cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in New York State Emergency Departments.

New York State (NYS) established guidelines for nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) to HIV in 1997. To assess current nPEP practices in NYS Emergency Departments (EDs), we electronically surveyed all ED directors in NYS, excluding Veterans’ Affairs hospitals, about nPEP and linkage-to-care protocols in the EDs. Basic descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The response rate was 96% (184/191). Of respondents, 88% reported evaluating any patient with a possible nonoccupational exposure to HIV, in accordance with NYS guidelines. Of these, 83% provided the patient with a starter pack of medications, while 4% neither supplied nor prescribed antiretroviral drugs in the ED. Sexually transmitted infection screening, risk reduction counseling, and education about symptoms of acute HIV seroconversion were performed inconsistently, despite NYS guidelines recommendations. Only 22% of EDs confirmed whether linkage to follow-up care was successful. Most NYS EDs prescribe nPEP to appropriate patients...
A multidimensional scaling analysis of 16 complex sounds

The INDSCAL multidimensional scaling model was used to investigate the distinctive features involved in the perception of 16 complex nonspeech sounds. The signals differed along four physical dimensions: fundamental frequency, waveform, formant frequency, and number of formants. Scaling results indicated that subjects’ similarity ratings could be accounted for by three psychological or perceptual dimensions. A statistically reliable correspondence was observed between these perceptual dimensions and the physical characteristics of fundamental frequency, waveform, and a combination of the two formant parameters. These results were further explored with Johnson’s (1967) hierarchical clustering analysis. Large differences in featural saliency occurred in the group data with fundamental accounting for more variability than the remaining dimensions. Further analysis of individual subject data revealed large individual differences in featural saliency. These differences were related to past musical experience of the subject and to earlier findings using similar signals. It was concluded that (1) the INDSCAL model provides a useful method for the analysis of auditory perception in the nonspeech mode, and (2) featural saliency in such sounds is likely to be determined by an unspecified attentional mechanism.
Comparison of Global-Scale Lagrangian Transport Properties of the NCEP Reanalysis and CCM3.

Abstract The global-scale transport properties of the NCEP reanalysis winds for the period from 1979 to 1997 are compared to a standard simulation with version 3 of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3) forced by observed sea surface temperatures for the same period. The transport properties of each dataset are defined by the climatological Green's function for the mass conservation equation for a conserved, passive tracer. Characterizing the atmospheric circulation in terms of material transport provides a very different view of the circulation than standard Eulerian-mean statistics. The Green's functions are estimated from large numbers of Lagrangian (kinematic) particle trajectories computed by using the NCEP and CCM3 resolved winds. Generally the Green's functions computed from the two datasets agree well. The transport circulation is dominated by two thermally direct cells, one in each hemisphere. There is a substantial seasonal cycle in the transport, particularly in the Tropics. From a transport ...
Tibia Intramedullary Nail

The patient was identified and the site of surgery confirmed. Anesthesia was induced. Prophylactic IV antibiotics were administered. The patient was placed supine on a radiolucent operating table, a padded thigh tourniquet was placed, the leg was shaved, and all bony prominences were padded. Fluoroscopy was brought in to con fi rm visualization of the entire tibia in the AP and lateral planes and a closed reduction was performed. Alignment was confirmed with fluoroscopy and the patient was prepped and draped.
Jamming attacks on wireless networks: A taxonomic survey

Abstract Defense against jamming attacks has been an increasing concern for the military and disaster response authorities. The military uses jamming attacks as a tool to attack and disrupt terrorist׳s communications, because the open nature of wireless networks makes them vulnerable to various attacks. Many studies and a few survey papers are available in the literature, but none of these papers classify the attacks or the defense strategies by the type of wireless network affected, the attacker or defender׳s perspective, the type of game used to model the problem, such as Bayesian game, Stackelberg game, or the type of solution methodology, such as mathematical programming model and algorithm. This paper provides a comprehensive survey and a taxonomic classification to help interested researchers find the gaps in the literature and guide them to research areas that need to be explored.
Producing desired ice faces.

The ability to prepare single-crystal faces has become central to developing and testing models for chemistry at interfaces, spectacularly demonstrated by heterogeneous catalysis and nanoscience. This ability has been hampered for hexagonal ice, Ih––a fundamental hydrogen-bonded surface––due to two characteristics of ice: ice does not readily cleave along a crystal lattice plane and properties of ice grown on a substrate can differ significantly from those of neat ice. This work describes laboratory-based methods both to determine the Ih crystal lattice orientation relative to a surface and to use that orientation to prepare any desired face. The work builds on previous results attaining nearly 100% yield of high-quality, single-crystal boules. With these methods, researchers can prepare authentic, single-crystal ice surfaces for numerous studies including uptake measurements, surface reactivity, and catalytic activity of this ubiquitous, fundamental solid.
Serial testing for latent tuberculosis infection in transplant candidates: a retrospective review.

Background Accurately identifying latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) in liver and renal transplant candidates is important because of the risks associated with both treatment of LTBI and reactivation of disease in this population. Many programs advocate yearly screening of patients awaiting organ transplantation. The reproducibility of serial interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) testing in transplant candidates has not been studied. Methods We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study of patients listed for liver or kidney transplantation between January 1, 2005 and February 1, 2012 at the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago. Data collected included demographics, transplant type, IGRA results, treatment received, and mortality. Results The study population was comprised of 795 adults; 79 (10%) had at least 1 indeterminate result; indeterminate results were less common in men (P = 0.01) and more common in liver transplant candidates (P 5 IU/mL. Conclusions A significant number of conversions and reversions occur during serial IGRA testing of transplant candidates. Delineating true-positive converters from false-positives is an issue that warrants further study.
Electron attachment to higher fullerenes and to Sc3N@C80

We report on attachment of free electrons to fullerenes Cn (n = 60, 70, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86) and to Sc3N@C80. The attachment cross sections exhibit a strong resonance at 0 eV for all species. The overall shape of the anion yield versus electron energy is quite similar for the higher fullerenes, with a minimum around 1 eV and a maximum which gradually shifts from 6 eV for C60 to ≈4 eV for large n. The endohedral Sc3N@C80 exhibits a particularly shallow minimum and a maximum below 4 eV. We model autoionization of the anions with due consideration of the internal energy distributions. The relatively low electron affinity of Sc3N@C80 is reflected in its reduced ion yield at higher attachment energies.
Management of Gastroschisis: Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe various aspects of prenatal management for pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis, including diagnosis and counseling. 2. Know the increased risk of third trimester complications in pregnancies with gastroschisis and the need for close monitoring and vigilance during the perinatal period. 3. Discuss the controversial management strategies regarding timing and mode of delivery in gastroschisis and the resolution of some of the ongoing debates. 4. Delineate the important aspects of neonatal management of gastroschisis, including enumeration of modalities of surgical repair and postoperative complications. 5. Discuss the need for multicenter prospective controlled trials to standardize care of infants who have gastroschisis and improve outcomes. Gastroschisis is a common neonatal congenital anomaly whose global prevalence is increasing. Although survival of affected infants has improved over the past several decades, the relationship among prenatal diagnosis, the resulting perinatal management (including timing and mode of delivery), and timing and type of neonatal surgery remain uncertain. Over the past several years, a number of clinical and animal studies have clarified some aspects of the confusion. ### Diagnosis Gastroschisis is diagnosed prenatally via ultrasonography that documents the ventral abdominal wall defect through which loops of bowel protrude and float freely in the amniotic fluid. The umbilical cord insertion site usually appears normal, but it can be difficult to discern because herniated bowel loops may be pressed against it. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations usually are elevated and may be a marker for fetal gastroschisis, but specific diagnostic biochemical testing (eg, amniotic fluid acetylcholine esterase) is not recommended as a screening tool. Furthermore, genetic amniocentesis generally is not recommended because of the low risk of chromosomal abnormalities. Researchers have tried to identify sonographic predictors of bowel damage, such as fixed dilation of the herniated bowel and thickening of the bowel wall, but none has been …
Abstract 4360: Distinct energy metabolism in human pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells regulated by UCP2

It has been assumed, based largely on morphologic evidence, that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) contain underdeveloped, bioenergetically inactive mitochondria. In contrast, differentiated cells harbor a fused, branching mitochondrial network, with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as the main energy source. A role for mitochondria in hPSC bioenergetics therefore remains uncertain. Here we show that hPSCs have functional respiratory complexes that consume O2 at maximal capacity. Despite this, ATP generation in hPSCs is mainly by glycolysis. To help maintain hPSC mitochondrial membrane potential, cell proliferation, and viability, glycolytic ATP is hydrolyzed by the mitochondrial F1F0ATP synthase. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) regulates this unique pattern of hPSC energy metabolism while suppressing reactive oxygen species. Upon differentiation, UCP2 is repressed and cells shift from glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation dependency. Ectopic UCP2 expression during differentiation blocks this metabolic transition and blocks proper embryoid body formation. Combined, our data show that hPSC have distinct bioenergetics regulated by UCP2 and repression of UCP2 is required for metabolic reprogramming along differentiation Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4360. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4360
Novel Optical Contrast in Cancer: Cherenkov Radiation in Radiotherapy and in Nuclear Medicine

Cherenkov light emission occurs when high energy radiation (E>220keV) travels through tissue. This optical signal is used for molecular tracer imaging, radiation dose imaging, or molecular sensing in vivo. Human and animal studies are demonstrated.
Using Photos as Micro-Reports of Events

Photos serve dual role. Photos are important for capturing, saving, sharing, and reminiscing memories of events and people. Modern photos, however, are becoming more spontaneous, objective, compelling, and universal reports of a moment in an event also. In this paper our focus is on millions of photos being captured as informative reports and using them for emerging applications including situation recognition, trend analysis, and cultural dynamics. EventShop is an open source platform for situation recognition. Utilizing this platform and using a stream of photo reports from various sources as one of the data streams in this platform, we build a visual analytics system to understand the information that could be gleaned from such photo report streams. Our early experiments are based on the Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons 100 Million photos set released recently. We are also using other sources to import and understand the efficacy of these reports for various important applications.
Comparing Teacher and Student Use and Preference of Two Methods of Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Picture Exchange and a Speech-Generating Device

Handheld computing technologies such as the iPad®, which can be adapted to function as a speech-generating device, has led to an influx of evolutions comparing modalities of Augmentative and Alternative Communication systems (AAC) in the acquisition of a mand (i.e., request) repertoire in children with autism and related developmental disabilities. While these studies have consistently yielded results indicating equal acquisition across picture-based systems (PE) and the SGD, they have demonstrated a primary preference for the SGD. The purpose of this study was to extend such research by comparing not only student acquisition and preference, but also stakeholder fidelity of use and preference. Using an alternating treatment design, teachers and paraprofessionals were instructed to conduct mand training trials using both a PE system and an iPad® Mini with the application Proloqu2Go™ as a SGD, with seven school aged children with a diagnosis of autism or downs syndrome. Following 10-weeks of data collection, the student participants were exposed to a device preference assessment and teachers completed a social validity questionnaire to assess preference. The results were consistent with previous research indicating equal acquisition and fidelity of use across both devices; but a general preference for the iPad® based SGD.
Drug delivery, biomaterials and nanomedicine: an interview with Daniel S Kohane

Daniel Kohane speaks to Francesca Lake, Managing Editor: Obtaining his MD and PhD in Physiology from Boston University (MA, USA), Dan Kohane went on to complete residencies in Pediatrics at Boston Children’s Hospital (MA, USA) and Anesthesiology at Massachusetts General Hospital (USA), followed by a fellowship in Pediatric Critical Care at Boston Children’s Hospital. He is currently a Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School (MA, USA) and a Senior Associate in Pediatric Critical Care at Boston Children’s Hospital, where he directs the Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery. His research focuses on drug delivery and biomaterials, and in particular, nanomedicine.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia-associated Pulmonary Hypertension and Mutations in the DDAH1 Gene

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the most common comorbidity in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in pulmonary endothelial cells and is...
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Low pH Model Broth Systems1

Four strains of Listeria monocytogenes were studied for pH tolerance in pH-adjusted tryptic soy broth supplemented with yeast extract. After incubation at 30°C, all strains grew at pH 4.5 and above. Survival of strain F5069(4b) was further investigated in sterile orange serum in which pH was adjusted from 3.6 to 5.0 in 0.2 unit increments. At 4°C, viable cells were reduced from 106 cfu/ml to less than 25 cfu/ml in 25 d at pH 3.6, 43 d at pH 4.0, and 81 d at pH 4.6. Viable cell populations remained at levels about 102 after 90 d in orange serum at pH 4.8 and 5.0. At 30°C, the same reductions were observed at 5 d at pH 3.6 and 4.0 and 8 d at pH 5.0. Growth in orange serum was observed prior to the reduction in viable cell numbers at pH 4.8 and 5.0 for both storage temperatures.
Laparoscopic Approaches to Peritoneal Dialysis Access

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains the treatment modality of choice for renal failure in both the neonatal and pediatric population. Patient selection, technical consideration to access insertion, and management of access-related complications are of great interest as laparoscopic placement becomes more common. The SAGES Guideline for Laparoscopic Peritoneal Dialysis Access Surgery, published in October 2014, is the only evidence-based clinical practice guideline for laparoscopic PD catheter currently available. Additionally, these guidelines provide the most comprehensive review to date, along with expert opinion on management of the more common perioperative complications. It has been well established that the incidence of infection and catheter malfunction is similar between open surgical and laparoscopic catheter placement. However, a major advantage of laparoscopic PD catheter placement is complete visualization of the peritoneal cavity which allows for simultaneous abdominal procedures, adhesiolysis to increase peritoneal surface, and omentectomy to prevent catheter malfunction.
Ultrasound-Augmented Clinical Examination and Intraoperative Pelvic Floor Ultrasonography

The question that frequently arises is how can ultrasound change management in the operating room or in the office practice. This chapter showcases some advanced ultrasound techniques to augment physical examination, techniques that can be used intraoperatively for various conditions.
A new multicomponent heterogeneous ice nucleation model and its application to Snomax bacterial particles and a Snomax–illite mineral particle mixture

Abstract. Some biological particles, such as Snomax, are very active ice nucleating particles, inducing heterogeneous freezing in supercooled water at temperatures above −15 and up to −2 °C. Despite their exceptional freezing abilities, large uncertainties remain regarding the atmospheric abundance of biological ice nucleating particles, and their contribution to atmospheric ice nucleation. It has been suggested that small biological ice nucleating macromolecules or fragments can be carried on the surfaces of dust and other atmospheric particles. This could combine the atmospheric abundance of dust particles with the ice nucleating strength of biological material to create strongly enhanced and abundant ice nucleating surfaces in the atmosphere, with significant implications for the budget and distribution of atmospheric ice nucleating particles, and their consequent effects on cloud microphysics and mixed-phase clouds. The new critical surface area g framework that was developed by Beydoun et al. (2016) is extended to produce a heterogeneous ice nucleation mixing model that can predict the freezing behavior of multicomponent particle surfaces immersed in droplets. The model successfully predicts the immersion freezing properties of droplets containing Snomax bacterial particles across a mass concentration range of 7 orders of magnitude, by treating Snomax as comprised of two distinct distributions of heterogeneous ice nucleating activity. Furthermore, the model successfully predicts the immersion freezing behavior of a low-concentration mixture of Snomax and illite mineral particles, a proxy for the biological material–dust (bio-dust) mixtures observed in atmospheric aerosols. It is shown that even at very low Snomax concentrations in the mixture, droplet freezing at higher temperatures is still determined solely by the second less active and more abundant distribution of heterogeneous ice nucleating activity of Snomax, while freezing at lower temperatures is determined solely by the heterogeneous ice nucleating activity of pure illite. This demonstrates that in this proxy system, biological ice nucleating particles do not compromise their ice nucleating activity upon mixing with dust and no new range of intermediary freezing temperatures associated with the mixture of ice nucleating particles of differing activities is produced. The study is the first to directly examine the freezing behavior of a mixture of Snomax and illite and presents the first multicomponent ice nucleation model experimentally evaluated using a wide range of ice nucleating particle concentration mixtures in droplets.
Transculturación y latinoamericanismo

Este articulo analiza el papel que ha jugado la teoria de la transculturacion en los campos de las ciencias sociales y de los estudios humanisticos referidos a America Latina. El texto realiza un resumido recuento de las distintas etapas de elaboracion del concepto y su funcionalidad en debates actuales marcados por los conceptos y las experiencias de la migracion, la fragmentacion social, etc. Ademas, se pregunta sobre la utilidad de la elaboracion sobre la transculturacion en los escenarios de la postmodernidad.
Inklings and tentacled things: grasping at kinship through video games

Connecting Haraway’s recent observations about “making kin” to video games, this essay examines how particular elements of the medium might cultivate nuanced considerations for multispecies relations. To fully grasp how video games broadly redefine relations between human and nonhuman animals, we must consider the role of game aesthetics and play mechanics in players’ experience of becoming-with. These elements of games fundamentally shape players’ engagements with the medium and are inextricably linked to their storytelling and production. Moreover, game aesthetics and play mechanics (in conjunction with storytelling) demand that players take specific actions and inhabit distinct roles during play, enabling players to not only think alternative kinships, but also enact making them. To demonstrate these points, I examine the aesthetics and gameplay of two tentacular video games, analyzing how they offer rhetorical models for productively thinking about humans’ relations to nonhuman species. I primarily focus on games that heavily feature cephalopod creatures because this specific animal class is often viewed as a rich site for phenomenological and ontological investigations (including in Haraway’s work). Thus, my research attends to specific video games and their tentacled characters to determine how they challenge players to entertain and enact alternative ontologies and human-animal relationships through play. Resumen Conectando las observaciones recientes de Haraway sobre "hacer parentesco" con los videojuegos, este ensayo examina como elementos particulares del medio pueden cultivar consideraciones matizadas para las relaciones multiespecies. Para comprender plenamente como los videojuegos redefinen ampliamente las relaciones entre los animales humanos y los animales no humanos, debemos considerar el papel de la estetica del juego y la mecanica del juego en la experiencia de convertirse en jugador. Estos elementos de juegos fundamentalmente conforman los compromisos de los jugadores con el medio y estan inextricablemente ligados a su narracion y produccion. Ademas, la estetica del juego y la mecanica del juego (junto con la narracion) exigen que los jugadores tomen acciones especificas y ocupen roles distintos durante el juego, permitiendo a los jugadores no solo pensar en parentescos alternativao, sino tambien promulgarlos. Para demostrar estos puntos, examino la estetica y la jugabilidad de dos videojuegos tentaculares, analizando como ofrecen modelos retoricos para pensar productivamente sobre las relaciones de los humanos con las especies no humanas. Me centro primordialmente en los juegos que caracterizan fuertemente a las criaturas cefalopodas, ya que esta clase especifica de animales se ve a menudo como un sitio rico para investigaciones fenomenologicas y ontologicas (incluso en el trabajo de Haraway). Asi, mi investigacion atiende a videojuegos especificos y sus personajes con tentaculos para determinar como desafian a los jugadores a entretener y promulgar ontologias alternativas y relaciones entre humanos y animales a traves del juego.
Impaired Trunk Flexor Strength, Fatigability, and Steadiness in Postpartum Women.

PURPOSE To determine whether postpartum women (vaginal and cesarean delivery) have deficits in trunk flexor strength, fatigability and steadiness, compared with nulligravid women, up to 26 wk postpartum. We hypothesized that postpartum women would be weaker, more fatigable, and have greater torque fluctuations than controls, with cesarean delivery showing greater deficits than vaginal delivery. METHODS Twenty-two control women (nulligravid) and 29 postpartum women (20-40 yr, 19 who delivered via vaginal birth, 13 via Caesarian section) participated. Postpartum women were tested 8 to 10 wk and 24 to 26 wk postpartum. Control women were tested 16 to 18 wk apart. Maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) were performed at multiple trunk positions with the trunk flexor muscles. To determine trunk flexor fatigability, subjects performed intermittent isometric contractions at 50% MVC (6-s contraction, 4-s rest) in upright sitting until task failure. An MVC was performed during the fatiguing task (one per minute) and at 10 and 20 min of recovery. RESULTS At 8 and 26 wk, postpartum women (groups pooled) were weaker at all trunk angles (38% and 44% respectively, P < 0.05) than controls despite no differences in handgrip strength. Postpartum women were more fatigable (71% and 52% respectively) and had greater torque fluctuations than controls (P < 0.05). At 8 wk postpartum, women who had a cesarean delivery, were 59% more fatigable (P = 0.004) than the vaginal delivery group, with no difference between delivery types at 26 wk postpartum. CONCLUSIONS Musculoskeletal recovery, including trunk flexor muscle strength and fatigability, is incomplete at 26 wk postpartum. These findings provide a rationale for future studies to address outcomes of rehabilitation programs specifically targeted at improving strength and fatigability of the trunk flexor muscles after pregnancy and childbirth.
Redox-Magnetohydrodynamically Controlled Fluid Flow with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Coupled to an Epitaxial Light Sheet Confocal Microscope for Image Cytometry Applications

We present the merging of two technologies to perform continuous high-resolution fluorescence imaging of cellular suspensions in a deep microfluidics chamber with no moving parts. An epitaxial light sheet confocal microscope (e-LSCM) was used to image suspensions enabled by fluid transport via redox-magnetohydrodynamics (R-MHD). The e-LSCM features a linear solid state sensor, oriented perpendicular to the direction of flow, that can bin the emission across different numbers of pixels, yielding electronically adjustable optical sectioning. This, in addition to intensity thresholding, defines the axial resolution, which was validated with an optical phantom of polystyrene microspheres suspended in agarose. The linear fluid speed within the microfluidics chamber was uniform (0.16–2.9%) across the 0.5–1.0 mm lateral field of view (dependent upon the chosen magnification) with continuous acquisition. Also, the camera’s linear exposure periods were controlled to ensure an accurate image aspect ratio across thi...
Criminal Justice Policy Preferences: Blackstone Ratios and the Veil of Ignorance

Erroneous convictions or erroneous acquittals are an inevitable aspect of the criminal justice system. Jurists have historically considered errors of the former type to be more egregious, while college undergraduates seem largely indifferent between the two types of error. This article reports the results of an original empirical study that elicited criminal justice error preferences from an online sample of over five hundred adult United States citizens. Consistent with previous research, participants were asked, as a matter of policy, which type of error is worse and to what extent that type of error is worse than the other. Participants’ error preferences were then elicited beneath a Rawlsian veil of ignorance. The veil of ignorance “universalizes” judgments by forcing individuals to evaluate a policy without knowledge of how it would affect him or her personally. Thus, participants were asked whether they would personally prefer to endure the consequences of an erroneous conviction vis-a-vis an erroneous acquittal. As a policy matter, a majority of participants indicated that erroneous convictions are worse than erroneous acquittals, though there was considerable variability as to how much worse. Over 25% of participants effectively switched their preference when the implications of such a policy applied to them personally. These findings have implications for the administration of substantive law and criminal justice policy, as well as policy discussions more generally.
LISP Functions for Powerful Programming

This chapter introduces major topics not developed in chapters 1 or 3. The first section covers the basics of debugging. The second presents applicative operators (APPLY, FUNCALL, MAPCAR, and MAPLIST) and their programming style. Section three deals with macros—functions which perform syntactic preprocessing on unevaluated arguments. Four discusses structures and vectors—objects not described in 3.1. As an application, structures are used to represent chemical atoms and fragments of molecules which are linked into desired molecules by a macro called BOND. In section five, function closures are explained. Finally, the last section introduces functions which surgically reconfigure pointers in data structures.
Inter-rater agreement in physician-coded problem lists.

Coded problem lists will be increasingly used for many purposes in healthcare. The usefulness of coded problem lists may be limited by 1) how consistently clinicians enumerate patients’ problems and 2) how consistently clinicians choose a given concept from a controlled terminology to represent a given problem. In this study, 10 physicians reviewed the same 5 clinical cases and created a coded problem list for each case using UMLS as a controlled terminology. We assessed inter-rater agreement for coded problem lists by computing the average pairwise positive specific agreement for each case for all 10 reviewers. We also standardized problems to common terms across reviewers’ lists for a given case, adjusting sequentially for synonymy, granularity, and general concept representation. Our results suggest that inter-rater agreement in unstandardized problem lists is moderate at best; standardization improves agreement, but much variability may be attributable to differences in clinicians’ style and the inherent fuzziness of medical diagnosis.
Phenotypes of T cells infiltrating the eyes in autoimmune anterior uveitis associated with EAE.

Purpose Lewis rats immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and associated anterior uveitis (AU), which recurs. The goal was to analyze cellular activation markers and adhesion molecules of T cells that infiltrate the eyes and spinal cord during acute and recurrent AU in actively and passively induced diseases simultaneously in the same animals. Methods EAE-AU was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with MBP in CFA, or by adoptive transfer of MBP-specific T-cell lines, and the signs of clinical EAE and AU was scored. Cells isolated from the iris-ciliary body were tested by flow cytometry for expression of CD4, CD8, CD45RC, T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta8.2, alpha4 integrin, L-selectin, CD44, and CD134. Results Ocular T cells showed a significantly higher expression of CD62L (l-selectin) than did T cells in the spinal cord. In addition, a much lower percentage of infiltrating CD8(+) T cells was found in the eyes during AU. In passive transfer experiments, T-cell lines derived from acute and recurrent uveitis showing similar phenotypes differing in specificities but possessed the capacity of inducing both AU and EAE. Pretreatment of rats with effector CD4(+) T cell before MBP immunization did not induce suppression of EAE or AU. However, pretreatment with regulatory CD8(+) T cells significantly reduced the severity and duration of both EAE and AU. Conclusions T cells recruited into the inflamed eyes or central nervous system (CNS) are mainly activated/memory T cells expressing different levels of L-selectin. Regulatory CD8(+) T cells may contribute to the susceptibility of the eye to recurrent AU. The differences in phenotypes of T cells recruited simultaneously to two different organs suggest that microenvironment also plays a role in determining lymphocyte homing.
Surfaces and Interfaces of Diamond

Considerations such as phase stability, wide bandgap (5.5 eV), small lattice constant, and high strength covalent bonding hold important implications for the diamond surface/interface. The surface/interface properties of diamond are often found to be in qualitative (sometimes quantitative) agreement with the other homopolar diamond-structured semiconductors, silicon and germanium. Examples include the geometrical structure of the low index surfaces and the band structure of filled and empty surface states (§2.2 and §2.3). The small lattice constant of diamond often prohibits complete surface ad-atom termination while the phase instability of diamond has led to novel etching schemes such as the “Marchywka Effect” (§2.4.6). Other properties, such as large bandgap and strong covalent bonding, make qualitatively unique characteristics such as a robust negative electron affinity (NEA) achievable (§2.6).
Frequent Temporal Pattern Mining with Extended Lists

In this paper we consider Temporal Pattern Mining (TPM) for extracting predictive class-specific patterns from multivariate time series. We suggest a new approach that extends usage of the a priori property which requires a more complex pattern to appear only at places where all its subpatterns appear as well. It is based on tracking positions of a pattern inside records in a greedy manner. We demonstrate that it outperforms the previous version of the TMP on several real-life data sets independent of the way how the temporal pattern is defined.
Neuropathic Pain and Itch Mechanisms Underlying Allergic Conjunctivitis

Objective Among the constellation of symptoms that characterizes allergic conjunctivitis, many (eg, burning and stinging) can be attributed to chronic neuropathic pain. Cumulative data support that these hallmark symptoms might be linked to the effects of allergen-induced neuromodulation. This review investigates the key characteristics of neuropathic itch and pain in allergic conjunctivitis and their underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Methods A literature review was conducted using a PubMed search focusing on allergic conjunctivitis, neurogenic inflammation, neuropathic itch, and neuropathic pain. Articles were reviewed, and those discussing clinical course, pathophysiology, and neuronal regulation of chronic neuropathic symptoms as related to allergic disease were summarized. Results Recent evidence suggests that some symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis may be better represented as a chronic neuropathic disorder. We found that neurogenic mechanisms may have a significant role in chronic ocular surface inflammation from allergic inflammation. Manifestations may be associated with repeated ocular sensory nerve injury leading to an acute-to-chronic transition, which is in turn associated with neuropathologic changes (peripheral and central sensitization), neuronal dysfunction, and spontaneous ocular pain. Conclusion Current goals in the management of allergic conjunctivitis aim to minimize the inflammatory cascade associated with the allergic response in the initial stages of the pathogenic mechanism. Based on the mechanistic data reviewed herein, the recognition that neuronal inflammation explains many of the symptoms in allergic conjunctivitis opens new frontiers for drug discovery.
The Utility and Cross-Validation of a Composite Physical Activity Score in Relation to Cardiovascular Health Indicators: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

Background: Single-method assessment of physical activity (PA) has limitations. The utility and cross-validation of a composite PA score that includes reported and accelerometer-derived PA data has not been evaluated. Methods: Participants attending the Year 20 exam were randomly assigned to the derivation (two-thirds) or validation (one-third) data set. Principal components analysis was used to create a composite score reflecting Year 20 combined reported and accelerometer PA data. Generalized linear regression models were constructed to estimate the variability explained (R2) by each PA assessment strategy (self-report only, accelerometer only, composite score, or self-report plus accelerometer) with cardiovascular health indicators. This process was repeated in the validation set to determine cross-validation. Results: At Year 20, 3549 participants (45.2 [3.6] y, 56.7% female, and 53.5% black) attended the clinic exam and 2540 agreed to wear the accelerometer. Higher R2 values were obtained when combin...
Aviation spatial orientation in relationship to head position, altitude interpretation, and control.

Introduction: Recently, a visually driven neck reflex was identified as causing head tilt toward the horizon during VMC flight. If this is the case, then pilots orient about a fixed rather than moving horizon, implying current attitude instruments inaccurately present spatial information. The purpose of this study was to determine if the opto-kinetic cervical neck reflex has an effect dependent on passive (autopilot) or active control of the aircraft. Further, findings could help determine if the opto-kinetic cervical reflex is characteristic of other flight crewmembers. Methods: There were 16 military pilots who flew two 13-min VMC low-level routes in a large dome flight simulator. Head position in relation to aircraft bank angle was recorded by a head tracker device. During one low-level route, the pilot had a supervisory role as the autopilot flew the aircraft (passive). The other route was flown manually by the pilot (active). Results: Pilots consistently tilted the head to maintain alignment with the horizon. Similar head tilt angles were found in both the active and passive flight phases. However, head tilt had a faster onset rate in the passive condition. Conclusion: Results indicate the opto-kinetic cervical reflex affects pilots while actively flying or in a supervisory role as the autopilot flies. The consistent head tilt angles in both conditions should be considered in attitude indicator, HUD, and HMD designs. Further, results seem to indicate that non-pilot flight crewmembers are affected by the opto-kinetic cervical reflex which should be considered in spatial disorientation and airsickness discussions.
Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Halotolerant Fungi

The field of nanotechnology is an immensely developing field because of its wide-ranging applications in different areas of science and technology. An important area of research in nanotechnology is the synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms. Although chemical methods can produce larger quantities of nanoparticles with a defined size and shape in a relatively short time, they are complicated, outdated, costly, and inefficient and produce hazardous toxic waste that are harmful not only to the environment, but also to human health. Halotolerant microorganisms represent a valuable resource of enzymes with stability in harsh conditions of pH or/and ionic strength. In this chapter, the ability of halotolerant fungi to produce nanoparticles is discussed along with the mechanisms of nanomaterial fabrication and their potential applications. To date, nanoparticle-producing halotolerant fungi synthesize mostly silver nanoparticles, followed by gold. Very few are capable of synthesizing cadmium, lead, or zinc nanoparticles. While biologically active products from halotolerant fungi represent excellent scaffolds for this purpose, there is a need to understand the mechanisms involved in the synthetic process. Another limitation of the current studies is that the experiments are conducted at laboratory scale and there are hardly any efforts on the scale-up of these processes. These shortcomings need to be addressed to harness the actual nanoparticle synthetic potential of the halotolerant to their full extent.
Old wine into new wineskins: an update for female stress urinary incontinence.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review minimally invasive modifications of traditional surgeries for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in light of increased demand. RECENT FINDINGS Prior to the synthetic mid-urethral sling (MUS), traditional procedures were used to correct SUI. Often these were retropubic colposuspension procedures for a hypermobile urethra and fascial slings for sphincter deficiency but fell out of favor because of increased morbidity compared with synthetic MUS. As controversy rages over use of mesh in female pelvic reconstructive surgery, more women desire nonmesh alternatives. Traditional approaches have been modified to enable colposuspensions and fascial slings to be performed minimally invasively without minimizing efficacy. SUMMARY Minimally invasive modifications to traditional procedures for SUI have been available for about a decade but interest has been recently reignited in the setting of patient concern over mesh.
Margaret: Homeschooling as a Mother’s Right

This chapter chronicles the homeschool practice of Margaret, a 48-year-old homeschool veteran, who had taught her five children since the birth of her oldest child. Margaret explains why attending traditional schools was never an option for her children. She continued to homeschool following a divorce, which meant she had to move into low-income housing in a rural community. Margaret’s narrative documents the complexity of being a single Black mother and choosing to live in a low-income housing community, and not working full-time in order to fulfill her rights as a mother to do what she determined would be best for her children. Her account also demonstrates the role of faith, spirituality, and the complexity of building a curriculum to meet her children’s needs.
The social geography of near and far: built environment and residential distance in mid-nineteenth-century New York City

This article brings together two Geographical Information Systems (GIS) datasets – building-level land-use data from the 1852–54 Perris Fire Insurance Atlas, and geocoded home addresses from the 1854 city directory – to explore how desirable and undesirable conditions of the built environment accounted for new dynamics of residential separation in mid-nineteenth-century New York. Using spatial analysis, it shows how early forms of residential separation were driven by the desire of elites to create secluded residential neighbourhoods. Further, although stark contrasts delineated the extremes of wealth and poverty, the city's dominant landscape was defined by in-between conditions and subtle variations in built environment and residential distance.
Chapter 15 – Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells

Publisher Summary Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells as they can be propagated indefinitely and differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), shown by teratoma and embryoid body (EB) formation. ESCs are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst and are true pluripotent stem cells. Mouse ESCs express the cell surface antigen SSEA1 and human ESC SSEA4, and both are characterized by the expression of a number of relative ESC-specific genes, including the transcription factors (TFs) Oct4, Rex1, Nanog, and Sox2. Forced expression of Nanog in ESC results in LIF-independent proliferation, demonstrating its important role in maintaining ESC pluripotency. The pluripotent cells in the ICM become restricted first to a specific germ layer and then to a specific tissue during gastrulation. The latter persist throughout adult life and are termed multipotent stem cells. The mouse adult fibroblasts can be reprogrammed towards cells with all ESC characteristics, so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), by the introduction of four transcription factors known to be expressed in ESCs (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) and selecting for cells that start to express endogenous Nanog or Oct4. Transfection with Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 drives somatic cells to a Nanog- pre-pluripotent stage and acquisition of Nanog is mandatory to gain full reprogramming to pluripotent cells. This provides proof of the principle that adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed.
Efficient compression and analysis of large genetic variation datasets

The economy of human genome sequencing has catalyzed ambitious efforts to interrogate the genomes of large cohorts in search of deeper insight into the genetic basis of disease. This manuscript introduces Genotype Query Tools (GQT) as a new indexing strategy and powerful toolset that enables interactive analyses based on genotypes, phenotypes and sample relationships. Speed improvements are achieved by operating directly on a compressed index without decompression. GQT's data compression ratios increase favorably with cohort size and therefore, by avoiding data inflation, relative analysis performance improves in kind. We demonstrate substantial query performance improvements over state-of-the-art tools using datasets from the 1000 Genomes Project (46 fold), the Exome Aggregation Consortium (443 fold), and simulated datasets of up to 100,000 genomes (218 fold). Moreover, our genotype indexing strategy complements existing formats and toolsets to provide a powerful framework for current and future analyses of massive genome datasets.
Statement by Michael A. Carrier to Senate Judiciary Committee on 'Intellectual Property and the Price of Prescription Drugs: Balancing Innovation and Competition'

In my testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee, I explained the benefits of legislation addressing anticompetitive conduct that brand-name drug companies have employed: sample denials, pay-for-delay settlements, citizen petitions, product hopping, and patent thickets. By increasing generic competition, this legislation would make patients’ lives better without affecting innovation.
The 30 ROC trial: Precision intra-treatment imaging guiding major radiation reduction in human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal cancer.

6019Background: Our previously published proof-of-concept trial using functional imaging to select patient with human papillomavirus (HPV) oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) for radiation de-escalation ...