cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inshore–offshore and vertical patterns of phytoplankton biomass and community composition in Santa Monica Bay, CA (USA)

Abstract Spatial gradients in biomass and community composition have important consequences for ecosystem structure and function. In this study, small-scale inshore–offshore (1–10 km) and vertical (1–50 m) patterns of microphytoplankton biomass and community composition are described, and the environmental controls of microphytoplankton biomass are evaluated in a coastal ecosystem of the Southern California Bight (SCB). During a two-year period, persistent inshore–offshore gradients in phytoplankton biomass and occasional inshore–offshore gradients in community composition, coincident with regional precipitation, were found, although the strength of the gradients varied between sampling periods. The chlorophyll a maximum was generally present between 15 and 45 m, the cell abundance maximum occurred in surface waters, and there was little evidence of vertical gradients in community composition. Variability in chlorophyll a concentrations was linked to variability in environmental parameters only after some rain and upwelling events. This study demonstrates that inshore–offshore patterns in phytoplankton biomass previously documented at large spatial scales (100–700 km) in the SCB can also persist at smaller scales (1–10 km), although the mechanisms for the gradients are likely to be different at the different spatial scales. The results provide a baseline data set that can be used to focus monitoring and management efforts in the SCB. In particular, this work shows that a limited number of sampling stations are sufficient for phytoplankton monitoring in Santa Monica Bay.
Maternity and Modernity: Soviet women teachers and the contradictions of Stalinism

This article explores how Soviet political identities were shaped by maternal concerns and how mothers’ practices were shaped by the professional obligations of teaching in the Stalinist 1930s. Exploring an occupation that became more female as it became more modern, a professional identity that denied or constrained female sexuality, a calling devoted to children that left little time for motherhood, and a social role that assigned the task of socialization to women who did not enjoy full civic rights, this study examines the ways that Stalinist mother teachers assumed a distinct identity through their practices at school and in the family. Identifying specific moments where these questions became public focuses attention on maternity and modernity in ways that illustrate how fully Stalinist repression penetrated into society and how the Soviet people perceived, accepted, challenged, or otherwise mediated the contradictory nature of these political forces.
Encoding a qubit in an oscillator

Quantum error-correcting codes are constructed that embed a finite-dimensional code space in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of a system described by continuous quantum variables. These codes exploit the noncommutative geometry of phase space to protect against errors that shift the values of the canonical variables q and p. In the setting of quantum optics, fault-tolerant universal quantum computation can be executed on the protected code subspace using linear optical operations, squeezing, homodyne detection, and photon counting; however, nonlinear mode coupling is required for the preparation of the encoded states. Finite-dimensional versions of these codes can be constructed that protect encoded quantum information against shifts in the amplitude or phase of a d-state system. Continuous-variable codes can be invoked to establish lower bounds on the quantum capacity of Gaussian quantum channels.
Zolpidem and triazolam do not affect the nocturnal sleep-induced memory improvement.

Rationale: It is widely accepted that sleep facil- itates memory consolidation. Hypnotics (e.g., benzodiaze- pines), which reportedly increase sleep efficiency but also modify sleep architecture, could affect memory improve- ment that occurs during sleep. Objectives: The present study examined the effects of single doses of two short half-life hypnotics, zolpidem and triazolam, on sleep-in- duced improvement of memory. Methods: Twenty-two healthy volunteers participated in this randomized, double- blind, crossover study. All subjects received a single oral dose of zolpidem (10 mg), triazolam (0.25 mg) or placebo at 9 P.M. and slept for 7.5±0.2 h. The effect of sleep on memory was investigated by comparing the performance of this group of volunteers with a group of 21 subjects in wakefulness condition. Declarative memory was evaluated by using a free-recall test of ten standard word and seven nonword lists. Subjects memorized the word and nonword lists 1 h before dosing and they were asked to recall the memorized lists 10 h after dosing. Digit symbol substitu- tion test (DSST) and forward and backward digit tests were also given 1 h before and 10 h after dosing. Results: Subjects who slept remembered more nonwords than those in wakefulness condition, but they did not recall signifi- cantly more standard words. Neither zolpidem nor triazo- lam affected the enhanced nonword recall observed after sleep. Finally, none of the hypnotics affected the improve- ment in the DSST performance of subjects who slept. Conclusions: The hypnotics tested did not interfere with the nocturnal sleep-induced improvement of memory.
Transition From Welfare to Work: Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy Influence on the Employment Outcome of African American Women

Empirical strength-based research focusing exclusively on African American female welfare recipients and employment outcome is limited. This study examined whether self-esteem and self-efficacy influenced the employment of African American female welfare recipients. Findings indicated that recipients entered the job-readiness program with a significantly high level of self-esteem. Their self-efficacy, however, was positively influenced by the job-readiness program, and once it was completed, the recipient's self-efficacy decreased.
Acetylcholine synthesis and secretion by LA-N-2 human neuroblastoma cells

Abstract We have investigated the rates of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release in LA-N-2 cells in order to characterize them as a potential model of cholinergic neurons. When grown in a serum-containing medium the cells extend few neurites. In the absence of serum most cells develop processes. ACh content of the cells (determined by a radioenzymatic assay) varies with extracellular choline concentration in a saturable fashion, reaching a maximum of approximately 25 nmol/mg protein. Radiolabeled choline is taken up by the cell and converted to ACh or phosphocholine, as determined by purification from cell extracts by HPLC, in a saturable manner which is described by a single rectangular hyperbola. Hemicholinium-3 (100 μM) inhibits this uptake. The cells release ACh spontaneously and this release is enhanced upon depolarization with potassium or veratridine (the latter effect is blocked by tetrodotoxin). The data demonstrate that LA-N-2 cells exhibit some properties similar to cholinergic neurons and may therefore be useful for studies of ACh synthesis and release.
On the Geometrization of Forces

The problem of giving a geometric description of external forces acting on general charged test particles is discussed, within the framework of General Relativity. The concept of a pointlike test particle is analyzed; and we find that it is possible to introduce a strongly localized interaction between the particle and external fields, while still retaining the notion of a test (i.e. non-radiating) particle, in such a way that the particle trajectory isgeodesic in the local space-time geometry, irrespective of the charges coupling it to external matter fields or to space-time curvature. The phenomenon ofdeviation, due to differential forces between (identically charged) noninteracting point particles, is also considered; we find that a geometric description of such forces requires introducing additional geometric objects into space-time, making it non-Riemannian. It is shown that a quite general differential force may be described geometrically as ageodesic deviation in a nonsymmetric affine space, endowed with atorsion field. The physical properties of the torsion, and its relation to geometrodynamics, are discussed.
Facile synthesis of highly faceted multioctahedral Pt nanocrystals through controlled overgrowth.

Highly faceted Pt nanocrystals with a large number of interconnected arms in a quasi-octahedral shape were synthesized simply by reducing H2PtCl6 precursor with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) in aqueous solutions containing a trace amount of FeCl3. The iron species (Fe3+ or Fe2+) play a key role in inducing the formation of the multioctahedral structure by decreasing the concentration of Pt atoms and keeping a low concentration for the Pt seeds during the reaction. This condition favors the overgrowth of Pt seeds along their corners and thus the formation of multiarmed nanocrystals. Electron microscopy studies revealed that the multioctahedral Pt nanocrystals exhibit a large number of edge, corner, and surface step atoms. The size of the multioctahedral Pt nanocrystals can be controlled by varying the concentration of FeCl3 added to the reaction and/or the reaction temperature. These multioctahedral Pt nanocrystals were tested as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in a proton exchange membrane fu...
Digestion in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a gummivore–frugivore

Wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) feed on fruits, insects, and gums, all of which provide different digestive challenges. Much of the ingested mass of fruits consists of seeds. In general, seeds represent indigestible bulk to marmosets and could inhibit feeding if they are not eliminated rapidly. In contrast, gums are β-linked polysaccharides that require microbial fermentation. Their digestion would benefit from an extended residence time within the gut. Earlier research found that mean retention time (MRT) for a liquid digestive marker (cobalt EDTA) was significantly longer than MRT for a particulate marker (chromium-mordanted fiber), suggesting that common marmosets preferentially retain liquid digesta. We conducted two four-day-long digestion trials on 13 individually housed adult common marmosets fed a single-item, purified diet in order to examine the relations among MRT of cobalt EDTA and chromium-mordanted fiber, food dry matter intake (DMI), and apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM). We compared the MRT values with the data from the previous study mentioned above and a study using polystyrene beads. There were no significant correlations among MRT, ADDM, or DMI, although increases in DMI between trials were associated with decreases in MRT. ADDM was consistent within individuals between trials; but the mean values ranged from 75.0 to 83.4% among individuals. We found no difference in MRT between the liquid (17.5±1.6 hr) and particulate (17.9±1.4 hr) markers. Although these values were not significantly different than found previously, the MRT for chromium-mordanted fiber tended to be longer. This probably reflects the relatively small size of the chromium-mordanted fiber particles used in this study. An inverse relationship between particle size and MRT was evident; the mean MRT of polysterene beads, the largest marker, was only 8.3±1.5 hr. Marmosets appear to retain liquids and small particles within the gut longer than large particles. Am. J. Primatol. 71:957–963, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chloroplast DNA similarity of smooth bromegrass with other pooid cereals: implications for plant breeding

Restriction site (RS) variation in the chloroplast genome has been useful is discerning evolutionary relationships. This information enables plant breeders to determine the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools of crop plants. In this study, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) RS maps of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were compared with those of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.). The number of common RS for the enzymes KpnI, PstI, PvuII, SalI and XhoI was scored, providing data to calculate the genetic distance (p) among the taxa. Clustering analysis showed that smooth bromegrass (tribe Bromeae) is very closely related to wheat, rye and barley of the tribe Triticeae and more distantly related to oat (tribe Aveneae). It was of interest to find that smooth bromegrass was more closely related than barley to wheat and rye. The cpDNA relationships suggest that bromegrasses are a potentially important component of the gene pool in the breeding of pooid cereals. Bromegrasses are a useful source of genes for disease resistance, agronomic properties, and nutritional value that could be introgressed into their close relatives
Causal Patterns Related to Post High School Employment Satisfaction.

Abstract A linear recursive path model was developed and evaluated using a combined male and female sample, and separate male and female samples in an attempt to identify causal relationships of in-school student characteristics to satisfaction in post high school employment. The statistical methodology used was Path Analysis. A total of ten student characteristic variables were used in the model. The findings indicate that overall job satisfaction is related to variables which are associated with the affective domain. These variables are: Occupational Values-Interest and Satisfaction and Salary, and Vocational Maturity. Overall, employment satisfaction was twice as predictable for the female sample as it was for the combined sample and it was not at all predictable for the male sample.
Effectiveness of two anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone and bromadiolone) for Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) control in eastern Washington

Abstract Over the years a number of techniques for control of ground squirrels have been developed and used with varying degrees of success. Some have used bait stations, others the broadcast application of chopped vegetable matter and cereal grains. No data were found on the broadcast application of pelletized materials. Two toxicants, chlorophacinone and bromadiolone, were mechanically broadcast over six plots during the summer of 1983. Results were good (70–80% mortality) with the mid-season application, and excellent (100%) with the late-season treatment. Problems of migration compounded part of the study which points out the need for complete coverage to achieve control.
Post-Mastectomy Breast Phantoms

Although the breast is the external body part most frequently amputated, little has been written about breast phantoms. From an original 92 item questionnaire completed by 104 post-mastectomy patients, it was found that 24 (23%) reported having had phantom breast sensations[1]. Itching was the most common sensation. While phantom pain was reported by eight of those 24 patients, it was minor in nature with only 1 patient requiring a simple anodyne for relief. There was no typical pattern of appearance of the phantom sensation. It most frequently began two to six months after the operation.
Enhanced Diffusion in Shock Activated Be-Al Interfaces

Enhanced diffusion of aluminum in shock activated beryllium has been observed. Cylindrical samples of aluminum coated beryllium rods were axisymetrically loaded up to 40 GPa and a total residual strain of up to 6.7%. The defect microstructure produced by both the shock wave and strain enabled the transport of aluminum in beryllium to exceed its equilibrium solid state saturation. This {open_quotes}super saturated{close_quotes} aluminum, upon heating exsolves out at relatively low temperatures and forms very strong interfaces with pressure mated components.
Evaluation of shield support performance by numerical analysis

Abstract The selection of suitable types of shield support for various geological conditions may be achieved by analyzing the performance of each individual support type. In this paper, the possibility of employing a finite element method to analyze the performance of different types of shield supports was evaluated. Ten different types of shield supports were simulated. Their performance was analyzed in terms of controlling the face convergence, preventing premature roof fall along the longwall face, and avoiding excessive stress concentration around the tip of the base plate. Suitable shield supports for different roof conditions are recommended.
Towards idempotent reduced density matrices via particle-hole duality: McWeeny's purification and beyond.

Generalizations of McWeeny's purification formula are developed within the formalism of the particle-hole duality from the theory of reduced density matrices. Each of the generalized purification formulas is expressed as a sum of the one-particle reduced density matrix (1-RDM) and a finite series in the product of the one-particle and the one-hole RDMs, a product which vanishes in the limit that the 1-RDM is idempotent. Two categories of purification formulas are explored: (i) formulas which treat the "occupied" and the "virtual" occupation numbers equivalently and (ii) formulas which treat these occupation numbers differently. The latter category includes and extends the purification formulas derived in the context of the 1,2-contracted Schrodinger equation [D. A. Mazziotti, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 8305 (2001)]. While the McWeeny purification minimizes the absolute error in the occupation numbers quadratically, the generalized purification formulas exhibit faster than quadratic convergence of the 1-RDM towards idempotency. Application of these purification formulas in existing algorithms for linear scaling will be explored and discussed including illustrative calculations on sodium wires of length 10, 20, 30, and 40 atoms.
What is in a cause? Exploring the relationship between genetic cause and felt stigma.

Purpose Concern over stigma as a consequence of genetic testing has grown in response to the recent increase in genetic research and testing resulting from the Human Genome Project. However, whether a genetic or hereditary basis necessarily confers a stigma to a condition remains unexamined.
The 65-kDa subunit of human NF-kappa B functions as a potent transcriptional activator and a target for v-Rel-mediated repression.

Abstract Molecular cloning of the polypeptide component of the Rel-related human p75 nucleoprotein complex has revealed its identity with the 65-kDa (p65) subunit of NF-kappa B. Functional analyses of chimeric proteins composed of NF-kappa B p65 C-terminal sequences linked to the DNA-binding domain of the yeast GAL4 polypeptide have indicated that the final 101 amino acids of NF-kappa B p65 comprise a potent transcriptional activation domain. Transient transfection of human T cells with an expression vector encoding NF-kappa B p65, but not NF-kappa B p50, produced marked transcriptional activation of a basal promoter containing duplicated kappa B enhancer motifs from the long terminal repeat of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus. These stimulatory effects of NF-kappa B p65 were synergistically enhanced by coexpression of NF-kappa B p50 but were completely inhibited by coexpression of the v-rel oncogene product. Together, these functional studies demonstrate that NF-kappa B p65 is a transactivating subunit of the heterodimeric NF-kappa B complex and serves as one cellular target for v-Rel-mediated transcriptional repression.
On numerical representations of semiorders

Abstract Conditions on a semiorder, 〈 X ,≻〉 (where X is a subset of Euclidean space), are presented under which the semiorder can be represented by a continuous, real-valued function, u , along with a strictly positive scalar, δ . That is, for x,y ϵ X, x ≻ y if and only if u ( x )> u ( y )+ δ . The results are related to existing results for numerical representations of interval orders.
Naphthylisothiocyanate disposition in bile and its relationship to liver glutathione and toxicity

Abstract 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), but not 2-naphthylisothiocyanate (BNIT), produces cholangiolitic hepatitis in rats after a single, oral administration. The mechanisms responsible for the disparate toxic outcomes for these closely related structural isomers are not fully understood. Recent reports suggest that ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity is dependent upon the formation and biliary excretion of a reversible glutathione-ANIT conjugate. To understand better the relationship between hepatic glutathione, secretion into bile and hepatotoxicity, the bile concentrations and hepatotoxicities of ANIT and BNIT were examined in rats with and without pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). ANIT (100 mg/kg, p.o.) caused a 3-fold elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), a 6-fold elevation of total plasma bilirubin, and a > 90% reduction in bile flow 24 hr after administration. BNIT, at this same dose and route of administration, did not alter significantly these mirkers of liver injury. Accumulation of ANIT and BNIT in bile occurred with the same temporal characteristics; however, BNIT accumulated to markedly larger concentrations (292 ± 83 and 235 ± 100 μ M BNIT and 78 ± 19 and 29 ± 13 μ M ANIT at 1 and 4 hr, respectively). The accumulation of ANIT and BNIT in bile was coincident with a > 2-fold elevation of reduced glutathione in bile. Pretreatment of rats with BSO decreased hepatic glutathione concentration and reduced the concentration of naphthylisothiocyanates in bile by 85%. Associated with this reduction was an attenuation of ANIT hepatotoxicity. Altogether, these findings indicate that both ANIT and BNIT accumulate in bile in a glutathione-dependent manner, yet they yield different hepatotoxic outcomes. Therefore, the disparity in hepatotoxicities observed with these isomers is not related to a difference in ability to enter bile. Other differences, such as in metabolism, chemical reactivity, conjugate stability and/or cytotoxic potential to bile duct epithelial cells may be more important determinants of hepatotoxicity.
On the non-vanishing of Poincaré series

R. A. Rankin [2] and J. Lehner [1] considered the non-vanishing of Poincare series for the classical modular matrix group and for an arbitrary fuchsian group, respectively.In this paper we consider the non-vanishing of Poincare series for the congruence group
The acute effects of light on murine sleep during the dark phase: importance of melanopsin for maintenance of light‐induced sleep

Light exerts a direct effect on sleep and wakefulness in nocturnal and diurnal animals, with a light pulse during the dark phase suppressing locomotor activity and promoting sleep in the former. In the present study, we investigated this direct effect of light on various sleep parameters by exposing mice to a broad range of illuminances (0.2-200 μW/cm(2) ; equivalent to 1-1000 lux) for 1 h during the dark phase (zeitgeber time 13-14). Fitting the data with a three-parameter log model indicated that ~0.1 μW/cm(2) can generate half the sleep response observed at 200 μW/cm(2). We observed decreases in total sleep time during the 1 h following the end of the light pulse. Light reduced the latency to sleep from ~30 min in darkness (baseline) to ~10 min at the highest intensity, although this effect was invariant across the light intensities used. We then assessed the role of melanopsin during the rapid transition from wakefulness to sleep at the onset of a light pulse and the maintenance of sleep with a 6-h 20 μW/cm(2) light pulse. Even though the melanopsin knockout mice had robust induction of sleep (~35 min) during the first hour of the pulse, it was not maintained. Total sleep decreased by almost 65% by the third hour in comparison with the first hour of the pulse in mice lacking melanopsin, whereas only an 8% decrease was observed in wild-type mice. Collectively, our findings highlight the selective effects of light on murine sleep, and suggest that melanopsin-based photoreception is primarily involved in sustaining light-induced sleep.
Associations among family-of-origin food-related experiences, expectancies, and disordered eating

Objective: The study reported here integrates research on family-of-origin learning experiences and adult eating/thinness expectancies in the study of risk for eating disordered behavior. Method: A sample of women manifesting a wide range of eating disordered behaviors (n = 66) were compared in their retrospective reports of family learning, current eating and dieting expectancies, and current eating disordered behaviors. Results: History of food-related teasing from friends and family, negative maternal modeling, and friends' criticism of eating all related to both adult disordered behavior and adult eating and thinness expectancies. Tests of mediation supported the putative mediation by expectancies of the relationships between early experiences and adult disordered behavior. Conclusion: Family-of-origin learning experiences may influence adult eating disordered behavior by contributing to the formation of expectancies for reinforcement from eating and from thinness. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Cyclic poly(vinylcarbazole) via ring-expansion polymerization-RAFT (REP-RAFT)

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate the formation of cyclic poly(vinylcarbazole) via a ring-expansion polymerization reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (REP-RAFT). A cyclic dixanthate RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) was synthesized and employed for controlled free radical polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVK). The molecular weight in relation to polymerization time suggested the formation of a polymer with well-controlled molecular weight and ring size. The obtained macromolecules were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was also employed to directly observe the cyclic polymers with different ring sizes.
Magnetic properties of the layered compounds Ca2Mn3O8 and Cd2Mn3O8

Abstract Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8 and Cd 2 Mn 3 O 8 , which contain Mn 4+ monolayers, have been prepared and characterized. Their magnetic susceptibility and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) behavior have been examined in detail. The Mn 4+ moments in both Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8 and Cd 2 Mn 3 O 8 order antiferromagnetically near 60 and 10°K, respectively. Although the Neel temperature in Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8 is in reasonable agreement with molecular-field theory, that in Cd 2 Mn 3 O 8 is well below its expected value. It is proposed that these results, as well as those in the calcium manganite series CaMnO 3 → Ca 2 MnO 4 , may reflect the chemical influence of the divalent cation in modifying the MnO covalent mixing.
Rate of lonisation of the Atmosphere

THE calculation of the rate of ionisation of the atmosphere on the basis of the well-known Schweidler recombination law, by G. R. Wait1 and J. J. and P. J. Nolan,2 has shown a large variation in the rate, in the course of the day, at observing stations in Washington, D.C., in the United States, and near Dublin, Ireland. It is of interest to note that the maxima of the diurnal variation curves for these stations agree closely when plotted on Greenwich Mean Time.
Nonlinear spatial baroclinic instability in slowly varying zonal flow

Abstract The linear and weakly nonlinear dynamics of long, low frequency, spatially growing baroclinic waves embedded in slowly varying zonal flow on a β-plane channel are examined in a continuous model of the atmosphere. For a basic state jet flow possessing a locally unstable region, the nonlinear solution yields a maximum amplitude that is located near the region of maximum baroclinicity and substantially upstream of the maximum amplitude obtained from linear theory. The difference between the linear and nonlinear solutions is due to the time-averaged wave fluxes becoming large enough in the nonlinear problem to stabilize the flow prior to reaching the location (jet center) where the basic state baroclinicity and locally computed linear growth rate are maximized.
Technological development in relation to economics

THE great economic changes of the past 20 years and the accompanying political upheavals have made it increasingly apparent that we are living in the midst of what may be called an era of profound historical change, the ultimate consequences of which no one can now foresee. It is therefore incumbent upon us as the inheritors and transmitters of civilization to study in as fundamental terms as our intelligence makes possible, the nature of and the reasons for the business, economic, engineering, and political problems and tendencies which are shaping our fortunes and our destinies. Whether our individual activities are devoted to manufacturing, mining, farming, banking, trade, or the professions, we all are vitally affected by current trends and all interested in having a more efficiently functioning economic system.
Immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis

The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis has been difficult to charaterize given the heterogeneity of disease, the elusiveness of the causative antigen, and the lack of an adequate animal model. However, by examining well-defined clinical cohorts, the interplay between genetic predisposition and immunologic response has been increasingly informative. Technological advances in cellular analysis have allowed researchers to characterize the immune responses important in the maintenance of granulomatous inflammation. Finally, "new" clinical observations such as granuloma responsiveness to targeted biological therapies, sarcoid developing during immune restoration, and the relationship between sarcoidosis and Hepatitis C will provide future insight to the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis.
Development of a Novel Combined Catalyst and Sorbent for Hydrocarbon Reforming

A combined catalyst and sorbent was prepared and utilized for steam reforming methane and propane in laboratory-scale systems. The material was prepared in the form of small spherical pellets having a layered structure such that each pellet consisted of a highly reactive lime or dolime core enclosed within a porous but strong protective shell made of alumina in which a nickel catalyst was loaded. The material served two functions by catalyzing the reaction of hydrocarbons with steam to produce hydrogen while simultaneously absorbing carbon dioxide formed by the reaction. The in situ removal of CO2 shifted the reaction equilibrium toward increased H2 concentration and production. The concept was proved by using both a thermogravimetric analyzer and a fixed-bed reactor loaded with the material to reform hydrocarbons. Tests conducted with the fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure and with temperatures in the range of 520−650 °C produced a product containing a large concentration of H2 (e.g., 94−96 mol %)...
Heat Induced Changes of Moisture in Turkey Muscles

SUMMARY— Effects of end point temperature in unheated (10°C) muscle and muscle heated (dry heat, 176°C) to 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65°C on moisture measured by selected methods, Warner-Bratzler shear values, and pH values of breasts and thigh-legs from tom turkeys were investigated. Also, rate of heat penetration, temperature differentials, and post-oven temperature increases of breasts and thigh-legs were noted. Increase in temperature in each of three positions in breasts and thigh-legs tended to follow a similar pattern for all pieces of the same type. End point temperature significantly (P = 0.05) affected anterior-posterior, and posterior-mid-position temperature differentials in breasts, but affected only distal-mid-position temperature differential in thigh-legs. Post-oven temperature increases decreased with increase in end point temperature, and were significantly (P = 0.05) different between 35 and 45°C for breasts, and for all temperatures except between 4.5 and 55°C for thigh-legs. Mean data for the majority of measurements of moisture indicated that greatest changes occurred between 10 and 25°C. Weight losses, heating time, pH values, Warner-Bratzler shear values for gluteus medius (GM), “immobilized water” for semimembranosus (SM), and percentage moisture in expressed centrifuged Juice (ECJ) from ground light muscle gradually increased as the end point temperature increased to 65°C. whereas “loose water” and shear values in pectoralis major (PM) increased only to 45°C. Total moisture (TM), percentage moisture in centrifuged muscle (CM) of ground light and ground dark composite muscles, and expressible moisture index (EMI) for PM and SM gradually decreased as the end point temperature increased. No consistent pattern with end point temperature was observed for “loose water” for SM, “immobilized water” for PM or for volume of ECJ and percentage moisture in ECJ from ground dark muscle. The two methods of calculating EMI and measuring TM were closely related. Press methods for measuring moisture were not definitely related to any other moisture measurements. Also, weight losses, pH and shear values were not related to the majority of moisture measurements.
Comprehensive Study of the Nutritional Status of Children

Abstract The nutritional status and health behaviors of fourth grade students in Virginia were studied using a survey and collection of anthropometric data. A total of 904 students were surveyed to determine nutrition and physical activity behaviors. The surveys were conducted in a classroom setting using the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) survey tool. Selection was based on a random sample representing the overall demographics of Virginia. Using standardized protocols, nutritionists administered the survey. In addition, they collected each child's height, weight, and date of birth. Following the survey and measurements, the nutritionist conducted a "heart healthy" lesson for each class. The findings show that one-third (33.7%) of the students were identified as either overweight or obese based on BMI measurements. Although the children indicated on the survey that they were knowledgeable about which foods are most nutritious, their food selections were not consistent with their knowledge. The children surveyed also reported that they engage in sedentary activities such as television, videos, or computers for an average of three (3) hours per day. In conclusion, overweight has been identified as a significant problem in Virginia. As professionals, we need to identify ways to encourage parents and children to engage in healthy behaviors, especially related to nutrition and physical activity.
Laparoscopic Conversion From Nissen to Partial Fundoplication for Refractory Dysphagia

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is effective for treating gastroesophageal reflux and is usually well tolerated. Some patients, however, experience postoperative dysphagia refractory to conservative measures. We report our experience and operative technique for laparoscopic conversion of previous laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication to partial fundoplication to relieve dysphagia. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 6 patients with refractory dysphagia after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication who underwent laparoscopic conversion to partial fundoplication using a laparoscopic linear stapler. There were no perioperative deaths and no fundoplication-related complications. In short-term follow-up, all patients reported improvement of dysphagia symptoms.
Meggitt on the Madness and Kingship of Jesus

D'autres "fous" a l'epoque de Jesus vivent en toute impunite. Le titulus au-dessus de la croix avec la mention roi des juifs, meme teinte d'ironie, l'incident du Temple ont pu faire craindre Jesus et voir en lui un revolte. Les disciples : pas assez nombreux pour representer une reelle menace
Opportunities for property victimization: Fixed and random effects models in a cross-national scope

Abstract Cross-national research on victimization often does not consider the cultural effects on opportunities leading to victimization. The current study uses a routine activities/lifestyles theoretical framework to examine the opportunities leading to two types of property victimization across forty-five countries. I employ fixed effect and random effect models in efforts to find the best explanation of theft and burglary victimization. The results indicate going out in the evening for leisure activities is an important source of opportunity for both types of property victimization. While a fixed effect model offers the most appropriate explanation for burglary victimization, theft is best explained by a random effects model. For theft victimization, variation in whether or not respondents work or go to school is explained, in part, by the level of development of the country. The findings provide evidence that there are different explanations of opportunity for burglary and theft victimization in a cross-national scope.
Spectral Indices for Multi-Dimensional Interplanetary Turbulence at 1 AU

We examine Advanced Composition Explorer and Helios 1 data in search of evidence for an anisotropic spectrum of interplanetary magnetic and velocity field fluctuations. Specifically, we focus on the power-law indices of the fluctuation spectra and associated second-order structure functions and ask whether the index varies systematically with the angle between the mean magnetic field and the wind velocity. We extend previous results to show convincingly that it does not. Several popular theories for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence predict a significant variation as part of the turbulent cascade dynamic. We offer some observations on why the predicted anisotropy is not present.
Newly synthesized hypoxia-mediated drugs as radiosensitizers and cytotoxic agents.

Abstract Chinese hamster cells in culture were used to compare the radiosensitizing efficiency and cytotoxicity of misonidazole with several 2, 4 and 5 substituted nitroimidazoles. The two substituted compounds (SR 2508 and SR 2555) are similar to misonidazole in radiosensitizing effectiveness, but are significantly less toxic to hypoxic cells. This reduced cytotoxicity may result from either slower drug penetration or slower removal of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NPSH) The compound MJLr1-191-VII ∗ (a 4-nitroimidazole) is a much more effective radiosensitizer than would be predicted from its electron affinity. It appears to sensitize by two mechanisms, the first resulting from its electron affinity and the second a consequence of its rapid removal of endogeneous cellular NPSH; which are naturally occurring radioprotective substances.
Why countries ban asbestos: some alternative thoughts.

Banning asbestos is a good thing!That more than fifty countries have banned all uses of asbestos must be noted as an important fact, and ultimately the reasons for the ban is less an issue than the...
Effect of the partial coherence on reflective notching

This paper explores through numerical simulation and experiment the role of partial coherent illumination on reflective notching in optical projection printing over a nonplanar substrate. The intensity in the photoresist when patterning a gate line over a LOCOS generated active area well covered in polysilicon was simulated with the rigorous electromagnetic simulation program TEMPEST-PCD which includes partial coherence through a decomposition method. The simulation results are compared to experimental SEM pictures of developed photoresist lines for patterning a gate over a trench with varying moat widths when using a DUV 248 nm stepper with a NA of 0.5 for a (sigma) of 0.3 and 0.6. Variations in linewidth of both plus and minus 20% are observed due to the interactions with the underlying topography. The simulations give physical insight into trends seen in the experimental critical dimension (CD) measurements. Simulations indicate that most of the effects observed are due to lateral specular reflection from the underlying structure aiding in the dissolution of the resist near the feature. These trends seen in simulation and in experiment indicate that the topography has a similar impact on the CD regardless of the coherence.
Visuomotor perimetry in fish: a new approach to the functional analysis of altered visual pathways.

Abstract A method is described for performing behavioral perimetry in free swimming fish by means of an automated procedure. Fish were trained by autoshaping to approach brief flashes of light at various locations on the periphery of a circular arena while their movements were recorded by TV camera and analyzed by computer. The different species tested, ranked in increasing order of accuracy and trainability, were: goldfish, largemouth bass and sunfish. Analyses of orientation angles and swimming speed were used to show (1) the extent of scotomas in the horizontal meridian caused by lesions of the optic nerve and tectum and (2) disturbances of apparent stimulus location caused by displacement or rotation of an eye. Evidence is presented for a sense of absolute position in fish, requiring the integration of body and eye-movement information with locus of retinal stimulation.
A Pilot Examination of Stress-Related Changes in Impulsivity and Risk Taking as Related to Smoking Status and Cessation Outcome in Adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Psychosocial stress and impulsivity are each associated with smoking in adolescents. There is also evidence that stress can increase impulsive responding, and impulsive adolescent smokers attempting cessation are at greater risk of relapse. We performed a pilot investigation to examine stress-induced changes in response inhibition, inattention, and risk taking asrelated to smoking status and posttreatment smoking abstinence. METHODS: Twelve adolescent smokers participating in a smoking cessation intervention and 15 adolescent nonsmokers completed a 2-session protocol assessing stress-related change in response inhibition and inattention (on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test-II), risk taking (on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task), nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and self-reported stress. RESULTS: At baseline, smokers had greater inattentive responding and risk taking when compared with nonsmokers. Stress exposure led to significant increases in stress, anger, and depression in all participants and also increased nicotine craving (on the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale item) and impulsive responding in smokers. After covarying for baseline differences in impulsivity/risk taking, smokers who were not abstinent at the end of treatment experienced greater stress-induced risk taking when compared with those who were abstinent. Conclusions: In all, it appears that response inhibition and risk taking may be differentially altered by stress exposure in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers and that adolescent smoking cessation success may be associated with less risk taking in the face of stress. Language: en
A GASTRIC FACTOR PROMOTING IRON ABSORPTION

Abstract Gastric juice from patients with irondeficiency anaemia or haemochromatosis contains a factor which promotes the absorption of iron-59 (as ferrous citrate) mildly in normal rats and strikingly in gastrectomised anaemic rats.
Improved determination of cobalt in steel by x‐ray fluorescence analysis

A method for improving the determination of cobalt as a minor element in steel specimens is reported. A line overlap correction for the contribution of the Fe Kβ background on the Co Kα peak plus inter-element matrix corrections is necessary in the determination of Co when standards of varying matrix compositions are used. Co was determined in several NBS SRM steels and values were found that agreed with the certificate values to within 5% relative error in the range 0.005–0.40 wt-% cobalt.
Anesthetic considerations for gynecologic cancer surgery.

Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative anesthetic considerations in gynecologic cancer surgery are discussed. Preoperatively, the anesthetist must document the patient's disease state, physical condition, responses to prior chemotherapeutic regimens and toxic side effects, particularly from Adriamycin and bleomycin. Laboratory studies should include electrolytes, hepatic, renal, and hematologic indices. The anesthetist should also recognize that patients may be under great emotional stress, which may require prescribing anti-anxiety medications for several days prior to surgery. Planning the anesthetic includes consultation with the surgeon relative to procedure planned, positioning requirements, anticipated blood loss, monitoring, and postoperative care requirements. Intraoperative considerations again involve close communication with the surgeon. The use and benefits of a combined regional/general anesthetic technique are discussed. Postoperative considerations are directed toward hemodynamic stability and control of postoperative pain. Techniques of epidural narcotic and local anesthetic administration, as well as patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) are discussed.
Precise test of quantum jump theory

Quantum jumps due solely to spontaneous Raman scattering between the Zeeman sublevels of a single $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}^{+}$ ion have been observed in the fluorescence emitted by the ion. A theory of quantum jumps for this system predicts that coherences between excited levels cause the ratio of the mean duration of the "fluorescence-on periods" to the mean duration of the "fluorescence-off periods" to be independent of laser intensity. The measured value agrees with the predicted one to within the measurement precision of 2%. The distribution of the durations of the off periods also agrees with theory.
Purification and characterization of the methionine-rich 2S seed proteins from the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae)

2S seed proteins were purified from paradise nut (Lecythis zabucajo) and cannonball (Couroupita quianensis), two members of the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae). The amino acid composition, subuni...
Patients Prefer Results From the Ordering Provider and Access to Their Radiology Reports

Purpose: Imaging results are generally communicated to patients by referring providers. Directly communicating results has been suggested as a way for radiologists to add value, though few studies have investigated patients’ preferences in this regard. The aim of this study was to determine patients’ preferences for receiving their imaging results. Methods: In this institutional review board-approved study, adult outpatients undergoing CT or MRI at an academic medical center and an affiliated county hospital over a 4-week period (n ¼ 2,483) were surveyed. The survey assessed patients’ preferred delivery method for radiology results and their understanding of radiologists’ education and role. Results: A total of 617 surveys (25% response rate) were completed, 475 (77%) and 142 (23%) by academic medical center and county hospital patients, respectively. Among all respondents, the majority of patients (387 of 617 [63%]) preferred models of results delivery centered on the referring physician as opposed to the radiologist. Regardless of who verbally relayed the results, 64% of all respondents (398 of 617) wanted the option to receive a copy of the report, and 522 of 614 (85%) wanted to see their images. Among patients wanting copies of their reports, academic medical center patients expressed equal interest in mail, e-mail, and online portal options (33%, 31%, and 36%, respectively), and county hospital patients preferred mail (55%, 28%, and 17%, respectively) (P < .001).