cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mie-driven free-space electro-optic transducers

We demonstrate efficient and compact electro-optic free-space modulators that employ hybrid high-Q Mie resonators embedded in low-loss, high-performance electro- optic molecules to achieve full amplitude modulation of a telecom carrier. By minimizing losses and maximizing the overlap between all interacting fields, we shift the resonance by 11 nm.
Racial Disparities in Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes After a Myocardial Infarction in Young or Middle-Aged Patients.

Background Black patients tend to develop coronary artery disease at a younger age than other groups. Previous data on racial disparities in outcomes of myocardial infarction (MI) have been inconsi...
Show versus tell? The effects of mating context on women’s memory for a man’s physical features and verbal statements

Does women’s memory for a man’s features and verbal statements vary as a function of whether they are thinking about him as a short- versus long-term mate? Evolutionary psychology suggests that a man’s physical attributes might matter more to women seeking a short- versus a long-term mate. In a laboratory experiment, female undergraduates watched a videotaped male introducing himself after they had been encouraged to think of him as either a short- or long-term mate. Women’s memory for his features and verbal statements was then tested. Compared to women in the long-term context, women in the short-term context demonstrated better memory for his features and worse memory for his verbal statements. The implications of these findings for adaptive memory are discussed.
Percutaneous ventricular septal defect closure with Amplatzer devices resulting in severe tricuspid regurgitation.

While percutaneous intervention is an alternative for patients who are not surgical candidates, the rate of morbidity and mortality is comparable to open repair. Appending the reported complications associated with percutaneous intervention (device mal-positioning, dislodgement, and entrapment in the sub-valvular apparatus), we report mechanical damage to the tricuspid valve (TV). Percutaneous closure with an Amplatzer septal occluder device was attempted on three patients who developed a ventricular septal defects (VSD) after myocardial infarction. In all three cases, damage to the tricuspid leaflet was noted post-procedure. The accompanying severe tricuspid regurgitation led to right ventricular failure, even in the patients where the VSD was considered successfully occluded. Despite successful deployment of the Amplatzer device, complications with catheter manipulation may still arise. Damage to the TV can occur during percutaneous VSD closure with Amplatzer device. Periprocedure TEE monitoring can detect damage to the tricuspid leaflets. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiferromagnetism and Superconductivity in a model of Quasi 1D Organic Conductors

I apply a two-step renormalization group method to the study of the competition between antiferromagnetism (AFM) and superconductivity in an anisotropic 2D Hubbard model. I show that this simple model captures the essentials of the ground-state phases of the quasi 1D organic conductors. As found experimentally, the ground-state phase diagram is mostly AFM. The AFM is localized in the strong-coupling limit where the electrons are confined in the chains. It is an SDW in the weak-coupling limit where interchain hopping is present. There is a tiny region in the weak-coupling regime where transverse two-particle hopping is dominant over magnetism.
From visual input to modeling humans

We present an overview of our recent methodology for modeling humans that is based on the use of computer vision methods to analyze human motion and extract invariants of the motion in a parameterized way that captures the nature of this motion. This basic parameterized motion can then be altered based on additional user input in the form of parameters to create a wide variety of human motions. This paradigm of modeling and animating human motions is a deviation from the traditional approach to animation which is based either exclusively on an animator's skill to produce convincing human animation or the use of motion capture data with no sophisticated analysis. Our approach clearly demonstrates that the synergy between computer vision and computer graphics methods is crucial in modeling human motion both external and internal. We demonstrate several examples of this approach including human walking and the modeling of human anatomy and physiology.
Investigation of venous ulcers

The evaluation of patients with venous ulceration primarily includes noninvasive methods to elucidate the distribution and extent of pathology. Duplex ultrasound is the first line of investigation, as it provides assessment of both reflux and obstruction conditions. In patients with iliofemoral pathology, axial imaging with computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging should be performed. If the treatment of iliofemoral vein obstruction is warranted, then invasive assessment using venography and/or intravascular ultrasound should be used to guide the interventional procedure. Venous valve reflux can be identified and accurately characterized by duplex ultrasound, whereas the ultrasound assessment of functional abnormality associated with obstruction is less reliable. In patients with ulceration, the evaluation for and treatment of proximal venous obstruction has resulted in improved ulcer healing.
Effects of separation potential, hydrostatic pressure and auxiliary electroosmotic pumping on a suppressed conductometric capillary electrophoresis separation system

The separation potential, hydrostatic pressure and an auxiliary electroosmotic pump can all affect the migration time of an analyte in a capillary electrophoretic system. We report here a systematic study of the effects of variations in these parameters upon practical ionic separations, especially as applied to a suppressed conductometric capillary electrophoretic separation system (SuCCESS). Under conditions that are held constant during a run, auxiliary electroosmotic pumping generally produces the best results. When the parameter is changed during the run in a manner reminiscent of gradient elution in chromatography, under the optimum condition for each, gradient separation potential and auxiliary electroosmotic pumping produces comparable results except for late-eluting ions for which the latter technique clearly yields higher efficiencies.
Development of a Metabolic Biosignature for Detection of Early Lyme Disease

Lyme disease (LD), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most commonly reported tick-borne disease in the United States and Europe [1, 2]. Recent studies suggest that 300 000 cases of LD may occur in the United States each year [2]. Antibody-based diagnostics for LD are widely utilized in clinical practice [3], and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a 2-tier approach for serologic testing [4]. The detection of antibodies to B. burgdorferi is highly specific and sensitive in patients with late manifestations of LD; however, the sensitivity in patients with early LD is unsatisfactory (29%–40%) [3]. Direct diagnostic testing using culture or nucleic acid amplification on peripheral blood samples also has low sensitivity (≤50%) for early LD [5]. Thus, the diagnosis of early LD is usually based on recognition of the most common clinical manifestation, an erythema migrans (EM) skin lesion. Other skin lesions, however, such as tick-bite hypersensitivity reactions, STARI (southern tick associated rash illness), and certain cutaneous fungal infections, can be confused with EM [1, 6, 7]. Given the limitations of existing diagnostics for early LD, the feasibility of novel approaches that directly detect infecting spirochetes or the host's response to the pathogen should be evaluated. Modern “omic” technologies provide sensitive methods to investigate, discover, and validate individual molecules or panels of molecules as biomarkers or biosignatures of specific disease states [8, 9]. One such technology, metabolomics, allows for global analyses of low molecular mass (typically <1500 Da) biological molecules [9]. The metabolic activity of a biological system is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including infection. As a result, altered metabolic profiles may reflect a disease state and can be exploited for development of diagnostics [10]. Recently, metabolomics has resulted in the discovery of biosignatures for human infectious diseases, including diagnostic approaches for schistosomiasis and malaria [11, 12]. To test the feasibility of metabolic profiling as a diagnostic platform for LD, we evaluated a large retrospective cohort of sera from patients with early LD, other diseases and healthy controls. This resulted in a metabolic biosignature that yielded a sensitivity of 84%–95% for early LD detection while retaining high specificity (90%–100%), thus demonstrating the feasibility of a novel nonantibody test for improved laboratory diagnosis of early LD.
Measurement of SO2 in Air Using Coated Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors

Use of hydrophobic membrane filters is shown to effectively reduce the interfering moisture level in the detection of SO2 in air at the parts per billion range. Quadrol is used as a sensitive coating on piezoelectric crystal detectors in a flow system.
Models of supersymmetric dark matter and their predictions in light of CDMS

Abstract We consider the prospects of supersymmetric dark matter in light of the recent results announced by the CDMS experiment. In this Letter, we investigate the status of: (i) neutralino dark matter in models of minimal supergravity, (ii) neutralino dark matter in models with nonuniversal Higgs masses, and (iii) sneutrino dark matter in the U ( 1 ) B − L extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model; and discuss the predictions of these models for the LHC, Tevatron, IceCube and PAMELA.
Expression of the human chondrocyte phenotype in vitro.

We report a culture scheme in which human epiphyseal chondrocytes lose their differentiated phenotype in monolayer and subsequently reexpress the phenotype in an agarose gel. The scheme is based on a method using rabbit chondrocytes. Culture in monolayer allowed small quantities of cells to be amplified and provided a starting point to study expression of the differentiated human chondrocyte phenotype. The cells cultured in monolayer produced type I procollagen, fibronectin, and small noncartilaginous proteoglycans. Subsequent culture in agarose was associated with the acquisition of typical chondrocyte ultrastructural features and the synthesis of type II collagen and cartilage-specific proteoglycans. The switch from the nonchondrocyte to the differented chondrocyte phenotype occurred under these conditions between 1 and 2 wk of agarose culture and was not necessarily homogeneous throughout a culture. This culture technique will facilitate direct investigation of human disorders of cartilage that have been addressed in the past by alternative approaches.
Can You Afford to Ignore Merchandising

Impulse buying — can it be predicted or even encouraged? Merchandisers are known as the “silent salesmen” and their skills cannot be ignored.
Role of Imatinib-Sensitive Tyrosine Kinases in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are clonal diseases that affect hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells within the erythroid, megakaryocytic, and granulocytic lineages. Blood cells from patients with MDS exhibit an excess rate of blast divisions, a high rate of dysplasia, and increased apoptosis. Patients with MPDs exhibit predominant proliferation of one cell lineage within the marrow. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed a new classification system for malignant hematologic conditions that includes a hybrid category referred to as MDS/MPD that takes into consideration dysplastic and proliferative characteristics. The new MDS/MPD category includes three clonal MPDs: atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). The prognosis for patients with clonal MPDs varies depending on severity but is usually considerably shorter than for patients with CML because these diseases are refractory to treatment. These hematologic disorders can be associated with chromosomal translocations that involve genes encoding protein kinases. Constitutive kinase activity of the resulting fusion protein is the underling mechanism of oncogenesis. Examples in which fusion protein kinase activity is sensitive to imatinib provide the rationale for targeted therapy with the drug. Treatment with imatinib of patients with clonal MPDs carrying ABL, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), or PDGFRβ fusion kinases has resulted in significant hematologic and cytogenetic remissions. Therefore, diagnosis of clonal MPDs should include cytogenetic and molecular screening for therapeutically relevant chromosomal rearrangements involving imatinib-sensitive targets.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SELECTIVITY IN SLOW AROMATIC CHLORINATIONS

Abstract A dispersion plug flow reactor model (DPFR) has been derived and experimentally verified to predict product distribution and selectivity for commercial aromatic halogenation reactions. From the model recommendations for process modifications to reduce the amounts of undesirable byproducts arising from similar reactions can be obtained. The selectivity of the monochlorinated product is shown to depend on kinetic and hydrodynamic parameters, mixing in the reactor and chlorine solubility. The pertinent variables are arranged in five dimensionless groups which include the kinetic and hydrodynamic Damkohler Numbers, the Peclet Number, ratio of the rate constants and the ratio of chlorine solubility to the inlet aromatic concentration. A micro pilot plant which duplicates industrial conditions for benzene and toluene chlorination was constructed to test the DPFR model. Chlorination studies were performed under a range of conditions. Hydrodynamic parameters required for the model were obtained from publ...
Plasma catecholamine levels after intraosseous epinephrine administration in a cardiac arrest model.

Study objective: To measure plasma catecholamine levels and the cardiovascular response after administering epinephrine by the intraosseous (IO) route in an animal cardiac arrest model. Model: Eighteen anesthetized swine (weight, 12 to 15 kg) subjected to five minutes of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation followed by 25 minutes of chest compression and ventilation. Interventions: Animals were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg IM ketamine and 75 mg/kg IV a-chloralose, intubated, placed on a respirator, and surgically instrumented. Ventricular fibrillation was induced. After five minutes of cardiac arrest, mechanical chest compressions were initiated and continued until the end of the experiment. Animals received 0.01 mg/kg IO epinephrine (five) or 0.1 mg/kg IO epinephrine (five) at ten and 20 minutes. The eight controls did not receive epinephrine. Measurements and main results: Plasma epinephrine levels increased from 1.0 to approximately 40 to 85 ng/mL with the initiation of CPR. Epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) increased plasma epinephrine levels to 222 ± 72 ng/mL at 12 minutes after arrest but did not increase diastolic or mean blood pressure. Epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) increased plasma epinephrine levels to 1,103 ± 157 ng/mL at 12 minutes after arrest and increased diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures. Conclusion: IO epinephrine is rapidly transported to the central circulation but requires larger than currently recommended doses to produce a significant change in blood pressure.
Ion beam produced plasma waves observed by the delta n/n plasma wave receiver during the Porcupine experiment

The Porcupine sounding rocket consisted of a central instrumented payload with 4 smaller payloads ejected in the radial direction. One of the smaller payloads contained a xenon ion gun which directed a 200eV Xe+ ion beam roughly perpendicular to the magnetic field. During the ion gun exercises a variety of plasma waves were observed by the δn/n experiment on the central spacecraft. For small separations betwen the ion gun and the plasma wave receivers, intense and very narrow band emissions were observed just above harmonics of the hydrogen gyrofrequency extending from n=1 to at least n=11 and perhaps to much higher harmonics. Additional structure at the helium gyrofrequency was also observed and the width of each spectral line was the order of the oxygen gyrofrequency. The fastest growing modes were at n=5 or 6. For larger separations between the ion gun and plasma wave receiver, band limited emissions were observed between the NO+ and O+ lower hybrid frequencies. The intense ion cyclotron harmonic waves observed for short separations are very similar to plasma waves observed at high altitudes in ion conics by the S3-3 satellite. In those examples, natural ion beams, which were nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field, produced plasma waves between harmonics of the hydrogen gyrofrequency and the most intense waves occurred between n=3 and n=7. Hence the ion beam experiment is directly applicable to understanding ion beams within the magnetosphere.
Investigation of quasiparticle diffusion away from the tunneling regions of SIN X-ray sensors

Electrons which tunnel from the normal electrode to the superconducting electrode of an SIN tunnel junction ultimately combine to form Cooper pairs. If this occurs close to the tunneling region, the phonons emitted during the combination process may enter the normal electrode and heat it. We compared 6 keV X-ray pulse data from Al/Al2O3/Cu SIN series paris having narrow leads with pulse data from identical SIN pairs having very wide leads. We found that quasiparticle diffusion in the wide leads was not sufficient to remore the quasiparticles from the junction region.
Determination of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in human blood plasma

Abstract Pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate in 18 μl of human capillary blood plasma is determined by catalytic amplification using the apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase. Prior isolation from interfering substances is accomplished by employment of a cation exchange resin in batch operation. The procedure consists of the following stages. Stage I, denaturation of proteins. Trichloroacetic acid is used to precipitate plasma proteins and liberate any bound coenzyme. Dilute NaCl is added to expand the volume thus minimizing coenzyme entrapment in the precipitate. Stage II, isolation of the coenzyme. A sulfonated polystyrene ion exchange resin is used inside a centrifugal filter. Pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate in the supernatant from Stage I adsorbs to the resin. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, other organic phosphates, and Pi are removed by centrifugation. Rinsing with dilute NaBH4 destroys traces of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and washes off residual inhibitors. Pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate is then desorbed with NaOH and Tris buffer and recovered by centrifugation. Stage III, reconstitution and assay. The desorbate from Stage II is incubated with excess apoenzyme. Specific activity of the reconstituted enzyme is measured. Interpolation from a standard curve relating enzyme specific activity and pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate concentration yields the plasma level of the cofactor. Approximately 3 h are required to carry out the procedure. Much of the coenzyme was found not to be assayable if plasma was refrigerated overnight or if whole blood was left standing at room temperature for a few hours. The degradation was arrested with freezing at −80°C. In a 13-day experiment involving a healthy subject, sharp rises of plasma pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate were found to occur in response to small doses of oral vitamin B6. This represents the first observation of significant flux of pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate in blood plasma.
The effect of ph and temperature on the heat of immersion of alumina

Abstract Heat of immersion measurements as a function of pH and temperature have been used to investigate the dilute electrolyte alumina interface. These measurements show the existence of a secondary double-layer enthalpy as a function of pH and the lack of immersion enthalpy change with immersion temperature change. Such effects are interpreted as the enthalpy effect on formation of either charged AlO− or AlOH2+ sites and the formation of a strongly bound hydrogen-bonded water monolayer on the alumina surface. A simple theory on the AlO − AlOH 2 + site idea has been further developed and quantified using free-energy data for the point-of-zero charge and quasi-chemical entropy correlations. The resulting double-layer site-charging enthalpies when coupled with measured surface excesses give an adequate representation of the experimental effects when site-site interactions are neglected at low surface excesses.
Achieving KDOQI Guidelines for Hematocrit in HIV-Infected Hemodialysis Patients

The primary cause of anemia in HIV-infected patients with ESRD is diminished production of erythropoietin. Although most patients respond to recombinant erythropoietin, the response may be blunted in patients with ESRD and concomitant viral or bacterial infections. Previous studies demonstrated a response to erythropoietin by HIV-infected ESRD patients, but hematocrit levels on average were only 27-29%. We were interested in determining if KDOQI guidelines could be met in these patients. Hematocrits and epogen doses of all HIV-positive patients who were undergoing hemodialysis at the Nassau University Medical Center Dialysis Unit between September 2002 and March 2003 were compared to matched controls in our hemodialysis unit. The hematocrit levels in our population were higher than those reported in earlier papers. In our patient population, the mean hematocrit was 37.5, whereas the mean hematocrit levels in the HIV group in previous papers were 27-29%. HIV-infected patients did require higher erythropoietin dosages than controls, but similar doses were used as compared to previous studies. HIV patients on hemodialysis can achieve KDOQI target hematocrits. The difference in route of iron administration and iron stores may explain the higher hematocrit levels in our HIV patient population as compared to previous trials.
Automated tissue analysis from computerized axial tomographic scans

Abstract A computerized off-line analysis has been developed to study brain tissue properties from scans performed with an EMI 1005 headscanner. Except for the operator's identifying the inter-hemispheric fissure, the analysis is fully automated. It subdivides the brain area into 80 subdivisions, arranged into four bands parallel to the calvarial contour. The program computes the values of the mean and the standard deviation for each subdivision, each band, and each hemisphere as well as for the whole calvaria. This arrangement facilitates the assessment of asymmetries of brain tissue. We found that a 3 × 3 smoothing filtration decreased the standard deviation by about a factor of 1.5 to 3 and the mean values of CT numbers for the subdivisions by about 2 to 3%.
An analysis of seasonal predictability in coupled model forecasts

In the recent decade, operational seasonal prediction systems based on initialized coupled models have been developed. An analysis of how the predictability of seasonal means in the initialized coupled predictions evolves with lead-time is presented. Because of the short lead-time, such an analysis for the temporal behavior of seasonal predictability involves a mix of both the predictability of the first and the second kind. The analysis focuses on the lead-time dependence of ensemble mean variance, and the forecast spread. Further, the analysis is for a fixed target season of December–January–February, and is for sea surface temperature, rainfall, and 200-mb height. The analysis is based on a large set of hindcasts from an initialized coupled seasonal prediction system. Various aspects of predictability of the first and the second kind are highlighted for variables with long (for example, SST), and fast (for example, atmospheric) adjustment time scale. An additional focus of the analysis is how the predictability in the initialized coupled seasonal predictions compares with estimates based on the AMIP simulations. The results indicate that differences in the set up of AMIP simulations and coupled predictions, for example, representation of air–sea interactions, and evolution of forecast spread from initial conditions do not change fundamental conclusion about the seasonal predictability. A discussion of the analysis presented herein, and its implications for the use of AMIP simulations for climate attribution, and for time-slice experiments to provide regional information, is also included.
Ethics in Clinical Trials Introduction

This issue of Stroke includes a scientific article, a commentary, and three editorials which, taken as a whole, present a forum discussing a vitally important issue, ethics in clinical stroke trials. Our Editor-in-Chief has asked that I introduce these editorials and articles. We have made considerable progress in recent years in unraveling the first layers of the complexities of well-designed and well-executed clinical trials …
Erythrazoles A–B, Cytotoxic Benzothiazoles from a Marine-Derived Erythrobacter sp.

Chemical examination of an extract from an Erythrobacter sp. isolated from mangrove sediments yielded erythrazoles A (1) and B (2). The erythrazoles are of mixed biosynthetic origin containing a tetrasubstituted benzothiazole, an appended diterpene side chain, and a glycine unit. Erythrazole B is cytotoxic to a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, with IC50 values of 1.5, 2.5, and 6.8 μM against H1325, H2122, and HCC366, respectively.
Observations of the marine boundary layer under a cutoff low over the southeast Pacific Ocean

Stratocumulus is often present offshore of Peru and northern Chile and exists at the top of a cool, moist and well-mixed marine boundary layer (MBL) under a marked temperature inversion maintained by large-scale subsidence. The subtropical MBL and stratocumulus has been the focus of many recent studies, but mid-latitude systems can exert a strong influence. However, this connection is not well established due to debatable model results and few in situ measurements south of 20°S. During a 2-week field campaign in August 2011 at Robinson Crusoe Island (~700 km offshore at 33.6°S), radiosondes were launched to observe the response of the MBL to mid-latitude synoptic forcing. During the observation period a broad, slow-moving cutoff low (COL) passed over the region. Other observations include COSMIC GPS, infrared satellite imagery, TRMM radar reflectivity, and operational radiosondes from the Chilean weather service. A numerical simulation is included to diagnose the synoptic features. The inversion prior to the COL was maintained and lifted above 5 km as the COL passed over the island. Soon after the COL center passed the island, the MBL top did not descend or reform near the surface and then deepen, but rather an inversion reformed at ~2.7 km. Using a variety of datasets, the height of the reformation of the inversion is related to the cloud top height of the scattered shallow cumulus convection under the COL, which coincides with the level of maximum convergence of the vertical velocity.
Social monitoring and vigilance behavior in brown capuchin monkeys ( Cebus apella )

I investigated the vigilance behavior of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in Iguazu, Argentina to determine the relative importance of anti-predatory vigilance versus social monitoring. Predator detection has been found to be the major factor driving vigilance patterns in other populations of Cebus, and a positive relationship between vigilance and the number of nearby neighbors has been found. In the Iguazu population, social monitoring is the primary function of vigilance, as indicated by a negative relationship between vigilance and neighbor density. Even if social monitoring and predator detection are totally compatible, the time tradeoffs associated with vigilance behavior are mostly driven by social monitoring in this population. In addition to recording vigilance data in relation to the number of neighbors, several other variables were recorded in conjunction with vigilance behavior in order to control for possible confounding factors. After controlling for these factors, it was found that the number of neighbors within 10 m was still highly correlated with the percent of time spent vigilant. The average percent of time spent vigilant was found to be much lower in Iguazu, compared to another population of C. apella with higher predation pressure. The average vigilance bout was much closer in length to known social monitoring bouts than to known anti-predatory vigilance bouts. These patterns indicate that the predominate function of vigilance in this population of C. apella is social monitoring. In populations with low predation pressure, the time costs associated with social monitoring should increase with group size, and increasing neighbor density. The fitness costs of social monitoring have not been incorporated into current social models, and these results indicate that these models may not be appropriate for all study populations.
Numerical Simulation of Instability Causing Asymmetric Drainage in Foam Films

Abstract Drainage of circular foam films is much more rapid when it is asymmetric than when it is axisymmetric. Asymmetric drainage stems from a hydrodynamic instability produced by surface-tension-driven flow. It is opposed by surface viscosity, surface diffusivity, and system dimensions, which stabilize perturbations having short wavelengths. Numerical simulation of this instability is carried out. The results (1) clarify the conditions for applicability of a simplified linear stability analysis derived previously, (2) show clearly the circulating surface convection patterns that arise, and (3) confirm the rapid increase in drainage rate. The same instability is responsible for periodic convection patterns known as “marginal regeneration” in vertical soap films that also lead to rapid drainage.
The Development of Relational Competence Among Young High-Risk Fathers Across the Transition to Parenthood

This study examined relationship factors associated with paternal functioning among young, high-risk fathers, with an emphasis on the role of a young mother's relational competence on her partner's paternal functioning. Participants included 60 young fathers and their coparenting partners, who were identified before childbirth and followed over 2 years. Fathers were identified as being at high risk for paternal failure based on a history of school dropout, psychopathology, and/or serial fatherhood. It was hypothesized that young men who were more relationally competent before childbirth would function more adequately as fathers, despite their high-risk status. Based on principles of family systems theory, it was also predicted that young men with more relationally competent partners would become more relationally competent, and therefore learn to function more positively as fathers. Relational competence was assessed using interview data collected before and 2 years post child birth, and coded with the Relational Competence Index. Paternal functioning was based on a composite score consisting of self-reported and observed parenting. Path analysis indicated that (1) high-risk fathers with relationally competent partners had higher relational competence scores over time, and (2) higher relational competence scores were associated with more positive paternal functioning scores.
Doppler detection of acquired ventricular septal defect.

Abstract Because it can detect both shunt flow and valvular regurgitation, 1–5 Doppler echocardiography provides an excellent noninvasive method for detecting ventricular septal rupture and for determining the presence or absence of associated mitral regurgitation. Two patients described here illustrate its value in detecting defects too small to be recognized by oximetry, radionuclide study and routine imaging echocardiography.
Production of activated carbons from a washington lignite using phosphoric acid activation

Chemical activation of a Washington state lignite was studied using heat-treatment temper- atures (HTT) between 250 and 650°C. Thermal blanks were generated under similar conditions for comparison. Changes in chemical composition of both the thermal and acid-treated carbons were followed by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. With increasing HTT, acid-treatment promotes a more extensive loss of hydrogen. Fourier-transform infrared spectra show a decrease in aliphatic groups, increased aromaticity and increased stability of carbonyl functions for samples that were reacted with H,PO,. Ulminite reflectance (O/OR& of the acid-treated samples is consistently higher than the thermal counterparts up to an HTT of 550°C. Above this temperature the relationship is reversed. A rim of higher reflectance material occurs in some of the larger pieces of acid-treated carbon indicating a reaction rim. The sharp boundary may be related to the rate of diffusion of the phosphoric acid into the lignite structure. Maximum surface area developed for the acid-treated carbons (1266 m'/g) occurs at an HTT of 450°C. The surface areas developed in these carbons is intermediate between those produced from modern white oak and subbituminous coal precursors. These preliminary data for activated carbons produced from a lignite precursor stress the importance of rank in the production of high internal surface areas by acid-activation. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Magnetic resonance image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy for intractable psychiatric disease.

WE DESCRIBE THE modern operative technique of magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy and discuss the indications, results, and complications of this procedure. A retrospective analysis of psychiatric outcome was performed for 34 patients with intractable major affective disorder and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder who underwent MR image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy since 1991. Fourteen patients underwent multiple cingulotomies (50 total procedures). Overall, 38% of the patients were classified as responders, 23% as possible responders, and 38% as nonresponders. Of the patients who did not respond to initial cingulotomies and who underwent multiple cingulotomies, 36% became responders, 36% possible responders, and 28% nonresponders. There were no deaths or long-term side effects related to the procedure. The therapeutic results of MR image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy are similar to the results of earlier methods of cingulotomy, and the use of MR imaging offers substantial technical advantages. This procedure also compares favorably with other neurosurgical procedures performed for intractable psychiatric disease with a low rate of undesired side effects. Cingulotomy is safe and well tolerated, with over one-third of the patients demonstrating significant improvement ; however, prospective long-term follow-up studies are needed to further define the role of surgery in treating intractable psychiatric disease.
Public Benefit and Member Benefit Nonprofit, Voluntary Groups

The focus of this article is on how public versus member benefit nonprofit organizations differ, based largely on data from survey interviews with leaders of fifty-nine nonprofit organizations. The data show that member benefit groups differ on several measures of activity, in sources of income (dues versus fees and sales), in membership openness, and in use of boards and committees. The distinction between public and member benefit groups is meaningful but does not turn out to be overwhelming in importance.
Lightweight micro-cash for the internet

We propose a micro-cash technique based on a one-time signature scheme: signing a message more than once leads to disclosure of the signer's private key. In addition to usual cash properties such as off-line bank for payment and spender's anonymity, the technique also provides a number of useful features. These include: identifying double spender with strong proof, cash revocable for identified double spender, independent of using tamper-resistant devices, coin sub-divisible to smaller denominations, and system simplicity in terms of small-sized data for cash representation as well as simple protocols for cash withdrawal, payment and deposit. We reason that these features support a lightweight cash system suitable for handling very low value payment transactions, such as information purchases on the Internet.
Scaling of Quasi-Brittle Fracture and the Fractal Question

The paper represents an extended text of a lecture presenting a review of recent results on scaling offailure in structures made ofquasibrittle materials, characterized by a large fracture process zone, and examining the question of possible role of the fractal nature of crack surfaces in the scaling. The problem of scaling is approached through dimensional analysis, the laws of thermodynamics and asymptotic matching. Large-size and small-size asymptotic expansions of the size effect on the nominal strength of structures are given, for specimens with large notches (or traction-free cracks) as well as zero notches, and simple size effect formulas matching the required asymptotic properties are reported. The asymptotic analysis is carried out, in general, for fractal cracks, and the practically important case of nonfractal crack propagation is acquired as a special case. Regarding the fractal nature of crack surfaces in quasibrittle materials, the conclusion is that it cannot play a signification role in fracture propagation and the observed size effect. The reason why Weibull statistical theory of random material strength does not explain the size effect in quasibrittle failures is explained. Finally, some recent applications to fracture simulation by particle models (discrete element method) and to the determination of size effect and fracture characteristics of carbon-epoxy composite laminates are briefly reviewed.
Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression

A complementary DNA for the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) produces a fluorescent product when expressed in prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) or eukaryotic (Caenorhabditis elegans) cells. Because exogenous substrates and cofactors are not required for this fluorescence, GFP expression can be used to monitor gene expression and protein localization in living organisms.
User Response Characteristics For Sequential Displays

Visual responses to briefly presented sequential displays were studied in two experiments exploring stimulus contrast variation influences on target acquisition. When two stimuli are presented in close temporal and spatial proximity, the target stimulus (TS) information is changed by the flanking or surrounding mask stimulus (MS). The observers' visual response characteristics or TS information bandwidth varies in a non-monotonic U-shaped fashion as the temporal difference between TS and MS onset (stimulus onset asynchrony or SOA) increases (Type B masking). Experiment 1 varied only TS con-trast, Experiment 2 varied only MS contrast. Observer responses to TS shape and location in the visual field were measured as a function of SOA and stimulus contrast. Data were evaluated by estimating the maximum of the regression functions describing the empirical masking functions. For Experiment 1, as TS contrast decreased, the SOA of maximum shape masking also decreased. SOA for maximum location masking was lower than that for shape responses. Experiment 2 revealed an attenuation of the Type B shape masking function as MS contrast was reduced. Location masking was minimal. In conclusion, variation of user visual response characteristics may prove useful in optimizing information bandwidth during human/computer display dialogues.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development of wafer scale encapsulation process for large displacement piezoresistive MEMS devices

Abstract The goal of the presented work is to develop and demonstrate a fabrication process for thin film encapsulation of MEMS devices with large gaps by modifying an existing technique. The process is being developed for encapsulation of silicon micro machined gyroscope which will be fabricated on SOI (silicon-on-insulator) wafers using Bosch DRIE etching technique. The encapsulation of the device is carried out using epitaxial polysilicon in order to provide a high vacuum inside the device chamber. This technique helps in reducing the die area and the vacuum inside the encapsulation increases the quality factor Q and sensitivity of the device. In this paper we describe a unique method of wafer scale encapsulation of large gaps using sacrificial silicon structures that are completely oxidized.
A factor-analytic approach to bank condition☆

Abstract This paper explores a new approach to early warning systems for commercial banks. Factor analysis and logit estimation are used to measure the condition of individual institutions and to assign each of them a probability of being a problem bank. The model employs widely used financial ratios and information taken from bank examinations. The factors produced by the model for use in the logit estimation are very similar to the CAMEL rating system used by bank examiners. Empirical results show that the combination of factor analysis and logit estimation is a promising method of evaluating bank condition.
Measurement of articular cartilage stiffness of the femoropatellar, tarsocrural, and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses and comparison with biochemical data.

Objective— To determine normal cartilage stiffness values in different weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing areas of 3 different equine joints, and to evaluate the relationship between cartilage stiffness and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. Study Design— Compressive stiffness of the articular cartilage was measured in 8 horse cadaver femoropatellar (FP), tarsocrural (TC), and metatarsophalangeal (MT) joints. Gross evaluation, collagen content, GAG content, and histologic appearance were assessed for each measurement location. Animals— Eight equine cadavers (4 intact females, 4 castrated males; 7 Quarter Horse or Quarter Horse type, 1 Arabian; aged 4–12 years, weighing 400–550 kg) Methods— The articular surfaces of 8 equine cadaver FP, TC, and MT joints were grossly evaluated for signs of articular cartilage pathology. Stiffness at preselected sites (FP joint—6 sites; TC joint—3 sites; MT joint—4 sites) was determined using an arthroscopic indentation instrument. Biochemical composition (collagen, GAG content) and histologic evaluation (modified Mankin score) were assessed for each measurement site. Results— All cartilage from all sites evaluated was determined to be normal based on macroscopic and histologic assessments. No significant correlation between Mankin scores and cartilage stiffness values was observed. Site differences in cartilage stiffness were measured in all 3 joints (P 0.622, r2>0.387). Conclusion— Relative cartilage stiffness values measured in healthy equine joints are site dependent and can be measured using an indentation device intended for arthroscopic application. Clinical Relevance— An indentation instrument provided an objective means of determining relative compressive stiffness of articular cartilage. Further research needs to be performed to confirm the site and joint differences observed in this study in clinically normal horses and to determine if the tester can be used clinically to predict articular cartilage pathology.
The influence of seller strategy on the winning price in online auctions: A moderated mediation model

Abstract This paper examines the impact of seller strategy on winning prices in online auctions. In our conceptual model, three strategic choices made by the seller – minimum opening price, auction length, and use of a hidden reserve price – are mediated by the number of bids placed during the auction and moderated by product type. Our tests analyze eBay auction data for four consumer products through two matched studies (two products per study). In particular, we compare products for which value is easily determined with those for which value is less clear. Overall, we find strong evidence of the effects of minimum opening price and hidden reserve prices on final winning prices. The impact of auction length on winning price is less clear. In general, our tests support the idea that potential buyers rely more on signals such as opening price and reserve price for products for which reference prices are less available.
Main-Group-Metal Chlorobenzene Complexes

Stable group 13 metal chlorobenzene complexes of general type [(iPr2-ATI)MR][B(C6F5)4](ClPh) (M = Al, Ga, In; iPr2-ATI = N,N‘-diisopropylaminotroponiminate) have been isolated. X-ray crystallographic studies show that the PhCl ligands in these compounds are coordinated by dative M−ClPh bonding and suggest that π-stacking interactions between the PhCl phenyl ring and the iPr2-ATI ligand may also contribute to the PhCl coordination.
Parent, teacher, and hospital staff evaluations of severely disturbed children

Evaluations of parents, teachers, and hospital staff were compared using measures of deviance, improvement, and outcomes for short-term psychiatric inpatient children. Measures were completed at inception and termination of hospitalization and at a one-year follow-up. Evaluations by parents and community teachers differed from those by hospital staff, and pretreatment and post-treatment evaluations reliably predicted child functioning at home and, to a lesser extent, at school one year later.
Optical model for diffractive resonance excitation

An optical model of the Chou-Yang type has been extended to treat resonance production in high-energy $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering. Dipole form factors have been used for the hadronic matter distribution. Good qualitative agreement with experiment is found for differential elastic and single-excitation cross sections for momentum transfers out to 2-3 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$.
Teaching Nature of Science within a Controversial Topic: Integrated versus Nonintegrated.

This study investigated the influence of two different explicit instructional approaches in promoting more informed understandings of nature of science (NOS) among students. Participants, a total of 42 students, comprised two groups in two intact sections of ninth grade. Participants in the two groups were taught environmental science by their regular classroom teacher, with the difference being the context in which NOS was explicitly taught. For the ''integrated'' group, NOS instruction was related to the science content about global warming. For the ''nonintegrated'' group, NOS was taught through a set of activities that specifically addressed NOS issues and were dispersed across the content about global warming. The treatment for both groups spanned 6 weeks and addressed a unit about global warming and NOS. An open- ended questionnaire, in conjunction with semistructured interviews, was used to assess students' views before and after instruction. Results showed improvements in participants' views of NOS regardless of whether NOS was integrated within the regular content about global warming. Comparison of differences between the two groups showed ''slightly'' greater improvement in the informed views of the integrated group participants. On the other hand, there was greater improvement in the transitional views of the nonintegrated group participants. Therefore, the overall results did not provide any conclusive evidence in favor of one approach over the other. Implications on the teaching and learning of NOS are discussed. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 395-418, 2006
Whiteness, class and the legacies of empire: on home ground

Katherine Tyler explores the dynamics of forgetting and remembering by which post-colonial forms of whiteness are constituted in England today. Based on more than two years of ethnographic research...