cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomized algorithm for aligning DNA sequences to reference genomes

The alignment of reads generated by next-generation sequencers is an important problem in many biomedical applications. Although many methods have been proposed, we introduce a new randomized algorithm with the distinction of having high performance across a wide range of read lengths and base error rates. We utilize two FM indices to facilitate efficient bidirectional searching. Randomization allows us to estimate effectively key parameters, which ultimately account for the consistency in performance of the method. Our method by and large outperformed some of the recent and popular methods over a wide range of read lengths and base error rates.
On Tagged Particle Dynamics in Highly Confined Fluids

Heuristic approaches to the statistics of tagged particle motion in a one-dimensional hard point particle fluid are discussed. An exact expression is obtained for the finite N case with arbitrary single-particle interactionless dynamics. This is extended to the mean over tagged particles as N→∞, and a simple form presented in terms of elementary physical quantities. Extension to single-file flow under quasi-one-dimensional confinement is initiated.
Hot Carrier Dynamics and Coherent Effects in GaN under Short Laser Pulse Excitation

The fast carrier dynamics in GaN under short laser pulse excitation is investigated theoretically, using a density matrix approach, and experimentally, using time-resolved photoluminescence. The rise time of the photoluminescence is determined by carrier scattering with LO phonons .
Embolization of basal ganglia and thalamic arteriovenous malformations.

OBJECTIVE: Basal ganglia and thalamic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) show a poor natural history and have proven difficult to treat. We report the safety and efficacy of presurgical and preradiosurgical embolization of these deep central lesions and describe the contribution of embolization to multimodality treatment. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with basal ganglia and/or thalamic AVMs underwent embolization in a total of 69 sessions. Seven of the 38 patients (18.4%) presented with hemorrhage, and 23 of 38 (60.5%) exhibited neurological deficits before therapy. Thirty patients (78.9%) underwent embolization with a liquid adhesive (cyanoacrylate), and five of these patients also underwent embolization with polyvinyl alcohol. Five patients (13.2%) were treated with polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl alcohol and silk. One patient (2.6%) underwent embolization alone, 19 (50.0%) underwent embolization followed by radiosurgery, 5 (13.2%) underwent embolization plus microsurgical resection, and 13 (34.2%) patients were treated using all three modalities. RESULTS: Three patients did not undergo embolization because of the morphological features of the AVMs and poor endovascular access. The patients who underwent embolization achieved AVM volume reductions of 10 to 100% (mean, 49.7%). Fifteen patients (39.5%) achieved complete obliteration of their AVMs, one with embolization alone, three with embolization followed by radiosurgery, five with embolization plus microsurgical resection, and six with a combination of all three modalities. At the time of the last follow-up imaging session, embolization combined with radiosurgery (19 patients) yielded a mean volume reduction of 81.1 %, and all three modalities (13 patients) yielded a mean reduction of 84.6%. Four permanent neurological deficits resulted from embolization (5.8% of procedures, 10.5% of patients). The embolization-related complication rate was higher in the earlier years (1984-1989) of this series. CONCLUSION: Endovascular embolization plays an important role in multimodality treatment of AVMs involving the basal ganglia and/or thalamus. Embolization can result in obliteration of a significant volume of the AVM and may allow complete obliteration of the AVM when combined with microsurgical resection and/or stereotactic radiosurgery.
Uterine Changes Associated With Impaired Fertility in the Dairy Cow

Abstract Uteri from 55% of a group of repeat breeder cows contained abnormal uterine glands. Morphologically, these glands were characterized by enlargement of the lumen, various degrees of degeneration of the glandular epithelium, and a localized modification of the stoma accompanied by infiltration of either eosinophils or lymphocytes or both. The lesion was localized and was caused by occlusion of the endometrial gland.
An examination of photosynthetic production, excretion of photosynthetic products, and heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic compounds with reference to results from a coastal subtropical sea

The rate of primary production, excretion of photosynthetic products and turnover of glucose and amino acids was measured at a station in a coastal region in the Bahamas. Over the depths 0 to 50 m, total photosynthetic rates varied from 1.7 to 12.7 μgC fixed 1-1day-1, averaging 4.3. The extent of extracellular photosynthetic products ranged from undetectable to 23%, averaging 6.9%. Neither the field data nor studies with axenic cultures of Dunaliella tertiolecta, Skeletonema costatum, and Monochrysis lutheri showed any evidence of an increase in the percentage excretion at low population densities or low photosynthetic rates. Rates of amino acid turnover varied from 21 to 168% day-1, and that of glucose from 8.3 to 41% day-1. Light seems to have little effect on the uptake and respiration of these substrates by the planktonic population. There was a significant relationship between the fraction of the substrate used for respiration and that retained by the cell. On average, 42% of the glucose taken up was respired and 21% of the amino acid mixture. Tentative calculations suggest that the production of dissolved organic material as extracellular photosynthetic products would be insufficient to supply the heterotrophic population, and it was concluded that some other route(s) must be of major importance.
Defect states at silicon surfaces

Abstract We demonstrate that surface defects can be characterized in terms of the same parameters that are used for studying bulk defects. We have a model for defect formation on the surface that allows us to estimate formation energies. By combining our contactless surface recombination velocity (SRV) measurement with other surface analysis techniques, we are able to determine the electrical activity of many surface species. We demonstrate observation of surface dangling bonds created by O 2 dissolved in dilute hydrofluoric acid (HF). Immersion in a methanol/I 2 solution is shown to produce electronically passive Si–OR bonds. Minority carrier capture cross sections for metal defects are calculated based on independent measurement of metal surface coverage. Through the understanding of surface defects, we apply our lifetime measurement to monitor metal contamination from dilute HF solutions. A model relating metal deposition rate to HF dilution is developed. We demonstrate sensitivity of 20 parts per trillion (ppt) Cu in a 500 : 1 HF solution.
Contract Networks for Electric Power Transmission

A contract network extends the concept of a contract path to address the problem of loop flow and congestion in electric power transmission systems. A contract network option provides an internally consistent framework for assigning long-term capacity rights to a complicated electric transmission network. The contract network respects the special conditions induced by Kirchoff's Laws; accommodates thermal, voltage, and contingency constraints on transmission capacity; and can be adopted without disturbing existing methods for achieving an economic power dispatch subject to these constraints. By design, a contract network would maintain short-run efficiency through optimal spot-price determination of transmission prices. Through payment of congestion rentals, the contract network makes a long-term capacity-right holder indifferent between delivery of the power or receipt of payments in a settlement system. to]Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.
Noncritical matching of cavity lengths for uninterrupted additive-pulse mode locking of a cw Nd:YLF laser.

Stable interferometrically insensitive operation of an additive- pulse mode-locked Nd:YLF laser is observed over 4.8 μm of continuous detuning of the cavity lengths. This phenomenon continuously persists over 250 μm of coarse cavity-length detuning. Outside this range interferometric mode locking typically associated with additive-pulse mode locking is observed for detuning lengths of over 1 mm. The external cavity of the system consists of a multimode fiber whose four possible second-order proper modes are all excited. The underlying mechanism is a slow process with response times in the subhertz and hertz regions.
Consumer processing of virtual experience in e-commerce: A test of an integrated framework

This study combined discursive and imagery processing streams of research to propose an integrated model of virtual experience as it relates to the strength of brand attitude. The model assumes that both cognitive elaboration (representing the discursive process) and imagery vividness (reflecting the imagery process) are responsible for the effectiveness of virtual experience in the form of 3-D product visualization regarding attitude accessibility and attitude confidence. The results indicate that a brand attitude formed via an interactive 3-D product interface was more accessible and confident than via a static 2-D presentation. Imagery vividness contributed to creating a strong brand attitude. However, effects transmitted via cognitive elaboration were either negative (for accessibility) or nonsignificant (for confidence). Findings suggest that although the two processes are compensatory rather than complementary in the context of virtual experience, the imagery process dominates the discursive process. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Nanoscale Composites Formed by Encapsulation of Polymers in MoS2. From Conjugated Polymers to Plastics. Detection of Metal to Insulator Transition

Abstract Polyaniline, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene glycol), poly-(vinylpyrrolidinone), methyl cellulose, polyethylenimine, polyethylene, and Nylon-6, were encapsulated into MoS2. Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power measurements of pressed pellets of (PEO)0.92MoS2 and (Polyaniline)0.35MoS2 show p-type metallic behavior. Below 14 K and 9 K respectively both show a metal to insulator transition. The thermal stability of these materials is reported.
A Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 longitudinal electrooptic modulator at 6328 &#197;

A Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 light modulator operating at low frequencies, from 100 Hz up to 1 MHz, is examined. Experimental results concerning the thermal behavior and stability, frequency response, and linearity performance characteristics of the system are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the modulator are discussed.
In vivo brain imaging using a portable 3.9 gram two-photon fluorescence microendoscope.

We introduce a compact two-photon fluorescence microendoscope based on a compound gradient refractive index endoscope probe, a DC micromotor for remote adjustment of the image plane, and a flexible photonic bandgap fiber for near distortion-free delivery of ultrashort excitation pulses. The imaging head has a mass of only 3.9?g and provides micrometer-scale resolution. We used portable two-photon microendoscopy to visualize hippocampal blood vessels in the brains of live mice.
Comparison of cutting efficiencies between electric and air-turbine dental handpieces.

Statement of problem Dentistry is gravitating toward the increased use of electric handpieces. The dental professional should have sufficient evidence to validate the switch from an air-turbine handpiece to an electric handpiece. However, there is little research quantifying the cutting efficiency of electric and air-turbine handpieces. Studies that do quantify cutting efficiency typically do so with only a single material. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the cutting efficiency of an electric handpiece and an air-turbine handpiece, using various materials commonly used in dentistry. Material and methods Seven materials: Macor (machinable glass ceramic), silver amalgam, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, high noble metal alloy, noble metal alloy, and base metal alloy, were each cut with a bur 220 times; 110 times with an electric handpiece, and 110 times with an air-turbine handpiece. The weight difference of the material was calculated by subtracting the weight of the material after a cut from the weight of the material before the cut. The cutting efficiency was calculated by dividing the weight difference by the duration of the cut (g/s). Data were analyzed by a 2-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test (alpha=.05). Results The electric handpiece cut more efficiently than the air-turbine handpiece (F=3098.9, P Conclusions The electric handpiece is more efficient at cutting various materials used in dentistry, especially machinable glass ceramic, silver amalgam, and high noble alloy, than the air-turbine handpiece.
Cold welding of ultrathin gold nanowires

The welding of metals at the nanoscale is likely to have an important role in the bottom-up fabrication of electrical and mechanical nanodevices. Existing welding techniques use local heating, requiring precise control of the heating mechanism and introducing the possibility of damage. The welding of metals without heating (or cold welding) has been demonstrated, but only at macroscopic length scales and under large applied pressures. Here, we demonstrate that single-crystalline gold nanowires with diameters between 3 and 10 nm can be cold-welded together within seconds by mechanical contact alone, and under relatively low applied pressures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situ measurements reveal that the welds are nearly perfect, with the same crystal orientation, strength and electrical conductivity as the rest of the nanowire. The high quality of the welds is attributed to the nanoscale sample dimensions, oriented-attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface-atom diffusion. Welds are also demonstrated between gold and silver, and silver and silver, indicating that the technique may be generally applicable.
An ensemble Monte Carlo study of high-field transport in β-SiC

Abstract The high-field transport of electrons in β-SiC is investigated by use of an ensemble Monte Carlo technique. We consider scattering by acoustic deformation potential, polar optical phonon, two different equivalent intervalley phonons (one first-order and one zero-order interaction), impurity scattering and impact ionization. The intervalley coupling constants and deformation potential constant are estimated by fitting the ohmic mobility to the measured experimental values over the temperature range 50–1000 K. Polar runaway occurs above 5 × 10 5 V/cm. The distribution can be partially stabilized by impact ionization processes, but the runaway is still observed. For a nonparabolic band model, the drift velocity has a gentle peak around 4 × 10 5 V/cm. The peak value is 1.9 × 10 7 cm/s, which is comparable to the experimental value observed in 6H-SiC (2.1 × 10 7 cm/s).
Integrating clinical psychology into primary care settings

The primary care setting offers a mostly new and exciting opportunity for clinical psychology. Historically, psychology has been relegated to the "back forty," distant and far removed from mainstream medicine in most major hospitals. The primary care integration possibilities for clinical psychology are many. The present article will highlight these opportunities as well as provide the reader with an understanding as to why this conceptual paradigm and practical shift is needed as well as how to integrate clinical psychology services into the primary care setting.
Attentional disengagement dysfunction following mTBI assessed with the gap saccade task

Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), leads to a number of cognitive, attentional, and sensorimotor deficits that can last a surprisingly long time after the initial injury. We have previously shown that the ability to orient visuospatial attention is deficient in participants with mTBI within 2 days of their injury, but then recovers to normal levels within a week. Orienting attention requires disengagement from the point of fixation, movement of attention to the location of interest, and reengagement at that location. Deficits in any or all of these processes could lead to the difficulties with orienting attention that we have observed in mTBI. To address this issue, we tested participants with mTBI using a gap saccade task. Because this task manipulates the temporal gap between the offset of the fixation target and the appearance of the peripheral saccade target, it isolates the contribution of the disengagement process to saccadic reaction time. We found that participants with mTBI had significantly longer saccadic reaction times than controls when the temporal gap was short but not when it was long. This gap-dependent difference in saccadic reaction time was present within 2 days of the injury and resolved within 1 week. This pattern of results suggests that as the contribution of the disengagement process is reduced, so too is the extent of the reaction time deficit in the participants with mTBI. Taken together, this is consistent with the idea that the deficits in orienting visuospatial attention in participants with mTBI are fully accounted for by difficulties with the initial disengagement process.
Convective Heat Transfer at Particle‐Liquid Interface in Continuous Tube Flow at Elevated Fluid Temperatures

Liquid-to-particle convective heat transfer coefficients are useful in developing aseptic food processing systems. They were determined for continuous flow through a holding tube at 115.5°C using liquid crystal and relative velocity methods with sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution to simulate non-Newtonian fluid characteristics. An on-line tube viscometer was used for in situ estimation of rheological characteristics. Minimum and maximum values of hfp determined from the liquid crystal method ranged from 986 W/m20K to 2270 W/m20K, (Nusselt numbers from 26.4 to 54.6). Values from the relative velocity method ranged from 1143 to 2270 W/m20K (Nusselt numbers from 33.2 to 63.1) when using the Ranz and Marshall relation, and from 598 to 1456 W/m20C (Nusselt numbers from 13.6 to 24.1) with a flat-plate correlation. Heat transfer coefficients increased significantly with decreasing carrier medium viscosity and decreasing particle-to-tube diameter ratio and increased with flow rate.
A Defense of Employee Rights

Recent trends in business ethics along with growing attacks upon unions, suggest that employee rights will be a major social concern for business managers during the next decade. However, in most of the discussions of employee rights to date, the very meaning and legitimacy of such rights are often uncritically taken for granted. In this paper, we develop an account of employee rights and defend this conception against what we take to be the strongest in-principle objections to it.
A scale to measure the cognitive control form of perceived control: Construction and preliminary assessment

This article explores the notion that the evaluation process for services may include some variables not typically associated with the evaluation of physical goods. Evidence exists that enhanced perceptions of control may contribute to the pleasantness of service experiences. Although three forms of perceived control—behavioral, decisional, and cognitive—have been utilized as experimental manipulations of individuals' control, established measures exist for the first two forms only. Through two studies, this research develops a measure for perceived cognitive control and reports exploratory modeling with the construct within the disconfirmation paradigm and extensive tests of the measure's validation. The two-dimensional scale evidences unidimensionality, strong internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity. Assessment of relationships between the perceived cognitive control scale and numerous, related constructs supports criterion-related validity and nomological validity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Whither Conservation Ethics

Today we face an ever deepening environmental crisis, global in scope. What values and ideals, what vision of biotic health and wholeness should guide our response? American conservation began as an essentially moral movement and has, ever since, orbited around several ethical foci. Here I briefly review the history of American conservation ethics as a context for exploring a moral paradigm for twenty-first-century conservation biology.
On the large scale vertical movements of the F-layer and its effects on the total electron content over low latitude during the magnetic storm of 25 May 1967

Abstract Simultaneous observations of Doppler frequency shifts and the rate of change of total electron content (TEC) associated with the large magnetic storm of 25 May 1967 suggest that equatorward winds and semi-turbulent mixing of the thermosphere are important mechanisms responsible for the behavior of the disturbed ionosphere. A 2:1 ratio is observed in the frequency shifts of the 10 Mhz and 5 Mhz WWVH signals. This indicates that the cause of the shift is the vertical movement of the layer rather than changes in the ionization profile below the reflection height. The 100 per cent increase in TEC during the first day of the storm is attributed to the equatorial wind which raises the F-layer to higher altitudes where the loss rate is smaller. The 60 per cent depression of TEC on the second day is attributed to the semi-turbulent mixing process of the thermosphere.
National Network of Information in Poland

This article attempts to reconstruct, from the material available to the author, the concept of the national system of scientific, technical, and organizational information in Poland. A new approach to the system was formally introduced in 1974 and is now a subject of extensive debate among Polish librarians and information specialists. The network might be of interest to some Western readers for its unique scope, and for its professional and political implications.
Comparative idiotype network interactions: antigen mimicry by an anti-bovine idiotype monoclonal antibody in rats and cattle.

Idiotype/anti-idiotype networks have been extensively investigated in such conventional animal models as the mouse and the rabbit. However, systems of veterinary interest have remained largely unexplored. A monoclonal target idiotype, with which to begin such studies in cattle was provided by LHRB 19.17 an interspecific bovine x mouse hybridoma. This hybridoma was constructed by the fusion of supramammary lymph node cells from S. agalactiae-immunized lactating Holsteins with the Ig synthesis-permissive established cell line, SP 2/0. Two collections of monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies were generated by fusion of spleen cells from LHRB 19.17-immunized Balb/c or A/J mice immunized with the monoclonal bovine idiotype, LHRB 19.17. Many of the anti-idiotypes inhibited binding of LHRB 19.17 to S. agalactiae, but only one, LHRAID 2.71, proved to be an internal image of a S. agalactiae epitope. Immunization of C/D outbred rats by priming with 100-300 micrograms of LHRAID 2.71 emulsified in CFA followed by a 300 micrograms boost at day 32 elicited anti- S. agalactiae antibody in 4/4 animals tested. Similarly, the injection of two lactating Holsteins with the anti-id resulted in the production of anti- S. agalactiae antibody in serum and milk. In both rats and cattle, the administration of the antigen-mimicking anti-idiotype induces the appearance of S. agalactiae-reactive horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin conjugate; LHRBs, interspecific bovine x mouse hybridomas secreting bovine Ig; LHRAID.X, monoclonal anti-bovine idiotype antibodies derived against LHRB 19.17; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PBS/BSA, PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin: antibody [AB3] that competes with LHRB 19.17 [AB1] for binding to LHRAID 2.71 [AB2]. It should also be noted that the immunization of C/D rats with S. agalactiae does not result in the appearance of idiotypes which compete with LHRB 19.17 for binding to LHRAID 2.71. We have concluded that immunization of two widely divergent species with the antigen mimicking LHRAID 2.71 induced a S. agalactiae-reactive idiotype which was not detectable in the immune response of rats to S. agalactiae.
Elastic modulus contrast enhancement in shear wave imaging using mechanical nonlinearity: In vitro tissue mimicking phantom study

Shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) has been widely used to assess the elasticity of tissues. However, the shear modulus estimated in SWEI is often less sensitive in some cases, especially to a subtle change of the stiffness that produces only small mechanical contrast to the background tissues. This small mechanical contrast can be enhanced if the tissues are compressed, exhibiting mechanical nonlinearity. In this study, we propose a new approach of nonlinear SWEI and evaluate its feasibility through experiments using a tissue mimicking phantom. SWEI was performed while a tissue mimicking phantom was continually deformed over a relatively large dynamic range of strains. A 1.5% agar mixed with 5% gelatin inclusion of a long cylinder (D: 8 mm, hard) embedded in 0.5% agar mixed with 5% gelatin phantom block (soft) was fabricated. The average shear modulus of the inclusion exhibited noticeable nonlinearity after >10% overall applied strain and sharply increased to 40 kPa at 30% overall applied strain. On the other hand, the average shear modulus of the surrounding phantom block increased almost linearly from 4 to 16 kPa over the same applied strain range. The elastic modulus contrast of the inclusion to the surrounding phantom block was increased from 0.40 at 0% overall applied strain to 1.52 at 30% applied strain, which displays detecting the inclusion better.
Using semantic correctness in multidatabases to achieve local autonomy, distribute coordination, and maintain global integrity

Abstract A multidatabase poses the following four, often contradictory, requirements. First, local databases require both design autonomy to accommodate the diverse legacy nature of the local databases, and execution autonomy to ensure that local transactions are not unduly blocked by global transactions. Second, management of global transactions must be distributed to avoid bottlenecks and to tolerate failure in the global database. Third, both local and global integrity constraints must be maintained. Finally, concurrent processing of transactions requires that execution histories be correct, an objective traditionally achieved with serializability. Although alternate forms of correctness have been proposed, none of the solutions advanced to date has simultaneously achieved all four requirements. We propose a transaction processing model that uses a semantics-based notion of correctness to achieve all four requirements simultaneously for applications that satisfy a certain set of properties. The support required for global transactions forms a separate layer at each site that respects both design autonomy and execution autonomy. Global transactions are managed at each site via a successor set mechanism so that site and communication failures do not impede transactions at operating sites. Semantic correctness encompasses three properties: ensuring that local and global integrity constraints are maintained, that transactions output consistent data and that all partially executed transactions can complete. A fourth property ensures that the successor set description is a valid refinement of the specification. These four properties must be proved for applications executed by our model. We show how model checking can automate, in part, the verification of the properties.
[1-Hydroxy-1-phosphono-2-(trimethylphosphonium-1-yl)ethyl]phosphonate monohydrate

The title compound, C5H15O7P3·H2O, crystallizes as a zwitterionic monohydrate and forms a layer structure with water mol­ecules hydrogen bonded to the phospho­nate groups.
POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA DURING THE 1980s

On average, poverty and income inequality increased in Latin America during the 1980s. Forty-six percent of the increase in poverty took place in the cities of Brazil alone, though part of this reflects the migration of poor rural inhabitants to urban areas. There is strong evidence that both income inequality and poverty mirrored the economic cycle, rising during recession and falling during recovery. Economies that grew (e.g. Colombia, Costa Rica) performed better with respect to poverty and income inequality than those that stagnated. In particular, countries that failed to stabilize effectively (e.g. Brazil, Peru) experienced substantial increases in poverty. Educational attainment has the greatest correlation with both income inequality and the probability of being poor. From a policy standpoint, there is a clear association between the provision of education, lessening of income inequality, and poverty reduction.
Dissociation kinetics of RecA protein-three-stranded DNA complexes reveals a low fidelity of RecA-assisted recognition of homology.

We determined that the incorporation of one mismatch into RecA mediated synaptic complexes between oligonucleotide single-stranded DNAs and target duplex DNAs destabilizes the complex by 0.8 to 1.9 kcal/mol. This finding supports our previous result, that RecA binding per se can significantly decrease the loss in free energy associated with mismatch incorporation even in the absence of ATP hydrolysis. We show that the specificity is mostly driven by the dissociation process. We found that the relative destabilization induced by different mismatches depends on their position. Thus, while there is a good correlation between the ranking order of mismatches at the 5' end of synaptic complexes and mismatches in heteroduplexes (D-loops), there is no correlation between the ranking order for mismatches at the 3' end and mismatches in various DNA structures. This difference between the 5' and 3' ends of synaptic complexes agrees well with the established 5' to 3' polarity of the strand exchange promoted by RecA protein. The lack of a correlation between mismatches at the 3' end of synaptic complexes and mismatches in D-loops suggests the intermediate is probably not a canonical protein-free D-loop.
Neuronal localization of cannabinoid receptors in the basal ganglia of the rat

Cannabinoid receptors have recently been characterized and localized using a high-affinity radiolabeled cannabinoid analog in section binding assays. In rat brain, the highest receptor densities are in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Receptors are also dense in the caudate-putamen. In order to determine the neuronal localization of these receptors, selective lesions of key striatal afferent and efferent systems were made. Striatal neurons and efferent projections were selectively destroyed by unilateral infusion of ibotenic acid into the caudate-putamen. The nigrostriatal pathway was selectively destroyed in another set of animals by infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle. After 2- or 4-week survivals, slide-mounted brain sections were incubated with ligands selective for cannabinoid ([3H]CP 55,940), dopamine D1 3H]SCH-23390) and D2 ([3H]raclopride) receptors, and dopamine uptake sites ([3H]GBR-12935). Slides were exposed to 3H-sensitive film. The resulting autoradiography showed ibotenate-induced losses of cannabinoid, D1 and D2 receptors in the caudate-putamen and topographic losses of cannabinoid and D1 receptors in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata at both survivals. Four weeks after medial forebrain bundle lesions (which resulted in amphetamine-induced rotations), there was loss of dopamine uptake sites in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta but no change in cannabinoid receptor binding. The data show that cannabinoid receptors in the basal ganglia are neuronally located on striatal projection neurons, including their axons and terminals. Cannabinoid receptors may be co-localized with D1 receptors on striatonigral neurons. Cannabinoid receptors are not localized on dopaminergic nigrostriatal cell bodies or terminals.
Seeking reversibility and treatability in dementia.

The search for "reversible causes" in the patient presenting with dementia has become a routine part of medical care. This article reviews evidence as to the prevalence of reversibility and concludes that actual reversal of dementia by treatment is rare. In this context, the utility of specific laboratory investigations is discussed, and commonly sought conditions, such as normal-pressure hydrocephalus and B12 deficiency, are reviewed. Overemphasis on reversibility risks neglect of the assistance physicians can provide to patients suffering from irreversible conditions and their families.
Percutaneous image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of peritoneal lesions

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a widely accepted technique for the initial tissue diagnosis of a variety of lesions arising within retroperitoneal and intraabdominal viscera. Fear of complications secondary to perforation of the bowel wall has limited the use of FNA in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal and peritoneal masses. A variety of primary and secondary neoplasms involving the peritoneum may present as multiple nodules, as masses, or as diffuse involvement of the peritoneum. When these lesions are associated with mass lesions or areas of significant peritoneal thickening, they become amenable to percutaneous image-guided FNA. We report on our experience with a series of 23 peritoneal lesions investigated by FNA for which subsequent histologic confirmation was available in 19, along with an additional 4 cases without histologic confirmation. One to four passes were made into each lesion, and immediate assessment for adequacy was performed by a cytopathologist in all cases. All 17 cases with a specific cytologic diagnosis and histologic confirmation represented either primary or metastatic neoplasms (5 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 4 metastatic melanomas, 2 mesotheliomas, 1 lymphoma, 1 example of Kaposi's sarcoma, 1 serous papillary carcinoma of ovarian origin, 1 mucinous adenocarcinoma of ovarian origin, 1 intraabdominal desmoplastic small-cell tumor, and 1 solitary fibrous tumor of the peritoneum). In an additional 4 cases, the aspirates were judged as insufficient for diagnosis, with the smears containing only blood and benign mesothelial cells and/or inflammatory cell elements. These four smears were associated with both neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. Surgical confirmation was obtained in only 2 of these cases (1 metastatic melanoma and 1 example of omental and peritoneal involvement by an ovarian adenocarcinoma). Two cases without histologic confirmation were associated with clinically confirmed metastases. In our series, no acute or chronic postprocedural complications were identified, indicating that FNA in this setting is a safe technique. Accurate cytologic diagnosis was achieved in 74% of cases. The overall insufficiency rate was 26%.
Religion at the Epicenter: Agency and Affiliation in Léogâne After the Earthquake

The earthquake of 12 January 2010 devastated Leogâne, crumbling buildings and crushing bodies unable to dodge unearthly torrents of concrete blocks and cloudbursts of white dust. Whereas an assessm...
Simulation by crop growth models of defoliation, derived from field estimates of percent defoliation☆

Abstract To be useful in the context of modeling for integrated pest management, observations on percent defoliation by a tissue-consuming pest should be translated into the amounts of tissue consumed between successive observations. Such translation is complicated by natural canopy growth and senescence between observations. We present a procedure to estimate the loss of leaf tissue from the estimates of defoliation. The resultant equations have been incorporated into two potato growth models. The equations are also applicable to the modelling of tissue consumed by pests in other species, provided that appropriate crop growth models exist.
Beyond the Hospital: Human Factors and Ergonomics Issues in the Ambulatory/Outpatient Care Setting:

While much is known about human factors and ergonomic (HFE) issues relevant to inpatient safety, less is known about the HFE issues relevant to ambulatory care safety. Panelists will present data from ambulatory patient safety studies of primary care, care transitions, ambulatory procedural units, and emergency departments and will then discuss the human factors and ergonomic concerns that uniquely or differently present in ambulatory settings.
Intrinsic dielectric properties of phthalocyanine crystals: An ab initio investigation

Cu phthalocyanine (CuPc) based composites are expected to display high dielectric constants, of the order of several hundreds, based on recent experimental work. In an attempt to determine whether CuPc has a high dielectric constant intrinsically, and if so, in order to identify the circumstances under which such high dielectric constants could result, a systematic ab initio study is undertaken. This study extends prior work on the intrinsic dielectric properties of isolated CuPc and the closely related ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ phthalocyanine $({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{Pc})$ monomers. The tendency of CuPc and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{Pc}$ monomers and polymeric sheets to stack is critically assessed, and the concomitant changes in the electronic and optical properties as a function of the stacking distance are determined. Our results indicate that both CuPc and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{Pc}$ systems exhibit an insulator to metal transition as the stacking distance approaches $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ (the equilibrium spacing). Consistent with this behavior, the dielectric constant reaches large values as the stacking distance approaches $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, while it is small for larger stacking distances, in accord with our prior estimates.
Attitudes and perceptions concerning elderly Samoans in rural Western Samoa, American Samoa, and urban Honolulu

Samoan cultural values place a high emphasis on respect and obedience toward elders. However, modernization and migration have caused changes in traditional social structure, social organization, household composition, economic opportunities, and health care systems. This article reports results from interviews on attitudes and perceptions of the elderly administered to 137 young adults (aged 18–37) and 106 older adults (aged 41–82) in rural Western Samoa, modernizing American Samoa, and Samoan migrants in urban Honolulu. The results indicate there are significant signs of both change and stability in the status of elderly Samoans. Over 75% of Samoans report that the elderly are respected, obeyed, and consulted on important decisions. However, Samoans in American Samoa and Honolulu report that the status of the elderly has declined over the past ten years. Older Samoans in Honolulu emphasize the maintenance of traditional norms rather than changes in the behavior toward the elderly.
Caring for children with sleep problems.

Sleep disturbances are common in infants and children. Sleep disturbances in children not only disrupt the child and family but also impact parental and child well-being, daytime functioning, and behavior. Pediatric nurses care for the individual child as well as their family members. Understanding the importance of healthy sleep habits and the implications of inadequate sleep on child behavior and family–peer interactions provides nurses an opportunity to decrease family stress and increase positive coping, adaptation, and family function. Common types of sleep problems are presented, and recommendations for screening tools are included to help nurses better assess sleep problems in children and make appropriate referrals.
Are There Classics in Economics

Are there any “Great Books” in economics? To answer this question the authors present six criteria that emphasize advancement of knowledge and a book's influence. By this criteria, they show that Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations qualifies as a classic.
TRANSFERRING MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TO EASTERN EUROPE: AN INSTITUTIONAL CRITIQUE

In this paper we question whether we know enough about organizational theorizing to be able transfer it to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. The researchers in general see that our organizational theorizing is heavily contingent on the social institutions of Western society. While we think of the CIS situation as one of political, economic, and social collapse, it is really more a matter of institutional collapse. Thus, given the contingencies noted above, it is not at all clear why we expect our organizational theories to apply to them. We propose an institutional analysis at three levels: universal, contingent, and developmental. At the universal level, there is no difference between the institutions of the CIS and the West. At the contingent level, the institutional fabric differs in ways that can be accommodated. At the developmental level, the most crucial, the CIS will have to develop their own new social institutions before their economies can gather momentum. We argue that su...
Ion exchange properties of crystalline zirconium phosphate

Abstract Equilibrium and kinetic studies have been made at 25°C of the exchange of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and strontium ions on crystalline zirconium phosphate. The results are consistent with the existence of several distinct crystalline phases of the metal forms. As was found for the semi crystalline material, the properties of crystalline zirconium phosphate are to some extent dependent on the method of preparation of the particular form.
A Meta-Analysis of Adolescent Psychosocial Smoking Prevention Programs Published Between 1978 and 1997 in the United States

Psychosocial smoking prevention studies have shown inconsistent results and theory-driven programs have been related to program success. This meta-analysis was used as a judgment tool for resolving these issues by estimating average program effects and investigating the relative efficacy of program types. The present study examined 65 adolescent psychosocial smoking prevention programs (1978 to 1997) among students in Grades 6 to 12 in the United States. Three program modalities (social influence, cognitive behavior, life skill) and two program settings (exclusively school based, school-community-incorporated) were identified as major a priori classifications. Knowledge had the highest effect sizes (.53) at short-term (≤ 1 year) but rapidly decreased (.19) at long-term(> 1 year). Behavioral effect was the most meaningful, being persistent over a 3-year period (.19 at ≤ 1 year; .18 at 1 to 3 years). Adolescent smoking reduction rates were increased by using either cognitive behavior or life skills program ...
Music Videos, Pro Wrestling, and Acceptance of Date Rape among Middle School Males and Females: An Exploratory Analysis

Exposure to televised music videos and pro wrestling were associated with rape acceptance (lower levels of agreeing with the statement "forcing a partner to have sex is never OK") among males, but not females, in a sample of 904 middle school students (controlling for overall television exposure, parenting style, and demographics).
Caffeine effects on buccal muscles of Aplysia.

Abstract 1. Caffeine (35–70mM) elicited contractions of Apiysia buccal muscle El. In a Ca 2+ -free medium, in which ACh-elicited contractions rapidly fail, caffeine elicited contractions of approximately the same size as in normal medium. 2. 5-HT (10 −8 M and 10 −7 M) did not enhance caffeine-elicited contractions. 3. Lower concentrations (1–10 mM) of caffeine inhibited ACh-elicited contractions. Caffeine (7mM) reduced the contraction by 80%. 4. Caffeine (7mM) reduced ACh-elicited depolarization by 60%. 5. Caffeine (7mM) increased 45 Ca 2+ influx into Apiysia buccal muscle 15. The stimulation of influx of 45 Ca 2+ by 10 2+ M ACh was non-additive with the stimulation caused by caffeine, and 7mM caffeine reduced the influx caused by 10 −3 M ACh.
Neutron transmission through pyrolytic graphite monochromators

Thermal neutron transmission measurements have been made as a function of wavelength on a pyrolytic graphite monochromator crystal that has been set to diffract a horizontal beam at different take-off angles. The major dips in the transmission caused by the various reflections have been identified. These results can be used for the design of a beamline on which more than one instrument is placed. The transmission data show that it is best for the monochromator with the greatest (horizontal) take-off angle to be placed upstream, with monochromators with decreasing take-off angles progressively further downstream. The order of instruments for which the wavelength is greater than 0.43 nm is unimportant.
Improvement of develop loading effect in the FEP-171 process

CD control of FEP-171 is difficult due to abnormal CD variation in single puddle development. Fogging analysis patterns show that space CD in large open region is smaller than that in small open region. That is caused by develop loading effect, which is largely affected by developer dispensing condition in single puddle method. Double puddle development improves the abnormal CD trend and has a good CD uniformity (3sigma 5.4nm). Contrary to FEP-171, abnormal CD trend is not observed in UV-82(CAR). The low dissolution rate of FEP-171 is the cause of the abnormal CD trend. The yield of CD uniformity and MTT increases with applying double puddle method to FEP-171 process.
Altered Myocardial Thin-Filament Function in the Failing Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat Heart Amelioration by Endothelin Blockade

Background— Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a high-salt diet develop compensated left ventricular hypertrophy followed by a transition to myocardial failure. We previously reported an increase in a troponin T isoform (TnT3) and a decrease in TnT phosphorylation in failing Dahl salt-sensitive rat hearts compared with low-salt controls. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the thin filament plays a role in depression of the contractile machinery in this model. Methods and Results— Native thin filaments (NTFs) were isolated intact from rats with compensated left ventricular hypertrophy and failing hearts and compared with age-matched controls. NTF velocity was measured as a function of free calcium in the in vitro motility assay. Maximal velocity was similar in all groups. However, NTFs from failing hearts demonstrated a reduction in calcium sensitivity compared with controls, as reflected in the pCa50 (5.88±0.05 versus 6.22±0.05, respectively, P<0.001). No difference in thin-filament motility ...