cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The halo‐model description of marked statistics

Marked statistics allow sensitive tests of how galaxy properties correlate with environment, as well as of how correlations between galaxy properties are affected by environment. A halo-model description of marked correlations is developed, which incorporates the effects which arise from the facts that typical galaxy marks (e.g. luminosity, colour, star formation rate, stellar mass) depend on the mass of the parent halo, and that massive haloes extend to larger radii and populate denser regions. Comparison with measured marked statistics in semi-analytic galaxy formation models shows good agreement on scales smaller than a megaparsec, and excellent agreement on larger scales. The halo-model description shows clearly that the behaviour of some low-order marked statistics on these scales encodes information about the mean galaxy mark as a function of halo mass, but is insensitive to mark gradients within haloes. Higher-order statistics encode information about higher-order moments of the distribution of marks within haloes. This information is obtained without ever having to identify haloes or clusters in the galaxy distribution. On scales smaller than a megaparsec, the halo-model calculation shows that marked statistics allow sensitive tests of whether or not central galaxies in haloes are a special population. A prescription for including more general mark gradients in the halo-model description is also provided. The formalism developed here is particularly well suited to interpretation of marked statistics in astrophysical data sets, because it is phrased in the same language that is currently used to interpret more standard measures of galaxy clustering.
Synthesis of 2-amino-4-imino-4,5-dihydrothiazoles from N-sulfonyl-α-chloroamidines and thiourea†

A number of new and interesting 2-amino-4-(N-substituted)imino-4,5-dihydrothiazoles were synthesized by reacting thiourea (or thiourea hydrochloride) with N-alkyl- or N,N-dialkyl-N′-p-toluenesulfonyl-α-chloroacetamidines, where the N,N-alkyl groups were ethyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, β-phenethyl, (3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantyl)-methyl, as well as N,N-dimethyl- and N,N-pentamethylene. Reactions of N-alkyl-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-2-chloroacetamidines (substituents being N-ethyl, N-benzyl and N,N-dimethyl) with thiourea hydrochloride in hot 2-propanol furnished 2-amino-4-(p-toluenesulfonyl)imino-4,5-dihydrothiazole (in 51, 60 and 65% yields, respectively) and the corresponding amine hydrochloride. In hot acetone or butanone, the reactions of these N-sulfonyl-2-chloroacetamidines with excess thiourea provided 2-amino-4-N-(alkyl or N,N-dialkyl)imminium-4,5-dihydrothiazole chlorides in 25–80% yield. The by-product from these reactions was p-toluenesulfonamide. The structures of the products were established by chemical transformations and spectral methods (nmr and mass spectra).
Initial structure-activity relationship studies of a novel series of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-7-ones as GnRH receptor antagonists.

Abstract Initial SAR studies on 1-aminomethyl-2-aryl-3-cyano-pyrrolo[1,2- a ]pyrimid-7-one-6-carboxylates as human GnRH receptor antagonists were discussed. 2-(2-Methylaminoethyl)pyridine was discovered to be a key feature for generating active compounds. The best compound from the series had 25 nM ( K i ) binding affinity to human GnRH receptor.
Ditch the pinch: Bilateral exposure injuries during subcutaneous injection

Background Subcutaneous injection into an elevated skin fold poses a risk of "bilateral exposure" injury whereby the needle pierces the opposite side of a skin fold and subsequently enters the tissue of the health care worker (HCW). Methods Retrospective review was conducted examining the Exposure Prevention Information Network (EPINet) needlestick surveillance data. Data from 2,402 injuries occurring during subcutaneous injection were included for analysis. Descriptive data, statistical comparisons, and a logistic regression model reporting relative risk are provided. Results Eighty-five bilateral exposure injuries were identified between 2000 and 2009, representing 3.5% (n/N=85/2,402) of all injection-related percutaneous injuries. 65.4% Of the variance in bilateral exposure injury occurrence is explained through examination of the following: (1) manual elevation ("pinching") subcutaneous tissue prior to injection; (2) thin/emaciated patient; (3) injection of insulin; (4) injection of heparin; (5) injection of enoxaparin (Lovenox); (6) if a safety device was used; and (7) whether the health care worker was wearing gloves at the time of the injury (χ 2 7 = 424.2; P Conclusion Manual tissue elevation should be avoided to minimize the risk of bilateral exposure injuries.
Stars in other universes: stellar structure with different fundamental constants

Motivated by the possible existence of other universes, with possible variations in the laws of physics, this paper explores the parameter space of fundamental constants that allows for the existence of stars. To make this problem tractable, we develop a semi-analytical stellar structure model that allows for physical understanding of these stars with unconventional parameters, as well as a means to survey the relevant parameter space. In this work, the most important quantities that determine stellar properties—and are allowed to vary—are the gravitational constant G, the fine structure constant α and a composite parameter that determines nuclear reaction rates. Working within this model, we delineate the portion of parameter space that allows for the existence of stars. Our main finding is that a sizable fraction of the parameter space (roughly one-fourth) provides the values necessary for stellar objects to operate through sustained nuclear fusion. As a result, the set of parameters necessary to support stars are not particularly rare. In addition, we briefly consider the possibility that unconventional stars (e.g. black holes, dark matter stars) play the role filled by stars in our universe and constrain the allowed parameter space.
The Problem of Acute Severe Trauma and Shock

In the twelve years since January 1961, the United States has suffered the loss of 45,937 killed in Southeast Asia plus another 303,622 wounded. This makes the war in Vietnam the fourth most bloody war in United States history, placing behind World War I, World War II, and the Civil War.
Electronic Structure Engineering in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Identifying Novel Alloy Catalysts Based on Rapid Screening for Materials with Desired Electronic Properties

The immense phase space of multimetallic materials spanned by structural and compositional degrees of freedom precludes thorough screening for efficient alloy catalysts, even with combinatorial high-throughput experiments or quantum-chemical calculations. Based on X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations, we have identified critical electronic structure descriptors that govern local chemical reactivity of different sites in metal alloys. These descriptors were used to develop a model that allows us to predict variations in the adsorption energy of various adsorbates on alloy surfaces based on easily accessible physical characteristics of the constituent elements in alloys, mainly their electronegativity, atomic radius, and the spatial extent of valence orbitals. We show that this model, which is grounded on validated theories of chemisorption on metal surfaces, can be used to rapidly screen through a large phase space of alloy catalysts and identify optimal alloys for targeted catalytic transformations. We underline the potential of the electronic structure engineering, relating alloy geometry to its catalytic performance using simple electronic structure descriptors, in catalysis.
SPACETIME FOAM, HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE, AND BLACK HOLE QUANTUM COMPUTERS

Spacetime foam, also known as quantum foam, has its origin in quantum fluctuations of spacetime. Arguably it is the source of the holographic principle, which severely limits how densely information can be packed in space. Its physics is also intimately linked to that of black holes and computation. In particular, the same underlying physics is shown to govern the computational power of black hole quantum computers.
trans-hydroalumination/alkylation: one-pot synthesis of trisubstituted allylic alcohols.

Described herein is a method of stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted allylic alcohols by alkylation of alkenyl alanates, formed in situ through treatment of propargyl alcohols with Vitride (Red-Al). This technique represents the first of its kind to feature a trans-hydrometalation, and is particularly effective for the formation of 1,4-dienes. Applications involving primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols are discussed, as well as limitations regarding both alkyne and electrophile components.
The Fifth dimension as an analogue computer for strong interactions at the LHC

We present a mechanism to get S 0 or even negative, without bringing into play the SM fermion sector. This mechanism can be applied to a wide range of 5D models, including composite Higgs and Higgsless models. As a realization of the mechanism we introduce a simple model, although the effect on S does not rely on the underlying dynamics generating the background. Models that include this mechanism enjoy the following features: weakly-coupled light resonances (as light as 600 GeV) and degenerate or inverted resonance spectrum.
Design and testing of a prototype pixellated CZT detector and shield for hard- x-ray astronomy

We report on the design and laboratory testing of a prototype imaging CZT detector intended for balloon flight testing in April 2000. The detector test several key techniques needed for the construction of large-area CZT arrays, as required for proposed hard x-ray astronomy missions. Two 10 mm X 10 mm X 5 mm CZT detectors, each with a 4 X 4 array of 1.9 mm pixels on a 2.5 mm pitch, will be mounted in a 'flip chip' fashion on a printed circuit board carrier card; the detectors will be placed 0.3 mm apart in a tiled configuration such that the pixel pitch is preserved across both crystals. One detector is eV Products high-pressure Bridgman CZT, and the other is IMARAD horizontal Bridgman material. A passive shield/collimator surrounded by plastic scintillator surrounds the detectors on five sides and provides an approximately 45 degree field of view. The background spectrum recorded by this instrument will be compared to that measured by a single-element CZT detector fitted with the same passive/plastic collimator but including an active BGO shield to the rear. This detector has been previously flown by us completely shielded by a passive cover. We describe preliminary laboratory result for the various systems, discuss initial background simulations, and describe our plans for balloon flight tests.
Drifter-based estimate of the 5 year dispersal of Fukushima-derived radionuclides

Employing some 40 years of North Pacific drifter-track observations from the Global Drifter Program database, statistics defining the horizontal spread of radionuclides from Fukushima nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean are investigated over a time scale of 5 years. A novel two-iteration method is employed to make the best use of the available drifter data. Drifter-based predictions of the temporal progression of the leading edge of the radionuclide distribution are compared to observed radionuclide concentrations from research surveys occupied in 2012 and 2013. Good agreement between the drifter-based predictions and the observations is found.
The virtual cathedral and the virtual bazaar

Applying economic analysis, we explore the potential benefits and risks associated with firm-based and social production models and derive conditions that determine when open or closed innovation models are more appropriate. We contrast the newly emerging "user-generated approach" to innovation in virtual worlds with the traditional "producer-controlled approach". Taking the cases of World of Warcraft and Second Life, we show how the two virtual world providers use very different strategies to organize the creation of game content. We conclude with presenting a roadmap that businesses can use to conceive effective innovation and development strategies for designing virtual world offerings.
Protection of research subjects: do special rules apply in epidemiology?

...Before we dismiss ethics as nothing more than a cause of confusion and needless worry, I think we need to take a careful look at epidemiologists' ethical obligations to research subjects. In doing so, we should pay particular attention to three points: first, the difference between harming someone and wronging them; second, the role of informed consent in protecting against such wrongs; and third, the steps that can be taken to avoid or minimize particular harms associated with breaches of privacy and confidentiality. Language: en
Counting bitangents with stable maps

Abstract This paper is an elementary introduction to the theory of moduli spaces of curves and maps. As an application to enumerative geometry, we show how to count the number of bitangent lines to a projective plane curve of degree d by doing intersection theory on moduli spaces.
Complements of tori and Klein bottles in the 4-sphere that have hyperbolic structure

Many noncompact hyperbolic 3-manifolds are topologically complements of links in the 3-sphere. Generalizing to dimension 4, we con- struct a dozen examples of noncompact hyperbolic 4-manifolds, all of which are topologically complements of varying numbers of tori and Klein bottles in the 4-sphere. Finite covers of some of those manifolds are then shown to be complements of tori and Klein bottles in other simply-connected closed 4-manifolds. All the examples are based on a construction of Ratcliffe and Tschantz, who produced 1171 noncompact hyperbolic 4-manifolds of mini- mal volume. Our examples are finite covers of some of those manifolds. AMS Classification 57M50, 57Q45 Keywords Hyperbolic 4-manifolds, links in the 4-sphere, links in simply- connected closed 4-manifolds
Extragalactic Zeeman Detections in OH Megamasers

We have measured the Zeeman splitting of OH megamaser emission at 1667 MHz from five (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies ([U]LIRGs) using the 305 m Arecibo telescope and the 100 m Green Bank Telescope. Five of eight targeted galaxies show significant Zeeman splitting detections, with 14 individual masing components detected and line-of-sight magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.5 to 18 mG. The detected field strengths are similar to those measured in Galactic OH masers, suggesting that the local process of massive star formation occurs under similar conditions in (U)LIRGs and the Galaxy, in spite of the vastly different large-scale environments. Our measured field strengths are also similar to magnetic field strengths in (U)LIRGs inferred from synchrotron observations, implying that milligauss magnetic fields likely pervade most phases of the interstellar medium in (U)LIRGs. These results provide a promising new tool for probing the astrophysics of distant galaxies.
Separability of maize and soybean in the spectral regions of chlorophyll and carotenoids using the Moment Distance Index

We introduce a new framework for analyzing spectra called Moment Distance that uses metrics derived from the shape of the curve described by fine resolution spectra. We locate potential pivot wavelength regions (PWR) useful for estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and explore the spectral separability of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) at specific PWRs. We find the Moment Distance Index (MDI) to perform as well as or better than optimized band ratio models in terms of bias and RMSE. The 720-730 nm PWR for chlorophyll and 450-500 nm PWR for carotenoids are not only sensitive to pigment concentrations, but could distinguish maize spectra from soybean spectra. The separability of the spectra appears as the absence of crossings that define the maximal spectral shape difference. The larger the difference, the more the maize MDI can be distinguished from the soybean MDI. MDI yields significantly different linear models (p < 0.05) for retrieval of chlorophyll from maize and soybean...
Polarization conversion loss in birefringent crystalline resonators

Whispering gallery modes in birefringent crystalline resonators are investigated. We experimentally investigate the XY-cut resonators made with LiNbO3, LiTaO3, and BBO and observe strong influence of the resonator's shape and birefringence on the quality factor of the extraordinary polarized modes. We show that extraordinary modes can have lower Q and even be suppressed owing to polarization conversion loss. The ordinary ray modes retain the high Q due to inhibited reflection phenomenon.
Giant Hexagonal Bilayer Hemoglobins.

Laboratoire des Proteines Complexes, CNRS URA 1334, Universite de Tours, 37032 Tours, France, Micromass UK Limited, 3 Tudor Road, Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 5RZ, UK, Equipe d’Ecophysiologie, Station Biologique, UPMC-CNRS-INSU, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff, France, Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
LEGITIMACY, ATTITUDES AND INTENDED PATRONAGE: UNDERSTANDING CHALLENGES FACING BLACK ENTREPRENEURS

Traditional research on the reasons for the depressed rate of black entrepreneurship has focused on differences between black [note: The term "blacks" is used to represent the broader groups of blacks in the United States, which include African-Americans and also black people from African countries, the Caribbean and other countries.] and white entrepreneurs. In this paper, we move beyond the individual entrepreneur and study consumers' perceptual differences of black and white entrepreneurs. Using a multi-disciplinary theoretical framework to study 846 participants, we found empirical evidence that there are significant relationships between perceptions of legitimacy and consumer attitudes toward entrepreneurs and intended patronage. In addition, there appears to be differences in the way consumers perceive black and white entrepreneurs, which suggest significant challenges facing black entrepreneurs. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
The effect of pyridine poisoning on the kinetics of thiophene hydrogenolysis and hexene hydrogenation

The kinetics of deactivation of thiophene hydrodesulfurization and hexene hydrogenation by pyridine poisoning was studied in a flow microbalance reactor, which allowed simultaneous measurements of pyridine adsorption and reaction rates. The pyridine adsorption data obeyed a modified Temkin isotherm implying a distribution of adsorption sites. The deactivation kinetics could not be correlated with a reversible (rapid) pyridine adsorption model. A “quasiirreversible” model correlated the data very well. In this model, the rates of adsorption and desorption of pyridine are relatively slow compared to reaction rates. Thus, its effect on catalytic activity is reflected in a “quasipermanent” poisoning of active sites, lowering the reaction rate constant, rather than in a reversible competitive adsorption for active sites. Furthermore, it is deduced that the number of catalytically active sites is small compared to the total adsorption sites.
The Effects of the pep Nuclear Reaction and Other Improvements in the Nuclear Reaction Rate Library on Simulations of the Classical Nova Outburst

Nova explosions occur on the white dwarf (WD) component of a cataclysmic variable binary stellar system which is accreting matter lost by its companion. When sufficient material has been accreted by the WD, a thermonuclear runaway (TNR) occurs and ejects material in what is observed as a classical nova (CN) explosion. We have continued our studies of TNRs on 1.25 M ☉ and 1.35 M ☉ WDs (ONeMg composition) under conditions which produce mass ejection and a rapid increase in the emitted light, by examining the effects of changes in the nuclear reaction rates on both the observable features and the nucleosynthesis during the outburst. In order to improve our calculations over previous work, we have incorporated a modern nuclear reaction network into our one-dimensional, fully implicit, hydrodynamic computer code. We find that the updates in the nuclear reaction rate libraries change the amount of ejected mass, peak luminosity, and the resulting nucleosynthesis. Because the evolutionary sequences on the 1.35 M ☉ WD reach higher temperatures, the effects of library changes are more important for this mass. In addition, as a result of our improvements, we discovered that the pep reaction (p + e – + p → d + ν) was not included in our previous studies of CN explosions (or to the best of our knowledge those of other investigators). Although the energy production from this reaction is not important in the Sun, the densities in WD envelopes can exceed 104 g cm–3 and the presence of this reaction increases the energy generation during the time that the p-p chain is operating. Since it is only the p-p chain that is operating during most of the accretion phase prior to the final rise to the TNR, the effect of the increased energy generation is to reduce the evolution time to the peak of the TNR and, thereby, the accreted mass as compared to the evolutionary sequences done without this reaction included. As expected from our previous work, the reduction in accreted mass has important consequences on the characteristics of the resulting TNR and is discussed in this paper.
Multiple Regime Bid-Rent Function Estimation

Abstract This paper reviews estimators for multiple regime selection models, which include the standard urban bid-rent model as a special case. 4 probabilistic bid-rent model imposes a restrictive selection process, while existing two-stage multiple regime estimators assume an error structure that is inconsistent with bid-rent theory. Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate that two-stage estimators are accurate and robust to distributional misspecification. The practical usefulness of the estimators is illustrated using data on 1920s Chicago land values.
Determining the Redshift of Reionization from the Spectra of High-Redshift Sources

The redshift at which the universe was reionized is currently unknown. We examine the optimal strategy for extracting this redshift, zreion, from the spectra of early sources. For a source located at a redshift zs beyond but close to the reionization redshift, (1 + zreion) < (1 + zs) < 32/27(1 + zreion), the Gunn-Peterson trough splits into disjoint Lyα, Lyβ, and possibly higher Lyman series troughs, with some transmitted flux between these troughs. We show that although the transmitted flux is suppressed considerably by the dense Lyα forest at high redshifts, it could still be detectable as long as zreion 8. If the ionizing sources are bright and have a short duty cycle (e.g., if they are miniquasars or starbursts with a lifetime 106 yr), then breakthrough occurs shortly after the H II regions around them overlap, and the transmitted flux provides a measurement of zreion. The Next Generation Space Telescope will reach the spectroscopic sensitivity required for such a measurement.
Aggregated Multicast—A Comparative Study

Though IP multicast is resource efficient in delivering data to a group of members simultaneously, it suffers from scalability problem with the number of concurrently active multicast groups because it requires a router to keep forwarding state for every multicast tree passing through it. To solve this state scalability problem, we proposed a scheme, called aggregated multicast. The key idea is that multiple groups are forced to share a single delivery tree. In our earlier work, we introduced the basic concept of aggregated multicast and presented some initial results to show that multicast state can be reduced. In this paper, we develop a more quantitative assessment of the cost/benefit trade-offs. We propose an algorithm to assign multicast groups to delivery trees with controllable cost and introduce metrics to measure multicast state and tree management overhead for multicast schemes. We then compare aggregated multicast with conventional multicast schemes, such as source specific tree scheme and shared tree scheme. Our extensive simulations show that aggregated multicast can achieve significant routing state and tree management overhead reduction while containing the expense of extra resources (bandwidth waste and tunnelling overhead). We conclude that aggregated multicast is a very cost-effective and promising direction for scalable transit domain multicast provisioning.
Investigation of the Three-Dimensional Flow Field Within a Transonic Fan Rotor: Experiment and Analysis

An experimental investigation of the three-dimensional flow field through a low aspect ratio, transonic, axial flow fan rotor has been conducted, using an advanced laser anemometer (LA) system. Laser velocimeter measurements of the rotor flow field at the design operating speed and over a range of throughflow conditions are compared to analytical solutions. The numerical technique used herein yields the solution to the full, three-dimensional, unsteady Euler equations using an explicit time-marching, finite volume approach. The numerical analysis, when coupled with a simplified boundary layer calculation, generally yields good agreement with the experimental data. The test rotor has an aspect ratio of 1.56, a design total pressure ratio of 1.629 and a tip relative Mach number of 1.38. The high spatial resolution of the LA data matrix (9 radial x 30 axial x 50 blade-to-blade) permits details of the transonic flow field such as shock location, turning distribution, and blade loading levels to be investigated and compared to analytical results.
Tax morale and direct democracy

This paper analyses the impact of direct democracy on tax morale in Switzerland, a country where participation rights strongly vary across different cantons, using survey data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 1998. The findings suggest that direct democratic rights have a significantly positive effect on tax morale.
Cavitation in Mechanical Face Seals

Gas cavities in mechanical face seals operating with hydrodynamic films, obtaining solutions to Reynolds equation for hydrodynamic lubrication
Modeling the Phase Behavior of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites

To model the phase behavior of polymer−clay composites, we develop a free energy expression for a mixture of polymers and solid, thin disks. The free energy expression is adopted from the Onsager model for the equilibrium behavior of rigid rods. Thus, our theory takes into account the possible nematic ordering of the disks within the polymer matrix. By minimizing this free energy and calculating the chemical potentials, we construct phase diagrams for the polymer−disk mixtures. The findings provide guidelines for tailoring the polymer molecular weight and the volume fraction of the different components to fabricate thermodynamically stable mixtures with the desired morphology.
Tandem Asymmetric Cyclopropanation/Cope Rearrangement. A Highly Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Method for the Construction of 1,4-Cycloheptadienes

Decomposition of vinyldiazoacetates by rhodium(II) (N-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl)prolinate (Rh2(S-DOSP)4, 1) in the presence of dienes results in a direct and highly enantioselective method for the formation of cis-divinylcyclopropanes. Combination of this process with a subsequent Cope rearrangement results in a highly enantioselective synthesis of a variety of cycloheptadienes containing multiple stereogenic centers.
A stochastic multidimensional scaling vector threshold model for the spatial representation of "pick any/n" data

This paper presents a new stochastic multidimensional scaling vector threshold model designed to analyze “pick any/n” choice data (e.g., consumers rendering buy/no buy decisions concerning a number of actual products). A maximum likelihood procedure is formulated to estimate a joint space of both individuals (represented as vectors) and stimuli (represented as points). The relevant psychometric literature concerning the spatial treatment of such binary choice data is reviewed. The nonlinear probit type model is described, as well as the conjugate gradient procedure used to estimate parameters. Results of Monte Carlo analyses investigating the performance of this methodology with synthetic choice data sets are presented. An application concerning consumer choices for eleven competitive brands of soft drinks is discussed. Finally, directions for future research are presented in terms of further applications and generalizing the model to accommodate three-way choice data.
A new three-dimensional connected components algorithm

Abstract An efficient new algorithm which calculates the connected components of a binary image has recently been reported. The algorithm has been extended to a three-dimensional image. With a relatively small equivalence table, this algorithm is suitable for both large and small computer systems.
Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Behavioral Intervention for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Adolescents

Abstract Objective The objective of this research was to examine the effectiveness of a brief behavioral intervention, provided at the time of diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease, on subsequent behaviors by patients who were urban adolescents in a community in which sexually transmitted infection was prevalent. Methods 121 adolescents aged 15 to 21 years with mild to moderate pelvic inflammatory disease were enrolled in a randomized trial. All participants received standardized care, completed baseline audio computerized self-interviews, received full courses of medication at discharge, and were interviewed after the 2-week treatment course. The intervention group also watched a 6-minute intervention video. Main Outcome Measures Medication completion, temporary sexual abstinence during the 14-day treatment period, partner notification, partner treatment, and return for 72-hour follow-up were studied. Data were evaluated using multivariate regression analysis. Results Of the participants, 61% were located and could participate in the 2-week interview by the disease intervention specialist. The intervention participants had higher rates of 72-hour follow-up (32% vs. 16%) and partner treatment (71% vs. 53%) in bivariate analyses at a P = 0.1 level. There were no differences in medication completion (66% vs. 66%), sexual abstinence (78% vs. 89%), or partner notification (88% vs. 92%). Only the partner-treatment finding persisted in multivariate models (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI, 1.03-9.39, P = .045). Conclusions Adolescent girls randomized to a community-specific video intervention at diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease were three times more likely to have their partners treated than those in the control group. Given the value of partner treatment in secondary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, this video may be an essential component of discharge programming in urgent care settings. Additional structural supports may be necessary to facilitate improved adherence to other key adherence behaviors.
A comparative study of solid state and solution aldol addition reactions of the lithium enolate of methyl 3,3-dimethylbutanoate: stereochemistry and mechanistic implications

Abstract We report the first systematic study of the solid state aldol addition reactions of the lithium enolate of methyl 3,3-dimethylbutanoate with various aliphatic or aromatic, achiral or chiral, solid or liquid aldehydes, in comparison with the same reactions performed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. The diastereoselection of the solid state reactions in all the cases was found to be essentially identical to that of the solution reactions. At low temperatures (
Easy impossibility proofs for distributed consensus problems

Easy proofs are given, of the impossibility of solving several consensus problems (Byzantine agreement, weak agreement, Byzantine firing squad, approximate agreement and clock synchronization) in certain communication graphs. It is shown that, in the presence ofm faults, no solution to these problems exists for communication graphs with fewer than 3m+1 nodes or less than 2m+1 connectivity. While some of these results had previously been proved, the new proofs are much simpler, provide considerably more insight, apply to more general models of computation, and (particularly in the case of clock synchronization) significantly strengthen the results.
Effect of Environmental Particles on a Radial Compressor

The results of an analytical investigation of the dynamics of participate flow in a centrifugal compressor are presented. The trajectories of different particle sizes are determined throughout the compressor rotor. The results of the trajectory computations indicate the locations of particle collisions with the blades, hub, and casing. The corresponding erosion rates are determined using the computed impact data and empirical equations for the particle and surface material that are obtained from experimental measurements. The results indicate that the pressure surfaces of the rotor blades are generally subject to more erosion than the suction surfaces. This information can be used to evaluate the associated loss of performance and to take the necessary steps to avoid the resulting performance deterioration. In addition, an experimental study was performed, which confirmed the locations of the blade surface erosion predicted by the theoretical analysis.
Self-selection in the residential electricity time-of-use pricing experiments

In none of the existing studies that attempt to pool the results of the five best residential electricity TOU-pricing experiments is the problem of selection bias addressed. Three of the five experiments used samples of volunteers and it is well known that this can bias results if the ultimate inference to be made applies to the population of non-volunteers (i.e. the situation of mandatory TOU-pricing). In this paper we adapt some well-used methodology for correcting for self-selection to the five experiments in question and estimate the extent to which its presence biases estimates of the elasticity of substitution between peak and off-peak electricity consumption. We find, for example, that the bias is upwards of + 24 per cent in the Los Angeles experiment, resulting in a substantial overstatement of the response of customers to mandatory TOU prices. While we stop short of integrating our methodology into a full-blown pooling framework, users of the EPRI-sponsored RETOU program should nevertheless be cautioned to the potential biases inherent in forecasts of TOU response derived from it, since no account for the selfselection phenomenon and its consequences was taken in its development.
Phi meson production in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies

Abstract Phi meson production in heavy-ion collisions at SIS/GSI energies (∼ 2 GeV/nucleon) is studied in the relativistic transport model. We include contributions from baryon-baryon, pion-baryon, and kaon-antikaon collisions. The cross sections for the first two processes are obtained in a one-boson-exchange model, while that for the last process is taken to be of Breit-Wigner form through the phi meson resonance. The dominant contribution to phi meson production in heavy-ion collisions at these energies is found to come from secondary pion-nucleon collisions. Effects due to medium modifications of kaon masses, which are needed to account for the observed enhancement of antikaon yield, are also studied and are found to reduce the phi meson yield by about a factor of two, mainly because of an increased phi decay width as a result of dropping kaon-antikaon masses. In this case, the o K − ratio is about 4%, which is a factor of 2–3 below preliminary experimental data from the FOPI collaboration at GSI. Including also the reduction of the phi meson mass in medium increases this ratio to about 8%, which is then in reasonable agreement with the data.
Inner and Outer Bounds for the Gaussian Cognitive Interference Channel and New Capacity Results

The capacity of the Gaussian cognitive interference channel, a variation of the classical two-user interference channel where one of the transmitters (referred to as cognitive) has knowledge of both messages, is known in several parameter regimes but remains unknown in general. This paper provides a comparative overview of this channel model as it proceeds through the following contributions. First, several outer bounds are presented: (a) a new outer bound based on the idea of a broadcast channel with degraded message sets, and (b) an outer bound obtained by transforming the channel into channels with known capacity. Next, a compact Fourier-Motzkin eliminated version of the largest known inner bound derived for the discrete memoryless cognitive interference channel is presented and specialized to the Gaussian noise case, where several simplified schemes with jointly Gaussian input are evaluated in closed form and later used to prove a number of results. These include a new set of capacity results for: (a) the “primary decodes cognitive” regime, a subset of the “strong interference” regime that is not included in the “very strong interference” regime for which capacity was known, and (b) the “S-channel in strong interference” in which the primary transmitter does not interfere with the cognitive receiver and the primary receiver experiences strong interference. Next, for a general Gaussian channel the capacity is determined to within one bit/s/Hz and to within a factor two regardless of the channel parameters, thus establishing rate performance guarantees at high and low SNR, respectively. The paper concludes with numerical evaluations and comparisons of the various simplified achievable rate regions and outer bounds in parameter regimes where capacity is unknown, leading to further insight on the capacity region.
Crystalline Boundedness Principle

Abstract We prove that an F-crystal ( M , φ ) over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p > 0 is determined by ( M , φ ) mod p n , where n ⩾ 1 depends only on the rank of M and on the greatest Hodge slope of ( M , φ ) . We also extend this result to triples ( M , φ , G ) , where G is a flat, closed subgroup scheme of GL M whose generic fibre is connected and has a Lie algebra normalized by φ. We get two purity results. If C is an F-crystal over a reduced F p -scheme S, then each stratum of the Newton polygon stratification of S defined by C , is an affine S-scheme (a weaker result was known before for S noetherian). The locally closed subscheme of the Mumford scheme A d , 1 , N k defined by the isomorphism class of a principally quasi-polarized p-divisible group over k of height 2d, is an affine A d , 1 , N k -scheme.
The volume of hyperbolic Coxeter polytopes of even dimension

Let H denote hyperbolic space of dimension n, and let S be an index set for a finite collection of open half spaces H s in H n bounded by codimension one hyperplanes Hs. We assume that for all distinct s, t ∈ S either Hs ∩ Ht is not empty and the (interior) dihedral angle of H s ∩ H + t along Hs ∩ Ht has size π mst for certain integers mst = mts ≥ 2, or Hs ∩Ht is empty while H + s ∩H + t is not empty. In the latter case we put mst = mts = ∞ and we also put mss = 1. Under these assumptions the intersection C = ⋂ s H + s is not empty, and its closure D is called a hyperbolic Coxeter polytope. By abuse of notation let s ∈ S also denote the reflection of H in the hyperplane Hs. Now the group W of motions of H n generated by the reflections s ∈ S is discrete, and D is a strict fundamental domain for the action of W on H. Moreover (W,S) is a Coxeter group with Coxeter matrix M = (mst), i.e. W has a presentation with generators s ∈ S and relations (st)s,t = 1 for s, t ∈ S. Let l(w) denote the length of w ∈ W with respect to the generating set S, and let PW (t) ∈ Z[[t]] be the Poincare series of W defined by PW (t) = ∑ w t .
Carrot and yardstick regulation: Enhancing market performance with output prizes

The fundamental objective of most regulatory mechanisms is to expand output at a sufficiently low cost to consumers. Many useable mechanisms, such as Loeb and Magat's, require detailed demand information and substantial profit recapture by the regulator in order to achieve this objective. We present an apparently unexplored alternative approach-inducing competition among firms for shares of a monetary reward. Payments to a firm for output expansion thus depend on both its own behavior and the actions of other firms, which can even be firms in unrelated industries. We show that in a wide variety of circumstances, the resultant increase in consumer surplus exceeds the reward. Hence, even with no profit recapture, our approach can lead to Pareto improvements.
Frobenius-Schur indicators for subgroups and the Drinfel’d double of Weyl groups

If G is any finite group and k is a field, there is a natural construction of a Hopf algebra over k associated to G, the Drinfel'd double D(G). We prove that if G is any finite real reflection group, with Drinfel'd double D(G) over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic not 2, then every simple D(G)-module has Frobenius-Schur indicator +1. This generalizes the classical results for modules over the group itself. We also prove some new results about Weyl groups. In particular, we prove that any abelian subgroup is inverted by some involution. Also, if E is any elementary abelian 2-subgroup of the Weyl group W, then all representations of Cw(E) are defined over Q.
Super-Galilei invariant field theories in 2+1 dimensions.

We extend the Galilei group of space-time transformations by gradation, construct interacting field-theoretic representations of this algebra, and show that nonrelativistic super-Chern-Simons theory is a special case. We also study the generalization to matrix valued fields, which are relevant to the formulation of superstring theory as a 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ expansion of a field theory. We find that in the matrix case the field theory is much more restricted by the supersymmetry.
Thermal fluctuations and the Josephson supercurrent

Abstract Fluctuations can play an important role in determining the behavior of Josephson junctions when the coupling energy across the junction is the order of thermal energies. This situation can be realized near the critical temperature and near the minima of the I1(H) curve at low temperatures. In these regimes the effects of thermal fluctuations on the I−V characteristic are quite dramatic. Using a carefully shielded, thermally-regulated apparatus we have measured I⇔-V characteristic of an almost ideal Josephson junction in both of these regimes. The results are in qualitative agreement with calculations which treat the problem of thermal fluctuations in a junction using an analogy with the Brownian motion of a particle in a field of force.
Simulation of three-dimensional liquid sloshing flows using a strongly implicit calculation procedure

A coupled strongly implicit solution strategy for unsteady three-dimensional free surface flows has been developed based on an artificial compressibility formulation for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A pseudotime term has been used in the continuity equation to permit time accurate calculations to be achieved. The scheme appears capable of tracking the free surface reasonably accurately inside a partially-filled spherical container undergoing a general rotating motion characteristic of that experienced by a spin-stabilized satellite. Five different free surface calculations have been presented. Some of the results exhibit an interesting Reynolds number dependent oscillatory behavior which is believed to be physical although no experimental results appears to be available for verification to date.
Coarse-graining and renormalization of atomistic binding relations and universal macroscopic cohesive behavior

Abstract We present two approaches for coarse-graining interplanar potentials and determining the corresponding macroscopic cohesive laws based on energy relaxation and the renormalization group. We analyze the cohesive behavior of a large—but finite—number of interatomic planes and find that the macroscopic cohesive law adopts a universal asymptotic form. The universal form of the macroscopic cohesive law is an attractive fixed point of a suitably-defined renormalization-group transformation.
Transoral laser excision for early glottic cancer.

Direct laryngoscopy allows the surgeon to view the larynx directly. A properly positioned patient and an appropriate instrument affords the opportunity to examine, biopsy, and resect lesions involving the larynx under local or general anesthesia. Most surgeons advocate introduction of the largest possible laryngoscope, because it enhances the effective working area. Modern optics adapted to the operating microscope provide enhanced visualization. The availability of the carbon dioxide laser allows resection of lesions. The specimen, once resected, can be oriented for the pathologist. The availability of micro-instrumentation serves to greatly enhance and facilitate these procedures.
Hybrid Brush Pocket Damper Seals for Turbomachinery

Pocket damper seals perform a dual function: both sealing the pressurized gas around a rotating shaft and providing large amounts of vibration damping. The annular cavity between the labyrinth seal teeth is subdivided into separate annular cavities around the circumference of the rotor by partitioning walls. Also, the upstream and downstream teeth have different radial clearances to the rotor. These seals have been shown to provide a remarkable amount of direct damping to attenuate vibration in turbomachinery, but they generally leak more than conventional labyrinth seals if both seals have the same minimum clearance. Conversely, brush seals allow less than half the leakage of labyrinth seals, but published test results show no significant amount of damping. They are considered to be a primary choice for the seals in new aircraft engine designs because of their low leakage. This paper will describe a recently invented hybrid brush/pocket damper seal that combines high damping with low leakage. Previous brush seal results were studied and calculations were made to select a brush seal to combine with the pocket damper design. The result is a hybrid seal with high damping and low leakage. A special design feature can also allow active vibration control as a bonus benefit. A computer code written for the original pocket damper seal was modified to include the brush element at the exit blade. Results from the computer code indicate that the hybrid seal can have less leakage than a six bladed (or 6 knives) labyrinth seal along with orders of magnitude more damping. Experimental evaluations of the damping and leakage performance of the hybrid seal are being conducted by the authors. The experimental work reported here tested the damping capability of the new hybrid brush seal by exciting the seal journal through an impedance head. A conventional six-bladed labyrinth seal of the same working dimensions was also tested. The brush hybrid pocket damper seal is found to leak less than the labyrinth seal while producing two to three times more dumping than the original pocket damper seal (orders of magnitude more than the conventional labyrinth).