cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-Power Tradeoffs for Sorting on a Mesh-Connected Computer with Optical Connections

Energy consumption has become a critical factor constraining the design of massively parallel computers, necessitating the development of new models and energy-efficient algorithms. The primary component of on-chip energy consumption is data movement, and the mesh computer is a natural model of this, explicitly taking distance into account. Unfortunately the dark silicon problem increasingly constrains the number of bits which can be moved simultaneously. For sorting, standard mesh algorithms minimize time and total data movement, and hence constraining the mesh to use only half its processors at any instant must double the time. It is anticipated that on-chip optics will be used to minimize the energy needed to move bits, but they have constraints on their layout. In an abstract model, we show that a pyramidal layout and a new power-aware algorithm allows one to sort with only a square root increase in time as the fraction of processors simultaneously powered decreases. Previous algorithms assumed fully powered systems, hence pyramid sorting was of no interest since when fully powered they are no faster than the base mesh. Our results show asymptotic theoretical limits of computation and energy usage on a model which takes physical constraints and developing interconnection technology into account.
Comprehending referential expressions during reading: Evidence from eye tracking

Two eye‐tracking experiments investigated how referential expressions, consisting of proper names and pronouns, influence reading comprehension. Experiment 1 showed that repeated names caused elevated reading times compared to pronouns, a finding that has been called the repeated‐name penalty in studies using self‐paced reading (Gordon, Grosz, & Gilliom, 1993). Consistent with these previous studies, Experiment 1 also showed that the repeated‐name penalty occurs for syntactic subjects that corefer with the subject of the preceding sentence, but does not occur for direct objects that corefer with an object of the preceding sentence. These results further serve to localize the repeated‐name penalty within the sentence and to show that it can be associated with an increase in the frequency of regressive saccades out of the text region beyond the repeated name. Experiment 2 showed that the repeated‐name penalty was modulated not only by syntactic factors within a sentence but also by the relationship between ...
Fusion of FLIR automatic target recognition algorithms

Abstract In this paper, we investigate several fusion techniques for designing a composite classifier to improve the performance (probability of correct classification) of forward-looking infrared (FLIR) automatic target recognition (ATR). The motivation behind the fusion of ATR algorithms is that if each contributing technique in a fusion algorithm (composite classifier) emphasizes on learning at least some features of the targets that are not learned by other contributing techniques for making a classification decision, a fusion of ATR algorithms may improve overall probability of correct classification of the composite classifier. In this research, we propose to use four ATR algorithms for fusion. The individual performance of the four contributing algorithms ranges from 73.5% to about 77% of probability of correct classification on the testing set. The set of correctly classified targets by each contributing algorithm usually has a substantial overlap with the set of correctly identified targets by other algorithms (over 50% for the four algorithms being used in this research). There is also a significant part of the set of correctly identified targets that is not shared by all contributing algorithms. The size of this subset of correctly identified targets generally determines the extent of the potential improvement that may result from the fusion of the ATR algorithms. In this research, we propose to use Bayes classifier, committee of experts, stacked-generalization, winner-takes-all, and ranking-based fusion techniques for designing the composite classifiers. The experimental results show an improvement of more than 6.5% over the best individual performance.
Radio and X-Ray Variability of the Galactic Superluminal Source GRS 1915+105

We report results of radio and hard X-ray monitoring observations of the Galactic superluminal X-ray source GRS 1915+105 carried out with the Green Bank Interferometer and the Burst and Transient Source Experiment during the period 1994 September through 1996 March. Both the radio and the hard X-ray light curves show a complex transient behavior. The radio emission monitored at 2.25 and 8.3 GHz is correlated with episodes of enhanced hard X-ray emission. A phenomenological classification of the radio emission indicates two distinct emission modes: plateau and flaring. Plateau radio emission is in general optically thick, with a flat-topped light curve showing a rapid onset and decrease of the flux density. The radio flaring state shows large radio flares that can increase in flux density by 2 orders of magnitude in less than 18 hr, followed by an optically thin exponential decay. These observed large radio flares are consistent with external propagation of plasmoids emitting synchrotron radiation. We comment on the significance of these results, and suggest a scenario for modeling the multiwavelength behavior of GRS 1915+105.
Characterization of candidate DIAL lidar water-vapor and carbon dioxide absorption lines in the 2-um region

DIAL lidar for water-vapor and temperature remote sensing in the eye-safe two micron region has been receiving much interest. Such systems rely on accurate spectral line characterization. Typically spectral line properties are taken from the HITRAN database. A series of transmittance measurements are made to complete and improve the HITRAN database in this important spectral region. A 3-meter base-path White cell attached to a BOMEM DA3.02 is used for the transmittance measurements. The White cell is set to a path length of 216 meters for all experiments. Measurements of pure water-vapor, nitrogen broadened water-vapor, pure carbon dioxide, and nitrogen broadened carbon dioxide are collected at room temperature. Data analysis is performed on water-vapor lines that are relatively temperature insensitive and carbon dioxide lines that are relatively temperature sensitive over the range of typical atmospheric temperatures. The measured spectrum is converted to the absorption coefficient and is nonlinear least squares fitted to determine the spectral line parameters. Some lines show good agreement (within a few percent) with the HITRAN database, other lines disagree by more than +/- 10%. Thus care must be exercised in applying the HITRAN database to DIAL lidar applications. New parameters are obtained that are not available on the current 1992 HITRAN database, such as the self width and pressure shift.
Life style factors and acquired susceptibility to environmental disease

Multifactorial risk factors are responsible for many diseases. They can be broadly categorized as environmental, genetic and life style factors. Much attention has been focused on the first two categories, e.g. the identification of environmental toxicants/carcinogens and the elucidation of genetic susceptibility to disease. Life style risk factors such as aging, poor nutrition, infection and exposure to toxicants can also increase susceptibility to illnesses. These life style factors can therefore be considered to cause acquired susceptibility for increased risk for environmental disease. Among Egyptians, infection with the parasite, Schistosoma, is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer and the risk is enhanced by exposure to mutagenic chemicals. We have shown that inheritance of susceptible metabolizing genes that can increase body burden of mutagenic chemicals enhances the risk. We have also hypothesized that chronic exposure to mutagenic chemicals causes cellular abnormalities that can reduce the capacity of cells to repair DNA damage and thus increase the risk for environmental disease. We have used a challenge assay to show that cells from cigarette smokers and from populations exposed to uranium, butadiene and pesticides have abnormal DNA repair responses compared to matched controls. On the other hand, the response is normal in workers exposed to very low concentrations of butadiene and benzene, and in mothers who had children with birth defects. This suggests that exposure to high enough concentrations of certain mutagens can cause acquired susceptibility in human populations. The acquired susceptibility is expected to interact with environmental factors and with genetic susceptibility to increase risk for environmental disease.
Polytypism in the cation-deficient iron sulfide, Fe 9 S 10 , and the magnetokinetics of the diffusion process at temperatures about the antiferro- to ferrimagnetic (λ) phase transition

The variation of the periodicity along the $C$ axis (${N}^{\ensuremath{'}}C$) as a function of temperature in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{9}$${\mathrm{S}}_{10}$, where ${N}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ varies between 5 and 1 over the range 300-600 K, has been investigated. The antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic ($\ensuremath{\lambda}$) phase transition is explained in terms of a vacancy rearrangement. Using absolute-reaction-rate theory and measurements of magnetization as a function of time at constant temperature around the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition, coefficients of diffusion for iron atoms along the $C$ axis have been determined over the range 440 to 484 K and found to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. Appropriate mechanisms for the diffusion process are also considered.
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and lentiginosis: A little known neural ectodermal syndrome

Eleven patients, 10 male, with classic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and lentiginosis are described. Physical examination showed differences from the few previously reported cases in that (1) this condition was not confined to children; (2) mental retardation, sensorineural deafness and gonadal and somatic infantilism were either rare or absent; and (3) detailed family studies provided no evidence that this condition was inherited. Nine patients underwent cardiac catheterization and left ventricular angiography; all had left ventricular outflow obstruction and three had concomitant right ventricular outflow obstruction with a pressure gradient in excess of 100 mm Hg. Ten of the 11 patients were severely symptomatic, and 7, each with a left ventricular pressure gradient of more than 70 mm Hg, underwent successful septal myotomy/myectomy that resulted in marked symptomatic improvement that was maintained after long-term follow-up.
The Effects of Different Police Roles on Attitudes and Values.

Summary Role demands have been found to be extremely important in the formation of attitudes and values. Attitudes and values of police and nonpolice concerning authoritarianism, punitiveness, and ethics were examined. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) Authoritarianism and punitiveness will differ as a function of particular police roles, (b) Police and police science majors will have more punitive attitudes than nonpolice. (c) Police will have a greater commitment to the ethics of social responsibility, while nonpolice will have a greater commitment to the ethics of personal conscience. Six groups of Ss were examined: a nonpolice control group, police science majors, recruits at a police academy, jail personnel, patrol bureau personnel, and detective bureau personnel. Ss were 198 males, including 127 police Ss and 71 nonpolice Ss. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance supported all three hypotheses.
Sputtering and heating of Titan's upper atmosphere

Titan is an important endpoint for understanding atmospheric evolution. Prior to Cassini’s arrival at Saturn, modelling based on Voyager data indicated that the hydrogen escape rate was large (1–3!10 28 amu s K1 ), but the escape rates for carbon and nitrogen species were relatively small (5!10 26 amu s K1 ) and dominated by atmospheric sputtering. Recent analysis of the structure of Titan’s thermosphere and corona attained from the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer and the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument on Cassini have led to substantially larger estimates of the loss rate for heavy species (0.3–5!10 28 amu s K1 ). At the largest rate suggested, a mass that is a significant fraction of the present atmosphere would have been lost to space in 4 Gyr; hence, understanding the nature of the processes driving escape is critical. The recent estimates of neutral escape are reviewed here, with particular emphasis on plasma-induced sputtering and heating. Whereas the loss of hydrogen is clearly indicated by the altitude dependence of the H2 density, three different one-dimensional models were used to estimate the heavy-molecule loss rate using the Cassini data for atmospheric density versus altitude. The solar heating rate and the nitrogen density profile versus altitude were used in a fluid dynamic model to extract an average net upward flux below the exobase; the diffusion of methane through nitrogen was described below the exobase using a model that allowed for outward flow; and the coronal structure above the exobase was simulated by presuming that the observed atmospheric structure was due to solarand plasma-induced hot particle production. In the latter, it was hypothesized that hot recoils from photochemistry or plasma-ion-induced heating were required. In the other two models, the upward flow extracted is driven by heat conduction from below, which is assumed to continue to act above the nominal exobase, producing a process referred to as ‘slow hydrodynamic’ escape. These models and the resulting loss rates are reviewed and compared. It is pointed out that preliminary estimates of the composition of the magnetospheric plasma at Titan’s orbit appear to be inconsistent with the largest loss rates suggested for the heavy species, and the mean upward flow extracted in the onedimensional models could be consistent with atmospheric loss by other mechanisms or with transport to other regions of Titan’s atmosphere.
Embedding properties of general relativistic manifolds

Integrability conditions for embedding a Riemannian manifold in a pseudo-Euclidean space of higher dimensions are derived. They are used to show that essentially the only physically significant solutions of the Einstein field equations which can be embedded in five dimensions are the Friedmann universes. The relation between symmetry properties and embedding properties of a manifold is discussed, setting upper bounds to the embedding class in certain cases.
Thwarting Cache Side-Channel Attacks Through Dynamic Software Diversity

We explore software diversity as a defense against side-channel attacks by dynamically and systematically random- izing the control flow of programs. Existing software diversity techniques transform each program trace identically. Our di- versity based technique instead transforms programs to make each program trace unique. This approach offers probabilistic protection against both online and off-line side-channel attacks. In particular, we create a large number of unique program execution paths by automatically generating diversified replicas for parts of an input program. Replicas derived from the same original program fragment have different implementations, but perform semantically equivalent computations. At runtime we then randomly and frequently switch between these replicas. We evaluate how well our approach thwarts cache-based side- channel attacks, in which an attacker strives to recover cryp- tographic keys by analyzing side-effects of program execution. Our method requires no manual effort or hardware changes, has a reasonable performance impact, and reduces side-channel information leakage significantly.
Analysis of human capital development in Puerto Rico: summary and conclusions

This article examines human capital development issues in Puerto Rico. Researchers from The University of Southern Mississippi's Human Capital Development programme travelled to Puerto Rico to investigate the question ‘How is Puerto Rico retraining its workforce to meet the demand of global competition?’. Interviews were conducted with individuals involved in Puerto Rico's workforce development efforts. Using the results of these interviews, thisarticle identifies trends and challenges that Puerto Rico faces in developing itshuman capital. Challenges include high dependence on government support,inadequately designed reskilling programmes and lack of accountability. A primary goal of this article includes increasing awareness of and promoting further discussion of Puerto Rico's human capital development issues and opportunities.
Early Miocene Subglacial Basalts, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, and Uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains

Subglacially erupted volcanic rocks from Mount Early and Sheridan Bluff, Antarctica, yield whole-rock potassium-argon dates and argon-40/argon-39 release spectra of Early Miocene age. Field associations suggest the existence of the East Antarctic ice sheet and significant uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains by that time.
Resistance Anomaly in Palladium–Silver Alloys Containing Rare Earth Impurities

Electrical resistivities of Pd and three Pd–Ag alloys containing small amounts of Gd and Nd are shown to display varying anomalies at low temperatures. With decreasing temperature, the resistivity-temperature curves show (i) an accelerated decrease of resistivity at temperatures below some characteristic temperature. Td, in the binary Pd alloys, (ii) a minimum in the tertiary Pd0.5Ag0.5 alloys, and (iii) a minimum and a sharp maximum in the tertiary Pd0.35Ag0.65 and Pd0.25Ag0.75 alloys. The present alloys, which constitute a continuous series of solid solutions having a common magnetic impurity, have thus exhibited a gradual shift from one to another of the three possible types of resistance anomalies predicted for dilute magnetic alloys by Kondo and other workers. The shift implies that a dominant role is played by the host lattice in the mechanism leading to a resistance anomaly. Der elektrische Widerstand von Palladium und von drei Palladium–Silber-Legierungen mit geringen Zusatzen von Gadolinium und Neodym zeigt bei tiefen Temperaturen verschiedene Anomalien. Der Widerstand der binaren Palladium-Legierungen nimmt unterhalb einer charakteristischen Temperatur Td mit abnehmender Temperatur beschleunigt ab, die ternare Legierung Pd0,5Ag0,5 zeigt ein Minimum und die ternaren Legierungen Pd0,35Ag0,65 und Pd0,25Ag0,75 weisen ein Minimum und ein Maximum des elektrischen Widerstandes auf. Die untersuchten Legierungen, die eine luckenlose Mischkristallreihe bilden und die die genannten magnetischen Verunreinigungen enthalten, andern ihr Widerstandsverhalten allmahlich von einem zum anderen Typ der drei moglichen Widerstandsanomalien, wie sie fur verdunnte magnetische Legierungen von Kondo et al. vorausgesagt wurden. Die Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung nahe, das das Wirtsgitter einen grosen Einflus auf den zu der Widerstandsanomalie fuhrenden Mechanismus hat.
Stress, Self‐Esteem, Hope, Optimism, and Well‐Being in Urban, Ethnic Minority Adolescents

This study examined hope, optimism, self-esteem, social support, stress, and indices of subjective well-being (SWB) in 137 low-income, urban, ethnic minority adolescents. Hope, optimism, and self-esteem were significant predictors of SWB indices, but stress predicted only 1 SWB index: negative affect. No moderators of stress and negative affect were identified. Este estudio examino la esperanza, optimismo, autoestima, apoyo social, estres e indices de bienestar subjetivo (SWB, por sus siglas en ingles) de 137 adolescentes urbanos de minorias etnicas y bajo nivel de ingresos. La esperanza, el optimismo y la autoestima fueron indicadores de prediccion de los indices de SWB, pero el estres predijo solamente un indice de SWB: el afecto negativo. No se identificaron moderadores del estres y el afecto negativo.
Decalcification at the Mantle-Shell Interface in Molluscs

Decalcification at the mantle-shell interface in Mercenaria tnercenaria was studied through the changes in the chemical composition of the extrapallial fluid, and by the measurement of Ca45-deposition and solution. Measurements of O2-tension demonstrated that the clam was anaerobic soon after the valves were closed. Measurements of calcium, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration showed that all of these components of the extrapallial fluid increase with increasing time of closure. These measurements, and measurements of calcium and succinic acid in the tissues and fluids of the clam, indicated thatsuccinic acid produced by the anaerobic metabolism of the clam was neutralized by the dissolution of previously deposited shell.
Experimental evaluation of decompression techniques used in colonic surgery.

The decompressive effects of adjunct procedures commonly used in conjunction with colonic surgery were studied. A 9-inch length of terminal colon was excised and colorectal anastomosis performed. Intracolonic pressures were measured at three levels in the colon 5 cm apart. Resting intracolonic pressures in Group B (sphincter stretched) dogs were significantly higher than those in Group A (controls) and lower than those in Group C (cecostomy) and Group D (colostomy). There was no significant difference between resting intracolonic pressures in Group C and Group D. This study indicates that tube cecostomy and transverse colostomy are equally effective in decompressing the colon in apparently healthy dogs, while forced stretching of the sphincter is not effective. Neostigmine did not increase intracolonic pressure, which seems to suggest that the bowel is not responsive to extraneous parasympathomimetic agents in the early postoperative phase.
Synthesis of the sodium salts of methyl 2-O-α-l-fucopyranosyl-α-l-fucopyranoside 3- and 4-sulfate

Synthesis of methyl 2-O-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside 3- and 4-sulfate was accomplished through the use of a key glycosyl donor, methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside, with methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-fucopyranoside and methyl 4-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-alpha-fucopyranoside as acceptors.
Magnetocaloric effect in bulk and nanostructured Gd 3 Fe 5 O 12 materials

We report here the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in bulk and nanostructured gadolinium iron garnets (Gd3Fe5O12). When compared with the bulk counterpart, the magnitude of the MCE is smaller for nanostructured samples with an average grain size of 50nm, but increases when the grain size decreases to 35nm. For the bulk sample, the MCE curves show a broad peak at 35K; this peak is found to shift to lower temperatures for the nanostructured samples. The origin of the MCE peak for the bulk sample is associated with the intrinsic magnetic frustration and the ferromagnetic ordering of the Gd sublattice below 90K, while for nanostructured garnets it is additionally ascribed to the surface spin disorder and particle blocking effects. While blocking is detrimental to achieving large MCE, surface spin disorder is found to enhance it under high applied fields. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Restricted expression of integrated primate type-C virus (Gibbon ape leukemia virus-simian sarcoma virus) proviral DNA in nonproductively infected human B lymphoblasts

Abstract Human B-lymphoblast cell lines established from peripheral blood after infection with retroviruses of the simian sarcoma/simian sarcoma associated virus (SSV/SSAV)-gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) group generally do not produce detectable virus, even though viral RNA and protein are expressed. We show here by Southern blot and liquid molecular hybridization experiments that most of these nonproducer cultures not producing virus contain apparently complete proviral DNA sequences which lack detectable rearrangements, indicating that restriction of virus replication is not due to obvious proviral lesions. The provirus is often present in only a fraction of the cell population, although the proviral copy number is variable and increases during extensive tissue culture or passage through nude mice. The proviral DNA is integrated into multiple heterogeneous sites in these cells, indicating a polyclonal population. A few of these cell lines have been cloned. Clonal lines have so far originated only from cells which contain proviral DNA and express viral RNA, although they still do not produce complete or infectious virus. Southern blots show that these cells are clonal in origin and contain a complete provirus with two LTRs arranged in the normal orientation. Two viral mRNA species are expressed which are identical in size to those from virus-producing cell lines. The smaller (presumably env ) mRNA, like that from virus-producer lines, is a spliced transcript which contains both 5′- and 3′-derived sequences. These data strongly suggest that these cells restrict viral replication at some stage later than mRNA synthesis, possibly at the level of protein synthesis or processing.
Critical Issues in Contraceptive and STI Acceptability Research

We review conceptual issues and theoretical frameworks related to users acceptability of new technologies designed to protect reproductive health and prevent unwanted pregnancy. Special attention is given to distinctions among different kinds of users perspectives regarding acceptability as well as differentiating acceptability from assessments of the efficacy of innovative methods. Emphasis is also given to the larger context of couple decision-making and cultural variation. We argue that concern for sexual pleasure plays a central role in determining user perspectives regarding new methods. The female condom contraceptive ring contraceptive skin patch microbicides vaccines emergency contraception and PERSONA are discussed within the context of the identified critical issues. (authors)
The paleomagnetic record in carbonaceous chondrites: Natural remanence and magnetic properties

Recent results of an intensive study of the natural remanence (NRM) and the magnetic properties of carbonaceous chondrites (CC) are summarized. It is convincingly demonstrated that the record of ancient magnetic fields has been preserved in these least-altered old samples of solar system material known. Intensities of specific NRM in the 13 meteorites surveyed span a broad range of values from 0.00005 to 0.5 emu/g. A low-temperature cleaning technique, based on the memory effect in magnetite grains, was followed by alternating field (af) demagnetization of the residual memory to exhibit the relative stability of NRM in the CC studied. No systematic correlation was found of either intensity or stability of NRM to af demagnetization with petrologic subtype, beyond a trend of increasing stability of memory from petrologic subtype C2 to subtype C4. The intensity and stability behavior of the saturation remanence are better suited for use in a magnetic classification of CC.
Relation of gender, course enrollment, and grades to distinct forms of academic dishonesty

A thorough understanding of academic dishonesty and the students who engage in it is necessary to develop appropriate policies and educational interventions to discourage such actions. The present study examines the frequency of academic dishonesty and the characteristics (i.e. gender, course enrollment, and grades) of students who engage in distinct forms of the behavior by surveying undergraduates at a large public university in the USA. Of 292 students, 57.19% reported some form of academic dishonesty in the previous six months, with cheating on a test being the most frequent form (51.71%). Men and students in a study strategies course had a significantly higher report rate for both plagiarism and making false excuses in comparison to women and students in a science course, respectively. Low grades corresponded with high rates of academic dishonesty, specifically in terms of having provided false excuses. Implications for college teaching settings are discussed.
Road trips and resources: there is a better way.

Transport of critically ill patients for diagnostic and/or therapeutic management involves significant consumption of resources. In an effort to improve the delivery of care to these patients and decrease resource utilization, Hill-Rom (Batesville, IN, USA) have developed a self-contained device (CarePorterTM) designed to provide both intensive care unit (ICU) support and transport capability. We hypothesized that the use of the CarePorter when compared with a standard or specialty bed (with transfer to a stretcher) would decrease the number of personnel and time required for transport without altering the current ICU standards of care. Over a 3 month period, 35 ventilated patient transports were divided into the following groups: specialty bed to stretcher (n = 13), standard bed (n = 9) and CarePorter (n = 13). The APACHE II score at the time of transport was not different between the groups, nor was the ongoing care being delivered. The CarePorter group had a statistically greater fractional inspiration of oxygen and positive end expiratory pressure, when compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05). The use of the CarePorter device decreased the number of personnel required to transport a patient (2.1 ± 0.3 vs 3.6 ± 0.5 for the standard bed and and 3.2 ± 0.7 for the specialty bed; P = 0.0001). The CarePorter also decreased the number of resources utilized for the preparation of a patient for transport (P = 0.001) when compared to the other groups. This was primarily due to the transfer of patients from specialty beds to a stretcher. Overall respiratory therapy time was also much less with the CarePorter (5.9 ± 5.7 min), when compared with the standard (26 ± 10 min) or specialty bed (22 ± 11 min) (P = 0.0008). In addition, the CarePorter group also had a higher nursing satisfaction score with the overall transport (P = 0.008). Use of the CarePorter device resulted in maximization of the delivery of patient care, time savings, significantly improved utilization of escort personnel
The science and technology of magnetoresistive tunneling memory

Rapid advances in portable communication and computing systems are creating an increasing demand for nonvolatile random access memory that is both high-density and highspeed. Existing solid-state technologies are unable to provide all of the needed attributes in a single memory solution. Therefore, a number of different memories are currently being used to achieve the multiple functionality requirements, often compromising performance and adding cost to the system. A new technology, magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) based on magnetoresistive tunneling, has the potential to replace these memories in various systems with a single, universal solution. The key attributes of MRAM are nonvolatility, high-speed operation. and unlimited read and write endurance. This technology is enabled by the ability to deposit high-quality, nanometer scale tunneling barriers that display enhanced magnetoresistive response. In this article we describe several fundamental technical and scientific aspects of MRAM with emphasis on recent accomplishments that enabled our successful demonstration of a 256-Kb memory chip.
Cadmium-induced apoptosis in murine macrophages is antagonized by antioxidants and caspase inhibitors.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that accumulates in the environment and is commonly found in cigarette smoke and industrial effluents. This study was designed to determine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and its antagonism by antioxidants, in cadmium-mediated cell signaling and apoptosis in murine macrophage cultures. Cadmium-generated ROS production was observed in J774A.1 cells at 6 h, reverting to control levels at 16 and 24 h. The ROS production was concentration related between 20 and 500 μM cadmium. Activation of caspase-3 was observed at 8 h and DNA fragmentation at 16 h in the presence of 20 μM cadmium, suggesting that caspase-3 activation is a prior step to DNA fragmentation in cadmium-induced apoptosis. Inhibitors of caspase-3, -8, -9, and a general caspase inhibitor suppressed cadmium-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis indicating the importance of caspase-3 in cadmium-induced toxicity in these cells. Protection against the oxidative stress with N-acetylcysteine (NAC...
Connecting Students and Academics Through the Arts

It is my belief that the foundation of a college education is the fine arts and the humanities. In the classics, philosophy, history, music and art, to name only a few of the liberal arts, we explore and seek to understand our existence in historic and contemporary terms. Through the arts, we create stories and re-enact dramas; we analyze pictures and paint new ones; we blend voices and sing new notes. The liberal arts educate our minds and our hearts so that we may engage more fully and more completely in relationships, in meaningful work, and in a better quality of life. In recent years, as consumerism has swept across the nation and the purpose of a college education has shifted from “creating a meaningful philosophy of life” to “earning a higher income,” the humanities struggled to show relevance or to have a voice at the table. Undergraduate professional programs of study have begun to dominate curricular offerings and enrollments while stressing employability and economic return on the college investment. Money has flowed into STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math), while public funding for the arts has declined in many places. Workforce development increasingly supplants the development of the “whole individual,” and general education has been de-emphasized as technical courses of study and “electives” serving the majors play a larger role in general education. Now, I do paint (forgive my pun) with a broad brush. Certainly there are many private liberal arts colleges across the nation that embrace and promote the liberal arts throughout the undergraduate curriculum, but their impact is small when judged by the sheer numbers of students attending the comprehensive and research institutions nationwide. So, I find it particularly heartening to see many leading research universities re-emphasizing the central place of the liberal arts and humanities in a college education with the formation of task forces and the issuance of new (or revised) strategic plans for the arts. For example, Harvard issued the Report of the Task Force on the Arts in 2008; and The University of North Carolina Board of Trustees created Art@Carolina: Explore, innovate, celebrate in 2011; Emory University penned an Arts Blueprint in 2010; and The Arts at Virginia Techwas issued in 2010. Innov High Educ (2012) 37:347–348 DOI 10.1007/s10755-012-9233-0
AN ANALYSIS OF THE LOCATION OF INSTRUMENT MANUFACTURE IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT Instrument manufacture is one of the high-technology industries which has become increasingly conspicuous in the mid-twentieth century. It is an industry which, in a locational sense, is little influenced by transportation costs, i. e., it is footloose, and is probably best understood in terms of the concept of agglomeration economies. Within the framework of agglomeration economies two hypotheses were advanced. The first proposed that instrument manufacture would be closely associated with the more sophisticated later-stage industries with which it has input-output dependencies. The second hypothesis, essentially, a labor agglomeration hypothesis, suggested that instrument manufacture would be highly associated with the distribution of scientists and engineers. Two scales were used in testing the hypotheses, the states of the United States, and the seventy-three SMSA's for which detailed manufacturing data were available. The linkage hypothesis was tested by means of both simple and multiple cor...
Information Federation in Grids

Independent grid projects have developed their own solutions to information services. These solutions are not interoperable with each other, target vastly different systems and address diverse sets of requirements. To address these challenges, we designed a novel architecture for a grid information service that provides unification, federation and interoperability of major grid information services. The proposed approach forms an add-on information system that interacts with the local information services and assembles their metadata instances. We introduce a prototype implementation and present its evaluation. The results indicate that the proposed approach achieves unification and federation of custom implementations of grid information services with negligible processing overheads.
Cross layer optimization in assured connectivity tactical mesh networks

Dynamic topology control schemes have been discussed earlier for continuously optimizing tactical mesh topologies to maximize the network connectivity. A dynamic optimization of the physical layer topology, however, is treated by layers-1 and 2 as a disruption and usually triggers re-computation of end-to-end paths. Higher layer routing algorithms may not always determine the same path as intended by the optimized physical layer causing conflicts and contention. In this paper we examine the response of higher layers to tactical physical layer topology changes and study the impact of cross layer optimization on the network performance. In particular, the paper describes the network and application performance improvement by an assured connectivity physical layer algorithm named DAPR with and without layer-2 (Ethernet) optimization.
Free Radical Participation in Bacterial Bioluminescence

The metastable intermediate II produced on reaction of bacterial luciferase with reduced flavin mononucleotide and O2, reacts with any of several stable free radicals to produce bioluminescence. The bioluminescence spectrum is very similar to that from the well-studied intermediate II and aldehyde reaction, and the number of photons per luciferase molecule reacted is at least 40% of the aldehyde reaction.
Considerations for integration of a physiological radar monitoring system with gold standard clinical sleep monitoring systems

A design for a physiological radar monitoring system (PRMS) that can be integrated with clinical sleep monitoring systems is presented. The PRMS uses two radar systems at 2.45GHz and 24 GHz to achieve both high sensitivity and high resolution. The system can acquire data, perform digital processing and output appropriate conventional analog outputs with a latency of 130 ms, which can be recorded and displayed by a gold standard sleep monitoring system, along with other standard sensor measurements.
Radio astronomical imaging from coherence data

Modern radio astronomical imaging is a highly developed technique capable of producing maps of cosmic radio-wavelength sources with extremely high angular resolution and dynamic range. The method almost universally used is based on interferometry, in which the output voltages from two antennas are cross-correlated to give a measure of the coherence of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the antennas, in a direction normal to the direction to the source. An ensemble of such measurements on a variety of baselines represents the Fourier transform of an approximation to the two-dimensional brightness distribution of the source. Limitations on the accuracy of the resulting image arise from insufficient sampling of Fourier components and from distortion of the measured data caused by atmospheric or instrumental effects. Powerful data processing methods have been developed to deal with these limitations, resulting in a process capable of extremely precise reproduction of cosmic source images. >
To Price Discriminate or Not: Product Choice and the Selection Bias Problem

In this paper, we investigate a gasoline station's incentive to price-discriminate by selling full- service gasoline as well as self-service gasoline. Unlike previous research, we explicitly model a firm's incentive to price discriminate by choosing to be either single-product or multi-product as a function of market and station characteristics. This allows us to make two contributions to research in the area: First, we highlight the importance of accounting for self-selectivity considerations that can arise in an empirical analysis of price discrimination that is based on market data. Second, we are able to show how the product and pricing choices of firms depend upon the market characteristics. Using cross-sectional survey data on prices, station and market characteristics for 198 gasoline stations in the Greater Saint Louis area, we estimate a switching regression model of station decisions. Specifically, we employ a binary probit framework that models a station's decision to price-discriminate through the choice of the station-type as a function of market and station characteristics. We then estimate conditional linear regressions with self-selectivity corrections for the station's choice of prices. We show that incorrect inferences about the incentive to price discriminate and about the differences in the prices charged between single-product and multi-product stations would result if the endogeneity in the choice of the station-type were ignored in the estimation. The empirical analysis shows that a larger income spread in the market implies a greater likelihood of the gasoline station being multi-product. In addition, we have support for the various within firm and across firm price differentials as predicted by the theory of price discrimination.
Reply to Tatsch

Tatsch's brief comment touches on the problem of what constitutes ‘proof’ of a scientific hypothesis, about which many volumes have been written [e.g., Ravetz, 1971]. Where many physical variables are relevant over a broad range of time and space scales, as for most earth science hypotheses, formal ‘proof’ becomes difficult or impossible. The validity of an hypothesis then becomes a subjective judgment, either individually or by many persons, and is frequently dependent on the way the original hypothesis is framed. As stated in my previous comments in EOS (June 12, 1979), I would be among the first to admit that our present knowledge of the distribution of heat flow through the earth's surface, in itself, hardly constitutes ‘proof’ for the plate tectonics hypothesis. Hopefully, it is not irrelevant to point out that this distribution cannot be used to disprove the hypothesis, but rather, with some reasonable assumptions, may be used quantitatively to support it. The value of such quantitative estimates lies in their stimulation for further interaction between hypotheses and observations on which scientific progress depends, particularly in broad-ranging disciplines like earth sciences.
Current status of pathogen inactivation methods

Although improved donor selection criteria and tests of increasing sensitivity have dramatically reduced the risks of transfusion-transmitted infectious disease, multiple potential means exist for a pathogen to escape detection and injure a recipient: a window period remains in which an infectious donor cannot be detected; some transmissions (e.g. bacterial contamination of platelets) have detection methods that are far from the desired capabilities; and ‘emerging’ pathogens continue to represent a risk to recipients until effective testing strategies are developed and implemented. Pathogen inactivation of labile blood components represents a means of addressing all three of these shortcomings simultaneously as they have for plasma derivatives. Multiple effective means of pathogen inactivation have been validated and put into use for plasma and for platelet components. While not yet universally implemented, these appear to have an acceptable toxicity profile and retain a clinically useful – although slightly diminished – degree of efficacy that is not associated with increased usage. Some of these techniques, such as solvent–detergent treatment of plasma, appear to offer benefits beyond avoidance of infectious disease; in this case, the pooling involved in the process, while creating a risk for dissemination of non-enveloped viruses, appears to reduce the risk of TRALI considerably. Promising systems for pathogen inactivation of red blood cells and whole blood are under development and would complete the spectrum of treatment across all labile components. While some jurisdictions, most notably the United States, interpret the completed clinical trials as not yet presenting adequate benefit to balance perceived risks, the primary impediments to implementation would appear to fall more into the logistic than scientific category. Is there sufficient benefit to warrant implementation of pathogen inactivation for plasma and platelets before red cell treatment is feasible? How can the processes be accomplished while minimizing cost to the system? How will each country’s healthcare system accommodate the inevitably increased expense for this additional production step? What impact will a fully pathogen-inactivated blood supply have on clinicians’ conception of transfusion risk and thus blood utilization? This review provides an overview of data available from clinical trials and attempts to identify a path towards improving transfusion recipient safety.
Buckling of sheared and compressed microfibrils

In this paper, we study the stability of an initially straight elastic fibril clamped at one end, while the other end is subjected to a constant normal compressive force and a prescribed shear displacement. We found the buckling load of a sheared fibril to be always less than the Euler buckling load. Furthermore, if the end of the fibril loses adhesion, then the buckling load can be considerably less. Our result suggests that the static friction of microfibre arrays can decrease with increasing normal compressive load and, in some cases, friction force can actually become negative.
Intraventricular Brain Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 1 (AAV1) in Neonatal Mice Results in Complementary Patterns of Neuronal Transduction to AAV2 and Total Long-Term Correction of Storage Lesions in the Brains of β-Glucuronidase-Deficient Mice

Inherited metabolic disorders that affect the central nervous system typically result in pathology throughout the brain; thus, gene therapy strategies need to achieve widespread delivery. We previously found that although intraventricular injection of the neonatal mouse brain with adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) results in dispersed gene delivery, many brain structures were poorly transduced. This limitation may be overcome by using different AAV serotypes because the capsid proteins use different cellular receptors for entry, which may allow enhanced global targeting of the brain. We tested this with AAV1 and AAV5 vectors. AAV5 showed very limited brain transduction after neonatal injection, even though it has different transduction patterns than AAV2 in adult brain injections. In contrast, AAV1 vectors, which have not been tested in the brain, showed robust widespread transduction. Complementary patterns of transduction between AAV1 and AAV2 were established and maintained in the adult brain after neonatal injection. In the majority of structures, AAV1 transduced many more cells than AAV2. Both vectors transduced mostly neurons, indicating that differential expression of receptors on the surfaces of neurons occurs in the developing brain. The number of cells positive for a vector-encoded secreted enzyme (β-glucuronidase) was notably greater and more widespread in AAV1-injected brains. A comprehensive analysis of AAV1-treated brains from β-glucuronidase-deficient mice (mucopolysaccharidosis type VII) showed complete reversal of pathology in all areas of the brain for at least 1 year, demonstrating that the combination of this serotype and experimental strategy is therapeutically effective for treating global neurometabolic disorders.