cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pair distribution function analysis applied to decahedral gold nanoparticles

The five-fold symmetry of face-centered cubic (fcc) derived nanoparticles is inconsistent with the translational symmetry of a Bravais lattice and generally explained by multiple twinning of a tetrahedral subunit about a (joint) symmetry axis, with or without structural modification to the fcc motif. Unlike in bulk materials, five-fold twinning in cubic nanoparticles is common and strongly affects their structural, chemical, and electronic properties. To test and verify theoretical approaches, it is therefore pertinent that the local structural features of such materials can be fully characterized. The small size of nanoparticles severely limits the application of traditional analysis techniques, such as Bragg diffraction. A complete description of the atomic arrangement in nanoparticles therefore requires a departure from the concept of translational symmetry, and prevents fully evaluating all the structural features experimentally. We describe how recent advances in instrumentation, together with the increasing power of computing, are shaping the development of alternative analysis methods of scattering data for nanostructures. We present the application of Debye scattering and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis towards modeling of the total scattering data for the example of decahedral gold nanoparticles. PDF measurements provide a statistical description of the pair correlations of atoms within a material, allowing one to evaluate the probability of finding two atoms within a given distance. We explored the sensitivity of existing synchrotron x-ray PDF instruments for distinguishing four different simple models for our gold nanoparticles: a multiply twinned fcc decahedron with either a single gap or multiple distributed gaps, a relaxed body-centered orthorhombic (bco) decahedron, and a hybrid decahedron. The data simulations of the models were then compared with experimental data from synchrotron x-ray total scattering. We present our experimentally derived atomistic models of the gold nanoparticles, with surprising results and a perspective on remaining challenges. Our findings provide evidence for the suitability of PDF analysis in the characterization of other nanosized particles that may have commercial applications.
An orangutan in Paris: pondering Proximity at the Muséum d’histoire naturelle in 1836

When the Museum d’histoire naturelle in Paris learned in 1836 that it had the chance to buy a live, young orangutan, it was excited by the prospect. Specimens were the focus of the Museum’s activities, and this particular specimen seemed especially promising, not only because the Museum had very few orangutan specimens in its collection, but also because of what was perceived to be the orangutan’s unique place in the natural order of things, namely, at the very boundary between the animal kingdom and humans. Frederic Cuvier, the superintendent of the Museum’s menagerie, urged that studying the orangutan’s mental faculties would help resolve fundamental questions regarding the similarities and differences between animals and humans. Archival and printed sources allow one to reconstruct the orangutan’s capture, acquisition, and subsequent career at the menagerie in greater detail than has generally been possible for animals of nineteenth-century zoos. Scientists, artists, the public, the press, and even musicians (Franz Liszt included) sought to engage with the orangutan, seeing in it not just another ape or monkey but a special creature unto itself at the animal/human boundary. Key to their fascination with the orangutan was the question of proximity—just how close was the orangutan to humans? The orangutan’s story illuminates not only how the animal-human boundary was conceived at the time but also the problematic status of the zoo as a site for scientific research and the roles of scientific and non-scientific actors alike in constructing how the orangutan was understood.
The effect of microbial phytase supplementation of sorghum-canola meal diets with no added inorganic phosphorus on growth performance, apparent total-tract phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy utilization, bone measurements, and serum variables of growing and finishing swine.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with growing and finishing swine to determine the effect of phytase supplementation of sorghum-canola meal diets without added inorganic phosphorus (iP) on growth performance, apparent total-tract P, calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), and energy utilization, bone strength, bone ash, serum Ca and P concentrations, and serum phosphatase activity. For Exp. 1, 42 crossbred barrows in individual metabolism cages were fed a P-deficient diet for 7 d before starting a 28-d experiment at 24.8 kg body weight (BW). Experiment 1 had 7 treatments that were a negative control (NC) diet supplemented with 0, 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 U of Aspergillus niger (AN) phytase/kg, a positive control (PC) diet, and the PC diet supplemented with 1200 U of AN phytase/kg. Fecal and urine collections were made from d 21–26. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, and 28. For Exp. 2, 126 growing-finishing crossbred swine with an initial BW of 21.6 kg were group-fed (3 pigs/pen) in 3 phases (grower, early-finisher, and late-finisher). Experiment 2 had 6 treatments that were a NC diet for each phase supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 U of AN phytase/kg and a PC diet. Fecal collections were made from d 49–54. Blood samples were collected on d 35, 63, and 91. For both experiments, 400 U of AN phytase/kg of diet was adequate (P ≤ 0.05) for growth performance compared with the PC treatment groups. For Exp. 1, apparent total-tract P absorption and retention plateaued at 1200 U of AN phytase/kg of diet (P
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Rare-Gas Matrix Isolated 125Te Compounds

Rare-gas-matrix isolated (RGMI) atoms and molecules have been studied in the last twenty years by different experimental methods: These experiments indicate that the atoms and molecules trapped in the rare-gas-matrix have properties very similar to those of the free species, demonstrating that the weak binding in these solids does not change appreciably the atomic and molecular configuration. Matrix isolation techniques have been applied recently to Mossbauer spectroscopy. The first successful rare-gas-matrix isolation Mossbauer experiment was carried out with iodine molecules (I2) imbedded in solid argon at 22K1. Since then this technique has been extended to 57Fe,2 119Sn 3, and 125Te 4.
The changes in plasma renin angiotensin and arginine vasopressin in pulmonary hypertension rats

The plasma renin activity (RA), the concentration and the ratio of angiotensin (AI) conversion into angiotensin II (AII), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) level were observed in Wistar rats with pulmonary hypertension (PH) induced by extracardiac left-to-right shunting (LRS), hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and shunting plus HH (SHH). In comparison with normal control rats, RA in LRS and SHH rats showed an increasing trend, although no statistical significance appeared (P > 0.05). No change occurred in HH rats. The concentration and ratio of AI conversion into AII were significantly increased in LRS rats (P 0.05). The action of humoral factors in PH formation was discussed.
Intrauterine Device Removal

One of the many benefits of utilizing intrauterine contraception is the typical ease with which the device can be inserted and removed. Following patient counseling, once the patient and provider have together formulated a decision to remove the device, retrieval of the apparatus can often be accomplished in a short office visit.
Molecular beam epitaxy and characterization of AlGaN nanowire ultraviolet light emitting diodes on Al coated Si (0 0 1) substrate

Abstract We have demonstrated the epitaxial growth of AlGaN nanowires on Al coated Si (0 0 1) substrate. The as-grown nanowires feature diameters of >200 nm and relatively uniform height distribution. AlGaN nanowires with emission wavelengths from 340 nm to 288 nm have been successfully achieved by varying Al/Ga beam equivalent pressure ratio and growth temperature. Detailed structural characterization suggests that AlGaN nanowires grown on Al template are free of dislocations. We have further demonstrated functional AlGaN nanowire deep ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes, which exhibit a turn-on voltage of 7 V and a single peak EL emission at 288 nm. The realization of high quality AlGaN nanostructures on reflective Al template provides a promising approach for achieving high efficiency DUV light emitters.
Sociological and Medical Factors Influence Outcomes in Facial Trauma Malpractice.

Purpose Medical error in the United States carries substantial economic and safety costs, which manifest in a large number of malpractice suits filed each year. The aim of this study was to characterize the various sociologic and medical factors that influence malpractice suits occurring from cases of facial trauma. Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study examined defendant data from facial trauma malpractice cases extracted from the Westlaw database, a database composed of representative federal litigations. Study variables of interest included geographic region, type of trial, injury category, and provider specialty, which were analyzed for impact on initial and final legal decisions. Descriptive statistics, Pearson χ2 test, and Fisher t test were performed using SPSS. Results Of the 69 defendants (76.8% men and 23.2% women; age range, 17 to 57 yr), which resulted from 53 claims, 12 (17.4%) involved plastic surgeons and 10 (14.5%) involved emergency physicians. Most complaints consisted of inadequate care that deviated from treatment standards (32 [46.4%]) and delayed diagnosis (24 [34.8%]). Of delayed diagnosis cases, 14 patients had radiographic imaging performed. Geographic location of the claim was statistically significant—the Midwest upheld 40% of complaints (P = .007) and the South dismissed 91.4% (P = .027). Conclusions The impact of sociologic factors, including geographic region, informed consent, and cosmesis, and medical factors, such as delayed diagnosis and deviation from standard of care, in facial trauma litigation were found to be incongruent with previous studies describing the medicolegal influences in facial plastic procedures. This analysis provides greater insight to surgical practitioners across subspecialty disciplines regarding the potential legal implications of malpractice.
SRVoice: A Robust Sparse Representation-Based Liveness Detection System

Voiceprint-based authentication is fast becoming the everyday norm since it is much easier to use and provides better security. However, current voiceprint-based authentication systems are vulnerable to various replay attacks. To tackle the spoofing attacks, we propose a new system that leverages the structural differences between human vocal system and loudspeakers and use the unique vibration pattern of both human vocal cord and throat as a key differentiating factor for liveness detection. Specially, we model the relationship between voices collected by two microphones of a smartphone of each live speaker using sparse representation. Compared with existing systems, our solution does not assume any prior knowledge of the attack method and is easy to operate. Moreover, our solution leverages the audio signals within the vocal frequency range and is robust to jamming attacks using high-frequency audio. Experimental results show that our system can achieve accurate live ness detection for a 6-digit passphrase with a mean true acceptance rate of 99.04% and true rejection rate of 100%.
Putting Codes in Perspective

Viviana Zelizer’s focus on codes of ethics is surprising. In her paper “Ethics in the Economy,” she argues that the study of formal codes and their effects can help us understand how economic actors respond to ethical questions, and she outlines a code-centered research agenda directed to this end. My perspective is rather different.
The role of trace Ag in the synthesis of Au nanorods

One of the more useful syntheses of single crystalline, uniform Au nanorods from Au spherical seeds relies on the addition of trace Ag ions, yet the role that Ag+ plays has remained both elusive and controversial, due in part to lack of knowledge of how the Ag distribution in the nanorod evolves over time. In this work, we fill in this knowledge gap by correlating the spatial distribution of Ag within Au nanorods with nanorod anisotropic growth through time-course X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAFS)-derived atomic-level elemental coordination paired with electron microscopy for nanoscale morphological analysis. Using this method, a plausible pathway for the conversion of spherical seeds into Au nanorods is proposed. Evidence shows that the nanorod anisotropic growth is directly related to the Ag surface coverage. Anisotropy is induced early in the reaction when Ag first deposits onto the nanoparticle surface, but growth occurs more isotropically as the reaction progresses and Ag diffuses into the nanorod bulk. The results of this investigation and methods employed should be extendable to many anisotropic nanoparticle syntheses that make use of trace elemental species as shape-control additives.
Masculinity and Men’s Choice of College Major

We investigate whether adherence to dominant masculine norms and choice of college major are related among undergraduate men in the United States. Our results indicate that men’s level of conformity to certain masculine norms is associated with their postsecondary field of study. In particular, we find men’s adherence to the masculine norm of emotional control is associated negatively with selecting majors from such academic fields as clinical and health sciences or arts and humanities compared to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and doctoral-track medicine (e.g., pre-medicine and pre-dentistry). Conformity to the masculine norm to focus on work is related negatively to choosing a major in arts and humanities or communication and media fields compared to STEM and doctoral-track medicine fields. These results suggest ways that dominant social norms about masculinity may contribute to gender segregation of postsecondary fields of study.
Signal Processing for an Ultra Low Power Wireless Video Camera

This paper describes the system design considerations of an ultra low power wireless camera (Figure 1). The function of this camera is to acquire, compress, code and transmit video data over a wireless link. The data rate is variable up to a maximum of 1Mbps (the image sensor has a spatial resolution of 256×256 quantized to 8 bits/pixel). Many of the design issues faced in the context of our wireless camera are common to those in other wireless applications. Total system power (computation as well as transmission) averaged over the normal operating conditions of the device should be minimized to maximize battery lifetime.
Explicit Categorization Goals Affect Attention-Related Processing of Race and Gender During Person Construal.

Abstract Faces are categorized by gender and race very quickly, seemingly without regard to perceivers' goals or motivations, suggesting an automaticity to these judgments that has downstream consequences for evaluations, stereotypes, and social interactions. The current study investigated the extent to which early neurocognitive processes involved in the categorization of faces vary when participants' tasks goals were to categorize faces by race or by gender. In contrast to previous findings, task-related differences were found, such that differentiation in the P2 event-related potential (ERP) according to perceived gender was facilitated by having an explicit task goal of categorizing faces by gender; however, the P2 was sensitive to race regardless of task goals. Use of principal components analysis (PCA) revealed two underlying components that comprised the P2 and that were differentially sensitive to the gender and race of the faces, depending on participants' top-down task goals. Results suggest that top-down task demands facilitate discrimination of faces along the attended dimension within
Cord-Based Microfluidic Chips as A Platform for ELISA and Glucose Assays.

This paper describes the development and application of microfluidic cord-based analytical devices (µCADs) in two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and glucose assay. In this study, biotinylated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody, rabbit IgG antibody, and glucose are quantitatively detected. In the ELISA systems, the antibody is spotted on the cord at the detection site and a series of washes, followed by streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Strep-ALP) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-conjugated secondary antibody and colorimetric substrate, completing the experiment. The devices are subsequently scanned and analyzed yielding a correlation between inverse yellow or inverse blue intensity and antibody concentration. For the first ELISA, a linear range of detection was observed at lower concentrations (2.50 × 10−4–1.75 × 10−3 mg/mL) of Strep-ALP with saturation of the enzyme achieved at higher concentrations (>2.50 × 10−4). For the second ELISA, the L50 was demonstrated to be 167.6 fmol/zone. The glucose assay consisted of spotting increasing concentrations of glucose on the analysis sites and transporting, via capillary action, a solution containing glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI) to the detection sites realizing a yellow-brown color indicating oxidation of iodide to iodine. The device was then dried, scanned, and analyzed to show the correlation between yellow inverse intensity and glucose. Glucose in artificial urine showed good correlation using the devices.
Mutation That Promotes Activation of Trypsinogen Increases Severity of Secretagogue-Induced Pancreatitis in Mice.

Background & Aims Mutations in the human serine protease 1 gene (PRSS1), which encodes cationic trypsinogen, can accelerate its autoactivation and cause hereditary or sporadic chronic pancreatitis. Disruption of the locus that encodes cationic trypsinogen in mice (T7) causes loss of expression of the protein, but only partially decreases the severity of secretagogue-induced acute pancreatitis and has no effect on chronic pancreatitis. We investigated whether trypsinogen becomes pathogenic only when its activation is promoted by mutation. Methods We generated mice with knock-in of the p.K24R mutation (called T7K24R mice), which is analogous to human PRSS1 mutation p.K23R. We gave T7K24R and C57BL/6N (control) mice repeated injections of cerulein to induce pancreatitis. Plasma amylase activity, pancreatic edema, and myeloperoxidase content in pancreas and lungs were quantified. We expressed mutant and full-length forms of PRSS1 in Escherichia coli and compared their autoactivation. Results The p.K24R mutation increased autoactivation of T7 5-fold. T7K24R mice developed no spontaneous pancreatitis. T7K24R mice given cerulein injections had increased pancreatic activation of trypsinogen and more edema, infiltration of lung and pancreas by inflammatory cells, and plasma amylase activity compared with control mice given cerulein injections. Injection of cerulein for 2 days induced progressive pancreatitis in T7K24R mice, but not in control mice, with typical features of chronic pancreatitis. Conclusions Introduction of a mutation into mice that is analogous to the p.K23R mutation in PRSS1 increases pancreatic activation of trypsinogen during secretagogue-induced pancreatitis. Higher pancreatic activity of trypsin increases the severity of pancreatitis, even though loss of trypsin activity does not prevent pancreatitis in mice.
Validation of Free-Free Vibration Test Method for Fatigue and Damping Characterization of Thin Structures

A modular vibration-based fatigue test capability that significantly minimizes the effects of boundary conditions has been developed. The system utilizes a specimen with boundary conditions on its node lines, which isolates the gage section for deflection as a free-free beam in its first bending mode. The thin specimen is suspended inside an electromagnet by 6 lbs. monofilament fishing line, and permanent magnets are bolted to the bottom of the specimen. The alternating current inside of an electromagnet attracts and repels the permanent magnets rapidly (~55 Hz for a 0.016? thick specimen), causing the beam to cycle in first bend. This testing capability is ideal for generating and assessing fatigue life of thin specimens requiring large deflections for failure. Understanding and characterizing fatigue behavior of thin components is important, especially since the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM) for small, fatigue susceptible components. An alternate solution is to suppress the vibratory susceptibility of the component. Therefore, the importance of thin coatings capable of providing damping to components is on par with fatigue characterization. In this study, 0.4 mm cold-rolled Titanium (Ti) 6Al-4 V specimen were fatigued and compared to published data. Also, a thin damping coating (titanium nitride, or TiN) was applied to a few Ti 6Al-4 V specimens to assess the performance. Both the fatigue and damping assessments are necessary to validate the free-free test method.
The Hidden Role of Dominance in Career Interests: A Bifactor Analysis of Agentic and Communal Goal Orientations

Agentic and communal goal orientations are widely used to predict career interests. However, the number of dimensions that underlie measures of goal orientations remains unclear. Across two studies, using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis, we found that communal goal orientation was unidimensional. However, agentic goal orientations comprised a single global agentic factor that represents a competence dimension plus two domain-specific factors: dominance and self-direction. Structural equation modeling indicated that gender differences in goal orientations, as well as the indirect effects of gender on career interest via goal orientations, were small. However, goal orientations exhibited sizeable direct effects on career interests, with agentic dominance goals the strongest predictor of organizational fit (Study 1 with 318 U.S. college students) and career interests (Study 2 with 789 U.S. MTurk workers). Future studies should consider the multidimensional structure of agentic goals and examine how dominance goals may help us better understand gender differences, social roles, and career preferences.
Stabilization of Recurrent Elbow Instability in a Patient with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Case Report.

Case A 22-year-old woman with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) presented with profound elbow instability. A surgical technique that combined medial and lateral ligament reconstruction with the application of a temporary hinged internal fixator was performed. At 1 year postsurgery, the elbow remains stable and asymptomatic and has an excellent range of motion. Conclusion Elbow instability due to EDS is a rare but disabling condition, especially in young active patients. Treatment of recurrent elbow instability with collateral ligament reconstruction and a temporary hinged internal fixator may be a viable surgical option to achieve stability, restore function, and preserve quality of life.
Für jeden Patienten das passende Antidepressivumsowie: Checkliste für die medikamentöse Depressionstherapie

Zur Behandlung von Depressionen steht heute eine ganze Reihe von Antidepressiva mit unterschiedlichen Wirkansatzen und Wirkprofilen zur Verfugung. Die arztliche Kunst besteht darin, fur den einzelnen Patienten das richtige „Rezept“ zu finden, wobei auch psycho- und soziotherapeutische Verfahren nicht vergessen werden sollten.
Resisting Redevelopment: Protest in Aspiring Global Cities

The politics of urban development is one of the most enduring, central themes of urban politics. In Resisting Redevelopment, Eleonora Pasotti explores the forces that enable residents of 'aspiring global cities,' or economically competitive cities, to mobilize against gentrification and other forms of displacement, as well as what makes mobilizations successful. Scholars and activists alike will benefit from this one-of-a-kind comparative study. Impressive in its scope, this book examines twenty-nine protest campaigns over a decade in ten major cities across five continents, from Santiago to Seoul to Los Angeles. Pasotti sheds light on an approach that is both understudied and remarkably effective - the practice of successful organizers deploying 'experiential tools,' or events, social archives, neighborhood tours, and performances designed to attract participants and transform the protest site into the place to be. With this book, Pasotti promises to provide a creative and novel contribution to the literature of contentious politics.
Path of a solid inclusion embedded in a soft matrix subject to finger palpation

Abstract A solid inclusion is embedded in a soft matrix supported by a rigid substrate. To simulate finger palpation, a spherical indenter exerts a vertical load on the matrix surface, followed by a lateral motion. A deep inclusion first rises close to the surface, dives under the indenter, and emerges from the leeside of the traversing indenter. The inclusion trajectory is essentially symmetric about the axis where the inclusion lies. A shallow inclusion is first pushed sideways, but an instability causes it to jump spontaneously to the rear following an asymmetric path. Such instability is a specific feature in hyperelastic materials.
Gaining Insight into Vitiligo Genetics through the Lens of a Large Epidemiologic Study.

Several epidemiologic studies and GWASs have implicated genetic factors in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The report by Kim et al. (2020) describes a prospective cohort study from Korea that has the greatest statistical power to date in addressing the epidemiology of vitiligo inheritance. The authors reported the incidence risk ratios in individuals whose first-degree relatives or spouses are affected, providing clear evidence that both genetic and nongenetic factors influence the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
Philosophy and Religion in Plato's Dialogues

In ancient Greece, philosophers developed new and dazzling ideas about divinity, drawing on the deep well of poetry, myth, and religious practices even as they set out to construct new theological ideas. Andrea Nightingale argues that Plato shared in this culture and appropriates specific Greek religious discourses and practices to present his metaphysical philosophy. In particular, he uses the Greek conception of divine epiphany - a god appearing to humans - to claim that the Forms manifest their divinity epiphanically to the philosopher, with the result that the human soul becomes divine by contemplating these Forms and the cosmos. Nightingale also offers a detailed discussion of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the Orphic Mysteries and shows how these mystery religions influenced Plato's thinking. This book offers a robust challenge to the idea that Plato is a secular thinker.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Power Consumption and Energy Efficiency of SGEMM on the Low-Power Myriad-2 VPU

In mobile and edge devices, reducing energy consumption and achieving high energy efficiency is the most critical system design aspect. For matrix multiplication, one of the widely used workloads, achieving this goal requires high resource utilization since dynamic power only represent a fraction of the total power. Generally, there is a trade-off between minimizing execution time and minimizing energy consumption for the workload, e.g. [1]–[3] We present a study of the effect on 1) power consumption on the Myriad-2 Vision Processing Unit (VPU) due to matrix initialization for single-precision matrix multiplication, SGEMM, and 2) energy efficiency of clock gating of processing cores.
Optical control protocols for high-fidelity spin rotations of single Si V − and Sn V − centers in diamond

Group-IV defects in diamond are attractive qubit candidates that can be controlled optically. However, they have multiple excited states, leading to unwanted off-resonant transitions, which induce errors that lower the fidelity of quantum gate operations. Here, the authors design high-fidelity gate protocols that are tailored to these defects. Based on laser polarization tuning and pulse shaping, the proposed schemes counteract the errors and ensure high-fidelity operations.
Breast Imaging: Screening for New Breast Cancers and for Cancer Recurrence

Breast cancer survivors require a unique breast imaging approach to identify new cancers as well as cancer recurrences. In this patient population, appropriate imaging requires some combination of digital mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. The appropriate imaging modalities and intervals for imaging depend on many factors, including lifetime risk of malignancy, surgical history, breast density, medical comorbidities, and patient preference, among others. In general, more intensive surveillance imaging is performed in the first 5 years after diagnosis, due to a higher risk of recurrence within that time interval. Patients and providers must also be aware that many normal, treatment-related changes in the breast can be worrisome for breast cancer recurrence on breast imaging, without appropriate diagnostic workup. Because women with a history of breast cancer are living longer, short- and long-term management strategies for breast imaging must be individualized to provide the highest quality care.
Beyond the APA: Rulemaking in the Real World

Cornelius M. Kerwin has updated his 1994 exposition, Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy. The 1999 edition provides practical insights into the real process of agency rulemaking and takes practitioners far beyond the basics of the federal Administrative Procedure Act (APA). However, the public's contribution to rulemaking remains a murky aspect of the rulemaking process, undermining some of Kerwin's conclusions.
Managing Technology: Perspectives and prospects for a new paradigm

T he purpose of this first column is to establish the context and emphases for “Managing Technology,” a new feature in JAL. Guest contributors will give primacy to technology, particularly information technology, because it is the significant force in a transformation generally accepted as a “paradigm shift” for all types of libraries. This shift places libraries in what is arguably their first major transition in the last 100 years. Library managers, constantly challenged by the dynamics of this shifting terrain, must frequently make decisions to meet information needs of students and faculty by gambling on innovation and distributing scarce resources in new ways. In many respects, the current landscape is no more treacherous than that which existed a century ago. Libraries as we know them were invented over a very short span of time and we are faced with the challenge to re-invent them in no less time. Academic libraries before 1900, with a few notable exceptions, were neither very impressive nor secure institutions. They were small and contained only a handful of materials. In fact, collections of student societies were often larger in size and more germane to the curriculum. In 1900, even among the 21 largest academic libraries, the median was only 88,000 volumes. But the conditions for the rapid emergence of academic libraries were set, due to convergence of a group of related technologies; the work of a cluster of visionary leaders who established a model for the organization and management of libraries: and the emergence of librarianship as an identifiable profession with formal education and a professional association. Most of this took place in the last quarter of the 19th-century. In 1875 there were libraries and librarians, but not a library profession with a unified set of principles and a body of practice. The creation of the modem library institution was really a remarkable achievement, and understanding how this happened is helpful in deciding how to manage the current challenges.
Effect of a Limited Iodine Diet on Iodine Uptake by Thyroid Glands in Hyperthyroid Cats.

Background The effect of feeding a limited iodine diet on radioactive iodine uptake in the thyroid glands of hyperthyroid cats is unknown. Objectives To determine how feeding limited dietary iodine affects radioactive iodine uptake by the thyroid glands of hyperthyroid cats. Animals Eight geriatric cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. Methods Prospective study of eight client owned hyperthyroid cats fed a commercially available iodine limited diet for 6 months. Clinical signs were evaluated and TT4 and fT4 were measured during consumption of the diet. Uptake of 123I was determined before and 8–16 weeks after exclusive consumption of the diet. Results Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism resolved in all cats, but there was no significant increase in body weight. TT4 and fT4 decreased into the reference range by 8–16 weeks in all cats. Mean TT4 before consumption of the diet was 9.7 μg/dL (SD 5.2) and after consumption of the diet was 3.1 μg/dL (SD 0.9). Scintigraphy revealed unilateral uptake of isotope in 5 cats and bilateral uptake in 3 cats. Mean percentage uptake of 123I by the thyroid gland at 8 hours after isotope administration was 16.2 (SD 11.8) before diet consumption and 34.6 (SD 11.7) 8–16 weeks after exclusive consumption of the diet. The percentage increase was variable between cats (38–639%). Conclusions and clinical importance Limited iodine diets increase iodine uptake in the autonomous thyroid glands of hyperthyroid cats. Further studies are necessary to determine if consumption of a limited iodine diet changes sensitivity of the thyroid gland to 131I treatment.
Schiff-base deprotonation is mandatory for light-dependent rhodopsin phosphorylation.

The absorption of light by rhodopsin leads to the formation of an activated intermediate (R*) capable of catalysing the exchange of GTP for GDP in a retinal guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (transducin). The ability of R* to function as a catalyst is terminated by the rhodopsin kinase. The 10 nonactive-site lysine residues of rhodopsin can be reductively dimethylated to form permethylated rhodopsin (PMRh). This derivative is phosphorylated to the same extent as rhodopsin after photolysis. The monomethylation of the active-site lysine residue of PMRh yields active-site-methylated rhodopsin (AMRh). It had previously been shown, by using AMRh, that the formation of R* and its spectroscopic signature metarhodopsin II requires the photochemically induced deprotonation of the active-site Schiff base [Longstaff, Calhoon & Rando (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 4209-4213]. Here it is demonstrated that active-site Schiff-base deprotonation is also mandatory in the formation of the form of photolyzed rhodopsin that is susceptible to phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase. In terms of the spectroscopically defined rhodopsin intermediates, this means that only metarhodopsin II and possibly metarhodopsin III are the actual substrates for rhodopsin kinase.
The genetics of gene expression and gene mapping

A recent publication has shown that a significant portion of gene expression levels are under genetic control in different organisms, that there are hotspot regions in the genome that control the expression of many other genes, and how gene expression data can be used to localize genes that affect clinical traits.
Municipal Water Demand: Statistical and Management Issues

In the foreword to this volume, Charles W. Howe, general editor of the Westview Press series on water policy and management, states that the goal of this book is to emphasize “the potential for improved water management with reduced economic and environmental costs by utilizing modern methods of demand estimation that take into account user responsiveness to price, conservation measures, and economic-demographic changes.” The authors accomplish their purpose, but the book itself leaves much to be desired.
Study on Three Dimensional Direct Coupling Simulation of Induction Heating for Hot Stamping

As to the conventional hot stamping furnance’s shortcomings of long heating time, easy oxidized, high energy consumption, the application of induction heating for hot stamping were studied. By using COMSOL Multiphysics software, we calculated the electromagnetic induction field and temperature field by use of the direct coupling (Direct Coupling Method) in the heating process of hot forming sheet and studied the influence of inductor device parameters (such as induction length, distance between inductor and sheet etc.) and various process parameters (such as the power supply frequency, current density, sheet thickness etc.) on heating rate and temperature distribution. That will have a good guidance on the application of induction heating to hot stamping field.
Transcriptional Activation of the p34cdc2 Gene by cdc2 Promoter Binding Factor/Nuclear Factor-Y in Fetal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

To determine how myocardial terminal differentiation is regulated by cell cycle control genes, we studied cdc2 expression in rat cardiac muscle and found that cdc2 mRNA and protein levels were reduced in neonatal compared with fetal ventricles and became undetectable in juvenile and adult ventricles. To further determine whether cdc2 downregulation is attributed to a decrease in transcription, transient expression assay was performed using the progressively truncated 6.2-, 1.8-, 1.1-, 0.7-, and 0.1-kb human cdc2 5' flanking regions. All five fragments activated reporter expression in fetal myocytes and were significantly less active in neonatal myocytes. The 0.1-kb fragment showed 65% of the activity of the 6.2-kb fragment. A protein binding site that contains an inverted CCAAT box was identified within the 0.1-kb fragment by DNase I footprint assay and named the cdc2 promoter binding factor (CPBF) site. Point mutations within the CPBF site that abolish CPBF binding significantly decreased both 0.1- and 6.2-kb promoter activities. Competition and antibody supershift assays suggested that CPBF was identical or related to the transcription factor, nuclear factor Y (NF-Y). The 0.1-kb promoter activity was suppressed by a dominant-negative NF-Y mutant in fetal myocytes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cardiac cdc2 expression is downregulated after birth and turned off when the juvenile stage is attained. A 0.1-kb promoter fragment of cdc2 contains major information for both cdc2 transcriptional activation and suppression in fetal and neonatal myocytes, respectively. NF-Y or its related factor plays a critical role in activating the 0.1-kb cdc2 promoter.
Innovative Approaches to the Clinical Development of DNA Methylation Inhibitors as Epigenetic Remodeling Drugs

The most extensively studied inhibitors of DNA methylation are the cytidine analogs 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR; azacitidine) and 5-aza-2'- deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR; decitabine). Despite decades of nonclinical and clinical research, there remains considerable interest in finding innovative and better ways to use these DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors. A mounting body of data supports the role of methylation in silencing genes involved in tumor growth and resistance. This information has fueled further nonclinical and clinical research on ways to use inhibitors of methylation to restore normal gene expression and function. As such, recent clinical strategies have shifted from simply evaluating cytotoxic effects to exploring and optimizing the ability of these agents to restore or reactivate gene expression and putative targets. This article considers innovative approaches to develop and evaluate inhibitors of DNA methylation as epigenetic remodeling agents for the treatment of cancer. These include optimization of dose and schedule, restoration or enhancement of sensitivity to other treatment modalities, and combinations with other agents including histone deacetylase inhibitors.
Kinetics of Enhanced Thermal Oxidation of Silicon Carbide Using Amorphization by Ion Implantation

The kinetics of a thermal oxidation scheme with enhanced growth rate for 6H-SiC is reported in this paper. This scheme is based upon the formation of a thick amorphous layer created using high-dose ion implantation followed by thermal oxidation. The oxide thickness has been demonstrated to be larger in the amorphized region, when compared to the unimplanted (monocrystalline SiC) region, after dry oxidation. The oxide growth rate was parabolic in nature in the amorphized region, in contrast to a mixed linear-parabolic growth rate observed for the monocrystalline region.
Endophthalmitis in Aphakic Patients with Unplanned Filtering Blebs Wearing Contact Lenses

Four female patients with known unplanned filtering blebs following cataract surgery developed endophthalmitis, two weeks to 30 months after being fit with corneal contact lenses. Three patients were wearing hard contact lenses and one wore a soft lens. Significant blepharoconjunctivitis was present and treated in two patients, but intraocular infection was not averted. When endophthalmitis was diagnosed, all patients had clinical evidence of a bleb infection as well as hypopyon. Despite aggressive medical therapy, two eyes required enucleation while two eyes survived with good vision. We recommend that eyes that have unplanned filtering blebs following cataract surgery should not have a contact lens inserted until the blebs have been closed.
Vitamin D: Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Pacts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Pacts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu.
Arterial reconstructive operation for occlusive disease of the innominate, carotid, subclavian, and vertebral arteries.

Summary Arteriographic studies have been performed in 565 patients with clinical manifestations suggestive of cerebral arterial insufficiency. Extracranial arterial occlusion was demonstrated in 226 patients (40 per cent). Operation has been employed in the treatment of 310 lesions occurring in 208 patients. Of the 310 lesions operated upon, 293 were found to be localized and amenable to reconstructive operation. By employing endarterectomy in the well localized lesions of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries and bypass graft in the more extensive lesions occurring principally in the great vessels arising from the aortic arch, circulation was successfully restored in the treatment of 280 lesions. The functional results of operation have been satisfactory. Progression of the occlusive process and recurrent symptoms have not occurred in patients who had had transient recurrent attacks of cerebral arterial insufficiency before operation. Improvement or relief of neurologic symptoms occurred in the majority of patients who had neurologic deficit, at the time of operation. Complete hemiplegia and aphasia were relieved in some instances.
Evolution of Structure, Composition, and Stress in Nanoporous Gold Thin Films with Grain-Boundary Cracks

Nanoporous gold (np-Au) thin films were fabricated from Au-Ag alloy films sputtered onto substrates. At several stages of dealloying, the evolution of the microstructure and Ag content were analyzed and stress in the np-Au thin films was measured. A nanoporous structure evolved almost immediately throughout the film thickness, and the ligament width coarsened during further dealloying, with a time dependence of t1/8. The initial alloy films, which contained 25 at. pct Au, became stress free after extended dealloying and during thermal cycling up to 200 °C. Preferential dissolution caused cracking at grain boundaries, which accommodated a portion of the volume contraction from dealloying, but the films nonetheless remained attached to their substrates.
Low-coherence Enhanced Backscattering (LEBS) for Colon Cancer Screening

We utilize LEBS to evaluate uninvolved mucosa in animal and human colon carcinogenesis. We demonstrate that LEBS has the potential to diagnose the earliest, histologically undetectable, precancerous alterations and may enable accurate screening without colonoscopy.
Hypnosis in the treatment of hypnopompic hallucinations: a case report.

Abstract The short-term treatment of frightening hypnopompic hallucinations by hypnotic suggestions is described. The client re-experienced the hallucinated imagery in a deep state of hypnotically induced relaxation, such that the fearful aspect of these images would be reciprocally inhibited. In later hypnosis sessions, it was suggested that the client no longer have hypnopompic hallucinations. Although there appeared to be a continuation of the neuro-physiological arousal response associated with the imagery, the hallucinations stopped.
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE TUCK FOR SUPERIOR OBLIQUE PALSY

Fifty-nine patients with a superior oblique palsy had a superior oblique tuck as part of their surgical treatment. The average size of the tuck was 12.0 mm. All cases had a decrease in the hyperdeviation in the primary position and some decrease in elevation in adduction in the operated eye (Brown's syndrome). Seventeen per cent of the patients required take-down of the tuck three to 24 months after surgery (average time for reoperation, 9.1 months). Symptoms forming indications for take down of the tuck were head tilt, vertical diplopia, torsional diplopia, and a tight feeling on elevation in adduction. No patient who had a tuck alone required take-down. Brown's syndrome was more likely to occur in cases with weakening of the antagonist inferior oblique and when a bilateral tuck of the superior oblique had been done. Taking down of the tucked tendon relieved the symptoms of Brown's syndrome in seven of 10 patients, without a recurrence of superior oblique underaction. After superior oblique tuck in all patients, a residual vertical deviation could be measured and in nearly every case a Brown's syndrome could be found.
Coincidence of cadmium and antibiotic resistance in New York Bight apex benthic microorganisms

Abstract Microorganisms resistant to 1–500 ppm cadmium were isolated over an 11 month period from sediments at the sewage sludge, dredge spoils and industrial acid waste disposal sites, as well as at an estuarine outflow to the New York Bight apex. Tests for antibiotic resistance in these isolates revealed that 94% of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and that 91% of the original isolates could be characterized by multiple drug resistance. Different selective pressures may account for the various genera and antimicrobial resistance patterns observed. The possibility of extrachromosomal linkage of cadmium and streptomycin resistance is discussed.