cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Holland’s Person-Environment Fit Theory Produce Troubling Outcomes for Racial/Ethnic Underrepresented Students in STEM? An Analysis of Social Agency

Increasing the success of Underrepresented Students of Color (USC) in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a central concern to many researchers, policymakers, and educators. To help understand STEM college student success, many studies have utilized Holland’s (1966, 1973, 1985, 1997) person-environment fit framework applying it uncritically to all students. Using Quantitative Criticalism, this study engages the racial realities of USC while investigating several assumptions of Holland’s theory and their implications for USC pursuing STEM fields. Utilizing a national, longitudinal dataset of 5,564 STEM bachelor’s degree recipients drawn from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program’s 2004 Freshman Survey and 2011 Post-Baccalaureate Survey, this study specifically examines students’ interest in making a positive impact on society through socio-political action, or social agency, which Holland’s typology suggests is incongruent with STEM environments. Findings show that USC may be more likely to be described as “incongruent” with Holland’s classification of STEM environments, that the congruence assumption may not be fully applicable for understanding the long-term success of USC in STEM, and that the social agency of USC did not significantly change over the seven years while white students’ significantly decreased. Implications for broadening participation and promoting equity in STEM fields are discussed.
Academic Library COVID-19 Subject Guides

This study reviewed the coronavirus (COVID-19) resources available on the Times Higher Education top 50 research universities websites. Both general coronavirus resource pages and library subject g...
Cryo-EM structure of type 1 IP 3 R channel in a lipid bilayer.

Type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) is the predominant Ca2+-release channel in neurons. IP3R1 mediates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and thereby is involved in many physiological processes. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of full-length rat IP3R1 reconstituted in lipid nanodisc and detergent solubilized in the presence of phosphatidylcholine determined in ligand-free, closed states by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. Notably, both structures exhibit the well-established IP3R1 protein fold and reveal a nearly complete representation of lipids with similar locations of ordered lipids bound to the transmembrane domains. The lipid-bound structures show improved features that enabled us to unambiguously build atomic models of IP3R1 including two membrane associated helices that were not previously resolved in the TM region. Our findings suggest conserved locations of protein-bound lipids among homotetrameric ion channels that are critical for their structural and functional integrity despite the diversity of structural mechanisms for their gating.
What Kind of Community Development System Can Effectively Support Citywide Philanthropic Efforts to Promote Community Well-Being?

How can the efforts of philanthropic agencies be better supported to promote citywide community well-being? To address this question, this article uses a citywide, engagement-driven initiative led by local practitioners that took place in Detroit between 2016 and 2019. This article is based on the initiative’s two main outcomes, namely the identification of seven elements of an effective community development system and a vitality framework designed to measure community progress and success. The author of this article conducted participant observation, interviews, and a literature review, as well as site visits to, and case studies on, four best-practice cities, and then used the outcomes to validate the results of the initiative. Informed by the outcomes of the initiative and the research, the article suggests how best to utilize the seven community development system elements and the vitality success framework effectively to support philanthropy that promotes community well-being. This article focuses on theory-building in Detroit and calls for empirical research to further validate the findings. The article provides useful insights into the benefits of community-based research and citywide engagement as essential components of an effective community development system that can coordinate philanthropic practice more effectively to promote community well-being.
Dependence on Autophagy for Autoreactive Memory B Cells in the Development of Pristane-Induced Lupus.

The production of autoantibodies by autoreactive B cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of lupus. Increases in memory B cells have been observed in human lupus patients and autoimmune lpr mice. Autophagy is required for the maintenance of memory B cells against viral infections, however, whether autophagy regulates the persistence of autoantigen-specific memory B cells and the development of lupus remains to be determined. Here we show that memory B cells specific for autoantigens can be detected in autoimmune lpr mice and a pristane-induced lupus mouse model. Interestingly, B cell-specific deletion of Atg7 led to significant loss of autoreactive memory B cells and reduced autoantibody production in pristane-treated mice. Autophagy deficiency also attenuated the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis and pulmonary inflammation after pristane treatment. Adoptive transfer of wild type autoreactive memory B cells restored autoantibody production in Atg7-deficient recipients. These data suggest that autophagy is important for the persistence of autoreactive memory B cells in mediating autoantibody responses. Our results suggest that autophagy could be targeted to suppress autoreactive memory B cells and ameliorate humoral autoimmunity.
Animal drug development and consumer protection

This, then, is a brief summary of the 75 years of activities of the Food and Drug Administration as well as items of interest to the Animal Health Institute with respect to animal drug development and consumer protection.
Methylome of skeletal muscle tissue in patients with hypertension and diabetes undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Background: Epigenomic changes occurring during surgery have been neglected in research; diabetes and hypertension can affect the epigenome but little is known about the epigenetics of skeletal muscle (SKM). Methods: DNA methylation was profiled via Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays in SKM samples obtained at the beginning and end of heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Results: Methylation in patients with hypertension and diabetes was significantly different, more so for uncontrolled diabetes; hypertension alone produced minimal effect. The affected pathways involved IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGF, NF-κB and Wnt signaling, apoptosis and DNA damage response. Significant changes occurred during surgery and included loci in the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery affects the SKM methylome, and the combination of hypertension and diabetes induces changes in the SKM epigenome in contrast to hypertension alone.
Más allá de la nación: la sexualidad y el género como ejes centrales de migración

La migracion internacional se entiende, generalmente, por las dinamicas de otredad cultural, en las que el pais de origen representa un “retraso” en terminos de democratizacion de roles e identidades de genero y de las orientaciones sexuales. Este articulo intenta visibilizar estas dinamicas, a partir del analisis de los procesos de migracion desde Mexico a los Estados Unidos de hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres. Siguiendo el trabajo de Lionel Cantu, quien muestra como se intenta reproducir una diferencia cultural en los procesos legales de la solicitud del asilo politico, se explora el proceso de construccion de una representacion de genero opuesta entre ambas naciones. Este argumento ofrece una vision alternativa de las articulaciones entre genero, nacion y ciencia como ejes de la creacion de dicha diferencia, donde la sexualidad aparece como un terreno de debate contemporaneo.
Saturn vehicle cryogenic programs.

This paper describes how NASA MSFC uses and manages the cryogenic propellant program for Saturn applications. It also discusses the use of more stringent purity requirements in this specific program.
Three and Four Wave Mixing

One characteristic of nonlinear processes in quantum optics is the occurrence of products of interaction energies with complex conjugates of these energies, e.g., in the third-order product VV*V. This is built into the concept of the rotating-wave approximation, whether taken classically or quantum mechanically. Because of the V*, it is possible to conjugate a wave front. Section 2.4 discusses the conjugation of a plane wave front in a classical χ(3) medium using four-wave mixing. More generally, imagine a point source emitting spherical waves that pass through a distorting medium. Impinging on an ordinary mirror, which obeys the rule angle of reflection equals angle of incidence, the diverging rays continue to diverge upon reflection (Fig. 10.1). However, if all the exp(iK · r) plane waves comprising the wave front could be complex conjugated, i.e., turned into the corresponding exp(-iK · r) waves, the wave front would be inverted and sent back through the distorting medium to converge on the original point source. Such a phenomenon has been demonstrated using nonlinear optics and is of substantial interest in applications in laser fusion, astronomy, and compensation for bad optics in general. In addition, it is an extension of the two and three-wave interactions discussed in Chap. 9 on saturation spectroscopy, and offers useful alternative configurations to study the characteristics of matter.
Teaching Principles of Economics, Facebook, and Learning Outcomes

In this paper we describe how we used online discussion forums to complement lecture presentations. We collected data on student usage and surveyed student opinion in several online/blended sections. Our hypothesis is that increased student participation in online discussion forums will increase learner engagement and learning outcomes. Using panel data we estimate a fixed effects model and find active participation in the discussion board has a positive effect on exam score at a statistically significant level.
Ultrafiltration and Heart Failure

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a clinical scenario that stems from the underlying pathophysiology of fluid overload. Diuretic therapy has been the mainstay of restoration of homeostatic balance toward euvolemia but has limited success in the setting of diuretic resistance. With increased mortality in ADHF attributed to renal impairment and morbidity related to repeat hospitalization being a concern, strategy to effectively reduce congestion without putting renal function in further jeopardy has been demonstrated with ultrafiltration (UF). This review illustrates the pathophysiology and pitfalls of hypervolemia and examines the data validating the extracorporeal removal of fluid with UF.
Approximations of power system dynamic load characteristics by artificial neural networks

The static and dynamic characteristics of power system loads are critical to obtaining quality operating point predictions or stability calculations. The composite behavior of components at load buses are usually too complicated to be expressed in a simple form. Based on the approximation capability of artificial neural networks the authors explore the possibility of using neural networks to emulate load behaviours. The results verify the potential of load representation by neural networks. >
Attributes of Meaningful Learning Experiences in an Outdoor Education Program.

Abstract This phenomenological study sought to identify the attributes of meaningful learning experiences as found in an outdoor education program. Thirteen students in the Wilderness Writing Program at Brigham Young University were the sample of this study. Their participation in outdoor recreational activities and their reflections about their experiences were analyzed. Through written journal entries, group discussions, observations, and writing assignments, a qualitative analysis identified attributes that occurred in their meaningful learning experiences. Meaningful learning was defined as a realization of a person's weaknesses, strengths, and potentials. This realization came through experiences with attributes of a degree of perceived risk, which led to a feeling of awkwardness, followed by a purifying process, or sublimation. A reflective period allowed for reconstruction of a person's view of himself or herself and this was closely tied with feedback from others in the group.
Industrial Unit Heaters Cool Transformers

Unit heaters of the industrial type have been applied for external cooling of transformers and found to be especially useful as a substitute for the original water cooling system or as a supplement to the regular cooling system. Portable substations of smaller size and reduced weight were made possible by the use of these units.
Defining Asian American and Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions.

Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) represent a diverse group of different ethnicities and cultures. This study examines how national data on race and ethnicity are reported and describes the characteristics of AAPIs in light of the “model minority” myth. In addition, this study examines a definition of Asian American and Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions (AAPISIs) contained in legislation currently under consideration by the United States Congress.
Imagining the Real: The Art of Poetry and the Art of Pastoral Attending

This article explores the author’s own engagement with poetry and with the multiple ways in which poetry may serve as a resource for the pastoral care giver. First, it considers poetry as a means of “tuning the ear” of the counselor to the client’s use of metaphor and examines with the help of Mark Doty’s moment-by-moment description of the creation of his poem “A Display of Mackerel” the parallel process of the unfolding of the meanings of metaphoric speech in closely attended-to pastoral conversation. Second, the relationships between focusing (Gendlin), and its associations with Christian meditation, and poetry are explored. Third, the article examines the psychological and spiritual significance of memorized poetry (“poems known by heart”) by a close reading of a particular moment in a therapy session conducted by D.W. Winnicott and poems the author memorized at earlier stages in his life. Finally, it considers the power of finding a “soul friend” in particular poets who function at key times in our lives as the bearers of solace, mercy and illumination. The author cites his own experience in this regard upon reading a poem by David Whyte.
Subsurface Transport of Inorganic and Organic Solutes from Experimental Road Spreading of Oil-Field Brine

A study designed to evaluate ground water quality changes resulting from spreading oil-field brine on roads for ice and dust control was conducted using a gravel roadbed that received weekly applications of brine eight times during the winter phase and 11 times during the summer phase of the study. A network of 11 monitoring wells and five pressure-vacuum lysimeters was installed to obtain ground water and soil water samples. Thirteen sets of water- quality samples were collected and analyzed for major ions, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds. Two sets of samples were taken prior to brine spreading, four sets during winter-phase spreading, five sets during summer- phase spreading, and two sets during the interim between the winter and summer phases. A brine plume delineated by elevated specific-conductance values and elevated chloride concentrations developed downgradient of the roadbed during both the winter and summer phases. The brine plume caused chloride concentrations in ground water samples to exceed U.S. EPA public drinking-water standards by two-fold during the winter phase and five-fold during the summer phase. No other major ions, trace metals, or volatile organic compounds exceeded the standards during the winter or summer phases. More than 99 percent dilution of the solutes in the brine occurred between the roadbed surface and the local ground water flow system. Further attenuation of calcium, sodium, potassium, and strontium resulted from adsorption, whereas further attenuation of benzene resulted from volatilization and adsorption.
Williamson on Vagueness and Context-Dependence

Several philosophers offer explanations of linguistic vagueness by appealing to the referential context-dependence of vague terms. Timothy Williamson argues pre-emptively that any such approach must fail, on the grounds that context-dependence is neither necessary nor sufficient for vagueness. He supports this claim, in turn, by example. This paper argues that his examples fail to show that context-dependence is either unnecessary or insufficient for vagueness, and hence that he has failed by his own lights to show that it cannot explain vagueness.
Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced echoplanar MR imaging of the liver: preliminary observations.

This study describes our preliminary experience with dynamic gadopentetate dimeglumine enhanced echoplaner MR imaging (EPI) in fifteen patients with focal liver lesions. Lesion diagnosis was established by histology ( n = 3) or typical imaging characteristics (exclusive of the EPI study) combined with clinical follow up ( n = 12). Dynamic gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.1 mmol/kg) enhanced MR imaging was performed on a commercially available 1.5T EPI equipped MR system using a single-excitation fat-suppressed inversion recovery pulse sequence. The choice of an IR sequence allowed nulling of the lesion signal by varying T1 prior to enhancement creating the optimal conditions for qualitative inspection of the enhancement profile. Intershot delay (defined as TR) ranged from 1–5 s. Image analysis was performed qualitatively by two radiologists. Benign and malignant lesions displayed temporal enhancement profiles compatible with characteristic findings expected with conventional imaging modalities. Further refinements in our technique and expanded system capabilities will allow dynamic imaging of the entire liver with improved temporal resolution over conventional sequences.
High performance work systems in emergent organizations: Implications for firm performance

Emerging firms are the foundation for economic growth in today's business world. Yet relatively little is known about the factors that contribute to the success or failure of developing organizations. This research study addresses this broad question by examining the role that high performance work systems (HPWS) play in the performance of high-tech new ventures. Using the resource-based and dynamic capability perspectives, this research project examines the links between HPWS and firm performance. Results indicate that HPWS utilization is positively associated with sales growth and innovation; however, a hypothesized mediating role for employee voluntary turn over was not supported. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A fast new method to mitigate amplifier-induced ICI in OFDM systems based on predistortion in DFT domain

We consider the problem of inter-carrier interference (ICI) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals stemming from nonlinearities of power amplifiers (PA). OFDM signals often provoke amplifier nonlinearities due to their high peak-to-average power ratio. Predistortion is often considered in order to mitigate the resulting ICI. We consider a digital baseband predistorter based on the memory polynomial model. The predistorter is designed in the frequency domain using the the indirect training and the linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimation method. It is shown that the proposed algorithm has a very low computation complexity and is scalable for systems with a large number of subcarriers. The simulation results show that for similar computational complexities, the proposed method has a significant performance improvement in the sense of total degradation compared to the methods in [1] and [2].
Sex-role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics: A current replication

A mailed survey was conducted to determine differential stereotypes concerning Men, Women, and Successful Managers. A moderately high degree of similarity was found between stereotypes of Men and Managers, but none between Men and Women nor Women and Managers for male respondents. Female respondents perceived a moderately high similarity between Men and Managers and a slight degree of similarity between Women and both Men and Managers.
NOTES ON CASTING SLIP

Casting behavior depends on the properties of the mold, the slip, and the casting formed. The water retention of the casting is of especial significance, and experiments reveal how this depends on the nature and condition of the slip. Tannic and gallic acids as deflocculents are more effective when used in the form of sodium salts. These organic agents serve as protective colloids to reduce attack on molds.
Redefinition of Electronegativity as the Average Valence Electron Energy: The Third Dimension of the Periodic Table

Electronegativity (EN) has been redefined as the average valence electron energy (AVEE) that takes into account all of the s and p electrons in the valence shell for main group elements. This definition confers unambiguous physical meaning on the term electronegativity. EN and AVEE can be used interchangeably, directly relating the parameter to the periodicity of the elements. This paper shows that the EN criterion can be used as an exclusive approach to describing the properties and reactivities of the elements. Various chemical phenomena, such as metallicity, reactivity, type of bonding, and oxidation states, are correlated distinctly to electronegativity. Especially significant is the explanation of the difference in properties of the second row and lower main group elements based exclusively on their electronegativities. This is demonstrated to be a simple and powerful approach that possibly avoids more complicated bonding theories. Electronegativity (in terms of average valence electron energy) qualifies as the third dimension of the periodic table. The purpose of this paper is to effectively address this concept in fundamental chemical education in relation to the periodicity and properties of the elements.
Vacuum growth of thin films of ZnSnP2

Abstract A vacuum growth technique was employed for the first time to grow thin films of the ternary chalcopyrite semiconductor ZnSnP 2 . Nearstoichiometric layers were grown on GaAs, quartz and molybdenum substrates. The quality of layers grown on GaAs substrates was superior to that of layers grown on quartz substrates. All the films examined were of p-type conductivity. Indium was used to form an ohmic contact to the grown films. The more conductive samples on semi-insulating GaAs had dark resistivity values at room temperature in the range 0.2 – 10 Ω cm. Only a small decrease in these resistivity values was observed at 77 K. The Hall measurements on the above samples showed carrier concentrations in the range (1 – 10) × 10 17 cm −3 at room temperature and carrier mobility values in the range 35 – 47 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . Heterostructure diodes fabricated from the grown films on n-type GaAs showed a small photoresponse, demonstrating the feasibility of photovoltaic applications of the grown material.
Monoclonal antibodies as surrogate receptors in a high throughput screen for compounds that enhance insulin sensitivity

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were made to a known insulin sensitivity enhancer (ISE) compound, CS-045. The MoAbs were characterized with respect to binding other known thiazolidinedione ISE compounds using a CS-045 labeled with b-phycoerythrin in a competitive particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA). By comparing the rank order of IC 50 values for each compound to its respective potency as an ISE, one MoAb (13E3) was selected for further characterization. This MoAb was also used as a surrogate receptor in a high throughput screen to identify novel compounds that compete for binding to CS-045. Some of the hits were found to have efficacy in reducing blood glucose. Subsequently, another group reported that several compounds with the core thiazolidinedione structure of the ISE compounds bound with high affinity to peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors (PPAR). Therefore, we used the MoAb assay to test these and other compounds that are known to bind to PPARy and noted crossreactivity with some of the compounds.
Flow of a concentrated suspension through an abrupt axisymmetric expansion measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

The objective of this work is to characterize the parameters affecting the particle concentration distribution and flow field of a concentrated suspension undergoing steady flow in an abrupt axisymmetric 1:4 expansion. Of particular interest are the relationships between imposed operating conditions and the resulting spatial particle distribution and the interaction between particles and recirculating flow regions. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the bulk particle volume fraction, tube-particle radius ratio, and Reynolds number on observed concentration and flow patterns. Particle concentration and velocity profiles were measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Results indicate that inlet concentration profiles formed in the upstream narrow tube greatly influenced behavior downstream, more so than direct interparticle collisions in the abrupt expansion. Also, particle depletion in recirculating flow regions was observed under all conditions studied and is consistent with the results of previous work expressed in terms of the tube-particle radius ratio. Finally, in all cases, the lengths of recirculating regions were greater for suspensions than for Newtonian fluids at equivalent Reynolds numbers, and increased with bulk particle volume fraction. The flow behavior is reminiscent of shear thinning in a single-phase material, but shear-induced particle migration is a much stronger effect.
The Israel and Palestine land settlement problem, 1948–2005: An analytical history

This paper traces the history of the current conflict between Israel and Palestine from 1948–2005 C.E. It focuses on the frontier conflict between Israel and Palestine, a conflict that has resulted in four major wars during the post-Second World War period, and that has left Israel as the occupying power over a large swathe of territory not allocated to it by the United Nations in 1947. It outlines the nature of the refugee problem in Palestine and neighboring Arab states, and defines the political problems posed both by relative Israel-Palestine population growth, and by the `right to return’ claim by ousted Palestinian Arabs. It reviews the political problems posed by religious extremism and theocratic government both in Israel and Palestine. It concludes with a brief discussion of the unpleasant alternatives left as the road map to peace disintegrates and outlines a preferred solution from the perspective of the advanced western nations.
Role of histamine in short-and long-term effects of methamphetamine on the developing mouse brain

With the rise in methamphetamine (MA) use among women of childbearing age, the potential consequences of MA exposure to the developing brain for cognition in adulthood is a major concern. Histamine might mediate these MA effects. Following MA administration in neonatal mice, histamine levels in brain were elevated and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was activated. Co-administration of MA with the H3 receptor agonist immepip antagonized these effects. The effects of MA on histamine levels and on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation at P20 were more pronounced in female than male mice. These sex differences could have contributed to the increased susceptibility of female mice to the detrimental long-term cognitive effects of MA and the H3/H4 antagonist thioperamide. Following behavioral testing, mice neonatally treated with MA or thioperamide showed reduced levels of the dendritic marker microtubule-associated protein 2 in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the enthorhinal cortex. This was not seen in mice neonatally treated with immepip and MA who did not show cognitive impairments, suggesting that these brain areas might be particularly important for the long-term effects of MA on cognitive function. These data support a role for histamine in the effects of MA on the developing brain.
Ecological Literacy for Moral Virtue: Orr on [moral] education for postmodern sustainability

Abstract David Orr's postmodern philosophical investigations begin with the recognition that our modern culture is not ecologically sustainable; and therefore threatens all life on earth in the long term, even as it continues to destroy sustainable cultures in the short term. Hopeful of redirecting our civic culture or morality, as well as our technologies towards postmodern sustainability, Orr proposes an education for ecological literacy. This paper examines Orr's account of ecological literacy. Following his attempts to take us beyond modern literacy, it analyses Orr's conception of moral virtue. It concludes with some reflections on Orr's deconstruction of professional academic boundaries, including those that continue to separate ecological literacy from moral education.
THE INHIBITION OF d-GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE BY SPECIFIC ANTISERUM

Antibodies to yeast d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase have been produced in rabbits and chickens. The antiserum from either animal inhibits the activity of the yeast enzyme with the formation of a precipitate that has a low residual activity. One combining site of antibody on the enzyme appears to be the point of DPN attachment. The rate of antigen-antibody formation has been studied with varying concentrations of antibody. The activity of yeast hexokinase is not inhibited by the antiserum to the dehydrogenase. Five of six antisera to the yeast enzyme showed no inhibition of the analogous enzyme from rabbit muscle, but one serum strongly inhibited the muscle dehydrogenase in the absence of DPN. No evidence was obtained that the inhibition by this one antiserum was due to an immune reaction, because the inhibition persisted after absorption with the homologous antigen.
Role of ligand substitution in ferrocytochrome c folding.

The ligand substitutions that occur during the folding of ferrocytochrome c [Fe(II)cyt c] have been monitored by transient absorption spectroscopy. The folding reaction was triggered by photoinduced electron transfer to unfolded Fe(III)cyt c in guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) solutions. Assignments of ligation states were made by reference to the spectra of the imidazole and methionine adducts of N-acetylated microperoxidase 8. At pH 7, the heme in unfolded Fe(II)cyt c is ligated by native His18 and HisX (X = 26, 33) residues. The native Met80 ligand displaces HisX only in the last stages of folding. The ferroheme is predominantly five-coordinate in acidic solution; it remains five-coordinate until the native methionine binds the heme to give the folded protein (the rate of the methionine binding step is 16 ± 5 s^(-1) at pH 5, 3.2 M GuHCl). The evidence suggests that the substitution of histidine by methionine is strongly coupled to backbone folding.
The status of neutrino astronomy

The present status of experimental Neutrino Astronomy is discussed. Recent results both for low energy and high energy neutrino is presented.
Spatio-temporal changes of lymphatic contractility and drainage patterns following lymphadenectomy in mice.

Objective To investigate the redirection of lymphatic drainage post-lymphadenectomy using non-invasive near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, and to subsequently assess impact on metastasis. Background Cancer-acquired lymphedema arises from dysfunctional fluid transport after lymphadenectomy performed for staging and to disrupt drainage pathways for regional control of disease. However, little is known about the normal regenerative processes of the lymphatics in response to lymphadenectomy and how these responses can be accelerated, delayed, or can impact metastasis. Methods Changes in lymphatic “pumping” function and drainage patterns were non-invasively and longitudinally imaged using NIRF lymphatic imaging after popliteal lymphadenectomy in mice. In a cohort of mice, B16F10 melanoma was inoculated on the dorsal aspect of the paw 27 days after lymphadenectomy to assess how drainage patterns affect metastasis. Results NIRF imaging demonstrates that, although lymphatic function and drainage patterns change significantly in early response to popliteal lymph node (PLN) removal in mice, these changes are transient and regress dramatically due to a high regenerative capacity of the lymphatics and co-opting of collateral lymphatic pathways around the site of obstruction. Metastases followed the pattern of collateral pathways and could be detected proximal to the site of lymphadenectomy. Conclusions Both lymphatic vessel regeneration and co-opting of contralateral vessels occur following lymphadenectomy, with contractile function restored within 13 days, providing a basis for preclinical and clinical investigations to hasten lymphatic repair and restore contractile lymphatic function after surgery to prevent cancer-acquired lymphedema. Patterns of cancer metastasis after lymphadenectomy were altered, consistent with patterns of re-directed lymphatic drainage.
A Bad Disease, a Fatal Cure: Why Sterilization is Permissible and the Autonomy of Medicine is Not

The debate in this issue regarding the Roman Catholic condemnation of the morality of sterilization is puzzling for Protestants. As I will argue the puzzlement arises on two grounds. First, why would anyone object to direct sterilization for the cure or prevention of disease? Second, if one wanted to challenge such an objection on moral grounds why would one turn to medicine to do so? For Christian ethics there is nothing wrong in principle with direct sterilization when there are good reasons for precluding the possibility of an additional pregnancy; and it is a serious theological mistake to treat medicine as an independent moral authority.
The roles of gender and temporal distance in the recall of dissonant self-related memories

Abstract This study examined strategies employed to support a positive self-image in the face of dissonant self-related memories, especially focusing on the role of gender. Participants ( N = 498) were recruited online and identified a self-descriptive trait. They then reported a memory of a time when they did or did not act according to that trait. Participants distanced themselves from dissonant, self-related memories by downplaying the event’s importance and relevance to identity and by emphasizing their lack of agency and the degree to which they had changed. Additionally, participants reported dissonant events from further in the past than consonant events, a tendency displayed more strongly amongst women than men. Women also rated events as more pertinent to the self on questionnaire measures. Findings demonstrate ways that autobiographical memories are reported and organized to support a positive self-image, and deepen an understanding of the role of gender in this process.
Late gadolinium enhancement: precursor to cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Background Progressive cardiomyopathy is a common cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), presumably secondary to fibrosis of the myocardium. The posterobasal and left lateral free wall of the left ventricle (LV) are initial sites of myocardial fibrosis pathologically. The purposes of this study were to assess whether cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), utilizing late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), could identify fibrosis in selective areas of the myocardium, and to assess the relationship of the presence and extent of fibrosis to LV function. Methods The cardiology databases at Primary Children’s Medical Center and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center were reviewed to identify patients with DMD who had undergone a CMRI within the last 2 years. Age, LV ejection fraction, LV mass, presence and location of LGE were documented. Volumes were measured using MASS (Medis, Inc.) to calculate ejection fraction and mass. LGE images were acquired and when positive, customized computer assisted sizing of the areas of late gadolinium enhancement were performed on all slices. Normal function was defined as LV ejection fraction >54%. Results A total of 74 patients with DMD had complete data sets (median age 13.7 years, range 7.7–26.4). Twenty-four patients (32%) had LGE involving the posterobasal region of the LV in a sub-epicardial distribution. Those patients with more involvement had spread to the inferior and left lateral free wall with progressive transmural fibrous replacement. There was relative sparing of the interventricular septum and right ventricle. Patients with LGE were significantly older than those without (mean age 16.4 vs 12.9 years, P < 0.001). LGE was positively associated with BSA-adjusted LV mass, LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, and RV end-systolic volume but inversely correlated with ejection fraction of the LV (P < 0.001) and RV (P = 0.004). Conclusions LGE by CMRI is able to detect fibrosis in selective regions of myocardium in patients with DMD. Unfavorable LV remodeling, with a corresponding decreased ejection fraction, is associated with the presence of LGE. Serial studies are warranted to determine if LGE precedes a decrease in function, and if early medical management is useful in preventing progression once LGE is documented.
Transient analysis of structural members using a continuous space continuous time method

Abstract A technique is developed for the transient analysis of a general class of structural members, such as rods, beams, and plates. Generality is provided by allowing the members to possess general viscous damping, non-homogeneous boundary conditions, and to be subjected to arbitrary forcing functions. The spatial solution is provided by the Riccati transfer matrix method, which is ideally suited to this class of members. The time problem is solved in the Laplace transform plane. Inversion of the transform is achieved using the Fast Fourier Transform. The computational efficiency of this technique is demonstrated by examples of a rod and a beam loaded by a suddenly applied force.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Incipient and Hidden Caries

Traditionally, dentists have been trained in the surgical model for caries management whereby detection is akin to diagnosis. This model unfortunately has been translated to patient expectations. Nevertheless, a growing body of clinical evidence suggests that noncavitated lesions, even those extending into dentin, can be managed by nonsurgical means with an expectation for remineralization.
Management Science in U.S. AACSB International-Accredited Core Undergraduate Business School Curricula

In 2003, accreditation standards were revised to require coverage of management science (MS) after previously removing it in 1991. Meanwhile, increasing awareness of the value of business analytics stimulated a renewed interest in MS. To examine its present status in undergraduate core business curricula, the authors conducted two studies to review quantitative course requirements at top-ranked schools and to survey MS course content. The results indicate limited visibility of MS as a discipline and significant variation in MS topic coverage across institutions. These findings raise serious concerns about the ability of business schools to produce future graduates with the skills needed to support industry adoption of advanced analytics.
Panic disorder, agoraphobia, and anxiety-relevant cognitive style.

We attempted to identify factors differentiating Agoraphobia with Panic Attacks (AG) from Panic Disorder (PD) patients. Twenty-three AG and 27 PD patients were compared. No significant difference in severity of illness was found. As predicted, the groups differed on a measure of anxiety-relevant cognitions developed for this study, the Anxious Thoughts and Tendencies scale (AT&T) (P<0.02). We suggest that differences in interpretation of panic attacks account for the development of phobic avoidance behavior in some but not all PD patients. The intercorrelations among measures suggest that Panic Disorder may be conceptualized as having several independent although related components (panic attacks, general anxiety, phobic anxiety, and cognitive distortions).
Manuscripts containing English decoration 871–1066, catalogued and illustrated: a review

In the period from Alfred's reign to the Norman Conquest scribes and artists in southern England once more achieved a high standard in bookmaking, comparable to the brilliant tradition which had been established in both the north and the south in the eighth century. Some codices survive which are rough in execution, written on poorly prepared membrane by unskilled hands, but the majority – by no means chiefly service books produced for ecclesiastical and royal patrons – demonstrate that by the end of the tenth century a large number of scribes understood the techniques of careful preparation of membranes and inks, had mastered the letter-forms of two scripts, Caroline minuscule and Anglo-Saxon square minuscule, and were disciplined to follow consistently a hierarchy of scripts for the openings of texts and major divisions, chapter titles, incipits and explicits. What remains must be only a fragment of the production of Benedictine monks and nuns, secular clerks and lay scribes. But however incomplete and unbalanced the evidence, the over-all level of accomplishment cannot be doubted.
A rotational sample/reference cell for high-accuracy realtime spectroscopic trace-gas sensing

We demonstrate real-time drift correction of a quantum cascade laser based direct absorption trace-gas sensor using a rotating in-line reference cell. High accuracy and performance sufficient for long-term environmental monitoring has been demonstrated.
Transgenic rescue of aganglionosis and piebaldism in lethal spotted mice.

Complete colonization of the gut by enteric neural precursors depends on activation of ednrB and Ret receptors by their respective ligands, edn3 and gdnf. Mutations that eliminate expression of either ligand or either receptor produce intestinal aganglionosis in rodents and humans. Embryos homozygous for the lethal spotted (ls) allele, a loss of function mutation in the edn3 gene, have no ganglion cells in their terminal large intestines and are spotted, due to incomplete colonization of the skin by melanocyte precursors. Expression of edn3 in enteric neural precursors of transgenic mice compensates fully for deficient endogenous edn3 in ls/ls embryos. The effects of the edn3 transgene are dose-dependent, as lower levels of expression in one line prevent aganglionosis in only a subset of animals and reduce, but fail to eliminate, piebaldism. In contrast, expression of neither constitutively active Ret nor activated ras in enteric neural progenitors alters the severity of aganglionosis or piebaldism in ls/ls mice. Given the spatial and temporal pattern of edn3-transgene expression, our results suggest that edn3/ednrB signals are not required prior to the arrival of crest cells in the gut and endrB stimulation elicits distinct cellular responses from Ret or ras activation. Dev Dyn 2000;217:120–132. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Off-target and a portion of target-specific siRNA mediated mRNA degradation is Ago2 ‘Slicer’ independent and can be mediated by Ago1

It is known that siRNAs are capable of reducing expression of non-target genes due to the interaction of the siRNA guide strand with a partially complementary site on the 'off-target' mRNA. In the current study, we show that reduction of cellular Ago2 levels has no effect on off-target reduction of endogenous genes and that off-target degradation of mRNA can occur even in an Ago2 knockout cell line. Using antisense mediated reduction of Ago proteins and chemically modified cleavage- and binding-deficient siRNAs, we demonstrate that siRNA mediated off-target reduction is Ago2 cleavage independent, but does require siRNA interaction with either Ago1 or Ago2 and the RISC-loading complex. We also show that depletion of P-body associated proteins results in a reduction of off-target siRNA-mediated degradation of mRNA. Finally, we present data suggesting that a significant portion of on-target siRNA activity is also Ago2 cleavage independent, however, this activity does not appear to be P-body associated.
Color naming: color scientists do it between Munsell Sheets of Color

With the advent of high dynamic range imaging and wide gamut color spaces, gamut mapping algorithms have to nudge image colors much more drastically to constrain them within a rendering device's gamut. Classical colorimetry is concerned with color matching and the developed color difference metrics are for small distances. For larger distances, categorization becomes a more useful concept. In the gamut mapping case, lexical distance induced by color names is a more useful metric, which translates to the condition that a nudged color may not cross a name boundary. The new problem is to find these color name boundaries. We compare the experimental procedures used for color naming by linguists, ethnologists, and color scientists and propose a methodology that leads to robust repeatable experiments.
Lymphocyte recovery after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation predicts risk of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) is curative for many patients with high-risk and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, relapse is an important cause of post-transplantation failure, and there are no reliable markers to predict relapse. A retrospective review of patients with ALL who underwent matched related allogeneic BMT was carried out to examine whether the rate of lymphocyte recovery after transplantation had any prognostic value in ALL. The absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) at days 21 and 30 after transplantation was obtained for 43 patients who received transplants during an 18-year period. Patients with an ALC of 175 × 106/l or less on day 21 were more likely to relapse than those with ALC greater than 175 × 106/l (relative risk, 4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–11.2). Patients with slower lymphocyte recovery had significantly lower relapse-free survival than those with faster recovery (P=0.0028). There was also a trend toward poorer overall survival among those with a slow lymphocyte recovery (log-rank test; P=0.028). The rate of lymphocyte recovery is prognostic in patients with ALL undergoing allogeneic BMT, and this should be integrated with other predictors to identify patients at high risk of relapse. Such patients could be considered for interventions aimed at prevention of relapse, including rapid withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication or donor lymphocyte infusion.
Genetic control of repression of alkaline phosphatase in E. coli.

Synthesis of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase by the standard strain of E. coli K12 is repressed when growth occurs in a medium containing excess orthophosphate. Repression of this enzyme is under the control of two regulator genes; one is closely linked to the structural gene, and the other is located in a distant region. The presence of a constitutive mutation in either of the regulator genes prevents repression of the enzyme. The results of cis-trans tests show that the constitutive alleles of the two genes are recessive in both cis and trans positions relative to the structural gene. This suggests that each regulator gene plays an essential role in the formation of a repressor for alkaline phosphatase.
Head start is too late: integrating and applying infant observation studies, and attachment, trauma, and neurobiological research to groups with pregnant and new mothers.

In this paper new knowledge generated from theoretical and empirical work in in-fant observation studies and attachment, trauma, and neurobiology research is integrated and applied to the developme...