cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instrumented fusion in the setting of primary spinal infection.

Introduction The objective of this study is to investigate the morbidity and mortality associated with instrumented fusion in the setting of primary spinal infection. Evidence acquisition A search was performed in the PubMed and Medline databases for clinical case series describing instrumented fusion in the setting of primary spinal infection between 2003 and 2013. The search was limited to the English language and case series including at least 20 patients. The primary outcome measure was postoperative infection (recurrent local infection) + surgical site infection (SSI); secondary outcome measures included reoperation rates, development of other complications, and perioperative mortality. Evidence synthesis There were 26 publications that met the inclusion criteria, representing 931 patients with spondylodiscitis who underwent decompression, debridement, and instrumented fusion. Spinal infections occurred most commonly in the lumbosacral spine (39.1%) followed by the thoracic spine (27.1%). The most common microorganisms were Staphylococcus spp. After decompression, debridement, and instrumented fusion, the overall rate of postoperative infection was 6.3% (1.6% recurrent infection rate + 4.7% SSI rate). The perioperative complication rate was 15.4%, and the mortality rate was estimated at 2.3%. Reoperation for wound debridement, instrumentation removal, pseudoarthrosis, and/or progressive neurological deficit was performed in 4.5% of patients. Conclusions The findings in this literature review suggest that the addition of instrumentation in the setting of a primary spinal infection has a low local recurrent infection rate (1.6%). However, the combined risk of postoperative infection is 6.3% (recurrent infection + SSI), more than three-fold the current infection rate following instrumentation procedures for degenerative spine disease. Moreover, the addition of hardware does usher in complications such as instrumentation failure and pseudoarthrosis requiring reoperation.
Near-infrared spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopy using a multi-color fiber laser source

We demonstrate a simple multi-wavelength optical source suitable for spectroscopic optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) of lipid-rich tissue. 1064 nm laser pulses are converted to multiple wavelengths beyond 1300 nm via nonlinear optical propagation in a birefringent optical fiber. OR-PAM experiments with lipid phantoms clearly show the expected absorption peak near 1210 nm. We believe this simple multi-color technique is a promising cost-effective approach to spectroscopic OR-PAM of lipid-rich tissue.
Comparing Measurements of Carbon in Diesel Exhaust Aerosols Using the Aethalometer, NIOSH Method 5040, and SMPS

Combustion aerosols consist mainly of elemental and organic carbon (EC and QC). Since EC strong ly ab~o~s light and thus affects atmospheric visibility and radiation balance, there is great interest in its measurement. To this end, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published a standard method to determine the mass of EC and OC on filter samples. Another common method of measuring carbon in aerosols is the aethaiometer, which uses light extinction to measure "black carbon" or Be, which is considered to approximate EC. A third method sometimes used for estimating carbon in submicron combustion aerosols, is to measure particle size distributions using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and calculate mass using the assumptions that the particles are spherical, carbonaceous and of known density. With an eye toward evaluating the use of these methods for measuring carbon in freshly emitted diesel aerosols, the objective of this paper is to compare the results among these methods and to investigate the role of OC when measuring the mass concentration of elemental carbon (or black carbon) in aerosols emitted by a medium~duty Diesel engine. Results indicate that the aethalometer response correlates well with the dat~ from ~I.ter samples (R = 0.99) , with a very shght POSitive interference at high levels of OC.
Assessment at the Single-Cell Level Identifies Neuronal Glutathione Depletion As Both a Cause and Effect of Ischemia-Reperfusion Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress contributes to neuronal death in brain ischemia-reperfusion. Tissue levels of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are depleted during ischemia-reperfusion, but it is unknown whether this depletion is a cause or an effect of oxidative stress, and whether it occurs in neurons or other cell types. We used immunohistochemical methods to evaluate glutathione, superoxide, and oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. GSH levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons were normally high relative to surrounding neuropil, and exhibited a time-dependent decrease during the first few hours of reperfusion. Colabeling for superoxide in the neurons showed a concurrent increase in detectable superoxide over this interval. To identify cause–effect relationships between these changes, we independently manipulated superoxide production and GSH metabolism during reperfusion. Mice in which NADPH oxidase activity was blocked to prevent superoxide production showed preservation of neuronal GSH content, thus demonstrating that neuronal GSH depletion is result of oxidative stress. Conversely, mice in which neuronal GSH levels were maintained by N-acetyl cysteine treatment during reperfusion showed less neuronal superoxide signal, oxidative stress, and neuronal death. At 3 d following ischemia, GSH content in reactive astrocytes and microglia was increased in the hippocampal CA1 relative to surviving neurons. Results of these studies demonstrate that neuronal GSH depletion is both a result and a cause of neuronal oxidative stress after ischemia-reperfusion, and that postischemic restoration of neuronal GSH levels can be neuroprotective.
Mouse models of skin autoimmunity and peripheral tolerance

To understand the mechanisms involved in immunological tolerance to skin-associated proteins, we have developed trangenic (Tg) mice that express a model self antigen, membrane-bound chicken ovalbumin (OVA), under the control of a keratin 14 (K14) promoter. We have characterized these mice and have shown that their skin serves as an excellent target for CD8+ T cells from OVA-specific T cell receptor Tg (OT-I) mice. When the K14 OVA transgenic mice are crossed with the OT-I mice they no longer serve as targets for the OT-I CD8+ T cells from the OT-I mice. This paradox is due to peripheral tolerance that is exhibited by the double Tg mice. I will discuss these two models and describe studies that are attempting to determine the mechanism of this peripheral tolerance.
Disruption of the proximal tibiofibular joint in the setting of multi-ligament knee injury

Instability of the proximal tibiofibular joint is a relatively uncommon condition when in isolation; however, instability of the proximal tibiofibular joint is far more frequent in those presenting with a severe multi-ligament injury of the knee. If this joint is left unstable, repair of a co-existent injury of the posterolateral corner may fail, regardless of the proficiency of the technique. We present two patients with disruption of the proximal tibiofibular joint, including the MRI appearance, who initially presented to our hospital for management of significant polytrauma, as well as multi-ligament injury of the ipsilateral knee.
Engineering Applications of Electrorheological Materials

This article provides a summary of the current state of electrorheological (ER) material applications research and development. The use of ER materials in a variety of intelligent material systems is covered. A description of basic material configurations used in controllable system components, as well as a discussion of controllable devices such as antivibration mounts, clutches, and dampers, is presented. More recent developments in the area of ER material adaptive structures are then reviewed. Concepts underlying such structures are presented, and models that have been developed to simulate the response of such structures are summarized. Throughout the ar ticle, an attempt is made to identify current and future key areas of research and development in ER material applications technology.
Plant virus-resembling optical nano-materials conjugated with anti-EGFR for targeted cancer imaging

We recently reported the construction of a new type of optically active nano-particles composed of genome-depleted plant infecting brome mosaic virus (BMV) doped with indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved chromophore . We refer to these constructs as optical viral ghosts (OVGs) since only the capsid protein (CP) subunits of BMV remain to encapsulate ICG. Herein, we covalently conjugated the surface of OVGs with anti-epidermal growth factor receptors (anti-EGFR) to target cancerous human bronchial epithelial cells (C-HBECs) in-vitro. Our preliminary results demonstrate the utility of conjugated OVGs for targeted imaging of cancer cells.
Finite spectral sequences and massey powers in the deformation theory of graded lie algebras and associative algebras

A ‘deformation’ of an algebra G with multiplication μ' is a non-isomorphic multiplication μ' on the same underlying vector space that is ‘infinitesimally close’ to μ. ‘Deformation theory’ is the attempt to classify such deformations. In the category of graded algebras one is primarily interested in deformations that produce filtered algebras. In this paper we propose the study of finite spectral sequences in this theory. We show that an ‘order-n-deformation’ of a graded Lie algebra or associative algebra G induces a finite spectral sequence, the first term of which is the corresponding Hochschild cohomology H∗(G, G). The study of this spectral sequence is necessary to resolve the problem of determining whether or not two given deformations with the same infinitesimals are equivalent. It also solves the problem of dependency of classical obstructions to extending an order-n-deformation to an order-(n + 1)-deformation on representatives chosen for the deformation.
Planar Microdevices for Enhanced In Vivo Retention and Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Permeable Drugs

The development of novel oral drug delivery platforms for administering therapeutics in a safe and effective manner through the harsh gastrointestinal environment is of great importance. Here, the use of engineered thin planar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microdevices is tested to enhance oral bioavailability of acyclovir, a poorly permeable drug. Acyclovir is loaded into the unidirectional drug releasing microdevice reservoirs using a drug entrapping photocross-linkable hydrogel matrix. An increase in acyclovir permeation across in vitro caco-2 monolayer is seen in the presence of microdevices as compared with acyclovir-entrapped hydrogels or free acyclovir solution. Cell proliferation studies show that microdevices are relatively nontoxic in nature for use in in vivo studies. Enhanced in vivo retention of microdevices is observed as their thin side walls experience minimal peristaltic shear stress as compared with spherical microparticles. Unidirectional acyclovir release and enhanced retention of microdevices achieve a 4.5-fold increase in bioavailability in vivo as compared with an oral gavage of acyclovir solution with the same drug mass. The enhanced oral bioavailability results suggest that thin, planar, bioadhesive, and unidirectional drug releasing microdevices will significantly improve the systemic and localized delivery of a broad range of oral therapeutics in the near future.
The Catalytic Conversion of C1−Cn Hydrocarbons to Olefins and Hydrogen: Microwave-Assisted C−C and C−H Bond Activation

The gas phase carbon catalyzed microwave promoted conversion of methane to ethylene, ethane and acetylene and hydrogen is reported. A selection of C1-C4 hydrocarbons, hexadecane, and a cyclic hydrocarbon, cyclodecane, were also subjected to microwave conversion, resulting primarily in a-olefins, ethylene and hydrogen. For methane conversion, the products are reminiscent of those found in methane pyrolysis. Microwave induced cleavage of the liquid hydrocarbons provides conditions for the stabilization, by rapid thermal quenching in ambient temperature liquid reagent, of products such as terminal olefins that would be labile under conventional (thermal bath) pyrolysis reaction conditions. The reactions of long chain acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons involve high temperatures in the region of the spark leading to a cascade of unimolecular scission reactions from initially formed biradicals from cycloalkanes or radical pairs from linear alkanes, largely to the exclusion of intermolecular radical-radical and radical-molecule reactions. The observed products are discussed in terms of the thermochemistry and dynamics of high temperature unimolecular biradical and radical decomposition reactions, and mechanisms involving reactive surface metal sites. The reaction rates of alkanes were found to increase with the molecular weight of the reactants. Mechanistic pathways consistent with these results are discussed.
Self-motivation and adherence to therapeutic exercise

Behavioral compliance or adherence is a fundamental problem in health care, and diagnosis of dropout proneness represents a first step in adherence facilitation. A paper-and-pencil scale was developed to assess self-motivation, conceptualized as a behavioral tendency to persevere independent of situational reinforcements. Scale refinement (N=401) yielded a logically valid and reliable measure with a high internal consistency (α=0.91). Repeated measurements (1 to 5 months) indicated a high degree of scale stability (r'sranged from 0.86 to 0.92), reinforcing the conception of self-motivation as relatively enduring and trait-like. Convergent evidence for construct validity was provided by the Self-Motivation Inventory's (SMI) relationship with the Thomas-Zander Ego-Strength Scale (r=0.63) and other more behaviorally specific attitudes (r'sranged from 0.47 to 0.58). Discriminant validity was evidenced by minimal overlap with motivational measures of social desirability, health locus of control, and achievement tendency; in each case, less than 10% of the variance in self-motivation was explained. Predictive validity was demonstrated in a variety of naturalistic settings in which perseverant behavior was easily quantified. These included habitual exercise programs for exercise training (N=64), preventive medicine (N=66), and acute exercise (N=48). The diversity of these settings supported the situational invariance of self-motivation. Collectively, these findings provide considerable support for the valid and reliable assessment of sel-fmotivation and for its distinctive utility in enhancing the prediction of perseverant behavior, specifically, adherence to therapeutic exercise.
Suppression of earthquakes by large continental ice sheets

The interior regions of Antarctica and Greenland are aseismic: no earthquake larger than body-wave magnitude 4.5–5.0 is known for either, except along coastal zones or continental shelves. Here I advance an explanation for this lack of seismic activity in terms of pressure effects produced by the continental ice sheets that mantle both continents.
Cell formation in the motor nucleus and mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of rats made hypothyroid by propylthiouracil.

Neurogenesis in the motor and mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerve was examined using autoradiographic techniques. Two groups of pregnant rats (control and experimental) were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H thymidine in an overlapping series starting from day nine of gestation in order to label in their progeny, the dividing precursor of neurons of the motor nucleus and mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Control group of rats was raised on a standard diet, while the experimental group was made hypothyroid by propylthiouracil (PTU). At postnatal ages ranging between 20–30 days in the pups of both the control group and experimental group, the percentage of cells labelled and the proportion of cells added during each embryonic day were determined quantitatively throughout the rostro-caudal extent for both motor and mesencephalic nuclei. The neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus undergo their final cell divisions between gestational days 9 and 10 (E9 and E10). More than 80% of the population is generated by E10. The neurons of the motor nucleus undergo their final cell divisions between E9 and E11, and nearly 88% of the cells is generated by E11. In the thyroid deficient rats, in both nuclear centers, only 61% of the cells is generated by E12, and labelled cells are observed even as late as E18 and E19. In the hypothyroid state, there is a significant lengthening of the proliferative period. On the basis of absolute datings and duration of neuron production, it is postulated that in normal development, thyroid hormone determines the duration of the proliferative period, and push cells into the differentiative phase by taking them out of the proliferative phase.
Anthocyanin composition of Brassica oleracea cv. Red Danish

Abstract Eight anthocyanins were isolated from illuminated red cabbage seedlings. They were identified as: cyanidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-malonyl-sophoroside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-p-coumaryl-sophoroside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(di-p-coumaryl)sophoroside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-ferulyl-sophoroside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(diferulyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sinapylsophoroside-5-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-(disinapyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside.
Parallel implementation of neural networks

This paper presents systematic methods, based on graph theoretic approach, for mapping of neural networks onto mesh connected SIMD arrays. The methods are applicable to a large class of multilayer network models, which can be represented in terms of sparse matrix vector operations. The class of computers, that the mappings are suitable for, encompasses most of the experimental and commercial mesh-connected SIMD arrays of processors. There are three methods described in the paper, one for the case of a processor array, which is larger or equal to the network size and two for the partitioned case, i.e. array smaller than the input data size. The methods are illustrated on an example of a multilayer perceptron with back-propagation learning, which consists ofn nuerons ande synaptic connections. For the first method, the processor array is assumed to be of sizeN×N, whereN2?n+e, and the required local memory of processors is limited to only a few registers. The implementation of a single iteration of a recall phase according to the method requires 24(N-1) shifts. For this method we have developed a software tool, which generates a sequence of pseudo instructions, such as elemental data shift and arithmetic operations, that implement a given neural network on a given size processor array. For the two partitioned methods, the processor array is of sizeP×P, whereP2≤n+e, and the local memory in the processors is of sizeO(K). The faster of the two methods requiresO(N3/P3K) time for an iteration of the recall or learning phase.
Hirschsprung disease and fecal incontinence: diagnostic and management strategies

Abstract Purpose Ideally, fecal incontinence after operative management for Hirschsprung disease should not occur. If it does, it presents a formidable challenge. The purpose of this study was to describe the causes of fecal incontinence and present our algorithm for its treatment. Methods We reviewed 68 patients with Hirschsprung disease and fecal incontinence referred to us after surgery at other institutions. Patients were evaluated by contrast enema and by an examination under anesthesia to look specifically for the integrity of the anal canal. They were designated as having a dilated colon and constipation or a nondilated colon and a tendency to diarrhea based on their stooling pattern and the appearance of the contrast enema. Medical management was started that included laxatives for those patients with a dilated colon and constipation. For those with a nondilated colon and tendency to diarrhea, the management included loperamide, pectin, and a special dietary regimen (constipating diet, 3 meals per day, and no snacks). Those patients who responded to medical management were retrospectively considered to have been pseudoincontinent. Those who did not respond were considered truly incontinent. The truly incontinent group was treated with enemas alone for those with a dilated colon, or enemas, loperamide, pectin, and a constipating diet for those with a nondilated colon and tendency to diarrhea. Results Fifty-six patients had true incontinence and 12 had pseudoincontinence. Of the true incontinent group, 27 had a dilated colon and 29 had a nondilated colon. Five of these patients had a damaged or absent anal canal (anastomosis at the anal skin) and all of them had true incontinence. In the dilated colon group with true incontinence, 23 (85%) patients were clean after treatment. In the nondilated colon group with true incontinence, 23 (79%) were successfully treated. All patients in the pseudoincontinent groups had no soiling after treatment. Of 55 in the truly incontinent group, 39 (70%) had had an endorectal (Soave type) pull-through. Conclusion Fecal incontinence after operative management of Hirschsprung disease represents a serious problem. Poor surgical technique may be a contributing factor in some of the cases. Successful management depends on the appropriate evaluation, which determines whether the incontinence is true or pseudo, and the type of colon the patient has. Each category can be well treated, leading most of the time to a clean child.
Nonlinear electric field dependence of the acousto-electric gain coefficient in n-InSb

The electric field dependence of the acousto-electric gain coefficient in n-InSb is calculated using a quantum approach in the regime gl ⪌ 1. The results show close agreement with experiments done with phonons of wavevector of 3 qd. For small electric fields, the gain coefficient is linear with respect to the fields. At high fields, the gain coefficient reaches a maximum and then decreases for low wavevectors (q < 2kth). This departure from linearity may be attributed to the differencein the populations of electrons able to emit or absorb phonons and not to hot electron effects as had been previously postulated.
The Education of the Jewish Teacher: Some Reflections

(1971). The Education of the Jewish Teacher: Some Reflections. Jewish Education: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 46-49.
Deep penetration of molten iron into the mantle caused by a morphological instability

A morphological instability causing blobs of iron-rich liquid to penetrate iron oxides is described, providing a mechanism for the iron-rich regions in the mantle. Several observations suggest that iron enrichment might occur at the bottom of the Earth's mantle, but a plausible physical mechanism to produce such enrichment has remained elusive. Kazuhiko Otsuka and Shun-ichiro Karato now show that contact between solid (Mg,Fe)O and iron-rich liquids leads to a morphological instability—caused by the chemical potential gradient—that allows the efficient penetration of iron-rich liquid blobs into the oxide. The authors calculate that such iron-rich melts could be transported up to 100 kilometres from the core–mantle boundary, thereby explaining the presence of iron-rich regions in the lowermost mantle. The core–mantle boundary of Earth is a region where iron-rich liquids interact with oxides and silicates in the mantle1. Iron enrichment may occur at the bottom of the mantle, leading to low seismic-wave velocities and high electrical conductivity2,3,4,5, but plausible physical processes of iron enrichment have not been suggested. Diffusion-controlled iron enrichment is inefficient because it is too slow6, although the diffusion can be fast enough along grain boundaries for some elements7. More fundamentally, experimental studies and geophysical observations show that the core is under-saturated with oxygen, implying that the mantle next to the core should be depleted in FeO. Here we show that (Mg,Fe)O in contact with iron-rich liquids leads to a morphological instability, causing blobs of iron-rich liquid to penetrate the oxide. This morphological instability is generated by the chemical potential gradient between two materials when they are not in bulk chemical equilibrium, and should be a common process in Earth’s interior. Iron-rich melt could be transported 50 to 100 kilometres away from the core–mantle boundary by this mechanism, providing an explanation for the iron-rich regions in the mantle.
Richard Dembo on Caroline Cooper's "Failure in the context of substance user interventions: drug treatment courts".

My comments about this article are brief. Dr. Cooper's point that it would be best if rigorous evaluations of drug courts could be performed, in which drug court treatment programs implement eviden...
The role of science in treaty verification

Abstract Technologically advanced nations are currently applying more science to treaty verification than ever before. Satellites gather a multitude of information relating to proliferation concerns using thermal imaging analysis, nuclear radiation measurements, and optical and radio frequency signals detection. Ground stations gather complementary signals such as seismic events and radioactive emissions. Export controls in many countries attempt to intercept materials and technical means that could be used for nuclear proliferation. Nevertheless, we have witnessed a plethora of nuclear proliferation episodes, that were undetected (or were belatedly detected) by these technologies—the Indian nuclear tests in 1998, the Libyan nuclear buildup, the Iranian enrichment program and the North Korea nuclear weapons program are some prime examples. In this talk, we will discuss some of the technologies used for proliferation detection. In particular, we will note some of the issues relating to nuclear materials control agreements that epitomize political difficulties as they impact the implementation of science and technology.
Quasielastic light-scattering measurements of diffusion coefficients in polystyrene solutions

Abstract Measurement of translational diffusion coefficients by laser light scattering has been proposed as a convenient, rapid, and accurate method for characterization of macromolecular species in solution. We have determined diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution in various solutions of a series of narrow molecular weight polystyrene samples and found that the data are consistent with only one of two studies reported in the literature. The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient for molecules of different particle weight is investigated, and the infinite dilution values are used to access the unperturbed hydrodynamic dimensions and the excluded volume. The diffusion data are compared with the corresponding intrinsic viscosity values and related to the particle weight. Finally a simple method for evaluating macromolecular polydispersity is described and applied to two polystyrene samples with broad molecular weight distribution.
The psychology of online searching

Online searching is a dynamic process requiring an interactive and iterative dialogue to fully utilize its potential. However, such an interaction results in communication barriers at the human-computer interface due to demands and limits of human memory and human information processing. An algorithmic method of searching, using Boolean negation to eliminate redundancy and reduce the cognitive strain of this barrier is proposed. Experimental data testing the efficacy of the method are also presented. Furthermore, the correlation of differences in cognitive processes to the searcher's comprehension of the system and searching behavior are explored.
Structure-property relations and the design of Fe-4Cr-C base structural steels for high strength and toughness

Some design guidelines for improving strength-toughness combinations in medium car-bon structural steels are critically reviewed. From this, quaternary alloy development based on Fe/Cr/C steels with Mn or Ni additions for improved properties is described. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray analysis reveal increasing amounts of retained austenite in these alloys with Mn content up to 2 wt pct and Ni additions at 5 wt pct after quenching from 1100°C. A corresponding improvement in toughness properties is also found. Grain refining results in a further increase in the amount of retained austenite. In addition, the excellent combinations of strength and toughness in these quaternary alloys are attributed to the production of dislocated lath martensite from a homogeneous austenite phase free from undissolved alloy carbides. The question of thermal instability of retained austenite following tempering is considered in detail and it is shown that the decomposition of retained austenite is closely related to the ease of nucleation and growth of cementite. Thus, graphitizing alloying elements such as Ni are beneficial in postponing the decomposition of retained austenite.
Laterally extended spiral graphite analogue boron-nitrogen helices.

Ab initio self-consistent field molecular orbital and density functional theory calculations have been performed on a series of extended helical boron−nitrogen analogues of a “spiral graphite”, the [N]polymethylenylnaphthalenes (N = 6, 8, and 12), with the molecular formula NxByHz (where x = 28, 37, and 55, y = 27, 36, and 54, z = 23, 29, and 41). Interchanging the positions of the boron and nitrogen atoms in the helix leads to very similar structures Nx−1By+1Hz in all three studied cases. The electronic structure and the optimum geometries of these helices were investigated at the HF/6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) levels of theory. Electron density contours were calculated for the largest helices at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory.
Circuit partitioning into small sets

Abstract We consider the problem of partitioning the elements of a circuit into sets that are allowed to have at most a constant number of elements so that the number of nets that connect elements in different sets is minimized. One application of the problem is in the design for testability and fault isolation of printed circuit boards. Other applications include rapid prototyping and circuit packaging. We present two heuristics for the problem that follow a bottom-up methodology which combines iterative improvement and graph matching techniques. The first heuristic has efficient performance. It is then modified to obtain an alternative heuristic with provably good performance. The time and space complexity of both heuristics is quadratic to the number of elements in the circuit. Both heuristics are superior to top-down partitioning approaches that use as subroutines existing circuit bipartitioning heuristics.
The “Science of Science Policy”: reflections on the important questions and the challenges they present

Developing the “Science of Science Policy” will require data collection and analysis related to the processes of innovation and technological change, and the effects of government policy on those processes. There has been much work on these topics in the last three decades, but there remain difficult problems of finding proxies for subtle concepts, endogeneity, distinguishing private and social returns, untangling cumulative effects, measuring the impact of government programs in a true “but for” sense, and sorting out national and global effects. I offer observations on how to think about these issues.
Deletion of SOCS7 leads to enhanced insulin action and enlarged islets of Langerhans

NIDDM is characterized by progressive insulin resistance and the failure of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells to compensate for this resistance. Hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and prolonged activation of the insulin receptor (INSR) have been shown to induce insulin resistance by decreasing INSR substrate (IRS) protein levels. Here we describe a role for SOCS7 in regulating insulin signaling. Socs7-deficient mice exhibited lower glucose levels and prolonged hypoglycemia during an insulin tolerance test and increased glucose clearance in a glucose tolerance test. Six-month-old Socs7-deficient mice exhibited increased growth of pancreatic islets with mildly increased fasting insulin levels and hypoglycemia. These defects correlated with increased IRS protein levels and enhanced insulin action in cells lacking SOCS7. Additionally, SOCS7 associated with the INSR and IRS1 — molecules that are essential for normal regulation of insulin action. These data suggest that SOCS7 is a potent regulator of glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling.
Provoked Exercise Desaturation in Patent Foramen Ovale and Impact of Percutaneous Closure

Objectives This study was designed to assess the prevalence of provoked exercise desaturation (PED) in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) referred for cardiovascular evaluation and to evaluate the impact of PFO closure. Background Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome is a rare, mechanistically obscure consequence of PFO that results in oxygen desaturation during postural changes. In our clinical experience, however, it is far less common than desaturation during exercise.
A CART technique to adjust production from longwall coal operations under ventilation constraints

Abstract Methane emissions in longwall coal mines can arise from a variety of geologic and production factors, where ventilation and degasification are primary control measures to prevent excessive methane levels. However, poor ventilation practices or inadequate ventilation may result in accumulation of dangerous methane–air mixtures. The need exists for a set of rules and a model to be used as guidelines to adjust coal production according to expected methane emissions and current ventilation conditions. In this paper, hierarchical classification and regression tree (CART) analyses are performed as nonparametric modeling efforts to predict methane emissions that can arise during extraction of a longwall panel. These emissions are predicted for a range of coal productivities while considering specific operational, panel design and geologic parameters such as gas content, proximate composition of coal, seam height, panel width, cut height, cut depth, and panel size. Analyses are conducted for longwall mines with and without degasification of the longwall panel. These models define a range of coal productivities that can be achieved without exceeding specified emissions rates under given operating and geological conditions. Finally, the technique was applied to longwall mines that operate with and without degasification system to demonstrate its use and predictive capability. The predicted results proved to be close to the actual measurements to estimate ventilation requirements. Thus, the CART-based model that is given in this paper can be used to predict methane emission rates and to adjust operation parameters under ventilation constrains in longwall mining.
Effects of cytotoxic deletions of somatic sensory cortex in fetal rats.

Pregnant rats were injected on the 14th day of gestation with the cytotoxic drug methylazoxymethanol acetate. This compound causes the death of neural precursor cells that were synthesizing DNA at the time of injection. After birth, the progeny of treated mothers grew to maturity with a neocortex that was greatly reduced in area by the death of all cells, particularly at the frontal and occipital poles but at medial and lateral margins of neocortex as well. In the remaining cortex layers II through IV failed to develop.The experiment deprived growing thalamocortical axons, which innervate the somatic sensory cortex late in development, of part of their normal target area and of a substantial number of their definitive target cells. It also deprived them of any cues they might have received from these target cells migrating through them as the axons accumulate beneath the cortical plate. Anatomical experiments indicated that, despite these defects, thalamocortical axons could still colonize the sensorimoto...
Effects of different preparation procedures during tooth whitening on enamel bonding

The objective of this study was to assess effects of some clinically related preparation procedures during tooth whitening on enamel bonding properties. Sixty-two extracted human teeth were cleaned and divided into four groups. Forty-two of the teeth were left with their natural surface intact while 20 teeth were polished to form a flat surface. Half of the tooth served as the experimental side and received one of the two whitening products: Opalescence (10% carbamide peroxide) and Crest Whitestrips (6.5% hydrogen peroxide), for 2 weeks. Post-bleaching intervals included: 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks. On these days, tooth (10 mm x 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm) sections were evaluated using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile bond strength tests. T-test, ANOVA test, and mixed model regression analysis were used to assess the differences. No significant difference existed between natural surface and polished surface teeth for all groups at both Day One and Week Two (P > 0.05). On Day One, both treated groups had significant lower bond strength than the control group (P = 0.002). After 2 weeks, no significant difference existed between any group (P = 0.381). SEM indicated that resin-enamel interfaces in bleached enamel exhibited more defects in granular formations when compared to the control. Raman results indicated a lower degree of polymerization (DP) of adhesive at the interface for treated teeth surfaces. In summary, pre-bleaching surface treatments such as polish or non-polish, had no effect on bond strength. Bleaching significantly decreased bond strength initially, but after 2 weeks, bleaching had no significant effect on bond strength. Storage time had significant effect on Opalescence treated enamel, but not on control and Whitestrip treated enamel. The decrease of bond strength may be related to interfacial defects and low DP due to oxygen release after bleaching.
Industrial ecology: an emerging management science.

Abstract Pollution is a complex equation, compounded by population, rate of consumption, and toxic emissions per unit of resource consumed. This article defines industrial ecology as a management science that focuses a corporation's expertise on the third variable. Thus, industrial ecology is involved with changing the efficiency of machines, not just changing the law or a firm's compliance strategy. This article also explores how this emphasis allows a profoundly different orientation than the end-of-the-pipe regulatory approach of the last 20 yr.
Phylloides Tumor With Numerous Thanatosomes ("Death Bodies"): A Report of Two Cases and a Study of Thanatosomes in Breast Tumors.

Thanatosomes, a form of degenerative intracellular hyaline globules, have been described in various neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease processes in several organs. These structures are indicative...
Changing control strategies during standard assessment using computerized dynamic posturography with older women.

The goal of this investigation was to explore the use of spectral analysis to examine the data obtained during computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). In particular, we examined whether spectral analysis would provide more detailed information about underlying postural control strategies and potential learning across conditions and trials of the sensory organization test (SOT). Twenty older women between the ages of 60 and 72 (mean = 65.2) were assessed using standard testing protocol. Participants showed significant improvements from the first to the second trials in their equilibrium scores in the more difficult conditions. This finding was reflected in the spectral analysis data by a shift in thefrequencydistributiontowards greaterpower inthe lower frequencyrange. This frequencychange likely reflects a change in the ankle strategy used to maintain balance during the more difficult conditions. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Apolipoprotein E4 as a predictor of outcomes in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.

Abstract The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has been linked to negative outcomes among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) across the spectrum of severity, with preliminary evidence suggesting a similar pattern among children. This study investigated the relationship of the APOE ɛ4 allele to outcomes in children with mild TBI. Participants in this prospective, longitudinal study included 99 children with mild TBI between the ages of 8 and 15 recruited from consecutive admissions to Emergency Departments at two large children's hospitals. Outcomes were assessed acutely in the Emergency Department and at follow-ups at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months post-injury. Among the 99 participants, 28 had at least one ɛ4 allele. Children with and without an ɛ4 allele did not differ demographically. Children with an ɛ4 allele were significantly more likely than those without an ɛ4 allele to have a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 15, but the groups did not differ on any other measures of inju...
Accumulation and effect of volatile organic compounds in closed life support systems.

Abstract Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) being considered for long duration space missions will operate with limited resupply and utilize biological systems to revitalize the atmosphere, purify water, and produce food. The presence of man-made materials, plant and microbial communities, and human activities will result in the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A database of VOC production from potential BLSS crops is being developed by the Breadboard Project at Kennedy Space Center. Most research to date has focused on the development of air revitalization systems that minimize the concentration of atmospheric contaminants in a closed environment. Similar approaches are being pursued in the design of atmospheric revitalization systems in bioregenerative life support systems. In a BLSS one must consider the effect of VOC concentration on the performance of plants being used for water and atmospheric purification processes. In addition to phytotoxic responses, the impact of removing biogenic compounds from the atmosphere on BLSS function needs to be assessed. This paper provides a synopsis of criteria for setting exposure limits, gives an overview of existing information, and discusses production of biogenic compounds from plants grown in the Biomass Production Chamber at Kennedy Space Center.
Analysis of the impact of linewidth variation on low-k dielectric breakdown

Low-k time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) has been found to vary as a function of metal linewidth, when the distance between the lines is constant. Modeling requires determining the relationship between TDDB and layout geometries. Therefore, comb test structures have been designed and implemented that vary pattern density and linewidth independently in 45nm technology. Models are computed to estimate TDDB as a function of linewidth, and the cause of variation in TDDB behavior is investigated.
Haswell: A Family of IA 22 nm Processors

We describe the 4th Generation Intel® Core™ processor family (codenamed “Haswell”) implemented on Intel® 22 nm technology and intended to support form factors from desktops to fan-less Ultrabooks™. Performance enhancements include a 102 GB/sec L4 eDRAM cache, hardware support for transactional synchronization, and new FMA instructions that double FP operations per clock. Power improvements include Fully-Integrated Voltage Regulators ( ~ 50% battery life extension), new low-power states (95% standby power savings), optimized MCP I/O system (1.0-1.22 pJ/b), and improved DDR I/O circuits (40% active and 100x idle power savings). Other improvements include full-platform optimization via integrated display I/O interfaces.
Mentalism and Epistemic Transparency

Questions about the transparency of evidence are central to debates between factive and non-factive versions of mentalism about evidence. If all evidence is transparent, then factive mentalism is false, since no factive mental states are transparent. However, Timothy Williamson has argued that transparency is a myth and that no conditions are transparent except trivial ones. This paper responds by drawing a distinction between doxastic and epistemic notions of transparency. Williamson's argument may show that no conditions are doxastically transparent, but it fails to show that no conditions are epistemically transparent. Moreover, this reinstates the argument from the transparency of evidence against factive mentalism.
Sustained attention deficits in patients with lesions of posterior cortex.

Abstract Patients with lesions to posterior cortex were compared to controls, matched for age and education, on tests on sustained attention. One test was a simple reaction time task requiring subjects to respond whenever they saw an ‘X’. The other was a Continuous Performance Test that required subjects to respond to an ‘X’ but refrain from responding to other letters. The patients missed more targets than control subjects on both tests. On the Continuous Performance Test the difference between patients and controls increased with time on task, suggesting a sustained attention deficit similar to that previously observed in patients with right frontal lesions. However, whereas frontal patients showed a tendency toward greater impairment when the rate of stimulus presentation was relatively slow, the posterior patients performed significantly worse when the stimuli were presented at a faster rate.
Numerical integration of an orbit and its concomitant variations by recurrent power series

Lorsqu'il s'agit de calculer tout en une fois une orbite et la resolvante de ses equations aux variations dans le probleme restreint des trois corps, l'integration par series de puissances recurrentes s'avere nettement plus avantageuse que d'autres procedes numeriques. A precision egale, les developpements en series ne prennent que 30% du temps mis par les methodes a pas multiples, et seulement 12 a 15% du temps employe par la methode deRunge-Kutta-Nystrom.
Emission and excitation spectra of IF in solid argon at 12 K

Abstract The interhalogen, IF, has been synthesized by vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of CHF2I and CHFI2 and subsequently trapped in solid argon at 12 K. The B 3 π 0 + -X 1 Σ transition was observed in emission and dye laser excitation experiments with the origin near 18 688 cm−1 and average ground- and excited-state spacings of 573 and 380 cm−1, respectively. These data are compared to the gas phase results.
Pneumoparotid: A case report

Pneumoparotid is an unusual condition resulting from air being forced into the parotid ductal system. When it develops, it is a result of increased intraoral air pressure. Diagnosis is based on the etiologic factor, palpatory evidence of tissue emphysema, the escape of frothy saliva from the involved duct, and the sialographic finding of retained ductal air and ductal infection.