cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Conduction Band of GaSb

The conduction band of GaSb was investigated by making the following measurements on a number of $n$-type samples with different carrier concentrations: (1) Hall effect and conductivity between 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 370\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; (2) the change of resistance and Hall effect of the samples under hydrostatic pressure (up to 14\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ dynes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) at room temperature; and (3) the change of resistance due to uniaxial stress between 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 370\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Our data can be explained on the basis of a double conduction band for this material with the lowest band-minimum in the center of the Brillouin Zone characterized by spherical constant-energy surfaces and the next minima along [111] directions in $k$-space characterized by ellipsoidal constant-energy surfaces. Our data can be further interpreted by assuming that the deformation potentials for the two bands in GaSb are similar to those of the corresponding bands in $n$-type germanium. The energy separation of the two bands at room temperature is estimated to be about 0.08 ev. The observed temperature dependence of the piezoresistance could be explained by assuming that the energy separation $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ changes with temperature at a rate $(\frac{d\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{\mathrm{dT}})\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ev/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Throughout the analysis, the relaxation times for the electrons in the two bands were assumed to be independent of energy.
Disparities in Enrollment and Use of an Electronic Patient Portal

Background With emphasis on the meaningful use of electronic health records, patient portals are likely to become increasingly important. Little is known about patient enrollment in, and use of, patient portals after explicit invitation from providers.
Active-Learning Diabetes Simulation in an Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience to Develop Patient Empathy

Objective. To develop and integrate an active-learning diabetes simulation into an advanced pharmacy practice experience to improve pharmacy students’ empathy toward patients with diabetes mellitus...
Deixis, gesture, and cognition in spatial Frame of Reference typology

The three Frames of Reference recognized in the current inventory of spatial-language types are differentiated by their placement of the Anchor from which the vector of search space from Ground to Figure is calculated (Levinson 1996). In certain well-recognized examples, Anchor merges with Ground. The existing analysis treats this merged component as analytically Ground rather than Anchor; its location in or out of the speech situation is therefore taken to be independent of the Frame of Reference typology. Instead, I treat this component as analytically Anchor, making its speech-situation status criterial to the typology. Four, not three, Frames of Reference now appear. The fourth, “Direct” frame, distinguishes binary locutions with a speech participant as Ground/Anchor (e.g. ‘in front of you’) from “Object-Centered” binary locutions in which Ground/Anchor is not a speech participant ( e.g. ‘in front of the kettle’). This four-frame analysis corresponds better than does the three-frame one to the logic of rotation sensitivity which has been used to show Whorfian parallels between language and conceptualization across cultures. I close by discussing the application of Frame of Reference typology to pointing gestures, and show how recognition of the fourth frame of reference allows us to bring discussion of these, and of the linguistic demonstratives and locatives with which they so frequently co-occur, fully within the Frame of Reference typology.
Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection: the utility of a simple yet unappreciated enzyme

Background: The white blood-cell count and neutrophil differential of the synovial fluid have been reported to have high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection following total knee arthroplasty. We hypothesized that neutrophils recruited into an infected joint secrete enzymes that may be used as markers for infection. In this prospective study, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of one of these enzymes, leukocyte esterase, in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. Methods: Between May 2007 and April 2010, synovial fluid was obtained preoperatively from the knees of patients with a possible joint infection and intraoperatively from the knees of patients undergoing revision knee arthroplasty. The aspirate was tested for the presence of leukocyte esterase with use of a simple colorimetric strip test. The color change (graded as negative, trace, +, or ++), which corresponded to the level of the enzyme, was noted after one or two minutes. Results: On the basis of clinical, serological, and operative criteria, thirty of the 108 knees undergoing revision arthroplasty were infected and seventy-eight were uninfected. When only a ++ reading was considered positive, the leukocyte esterase test was 80.6% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.9% to 91.9%) and 100% specific (95% CI, 94.5% to 100.0%), with a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 83.4% to 100.0%) and a negative predictive value of 93.3% (95% CI, 85.4% to 97.2%). The leukocyte esterase level correlated strongly with the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (r = 0.7769) and total white blood-cell count (r = 0.5024) in the aspirate as well as with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.6188) and C-reactive protein level (r = 0.4719) in the serum. Conclusions: The simple colorimetric strip test that detects the presence of leukocyte esterase in synovial fluid appears to be an extremely valuable addition to the physician's armamentarium for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. The leukocyte esterase reagent strip has the advantages of providing real-time results, being simple and inexpensive, and having the ability to both rule out and confirm periprosthetic joint infection. However, additional multicenter studies are required to substantiate the results of our preliminary investigation before the reagent strip can be used confidently in the clinic or intraoperative setting. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Planum Temporale Volume in Children and Adolescents with Autism

Previous research has revealed a lack of planum temporale (PT) asymmetry in adults with autism. This finding is now extended to children and adolescents with the disorder. MRI scans were obtained from 12 children with autism and 12 gender, handedness and age-matched comparison participants. The volume of gray matter in the PT and Heschl’s gyrus (HG) in both hemispheres was measured. PT volume was larger in the left hemisphere than in the right in the comparison, but not the autism group. This specifically reflected reduced volume of the left PT in the autism group. There were noted differences in the overall morphological appearance of the right Sylvian fissure in the autism group, but no volumetric difference in the right PT. No differences in HG volumes were observed between the two groups. Lack of PT asymmetry may suggest an early neurodevelopmental disturbance in autism.
2D multislice and 3D MRI sequences are often equally sensitive.

A simple theoretical model was developed to compare the sensitivities (i.e., signal-to-noise ratios per unit imaging time) of two-dimensional (2D) multislice and 3D imaging sequences. The model shows that the sensitivities of 3D and 2D multislice MRI sequences are usually similar. Sensitivities are identical in T2-weighted sequences when the T(R)s of the two sequences are the same. In T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences, sensitivities are very similar when Ernst angle excitation is used and the T(R) of the 2D sequence is less than T1. The predictions of the model are confirmed in phantom and animal experiments.
Proteomic and network analysis characterize stage-specific metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi is a Kinetoplastid parasite of humans and is the cause of Chagas disease, a potentially lethal condition affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of the human host. Constraint-based modeling has emerged in the last decade as a useful approach to integrating genomic and other high-throughput data sets with more traditional, experimental data acquired through decades of research and published in the literature. We present a validated, constraint-based model of the core metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi strain CL Brener. The model includes four compartments (extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrion, glycosome), 51 transport reactions, and 93 metabolic reactions covering carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. In addition, we make use of several replicate high-throughput proteomic data sets to specifically examine metabolism of the morphological form of T. cruzi in the insect gut (epimastigote stage). This work demonstrates the utility of constraint-based models for integrating various sources of data (e.g., genomics, primary biochemical literature, proteomics) to generate testable hypotheses. This model represents an approach for the systematic study of T. cruzi metabolism under a wide range of conditions and perturbations, and should eventually aid in the identification of urgently needed novel chemotherapeutic targets.
The selective lipid-lowering effect of vegetarianism on low density lipoproteins in a cross-over experiment

In a cross-over experiment the effect of short-term vegetarianism on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins was studied. The experimental diet was free of animal products, with the exception of skim milk, and consequently low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Fifteen free-living individuals were randomly assigned to 3-week periods on either the experimental diet or a control diet which closely approximated the usual intake in the U.S.A. Significant reductions in total cholesterol (12.5%), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (14.7%), and apo B (13.2%) were observed, accompanied by a non-significant decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (10%), apo A-I (3%) and a non-significant increase in apo-II (4%). These data suggest that a fat-modified diet low in total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol, and moderate (not high) in polyunsaturated fat may not lower HDL-C or its apoproteins as much as a diet high in polyunsaturated fat, while having similar effects on LDL-C, and would therefore be preferable as the basis for primary prevention of atherosclerosis.
Covenant and Causality in Pierre d'Ailly

FEW problems are as central to the philosophy and theology of the late Middle Ages as the problem of causality. The acceptance of a causal connection between certain phenomena, where the presence of one follows immediately and invariably upon the presence of another, lies at the heart of the mediaeval understanding of physics and metaphysics, salvation and sacrament. Whether the cause was considered external, according to the Aristotelian principle that omne quod movetur ab alio movetur, or was thought to be internal in the sense of selfmotion, it was assumed that every movement from non-being to being, from potency to act, required a cause which could, with varying degrees of accuracy, be ascertained. Without such a causal connection it seemed impossible to talk about physical laws which regulated the universe upon which man depended, impossible to describe how man comes to know external reality, impossible to construct proofs for the existence of God, and impossible to teach that merit brings reward or that the sacraments produce grace. Both the economy of the natural universe and the economy of salvation depended for their normal explanation on the idea of cause and effect. It is because of the fundamental importance of the principle of causality in mediaeval thought that fourteenth-century discussions of causality, which appeared to alter or abolish efficient causation, seemed so devastating and irresponsible to historians of mediaeval thought. Nominalism in general and William of Ockham and Nicholas of Autrecourt in particular have been credited with an attack on the principle of causality, similar to that later undertaken by Hume, which defined it as nothing more than habit-formed expectation. In spite of some notable scholarly opinion to the contrary, this evaluation has remained and is one of the major judgments according to which Nominalism is considered skeptical and fideistic.1 The history of the critique on causality in the fourteenth century is an enormous topic that has yet to be adequately investigated and is, in any case, far beyond the bounds of a single article.2 The inquiry here will limit itself to one
A model of decision-making incorporating ethical values

A model is presented which describes the process decision-makers follow when faced with problems containing ethical dimensions. The model, based upon the empirical literature, is designed to provide guidance to researchers studying ethical behavior in business. The model portrays the decision-maker with a set of personal values which are mediated by elements of the organization's culture. The combination of personal values and organizational influences yields decisions which may be significantly different from those made based upon personal values alone. Inclusion of the personal values of the decision-maker as the dominant individual input and an explicit discussion of the ethical decision process make this model more comprehensive than other recent ethics models.
Human Rights and Civil Rights: The Advocacy and Activism of African-American Women Writers

Royster and Cochran use the words of African American women writers to enrich our view of intersections between American civil rights discourses and the discourses of human rights as a global concept. They focus on both individual and collective activities of the women and contextualize this activism within the larger framework of the rise of individual human rights language in twentieth century international relations.
MANAGEMENT OF PROSTATE AND BLADDER CANCER IN THE ELDERLY

The management of prostate and bladder cancer in the elderly will increasingly require clinicians to judge the impact on comorbidity and toxicity of the proposed therapy in order to make sound management decisions. As PSA-based screening has rapidly increased, physicians are increasingly challenged to decide the upper age limits for such screening and therapy. Bladder cancer management in the elderly differs little from that offered to the younger patient and the new therapeutic developments may improve the risk-to-benefit ratio of treating advanced disease. It is clear that as the US population ages, management of prostate and bladder cancer will become an increasingly common dilemma for the urologic practitioner.
Current issues in undergraduate student research

This panel proposal outlines the need, and significance of evaluating formal presentations of an undergraduate student's current research for the ACM International Student Research Poster Contest.
Analysis, Results, and Interpretation for Radiation Between Some Simply-Arranged Gray Surfaces

A detailed analysis has been made to obtain both physical insight and numerical results for radiation between gray surfaces. In particular, it was desired to examine the common assumption that the incident radiation is uniformly distributed over a surface. To lift this assumption, the radiation problem must be formulated in terms of integral equations. The study was carried out for two simple configurations: Two plates sharing a common edge, and two parallel plates. Solutions of the governing integral equations were found for a wide range of geometric and radiative conditions. A detailed interpretation is made of the results, and comparisons with the predictions from the simplified theory of uniform incident radiation are presented.
Correlation of ultrasound contrast agent derived blood flow parameters with immunohistochemical angiogenesis markers in murine xenograft tumor models.

Abstract Purpose In this study we used temporal analysis of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) estimate blood flow dynamics and demonstrate their improved correlation to angiogenesis markers relative to previously reported, non-temporal fractional vascularity estimates. Materials and methods Breast tumor (NMU) or glioma (C6) cells were implanted in either the abdomen or thigh of 144 rats. After 6, 8 or 10 days, rats received a bolus UCA injection of Optison (GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ; 0.4 ml/kg) during power Doppler imaging (PDI), harmonic imaging (HI), and microflow imaging (MFI) using an Aplio ultrasound scanner with 7.5 MHz linear array (Toshiba America Medical Systems, Tustin, CA). Time-intensity curves of contrast wash-in were constructed on a pixel-by-pixel basis and averaged to calculate maximum intensity, time to peak, perfusion, and time integrated intensity (TII). Tumors were then stained for four immunohistochemical markers (bFGF, CD31, COX-2, and VEGF). Correlations between temporal parameters and the angiogenesis markers were investigated for each imaging mode. Effects of tumor model and implant location on these correlations were also investigated. Results Significant correlation over the entire dataset was only observed between TII and VEGF for all three imaging modes (R = −0.35, −0.54, −0.32 for PDI, HI and MFI, respectively; p Conclusions While UCA-derived temporal blood flow parameters were found to correlate strongly with VEGF expression, these correlations were also found to be influenced by both tumor type and implant location.
An optimization method of reactor sizing which accounts for system and technological constraints

Abstract This report presents a method which permits the nuclear engineer to determine: (i) the value of the pertinent reactor dimensions which provide the desired objective (optimization function) to be met within technological and system input constraints; (ii) the limiting technological and system input constraints; (iii) quantitative measures of the benefits to be accrued by development work and/or changes in system inputs. The method has been applied to a fast spectrum, reflector controlled, liquid metal cooled, cermet fuel space power reactor to illustrate its potential.
Catalysis of the microtubule on-rate is the major parameter regulating the depolymerase activity of MCAK

MCAK is a mitotic kinesin that binds to and slides along microtubules (MT) to reach their ends, where MCAK disassembles MTs into tubulin dimers. Now the kinetics of MCAK-MT interaction are directly observed in a single-molecule setup, dissecting the contributions of different MCAK regions to on-rates and tubulin disassembly activity.
The types and severity of complications associated with interscalene brachial plexus block anesthesia: Local and national evidence

Interscalene brachial plexus block is a commonly used anesthetic. However, substantial complications can be associated with its use. Our study included 15 years of data from a local medical center and 3 decades of records from the national American Society of Anesthesiology Closed Claims Project. The hospital had 27 peripheral neurologic injuries, 3 central nervous system complications, 6 respiratory complications, and 5 cardiovascular complications. Of these complications, 14 were still present at the most recent follow-up, some causing major compromise of the patient's comfort and function. All central blocks, local toxicities, and respiratory complications resolved. In the hospital series, more experienced anesthesiologists tended to have lower complication rates. The American Society of Anesthesiology Closed Claims database had 20 peripheral neurologic injuries, 10 respiratory complications, 5 central nervous system complications, 4 deaths, 2 emotional disturbances, and 1 other unknown event. Of the complications, 19 were described as permanent. Interscalene brachial plexus block can be accompanied by substantial and disabling complications, especially when administered by less experienced anesthesiologists.
Isotopy classes of periodic diffeomorphisms on spheres

As F. Raymond has observed, there are relatively simple examples where the answer is negative (I am grateful to him for bringing this to my attention in a letter). Namely, if n ~ 5 diffeomorphisms of the torus Tn exist with f homotopic but not isotopic to the identity and f2 isotopic to the identity. SOIll2 exarrples follow from the work of Kirby and Siebenrnann([18J; by the surgery theoretic construction given there the PL homeomorphisms are approximations to diffeomorphisms compare [39,§15J); many more examples follow from pseudo-isotopy
Drug resistance genomics of the antimalarial drug artemisinin

Across the globe, over 200 million annual malaria infections result in up to 660,000 deaths, 77% of which occur in children under the age of five years. Although prevention is important, malaria deaths are typically prevented by using antimalarial drugs that eliminate symptoms and clear parasites from the blood. Artemisinins are one of the few remaining compound classes that can be used to cure multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infections. Unfortunately, clinical trials from Southeast Asia are showing that artemisinin-based treatments are beginning to lose their effectiveness, adding renewed urgency to the search for the genetic determinants of parasite resistance to this important drug class. We review the genetic and genomic approaches that have led to an improved understanding of artemisinin resistance, including the identification of resistance-conferring mutations in the P. falciparum kelch13 gene.
SEQUENTIAL ERRORS IN A TIME-SHARING TASK

An experiment is described in which subjects were required to maintain a set pattern of responses while simultaneously engaged in a monitoring task. The results showed that selective deterioration in performance took place which was demonstrable only by means of a sequential analysis of responses and not by a simple count of the errors made. The results are discussed in relation to a concept of performance decrement which proposes that ‘regression’ through the various levels at which a task is organized is a function of the capacity of short-term memory.
Regulatory Considerations for Clinical Mass Spectrometry: Multiple Reaction Monitoring

Clinical proteomics undoubtedly holds great promise in medicine as it provides valuable information to the study of diseases at the molecular level, and has the potential to discover biomarkers for disease states. In cancer, the discovery of protein/peptide signatures “leaked” by tumors into clinically accessible fluids such as blood leads to the possibility of developing quantitative assays for diagnosing cancer at an early stage or monitoring response to therapy. To date, there have been over 1,200 cancer-related protein biomarker candidates published in the scientific literature. However, the rate of introduction of new protein biomarkers to market as pproved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has remained stagnant over he past 15 years, averaging 1.5 new proteins per year for all diseases. This iscrepancy points to an ineffective translation of proteomics from the bench to the edside. Several factors have been identified as rate-limiting for the translation of new linical biomarkers, including: analytical variability within/across platforms, poor tudy design without proper statistical power and cohort selection, inability of redentialing biomarker candidates (preclinical) prior to costly and time-consumng clinical qualification using well-established methodologies such as the
Visual Transduction in Drosophila

▪ Abstract The Drosophila phototransduction cascade has emerged as an attractive paradigm for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying visual transduction, as well as other G protein–coupled signaling cascades that are activated and terminated with great rapidity. A large collection of mutants affecting the fly visual cascade have been isolated, and the nature and function of many of the affected gene products have been identified. Virtually all of the proteins, including those that were initially classified as novel, are highly related to vertebrate homologs. Recently, it has become apparent that most of the proteins central to Drosophila phototransduction are coupled into a supramolecular signaling complex, signalplex, through association with a PDZ-containing scaffold protein. The characterization of this complex has led to a re-evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the activation and deactivation of the phototransduction cascade.
Comparison of forming gas, nitrogen, and vacuum anneal effects on X-ray irradiated MOSFETs

The effects of radiation intensive lithography and three different anneal treatments on nMOS hot-carrier vulnerability have been studied. The gate oxides of devices irradiated with X-rays after complete processing and subjected to forming gas, nitrogen, and vacuum anneals were characterized using photoinjection and channel hot-carrier stressing experiments. Photoinjection characterizations indicate that neutral as well as positively charged electron traps are present in the bulk oxide after the anneal treatments, with no discernible ambient dependence. Channel hot carrier stressing over the full range of CMOS operating points, however, indicates that the device treatments improve the stability of the interface to varying degrees depending on the anneal ambient. The X-ray irradiated and nitrogen annealed devices were found to be least vulnerable to channel hot-carrier degradation.
Characterization of Three Types of Semtex (H, 1A, and 10)

Solid phase microextraction and solvent extraction were used with GC/MS to determine the vapor and compositional profile of three samples of Semtex (1A, H, and 10). Semtex is reported to contain PETN and/or RDX, along with plasticizers, binding materials, and fuel oil components. In an effort to differentiate and compare these three variations of Semtex, this report summarizes the headspace and solvent extraction results for each material. Components that can be used to differentiate varieties of Semtex were identified and all three Semtex profiles were distinguished.
Simultaneous Determination of Two-Component Mixtures and pHs by Dual-Wavelength Thermal Lens Spectrometry

The recently developed dual-wavelength thermal lens spectrometer, which is capable of simultaneously measuring thermal lens signals at two different wavelengths, has been used to simultaneously determine two component samples and solution pHs. Compared to conventional absorption spectrophotometry, this dual-wavelength technique offers advantages that include fast data acquisition and higher sensitivity. With the use of 20-mW excitation beams, the limits of detection for the simultaneous determination of ferroin and iron(II) bipyridyl complexes mixtures are estimated to be 3.6 × 10−9 M and 8.4 × 10−9 M, respectively. In addition, the high monochromaticity of the laser makes this technique uniquely suited for the simultaneous determination of two-component samples whose absorption bandwidths are too narrow to be determined by the conventional spectrophotometric method. The limits of detection for the Er3+ and Nd3+ ions in the two-component mixtures are estimated to be 8.9 × 10−4 M and 7.6 × 10−5 M, respectively. Solution pHs have also been sensitively and accurately determined by using this technique to measure the concentrations of the protonated and deprotonated forms of an indicator. Similar to the two-component sample determination, this thermal lens technique is superior to the conventional spectrophotometric method because it is fast, has relatively higher sensitivity, and allows an indicator to be used over a wider pH range. Solution pHs, ranging from 2 to 9, have been determined accurately with this technique, with the use of such indicators as phenol red, methyl orange, and thymol blue, whose concentrations can be as low as 10−9 M.
Quantitative polysome analysis identifies limitations in bacterial cell‐free protein synthesis

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is becoming increasingly used for protein production as yields increase and costs decrease. CFPS optimization efforts have focused primarily on energy supply and small molecule metabolism, though little is known about the protein synthesis machinery or what limits protein synthesis rates. Here, quantitative polysome profile analysis was used to characterize cell-free translation, thereby elucidating many kinetic parameters. The ribosome concentration in Escherichia coli-based CFPS reactions was 1.6 +/- 0.1 microM, with 72 +/- 4% actively translating at maximal protein synthesis rate. A translation elongation rate of 1.5 +/- 0.2 amino acids per second per ribosome and an initiation rate of 8.2 x 10(-9) +/- 0.3 x 10(-9) M/s, which correlates to, on average, one initiation every 60 +/- 9 s per mRNA, were determined. The measured CFPS initiation and elongation rates are an order of magnitude lower than the in vivo rates and further analysis identified elongation as the major limitation. Adding purified elongation factors (EFs) to CFPS reactions increased the ribosome elongation rate and protein synthesis rates and yields, as well as the translation initiation rate, indicating a possible coupling between initiation and elongation. Further examination of translation initiation in the cell-free system showed that the first initiation on an mRNA is slower than subsequent initiations. Our results demonstrate that polysome analysis is a valid tool to characterize cell-free translation and to identify limiting steps, that dilution of translation factors is a limitation of CFPS, and that CFPS is a useful platform for making novel observations about translation.
Nonantagonistic interactions between the sexes revealed by the ecological consequences of reproductive traits.

In addition to the obvious role reproductive traits play in mating-system evolution, reproductive characters can also have critical ecological or life history consequences. In this study we examine the ecological consequences of mating for female cactophilic Drosophila to test different hypotheses about the processes driving divergence in reproductive characters. Comparisons between intra- and interpopulation matings suggest that population differences in mating benefits, namely increased desiccation resistance in mated females, is not solely attributable to either a male or female-specific reproductive trait. Instead, the results indicate that increased desiccation resistance is a product of a male–female postmating–prezygotic interactions. The results underscore that postmating–prezygotic interactions can serve as an arena for the evolution of male characters that confer substantial benefits to females, not just costs arising from sexual conflict. Variation in the relative benefits conferred by mating between intra- and interpopulation matings also suggests that the relationship between speciation and divergence in reproductive characters via male–female interaction will be difficult to predict.
Assessment of changes in microbial community structure during operation of an ammonia biofilter with molecular tools

Biofiltration has been used for two decades to remove odors and various volatile organic and inorganic compounds in contaminated off-gas streams. Although biofiltration is widely practiced, there have been few studies of the bacteria responsible for the removal of air contaminants in biofilters. In this study, molecular techniques were used to identify bacteria in a laboratory-scale ammonia biofilter. Both 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes were used to characterize the heterotrophic and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria collected from the biofilter during a 102-day experiment. The overall diversity of the heterotrophic microbial population appeared to decrease by 38% at the end of the experiment. The community structure of the heterotrophic population also shifted from predominantly members of two subdivisions of the Proteobacteria (the beta and gamma subdivisions) to members of one subdivision (the gamma subdivision). An overall decrease in the diversity of ammonia monooxygenase genes was not observed. However, a shift from groups dominated by organisms containing Nitrosomonas-like and Nitrosospira-like amoA genes to groups dominated by organisms containing only Nitrosospira-like amoA genes was observed. In addition, a new amoA gene was discovered. This new gene is the first freshwater amoA gene that is closely affiliated with Nitrosococcus oceanus and the particulate methane monooxygenase gene from the methane oxidizers belonging to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria.
BEOL variability and impact on RC extraction

Historically, back end of line (BEOL) or interconnect resistance and capacitance have been viewed as parasitic components. They have now become key parameters with significant impact on circuit performance and signal integrity. This paper examines the types of BEOL variations and their impact on RC extraction. The importance of modeling systematic effects in RC extraction is discussed. The need for minimizing the computational error in RC extraction before incorporating random process variations is emphasized.
Bone Marrow Precursor Cells from Aged Mice Generate CD4 T Cells That Function Well in Primary and Memory Responses

Understanding how aging impacts the function of memory CD4 T cells is critical for designing effective vaccines. Our studies show that immunological memory generated during youth functions well into old age, whereas that generated later in life functions poorly. This is the result of declines in the function of naive CD4 T cells from aged individuals and contributes to reduced efficacy of vaccines in the elderly. To begin to identify the cause of this defect, we examined the function of memory T cells generated from bone marrow precursor cells (BMPC) from young or aged mice in young hosts. In two different models, memory cells derived from young and aged BMPC exhibit good ex vivo and in vivo function. Importantly, memory CD4 T cells generated from aged BMPC exhibit potent cognate helper function for humoral responses, which are critical for effective immunization. These results indicate that there are no apparent age-related intrinsic defects in BMPC with regards to generation of functional memory T cells.
AT2 Receptor Activation Induces Natriuresis and Lowers Blood Pressure

Rationale: Compound 21 (C-21) is a highly selective non-peptide AT 2 receptor (AT 2 R) agonist. Objective: To test the hypothesis that renal proximal tubule AT 2 Rs induce natriuresis and lower blood pressure (BP) in Sprague-Dawley rats and mice. Methods and Results: In rats, AT 2 R activation with intravenous C-21 increased urinary sodium (Na + ) excretion (U Na V) by 10-fold (P 2 R antagonist PD-123319 (PD). C-21 increased fractional excretion of Na + (FE Na ; P Li ; P 2 R activation increased renal proximal tubule cell (RPTC) apical membrane AT 2 R protein (P 2 R expression and internalized/inactivated Na + - H + exchanger-3 (NHE-3) and Na + /K + ATPase (NKA). C-21-induced natriuresis was accompanied by an increase in RI cyclic GMP (cGMP; P Na V and RI cGMP were abolished by RI nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME or bradykinin (BK) B 2 receptor antagonist icatibant. Renal AT 2 R activation with C-21 prevented Na + retention and lowered BP in the angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion model of experimental hypertension. Conclusions: AT 2 R activation initiates its translocation to the RPTC apical membrane and the internalization of NHE-3 and NKA inducing natriuresis in a BK-NO-cGMP-dependent manner. Intrarenal AT2R activation prevents Na + retention and lowers BP in Ang II-dependent hypertension. AT 2 R activation holds promise as a RPT natriuretic/diuretic target for the treatment of fluid retaining states and hypertension.
A theory for the mechanism of action of the α-hydroxy acids applied to the skin

A theory for the mechanism of action of α-hydroxy acids topically applied to the skin is proposed on the basis of an analysis with the experimental and clinical data. The α-hydroxy acids reduce the calcium ion concentration in the epidermis and remove calcium ions from the cell adhesions by chelation. This causes a loss of calcium ions from the cadherins of the desmosomes and adherens junctions, from the tight junctions, and possibly also from other divalent metallic cation-dependent cell adhesion molecules. The cell adhesions are thereby disrupted, resulting in desquamation. Desquamation is enhanced by cleavage of the endogenous stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme on the cadherins, which are otherwise protected from proteolysis by conjugation with calcium ions. The decrease of calcium ion level so brought about in the epidermis also tends to promote cell growth and retard cell differentiation, giving rise to a younger-looking skin. This property of α-hydroxy acids suggests that caution should be taken with excessive and chronic use of these compounds and studies in this regard are warranted. α-hydroxy acids may also possess anti-inflammatory capacities.
Transfer and characteristic idempotents for saturated fusion systems

Abstract We construct a well-behaved transfer map from the p-local Burnside ring of the underlying p-group S to the p-local Burnside ring of a saturated fusion system F . Using this transfer map, we give new results on the characteristic idempotent of F – the unique idempotent in the p-local double Burnside ring of S satisfying properties of Linckelmann and Webb. We describe this idempotent explicitly both in terms of fixed points and as a linear combination of transitive bisets. Additionally, using fixed points we determine the map for Burnside rings given by multiplication with the characteristic idempotent, and show that this is the transfer map previously constructed. Applying these results, we show that for every saturated fusion system the ring generated by all (not necessarily idempotent) characteristic elements in the p-local double Burnside ring is isomorphic as rings to the p-local “single” Burnside ring of the fusion system, and we disprove a conjecture by Park–Ragnarsson–Stancu on the composition product of fusion systems.
Searching for the Clocks of Metamorphosis

At the beginning of my scientific career, I became caught up in the problem of tadpole metamorphosis: how does the animal “know” when to start and how to time the sequence of events involved? This search led, of course, into endocrinology, then into neuroendocrinology and into numerous side paths. The call by the Editors for my contribution to this series I interpret in terms of an informal accounting of the interplay of ideas, personalities, and events that propelled and buffetted me in this journey.
The outpatient management of incomplete abortion

Abstract 1. The records were reviewed on 507 patients with incomplete abortion who were managed on an outpatient basis in the hospital emergency room. Two hundred and ninety-three of the patients were classified as having noninfected incomplete abortions and 215 as having infected incomplete abortions. 2. It was necessary to hospitalize 16 patients directly from the emergency room after curettage. Ten women were admitted because of persistent temperature elevation following treatment. 3. Fourteen patients had subsequent complications which were managed without difficulty and which required hospitalization in 4 cases. 4. There were no deaths or cases of septic shock in this series.
Benign Inequality: Frames of Poverty and Social Class Inequality in Children’s Movies

ABSTRACTMedia targeted at adults tends to portray poverty and social class inequality as the result of individual merit and moral worth. Research, however, has not uncovered how poverty and social class inequality are portrayed in media targeted at children. Drawing on a content analysis of the highest grossing G-rated movies, this study examines the proportional representation of characters in each class as well as frames of class conditions, characters, and the opportunity structure. These frames suggest that children’s media legitimates poverty and social class inequality in a new way—by presenting them as benign.
Presence—Absence Sequential Decision Plans for Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Garden-seed Beans., Phaseolus vulgaris

A sequential decision plan was developed for assessing economic status of twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in garden-seed beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Precision and cost analyses showed that sample units should consist of single trifoliolate leaves picked from the bottom third of the plant canopy. Provisional economic thresholds were established for two preharvest intervals in terms of proportion of leaves infested with ≥5 mites and ≥10 mites per leaf. Upper and lower critical limits of the sequential decision plan were defined by the confidence interval: Ci = ( P1)(n ) ± ( t)(n )[[[P1(l − P1)]/ n ]14], where Pt is the economic threshold, n is number of leaves examined, and t is the Student’s t statistic for the acceptable error level.
Report on Pairing-based Cryptography.

This report summarizes study results on pairing-based cryptography. The main purpose of the study is to form NIST’s position on standardizing and recommending pairing-based cryptography schemes currently published in research literature and standardized in other standard bodies. The report reviews the mathematical background of pairings. This includes topics such as pairing-friendly elliptic curves and how to compute various pairings. It includes a brief introduction to existing identity-based encryption (IBE) schemes and other cryptographic schemes using pairing technology. The report provides a complete study of the current status of standard activities on pairing-based cryptographic schemes. It explores different application scenarios for pairing-based cryptography schemes. As an important aspect of adopting pairing-based schemes, the report also considers the challenges inherent in validation testing of cryptographic algorithms and modules. Based on the study, the report suggests an approach for including pairing-based cryptography schemes in the NIST cryptographic toolkit. The report also outlines several questions that will require further study if this approach is followed.
Susceptibility and resistance of mosquito fish to several insecticides.

Approximate LD50values for DDD, endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, toxaphene, heptachlor, and lindane were determined for 4 populations of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird and Girard). The results show resistance and crossresisance in populations having past exposure to insecticides. Evidence favoring a genetic basis for resistance is presented wherein toxicity levels remained constant in progeny of resistant fish which were reared in the absence of inseticides.
Sharp-Line Luminescence from Os 4 + and Mo 3 + in Cs 2 Hf Cl 6

Sharp-line luminescence spectra have been obtained for ${\mathrm{Os}}^{4+}$ ($5{d}^{4}$) and ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{3+}$ ($4{d}^{3}$) in single cubic crystals of ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$Hf${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$. For ${\mathrm{Os}}^{4+}$, luminescence from both the $^{1}E({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3})$ and $^{1}T({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5})$ levels of the ${t}^{4}$ configuration to all the spin-orbit split levels of the $^{3}T_{1}$ ground state are observed. Luminescence spectra from the $^{2}E$ ("$R$" lines) of ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{3+}$ are reported for the first time. Sharp vibronic lines are observed in the vicinity of 1. 1 \ensuremath{\mu} due to coupling with odd-mode vibrations of the nearest-neighbor complex. Excitation spectra reveal pumping due to absorption into the $^{4}T_{2}$ and $^{4}T_{1}$ bands at 23.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 19.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, and to the $^{2}T$ level at 14.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The excitation bands do not correlate with the major absorption bands observed in these crystals, suggesting that other charge states of molybdenum are simultaneously present in the crystals.
Essential Structural Requisites in Race Relations

T HE present paper is conceptual; its aim is to state what we consider the essential structural categories in race relations viewed as an empirical system. It is the contention of this paper that two general theories currently in usethe "cycle of race relations" and "caste and class" -are not incompatible and that the conflict between them is more apparent than real. Polemicists' outcries notwithstanding, a critical examination of empirical research on race relations indicates that these two theories can be and in fact have been effectively implemented. Faulty theory construction, faulty methodology, and faulty implementation of an essentially good theory are perhaps more frequent in sociology than in other sciences. There are some students who are prone either to place unusual emphasis on certain aspects of a theory or to use it as an interpretative device rather than as an hypothesis to be tested. It is our belief that a statement of the essential requisites in race relations would enable students of race and cultural contacts to implement better these two theories and would terminate excessive polemics in this area. Doubtless there is full agreement that a body of generalized theory on race relations must come from systematic observation, comparison, and classification of interracial phenomena wherever found. To accomplish this goal, there must be some measure of consensus on (1) what is to be compared with what? (2) what is the nature of the units in terms of which comparisons are to be made? and (3) what is the nature of the system in terms of which these units make sense? Students of race and culture contacts agreeimplicitly or explicitly-that what they seek to compare is race relations in one society with those in another. What, then, is the state of agreement on the definition of the term race relations? It was nearly fifteen years ago that R. E. Park introduced the term in a wide universe of discourse: