cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hard magnet/antiferromagnet exchange coupling effect on the stability of antiferromagnetic FeMn

The FePt/FeMn/NiFe/Ta multilayers were deposited on the SiO2 substrate by using magnetron sputtering system.The effect of hard magnet FePt on the thermal stability of antiferromagnet FeMn had been studied through the variations of exchange coupling between the FeMn and NiFe bilayers.It was found that the L10 phase of FePt makes thin FeMn pin NiFe well and there is no clear effect on the FeMn/NiFe exchange bias when FePt not magnetized.We attributed this to that the exchange coupling between hard magnet and the antiferromagnet can enhance the anisotropy energy of the antiferromagnet.
A Prehistory of the Cloud

Tung-Hui HuMIT Press, 2015238 pages, black-and-white photographs and illustrations$30.00 (hardcover)What is “the cloud”? Although most people interact with it daily through their phones and compute...
Ancient and Medieval Beginnings

as early as the first century of our era, the music of Spain had gained a reputation elsewhere throughout the Mediterranean world for its frenzy. Strabo (c. 63 b.c.-21 a.d.) describes the vigorous mountaineers of northern Spain who danced to the sound of aulos and trumpet, leaping wildly into the air and then crouching low (Geography, III, iii, 7). Silius Italicus (26–101 a.d.) alludes in his poetical account of Hannibal’s invasion to the noisy Galicians who enjoyed “howling the rude songs of their native language,” meanwhile “stamping the ground and clashing their shields to the beat of the music” (Panica, III,346–349).
Sexual Risk Behaviors of African American Adolescent Females: The Role of Cognitive and Religious Factors.

Introduction: African American (AA) high school-age girls are more likely to have had sex before age 13 years and have higher rates of all sexually transmitted infections. Cognition and religion/sp...
Fondaparinux Outpatient Use for Patients with a Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia History: A Case Report and Review

The purpose of this article is to report a case of fondaparinux outpatient utilization for anticoagulation in a patient with a past medical history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and discuss the options and need for future anticoagulation research in this unique patient population. A 63-year-old Caucasian female with a previous medical history of HIT thromboprophylaxed with warfarin for a pulmonary embolism presented to an anticoagulation clinic with a subtherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) after missed warfarin doses. The patient was instructed to increase her warfarin dose and was prescribed fondaparinux daily injections until her INR was in range. The patient tolerated the fondaparinux therapy without thromboembolic, thrombocytopenia or bleeding occurrence. Fondaparinux therapy for HIT is controversial and differs between established guidelines. Currently, there is no studied use of fondaparinux for thromboprophylaxis in warfarin therapy outpatients with a HIT history who need thromboprophylaxis while undergoing therapy for a procedure, or those who have a subtherapeutic INR. Further study of the outpatient use of fondaparinux for this patient subset is needed to explore the potential benefit of an outpatient, less invasive, less expensive and potentially better tolerated option.
Fertile Ground: Scaling Agroecology from the Ground Up, by Steve Brescia: (2017). Groundswell International. Food First Books, Oakland. ISBN 978-0-93502-826-3. US $14.95

When Richard Norgaard, a founder and leader of the field of ecological economics, retired from UC Berkeley in 2013, he gave a final seminar recapping his career. “We are at a pivotal historical mom...
Conversation: The challenges of teaching in a “nano department”

A panel at the 2016 American Academy of Religion conference staged, taped, transcribed, and edited this conversation about the challenges and opportunities of teaching in a “nano department” – an undergraduate religion or religious studies department (or combined religion and philosophy department) with only one, two, or three faculty members. Two things quickly become evident: one is the impossibility of coverage of the full religious studies curriculum, and the other is the necessity for collaboration with other departments. Neither of these is unique to nano departments, but there exists an intimacy between students and faculty in small departments, a necessary freedom to rethink the place of the study of religion in the liberal arts curriculum, and a disruptive value in what can be critiqued and contributed from a marginalized position. Arguably, nano departments are the canaries in the academic coal mine, charting the future of the humanities that cannot be discerned from the vantage point of Research-1 contexts.
Lovastatin suppresses hyperexcitability and seizure in Angelman syndrome model

Epilepsy is prevalent and often medically intractable in Angelman syndrome (AS). AS mouse model (Ube3am-/p+) shows reduced excitatory neurotransmission but lower seizure threshold. The neural mechanism linking the synaptic dysfunction to the seizure remains elusive. We show that the local circuits of Ube3am-/p+in vitro are hyperexcitable and display a unique epileptiform activity, a phenomenon that is reminiscent of the finding in fragile X syndrome (FXS) mouse model. Similar to the FXS model, lovastatin suppressed the epileptiform activity and audiogenic seizures in Ube3am-/p+. The in vitro model of Ube3am-/p+ is valuable for dissection of neural mechanism and epilepsy drug screening in vivo.
Southern California neuroinvasive West Nile virus case series.

Approximately 80% of individuals infected with West Nile virus (WNV) are asymptomatic, and less than 1% suffer from neuroinvasion that can result in permanent neurological deficits or mortality. Our institution's location in southern California predisposes it to a sizable case volume of neuroinvasive WNV. A 2-year retrospective study was performed at the Olive View-UCLA Medical Center to identify patients with confirmed WNV infection with neuroinvasion. Patient demographics, neurological exam findings, and laboratory diagnostics were reviewed. Data were tabulated and are presented as percentage, mean ± standard deviation, or median [range]. Twenty-two patients (36.4% female, age 50.2 ± 10.6 years) were identified between 20 August 2012 and 24 September 2013. The most common positive findings on review of symptoms included fever (81.8%), nausea/vomiting (81.8%), and headache (68.2%). Thirteen patients (59.1%) presented with fever defined as ≥ 37.8 °C. Motor strength was reduced in nine patients (40.9%) and eight patients (36.4%) were hyporeflexive. Lumbar puncture was performed in all but three patients (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] protein 76.8 ± 29.6 mg/dL and glucose 71.0 ± 18.8 mg/dL). Elevated CSF anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibody was detected in 93.8% and 62.5% of the 16 tested cases, respectively. Elevated serum anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibody was detected in 100% and 72.2% of the 18 tested cases, respectively. Encephalitic presentations, with or without focal neurological deficits (e.g., motor weakness, hypotonia), dominated this series. In endemic areas, seasonal presentation of such symptoms should raise suspicion for WNV with neuroinvasion.
Asynchronously parallel optimization solver for finding multiple minima

We propose and analyze an asynchronously parallel optimization algorithm for finding multiple, high-quality minima of nonlinear optimization problems. Our multistart algorithm considers all previously evaluated points when determining where to start or continue a local optimization run. Theoretical results show that when there are finitely many minima, the algorithm almost surely starts a finite number of local optimization runs and identifies every minimum. The algorithm is applicable to general optimization settings, but our numerical results focus on the case when derivatives are unavailable. In numerical tests, a Python implementation of the algorithm is shown to yield good approximations of many minima (including a global minimum), and this ability is shown to scale well with additional resources. Our implementation’s time to solution is shown also to scale well even when the time to perform the function evaluation is highly variable. An implementation of the algorithm is available in the libEnsemble library at https://github.com/Libensemble/libensemble .
Anticoagulant Strategies for Electrophysiology Procedures

Electrophysiology procedures, including direct current cardioversion, catheter ablation, and implantation of devices, e.g., pacemakers, defibrillators, and left atrial appendage closure devices, carry dual risks of bleeding and thromboembolism. Many patients undergoing these procedures are maintained on anticoagulation with either warfarin or one of several direct oral anticoagulants, e.g., dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. There are evidence-based periprocedural and post-procedural guidelines for anticoagulation, with the stated goals of minimizing thromboembolic risk and minimizing bleeding complications. For example, such evidence was provided in the BRUISE CONTROL trial where it was demonstrated that continuing oral anticoagulation rather than bridging to therapy with heparin reduced the incidence of clinically significant device-pocket hematoma. The ACUTE trial established transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) and short-term anticoagulation as an alternative to therapeutic anticoagulation with dose-adjusted warfarin for 3 weeks prior to and 4 weeks post-cardioversion. Left-sided ablation procedures are typically done with heparin boluses and infusion with target ACTs of anywhere from 250 to 350 s, with the higher targets for those procedures where catheters dwell in the left atrium.
Distinctive intestinal mast cell neoplasms of domestic cats

By use of histologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural techniques a group of distinctive intestinal neoplasms of domestic cats, previously thought to arise from enterochromaffin cells, were redefined as mast cell neoplasms. Although these tumors differed histologically from the more typical visceral mast cell neoplasm of cats, ultrastructural and histochemical similarities between cells comprising both tumors were encountered. Differences in granule morphology and histochemical characteristics were, however, consistently demonstrated when the neoplasms were compared. The intestinal neoplasms are not associated with ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract unlike many mast cell tumors involving viscera. We suggest that the differences between the cells in the typical visceral and intestinal tumors confirm and extend the concept of the existence of morphologic and functionally heterogeneous populations of mast cells occurring in different anatomical locations of the body.
Characteristic Lengths λ and ξ of BCS Theory

The calculations of Eilenberger and B\"uttner are misleading in the regime where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ are complex. We study the regime of validity of linear-response theory in calculating the asymptotic properties of plane boundary and vortex structure. On this basis, it is not possible to predict if a sufficiently clean low-$\ensuremath{\kappa}$ type-II superconductor such as niobium or vanadium will exhibit field reversal at low temperatures.
Fluoride Optical Materials

This chapter aims to introduce the reader to fluoride materials, their conventional processing and how sol-gel processing can be used both to simplify processing and to improve properties. A multistep process incorporating sol-gel synthesis and reactive treatment is used to prepare a monolithic ZBLA fluoride glass. The first step is synthesis of a porous, monolithic, atomically homogeneous hydrous oxide gel containing zirconium barium lanthanum aluminum and possibly sodium as components (ZBLA or ZBLAN). The second step is a relatively low-temperature reactive treatment of the gel with a fluorinating agent to achieve a crystallization-resistant fluoride glass. Subsequently, the gel is viscous sintered to a dense glass. The present status and future
Effect of bevel angle on the reflection coefficient from open unflanged pipes

Pipes terminating in bevel angled cuts are popular for automotive and motorcycle exhaust systems. This letter provides measured reflection coefficients and end impedances obtained from two-microphone experiments using unflanged open-ended pipes with bevel angles of 0°, 30°, and 60° for 0.03 < ka < 0.27, where k is the acoustic wave number and a is the pipe radius. The measurements at 0° match classical pipe reflection coefficient results within uncertainty. However, as the bevel angle increases to 60°, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient decreases by 2%, the end reactance increases by 130%, and the end resistance increases by 24%.
In vitro intestinal toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in rat and human cell models

Human oral exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) may occur following ingestion, hand-to-mouth activity, or mucociliary transport following inhalation. This study assessed the cytotoxicity of Cupric (II) oxide (CuO) and Cu2O-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated NPs and copper ions in rat (intestine epithelial cells; IEC-6) and human intestinal cells, two- and three-dimensional models, respectively. The effect of pretreatment of CuO NPs with simulated gastrointestinal (GI) fluids on IEC-6 cell cytotoxicity was also investigated. Both dose- and time-dependent decreases in viability of rat and human cells with CuO and Cu2O-PVP NPs and Cu2+ ions was observed. In the rat cells, CuO NPs had greater cytotoxicity. The rat cells were also more sensitive to CuO NPs than the human cells. Concentrations of H2O2 and glutathione increased and decreased, respectively, in IEC-6 cells after a 4-h exposure to CuO NPs, suggesting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS may have damaged the mitochondrial membrane of the IEC-6 cells causing a depolarization, as a dose-related loss of a fluorescent mitochondrial marker was observed following a 4-h exposure to CuO NPs. Dissolution studies showed that Cu2O-PVP NPs formed soluble Cu whereas CuO NPs essentially remained intact. For GI fluid-treated CuO NPs, there was a slight increase in cytotoxicity at low doses relative to non-treated NPs. In summary, copper oxide NPs were cytotoxic to rat and human intestinal cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The data suggests Cu2O-PVP NPs are toxic due to their dissolution to Cu ions, whereas CuO NPs have inherent cytotoxicity, without dissolving to form Cu ions.
VD3 mitigates breast cancer aggressiveness by targeting V-H+-ATPase

Low vitamin D levels increase the risk of developing several cancer types including breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most incident cancer among women worldwide and in the United States. Our previous study showed that vitamin D (VD3) decreases breast cancer aggressiveness by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, the full mechanism underlying VD3 effects in breast cancer, including some activators of mTORC1, is yet to be explored. Metastatic cancer cells overexpress the V-H+-ATPase proton pump at the plasma membrane to maintain the optimal pH to sustain cancer growth promoting their own invasion and metastasis by acidifying the extracellular environment. Among its other roles, V-H+-ATPase overexpression and activity are associated with high glycolytic flux, mTORC1 activation, and hypoxia. V-H+-ATPase's role in mTORC1 activation and glycolytic metabolism supports our hypothesis that VD3, a nontoxic and widely used compound, inhibits the proton pump resulting in a significant decrease in cancer aggressiveness. VD3 and the specific inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (positive control) profoundly inhibit V-H+-ATPase function and expression. Highly metastatic MB231 has more pronounced effects (high extracellular pH, low migration speed and changes in cell mechanics) than lowly metastatic MCF-7 due to the higher expression of V-H+-ATPase, which drives the more aggressive phenotype. Our data show, for the first time, that VD3 strongly inhibited V-H+-ATPase function and expression in breast cancer cells, thereby suggesting its use as a possible therapeutic agent.
Â¿Las mujeres primero? La protesta global y la nueva divisiÃ³n internacional del trabajo

Â?CuAil es el papel de las mujeres en el activismo laboral transnacional? Â?Hasta dA³nde puede la polA­tica de izquierdas transformar la agencia en las fAibricas textiles que emplean mujeres en los paA­ses del Tercer Mundo? El artA­culo examina los mA©todos de utilizar, definir y desplegar a la mujer como categorA­a en dos contextos diferentes del movimiento internacionalÂ laboral, los cuales toman las categorA­as de gA©nero, raza, clase social, y naciA³n de maneras monolA­ticas, misA³genas, y muy dificiles de contestar: la producciA³n de ropa y las campaA±as transnacionales de protesta contra las violencias laborales.Â
The Kauffman polynomials of generalized Hopf links

Following the recent work by Chan, and by Morton and Hadji on the Homflypt polynomials of some generalized Hopf links, we investigate the Kauffman polynomials of generalized Hopf links. By studying the Kauffman skein module of the solid torus S^1\times D^2, we establish a similar skein map on the Kauffman skein module of S^1\times D^2 which has distinct eigenvalues. Furthermore we are able to calculate the Kauffman polynomials of some specific generalized Hopf links.
Determining volume fractions of γ, γ′, γ″, δ, and MC-carbide phases in Inconel 718 as a function of its processing history using an advanced neutron diffraction procedure

Abstract In this work, quantitative crystallographic and microstructural analyses of γ, γ′, γ″, δ, and MC carbide phases are performed on wrought samples, samples fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM), and samples that underwent hot isostatic pressing (HIP) after AM of alloy Inconel 718 (IN718). In doing so, an advanced neutron diffraction-based procedure is developed facilitating the determination of volume fractions of every detectable phase in the alloy. To supplement the diffraction procedure, precipitate sizes are measured by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, semi-quantitative elemental analyses are performed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Finally, image thresholding is carried out on micrographs of samples that underwent cathodic dissolution to create secondary electron contrast between phases to verify the phase fractions determined from the neutron diffraction datasets. The study reveals a significantly higher volume fraction of δ phase and a significantly lower volume fraction of γ″ phase governing a higher strength of the AM material relative to the lower strength AM + HIP and wrought materials. Furthermore, γ′ and MC volume fractions are found similar in the materials despite the differences in MC morphology, elemental composition and distribution controlling the dispersion strengthening. These results are presented and discussed in this paper along with the procedure developed for determining volume fractions of all detectable phases present in the alloy.
Schizophrenia symptom severity and motivations for gambling in individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Abstract Individuals with schizophrenia are over three times more likely to have problem and pathological gambling (PPG) than the general population ( Cunningham-Williams et al., 1998 ; Desai and Potenza, 2009 ), but little is known about this co-occurrence and how PPG relates to specific symptom dimensions of psychotic disorders. Although cognitive distortions in PPG have been linked to gambling motivations (e.g., distorted thoughts about odds of winning), how psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia or related disorders relate to gambling motivations have not been examined systematically to date. Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 170) completed structured face-to-face interviews regarding problem-gambling severity, gambling motivations, and five symptom factors of psychosis (Positive, Negative, Disorganized/Concrete, Depressed, and Excited). Different symptom dimensions of psychosis showed distinct patterns of relationships with motivations to gamble and gambling onset. PPG in schizophrenia was associated with elevated scores on the Depressed factor. Psychotic symptom severity was associated with increased motivation to gamble for financial reasons and decreased motivations to gamble for service, and possibly social or interpersonal, reasons. Age of gambling onset was inversely associated with psychotic symptom severity, particularly positive features. Our findings suggest that motivations for gambling may differ in the context of schizophrenia and relate to specific symptom clusters.
Consumers’ Apple Consumption Profiles with the Region of Origin and Their Market Shares: Case of TRA1 Region

Calismanin amaci, bolge orijinli Amasya, Isparta, Bayramic ve yabanci orijinli elmalarin tuketim tercihleri uzerinde etkili olan faktorler ve onlarin seviyelerine bagli olarak mamul profillerinin tasarlanmasi ve her bir profilin piyasa payinin belirlenmesidir. Calismanin ana materyali, TRA1 Bolgesi’nde (Erzurum, Erzincan ve Bayburt) ikamet eden ve elma tuketen 600 hane halki ile yuz yuze yapilan anketlerden temin edilen birincil verilerdir. Tuketicilerin toplam faydasini maksimum kilan elma profillerini tasarlamak ve her bir profilin piyasa payini belirlemek icin Conjoint Analiz kullanilmistir. Ayrica, her bir urun profili ve piyasa paylarini tuketici gelir duzeyine gore gruplandirmak icin Kumeleme Analizi kullanilmistir. Arastirma sonuclari; dusuk gelirli tuketicilerin elma fiyati (%41) ve buyuklugune (%32), fakat yuksek gelirli tuketicilerin bolge orijini (%62) ve renk (%13) faktorlerine buyuk onem atfettiklerini ortaya koymustur. Diger taraftan, 2 numarali elma profili hem dusuk gelir grubu hem de butun tuketici kitleleri icin toplam faydayi maksimum kilarken; 17 numarali profil ise yuksek gelir grubu icin en yuksek memnuniyeti temin etmistir. 2 ve 17 numarali profillerde bolge orijinini temsil eden Amasya elmasinin dusuk ve yuksek gelir gruplari icin piyasa paylari sirasiyla %40 ve %22, %3 ve %35 olarak analiz edilmistir. Diger bolge orijinli elmalara gore Amasya elmasi, sadece tuketicilerin tuketim memnuniyetini degil ayni zamanda arz zincirinde piyasa payini da maksimum kilmistir.
A Multi-color Bicistronic Biosensor to Compare the Translation Dynamics of Different Open Reading Frames at Single-molecule Resolution in Live Cells

Here, we describe how to image and quantitate the translation dynamics of a bicistronic biosensor that we recently created to fairly compare cap-dependent and IRES-mediated translation at single-molecule resolution in live human cells. This technique employs a pair of complementary intrabodies loaded into living cells that co-translationally bind complementary epitopes in the two separate ORFs of the bicistronic biosensor. This causes the biosensor to fluoresce in different colors depending on which ORF/epitopes are translated. Using the biosensor together with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and single-molecule tracking analysis allows for the quantitative comparison of translation dynamics between the two ORFs at a resolution of tens-of-nanometers in space and sub-seconds in time, which is not possible with more traditional GFP or luciferase reporters. Since both ORFs are on the same biosensor, they experience the same microenvironment, allowing a fair comparison of their relative translational activities. In this protocol, we describe how to get this assay up and running in cultured human cells so that translation dynamics can be studied under both normal and stressful cellular conditions. We also provide a number of useful tips and notes to help express components at appropriate levels inside cells for optimal live cell imaging. Graphical abstract: Steps required for 3-color single-molecule translation imaging and analysis.
Evidence for and role of boron carbide icosahedra in the hardness of amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide

We report both infrared absorption and 11B nuclear magnetic resonance measurements that provide evidence for the presence of boron carbide icosahedra in amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (a‐B:C:H) thin films. The infrared absorption spectra are dominated by a broad line at 1280 cm-1 with a FWHM of 320 cm-1, and the 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are dominated by a line with a chemical shift of 4 ppm and FWHM of 35 ppm; similar features have been previously reported in polycrystalline boron carbide, where boron carbide icosahedra make up the unit cell. We also suggest that it is these icosahedra that increase the hardness of these films over those films without boron, by playing the role of nanocrystals in a nanocrystal/amorphous matrix composite system.
Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to surgery interval on survival outcomes in breast cancer patients.

1063 Background: Retrospective analyses have sought to identify the optimal interval between surgery and initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, with conflicting results. No studies h...
Mobile Sensing Enabled Robust Detection of Security Threats in Urban Environments

Mobile sensing enables data collection from large numbers of participants in ways that previously were not possible. In particular, by affixing a sensory device to a mobile device, such as smartphone or vehicle, mobile sensing provides the opportunity to not only collect dynamic information from environments but also detect the environmental hazards. In this paper, we propose a mobile sensing wireless network for surveillance of security threats in urban environments, e.g., environmental pollution sources or nuclear radiation materials. We formulate the security threats detection as a significant cluster detection problem. To make our approach robust to unreliable sensing data, we propose an algorithm based on the Mean Shift method to identify the significant clusters and determine the locations of threats. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed detection algorithm.
Central Blockade of Oxytocin Receptors During Late Gestation Disrupts Systemic Release of Oxytocin During Suckling In Rats

There is evidence that the central oxytocin system is activated and undergoes reorganization before parturition. The present study was designed to determine the effects of central oxytocin receptor blockade during late gestation on parturition, pup growth, and oxytocin release during suckling. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted on gestation day 12-14 with Alzet osmotic minipumps containing an oxytocin receptor antagonist (d(CH2)5, Tyr(Me)(2), Orn(8)-vasotocin; OT-X) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (VEH), which was infused into the third cerebral ventricle. Pumps were removed within 24 h of parturition. Daily maternal body weight and food intake were monitored during gestation and lactation. The length of gestation, duration of parturition, pup number, litter weight and interbirth interval were recorded. Subsequently, pup number and litter weights were recorded daily until lactation day 10 or 11, when maternal and pup behaviour, and plasma oxytocin concentration before and during suckling were measured. Central oxytocin blockade had no effect on the timing of parturition, maternal behaviour, litter size, still births, or litter weights at birth. However, beginning on day 3 of lactation, average weights of litters of OT-X females were significantly lower than litters of VEH-treated females. Furthermore, while basal plasma oxytocin concentrations, oxytocin increases in response to suckling and dam/pup interactions did not differ between groups, a significant delay in suckling-induced systemic oxytocin release was observed in OT-X females. Finally, OT-X dams weighed less than VEH dams during the postpartum observation period, although food intakes were similar. These data suggest that central actions of oxytocin during late gestation are necessary for the normal timing of systemic release of oxytocin during suckling, normal pup weight gain, and maintenance of maternal body weight.
Ultrasonic Imaging of Impact Damaged Composite Panels

A series of tests were performed using ultrasonic techniques and signal processing methods for nondestructively characterizing impact damage in graphite/epoxy laminates. Composite panel specimens were subjected to controlled impacts which produced little or no damage on the front surface, but resulted in extensive internal damage in the form of matrix cracks, fiber fractures and delaminations. Three dimensional representations of this damage were generated using various ultrasonic techniques. The accuracy of the nondestructively generated damage representations were assessed by comparison with destructive inspection. Excellent correlation between the nondestructive and destructive images were obtained, except in those areas where excessive damage near both surfaces effectively shielded existing mid-surface damage from ultrasonic interrogation.
Approaches to Prehistoric Diet Breadth, Demography, and Prey Ranking Systems in Time and Space

Zooarchaeological data on small game use hold much potential for identifying and dating Paleolithic demographic pulses in time and space, such as those associated with modern human origins and the evolution of food-producing economies. Although small animals were important to human diets throughout the Middle, Upper, and Epi-Paleolithic periods in the Mediterranean Basin, the types of small prey emphasized by foragers shifted dramatically over the last 200,000 years. Slow-growing, slow-moving tortoises, and marine mollusks dominate the Middle Paleolithic record of small game exploitation. Later, agile, fast-maturing animals became increasingly important in human diets, first birds in the early Upper Paleolithic, and soon thereafter hares and rabbits. While the findings of this study are consistent with the main premise of Flannery's Broad Spectrum Revolution (BSR) hypothesis (Flannery, K. V. (1969). In Ucko, P. J., and Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.), The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, pp. 73–100), it is now clear that human diet breadth began to expand much earlier than the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. Ranking small prey in terms of work of capture (in the absence of special harvesting tools) proves far more effective in this investigation of human diet breadth than taxonomy-based diversity analyses published previously. Our analyses expose a major shift in human predator–prey dynamics involving small game animals by 50–40 KYA in the Mediterranean Basin, with earliest population growth pulses occurring in the Levant. In a separate application to the Natufian period (13–10 KYA), just prior to the rise of Neolithic societies in the Levant, great intensification is apparent from small game use. This effect is most pronounced at the onset of this short culture period, and is followed by an episode of local depopulation during the Younger Dryas, without further changes in the nature of Natufian hunting adaptations. An essential feature of the diachronic and synchronic approaches outlined here is controlling the potentially conflating effects of spatial (biogeographic) and temporal variation in the faunal data sets.
Ultimate Design of Hollow Thin-Walled Box Girders

The ultimate load characteristics of thin-walled box girders are investigated. The objective was to arrive at basic ultimate design criteria. Of primary importance was the development of theoretical relations that would accurately predict the ultimate load for a given cross section. The theoretical load-displacement relations are idealized to consist of a linear elastic portion up to the ultimate load and a horizontal portion at ultimate load. Four models were tested to failure to verify the theoretical relationships. Deflections, rotations, load, and strains were measured for each ultimate load test. Results indicated good comparison between experimental and theoretical values. Specific ultimate design criteria are presented and suggested design methods reviewed.
Dust Sublimation and Fragmentation in the Circumburst Medium: Evidence for a Large, Massive Cloud Origin for Gamma-Ray Bursts with Dark Optical Afterglows

The distances to which the optical flash destroys dust via sublimation, and the burst and afterglow change the size distribution of the dust via fragmentation, are functions of grain size. Furthermore, the sublimation distance is a decreasing function of grain size, while the fragmentation distance is a decreasing function of grain size for large grains and an increasing function of grain size for small grains. We investigate how these very different, but somewhat complementary, processes change the optical depth of the circumburst medium. To this end, we adopt a canonical distribution of graphite and silicate grain sizes, and a simple fragmentation model, and we compute the post-burst/optical flash/afterglow optical depth of a circumburst cloud of constant density n and size R as a function of burst and afterglow isotropic-equivalent X-ray energy E and spectral index alpha, and optical flash isotropic-equivalent peak luminosity L: This improves upon previous analyses that consider circumburst dust of a uniform grain size. We find that circumburst clouds do not significantly extinguish (tau 3) the optical afterglow if R > 10L_{49}^{1/2} pc and N_H > 5x10^{21} cm^{-2}, creating a so-called `dark burst'. The majority of bursts are dark, and as circumburst extinction is probably the primary cause of this, this implies that most dark bursts occur in clouds of this size and mass M > 3x10^5L_{49} M_{sun}. Clouds of this size and mass are typical of giant molecular clouds, and are active regions of star formation.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO BANK STABILITY IN CHANNELIZED, ALLUVIAL STREAMS

Bank failure is a common fluvial process and can be a pervasive fluvial response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Previous research has identified causes and types of bank failure, but the conditions that lead to the cessation of bank failure remain poorly explained. This research examines differences between banks with active bank failure and banks that exhibit evidence of past bank failure that ceased (dormant) throughout three West Tennessee (USA) rivers to provide insight into the processes that cause bank failure to end. Bank characteristics were observed at 68 sites, and data from 55 banks were used to create a logistic regression model. Bank characteristics entered into the model included: vegetative cover, failure location, bar association, bank material, channel width-to-depth (w/d) ratio, and average bank angle. Results of the logistic regression suggest that bank angle best explains (p = 0.31 and odds ratio = 8.2) the difference between banks with active and dormant bank failure. Interestingly, vegetative cover and bank material composition, which have been found to be important in bank stabilization by previous researchers, were not significant predictors of bank stability according to the logistic regression model. These results suggest that in absence of drastic differences in bank material resistance (bedrock vs sediment): (1) spatial patterns of bank failure at the system-scale will be diffuse, (2) bank stability can require a multiple decades, and (3) the potential for vegetation to stabilize banks may be limited in some alluvial systems because of positive feedbacks created by repeated human disturbance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A midpoint process evaluation of the Los Angeles Basin Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Across the US (REACH US) Disparities Center, 2007-2009.

BACKGROUND: Racial/ethnic minority groups have higher risks for disease resulting from obesity. COMMUNITY CONTEXT: The University of California, Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health partnered with community organizations to disseminate culturally targeted physical activity and nutrition-based interventions in worksites. METHODS: We conducted community dialogues with people from 59 government and nonprofit health and social service agencies to develop wellness strategies for implementation in worksites. Strategies included structured group exercise breaks and serving healthy refreshments at organizational functions. During the first 2 years, we subcontracted with 6 community-based organizations (primary partners) who disseminated these wellness strategies to 29 organizations within their own professional networks (secondary worksites) through peer modeling and social support. We analyzed data from the first 2 years of the project to evaluate our dissemination approach. OUTCOME: Primary partners had difficulty recruiting organizations in their professional network as secondary partners to adopt wellness strategies. Within their own organizations, primary partners reported significant increases in implementation in 2 of the 6 core organizational strategies for promoting physical activity and healthy eating. Twelve secondary worksites that completed organizational assessments on 2 occasions reported significant increases in implementation in 4 of the 6 core organizational strategies. INTERPRETATION: Dissemination of organizational wellness strategies by trained community organizations through their existing networks (train-the-trainer) was only marginally successful. Therefore, we discontinued this dissemination approach and focused on recruiting leaders of organizational networks.
ORNL CALUTRON PROCESSING OF ALPHA-GAMMA MATERIALS AND STUDIES ON NEW SEPARATORS ADAPTABLE TO THIS PURPOSE

Abstract Special equipment has been designed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for the calutron processing of moderate quantities of α,γ-emitting materials. A 73-h run having an average ion output of 2.9 mA provided 71 mg of 20.4% 242mAm from an americium sample containing ∼ 1% of the nuclide. Other elements which have been separated in the special electromagnetic containment facility at ORNL include plutonium, thorium and uranium. Some separations were made to reduce the unwanted isotope to the ppm- or ppb-level.
A time series analysis of Swedish illegitimacy rates, 1911-1974.

Abstract Using a sociodemographic model of the determinants of illegitimacy rates, a multivariate regression analysis of annual change in age-specific Swedish illegitimacy rates is applied to the 1911–1974 period. The proxy measure of change in sexual activity was significant only for teenagers, while a proxy indicator of birth control practice was significant for all age groups. Legitimation rates for out-of-wedlock conceived births were significant for all ages except teenagers, and the final predictor, women's status, was significant for all ages except women 35–44. Explained variance for annual change was highest among ages 20–24 (66 percent), 25–29 (66 percent), and 30–34 (63 percent) and lower among teens (34 percent) and women 35–44 (47 percent). These results support earlier research that used a sociodemographic model to explain post-World War II change in cross-national illegitimacy rates among 23 developed countries.
A Pulse-Signal Viewing System for Accelerators

The operation of an accelerator requires that signals from various points about the machine be available for viewing in the control room. For the linear accelerator in the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (IAMPF), the cable-runs over which these signals must travel are up to 3000 ft in length. Consequently, a transmission system had to be developed which had a 10% to 90% rise time of 80 ns, an overshoot of ? 0.5 dB, and a droop of < 0.5% for a 1-ms pulse. The necessary-pre-emphasis filter for each cable run was designed by a computer program. This paper describes the system configuration, which provides for computer-controlled switching of 320 of the 660 signals and then outlines the computational procedure used in the filter design.
Comparing Non-Nested Linear Models

Abstract I consider the usual linear-model situation, except that there are two possible linear subspaces that may contain the true mean vector, and neither of the two subspaces is nested within the other. Approximate confidence intervals are developed for the difference in mean squared error (MSE) of prediction using the two models, not assuming that either model is necessarily correct. The confidence intervals are based on parametric bootstrap methods, applied to Mallows's Cp estimate of the difference in MSE. This approach is shown to relate closely to Hotelling's test comparing two simple linear regressions. In the simplest case the problem is equivalent to finding a confidence interval for the product of the means of two independent normal observations, each with variance one.
Collective excitations in multi-layered lateral quantum-wire superlattices

Abstract We study theoretically the collective excitations in multi-layered lateral quantum-wire superlattices within the random-phase approximation. We derive and discuss the plasmon excitation spectra in such systems. We calculate the dispersion relations for both intrasubband and intersubband plasmon excitations and consider the mode-coupling effect between them. We show that the recent Raman spectroscopy experiment results can be understood within the framework of this theory. Our calculated results for a five-layered quantum-wire system agree with the experiment qualitatively.
Quarternary oxide phases Ln4−xA4+xCo2+yAl2−yO15: The structures of Nd3.43Ba4.42Co2.23Al1.77O15 and Y2Sr6Co2.08Al1.92O15

Abstract The crystal structure of two compounds having the generic formula Ln4−xA4+xCo2+yAl2−yO15 has been determined. Nd3.43Ba4.42(1)Co(Co1.23(6)Al1.77)O15 (compound I), Mr = 1520.96, hexagonal, P6 3 mc, a = 11.544(1) A , c = 6.912(1) A , V = 797.7(2) A 3 , Z = 2, D x = 6.33 g cm −3 , Mo Kα λ = 0.71069 A , μ 1 = 242.0 cm −1 ; R = 0.045 for 758 reflections >5σ(F). Y2Sr6Co(Co1.08(6)Al1.92)O15 (compound II), Mr = 1118.00, hexagonal, P6 3 mc, a = 11.199(2) A , c = 6.664(1) A , V = 723.8(4) A 3 , Z = 2, D x = 5.13 g cm −3 , Mo K α λ = 0.71069 A , μ 1 = 317.5 cm −1 ; R = 0.076 for 373 reflections >6σ(F). The structure consists of clusters formed by a Co-oxygen octahedron that shares three corners of a triangular face with three separate Co Al - oxygen tetrahedra leading to a cluster formula [ Co VI ( Co Al ) IV 3 ]O 15 . The tetrahedral interstice is randomly occupied by Co3+ and Al3+ ions. The octahedral interstice is occupied by Co whose valence is 2+ in compound I and 3 + in II. Two such clusters exist in the unit cell and they are joined by rare earth-alkaline earth cations in 6-fold (octahedral), 8-fold (bisdisphenoid), 10-fold (capped trigonal prism), and 12-fold (cubic close packed) coordination to the oxygen ions. The octahedral cation positions are randomly occupied by about equal amounts of NdBa and YSr, respectively. Phase I forms with Pr and Gd but not with La, Y, or Er, restricting its formation to lanthanide ionic radii between 1.14 and 1.06 A.
Gravity-Induced Microstructural Nonuniformities during Combustion Synthesis of Intermetallic−Ceramic Composite Materials

Combustion synthesis of intermetallic−ceramic composite materials usually involves high combustion temperature as well as high temperature gradient. Gravity may play an important role in such systems when the liquid phase is present, and the intermetallic and ceramic phases have different densities. The combustion characteristics and microstructure may both be affected by gravity. Combustion synthesis of (1 − x)Ni3Al + xTiB2 composites, with the weight fraction x varying from 0.05 to 0.8, was carried out under normal gravity conditions. Both the combustion temperature and wave propagation velocity increased, and the propagation mode changed from unstable (x ≤ 0.2) to stable (x ≥ 0.4), as the TiB2 content increased. The combustion temperatures were higher than the melting point of Ni3Al for samples with x ≥ 0.4, resulting in a composite material consisting of ceramic TiB2 particles dispersed in a Ni3Al matrix. Owing to buoyancy of TiB2 particles in the denser molten Ni3Al phase, gravity was found to affect...
The ‘Dimensions’ of Society

A REMARK of Dr. D. A. Robertson was quoted in NATURE of Sept. 8 last, p. 383, by the reviewer of the book on “American Universities and Colleges”: “When the world's work has been analysed and the skills and qualities required for particular jobs have been specified, the schools and colleges can shape their curricula … more … effectively”
An evaluation of posterior modeling techniques for phonetic recognition

Several methods have been proposed recently for modeling posterior representations derived from local classifiers [1, 2]. In recent work, Sainath et al. have proposed the use of a tied-mixture-based posterior modeling approach [3] to enhance exemplar-based posterior representations for phone recognition tasks. In this work, we conduct a detailed evaluation to determine the effectiveness of this technique on three representative posterior systems. In addition, we propose and evaluate an alternative discriminative formulation of the posterior modeling objective function that seeks to minimize framelevel errors. In experimental evaluations on the TIMIT corpus, we find that posterior modeling results in relative phone error rate (PER) reductions of between 1.1-5.5% across the systems tested. In fact, using Spif-NN [4, 3] posteriors, we are able to achieve a PER of 18.5; to the best of our knowledge, this is the best result reported in the literature to date. minimize framelevel errors.
Electroconvulsive therapy in delusional and non-delusional depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (n = 66) treated with electroconvulsive therapy were stratified by the presence (n = 30) or absence (n = 36) of delusional symptoms (by Research Diagnostic Criteria) to compare their response to treatment. At discharge from hospital 83% of the MDD with psychosis group and 58% of the MDD without psychosis group were good responders (P = 0.03). The implications of this are discussed.
Late failure of pulmonary artery banding.

Pulmonary artery banding was performed on an 11-year-old female with a large patent ductus arteriosus to control pulmonary hypertension.At catheterization 3 years later the band on the right pulmonary artery was present. At catheterization 13 years later the right pulmonary artery band could no longer be demonstrated.
Three-dimensional elastic analysis of a composite double cantilever beam specimen

Attention is given to the stresses and the strain energy release rate along the delamination front in the present three-dimensional elastic analysis of a 24-ply, cocured double-cantilever beam specimen by means of 20-noded parabolic-isoparametric finite elements. At the free surface, the strain energy release rate was found to be substantially smaller than the plane strain value; this is suggested to be due to the free-surface effect that exists where the delamination meets the surface edge.
The estimation of sugar concentration in individual sieve-tube elements by negative staining

The presence of water-soluble compounds in sectioned plant tissue can be visualized in negative contrast by freeze-substitution in acetone, followed by embedment in Epon containing 6% Sudan B. The contents of mature sieve tubes and companion cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) showed strong, and mostly uniform, negative staining. The degree of negative staining was measured by microspectrophotometry. Since, in sieve tubes, virtually all of the solute is the translocated sugar, the sugar concentration can be estimated by comparison with similar measurements made on sections from pith blocks which were infiltrated with sugar solutions and processed by the same procedures. Sieve tubes contained a solution of about 11.2% (w/v) sucrose; companion cells contained a similar concentration of sucrose. Negative staining, and therefore the sucrose concentration, in immature sieve-tube elements and companion cells was much less than in their mature counterparts.