cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depth dependent ferroelectric to incommensurate/commensurate antiferroelectric phase transition in epitaxial lanthanum modified lead zirconate titanate thin films

Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the coexistence of ferroelectricity (FE) and antiferroelectricity (AFE) in (001) and (011) (Pb0.97, La0.02) (Zr0.95, Ti0.05) O3 (PLZT) epitaxial thin films. The depth resolved selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results revealed that the AFE phase was located in the near interface region, whereas the FE phase was found in the near surface region. A thickness dependent lattice parameter distribution was calculated using the SAED data, and a decrease in the c/a ratio was found to correlate with the transition from AFE to FE stability. Additionally, commensurate and incommensurate modulations in AFE PLZT were identified based on the observation of various superlattice reflections.Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the coexistence of ferroelectricity (FE) and antiferroelectricity (AFE) in (001) and (011) (Pb0.97, La0.02) (Zr0.95, Ti0.05) O3 (PLZT) epitaxial thin films. The depth resolved selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results revealed that the AFE phase was located in the near interface region, whereas the FE phase was found in the near surface region. A thickness dependent lattice parameter distribution was calculated using the SAED data, and a decrease in the c/a ratio was found to correlate with the transition from AFE to FE stability. Additionally, commensurate and incommensurate modulations in AFE PLZT were identified based on the observation of various superlattice reflections.
Percutaneous Route of Life: Chylothorax or Total Parenteral Nutrition-Related Bilateral Pleural Effusion in a Neonate?

OBJECTIVE Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) lines are an essential tool in the management of premature neonates. Pleural effusion (PLE) secondary to the leakage of alimentation into the pleural cavity is an encountered complication of central-line total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration. Methods: We review a case of a premature neonate who suffered large, bilateral PLE after insertion of an upper extremity PICC line for TPN. Results: Pleural fluid biochemical analysis confirmed PICC line infiltration, predominantly with monocytes, low protein, high triglycerides and high glucose. These results favored TPN leakage over chylothorax. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first case of bilateral PLE due to PICC complication in a neonate, which highlights the importance of chylothorax differential diagnosis, the role of autopsy, and the need for clinical precautions when providing premature neonates with high osmolarity TPN.
A Caretaker Acute Stress Paradigm: Effects on behavior and physiology of caretaker and infant

While experimental stress paradigms of infants (arm restraint; the Still-Face) are powerful tools for infant research, no study has experimentally stressed mothers to observe its independent effects on infant stress regulation. Extant caretaker/maternal stress studies essentially are correlational and confounded by other conditions (e.g., depression). Here, we present a standard procedure, the Caregiver Acute Stress Paradigm (CASP), for stressing mothers during en face interactions with their infants. We hypothesized that infants of the stressed mothers would be more distressed than infants of non-stressed mothers. A total of 106 four-month-old infants and their mothers were randomly assigned to the experimental stress or non-stress manipulation. Confirming our hypothesis, infants of the stressed mothers were significantly more likely to become distressed and require terminating the procedure. While objective ratings of maternal behavior showed no difference between groups, mother in the stress condition self-rated the episode following the caretaker stress significantly lower than mothers in the non-stress group. The self-ratings in the maternal stress-group were reflected in infant cortisol. The findings indicate that CASP is an effective experimental paradigm for exploring the independent effects of an acute stress on caretakers, including effects of conditions, such as poverty or mental illness.
The glutamine antagonist prodrug JHU-083 slows malignant glioma growth and disrupts mTOR signaling.

Background Metabolic reprogramming is a common feature in cancer, and it is critical to facilitate cancer cell growth. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1 and IDH2) mutations (IDHmut) are the most common genetic alteration in glioma grade II and III and secondary glioblastoma and these mutations increase reliance on glutamine metabolism, suggesting a potential vulnerability. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the brain penetrant glutamine antagonist prodrug JHU-083 reduces glioma cell growth. Material and methods We performed cell growth, cell cycle, and protein expression in glutamine deprived or Glutaminase (GLS) gene silenced glioma cells. We tested the effect of JHU-083 on cell proliferation, metabolism, and mTOR signaling in cancer cell lines. An orthotopic IDH1R132H glioma model was used to test the efficacy of JHU-083 in vivo. Results Glutamine deprivation and GLS gene silencing reduced glioma cell proliferation in vitro in glioma cells. JHU-083 reduced glioma cell growth in vitro, modulated cell metabolism, and disrupted mTOR signaling and downregulated Cyclin D1 protein expression, through a mechanism independent of TSC2 modulation and glutaminolysis. IDH1R132H isogenic cells preferentially reduced cell growth and mTOR signaling downregulation. In addition, guanine supplementation partially rescued IDHmut glioma cell growth, mTOR signaling, and Cyclin D1 protein expression in vitro. Finally, JHU-083 extended survival in an intracranial IDH1 mut glioma model and reduced intracranial pS6 protein expression. Conclusion Targeting glutamine metabolism with JHU-083 showed efficacy in preclinical models of IDHmut glioma and measurably decreased mTOR signaling.
Geomorphic insights from eroding dredge spoil mounds impacting channel morphology

Abstract A number of large rivers across the world are dredged for navigation. Dredging removes sediment from the channel, creates spoil mounds in the adjoining floodplain, and disposes sediment along the channel margin on a bar, or in open water. Retrospective studies that examine the placement and fate of this disposed material can provide guidance for other localities where dredging is practiced, and better elucidate the impacts associated with disposal at different types of sites. Many studies exist for impacts and benefits of dredging in the coastal environment, particularly to ecosystems and water quality. Few studies have examined disposal site selection and the fate of dredge spoil placed along a river corridor from a geomorphic and retrospective perspective. The Apalachicola River in Florida was dredged from the 1950s for several decades, with disposal on sand bars, in open water on the channel margins, and on the floodplain. Numerous large and small floodplain dredge-spoil mounds are a legacy from this navigation project. One of the larger mounds, disposal site 40 (DS 40), which locals call “Sand Mountain,” stands ~22 m high and extends ~10 ha in area. This disposal site originated in an artificial cutoff created in 1968–69 and grew to hold >625,000 m3 of sediment. Because this section of river was a problem for navigation when dredging was being conducted, detailed historical survey sheets with topographic and bathymetric data exist. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the local floodplain and channel geospatially, coupled with dredging and disposal data, to interpret the geomorphic changes of DS 40 and the adjoining river. Poor placement has resulted in this and other dredge spoil mounds returning sediment to the river through lateral erosion and mass wasting. Intermittent sediment pulses have altered channel morphology adjacent to the spoil mound with the channel becoming wider and shallower than originally, mean bed and thalweg elevations increasing by ~1.5 to 2 m, and width-depth ratio increasing three-fold. Although dredging of this river has not been conducted for nearly two decades, study of historical dredge spoil mounds in this reach suggest poor placement of spoil can continue to stress and alter a river in the decades that follow. Based on our findings, dredging downstream of distributaries will have poor outcomes. Dredge spoil placement in cut-off channels close to the river can be problematic because the river will regain sinuosity. Further, sites on the outer bend of meanders are more subject to erosion, and sites immediately upstream of problem or shallow areas will feed sediment to the problem reach. Findings of this study have implications to other settings, such as intensively mined rivers where unused unconsolidated material is often left on floodplains.
Associations among social needs, health and healthcare utilization, and desire for navigation services among US Medicaid beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to better understand the number and types of social needs experienced by Medicaid beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes, and how their social needs are associated with key health indicators. Also examined were factors that influence patients' interest in navigation services for health and social needs to inform future interventions and service delivery. The study expands upon prior research, much of which has focused on only one social need (e.g., food insecurity) or one health outcome. The hypothesis was that among individuals with type 2 diabetes, those with a greater number of social needs would report more health-related problems and be more interested in receiving social needs navigation services. Participants completed a cross-sectional survey by phone (n = 95) or online (n = 14). Most (85%) reported having at least one social need (M = 2.5, SD = 2.2), most commonly not having enough money for unexpected expenses (68%) or necessities like food, shelter and clothing (31%), medical costs (24%), and utilities (23%). Results supported our comprehensive conceptual model. Having more social needs was associated with greater perceived stress, diabetes distress, problems with sleep and executive and cognitive functioning, less frequent diabetes self-care activities, more days of poor mental health and activity limitations, worse self-reported health and more hospitalisations. Number of social needs also was positively associated with interest in having a social needs navigator. Social needs were not associated with days of poor physical health, BMI, self-reported A1C or smoking status. Social needs were associated with a wide range of indicators of poor health and well-being. Participants with the greatest social need burden were most open to intervention.
Perspectives on teaching climate science to first year undergraduate students by integrating sociopolitical contexts of climate change

This study investigates how course design for a first year introductory class on climate change impacts student understanding of this global issue. The course was developed to situate the scientifi...
Distinct Histopathologic Features of Complicated Sinusitis

Background:Sinusitis complicated by intracranial or orbital extension can be life-threatening and require emergent intervention. Histologic features of complicated sinusitis have yet to be determin...
Assessment of Uncertainties in Using Raman Thermometry Techniques to Determine the Local Thermal Conductivity of Uranium Dioxide (UO2)

Uranium dioxide (UO2) is the standard fuel in light water, nuclear reactors, and its material properties, such as thermal conductivity, bear a great influence on the heat transfer efficiencies of the system. Laser flash analysis is the most common technique employed to measure the thermal properties of bulk UO2 in post-irradiation examination, but there is interest in expanding measurement capabilities to situations where laser flash cannot be applied, such as spatial mapping of localized fuel properties. One potential method is Raman thermometry, where Raman spectra are related to the temperature of the material, but the uncertainties associated with relating temperature to UO2 properties should be investigated. This work investigates the potential viability for measurements based on three existing thermometry techniques, termed Raman-based Thermophysical Property Models (RTPMs), by determining their potential uncertainty when applied to UO2. These are time domain transient techniques (which uses a cantilever sample), a two-laser, steady-state technique (which uses a thin film sample), and a frequency domain photothermal reflectance transient technique (which uses a semi-infinite sample). Using experimental data of the UO2 Raman spectra as a function of temperature, a simulated temperature profile is generated. The thermal diffusivity (α) and/or thermal conductivity (k) are calculated by fitting the RTPMs to temperatures calculated from Raman spectra. The parameter sensitivity and uncertainty associated with each technique are calculated. For time domain methods, whose k and α errors range from 0.5 %–1.1 % to 1.7 %–209 %, respectively, it is concluded that time discretization of published spectra limits the accuracy of our proposed analysis method. For the two-laser methods, which exhibit a k error of 7.5 %, it is discovered that radiation cannot be neglected when thin films are sub-micrometer thick. For the frequency domain methods, which show k and α errors of 0.29 % and 6.8 %, respectively, the underlying fitting assumptions tend to produce large errors, except for a limited range of low frequencies that appear to achieve greater accuracy. In addition, a weak Raman peak is observed in UO2, which limits the effectiveness of transient RTPM-based measurements.
Conflicts of Interest, Intermediation, and the Pricing of Underwritten Securities.

The paper models securities underwriting where the intermediaries (commercial banks and investment houses) have diverse conflicts of interest leading to differential pricing of securities. When underwriting securities, investment houses have an incentive to underinvest in costly information production. Banks obtain such information from loan monitoring, but have an incentive to misrepresent this information because of bad loan exposure to the issuing firm. Either situation leads to a potential conflict of interest. The paper finds circumstances where banks' underwritings benefit issuers through higher realised prices. It further finds sufficient conditions for banks and investment houses to co-exist. The model also yields new testable implications, in particular, banks are likely to have a pricing advantage for junior and information sensitive securities even when both intermediaries have similar reputations ex-ante.
Key Issues in Designing Individual Courses

In forging its final proposal during 1991 (see Chapter 9), two sets of course-related issues generated significant discussion in the CRC; issues relating to individual academic (for credit) courses and issues related to non-credit skill courses. These issues are discussed in this chapter; in Chapter 11, the focus turns to key structural issues concerning the MBA program as a whole.
Expression of the yeast Δ-9 desaturase gene in tomato enhances its resistance to powdery mildew

Abstract Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) transformed with the yeast Δ-9 desaturase gene were found to display enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoniDC. edmund. Salm.) and to possess higher levels of 16:1, 16:2 and 18:1 fatty acids. Lipid peroxides also increased. The improved resistance of the transgenic plants was apparently associated with the increases in 16:1 and 16:2 fatty acids.
Should cervical cancer screening begin at age 21 for everyone? A quantitative analysis in a high‐risk, low‐income, African American/Hispanic young‐adult population

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has recommended modifying the baseline cervical cancer screening age from earlier of three years after first sexual intercourse or age 21 to age 21. In this study, we tracked abnormal cytologic diagnoses, with an emphasis on high-grade cervical lesions, in a high-risk, low-income, African American/Hispanic young-adult population. The intention was to assess if delaying cancer screening to 21 years of age would be effective in this subpopulation. A search of the cytopathology database between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2009 was performed to identify all women with their first abnormal cytologic diagnosis prior to turning 21 years of age. All of the available follow-up cytologic and/or histologic diagnoses, made both prior to and after turning 21 years of age, were recorded and the results analyzed. Amongst the 8,011 total number of women under 21 years of age screened for cervical cancer at our institution from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2009 the overall abnormal cytology rate was 25%, with a rate of 1% for HSIL, 3% for ASC-H/LG-H, and 22% for LSIL/ASC-US. The youngest subject diagnosed with HSIL was 14 years of age. Not a single study subject developed invasive cervical cancer prior to turning 21 years of age. In spite of the limitations of the study, we found that for patients served by our institution, delaying cervical cancer screening until 21 years of age is effective for the detection of early precancerous lesions.
Treating the Whole Patient

The authors of Chapter 9 perform a valuable service by focusing on the interface between medical and behavioral science, stressing the basic unity of emotional and physical health. They conclude that in order to treat the whole patient effectively the psychologist must avail himself of vital health-related information. This conclusion is well supported and not debatable in my view.
Case Comment: Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 1987

An entry in the comprehensive Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties explaining the relevant facts, holding and reasoning of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Arizona v. Hicks, a fourth amendment search and seizure case.
Interpersonal Attraction, Psychology of

Interpersonal attraction usually refers to a positive attitude regarding another person, often including the desire to enter and maintain a relationship with this person, and typically subsumes liking and loving. Attraction between strangers has been intensely studied by social psychologists since the 1960s, first focusing on issues such as attitude similarities and more recently on physical appearance (attractiveness). Theories focus on why we are attracted to anyone and why we are attracted to specific others, and include motivational, cognitive, cultural, and evolutionary approaches. Demonstrated predictors of attraction include one's own personality and appearance; familiarity, peer approval, not being in a current relationship, and meeting the person under arousing or unusual circumstances; attitude similarity and discovering the other likes oneself; and the other person's personality, status, and appearance (especially, facial averageness and symmetry and a desirable waste-to-hip ratio).
Infrared-Microwave (Radiofrequency) Two-Photon Spectroscopy

This is a conference on laser spectroscopy, but so far I do not feel that we have heard much on systematic spectroscopic works. Being an associate of Dr.Herzberg, I would like to talk about our effort in this direction by using an infrared radiation from a 10 µm CO2 or N2O laser and a microwave or a radiofrequency radiation. Neither the infrared nor the rf radiation is directly resonant to molecular transitions but, by using the non-linearlity of molecular transition processes, we can observe two-photon transitions for which the sum or the difference of the frequencies of the two radiations correspond to molecular transitions. The idea is that, although the frequencies of the infrared laser lines are not tunable and they are not in resonance with molecular transitions in general, we can take care of the discrepancy by tuning the frequency of the “added” or “subtracted” rf frequency. An alternative way, of course, is to use some non-linear solid state element for a mixing of the two radiations1, but since molecules themselves are good non-linear elements we can mix the two radiations right on the molecule.
Activity of temozolomide and bevacizumab in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic hemangiopericytoma and malignant solitary fibrous tumor

BACKGROUND: Hemangiopericytomas and malignant solitary fibrous tumors (HPC/SFT) are rare, closely related sarcomas with unpredictable behavior that respond infrequently to chemotherapy. An optimal systemic treatment strategy for advanced HPC/SFT has not yet been identified. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 14 patients with histopathologically confirmed HPC/SFT who were treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between May 2005 and June 2007. All patients were treated with temozolomide 150 mg/m2 orally on days 1-7 and days 15-21 and bevacizumab 5 mg/kg intravenously on days 8 and 22, repeated at 28-day intervals. Computed tomography assessment of tumor size and density (Choi criteria) was used to determine the best response to therapy. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate progression-free survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 34 months. Eleven patients (79%) achieved a Choi partial response, with a median time to response of 2.5 months. Two patients (14%) had stable disease as the best response, and 1 patient (7%) had Choi progressive disease as the best response. The estimated median progression-free survival was 9.7 months, with a 6-month progression-free rate of 78.6%. The most frequently observed toxic effect was myelosuppression. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with temozolomide and bevacizumab is a generally well-tolerated and clinically beneficial regimen for HPC/SFT patients. Additional investigation in a controlled, prospective trial is warranted. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Kinetics of ultrafiltration hemodialysis

The expressions of Wolfet al. (1951) and Renkin (1956) for the kinetics of artificial kidneys are generalized to include the effects of filtration. IfB is the bath volume,b the relevant volume of distribution,f the filtration rate,t the time, andA 0,B 0,b 0 representA, B, andb at timet=0, then the plasma concentrationA is given by $$\frac{A}{{A_0 }} = \frac{{B_0 }}{{B_0 + b_0 }}e^{ - \frac{{\left( {B_0 + b_0 } \right)}}{{B_0 }}\frac{{D_f }}{{b_0 }}K\left( {ft} \right)t} + \frac{{b_0 }}{{B_0 + b_0 }}$$ whereD f is a rate constant, andK(ft) is given by $$K\left( {ft} \right) = \frac{1}{{B_0 + b_0 }}\sum\limits_{M = 0}^\infty {\frac{{B_0 ^{M + 1} + \left( { - 1} \right)^M b_0 ^{M + 1} }}{{\left( {M + 1} \right)B_0 ^M b_0 ^M }}} \left( {ft} \right)^M = 1 + \frac{{B_0 - b_0 }}{{2B_0 b_0 }}ft + \ldots $$ Lettinga 0 denote the flow rate at the entrane to the dialysis tubing,f the net rate of filtration,P the permeability,S the surface area,V the volume of fluid in the dialysis tubing, andt c the circulation time of the fluid through the dialysis tubing, thenD f is given by $$D_f = \left( {a_0 - f} \right)\left( {1 - e^{ - \frac{{PS}}{V}t_c } } \right)$$ Whenf=0,D f reduces to the ordinary dialysance constant. These corrections to the filtration-free case are small when considering an adult male body volume together with the parameters of present day artificial kidneys.
Evaluating the utility of personal genomic information

Abstract: In evaluating the utility of human genome-wide assays, the answer will differ depending on why the question is asked. For purposes of regulating medical tests, a restrictive sense of clinical utility is used, although it may be possible to have clinical utility without changing patient's outcomes and clinical utility may vary between patients. For purposes of using limited third party or public health resources, cost effectiveness should be evaluated in a societal rather than individual context. However, for other health uses of genomic information a broader sense of overall utility should be used. Behavioral changes and increased individual awareness of health-related choices are relevant metrics for evaluating the personal utility of genomic information, even when traditional clinical benefits are not manifested. In taking account of personal utility, cost effectiveness may be calculated on an individual and societal basis. Overall measures of utility (including both restrictive clinical measures and measures of personal utility) may vary significantly between individuals depending on potential changes in lifestyle, health awareness and behaviors, family dynamics, and personal choice and interest as well as the psychological effects of disease risk perception. That interindividual variation suggests that a more expansive overall measure of utility could be used to identify individuals who are more likely to benefit from personal genomic information as well as those for whom the risks of personal information may be greater than any benefits.
PS2-56: Building the Virtual Data Warehouse Using Data from a Healthcare Billing System

Background Healthcare utilization data, specifically diagnoses and procedures, can be processed through different administrative systems. Billing data are generated by the care provider while claims data are generated by the payer. These two sources can represent the data content differently and incorporating the data from these systems into the VDW has presented a unique set of challenges. We present options for reconciling these two data sources to create a VDW that includes all patients including those outside of the HMO member realm.
Phagocytosis in uremic and hemodialysis patients: a prospective and cross sectional study.

Phagocytosis in uremic and hemodialysis patients: A prospective and cross sectional study. Leukocyte response to phagocytic challenge was assessed in uremic and hemodialysis patients in a prospective and cross sectional study. Using latex, zymosan and staphylococcus as phagocytic challenge, the utilization of glucose-1-C 14 and the generation of reactive oxygen species was measured in these patients. In uremic, non-dialysis dependent patients, the response to phagocytosis was significantly reduced when creatinine exceeded 6 mg/dl and prior to initiation of dialysis (mean serum creatinine 9.3 ± 0.3 mg/dl) was less than half that of patients with normal renal function (P
Perspectives on environmental leadership

Modern organizations are confronted with an increasingly complex world, and many of the challenges involve social change and environmental issues. Effective leadership is essential for coping with these social and environmental problems. In this article, we briefly describe a conceptual framework of leadership processes and some specific leadership behaviors that are helpful for understanding how to manage social change and deal with environmental concerns in private and public sector organizations
Stabilizing cell-like decompositions of polyhedra

Abstract An example of a cellular mapping between polyhedra P and Q with the property that, for all n, P× R n is not homeomorphic to Q× R n is discussed. It is shown that for a cell-like decomposition G of a polyhedron P such that P/G is finite-dimensional, there is a countable-dimensional manifold σ such that P G×σ is homeomorphic to P× σ.
Thermal degradation of an aromatic polypyromellitimide in air and vacuum II—The effect of impurities and the nature of degradation products

Abstract The effect of impurities on the thermal degradation of poly-[ N , N ′-( p , p ′-oxydiphenylene) pyromellitimide] (du Pont's ‘H’-film) is discussed. Purification of the polymer in dimethylformamide decreases the rates of degradation both in air and in vacuum, but only slightly reduces the activation energies. Infrared and mass spectrometric data suggest the participation of polypyromellitamic acid (poly a rmmide acid) impurity in the degradation process by thermal cleavage of its carboxyl and hydrolytic scission of its a mide groups. As far as the vacuum pyrolysis of the main poly i mide chains is concerned, the activation energy of 74 kcal/mole, bond dissociation energies, and elemental analysis of the residue remaining after pyrolysis suggest that the primary scission occurs at the i mide bonds, most likely followed by a secondary cleavage resulting in the elimination of CO groups.
Enhanced-resolution lidar

To retrieve a high-resolution vector signal from a set of measured low-resolution vector signals, we deliberately delayed the synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver of a pulsed laser radar (lidar). Once several range-shifted low-resolution vector signals had been obtained, we independently applied a regularization method and the singular-value-decomposition method to restore high-resolution characteristics. The former approach remains preferable when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, whereas the latter provides results similar to those of the former, but with lesser effort, as the signal-to-noise ratio becomes high.
The Rise of Ideology in the Post-New Deal Party System, 1972-1992

Scholars argue that the social structural basis of the party system in the United States developed during the New Deal era has weakened, resulting in an increasing tendency for ideology to shape pa...
Linear positive machines

The analogy of the Krohn-Rhodes theory of finite state machines is developed for linear positive machines with inputs from a commutative Banach algebra with involution. The notion of prime machine in this context is shown to correspond maximal ideal in the input algebra. Further, every positive machine is shown to lie in the closed convex hull of its primes.
Analysis of Medieval Fresco Pigments From the Georgian Republic

The mineral composition of pigments from mural paintings of the 12th and 13th centuries in the grotto monasteries of Bertubani and Udabno (David-Caredga) were investigated. Apart from traditional pigments, many examples of brown-black plattnerite (PbO2) were found. They were generated by bacteriological oxidation of white lead. This oxidation process has caused great damage to the original painting color. It is necessary to investigate and to remember the potential influence of bacteria on painting pigments while conducting conservation and restoration as well as art historical analysis.
Vascular geometry of the extracranial carotid arteries: an analysis of length, diameter, and tortuosity

Background Stable access is essential for successful intracranial interventions. Quantifying variations in extracranial carotid arteries may help in the selection and development of access catheters. This study describes the vascular dimensions from the aortic arch to the skull base. Methods CT angiography analysis was performed on 100 patients. The lengths, diameters, and tortuosity of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) were measured from the aortic arch to the skull base. Results The mean±SD length of the carotid artery from the aortic arch to the skull base was 22.2±2.2 cm for the right side and 20.8±1.9 cm for the left side (p Conclusions The distance from the aortic arch to the skull base is longer on the right than on the left side. Both the CCA and ICA are longer in men and in patients aged ≥60 years. The tortuosity of both segments significantly increases with age.
Inherited genetic predisposition in breast cancer. A population-based perspective.

Two classes of inherited susceptibility genes may be considered in the etiology of breast and other common cancers. First, genes have been identified that confer a high degree of breast cancer (BC) risk, usually associated with hereditary syndromes, but disease-associated germline variants in these genes are relatively rare in the general population. These include BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53. The proportion of BC in the general population that can be explained by these genes is relatively small. Second, variant genotypes at other loci may confer a relatively smaller degree of cancer risk, but they are carried by a larger proportion of the general population. As a result, the proportion of BC that could be explained by these genes may be relatively large. To understand the genetic basis for BCs in the general population, both of these classes of genes may need to be considered. This paper presents an overview of genes thought to be involved in BC susceptibility. Genes that confer a high degree of risk are more likely to result in hereditary patterns of cancer that are amenable to identification by genetic epidemiologic methods using pedigree data. More common (e.g., nonhereditary) forms of BC may be optimally analyzed by molecular epidemiologic studies using case-case, case-control, or cohort designs. The use of an appropriate study design is crucial to the identification of genes with relatively small effects on BC risk. To understand the inherited factors that explain BC in the general population, consideration should be given to genes with different allele frequencies and magnitudes of effect, using appropriate analytical approaches. By understanding the complex interactions of these genes with one another and with exposures, improved risk assessment and potential for targeted cancer prevention strategies may be possible.
Passivation effect on optical and electrical properties of molecular beam epitaxy-grown HgCdTe/CdTe/Si layers

The effects of passivation with two different passivants, ZnS and CdTe, and two different passivation techniques, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), were quantified in terms of the minority carrier lifetime and extracted surface recombination velocity on both MBE-grown medium-wavelength ir (MWIR) and long-wavelength ir HgCdTe samples. A gradual increment of the minority carrier lifetime was reported as the passivation technique was changed from PVD ZnS to PVD CdTe, and finally to MBE CdTe, especially at low temperatures. A corresponding reduction in the extracted surface recombination velocity in the same order was also reported for the first time. Initial data on the 1/f noise values of as-grown MWIR samples showed a reduction of two orders of noise power after 1200-A ZnS deposition.
Analysis of the singlet and triplet contributions to the total-cross-section differences. delta. sigma/sub T/ and. delta. sigma/sub L/ in p-p scattering between 1 and 3 GeV/c

The data from measurements of the total-cross-section differences ..delta..sigma/sub T/ and ..delta..sigma/sub L/ for p-p scattering and the spin-averaged total cross sections are analyzed to determine the singlet (sigma/sub s/ /sup T/) and (sigma/sub t/ /sup T/) cross sections. The structures observed in ..delta..sigma/sub T/ and ..delta..sigma/sub L/ near 1.3 GeV/c are found to result primarily from increases in sigma/sub s/ /sup T/ and sigma/sub t/ /sup T/. These increases are shown to be consistent with the Mandelstam model of pion production. No resonantlike behavior is required to describe the structures in ..delta..sigma/sub T/ and ..delta..sigma/sub L/.
Extracellular potassium activity during epileptogenesis.

Abstract Direct measurements of extracellular potassium concentration ([K + ] 0 ) changes in penicillin epileptogenic foci of cat cortex were made using potassium-sensitive microelectrodes. Interictal EEG events were accompanied by increases in [K + ] 0 lasting several seconds. The amplitudes and rise rates of these increases varied with cortical depth, distance from the center of the focus, and the [K + ] 0 at which they occurred. During ictal events, [K + ] 0 consistently reached 9–10 m m . The patterns of ictal [K + ] 0 changes also showed variations with depth in the cortex and distance from the focus. There was an upper limit for [K + ] 0 during both interictal and ictal epileptiform activity at about 10 m m . The role of these [K + ] 0 changes in modulating neuronal excitability in the epileptogenic focus is discussed. The [K + ] 0 level did not appear to be a critical factor in initiation or termination of ictal episodes.
Statistical Properties of Fiber-Birefringence Models

We report the results of an experimental investigation of the statistical nature of the parameters of three different models which can be used to describe the lumped birefringence effects and polarization evolution in fiber systems.
Control by Ring Substitution of the Conformation Change Dynamics in Photochromic Polypeptides.

Abstract- In order to develop new systems that couple photochromism with molecular conformation change, a series of spiropyrans having different ring substituents were attached to poly(L-glutamic acid). The polypeptides were dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol and dark adapted so that the dye was in the merocyanine form. Following adaptation by white light and dye photoconversion from the merocyanine to spiropyran forms, polypeptide dark-adaptation kinetics were monitored by circular dichroism (CD) and dye dark adaptation was monitored by UV/ visible. Light adaptation caused a light-induced coil-to-helix transition, with dark adaptation resulting in relaxation back to the coil. The dark-adaptation rate constant measured by UV/visible was equal to that measured by CD, demonstrating close coupling between dye state and polypeptide conformation. By varying the substituents on the spiropyran ring, dark-adaptation half lives were varied from less than a minute to 2 h, representing nearly three orders of magnitude.
Cyclic fatigue of intrinsically brittle ceramics in contact with spheres

Abstract Contact damage modes in cyclic loading with spheres are investigated in three nominally brittle ceramics, soda-lime glass, porcelain and fine-grain silicon nitride, in moist environments. Initial damage at small numbers of cycles and low loads consists of tensile-driven macroscopic cone cracks (“brittle” mode). Secondary damage at large numbers of cycles and high loads consists of shear-driven distributed microdamage (“quasi-plastic” mode), with attendant radial cracks and a new form of deeply penetrating subsidiary cone cracks. Strength tests on indented specimens are used to quantify the degree of damage. Both damage modes degrade the strength: the first, immediately after cone crack initiation, relatively slowly; the second, after development of radial cracks, much more rapidly. A fracture mechanics model describing the first mode, based on time-integration of slow growth of cone cracks, is presented. This model provides simple power-law relations for the remaining strength in terms of number of cycles and contact load for materials design. Extrapolations of these relations into the quasi-plastic region are shown to be non-conservative, highlighting the need for further understanding of the deleterious quasi-plastic mode in tougher ceramics. Comparison with static contact data indicates a strong mechanical (as opposed to chemical) component in the cyclic fatigue in the quasi-plastic region.
Abstract A76: Curcumin inhibits head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) migration

Purpose: Curcumin has been shown to inhibit HNSCC cell proliferation through the AKT/MTOR pathway. We wanted to study the biological effects of curcumin‐induced AKT/MTOR inhibition in HNSCC. Procedures: Soluble proteins (pS6, p4EBP1, FGF2 and MMP‐9) extracted from cells treated with or without 20µM curcumin overnight were analyzed by western blot. Cell motility with and without 5, 10, and 20µM curcumin was determined by transwell migration assay and compared using one‐way ANOVA in four HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, PCI15A, SCC40 and SCC066). Results: We used the highly invasive SCC cell line PCI15a to investigate the effects of curcumin on the AKT/MTOR pathway in vitro. Phosphorylated S6 (pS6) and p4EBP1 were inhibited in cells treated with 20µM curcumin for 24 hours. Curcumin inhibited the downstream effector FGF2 by 80% in SCC40 and completely abrogated the downstream effector MMP‐9 in the PCI15a cell line. Compared to vehicle, curcumin significantly inhibited migration of the HNSCC cell lines in the transwell migration model. A significant dose‐response was found among the four curcumin concentrations for all four cell lines compared to vehicle (p Conclusions: Curcumin inhibits migration of HNSCC cell lines trough the AKT/MTOR pathway and its downstream targets. Cancer cell migration is a highly regulated process that permits dissemination from the primary tumor. Concentrations that inhibited cell proliferation through inhibition of AKT/MTOR and its downstream target MMP‐9 were sufficient to inhibit the invasion of a variety of HNSCC cell lines in vitro. This sensitivity of HNSCC cells to retardation of cell migration by curcumin further highlights its chemopreventive properties. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A76.
Characterizing spatial and temporal variability of dissolved gases in aquatic environments with in situ mass spectrometry.

The TETHYS mass spectrometer is intended for long-term in situ observation of dissolved gases and volatile organic compounds in aquatic environments. Its design maintains excellent low mass range sensitivity and stability during long-term operations, enabling characterization of low-frequency variability in many trace dissolved gases. Results are presented from laboratory trials and a 300-h in situ trial in a shallow marine embayment in Massachusetts, U.S.A. This time series consists of over 15 000 sample measurements and represents the longest continuous record made by an in situ mass spectrometer in an aquatic environment. These measurements possess sufficient sampling density and duration to apply frequency analysis techniques for study of temporal variability in dissolved gases. Results reveal correlations with specific environmental periodicities. Numerical methods are presented for converting mass spectrometer ion peak ratios to absolute-scale dissolved gas concentrations across wide temperature regimes irrespective of ambient pressure, during vertical water column profiles in a hypoxic deep marine basin off the coast of California, U.S.A. Dissolved oxygen concentration values obtained with the TETHYS instrument indicate close correlation with polarographic oxygen sensor data across the entire depth range. These methods and technology enable observation of aquatic environmental chemical distributions and dynamics at appropriate scales of resolution.
Problem solving with insufficient resources

A new approach, "controlled concurrency," is introduced for inference control in an adaptive reasoning system working with insufficient knowledge and resources. With this method, a problem-solving process is constructed from atomic steps in run time, according to the system's past experience and the current context. The system carries out many such processes in parallel by distributing its resources among them, and dynamically adjusting the distribution according to feedback. A data structure, "bag," is designed to support this dynamic time-space allocation, and is a kind of probabilistic priority queue. This approach provides a flexible, efficient, and adaptive control mechanism for real-time systems working with uncertain knowledge. To analyze problem solving in such a system, the traditional computability theory and computational complexity theory become inappropriate, because the system no longer follows problem-specific algorithms in problem solving.
Photodetachment of the H− ion☆

Abstract Detachment of electrons from the H − ion is investigated with an experimental technique whereby an H − beam moving at a relativistic velocity (2.5 × 10 10 cm/s) is intersected with a fixed frequency laser. The Doppler effect allows systematic variation of the center-of-mass (CM) photon energy over a wide range (factor of 10) by simply adjusting the angle between the ion and laser beams. The focused output from a pulsed, linearly polarized, CO 2 TEA laser operating at 10.6 μm, with peak intensities on the order of 10 GW/cm 2 , was used to examine the multiphoton absorption process in H −2 . The fourth harmonic (266 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser was used to investigate some of the doubly-excited state resonances in H − . In the multiphoton absorption work, electron detachment was observed at photon energies where as few as 2 and as many as 8 photons are required to get above the 1-electron detachment threshold (EDT) of H − (0.754 eV). Electron yield vs photon energy plots exhibit structure that is laser intensity dependent. Electron yield vs laser pulse energy data was obtained at a few selected CM wavelengths and laser pulse energies. In the single-photon UV laser work, numerous resonances within the H − photodetachment continuum corresponding to one-photon two-electron excitation processes were observed. The doubly-excited resonances appear to be of the Feshbach type. A simple, semi-empirical recursion formula predicts the resonance energy levels. The experimental techniques described here can be used to accurately determine accelerator beam and ion source parameters such as beam energy, energy-spread, and ion density spatial distribution.
Spirituality in psychiatry: a biopsychosocial perspective

This paper reviews a body of findings in order to define the nature of spirituality from a biopsychosocial perspective and to illustrate its relevance to the field of psychiatry. The emergence of spirituality within the common culture is described, after which a number of sociobiologically related studies are presented to illustrate how its component dimensions can be defined. These are evolutionary adaptation, affectional ties, subjective experiences, and positive psychology. The relevance of spiritually related issues in psychiatric diagnosis are illustrated, along with examples of their role in symptom relief. The paper concludes with a description of a program implemented to integrate the issue of spirituality into resident training and into group support for hospital-based patients.
Multiple-group factor analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the intercorrelations among the 12 tests of the WISC and WISC-R separately for age levels 7.5, 10.5, and 13.5 to test Wechsler's (1958) hypothesis that verbal and performance factors underlie these tests. At all three age levels, verbal and performance factors that accounted for approximately 50% of the total variance emerged clearly. These results provide strong empirical support for Wechsler's hypothesis.
Electric birefringence studies of irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid

Abstract DNA molecules in dilute solution show a marked decrease both in birefringence and in relaxation time (length) when exposed to x-ray doses of a few thousand roentgens. But DNA given 10,000 r. in vivo shows no change in birefringence, length distribution, or kinetics of heat degradation. It appears that DNA in vivo is well protected against the indirect effects of x-rays.
Acoustic resonance determination of sonic speed and the critical point for a typical retrograde gas condensate

Abstract A newly automated variable volume high pressure spherical acoustic resonator (150 mm dia) assembly has been used to measure sonic speeds in a typical retrograde gas condensate prepared by blending a field sample of C5+ stabilized condensate (Hobart Ranch condensate) with the appropriate amount of synthetically prepared gas containing light paraffins form methane to n-pentane, at pressures form 17.3 MPa to 15.0 MPa and temperatures in the range 255 K to 247 K. Results on the present method to locate the critical point for the gas condensate are presented with the comparison of D.B. Robinson et al.'s reported results in GPA RR's #89 and #96 for the same sample.
Rovibrational intensities for the (3110)IV←(0000) band of 12C16O2 at 4416 cm−1

Abstract Absolute line intensities have been measured for the (31 1 0) IV ←(00 0 0) band of 12 C 16 O 2 centered at 4416 cm −1 . The square of the rotationless transition moment is a factor of 1.5 smaller than previously estimated theoretically via measurements on other bands of 12 C 16 O 2 . Herman-Wallis type parameters are also reported.