cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calories from Newspaper Dessert Recipes are Associated with Community Obesity Rates

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine if the nutrient content of recipes available in newspapers is related to community obesity rates. Methods: All recipes published in the major newspapers for 3 cities with populations of 400,000 or more from 4 geographic areas within the United States the last week of August 2000 were accessed. The recipes were grouped as entree, dessert, accompaniment, snack, appetizer, or beverage, and the nutrient content per serving for each recipe was calculated. The nutrient content was correlated with data on self-reported obesity rates in these same cities. Results: Total mean kcalories per dessert serving ranged from 180.0 to 599.0 (mean=315.5) and total mean kcalories per entree serving ranged from 265.4 to 567.3 (mean=436.7). Obesity rates for the 12 cities ranged from 16.8% to 28.2% (mean=21.1%). The average total caloric content of dessert recipes was significantly associated with the percent obese in the metropolitan cities (correlation=0.76, P-value=0.011). The total caloric content of entree recipes was not significantly associated with the obesity rate (P=0.59). Discussion: While these data cannot be interpreted as causal, they are intriguing and suggest that newspapers may play a greater role in promoting or preventing obesity than previously recognized.
Restatement (SCOTUS) of Property: What Happened to Use in Murr v. Wisconsin?

A casual observer of the U.S. Supreme Court’s efforts over the years to formulate a regulatory takings doctrine could be forgiven if they were to conclude that the Justices were simply making things up as they went along. That certainly is the way it feels to some of us who try to apply the Court’s takings rules in actual cases. In most circumstances, a lawyer who attempts to predict their client’s chances is embarking on a fool’s errand, because there is no consistent pattern, unless the lack of consistency is itself a pattern. There are few clear rules, other than it is exceedingly difficult for owners to successfully challenge even those regulations which have devastating impact on the value of their property. The Court’s latest foray into regulatory takings, Murr v. Wisconsin, would not disabuse the observer of that conclusion. I say that because Murr’s rule for what constitutes the “property” against which the owner’s claimed loss is measured in takings cases where the owner possesses more than a single parcel is a confusing stew of mostly undefined factors: the “treatment of the land” under state law, the “physical characteristics” of the properties (which includes the parcels’ topography and “the surrounding human and ecological environment”), and, most strangely, “the value of the property under the challenged regulation.” I will be making three points in this paper. First, the narrow margin of victory in Murr, coupled with the Court’s denial of certiorari only four days later in another case presenting the same question, suggest the Murr factors are hardly set in stone, and could be modified by a different Court majority into a more understandable, practical, and workable rule, one based squarely in state property law. Second, although I won’t spend much time deconstructing the Murr majority’s three-factor test, I suggest that it simply missed what should have been the center of gravity in the case, the “three unities” which state and federal courts regularly apply in eminent domain cases to determine whether the taking of one parcel results in damages to another. Application of this test to determine how much of the claimant’s property constitutes the denominator in regulatory takings cases — asking whether the plaintiff uses multiple parcels together, whether the parcels are titled jointly, and whether they are physically close — would place the emphasis in all takings cases — both straight and regulatory — where it should be: on objectively measurable evidence that the owner uses two or more parcels together as a single economic unit. Finally, I argue that the Supreme Court’s adoption in Murr of a vague, difficult-to-apply test for takings claims under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments does not constrain state court from applying the three unities test under their respective state takings provisions. Until there’s a more favorable environment at the Supreme Court, property owners should concentrate their efforts on state law and state courts.
International law and ‘humanity’ in the making and unmaking of European solidarity, 1830–1915

AbstractThe Janus-faced character of nineteenth-century Europe presents unique challenges to historians. Concurrent to spiralling industrial growth, working-class revolts, transatlantic migration and imperialism, the stark social and economic upheaval of the period has virtually belied the solidarity achieved on the Continent. In recent years, however, a number of superlative scholarly studies have excavated and illuminated the intellectual, legal and technological revolutions that ushered in an era of promise and potential unity. In this article, the author examines the degree of interdependence and interconnectedness across the Continent and the world by melding extant scholarship, introducing primary-source research, and offering new perspectives on the relationship of the increasingly globalized world and the European efforts to harness its potential by attempting to create lasting norms for peace and prosperity through international law and the benchmark concept of ‘humanity’.
Net Innovation Pressure in Merger Analysis

I derive a Net Innovation Pressure (NIP) formula based on logic that is similar to the logic underlying Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) and that takes account of R&D spillovers. As with UPP, diversion is a key determinant of NIP, but the price-cost margin is not. The formula, which is quite simple, reveals that whether a merger decreases or increases the incentive to innovate depends on whether the diversion rate is greater or less than the R&D spillover rate.
Accurate image mosaicing for bridge deck using graph optimization with GPS data

Bridge deck scanning is a vital task for maintaining the structural health of concrete bridge. A panorama image could provide an overview of the bridge deck as well as details and serves as the reference for other nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method. To obtain a panorama image, image mosaicing technique is often used to assemble multiple local scanned images with sufficient details into a mega one. The conventional idea of creating a panorama with the homography model always suffers from error accumulation. In this paper, we present a novel image mosaicing algorithm for bridge deck surface reconstruction by fusing the GPS data with feature-based image registration in the graph optimization framework. Our proposed approach inherits the drift-less nature from GPS while still maintaining local accuracy of feature-based image registration. Experimental results on real bridges are used to show the accuracy and robustness of our method.
Surgical Approaches and Outcome in the Treatment of the Obese Patients

The surgical treatment of obesity is a consideration for individuals with severe obesity or obesity related comorbid conditions who have been unsuccessful in their effort to accomplish effective weight loss. Weight loss surgery is the most effective treatment for severe medical complicated and refractory obesity. Although there is a risk of postoperative complications, perioperative mortality is rare. It significantly ameliorates numerous life-threatening medical comorbidities that occur as part of the pathophysiology of obesity. Rapid changes in surgical technology and in demand for weight loss surgery have made the field one of medicines most dynamic. This chapter reviews available surgical procedures with possible mechanisms of action through the entero-hypothalamic endocrine axis, and their risks and outcomes.
Computer-assisted image-guided orbit surgery

PURPOSE. Modern stereotaxy utilizes preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide accurate localization information which can be very helpful in orbital surgery. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the usefulness of stereotactic surgery and application of this procedure in the orbit. METHODS. Interventional case series of three patients with orbital tumors. All patients had tumor resection with the utilization of two frameless stereotactic systems: Cygnus™ and Stealth Station™. RESULTS. The applications of image-guided stereotactic surgery proved to be beneficial in three extensive orbital tumors, including optic nerve glioma, recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of lacrimal gland, and secondary orbital meningioma. CONCLUSIONS. The interactive nature of image guidance can be useful in orbital surgery to orient the surgeon to the exact location within the surgical field and to determine the tumor margins.
Regulatory Science: Risk and Decisions

Regulatory decisions usually are made in the face of considerable uncertainty and debate. Predictions of risk are uncertain. Stakeholder groups come to the debate with different estimates of the risk. There are differences of opinion as to the goals of regulation, how uncertainty is to be incorporated into decisions, or how non-health goals (such as cost) are to be reflected in the choice of policy. While some of these issues require methods and facts mastered by technical experts, many are matters of societal judgment requiring insights into politics, law, ethics, etc.
Methods Based on Measurements of Mean Profiles

Over a uniform surface with an adequate fetch, these methods are based directly on the similarity theories for the atmospheric boundary layer treated in Chapter 4. In the present chapter, first, a brief account is given of the application of profile expressions; second, a summary is given of different forms and applications of some related bulk transfer coefficients.
Frontiers in PHSSR is on the Move

Recently, Dr. Jenine Harris and her colleagues examined the use of journals by state chronic disease prevention staff to stay up-to-date on public health evidence. We, at Frontiers in PHSSR, are pleased to be included among the journals listed in the survey. Online open-access journals are shifting the paradigm of scientific publication, allowing free and rapid exchange of information. Another illustration of Frontier’s increasing utility is a forthcoming issue of the American Journal of Public Health (AJPH). We are pleased that AJPH has agreed to publish selected abstracts from Frontiers in PHSSR in their regular issue with links to the full articles available in our online journal.
Effects of thermostatting in molecular dynamics on anharmonic properties of crystals: Application to fcc Al at high pressure and temperature

The precision and accuracy of the anharmonic energy calculated in the canonical (NVT) ensemble using three different thermostats (viz., Andersen, Langevin, and Nose-Hoover) along with no thermostat (i.e., microcanonical, NVE) are compared via application to aluminum crystals at ≈100 GPa for temperatures up to melting (4000 K) using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation. In addition to the role of the thermostat, the effect of using either conventional or the recently introduced harmonically mapped averaging (HMA) method is considered. The effect of AIMD time-step size Δt on the ensemble averages gauges accuracy, while for a given Δt, the stochastic uncertainty (computed using block averaging) provides the metric for precision. We identify the rate of convergence of block averages (with respect to block size) as an important issue in this context, as it imposes a minimum simulation length required to achieve reliable statistics, and it differs considerably among the methods. We observe that HMA with a Langevin thermostat in an NVT simulation shows the best performance, from the point of view of accuracy, precision, and simulation length. In addition, we introduce a novel HMA-based ensemble average for the temperature. In application to NVE simulations, the new formulation exhibits much smaller fluctuations compared to the conventional kinetic-energy approach; however, it provides only marginal improvement in uncertainty due to strong negative correlations exhibited by the conventional form (which acts to reduce its uncertainty but also slows convergence of the block averages).
SOHO State of the Art Update and Next Questions: IDH Therapeutic Targeting in AML.

Abstract Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform (IDH) 1 and 2 occur in approximately 25% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These mutations lead to a block in myeloid differentiation and ultimately, to the development of AML. Inhibitors of mutant IDH1 and 2 have recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and their use has led to clinical responses with prolonged duration of response. IDH inhibitors in combination with standard-of-care therapy and other small molecular inhibitors are now being used.
Evolving Trends in Textured Implant Use for Cosmetic Augmentation in the United States

Background:Breast implants have evolved for decades. In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration identified an association between textured breast implants and breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). The purpose of this study was to identify the trends of textured imp
The association of prechemotherapy neutorphil-lymphocyte ratio with survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients.

e19091 Background: Multiple studies have shown that elevated Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with aggressive disease and advanced stage in various cancers and as such these patients...
Neutrino mass creation via quintessence field interaction

Neutrino matter and the quintessence field interacting with a fermion field are added to a MSSM EW Lagrangian previously used to calculate the magnetic field created during the Electroweak Phase Tr...
Early Responsiveness of Ocular Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis with Plasma Exchange

75-year-old male presente with ptosis (figure 1), fatigue, slurred speech and dysphagia to the emergency department. Low frequency repetitive stimulation of the spinal acessory nerve with recordong from trapeius showed signifivant decrement. Plama excange was started and three days after treatment there was complete resolution of ptosis (figure 2). Older men show complete responsiveness to plasma exchange including an early and near complete response tp ocular symptoms.
The missing pieces of open design enablement: a recent history of google efforts

In an initiative to advance the open-source electronic design automation (EDA) and hardware design community, Google has been spearheading a global collaborative effort involving investigators from academia, start-ups as well as foundries. Open-source silicon being the end goal, multiple blossoming projects are supported to drive the renewed open-source wave to break down the barriers of EDA tooling and ultimately hardware design. This push toward the democratization of hardware also aims to develop and release an open-source platform of silicon-proven analog and digital IP blocks to serve as a foundation for rapid design of complex, secure systems-on-chip (SoCs) at bleeding edge technology nodes. This paper details the different efforts that constitute the missing pieces standing in the way of open design enablement such as: OpenROAD for EDA tooling, digital libraries such as OpenRAM and standard cells, and finally analog and mixed-signal (AMS) building blocks for SoCs such as: BAG and FASoC.
Neutrinos in Astrophysics and Cosmology: Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI) 2020 Lectures

I introduce the consequences of neutrino mass and mixing in the dense environments of the early Universe and in astrophysical environments. Thermal and matter effects are reviewed in the context of a two-neutrino formalism, with methods of extension to multiple neutrinos. The observed large neutrino mixing angles place the strongest constraint on cosmological lepton (or neutrino) asymmetries, while new sterile neutrinos provide a wealth of possible new physics, including lepton asymmetry generation as well as candidates for dark matter. I also review cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure constraints on neutrino mass and energy density. Lastly, I review how X-ray astronomy has become a branch of neutrino physics in searches for keV-scale sterile neutrino dark matter radiative decay.
Attenuation of GARP expression on regulatory T cells by protein transport inhibitors

An integrated understanding of the functional capacities of cells in the context of their physical parameters and molecular markers is increasingly demanded in immunologic studies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells involved in immune response modulation and mediating tolerance to self-antigen with their absence leading to a loss of tolerance. Glycoprotein repetitions A predominant (GARP) is a key marker for activated Tregs, but its detection may also be useful in determining the functional capacities of the cell. This study aims to deduce the optimal stimulation period and the impact of protein transport inhibitors (PTIs), commonly used in the detection of intracellular cytokines, on GARP detection. Through flow cytometric analysis we analyzed different cell culture conditions for optimal GARP expression on activated Tregs. Healthy donor PBMCs were stimulated with either Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) or PMA/Ionomycin (PMA/Iono), in the presence and absence of PTIs monensin and/or brefeldin A (BFA) and GARP expression was assessed on CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs. The optimal stimulation period for the detection of GARP was highest at 24-h. Furthermore, we determined that GARP expression on Tregs is significantly reduced when cells are treated with the PTIs monensin and/or BFA following PMA/Iono stimulation. This effect was not seen following SEB stimulation. Therefore, due to the effects of PTIs, alternative methods should be considered when performing simultaneous analysis for cytokine expression and GARP expression on Tregs.
Thermal augmentation in solar aircraft using tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid: A solar energy application

The major source of heat from the sun is solar energy, with enormous use of photovoltaic technology, solar power plates, photovoltaic lights and pumping solar water. This time is about the analysis...
Exploring the phase space of Zn2SbN3, a novel semiconducting nitride

The novel semiconductor Zn2SbN3 is one of a growing list of ternary nitrides with promise for optoelectronic and energy applications. Previous work by Arca et al. [Materials Horizons, 2019, 6, 1669–1974] first reported synthesis of this material, but did not explore the effects of growth conditions on material formation. In this work, we present a semi-automated study of the relationship between growth conditions and crystallinity via high-throughput RF sputtering and a custom X-ray diffraction analysis routine. Zn2SbN3 is found to crystallize in a wide range of growth conditions, and the formation of several contaminant phases is examined. Electron microscopy of these secondary phases, caused both by off-stoichiometry and by growth conditions, provides insight into the growth mechanisms of Zn2SbN3. Computational work relates this material to other Zn-based ternary nitrides and offers an explanation for the difficulty of growing cation-ordered material despite the wide range of growth conditions explored.
Almost Periodic Factorization of 2 × 2 Triangular Matrix Functions: New Cases of Off Diagonal Spectrum

Many known results on almost periodic factorization of almost periodic 2 × 2 triangular matrix functions of the form \( \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {e^{i\lambda x} } & 0 \\ * & {e^{ - i\lambda x} } \\ \end{array} } \right] \) are reviewed from a unified point of view, with particular attention to the case when the off diagonal entry is at most a quadrinomial almost periodic function. New results are obtained on almost periodic factorization for off diagonal entry having its Bohr-Fourier spectrum in a union of two shifted grids, i.e., arithmetic progressions, with the same difference, and perhaps an additional point. When specializing these results to the case of off diagonal almost periodic trinomials, new cases of factorability are obtained. The main technical tool is the Portuguese transformation, a known algorithm.
The Effectiveness Of Insider Trading Regulations

This work evaluates the effectiveness of the courts and regulators in achieving a fair and honest market. The regulatory system and market based empirical research are reviewed and evidence of regulatory failure are identified and examined. The advantages and disadvantages of four possible policy changes including new disclosure standards, a bar on insider trading, corporate fines for insider trading, and a new market based standard are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are offered.
Python as a first language: pre-conference workshop

Python is one of the best languages for beginning programmers. It is syntactically and semantically clean, which spares students from the distractions that plague other languages. It provides lists and dictionaries (hashtables) as built-in types, so students can focus more on algorithms and less on the implementation of data structures. It is dynamically typed, which allows students to explore alternativedesigns more easily (with the drawback of providing less compile-time error checking). It is also free and well-documented. Python's implementation of object-oriented features lends itself to either an "object-first" or "object-later" approach, allowing students to get from basic programming concepts to data structures and object-oriented design quickly and (relatively) painlessly. In addition, Python has standard modules for graphics, GUIs, network programming, database programming, and more. In one semester, students who have never programmed before can take on engaging projects like networked games and web applications. This workshop is for faculty who are considering using Python in an introductory programming class. I will provide a brief introduction to the language, and participants will have the opportunity to work on exercises similar to what might be used in an intro class. I will also introduce Swampy, a suite of programs I use in my classes. Swampy includes Turtle World, a Logo-like graphics environment implemented in Python, and Lumpy, a program that generates UML diagrams of a running program. Information about Swampy is available at allendowney.com/swampy. The Python version of the book is available in electronic form at thinkpython.com. Participants in this workshop will receive a bound hardcopy.
The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system

In recent decades, the general trend in the criminal justice system in the USA has been to narrow the range of insanity defences available, with an increasing dependence solely on the M'Naghten rule. This states that innocence by reason of insanity requires that the perpetrator could not understand the nature of their criminal act, or did not know that the act was wrong, by reason of a mental illness. In this essay, I question the appropriateness of this, in light of contemporary neuroscience. Specifically, I focus on the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in cognition, emotional regulation, control of impulsive behaviour and moral reasoning. I review the consequences of PFC damage on these endpoints, the capacity for factors such as alcohol and stress to transiently impair PFC function, and the remarkably late development of the PFC (in which full myelination may not occur until early adulthood). I also consider how individual variation in PFC function and anatomy, within the normative range, covaries with some of these endpoints. This literature is reviewed because of its relevance to issues of criminal insanity; specifically, damage can produce an individual capable of differentiating right from wrong but who, nonetheless, is organically incapable of appropriately regulating their behaviour.
The Establishment of the Permanent International Criminal Court: An International Symposium

This Article presents the results of an international conference held in 1998 between academics, government officials, and legal practitioners from the People's Republic of China (PRC) and representatives from the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Committee of the Red Cross on the establishment of the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC). Attendees discussed and debated the most contentious of the unresolved issues surrounding the ICC, including its proposed subject matter, trigger mechanisms, structure, and the relationship between the ICC and the Security Council and domestic legal systems. The Article - drafted by the rapporteur of the Conference - concludes with a discussion of the PRC's negotiating position at the Rome Conference drawn from the author's own notes.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy for Decompression of Nonmalignant Gastrointestinal Disease.

Abstract Introduction: The utility of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) decompression for inoperable malignant bowel obstruction is well documented. However, there are limited data on decompressive PEG for prolonged ileus, gut dysmotility, and/or complicated nonmalignant bowel obstruction. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and short-term outcomes of decompressive PEG for nonmalignant indications. Subjects and Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, we retrospectively reviewed and analyzed all PEG insertions completed at our institution between 2009 and 2014 for prolonged ileus, gut dysmotility, or nonmalignant obstruction. Results: We identified 72 patients (42 females, 30 males; mean age, 58.8 ± 15.2 years) who underwent decompressive PEG for nonmalignant indications. There were no procedural complications or mortalities. The mean pre- and postprocedural length of stays were 14.4 ± 10.7 and 7.6 ± 11.1 days, respectively (P = .0003). The 30-day re-admission rate was 12.5% ...
Dilation of the fetal umbilical vein in rhesus hemolytic anemia: A predictor of severe disease

Presented in part at the annual meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, September, 1980, New Orleans, Louisiana. Reprint requests: Greggory R. DeVore, M.D., Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, LAClUSC Women’s Hospital, 1240 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, California 90033. fourth week of gestation, the bone marrow begins to produce hematopoietic cells, and the liver and spleen concomitantly decrease their production.’ When Rh antibody-mediated hemolytic anemia develops, however, the fetal liver increases its erythropoietic activity and enlarges. This is associated with decreased synthesis of serum albumin, with resultant low osmotic pressure.z When this is severe, fluid accumulates in the extravascular compartments, and fetal hydrops results. Although the delta optical density (AOD) of amniotic fluid bilirubin at 450 rnp is used to discover those fetuses with severe hemolytic disease in whom intrauterine transfusion (IUT) is mandatory, serial diagnostic ultrasound is a useful adjuvant in the evaluation of fetal well-being. Presented here are the results of a study designed to evaluate, by means of ultrasound, fetal hepatic congestion resulting from increased erythropoiesis in Rh-sensitized pregnancies. The fetal umbilical vein diameter (UVD) in the-amniotic fluid (AF) and the liver (L) were measured from images obtained with a contact B and a realtime linear array scanner (Fig. 1). In a cross-sectional evaluation of 94 normal control fetuses, the UVD in the AF progressively increased from week 18 through week 30 of ges-
A prototype information environment

An information environment wherein a wide variety of network data is modeled as a single logical information space is now possible via a workstation network. Its effective implementation has potentially significant implications for workstation operating systems. The author discusses information environments in general, user interaction with information spaces, a substantial research prototype, operating system issues associated with its implementation, and future environments. >
Revisit calculation and waveform control for a multifunction radar

Since phased array radars have the ability to perform adaptive sampling of the target trajectory by the radar beam positioning, proper control of the radar has the potential for significantly improving many aspects associated with the tracking of multiple manoeuvring targets. The technique proposed in this paper uses the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm to track manoeuvring targets and control the revisit time, and pointing, and adjust the energy level of the radar. Since the output of the IMM algorithm better represents the accuracy of the state estimates during a manoeuvre than that of a single model filter, the IMM algorithm is used to compute an online measure of tracking performance to determine the revisit time of the next track update in order to maintain a given level of performance. The revisit time is computed as the one positive root of a polynomial equation of the sample period. The model probabilities of the IMM algorithm are also used to schedule the energy level of a radar dwell. As a result, the revisit times are a function of track filter performance and the target trajectory. Algorithms for computing the revisit time, pointing the radar, and adjusting the energy level using the output of the IMM algorithm are presented in this paper. Performance comparisons are given for the IMM algorithm using a constant data rate, adjusted energy levels, and an adaptive data rate. >
Abstract 4149: Transcriptomic and pathogen analysis in bladder cancer primary tumor and metastasis pairs.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Urothelial carcinoma (also called transitional cell carcinoma, most commonly of the bladder) is the fourth leading cause of new cancers in men in the United States, and accounts for 13,000 deaths per year. Five-year survival for patients with muscle invasive disease is below 50%. Both genetic mutations and epigenetic events are important in urothelial cancer pathogenesis and prognosis, and environmental triggers such as Schistosoma infection and tobacco have been identified. In this study we have undertaken a transcriptomic analysis of fourteen paired primary tumors and distant metastases in order to identify mutations and potential pathogenic viruses that may play a role in the pathogenesis of urothelial cancer. The contribution of infections to urothelial cancer pathogenesis remains a hotly contested issue with data both supporting and refuting the role of polyomaviruses in the disease. Recently, our colleagues at the Broad Institute discovered a striking similarity in DNA mutation pattern between cervical cancer, which is virally driven, and bladder cancer. Based on this finding, we hypothesize that a subset of urothelial cancers are triggered by a microbial pathogen that can be detected using nucleic acid sequencing methods. The majority of clinical translational studies to date have investigated patient urine samples. While these studies have been unsuccessful in identifying a strong candidate microbial trigger of urothelial cancer, direct analysis of tumor tissue for pathogen discovery has not been rigorously pursued. In order to investigate a potential microbial cause of urothelial cancer, we propose undertaking a “deep sequencing” approach where all RNA will be sequenced, followed by taxonomic classification of microbial sequences. In addition to the microbial characterization of these samples, the transcriptomic data will be analyzed to identify disease-associated mutations, fusions and splicing variants of significance in primary and matched metastasis pairs. This study represents an analysis of the largest matched primary tumor-distant metastasis cohort to our knowledge, to date. We anticipate that discovery of a novel pathogen or significant transcriptomic changes that trigger urothelial cancer could dramatically alter clinical management by enabling development of screening methods and protocols, targeted therapies and vaccines. Citation Format: Ami S. Bhatt, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Fujiko Duke, Joonil Jung, Samuel S. Freeman, Andrew Cherniak, Rachel Park, Jaegil Kim, David Kwiatkowski, Jonathan Rosenberg, Matthew Meyerson. Transcriptomic and pathogen analysis in bladder cancer primary tumor and metastasis pairs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4149. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4149
When Is Honesty the Best Policy? The Effect of Stated Company Intent on Consumer Skepticism

Prior research suggests that consumers evaluate firms more negatively if they attribute the firm's business practices to firm-serving motivations rather than to motivations that serve the public good. We propose an alternative hypothesis: Firm-serving attributions lower evaluation of the firm only when they are inconsistent with the firm's expressed motive. As such, the negative effect of consumer skepticism regarding a firm's motives can be inhibited by public acknowledgment of the strategic benefits to the firm. The power of this inhibition procedure was demonstrated in an experiment in which we manipulated the salience of firm-serving benefits and the firm's publicly stated motive. Consumer evaluation of the sponsoring firm was lowest in conditions when firm-serving benefits were salient and the firm outwardly stated purely public-serving motives. This experiment also revealed that the potential negative effects of skepticism were the most pronounced when individuals engaged in causal attribution prior to company evaluation. Finally, in this study we measured the different effects on attribution and evaluation of 2 distinct forms of skepticism: situational skepticism , which is a momentary state of distrust of an actor's motivations, and dispositional skepticism , which is an individual's ongoing tendency to be suspicious of other people's motives.
Parental opinions about clinical research.

Objective To characterize parental perception of clinical research, particularly in emergency settings. To identify specific aspects of clinical research that concern parents and to discuss how these concerns can be addressed. Study design Quantitative and qualitative survey in tertiary care children’s hospital and affiliated clinics. Results Family caregivers (n = 136) participated in this study; 81% of study participants agreed or strongly agreed that physicians should do research involving children, with 5% disagreeing. However, 18% felt that researchers care more about the research than about the patient, and 13% believed that when a child is in a research study, physicians must follow the research protocol even if it is not in the best interest of the child. Participants were significantly less likely to endorse the conduct of research in an emergency setting than in a nonspecified setting (P < .001). Parents’ foremost concern about emergency research was that it could delay therapy or distract physicians’ attention from the child’s needs. Conclusion Parents largely support pediatric clinical research, but they have specific concerns that should be addressed in research planning and in communicating with parents about clinical research.
Effects of Goal Difficulty and Expected External Evaluation on Intrinsic Motivation: A Laboratory Study

This study examines the effects of goal difficulty and expected external evaluation on individuals' intrinsic motivation. Results show intrinsic motivation to be lowest when individuals cannot atta...
Naloxone does not consistently affect inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission produced by medial diencephalic stimulation in the cat.

Abstract In cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and artificially ventilated with 70% N 2 O, the response of single lumbar dorsal horn units to noxious radiant heat stimuli (50°C, 10 sec) applied to glabrous footpad skin were recorded with microelectrodes. Unit heat-evoked responses were markedly suppressed by electrical stimulation (100 msec pulse trains at 100 Hz, 3/sec, 50–300 μA) at sites in the medial basal diencephalic periventricular gray, lateral hypothalamic area, preoptic area, and posterior basal telencephalon. Inhibition of dorsal horn unit responses produced by brain stimulation was not consistently affected following systemic administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.5–1 mg/kg i.v.), indicating that the endogenous opioid peptides are not primarily involved in the mediation of this descending inhibition under the experimental conditions.
Adaptable wind tunnel for testing V/STOL configurations at high lift

It is argued that the adaptable-wall wind tunnel scheme offers a way to solve a persistent problem of V/STOL testing; namely, interference of tunnel boundaries with the powered, vortical wake at large lift coefficients. First, it is shown that the adaptable-wall scheme permits the simulated freestream direction to be chosen independently of wind tunnel architecture. It is also found that the wake can be allowed to pass downstream without encountering the interface defined by the instrument-array of the tunnel. The combination of these two ideas leads to a new type of wind tunnel—the Arizona V/STOL Tunnel—in which the model's orientation and the freestream vector are chosen to put the wake in the desired position and simulation of the correct freestream vector, defining the desired angle of attack, is achieved by means of the adaptable-wall iterative strategy. To facilitate a numerical demonstration of a tunnel of this kind, a simple panel model of a jet-flap wing and wake is constructed, suitable for the nonlinear, high-lift regime and for the inclusion of wind tunnel effects. Convergence is obtained and the final wing/wake properties are close to unconfined-flow values for the same wing model, although starting conditions were grossly different from preselected final conditions.
Bilingual Teachers-in-the-making in Urbantown

This study, based on ethnographic methods, explores how the professional identities of a group of bilingual (Spanish/English) Latino/a teachers-in-the-making in an urban public school district in the USA are formed and enacted. It illustrates the national and local discourses that influence novice bilingual teachers in their professional identities. But it also focuses on the structural influences and the ways that teachers respond to such influences. The study found that teachers developed a complex, sometimes conflicted, sense of their professional identities and these were mediated by their responses to their marginalisation, their professional development, local setting(s) and their personal histories. Another important finding of this study was the resulting variation of professional identities the teachers enacted due to a host of influences, causing some to leave the profession and others to stay. This research suggests viewing professional development for bilingual teachers as a place where discus...
Drug abuse treatment entry and engagement: report of a meeting on treatment readiness

Although the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment has been demonstrated repeatedly, many drug abusers do not enter treatment, many who do enter leave prematurely, and relapse following treatment is common. To further research treatment entry and engagement, the National Institute on Drug Abuse convened scientists representing diverse research traditions in December 1996. This article summarizes meeting presentations and recommendations. Presentations focused on treatment readiness/motivation for change, ethnographic reports of drug abusers' perceptions of and attitudes toward treatment, and reports on alternative treatments for high-risk drug abusers. Recommendations focused on the potential contribution of qualitative research, integration of qualitative and quantitative research approaches, development of flexible treatment approaches that are cognizant of patients' life circumstances, and services research to improve the organization and delivery of drug abuse treatment.
Management of Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndromes

The myelodysplastic syndromes are composed of a group of clonal hematologic neoplasms, the course of which is complicated by ineffective hematopoiesis or leukemic transformation (or both). Therapeutic results may have been misleading in the past. Most patients have been managed with supportive measures, such as transfusions of erythrocytes, administration of antibiotics, and transfusions of platelets during active bleeding episodes. These supportive measures have prolonged and improved the quality of life of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Vitamin supplementation (folate, vitamin B12, and pyridoxine) has seldom been rewarding. Differentiation agents such as cis-retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been of benefit in only a limited number of patients. Androgens have not been useful, although danazol, which is an attenuated androgen, has been effective in a subset of patients with the presence of cell-bound platelet antibodies. Low-dose cytarabine, which has been studied extensively because of its differentiating activity in vitro, is associated with a generally low rate of complete remission and substantial toxicity. Antileukemic therapy is generally useful in young patients with rapidly progressive disease. Several hematopoietic growth factors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials; their use in combination or in conjunction with chemotherapy may be opening new horizons for these patients. With improvements in the prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease, allogeneic transplantation is a viable option for patients younger than 55 years of age who have severe cytopenias.
The Effect of Calcium-Deficient Diet on the Reproductive Organs of the Hen (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE restriction of dietary calcium affects profoundly the reproductive performance of the laying hen. Earlier investigations on the subject are reviewed by Mehring and Titus (1964). When hens are fed on a calcium-deficient diet they normally stop laying after 10–14 days (Taylor et al., 1962). The cessation of egg production is due to the failure of gonadotrophin secretion by the anterior pituitary which causes the bird to stop ovulating. If exogenous gonadotrophins are administrated to calcium-deficient hens, they continue ovulating and laying soft shelled eggs. It is speculated that the hypothalamic stimulation of the pituitary is reduced by the fall in the diffusible calcium level of the blood of calcium-depleted hens. (Taylor, 1965). The egg shell calcium content declines progressively from about 2 gm. per egg shell to about 1 gm. per egg shell during the first 7 days in hens placed on calciumrestricted diets. The recovery of…
Gambling in the Iranian-American Community and an Assessment of Motives: A Case Study.

Nearly half a million United States residents identify themselves as being of Iranian origin, and many in this population are of high socioeconomic status. Although games of chance have been a notable part of Iranian culture for thousands of years, there is almost no research exploring gambling in this population. The objective of this case study is to explore gambling pathology, gambling behavior, and gambling motives among Iranian-Americans using a convenience sample (N = 182) at a September 2010 Iranian festival in Southern California. Of this sample, 20% (n = 37) and 7% (n = 13) screened positive for problem and pathological gambling, respectively. According to the Gambling Motives Questionnaire, enhancement was the preferred motive for gambling (“because you like the feeling, because it’s exciting, to get a high feeling, because it’s fun, because it makes you feel good”). Pathological gamblers showed a considerable difference in subscale scores between enhancement and either coping or social motives, and problem gamblers showed a considerable difference between enhancement and coping motives. Possible explanations for the higher prevalence of gambling disorders in this sample are discussed. Our results support the notion that underlying cultural factors play a role in the development of gambling disorders.
Forces in epithelial origami.

Recent efforts examining forces during morphogenesis suggest a role for mechanical crosstalk between epithelium and mesenchyme in tissue patterning. Reporting in Science, Shyer et al. (2013) show that differences between the mechanical properties of the developing intestinal epithelium and surrounding smooth muscle fold the epithelium into villi via mucosal buckling.
Processes of Socialization in American Graduate Schools

Results from a national survey of American graduate schools would indicate that graduate students not only alter their career preferences as they progress through their professional training, but that these career changes are related to a student-faculty socialization process. When academic departures are dichotomized, allowing for a comparison of teaching as opposed to research oriented departments, significant differences are found in the career change patterns of graduate students.
Plasmid cloning vectors that integrate site-specifically in Streptomyces spp.

Abstract Cloning vectors based on the Streptomyces ambofaciens plasmid pSAM2 and the streptomycete phage φC31 were developed for use in Streptomyces spp. These vectors replicate in Escherichia coli but integrate by site-specific recombination in Streptomyces spp. Both pSAM2-based and φC31-based vectors transformed a number of different Streptomyces spp; however, the φC31-based vectors consistently transformed at higher frequencies than pSAM2-based vectors. Southern analysis indicated that the φC31-based vectors integrated at a unique site in the S. ambofaciens chromosome, while the pSAM2-based vectors gave complex patterns which could indicate structural instability or use of multiple loci. Both types of vectors utilize the apramycin (Am)-resistance gene which can be selected in E. coli and Streptomyces spp. with either Am or the commercially available antibiotic Geneticin (G418).
Sunk Cost and Commitment to Dates Arranged Online

The influence of prior, irretrievable, investment (sunk cost) on commitment to a date arranged online was investigated. Participants were recruited from an undergraduate population. There were 145 participants (86 female) with a mean age of 19.42 years. Participants took part in a computer simulation of the process of arranging a date online. Participants invested one of five amounts of sunk cost into this process. Participants were then presented with the choice of attending the date arranged online or attending a (superior) blind date. Participants chose how much time that they wanted to commit to the (inferior) date arranged online. Results revealed a significant sunk cost effect (p = 0.003). The implications of the sunk cost effect having an influence over human relationships are discussed.
Times of minima and light curve for V382 Cygni

Five new photoelectrically determined times of minima are given for the massive, double-lined eclipsing binary V382 Cyg. UBV photoelectric observations gathered in the interval 1964-71 are tabulated.