cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language modeling with linguistic cluster constraints

In the past, Maximum Entropy based language models were constrained by training data n-gram counts, topic estimates, and triggers. We will investigate the obtainable gains from imposing additional constraints related to linguistic clusters, such as parts of speech, semantic/syntactic word clusters, and semantic labels. It will be shown that there substantial profit is available provided the estimates use Gaussian a priori statistics.
Momentum, heat and mass transfer in logarithmic spiral flows of incompressible viscous fluids

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the transfer of momentum, heat and mass in incompressible viscous flow through a logarithmic spiral channel. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are calculated by the direct integration of the ordinary differential equations obtained from the governing transfer equations by means of the similarity transformation technique. Numerical results are obtained for the shear stress and the rates of heat and mass transfer at the channel walls. As a special case, the analytical solution in a closed form is given for circular Couette flow. Results may be applied to the vapor-heated Rosenblad-type spiral plate heat exchanger and the cooling of bearings.
Methods for shape analysis of landmark data from articulated structures

Landmark-based geometric morphometric methods are powerful tools in the study of size and shape. These methods allow one to describe the shape of rigid structures using a set of variables that can be used for statistical hypothesis testing, and to generate graphical representations of shape differences as deformations. However, when the landmarks chosen for an analysis span multiple rigid structures that articulate, variation describing the position of landmarks on one structure relative to those on another is also present in the data. In this paper, I develop three novel methods to remove the effects of arbitrary positioning of articulated structures. The separate subset method constructs shape variables for each subset of landmarks separately, then combines the resulting information. The fixed angle method rotates one subset of landmarks so the angle between subsets is invariant among specimens, and then treats them as a rigid structure for the shape analyses. The orthogonal projection method estimates the distortion due to the effects of articulation motion, approximates it with a vector, and then removes this dimension from the shape data before statistical analysis. I describe each of these methods in detail, and demonstrate their use on a data set containing landmarks from skulls and lower jaws from several populations of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The results using all methods are compared to previous findings and to each other, and the implications for studies of functional morphology are discussed.
A method for making relativistic non-quantum systems by constructing the Hamiltonian and the other nine generating functions

For the construction of a relativistic completely Hamiltonian dynamical system ("RCHDS")~ the ten generating functions (H,Pi, etc.) m~st satisfy commutation relations non-trivial even when invariance is not demanded [1, 5.2.3]. (In classical mschanics, the space-time group is one-dimensional, and commutators do not arise. Hence such systems can be obtained by selecting a Hamiltonian almost arbitrarily.)
Asymptotic analysis of the vibration spectrum of coupled Timoshenko beams with a dissipative joint

Complex flexible structures often are composed of simpler objects like beams joined end-to-end. We consider the case of two identical Timoshenko beams, coupled together at a typical energy-dissipating joint. The Wave Propagation Method of Keller and Rubinow is employed to compute the vibration spectrum of the system. It is found that the spectrum consists of a typical double-branched Timoshenko spectrum. In addition, however, for most combinations of energy-conserving end conditions, at least one of these branches decomposes into two sub-branches, one which is damped and one, undamped.
Solvothermal syntheses of Cu3P via reactions of amorphous red phosphorus with a variety of copper sources

Abstract Polycrystalline Cu3P was successfully prepared under a wide variety of solvothermal conditions. The reaction of red phosphorus with several copper sources (copper metal, copper (I) iodide, copper (I) chloride and copper (II) chloride) at 150–200 °C for 1–2 days in water produced Cu3P. Products were examined with powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Thermal analyses and optical spectroscopy were also performed. A detailed list of reaction conditions, products and impurity phases (where applicable) are reported.
Collaborating with a Skilled Peer: The Influence of Achievement Goals and Perceptions of Partners' Competence on the Participation and Learning of Low-Achieving Students.

The authors examined whether motivational goals influenced the participation and performance of low-achieving students during collaborative problem solving with a high-achieving partner. Thirty-five pairs of 4th- and 5th-grade students were randomly assigned a set of instructions designed to induce students to adopt a learning goal or a performance goal. The following day, the students were individually given a posttest on problems similar to those worked on collaboratively. The low-achieving students given learning-goal instructions performed better on the posttest problems and perceived their partner's competence as more similar to their own than did the low-achieving students given performance-goal instructions. No differences in overall amount or level of low achievers' participation during collaborative problem solving were observed. Implications of the findings for the use of peer learning in heterogeneous classrooms are discussed.
Modeling and dynamic simulation of multiple-stack variable-reluctance step motors

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to represent the dynamic behavior of multiple-stack variable-reluctance step motors. An unsaturated magnetic circuit is considered first, and the model is subsequently modified to include the effects of saturation in the iron parts. To illustrate the procedure, a typical three-phase, multiple-stack, variable-reluctance step motor is modeled. This model is also used to simulate the dynamic response of the step motor under several operating modes.
Analysis of the spectrum of a Cartesian Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) approximation to acoustic scattering problems

In this paper, we study the spectrum of the operator which results when the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) is applied in Cartesian geometry to the Laplacian on an unbounded domain. This is often thought of as a complex change of variables or “complex stretching.” The reason that such an operator is of interest is that it can be used to provide a very effective domain truncation approach for approximating acoustic scattering problems posed on unbounded domains. Stretching associated with polar or spherical geometry lead to constant coefficient operators outside of a bounded transition layer and so even though they are on unbounded domains, they (and their numerical approximations) can be analyzed by more standard compact perturbation arguments. In contrast, operators associated with Cartesian stretching are non-constant in unbounded regions and hence cannot be analyzed via a compact perturbation approach. Alternatively, to show that the scattering problem PML operator associated with Cartesian geometry is stable for real nonzero wave numbers, we show that the essential spectrum of the higher order part only intersects the real axis at the origin. This enables us to conclude stability of the PML scattering problem from a uniqueness result given in a subsequent publication.
Temporal and spatial expression of genes for cartilage extracellular matrix proteins during avian mandibular arch development

Abstract We have examined the temporal expression of genes for extracellular matrix proteins (type I collagen, type II collagen, and the cartilage specific proteoglycan core protein) during the development of the avian mandibular arch. We detected low levels of type II collagen mRNA in the mandibular arch as early as stage 15. Type II collagen mRNA remained low but increased slightly as development progressed from stage 15 to stage 25. More dramatic increases occurred after stage 25 coincident with overt chondrogenesis. In contrast, mRNA for the core protein of cartilage specific proteoglycan was not detected prior to the onset of chondrogenesis, appeared at stage 25, and increased thereafter. Type I collagen mRNA was also present as early as stage 15 and dramatically increased after stage 28/29, coincident with initiation of osteogenesis. Using in situ hybridization, we found that type II collagen mRNA became detectable in the center of the mandible around stage 24/25 coincident with the initiation of chondrogenesis. At later stages (26–32) type II collagen mRNA was localized in the cartilaginous rudiment. The pattern of hybridization observed with the proteoglycan core protein probe at later stages of development was essentially identical to that observed with the type II collagen probe. In contrast, the probe for the alpha 1 (I) collagen mRNA was localized over the perichondrium, over differentiated bone, and in areas within the mandibular arch where bone formation had been initiated.
Silicon-29 NMR Studies of Tetraalkylammonium Silicate Solutions. 2. Polymerization Kinetics.

The kinetics of formation of the silicate cubic octamer, Q38, in aqueous tetramethylammonium (TMA) silicate solutions was investigated by 29Si NMR. The rate equation for solutions at pH 13.2−13.6 is d[Q38]/dt = kf [H+]1.6±0.1[TMA+]0.36±0.08[Si]0.8±0.3 where kf = (2.2 ± 0.8) × 1016 mol-1.8 kg1.8 s-1 at 296 K. The findings prove unequivocally that alkylammonium cations participate directly in the formation and subsequent stabilization of cagelike polysilicate anions. This implies a radically different mechanistic role than “templating” for alkylammonium cations in the synthesis of molecular sieves.
History and the Social Studies: A Response to the Critics.

The recommendation of both the Bradley Commission and the National Commission on Social Studies that the study of history should form the core of the social studies curriculum has intensified the long-standing debate among educators about the nature of social studies education. This article is a response to three of the sharpest critiques of recommendation: first, that a history-centered curriculum is an ideologically conservative idea; second, that history's claim to a central place in the curriculum is not supported by empirical evidence; and third, that an integrated study of social problems is the proper focus of social studies education.
Treatment with recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor resorbs blood clot and restores osteoclastogenesis in heterotopic bone induced by partially purified native bone morphogenetic protein in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice.

Native bone morphogenetic protein and associated noncollagenous proteins induced the formation of heterotopic bone in the hindquarter muscles of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice and those of their phenotypically normal littermates (+/?). In op/op mice, the heterotopic bone consisted of a disorganized, densely packed mixture of irregular calcified cartilage, osleoid, Chondro-osteoid, and fibrous tissue. Injections of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor initiated bone resorption that began in the peripheral vascularized regions of the metaphyses and continued in central areas of uncalficified avascular chondro-osteoid. On vascularized surfaces, osteoclasts were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In op/op mice treated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor, the osteoclasts were small, with only two or three nuclei and they did not exhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. In untreated op/op mice, surgical blood clots persisted in the heterotopic sites as late as 3 weeks after the operation, whereas in treated op/op mice, the blood clots were absorbed almost as rapidly as in normal mice. Histologically, recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor restored normal macrophage functions: absorption and organization of blood clot, osteoclastogenesis. synthesis of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, bone remodeling, islands of myelopoiesis, and construction of an ossicle complete with a cortex and a medulla filled with functioning hematopoietic bone marrow.
MR fluid sponge devices and their use in vibration control of washing machines

High-strength, stable, magnetorheological (MR) fluids and devices such as rotary brakes and linear vibration dampers that enable the benefits of controllable fluid technology are now commercially available. Recently, a new way of using MR fluids in which the fluid is contained in an absorbent matrix has been developed. Such MR fluid sponge devices enable the benefits of controllable MR fluids to be realized in cost sensitive applications. Most of the high-cost components normally associated with a fluid-filled device can be eliminated with this approach. Low-cost, controllable MR sponge dampers are particularly appropriate for moderate-force vibration control problems where a high degree of control authority is desired. One attractive area for their application is in next-generation high-performance home washing machines. These new machines operate under varying agitation rates, load imbalances, and often at very high speeds, and as such require varying damping charateristics. Test results have shown the MR sponge damper to be an ideal way to control vibration in these new washing machines.
THE OPERATOR STRUCTURE OF LAGRANGIAN FIELD THEORY

Lagrangian field theory is reformulated as an integrable system for a causal S matrix. Field equations are derived from the action principle, without introducing however ill-defined products of field operators at coincident space-time points.
Flavin-linked peroxide reductases: protein-sulfenic acids and the oxidative stress response

Abstract Sequence analyses of the Streptococcus faecalis NADH peroxidase and the flavoprotein component of the Salmonella typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase indicate clear evolutionary links with members of the flavoprotein disulfide reductase family. However, chemical and spectroscopic evidence demonstrate that the non-flavin redox center in NADH peroxidase is an unusual stabilized cysteine-sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) derivative, and, not a cystine disulfide as found in the disulfide reductases. This redox-active element, when appropriately stabilized by the respective protein environment, appears to play key roles in both the catalytic and regulatory aspects of the bacterial response to oxidative stress.
Mass transfer limitation of photosynthesis of coral reef algal turfs

Algal turfs are the major primary producing component on many coral reefs and this production supports higher levels in the complex reef trophic web. Rates of metabolism of algal turfs are related positively to water motion, consistent with limitation by the diffusion of a substance through a boundary layer. Based on engineering mass transfer theory, we hypothesized that photosynthesis of algal turfs is controlled by rates of mass transfer and responses of photosynthesis to increasing flow speed should be predicted by engineering correlations. This hypothesis was tested in ten experiments where photosynthesis was estimated in a flume/respirometer from changes in dissolved oxygen at eight flow speeds between 0.08 and 0.52 m/s. Flow in the flume and over the reef at Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii was estimated using hot-film thermistor and electromagnetic current meters. Rates of photosynthesis were related positively to flow in all experiments and plots of the log of the average Sherwood number (Shmeas) versus log Reynolds number (ReD) for each experiment are lower than predicted for mass transfer through a turbulent boundary layer. Algal turf-covered plates are characterized as hydrodynamically transitional to fully rough surfaces and the lower than predicted slopes suggest that roughness reduces rates of mass transfer. A negative correlation between algal turf biomass and slopes of the log Shmeas−log ReD plots suggests that mass transfer to algal turfs is affected significantly by the physical structure of the algal community. Patterns of photosynthesis based on changes in dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations (DIC) indicate that the flow speed effect is not the result of increased flux of oxygen from the algal turfs, and combined with the short response time to flow speed, suggest that DIC may limit rates of photosynthesis. Although there are differences between flow in the flume and flow over algal turfs on the reef, these results suggest that photosynthesis is controlled, at least in part, by mass transfer. The chemical engineering approach provides a framework to pose further testable hypotheses about how algal canopy height, flow oscillation, turbulence, and substratum roughness may modulate rates of metabolism of coral reef algal turfs.
Disruption of four-and-a-half LIM 2 decreases bone mineral content and bone mineral density in femur and tibia bones of female mice

Four-and-a-half LIM 2 (FHL2) is a member of a family of LIM domain proteins which mediate protein-protein interactions. FHL2 acts as a coactivator and binds to important regulators of bone formation such as insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5, androgen receptor, and β-catenin. We hypothesized that FHL2 is an important regulator of bone formation. We evaluated growth and skeletal parameters in FHL2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. At 4 weeks of age, lack of FHL2 reduced femur, tibia, and total bone mineral content (BMC) and body weight in all mice. A gender-by-treatment interaction (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for several parameters due to a greater reduction in females. Specifically, femur BMC was reduced 11–27% at 8 and 12 weeks of age and BMD was reduced 7–13% at all ages in female KO mice (P < 0.05). A similar reduction was observed in the tibias at 8 weeks of age. A 6% reduction (P = 0.07) in femur cortical thickness was observed at 12 weeks of age in female KO mice. Interestingly, a gender-specific reduction in IGFBP-5 expression was observed in the femurs of female KO mice. During differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts, expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein was reduced 47–96% in FHL2 KO cells (P < 0.001). In conclusion, FHL2 is an important regulator of peak bone mass, lack of FHL2 produces gender- and site-specific effects on bone accretion and IGFBP-5 expression, and FHL2 is important for optimal osteoblast differentiation in vitro.
RODENTS NEW TO THE DIET OF THE WESTERN BURROWING OWL (ATHENE CUNICULARIA HYPUGAEA)

Abstract The northern pygmy mouse (Baiomys taylori), fulvous harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys fulvescens), and Merriam's pocket mouse (Perognathus merriami) are new to the diet of the western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea). All three species were identified from remains in regurgitated pellets collected from roost sites of burrowing owls in southern Texas over a period of 4 winters. Together, northern pygmy mice and fulvous harvest mice represented 58% of mammals identified in 182 pellets regurgitated by western burrowing owls. Merriam's pocket mouse accounted for only 4% of identified mammalian prey. Frequency of occurrence in pellets was 16% for northern pygmy mice, 11% for fulvous harvest mice, and 3% for Merriam's pocket mice. The primary reason for absence of these species in previous studies of foods of western burrowing owls is that most were conducted in latitudes north of these southern-distributed species of mammals.
The Price of Marriage: Net vs. Gross Flows and the South Asian Dowry Debate

The rise in dowry payments in India has been taken as evidence that women increasingly are at a disadvantage on the marriage market and must pay for marriage. Moreover, high dowries, it is argued, add to the plight of parents of daughters and have thus contributed to the scarcity of women (brides). However, the logic is curious, and, this paper argues, flawed. The term “dowry” can mean different things, and it may be useful to distinguish between the assets the bride brings at the time of marriage (gross dowry) and those netted against the groom payments (net dowry). The former is what is generally meant by dowry, while the latter is a concept used mainly by economists. I show that there is no evidence of an increase in real net dowries post 1950 in the ICRISAT data set—a data set that has featured prominently in the literature. I take this to suggest that the widespread reports of dowry inflation refer to an increase in gross dowry, a development which may merely reflect greater parental affluence. (JEL: J12, J16)
Automated On-Line Analysis Using Thermal Desorption Modulators

ABSTRACT A thermal desorption modulator is a short length of the analytical column (or a piece of tubing containing an adsorbent) placed at the head of the column in a GC. A carrier gas containing sample may be continuously introduced into a chromatographic column through a modulator. Analytes transfer from the carrier gas onto a stationary phase within the modulator and can be released from the modulator by rapid heating. A concentrated pulse of analytes generated in this fashion serves the same purpose as an injection. Thus, chromatography using modulators does not need any injection device because the equivalent of an injection is generated internally within the flow stream. In addition to serving as an alternative to an injection valve, a modulator also preconcentrates the sample. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of a thermal desorption modulator in automated on-line analysis. This had been done by continuously determining the concentration of H2S in the effluent stream from a react...
The IBM 2007 speech transcription system for European parliamentary speeches

TC-STAR is an European Union funded speech to speech translation project to transcribe, translate and synthesize European Parliamentary Plenary Speeches (EPPS). This paper describes IBM's English speech recognition system submitted to the TC-STAR 2007 Evaluation. Language model adaptation based on clustering and data selection using relative entropy minimization provided significant gains in the 2007 evaluation. The additional advances over the 2006 system that we present in this paper include unsupervised training of acoustic and language models; a system architecture that is based on cross-adaptation across complementary systems and system combination through generation of an ensemble of systems using randomized decision tree state-tying. These advances reduced the error rate by 30% relative over the best-performing system in the TC-STAR 2006 evaluation on the 2006 English development and evaluation test sets, and produced one of the best performing systems on the 2007 evaluation in English with a word error rate of 7.1%.
Gas transport in ring substituted polyanilines

The gas transport properties of polymethoxyaniline (PMANi) and polyethoxyaniline (PEANi), in which the methoxy and ethoxy groups were introduced onto the benzene rings at the ortho position, were studied to determine the effect of substituents. Measurements were carried out at 40 psi from 25°C to 55°C. When compared with polyaniline, the gas permeability increases with the size of substituent because of the increases in the diffusivities while the selectivities remain the same or increase for some gas pairs. Excellent correlations were found between the diffusion coefficients and the molecular diameters of gases and between the solubility coefficients of gases and their boiling points (or critical temperatures).
On the use of Somigliana's formula and Fourier series for elasticity problems with circular boundaries

This paper considers the problem of an infinite, isotropic elastic plane containing an arbitrary number of non-overlapping circular holes and isotropic elastic inclusions. The holes and inclusions are of arbitrary size and the elastic properties of all of the inclusions can, if desired, be different. The analysis is based on the two-dimensional version of Somigliana's formula, which gives the displacements at a point inside a region V in terms of integrals of the tractions and displacements over the boundary S of this region. We take V to be the infinite plane, and S to be an arbitrary number of circular holes within this plane. Any (or all) of the holes can contain an elastic inclusion, and we assume for simplicity that all inclusions are perfectly bonded to the material matrix. The displacements and tractions on each circular boundary are represented as truncated Fourier series, and all of the integrals involved in Somigliana's formula are evaluated analytically. An iterative solution algorithm is used to solve the resulting system of linear algebraic equations. Several examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Food Versus Biofuels: Environmental and Economic Costs

The rapidly growing world population and rising consumption of biofuels intensify demands for both food and biofuels. This exaggerates food and fuel shortages. The use of food crops such as corn grain to produce ethanol raises major nutritional and ethical concerns. Nearly 60% of humans in the world are currently malnourished, so the need for grains and other basic foods is critical. Growing crops for fuel squanders land, water and energy resources vital for the production of food for human consumption. Using corn for ethanol increases the price of US beef, chicken, pork, eggs, breads, cereals, and milk more than 10% to 30%. In addition, Jacques Diouf, Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, reports that using food grains to produce biofuels is already causing food shortages for the poor of the world. Growing crops for biofuel not only ignores the need to reduce fossil energy and land use, but exacerbates the problem of malnourishment worldwide.
Arteriosclerosis in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): a developmental analysis

Arteriosclerosis in Oncorhynchur mykiss has been examined histologically in parr, smolts, spawning adults and post-spawning adults captured during downstream migration. All stages of fish from the Clearwater River in Idaho are characterized by the presence of lesions in the main vessel on the bulbus arteriosus. The incidence is lowest in parr, increases significantly in smolts, and is present in 100% of spawning fish. Regression of lesions was not observed in either hatchery or wild fish after spawning.
The Spirit of Environmental Justice: Resurrection Hope in Urban America

Using the resources of prophetic religion, and with special reference to the blighted city of Chester, Pennsylvania, I argue that lack of access to affordable, nutritious food is an environmental justice problem embedded within a host of other social and economic problems. A holistic analysis of the dysfunctional web that ties together seemingly disparate social pathologies can make sense of, and provide solutions for, the eco-crisis, including the food crisis, in urban communities today. I offer a case study of a grocery co-op in Chester as a successful experiment in sustainable food justice and participatory democracy that directly confronts the urban crisis, including the rising incidence of obesity and diabetes in under-resourced communities. By avoiding a carbon-intensive food regime, the Co-op is a living parable of how local food choices can undergird the health of consumers along with the bio-systems that support this and future generations of humans, animals, and plants. I conclude that the powers of resurrection hope and biblical justice are compelling resources for combatting the mean-spirited politics of greed and power that drive the downward cycle of American cities today.
Density functional theory study of clean, hydrated, and defective alumina ( 1 1 ¯ 02 ) surfaces

We report an ab initio thermodynamic analysis of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}{\text{-Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}\text{ }(1\overline{1}02)$ surface aimed at understanding the experimentally observed terminations over a range of surface preparation conditions as well as a stoichiometric model for the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface reconstruction observed after high-temperature annealing. As temperature is increased under both ultrahigh vacuum and ambient hydrated conditions, the predicted minimum-energy structural model goes through the same series of changes: from the hydroxylated ``missing-Al'' surface model (or half-layer model in which the topmost Al site of the stoichiometric surface has zero occupancy), to the hydroxylated stoichiometric model, to another hydroxylated missing-Al surface model with tetrahedral coordinated surface Al, and finally to the clean $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ stoichiometric model. These results are in agreement with observations of both missing-Al and bulklike stoichiometries under wet conditions and in agreement with similar trends reported for isostructural hematite. However, we observe that the models with excess oxygen have a relatively higher surface-free energy and distinct surface relaxations in the case of alumina as compared to hematite. At very high temperatures where oxygen defects are generated, we find that a stoichiometric, charge-neutral $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structure becomes the most thermodynamically stable. This is consistent with the observation of a $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ electron diffraction pattern when the surface is annealed at 2000 K while a $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ pattern persists at lower annealing temperatures. A general rule that emerges from our modeling results is that while the full phase space of hydrated and defective surfaces is expansive, model stoichiometries that can be made charge neutral through either hydration or defects offer the greatest thermodynamic stability. However, the unique trends in structure and relative energies of alumina surface stoichiometries as compared to hematite can be understood based on the difference in electronic structure of the substrate.
Kinetics of particle growth. VI. Sulfuric acid aerosol from the photooxidation of SO2 in moist O2N2 mixtures

Abstract Sulfur dioxide was photolyzed by fluorescent light in a static Pyrex reactor at 29°C in moist 02-N2 mixtures of 1 atm pressure. The particle number density of the H2SO4 aerosol product was monitored as a function of irradiation time. After about a 1-min induction period, particles were produced and they increased to a maximum value, Nmax, of ∼0.6 × 105 particles/cm3 at about 10 min irradiation time for an SO2 photoremoval constant of 3 × 10−6 min−1. The results were independent of the SO2 pressure (0.011–1.7 Torr) or the H2O pressure (0.12-4.5 Torr), but Nmax was considerably smaller at reduced light intensity. The critical concentration of H2SO4 vapor needed to initiate particle growth was about 109 molecules/cm3 (2 × 10−7 Torr). The nucleation was interpreted in terms of the mechanism: SO 2 + hv → SO 2 ∗ ; SO 2 ∗ + O 2 → SO 4 ; SO 4 + SO 2 → 2SO 3 (4); SO 3 + H 2 O → H 2 SO 4 (3) ; qSO4 → (SO4)q (5); where SO 2 ∗ represents the electronically excited SO2 molecule that is the precursor to SO4 production. Reaction 5 is the nucleating reaction, and (SO4)q is the nucleating species. Reaction 5 is slow compared to reaction 4, and the steady-state approximation leads to the rate law for the nucleation rate, R nuel = k 5 ( k 1 k 4 ) q , where k1 is the photoremoval rate of SO2. An analysis of the data gave q = 3, 10−13
Rehabilitation outcomes of 5 patients with severe West Nile virus infection: a case series.

Abstract Rao N, Char D, Gnatz S. Rehabilitation outcomes of 5 patients with severe West Nile virus infection: a case series. Objective To report inpatient rehabilitation outcome in severe cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Freestanding rehabilitation hospital. Participants Five consecutive patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital with proven WNV infection. Patients had severe neurologic manifestations and functional deficits. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measure FIM instrument scores. Results On admission, overall FIM scores ranged from 31 to 68, with a mean of 44.40±15.85; overall FIM scores ranged from 52 to 90, with a mean of 76.00±15.03 at discharge. Conclusions All patients demonstrated significant functional improvement ( P
Compact Table of Twelve Probability Levels of the Symmetric Binomial Cumulative Distribution for Sample Sizes to 1,000

Abstract A compact table of critical values for tests of the symmetric binomial cumulative distribution is presented. It covers twelve probability levels (.001, .01, .02, .05, .10, .20, .30, .50, .70, .80, .90, and .95) for sample sizes to 1,000. Approximation methods of making such tests are also described, and notes on the theory and construction of the table are appended.
Chelidonic acid and other conformationally restricted substrate analogues as inhibitors of rat brain glutamate decarboxylase

Abstract Twenty conformationally restricted analogues of glutamate including benzoic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, pyridine dicarboxylic acids, and pyran dicarboxylic acids were tested as inhibitors of glutamate decarboxylase from rat brain. Chelidonic acid, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid, chelidamic acid, gallic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were the most potent inhibitors of the enzyme, and generally the aromatic analogues were much more potent inhibitors than their aliphatic counterparts. An intercarboxylate distance of 0.75 nm appears optimal for substrate competition, indicating that glutamate binds to the active site in an extended conformation. At least one carboxyl group can be replaced by a phenolic hydroxyl without greatly affecting inhibition. The degree of inhibition was also influenced by the aromatic structure, particularly with respect to the atom bridging the dicarboxylate carbons. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition by chelidonic acid and chelidamic acid showed that these compounds were competitive with glutamate with K i values of 1.2 and 33 μM respectively. Consistent with this result, chelidonic acid also inhibited the glutamate-dependent formation of apoenzyme. Chelidonic acid itself did not promote formation of apoenzyme and did not react with free pyridoxal P. The effects of different classes of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitors are discussed in relation to the formation of apoenzyme and its reactivation by pyridoxal-P. As one of the most potent inhibitors of glutamate decarboxylase known, chelidonic acid may be of value in studies of the regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid synthesis.
INVESTIGATION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE ULTRASONIC ABSORPTION IN FAST-NEUTRON IRRADIATED SiO$sub 2$ GLASS

Ultrasonic attenuation measurements were made in normal and fast-neutron-irradiated fused silica from 7 to 50 Mc/sec and from 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A broad attenuation curve, attributed to a structural relaxation with a distribution of activation energies, occurs at low temperatures. The shape of the loss curve is dependent upon the distribution of activation energies and the amplitude is proportional to the number of structural units which contribute to the relaxation process. Heavy fast-neutron irradiation produced no change in the shape of the curve while the amplitude decreased markedly. A loss associated with a specific defect, an elongated Si---O---Si bond with two equilibrium positions for the bridging oxygen atom, is consistent with the results of this study. The presence of a large number of these defects suggests a new concept of the structure of glass. Evidence is presented to show that thermal spikes, rather than displacement collisions alone, are responsible for the fast-neutron damage in Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Frege's Elucidatory Holism

Abstract I argue against the two most influential readings of Frege's methodology in the philosophy of logic. Dummett's “semanticist” reading sees Frege as taking notions associated with semantical content—and in particular, the semantical notion of truth—as primitive and as intelligible independently of their connection to the activity of judgment, inference, and assertion. Against this, the “pragmaticist” reading proposed by Brandom and Ricketts sees Frege as beginning instead from the independent and intuitive grasp that we allegedly have on the latter activity and only then moving on to explain semantical notions in terms of the nature of such acts. Against both readings, I argue, first, that Frege gives clear indication that he takes semantical and pragmatical notions to be equally primitive, such that he would reject the idea that either sort of notion could function as the base for a non-circular explanation of the other. I argue, secondly, that Frege's own method for conveying the significance of ...
Limiting strains of sheet metals obtained by pneumatic stretching at elevated temperatures

As uniaxial tensile testing fails to represent the actual loading case in sheet metal forming, evaluation of limiting strains is largely based on forming limit diagrams (FLDs) produced by the Marciniak and Nakazima methods. The accuracy of these methods is subject to uncertainties of the actual deformation state and friction conditions. In addition, they are impractical for studying formability at elevated temperatures, which is of prime importance in forming lightweight alloys. This work presents a detailed systematic methodology for assessing formability and limiting strains by pneumatic sheet metal stretching. The proposed approach is demonstratively applied to the AZ31 magnesium alloy at various conditions.
Standardization: A primer

Recognition is growing of the importance of including standardization in an academic education. Standardization committees create a defined order applied to a specific application, e.g., a safety standard, a measurement standard, a telephone jack, a WiFi signal, a quality standard, a process standard, lumber size. This standardization activity is certainly necessary, but theoretically the details of any standard are largely arbitrary, which reduces any academic interest in standardization. This widespread view is simplistic and needs to change. Creating and maintaining a standard has significant technical and economic effects, even when the details of the standard are arbitrary. Teaching this basic theory of standards and its impact is missing from the existing academic curriculum. This primer develops and presents this theory with a focus on current issues related to interoperation.
Analysis of two stage sampling plan with imperfect inspection

Abstract Acceptance sampling plans used in a typical quality control process, are developed to provide optimal sample size(s) and acceptance (rejection) criterion. In order to apply a sampling plan, a knowledge of acceptable quality level (AQL), a lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD), and the specification of two types of errors (type I and type II) are required. The traditional methods assume that quality control inspectors, inspection tools, and computation processes are free from any errors under normal conditions. However, it has been shown that in practice inspectors, inspection tools as well as computation processes are all erroneous. These errors will have significant impact on sample size(s), decision criterion, average outgoing quality (AOQ), and the operating characteristics curve (OC Curve). The impact of imperfect inspection on AOQ, sample size(s), and OC curves for a two stage sampling plan are presented in this paper. In a two stage sampling plan, the decision to reject or accept a lot is made through two tandem stages of the inspection process. The first stage inspection is performed at the low level component, where m components constitute a single item. An acceptance decision for a single item is made based on the observed number of defects (non-conformities), while an acceptance decision of a given lot depends on the number of defective (non-conforming) items. A simulation program has been developed to investigate the sensitivity of AOQ and OC curves when one or both types of errors (type I and type II) deviate from their specified levels. The computational experiments show that inspection errors cause the discrepancies between the computed values and the specified values. The analysis of simulation results leads us to conclude that, when inspection errors are present, the traditional sampling plans without inclusion of inspection errors are misleading and incorrect.
Atmospheric input of trace metals to Lake Michigan

Atmospheric bulk deposition was collected on a monthly basis in the Lake Michigan basin from September 1975 through December 1976 to determine the atmospheric loading of trace elements to Lake Michigan. The sampling network consisted of bulk collectors located at 21 locations in the northern and southern basin. Atmospheric loading rates to Lake Michigan were estimated as (in units of 105 kg yr−1): Al-50; Fe-28; Mn-6.4; Zn-11; Cu-1.2; Pb-6.4; Cd-0.11; Co- <0.25; Ca-798; Mg-155; Na-110; K-64. Atmospheric deposition of all elements measured was greater in the southern basin than in the northern basin as a result of intense urban/industrial activity in the former. The percentage of total atmospheric deposition falling in the southern basin was: Fe-74%, Al-71%; Mn-75%; Zn-67%; Cu-62%; Pb-78%; Cd-74%; Co- ti 56%; Ca-79%; Mg-62%; Na-65%; K-61 %. Atmospheric loading rates reported are in general agreement with estimates made by others from emission inventories and aerosol concentrations. Atmospheric loadings were estimated to represent 10% or more of the total loadings to Lake Michigan from tributary and erosion sources for the trace elements Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb. Also, atmospheric deposition may account for recent accumulations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Co in southern Lake Michigan surficial sediments. The atmospheric Ph flux to southern Lake Michigan was estimated as ∼1.7 μg sm−2 yr−1 for 1975–1976 which compares favorably with the 1972 anthropogenic Pb flux of 1.3 μg cm−2 yr−1 (total − ∼1.5 μg cm−2 yr−1) as determined from Pb-210 dating (Edgington and Robbins, 1976). The geographical distribution of trace element loading implicates the southern periphery of Lake Michigan as the principal emission source area.
Identification of modeled ocean plumes in Greenland Gyre ERS-1 SAR data

Oceanic convective plumes modeled with a thermobaric large-eddy simulation and driven by conditions similar to those of the Greenland Sea are compared to observations from ERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the Greenland Sea for the winter of 1992. In both form and size the two representations are seen to compare favorably. The plume-filled area of the SAR image occupies a region about 20 km by 90 km at the ice edge of the open water in 'Nordbukta', the large seasonal ice retreat, in the 'Odden' ice protuberance in the southern Greenland gyre. In the SAR data the plumes appear to be ice covered while the convective-return areas are open.
Mid-IR HgCdTe double heterostructure lasers

J. SinghDepartment of Electhcal Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109ABSTRACTWhile HgCdTe has been used extensively to fabricate high performance photodiodes and focal plane arrays,yet little had been done to apply this technology to light emitting devices. We recently succeeded in fabricating andoperating the first HgCdTe injection laser. Here we discuss the early results in detail, and present new results on anexpanded range of operation. The stripe-geometry double-heterostructure lasers were grown by molecular beamepitaxy (MBE). Active layer thicknesses ranged between 0.9 and 1.4 jim, and the p and n confinement layers were insitu doped up to 1018 cm3 with arsenic and indium, respectively. Three double heterostructures were grown, and theyall produced working lasers. The devices were operated under pulsed current at temperatures between 40K and 90K.At 77K, the emission wavelengths were 2.9, 3.4 and 3.9 jim, and the lowest threshold current density measured was521 A/cm2, very close to the prediction of a numerical calculation. Further characterization data including temperaturedependence of the threshold currents, far field patterns, spectral analysis of longitudinal modes, and imaging of thelaser emission in a near field configuration are discussed.1. INTRODUCTION
Testosterone administration to ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) reduces the frequency of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion.

In the male rhesus monkey testosterone (T) retards the frequency of intermittent LH secretion. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this action of T is demonstrable in the female. Five ovariectomized rhesus monkeys, bearing indwelling cardiac catheters, were implanted s.c. on one or more occasions with T-containing Silastic capsules. Sequential blood samples were collected for 8 h every 10 min before T treatment and usually at 1, 2, 4, and 8 days thereafter. Plasma LH concentrations were measured in duplicate by radioimmunoassay and subsequently analyzed with a computerized algorithm. Sustained increments in circulating T (5-13 ng/ml) in ovariectomized monkeys resulted in a progressive reduction in LH pulse frequencies from approximately 1 pulse every 60 min before initiation of T treatment to 1 pulse every 100-150 min at 48 h thereafter. In most cases the deceleration in pulsatile gonadotropin secretion continued, and by 4-8 days of T treatment LH pulse frequencies as low as 1 pulse every 5 h were observed. The onset of the T-induced deceleration in LH pulse frequency was generally associated with an increase in LH pulse amplitude and with a decline in mean LH levels. This LH response in the female to T treatment was similar to that previously reported for male castrates.
Intramuscular neostigmine and glycopyrrolate safely accelerated bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury and defecatory disorders.

Difficulty with evacuation after spinal cord injury (SCI) may be due to a lack of parasympathetic stimulation of the colon. Prior studies in persons with spinal cord injury have suggested that intravenous administration of neostigmine stimulates colonic motility while glycopyrrolate attenuates some of the cholinergic side effects of neostigmine. We thus performed a double-blind, cross-over study to evaluate the effect of neostigmine/glycopyrrolate injections in patients with SCI and defecatory difficulties. Seven subjects received active treatment (neostigmine 2 mg and glycopyrrolate 0.4 mg intramuscularly) during three consecutive bowel evacuation sessions and were crossed-over to placebo injections for three consecutive sessions. Compared with placebo, neostigmine/glycopyrrolate reduced the total bowel evacuation time from 98.1 ± 7.2 to 74.8 min ± 5.8 (p < 0.05). The lowest heart rate or blood pressure was not significantly different between the treatment and placebo groups. In conclusion, neostigmine/glycopyrrolate may improve bowel evacuation in patients with SCI-related defecatory disorders.
Interacting field theory of relativistic point particles.

We present a manifestly covariant Parisi-Sourlas field theory of relativistic point particles with arbitrary Lorentz-invariant self-interactions.