cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imbricate low-angle faulting in uppermost Franciscan rocks, South Yolla Bolly area, northern California

The South Yolla Bolly area of northern California contains the intersection of the Franciscan complex, the Klamath Mountains, and the Great Valley sequence. Four distinct lithic units, among them the South Fork Mountain Schist, as well as several subunits, have been discerned in the Franciscan rocks of this area. These units are composed mostly of coherent or semi-coherent layered sedimentary and mafic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents rather than melange, and are arranged in largely upright, parallel imbricate fault slices. Four major low-angle faults have been clearly recognized. Paleontologic data indicate that at least one fault places older material over younger. Lithic units exhibit various degrees of differences in metamorphic mineral assemblages, textural grade, and amount of internal deformation across the faults, with more intensely deformed and metamorphosed material occupying successively higher structural positions. These contrasts indicate that some of these faults served as surfaces by which deformed rocks were emplaced differentially upward during and/or after metamorphism. Original bedding and compositional layering in all of the coherent units generally parallel the thrust faults. Two fault-bounded units are each composed of a coherent sequence of basalt at the base overlain by bedded chert, and further overlain by mudstone and graywacke or their metamorphic equivalents. The faults which underlie these two sequences seem to have originated as decollements localized at or near a sedimentary rock – mafic-crust interface, perhaps as discrete underthrust slices. The distinct contrasts in original rock composition among these units plus the aforementioned characteristics seem to indicate that these faults had an early history in the accretionary prism apart from their later use as convenient surfaces for differential upward emplacement of metamorphosed material.
Solving peg solitaire with bidirectional BFIDA

We present a novel approach to bidirectional breadth-first IDA* (BFIDA*) and demonstrate its effectiveness in the domain of peg solitaire, a simple puzzle. Our approach improves upon unidirectional BFIDA* by usually avoiding the last iteration of search entirely, greatly speeding up search. In addition, we provide a number of improvements specific to peg solitaire. We have improved duplicate-detection in the context of BFIDA*. We have strengthened the heuristic used in the previous state-of-the-art solver. Finally, we use bidirectional search frontiers to provide a stronger technique for pruning unsolvable states. The combination of these approaches allows us to improve over the previous state-of-the-art, often by a two-orders-of-magnitude reduction in search time.
On Hypothesis Testing: A Selective Look at the Lagrange Multiplier, Likelihood Ratio and Wald Tests

This paper discusses some issues related to the use of the Lagrange multiplier, likelihood ratio and Wald tests in econometrics. In particular, the paper focuses on three issues: (i) the Wald test with nonlinear constraints; (ii) conflict among criteria and size correction; and (iii) the derivation of an improved LM statistic. Some Monte Carlo simulation results illustrate the discussion.
Aging of dispersalloy and its effect on the anodic behavior of its amalgams.

Anodic polarization measurements of Dispersalloy amalgam in Ringer's solution have shown that its electrochemical behavior is significantly altered by the aging of the alloy at room temperature. Amalgams fabricated from aged alloy are characterized by polarization profiles associated with the presence of Sn7Hg (γ2) and Cu-Sn (Cu/Sn < 3) whereas polarization profiles of amalgams fabricated from relatively fresh alloys are free of current density peaks associated with both of these phases. This aging effect has been attributed to the room temperature oxidation of Ag-Cu eutectic, a component of Dispersalloy. Such oxidation, it has been hypothesized, hinders amalgamation, impairs the effective role of the Ag-Cu eutectic in eliminating the γ2-phase, and produces corrosion-prone Cu-Sn intermetallics (Cu/Sn < 3).
Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides blood stream infection following liver transplantation.

Background Leuconostoc spp. are vancomycin resistant Gram positive lactobacilli. Little is known about their significance in transplant recipients. Case report A 64-year-old female liver transplant recipient developed Leuconostoc sepsis originating from a bile leak after extended exposure to vancomycin. The infection was readily controlled clindamycin, however, the patient died later on unrelated to the infection. Five articles on Leuconostoc infections in transplant patients were found in PubMed including two liver recipients with intraabdominal infection due to biliary complications and four stem cell recipients with sepsis. Conclusions Leuconostoc spp. should be considered pathogens in transplant recipients who are exposed to vancomycin.
Surface studies and photoluminescence of GaN epitaxial layers grown by MOCVD technique for applications of solar cells and light emitting devices

Abstract This article presents theoretical and experimental results of n-type GaN semiconductor. In the first part, the variation of surface potential of GaN with varying carrier concentration in the range from 1015 to 1019 cm−3 is determined as well as the change in the electric field with variation of surface potential is also estimated. In addition, the change in the electric field (F) with effect of irradiation of laser beam on the GaN sample, while measuring photoluminescence, is found by developing appropriate theoretical models using known activation energies of traps, which are obtained by the experimental photoluminescence (PL) measurements. In the second part, the experimental results of n-type GaN such as growth by MOCVD, electrical, structural and optical properties are presented. The un-doped GaN thin films have been successfully deposited onto c-sapphire substrates by MOCVD technique with different recipes. It is observed that the carrier concentration of the films varies with varying deposition parameters. The PL studies are systematically carried out on these samples at low temperature. The correlation between PL results and the electrical data such as carrier concentration (n) or mobility (μ) is analyzed for GaN thin films. Based on the activation energies of donor–acceptor pair (DAP) and the yellow band emissions obtained from the PL measurements, the possible transition energy levels in the energy band are hypothetically proposed. The highly resolved phonon replicas in PL spectra are observed for high carrier density samples. The n and μ are found to be in the range of 1017–1018 cm−3 and 65–120 cm2/V−s, respectively. The XRD analysis reveals that the samples show preferred orientation and hexagonal structure. On the other hand, the nature of the samples changes from epitaxy to polycrystalline with increasing carrier concentration in the samples.
Can I Get a Job as a Futurist

The most frequently asked question I get in speaking with prospective foresight students is “can I get a job as a futurist?” I will make a case in this article that the lack of jobs and a career pa...
Hydrolyzed Poly(acrylonitrile) Electrospun Ion-Exchange Fibers.

Abstract A potential ion-exchange material was developed from poly(acrylonitrile) fibers that were prepared by electrospinning followed by alkaline hydrolysis (to convert the nitrile group to the carboxylate functional group). Characterization studies performed on this material using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-Transform infra-red spectroscopy, and ion chromatography confirmed the presence of ion-exchange functional group (carboxylate). Optimum hydrolysis conditions resulted in an ion-exchange capacity of 2.39 meq/g. Ion-exchange fibers were used in a packed-bed column to selectively remove heavy-metal cation from the background of a benign, competing cation at a much higher concentration. The material can be efficiently regenerated and used for multiple cycles of exhaustion and regeneration.
Variation in basal metabolic rate and activity in relation to reproductive condition and photoperiod in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

A naturally variable life-history trait with underlying physiological variation is the photoperiodic response of many temperate-zone rodents, including white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque, 1818)). Male P. leucopus were obtained from a short photoperiod responsive (R) line, artificially selected for reproductive suppression in short-day conditions (SD) and a nonresponsive (NR) line selected for reproductive maturity in SD. We tested for variation in meta- bolic rate between lines in SD and long-day conditions (LD). NR mice consumed 34% more food than R mice, without con- comitant increase in body mass in SD. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was found to be significantly greater in NR than R mice, and NR mice were found to engage in significantly more spontaneous (daily) locomotor activity. Energy-use estimates based on 24 h respirometry matched closely the level of intake reported for individual mice. The increased BMR and aver- age daily metabolic rate in NR mice was correlated with testis size, but not with major central organs or digestibility. No significant difference in BMR or activity was found in mice from the same lines held in LD. Elevated intake in SD mice ap- pears to be associated with differences in fertility and not other aspects of physiology in the respective lines.
Plasmon resonant Au nanorods in anodic alumina matrix

This work reports on theoretical studies of optical properties of Au nanorods with various aspect ratios, embedded in a nanoporous anodic alumina matrix. If the template is fabricated using particular conditions, nanostructures with diameters in the 15-25 nm range can be synthesized. These nanoparticles have potential applications in optical filters and sensors.
Analysis of Epidemic Features of Hepatitis C in Taian During 2006 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Hepatitis C in Taian during 2006 to 2010 and provide evidence for strategy of Hepatitis C control and prevention.Methods The descriptive epidemiology analysis was used on the data of Hepatitis C incidence.Results The incidence of Hepatitis C in Taian was between 1.12 per 100000 and 2.30 per 100000 during 2006 to 2010.The sex ratio was 208.The case number in age group 40-44 years old was highest.The cases in age group 35-69 accounted for 71.97% of the total.There were more Hepatitis C cases in farmers than that in any other career.Conclusions The epidemiological characteristics of Hepatitis C in Taian mainly agreed with that in other areas.While the incidences of Hepatitis C in Taian increased year by year during 2007 to 2010,more attention should be paid to this phenomenon.
Laser plasma linac

We present a proposal for a very high-gradient (~10-GeV/m) linac powered by a picosecond CO2 laser. The accelerating structure would be formed by a double row of droplets ejected from an array of nozzles etched in silicon. The high fields (of the order of 10 GeV/pm) would form a conducting plasma on the droplet surfaces to form a resonant cavitylike structure. Coupling of this structure to focused incoming laser radiation is achieved by appropriate periodic perturbations on the structure.
H∞ Control for Sochastic Time-delayed Markovian Switching Systems with Partly Known Transition Rates and Input Saturation

The paper is concerned with the problem of H ∞ control for stochastic time-delayed Markovian switching systems with partly known transition rates and input saturation. By employing more appropriate Lyapunov- Krasovskii functional, a state feedback controller is designed to guarantee stochastic stability of the corresponding closed-loop system with H ∞ performance. A linear matrix inequality approach is employed to obtain the controller gain matrix. Two illustrative examples are provided to show the potential of the proposed techniques.
Composable Transactional Objects: A Position Paper

Memory transactions provide programmers with a convenient abstraction for concurrent programs: a keyword such as atomic designating a region of code that appears, from the perspective of concurrent threads, to execute atomically. Unfortunately, existing implementations in the form of software transactional memory STM are often ineffective due to their monolithic nature: every single read or write access is automatically tracked and recorded. In this statement, we advocate a transactional model of programming without a heavyweight software transactional memory, and describe some related, open research challenges. We suggest that a model based on persistent data structures could permit a variety of transactional algorithms to coexist in a library of composable transactional objects. Applications are constructed by snapping these objects together to form atomic transactions, in much the same way that today's Java programmers compose their applications from libraries such as java.util.concurrent. We report preliminary results developing this library in ScalaSTM, and discuss the challenges ahead.
Static and dynamic components of right ventricular afterload are negatively associated with calf survival at high altitude

The purposes of this study were to evaluate mean, systolic, and diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures; pulmonary arterial pulse pressures; and systemic oxygen extraction fraction as risk factors for the survival of suckling calves on one ranch located at an altitude of ≥ 2,730 m in Colorado, USA. A prospective cohort study of 58 calves was performed. Pulmonary arterial pressures and systemic oxygen extraction were measured when calves were approximately 3 mo (86 ± 7 d) and 7 mo (197 ± 6 d) of age. Seven of the 58 calves (12%), 4 steers and 3 heifers, were unaccounted for and presumed dead between 3 and 7 mo of age. Calves presumed to have died between 3 and 7 mo of age had significantly greater mean ( = 0.005) and systolic ( = 0.001) pulmonary arterial pressures and greater pulse pressures ( = 0.03) at 3 mo of age than calves that survived to 7 mo. Calves presumed to have died tended to have greater systemic oxygen extraction fractions at 3 mo of age than calves that survived ( = 0.13). Diastolic pressure was not associated with survival ( = 0.27). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure is predominantly determined by static resistance attributable to distal pulmonary arterial remodeling. Pulse pressure and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure represents the dynamic or oscillatory resistance and is determined by the characteristics of ventricular ejection and proximal arterial stiffness. These findings indicate that it may be beneficial to include pressure measurements indicative of both static and dynamic pulmonary arterial resistance in the selection of breeding stock at high altitude.
Exposure to heavy metal stress does not increase fluctuating asymmetry in populations of isopod and hardwood trees

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) refers to random, small and non-directional deviations from ideal bilateral symmetry is proposed as a bio-indicator of abiotic stress in both animals and plants. We investigated the effect of heavy metal stress on FA levels of morphological traits in a terrestrial isopod (Philoscia muscorum) as well as in the leaves of two hardwood tree species: Gray birch (Betula populifolia) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), in an urban brownfield in New Jersey. FA levels measured for five traits (length of two segments of antennae and three segments of the seventh legs) were compared in male and female populations of P. muscorum sampled from three low and three high soil metal load sites within the brownfield. FA levels measured for leaf width (perpendicular distance from a midpoint on midrib to the widest point of the lamina in right and left half in a leaf) were compared for both gray birch and eastern cottonwood leaves collected from the same low and high soil metal load sites. Contrary to the hypothesis that FA increases with higher heavy metal stress in isopods and trees, our results revealed that true asymmetry in gray birch and for some isopod traits (2nd antenna article, 3rd antenna article and merus of males and females, carpus and prodopus in females) did not differ between low and high metal contaminated sites. Furthermore, FAs measured in eastern cottonwood leaves and other isopod traits (carpus and prodopus in males) were found to be even lower at high metal contaminated sites than the low metal load sites. The overall effect of metal stress was shown as reduction in growth (measured as body size for a given head width in an individual) of isopods at high metal load sites as compared to the low metal load sites. Various hypotheses including induction of detoxification mechanisms in response to metal stress, selection against individuals with presumably lower fitness (high FA), difference in sensitivity of traits to stress, and plasticity are discussed to explain the observed lack of a significant association between FA and heavy metal stress in isopods and trees.
Using Team-Based Learning to Teach a Hybrid Pharmacokinetics Course Online and in Class

Objective. To compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and online team-based learning (TBL) to teach phenytoin pharmacokinetics. Design. A TBL format was used to teach an online cohort of 222 pharmacy students and two face-to-face cohorts (Tampa and Las Vegas) of pharmacy students. Students in all cohorts completed individual and team readiness tests (iRATs and tRATs), and a self-assessment survey to determine teamwork and content understanding. Knowledge retention questions also were added to the final examination. Assessment. Mean scores on iRATs were: 54% for the Tampa group; 72% for the Las Vegas group; and 58% for the online. Mean tRAT scores were 78.5% for the Tampa cohort and 82.2% for the Las Vegas cohort, compared to 89.5% for the online cohort. The mean tRAT scores for the online cohorts were significantly higher than those of the face-to-face cohorts. Data from the teamwork survey provided evidence of positive interactions among teams for all cohorts. Conclusion. Team-based learning can be an effective method for teaching applied pharmacokinetics in both face-to-face and online classes.
Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic

Arguments will be presented here in support of an analysis of indicative sentences in Egyptian Arabic that recognizes a sentential constituent that we may label ‘AUX’.1 Steele has provided a language independent definition of AUX as follows: Given a set of language internal analyses, in terms of constituents, those constituents which may contain only a specified (i.e., fixed and small) set of elements, crucially containing elements marking tense and/or modality, will be identified as non-distinct (Steele et al., 1981, Chap. 2.).
The Role of Anti-Thymocyte Globulin or Alemtuzumab-Based Serotherapy in the Prophylaxis and Management of Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is an established treatment modality for hematologic and non-hematologic diseases. However, it is associated with acute and long-term sequelae which can translate into mortality. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a glaring obstacle, especially with the advent of reduced-intensity conditioning. Serotherapy capitalizes on antibodies which target T cells and other immune cells to mitigate this effect. This article focuses on the utility of two such agents: anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and alemtuzumab. ATG has demonstrated benefit in prophylaxis against GVHD, especially in the chronic presentation. However, there is limited impact of ATG on overall survival and it has little utility in the treatment context. There may be an initial improvement, particularly in skin manifestations, but no substantial benefit has been elicited. Alemtuzumab has shown benefit in both prophylaxis and treatment of GVHD, but at the consequence of a more profound immunosuppressive phase, mandating aggressive viral prophylaxis. There remains heterogeneity in the doses and regimens of the agents, with no standardized protocol in place. Furthermore, it seems that once steroid-refractory GVHD has been established, there is little that can be offered to offset the ultimately dismal outcome. Here we present a systematic overview of ATG- or alemtuzumab-based serotherapy in the prophylaxis and management of GVHD.
Abstract 250: The Association of Advanced Age and Outcomes in Targeted Temperature Management After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia or targeted temperature management (TTM) is the only therapy shown to improve neurologically intact survival post cardiac arrest. One of the original randomized control trials evaluating TTM, excluded patients older than 75. Advanced age has been associated with poor outcomes following cardiac arrest. However, investigations have shown that elderly patients that actually survive cardiac arrest may go on to have good outcomes. Given these findings it is unclear whether TTM benefits elderly patients. Objectives: We hypothesized that in patients undergoing TTM, advanced age would be associated with decreased survival to discharge as well as decreased neurologically intact survival. Methods: We performed a retrospective single center study of 140 patients who underwent TTM after cardiac arrest over a four-year period. Patients were analyzed based on advanced age defined as age greater than or equal to 80. The primary outcomes were survival to discharge and neurologically intact survival defined as a CPC score of 1 or 2. We compared baseline characteristics including: initial lactate, witnessed arrest, down time, initial cardiac rhythm, bystander CPR and vasopressor use. Results: A total of 140 patients underwent TTM (12 patients with advanced age vs. 128). Fewer patients survived in the advanced age group (8.3% vs. 43% p =0.01), and fewer survived with good neurologic function (8.3% vs. 35.9% p = 0.03). Baseline characteristics were similar except for a lower proportion of VF/VT in the advanced age group (16.7% vs. 52.8% p=0.01). After adjusting for these characteristics, advanced age was still associated with decreased survival (p = 0.04), but not with decreased neurologically intact survival (p =0.15). When age greater than or equal to 75 years was chosen as the cut off for advanced age, survival to discharge was 17.4 % (4/23) with all survivors having good neurologic function. Conclusions: Age greater than 80 was associated with decreased survival to discharge but not with decreased neurologically intact survival. Additionally, all of the survivors 75 or older had good neurologic outcomes. Further study is needed to establish the benefits of TTM in the elderly.
Hemodynamic adaptation to suboptimal fetal growth in patients with single ventricle physiology.

Background In fetuses with structurally normal heart and suboptimal fetal growth (SFG), umbilical artery vascular resistance increases as measured by umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI). The objective of this study is to compare hemodynamic responses to SFG in fetuses with single ventricle (SV) and controls with structurally normal heart. Methods Fetal echocardiograms around 30 weeks of gestation were reviewed. UA-PI and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA-PI) were calculated. SFG was defined as a birth weight below 25th percentile for gestational age. Results Studies from 92 fetuses were reviewed-SV (n = 50) and controls (n = 42). The prevalence of SFG was higher in SV compared to controls (46% vs 21%, P = .02). In patients with normal heart and SFG, UAPI was significantly higher than normal controls (P = .003) suggesting increased placental vascular resistance. In SV with SFG there was no difference in UAPI compared to SV without SFG. There was no difference in MCA-PI between the groups. Conclusions The hemodynamic response to SFG in SV varies from fetuses with structurally normal heart. The mechanism of SFG and the placental pathology may be distinct in SV.
In vivo formation of leukotriene E5 by murine peritoneal cells.

Abstract Resident mouse peritoneal cells, stimulated in vivo with opsonized zymosan, produced leukotriene C4 and E4, with LTE4 being the major (80–90%) product. When mice were placed on diets containing increasing amounts of fish oil, four additional sulfidopeptide leukotrienes (SP-LT), LTC5, LTE5, 11-trans LTC5 and 11-trans LTE5, were identified. The identity of LTE5 was confirmed by spectrophotometric, chromatographic and enzymatic methods. When equivalent amounts of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were included in the diet, the stimulated peritoneal cells ( in vivo ) produced higher quantities of LTE5 (30.2 ± 5.4 ng/106 cells) than LTE4 (22.8 ± 7.3 ng/106 cells). In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated a 60% reduction in LTC4 (42.0 ± 10.8 ng/106 cells to 16.7 ± 6.2 ng/106 cells) and the appearance of LTC5 (2.1 ± 0.9 ng/106 cells) in resident macrophages (stimulated with A23187) from mice maintained on a fish oil diet compared to mice fed the control diet. This study demonstrated that formation of the pentaenyl SP-LT in vivo , in particular LTE5, by peritoneal cells can significantly contribute to the endogenous SP-LT pool in response to an inflammatory stimulus following a dietary regimen containing fish oil.
Neuropeptides and Memory

Some of the earliest evidence suggesting a behavioral role for peptides came from studies of pituitary-adrenal function. For example, De Wied and others demonstrated that the behavioral effects produced by removal of the pituitary could be reversed by adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and other peptides, such as vasopressin (AVP) (De Wied, 1980). Later work established that these peptides could produce profound effects on extinction of learned responses in normal animals even with synthetic analogs reputedly devoid of endocrinological activity. Variously interpreted as actions on attention (ACTH) or on memory consolidation (AVP), these effects were hypothesized to be mediated via some neural substrate. Where this substrate is located and how these pituitary-derived peptides normally interact with it remain largely unknown.
The Effect of Weight Loading and Reduction Temperature on Rh/Silica Catalysts for no Reduction by co

Rhodium catalysts with very low weight loadings (0.01 to 0.06%) are used to efficiently reduce the nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust. Many academic studies, however, are done using catalysts with high weight loadings (1 to 10%). The study reported herein explored differences in activity and surface properties between high and low weight-loaded Rh catalysts before and during NO reduction by CO. Initial and steady-state turnover numbers were found to increase significantly (factor of 7) as weight loading was increased from 0.2% to 12%. At the same time the activation energy decreased from 36 to 24 kcal/mole. Power rate laws determined by varying NO and CO partial pressures were found to be fairly similar for the high and low weight-loaded catalysts. These results seem to indicate that NO reduction is a structure sensitive reaction. The effect of varying the reduction temperature of the catalysts between 200 and 450°C was also explored, but no significant effect was seen on hydrogen uptakes, infrared spectra, initial rates, or steady state rates.
Stability and Toxicity of Hemoglobin Solutions

The anticipated clinical application of large amounts of highly concentrated hemoglobin as an acellular 02 carrier has presented an array of challenges to the protein engineer. The simplest of these have been met: designing chemical and mutant modifications that reduce or eliminate tetramer-dimer dissociation and ones that covalently modulate 02 affinity. Some of these modified proteins have been tested in humans, and while the results are promising, they point out that difficult challenges are still ahead. The principal challenge now is to reduce or to eliminate toxic side effects, because it is unlikely that a red cell substitute that is not virtually safe will compete successfully with red blood cells for clinical use.
Tumoral calcinosis of the lumbar and cervical spine

Abstract Background Tumoral calcinosis has been defined as a pathological condition which presents as calcified masses around juxta-articular structures. The etiology of this pathology is still not well understood but degenerative spine diseases seem to play a role. The diagnosis of tumoral calcinosis preoperatively can prevent intraoperative confusion from unexpected findings, especially in cases where removal of the calcified mass is essential to treating the patient’s symptoms, i.e. nerve compression causing radiculopathy. Case description We present two cases of patients who presented with spinal radiculopathy and mechanical pain. Both patients were found to have a calcified facet joint mass and underwent surgical resection of the mass combined with spinal fusion resulting in excellent symptom relief post-surgery. Conclusion For accurate diagnosis and management of tumoral calcinosis, a high index of suspicion together with neuro imaging remains a good place to start. Intra-operative visualization of the pathology as well as permanent pathology reports is a good adjunct to confirming the diagnosis.
Individual, business-related, and work environment factors associated with driving tired among taxi drivers in two metropolitan U.S. cities

INTRODUCTION Violence-related events and roadway incidents are the leading causes of injury among taxi drivers. Fatigue is under-recognized and prevalent in this workforce and is associated with both injury outcomes. We describe the association of individual, business-related, and work environment factors with driving tired among taxi drivers in two very different cities. METHOD We developed a comprehensive survey for licensed taxi drivers. We trained surveyors to administer the 30-min survey using systematic sampling among taxi drivers waiting for fares in two large U.S. cities: the Southwest (City 1) and the West (City 2). A driving tired scale of the Occupational Driver Behavior Questionnaire was the outcome. Multivariate logistic models described driving tired behavior in city-specific models using adjusted Odds Ratios (ORadj). RESULTS City 1 and City 2 had 496 and 500 participants, respectively. Each driving tired behavior was significantly more prevalent in City 2 than City 1 (p < .05). There were more variables and a greater diversity of variables in the models describing drowsy driving in City 1 than City 2. In City 1, variables describing negative safety climate (ORadj = 1.15), socio-demographic groups (identifying as Asian, educational attainment), passenger-related violence (ORadj = 1.79), and company tenure (ORadj =1.15) were associated with driving tired. In City 2, high perceived safety training usefulness (ORadj = 0.48) was associated with driving tired. A risk factor for driving tired that was common to both cities was job demands (ORadj = 1.21 in City 1; 1.43 in City 2). CONCLUSIONS These findings represent two diverse taxi populations driving in two geographically distinct regions that differ in safety regulation. It is important that safety measures that include fatigue awareness training are reaching all drivers. Fatigue management training should be integrated into driver safety programs regardless of location. Practical applications: Fatigue management strategies that recognize individual factors, business-related characteristics, and work environment are an important component of road safety and are particularly relevant for occupational drivers.
Forecasting for Prisons and Jails

The criminal population of U.S. prisons has increased dramatically in recent years, leaving policymakers with difficult decisions in regard to the allocation of resources and how to plan for the long-term care of the criminal population. Although prison forecasts are conducted by every state, no consensus has emerged on how the population is best projected. This chapter seeks to provide guidance on this issue by examining the literature on prison forecasting. Using the success and failure of the models established in the literature as a guide, we provide a series of best practices for the forecasting of the prison population.
Thinking about the political lives of slaves

Recent scholarship on slavery has begun to draw attention to the ubiquity of mobility among America’s bound workers. They moved as boatmen, teamsters, lady’s maids, turpentine hands, and fugitives....
Regenerative Medicine for the Spine

Spine pathology commonly manifests as back pain that when untreated may progress to loss of function and disability. Treatments often target disruptions in this complex anatomical network including the intravertebral discs, nerves, facet joints, sacroiliac joints, and the back muscles and ligaments. However, traditional treatments often fail to adequately control symptoms. The innovative field of regenerative medicine attempts to full this treatment void through enhancing the patient’s own healing mechanisms. This chapter will review the current evidence for regenerative medicine (focusing on prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma, hyaluronic acid, and stem cells) to treat the common spine disorders including discogenic pain, radiculopathy, facet arthropathy, sacroiliac joint pain, and musculature and ligament dysfunction. Currently, there is moderate evidence for utilizing prolotherapy to treat sacroiliac joint pain and ligament dysfunction. There is moderate evidence for platelet-rich plasma therapy for discogenic pain, facet joint pain, and sacroiliac joint pain. There is moderate evidence for hyaluronic acid therapy to treat facet joint pain. There is moderate evidence for the use of stem cells to treat radicular pain in discectomy patients. While regenerative medicine is a promising and overall safe option to trial for those who fail traditional treatments, additional well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to better define the efficacy of regenerative medicine and aid in patient selection.
Three-dimensional printed assistive devices for addressing occupational performance issues of the hand: A case report.

Abstract Study Design This is a case report. Introduction Persons with rheumatoid arthritis frequently use assistive devices as a compensatory strategy to enhance occupational performance when client factors such as hand weakness, pain, and/or limited range of motion interfere with activity performance. Computer-aided design software and 3D printers are increasingly being used to design and make assistive devices. Purpose of the Study This case report describes a client-centered approach in the selection, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and evaluation of outcomes for three assistive devices to enhance occupational performance in a subject with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Outcome measures used in this study included the Patient-Specific Functional Scale, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology V2.0. Activity analysis along with the subject input informed a client-centered approach in the selection, color, and design modifications of 3D printed assistive devices made for the study. Results The subject reported decreased pain, improved occupational performance, and satisfaction with use of 3D printed assistive devices to open plastic beverage bottles, unlock/lock doors, and write. Discussion 3D printing offers therapists a means to design and make assistive devices that can be cost-effective, customizable, and client-centered. Conclusion Assistive devices made with 3D printing resulted in positive outcomes in a subject with rheumatoid arthritis.
Breast cancer events in women with atypical ductal hyperplasia who do not undergo surgical excision.

1562Background: Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) found on core needle biopsy is associated with an upgrade to carcinoma in 10-30% of women, thus surgical excision remains the standard of care. We ...
Anywhere they go, we go: Immigration inflow's impact on co-ethnic natives in the U.S.

Using data from the 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Censuses and the American Community Survey five‐year sample for 2006–2010, we examine the impacts of immigration inflows on the migration patterns of co‐ethnic natives in the United States. We explore whether the outcomes are driven by changes in labor market returns in the receiving cities or sociocultural benefits of being surrounded by co‐ethnics. We find that a higher ethnicity‐specific immigrant population share within a city increases the population share of both co‐ethnic natives who remain in the receiving cities and co‐ethnic natives who migrate into these cities, relative to natives of other ancestries. All baseline results survive robustness and falsification tests, and instrumental variable estimations. Through the heterogeneous effects, we find that the sociocultural benefits, such as language and ethnic goods that immigrants bring to receiving cities, are the potential channels that attract co‐ethnic natives to migrate towards those enclaves.
Factors Influencing Participation in Biospecimen Research among Parents of Youth with Mental Health Conditions.

Introduction Biospecimens are tools that have the potential to improve early identification and treatment for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and bipolar disorders (BPD). Unfortunately, most biobanks lack racial/ethnic diversity. One challenge to including a diverse sample of youth is recruiting and engaging families. Objective We sought to better understand facilitators and barriers to participation in biospecimen research among a diverse group of parents of youth with ASD and BPD. Methods The current study involved 3 Mental Health Research Network sites. At each site, parents participated in an interview that explored attitudes and beliefs about genetic research. Interviews were audio-recorded, and audio files were transcribed and coded using content analysis. Results A total of 58 interviews were conducted. Four challenges emerged: (1) contacting and engaging potential research participants, (2) motivating potential participants to read recruitment and consent materials, (3) motivating participation in research, in general, and (4) motivating participation in research involving biospecimen donation, specifically. Conclusions Participants were eager to participate as long as the research process involved trust, clarity, and flexibility. Future research involving youth with mental health conditions would benefit from implementing multimodal strategies for recruitment and data collection and sharing knowledge gained by the research with study participants.
Heat: An Entropic Practice of Contemporary Dancing

Chapter 9 ties together the analytical strands of the argument in this manuscript by way of current discourses—interweaving understandings of intersectionality and assemblage, “re-existence” as a mode of retooling existent categories toward decolonization, and willfulness as a mode of claiming space, for instance—and connects them to the production of energetic heat and centralized location of alterity at the core of contemporary dance along a South-South axis. The last segment reflects on some of the questions that animate the author’s own choreographic work in order to emphasize the detailed and scrupulous investigation of power relations inherent in the claiming of alterity.
The Parents’ Right to Their Offspring and the American Constitutional (Dis)Order

In this essay, I contend (1) that Scalia’s two dissents in Adoptive Couple and Windsor reflected a truly conservative approach to the same issue involved, directly or indirectly, in both cases: the duty and right of parents to the care, custody, and education of their offspring; (2) that Justice Scalia, however, was reluctant to fully embrace the principle, in large part because his jurisprudence failed to appreciate how our law, including the Due Process Clause, incorporated this parental-rights principle; (3) that the other conservatives, as indicated by their opinions and the facts in Adoptive Couple, as well as Windsor and Windsor’s progeny, neglected this principle, probably from conservatives’ acceptance and even endorsement of such anti-parental novelties as no-fault and elective divorce, and no-fault elective adoption, and (4) that some of the progressives, as suggested by their opinions and the facts in the same cases, selectively respected or neglected the parental right depending on whether the parent asserting the right was poor or a member of a minority.
Targeting adaptive cellular responses to mitochondrial bioenergetic deficiencies in human disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a central contributor to human disease. Oxidative metabolism at the mitochondrial respiratory chain produces ATP and is intricately tied to redox homeostasis and biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic stress arising from genetic mutations in mitochondrial genes and environmental factors such as malnutrition or overnutrition is perceived by the cell and leads to adaptive and maladaptive responses that can underlie pathology. Here, we will outline cellular sensors that react to alterations in energy production, organellar redox, and metabolites stemming from mitochondrial disease (MD) mutations. MD is a heterogeneous group of disorders primarily defined by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation from nuclear or mitochondrial-encoded gene mutations. Preclinical therapies that improve fitness of MD mouse models have been recently identified. Targeting metabolic/energetic deficiencies, maladaptive signaling processes, and hyper-oxygenation of tissues are all strategies aside from direct genetic approaches that hold therapeutic promise. A further mechanistic understanding of these curative processes as well as the identification of novel targets will significantly impact mitochondrial biology and disease research.
Alternate Methods in Reservoir Simulation

As time progresses, more and more oil fields and reservoirs are reaching maturity; consequently, secondary and tertiary methods of oil recovery have become increasingly important in the petroleum industry. This significance has added to the industry's interest in using simulation as a tool for reservoir evaluation and management to minimize costs and increase efficiency. This paper presents results of several experiments using soft computing algorithms and techniques to perform history matching, a well-known important simulation task usually performed to calibrate reservoir simulators.
Selective induction by phenobarbital of the electrogenic transport of glutathione and organic anions in rat liver canalicular membrane vesicles.

Glutathione is excreted into bile via a low affinity, electrogenic, ATP-independent transport system which is cis-inhibited and trans-stimulated by certain organic anions (Fernandez-Checa, J. C., Takikawa, H., Horie, T., Ookhtens, M., and Kaplowitz N. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1667-1673). This transport system differs from the sinusoidal carrier in several respects, such as affinity for transport and inhibitor specificity. Another differential aspect is the selective increase by phenobarbital pretreatment of GSH excretion into bile without changing the sinusoidal release into blood. To determine if phenobarbital induces the GSH transporter in the canalicular membrane and if this is reflected in the induction of organic anion transport, we have used rat liver canalicular (cLPM) and sinusoidal (bLPM) enriched membrane vesicles from liver of control (saline) and phenobarbital-treated rats. cLPM vesicles prepared from phenobarbital-pretreated rats exhibited a significant, 46% increase in Vmax for transport (9.02 +/- 0.3 versus 6.17 +/- 0.5 nmol/mg/15 s) without a change in the Km for GSH transport (14.0 +/- 1.1 versus 16.7 +/- 2.7 mM, respectively). Kinetic parameters for GSH transport in bLPM vesicles remained unchanged after phenobarbital treatment versus control (Vmax, 4.67 +/- 0.2 versus 4.77 +/- 0.2 nmol/mg/15 s; Km, 7.79 +/- 0.8 versus 6.95 +/- 0.8 mM, respectively). Phenobarbital treatment increased the electrogenic transport of [35S]sulfobromophthalein (BSP) (5 and 50 microM) but not the electrogenic uptake of [14C] glycocholic acid (10 and 200 microM). In addition, the ATP-dependent transport of [35S]BSP, [3H]leukotriene C4, and [14C]glycocholic acid into cLPM vesicles was not altered by phenobarbital treatment. The ATP-independent transport of [35S]BSP in cLPM was cis-inhibited and trans-stimulated by GSH, supporting the view that BSP and GSH share a common multispecific transporter. Thus, among the various canalicular transport systems, the multispecific electrogenic organic anion and GSH transport system is selectively induced by phenobarbital treatment.
Corrupción y concentración del ingreso : su impacto en las empresas latinoamericanas.

Corruption and income inequality have developed into a threat throughout Latin America. Their expansion generates a sense of urgency to confront the problem. Both perversely influence business decisions despite inherently sound macroeconomic reforms. Empirical evidence for twenty Latin American countries confirms a relationship between a set of political and economic variables to explain business performance. The analysis provides support that mainly corruption, rather than income inequality, adversely affects business performance. However, when taken together, both corruption and income disparities exacerbate their negative effects. Business executives must take a stance to demand minimum levels of transparency and equity.
Engineer a functional, 3-D vascular niche to support neural stem cell regeneration

The development of perfused, functional microvascular networks in vitro holds enormous potential for tissue engineering. Neural stem cell niches are commonly observed near microvasculature in vivo. These neurovascular niches promote stem cell maintenance and differentiation through the control of many environmental factors. Recreating microvascular networks in vitro is the first step towards understanding their interactions with neural stem cells. In this study, we describe a method used to develop a 3-D microvascular network within a microfluidic device with the eventual goal of recreating the neurovascular niche in vitro.
A student׳s perspective of learning in a global classroom course

Abstract Due to increasing diversity in patient populations, cultural competence has become an essential skill necessary for pharmacists to provide individualized patient care. In order to develop cultural competency, pharmacy schools have integrated global education into the curriculum through various avenues including international experiences and in-class discussions. However, several barriers, such as travel costs and lack of access to diverse patient groups, may hinder students from achieving adequate cultural exposure within existing avenues. A live, interactive global classroom course was initiated between the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy and Peking University to help overcome some of these barriers. This article will describe a student׳s perspective regarding three key insights obtained from participating in the course: the varying training models for pharmacists, the different scope of practice of pharmacists, and the communication and culture disparities between US and China.