cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncoherent-object hologram: its reconstruction and optical processing

Encoding a complex-amplitude diffraction pattern on a photographic film by addirtg a suitably chosen coherent reference beam forms a conventional hologram. A hologram of a spatially noncoherent object, referred to as a Γ hologram in this paper, is formed by encoding the complex-valued spatial-coherence function on a square-law detector such as photographic film. This record is made possible by means of a self-refetencing interferometer. Such a record behaves much as a hologram does; it permits reconstruction of the original object by illuminating it with a spatially noncoherent planar source of uniform (constant) intensity. If a conventional coherent-light setup is used with a Γ hologram, the intensity distribution of the reconstruction equals the square of the intensity of the original object. In the research reported in this paper, optical processing of spatially noncoherent objects is accomplished by using and modifying the spatial-coherence function. The Γ hologram is used to gain access to this function. This procedure opens new possibilities of noncoherent-object information processing. Examples of matched filtering, low-pass filtering, and high-pass filtering are discussed. The underlying theory has its roots in the fundamental Van Cittert–Zernike theorem of the theory of partial coherence.
The Old Testament as Controlled Substance: How Insights from Trauma Studies Reveal Healing Capacities in Potentially Harmful Texts

The essay discusses how biblical interpreters employ the concept of trauma reflected in the Old Testament and theories of symbolic representation that can help foster recovery from trauma. The book...
Integrated Approaches, Multiple Scales: Snag Dynamics in Burned Versus Unburned Landscapes*

Abstract By studying landscape form and patterns, we can study processes at multiple scales and determine how collectively those processes inform us about function(s). Integrating landscape ecology from a biogeographical perspective with geographic information science (GIScience) practices offers new ways to study how landscapes change over time and space, including how they can be measured, analyzed, and modeled for management needs. This article presents methodologies and selected results of analyzing spatial patterns from field data across multiple scales by examining standing dead tree (snag) processes across wildfire-disturbed landscapes in Arizona. Our primary motivation was to illustrate a particular type of work benefiting from the coalescing of landscape ecology and GIScience, functioning at the methodological and practical overlap of these two contributing fields. Our management goals were to (1) describe spatial patterns and characteristics of snags in pairs of burned and unburned ponderosa pin...
Institutional profile: University of Florida and Shands Hospital Personalized Medicine Program: clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics.

The University of Florida and Shands Hospital recently launched a genomic medicine program focused on the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics called the Personalized Medicine Program. We focus on a preemptive, chip-based genotyping approach that is cost effective, while providing experience that will be useful as genomic medicine moves towards genome sequence data for patients becoming available. The Personalized Medicine Program includes a regulatory body that is responsible for ensuring that evidence-based examples are moved to clinical implementation, and relies on clinical decision support tools to provide healthcare providers with guidance on use of the genetic information. The pilot implementation was with CYP2C19-clopidogrel and future plans include expansion to additional pharmacogenetic examples, along with aiding in implementation in other health systems across Florida.
Sensational Newspaper Reports as to Physiological Action of Common Salt

IN the interest of the dignity of scientific research I venture to hope you will print the following statement. Some American papers have recently published sensational and absurd reports of physiological theories and experiments whose authorship they attributed to me. These reports, which in America nobody takes seriously, were reprinted and discussed in European papers. I hardly need to state that I am in no way responsible for the journalistic idiosyncrasies of newspaper reporters and that for the publication of my experiments or views I choose scientific journals and not the daily Press.
Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation as a Probe of Rare Gas Plasmas

Abstract : A study of the structure of electromagnetically produced shocks has been made which illustrates a technique for measurements of either photoionization cross sections or number densities of plasma particles. This technique utilizes measurements of intensity ratios, due to plasma absorption of ultraviolet radiation which is governed by the Lambert-Beers law. Due to the complex band structure of diatomic molecules, this experiment used instead a rare gas, xenon, to study number densities of Xe and Xe+ Plots of neutral and ion densities as a function of time show clearly the shock front defined by a rise in particle density. Relaxation times and effects due to precursors were also studied. (Author)
Soft Sticky Dipole Potential for Liquid Water: A New Model

A new, efficient potential model for liquid water is presented here. It is based on the hard-sphere sticky dipole potential model for water by Bratko, Blum, and Luzar (J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 83, 6367), referred to as the BBL model. Similar to the BBL model, this new, soft-sphere sticky dipole model has a single interaction site at the molecular center of mass with a spherical repulsive potential, a short-range tetrahedral “sticky” potential, and a point dipolar potential. However, the use of a Lennard-Jones-type soft-sphere, as opposed to the hard-sphere in the BBL model, allows realistic studies of water and aqueous solvation. This is particularly important for the existing parametrizations of biological molecules that use soft-sphere models. The present model gives a liquid water structure comparable to that found by the four-site TIP4P model and also gives an intermolecular energy, a hydrogen bond energy, and a heat capacity of liquid water in good agreement with experimental data and/or results from the...
Design process for a non-majors computing course

There is growing interest in computing courses for non-CS majors. We have recently built such a course that has met with positive response. We describe our design process, which includes involvement of stakeholders and identifying a context that facilitates learning. We present evaluation results on success rates (approximately 90% of the students earn an A, B, or C) and impact of the course on students over time (80% report that the class has influenced them more than a semester later).
Comparison of ratios of covalent binding to total metabolism of the pulmonary toxin, 4-ipomeanol, in vitro in pulmonary and hepatic microsomes, and the effects of pretreatments with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene

Abstract Studies of the ratios of the amounts of 4-ipomeanol covalently bound to the total amounts metabolized support the view that the high rates of in vitro pulmonary microsomal alkylation by 4-ipomeanol reflect high rates of NADPH-mediated metabolic activation of the compound rather than a relative deficiency of a microsomal detoxication pathway. Moreover, the ability of 3-methylcholanthene pretreatment, but not phenobarbital pretreatment, to shift the in vivo target organ alkylation and toxicity of 4-ipomeanol from the lung to the liver in rats could not be explained by a major alteration in the balances between microsomal toxication and detoxication pathways measurable in the in vitro systems examined, nor upon a major change in the nature of the reactive 4-ipomeanol metabolites produced in the lungs or livers of the pretreated animals.
Effect of Mainshock-Aftershock Sequences on Woodframe Building Damage Fragilities

AbstractAlthough aftershocks have the potential to cause severe damage to buildings and threaten life safety, their effect in seismic risk analysis is not explicitly accounted for in modern building design codes, nor in emerging methodologies such as performance-based seismic design. The ultimate objective of this study is to systematically integrate aftershock hazard into performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) through analytical studies with structural degradation models derived from publicly available experimental data. In this paper, the first step is made by introducing a procedure to compute the probability of a mainshock-damaged woodframe building entering different damage states as a result of aftershock. Aftershock fragilities are developed by performing incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) using a sequence of mainshock-aftershock ground motions. To compute the seismic response of the damaged building, IDA is performed using a sequence of mainshocks of different intensity levels combined wi...
Sexual Experience and Couple Formation Attitudes Among Emerging Adults

In this study, we explore the relationship between attitudes toward both marriage and cohabitation and sexual experience during emerging adulthood. Results from 990 emerging adults indicated only moderate evidence that marital attitudes are related to sexual experience but strong evidence of a relationship between attitudes toward cohabitation and sexual experience. In particular, sexually active emerging adults were more likely to have positive attitudes toward cohabitation. Furthermore, it was found that both religiosity and dating status moderate the relationship between couple formation attitudes and sexual experience. For highly religious emerging adults, sexual activity was associated with higher endorsement of cohabitation; however, this pattern was not present for emerging adults with low religiosity. Dating status was found to have some impact on the relationship between sexual behavior and attitudes toward marriage but did not greatly impact the overall pattern of relationships.
Colonization of Crops by Arthropods: Non-equilibrium Communities in Soybean Fields

General properties of crop colonization by herbivores and their predators and parasites are discussed using soybeans as an example and the theory of island biogeography as a conceptual basis. Crop development is described and contrasted to typical island situations. In the crop, resources for herbivores are sufficient, but for predators and parasites they are deficient. This difference was seen in the colonization curves for the 2 groups. There was a lag between colonization by herbivores and their enemies with no appreciable increase in the latter until the soybean canopy was developed. Colonization and extinction rates were higher at the field edge than in the center, but an equilibrium number of species did not develop at either site in time to be of predictive value in developing pest management strategies. Methods for counteracting the destabilizing influences of current agricultural practices on arthropod communities are discussed.
The economic growth of Central and Eastern Europe in comparative perspective, 1870–1989

Recurring changes in the institutional and ideological structures of Central and Eastern Europe have made it difficult to quantify and interpret its long-term economic development. This article provides the foundations for a unified picture of economic growth in the region since 1870. We construct a consistent time series of GDP per capita for the present day states of Central and Eastern Europe over the period 1870–1989, and then draw on the literature of the ‘new’ growth theory in economics to assess their long-term economic performance in the wider European setting.
M3 suppression in Hartree-Fock theory

With a zero-range interaction a valence spin-up neutron will not interact with core spin-up neutrons and hence will not deform them; it will deform spin-down neutrons. This introduces a spin-quadrupole correlation. An ideal operator for probing this correlation is the $M3$ operator, since this operator is crudely $E2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}M1$. The suppression of the $M3$ moment in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ due to this effect, as well as due to the spin dependence of the interaction, is considered.
ASAS—a general purpose finite element analysis system

Abstract The ASAS finite element system, incorporating statics, dynamics, heat transfer and substructure analysis, is described, paying particular attention to the structure of the data required. The current range of elements is shown and examples from the available pre- and post-processing programs are listed. Details of some recent analyses are given, with computer plots of the idealizations used.
Detrending and business cycle facts: A comment

Abstract There is nothing misleading in the fact that different filtering techniques lead to different facts about macroeconomic time series. The fact that economists use a large number of filters to extract the ‘cyclical’ and ‘trend’ components of time series simply means that these concepts do not have unique meaning among them. Alternative filters provide different windows through which economists can examine their models and data. It is an open question as to whether some of these windows are more or less interesting to look through. The fact that some economists restrict themselves to a small set of filters is an issue to the extent that they thereby induce a lack of power. Here, I argue that a commonly used method of testing business cycle models induces no such lack of power.
An N-acetyl-d-glucosamine binding lectin from Bandeiraea Simplicifolia seeds

Abstract A second lectin with a high activity for nonreducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl residues has been isolated from the seed extracts of Bandeiraea simplicifolia by affinity chromatography on chitin. The lectin is a glycoprotein of subunit molecular weight 30,000. Some properties of the new lectin are reported.
A simple molecular sieve technique for detecting macroglobulinemia

Abstract 1. (1) A Sephadex G-200 molecular sieve column can be used to differentiate macroglobulinemic, hyperglobulinemic and normal sera. The molecular sieve, operating on the basis of molecular size, gives essentially the same resolution as the analytical ultracentrifuge. 2. (2) Estimates of concentrations of macroglobulin, 7S globulins, and albumin can be made on the basis of the molecular sieve elution pattern. 3. (3) The molecular sieve technique can be used to prepare purified fractions of macroglobulins, 7S globulin, and albumin.
Table extraction for answer retrieval

The ability to find tables and extract information from them is a necessary component of many information retrieval tasks. Documents often contain tables in order to communicate densely packed, multi-dimensional information. Tables do this by employing layout patterns to efficiently indicate fields and records in two-dimensional form. Their rich combination of formatting and content presents difficulties for traditional retrieval techniques. This paper describes techniques for extracting tables from text and retrieving answers from the extracted information. We compare machine learning (especially, Conditional Random Fields) and heuristic methods for table extraction. To retrieve answers, our approach creates a cell document, which contains the cell and its metadata (headers, titles) for each table cell, and the retrieval model ranks the cells of the extracted tables using a language-modeling approach. Performance is tested using government statistical Web sites and news articles, and errors are analyzed in order to improve the system.
Dendrimer-mediated formation of Cu–CuOx nanoparticles on silica and their physical and catalytic characterization

Abstract Copper-silica catalysts were synthesized by impregnation of sol–gel derived silicas containing entrapped DAB-Am-64 dendrimer as both chelating and pore-templating agent, with methanolic copper nitrate solutions. Basic materials characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption. The metallic and monovalent copper contents were determined by N2O decomposition and CO adsorption, respectively. The N2O decomposition reaction and CO adsorption were followed by mass spectrometry (MS) and thermogravimetry in an oscillating balance reactor (OBR). Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to monitor the modes of co-adsorption of N2O and CO as a function of temperature. The N2O + CO temperature-programmed reaction indicates that the copper oxidation state changes under reaction, and as a consequence a transition in reaction regime occurs as temperature increases. Control of the ultimate particle size of Cu species, while heavily influenced by the dendrimer especially at lower Cu:dendrimer ratios, is not exact. Factors such as calcination and reduction temperatures needed to be investigated in order to maximize the impact of dendrimer complexation on the final state of the catalyst.
Experiences with an end-to-end wireless clinical monitoring system

Wireless sensor networks can play an important role in improving patient care by collecting continuous vital signs for clinical decision support. This paper presents the architecture of, and our experiences with, a large-scale wireless clinical monitoring system. Our system encompasses portable wireless pulse oximeters, a wireless relay network spanning multiple hospital floors, and integration into the hospital Electronic Medical Record (EMR) databases. We report our experience and lessons learned from a 14-month clinical trial of the system in six hospital wards of Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Our experiences show the feasibility of achieving reliable vital sign collection, using a wireless sensor network integrated with hospital IT infrastructure and procedures. We highlight technical and non-technical elements that pose challenges in a real-world hospital environment and provide guidelines for successful and efficient deployment of similar systems.
Coverage rewarded: Test input generation via adaptation-based programming

This paper introduces a new approach to test input generation, based on reinforcement learning via easy to use adaptation-based programming. In this approach, a test harness can be written with little more effort than is involved in naive random testing. The harness will simply map choices made by the adaptation-based programming (ABP) library, rather than pseudo-random numbers, into operations and parameters. Realistic experimental evaluation over three important fine-grained coverage measures (path, shape, and predicate coverage) shows that ABP-based testing is typically competitive with, and sometimes superior to, other effective methods for testing container classes, including random testing and shape-based abstraction.
Informing evidence-based decision-making for patients with comorbidity: availability of necessary information in clinical trials for chronic diseases.

Background The population with multiple chronic conditions is growing. Prior studies indicate that patients with comorbidities are frequently excluded from trials but do not address whether information is available in trials to draw conclusions about treatment effects for these patients.
A note on fatigue crack starter defects produced by a pulsed laser

Abstract A technique is described for producing fatigue crack nucleation defects in metals using a pulsed laser. The technique is shown to be economical, versatile and particularly desirable if defects are to be put in locations not amenable to conventional machining practices. Photographs are presented to illustrate defect configurations and the types of cracks that will grow from the defects. A brief discussion of the mechanisms of accererated crack nucleation is presented.
Oral Self-Administration of Etonitazene in Rhesus Monkeys: Use of a Fading Procedure to Establish Etonitazene as a Reinforcer

Abstract The establishment of orally delivered etonitazene (a potent opioid) as a reinforcer, was studied in eight rhesus monkeys. Initially, when given concurrent access to 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene and the water vehicle, five of the monkeys rejected the drug, whereas the other three monkeys consumed more drug solution than water. The five monkeys that rejected the drug solution underwent an acquisition phase to establish the drug as a reinforcer. A fading procedure was used to transfer control of responding from a 2% (wt/vol) ethanol solution to a 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene solution. Initially, responding was maintained by contingent deliveries of 2% ethanol. Next, across blocks of six or more sessions, increasing amounts of etonitazene were added in steps to the 2% ethanol solution. Subsequently, the 2% ethanol solution was decreased in steps to zero, leaving only the 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene present. When the fading procedure was completed, dose of etonitazene was varied by increasing the volume delivered, first under fixed ratio (FR 4) and then under an FR 8 reinforcement schedule. The same dose manipulations were made with the three monkeys who did not undergo the fading procedure because they preferred etonitazene over water when first tested. Etonitazene was established as a reinforcer for six of the eight monkeys because drug deliveries exceeded vehicle deliveries across a range of drug doses.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Technology Assessment on Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Strategies: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an evidence-based technology assessment to determine whether tamoxifen and raloxifene as breast cancer risk-reduction strategies are appropriate for broad-based conventional use in clinical practice. POTENTIAL INTERVENTION: Tamoxifen and raloxifene. OUTCOME: Outcomes of interest include breast cancer incidence, breast cancer-specific survival, overall survival, and net health benefits. EVIDENCE: A comprehensive, formal literature review was conducted for tamoxifen and raloxifene on the following topics: breast cancer risk reduction; tamoxifen side effects and toxicity, including endometrial cancer risk; tamoxifen influences on nonmalignant diseases, including coronary heart disease and osteoporosis; and decision making by women at risk for breast cancer. Testimony was collected from invited experts and interested parties. VALUES: More weight was given to publications that described randomized trials. BENEFITS/HARMS/COSTS: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Working Group...
Expression of androgen receptor in inflammatory breast cancer and its clinical relevance

BACKGROUND Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is characterized by an aggressive clinical course with early metastasis and frequent resistance to conventional therapies. Identifying a novel therapeutic approach may improve the prognosis for patients with IBC. Because androgen receptor (AR)-expressing tumors may be targeted by anti-AR therapy, the authors examined the prevalence of AR expression in IBC tumors and explored its clinical relevance. METHODS Tissue microarrays of 88 IBC tumors were stained immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibody against AR, and the results were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and survival outcomes. RESULTS The median follow-up was 10.8 years. AR was positive in 39% of the IBC tumors and in approximately one-third of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and progesterone receptor (PR)-negative tumors. AR positivity was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion (P = .01) but not with other clinicopathologic parameters. There was a trend toward an association between AR expression and PR expression (P = .07). In univariate survival analysis, patients who had AR-negative/ER-negative tumors had significantly worse overall survival (P = .03) and disease-specific survival (P = .04) than patients who had tumors with other combinations of AR/ER status. CONCLUSIONS AR expression was common in IBC tumors, and AR positivity was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion. Patients who had AR-negative/ER-negative tumors had the worst survival outcomes. Further study with a larger series will be required to delineate the biologic mechanisms of AR and their clinical significance in IBC tumors. Cancer 2014;120:1775–1779. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A semiparametric approach to analysing dose-response data.

In the analysis of a quantal dose-response experiment with grouped data, the most commonly used parametric procedure is logistic regression, commonly referred to as 'logit analysis'. The adequacy of the fit by the logistic regression curve is tested using the chi-square lack-of-fit test. If the lack-of-fit test is not significant, then the logistic model is assumed to be adequate and estimation of effective doses and confidence intervals on the effective doses can be made. When the tolerance distribution of the dose-response data is not known and cannot be assumed by the user, one can use non-parametric methods, such as kernel regression or local linear regression, to estimate the dose-response curve, effective doses and confidence intervals. This research proposes another alternative based on semi-parametric regression to analysing quantal dose-response data called model-robust quantal regression (MRQR). MRQR linearly combines the parametric and non-parametric predictions with the use of a mixing parameter. MRQR uses logistic regression as the parametric portion of the model and local linear regression as the non-parametric portion of the model. Our research has shown that the MRQR procedure can improve the fit of the dose-response curve by producing narrower confidence intervals for predictions while providing improved precision of estimates of the effective doses with respect to either logistic or local linear regression results.
Predictors of dropout from psychosocial treatment in opioid-dependent outpatients.

Background and Objectives Early dropout is common in substance abuse treatment settings and may lead to poorer outcomes relative to those completing a full course of treatment. Attempts to identify predictors of dropout have yielded mixed results, highlighting the need for additional research in this area to clarify risk and protective factors to guide intervention and retention efforts. This study evaluated predictors of dropout from psychosocial treatment among opioid-dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy.
An Arabinoxyloglucan Isolated from the Midrib of the Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum

The structure of an arabinoxyloglucan, separated from the hemicellulosic polysaccharides of the midrib of the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, was investigated by methylation analyses before and after mild acid hydrolysis, acetolysis and cellulase-degradation.The arabinoxyloglucan consists of L-arabinose, D-xylose and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 13: 33: 54, and has a backbone of β-(1→4)-lniked D-glucopyranosyl residues. Some of the glucopyranosyl residues are attached at the 6 position by single a-D-xylopyranosyl and a-L- arabinofuranosyl-( 1→2)-α-D-xylopyranosyl side chains.
Size-specific predation on marine invertebrate larvae.

Predation on planktonic larval stages is fre- quently a major source of mortality for the offspring of benthic marine invertebrates. Mortality rate likely varies with larval size and developmental stage, but few experi- ments have measured how these factors affect predation rates. I used experimental reductions in egg size to test how variation in larval size affects the likelihood of predation during planktonic development. Blastomeres of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus were separated at the two-cell stage to produce half-sized zygotes. Larvae resulting from this manipulation were tested for their susceptibility to predation relative to whole-sized siblings at four ages. In- dividuals from each size class were simultaneously pre- sented as prey items to five predators (crab zoeae, crab megalopae, chaetognaths, solitary tunicates, and postlarval fish) in the laboratory. Four predators consumed signifi- cantly more half-sized larvae than whole-sized larvae, but one predator type (postlarval fish) consumed more whole- sized larvae. Predators that consumed more half-sized lar- vae also preferentially consumed younger larvae. In con- trast, postlarval fish showed no significant prey preference based on larval age. These results suggest that assumptions of constant mortality rates during development should be modified to account for the effects of larval size and age.
The structure of the L3 loop from the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme: A syn cytidine

The structure of the L3 central hairpin loop isolated from the antigenomic sequence of the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme with the P2 and P3 stems from the ribozyme stacked on top of the loop has been determined by NMR spectroscopy. The 26 nt stem-loop structure contains nine base pairs and a 7 nt loop (5'-UCCUCGC-3'). This hairpin loop is critical for efficient catalysis in the intact ribozyme. The structure was determined using homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR techniques on non-labeled and15N-labeled RNA oligonucleotides. The overall root mean square deviation for the structure was 1.15 A (+/- 0.28 A) for the loop and the closing C.G base pair and 0.90 A (+/- 0.18 A) for the loop and the closing C.G base pair but without the lone purine in the loop, which is not well defined in the structure. The structure indicates a U.C base pair between the nucleotides on the 5'- and 3'-ends of the loop. This base pair is formed with a single hydrogen bond involving the cytosine exocyclic amino proton and the carbonyl O4 of the uracil. The most unexpected finding in the loop is a syn cytidine. While not unprecedented, syn pyrimidines are highly unusual. This one can be confidently established by intranucleotide distances between the ribose and the base determined by NMR spectroscopy. A similar study of the structure of this loop showed a somewhat different three-dimensional structure. A discussion of differences in the two structures, as well as possible sites of interaction with the cleavage site, will be presented.
An adaptive mesh refinement benchmark for modern parallel programming languages

We present an Adaptive Mesh Refinement benchmark for evaluating programmability and performance of modern parallel programming languages. Benchmarks employed today by language developing teams, originally designed for performance evaluation of computer architectures, do not fully capture the complexity of state-of-the-art computational software systems running on today's parallel machines or to be run on the emerging ones from the multi-cores to the peta-scale High Productivity Computer Systems. This benchmark, extracted from a real application framework, presents challenges for a programming language in both expressiveness and performance. It consists of an infrastructure for finite difference calculations on block-structured adaptive meshes and a solver for elliptic Partial Differential Equations built on this infrastructure. Adaptive Mesh Refinement algorithms are challenging to implement due to the irregularity introduced by local mesh refinement. We describe those challenges posed by this benchmark through two reference implementations (C++ /Fortran/MPI and Titanium) and in the context of three programming models.
Preface: Manufacturing Strategy Papers

Editorial to the special topic issue about OR/MS methods in a wide variety of activities aimed at enhancing manufacturing capabilities.
Wavelengths for n = 4–5 transitions in Cu-like Ta, Au, Pb, and Bi

Transitions of the type n = 4–5 in Ta44+, Au50+, Pb53+, and Bi54+ were observed in the spectra from laser-produced plasmas that were recorded by a grazing-incidence spectrograph. Wavelengths in the range 9–19 A were measured with an uncertainty of ±0.015 A and were compared with previously measured and predicted wavelengths.
Rice Hemoglobins (Gene Cloning, Analysis, and O2-Binding Kinetics of a Recombinant Protein Synthesized in Escherichia coli)

Although nonsymbiotic hemoglobins (Hbs) are found in different tissues of dicots and monocots, very little is known about hb genes in monocots and the function of Hbs in nonsymbiotic tissues. We report the cloning and analysis of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) hb genes, hb1 and hb2, that code for plant Hbs. Rice hb1 and hb2 genes contain four exons and three introns, as with all of the known plant hb genes. At least three copies of the hb gene were detected in rice DNA, and analysis of gene expression shows that hb1 and hb2 are expressed in leaves but only hb1 is expressed in roots. A cDNA for rice Hb1 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant Hb (rHb1) shows an unusually high affinity for O2 because of a very low dissociation constant. The absorbance spectra of the ferric and deoxyferrous rHb1 indicate that, in contrast to symbiotic Hbs, a distal ligand is coordinated to the ligand-binding site. Mutation of the distal His demonstrates that this residue coordinates the heme Fe of ferric and deoxyferrous rHb1 and stabilizes O2 in oxy-rHb1. The biochemical properties of rice rHb1 suggest that this protein probably does not function to facilitate the diffusion of O2.
Activity of KRM-1648 in combination with isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a murine model.

The activity of KRM-1648, alone and in combination with isoniazid, was compared with those of isoniazid, rifampin, and the combination of rifampin plus isoniazid in a murine model of tuberculosis. Four-week-old female CD-1 mice were infected intravenously with approximately 10 7 viableMycobacterium tuberculosisATCC 35801 organisms. Treatment was started 1 week postinfection and was given by gavage 5 days per week. The duration of the treatment phase was 12 weeks, with groups of mice sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks. For the observation phase, additional groups of treated mice were sacrificed at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after the cessation of treatment. Viable cell counts were determined from homogenates of the spleens and the right lungs.KRM-1648wasthemostactivesingleagentevaluatedandresultedinnodetectableCFUsinthespleens and lungs by the end of 6 weeks of treatment. Neither rifampin nor isoniazid reduced cell counts to undetectable levels, even after 12 weeks of treatment. The combination of KRM-1648 plus isoniazid was much more active than rifampin plus isoniazid. KRM-1648 plus isoniazid resulted in the apparent sterilization of organs at 6 months following the cessation of treatment. The promising activity of KRM-1648 may allow for ultrashort-course therapy of tuberculosis, i.e., treatment regimens of 4 months or less. KRM-1648 (KRM) is a benzoxazinorifamycin derivative with enhanced in vitro activity againstMycobacterium tuberculosis (11‐13). This promising in vitro activity is borne out in murine models of infection (7, 9). Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that KRM as a single agent is more active than either rifampin (RIF) or rifabutin againstM. tuberculosisATCC 35801 in the murine test system. KRM in combination with isoniazid (INH) and KRM in combination with pyrazinamide (PZA) were the most active combinations evaluated in that system (7). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the comparative activities of KRM, RIF, and INH over a treatment period longer than that used in our initial studies (12 versus 4 weeks). In addition, the activity of KRM-INH was compared withthatofRIF-INHoverthecourseofthe12-weektreatment period. Finally, regrowth of organisms was studied following the cessation of treatment in order to assess the potential sterilizing activities of the combinations in the murine model.
Cell movement elicited by epidermal growth factor receptor requires kinase and autophosphorylation but is separable from mitogenesis

The EGF receptor (EGFR) upon activation signals increased cell movement. However, the domains within the receptor, and the pathway which trigger movement are undefined. We expressed EGFR mutants at physiologic levels in receptor-devoid NR6 cells to investigate this biologic response. The receptors possessed kinase activity and underwent autophosphorylation as predicted by primary amino acid sequence. EGF-induced cell motility was assessed in vitro by excess migration into an acellular area and colony scatter in the presence of saturating concentrations of EGF. Wild-type (WT)-EGFR signaled increased motility. However, replacing the conserved lysine721 with methionine resulted in a kinase-inactive receptor which did not elicit movement. Removal of the entire terminus by truncation (c'973) also abrogated ligand-induced motility. Thus, we concentrated on the carboxy-terminal domains. EGF-induced movement was seen with a less-truncated mutant (c'1000) that contained a single autophosphorylated tyrosine (tyrosine992). Other mutants, c'991 and c'1000F992, in which this tyrosine was removed did not signal motility. Fusion mutants which presented other autophosphorylated tyrosine domains also exhibited EGF-induced movement. These findings suggested that the presence of both an autophosphorylated tyrosine signaling domain and the kinase activity are necessary for this biologic response. All kinase-positive mutants signaled cell proliferation but only those that contained autophosphorylatable tyrosines induced movement. The motility responses mediated by these EGFR were identical in the presence or absence of mitomycin-C, at a dose (0.5 micrograms/ml) which completely inhibited cell proliferation. On the other side, D-actinomycin (50 ng/ml) blocked EGF-induced motility but did not affect thymidine incorporation. Thus, EGF-induced mitogenesis and cell motility are mediated through different pathways.
An infiltration method for preparing single‐wall nanotube/epoxy composites with improved thermal conductivity

Recent studies of SWNT/polymer nanocomposites identify the large interfacial thermal resistance at nanotube/nanotube junctions as a primary cause for the only modest increases in thermal conductivity relative to the polymer matrix. To reduce this interfacial thermal resistance, we prepared a freestanding nanotube framework by removing the polymer matrix from a 1 wt % SWNT/PMMA composite by nitrogen gasification and then infiltrated it with epoxy resin and cured. The SWNT/epoxy composite made by this infiltration method has a micron-scale, bicontinuous morphology and much improved thermal conductivity (220% relative to epoxy) due to the more effective heat transfer within the nanotube-rich phase. By applying a linear mixing rule to the bicontinuous composite, we conclude that even at high loadings the nanotube framework more effectively transports phonons than well-dispersed SWNT bundles. Contrary to the widely accepted approaches, these findings suggest that better thermal and electrical conductivities can be accomplished via heterogeneous distributions of SWNT in polymer matrices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1513–1519, 2006
Classical studies, patriarchy and feminism: The view from 1986

Abstract Approaching the study of Greco-Roman civilization from a feminist perspective presents special problems: classical studies is one of the most conservative, hierarchical and patriarchal of academic fields, and women classicists, even those professing themselves feminists, remain strongly male-oriented. The historic use of classical studies as a self-enhancing cultural emblem and a gatekeeping mechanism designed to control access to education and power explains its present appeal to reactionary elitists, along with its tendency to attract female practitioners with an intense ‘daughterly’ ego-investment in the prevailing system. Research on women in antiquity, though popular and well-regarded among male and female classicists, is therefore conservative by feminist standards and makes relatively little use of new cross-disciplinary scholarship on women. Critical neglect and/or trivialization of the work of the several women poets of ancient Greece provides a telling example of how knowledge that does not fit male disciplinary paradigms can be dismissed, even by women scholars doing women in antiquity research. Recent critiques of the field by both mainstream and feminist members nevertheless offer hope for gradual disciplinary change.
What Goes Up Must Come Down: The Emerging Spectrum of Inhibitory Receptors

For much of the last few decades, investigators have concentrated on delineating the parameters that involve the direct activation of the immune system. In general, receptor engagement, by antigen, cytokine, or counterreceptor, initiates a cascade of distinct biochemical events in lymphocytes and
Decreased Neonatal Jaundice Readmission Rate After Implementing Hyperbilirubinemia Guidelines and Universal Screening for Bilirubin

Readmission rate for neonatal jaundice approximate 10 per 1000 live births. After applying hyperbilirubinemia guidelines and universal screening for bilirubin in term and near-term newborns, the readmission rate declined significantly from 24 to 3.7 per 1000 live births. Decreased readmission rate for neonatal jaundice may reduce kernicterus rate and health care costs. Further studies are necessary to explore these potential benefits.
Decadal Change of the Spring Snow Depth over the Tibetan Plateau: The Associated Circulation and Influence on the East Asian Summer Monsoon*

Abstract The decadal change in the spring snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau and impact on the East Asian summer monsoon are investigated using station observations of snow depth data and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1962–93. During spring (March–April), both the domain-averaged snow depth index (SDI) and the first principal component of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis exhibit a sharp increase in snow depth after the late 1970s, which is accompanied by excessive precipitation and land surface cooling. The correlation between SDI and precipitation shows a coherent remote teleconnection from the Tibetan Plateau–northern India to western Asia. It is found that the increased snow depth over the plateau after the mid-1970s is concurrent with a deeper India–Burma trough, an intensified subtropical westerly jet as well as enhanced ascending motion over the Tibetan Plateau. Additional factors for the excessive snowfall include more moisture supply associated with the intensification of the south...
PRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL ALLOTETRAPLOID SOMATIC HYBRIDS COMBINING MANDARINS AND SWEET ORANGE WITH PRE-SELECTED PUMMELOS AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES TO REPLACE SOUR ORANGE ROOTSTOCK

Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock has historically been a widely utilized eitrus rootstock throughout the world due to its wide soil adaptability and superior horticultural performance. However, quick-decline isolates of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) have demolished entire industries of sour orange rootstock in some countries, including Brazil and Venezuela. CTV is presently destroying millions of trees of sour orange rootstock in Florida and threatens the citrus industries of Texas and Mexico, where sour orange is the predominant rootstock. Efforts to replace sour orange rootstock are combining traditional breeding and biotechnology approaches, including somatic hybridization and transformation. Molecular techniques have confirmed that sour orange is probably a hybrid of mandarin and pummelo. A major focus of our program continues to be the somatic hybridization of superior mandarins with pre-selected pummelo parents. Here, we report the regeneration of allotetraploid somatic hybrid plants from seven new mandarin+pummelo combinations and one new sweet orange+pummelo combination. All new somatic hybrids were confirmed by leaf morphology, ploidy analysis via flow cytometry, and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis to show nuclear contributions from both parents in corresponding hybrids. These new somatic hybrids are being propagated by tissue culture and/or rooted cuttings for further evaluation of disease resistance and horticultural performance in field trials.
Sleep Apnea and Hypertension

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) encompasses all forms of respiratory disorders specific to sleep (1). There is a spectrum of SDB ranging from mild to severe with the most severe form being obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (2). In adults, OSA has been linked to cardiovascular disease, specifically hypertension (HTN) (3). The association between systemic HTN and OSA is well documented in both cross-sectional and prospective population studies (4–6). These studies not only demonstrate an association between the two conditions, but one study also documented OSA preceding the development of HTN (6). Additionally, OSA has been associated with drug-resistant HTN in adults (7.8) which may be partially mediated by aldosterone (9.10). The relationship between OSA and HTN is so well defined in adults that OSA is now recognized as an identifiable cause of HTN and should be considered during the evaluation for elevated blood pressure (BP) (11). The National High Blood Pressure Education Working Group for Children and Adolescents made a similar recommendation to evaluate for OSA as a comorbid condition in children with HTN (12). However, the relationship between SDB and HTN is not as clear in children. Regardless, there is evidence to suggest an association between these two conditions, but the causal relationship is still unknown.
Genome Sequences of Five Additional Brevibacillus laterosporus Bacteriophages.

ABSTRACT Brevibacillus laterosporus has been isolated from many different environments, including beehives, and produces compounds that are toxic to many organisms. Five B. laterosporus phages have been isolated previously. Here, we announce five additional phages that infect this bacterium, including the first B. laterosporus siphoviruses to be discovered.
Inefficiency Costs, Parties Chances, Redistribution Restrictions, and Their Impact on the Survival of Democracies: A Formal Modeling Approach

In this paper I propose a model to understand the effects of inefficiency costs, changing in electoral chances of parties and exogenous restrictions on the feasible redistribution on the survival of democracies. First, I show some data that suggest influences, other then per capita income on the democratic survival. Then, I build a model of democracy as a repeated game where parties, at each stage, have to propose redistribution platforms and the winner can perform its most preferred redistribution. I then study how changes in inefficiency, political chances of parties and redistribution restrictions imply in changes in the feasible redistributions set (a set where democracy can be sustained). I show that an increase in efficiency also increases the feasible redistributions subset; that a change in electoral probabilities of one party impacts on the feasible redistribution; and, that by impose proper feasible subsets can only in specific cases, disturb the survival of the democracy.
General surgery as a foundation: How to build successful careers in (endocrine) surgery: Presidential Address.

ENDOCRINE SURGERY IS A RELATIVELY RECENT AREA OF FOCUS WITHIN GENERAL SURGERY. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AAES) and its international companion, the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons, are less than 4 decades old. They developed as gathering places for surgeons interested in diseases of the thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. There were forerunners, such as the American Thyroid Association and The Endocrine Society, but the establishment and nurturing of the AAES in particular helped to crystallize the concept of the surgeon expert in the management of diseases in these organs. Over time, the AAES has developed into a robust specialty society. Our group was established mainly to organize an annual meeting of the members but has diversified into accrediting training programs, publishing position statements and guidelines, providing seed funding for research enterprises, and maintaining a quality improvement data platform. Many of our most respected members have developed clinical skills and reputations that have resulted in practices that contain exclusively endocrine surgery. These members have advanced our field substantially both in