cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
α-Tubulin acetylation from the inside out.

Posttranslational modification of proteins, including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and acetylation, is an important means of signaling and functional specialization in the cell. The acetylation of lysine residues is best understood in histone proteins, in which histone acetyltransferases modify histone tail sequences to regulate chromatin structure. However, lysine acetylation has recently become more appreciated as a widely distributed phenomenon regulating diverse proteins and cellular systems (1). One such system is the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. MTs are highly dynamic tubular polymers assembled from protofilaments of α/β-tubulin dimers, and are essential for intracellular transport, architectural organization, and force production in eukaryotic cells (2). Acetylation of the conserved lysine 40 (K40) residue of α-tubulin, first reported more than 25 y ago (3), is one of several conserved posttranslational modifications found in the tubulin protein (2, 3). Although MTs generally function as highly dynamic polymers, α-tubulin K40 acetylation is associated with unusually stable MTs. These act as tracks for organelle and macromolecule transport in neurons, and form the structural scaffolds, called axonemes, at the core of beating cilia and flagella (4, 5). α-Tubulin K40 acetylation is catalyzed by a conserved α-tubulin acetyltransferase (α-TAT), but neither the detailed mechanism of tubulin acetylation nor its downstream functional consequences are well understood (6, 7). Now, in parallel studies presented in PNAS, Friedmann et al. (8) and Taschner et al. (9) describe the 3D structure of human α-TAT and the chemical basis for α-tubulin K40 acetylation. The two studies show how α-TAT selectively acetylates α-tubulin K40 and explore α-TAT’s catalytic mechanism through detailed enzymatic analysis (8, 9).
A National Survey of Bibliotherapy Preparation and Practices of Professional Counselors

A national survey of “Bibliotherapy Practices in Counseling” was conducted in 2008. This project was partially supported by an Association of Creativity in Counseling Research Award. Little research exists regarding preparation of professional counselors and their specific use of bibliotherapy interventions. Invitations and survey requests were sent to a random sample of current members of the American Counseling Association. Respondent data indicated counselors do use bibliotherapy in their practice; however, this is largely limited to using informational, workbook, and self-help materials. An analysis of counselors' theoretical orientations, client populations, and practice settings is presented. Implications for counselors and counselor-educators and recommendations for future research are offered.
Near-Infrared Spectra of Gases: Identification of Mixtures

A 100-compound near-infrared (IR) spectral library of environmentally important gases was generated. All the library spectra were measured from 4000 to 9000 cm-1 at a resolution of 2 cm-1. Spectra of 17 test mixtures including 9 two-component mixtures, 5 three-component mixtures, and 3 four-component mixtures were measured. Two of the 9 two-component mixture spectra were measured at a resolution of 8 cm-1 and two at 16 cm-1; all the other mixtures were measured at 2 cm-1 resolution. A mixture search routine was used for identifying the components in the mixtures. In a search using the near-IR region of 4000 to 8000 cm-1, all components in the 9 two-component mixtures, all components in 5 three-component mixtures except for one component (o-xylene in a mixture of the three xylenes) and all components in the 3 four-component mixtures except for one component (a ketone) were correctly identified. The mixture search was repeated with the 4000 to 6200 cm-1 region and all components in all the 17 mixtures were correctly identified. Thus, by the decision to limit the near-IR fingerprint region of 4000-5000 cm-1 and the overtone region of the C-H stretching vibration at 5600-6200 cm-1, the informational content was optimized. The results suggest that the 4000-6200 cm-1 region could be used for monitoring gas mixtures.
Cloud Condensation Nuclei Measurements Within Clouds.

Abstract Measurements of the spectra of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) within and near the boundaries of clouds are presented. Some of the in-cloud measurements excluded the nuclei within cloud droplets; these are interstitial CCN while other measurements included all nuclei inside the cloud (total CCN). The difference between these spectra can be used to determine which nuclei are involved in cloud droplets. The vast majority of the data indicate that droplets are more likely to be grown on nuclei with lower critical supersaturations as predicted by classical theory. This technique is introduced as a possible tool for investigating the effects of mixing on the evolution of the droplet spectra.
Crystal and molecular structure of titanocene dicarbonyl, (h5-C5H5)2Ti(CO)2

Abstract The first X-ray structural determination of a complex with a Ti—carbonyl linkage is reported. The Ti—C(carbonyl) bond length is 2.030(11) A, and the average TiC(cyclopentadienyl) distance is 2.347(9) A.
Effect of sampling on the extent and accuracy of the inferred genetic history of recombining genome

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Accessible biotechnology is enabling the cataloging of genetic variants in individuals in populations at unprecedented scales. The use of phylogeny of the individuals within populations allows a model-based approach to studying these variations, which is important in understanding relationships between and across populations. For the somatic genome, however, the phylogeny must take recombinations (and other genetic mixing events) into account. Hence the resulting topology is more complex than a tree. Unlike a tree topology, it is not as apparent which events are visible from the extant samples. An earlier work presented a mathematical model (called the minimal descriptor) for teasing apart the inherent visible information from that which any specific algorithm might see. We use this framework to study the effect of sampling sizes on the overall inferred genetic history. In this paper, we seek to understand the extent, characteristics (in terms of recent versus ancient genetic events) and reliability of what was resolvable within field samples drawn from modern populations.We observed that most of the visible ancient events are recoverable from relatively small sample sizes. However, without identification of this relatively small minority of ancient genetic events, most of the signal will appear to reflect modern events and admixtures. We also found that the more ancient events are likely to be reproduced with higher fidelity between multiple samplings, and that the identified older events are less likely to yield false positive discrimination between populations.We conclude that a recombinant phylogenetic reconstruction is necessary to identify which markers are most likely to discriminate ancient events, and to discriminate between populations with lower risk of false positives. Secondly, on a broader note, this study also provides a general methodology for a critical assessment of the inferred common genetic history of populations (say, in plant cultivars or animal populations).
Analysis of point-defect diffusion and drift in cubic-type lattices: Constitutive modeling.

The migration of point defects in cubic-type lattices under the action of a force created by the interaction of the defect with an applied or internal stress field is analyzed by a combination of atomistic and continuum theory. Results from jump-rate theory are presented for the effect of the applied force on defect migration, and moment analysis of the macroscale transport equation is used to derive expressions for the drift velocity and the diffusivity tensor valid for a dilute population of defects. Both Monte Carlo calculations and closed-form expressions are presented for interstitial diffusion in the presence of a constant force in a square lattice; the force leads to anisotropic diffusion that is significant at low temperatures and large forces. The theory is applied to the analysis of the migration of oxygen atoms near a 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} glide dislocation in silicon.
Phylogenetic Resolution of Morchella, Verpa, and Disciotis [Pezizales: Morchellaceae] Based on Restriction Enzyme Analysis of the 28S Ribosomal RNA Gene

Abstract Bunyard, B. A., Nicholson, M. S. and Royse, D. J. 1995. Phylogenetic resolution of Morchella , Verpa , and Disciotis [Pezizales: Morchellaceae] based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Experimental Mycology 19, 223-233. The large subunit (28S) of the ribosomal DNA repeat of Morchella, Verpa , and Disciotis and a closely related genus ( Gyromitra ) was enzymatically amplified via the polymerase chain reaction. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found among the lines investigated and used to infer phylogenetic relationships. More variability was observed toward the 5′ end than toward the 3′ end of the 28S rRNA gene. The RFLP data were used to assemble a phylogenetic tree for the taxonomic group. Based on the RFLP data three black Morchella species isolates differed by approximately 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, respectively, from all other isolates in the Morchellaceae examined in this study. Gyromitra gigas , used as an outgroup, had approximately 6.2% difference from all members of the Morchellaceae. In some cases more genetic variation was observed intraspecifically than between putative species. Additionally, the hypothesis that Morchella is composed of only a few (possibly three) polymorphic species was supported by our findings.
Skeletal Muscle Capillaries in Diabetics A Quantitative Analysis

To evaluate the variations of capillary calibers and those of basal lamina (BL), pericytes, endothelium, and lumen within a sample of skeletal muscle and among samples from different anatomic sites, areas occupied by total capillary cross sections, by the lumen, endothelium, pericytes, and BL were measured on electron micrographs. Twenty capillary cross sections from each of the 41 specimens of skeletal muscle from 23 nondiabetic males were used. For all parameters, a marked variation was noted within each specimen, between specimens from identical sites of different individuals, and between different anatomic sites of the same individuals. In general, the capillaries are largest in the lower leg and foot muscles; the lumen is smallest at the levels of mid-thigh and lower leg; the capillaries of the lower extremity have a greater investment of BL, endothelium, and pericytes than the capillaries of the trunk and hand muscles. The areas occupied by endothelial cytoplasm, pericyte cytoplasm, and by BL are larger in bigger capillaries apparently owing to greater circumference. In addition, the capillaries of the leg, particularly those of the lower leg, have an absolutely greater investment of BL than capillaries from proximal sites. Reasons for these regional differences in the overall size of capillaries and in the investment of BL are not known.
Parametric study of the effects of arctic soot on solar radiation

A numerical radiative transfer model has been used to simulate the possible effects of carbonaceous aerosol on the Arctic climate. Because of uncertainties in aerosol properties in the Arctic, the sensitivity of modeled components of the solar radiation budget to ranges in aerosol parameters was determined. It was found that differences in assumed aerosol absorption, concentration and vertical distribution were more important than differences in aerosol size distribution. Aerosol absorption was parameterized through the index of refraction assuming an aerosol composed of soot and sulfates. Modeling the radiative effects of the springtime phenomena of Arctic soot leads to an increase in average heating rates of 0.01–0.06 K day−1 in the lowest 1–5 km of the atmosphere under cloud free conditions. The higher value is similar to estimated heating rates at northern latitudes that would result from doubling atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The hemispheric average temperature change due to the Arctic soot is, however, estimated to be almost two orders of magnitude less than for doubling of CO2 concentrations.
Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific Ocean: theories, observations and ecosystem impacts

Abstract Basin-scale variations in oceanic physical variables are thought to organize patterns of biological response across the Pacific Ocean over decadal time scales. Different physical mechanisms can be responsible for the diverse basin-scale patterns of sea-surface temperature (SST), mixed-layer depth, thermocline depth, and horizontal currents, although they are linked in various ways. In light of various theories and observations, we interpret observed basinwide patterns of decadal-scale variations in upper-ocean temperatures. Evidence so far indicates that large-scale perturbations of the Aleutian Low generate temperature anomalies in the central and eastern North Pacific through the combined action of net surface heat flux, turbulent mixing and Ekman advection. The surface-forced temperature anomalies in the central North Pacific subduct and propagate southwestwards in the ocean thermocline to the subtropics but apparently do not reach the equator. The large-scale Ekman pumping resulting from changes of the Aleutian Low forces western-intensified thermocline depth anomalies that are approximately consistent with Sverdrup theory. These thermocline changes are associated with SST anomalies in the Kuroshio/Oyashio Extension that are of the same sign as those in the central North Pacific, but lagged by several years. The physics of the possible feedback from the SST anomalies to the Aleutian Low, which might close a coupled ocean–atmosphere mode of decadal variability, is poorly understood and is an area of active research. The possible responses of North Pacific Ocean ecosystems to these complicated physical patterns is summarized.
Fluorescence studies of the kinetics of processes in polymers

Using a stopped-flow apparatus with fluorescence detection we followed the expansion of poly(methacrylic acid) after a pH jump, the enhancement of fluorescence of Auramine O after association with poly(methacrylic acid), the counterion exchange in ionomer solutions and the dependence of the rate of inter-polymer reactions on the polymer chainlength. Fluorescence was also used to follow the unfolding of collapsed chains in bulk polymers and counterion diffusion in bulk ionomers.
Noise estimating and filtering of hyperspectral infrared radiance

Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) is a hyper-spectral infrared instrument on the EOS-Aqua satellite. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of realistic simulations of AIRS radiances, which includes the effects of variable clouds and surface parameters, can be used to estimate and filter AIRS instrumental noise. The PCA uses noise scaled radiance, i.e. radiance divided by noise (R/N). Since the square root of the eigenvalues is equivalent to the standard deviation of the principal component score of the dependent ensemble, the square root of the eigenvalues in the R/N domain can be interpreted as a signal to the noise ratio for the new principal components (PC) or say "abstract channels". New PCs are arranged from the largest to the smallest eigenvalues. Once the R/N ratio is below unity, the signal has less contribution than noise for that PC and all the remaining PCs. This physical meaningful fact can be a criterion for radiance noise filtering. Using the linearity of PCA to the pure signal S plus ideal noise N in the R/N domain, PCA(N/N) becomes PCA(I). I is the identity matrix and hence eigenvalues of I are all equal. If reconstructing I, only k/m information can be recovered by k eigenvectors, where k = 1 .... m eigenvectors. Thus, it is easy to know how much noise merged into the reconstructed radiance and how many eigenvectors are needed for filtering noise when performing PCA in R/N domain. The number of eigenvectors to be used for noise estimating is around 60 in all sky conditions. 60 eigenvectors can filter over 97% of noise. Only 3% noise remains in the reconstructed data. Signal information can be recovered with accuracy in noise level. In addition, there is less than 5% error using PCA to estimate noise. Preliminary results from the real AIRS observation are discussed briefly.
Battered women's shelters and older women: The Florida experience

This article describes a study of 25 battered women's shelters located throughout Florida. The research question asked whether older abused women were being served by the state's domestic violence shelters. Although older women were found to be well-represented among shelters' paid and volunteer staff and Boards of Directors, they were poorly represented among the population served by these shelters. Results also indicated that only two shelters of-fered special programming for older women despite the fact that Florida is known for its high percentage of elderly residents. Ways in which shelters might become more involved in meeting the needs of older battered women are suggested.
256 LEPTIN AND GLUCOSE INFLUENCE PORCINE NUCLEAR MATURATION

Leptin (LEP), a product of the obese gene, regulates food intake and may be associated with the metabolic syndrome. In addition, leptin receptor has been identified in the luteal and granulosa cells of the pig, suggesting that this protein may play a role in fertility. Research indicates that LEP is associated with insulin sensitivity; thus, the addition of different concentrations of LEP and glucose (GLUC) in maturation media may have an impact on oocyte maturation. The objective of the current experiments was to determine the effect of LEP (Experiment 1), and LEP in combination with GLUC (Experiment 2) on the nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes. This could potentially be a good model system in which to study the effects of obesity and diabetes on oocyte quality. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were cultured in a chemically defined medium, Purdue porcine medium (PPM) for 42 h, in 7% CO2 in air and at 38.7°C. In Experiment 1, medium was supplemented with 5 different concentrations (0, 1, 10, 20, and 100 ng mL–1) of LEP, in the presence of 2 mm GLUC. Experiment 2 was designed as a 3 × 3 factorial, with LEP (0, 1, and 10 ng mL–1) and GLUC (0, 5, and 50 mm). Oocytes were fixed and stained after IVM (136 to 155/treatment, 7 replicates; and 39 to 90/treatment, 5 replicates for Experiment 1 and 2, respectively). Nuclear maturation was scored as 1 (mature; T or MII) or 0 (not mature). Data were analyzed by GLM ANOVA and chi-square. There was no difference in nuclear maturation between 0, 1, 10, 20, and 100 ng mL–1 LEP (79.4, 82.3, 74.5, 77.2, and 83.7% mature, respectively). According to these data, LEP alone did not have an effect on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes when using a chemically defined maturation medium. Absence of GLUC in the medium had a negative effect on maturation (39.5%; P < 0.01) compared with treatment with 5 mm (88.2%) and 50 mm (74.7%) GLUC, independent of LEP. In the presence of 5 mm GLUC, there was no difference between 0, 1, and 10 ng mL–1 LEP (83.9, 94.9, and 88.3%, respectively). However, LEP did affect nuclear maturation when COC were cultured in the absence of GLUC or with excessive GLUC. Leptin (10 ng mL–1) tended (P = 0.1) to promote nuclear maturation (46.2%) in the absence of GLUC (0 mm), compared with 0 ng mL–1 LEP (32.3%). In high-GLUC (50 mm) medium, 1 ng mL–1 LEP had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on nuclear maturation (87.8%) compared with 0 ng mL–1 (66.7%) and 10 ng mL–1 LEP (72.3%). LEP (0 or 10 ng mL–1) inhibited (P < 0.05) nuclear maturation in the presence of high (50 mm) GLUC compared with that in 5 mm GLUC. These data demonstrate that addition of 10 ng mL–1 LEP in maturation media may mitigate the negative effect of maturation in the absence of GLUC. Moreover, in the presence of excessive GLUC, 1 ng mL–1 LEP stimulates nuclear maturation. These results suggest that LEP and GLUC may interact to regulate oocyte nuclear maturation in obese or diabetic individuals, or both.
Long-term shoreline retreat rates on Whidbey Island, Washington, USA

Long-term retreat rates of Puget Sound's unconsolidated sediment shorelines have been difficult to quantify, and little systematic research has been completed to constrain retreat in this area. We put forward a new application of cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating to assess long-term shoreline retreat on Whidbey Island, WA by dating lag boulders exposed on the shore platform as the shoreline erodes. Production of 10Be in shoreline boulders is modulated by both tidal submergence and topographic shielding from the retreating bluff. By modeling the combined effect of these variables on 10Be production, the timing of exposure can be determined and used to calculate long-term (103–104 yr) bluff retreat rates. In rare cases, retreat rates are underestimated due to inherited 10Be. Within the study area, average retreat rates ranged between 0 and 8 cm yr− 1. Our results demonstrate the utility of cosmogenic nuclides for determining long-term shoreline retreat rates in areas with thick sediment cover, where large numbers of samples can be collected, and where the pre-depositional history of the boulders is uncomplicated.
Neoinstitutional accounts of voter turnout: moving beyond industrial democracies

Abstract This paper tests two neo-institutional explanations of voter turnout using data from new democracies. The first part of the paper deals with institutions as “political arenas” — rules and procedures that structure voters' choices. The second part of the paper explores the role of political organizations as agents of mobilization. The effectiveness of the registration process, compulsory voting, and party competition — more than any other institutional arrangement — account for voter turnout during transitions to democracy. To deal with traditional measurement problems, the paper develops an index of party competition for multiparty systems. Multiple regression (OLS and biweight robust regression) is applied to a sample of 17 Latin American countries in the 1980s. The results suggest that the state and political parties have a key role as agents of mobilization in new democracies.
Patient satisfaction with dermal fillers and effect on utilization of invasive aesthetic treatment modalities at a university-based cosmetic center

The use of noninvasive facial rejuvenation measures has increased even in difficult economic times. We present a 10-year retrospective patient satisfaction survey to obtain a comprehensive long-term review of our patients' experience and satisfaction with dermal filler therapy. Dermal filler use in our practice has increased. The majority of patients treated with dermal fillers underwent serial treatments with very few complications. Of patients who had invasive procedures performed, 75% continued dermal filler treatment. Patients (67%) treated with dermal fillers reported that they also had invasive facial aesthetic procedures performed. Patients (89%) reported that they would recommend dermal fillers to their peers. We found that dermal filler therapy is a noninvasive procedure that can be used as a tool to promote and increase the rate of definitive facial rejuvenation via invasive procedures in a plastic surgical practice with high patient satisfaction.
Twentieth-Century Oceanic Carbon Uptake and Storage in CESM1(BGC)*

AbstractOcean carbon uptake and storage simulated by the Community Earth System Model, version 1–Biogeochemistry [CESM1(BGC)], is described and compared to observations. Fully coupled and ocean-ice configurations are examined; both capture many aspects of the spatial structure and seasonality of surface carbon fields. Nearly ubiquitous negative biases in surface alkalinity result from the prescribed carbonate dissolution profile. The modeled sea–air CO2 fluxes match observationally based estimates over much of the ocean; significant deviations appear in the Southern Ocean. Surface ocean pCO2 is biased high in the subantarctic and low in the sea ice zone. Formation of the water masses dominating anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) uptake in the Southern Hemisphere is weak in the model, leading to significant negative biases in Cant and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) storage at intermediate depths. Column inventories of Cant appear too high, by contrast, in the North Atlantic. In spite of the positive bias, this marks an im...
Dependence on the dielectric model and pH in a synthetic helical peptide studied by Monte Carlo simulated annealing.

Monte Carlo simulated annealing is applied to the tertiary structure prediction of a 17-residue synthetic peptide, which is known by experiment to exhibit high helical content at low pH. Two dielectric models are considered: sigmoidal distance-dependent dielectric function and a constant dielectric function (ϵ = 2). Starting from completely random initial conformations, our simulations for both dielectric models at low pH gave many helical conformations. The obtained low-energy conformations are compared with the nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy cross-peak data for both main chain and side chains, and it is shown that the results for the sigmoidal dielectric function are in remarkable agreement with the experimental data. The results predict the existence of two disjoint helices around residues 5–9 and 11–16, while nmr experiments imply significant α-helix content between residues 5 and 14. Simulations with high pH, on the other hand, hardly gave a helical conformation, which is also in accord with the experiment. These findings indicate that when side chains are charged, electrostatic interactions due to these charges play a major role in the helix stability. Our results are compared with the previous 500 ps molecular dynamics simulations of the same peptide. It is argued that simulated annealing is superior to molecular dynamics in two respects: (1) direct folding of α-helix from completely random initial conformations is possible for the former, whereas only unfolding of an α-helix can be studied by the latter; (2) while both methods predict high helix content for low pH, the results for high pH agree with experiment (low helix content) only for the former method. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple testing and simultaneous confidence intervals: calculation of constant

Abstract A methodology has been developed which makes it possible to calculate efficiently, in an interactive mode, the constants required for a large class of multiple hypotheses tests and simultaneous confidence interval estimates. The method is a mixture of Monte Carlo and numerical integration, taking into account the special structure of the (acceptance) regions. An interactive Fortran 90 program, QINTER2, and a batch program QBATCH2 have been written to implement the methodology. Sample results are given.
Changes in fiber organization within the chiasmatic region of mammals.

IntroductionClassical views of the optic chiasm maintain four propositions about the retinofugal pathways: (1) each optic nerve contains a retinotopic representation of its respective retinal surface; (2) this retinotopic map in the nerve is the basis for the subsequent segregation of the decussating from the non-decussating fibers; (3) this retinotopy in the nerve is also the basis for the presence of retinotopy found within the half-retinal maps in the optic tracts; and (4) the half-retinal maps from each optic nerve are brought together within the chiasm to yield a unified, binocularly congruent, map in the optic tract (Brodal, 1969; DukeElder, 1961; Polyak, 1957; Wolff, 1940). The appeal of this classical view is in its simplicity, based on the assumption that the retinofugal pathway should replicate the sensory surface along its course. We now know that each of these four propositions is incorrect, and that the error is not one simply of degree or extent (Guillery, 1982, 1991). Rather, the above description of the visual pathway is fundamentally flawed because it has failed to take into account the constraints under which the pathway develops. We shall first consider the evidence for rejecting the classical view, from recent studies on the organization of the retinofugal pathway in adult animals and on the development of that organization. We shall then describe three transformations in the fiber order which all occur in the chiasmatic region, two of which were only recently recognized, and for which we must account.Observations from adult organizationThe difference in the fiber order in the optic nerve and tract
Results of multiple pulmonary resections for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma after two decades

A 20-year follow-up of children who had complete resection of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic sarcoma of the extremities was undertaken. Four of six 10-year survivors survived more than 19 years even with multiple metastases and as many as nine thoracotomies. Fifty percent of the 10-year survivors developed second primary cancers during the second decade of follow-up.
Soil temperature and nitrogen effects on response of flooded and nonflooded rice to zinc

Response of direct seeded rice (cv. Bluebelle) to Zn was studied in flooded and nonflooded (field capacity) Crowley soil (pH 7.6) maintained at soil temperatures of 18 and 30°C. Urea and (NH4)2SO4 were compared as sources of N to determine their effect on plant uptake of Zn from ZnSO4 either mixed or surface applied to the soil. Grain yields were slightly higher from nonflooded than from flooded soil. Higher dry matter production at 30 than at 18°C was not related to Zn nutrition. Urea and (NH4)2SO4 resulted in similar yields and Zn uptake by flooded rice, but (NH4)2SO4 was superior for nonflooded rice in the absence of applied Zn. More fixation of mixed Zn by the limed Crowley soil probably caused its lower effectiveness, as compared to surface-applied Zn.
Food Expenditures and Socioeconomic Characteristics: Focus on Income Class

Changes in food consumption and expenditures in American households have been a topic of much research throughout the twentieth century, so it is well known that income influences food expenditure patterns. Furthermore, programs that increase the purchasing power of low-income households (e.g., the Food Stamp Program) also positively affect food expenditures. Given that income influences food ex-
Robust penalized quantile regression estimation for panel data

This paper investigates a class of penalized quantile regression estimators for panel data. The penalty serves to shrink a vector of individual specific effects toward a common value. The degree of this shrinkage is controlled by a tuning parameter λ. It is shown that the class of estimators is asymptotically unbiased and Gaussian, when the individual effects are drawn from a class of zero-median distribution functions. The tuning parameter, λ, can thus be selected to minimize estimated asymptotic variance. Monte Carlo evidence reveals that the estimator can significantly reduce the variability of the fixed-effect version of the estimator without introducing bias.
Significance of micrometastases in colorectal cancer

The combined effort of pathologists, molecular biologists, and surgeons has allowed a very focused examination on select lymph nodes within a specimen. As such, clinicians are afforded the pathologic diagnosis with a smaller and smaller extent of disease. At present, the detection threshold has exceeded the clinical knowledge: that is to say, the mere presence of disease in minute amounts has not yet been studied extensively enough to identify prognostic information from such or to alter the current therapy offered to patients. Continued efforts to define “clinically relevant micrometastases” should persist.
Racial and Gender Differences in Diversity of First Names

AbstractFirst names and the number of individuals given each name were recorded on three populations, born in Pennsylvania in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Four categories of people were “black” females, “white” females, “black” males, and “white” males. Diversity of the name choices was measured by the 50 percent rank frequency, which divides the population equally between the individuals with more frequent and less frequent names. Diversity was highest for “black” females and lowest for “white” males. For all four categories of people, diversity increased progressively from 1990 to 1995 and from 1995 to 2000. Feminine phonetic attributes also were most frequent for “black” females and least frequent for “white” males. Racial divergence in choices of names was indicated by a smaller number of names in 2000 than in 1990 that were among the fifty most frequent for both “blacks” and “whites.”
Active photonic lattices for high-coherent-power generation

Active photonic lattices (APLs) of large index step ((Delta) n>=0.05 for spatial-mode stability) have been used, as early as 1988, for effective lateral-mode control in large-aperture (>=100micrometers ) high-power coherent devices. Photonic-bandpass (PBP) structures, so called ROW arrays, have allowed stable, near-diffraction-limited beam operation to powers as high as 1.6W CW and 10W peak pulsed. Photonic-bandgap (PBG) structures, so called ARROW lasers, have provided up to 0.5W peak-pulsed stable, single-mode power and hold the potential for 1W CW reliable single-mode operation from apertures ~10micrometers wide. The solution for high efficiency surface emission, from 2nd order DFB/DBR lasers, in an othonormal, single-lobe beam pattern was found in 2000. That opens the way for the realization fo 2-D surface-emitting, 2nd order APLs for the stable generation of watts of CW single-lobe, single-mode power form large 2-D apertures.
Adipogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived human mesenchymal stem cells: effect of gastric bypass surgery.

Background Adipose tissue dysfunction is an important feature of obesity characterized by enlarged adipocytes and marked changes in secretion of cytokines. These changes result in insulin resistance, chronic vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), eventually leading to type 2 diabetes, obesity-related hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several trials have shown that bariatric surgery significantly reduces these comorbidities. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the mechanisms whereby bariatric surgery reduces the burden of CVD in obese individuals.
State-to-State, Rotational Energy-Transfer Dynamics in Crossed Supersonic Jets: A High-Resolution IR Absorption Method

A high-resolution IR absorption method is presented for the experimental determination of state-to-state, integral and differential cross sections for rotationally inelastic energy transfer. An infrared chromophore, cooled into its lowest rotational state(s) in a pulsed supersonic expansion, is rotationally excited with low collision probability by a gas pulse from a second supersonic jet. The initial and final populations of the infrared absorber are monitored as a function of J state and of Doppler detuning, via direct absorption of narrow bandwidth light from a continuously tunable, CW infrared laser. The scattered and unscattered species are detected with Doppler-limited spectral resolution (≲0.01 cm-1), providing quantum-state selectivity not attainable with time-of-flight energy-loss methods. The infrared-based probe also permits study of a much wider class of absorbing species inaccessible to ultraviolet/visible laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) m...
The high pressure hydrolysis of CFCl3 and CF2Cl2

Abstract The interaction of water with CF 4 , CF 3 Cl, CF 2 Cl 2 , CFCl 3 and CCl 4 has been investigated in the temperature range 30–500° and the pressure range 10–4000 atm. No reaction was observed with CF 4 and CF 3 Cl. Hydrolysis readily occurred for CCl 4 . The apparent hydrolysis of CFCl 3 apd CF 2 Cl 2 has been shown to most likely be randomization followed by the hydrolysis of CCl 4 .
Critical Evaluation of Vaccines for Travelers

Many events lead to death and disruption during travel. Among the most important are injury, infections, and underlying diseases. Although infections are a common cause of disruption during travel, they rarely cause death. Injury stands out as the single most frequent cause of death in younger adults in most ~tudies.’~*,~ Indeed, the study by Baker et a13 showed that rates of death in U.S. males from injury were substantially higher during travel to a developing country than during life at home. Several approaches have been used to reduce death and disease related to traveL4 The main ones are education that leads to a change in behavior, chemoprophylaxis ( e g , drugs to prevent malaria) and immunization. This paper will focus on vaccines. It is useful to take a broad view and consider the role of vaccines in reducing the overall burden of travel-related disease. Contrary to common belief, most travel-related infections are not vaccine-preventable. Figure 1 shows many of the major causes of infection during travel diarrheal illness, sexually-transmitted infections, and vector-borne diseases. As is suggested by the overlapping areas, only a small subset of each can be prevented with vaccines. For example, no currently licensed vaccines protect against the common causes of travelers’ diarrhea (e.g., enterotoxigenic Eschericheria coli, campylobacter spp., shigella spp., nontyphi salmonella). Among the sexually-transmitted diseases, transmission of hepatitis B can be prevented with a vaccine, but no vaccines exist to prevent gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, HIV, herpes, chlamydia, and other common
Paleoceanographic implications of Miocene deep-sea hiatuses

Miocene paleoceanographic evolution exhibits major changes resulting from the opening and closing of passages, the subsequent changes in oceanic circulation, and development of major Antarctic glaciation. The consequences and timing of these events can be observed in variations in the distribution of deep-sea hiatuses, sedimentation patterns, and biogeographic distribution of planktic organisms. The opening of the Drake Passage in the latest Oligocene to early Miocene (25–20 Ma) resulted in the establishment of the deep circumpolar current, which led to thermal isolation of Antarctica and increased global cooling. This development was associated with a major turnover in planktic organisms, resulting in the evolution of Neogene assemblages and the eventual extinction of Paleogene assemblages. The erosive patterns of two widespread hiatuses (PH, 23.0–22.5 Ma; and NH 1, 20–18 Ma) indicate that a deep circumequatorial circulation existed at this time, characterized by a broad band of carbonate-ooze deposition. Siliceous sedimentation was restricted to the North Atlantic and a narrow band around Antarctica. A major reorganization in deep-sea sedimentation and hiatus distribution patterns occurred near the early/middle Miocene boundary, apparently resulting from changes in oceanic circulation. Beginning at this time, deep-sea erosion occurred throughout the Caribbean (hiatus NH 2, 16–15 Ma), suggesting disruption of the deep circumequatorial circulation and northward deflection of deep currents, and/or intensification of the Gulf Stream. Sediment distribution patterns changed dramatically with the sudden appearance of siliceous-ooze deposition in the marginal and east equatorial North Pacific by 16.0 to 15.5 Ma, coincident with the decline of siliceous sedimentation in the North Atlantic. This silica switch may have been caused by the introduction of Norwegian Overflow Water into the North Atlantic acting as a barrier to outcropping of silica-rich Antarctic Bottom Water. The main aspects of the present oceanic circulation system and sediment distribution pattern were established by 13.5 to 12.5 Ma (hiatus NH 3), coincident with the establishment of a major East Antarctic ice cap. Antarctic glaciation resulted in a broadening belt of siliceous-ooze deposition around Antarctica, increased siliceous sedimentation in the marginal and east equatorial North Pacific and Indian Oceans, and further northward restriction of siliceous sediments in the North Atlantic. Periodic cool climatic events were accompanied by lower eustatic sea levels and widespread deep-sea erosion at 12 to 11 Ma (NH 4), 10 to 9 Ma (NH 5), 7.5 to 6.2 Ma (NH 6), and 5.2 to 4.7 Ma (NH 7).
The resilience of combinatorial structure at the word level: morphology in self-styled gesture systems

Abstract Combinatorial structure at both word and sentence levels is widely recognized as an important feature of language - one that sets it apart from other forms of communication. The purpose of these studies is to determine whether deaf children who were not exposed to an accessible model of a conventional language would nevertheless incorporate word-level combinatorial structure into their self styled communication systems. In previous work, we demonstrated that, despite their lack of conventional linguistic input, deaf children in these circumstances developed spontaneous gesture systems that were structured at the level of the sentence, with regularities identifiable across gestures in a sentence, akin to syntactic structure. The present study was undertaken to determine whether these gesture systems were structured at a second level, the level of the word or gesture - that is, were there regularities within a gesture, akin to morphological structure? Further, if intra-gesture regularities were found, how wide was the range of variability in their expression? Finally, from where did these intra-gesture regularities come? Specifically, were they derived from the gestures the hearing mothers produced in their attempt to interact with their deaf children? We found that all of the deaf children produced gestures that could be characterized by paradigms of handshape and motion combinations that formed a comprehensive matrix for virtually all of the spontaneous gestures for each child. Moreover, the morphological systems that the children developed, although similar in many respects, were sufficiently different to suggest that the children had introduced relatively arbitrary distinctions into their systems. These differences could not be traced to the spontaneous gestures their hearing mothers produced, but seemed to be shaped by the early gestures that the children themselves created. These findings suggest that combinatorial structure at more than one level is so fundamental to human language that it can be reinvented by children who do not have access to a culturally shared linguistic system. Apparently, combinatorial structure of this sort is not maintained as a universal property of language solely by historical tradition, but also by its centrality to the structure and function of language.
THE EFFICIENT USE OF RACE AND AFROCENTRIC FEATURES IN INVERTED FACES

Prior research has shown that in addition to race-based stereotyping, people also apply stereotypes within racial groups according to the degree to which the individuals possess Afrocentric features. The present research used inverted faces to test the efficiency with which race and Afrocentric features can be extracted from faces and influence social judgment. As predicted, African Americans with stronger Afrocentric features were stereotyped to a greater degree than African Americans with weaker features, regardless of face orientation, supporting the efficiency of this form of stereotyping. Race-based stereotyping was also found to be efficient, but in this case, face inversion resulted in increased stereotyping, most likely due to the disruption of ordinary attempts to control it.
Semantic processing in auditory lexical decision: Ear-of-presentation and sex differences

In this study we examined the interplay between appetitive (approach) and defensive (avoid) responses in spoken word recognition. Ninety-two right-handed participants (half women) took part in an auditory lexical decision experiment in which speech was presented to only one ear. The danger and usefulness of the word referents interacted in predicting RTs, as in previous (binaural) studies with poorer control of psycholinguistic covariates. Specifically, higher danger ratings were associated with faster RTs for words rated low on usefulness; but higher danger ratings were associated with slower RTs for words rated high on usefulness. In addition to this primary finding, men showed more lateralised performance, as indicated by significant interactions of sex and ear of presentation with word frequency, and with the animacy of the word referents. For both sexes, word frequency had a stronger effect on accuracy for speech presented to the right ear. Finally, men's but not women's RTs were related to the dange...
TH‐A‐342‐01: ACR MR Accreditation Update: The Role of the Medical Physicist

In 2006, the ACR council approved a resolution requiring the current ACR MRI Accreditation Program to be redesigned into a modular program. The current program is limited to only whole‐body and cardiac accreditation. The new modular program will offer six clinical modules and is designed to allow a facility to have an accreditation that is more appropriately matched to the individual practice and the patient population being served. The six modules are: body, head, MR angiography (MRA), spine, musculoskeletal and cardiac. A breast MR accreditation program is currently under development; however, will not be one of these MR modules. Instead, it will be part of the Breast Imaging Accreditation Program. Also, an accreditation program specifically designed for special‐purpose orthopedic systems is under development. This continuing education course will review the current status and requirements of the ACR Whole Body MRI Accreditation Program, anticipated changes related to the proposed modular program and anticipated changes in the MRIQuality Control Manual as related to the Annual Medical Physicist Performance Survey. Educational Objectives: 1. Review the role of the Medical Physicist in the current Whole Body Accreditation Program with emphasis on the requirements of the annual performance survey. 2. Discuss the status of the proposed ACR modular accreditation program as well as the new initiatives into cardiac and orthopedic accreditation and the anticipated impact that these changes will have on the role of the medical physicist. 3. Discuss special accreditation considerations related to 3T systems and for systems with parallel imaging capability.
Excited-State Electronic Coupling and Photoinduced Multiple Electron Transfer in Two Related Ligand-Bridged Hexanuclear Mixed-Valence Compounds

The synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties of two hexanuclear mixed-valence compounds are reported. Each supramolecular species consists of two cyano-bridged [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(3)L-NC-Fe(II)(CN)(5)] triads that are linked to each other through a Pt(IV)-L-Pt(IV) bridge, where L = 4,4'-dipyridyl (bpy) or 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl (dmb). The major difference between the two compounds is the electronic nature of the bridging ligand between the two Pt atoms. Both species exhibit a broad Fe(II) --> Pt(IV) intervalent (IT) absorption band at 421 nm with an oscillator strength that is approximately four times that for [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(5)] and twice that for [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(4)-NC-Fe(II)(CN)(5)].(4-) When L = bpy, the resonance Raman spectrum obtained by irradiating the IT band at 488 nm exhibits several dipyridyl ring modes at 1604, 1291, and 1234 cm(-1) which are not present in the spectrum when L = dmb. In addition, femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy performed at 400 nm yields a transient bleach of the IT absorption band with a single exponential decay of 3.5 ps for L = bpy, compared with only 1.8 ps for L = dmb and 2.1 ps for [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(4)-NC-Fe(II)(CN)(5)].(4-) Last, prolonged irradiation of the complexes at 488 nm leads to the formation of 4 equiv of ferricyanide with a quantum efficiency of 0.0014 for L = bpy and 0.0011 for L = dmb. The transient absorption, resonance Raman, and photochemical data suggest that the degree of excited electronic coupling in these compounds is tunable by changing the electronic nature of the Pt-L-Pt bridging ligand.