cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Holoprosencephaly‐polydactyly” (pseudotrisomy 13) syndrome: Expansion of the phenotypic spectrum

Analysis of familial cases of the so called “holoprosencephaly-polydactyly” (“pseudotrisomy 13”) syndrome shows that neither holoprosencephaly, nor polydactyly are obligatory manifestations of this condition. This review of previous case report shows that each of these anomalies is only found in approximately 60% of affected sibs, and therefore these sentinel abnormalities are not required for diagnosis. We propose a widening of the phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome and consideration of the use of an eponomic name, such as the Cohen-Gorlin syndrome, or clear recognition that the sentinel findings of holoprosencephaly and polydactyly are not essential for diagnosis. We propose the following diagnostic criteria for the syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for sporadic cases would include a normal karyotype and either (1) a combination of holoprosencephaly and postaxial polydactyly with or without other characteristics, or (2) a combination of holoprosencephaly with other characteristics but without polydactyly, or (3) a combination of postaxial polydactyly, brain defects (microcephaly, hydrocephaly, agenesis of corpus callosum) and other characteristics. The diagnostic criteria for the familial cases would be the same, except that, as long as the other sibs have no abnormalities contradicting the diagnosis, a normal karyotype would be required in only one affected sib. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous coordination of dimethyl crotonthioamide by 1,8-naphthalenediylbis(mercuric trifluoroacetate)

Abstract Simultaneous coordination of thioamide by mercuric bidentate Lewis acids were investigated. In stoichiometric amounts of 1,8-naphthalenediylbis(mercuric trifluoroacetate) and dimethyl crotonthioamide simultaneous coordination of the two mercury sites to a single thioamide occurs. This complex is stable to small amounts of water.
Voluntary control of two lateralized conscious states: validation by electrical and behavioral studies.

Abstract A subject is described who can voluntarily select and hold either of two qualitatively different states of consciousness. Evidence is presented which confirmed differential left or right hemisphere dominance in each state. Asymmetries of EEG alpha and task performance scores indicated a state-dependent shift in functional lateralization. Evoked response studies showed directional changes in rate of interhemispheric transmission correlated with state-related hemisphere dominance. These findings demonstrated the capability for voluntary endogenous control of cerebral dominance under natural conditions.
Chemical composition of volatile extract and biological activities of volatile and less-volatile extracts of juniper berry (Juniperus drupacea L.) fruit.

Volatile chemicals in a dichloromethane extract from a steam distillate of juniper berry fruit (Juniperus drupacea L.) and its two column chromatographic fractions (eluted with hexane and ethyl ether) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major compounds in the dichloromethane extract were α-pinene (23.73%), thymol methyl ether (17.32%), and camphor (10.12%). A fraction eluted with hexane contained α-pinene (44.24%) as the major constituent. A fraction eluted with ethyl ether had thymol methyl ether (22.27%) and camphor (19.65%) as the main components. Three samples prepared from the distillate and two additional samples prepared by petroleum ether and ethanol extraction directly from juniper berry fruits exhibited clear antioxidant activities with dose response in both 1,2-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene assays. All samples except the hexane fraction showed comparable activities to that of the synthetic antioxidant t-butyl hydroquinone at a level of 200 µg/mL in the two testin...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Disorders of Movement: The Therapeutic Outlook

Abstract Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been proposed as a means of improving or restoring cortical function in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Movement disorders have attracted the attention of neurologists interested in the use of TMS as treatment. In Parkinson's disease, physiologic data and some clinical trials suggest that TMS may have a beneficial effect on movement. However, some of the laboratory data have been impossible to replicate, and the trials have lacked appropriate controls. In focal dystonia and tic disorder, TMS may suppress abnormal movements, but the data are preliminary. In the epileptic movement disorder cortical myoclonus, benefits have been elusive so far. TMS may have therapeutic potential in movement disorders, but further work is needed.
Universal Reflection Subgroups and Exponential Growth in Coxeter Groups

We investigate the imaginary cone in hyperbolic Coxeter systems in order to show that any Coxeter system contains universal reflection subgroups of arbitrarily large rank. Furthermore, in the hyperbolic case, the positive spans of the simple roots of the universal reflection subgroups are shown to approximate the imaginary cone (using an appropriate topology on the set of roots), answering a question due to Dyer [9] in the special case of hyperbolic Coxeter systems. Finally, we discuss growth in Coxeter systems and utilize the previous results to extend the results of [16] regarding exponential growth in parabolic quotients in Coxeter groups.
Opinion-Related Information Seeking Personal and Situational Variables

A study was conducted to examine the effects of tolerance for ambiguity, utility of information, and threat to self-esteem on opinion-related information seeking. It was hypothesized that individuals relatively unable to tolerate ambiguity would show a general tendency to seek supportive rather than objective information and that a potential threat to self-esteem combined with low information utility would produce the greatest support-seeking behavior. These predictions were supported by the data. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for social comparison theory.
A rule-based framework for role based delegation

In current role-based systems, security officers handle assignments of users to roles. However, fully depending on this functionality may increase management efforts in a distributed environment because of the continuous involvement from security officers. The emerging technology of role-based delegation provides a means for implementing RBAC in a distributed environment with empowerment of individual users. The basic idea behind a role-based delegation is that users themselves may delegate role authorities to other users to carry out some functions on behalf of the former. This paper presents a role-based delegation model called RDM2000 (role-based delegation model 2000), which is an extension of RBDM0 by supporting hierarchical roles and multi-step delegation. The paper explores different approaches for delegation and revocation. Also, a rule-based language for specifying and enforcing the policies based on RDM2000 is introduced.
Flow cytometric analysis of an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas

Abstract The present study was undertaken to characterize the immune system of llamas and alpacas and establish the basis for an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. Flow cytometric (FC) analysis of the immune system with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) revealed the immune system of llamas and alpacas is similar in leukocyte subset composition to that in ruminants. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adults are comprised of surface immunoglobulin (sIg+) B-cells (31%±8 S.D.), αβ T-cells (27%±12 S.D.), WC1+ γδ T-cells (16%±11 S.D.), and 5–16% monocytes. In contrast to cattle, goats, and sheep, however, the frequency of WC1+ γδ T-cells is not high in juveniles but similar to the frequency in adults. Also, sIg+ B-cells are present in high concentration in juveniles (43%±11 S.D.). Expression of major histocompatibility class II molecules on resting T-cells was low or absent. Comparative analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte composition in normal juvenile llamas and llamas presenting with the signs of the juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome (JLIDS) revealed the concentration of B-cells is extremely low (1–5%) in affected animals. The findings suggest JLIDS is attributable to an autosomal recessive genetic defect in the development of B-cells.
Leaching of zinc compound from rubber stoppers into the contents of automatic atropine injectors

This report describes how a material within the cartridge of an automatic injector contaminated its contents. On prolonged storage, a formulation that contained atropine produced lethality in mice. The toxic material originated from zinc compounds that were present in the rubber stopper and plunger of the container and that subsequently leached into the formulation. The contents of cartridges that contained greater than or equal to 0.75 mg/mL of solubilized zinc were lethal to at least 20% of the mice tested; those that contained 0.42 mg/mL showed no lethality. The problem resulted from the physicochemical properties of the rubber, not the concentration of zinc used in the vulcanization process.
Thermodynamic properties of uranium carbides

Abstract Thermodynamic and phase information relative to the uranium-carbon system are analyzed and shown to be consistent. The anomalously high heat capacity of UC2 is justified in the analysis. Thermal functions are calculated for UC and UC2, using a non-zero So0 (0.60 eu) for the dicarbide. For uranium ΔHo298, vap is calculated to be 123.7± 1.3 kcal/mole.
Longitudinal conduction of contraction burst pulses from hypostomal excitation loci inHydra attenuata

1. Contraction burst pulses are blocked more frequently by horizontal bridges than by vertical tissue bridges of the same width. S-shaped mazes blocked pulses more frequently than E-shaped mazes of the same width. 2. The conducting path for the contraction burst pulse was thought to be a longitudinally continuous pathway having discontinuous, randomly distributed horizontal transmission sites. 3. ‘Contraction burst’ pulses in isolated head preparations arise at distinct hypostomal loci immediately adjacent to the last tentacle of a sequence to contract. 4. Such a ‘contraction burst’ locus might be another hypostomal tentacle pulse initiation site whose activity had been facilitated to spread over the entire hypostome. 5. Cluster and crescendo firing of tentacles in more elliptically shaped heads are thought to represent incomplete ‘contraction bursts’ which can facilitate the occurrence of the ‘contraction burst’ itself. 6. Contraction burst pulses originating on one side of split-body preparations were conducted only down that side without being transmitted across the hypostome. 7. It is suggested that the longitudinal conducting paths are represented by the longitudinally running myofilaments of the epithelial cell muscle processes. Horizontal and vertical transmission sites between cells are represented by desmosomes and tight junctions. Pulse initiation is thought to occur at neuromuscular junctions on the conducting tracts of the column.
Synchronization conditions and desynchronizing patterns in coupled limit-cycle and chaotic systems

Many coupling schemes for both limit-cycle and chaotic systems involve adding linear combinations of dynamical variables from various oscillators in an array of identical oscillators to each oscillator node of the array. Examples of such couplings are (nearest neighbor) diffusive coupling, all-to-all coupling, star coupling, and random linear couplings. We show that for a given oscillator type and a given choice of oscillator variables to use in the coupling arrangement, the stability of each linear coupling scheme can be calculated from the stability of any other for symmetric coupling schemes. In particular, when there are desynchronization bifurcations our approach reveals interesting patterns and relations between desynchronous modes, including the situation in which for some systems there is a limit on the number of oscillators that can be coupled and still retain synchronous chaotic behavior.
Transcriptome analysis of Escherichia coli using high‐density oligonucleotide probe arrays

Microarrays traditionally have been used to analyze the expression behavior of large numbers of coding transcripts. Here we present a comprehensive approach for high-throughput transcript discovery in Escherichia coli focused mainly on intergenic regions which, together with analysis of coding transcripts, provides us with a more complete insight into the organism’s transcriptome. Using a whole genome array, we detected expression for 4052 coding transcripts and identified 1102 additional transcripts in the intergenic regions of the E.coli genome. Further classification reveals 317 novel transcripts with unknown function. Our results show that, despite sophisticated approaches to genome annotation, many cellular transcripts remain unidentified. Through the experimental identification of all RNAs expressed under a specific condition, we gain a more thorough understanding of all cellular processes.
USE OF AMPHOTROPIC RETROVIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER IN HUMAN COLON CARCINOMA CELLS

ABSTRACT Previous studies in rodent models have demonstrated the feasibility of gene transfer to the stem cells of the intestinal epithelium using ecotropic retroviral vectors delivered luminally. ...
Self-concept and body-image disturbance: Which self-beliefs predict body size overestimation?

Two studies investigated the relation between self-concept and body-image disturbance in selected female undergraduates. In each study, high- and low-body-shape-concerned women completed a set of self-concept assessments, including both appearance-specific questions and a measure of general self-discrepancies. One month later, they participated in an experiment in which they made judgments comparing the sizes of body silhouettes to their own bodies. Signal detection analysis indicated that the groups differed significantly on the criterion for deciding that a silhouette was larger than their own bodies (bias) but not on the ability to accurately discriminate among silhouettes (sensitivity). Among self-concept measures, overall actual:ideal self-discrepancy was the best predictor of subjects' biases in estimating their own body sizes.
Structure Functions of the N Component of Extensive Air Showers

A "pion-links method" is developed to solve the three-dimensional nucleon-pion cascade equations of cosmic rays, and results are computed for showers developing in the atmosphere and in the ionization calorimeter at several values of the primary cosmic-ray energy.
Implementing individual and small group learning structures with a computer simulation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of implementing individual and small group learning structures with a computer simulation in accounting. College students used one of three learning structures with the simulation: (a) an individual structure, (b) a small group structure with extensive interaction, or (c) a small group structure with occasional interaction. Results indicated that performance scores were high regardless of learning structure. However, students who worked alone expressed significantly more continuing motivation for their learning structure than students who worked with a partner. Responses to student interviews revealed somewhat mixed feelings for the small group structures. Observation data indicated that students who used the extensive small group structure exhibited significantly more discussion and provided more answers to their partners' questions than students who used the occasional group structure. Implications for implementing small group structures with computer-based instruction are provided.
The Mineral–Collagen Interface in Bone

The interface between collagen and the mineral reinforcement phase, carbonated hydroxyapatite (cAp), is essential for bone’s remarkable functionality as a biological composite material. The very small dimensions of the cAp phase and the disparate natures of the reinforcement and matrix are essential to the material’s performance but also complicate study of this interface. This article summarizes what is known about the cAp-collagen interface in bone and begins with descriptions of the matrix and reinforcement roles in composites, of the phases bounding the interface, of growth of cAp growing within the collagen matrix, and of the effect of intra- and extrafibrilar mineral on determinations of interfacial properties. Different observed interfacial interactions with cAp (collagen, water, non-collagenous proteins) are reviewed; experimental results on interface interactions during loading are reported as are their influence on macroscopic mechanical properties; conclusions of numerical modeling of interfacial interactions are also presented. The data suggest interfacial interlocking (bending of collagen molecules around cAp nanoplatelets) and water-mediated bonding between collagen and cAp are essential to load transfer. The review concludes with descriptions of areas where new research is needed to improve understanding of how the interface functions.
Toggle magnetoresistance random access memory based on magnetostatically coupled bilayers

A new scheme of toggle magnetoresistance random access memory (MRAM) based on magnetostatically coupled (MSC) bilayers without antiferromagnetic coupling is investigated. Analysis shows that the toggle-MRAM operation and necessary storage lifetime can be achieved by choosing an appropriate aspect ratio for MSC bilayers having reasonable area and thickness. The attenuation factor defined as the ratio of the effective MSC field to the demagnetizing field is found to be essential to obtain the toggle-mode operation.
Bioaccumulation kinetics and organ distribution of nickel in the marine clam (Protothaca staminea).

Man's activities, primarily fossil fuel combustion, currently introduce about 47 x 10/sup 6/ kg of Ni per year into the world's atmosphere; this rate is expected to increase greatly during the next 20 years. Much of this Ni is associated with sub-micron atmospheric particles. When these particles deposit at the sea surface, about 47% of the associated Ni is released in a soluble form that could enter marine food webs. Ni is normally present in seawater at 0.1 to 2.4 ..mu..g/L and Ni concentrations in marine pelycepods range from 0.05 to 3.2 ..mu..g/g dry wt, depending upon the location of collection. Higher concentrations of Ni in seawater may be toxic to marine life. The 48-h LC/sub 50/ for Ni is 1180 and 310 ..mu..g/L for oyster embryos and hard-shell clam embryos, respectively. Little information exists regarding the ability of marine shellfish to concentrate Ni from seawater. Our studies were undertaken to determine the degree of bioconcentration, kinetics of accumulation, and tissue distribution of Ni in marine clams exposed to seawater enriched with subtoxic levels of Ni.
THORIUM, URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES IN THE ARKANSAS RIVER

Radiochemical measurements of the concentrations of thorium, uranium and plutonium isotopes were carried out for the samples of Arkansas River collected at six locations in the states of Colorado and Oklahoma. The uranium to thorium ratios in the river samples were found to be highly variable and generally much greater than the ratios found in soils and in rainwater. An attempt has been made to determine the apparent230Th ages (or the times which elapsed since the last major disruption of the radioactive equilibria) from the observed230Th/232Th and234U/232Th ratios in the water samples.
086 Optimal preservation of DNA Integrity in cat germinal vesicles after microwave-assisted dehydration and supra-zero temperature storage

The germinal vesicle (GV) is an alternative target to the whole oocyte for exploring new genome preservation approaches at supra-zero temperatures. Using the domestic cat model, we have demonstrated that the GV can survive simple air-drying and then be hydrated to reconstitute a viable oocyte (Graves-Herring et al., 2013). However, this method can lead to variable DNA damage due to uncontrolled water loss during the dehydration and storage processes. The objective of the present study was to better understand the role of water content during these critical steps on GV DNA integrity. Intraovarian immature oocytes collected from adult cat ovaries were denuded and permeabilized before exposure to 1.5 M trehalose for 10 min. Oocytes were transferred onto conjugate-release filters and dehydrated with a CEM SAM 255 microwave system. In Experiment 1, samples (n = 337 total oocytes, 4–5 replicates) were dehydrated at 20% power for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 40 min. Moisture contents were assessed immediately after microwaving using volumetric Karl Fischer titration. Oocytes were rehydrated to assess chromatin configuration (Hoechst staining) and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay). Moisture contents progressively decreased (P 0.05) after 40 min. Chromatin configuration and proportions of degenerated oocytes (range, 2.2–9.1%) were unaffected (P > 0.05) over time. The incidence of GVs with DNA fragmentation was unaltered (P > 0.05) from 0 to 30 min of treatment (range, 6.1–12%), but increased (P 0.05) thereafter (1 through 4 weeks, 25.0–35.0%). This study characterizes, for the first time, the metrics and kinetics of moisture removal, degeneration and DNA damage related to GV desiccation as an alternative approach for preserving the maternal genome at cool or ambient temperature. Findings demonstrate the feasibility for successful microwave dehydration of the mammalian GV to reach an equilibrium moisture content that is non-lethal. Most DNA disruption occurs within the first 2 days of storage at supra-zero temperatures and more than two-thirds of GVs retain intact DNA regardless of further moisture loss during storage. Source of funding: National Institutes of Health. Conflict of interest: None declared. comizzolip@si.edu
Ouya: The Launch of a New Video Game Paradigm

Recently a new approach to console video gaming, Ouya, was released. This console is relatively inexpensive, and offers all of its games on a free to play basis. This paper compares the release of Ouya to the Xbox 360, Playstation 3, and the Wii U as well as investigates how games on Ouya are utilizing unique control features, including a touchpad on the controller itself. We found that when comparing the first 12 weeks after launch of the systems, Ouya had a significantly higher number of games released when compared to the other three consoles, and the ratio of games being released since launch when compared to the launch day was significantly higher than the other three consoles. We also found that only 12.5% of Ouya games made use of the touch pad.
The clinton health reform

There are some difficult, even some agonizing tradeoffs, that we have to confront if we want to achieve the objectives of universal coverage and cost containment set forth in the Clinton plan. Will universal coverage lead to uniform results? If we mandate coverage, who is actually going to be paying for it and in what form? Do targeted subsidies based on nonincome classifications of individuals (i.e., employment status) create more distortion than equity? A concern to focus on is whether the Clinton plan will be controlling health care spending or an individual's ability to spend for their choice of health care.
Interactional patterns of linguistically diverse students and teachers: Insights for promoting science learning☆☆☆

Abstract Research on teacher-student interactions suggests that culturally congruent communication patterns are important in promoting student participation and engagement. Building on research on cultural congruence, studies of instructional conversations, or guided interactions designed to promote academic engagement, have revealed the importance of both teachers' and students' contributions to the teaching-learning process. Neither studies of cultural congruence nor instructional conversations, however, has focused on the specific requirements of subject areas, such as science, in the communication process. To understand interactional patterns among diverse groups, this study involved teachers and students from three language groups: bilingual Spanish, bilingual Haitian Creole, and monolingual English. The study focused on the patterns of discourse and task engagement, as student dyads and teachers of the same language and culture communicated during three science tasks. Results indicated consistent interactional patterns within each language group but distinct differences among the three groups. The results are discussed with regard to the potential of instructional congruence in science learning with linguistically diverse students.
Robust Predictor-Corrector Guidance for Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer

The safety zone guidance, relative to the exit phase of the atmospheric pass of an aeroassisted orbital transfer (AOT) vehicle is extended, so as to incorporate both the entry and exit phases of the atmospheric pass and to include the automatic determination of the switch time from entry to exit guidance. The guidance goals are 1) to contain the peak heating rate during the atmospheric pass, 2) to ensure that the AOT vehicle exits the atmosphere in the correct orbital plane, ascending afterward to the specified apogee, and 3) to achieve robustness vis-a-vis severe parameter dispersion effects resulting from navigation errors, atmospheric density errors, aerodynamic coefficient errors, and system errors. Numerical tests show that this guidance scheme exhibits high performance and relatively high robustness vis-a-vis dispersion effects resulting from these errors. The guidance robustness is due to two factors: 1) the switch time from entry phase to exit phase is the result of a proper engineering compromise and 2) for the exit phase, the control is not determined by aiming only at the desired apogee; instead, for each altitude-velocity pair, a special value of the path inclination is determined by maximizing the control margin while aiming at the desired apogee during the atmospheric pass.
Integrating proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) and excited states

Abstract In many of the chemical steps in photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays an essential role. An important issue is how excited state reactivity can be integrated with PCET to carry out solar fuel reactions such as water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen or water reduction of CO2 to methanol or hydrocarbons. The principles behind PCET and concerted electron–proton transfer (EPT) pathways are reasonably well understood. In Photosystem II antenna light absorption is followed by sensitization of chlorophyll P680 and electron transfer quenching to give P680+. The oxidized chlorophyll activates the oxygen evolving complex (OEC), a CaMn4 cluster, through an intervening tyrosine–histidine pair, YZ. EPT plays a major role in a series of four activation steps that ultimately result in loss of 4e−/4H+ from the OEC with oxygen evolution. The key elements in photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis – light absorption, excited state energy and electron transfer, electron transfer activation of multiple-electron, multiple-proton catalysis – can also be assembled in dye sensitized photoelectrochemical synthesis cells (DS-PEC). In this approach, molecular or nanoscale assemblies are incorporated at separate electrodes for coupled, light driven oxidation and reduction. Separate excited state electron transfer followed by proton transfer can be combined in single semi-concerted steps (photo-EPT) by photolysis of organic charge transfer excited states with H-bonded bases or in metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states in pre-associated assemblies with H-bonded electron transfer donors or acceptors. In these assemblies, photochemically induced electron and proton transfer occur in a single, semi-concerted event to give high-energy, redox active intermediates.
Quantum and classical aspects of coincidence imaging

We discuss the differences between classical and quantum sources in the context of coincidence imaging.
Effects of Applied DC Radial Electric Fields on Particle Transport in a Bumpy Torus Plasma

The toroidal ring of plasma contained in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus may be biased to positive or negative potentials approaching 50 kilovolts by applying DC voltage to twelve or fewer midplane electrode rings. The electric fields, which are responsible for raising the ions to high energies by ExB/B2 drift, then point radially outward or inward. The profiles of plasma number density are observed to be flat or triangular across the plasma diameter. The absence of a second derivative in the density profile, combined with the flat electron temperature profiles which are observed, implies that the radial transport processes are not diffusional in nature and are dominated by the strong radial electric fields which are applied to the plasma. Evidence from a paired comparison test shows that the plasma number density and confinement time can increase more than an order of magnitude if the electric field acting along the minor radius of the toroidal plasma points inward, relative to the values observed when the electric field points radially outward. Some characteristic data taken under nonoptimized conditions yielded the highest plasma number density (2.7 × 1011/cc on axis) and the longest particle containment times (1.9 milliseconds) observed so far in this experiment.
Currency collapses and output dynamics: a long-run perspective 1

Currency collapses, defined as large nominal depreciations or devaluations, are associated with permanent output losses on the order of 6% of GDP on average. In this feature, we argue that the fact that these losses tend to materialise before a drop in the value of the currency indicates that it is not the large depreciation as such that is costly but the factors leading to the currency collapse. Taken on its own, the drop in the exchange rate actually has a positive effect on output.
Fiber in the loop: where and when is it feasible?

The feasibility of fiber-in-the-loop (FITL) is analyzed, dividing the local loop into four segments based on density: the urban business area, the urban residential area, suburban new growth areas, and a rural allocation area. A cost model is constructed around key network elements using realistic prices found in the marketplace. This model takes into account the impact of the synchronous optical network (SONET), remote powering issues, and network upgradability to broadband services. As a means to determine the feasibility of FITL in the future, the cost models of the network elements are subject to projected industry cost trends, and the analysis is repeated for three different points in time (1992, 1995, and 1998) to account for price reductions due to experience. Regulatory issues and their impact on the economic feasibility of FITL are also analyzed. >
Recovery and purification of recombinant protein from transgenic corn by aqueous two-phase partitioning

Aqueous two-phase (ATP) partitioning was paired in a variety of ways to use of transgenic corn for protein expression. Systems were developed to selectively partition corn proteins from classes of potential recombinant proteins as well as the specific case of dog gastric lipase. More fundamentally, ATP partitioning was used to expand 2D gel electrophoretic characterization of protein size and pi to the third dimension of hydrophobicity with the usefulness of the method illustrated for corn extracts. ATP partitioning in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-salt systems separates proteins primarily according to their surface hydrophobicity differences. The average hydrophobicity of pH 7 extracts of endosperm proteins is higher than germ protein. The hydrophobic resolution of the phases depends on molecular weight (MW) of PEG and NaCl addition. Carrying out extraction and partitioning in one step benefits separation by reducing the extracted host proteins. Removing oil, by dry milling to remove the germ or hexane extraction, increased the extraction of the hydrophobic protein recombinant dog gastric lipase (r-DGL) expressed in the endosperm and reduces surfactant requirements. Germ removal and extraction at pH 3 decrease host protein burden. The recovery of r-DGL was increased by decreasing particle size and optimizing extraction time. ATP parameters for optimal purification of r-DGL included PEG MW, phase forming salt, NaCl addition, Triton X-100 concentration and phase ratio. Countercurrent ATP partitioning could theoretically achieve purification equivalent to cation exchange chromatography by using three to seven stages, but the concentration factor would remain lower. The surface hydrophobicity, isoelectric point (pi) and MW of the aqueous soluble corn
A Method for Adaptive Habit Prediction in Bulk Microphysical Models. Part III: Applications and Studies within a Two-Dimensional Kinematic Model

AbstractArctic mixed-phase clouds are ubiquitous, and the persistence of supercooled liquid is not well understood. Prior studies of mixed-phase clouds predict a single axis length assuming spherical particles or mass–dimensional relationships derived from in situ data. These methods cannot mechanistically evolve particle shape, leading to inaccuracies in estimates of mixed-phase lifetime. Parts I and II of this study report on the development and parcel model testing of an adaptive habit parameterization that predicts two bulk crystal lengths. The method is implemented into a two-dimensional kinematic model in which the dynamic flow field is prescribed, allowing for sedimentation and separate advection of length mixing ratios.Similar to other studies, results show that mass–dimensional relationships produce large variation of phase, despite similar choice in particle type. Results with evolving ice habit promote phase maintenance in cases where mass–dimensional methods glaciate the layers. Adaptive habit...
An open system knowledge framework and its bridge evaluation application

We present OPUS, a framework that provides design guidelines for the systematic building of independent, and potentially heterogeneous, knowledge base programs for the domains of large physical structures. The term open-system refers to the integration of several of these programs to solve problems beyond their individual capabilities. The OPUS framework organizes data and knowledge about the domain into three layers. The kernel layer encodes primary domain knowledge into hierarchies of objects, the scenario layer contains autonomous knowledge programs for specific applications, and the utility layer supports system interface and inference methods. OPUS provides a focus for knowledge organization and rapid prototyping, supports multiple schemes of inference and representation, copes with the maintenance and reuse of knowledge, and enables different levels of abstraction and views of knowledge. An OPUS system BFC has been developed to cover wide-ranging applications in bridge evaluation. Examples are taken from this application to illustrate data constructs and reasoning schemes based on the OPUS framework. >
Energy constrained limits to operation and assembly of information processing systems: Lessons for directions of nanoscale systems

Amongst the most popular questions related to information systems of today are the ones related to the search of materials, devices, circuits and architectural approaches that allow us to access and utilize the nanoscale. The broad reach of these questions leads to excessively speculative and exaggerated claims because of the nature of information processing as a complex system problem. The goal of this paper is to bring out one key theme: the centrality of energy dissipation as the primary constraint independent of property of state variable utilized for digitization of the information. When using charge transport and change of electromagnetic fields in devices and systems, non-linearity, collective effects, and a hierarchy of design across length and time scales is central to efficient information processing through manipulation and transmission of bits. We show that in the limits of nanometer scale, the dominant practical constraints arise from power dissipation in ever smaller volumes and of efficient signal interconnectivity commensurate with the large density of devices. These limitations are tied to the physical basis in charge transport and changes of fields, and apply equally to all materials -hard, soft or molecular -and are encapsulated in a very simple equation: tau=QAeff/alphaU where tau is the time constant of any energy consuming operation, U the energy consumption per operation, alpha the activity factor, and Ae(f the cross-sectional area of heat removal through which heat is removed at the rate of Q . This equation points to the profound implications of size reduction. At the largest scale, the limitations arise from partitioning and hierarchical apportionment for system performance, ease of design and manufacturing. We take a hierarchical view of the underlying fundamental and practical challenges of the conventional and unconventional approaches using the analytic framework appropriate to the length scale to distinguish between fact and fantasy, and to point to practical emerging directions with a system-scale perspective. I argue that Adaptive Electronics focusing on power dissipation at nanoscale is the need of the hour. Examples of possible approaches are shown.
Radiation Effects on the Optical and Transport Properties of Amorphous Silicon

The focus of our work is to investigate the role of defects introduced by particle irradiation on the electrical and optical properties of amorphous silicon based alloys. We have studied photovoltaic cells and intrinsic films and have found that irradiation produces electrical and optically active defects which anneal at temperatures less than 200 degrees Celsius. The defects produce sub-band-gap states with a peak 1.4 eV below the conduction band edge; the structure of the material does not appear to be altered as evidenced by the band-tail states. Significant room temperature annealing effects have been observed following 1.00 MeV proton irradiation of intrinsic films.
Effects of conversational topic choice on outcomes of augmentative communication intervention for adults with aphasia

Few variables have been found to predict successful use of augmentative and alternative communication devices (AAC) by persons with aphasia. The present study used a single case alternating treatment design to test whether choice of conversational topic improved the ability of three adults with aphasia to use symbol-based communication aids in clinical dialogues with familiar and unfamiliar partners, and in natural environment conversations with family members and friends. Results showed that the youngest participant with most recent onset of aphasia benefited clinically from choice in communication aid training. However, the benefit of topic choice did not extend to natural environments. At home and in other natural environments, use of communication aids was dependent on multiple social and contextual factors. Findings of this study were interpreted using a model of human motivation that considers both personal and environmental influences on achievement.
Cripto-1 ablation disrupts alveolar development in the mouse mammary gland through a progesterone receptor-mediated pathway

Cripto-1, a member of the epidermal growth factor–Cripto-1/FRL-1/Cryptic family, is critical for early embryonic development. Together with its ligand Nodal, Cripto-1 has been found to be associated with the undifferentiated status of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Several studies have clearly shown that Cripto-1 is involved in regulating branching morphogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the mammary gland both in vitro and in vivo and together with the cofactor GRP78 is critical for the maintenance of mammary stem cells ex vivo . Our previous studies showed that mammary-specific overexpression of human Cripto-1 exhibited dramatic morphological alterations in nulliparous mice mammary glands. The present study shows a novel mechanism for Cripto-1 regulation of mammary gland development through direct effects on progesterone receptor expression and pathways regulated by progesterone in the mammary gland. We demonstrate a strict temporal regulation of mouse Cripto-1 (mCripto-1) expression that occurs during mammary gland development and a stage-specific function of mCripto-1 signaling during mammary gland development. Our data suggest that Cripto-1, like the progesterone receptor, is not required for the initial ductal growth but is essential for subsequent side branching and alveologenesis during the initial stages of pregnancy. Dissection of the mechanism by which this occurs indicates that mCripto-1 activates receptor activator NF-κB/receptor activator NF-κB ligand, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Commentary on Who Needs the Nation-State?

The author responds to the 2012 Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography entitled "Who Needs the Nation-State?," by political scientist Dani Rodrik, which appears in this issue. Topics of economic geography considered include globalization, free trade, and the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Rodrik's books "Has Globalization Gone Too Far?" and "The Globalization Paradox" are also discussed.
Use of carotid intima-media thickness and vascular age to modify cardiovascular risk prediction.

Background This study identified predictors of patients for whom carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement and determination of vascular age could change cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment. Methods We studied consecutive patients who were asymptomatic and nondiabetic, referred for ultrasound measurement of CIMT. Individuals with CIMT 75th percentile or greater for age, sex, and race were defined as having advanced subclinical atherosclerosis. CIMT values were converted to vascular age estimates and were used to modify Framingham 10-year CVD risk estimates. Results Of 506 patients, 261 (51.6%) were not taking lipid-lowering therapy. Advanced subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 77 (30%). There were 62 patients (23.8%) with a change in CVD risk of 5% or more. Predictors of 5% or more change in CVD risk were systolic blood pressure ( P P P Conclusions Measurement of CIMT and determination of vascular age can identify individuals with advanced subclinical atherosclerosis, resulting in clinically meaningful alterations in CVD risk estimates.
Why Eppley and Hannah's thought experiment fails

It is shown that Eppley and Hannah's thought experiment establishing that gravity must be quantized is fatally flawed. The device they propose, even if built, cannot establish their claims, nor is it plausible that it can be built with any materials compatible with the values of $c$, $\ensuremath{\hbar}$, $G$. Finally the device, and any reasonable modification of it, would be so massive as to be within its own Schwarzschild radius---a fatal flaw for any thought experiment.
A pediatric digital storytelling system for third year medical students: The Virtual Pediatric Patients

Background Computer-based patient simulations (CBPS) are common, effective, instructional methods for medical students, but have limitations. The goal of this project was to describe the development of a CBPS designed to overcome some of these limitations and to perform an online evaluation.
Making Fear Personal: Hebrews 5.11―6.12 and the Argument from Shame

The author of Hebrews directly shames his audience in 5.11-12: ‘you have become νωθρoί in hearing ... you need someone to teach you ... You need milk not solid food’. Taking into account occurrence...
First Person, First Peoples: Native American College Graduates Tell Their Life Stories

First Person, First Peoples: Native American College Graduates Tell Their Life Stories. Andrew Garrod and Colleen Larrimore, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. 250 pp.
Enhancement-mode metal/(Al,Ga)As/GaAs buried-interface field-effect transistor (BIFET)

Undoped Al0.5Ga0.5As is used as an insulator layer in the fabrication of MIS-type buried-interface field-effect transistors (BIFETs). The devices had a 2.5 μm-long gate and an insulator layer 1000 A thick. When operated in an accumulation mode the transconductance and maximum current increased from 21 mS/mm and 77 mA/mm at 300 K to 40 mS/mm and 138 mA/mm at 77 K, respectively. The maximum possible 77 K transconductance is calculated as approximately 130 mS/mm. These preliminary experimental results are the best yet reported for a GaAs MIS-type device and represent the first report of enhanced device performance at cryogenic temperatures as a result of an increased electron saturation velocity.
Strategies for the palliation of severe unprotected left main coronary artery disease: use of newer technologies.

Angioplasty of unprotected left main coronary artery lesions is associated with high procedural and late mortalities. We describe the successful use of rotational coronary atherectomy with prophylactic supportive measures in the management of a heavily calcified unprotected left main lesion. This report demonstrates that high-risk lesions, previously regarded as unapproachable, may be safely treated with newer technologies. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Teaching Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autistic Disorder (AD) How to Swallow Pills

One barrier to medication adherence in pediatric populations is difficulty swallowing pills. Some children may not have prerequisite skills for pill swallowing, while others may have developed conditioned anxiety from repeated negative experiences. Eight children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autistic disorder participated in behavioral training to increase cooperation with pill swallowing. A pill-swallowing protocol was utilized during practice sessions with placebo "pills" of increasing size to implement systematic desensitization. Seven of the 8 children swallowed medication with a therapist. Six of the 8 children maintained treatment gains over time. Interventions used to succeed with these children are presented along with methods to reduce conditioned behavioral distress.
Quasi-parabolic analytic transformations of Cn

Abstract Let F be an analytic transformation of C n , with the origin O as a quasi-parabolic fixed point. We will associate an invariant, order ν ( F ) , to F and study the local dynamics of F when it has a non-degenerate characteristic direction [ v ] and is dynamically separating in the direction [ v ] . We show that for such F there exist at least ν ( F ) − 1 parabolic curves tangent to [ v ] at the origin. We also study a non-dynamically-separating example in details.
Issues when using company sponsored projects to provide a design experience for students

Students must learn about and understand engineering design processes (EDP). To do this, one must both study and understand the design "theory" and then practice designing. The structured descriptions of the design processes provide the student with a clear "roadmap" of the intricacies and complexities of the design processes. Pahl and Beitz (1988), Wallace (1991) and Hubka & Eder (1988) all provide useful descriptions of design processes. The "practicing" of design can be done in many ways. The instructor can use case studies, can make up competitive projects, projects with construction required, projects where the paper report is the "product", use industrial projects, etc. The many different types of engineering design projects were discussed at the 1989 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference. Four issues which arise when utilizing industrially sponsored projects in design courses are discussed.