cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TIMING, TEST AND MANUFACTURING OVERVIEW

Timing analysis is concerned with estimating and optimizing the performance of integrated circuits. It encompasses a wide range of activities including physical modeling of transistors and interconnect wires, derivation of analytical and empirical gate and wire delay models, accurate estimation of long- and short-path delays through combinational logic, detection of setup and hold violations in sequential circuits, as well as a variety of combinational and sequential circuit transformations aimed at maximizing operation speed. The three papers reviewed here represent particularly significant contributions to the field of timing analysis and optimization: Brand and Iyengar [4] built the foundation for the field of false-path analysis; Szymanski and Shenoy [33] had the last word on the field of timing verification of latch-based circuits; and Shenoy and Rudell [29] are credited with making retiming viable for industrial-sized circuits.
Rigid Body Mechanics

This chapter presents the important aspects of rigid body mechanics. Engineering mechanics involves the effects of force and motion on bodies. Galileo first demonstrated that falling bodies of different weights would fall at the same speed (if you account for the drag resistance of air). This was contrary to the view of Aristotle who held, apparently without experimental verification, that the velocity of a falling object is proportional to its weight. Galileo said that bodies of similar size and shape, but of different weight, would strike the ground at the same time when released from a great height. This discourse gives an idea of the scope of the subject, and how this area of engineering is related to other core subjects. The material presented in this chapter has been discussed in terms of the Galileo dialogs.
Amino-terminal propeptide of human pro-alpha 2(V) collagen conforms to the structural criteria of a fibrillar procollagen molecule.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the amino-terminal portion of human alpha 2(V) procollagen and found that the structure of the 186-residue amino-terminal propeptide closely resembles those of the fibril-forming procollagens. Juxtaposed to a 26-residue leader peptide, pro-alpha 2(V) exhibits a characteristic cysteine-rich globular region followed by 24 Gly-X-Y repeats which are interrupted by two short non-collagenous sequences. Upon closer examination, each of these two sequences was noted to display structural motifs characteristic of either pro-alpha 1(I) and pro-alpha 1(III) collagens or pro-alpha 1(II) collagen, respectively. Finally, within the amino-terminal telopeptide, a putative amino-terminal proteinase cleavage site, Ala-Gln, was identified. This latter finding strongly suggests that the alpha 2(V) amino-terminal propeptide can be potentially processed and thus leaves unresolved the issue pertaining to the nature of the collagenase-resistant sequence that is retained by mature type V collagen molecules.
On the development of a novel urban search and rescue robot

This paper concerns the development of a novel robotic platform for urban search and rescue (USAR) efforts. The main facets of this work involve the design and construction of a new robot morphology and a physical simulation to be used for developing controllers for semiautonomous (supervisory) operation.
Measuring urease activity in aquatic environmental samples

The current published method for measuring urease activity in phytoplankton involves measuring the hydrolysis of urea into ammonium. The method was previously optimized for studies of phytoplankton cultures, not for natural assemblages of phytoplankton. We tested several steps of the method using water samples from two distinct sites to optimize the urease assay method for field studies. We found interference of NH4+ from extraction and assay reagents in the current published protocol, leading to inconsistencies in rates of urease activity. We recommend a reduction in the concentration or removal of two of these reagents. We also found a biomass effect and recommend collecting smaller sample volumes in field studies. These improvements lead to values that may be more reflective of rates of urease activity in situ, but unfortunately more variable due to the low volumes used.
Gamma Ray Detection with Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te Based Detectors Grown Using a Te Solvent Method

Cd0.9Zn0.1Te (CZT) single crystal has been grown using a tellurium solvent method. Two CZT crystals have been chosen from two different locations of the grown ingot. The two crystals were characterized using infrared transmission (IR) imaging and radiation detectors in planar geometry were fabricated on them. Current-voltage characteristics (I-V) revealed a resistivity of ∼8.6×1010 Ω−cm for detector A (6.9×6.9×4.8 mm3) and 6.7×1010 Ω−cm for detector B (11.5×11.7×2.6 mm3). IR imaging showed a lesser concentration of Te inclusions/precipitates in detector A. The transport properties viz., electron drift-mobility and electron mobility-lifetime product were measured using alpha spectroscopy in these detectors in a planar configuration. Detector A showed better charge transport properties compared to detector B. The superior transport properties of crystal A were reflected in the spectroscopic properties of the detectors. Gamma pulse height measurements using a 241Am isotope revealed an energy resolution of ∼5 % for detector A and ∼7 % for detector B. A digital spectrometer and a biparametric correction scheme was incorporated to recover the pulse height spectrum of high energy gamma rays (137Cs source) from the effect of poor hole movement.
Máquina de penitencia: don Quijote y su imitación en Sierra Morena

Introduccion y planteo El presente trabajo pretende realizar una lectura atenta y pormenorizada de un episodio de la primera parte de Don Quijote y vincularlo con el concepto de imitatio.1 Mas precisamente, se analizaran los capitulos 25 y 26 de la obra de Cervantes a la luz de distintas concepciones que provienen del complejo entramado cultural que enuncia y sostiene este dispositivo literario. Fundamentalmente, pretendo repasar brevemente las coordenadas estetico-culturales que contribuyen a definir el concepto de imitatio en el ambito hispanico, asi como tambien destacar las caracteristicas principales que la critica reciente ha estudiado de este fenomeno. Al re-leer estos episodios del Quijote desde esta perspectiva, no solo actualizo un corpus de conocimiento presente en la literatura aurea espanola, sino que, ademas, lo vinculo con elementos teoricos propios de la critica literaria del siglo XX. Esta oscilacion constante entre teoria estetica antigua y moderna, creemos, ya viene prefigurada en la dinamica que funda y lleva a cabo el mismo concepto de imitatio. Mi lectura indagara el episodio del Quijote desde dos perspectivas: por un lado, como caja de resonancias donde entran en juego ideas generales en torno al acto literario creador sustentado en el concepto de imitatio. Por otro lado, se pretendera demostrar que el texto mismo de Cervantes es un acontecimiento singular que, al asumir los postulados propios de su tiempo, los interroga, re-crea y, en cierto modo, los confronta. Esta maquina de penitencia que Cervantes pone ante nuestros ojos en los asperos parajes de Sierra Morena constituye una contribucion particular que contiene tanto similitudes como diferencias en relacion con las discursividades dominantes de ese periodo, a la vez que prefigura elementos literarios propios de la modernidad.
An Algorithm for Reconstruction of Surface from Parallel Contours and Its Section Contour Extraction in any Cutting Plane

To obtain reconstruction of surfaces from a given contours stack, this paper presents a new algorithm based on MC-algorithm, which solves the problem that 3D surface model cannot be built because the first/last contour has no previous/next contour information, or there are only isolated contours. Meanwhile, the algorithm is applied to extracting section contour of the 3D model in any cutting plane. The algorithm does not need to do as following: traverse and rebuild each triangle of the 3D model, obtain the points of intersection with the cutting plane, and link all points of intersection to get the contour in cutting plane. The algorithm divides the cutting plane into rectangular grid and gets isoline in each marching rectangle directly, without considering the problem of connections of all points of intersection. The 2D sectional contour can be obtained directly after finishing calculating isoline in the rectangular grid.
Equilibrium, stability, and density anomalies in a lattice model with core-softening and directional bonding

The cluster-variation method has been used to investigate the phase behavior, thermal expansion characteristics, and stability limits of the Bell-Meijer lattice model; the model includes directional bonding and second neighbor repulsion. Both of these mechanisms are in principle capable of stabilizing open ground states and can therefore give rise to negative thermal expansion. A canonical implementation of the natural iteration solution technique facilitated the calculation of metastable states and stability limits. The four types of phase behavior previously found by Van Royen and Meijer 34 have been mapped as a function of the relative strength of the second neighbor repulsion and the bonding interaction over a wide range of parameter space
Interaction Effects of Perceived Sponsor Motives and Facebook Credibility on Willingness to Visit Social Cause Facebook Page

This article explores the factors affecting college students’ willingness to participate in a Facebook page promoting a specific social cause: binge drinking prevention. The study examined the effects of the interactions between medium credibility (trustworthiness toward Facebook) and perceived advertisers’ motives (sponsored by a beer company versus nonprofit organization) on willingness to participate in the Facebook page through an experimental design. Also, motivational factors influencing medium credibility were examined. When students trusted Facebook, they were more likely to participate in the binge drinking prevention Facebook page. Students less engaged with the social cause varied significantly in their willingness to participate the Facebook page, depending on their perception of advertisers’ motives in supporting social causes but not depending on the perceived trustworthiness toward the Facebook page. However, highly engaged students notably altered their behavioral intention based on the pe...
Sensitivity analysis of solute transport in fractured porous media

We conducted a sensitivity analysis using a numerical model of fractured porous media to find out how porous media and fracture parameters affect solute transport. The 2-dimensional, saturated fracture flow and transport code FRACTRAN was used to conduct the simulations. Seven parameters were considered: matrix hydraulic conductivity, matrix porosity, retardation of the matrix, gradient of the flow field, fracture retardation, fracture aperture, and fracture probability (which incorporates fracture spacing and fracture length). A Latin-hypercube design was used to select a matrix of parameter values that minimized correlations among the design parameters. The results were summarized by examining least square fit of the relationship between the seven parameters and 50% breakthrough time and spread of the breakthrough curves, with nearly identical results. The matrix parameters, in particular hydraulic conductivity and porosity, had the greatest effect. As expected, fracture probability was nearly equivalent in importance. These results indicate that field characterization in fractured porous media should not only emphasize fracture location, which strongly influences directions of contaminant transport, but also matrix properties, which have a major influence on contaminant residence times and breakthrough concentrations.
Angiographic changes produced by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is being used with increasing frequency in the treatment of patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Balloon inflation results in diverse angiographic findings, reflecting the great variety of anatomic and pathologic changes produced. The long-term effects of inflation on the underlying atherosclerotic lesion and the clinical outcome are unknown but may depend in part on the anatomic changes caused by the dilatation itself. To facilitate communication and evaluation of the results of PTCA, a classification of the angiographic findings and their potential mechanisms is presented. Recognition and analysis of these angiographic findings may be helpful in evaluating the long-term outcome of patients undergoing PTCA.
GYNOECIAL DEVELOPMENT, POLLINATION, AND THE PATH OF POLLEN TUBE GROWTH IN THE TEPARY BEAN, PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIUS

The gynoecium of Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius, a self-compatible legume, is characterized by a wet non-papillate stigma, an intermeditae hollow/solid style type, and secretory cells on the ventral surface of the ovary which direct pollen tube growth. The stigma is initially receptive 5-6 days prior to anthesis. Production of stigmatic secretions, composed primarily of carbohydrates and lipids, fragment the cuticle covering epidermal cells of the stigma early in ontogeny; the lipidic aspect of the copious secretions apparently serves to inhibit desiccation after the cuticle is ruptured. Stylar canal development occurs as a combination of elongation of a basal canal present early in development, and dissolution of part of a solid transmitting tract tissue just below the stigma. Anthers dehisce and the tricolporate pollen is released onto the receptive stigma one day before anthesis. Following initial growth in intercellular spaces in the transmitting tract of the stigma, pollen tubes adhere to epidermal secretory cells along the ventral side of the stylar canal and upper ovary; here the transmitting tract is apparently limited in the number of tubes it can accommodate, providing a possible site of selection of male gametes.
Measurement- and comparison-based sizes of Schrödinger cat states of light

We extend several measurement-based definitions of effective superposition size to coherent state superpositions with branches composed of either single coherent states or tensor products of coherent states. These measures of superposition size depend on determining the maximal quantum distinguishability of certain states associated with the superposition state: e.g., in one measure, the maximal distinguishability of the branches of the superposition is considered as in quantum binary decision theory; in another measure, the maximal distinguishability of the initial superposition and its image after a one-parameter evolution generated by a local Hermitian operator is of interest. The scaling of the size of the superposition with the number of modes and mode intensity (i.e., photon number) is compared to the scaling of certain geometric properties of the Wigner function of the superposition and also to the superposition size estimated experimentally from decoherence. We also apply earlier comparison-based methods for determining macroscopic superposition size that require a reference Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. The case of a hierarchical Schr\"odinger cat state with branches composed of smaller superpositions is also analyzed from a measurement-based perspective.
Prolonged partial extracorporeal perfusion

Abstract Six-hour and ten-hour partial venoarterial bypass studies were performed with the use of the disposable bubble oxygenator and the Army artificial heart pump. Progressive hemolysis, sequestration, acidosis, hypotension, and decreased renal function were observed as the bypass continued.
Effects of cuticle source and concentration on expression of hydrolytic enzymes by an entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi

The effects of cuticle from larvae ofTrichoplusia ni andHelicoverpa (=Heliothis)zea on expression of proteases and chitinases by germinating conidia ofNomuraea rileyi in submerged cultures were studied. Increasing the concentration ofT. ni orH. zea cuticle resulted in a 13- and 15-fold increase in protease activity, respectively. Endochitinase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity on theT. ni andH. zea substrates increased as cuticular concentrations increased to 2.5%, then stabilized or decreased thereafter. The simultaneous expression of both proteases and chitinases suggests that they are controlled by a multiple-regulatory system.
Prostratin as a new therapeutic agent targeting HIV viral reservoirs.

Abstract The persistence of latent reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) represents a major barrier to virus eradication in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. It has been suggested that treating infected individuals simultaneously with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and agents that activate cells to express HIV-1 might eliminate these latent reservoirs. The phorbol ester prostratin, used in Western Samoa as an ethno-botanical treatment for viral hepatitis, was isolated at the National Cancer Institute in 1992. Prostratin represents a distinct subclass of protein kinase C activators, since unlike other phorbol esters it does not induce tumor formation. Prostratin upregulates expression of viral products from latently infected cells such as U1, ACH-2 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients on HAART with undetectable plasma viremia. It also inhibits HIV infection and viral spread at the entry/fusion step of viral life cycle. The lack of tumor promotion of prostratin coupled with its ability to upregulate latent HIV-1 provirus expression and inhibition of viral infection are important features that could be exploited as effective therapy to eliminate latent reservoirs.
Personal Exposures to Particles and Their Relationships with Personal Activities for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Living in Boston

An exposure study of 18 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) living in the Boston, MA, area was conducted. The objective was to examine determinants of personal exposures to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5), less than 10 microm (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 microm (PM2.5-10). In a previous publication, the analyses of the longitudinal individual-specific relationships among indoor, outdoor, and personal levels showed that the relationships varied by subject and by particle size fraction. In the present paper, statistical and physical models were used to examine personal PM2.5, PM10, and PM2.5-10 exposure covariates. Results indicated that time-weighted indoor concentrations were significant predictors of personal PM2.5, PM10, and PM2.5-10 exposures. Also, time-weighted outdoor concentrations, time spent near smokers, and time spent during transportation were important predictors for PM2.5 but not for personal PM2.5-10 exposures. In turn, time spent cleaning contributed to all size-fraction personal exposures, whereas cooking affected only personal PM2.5-10 exposures. The findings showed that the relationship between personal PM2.5 exposures and the corresponding ambient concentrations was influenced by home air exchange rates (or by ventilation status). Because the particle properties or components causing the health effects are unknown, it is not certain to what extent the risk posed by ambient particles can be reduced by controlling any one of these factors.
Characterization of Vacuolar Calcium-Binding Proteins

The vacuole plays a major structural and biochemical role in the higher plant cell. Among the most studied properties of the vacuole have been transport activities. One important aspect of vacuolar function is its participation in the regulation of cytosolic calcium levels. To identify the molecular entities involved in calcium regulation, a study of vacuole-associated, calcium-binding proteins (CaBs) was initiated. A competition assay was used, and it was observed that the majority of the total cellular membrane-associated, calcium-binding activity resided in low-density fractions enriched in vacuole membranes. Much of that calcium-binding activity was inactivated by a 0.5 m KI wash, and of the remaining activity, 77% was estimated to be peripherally associated with vacuolar membranes, whereas 23% was integrally associated with the vacuolar membrane. Calcium-ligand blots were used, and four major CaBs, with apparent molecular masses of 64, 58, 55, and 42 kD, were detected in purified vacuole membrane fractions. Two of these, the 58- and the 55-kD polypeptide, also appear to be present in significant amounts in endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fractions. However, the 64- and the 42-kD polypeptide are found primarily in vacuolar fractions. It is interesting that expression of the 42-kD polypeptide appears to be restricted to the heavily vacuolated cortical tissues (i.e. it is not found in vascular tissues). The localization of CaBs in the vacuole is consistent with the presence of calcium uptake (H+/Ca2+ antiport) and release mechanisms (inositol trisphosphate sensitive) on vacuolar membranes. These vacuole-associated CaBs, which may play a role in calcium buffering, together with the calcium transport systems, could mediate the vacuolar component of cellular calcium homeostasis.
How Integrated were Foreign Exchange Markets in the Asia-Pacific Region in the Past? Evidence from the Parallel Market

The East Asian currency crisis of 1997-98 has led to considerable interest on the interlinkages between foreign exchange markets in the Asian region. Implicit in the literature is the assumption that the currency crisis can be linked to close integration of the goods and capital markets of the Asian economies both with each other and with the advanced market economies in recent years. In this paper, we find evidence of strong interlinkages between the parallel exchange rates of five East Asian countries: Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand in the 1970s and early 1980s, a period when it was generally believed that there may not have been as strong an interlinkage between these economies in terms of international trade or finance as we observe in the 1990s. Thus, interlinkages between exchange rate markets in the Asian region are not a recent phenomenon and may not necessarily be linked to the capital and commodity market liberalisation undertaken by the Asian economies in recent years.
Knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians toward sleep and sleep disorders.

Purpose: To assess primary care physician (PCP) sleep knowledge and attitudes. Method: A sample of 580 PCPs practicing adult medicine in Northeast Ohio was selected, using a systematic random method (every 10th name on the American Medical Association mailing list). A three-part structured survey consisted of 30 attitude items and 33 multiple-choice test questions assessing knowledge, with some demographic questions. Repeat mailings were sent to nonrespondents 4 to 6 weeks apart from October 1999 through April 2000. Results: 46 surveys were undeliverable and 105 (20%) useable questionnaires were returned. Of respondents, 94% were board certified with 76% certified in more than one area. When asked to rate their knowledge of sleep disorders, none rated themselves as excellent, 10% rated themselves as good, 60% as fair, and 30% as poor. The factors rated highest in influencing current practices regarding sleep and sleep disorders were articles in journals, continuing medical education courses, and discussions with specialists. Knowledge average was 34% (3 to 94%). Though virtually all agreed that prevention counseling should be a part of patient care, fewer agreed that they spend more time counseling patients on the benefits of sleep than of diet or exercise. Conclusions: The majority of PCPs rated their own knowledge of sleep disorders as fair or poor. Knowledge testing and attitude assessment lend credence to these perceptions.
Cellulase activity of leaf litter and stream-dwelling, shredder macroinvertebrates

The magnitude and temporal variability of exocellulase (β-1,4-exoglucanase) activity in leaf litter and guts of shredding macroinvertebrates was determined over one year in four streams in Virginia, USA. The streams flowed in three physiographic provinces and hence varied as to geomorphology, hydrology, water chemistry and riparian landscape. No significant difference in exocellulase activity occurred between streams over the year. Considerable temporal variation in activity did occur in all streams, with peaks in autumn-early winter and again in spring, corresponding to the primary periods of input of fresh allochthonous organic matter. Litter bag studies showed that peak exocellulase activity occurred after about one month of processing. Exocellulase activity in the guts of shredders was generally correlated with activity in their detrital food, suggesting that gut enzyme activity was acquired.
WE-C-217A-04: An Analysis of Recent Literature Regarding Radiation Risk

The peer review process screens scientific articles for merit prior to acceptance or rejection for publication. After publication the process continues with scrutiny by other researchers as expressed in letters to the editor and other scientific research that either affirms or denies findings. Research into radiation effects directly affects the use of ionizing radiations in medicine. The quality of peer review of articles on radiation effects is therefore critical to the practice of medicine. This presentation will examine adequacy of peer review regarding recent articles on radiation effects that have appeared in the peer-reviewed literature. The purpose is to examine what factors in research techniques and analyses contribute to the quality and believability of the findings. Learning Objectives 1. To gain insight into the critical evaluation of scientific literature on bio effect s 2. To understand how to distinguish causation from correlation or association.
Enhanced Tumor Detection Using a Folate Receptor-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorochrome Conjugate

Fluorescence optical imaging technologies are currently being developed to image specific molecular targets in vivo. Detection technologies range from those providing microscopic detail to whole body imaging systems with potential clinical use. A number of target-specific near-infrared imaging probes have recently been developed to image receptors, antigens, and enzymes. The goal of the current study was to evaluate a new near-infrared (NIR) folate receptor (FR)-targeted imaging probe for its ability to improve detection of FR-positive cancers. We hypothesized that modification of folate would retain receptor affinity in vivo, despite the bulkier NIR fluorochrome, NIR2 (em = 682 nm). Cellular uptake of the NIR conjugates was significantly higher in FR-positive nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma, KB cells, compared to FR-negative human fibrosarcoma, HT1080 cells. When tumors were implanted in vivo, equal-sized KB tumors showed a 2.4-fold higher signal intensity compared to HT1080 tumors (24 h). The maximum signal-to-background ratio (3-fold) was observed at 24 h in KB tumor. Injection of the unmodified NIR2 fluorochrome did not result in persistent contrast increases under similar conditions. Furthermore, tumor enhancement with the NIR2-folate probe persisted over 48 h and was inhibitable in vivo by administration of unlabeled folate. These results indicate that folate-modified NIR fluorochrome conjugate can be used for improved detection of FR-positive tumors.
Determinants of the rate of home ownership of black relative to white households

Abstract This paper investigates the reasons for the lower rate of home ownership of black households compared to white households in urban areas. A model of the demand for owner-occupancy by blacks relative to the demand by whites is formulated and econometrically estimated. The principal finding is that a percentage increase in the mean level of black household incomes produces a larger increase in the relative rate of blacks' home ownership than an equivalent reduction in the price of owner-occupied housing which they face. Although significant effects of within market discrimination against blacks as reflected in higher prices of owner-occupied housing to blacks are found, attempts to associate this price premium with measures of residential segregation were unsuccessful.
DNA Repair in fish from polluted estuaries

Abstract A cancer-resistant fish, the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus, was assayed for its ability to repair damage to its genome caused by an alkylating agent. Although DNA may be alkylated at several sites, the persistence of O6-alkylguanine has been correlated with carcinogenesis. O6-alkylguanine, if not repaired before the next round of replication, can lead to base transition mutations. The DNA repair protein, O6-alkylguanine transferase (O6-AGT), removes alkyl groups from the O6 position of guanine. Populations from polluted and relatively pristine estuaries were compared. O6-AGT activity was assayed by incubating extracts of liver from feral fish with previously methylated calf thymus DNA. After incubation, the DNA was depurinated by acid hydrolysis and the O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) was separated and quantified by HPLC. Activity was measured by the reduction of O6-MeG in the incubated sample as compared to controls. Both populations demonstrated O6-AGT activity in their livers. Both had activity levels which were not as high as those seen in mammals. The reference population had O6-AGT levels inversely correlated with size, which is expected since younger fish have more DNA synthesis in their livers. The polluted population did not have a significant correlation with size, and generally exhibited less activity than the reference population. The lower O6-AGT activity in the polluted population suggests an environmental impact, and does not answer the question as to why this species is cancer resistant.
Net Adsorption of Gas/Vapor Mixtures in Microporous Solids

Adsorption thermodynamics is based on Gibbs definition, which transforms the nonuniform interfacial region to a uniform three-phase system including a two-dimensional adsorbed phase on a hyper-surface. Gibbs definition is a pure mathematical construct applicable wherever the hyper-surface is located. On the other hand, physical quantification of adsorption and hence its applications require that the hyper-surface be located. Conceptually, the location of hyper-surface differentiates between so-called absolute, excess, and the recently introduced (Gumma and Talu, Langmuir2010, 26 (22), 17013–17023) net adsorption thermodynamic frameworks. This article details net adsorption thermodynamic framework for mixtures. In addition, a thermodynamic inconsistency is recognized in the calculation of grand potential (or solid chemical potential) with commonly used implementation of excess adsorption in literature. The inconsistency is shown to have a substantial impact on further thermodynamic calculations such as mix...
Comparison of CFD analysis to empirical data in a commercial vortex tube

This paper presents a comparison between the performance predicted by a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model and experimental measurements taken using a commercially available vortex tube. Specifically, the measured exit temperatures into and out of the vortex tube are compared with the CFD model. The data and the model are both verified using global mass and energy balances. The CFD model is a two-dimensional (2D) steady axisymmetric model (with swirl) that utilizes both the standard and renormalization group (RNG) k-epsilon turbulence models. While CFD has been used previously to understand the fluid behavior internal to the vortex tube, it has not been applied as a predictive model of the vortex tube in order to develop a design tool that can be used with confidence over a range of operating conditions and geometries. The objective of this paper is the demonstration of the successful use of CFD in this regard, thereby providing a powerful tool that can be used to optimize vortex tube design as well as assess its utility in the context of new applications.
Isolation, characterization and protein and polar lipid compositions of Paracoccus denitrificans outer membrane

Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of Paracoccus denitrificans strains ATCC 13543 and ATCC 17741 cell envelopes plus poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, isolated from organisms broken using a French pressure cell, revealed three bands of densities: I, 1.16 g/ml; II, 1.19 g/ml; III, 1.24 g/ml. On the basis of chemical and enzymatic assays and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the bands were identified as: I, cytoplasmic membrane; II, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; III, outer membrane plus poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate was removed by increased low-speed centrifugation before deposition of cell envelopes. Density gradient centrifugation of cell envelopes gave a simple pattern of two bands, cytoplasmic and outer membranes. In both strains outer membranes showed a broad protein band at Mr 70 000–83 000 upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of samples solubilized at 25°C, which was not present in samples solubilized at 100°C, where a single major band was present of Mr 32 000 in strain ATCC 13543 and 35 000 in strain ATCC 17741. The major outer membrane protein stained positively for lipid in both strains, as did an Mr 70 000 protein, which was the second major protein in strain ATCC 17741. The second major outer membrane protein of stain ATCC 13543 had an Mr of 20 000 in unheated samples but 23 000 in heated samples. This protein was not present in strain ATCC 17741. Quantitative data on the polar lipid compositions of cell envelope fractions are presented.
Electric railways on central station power

ELECTRIC RAILROADS have made no per cent gain in total traffic during the past ten years. Trucks, Diesel locomotives, pipe lines, and canal systems are gaining in per cent of traffic. The electrical manufacturers are selling Diesel locomotives, and indirectly oil, rather than electric locomotives which use power generated by coal or water. Operating and maintenance costs are about 44 per cent greater for Diesel than electric locomotives, and the advantage of electricity increases as the price of oil increases.
Ion Mixing and Demixing in The Au-Si System

After a relatively low dose Xe + irradiation (∼ 2 × 10 15 Xe/cm 2 ), an initially discrete multilayered film of average composition Au 7 Si 3 transforms to a uniform layer and forms a metastable phase. This is the well known ion mixing process. The same samples were subjected to higher dose irradiation (> 4 × 1015 Xe/cm 2 ). It was found that the Si migrates to the sample surface and forms a nonuniform depth profile in BS spectra. At the same time, the metastable phase dissociates into Au and Si phases. As this process is opposite to that of ion mixing, we suggest to name this process ion demixing. These observations demonstrate that ion mixing and ion demixing can both occur in the same system, if it is properly chosen. Possible mechanism responsible for these processes are discussed.
The Dispersion Relation for the 1/sinh(exp 2) Potential in the Classical Limit

The dispersion relation for the inverse hyperbolic potential is calculated in the classical limit. This is shown for both the low amplitude phonon branch and the high amplitude soliton branch. It is shown these results qualitatively follow that previously found for the inverse squared potential where explicit analytic solutions are known.
EFFECT OF POLYCYTHEMIA ON RENAL FUNCTION IN NEWBORN DOGS

The effect of increasing Hct on renal hemodynamics and function was studied in 12 newborn dogs 1-20 days old. When the puppies were made polycythemic by exchange transfusion with packed RBC's to raise the Hct from 32.9±2.5 to 65.6±1.3**, cardiac output (ml.Kg−1min.−1) fell from 217.3±17.8 to 122.9±12.0**, mean B.P (mmHg) increased from 73.8±6.9 to 95.5±2.6** and peripheral vascular resistance (mmHg.ml.−1kg.−1min.−1) increased from .40± .04 to .95±.11*. The percent of cardiac output distributed to the kidney increased from 6.6±.7 to 10.5±.69**. Renal blood flow was not significantly altered but renal vascular resistance (mmHg.ml.−1min.−1) increased from 63.9±3.4 to 72.2±2.9* and renal plasma flow (ml.g−1min.−1) decreased from .87±.07 to .46±.02**. Intra-renal blood flow distribution was altered in that the ratio of flow to the inner cortex divided by outer cortex (IC/OC) increased from .33±.03** to .51±.03**. This was due primarily to an increase in IC flow (ml.min.−1gIC−1) from 7.3±.8 to 9.9±.9**. The decrease in OC flow (ml.min.−1gOC−1) from 23.2±4.4 to 19.9±1.9 was not significant. GFR (ml.min.−1g−1) decreased from .491±.14 to .158±.05**, Na reabsorption (μeq.min.−1ml.GFR−1) decreased from 122.4±3.9 to 116.6±4.41* and K reabsorption (μeq.min.−1ml.GFR−1) decreased from 4.37±.39 to 2.92±.64*. Thus, polycythemia depresses cardiac output, increases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases renal plasma flow, alters intrarenal blood flow distribution and affects both glomerular and tubular function. *p<.05 **p<.01
Prostaglandin A1 induces differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells.

Summary The effect of different prostaglandins and prostaglandin-metabolites on the growth and differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) was evaluated. The prostaglandin-metabolites, thromboxane B 2 and 6-keto PGF 1 α, were completely inactive, while PGE 1 inhibited slightly and PGF 2 α stimulated the replication of FLC. PGA 1 was found to be the most active compound. It profoundly inhibited the replication of both DMSO-treated and undifferentiated FLC. Most importantly, PGA 1 alone induced differentiation in FLC, stimulating hemoglobin production over a five-day period. PGA 1 -stimulated differentiation was completely suppressed by the addition of 10 −6 M hydrocortisone. Finally, treatment of DMSO-differentiated cells with PGA 1 (but no DMSO) prevented the return to the undifferentiated state.
Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotizing arteritis.

SummaryPrevious studies have shown that the combination of “standard high fat diet” plus “standard renal damage” resulted in typical arterial lesions in 36 of 40 dogs (90%). The data presented in this paper indicate: (1) “Standard high fat diet” plus damage to organs and tissues other than the kidney (chloroform injury to the liver, turpentine abscesses of subcutaneum, and bacterial infections) failed to produce arterial lesions and (2) “Standard high fat diet” plus renal insufficiency produced by bilateral ureteral ligation also failed to produce arterial lesions. These studies re-emphasize the importance of the kidney in the pathogenesis of necrotizing arteritis and indicate that azotemia per se is not the “renal factor”. They suggest the possibility that the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules elaborates one or more substances necessary for the proper utilization of certain lipid substances.
Enhanced weak ferromagnetism and conductivity in hole-doped pyrochlore iridate Y 2 Ir 2 O 7

Pyrochlore iridates have recently attracted growing interest in condensed matter physics because of their potential for realizing new topological states. In order to achieve such quantum states, it is essential to understand the magnetic properties of these compounds, as their electronic structures are strongly coupled with their magnetic ground states. In this work, we report a systematic study of the magnetic properties of pyrochlore ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and its hole-doped compounds by performing magnetic, electron spin resonance, electrical transport, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. We demonstrate the existence of weak ferromagnetism on top of a large antiferromagnetic background in the undoped compound. Hole doping by calcium was found to enhance both the ferromagnetism and the electrical conductivity. The XPS characterization shows the coexistence of ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{4+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{5+}$ in the undoped compound, and the amount of ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{5+}$ increases with Ca doping, which highlights the possible origins of the weak ferromagnetism associated with the formation of ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{5+}$. We also observe a vertical shift in the $M\ensuremath{-}H$ curves after field cooling, which may arise from a strong coupling between the ferromagnetic phase and the antiferromagnetic background.
Numerical Solution to Hybrid Stochastic Differential Systems

Abstract In this article numerical methods for solving hybrid stochastic differential systems of Ito-type are developed by piecewise application of numerical methods for SDEs. We prove a convergence result if the corresponding method for SDEs is numerically stable with uniform convergence in the mean square sense. The Euler and Runge–Kutta methods for hybrid stochastic differential equations are specifically described and the order of the error is given for the Euler method. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theory.
Extrinsic denervation increases NADPH diaphorase staining in myenteric nerves of guinea pig ileum

The number of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive cells in the myenteric plexus increased 1 week after surgical extrinsic denervation of a loop of guinea pig ileum. NADPH-d staining in submucosal ganglia and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in submucosal and myenteric ganglia were not affected by denervation. Similar data were obtained after systemic capsaicin, but not 6-hydroxy-dopamine treatment, suggesting that loss of primary afferents increases NADPH-d staining. Increases in NADPH-d may be part of an adaptive process allowing normal gut function after loss of extrinsic nerves.
Impact angle, particle energy and mass loss in erosion by dilute slurries

Abstract The wear depth in erosion as a function of angular location on cylindrical specimens, diameter 5 mm, has been measured using suspensions containing less than 1% by mass of SiC in diesel oil in a slurry-pot erosion tester. The test variables included particle size and nominal erosion speed. Wear depth was assessed by recording linear variable differential transformer traces of cylinder radius about the circumference of the cylinders before and after short periods of erosion, chosen to give measurable but small wear, to minimize the change in cylinder shape. Typical erosion times were from 2–20 min. Target materials were Pyrex glass, 99.8% alumina, 1020 HR steel, API P110 casing steel, OFHC copper, polymethylmethacrylate, acetal and a cloth-reinforced phenolic. A mathematical model for particle trajectories and impact velocities was used to estimate the angular location of particle impacts about the cylinder, the corresponding collision efficiencies, impact angles, normal and tangential velocities, and the kinetic energies at impact. Experimental results and the values predicted by the computer model allowed comparison of the rate of erosion with the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy of impact with impact angle and angular location about the cylinder. Analysis of wear profiles was made on the basis of the distinction due to van Riemsdijk and Bitter (1959) between deformation wear (resulting from the normal component of impact velocity) and cutting wear (related to the tangential component of impact velocity). Specific energies for material removal in erosion, for both deformation and cutting wear, are given for all materials. Values are compared with those found for surface grinding and those by Neilson and Gilchrist (1968) for gas-solid erosion.
Relationship between membrane properties and cell size of developing rat genioglossal motoneurons studied in vitro

Electrical properties and morphology of 21 genioglossal motoneurons were measured in a slice preparation of the rat brainstem at four different postnatal ages. The motoneurons labeled with neurobiotin were reconstructed and quantified in three-dimensional space. There was no strong correlation found between the input resistance or membrane time constant and the total membrane surface area. We conclude that there is no electrical property of these developing motoneurons that can accurately predict their anatomical size.
On the phenomena of deformation and neck formation in LLDPE films subjected to uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions

Heterogeneous deformation in the form of dilatational bands is observed under certain biaxial stress states that closely resembles uniaxial necking in LLDPE blown films. The formation and orientation of dilatational bands is a function of film morphology and stress state. The dilatational bands form, with their lengths aligned with the machine direction (MD) of the film, under equibiaxial stress states and nonequibiaxial stress states when the higher principle stress is coincident with the transverse direction (TD). However, homogeneous deformation is observed if the higher principle stress is coincident with the MD. Similarly, uniaxial specimens show necking when the stress is applied in the TD and affine deformation when the stress is applied in the MD. Neck boundary propagation under uniaxial loading is due primarily to the consumption of undrawn material, while dilatational band boundary propagation under an equibiaxial loading also includes simultaneous continued deformation of the drawn material. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2651–2663, 1999
Medical Economics Survey-Methods Study Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Survey Strategies

The Medical Economics Survey-Methods Study was conducted under contract for the National Center for Health Statistics during 1975–76. The objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a variety of strategies under consideration for application in a national survey in 1977. Detailed data on he
Morphological variation in the Weberian apparatus of Cypriniformes.

Cypriniformes (which includes the minnows, carps, loaches, algae-eaters, stone loaches, and suckers) is a morphologically diverse and incredibly speciose order of teleosts. It has been suggested that a number of evolutionary innovations, key to improved hearing and feeding, have played an important role in cypriniform fishes' success. One such innovation, the Weberian apparatus, is a novel assemblage of vertebral elements and modified ribs that relay and amplify sound pressure changes from the gas bladder to the inner ear. The Weberian apparatus unites Cypriniformes with other major orders into an extremely species-rich group of fishes, the Otophysi. Together, otophysan fishes comprise one of the largest groups of fishes in the world, as well as the majority of freshwater fishes. Here we present a detailed comparison of the Weberian apparatus in a number of cypriniform families using cleared and stained specimens. We present data regarding inter- and intrafamilial morphological variation within Cypriniformes. With few, but evolutionarily important, exceptions we find that diagnostic features of the Weberian apparatus characterize each family. Interspecific variation within each of the families Balitoridae, Gyrinocheilidae, and Catostomidae is only slight, whereas variation among subfamilies within Cyprinidae and Cobitidae is far more significant. This comparative study identifies a number of distinct morphologies, some of which appear highly correlated with ecological niche. For example, inhabiting swift-moving waters appears to be a key factor in the encapsulation of the anterior gas bladder in some cobitids, balitorids, and gobionin cyprinids. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A 10Gb/s 5-Tap-DFE/4-Tap-FFE Transceiver in 90nm CMOS

A 90nm CMOS 10Gb/s SerDes for chip-to-chip communications over backplanes is presented. To mitigate channel impairments, the RX uses a 5-tap DFE and the TX a 4-tap FIR filter. The IC equalization abilities are evaluated using different type of channels. The power consumption of one (TX, RX) pair and one PLL is 300mW for 1.2Vpp differential TX output swing