cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prosthodontic guidelines for surgical reconstruction of the maxilla: A classification system of defects

Surgical reconstruction of maxillectomy defects has been described as an alternative to prosthetic rehabilitation to close the oral cavity. Advancements in microvascular surgical techniques require comprehensive treatment planning guidelines for functional rehabilitation. This retrospective study evaluated acquired maxillectomy defects after surgical reconstruction and/or prosthodontic rehabilitation in an attempt to establish surgical and prosthodontic guidelines that could be organized into a classification system. Forty-seven consecutive patient treatments of palatomaxillary reconstruction at a single facility, The Mount Sinai Medical Center (New York, N.Y.), were reviewed. All patients were rehabilitated with a tissue-borne obturator, a local advancement flap, a fasciocutaneous free flap, or a vascularized bone-containing free flap. Palatomaxillary defects were divided into 3 major classes and 2 subclasses. The aim of this defect-oriented classification system was to organize and define the complex nature of the restorative decision-making process for the maxillectomy patient.
Integrin‐dependent signal transduction

Integrins are receptor molecules for extracellular matrix molecules (e.g., the beta(1) family), serum components (alpha(v) family) and immunoglobulin family adhesion molecules (beta(2) family). Integrin-dependent adhesion has also been shown to have metabolic consequences. Adhesion to a variety of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin, is a potent regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and gene expression. Ligand binding or aggregation of integrin receptors initiates a number of metabolic changes including activation of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases, increased Ca2+ influx, increased cytoplasmic alkalinization, and altered inositol lipid metabolism. In some instances activation of transcription factors and induction of gene expression have also been demonstrated. Components of key signaling pathways involving integrins are beginning to be identified. Some studies have shown that integrins form multi-component complexes with signal transduction molecules. Elucidating the interactions of the signal transduction molecules with each other and with the integrin cytoplasmic domains will be key to understanding the initial events of signal transduction through the integrins.
Serum protein binding of drugs during and after pregnancy in humans.

The serum protein binding of three weakly acidic drugs (salicylic acid, sulfisoxazole, and Phenytoin), one weak base (diazepam), and one steroid (dexamethasone) was determined in pregnant women at seven time periods during pregnancy and at two time periods post partum, as well as in a group of nonpregnant women of childbearing age. The serum free fraction values (ratio of concentrations, free to total drug) of all drugs rose during pregnancy, primarily after 15 wk of gestation, and remained elevated for at least 1 to 5 days post partum. Pregnancy had the greatest effect on protein binding of sulfisoxazole, diazepam, and salicylic acid. The magnitude of this effect is such that quantitatively significant changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of certain drugs may be expected to occur during pregnancy (in addition to possible changes caused by other pregnancy-related effects such as altered activity of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems). All drugs but dexamethasone exhibited significant negative correlations between free fraction values and serum albumin concentrations during pregnancy. The serum protein binding of salicylic acid, but not the other drugs tested, was more extensive in nonpregnant women who were not taking oral contraceptives than in those who were. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 253–261; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.158
Genetic Variation of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in North America Applying the Mitochondrial rRNA 16S Gene

A molecular genetics study involving DNA sequencing of a portion of the mitochondrial DNA 16S gene was undertaken to determine the extent of genetic variation within Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) in North America. This study was done because differences in morphological variants (ofR.flavipes) would presumably translate into genetic differences, and there are no prior studies that describe its genetic variation from the extent of its North American range. In total, 493 samples were analyzed from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Nineteen nucleotide sites were variable in the 428-bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence, and 47 mtDNA haplotypes were observed. Nine haplotypes (19%) occurred only once, whereas the most common haplotype, F, occurred in 17% of the samples. Four haplotypes were found over a broad geographical range encompassing at least nine states each. The single haplotype found in Toronto, Canada, also occurs in Arkansas, whereas two of the three haplotypes found in Mexico are unique to that country. Based on this research, there seems to be numerous R. flavipes haplotypes that are widespread, perhaps due to human involvement, whereas other haplotypes may be more rare and could represent locally adapted populations.
Elevating pain thresholds in humans using depolarizing prepulses

Electrocutaneous stimulation is a potentially useful communication tool for applications in virtual reality, sensory substitution, and sensory augmentation. Many of these applications require the use of arrays of small electrodes. Stimulation through small electrodes is often painful, however, limiting the practicality of such arrays. The purpose of this study was to test a method for elevating the pain threshold to electrocutaneous stimulation through small (1-mm diameter) electrodes on the fingertip. We hypothesized that long, subthreshold, depolarizing prepulses (PP) would elevate the pain threshold so that a subsequent stimulus pulse (SP) would be less likely to be painful. We used psychophysical methods to measure the probability that an SP would be perceived as painful both by itself and when preceded by a PP that was 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 dB lower in amplitude than the SP. We found that the PPs significantly increased the pain threshold, reducing the likelihood that the SP was painful (p < .0001). The dose effect of PP amplitude was also highly significant (p < .0001), with larger PPs elevating pain thresholds more. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PPs being used to elevate electrical stimulation thresholds in humans. PPs may be useful for selective inactivation of neural subpopulations in many human neuroprosthetic applications.
Energy concentration and amino acid digestibility in high protein canola meal, conventional canola meal, and in soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein and amino acids in high protein canola meal (CM-HP), conventional canola meal (CM-CV), and soybean meal fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 32 barrows (initial body weight: 47.3 ± 6.2 kg) were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to one of four diets with eight replicate pigs per diet. A corn-based diet (973 g/kg corn) and three diets that contained both corn and each of the two sources of canola meal or soybean meal were formulated. Feces and urine were collected for 5 days after a 5-day adaptation period. The DE and ME values were 14.40 and 13.84 MJ/kg in corn, 12.43 and 10.34 MJ/kg in CM-HP, 11.02 and 9.65 MJ/kg in CM-CV, and 15.63 and 14.13 MJ/kg in soybean meal, respectively. The DE and ME were greater (P < 0.05) in corn and soybean meal than in CM-HP and CM-CV, but the DE and ME were not different between CM-HP and CM-CV. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial body weight: 46.4 ± 5.6 kg) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods in each square. A N-free diet and three cornstarch based diets that contained CM-HP, CM-CV, or soybean meal as the sole source of amino acids were formulated. Each period lasted 7 days and ileal digesta were collected on day 6 and 7 of each period. The AID and SID of crude protein and most amino acids in CM-HP and CM-CV were less (P < 0.05) than in soybean meal. The AID and SID of crude protein in CM-HP was greater (P < 0.05) than in CM-CV. However, no differences were observed in AID and SID of any amino acids between CM-HP and CM-CV. The concentration of standardized ileal digestible crude protein and almost all amino acids was greater (P < 0.05) in soybean meal than in CM-HP and CM-CV, and CM-HP contained more (P < 0.05) standardized ileal digestible crude protein and amino acids than CM-CV. In conclusion, increased concentration of crude protein in canola meal does not compromise the concentration of DE and ME, and does not compromise AID or SID of amino acids. As a consequence, the novel CM-HP supplies the same amount of DE and more digestible amino acids for growing pigs compared with CM-CV.
The Structure of the Normal Brain and Its Imaging Appearance

This chapter is an introduction to the anatomy and terminology necessary for understanding the remainder of the book. It presents the names of the regions and structures of the brain, the various spaces of the intracranial compartment, the significant anatomy of the major structures that surround the brain, and the spaces that contain cerebrospinal fluid both within and around the brain. Because infarctions and hemorrhage are major topics discussed later in the book, this chapter places heavy emphasis on the vessels of the brain, normal vascular anatomy of the brain, normal vascular territories, and the various means of imaging these vascular structures.
Smart Products, Smarter Services: Smartphones and wireless services

The i-mode™ ecosystem brings together skills, creativity, and resources in a vast range of fields and industries, in everything from content creation to phone manufacturing and service provision … What role does DoCoMo play in the i-mode ecosystem? We are a player, not a dominant force. If we were, for example, a carnivore that devoured all the herbivores, or a herbivore that ate all the plant life, the ecosystem balance would be lost and we too would fall into ruin. (Natsuno, 2003) As the largest wireless carrier in Japan when the original mobile app store, i-mode, was introduced in 1999, NTT DoCoMo's description of itself as just another player in i-mode's ecosystem is a bit disingenuous. DoCoMo was undeniably the dominant force behind i-mode. It is true, however, that in creating a new mobile content and service platform, DoCoMo deliberately resisted devouring all the revenue in sight. The DoCoMo business model allowed i-mode content and application providers to keep an unprecedented 91 percent share of the application revenue generated by i-mode subscribers. In addition, DoCoMo provided direct billing to its subscribers for all i-mode content, relieving content partners of the need to handle financial transactions. These business decisions made the ecosystem attractive to very small participants as well as to partners with well-established brands. Compared to the terms offered to application developers and content partners by wireless carriers in the USA and Europe at that time, DoCoMo's wireless data strategy was structured to encourage and reward widespread partner participation and innovation.
Prevalence of thiamine deficiency in a stable heart failure outpatient cohort on standard loop diuretic therapy.

The prevalence of thiamine deficiency in heart failure (HF) patients has been reported to be as high as 50% in outpatient settings and has been found to be as high as 96% in the inpatient setting. Results from previous studies, however, have been inconsistent and further investigation is needed to clarify the true prevalence of thiamine deficiency in patients with chronic HF. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thiamine deficiency in a random sample of stable HF outpatients receiving standard of care loop diuretic therapy.A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 HF patients scheduled for regular follow-up visits in the Mayo Heart Failure Clinic. Whole-blood thiamine diphosphate was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Additional clinical and demographic features were collected through review of electronic medical records.The estimated prevalence of thiamine deficiency in stable HF patients was calculated to be <11.6%. There was no correlation between diuretic dose and thiamine levels (r = 0.02, P = 0.93) and there was no correlation found between left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and thiamine levels (r = 0.147, p = 0.44).Our findings suggest that the prevalence of thiamine deficiency, based on standard normal values, in a stable outpatient HF cohort on standard loop diuretic therapy is very low. Previous work has demonstrated improvements in myocardial function with high-dose thiamine supplementation regardless of thiamine blood levels, however, suggesting that thiamine may become conditionally essential with HF. Therefore, we suggest that a disease-specific reference range be determined to accurately identify HF patients that would benefit from thiamine supplementation.
Healthy animals, healthy people: Inextricably linked

Dogs and dolphins, monkeys and cats, horses and mules, rabbits, rodents, reptiles, and humans--multiple species, and all are part of the focused mission of the US Army Veterinary Corps. For over 91 years, officers in our Corps, along with support personnel, have been an integral part of the Army Medical Department, making critical global contributions toward the health of animals, as well as the health of Soldiers, Family members, and others. The US Army Veterinary Corps was formed in 1916...
Social Protection and Labor Market Outcomes of Youth in South Africa

An Apartheid-driven spatial mismatch between workers and jobs leads to high job search costs for people living in rural areas of South Africa—costs that many young people cannot pay. In this article, the authors examine whether the arrival of a social grant—specifically a generous state-funded old-age pension given to men and women above prime age—enhances the ability of young men in rural areas to seek better work opportunities elsewhere. Based on eight waves of socioeconomic data on household living arrangements and household members’ characteristics and employment status, collected between 2001 and 2011 at a demographic surveillance site in KwaZulu-Natal, the authors find that young men are significantly more likely to become labor migrants when someone in their household becomes age-eligible for the old-age pension. But this effect applies only to those who have completed high school (matric), who are on average 8 percentage points more likely to migrate for work when their households become pension e...
A Taxonomic Study of the Mealybug Genus Stemmatomerinx (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

Five species of Stemmatomerinx Ferris are treated in this study including 4 new species: acirula, adenticulata, aristida , and beshcarac . Descriptions and illustrations are provided for adult females of all species, for the 2nd and 3rd instar female of adenticulata , and for the 2nd instar male and female and the 3rd instar female of beshearae . A key to the species is given.
Mechanistic studies of photoinduced spin crossover and electron transfer in inorganic complexes.

ConspectusElectronic excited-state phenomena provide a compelling intersection of fundamental and applied research interests in the chemical sciences. This holds true for coordination chemistry, where harnessing the strong optical absorption and photocatalytic activity of compounds depends on our ability to control fundamental physical and chemical phenomena associated with the nonadiabatic dynamics of electronic excited states. The central events of excited-state chemistry can critically influence the dynamics of electronic excited states, including internal conversion (transitions between distinct electronic states) and intersystem crossing (transitions between electronic states with different spin multiplicities), events governed by nonadiabatic interactions between electronic states in close proximity to conical intersections, as well as solvation and electron transfer. The diversity of electronic and nuclear dynamics also makes the robust interpretation of experimental measurements challenging. Devel...
Arts Audiences: Establishing a Gateway to Audience Development and Engagement

ABSTRACTDemand for mainline cultural art forms, including symphonies, opera, and jazz, is diminishing. As the arts face challenges concerning shrinking and aging audiences, reaching new consumer segments has become an imperative. The present research empirically examines how external forces related to an individual's opportunity to participate in the arts and internal variables related to motivation and ability influence audience development initiatives. In addition, the influence that these variables have on important engagement outcomes such as perceived value, loyalty, and advocacy are also evaluated. Findings offer insight for arts administrators into how consumption for live performing arts offerings can be fostered.
A survey of knowledge about AIDS among construction workers in Nanning

Objectives: To explore how prevention and intervention of AIDS high-risk behaviors change the knowledge and attitude of construction workers.Methods: We used peer education and publicity to intervene in their high-risk behaviors.They were asked to fill in face-to-face questionnaires before and after the intervention to compare the changes in their attitude and knowledge.Results: Before the intervention,the rate of construction workers who knew the three main routes of transmission of AIDS was 56.2%,and the rate of construction workers who had a good understanding of AIDS transmission in terms of daily life touch was 51.8%.After the intervention,the rate of construction workers who knew a lot about AIDS had a significant increase(P0.05).The rate of construction workers who had a good understanding of AIDS transmission in terms of daily life touch increased to 63.8%(P0.01).Conclusion: Migrant construction workers lack HIV/AIDS prevention knowledge.Peer education-based integrated intervention can enhance their knowledge and reduce high-risk behaviors.
Philosophical analysis and structural linguistics

In the course of this century philosophical analysis has increasingly turned from the material to the formal mode. In both their meta- philosophical pronouncements and their first-hand philosophical practice analytical philosophers have been increasingly moving away from talking in terms of the description, dissection, or analysis of extra-linguistic ideas, concepts, or meanings, and more and more tending to talk in terms of uses of words, the ‘grammar’ of our language, or the rules governing our use of linguistic expressions. It has not escaped the notice of friend and foe alike that, as this latter style becomes firmly entrenched, the enterprise of analytical philosophy comes to bear a striking similarity to such traditional linguistic disciplines as lexicography and grammar. This observation has evoked a variety of reactions. Critics of this form of analytic philosophy have taken these similarities to be a reflection of the triviality or lack of philosophical significance of such researches, while the practitioners of this style have often striven to distinguish their work from ‘mere lexicography’ or ‘school grammar’. On the other hand, some philosophers of late, particularly those heavily influenced by the linguistic work of Zelig Harris and Noam Chomsky, have hailed contemporary structural linguistics as a saviour which will lead analytical philosophy out of the wilderness into the promised land of scientific precision and certitude.
Second Life or Half-Life? The Contested Future of Nuclear Power and Its Potential Role in a Sustainable Energy Transition

This chapter addresses the question of whether nuclear power can be a part of a sustainable energy transition by examining the present state and future prospects of nuclear energy. Currently nuclear power constitutes only a small and declining share of global electricity. This is a result of the dual challenges of high economic costs of nuclear power and negative public attitudes toward it. The chapter then describes some of the strategies adopted by the nuclear industry and its supporters to maintain and expand nuclear power in the face of this reality, including actively courting developing countries, offering new reactor designs, and extensive use of propaganda. It concludes that despite this contestation, nuclear power does not fit well into a world based on sustainable energy.
Career readiness and externalizing behaviors of children affected by maternal HIV/AIDS: 15-year outcomes of the PACT study

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this 15-year longitudinal study was to assess the effects of maternal HIV/AIDS on child/adolescent career readiness and externalizing behaviors. Interviews were conducted with 66 pairs of healthy children and their mothers living with HIV/AIDS (MLH), who are participants in the Parents And children Coping Together (PACT) project begun in 1997. All study participants were English or Spanish speaking. About half (48.5%) of the youth were female. Maternal health status (e.g., viral load biomedical marker, illness symptoms, physical functioning, and depression) and child/adolescent outcomes (e.g., career readiness, conduct disorder, drug use, sexual behaviors, parent attachment, and youth autonomy) were assessed over 20 time-points. Individual growth and GEE logistic regression models showed lower variability in maternal viral load was positively associated with better career readiness and parent attachment among adolescent/young adults. Externalizing behaviors (conduct disorder, alcoho...
Cotton Regeneration In Vitro

Over the years, plant breeders have improved cotton via conventional breeding methods, but these methods are time-consuming. To complement classical breeding and, at times, reduce the time necessary for new cultivar development, breeders have turned to in vitro plant transformation or genetic engineering, relying mostly on two major approaches, Agrobacterium-mediated and particle bombardment transformation techniques. Since its adoption in the 1990s, transgenic technology continues to have a tremendous impact on cotton production not only in the United States but also worldwide. Currently, genetically modified cottons, in particular insect and herbicide tolerant cotton, account for over 90 and 80 % of cultivated cotton acreage in the United States and worldwide, respectively. However, efforts in the development of transgenic cotton are hampered by the recalcitrance of most cotton cultivars, particularly the elite cultivars, to regenerate via tissue culture, a step very often necessary for the transformation process. In vitro regeneration of cotton, in particular regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, is highly genotype dependent. In addition, other factors including explant type, composition and type of media (liquid vs. solid) as well as environmental conditions surrounding the cultures affect the in vitro regeneration of cotton. In this chapter, the current status of different regeneration methods and the factors limiting or enhancing these methods are discussed.
Interaction and Language Acquisition in Early Childhood

This article stresses the need for an approach to language acquisition in early childhood that is not embedded in a transformationalist model. It presents a view of language, self, and other that i...
Some Algebraic Properties of Abelian Varieties

Of necessity, this chapter duplicates to a large extent the corresponding material in Shimura-Taniyama [Sh-T]. We make the transition to the algebraic situation, and we assume that the reader is acquainted with the general theory of abelian varieties. No matter whether the reader picks up the basic properties from my book on the subject (after Weil), Mumford, Shimura (for reduction mod p), or the foundations laid by the Grothendieck school, the reader should end up knowing the same basic theorems. Because of my background, I use the terminology of Weil (generic points when needed), and the language of reduction mod p is that of Shimura. I have recalled with proofs some elementary definitions and properties, and without proof some of the more advanced results in this direction.
Confinement and Spin

The experimental and theoretical evidence relating spin dependence and long range confinement is reviewed. One of the simplest confinement ideas, the dynamic electric flux tube picture of Buchmuller, can be exploited to yield a complete effective Hamiltonian. In addition to pure Thomas spin-orbit splitting the other relativistic corrections are calculated. It is shown that our effective Hamiltonian is identical to the mechanical relativistic flux tube model and gives relativistic corrections in agreement with QCD predictions.
Solution processing of air-stable molecular semiconducting iodosalts, Cs2SnI6−xBrx, for potential solar cell applications

Organic–inorganic hybrid lead-based perovskite solar cells have already achieved high performance efficiency (∼20%). A major challenge with these cells, however, is their stability and environmental safety concerns due to the presence of lead. This article reports an effort to develop a new class of tin-based and air-stable molecular semiconducting iodosalts, for potential solar cell applications. The compounds are Cs2SnI6−xBrx for a range of x that provides the desired bandgaps from ∼1.3 eV to ∼2.9 eV with x < 3 being suitable for solar cell design. The Sn in this compound is in the 4+ oxidation state, and thus it is much more stable with respect to oxidation and more resistant to hydrolysis during processing and device operation. The focus of this article is on the detailed synthesis challenges in the solution processing of these compounds. A two-step solution synthesis method has been developed whereby during Step-1 a well-defined CsI crystalline film was formed for the appropriate chemical reaction with a solution of SnI during Step-2. By careful tuning of each step of the process and with the use of detailed structural, electrical and optical characterization as feedback, a series of Cs2SnI6−xBrx films were produced. The importance of having a stoichiometric compound for optimal performance of the material was revealed during solar cell fabrication. For the purpose of demonstrating a solar cell device assembly, a sandwich-type photochemical cell with an all solid state ionic conductor blended with inorganic materials and succinonitrile was employed for easy processing to obtain stable results. The cells show a conversion efficiency of 2.1% for the case of the x = 2 compound.
Analysis and experimental validation of a modular multilevel converter with 3-level T-type submodules

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) have become an attractive solution for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission applications due to its scalability, reliability and easy maintenance. Considerable work has been around the conventional 2-level half-bridge submodule. Use of multilevel submodules can result in smaller overall footprint, reduced components and lower losses. This paper presents the analysis and experimental validation of a MMC based HVDC system using 3-level T-type submodule. A hybrid modulation scheme, modified voltage balancing algorithm and circulating current control is presented. For practical implementation, an intelligent commutation technique is proposed that results in 66% of the switching transitions to be soft switched. The working principle is validated by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results on a scaled down laboratory prototype.
Welcoming the Sunlight: A Conversation with Mary Kay Zabel and Robert Zabel.

Professors Emeriti Mary Kay and Robert Zabel share their reflections on their long and productive careers working with students and teachers. Their respective careers share much of the same history and complement each other. The Zabels share their advice with those entering the field and the challenges they see for the education of students with emotional/behavioral disorders.
The Cultural Competence of Health Journalists: Obesity Coverage in Four Urban News Organizations.

This study sought to identify indicators of cultural competence in 670 news stories covering obesity by four urban news organizations: two mainstream newspapers and two ethnic newspapers serving th...
RNA regulons in cancer and inflammation

Gene expression is the fundamental driving force that coordinates normal cellular processes and adapts to dysfunctional conditions such as oncogenic development and progression. While transcription is the basal process of gene expression, RNA transcripts are both the templates that encode proteins as well as perform functions that directly regulate diverse cellular processes. All levels of gene expression require coordination to optimize available resources, but how global gene expression drives cancers or responds to disrupting oncogenic mutations is not understood. Post-transcriptional coordination is controlled by RNA regulons that are governed by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that bind and regulate multiple overlapping groups of functionally related RNAs. RNA regulons have been demonstrated to affect many biological functions and diseases, and many examples are known to regulate protein production in cancer and immune cells. In this review, we discuss RNA regulons demonstrated to coordinate global post-transcriptional mechanisms in carcinogenesis and inflammation.
Optimal multimodal virtual bronchoscopy for convex-probe endobronchial ultrasound

Accurate staging of the central-chest lymph nodes is a major step in the management of lung-cancer patients. For this purpose, the physician uses videobronchoscopy to navigate through the airways and convex-probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS) to localize extraluminal lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CP-EBUS proves to be difficult for many physicians. In this paper, we present a complete optimal multimodal planning and guidance system for image-guided CP-EBUS bronchoscopy. The system accepts a patient's 3D chest CT scan and an optional whole-body PET/CT study as inputs. System work flow proceeds in two stages: 1) optimal procedure planning and 2) multimodal image-guided bronchoscopy. Optimal procedure planning entails CT-based computation of guidance routes that enable maximal feasible tissue sampling (depth-of-sample) of selected lymph nodes. Multimodal image-guided bronchoscopy next occurs in the operating room. The guidance process draws upon a CT-based virtual multimodal bronchoscope that gives virtual views of videobronchoscopy and CP-EBUS, similar to those provided by a "real" linear integrated CP-EBUS bronchoscope. The system provides CT/PET-based graphical views along the guidance route toward a lymph node, per the two-stage process of videobronchoscopic navigation and CP-EBUS localization. The guidance views depict the depth-of-sample information dynamically to enable visualization of optimal tissue-biopsy sites. The localization process features a novel registration be- tween the virtual CP-EBUS views and live CP-EBUS views to enable synchronization. A lung-cancer patient pilot study demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the system. Procedure planning effectively derived optimal tissue-biopsy sites and also indicated sites where biopsy may not be safe, within preset constraints. During live bronchoscopy, we performed successful guidance to all selected lymph nodes.
Behavior of larval walleye

— High resolution microcinematography demonstrates that larval walleye, Stizostedion vitreum penetrate the air-water interface. This observation supports the assumption that some physoclistous fish gulp air for first filling the gas bladder. Furthermore, a air bubbles were observed in the gut. Muscular contractions were observed that positioned and pressed a microbubble against the ventral edge of the gas bladder where it disappeared within a few minutes. This observation supports the assumption that gulped air is transmitted through the pneumatic duct to the gas bladder. These observations provide the first direct evidence of gas bladder inflation in a larval perciform fish. * Current address: Mead & Hunt, Inc., 6501 Watts Road, Suite 101, Madison, WI 537191361
RURAL AMERICA THROUGH A DEMOGRAPHIC LENS

Rural people and communities play a critical role in 21st century American society. The 2000 Census revealed that while eight of 10 Americans live in urban areas, the 56 million rural residents who reside in nonmetropolitan counties exceed the total population of all but 22 of the world’s 200 plus nation-states (Population Reference Bureau, 2000). As Brown and Swanson (2003, p. 1) have commented, “while rural people comprise a minority of the U.S. population, they are a very large minority indeed.” Moreover, this population quintile resides on 80 percent of the nation’s territory that contains most of America’s farmland, energy resources, water, metals, timber, fisheries, wildlife, and open space. This book uses a comprehensive perspective to examine dynamic relationships between contemporary population change and rural society along four dimensions: rural society as a cultural and demographic entity; rural economic life and its continued restructuring; rural territory as a contested natural environment; and rural society as a repository of poverty and economic privilege. Because the work that follows focuses on nonmetropolitan demographic change, it seems fitting that this introductory chapter explore the changing nature of rurality as both cultural conception and official definition.
Dynamics of a nonisothermal imperfectly mixed tank reactor

The purpose of this study was to develop and experimentally verify the mathematical description of a continuous flow second order reaction system which operated nonisothermally with various degrees of mixing. The concepts of residence time distribution theory as applied to a mixing flow system were used as a basis for the development of a mathematical description of the reaction system in an attempt to relax the assumption of perfect mixing. For this purpose, experimental impulse response data were collected at mixer speeds of 1780, 600, 180, and 60 revolutions per minute in the glass reactor with a nominal residence time of J.86 minutes. Sodium hydroxide was used as the tracer. Statistical regression, plus trial and error on the analog computer were used to obtain mathematical models for the impulse response. The models chosen assume a hypothetical flow pattern of a series of perfectly mixed discrete volumes in series with output responses of each volume characterized as perfect mixing response. It was found that one dominant time . constant plus a series of small time constants were sufficient to represent the impulse data. Models of first, second, fourth, and seventh order were required to give satisfactory fits of the data collected at 1780, 600, 180, and 60 revolutions per minute respectively. Temperature transient data were collected at the four mixer speeds under consideration. The use of an immersed heating coil for generation of temperature transients, with heat inputs distributed along the length of the coil»? resulted in responses characterized by
The role of eye position information in algorithms for stereoscopic matching

The viewing system parameters probably have to be explicitly taken into consideration in formulating computational solutions to the stereoscopic matching problem in binocular vision. An algorithm for computing the directions of gaze from purely visual information without a prior solution to the correspondence problem is outlined. It would seem that the availability of such (or similar) algorithm is a precondition for any stereo matching process using the epipolar constraint.
Implementation science for software engineering: bridging the gap between research and practice (keynote)

Software engineering research rarely impacts practitioners in the field. A desire to facilitate transfer alone is not sufficient to bridge the gap between research and practice. Fields from medicine to education have acknowledged a similar challenge over the past 25 years. An empirical approach to the translation of research into evidence-based practice has emerged from the resulting discussion. Implementation science has fundamentally changed the way that biomedical research is conducted, and has revolutionized the daily practice of doctors, social workers, epidemiologists, early childhood educators, and more. In this talk we will explore the methods, frameworks, and practices of implementation science and their application to novel disciplines, including software engineering research. We will close by proposing some directions for future software engineering research to facilitate transfer.
Transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in the human microvascular endothelial cell line, HMEC-1: control by the combinatorial actions of AP2, NF-IL-6 and CRE elements.

Interleukin-1β (IL-1) is a potent inducer of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin biosynthesis in many types of cells, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-1 mediated prostanoid biosynthesis in the endothelium of the microvasculature. Therefore, we examined the cis- and trans-acting factors regulating IL-1-induced COX-2 expression in the human microvascular endothelial cell line, HMEC-1. IL-1 enhanced steady state levels of COX-2 protein and mRNA synthesis by ≈ 2-fold which preceded a 2-fold increase in PGFα biosynthesis. Expression of a series of COX-2 promoter-luciferase constructs in IL-1 treated HMEC-1 cells revealed that the 'full length' (-1432/+59 bp) promoter was 10 times more active than the SV-40 promoter/enhancer and that it could be further activated by IL-1. Surprisingly however, all except for the shortest COX-2 promoter construct retained the ability to respond to IL-1 and luciferase activity driven by -191/+59 bp COX-2 promoter was as responsive to IL-1 as the full-length promoter. Moreover, site-directed promoter mutagenesis and electophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) indicate that the combinatorial actions of AP2, NF-IL6, and CRE elements are critical for both constitutive and IL-1-inducible COX-2 promoter activity. Understanding the mechanism(s) regulating COX-2 gene expression and prostaglandin biosynthesis in the microvasculature has important implications with regard to inflammation and angiogenesis in vivo.
Knowing your GFR—when is the number not (exactly) the number?

All methods used to measure and estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are associated with systematic or random error, which leads to differences in measured GFR (mGFR) and estimated GFR (eGFR) from "true GFR." In this issue of Kidney International, Rowe et al. evaluate time-to-time variability using repeated assessments of mGFR and eGFR within a short time frame. They show that biological variability is larger for mGFR than eGFR, and the magnitude of reference change values when interpreting changes in mGFR and eGFR.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Diabetes

Among children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes, psychosocial concerns are common and frequently affect disease management. In this chapter, we present both individual and family-centered intervention strategies from a cognitive behavioral perspective to address challenges related to emotional adjustment, family conflict, and diabetes management. Specific areas to be addressed include adherence, diabetes acceptance, procedural distress, and family communication. In addition, we discuss special considerations and suggestions to adapt cognitive behavioral interventions to meet the needs of children and adolescents with diabetes.
Culture, parenting, and language: Respeto in Latine mother-child interactions.

The cultural value of respeto (respect) is central to Latine parenting. Yet, how respeto manifests in the interactions of Latine parents and their young children remains unexamined. Low-income Mexican immigrant Spanish-speaking mothers and their 2.5-year-old toddlers (N = 128) were video-recorded during play (M age = 30.2 months, SD = 0.52), and two culturally informed items of respeto were coded: parent calm authority and child affiliative obedience. Respeto related to standard ratings of mother and child interactions (e.g., maternal sensitivity and child engagement) but also captured unique features of parent-child interactions. Respeto related to mothers' and toddlers' language production and discourse during the interaction, and explained unique variance in language variables above standard ratings of mother-child interaction. This is the first effort to document a culturally salient aspect of dyadic interaction in Mexican immigrant mothers and young children and to show that respeto relates to language use during mother- child interactions.
Capital Adequacy: The Basels

Established in 1974 by the central-bank governors of ten countries, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“the Committee”) meets four times a year to discuss banking supervision and related matters. The Basel Committee formulates broad supervisory standards, and provides guidelines and recommendations for the prudential supervision of banking business. Commonly - but mistakenly - referred to as the central bank of the central banks, the BIS and its committee does not constitute a supra-national supervisory authority. Rather, it provides a forum where central bank governors and/or supervisory bodies in charge of regulating and supervising the banking industry meet to exchange their experiences and discuss directives or actions needed to improve the transparency and efficiency of the banking industry. The Basel Committee reports to the governors of central banks and heads of supervision of its member countries. In 1988, the Committee introduced a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the Basel Capital Accord.
Linking Contexts, Intersectionality, and Generations: Toward a Multidimensional Theory of Millennials and Social Change:

While millennials are culturally homogenized as a unitary group, scholarly work has examined the complex historical, economic, and social challenges that shape millennials’ heterogeneity. This pape...
The preservation of water-table caves at depth: Observations from subsurface data and numerical modeling

Carbonate rocks commonly exhibit multiscale pore networks because of the interplay of depositional, diagenetic, and structural controls. This interplay commonly leads to carbonate reservoirs with complex pore networks that affect our ability to accurately characterize reservoir quality and be predictive about in-place volumes and hydrocarbon recovery. In particular, the preservation of paleocavern systems can present unique challenges when characterizing carbonate reservoirs because of the difficulty in determining how these large pore systems are distributed and to what degree they remain open during burial. Recognizing the processes by which these caves develop provides key insight into predicting their distribution within the subsurface; however, whether or not such caves are capable of remaining open during burial and at depth remains controversial. This study investigates the preservation potential of water-table caves that have developed in near-surface conditions (i.e., eogenetic coastal karst) and have undergone significant burial by constructing geomechanical finite numerical models. Modeling results suggest that when water-table caves are filled with a fluid, such as water, within the shallow phreatic realm, they can remain open past burial depths of 10,000 m. Conversely, if for some reason a cave is unfilled with a fluid and buried, it experiences total collapse at depths of approximately 1000 m. These results suggest that there is a large preservation potential for water-table caves to remain open and intact at depth, resulting in an additional contribution of pore volume for in-place calculations within oil and gas reservoirs that often are overlooked.
Temporal trends of birthweight are not driving trends of atopic dermatitis prevalence in United States children

Population-based risk-factors for the rising prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) in the United States are not well elucidated. We hypothesized that trends of birthweight over the past 2 decades contributed to the increasing prevalence of childhood AD in the United States. We sought to determine whether trends of birthweight were associated with trends of childhood AD prevalence over time in the US. Data were analyzed from the 1997–2018 National Health Interview Survey (N = 238,767 children). The prevalence [95% confidence interval] of childhood AD increased from 1997 (7.9% [7.4–8.5%]) to 2018 (12.6% [11.6–13.5%]). Whereas, mean [95% confidence interval] birthweight decreased from 1997 (3.35 kg [3.34–3.37 kg]) to 2018 (3.30 kg [3.28–3.31 kg]). A 1 kg increase in birthweight was associated with a slightly increased odds of AD (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.039 [1.009–1.070]). However, there were no significant interactions between low or high birthweight and year as predictors of childhood AD prevalence overall or in any age group. In conclusion, there is a slight association between greater birthweights and AD prevalence. However, temporal trends of birthweight do not account for trends of childhood AD prevalence in the United States.
Still we rise

Olufolakemi "Fola" Olusanya is the winner of the first Rising Black Scientist Award for an undergraduate scholar. For this award, we asked emerging Black scientists to tell us about the experiences that sparked their journey in the life sciences. This is her story.
Diagnostic Accuracy and Failure Mode Analysis of a Deep Learning Algorithm for the Detection of Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Abstract Objective To determine the institutional diagnostic accuracy of an artificial intelligence (AI) decision support systems (DSS), Aidoc, in diagnosing intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on noncontrast head CTs and to assess the potential generalizability of an AI DSS. Methods This retrospective study included 3,605 consecutive, emergent, adult noncontrast head CT scans performed between July 1, 2019, and December 30, 2019, at our institution (51% female subjects, mean age of 61 ± 21 years). Each scan was evaluated for ICH by both a certificate of added qualification certified neuroradiologist and Aidoc. We determined the diagnostic accuracy of the AI model and performed a failure mode analysis with quantitative CT radiomic image characterization. Results Of the 3,605 scans, 349 cases of ICH (9.7% of studies) were identified. The neuroradiologist and Aidoc interpretations were concordant in 96.9% of cases and the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 92.3%, 97.7%, 81.3%, and 99.2%, respectively, with positive predictive values unexpectedly lower than in previously reported studies. Prior neurosurgery, type of ICH, and number of ICHs were significantly associated with decreased model performance. Quantitative image characterization with CT radiomics failed to reveal significant differences between concordant and discordant studies. Discussion This study revealed decreased diagnostic accuracy of an AI DSS at our institution. Despite extensive evaluation, we were unable to identify the source of this discrepancy, raising concerns about the generalizability of these tools with indeterminate failure modes. These results further highlight the need for standardized study design to allow for rigorous and reproducible site-to-site comparison of emerging deep learning technologies.