cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a hybrid exoskeleton for crouch gait in children with cerebral palsy: neuromuscular electrical stimulation for improved knee extension.

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) has been utilized for many years in cerebral palsy (CP) with limited success despite its inherent potential for improving muscle size and/or strength, inhibiting or reducing spasticity, and enhancing motor performance during functional activities such as gait. While surface NMES has been shown to successfully improve foot drop in CP and stroke, correction of more complex gait abnormalities in CP such as flexed knee (crouch) gait remains challenging due to the level of stimulation needed for the quadriceps muscles that must be balanced with patient tolerability and the ability to deliver NMES assistance at precise times within a gait cycle. This paper outlines the design and evaluation of a custom, noninvasive NMES system that can trigger and adjust electrical stimulation in real-time. Further, this study demonstrates feasibility of one possible application for this digitally-controlled NMES system as a component of a pediatric robotic exoskeleton to provide on-demand stimulation to leg muscles within specific phases of the gait cycle for those with CP and other neurological disorders who still have lower limb sensation and volitional control. A graphical user interface was developed to digitally set stimulation parameters (amplitude, pulse width, and frequency), timing, and intensity during walking. Benchtop testing characterized system delay and power output. System performance was investigated during a single session that consisted of four overground walking conditions in a 15-year-old male with bilateral spastic CP, GMFCS Level III: (1) his current Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO); (2) unassisted Exoskeleton; (3) NMES of the vastus lateralis; and (4) NMES of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. We hypothesized in this participant with crouch gait that NMES triggered with low latency to knee extensor muscles during stance would have a modest but positive effect on knee extension during stance. The system delivers four channels of NMES with average delays of 16.5 ± 13.5 ms. Walking results show NMES to the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris during stance immediately improved mean peak knee extension during mid-stance (p = 0.003*) and total knee excursion (p = 0.009*) in the more affected leg. The electrical design, microcontroller software and graphical user interface developed here are included as open source material to facilitate additional research into digitally-controlled surface stimulation ( github.com/NIHFAB/NMES ). The custom, digitally-controlled NMES system can reliably trigger electrical stimulation with low latency. Precisely timed delivery of electrical stimulation to the quadriceps is a promising treatment for crouch. Our ultimate goal is to synchronize NMES with robotic knee extension assistance to create a hybrid NMES-exoskeleton device for gait rehabilitation in children with flexed knee gait from CP as well as from other pediatric disorders. clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT01961557 . Registered 11 October 2013; Last Updated 27 January 2020.
Abstract 4070: Development of MAEGI as a new class of immune gene therapy for cancer treatment

Current major types of immunotherapy include checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer, human recombinant cytokines, and cancer vaccines. However, immunotherapy has met challenges in immunologically cold tumors. These challenges urge for new types of immunotherapies that are more potent and potentially less toxic. Recently, we have developed CRISPRa-mediated Multiplexed Activation of Endogenous Genes as an Immunotherapy (MAEGI) (Wang et al. 2019 Nature Immunology, in press). The CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system uses a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9), enabling simple and flexible gene expression regulation through dCas9-transcriptional activators paired with single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). This enables precise targeting of large gene pools of endogenous genes in a flexible manner. We demonstrate that MAEGI has therapeutic efficacy across three tumor types. Mechanistically, our preliminary work showed that MAEGI treatment elicits anti-tumor immune responses by recruiting effector T cells and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. We will perform advanced development, characterization and optimization of MAEGI, as a novel immune-gene therapy approach to elicit a potent and specific immune response to tumors based on their unique genetic composition. Citation Format: Sidi Chen. Development of MAEGI as a new class of immune gene therapy for cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4070.
Extending Riemmanian Motion Policies to a Class of Underactuated Wheeled-Inverted-Pendulum Robots

Riemannian Motion Policies (RMPs) have recently been introduced as a way to specify second-order motion policies defined on robot task spaces. RMP-based approaches have the advantage of being more general than traditional approaches based on operational space control; for example, the generalized task inertia in an RMP can be fully state-dependent, which is particularly effective in designing collision avoidance bahaviors. But until now RMPs have been applied only to fully actuated systems, i.e. systems for which each degree of freedom (DoF) can be directly actuated by a control input. In this paper, we present a method that extends the RMP formalism to a class of underacutated systems whose dynamics are amenable to a decomposition into a fully-actuated subsystem and a residual dynamics. We show the efficacy of the approach by constructing a suitable decomposition for a Wheeled-Inverted-Pendulum (WIP) humanoid robot and applying our method to derive motion policies for combined locomotion and manipulation tasks. Simulation results are presented for a 7-DoF system with one degree of underactuation.
Women Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Father Involvement and the Connection to Physical Activity

Female physical activity (PA) declines significantly over the lifespan, and women in college do not meet PA recommendations. Father-daughter research focuses on psychological outcomes, but PA resea...
Quantitative analysis of Raman spectral parameters for carbon fibers: practical considerations and connection to mechanical properties

Although the literature on the Raman spectra of carbon fibers is vast, no consistent, robust predictive relationship between mechanical properties of carbon fibers and spectral parameters exists. This shortcoming is due to the use of numerous fitting functions to evaluate Raman spectra of carbon fibers and the inconsistencies in establishing the best fitting models in a statistically robust fashion. To address this gap, we present a comprehensive work on the Raman spectra of carbon fibers that combines a vast library of experimental data with a robust numerical analysis and a statistical evaluation of a wide range of suggested fitting models. This manuscript begins with a brief review of the commonly applied fitting models. Then, the Raman spectra of 32 commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers collected at excitation wavelengths 532, 633, and 785 nm are presented and the best fit for all fibers is evaluated based on several statistical criteria in conjunction with numerical calculations and physical arguments. The results suggest that high-performance fibers must be fit with at least five peaks, whereas high-tensile modulus fibers are best fit with at least six distinct peaks. Finally, we employ simultaneous fitting of the Raman spectra of specific fibers and wavelengths and demonstrate that strong correlations exist between mechanical properties and the D1 peak position and shape across the range of evaluated mechanical properties. We suggest straightforward improvements in fitting analysis procedures that can be implemented to increase coherency in the understanding of the underlying carbon fiber microstructure intuited from Raman spectroscopy.
Crystal structure of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) frameshifting pseudoknot.

SARS-CoV-2 produces two long viral protein precursors from one open reading frame using a highly conserved RNA pseudoknot that enhances programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting. The 1.3 A-resolution X-ray structure of the pseudoknot reveals three coaxially stacked helices buttressed by idiosyncratic base triples from loop residues. This structure represents a frameshift-stimulating state that must be deformed by the ribosome, and exhibits base-triple-adjacent pockets that could be targeted by future small-molecule therapeutics.
Multi-Directional G-Protection during Experimental Sled Runs

The Author described at the VIIIth I.A.F. Congress (Barcelona 1957) [5] a device termed “Anti-G Capsule” which would protect a human operator or a test animal against high G loads during space flight.
Racial Differences in Timing and Factors Associated with Retirement

En depit de la perception accrue de la mise en retraite comme etant une partie integrante de la vie moderne, il apparait que la retraite est un processus fortement influence par les comportements des individus face a la retraite, les assurances vieillesse, le revenu de la pension, l'etat de sante, etc... Cet article s'interesse aux differences raciales pouvant intervenir dans la decision du depart en retraite. L'analyse revele que les hommes noirs de plus de 60 ans ont un taux de mise en retraite plus faible que celui des hommes blancs. L'invalidite est une raison mise en avant pour le depart en retraite pour les deux categories de personnes. De plus, les hommes blancs qui considerent la retraite comme un temps de loisir et les hommes noirs avec un faible statut economique sont plus susceptibles de prendre leur retraite
Seismic Design of Underground Lifelines

The development of guidelines for the design of underground lifelines subjected to earthquakes depends on the results of analytical and experimental research, measurement of relevant seismic ground motion and post-earthquake observations. Analytical and numerical techniques are available, or are being developed, for these purposes. There remain, however, a few issues and problems which need to be clarified and resolved before the data base for design-analysis guidelines can be completed. The paper summarizes some of the results reached to data, and discusses problems which need clarification. These include the incoherent free field motion and lifeline response to seismic excitation, including the role of friction.
Low Energy Quanta Image Transducers Using a Controlled Recombination Mode

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the possibility and the advantages of erasure by using frame-rate controlled recombination of the information carriers, when employing the internal photoeffect for image detection devices that are able to follow dynamic events at a given rate, instead of erasure of the information carriers by the continuous uncontrolled recombination that occurs in the conventional materials used for such a purpose. A controlled erasure will yield higher sensitivity in photoconductors intended to be used mainly for infra-red image detection. To achieve this, new type extrinsic semiconductors with a complex level structure in the forbidden gap are necessary. This chapter presents the research efforts of the Solid State Physics Research Laboratory of the Aerospace Research Laboratories that are concerned with the development and the investigation of extrinsic semiconductors suitable for the above arrangements. New concepts are explained for opto-electronic imaging arrangements, which may use such semiconductors for the detection of dynamic events where the images are formed by radiation with quantum energy insufficient for the external photoeffect. Some research methods are explained and early results are given in the chapter.
Accounting earnings and future economic rents: An empirical analysis

Abstract This study reexamines competition, cost structure, and growth opportunities effects on earnings response coefficients and extends this literature in several ways. First, it presents a more refined theoretical motivation for investigating competition and cost structure effects. Second, it introduces new economic factor proxies that confirm prior findings with respect to competition but differ from prior findings with respect to cost structure and growth opportunities. Overall the evidence suggests that accounting earnings reflect information about future economic rents generated by firms' assets-in-place. The evidence also suggests, contrary to prior studies, that accounting earnings are not very informative about firms' growth opportunities.
A prototype analysis of infidelity

The current research tested whether the concept of infidelity is prototypically organized and whether laypeople's conceptualizations of infidelity are consistent with how researchers have operationalized this construct. Across 4 studies, results indicated that infidelity is indeed prototypically organized as individuals are able to list and rate how central certain features are to the infidelity construct. Furthermore, there was evidence that the centrality ratings influenced how individuals processed information in a series of memory tasks and narratives about infidelity experiences. Laypeople are less likely than researchers to consider the presence of particular behaviors (i.e., flirting, kissing, and sexual intercourse) as defining qualities of infidelity. Instead, laypeople focus more on the concealment of behaviors and the resulting emotional fallout from infidelity.
Quality Analysis of Journals in TESOL and Applied Linguistics

Journals act as one of the primary storage areas for and distributors of academic knowledge across fields, including TESOL and applied linguistics (AL). The quality of such journals often determines the visibility and impact of the articles they contain; the ranking of programs, departments, and individual performances; the distribution of research funds, and even the way data are presented and discussed (Weiner, 2001). Whether we agree with the centrality of journals, an understanding of journal quality can play a significant role in our professional decisions. There is yet no accepted methodology for determining the value and impact of certain journals relative to others in TESOL-AL; whether there should or indeed can be one is an ongoing discussion to which this article might contribute. Specifically, a method for representing journal quality in TESOL-AL could help members of the field accurately judge the quality of journals during personnel evaluations, selecting outlets for use and publication, and in discerning the quality of work across the field. The focus of the current quality analysis was to develop such a method for journal quality in TESOL-AL. However, a thorough review of the research and of the journals included in this analysis determined that a single method, regardless of the number of components included, could not account for important differences among journals and in reasons for publishing in them. This article explores the foundations for this conclusion and suggests options that exist for TESOL-AL professionals to determine journal value. The research journals were chosen for this article to make the data set relatively heterogeneous and manageable; however, the overall principles can be applied to other types of journals and publications. This analysis consists of a brief critical review of existing journal quality mea
A Simulation-Based Approach for Evaluating Cost and Performance of a Sediment Removal and Processing System for the Lower Susquehanna River Dams

A series of three major dams and reservoirs located along the Lower Susquehanna River have historically acted as a system of sediment and nutrient pollution traps. However, episodic pulses of these pollution loads are released following short-term extreme storm events, affecting subaquatic vegetation, benthic organisms, and the overall water quality in the Upper Chesapeake Bay. In addition, all three reservoirs have reached a state of near maximum storage capacity termed as dynamic equilibrium. Based on prior research, this study seeks to reduce the sediment buildup behind the dams through a sediment removal and processing operation, and thereby reduce the ecological impact of major storms. A set of scour performance curves derived from a regression analysis, and a stochastic lifecycle cost model were used to evaluate the sediment scouring reduction and economic feasibility of three processing alternatives: Plasma Vitrification, Cement-Lock, and Quarry/Landfill, and three removal amount cases: Nominal, Moderate, and Maximum. Since the scour performance curves treat the dams as static, a fluid system dynamics model was used to determine if the dynamic interaction between the capacitance of the dams during major scouring events is negligible or considerable. A utility vs. cost analysis factoring in time, performance, and suitability of the alternatives indicates that a Cement-Lock processing plant at moderate dredging for the Safe Harbor and Conowingo Dams is the most cost-performance effective solution.
Italian Preschoolers' Peer‐status Linkages with Sociability and Subtypes of Aggression and Victimization

Little is known about the behavior of preschool children belonging to peer sociometric status groups (popular, average, rejected, neglected, and controversial) in cultural contexts outside North America. This study examined the social interactions of Italian preschoolers. The sample consisted of 266 Italian preschoolers (mean age of 64 months). Physical and relational subtypes of aggression and victimization, as well as sociable behavior, were measured by peer nominations and teacher ratings. Peer nominations of acceptance and rejection (like and dislike nominations) were also collected in order to form the sociometric status groups. Results of confirmatory factor analyses showed that items developed with US preschoolers appeared to work fairly well in identifying behavioral constructs in Italian preschoolers. Findings generally supported previous research with American preschoolers. Sociometrically popular children were highest in sociability, and lowest in physical and relational aggression and victimization. The opposite pattern emerged for rejected status children. Neglected status children were generally not distinguished from average status children. Results also suggested that the enactment of relational aggression promotes greater social impact for some Italian children (controversial children), and this aggression also invites more conflict and victimization. However, the sociability of controversial children appears to buffer them from rejected group status.
Talk Radio, Discourse

Radio was the first electronic mass medium. It became a prominent part in people's every day experiences and in the discursive practices of mass media that followed in its wake. Moreover, radio was instrumental in creating communities around it and it has a central part in the public sphere. Key features of radio discourse include: intentionality, sociability, performativity, interactivity, and liveliness. There are many radiophonic genres; foremost among them is the phone-in, in which an ordinary person calls in to a program to talk with a host in front of the audience. The structure and features of phone-ins are illustrated to demonstrate how an institutional setting is achieved. Keywords: History of Media and Communications; language and social interaction; media and society; public participation; radio
Observations on the decomposition of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae) with special regard to the leaves

Abstract In spring, summer and autumn, there is a continuous decomposition of Nymphoides leaves by means of physiological and consumptive or damaging processes. The first process can take place in two ways: viz. by gradually dying off of the oldest leaves and by mass decomposition after the flowering period. In autumn, when the growth stops, this process of physiological decomposition is continued by the fungus Septoria villarsiae Desm. (Fungi imperfecti). The rust Puccinia scirpi DC, of which the aecidia have been found on the leaves in June, does not seem to play a role of any significance. Detritivorous benthos organisms, particularly Asellus aquaticus L. (Crustacea, Isopoda), take care of the fragmentation and partial digestion of dead, rotten plant material. Independent of these processes, decomposition is also caused by animals which eat and damage the living leaves. This decomposition is caused by pulmonate snails, especially Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae), the larvae of Nausinoe nymphaeata L. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and Cricotopus trifasciatus (Meig.) (Diptera, Chironomidae), the Coot (Fulica atra L.) (Aves, Rallidae) and the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (L.)) (Mammalia, Rodentia). Leaves of seedlings on temporarily dry mud bottoms are eaten by terrestrial slugs, viz. Deroceras laeve (Muller) (Gastropoda, Limacidae), during moist weather conditions.
Thermally protecting cod ends for the recovery of living deep-sea animals

Abstract The use of thermally protecting cod ends for the recovery of living midwater animals is described. The designs and construction details of two such devices are described. These devices have proved effective for the recovery of living animals from depths as great as 2500 m.
The nuclear spectral function and the mass dependence of the EMC effect

Abstract We examine the properties of the nuclear spectral function and point out that the mass dependence of the EMC effect can be reproduced within the conventional nuclear theory by using the appropriate experimental data for the momentum and energy distribution of nucleons in nuclei.
Effects of Anchovy Fish Meal in Broiler Diets

Abstract Four experiments were conducted with male broiler chicks to observe effects on growth and feed efficiency when soybean meal of a corn-soymeal diet is replaced at different levels by anchovy fish meal protein. The experimental diets were fed to 7-day-old male chicks for 21 days in Experiment 1, 2, and 3, and 42 days in Experiment 4. No differences in body weight or feed efficiency were observed in Experiment 1 when anchovy fish meal (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) replaced soybean meal in a 20% protein corn-soymeal diet. In Experiment 2, weight gain and feed efficiency indicated that corn-soybean meal diets were superior to corn-anchovy fish meal diets when fed at four levels of protein (12, 15, 18, and 21%). In Experiment 3, corn-herring fish meal diets produced greater weight gains of chicks than either corn-anchovy meal or corn-soybean meal diets. Performance of chicks fed anchovy fish meal and soybean meal was similar. Chicks fed diets containing fish meal did not respond in growth (P > 0.05) to methionine supplementation. In Experiment 4, soybean protein replacement (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100%) by anchovy fish meal was studied. Comparisons of treatments indicated no differences (P > 0.05) in body weights or feed efficiency except when fish meal replaced all the soybean protein. A significant growth depression was observed at the 100 percent replacement of the soybean protein. There appeared to be no effect of anchovy fish meal on gizzard erosion.
A refrigeration temperature of 4 °C does not prevent static growth of Yersinia pestis in heart infusion broth

Multiple barriers such as inspections, testing, and proper storage conditions are used to minimize the risk of contaminated food. Knowledge of which barriers, such as refrigeration, are effective in preventing pathogen growth and persistence, can help direct the focus of efforts during food sampling. In this study, the doubling times were evaluated for 10 strains of Yersinia pestis of different genetic background cultured in heart infusion broth (HIB) kept at 4 °C ± 1 °C under static conditions. Nine out of the 10 strains were able to grow at 4 °C ± 1 °C. Apparent doubling times for 7 of the strains ranged from 41 to 50 h. Strain Harbin and strain D1 had apparent doubling times of 65 and 35 h, respectively, and strain O19 Ca–6 did not grow at all. Analysis of variance showed that the averaged growth data (colony forming units per mL) between strains that grew were not significantly different. The data presented here demonstrate that refrigeration alone is not an effective barrier to prevent static growth ...
Clinical approaches to tachyarrhythmias, volume 10: The brugada syndrome

Deficiencies: The deficiencies in this publication stem from the usual hazards of a multiauthored text. Data repetition occurs throughout many chapters, and the text lacks a unified style. Although the editors have done an excellent job in organizing the chapters, the multiauthor format and “conference proceedings” nature of the text make for disconcertingly choppy reading. The monograph is rich with information, but does not provide an easy read for a clinical cardiologist in search of a straightforward overview of the problem. Recommended Audience: Preventive cardiologists and physicians in charge of cardiac rehabilitation programs will find a great deal of useful information in this monograph. Clinical cardiologists would probably be happy to have access to the stronger chapters in a division library or hospital library rather than owning the entire volume. This monograph certainly has a place in every hospital or cardiology division library, but not necessarily on the shelf of most clinicians. The stronger chapters are excellent; any cardiologists who deals with patients on a day-to-day basis would be well advised to spend some time becoming aquainted with these issues.
Prophylaxis against lethal effect of high altitude by means of a digitalis glycoside (gitalin)

Abstract Gitalin, when given to mice in doses of 5 to 10 gamma per Gm. intraperitoneally, has a high prophylactic effect against the severe, acute anoxemia produced by low atmospheric pressures corresponding to altitudes of 30,000 to 34,000 feet. The protection is at its height for a period of sixteen to thirty hours after injection. The protection afforded increases with the altitude, and reaches nearly 90 per cent at 34,000 feet.
Ozone Air Broadening Coefficients In The 9 μm Region

Air broadening coefficients and line strengths are reported for selected ozone lines in the 8.8 to 10μm spectral region. These parameters were obtained from a least squares fit of the Voigt line shape to experimental ozone absorption spectra obtained with a tunable diode laser. Analysis of 11 lines in the νl and 18 lines in the ν3 band suggest a transition dependent coefficient although no definitive relationship was identified., The average air broadening coefficient for the νl and ν3 ozone lines is 0.077 and 0.083cm-1/atm, respectively. The measured line strengths are typically 10% to a factor of 2 larger than those given in the AFGL compilation.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is Recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) Use Associated with Higher Levels of Depressive Symptoms

Due to potential serotonergic deficits, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) may cause long-term mood disruptions in recreational Ecstasy users. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between recreational Ecstasy use and higher levels of depressive symptoms. Eleven out of 22 studies initially have reported significantly higher depression scores in Ecstasy users in comparison to control participants. However, only three studies ultimately have revealed significantly higher depression scores in comparison to cannabis or polydrug controls. Furthermore, most studies have suffered from methodological weaknesses, and the levels of depressive symptoms that have been found in Ecstasy users have not been shown to be much higher than those found in normative groups. The evidence for an association specifically between Ecstasy use and higher levels of depressive symptoms is currently unconvincing, but the frequent concomitant use of Ecstasy and other illicit drugs has been shown to be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Possible causes include polydrug use in general, MDMA-induced serotonergic deficits, individual effects of illicit drugs besides Ecstasy, combined effects of MDMA and other illicit drugs, and preexisting differences in the levels of depressive symptoms in Ecstasy users.
Injunctive norms for alcohol-related consequences and protective behavioral strategies: Effects of gender and year in school

Perceived drinking norms have received increased attention as one determinant of high levels of college alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Excessive drinking is widely visible on college campuses, and students may therefore assume that it is peer-supported (Kitts, 2003). Research into peer relations indicates that the perceived approval of important others predicts drinking behavior (Neighbors, Lee, Lewis, Fossos, & Larimer, 2007). Neither the use of alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies nor alcohol-related negative consequences have been investigated in terms of their perceived approval. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on injunctive norms and assess self-other discrepancies in levels of approval for campus drinking patterns, negative alcohol-related consequences, and protective behavioral strategies. Undergraduate volunteers (n=324, 61% female, 67% Caucasian) completed an online survey of drinking patterns; they rated comfort with overall campus drinking, and the acceptability of alcohol-related consequences and protective strategies for themselves and their close friends. As predicted, students expressed lower acceptance of consequences than their friends, and higher acceptance of alcohol-related protective strategies. We observed main effects of gender and year in school. Males and upperclassmen expressed higher acceptance of negative consequences for both self and others, and lower acceptance of protective strategies for both self and others. Implications for prevention programs are discussed. Language: en
Studies of heat transport to forced flow He II

Abstract Analytical and experimental studies of heat transport to forced flow He II are reported. The work is pertinent to the transfer of He II in space. An analytical model has been developed which establishes a condition for two phase flow to occur in the transfer line. This condition sets an allowable limit to the heat leak into the transfer line. Experimental measurements of pressure drop and flow meter performances indicate that turbulent He II can be analysed in terms of classical pressure drop correlations.
Secluded Scholars: Women's Education and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India

This volume gives a detailed account of the individuals, organizations, and institutions that were influential in India in the promotion of education for Muslim girls in the colonial period.
Popular Music and the Myths of Madness

Nicola Spelman, Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2012, ISBN 978-1-409-41831-3, 206 pp, $99.95 Spelman's brief study provides an intriguing and by all reports overdue analysis of myths of madness within popular...
NUCLEAR SATURATION AND TWO-BODY FORCES. II. TENSOR FORCES

The method developed in a previous paper for the treatment of the problem of nuclear saturation has been extended to the case of tensor forces. The general result obtained expresses the many-body potential energy as a function of the triplet and singlet eigen phase shifts for scattering. One consequence is that the tensor force, which averages to zero if Born approximation is used to evaluate the scattering, now gives a very sizable contribution to the potential energy. Phase shifts have been determined for a specific potential model derived from pseudoscalar meson theory, and are shown to give scattering up to 90 Mev which is in good agreement with total cross section and in approximate agreement with angular distributions. Use of these results to evaluate the total energy (neglecting Coulomb effects) in heavy nuclei shows that for a typical case ($A=300$) saturation occurs at a radius $1.15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ with a binding energy of 10 Mev per particle. If surface effects are neglected, however, the density at saturation increases by a factor of 1.74 with an increase in mean binding energy to 39 Mev. The potential energy per particle has also been determined as a function of its momentum. In the finite nucleus ($A=300$) the potential depth varies from -82 Mev for a particle of zero momentum to -32 Mev for a particle at the top of the Fermi momentum distribution. Arguments are presented which suggest that this effect is to a large extent independent of the model used.
Breakdown of ionic crystals by electron avalanches

In gases at moderate pressures breakdown occurs when the avalanche produced by a primary electron regenerates with certainty a new starting electron (Townsend condition). In ionic crystals the breakdown strength appears to be determined by the probability of exciting lattice vibrations, without reference to the electron supply. The theory as formulated to date predicts an increase of the breakdown strength with temperature. Confirming our previous results we find for both d.c. and a.c. an increase followed by a decrease. By extending our experiments to transient voltages of rise times down to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec., and by adopting evaporated metal electrodes and various kinds of irradiation, the influence of field emission and of space charges on the breakdown strength and on the scatter of the breakdown values has been investigated. The occurrence of directional breakdown paths seems to be connected with the Brillouin zones of the crystal structure as the outcome either of electron diffraction or of collisions between electrons and directed lattice vibrations. The possibility of using crystals as Geiger counters is briefly discussed.
Ethnic differences in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism.

Purpose of reviewComparison of risk factors and cardiovascular disease among racial and ethnic groups is a powerful approach to study genetics and lifestyle, or environmental interactions.Recent findingsMost, mean or median, cardiovascular risk factor levels are similar among black and white people.
Vitamin D Metabolism and Action in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Vitamin D metabolites are important effectors of bone and mineral homeostasis. Extrarenal conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) to the biologically active form of vitamin D, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D] is catalyzed in several cell types by the 1 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), but little is known about the expression or regulation of CYP27B1 in human bones. We examined whether human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs, also known as mesenchymal stem cells) participate in vitamin D metabolism and whether vitamin D hydroxylases in hMSCs are influenced by the vitamin D status of the individual from whom the hMSCs were obtained. We also investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on osteoblast differentiation and the role of IGF-I in the regulation of CYP27B1. In a series of 27 subjects, vitamin D hydroxylases in hMSCs were expressed at different levels and were correlated with serum 25OHD, 1,25(OH)(2)D, and PTH. In vitro treatment with 25OHD up-regulated CYP27B1 and IGF-I in hMSCs; IGF-I also up-regulated CY27B1 expression and stimulated osteoblast differentiation. When hydroxylation of 25OHD was blocked by ketoconazole, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, 25OHD was no longer able to induce CYP27B1 expression. In summary, these findings show that human bone marrow stromal cells have the molecular machinery both to metabolize and respond to vitamin D. We propose that circulating 25OHD, by virtue of its local conversion to 1,25(OH)(2)D catalyzed by basal CYP27B1 in hMSCs, amplifies vitamin D signaling through IGF-I up-regulation, which in turn induces CYP27B1 in a feed-forward mechanism to potentiate osteoblast differentiation initiated by IGF-I.
The Usefulness of Demand Forecasts for Team Resource Allocation in a Dynamic Environment

The efficiency of market information for planning resource allocation in "real time" is explored. In each period resources are allocated as planning for the next period proceeds. Full optimality is not possible, even when maximum information is exchanged between firms and resource allocators, as the technologies of the firms are changing. The major result shows that market-type information such as demands and especially demand forecasts is as good as full technological information to exchange.
Phonetic coherence in duplex perception: effects of acoustic differences and lexical status

A modified version of duplex perception was used to investigate the nature of perceptual organization of speech. Ss were asked to identify stimuli in which a third-formant transition was presented to 1 ear and a full syllable (base) was presented to the other ear. Phonetic integration occurred even when the spectral composition or onset frequency of the isolated transition was varied relative to the base. However, when onset asynchronies were added to spectral differences, the isolated transition ceased to contribute to the syllable percept. Lexical status of the eventual phonetic percepts also influenced the phonetic integration of acoustic components into syllable percepts. These results suggest that combinations of low-level acoustic and phonetic differences between components and higher level lexical information interact to influence the grouping of acoustic components into phonetic percepts.
Electron microscope studies on the vitelline membrane of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima.

The vitelline membrane of the egg of Spisula is described. It consists of a hexagonal array of microvilli embedded in two layers of material, the outer and inner fibrillar layers. These layers, each about ⅓ μ thick, are separated from the egg proper by an irregular perivitelline space approximately ⅓ μ thick. After fertilization, the perivitelline space increases in thickness to a variable extent, but never more than double that prior to fertilization. The other layers show no change visible with the electron microscope. The vitelline membrane may be isolated from the egg, in which case both the fibrillar layers and the microvilli are removed together. The vitelline membrane lifts from the egg surface over cleavage furrows and again the fibrillar layers and microvilli act as a unit. The evidence suggests that the term vitelline membrane should be applied in this egg to the complex of microvilli (cytoplasmic extensions) and fibrillar layers (extracellular), since they act in mechanical processes as a unitary object.
Interspecies comparisons of in situ intrinsic mechanical properties of distal femoral cartilage

We measured the in situ biomechanical properties of knee joint cartilage from five species (bovine, canine, human, monkey, and rabbit) to examine the biomechanical relevance of animal models of human knee joint injuries and osteoarthritis. In situ biphasic creep indentation experiments were performed to simultaneously determine all three intrinsic material coefficients (aggregate modulus, Poisson's ratio, and permeability) of the cartilage as represented by the linear KLM biphasic model. In addition, we also assessed the effects of load bearing on these intrinsic properties at "high" and "low" weight-bearing regions on the distal femur. Our results indicate that significant differences exist in some of these material properties among species and sites. The aggregate modulus of the anterior patellar groove within each species is the lowest among all sites tested, and the permeability of the patellar groove cartilage is the highest and does not vary among species. Similarly, the Poison's ratio in the patellar groove is the lowest in all species, except in the rabbit. These results lead to the conclusion that patellar groove cartilage can undergo greater and faster compression. Thus, under high compressive loads, the cartilage of the patellar groove surface can more rapidly compress to create a congruent patellofemoral joint articulation. For any given location, no differences were found in the aggregate modulus among all the species, and no correlation was found between aggregate modulus and thickness at the test site. Thus, in the process of selecting a suitable experimental animal model of human articular cartilage, it is essential to consider the significant interspecies differences of the mechanical properties.
The social environment of transitional work and residence programs: Influences on health and functioning

Abstract The social environment of service programs—the context for treatment delivery rather than the treatment itself—is often neglected in evaluations of treatment outcomes. This research paper uses Moos's [Moos, R. H. (1997). Evaluating treatment environments: The quality of psychiatric and substance abuse programs (2nd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction] measure of level of program involvement to identify variation in the social environment of a multi-site transitional program for homeless veterans that included both work and residential components. The transitional program, the Veterans Health Administration Compensated Work Therapy/Transitional Residence program (CWT/TR) provides a unique opportunity to test the simultaneous influence of the social environment in work and housing. Three hypotheses were tested concerning the impact of the social environment on three health outcomes and three functional outcomes. We find that programs with higher average involvement levels tended to produce more improvement among participants, particularly for those who were more impaired at baseline. Identifying the influence of the social environment within this program required assessment of both the work and residential environments and tests for their conjoint influence, as well multiple tests of person–environment fit with multiple outcomes.
Conceptions of Teaching by Five Vietnamese American Preservice Teachers

This article argues that Vietnamese Americans face unique challenges in becoming U.S. educators. To understand the experiences of five preservice Vietnamese American teachers, it examines the similarities and within-group differences in perspectives on teaching and in adaptation strategies of their practicum activities at a California university. The study shows that these individuals operated frequently from their Vietnamese cultural frame of understanding, and therefore had difficulty with socializing into U.S. teaching. In particular, they perceived teaching as fundamentally a moral enterprise, and teachers as moral agents, able—by virtue of their role—to command authority in the classroom and reverential respect from their students and parents. These assumptions about teachers' roles were often incongruent with those inherent in the teaching and learning contexts in which they worked.
On the narrative of challenged assumptions

This article explores the ways in which the construction of the narrative of music education was problematised through pre-service teachers' and an academic's engagement with a self-assessment project. While the self-assessment tasks afforded a place through which students were able to interrogate their personal construction of assessment and what it means to demonstrate knowings, larger concerns remained unaddressed and less documented. A key issue was the ways in which what had first been a seemingly “simple” qualitative design was overridden by larger philosophical and methodological concerns. What had seemed an obvious process of culling themes from narratives to document growth, development, and turning points soon disintegrated as the author realized the need to attend not only to which and what story to tell, but who had a say in telling the story, and how the story was to be told.
An evaluation of the sensitivity of MRI at detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients utilizing an explant reference standard

Abstract Objective To evaluate the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods MRIs performed within 120 days of transplant, and pathology, were reviewed. Results Of the 87 patients included in the final analysis, 58 had HCC at explant (106 total HCCs). The per-patient and per-lesion sensitivity was 74.1% (43/58) and 81.1% (86/106), respectively. The sensitivity based on size 2 cm was 80.0% (28/35), 77.2% (44/57), and 100% (14/14). Conclusion MRI accurately detects HCC, including HCCs
Analysis and Prediction of Sieving Curves for Ultrafiltration Membranes: A Universal Correlation?

Abstract Sieving curves [variations in sieving coefficient (θ) with Einstein-Stokes radius (α) of the permeating macromolecule] of a number of synthetic ultrafiltration membranes, and of a variety of mammalian glomerular membranes studied in vivo, conform surprisingly closely to a log-normal-probability relationship between θ and α which allows determination of the complete sieving curve from experimental measurement of only two sieving coefficients for two macrosolutes of differing ESR. Even more striking is the finding that, for all membranes examined, the value of α corresponding to θ = 0.5 (the inflection point in the sieving curve) varies only between 17 and 34 A, and geometric standard deviation about the mean macrosolute radius ([sgrave]α), which is inversely related to the “sharpness” of the sieving curve, lies between 1.2 and 1.7. It is concluded that not only is the log-probability correlation a reasonable and convenient means for interpreting and predicting membrane sieving data, but that most ...
Visual attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Performance on neuropsychological tasks was compared in 15 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 15 age- and sex-matched psychiatrically screened control subjects. The tasks chosen are known from studies in other patient groups to demonstrate lateralized abnormalities of visual and limited capacity attentional impairment. The Posner task performance of the OCD group demonstrated decreased inhibition of return for left visual field targets and no inhibition of return for right visual field targets. The OCD group's spatial-linguistic conflict task responses were significantly slowed in the conflict condition, as predicted. The results are discussed in relation to the phenomenology of OCD and prior neuropsychological evaluations.