cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A correlative measure for processing multiangle diffusion-weighted images.

A simple metric for the shared diffusion anisotropy between two voxels is proposed. The metric has large values when the diffusion is highly anisotropic in both voxels and oriented in the same direction. This metric can be used in several ways, three of which are illustrated in this article. First, the metric can be used to rapidly calculate a fractional anisotropy measure using an arbitrary number of measured diffusion values. Second, a simple way to exploit the metric for filtering DWI data with neighboring voxels with similar diffusion characteristics is shown. Third, the metric can be used to create color images that reflect tract orientation.
Hyperoxia and Lung Metabolism

N umerous studies have been conducted on the pathologic changes that occur in the lung due to exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. These studies indicate that the entire lung, from the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract down to the pulmonary capillary endothelium, can be damaged by prolonged exposure to elevated partial pressures of oxygen.' Reports of 2-4 lung tissue changes due to oxygen toxicity include interstitial and intracellular edema, thickening of the oxygen blood barrier, and swelling of mitochondria in the alveolar epithelium. Indirect mechanisms as well as the direct effects of oxygen can be responsible for the damage observed in lung tissue. In vitro studies have shown that many enzymes are inhibited by exposure to hyperbaric oxygen in the absence of hormonal and neurogenic factor^.^ Penrode reported in studies in which only one lung was exposed to the effects of elevated oxygen tensions that damage occurred in the absence of extrapulmonary factors. Studies on biochemical damage that occurs in the lung due to pulmonary oxygen toxicity are not numerous and little is known about biochemical changes that occur in the lungs of intact animals during exposure to subconvulsive levels of hyperbaric oxygen. After 15 to 30 minutes of breathing oxygen at 5.0 atmospheres absolute pressure ( ATA) , dehydrogenase activity and sulfhydryl content of lung tissue are significantly decreased.7 Other investigatorsR have reported that cats exposed to 100 percent oxygen showed a marked impairment of tracheal mucus flow, which could be reversed by administering epinephrine and adenosine tiphosphate ( ATP) . The authors0 interpreted the effect of oxygen on mucus flow as an interference by oxygen on carbohydrate metabolism. Proposals as to the mechanism of pulmonary oxygen toxicity include enzyme inhibition, free radical formation, and peroxidation. Previous pa;hologic and biochemical studies have shown that significant damage occurs in the lung due to oxygen toxicity. We found biochemical changes occurring in the lung of rats exposed to 1.0 ATA 160 percent 0, from zero to seven days. Pathologic changes in the lung were monitored, simultaneously. Succinic dehydrogenase activity, basal and ADP-stimulated respiration rates, and ATP concentrations were measured.
High energy muon colliders

A plausible "straw-man" scenario and collider ring parameter sets are presented for future energy frontier muon colliders in symbiotic facilities with e/sup +/e/sup -/ and hadron colliders: 1.6-10 TeV "mu-linear colliders" (mu-LC) where the muons are accelerated in the linacs of a TeV-scale linear e/sup +/e/sup c/ollider, and a 100 TeV Very Large Muon Collider (VLMC) that shares a facility with a 200 TeV Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) and a 140 TeV muon-proton collider.
The Wild Thing

Suppose you are on a mobile device with no keyboard (e.g., a cell or PDA). How can you enter text quickly? T9? Graffiti? This demo will show how language modeling can be used to speed up data entry, both in the mobile context, as well as the desk-top. The Wild Thing encourages users to use wildcards (*). A language model finds the k-best expansions. Users quickly figure out when they can get away with wildcards. General purpose trigram language models are effective for the general case (unrestricted text), but there are important special cases like searching over popular web queries, where more restricted language models are even more effective.
Craniofacial Approaches to Midfacial Fractures

IN THIS ISSUE OF THE ARCHIVES,Cultraraetal 1 demonstrate the usefulness of the midfacial degloving (MFD) approach for the reduction of naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) and midface fractures. As they state, the “open-sky” approach provides excellent exposure of NOE fractures; however, it involves the use of facial incisions which, in the region of the medial canthal ligaments, may lead to scar contracture and webbing. Because the mechanism of trauma resulting in such fractures is a crushing type of injury, the “open sky” approach may be more prone to scar contracture and webbing than the standard Lynch incision used for external ethmoidectomy. The authors describeinexcellentdetailthesteps required to successfully expose the midfacial skeleton via the MFD approach and state that the complications of the MFD approach can include nasal obstruction, nasal deformity, and temporary infraorbitalnerveanesthesia.Inadditionto these complications, nasal vestibular stenosis can occur as a result of the circumvestibular incisions, and special caution should be taken when considering using this approach in a patient known to be prone to keloids. Additionally, excessive retraction of the midfacial soft tissues may result in temporary midfacial muscular weakness; however,thiswillresolveovertime. The combined coronal, sublabial, and transconjunctival approach, with or without lateral canthotomy, provides a maximum exposure of the entire craniofacial skeleton. The only facial incisions are those of the lateral canthal region if a canthotomy is needed. Although the coronal incision is hiddeninthehairline,insomepatients a widening of the scar in the temporal region may occur in the long term. The authors state that the disadvantage of the MFD approach is the need for experience and familiarity with the technique. Experience is also required when exposingtheupperfacialskeletonthrough acoronalapproach—specifically,to preservethefrontalbranchofthefacial nerve when dissecting the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch. A dissection of the coronal flap over the nasalfrontalsuture,wheretheperiosteumisusuallyadherenttothenasal bones, also requires experience. Theauthorsdonotaddresswhether traumatictelecanthuswaspresentin any of the patients who sustained NOE fractures. These fractures require very broad exposure to accuratelyreducethemedialorbitalwalls with the medial canthal ligament, and then to provide solid fragment fixation with transcanthal and transnasalwiring.Thisiseasilyachieved using the coronal approach. Theauthorshaveexpandedthe role of the MFD approach to its use inpatientswithfacialtrauma.Thisapproachprovidesexcellentexposureof themidfacialskeleton;however,unless the surgeon is experienced using this approach, broader exposure using a coronal approach may be a better alternative when addressing NOE and cranio-orbital fractures.
Lamins at a glance.

Lamins, the major components of the nuclear lamina, have gained rapidly increasing interest over the past decade as lamin mutations were found to cause numerous devastating diseases. These laminopathies include Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), dilated cardiomyopathy type 1A, limb-girdle
The Internet as Psychological Laboratory

▪ Abstract This chapter reviews studies published in American Psychological Association (APA) journals from 2003–2004 and additional studies (received in response to listserv requests) that used the Internet to collect data (N=121 total studies). Specific examples of three kinds of Web-based research are reviewed: (a) translational (established methods and research questions are adapted to the Web), (b) phenomenological (behavior on the Web is the focus of study), and (c) novel (methodologically innovations unique to Web-based research). Among other findings, our review indicated that 21% of APA journals published at least one article that reported on Web-based research, most Web-based psychological research uses experimental methods, a surprising number use college student samples, and deception in Web-based research is not uncommon. Strengths and weaknesses of Web-based psychological research in general, and our sample of studies in particular, are reviewed with special attention to possible concerns ab...
Syndecan-1 Modulates the Motility and Resolution Responses of Macrophages

Objective— Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) is a member of a family of cell surface proteoglycans, which has been reported to participate in the regulation of events relevant to tissue repair and chronic injury responses, including cell–substrate interactions, matrix remodeling, and cell migration. In this study, we report the functional significance of Sdc-1 in polarized macrophage populations and its role in adhesion and motility events relevant to resolution of the inflammatory program. Approach and Results— Macrophage Sdc-1 expression is associated with differentiated M2 macrophages with high intrinsic motility, and Sdc-1 deficiency is characterized by impaired migration and enhanced adhesion. Leukocyte infiltration and emigration were examined in a thioglycollate-induced model of peritonitis in Sdc-1 +/+ and Sdc-1 −/− mice. Although the infiltration of inflammatory cells was similar in both cohorts, a significant delay in the lymphatic clearance of Sdc-1 −/− macrophages was observed. Moreover, we observed enhanced inflammation and greater burden of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE −/− Sdc-1 −/− mice maintained on a Western diet. Conclusions— These results demonstrate that defective motility in Sdc-1 −/− macrophages promotes a persistent inflammatory state with relevance to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning

Abstract Religion is one of the major resources used to generate meaning in life. An individual's religion involves not only a set of beliefs, but also an involvement in a community of like-minded others. The purpose of this study is to differentiate between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning at the end stage of life. Twelve women, who resided at various assisted-living facilities, participated in qualitative interviews about the current and past meaning of religion in their lives. They were distributed among fundamental Christian, Catholic, liberal Protestant, and Jewish faiths. Differences between and within the groups were the result of the content, as well as certainty, of belief. These differences influenced the sufficiency of a belief system to construct life meaning. When belief alone was insufficient, life meaning was supplemented with social and secular interactions.
Atmospheric transmittance: improvement of lowtran prediction by incorporating turbulence effects

Using the mutual intensity function, we calculate the turbulence loss-effect and add such effects into LOWTRAN predictions and the experimental data. The turbulence corrections bring the Lowtran-calculated transmittance and the experimentally obtained transmittance into closer agreement with each other.
The genetic mating system and tests for cuckoldry in a pipefish species in which males fertilize eggs and brood offspring externally

Highly variable microsatellite loci were used to study the mating system of Nerophis ophidion, a species of pipefish in which pregnant males carry embryos on the outside of their body rather than in an enclosed brood pouch. Despite this mode of external fertilization and brooding, otherwise rare in the family Syngnathidae, the genotypes of all embryos proved to be consistent with paternity by the tending male, thus indicating that cuckoldry by sneaker males is rare or nonexistent in this species. N. ophidion is a phylogenetic outlier within the Syngnathidae and its reproductive morphology is thought to be close to the presumed ancestral condition for pipefishes and seahorses. Thus, our genetic results suggest that the evolutionary elaboration of the enclosed brood pouch elsewhere in the family was probably not in response to selection pressures on pregnant males to avoid fertilization thievery. With regard to maternity assignments, our genotypic data are consistent with behavioural observations indicating that females sometimes mate with more than one male during a breeding episode, and that each male carries eggs from a single female. Thus, the polyandrous genetic mating system in this species parallels the social mating system, and both are consistent with a more intense sexual selection operating on females, and the elaboration of secondary sexual characters in that gender.
Knowledge networks of innovative businesses: an explorative study in the region of Ingolstadt

For the transmission of implicit knowledge, personal interaction is needed. This takes place within a spatial context. A region serves as a sourcing platform for knowledge services. Using an empirical investigation in the Ingolstadt region, this paper demonstrates which qualities are common to interactions between innovative businesses, and which resources can be exchanged as a result of these relationships. Through the identification of network gaps or strategic network positions, the paper also provides policy recommendations for regional management.
A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study: Si/SiO2 Interface Roughness Induced by Chemical Etching

The Si/SiO 2 interface roughness has received tremendous interest due to its relation to channel mobility degradation and dielectric reliability. We have used ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy to directly examine the Si/SiO 2 interface and study the roughening effect caused by chemical etching. The rms-roughness extracted quantitatively from the STM topography was found to be doubled from 0.111nm to 0.232nm by the normal NH 4 OH/H 2 O 2 treatment, and further increased to 0.285nm for additional etching steps. It was also found that there were no regular single steps on the SiO 2 /Si(100) interface.
Growth and Production Characteristics of Palmetto Bass (Morone saxatilis female x Morone chrysops male) Reared at Three Densities in a Pilot-scale Recirculating Aquaculture System

Production characteristics of palmetto bass (Morone saxatilis female x Morone chrysops male) reared at three stocking densities (36 fish/m3, 72 fish/m3, and 144 fish/m3) in a pilot-scale RAS were evaluated. A final mean ±SE fish weight of 412.1 ± 7.8 g at the high density was significantly lower than that of fish at the medium density weighing 542.1 ± 11 .8 g (P
Women's authority in political decision-making groups

Abstract Formal decision-making groups are ubiquitous, and they make decisions that govern every aspect of life, yet women are vastly underrepresented in them. How effective are women in these groups, where their numbers still lag far behind men's? We address this longstanding question, focusing on detailed measures of women's influence in natural and controlled settings. The answers shed light on related questions as well: How high do the numbers have to rise before women exercise equal influence? Do women need a different critical mass in different types of settings? We also address a newer question: how do other features of the group help or hinder women's equal leadership? Can they ameliorate the negative impact of low numbers? Women's relative number matters to women's ability to exercise leadership in small groups, but the procedures that groups use also matter, and condition the effects of numbers.
Conclusions and a Research Agenda for Parenting in Military Families

This book aims to provide a twenty-first century perspective on parenting in military families. In this concluding chapter, we discuss the current state of military parenting science and propose a research agenda to advance knowledge about parenting in military families over the next decade. We focus on research content and methodology, addressing limitations of current studies, as well as emerging issues of interest. In part, our proposed research agenda follows from new or emerging demographic, operational, and policy trends affecting families. Concerted and unified efforts in research, policy, and practice will be required to strengthen well-being among military children, youth, and families. Efforts must bridge military and civilian communities. The combined contributions of developmental psychologists, neuroscientists, family researchers, prevention scientists, public health experts, and others will be required to generate new knowledge to support military children and their families.
The Theology of Beating the Fool

This final chapter ties the various threads of this study together to explain how the crucifixion beatings of Christ reveal the wisdom, grace, and mercy of God. The beatings Jesus endured were a necessary and integral part of his messianic task if he was to fully identify with the Suffering Servant who bears the sins of Israel and all of humanity, including being foolishly stiff-necked. It presents a theological synthesis in which Christ became a fool, even though he was no fool, so that the curse of sinful foolishness might be dramatically reversed.
Computer Simulation Studies of Fracture in Vitreous Silica

We conduct molecular dynamics computer simulations of fracture in silica glass using the van Beest, Kramer, and van Santen model. Stress is applied by uniaxial strain at differentpulling rates. Comparisons withprevious fracture simulations of silica that used the Soules force function arepresented. We find that in both models stress is relieved by rotation of the (SiO4)-2 tetrahedrons, increasing Si-O-Si bonding angles, and only small changes in the tetrahedron dimensions and O-Si-O angles.
Information Literacy: Agendas for a Sustainable Future

This paper, somewhat an incomplete historical overview and personal perspective, outlines a number of key challenges and opportunities in relation to future directions and developments in information literacy as a field of research and professional practice. It gives attention to significant foundational (selective) scholarship in the field, identifies a number of challenges in relation to theoretical frameworks, research needs, determining outcomes and impacts, and pedagogical frameworks for information literacy instruction. It is posited that addressing these challenges can play a role in sustaining information literacy as a significant educational and social agenda.
An Overview of Adjuvant Therapy in Man

The concept of “adjuvant therapy” began with the observation that the administration of chemotherapy to patients who have had effective local control of their malignancy with surgery and/or radiation could result in substantial improvement in disease-free interval and survival. Basic to this concept was the idea that these drugs were more effective when administered in association with the primary therapy for local control than when administered only to patients with far advanced disease. This understanding of adjuvant therapy when applied to the role of chemotherapy in the management of patients with malignancy is no longer appropriate, primarily because an “adjuvant” is clearly auxiliary to or enhancing of the benefit of the primary form or forms of treatment. In this role, adjuvant therapy, like antibiotics, nutritional support and other non-specific methods of treatment, is considered as secondary rather than as a major and important component in the overall treatment of the patient’s disease. The basic proposition in this paper is that this concept of adjuvant therapy when applied to the use of chemotherapy in patients with early disease should be abandoned and replaced by the concept of multi-modal treatment. In other words, the decision as to whether a given form of therapy is primary or secondary is not crucial. What is crucial is that the choice of the methods of treatment should be appropriate and that the optimal sequence of those methods should be employed to produce an overall strategy for cancer management.
Bayes Estimators for the Continuous Uniform Distribution

Classical estimators for the parameter of a uniform distribution on the interval (0, θ) are often discussed in mathematical statistics courses, but students are frequently left wondering how to dis...
HPV vaccination: Pilot study assessing characteristics of high and low performing primary care offices

Abstract This pilot study was undertaken to identify characteristics and approaches (e.g., social, behavioral, and/or systems factors) which differentiate primary care medical offices achieving higher rates of HPV vaccination. Eligible primary care practice sites providing care to adolescent patients were recruited within an eight county region of western New York State between June 2016 and July 2016. Practice sites were categorized as higher (n = 3) or lower performing (n = 2) based on three dose series completion rates for HPV vaccinations among females aged 13–17 years. Interviewer administered surveys were completed with office staff (n = 37) and focused on understanding approaches to adolescent vaccination. Results were summarized using basic descriptive statistics. Higher performing offices reported more full-time clinical staff (median = 25 vs. 9.5 in lower performing clinics), larger panels of patients ages 11–17 years (median = 3541 vs. 925) and completion of NYSIIS data entry within two weeks of vaccination. (less than a month vs. two). Staff in higher performing offices reviewed medical charts prior to scheduled visits (100% vs. 50) and identified their office vaccine champion as a physician and/or a nurse manager (75% vs. 22%). Also, staffs from higher performing offices were more likely to report the combination of having an office vaccine champion, previewing charts and using standing orders. These preliminary findings support future research examining implementation of organizational processes including identifying a vaccine champion, using standing orders and previewing medical charts prior to office visits as strategies to increase rates of HPV vaccination in primary care offices.
Clinician Experiences with Screening for Social Needs in Primary Care

Background: Despite clear evidence demonstrating the influence of social determinants on health, whether and how clinicians should address these determinants remain unclear. We aimed to understand primary care clinicians9 experiences of administering a social needs screening instrument. Methods: Using a prospective, observational design, we identified patients living in communities with lower education and income seen by 17 clinicians from 12 practices in northern Virginia. Before office visits, patients completed social needs surveys, which probed about their quality of life, education, housing, finances, substance use, transportation, social connections, physical activity, and food access. Clinicians then reviewed the completed surveys with patients. Concurrently, clinicians participated in a series of learning collaboratives to consider how to address social needs as part of care and completed diary entries about how knowing the patient9s social needs influenced care after seeing each patient. Results: Out of a total of 123 patients, 106 (86%) reported a social need. Excluding physical activity, 71% reported a social need, although only 3% wanted help. Clinicians reported that knowing the patient had a social need changed care delivery in 23% of patients and helped improve interactions with and knowledge of the patient in 53%. Clinicians reported that assessing social needs is difficult and resource intensive and that there were insufficient resources to help patients with identified needs. Conclusions: Clinicians reported that knowing patients9 social needs changed what they did and improved communication for many patients. However, more evidence is needed regarding the benefit of social needs screening in primary care before widespread implementation.
FUELS – HYDROGEN STORAGE | Chemical Carriers

Combustion processes have been the world's primary source of energy for over 700 000 years. Since the discovery of fire (i.e., combustion) the applications of combustion expanded from heating, cooking, and lighting to metallurgy, steam engines, electricity, and eventually to the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine became technologically viable because of the discovery of a readily available liquid fuel called petroleum. For over 100 years the internal combustion engine has been powered by combusting petroleum-derived fuels. With ever-growing concerns of environmental pollution, energy security, and future oil supplies, the global community is now seeking nonpetroleum-based alternative fuels, along with more advanced energy technologies to increase the efficiency of energy use. A fuel cell (FC) operating on hydrogen is such a device that offers increased efficiency, while also producing eco-friendly by-products (i.e., water). The source of hydrogen may be generated from clean-coal gasification, methane steam reforming, biomass reforming, advanced solar water splitting, etc. Storing enough hydrogen onboard a vehicle for a 300 mile range is a difficult task. A two-pronged approach has been employed to increase the gravimetric storage density of hydrogen; these being chemical hydrides and hydrogen carriers. The hydrogen carrier approach utilizes nonpetroleum-derived fuels (e.g., methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, etc.) that are readily reformed to hydrogen through onboard automotive fuel processors. The chemical hydride approach employs engineered materials to store hydrogen onboard that can be released on demand. Both approaches have their own specific US Department of Energy (DOE) technical targets that must be met for commercial viability. Common targets include gravimetric and volumetric densities, cost, hydrogen delivery rate, start-up energy, and transient response to name a few. The primary difference between the hydrogen carrier approach and the chemical hydride approach is the anticipated facile regeneration of chemical hydrides. Chemical hydrides are expected to be regenerated with hydrogen. In contrast, hydrogen carriers currently require a hydrogen source and a carbon source. This article broadly describes the thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of hydrogen production/release of candidate chemical hydrides and candidate hydrogen carriers. This article also presents some engineering aspects related to chemical hydrides and hydrogen carriers that are often neglected in the literature base. The purpose of this article is to present the ‘forest’ and not the ‘trees’ that will allow, perhaps, for a deeper understanding of the complex and nontrivial nature of our current energy crisis.
The Identification of Human Bloodstains by Means of a Micro-Thin-Layer Immunoassay Procedure

A method for the identification of human bloodstains using a micro-thin-layer immunoassay (TIA) procedure is presented. The equivalent of approximately 0.01 micro /leter of human blood may be detected using this method with anti-human hemoglobin. Blind studies and stability studies indicate that the method is sufficiently specific and sensitive to be of forensic science value.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases in Metabolism

Although we continue to learn much about how the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in physiological and pathophysiological signaling in metabolism, a comparable level of understanding about the mechanisms of MAPK inactivation in the control of metabolic homeostasis is lacking. The family of enzymes known to specifically antagonize the MAPKs by direct dephosphorylation, the MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), are emerging as important players in the control of metabolic homeostasis. The MKPs regulate the MAPKs through a complex network of pathways within a spatio-temporal and tissue-specific manner. Here, we will review studies that have led to the realization that the MKPs play essential signaling roles in the control of metabolic homeostasis by counterbalancing the actions of the MAPKs. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates a critical role for the MKPs in the regulation of MAPK activity in metabolic signaling.
A Theory of Single-Viewpoint Catadioptric Image Formation

Conventional video cameras have limited fields of view which make them restrictive for certain applications in computational vision. A catadioptric sensor uses a combination of lenses and mirrors placed in a carefully arranged configuration to capture a much wider field of view. One important design goal for catadioptric sensors is choosing the shapes of the mirrors in a way that ensures that the complete catadioptric system has a single effective viewpoint. The reason a single viewpoint is so desirable is that it is a requirement for the generation of pure perspective images from the sensed images. In this paper, we derive the complete class of single-lens single-mirror catadioptric sensors that have a single viewpoint. We describe all of the solutions in detail, including the degenerate ones, with reference to many of the catadioptric systems that have been proposed in the literature. In addition, we derive a simple expression for the spatial resolution of a catadioptric sensor in terms of the resolution of the cameras used to construct it. Moreover, we include detailed analysis of the defocus blur caused by the use of a curved mirror in a catadioptric sensor.
Perturbation methods for dynamic portfolio allocation problems

Publisher Summary This chapter explores two perturbation methods for solving dynamic consumption/portfolio allocation problems under general preferences and a time-varying investment opportunity set. The restrictions that it imposes are that preferences can be represented by a general recursive utility formulation and that the investment opportunity set is affine. One important result for general recursive preferences is that the Sharpe ratio is sufficient to capture the time variation in the investment opportunity set. The first perturbation method is a perturbation around the exact solution when the elasticity of substitution is equal to the value of 1. It is built on the exact solution that exists for the unit elasticity case in order to show that an approximate solution exists to the general problem with arbitrary elasticity of substitution. The second perturbation method is a perturbation around the mean consumption-to wealth ratio of the solution. This perturbation reflects the difference between the realized consumption-wealth ratio and its unconditional mean and leads to an approximate analytic solution to the general consumption/portfolio allocation problem.
Design of Very Efficient Lookup Algorithms for a Low Diameter Hierarchical Structured Peer-to-Peer Network

In this work, we have considered a new hierarchical non-DHT based architecture for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks in which at each level of the hierarchy existing networks are all structured and each such network has the diameter of l overlay hop. Such low diameters have immense importance in designing very efficient data lookup algorithms. The mathematical model based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem has been used to define the neighborhood relations among peers to obtain the above-mentioned diameters. In this work, we present very efficient intra-group as well as inter-group data look up algorithms with O (1) time complexity exploiting the above mentioned low diameter features of the P2P system. Besides, we present very efficient algorithms related to peers joining with new and existing resource types.
A Three-Phase Adjustable-Voltage-Ratio Transformer Based on Magnetic Flux Valves

This paper presents a new three-phase adjustable-voltage-ratio (AVR) transformer. The AVR transformer uses a new voltage-controlled magnetic device called the magnetic flux valve (MFV) to control the magnetic flux through the core of the transformer. In this way, the amplitude of the three-phase output voltages can be adjusted continuously with the range designed when the amplitude of the three-phase input voltages and turn ratio of the transformer are fixed. The configuration and working principle of the proposed three-phase AVR transformer are introduced. A prototype is designed and constructed. Experimental results on the prototype are provided to validate the AVR concept of the transformer.
A Ketogenic Diet Prevents Abnormal Changes in Peripheral Nerve Function Caused By A High-Fat Diet

Mice given ad libitum access to a diet with high-fat (54% kcal from fat) content begin to display clinical symptoms of prediabetic patients, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and mechanical allodyn...
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR, PLANTING DATE, AND ROW WIDTH ON ABUNDANCE OF GREEN CLOVERWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND GREEN STINK BUGS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN SOYBEAN

The influence of soybean planting date, row width and cultivar selection on abundance of green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.), and green stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say), was examined during 1984 – 85 at the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Stations located at Painter, Suffolk, and Warsaw. Green cloverworms were more abundant in soybeans planted in narrow - row widths (25 cm) than in soybeans planted in wide - row widths (100 cm). Early planting (early June) vs. late planting (early July) did not influence population densities. Green stink bugs were more abundant in the early maturing varieties planted early. Row width did not influence stink bug population levels.
Maternal Care and Offspring Development in Odontocetes

Odontocetes are characterized by slow life histories and extensive maternal care, where offspring nurse for years in some species. Among some of the largest toothed whales, the mother and offspring of one or both sexes stay together for a lifetime, forming the basis of strong matrilineal social units and transmission of culture along maternal lines. Mother and calf face a series of challenges from the moment of birth. The newborn must quickly learn to follow and breathe alongside the mother—and wait for her while she dives for food. Within months the calf transitions to infant position for much of the time, although their swimming ability allows them to associate with others in the mother’s network. Because calves can easily become separated from their mothers, an effective communication system is necessary, and signature whistles and pod-specific dialects appear to serve this function. The mother plays a central role in the development of calf social and foraging tactics. Where this has been studied, calves adopt maternal behaviors, including foraging specializations, and share the mother’s network post-weaning. Although difficult to demonstrate “teaching” per se, dolphins are particularly good candidates given their exquisite learning ability and social tolerance. The role of non-mothers is clearly important in calf development, but whether calf interactions with non-mothers constitute “allomothering” remains unclear for most species. What is clear is that group living by cetaceans affords the calf protection from predators and possibly from infanticidal males. The causes of calf mortality are generally not known, as carcasses are rarely retrieved, but disease, predation, poor maternal condition, and anthropogenic causes (pollutants, provisioning, bycatch, boat strikes), and—rarely—infanticide, are all implicated. Weaning occurs when the calf no longer nurses, evident by cessation of infant position swimming. Interbirth intervals are also used as a proxy for weaning, though the calf frequently nurses during the mother’s subsequent pregnancy. Post-weaning, mothers and daughters continue to have preferential bonds, but in killer whales and pilot whales, sons also continue to have a strong relationship with the mother.
A matter of desing in Soda Taxes: Tax sugar instead of volume

Soda taxes are meant to improve public health outcomes insofar as they curb consumption of sugary beverages and thus sugar intake. This research is the first to get closer to the aim of the policy by evaluating the effect of the soda tax introduced in Berkeley in 2015, focusing on its effect on sugar consumption. I conduct this analysis on a unique dataset that merges retailer point-of-sale (POS) data with matched Nutrition Facts information for sugar content. Due to the vast range of sugar densities across beverages, this setting provides information about how a tax levied at volume, rather than sugar content, affects demand for taxable items. I develop a theoretical model that accounts for how a tax such as the one in Berkeley, incentivizes consumers to substitute toward drinks with higher sugar concentration, as unitary sugar prices among taxed drinks are affected differently. I evaluate these hypotheses for Berkeley relative to comparable locations and assess the effects of soda taxes on consumption and price by volume and sugar content. I find that sugar intake fell as a response to the tax, but at a lower rate compared to volume consumption. Following the introduction of the tax, in other words, the unitary sugar price exhibited a lower impact in more concentrated sugar beverages. This indicates that the policy incentivized consumers to buy drinks with higher sugar concentrations among tax beverages and that a levy at the sugar content level would be more effective.
This cloud has a silver lining: Gender diversity, managerial ability, and firm performance

Abstract In this study we explore the mediating role of managerial ability in the relationship between gender diversity and firm performance. Drawing on diversity, gender, and upper echelon theories, we propose that the addition of unique female perspectives and leadership styles will afford gender-diverse TMTs a managerial capability advantage over equally talented yet homogeneous male teams; and this link between gender diversity and managerial capability will be more pronounced in times of crisis. Our results confirm our hypotheses. Our key finding is that increasing female representation in TMTs has a substantial and direct influence on overall managerial capabilities and elicits positive performance effects both in times of stability and more so, in times of crisis. Notably, and unique to this study, we show that managerial ability completely (partially) mediates the gender diversity-performance link suggesting that feminine traits and transformational leadership styles are more efficacious in contemporary leadership contexts than generally believed.
Integrating transcription factor abundance with chromatin accessibility in human erythroid lineage commitment

Abstract We present InTAC-seq, a method for simultaneous quantification of genome-wide open chromatin and intracellular protein abundance in fixed cells. Using InTAC we directly observe variation in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor motif occupancy driven by differences in transcription factor protein abundance. By purifying bone marrow progenitor cells based on GATA1 protein expression, we establish its role in both functional and epigenetic restriction of erythroid cell identity in human hematopoiesis.
Fast and Accurate Tensor Decomposition without a High Performance Computing Machine

The rapid growth in the collection of high-dimensional data has led to the emergence of tensor decomposition, a powerful analysis method for the exploration of such data. Since tensor decomposition can extract hidden structures and capture underlying relationships between variables, it has been used successfully across a broad range of applications. However, tensor decomposition is a computationally expensive task, and most existing methods developed to decompose large tensors require expensive computing hardware or high-performance computing environment. Moreover, existing approaches focus solely on numeric data, and may not yield desirable results for binary or count data. Therefore, we propose FAST-CP, a novel algorithm to accelerate the convergence of the stochastic gradient descent based CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition model through a new extrapolation method. Our algorithm can model a variety of tensor data types, accelerates convergence in terms of speed and quality, and improves the learning stability of stochastic gradient descent. Our empirical results on three real-world datasets demonstrate that FAST-CP decreases the total computation time while providing accurate results without necessitating a high-performance computing platform or environment.
Liquidity-Based Competition for Order Flow

We present a microstructure model of competition between exchanges for order flow based on liquidity provision. Different pairings of pure limit order markets (PLM) and hybrid specialist/limit order markets (HM) are considered. We find that neither a pure nor a hybrid market structure is competition-proof. A PLM can always be supported in equilibrium as the dominant market (i.e., where the hybrid limit book is empty), but a HM can also be supported for some market parameterizations, as the dominant market. We also have examples of co-existence of competing markets. Order preferencing --- i.e., decisions about where orders are routed when investors are indifferent --- is a key determinant of market viability. Welfare comparisons show that competition between exchanges often, but not always, reduces the cost of liquidity.
Exploring habitability with artificial hydrothermal vents

Arlaine Sanchez explains how in situ growth chamber experiments help constrain biogeochemical conditions of hydrothermal vent systems.
The haematology of experimental Salmonella dublin infections of pregnant heifers.

SUMMARY The haematology of pregnant heifers experimentally infected with S. dublin, or its endotoxin, was studied. Animals in which abortion was the only clinical sign of infection became slightly anaemic compared to controls and showed a mild transient leucopoenia. There was a transient neutrophilia after infection and before abortion, a monocytosis, which was most pronounced after infection and abortion, and a more prolonged lymphopoenia and eosinopoenia after infection. Animals with dysentery developed haemoconcentration and the changes in their leucocytes were more pronounced. Endotoxin induced a transient leucocytosis due to a large increase in neutrophils and a smaller increase in monocytes. Lymphocytes were decreased and eosinophils unaffected.
An Implementation of Scoped Memory for Real-Time Java

This paper presents our experience implementing the memory management extensions in the Real-Time Specification for Java. These extensions are designed to given real-time programmers the control they need to obtain predictable memory system behavior while preserving Java's safe memory model.We describe our implementation of certain dynamic checks required by the Real-Time Java extensions. In particular, we describe how to perform these checks in a way that avoids harmful interactions between the garbage collector and the memory management system. We also found that extensive debugging support was necessary during the development of Real-Time Java programs. We therefore used a static analysis and a dynamic debugging package during the development of our benchmark applications.
The Pan American Health Organization: Its Structure and Role in the Development of a Palliative Care Program for Latin America and the Caribbean

In recent years palliative care has emerged as a major public health care issue, both in developed and developing countries. The rising number of cancer deaths as a result of increased tobacco consumption, control of other diseases, lack of preventive programs, and the difficulties of accessing curative treatments in many countries have made palliative care and pain relief the appropriate, and in many cases, the only option for patients with advanced disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) and its Regional Office for the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), have promoted palliative care as a component of their cancer control program. Some health care workers and policy makers are not adequately informed about the role that intergovernmental agencies such as WHO and PAHO play in the health care field. This has led to confusion and, in some cases, misjudgment of the organization. This paper summarizes the structure and role of PAHO and, specifically, its participation in the development of a palliative care program for Latin America and the Caribbean. Many health care professionals, administrators, and policy makers are unaware of the organization 's objectives in this area and the tools available to assist in the implementation and development of national programs to care for patients with advanced cancer: The information in this paper is based on data found in the PAHO and WHO web sites, as well as other technical publications from different sources, including individuals not formally associated with WHO or PAHO.
Deglutitive tongue action: Volume accommodation and bolus propulsion

Abstract Background: Swallow function is best analyzed in components because discrete component failure may be compensated for with devised maneuvers, postures, or biofeedback techniques. The present investigation examined normal deglutitive tongue function. Methods: Biplane videofluoroscopy synchronized with intraluminal manometry was performed in eight volunteers. Tongue surface motion was characterized as centripetal or centrifugal along seven equiangular rays emanating from the tongue center during 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-mL swallows. Results: The tongue perimeter remained in contact with the alveolar ridge while the central groove exhibited centripetal and subsequent centrifugal motion that, in conjunction with the pharyngeal walls, created an oropharyngeal propulsive chamber and then expelled that chamber's contents into the hypopharynx. Intrabolus propulsive pressure was generated when the initially expansive propulsive chamber volume contracted to the test bolus volume. Because pharyngeal chamber action cycle timing was relatively constant among bolus volumes, vigorous expulsion occurred with large volumes but relatively delayed, sluggish expulsion occurred with smaller volumes. Conclusions: Deglutitive tongue functions include bolus containment, volume accommodation, and the major contributor to bolus propulsion.
The Bijvoet-difference Fourier synthesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Bijvoet-difference Fourier synthesis, which provides both a method of establishing absolute configuration and an approximation to the heavy-atom substructure of the system in question. The strength of the Bijvoet-difference Fourier lies in its ability to determine locations of the most significant anomalously scattering atoms, particularly when phases are available for only one structure factor in each Friedel pair. Once these locations are known, positions of the minor anomalous scatterers can be determined by the more delicate imaginary Fourier synthesis. The scattering from each atom is proportional to that of a free electron and the scattering factor is a real-valued function of the scattering angle. To account for resonance, the native scattering factor of the atom is modiﬁed by a small complex-valued correction.
Simplicial arrangements revisited

In connection with the publication of the catalogue [1] of known simplicial arrangements of lines in the real projective plane, and the note [2] about small simplicial arrangements of pseudolines, several developments of these topics deserve to be mentioned. The present paper puts these results in perspective, and provides appropriate illustrations. [1] B. Grunbaum, A catalogue of simplicial arrangements in the real projective plane, Ars Mathematica Contemporanea 2 (2009), 1–25. [2] B. Grunbaum, Small unstretchable simplicial arrangements of pseudolines, Geombinatorics 18 (2009), 153–160.
Pure-Tone Audiometry and Masking

Pure-Tone Audiometry and Masking is an excellent resource and reference for the intermediate student, clinicians, and instructors. The foreword of the text suggests that this is a book for the stud...