cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme Ultraviolet Interferometric Lithography: A Path to Nanopatterning

The semiconductor industry continues in its relentless march to miniaturization [1]. Every four years or so, the dimensions of the features on an integrated circuit are halved, yielding an increase in density and functionality of the electronic “chip.” The economic advantages of more devices per unit area outweigh increases in fabrication costs and performance limitations, pushing the industry to seek ever-smaller patterns. At the time of writing (April 2008) advanced devices are patterned with the smallest features hovering around 45 nm, and the next generation of ∼32 nm devices is on the horizon. What is perhaps most remarkable is that this level of nanopatterning is achieved with optical imaging tools and processes that use an actinic wavelength of 193 nm, the ArF laser emission line. As taught in any elementary physics textbook, the wavelength of light ultimately limits the achievable optical resolution [2]. So how can we pattern 32 nm features using 193 nm radiation?
Unfilled orders and price changes: A simultaneous equations system†

We have developed and statistically estimated a model which suggests that chances in price and in unfilled orders are simultaneously determined. Estimated systems for five industries suggest that, in the short run, unfilled order accumulations do absorb fluctuations. Our statistical analysis also indicates that anticipated increases in demand will affect current price adjustments if the increased demand is expected to lead to an acceleration in production rates in the not-too-distant future. The statistically determined weights of the industrial activity variable suggests that price is primarily determined more by the future conditions than ex post indications of industrial activity levels. Our analysis also supports Zarnowitz's interindustry comparison hypothesis that price responses are inversely related to the ratios of mean unfilled orders of shipments.
Unusual Case of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

A 15-year-old Indian boy from Guyana presented with episodes of syncope for past 4 years. Klippel-Trenaunay was entertained based on presence of capillary hemangioma and gross venous malformation of left leg. Unusual features noticed were “orthostatic hypotension as a presentation,” atrophy of leg as contrasted to common finding of hypertrophy, skeletal hypoplasia, abnormal venous and arterial features. Surgical management was undertaken in view of large venous pooling, and abnormal veins threatening to rupture, with good results.
Brain lipid metabolism, apolipoprotein E and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease

Brain lipid homoeostasis is critical during neurodevelopment, repair after traumatic brain injury and for the maintenance of efficient neurotransmission. Several neurodegenerative disorders occur as a direct result of neuronal lipid dysfunction and underlying disease processes that are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) also appear to be related to an imbalance in brain lipid homeostasis. In support of this latter hypothesis, recent genome wide association studies have confirmed and extended the now widely reproduced association between the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and late onset AD. Even in populations with low APOE epsilon4 allele frequency, gene dosage of APOE epsilon4 increases the age-adjusted relative risk for developing the more common late onset form of AD. A major role for apolipoprotein E (apoE) in the brain is to maintain a constant supply of neuronal lipids for rapid and dynamic membrane synthesis thus ensuring efficient neurotransmitter release and the propagation of action potentials. Additionally, apoE synthesized primarily by glia is critical for the elimination of toxic brain-derived Abeta peptides. In addition to apoE isoform, the overall levels of apoE appear to be important determinants for brain Abeta clearance. Susceptibility to AD in APOE epsilon4 carriers may occur early since brain activity and the accumulation of Abeta in brain parenchyma both appear well in advance of disease onset. Given the pivotal role apoE plays in maintaining neuronal membrane homeostasis, elevating the levels of apoE in brain may be a viable therapeutic strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of AD.
A Model of Pediatric Psychopharmacology-Psychotherapy Treatment Integration in the Ambulatory Clinical Setting

We describe the rationale for, core elements of, and implementation challenges of an integrated psychopharmacology-psychotherapy treatment model for early-onset behavioral health disorders that commonly present to child and adolescent psychiatrists working in the ambulatory clinical setting. These disorders include Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with or without Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Depression, and Anxiety Disorders Each of these disorders has support for an evidence-based psychotherapy and a psychopharmacological treatment. A description of the model is presented which is potentially transportable into managed care systems and is designed for efficient delivery in a time and resource constrained environment treating children with complex mental health care needs. Potential limitations of the model are discussed.
Captain James Cook and the transits of mercury and venus

(1986). Captain James Cook and the transits of mercury and venus. The Journal of Pacific History: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 39-56.
Ask the Experts: How best to treat post-traumatic stress disorder

Dr Mark B Hamner is Professor of Psychiatry in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Medical University of South Carolina. He also serves as Medical Director and Director of Psychopharmacology Research in the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Clinical Team at the Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Charleston, SC, USA. Dr Hamner completed his training in Psychiatry at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. He has published extensively on the biology and psychopharmacology of PTSD. His current research interests include the pharmacological treatment of PTSD, combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for PTSD, and the treatment of other psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Chromosome 8q24 markers: risk of early-onset and familial prostate cancer.

Recent admixture mapping and linkage/association studies have implicated an ∼1 Mb region on chromosome 8q24 in prostate cancer susceptibility. In a subsequent follow-up investigation, Haiman et al. (Nat Genet 2007;39:638-44) observed significant, independent associations between 7 markers within this region and sporadic prostate cancer risk in a multi-ethnic sample. To clarify the risk associated with hereditary prostate cancer, we tested for prostate cancer association with 6 of these 7 markers in a sample of 1,015 non-Hispanic white men with and without prostate cancer from 403 familial and early-onset prostate cancer families. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6983561 and rs6983267 showed the strongest evidence of prostate cancer association. Using a family-based association test, the minor (“C”) allele of rs6983561 and the major (“G”) allele of rs6983267 were preferentially transmitted to affected men (p < 0.05), with estimated odds ratios (ORs) of 2.26 (95% confidence interval of 1.06–4.83) and 1.30 (95% confidence interval of 0.99–1.71), respectively, for an additive model. Notably, rs6983561 was significantly associated with prostate cancer among men diagnosed at an early (<50 years) but not later age (p = 0.03 versus p = 0.21). Similarly, the association with rs6983267 was (not) statistically significant among men with(out) clinically aggressive disease (p = 0.007 versus p = 0.34). Our results confirm the association of prostate cancer with several of the SNPs on chromosome 8q24 initially reported by Haiman et al. In addition, our results suggest that the increased risk associated with these SNPs is approximately doubled in individuals predisposed to develop early onset or clinically aggressive disease. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mitosis: PARty Time in the Spindle

Poly(ADP-ribose), a post-translational protein modification known to affect chromatin structure, has now been shown to regulate microtubule organization during mitosis. These findings alter conventional views of the mechanisms of spindle assembly and function.
Stark spectroscopy of donor/acceptor substituted polyenes

The electronic structure of donor/acceptor polyenes (merocyanines) is studied by means of electroabsorption (Stark) spectroscopy. Molecules belonging to this class exhibit an extreme variability of their linear and nonlinear optical properties. Depending on the nature of the donor and acceptor end groups and the polarity of their solvent environment they can adopt ground state molecular structures between limits with mostly localized double bonds (polyene-like) or fully delocalized double bonds (cyanine-like). By comparing the results obtained for the change in dipole moment, Δμ, and change in polarizability, Δα, upon optical excitation of 12 donor/acceptor polyenes with theoretical predictions, each molecule's location in between these limits can be assigned. The results demonstrate that this position can be understood by considering only the relative electron donating and accepting strengths of the end groups. The solvent dependence of the electronic structure is also studied by measuring Stark spectra for two compounds in different frozen solvents. The results are consistent with a change of the molecule's ground state toward more dipolar structures in polar solvents. Taken together, the donor, acceptor, and solvent dependences of the electronic structure of donor/acceptor polyenes can be described by a simple model based on the gradual change of the molecule’s ground state between polyene-like and cyanine-like structures.
Calculation of recoil implantation profiles using known range statistics

A method has been developed to calculate the depth distribution of recoil atoms that result from ion implantation onto a substrate covered with a thin surface layer. The calculation includes first order recoils considering projected range straggles, and lateral straggles of recoils but neglecting lateral straggles of projectiles. Projectile range distributions at intermediate energies in the surface layer are deduced from look-up tables of known range statistics. A great saving of computing time and human effort is thus attained in comparison with existing procedures. The method is used to calculate recoil profiles of oxygen from implantation of arsenic through SiO2 and of nitrogen from implantation of phosphorus through Si3N4 films on silicon. The calculated recoil profiles are in good agreement with results obtained by other investigators using the Boltzmann transport equation and they also compare very well with available experimental results in the literature. The deviation between calculated and experimental results is discussed in relation to lateral straggles. From this discussion, a range of surface layer thickness for which the method applies is recommended.
The predictors of subjective career success: an empirical study of employee development in a Korean financial company

Subjective career success has recently been discussed widely in the academic field of career development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of subjective career success. It examined the effects of the calling work orientation, the individual's career-enhancing strategy and the organizational learning climate on the subjective career success of 253 employees in a company in the Korean financial sector. The results identified three significant predictors of subjective career success: creating opportunity, calling work orientation and continuous learning. Among the significant predictors, creating opportunity – part of the individual's career-enhancing strategy – proved to be the best predictor of subjective career success. Conclusions were drawn and implications and limitations discussed.
Does firm heterogeneity lead to differences in relative executive compensation

Abstract Cost heterogeneity is an important source of performance disparity among firms. This heterogeneity conditions the strategic decisions that firms make in the product market and can lead to heterogeneity in the design of managerial compensation contracts. I investigate the effect of cost heterogeneity in a strategic product market environment where firms compete a la Cournot. The paper offers new predictions on how executive compensation contracts that account for relative performance must be adjusted for cost differences.
Experimental Studies on the Effects of Physostigmine and of Isoproterenol on Toxicity Produced by Tricyclic Antidepressant Agents

The IV infusion of nortriptyline and amitriptyline (0.5 mg/kg/min) in anesthetized cats produced death within 60 min of continuous infusion. The tricyclic antidepressant agents produced a quinidine-like depression of the myocardium characterized by bradycardia, depression of contractile force, conduction defects, bradyarrhythmias, and hypotension. The simultaneous IV infusion of isoproterenol (0.1 microgram/ kg/min) produced significant protection against death produced by the TCA drugs. The results suggested that the positive chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic actions of isoproterenol may all be contributory factors in the protection. Pretreatment with a large dose of physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg) produced a rightward shift of the nortriptyline time-mortality curve. The small degree of protection produced by the anticholinesterase drug may be due to a respiratory stimulant action rather than a cardiac action.
Development of the interferon system. I. In chicken cells development in ovo continues on time in vitro.

When confluent monolayers of cells derived from chicken embryos of different gestational age were cultured for several days without a medium change, a condition termed in vitro aging, the cells' developed an increased capacity to express the interferon (IFN) system. The capacity to both produce IFN and to respond to its antiviral action were enhanced up to 1000- and 100-fold, respectively. Remarkably, the programmed development of the IFN system in these cells seemed to continue virtually uninterrupted after monodispersion of the cells and seeding at high cell density. Cells prepared from young embryos required more time to develop the IFN system than cells from older embryos with the yield of IFN, and sensitivity to its action, related directly to the total in ovo and in vitro age of the cells in culture. For example, essentially the same yields of IFN were obtained from cell cultures made from 5-d-old embryos “aged” for 10 d in vitro, as were obtained from 10-d-old embryos whose cells were aged in vitro for 5 d. In contrast, inducibility of 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase by IFN and the induction of heat shock genes by elevated temperature are not enhanced with in vitro aging. The programmed development of the IFN system that starts in ovo seems to continue on schedule in vitro, making the development of the IFN system in chick embryo cells appear as a time-dependent process.
Apremilast: A Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis

Introduction Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a spondyloarthritis that occurs in up to 30% of psoriasis patients. Patients with PsA are at risk for decreased quality of life due to both joint and skin symptoms, impaired physical function and disease progression. Treatments include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, conventional systemic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, and biologic agents, including tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. The most recently introduced treatment option is apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor.
Abstract: Cluster Analysis of Distributions: Development and Demonstration of a Method.

In this study, we develop an extension of cluster analysis to enable the comparison of objects across the entirety of multiple score distributions. Although this procedure has many potential uses, ...
A Simple and Cost Effective Ring-Based Local Access C/DWDM-PON Architecture for Supporting a Truly Shared LAN Capability

This work proposes a simple and cost effective local access WDM-PON architecture that combines the salient features of both traditional static WDM-PON (i.e., dedicated connectivity to all subscribers with bit rate and protocol transparencies, guaranteed QoS, and high security) and dynamic WDM-PON (i.e., efficiently utilizing network resources via dynamic wavelength allocation/sharing among end users). Specifically, this paper proposes and devises a novel ring-based local access WDM-PON architecture that efficiently supports dynamic allocation of wavelengths /timeslots and sharing traffic as well as a truly shared LAN capability among PON end users.
Estimation of minority carrier diffusion lengths in InP/GaAs solar cells

An attempt is made to estimate the minority carrier diffusion lengths in the emitter and base of InP/GaAs heteroepitaxial solar cells. The PC-1D computer model was used to simulate the measured cell results obtained under AM0-spectrum at 25 degrees C. A 16-nm hole diffusion length in the emitter and a 0.42- mu m electron diffusion length in the base gave good agreement with the I-V curve. The effect of varying minority carrier diffusion lengths on cell short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and efficiency was studied. It was also observed that the front surface recombination velocity has very little influence on the cell performance. Cell efficiency as a function of dislocation density was calculated, and the effect of improved emitter bulk properties on cell efficiency is presented. >
Synthesis of highly substituted cyclohexenes via mixed Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions of highly substituted dienes and dienophiles.

A high-yielding method is described for the rapid synthesis of very hindered cyclohexenes by the Diels−Alder reaction of hindered silyloxy dienes and dienophiles using the mixed Lewis acid catalyst system (AlBr3/AlMe3). Thus, reaction of the hindered diene 4 with various substituted enones gave good yields of the expected cycloadducts even though both partners are quite sterically hindered.
Poetry And Architecture: A Double Imitation In The Sīniyyah Of Aḥmad Shawqī

This study explores the Sīniyyah of Ahmad Shawqī (1868-1932) in relation to that of al-Buhturī, focusing on the meaning of architecture. His Sīniyyah poem, entitled "The Journey to al-Andalus," is well-known as a mu˛āradah (imitation) of the Sīniyyah by an eminent ˛Abbāsid poet, al-Buhturī (821-897 C.E.). Shawqī's Sīniyyah can be seen as a double imitation of poem and architecture. On the one hand, Shawqī's work is a literary imitation of a neo-classical poet imitating a classical poet. On the other hand, it is a description/imitation of Andalusian architecture. His act attempts to reconstruct a lost past, one through the verbal imitation/emulation of a verbal art work/monument, the other through the verbal description of plastic/architectural monuments.
Taking a flyer on wind technology

We read case studies to train ourselves to make better business decisions. But some cases, like this one, aren't a model for decision analysis. The Wind Technology story recounts the rather commonplace process of developing a business plan based on, if you'll pardon the pun, pretty thin air. (We deliberately chose a low‐tech case so the business issues wouldn't be overshadowed by the complexities of a high‐tech process.) But don't be condescending when you critique the Wind Technology business plan. Who among us hasn't fallen prey—like its management—to “The Better Mouse Trap” school of marketing syndrome? The symptoms: You become infatuated with a product idea and write a ten‐year P&L statement before you talk to 100 potential customers. And there's another trap to this case. It's the “I can't make a decision because I don't have all the facts” cop out. In the real world you never have all the facts, the ducks are never aligned, and the winds of business are fickle. As a treat for readers who “solve” the Wind Technology case on their own, we asked two experts to let us publish their commentaries as a coda. Compare your analysis with theirs and write us a letter if you think your insights are worth sharing with your fellow managers.
Photolysis of heptachlor and cis-chlordane and toxicity of their photoisomers to animals.

Heptachlor andcis-chlordane are converted to their corresponding photoisomers and several minor products on exposure to low intensity (longwave) ultra-violet light. This photolysis can also take place on plant leaves in the presence of sunlight or uv light. Photo-cis-chlordane and photoheptachlor are more toxic to fish. Photoheptachlor is about 20, 47, and 264 times more toxic than heptachlor to, respectively, rats, bluegill, and goldfish. Photo-cis-chlordane is about 10 times less toxic toDaphnia pulex.
Chaos in a neural network circuit

Abstract We have constructed a neural network circuit of four clipped, high-grain, integrating operational amplifiers coupled to each other through an array of digitally programmable resistor ladders (MDACs). In addition to fixed-point and cyclic behavior, the circuit exhibits chaotic behavior with complex strange attractors which are approached through period doubling, intermittent attractor expansion and/or quasiperiodic pathways. Couplings between the nonlinear circuit elements are controlled by a computer which can automatically search through the space of couplings for interesting phenomena. We report some initial statistical results relating the behavior of the network to properties of its coupling matrix. Through these results and further research the circuit should help resolve fundamental issues concerning chaos in neural networks.
The good, the bad, and the tiny: a review of microflow cytometry

Recent developments in microflow cytometry have concentrated on advancing technology in four main areas: (1) focusing the particles to be analyzed in the microfluidic channel, (2) miniaturization of the fluid-handling components, (3) miniaturization of the optics, and (4) integration and applications development. Strategies for focusing particles in a narrow path as they pass through the detection region include the use of focusing fluids, nozzles, and dielectrophoresis. Strategies for optics range from the use of microscope objectives to polymer waveguides or optical fibers embedded on-chip. While most investigators use off-chip fluidic control, there are a few examples of integrated valves and pumps. To date, demonstrations of applications are primarily used to establish that the microflow systems provide data of the same quality as laboratory systems, but new capabilities—such as automated sample staining—are beginning to emerge. Each of these four areas is discussed in detail in terms of the progress of development, the continuing limitations, and potential future directions for microflow cytometers.
Turfgrass Nutrition and Irrigation Water Quality

Turfgrass sites are increasingly irrigated with low-quality water sources, which may complicate nutritional programs by excessive addition of nutrients or problem ions by causing imbalances. Irrigation sources of most concern are nutrient-rich reclaimed water (i.e., reuse water) and those containing high concentrations of soluble salts. Factors contributing to difficulties in fertility programming are (a) increased temporal and geospatial (by soil depth and across the landscape) variability in soil nutrient/ion status; (b) addition of high levels of chemical constituents to the soil–plant system via the irrigation water, irrigation water treatments (i.e., acidification), and soil amendments such as gypsum; (c) salinity leaching programs that also leach soil nutrients; (d) changes in irrigation lake water quality, such as seasonal fluctuations due to rainfall dilution (i.e., dry and rainy seasons), intake locations across the lake surface, or lake depth; (e) attention to environmental and sustainability is...
Fitness, fatness and activity as predictors of bone mineral density in older persons.

Abstract. Stewart KJ, DeRegis JR, Turner KL, Bacher AC, Sung J, Hees PS, Tayback M, Ouyang P (Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA). Fitness, fatness, and activity as predictors of bone mineral density in older persons. J Intern Med 2002; 252: 381–388. Objectives. To determine relationships of bone mineral density (BMD) with fitness, physical activity, and body composition and fat distribution. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. General Clinical Research Center, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland. Subjects. Men (n = 38) and women (n = 46), aged 55–75 years with high normal blood pressure or mild hypertension but otherwise healthy. Methods. Aerobic fitness (oxygen uptake) on a treadmill, muscle strength by one-repetition maximum, activity by questionnaire, abdominal obesity by magnetic resonance imaging; anthropometrics, and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) which measured total fat and lean mass, and BMD for the total skeleton, lumbar spine (L1–L4) and total hip. Results. Aerobic fitness did not correlate with BMD. Using multivariate analysis to ascertain independent contributions to the variance in BMD, in women, with adjustment for hormone replacement therapy (HRT), total skeleton BMD was independently related to muscle strength and abdominal total fat; total hip BMD to body weight; lumbar spine BMD to abdominal total fat. HRT also influenced BMD in the lumbar spine. In men, lumbar spine BMD was independently related to abdominal total fat physical activity and total hip BMD related to lower body strength. P < 0.05 for all of these correlations. Conclusions. Abdominal obesity and muscle strength emerge as predominant correlates of BMD in older persons with stronger relationships seen in women. Body weight and HRT also explained portions of the variance in BMD in women. Whether abdominal obesity is simply a marker for general obesity or has independent protective effects on bone is yet to be determined.
Abstract 2053: Regulation of microRNA-10b byCCN5/WISP-2in breast cancer: A novel mechanism ofCCN5/WISP-2mediated suppression of invasive front

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Metastatic cells are a subset of primary tumor cells that have the skill to complete multi-step metastatic cascades, including dissemination, migration, extravasation, and eventual proliferation) at a discontinuous secondary site. Understanding the molecular biology of cancer metastasis may provide novel intervention strategies to control metastatic lesions, and/or to improve the quality of life for the patients with these advanced diseases. MicoRNAs are naturally occurring single-stranded RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of target mRNA transcripts. Many of these target mRNA transcripts are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, processes commonly altered during tumorigenesis. Recent findings have shown that microRNA-10b (miR-10b) is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells and positively regulates cell migration and invasion. Expression of miR-10b is induced by Twist, a transcription factor that binds to putative promoter of miR-10b. We hypothesized that whether nullification of CCN5/WISP-2, an antiinvasive gene has any role in miR-10b expression. We found that nullification of CCN5/WISP-2 in ER-positive noninvasive breast tumor cell upregulates the miR-10b expression. Interestingly, we also found the upregulation of Twist by silencing CCN5/WISP-2. Collectively, we conclude that CCN5/WISP-2 may be a critical regulator of miR-10b expression through the HIF-1α-Twist signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2053.
CHAPTER 112 – Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

The importance of PTPs in the regulation of cellular signaling is well established. In spite of the large number of PTPs identified to date and the emerging roles played by PTPs in human diseases, a detailed understanding of the role played by PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific agents. Such PTP-specific inhibitors could potentially serve as useful tools in determining the physiological significance of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. Despite the difficulties in obtaining such compounds, there are now several relatively specific inhibitors for PTP1B. It appears that significant differences exist within the active site and the immediate surroundings of various PTPs such that selective, tight-binding PTP inhibitors can be developed. In principle, an identical approach (i.e., to create bidentate inhibitors that could span both the active site and a unique adjacent peripheral site) used for PTP1B could also be employed to produce specific small-molecule inhibitors for all members of the PTP family that would enable the pharmacological modulation of selected signaling pathways for treatment of various diseases. Combinatorial solid-phase library synthesis is finding wide applicability throughout the pharmaceutical industry, and, not surprisingly, this technique has begun to yield fruitful results in the area of FTP inhibitors.
Evaluation of Practice Effects in Language and Spatial Processing Test Performance

Recent research demonstrates that practice effects are attenuated through the administration of alternate-form memory tests. However, little is known about the degree of practice that can be expected when alternate forms of nonmemory tests are administered repeatedly. Two groups of healthy older adults were assigned to either a same- or alternate-forms condition. Participants completing the same forms of a confrontation naming task improved significantly over 4 testing sessions. On verbal fluency, participant performance significantly improved when completing only alternate forms. No significant practice effects were observed on tests of spatial processing. Practice effects caused by item-specific practice may be reduced via alternate test forms. However, similar reductions will be less apparent when practice effects are the result of test-specific practice.
Substrate and stereochemical specificity of the organophosphorus acid anhydrolase from Alteromonas sp. JD6.5 toward p-nitrophenyl phosphotriesters

The enzyme OPAA hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl phosphotriesters bearing substituents at the phosphorus center ranging in size from methyl to phenyl. The enzyme exhibits stereoselectivity toward the hydrolysis of chiral substrates with a preference for the Sp enantiomer.
Prevention of Reperfusion Injury of the Ischemic Spinal Cord: Use of Recombinant Superoxide Dismutase

We investigated the effect of recombinant superoxide dismutase, an oxygen free radical scavenger, on the prevention of reperfusion injury of the ischemic spinal cord. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were obtained in 23 dogs. Spinal cord ischemia was produced by cross-clamping the descending thoracic aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery through a left thoracotomy. Mean proximal aortic blood pressure was maintained between 90 and 100 mm Hg by partial exsanguination. Serial SEPs were obtained at 60-second intervals until the SEP disappeared. Aortic cross-clamping was continued for 10 additional minutes after the disappearance of the SEP. In Group 1 (N = 8), no medication was given when the aortic cross-clamp was removed. In Group 2 (N = 8), a bolus of 25,000 units of superoxide dismutase was injected into the proximal aorta prior to removal of the aortic cross-clamp, and was followed by 5,000 units per minute for 10 minutes after release of the cross-clamp. In Group 3 (N = 7), 50,000 units of superoxide dismutase was administered as a bolus prior to removal of the aortic cross-clamp, followed by an additional 10,000 units per minute for 10 minutes as in Group 2. The postoperative neurological status was assessed by Tarlov's criteria. There was no significant difference in aortic cross-clamp time among the three groups. Paraplegia developed in 4 animals in Group 1; the remaining 4 dogs had paraparesis. In Group 2, paraparesis developed in 2 of 8 dogs; the other 6 had no neurological injury. All the animals in Group 3 had complete recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular mechanism of transcription-repair coupling

Lesions in the transcribed strand block transcription and are repaired more rapidly than lesions in the nontranscribed (coding) strand which do not block RNA polymerase (RNAP). It has been shown previously that in Escherichia coli the mfd (mutation frequency decline) gene is necessary for strand-specific repair. The mfd gene was cloned and sequenced and the Mfd protein was purified and used to reconstitute strand-specific repair in a completely defined system. The mfd gene encodes a protein of 130 kilodaltons and contains the so-called "helicase motifs," a leucine zipper motif, and regions of sequence similarity to UvrB and RecG proteins. The Mfd protein was shown to (i) displace RNAP stalled at a lesion in an adenosine triphosphate-dependent reaction, (ii) bind to the damage recognition subunit (UvrA) of the excision nuclease, and (iii) stimulate the repair of the transcribed strand only when transcription is taking place. Thus, Mfd appears to target the transcribed strand for repair by recognizing a stalled RNAP and actively recruiting the repair enzyme to the transcription blocking lesion as it dissociates the stalled RNAP.
Simultaneous Determination of Adenosine, Inosine, Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, and Uric Acid in Microdialysis Samples Using Microbore Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Diode Array Detector

In the myocardial interstitial space, adenosine and its metabolites are important markers of ischemia, regulators of blood flow, and may produce cardioprotection against ischemia. A fast and sensitive method to assess the concentrations of adenosine and its metabolites is necessary to determine their involvement in mediating these effects. A method for the simultaneous determination of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in the interstitial fluid of the canine myocardium was developed using microdialysis, microbore column high-performance liquid chromatography, and a photo diode array detector (DAD). The microdialysis samples were injected directly onto a microbore C18 reverse-phase column without any prior sample preparation. Use of a DAD in this method provided many advantages. First, a DAD allowed the simultaneous detection of UV absorbance at multiple wavelengths, allowing the detection of each compound at their maximal UV absorbance. Further, the full UV absorption spectrum was recorded for each detected peak, confirming peak purity and identity. Using a microbore HPLC column and detection of UV absorbance at the maximal absorbance for each compound improve the sensitivity for all compounds. The detection limit of these compounds is 50 fmol (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 3). This method is useful in analyzing the temporal effect of a prolonged period of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion upon interstitial adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid concentrations in an in vivo canine model.
Evidence for the observation of supermagnetic iron clusters in ferromagnetic nickel-palladium alloys by the Mössbauer effect

Abstract Recent Mossbauer-effect measurements of Ferrando, Segnan, and Schindler are interpreted as evidence for the existence of super-paramagnetic iron clusters imbedded in a ferromagnetic nickel-palladium matrix. This phenomenon is expected to be quite general, and suggests a new Mossbauer-effect technique.
Long-term storage of blood prior to whole-blood lymphocyte culturing

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate the effect on blastogenesis of long-term storage of blood prior to whole-blood lymphocyte culturing. Peripheral blood from normal cattle was utilized. Blood from each animal was divided into 2 parts, A and B, following collection. Part A was left intact while RPMI-1640 culture medium was added to part B immediately following collection. Both parts were then kept at room temperature for a total of 7 days and a portion of each blood was tested every day. The cultures were incubated and assayed for [3H] thymidine incorporation into their DNA. It was observed that intact blood (A) was good for 4 days but deteriorated thereafter. Addition of RPMI-1640 to B prolonged the keeping quality of blood for 7 days prior to culturing. The possible application of these findings are discussed.
In situ electron yield detection of X-ray absorption fine structure of electrodes continuously emersed from electrolyte solutions

A method is described herein for the acquisition of in situ electron yield X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) data of solid electrodes continuously emersed from electrolyte solutions. The success of this measurement technique relies on two key features: (i) the use of a curtain-type He jet emerging from a torch blower impinging directly on the surface of the emersed electrode to decrease the thickness of the electrolyte dragged by the electrode and eliminate droplets adhered to the surface; and (ii) careful synchronization of the rates of rotation and data acquisition to average distortions derived from wobbling and surface imperfections. The capabilities of this novel strategy were illustrated using a Zn electrode continuously emersed from an alkaline solution as a model system. As is evident from the results obtained, passivation of the Zn electrode led to a shift in the Zn K-edge absorption energy toward higher values compared to metallic Zn, as would be expected for an oxidized surface. Subsequent polarization of the electrode at potentials negative enough to reduce the passive film yielded a Zn K-edge XAFS virtually identical to that observed for a conventional Zn foil recorded in the transmission mode.
Cadmium affects testes and semen of rabbits exposed before and after puberty.

Semen quality and testicular characteristics were measured in 92 rabbits in three controlled experiments with males exposed to cadmium chloride (Cd) when 12 or 27 weeks old. Doses of Cd were administered subcutaneously (s.c.), orally, or intravenously (i.v.) and subsets of animals were unilaterally castrated or not to evaluate the testes and to collect semen repeatedly from males when adults. There was considerable variability but Cd given at 12 weeks of age in doses of 0.08 mmol/kg s.c., 0.20 mmol/kg orally, and 0.02 mmol/kg i.v. tended to depress sperm output of these males when adults. The 0.02 mmol/kg dose given i.v., 0.4 mmol/kg orally, and 0.16 mmol/kg s.c. were lethal to many animals. Treatment of adults resulted in a generally similar pattern of systemic toxicity, and limited comparisons suggested that testicular sensitivity was slightly less than for young males. Androgenic function usually was maintained, as indicated by normal libido and seminal volumes even in males with reduced spermatogenesis. Necropsies confirmed previous findings of hyperemia, hemorrhaging, necrosis, and destruction of all spermatogenic elements in severely affected males.
Watershed modeling in the Tyrrhena Terra region of Mars

[1] Watershed analyses from high-resolution image (Viking, Mars Orbiter Camera, and Thermal Emission Imaging System) and topographic (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter [MOLA]) data are used to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize highland fluvial systems and analyze the role of water in the evolution of Tyrrhena Terra (13°S–30°S, 265°W–280°W), Mars. In this study, Geographical Information System software is used in conjunction with MOLA Digital Elevation Models to delineate drainage basin divides, extract valley networks, and derive basin and network morphometric parameters (e.g., drainage density, stream order, bifurcation ratio, and relief morphometry) useful in characterizing the geologic and climatic conditions of watershed formation, as well as for evaluating basin “maturity” and processes of watershed development. Model-predicted valley networks and watershed boundaries, which are dependent on the degree to which pixel sinks are filled in the topographic data set and a channelization threshold, are evaluated against image and topographic data, slope maps, and detailed maps of valley segments from photogeologic analyses. Valley morphologies, crater/valley relationships, and impact crater distributions show that valleys in Tyrrhena Terra are ancient. Based on geologic properties of the incised materials, valley and network morphologies, morphometric parameters, and the presence of many gullies heading at or near-crater rim crests, surface runoff, derived from rainfall or snowmelt, was the dominant erosional process; sapping may have only played a secondary role in valley formation in Tyrrhena Terra. Furthermore, spatial and temporal relationships of dissected highland materials and impact craters, suggests widespread, but relatively short-lived, erosion by runoff with most activity in the Noachian period.
On the Entropy of a Class of Irreversible Processes

We review a recent technique for determining the entropy change accompanying certain classes of irreversible processes involving changes in the state of a system anchored to a reservoir. Time is introduced as a parameter to specify the corresponding entropy evolution of the system. The procedural details are outlined and their relation to the standard treatment of irreversible processes is examined.
Glauberman-Isaacs Correspondence and Π-Brauer Characters

Abstract Suppose that a group A acts on a group G of coprime order; then the Glauberman-Isaacs correspondence defines a bijection between the A-invariant irreducible characters of G and the irreducible characters of the fixed-point subgroup C = CG(A). For a set of primes π, and a π-separable group G, the correspondent of an A-invariant π-Brauer character φ was defined as follows: find χ ∈ Bπ(G) ⊆ Irr(G) which is the canonical lift for φ, then take the correspondent of χ, and finally restrict the correspondent of χ to the π-elements of C. One of the main results of this paper is to show that the correspondent of an A-invariant π-Brauer character is obtained if one chooses any of its A-invariant lifts in Irr(G) and applies the above algorithm. Thus, in the case where χ lifts a π-Brauer character, we can say that application of the correspondent map commutes with application of the map which restricts characters to π-elements of the group. We show by example that these maps do not commute when χ is the lift of a sum of A-invariant π-Brauer characters, and prove a theorem characterizing this behavior when A is solvable.
Dependent Development and U.S. Economic Aid to Egypt

Egypt was firmly ensconced by the early 1980s in the ranks of the Third World's more dependent, financially troubled economies. The country's total foreign debt, under $4.7 billion in 1982–83.
Fuzzy logic versus niched Pareto multiobjective genetic algorithm optimization

A new multiobjective selection procedure for a genetic algorithm (GA) based on the paradigms of fuzzy logic is introduced, discussed and compared to the niched Pareto selection procedure. In the two example problems presented here (Schaffer's F2 problem and a simplified Born-Mayer potential) the fuzzy logic procedure optimized the parameters of functions in a manner of comparable efficiency to that of the niched Pareto approach. The two main advantages of the fuzzy logic approach over the niched Pareto approach are that the experimental error or `uncertainty' in the objective values can be accounted for and, unlike the niched Pareto approach, the efficiency of the fuzzy logic GA is shown to be independent of the number of objectives.
Conflicts between Regnum and Sacerdotium as Reflected in a Canterbury Psalter of ca. 1215

An English Psalter in Paris (Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 770) has never been seriously studied by art historians.1 Even the challenge of unidentified scenes has been neglected.2 Yet the extraordinary program of pictures contained in this book forms a unique historical document: the pictures present an allegory of the conflicts between regnum and sacerdotium, the Crown and the Church, in the period around 1200, and especially in the reign of King John. Political allegory was safely veiled by scriptural imagery and exegesis and hidden in a private liturgical book, but once deciphered the pictures appear as outspoken as the most extreme of contemporary treatises on kingship, and more powerful in their impact than the written word. The Psalter also deserves interest as a transitional production, made at a time when secular painters were beginning to provide illuminations for monastic books.
New Experimental and Theoretical Approach to the Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of NO2: Key Role of Molecular Nitric Acid and Its Complexes†

Although heterogeneous chemistry on surfaces in the troposphere is known to be important, there are currently only a few techniques available for studying the nature of surface-adsorbed species as well as their chemistry and photochemistry under atmospheric conditions of 1 atm pressure and in the presence of water vapor. We report here a new laboratory approach using a combination of long path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR that allows the simultaneous observation and measurement of gases and surface species. Theory is used to identify the surface-adsorbed intermediates and products, and to estimate their relative concentrations. At intermediate relative humidities typical of the tropospheric boundary layer, the nitric acid formed during NO2 heterogeneous hydrolysis is shown to exist both as nitrate ions from the dissociation of nitric acid formed on the surface and as molecular nitric acid. In both cases, the ions and HNO3 are complexed to water...
Prescription of tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention by primary care physicians.

Background Although tamoxifen citrate has been approved for primary reduction of breast cancer risk since 1998, little is known about the prescription of tamoxifen by primary care physicians. Methods To investigate the determinants of prescription of tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention by primary care physicians, we mailed a national survey to 350 primary care physicians, including specialties of family practice, obstetrics and gynecology, and general internal medicine, regarding past prescription of tamoxifen, intention to prescribe tamoxifen in hypothetical scenarios, and potential predisposing and enabling factors. Results Ninety-six physicians (27.4%) reported having prescribed tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention at least once in the prior 12 months. After multivariate adjustment, having prescribed tamoxifen was associated with the physician having a family member with breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-5.85), patients who asked for information about tamoxifen (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.44-11.04), and the beliefs that the benefits of tamoxifen outweighed the risks (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.07-3.24) and that eligibility was easy to determine (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.35-5.29). In hypothetical scenarios, the prescription of tamoxifen was affected by the patient's family history of breast cancer but not by her risk for endometrial cancer (ie, hysterectomy status). Conclusions A minority of primary care physicians have prescribed tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention. The decision to prescribe tamoxifen is affected by the ability to determine eligibility, patient demand, and personal experience with breast cancer as much as perceptions of the risks and benefits. A woman's risk of endometrial cancer from tamoxifen seems to have less impact on prescribing decisions than the magnitude of her breast cancer risk.