cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visually-guided behavior of homonymous hemianopes in a naturalistic task

The gaze behavior of homonymous hemianopes differs from that of visually intact observers when performing simple laboratory tasks. To test whether such compensatory behavior is also evident during naturalistic tasks, we analyzed the gaze patterns of three long-standing hemianopes and four visually intact controls while they assembled wooden models. No significant differences in task performance, saccade dynamics or spatial distribution of gaze were observed. Hemianopes made more look-ahead fixations than controls and their gaze sequences were less predictable. Thus hemianopes displayed none of the compensatory gaze strategies seen in laboratory tasks. Instead, their gaze patterns suggest greater updating of, and greater reliance on a spatial representation.
Measurement of the hardness distribution in sapphire/NiAl composites using continuous indentation

A variety of fibre coatings have been modelled as a means to reduce the thermal residual stresses in sapphire/NiAl composites, including the use of molybdenum as a compliant layer. However, no experimental studies have been performed to quantify the effect of these coatings on the residual stresses. Measuring the effect of the coatings in real composites is a difficult task given the limitations of the most common residual stress measurement methods, such as X-ray and neutron diffraction. In this study, a continuous indentation system was used to measure a spatial hardness distribution both within the molybdenum fibre coatings and the NiAl matrix. Because it has been shown that residual stresses effect the apparent hardness of a material, the hardness distribution should be indicative of the local residual stress state in the sample. The measured hardness distributions showed distinct trends, including an increasing hardness in the molybdenum as the NiAl interface is approached, a substantial increase in NiAl hardness at the fibre/coating boundary, and a decrease in NiAl hardness that is proportional to the distance from the fibre/coating boundary. The potential utility of continuous indentation systems for mapping the residual stresses in composites is briefly discussed. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Esophagojejunal Reconstruction After Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer Using a Transorally Inserted Anvil Delivery System

Total gastrectomy (TG) is commonly performed for the treatment of patients with gastric cancer. However, reconstruction of the esophagojejunal (EJ) anastomosis can be technically demanding, with reported anastomotic leak rates in the Western world still approaching 10–15 %. We report our experience using the transoral anvil delivery system (OrVil™) for creation of the EJ anastomosis after TG. From 2007 to 2011, 48 consecutive patients with gastric cancer underwent open (n = 31) or laparoscopic (n = 17) TG. EJ reconstruction was performed with the transoral anvil deliver system (OrVil™) in an end-to-side fashion. Demographic, clinic, and perioperative data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database. Of the 48 patients, 83 % were male. Median age at resection was 64 years. Median body mass index was 27.1 kg/m2. Seventy-nine percent (n = 38) of patients had at least one comorbidity. Fifteen patients (31 %) had at least one perioperative complication. There was one perioperative death (2 %) following a duodenal stump leak. There were four EJ leaks (8 %) and two EJ stenoses (independent of leak; 4 %). There was one EJ leak (6 %) and one EJ stenosis (6 %) following a case that was first attempted laparoscopically. There were no deaths as a consequence of an EJ leak. The use of the transoral anvil delivery system during EJ reconstruction is a safe and effective option for reconstruction after open or laparoscopic TG with acceptable mortality and morbidity. The anastomotic leak rate appears to be comparable to that of other techniques.
Syntheses and structures of heterobicyclic bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azane compounds having phosphorus(III) and arsenic(III) centers.

Syntheses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of heterobicyclic cyclodiphosphazanes having central phosphorus(III) and arsenic(III) atoms are described. Interaction of PCl3 or AsCl3 with cis-[(tBuNP)2(tBuNLi•THF)2] produced the isomorphous {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]ECl}; E = P(1), As(4), respectively. These Cs-symmetric molecules crystallize with two molecules in the monoclinic space group P21/m. Unit cell dimensions of 1 are (293 K) a = 9.777(1) A, b = 11.745(1) A, c = 9.986(2) A, and β = 97.44(1)°; those of 4 are (213 K) a = 9.688(3) A, b = 11.873(3) A, c = 9.975(3) A, and β = 97.80(3)°. When {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]PCl} was treated with NaN3 or LiN(SiMe3)2, {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]PN3}(2) and {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]PN(SiMe3)2}(3), respectively, were obtained. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m and has unit-cell dimensions (213 K) of a = 9.496(7) A, b = 12.455(7) A, c = 10.043(6) A, and β = 97.23(4)°, Z = 2.
Applicability and evaluation of an implicit self-starting unconditionally stable methodology for the dynamics of structures

The applicability and evaluation of a new self-starting, unconditionally stable, implicit methodology of computation for the dynamics of structures is described. The methodology offers different perspectives and architecture for structural dynamics compared with the traditional (widely advocated and commonly used) time integration methods. It is based on velocity representations and architecture and uses finite elements as the principal analysis tool for structural dynamic modeling/analysis. In particular, the dynamics of beam-type flexural models are considered, and comparative results validate and support the proposed use of the self-starting methodology of computation for the dynamics of linear/nonlinear structures. The overall effectiveness and elegance strongly support its use in most existing commercial codes.
Opium availability and the prevalence of addiction in Asia.

Summary Epidemiologic data collected by several investigators in numerous communities of Asia indicate that the role of a community vis-a-vis opium production and commerce strongly influences the prevalence of addiction. Poppy producing communities tend to have the highest crude prevalence rates (i.e., over 6 addicts per 100 people). Communities involved with opium transshipment generally have intermediate rates (i.e., 3 to 6per 100 people). End use or consuming locales have the lowest rates (i.e., under 3 per 100 people). These differences are attributed to varying drug availability in these three locations (i.e., inside most homes, passing through the community, or on demand only). Ethnicity, religion and national origin are not associated with addiction rate. It appears that community survey provides the most reliable data, while case registers may often underestimate the number of cases.
Using datacube aggregates for approximate querying and deviation detection

Much research has been devoted to the efficient computation of relational aggregations and, specifically, the efficient execution of the datacube operation. In this paper, we consider the inverse problem, that of deriving (approximately) the original data from the aggregates. We motivate this problem in the context of two specific application areas, approximate query answering and data analysis. We propose a framework based on the notion of information entropy that enables us to estimate the original values in a data set, given only aggregated information about it. We then show how approximate queries on the data from which the aggregates were derived can be performed using our framework. We also describe an alternate use of the proposed framework that enables us to identify values that deviate from the underlying data distribution, suitable for data mining purposes. We present a detailed performance study of the algorithms using both real and synthetic data, highlighting the benefits of our approach as well as the efficiency of the proposed solutions. Finally, we evaluate our techniques with a case study on a real data set, which illustrates the applicability of our approach.
Bedside insertion of inferior vena cava filters in the intensive care unit.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Several authors have showed that bedside insertion of inferior vena cava filters (IVCF) is feasible and cost effective, with the additional benefit of not having to transport a critically ill patient to the operating room or radiology department. The objective of this study was to examine our experience of 158 IVCF insertions at the bedside in the intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, observational study of bedside IVCF insertion performed by the authors from February 1996 through August 2000 was undertaken. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-eight patients underwent bedside IVCF insertion in the intensive care unit. The mean age was 42.2 years (SD 17.5 years). The mean Injury Severity Score of the trauma patients was 27.3 (SD 14.5). The majority of patients (90%) had a prophylactic indication for IVCF insertion using our institutional guidelines for venous thromboembolic prophylaxis for trauma patients. All IVCF insertions were successfully performed at the bedside after iodinated contrast or carbon dioxide cavography. The mortality was 11% (n = 18), none attributable to the IVCF insertion or cavagram. There was one asymptomatic cava occlusion and one postinsertion pulmonary embolus in a patients with a subclavian vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the safety and efficacy of IVCF insertion at the bedside in the ICU. This method offers less resource use and more safety for critically ill patients, avoiding the hazards of intrahospital transport.
Characterization and testing of the BIRIS range sensor

A new active vision range sensor called BIRIS has potential applications in mobile robot systems. The authors describe the tests performed and the results for the prototype system developed for the NRC mobile robot. The tests evaluate the coverage of the sensor, accuracy, sensitivity, effects of target reflectance and robustness for specific applications. The testing also served to detect latent system errors and point out future design improvements and enhancements. With a complex sensor system such as BIRIS, it often is difficult and sometimes impossible to predict the exact characteristics and performance in relation to the application environment. Rather than formulate a complete sensor system model, the principles of operation were used to develop tests which assess the sensor's performance for given mobile robot tasks. >
Analysis of Cocaine and Cocaine Metabolites by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

A high pressure liquid chromatography procedure was developed for analysis of cocaine and two metabolites (norcocaine and benzoylecgonine) in biological fluid. Following extraction with chloroform/Isopropanol (3/2), chromatography is performed with a mu-Bondapak C-18 reverse phase column eluted with water/acetonitrile/methanol (8/1/1) containing 1% acetic acid and 0.3 M EDTA. Ultraviolet detection of individual compounds was made at 235 nm and quantitation was based on peak height ratio to internal standard. Detection limit based on 0.5 mL of sample is less than 1 microgram/mL. Confirmation of the individual compounds was made by direct probe mass spectral analysis of the eluted peaks and comparison to known standards.
Pattern and cost of weight gain in previously obese women

Weight gain is common among postobese individuals, providing an opportunity to address the cost of weight regain on energy expenditure. We investigated the energy cost of weight regain over 1 yr in 28 women [age 39.5 +/- 1.3 (SE) yr; body mass index 24.2 +/- 0.5 kg/m(2)] with recent weight loss (>12 kg). Body composition, total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly labeled water, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were assessed at 0 and 12 mo. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was calculated from TEE and change in body composition. Fourteen women had a weight gain of 13.2 +/- 2.1 kg. Twelve-month cumulative excess MEI, calculated as the intake in excess of TEE at month 0, was 749 +/- 149 MJ. Of this, 462 +/- 83 MJ (62%) were stored as accrued tissue, and 287 +/- 72 MJ (38%) was increased TEE. Expressed per kilogram of body weight gain, the energy cost of weight gain was calculated to be 54.8 +/- 4.6 MJ/kg. Interestingly, weight regain time courses fell into three distinct patterns, possibly requiring varying countermeasures.
Dr. Nadkarni replies

We thank Drs. McDonald and Elkin for pointing out the relevance of their 1999 paper1 to ours.2 (This excellent paper, which we had not read earlier, provided a valuable education for us.) However, we would politely demur to the description of their study (in the second paragraph of their letter) as “almost identical” to ours. The very real differences in our respective study designs and objectives, as we describe below, led us to significantly different conclusions about the utility of the 1999 UMLS for our respective purposes. The study of McDonald et al. tried to match the contents of two hand-curated vocabularies with the UMLS, using an automated term composition approach. One of these vocabularies was a lexicon developed for dermatology, while the other comprised the 5,000 most common terms extracted from the Mayo clinical notes system. Curation involved correction of obvious spelling errors and removal of duplicates. Their objective was to quantify the value of algorithms for the electronic …
JUVENILE MOVEMENT AND NATAL DISPERSAL OF NORTHERN GOSHAWKS IN ARIZONA

Abstract We investigated the departure, transient movement, and local settlement stages of natal dispersal in a population of Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) on the Kaibab Plateau of northern Arizona. The study included 614 color-banded juveniles produced at 555 nests during 1991–2003, 89 of which were radio-marked during 1998–2001. Radio-marked juveniles initiated dispersal between 71 and 103 days posthatching, and spent between 33 and 66 days in the natal territory after fledging. Our best-fitting proportional hazards models predicted the timing of dispersal as a function of annual differences in the density of primary bird and mammal prey species, weather conditions, and natal brood size. Once dispersal was initiated, most juveniles moved into the more open habitats that surrounded the study area and few eventually returned to breed; first-year fidelity to the local natal population was 28%, and only 69 (11%) color-banded juveniles had entered the territorial population by 2004. Median natal dis...
Feasibility study to assess clinical applications of 3-T cine MRI coupled with synchronous audio recording during speech in evaluation of velopharyngeal insufficiency in children

Background In the past decade, there has been increased utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating and understanding velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). To our knowledge, none of the prior studies with MRI has simultaneously linked the audio recordings of speech during cine MRI acquisition with the corresponding images and created a video for evaluating VPI.
Trauma und Ressourcen/Trauma and Empowerment

Trauma und Ressourcen/Trauma and Empowerment. Marine Verwey. ed. Berlin: Society of Ethnomedicine, Curare/Sonderband, 2001.358pp.
Daily alignment results of in-room computed tomography-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung cancer.

Purpose To determine the extent of interfractional setup errors and day-to-day organ motion errors by assessing daily bone alignment results and changes in soft tissue tumor position during hypofractionated, in-room computed tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of lung cancer. Methods and Materials Daily alignment results during SBRT were analyzed for 117 tumors in 112 patients. Patients received 40–50 Gy of SBRT in four to five fractions using an integrated CT-LINAC system. The free-breathing CT scans acquired during treatment setup were retrospectively realigned to match with each of the bony references and the gross tumor volume (GTV) defined on the reference CT by rigid-body registration, and the daily deviations were calculated. Results The mean magnitude (± SD) three-dimensional shift from the initial skin marks to the final bone-aligned positions was 9.4 ± 5.7 mm. The mean daily GTV deviation from the bone position was 0.1 ± 3.8 mm in the anterior–posterior direction, −0.01 ± 4.2 mm in the superior–inferior direction, and 0.2 ± 2.5 mm in the lateral direction. A clinically noteworthy trend (net change >5 mm in any direction) in GTV position relative to the bone was observed in 23 cases (20%). Conclusions Soft tissue target position can change significantly beyond the motion envelope defined in the original internal target volume in four-dimensional CT-based treatment planning for SBRT of lung cancer. Additional margin should be considered for adequate coverage of interfractional changes.
Synthesis of nucleoside 5′-(β-d-glucopyranosyl monophosphates) by the sugar ortho ester route

Abstract exo -3,4,6-Tri- O -acetyl-1,2- O -( tert -butyl orthoacetyl)-α- d -glucopyranose reacts with nucleoside 5′-monophosphoric acids in N , N -dimethylformamide to give the nucleoside 5′-(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl phosphoric acids). Reactions with 2′-deoxynucleoside 5′-monophosphoric acids gave the corresponding nucleoside 5′-(glucosyl monophosphates) in the 2′-deoxy series.
Physical fitness: questions teachers ask.

(1993). Physical Fitness: Questions Teachers Ask. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 14-19.
PDE-Based Enhancement of Low Quality Documents

Partial Differential Equations are becoming one of the core tools for low-level image processing. They are especially functional in diffusion processes and variational models. In this paper, we exploit the regional smoothing that occurs in a nonlinear diffusion process and use this to enhance text in a degraded document image. The proposed smoothing method is robust when applied to either a highly corrupted text document or one with little degradation. The technique was tested on historical documents, carbon copies with highly varying grayscale backgrounds and on synthetic noisy documents. The PDE-based method far outperformed other industry-standard binarization techniques when compared quantitatively and qualitatively.
Laboratory measurements and model sensitivity studies of dust deposition ice nucleation

Abstract. We investigated the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust particles to understand the sensitivity of simulated cloud properties to two different representations of contact angle in the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). These contact angle representations are based on two sets of laboratory deposition ice nucleation measurements: Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles of 100, 300 and 500 nm sizes were tested at three different temperatures (−25, −30 and −35 °C), and 400 nm ATD and kaolinite dust species were tested at two different temperatures (−30 and −35 °C). These measurements were used to derive the onset relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) required to activate 1% of dust particles as ice nuclei, from which the onset single contact angles were then calculated based on CNT. For the probability density function (PDF) representation, parameters of the log-normal contact angle distribution were determined by fitting CNT-predicted activated fraction to the measurements at different RHice. Results show that onset single contact angles vary from ~18 to 24 degrees, while the PDF parameters are sensitive to the measurement conditions (i.e. temperature and dust size). Cloud modeling simulations were performed to understand the sensitivity of cloud properties (i.e. ice number concentration, ice water content, and cloud initiation times) to the representation of contact angle and PDF distribution parameters. The model simulations show that cloud properties are sensitive to onset single contact angles and PDF distribution parameters. The comparison of our experimental results with other studies shows that under similar measurement conditions the onset single contact angles are consistent within ±2.0 degrees, while our derived PDF parameters have larger discrepancies.
Septin collar formation in budding yeast requires GTP binding and direct phosphorylation by the PAK, Cla4

Assembly at the mother–bud neck of a filamentous collar containing five septins (Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12, and Shs1) is necessary for proper morphogenesis and cytokinesis. We show that Cdc10 and Cdc12 possess GTPase activity and appropriate mutations in conserved nucleotide-binding residues abrogate GTP binding and/or hydrolysis in vitro. In vivo, mutants unable to bind GTP prevent septin collar formation, whereas mutants that block GTP hydrolysis do not. GTP binding-defective Cdc10 and Cdc12 form soluble heteromeric complexes with other septins both in yeast and in bacteria; yet, unlike wild-type, mutant complexes do not bind GTP and do not assemble into filaments in vitro. Absence of a p21-activated protein kinase (Cla4) perturbs septin collar formation. This defect is greatly exacerbated when combined with GTP binding-defective septins; conversely, the septin collar assembly defect of such mutants is suppressed efficiently by CLA4 overexpression. Cla4 interacts directly with and phosphorylates certain septins in vitro and in vivo. Thus, septin collar formation may correspond to septin filament assembly, and requires both GTP binding and Cla4-mediated phosphorylation of septins.
Cure of ommaya reservoir associated staphylococcus epidermidis ventriculitis with a simple regimen of vancomycin and rifampin without reservoir removal

Staphylococcus epidermidis ventriculitis developed in a patient undergoing treatment for meningeal lymphoblastic lymphoma via Ommaya subcutaneous reservoir. Treatment with a regimen of intravenous and intraventricular vancomycin and oral rifampin resulted in prompt cure of the infection without removal of the reservoir. The antibiotic therapy, guided by CSF bacteriocidal levels, was convenient to administer, nontoxic, and well tolerated. No interruption of lymphoma treatment was necessary.
Sonographic evaluation of solid breast nodules

Because of the heterogeneity of breast cancer from nodule to nodule, single findings cannot achieve the sensitivity or the negative predictive value necessary to identify a low-risk group that can be offered the option of follow-up (ACR Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System [BIRADS] 3 group). However, by using multiple findings in a strict algorithm, such a group can be identified. It is also important to keep in mind that breast cancer can be heterogeneous within an individual nodule. Part of the nodule may have circumscribed features that simulate a benign lesion, while another part may be spiculated and obviously malignant. Only by scanning the whole surface and substance of the nodule in two orthogonal planes (radial and anti-radial) can the presence of suspicious findings be excluded, and if there is a mixture of benign and suspicious findings, the benign findings should be ignored. These studies show that sonography is useful in the characterization of solid breast masses. Characterizing solid breast nodules into BIRADS categories defines carcinomas that might have been missed clinically or mammographically. It identifies a BIRADS 3 group that has far less than 2% risk of being malignant and can offer the patient the option of follow-up rather than biopsy. Currently, approximately 80% of patients with BIRADS 3 solid nodules are electing to be followed rather than to undergo biopsy. It improves the accuracy of the diagnosis of malignant breast lesions. Importantly, it also accurately defines a population of benign solid breast lesions that do not require biopsy when strict sonographic criteria of benignity are present. To achieve the desired sensitivity and negative predictive values of 98% or greater the algorithm must be strictly adhered to. When the patient elects to be followed rather than undergo biopsy, follow-up should be performed in 6 months, not 1 year. The malignant lesions at most risk to be mischaracterized as BIRADS 3 are higher grade invasive ductal carcinomas that grow rapidly enough for change to be readily detected at 6 months. Table 1 Current study: characterization of solid breast nodules Table 2 Prospective characterization of 1211 solid nodules into BIRADS categories (all 1211 nodules have undergone biopsy)
Continuous measurement of entangled qubits

We have developed Bayesian formalism to describe the process of continuous measurement of entangled qubits. We start with the case of two qubits and then generalize it to an arbitrary number of qubits.
Learning-enhanced market-based task allocation for oversubscribed domains

This paper presents a learning-enhanced market-based task allocation approach for oversubscribed domains. In oversubscribed domains all tasks cannot be completed within the required deadlines due to a lack of resources. We focus specifically on domains where tasks can be generated throughout the mission, tasks can have different levels of importance and urgency, and penalties are assessed for failed commitments. Therefore, agents must reason about potential future events before making task commitments. Within these constraints, existing market-based approaches to task allocation can handle task importance and urgency, but do a poor job of anticipating future tasks, and are hence assessed a high number of penalties. In this work, we enhance a baseline market-based task allocation approach using regression-based learning to reduce overall incurred penalties. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach in a simulated disaster response scenario by comparing performance with a baseline market-approach.
Epidermal growth factor enhances striatal dopaminergic parameters in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mouse.

Intracerebroventricular infusion of epidermal growth factor (EOF) into mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons partially enhanced the content of dopamine (DA) and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid as well as the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum. EGF also enhanced these parameters in control, unlesioned animals. Neurotrophic activity also was observed in embryonic mesencephalic cultures, where EGF enhanced DA uptake after a lesion with the neurotoxic metabolite of MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. Our in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that EGF may be a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons, or may act indirectly by inducing the release of a dopaminergic trophic factor from other cells.
Changing Our Metaphors to Put Quality of Life at the Center of Health Care

Metaphors matter, as America’s defunct health insurance financing debate so well demonstrated. In that debate the traditional metaphor of American medicine, the military metaphor, was displaced in public discourse by the market metaphor. Metaphors, which entice us to understand and experience “one kind of thing in terms of another... play a central role in the construction of social and political reality.”1 The market metaphor proved virtually irresistible in the public arena, and led Congress to defer to market forces to “reform” health insurance financing in America.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDIATORS OF THE EFFECTS OF OPPOSING EXPERT TESTIMONY ON JUROR DECISIONS

This study examined the effectiveness of the opposing expert safeguard against unreliable expert testimony and whether beliefs about experts as hired guns and general acceptance mediate the effect of opposing expert testimony on juror decisions. We found strong evidence that the presence, but not the content, of opposing expert testimony affected jurors’ trial judgments and that these effects were mediated by mock jurors’ beliefs about general acceptance. The presence of an opposing expert affected jurors’ ratings of the general acceptance of research investigating sexual harassment in the workplace. Jurors’ beliefs about general acceptance then affected jurors’ ratings of plaintiff expert competence and research, which affected juror ratings of the probability that the plaintiff experienced a hostile work environment.
A Simple Model for Predicting Heat Aging of EPDM Rubber

Abstract Heat aging stability is a hallmark of EPDM rubber and a requirement for use in automotive, roofing and other applications. Retention of physical properties after accelerated heat aging is a typical specification for such long-term uses. This paper examines the utility of such tests in predicting results over a range of temperatures, 116 °C, 125 °C, 135 °C and 150 °C, in some cases for as long as 365 days. A simple empirical model was developed to predict the retention of physical properties using fractional strain energy, that is, the ratio of the aged to unaged products of tensile strength and elongation at break. Characteristic rates, an Arrhenius rate relationship and activation energies were determined. This model provides a basis to predict physical property changes over a wide range of temperatures and times, as well as for considerations of equivalent heat aging tests and use in different applications.
A Brief History of American Telecommunications Regulation

While the history of governmental regulation of communication is at least as long as the history of censorship, the modern regulation of long-distance, or "tele," communications is relatively short and can be dated to the rise of the telegraph in the mid-19th century. The United States left the telegraph in private hands, unlike countries and as opposed to the U.S. postal system, and has done the same with most of the significant telecommunications facilities that have been developed since. The decision to allow private ownership of telecommunications infrastructure has led to a rather particularized regulation of these private owners of public infrastructure - similar to other laws governing "regulated industries," yet also influenced by the U.S. First Amendment and antitrust law.
Development of stable, narrow spectral line-width, fiber delivered laser source for spin exchange optical pumping

We developed a stable, narrow spectral line-width, fiber delivered laser source for spin exchange optical pumping. An optimized external cavity equipped with an off-the-shelf volume holographic grating narrowed the spectral line-width of a 100 W high-power diode laser and stabilized the laser spectrum. The laser spectrum showed a high side mode suppression ratio of >30 dB and good long-term stability (center wavelength drifting within ±0.002 nm during 220 h of operation). Our laser is delivered by a multimode fiber with power ∼70 W, center wavelength of 794.77 nm, and spectral bandwidth of ∼0.12 nm.
Cyber Crime Fighters: Tales From the Trenches, by F. Donovan and K. Bernier

Cyber Crime Fighters: Tales from the Trenches is an excellent compendium of safety considerations for users of the Internet. It discusses cyber stalking, identity theft, digital footprinting, phish...
Manipulating superconductivity in ruthenates through Fermi surface engineering

The key challenge in superconductivity research is to go beyond the historical mode of discovery-driven research. We put forth a new strategy, which is to combine theoretical developments in the weak-coupling renormalization-group approach with the experimental developments in lattice-strain-driven Fermi surface engineering. For concreteness we theoretically investigate how superconducting tendencies will be affected by strain engineering of ruthenates' Fermi surface. We first demonstrate that our approach qualitatively reproduces recent experiments under uniaxial strain. We then note that the order of a few percent strain, readily accessible to epitaxial thin films, can bring the Fermi surface close to van Hove singularity. Using the experimental observation of the change in the Fermi surface under biaxial epitaxial strain and ab initio calculations, we predict ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ for triplet pairing to be maximized by getting close to the van Hove singularities without tuning on to the singularity.
Re - discussion of the Nature of Administrative Crime & Its Influence on the Status of Administrative Criminal Law

The essence of the problem of administrative crime is whether it falls within the ambit of the administrative law or the criminal law, or is a violation of social order. Administrative crime consists of a violation or threatening of legal interests. It is a substantial violation of law and is against the derivative social order. What it intends to protect is consistent with the objective of administration. On the other hand, a criminal wrong is a violation of social justice. Though administrative crime is an offense that consists of a violation of an administrative rule or regulation and carries with it a fine or other punishment, it is by no means a direct attack on administrative rules or regulations, but it is a violation of certain duties (administrative duties) provided by administrative laws. With its characteristics, special administrative crime principles should be adopted that are different from the general rules of the criminal law.
Effects of atrazine on T lymphocytes function in BALB /c mice

Objective To explore the effect of atrazine on T lymphocytes function in mice. Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into atrazine groups( 400 mg / kg,200 mg / kg and 100mg / kg,respectively) and the negative control group( distilled water). Mice were administrated to atrazine or distilled water by oral gavage,once a day for 21 days. Then eye blood was collected and the pathological changes of thymus were observed. Splenic T lymphocytes proliferation and subsets distribution of thymic T lymphocytes were determined with MTT reduction method and flow cytometry,respectively. IL-2 and IL-4 in serum were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Atrazine exposure resulted in decrease of thymus cortex cells and T lymphocytes transformation rate decreased significantly( P 0. 05). The proportion of thymic CD3+T lymphocytes subset,and CD4+/ CD8+ratio in 400mg / kg and 200mg / kg atrazine groups were lower than those in the control group( P 0. 05). CD4+T lymphocytes subset in different atrazine groups were lower than those in the control group( P 0. 05). Although the proportion of CD8+T lymphocytes subset showed decreasing trend with increasing dose,there was no statistical significance. Serum IL-2 and IL-4 level in the 400mg / kg atrazine group were significantly lower than those in the control group( P 0. 05). Conclusions Atrazine decreases T lymphocytes function and shows the immunotoxicity.
Proficiency Testing on the Determination of Lead in Food Additive Calcium Powder

Objective To investigate the proficiency of testing lead in food safety labs in China and to enhance the technical level and quality control capability of labs participating in the test.Method Labs were invited to participate in the Proficiency Testing(PT) voluntarily.Using routine methods in their labs to detect lead in food additive calcium powder was recommended.Testing results were analyzed by Robust Stat.Results There were 83 labs participating in the PT,76 labs reported their results,78.9% of results were satisfied,14.5% were uncertain and 6.6% were unsatisfied.Conclusion Most of food safety labs participating in the test could accurately detect lead in food additive calcium powder samples.
Characteristics of New WA-CMS Line H22A in Seed Production

The characteristics of H22A,an new CMS Line,and Ⅱ-32A(CK),a elite sterile line in seed production were studied to provide a technical base for hybrid seed production.The results showed that the duration from sowing to heading of H22A was about 105 days,four days more than Ⅱ-32A.Total number of main stem leaves was as much as the CK.Plant height of H22A was 78.0 cm,16.4 cm higher than Ⅱ-32A,total number of spikelet per panicle was 185.5,60 spikelets more than Ⅱ-32A,and its sensitivity to gibberellin "920" was stronger than Ⅱ-32A.Its flowering habits was better than CK.But the stigma exsertion rate of H22A was slightly lower than Ⅱ-32A.
A Functional Form for the Diurnal Variation of Lake Surface Temperature on Lake Hartwell, Northwestern South Carolina

Satellite measurements of water surface temperature can benefit several environmental applications such as predictions of lake evaporation, meteorological forecasts, and predictions of lake overturning events, among others. Limitations on the temporal resolution of satellite measurements can restrict these improvements. A model of the diurnal variation in lake surface temperature could potentially increase the effective temporal resolution of satellite measurements of surface temperature, thereby enhancing the utility of these measurements in the above applications. As a step in this direction, herein a one-dimensional thermal model of a lake is used in combination with surface temperature measurements from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer instrument aboard the Aqua and Terra satellites, along with ambient atmospheric conditions from local weather stations, to calculate the diurnal surface temperature variation for Lake Hartwell in South Carolina. The calculated solutions are used to obtain a functional form for the diurnal surface temperature variation of this lake, a result which has not been obtained heretofore. This functional form was obtained by averaging over several years worth of data and, therefore, represents the diurnal variation of surface temperature of the average day. Accordingly, attempts to use this averaged function to predict surface temperature in between satellite overpasses on any given day did not perform well due to day-to-day variations in cloud cover, wind speed, and other factors. It is possible that use of this averaged function combined with daily meteorological data may enable better performance.
Silicon Solar Cell Metallization Pastes

This chapter provides a brief overview of metallization pastes and technologies for silicon solar cells. The first section presents a brief introduction to different types of silicon solar cells. The second section reviews the metallization pastes for front- and back-side electrodes including new remarkable development in silver pastes employing nano-frits; copper and copper alloy pastes; aluminum and aluminum alloy pastes; and advanced formation technologies of front- and back-side electrodes. Finally, an overview of solar cell module materials and manufacturing process will be given, as well as performance and reliability testing methodology.
CHAPTER 28 – Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1F3]

The pleiotropic, and ubiquitous inflammatory activities of interleukin-1 (IL-1) suggested to many investigators that natural inhibitory mechanisms or molecules must exist. IL-1 inhibitors theoretically work at the levels of synthesis, secretion, receptor, or post-receptor intracellular pathways in cells. Early studies had described IL-1 inhibitory bioactivities in human urine, and in a variety of cell supernatants. However, many of these activities turned out to be artifacts of bioassay systems or remained uncharacterized. At a symposium, in Ann Arbor, MI, two different groups first reported bioactivities known to be interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). The dialyzed and concentrated urine of a patient with acute monocytic leukemia, and fever inhibited the effects of IL-1 on induction of PGE 2, and collagenase production by cultured human dermal fibroblasts. The supernatants of human monocytes cultured on adherent immune complexes exhibited an activity inhibitory toward IL-1 stimulation of proliferation of murine thymocytes. IL-IRa is the first described naturally occurring specific receptor antagonist of any cytokine or hormone like molecule. The chapter reviews the characteristics of the IL-1Ra gene and protein isoforms, biological role in normal physiology and in disease, potential therapeutic uses of exogenous administration, and areas of current inquiry and research.
Profound sensorineural hearing loss after one cycle of intraperitoneal cisplatin in treatment of advanced ovarian cancer

Few advances in the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer have improved patient overall survival. However, the incorporation of intraperitoneal administration of platinum based chemotherapy to standard treatment was one such advancement. It is understood that the intraperitoneal regimen is associated with increased toxicity when compared to intravenous administration alone; however, information regarding the specific risk of ototoxicity is lacking in the literature. We report a case of almost complete sensorineural hearing loss after one cycle of intraperitoneal cisplatin. Three days after receiving an intravenous 24 h paclitaxel at 135 mg/m2 and subsequent intraperitoneal infusion of cisplatin at 75 mg/m2, the patient presented with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The patient experienced no recovery of hearing despite an aggressive systemic steroid taper and change in chemotherapy regimen to alternative agents. She is currently under consideration for cochlear device implantation. Generally, cisplatin related ototoxicity during treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer is gradual, limited to high-frequency ranges and dose-related; however, the toxicity with only one standard dose can be profound and irreversible. This risk should be addressed when counseling patients prior to initiation of treatment.
Effects of heat stress on risk perceptions and risk taking

Abstract Exposure to extreme heat at work is a serious occupational hazard, as exposure can result in heat-related illnesses, and it has been linked to increased risk of accidents and injuries. The current study aimed to examine whether heat exposure is related to changes in individuals' psychological process of risk evaluation, and whether acclimatization can mitigate the effect of heat exposure. A study with quasi-experiment research design was used to compare participants’ risk perceptions and risk-taking behaviors at baseline, initial exposure to heat, and exposure after acclimatization across male participants who were exposed to heat (N = 6), and males (N = 5) and females (N = 6) who were in the control group who were exposed to ambient temperature. Results show that participants perceived the same risky behaviors to be less risky ( p = 0.003) and demonstrated increased risk-taking behaviors ( p = 0.001) after initial heat exposure. While their risk perceptions returned to baseline level after acclimatization, their risk-taking behaviors remained heightened ( p = 0.031). Participants who were not exposed to heat showed no significant fluctuation in their risk perceptions and risk-taking. Our findings support that risk-related processes may explain the effects of heat exposure on increased accidents and injuries beyond its direct impact on heat-related illnesses.
DNA Origami: Scaffolds for Creating Higher Order Structures

DNA has become one of the most extensively used molecular building blocks for engineering self-assembling materials. DNA origami is a technique that uses hundreds of short DNA oligonucleotides, called staple strands, to fold a long single-stranded DNA, which is called a scaffold strand, into various designer nanoscale architectures. DNA origami has dramatically improved the complexity and scalability of DNA nanostructures. Due to its high degree of customization and spatial addressability, DNA origami provides a versatile platform with which to engineer nanoscale structures and devices that can sense, compute, and actuate. These capabilities open up opportunities for a broad range of applications in chemistry, biology, physics, material science, and computer science that have often required programmed spatial control of molecules and atoms in three-dimensional (3D) space. This review provides a comprehensive survey of recent developments in DNA origami structure, design, assembly, and directed self-assemb...
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline

This systematic review for a clinical practice guideline by the ACP summarizes evidence about the benefits and harms of nonpharmacologic therapies, including acupuncture, exercise, tai chi, yoga, m...
Harnessing Apoptotic Cells for Transplantation Tolerance: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

The use of donor apoptotic cells is an emerging therapy for inducing transplantation tolerance. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of mechanisms of this approach, as well as crucial aspects necessary for successful translation of this approach to clinical transplantation. Transplantation tolerance by donor apoptotic cells is mediated by their homeostatic interaction with recipient phagocytes and subsequent expansion of suppressor cell populations as well as inhibition of effector T cells via deletion and anergy. To ensure their tolerogenicity, it is critical to procure non-stressed donor cells and to induce and arrest their apoptosis at the appropriate stage prior to their administration. Equally important is the monitoring of dynamics of recipient immunological status and its influences on tolerance efficacy and longevity. Emerging concepts and technologies may significantly streamline tolerogen manufacture and delivery of this approach and smooth its transition to clinical application. Hijacking homeostatic clearance of donor apoptotic cells is a promising strategy for transplantation tolerance. Timing is now mature for concerted efforts for transitioning this strategy to clinical transplantation.
‘And wouldst thou wrong thy only child?’: The Crisis of Affective Kinship in Coleridge's ‘Christabel’

Despite the tendency for scholars to read Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ‘Christabel’ as an unfinished poem, I argue that analysing the ‘Conclusion to Part II’ as the ending, so to speak, dramatises the...
Leaving Home —Three Farm Memoirs from the Midwest: A Review Essay

Review of: "Times's Shadow: Remembering a Family Farm in Kansas," by Arnold J. Bauer, "The Farm at Holstein Dip: An Iowa Boyhood," by Carroll Englehardt, and "A Family Farm: Life on an Illinois Dairy Farm," by Robert L. Switzer.
Retrospective analysis of activity of pembrolizumab (pembro) in melanoma patients (pts) with brain metastasis (BM).

2071Background: Approximately 50% of pts with metastatic melanoma (MM) develop BM. Among MM pts, pembro, a humanized antibody against PD-1, is associated with objective response rates of 32-35% in ...
Topography and soils-based mapping reveals fine-scale compositional shifts over two centuries within a central Appalachian landscape

Abstract When public lands were surveyed in the U.S., “witness trees” were often recorded to facilitate the relocation of property boundaries, and these records provide a snapshot of forest conditions prior to Euro-American settlement and land clearing. This study utilizes witness trees and present-day plot data to explore long-term vegetation changes at a regional scale. Landscape classes for a 5000 km2 study area in Appalachian Ohio were defined by slope, aspect, topographic position, soil pH, and available water capacity. Cluster analysis and ordination revealed topo-edaphic patterns in the presettlement (c. 1800) and present-day forests, based on 5765 witness trees and 3249 contemporary trees occurring on 547 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) subplots. Mesophication is evident, as the oak-hickory presettlement forest is now dominated by maple-poplar. Size-class analysis suggests the presettlement forest also experienced mesophication following xeric conditions of the preceding centuries. In both presettlement and contemporary forests, ridges form distinctive communities compared to slopes and valleys, although topographic distinctiveness is now more prevalent. Several taxa revealed changes in site affinities over the past two centuries; shifts in their realized niches suggest mesophication acts through diverse individualistic responses to a multiple set of interacting drivers. Specifically, regionally documented changes in land use, drought, N deposition, and fire at the time of the original surveys lead to altered competitive relationships.