cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared-emitting squaraine dyes with high 2PA cross-sections for multiphoton fluorescence imaging

Designed to achieve high two-photon absorptivity, new near-infrared (NIR) emitting squaraine dyes, (E)-2-(1-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-4-(1-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-2H-pyrrolium-2-ylidene)-3-oxocyclobut-1-enolate (1) and (Z)-2-(4-(dibutylamino)-2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-(dibutyliminio)-2-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)-3-oxocyclobut-1-enolate (2), were synthesized and characterized. Their linear photophysical properties were investigated via UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy in various solvents, while their nonlinear photophysical properties were investigated using a combination of two-photon induced fluorescence and open aperture z-scan methods. Squaraine 1 exhibited a high two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-section (δ2PA), ∼20 000 GM at 800 nm, and high photostability with the photochemical decomposition quantum yield one order of magnitude lower than Cy 5, a commercially available pentamethine cyanine NI...
The volatility effects of nontrading for stock market returns

The effect of periods of nontrading on volatility is examined. The empirical evidence suggests that volatility is higher on days which follow a period of nontrading. A nonparametric kernel regression is used to estimate a diffusion model with a volatility term dependent on the number of days of prior nontrading. The nonparametric estimates suggest that the presence of a prior period of nontrading may increase the volatility as much as 35%. A moving blocks bootstrap, taking into account the dependence in observations, is used in conjunction with the nonparametric regression to show that the differences estimated are statistically significant.
Rate and extent of leakage of a magnetic resonance contrast agent tend to be lower under isoflurane anesthesia in comparison to halothane in a rat model of embolic stroke

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability by arterial spin labeling (ASL)- and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively were repeatedly measured under either halothane (N = 5) or isoflurane (N = 5) anesthesia in a rat stroke model of embolic occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA). Cerebral blood flow measurements were made after MCA embolization, following intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment at 3 hours post-ictus and again at 48 hours. Blood–brain barrier opening was examined after rtPA infusion and again at 48 hours. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and significance considered at P < 0·05. The extent and magnitude of CBF reduction due to stroke did not differ between the two groups. Blood-to-brain forward rate constant, Ktrans, a measure of BBB permeability, for an MRI contrast agent gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), was elevated in the ipsilateral hemisphere in both coh...
A triplet-singlet transition of s-tetrazine☆

Abstract A very weak but sharp absorption system of s -tetrazine vapor has been found to extend from 8000 to 6000 A. It is characterized by a single progression of bands whose relative intensities require an appreciable change of geometric structure, confined mainly to the NN bonds and NCN angles. A 134-m absorbing path reveals rotational structure in the OO band at 13 608 cm −1 . Analysis of the structure is consistent with one of the two geometry changes allowed by the vibrational analysis, namely, Δ r( NN ) = −0.06 A and Δ NCN = +3.4° . Intensity alternation in the rotational structure shows that the excited state is triplet. Since the five observed vibrational frequencies of the new state have nearly the same respective values as those of the 1 B 3 u state at 18 128 cm −1 , it is assumed that the orbital configuration of the excited state also is the same, that is, the excited state is 3 B 3 u .
Grammatical Morphemes and Conceptual Structure in Discourse Processing

The present paper analyzes how the semantic and pragmatic functions of closed class categories, or grammatical morphemes (i.e., inflections and function words), organize discourse processing. Grammatical morphemes tend to express a small set of conceptual distinctions that organize a wide range of objects and relations, usually expressed by content or open class words (i.e., nouns and verbs), into situations anchored to a discourse context. Therefore, grammatical morphemes and content words cooperate in guiding the construction of a situation model during discourse comprehension by specifying complementary aspects of described situations. The paper reviews and extends analytical and empirical evidence for this grammatical-conceptual correspondence, and suggests that the correspondence developed in response to the cognitive demands of discourse processing. Thus the distinction between open and closed linguistic categories is interpreted in terms of a fundamental correspondence between conceptual and linguistic structure that helps organize discourse processing.
Internal labor markets and the effects of structural change: Job mobility in Korean labor markets between 1998 and 2000

Abstract This study examines job mobility in Korean labor markets since the 1997 economic crisis. The rising job mobility in Korea is analyzed by focusing on structural change in labor markets. Using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study and discrete-time event history analysis, I estimate the job-stabilizing effects of internal labor markets and the effects of structural change on job mobility. The major findings are as follows: First, I found that internal labor markets were weakening between 1998 and 2000. Second, the job-stabilizing effects of internal labor markets on job mobility diminished between 1998 and 2000. Finally, the magnitude of the effects of internal labor markets on job mobility was contingent on the level of structural change. The effect of internal labor markets on job mobility was stronger in turbulent or contracting industries. This effect, however, also became weaker over time. The implications for Korean labor markets are discussed.
Comparative mutagenesis of quinolines.

Abstract Quinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 8-nitroquinoline, and 8-aminoquinoline are mutagenic in Salmonella when assayed by histidine reversion. Metabolic activation is required for the maximal effect. Frameshift mutagenesis appears to be the mechanism with 8-nitro- and 8-aminoquinoline. Quinoline and 8-hydroxyquinoline affect only the sensitive TA100 (missense, R factor) strain. 8-Amino-and 8-hydroxyquinolines induce chromatid aberrations in human leukocytes. 8-Nitroquinoline has no effect at the concentrations tested. 8-Aminoquinoline is not effective in yeast when assayed by forward mutation, gene conversion, or mitotic recombination; fluctuation tests show a weak effect. 8-aminoquinoline is not an effective mutagen in Drosophila when assayed for sex-linked recessive lethals by an adult feeding method.
A Laser Flash Photolysis Study of Some Simple Para-Substituted Derivatives of Singlet Phenyl Nitrene

The photochemistry of several para-substituted aryl azides was studied by laser flash photolysis (LFP) techniques in pentane. Para F, Cl, Br, I, CH3 ,C F 3, COCH3, OCH3, and NO2 substituted aryl azides were studied. LFP of aryl azides generates singlet aryl nitrenes which were detected in absorption with maxima between 300 and 365 nm in pentane. The nitrene decay can be fit to an exponential function and analyzed to yield observed rate constant, kobs, which was measured as a function of temperature. The value of kobs ) kR + kISC where kR and kISC are the rate constants of nitrene rearrangement to azirine intermediates and intersystem crossing to the lower energy triplet states, respectively. Values of kobs decrease as the temperature is reduced and reach a limiting value attributed to kISC. Assuming that kISC is temperature independent allows values of kR to be deduced along with the Arrhenius parameters to cyclization for para CH3 ,C F 3, COCH3, F, Cl, and Br singlet phenyl nitrenes. The Arrhenius parameters to rearrangement closely resemble those of parent singlet phenyl nitrene with the exception of the para bromo compound. For para I and OCH3, kISC is large and prevents measurement of kR. The increased rate of intersystem crossing in these two singlet nitrenes is due to heavyatom and to electron-donation effects, respectively. No transient absorptions were detected upon LFP of p-nitrophenyl azide.
Elevated postoperative inflammatory biomarkers are associated with short- and medium-term cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery surgery

We tested the hypothesis that elevated postoperative interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations are associated with short- and medium-term impairment of cognitive functions in patients after coronary artery surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Eighty-six age- and education-balanced patients ≥55 years of age undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and 28 nonsurgical controls with coronary artery disease were enrolled. Recent verbal and nonverbal memory and executive functions were assessed before surgery and at 1 week and 3 months after surgery using a cognitive test battery. IL-6 concentrations were measured before surgery and 4 h after cardiopulmonary bypass, and CRP concentrations were measured before surgery and at 24 and 72 h after anesthetic induction. Overall cognitive function between high and low biomarker concentration groups was analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Recent memory was at least 1 standard deviation (SD) impaired at 1 week and 3 months in the high-CRP compared with low-CRP and in the high-IL-6 compared with low-IL-6 concentration groups. Overall cognitive function was significantly (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively) different between the high- and low-CRP concentration groups (CRP assayed 24 h after anesthetic induction) at both 1 week and 3 months. Overall cognitive function was also significantly (P = 0.04) different between the high- and low-IL-6 concentration groups at 1 week after surgery. The results suggest that elevated postoperative IL-6 and CRP concentrations are associated with the subsequent development of short- and medium-term impairment of cognitive functions after coronary artery surgery.
Crosstalk-Free Condition for Land/Groove Recording of Optical Discs

A simple equation which gives the crosstalk-free condition for land/groove recording of optical discs is deduced. Making use of this equation, the groove depth which minimizes the crosstalk from adjacent tracks is easily calculated. For simultaneous suppression of both the on-groove crosstalk and the on-land crosstalk, two practical approaches are proposed for the phase modulation discs. This equation is also of use in the signal estimation of optical discs.
Image Algebra And Its Relationship To Neural Networks

In this paper we show that the mathematical theory known as image algebra not only incorporates the mathematics underlying artificial neural networks, but also provides for novel methods of neural computing. These methods are not covered by current neural network models but are an intrinsic part of the image algebra. In this sense, image algebra provides a mathematical framework for a more general theory of artificial neural networks and a language for computing with neural networks.
Hydrogen bonding in solid alcohols

Abstract Polarized ir spectra of single crystals of solid alcohols have shown that the OH stretching vibration, v (OH), is always split into two components. Spectra of partially-deuterated solid alcohols have demonstrated that the appearance of two bands is due to crystal splitting. This splitting can be explained by nearest-neighbor or first-order coupling of the vibrations of adjacent OH groups along the hydrogen bond chain. The decoupled OH stretching vibration of these alcohols gives a narrow singlet absorption with a half bandwidth as low as 30 cm −1 . Thus, v (OH) of solid alcohols is not inherently broad, but gains breadth as a result (direct or indirect) of the coupling between OH groups. A study of partially-deuterated liquid alcohols indicates that coupling plays only a small part in the v (OH) bandwidth in liquids. Therefore, different mechanisms control the OH bandwidth in liquid and solid alcohols.
Proton beam generation of oblique whistler waves

It is known that ion beams are capable of generating whistler waves that propagate parallel to the mean magnetic field. Such waves may have been observed both upstream of the earth's bow shock and in the vicinity of comets. Previous analyses are extended to include propagation oblique to the mean magnetic field. The instability is generated by the perpendicular component of free energy in the ions, which can arise either via a temperature anisotropy or via a gyrating distribution. In the former case, the generation of whistler waves is confined to a fairly narrow cone of propagation directions centered about parallel propagation; in the latter case, the maximum growth of the instability can occur at fairly large obliquities (theta equal to about 50 deg).
Exercise effects on postprandial glycemia, mood, and sympathovagal balance in type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Objectives To compare the impact of walking with a recreational activity on postprandial glycemia, heart rate variability, and mood state following the dinner meal. Design Participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) participated in 3 trials on different days in random order after ingestion of a standardized dinner meal (300 ± 6 kcals). Setting University clinical testing laboratory. Participants Twelve participants (9 female, 3 male; 58.7 ± 2.4 years) with uncomplicated T2D not taking insulin or beta-blocker medications. Intervention Thirty minutes of self-paced walking on a treadmill (TM), 30 minutes of table tennis played continuously against the iPong robot (TT), and 30 minutes of rest (CON) undertaken 30 minutes after the start of ingestion of the same dinner meal on three occasions within a week. Measurements Blood glucose was measured at 30-minute intervals through 180 minutes starting immediately prior to the dinner meal. Profile of Mood States was completed before and immediately following exercise or rest. Sympathovagal balance (heart rate variability) was measured prior to eating and 30 minutes after trial completion. Results Compared with TT or CON, TM resulted in significantly lower postprandial blood glucose (P Conclusions Thirty minutes of self-paced walking following the dinner meal may be more effective at lowering postprandial glycemia in T2D than a similar duration of table tennis played continuously against a robot.
Effect of parameterized sub-grid-scale diffusions on the source-receptor relationship in the WRF model

[1] To provide a quantitative assessment of the source-receptor relationship in an Eulerian framework, the method of artificially adding oscillatory signals with different frequencies to emission locations for a scalar is evaluated. Two-dimensional numerical experiments of nonlinear hydrostatic mountain waves with wave breaking were used. The scalar time series were collected at a number of downstream locations and decomposed into frequency space to identify their sources and to investigate the strength of those signals with respect to different diffusion schemes. Six experiments were conducted using three sub-grid eddy coefficients (a constant, a function of deformation, and a function of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE)) and two environmental wind conditions (shear and no shear). Simulated oscillatory signals were affected by parameterized sub-grid-scale diffusions. Signals experiencing more sophisticated eddy coefficients were better preserved than those with the simplest constant ones. The signals were shifted to higher frequencies when using the TKE scheme under a uniform wind environment.
Age‐dependent cell death in the olfactory cortex: Lack of transneuronal degeneration in neonates

Adult olfactory cortical neurons in layer IIa undergo fulminant transneuronal degeneration after removal of afferent olfactory bulb fibers (Price, '76, Neurosci Abst. 2:161; Heimer and Kalil, '78, J. Comp. Neurol 178:559-609). This provides an unusual example of dependence of a mature population of neurons on axonal input. In order to investigate whether similar transneuronal degeneration occurs in immature animals, a series of rats were subjected to unilateral olfactory bulb removal at various ages during the first 3 postnatal weeks. The brains were examined for degeneration after short survivals by use of the de Olmos cupric silver method, which selectively stains degenerating neurons. In addition, animals with long survivals were examined with the HRP retrograde tracing method, in order to determine if cells that survive the acute effects of deafferentation develop normal patterns of connections. Young neurons are more resistant to the effects of olfactory bulb removal than more mature neurons. There was little degeneration of cortical neurons after bulb ablation during the first 2 postnatal, weeks. Although layer IIa does not become distinct from layer IIb in, these experimental animals, cells that have connections normally characteristic of the cells of layer IIa, and are situated at the superficial edge of layer II, were identified with the HRP method. The severity of transneuronal degeneration increases and becomes adultlike between the second and third postnatal weeks. This increase in transneuronal degeneration is temporally associated with a progressive reduction in axonal sprouting following deafferentation during the first 3 postnatal weeks, as described in the companion paper (Friedman and Price, '86). Thus, axon sprouting may “protect” the immature IIa neurons from the effects of removal of the fibers from the olfactory bulb. A period of normal cell death has also been identified in olfactory cortex by the use of the de Olmos cupric silver method. This cellular degeneration is much less severe and has a different time course and laminar distribution than the transneuronal degeneration produced by olfactory bulb ablation in adults. Although normal cell death appears to be potentiated by removal of the olfactory bulb on postnatal day 1, it is clearly a different process from the transneuronal reaction.
Medical applications of laser-induced fluorescence: pharmacokinetics of photosensitizers

Laser-induced fluorescence has been used to measure tissue levels of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate versus time in order to determine its pharmacokinetics. A hamster cheek pouch carcinoma model was used in vivo. The data have been modeled using a four compartment pharmacokinetic model, yielding rate constants which describe the transport. A minimum of 13 rate constants was needed to achieve acceptable fits to the tumor and normal tissue as well as plasma data. The model gives insight into the role of binding and unbinding processes that are not otherwise evident.
Improving speech audibility with wide dynamic range compression in listeners with severe sensorineural loss.

Objective: In contrast to fitting strategies for linear amplification, which have been refined frequently for listeners with different degrees of hearing loss, we know relatively little about the effects of wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) amplification for listeners with severe auditory thresholds. The primary objective of this study was to determine if increases in audibility with WDRC amplification improved speech recognition to a comparable degree for listeners with different degrees of hearing loss. Design: Listeners with mild to moderate or severe sensorineural loss were tested on recognition of vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) syllables and sentences digitally processed with linear and WDRC amplification. The speech materials were presented under conditions of controlled audibility, in which WDRC amplification improved speech audibility over linear amplification. Presentation levels were chosen to provide equivalent increases in audibility with WDRC amplification for both listener groups. A control condition in which audibility was equated for the two amplification conditions was also included. Results: Recognition results for VCV stimuli indicated that both listener groups received the same benefit from the improved audibility provided by WDRC amplification. Results for sentence recognition showed a greater benefit of WDRC amplification for listeners with mild to moderate than for listeners with severe loss. Conclusions: Increasing the amount of audible speech information with WDRC has similar effects on consonant recognition for listeners with different degrees of hearing loss. Differences in sentence recognition for listeners with different degrees of loss may be due to processing effects or to differences in available acoustic information for longer segments of WDRC-amplified speech.
A comparison of carotid artery stenting with neuroprotection versus carotid endarterectomy under local anesthesia

Background: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) reduce the risk of stroke in patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis. Despite the known impact of type of anesthesia on outcome after CEA, none of the current studies comparing CEA with CAS addresses the effect of anesthetic choice on penoperative events. In this study, we compare our results of distally protected CAS versus CEA under local anesthesia. Methods: Clinical data of 345 patients who underwent 372 procedures for carotid artery occlusive disease over a 36-month were retrospectively collected for this analysis. Distal embolic protection was used in CAS procedures. All procedures, both CEA (n = 221, 59%) and CAS (N = 152, 41%), were performed under local anesthesia. The primary outcome measure was aggregate 30-day major ipsilateral stroke and/or death. Follow-up serial Duplex ultrasound examinations were performed. Results: Both patient cohorts were similar in terms of demographic and risk factors, with the exception of a higher incidence of coronary artery disease in the CAS group (59% versus 30%, P <.05). The 30-day stroke and death rates were 3.2% (CAS) and 3.7% (CEA) (P = not significant). Cranial nerve injury only occurred in the CEA patients (2.3%). Perioperative hemodynamic instability was more common among patients in the CAS group (11.9% versus 4.1%, P <.05). Conclusions: Percutaneous carotid stenting with neuroprotection provides comparable clinical success to CEA performed under local anesthetic. Further studies are warranted to validate the long-term efficacy of CAS and to elucidate patient selection criteria for endovascular carotid revascularization.
Roadway Lighting Design Methodology And Evaluation

Theoretical methods are usually performed for ideal conditions to determine the illuminance and luminance but other design limitations should be considered in the real world. Also the visibility level is calculated by using background and target luminance under ideal conditions. In reality, there are many factors, which are very difficult to predict and include in lighting design equation. Human eye is also a complex device it is difficult to accurately design an outdoor illumination system just simply based on numerous theoretical assumptions. RP-8 is using for theoretical calculation of light distribution on pavement. This calculation method needs to include some correction constant for parameters such as pavement is not level, maintenance for cleaning, aging lamps lamp reflector and refractor is not centered, lamp is off center and tilted, pole is not vertical to the pavement, voltage fluctuation, photodetectors response, ambient temperature factors, reliability of illuminaires, roads crowned, and superelevation.
Building Support for the ERA: A Case of “Too Much, Too Late”

A case can be made that non-ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a classic example of "snatching defeat from the jaws of victory." After all, the ERA had received overwhelming support in both houses of Congress, passing by a vote of 354 to 23 in the House and 84 to 8 in the Senate. Both major political parties had repeatedly supported the ERA in their national party platforms; not until 1980 did one party (the Republican) adopt a stance of neutrality. Every President from Truman to Carter had endorsed the amendment. And, by the end of the campaign for state ratification, more than 450 organizations with a total membership of over 50 million were on record in support of the ERA. While the amendment was before Congress in 1970-72, lobbying for the ERA was heavy and well-organized, and no countervailing forces were ever mobilized in any effective way. In view of this broad base of political and public support for the amendment, and little visible opposition, a reasonable prognosis in 1972 was that it would be ratified by the required 38 states long before the original deadline of March 22, 1979, set by Congress.
Assessing net carbon sequestration on urban and community forests of northern New England, USA

a b s t r a c t Urban and community forests play an important role in the overall carbon budget of the USA. Accurately quantifying carbon sequestration by these forests can provide insight for strategic planning to mitigate greenhouse gas effects on climate change. This study provides a new methodology to estimate net forest carbon sequestration (FCS) in urban and community lands of northern New England using ground based forest growth rates, housing density data, satellite derived land cover and tree canopy cover maps at the county level. We estimated that the region's urban and community forests sequestered 603,200 tC/yr ($38.7 million/yr value), contributing 8.2% of regional net forest ecosystem carbon sequestration. The contributions at the state level varied from 2.3% in Vermont to 16.6% in New Hampshire with substantial variation at the county level up to 73.3%. Spatially, contribution rates from urban and community forests at the county level were much higher and concentrated in southeast portion of NH and southwest portion of ME along the coast, and decreased toward inland areas. Our estimated net FCS compared reasonably with gross FCS in the region reported by a previous study. On average, the net FCS was 34.2% lower (varying from 41.9% lower in Vermont to 28.1% lower in Maine) than the corresponding gross FCS mainly because of a lower regional average net growth rate used in this study, compared to the national average gross carbon sequestration rate used in the previous study. © 2012 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
Asperger's syndrome and non-verbal communication: a pilot study

The study investigated the ability of 10 patients with Asperger's syndrome to recognize and produce non-verbal aspects of facial and spoken (e.g. vocal intonation) communication by use of photographs, audiotape and videotape. It also aimed to establish materials to differentiate individuals with this condition from a comparable non-Asperger group. Asperger subjects tended to be poorer than comparable patients on all subtests.
Dynamic channel allocation performance under uneven traffic distribution conditions

We study the performance of dynamic and fixed channel allocation methods in an interference-limited cellular system under unbalanced load conditions. In the model developed, the channel assignment process is distributed and is governed by the interference environment (C/I). In addition, power control is used in a distributed manner to improve the C/I of an active (call in progress), or inactive channel ( for call admission). System performance is addressed through blocking probability, throughput and call quality. The effect of interference on the efficiency of the above system as compared to FCA is explored under various load imbalances. The sensitivity of the system to load imbalance is also assessed. It is concluded that DCA offers improved throughput performance, responds well to load variations and mobility, and is suitable for distributed implementation.
Multidimensional phase unwrapping for consistent APF estimation

The instantaneous amplitude, phase, and frequency (APF) characterize a nonstationary signal on a fundamental level. In this paper, we seek to obtain a consistent multidimensional APF where the estimated phase and frequency agree and where the frequency can be obtained as the gradient of an analytical phase model. Currently existing multidimensional phase unwrapping algorithms are incapable of providing this because they erroneously assume bandlimits on the trajectory of the instantaneous frequency and thus suffer from the "phase aliasing" phenomenon. We present a new multidimensional phase unwrapping algorithm based on tensor product splines that does not make this assumption and thereby largely eliminates the deleterious effects of phase aliasing.
Multiplexed detection of serological cancer markers with plasmon-enhanced Raman spectro- immunoassay†

Circulating biomarkers have emerged as promising non-invasive, real-time surrogates for cancer diagnosis, prognostication and monitoring of therapeutic response. Emerging data, however, suggest that single markers are inadequate in describing complex pathologic transformations. Architecting assays capable of parallel measurements of multiple biomarkers can help achieve the desired clinical sensitivity and specificity while conserving patient specimen and reducing turn-around time. Here we describe a plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopic assay featuring nanostructured biomolecular probes and spectroscopic imaging for multiplexed detection of disseminated breast cancer markers cancer antigen (CA) 15-3, CA 27-29 and cancer embryonic antigen (CEA). In the developed SERS assay, both the assay chip and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) tags are functionalized with monoclonal antibodies against CA15-3, CA27-29 and CEA, respectively. Sequential addition of biomarkers and functionalized SERS tags onto the functionalized assay chip enable the specific recognition of these biomarkers through the antibody-antigen interactions, leading to a sandwich spectro-immunoassay. In addition to offering extensive multiplexing capability, our method provides higher sensitivity than conventional immunoassays and demonstrates exquisite specificity owing to selective formation of conjugated complexes and fingerprint spectra of the Raman reporter. We envision that clinical translation of this assay may further enable asymptomatic surveillance of cancer survivors and speedy assessment of treatment benefit through a simple blood test.
What Causes the Divergences in Local Second-Order Closure Models?

Abstract It has been known for three decades that in the case of buoyancy-driven flows the widely used second-order closure (SOC) level-2.5 turbulence models exhibit divergences that render them unphysical in certain domains. This occurs when the dimensionless temperature gradient Gh (defined below) approaches a critical value Gh(cr) of the order of 10; thus far, the divergences have been treated with ad hoc limitations of the type where τ is the eddy turnover time scale, g is the gravitational acceleration, α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, T is the mean potential temperature, and z is the height. It must be noted that large eddy simulation (LES) data show no such limitation. The divergent results have the following implications. In most of the ∂T/∂z < 0 portion of a convective planetary boundary layer (PBL), a variety of data show that τ increases with z, −∂T/∂z decreases with z, and Gh decreases with z. As one approaches the surface layer from above, at some zcr (∼0.2H, H is the PBL height), G...
Loss of EZH2 results in precocious mammary gland development and activation of STAT5-dependent genes

Establishment and differentiation of mammary alveoli during pregnancy are controlled by prolactin through the transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B (STAT5), which also regulate temporal activation of mammary signature genes. This study addressed the question whether the methyltransferase and transcriptional co-activator EZH2 controls the differentiation clock of mammary epithelium. Ablation of Ezh2 from mammary stem cells resulted in precocious differentiation of alveolar epithelium during pregnancy and the activation of mammary-specific STAT5 target genes. This coincided with enhanced occupancy of these loci by STAT5, EZH1 and RNA Pol II. Limited activation of differentiation-specific genes was observed in mammary epithelium lacking both EZH2 and STAT5, suggesting a modulating but not mandatory role for STAT5. Loss of EZH2 did not result in overt changes in genome-wide and gene-specific H3K27me3 profiles, suggesting compensation through enhanced EZH1 recruitment. Differentiated mammary epithelia did not form in the combined absence of EZH1 and EZH2. Transplantation experiments failed to demonstrate a role for EZH2 in the activity of mammary stem and progenitor cells. In summary, while EZH1 and EZH2 serve redundant functions in the establishment of H3K27me3 marks and the formation of mammary alveoli, the presence of EZH2 is required to control progressive differentiation of milk secreting epithelium during pregnancy.
Effects of Forced Hot Air on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Survival

Abstract Exposure of dewatered zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) to forced (moving) air substantially increased mortality compared to that in still air. Estimated times to a 50% mortality in moving air were 32.7 h at 25°C, 4.6 h at 35°C, and 1.4 h at 45°C.
Evaluation of Veterans' Suicide Risk With the Use of Linguistic Detection Methods

Objective:Many people who die from suicide received recent medical care prior to their death. Suicide risk assessment tools for health care settings focus on a variety of clinical and demographic factors but generally do not examine the text of notes written by clinicians about patients who later die from suicide. This study examined whether clinicians’ notes indicated increased use of distancing language during the year preceding patients’ suicide.Methods:The linguistic content of clinicians’ notes for outpatients of U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers was examined in the year preceding suicide of 63 veterans. Approximately half of the veterans had received mental health services. They were matched based on mental health service use with living VA outpatients. Linguistics software was used to construct quantitative theme-based categories related to distancing language and to examine temporal trends via keyword analysis.Results:Analysis of clinical notes for outpatients who died from ...
Attribution of Responsibility and Trust in the Milgram Obedience Experiment1

The two primary theoretical explanations for the findings of the Milgram (1963, 1974) obedience studies are that of Milgram, stressing the role of relinquished responsibility to the authority on the one hand, and that of Mixon (1971, 1972), for whom trust in the experimenter is the key element on the other hand. The aim of the 2 studies reported in this article, using edited portions of the film Obedience (Milgram, 1965), was to explore the naive social perceiver's understanding of the dynamics of obedience to authority through his or her attributions about responsibility and trust, and thereby to provide some input into the theoretical controversy between Milgram and Mixon. Both studies were more supportive of Milgram's than of Mixon's position.
Analysis of power system disturbances based on distribution-level phasor measurements

The Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET) takes GPS-synchronized wide-area measurements in a low-cost, easily deployable manner at the 120V distribution level. It has been monitoring the North American power grid since 2004. Various advanced situational awareness tools have been added using FNET data. Examples include disturbance alert, event location triangulation, oscillation detection, and a number of real-time visualization tools. Power system disturbances characteristics in North American power grid is examined in this paper based on FNET captured events from 2009 to 2010. Further, this paper investigates system dynamics during several major disturbances in Eastern Interconnection and Western Interconnection captured by FNET in 2010.
Sequential Bayesian learning in linear networks with random decision making

In this paper, we consider the problem of social learning when decisions by agents in a network are made randomly. The agents receive private signals and use them for decision making on binary hypotheses under which the signals are generated. The agents make the decisions sequentially one at a time. All the agents know the decisions of the previous agents. We study a setting where the agents instead of making deterministic decisions by maximizing personal expected utility, they act randomly according to their private beliefs. We propose a method by which the agents learn from the previous agents' random decisions using the Bayesian theory. We define the concept of social belief about the truthfulness of the two hypotheses and analyze its convergence. We provide performance and convergence analysis of the proposed method as well as simulation results that include comparisons with a deterministic decision making system.
Rag1 Aphid Resistant Soybeans Alter the Movement and Distribution of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Herbivorous insects often move and distribute according to the quality of the plant they are on, and this behavior could influence interactions with plants bred for herbivore resistance. However, when an insect is normally considered sedentary, less is known about the potential importance of movement. We performed experiments to determine if a resistant soybean variety alters the movement and distribution, both within and between plants, of the soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura. We did this by counting apterous aphids on leaves of resistant and susceptible soybean plants across several days. In individual plant tests aphid distribution was different between susceptible and resistant soybeans. Most notably aphids on resistant plants were quickly found off the original leaf on which they were placed and were ultimately distributed throughout the resistant soybean. Aphids on susceptible plants, however, tended to stay on their initial leaf of placement. Follow up experiments indicated this was primarily because of the movement of individuals and not differential demography on various plant parts. In experiments where aphids were able to walk to an adjacent plant there appeared to be a net movement of aphids off resistant plants and on to susceptible plants. Aphid populations on susceptible plants were higher when the plant was adjacent to a resistant plant than when adjacent to another susceptible plant. The effect of resistant plants on aphid movement and distribution could lead to unintended side-effects such as greater spread of plant viruses or altered effectiveness of biological control agents.
Parse's Theory of Human Becoming in Practice with Hospitalized Adolescents:

This article demonstrates the use of Parse's theory of human becoming in the care of hospitalized adolescents and their families. The practice dimensions of the theory are described and scenarios from nursing practice serve to illustrate the usefulness of the theory with the adolescent population. Strengths and limitations of the theory are discussed within the context of nursing practice.
Benzidine N-Glucuronidation by Human, Rat, and Dog Liver

Abstract Hepatic N-glucuronidation is proposed to be an important pathway for metabolism of aromatic amine carcinogens and was assessed in human, rat, and dog. Benzidine and its monoacetylated product N-acetylbenzidine were glucuronidated. The latter was identified as an N′-glucuronide. Both glucuronides were acid labile with t1/2s of approximately 5 min at pH 5.3 and 37 °C. In plasma, the stability of both glucuronides increased. Irrespective of the detergent used to increase microsomal activity, the relative amount of glucuronidation was human > dog > rat. N-Glucuronidation of N,N′-diacetylbenzidine was not detected. Following incubation with 3H-benzidine, liver slices from all three species produced N-glucuronides. However, only human and rat slices produced N-acetylbenzidine N′-glucuronide. The stability of these N-glucuronides in plasma and their lability in acidic urine provides a mechanism by which these detoxified products are transported to the bladder and then recycled to the arylamine. A model ...
Why the Child's Theory of Mind Really Is a Theory

How do children (and indeed adults) understand the mind? In this paper we contrast two accounts. One is the view that the child's early understanding of mind is an implicit theory analogous to scientific theories, and changes in that understanding may be understood as theory changes. The second is the view that the child need not really understand the mind, in the sense of having some set of beliefs about it. She bypasses conceptual understanding by operating a working model of the mind and reading its
Exploiting Domain Knowledge in Aspect Extraction

Aspect extraction is one of the key tasks in sentiment analysis. In recent years, statistical models have been used for the task. However, such models without any domain knowledge often produce aspects that are not interpretable in applications. To tackle the issue, some knowledge-based topic models have been proposed, which allow the user to input some prior domain knowledge to generate coherent aspects. However, existing knowledge-based topic models have several major shortcomings, e.g., little work has been done to incorporate the cannot-link type of knowledge or to automatically adjust the number of topics based on domain knowledge. This paper proposes a more advanced topic model, called MC-LDA (LDA with m-set and c-set), to address these problems, which is based on an Extended generalized Polya urn (E-GPU) model (which is also proposed in this paper). Experiments on real-life product reviews from a variety of domains show that MCLDA outperforms the existing state-of-the-art models markedly.
Roma Rights and the Production of Scandalous Ethnicity in the Romanian Written Media

This paper analyzes the discourses around ethnicity, nationalism, and Roma rights that circulated in the Romanian media after the 1989 collapse of authoritarianism. It illuminates an interesting dynamic played out at the intra-national and inter-national levels, in a case where the notion of minority rights has been at least partly unsuccessful in contributing to a decrease in the amount of Roma-oriented media hostility. It contends that one cannot grasp the reasons for the partial failure of minority rights debates to transform oppressive majoritarian discourses and make room for appropriate ethnic representations unless one looks beyond the nation state to the global network of power relations within which countries are embedded. Specifically, minority rights are rendered partly inefficient in a state whose majority population is constructed in pejorative terms and often conflated with the Roma, an already stigmatized ethnic minority, by narratives produced within EU sites of power. Much of the Romanian media responds by constructing a clear-cut boundary between the Roma and the ethnic Romanians: it seeks to reveal what the Roma are really like, by describing them in disparaging, scandalous ways (the suggestion being that ethnic Romanians are everything that the Roma are not: honest, peaceful, hard-working citizens). The power relations between the two ethnic groups are thus being inverted: the Roma have always been disadvantaged by the Romanian majority; however, Romanian newspapers suggest that it is they (the Roma) who are aggressing us, the respectable Romanian folk. This (heavily gendered) reversal undermines the notion of minority rights.
Breast cancer: The debate over post-mastectomy radiotherapy should continue.

On the basis of an Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group meta-analysis, it has been suggested that the controversy over post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) for women with 1–3 involved lymph nodes should end. However, the meta-analysis lacks appropriate sample size, stratification, and uses outdated systemic regimens. Thus, the debate should continue.
STL Technology

The application of state-of-the-art bipolar I.C. device and process technologies to the fabrication of Schottky Transistor logic is discussed. The special requirements of a dual Schottky barrier-height metal system is reviewed and the performance and density of STL utilizing minimum features ranging from 5 µm to less than 1.5 µm is shown including minimum gate delays below .5 nsec and power-delay product below 50 femto-Joules. An example of an STL circuit implemented with an automatically routed gate array is shown.
Host Parasitism and Progeny Production of Two Strains of the Parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Host parasitism and progeny production were determined for two strains of the parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker), reared on house fly, Musca domestica L., hosts. One strain (NY) was collected in New York State and has been reared in the laboratory for ca. 2 years while the other strain (MA) was originally collected in Woods Hole, Mass., and maintained in the laboratory for 30 years. NY females parasitized >2-fold as many hosts and produced nearly 2-fold as many progeny as MA females. In addition, adult longevity of NY was significantly longer than that of MA. Size of the females, determined by head width measurements, did not differ between the two strains. Differences between the two strains appear to be due either to intrinsic population differences (since each strain was collected in a geographically different region) or to the effects of long-term rearing on the MA strain, or both. Information obtained from this study suggests that NY would probably be more effective as a biological control agent than MA.
Susceptibility of Predaceous Hemipteran Species to Selected Insecticides on Soybean in Louisiana

Toxicity of selected insecticides to hemipteran predators [i.e., Geocoris punctipes (Say), Nabis capsifonnis Germar, Nabis roseipennis Reuter, and Podisus maculiventris (Say)] was evaluated by contact with foliar residues and indirectly through the consumption of prey [i.e. soybean looper, Pseudoplusia include118 (Walker)] previously exposed to insecticides. Methyl parathion and permethrin generally were more toxic than newer insecticides after predators were exposed to treated foliage. Chlorfenapyr caused contact toxicity equal to permethrin and methyl parathion. Exposure to foliage treated with emamectin benzoate resulted in lower mortality as compared with chlorfenapyr. Foliage treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki had the lowest contact toxicity to hemipteran predators of all insecticides tested. Standard insecticides (i.e., methyl parathion and thiodicarb) caused low indirect toxicity to hemipteran predators after consumption of treated prey. Chlorfenapyr caused significantly greater indirect toxicity than emamectin benzoate, permethrin, and thiodicarb to adult N. roseipennis. Consumption of chlorfenapyr-treated prey also caused significantly greater mortality than imidacloprid, permethrin, spinosad, and thiodicarb to G. punctipes adults. These results demonstrate that most of the newer compounds were more selective than older insecticides. This greater selectivity will enable soybean producers to combat pests but conserve resident beneficial arthropod populations that help restrain pest resurgence and prevent secondary pest outbreaks.