cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic in an Inpatient Unit of a Community Teaching Hospital.

Background. Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) often experience significant impairment in educational, occupational, and psychosocial functioning. The clinical benefit of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) in the management of patients with SSD is well established. SSD patients who are nonadherent to treatment have lower disease relapse and readmission rates when prescribed a LAI, compared to oral antipsychotics. Despite the reported advantages of LAIs, their prescription rates in clinical settings remain low. This pilot study aimed to determine the pattern of LAI prescription in psychiatric inpatients of a teaching community hospital in Brooklyn, New York. Methods. A retrospective review of the charts of patients discharged from the psychiatric units of the hospital from September 1, 2017, through September 30, 2017, was conducted. Frequencies and proportions for demographic and disease-related characteristics were calculated. Pertinent continuous variables were recoded into categorical variables. Chi-square-tests or Fisher’s exact tests were performed for categorical variables. The one-sample Shapiro-Wilk test (for sample size < 50) was used to check for the normality of distribution of continuous variables. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results. Forty-three (70%) of the patients discharged from the inpatient unit during the study period had SSD and were eligible for a LAI. Their ages ranged from 20 to 71 years (mean = 41 years), and more than two-thirds were male. Less than half of the eligible patients (n = 19; 44%) were prescribed a LAI, most of whom were male (n=16; 84%). An association between age group (patients aged 41 years or younger) and LAI use was observed (p < 0.05), while gender, employment status, living arrangement, length of hospital stay, recent hospitalization, and cooccurring substance use disorder were not. Conclusion. LAI prescription rate at the inpatient psychiatric unit of the hospital was marginally higher than those reported in most studies. Age appears to influence LAI use during the study period. Initiatives that increase LAI prescription rate for all eligible patients admitted to inpatient psychiatric unit should be encouraged.
Bodies as evidence: security, knowledge, and power

The editors of this volume posit bodies-as-evidence as a way to explore ‘biometric identification, borders and migration control, forensic knowledge, policing, and counterterrorism’ (p. 2) across t...
Para muito além da democratização: o programa Universidade para Todos (ProUni) sob o prisma da decolonialidade negra

Instituido por intermedio da Medida Provisoria no 213/2004, mais tarde convertida na Lei Federal 11.096/2005, o Programa Universidade para Todos (ProUni) reformulou o acesso a educacao terciaria no Brasil ao garantir, principalmente, bolsas de estudo a estudantes vinculados a familias economicamente vulneraveis que poderiam ou nao encontrar pertencimento nas populacoes negra e autoctone-americana. Em contrapartida aos beneficios estudantis, as instituicoes particulares de ensino que estabeleceram vinculacao com o Estado por meio do ProUni passaram receber isencoes fiscais sobre tributos preponderantemente voltados ao financiamento do sistema de seguridade social, recuperando, no caso das instituicoes de educacao privadas em sentido estrito (comerciais), parte dos beneficios fiscais perdidos a partir da adocao da forma mercantil. A sutura que une as expectativas de estudantes desprovidos de recursos economicos e as demandas das instituicoes privadas de ensino terciario foi o ponto de partida da presente pesquisa, apontando-se, ao final do estudo, o polo mais beneficiado pelo aparente consenso. Para identificar o lado para o qual pendia – ou ainda pende? – a balanca harmonizada pela conciliacao de anseios antagonicos, a investigacao realizou tres entrevistas, adotando como parâmetro avaliativo os relatos ofertados por egressos do bacharelado em Direito que obtiveram grau atraves do ProUni. Em hipotese, o estudo considerou que o diploma nao oportuniza acesso aos trabalhos mais prestigiados do campo juridico aos prounistas, alcando-os, por outro lado, isto e, em relacao aos trabalhos exercidos longe da diplomacao obtida, a oficios de menor desgaste fisico. A segunda hipotese conjecturou que os percursos estudantis dos egressos participantes da investigacao foram atravessados por limitacoes raciais e sociais que encontrariam repeticao no ato de validacao laboral do diploma. A ultima hipotese pontuou que as dificuldades enfrentadas por prounistas brancos ganhariam contorno mais acentuado nas trajetorias estudantis e laborais de prounistas negros. O estudo tracou abordagem teorica interdisciplinar, suspendendo o universalismo abstrato que orienta o Direito e, em especie, o direito humano a educacao. Ao fim, as bases conceituais extraidas da revisao bibliografica atravessaram os dados coletados nas entrevistas, evidenciando, no ultimo capitulo, as contradicoes que constituem o ProUni como politica publica mais benefica ao campo economico-educacional.
Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid Arthrodesis: A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Complications in 58 Wrists:

Background:Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) arthrodesis is a procedure used for specific degenerative arthritis and instability patterns of the wrist. This study evaluates nonunion rate and risk facto...
Valuing vaccines: Deficiencies and remedies

Current evaluation models for the value of vaccines typically account for a small subset of the full social and economic benefits of vaccination. Health investments yield positive economic benefits via several channels at the household, community, and national levels. Underestimating, or worse, not considering these benefits can lead to ill-founded recommendations regarding the introduction of vaccines into immunization programs. The clear and strong links between health and wealth suggest the need to redesign valuation frameworks for vaccination so that the full costs may be properly weighed against the full benefits of vaccines.
Going Through a Process of Whitening: Student Experiences Within Computer Science Education

Systems of power - such as structural racism, a system that upholds the ideology of white supremacy - are invisible and permeate our everyday lives and un/intentionally into our research. As these systems influence what counts as 'successful' work, CSEd researchers often have to assimilate ('whiten') themselves and their work into dominant ideals that uphold these structures. This workshop brings together aspiring and early-career CSEd researchers to critically examine and unpack the impacts of systems of power on ourselves and our research practices. Such examination is necessary to strive towards a critical consciousness in the field. We investigate critical questions like the following: What are systems of power? Who has the right to participate? Who has the right to exclude? We will use group-based activities that center historicities and 'outsider' knowledge to examine CSEd research practices and theories to answer these questions. We will draft a set of guidelines and recommendations available to the broader CSEd research community from the discussions and activities.
OASD: An Open Approach to Self-Driving Vehicle

Building autonomous vehicles is an arduous task and requires a lot of technical understanding and cognizance. Grasping the essentials of such technologies and finding the perfect combination of hardware and software implementation is key to building autonomous vehicles. As we move towards autonomous vehicles, How do we find a solution to building an autonomous vehicle? To answer this question, we break it down into different hardware and software requirements. We present a hands-on solution for building autonomous vehicles by using an open-source platform Autoware which is based on ROS (Robot Operating System). Our initial implementation consists of detailing the overall system requirements, sensors calibration, point cloud map generation, waypoint generation and following, and finally vehicle control. We have also conducted the simulation test of localization and path following based on the point cloud map and waypoint generated. We believe our implementation provides a general understanding for building autonomous vehicles in the academic as well as in research field.
Normal-Force Characteristics of Delta Wings at Supersonic Speeds

Some of the more important results of a series of wind-tunnel investigations conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to determine the aerodynamic-force characteristics of delta wings are presented. A family of five delta wings was designed to cover the range of slope ratios, leading-edge slope to Mach wave slope, from 0.15 to 4.1. Lift or normal-force characteristics for these wings were systematically studied as a function of Reynolds Number and Mach Number. The results of these investigations are presented as normal-force coefficients per radian for the Mach Number range 1.33 to 4.55. These measurements are compared with the linear theor}^ both as a function of Mach Number and slope ratio. I t was found that the experimental measurements were in good agreement with and exhibited the trend of the theory in the range of slope ratios 0.15 to 0.70; whereas notable departures from the theory were observed for slope ratios greater than 0.70. For a given wing the systematic variation of the wing profile indicated that there existed a much greater dependence of the lift on profile or edge configuration than on Reynolds Number for slope ratios greater than 0.70.
Farmhands and Factory Workers, Honesty and Humility: The Portrayal of Social Class and Morals in English Language Learner Children's Books:

Background/ContextAlthough much research has evaluated children's books for depictions of gender, little has centered on the portrayal of immigrants and social class. This investigation utilizes Bo...
Human Speech Recognition

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Articulation Index and Human Recognition Comparisons Between Human and Machine Speech Recognizers Concluding Thoughts Exercises
Glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases. I. Standard assay procedures and characterization by electrofocusing and gel filtration of the enzymes in normal human liver.

Abstract Specific glycosphingolipid β-galactosidases in normal human liver were investigated using radioactively labeled galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, Gm1-ganglioside, and asialo Gm1-ganglioside as substrates. Chloride ion was required for full stimulation and stabilization of these reactions. Taurocholate was the most effective stimulator, except for Gm1-ganglioside β-galactosidase which did not appear to be affected by any of the detergents tested. Electrofocusing of the 10,000 x g supernatant of sonicated, frozen-thawed water homogenates gave three consistent peaks of nonspecific 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactosidase activities. Their isoelectric points were pH 4.1 to 4.2 (α), 4.5 to 4.6 (β), and 4.8 to 4.9 (γ). All of the three peaks contained activities of lactosylceramide and asialo Gm1-ganglioside β-galactosidases, but the activities of galactosylceramide and Gm1-ganglioside β-galactosidases were present only in the β and γ peaks. Gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 separated activities of 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactosidase into three peaks. When each of the gel filtration peaks was subjected to electrofocusing, the second gel filtration peak corresponded to the β peak, and the third peak to the γ peak, respectively. The first gel filtration peak, however, gave inconsistent results in electrofocusing, always giving a single peak but with varying isoelectric points. The primary purpose of this study was to establish the optimal assay conditions for these enzymes in whole tissues and to obtain a reproducible fractionation procedure, without sacrificing the recovery of total activities. These were the criteria necessary for the subsequent studies of disorders in which specific glycosphingolipid β-galactosidases are genetically deficient.
Natural Microbial Ecosystems and Their Progression in Fresh Foods

The microbial ecosystem of fresh foods is not as complex as that of the corresponding preharvest products, and this is due in large part to the removal of many microbes from meats by animal carcass washing in which hot water, steam, and/or organic acids are applied. Assuming that fresh foods are harvested, processed, packaged, and stored according to acceptable procedures, the fate of each group of microbes can be predicted if one knows how the foods are packaged along with the time and temperature of storage. While some fresh foods are inhibited by specific toxic products of others, some are inhibited by as-yet-unknown means, and this is discussed further in a section on nonspecific microbial interference. When fresh foods that contain a typical microbiota undergo refrigerator spoilage, some or all of the microbial growth parameters come into play. A number of studies on the fate of S. aureus in chicken pot pies, in macaroni and cheese dinners, and in laboratory culture media were published by researchers at the Campbell Soup Co. in the 1960s. Overall, this research demonstrated the inability of this pathogen to compete with naturally occurring organisms under various conditions. The microbial ecosystem of fresh foods is composed of a large number of bacterial genera and species, with most consisting of Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Whatever the mechanism of microbial interference, both the direct and demonstrated mechanisms, along with the less well-defined mechanisms, interact to affect microbial progression in fresh foods.
The Role of Pharmacy in Emergency Preparedness

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the role of the pharmacy community (institutional, retail, academic, and regulatory) as the instrumental asset in the successful preparation and response to a public health disaster. The various critical aspects of a credible response of a public health emergency include the availability and distribution of pharmaceuticals and the availability and placement of qualified personnel to facilitate such a distribution. One of the greatest challenges that health-care workers and public-safety personnel face during a public health emergency is of balance, because the personnel will be torn among their jobs, families, and the community. Among the challenges facing the hospital pharmacy directors engaged in the continued provision of pharmacy services during a public health emergency is the continued operation of systems, supply channels, and personnel. Development and maintenance of the hospital pharmaceutical stockpiles must be accomplished in coordination with the state and local public-health planners, state hospital and pharmacy associations, and contract suppliers. The stockpiles that are maintained should be relevant, manageable, reasonable, and sufficient to meet the projected needs of the community for at least the first 72 hours of an emergency.
Gap Exists In Manufacturing Sponsored Training for Retail Computer Sales Personnel: Combined Training in Fundamental Techniques and Skills and Beyond Motivation Concepts Holds Remedy

A survey conducted by the authors of nineteen independent retail stores selling thirty brands of business computer machines revealed that only three of the supplying manufacturers provide direct sales training assistance to the sales personnel in the stores. The promotional aspect of any one brand could be potentially substantially strengthened with additional training. Therefore, the authors provide parameters, guidelines, schedules, and concepts for such training.
Where do coastlines stabilize following rapid retreat

We present a numerical model that shows that the transgressing upper shoreline of wave-dominated estuaries (bayhead deltas), which commonly contain populous urban and industrial centers, stabilizes, and their rate of retreat decreases at tributary junctions. The decreased rate of retreat across a tributary junction is caused by a decrease in the total accommodation, while sediment supply remains conserved. Our model predicts that bayhead deltas from smaller systems will be located closer to tributary confluences than their larger counterparts. An examination of the modern bayhead deltas in Albemarle Sound, U.S. Atlantic Coast, reveals that bayhead deltas from smaller tributaries are located closer to tributary confluences than bayhead deltas associated with larger tributaries, supporting our model prediction. Our results highlight the importance of antecedent topography created during falling sea-levels on shaping the nature of transgression during the ensuing sea-level rise. In particular, tributary junctions act as pinning points during transgression.
Skin Replacement in Dupuytren’s Disease

We have reviewed 90 rays in 67 patients who had undergone radical digital dermofasciectomy. Follow-up was from 24 to 100 months. Problems with skin grafts, moving two-point discrimination and active range of joint movement were noted. The recurrence rate in this series was 8%, a very much better figure for disease control than has been reported for standard approaches for Dupuytren's disease. Radical digital dermofasciectomy is strongly recommended for all cases of recurrent Dupuytren's disease requiring reoperation and as a primary procedure when there is significant skin involvement.
A computational analysis of flow separation over five different airfoil geometries at high angles-of-attack

The flux splitting method of Van Leer (1982) and an implicit, upwind-biased, finite-volume scheme of Rumsey (1985) for solving the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were applied to analyze five airfoil geometries (the NACA 0012, 12-percent Joukowski, NACA 4412, NACA 65-015, and LS1-0417 sections), at high angles of attack. The effect of grid density and grid extent on the Strouhal number of the unsteady flow was computed, as well as the effect of variations in Mach number, Reynolds number, and angle of attack. It was found, that past an angle of attack of 20 deg, Strouhal numbers were independent of angle of attack (at a constant value of 0.115), agreeing well with the experimental findings of Tyler (1931).
Transient induction of poly(A)-short myosin heavy chain messenger RNA during terminal differentiation of L6E9 myoblasts.

The rat myoblast L6E9 cell line under appropriate culture conditions is a uniform population of cycling cells which can be induced to differentiate into a pure population of myotubes. The pattern and kinetics of myogenic differentiation of this cell line are similar to those of primary skeletal muscle myoblasts. We have used this cell line to investigate the controls regulating the synthesis and accumulation of myosin heavy chain during myogenic development. From pulse labeling studies of total cellular protein synthesis, we observed that activation of MHC§ synthesis is temporally correlated with cell fusion and myotube formation. MHC synthesis is transiently induced from <1% up to 25% of the total protein synthesized. After MHC has accumulated to the steady-state level characteristic of fully differentiated myotubes, MHC synthesis decreases very rapidly to almost basal levels. To determine whether this transient induction of MHC synthesis was due to parallel changes in MHC messenger RNA levels, the accumulation and compartmentalization of MHC mRNA during L6E9 cell differentiation was followed by complementary DNA/RNA hybridization using cDNA prepared against MHC mRNA purified from L6E9 cells. We demonstrate that the level of MHC synthesis closely parallels the level of cytoplasmic MHC mRNA. The induction of MHC mRNA accumulation is initiated at least 36 hours prior to cell fusion and at a time when all cells in the population are still uncommitted to terminal differentiation as tested by cell cloning. The level of cytoplasmic MHC mRNA is increased from ~200 molecules per cell in the growing state to ~50,000 molecules at the peak of induction (day 6 after plating). Subsequently the levels of MHC mRNA decrease very rapidly and at day 10 after plating there are only ~3000 molecules per myotube nucleus. A striking feature of this regulation is the behavior of MHC mRNA on oligo(dT) columns. Most (~90%) of the MHC mRNA transiently induced during differentiation has a very short poly(A) tail (<20 nucleotides). We conclude that the striking induction followed by deinduction of MHC synthesis is controlled primarily by the induction and deinduction of cytoplasmic MHC mRNA accumulation. The relationship of our observations to muscle physiology is discussed.
Mycobacterial antigens attenuate late phase response, airway hyperresponsiveness, and bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia in a mouse model of bronchial asthma.

Allergens, in combination with genetic predisposition, drive undifferentiated T cells towards the type 2 T cells. Some childhood infections may activate the production of a type 1 T cell profile. It is reasonable to speculate that a decrease in childhood infections may increase the incidence of allergy by allowing the immune balance to shift towards the type 2 T cells. We hypothesized that pre-exposure of mycobacterial antigens in sensitized mice would prevent the development of asthma-like conditions. Specifically, we examined the effect of mycobacterial antigens, Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine and Mycobacterium vaccae, on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia, and plasma IL-4 and IL-12 levels in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged Balb/c mice. Challenge with OVA produced a 2–3-fold increase in bronchoconstriction within 3–5 min, followed by a delayed response after 60 min, the latter of which was significantly attenuated by both BCG and M. vaccae. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine 24 h after OVA challenge was prevented by BCG and M. vaccae. Airway eosinophilia was also prevented by BCG and M. vaccae. The plasma IL-12 levels were significantly increased and plasma IL-4 levels were significantly decreased following BCG or M. vaccae administration in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. Interestingly, a significant increase in plasma IL-12 was observed with BCG as compared to M. vaccae administration, suggesting a stronger type 1 response to BCG. These data support our hypothesis and suggest that BCG and M. vaccae may prevent the underlying pathophysiological changes in asthma.
Developing a focused design methodology for composite material systems

Abstract At present lessons learned from composite technology applications can be summarized simply by stating that designing independently from manufacturing concerns is no longer cost effective nor desirable. Thus, our focus for future developments must be on creating synergism between the designer, analyst and manufacturing engineer. Furthermore, the degree of sophistication necessary to analyze and predict the response of a component other than the ‘build and break’ approach requires engineers who are equipped with fundamental understanding of anisotropy, inhomogeneity, as well as new production methods that are unique to advanced material systems. This paper attempts to highlight some concerns and corresponding methodologies that must be integrated for a successful, reliable development of a component. The areas discussed are illustrated with examples to accentuate the concepts as necessary.
Heat dissipation consideration of high-power mid-infrared quantum cascade laser arrays

Heat dissipation issues are critical for quantum-cascade-laser (QCL) high-power operations. Simulation shows multi-emitter array can better dissipate heat than broad area laser does. QCL arrays with 5 and 16 elements are fabricated and results are presented.
Government capital and the production function for U.S. private output

Abstract Theoretical and policy discussions make unsupported assumptions about the productivity of capital which governments own. Estimates of an aggregate production function for U.S. private business, 1949–1973, show government capital to be significant, statistically and in economic terms.
Soil Heat Flux Plates: Heat Flow Distortion and Thermal Contact Resistance

Persistent concern regarding surface energy balance closure encourages increased scrutiny of potential sources of error. Laboratory and field experiments addressed heat flow distortion and thermal contact resistance errors during measurement of soil heat flux (G) using the flux plate technique. Steady-state, one-dimensional heat flow experiments determined flux plate thermal conductivities (λ m ) and measured the effect of air gaps and thermal heat sink coatings on plate performance. Use of measured instead of manufacturer-specified λ m and plate dimensions in a heat flow distortion correction improved the consistency but not the average disagreement between imposed sand G and corrected plate heat flux density (G m ). Consistent underestimates of G in dry sand by 20 to 25% after heat flow distortion correction was attributed to thermal contact resistance effects. A convex air gap 0.1 to 1.32 mm thick across 5.9% of the plate face area reduced G m by up to 9.7%. A thin layer of a thermal heat sink compound with λ 0.18 W m -1 K -1 greater than the plate λ m (1.0 W m -1 K -1 ) did not increase G m in a day soil but Increased G m by ∼6% in quartz sand. A 6.5% increase in G m was also observed for plates treated with the same heat sink compound in a silt loam soil under field conditions. Thermal contact resistance errors are probably <10% in moist, medium-textured soils and can be minimized by careful plate installation. Relatively greater errors in G m may occur due to thermal contact resistance in dry sand and due to heat flow distortion when soil λ λ m .
MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHOICE MODEL TRANSFERABILITY

Abstract Transferability studies have focused on the component models of the conventional four-step urban travel forecasting model system. This study extends previous analyses by examining the transferability of models describing multidimensional travel and related choices. In particular, we examine the hypothesis that joint and sequential choice models are equally transferable against the alternative hypotheses that either of the model types is more transferable. Measures of goodness of fit and transfer effectiveness are formulated for sequential choice models to provide a consistent comparison between the joint and sequential models. An empirical analysis is undertaken in the context of joint (multinomial logit) and sequential (nested logit) models of automobile ownership and mode choice to work. This study finds little difference between the transferability of these joint and sequential models. However, this conclusion appears to be dependent on the similarity of the estimation results for the joint and sequential models in this case. These results suggest a need for additional testing in other empirical contexts to identify the relative transferability of joint versus sequential models when the estimation results are distinct.
The Relationship Between the Design of the Built Environment and the Ability to Egress of Individuals with Disabilities

Recent catastrophic events have brought into focus the importance of planning for the evacuation needs of all persons, regardless of their diverse physical and mental abilities. While these efforts are primarily concerned with the activities before and after a crisis, there is also a renewed interest in evaluating how effectively the built environment accommodates the needs of all individuals during a crisis. This discussion focuses on the current body of knowledge concerning the relationship between the design of the built environment, the collective egress behavior of complex decentralized groups of individuals, and the ability of individuals with disabilities to effectively egress from the built environment during emergency events.
Erosion Profile by a Global Model for Granular Flow

In this paper we study an integro-differential equation that models the erosion of a mountain profile caused by small avalanches. The equation is in conservative form, with a non-local flux involving an integral of the mountain slope. Under suitable assumptions on the erosion rate, the mountain profile develops several types of singularities, which we call kinks, shocks and hyper-kinks. We study the formation of these singularities and derive admissibility conditions. Furthermore, entropy weak solutions to the Cauchy problem are constructed globally in time, taking limits of piecewise affine approximate solutions. Entropy and entropy flux functions are introduced, and a Lax entropy condition is established for the weak solutions.
The 14-3-3 proteins positively regulate rapamycin-sensitive signaling

Abstract Background: The kinase Tor is the target of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin and is a member of the phosphatidylinositol kinase (PIK)-related kinase family. It plays an essential role in progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The molecular details of Tor signaling remain obscure, however. Results: We isolated two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, BMH1 and BMH2 , as multicopy suppressors of the growth-inhibitory phenotype caused by rapamycin in budding yeast. BMH1 and BMH2 encode homologs of the 14-3-3 signal transduction proteins. Deletion of one or both BMH genes caused hypersensitivity to rapamycin in a manner that was dependent on gene dosage. In addition, alterations in the phosphopeptide-binding pocket of the 14-3-3 proteins had dramatically different effects on their ability to relieve the growth-arresting rapamycin phenotype. Mutations that prevented 14-3-3 from binding to a phosphoserine motif abolished its ability to confer rapamycin resistance. In contrast, substitution of two residues in 14-3-3 that surround these phosphoserine-binding sites conferred a dominant rapamycin-resistant phenotype. Conclusions: Our studies reveal 14-3-3 as an important component in rapamycin-sensitive signaling and provide significant new insights into the structure and function of 14-3-3 proteins.
In with the Old, in with the New: The Promiscuity of the Duplication Process Engenders Diverse Pathways for Novel Gene Creation

The gene duplication process has exhibited far greater promiscuity in the creation of paralogs with novel exon-intron structures than anticipated even by Ohno. In this paper I explore the history of the field, from the neo-Darwinian synthesis through Ohno's formulation of the canonical model for the evolution of gene duplicates and culminating in the present genomic era. I delineate the major tenets of Ohno's model and discuss its failure to encapsulate the full complexity of the duplication process as revealed in the era of genomics. I discuss the diverse classes of paralogs originating from both DNA- and RNA-mediated duplication events and their evolutionary potential for assuming radically altered functions, as well as the degree to which they can function unconstrained from the pressure of gene conversion. Lastly, I explore theoretical population-genetic considerations of how the effective population size (Ne) of a species may influence the probability of emergence of genes with radically altered functions.
Social Movement Selves

This article discusses Holstein and Gubrium's (2000) analytic for understanding the production of postmodern selves and suggests that it is a means by which to further understandings about the construction of social movement selves. According to Holstein and Gubrium's perspective, the construction of postmodern subjectivity is an interplay between circumstantial resources and self-constituting work. As an example, I discuss research about a social movement organization in the GLBT (gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender) movement, Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). I begin by illustrating how PFLAG parents can be understood as drawing on the narrative resources of the GLBT movement, in particular the dominant narrative of coming out. Next I discuss how PFLAG parents also do selves (as heterosexual parents), through everyday interactional identity work to construct affiliation. In so doing, I illustrate a key process of Holstein and Gubrium's analytic—the interplay between cultural cons...
Computer model of a bovine type I collagen microfibril

Collagens are a family of structural proteins of the extracellular matrix. The fibril-forming collagens are the major structural proteins of skin, cartilage, bone, blood vessel walls and internal organs. In addition to biological function, the collagens provide natural structural frameworks that are utilized in the medical, food and leather industries. Many schemes for the organization of type I collagen into triple helices, microfibrils and fibrils have been proposed during the past 30 years. Here, the development of a molecular model of a bovine type I collagen "Smith' microfibril is described. In cross-section, this model exhibits a symmetrical, pentagonal grouping of five triple helices. The model comprises 15 polypeptide chains having 315 residues each. This model is large enough to allow a comparison of its gross structural features with images of stained collagen obtained by electron microscopy, yet small enough to be manipulated on a minicomputer or work-station. The model is useful for (among others) studies of structure-function relationships in collagen, exploring folding pathways, predicting the efficacy of potential crosslinking agents or chemical modifications, and designing synthetic collagen-like materials or modifications for specific applications.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced alterations in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and binding of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites to deoxyribonucleic acid

Pretreatment of rats by oral administration of jacobine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and inducer of epoxide hydrolase, produced a marked shift in hepatic microsomal metabolism in vitro of benzo[alpha]pyrene. The formation of 9-hydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene and 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[alpha]pyrene was decreased whereas the formation of 4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo[alpha]pyrene was increased following jacobine treatment. This shift in the ratio of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites was accompanied by a significant reduction in DNA binding. Addition of purified epoxide hydrolase to control or jacobine microsomes produced a similar decrease in total DNA binding. Chromatography of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolite-DNA nucleoside adducts showed a marked reduction in four peaks and the elimination of one peak with microsomes from jacobine-treated rats.
A reduced set of coordinates for modeling DNA structures: (I). A B-to-A transition pathway driven by pseudorotational angle.

Abstract The A-DNA and the B-DNA are two well characterized polymorphous forms of DNA duplex. By using Metropolis Monte Carlo Simulations in a reduced coordinate space, we have shown that the B ⇔ A transitions can be induced by forcing pseudorotational angle (W) to change between C3′-endo and C2′-endo puckerings. The energy barrier for the transition pathway is less than 10 Kcal · mol 1. Base-pair parameters x-displacement (D x) and roll (ρ), which have the largest differences between the two forms of structures, cannot drive the transition. Our results support the view that the bistable states of the DNA duplex are due to the bistable structures of the sugar ring.
Picosecond X-ray Sensor

A coplanar stripline detector has been developed for picosecond resolution of x-ray synchrotron pulses. When triggered by synchronized 100 fs laser pulses, this detector measures the x-ray pulse waveform with 1 ps resolution, a 100-fold improvement compared to standard pump-probe experiments at synchrotron sources. The detectors have been fabricated with CMOS compatible microfabrication processes. Time resolution is limited by photocarrier lifetimes, which is typically hundreds of picoseconds in semi-insulating GaAs. Standard implantation techniques, which add defects that serve as trapping sites to produce subpicosecond lifetimes, are insufficient because of the large x-ray absorption depths. Instead, 8 MeV protons that penetrate hundreds of microns are implanted. Strong signals have been measured using focused monochromatic x-ray beams at the Advanced Photon Source (Argonne, IL, USA). Laboratory excitation with 100 fs laser pulses, instead of x-rays, demonstrates the feasibility of this detector. The 1 ps target time resolution allows for x-ray studies in a crucial time regime where laser-induced electronic excitations transfer energy to the atomic lattice.
DNA Binding and Gene Activation Properties of the Nmp4 Nuclear Matrix Transcription Factors

Splice variants of the Nmp4 gene include nuclear matrix transcription factors that regulate the type I collagen alpha1(I) polypeptide chain (COL1A1) promoter and several matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes. To date, these are the only Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger proteins known to bind within the minor groove of homopolymeric (dA.dT) DNA. Nmp4 isoforms contain from 5 to 8 Cys(2)His(2) zinc fingers, an SH3-binding domain that overlaps with a putative AT-hook and a polyglutamine-alanine repeat (poly(QA)). To determine the mechanistic significance of Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger association with this unusual consensus DNA binding element, we identified the Nmp4 DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains. Zinc fingers 2, 3, and 6 mediated association with the homopolymeric (dA.dT) COL1A1/MMP DNA consensus element. The N terminus of the Nmp4 protein exhibited a strong trans-activation capacity when fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, but this activity was masked within the context of the full-length Nmp4-GAL4 DNA-binding domain chimera. However, upon binding to the COL1A1/MMP homopolymeric (dA.dT) element, the native Nmp4 protein up-regulated transcription, and the poly(QA) domain acquired a significant role in trans-activation. We propose that allosteric effects induced upon zinc finger association with the homopolymeric (dA.dT) minor groove confer context-specific functionality to this unusual family of Cys(2)His(2) transcription factors.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Cecostomy

Chronic constipation and encopresis are common problems in children with spina bifida and anorectal anomalies. Commonly used therapies include complicated bowel regimens and antegrade continence enemas delivered via surgically placed appendicostomies and radiologically placed cecostomies. We have described a technique for percutaneous placement of cecostomies for the delivery of continence enemas or venting. Percutaneous cecostomies were placed in 22 patients. Improvement in bowel management occurred in all patients.
Minimal degree liftings in characteristic 2

Abstract In this paper we analyze liftings of hyperelliptic curves over perfect fields in characteristic 2 to curves over rings of Witt vectors. This theory can be applied to construct error-correcting codes; lifts of points with minimal degrees are likely to yield the best codes, and these are the main focus of the paper. We find upper and lower bounds for their degrees, give conditions to achieve the lower bounds and analyze the existence of lifts of the Frobenius. Finally, we exhibit explicit computations for genus 2 and show codes obtained using this theory.
Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis

We describe a fully-vectorial, three-dimensional algorithm to compute the definite-frequency eigenstates of Maxwell's equations in arbitrary periodic dielectric structures, including systems with anisotropy (birefringence) or magnetic materials, using preconditioned block-iterative eigensolvers in a planewave basis. Favorable scaling with the system size and the number of computed bands is exhibited. We propose a new effective dielectric tensor for anisotropic structures, and demonstrate that O Delta x;2 convergence can be achieved even in systems with sharp material discontinuities. We show how it is possible to solve for interior eigenvalues, such as localized defect modes, without computing the many underlying eigenstates. Preconditioned conjugate-gradient Rayleigh-quotient minimization is compared with the Davidson method for eigensolution, and a number of iteration variants and preconditioners are characterized. Our implementation is freely available on the Web.
Why are jets only seen in some active galaxies

Abstract In principle, all active galaxies are capable of producing jets, but infiltration of medium into the nucleus may cause some jets to decelerate so much as to disappear. This is a possible explanation of the observed fact that jets are only seen in some active galaxies and may amount to a useful step in building a unified model of the structure of active galactic nucleus.
Fluctuations in hormone activity in Brachyura larvae.

ALTHOUGH similarities between the control of some chromatophores in larval and adult Crustacea have been noted1, relatively little is known of the presence of chromatophorotropic substances or their development in larval Brachyura. The three zoeal stages and one megalops stage of Sesarma reticulatum, reared from hatching to the first crab and beyond, in controlled laboratory conditions, provide an excellent source of material to test for the presence of a Uca black-dispersing substance in all stages of larval development and to determine if the activity of this substance during larval development is associated with the larval moult and inter-moult periods.
The Heart Failure Paradox: An Epidemic of Scientific Success: Presidential Address at the American Heart Association 2013 Scientific Sessions

Good afternoon, and welcome to the American Heart Association’s (AHA) Scientific Sessions. I am so excited to be here with you in Dallas. Texas is a huge state and famous throughout the world for so many things: hospitality and graciousness, oil, cowboys, the Alamo, and of course, the television show Dallas . But I always think of Texas as home to the AHA. So I welcome you with the big heart of Texas and thank you for being here. I am truly honored to address you: healthcare professionals, scientists, educators, students, AHA volunteers, and colleagues from around the world. Today, I’m going to explore the remarkable yet troubling history of heart failure. The state of this common cardiovascular syndrome is remarkable in many ways, particularly because it illustrates our progress in so many areas of science and medicine. Yet it is also troubling, because in just a few short decades, heart failure has developed into a full-blown epidemic, with 23 million people suffering from the disease worldwide.1–3 Heart failure is, very strangely, an epidemic of scientific success. Mortality from cardiovascular disease in general has been decreasing thanks to scientific breakthroughs, so people are living longer. People who have had heart attacks are also benefitting, thanks to science and programs to deliver that science, such as Mission: Lifeline.4,5 But elderly people and heart attack survivors are both more susceptible to heart failure. And all of these older people (and all of us, by the way) live in a world of growing obesity and diabetes rates that fuel the heart failure epidemic.6,7 I could share hundreds of stories about my patients over the past 30 years who exemplify …
Sensitivity based coupling strengths in complex engineering systems

The iterative design scheme necessary for complex engineering systems is generally time consuming and difficult to implement. Although a decomposition approach results in a more tractable problem, the inherent couplings make establishing the interdependencies of the various subsystems difficult. Another difficulty lies in identifying the most efficient order of execution for the subsystem analyses. The paper describes an approach for determining the dependencies that could be suspended during the system analysis with minimal accuracy losses, thereby reducing the system complexity. A new multidisciplinary testbed is presented, involving the interaction of structures, aerodynamics, and performance disciplines. Results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system reduction scheme.
Hierarchical graph color dither

Suppose a dispersed-dot dither matrix is treated as a collection of numbers, each number having a position in space; when the numbers are visited in increasing order, what is the distance in space between pairs of consecutive numbers visited? In Bayer’s matrices, this distance is always large. We hypothesize that this large consecutive distance is important for good dispersed-dot threshold matrices. To study the hypothesis, matrices that have this quality were generated by solving a more general problem: given an arbitrary set of points on the plane, sort them into a list where consecutive points are far apart. Our solution colors the nearestneighbor graph, hierarchically. The method does reproduce Bayer’s dispersed-dot dither matrices under some settings and, furthermore, can produce matrices of arbitrary dimensions. Multiple similar matrices can be created to minimize repetitive artifacts that plague Bayer dither while retaining its parallelizability. The method can also be used for halftoning with points on a hexagonal grid, or even randomly placed points. It can also be applied to artistic dithering, which creates a dither matrix from a motif image. Unlike in the artistic dither method of Ostromoukhov and Hersch, the motif image can be arbitrary and need not be specially constructed.
Associations among Religious Coping, Daily Hassles, and Resilience

The purpose of this study is to examine relationships among religious coping styles, the experience of daily hassles, and resiliency. Through the use of a set of questionnaires, positive and negati...
Plasma Levels of Spirolactones in the Dog

A fluorometric micromethod for the determination of spironolactone (I) and some of its possible metabolites was utilized to follow plasma concentrations after intravenous administration of I, canrenone (II), and potassium canrenoate (III). Spironolactone (I) was eliminated from plasma of female dogs, with a half-life of less than 10 min., and was partially converted to II and III. The γ-lactone ring of II equilibrated with the γ-hydroxycarboxylic acid of III, resulting in similar plasma levels of II 2 hr. following equimolar intravenous doses of II and III. Canrenone (II) represented the predominant component in plasma. Plasma concentrations of II, following an equimolar intravenous dose of I, were significantly smaller (∼40%). Thus, I was only partially dethioacetylated to II.
Semiclassical dynamics of chaotic motion: Unexpected long-time accuracy.

Chaos introduces essential complications into semiclassical mechanics and the conventional wisdom maintains that the semiclassical time-dependent Green's function fails to describe the quantum dynamics once the underlying chaos has had time to develop much finer structure than a quantum cell (h). We develop a method to evaluate the semiclassical approximation and test it for the first time under these circumstances. The comparison of the quantum and semiclassical dynamics of the stadium billiard shows remarkable agreement despite the very intricate underlying classical dynamics.