cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Il melodramma della nazione: Politica e sentimenti nell’età del Risorgimento

Few Italian historians have attempted to disentangle the complex relationship between the social history of drama and opera in nineteenth-century Italy and the processes of nation-building during t...
Mobile Gaming and Student Interactions in a Science Center: the Future of Gaming in Science Education

This article explores the impact of an augmented reality iPad-based mobile game, called The Great STEM Caper, on students’ interaction at a science center. An open-source, location-based game platform called ARIS (i.e. Augmented Reality and Interactive Storytelling) was used to create an iPad-based mobile game. The game used QR scan codes and a challenge-based game structure to encourage engagement in science. Participants wore head-mounted GoPro cameras to record interactions within the physical and social environment. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of a mobile game on student interactions in a science center. Gender differences in gameplay behaviors and perceptions were compared. The study included a quasi-experimental design with two groups: one group that played the iPad mobile game during their science center visit, and one group that explored the science center in a traditional free exploration manner. Video data from the GoPro cameras provided examination of the different ways students interacted with the science center. The female students outperformed the male students on every measure of the iPad game achievement. Lazzaro’s (2004) four types of fun was used to describe the gender differences in game perceptions and interactions. Females tended to enjoy hard fun and collaborative people fun, while males enjoyed easy fun and competitive people fun. The females tended to be more goal-oriented, persistent in the face of difficulty, and appreciative of hard fun. The results of this study have implications for the design of mobile-based gaming technology to encourage interaction in an informal science center setting.
Treating Flu with Skin of Frog.

Glands in frog skin secrete substances that possess broad antimicrobial function. Holthausen et al. mined this soup of natural products and discovered a peptide that destroys diverse human influenza strains (Holthausen et al., 2017). This study points the way to the discovery of novel anti-influenza molecules targeting conserved elements on influenza surface proteins.
India's 'twin Deficits': Are they Identical Twins or the Warring Cousins

This study tests the presence and behavior of the 'twin deficits'-a shorthand term referring to the trade and budget deficits-in India's economy between 1995 and 2010. Although each deficit is thought to have its own unique set of triggers, theoretical analyses and empirical studies have attempted to document and analyze the extent to which, and how, they act as 'twins' (i.e. move together over time). The period of analysis in this study provides an interesting case study because it is fully situated in India's period of 'liberalization,' after a balance of payments (BOP) crisis in the early 1990s catalyzed a set of reforms designed to improve the government and trade budgets. Our approach employs regression models and causality tests to find that while there is evidence of twin deficits in India over the time period in question, the direction of the causal relationship between these deficits stems from the trade deficit to the budget deficit, which is contrary to the direction that standard theory would predict.
Endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation of the renal potassium channel, ROMK, leads to type II Bartter syndrome

Type II Bartter syndrome is caused by mutations in the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are poorly defined. To rapidly screen for ROMK function, we developed a yeast expression system and discovered that yeast cells lacking endogenous potassium channels could be rescued by WT ROMK but not by ROMK proteins containing any one of four Bartter mutations. We also found that the mutant proteins were significantly less stable than WT ROMK. However, their degradation was slowed in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor or when yeast cells contained mutations in the CDC48 or SSA1 gene, which is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). Consistent with these data, sucrose gradient centrifugation and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that most ROMK protein was ER-localized. To translate these findings to a more relevant cell type, we measured the stabilities of WT ROMK and the ROMK Bartter mutants in HEK293 cells. As in yeast, the Bartter mutant proteins were less stable than the WT protein, and their degradation was slowed in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor. Finally, we discovered that low-temperature incubation increased the steady-state levels of a Bartter mutant, suggesting that the disease-causing mutation traps the protein in a folding-deficient conformation. These findings indicate that the underlying pathology for at least a subset of patients with type II Bartter syndrome is linked to the ERAD pathway and that future therapeutic strategies should focus on correcting deficiencies in ROMK folding.
Ensayo biográfico. Victoria Ocampo y Rabindranath Tagore ante la crítica bengalí

Partiendo de la lectura de las publicaciones de escritores e investigadores de la India, en su mayoria oriundos de la region de Bengala, el presente ensayo examina la dinamica afectiva entre Rabindranath Tagore, el celebre poeta bengali, ganador del Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1913, y la afamada escritora argentina Victoria Ocampo. Ademas de analizar las influencias tematicas, intelectuales e ideologicas que ejercieron el uno sobre el otro, tanto en el ambito personal como en lo profesional, el ensayo explora el impacto de reconocidas figuras del ambito politico de la India en el pensamiento de Ocampo, entre ellos, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawarhalal Nehru y su hija, Indira Gandhi. La intencion que motiva la exploracion de dichos temas, por un lado, es la de poder apreciar el enfoque que la academia india da a esta singular amistad y evaluar su percepcion en cuanto al genio figura de Victoria Ocampo; y por otro, determinar aquellos aspectos de dicha amistad que resultaron extraordinariamente enriquecedores y fructiferos en lo que hace a la produccion literaria y artistica de ambos. El legado de esta relacion es un fiel reflejo del espiritu humano y de la energia creativa de dos seres que, a pesar de las diferencias culturales, se inspiraron mutuamente para hacer del arte y de la literatura un instrumento civilizador y un puente intercultural.
Towards domain general detection of transactive knowledge building behavior

Support of discussion based learning at scale benefits from automated analysis of discussion for enabling effective assignment of students to project teams, for triggering dynamic support of group learning processes, and for assessment of those learning processes. A major limitation of much past work in machine learning applied to automated analysis of discussion is the failure of the models to generalize to data outside of the parameters of the context in which the training data was collected. This limitation means that a separate training effort must be undertaken for each domain in which the models will be used. This paper focuses on a specific construct of discussion based learning referred to as Transactivity and provides a novel machine learning approach with performance that exceeds state-of-the-art performance within the same domain in which it was trained and a new domain, and does not suffer any reduction in performance when transferring to the new domain. These results stand as an advance over past work on automated detection of Transactivity and increase the value of trained models for supporting group learning at scale. Implications for practice in at-scale learning environments are discussed.
Kant’s Philosophy of Arithmetic

The interest and influence of Kant’s philosophy as a whole have certainly been great enough so that this by itself would be enough to make Kant’s philosophy of arithmetic of interest to historical scholars. It is also possible to show the influence of Kant on a number of important later writers on the foundations of mathematics, so that Kant has importance specifically as a figure in the history of the philosophy of mathematics. However, my own interest in this subject has been animated by the conviction that even today what Kant has to say about mathematics, and arithmetic in particular, is of interest to the philosopher and not merely to the historian of philosophy. However, I do not know how much of an argument the following will be for this.
WDM Intelligent Transport Network for All-Optical Routing

Conventional optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks calls for optoelectronic conversion for each wavelength in every node plus a large management effort for proper packet routing. All-optical networks are still unavailable. Here, a new architecture is described where the optical transport is done without conversions (except at extreme nodes), and with minimal routing management effort. The present basic mechanism is, firstly, to gather (at any source node) the packets demanding for a certain destination node K. Secondly, all these packets are modulated onto wavelength λK. Next, the wavelength is routed towards node K by passive directional devices. As other source nodes reuse wavelength λK, an anti-collision mechanism is presented. This mechanism uses very economic and widely available components. The present arrangement seems to be pre-wired, conveying packets from source to destination nodes almost automatically. The present arrangement is simpler and far more economical than (G)MPL(λ)S arrangements, for instance. Additionally, the present system does not demand for expensive wavelength conversions or central protocols. The disadvantage over (G)MPL(λ)S is that the present arrangement limits its maximum number of operational nodes to the number of wavelenghts WDM is able to support.
Steady-State Multiplicity and Uniqueness Criteria for Chemically Reacting Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the steady-state multiplicity of a lumped parameter system, in which a single chemical reaction occurs. The coupling between chemical and physical rate processes can lead to steady-state multiplicity in chemical reactors. The ability to predict the reactions and conditions, for which this multiplicity can occur, in terms of observable quantities, is most useful for the development of rational control and start-up procedures. Certain features of these multi-reaction systems have no analog in the single reaction case and can be determined only by a careful and lengthy analysis. This unexpected behavior can lead to pit­falls in the development of control and start-up policies. Thus, it is of practical importance to develop a better knowledge and understanding of the special features associated with these reaction networks and the conditions under which they occur. The analysis of the single, n-th order reaction in a porous pellet, whose temperature is uniform but different from that of the surroundings, shows that the region in the parameter space, for which multiplicity can occur for the distributed model, is smaller than that attained for the corresponding lumped-parameter model.
On the dynamical mechanisms governing El Niño-Southern Oscillation irregularity

AbstractThis study investigates the mechanisms by which short time-scale perturbations to atmospheric processes can affect El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in climate models. To this end a contr...
The Relationship Between Total Parenteral Nutrition and Central Line-Associated Blood Stream Infections

BackgroundCentral line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) prevalencehas decreased significantly over the past years in part due to hospital-level infection control initiatives. However, a ...
'I am happier with my fairer complexion': factors associated with former indoor tanning and reasons for quitting in college women.

This study of 312 female undergraduates investigated the association of recently, formerly, or never indoor tanning with self-perceptions and social influence, and examined reasons to tan and not t...
Sustainability and Green Business in Latin America During Globalization Waves

This working paper examines the impact of modern business enterprise on the natural environment of Latin America during the globalization waves between the nineteenth century and the present day. It argues that although global capitalism created much wealth for the region, this was at the cost of massive ecological destruction in Latin America. During the first global economy considerable wealth was created from the exploitation of natural resources for the land-owning elite in Latin America, at the cost of large-scale ecological destruction. During the Great Reversal in the mid-twentieth century, public policies aimed at “catching up” resulted in the co-proliferation of hydro-electric schemes and resulting co-creation of ecological damage by firms and governments. In the new global economy since 1980, renewed economic growth and consumerism resulted in mountains of waste in increasingly polluted mega-cities. Biodiversity and the natural environment have been challenged across the subcontinent. However there were interesting positives as these ecological horrors also created opportunities for a surprising cohort of green businesses across sectors ranging from beauty and health to eco-tourism. In the twenty first century both business and governments in the region needed to address sustainability issues far more seriously, before a point of no return was reached.
Constitutive and inducible expression of the neurokinin-1 receptor for the inflammatory neuropeptide substance P in human microglia and astrocytes

We have previously demonstrated that murine microglia and astrocytes express the neurokinin-1 high affinity receptor (NK-1R) for the neuropeptide substance P. Importantly, we have also shown that substance P/NK-1R interactions augment the inflammatory responses of isolated murine glia to bacterial challenge and exacerbate in vivo neuroinflammatory damage within the central nervous system in mouse models of meningitis. Here, we show the constitutive expression of NK-1R in acutely isolated non-human primate (NHP) brain tissue and ex vivo brain slices. Interestingly, NK-1R protein levels were increased in brain tissue as rapidly as 4 hours following ex vivo infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Furthermore, we observed higher NK-1R protein levels in NHP brain tissue at 2 and 4 weeks following in vivo infection, increases that correlated with decreases in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. These in vivo changes were prevented by treatment with a specific NK-1R antagonist suggesting a key role for substance P/NK-1R interactions in these effects. We then investigated the expression of NK-1R in human glial cells. While human microglia showed robust NK-1R expression at rest, astrocytes constitutively expressed only low levels. However, challenge with bacteria or their products elicited rapid increases in whole cell and cell surface NK-1R protein expression by primary human astrocytes and cell lines. Together, these data indicate that human microglia and astrocytes show constitutive and/or inducible expression of the substance P receptor and may therefore be susceptible to this pro-inflammatory neuropeptide.
Genomic Contextualism, Genetic Determinism, and Causal Models

Garrison and colleagues (2019) provide an insightful critique of the unproductive debates within the policy idiom of genetic exceptionalism. The authors clearly define a new idiom of genomic contex...
Initial carbon-carbon bond formation during synthesis gas conversion to higher alcohols on K-Cu-Mg5CeOx catalysts

Isotopic tracer studies of alcohol synthesis pathways using 13CO/H2/12CH3OH mixtures have shown that ethanol is formed predominantly by direct reactions of 13CO on Cu0.5Mg5CeOx promoted with K at short residence times, without significant involvement of the 12CH3OH present in the feed. The observed decrease in 13C content in ethanol with increasing residence time is caused by reverse aldol reactions of higher alcohols, which contain lower 13C contents because of the significant involvement of 12CH3OH in their formation, and by reactions of methyl formate with 12CH3OH-derived species. The effects of residence time on the 13C distribution within reaction products and on the rates of formation of ethanol, methyl formate, and methyl acetate are consistent with the intermediate role of methyl formate and methyl acetate in ethanol formation.
Non‐photic environmental cues and avian reproduction in an era of global change

Ultimate factors such as food availability and weather create optimal windows of time for birds to reproduce. However, within a given year, birds must rely upon proximate environmental information such as photoperiod, food, temperature, social cues and other factors to anticipate when that window will occur and prepare physiologically for breeding. While avian responses to photoperiod are relatively well understood, less is known about how birds use non‐photoperiodic information in reproductive timing decisions – even though understanding how birds use non‐photic cues is an important component of predicting their responses to global change. We review research on the regulation of reproductive physiology and clutch initiation by non‐photic cues within and across avian species. We evaluate hypotheses in the literature about the integration of photoperiodic and non‐photic cues in reproductive timing and about differences in non‐photic cue‐use between the sexes and across species. We show how regulation of reproduction by non‐photic cues may influence species’ responses to climate change and highlight research opportunities moving forward.
Aboveground Competition and Herbivory Overpower Plant-Soil Feedback Contributions to Succession in a Remediated Grassland

Plant-soil feedback (PSF) can provide a driving force during ecological succession by altering soil properties in ways that benefit or disadvantage other species in the successional sequence. Succession may be inevitable in disturbed sites remediated by planting early successional species, but information on PSF in such settings is lacking. We investigated whether gray birch (Betula populifolia), a native pioneer tree, alters succession from grassland to deciduous forest at a site contaminated with zinc, lead, and cadmium. We investigated PSF within the context of competition, herbivory, and soil contaminants, and evaluated whether gray birch, as a metal accumulator, engages in elemental allelopathy, poisoning other species through its metal-contaminated leaf litter. We assessed effects of gray birch on neighboring plant community structure, soil chemistry, fungal root symbionts, and germination, growth, and herbivory of seedlings of black oak (Quercus velutina) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum), two tree species expected to follow gray birch in succession. Gray birch was associated with increased diversity in its neighborhood grassland community, increased herbivory on black oak seedlings, and influenced root fungal colonization in both species. Seedling biomass was correlated with colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi in black oak, but not with arbuscular mycorrhizal or dark septate fungal colonization in sugar maple. Gray birch had no effect on maple seedling performance or soil chemistry, and a small effect on oak performance in the absence of aboveground competition. We found little evidence consistent with elemental allelopathy. Oak and maple seedlings responded more strongly to variation in soil nutrients than heavy metals, and maintained leaf metal concentration profiles markedly different from those in soils. We conclude that gray birch alters its environment in ways that could promote establishment and succession of woody species, potentially favoring ectomycorrhizal species, but most effects of PSF are overpowered by aboveground competition, herbivory, and/or existing soil factors. This study well illustrates why potential PSF effects on plant performance and community structure must be examined within the context of other ecological processes. Such a broad understanding can inform decisions made in remediation and management of disturbed sites, and our understanding of plant succession and coexistence in general.
De-Risking Long-term Aero/Defense Programs through an Innovative Approach to Sustainment

For original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of test equipment, the product lifecycle is generally much shorter than that of a typical aerospace or defense program. As a result, OEMs have struggled to support the requirements of multi-decade aero/defense programs. This paper will examine the challenges that OEMs face when implementing long-term service and support programs. It will also introduce a Keysight-developed approach that reduces the costs and risks associated with longterm aero/defense programs.
Chapter 118 – Hibernation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hibernation or overwintering state in insects. It is critical for insects to synchronize their periods of feeding, growth, and reproductive activities with those times of the year when food is available and environmental conditions are suitable. Hibernation includes entry into diapause, a dormant state that promotes survival by depressing metabolism, and energy utilization when host plants and other food sources are unavailable. This also includes reduced morphogenesis in immature stages; hibernating adults typically hibernate before reproducing. Specific behavioral changes are often associated with movement to overwintering sites, termed hibernacula. One of the most extreme examples is the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus ), which may migrate more than 5000 km from southern Canada and New England to mountain sites in central Mexico. Other insects migrate locally as they move to hibernacula within the soil where they may burrow to avoid exposure to winter cold. Still others seek sites beneath rocks, logs, bark, and leaf litter.
Spontaneous Suicide Left Ventricle Presenting as ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock.

A 49-year-old Caucasian man with a history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease presented with severe substernal chest pain of 2-h duration. He had experienced intermittent chest pain for 3 days before the visit, along with severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Initial blood pressure was 86/24 mm Hg,
Shared genetic architecture underlying root metaxylem phenotypes under drought stress in cereals

Abstract Root metaxylem are phenotypically diverse structures whose function is related to their anatomy, particularly under drought stress. Much research has dissected the genetic machinery underlying metaxylem phenotypes in dicots, but monocots are relatively unexplored. In maize (Zea mays), a robust pipeline integrated a GWAS of root metaxylem phenes under well-watered and water stress conditions with a gene co-expression network to identify candidate genes most likely to impact metaxylem phenotypes. We identified several promising candidate genes in 14 gene co-expression modules inferred to be functionally relevant to xylem development. We also identified five gene candidates that co-localized in multiple root metaxylem phenes in both well-watered and water stress conditions. Using a rice GWAS conducted in parallel, we detected overlapping genetic architecture influencing root metaxylem phenotypes by identifying eight pairs of syntenic candidate genes significantly associated with metaxylem phenes. There is evidence that the genes of these syntenic pairs may be involved in biosynthetic processes related to the cell wall, hormone signaling, oxidative stress responses, and drought responses. Our study demonstrates a powerful new strategy for identifying promising gene candidates and suggests several gene candidates that may enhance our understanding of vascular development and responses to drought in cereals. One sentence summary Cross-species genome-wide association studies and a gene coexpression network identified genes associated with root metaxylem phenotypes in maize under water stress and non-stress and rice.
Candidate Explorer: a tool for discovery, evaluation, and display of mutations causing significant immune phenotypes

When applied to immunity, forward genetic studies use meiotic mapping to provide strong statistical evidence that a particular mutation is causative of a particular immune phenotype. Notwithstanding this, co-segregation of multiple mutations, occasional unawareness of mutations, and paucity of homozygotes may lead to erroneous declarations of cause and effect. We sought to improve the selection of authentic causative mutations using a machine learning software tool, Candidate Explorer (CE), which integrates 65 data features into a single numeric score, mathematically convertible to the likelihood of verification of any putative mutation-phenotype association. CE has identified most genes within which mutations can be causative of flow cytometric phenovariation in Mus musculus. The majority of these genes were not previously known to support immune function or homeostasis. Mouse geneticists will find CE data informative in identifying causative mutations within quantitative trait loci, while clinical geneticists may use CE to help connect causative variants with rare heritable diseases of immunity, even in the absence of linkage information. CE displays integrated mutation, phenotype, and linkage data, and is freely available for query online.
Introduction: States of Displacement: Middle Eastern Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Asylum Seekers in Global Context

The plight of forcibly displaced persons may have lost the spotlight in the global news cycle due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the Middle Eastern refugee crisis has continued unabated Nearly 80 million people have been forcibly displaced, including millions of Afghans, Iraqis, Palestinians, Syrians, and Yemenis In this special issue, anthropologists highlight different states of displacement - protracted, repeated and recent - amongst Middle Eastern populations that have fled to Germany, Greece, Jordan and Turkey Amidst profound precarity, refugees manage to negotiate new geographies of displacement, re-create a sense of home, plan their reproductive futures, organise protests to claim their asylum rights, and engage in activism and solidarity Featuring nuanced ethnographic studies, this special issue bears witness to refugees' fortitude and resilience [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Anthropology of the Middle East is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Modified therapeutic community treatment for offenders with co-occurring disorders: Mental health outcomes.

Abstract This paper examines outcomes 12 months post-prison release for offenders with co-occurring disorders (n = 185) randomly assigned to either a mental health control treatment (C) or a modified therapeutic community (E). Significant between-group differences were not found for mental health measures, although improvements were observed for each group. Reductions in criminal behavior were associated more with substance use than improvements in mental health symptoms, supporting the primacy of substance abuse treatment in affecting recidivism. Additional study of this population is needed to describe the relationships among diagnostic subgroups, as well as change in substance use and in mental health symptoms.
Cholesteryl Esters Associated With Acyl‐CoA:cholesterol Acyltransferase Predict Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:673–682 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Identifying the likelihood of a patient having coronary artery disease (CAD) at the time of emergency department (ED) presentation with chest pain could reduce the need for stress testing or coronary imaging after myocardial infarction (MI) has been excluded. The authors aimed to determine if a novel cardiac biomarker consisting of plasma cholesteryl ester (CE) levels typically derived from the activity of the enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT2) are predictive of CAD in a clinical model. Methods: A single-center prospective cohort design enrolled participants with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) or invasive angiography. Plasma samples were analyzed for CE composition with mass spectrometry. The primary endpoint was any CAD determined at angiography. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between the sum of the plasma concentrations from cholesteryl palmitoleate (16:1) and cholesteryl oleate (18:1) (defined as ACAT2-CE) and the presence of CAD. The added value of ACAT2-CE to the model was analyzed comparing the C-statistics and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: The study cohort was composed of 113 participants with a mean (± standard deviation [SD]) age of 49 (±11.7) years, 59% had CAD at angiography, and 23% had an MI within 30 days. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) plasma concentration of ACAT2-CE was 938 μmol/L (IQR = 758 to 1,099 μmol/L) in patients with CAD and 824 μmol/L (IQR = 683 to 998 μmol/L) in patients without CAD (p = 0.03). When considered with age, sex, and the number of conventional CAD risk factors, ACAT2-CE levels were associated with a 6.5% increased odds of having CAD per 10 μmol/L increase in concentration. The addition of ACAT2-CE significantly improved the C-statistic (0.89 vs. 0.95, p = 0.0035) and IDI (0.15, p < 0.001) compared to the reduced model. In the subgroup of low-risk observation unit patients, the CE model had superior discrimination compared to the Diamond-Forrester classification (IDI = 0.403, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Plasma levels of ACAT2-CE have strong potential to predict a patient’s likelihood of having CAD when considered in a clinical model but not when used alone. In turn, a clinical model containing ACAT2-CE could reduce the need for cardiac imaging after the exclusion of MI.
Trace-Based Debugging

This paper describes the beginnings of a research project aimed at trace-based debugging. We plan to build a practical debugger that incorporates the notion of time to allow users to easily navigate over the execution of their systems. Tracing will also provide a framework for integrating intelligent debugging capabilities into the debugger. We have already implemented a mechanism for automatically collecting trace data from an arbitrary binary. This has been used to implement a memory type-state checking tool. We are currently working on efficiently storing and retrieving large trace files and on developing an appropriate debugger user interface.
INCORPORATING HIGHWAY SAFETY INTO LEVEL OF SERVICE

The Highway Capacity Manual is used extensively for highway design and highway evaluation purposes; it relies upon the relationship between travel speed and the volume/capacity ratio for an expression of the level or quality of traffic service. A need exists to include more consideration of highway safety within the concept of level of service, and an examination of the concept of probability of danger of collision has been conducted. This approach takes into account various values of the probability of danger of collision and provides a means of introducing a third major parameter into level of service determination. The results indicate that, for the single-lane, car-following situation, the current levels of service are not completely adequate for safety considerations.
Scalable indexing for perceptual data

In recent years, multimedia objects such as images, video, and audio are becoming increasingly widespread. Many applications require content-based retrieval to be performed, and measurement of distance is a key component in such scenarios. The nature of multimedia requires perceptual similarity to be captured when computing distance between objects. Measures such as the Euclidean distance, which utilize all attributes of a pair of objects, do not perform very well. Instead, distance measures that use partial matches between objects have been found to perform significantly better. This is because, two multimedia objects can be considered perceptually similar when some respects closely match, even when they are very different in other respects. Existing distance measures that capture partial similarity have limitations, such as their non-metric nature, which makes scalable indexing challenging. In this paper, we propose the Partial Match Function, a distance measure that performs well for perceptual data, and allows efficient indexing.
Proficiency Test Specimens for Water Bacteriology

A procedure for the preparation and distribution of simulated water specimens for coliform density testing is described. Lyophilization of Escherichia coli in a cooked meat-glucose supporting substrate provides stable samples which may be distributed to participants in a proficiency testing program. Logarithmic conversion of the data allows statistical evaluation of the results for inter- and intralaboratory variation. Comparisons between the most probable number and membrane filter techniques indicate no significant difference in the accuracy of these techniques, although the membrane filter technique is more precise.
A strategy to combine pathway-targeted low toxicity drugs in ovarian cancer

Serous Ovarian Cancers (SOC) are frequently resistant to programmed cell death. However, here we describe that these programmed death-resistant cells are nonetheless sensitive to agents that modulate autophagy. Cytotoxicity is not dependent upon apoptosis, necroptosis, or autophagy resolution. A screen of NCBI yielded more than one dozen FDA-approved agents displaying perturbed autophagy in ovarian cancer. The effects were maximized via combinatorial use of the agents that impinged upon distinct points of autophagy regulation. Autophagosome formation correlated with efficacy in vitro and the most cytotoxic two agents gave similar effects to a pentadrug combination that impinged upon five distinct modulators of autophagy. However, in a complex in vivo SOC system, the pentadrug combination outperformed the best two, leaving trace or no disease and with no evidence of systemic toxicity. Targeting the autophagy pathway in a multi-modal fashion might therefore offer a clinical option for treating recalcitrant SOC.
Idealized global nonhydrostatic atmospheric test cases on a reduced‐radius sphere

Idealized simulations on a reduced-radius sphere can provide a useful vehicle for evaluating the behavior of nonhydrostatic processes in nonhydrostatic global atmospheric dynamical cores provided the simulated cases exhibit good agreement with corresponding flows in a Cartesian geometry, and for which there are known solutions. Idealized test cases on a reduced-radius sphere are presented here that focus on both dry and moist dynamics. The dry dynamics cases are variations of mountain-wave simulations designed for the Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project (DCMIP), and permit quantitative comparisons with linear analytic mountain-wave solutions in a Cartesian geometry. To evaluate moist dynamics, an idealized supercell thunderstorm is simulated that has strong correspondence to results obtained on a flat plane, and which can be numerically converged by specifying a constant physical diffusion. A simple Kessler-type routine for cloud microphysics is provided that can be readily implemented in atmospheric simulation models. Results for these test cases are evaluated for simulations with the Model for Prediction across scales (MPAS). They confirm close agreement with corresponding simulations in a Cartestian geometry; the mountain-wave results agree well with analytic mountain-wave solutions, and the simulated supercells are consistent with other idealized supercell simulation studies and exhibit convergent behavior.
Immunity in Experimental T-Mycoplasma Mastitis

Immunity to reinfection with the homologous T-mycoplasma strain has been demonstrated in the bovine mammary gland. This immunity was generalized throughout the udder and was not confined to previously infected quarters. Two out of three cows which were immune to reinfection with the homologous strain were not immune to reinfection with a serologically distinct T-mycoplasma strain. Animals varied in their ability to resolve experimental mastitis with T-mycoplasmas: those which resolved the initial infection without antibiotic therapy were immune to challenge with the homologous strain, but those which needed to be given antibiotics to clear the first infection were not all immune to such challenge.
Control of magnetic fluctuations in the reversed field pinch with edge current drive

The generation of auxiliary current in the extreme edge of the reversed field pinch is shown to affect edge and core resonant magnetic fluctuations, the recurrence time of relaxation oscillations (sawteeth), and the energy and particle confinement. Current is driven in the edge by electrostatic current sources. Although the injected current is expected to primarily affect edge resonant fluctuations, the coupling of edge and core modes enables changes in the extreme edge to have global consequences.
Value, Quality, and Price Knowledge as Predictors of Restaurant Price Sensitivity

Price sensitivity has long been an important consideration for marketers and is particularly salient in the restaurant sector of the hospitality industry. However, an important question has always been whether beliefs about price-quality relationships, value, and price-consciousness predict more domain-specific aspects of price sensitivity. This article explores the relationship between these more general beliefs regarding price-quality relationships, bargain hunting, shopping behavior and price consciousness, and restaurant price sensitivity. A sample of 106 consumers completed an online survey regarding general attitudes toward value, shopping, price consciousness, price knowledge, and restaurant price sensitivity. Results indicated that bargain shopping, price knowledge, and price-quality beliefs were significant predictors of restaurant price sensitivity. Price-sensitive consumers are likely to be value-conscious consumers as well. It was suggested that restaurateurs might segment these price-sensitiv...
Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans

The wild-type functions of the genes ced-3 and ced-4 are required for the initiation of programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The reduction or loss of ced-3 or ced-4 function results in a transformation in the fates of cells that normally die; in ced-3 or ced-4 mutants, such cells instead survive and differentiate, adopting fates that in the wild type and associated with other cells. ced-3 and ced-4 mutants appear grossly normal in morphology and behavior, indicating that programmed cell death is not an essential aspect of nematode development. The genes ced-3 and ced-4 define the first known step of a developmental pathway for programmed cell death, suggesting that these genes may be involved in determining which cells die during C. elegans development.
Early Holocene Marine Flooding of the Black Sea

Echo-sounding data recorded in the Black Sea in 1969 imaged a chain of hills 5- to 150-m high at a depth of 2000–2200 m that resemble hills on the lower continental rise. Like those hills, the features in the western Black Sea may have been created by bottom currents. The easterly flowing currents inferred to have formed the hills may be related to a catastrophic flood of the Black Sea from the Sea of Marmara 7150 yr ago.
Dopant diffusion and segregation in semiconductor heterostructures: Part 1. Zn and Be in III-V compound superlattices

effect on the neutral species; and (ii) a Fermi-level effect on the ionized species, because, in addition to the chemical effect, the solubility of the species also has a dependence on the semiconductor Fermi-level position. For Zn and Be in GaAs and related compounds, their diffusion process is governed by the doubly-positively-charged group III element self-interstitials (I2+ III), whose thermal equilibrium concentration, and hence also the diffusivity of Zn and Be, exhibit also a Fermi-level dependence, i.e., in proportion to p2. A heterojunction consists of a space-charge region with an electric field, in which the hole concentration is different from those in the bulk of either of the two layers forming the junction. This local hole concentration influences the local concentrations of I2+ III and of Zn- or Be-, which in turn influence the distribution of these ionized acceptor atoms. The process involves diffusion and segregation of holes, I2+ III, Zn-, or Be-, and an ionized interstitial acceptor species. The junction electric field also changes with time and position.
Effect of orifice flow and heat transfer on gas spring hysteresis

The combined effect of orifice flow and heat transfer on piston power dissipation within a gas spring has been evaluated within the framework of a small perturbation theory. The relationship between piston displacement and gas spring pressure perturbation has been deduced. Numerical results are presented for the effect of orifice flow and heat transfer on piston power, normalized with respect to piston displacement. The variation of normalized piston power P with orifice flow parameter K, at a fixed heat transfer, has a local maximum. When operating at the value of K corresponding to the local maximum in P, the effect of heat transfer is to decrease P. The variation of P with heat transfer, at fixed K, has been evaluated for a parallel-plate geometry and specific heat equal to y = 7/5 and 5/3. In the absence of an orifice (K = 0), the optimum heat transfer provides, for y = 7/5 and 5/3, a peak power equal to 22 and 30%, respectively, of peak power associated with optimum K and no heat transfer.
Supervisory control of automated manufacturing cells with resource failures

Abstract An important consideration in the real-time supervisory control of flexible manufacturing systems is the resource failures. These disturbances may cause pre-determined part processing sequences impossible to execute. In this paper the issue of resource failures in automated flexible manufacturing cells is addressed. Failures both during processing and in the idle mode are considered, and systematic procedures are described to re-configure the supervisor to continue operation of the system. The described supervisory controller based on finite automata formalism accommodates resource failures, while taking into consideration deadlocks and dynamic routing flexibility options when generating a set of allowable events for the real-time control of automated flexible manufacturing cells.
Experimental problems associated with the testing of surface aeration equipment

Abstract This paper discusses experimental findings which have resulted from extensive testing of surface aeration equipment using the unsteady state reaeration of tap water technique. Many of the findings which are discussed have resulted from extensive test work at horsepower ratings up to and including 150 h.p. performed in an 80-ft dia. tank located at the Mixing Equipment Co. in Rochester, New York. Experimental considerations concerning the measured saturation value for oxygen versus commonly accepted standard values are discussed in light of other recent publications. Also presented is data which shows the experimental variation which can occur in testing and a new temperature correction factor for correcting surface aeration test results to 20°C. Included in this discussion is the effect of microscopic entrainment of gas bubbles, the effect due to transport of gas bubbles to regions where significant hydrostatic pressure exists and findings regarding the effect of cobalt ion and sulfate concentration on the measured saturation value.
Crystal Structure of Chabazite, a Molecular Sieve

THE ‘molecular-sieve’ properties of chabazite, a zeolite occurring in basaltic rocks, have been studied extensively. Molecules such as argon (diameter 3.84 A.) and methane (4.25 A.) are rapidly sorbed in the dehydrated zeolite; propane (width 4.9 A.) and n-butane are slowly sorbed, while iso-butane (5.6 A.) is excluded. A crystal structure was proposed by Wyart1 in 1933, which consists of a three-dimensional framework of four- and six-membered rings of (Si,Al)O4 tetrahedra (Fig. 1a). The rings form two cages per unit cell, the cages sharing six-membered rings which provide apertures of maximum dimension 2.9 A. if the usual Si—O and Al—O distances are used, and 3.1 A. if the somewhat unusual distances in Wyart's structure are adopted. Although Kington and Laing2 have interpreted the sorptive properties of chabazite in terms of Wyart's structure, the agreement can scarcely be regarded as satisfactory when a molecule of minimum dimension 4.25 A. passes easily through an aperture of diameter 2.9–3.1 A. As the structure of chabazite was proposed in the early days of crystal structure determination further investigation appeared desirable.
Stabilization of Lateral Mode Transients in High-Power Broad Area Semiconductor Lasers

In this work, the temporal fluctuations of lateral modes in high-power broad area semiconductor lasers are investigated in the time domain. Index guiding (in the form of etched holes) is introduced as a method of stabilizing and controlling the lateral modes. Spatial control of the lateral modes and subsequent reduction of filamentation / smoothing of the near-field profile has already been predicted and experimentally shown to improve the efficiency of broad area laser diodes. Here, the method is shown to also dampen temporal instabilities (transients) of the lateral modes.
Leveraging U.S. Military Contracts: War Profiteering or Strategic Positioning?

We analyze the degree of profitability of firms with substantial U.S. military sales in terms of customer and geographic segments. Publicly traded firms were selected from the Federal Procurement D...
Nervus Terminalis Lesions: II. Enhancement of Lordosis Induced by Tactile Stimulation in the Hamster

Abstract Wirsig-Wiechmann, C. R. Nervus terminalis lesions: Ii. Enhancement of lordosis induced by tactile stimulation in the hamster. Physiol Behav 61(6) 867–871, 1997.—The involvement of the nervus terminalis in lordosis, induced by manual tactile stimulation, was investigated in the female hamster. Lordosis latencies were measured in response to manual lumbosacral tactile stimulation, which was performed at 5 different delay times after the previous lordotic response. Nervus terminalis lesion (TNX), control forebrain lesion (FBX), and sham (SH) surgeries were performed after preoperative data was collected, and animals were tested again postoperatively. Latencies to lordose were compared separately for each delay time between preoperative and postoperative tests. The TNX group showed small, but significant, decreases in lordosis latencies postoperatively. Lordosis latencies for the SH and FBX groups did not change. These results suggest that the nervus terminalis plays a minor role in mediating sensory processing during reproductive encounters.
Magnetic and crystallographic characteristics of solid solutions of Gd in Pd and PdAg alloys

Abstract The range of solid solubility of gadolinium in palladium was determined by X ray analysis. The lattice parameters showed a linear increase from pure palladium to Pd0.88Gd0.12. At higher gadolinium concentrations (0.12