cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leray-Schauder Degree

The objective of Leray-Schauder degree theory is the same as that of the fixed point theory of the first part of the book. We want to demonstrate that if certain hypotheses are satisfied, then we can conclude that a map f has a fixed point, that is, that f(x) = x. If the hypotheses are of the right type, we can hope to verify them in settings that arise in analysis and conclude that an analytic problem has a solution because we’ve managed to describe its solutions as fixed points. A major difference between Leray-Schauder theory and what we studied previously is the local nature of our new theory. A fixed point theorem generally states the existence of a fixed point somewhere in the domain of a map defined on an entire space. Degree theory, as in the last chapter, is concerned with a map defined on \( \bar U \), the closure of a specified open set U. Leray-Schauder theory seeks conditions that imply the map has a fixed point specifically on U.
The Critical Servant: An Isocratean Contribution To Critical Rhetoric

The critical rhetoric project at present lacks a strong understanding of the relationship between the critical rhetor and the audience. This essay suggests that the writings of Isocrates offer an example for and an extension of the critical rhetoric project. Isocrates's combination of critique and service urges rhetors to act as critical servants. By combining community history, critical possibilities, and rhetorical performance, the critical servant strives to arrive at a contingent good submitted for the acceptance of the community. The critic's reading, interpreting and remaking of the community's history reunites the individual and the social, theory and practice, critique and service.
Correlation functions and the uniqueness of the state in classical statistical mechanics

A general criterion is derived which assures the uniqueness of the state of a classical statistical mechanical system in terms of a given system of correlation functions. The criterion is\(\sum\limits_k {(m_{k + j}^A )} ^{ - 1/k} = \infty\) for allj and all bounded setsA, where $$m_k^A = (k!)^{ - 1} \int\limits_A \cdots \int\limits_A {\varrho _k } (x_1 , \ldots ,x_k )dx_1 \ldots dx_1 .$$
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ: Its role in metabolic syndrome

Abstract Here we review PPARγ function in relation to human adipogenesis, insulin sensitization, lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation and prothrombotic state to perhaps provide justification for this nuclear receptor remaining a key therapeutic target for the continuing development of agents to treat human metabolic syndrome.
Apolipoprotein gene and its interaction with the environmentally driven risk factors: molecular, genetic and epidemiological studies of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Herein we review the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and how ApoE interacts with various risk factors. ApoE is localized with the major pathological hallmarks of AD, extracellular amyloid deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The ApoEe4 allele is associated with the development of late-onset familial and sporadic AD. ApoEe4 has a gene dose effect on the risk and age of onset of AD. ApoE mRNA and protein are found predominantly in astrocytes within the CNS. There is also a high expression of ApoE mRNA in the brains of people with sporadic AD. ApoE acts as a cholesterol transporter in the brain. Cholesterol controls amyloid production and deposition by regulating β-secretase. In transgenic animal studies, ApoEe4 expression causes neuropathology and behavioral deficits. We also discuss data from three different cohorts for AD in the general population, in different racial and ethnic groups and the role of the e4 allele in the clinical onset of the disease. Although the e4 allele is an important genetic risk factor for AD, it accounts for a fairly small fraction of disease in the population. The effect of the e4 allele on annual decline in episodic memory is significantly stronger than its effect on decline in other cognitive systems. Notably, the e2 allele has an equal and opposite effect. Thus, ApoE allele status influences risk of AD by a relatively selective effect on episodic memory. Mechanistically, the role of APoE in AD needs to be established in terms of its gene expression, which ultimately controls levels of various ApoE isoforms. Transcriptional regulation suggests complex regulation of this gene and the resultant ApoE protein in injured neurons. We discuss the characteristics of ApoE regulatory elements, including their interactions with different transcription factors, to understand ApoE gene expression. Thus, ApoEe4 contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, but additional environmental risk factors will also be identified independent of ApoE and other genetic polymorphisms.
Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast A Report of Four Cases With Associated Fibroadenomata

Phyllodes tumors of the breast are rare lesions that historically have been presumed to be related to fibroadenomata, largely by virtue of the entities' histologic similarities. We report four cases of malignant phyllodes tumors (cystosarcoma phyllodes) of the breast, three showing liposarcomatous differentiation and one showing chondrosarcomatous and osteosarcomatous differentiation, each of which had demonstrable histologic continuity with benign fibroadenomata; one patient had a prior and concurrent history of multiple bilateral fibroadenomata. We postulate that fibroadenomata and phyllodes tumors (benign, borderline, and malignant) may constitute a spectrum of one stromal disease analogous to mammary epithelial hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, in situ, and invasive carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 3(1):17-22, 1995
Affluence, information inputs and health.

Abstract The writer presents a set of hypotheses about the relationship between symbolic stimuli provided by the social environment, their psychological effects, and consequent changes in health. It is proposed that various aspects of the stimulus or information input are a significant intervening variable linking the social environment and the individual's psychosomatic functioning. In particular, information input overload in its several forms is postulated to characterize affluent technological societies and have deleterious effects on psychological and physiological processes. Diverse research findings are reviewed which support the contention that psychosocial stress in general, and information-derived stress in particular, may bring about increased susceptibility to all types of illness. It may do so by virtue or repeated and/or sustained states of physiological arousal disturbing the body's homeostatic mechanisms and exceeding its current adaptive capacity. It may also lead to behavior inimical to health. These hypotheses, and especially the role of information overloads, await validation by future research. Yet the role of social stimuli as contributing factors to morbidity in the highly complex, affluent technological societies appears to be established.
Imaging feedback of histotripsy treatments using ultrasound shear wave elastography

Histotripsy is a cavitation-based ultrasound therapy that mechanically fractionates soft solid tissues into fluid-like homogenates. This paper investigates the feasibility of imaging the tissue elasticity change during the histotripsy process as a tool to provide feedback for the treatments. The treatments were performed on agar tissue phantoms and ex vivo kidneys using 3-cycle ultrasound pulses delivered by a 750-kHz therapeutic array at peak negative/positive pressure of 17/108 MPa and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. Lesions with different degrees of damage were created with increasing numbers of therapy pulses from 0 to 2000 pulses per treatment location. The elasticity of the lesions was measured with ultrasound shear wave elastography, in which a quasi-planar shear wave was induced by acoustic radiation force generated by the therapeutic array, and tracked with ultrasound imaging at 3000 frames per second. Based on the shear wave velocity calculated from the sequentially captured frames, the Young's modulus was reconstructed. Results showed that the lesions were more easily identified on the shear wave velocity images than on B-mode images. As the number of therapy pulses increased from 0 to 2000 pulses/location, the Young's modulus decreased exponentially from 22.1 ± 2.7 to 2.1 ± 1.1 kPa in the tissue phantoms (R2 = 0.99, N = 9 each), and from 33.0 ± 7.1 to 4.0 ± 2.5 kPa in the ex vivo kidneys (R2 = 0.99, N = 8 each). Correspondingly, the tissues transformed from completely intact to completely fractionated as examined via histology. A good correlation existed between the lesions' Young's modulus and the degree of tissue fractionation as examined with the percentage of remaining structurally intact cell nuclei (R2 = 0.91, N = 8 each). These results indicate that lesions produced by histotripsy can be detected with high sensitivity using shear wave elastography. Because the decrease in the tissue elasticity corresponded well with the morphological and histological change, this study provides a basis for predicting the local treatment outcomes from tissue elasticity change.
Britain, Ireland, and Continental Europe in the Eighteenth Century. By Stephen Conway. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 342. $125.00.)

Since the time of the 1689 Glorious Revolution, it has been a common perception that eighteenth‐century Britons viewed themselves as wholly distinct from Europeans. In contrast to the Continent, wh...
The release of DNA into the plasma of mice following hepatic cell death by apoptosis and necrosis.

AbstractThe goal of these investigations was to measure levels of DNA in the plasma of mice following administration of hepatotoxic agents to induce apoptotic or necrotic cell death and determine any differences in the release of this marker depending upon death pathway. For this purpose, the effects of varying doses of anti-Fas, acetaminophen (APAP) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were assessed in normal mice. Plasma DNA was measured fluorometrically by the dye PicoGreen while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and caspase 3, other molecules released with cell injury or death, were measured by enzymatic assays. Histology was used to assess the occurrence of apoptosis or necrosis. Results of these experiments indicate that increased blood DNA levels occurred with all three agents and were highest with anti-Fas and CCl4; caspase 3 levels were much higher with anti-Fas than the other agents. Histological examination confirmed the predominance of apoptotic death with anti-Fas and necrotic death with APAP and CCl4. T...
The L1-norm best-fit hyperplane problem.

We formalize an algorithm for solving the L1-norm best-fit hyperplane problem derived using first principles and geometric insights about L1 projection and L1 regression. The procedure follows from a new proof of global optimality and relies on the solution of a small number of linear programs. The procedure is implemented for validation and testing. This analysis of the L1-norm best-fit hyperplane problem makes the procedure accessible to applications in areas such as location theory, computer vision, and multivariate statistics.
The Survival of the Muʿtazila Tradition of Qur'anic Exegesis in Shīʿī and Sunnī tafāsīr

Like all other Islamic sects and movements, the Muʿtazilīs were very attentive to the study of the Qur'an and many among their ranks authored books on Qur'anic exegesis. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of tafāsīr compiled by Muʿtazilīs are not extant and, for a long time, the vast majority of the scholarly community has been under the impression that the only surviving Muʿtazilī tafsīr was al-Zamakhsharī’s Kashshāf. However, two other major Muʿtazilī tafāsīr have come to light, and now we can begin to determine the contribution of the Muʿtazilī exegetical tradition to the field of tafsīr. This study will argue that the demise of the Muʿtazila does not necessarily mean that their tradition of Qur'anic exegesis died out; nor for that matter their theology and religious thought. To this end, it will examine two cases that demonstrate that the Muʿtazilī tradition of Qur'anic exegesis was, at least to some extent, absorbed into the mainstream exegetical traditions of Twelver Shīʿism and Sunnism. The f...
Effect of parathyroid hormone on Na+-dependent phosphate transport and cAMP-dependent 32P phosphorylation in brush border vesicles from isolated perfused canine kidneys

Abstract Concentrative uptake of 32 P i induced by the dissipation of a Na + gradient (overshoot) was demonstrated in brush border membrane vesicles obtained from isolated perfused canine kidneys. Na + -dependent 32 P i transport was decreased in brush border vesicles from isolated kidneys perfused with parathyroid hormone (PTH) for 2 h compared to uptake measured in vesicles from kidneys perfused without PTH. Cyclic AMP-dependent 32 P phosphorylation of a 62,000 M r protein band was demonstrable on autoradiograms of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of membrane suspensions from kidneys perfused ± PTH. Evidence that perfusion with PTH resulted in cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in isolated kidneys from parathyroidectomized dogs (decreased cAMP-dependent 32 P phosphorylation of the 62,000- M r band in brush border vesicles) was obtained after 2-h perfusion with PTH. Decreased 32 P phosphorylation was not observed if membranes were allowed to dephosphorylate prior to 32 P phosphorylation in vitro . We conclude that brush border vesicles from isolated perfused canine kidneys can be used to study the action of PTH on Na + - P i cotransport in brush border membranes and on cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the membrane. It is strongly suggested that PTH effects changes in Na + -dependent 32 P i transport in isolated brush border vesicles and changes in 32 P phosphorylation of vesicles via a direct action on the renal cortical cell rather than as a consequence of extrarenal actions of the hormone.
Another Consideration of the Morphoedaphic Index

Abstract Ryder's morphoedaphic index (MEI: Total dissolved solids, TDS/mean lake depth) was developed empirically as a predictor of fish yield. It generally accounts for 60 to 78% of the variation (corrected sums of squares) in fish yields observed in a set of data. However, no basis for these correlations has been proven or even generally accepted. We demonstrate that two mundane relationships may be the reasons the MEI appears to be valid. Quite simply, large bodies of water tend to produce greater fish yields than small ones, and large bodies of water tend to have greater mean depths than small ones. Mean depth acts as a surrogate for surface area in the MEI; however, surface area alone is a more powerful predictor. It accounts for 94% of the variation in fish yields observed in three combined sets of data reported in the literature. The variation accounted for by the regression only increased to 95% when TDS was added as a predictor.
Lattice paths and the Rogers-Ramanujan identities

This is an exposition and elaboration on work of W.H. Burge which demonstrates the connections among the various combinatorial interpretations of the multiple summations which arise in generalizations of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities. It includes some new results on partitions with restrictions on the succesive ranks and an extension of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities to words in three letters weighted by the major index.
A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux: 2. Particle activity and motions

[1] High-speed imaging of coarse sand particles transported as bed load over a planar bed reveals that the particle activity, the solid volume of particles in motion per unit streambed area, fluctuates as particles respond to near-bed fluid turbulence while simultaneously interacting with the bed. The relative magnitude of these fluctuations systematically varies with the size of the sampling area. The particle activity within a specified sampling area is distributed in a manner that is consistent with the existence of an ensemble of configurations of particle positions wherein certain configurations are preferentially selected or excluded by the turbulence structure, manifest as patchiness of active particles. The particle activity increases with increasing bed stress far faster than does the average particle velocity, so changes in the transport rate with changing stress are dominated by changes in the activity, not velocity. The probability density functions of the streamwise and cross-stream particle velocities are exponential-like and lack heavy tails. Plots of the mean squared particle displacement versus time may ostensibly indicate non-Fickian diffusive behavior while actually reflecting effects of correlated random walks associated with intrinsic periodicities in particle motions, not anomalous diffusion. The probability density functions of the particle hop distance (start-to-stop) and the associated travel time are gamma-like, which provides the empirical basis for showing that particle disentrainment rates vary with hop distance and travel time.
Resistivity changes and defect mobility in ion-irradiated YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x

In situ measurements during MeV ion bombardment at room temperature are used to study the superlinear increase of resistivity with fluence which occurs in irradiated ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$. The functional form of the resistivity increase is found to be exactly exponential for O and As ion irradiation, confirming previous results of lower precision. For low ion damage rates we find deviations from the exponential dependence at low doses. We show that these are caused by an unidentified phase transformation, occurring during the irradiation, which lowers the resistivity of the samples. Annealing of resistivity increments caused by brief irradiations occurs at room temperature, indicating that radiation-induced defects are mobile. The rate of annealing is strongly sample dependent, but in all cases the transformation induced by a small dose of irradiation causes a reduction in the resistivity of the sample. We suggest that the reduction in resistivity may be due to ordering on the oxygen sublattice.
Dislocation group dynamics VI. The release of a pile-up

Abstract A dislocation distribution is initially in equilibrium, piled up against a block by a uniform applied stress. The block is removed and the subsequent motion of the distribution, for a linear stress—velocity law, is analysed by the complex representation introduced in Parts I to V of this study of dislocation group dynamics. It is shown that complete information about the motion is contained in a root of a cubic equation. Particular aspects of the motion which are considered include the changing shape of the distribution, the positions of its leading and trailing edges, the rising stress at a point on the slip plane ahead of the distribution and asymptotic limits at large time.
A SPRING AND AUTUMN FAMILY

The present study focuses on the ways in which the Zuo zhuan depicts the disruptive and often violent impact of political ambition on the female members of the family of one woman, Bo Ji of Song, across three generations. It examines the ways in which the Zuo zhuan both characterizes the issues at stake and envisions measures to prevent the preemptory and ruthless disordering and dissolution of families for the sake of political expediency.
Regulation of aberrant neurofilament phosphorylation in neuronal perikarya. IV. Evidence for the involvement of two signals.

Abstract Axonal regeneration over long distances is dependent upon events occurring both in the distal stump and in the neuronal cell body. Little is known concerning how events in the distal stump influence the cell body response to injury, or the axon reaction. In the present study, we examined this relationship for one component of the axon reaction (i.e. aberrant neurofilament (NF) phosphorylation) in the C57BL/Ola (Ola) mouse mutant, a model which exhibits delayed Wallerian degeneration (up to 3 weeks) and retarded regeneration of sensory neurons. Non-axotomized normal (C57/6J/BL) and Ola mice demonstrated modest immunostaining to phosphorylated NF (pNF) epitopes (using monoclonal antibody 06–17) in some (11%) L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal cell bodies. In normal mice, modest to intense immunoreactivity was present in 43% of DRG neurons at 1 week following a sciatic nerve crush (axotomy). The intensity and extent of staining declined with reinnervation, being reduced slightly at 2 weeks and more notably by 3 weeks following axotomy. In Ola mice, the intensity and extent (43%) of staining were not different from normal axotomized mice at 1 week following axotomy. However, the intensity was less and the extent of staining reduced by 28% at 2 weeks following axotomy. By 3 weeks, staining levels were again increased, being similar to that observed in Ola and normal mice at 1 week following axotomy. Taken together, the results suggest that aberrant expression of pNF epitopes in DRG neuronal cell bodies is regulated by at least two signals. The first signal is not dependent upon processes associated with Wallerian degeneration since pNF expression is fully developed in Ola mice when the vast majority of fibers remain intact. This suggests that induction arises from the loss of a target tissue-derived retrogradely transported trophic signal. The presence of a second signal is suggested by the failure of Ola mice to maintain (at 2 weeks) the level of pNF expression. This indicates that events in the distal stump may influence both the magnitude and duration of the axon reaction.
Immunotherapy of a murine sarcoma using specific antitumor immune RNA

The effect of IRNA therapy in a polyoma-induced fibrosarcoma of C3H mice has been studied. Although a protocol that transferred in vitro cytotoxicity was used, no reduction in incidence of tumors, tumor size, or survival was demonstrated. In one experiment, enhancement of tumor growth occurred. It is concluded that cytotoxicity does not reflect in vivo changes and that therapeutic trials of IRNA are premature.
The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein L11.

Summary The amino acid sequence of the rat 60S ribosomal subunit protein L11 was deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA. Ribosomal protein L11 has 178 amino acids and a molecular weight of 20,239. Hybridization of the cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 6–8 copies of the L11 gene. The mRNA for the protein is about 800 nucleotides in length. Rat L11 is homologous to ribosomal proteins from other eukaryotes and is related to the L5 family of proteins from eubacterial and archaebacterial ribosomes.
An expected profit model for monetizing fishing location choices.

Abstract We develop and analyze the properties of a new type of discrete choice model which jointly estimates the expected value of catch and location choice. This model implicitly monetizes location choices and can be used to predict costs and effort redistribution of creating marine protected areas or of implementing other policy changes that either increase travel costs or alter expected revenue. We illustrate our approach by considering the closing of the Steller sea lion conservation area in the United States Bering Sea to pollock fishing.
Evidence of the Nostationarity of the Variance Rate of Return of New York Stock Exchange Listed Common Stock

The variance rate of return is shown to be nonstationary for the majority of stocks studied, with a median change of 100 percent over a period of one and one-half years. The degree of change declines as the interval between estimates is shortened as does the extent to which the variance rates of different of the change do not appear to be strongly related to the trading frequency of the stock.
HYDROTHERMAL REGULARLY INTERSTRATIFIED CHLORITE-VERMICULITE AND TOBERMORITE IN ALTERATION ZONES AT GOLDFIELD, NEVADA

ABSTRACT Hydrothermal alteration of andesitic and dacitic rocks in the Goldfield District, Nevada, has produced regularly interstratified chlorite—vermiculite and tobermorite. X-ray diffraction and oscillating-heating data indicate the regular interstratification of the chlorite-vermiculite. This mineral is found in the zone of least alteration and was formed by the alteration of hornblende phenocrysts. Penninite is an intermediate stage in this reaction. Increased intensity of alteration resulted in the disappearance of chlorite—vermiculite and the development of montmorillonite. Tobermorite, found only in the dacite, is associated with alunite as pseudomorphs after plagioclase phenocrysts in the most intense zone of alteration. The intermediate stage of hydration for tobermorite is indicated by the 11 A spacing of the 002 diffraction peak. Oscillating-heating X-ray data at atmospheric pressure show that tobermorite decomposes thermally in two stages. The (00l) planes collapse at approximately 520 °C and crystal planes having an 8 A periodicity collapse at about 760 °C. Wollastonite develops from tobermorite above 700 °C under static heating conditions.
Modeling tooling interactions of teleoperation using grey system theory

Online modeling or estimating tooling interaction of teleoperation is complicated and difficult. Classic analytical and numerical modeling methods are not suitable for real-time modeling. In this paper, a grey prediction model GM(1,1) was developed for predicting tooling interactions of teleoperation since grey modeling has the following characteristics: (i) small data set, (ii) less computation, (iii) online real-time modeling, and (iv) any kind of data distribution. The developed GM(1,1) was successfully applied to model bandsawing interaction forces.
Models for Adolescent Ministry: Exploring Eight Ecumenical Examples 1

Abstract This study addresses eight models for “doing” ecclesial adolescent ministry in the United States from both a Catholic and ecumenical perspective. The article offers youth ministers in the field with creative insights to further enhance their ministry with adolescents. The eight models represent an inclusive theological and pastoral framework on three levels that youth ministers will find helpful. First, the study examines theologically each model under consideration. Second, the article provides pastoral insights for integration into the youth ministry. Third, the essay will address the possible strengths and limitations that a parish youth minister may encounter and find useful. Evangelical, Protestant, and Catholic youth ministers will find each model appropriate and applicable to adolescent needs and church demands as they embark on their valuable and important work. 1This article is a lucid overview articulating the thoughts and premise of his forthcoming book Models for Youth Ministry: A Con...
Is teamwork the smart solution

One of the most formidable tasks facing humanity at the moment is how to solve the problems associated with energy supply and utilization. The issues are complex, to be sure, and they're compounded by seemingly conflicting objectives involving cost, sustainability, reliability, environmental soundness, free markets, and an energy supply that is accessible to all--anytime. Because there?s special interest in enhancing the sustainability of a modern lifestyle, one approach to the problem is to use renewable resources--mainly solar and wind--to power the world economy. Some renewable resources have the added benefit of low environmental impact, especially in greenhouse gas production. There's also great interest in restructured energy and power markets that are called "free" or "liberalized" in some parts of the world and "deregulated" in the United States. The deregulation of the electric power industry in many venues has resulted in a new science and engineering of power marketing. There are complex basic challenges in solving the problems that are related to an unfettered power market that results in an environmentally sound production of electric power and also a reliable and low-cost solution.
β-Lactam induction of colanic acid gene expression in Escherichia coli

An unexpected observation led us to examine the relationship between β-lactam exposure and synthesis of colonic acid capsular polysaccharide in Escherichia coli. Strains containing a cps-lacZ transcriptional fusion were challenged with antibiotics having various modes of action, and gene expression was detected by a disk-diffusion assay and in broth cultures. The cps genes were induced by a subset of β-lactams but not by agents inhibiting protein synthesis or DNA replication, indicating that cps expression was specific and not due to stresses accompanying cell death or by a general inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. A narrow concentration just below the MIC triggered cps expression in liquid culture, suggesting the response may be triggered by near-lethal levels of antibiotic. Because colanic acid is important for maturation of biofilm architecture, antibiotics that increase its synthesis might exacerbate the formation or persistence of biofilms.
The anabolic effects of insulin on type II collagen synthesis of Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes

Abstract The anabolic effects of insulin on collagen production of freshly isolated Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were investigated. The specific radioactivity of newly synthesized collagen was not increased by insulin, indicating that the hormone has no effect on the specific radioactivity of the aminoacyl tRNA pool. Results of further studies obtained from collagen degradation experiments demonstrated that insulin did not alter the rate of [3H]collagen degradation. Together, these results clearly indicate that insulin stimulates collagen biosynthesis. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the newly synthesized collagen of both control and insulin-stimulated cells revealed a large-molecular-weight component which migrated with authentic α1(II) collagen and was collagenase-sensitive. Additional studies showed that, although insulin increased the processing and secretion of collagen, the hormone did not cause a shift in the distribution of the extracellular and intracellular collagen pools. Finally, results of studies conducted with the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D, indicated that the anabolic effects of insulin on collagen and non-collagen proteins were mediated at a post-transcriptional site.
Addition of polysubstituted alkenes, aromatic alkynes, and dienes to a metal-stabilized thiyl radical via carbon–sulfur bond formation: Electrochemical, chemical, and computational investigations

Abstract The addition of polysubstituted alkenes, alkynes, and dienes to the metal-stabilized thiyl radical complex [Ru-1]+ was evaluated by electrochemical, chemical, and computational methods. The [Ru-1]+ radical complex was generated by two successive one-electron oxidations of the metal thiolate precursor PPN[Ru(DPPBT)3], PPN[Ru-1]−, (PPN = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium; DPPBT = diphenylphosphinebenzenethiolato). Rate constants were experimentally determined by cyclic voltammetric methods over multiple scan rates using [Ru-1]− solutions containing unsaturated substrates. Rate constants for polysubstituted alkenes range from 1.1 × 101 to 8.8 × 102 M−1 s−1, which are at 3–5 orders of magnitude slower than their monosubstituted counterparts. Rate constants are slower for substituted alkynes varying from 2.3 × 102 to 1.2 × 104 M−1 s−1, which are ∼100 times slower than the corresponding alkenes. Selected complexes were spectroscopically characterized following synthesis by chemical oxidation methods. Addition of asymmetrically substituted alkenes and alkynes yield [Ru-1·substrate]+ products as a mixture of isomers, which were assigned based on 31P NMR and density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/LANL2DZ + 6–31 g). The solid state structure of [Ru-1·cyclohexene]PF6 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Impacts of Eutrophication on Carbon Burial in Freshwater Lakes in an Intensively Agricultural Landscape

The influence of inland water bodies on the global carbon cycle and the great potential for long-term carbon burial in them is an important component of global limnology. We used paleolimnological methods to estimate changes in carbon burial rates through time in a suite of natural lakes in the US state of Iowa which has watersheds that have been heavily modified over the last 150 years. Our results show increasing carbon burial for all lakes in our study as agriculture intensified. Our estimates of carbon burial rates, before land clearance, are similar to the published worldwide averages for nutrient-poor lakes. In nearly all the cases, burial rates increased to very high levels (up to 200 g C m−2 y−1) following agricultural development. These results support the idea that the increased autochthonous and allochthonous carbon flux, related to anthropogenic change, leads to higher rates of carbon burial. Further, these results imply that the fraction of global carbon buried by lakes will be increasingly important in the future if worldwide trends in anthropogenic eutrophication continue.
Factors influencing the efficacy of virtual reality distraction analgesia during postburn physical therapy: preliminary results from 3 ongoing studies.

Abstract Sharar SR, Carrougher GJ, Nakamura D, Hoffman HG, Blough DK, Patterson DR. Factors influencing the efficacy of virtual reality distraction analgesia during postburn physical therapy: preliminary results from 3 ongoing studies. Objective To assess the efficacy and side effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) distraction analgesia, as well as patient factors associated with VR analgesic efficacy in burn patients who require passive range-of-motion (ROM) physical therapy (PT). Design Prospective, randomized, controlled, within-subject trials. Setting Regional level I burn center in a university-affiliated urban hospital. Participants Patients (age range, 6−65y) who required passive ROM PT in sessions lasting 3 to 15 minutes after cutaneous burn injury. Interventions Standard analgesic (opioid and/or benzodiazepine) care and standard analgesic care plus immersive VR distraction. Main Outcome Measure Self-reported subjective pain ratings (0 to 100 graphic rating scale). Results A total of 146 treatment comparisons were made in 88 subjects, 75% of whom were children ages 6 to 18 years. Compared with standard analgesic treatment alone, the addition of VR distraction resulted in significant reductions in subjective pain ratings for worst pain intensity (20% reduction), pain unpleasantness (26% reduction), and time spent thinking about pain (37% reduction). Subjects' age, sex, ethnicity, size of initial burn injury, or duration of therapy session did not affect the analgesic effects of VR distraction. Nausea with the standard care plus VR distraction condition was infrequent (15%) and mild, with 85% of the subjects reporting no nausea. Children provided higher subjective reports of "presence" in the virtual environment and "realness" of the virtual environment than did adults, but age did not affect the analgesic effects of VR distraction. Conclusions When added to standard analgesic therapy, VR distraction provides a clinically meaningful degree of pain relief to burn patients undergoing passive ROM PT. Multiple patient factors do not appear to affect the analgesic effect. Immersive VR distraction is a safe and effective nonpharmacologic technique with which to provide adjunctive analgesia to facilitate patient participation in rehabilitation activities.
Thermoluminescence properties and age estimates for Quaternary raised marine sediments, Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada.

Thermoluminescence (TL) analyses of Quaternary nearshore marine sediments from the Hudson Bay Lowland revealed relatively high light emissions and linear growth curves to at least 400 Gy above the natural dose. Initial results indicate that anomalous fading may be circumvented by a preheating at 150 °C for 16 h without substantial thermal draining of stable TL components. Both the total bleach method with unfiltered sunlamp light and the partial bleach method with light blocked below 400 nm resulted in overbleaching and thus overestimates of age. A TL age estimate of 5.3 ± 0.8 ka on the Holocene control sample, similar to the radiocarbon age, was obtained using the partial bleach method with light blocked below 540 nm. This same method yielded an average TL age estimate of 73 ± 10 ka for a Pleistocene unit, which corresponds to the amino-acid-based age estimate of ca. 76 ka. The agreement of the two age estimates is encouraging, since both methods rely on separate assumptions that have not been independen...
Death as Deterrent or Prosecutorial Tool? Examining the Impact of Louisiana’s Child Rape Law:

This project measures the impact of a 1995 amendment to Louisiana’s aggravated rape statute that allows juries to consider imposing the death penalty for convicted child rapists. Preamendment populations of cases from two large parishes (counties) were compared to postamendment populations of cases. In addition, 40 individual case files were randomly selected and reviewed. Variables measuring certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment were compared. The only significant change was the reduction of trials, which may be linked to an increased propensity for plea agreements, dismissals, and charge reductions. In general, offenders initially charged with aggravated rape of a child seemed to benefit from the passage of this amendment, as did district attorneys’ offices. Unfortunately, the state of Louisiana does not seem to be benefiting from the increased deterrence and retribution that this amendment was touted to deliver.
Recent developments in the statistical mechanics of polymers

In a previous paper I discussed the statistical mechanics of polymers, particularly the theory of rubber elasticity. The present continuation of that paper emphasizes that the resolution of the stress into internal energy and entropy contributions at constant volume may alternatively also be done at constant pressure yielding a resolution of the stress into internal energy, entropy and pressure contributions. The network theory of rubber elasticity, as developed by James and Guth starting in 1939, presents a framework comparable to the van der Waals equation for real gases and Weiss' theory of ferromagnetism and is compatible with an internal energy contribution at constant volume due to intramolecular forces and thus independent of extension. Until very recently, experimental data did not exhibit this independence. However in 1969 work in extension by Shen on natural rubber and by Price et al. on butyl rubber and polydimethyl siloxane and by Boyce and Treloar on natural rubber in torsion clearly showed this independence. I also stress that our theory does not imply a universal “front factor.” On the contrary, its value will depend, among other factors, on the degree of both segment dispersion and randomness of crosslinking. The experimental situation with regard to the “front factor” urgently needs further clarification.
Spatial asymmetries in viewing and remembering scenes: consequences of an attentional bias?

Given a single fixation, memory for scenes containing salient objects near both the left and right view boundaries exhibited a rightward bias in boundary extension (Experiment 1). On each trial, a 500-msec picture and 2.5-sec mask were followed by a boundary adjustment task. Observers extended boundaries 5% more on the right than on the left. Might this reflect an asymmetric distribution of attention? In Experiments 2A and 2B, free viewing of pictures revealed that first saccades were more often leftward (62%) than rightward (38%). In Experiment 3, 500-msec pictures were interspersed with 2.5-sec masks. A subsequent object recognition memory test revealed better memory for left-side objects. Scenes were always mirror reversed for half the observers, thus ruling out idiosyncratic scene compositions as the cause of these asymmetries. Results suggest an unexpected leftward bias of attention that selectively enhanced the representations, causing a smaller boundary extension error and better object memory on the views’ left sides.
Criteria for open heart surgery for acquired aortic valvular disease

Abstract A historical review of surgical procedures for the relief of acquired aortic valvular deformities is presented. The present status of “open” operation on the aortic valve is reviewed. Our personal experience with 302 “open” heart procedures for the correction of these lesions is summarized. The proper selection of patients for surgical intervention prior to the development of intractable heart failure is outlined. The physician should entertain enthusiasm and optimism in view of the impressive array of advances in this surgical field. More objective postoperative evaluation including more frequent use of left heart catheterization and aortography is necessary for a definitive and just appraisal of the surgical results.
Control of Solid-Excitation-Based Photochemical Dry Etching of Semiconductors by Ion-Bombardment-Induced Damage

Carrier-driven photochemcial dry etching of semiconductors can be selectively suppressed by ion-implantation-induced defects. The magnitude of this suppression depends on the semiconductor impurity doping concentration, the ion fluence, and the photo-excitation wavelength.
Assessing strategic voting in the 2008 US presidential primaries: the role of electoral context, institutional rules, and negative votes

We examine the nature and extent of strategic voting in the 2008 US presidential primary. In doing so, we distinguish positive strategic voters—those casting ballots for their second choice in the primary and general election—from negative strategic voters—those casting ballots for a candidate they want to lose in the general election. We find evidence of both types in 2008. Moreover, we show that the likelihood of voting strategically is related to the electoral and institutional context. Specifically, those who prefer trailing candidates and who live in states with open primaries or with elections after John McCain became the presumed nominee were more likely to vote strategically.
Disequilibration for teaching the scientific method in computer science

We present several introductory computer science laboratory assignments designed to reinforce the use of the scientific method. These assignments require students to make predictions, write simulations, perform experiments, collect data and analyze the results. The assignments are specifically designed to place student predictions in conflict with the observed results, thus producing a disequilibration. As a result, students are motivated to critically examine their simulations, consider their assumptions, and repeat their experiments. These potential benefits of disequilibration are discussed and additional ways to apply disequilibration in computer science education are suggested.
Highly conserved GC-rich palindromic DNA sequences flank tRNA genes in Neurospora crassa mitochondria

In sequencing a 2200 bp region of the Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA encoding the 3' end of the large rRNA gene and a cluster of six tRNA genes, we have found that the tRNA genes are flanked by highly conserved GC-rich palindromic DNA sequences. An 18 bp long core sequence, 5'-CC CTGCAG TA CTGCAG GG-3', containing two closely spaced Pst I sites, is common to all these palindromic sequences. Each of the eight Pst I sites mapped in the 2200 bp region consists of two closely spaced Pst I sites; thus this 2200 bp long segment actually contains 16 Pst I sites. Between 5-10% of the N. crassa DNA may consist of these GC-rich palindromic sequences that include the 18 base long core sequence. The same core sequence is present within both the 5' and 3' side of the intervening sequence of the large rRNA gene, close to, but not at, the intron-exon boundaries. We discuss probable roles for these sequences in N. crassa mitochondrial function, including their role as signals either in the synthesis or processing (or both) of RNA in the mitochondria.
L 2 discretization and complex coordinates in the calculation of bound-free amplitudes in the presence of long-range forces

The formalism of M\o{}ller wave operators is shown to provide a stable basis for computation of bound-free transition amplitudes for both short- and long-range potentials without the direct calculation of scattering wave functions. This method, which relies on the techniques of expansion in finite ${L}^{2}$ bases and rotation of the coordinates into the complex plane, is applied to both an exponential potential and one that behaves asymptotically as $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{{r}^{4}}$. It is demonstrated that one obtains not only accurate magnitudes of the matrix elements, but accurate phases (i.e., the scattering phase shift) as well. Some relevant theoretical results with regard to the application of wave operators are also presented. Although couched in terms of potential scattering, the procedures are readily extendible to multichannel problems.
Adherence-dependent calcium signaling in monocytes: induction of a CD14-high phenotype, stimulus-responsive subpopulation

Abstract Isolation of monocytes by plastic adherence alters cell morphology and function. In order to study the effects of cell isolation procedures and subsequent culture on monocyte function, we examined cytoplasmic calcium concentration changes (Δ[Ca2+]in) in human monocytes isolated by either negative (magnetic bead) or positive (plastic adherence) selection then stimulated with formyl–Met–Leu–Phe (fMLP), either immediately after isolation, or after 48 h in culture. We have previously shown that fresh adherence-isolated monocytes respond to fMLP with small Δ[Ca2+]in and oxidative burst responses, exhibiting larger responses following 48 h of incubation. We now demonstrate that fresh monocytes, prevented from adhering by negative selection, exhibit an even smaller fMLP-induced Δ[Ca2+]in, which does not increase during 48 h in culture if cells are kept nonadherent, in Teflon. Calcium responses of adherent, fresh monocytes do not increase if cells are subsequently placed into suspension and maintained nonadherent, but increase if nonadherent cells are permitted to adhere to plastic. Furthermore, augmented fMLP-[Ca2+]in and oxidative burst responses in plastic-adherent cells are restricted to a CD14-high phenotype subpopulation. The CD14-high phenotype also describes a subpopulation of cells that responds to CD4 crosslinking with a rapid Δ[Ca2+]in. Induction of a subpopulation of CD14-high expressing cells by adherence may explain in part maturation-induced response changes observed in macrophage but not in monocyte in vitro systems.
Studies of electroimmunodiffusion: Immunochemical quantitation of proteins in dilute solutions

Abstract The behavior of serum albumin, IgG, IgM, IgA and salivary IgA was studied in the recently-introduced quantiative technique of electroimmunodifussion. This method by combining the modes of immunodiffusion through antibody-containing agar and electrophoresis of antigen achieved performance advantages over radial immunodiffusion in the quantitation of protein antigens, particularly when in dilute solutions. From the results obtained with these standard antigens of varying molecular size and electrophoretic mobility, principles have been derived which should allow the adaptation of this method to the measurement of any soluble protein.
Vaccines and gene therapy for colorectal cancer

Abstract Vaccination strategies against colorectal carcinoma attempt to stimulate and direct the body's endogenous immune defense mechanisms against growing malignancies. In similar manner, gene transfer technologies offer the potential to increase the immunogenicity of tumors, confer increased susceptibility to cytotoxic agents, interfere with tumor growth, and correct carcinogenic mutations. With progressive advances in the scientific understanding of carcinogenesis, immune regulation, and the manipulation of immune effector mechanisms at both cellular and molecular levels, vaccines and gene therapies for colon and rectal cancers are now entering preliminary human clinical trials. These novel approaches may eventually offer new treatment possibilities for patients with colorectal malignancies. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.