cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An implicit time‐marching algorithm for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation

Wave equation models currently discretize the generalized wave continuity equation with a three-time-level scheme centered at k and the momentum equation with a two-time-level scheme centered at k+1/2; non-linear terms are evaluated explicitly. However in highly non-linear applications, the algorithm becomes unstable at even moderate Courant numbers. This paper examines an implicit treatment of the non-linear terms using an iterative time-marching algorithm. Depending on the domain, results from one-dimensional experiments show up to a tenfold increase in stability and temporal accuracy. The sensitivity of stability to variations in the G-parameter (a numerical weighting parameter in the generalized wave continuity equation) was examined; results show that the greatest increase in stability occurs with G/τ=2–50. In the one-dimensional experiments, three different types of node spacing techniques—constant, variable, and LTEA (Localized Truncation Error Analysis)—were examined; stability is positively correlated to the uniformity of the node spacing. Lastly, a scaling analysis demonstrates that the magnitudes of the non-linear terms are positively correlated to those that most influence stability, particularly the term containing the G-parameter. It is evident that the new algorithm improves stability and temporal accuracy in a cost-effective manner. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outpatient Primary Care Screening for Depression and Suicidality

The limited access to practicing psychiatrists elevates the importance of primary care physicians to offer both diagnostic and therapeutic services for their patients experiencing depression. This article discusses screening tools that can be utilized under the time constraints and within the skill set of the primary care provider.
pag-3, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene involved in touch neuron gene expression and coordinated movement.

Mutations in a newly identified gene, pag-3, cause ectopic expression of touch neuron genes mec-7, mec-7lacZ and mec-4lacZ in the lineal sisters of the ALM touch neurons, the BDU neurons. pag-3 mutants also show a reverse kinker uncoordinated phenotype. The first pag-3 allele was isolated in a screen for mutants with altered immunofluorescence staining patterns. Two additional pag-3 alleles were identified in a noncomplementation screen of 38,000 haploid genomes. All of the pag-3 alleles were recessive to wild type and cause the same phenotypes. Two-factor crosses, deficiency mapping and three-factor crosses located pag-3 to the right arm of the X chromosome between unc-3 and unc-7. Because recessive mutations in pag-3 result in expression of several touch cell specific genes in the BDU neurons, pag-3(+) must directly or indirectly suppress expression of these genes in the BDU neurons. Although pag-3 mutants did not show mec-3lacZ expression in their BDU neurons, expression of mec-7lacZ and mec-4lacZ in the BDU neurons of pag-3 mutants required mec-3(+).
War stressors and symptom persistence in posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract This study focused on delineating aspects of war stressors associated with risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Findings from 191 Vietnam war veterans are presented, addressing which elements of the war experience predicted PTSD in remission or persistent PTSD. Some experiences, like loss and injury, predicted having had PTSD symptoms in the past, while other experiences, such as exposure to grotesque death, predicted current (persistent) PTSD. Discriminant analysis showed that the more extreme/intense the stressor experiences, the higher the risk for developing PTSD and for persistent symptoms. These findings provide empirical support for the PTSD diagnosis and additional data for refining the PTSD stressor criterion.
Identification of brown adipose tissue in mice with fat-water IDEAL-MRI.

Results: A broad fat fraction range for BAT was observed (40‐80%), in comparison to a tighter and higher WAT range of 90‐93%, in both excised tissue samples and in situ. Using the fat fraction metric, the interscapular BAT depot in each carcass could be clearly identified, as well as peri-renal and inguinal depots that exhibited a mixed BAT and WAT phenotype appearance. Conclusion: Due to BAT’s multi-locular fat distribution and extensive mitochondrial, cytoplasm, and vascular supply, its fat content is significantly less than that of WAT. We have demonstrated that the fat fraction metric from IDEAL-MRI is a sensitive and quantitative approach to noninvasively characterize BAT.
Wireless networking testbed and emulator (WiNeTestEr)

Repeatability, isolation and accuracy are the most desired factors while testing wireless devices. However, they cannot be guaranteed by traditional drive tests. Channel emulators play a major role in filling these gaps in testing. In this paper we present an efficient channel emulator which is better than existing commercial products in terms of cost, remote access, support for complex network topologies and scalability. We present the hardware and software architecture of our channel emulator and describe the experiments we conducted to evaluate its performance against a commercial channel emulator.
Electroosmotic dewatering of dredged sediments : Bench-scale investigation

Abstract The Indiana Harbor (Indiana, USA) has not been dredged since 1972 due to lack of a suitable disposal site for dredged sediment. As a result of this, over a million cubic yards of highly contaminated sediment has accumulated in the harbor. Recently, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has selected a site for the confined disposal facility (CDF) and is in the process of designing it. Although dredging can be accomplished rapidly, the disposal in the CDF has to be done slowly to allow adequate time for consolidation to occur. The sediment possesses very high moisture content and very low hydraulic conductivity, which cause consolidation to occur slowly. Consolidation of the sediment is essential in order to achieve adequate shear strength of sediments and also to provide enough air space to accommodate the large amount of sediment that requires disposal. Currently, it has been estimated that if a one 3-foot (0.9-m) thick layer of sediment was disposed of at the CDF annually, it would take approximately 10 years to dispose of all the sediment that is to be dredged from the Indiana Harbor. This study investigated the feasibility of using an electroosmotic dewatering technology to accelerate dewatering and consolidation of sediment, thereby allowing more rapid disposal of sediment into the CDF. Electroosmotic dewatering essentially involves applying a small electric potential across the sediment layer, thereby inducing rapid flow as a result of physico-chemical and electrochemical processes. A series of bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were conducted on actual dredged sediment samples from the Indiana Harbor to investigate dewatering rates caused by gravity alone, dewatering rates caused by gravity and electric potential, and the effects of the addition of polymer flocculants on dewatering of the sediments. The results showed that electroosmotic dewatering under an applied electric potential of 1.0 VDC/cm could increase the rate of dewatering and consolidation by an order of magnitude as compared to gravity drainage alone. Amending the sediment with polymers at low concentrations (0.5–1% by dry weight) will enhance this dewatering process; however, the optimal polymer concentration and the cost-effectiveness of using polymers should be investigated further.
Phenology, sex ratios, and population trends of Selasphorus hummingbirds in central coastal California

From 1980 to 2000, we mist-netted 2412 Allen's Hummingbirds (Selasphorus sasin) and 203 Rufous Hummingbirds (S. rufus) at a site in central coastal California. Adult Allen's occurred from late January to early August and juveniles from early April to early September. Overall ratios of female to male Allen's were 2.5:1 for adults, 1:1.1 for juveniles. The breeding season female-to-male ratio for adult Allen's of 6.2:1 probably reflected net placement at riparian edges between nests and feeding areas for females. Adult Rufous occurred as transients from mid-February to early May and late June to mid-August and juveniles from mid June to late September. Overall ratios of female to male Rufous were 2.3:1 for adults in spring, 1:1.1 for juveniles. For adults, there was little evidence for a spring migration peak in Allen's, but a fall migration peak was marked. In contrast, adult Rufous showed a spring migration peak but were rare in fall. The two species' main southbound routes in California (coastal for Allen's, interior for Rufous) may, in combination with temporal separation, help partition nectar re- sources. Capture rates for both age groups of Allen's Hummingbirds indicated a stable population. Juvenile Rufous showed a significant decline in capture rates, reasons for which are unknown.
Considering the System and the Working Environment

This chapter contains sections titled: Design of the Trim Network Package-Shift Effects System-Related Issues Characterization Summary This chapter contains sections titled: Appendix A.5 Bandgap Trimming Procedure for a Mixed-Mode (Both Voltage-Mode and Current-Mode) Output Stage Appendix B.5 Package Shift-Effects in Bandgap Reference Circuits Appendix C.5 Derivation of the Time Required for a Reference Circuit to Change a Finite Amount upon a Single-Step Stimulus Bibliography ]]>
Draw and drag: accessible touchscreen geometry for students who are blind

The drawing of geometric shapes, such as rectangles or triangles of varying sizes, in geometry classes is inaccessible to blind students. Most solutions to this inaccessibility are inaccurate, low tech, time consuming, or require assistance. Draw and Drag is a research project to test the feasibility of using touchscreens to allow students who are blind to do their geometry homework easily and quickly without any assistance.
Automated Multi-Zone Linear Parametric Black Box Modeling Approach for Building HVAC Systems

Optimal control algorithms such as distributed model predictive control (DMPC) offer tremendous potential in reducing energy consumption of building operations. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems which form a major part of the building operations contain a large number of interconnected subsystems. One of the challenges associated with implementing DMPC is the development of reliable models of individual subsystems for prediction, especially for large scale systems. In this paper an automated method is proposed to develop linear parametric black box models for individual building HVAC subsystems. The modeling method proposed identifies the significant inputs, and the upstream and downstream neighbors of each subsystem before performing regression analysis to determine the model parameters. Automation of the model development makes the implementation of the model-based control algorithms much more feasible. The modeling method is then verified through an EnergyPLus model, and using data of a real office building.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Banking Relationship, Information Reusability, and Acquisition Loans

I study whether and how banks reuse information acquired from one borrower in loans made to different but related borrowers in financing mergers and acquisitions. Specifically, I find that stronger prior lending relationships between acquisition loan lenders and acquisition targets are associated with lower spreads and fewer covenant restrictions of acquisition loans. The results are unlikely to be driven by unobservable acquirer, target, or lender characteristics. Consistent with the information asymmetry hypothesis, the effect is stronger if the degree of information asymmetry of the target firm is higher. I also find that the result is not driven by the coinsurance effect.
Highly viscous antibody solutions are a consequence of network formation caused by domain-domain electrostatic complementarities: insights from coarse-grained simulations.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) candidates that form highly viscous solutions at concentrations above 100 mg/mL can lead to challenges in bioprocessing, formulation development, and subcutaneous drug delivery. Earlier studies of mAbs with concentration-dependent high viscosity have indicated that mAbs with negatively charged Fv regions have a dipole-like quality that increases the likelihood of reversible self-association. This suggests that weak electrostatic intermolecular interactions can form transient antibody networks that participate in resistance to solution deformation under shear stress. Here this hypothesis is explored by parametrizing a coarse-grained (CG) model of an antibody using the domain charges from four different mAbs that have had their concentration-dependent viscosity behaviors previously determined. Multicopy molecular dynamics simulations were performed for these four CG mAbs at several concentrations to understand the effect of surface charge on mass diffusivity, pairwise i...
Azide-Based Fluorescent Probes: Imaging Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Systems

Hydrogen sulfide is a redox active sulfur species that is endogenously generated in mammalian systems as an antioxidant and signaling molecule to support cellular function. The fundamental and ubiquitous actions of hydrogen sulfide demand sensitive and specific methods to track this biomolecule as it is produced within living organisms with temporal and spatial regulation. In this context, the hydrogen sulfide-mediated reduction of an azide to an amine is a useful method for organic synthesis, and this reaction has successfully been exploited to yield biocompatible fluorescent probes for hydrogen sulfide detection in vitro and in cells. This chapter provides protocols and guidelines for applying azide-based fluorescence probes to detecting hydrogen sulfide in living systems, including a protocol that was used to detect endogenous hydrogen sulfide in living single cells using a confocal microscope.
Amnesia: A Bilateral Generative Password Manager

While numerous flaws have been recognized in using passwords as a method of authentication, passwords still remain the de-facto authentication standard in use today. Though password managers can ameliorate password fatigue, the vast majority of password managers require the user to choose and maintain a strong master password while offering little to no recourse in the event that the master password is compromised. The wide-application of cloud-based password managers congregate passwords in an encrypted database, which becomes an attractive target for attackers and also represents a single point of failure. In this paper, we propose Amnesia, a bilateral generative password manager that requires both the knowledge of the master password and the possession of the user's smartphone to generate website passwords for the user. Our generative password manager is not vulnerable to the password database leakage, since it generates the requested password on demand using both the master password and the secret information on the smartphone. An attacker wishing to steal the user's website passwords has to compromise both the user's smartphone and the master password. Amnesia also has strong recovery capability when either the master password is compromised or the smartphone is lost/stolen. By using an Amnesia server, a user can have the access to the password manager on multiple computers without installing any software on those computers. We implemented an Amnesia system prototype using Android and Cherrypy web framework and evaluated it in terms of security, usability, and overhead. A user study of 31 testers shows that Amnesia increases password security while maintaining reasonable user convenience.
Potential for Growth of Nonproteolytic Types of Clostridium botulinum in Pasteurized Restructured Meat Products: A Review

Type E and nonproteolytic type B strains of Clostridium botulinum can grow and produce toxin at temperatures below 5°C. Recent publications describing the greater heat resistance of nonproteolytic type B C. botulinum spores than type E spores are discussed in relation to suitable proess lethalities required for a safe pasteurized product. The incidences of botulism in Europe caused by nonproteolytic type B spores were compared to the lack of such incidences in the U.S. and to published procedures for isolating the causative agent for botulism. The incidence of C. botulinum spores in meat products in the U.S. also is reviewed.
Light-Matter Interactions using a Nanofiber-Segment Ring Resonator

We describe experimental work on a nanofiber-based ring resonator that enables strong interactions between the cavity-enhanced field and atoms near the nanofiber surface. This “all fiber” cavity has applications in nonlinear spectroscopy and quantum optics.
Art meets science

I read with great interest Calla Cofield's feature article "Underneath the surface" (February pp32–35) on art and science. I was one of the researchers who examined the paintings that were attributed to Jackson Pollock, and I believe that she is not entirely correct in her assumption that scientists have yet to learn how to work and communicate with art historians.
Connection of Nicotine to Diet-Induced Obesity and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Cellular and Mechanistic Insights

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a serious health hazard affecting 20-40% of adults in the general population in the USA and over 70% of the obese and extremely obese people. In addition to obesity, nicotine is recognized as a risk factor for NAFLD, and it has been reported that nicotine can exaggerate obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. The development of NAFLD has serious clinical complications because of its potential progression from simple hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Multiple mechanisms can be involved in nicotine plus high-fat diet-induced (HFD) hepatic steatosis. Emerging evidence now suggests that nicotine exacerbates hepatic steatosis triggered by HFD, through increased oxidative stress and hepatocellular apoptosis, decreased phosphorylation (inactivation) of adenosine-5-monophosphate-activated protein kinase and, in turn, up-regulation of sterol response-element binding protein 1-c, fatty acid synthase, and activation of acetyl-coenzyme A-carboxylase, leading to increased hepatic lipogenesis. There is also growing evidence that chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress through regulation of several pathways leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, perturbed hepatic lipid homeostasis, apoptosis, and autophagy can induce hepatic steatosis and its progression to NASH. Evidence also suggests a central role of the gut microbiota in obesity and its related disorders, including NAFLD. This review explores the contribution of nicotine and obesity to the development of NAFLD and its molecular underpinning.
Catechins as Potential Mediators of Cardiovascular Health

The impact of diet on cardiovascular disease has become an increasingly relevant topic as ongoing epidemiological evidence continues to demonstrate clear associations with disease burden and mortality. Certain diets, such as those high in sodium and saturated fat, are associated with cardiovascular disease states, while other diets can be cardioprotective. However, there is limited knowledge on how the micro- and macronutrients within such cardioprotective diets afford their benefits. One such micronutrient is the catechin class, which are naturally occurring compounds in plant foods, such as teas, cocoa, wine, pears, and apples. Recent evidence reveals that catechins may be a key mediator in cardiovascular health via mechanisms of blood pressure reduction, flow-mediated vasodilation, and atherosclerosis attenuation. This review evaluates the current literature on the interplay between catechins and cardiovascular disease, which may have important implications for nutrition counseling and pharmaceutical drug development.
DeepXScope: Segmenting Microscopy Images with a Deep Neural Network

High-speed confocal microscopy has shown great promise to yield insights into plant-fungal interactions by allowing for large volumes of leaf tissue to be imaged at high magnification. Currently, segmentation is performed either manually, which is infeasible for large amounts of data, or by developing separate algorithms to extract individual features within the image data. In this work, we propose the use of a single deep convolutional neural network architecture dubbed DeepXScope for automatically segmenting hyphal networks of the fungal pathogen and cell boundaries and stomata of the host plant. DeepXScope is trained on manually annotated images created for each of these structures. We describe experiments that show each individual structure can be accurately extracted automatically using DeepXScope. We anticipate that plant scientists will be able to use this network to automatically extract multiple structures of interest, and we plan to release our tool to the community1.
IL-23 and IL-1β Drive Human Th17 Cell Differentiation and Metabolic Reprogramming in Absence of CD28 Costimulation.

Summary Th17 cells drive autoimmune disease but also control commensal microbes. A common link among antigens from self-proteins or commensal microbiota is relatively low activation of T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulation signaling. Indeed, strong TCR/CD28 stimulation suppressed Th17 cell differentiation from human naive T cells, but not effector/memory cells. CD28 suppressed the classical Th17 transcriptional program, while inducing known Th17 regulators, and acted through an Akt-dependent mechanism. Th17 cells differentiated without CD28 were not anergic: they showed robust proliferation and maintained Th17 cytokine production following restimulation. Interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-1β promoted glucose uptake and increased glycolysis. Although modestly increased compared to CD28 costimulation, glycolysis was necessary to support Th17 differentiation, indicating that cytokine-mediated metabolic shifts were sufficient to obviate the classical requirement for CD28 in Th17 differentiation. Together, these data propose that, in humans, strength of TCR/CD28/Akt activation serves as a rheostat tuning the magnitude of Th17 development driven by IL-23 and IL-1β.
Fluid racial presentation: Perceptions of contextual “passing” among biracial people

Abstract Existing monoracial identity frameworks fail to capture the experiences of biracial people, for whom racial identification may depend on the social context. Though biracial people can vary their racial identity, the social consequences of context-dependent racial self-presentation remain underexplored. Five studies examined how contextual racial presentation among biracial people is perceived by high status groups. White participants read vignettes describing a biracial person contextually presenting in an academic situation and evaluated the target's character and behavior. Asian/White or Black/White biracial students who contextually presented as monoracial (compared to biracial presentation) were evaluated more negatively because they were perceived as less trustworthy (Studies 1–5). The effect of White contextual presentation was mediated by endorsement of stereotypes that biracial people are confused about their racial identity (Studies 4–5). Responses were robust to the status of the monoracial identity (Studies 1–2) and intention to benefit (Study 5), but varied by the availability of choice (e.g., conditions of forced choice; Study 3). The results suggest contextually choosing an identity carries social repercussions because it can activate explicit negative stereotypes about biracial individuals.
Polymathic Leadership: Theoretical Foundation and Construct Development

The objective of this work is to propose a novel theoretical approach to leadership called polymathic leadership. “Polymathic” originates from the noun “polymath,” which means “a person of wide-ranging knowledge or learning” (OXFORD, 2015). Polymathic leadership is here presented as a pattern of leader behaviors that encourages and inspires followers to advance to higher levels of depth, breadth and connectedness of ideas, knowledge and competence. It is theorized this kind of leader behaviors and the kind of collective behavior it inspires are especially positive in dealing with problems and situations that are characterized by being difficult, complex, volatile, uncertain and ambiguous. Due to the obscurity of the term polymathy, the work first explores and reviews the meanings and definitions of the term, then articulates it with other, well-defined, constructs of the literature. After that, the definition and description of polymathic leadership is presented, along with its differentiation from other types of leadership. Moreover, the work introduces a model of polymathic leadership with examples of its relevance and usage in work groups. It concludes by highlighting the possibilities of further studies unfolded by this novel approach.
Wavefunction Collapse Models with Nonwhite Noise

One approach to resolving the interpretational difficulties of standard quantum theory (Bell 1990) is to modify Schrodinger’s equation so that it describes wavefunction collapse as a dynamical process.1 In this description, the statevector can be considered to correspond to the world we see around us, with macroscopic objects localized in space. The most successful implementation of this idea to date is the Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) model2 which is Galilean invariant.
What Can We Learn From Calf/Cow Ratios?

Trends in population growth can be monitored with data for key vital rates without requiring knowledge of abundance. Adult female survival has the highest elasticity for ungulate population dynamics, but the more variable recruitment rates can be better predictors of local variation in growth rates. Recruitment is often monitored using young adult age ratios, which are difficult to reliably interpret given the contribution of multiple vital rates to annual ratios. We show how concurrent monitoring of adult female survival and age ratios allows both retrospective estimation of empirical population growth rates and the decomposition of recruitment-specific vital rates. We demonstrate the estimation of recruitment and population growth rates for one woodland caribou population using these methods, including elasticity and life-stage simulation analysis of the relative contribution of adult female survival and recruitment rates to variation in population growth. We show, for this woodland caribou population, that adult survival and recruitment rates are nearly equivalent drivers of population growth rates. We recommend the concurrent monitoring of adult female survival to reliably interpret age ratios when managing caribou and other ungulates.
Sensor Applications for Structural Diagnostics and Prognostics

This chapter examines emerging sensor technologies in aerospace structural prognostics health management. A review of existing and emerging in situ sensor technologies for structural health monitoring for aerospace applications has been discussed in details. Details of the sensor selection criteria for the sensor technologies have been stated. For successful implementation of condition-based maintenance of aerospace vehicles, such emerging sensors are key technologies that would be required.
The Maturation and Aging of Wines

In total, wine aging can be considered to be all the reactions and changes that occur after the first racking that lead to improvement at some stage rather than spoilage. Aging, like all groups of reactions, takes more or less time depending upon temperature and other conditions. In early times malolactic fermentation, final clarification, and tartrate stabilization come about during the postfermentation period and were part of “aging.” As the details of such reactions became understood they were separated from aging and considered in their own right. This process continues today as separate reactions of the overall process are dissected apart. A great deal has been learned by studying various component reactions, conditions, and procedures. By such study, wine aging is easily seen to be not an entity but a family of changes. Wine aging should not be thought of as a single procedure nor even a single result.
ARS VEHO: Augmented Reality System for VEHicle Operation.

The increasing use of personal in-car technologies has created more opportunities for driver distraction. Communication and navigational systems exact a high cognitive price for the assistance they provide to the driver. Starting from existing research in the areas of augmented reality and context-aware systems, this paper proposes a system designed to assist the driver in the primary task while mitigating the effects of secondary systems. The core of the system includes a calculated interruptibility metric, which in conjunction with a driver profile system allows the system to postpone or eliminate secondary tasks when the primary task demands the driver’s full attention. The navigational system’s output is seamlessly integrated into the driver’s field of vision, eliminating the need to shift between 2D and 3D spatial representations or translate audio information to a spatial context. This paper presents the problem in detail, the proposed solution and excerpts from the software model.
Functional optical coherence tomography of retinal photoreceptors

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss and legal blindness. It is known that retinal photoreceptors are the primary target of AMD. Therefore, a reliable m...
Reading Release: How to Extinguish A Solidary Obligation

This Article explores how the Louisiana Civil Code uses a few key words to describe what happens when a creditor intentionally extinguishes the obligation of a debtor. While the Code provides fairly detailed rules and even some definitions of contracts and other methods that extinguish obligations, the Code does not do so for the term of art “release,” which it nevertheless employs several times in several contexts. Exploring the meaning of this term of art takes us through the process of the revision of the Louisiana Civil Code of 1870, and shows how some important decisions were made, particularly regarding the nominate contract of compromise, whose full effects might not have been fully appreciated. The awkward connection between “release” and “concession” is suggested. Thus, the goal of this Article is to illuminate some of the difficulties, if not embarrassments, that occur in attempting to put law into words, whose meanings we understand, or ought to.
Distinct predictive values of current neuroprognostic guidelines in post-cardiac arrest patients.

Abstract Purpose To assess the performance of neuroprognostic guidelines proposed by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), European Resuscitation Council/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ERC/ESICM), and American Heart Association (AHA) in predicting outcomes of patients who remain unconscious after cardiac arrest. Methods We retrospectively identified a cohort of unconscious post-cardiac arrest patients at a single tertiary care centre from 2011 to 2017 and reviewed hospital records for clinical, radiographic, electrophysiologic, and biochemical findings. Outcomes at discharge and 6 months post-arrest were abstracted and dichotomized as good (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scores of 1–2) versus poor (CPC 3–5). Outcomes predicted by current guidelines were compared to actual outcomes, with false positive rate (FPR) used as a measure of predictive value. Results Of 226 patients, 36% survived to discharge, including 24 with good outcomes; 52% had withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies (WLST) during hospitalization. The AAN guideline yielded discharge and 6-month FPR of 8% and 15%, respectively. In contrast, the ERC/ESICM had a FPR of 0% at both discharge and 6 months. The AHA predictors had variable specificities, with diffuse hypoxic-ischaemic injury on MRI performing especially poorly (FPR 12%) at both discharge and 6 months. Conclusions Though each guideline had components that performed well, only the ERC/ESICM guideline yielded a 0% FPR. Amongst the AAN and AHA guidelines, false positives emerged more readily at 6 months, reflective of continuing recovery after discharge, even in a cohort inevitably biased by WLST. Further assessment of predictive modalities is needed to improve neuroprognostic accuracy.
Assessing the feasibility of single target radiosurgery quality assurance with portal dosimetry.

PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of using portal dosimetry (PD) for pre-treatment quality assurance of single target, flattening filter free (FFF), volumetric arc therapy intracranial radiosurgery plans. METHODS A PD algorithm was created for a 10X FFF beam on a Varian Edge linear accelerator (Varian Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Treatment plans that were previously evaluated with Gafchromic EBT-XD (Ashland, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) film were measured via PD and analyzed with the ARIA Portal Dosimetry workspace. Absolute dose evaluation for film and PD was done by computing the mean dose in the region receiving greater than or equal to 90% of the max dose and comparing to the mean dose in the same region calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS). Gamma analysis with 10% threshold and 3%/2 mm passing criteria was performed on film and portal images. RESULTS Thirty-six PD verification plans were delivered and analyzed. The average PD to TPS dose was 0.989 ± 0.01 while film to TPS dose was 1.026 ± 0.01. All PD plans passed the gamma analysis with 100% of points having gamma <1. Overall, PD to TPS dose agreement was found to be target size dependent. As target size decreases, PD to TPS dose ratio decreased from 1.004 for targets with diameters between 15-31 mm and 0.978 for targets with diameters less than 15 mm. CONCLUSION The agreement of PD to TPS mean dose in the high dose region was found to be dependent on target size. Film measurements did not exhibit size dependence. All PD plans passed the 3%/2 mm gamma analysis, but caution should be used when using PD to assess overall dosimetric accuracy of the treatment plan for small targets.
DNA Polymerase Delta Synthesizes Both Strands during Break-Induced Replication

Break-induced replication (BIR) is a pathway of homology-directed repair that repairs one-ended DNA breaks, such as those formed at broken replication forks or uncapped telomeres. In contrast to conventional S phase DNA synthesis, BIR proceeds by a migrating D-loop and results in conservative synthesis of the nascent strands. DNA polymerase delta (Pol δ) initiates BIR; however, it is not known whether synthesis of the invading strand switches to a different polymerase or how the complementary strand is synthesized. By using alleles of the replicative DNA polymerases that are permissive for ribonucleotide incorporation, thus generating a signature of their action in the genome that can be identified by hydrolytic end sequencing, we show that Pol δ replicates both the invading and the complementary strand during BIR. In support of this conclusion, we show that depletion of Pol δ from cells reduces BIR, whereas depletion of Pol e has no effect.
Online Versus In-Class Courses: An Examination of Differences in Learning Outcomes

There has been a steady increase in the number of students taking online courses. It was estimated that there were “3,077,000 [students] enrolled in all distance education courses...in 2000-2001. Fifty-six percent of two and four-year degree-granting institutions offered some type of distance learning and 90 percent of those institutions deliver at least some of their courses via the internet” (D’Orsie & Day, 2006, p. 1). Moreover, as of fall 2007, nearly 4 million students participated in online courses, and 30% of institutions with education related degrees (teaching credentials and graduate degrees) had completely online programs (Allen & Seaman, 2008). Recent data stated that the University of Phoenix online program was now the fourth highest ranked institution of degree producers for minority baccalaureates (Borden, 2009). Given this steady increase in online courses, more and more universities see the need to examine how to offer their curriculum online in order to continue to attract students. Berge (1998) noted, “impediments to online teaching and learning can be situational, epistemological, philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, technical, social, and/or cultural” (p. 2). One significant barrier to teaching online courses has been faculty concerns. Some faculty perceive that while teaching online may increase enrollment and interest in the program, it does so at the risk of decreasing student learning. Moore (2007) argued that “Administrators must also perform the particularly
Let’s Really Talk About It: A Lesson Plan for Teaching About Black Women and Sexuality

This lesson plan is designed to help students understand and debunk myths and stereotypes about African American/Black women and their sexual lives. This lesson plan is intended for adult learners.
Comparison of SNP Calling Pipelines and NGS Platforms to Predict the Genomic Regions Harboring Candidate Genes for Nodulation in Cultivated Peanut

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) forms root nodules to enable a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia for biological nitrogen fixation. To understand the genetic factors of peanut nodulation, it is fundamental to genetically map and clone the genes involved in nodulation. For genetic mapping, high throughput genotyping with a large number of polymorphic markers is critical. In this study, two sets of sister recombinant inbred lines (RILs), each containing a nodulating (Nod+) and non-nodulating (Nod-) line, and their Nod+ parental lines were extensively genotyped. Several next generation sequencing (NGS) methods including target enrichment sequencing (TES), RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), genotyping by sequencing (GBS), and the 48K Axiom Arachis2 SNP array, and various analysis pipelines were applied to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) among the two sets of RILs and their parents. TES revealed the largest number of homozygous SNPs (15,947) between the original parental lines, followed by the Axiom Arachis2 SNP array (1,887), RNA-seq (1,633), and GBS (312). Among the five SNP analysis pipelines applied, the alignment to A/B genome followed by HAPLOSWEEP revealed the largest number of homozygous SNPs and highest concordance rate (79%) with the array. A total of 222 and 1,200 homozygous SNPs were polymorphic between the Nod+ and Nod- sister RILs and between their parents, respectively. A graphical genotype map of the sister RILs was constructed with these SNPs, which demonstrated the candidate genomic regions harboring genes controlling nodulation across the whole genome. Results of this study mainly provide the pros and cons of NGS and SNP genotyping platforms for genetic mapping in peanut, and also provide potential genetic resources to narrow down the genomic regions controlling peanut nodulation, which would lay the foundation for gene cloning and improvement of nitrogen fixation in peanut.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 State Guidelines on Elective Surgery: Considerations for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons

Background: Vague recommendations regarding elective surgery have been proposed by national organizations in an attempt to conserve personal protective equipment and to protect healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In response, some states have attempted to provide more clear guidance. Methods: An internet search was performed to identify and analyze what guidance each state published through government websites through April 10, 2020. Results: Thirty-five states and the District of Columbia published guidance in the form of either a recommendation or a mandate. Procedures relating to cosmetics and malignancy were found to be mentioned in 4 and 12 states, respectively, but ultimately lacked case-specific information. Conclusions: Current government and state recommendations do not provide clear guidance on how plastic and reconstructive surgeons should approach elective surgeries. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of all plastic and reconstructive surgeons to operate under appropriate law while individualizing their practices to best suit the needs of their patients while being mindful of resource limitations and exposure risks.
Radial distribution function of C60: Structure of fullerene.

The structure of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, fullerene clusters in the solid state has been obtained by a radial distribution function (rdf) determination. Neutron-diffraction measurements extending to Q values of 45 \AA{} $^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ yield rdf with thirteen distinct features at 300 K. This corresponds to the predicted number of groups of distances for the truncated icosohedral structure with thermal broadening. A comparison of the rdf with those predicted from other studies, as well as modeling, indicate important differences and provide an improved estimate of double- and single-bond distances.
E-147 A retrospective review of the impact of aspirin use in subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective There is limited evidence on the use of aspirin (ASA) to reduce the risk and morbidity of cerebral aneurysmal rupture. This analysis retrospectively assessed aspirin use in patients presenting to our institution with aneurysm rupture. Methods We evaluated 7 years of retrospective data from our neurovascular center and an existing database of patients with aneurysmal rupture. Initial presentation, hospital course and discharge outcomes were evaluated and compared based on whether or not patients were on ASA at the time of aneurysm rupture. Results A total of 18 cases with patients on ASA and 168 control patients were identified. ASA use did not appear to lead to differences in initial presentation, including Hunt-Hess score and Fisher grade. In addition, ASA use was not associated with increased rates of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) or worsened modified Rankin score (mRs) at 90 days. Our analysis showed that increased Hunt Hess score and the presence of DCI are both associated with increased mRS at 90 days. Conclusions Use of ASA does not appear to confer worse outcomes in cerebral aneurysm rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Disclosures V. Patel: None. F. Al Mufti: None. R. Gupta: None.
Ameliorative Effects of Phytochemical Ingestion on Viral Infection in Honey Bees

Honey bee viruses are capable of causing a wide variety of devastating effects, but effective treatments have yet to be discovered. Phytochemicals represent a broad range of substances that honey bees frequently encounter and consume, many of which have been shown to improve honey bee health. However, their effect on bee viruses is largely unknown. Here, we tested the therapeutic effectiveness of carvacrol, thymol, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and caffeine on viral infection by measuring their ability to improve survivorship in honey bees inoculated with Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) using high-throughput cage bioassays. Among these candidates, caffeine was the only phytochemical capable of significantly improving survivorship, with initial screening showing that naturally occurring concentrations of caffeine (25 ppm) were sufficient to produce an ameliorative effect on IAPV infection. Consequently, we measured the scope of caffeine effectiveness in bees inoculated and uninoculated with IAPV by performing the same type of high-throughput bioassay across a wider range of caffeine concentrations. Our results indicate that caffeine may provide benefits that scale with concentration, though the exact mechanism by which caffeine ingestion improves survivorship remains uncertain. Caffeine therefore has the potential to act as an accessible and inexpensive method of treating viral infections, while also serving as a tool to further understanding of honey bee-virus interactions at a physiological and molecular level.
Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources and Crisis Standards of Care

Potential shortages of medical resources and services related to COVID-19 present government officials and emergency planners with difficult choices. If resources become too scarce, health care professionals and institutions may need to implement triage protocols adopting crisis standards of care. COVID-19 patient surges tested the health care system in March and April 2020, and highlighted the need to prepare to accommodate larger patient capacity in the near future. As a primary consideration, governments and health care institutions should utilize existing powers and resources to avoid shortages and mitigate their severity. If shortages do occur, most states have begun to develop crisis standards of care protocols to assist in making decisions about allocating scarce resources. These protocols attempt to maximize the number of lives saved. Many protocols give priority access to health care and other essential workers. These protocols should be structured to facilitate fair and equitable access, although several have been found to be inconsistent with federal anti-discrimination law. Legal issues that may arise in this context include liability for health care professionals and institutions who decide to not allocate resources to patients who later suffer harm, and civil rights concerns over discrimination in the protocols or their implementation. Liability shields have been put in place by many states to protect health care professionals from lawsuits based on allocation decisions. Federal and state officials should support efforts to clarify and incorporate protections into crisis standards of care plans that prioritize anti-discrimination, fairness, and equity in allocation decision making. This paper was prepared as part of Assessing Legal Responses to COVID-19, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Supporting Mathematics Teacher Educators’ Growth and Development Through Communities of Practice

Mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) play a significant role in helping prospective teachers to develop the mathematical knowledge that they need for teaching. However, research has shown that the majority of MTEs receive little to no training or support to do this important work (Masingila, et al. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education 15:347–358, 2012). In order to address this need, we formed a community of practice (CoP) where two novice MTEs worked with an experienced MTE to develop their mathematical knowledge for teaching teachers (MKTT) and improve their teaching of mathematics content courses for prospective elementary school teachers. In this chapter, we discuss how we formed our CoP, the MKTT that we gained from working with the CoP, and what we each learned from participating in the study, as the three participants benefited from the experience in different ways. We suggest ways in which our study could be modified for use by the larger MTE community.
The making of fat erotics: the cultural work and pleasures of gordibuena activists

In the last decade, the term gordibuena has received increasing attention in Spanish-speaking social media outlets, and several fat activists have used the term to establish digital archives that p...