cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum dot cascade heterostructure based on in-plane dipole moments for unipolar infrared cascade lasers

Quantum cascade lasers based on planar quantum wells have emerged as a leading candidate for infrared laser sources. However, these lasers are ultimately limited by phonon emission, and exhibit useful optical gain only for the tranverse magnetic polarization. Quantum dot (QD) gain material to replace the planar gain regions is very attractive because the unipolar approach can then lead to both a phonon bottleneck, and surface emission. However, tunneling phenomenon is quite different for unipolar QD injection, and designs that follow the now standard approaches based on planar quantum wells are known to have unfavorable tunneling characteristics. In this paper we present a new device design based on QDs that can lead to important advantages for realizing high performance unipolar injection infrared lasers. The new quantum dot cascade laser design is based on controlling electron tunneling in the different quantum dimensional systems, from zero-dimensional to two-dimensional, to both block as well as enhance tunneling in a gain stage so as to obtain the population inversion necessary for infrared gain. This new device, the quantum dot cascade laser (QDCL), can operate with a phonon bottleneck, and therefore can exhibit improved high temperature performance in contrast to planar heterostructure unipolar devices. In addition, the zero-dimensional confinement can also provide transverse electric polarization in the radiation field, and therefore surface emission. Epitaxial growth experiments based on self-organized quantum dots to realize the new QDCL approach are presented and discussed.
Dynamic, Nano-Probe Measurement of Complex Impedance near Single Yeast Cells

The region near a yeast cell has been probed by a pair of electrically conducting probes that are 2 microns apart -- closer than the cell diameter. The C-nanotubes are 1.2 nm in diameter -- of the size of molecules in the cell wall and able to sense their environment without damaging the cell. As a control, measurements of water and cell medium with micron-size metallic strips, but without the nanotubes present, were made. To test the nano-probes in a controlled way, they were attached to the metallic strips and then immersed in the test fluids. The results show that the nanotubes play a key role in the observed complex impedance. Then, the signal was compared for water, medium and yeast cells added to the medium. Layers of stationary fluids a few microns deep were measured as a function of frequency from 10 to 10,000 Hz, (similar to dielectric susceptibility in large collections of cells). The results show that the susceptibility differences were largest in the frequency range from 10 to 1000Hz, with the average impedance with cells about a factor of 4 higher than that with just medium and a factor of 2 larger than with water. The results indicate that the nanoprobes record a signal due to the presence of the cells, with weighting toward the nearest cell. Finally, we flowed the medium with a low density of cells past the nanoprobes and recorded the complex impedance at 100Hz. Dynamic fluctuations in the signal were observed as the cells moved by, with somewhat larger changes when a cell was near the probe, as indicated by video-microscopy paired with the electrical record. Results indicate that the protocol is applicable to other types of cells.
Automorphism groups of finite groupoids

Given a finite set M of size n and a subgroup G of Sym(M), G is pertinent iff it is the automorphism group of some groupoid 〈M; *〉. We examine when subgroups of Sym(M) are and are not pertinent. For instance, An, the alternating group on M, is not pertinent for n > 4. We close by indicating a natural extension of our ideas, which relates to a question of M. Gould.
Histone deacetylase inhibition: A novel treatment for lethal septic shock

ONCLUSIONS: Fetal wound healing restores normal dermal arhitecture with less cellular infiltration and no scarring. Interruption f IL-1R signaling does not impair the rate of wound closure, but rastically reduces fibrosis while creating a fetal-like appearance of ncisional wounds. Potential mechanisms include early reductions in ytokines known to have pro-fibrotic actions: IL-6, VEGF and TGF eta. Modulation of the IL-1R pathway has therapeutic potential in bnormal healing.
CAPTURING STATESTRENGTH: EXPERIMENTAL AND ECONOMETRIC APPROACHES

While almost all definitions of the state and state capacity (or stateness) derive at their core from a Weberian emphasis on the characteristics of institutions, the dominant measures of this concept rely instead on subjective, perceptions-based indicators. We propose an alternative strategy rooted in direct experimentation and econometric modeling to develop objective measures of the strength of state institutions, both for a contemporary cross section, but also (for the latter) for cross-time historical data essential for tracking the development of institutions.
An investigation of cytochrome c oxidase activity in bacteria.

Abstract Cytochrome c oxidase activity was investigated in extracts of yeast, heart muscle, and bacteria by observing the ability of the preparations to oxidize reduced cytochrome c. There was no significant cytochrome c oxidase activity in extracts of Acetobacter pasteurianum, Aerobacter aerogenes, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Sarcina lutea, and Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, whereas the suspensions of broken yeast cells and heart muscle particles showed great activity. Thus the respiratory enzymes of these bacteria are different from that of yeast and mammalian tissues.
Determining the Dynamic Efficiency of Cleanroom Wipers for Removal of Liquids and Particles from Surfaces

Three factors are important for removing a liquid from a surface using a wiper, whether that liquid is added to the surface for cleaning or whether it is present as a spill. First is the dynamic absorption efficiency; second is the number of particles present in the spill (or on the surface being wiped) and the extent of removal of particles during the wiping process: and third is the concern regarding particles and fibers which the wiper may leave behind on the surface being wiped. This paper describes new procedures for investigating these factors. Data are presented which demonstrate that cleanroom wipers made from fabrics that "wipe the surface dry" leave the wiped surface cleaner than those which do not because residual contamination from a spill remains in the liquid phase left behind on the surface. The conclusion from these data is that wipe-dry is not only desirable from a housekeeping point of view, but critical for wiping up spills and removing particles from surfaces. The inherent cleanliness ...
Assignment of Carbon-13 Chemical-Shift Tensors in Single-Crystal Sucrose

Carbon-13 chemical-shift tensors measured in a single crystal of sucrose are assigned and interpreted. Two methods, local symmetry orientation and 13C-1H dipolar spectroscopy, are used to assign the tensors. A quantitative technique which uses the local symmetry environment of each carbon to assign tensors is described. The data are linearly fitted with tensors obeying the local symmetry for every possible assignment permutation, and that permutation which minimizes the sum of the squares of the distances from the model tensors to the measured tensors is taken as the most likely assignment. A 3D technique for obtaining dipolar spectra for individual carbons is described, and results are exhibited for each of the 24 magnetically nonequivalent carbons in the unit cell of sucrose. These two complementary methods are applied within three groups of tensors, sorted initially by their principal values, to assign with reasonable certainty all 24 tensors to the carbons in the two molecules in the sucrose unit cell. The assigned tensors are discussed in terms of the anomeric and exoanomeric effects and their relation to the local symmetry.
Relation between the structural and physical properties of coal

Abstract The mineability and quality of coal is influenced by its structural and physical properties. The coal-mining process involves excavation, support, transport, coal preparation and possible gasification and liquefaction. Data from physical strength tests of uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, impact, and penetration tests are correlated with data from coal ultimate and proximate analyses. The significance of the micro- and macrostructure of coal is outlined.
The feature signatures of evolving programs

As programs evolve, their code increasingly becomes tangled by programmers and requirements. This mosaic quality complicated program comprehension and maintenance. Many of these activities can benefit from viewing the program as a collection of features. We introduce an inexpensive and easily comprehensible summary of program changes called the feature signature and investigate its properties. We find a remarkable similarity in the nature of feature signatures across multiple nontrivial programs, developers and magnitude changes. This indicates that feature signatures are a meaningful notion worth studying. We then show numerous applications of feature signatures to software evolution, establishing their utility.
The BMC/GIEM Model for Micromixing in Non-Premixed Turbulent Reacting Flows

A novel beta mapping closure (BMC)/generalized IEM (GIEM) model is proposed to close the micromixing term in the joint composition probability density function (PDF) transport equation for nonpremixed, multiscalar turbulent reacting flows. Because the beta PDF gives an excellent description of binary inert scalar mixing, it is used to approximate the mixture fraction PDF. The proposed model thus effectively extends presumed PDF methods to handle finite-rate chemistry without introducing ad hoc assumptions about the form of the joint composition PDF. The BMC/GIEM model can be solved efficiently using a particle-based Monte-Carlo code. The model is first compared with the amplitude mapping closure (AMC)/GIEM model and homogeneous reaction-diffusion data for scalar mixing with a two-step reaction. Its application to inhomogeneous flows is demonstrated by simulating a reacting scalar mixing layer with a one-step reaction using a Lagrangian composition PDF (LCPDF) code. The linear-mean-square-estimation (LMSE) model is also evaluated for comparison. The results from the BMC/GIEM model are in excellent agreement with experimental data, whereas the LMSE model gives errors in higher-order statistics.
Relative Decay of Bacteroidales Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Cultivated Escherichia coli in Freshwater Microcosms

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), commonly used to regulate sanitary water quality, cannot discriminate among sources of contamination. The use of alternative quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for monitoring fecal contamination or microbial source tracking requires an understanding of relationships with cultivated FIB, as contamination ages under various conditions in the environment. In this study, the decay rates of three Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene markers (AllBac for general contamination and qHF183 and BacHum for human-associated contamination) were compared with the decay rate of cultivated Escherichia coli in river water microcosms spiked with human wastewater. The following five sets of microcosms were monitored over 11 days: control, artificial sunlight, sediment exposure, reduced temperature, and no autochthonous predation. Decay was characterized by estimation of the time needed to produce a 2-log reduction (t(99)). No treatment-associated differences in the decay of the 4 targets were evident except with reduced predation, where E. coli, qHF183, and BacHum markers had lower levels of decay by day 3. However, there were substantial target-associated differences. Decay curves for the AllBac marker indicated a larger persistent population than those of the other targets. Exposure to sunlight, sediment, and reduced predation resulted in more rapid decay of the human-associated markers relative to cultivable E. coli, but there were no differences in t(99) values among the 4 targets under control conditions or at reduced temperatures. Further evaluation of epidemiological relationships will be needed in order to relate the markers directly to health risk. These findings suggest that the tested human-associated markers can complement E. coli as indicators of the human impact on sanitary water quality under the constrained conditions described in this paper.
The effectiveness of dictionary and web-based answer reranking

We describe an in-depth study of using a dictionary (WordNet) and web search engines (Altavista, MSN, and Google) to boost the performance of an automated question answering system, Webclopedia, in answering definition questions. The results indicate applying dictionary and web-based answer reranking together increase the performance of Webclopedia on a set of 102 TREC-10 definition questions by 25% in mean reciprocal rank score and 14% in finding answers in the top 5.
The Knowledge Gap: A Reexamination of Gender-Based Differences in Political Knowledge

A considerable body of data suggests that men know more about politics than do women. Although gender gaps exist in other aspects of political behavior, the unusual magnitude of the gender gap makes it particularly perplexing. In this paper, we advance and test the hypothesis that the knowledge gap is partly an artifact of how knowledge is measured. If men are disproportionately more likely to guess than are women, then observed gender disparities in knowledge will be artificially inflated. To test this hypothesis, we reexamine data used in two recent inquiries concerning the gender gap in knowledge, along with experimental data from the 1998 NES Pilot Study. All analyses point to a common conclusion: approximately 50% of the gender gap is illusory, reflecting response patterns that work to the collective advantage of male respondents.
Action of ACTH upon steroidogenesis in the chicken-adrenal gland.

Quartered adrenal glands from young leghorn chickens were incubated with cholesterol-7α-3H of high specific activity with and without ACTH; cholesterol-7α-3H was added to the incubation medium in aqueous Tween 80. The adrenal quarters were found to convert cholesterol-3H to corticosterone-3H and this conversion was increased by addition of ACTH. These observations demonstrate that avian adrenal tissue behaves in vitro like the corresponding mammalian tissue according to the parameters investigated. (Endocrinology 79: 652, 1966)
Poirot: A Distributed Tool Supporting Enterprise-Wide Automated Traceability

Poirot is a web-based tool supporting traceability of distributed heterogeneous software artifacts. A probabilistic network model is used to generate traces between requirements, design elements, code and other artifacts stored in distributed 3rd party case tools such as DOORS, rational rose, and source code repositories. The tool is designed with extensibility in mind, so that additional artifact types and 3rd party case tools can be easily added. Trace results are displayed in both a textual and visual format. This paper briefly describes the underlying probabilistic model, and the user interface of the tool, and then discusses Poirot's deployment and use in an industrial setting.
Mandibular growth comparisons of Class I and Class II division 1 skeletofacial patterns.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine class and sex differences in mandibular growth and modeling. Materials and Methods: A mixed-longitudinal sample of 130 untreated French-Canadian adolescents, 77 (45 boys and 32 girls) with Class I (normal or abnormal) occlusion and 53 (26 boys and 27 girls) with Class II division 1 malocclusion, was used. Based on eight landmarks, eight traditional measurements were used to compare the anteroposterior position of the maxilla and mandible, relationship between the jaws, and mandibular size. Mandibular superimpositions were used to compare the horizontal and vertical changes of condylion, gonion, and menton. Results: While there were no differences in maxillary position based on the SNA angle, Class IIs had more retrognathic mandibles than did Class Is. Total mandibular length was greater in Class Is than in Class IIs at 15 years of age. Superior and total growth and modeling changes at condylion and gonion, respectively, were greater for Class Is than Class IIs. Boys were m...
Dental care for the handicapped-ambulatory and hospital considerations.

Summary Estimates of the incidence of handicap are totally confused, and there is little coordination in provision of information as to types of disability. The author attempts to distinguish between the various handicaps from a standpoint of dental services delivery. Some of the psycho-social problems of the handicapped are discussed in relation to dental care, and distinction is made between those who can be treated on an ambulatory basis and those who have to be hospitalized. Guidelines are established for each of the aforementioned techniques in order to make the experience more bearable for patient, parent and dentist.
Spontaneous alternation behavior in Paramecium.

Spontaneous alternating behavior (SAB), the tendency of an organism to successively turn left and right in a maze, is a standard metric of short-term memory in developmental and pyschopharmacological studies. Although SAB is perhaps the most phylogenetically widespread behavior in motile lifeforms, conflicting data on SAB exist for several sets of closely related taxa. For example, previous studies provide contradictory evidence concerning the existence of spontaneous alternation behavior in the protozoanParamecium. However, these studies tested different species, using very different experimental designs. Using a single, factorial design for both previously tested species,P. multimicronucleatum andP. caudatum, we found that, in fact, the two species do not differ in their alternation behavior; specifically, they alternate in mazes with short tracks, but not in mazes with long tracks. These results are in accord with alternation studies on other taxa, and they fully resolve the apparent contradictions in the earlier studies onParamecium. They also indicate that caution should be used in interpreting variable results across species tested with different experimental designs and suggest that, in at least some taxa, SAB may not be strictly dependent on the use of short-term memory.
Pattern Discovery in Expression Profiling Data

In expression profiling studies, it is often necessary to identify groups of genes with similar expression profiles in a variety of samples, and/or groups of samples with similar expression profiles. Each profile can be expressed as a single data point in a space with the same number of dimensions as there are parameters in the profiles. In this way, pattern discovery among expression profiles is translated into pattern discovery in the spatial distribution of data points. Hierarchical clustering is useful for clustering similarly behaving genes or samples at local levels and for displaying the results in a simple color-coded manner. K-means clustering can be used for discovery of well-defined clusters. Principal component analysis and self-organizing maps can be used for dimensionality reduction, thereby facilitating visualization of major trends in data sets.
Multiple model-based control of robotic manipulators: theory and experimentation

The multiple-model-based control (MMBC) technique utilizes knowledge of nominal robot dynamics and principles of Bayesian estimation to provide payload-independent trajectory tracking accuracy. The MMBC algorithm is formed by augmenting a model-based controller with a form of multiple-model adaptive estimation (MMAE). The MMAE uses perturbation models of the robot dynamics and joint angle measurements to provide an estimate of the payload parameters required to minimize trajectory tracking errors. The model-based controller combines the a priori knowledge of robot structure with the payload estimate to produce the multiple models of the manipulator dynamics required to maintain controller accuracy. The development of the PUMA-specific version of the MMBC is presented first three links of PUMA-560, along with experimental validation of extensive simulation studies. >
PAS Domain Receptor Photoactive Yellow Protein Is Converted to a Molten Globule State upon Activation

Biological signaling generally involves the activation of a receptor protein by an external stimulus followed by protein-protein interactions between the activated receptor and its downstream signal transducer. The current paradigm for the relay of signals along a signal transduction chain is that it occurs by highly specific interactions between fully folded proteins. However, recent results indicate that many regulatory proteins are intrinsically unstructured, providing a serious challenge to this paradigm and to the nature of structure-function relationships in signaling. Here we study the structural changes that occur upon activation of the blue light receptor photoactive yellow protein (PYP). Activation greatly reduces the tertiary structure of PYP but leaves the level secondary structure largely unperturbed. In addition, activated PYP exposes previously buried hydrophobic patches and allows significant solvent penetration into the core of the protein. These traits are the distinguishing hallmarks of molten globule states, which have been intensively studied for their role in protein folding. Our results show that receptor activation by light converts PYP to a molten globule and indicate stimulus-induced unfolding to a partially unstructured molten globule as a novel theme in signaling.
Guardians of the State’s Problem Children: An Ethnographic Study of Staff Members in a Juvenile Correctional Facility

Cottage staff members in a juvenile training school play a crucial role in the state’s attempts to rehabilitate or resocialize adolescent offenders. As the predominant adult influences in the lives...
Multidimensional analysis of intracellular bacteriophage T7 DNA: effects of amber mutations in genes 3 and 19.

By use of rate-zonal centrifugation, followed by either one- or two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis, the forms of intracellular bacteriophage T7 DNA produced by replication, recombination, and packaging have been analyzed. Previous studies had shown that at least some intracellular DNA with sedimentation coefficients between 32S (the S value of mature T7 DNA) and 100S is concatemeric, i.e., linear and longer than mature T7 DNA. The analysis presented here confirmed that most of this DNA is linear, but also revealed a significant amount of circular DNA. The data suggest that these circles are produced during DNA packaging. It is proposed that circles are produced after a capsid has bound two sequential genomes in a concatemer. The size distribution of the linear, concatemeric DNA had peaks at the positions of dimeric and trimeric concatemers. Restriction endonuclease analysis revealed that most of the mature T7 DNA subunits of concatemers were joined left end to right end. However, these data also suggest that a comparatively small amount of left-end to left-end joining occurs, possibly by blunt-end ligation. A replicating form of T7 DNA that had an S value greater than 100 (100S+ DNA) was also found to contain concatemers. However, some of the 100S+ DNA, probably the most branched component, remained associated with the origin after agarose gel electrophoresis. It has been found that T7 protein 19, known to be required for DNA packaging, was also required to prevent loss, probably by nucleolytic degradation, of the right end of all forms of intracellular T7 DNA. T7 gene 3 endonuclease, whose activity is required for both recombination of T7 DNA and degradation of host DNA, was required for the formation of the 32S to 100S molecules that behaved as concatemers during gel electrophoresis. In the absence of gene 3 endonuclease, the primary accumulation product was origin-associated 100S+ DNA with properties that suggest the accumulation of branches, primarily at the left end of mature DNA subunits within the 100S+ DNA.
Application of a Safety-Driven Design Methodology to an Outer Planet Exploration Mission

Traditional requirements specification and hazard analysis techniques have not kept pace with the increasing complexity and constraints of modern space systems development. These techniques are incomplete and often consider safety late in the development cycle when the most significant design decisions have already been made. The lack of an integrated approach to perform safety-driven system development from the beginning of the system lifecycle hinders the ability to create safe space systems on time and within budget. To address this need, the authors have created an integrated methodology for safety-driven system development that combines four state-of-the-art techniques: 1) intent specification, a framework for organizing system development and operational information in a hierarchical structure; 2) the STAMP model of accident causation, a system-theoretic framework upon which to base more powerful safety engineering techniques; 3) STAMP-based hazard analysis (STPA); and 4) state analysis, a model-based systems engineering approach. The iterative approach specified in the methodology employs state analysis in the modeling of system behavior. STPA is used to identify system hazards and the constraints that must be enforced to mitigate these hazards. Finally, intent specification is used to document traceability of behavioral requirements and subject them to formal analysis using the SpecTRM-RL software package. In this paper, the application of this methodology is demonstrated through the specification of a spacecraft high gain antenna pointing mechanism for a hypothetical outer planet exploration mission.
On notions and sufficient conditions for forward invariance of sets for hybrid dynamical systems

Forward invariance for hybrid dynamical systems modeled by differential and difference inclusions with state-depending conditions enabling flows and jumps is studied. Several notions of forward invariance are considered and sufficient conditions in terms of the objects defining the system are introduced. In particular, we study forward invariance notions that apply to systems with nonlinear dynamics for which not every solution is unique or may exist for arbitrary long hybrid time. Such behavior is very common in hybrid systems. Lyapunov-based conditions are also proposed for the estimation of invariant sets. Applications and examples are given to illustrate the results. In particular, the results are applied to the estimation of weakly forward invariant sets, which is an invariance property of interest when employing invariance principles to study convergence of solutions.
Cocrystal Engineering of a Prototype Energetic Material: Supramolecular Chemistry of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

A unique approach to alter the properties of existing energetic materials through cocrystallization is presented. The structure and properties of 17 new cocrystals of the benchmark energetic material 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are elucidated. The donor−acceptor π−π interaction represents a reliable supramolecular synthon for the formation of cocrystals with this aromatic energetic material. When present, amine−nitro interactions direct secondary packing in these crystals. A detailed study of the cocrystals formed reveals an alteration of key properties including density, packing coefficient, melting point, and decomposition temperature. Cocrystallization provides the opportunity to tune properties of existing energetics to create superior materials and provides a complementary alternative to traditional methods that focus primarily on the synthesis of new compounds and/or the discovery of polymorphs with the most attractive properties.
Modeling water and ammonia adsorption in hydrophobic metal-organic frameworks: Single components and mixtures

Capturing ammonia under humid conditions is difficult because chemical functionalities that attract ammonia tend to also attract water. In this work, three hydrophobic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were assessed for ammonia capture under dry and humid conditions. Using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, pure water isotherms were calculated and showed good agreement with experiment. The low heats of adsorption for water substantiate the hydrophobic nature of these MOFs. Simulated ammonia isotherms predict that hydrophobic MOFs adsorb similar amounts of ammonia under dry and humid conditions. These results suggest that hydrophobic MOFs could be appropriate candidates for ammonia capture under humid conditions. The simulations also provide detailed information on the behavior of water and mixtures of water and ammonia confined in hydrophobic pores.
A Unified Approach to Grain Boundary Diffusion and Nucleation in Thin Film Reactions

An alternative model is proposed to extend the conventional view of diffusion under a concentration gradient in a grain boundary phase of width d. The conventional model is well developed and readily applied to the thickening kinetics of polycrystalline product phases in binary diffusion couples, however it is not readily extended to other phenomena of interest in thin films, i.e., the nucleation and growth of the product phase crystallites prior to formation of a product phase layer. In the alternative model presented here, non-equilibrium thermodynamics is used to define the chemical potentials, μiI, for each atomic specie in the grain and interphase boundaries of a polycrystalline diffusion couple. The chemical potential difference for each specie between the bulk phases of the diffusion couple is partitioned between the driving force for grain boundary diffusion and that for interfacial reaction. This partition leads to a characteristic decay length that describes the spatial variation of μiI. Numerical calculations of μiI are used to show that boundary diffusion favors heterogeneous nucleation. Product nucleation in thin film reactions is seen to be similar to precipitation from a bulk solid solution.
Bridging the myoplasmic gap II: more recent advances in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling.

ABSTRACT In skeletal muscle, excitation–contraction (EC) coupling relies on the transmission of an intermolecular signal from the voltage-sensing regions of the L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.1) in the plasma membrane to the channel pore of the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) nearly 10 nm away in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Even though the roles of CaV1.1 and RyR1 as voltage sensor and SR Ca2+ release channel, respectively, have been established for nearly 25 years, the mechanism underlying communication between these two channels remains undefined. In the course of this article, I will review current viewpoints on this topic with particular emphasis on recent studies.
GreenMonitor: Extending battery life for continuous heart rate monitoring in smartwatches

Health monitoring applications using smart devices are becoming increasingly popular due to an expanding number of new devices available and growing affordability of such devices. Smartwatches provide a new way to acquire data for heart rate and activity levels via accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other builtin sensors, which can enable a full range of health applications to improve users' lives. However, continuous heart rate monitoring can significantly reduce the operating time of a smartwatch, reducing the applicability for continuous monitoring. We propose GreenMonitor to extend the operating time of a smartwatch while maintaining accuracy of heart rate monitoring by leveraging the correlation between heart rate and activity level changes indicated by the accelerometer data. Through detailed implementation and evaluation we show that GreenMonitor can save 26% energy, on average for our traces, while maintaining accurate physical activity tracking and evaluation.
472 INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION ALTERS HEPATIC INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR 1 PROMOTER UTILIZATION AND EXPRESSION.

Background IUGR predisposes towards lower IGF-1 levels, which is significant because decreased IGF-1 levels contribute to insulin resistance during adulthood. In humans and rats, IGF-1 expression involves the use of different promoters and splice variants. This is a characteristic associated with epigenetic regulation of gene, which is altered in the IUGR liver. IGF-1 expression involves the use of two different promoters, while alternative splicing within exon 4 accounts for the IGF-1 variants A (IGF-1A) and B (IGF-1B). Objective We therefore hypothesized that IUGR in the rat would influence hepatic expression of IGF-1 and promoter utilization. Methods IUGR was induced via bilateral uterine artery ligation. Liver was harvested from IUGR and sham controls (Con) on day 0 and day 21. IGF-1 gene expression was measured. Initiation at promoter one (P1) and promoter two (P2) transcription start sites were quantified. Results Results are expression as percent of Con ± SEM. IUGR decreased IGF-1 protein levels in day 0 IUGR female rats to 52 ± 15%** of Con and decreased IGF-1 protein levels in day 21 IUGR male and female rats to 69 ± 5%** and 29 ± 5%*** of Con values respectively. Similarly, IGF-1A mRNA levels were decreased to 38 ± 2.9%*** and 40 ± 10.3%** of Con in male and female day 0 pups respectively, though no difference was noted at day 21. IGF-1B mRNA levels were decreased to 26 ± 2.3%*** and 39 ± 3.9%*** in male and female day 0 pups respectively. At day 21, IGF-1B mRNA levels were also decreased to 68 ± 6%* and 86 ± 2.9%* of male and female Con levels respectively. At day 0, transcription initiation from P1 in IUGR males and females was 25 ± 2.6%*** and 41 ± 6%*** of Con, with no difference at day 21. Transcription initiation from P2 in day 0 IUGR animals was 39 ± 7%** and 46 ± 2.6%*** in male and females respectively, while at day 21, IUGR still reduced P2 transcription initiation to 75 ± 2.5%*** and 79 ± 4.1%** of male and female control values (*p Conclusions IUGR decreased hepatic IGF-1 gene expression in neonatal and adolescent rats. IGF-1 promoter activity in IUGR from P1 and P2 was decreased at day 0 and P1 remained low at day 21. These findings are novel by demonstrating the effects of IUGR upon IUGF-1 splice variation and promoter utilization. We speculated that IUGR-induced epigenetic reprogramming may play a role in IGF-1 gene expression change using the P2 promoter. March of Dimes and HD41075.
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT FOR YAOBAO SLIDE IN YUNYANG

Basic on finding out the environmental geology conditions of Yaobao Slide,the genetic and stability of the slide are being analyzed.According to the characteristics of the slide and combining with engineering practice,the paper adopts comprehensive measures treatments such as intercepting and drawing of the water,friction pile as well as friction retaining wall.
Response: Freedom from Pain as a Rawlsian Primary Good

In a recent article in this journal, Carl Knight and Andreas Albertsen argue that Rawlsian theories of distributive justice as applied to health and healthcare fail to accommodate both palliative care and the desirability of less painful treatments. The asserted Rawlsian focus on opportunities or capacities, as exemplified in Normal Daniels' developments of John Rawls' theory, results in a normative account of healthcare which is at best only indirectly sensitive to pain and so unable to account for the value of efforts of which the sole purpose is pain reduction. I argue that, far from undermining the Rawlsian project and its application to problems of health, what the authors' argument at most amounts to is a compelling case for the inclusion of freedom from physical pain within its index of primary goods.
Relationships among diet, physical activity, and dual plane dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone outcomes in pre-pubertalgirls

Mini-abstract In pre-pubertal girls, nutrient intakes and non-aquatic organized activity were evaluated as factors in vertebral body bone mass, structure, and strength. Activity, vitamin B12, and dietary fiber predicted bone outcomes most consistently. Exercise and vitamin B12 appear beneficial, whereas high fiber intake appears to be adverse for vertebral body development.
Multistate, multichannel coupled diabatic state representations of adiabatic states coupled by conical intersections. CH2OH photodissociation

A coupled diabatic state representation, Hd, of the 1, 2, 3 2A states of CH2OH suitable for the description of the three channel, three state photodissociation process CH2OH(1 2A) + hv → CH2OH(2, 3 2A) → CH2O(X, A) + H, cis-CHOH + H, trans-CHOH + H, is reported. The representation is based on electronic structure data (energies, energy gradients, and derivative couplings) obtained exclusively from multireference configuration interaction single and double excitation wave functions. Diabat shifting is employed to improve the representation’s agreement with accurate experimental energetics. A careful analysis of the numerous minima, saddle points, and conical intersection seams is reported. The computed T0(3 2A) ∼ 35 220 cm−1 is in excellent agreement with the experimental estimate of 35 053 cm−1, and the computed channel dissociation energies, D0, for CH2O 9453 (10 160), cis-HCOH 30 310.2 (29 923), and trans-HCOH 28 799 (28 391) cm−1 are in good accord with the measured values given parenthetically. These ...
Increasing the safety and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment that has recently been undergoing rapid development. However, there are still some major challenges, including precise tumor targeting to avoid off-target or “on-target/off-tumor” toxicity, adequate T cell infiltration and migration to solid tumors and T cell proliferation and persistence across the physical and biochemical barriers of solid tumors. In this review, we focus on the primary challenges and strategies to design safe and effective CAR T cells, including using novel cutting-edge technologies for CAR and vector designs to increase both the safety and efficacy, further T cell modification to overcome the tumor-associated immune suppression, and using gene editing technologies to generate universal CAR T cells. All these efforts promote the development and evolution of CAR T cell therapy and move toward our ultimate goal—curing cancer with high safety, high efficacy, and low cost.
Abstract 326: MicroRNA-30c Reduces Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis by Decreasing Lipid Synthesis and Lipoprotein Secretion

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for various cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Overproduction of lipoproteins, a process critically dependent on microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), can contribute to hyperlipidemia. We show that microRNA-30c (miR-30c) interacts with the 3’-untranslated region of the MTP mRNA and induces degradation leading to reductions in apolipoprotein B secretion in cells. Further, miR-30c reduces hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in Western diet fed mice by decreasing lipid biosynthesis as well as assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins without increasing either hepatic lipids or plasma transaminases. Therefore, miR-30c coordinately reduces lipid biosynthesis and lipoprotein secretion to control cellular and plasma lipid levels and might be useful in treating hyperlipidemia and associated disorders.
Link selection strategies based on network analysis to determine stable and energy-efficient data gathering trees for mobile sensor networks

We propose three different strategies for selecting links that could be part of stable data gathering (DG) trees for mobile sensor networks (MSNs). The proposed strategies are based on metrics (such as: Neighborhood Overlap, Bipartivity Index and Algebraic Connectivity) used in complex network analysis applied on the egocentric network of an edge: a graph comprising of the end nodes of the edge and their neighbors (as vertices) and links incident on the end nodes of the edge (as edges). We hypothesize that an edge whose egocentric network has a larger neighborhood overlap or a smaller bipartivity index or a larger value for algebraic connectivity should have its end nodes share a significant fraction of their neighbors and be a short distance link that is relatively more stable. Through extensive simulations, we show that each of the above three metrics of complex network analysis could be used to determine DG trees that are significantly more stable and energy-efficient compared to the currently best known strategy of using the predicted link expiration time (LET) to determine stable DG trees for MSNs. Also, unlike the LET approach, the proposed strategies could be applied without knowledge about the location and mobility of the nodes.
Pharmacist Participation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Decreases Door-to-Needle Time to Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator.

Background: Pharmacists are an important member of the stroke team and aid in obtaining medication and medical history, providing education, managing blood pressure, reviewing exclusion criteria fo...
Runtime Data Layout Scheduling for Machine Learning Dataset

Machine Learning (ML) approaches are widelyused classification/regression methods for data mining applications. However, the time-consuming training process greatly limits the efficiency of ML approaches. We use the example of SVM (traditional ML algorithm) and DNN (state-of-the-art ML algorithm) to illustrate the idea in this paper. For SVM, a major performance bottleneck of current tools is that they use a unified data storage format because the data formats can have a significant influence on the complexity of storage and computation, memory bandwidth, and the efficiency of parallel processing. To address the problem above, we study the factors influencing the algorithm’s performance and conduct auto-tuning to speed up SVM training. DNN training is even slower than SVM. For example, using a 8-core CPUs to train AlexNet model by CIFAR-10 dataset costs 8.2 hours. CIFAR-10 is only 170 MB, which is not efficient for distributed processing. Moreover, due to the algorithm limitation, only a small batch of data can be processed at each iteration. We focus on finding the right algorithmic parameters and using auto-tuning techniques to make the algorithm run faster. For SVM training, our implementation achieves 1:7..16:3 speedup (6:8 on average) against the non-adaptive case (using the worst data format) for various datasets. For DNN training on CIFAR-10 dataset, we reduce the time from 8.2 hours to only roughly 1 minute. We use the benchmark of dollars per speedup to help the users to select the right deep learning hardware.
Effects of charge and hydrophobicity on the oligomerization of peptides derived from IAPP

Changes in pH resulting in modifications of charge can dramatically alter the folding and interaction of proteins. This article probes the effects of charge and hydrophobicity on the oligomerization of macrocyclic β-sheet peptides derived from residues 11-17 of IAPP (RLANFLV). Previous studies have shown that a macrocyclic β-sheet peptide containing this IAPP sequence (peptide 1Arg) does not form oligomers in aqueous solution at low millimolar concentrations. Replacing arginine with the uncharged isostere citrulline generates a homologue (peptide 1Cit) that forms a tetramer consisting of a sandwich of hydrogen-bonded dimers. The current study probes the role of charge and hydrophobicity by changing residue 11 to glutamic acid (peptide 1Glu) and leucine (peptide 1Leu). Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) studies show that peptides 1Glu and 1Leu form tetramers in solution. NOESY studies confirm that both peptides form the same sandwich-like tetramer as peptide 1Cit. 1H NMR spectroscopy at various concentrations reveals that peptide 1Leu has the highest propensity to form tetramers. The effects of pH and charge on oligomerization are further probed by incorporating histidine at position 11 (peptide 1His). DOSY studies show that peptide 1His forms a tetramer at high pH. At low pH, peptide 1His forms a new species that has not been previously observed by our research group-a dimer. These studies demonstrate the importance of charge and hydrophobicity in the oligomerization of IAPP-derived peptides.
Applications of Distributed Socio-technical Synthetic Intelligent (SI) Systems Using Hybrid “Compensating Controls” Architectures

At least weekly we hear about significant data breaches or cyberattacks that threaten the financial health and privacy of millions of online users, or about attacks by nation states or terrorist groups with a political or propagandistic agenda. How did we get here? How did our online interconnectedness that has created so many benefits, resulted in so many challenges? We’re living through digital transformation that’s challenging how we think about the world. We are clinging to mental models from the physical world and the industrial age that no longer work. What we need are new mental models and a recognition that technology alone does not fix the problem. It’s the humans in the system that require rules for operating online that need to be vigorously addressed. Here is a case for new hybrid architectures that combine both the rules and tools for operating online. Some way to institute neighborhood watch with compensating controls that bridge the gap between humans and current technologies.
Increasing the stability of Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruorin via poly(acrylic acid) conjugation.

Since donated red blood cells must be constantly refrigerated, they are often unavailable in remote areas and battlefields. The goal of this study was to synthesize a highly stable blood substitute that does not require refrigeration. Specifically, the extracellular haemoglobin (a.k.a. erythrocruorin, Ec) of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruororin (LtEc) was cross-linked with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and ethylene diamine (EDA). PAGE analysis of the LtEc nanoparticles reveals cross-linking between subunits, while dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy show that cross-linking significantly increases the size of the LtEc nanoparticles (164 ± 13.9 nm). Cross-linking also significantly increased the thermal stability of the LtEc nanoparticles by 10 °C (Tm = 72 ± 0.84 °C) relative to native LtEc (Tm = 62 ± 0.6 °C). In addition, while native LtEc rapidly dissociates at pH 9, the LtEc nanoparticles resist subunit dissociation up to pH 10. The oxygen affinity of the LtEc nanoparticles (P50 = 6.85 ± 0.13 mm Hg) is much higher than native LtEc (P50 = 26.67 ± 0.4 mm Hg), but the cooperativity (n = 2.43 ± 0.12) is not affected. Altogether, these results show that cross-linking LtEc with PAA and EDA provides a potential blood substitute with increased stability and oxygen affinity.
Umpire to the Federal System

H A AND in hand together, Due Process and the Commerce Clause amble across the pages of the United States Reports. Though one is supposed to provide a balance between the individual and his government and the other between state and nation, they have more or less been interchangeable devices for protecting the status quo against social legislation. A Court which struck down state legislation in the name of the Fourteenth Amendment was usually a Court which also found a negative implication in the Commerce Clause to prevent state regulation of interstate business.' And except for certain traditional types of commerce2 and a few pronouncements of the Taft Court,3 the Commerce Clause hardly seemed a strong affirmative instrument for national regulation. By adept manipulation of these two constitutional provisions the Court steadily erected a no man's land free from any governmental regulation.4 In fact, the primary objective of no-regulation finally became so important that the Court lost its adeptness and in one instance confused the two concepts by saying in effect that the Commerce Clause did not extend to regulation of commerce if the regulation was without due process of law.5 It is hardly surprising, therefore, to find that when the new Court launched its campaign to undo past wrongs, it moved on three fronts at