cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic georeferencing of imagery from high-resolution, low-altitude, low-cost aerial platforms

Existing nadir-viewing aerial image databases such as that available on Google Earth contain data from a variety of sources at varying spatial resolutions. Low-cost, low-altitude, high-resolution aerial systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles and balloon- borne systems can provide ancillary data sets providing higher resolution, oblique­ looking data to enhance the data available to the user. This imagery is difficult to georeference due to the different projective geometry present in these data. Even if this data is accompanied by metadata from global positioning system (GPS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, the accuracy obtained from low-cost versions of these sensors is limited. Combining automatic image registration techniques with the information provided by the IMU and onboard GPS, it is possible to improve the positioning accuracy of these oblique data sets on the ground plane using existing orthorectified imagery available from sources such as Google Earth. Using both the affine scale-invariant feature transform (ASIFT) and maximally stable extremal regions (MSER), feature detectors aid in automatically detecting correspondences between the obliquely collected images and the base map. These correspondences are used to georeference the high-resolution, oblique image data collected from these low-cost aerial platforms providing the user with an enhanced visualization experience.
Determination of arsenic in some Lake Michigan fish using neutron activation analysis

The level of arsenic in six different species of fish collected from Lake Michigan near Saugatuck, Michigan has been measured using radiochemical neutron activation analysis. The arsenic concentration was found to vary from 0.05 μg/g (wet weight) for yellow perch fillet to 1.4 μg/g (wet weight) for eviscerated bloater chubs. A significant correlation was observed between arsenic concentrations and number of years in the lake for lake trout; correlations were also observed between arsenic concentrations and length of lake trout and smelt. No such correlations were found for alewife or yellow perch.
Frozen Tumor Tissue Microarray Technology for Analysis of Tumor RNA, DNA, and Proteins

Tissue microarray technology is a new method used to analyze several hundred tumor samples on a single slide allowing high throughput analysis of genes and proteins on a large cohort. The original methodology involves coring tissues from paraffin-embedded tissue donor blocks and placing them into a single paraffin block. One difficulty with paraffin-embedded tissue relates to antigenic changes in proteins and mRNA degradation induced by the fixation and embedding process. We have modified this technology by using frozen tissues embedded in OCT compound as donor samples and arraying the specimens into a recipient OCT block. Tumor tissue is not fixed before embedding, and sections from the array are evaluated without fixation or postfixed according to the appropriate methodology used to analyze a specific gene at the DNA, RNA, and/or protein levels. While paraffin tissue arrays can be problematic for immunohistochemistry and for RNA in situ hybridization analyses, this method allows optimal evaluation by each technique and uniform fixation across the array panel. We show OCT arrays work well for DNA, RNA, and protein analyses, and may have significant advantages over the original technology for the assessment of some genes and proteins by improving both qualitative and quantitative results.
URINARY CALCIUM AND SODIUM EXCRETION ARE CLOSELY LINKED IN PREMATURE INFANTS RECEIVING DIURETICS. † 1420

URINARY CALCIUM AND SODIUM EXCRETION ARE CLOSELY LINKED IN PREMATURE INFANTS RECEIVING DIURETICS. † 1420
Localization of the bending response in presence of axial load

Abstract In this paper, we study the effect of a small misplacement on the deflection response of the two-span column that is subjected to transverse loading. Whereas the buckling modes of such and other structures have been investigated thoroughly in the literature, the authors tend not to investigate the most important quantity, namely, the column’s response. This gap is attempted to be filled by the present study. It is remarkable that a 3% misplacement may lead to a five-fold enhancement of the response, and thus, location imperfections cannot be overlooked for safe design.
Meta-analysis of sex differences in rodent models of learning and memory: a review of behavioral and biological data

The existence of sex differences in the standard rat and mouse models of learning and memory is a controversial and contested topic in the literature. The present meta-analysis of radial maze and water maze experiments was conducted to assess the reliablility and magnitude of sex effects in the standard rodent models of learning and memory. Data were culled from published and unpublished sources. Findings indicate large reliable male advantages for rats in radial maze and water maze protocols. Significant strain differences were also identified. In each paradigm, protocol variations were associated with differential sex effects. For the water maze, smaller male advantages were associated with pretraining regimens and for the radial maze, larger significant male advantages were observed in protocols that included unbaited arms (combined reference and working memory protocols). Mouse studies exhibited a different pattern of sex effects; small female advantages were evident in the water maze, but small male advantages were evident in the radial maze. Together these findings establish the reliability of male advantages in spatial working and reference memory for rats across strains, protocols, ages and rearing environments. The findings also support an important species dichotomy between rats and mice that should be considered when transitioning from rat to mouse models. In light of these results, the biological evidence supporting theoretical explanations of sex differences is reviewed and evalualted.
Correlation between scintigraphic evidence of regional sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and ventricular refractoriness in the human heart.

BACKGROUND Denervation supersensitivity has been proposed as a mechanism for the relation between ventricular arrhythmias and the sympathetic nervous system. Evaluation of this phenomenon in humans has become feasible only recently with the development of noninvasive scintigraphic methods for evaluating the pattern of sympathetic innervation. The purpose of this study was to determine if scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic neuronal dysfunction correlates with measurements of ventricular refractoriness and to evaluate the phenomenon of denervation supersensitivity in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven patients with a history of sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death who were referred for placement of an implantable defibrillator participated in this study (seven men and four women; age, 51 +/- 18 years). Preoperative scintigraphic evaluation of the pattern of sympathetic innervation was performed with 11C-hydroxyephedrine in conjunction with positron emission tomography. At the time of surgery, ventricular refractoriness was determined in regions of myocardium demonstrating normal and reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention in the baseline state and during an infusion of norepinephrine. Scintigraphic evaluation demonstrated regions of reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention in each patient. The effective refractory period in areas of myocardium that demonstrated reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention was significantly longer than in areas of myocardium demonstrating normal 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention (273 +/- 32 versus 243 +/- 32 msec, p < 0.001). Norepinephrine shortened the effective refractory period in regions of myocardium demonstrating normal and reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention to a similar degree. CONCLUSIONS There is a correlation between scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and ventricular refractoriness in the human heart. These observations help validate the use of scintigraphic techniques for evaluation of sympathetic innervation and may assist in the further evaluation of the relation between the sympathetic nervous system and ventricular arrhythmias.
Ca 2+ -dependent enhancement of release by subthreshold somatic depolarization

In many neurons, subthreshold somatic depolarization can spread electrotonically into the axon and modulate subsequent spike-evoked transmission. Although release probability is regulated by intracellular Ca(2+), the Ca(2+) dependence of this modulatory mechanism has been debated. Using paired recordings from synaptically connected molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) of the rat cerebellum, we observed Ca(2+)-mediated strengthening of release following brief subthreshold depolarization of the soma. Two-photon microscopy revealed that, at the axon, somatic depolarization evoked Ca(2+) influx through voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels and facilitated spike-evoked Ca(2+) entry. Exogenous Ca(2+) buffering diminished these Ca(2+) transients and eliminated the strengthening of release. Axonal Ca(2+) entry elicited by subthreshold somatic depolarization also triggered asynchronous transmission that may deplete vesicle availability and thereby temper release strengthening. In this cerebellar circuit, activity-dependent presynaptic plasticity depends on Ca(2+) elevations resulting from both sub- and suprathreshold electrical activity initiated at the soma.
Surprising behavior of the superfluid fraction for and – mixtures in channels

Abstract We have obtained the superfluid fraction of 4 He and mixtures confined in channels 0.0185 μm ×1.08 μm ×∞ . We compare this with film data L×∞×∞, and data for channels 0.0483 μm ×3.0 μm ×∞ . The behavior of the data in the smallest channels is quite different from what one might expect for a planar film of a given thickness. The transition is shifted to a lower temperature than expected; and, the overall behavior of ρs does not follow the trend observed with other confined films. This suggests that the lateral dimension plays a significant role in the behavior. We believe our observations are consistent with the recent proposal of Sobnack and Kusmartsev about a new mechanism for vortex unbinding in 2D films.
Decomposition rate of ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) wood in the desert of southern California and its use in estimating adult survival by life-cycle graph analysis

Dead and downed ocotillos (Fouquieria splendens) are common in the Colorado Desert of southern California and pose a question concerning the life-span of adult plants that have been reported to be long-lived: if ocotillo is long-lived, decay rates must be very slow. Our study focused on decomposition and disintegration of above-ground ocotillo wood over 14 years to obtain a rate of change in dead mass. Disintegration rate was used in a new application of life-cycle graph analysis to calculate persistence time of carcasses, which in turn was used to estimate adult survival rates. We conclude that previous estimates of life spans may be too conservative and half-life of adult shrubs is over 200 years. Our approach to estimating adult survival from decay rates provides an independent test of survival transitions based on live plants for some species and so is an additional tool for developing life cycle models.
Signatures in flowing fluid electric conductivity logs

Flowing fluid electric conductivity logging provides a means to determine hydrologic properties of fractures, fracture zones, or other permeable layers intersecting a borehole in saturated rock. The method involves analyzing the time-evolution of fluid electric conductivity (FEC) logs obtained while the well is being pumped and yields information on the location, hydraulic transmissivity, and salinity of permeable layers. The original analysis method was restricted to the case in which flows from the permeable layers or fractures were directed into the borehole (inflow). Recently, the method was adapted to permit treatment of both inflow and outflow, including analysis of natural regional flow in the permeable layer. A numerical model simulates flow and transport in the wellbore during flowing FEC logging, and fracture properties are determined by optimizing the match between simulation results and observed FEC logs. This can be a laborious trial-and-error procedure, especially when both inflow and outflow points are present. Improved analyses methods are needed. One possible tactic would be to develop an automated inverse method, but this paper takes a more elementary approach and focuses on identifying the signatures that various inflow and outflow features create in flowing FEC logs. The physical insight obtained provides a basis for more efficient analysis of these logs, both for the present trial and error approach and for a potential future automated inverse approach. Inflow points produce distinctive signatures in the FEC logs themselves, enabling the determination of location, inflow rate, and ion concentration. Identifying outflow locations and flow rates typically requires a more complicated integral method, which is also presented in this paper.
Fast-tracking after ambulatory surgery

The fast-tracking recovery concept examines different paradigms for streamlining the postoperative recovery process. Fast-tracking anesthetic techniques allow suitable outpatients to be discharged earlier after ambulatory surgery. Outpatients are normally transferred from the OR to the PACU, followed by transfer to the Phase II step-down (day-surgery unit) before discharge home. With conventional fast-tracking, it is possible to bypass the PACU and take patients directly from the OR to the step-down unit if they meet specific criteria before leaving the OR. Alternatively, if the step-down unit is already functioning at maximum capacity, the PACU can be restructured to include a fast-track area, where appropriate patients are treated as if they had been admitted directly to the step-down unit. For these PACU fast-track patients, less monitoring is performed, a family member is permitted to be with the patient, and the patient is allowed to ambulate, change into street clothes, and be discharged home directly from the PACU without any time restrictions. Preliminary studies have shown that outpatients who are fast-tracked can be discharged home earlier without any increase in complications or side effects. Importantly, fast-tracking after ambulatory surgery does not seem to compromise patient satisfaction with the surgical experience. © 2001 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.
Improving I/O Performance of Clustered Storage Systems by Adaptive Request Distribution

We develop an adaptive load distribution protocol for logical volume I/O workload in clustered storage systems. It exploits data redundancy among decentralized storage servers to dynamically route I/O workload on a per-request basis, offering short-term load balancing and improved I/O performance. Our protocol builds on tunable hashing techniques and is based purely on client logic. Therefore, it does not limit system scalability and requires no change to the existing infrastructure. It distributes the I/O requests of a client to storage servers selected adoptively by a decentralized tunable hashing scheme, and, applies different policies to read and write requests. It also makes no assumption about inter-server communication latency and thus is robust to different network configurations. It supports both replication and erasure coding data redundancy schemes. Experimental results show that our protocol performs closely to a centralized load-balancing algorithm and verify the robustness of our protocol
Etappenlavage: advanced diffuse peritonitis managed by planned multiple laparotomies utilizing zippers, slide fastener, and Velcro analogue for temporary abdominal closure.

Etappenlavage is defined as a series of planned multiple operative procedures performed at a 24-hour interval. It includes a commitment to reexplore the patient's abdomen at the initial corrective operation. This is a report of a prospective study of 117 patients treated by etappenlavage for severe advanced suppurative peritonitis in 2 institutions. Etappenlavage was performed in 15% of all patients with operations for peritonitis. In these patients, the abdominal infection had progressed to an advanced stage of severe functional impairment. A total of 669 laparotomies were performed and the abdomen closed temporarily utilizing retention sutures (n=45), a simple zipper (n=26), a slide fastener (n=29), and Velcro® analogue (n=17). An average of 6.1 procedures were necessary to control the infection. In 57% of the patients, additional complications were recognized and repaired after the initial operation. Patients were artificially ventilated for an average of 17 days. The median duration of therapy was 33 (range, 3–183) days. Twenty-eight patients died between days 3 and 71 (median, 9) after initiation of therapy. In 88%, uncomplicated wound healing was observed after wounds were closed definitely. In the last 17 patients, no complications were attributable to the use of 2 adhesive sheets of polyamide plus nylon or perlon for temporary abdominal closure (Velcro®-like artificial burr). APACHE II scoring predicted a median mortality of 47%. The actual mortality was 25%. Overall, the mortality of advanced diffuse peritonitis was reduced from a predicted 34–93% (APACHE II/SIS scoring) to 24%. Velcro® analogue (artificial burr) was the most practical device for temporary abdominal closure.
Optimizing therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia in children.

Purpose of review Uncertainties exist regarding the optimal treatment for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) bloodstream infections, particularly in settings in which ampicillin cannot be used. Recent findings Quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and daptomycin, all approved between 1999 and 2003, represent the mainstays of therapy for VRE bacteremia, although only linezolid has been specifically approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for this indication. The main objective of this review is to compare the relative efficacies, dosing strategies, and side-effect profiles of quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and daptomycin for VRE bacteremia in the pediatric population. A brief description of recently approved broad-spectrum Gram-positive agents that may have a role in the management of VRE bacteremia in upcoming years is also provided. Summary Linezolid, despite its bacteriostatic activity against VRE, may be the most versatile of the available drugs. It has activity against both Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, can be administered orally, and resistance appears to be less of a concern with linezolid compared with the other agents. Additionally, the results of two recent meta-analyses demonstrate more favorable outcomes with linezolid compared with daptomycin for the treatment of VRE bacteremia. The clinical pharmacokinetics of linezolid have been well described in children. The most notable concern with linezolid, however, is toxicities associated with prolonged use. Until more prospective data are available, we favor linezolid as first-line therapy for the treatment of VRE bacteremia in children.
Formulations and reformulations in integer programming

Creating good integer programming formulations had, as a basic axiom, the rule “Find formulations with tighter linear relaxations”. This rule, while useful when using unsophisticated branch-and-bound codes,is insufficient when using state-of-the-art codes that understand and embed many of the obvious formulation improvements. As these optimization codes become more sophisticated it is important to have finer control over their operation. Modelers need to be even more creative in reformulating their integer programs in order to improve on the automatic reformulations of the optimization codes.
Motion planning for active cannulas

An active cannula is a medical device composed of thin, pre-curved, telescoping tubes that may enable many new surgical procedures. Planning optimal motions for these devices is challenging due to their kinematics, which involve both beam mechanics and space curves. In this paper, we propose an optimization-based motion planning algorithm that computes actions to guide the device to a target point while avoiding obstacles in the environment. The planner uses a simplified active cannula kinematic model that neglects beam mechanics, and focuses on planning for the (piecewise circular) space curves. The method is intended for use in image-guided procedures where the target and obstacles can be segmented from preprocedure images. Given the target location, the start position and orientation, and a geometric representation of obstacles, the algorithm computes the insertion length and orientation angle for each tube of the active cannula such that the device follows a collision-free path to the target. We formulate the planning problem as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem and use a penalty method to convert this formulation into a sequence of more easily solvable unconstrained optimization problems. Simulations demonstrate optimal paths for a 3-tube active cannula with spherical obstacles. The algorithm typically computes plans in less than 1 minute on a standard PC.
Fast Monte Carlo simulation of a dispersive sample on the SEQUOIA spectrometer at the SNS

Simulation of an inelastic scattering experiment, with a sample and a large pixilated detector, usually requires days of time because of finite processor speeds. We report simulations on an spallation neutron source (SNS) instrument, SEQUOIA, that reduce the time to less than 2 h by using parallelization and the resources of the TeraGrid. SEQUOIA is a fine resolution (ΔE/E i∼1%) chopper spectrometer under construction at the SNS. It utilizes incident energies from E i = 20 meV–2 eV and will have ∼144,000 detector pixels covering 1.6 Sr of solid angle. The full spectrometer, including a 1-D dispersive sample, has been simulated using the Monte Carlo package McStas. This paper summarizes the method of parallelization for and results from these simulations. In addition, limitations of and proposed improvements to current analysis software will be discussed.
Experimental Investigation on Dynamic Crack Propagation Through Interface in Glass

Experimental analyses are conducted to investigate the dynamic crack propagation through the interface in glass. Failure wave, which is a dense crack network initiated from a surface, is a characteristic of dynamic failure of glass. It has been observed that the cracks driven by a high dynamic load may stop at an interface even though the stress wave goes through it. The cracks can also pass through the interface if the stress is high enough. To understand the behavior of the failure wave, the interaction between a propagating crack and an interface needs to be investigated. In this study, the behavior of a single dynamic crack as it interacts with an interface is investigated. High speed photography and optical methods are employed to visualize the phenomena. A notched glass sample having an interface is impacted with a projectile. A single crack is initiated at the notch tip by the dynamic loading and propagates into the interface. The crack stops if the interface has no adhesive. The crack passes through the interface if it has a very thin layer of adhesive. The crack branches into multiple cracks if the interface has a finite thick layer of adhesive or the impact speed is very high. The branch patterns depend on the thickness of adhesive l ayer and loading condition.
High-gain lateral bipolar action in a MOSFET structure

A hybrid-mode device based on a standard submicrometer CMOS technology is presented. The device is essentially a MOSFET in which the gate and the well are internally connected to form the base of a lateral bipolar junction transistor (BJT). At low collector current levels, lateral bipolar action with a current gain higher than 1000 is achieved. No additional processing steps are needed to obtain the BJT when the MOSFET is properly designed. n-p-n BJTs with a 0.25- mu m base width have been successfully fabricated in a p-well 0.25- mu m bulk n-MOSFET process. The electrical characteristics of the n-MOSFET and the lateral n-p-n BJT at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures are reported. >
Treating the Suicidal Patient

: Successful psychotherapy with suicidal patients requires an emotionally full, active engagement from the therapist with his patient. Emphasis is on the real relationship, not the transference, and the therapist must be available to the patient as a sturdy, reliable object with whom to identify. The therapist's attitude must be loving, not neutral; the alliance is built upon the therapist's devotion to the patient's growth and the development of the attributes necessary for successful autonomous adult functioning. Patients require emotional containment and support, assistance in modulating painful affect, validation, education, help with reality testing, and kindly limit setting. Countertransference reactions must be expected and kept in check, so that the therapist does not get in the patient's way as he tries to build up the faulty mental structures that got him into trouble in the first place.
Spontaneous breathing through an inspiratory impedance threshold device augments cardiac index and stroke volume index in a pediatric porcine model of hemorrhagic hypovolemia.

Background: Hemorrhagic shock secondary to trauma is associated with poor survival. The impedance threshold device (ITD) has been shown to improve blood pressure and survival rates in an adult porcine model of hemorrhagic hypovolemia. Pediatric hemodynamics, anatomy, and physiology differ from adults. Evaluation of the ITD has not been previously assessed in a pediatric porcine model of hypovolemia induced by hemorrhage. Objective: To determine whether ITD-assisted breathing, with and without positive end-expiratory pressure, will improve key hemodynamic parameters following hypovolemia induced by hemorrhage in a pediatric porcine model. Methods: Intubated, anesthetized, hemodynamically stable, spontaneously breathing piglets were rapidly bled 40% of their calculated blood volume. Piglets' hemodynamic and intrathoracic pressures were continuously monitored during 10-min normovolemic baseline, bleed to hypotensive baseline, 10-min ITD-assisted breathing, 10 mins without ITD, 10-min ITD-assisted breathing randomized with or without positive end-expiratory pressure (3 cm H 2 O), 10 mins without ITD, reinfusion of shed blood, 10-min baseline following retum to normovolemia. The ITD had an inspiratory cracking pressure of -7 cm H 2 O. Transthoracic echocardiographic parameters were measured at the end of each 10-min period. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline assessments between groups. Systolic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke volume index were significantly greater during ITD-assisted breathing. There was a trend toward increased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension during ITD use. Heart rate, systemic vascular resistance index, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, and shortening fraction did not change significantly during ITD-assisted breathing. There was equivalent improvement in systolic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke volume index, when the ITD alone and ITD plus positive end-expiratory pressure were used. Conclusions: ITD-assisted breathing significantly augmented systolic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke volume index in this pediatric porcine model of hemorrhagic hypovolemia. These effects appear related to increased left ventricular preload and not by increased systemic vascular resistance or heart rate. These beneficial effects of ITD-assisted breathing are not changed by the addition of positive end-expiratory pressures of 3 cm H 2 O.
Enhancing engineering education and outreach using real-time DSP

For some time, the authors have been suggesting and providing proven DSP teaching tools that have helped motivate students and faculty to implement real-time DSP-based systems to enhance education. These efforts have emphasized the fact that DSP is much more than just a collection of theories and problem solving techniques, and that hands-on experience with hardware is extremely beneficial. In addition to facilitating the education of numerous engineers and engineering students, these same tools have allowed us to reach out into our local communities and encourage future college students to consider studying engineering. This paper describes some of our real-time DSP-based community outreach efforts, and more traditional engineering courses, that have been facilitated by tools such as winDSK6 and the DTMF decoder/power switch box.
Recruitment of the proneural gene scute to the Drosophila sex-determination pathway.

In flies, scute ( sc ) works with its paralogs in the achaete-scute-complex ( ASC ) to direct neuronal development. However, in the family Drosophilidae, sc also acquired a role in the primary event of sex determination, X chromosome counting, by becoming an X chromosome signal element ( XSE )—an evolutionary step shown here to have occurred after sc diverged from its closest paralog, achaete ( ac ). Two temperature-sensitive alleles, sc sisB2 and sc sisB3 , which disrupt only sex determination, were recovered in a powerful F 1 genetic selection and used to investigate how sc was recruited to the sex-determination pathway. sc sisB2 revealed 3′ nontranscribed regulatory sequences likely to be involved. The sc sisB2 lesion abolished XSE activity when combined with mutations engineered in a sequence upstream of all XSE s. In contrast, changes in Sc protein sequence seem not to have been important for recruitment. The observation that the other new allele, sc sisB3 , eliminates the C-terminal half of Sc without affecting neurogenesis and that sc sisB1 , the most XSE -specific allele previously available, is a nonsense mutant, would seem to suggest the opposite, but we show that housefly Sc can substitute for fruit fly Sc in sex determination, despite lacking Drosophilidae-specific conserved residues in its C-terminal half. Lack of synergistic lethality among mutations in sc, twist , and dorsal argue against a proposed role for sc in mesoderm formation that had seemed potentially relevant to sex-pathway recruitment. The screen that yielded new sc alleles also generated autosomal duplications that argue against the textbook view that fruit fly sex signal evolution recruited a set of autosomal signal elements comparable to the XSE s.
DC characteristics of patterned YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ superconducting thin-film bolometers: artifacts related to Joule heating, ambient pressure, and microstructure

Joule heating due to the bias current and resistance of the material in patterned YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/, superconducting films on 250-500-/spl mu/m-thick MgO, LaAlO/sub 3/, and SrTiO/sub 3/ crystalline substrates, results in a number of effects: (1) a temperature rise in the film with respect to the measured temperature at the bottom of the substrate; (2) a possible thermal runaway, which may be local or uniformly distributed in the film, depending upon the dimensions of the superconducting pattern relative to that of the substrate; (3) an apparently sharper normal-to-superconducting transition in the measure R versus T curve; and (4) decrease of T/sub c/ to 60 K (/spl Delta/T/sub x/>20 K) after being subjected to high-bias currents j/spl sim/10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ under vacuum, with recovery of T/sub c/ after exposure to room atmosphere. The magnitude of R at T/sub c*onset/ is found to be dependent on bias current in granular samples, with a lower R at currents higher than some on-set value. The slope of R versus T in the transition region in our granular samples is found to be lower at higher bias currents, since the widening of the transition overcomes the shift caused by the Joule heating. These various phenomena impact the responsivity of bolometers made from these films, as well as the predictions of possible attainable responsivity and speculations of mechanisms occurring in the films. In particular, misinterpretation of the Joule heating sharpening of the R versus T curve has led to predictions of responsivities over one order of magnitude higher than are justified, and shifts in properties of the films due to heating have been misinterpreted as nonequilibrium responses of the films.
A nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetector based on interfacial trap-controlled charge injection.

A solution-processed ultraviolet photodetector with a nanocomposite active layer composed of ZnO nanoparticles blended with semiconducting polymers can significantly outperform inorganic photodetectors.
Highly Linear Bipolar Transconductor For Broadband High-Frequency Applications with Improved Input Voltage Swing

An all n-p-n highly linear wide-bandwidth bipolar transconductor (Gm) stage is presented based on a variation of Caprio's quad. The high-frequency (HF) linearity of the improved Gm cell is examined by a Volterra analysis. The improved Gm cell has a higher input voltage swing range than other approaches
Selections from Great Educators Throughout the Ages on the Importance of Health and Physical Education

(1933). Selections from Great Educators Throughout the Ages on the Importance of Health and Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 50-53.
The Use of Cognitive Interviewing to Explore the Effectiveness of Advance Supplemental Materials among Five Language Groups

Prior research has shown that the use of a prenotification letter is effective in improving mail survey response rate. However, little is known about whether an advance supplemental brochure will h...
Tissue Interactions in Scale and Feather Development as Studied in Dermal-Epidermal Recombinations

The foot of developing embryos of scalefooted varieties of the common domestic fowl (Silver Campine, White Leghorn and others) frequently exhibits feather primordia emerging from the scales of various regions. Many of the feather germs are rudimentary and disappear by the time of hatching, but some persist and differentiate into normal feathers. Such feathers are often inconspicuous and easily overlooked (Plate 1, figs. I–M). Scales bearing feathers by no means represent an unusual phenomenon. Indeed, they were clearly identified by many of the earlier workers, particularly those interested in homologizing these two specialized epidermal derivatives (Jefferies, 1883; Davies, 1889; Bornstein, 1911; Blaszyk, 1935). More recently, the frequent association of feathers with the scales of those pedal components (digits) which arise from the wing ectoderm, after implantation of mesoderm from the prospective foot region, has been noted by Saunders, Cairns & Gasseling (1957) working with White Leghorns.
Quality characteristics of fresh-cut watermelon slices from non-treated and 1-methylcyclopropene- and/or ethylene-treated whole fruit

Maintaining the postharvest quality of fresh-cut fruit after processing and throughout distribution and marketing is a major challenge facing the fresh-cut fruit industry. Analytical quality characteristics of packaged fresh-cut watermelon slices from non-treated and 1methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)- and/or ethylene-treated whole fruit were investigated. Freshly harvested seedless watermelon (‘Sugar Heart’) were stored 7–14 days in air before exposure to 0, 0.5 or 1.0 LL −1 1-MCP for 18 h followed by 5 days exposure to 0 or 10 LL −1 ethylene, all at 20 ◦ C. Following treatment, fruit were processed into wedge-shaped slices, packaged into rigid trays sealed with a high oxygen transmission rate film overlap and stored 1, 6 or 12 days at 5 ◦ C. During storage, fresh-cut watermelon slices from non-treated and 1-MCP- and 1-MCP + ethylene-treated whole fruit maintained similar respiration rates and internal atmospheres of CO2 and O2 and were of similar quality with total aromatic volatile concentrations decreasing and puncture firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), cut surface pH and color remaining relatively stable. In contrast, fresh-cut slices from fruit treated with ethylene alone had higher respiration rates and modified package atmospheres containing more CO2 and O2; lower firmness, SSC and chromaticity values; higher pH and an altered volatile profile compared to those of slices from non-treated and 1-MCP- and 1-MCP + ethylene-treated fruit. The 22 most abundant volatiles were various aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. During storage, many individual volatiles decreased in concentration but some increased including (Z)-6-nonen-1-ol, a volatile having a pumpkin-like aroma. The results indicated that low dosage 1-MCP treatments prior to ethylene exposure of whole watermelons prevented ethylene-mediated quality deterioration in fresh-cut slices stored under modified atmosphere conditions at 5 ◦ C.
Some Possibilities of Intelligence Transmission When Using a Limited Band of Frequencies

As an ideal lower limit, certain possible methods of radiotelegraph transmission may require only a single side band of 25 cycles for each 100 words transmitted per minute, so that each average present-day short-wave channel provides enormous potential facilities for radiotelegraph transmission. Neglecting the requirements for the separation of channels to avoid interference, the maximum potential traffic capacity of the entire short-wave spectrum down to 10 meters is something like 500,000 stations, each transmitting at 100 words per minute and using a double side band. This figure does not take into account the possibilities of directional transmission, and assumes each station has worldwide range. The problem of utilizing these possibilities is economic and broadly political as well as technical; engineering methods can be developed more highly than at present, whenever the economic value of the new channels created is sufficient to pay the cost. The ultimate capacity of the broadcast band may approach one program per three channels for every listener. If synchronizing proves to be successful, by giving each broadcast chain a band of frequencies about 30 kc wide and requiring that the stations of the chain be divided into three groups, with each group operating on a different common frequency within the 30-kc band, the amount of broadcasting made available to the public may be enormously increased.
The Effect of Competition on Recovery Strategies

Manufacturers often face a choice of whether to recover the value in their end-of-life products through remanufacturing. In many cases, firms choose not to remanufacture, as they are (rightly) concerned that the remanufactured product will cannibalize sales of the higher-margin new product. However, such a strategy may backfire for manufacturers operating in industries where their end-of-life products (cell phones, tires, computers, automotive parts, etc.) are attractive to third-party remanufacturers, who may seriously cannibalize sales of the original manufacturer. In this paper, we develop models to support a manufacturer's recovery strategy in the face of a competitive threat on the remanufactured product market. We first analyze the competition between new and remanufactured products produced by a monopolist manufacturer and identify conditions under which the firm would choose not to remanufacture its products. We then characterize the potential profit loss due to external remanufacturing competition and analyze two entry-deterrent strategies: remanufacturing and preemptive collection. We find that a firm may choose to remanufacture or preemptively collect its used products to deter entry, even when the firm would not have chosen to do so under a pure monopoly environment. Finally, we discuss conditions under which each strategy is more beneficial.
Mechanism of egg transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Abstract Pullets inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum did not show a bacteraemic phase. A bacteraemia phase was, however, demonstrated in two out of four cockerels, and M. gallisepticum was isolated from their blood on seven successive days, beginning in one bird on the seventh day after inoculation and in the other on the ninth day. M. gallisepticum was not isolated from the semen of these cockerels. M. gallisepticum was isolated from the testes of one cockerel which did not show a bacteraemic phase. Pullets infected with M. gallisepticum showed an egg transmission rate of 3 per cent. between the eighth and 15th weeks after inoculation. During this period, the organism was isolated relatively consistently from the eggs of two birds, which had egg transmission rates of 54 per cent. and 38 per cent., and from the oviducts of both birds.
Oral zinc sulfate solutions inhibit sweet taste perception

We investigated the ability of zinc sulfate (5, 25, 50 mM) to inhibit the sweetness of 12 chemically diverse sweeteners, which were all intensity matched to 300 mM sucrose [800 mM glucose, 475 mM fructose, 3.25 mM aspartame, 3.5 mM saccharin, 12 mM sodium cyclamate, 14 mM acesulfame-K, 1.04 M sorbitol, 0.629 mM sucralose, 0.375 mM neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), 1.5 mM stevioside and 0.0163 mM thaumatin]. Zinc sulfate inhibited the sweetness of most compounds in a concentration dependent manner, peaking with 80% inhibition by 50 mM. Curiously, zinc sulfate never inhibited the sweetness of Na-cyclamate. This suggests that Na-cyclamate may access a sweet taste mechanism that is different from the other sweeteners, which were inhibited uniformly (except thaumatin) at every concentration of zinc sulfate. We hypothesize that this set of compounds either accesses a single receptor or multiple receptors that are inhibited equally by zinc sulfate at each concentration.
A Comparison of the 1972 and 1978 Elections

Chapter 7 dealt with an analysis of the 1978 congressional election. In that election political action committees (PACs) were more active than in any previous election (though not as active as they were in 1980). In this chapter we examine the role of these committees in influencing legislation by comparing the results of the estimation for 1978 with results of a similar (though less complete) examination of the 1972 congressional election. By focusing on the differing roles of political contributions in these two elections, we can determine the extent to which legislative changes in campaign financing laws had an impact. Before presenting the comparison, however, we should first consider the legislation that affected the role of political action committees.
Long-term survival in patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) used to supply enteral nutrition has supplanted surgically placed feeding tubes in many institutions. These tubes are currently placed in: 1) patients with reversible disease with potential for recovery (stroke, Guillain-Barre syndrome); 2) patients with incurable disease with potential for extended survival (head and neck cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); or 3) patients who are terminal or seriously debilitated (head trauma, systemic malignancies). Few data are currently available regarding long-term survival, survival difference between various patient populations, and incidence of recovery of oral intake with subsequent PEG tube removal. In this study, records of 191 patients in whom PEG tubes were placed were retrospectively reviewed and information collected regarding underlying diseases (malignant vs nonmalignant), survival, and incidence of subsequent tube removal. Of the patients, 68 (36%) had cancer, and 123 (64%) had benign disease (usually stroke or other neurologic disorder). Survival curve analysis demonstrated that one-third of patients were dead within 60 days of PEG placement, and half were dead in the first 6 months. Total deaths were 115 (60%) at a median time of 164 days. No mortality was directly related to acute or subsequent PEG tube complications. Feeding tubes were removed in 41 patients (21%), 10 with cancer (5%), and 31 without (16%, p less than 0.05). These data on limited patient survival and low incidence of recovery of oral intake suggest that facilitation of hospital discharge into a less expensive home care or step-down facility is the most likely goal to be realized after PEG placement. Further, these results raise questions regarding the appropriateness of PEG placement in patients with anticipated early mortality or low likelihood of hospital discharge.
Fluctuating flow of an elastico-viscous fluid along an infinite porous plate with an applied magnetic field

The problem of oscillating free stream flow of an elastico-viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid along an infinite plate with suction varying periodically with time, is considered in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. The effect of the elasticity of the fluid, the magnetic fluid, and the fluctuation of suction velocity on the velocity and the skin friction is examined.
Pathways to Advancing Aging Policy-Relevant Research in Academic Settings

Policy-level changes have a significant influence on the health and well-being of aging populations. Yet there is often a gap between scientific knowledge and policy action. Although previous research has identified barriers and facilitators to effective knowledge translation, little attention has been given to the role of academic institutions in knowledge generation. This exploratory focus group study examines barriers and pathways to developing and maintaining an aging policy-relevant research agenda in academic settings, and additional challenges associated with minority group membership in this pursuit. Participants were personally committed to conducting policy-relevant research despite institutional barriers such as fewer funding opportunities and less value attributed to their research, particularly in the context of tenure and promotion. Although many viewed their research as an opportunity to make a difference, especially for underserved older adult populations, a number of minority group participants expressed that their policy research interests were marginalized. Participants offer individual and institutional-level strategies for addressing barriers, including collaborating with community members and colleagues and engaging mentors within and outside of their academic institutions. Reframing the valuation of policy research through the diversification of funding and publishing opportunities can better support scholars engaged in aging policy-relevant research.
Larvicidal Activity of Albendazole against Necator americanus in Human Volunteers

This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of a single oral 400-mg dose of albendazole on Necator americanus larvae, and compared its efficacy when administered between meals or with a meal. Twenty-nine healthy and hookworm-free male volunteers were exposed on the forearm to approximately 45 8-day-old N. americanus larvae. All subjects developed discrete maculopapular eruptions at the site of larval application. Following a random double-blind study design, each subject received at the end of the 6th post-infection day either the investigational drug or a placebo as follows: Group I (n = 8)-placebo; Group II (n = 11)-400 mg albendazole with a meal; Group III (n = 10)-400 mg albendazole 3 or more hours after or before a meal. On day 56 post-infection, the stools of all subjects who received placebo were positive for N. americanus eggs (by zinc sulfate flotation technique), compared with 48% positivity (10/21) in those who received albendazole (P = 0.01). By day 63 post-infection, an additional three subjects in the treatment group became positive, for an overall 62% rate of positivity (13/21), i.e., albendazole prevented patent infection in 38%. Administration of albendazole with a meal did not alter drug efficacy. In those subjects in whom patent infections were not prevented, egg output was one-fourth that of the placebo group. There was no difference in viability of eggs appearing in feces of treated and untreated subjects as judged by larval development in Harada-Mori cultures. Our data indicate that albendazole is active against pre-intestinal stages of N. americanus in human infections.