cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why are faces denser in the visual experiences of younger than older infants

Recent evidence from studies using head cameras suggests that the frequency of faces directly in front of infants declines over the first year and a half of life, a result that has implications for the development of and evolutionary constraints on face processing. Two experiments tested 2 opposing hypotheses about this observed age-related decline in the frequency of faces in infant views. By the people-input hypothesis, there are more faces in view for younger infants because people are more often physically in front of younger than older infants. This hypothesis predicts that not just faces but views of other body parts will decline with age. By the face-input hypothesis, the decline is strictly about faces, not people or other body parts in general. Two experiments, 1 using a time-sampling method (84 infants, 3 to 24 months in age) and the other analyses of head camera images (36 infants, 1 to 24 months) provide strong support for the face-input hypothesis. The results suggest developmental constraints on the environment that ensure faces are prevalent early in development. (PsycINFO Database Record
Assessment of the Magnetoacoustic Method for Residual Stress Detection in Railroad Wheels

A prototype test system for the nondestructive measurement of residual stress measurement railroad wheels has been evaluated, and the results compared to destructive rim force measurements. The test system employs the magnetoacoustic method of stress measurement, and represents the transition of this approach from a laboratory technique to an industrial tool.
Path Loss Models for Low-Power, Low-Data Rate Sensor Nodes for Smart Car Parking Systems

Smart parking management systems need to keep up with the state of parking spots at all times. This is efficiently accomplished via sensor nodes that detect vehicles and update the system’s state as it changes in real time. When sensor nodes use wireless communication as their primary communication link, the deployment approach becomes important, since it directly affects network connectivity, cost, and lifetime. The main factor to consider when deploying wireless sensor networks (WSN) in parking environments is the prediction of radio frequency (RF) signal propagation. Inaccurate propagation models lead to systems that under- or over-perform, both of which negatively affect WSN performance. Most of the existing RF propagation models are created to support cellular systems environments, which drastically differ from indoor/outdoor parking environments—few or no model exists that accurately predict RF signal propagation in parking environments. Therefore, there is a need for models that accurately characterize RF signal propagation in these environments. This paper proposes empirical path loss models for WSN deployment in indoor and outdoor car parking lots. The proposed models are compared with theoretical models. Theoretical models deviate from the proposed models and the measured values by 10% to 46%. The provided models, as well as the measured data, can be used for efficient planning and deployment of WSN in various proposed smart cities, intelligent transportation, and parking lot systems.
A la búsqueda de un lugar en el mundo: una aproximación a la política exterior rusa

El objetivo de este trabajo es definir la tendencia actual de la politica exterior de Rusia, basandose en el papel que juega en la determinacion de la estructura del sistema internacional despues de la Guerra Fria. A traves del analisis de la situacion interna y de las relaciones exteriores de la Rusia de los ultimos 10 anos, el autor senala los retos a los que se enfrento tras la caida de la URSS y las politicas adoptadas para superar algunos de los escenarios de crisis. La hipotesis central es que existe una tendencia casi consolidada de la politica exterior de Moscu que goza de consenso interno, que se ha fijado objetivos concretos y que compite para asegurarle a Rusia un espacio de poder en un mundo multipolar. Asimismo, se hace mencion de los cambios que impondria una nueva perspectiva de politica exterior. El autor presenta algunos estudios de caso para analizar el curso reciente de la politica exterior rusa y sus estrategias, y expone una serie de perspectivas generales basandose en la situacion previa al 11 de septiembre de 2001.
Flexibility or Constraint? The Implications of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Nonstandard Schedules for Children’s Behavioral Outcomes:

Approximately 17.7% of the U.S. workforce is employed in a nonstandard schedule. Research thus far indicates that these schedules negatively influence children’s behavioral development. However, fe...
Bilirubin Is Inversely Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Individuals in VACS (Veterans Aging Cohort Study)

BackgroundBilirubin may protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reducing oxidative stress. Whether elevated bilirubin reduces the risk of CVD events among HIV+ individuals and if this diffe...
Pearls & Oy-sters: The critical role of histopathology in diagnosing cancer-associated necrotizing CNS vasculitis.

Objective To highlight the importance of a broad differential and histopathologic confirmation in patients with newly diagnosed cancer with brain lesions atypical for CNS metastasis. Methods We report 2 cases of biopsy-proven CNS vasculitis in patients undergoing treatment for a newly diagnosed nonmetastatic cancer. Comprehensive medical record review was performed to identify the clinical presentation, representative neuroimaging, histopathologic features, and response to treatment. Results Patient 1 presented 1 month into induction therapy of malignant vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (stage 3, T2N1M0) with acute episodic left-sided hemiparesis due to seizure activity progressing to severe encephalopathy. Imaging revealed a right frontoparietal lesion while systemic workup was unrevealing. Biopsy demonstrated necrotizing vasculitis. Patient 2 presented 6 months after diagnosis of right breast invasive ductal carcinoma (stage IIa, T2N0M0, estrogen receptor–positive, progesterone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor–2 positive) with subacute bifrontal headaches with associated phonophobia. Imaging showed hyperintense lesions involving the right temporoparietal region and systemic workup was unrevealing. Brain biopsy showed a necrotizing vasculitis. Patient 1 was treated with methyprednisolone and plasmapheresis and patient 2 was treated with prednisone. Both patients showed complete resolution of symptoms shortly after treatment and improvement on imaging. Conclusions These cases highlight the importance of comprehensive evaluation of new brain lesions in patients with nonmetastatic solid tumors. Characteristics of new brain lesions in patients with cancer that should raise suspicion of diagnoses other than brain metastasis include (1) primary malignancy without regional or distant metastasis, (2) imaging without discrete mass-like enhancement, and (3) cortically based location of lesions not at the gray–white matter junction.
Bayesian persuasion with cheap talk

Abstract We study a sender–receiver game with a two-dimensional state of the world and state dependent sender preferences. The sender can commit to a signal as in the Bayesian persuasion framework for only one of the dimensions. We show how the ability to engage in cheap talk changes the optimal signal and makes the sender better off. The results have implications for some real world applications. For instance, they can help explain why schools prefer not to adopt grading policies that fully reveal student ability.
Computer Programming Fundamentals and Concepts

This chapter introduces programming methods and languages that help beginners to learn essentials of computer programming. Two interpreted languages: Perl and PHP are introduced with examples. A popular open source database, MySQL is also included. Additional web-pointers are provided.
Magnetic Dendritic Halloysite Nanotube for Highly Selective Recovery of Heparin Digested from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa

Heparin, as a sulfated polysaccharide found in animal tissues, is a commonly employed clinical anticoagulant. However, the heparin concentration in digested raw materials is very low and difficult to recover at high concentrations. To address this issue and enrich the heparin content that can be purified, we have fabricated novel polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers functionalized on halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), which were also decorated and magnetized with iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles to enable magnetic separation for selective, scalable recovery of heparin. Using absorption spectroscopy, the heparin recovery efficiency of HNTs and PAMAM-Fe3O4/HNTs was evaluated and compared the results to Amberlite FPA98 Cl, a commercially accessible resin used in heparin extraction. Our results showed that the PAMAM-Fe3O4/HNTs demonstrated higher efficiency of heparin recovery, both in terms of the capacity and rate of adsorption. We also studied the adsorption mechanism of heparin onto the functional amino groups of ...
Multimodal conversation analysis and usability studies: exploring human-technology interactions in multiparty contexts

This article examines conversation analysis (CA) as a methodology for usability research for technologies used in multiparty contexts. Current laboratory-based usability practices often cannot account for how technologies are used in multi-participant interactions outside of the laboratory. In this article, I review new materialist approaches to usability and consider how CA might be integrated into this theoretical perspective. To do so, I present an example transcript of CA and review CA research on telemedicine in multiparty environments. I use this approach to argue that incorporating CA into a new materialist approach can help usability researchers to reconfigure the technical design of and the socio-material practices surrounding technologies.
SCALING THE SIZE, STRUCTURE, AND DYNAMICS OF RESIDENTIALLY MOBILE HUNTER-GATHERER CAMPS

Short-term hunter-gatherer residential camps have been a central feature of human settlement patterns and social structure for most of human evolutionary history. Recent analyses of ethnohistoric hunter-gatherer data show that across different environments, the average size of hunter-gatherer bands is remarkably constant and that bands are commonly formed by a small number of coresident families. Using ethnoarchaeological data, we examine the relationship between the physical infrastructure of camps and their social organization. We compiled a dataset of 263 ethnoarchaeologically observed hunter-gatherer camps from 13 studies in the literature. We focus on both the scale of camps, or their average size, structure, and composition, and the dynamics that governed their variation. Using a combination of inferential statistics and linear models, we show that the physical infrastructure of camps, measured by the number of household features, reflects the internal social organization of hunter-gatherer bands. Using scaling analyses, we then show that the variation among individual camps is related to a predictable set of dynamics between camp area, infrastructure, the number of occupants, and residence time. Moreover, the scale and dynamics that set the statistical variance in camp sizes are similar across different environments and have important implications for reconstructing prehistoric hunter-gatherer social organization and behavior from the archaeological record.
Visual and somatosensory contributions to infant sitting postural control

There are a limited number of studies that have investigated sitting posture during infancy and the contribution of the sensory systems. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of altered...
Book Review: The Archaeology of Mural Painting at Pañamarca, Peru by Lisa Trever

The Archaeology of Mural Painting at Panamarca, Peru , Lisa Trever. With contributions by Jorge Gamboa, Ricardo Toribio, and Ricardo Morales. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Trustees for Harvard University, 2017. 366 pp., 14 color, 255 halftone, and 67 line illus. $
Sacral Stress Fractures: A Rare but Curable Cause of Back Pain in Athletes.

Background:Stress fractures of the sacrum are an uncommon cause of low back and buttock pain in athletes. They have been described in a few case reports, with the injury occurring most often in fem...
Calcium and Proteases

Calcium ions (Ca2+) are key second messengers in a variety of eukaryotic cell signaling pathways, and they function in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. While it has become clear that Ca2+ stimulates many cellular processes, such as muscle contraction, cellular proliferation, gene expression, secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, exocytosis, and chemotaxis, it has also been realized that Ca2+ is very toxic. Thus, the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) must be highly regulated to achieve a proper balance between Ca2+-mediated cell function and Ca2+-mediated cell death. The importance of intracellular calcium homeostasis is appreciated when one considers the number of subcellular compartments that function in regulating the [Ca2+]i as well as the diversity of cellular process that are controlled by Ca2+-signaling pathways. Each of these subcellular compartments can be targeted by chemicals or drugs, which can elicit an imbalance in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis resulting in toxicity manifested as impaired cellular function or cell death. This chapter provides a basic understanding of the Ca2+ messenger system, Ca2+-activated proteases, such as calpains and PLA2, and their importance in cell injury.
Further Insights into Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction

In the 1930s and the subsequent decades physicists made important advances in optics and microscopy (Duffieux, 1970; Franҫon, 1950, 1953, 1961; Hopkins, 1950, 1951, 1953; Van Cittert, 1934; Zernike, 1934a, b, 1938, 1942a, b, 1948, 1950, 1953a, b, 1958; Zernike and Brinkman, 1935). Their understanding of coherence and its relevance to image formation in the light microscope had enormous implications for light microscopy. These physicists introduced Fourier techniques to the problem of image formation in the light microscope. Increased understanding of the coherence properties of light led to important inventions such as the phase contrast microscope, the interference microscope, and holography. Unfortunately, books published in the 1930s and the 1940s rarely discussed these advances in physical optics. I found one book that attempts to bridge this gap between theory and application of the light microscope titled The Theory of the Microscope (Martin, 1966).
Numerical Methods for First-Order ODEs

This chapter is dedicated to using numerical methods to solve initial-value problems (IVPs) of ODEs. The methods we’ll use are Euler, Runge-Kutta, Adams, Taylor, Milne, and Adams-Moulton. Specifically, we will evaluate their accuracy and efficiency. Of these methods, the Euler method is the simplest one and actually has several types, such as forward, backward, and improved (modified).
The Brazil Project: A Continuing Education Partnership

Partnerships are growing portals to connect businesses, industries, and communities to the field of continuing education. From individual courses to programs and initiatives, the University of Miami is developing a unique international program model with a micro-learning entry point to boost interest and enrollment. This chapter discusses the foundation model for forming the first university and international business partnership and how to prepare faculty to teach learners from other cultures. The authors also discuss how instructional designers should prepare continuing education courses and programs. The discussion concludes with the description of the credit and noncredit program offerings with the Brazil sports club partnerships.
ECOG-ACRIN 2399: analysis of patient related outcomes after Chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck Cancer.

We conducted a correlative study for E2399, a function preservation trial for resectable locally advanced oropharynx and larynx cancer, to prospectively assess effects of chemoradiation (CCR) on quality of life (QOL), swallowing and voice. We correlated the results of swallow assessments done via questionnaires and objective assessments by modified barium swallow (MBS). The Functional Assessment of Cancer-HN (FACT-HN), the Performance Status Scale – Head and Neck (PSS-HN), swallow assessments (including modified barium swallow studies), and voice assessments: Voice Handicap Index (VHI), the Voice Disability Assessment (VDA), and American Speech-Language Hearing Association’s Functional Communication Measure (FCM) were conducted at baseline and periodically post-treatment for 2 years. Baseline QOL and swallowing function predicted overall survival. Patients experienced a marked decrease in QOL, swallowing, and speech post CCR although the decrease in vocal function was modest. Function and QOL returned towards baseline in the majority of patients by 12 months post treatment. Less than 10% of patients had severe dysphagia and were PEG dependent at 12 months post treatment. There was a high degree of correlation between the FACT-HN and PSS-HN swallow items. Statistically significant correlations were found between subjective and objective measures of swallow function. Patients experience marked loss in swallowing function post CCR which returned to baseline in the majority of patients. The correlations between the FCM and self-report swallow items on the PSS and FACT-HN appear to be sufficiently strong to justify their use as a surrogate marker for swallowing disability in large therapeutic trials.
Lessons from the Experience of OECD Nations on Macroeconomic Growth and Economic Freedom, 2004-2008

This study empirically investigates the impact on per capita real economic growth of each of the ten measures of economic freedom computed annually by the Heritage Foundation. Within the context of the Random Effects Model, panel least squares estimations using a 5-year panel (2004 through 2008) dataset for the OECD nations as a group reveal that the percentage growth rate in the purchasing-powerparity adjusted per capita real GDP for OECD nations was, at the 5% statistical significance level or better, an increasing function of at least seven of the ten economic freedom measures. The results underscore the critical role that economic freedom plays in a nation’s economic growth and prosperity and the importance of pursuing policies that are consistent with increasing economic freedom.
Impact of stockmanship training on dairy farms

Our objectives were to study the stockmanship (low stress cattle handling) knowledge, skills, and behaviours of workers on larger dairy operations and to evaluate the impact on cattle flow and on cattle handling skills.
Cooked Air: The Kitchen and its Exhalate

Since 1996, ASHRAE Standard 62.2 has provided guidelines for residential ventilation. As ventilation becomes increasingly scientised, quantifiable, and reliant on hyper-specific equipment, technical literacy on ventilation has narrowed. The relationship between architecture, inhabitants and air management has become increasingly reliant on ventilation standards, in turn increasing reliance on technical specialists, and creating a gap in ventilation knowledge. Through an examination of ASHRAE Standard 62.2, this essay asks why is it that, as ventilation processes become increasingly measurable, there is an equal tendency to reverse awareness in relation to the human sensation, when the standard itself underlines the reality of both phenomenal and intellectual knowledge towards air quality assessment. Furthermore, if architecture’s domain centres on formal, aesthetic, and material logics, is an expanded literacy on air management necessary to address mechanical equipment within an architectural domain?
AutoRank: Automated Rank Selection for Effective Neural Network Customization

Tensor decomposition is a promising approach for low-power and real-time application of neural networks on resource-constrained embedded devices. This paper proposes AutoRank, an end-to-end framework for customizing neural network decomposition using cross-layer rank-selection. For many-layer networks, determining the optimal decomposition ranks is a cumbersome task. To overcome this challenge, we establish a state-action-reward system that effectively absorbs inference accuracy and platform specifications into the rank-selection policy. Our proposed framework brings platform characteristics and performance in the customization loop to enable direct incorporation of hardware cost, e.g., runtime and memory footprint. By means of this hardware-awareness, AutoRank customization engine delivers high accuracy decomposed deep neural networks with low execution cost. Our framework minimizes the engineering cost associated with rank selection by providing an automated API for AutoRank that is compatible with popular deep learning libraries and can be readily used by developers.
Truth and Progress: Antiskeptical Weapons: Michael Williams versus Donald Davidson

Michael Williams's Unnatural Doubts: Epistemological Realism and the Basis of Scepticism offers us something I would not have imagined possible before reading it: a genuinely novel, and very powerful, line of argument against epistemological skepticism. It also purports to show that competing antiskeptical arguments fail. I am enthusiastic about the new antiskeptical weapon that Williams has added to our arsenal, but dubious about his claim that the weapons previously on the market were ineffective. So I shall first try to show off Williams's new weapon in the most advantageous possible light. Then I shall argue that Williams has not shown that there is anything wrong with the alternative weapon purveyed by Donald Davidson, one of his principal competitors in the antiskepticism business. Finally, I shall argue that, although Williams's and Davidson's weapons embody the same basic design, there are reasons for preferring Davidson's version. Barry Stroud, the leading contemporary exponent of the view that epistemological skepticism is a serious and important issue, says that skepticism “appeals to something deep in our nature.” Stroud tries to show “how closely Descartes’ requirement that the dream-possibility be eliminated corresponds to our ordinary standards or requirements for knowledge in daily life.” He claims that “the sources of Descartes’ requirement. … illuminate something about our actual conception of knowledge.” Williams rejoins that we do not have an “actual conception of knowledge” to be illuminated. Williams thinks that there is no such thing as “human knowledge” or “our epistemic position” or “our view of reality.” As he puts it, there may be “fewer things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in our epistemology” (102).
The Step-Class Automorphism Group in Tonal Analysis

Until recently, researchers who have dealt formally with tonal hierarchy (prolongation) have considered only models in which the objects of the hierarchy are musical events (where a musical event might be a chord or a note in a particular voice).1 In contrast, (2006) proposes a concept called “dynamic prolongation” in which the objects of tonal hierarchy are motions between events rather than events themselves. The events in the model of (2006) are chords made up of harmonically related pitches from several voices. In the present study I develop a different approach to dynamic prolongation. Rather than expressing harmonic relations between notes by grouping them into chords, we can treat harmonic relations as intervals and mix them in a hierarchy with melodic motions. This creates a model that can posit long-range harmonic relationships and blur the boundaries between intervals of harmonic and melodic significance.
Stimulation of lactic acid bacteria by a micrococcus isolate: evidence for multiple effects

Growth of, and rate of acid production by, six cultures of lactic acid bacteria were increased in the presence of Micrococcus isolate F4 or a preparation of its capsular material. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide found in pure cultures of the lactic acid bacteria were not detectable, or were greatly reduced, in mixed culture with Micrococcus isolate F4. The capsular material was not as effective as whole cells in preventing accumulation of H2O2. Catalase stimulated growth of, and the rate of acid production by, the lactic acid bacteria, but not to the same extent as Micrococcus isolate F4 in some cultures. The existence of two mechanisms for micrococcal stimulation of the lactic acid bacteria is postulated. One mechanism involves removal of H2O2; the other has not been characterized.
The Effect of Cholesterol Feeding and Fasting upon β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase

The enzymatic reduction of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A to mevalonic acid has been measured in cell-free systems prepared from the livers of rats maintained under various dietary conditions. It has been shown that the reductase reaction is markedly depressed when cholesterol is fed. This diminished activity has been observed in both the microsomes and in the subsequently solubilized preparation when an acetone powder technique is used. The effect of fasting upon β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reduction has been examined and the results also show a dramatic decrease in the reductase activity in both the microsomes and the solubilized enzyme.
Abstract 150: Role of reactive oxygen species in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the blood, secondary lymphoid organs and tumor beds in animal cancer models and in patients with many types of cancers participates to the immunosuppressive environment associated with the development of tumors. MDSC frequency correlates with the disease stage and prognosis. MDSC can not only impair innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses, but these cell also contribute to enhance tumor angiogenesis and metastatic potential. The therapeutic targeting of MDSC (depletion,functional inactivation or differentiation into pro-inflammatory cells) promotes the efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. Conventional anticancer agents such as docetaxel, gemcitabine or sunitinib have been used to eliminate tumor-induced MDSC. We have observed that the anthracycline doxorubicin can deplete MDSC that expanded in the murine mammary tumor models 4T1 and EMT6 and in the EL4 thymoma model. Doxorubicin-mediated elimination of MDSC is associated with increased T and NK cell activity and the combination of this drug with adoptive T lymphocyte transfer impairs tumor development and metastatic spreading. We here present results indicating that doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis of MDSC may depend on an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by these cells. MDSC from gp91-/- mice (lacking the gp91phox glycosylated subunit of the NADPH oxidase flavocytochrome b558, responsible for the production of superoxide ion O2·-) were less sensitive to doxorubicin-induced cell death than their wild-type counterparts. Consistently, the effects of doxorubicin on MDSC were partially impaired in tumor-bearing gp91-/- animals compared to wild-type mice. Interestingly the level of ROS in CD4+ or CD8+ T and NK cells were low and unchanged by doxorubicin administration. These observations may partly explain the selective effects of this chemotherapeutic agent on immunosuppressive MDSC while effector lymphocytes are spared and the subsequent increased in the effector to suppressor cell ratios, resulting in a mitigated immunosuppressive tumor environment. Citation Format: Darya Alizadeh, Emmanuel Katsanis, Nicolas Larmonier. Role of reactive oxygen species in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 150. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-150
TP receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in microperfused afferent arterioles: roles of O2 − and NO

Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) preferentially constricts the renal afferent arteriole. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates vasoconstriction and is rapidly degraded by superoxide radical (O2 −). We investigated the ...
Hypothalamic knife cuts dissociate maternal behaviors, sexual receptivity, and estrous cyclicity in female hamsters

Abstract Female hamsters were tested for their response to pups as virgins, then received sagittal cuts either lateral to the medial preoptic area-medial anterior hypothalamus (anterior cuts) or lateral to the medial anterior hypothalamus-ventromedial nucleus (posterior cuts). Postoperatively females were tested: (a) as virgins, for changes in pup retrieval and cannibalism, (b) for mating behavior, (c) for maternal care and cannibalism of their own pups, and (d) for object hoarding. Anterior cuts converted retrieving virgins to cannibalistic ones and reduced nest builing. All females with anterior cuts cannibalized their litters within a few days of parturition. Half of these females did retrieve pups in home cage tests during the first 3 days postpartum. However, unlike controls, when tested in a neutral arena 5–6 weeks later, no pup retrieval was seen, although most would hoard objects. In contrast, posterior cuts reduced pup retrieval and cannibalism in virgins, and disrupted object hoarding. These cuts did not reduce postpartum pup retrieval, but did reduce postpartum cannibalism. Anterior cuts did not reduce sexual receptivity; posterior cuts reduced sexual receptivity without eliminating ovulation. Anterior cuts are interpreted as having a somewhat selective effect of reducing maternal responsiveness by cutting the lateral connections of neurons in the medial anterior hypothalamus and adjacent medial preoptic area, while posterior cuts disrupt sexual receptivity by cutting lateral connections of the ventromedial hypothalamus which travel in the region of the supraoptic commissures
The impact of localized fatigue on contralateral tremor and muscle activity is exacerbated by standing posture.

Abstract Physiological tremor is an inherent feature of the motor system that is influenced by intrinsic (neuromuscular) and/or extrinsic (task) factors. Given that tremor must be accounted for during the performance of many fine motor skills; there is a requirement to clarify how different factors interact to influence tremor. This study was designed to assess the impact localized fatigue of a single arm and stance position had on bilateral physiological tremor and forearm muscle activity. Results demonstrated that unilateral fatigue produced bilateral increases in tremor and wrist extensor activity. For example, fatigue resulted in increases in extensor activity across both exercised (increased 8–10% MVC) and the non-exercised arm (increased 3–7% MVC). The impact of fatigue was not restricted to changes in tremor/EMG amplitude, with altered hand–finger coupling observed within both arms. Within the exercised arm, cross-correlation values decreased (pre-exercise r =0.62–0.64; post-exercise r =0.37–0.43) while coupling increased within the non-exercised arm (pre-exercise r =0.51–0.55; post-exercise r =0.62–0.67). While standing posture alone had no significant impact on tremor/EMG dynamics, the tremor and muscle increases seen with fatigue were more pronounced when standing. Together these results demonstrate that the combination of postural and fatigue factors can influence both tremor/EMG outputs and the underlying coordinative coupling dynamics.
Lipoprotein Lipase Can Function as a Monocyte Adhesion Protein

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is made by several cell types, including macrophages within the atherosclerotic lesion. LPL, a dimer of identical subunits, has high affinity for heparin and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Several studies have shown that cell surface HSPGs can mediate cell binding to adhesion proteins. Here, we tested whether LPL, by virtue of its HSPG binding could mediate monocyte adhesion to surfaces. Monocyte binding to LPL-coated (1-25 micrograms/mL) tissue culture plates was 1.4- to 7-fold higher than that of albumin-treated plastic. Up to 3-fold more monocytes bound to the subendothelial matrix that had been pretreated with LPL. LPL also doubled the number of monocytes that bound to endothelial cells (ECs). Heparinase and heparitinase treatment of monocytes or incubation of monocytes with heparin decreased monocyte binding to LPL. Heparinase/heparitinase treatment of the matrix also abolished the LPL-mediated increase in monocyte binding. These results suggest that LPL dimers mediate monocyte binding by forming a "bridge" between matrix and monocyte surface HSPGs. Inhibition of LPL activity with tetrahydrolipstatin, a lipase active-site inhibitor, did not affect the LPL-mediated monocyte binding. To assess whether specific oligosaccharide sequences in HSPGs mediated monocyte binding to LPL, competition experiments were performed by using known HSPG binding proteins. Neither antithrombin nor thrombin inhibited monocyte binding to LPL. Next, we tested whether integrins were involved in monocyte binding to LPL. Surprisingly, monocyte binding to LPL-coated plastic and matrix was inhibited by approximately 35% via integrin-binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptides. This result suggests that monocyte binding to LPL was mediated, in part, by monocyte cell surface integrins. In summary, our data show that LPL, which is present on ECs and in the subendothelial matrix, can augment monocyte adherence. This increase in monocyte-matrix interaction could promote macrophage accumulation within arteries.
Protecting the boundary: the sentinel role of host defense peptides in the skin

The skin is our primary shield against microbial pathogens and has evolved innate and adaptive strategies to enhance immunity in response to injury or microbial insult. The study of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in mammalian skin has revealed several of the elegant strategies that AMPs use to prevent infection. AMPs are inducible by both infection and injury and protect the host by directly killing pathogens and/or acting as multifunctional effector molecules that trigger cellular responses to aid in the anti-infective and repair response. Depending on the specific AMP, these molecules can influence cytokine production, cell migration, cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and wound healing. Abnormal production of AMPs has been associated with the pathogenesis of several cutaneous diseases and plays a role in determining a patient’s susceptibility to pathogens. This review will discuss current research on the regulation and function of AMPs in the skin and in skin disorders.
Creating small products at a big company: adobe's "pipeline" innovation process

Pipeline is a new development process at Adobe designed to rapidly prototype and evaluate new product offerings. Pipeline has user research at its core, and success is defined by how much is learned about a given problem, not by how much product is built. Starting ideas for new product directions are identified through Contextual Inquiry. Once a product direction is selected, an iterative process of development and evaluation is carried out over a 13-week period. Opportunities to pivot are built in at 3-week intervals, driven by evaluation results from laboratory studies. The Pipeline process is explained through an example product prototype, called "Gadget". Gadget is an application targeted at Web developers that helps them more easily experiment with and modify the visual layout of a Web page.
Vitamin D seco-steroids: unique molecules with both hormone and possible membranophilic properties.

Abstract The mode of action of vitamin D 3 (a seco steroid with a broken B ring) for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is mediated at least in part through its metabolic transformation to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . A vitamin D endocrine system produces in a carefully regulated fashion amounts of 1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 dictated by the calcium needs of the organism. 1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 is known to induce the biosynthesis of a a calcium binding protein in the intestine and kidney via a mechanism similar to that of classic steroid hormones. Evidence for biological effects specifically generated by 24, 25(OH) 2 D 3 D have also been obtained. Definite evidence for the further metabolism of these dihydroxylated metabolites exists; it probably occurs via side chain cleavage with the generation of several new molecules of unknown function. Evaluation of the unique structural aspects of these putative vitamin D metabolites suggests a second set of chemical and biological properties which could link these compounds structurally to the membrane-active polyene antibiotic filipin. These properties may rationalize some reported “rapid biological effects” pertaining to vitamin D and metabolites which hitherto have been difficult to explain in terms of classical steroid hormone theory. A key unresolved question relates to identification of the evolutionary pathways which resulted in the selection of vitamin D seco-steroids rather than classical (with intact rings) steroids for Ca and P homeostasis.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF METHANOL AND FORMALDEHYDE ON ESTABLISHED CELL LINES CULTIVATED IN VITRO

Short-term experiments were used to investigate the effects of various concentrations of methanol and formaldehyde upon cells grown in vitro. Mouse liver epithelial, HeLa, human lung, and skin cells were exposed to several concentrations of methanol. The same cell lines, except HeLa, were subjected to different concentrations of formaldehyde.Relatively high concentrations of methanol were required to produce rapid toxic effects. Not all cell lines responded alike to methanol. Concentrations of 15 mg/ml were decidedly inhibitory in case of human skin, lung, and HeLa cells. This concentration, however, appeared to enhance growth in liver cells. At higher concentrations the methanol was toxic to liver cells as well as to the others.Concentrations of formaldehyde greater than 0.035 mg/ml were toxic to mouse liver, human lung and skin cells. A concentration of 0.01 mg/ml of formaldehyde inhibited proliferation of these same cells. These three cell lines did not appear to differ significantly in respect to thei...
From the American Archives

US Department of State.Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 2, Vietnam January–June 1965; vol. 3, Vietnam, June–December 1965
The persistence of founder influence: management, ownership, and performance effects at initial public offering

The purpose of this research is to apply a conceptual framework to questions of how, why, and when founders participate in the firms that they establish and to empirically test for the persistent influence of the founder on the firm after start-up. A definition of the term ‘founder’ is proposed. Empirical tests compare firms with founder CEOs to those with nonfounder CEOs to determine whether governance and ownership relationships are distinguishable at initial public offering (IPO). In addition, investor reaction to founder-led firms at IPO is tested. Results suggest that founder influence does persist in governance and ownership arrangements and that the stock market reaction to founder-led firms is higher than for the comparison group, relative to accounting value. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the cellular localization of cytochrome oxidase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat.

The distribution of cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) was examined in the normal adult cat lateral geniculate nucleus at the cellular and electronmicroscopic levels. The darker reactivity of the X- and/or Y-receptive laminae (A, A1, magnocellular lamina C [Cm], and medial interlaminar nucleus [MIN]) compared with the lightly reactive W-receptive parvicellular lamina C (Cp) indicates that there are pathway-specific histochemical differences in the visual system of the cat. At the cellular level, darkly reactive large cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) closely resemble class 1, Y-cells, in relative size and distribution, thus indicating that C.O. histochemistry may be used as a functional marker for these cells. Perigeniculate neurons are also darkly reactive. Neuronal classes 2, 4, and 3 (presumed X-cells, W-cells, and/or interneurons) have moderate to lightly reactive perikarya. The darkly reactive neuronal classes tend to receive relatively stronger proximal excitatory synaptic input than do the less reactive neuronal classes. Since all neuronal classes appeared to have darkly (or moderately) reactive dendrites, C.O. reactivity must differ between dendrite and soma of some neuronal classes. At the electron-microscopic level, distinct components of the neuropil tend to have specific levels of C.O. reactivity. The predominance of darkly reactive mitochondria in dendrites indicates that dendrites are metabolically very active. RLD and many F's, but few large axon terminals with round vesicles (RL) or small axon terminals with round vesicles (RS) profiles are darkly reactive, implying that specific classes of presynaptic structures are more active than others. Thus C.O. histochemistry may be useful for distinguishing not only functionally active neuronal classes such as Y-cells and perigeniculate (PG) neurons from less active neuronal classes, but also functionally more or less active parts of the same neuron including its dendrites, axons, and/or axon terminals.
Time‐in/time‐out as a response to noncompliance and inappropriate behavior with children with developmental disabilities: Two case studies

Time-in and time-out were used to treat inappropriate and noncompliant behaviors in a child with severe language disabilities and a child with a moderate mental disability and cerebral palsy. The target behaviors for Jeremy were compliance with first-time presented teacher instructions, elopement and aggression. Prior to intervention, archival baseline data for Jeremy suggested a compliance rate with teacher directives of approximately 9% and a high frequency of elopement and aggression. Following implementation of a compliance training package, compliance to teacher directives increased to 97% within the first week of intervention and minimal instances of elopement and aggression. Two, 24, and 40-week follow-up compliance checks yielded mean rates of 98%, 99%, and 98% respectively and no elopement or aggression. Reduction in object tossing behaviors was targeted for Jenny. Archival baseline, indicated through parent report, suggested tossing rates of 80% of the times objects were in hand. Frequency of object tossing behavior decreased to a near-zero level during intervention. The use of this intervention package with children in an effort to deter future chronic noncompliance and inappropriate behavior is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chromatic and achromatic loss of sensitivity in glaucoma

Purpose: Loss of both chromatic and achromatic sensitivity in glaucoma has been shown, however, the relative loss is unknown. We aim to quantify and establish which of these systems is affected most in glaucoma. Methods: Earlier experiments have shown that thresholds for detection of coherent motion of colour-defined, spatially structured stimuli are not affected by dynamic luminance contrast noise. We used these results to design stimuli conditions that isolate chromatic and achromatic mechanisms. We studied 13 subjects with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) with mean age of 70 years, 17 control subjects with a mean age of 68 years and 13 young normal subjects with a mean age of 31 years. Contrast thresholds were measured using a 4-alternative, forced-choice procedure involving discrimination of motion direction. Achromatic and chromatic sensitivities were measured, the latter along the tritan and protan confusion axes, foveally and at 8° eccentricity. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the three subject groups. Comparison of the control and POAG groups revealed a loss of sensitivity in the POAG group. Achromatic sensitivity thresholds increased 1.4-fold (both at the fovea and at 8°), whereas chromatic thresholds increased 1.8- (B/Y) and 1.5-fold (R/G) at the fovea and 2.0- (B/Y) and 1.6-fold (R/G) at 8°. Comparison of the control and young groups reflected the ageing effects. Achromatic sensitivity showed 1.5-fold reduction (both fovea and 8°), but the chromatic loss was more severe: 3.5- (B/Y) and 3.0-fold (R/G) at the fovea, and 3.6- (B/Y) and 3.2-fold (R/G) at 8°. Conclusions: The results confirm that the B/Y channel is most affected in glaucoma, but both chromatic and achromatic mechanisms are affected by ageing and glaucoma.
Advancing analytic methods to understand asthma control and disease morbidity.

Best practices for asthma treatment are well established, and most individuals’ asthma can be controlled with optimal therapy. Adherence to treatment plans has been more difficult to ensure, and a substantial literature has focused on interventions to increase adherence to prescribed treatments, particularly the controller medications. More recently, attempts to understand the determinants of nonadherence have broadened to include the patient perspective, including their understanding of asthma as a chronic illness, concern about long-term consequences of medication use, cultural influences, behavioral impediments, and neighborhood influences. Pediatric asthma has an additional complexity because the parent is an interface between the child and the medical care system and instrumental in assuring adherence. Conceptually, this model is multilevel, multidimensional, and interactive, as shown in Fig 1, where the adhesive strip represents the health outcome—that is, asthma control—and the eye represents the parent perspective in reporting on the child. In a contextual model (in contrast to a medical model), the child’s illness is simply 1 attribute of the child. The parent’s perception (and reporting) of the child’s symptoms and function outside the treatment setting is influenced by many personal factors. These parent factors might include the parent’s own physical and mental health, cognitive capacities, economic and other sources of stress and support, and the quality of the parentchild relationship (the intersection of the circles), among others. The child’s asthma control may be affected by the larger family and community contexts directly and also indirectly via contextual effects on the parent. Finally, culture and society influence knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of the parent and child; culture and society also affect those with whom they interact. Bender and Zhang’s article in the current issue, entitled ‘‘Negative affect, medication adherence, and asthma control in children,’’ 1 considers the interplay between affect and adherence
EVIDENCE FOR SEPARATE CORTICOTROPHIN- AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING FACTORS IN HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS.

Summary1. Several fractions obtained after gel filtration of beef (and sheep) stalk-median eminence tissue were active in releasing LH as judged by their ability to evoke OAAD in immature rats pretreated with gonadotropins and to increase plasma LH in ovariectomized, estrogen progesterone-blocked rats. These same fractions failed to release ACTH even when the dose of extract was increased by a factor of five. 2. A frac-