cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonance fluorescence and quantum jumps in single atoms: Testing the randomness of quantum mechanics

When a single trapped 198Hg+ ion is illuminated by two lasers, each tuned to an appropriate transition, the resulting resonance fluorescence switches on and off in a series of pulses resembling a bistable telegraph. This intermittent fluorescence can also be obtained by optical pumping with a single laser. Quantum jumps between successive atomic levels may be traced directly with multiple-resonance fluorescence. Atomic transition rates and photon antibunching distributions can be inferred from the pulse statistics and compared with quantum theory. Stochastic tests also indicate that the quantum telegraphs are good random number generators. During periods when the fluorescence is switched off, the radiationless atomic currents that generate the telegraph signals can be adjusted by varying the laser illumination: if this coherent evolution of the wave functions is sustained over sufficiently long time intervals, novel interactive precision measurements, near the limits of the time-energy uncertainty relations, are possible.
Condensation film on an inclined rotating disk

The three dimensional problem of steady fluid deposition on an inclined rotating disk is solved by similarity transform. For a given spraying rate there may be one, two or no steady state solution. The inclination causes a downward draining flow and a lateral flow. Perturbation solutions compare well with exact similarity solutions when the fluid film is thin.
Multi‐material bonding in ultrasonic consolidation

Purpose – The increasing interest in engineering structures made from multiple materials has led to corresponding interest in technologies, which can fabricate multi‐material parts. The purpose of this paper is to further explore of the multi‐material fabrication capabilities of ultrasonic consolidation (UC).Design/methodology/approach – Various combinations of materials including titanium, silver, tantalum, aluminum, molybdenum, stainless steel, nickel, copper, and MetPreg® were ultrasonically consolidated. Some of the materials were found to be effective as an intermediate layer between difficult to join materials. Elemental boron particles were added in situ between selected materials to modify the bonding characteristics. Microstructures of deposits were studied to evaluate bond quality.Findings – Results show evidence of good bonding between many combinations of materials, thus illustrating increasing potential for multi‐material fabrication using UC.Originality/value – Multi‐material fabrication cap...
The sensitivity of marine N2 fixation to dissolved inorganic nitrogen

The dominant process adding nitrogen (N) to the ocean, di-nitrogen (N2) fixation, is mediated by prokaryotes (diazotrophs) sensitive to a variety of environmental factors. In particular, it is often assumed that consequential rates of marine N2 fixation do not occur where concentrations of nitrate (NO3-) and/or ammonium (NH4+) exceed 1 µM because of the additional energetic cost associated with assimilating N2 gas relative to NO3- or NH4+. However, an examination of culturing studies and in situ N2 fixation rate measurements from marine euphotic, mesopelagic, and benthic environments indicates that while elevated concentrations of NO3- and/or NH4+ can depress N2 fixation rates, the process can continue at substantial rates in the presence of as much as 30 µM NO3- and/or 200 µM NH4+. These findings challenge expectations of the degree to which inorganic N inhibits this process. The high rates of N2 fixation measured in some benthic environments suggest that certain benthic diazotrophs may be less sensitive to prolonged exposure to NO3- and/or NH4+ than cyanobacterial diazotrophs. Additionally, recent work indicates that cyanobacterial diazotrophs may have mechanisms for mitigating NO3- inhibition of N2 fixation. In particular, it has been recently shown that increasing phosphorus (P) availability increases diazotroph abundance, thus compensating for lower per-cell rates of N2 fixation that result from NO3- inhibition. Consequently, low ambient surface ocean N:P ratios such as those generated by the increasing rates of N loss thought to occur during the last glacial to interglacial transition may create conditions favorable for N2 fixation and thus help to stabilize the marine N inventory on relevant time scales. These findings suggest that restricting measurements of marine N2 fixation to oligotrophic surface waters may underestimate global rates of this process and contribute to uncertainties in the marine N budget.
Detection of the Scrapie Agent in Tissues of Normal Mice and in Tumours of Tumour-bearing but Otherwise Normal Mice

SCRAPIE has been reported in some goats inoculated intracerebrally with suspensions of tissues from some normal goats1,2, and a summary3 of these and other observations made during a 9 yr period recorded five cases of scrapie among seventy-seven goats inoculated with four of twenty-one different normal goat brains, and in one of three goats inoculated with normal goat pancreas. As far as we know, the only other similar record in the literature is of the occurrence of scrapie in four of forty-four sheep inoculated with normal sheep brain4.
Formulation of magnetic amplifier circuit equations

MODERN magnetic amplifier circuitry makes use of two highly nonlinear elements, namely, rectifiers and square-loop magnetic cores. This paper presents a systematic method of analyzing circuits containing any sort of piecewise linear element that does not involve energy storage. The analysis utilizes a unique method of formulating circuit equations and a new type of symbolism and algebra, especially developed for the purpose, that allows operations on and simplifications of the resultant expressions.
Long-term simulation of water movement in soils using mass-conserving procedures

Abstract Three implicit numerical procedures for solving Richards' equation were compared. In some tests non-linear source terms were included. The main focus is on two mass-conserving procedures where the highly non-linear nature of Richards' equation is overcome by substantially different iterative techniques. In the first procedure (P1), which is well described in the literature, the time step is set back when difficulties in obtaining a convergent solution occur and any source terms are included explicitly. The second procedure (P2), which is presented in this paper, uses a fixed time step and convergence is obtained through a gradually increasing underrelaxation technique. Source terms are included implicitly, and in addition, a linear dependency between source terms and the water potential is included directly in the solution. The third procedure (P3) is based on a standard implicit discretization of Richards' equation, which does not facilitate mass conservation. All tests showed that mass conservation can be obtained without the added cost of more complicated programming or a longer calculation time. In challenging tests where fluctuating boundary conditions were specified as known fluxes, the total number of iterations needed in P1 to simulate the tests was many orders of magnitude higher than that for P2. In tests including source terms, the more advanced treatment of these in P2 resulted in convergence rates that were significantly higher that for the explicit coupling in P1. The gradually increasing underrelaxation technique and the more advanced treatment of source terms in P2 have proven to be effective approaches, particularly in long-term simulations of water movements in soils where calculation time can be prohibitive. As a secondary benefit, the implementation of P2 is less complicated than P1.
Alcohol's Effects on Sexual Decision Making: An Integration of Alcohol Myopia and Individual Differences

Objective: We conducted an experiment to test the applicability of integrating individual perceptions of unprotected sex consequences with alcohol's myopic effects as an explanatory framework for risky sexual decision making in young heterosexual men and women. Method: Male and female participants (N = 61) rated their perceptions of unprotected sex consequences, received alcoholic (target breath alcohol concentration = .10%) or nonalcoholic drinks, and completed a risky sexual decision-making task that included a quantitative measure of sexual decision-making cue attention. Results: Intoxicated participants were more attentive to impelling cues and reported greater sexual risk intentions than sober participants. Mediational analyses indicated that attention to cues fully mediated the alcohol-sexual risk intention relationship. Moderational analyses revealed that alcohol's focusing effect acts in conjunction with pre-existing individual perceptions to influence cue salience directly and sexual risk intenti...
Massive Intrabronchial Aspiration of Contents of Pulmonary Abscess after Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy

A patient with a putrid pulmonary abscess that did not resolve developed massive aspiration of the contents of the cavity following a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure. Precautions for before and after a bronchoscopic procedure are suggested to prevent this catastrophic complication in patients with pulmonary abscesses.
Mesoporous silica molecular sieves prepared by ionic and neutral surfactant templating : A comparison of physical properties

A series of mesoporous MCM-41 and HMS silica molecular sieves have been prepared by electrostatic and neutral assembly pathways, respectively, and their properties have been compared by a variety of physical techniques. Direct S+I- charge matching between cationic quaternary ammonium ion surfactants (S+) and the anionic silicate precursors (I-) affords long-range hexagonal structures under hydrothermal synthesis conditions (100 °C), but the long-range order is greatly reduced when the synthesis is conducted at ambient temperature. Conversely, owing to weaker assembly forces, counterion-mediated S+X-I+ and neutral S0I0 pathways (where X- is halide and S0 is a primary amine) provide calcined products with the best long-range order when the syntheses are conducted at ambient temperature. In general, MCM-41 silicas formed by electrostatic S+I- or S+X-I+ assembly exhibit greater long-range order than the HMS analogues prepared by the S0I0 assembly. However, the framework-confined pore structures, though depend...
Does simple feeding enrichment raise activity levels of captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)?

Abstract Feeding enrichment is a commonly proposed way to promote natural behavior, greater activity levels and improved health in captive primates, but in many cases the methods have not been formally tested, especially for particular groups such as lemurs. We investigated whether simple changes in food presentation could increase activity levels in captive ring-tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta ) and reduce the removal by lemurs of food intended for hyrax ( Procavia capensis ) and porcupine ( Hystrix cristata ) (pirating) housed in the same enclosure. We varied two aspects of food presentation for a population of eight L. catta housed at the Santa Ana Zoo in a repeated measures, factorial design: the presence or absence of browse in food boxes, and the clumping or spatial separation of food boxes. The number of animals in the group engaged in different categories of behaviors was recorded with scans every 60 s for 2 h after feeding. Neither the addition of browse ( P = 0.58) nor spatial separation of food boxes ( P = 0.13) increased lemur activity levels in the first 70 min post-feeding, but addition of browse significantly raised activity in the last 50 min ( P = 0.038). Adding browse more than doubled (to 78%) the percentage of observation periods when at least one lemur was active after 70 min post-feeding and increased the percentage of active behaviors during that period from less than 4% to over 13%. Spatially separating food boxes reduced pirating ( P = 0.021), but addition of browse did not ( P = 0.89). Separating food boxes reduced pirating by nearly half. Given that these methods are inexpensive, easy to implement and also led to significant behavioral changes, simple feeding enrichment of this kind is a useful potential tool for captive ring-tailed lemur management.
Digital audio reserves: A collaborative project at the University of Tennessee

The University of Tennessee Libraries and the Division of Information Infrastructure (DII) collaborated on pilot projects from June 1999 through December 2000 to evaluate both the feasibility and suitability of delivering multimedia course reserves via the Internet using RealNetwork's SureStream technology and free plugin. This paper presents the procedures and findings of delivery of online audiovisual reserves to a very high-enrollment course, The History of Rock. These projects are among the first to examine issues resulting from the deployment of a campus-wide system designed for any teaching situation functioning in a heterogeneous network environment. Collaboration among university entities is emphasized as a critical factor for success.
Blood Pressure Regulation During Heat Stress 22

To examine the opposing vascular reflexes that regulate blood pressure and heat dissipation 8 healthy young adults were exposed to different levels of lower body negative pressure (LBNP, -10 to -90 mm Hg) to reduce cardiac output in normothermia (N) and during passive heating (H). We measured central venous pressure (CVP), blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac stroke volume (impedance), forearm blood flow (plethysmography) and venomotor tone (occluded limb technique). H raised esophageal temperature by ±0.5 degrees C. All data are mean ± sem. CVP was lower during H than during N (6.1±0.6vs. 8.0±0.6 mm Hg) but dropped to similar levels during LBNP(e.g. -60 mm Hg: H: -0.4±0.6. N: -0.1±0.7 mm Hg). Mean arterial pressure was also lower during H (78±3 vs 91±3 mm Hg), but was not altered during LBNP. H did not change the pressure-volume relationship of the heart. Compared to N. H reduced systemic vascular resistance from 13.9±1.5 to 10.5±1.2 resistance units (RU) which increased to 18.3±2.1 vs. 15.1±1.5 RU in response to LBNP -60, respectively. Forearm vascular resistance representing skin blood flow decreased from 16.7±2.9 to 5.7±1.7 RU and increased with LBNP to 39.1±0.4 vs. 12.6±1.5 RU. Venomotor responses were attenuated during H. Conclusions: The major compensation to a reduction in cardiac preload is an increase in vascular resistance and redistribution of blood flow which may be compromised by mechanisms evoked for heat dissipation. Thus, reduction of thermal stress is import during restoration of cardiac output in critically ill children.
An IL-12 DNA vaccine co-expressing Yersinia pestis antigens protects against pneumonic plague.

Pneumonic plague remains problematic in endemic areas, and because it can be readily transmitted and has high mortality, the development of efficacious vaccines is warranted. To test whether stimulation of cell-mediated immunity with IL-12 will improve protective immunity against plague, we constructed two IL-12 DNA vaccines using a bicistronic plasmid encoding the protective plague epitopes, capsular (F1) antigen and virulence antigen (V-Ag) as F1-V fusion protein and V-Ag only, respectively. When applied intramuscularly, antibody responses to F1- and V-Ag were detectable beginning at week 6 after three weekly doses, and F1-Ag protein boosts were required to induce elevated Ab responses. These Ab responses were supported by mixed Th cell responses, and the IL-12/V-Ag DNA vaccine showed greater cell-mediated immune bias than IL-12/F1-V DNA vaccine. Following pneumonic challenge, both IL-12 DNA vaccines showed similar efficacy despite differences in Th cells simulated. These results show that IL-12 can be used as a molecular adjuvant to enhance protective immunity against pneumonic plague.
Shadow Effect of Large Lesions in Optical Tomography Breast Imaging

When a highly-absorbing lesion is imaged with optical tomography in reflection geometry, most photons are absorbed by top portion of lesion. We use photon-tracking technique to quantify this light-shadow effect as function of target size.
Adjustable Speed---A Tool for Saving Energy Losses in Pumps, Fans, Blowers, and Compressors

Petroleum and chemical plants today are effectively cutting energy use by thermally, electrically, and mechanically reducing losses in their process equipment. In rotating equipment such as pumps, fans, compressors, and blowers, much mechanical or fluid energy is being dissipated or thrown away by throttling valves, dampers, and adjustable guide vanes. Adjustable speed is an increasingly used feature in the search to reduce losses. Fluid mechanics is reviewed in lay terms in an effort to illustrate where losses may be found and how to determine how much may be saved by converting to or using adjustable speed. Other potential ways that adjustable speed may be used for process savings are also discussed.
Approximate cutting planes in nonlinear programming

An approximation criterion is presented and a convergence proof is given that allows adaptation of the cutting plane algorithm when it is impractical to compute the exact cutting planes. A source application is briefly described and a class of functions is presented for which such approximate cutting planes can be conveniently computed.
Catheter-Associated Nocardia higoensis Bacteremia in a Child with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

A 23-month-old child with leukemia who was receiving chemotherapy developed fevers. Serial blood cultures from a central venous catheter and a peripheral venous site grew an organism identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis as Nocardia higoensis, an opportunistic organism isolated once previously from a pulmonary infection in Japan.
Role Morality in the Accounting Profession – How do we Compare to Physicians and Attorneys?

Role morality can be defined as “claim(ing) a moral permission to harm others in ways that, if not for the role, would be wrong” (A. Applbaum: 1999, Ethics for Adversaries: The Morality of Roles in Public and Professional Life (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ) p. 3). Adversarial situations resulting in role morality occur most frequently in the fields of law, business, and government. Within the realm of accounting, professional obligations may place the accountant in a situation where he/she is susceptible to the pressures of role morality. If the accountant engages in acts consistent with role morality, significant harm to others may result. The current study represents an initial investigation into role morality in accounting and includes survey data from three samples of professionals: accountants, physicians, and attorneys. Results suggest that accountants generally do not agree that role morality is acceptable. Additionally, when compared to the groups of physicians and attorneys, physicians agree the least with role morality, while attorneys agree the most. Implications for practicing accountants and suggestions for future research into the theory of role morality are offered.
Ice lines, planetesimal composition and solid surface density in the solar nebula

Abstract To date, there is no core accretion simulation that can successfully account for the formation of Uranus or Neptune within the observed 2–3 Myr lifetimes of protoplanetary disks. Since solid accretion rate is directly proportional to the available planetesimal surface density, one way to speed up planet formation is to take a full accounting of all the planetesimal-forming solids present in the solar nebula. By combining a viscously evolving protostellar disk with a kinetic model of ice formation, which includes not just water but methane, ammonia, CO and 54 minor ices, we calculate the solid surface density of a possible giant planet-forming solar nebula as a function of heliocentric distance and time. Our results can be used to provide the starting planetesimal surface density and evolving solar nebula conditions for core accretion simulations, or to predict the composition of planetesimals as a function of radius. We find three effects that favor giant planet formation by the core accretion mechanism: (1) a decretion flow that brings mass from the inner solar nebula to the giant planet-forming region, (2) the fact that the ammonia and water ice lines should coincide, according to recent lab results from Collings et al. [Collings, M.P., Anderson, M.A., Chen, R., Dever, J.W., Viti, S., Williams, D.A., McCoustra, M.R.S., 2004. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 354, 1133–1140], and (3) the presence of a substantial amount of methane ice in the trans-saturnian region. Our results show higher solid surface densities than assumed in the core accretion models of Pollack et al. [Pollack, J.B., Hubickyj, O., Bodenheimer, P., Lissauer, J.J., Podolak, M., Greenzweig, Y., 1996. Icarus 124, 62–85] by a factor of 3–4 throughout the trans-saturnian region. We also discuss the location of ice lines and their movement through the solar nebula, and provide new constraints on the possible initial disk configurations from gravitational stability arguments.
The Global Network of Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Detectors

Over the past decade, gravitational wave detectors have undergone dramatic transitions in both sensitivity and scale — from laboratory-sized resonant bar detectors to kilometer-length-scale laser interferometers. The construction and operation of largescale laser-interferometric gravitational wave detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo interferometer as well as others have enabled searches for extra-galactic gravitational waves with unprecedented range and sensitivity. Here, we review the present state of the global laser-interferometric gravitational wave detector network, highlight the results of recent science runs, and provide a preview of the state of the network in the coming decade and beyond.
Low temperature heat capacity studies on intermetallic and semimetallic rare earth compounds

The results of low temperature (1 to 20/sup 0/K) heat capacity measurements on some RM/sub 5/ phases, which are good hydrogen absorbers, and on some La/sub 3/S/sub 4/--La/sub 2/S/sub 3/ compounds are reported and discussed. Also included are some measurements on the superconducting LaS/sub 1/./sub 33/--LaS/sub 1/./sub 40/ phases.
A survey of bordism and cobordism

In the paper ‘Bordism and Cobordism’, which appeared in vol. 57 (1961) of this journal [5], Michael Atiyah introduced and began the study of bordism and cobordism theory. The present article will trace developments in this area since this beginning.
Behavior Modeling of Programmable Metallization Cell Using Verilog-A

Programmable metallization is a promising type of non-volatile memory that displays several advantages over the currently wide spread flash memory, such as higher writing speed, better scalability, and longer data retention period. The unique electrical behavior of programmable metallization cell has not been included in any popular EAD tools yet. Therefore, a behavior model of Programmable Metallization Cell is designed using Verilog-A language in this paper. This model can be easily imported into PSPICE to enhance circuit level design related to programmable metallization cell.
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with malignant transformation in a young adult

The term 'papilloma' was first used by Mackenzie 100 years ago, who claimed that this was the most benign tumour of the larynx. Today papillomas are considered to be caused by the Human Papilloma Virus group (H.P.V.). The majority of patients suffering from this disease which is also referred to as 'recurrent respiratory papillomatosis' require multiple surgical operations for tumour removal. Malignant transformation of papillomas, which is a rare condition, is considered to occur mainly to irradiated patients. The following report describes the case of a male patient, with a history of vocal cord papillomas since his first year of age, who developed bronchial and pulmonary spread of the disease. He died at the age of 26 years because of squamous cell carcinoma which was related to the malignant transformation of the pulmonary papillomas.
Stereochemical Control of Iron(II) Complexes Containing a Diphosphine Ligand with a Pendant Nitrogen Base

A series of cis and trans Fe(II) complexes containing the diphosphine ligand PNP (where PNP is bis((diethylphosphino)methyl)methylamine) have been prepared and isolated. These include cis-[Fe(PNP)2(CH3CN)2](BF4)2 (3), cis-[Fe(PNP)2(CH3CN)(CO)](BF4)2 (4), trans-[Fe(PNP)(dmpm)(CH3CN)2](BF4)2 (5), trans-Fe(PNP)(dmpm)Cl2 (6), trans-[Fe(PNP)(dmpm)(CO)Cl]2[FeCl4] (7), trans-HFe(PNP)(dmpm)Cl (8), and trans-[HFe(PNP)(dmpm)(CH3CN)]BPh4 (9) (where dmpm is bis(dimethylphosphino)methane). In addition, the cations trans-[HFe(PNP)(dmpm)(CO)]+ (10) and trans-[(H2)Fe(PNP)(dmpm)(H)]+ (11) have been observed in solution. These complexes all possess a pendant base that bridges the two phosphorus atoms of the PNP ligand. A cis geometry is observed for those complexes containing two PNP ligands, whereas a trans geometry is observed for the complexes containing one PNP ligand and one dmpm ligand. The molecular structures of cis-[Fe(PNP)2(CH3CN)(CO)](BPh4)2 and trans-[HFe(PNP)(dmpm)(CH3CN)]BPh4 have been confirmed by X-ray diff...
TCP performance in wireless multi-hop networks

We investigate the interaction between TCP and MAC layer in a wireless multi-hop network. Using simulation, we provide new insight into two critical problems of TCP over wireless multi-hop. The first is the conflict between TCP data packets and TCP ACKs, which causes performance to degrade for window sizes greater than 1 packet. The second is the interaction between TCP and MAC layer backoff timers which causes severe unfairness and capture conditions. We show that these effects are particularly pronounced in two families of MAC protocols that have been extensively used in ad-hoc network simulation and implementations, namely CSMA and FAMA (a descendent of MACA). We then demonstrate that these problems are in part overcome by using MACAW, a MAC layer protocol which extends MACA by adding link level ACKs and a less aggressive backoff policy. We argue that link level protection, backoff policy and selective queue scheduling are critical elements for efficient and fair operation of ad-hoc networks under TCP. These conclusions are supported by extensive simulation and measurement experiments.
Long‐Term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala

The manner in which the circuitry of the amygdala computes its suspected mnemonic has been a mystery, partly cellular analysis. Here we report in vitro methods and results that may help elucidate cellular learning mechanisms in amygdala neurons. The amygdala brain slice preparation was combined with the single-electrode clamp (sEC) technique for intracellular analysis of membrane properties and synaptic responses. With respect to the active and passive membrane properties, we found considered diversity among the population of cells that were sampled in the lateral and basolateral nuclei (n = 85). Synaptic inputs to these neurons were studied by stimulating the external capsule (EC), which was shown to produce a complex response that typically consisted of an excitatory followed by an inhibitory component. Based on serval criteria, the excitatory component apperred to reflect a monosynaptic connection from the EC. One immediate goal was to discover whether the excitatory component displays the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP)–a persistent increase in synaptic stimulation. Indeed, we found that high-frequency (100 Hz) stimulation of the EC induced LTP in 80% of the cells from which suitable recordings were obtained (n= 20). This finding of LTP in the amygdala is significant in regard to current effort to explore linkages between this use-dependent form of synaptic plasticity and rapid kinds of associative learning.
Determination of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations by a new immunochemiluminometric assay in normal persons and patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and other neuroendocrine tumors.

There is doubt about concentrations of circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the value of plasma CGRP measurements in the detection and follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Thus, we developed an immunochemiluminometric sandwich assay for CGRP using antibodies purified from a polyclonal antiserum against human CGRP. The assay was sensitive (limit of detection, 0.4 pmol/L; multiply by 3.7892 to derive nanograms per L) and highly specific [no cross-reaction with human calcitonin (CT)]. Normal plasma CGRP values ranged from less than 0.4 to 4.5 pmol/L (median, 0.8; n = 31), with 61% having detectable levels. Values in samples from patients with MTC were elevated: unoperated patients (n = 10), 4.7–137 pmol/L (median, 7.1); and operated patients with gross persistent or recurrent tumor (n = 14), 4.7–171 pmol/L (median, 23.2). In contrast, CGRP values were normal in 78% of nine postoperative patients with elevated CT, but no detectable tumor (range, <0.4 to 6.3 pmol/L; median, 1.6). C...
Increment thresholds in normal and binocularly deprived cats

Abstract Increment thresholds on a white background were determined for normal and binocularly deprived (BD) cats over a wide luminance range. Threshold vs intensity curves had a slope of unity for both groups but the increment threshold ( Δ I I ) for normal cats was 0.09 while increment threshold for BD cats was 0.60. Absolute threshold was reliably better in normal cats. The deficit of BD cats is considered a potential result of their abnormal cortical physiology and/or abnormal lateral geniculate physiology.
Intracellular routes for antigen processing and presentation.

Antigenic peptides bound by histocompatibility molecules are recognized by T cells during immune and autoimmune reactions and as tumour antigens. The peptid-.s recognized and the nature of the T-cell responses during these processes were discussed throughout this symposium on Ir genes: From Biology to Medicine. Understanding the mechanism by which histocompatibility molecules bind to antigenic peptides can contribute to the design of vaccination strategies to enhance normal and anti-tumour immune responses and prevent autoimmune reactions. Initial studies toward this goal have focused on definition of the peptides recognized and the inherent specificity of the antigen-binding pockets in histocompatibility molecules. It has now become clear that this analysis must extend to an investigation of the intracellular events leading to the generation of antigenic peptides (antigen processing) and the association of those peptides with histocompatibility molecules (antigen presentation).
The application of compound-type analyses to the correlation of product distributions and yields from the fluidized-bed pyrolysis of oil sands

Abstract The production of liquids from Utah (Uinta Basin) oil sands in a fluidized-bed reactor was investigated. The product distributions, yields, and product qualities were determined as a function of operating variables: temperature (698–973 K), sand retention time (15–35 min) and fluidizing gas velocity (50–150 cm s −1 ). The quality of the liquids was assessed by gradient elution chromatography. Temperature appeared to be more significant than sand retention time in determining the compound-type distribution for oil sands containing moderate-viscosity bitumens; the distribution was approximately constant as the retention time changed at constant temperature. The predominant aromatic structure in the Uinta Basin bitumens appeared to be a naphthalene. The asphaltene content of bitumens was found to be an excellent correlating parameter for predicting product distributions and yields for pyrolysis of oil sands.
Fine structure of the corpus luteum of the raccoon during pregnancy.

Ultrastructure of the granulosa lutein cells of the raccoon from throughout pregnancy has been described. The lutein cells often from epithelial cords which are separated by the connective tissues, capillaries and lymphatics. Based on the arrangements and modifications of the cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions, three types of lutein cells have been recognized. The type I lutein cells predominantly contain tubular, agranular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, a few round to rod-shaped mitochondria, some free ribosomes, and occasional lipid droplets. Occasionally the tubular cristae of mitochondria and tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear contiguous. The type II cells contain abundant lace-like and/or stacked fenestrated endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that frequently form membranous whorls, some tubular, agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. Mitochondria are usually small, but unusual large ones also occur. The small, rod-to round-shaped mitochondria usually have tubular cristae; but the large, oval, elongate, and cup shaped mitochondria possess tubular, lamellar, plate like, and whorl-like cristae. The plasma membranes of the cells are complexly elaborated and folded, especially when apposing each other. In favorable sections, strands of fenestrated cisternae appose the folds of the plasma membranes. In general, the amount of cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions vary greatly in the cells. The type III cells predominantly contain lipid droplets and sparse cytoplasmic organelles. The type I and II cells are found throughout pregnancy, but the type III cells are observed from mid gestation to term. The cytological features of type I and II cells suggest that they probably secrete most of the steroids, whereas the type III cells primarily store lipids.
Comparisons between 2-D and 1-D Formulations of Heat and Mass Transfer in Rotary Regenerators

Comparisons between different types of formulations for the heat and mass transfer processes occurring in rotary regenerators are documented. Simulation results of a general two-dimensional mathematical model, including diffusion in the matrix as a localized process, are compared with the data obtained with its one-dimensional counterpart. This one-dimensional model is shown to be derived from the original two-dimensional formulation through an averaging procedure. The results presented suggest that the one-dimensional formulation can be used in desiccant wheel applications, whereas for enthalpy exchangers the more robust two-dimensional formulation is needed for certain design and operating parameters.
A neural network proxy cache replacement strategy and its implementation in the Squid proxy server

As the Internet has become a more central aspect for information technology, so have concerns with supplying enough bandwidth and serving web requests to end users in an appropriate time frame. Web caching was introduced in the 1990s to help decrease network traffic, lessen user perceived lag, and reduce loads on origin servers by storing copies of web objects on servers closer to end users as opposed to forwarding all requests to the origin servers. Since web caches have limited space, web caches must effectively decide which objects are worth caching or replacing for other objects. This problem is known as cache replacement. We used neural networks to solve this problem and proposed the Neural Network Proxy Cache Replacement (NNPCR) method. The goal of this research is to implement NNPCR in a real environment like Squid proxy server. In order to do so, we propose an improved strategy of NNPCR referred to as NNPCR-2. We show how the improved model can be trained with up to twelve times more data and gain a 5–10% increase in Correct Classification Ratio (CCR) than NNPCR. We implemented NNPCR-2 in Squid proxy server and compared it with four other cache replacement strategies. In this paper, we use 84 times more data than NNPCR was tested against and present exhaustive test results for NNPCR-2 with different trace files and neural network structures. Our results demonstrate that NNPCR-2 made important, balanced decisions in relation to the hit rate and byte hit rate; the two performance metrics most commonly used to measure the performance of web proxy caches.
Material Property Testing of 3D-Printed Specimen in PLA on an Entry-Level 3D Printer

An entry level consumer priced 3d-printer, the MakerBot Replicator 2x, was used to print specimen to conduct tensile, flexural and fatigue testing. Average priced, generic brand PLA material was used (similar to the filament a home user may purchase). Specimen were printed at raster orientation angles of 0°, 45° and 90° to test orientation effects on part strength. PLA filament was also tensile tested.Tensile testing of the 3d-printed specimens showed that the 45° raster orientation angle made the strongest specimen at an ultimate tensile strength of 64 MPa. The 0° and 90° raster orientation were not much less at 58 MPa and 54 MPa. A 3-point bending fixture was used to conduct flexural testing on printed specimen. For this type of testing, the 0° raster orientation produced the strongest parts with an ultimate bending stress of 102 MPa. Both the 45° and 90° raster orientations had similar results at 90 MPa and 86 MPa. For the fatigue testing, there was no clear best option, but there was a clearly worst option, the 90° raster orientation. This orientation clearly had lower fatigue lives than either of the other two raster orientations. The other two raster orientations, 0° and 45°, were very similar. PLA filament testing using bollard style grips, showed that the PLA filament exhibited mechanical properties similar to that of printed specimen — when tested at high enough strain rates that creep damage didn’t play a significant role. This may lead to implications for recycling failed 3d-print jobs and turning it back into reusable filament.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Role of angiography in the evaluation of patients with pulsatile tinnitus.

Objectives/Hypothesis Pulsatile tinnitus in the face of normal findings on otoscopy is a common otological diagnostic dilemma and can be due to serious vascular malformations such as transverse or sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (transverse or sigmoid sinus [TS] DAVF). Left untreated, TS DAVF may result in significant morbidity and mortality. TS DAVF can be suspected or diagnosed with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), with the gold standard being angiography. Our objective was to assess the utility of these various diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of dural arteriovenous fistula. Study Design Retrospective clinical review. Methods Between 1986 and 1996, 54 patients were evaluated and treated for TS DAVF. Between 1996 and 1999, an additional 33 patients underwent MRI combined with MRA for the evaluation of pulsatile tinnitus. A retrospective review of the medical records for both groups, with special attention to clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, therapy, and outcome, was performed. Results All patients had pulsatile tinnitus with normal findings on otoscopy. CT scan was relatively insensitive in the detection of TS DAVF. MRI and MRI/MRA were significantly more sensitive than CT. In the evaluation of patients with subjective pulsatile tinnitus, MRI/MRA defined anatomical abnormalities that may contribute to pulsatile tinnitus in 63% of patients. Conclusions In the absence of objective pulsatile tinnitus, MRI/MRA is an appropriate initial diagnostic step. When a patient has an objective bruit, the clinician may choose to proceed directly to angiography to make certain that a TS DAVF is not missed.
Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis: effective definitive treatment with laryngotracheal resection.

Abstract Objective Little was known about idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis when it was first described. We have operated on 73 patients with idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, have confirmed its mode of presentation and response to surgical therapy, and have established long-term follow-up. Methods Charts of 73 patients treated surgically for idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis between 1971 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Results All patients were treated with a single-staged laryngotracheal resection, with (36/73) and without (37/73) a posterior membranous tracheal wall flap. Nearly all were women (71/73), with a mean age of 46 years (range, 13-74 years). Twenty-eight (38%) of 73 had undergone a previous procedure with laser, dilation, tracheostomy, T-tube, or laryngotracheal operations. After laryngotracheal resection, the majority of patients (67/73) were extubated in the operating room, and 7 required temporary tracheostomies, only 1 of whom was among the last 30 patients. All were successfully decannulated. There was no perioperative mortality. Principal morbidity was alteration of voice quality, which was mild and tended to improve with time. Sixty-seven (91%) of 73 patients had good to excellent long-term results with voice and breathing quality and do not require further intervention for their idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis. Conclusion Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis is an entity that occurs almost exclusively in women and is without a known cause. It is not a progressive process, but the timing of the operation is crucial. Single-staged laryngotracheal resection is successful in restoring the airway while preserving voice quality in more than 90% of patients. Protective tracheostomy is now rarely required (1/30). Long-term follow-up shows a stable airway and improvement in voice quality.
Amorphous and crystalline selenium - a Mössbauer effect study

The Mossbauer effect (ME) on Te125 impurity imbedded in Se, has been used to investigate the amorphous and crystal-line phases of the host. Addition of small amounts of Te in Se is known to form copolymeric chains (c-chains) and mixed rings at the expense of Sen chains and Se8 rings.1 ME spectra of Se0.98 Te0.02 in both amorphous and crystalline phases, reveal the presence of large quadrupole splitting (QS) of 12.72(40) mm/s and 10.33(8) mm/s in mixed rings and c-chains. The QS in hexagonal Se0.98Te0.02 was attributed to that of c-chains.
Combined GPS Reflected Signal and Visual Imagery for Unsupervised Clustering and Terrain Classification

Use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) L-band (1.57542 GHz) surface-reflected signal for remote sensing is a relatively recent development. In the current study, GPS satellite reflected-signal surface reflectivity, computed along the spectral point ground track across an agricultural area, is combined with 1m x 1m orthorectified, grayscale imagery to form a 2-dimensional (2D) space where unsupervised data clustering and classification is performed. Unlike intensity-only (1D) clustering and classification of the visual data, the moisture-sensitive GPS reflected signal allows water features to be readily differentiated from heavy vegetation and cultivated fields. To our knowledge, this study is the first use of the reflected GPS signal in combination with visual imagery for remotely sensed terrain data clustering and classification.
Stopping Child Bullying: Educators' Diverse Approaches for School Improvement

This original case-study research investigates educational professionals' answers to survey questions regarding how to eradicate child bullying. Twenty school professionals from two different schools—one school at the elementary level and the other school at the high school level—detailed their own particular bullying problems they see while serving in their own unique leadership capacity role and learning organization and what proactive initiatives they have modeled or participated in either individually or collectively to stop school bullying. Educational professionals were asked to detail any school-based policies already set in place or any procedural guidelines that will soon become implemented regarding stopping child bullying. Of the study results from participants, findings demonstrate that more critically intensive focus should be placed on school bullying by district wide anti-bully programs and being more frequently assessed. The survey is included at the end of this article (see Appendix).
Pseudo-Outbreak of Adenovirus Infection in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Due to a False-Positive Antigen Detection Test

Twenty-eight of 56 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit had stools positive for adenovirus by the Sure-Vue adenovirus test. Virus cultures of conventionally processed and chloroform-extracted stool samples, as well as conventional and real-time PCR tests, were negative for adenovirus. The cause for the 50% false-positive rate with the antigen test was not determined.
Spatial patterns of modern period human-caused fire occurrence in the Missouri Ozark Highlands

The spatial pattern of forest fire locations is important in the study of the dynamics of fire disturbance. In this article we used a spatial point process modeling approach to quantitatively study the effects of land cover, topography, roads, municipalities, ownership, and population density on fire occurrence reported between 1970 and 2002 in the Missouri Ozark Highland forests, where more than 90% of fires are humancaused. We used the AIC (Akaike information criterion) method to select an appropriate inhomogeneous Poisson process model to best fit to the data. The fitted model was diagnosed using residual analysis as well. Our results showed that fire locations were spatially clustered, and high fire occurrence probability was found in areas that (1) were public land, (2) within 6 km to 17 km of municipalities, and (3)
Transition to geostrophic turbulence in a rotating differentially heated annulus of fluid

Results are presented of an experimental study on the transition to geostrophic turbulence, and the detailed behaviour within the turbulence regime, in a rotating, laterally heated annulus of fluid. Both spatial and temporal characteristics are examined, and the results are presented in the form of wavenumber and frequency spectra as a function of a single external parameter, the rotation rate.The transition to turbulence proceeds in a sequence of steps from azimuthally symmetric (no waves present) to chaotic flow. The sequence includes doubly periodic flow (amplitude vacillation), semiperiodic flow (structural vacillation), and a transition zone where the characteristics undergo a gradual change to chaotic behaviour. The spectra in the transition zone are characterized by a gradual merging of the background signal with the spectral peaks defining regular wave flow as the rotation rate is increased.Within the geostrophic turbulence regime, the wavenumber spectra are characterized by a broad peak at the baroclinic scale and a power dependence of energy density on wavenumber at the high-wavenumber end of the spectrum. Our data reveal a significant dependence of the slope on the thermal Rossby number, ranging from −4.8 at RoT = 0.17 to −2.4 at RoT = 0.02. The frequency spectra also show a power dependence of the energy density on frequency at the high-frequency end of the Spectrum. We find a nominal −4 power which does not appear to be sensitive to changes in Rossby or Taylor number.