cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ab initio calculation of the vibrational force field of the water dimer

Abstract The geometry and vibrational frequencies of the water dimer are calculated using ab initio LCAO-SCF theory. Most of the results were obtained using a split valence basis set. Some calculations with a larger basis set having polarization functions are also reported. The findings are somewhat dependent on the basis set with the split valence basis set giving too strong a hydrogen bond and consequently force constants which are too large. The intramolecular frequency shifts are in reasonable agreement with experimental results. The low frequency intermolecular vibrations are also determined and are qualitatively consistent with the infrared spectrum of liquid water.
Arsenic trioxide cooperates with all trans retinoic acid to enhance mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and differentiation in PML–RARα negative human myeloblastic leukemia cells

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) synergistically promotes all trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of PML–RARα negative HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia cells. In PML–RARα positive myeloid leukemia cells, ATO is known to cause degradation of PML–RARα with subsequent induced myeloid differentiation. We found that ATO by itself does not cause differentiation of the PML–RARα negative HL-60 cells, but enhances ATRA's capability to cause differentiation. ATO augmented ATRA-induced RAF/MEK/ERK axis signaling, expression of CD11b and p47PHOX, and inducible oxidative metabolism. ATO enhanced ATRA-induced population growth retardation without evidence of apoptosis or enhanced G1/G0 growth arrest. Compared to ATRA-treated cells, the ATRA plus ATO-treated cells progressed more slowly through the cell cycle as detected by a slower rate of accumulation in G2/M following nocodazole treatment. Hoechst/PI staining showed that low-dose ATO did not induce apoptosis. In summary, our results indicate that ATO in conjunction w...
Incubation, hatching and survival of eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in spawning redds influenced by groundwater ☆

Abstract Many west coastal and northern Norwegian rivers run through deep, confined valleys with permeable layers of glacial and alluvial deposits. Groundwater flows through these permeable layers and enter lakes and rivers as underwater seepage and springs. Groundwater inflow to inland Norwegian rivers may constitute 40–100% of total water discharge during low flow periods in late summer and winter. Juvenile salmonids may take advantage of groundwater upwellings and actively seek out such patches. In regulated rivers groundwater influx may create refuges during low flow or hydropeaking episodes. The importance of groundwater for salmon redd site selection and egg survival is also clear, although less known and documented in regulated rivers. Eggs of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) are deposited in redds in river bed gravels lacking fine sediments and with high oxygen levels. Egg development is therefore dependent on the interaction of a number of environmental factors such as groundwater influx, oxygen and temperature. Atlantic salmon in the regulated River Suldalslagen, Western Norway, spawn relatively late compared to other Norwegian rivers, with a peak in early January. Newly emerged fry are found from the end of May to the beginning of June, i.e. “swim up” one month earlier than expected using models for egg and alevin development and river water temperatures. The most plausible explanation is that groundwater has a higher and more stable temperature than surface river water. In field experiments, fertilized salmon eggs were placed in boxes close to natural spawning redds in the river bed at sites influenced and those not influenced by groundwater. A difference of up to 40 days in 50% hatching was found, and “swim up” occurred at the end of May in boxes influenced by groundwater. Preliminary studies have revealed that groundwater also plays an important role in survival of salmon eggs in the River Suldalslagen when dewatered in winter. Eggs placed in boxes in groundwater seepage areas during winter in the dewatered river bed survived even when covered by ice and snow. The survival from fertilization until 30 April, one month before hatching, was 91%, the same survival as found for eggs placed in boxes in the wetted river bed. However, mortality from fertilization to hatching was higher compared to the eggs placed in wetted river bed, 57 and 91% respectively. Groundwater creates a horizontal and vertical mosaic of temperatures in spawning redd areas leading to potentially greater variation in spawning sites, time of hatching and “swim up”. This is likely to increase egg survival during low flow periods in regulated rivers. In conclusion, the interaction between groundwater and surface river water should therefore be considered when managing fish populations in regulated rivers.
A system for varying the stability and control of a deflected-jet fixed-wing vtol aircraft

SUMMARY A system to provide variable control power and augmented stability for a hovering VTOL aircraft is described. of the two jet engines is deflected to provide lift for hovering flight. Bleed air is taken from the engines and used for reaction control at the wing tips and tail for attitude control while hovering. Two sets of reaction nozzles are used on the modified X-14A. actuated by the pilot; the other set, which uses electric servo-driven noz- les, was added to generate variable-stability control moments about all axes, Variable-stability modes provided are rate damping, cross-coupling cancella- tion, augmented pilot control, and stiffness with maneuverability cutout. The control system for one axis is outlined, and criteria for dividing bleed air between the two sets of nozzles are presented. The development of the nozzles for constant flow and pilot safety controls are discussed. On the Bell X-14A aircraft the exhaust The original set is mechanically INTRODUCTION In aircraft handling qualities research,variable-stability aircraft make possible the exploration of a wide range of the fundamental aircraft param- eters, such as damping and control power about each axis. Such a research aircraft enables the pilot to evaluate combinations of variables under real- istic flight conditions involving specific tasks. Investigations of new handling qualities concepts, exploration of characteristics of aircraft in the design stage, or improvements of existing aircraft may all be accomplished. The technique for varying control power and dynamic response depends on supplying commands to the control surfaces, or auxiliary control devices, in addition to the pilot's normal commands. These additional commands are deter- mined on the basis of both pilot command and aircraft motions. Servo- mechanisms are convenient for introducing these commands into the control system. Variable -stability systems are quite flexible since commands can easily be varied in amplitude, mixed in various 'proportions, reversed, or even adjusted to put the aircraft into an unstable condition. The concept of variable -stability aircraft is particularly valuable in the solution of
Parallel and Turbulent Flow Precipitator Efficiencies for Distributions of Particle Mobilities

Regimes of parallel and turbulent flow in a parallel plate precipitator are discussed as theoretical idealizations. Particle trajectories and resultant efficiency of an ideal parallel flow device are described and compared with the Deutsch equation analysis, based upon complete mixing in turbulent flow, for a single mobility species. A relationship is developed between particle size and mobility which incorporates field and diffusion charging and the Cunningham correction to Stoke's drag. Log normal distributions of particle size are transformed into mobility distribution functions. Efficiencies based upon parallel flow and turbulent mixing are expressed for the particle mobility distributions by finding incremental efficiencies for each segment of a given distribution and weighting each segment by its relative proportion of the whole. These efficiencies are compared with each other and with the result obtained by inserting the mean mobility into the Deutsch equation. It is shown that, for relatively high standard deviation, use of an average mobility value in the Deutsch equation can result in device efficiency characteristics quite similar to those resulting from collection of the various mobility species in parallel flow. A much lower efficiency results from incremental analysis of the same distribution under the assumption of turbulent mixing.
Studies on the action of p-phenylenediamine on living cells.

Aromatic amines are known to produce allergic sensitization of skin or mucous membranes, causing dermatitis, conjunctivitis or asthma (1), but the mechanism of sensitization is not well understood. According to Mayer, certain aromatic amines are readily oxidized in the organism to toxic quinone compounds which combine with the SS or SH groups of amino acids and proteins to act like antigens (2,3,4,5,6,7).
The Eclectic Roots of Strategy Implementation Research

Abstract The researcher interested in strategy implementation faces a formidable challenge. Although this area has drawn many calls for research attention, there is not a deep and cohesive body of prior literature on which to draw in developing new efforts. This study proposes that through taking a broadened perspective of the nature of implementation, a range of valuable insights for the implementation researcher is available. First, various conceptualizations and definitions of implementation that have been proposed are considered. Next, a broad range of literature fields that have direct and indirect implications for the study of strategy implementation are reviewed. This review is organized around a framework that distinguishes between structural and interpersonal process views of implementation. Insights for the implementation researcher are highlighted. Finally, future directions for implementation research are proposed.
A resistive-vee dipole based polarimetric antenna

An antenna system is developed for ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications. It uses four, crossed, resistive-vee dipole (RVD) antennas to measure the transmission and reception of multiple polarizations. The RVD was selected because it has low self clutter, low radar cross section and wideband performance. The RVD is linearly polarized, but other polarizations can be synthesized through the use of two orthogonal RVDs to transmit or receive orthogonal field components. The antenna system can help to distinguish between different target types with its ability to transmit right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) fields and receive both left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) and RHCP fields by comparing the received LHCP and RHCP signals. Numerical and preliminary experimental results show good target discrimination between linear and symmetric targets.
A 3D adaptive mesh refinement algorithm for multimaterial gas dynamics

Abstract Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) in conjunction with high order upwind finite difference methods has been used effectively on a variety of problems. In this paper we discuss an implementation of an AMR finite difference method that solves the equations of gas dynamics with two material species in three dimensions. An equation for the evolution of volume fractions augments the gas dynamics system. The material interface is preserved and tracked from the volume fractions using a piecewise linear reconstruction technique.
The extended linear expenditure system

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to derive the aggregate consumption function associated with the linear expenditure system (LES) from simple utility maximization procedures. The parameter set (β, γ) of LES plus an added parameter (μ: the ratio of the subjective rate of discount to the market rate of interest) characterize the consumption-savings and the expenditure allocation decisions under the Klein-Rubin utility function. The term p ′ y appears in the aggregate consumption function. The distinction between subjective, planning time and historical time (a continuum of initial points of optimal plans) is basic here: thus the focus on solutions at t = 0.
Lacquer Crack Lesions in Pathologic Myopia

In evaluating the anatomic and functional status of 22 eyes of 14 patients demonstrating lacquer cracks, these lesions occurred in the eyes of young adults with posterior staphylomas and markedly increased axial lengths. Decreased visual acuity and altered visual fields were the rule; choroidal hemorrhage and focal chorioretinal atrophy were less frequently associated. Fluorescein angiography revealed early and late pseudofluorescence and late staining of the lesions. These clinical data suggest that lacquer cracks represent healed, mechanical breaks in the pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. The presence of these lesions implies a guarded prognosis for the retention of central vision.
Introduction: Health equity among incarcerated female adolescents and adult women: infectious and other disease morbidity.

The number of persons under correctional supervision in the United States increased in the mid-1970s and peaked in 2009 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). Though in subsequent years, incarcerate...
Bayesian reconstruction of PET images: methodology and performance analysis.

We describe a practical statistical methodology for the reconstruction of PET images. Our approach is based on a Bayesian formulation of the imaging problem. The data are modelled as independent Poisson random variables and the image is modelled using a Markov random field smoothing prior. We describe a sequence of calibration procedures which are performed before reconstruction: (i) calculation of accurate attenuation correction factors from re-projected Bayesian reconstructions of the transmission image; (ii) estimation of the mean of the randoms component in the data; and (iii) computation of the scatter component in the data using a Klein - Nishina-based scatter estimation method. The Bayesian estimate of the PET image is then reconstructed using a pre-conditioned conjugate gradient method. We performed a quantitation study with a multi-compartment chest phantom in a Siemens/CTI ECAT931 system. Using 40 1 min frames, we computed the ensemble mean and variance over several regions of interest from images reconstructed using the Bayesian and a standard filtered backprojection (FBP) protocol. The values for the region of interest were compared with well counter data for each compartment. These results show that the Bayesian protocol can produce substantial improvements in relative quantitation over the standard FBP protocol, particularly when short transmission scans are used. An example showing the application of the method to a clinical chest study is also given.
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY OF THE IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER, INFECTION, AND AUTOIMMUNITY

The current status and future prospects of the immunotherapy of cancer, infection, and autoimmunity are reviewed briefly. Progress in treating the immunodeficiency of cancer with thymic hormones and drugs such as levamisole and lentinan has produced some degree of remission stabilization. Interferon, interleukin II, and LAK cells have inhibited active, progressive cancer. New approaches with monoclonal antibodies, immunotoxins, tumor necrosis factors, and so on are under rapid development. Future prospects focus on combined approaches yielding synergy. Treatment of infections in animals and man either prophylactically or therapeutically, with thymic hormones, interferons, and thymomimetic drugs such as levamisole and isoprinosine, demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. The use of these agents in conjunction with antimicrobial therapy in immunosuppressed hosts is warranted. In immunodeficiency associated with AIDS virus infection, interleukin II, thymic hormones, isoprinosine, and imuthiol have shown effect in partially restoring immune function, although with little clinical benefit. Their use with antiviral therapy is advocated. Finally, thymic hormones, isoprinosine, levamisole, and other sulfur-containing compounds have ameliorated murine and human autoimmune disease presumably through effects in improving cellular immune function. Continued development of this type of therapy is warranted. The continued progress of immunopharmacology as the science of immunotherapy portends the future successful development of many therapeutic approaches to these diseases.
Multiphoton-Excited Fluorescence of Fluorogen-Labeled Neurotransmitters

Fluorescence detection of fluorogen-labeled neurotransmitters is demonstrated using 100 fs pulses from a titanium-sapphire mode-locked laser to achieve molecular excitation by simultaneous absorption of two and three photons of near-IR radiation. Two-photon excitation spectra are determined for the naphthalene-2,3 dicarboxaldehyde derivative of glycine and the fluorescamine derivative of leucine enkephalin, with the peak excitation cross section (o2) approximately equal to 1 x 10(-50) cm4 s/photon for both species. Three-photon-excitation fluorescence is demonstrated for o-phthaldialdehyde-labeled glutamate using excitation wavelengths between 965 and 1012 nm. The three-photon excitation cross section (o3) remains nearly constant in this wavelength range, with an absolute value of approximately 10(-84)-10(-85) cm6 s2/photon 2. Rapid cycling of analytes through the fluorescent excited state and detection that is free from background caused by Rayleigh and Raman scatter combine to make multiphoton-excited fluorescence a highly sensitive approach for detecting trace amounts of neurotransmitters. Measurements of two-photon-excited fluorescence of fluorescamine-labeled bradykinin and analysis of multiphoton-excited background reveal the potential of this method to detect fewer than 1000 neurotransmitter molecules.
Constant-time parallel sorting algorithm and its optical implementation using smart pixels

Sorting is a fundamental operation that has important implications in a vast number of areas. For instance, sorting is heavily utilized in applications such as database machines, in which hashing techniques are used to accelerate data-processing algorithms. It is also the basis for interprocessor message routing and has strong implications in video telecommunications. However, high-speed electronic sorting networks are difficult to implement with VLSI technology because of the dense, global connectivity required. Optics eliminates this bottleneck by offering global interconnects, massive parallelism, and noninterfering communications. We present a parallel sorting algorithm and its efficient optical implementation. The algorithm sorts n data elements in few steps, independent of the number of elements to be sorted. Thus it is a constant-time sorting algorithm [i.e., O(1) time]. We also estimate the system’s performance to show that the proposed sorting algorithm can provide at least 2 orders of magnitude improvement in execution time over conventional electronic algorithms.
The effect of solvent on the electrode process of methylcobalamine as studied by cyclic voltammetry

Abstract The cyclic voltammetry (CV) of methylcobalamine, Me–Cbl, was investigated as a function of solvent with different ratios of DMF/MeOH and for neat N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) and neat dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium fluoroborate electrolyte vs. a Ag/AgCl/Cl − reference electrode. The effect of the solvent slows the following chemical process down for DMF/MeOH ratios equal to or greater than 50% DMF. The electrode process is a chemically irreversible EC mechanism at DMF/MeOH ratios of 40:60 and 20:80 However, for the 80:20 DMF/MeOH solvent mixture, the return wave shows reoxidation of the methylcobalamine radical anion at scan rates ⩾ 100 V s −1 at room temperature. The features of this system were investigated by digital simulation of a multi-step EC mechanism of the electrode process which incorporates a scheme of squares for electroreduction of base-on and base-off forms of the MeCbl species to the base-on and base-off forms of its radical anion. The mechanism contains a series of following homogeneous reactions including Me–Co bond breaking in a solvent cage from the base-off radical anion and a final irreversible step of break-up of the caged species which gives the channel out of the scheme of squares. Simulation shows that the systems is sensitive to key parameters and gives a reasonably good fit to the experimental CV curve for the 80:20 DMF/MeOH mixture. This allows a complete parameter set of heterogeneous and homogeneous constants to be evaluated. DFT calculations (B3LYP/ LANL2DZ) indicate that the dissociation energy of Co–C bond breaking from the radical anion is less for the base-off species.
SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND MICROALBUMINURIA: INSIGHTS FROM NHANES-III

Studies suggest sub clinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is related to cardiovascular mortality (CVM). We explored the relationship of SCH on the prevalence of microalbuminuria (MIA) which is a strong marker for CV disease. We explored the NHANES-III database (n=6812). We excluded individuals <40 years,
Intrasubject comparison of four response modes for “subjective probability” assessment

Abstract Despite much research on subjective probability or personal uncertainty (PU) little is known about how well various measures of PU agree on a within subject basis. Thirty Subjects made odds (0), probability (P), bets (B) and null datum (ND) responses to indicate their opinion about which of two normal distributions was being sampled. O and P responses were made verbally. For the B responses subjects played an active part in a betting procedure which allowed PU to be inferred. In the ND condition subjects responded by offsetting the probabilistic effect of a sample of two data with a third datum. PU was inferred from the offsetting datum. On both group and individual analyses the O , P , and B modes agreed well with one another and the ND mode differed significantly only from the P mode. Subjects may have used strategies to make their estimates but if so the strategies were in remarkable agreement.
Using Land Cover Data to Characterize Living Environments of Geocoded Addresses: Estes et al. Respond

We appreciate the insightful and informative letter about the methodology used in our article (Estes et al. 2009). We agree with Zandbergen about the methodology employed by the SAS/GIS software used for geocoding the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke)participants. As one of the REGARDS study goals, we plan to re-geocode the participants using a more accurate method. However, because our article focused on classifying the “living environment” (defined as urban, suburban, and rural) and because most people do not spend the majority of their time at their house or within the raw resolution area (30 m × 30 m), the geocoding errors that are in the levels of tens of meters become less relevant. This is true especially when we resample to a coarser resolution (1 km vs. 30 m), as we did in our methodology to characterize the participants’ living environment. With respect to the misclassification that may be introduced due to the resolution used to classify participants, Zandbergen is correct that resampling to different resolutions did change the classification of the participants. However, the results of the analyses were consistent regardless of the resolution of the classification, indicating that while this may influence the exposure itself, it does not influence the relationship between the exposure and the outcome.
Rhymes for Some Reasons: Effect of Rhyme on Children's Memory for Detail and Sequence in Simple Narratives

Summasy.-24 first-grade children were read prose and verse versions of simple narratives, after each of which they were asked to recall details of the narratives and to sequence five pictures depicting events in the story. Children recalled as much from verse as prose versions. They were much better able to do the sequencing task, however, when the story was in verse. Ad~llts who write books and produce television programs for young children implicitly assume that children enjoy and remember material which is presented in rhyming form. In her review of development of memory AM Brown (1975a) noted that, "rhymes, accompanied by music, are readily acquired and can be reproduced exactly even by quite young children" ( p. 112), while adrnitting that psychologists have yet to study $is phenomenon. Similarly, Chukovsky (1925/1968) commented on the young child's avid attention to and facile acquisition of simple rhymes. In both cases, the evidence is anecdotal and impressionistic. In fact, we do not know whether stories or messages presented in rhyme are especially attractive to children or whether children better understand and remember information presented in verse than in prose. The purpose of the current srudy is to investigace whether rhyming does help children remehber short narratives. It is possible that rhyming versions of stories are more attractive and interesting to children, and that, therefore, children attend to them more carefully, process them more completely, and remember them betcer than narrative stories. On the other hand, ic may be that rhyme, while interesting and appealing to children, is a surface feature of stories which actually detracts from children's processing of and memory for the story itself. Alternately, it is possible that rhyme aids children's memory only for some aspects of stories. In this exploratory study we questioned whether, using two different response measures, rhyme would affect children's memory for narratives. The cwo response measures were recall for story details and reconstruction of the sequence of events in the stories. As a measure of story sequence, we asked our subjects to arrange five picture cards representing events in the story. Since Ann Brown (1975b) has found that 4-yr.-olds can perform such a sequencing task well with three pictures, we assumed (and our pilot testing suggested) that 6-yr.-olds could adequately sequence five pictures.
Combating pertussis resurgence: One booster vaccination schedule does not fit all

Pertussis has reemerged as a major public health concern in many countries where it was once considered well controlled. Although the mechanisms responsible for continued pertussis circulation and resurgence remain elusive and contentious, many countries have nevertheless recommended booster vaccinations, the timing and number of which vary widely. Here, using a stochastic, age-stratified transmission model, we searched for cost-effective booster vaccination strategies using a genetic algorithm. We did so assuming four hypothesized mechanisms underpinning contemporary pertussis epidemiology: (I) insufficient coverage, (II) frequent primary vaccine failure, (III) waning of vaccine-derived protection, and (IV) vaccine “leakiness.” For scenarios I–IV, successful booster strategies were identified and varied considerably by mechanism. Especially notable is the inability of booster schedules to alleviate resurgence when vaccines are leaky. Critically, our findings argue that the ultimate effectiveness of vaccine booster schedules will likely depend on correctly pinpointing the causes of resurgence, with misdiagnosis of the problem epidemiologically ineffective and economically costly.
Differential requirement for CD28 and CD80/86 pathways of costimulation in the long-term control of murine gammaherpesvirus-68.

Abstract The costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (B7-1 and B7-2) are upregulated on mature antigen-presenting cells and interact with positive and negative regulators of CD8 T cell function, CD28 and CD152 (CTLA4) respectively. In this study, we examined the role of CD80 and CD86 in the immune response to murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) using CD80/86−/− mice. As we had previously shown that CD28 (the only known activating receptor for CD80 and 86) is not essential for long-term control of MHV-68, we predicted that CD80 and 86 would also be dispensable for an effective response to this virus. However, surprisingly, we observed that CD80/86−/− mice failed to maintain effective long-term control of MHV-68 and showed viral reactivation in the lungs. We did not observe viral reactivation in mice deficient in either CD80 or CD86 alone, indicating that these molecules play overlapping roles in the long-term control of MHV-68. Antiviral antibody responses were dramatically reduced in CD80/86−/− mice, while CD8 T cell expansion and recruitment to the lungs were not significantly affected. The unexpected disparity in the requirement for CD28 and CD80/86 in the response to MHV-68 suggests that CD28 is not the only positive regulatory receptor for CD80/86.
Effect of Gold Content on the Microstructural Evolution of SAC305 Solder Joints Under Isothermal Aging

Au over Ni on Cu is a widely used printed circuit board (PCB) surface finish, under bump metallization (UBM), and component lead metallization. It is generally accepted that less than 3 wt.% Au in Sn-Pb solder joints inhibits formation of detrimental intermetallic compounds (IMC). However, the critical limit for Au content in Pb-free solder joints is not well established. Three surface-mount package platforms, one with a matte Sn surface finish and the others with Ni/Au finish, were soldered to Ni/Au-finished PCB using Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder, in a realistic manufacturing setting. The assembled boards were divided into three groups: one without any thermal treatment, one subjected to isothermal aging at 125°C for 30 days, and the third group aged at 125°C for 56 days. Representative solder joints were cross-sectioned and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to investigate the evolution of the solder joint morphology as a function of Au content and isothermal aging. It was found that, if Cu is available to dissolve in the solder joint, the migration of AuSn4 from the bulk to the interface as a result of thermal aging is mitigated.
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma simulating the appearance of an aneurysmal bone cyst.

A 13 year old boy with telangiectatic osteosarcoma is presented in order to illustrate the difficulty encountered in roentgen differentiation of this lesion from a benign aneurysmal bone cyst.
Coming back home: The reintegration of formerly incarcerated youth with service implications

Abstract More than 100,000 youth return each year from some form of detention in a juvenile justice facility to families and communities with needs of their own. Despite information about the offense types and general demographic characteristics of detained youth, less is known about the needs and experiences of youth as they prepare to re-enter the community after a period of detention or how they fare post-release. A heightened awareness of the complex array of needs and the match between these needs and the social and educational service sector has the potential to streamline the reintegration process, with advantages for public safety, reduced recidivism, and promotion of positive youth development. This paper analyzes the needs of formerly incarcerated youth with a focus on the implications for social and educational service systems. Results suggest that intervening with youth involved in the juvenile justice system requires a coordinated, holistic approach.
Verás in Peninsular Spanish as a grammaticalized discourse marker invoking positive and negative politeness

Abstract This paper examines the use of veras ‘you’ll see’ as a discourse marker in contexts in which it serves an interactional/interpersonal purpose. The study shows that speakers may employ the Future of the perception verb ver ‘see’ in order to convey their attitude towards interlocutors, invoking both ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ politeness. Data analysis indicates that veras can be considered a grammaticalized marker of politeness due to its strategic use and extended meaning in specific contexts. In view of naturally occurring conversations considered in this study, the paper calls for a reexamination of Brown and Levinson's proposal regarding positive and negative politeness in language. The Spanish discourse marker veras clearly shows its capacity to encode both positive and negative politeness in the same utterance. The present study shows that the same linguistic device (the Future form of the perception verb ver ) can be used as a strategy to address both positive and negative politeness in problematic explanations in Spanish.
Cyclopolymerization of (E,E) ‐ [6.2]paracyclophane‐1,5‐diene

Polymerization of (E,E)-[6.2]paracyclophane-1,5-diene proceeds by an intra–intermolecular mechanism to give a polymer containing a [3.2]paracyclophane in the repeat unit. Polymerization occurs with either free radical or cationic initiation; anionic initiation was unsuccessful. Cationic polymerization is favored and appears to proceed through a stabilized carbonium ion intermediate. Spectroscopic and model compound studies are consistent with the proposed polymer structure. Thermal analyses of the polymer indicate a complex thermooxidative behavior in the presence of oxygen, while depolymerization occurs above about 400°C in an inert atmosphere.
Thermal analysis of hectorite. Part I. Thermogravimetry

Abstract Several hectorite speciments representing both raw carbonate bearing ores and processed hectorite (carbonate-cleaned) specimens were analyzed by the computerized thermogravimetric techniques of TG and DTG. The results of these thermogravimetric investigations combined with the results of automated acid evolved carbonate determinations and plasma emission spectroscopy were employed to gain new insights to both the composition and thermal behavior of both raw hectorite ores and carbonate-cleaned hectorite clay mineral specimens.
Prevention of Indocyanine Green Toxicity on Retinal Pigment Epithelium with Whole Blood in Stain-Assisted Macular Hole Surgery

Purpose To examine whether whole blood prevents indocyanine green (ICG) toxicity on in vitro retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and prevents RPE staining in ICG-assisted macular hole (MH) surgery. Design In vitro study and prospective case series. Participants In vitro study and 20 patients who underwent ICG-assisted MH surgery (20 eyes). Methods In the in vitro study, cultured human RPE cells were covered with balanced saline solution (BSS), heparinized whole blood, plasma, or packed red blood cells, then exposed to various concentrations of ICG. One cohort was incubated in the dark; the other cohort was exposed to light. Indocyanine green toxicity was evaluated by mitochondrial dehydrogenase assay. In the clinical study, a prospective noncomparative review of 20 consecutive patients (20 eyes) with stage 3 to stage 4 MH who underwent surgery with ICG to stain the internal limiting membrane (ILM) was performed. Indocyanine green solution (0.5 mg/ml) was used to stain the ILM after autologous whole blood covered the macular hole area. Postoperative staining of ICG on RPE was detected by an infrared-sensitive camera. Main Outcome Measures Cultured human RPE cell viability, macular hole closure rate, median visual acuity preoperatively and postoperatively, postoperative ICG staining, and retinal changes. Results Cultured human RPE cells covered by whole blood or plasma showed no decrease of mitochondrial dehydrogenase even in 5.0 mg/ml concentration of ICG for 20 minutes with or without light exposure. Conversely, those exposed to ICG and covered with BSS demonstrated a significant decrease of mitochondrial dehydrogenase after incubation in 5, 2.5, and 1.0 mg/ml for 20 minutes in the dark and in 5 to 0.05 mg/ml with light. Clinically, no postoperative staining on RPE was detected. No atrophic RPE changes or other retinal changes were observed in the previous MH area that was covered by autologous whole blood in all 20 eyes on average follow-up of 10.6 months. The hole closed in 19 eyes (95%) on first surgery. Visual acuity improved in 17 eyes (85%) on most recent follow-up. Conclusions Whole blood prevents ICG toxicity in RPE cell culture and prevents staining of RPE in surgery of MH when the ILM is stained with ICG.
A survey on communication networks for electric system automation

In today's competitive electric utility marketplace, reliable and real-time information become the key factor for reliable delivery of power to the end-users, profitability of the electric utility and customer satisfaction. The operational and commercial demands of electric utilities require a high-performance data communication network that supports both existing functionalities and future operational requirements. In this respect, since such a communication network constitutes the core of the electric system automation applications, the design of a cost-effective and reliable network architecture is crucial. In this paper, the opportunities and challenges of a hybrid network architecture are discussed for electric system automation. More specifically, Internet based Virtual Private Networks, power line communications, satellite communications and wireless communications (wireless sensor networks, WiMAX and wireless mesh networks) are described in detail. The motivation of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the hybrid network architecture that can provide heterogeneous electric system automation application requirements. In this regard, our aim is to present a structured framework for electric utilities who plan to utilize new communication technologies for automation and hence, to make the decision-making process more effective and direct.
A Generalized Systems Theory for the Effect of Varying Fluctuations on Cloud Droplet Size Distributions

A systems theory has previously been developed by Liu and Hallett to interpret droplet size distributions in turbulent clouds by utilizing ideas from statistical physics and information theory. The present paper generalizes that systems theory to allow for varying fluctuations. The generalized theory provides a self-consistent theoretical framework for a wide range of fluctuations. It reduces to that presented previously when liquid water content is conserved, and becomes consistent with the uniform growth models for nonturbulent, adiabatic clouds. The theory indicates that there exists an important characteristic scale, defined as the saturation scale, beyond which droplet size distributions do not change with further increases in averaging scale, but below which droplet size distributions strongly depend on the scale over which they are sampled and are therefore ill-defined without an adequate specification of scale. It is further demonstrated that the saturation scale and the details of scale dependence depend on the level of fluctuations; stronger fluctuations lead to larger saturation scales and stronger scale dependency of droplet size distributions. The potential scale mismatch leads to issues regarding the comparability between models and observations, and the direct coupling of numerical models of different scales, which in turn underscores the significance of understanding and quantifying the scale dependence of droplet size distributions. The importance of fluctuations suggests the need to measure and analyze turbulence simultaneously and at the same scales with measurements of droplet size distributions in order to provide a practical limit to the sample size required to reach the saturation scale, and to specify the effect of turbulence. The ideas presented in this paper have general applications to fields where fluctuations exist.
Chronic leptin treatment enhances insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle of high-fat fed rodents.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate if chronic leptin administration corrects high fat diet-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance, in part, by enhancing rates of glucose disposal and if the improvements are accounted for by alterations in components of the insulin-signaling cascade. Sprague–Dawley rats consumed normal (CON) or high fat diets for three months. After the dietary lead in, the high fat diet group was further subdivided into high fat (HF) and high fat, leptin treated (HF-LEP) animals. HF-LEP animals were injected twice daily with leptin (5 mg/100 g body weight) for 10 days, while the CON and HF animals were injected with vehicle. Following the treatment periods, all animals were prepared for and subjected to hind limb perfusion. The high fat diet decreased rates of insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in the red gastrocnemius (RG), but did not affect glycogen synthase activity, rates of glucose oxidation or nonoxidative disposal of glucose. Of interest, IRS-1-associated PI3-K activity and total GLUT4 protein concentration were reduced in the RG of the high fat-fed animals. Leptin treatment increased rates of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glucose oxidation, and normalized rates of glycogen synthesis. Leptin appeared to mediate these effects by normalizing insulin-stimulated PI3-K activation and GLUT4 protein concentration in the RG. Collectively, these data suggest that chronic leptin treatment reverses the effects of a high fat diet thereby allowing the insulin signaling cascade and glucose transport effector system to be fully activated which in turn affects the amount of glucose that is transported across the plasma membrane and made available for glycogen synthesis.
A new framework for understanding educational digital library use: re-examining digital divides in U.S. schools

Despite their decade of deployment, educational digital libraries have not achieved sustained use in elementary and secondary schools in the United States. Barriers to accessing the Internet and computers have been widely targeted by myriad initiatives, but efforts aimed at bridging this first-level “digital divide” have not led to increased use of the Internet and digital library resources in U.S. classrooms. In fact, such programs have revealed additional divides that affect educators’ use. This paper examines the additional digital divide levels and proposes a new framework for understanding technology innovation in schools that can improve development and outreach approaches by digital library developers.
Pathways of Anaerobic Acetate Utilization in Escherichia coli and Aerobacter cloacae

Acetate-1-(14)C was added to anaerobic glucose-fermenting cultures of Escherichia coli and Aerobacter cloacae. In the E. coli culture, lactate formation occurred late in the fermentation, when the rate of production of formate and acetate had decreased. The occurrence of acetate label in the lactate indicated formation of pyruvate from acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and formate. In the A. cloacae cultures, substantial amounts of acetate label were found in the 2,3-butanediol formed. Evidence is presented that the label could have entered the diol only by conversion of formate and acetyl-CoA into pyruvate. The observed levels of radioactivity in the diol indicated that during diol formation the reaction yielding formate and acetyl-CoA from pyruvate CoA was operating close to equilibrium. The shift in metabolism from formation of acetate, ethyl alcohol, and formate to the formation of butanediol or lactate appears to be due basically to an approach to equilibrium of the pyruvate-splitting reaction, whatever the induction mechanism by which the shift is implemented.
p-Type SiGe transistors with low gate leakage using SiN gate dielectric

Using high-quality jet-vapor-deposited (JVD) SiN as gate dielectric, p-type SiGe transistors are fabricated on SiGe heterostructures grown by ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD). For an 0.25-/spl mu/m gate-length device, the gate leakage current is as small as 2.4 nA/mm at V/sub ds/=-1.0 V and V/sub gn/=0.4 V. A maximum extrinsic transconductance of 167 mS/mm is measured. A unity current gain cutoff frequency of 27 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 35 GHz are obtained.
A survey of implementation efforts and experimental design for cooperative communications

Design and analysis of cooperative communication schemes based upon modeling and simulation exist in large quantities in the research literature. Despite this fact, there have been relatively few efforts directed toward implementing and experimentally evaluating such schemes. Cooperative protocols have many components that make them challenging to implement in real-world radio architectures, and their expected gains are highly dependent on the network topology and RF environment in which they operate. As such, experimental work will be crucial in the transition of such schemes from conceptual proposals to next-generation wireless standards. This paper motivates such practical work, surveys existing efforts in the area, and offers future direction for architectural and experimental design.
Mining full-text journal articles to assess obliteration by incorporation: Herbert A. Simon's concepts of bounded rationality and satisficing in economics, management, and psychology

This study explores the usefulness of full-text retrieval in assessing obliteration by incorporation (OBI) by comparing patterns of OBI and citation substitution across economics, management, and psychology for two concept catch phrases—bounded rationality and satisficing. Searches using each term are conducted in JSTOR and in selected additional full-text journal sources from over the years 1987–2011. Two measures of OBI are used, one simply tallying the presence or absence of references to Simon's oeuvre (strict OBI) linked to the catch phrase and one counting only papers lacking any embedded reference as evidence of obliteration (lenient OBI). By either measure, OBI existed but varied across subject area, time period, and catch phrase. Economics had the highest strict OBI (82%) and lenient OBI (43%) for bounded rationality and the highest strict OBI (64%) for satisficing; all 3 subject areas were essentially tied for lenient OBI at about 30%. Sixty-two percent of the articles for bounded rationality—psychology were retrieved only because the catch phrase occurred in a title in the article bibliography. OBI research can benefit from full-text searching; the main tradeoff is more detailed and nuanced evidence concerning OBI existence and trends versus increased noise in the retrieval.
Determination of lovastatin hydroxy acid in female B6C3F1 mouse serum.

A liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometricmethod for the determination of lovastatin hydroxy acid in female B6C3F 1 mouse serum was developed for use in supporting toxicokinetic studies of animals dosed with the cholesterol lowering agent lovastatin. The method does not require an extensive sample cleanup and shows good correlation between serum matrix standards and solvent standards. The method was validated and used to analyze serum samples from a preliminary dose level range-finding study. The method was validated for a concentration range of approximately 1.0 to 100 ng/mL in serum, and linearity was verified to -2000 ng/mL. The stability of sample extracts was determined under various storage conditions and the stability of serum samples stored frozen was determined over a period of seven weeks. During the course of analyzing the animal samples, the serum was monitored for the presence of lovastatin not hydrolyzed to the hydroxy acid, but no attempt was made to quantify lovastatin. No unhydrolyzed lovastatin was noted in any of the serum samples from animals dosed with lovastatin.