cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stahl Syndrome in Clinical Practice

In the current medical climate, it has become very difficult to develop a large experience in the management of congenital anomalies, especially extremely rare ones such as Stahl syndrome. Irregardless, we all can learn something helpful using some of the tips and techniques described by Giuseppe Andrea Ferraro and colleagues to perfect our own otoplasty results. Stahl syndrome is very apparent, with the irregular curvature secondary to the additional trifurcating crus [1,2]. As with other ear deformities, the thickness of the cartilage, the musculature of the ear, and the overlying skin relative to the surface area also contribute. What I find refreshing in this article is the ‘‘keeping it simple approach with a focused excision of aberrant cartilage ala Chongchet [1], redraping of skin, and use of the excised cartilage to splint the area. Most important, I enjoyed the tried and true use of a postoperative customized splint to maintain the new skin and cartilage position. We all have seen the benefits of appropriate stenting, either to correct newborn lop ears or cleft nose (nasoalveolar molding) or postoperatively to maintain a curved septum or to help shape a skin graft [3]. All too often we minimize our effort with the postoperative dressing. For years, I have used elastic gauze (Spandage) for facial and skull dressings, and agree that patients love it because it is less constricting, easier to access, and more effective than classic mastoid dressings. The surgical modifications described in the article differ from Chongchet’s reconstruction by eliminating an anterior incision and using the resected cartilage to help reconstruct and maintain the dead space. Although the series was small, I enjoyed the focused simplified approach and the great use of customized splints and simplified dressings to maintain results and increase patient compliance. It is clear that to get a predictable result, appropriate diagnosis and focused treatment are essential. The authors should be complimented for their direct minimal approach to the correction of a significant problem.
Involvement of bases 787-795 of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA in ribosomal subunit association

Abstract A nine-base DNA oligomer [d(GTATCTAAT)] was used to probe the accessibility and function of bases in the region 787-795 of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA. Hybridization of the cDNA [d(GTATCTAAT)] to 16S rRNA in situ was carried out by binding the probe to intact 30S ribosomal subunits. Nitrocellulose filter binding showed that cDNA hybridization saturated with increasing probe concentration, suggesting that the probe was binding to a discrete site or sites. RNase H digestion of the rRNA under the DNA . rRNA hybrid and sequencing of the resultant RNA fragments verified that the cDNA probe bound specifically to the 787-795 region. Hybridization experiments using the cDNA probe showed that bases in the 787-795 region of 16S rRNA are exposed on the surface of 30S subunits. The functional role of bases 787-795 was then tested by assaying various ribosomal activities with the cDNA in place. Results of these functional assays demonstrate that this 16S rRNA region is directly involved in the association of 30S and 50S subunits.
“Aplosspan:” a bilayer-length, ion-selective ionophore that functions in phospholipid bilayers

A structurally simple, novel, membrane-active ionophore has been designed, prepared, characterized, and shown to conduct Na(+), Cl(-), and carboxyfluorescein anions, probably as a dimer, across liposomal bilayers.
Accuracy in interpreting the paediatric ECG: a UK-wide study and the need for improvement

Background Paediatric ECG interpretation is significant for informed treatment of several conditions. Formal training in paediatric ECG is rarely undertaken. Methods A prospective survey based study module of UK-wide paediatricians registered with the UK Royal College of Paediatricians and Child Health (RCPCH) was conducted. 10 common clinical conditions seen in paediatrics for which there are recognisable ECGs had to be interpreted. After provision of an educational page, 10 further ECGs were presented. Findings 8450 RCPCH members were emailed a link to the online survey–study module, of whom 764 participated. Of these, 493 interpreted the first 10 ECGs, and 385 interpreted both sets of ECGs. The accuracy for the first ECGs was 61.5% (63.5% for those who participated in the whole survey), and after use of the educational page increased to 73.3%. This was independent from previous ECG training. Conclusions The use of an easily accessible online educational page improved the accuracy of paediatric ECG interpretation significantly. Internet based education can improve the accuracy of paediatric ECG interpretation and should be developed further.
Systems of C 60 molecules inside (10,10) and (15,15) nanotube: A Monte Carlo study

We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate properties of systems of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules inside (10,10) and (15,15) nanotubes. In the case of the (10,10) nanotube, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules form a quasi-one-dimensional system. The thermodynamical properties of this system such as energy and heat capacity are found to be very close to the properties of a one-dimensional system to which interaction with a nanotube is added. The structural properties are found to be insensitive to the quasi-one-dimensional nature of the system and are the same as those calculated for a one-dimensional system of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules. The transformation from a periodic to a nonperiodic state (``melting'') is a gradual one and cannot be detected through the heat capacity. Inside the (15,15) nanotube, a system of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules behaves differently. Most notably, the heat-capacity curve shows an extra peak when compared to the result for the (10,10) case. We show that this is due to the ``melting,'' i.e., transformation of a zigzag structure existing at low temperatures to a disordered one. We also show that systems with very high density $(g95%)$ do not show this peak and ``melt'' differently.
Extending the use and interpretation of ocean satellite data using Lagrangian modelling

We propose a new methodology for synthesizing satellite or in situ observations with ocean circulation velocity fields from an operational model. This is done by attaching values taken from the satellite observations to virtual particles seeded at the surface in the domain of a circulation model and advecting them in a Lagrangian fashion. It is then possible to track the fate and change in composition of individual water parcels between two satellite images, and hence estimate the change in satellite-derived properties along the trajectories of water parcels. The power of the method lies in deciphering the change in sea surface properties from satellite data in the Lagrangian (advective) frame. We use this to estimate rates of biological processes. Further, we generate a dynamically correct time-interpolation of satellite fields by considering the temporal change in water properties as occurring along trajectories of moving water parcels, rather than in a static medium. We use the methodology to interpret and interpolate MODIS satellite fields in the Gulf of Maine, which has notoriously intermittent satellite coverage. The dynamic interpretation is made possible for this region by the availability of time-specific velocity fields from an operational coastal circulation model.
The dependence of viral RNA replication on co-opted host factors

Positive-sense RNA ((+)RNA) viruses such as hepatitis C virus exploit host cells by subverting host proteins, remodelling subcellular membranes, co-opting and modulating protein and ribonucleoprotein complexes, and altering cellular metabolic pathways during infection. To facilitate RNA replication, (+)RNA viruses interact with numerous host molecules through protein-protein, RNA-protein and protein-lipid interactions. These interactions lead to the formation of viral replication complexes, which produce new viral RNA progeny in host cells. This Review presents the recent progress that has been made in understanding the role of co-opted host proteins and membranes during (+)RNA virus replication, and discusses common themes employed by different viruses.
Influence of tert -butyl alcohol on cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of pyrene

The effect oftert-butyl alcohol on complexes of pyrene and various cyclodextrins is investigated. The equilibrium constant for the complexation is derived from the fluorescence decay parameters. A greater than twofold enhancement of pyrene lifetime is observed in the presence oftert-butyl alcohol and β-cyclodextrin or γ-cyclodextrin. As the number of hydroxyl groups decreases, substituted β-cyclodextrins show smaller enhancements to both the fluorescence lifetime and the formation constant. These observations are explained by proposing that alcohol molecules are associated with the inclusion complex. This association increases the apparent hydrophobicity of the cyclodextrin cavity, protects the molecule from collisional quenching and deactivation, and provides additional rigidity to the system.
Characterization by Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Stable Cysteine Sulfenic Acid in a Cysteine Switch Peptide of Matrix Metalloproteinases

Cysteine sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) is an elusive intermediate in reactive oxygen species-induced oxidation reactions of many proteins such as peroxiredoxins and tyrosine phosphatases. Cys-SOH is proposed to play a vital role in catalytic and signaling functions. The formation of cysteine sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H) and cysteine sulfonic acid (Cys-SO3H) has been implicated in the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and oxidation of thiol to cysteine sulfinic acid has been associated with the autolytic cleavage of MMP-7. We have examined the formation of cysteine sulfenic acid in a synthetic peptide PRCGVPDVA, which is a cysteine switch domain of MMP-7 and other matrix metalloproteases. We have prepared the cysteine sulfenic acid containing peptide, PRC(SOH)GVPDVA, by reaction with hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction (Fe+2/H2O2). We characterized this modified peptide by tandem mass spectrometry and accurate mass measurement experiments. In addition, we used 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol (NBD-Cl) reagent to form an adduct with PRC(SOH)GVPDVA to provide additional evidence for the viability of PRC(SOH)GVPDVA in solution. We also characterized an intramolecular cysteine sulfinamide cross-link product PRC[S(O)N]GVPDVA based on tandem mass spectrometry and accurate mass measurement experiments. These results contribute to the understanding of a proteolytic cleavage mechanism that is traditionally associated with MMP activation.
FRAMEWORK FOR NATURALLY LIGHT SINGLET NEUTRINOS

The totality of present neutrino data seems to require four light neutrinos, but only three of them can be the neutral components of left-handed lepton doublets. To accommodate one or more naturally light singlet neutrino(s), an extra U(1) gauge factor is proposed to implement an analogous seesaw mechanism which accounts for the light doublet neutrinos. Using the constraints of anomaly cancellation, the property of this U(1) is determined. The most attractive theoretical framework is that of a supersymmetric SU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)Y×U(1)N model already proposed.
AN EVALUATION OF STEAM-TREATED ASPEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CORN SILAGE IN THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

Fifteen lactating Holsteins were used to test processed aspen added to corn silage at the levels of 0, 10 and 20% (dry matter basis). The experiment was designed as a latin square with three experimental periods each 42 days in length. The forage mixtures were fed free choice to the cows, which were housed in a free-stall barn, and their individual feed intakes were recorded by using electronic doors. The processed aspen contained 45.4% dry matter, 73.7% acid detergent fiber and 0.54% protein. There was no evidence of heating or mold growth in the aspen during the 5 mo of the trial. Silage dry matter intake and milk yield were 11.8, 13.4 and 13.4 and 25.7, 27.0 and 26.8 kg per day, respectively, for the silage mixtures containing 0, 10 and 20% processed aspen. Fat test was decreased slightly and milk protein content significantly (P 0.05) by the inclusion of asp...
Effect of magnesium pemoline on the survival of mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor.

Magnesium Pemolin, ein zentralnervoses Reiz- und gutes Schutzmittel gegen Radiumbestrahlung, verlangert die Lebensdauer von Ehrlich-Ascites-Tumor-Mausen, und zwar mit oder ohne zusatzlichen Einfluss einer Dosis nichttodlicher Bestrahlung (500 R).
K -Meson Mass from a K -Hydrogen Scattering Event

Author(s): Chupp, Warren W.; Goldhaber, Gerson; Goldhaber, Sulamith; Johnson, William R.; Lannutti, Joseph E.
Clinical use of physical activity measures

Purpose: To provide a review of physical activity measures and subjective and objective methods of its measurement. Considerations for the use of these measurements in research and practice will be discussed. Data sources: The PubMed, CINAHL, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases, and the Centers for Disease Control Web site were searched using the search term “Physical Activity Measurement.” Conclusions: Physical activity is a lifestyle factor that is a key focus in chronic disease–related research, prevention, and interventions. Healthy People 2010 set goals of decreasing the prevalence of preventable diseases by encouraging healthier lifestyle patterns. Shifts toward more sedentary lifestyles have resulted in increases in life-limiting disease states, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. Physical activity measurements have been used widely in research studies but are less commonly used in primary care. Measuring individuals’ physical activity levels as part of the health assessment will enhance the provider’s ability to engage in health promotion and suggest health protection interventions. The strengths, weaknesses, and potential applications to practice of physical activity measures are summarized in an effort to familiarize nurse practitioners (NPs) with commonly used tools and encourage integration of physical activity assessment into their current practice. Implications for practice: NPs are in an ideal position to promote health by encouraging appropriate amounts of physical activity. Screening, health promotion, and disease prevention are part of the core competencies of NP practice established by the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties. Increased knowledge of physical activity measures will enhance the NP’s ability to evaluate relevant physical activity research for use in evidence-based practice. Incorporation of simple yet appropriate physical activity measurements into practice will expand the NP’s ability to identify and thus address sedentary lifestyles in their clientele.
Surviving a Job Search in Teacher Education: An Applicant's Perspective and Critique

Abstract Each new academic year brings with it hundreds of advertised openings for university faculty positions in colleges and schools of Education. For many of the applicants, the process of applying and becoming a candidate for these positions is their initiation into the higher education community. The author argues that search committees are responsible for the public relations side of this initiation and for keeping the process humane and empathetic to applicants. It is the author's viewpoint that search committees must exercise professionalism and vigilance if disasters in public relations and the insensitive treatment of fellow educators are to be avoided.
Chemoselective Reactions of Citral: Green Syntheses of Natural Perfumes for the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory.

Chemoselectivity is a central concept in organic synthesis and may be readily appreciated in the context of the fragrant, polyfunctional natural product citral. We describe three single-step reactions students may perform on citral to synthesize other natural perfumes: citronellal, geraniol, nerol, or epoxycitral. Each of the reactions uses a simple catalyst and results in a crude product that may be analyzed directly. Hazards and waste are kept to a minimum. Product characterization may include thin-layer chromatography, NMR and IR spectroscopy, GC−MS, and smell. These reactions are chemoselective, biomimetic, and illustrate several principles of green chemistry.
The effects of radiation on the expression of a newly cloned and characterized rat cyclin B mRNA.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the hypothesis that the radiation induced G2 delay in the cell cycle is associated with radiation induced effects on cyclin B expression in a rodent cell system. Methods and Materials: Two rodent, rat and Chinese hamster, cyclin B cDNAs were cloned and characterized. The two rodent species were 85% and 86% identical, respectively, when compared to the human cyclin B, indicating that they are the rodent homologues of cyclin B. 3.7 cells (rat embryo cells transformed by H-ras and v-myc) were synchronized and then irradiated. Flow cytometry and Northern blots were performed to evaluate the effects of radiation on cyclin expression in relation to phase of the cell cycle. Results: Examination of the rodent cyclin B sequences revealed only two regions with significant divergence to the human sequence, one in the lysine rich region adjacent to the cyclin destruction box, which is the putative site for ubiquitination, and one at the C terminal end. Although many of the amino acids diverged in the lysine rich region, the positions of the lysines themselves were virtually invariant suggesting their potential importance in ubiquitination. Both rodent species were also noted to have a PEST-like sequence which occurs in the human, but not in non-mammalian cyclins cloned to date and could also potentially contribute to rapid destruction. The rat and Chinese hamster mRNAs contain much longer 3′ untranslated regions than the published human sequence with multiple AUUUA and AUUU motifs which are seen in other mRNAs with rapid turnover times. This feature has not been previously found in cyclin mRNAs. In addition we have found that in the 3′ region of the rodent cDNAs we find two potential polyadenylation sites suggesting that this gene may have several transcripts. Our studies suggest that multiple mechanisms of control of mammalian cyclin B destruction exist, both at the mRNA and protein level. Evidence is also provided that the levels of rat cyclin B mRNA peaks during G2/M. Irradiation is shown to induce a G2 delay in synchronized 3.7 cells, compared to unirradiated controls, and the delay is temporally related to decreased levels of cyclin B mRNA expression. Since the G2 delay induced by ionizing radiation may contribute to the ability of cells to survive irradiation, cyclin B expression may be a key component in the determination of sensitivity or resistance to radiation therapy. Conclusion: The isolation and characterization of two rodent cyclin B's confirm that multiple mechanisms of control of mammalian cyclin B destruction exist. Our studies show that rat cyclin B expression is influenced by radiation and is temporally related to the delay in the G2 phase induced by radiation.
Use of discrete and soft processors in introductory microprocessors and embedded systems curriculum

This paper describes a sequence of two courses, starting with the teaching of introductory microprocessor concepts and extending to advanced embedded system programming. The introductory microprocessor course is taught using a soft processor with a field-programmable gate array as the development platform, a combination which allows the course to undergo continual improvement without being limited by fixed hardware. The second course builds on the foundation of the first course, with an emphasis on working with advanced devices, building complete embedded systems, and developing embedded programming skills with different targets. This paper describes the experiences gained from the first course, and the detailed plan for the second course. This paper also describes which tools to include and which to leave out in the learning process for this process to be most effective from both the students' and instructor's perspective.
Clearance space envelopes of wheeled mobility device users for computer workstations

Operator clearance spaces under computer workstations and other work surfaces are necessary to ensure that seated operators have adequate space for their lower extremities in order to use the working surface without any obstruction. In this paper we present operator clearances at workstations designed to accommodate occupants of manual and powered wheelchairs (n=322). Six body dimensions critical to workstation design were used in two different methods to compute the clearance envelope dimensions. When compared with clearance space requirements for able-bodied seated operators at workstations specified in the ANSI/HFES 100-2007 standards for computer workstation design, the findings showed wheeled mobility device users required greater widths, work surface heights, and clearance depths than those specified in the standard.
Terminology Think Tank: Behavioral diagnosis

d o i b a In medicine, a clinical “sign” is any abnormality discovrable by objective examination of the patient, whereas symptoms” consist of the subjective phenomena experinced and reported by the patient. A “diagnosis” is “The etermination of the nature of a disease” (Stedman’s Conise Medical Dictionary 1997). Thus, diarrhea is a clinical ign, whereas amoebic dysentery, caused by Entamoeba istolytica, would be one possible diagnosis that could ause that sign. When working with behavior cases, I consider the decription of what the animal is doing that is undesirable (eg, rinating outside the litterbox, biting, tearing up furniture) o be a “complaint,” roughly equivalent to a “sign.” Howver, just as a sign is not a diagnosis, neither is a complaint. he fact that a cat is urinating outside the litterbox does not ell us why it is urinating outside the litterbox. A diagnosis ould be the reason why it is urinating outside the litterbox, uch as a urinary tract infection or the fact that the litterbox s too small for the cat. The complex origins of behavior problems, and the fact hat we do not fully understand the origins and causes of any behavior problems, complicate the process of diagosis. Many problems have multiple causes. Sometimes the ehavior is occurring because it is normal behavior for the pecies. It is simply unacceptable in the human household. variety of medical problems, including infectious disases, physiological pathology, and traumatic injuries, can esult in behavioral changes, which may be the first thing hat the owner notices. In many cases, an underlying physcal pathology that is not obvious to the owner results in the nimal being uncomfortable or in pain, resulting in behav-
Applying Ecological Systems and Micro-Tipping Point Theory for Understanding Tourists' Leisure Destination Behavior:

Micro-tipping point (MTP) theory includes the proposal that a specific stream of unconscious and conscious thoughts result in a go and no-go discretionary action in a given context (e.g., whether or not to visit a given destination in a given season or year, with particular persons being included or excluded from the trip). The specific stream represents a stream or conjunctive combination of thoughts in context that results in a tourist party actually taking the steps that include booking the trip and experiencing a destination firsthand. Building such contingency models that are applicable to real-life combinations of unconscious and conscious thinking requires collecting data from informants on both implicit and explicit beliefs, attitudes, and thinking rules relevant for a specific yes or no context. This article illustrates applying the long interview for collecting such data and using quantitative comparative analysis for constructing MTP models.
High-resolution DNA melting analysis for simple and efficient molecular diagnostics

High-resolution melting of DNA is a simple solution for genotyping, mutation scanning and sequence matching. The melting profile of a PCR product depends on its GC content, length, sequence and heterozygosity and is best monitored with saturating dyes that fluoresce in the presence of double-stranded DNA. Genotyping of most variants is possible by the melting temperature of the PCR products, while all variants can be genotyped with unlabeled probes. Mutation scanning and sequence matching depend on sequence differences that result in heteroduplexes that change the shape of the melting curve. High-resolution DNA melting has several advantages over other genotyping and scanning methods, including an inexpensive closed tube format that is homogenous, accurate and rapid. Owing to its simplicity and speed, the method is a good fit for personalized medicine as a rapid, inexpensive method to predict therapeutic response.
Speaking versus typing: a case‐study of the effects of using voice‐recognition software on academic correspondence

This paper contributes to the discussion about the effects of new technology on writing by assessing whether or not an experienced writer's style of writing changes when a new technology is introduced. 14 typed word-processed letters from ES to JH were compared with 14 dictated word-processed letters from ES after he had changed to using a voice-recognition system (Dragon Naturally Speaking). The results showed that, although there were large differences between the methods and experience of writing with the two technologies, there were no significant differences between the average letter lengths, numbers of paragraphs written and number of sentences used in each group of letters. Nor were there any significant differences in terms of readability, or typographical and grammatical errors. However, the dictated letters did have significantly shorter sentences, significantly fewer particularly long sentences (ie, those containing more than 50 words), and used the first-person pronoun more frequently. The overall results thus indicate that using the voice-recognition software had only marginal effects upon the written products, despite the fact that it had a strong effect on ES's experience of the writing process.
Efficient laser synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes through laser heating of the condensing vaporization plume

Significant improvement in the production rate of high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes using the laser-oven method is reported. The effects of using continuous wave (cw) and kilohertz frequency Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 nm as well as a cw argon ion laser at 514.5 nm to excite the vaporized plume during the pulsed-laser synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been studied. Production rates exceeding 400 mg/h of nanotube deposits have been achieved. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, isothermal gas adsorption and thermo-gravimetric analysis indicate single-walled nanotube purity approaching 80% and metal catalyst contamination of less than 6% by weight. Gas adsorption measurements using nitrogen and argon have been performed to help characterize the bundle structure of the SWNT. Possible insights into the nanotube synthesis mechanism have been discussed.
The photoperceptive sites and the function of tissue light‐piping in photomorphogenesis of etiolated oat seedlings

Abstract. Responses to red light irradiation of discrete areas along the intact, etiolated oat seedling indicate that illumination of the region around the coleoptilar node results in maximal coleoptile growth stimulation and mesocotyl growth suppression. Quantitation of the fibre optic properties of these etiolated tissues shows that the amount of axially transmitted light is log linear as a function of distance for both the mesocotyl and coleoptile (plus primary leaf). Using the fibre optic properties of the tissues to predict the response of the etiolated seedling to defined illumination fields allows one to localize two sites of photoperception: although the mesocotyl response pattern can be explained by the action of a single site found near the top of the mesocotyl itself, the coleoptile response depends on irradiation of both the mesocotyl site and an additional site located just above the node. The very low- and the low-fluence responses of etiolated oats independently predict similar regions of the seedling as sites of photo-perception. The fibre optic properties of the seedling could allow the seedling to increase the effective light signal received by the photosensitive area significantly.
True atresia of the ileocecal valve: Diagnosis and management of an extremely rare entity

True atresia of the ileocecal valve is extremely rare, with fewer than 10 cases having been reported in the literature. The case presented is that of a preterm newborn female with the diagnosis of a neonatal bowel obstruction in whom an exploratory laparotomy revealed an atresia of the ileocecal valve itself. As the patient had a normal length of intestine otherwise, an ileocecectomy with a primary anastomosis between the terminal ileum and right colon was performed. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged without complication.
PP2A:B56ϵ is required for Wnt/β-catenin signaling during embryonic development

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays important roles during embryonic development and growth control. The B56 regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been implicated as a regulator of this pathway. However, this has not been investigated by loss-of-function analyses. Here we report loss-of-function analysis of PP2A:B56ϵ during early Xenopus embryogenesis. We provide direct evidence that PP2A:B56ϵ is required for Wnt/β-catenin signaling upstream of Dishevelled and downstream of the Wnt ligand. We show that maternal PP2A:B56ϵ function is required for dorsal development, and PP2A:B56ϵ function is required later for the expression of the Wnt target gene engrailed , for subsequent midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation, and for closure of the neural tube. These data demonstrate a positive role for PP2A:B56ϵ in the Wnt pathway.
Emerging Structure–Function Relations in the Developing Face Processing System

To evaluate emerging structure–function relations in a neural circuit that mediates complex behavior, we investigated age-related differences among cortical regions that support face recognition behavior and the fiber tracts through which they transmit and receive signals using functional neuroimaging and diffusion tensor imaging. In a large sample of human participants (aged 6–23 years), we derived the microstructural and volumetric properties of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and control tracts, using independently defined anatomical markers. We also determined the functional characteristics of core face- and place-selective regions that are distributed along the trajectory of the pathways of interest. We observed disproportionately large age-related differences in the volume, fractional anisotropy, and mean and radial, but not axial, diffusivities of the ILF. Critically, these differences in the structural properties of the ILF were tightly and specifically linked with an age-related increase in the size of a key face-selective functional region, the fusiform face area. This dynamic association between emerging structural and functional architecture in the developing brain may provide important clues about the mechanisms by which neural circuits become organized and optimized in the human cortex.
The effects of solvent type on the concentration dependence of the compression modulus of thermoreversible isotactic polystyrene gels

Solutions of isotactic polystyrene in either trans-decalin or 1-chlorodecane were transformed into gels by quenching from a high temperature (ca. 180°C) to −20°C. The relaxation modulus in compression of these gels was measured over a range of concentrations of from 0.04 g/g to 0.40 g/g. At 22°C, the gels show a double logarithmic stress relaxation rate, m, which is higher than for PVC and gelatin gel systems. 120 s isochronal modulus concentration diagrams exhibit non-power law behavior, i.e., not only is the general trend such that the double logarithmic slope decreases with increasing concentration, but there are also regions in which abrupt changes in modulus occur over narrow ranges in concentrations. These features in the concentration dependence of the modulus are less pronounced than those found previously1 in isotactic polystyrene/cis-decalin gels. The behavior is interpreted to be inconsistent with a fringed micelle picture of the gel structure. Preliminary results are reported indicating that polymer fraction and temperature of gel formation can significantly affect the modulus of the gels.
Health and the built environment: 10 years after.

The authors reflect on a September 2003 issue of the "American Journal of Public Health" which was concerned with "Built Environment and Health". They suggest that the issue prompted renewed interest in the subject of health and the built environment. They argue that in 2013 much work needs to be done in the area of healthy built environments, including research on how to reap the benefits of healthy built environments and an increased focus on building healthy environments.
Turbulence-producing eddies in the viscous wall region

A computer simulation of turbulent flow in a channel is used to detect flow patterns related to the production of Reynolds stress. It is found that quadrant 2 and quadrant 4 events possess a streaky structure in the viscous wall region and that these events can be best understood by examining the velocity field in the y-z plane. Large turbulence production in the viscous wall region is found to occur in updrafts and downdrafts associated with closed eddies. These eddies, on average, have a spanwise dimension of 50 wall units and a streamwise dimension of 400–450 wall units. They are often seen to originate from small attached eddies at the wall.
A Numerical Investigation on Aerodynamic Property and Heat Transfer Enhancement for Surfaces with Concave Cavities

Three dimensional cavity flows with heat transfer are to be investigated. Cavities are composed of spherical dimples with various depths. They are placed on a flat, heat conducting channel. When fluid flows over the cavities, its flow characteristics such as pressure, temperature, velocity profiles, and turbulent shear stresses change. This study investigates the relationship of these characteristics to the heat transfer coefficient and the aerodynamic resistance on the surface. The results of the computational study of the impact of single concave cavity on the aerodynamic resistance and heat transfer coefficient compared with experimental data are presented.
Heterogeneity, Selection, and Wealth Dynamics

The market selection hypothesis states that, among expected utility maximizers, competitive markets select for agents with correct beliefs. In some economies this hypothesis holds, whereas in others it fails. It holds in complete-markets economies with a common discount factor and bounded aggregate consumption. It can fail when markets are incomplete, when consumption grows too quickly, or when discount factors and beliefs are correlated. These insights have implications for the general equilibrium modeling of asset prices and macroeconomic phenomena.
Network fraction and molecular motions in polymer composites: an NMR relaxation and self-diffusion study

We have used NMR T2 relaxation and pulsed-gradient spin-echo diffusion techniques to study properties of Arco R45M hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, either unfilled or containing 65 wt.% filler particles (SiO2, NaCl, Al) and cured with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), as functions of IPDI content. A short T2 relaxation component arises from the network (gel) whose amount is greatest (up to 92%) near NCO/OH stoichiometry. Gel fraction and stoichiometry concentration both are affected slightly by filler surface reactivity but principally by filler particle size. The diffusion rate of the nonnetwork (sol) molecules has a range of 1–2 orders of magnitude. This range is narrowest near stoichiometry for the smallest filler (SiO2), i.e., the situation in which the sol molecules are least mobile. Branching theory and the hypothesis of a layer of reduced mobility in a wide vicinity of the filler particles provides semiquantitative explanations of these observations.
Science and Technology In a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts

Science and Technology In a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts. DAVID J. HESS. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. xii + 311 pp., tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Trisomy 18: A single-center evaluation of management trends and experience with aggressive obstetric or neonatal intervention.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all prenatal and postnatal diagnoses of trisomy 18 (T18) from 2004 to 2014 at a single tertiary referral center in the southern United States to evaluate the natural history and perinatal outcomes associated with T18 over the past decade. We analyzed pregnancy outcome, mode of delivery, and for live-births, the number and types of neonatal interventions, and characterized interventions as aggressive or non-aggressive. Survival analyses were conducted based on mode of delivery and aggressive compared to non-aggressive interventions. A total of 167 cases of T18 were identified, 150 with available records. There were 141 (94.0%) with full T18; the remainder had mosaicism (1.3%), a translocation (0.7%), or an isochromosome 18 (4.0%). Most diagnoses were prenatal (73.3%, n = 110). Of the 150 patients, there were 54 live births: 21 (38.9%) delivered vaginally, 32 (59.3%) delivered by cesarean, and mode of delivery could not be ascertained for one. Median duration of survival was 12 days (interquartile range 3-90 days). Over time, there were no changes toward increased intervention (obstetric or neonatal). For the 49 neonates who received some intervention, there was no significant difference in survival time between neonates receiving aggressive (n = 36, median survival 24 days, interquartile range 6-247) and non-aggressive (n = 13, median survival 30 days, interquartile range 8-148) intervention (P = 0.90). There was similarly no difference in neonatal survival based on mode of delivery (P = 0.79). Survival of infants with T18 is not improved with aggressive obstetric or neonatal care.
Structure and Energetics of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (T8,T10,T12-POSS) Cages with Atomic and Ionic Lithium Species

The structures of endohedral complexes of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cage molecules (HSiO3/2)8, (HSiO3/2)10, and (HSiO3/2)12, containing either atomic or ionic lithium species are determined using density functional theory with the B3LYP functional and the 6-311G(d,p) and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets. The structures and stabilities of these nanostructures depend on the cage size and the number and charge of the Li species encapsulated in the (HSiO3/2)8, (HSiO3/2)10, and (HSiO3/2)12 host cages. Li cation encapsulation shows attractive interactions with cage oxygen atoms leading to cage shrinkage. Li anion encapsulation breaks the (HSiO3/2)8 host cage. Stable endohedral POSS cages with varying number of neutral and ionic lithium were identified by calculating their inclusion energies and adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials.
Comparison of solution-mixed and sequentially processed P3HT:F4TCNQ films: effect of doping-induced aggregation on film morphology

Doping polymeric semiconductors often drastically reduces the solubility of the polymer, leading to difficulties in processing doped films. Here, we compare optical, electrical, and morphological properties of P3HT films doped with F4TCNQ, both from mixed solutions and using sequential solution processing with orthogonal solvents. We demonstrate that sequential doping occurs rapidly (<1 s), and that the film doping level can be precisely controlled by varying the concentration of the doping solution. Furthermore, the choice of sequential doping solvent controls whether dopant anions are included or excluded from polymer crystallites. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that sequential doping produces significantly more uniform films on the nanoscale than the mixed-solution method. In addition, we show that mixed-solution doping induces the formation of aggregates even at low doping levels, resulting in drastic changes to film morphology. Sequentially coated films show 3–15 times higher conductivities at a given doping level than solution-doped films, with sequentially doped films processed to exclude dopant anions from polymer crystallites showing the highest conductivities. We propose a mechanism for doping induced aggregation in which the shift of the polymer HOMO level upon aggregation couples ionization and solvation energies. To show that the methodology is widely applicable, we demonstrate that several different polymer:dopant systems can be prepared by sequential doping.
Effect of Larval Age and Mortality Level on Damage to Cotton by Heliothis zea Infected with Baculovirus heliothis

Bollworms released as 1st-stage larvae on cotton damaged an avg of 4.4 squares and 1.6 bolls/larva from time of release until pupation. Square damage was reduced by ca. 50% when 1st-, 2nd-, or 3rd-stage larvae were released following treatment with Baculovirus heliothis at mortality levels of 30, 60 or 98%. Square damage was comparable regardless of larval age at treatment or mortality level. However, boll damage was significantly reduced when larvae were treated in the 1st or 2nd stages. The greatest reduction in boll damage was accrued by treatment of 1st-stage larvae at the 98% mortality level.
The AC-Indentation Technique and its Application to Al and Al-Si Coatings

An ac-microindentation technique, namely indenting with a small displacement modulation superimposed on an otherwise linear indenter motion, will be introduced. The basic principle and theory will also be illustrated by using a mechanical model to simulate the indenter behavior. p]Other than being as capable as conventional indentation, the ac-technique acquires the unloading slope simultaneously and continuously with the penetration depth and applied load during an entire indentation process. With this extra information, the conversion between the total depth and plastic depth can be executed right after a single indentation, and in turn the hardness as well as. contact modulus depth profiles can be calculated. This is in contrast to the conventional indentation technique where a group of indentations associated with different maximum loads are required in order to achieve the same purpose. Furthermore, it also avoids the subjectivity in the selection of the fitting portions from the unloading stage of an indentation curve to extract the unloading slopes as well as the plastic penetration depths. p]Another important advantage of using this ac-technique is the high sensitivity in detecting the indenter/surface contact. This advantage is very useful in the determination of the origins of penetration depths as well as in the investigation the evolution of the contact area, and both issues are very crucial in the microhardness calculations. p]The strain rate effect on the hardness measurements of a 1 μm thick Al-2%Si coating has been demonstrated by using the ac-technique. As the indenter loading speed increases from 2.5 to 10 nm/sec, the measured hardness of the coating can be increased from ~20% to ~80% depending on the penetration depth, and the shallower the penetration depth the larger the increment is. However, the contact modulus depth profiles remain unchanged for all the indentation rates.
Codling Moth: Mass Production in Controlled-Environment Rearing Units

Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) was mass-reared successfully on artificial diet under limited laboratory facilities by providing the necessary sanitation and environmental control within single-tray rearing units. Trays were held within plastic bags inflated by humidified compressed air. Regulated humidity and air flow resulted in controlled desiccation of the medium which discouraged growth of contaminants while ensuring sufficient retention of moisture in the medium to allow complete larval development. Other phases of the rearing are described, including techniques for collecting adults into a low-temperature environment to prevent mating and to reduce physiological aging. Some of the techniques also were employed successfully for rearing the lepidopterans Archips argyrospilus (Walker) and Paramyelois transitella (Walker).
Das Google Art Project – Fallstudie einer kreativen Partnerschaft zwischen Wirtschaft und Kultur

Kreativitat und Innovation haben fur Google einen zentralen Stellenwert, woraus sich das Interesse des Unternehmens an einer Reihe von Projekten an der Schnittstelle zu kulturellen Einrichtungen und Themen ergibt. So entstand auch das Google Art Project, bei dem es darum geht, Kunstschatze und Kulturguter digital verfugbar zu machen. Als Experiment gestartet, eroffnete das Art Project bald neue Perspektiven in Hinblick auf einen alternativen, erweiterten Zugang zu Kunst und Kultur. Unter dem Dach des Google Cultural Institute prasentiert es mittlerweile eine grose Anzahl an unterschiedlichsten Sammlungen auf der ganzen Welt – von den Uffizien in Florenz bis hin zu Street Art in Sao Paulo. Obwohl ursprunglich nicht ausdrucklich als Projekt im Sinne von Corporate Cultural Responsibility konzipiert, kann das Google Art Project in diesem Zusammenhang betrachtet werden, da es auf einer intensiven Zusammenarbeit sowie einem regen Kompetenzaustausch zwischen Google als Technologieunternehmen und kulturellen Einrichtungen grundet.
Human Development: Origins, Evolution and Impact

Modern development economics, that is, that branch of economics concerned with improving conditions in low-income countries, can be traced back to the 19405.1 From its inception development economics has largely been about material enrichment, that is, expanding the volume of production of goods and services. It was usually assumed, explicitly or implicitly, that an increase in aggregate output, say, the growth of gross domestic product per capita, would reduce poverty and raise the general well being of the population. This assumption was rooted in utilitarianism and the view that production generated incomes and higher incomes, in turn, resulted in greater utility or economic welfare. Indeed the connection between increased output and decreased poverty was thought to be so strong that many economists believed that a concentration on growth alone would suffice to achieve the goal of development. Growth, in other words, became not just the means for achieving development but the end of development itself. True, there were always dissenters, but the dissenters tended to qualify the emphasis on growth by underlining the importance of the distribution of the benefits of growth, rather than challenging the importance of growth as such. Debates about alternative development strategies often were debates about how best to accelerate the growth of production of goods and services.2