cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of rock fabric on fracture attribute distribution and implications for groundwater flow in the Nashoba Terrane, eastern Massachusetts

Abstract Attributes (i.e. trace-length, spacing, termination and orientation) of joints and foliation-parallel fractures (FPFs) are used to assess the influence of lithology and fabric on fracture type and distribution in metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Nashoba terrane, Massachusetts. Orientations of NE–SW and NW–SE trending joints are consistent throughout the region, whereas FPFs are sub-parallel to the axis of the terrane. Joint spacing generally decreases to the northeast across the terrane reflecting lithologic changes from metamorphic to igneous rock types. Although trace-length and spacing frequency distributions of both joints and FPFs are best described by lognormal functions, FPFs possess narrower fracture spacing than joints. Median fracture trace-lengths of all FPFs are comparable to those of all steep joints, but the median fracture spacing is half that of all steep joints. Trace-lengths of FPFs vary as a function of the degree of development of foliation. Fracture attributes and groundwater flow models suggest that FPFs may significantly increase fracture connectivity and potential for groundwater recharge. FPFs may account for as much as 30% of flow in fracture networks suggesting that in addition to joints, FPFs play a significant role in groundwater hydraulics that may include imparting flow anisotropy on the groundwater system.
Addressing issues of spatial spillover effects and non-stationarity in analysis of residential burglary crime

The aim of this paper is to address two critical but largely neglected issues in the spatial analysis of urban crime which are spatial spillover effects of crime penetrating neighborhood boundaries and non-stationarity regarding the relationships between contextual factors and neighborhood crime. We use a GIS-based spatial approach to normalize the estimate of burglary crime at block group level and use the geographically weighted regression (GWR) to investigate the correlates of neighborhood crime. Results suggest that the use of normalized measure of neighborhood crime helps better reveal the spatial patterns of burglary crime and the use of GWR accounts for the spatial variations of relationships between contextual factors and crime. In particular, the normalized measure of crime has implications for improving the measurement accuracy of the risk of crime across urban neighborhoods and can be applied to the spatial analysis of other socioeconomic issues such as housing foreclosures and environmental hazards which are also plagued by the spatial spillover issue when geographically contiguous data are analyzed.
Marcan Love, Sotto Voce:

Mark's community was heir to preaching about Jewish Scriptures concerning love. Homilists, catechists and the final Evangelist used these as well as Paul's hymn to love as interpretative lenses through which to present the Jesus tradition. They suggested in a subtle manner that the Jesus-event is, at root, about love. This article is an appeal to listen to the still whisper that informs Mark's good news.
Neural FoxP2 and FoxP1 expression in the budgerigar, an avian species with adult vocal learning

Vocal learning underlies acquisition of both language in humans and vocal signals in some avian taxa. These bird groups and humans exhibit convergent developmental phases and associated brain pathways for vocal communication. The transcription factor FoxP2 plays critical roles in vocal learning in humans and songbirds. Another member of the forkhead box gene family, FoxP1 also shows high expression in brain areas involved in vocal learning and production. Here, we investigate FoxP2 and FoxP1 mRNA and protein in adult male budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), a parrot species that exhibits vocal learning as both juveniles and adults. To examine these molecules in adult vocal learners, we compared their expression patterns in the budgerigar striatal nucleus involved in vocal learning, magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt), across birds with different vocal states, such as vocalizing to a female (directed), vocalizing alone (undirected), and non-vocalizing. We found that both FoxP2 mRNA and protein expressions were consistently lower in MMSt than in the adjacent striatum regardless of the vocal states, whereas previous work has shown that songbirds exhibit down-regulation in the homologous region, Area X, only after singing alone. In contrast, FoxP1 levels were high in MMSt compared to the adjacent striatum in all groups. Taken together these results strengthen the general hypothesis that FoxP2 and FoxP1 have specialized expression in vocal nuclei across a range of taxa, and suggest that the adult vocal plasticity seen in budgerigars may be a product of persistent down-regulation of FoxP2 in MMSt.
Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso geothermal area, California

High-resolution, three-dimensional, compressional and shear wave velocity models, derived from microearthquake traveltimes, are used to map the distribution of Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso Geothermal Area, Inyo County, California. Spatial resolution of the three-dimensional Poisson's ratio and porosity distributions is estimated to be 0.5 km horizontally and 0.8 km vertically. Model uncertainties, ±1% in the interior and ±2.3% around the edge of the model, are estimated by a jackknife method. We use perturbations of r=Vp/Vs ratio and Ψ=Vp·Vs product to derive distributions of Poisson's ratio, σ, and porosity, which are then used to constrain and delineate possible zones of intense heat, fracture accumulation and fluid saturation. Poisson's ratio at Coso ranges from 0.15 to 0.35 with an average of 0.224, lower than the crustal average of 0.25. High Poisson's ratios are more extensive in shallower depths (<1.5 km) while lower Poisson's ratios are found in the deeper section (1.5–3.0 km) of the target area. Two major features with low Poisson's ratio are identified at geothermal production depth (1–3 km) around stations S2–S6 and S1–S3–S4. The two low-σ features are separated by a northwest–southeast-trending high-σ belt with variable width of 1–3 km. A high-Ψ body is found around S2 and S6, and extends down in depth. A circular, low-Ψ belt corresponding to the high-σ belt, is located around S2–S6 and is linked to a previously reported structure in Vs tomography. This low-Ψ (highly porous) belt is probably a horizontal conduit/reservoir of geothermal fluid. A vertical, low-σ and high-Ψ channel beneath triangle S1–S3–S4 corresponds to a high-attenuation, dome-like feature. We propose an upwell-and-spread magma intrusion model for the last major magmatism in the Coso region. The magmatic upwelling is centered in the S1–S3–S4 area. The model predicts potential geothermal resources to the south and west of triangle S1–S3–S4 based on local faulting patterns.
Single stranded DNA SP6 promoter plasmids for engineering mutant RNAs and proteins: synthesis of a 'stretched' preproparathyroid hormone.

The intergenic region of bacteriophage f1 has been subcloned into the bacteriophage SP6 promoter plasmids, pSP64 and pSP65, in both orientations. Coinfection of E. coli with these SP6 promoter/phage f1 chimeric plasmids and the interference resistance phage, IR1, results in the replication and secretion of the pSP6.f1 plasmids as single stranded DNA. Bovine preProPTH cDNAs in both the native form and a form containing an insertion of 117 base pairs in the protein coding region have been inserted in these plasmids. The RNA transcribed from the SP6.f1/preProPTH cDNA constructs was efficiently translated in the wheat germ or reticulocyte cell free systems without addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap to the RNA. In the presence of dog pancreatic or chicken oviduct microsomal membranes, conversion of the resultant pre-proteins to pro-proteins was observed. Confirmation of the "mutated" preProPTH cDNA was determined by dideoxyribonucleotide DNA sequencing of single stranded plasmid DNA. These vectors are suitable for the efficient biosynthesis of large amounts of single or double stranded DNA, and translationally active RNA. The combined properties of single stranded DNA replication and the SP6 promoter simplify the engineering of mutant RNAs and their corresponding proteins. In addition, single stranded DNA or RNA corresponding to either complementary strand may be synthesized as nucleic acid hybridization probes.
Machiavellianism among Business School Students: A Multi-Institution Comparison

Christie and Geis' Mach IV test was given to 231 senior accounting and management majors at two different universities to assess whether institution attended and specific business major may be associated with Machiavellianism. Scores on Machiavellianism did not vary between accounting and management majors but may be sensitive to the institution which the students choose to attend.
The Woman's Department: Maternalism and Feminism in the Texas Medical Journal

(2001). The Woman's Department: Maternalism and Feminism in the Texas Medical Journal. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 81-98.
OPTION VALUE: A GENERAL APPROACH

This article examines a potential bias if expected consumer surplus is used to measure the benefits of a price change under uncertainty. This bias, which is called option value, may be positive or negative. A general framework is developed for analyzing the determinants of the sign of option value, and this framework is applied to three types of uncertainty: income uncertainty, quality uncertainty, and uncertainty over consumer tastes. In the first two cases, option value has a determinate sign; however, in the last case, option value may be positive, negative, or zero in an unpredictable fashion.
Electron-positron heating and the eclipsing millisecond pulsar PSR 1957+20

The companion in the eclipsing millisecond PSR 1957 + 20 appears to be strongly heated by the pulsar and may also be rapidly losing mass due to that heating. A new mechanism is presented by which the heating may be accomplished: diffusion of mildly relativistic electron-positron pairs from the pulsar's relativistic wind through a thermal wind issuing from the companion. Wave-particle scattering regulates the depth at which the pairs deposit their energy; requirements of self-consistency place bounds on the wave spectrum and pair distribution function. If the pairs carry over about 10 percent of the pulsar spin-down luminosity, and the companion's heavy element abundance is subsolar, the heating rate can be adequate to drive a wind with sufficient momentum flux to explain the eclipse geometry. Annihilation photons then heat the companion beneath its photosphere and supply a significant part of the power for the optical luminosity. This model also suggests that the eclipse duration decreases sharply above a critical photon frequency.
Automated process support for organizational and personal processes

We propose two views on process: an organizational view and a personal process view. Information technology applies Automated Workflow technology to define, execute, and track an organization’s automated business processes. Calendaring tools provide a form of personal process view through scheduled work items. However, the personal, or individual, view of the process space has largely been ignored. We maintain that as organizations become increasingly decentralized, a single organization’s process space is becoming difficult to recognize. Individuals of the organization are asked to do work that spans organizational, functional, and even geographic boundaries. An integrated view of organizational workflows and personal processes is needed to address these new demands. In this paper we argue for the need to integrate organizational and personal processes. We then propose a component-based process modeling approach and supporting process architecture that integrates these process spaces. Finally, we describe our recent efforts at developing Java prototype process tools that realize the proposed modeling technique and supporting architecture.
Long‐Term (13‐Year) Follow‐up of Isolated Atrial Standstill

We describe a case of persistent atrial standstill (PAS) in the absence of other cardiac or extracardiac abnormalities. Long-term (13-year) follow-up of this case suggests that the prognosis of isolated PAS, following institution of permanent pacing, may be benign. A.N.E. 1999;4(3):372–373
A graphene-based broadband optical modulator

Graphene, the single-atom-thick form of carbon, holds promise for many applications, notably in electronics where it can complement or be integrated with silicon-based devices. Intense efforts have been devoted to develop a key enabling device, a broadband, fast optical modulator with a small device footprint. Now Liu et al. demonstrate an exciting new possibility for graphene in the area of on-chip optical communication: a graphene-based optical modulator integrated with a silicon chip. This new device relies on the electrical tuning of the Fermi level of the graphene sheet, and achieves modulation of guided light at frequencies over 1 gigahertz, together with a broad operating spectrum. At just 25 square micrometres in area, it is one of the smallest of its type. Integrated optical modulators with high modulation speed, small footprint and large optical bandwidth are poised to be the enabling devices for on-chip optical interconnects1,2. Semiconductor modulators have therefore been heavily researched over the past few years. However, the device footprint of silicon-based modulators is of the order of millimetres, owing to its weak electro-optical properties3. Germanium and compound semiconductors, on the other hand, face the major challenge of integration with existing silicon electronics and photonics platforms4,5,6. Integrating silicon modulators with high-quality-factor optical resonators increases the modulation strength, but these devices suffer from intrinsic narrow bandwidth and require sophisticated optical design; they also have stringent fabrication requirements and limited temperature tolerances7. Finding a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible material with adequate modulation speed and strength has therefore become a task of not only scientific interest, but also industrial importance. Here we experimentally demonstrate a broadband, high-speed, waveguide-integrated electroabsorption modulator based on monolayer graphene. By electrically tuning the Fermi level of the graphene sheet, we demonstrate modulation of the guided light at frequencies over 1 GHz, together with a broad operation spectrum that ranges from 1.35 to 1.6 µm under ambient conditions. The high modulation efficiency of graphene results in an active device area of merely 25 µm2, which is among the smallest to date. This graphene-based optical modulation mechanism, with combined advantages of compact footprint, low operation voltage and ultrafast modulation speed across a broad range of wavelengths, can enable novel architectures for on-chip optical communications.
SKA: supporting algorithm and data structure discussion

Algorithm animation system design has focused primarily on providing advanced graphical capabilities. However, a fundamental mismatch exists between the needs of instructors and the features of existing algorithm animation systems. This mismatch has reduced the rate of adoption of algorithm animation tools. We describe a system, SKA (Support Kit for Animation), whose design is based on an examination of the tasks performed in the process of discussing algorithms and data structures. SKA attempts to support and enhance time-consuming instructional tasks such as tracing and data structure diagram manipulation, while requiring minimal preparation or authoring time.
Z protein: isolation and characterization of multiple forms in rat liver cytosol.

Abstract The Z protein fraction of rat liver cytosol contains one or more proteins which have been associated with organic anion transport, fatty acid metabolism, and aminoazodye binding. To study the possible identity of these proteins and investigate their function, Z was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and preparative isoelectric focusing. Three protein fractions were obtained (p I 5.2, 6.0, 7.3) which reacted specifically with anti-Z IgG. These three fractions were homogenous as determined by several electrophoretic systems. Monospecific antibody prepared against two of the proteins cross-reacted specifically with all three. Each fraction bound BSP with different affinity; acidic Z bound the least BSP. The molecular weight of each fraction was 12,500 as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analyses of the three Z protein bands were virtually identical. Heterogeneity in Z probably results from interaction of the protein with ampholytes or exogenous ligands.
The truncated Witten genus

In this paper we define and examine the truncated Witten genus. It is defined as the equivariant index of the Dirac operator on the manifold Map(C p ,M) with its natural C p -action. Here, Map(C p ,M) is the space of maps from the cyclic group of order p into a closed, connected, spin manifold, M. By applying the Atiyah-Singer index theorem we give a topological formula for the truncated Witten genus which is related to the formula for the Witten genus by truncation of the infinite products. We also show that the equivariant index of the Dirac operator on the projective space ℙ Map(C p ,ℂ n +1) is closely related to the truncated Witten genus of ℂℙ n . The spaces ℙ Map(C p ,ℂ n +1) define a filtration of the space ℙ Map(S1,ℂ n +1) which has been used to study equivariant objects on the smooth loop space of ℂℙ n .
Targeted therapies: BREAKing a path for progress--dabrafenib confirms class effect.

Dabrafenib is the second agent in the therapeutic class of selective BRAF inhibitors, and has proven efficacy in a phase III trial (BREAK-3) with impressive improvements in progression-free survival and response rates. Differences in the safety profile exist compared with vemurafenib, but the future lies in combinatorial strategies and improved patient selection.
Grain fill duration in twelve hard red spring wheat crosses: genetic variation and association with other agronomic traits

The rate and duration of grain fill period has been shown to be associated with increased yield in cereals when water deficits occur during maturation. Grain fill duration can be approximated as the time between heading date and physiological maturity, allowing measurements to be obtained for large breeding populations. Our objectives were to determine the genetic variation for grain fill duration, and to determine its association with agronomic traits in a set of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses. Fifty F 3.5 progenies from 12 spring wheat crosses plus parents were grown in replicated trials in three Montana environments. Heritabilities were consistently high across crosses for grain protein (mean = 0.92) heading date (mean = 0.89) and test weight (mean = 0.79), intermediate for physiological maturity (mean = 0.64) and grain yield (mean = 0.59) and lowest for grain fill duration (mean = 0.4). Earlier heading and later physiological maturity were associated with longer grain fill across crosses. Earlier heading also was often significantly correlated with higher grain protein concentration and higher test weight, but usually was not associated with grain yield. Longer grain fill duration was usually associated with higher grain protein in two environments, but with lower grain protein for the cool, wet environment. Grain fill duration showed no significant association with grain yield in most instances. Selection for early heading in early generations followed by selection for grain yield and grain fill duration in later generations using multilocation trials may circumvent the negative association between grain yield and grain protein.
Changes in the populations of microorganisms associated with the application of soil amendments to control Sclerotium rolfsii sacc.

Populations of microorganisms from soil treated with guanidine thiocyanate, guanylurea sulfate, thiourea, or furfural were compared with those of untreated soil. The materials effected quantitative and/or qualitative changes in composition of the soil microflora depending on the compound used. Guanidine thiocyanate (Gt) significantly (p≤0.05) increased total fungal populations relative to populations of other treatments. Populations of Penicillium purpurogenum were markedly higher in Gt-treated soil. Gt also increased total bacterial populations, and was the only compound that increased actinomycete populations. The relative percentage of Trichoderma harzianum was significantly higher in soil treated with thiourea than in the other treatments. Furfural increased the percentage of P. purpurogenum with respect to total fungi, and was as effective as guanylurea sulfate in increasing chitinolytic bacteria and those in the Pseudomonas cepacia-group. Thiourea most effectively promoted proliferation of coryneform bacteria. Chitinolytic fungi increased synergistically when Gt and guanylurea sulfate were applied in combination.
Intervention Research in Behavioral and Developmental Disabilities 1980 to 1997

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the status of experimental research on interventions intended to improve the responding of children and youth with behavioral disorders and developmental disabilities. The data pool consisted of all the articles published between 1980 and 1997 in 10 selected journals. Articles that met the criteria for intervention research were identified and scored on a number of descriptive dimensions (e.g., participant characteristics, settings, dependent measures, independent variables, ecological validity). The data revealed few notable trends over the 18-year period; however, there seemed to be some tendencies toward younger participant populations, general education settings, and studies of interventions in more typical contexts. Moreover, an increasing proportion of interventions are based on preliminary assessments. The discussion considers the general status of intervention research and its value in understanding and helping to guide practice.
Equilibrium position for a particle in a horizontal shear flow

Abstract The lift on a particle that is caused by its proximity to a boundary and the equilibrium position of this particle in a linear shear flow have been studied using the lattice Boltzmann method. The shear particle Reynolds numbers examined were in the range 0–18 and the particle to fluid density ratios were in the range 1.005–1.1. We have found that heavy particles will deposit at the bottom of the channel, while lighter particles remain suspended and attain an equilibrium vertical position, which is characterized by the equality of the lift and the gravity forces. At this equilibrium distance from the boundary, the vertical velocity component is zero, while the horizontal and rotational velocities of the particle are finite. For circular particles, we have found out that the equilibrium position is independent of the initial height of release of the particles and depends only on the density ratio of particle to fluid and the shear Reynolds number. The particle equilibrium positions for the linear shear flow are compared with those computed for Poiseuille flow conditions. Based on the numerical simulation results, a correlation has been derived between the particle-fluid density ratio and the critical particle Reynolds numbers needed to lift the particles. The effects of particle rotation and shape on the equilibrium position have also been studied by simulating the motion of rectangular particles.
Sediment chemistry as influenced by vegetation and bedrock in the southwestern United States

We hypothesized that sediment from small watersheds with uniform bedrock and a single vegetative community would have uniform chemical characteristics for the sand and fine (silt and clay) size fractions. Channel sediment was collected from three vegetative communities (spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and Ponderosa pine), each on four bedrock types (basalt, limestone, sandstone, and granite), and analyzed for digestable Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn; total N and P; extractable Ca, Mg, K; cation exchange capacity; and organic matter. With the exception of organic matter content in the sand size fraction, either vegetation, bedrock, or their interaction were significant in explaining the observed variation for all analyses in both size fractions. Replicate studies of sites with similar bedrock and vegetation combinations are needed to determine if each watershed has similar or unique sediment chemistry.
In silico structure‐activity‐relationship (SAR) models from machine learning: a review

In this article, we review the recent development for in silico Structure-Activity-Relationship (SAR) models using machine-learning techniques. The review focuses on the following topics: machine-learning algorithms for computational SAR models, single-target-oriented SAR methodologies, Chemogenomics, and future trends. We try to provide the state-of-the-art SAR methods as well as the most up-to-date advancement, in order for the researchers to have a general overview at this area. Drug Dev Res 72: 138–146, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Persistent sensitization of clonidine-induced hypokinesia following one exposure to a stressor: possible relevance to panic disorder and its treatment

Based on previous findings of this laboratory that a single exposure to a stressful stimulus can induce a very long-lasting, sensitizing influence on the actions of drugs of multiple clinical and structural classes, the hypothesis was tested that a single stressful event might exert such an action on the alpha-2 norepinephrine agonist clonidine. Male rats received a single injection of the highly stressful convulsant stimulant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 40 mg/kg, IP) and were tested for locomotion after treatment with clonidine (25μg/kg, IP) 1 h, 1 week or 2 weeks later. As expected, clonidine itself induced the hypokinesia typically associated with low doses of this compound. More importantly, all groups pretreated with PTZ showed a significant enhancement of this effect. The influence of PTZ 1 or 2 weeks prior to clonidine cannot be explained as simply due to a lingering impairment of locomotion by PTZ, since no hypokinesia was observed when activity in these groups was examined immediately prior to clonidine administration. Such impairment appears, however, to have been a factor in the heightened hypokinesia observed in the group receiving PTZ only 1 h before clonidine. Mass spectrometric analysis of norepinephrine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels in hippocampus and cortical areas failed to reveal any changes which could explain the persistent behavioral sensitization we observed. Plasma corticosterone determinations confirmed the stressful nature of PTZ but similarly failed to provide an explanation for the observed behavioral sensitization. The major finding of a long-term sensitizing influence on clonidine of an acute stressful experience is consistent with what is known of the precipitants and treatment of panic disorden.
Smoking and cancer screening for women ages 42-75: associations in the 1990-1994 National Health Interview Surveys.

Background. Previous studies have found an association between current smoking and lower rates of mammography and Pap testing. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of smoking status with breast and cervical cancer screening across the 1990–1994 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). The NHIS provides a consistent set of independent and dependent variables across several surveys, with data collected by a similar in-person interview methodology from year to year. This report employs more databases than have been used in other analyses that have examined associations between smoking and cancer screening. Methods. Data were from the health promotion and cancer control supplements to the 1990–1994 NHIS. The target population was women ages 42–75. Associations were examined between smoking status (never, former, <1 pack/day, ≥1 pack/day) and three screening indicators: ever had a mammogram, mammogram in the past 2 years, and Pap test in the past 3 years. Sample sizes ranged from about 3000 to over 10,800 depending on the respective NHIS survey and dependent variable. Data analyses were conducted by bivariate and multiple logistic regression. Results. Women who smoked ≥1 pack of cigarettes per day were significantly less likely to have had mammography screening in all NHIS surveys, compared to women who never smoked. Adjusted odds ratios were 0.63 to 0.74 for ever had a mammogram, and 0.56 to 0.66 for mammography in the past 2 years. Women who smoked ≥1 pack per day also had lower Pap test rates than women who never smoked in 1992–1994 (adjusted odds ratios of 0.51–0.71). Results for lighter smokers were not as consistent. Former smokers often had significantly higher screening rates than never smokers. Conclusions. Research still needs to identify reasons for lower screening among women who smoke. Factors to explore include the social networks of smokers and broader health behavior patterns. Clinicians should consider heavier smoking as a marker for risk of not obtaining screening and make assessment of screening status a priority at each visit.
HEPATITIS B (HB) IN CHRONICALLY TRANSFUSED CHILDREN: TO IMMUNIZE OR NOT?

It has been reported recently that the risk of contracting HB infection from chronic red cell transfusion is low if blood is obtained from volunteer donors and screened for HB surface antigen (SAg); immunization with HB vaccine is thus not recommended (J. Ped 1986;108:252). We have reviewed our experience with HB in 24 patients, most with sickle cell disease and cerebrovascular accident. Transfusion duration ranged from 1-15 years (median 7) and donor exposure in 1985 14-49 units (mean 26)/ptn, Patients are transfused with frozen deglycerolized packed cells from volunteer donors screened for HBSAg. Three patients have shown evidence of HB infection. Two sero-con-verted after 2½ and 3 years of transfusion and were asymptomatic. A third patient began regular transfusions in 11/84 at 11 mos. of age due to recurrent acute splenic sequestration. HBSAg was first detected in 2/85 and has persisted through 5/86 despite seroconversion by 4/85, Serum ALT reached a maximum of 1675 U/l in 4/85; the child was and remains clinically well. HB core AB and delta antigen were negative and HBeAg positive in 7/85. While HB infection was clinically mild, it has occurred in 3/24 patients; 1 child has become a chronic carrier of HB with significant social, if not medical, consequences. Additional concerns regarding possible interactions between HB, hemochromatosis, and non-A-non-B hepatitis have led us to immunize all sero-negative patients receiving chronic red cell transfusions.
The Formation of CO by Thermal Decomposition of Formic Acid under Electrochemical Conditions of CO2 Reduction.

We report that the thermal decomposition of formic acid to CO may occur under electrochemically-relevant conditions by mild heating. These thermal effects may play a role in the outcome of electrolytic experiments as an artifact of resistive, local heating and illumination. This non-Faradaic reactivity pathway may therefore need consideration in the analysis of electrochemical data on CO_2 reduction to formic acid and CO and may become a hindrance in scaleup efforts of these chemical transformations. IR visual thermometry provides evidence of macroscopic heating effects during electrolytic experiments.
High-resolution field-ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract A dual field-ion/electron impact source has been developed for a high-resolution mass spectrometer with which it is possible to obtain both types of spectra on the same sample with little loss of resolution or mass measuring accuracy. An externally replaceable and adjustable blade emitter gives substantially improved sensitivity (10−7 A torr−1) and convenience of operation. With this device elemental compositions have been determined on submicrogram samples of a variety of organic compounds which do not exhibit molecular ions by electron impact. Elemental composition information is a keystone of structure determination or verification; this method appears to be the most sensitive, general, and accurate that is available for vaporizable compounds.
Elastic Field in Joined Semi-Infinite Solids with an Inclusion

A general method is presented to obtain the elastic field in two joined semi-infinite isotropic solids due to an inclusion of any shape which undergoes a spontaneous change of shape and is located anywhere within one of the semi-infinite solids. The inclusions change of shape is such that, were the surrounding material absent, it would result from some prescribed stress free transformation strain (eigenstrain). The two semi-infinite solids can be either perfectly bonded or in frictionless contact at the planar interface. Examples are given for the inclusion with eigenstrains of practical interest. For the case where the inclusion is an ellipsoid and the given eigenstrain is uniform, the solution can be expressed in terms of well-known elliptic integrals. It is shown that existing solutions for the ellipsoidal inclusion in a semi-infinite solid are special cases of the present general solution.
A balanced perspective for management of tracheal salivary gland-type carcinomas.

I read with great interest the article by Wurtz and colleagues describing their experience with aortic allografts for tracheal reconstruction after resection of salivary gland–type tumors. A series of 6 patients underwent tracheal resection for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) (n 1⁄4 5) or a mucoepidermoid tumor (n 1⁄4 1). Three patients required tracheal resections measuring 5.5, 9, and 10.5 cm. Resections in the remaining 3 patients extended from the first, second, or sixth tracheal ring to at least the level of the carina. Negative resection margins were achieved by frozen section analysis in each case. An average of 5.3 frozen sections was required, and it is unclear how much additional tracheal length was resected to achieve negative margins compared with the initial resection. In each case, the trachea was reconstructed with an aortic allograft supported with a silicone stent. With a mean follow-up of 32 months, several significant complications were honestly described by the authors. These complications included tracheoesophageal fistulas (n 1⁄4 3), an anastomotic dehiscence, anterior spinal cord ischemia, sternal dehiscence, acquired respiratory distress syndrome, and a single patient who required 11 tracheal stent replacements. Two patients required a tracheostomy, and the mean length of hospital stay was 46 days. At the time of article submission, 4 of 6 patients were free of disease. One patient had died of distant metastatic disease, and another patient died of massive hemoptysis. The authors should be congratulated for their attempts to advance our ability to surgically treat central airway tumors. The described case series represents a logical step following their own previously published report of 2 cases and prior large animal studies. However, this operation, with the numerous major complications, should be interpreted in the context of more traditional treatment strategies. Microscopically positive margins in patients with ACC have been previously accepted and treated with adjuvant
A Cross-Cultural Test of the Proximity Hypothesis

This paper tests the proximity hypothesis, which asserts that residential propinquity influences the possession by a society of certain kin avoidance and kin terminological practices. The hypothesis is shown to be invalid, and the results for classical theories of kinship organization are sketched. Briefly these are that Murdock's theoretical claims in Social Structure (1949) are called into question, as is "Main Sequence" kinship theory, which postu lates that residence, descent, and kinship terminology form a typical devel opmental sequence.
Imagining Obama: Reading Overtly and Inferentially Racist Images of our 44th President, 2007–2008

In this article I analyze eight Internet images of President Barack Obama from the election campaign period of 2007–2008. These images were largely user-generated and disseminated and fall into two camps that each represent a form of anti-Black racism: overtly racist images and inferentially racist images. While representations of Obama as an ape, thug, or terrorist were generally recognized as clear forms of anti-Black racism, images I identify as inferentially racist operate within a postracial ideology in which Obama is figured as a messiah, whites' “Black best friend,” or a mythical creature. For some viewers, these inferentially racist images did not incite the controversy of those read as overtly racist because the former were read as positive portrayals of uplift and progress. Yet, these inferentially racist images are reliant upon the same stereotypes of Blackness as the explicitly racist pictures, as Obama becomes a positive figure only when he can metaphorically transcend his Blackness.
Apamin Does Not Block Major Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization Currents

Background Recent findings indicate that small-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (SK) channels are abundantly present in atrial tissues and are upregulated in the diseased ventricles. Almost all studies used apamin, which is a specific SK channel blocker in neurons that does not block any other neural type of ion channels. However, the specificity of apamin in blocking SK currents in cardiac tissues remains unclear because apamin has been reported to block fetal L-type Ca 2+ current in embryonic chick heart. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that apamin does not block any major cardiac type ion currents. Methods We studied human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells that either stably expressed human voltage-gated Na + currents or were transiently transfected to express major human cardiac type K + and Ca 2+ currents. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to determine ionic current densities before and after apamin administration. Results Ca 2+ currents ( CACNA1C+CACNAB2B ) in 4 cells (–17 ± 4.9 pA/pF) were not affected by apamin (500 nM) (–17 ± 5.9 pA/pF, P = NS) but were reduced by nifedipine (2 µM) to –5 ± 4.0 pA/pF ( P = .008). Na + currents (SCN5A) in 9 cells (–231 ± 96 pA/pF) were not affected by apamin (500 nM) (–232 ± 107 pA/pF, P = NS) but were reduced by flecainide (100 µM) in a use-dependent manner to 71 ± 51 pA/pF ( P = Ks (KCNQ1+KCNE1) (25 ± 9 pA/pF) was not blocked by apamin (500 nM) (n = 8, 22 ± 9 pA/pF, P = NS) but was blocked by chromanol 293B (50 µM) to 5 ± 2 pA/pF (n = 4, P = .01). I Kr (KCNH2+KCNE2) (27 ± 8 pA/pF) was not blocked by apamin (500 nM) (n = 6, 26 ± 6 pA/pF, P = NS) but was blocked by E4031 (100 nM) to 13 ± 4 pA/pF (n = 6, P K1 (KCNJ2) (–45 ± 14 pA/pF) was not blocked by apamin (500 nM) (n = 7, –46 ± 17 pA/pF, P = NS) but was blocked by CsCl (5 mM) to –16 ± 5 pA/pF (n = 7, P = .004). I to (KCND3) (526 ± 115 pA/pF) was not blocked by apamin (500 nM) (n = 2, 516 ± 110 pA/pF, P = NS) but was blocked by 4-aminopyridine (10 mM) to 235 pA/pF (n = 1). Conclusions Apamin does not block human Na + current, L-type Ca 2+ current, or other major K + currents in HEK293 cells. These findings indicate that apamin is a specific SK current blocker in human cardiac tissues.
Race, Ethnicity, and Habitual-Offender Sentencing: A Multilevel Analysis of Individual and Contextual Threat

Although sentencing research has expanded over the past decade, very little has been published in the area of habitual-offender statutes. The current research revisits and updates two of the few studies that focused on these sentencing enhancements. Crawford, Chiricos, and Kleck (1998), and later Crawford (2000), examined the application of the habitual-offender sentence enhancement for offenders in Florida in 1992 and 1993. Consistent with the prior research, this study includes individual-level as well as county-level variables and also updates the analysis by examining more recent data, including a measure of ethnicity, and using hierarchical general linear modeling to simultaneously model individual-level data nested within counties. The racial threat perspective serves as the backdrop to explain racial and ethnic disparity in punishment decisions based on contextual as well as individual threat. The findings indicate that racial and ethnic sentence disparity exists when habitual-offender status is in...
High-energy laser pulse multiplexing into a fused silica fiber array

A novel technique to multiplex high energy laser pulses from a Nd:YLF laser into an array of fibers at energies near the bulk damage limit of fused silica is presented with the object of delivering N equal high energy laser pulses with a minimal time dispersion. Characteristics of the multiple fiber system, diffractive grating splitter, and spatial mode structure of the laser to minimize fiber damage are presented along with preliminary results in scaling the system to larger fiber numbers (N approximately equals 200) with a high energy 10-Joule Nd:Glass laser system. Fiber array alignment techniques and morphologies of fiber damage will also be presented and discussed.
Relationship between case-control studies and the transmission/disequilibrium test.

Case-control studies provide a powerful approach for detecting disease susceptibility loci that have only a weak to moderate impact on the risk of disease, or markers that are in linkage disequilibrium with such loci. However, since any association detected in a case-control study may result from uncontrolled confounding, evidence for disease-marker associations obtained from such studies must be confirmed by alternative methods. Since studies that use the transmission/disequilibrium test or TDT are frequently employed to confirm disease-marker associations detected in case-control studies, data are increasingly available from both case-control studies and "TDT studies" of the same disease-marker association. It would, therefore, be useful to have a single measure of the magnitude of the disease-marker association that would allow for comparison of results from these two study designs. Such a measure could also be used to estimate minimum sample size requirements for TDT studies of previously reported disease-marker associations. An obvious measure of the disease-marker association in TDT studies is the frequency (T) with which heterozygous parents transmit the putative, high-risk marker allele to affected offspring. In this paper, it is shown that T can also be estimated from case-control data with a minimum of assumptions, and that T is the critical parameter for determining power and estimating sample sizes for the TDT.
A master event strategy for location with seismic array data

Refraction, scattering and multipath are often severe in regional seismic array data. An example from the NORESS array in southeastern Norway shows the extent of the problem and illustrates the ambiguities in event location that can result from FK analysis. The location estimation problem might be recast as a multiple hypothesis test on location in regions which are characterized by a moderate number of discrete repeating sources. Unlocated events are correlated against calibrating "master" events for these source locations. The best match identifies the origins of the unlocated events. An example establishes the plausibility of the method.
Cathode Priming in the A6 Relativistic Magnetron

Summary form only given. A particle in cell code (ICEPIC) is used Io study the linear and nonlinear evolution of the magnetron instability in the A6 University of Michigan magnetron. Saturation of the instability and operating mode are examined as a function of magnetron priming geometry. Specifically, the question of dominant mode selection based on azimuthal variation on the emitting cathode is addressed. Moreover, the placement, area, number and emission properties of the axial emitting surface strips are examined to determine optimum start up time and noise reduction. The severity of mode competition is examined via spectral decomposition. A baseline for gauging the net effect of cathode priming is established by a comparison with a series of non-primed magnetron simulations that span the identical parameter space
The Reconstructibility of Finite Abelian Groups

Given a subset $S$ of an abelian group $G$ and an integer $k\geq 1$, the $k$-deck of $S$ is the function that assigns to every $T\subseteq G$ with at most $k$ elements the number of elements $g\in G$ with $g+T\subseteq S$. The reconstruction problem for an abelian group $G$ asks for the minimal value of $k$ such that every subset $S$ of $G$ is determined, up to translation, by its $k$-deck. This minimal value is the set-reconstruction number $r_{\rm set}(G)$ of $G$; the corresponding value for multisets is the reconstruction number $r(G)$. Previous work had given bounds for the set-reconstruction number of cyclic groups: Alon, Caro, Krasikov and Roditty [1] showed that $r_{\rm set}({\mathbb{Z}}_n)<\log_2n$ and Radcliffe and Scott [15] that $r_{\rm set}({\mathbb{Z}}_n)<9\frac{\ln n}{\ln\ln n}$. We give a precise evaluation of $r(G)$ for all abelian groups $G$ and deduce that $r_{\rm set}({\mathbb{Z}}_n)\leq 6$.
Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase in a hibernating mammal. I. Novel genomic organization.

Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PTL) is expressed in novel locations during hibernation in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). PTL cDNAs isolated from two of thes...
A Mutation in the Human Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 UL52 Zinc Finger Motif Results in Defective Primase Activity but Can Recruit Viral Polymerase and Support Viral Replication Efficiently

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a heterotrimeric helicase/primase complex consisting of UL5, UL8, and UL52. UL5 contains conserved helicase motifs, while UL52 contains conserved primase motifs, including a zinc finger motif. Although HSV-1 and HSV-2 UL52s contain a leucine residue at position 986, most other herpesvirus primase homologues contain a phenylalanine at this position. We constructed an HSV-1 UL52 L986F mutation and found that it can complement a UL52 null virus more efficiently than the wild type (WT). We thus predicted that the UL5/8/52 complex containing the L986F mutation might posses increased primase activity; however, it exhibited only 25% of the WT level of primase activity. Interestingly, the mutant complex displayed elevated levels of DNA binding and single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase and helicase activities. This result confirms a complex interdependence between the helicase and primase subunits. We previously showed that primase-defective mutants failed to recruit the polymerase catalytic subunit UL30 to prereplicative sites, suggesting that an active primase, or primer synthesis, is required for polymerase recruitment. Although L986F exhibits decreased primase activity, it can support efficient replication and recruit UL30 efficiently to replication compartments, indicating that a partially active primase is capable of recruiting polymerase. Extraction with detergents prior to fixation can extract nucleosolic proteins but not proteins bound to chromatin or the nuclear matrix. We showed that UL30 was extracted from replication compartments while UL42 remained bound, suggesting that UL30 may be tethered to the replication fork by protein-protein interactions.