cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Aid and Student Performance: A Supply–Demand Analysis

Abstract Using a supply–demand framework, a six‐equation model is specified to generate hypotheses about the relationship between state aid and student performance. Theory predicts that an increase in state or federal aid provides an incentive to decrease local funding, but that the disincentive associated with increased state aid is moderated when federal aid is compensatory. Applying the theory to Alabama county school test score data, results suggest that between 62 and 73 cents of the incremental state dollar goes to schools; the rest is absorbed by local taxpayers through incidence shifting, and by the federal government through the compensatory mechanism. Despite these ‘leakages’, results suggest that increased state aid can improve student performance provided the incremental funding goes to teacher salaries and not to reductions in class size. Poverty reduction or income growth, however, might accomplish the same ends at lower cost.
Slip styles in a Spring-Slider Model with a laboratory-derived constitutive law for serpentinite

A spring-slider model with a laboratory-derived constitutive law for serpentinite generates seismic slip, aseismic slip, or a combination of both. Such behavior is observed on oceanic ridge-transform systems and portions of the San Andreas Fault, and may be due to the presence of serpentinite. The constitutive law combines two sets of equations: a rate-dependent flow equation which dominates at low velocities, and a rate- and state-dependent set of equations which dominate at high velocities. The combined model produces transient behavior with maximum slip velocities well in excess of the loading velocity. Metastable slip prior to the onset of high-speed slip is produced in many simulations and may be analogous to the slow precursors observed for some oceanic ridge-transform earthquakes. This precursory slip results from the double-valued nature of the steady-state curve of the two-mechanism model in which the state-variable equations are rate weakening.
Using Multiple Radios for Ad Hoc Backbone Construction and Maintenance

We investigate the performance of a new distributed protocol for setting up and maintaining a backbone for multi-hop mobile networks with multiple radio interfaces. Our solution, termed MM-Backs, is effective in producing backbones with limited size, while being robust and reliable in the face of node mobility. We compare our protocol with a solution for mobile backbones running in single-radio networks that has been shown to outperform previous backbone formation protocols. MM-Backs provides backbones of reasonable size, with superior connectivity, shorter route lengths, higher resilience and lower maintenance-related overhead.
Microscopic scattering centers in AgGaS2

Microscopic scattering centers in as-grown AgGaS2 were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The defects consisted of rectangular platelets lying in the (100) and (010) planes. Their longest dimension (up to 100 μm) was parallel to the [001]-direction. Their shorter dimension was parallel to the [100] and [010] directions, respectively. The scattering centers were usually fractions of a micrometer thick and did not appear to have a different composition than the matrix phase according to results by energy-dispersive analysis. The defects can be eliminated by annealing in Ag2S or quenching from elevated temperature, which suggests that the defects may themselves consist of a two-phase region, part of which should be Ga2S3-rich, where rodlike or platelike second-phase particles are embedded in the matrix. The quantity and the size of this second phase make a definitive compositional analysis difficult.
Adaptive Critic Design for Computer Intrusion Detection System

This paper summarizes ongoing research. A neural network is used to detect a computer system intrusion basing on data from the system audit trail generated by Solaris Basic Security Module. The data have been provided by Lincoln Labs, MIT. The system alerts the human operator, when it encounters suspicious activity logged in the audit trail. To reduce the false alarm rate and accommodate the temporal indefiniteness of moment of attack a reinforcement learning approach is chosen to train the network.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FIR Volterra kernel neural models and PAC learning

The probably approximately correct (PAC) learning theory creates a framework to assess the learning properties of static models for which the data are assumed to be independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.). The present article first extends the idea of PAC learning to cover the learning of modeling tasks with m-dependent sequences of data. The data are assumed to be marginally distributed according to a fixed arbitrary probability. The resulting framework is then applied to evaluate learning of Volterra Kernel FIR models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homing Ability and Orientation in the Painted Turtle Chrysemys Picta Marginata

The homing abilities of 45 painted turtles, Chrysemys picta marginata, were examined by observing their behavior when transported to release sites varying distances from their home pond. The turtles displayed a marked tendency to orient homeward when released 100 meters to the north, south, or east. This ability disappeared entirely, however, when the distance of displacement was increased to one mile. Studies of possible orientational cues used during these short homing trips indicated the following: (1) Turtles did not tend to orient by simple, positive geotaxis although such downhill movements could have partially explained the homing results. (2) Homeward orientation did not correlate with wind direction at the time of release. Consequently, olfactory cues emanating from the home pond probably are not essential guiding stimuli. (3) Turtles released under conditions of complete overcast continued to display accurate homeward orientation, thereby arguing against the importance of celestial cues. The use of a form of bicoordinate celestial navigation for homing over short distances is further dispelled by a consideration of the extraordinary sensory capabilities required by such hypotheses. (4) When turtles were blindfolded prior to their release, there was a pronounced deterioration both in homeward orientation (random) and in the straightness of the paths traversed. These results, together with analyses of the actual paths followed by individual turtles, suggest that visual recognition of local topographic landmarks may play an important role in enabling Chrysemys to return to their home ponds. The possession of such a simple, short-distance, homing ability would seem well adapted to the needs of a relatively sedentary species such as the painted turtle.
Photoreceptor development in premetamorphic and metamorphic Xenopus laevis.

Transgenic Xenopus laevis are commonly used to study gene expression in photoreceptors, but only red rods and red cones are known to exist in the pre-metamorphic stages commonly used in transgenic studies. Using RT-PCR, this study shows that violet cones develop in early pre-metamorphic stages (Stage 35) with the red rods and red cones. Green rod development began in Stage 53 with the onset of metamorphosis. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Binary decisions in neurogenesis

Abstract The developmental relationship between the nervous system and the epidermis is intimate. In nematodes 1 , annelids 2 , arthropods 3 , and vertebrates 4 , neural and epidermal elements arise from common lineages. In many cases, cells can be induced to switch from one fate to the other by genetic or environmental changes 2,4–8 . The close relationship between these two ectodermal derivatives in a variety of animals suggests that they share common genetic instructions, at least up to a certain critical phase in their progressive determination. Recent work on the embryology and molecular biology of neural determination in nematodes and insects has shed light on this remarkable neural—epidermal decision.
Flow visualization with blood analog fluid

Abstract A new type of tracer particle useful in visualizing the flow of a blood analog fluid is presented. Neutrally buoyant particles are formed from a white ion exchange resin and an aqueous solution of sodium bromide. These particles, when used with the flow visualization system of Wieting, produce excellent results and do not reduce the clarity of the blood analog fluid even after prolonged periods of testing.
Time-dependent correlation functions for random walks on bond disordered cubic lattices

For hopping models on cubic lattices with a fractionc of impurity bonds, time-dependent transport properties and correlation functions (long-time tails) are calculated through a systematicc-expansion (in the percolation literature referred to as “high-density expansion”), using a method developed in an earlier paper. The time-dependent diffusion coefficient, velocity autocorrelation function (VACF), and Burnett functions are calculated exact toO(c) for allt, and exact toO(c2) for long times only. A comparison is made with the results of the effective medium approximation, and numerical results are given for the square lattice.
Echocardiographic correlates of survival in patients with chest pain

Abstract Objectives . This study sought to identify echocardiographic predictors of survival in patients with chest pain and to assess the utility of qualitative echocardiographic data in the prognostic stratification of this cohort. Background . The potential usefulness of echocardiographic data in prognostic stratification of patient with acute chest pain is unclear, in part because of the qualitative nature of routinely available echocardiographic readings. Methods . The study group comprised 513 patients who underwent transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography within 1 month of emergency department visits for acute chest pain. Clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) data were recorded for these patients at the time of their initial evaluations, and echocardiographic data were subsequently obtained from the official hospital reports. Follow-up survival rate data were obtained from medical records or the Massachusetts Bureau of Vital Statistics. Results . A mean of 28.5 months after the index visit, 102 patients (20%) had died, including 58 (57%) for whom the primary cause of death was cardiovascular. In analysis of routinely available qualitative echocardiographic data, left ventricular size and function, the presence of regional wall motion abnormalities, mitral regurgitation and structural abnormalities of the mitral valve were significant univariate correlates of both overall mortality and death fron cardiovascular causes. Severe left ventricular dysfunction (adjusted rate ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–7.5) and moderate or severe mitral regurgitation (adjusted rate ratio 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–3.7) were independent predictors of mortality in a mutivariate Cox regression analysis that adjusted for clinical and ECG variables. Moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction add mitral regurgitation were predictors of mortality in the subset of patients without acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions . Qualitative echocardiographic reports of left ventricular dysfunction and mitral regurgitation were independent correlates of prognosis in patients with acute chest pain, including patients without acute myocardial infarction. Further data are nedded to assess the generalization of these findings and the implications for use of this diagnostic technology.
The Kibbutzim in Israel

DR. DARIN-DRABKIN'S book1 presents a sociological and economic study of the kibbutzim in Israel. The kibbutz (pl. kibbutzim) is a communal form of settlement which represents the extreme in collectivization of both production and consumption. The first collective was established in Palestine in 1910, and by the end of 1962 there were 228 kibbutzim in Israel with a population of 80,000. Though their members constituted but 3.8 per cent of the Jewish population in Israel (in 1962), their political, economic, and social importance is far greater than would be indicated by demographic considerations alone. They produced about 30 per cent of Israel's gross agricultural production and 6 per cent of national industrial production. Politically their representation and influence in the Histadrut (Israel's very powerful trade union federation), the Knesset (Parliament), the government, and the Jewish Agency is far greater than their numerical ratio of the country's population. The author describes the pioneering efforts of the collectives in fructifying swamplands and deserts, in repelling hostile neighbors, and in establishing settlements in outlying parts of Palestine to further the political aims of the Zionist movement. He describes the increasing attraction these idealists had for Jewish youth, especially following the rise of the Nazis in the 1930's. The 1940's witnessed a rapid increase in the number of kibbutzim and the number of adherents flocking to its banners. They were very active in the organization and leadership of the "Haganah," the underground Jewish armed forces, in the organization of the "illegal" immigration into Palestine, and in spearheading the Jewish defense during the war of Independence in 1947-48. The author, a strong protagonist of socialist ideology, sees the kibbutz movement in Israel as the noblest embodiment of the principles of socialism. He views the Israeli collectives as the historical successors of the various communal settlements which appeared in ancient, medieval, and modern times in many lands. In particular, the experiments of Robert Owen and of Charles Fourier are considered the forerunners of the Soviet communes and kolkhoz, the Mexican ejidos, and the Chinese communes,
β-Lactam synthesis: Cyclization versus 1,2-acyl migration-cyclization. The mechanism of the 1,2-acyl migration-cyclization

Abstract The cyclization of hydroxamate 1 unexpectedly afforded two isomeric β-lactams 2 and 3 . The mechanism for the formation of 3 has been shown by carbon-13 labeling to involve a novel 1,2-acyl migration-cyclization process.
Software reliability modeling (tutorial)

There are a number of views as to what software reliability is and how it should be quantified. Some people believe that this measure should be binary in nature so that an imperfect program would have zero reliability while a perfect one would have a reliability value of one. This view parallels that of program proving whereby the program is either correct or incorrect. Others, however, feel that software reliability should be defined as the relative frequency of the times that the program works as intended by the user. This view is similar to that taken in testing where a percentage of the successful ewes is used as a measure of program quality. According to the latter viewpoint, software reliability is a probabilistic measure and can be defined as follows:Let F be a class of faults, defined arbitrarily, and T be a measure of relevant time, the units of which are dictated by the application at hand. Then the reliability of the software package with respect to the class of faults F and with respect to the metric T, is the probability that no fault of the class occurs during the execution of the program for a prespecified period of relevant time.A number of models have been proposed during the past fifteen years to estimate software reliability and several other performance measures. These are based mainly on the failure history of software and can be classified according to the nature of the failure process studied as indicated below.Times Between Failures Models: In this class of models the process under study is the time between failures. The most common approach is to assume that the time between, say, the (i-1)st and ith failures, follows a distribution whose parameters depend on the number of faults remaining in the program during this interval.Failure Count Models: The interest of this class of models is in the number of faults or failures in specified time intervals rather than in times between failures. The failure counts are assumed to follow a known stochastic process with a time dependent discrete or continuous failure rate.Fault Seeding Models: The basic approach in this class of models is to “seed” a known number of faults in a program which is assumed to have an unknown number of indigenous faults.Input Domain Based Models: The basic approach taken here is to generate a set of test cases from an input distribution which is assumed to be representative of the operational usage of the program. Because of the difficulty in obtaining this distribution, the input domain is partitioned into a set of equivalence classes, each of which is usually associated with a program path.In this tutorial we discuss the key models from the above classes and the related issues of parametric estimation, unification of models, Bayesian interpretation, validation and comparison of models, and determination of optimum release time.
Two-Dimensional Structure of β-Amyloid(10−35) Fibrils†

β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptides are the main protein component of the pathognomonic plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. These heterogeneous peptides adopt a highly organized fibril structure both in vivo and in vitro. Here we use solid-state NMR on stable, homogeneous fibrils of Aβ(10-35). Specific interpeptide distance constraints are determined with dipolar recoupling NMR on fibrils prepared from a series of singly labeled peptides containing 13C-carbonyl-enriched amino acids, and skipping no more that three residues in the sequence. From these studies, we demonstrate that the peptide adopts the structure of an extended parallel β-sheet in-register at pH 7.4. Analysis of DRAWS data indicates interstrand distances of 5.3 ± 0.3 A (mean ± standard deviation) throughout the entire length of the peptide, which is compatible only with a parallel β-strand in-register. Intrastrand NMR constraints, obtained from peptides containing labels at two adjacent amino acids, confirm the secondary s...
Dynamics and Control of a Reaction Mass Actuator with Centering Springs

Instead of using an electronic centering force to provide a reaction mass actuator (RMA) with asymptotic stability, centering springs are installed in the RMA and their influence on the dynamics and control of the RMA is investigated. Typically, RMA frequency response characteristics (force output due to voltage input) with the electronic centering force resemble those of a high-pass filter. Because of this, the usable frequency range of an RMA is limited to the range above the break frequency of the RMA unless actuator dynamics is accounted for. The investigation in this paper shows that the absence of the voltage drop to produce the electronic centering force permits the RMA to have a flat frequency response both above and below the natural frequency of the actuator. This allows effective vibration control both below and above the actuator break frequency. Both analytically and experimentally, the dynamic characteristics of an RMA with centering springs are presented. It is also demonstrated both analytically and experimentally that the RMA can be employed to control effectively a cantilevered beam whose natural frequency is lower than that of the RMA using a simple proportionalderivative (PD) feedback controller.
Commutative rings with acc on n-generated ideals

Abstract A commutative ring with unity “has n-acc” iff every ascending chain of n-generated ideals stabilizes. This paper shows that any polynomial ring or formal power series ring over a Noetherian ring has n-acc for all n. The method involves a sufficient condition for n-acc in the quasilocal case and another for globalizing the n-acc property. Examples are given to show that n-acc does not imply (n + 1)-acc for every positive integer n and that n-acc does not behave well in general under localization, globalization, and passage to a polynomial ring. It is also noted that a Prufer domain with 2-acc is Dedekind.
Choice in honeybees as a function of the probability of reward

Honeybees foraging for sucrose at a laboratory window were trained in a series of ten 100-trial problems to choose between two targets differing in odor, one of them providing 10 µl of a 50% sucrose solution and the other 10 µl of water. In 9 of the problems, two odors were used, and the reward ratio was varied systematically over a wide range. In the 10th problem, three odors were used in an ambiguous-cue (A+/B−, B+/C−) design. The results were predicted quantitatively, and with substantial accuracy, from a simple theory of learning and choice developed in previous work on simultaneous discrimination in honeybees.
TISSUE AFFINITY AS A FACTOR IN IRON DEPOSITION.

VARIOUS factors are known to influence the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract. From work performed in our laboratory it would appear that an additional factor, not considered previously, is an alteration in the tissues, so that there is an increase in the affinity of the liver for iron.
Scalable Integration of Commercial File Types in Multi-User CAD

ABSTRACTCurrent commercial computer aided design (CAD) tools limit a parallel engineering design workflow by only allowing a single user in the CAD model at a time. The NSF Center for e-Design at BYU has recently developed multi-user CAD tools which enable a parallel design workflow by allowing multiple users to simultaneously contribute to the same CAD model in real time. The combined challenges of consistent distributed naming and robust interoperation with commercial file types have created scalability and usability issues for previous multi-user CAD implementations. This paper presents persistent naming methods and a file-based architecture that address these challenges. An implementation of these methods shows that multi-user design within commercial CAD is increasingly scalable.
Imatinib and type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the effect, if any, of imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor of abl tyrosine kinase used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, on type 2 diabetes. Methods The centralized pharmacy database was used to identify all patients who had received imatinib at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, during a 5-year period. The electronic medical records were subsequently reviewed to identify which of these patients had type 2 diabetes. In addition, relevant biochemical data, prior to, during, and after imatinib treatment, were abstracted from the electronic laboratory database and medical records. Results At the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, a total of 164 patients received imatinib during the period of study (1999 to 2004). Of these 164 patients, 7 had preexisting type 2 diabetes, and diabetes developed in 2 patients during treatment with imatinib. Despite 2 previous reports of improvement in glycemic control with use of imatinib in patients with type 2 diabetes, no net effect on glycemic control or diabetes therapy was noted in our study cohort. Conclusion On the basis of our current study, it seems unlikely that imatinib substantially affects glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. (Endocr Pract. 2007;13:126-130)
Role of Endothelin and Isoprostanes in Slow Pressor Responses to Angiotensin II

We tested the hypothesis that angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced stimulations of endothelin (ET) and isoprostanes are implicated in the slow pressor responses to Ang II. We infused either vehicle (group 1) or Ang II (groups 2 to 4) intravenously at 5 ng/kg per minute via osmotic pumps for 15 days into Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups 3 and 4 received 30 mg/kg per day of either losartan (Ang II type 1 receptor blocker) or bosentan (ET(A) and ET(B) receptor blocker) in their drinking water. We measured systolic blood pressure (SBP) every 3 days during the infusion. Plasma levels of Ang II, ET, isoprostanes, and urinary nitrites were determined at 15 days. Vehicle infusion did not change SBP (from 138+/-13 to 136+/-2 mm Hg at day 15). Circulating Ang II, ET, and isoprostane levels were 35+/-9, 39+/-3, and 111+/-10 pg/mL, respectively, whereas urinary nitrites were 2.3+/-0.4 microgram/d. Ang II increased SBP (from 133+/-10 to 158+/-8 mm Hg), plasma Ang II (179+/-77 pg/mL), and isoprostanes (156+/-19 pg/mL) without altering ET levels (38+/-5 pg/mL) or urinary nitrites (1.8+/-0.5 microgram/d). Losartan prevented Ang II-induced increases in SBP and isoprostanes (SBP went from 137+/-5 to 120+/-4 mm Hg; isoprostanes were 115+/-15 pg/mL) while increasing urinary nitrite levels (5.2+/-1.1 microgram/d). Losartan did not alter Ang II (141+/-57 pg/mL) or ET (40+/-4 pg/mL) levels. Bosentan also blocked Ang II-induced hypertension (from 135+/-4 to 139+/-3 mm Hg) but did not decrease isoprostanes (146+/-14 pg/mL). Ang II (63+/-11 pg/mL), ET levels (46+/-2 pg/mL), and urinary nitrites (2.8+/-0.4 microgram/d) were not altered. In conclusion, our results suggest that low-dose Ang II increases isoprostanes via its Ang II type 1 receptor and causes an ET-dependent hypertension, without altering circulating ET levels.
Indoctrination for Pariahdom: Liminality in the Fiction of Paul West

Abstract Over the span of his long and prodigious career, Paul West has produced a body of fiction that is as varied as it is demanding. He has never been content to rest comfortably in any current fashion nor to adjust his works to fit the tastes of some imagined audience. All of that is to say that West is something of a literary iconoclast, a writer who consistently follows his own lights and goes his own way. For the most part readers and critics willingly have journeyed with him through his various experiments and fresh literary excursions; however, often there also has been a note of discord, especially from critics who feel his imagination is too amply stocked and too willingly displayed.
Energy transfer in collisions between two vibrating molecules

Abstract We study vibrational energy transfer in inelastic collinear collisions between two diatomic molecules. The system is represented by two linearly driven parametric oscillators with a bilinear, time-dependent residual coupling between them. We account for the time evolution of the linearly driven parametric oscillators with an operator algebra, and use perturbation theory and basis expansions to include the residual coupling. Results are presented for H 2 FH and N 2 CO. Direct two-quantum transitions are found to be important even for low relative collision energies.
Distribution of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates along a thermal stream gradient

The distribution and abundance of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates were examined along a natural thermal gradient formed by hot springs in Little Geysers Creek, Sonoma Co., California, USA. Maximum water temperatures ranged from 52 °C at the uppermost station to 23 °C at a station 400 m downstream. Benthic chlorophyll a decreased exponentially from 2.5 g m−2 at 52 °C to less than 0.1 g m−2 at 23 °C, a pattern of decline also exhibited by algal phaeophytin. Blue-green algae dominated at higher temperatures but were replaced by filamentous green algae and diatoms at lower temperatures. Macroinvertebrates were absent at temperatures ⩾45 °C; the highest density (> 150 000 m−2, mainly Chironomidae) occurred at 34 °C, whereas biomass was highest (4.6 g m−2, as dry weight) at 23 °C and species richness (15 species) was highest at 27 °C. The two predominant macroinvertebrate populations (the midge Tanytarsus sp. and the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis) occurred at sites that were several degrees below their lethal thermal threshold, suggesting that a temperature ‘buffer’ is maintained.
Successful Thoracoscopic Resection of a Large Mediastinal Liposarcoma

We report a case of a rare, large mediastinal liposarcoma diagnosed in a 74-year-old woman after a syncopal episode. Chest roentgenogram and computed tomographic scan showed a large mass occupying most of the right chest and abutting the great vessels and pericardium. A thoracoscopic approach was used for exploration and surgical excision of this large mediastinal mass. Despite the large size of the mass, the thoracoscopic approach offered excellent visualization of all the mass attachments and required only a small extension of the access incision for tumor removal. The mass was a well-differentiated liposarcoma, which was completely resected with clear margins. The patient remains disease-free almost 3 years after the resection.
The Occurrence of Partially Fertile Triploid Metafemales in Drosophila Melanogaster

* The work reported in this article has been carried out under Contract No. AT-(30-1)-1151, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1 Dempster, E. R., Cold Spring IIarbor Symp., 20, 25-32 (1955). 2 Lewontin, R. C., Evolution, 9, 27-41 (1955). 3 Levene, H., Amer. Natur., 87, 331-333 (1953). 4Ludwig, W., Neue Erg. Probl. Zool. (Klattfestschrift), (1950). 5 Ludwig, W., in G. Heberer's Die Evolution der Organismen, 1, 663-712 (1959). 6 Haldane, J. B. S., Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 26, 220-230 (1926). 7Fisher, R. A., The Genetic Theory of Natural Selection, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1930). 8 Wright, S., Genetics, 16, 97-159 (1931). 9 Muller, H. J., Amer. Jour. Human Genetics, 2, 111-176 (1950). 10 Muller, H. J., Proc. X Internat. Congr. Genetics, 1, 306-317 (1959). 11 Epling, C., Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 554 (1944), pp. 145-183. 12 Dobzhansky, Th., Genetics, 33, 588-602 (1948). 1 Dobzhansky, Th., Cold Spring larbor Symp., 22, 385-393 (1957). 14 Lewontin, R. C., Cold Spring Harbor Symp., 22, 395-408 (1957). 15 Lewontin, R. C., Evolution, 12, 494-503 (1958). 16 Pavan, C., Th. Dobzhansky, and A. B. da Cunha, these PROCEEDINGS, 43, 226-234 (1957). 17 Dobzhansky, Th., and 0. Pavlovsky, these PROCEEDINGS, 44, 622-629 (1958). 18 Levene, H., and Th. Dobzhansky, Heredity, 12, 37-49 (1958). 19 Dobzhansky, Th., Genetics, 35, 288-302 (1950). 20 Dobzhansky, Th., and 0. Pavlovsky, Evolution, 11, 311-319 (1957). 21 Levine, L., and J. A. Beardmore, Amer. Natur., 93, 35-40 (1959). 22 Lerner, I. M., Genetic Homeostasis, (New York: John Wiley, 1954). 23 Wallace, B., and Th. Dobzbansky, Radiation, Genes, and Man. (New York: Henry Holt, 1959).
The use of heat transfer principles in designing optimal diathermy and cancer treatment modalities

Abstract An experimental and numerical study of the thermal response of the human thigh exposed to diathermy treatments is described. By properly varying the simulation parameters and the temperatureblood How model it is possible to obtain good agreement between the predicted and measured temperatures and blood flow rates. The simulation technique can then be used to predict the response of living tissue to a variety of treatment protocols. An example is given of the application of the method for the definition of the correct diathermy dose for tumor treatment.
An extensible standards-based control system on a budget

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank was charged with replacing and enhancing the original control system on the NRAO 43-Meter (43m) telescope, for a minimum amount of labor, time and materials. The original 1960's vintage design required continuous operator presence for monitoring and control of the telescope. A fully automated, unattended operation was desired, along with better tracking performance at high speeds and reduced maintenance costs. We responded with a design based on proven industrial control technology, RTAI/Linux computers, and hardware and software adapted from the GBT and other NRAO telescopes. Commercial off-the-shelf software packages were also used in the system. We describe the overall design of the system and the decision process that led to the adoption of the various pieces of hardware and software, including the tradeoffs made between buying and building systems, and allocation of telescope functions between subsystems.
Does iron or heme control rat hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity?

Abstract Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and/or allylisopropylacetamide administration to rat pups did not evoke a premature induction of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Administration of iron to adult rats did not alter δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity and had little inductive effect on heme oxygenase activity. Both heme and cobalt/dextran rapidly induced microsomal heme oxygenase by 3–8 fold. Induction of heme oxygenase by heme could be totally blocked by concurrent administration of cycloheximide. These results argue against the hypothesis that iron is the physiological mediator of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity.
The reduction of barrel erosion by wear-reducing additives

Abstract Wear-reducing liners such as polyurethane foam and TiO 2 -wax liners have markedly extended the useful life of 105 mm tank cannons. The wear life of 100 rounds without additives has been extended to 400 rounds with polyurethane foam and 10000 rounds with TiO 2 -wax liners in a flapped configuration suggested by the Swedish inventors of the TiO 2 -wax liner. When the TiO 2 -wax liner is placed in fin-stabilized rounds the liner is glued to the cartridge case wall without the flaps; the presence of fins precludes any other modification. The TiO 2 -wax liner in the fin-stabilized round improves cannon life from 100 to 1000 rounds. To discern the differences observed for the liners heat transfer measurements were made with thermocouples embedded in the barrel wall to within a millimeter of the bore surface. The reduction in heat transfer relative to standard rounds with the additives removed showed that the flapped configuration is more efficient than simply lining the case wall. In repeated firings of rounds with TiO 2 -wax additives it was observed that the heat input to the barrel steadily decreased during the first 13 rounds fired after which the heat input remained steady. This is attributed to the formation of an insulating layer on the bore surface and accounts for the higher wear life of the TiO 2 -wax liner relative to the polyurethane foam liner when used in the same configuration. It was also demonstrated that a talc-wax liner with the same dimensions as a TiO 2 -wax liner should produce improved wear life for finstabilized projectiles fired from the 105 mm tank cannon.
Changing the surgical education paradigm for the 21st century

t v a s u t d This is not my father’s world of surgery. My father finished his general surgery residency in 1955. What he learned in his residency served him well for the 40 years of his general surgery practice. He was trained as a general surgeon to do everything. He was a true general surgeon, performing gynecologic procedures along with the traditional open appendectomies, cholecystectomies, radical mastectomies, and herniorrhaphies. He was a surgeon whose domain was the skin and its contents. He had several antibiotics from which to choose when he finished his residency: sulfa, penicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were the mainstays. He was a solo practitioner in a town of 150,000, who built his practice by being affable and available. Although he was very satisfied and happy in his practice, he did not encourage his children to pursue medicine or surgery, especially because he saw the changes for medicine and surgery on the horizon. Many of these changes have significantly impacted the practice of medicine in general and surgery in particular. New discoveries and technologic advances have advanced not only what we know, but how we deliver care. From regionalization of complex systems of care (trauma, burns, cancer), to new drugs (antibiotics, biologic compounds for the treatment of cancer), to new technologies (flexible endoscopy, minimally invasive surgery, organ transplantation), these advances enable us to prolong lives and improve the quality of life for many. We also now have electronic medical records, digital imaging, and evidence from which
Bilaterally Symmetric Focal Cortical Dysplasia in a Golden Retriever Dog

A 10-year-old golden retriever dog was referred with a 24-h history of generalized seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain found no abnormalities on 3 mm transverse sections and the dog was subsequently humanely destroyed. Microscopically there was bilaterally symmetrical focal disorganization of cortical grey matter within the tips of the right and left suprasylvian gyri of the temporal cortex. The focal abnormal cortical lamination was characterized by loss of pyramidal neurons with abnormal, irregular, angular, remaining neurons occasionally forming clusters, surrounded by fibrillary astrogliosis and microgliosis and vascular proliferation. These histological findings are consistent with focal cortical dysplasia, a cerebral cortical malformation that causes seizures in people, but not reported previously in the dog.
Automating software fault tolerance

Data Type Specifications In designing test cases, both the input values and the corresponding output values must be generated. Generating the output values that correspond to the input values is not always
Fibroids and infertility: a systematic review of the evidence.

A systematic literature review was performed to determine whether leiomyomata are associated with decreased fertility rates, and whether surgical removal increases fertility rates postoperatively. Meta-analysis was conducted when multiple studies addressed a single issue and were sufficiently homoge
Psoriasis in the Geriatric Population

This article provides an overview of the diagnosis, epidemiology, and management of psoriasis, with a focus on the special characteristics of managing elderly patients. Complications particular to psoriasis patients and the side effects of treatment options are described.
K-8 Educators Perceptions and Preparedness for Teaching Evolution Topics

Many science education standards mandate teaching evolution concepts in the K-8 curriculum. Yet, not all K-8 certified educators embrace the notion of teaching evolution content Factors influencing K-8 teacher engagement with evolution curriculum include evolution familiarity and personal beliefs conflicts. With this in mind, we investigated the perceptions and beliefs about evolution of educators who had completed a science and mathematics education master’s degree. Our quantitative and qualitative data indicate some participants did not feel prepared or responsible for teaching evolution content. The discussion of our study results and implications was done in the context of achieving science learning standards.
Implications for melt transport and source heterogeneity in upwelling mantle from the magnitude of Sp converted phases generated at the onset of melting

Recently detected converted phases in upwelling mantle have been attributed to seismic velocity gradients at the onset of melting. In this study, we investigate conditions required to generate a melting onset phase by combining melt migration models with synthetic receiver functions. We find that increasing upwelling velocity, increasing mantle viscosity, and decreasing water content in the mantle source increases the predicted strength of a melting onset phase. Differences in these parameters between study regions may explain observed variations in converted phase magnitude. For a wet mantle source, the amplitude of synthetic receiver functions, calculated using a standard relationship for dependence of seismic velocity on melt fraction, is lower than observed amplitudes. One possibility is that the observed receiver functions indicate a heterogeneous mantle source in which wet and dry components melt independently. Alternatively, the dependence of seismic velocity on melt fraction at very low melt fractions may be much stronger than that used here, as suggested in recent studies.
Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: requirements for Met-tRNAf . 40S preinitiation complex formation with AUG-codon and physiological mRNAs.

Abstract Under standard conditions, in the presence of GTP, highly purified eIF-2 and Co-eIF-2 factor preparations efficiently stimulated AUG-codon dependent but not physiological mRNA-dependent Met-tRNA f binding to 40S ribosomes. Replacement of GTP by a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, GMP-PNP, in the above system, gave significant stimulation of Met-tRNA f binding to 40S ribosomes dependent on physiological mRNAs. Lower but significant stimulation of Met-tRNA f binding to 40S ribosomes was also observed when GTP was used in the presence of nucleoside 5′-diphosphate kinase (NDK) and ATP. ATP alone in the absence of NDK had no significant effect. This is the first report on the formation of a stable Met-tRNA f ·40S initiation complex dependent on physiological mRNAs and the factor requirements for such complex formation.
Time and again: Effects of repetition and retention interval on 2 year olds' event recall

How and what very young children remember is a central question for understanding the course of memory development. In this research, we examined the effects of two factors on 2-year-old children's ability to recall novel events: repetition of the experience and time since experience. Twenty 24-month-old and twenty 28-month-old children participated in unusual laboratory play events. Half of the children returned after a 2-week delay and again after a 3-month delay (repeated experience condition); the remaining children returned only after 3 months (single experience condition). Memory was assessed by asking children to reenact the events. Recall was generally accurate, and there were no significant effects of age. All children recalled more information about the activities associated with the event than about the objects. Surprisingly, children in the repeated experience condition recalled as much about the events at the 3-month retention interval as at the 2-week retention interval. Further, children in this condition recalled more information at the 3-month retention interval than children in the single experience condition, suggesting that reexperiencing an event may guard against long-term forgetting.
On a Fisherian detour of the step-down procedure for MANOVA

The well known step-down procedure for MANOVA given by J. Roy (1958) can be modified by combining the step-down tests using a B-optimal combination method such as Fisher's. The Fisherian detour of the stepwise MANOVA is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio test.
Impact of cost sharing on prescription drugs used by Medicare beneficiaries.

Abstract Background Incentive-based prescription drug cost sharing can encourage seniors to use generic medications. Little information exists about prescription drug cost sharing and generic use in employer-sponsored plans after the implementation of Medicare Part D. Objectives To compare prescription drug cost sharing across prescription insurance type for Medicare beneficiaries after Medicare Part D, to assess the impact of that cost sharing on the number of medications used, and to examine how generic utilization rates differ before and after Medicare Part D and across the type of insurance. Methods This longitudinal study of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older used Web-based surveys administered in 2005 and 2007 by Harris Interactive ® to collect information on prescription drug coverage and medication use. Co-payment plans were categorized as low, medium, or high co-payment plans. Multiple regression was used to assess the impact of co-payment rank on the number of prescription drugs. t -Tests and analysis of variance were used to compare generic use over time and between coverage types. Results One thousand two hundred twenty and 1024 respondents completed the baseline and follow-up surveys, respectively. Among 3-tier co-payment plans, brand drug co-payments were higher for Part D plans ($26 for preferred brand and $55 for nonpreferred brand) than employer-based plans ($20 for preferred brand and $39 for nonpreferred brand). Co-payment was not a significant predictor for the number of prescription drugs. Generic use was lowest among beneficiaries in employer plans both before and after Part D. In 2007, generic use among beneficiaries with Part D was not significantly different from the generic use for beneficiaries with no drug coverage. Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries in Part D had higher cost sharing amounts than those with employer coverage, but higher cost sharing was not significantly linked to lower prescription use. Generic use for Part D beneficiaries was higher than that for beneficiaries with employer coverage but the same as that for beneficiaries without drug coverage.
Reliability of partner reports of sexual history in a heterosexual population at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic

Background: In epidemiologic research, information about sexual frequency and condom use is by necessity based on self-reports. This study investigated the reliability of self-reported sexual behavior in 162 heterosexual partnerships. Methods: Subjects were part of a larger study of condom use and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) conducted in two Baltimore STD clinics from 1990 to 1992. Partners were enrolled on the same day and were interviewed separately. Information about sexual activity and condom use was collected using a retrospective calendar for the 30 days before enrollment. Results: Participants were predominantly young, unmarried African-Americans. Based on Spearman's correlation coefficients and kappa statistics, the authors found only fair agree ment (K = 0.43; r = 0.51) between partner reports of overall condom use for the 30-day period before the interview. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.43 for frequency of any sexual activity to 0.56 for number of days on which vaginal intercourse occurred. Conclusions: Partner agreement for condom use and frequency of sexual activity decreased as the recall period increased. Higher partner agreement was observed for questions with definite answers compared to the more open-ended sexual behavior questions. These findings indicate potential reporting bias in self-reports of sexual behavior in a population at high risk for STDs.
Albuterol nebulized in heliox in the initial ED treatment of pediatric asthma: a blinded, randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective A prospective blinded, randomized controlled trial was undertaken to compare the initial response of albuterol nebulized in heliox or control in the treatment of moderately severe asthma in children presenting to a pediatric ED. Methods Patients were randomized to receive heliox (n = 20) or control (n = 21). The primary outcome was to compare a modified dyspnea index score at 10 and 20 minutes after randomization. Secondary outcomes were to determine if heliox decreased admission rates or endotracheal intubation. Results There was no statistically significant difference found at 10 or 20 minutes after randomization with heliox (P = .169 and P = .062, respectively). No statistical difference in admission rate was found, and no patients required endotracheal intubation in either group. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that albuterol nebulized with heliox offered no clinical benefit over standard therapy in the initial treatment of moderately severe asthma in the ED.