are currently being tested for efficacy in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients carrying a nonsense mutation in the dystrophin gene. We have undertaken a systematic analysis of aminoglycoside-induced readthrough of each stop codon in human tissue culture cells using a dual luciferase reporter system. Significant differences in the efficiency of aminoglycoside-induced readthrough were observed, with UGA showing greater translational readthrough than UAG or UAA. Additionally, the nucleotide in the position immediately downstream from the stop codon had a significant impact on the efficiency of aminoglycoside-induced readthrough in the order C > U > A ≥ G. Our studies show that the efficiency of stop codon readthrough in the presence of aminoglycosides is inversely proportional to the efficiency of translational termination in the absence of these compounds. Using the same assay, we analyzed a 33–base pair fragment of the mouse dystrophin gene containing the mdx premature stop codon mutation UAA (A), which is also the most efficient translational terminator. The additional flanking sequences from the dystrophin gene do not significantly change the relatively low-level aminoglycoside-induced stop codon readthrough of this stop codon. The implications of these results for drug efficacy in the treatment of individual patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy or other genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations are discussed. Ann Neurol 2000;48:164–169
Neighborhood permeability and burglary rates

This paper explores the effects of permeability on neighborhood burglary rates in Norfolk, Virginia in 1987. It is hypothesized that variation in permeability to heavily traveled throughways will be linked to variation in neighborhood burglary rates. Permeability is found to account for a significant proportion of the variance in burglary rates when structural density, socioeconomic effects, and the influence of adjacent neighborhoods are controlled.
Client attractiveness as related to the concept of engagement in therapy

Abstract The study examined the relationship between client attractiveness and return for a second appointment using 163 clients and their 10 therapists. Clients rated as more attractive were more likely to return after intake. A further investigation showed that both therapists with a history of higher percentages of returning clients and more-attractive clients have a facilitative effect on therapeutic involvement or engagement.
The empowerment process in four advocacy organizations of people with disabilities

ABSTRACT. Empowerment efforts directed at increasing control over relevantfeatures of the environment were assessed from individuals associated with localindependent living centers (ILCs) from the states of Utah, Louisiana, Washing-ton, and West Virginia. Data were collected over a period of 24 months in threeof the groups and up to 45 months in the other. Copies of each organization'sgroup minutes were collected to identify disability-related issues discussedduring monthly group meetings. Interviews with key group members and ILCstaff were conducted to identify actions taken to address selected issues, andoutcomes of group members' activities. A descriptive summary of the types ofactions and outcomes reported by participating groups is provided. The issuesand challenges of conducting empowerment research with consumer advocacyorganizations are discussed. Empowerment is an ongoing process centered in the local community, involvingcritical reflection and group participation, through which people lacking anequal share of valued resources gain greater access to and control over thoseresources (Cornell Empowerment Group, 1989). The concept has been popular-ized by social movements (such as the civil rights, women's, and independentliving movements) and is frequently regarded as a desirable aim of communityinterventions (Davila, 1992).Despite the popularity of the empowerment construct among social scientists,there is little agreement about the best strategies to actually increase the powerof disenfranchised individuals or how the construct translates into research andREHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 39, No. 3,1994
Mobile commerce: its market analyses

As mobile telephones begin to incorporate web browser functionality, consumers are poised to take advantage of "virtual" storefronts. These web-enabled mobile devices allow m-commerce to be conducted anytime and anywhere. Mobile commerce offers a platform for unprecedented penetration of the internet. This paper identifies the differences between e-commerce and m-commerce, the key attributes in developing m-commerce, the driving and impeding forces of m-commerce, and current penetration and future development in m-commerce market.
Using Student Development Theories as Conceptual Frameworks in Leadership Education

This chapter describes the importance of selecting conceptual frameworks to undergird leadership education programs, and connects the selection of theoretical frameworks to principles of intentional design. International Leadership Association overarching Conceptual Framework Guiding Question: “What is the conceptual framework of the leadership education program?”
Affect of Attachment Site on Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: A Finite Element Analysis

Bony anatomy, soft tissue restraints, and the dynamic action of the quadriceps all play a role in maintaining patellar stability throughout knee motion. The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main soft tissue restraint to lateral translation of the patella, and helps guide the patella into the trochlear groove during the first 30° of knee flexion [1]. Studies have shown that the MPFL is the most consistently injured anatomical structure after acute lateral patellar dislocation [2]. Due to the high rate of recurrent episodes of instability following conservative management of acute lateral patellar dislocation, a number of bony and soft tissue procedures have been described to restore patellar stability, including MPFL reconstruction [2].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Framework for Analyzing the Total Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks and Natural Disasters

Policies to mitigate natural hazards and terrorism are facing increasing scrutiny, such as the benefit-cost test. The benefits are the losses that can be avoided by the mitigation actions. For sound policy-making, it is therefore necessary that the various types of losses and major factors affecting them be identified and that metrics be established for their measurement in accordance with economic principles. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the analysis and measurement of ordinary economic impacts and two categories of impacts that have recently gained the attention of analysts and policy makers, but for which operational definitions are lacking. The first is resilience, which refers to how the economy manages to keep functioning and how quickly it recovers. The second major extension of loss estimation pertains to behavioral and systems linkages. These refer to considerations unique to disasters that cause indirect impacts to be orders of magnitude greater than ordinary indirect effects in cases where risks are amplified, systems are overwhelmed, and resilience is eroded. The framework combines a checklist of types of impacts, consistent definitions, metrics, and strategies for estimation. The framework is serving as a template for loss estimation and benefit-cost analysis by several offices of the U.S. Department of
Direct regulation of human myometrial contractions by human chorionic gonadotropin

Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the human myometrium contains functional hCG/LH receptors. The present study investigated whether hCG can directly regulate oxytocin-stimulated human myometrial contractions. Uterine specimens were obtained from 30- to 40-yr-old women undergoing hysterectomy for leiomyomata, metrorrhagia, or prolapse. Myometrial strips from the lower uterine segment were primed for 24 h with 2.2 nmol/L estradiol. Then, the slices were incubated for 4 h at 37 C with or without 10 nmol/L hCG and stimulated with 1 mumol/L oxytocin, and the contractions were measured. The results showed that hCG inhibited the amplitude while paradoxically increasing the frequency of contractions. The effect of hCG was seen in proliferative, but not secretory, phase myometrial specimens. hCG had no effect on rat hepatic portal vein smooth muscle contractions, suggesting that the hCG action was tissue specific. Oxytocin treatment of human myometrial smooth muscle cells resulted in a dose-dependent increase in intracellular free Ca2+ levels. Pretreatment with hCG resulted in an attenuation of the oxytocin response, suggesting that the action of hCG was mediated by decreasing intracellular free Ca2+ levels. In summary, our results demonstrate that hCG can directly inhibit the amplitude of oxytocin-stimulated contractions of human myometria from the proliferative phase of the cycle. The hCG action is tissue specific and appears to be mediated by decreasing intracellular free Ca2+ levels in myometrial smooth muscle cells.
Absorption of waves in the second harmonic resonance layer

Absorption caused by relativistic broadening of quasiperpendicular incident waves within the second cyclotron harmonic layer is investigated in an inhomogeneous electron plasma. The resonance region is treated by a boundary layer analysis, and field equations valid in this region are derived by solving the rescaled (with respect to the parameter η which is the ratio of the thermal speed and the speed of light) linearized relativistic Vlasov equation. The geometrical optics solutions valid in the nonresonant region are evaluated near the resonance, and they are connected to the asymptotic forms of the inner solutions. The energy conservation theorems appropriate for this problem allow the evaluation of fractional transmitted and reflected energy, and thus distinguish between the energy mode converted to the quasielectrostatic (relativistic Bernstein) mode and that absorbed by the plasma (which does not exist for the purely perpendicular propagation and nonrelativistic case). Numerical methods are developed which enable one to handle the computation of the excessively stiff differential equations in the high‐field side. The three fundamental scattering problems are then evaluated numerically for various values of electron density and the product of electron temperature and scale length for the variation of the magnetic field for the case of perpendicular propagation. It is found that, unlike the mode coupling, the transmission of the X mode is not affected by the relativistic corrections. In the case of high‐field side incidence, the reflection is still zero as predicted in the nonrelativistic approach. However, in contrast to the zero absorption in the nonrelativistic case, there is significant absorption caused by relativistic broadening, particularly in the case of low‐field side incidence.
A perturbation solution for compressible viscous channel flows

The two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a perturbation expansion in the parameter (Mach number)2/Reynolds number. A fortieth-order solution is generated by a computer algorithm. These series are then summed as convergent series of diagonal Pade approximants. Effectively-exact solutions have been found for Reynolds numbers between zero and 1000 and a range of subsonic Mach numbers in the case of fully-developed isothermal flow between parallel side walls. Choking of the flow is shown to occur for a moderate value of channel Reynolds number. The two-dimensional velocity and pressure fields are obtained. The engineering assumption that friction factor is sensibly independent of Mach number may lead to significant underprediction of head loss in the laminar flow regime.
Charge transfer effects in KNbO3 and sodium

Abstract A new self-consistent atomic deformation model for calculating the electronic structure and total energy of condensed matter systems is described. Application of the model to KNbO3 suggests a fundamental relation between non-spherical oxygen ion deformations and charge transfer from oxygen to niobium. Application to sodium illustrates the idea of bonding enhancement in metals due to charge transfer.
Women's ways of talking in teacher-directed and student-directed peer response groups☆

Abstract This research investigated the gender-related patterns of respondents' talk in four teacher-directed and four student-directed peer response groups in two college writing classrooms. Group sessions were audiotaped, then analyzed qualitatively to determine patterns of talk within and across groups. Results showed that while both males and females talk in a variety of ways, female respondents in both types of groups tend to ask more questions and make more suggestions (16.9%). Results also indicated that female respondents more often use gender-typical language. Most significantly, results revealed that while females and males in teacher-directed groups participate almost equally, females in student-directed groups do not, making 17.0% fewer comments and taking 25.1% fewer turns. These results suggest that teachers need to ensure female respondents' equality of opportunity and, to a lesser degree, help male respondents to learn questioning and suggesting strategies.
Acoustic Emission Monitoring for Rolling Contact Fatigue Damage of Machined Components by Hard Turning vs. Grinding

The fundamental knowledge of fatigue damage mechanism is necessary for understanding manufacturing process effects. However, the artificial defects on the test samples in traditional fatigue tests will change the surface integrity and therefore may not reflect the nature of fatigue damage. This paper studies the fatigue damage resulting from real-life rolling contact tests and finite element analysis of AISI 52100 steel and identifies the possible mechanisms for fatigue failure in the presence of process induced surface integrity. Rolling contact fatigue damage was real-time monitored using an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. Surface and subsurface fatigue damage of the samples was then characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface profiling. The results suggest that shear stress induced Mode II crack is the dominant fatigue mechanism. Two types of subsurface cracks were observed: main cracks that propagate parallel to the surface due to subsurface shear stress induced fracture/debonding of inclusions or second phase particles. Shear stress induced surface cracks propagate at shallow angles (∼35°) from the surface. Branching cracks eventually form and connect the main crack to surface. The formation of main cracks and surface cracks may be parallel processes, and spalling occurs as a combined effect of the main, surface, and branching cracks. The relationship between AE signals and fatigue damage was been established.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of buprenorphine and its N-dealkylated metabolite norbuprenorphine in rat brain tissue and plasma

Abstract Introduction A specific, accurate, and reproducible liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method was developed and validated that allows simultaneous measurement of the centrally acting analgesic buprenorphine and its major metabolite, norbuprenorphine, in rat brain and plasma samples. Methods A 96-well plate solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine using mixed-mode cation-exchange reversed-phase sorbent. An LC method using a C8 column with isocratic mobile phase (80:20 water/acetonitrile with 20 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% acetic acid) was developed for reproducible and selective separation. A quadrupole mass spectrometer with atmospheric electrospray ionization source under positive ion mode was used for detection. d 4 -Buprenorphine and d 3 -norbuprenorphine were used as internal standards. Results The calibration curves for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in plasma and brain tissue were linear within the range of 7 to 8333 ng/ml (plasma) and 5 to 5000 ng/g (brain). The lower limit of quantification for both buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from brain tissue was 5 ng/g, and from plasma was 7 ng/ml. Assay accuracy and precision of back-calculated standards were within ± 15%. Discussion This method will be useful for investigation of buprenorphine's mechanism of action and clinical profile.
A comparison of solid—liquid equilibrium with vapor—liquid equilibrium for prediction of activity coefficients in systems containing polynuclear aromatics

Abstract This study compares activity coefficients from conventional vapor—liquid equilibria (VLE) experiments with those from solid—liquid solubilities for a number of systems consisting of polynuclear aromatic compounds. The solubility studies involved 12 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which have been studied from ambient temperature to near the melting point of the solutes with tetralin and decalin (an isomeric mixture of cis - and trans -decalin) as solvents. Solubilities of seven of the solutes in a 50%-50% mixture of tetralin and decalin, typical hydrogen donor solvents, have also been measured. The results have been correlated using the classical equation for solid—liquid solubility to obtain the experimental activity coefficients of the solutes in the solvents or solvent mixtures and the binary interaction parameters necessary for three well-known solution models. These parameters have been used to predict the solubilities of the solutes in the three-component systems. The VLE data were measured for four of the binary systems covered in the solubility studies. These data were analyzed to obtain the experimental activity coefficients, which were compared with those obtained from the solubility studies. The results of the two methods are discussed, particularly the uncertainties associated with the binary parameters obtained from each kind of data. Conclusions concerning the two methods are given, together with some ideas for future work.
Apomorphine does not alter amphetamine-induced dopamine release measured in striatal dialysates.

: Amphetamine facilitates the release of dopamine from nerve terminals, but the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully delineated. The present experiments were designed to test the extent to which amphetamine-induced dopamine release is dependent on impulse flow and autoreceptor function in dopaminergic neurons. Rats were pretreated with a low dose of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) to inhibit dopamine neuronal activity, and the striatal dopaminergic response to amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) was assessed by in vivo dialysis in freely moving animals. Consistent with previous results, apomorphine alone substantially decreased, whereas amphetamine increased, striatal dialysate dopamine concentrations. However, whereas apomorphine pretreatment decreased the locomotor response to amphetamine, the amphetamine-induced increase in dialysate dopamine was unaffected. These results indicate that amphetamine-facilitated dopamine release is independent of neuronal firing and autoreceptor regulation, consistent with the putative accelerative exchange-diffusion mechanism of amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Other possible mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of apomorphine on amphetamine locomotor activation are discussed.
Application of fuzzy set and neural network techniques in determining food process control set points

Fuzzy set and neural network techniques were used to determine food process control set points for producing products of certain desirable sensory quality. Fuzzy sets were employed to interpret sensory responses while neural networks were applied to model the relationships between process and sensory variables. Rice cake production was used as a model process. Product sensory attributes were evaluated by a trained panel. Multi-judge responses were formulated as fuzzy membership vectors, which in turn were formed into fuzzy membership matrices of multiple sensory attributes. Neural networks were used to determine the sensory attribute controllability and the process control set points for achieving a given target of sensory quality. New products were made by using the process set points determined, and the product sensory attributes matched the desired sensory target values by less than 9% error. The results demonstrate the great potential of the fuzzy set concept and neural network techniques in sensory quality-based food process control with sensory evaluations quantified in a naturally fuzzy manner.
Levels of (±) Abscisic Acid and Xanthoxin in Spinach under Different Environmental Conditions

The levels of the growth inhibitors(+)-abscisic acid and xanthoxin were determined in the long day plant spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Savoy Hybrid 612) grown under different environmental conditions. When plants were transferred from light to darkness, the (+)-abscisic acid level always decreased, whereas the xanthoxin content did not change. The (+)-abscisic acid content was higher in plants grown under low than under high relative humidity.Xanthoxin levels were not affected by photoperiod, whereas the (+)-abscisic acid content increased 2 to 3 times upon transferring plants from short day to long day. Shoot tips with young leaves and mature leaves of the same plants analyzed separately did not differ in their inhibitor content when expressed per unit dry weight. No increase in xanthoxin level was observed in wilting plants. In general, the xanthoxin levels of spinach were much less affected by changes in the environment than were those of (+)-abscisic acid. In conclusion, there is no correlation between xanthoxin and (+)-abscisic acid levels in spinach on the one hand, and growth and flowering responses on the other.
Repeated pregnancy losses

Our understanding of the causes of repeated pregnancy losses has been expanded during the past year as illustrated from the citations presented from the recent literature in this review. A novel contribution from genetics is the concept of parental gene imprinting, which could help us discuss differences between abnormal embryo and placental development. Advances in immunology, now enable us to use the general term antiphospholipid syndrome to describe pregnancy losses resulting from antibodies to cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine. In addition, other immune causes for pregnancy loss may be present as indicated by the observation that women with circulating antibodies to thyroglobulin or peroxidase are at increased risk for pregnancy loss. Finally, as our knowledge of the cytokines increases, their role in implantation and pregnancy maintenance will be delineated and their dysfunction identified. These disorders will thus become known as the immunodystrophic causes of repeated pregnancy losses.
Managing C++ libraries

This paper describes a scheme we have used to manage a large library written in the C++ language. The scheme imposes a directory structure, and represents dependency hierarchy in a globally accessible file we call the 'prelude' file. We also discuss the structure of the description files (makefiles) used with the UNIX options we have found to be useful in reducing the size of the library, and how to minimize recompilation time after trivial changes to the source code of the library.
Acceleration and Retardation by Mercaptans of Photoreduction by Amines

Aromatic mercaptans and disulfides retard photoreduction of benzophenone by amines and are equilibrated to ∼62% thiyl as mercaptan in the process. Racemization of sec-butylamine and introduction of deuterium into triethylamine indicate that ∼55% of the retardation arises from a hydrogen-transfer repair mechanism, after correction for light absorption and quenching. The limiting step in the cyclic repair mechanism is reduction by mercaptan of the amine derived radical k10, in competition with oxidation of it by ground state ketone, k9. Ratios of rate constants for these reactions are, with 2-mercaptomesitylene as retarder, for sec-butylamine, k10a/k9a = 30 and for triethylamine, k10b/k9b = 310. The latter high value is attributed to low k9b, slow oxidation of this amine-derived radical by ketone. The similar high value in reduction by 2-propanol is attributed to rapid reduction of alcohol-derived radical by the mercaptan. Aliphatic mercaptan, 0.02 M, accelerates photoreduction of 0.4 M benzophenone by 2 M sec-butylamine in benzene by 50%, Φ = 1.82, and is not oxidized or equilibrated in the process. Acceleration is less efficient in acetonitrile and tert-butyl alcohol and is not observed in water. Rate of the less efficient reduction by secondary amine is more than doubled by mercaptan. Inefficient retardation is observed in photoreduction by triethylamine in acetonitrile and in all cases at high concentration of aliphatic mercaptan. In retardation by n-pentyl mercaptan, k10c/k9a = 0.24 in reduction by sec-butylamine, and k10d/k9b = 0.88 in reduction by triethylamine. Ratios of reactivity toward aromatic and aliphatic mercaptans are k10a/k10c = 125 with sec-butylamine, and k10b/k10d = 350 with triethylamine, both much higher than with 2-propanol, suggesting lower reactivity of α-aminoalkyl than α-hydroxyalkyl radical toward reduction by mercaptan. Acceleration by aliphatic mercaptan arises from decrease in the quenching component normal in photoreduction by amines, and is attributed to catalysis by mercaptan of proton transfer from amine-derived radical-cation to ketyl radical-anion in a ternary complex. Similar ternary complexes with aromatic mercaptan or thioether may lead to increased quenching and to retardation not accounted for by hydrogen-transfer repair.
Health Disparities Among Children With Cleft

Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is a multidimensional construct that measures well-being associated with the teeth, mouth, and face. This cross-sectional study examined OHRQoL, demographic data, and clinical indicators in 839 treatment-seeking youths with cleft from 6 geographically diverse cleft treatment centers. Individuals without health insurance and representing ethnic minorities had lower OHRQoL scores on the Child Oral Health Impact Profile and a higher rate of surgical recommendations. These findings imply a risk factor for reduced OHRQoL and unmet needs among vulnerable youths with clefts.
Conformational stabilities and structural parameters of (CH3)nCH3−n CFO molecules

Abstract Variable temperature (−60 to −100 °C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of propionyl fluoride (CH 3 CH 2 CFO) and 2-methylpropionyl fluoride ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCFO), dissolved in liquid xenon have been recorded. From these data, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 329±33 cm −1 (3.94±0.39 kJ/mol) for propionyl fluoride with the trans conformer (methyl group eclipsing the oxygen atom) more stable than the gauche form. For 2-methylpropionyl fluoride, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 297±30 cm −1 (3.55±0.36 kJ/mol) with the gauche conformer (methyl group eclipsing the oxygen atom) more stable than the trans form. From these Δ H values along with assigned torsional fundamentals for both conformers and accompanying “hot bands” the potential functions governing the conformational interchange have been calculated. Utilizing the infrared data from the xenon solution and ab initio frequency predictions from MP2/6-31G * calculations, a few reassignments of the fundamentals have been made. Ab initio calculations have been carried out with several different basis sets up to MP2/6-311+G ** from which structural parameters and conformational stabilities have been determined. Additionally, force constants, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and scaled vibrational frequencies have been determined from MP2/6-31G * calculations. Adjusted structural parameters have been obtained from combined ab initio predicted values and previously reported microwave data. These parameters are compared to those obtained from either the earlier microwave and/or electron diffraction studies. Similar ab initio calculations and structural parameter determinations have been carried out for acetyl fluoride (CH 3 CFO) and trimethylacetyl fluoride ((CH 3 ) 3 CCFO) and compared to the corresponding experimental results when appropriate.
Coexistence of localized and itinerant d electrons

Abstract The coexistence of localized and itinerant d electrons at an array of equivalent transition-metal cations is argued for LaRuO3, high-temperature LaCoO3, CrO2 and FeS, all of which contain an integral number of d electrons per cation. In La0.5Sr0.5CoO3, La0.7Cr0.3MnO3 and Fe3O4 there are an integral number of localized d electrons per cation, but a nonintegral number of itinerant d electrons. These compounds illustrate three different situations that can permit such a coexistence to occur.
Electron escape and photoemission in the threshold region.

The formula giving the probability of electron escape is generalized to the case of electron excitation involving two conduction bands in the vicinity of the Brillouin-zone boundary when the gap between the bands is of critical importance. The escape probability in this case can be significantly larger than that found for excitation from the occupied states lying well within the first Brillouin zone. It is also shown that the Fowler law (commonly used to describe photoemission in the threshold region) is not restricted to the usually accepted assumption of indirect, momentum nonconserving, electron transitions but is a consequence of the linear dependence of the escape function on the electron energy near threshold and is valid for both direct and indirect electron transitions.
Oversecretion of the Neutral Protease from Bacillus subtilis in Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis JF254

Abstract A thermolytic lactococcal strain that oversecretes neutral protease was constructed. Plasmid profiles and proteolytic activities confirmed that this strain acquired pMG36enpr containing the cloned neutral protease gene from Bacillus subtilis . The oversecreting neutral protease transformant exhibited a halo of white precipitate when it was grown on transparent citrate milk agar and completely solubilized 11% NDM at 21°C after 5 d. Western blot confirmed that the neutral protease halo transformant secreted more neutral protease than did the normal neutral protease transformant. A biochemical and molecular understanding of the mechanism of neutral protease production in the halo transformant could form the basis for the construction of lactococcal strains capable of secreting large amounts of enzymes or other polypeptides that are important to the dairy and food industries.
Effect of Aging on the Toughness of Human Cortical Bone: Evaluation by R-Curves

Age-related deterioration of the fracture properties of bone, coupled with increased life expectancy, is responsible for increasing incidence of bone fracture in the elderly, and hence, an understanding of how its fracture properties degrade with age is essential. The present study describes ex vivo fracture experiments to quantitatively assess the effect of aging on the fracture toughness properties of human cortical bone in the longitudinal direction. Because cortical bone exhibits rising crack-growth resistance with crack extension, unlike most previous studies, the toughness is evaluated in terms of resistance-curve (R-curve) behavior, measured for bone taken from wide range of age groups (34-99 years). Using this approach, both the ex vivo crack-initiation and crack-growth toughness are determined and are found to deteriorate with age; the initiation toughness decreases some 40% over 6 decades from 40 to 100 years, while the growth toughness is effectively eliminated over the same age range. The reduction in crack-growth toughness is considered to be associated primarily with a degradation in the degree of extrinsic toughening, in particular, involving crack bridging in the wake of the crack.
Highly Enantioselective Reduction of a Small Heterocyclic Ketone: Biocatalytic Reduction of Tetrahydrothiophene-3-one to the Corresponding (R)-Alcohol

By leveraging enzyme evolution technologies, the enantioselectivity of a KetoREDuctase (KRED) towards the nearly spatially symmetrical ketone tetrahydrothiophene-3-one was increased from 63% ee to ...
A self consistent atomic deformation model for total energy calculations: Application to ferroelectrics

An ab initio model for total energy calculations is introduced in which site localized charge densities are determined from the electronic structure of atoms (or ions) in a self consistent overlap potential. In the lowest order expression of the overlap potential the ions are spherical. In this simplest form, polarization can result either from ion displacements or from transfer of charge from one ion to another. Calculations for BaTiO3 and KNbO3 show charge transfer from the O(2p) to the transition metal d states, beginning near the equilibrium volume and increasing with increasing volume. Results are obtained which indicate the transfer effect will be greatly enhanced for transition metal ions on a surface.
Modeling of mechanical resonators used for nanocrystalline materials characterization and disease diagnosis of HIVs

The modeling and performance of mechanical resonators used for mass detection of bio-cells, nanocrystalline materials characterization, and disease diagnosis of human immune-viruses (HIVs) are investigated. To simulate the real behavior of these mechanical resonators, a novel distributed-parameter model based on Euler---Bernoulli beam theory is developed. This model is equipped with a micromechanical model and an atomic lattice model to capture the inhomogeneity nature of the material microstructure. Compared with lumped-parameter model predictions, the results show that this developed model best fits with the real behavior of the mechanical resonators when detecting the mass of vaccinia virus. In terms of material characterization, the developed model gives very good estimations for the densities and Young's moduli of the grain boundary of both the nanocrystalline silicon and nanocrystalline diamond. For disease diagnosis, it is shown that the number of human immune-deficiency virus particles in a liquid sample can be easily detected when using the proposed model. The results also show that the developed model is beneficial and can be used to design mechanical resonators made of nanocrystalline materials with the ability to control the resonators' sizes and the material structure.
The Gold Medd Award

The Gold Medal Award, presented annually since 1958, is given to an individual who has made a significant naval engineering contribution, through personal effort or through the direction of others, in a particular area during the past five years.
On the Design of Jamming-Aware Safety Applications in VANETs

Connected vehicles communicate either with each other or with the fixed infrastructure using Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). The communication is used by DSRC safety applications, such as forward collision warning, which are intended to reduce accidents. Since these safety applications operate in a critical infrastructure, reliability of the applications is essential. This research considers jamming as the source of a malicious act that could significantly affect reliability. Previous research has discussed jamming detection and prevention in the context of wireless networks in general, but little focus has been on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), which have unique characteristics. Other research discussed jamming detection in VANET, however it is not aligned with current DSRC standards. We propose a new jamming-aware algorithm for DSRC safety application design for VANET that increases reliability using jamming detection and consequent fail-safe behavior, without any alteration of existing protocols and standards. The impact of deceptive jamming on data rates and the impact of the jammer's data rate were studied using actual field measurements. Finally, we show the operation of the jamming-aware algorithm using field data.
The Impact of the Mode of Information Presentation on Learning and Performance

A logistics management game was modified to provide an information/decision system that would serve as a framework for experimentally investigating the impact of the mode of information presentation. Subjects played the game by making a series of weekly decisions during each of two playing sessions. The experimental treatments were varied between sessions to permit the testing of a set of hypotheses pertaining to the impact that information and its mode of presentation might have upon performance and the rate of performance change. Data on player decisions and simulated results performance were collected automatically by the modified gaming system while data on player backgrounds were collected via questionnaires. The experimental data provide some support for hypotheses relating to the superiority of display terminals and the influence of user background on exhibited learning. The data does not, however, provide solid support for hypotheses relating to the impact of additional information or of graphical forms of information presentation. Analysis of the experimental data suggests the need to consider individual and user-group differences in systems design. User background differences may also considerably complicate the design of graphical output for information systems. Experimental research involving human interaction with information systems is a very difficult undertaking. The experiences gained from this project and reported in this paper should aid other researchers in designing effective experiments. The findings discussed also point toward several areas offering potential for further research. Many different variables influence the development and use of computer-based information systems. This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to examine the impact of the amount of information provided, the mode of presentation of that information, and the differences in personal backgrounds on the performance and rate of performance change for users of a computer-based system.
Consumer Buying Intentions and Purchase Probability: An Experiment in Survey Design

Abstract Surveys of consumer intentions to buy are inefficient predictors of purchase rates because they do not provide accurate estimates of mean purchase probability. This is a consequence of the fact that intentions surveys cannot detect movements in mean probability among nonintenders, who account for the bulk of actual purchases and for most of the time-series variance in purchase rates. Comparison of predictions from alternative surveys, one of subjective purchase probabilities and the other of buying intentions, indicates that purchase probabilities explain about twice as much of the cross-section variance in automobile purchase rates as buying intentions. Similar but not quite so conclusive differences are obtained from analysis of selected household durables. The probability variable predicts more accurately than the intentions variable largely because it divides nonintenders, and those who report that they “don't know” about their buying intentions, into subgroups with systematically different p...
Effect of low heat-shield ablation rates on flight test turbulent base pressure.

By the various examples cited above, it has been demonstrated that a system derived from techniques acquired in the course of aerospace research and development can contribute effectively to the solution of problems relating to environmental issues. One can expect that the cross-fertilization among disciplines and the attendant broadening of perspectives should bring forth many advancements in measurement techniques for environmental pollution.
Gas dynamics of semidetached binaries. II. The vertical structure of the stream

The letter considers the three-dimensional dynamics of the stream in semidetached binaries undergoing Roche-lobe overflow. Results of an earlier communication are generalized to include the dynamic effects in the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane. It is found that the scale height of the stream characteristically exceeds its corresponding hydrostatic value by a significant factor because the inertia of the gas prevents it from responding instantaneously to the changing gravitational field. This effect is important for the interpretation of observations relating to stream-disk impacts in cataclysmic variables and in binary X-ray sources of low total mass.