cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative thickness measurement of retinal layers imaged by optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To report an image analysis algorithm that was developed to provide quantitative thickness measurement of retinal layers on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods Imaging was performed with an OCT3 commercial instrument in 10 visually normal healthy subjects. A dedicated software algorithm was developed to process the raw OCT images and detect the depth location of peaks from intensity profiles. Quantitative thickness measurements of three retinal layers, in addition to total retinal thickness, were derived. Total retinal thickness measurements obtained by the algorithm were compared with measurements provided by the standard OCT3 software. Results The total retinal thickness profile demonstrated foveal depression, corresponding to normal anatomy, with a thickness range of 160 to 291 μm. Retinal thickness measured by the algorithm and by the standard OCT3 software were highly correlated ( R = 0.98). The inner retinal thickness profile predictably demonstrated a minimum thickness at the fovea, ranging between 58 to 217 μm along the 6-mm scan. The outer retinal thickness profile displayed a maximum thickness at the fovea, ranging between 66 to 107 μm along the 6-mm scan. The photoreceptor outer segment thickness profile was relatively constant along the 6-mm scan through the fovea, ranging between 42 to 50 μm. The intrasubject variabilities of the inner retina, outer retina, and photoreceptor outer segment thickness was 14, 10, and 6 μm, respectively. Conclusions Thickness measurements of retinal layers derived from OCT images have potential value for objectively documenting disease-related retinal thickness abnormalities and monitoring progressive changes over time.
Correlation-Based Feature Selection for Intrusion Detection Design

In a large amount of monitoring network traffic data, not every feature of the data is relevant to the intrusion detection task. In this paper, we aim to reduce the dimensionality of the original feature space by removing irrelevant and redundant features. A correlation-based feature selection algorithm is proposed for selecting a subset of most informative features. Six data sets retrieved from UCI databases and an intrusion detection benchmark data set, DARPA KDD99, are used to train and to test C4.5 and naive bayes machine learning algorithms. We compare our proposed approach with two correlation-based feature selection algorithms, CFS and FCBF and the results indicate that our approach achieves the highest averaged accuracies. Our feature selection algorithm could effectively reduce the size of data set.
Carbene and silicon routes toward a simple nitrile ylide. Spectroscopic, kinetic, and chemical characterization

Trimethylsilylmethyl-tri?at (I) reagiert mit Acetonitril und Thiophenol (III) zu dem Phenylthio-silylimidat (IV), das mit Silber- fluorid zum Methylnitril-Ylid (V) gespalten wird.
Addition of palladium and platinum tri-tert-butylphosphine groups to Re-Sn and Re-Ge Bonds

The reaction of Re2(CO)8[μ-η2-C(H)C(H)Bun](μ-H) with Ph3SnH at 68 °C yielded the new compound Re2(CO)8(μ-SnPh2)2 (10) which contains two SnPh2 ligands bridging two Re(CO)4 groups, joined by an unusually long Re−Re bond. Fenske−Hall molecular orbital calculations indicate that the bonding in the Re2Sn2 cluster is dominated by strong Re−Sn interactions and that the Re−Re interactions are weak. The 119Sn Mossbauer spectrum of 10 exhibits a doublet with an isomer shift (IS) of 1.674(12) mm s-1 and a quadrupole splitting (QS) of 2.080(12) mm s-1 at 90 K,characteristic of Sn(IV) in a SnA2B2 environment. The IS is temperature dependent, −1.99(14) × 10-4 mm s-1 K-1; the QS is temperature independent. The temperature-dependent properties are consistent with the known Gol'danskii−Kariagin effect. The germanium compound Re2(CO)8(μ-GePh2)2 (11) was obtained from the reaction of Re2(CO)8[μ-η2-C(H)C(H)Bun](μ-H) with Ph3GeH. Compound 11 has a structure similar to that of 10. The reaction of 10 with Pd(PBut3)2 at 25 °C y...
Hybrid method in elastic and elastoplastic fracture mechanics

Abstract The utility of the hybrid experimental–numerical method in elastic and elastoplastic fracture mechanics is demonstrated through a fracture process zone analysis and a J -integral computation, respectively. For the former, the crack bridging stresses in the fracture process zones of concrete and alumina fracture specimens were determined through an inverse analysis and the dissipated energies in these zones were quantified. For the latter, J -integral was shown to be highly path dependent with stable crack growth.
Children's reasoning about authority in home and school contexts

The study investigated the development of children's concepts of authority at home and at school. Subjects (35 m, 35 f) in grades 1–6 were asked to evaluate persons issuing two types of commands to children: one which resolves a turn-taking dispute and one which enforces a conventional rule. Persons of varying ages and with varying positions in the family (parent, older/younger sibling, neighbor) were presented issuing commands at home and a parent was presented issuing commands at school. Results show that children's judgments of authority in the home are based more on authority position than adult status; younger siblings with delegated authority positions are accepted as authorities by more children than knowledgeable adults without delegated authority. Children's authority concepts become increasingly more differentiated with respect to the social-organizational positions and functions of persons in authority across grades one to six.
Nickel-epidermal interactions: diffusion and binding.

To elucidate some of the variables associated with nickel contact allergy, the diffusion of nickel through the epidermis and the binding of nickel to the epidermis were investigated. Diffusion of 63Ni through the epidermis from solutions of surfactants was found to be slight. Considerable amounts of nickel, however, were bound to the epidermis. An epidermis powder was prepared, and selected functional groups were inactivated by chemical means. The nickel uptake of these modified epidermis powders as compared to the untreated material indicates that carboxyl groups are involved in the binding of nickel to a greater extent than are amino groups.
Reversal theory states and cigarette availability predict lapses during smoking cessation among adolescents

Although 67% of adolescent smokers say they want to quit, only 7% are able to do so. The purpose of this study was to use metamotivational states as described in reversal theory to predict whether adolescents who are trying to quit smoking will lapse (smoke a cigarette) or will resist smoking in highly tempting situations. Reversal theory holds that individuals switch between telic (serious-minded) and paratelic (playful) metamotivational states. Questionnaires and semistructured interviews were administered to 62 adolescents ages 14–19 who had participated in a smoking cessation program. Interviews were coded according to the Metamotivational State Interview and Coding Schedule, and the resulting data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Adolescents in the paratelic metamotivational state (OR = 15.34; 95% CI: 5.3, 43.6) or with cigarettes readily available (OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.6, 13.2) were more likely to lapse than were adolescents in the telic state or who required effort to obtain cigarettes. The variables telic/paratelic state and cigarette availability accurately predicted the outcome of highly tempting situations 80% of the time. Using reversal theory constructs to develop state-specific strategies shows promise as an additional tool for those in this age group coping with the temptation to smoke. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26:263–272, 2003
Composite Trust Model for an Information Sharing Scenario

Effective decision-making within teams and organizations require members to quickly identify, process, and share information with each other. Trust has received significant attention as a key concept to improve performance of information sharing tasks and teams. In this paper, we study the impact of a composite trust based agent model on information sharing in organizations. Our proposed composite trust captures the impact of a multi-genre network that such tasks are carried on (i.e., cognitive/social and communication networks). Our trust model and simulation experiments enable us to study the impact of team composition (i.e., composition and characteristics of individuals) and network connectivity (i.e., ability to communicate with neighboring nodes) on overall performance in terms of shared situation awareness (SA) and efficiency of communication. Our results show that trust-based information filtering and sharing strategy effectively guides entities to efficiently achieve high SA.
Gender differences in depression in college students

Although there is much evidence indicating that females report more depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) relative to males, virtually no research has examined or reported gender differences on several other measures tapping negative affect—namely, the Expanded Attributional Styles Questionnaire (EASQ) and the Selves Questionnaire. Our first study examined gender differences on both the BDI and EASQ, and found that females reported more depressive symptoms and a more maladaptive attributional style than males. In our second study, the data revealed that, again, females were found to have a more maladaptive attributional style than males. In addition, on the Selves Questionnaire, there was a significant discrepancy between actual and ideal self for females, but not for males. When delineating most frequently used ideal categories, the data revealed that females were more likely than males to report greater strivings for ideal attributes relevant to interpersonal relationships and body image/attractiveness, whereas males reported more ideal strivings for intelligence. These data suggest some content areas in which females and males differ with regard to “traits” to which they aspire, and which may produce dejection and negative affect if not attained.
APPLICATION OF THE PARTIAL KARHUNEN‐LOÈVE TRANSFORM TO SUPPRESS RANDOM NOISE IN SEISMIC SECTIONS1

Abstract The Karhunen‐Loeve (K–L) transform is an effective technique for suppressing spatially uncorrelated noise, but because of its high computational cost, fast transforms, such as the Fourier transform, have been more favoured. Two techniques that combine to make the K–L transform feasible for seismic data processing are discussed. The first technique filters the data for limited dips. For each dip, linear moveout is applied to the seismic sections so that events with this dip are made flat. By interpolation, we can include dips that are fractions of a sample/trace. After linear moveout, zero‐lag K–L filtering is applied followed, by inverse linear moveout; the results from all dips are added to form the final filtered data. The second technique is blocking, in which the seismic section is divided into blocks small enough for each block to be processed using relatively small matrices; the processed blocks are assembled to form the final filtered section. Using a combination of these techniques, seismic sections can be filtered at a reasonable cost using the K‐L transform.
Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression

Major life events involving social rejection are strongly associated with onset of depression. To account for this relation, we propose a psychobiological model in which rejection-related stressors elicit a distinct and integrated set of cognitive, emotional, and biological changes that may evoke depression. In this model, social rejection events activate brain regions involved in processing negative affect and rejection-related distress (e.g., anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex). They also elicit negative self-referential cognitions (e.g., “I’m undesirable,” “Other people don’t like me”) and related self-conscious emotions (e.g., shame, humiliation). Downstream biological consequences include upregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis, and inflammatory response. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in this process because they induce a constellation of depressotypic behaviors called sickness behaviors. Although these changes can be short-lived, sustained inflammation may occur via glucocorticoid resistance, catecholamines, sympathetic innervation of immune organs, and immune cell aging. This response also may be moderated by several factors, including prior life stress, prior depression, and genes implicated in stress reactivity.
Design, synthesis, and diversification of 5,5-dimethyl cyclohexen-1,4-dione library.

This paper reports the use of the annulation reaction between Fischer carbene complexes and alkynes to provide a collection of 78 endiones. In the course of the work, new stannyl and silyl endiones were synthesized and converted to iodides that provide a useful precursor for Suzuki coupling. Suzuki reactions were also performed on endiones derived from bromophenyl alkynes providing a series of new cyclohexen-1,4-diones.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term infants

Objectives: Although necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is primarily a disease of prematurity, full-term infants account for approximately 10% of cases. Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding NEC in full-term (FT) versus preterm (PT) infants. A review of all infants diagnosed with NEC at our institution over the past 3 decades was performed to identify factors associated with this disease in full-term neonates.
INTERGROUP AND INTRAGROUP VIOLENCE: IS VIOLENT CRIME AN EXPRESSION OF GROUP CONFLICT OR SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION?*

The impact of residential turnover and compositional change at the neighborhood level on local patterns of crime lies at the center of most ecological studies of crime and violence. Of particular interest is how racial and ethnic change impacts intragroup and intergroup crime. Although many studies have examined this effect using city-level data, few have evaluated it using neighborhood-level data. Using incident-level data for the South Bureau Policing Area of the Los Angeles Police Department aggregated to census tracts, we use a novel methodology to construct intragroup and intergroup rates of robbery and assaults. The South Bureau has experienced dramatic demographic change as it has transitioned from a predominately African-American area to a predominately Latino area. We find support for the social disorganization model, as racial/ethnic transition in nearby tracts leads to greater levels of intergroup violence by both groups as well as to more intragroup violence by Latinos. Such neighborhoods seem to experience a breakdown in norms, which leads to higher levels of violence in all forms. Particularly noteworthy is that intragroup crime is highest in all settings, which includes the most heterogeneous tracts. We also find support for the consolidated inequality theory, as greater inequality across the two groups leads to more violence by the disadvantaged group.
PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRIED COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA L. WALP) PASTE FORMULATED WITH SOY FLOUR AND EDIBLE COATINGS

Akara, a popular West African fried food made from dry cowpeas, contains about 31% fat on a dry weight basis. Previous work in our laboratory showed that akara made from a 94% cowpea flour/6% soy flour blend plus edible coatings absorbed 26% less oil during frying than akara made from 100% cowpea. The objective of the present study was to determine the quality and acceptance of modified akara, either freshly fried (one-stage) or partially fried/frozen/thawed/finish-fried (two-stage) as would be employed in the home or a foodservice setting. Soy-substituted akara was firmer than freshly fried, 100% cowpea (control) akara. Methylcellulose-coated akara was significantly different in total color from the control. Consumer acceptance studies indicated that, compared with two-stage fried/100% cowpea akara, the two-stage fried/6% soy formulation had similar hedonic ratings for flavor, texture, oiliness and overall acceptance. Sensory evaluation also indicated that two-stage fried/6% soy akara with edible coatings was considered unacceptable (ratings < 5.0).
System Synthesis and Controller Design of a Novel Pump Controlled Steer-by-Wire System Employing Modern Control Techniques

The demand for power steering systems primarily stemmed from the need for providing assistance to operators in achieving their heading directions, especially as transportation vehicles kept growing in size and mass. While the main requirements for the primitive systems were adequate assistance levels and acceptable controllability, today’s requirements are much different. Given the increased awareness and attention to energy efficiency, productivity, and safety, the field for researching alternative technologies is virtually open. Present-day power steering architectures include hydraulic, electric, and electro-hydraulic structures, which vary based on their energy source, energy transmission, and energy management schemes. Hydraulic power steering is plagued with poor energy efficiency mainly due to throttling losses associated with hydraulic control valves. Electric power steering systems offer better energy efficiency with on-demand power supply and result in improved packaging constraints, but suffer from power limitations at larger scales. State-of-the-art electrohydraulic steering systems take advantage of the high power density and efficiency of fluid power, but use electronically controlled valves that still suffer from energy inefficiency.This paper introduces a novel electro-hydraulic power steering system that utilizes a proven energy-saving technology, pump displacement control (DC), which eliminates throttling losses associated with hydraulic control valves by controlling the displacement of a variable displacement pump. DC has been applied to the working hydraulics of mobile machines, active vibration damping, and machine power management strategies. However, for the first time this technology is being investigated and applied to steering systems, which presents a unique opportunity to solve the pressing challenges and highlight the benefits of such systems. A DC steering system lends itself to high energy efficiency (lower fuel consumption/emissions), greater machine productivity and reduced operator fatigue, and active safety for counteracting instabilities. The paper presents the new concept; reviews the dynamic models of the hydraulics subsystem and the dynamics subsystem; summarizes the system synthesis with focus on stability; and finally describes the primary controller design based on modern control techniques via state space formulation and full state feedback methods. To allow for designing a controller at the system level, vehicle dynamics equations of motion and pressure-flow equations are merged together to form a single-input single-output (SISO) system with the desired input and output in mind. Simulation results are provided to validate the control algorithm relative to the specified performance requirements.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Performance analysis of DOA estimation using dual-polarized antenna arrays

Single- and dual-polarized arrays are used for direction-of-arrival estimation. It has been shown that adding polarization capability to an existing array allows reduction in the source correlation beyond that achieved by only doubling the number of antennas, especially when the sources are closely spaced. Recent work has shown that the joint spatio-polarimetric correlation is an effective measure of the performance dual-polarized arrays. In this paper, we analyze the variance of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of the dual-polarized array. It is pointed out that the performance of dual-polarized arrays is related to both spatial and polarimetric correlation coefficients whereas the performance of single-polarized arrays is only a function of the spatial correlation
Titin isoform expression in normal and hypertensive myocardium

Objective: Titin isoform expression patterns were examined to explain previously observed genetic differences in rat cardiac passive tension. Methods: Rat ventricles from male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats (normotensive) were used to analyze the titin isoform patterns. The hypertensive status was verified by blood pressure measurements and heart weight to body weight ratios. Gel electrophoresis and scanning densitometry were performed to determine ratios of myosin heavy chain and titin isoforms expressed. In situ hybridization using a cRNA probe specific for N2BA titin and a positive control in the N2B unique region was used to demonstrate tissue location of the titin message. Results: Regression analysis of titin isoform ratios, myosin heavy chain isoform ratios, and heart weight to body weight ratios all suggest a smaller proportion of N2BA titin (longer isoform) was expressed in rat left ventricles with increased hypertrophy. In situ hybridization showed that the N2BA and N2B isoforms were co-expressed within most of the cardiomyocytes. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated two different N2BA titin isoforms in all rat ventricles. Conclusions: Expression of less N2BA and more N2B titin in response to pressure overload will result in higher passive tension upon stretch at a given sarcomere length and thus affect cardiac performance.
Proof positive: efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in device implantation.

The administration of prophylactic antibiotics before pacemaker or internal cardioverter-defibrillator implantation has been implemented widely and routinely. The acceptance of this practice has occurred despite the absence of rigorous examination or definitive evidence. The existing data for the use of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in device implantation consist of 7 randomized, controlled trials, with all but 1 having an open design.1 Early trials yielded contradictory results, citing small study numbers, a low incidence of infection, and inconsistent definitions of infection as possible explanations.2–4 Four of the 7 trials found antibiotic prophylaxis effective in preventing infection; the lone double-blind, randomized, controlled study consisted of 106 patients and failed to demonstrate a difference in infection rate with antibiotic prophylaxis because there were no documented infections at 7 to 35 months of follow-up.3 In addition to their inconsistent results, widely varying antibiotic regimens were implemented in these trials, further confounding the ability of operators to interpret the available data and to implement evidence-based medicine into practice. Despite the equivocal findings of these individual studies, a meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis for permanent pacemaker implantation by Da Costa et al1 in 1998 demonstrated a significant reduction …
What happened to class

While the question of social class contributed centrally to the emergence of social theory in geography in the 1970s and 1980s, it has recently fallen out of favour as a lens for viewing the social construction of space, place, and nature. The causes for this loss of class vision can be found partly in the rise of alternative political perspectives focusing on identity and emphasizing a cultural rather than economically rooted politics, but they also stem from weaknesses within late 20th-century Marxism itself. The vaguely classless politics that emerged from some strands of the 1960s move- ments, as well as very powerful reactions against the 1960s, have also contributed. But this reaction has now run its course, and we find ourselves without a sophisticated language of class precisely at the time when, globally, class is being reasserted with a vengeance. From the economic boom, then crisis (1997^99), then boom again in Asia to the reassertion of class in Mexico and Eastern Europe, or the dramatic class formation in postcolonial South Africa not to mention Blair's Britain or Clinton's United States, class represents a crucial political dimension of social difference. Multiculturalism comes to look like an apology for capitalist 'diversity' while politics in academic circles is increasingly equated with the liberal common denominator of morality. This is not a narrow back-to-class appeal, but rather an argument that we need to find a way of reintegrating class into the issues of identity and cultural politics that for very good reasons have occupied the political foreground in recent years.
Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi Increases the Yield of Green Peppers in a High P Soil

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungi are mutualistic symbionts that impart a number of benefits to host plants, any one of which can make them important contributors to productivity of alternative agricultural systems. Inoculation of vegetable seedlings prior to outplanting is economically feasible. One of three inoculation treatments was imposed upon Capsicum annuum L. cv. Camelot seedlings: (1) Glomus intraradices, (2) a mixed inoculum of Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Gigaspora rosea, and (3) uninoculated controls. Plants were transplanted into high P soil field plots that received either composted dairy cow manure or conventional chemical fertilizer. There were no significant differences in yield between nutrient amendments, but inoculation with AM fungi significantly affected fruit yield. The mixed inocula increased yields relative to controls by 14 to 23% in plots amended with compost and 34% one year with chemical fertilizers. Glomus intraradices depressed seedling growth relative to c...
An experimental investigation of swirling jets

The 'plug' flow emerging from a long rotating tube into a large stationary reservoir has been used in an experimental investigation of centrifugally unstable swirling jets. A moderate Reynolds number, Re = 1000, was studied extensively, and swirl numbers, S, the ratio of nozzle exit rotating speed to the mean mass axial velocity, were in the range 0-1.1. Four regimes were covered: non-swirling jets with S=0, weakly swirling jets in the range 0 S c2 , where S c1 =0.6 and S c2 = 0.88. Particular attention was paid to the dominant role of the underlying vortical flow structures and their dynamic evolution. Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability in the axial shear layer, generated by the axial velocity, leading to vortex ring formation, dominated non-swirling and weakly swirling jets
Type A behavior and survival: a follow-up study of 1,467 patients with coronary artery disease

Patients with documented coronary artery disease, admitted to Duke Medical Center between 1974 and 1980, were assessed for type A behavior pattern and were followed until 1984. The relation of type A behavior to survival was tested using data from coronary angiography to control for disease severity. Cox model regression analyses demonstrated an interaction (p less than 0.01) between type A behavior and an index of disease severity in the prediction of cardiovascular death. Among those with relatively poor left ventricular function, type A patients had better survival than type B. This difference was not present among patients with better prognoses. Type A behavior did not predict the subsequent incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Differential risk modification and differential selection into postinfarction status are possible explanations for the findings. These results need not conflict with the proposition that type A behavior plays a role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.
Factors Influencing the Dyeing of Acetate Fibers With Disperse Nonionic Dyes.

A basic understanding of any textile dyeing process is concerned with those factors , which influence the distribution of dye molecules between an external phase, primarily aqueous, and the fiber p...
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses of Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Volatiles From Intact and Mechanically Damaged Annual Bluegrass

Listronotus maculicollis Kirby is a highly destructive pest of low mown, cool-season turfgrasses in the northeastern United States and Canada. Behavioral and electrophysiological assays were conducted to identify compounds that may be useful in developing novel monitoring techniques. In Y-tube assays, males and females responded differently to volatiles from intact and clipped annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Females were signiÞcantly attracted to intact P. annua but repelled from clippings; males did not respond signiÞcantly to either treatment. Electroantennogram (EAG) re- cordings from both sexes showed a signiÞcant response to volatiles from both treatments. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identiÞed 12 volatile compounds from P. annua of which nine were common to both intact plants and clippings. On average, seven-fold higher quantities of volatiles were collected from clippings than from intact plants (24.3 versus 3.4 ng/g of tissue/h). Eight compounds were released in signiÞcantly greater quantities from clippings of which 50% were the n-C6 compounds hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, commonly referred to as "green leaf volatiles" (GLVs). Only octanal was emitted in greater amounts from intact plants than clippings. These nine compounds were tested individually against male and female antennae. Both sexes displayed greatest sensitivity to nonanal, octanal, and (E)-2-hexenal, but a signiÞcant doseÐ response relationship was observed with all compounds tested. These studies indicate that both sexes respond physiologically and that L. maculicollis females exhibit behavioral responses to host-plant volatiles. Future studies will need to assess the effects of individual compounds and component mixtures on L. maculicollis behavior in the Þeld.
Reliability of isokinetic measurements of hip muscle torque in young boys.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of measurements of hip muscle torque obtained with the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer from healthy young boys. Twenty-nine healthy boys, aged 6 to 10 years, were tested two times at one- to two-week intervals. Torque of the hip flexors and extensors and the hip abductors and adductors was assessed at angular velocities of 30 degrees and 90 degrees/sec. The torque generated by each muscle group at 30 degrees/sec was similar to the torque generated at 90 degrees/sec. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine test-retest reliability for measurements of each of the muscle groups at both angular velocities. The ICCs were higher for hip flexion and extension than they were for hip abduction and adduction. The highest ICC (ICC = .84) was found for hip extension at 90 degrees/sec. The ICCs for hip abduction and adduction at both angular velocities were less than .60. Factors that possibly contributed to the relatively low reliability in hip abduction and adduction are discussed.
Commentary: The Forensic Report—An Inevitable Nexus for Resolving Ethics Dilemmas

Ethics-related dilemmas arise in forensic psychiatry as in all psychiatric practice. Although most can be resolved by following the AAPL Ethics Guidelines and the AAPL Ethics Questions and Answers, the more complex ones inevitably have no easy solutions. Ethics-based duties can conflict without clear guidance on prioritization. Weighing competing factors necessitates more than merely following a rule, since there are potentially conflicting rules, and ethical practitioners may prioritize them differently. Concerns pertaining to the death penalty and defendants who are victims of discrimination are especially difficult. Such considerations usually are in the realm of aspirational ethics, with conclusions open to debate. They need consideration by most practitioners concerned with determining the most ethical course of action. Much as it is insufficient for an ethical citizen merely to avoid breaking the law, it is not enough to avoid violating any one guideline while remaining blind to context. Most such dilemmas need resolution long before testimony and arise first in the way the forensic assessment is conducted and in decisions on the data to be included in a report and how they are presented. Although there can be legitimate differences of opinion about how to weigh and resolve conflicting considerations, ethics-related dilemmas should not be sidestepped.
Acid-Base Disorders in the PICU

An appropriate acid-base milieu is essential for normal cellular function of the human organism. Disturbances of the pH balance frequently occur in critically ill or injured children. These pertubations most often serve as a marker of an underlying disorder responsible for their occurrence, but acid-base disturbances may in themselves require monitoring and treatment in the PICU. Proper assessment and treatment of acid-base imbalances therefore requires an understanding of terminology and measurement, insight into buffer systems, and recognition of the compensatory interactions involved in maintaining a homeostatic balance. The terms acidosis and alkalosis refer to the mechanisms which result in a given acid-base disturbance. Primary acid-base disorders are further classified as either metabolic or respiratory. Metabolic contribution to acid-base homeostasis is based on the presence of strong anions and cations. Ion strength is based on the tendency of an ion to dissociate in aqueous solutions and tendency to combine with other ions. The concentration difference between the sum of all strong anions and strong cations is defined as the strong ion difference (SID). The anion gap, determined by presence or absence of unmeasured anions, helps guide understanding of the etiology of metabolic acidosis, one of the most common disturbances in the critically ill child. Hypercapnic acidosis impacts pH balance, but could have potential therapeutic effects in children with acute lung injury. Specific therapies, such as intravenous fluids and cardiopulmonary bypass, intrinsically affect acid-base balance, and their impact should be considered.
Neural word embeddings with multiplicative feature interactions for tensor-based compositions

Categorical compositional distributional models unify compositional formal semantic models and distributional models by composing phrases with tensor-based methods from vector representations. For the tensor-based compositions, Milajevs et al. (2014) showed that word vectors obtained from the continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) model are competitive with those from co-occurrence based models. However, because word vectors from the CBOW model are trained assuming additive interactions between context words, the word composition used for the training mismatches to the tensor-based methods used for evaluating the actual compositions including pointwise multiplication and tensor product of context vectors. In this work, we show whether the word embeddings from extended CBOW models using multiplication or tensor product between context words, reflecting the actual composition methods, can show better performance than those from the baseline CBOW model in actual tasks of compositions with multiplication or tensor-based methods.
Lowering Appropriability Hazards by Raising Infringers’ Costs

Internet intermediary platforms are online services that provide a means for information to be hosted, accessed, shared, indexed, and transmitted between third parties. Such services lower search c...
Comparative Life Histories of the Predators Ceraeochrysa cincta, C. cubana, and C. smithi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The subtropical green lacewings Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider), C. cubana (Hagen), and C. smithi (Navas) share many aspects of their life histories; however, they differ in a suite of developmental and reproductive traits that appear very important ecologically and that have significant implications for biological control. All 3 species have trash-carrying larvae, and they complete preimaginal development (from egg to adult emergence) in approximately equal to 4 wk at 24 degrees C. The intrinsic rates of natural increase of the 3 species overlap considerably. Rates of development are related linearly to temperature, and there are no developmental delays that indicate preimaginal or reproductive diapause, even under short days (10:14 [L:D]h). Of the 3 species, C. cubana has the highest thermal thresholds for development, whereas those of C. smithi are the lowest. C. smithi lays its eggs in spiral clutches (approximately equal to 13 eggs per clutch) and its oviposition persists for a moderately long period (approximately equal to 26 d). Neither C. cinta nor C. cubana lays eggs in clutches. C. cincta has a high rate of oviposition (approximately equal to 17 eggs per day) and a relatively short oviposition period (approximately equal to 21 d). C. cubana has a lower rate of oviposition (approximately equal to 6 eggs per day), but a much longer oviposition period (approximately equal to 52 days) than the other species. Progress in the systematics and comparative biology of these and other Ceraeochrysa species will help implement the efficient mass-production, marketing, and use of this large and diverse group of predators in biological control. In turn, the low-cost availability of these species will diversify the arsenal of natural enemies and thus help expand the commercialization of biological control.
Anticipatory nostalgia: Missing the present before it's gone

Abstract Four studies explored anticipatory nostalgia—missing aspects of the present before they are lost in the future—and its relationship to personal nostalgia. In Study 1, 147 undergraduates completed the new Survey of Anticipatory Nostalgia and the Nostalgia Inventory, an established measure of personal nostalgia—longing for one's remembered past. Study 2 examined the relationship of each type of nostalgia to tendencies to happiness and sadness and to dispositional measures of social assurance, need to belong and resilience. In Study 3, 123 undergraduates reacted to hypothetical situations, judged the general tendency of people and events to make them happy, sad, or worried, and wrote an essay from one of three time perspectives. Study 4 extended these findings to a solitary neutral task rating photographs and examined the relationship between nostalgia and childhood happiness. The new survey demonstrated acceptable internal and test–retest reliability and a moderate correlation with personal nostalgia. Personal nostalgia was related to remembering the past, favorable affect and reactions, whereas anticipatory nostalgia was aligned with thinking of the future, emotional distancing, difficulty enjoying the present, and a greater tendency to sadness and worry.
Educating with resilience in mind: Addressing climate change in post-Sandy New York City

ABSTRACTHow educators adapt their programs following a climate related disturbance can provide insights into potential climate education practices. Therefore, we used semi-structured interviews to explore changes in environmental education practice in NYC following Hurricane Sandy. Educators adopted new language to reflect funding opportunities and incorporated new practices and collaborations, including those focused on resilience. Educators' resilience practices reflected the psychological, community, ecological, and social-ecological systems resilience academic literature. Overall practice changes appeared to be adaptive, although some educators reflected more deeply about transforming their practice. Our findings point to the need for further exchange among practitioners facing climate-related disturbance, and between practitioners and researchers, to facilitate co-production of EE practice innovations that address climate change.
Toxic effects of copper on Chinese cabbage and its ecological health parameter

Copper is an essential element for the health of plants.But excessive copper has a detrimental negative effect on plant growth.Therefore,the diagnosis of soil copper contamination is one of the most important component parts in soil cleanup processes.This study was conducted to determine the toxic effect of Cu pollution on Chinese cabbage(Brassica Chinensis) growth,and on its physiological activity.Shoots and roots production,malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and proline of Chinese cabbage were used as bioindicators of the toxic effect of Cu.The inhibition of physiological activity and biomass by different Cu concentrations ranging from 0 to 400 mg/kg soil was described by a mathematical model in order to calculate the ecological limitation value of Cu pollution.In the present study,84% decrease of fresh shoot mass was observed at 400 mg/kg Cu loading.Similarly trend was found in root.Increased Cu loading caused a linear decrease of SPAD value.Nearly 2/3 of Cu is retained by the roots and only 1/3 is transported to the shoots.Cu concentrations lower than 100 mg/kg has a trend to promote the increases of root volume,root surface area,and root length.However,higher Cu loading(200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the length,volume,and surface area of Chinese cabbage root.In the work reported here,it seems that proline is highly susceptible to Cu toxicity.The proline and SOD were affected severely not only by low concentration of external Cu(50 mg/kg) but also by high level of it (200 mg/kg).There was a stimulation of MDA content at high Cu level.A much higher ED10 value threshold(171 mg/kg) was calculated and demonstrated the necessity of phototoxicological test according to different soil conditions.A similar quantity of Cu was calculated from fresh base of Chinese cabbage shoot mass.
Discussion on the Role of Wrist in Piano Performance

In piano performance,people often focus only on the whole process of playing,but easily overlook the role of wrist in piano performance.If not use wrist appropriately and reasonably,it will affect the overall level of piano performance.Contrarily,if use wrist reasonably and bring the role of wrist into full play for "regulator","transit point",piano performance will achieve ideal result.
Mental health among smokers in the U.S. from 2008 to 2013: Diverging trends by socioeconomic status

Aims: To investigate the prevalence of depression and psychological distress among daily smokers in the US population from 2008 to 2013 annually and to examine whether trends in the prevalence of depression/psychological distress among smokers and non-smokers differ by socioeconomic status. Methods: Data were drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which includes cross-sectional data on cigarette smoking, depression and psychological distress among a nationally representative sample of adults in the US annually from 2008 to 2013. Results: From 2008 to 2013, the prevalence of depression in the last year among smokers with family incomes of $75,000 or more per year did not change significantly (from 6.5% to 7.1%, p=0.70) nor did the prevalence of psychological distress (from 6.1% to 6.3%, p=0.90). Among smokers with family incomes below $20,000 per year, the prevalence of depression did not change (14.2–15.0%, p=0.64) while psychological distress increased (14.5–18.6%, p=0.06). Conclusions: There appears to be a trend toward increasing psychological distress among smokers of lower socioeconomic status from 2008 to 2013. Our results demonstrate the importance of taking a more fine-grained approach to understanding the role of socioeconomic status in trends in mental health and smoking over time. Greater attention should be devoted to understanding the role of various mental health problems in the stagnation in smoking decline in the general population and particularly among low SES groups, and future research should focus on understanding the potentially differing role ofmental health problems in smoking persistence among various SES groups in the population. Financial support:Workwas supportedbygrant#DA20892-A1 from NIDA (Dr. Goodwin).
The Neuromotor Control of Speech

This chapter discusses the neuromotor control of speech. The neuromuscular control for speaking occurs in three classic motor systems: (1) the pyramidal, (2) extrapyramidal, and (3) cerebellar systems. When the corticospinal tract of the pyramidal tract is damaged by an upper motor neuron lesion, a contralateral hemiplegia (one-sided paralysis) may result. The corticobulbar tracts are the voluntary motor pathways for speech; they are part of the pyramidal system. Corticobulbar fibers innervate the cranial nuclei in the pons and medulla for the cranial nerves that control speech. The crossed and uncrossed fibers of the corticobulbar tracts are arranged so that the midline speech muscles function in bilateral synchrony for many functions. Some speech muscles show mixed bilateral synchrony and contralateral independence. The cerebellum is responsible for synergistic motor coordination and plays an important part in guiding the rapid, alternating, repetitive movements of speech. It provides afferent and efferent information to the corticobulbar fibers.
Compressive behavior of non-slender hollow GFRP structural shapes in thermomechanical loading

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of the thermomechanical behavior of hollow square columns made of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). The specimens are subjected to monotonic and cyclic loadings until compression failure occurs in conjunction with elevated temperatures ranging from 25 to 175 °C. The twofold investigation emphasizes material- and structure-level responses, including dynamic mechanical analysis, constitutive behavior, load-carrying capacity, and failure mode. GFRP phase transitions (from elastic to plastic) due to thermal distress influence displacement compatibility at the boundary between the fibers and resin. Consequently, the stress-strain behavior changes from linear to bilinear ascending, accompanied by discrete composite-rupture and scattered fiber-tearing failure modes, depending upon temperature exposure. With respect to the capacity of the columns, the effect of the monotonic and cyclic loadings is marginal regardless of temperature. By contrast, the specimens subjected to cyclic loading show a higher coefficient of variation in comparison with those tested monotonically. With an increase in temperature, the location of primary failure shifts from the bolted connection in the vicinity of the support toward the middle of the column, which is attributable to minor lateral translation of the column induced by the thermally weakened resin. Using a probability-based model, a temperature-dependent capacity reduction factor is proposed. The alteration of functional probability-domains in thermomechanically-loaded columns is examined based on an uncertainty quantification method (i.e., metric distance measure).
Educating Teachers for the Maker Movement: Pre-service Teachers' Experiences Facilitating Maker Activities

In this paper, we describe an event where 33 pre-service elementary school teachers planned and facilitated a School Maker Faire as part of their elementary science teaching methods course. We focus on one group of four pre-service teachers who facilitated a balloon rocket station and examine the decisions they made when facilitating children's interactions at the stations and how these decisions led to constraining or creating opportunities for children to engage in engineering design.