cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating and Ranking the Vulnerability of Global Marine Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Threats

Marine ecosystems are threatened by a suite of anthropogenic stressors. Mitigating multiple threats is a daunting task, particularly when funding constraints limit the number of threats that can be addressed. Threats are typically assessed and prioritized via expert opinion workshops that often leave no record of the rationale for decisions, making it difficult to update recommendations with new information. We devised a transparent, repeatable, and modifiable method for collecting expert opinion that describes and documents how threats affect marine ecosystems. Experts were asked to assess the functional impact, scale, and frequency of a threat to an ecosystem; the resistance and recovery time of an ecosystem to a threat; and the certainty of these estimates. To quantify impacts of 38 distinct anthropogenic threats on 23 marine ecosystems, we surveyed 135 experts from 19 different countries. Survey results showed that all ecosystems are threatened by at least nine threats and that nine ecosystems are threatened by >90% of existing threats. The greatest threats (highest impact scores) were increasing sea temperature, demersal destructive fishing, and point-source organic pollution. Rocky reef, coral reef, hard-shelf, mangrove, and offshore epipelagic ecosystems were identified as the most threatened. These general results, however, may be partly influenced by the specific expertise and geography of respondents, and should be interpreted with caution. This approach to threat analysis can identify the greatest threats (globally or locally), most widespread threats, most (or least) sensitive ecosystems, most (or least) threatened ecosystems, and other metrics of conservation value. Additionally, it can be easily modified, updated as new data become available, and scaled to local or regional settings, which would facilitate informed and transparent conservation priority setting.
Colorectal Cancer Follow-up in 2005

The main goal in monitoring patients after the treatment of colorectal cancer is to improve survival through the early identification and treatment of metastatic or locally recurrent disease. Although the results of several randomized, controlled trials have identified a survival benefit associated with careful follow-up, specific testing strategies to maximize survival while minimizing cost and patient inconvenience have not been identified. There is, therefore, great variability in the types, number, and frequency of tests ordered to follow these patients. This article reviews the level-I data avail-able regarding the efficacy of follow-up, the specific tests commonly used, and issues of costs and patient satisfaction, and provides a summary of the available societal guidelines concerning colorectal cancer follow-up.
Health Insurance and the Consumer Bankruptcy Decision: Evidence from Expansions of Medicaid

Abstract Anecdotal evidence and several observational studies suggest that out-of-pocket medical costs are pivotal in a large fraction of consumer bankruptcy decisions. In this paper, we assess the contribution of medical costs to household bankruptcy risk by exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in publicly provided health insurance. Using cross-state variation in Medicaid expansions from 1992 to 2004, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in Medicaid eligibility reduces personal bankruptcies by 8%, with no evidence that business bankruptcies are similarly affected. We interpret our findings with a model in which health insurance imperfectly substitutes for other forms of financial protection, and we use the model to present simple calibration results which illustrate how our reduced-form parameter estimate affects the optimal level of health insurance benefits. We conclude with calculations which suggest that out-of-pocket medical costs are pivotal in roughly 26% of personal bankruptcies among low-income households.
Functional conservation of human Spastin in a Drosophila model of autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia

Mutations in spastin are the most frequent cause of the neurodegenerative disease autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP). Drosophila melanogaster lacking spastin exhibit striking behavioral similarities to human patients suffering from AD-HSP, suggesting conservation of Spastin function between the species. Consistent with this, we show that exogenous expression of wild-type Drosophila or human spastin rescues behavioral and cellular defects in spastin null flies equivalently. This enabled us to generate genetically representative models of AD-HSP, which arises from dominant mutations in spastin rather than a complete loss of the gene. Flies co-expressing one copy of wild-type human spastin and one encoding the K388R catalytic domain mutation in the fly spastin null background, exhibit aberrant distal synapse morphology and microtubule distribution, similar to but less severe than spastin nulls. R388 or a separate nonsense mutation act dominantly and are furthermore sufficient to confer partial rescue, supporting in vitro evidence for additional, non-catalytic Spastin functions. Using this model, we tested the observation from human pedigrees that S44L and P45Q are trans-acting modifiers of mutations affecting the Spastin catalytic domain. As in humans, both L44 and Q45 are largely silent when heterozygous, but exacerbate mutant phenotypes when expressed in trans with R388. These transgenic 'AD-HSP' flies therefore provide a powerful and tractable model to enhance our understanding of the cellular and behavioral consequences of human spastin mutations and test hypotheses directly relevant to the human disease.
REPEATED EXPOSURE TO SUGGESTION AND FALSE MEMORY : THE ROLE OF CONTEXTUAL VARIABILITY

Abstract Although it has been well established that a single exposure to suggestion can result in the creation of false memories for suggested events, little is known about the effects of repeated exposure to suggestion. Zaragoza and Mitchell (in press) demonstrated that repeated exposure to postevent suggestion increased subjects’ tendency to misremember witnessing the suggested information. The experiments presented here examined the possibility that increasing contextual variability between the repeated exposures would exacerbate this effect by impairing subjects’ ability to discriminate accurately the precise source of the suggested items. Results from two experiments show that increasing variability by changing surface features (i.e., modality) exaggerated the deleterious effects of repeated exposure to suggestion. Increasing the spacing between exposures (Experiment 2), however, did not have the same effect.
Hitler's Holy Relics: A True Story of Nazi Plunder and the Race to Recover the Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire – By Sidney D. Kirkpatrick

Much has been written about the occult interests of Hitler and Himmler by both trustworthy and untrustworthy sources. Sidney D. Kirkpatrick, however, brings a new dimension to the topic by eloquent...
To ‘tear the mask off the face of the past’: Archaeology and politics in Jammu and Kashmir

This article examines the historical and political course followed by a colonial discipline, namely the British-initiated archaeological project, as it was extended to the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in the early twentieth century. It examines how and in what circumstances colonial archaeology was adopted both by the Dogra-Hindu rulers and their preponderantly Muslim subjects in this indirectly governed part of the British Indian Empire. This article argues that the adoption of this project emanated not so much from interest in the discipline of archaeology qua discipline, but in its ancillary political effects. It demonstrates that whereas the Hindu princely rulers modified colonial archaeology in ways that could enable them to use it buttress their sovereignty, their Kashmiri Muslim subjects appropriated it to strip the legitimacy off that very sovereignty. In the process, this article also highlights the capacity of various indigenous actors to recast aspects of colonial projects to serve their...
Molecular simulations of electroosmotic flows in rough nanochannels

A highly efficient molecular dynamics algorithm for micro and nanoscale electrokinetic flows is developed. The long-range Coulomb interactions are calculated using the Particle-Particle Particle-Mesh (P^3M) approach. The Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential is solved in physical space using an iterative multi-grid technique. After validation, the method is used to study electroosmotic flow in nanochannels with regular or random roughness on the walls. The results show that roughness reduces the electroosmotic flow rate dramatically even though the roughness is very small compared to the channel width. The effect is much larger than for pressure driven flows because the driving force is localized near the walls where the charge distribution is high. Non-Newtonian behavior is also observed at much lower flow rates. Systematic investigation of the effect of surface charge density and random roughness will help to better understand the mechanism of electrokinetic transport in rough nanochannels and to design and optimize nanofluidic devices.
Critical issues and experiences in drug treatment and prevention evaluation.

The present paper considers major perspectives on behavior that are prevalent in the social sciences and shows how these relate to divergent conceptions of the people who use various substances and the ways in which drug taking is associated with individuals’ personal, social, and cultural experiences. This discussion will enable us to develop an ethnographically informed, social context model of drug use which sees substance use as motivated, adaptive behavior that is pursued in the consummation of valued experiences. Discussion next turns to reviewing relevant drug treatment and drug education/prevention literature, as well as the experiences of the author, that have informed the development of the frame of reference the paper emphasizes. In this process a coherent way of approaching the relationships individuals may establish with drugs and strategies for drug treatment and education/prevention efforts are set out.
Experimentation-oriented platform for development and evaluation of MANET cross-layer protocols

We introduce a platform that simplifies the development, performance evaluation, and comparison (DEC) of cross-layer protocols for multi-hop ad hoc networks (MANET). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first platform that provides an integrated API for controlling and assessing, on a per-packet basis, the physical layer and MAC/LLC parameters (e.g. frequency channel, power, rate, coding/modulation, fragmentation, number of retransmissions) for IEEE802.11 network interfaces. Today, performance evaluation of wireless mobile ad hoc networks heavily relies on simulation, which is limited in reflecting real environment scenarios due to the channel modeling approximations. Experimental comparisons of protocols in real-world propagation environment are difficult because of limited reproducibility of the channel propagation, environment, and mobility scenarios. We introduce a DEC platform that provides a network virtualization above the physical/link layers. It runs multiple protocols in TDMA-like timeslots guaranteeing an equitable share of the medium, seamless switching between protocols and synchronization between the nodes, all in a transparent fashion to developers. An extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates the usefulness of the platform.
Evaluation of the toxicity of zinc in the rat olfactory neuronal cell line, Odora

Zinc (Zn) has long been touted as a panacea for common cold. Recently, there has been some controversy over whether an intranasal (IN) zinc gluconate gel, purported to fight colds, causes anosmia, or loss of the sense of smell, in humans. Previous evidence has shown that IN zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) solutions can cause anosmia in humans as well as significant damage to the olfactory epithelium in rodents. Using an in vitro olfactory neuron model (the rat Odora cell line), we tested the hypothesis that Zn toxicity was caused by inhibition of the hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1(HVCN1), leading to acidosis and apoptotic cell death. Following studies to characterize the toxicity of zinc gluconate and ZnSO4, Odora cells were grown on coverslips and loaded with 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester to measure intracellular pH in the presence and absence of Zn salts. While we found that HVCN1 is not functional in Odora cells, we found that olfactory neurons in vitro maintain their intracellular pH through a sodium/proton exchanger, specifically the sodium proton antiporter 1. ZnSO4, at nontoxic levels, had no impact on intracellular pH after acute exposure or after 24 h of incubation with the cells. In conclusion, Zn toxicity is not mediated through an acidification of intracellular pH in olfactory neurons in vitro.
Flexibility in Diet and Activity Patterns of Macaca tonkeana in Response to Anthropogenic Habitat Alteration

I examined how Sulawesi Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) respond in terms of their diet and activity patterns to anthropogenic habitat alteration in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Anthropogenic habitat alteration comprised clearing of forest for agriculture and small-scale forest product collection. I quantified the diet and activity of 2 groups (CH and Anca), occupying habitats with different levels of alteration, via scan sampling. Tree abundance, key food specific density, and fruit production were greater in the minimally altered habitat (CH), substantiating the characterization of the group’s habitat as higher quality. For the group in the heavily altered habitat (Anca), alternative foods, e.g., insects, fungus, young and mature leaves, shoots, and stems, accounted for a significantly greater proportion of the diet. Dietary diversity is significantly lower in the Anca group, with 52% of their diet being palm fruits from Arenga pinnata. The activity patterns of the Anca group—more time foraging, less time moving, and more time resting than the CH group—reflect the lower resource availability in their habitat and their reliance on more alternative food items, coupled with their extremely small group size (6–9 individuals). The group may be at the optimal size in which foraging efficiency is maximized for the habitat, a response, in conjunction with dietary and behavioral flexibility, to alteration of their habitat. The results are contextualized with respect to the conservation value of human-modified landscapes.
Comments for Specific Countries. Rate of Convergence

As detailed in chapter 2, the old Belgian system, in force since 1971, exemplified the major problem faced by insurers using a mild bonus-malus system: a strong clustering of policies in the high-discount classes. With only a two-class penalty for the first claim, the system was designed for an average claim frequency close to 1/3. The much lower claim frequencies observed since the 1974 oil shock created an increasing lack of financial balance, with over 80 percent of the policyholders in one of the three lowest classes in 1992, and less than 0.5 percent of insureds in the malus zone. This led the Professional Union of Insurance Companies to set up a study group and suggest a new system to the regulatory authorities (see Lemaire, 1988a). The new system was implemented late in 1992. It penalizes the first claim by four classes.
Von Mises Transformation for Boundary Layer Theory

The existence of similar velocity profile solutions of the two-dimensional, incompressible boundary layer equations in the (x, ψ) plane is investigated for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. For the purpose of illustration, the problem of laminar jet in the zone of established flow and the problem of laminar wake behind a symmetric body in a uniform stream are solved by this technique.
The Use of Synthetic Rubber in the Automotive Industry from the Viewpoint of the Rubber Technologist

Abstract The primary interest of the automotive and of the rubber industry in so-called synthetic rubbers is to obtain products which will stand up under service conditions in which present rubber compounds either do not perform satisfactorily over their entire expected life, or are approaching their limit; or because of these factors, are limiting automotive engineering development. In addition, the last few months have seen a trend of thinking toward a nationalistic program of at least partial self-sufficiency, in case of emergency, or a possibility of the limitation of the poundages of crude rubber available to us at an economic price. The subject “The Use of Synthetic Rubber in the Automotive Industry” is consequently being considered in the light of both viewpoints. Activity in the field of synthetic rubbers as far as laboratories in this country are concerned has increased considerably over the last three years, and it is quite likely that the data and viewpoints herein presented on present polymers...
A unified theory for the energy cost of legged locomotion

Small animals are remarkably efficient climbers but comparatively poor runners, a well-established phenomenon in locomotor energetics that drives size-related differences in locomotor ecology yet remains poorly understood. Here, I derive the energy cost of legged locomotion from two complementary components of muscle metabolism, Activation-Relaxation and Cross-bridge cycling. A mathematical model incorporating these costs explains observed patterns of locomotor cost both within and between species, across a broad range of animals (insects to ungulates), for a wide range of substrate slopes including level running and vertical climbing. This ARC model unifies work- and force-based models for locomotor cost and integrates whole-organism locomotor cost with cellular muscle physiology, creating a predictive framework for investigating evolutionary and ecological pressures shaping limb design and ranging behaviour.
Fetal Risk, Fetal Purity, and the Perils Posed by Pregnant Women

Howard Minkoff and Mary Faith Marshall (2016) explore the astonishing though commonly asserted claim that pregnant women should not expose their fetuses to risk. They offer insights from moral psyc...
Effect of tetracycline on a standardized intracutaneous staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs.

SummaryAdministration of tetracycline markedly lowered the charge of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci required to initiate a standardized intracutaneous lesion in guinea pigs. The results were independent of the route of antimicrobial administration. Tetracycline administered before and during the course of an infection with tetracycline susceptible staphylococci appeared inconstantly to increase the infectious charge required to establish the lesion. The mechanisms underlying these observations are not understood.
Collections, Serendipity, and Flightless Moths

The urge to collect has been described as an affliction that is intractable as any virus, for which there is no immunity or cure. My earliest recollections of collecting, when I was 6 or 7 years old, are of bottle caps and matchbook covers. With the advent of Pearl Harbor and WWII, I was 8, came military campaign ribbons and implements, then postage stamps, and so on. My parents, who never had any interest in collecting, I suppose assumed I would outgrow it and develop a viable career. I believe the collector urge is unrelated to genetic or environmental inheritance. At least it was for me. Oddly, however, I had no particular interest in natural history until age 13 when I was sentenced to a summer class for junior naturalists with weekly field trips, organized by Charles Harbison of the San Diego Natural History Museum. Captivated by Harbie’s infectious enthusiasm and the association with experienced bug collector students, my innate collector urge shifted. I had a morning paper route and soon discovered sphingids and tiger moths at liquor store fronts, the likes of which my butterfly collector friends had not seen. I obtained pins and a cyanide bottle from Turtox and began carrying it in a WWII canteen affixed to my bicycle seat. By the end of that summer, I was an incurable lepidopterist.
Protein-synthesis-dependent induction of annexin I by glucocorticoid

We demonstrate that annexin I/lipocortin I (lipo I) gene expression is regulated by dexamethasone (DEX) in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and LA-4 lung epithelial cells. We have characterized this induction further in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. At 24 h after addition of DEX, the levels of lipo I mRNA and protein increased 5-fold and 1.5-fold respectively. Time-course experiments revealed that the induction was delayed by 2-4 h after DEX addition. Half-maximal induction of both lipo I mRNA and protein was achieved with 10 nM-DEX. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the DEX effect on lipo I mRNA expression. These results indicate that the induction of lipo I by DEX has a transcriptional component and requires protein synthesis de novo.
Chromosome Size Homologies im Leishmania Major Determined by Molecular Karyotyping

Each isolate of Leishmania species has a distinctive and unique molecular karyotype [1–6]. Chromosome size polymorphisms occur in Leishmania such that each stock may differ from even closely related isolates, by one or more bands. Indeed, even clones of the same stock may have slightly different karyotypes [2], The molecular karyotypes of closely related stocks, however, are clearly similar, enough so that unidentified isolates of Leishmania have been successfully typed by pulsed field gradient gel (PFG) analysis [1,6]. This finding suggests that karyotypes among members of the same Leishmania species are similar but not identical. (Throughout the paper Leishmania species will be those proposed by Lainson and Shaw [?], equivalent to subspecies in the 1964 nomenclature approved by the Society of Protozoologists [8] and recommended by the World Health Organization [9]).
MRI for appendicitis in pregnancy: is seeing believing? clinical outcomes in cases of appendix nonvisualization

The primary objective of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes in cases of appendix nonvisualization with MRI in pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis and the implications of appendix nonvisualization for excluding appendicitis. Fifty-eight pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis evaluated with MRI at three centers from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed by three radiologists with varying levels of abdominal imaging experience. All scans were performed on a 1.5-Tesla Siemens unit. Cases were evaluated for diagnostic quality, visualization of the appendix, presence of appendicitis, and alternate diagnoses. Clinical outcomes were gathered from the electronic medical record. Of the 58 patients who underwent MRI for suspected appendicitis, 50 cases were considered adequate diagnostic quality by all three radiologists. The rate of appendix visualization among the three radiologists ranged from 60 to 76% (p = 0.44). The appendix was nonvisualized by at least one of the three radiologists in 25 cases (50%). Of these, none had a final diagnosis of appendicitis including one patient who underwent appendectomy. MRI suggested an alternate diagnosis in 6 (24%) patients with appendix nonvisualization. For the three reviewers, the agreement level on whether or not the appendix was visualized on the MRI had a Light’s kappa value of 0.526, indicating a “moderate” level of agreement (p value < 0.01). Despite only moderate level of interobserver agreement for appendix visualization, appendix nonvisualization on MRI in pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis confers a significant reduction in the risk of appendicitis compared to all comers as long as the study is adequate diagnostic quality and there are no secondary signs of appendicitis present.
Trends in Faculty Salaries

A concern in women’s health care is the potential for inequitable compensation for services provided. For example, a 2000 JAMA report indicated that inflation-adjusted annualized salary growth was negative for faculty in obstetrics and gynecology. This chapter examines trends in the salaries of medical school faculty in women’s healthcare based on a review of extensive national salary databases.
Success in the city: the road to implementation of Tobacco 21 and Sensible Tobacco Enforcement in New York City

New York City, a leader in municipal tobacco control in the USA, furthered its goal of reducing the community's burden of tobacco use in 2014 by implementing Sensible Tobacco Enforcement and Tobacco 21. These policies are intended to restrict youth access and eliminate sources of cheap tobacco. Strong partnerships, substantial local data and support from the public and elected officials were key in overcoming many challenges and ensuring these policies were signed into law.
Examining how and why to Engage Practitioners from across the Learning Landscape in the Research Enterprise: Proposal for Phronêtic Research on Education.

Educational practitioners are often reluctant, if not actively resistant, to their participation in production and consumption of educational research. Based on my research experience with educational practitioners, I try to deconstruct this phenomenon using dialogic Bakhtinian and Aristotelian sociocultural frameworks. I consider two major related breakdowns in the educational practice: 1) a lack of self-correcting process in the educational practice, while reliance on accountability policy to achieve the practice quality, and 2) a breakdown between educational research and educational practice. I argue that the first breakdown is caused by viewing teaching as poiesis, aiming at preset curricular endpoints, and not as praxis, critically defining its own values, goals, and virtues. As to the second breakdown, I argue that current mainstream and even innovative research is defined through the techne and episteme ways of knowing, which correspond to a poiesic vision of educational practice. I suggest that educational practice primarily involves the phronetic and sophic ways of knowing, which correspond to a praxis vision of educational practice. I describe phronetic research of teaching through a case of my students, preservice teachers, working on revisions of their lessons that they conducted at an urban afterschool program. Finally, I consider recommendations for institutional support for phronetic research on teaching.
Decision Engines for Software Analysis Using Satisfiability Modulo Theories Solvers

The area of software analysis, testing and verification is now undergoing a revolution thanks to the use of automated and scalable support for logical methods. A well-recognized premise is that at the core of software analysis engines is invariably a component using logical formulas for describing states and transformations between system states. The process of using this information for discovering and checking program properties (including such important properties as safety and security) amounts to automatic theorem proving. In particular, theorem provers that directly support common software constructs offer a compelling basis. Such provers are commonly called satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers. Z3 is a state-of-the-art SMT solver. It is developed at Microsoft Research. It can be used to check the satisfiability of logical formulas over one or more theories such as arithmetic, bit-vectors, lists, records and arrays. The talk describes some of the technology behind modern SMT solvers, including the solver Z3. Z3 is currently mainly targeted at solving problems that arise in software analysis and verification. It has been applied to various contexts, such as systems for dynamic symbolic simulation (Pex, SAGE, Vigilante), for program verification and extended static checking (Spec#/Boggie, VCC, HAVOC), for software model checking (Yogi, SLAM), model-based design (FORMULA), security protocol code (F7), program run-time analysis and invariant generation (VS3). We will describe how it integrates support for a variety of theories that arise naturally in the context of the applications. There are several new promising avenues and the talk will touch on some of these and the challenges related to SMT solvers. Proceedings
Design and Applications of Nanomaterial-Based and Biomolecule-Based Nanodevices and Nanosensors

This review will highlight recent research underlying the design of novel nanodevices and nanosensors that incorporate graphene, nanodots, nanowires, and biomolecules including DNA aptamers and peptides. The emphasis is on models and theory that guide the design of these nanodevices and nanosensors. In selected cases, research designed to test the usefulness of these designs is highlighted in this chapter.
Modified linex two-stage and purely sequential estimation of the variance in a normal distribution with illustrations using horticultural data

ABSTRACTIn a normal distribution with its mean unknown, we have developed Stein type two-stage and Chow and Robbins type purely sequential strategies to estimate the unknown variance under a modified Linex loss function. We control the associated risk function per unit cost by bounding it from above with a fixed preassigned positive number, . Under both proposed estimation strategies, we have emphasized (i) exact calculations of the distributions and moments of the stopping times as well as the biases and risks associated with our terminal estimators of , along with (ii) selected asymptotic properties. In developing asymptotic second-order properties under the purely sequential estimation methodology, we have relied upon nonlinear renewal theory. We report extensive data analysis carried out via (i) exact calculations as well as (ii) simulations when requisite sample sizes range from small to moderate to large. Both estimation methodologies have been implemented and illustrated with the help of real data ...
Internet diffusion and free riding in insurance markets: An empirical investigation

This paper studies the effect of internet diffusion on free riding in insurance markets, with a focus on automobile insurance. Internet usage affects both the demand and supply sides of insurance markets, while also having a bearing on institutions. Our cross-sectional analysis based on the United States supports the main hypothesis that greater internet diffusion reduced free riding by uninsured motorists. This response was fairly elastic and the reduction in the prevalence of uninsured motorists holds across different empirical specifications. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Integration of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and Social and Emotional Learning

This chapter provides an overview of two commonly-used frameworks for prevention, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and Social and Emotional Learning (SEL), which share the common aim of promoting a safe, supportive, and challenging school environment. We summarize the two frameworks and the evidence-base supporting them. We also describe a process and a rationale for integrating PBIS and SEL, in an effort to increase efficiency and high quality implementation. We conclude with an overview of additional research needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of an integrated approach.
David Oliver: Will we now see a serious attempt to tackle social care funding?

In Theresa May’s January reshuffle of her cabinet, Jeremy Hunt received an upgrade to his job title: “and social care” was appended to “secretary of state for health.”1 Is this a cosmetic change, or does it indicate a real desire to drive through meaningful reform? For several parliaments, ministerial and civil service responsibility for social care has been shared with two other ministries, but mainly it’s been with the Department of Health. Social care will reportedly now be brought entirely into the Department of Health, with Hunt leading an inquiry into future funding and provision.2 Over the past two decades we’ve seen several …
Myocardial infarction-induced microRNA-enriched exosomes contribute to cardiac Nrf2 dysregulation in chronic heart failure

The results of this work provide a novel mechanism mediated by microRNA-enriched exosomes, contributing to the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 dysregulation and subsequent oxidative str...
Causes and Temporal Patterns of 30-Day Readmission Among Older Adults Hospitalized With Heart Failure With Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Background It is unknown whether causes and temporal patterns of 30‐day readmission vary between heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We sought to address this question by examining a 5% national sample of Medicare beneficiaries. Methods and Results We included individuals who experienced a hospitalization for HFpEF or HFrEF between 2007 and 2013. We identified causes of 30‐day readmission based on primary discharge diagnosis and further classified causes of readmission as HF‐related, non–HF cardiovascular‐related, and non–cardiovascular‐related. We calculated the cumulative incidence of these classifications for HFpEF and HFrEF in a competing risks model and calculated subdistribution hazard ratios of these classifications by comparing those with HFpEF and those with HFrEF. Among 60 640 Medicare beneficiaries, we identified 13 785 unique older adults hospitalized with HFpEF and 15 205 who were hospitalized with HFrEF. Noncardiovascular diagnoses represented the most common causes of 30‐day readmission (HFpEF: 59%; HFrEF: 47%), a pattern that was observed for each week of the 30‐day study period for both HFpEF and HFrEF participants. In comparing readmission diagnoses in an adjusted model, non–cardiovascular‐related diagnoses were more common and HF‐related diagnoses were less common in HFpEF participants. Conclusions Non–cardiovascular‐related diagnoses represented the most common causes of 30‐day readmission following HF hospitalization for each week of the 30‐day postdischarge period. HF diagnoses were less common among those with HFpEF compared with HFrEF. Future interventions aimed at reducing 30‐day readmissions following an HF hospitalization would benefit from an increased focus on noncardiovascular comorbidity and interventions that target HFpEF and HFrEF separately.
Memory as behavior: The importance of acquisition and remembering strategies.

The study of memory has traditionally been the province of cognitive psychology, which has postulated different memory systems that store memory traces to explain remembering. Behavioral psychologists have been unsuccessful at empirically identifying the behavior that occurs during remembering because so much of it occurs rapidly and covertly. In addition, behavior analysts have generally been disinterested in studying transient phenomena such as memory. As a result, the cognitive interpretation has been the only one that has made and tested useful predictions. Recent experimental evidence acquired while having participants “think aloud” suggests that a behavioral approach to memory may provide a superior account of memory performance and allow applied scientists to observe and modify memory-related behavior with well-known applied behavior-analytic techniques. We review evidence supporting and extending the interpretation of memory provided by Palmer (1991), who described memory in terms of precurrent behavior that occurs at the time of acquisition in preparation for problem solving that occurs at the time of remembering.
Acute Cerebrovascular Disease and the Management of Raised Intracranial Pressure

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the United States, after heart disease and cancer. Over 500,000 Americans suffer a stroke each year, with approximately 175,000 of these patients dying from the acute event. In over 75% of cases, the stroke is ischemic in nature. However, unlike acute myocardial infarction, therapeutic interventions that attempt to limit infarct size have been of limited success. Indeed, apart from thrombolytic therapy in highly select groups of patients (probably <5% of “stroke” patients) and aspirin, no therapeutic intervention has been demonstrated to have an impact on the course of this illness. Considering these data, the rationale for admitting patients to an ICU needs to be evaluated. In addition, aspects of medical care that maximize the potential for recovery and limit complications need to be explored. In most instances, such treatment is best provided by specialized low-technology stroke units.
Family firms and internationalization: An organizational learning perspective

This paper presents an organizational learning perspective of family firms’ internationalization, an important yet neglected theoretical lens in this domain of research. The discussion is based on Huber’s (Organization Science, 2(1): 88–115, 1991) typology of learning processes, which includes knowledge acquisition (with five subprocesses: experiential learning, vicarious learning, congenital learning, searching and grafting), information distribution, information interpretation and organizational memory. Family firms exhibit different learning behaviors compared to their non-family counterparts. Moreover, there are differences between traditional and professional family firms. Theoretically-significant propositions can be derived from the differences among the three types of firms that may guide empirical research.
Everyday Discrimination Prospectively Predicts Blood Pressure Across 10 Years in Racially/Ethnically Diverse Midlife Women: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

Background Interpersonal discrimination is linked to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this association varies by race/ethnicity. Purpose To examine whether exposure to everyday discrimination prospectively predicts elevated blood pressure (BP), whether this association differs by race/ethnicity, and is mediated by adiposity indices. Methods Using data for 2,180 self-identified White, Black, Chinese, Japanese, and Hispanic participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, we examined associations among exposure to (higher vs. lower) everyday discrimination at baseline and BP and hypertension (HTN; systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥ 140 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥ 90 mmHg; or self-reported HTN medication use) risk over a 10 year period. Additionally, we used the bootstrap method to assess repeated, time-varying markers of central and overall adiposity (waist circumference and body mass index [BMI] (kg/m2), respectively) as potential mediators. Results Exposure to everyday discrimination predicted increases in SBP and DBP over time, even after adjusting for known demographic, behavioral, or medical risk factors. However, greater waist circumference or BMI (examined separately) mediated these observations. Notably, there were no racial/ethnic differences in the observed association and HTN risk was not predicted. Conclusions The current findings suggest that everyday discrimination may contribute to elevated BP over time in U.S. women, in part, through increased adiposity. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the linkage of discrimination to CVD risk and raise the need to closely examine biobehavioral pathways that may serve as potential mediators.
Electrospinning and Porosity Measurements of Nylon-6/Poly(ethylene oxide) Blended Nonwovens:

A simple method was used to prepare a nonwoven fabric of intimately co-mingled Nylon-6 and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrospun fibers by spinning fibers onto a rotating collector. Electrospinning ...
How to Host a Data Competition: Statistical Advice for Design and Analysis of a Data Competition.

Data competitions rely on real-time leaderboards to rank competitor entries and stimulate algorithm improvement. While such competitions have become quite popular and prevalent, particularly in supervised learning formats, their implementations by the host are highly variable. Without careful planning, a supervised learning competition is vulnerable to overfitting, where the winning solutions are so closely tuned to the particular set of provided data that they cannot generalize to the underlying problem of interest to the host. This paper outlines some important considerations for strategically designing relevant and informative data sets to maximize the learning outcome from hosting a competition based on our experience. It also describes a post-competition analysis that enables robust and efficient assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of solutions from different competitors, as well as greater understanding of the regions of the input space that are well-solved. The post-competition analysis, which complements the leaderboard, uses exploratory data analysis and generalized linear models (GLMs). The GLMs not only expand the range of results we can explore, they also provide more detailed analysis of individual sub-questions including similarities and differences between algorithms across different types of scenarios, universally easy or hard regions of the input space, and different learning objectives. When coupled with a strategically planned data generation approach, the methods provide richer and more informative summaries to enhance the interpretation of results beyond just the rankings on the leaderboard. The methods are illustrated with a recently completed competition to evaluate algorithms capable of detecting, identifying, and locating radioactive materials in an urban environment.
Neurocognition in treatment-resistant hypertension: profile and associations with cardiovascular biomarkers.

Background Hypertension in midlife has been associated with increased risk of stroke and neurocognitive decline. Few studies, however, have examined neurocognition among individuals with treatment-resistant hypertension or potential mechanisms by which treatment-resistant hypertension may impair neurocognition. Methods We examined the pattern of neurocognitive impairment and potential mechanisms in a sample of 96 overweight adults with treatment-resistant hypertension, aged 41-81 years. Neurocognitive function was assessed using a 45-min test battery consisting of executive function and memory. Vascular and metabolic mechanisms examined included cerebrovascular risk factors (CVRFs: Framingham Stroke Risk Profile), insulin sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), waist-to-hip ratio, microvascular function (hyperemic response), and peak oxygen consumption from an exercise treadmill test. Simple path analyses were used to assess the association between potential vascular and metabolic mechanisms and neurocognition. Results Neurocognitive impairments were common, with 70% of the sample exhibiting impaired performance on at least one executive function subtest and 38% on at least one measure of memory. Higher levels of aerobic fitness, greater insulin sensitivity, and better microvascular function, as well as lower CVRFs and waist-to-hip ratio were associated with better neurocognition. In path analyses, aerobic fitness, microvascular function, and CVRFs all were independently associated with neurocognitive performance. Insulin resistance associated with worse executive function but better memory performance among older participants. Conclusion Neurocognitive impairments are common in adults with treatment-resistant hypertension, particularly on tests of executive function. Better neurocognition is independently associated with aerobic fitness, microvascular function, and CVRFs.
Can physicians detect hyperkalemia based on the electrocardiogram

Abstract Objective Although there is no consensus on how to use an electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with hyperkalemia, physicians often obtain it in the acute setting when diagnosing and treating hyperkalemia. The objective of this study is to evaluate if physicians are able to detect hyperkalemia based on the ECG. Methods The study was conducted at a large county hospital with a population of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who received hemodialysis (HD) solely on an emergent basis. Five hundred twenty eight ECGs from ESRD patients were evaluated. The prevalence of hyperkalemia was approximately 60% in this cohort, with at least half of them in the severe hyperkalemia range (K ≥ 6.5 mEq/L). Results The mean sensitivity and specificity of the emergency physicians detecting hyperkalemia were 0.19 (± 0.16) and 0.97(± 0.04) respectively. The mean positive predictive value of evaluators for detecting hyperkalemia was 0.92 (±0.13) and the mean negative predictive value was 0.46 (± 0.05). In severe hyperkalemia (K ≥ 6.5 mEq/L), the mean sensitivity improved to 0.29 (± 0.20), while specificity decreased to 0.95 (±0.07). Conclusion An ECG is not a sensitive method of detecting hyperkalemia and should not be relied upon to rule it out. However, the ECG has a high specificity for detecting hyperkalemia and could be used as a rule in test.
The solution of the three-dimensional twisted group lattices

We define new lattices called d-dimensional twisted group lattices. They are similar to ordinary lattices except that abstract screw dislocations are present at the centers of all plaquettes. Some physical aspects are enumerated. We consider the statistical mechanics system of free propagation on the three-dimensional twisted group lattice. For this case, the partition function is explicitly computed by finding the irreducible group representations.
Physics-based interpretation of tool-workpiece interface temperature signals for detection of defect formation during friction stir welding

Abstract The objective of the work is the reduction and eventual avoidance of post welding inspections that are currently needed to ensure defect-free welds. An analytical thermal model of the FSW process along with an analytical disturbance model is developed. This disturbance model relates defect formation to variations in the measured temperature and is based on experimental process identification. A dynamic disturbance observer computes an estimate of the disturbance signal, which is further processed in order to provide information about the presence of defects along the weld. Experiments for one kind of disturbance verify that the observer shows good tracking behavior.
College Men’s Conceptualization of Sexual Consent at a Large, Racially/Ethnically Diverse Southern California University

Many sexual assault education/prevention initiatives focus on sexual consent. However, little is known about how key recipients of such endeavors (i.e. college men) understand sexual consent. Using...