cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Interactions as Big Data in the Human Brain

Noninvasive studies of human brain function hold great potential to unlock mysteries of the human mind. The complexity of data generated by such studies, however, has prompted various simplifying assumptions during analysis. Although this has enabled considerable progress, our current understanding is partly contingent upon these assumptions. An emerging approach embraces the complexity, accounting for the fact that neural representations are widely distributed, neural processes involve interactions between regions, interactions vary by cognitive state, and the space of interactions is massive. Because what you see depends on how you look, such unbiased approaches provide the greatest flexibility for discovery.
Protocol Compatibility Verification for Web Services Interaction

In this paper, a formal service behavior model called Service-Net based on Colored Petri Net (CP-Net) has been presented. Service-Net can be used to describe not only the control dependency and data dependency among inner operations of Web services, but also the message interactions of services with outer environments as an independent communication system. The correctness of interaction protocol is the key to assuring the success of services interactions. Based on Service-Net of services participating the interaction, the construct of the formal protocol model of services interaction called has further defined. Finally, the correctness justification criteria of protocol model as well as the corresponding verification method based on CP-Net theory has been given.
Enacting proof-related tasks in middle school mathematics: Challenges and opportunities

Discussions about school mathematics often address the importance of reasoning and proving for building students’ understanding of mathematics. However, there is little research examining how teachers enact tasks designed to engage students in justifying and proving in the classroom. This article presents results of a study investigating the processes and outcomes of implementing proof-related tasks in the classroom. Data collection consisted of observations of 7 middle school classrooms during implementation of proof-related tasks—tasks providing opportunities for students to produce generalizations, conjectures, or proofs—in the Connected Mathematics Project (CMP) curriculum by teachers experienced in using the materials. The findings suggest that students’ experiences with such tasks are insufficient for developing an understanding of what constitutes valid mathematical justification.
Rebirth of radiotherapy for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era

In this issue, Dr. Odejide and colleagues present a clinically relevant analysis comparing standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) with abbreviated R-...
BlackBerry IPD parsing for open source forensics

In this paper, we present a framework for an open source BlackBerry Inter@ctive Pager Backup/Restore (IPD) file forensics tool. Our reasoning for developing an open source version of an IPD parser is to enhance the available open source forensic tools; an example of this category of tools is the Sleuth Kit. One intention of this work is to make users of BlackBerrys aware of the vulnerability of their information on their computers. Commercial tools such as the ABC Amber BlackBerry Converter application [6] presently exist. That commercial tool is able to gather the messages, contacts, SMS records, memos, call logs, and the task list from an IPD file. It then exports these records in a variety of forms. Another commercial tool by Paraben [4] can export data into closed source forensic tool kits such as Encase and FTK
The problem of overridingness

Soulevant avec Hume et Kant le probleme de l'outrepassement designant a la fois l'exces d'autorite de la morale religieuse sur la morale publique, et l'exces de l'interet personnel sur le devoir moral, l'A. examine les arguments de P. Foot, M. Slote et S. Scheffler contre l'outrepassement qui contribuent a l'attenuation de l'opposition entre morale et interet personnel, sans avoir a choisir entre la morale et la prudence. Analysant le phenomene d'integrite morale et du fanatisme comme dysfonction rationnelle, l'A. propose de rejeter l'ethique non a priori de l'histoire de la pensee morale, parce qu'elle ne peut faire place a la notion d'outredepassement, ni garantir la valeur des raisons morales de la personne
Image subband coding using arithmetic coded trellis coded quantization

A method is presented for encoding memoryless sources using trellis coded quantization (TCQ) with uniform thresholds. The trellis symbols are entropy-coded using arithmetic coding. The performance of the arithmetic coded uniform threshold TCQ, for encoding the family of generalized Gaussian densities, is compared with uniform threshold quantization (UTQ) and the Shannon lower bound (SLB). At high rates, the method performs within 0.5 dB of the rate-distortion bound for the family of generalized Gaussian densities. A simple modification of the uniform codebook is shown to result in improved performance at low bit rates. The arithmetic and trellis coding method is used for encoding image subbands. Coding results for monochrome images are presented and compared with other results in the literature. Working C code that implements arithmetic coded uniform threshold TCQ can be obtained using anonymous ftp.
A dielectric fluid drop in an electric field

In this paper an appropriate extension of the virial method developed by Chandrasekhar is used to systematically re-examine the equilibrium and stability of an incompressible dielectric fluid drop situated in a uniform electric field. The equilibrium shapes are initially assumed to be ellipsoidal; and it is shown that only prolate spheroids elongated in the direction of the applied field are compatible with the moment equations of lowest order. The relation between the equilibrium elongation a/b and the dimensionless parameter x = FRIfTi, where F is the applied field, R = (ab2)*, and T is the surface tension, is obtained for every dielectric permeability e. This relation is monotonic if e 20.801 exhibit instability while those having e < 20.801 do not. In the former case, where there are three different equilibrium configurations for the same value of x, only the middle one is unstable.
Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Erythropoietin-Induced Hypertension Effect of Calcium Channel Blockade

Long-term administration of erythropoietin (EPO) frequently causes hypertension in humans and animals with chronic renal failure (CRF). We recently demonstrated that EPO-induced hypertension is hematocrit independent and accompanied by elevated cytosolic [Ca2+]i and nitric oxide (NO) resistance. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of therapy with EPO alone or together with calcium channel blockade on NO metabolism. Urinary excretion of NO metabolites (NOx) and thoracic aorta and kidney endothelial and inducible NO synthases (eNOS and iNOS) were studied in 4 groups of 6 nephrectomized rats treated with either placebo, EPO, the calcium channel blocker felodipine, or EPO plus felodipine for 6 weeks. A group of sham-operated placebo-treated animals served as control. The placebo-treated CRF group exhibited moderate hypertension, elevated basal and depressed stimulated platelet [Ca2+]i, reduced urinary NOx excretion, and diminished vascular and renal eNOS and iNOS proteins. EPO therapy further raised blood pressure and increased resting and stimulated [Ca2+]i but did not change NOx excretion or NOS proteins. Concurrent administration of felodipine abrogated EPO-induced hypertension, normalized resting and stimulated [Ca2+]i, and increased NOx excretion and eNOS and iNOS proteins. Thus, EPO therapy leads to marked increases in blood pressure and resting and stimulated [Ca2+]i. These abnormalities are ameliorated by calcium channel blockade, which restores [Ca2+]i to normal and increases vascular and renal NOS expression.
Dynamics of the mapping class group action on the variety of PSL2C characters

We study the action of the mapping class group Mod.S/ on the boundary @Q of quasifuchsian space Q. Among other results, Mod.S/ is shown to be topologically transitive on the subset C @Q of manifolds without a conformally compact end. We also prove that any open subset of the character variety X. 1.S/; SL2 C/ intersecting @Q does not admit a nonconstant Mod.S/‐invariant meromorphic function. This is related to a question of Goldman. 57M50; 58D27
Cross-Ecosystem Comparisons of In Situ Plant Uptake of Amino Acid-N and NH4 +

Plant and microbial use of nitrogen (N) can be simultaneously mutualistic and competitive, particularly in ecosystems dominated by mycorrhizal fungi. Our goal was to quantify plant uptake of organic and inorganic N across a broad latitudinal gradient of forest ecosystems that varied with respect to overstory taxon, edaphic characteristics, and dominant mycorrhizal association. Using 13C and 15N, we observed in situ the cycling dynamics of NH4 + and glycine through various soil pools and fine roots over 14 days. Recovery of 15N as soil N varied with respect to N form, forest type, and sampling period; however, there were similarities in the cycling dynamics of glycine and NH4 + among all forest types. Microbial immobilization of 15N was immediately apparent for both treatments and represented the largest sink (~25%) for 15N among extractable soil N pools during the first 24 h. In contrast, fine roots were a relatively small sink (<10%) for both N forms, but fine root 13C enrichment indicated that plants in all forest types absorbed glycine intact, suggesting that plants and microbes effectively target the same labile soil N pools. Relative uptake of amino acid-N versus NH4 + varied significantly among sites and approximately half of this variation was explained by mycorrhizal association. Estimates of plant uptake of amino acid-N relative to NH4 + were 3× higher in ectomycorrhizal-dominated stands (1.6 ± 0.2) than arbuscular mycorrhizae-dominated stands (0.5 ± 0.1). We conclude that free amino acids are an important component of the N economy in all stands studied; however, in these natural environments plant uptake of organic N relative to inorganic N is explained as much by mycorrhizal association as by the availability of N forms per se.
Davidson’s Views on Psychology as a Science

More than two decades ago Davidson and I together conducted several experiments on decision making We have not talked much about psychology for many years and, as will be apparent from my remarks in this short article, our views about psychology as a science and, indeed, our views about science in general, diverge. All the same, I find what Davidson has to say about psychology enormously interesting and stimulating. I have confined my comments to three articles, ‘The Material Mind’ (MM), ‘Thought and Talk’ (TT), and ‘Psychology as Philosophy’ (PP). 1 Certainly other articles of Davidson’s are relevant to the themes advanced in these three, but the limitation is not unreasonable for the restricted purposes of my analysis.
Bootstrapping time series models

This paper surveys recent development in bootstrap methods and the modifications needed for their applicability in time series models. The paper discusses some guidelines for empirical researchers in econometric analysis of time series. Different sampling schemes for bootstrap data generation and different forms of bootstrap test statistics are discussed. The paper also discusses the applicability of direct bootstrapping of data in dynamic models and cointegrating regression models. It is argued that bootstrapping residuals is the preferable approach. The bootstrap procedures covered include the recursive bootstrap, the moving block bootstrap and the stationary bootstrap.
A push-pull self-oscillating mixer for optically fed phased array

Presents a push-pull self-oscillating mixer that can perform three important functions: (1) oscillation, (2) frequency and phase locking to a reference signal, and (3) mixing with the data signals. This circuit performs these three functions efficiently with low power consumption. Until now, these functions could be done only by independent circuits. The concept was analyzed and experimentally demonstrated at 12 GHz using a MESFET pair with a measured conversion efficiency as high as 13 dB and a noise figure of 9 dB. Efficient subharmonic injection locking was also demonstrated. This design can be easily extended to high electron mobility transistors and heterojunction bipolar transistors at higher frequencies. >
Patterns of Species Richness and Composition in Re‐Created Grassland

The success of many prairie restorations is not well documented. A restoration begun in 1975 at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois allows assessment of restoration efforts as well as changes through time. Data are presented on species richness and composition for 13 restorations planted in successive years between 1975 and 1990 and two remnant prairies. Presence of species was recorded using a stratified random design. Species richness at several scales and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination were used to assess trends in the vegetation. Species richness declined through time at all scales examined and was always less in the restored prairies than that found in the remnant prairies. Species composition changed with time but not in the direction of the composition found in the remnants. Our understanding of the maintenance of species richness is not sufficient to allow the re-creation of patterns of species found in remnant grassland communities.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEINS AS INFLUENCED BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF GUM ACACIA

Lowered plasma protein concentration following single injections of gum acacia in the dog is due in some part to dilution, and in greater part to actual decrease in total circulating protein. The maximum decrease in the total circulating protein does not take place at the same time as the maximum decrease in concentration. Fluctuations in fibrinogen concentration are marked, and are not necessarily proportional to changes in plasma protein concentration. Plasma protein concentration returns to normal limits within 10 to 21 days after the injection, at which time total circulating protein and plasma volume are lower than normal. Loss of protein cannot be accounted for by increase in urinary nitrogen. It is possible to maintain dogs at low levels of plasma protein concentration for several weeks by repeated injections of gum acacia solution. Anatomical changes following such a procedure in a normal dog are most conspicuous in the liver (Fig. A). These observations further implicate the liver as a source of plasma protein. Two mechanisms for the diminution of plasma protein following gum injection are suggested. One of these is based on the possibility that the liver cells being engorged with gum acacia are not able to produce the necessary amount of plasma protein to supply the normal demand. The other possibility is that with the injection of the gum, since there is obviously a greatly increased amount of colloid in the blood, the more readily removable colloid, i.e. plasma protein, is taken out of the blood stream, in an attempt to return plasma volume and colloid osmotic pressure to the normal limits. It is probable that both of these mechanisms are involved. Injection of gum acacia is suggested as a technique for further study of disturbed liver function. It must be obvious that clinical use of gum acacia for intravenous injection is not without danger.
Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Up-Regulates Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and II Expression on Respiratory Epithelial Cells: Involvement of a STAT1- and CIITA-Independent Pathway

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) infection causes severe damage to the lung epithelium, leading to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and croup in newborns and infants. Cellular immunity that plays a vital role in normal antiviral action appears to be involved, possibly because of inappropriate activation, in the infection-related damage to the lung epithelium. In this study, we investigated the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules on human lung epithelial (A549) and epithelium-like (HT1080) cells following HPIV3 infection. MHC class I was induced by HPIV3 in these cells at levels similar to those observed with natural inducers such as beta and gamma interferon (IFN-β and -γ). MHC class II was also efficiently induced by HPIV3 in these cells. UV-irradiated culture supernatants from infected cells were able to induce MHC class I but not MHC class II, suggesting involvement of released factors for the induction of MHC class I. Quantitation of IFN types I and II in the culture supernatant showed the presence of IFN-β as the major cytokine, while IFN-γ was undetectable. Anti-IFN-β, however, blocked the HPIV3-mediated induction of MHC class I only partially, indicating that viral antigens, besides IFN-β, are directly involved in the induction process. The induction of MHC class I and class II directed by the viral antigens was confirmed by using cells lacking STAT1, an essential intermediate of the IFN signaling pathways. HPIV3 induced both MHC class I and class II molecules in STAT1-null cells. Furthermore, MHC class II was also induced by HPIV3 in cells defective in class II transactivator, an important intermediate of the IFN-γ-mediated MHC class II induction pathway. Together, these data indicate that the HPIV3 gene product(s) is directly involved in the induction of MHC class I and II molecules. The induction of MHC class I and II expression by HPIV3 suggests that it plays a role in the infection-related immunity and pathogenesis.
Toll-like receptor-4 antagonist eritoran tetrasodium for severe sepsis.

The human innate immune system initiates inflammation in response to bacterial molecules, particularly Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. The steps by which endotoxin exposure leads to systemic inflammation include binding to Toll-like receptor-4 that specifically recognizes endotoxin and subsequently triggers cellular and molecular inflammatory responses. Severe sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection that induces organ dysfunction and threatens a person’s survival. Severe sepsis is frequently associated with increased blood levels of endotoxin. It is a significant medical problem that effects approximately 700,000 patients every year in the USA, resulting in 250,000 deaths. Eritoran tetrasodium is a nonpathogenic analog of bacterial endotoxin that antagonizes inflammatory signaling by the immune receptor Toll-like receptor-4. Eritoran is being evaluated for the treatment of patients with severe sepsis.
A Queueing Analysis of Two ARQ Protocols

In every data communication system, a procedure must be provided to allow for the retransmission of data when errors are detected. The receiving node is required to make a (positive/negative) acknowledgment (ACK/NACK) to the sending node. Until an acknowledgment is received, a "copy" of the message must be retained at the sending node. If an ACK is received, the space assigned to the "copy" is released. If either a NACK or no acknowledgment is received in a suitable interval of time, retransmission is required. Different protocols specifying how the nodes recover from a transmission error can be defined. In this paper, we present a queueing analysis of the two ARQ (automatic repeat request) protocols-block and select ARQ-for a (slotted) concentrator network node.
Public Discourse in the Russian Blogosphere: Mapping RuNet Politics and Mobilization

We analyzed Russian blogs to discover networks of discussion around politics and public affairs. Beginning with an initial set of over five million blogs, we used social network analysis to identify a highly active ‘Discussion Core’ of over 11,000. These were clustered according to long term patterns of citations within posts, and the resulting segmentation characterized through both automated and human content analysis. Key findings include: • Unlike their counterparts in the U.S. and elsewhere, Russian bloggers prefer platforms that combine features typical of blogs with features of social network services (SNSs) like Facebook. Russian blogging is dominated by a handful of these "SNS hybrids." • While the larger Russian blogosphere is highly divided according to platform, there is a central Discussion Core that contains the majority of political and public affairs discourse. This core is comprised mainly, though not exclusively, of blogs on the LiveJournal platform. • The Discussion Core features four major groupings: — Politics and Public Affairs (including news-focused discussion, business and finance, social activists, and political movements) — Culture (including literature, cinema, high culture, and popular culture) — Regional (bloggers in Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Israel, etc.) — Instrumental (paid blogging and blogging for external incentives) • Political/public affairs bloggers cover a broad spectrum of attitudes and agendas and include many who discuss politics from an independent standpoint, as well as those affiliated with offline political and social movements, including strong ‘Democratic Opposition’ and 'Nationalist' clusters. • The Russian political blogosphere supports more cross-linking debate than others we have studied (including those of the U.S. and Iran), and appears less subject to the formation of self-referential 'echo chambers.' • Pro-government bloggers are not especially prominent and do not constitute their own cluster, but are mostly located in a part of the network featuring general discussion of Russian public affairs. However, there is a concentration of bloggers affiliated with pro-government youth groups among the Instrumental bloggers. • We find evidence of political and social mobilization, particularly in those clusters affiliated with offline political and social movements. • The online 'news diet' of Russian bloggers is more independent, international, and oppositional than that of Russian Internet users overall, and far more so than that of non-Internet users, who are more reliant upon state-controlled federal TV channels. • Popular political YouTube videos focus on corruption and abuse of power by elites, the government, and the police.
Maskless and resist-free rapid prototyping of three-dimensional structures through electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of carbon in combination with metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of silicon

In this work, we introduce a maskless, resist-free rapid prototyping method to fabricate three-dimensional structures using electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of amorphous carbon (aC) from a residual hydrocarbon precursor in combination with metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of silicon. We demonstrate that EBID-made patterned aC coating, with thickness of even a few nanometers, acts as a negative "mask" for the etching process and is sufficient for localized termination of the MaCE of silicon. Optimal aC deposition settings and gold film thickness for fabrication of high-aspect-ratio nanoscale 3D silicon structures are determined. The speed necessary for optimal aC feature deposition is found to be comparable to the writing speed of standard Electron Beam Lithography and the MaCE etching rate is found to be comparable to standard deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) rate.
Quantitative Measurement in Family Research

In this chapter, a brief history of quantitative measurement is given followed by an overview of different types of measures. Next, the assumptions of quantitative measurements are assessed using the language of construct validity. Finally, the key questions that must be addressed in measurement as well as the limitations of quantitative measurement are considered.
Population ecology of cavernicoles associated with carrion in caves of Georgia, USA.

The abundance of troglophilic Megaselia spp. (Diptera: Phoridae), trogloxenic Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and troglobitic Ptomaphagus whiteselli Barr (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) on carrion was studied in two caves in Georgia, USA. Phorid and leiodid abundance were statistically independent of location in the caves and of time the carrion was available for colonization in a cave. Calliphorid abundance was linked to location in the cave and duration the carrion remained in the cave. The colonization patterns on carrion by cavernicoles differed between permanent and transient cave-dwelling species. Variation could be due to the different reproductive strategies of each species.
Spiral of Silence and Censorship Policy in Colombia (Espiral De Silencio Y Autocensura Política En Colombia)

Based on a probabilistic survey that represents the Colombian urban adult population in 2006, this study shows how an adverse public opinion context reduces the likelihood of someone expressing their political views after a presidential election. These findings are consistent with previous findings on the ‘spiral of silence’ research in public opinion, according to which expression inhibition can lead to a spiraling process in which a particular opinion looms larger than it really is. Beyond the public opinion context, this study also shows how individual differences in self-censorship orientations also lead to a diminished public sphere.
Book reviews: The province of reviewing books

New Horizons For Teacher Education in Speech Communication: Report of The Memphis Conference of Teacher Education. P. Judson Newcombe and R. R. Allen, eds. Skokie, Illinois: National Textbook Co., 1974; pp. viii + 188; $5.75. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. By John C. Condon and Fathi Yousef. Indianapolis: The Bobbs‐Merrill Co., 1975; pp. 306. $3.95. History of the Theatre. By Oscar G. Brockett. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Company, 1974; pp. xii + 680. $13.95. Approaching Speech/Communication. By Michael Burgoon. New York: Holt‐Rinehart and Winston, 1974; pp. 396 + index + instructor's manual. $6.95. Communication Behavior and Experiments: A Scientific Approach. By R. Wayne Pace, Robert R. Boren, and Brent D. Peterson. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1975; pp. x + 433. $9.95.
Rearing the Hickory Shuckworm, Laspeyresia caryana, on Artificial Diet, with Notes on Biology

Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidac) was successfully reared through 7 generations on an artificial diet containing soaked pinto beans, wheat germ, torula yeast, agar, and water. Five generations of diet-reared male and female larvae in individual 1-oz clear plastic cups were studied to determine larval and pupal development time and pupal weight. From 61 to 85% of larvae produced adults (normal 1:1 sex ratio). The biology of adults reared on diet and of adults reared from larvae overwintering in the field was studied in a glasshouse.
Note on Successive Dimensional Analysis Applied to Affective, Cognitive, and Personality Traits

Empirical effects of successive cluster analysis were investigated in a study of the relationship between expressed affectivity and other personality traits. On the one hand, some changes occurred in the dimensions of successive analyses, and on the other hand, some dimensions persisted, e.g., general tendency to express affectivity, specific tendency to express affectivity, neuroticism, masochism, etc.
Influence of Some Physical and Host Factors on the Behavior of the Sitka Spruce Weevil, Pissodes sitchensis, in Southwestern Washington

Field tests indicate Pissodes sitchensis Hopkins, oviposit on 1 year and older stems, never on new terminals or laterals of any age. The faster growing trees were weeviled more severely than the slower growing ones. Egg-laying activity began at about 75°F with a peak at 90°F. Although weevils preferred high temperatures for mating and ovipositing, they avoided direct sunlight. Spring adults preferred areas of higher temperatures than the fall adults. Overwintering adults were active in the winter and fed on stems and laterals.
Reductions in Plant Processes by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) Feeding on Strawberry

Studies were conducted in 1980 to evaluate the effects of low and high population densities of Tetranychus urticae on photosynthesis, transpiration, productivity, and vegetative growth of strawberry plants under field conditions. All factors were significantly reduced by high mite densities. A sequenced mite-day model is presented and includes pertinent points on the population curve where the plant processes were reduced by 10%. The significance of the sequence in which the plant processes were reduced is discussed.
Adoption and Diffusion of M-Commerce

Mobile commerce (or in short, m-commerce) is currently at the stage where e-commerce was a decade ago. Many of the concerns consumers had regarding e-commerce (such as security, confidentiality, and reliability) are now directed towards m-commerce. To complicate the matter further, the lack of a standardized technology has made m-commerce grow in multiple directions in different parts of the world. Thus, the popularity of m-commerce-based services varies by country, by culture, and by individual user. For example, in Europe the most popular application is SMS (short message service) or text messaging, in Japan interactive games and picture exchange via NTT DoCoMo i-mode, and in North America e-mail via interactive pagers (such as RIM BlackBerry) and wireless application protocol-based (WAP-based) wireless data portals providing news, stock quotes, and weather information. It is safe to predict that these applications will take on different forms as the technologies mature, devices become more capable in form and functionality, and service providers become more innovative in their business models. It is true that m-commerce has witnessed spectacular growth across the globe. It is also encouraging that several factors are expected to accelerate the pace of adoption of m-commerce. Notable among these drivers is convergence in the voice/data industry, leaping improvements in related technology and standards, adoptive technology culture in many parts of the world, and governmental and regulatory initiatives. Despite the undisputed promise of m-commerce, there are several barriers that are slowing the pace of adoption of m-commerce. The major barriers include: (a) lack of good business models to generate revenues, (b) perception of lack of security, (c) short product lifecycle due to rapidly changing technology, (d) non-convergence of standards, (e) usability of devices, (f) limitation of bandwidth, and (g) cost. Many of the aforesaid were common to e-commerce also at its introduction and growth stage. We strongly believe it is worthwhile to investigate how e-commerce has been able to overcome these barriers so that we can incorporate some of the successful strategies to m-commerce. In our study, we will first compare and contrast e-commerce and m-commerce with respect to a set of common criteria such as: (1) hardware requirement, (2) software requirement, (3) connection or access, and (4) content. In the process, we will identify the principal barriers to the development of m-commerce as outlined in the above list.
Impact of extremely low temperature and cold wave on human health: a review of epidemiological studies

Cold wave with extremely low temperature is one of the environmental factors closely related to disease incidence in humans. To better address the extremely cold weather and inform the related public health studies and interventions, this article reviewed the recent studies of methodology and epidemiology about the impact of extremely low temperature on morbidity abroad and at home, and proposed the limitations in current research and suggestions for future research.
The Principal Component Analysis of Chemical Composition in Xinyang Maojian and its Sensory Quality

The principal components of 15 Xinyang Maojian Tea's chemical composition from different tenderness,different grades,different varieties were extracted using principal components analysis,constructing mathematical evaluation model: F = 0.514 69F1+ 0.262 25F2+ 0.104 84F3; the results of mathematical evaluation model on 15 Xinyang Maojian Tea was in close agreement with Sensory evaluation results, Showing that the construction of mathematical evaluation model was feasible. The mathematical evaluation model had the objectivity repeatability and a certain popularization value on Xinyang Maojian grading Avoiding subjectivity of Sensory evaluation.
Legal Requirements and Regulations for China's Industrial Policies in the Post-financial Crisis——from the point of the development of strategic and new industries

the legal system based on the macro-control industry policy has been an important component of macro-control law and in the post-financial crisis and economic globalization,China conducts the "nurture and develop new strategic industries" as a choice for the economic crisis in the right time,and there is lack of institutional and legal obstacles for the development of the breakthrough of new industries through the strategic guidance of industrial policy.And we should improve strategic and new industrial legal norms and system to achieve legalization and sustainable development of the strategic and new industrial policy in China.
A Study of MVNO Data Paths and Performance

Characterization of mobile data traffic performance is difficult given the inherent complexity and opacity of mobile networks, yet it is increasingly important as emerging wireless standards approach wireline-like latencies. Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) increase mobile network topology complexity due to additional infrastructure and network configurations. We collect and analyze traces on mobile carriers in the United States along with MVNO networks on each of the base carriers in order to discover differences in network performance and behavior. Ultimately, we find that traffic on MVNO networks takes more circuitous, less efficient paths to reach content servers compared to base operators. Factors such as location of the destination server as well as the provider network design are critical in better understanding behaviors and implications on performance for each of the mobile carriers.
DNS and LES of Turbulence–Radiation Interactions in Canonical Systems

A number of DNS and LES studies have focused on radiative heat transfer and turbulence–radiation interactions in canonical (highly idealized, and usually not physically realizable) turbulent reacting or nonreacting systems. In contrast to an actual combustion system or device, this allows direct manipulation and isolation of the physical processes of interest, and removes ambiguities in the interpretation of the results. While one must exercise caution in extrapolating the results from these highly simplified problems to practical turbulent flames, such investigations are useful for physics discovery and for providing data that can be used to develop and/or calibrate models that are subsequently applied to real turbulent flames and combustion devices. In this chapter, examples of DNS and LES studies of radiation and TRI in canonical configurations are presented and discussed. This includes some results for nonreacting systems, and studies with both uncoupled radiation (no feedback of the radiative source term into the CFD simulation) and with coupled radiation. Most experimental and modeling studies of TRI have focused on how turbulence affects radiative heat transfer, but the investigations with coupled radiation also allow one to explore at a fundamental level how radiation and TRI modify the structure of the turbulent flow field. These studies provide useful insight and guidance on what one should look for and expect in the more realistic turbulent reacting flows that are considered in the next two chapters.
Ambiguous Bodies: The Self/Body Paradigm as Challenged in Geek Love’s Conjoined Twins and Flannery O’Connor’s Intersexed ‘Freak’ in “A Temple of the Holy Ghost”

In this paper, I will discuss how this use of disability by both Dunn and O’Connor helps them to expose perceptions of “normal” corporeality. I will compare Dunn’s conjoined twins to O’Connor’s sexually ambiguous character in “A Temple of the Holy Ghost,” for just as the twins are “peculiarly connected and unexpectedly separate” (Dunn, p. 51), the intersexed “freak” (a derogatory term I will explore) challenges existing body schemas in terms of finite gender categories. Both the twins and the “freak” embody corporeal states that illuminate the limits of the modern (and particularly the “individualized” American) mind in grappling with issues of independence, identity, agency, and what it means to be a “whole” person.
Examination of the Varied and Changing Ethanol Content of Commercial Kombucha Products

Kombucha is a fermented beverage made by mixing tea and sugar with bacteria and yeast. When kombucha products contain higher than 0.5% (v/v) alcohol, the legal limit for non-alcoholic drinks, they are classified as alcoholic beverages and are subject to relevant federal and state regulations. An efficient headspace gas chromatography technique utilizing an ionic liquid stationary phase is developed to accurately determine the ethanol content in 18 commercial kombucha samples. The range of ethanol in these products was 1.12–2.00% (v/v). The ethanol concentration of two batches of kombucha was analyzed over a period of 60 days under two different conditions. A significant increase in ethanol content of these samples was observed at 4 and 22 °C. The method accuracy was validated by analyzing 3 NIST ethanol-water standard reference solutions.
Preoperative Short Form Health Survey Score Is Predictive of Return to Play and Minimal Clinically Important Difference at a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:There is increased interest in understanding the preoperative determinants of postoperative outcomes. Return to play (RTP) and the patient-reported minimal clinically important difference (MCID) are useful measures of postoperative outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).Purpose:To define the MCID after ACLR and to investigate the role of preoperative outcome scores for predicting the MCID and RTP after ACLR.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:There were 294 active athletes enrolled as part of an institutional ACL registry with a minimum 2-year follow-up who were eligible for inclusion. A questionnaire was administered to elicit factors associated with RTP. Patient demographic and clinical data as well as patient-reported outcome measures were captured as part of the registry. Outcome measures included the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee evaluation form, Lysholm scale, and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12...
Balancing Excellent Performance and High Thermal Stability in a Dinitropyrazole Fused 1,2,3,4-Tetrazine

The key to successfully designing high-performance and insensitive energetic compounds for practical applications is through adjusting the molecular organization including both fuel and oxidizer. Now a superior hydrogen-free 5/6/5 fused ring energetic material, 1,2,9,10-tetranitrodipyrazolo[1,5-d:5′,1′-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine (6) obtained from 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (4) by N-amination and N-azo coupling reactions is described. The structures of 5 and 6 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. Compound 6 has a remarkable room temperature experimental density of 1.955 g cm–3 and shows excellent detonation performance. In addition, it has a high decomposition temperature of 233 °C. These fascinating properties, which are comparable to those of CL-20, make it very attractive in high performance applications.
Clinical screening for collagen defects in connective tissue diseases

The defects in type I collagen structure or synthesis that produce all four types of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type VII and the defects in type III collagen structure in EDS type IV can be detected by analysis of collagens produced by fibroblastic cells cultured from affected individuals. Quantitative defects in synthesis of type I collagen are seen in OI type I and qualitative defects of type I collagen characterize OI type II, OI type III, and OI type IV and EDS type VII. EDS type IV results from qualitative type III collagen defects. All of the disorders are inherited typically in an autosomal dominant fashion so that recurrence among offspring of normal parents usually results from germline mosaicism for the mutation in one parent. Analysis of type I and type III collagen synthesized by cultured chorionic villus cells is used for prenatal diagnosis of these disorders.
Surgical Risk Factors for the Delayed Initiation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer.

Timely administration of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer is associated with a survival benefit. Specific elements of surgical management may lead to delays initiating chemotherapy, resulting in unfavorable outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between surgical factors and delayed chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. A retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database was performed. The study cohort consisted of female patients with stage 1–3 breast cancer diagnosed between 2010 and 2014. Initiation of chemotherapy beyond 90 days after surgery was defined as delayed. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to establish associations between delayed chemotherapy and clinical and demographic factors of interest. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate potential 5-year overall survival disadvantage of delayed initiation of chemotherapy. Of 166,681 women assessed, 4.3% had a delay in the initiation of chemotherapy. Surgery-specific risk factors included unplanned readmission in the postoperative period, lower surgical volume, mastectomy with immediate autologous reconstruction, and positive surgical margins. Adjusted survival analysis showed a survival disadvantage of delayed initiation of chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46; p < 0.01). Risk factors for delayed initiation of chemotherapy specific to the surgical process were identified. Delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a survival detriment. Efforts should be made to address these surgical management issues and optimize the perioperative process to ensure timely patient treatment.
Infinite-Dimensional Euclidean Spaces

The passage from a finite to an infinite number of space dimensions does not require fundamental changes in the axiomatic system developed in the preceding chapters. It must, however, be carried out with caution, just as in the case of any other operation in mathematics involving the infinite: evaluation of improper integrals, summation of infinite series, and other limit processes.
Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) Isolation and Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, and Chlortetracycline in Milk

A multiresidue method for the isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) antibiotics in milk is presented. Blank and tetracycline (OTC, TC, and CTC) fortified milk samples (0.5 mL) were blended with octadecylsilyl (C18, 40 microns, 18% load, endcapped, 2 g) derivatized silica packing material containing 0.05 g each of oxalic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic. A column made from the C18/milk matrix was first washed with hexane (8 mL), following which the tetracyclines were eluted with ethyl acetate-acetonitrile (1 + 3; v/v). The eluate contained tetracycline analytes that were free from interfering compounds when analyzed by liquid chromatography with UV detection (photodiode array, 365 nm). Correlation coefficients of standards curves for individual tetracycline isolated from fortified samples were linear (from 0.982 +/- 0.009 to 0.996 +/- 0.004) with average percentage recoveries from 63.5 to 93.3 for the concentration range (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ng/mL) examined. The inter-assay variability ranged from 8.5 +/- 2.4% to 20.7 +/- 13.0% with an intra-assay variability of 1.0-9.3%.
AO Innovating into New Fields

The AO Foundation had been committed to innovation since its inception. For much of its existence, innovation meant better surgical solutions in the trauma space. This took the route of improving surgical techniques, developing ever better implants, and evolving its teaching to keep up with the latest research in trauma care. Over time, some AO leaders questioned whether the organization was drawing the lines too narrowly, and if there was not a broader trauma space for innovation beyond those solutions demanded and created by the four major clinical divisions: Trauma, Spine, CMF, and VET.
Addressing Lifestyle Management During Visits Involving Patients with Prediabetes: NAMCS 2013–2015

The gap between treatment guidelines and clinical practice in prediabetes management has been identified in previous studies. The knowledge related to addressing lifestyle change during office visits in clinical practice to manage prediabetes is limited. To describe patterns of lifestyle management addressed during office-based visits involving patients with prediabetes and identify factors associated with addressing lifestyle management during physician office visits in the USA. Cross-sectional study US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data from 2013 to 2015 were combined to identify office-based visits involving patients with prediabetes. The major outcome is lifestyle management including diet/nutrition, exercise, and/or weight reduction. Patient and physician characteristics were collected for analysis. The prevalence and patterns of addressing lifestyle management during visits were estimated and described. Multivariate logistic regression model identified significant factors associated with lifestyle management. The patient visit weight was applied to all analyses to achieve nationally representative estimates. Among 4039 office-based visits involving patients with prediabetes between 2013 and 2015, 22.8% indicated lifestyle management was addressed during the visits. Diet/nutrition, exercise, and weight reduction accounted for 86.1%, 62.6%, and 34.1% of the visits with lifestyle management addressed, respectively. Lifestyle management was more likely to be addressed during the visits involving patients with hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.24–2.46) and obesity (OR = 4.03, 95% CI 2.91–5.56), seeing primary physicians (vs. other specialties, OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.08), and living in the southern region (vs. northeast, OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.20–3.19). The prevalence of addressing lifestyle management during office visits involving patients with prediabetes remained low in the USA. Patients’ clinical characteristics, geographic region, and physician’s specialty were associated with addressing lifestyle management during the visits.