cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Perceived Environmental Quality Indices

The assessment of environmental quality can serve many useful purposes, by (1) clarifying the goals of environmental policy, (2) judging the effectiveness of environmental protection programs, (3) gauging the environmental impacts of proposed public and private projects, and (4) communicating trends in environmental quality to public officials, citizens, and decision-makers. For example, federal, state, and local governments have formulated environmental protection programs which may involve the commitment of billions of dollars; objective, quantitative procedures and indices for assessing environmental quality can be used to monitor the effectiveness of programs and assure a systematic form of accountability. As a recent Library of Congress report on environmental quality assessment observes: “The concept of environmental indices is not a product of academic whim; it evolved from a recognized need by policy makers” (Library of Congress, 1973, p. 2).
Anti-self dual conformal structures on 4-manifolds

The Weyl curvature tensor is the conformally invariant part of the Riemann curvature tensor. On an oriented 4-dimensional manifold, the Weyl tensor is a direct sum of two pieces, W+ and W., its self and anti-self dual parts. Here is a theorem: for a compact, oriented 4-manifold, M, the connect sum of M with a large enough number of (orientation reversed) CP2’s has a metric with W+ = 0. by the way, Penrose’s twistor space for such a metric is a complex 3-fold. And so, there are a zoo of bizarre 3-folds.
The evolving role of oral hormonal therapies and review of conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene for the management of menopausal symptoms.

ABSTRACTThis review describes the evolving role of oral hormone therapy (HT) for treating menopausal symptoms and preventing osteoporosis, focusing on conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene (CE/BZA). Estrogens alleviate hot flushes and prevent bone loss associated with menopause. In nonhysterectomized women, a progestin should be added to estrogens to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Use of HT declined since the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) studies showed that HT does not prevent coronary heart disease (CHD) and that conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate increased the risk of invasive breast cancer after nearly 5 years of use. However, re-analyses of the WHI data suggest that some risks (eg, CHD, all-cause mortality) may be reduced when HT is initiated in women <60 years of age and <10 years since menopause, compared with later. CE/BZA is the first menopausal HT without a progestogen for nonhysterectomized women. Instead, BZA, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in combination with CE,...
Gainsharing Strategies, Physician Champions, Getting Physician Buy In

As healthcare spending continues to outpace economic growth, legislators and healthcare economists have explored many processes aimed at improving efficiency and reducing waste. Gainsharing or the general concept that organizations and their employees can work together to continually improve outcomes at reduced expenditures in exchange for a portion of the savings has been shown to be effective within the healthcare system. Although gainsharing principles may be applicable to healthcare organizations and their physician partners, specific parameters should be followed when implementing these arrangements. This article will discuss 10 gainsharing strategies aimed at properly aligning healthcare organizations and physicians, which if followed will ensure the successful implementation of gainsharing initiatives.
Triboelectric Charging Between Display Glass Panels and Dissipative/Insulative Rollers

The underlying cause of most electrostatic discharge is tribocharging. Thus, understanding tribocharging is essential to assess the likelihood of damages as they might occur in the production of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens. In this paper, a study of triboelectric charge build-up between the glass and rollers during the glass transfer process in display panel manufacturing is presented. A roller conveyor system was fabricated and two types of rollers materials, insulative and dissipative, with radii of 30 and 90 mm, were considered. To measure the triboelectric charge of the glass, a Faraday cup with an elevator system was mounted on the apparatus. Various parameters including transfer velocity, acceleration/deceleration, and relative humidity were investigated. For instance, it is observed that the average saturated charge density on the glass is 0.324 nC/cm2 after 320-m displacements if it transfers by small dissipative rollers with condition of 200 mm/s and 200 mm/s 2. In addition, a comprehensive study of the surface potential distribution on the glass and rollers by utilizing a two-dimensional automated scanner is presented. The experiments pointed out that the amount of charge accumulated on the glass for the dissipative rollers saturated faster with a smaller value than the insulative rollers.
Feminine Discrepancy Stress and Psychosocial Maladjustment Among Adolescent Girls

Discrepancy stress, stress about being perceived to not conform to one's gender role (i.e., gender role discrepancy), has demonstrated effects on risky sexual and violent behaviors. However, evidence of these effects has been limited to men and boys, neglecting the impact gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress may have on girls. In addition, no study to date, has assessed the mental health correlates of gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress. In the current study, we sought to elucidate the relationship between perceived feminine discrepancy and feminine discrepancy stress and psychosocial maladjustment while controlling for trauma symptoms stemming from the potential repercussions of feminine discrepancy. Maladjustment was measured by creating a second-order latent factor derived from four first-order latent constructs: sexual behavior, substance use, mood disorder symptoms, and hopelessness. Data are drawn from a cross-sectional sample of female students in middle and high school (N = 643) who completed self-report questionnaires. Using structural equation modeling, we found girls reporting feminine discrepancy (i.e., less feminine than the average girl) were more likely to report feminine discrepancy stress and trauma symptomatology. Controlling for feminine discrepancy and trauma symptoms, the relationship between discrepancy stress and maladjustment was positive and significant. Additionally, girls reporting feminine discrepancy scored higher on trauma symptomatology, and trauma demonstrated a strong direct effect on psychosocial maladjustment. These data suggest that developing trauma focused prevention strategies that incorporate social norms around gender socialization may have an impact on multiple behavioral and mental health problems.
Simulations of electromagnetic propagation through nanowire arrays of varying geometric arrangements

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method of electromagnetic (EM) simulation was employed to understand whether models that include regularly spaced nanowires will yield the same propagation results as those that include irregular spacing. In these simulations, lattice geometries were varied while keeping nanowire density constant. The interactions of dielectric nanowire arrays with short-wavelength EM waves (having wavelengths comparable to the nanowire spacing) were modeled.
Treatment of Acute Life-Threatening Asthma in Children

Acute asthma is one of the most common conditions resulting in emergency room visits and hospitalizations in children. The direct economic burden of acute asthma is estimated to be 340 million dollars, and this cost does not take into account the cost of physician services, or the indirect cost of caretaker days lost from work and childhood school absences [1].
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FEMORAL FRACTURE

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to analyze mechanisms of femoral condyle and shaft fracture. Three mechanisms have been postulated for femoral condyle fractures: 1) splitting, 2) shearing, and 3) bending effects acting on individual condyles, while shaft failures are hypothesized to occur under induced bending from longitudinal loadings that do not act along the central axis of the femur. Macerated human femurs were supported in a test fixture that simulated the effective pelvic mass. Six longitudinal impact environments were investigated representing rigid, lightly padded and thickly padded interfaces acting directly on the patella or condyles. A 23 kg impactor impinged at a 7 m/s velocity against the supported femur with or without the patella aligned “in situ”. Failure mechanisms were identified by the use of high speed photographic coverage of the lateral and anterior aspects of the femur. The photographic coverage also permitted an evaluation of the influence of the effective induced shaft and condylar bending. Also, dynamic contact loads and structural accelerations were recorded in an attempt to correlate changes in load with fracture occurrence, and to compare responses with the performance of the similarly tested Part 572 dummy femur. The loading environment was significant in affecting the distribution of the load over the distal aspect of the femur and, therefore, the dynamic response and failure. Changes in the loading environment also affected the location and mechanism of the failure. Rigid impacts produced a dramatic shattering failure of the condyles while padded impacts produced a more distributed pattern of segmental condylar and shaft buckling failures. Methodology : Ten macerated human femurs, half with a patella positioned “in situ”, were supported at the proximal end (femoral head, Fig. 1) and subjected to a blunt axial impact at the distal end (condyles or patella) in an initial phase series for an unembalmed cadaver impact program. The applied load and the resultant femur-pelvic mass acceleration were monitored and the sequence of events resulting in a femoral or patella fracture were photographed for three impact interface conditions: 1) rigid, 2) padded (one inch ensolite), and 3) padded + (one inch ensolite + three inch hexcell). The femur and patella specimens were anthropometrically defined (Table 1) prior to establishing reference planes and laying out photographic grid patterns on the femoral surfaces.
Biochemical Basis for Combination Chemotherapy

Multiple drug treatment of malignant diseases has resulted in an increased frequency of response to chemotherapy and prolongation of disease-free survival. Combination drug therapy would ideally use the optimal schedule and doses of drugs for reinforcement of the therapeutic efficacy of one or more of the agents. Since combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs are necessary to potentially cure established cancers, it is rational to use drugs that interact via biochemical modulation to enhance the cell kill and thus to increase the cure rate [1]. We studied the combination of 9-β-D arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) to establish a biochemical basis for combination chemotherapy.
Traumatic Injuries and Body Image

Traumatic injuries resulting in disfigurement can lead to significant physical and psychosocial difficulties for the affected individuals, with the focus on concern varying over the course of time. This article reviews the limited research exploring appearance-altering traumatic injuries. Body image is discussed in light of injury-specific factors and characteristics of the individual. Psychosocial functioning following traumatic injury is reviewed, together with an exploration of the potential relationships between body image and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The article concludes with clinical recommendations for professionals working with patients who have sustained an appearance-altering traumatic injury.
Evolution of the Cryogenic Eddy Current Microprobe

In nondestructive eddy current testing (ET), wire coils are excited to induce electric currents in conducting test specimens. The distribution of these eddy currents is altered by the presence of flaws in the material or by changes in material properties. The distribution changes are then sensed by one or more detector coils.
Sensory Receptors and Perception

Vertebrate sensory systems are mostly very old and can usually be traced to structures in the earliest forms. Most of the oldest fossils exhibit some sort of olfactory system, lateral lines and eyes. As needs develop, these systems become modified to serve changing environments and evolving social demands. The evolution and adaptations of these systems are the topics of this chapter.
Aquaporin Activity to Improve Crop Drought Tolerance

In plants, aquaporins (AQP) occur in multiple isoforms in both plasmalemma and tonoplast membranes resulting in regulation of water flow in and out of cells, and ultimately, water transfer through a series of cells in leaves and roots. Consequently, it is not surprising that physiological and molecular studies have identified AQPs as playing key roles in regulating hydraulic conductance in roots and leaves. As a result, the activity of AQPs influences a range of physiological processes including phloem loading, xylem water exit, stomatal aperture and gas exchange. The influence of AQPs on hydraulic conductance in plants is particularly important in regulating plant transpiration rate, particularly under conditions of developing soil water-deficit stress and elevated atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In this review, we examine the impact of AQP activity and hydraulic conductance on crop water use and the identification of genotypes that express soil water conservation as a result of these traits. An important outcome of this research has been the identification and commercialization of cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (Merr) L.) for dry land production systems.
PEPA Deck: Bringing Interactivity to Playing Cards

With the rise of computers and mobile devices, digital card games have gained popularity and market success, offering features that the classic paper cards cannot. We identify a possibility to fill a gap between paper and digital card games by creating a tangible interface of smart objects with embedded electronics that will garner the benefits of both existing modes. In this paper, we describe the Paper-like Entertainment Platform Agents (PEPA) deck, a conceptual system of tangible interactive cards that use bend gesture interaction as a form of input.
SP-Wax: Solid-liquid equilibrium thermodynamic modeling software for paraffinic systems

Abstract The open-source software (SP-Wax) for the solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) calculation of paraffin is presented. Paraffin modeling is important to many industries and engineering applications. SP-Wax provides reliable predictions for phase behavior of paraffinic solutions, which is crucial for petroleum industry. The Coutinho et al. thermodynamic model was primarily used and coded in SP-Wax. The developed simulation was validated by experimental data of binary and multicomponent systems. Solid-phase compositions were successfully estimated, and aging process of wax deposition problem was analyzed. Within the software, core calculations were coded in C++ and OpenMP parallel programming technique was incorporated to improve the performance. A C# Windows Forms user interface was created to ensure the reusability of the software for both technical and non-technical users.
Renewable Energy Integration in Alaska’s Remote Islanded Microgrids: Economic Drivers, Technical Strategies, Technological Niche Development, and Policy Implications

Alaska has over 200 communities operating remote islanded microgrids that are not connected to each other or to the North American electric grid. These communities range in size from a few dozen to a few thousand residents and rely heavily on fossil fuels—primarily imported diesel—to generate electricity. This has resulted in some of the highest energy costs in the nation (over $1/kWh in some locations) and a strong incentive to invest in renewable energy as a strategy for reducing these costs. This article explores technical challenges and associated mitigation strategies of renewable energy integration, including lessons learned from the implementation of over 70 renewable-diesel hybrid microgrids in Alaska utilizing a wide range of resource and technology solutions. This article also reviews the underlying socio-political and economic landscape that has allowed Alaska to emerge as an early adopter of microgrid-enabling technologies and includes a discussion of Alaska’s energy programs and policies and how they impact project development. The results of this article show that the primary technical hurdles for renewable energy integration in Alaska’s remote islanded microgrids include management of distributed energy resources and design for reliable and resilient operation with intermittent high-penetration renewable generation. Additionally, economic drivers include extremely high energy costs, a highly deregulated utility market with dozens of certificated utilities, state investment in infrastructure, and modest subsidies that create a technological niche where renewable energy projects are cost-competitive at current market prices. Many of the evolving technical strategies and lessons learned from renewable integration projects in Alaska’s remote islanded microgrids could help inform project development in other markets, despite differences in climate and geography.
A Case Study of MPI Over Long Distance Connections

Scientific workflows are increasingly being distributed across wide-area networks, and their code executions are expected to span across geographically dispersed computing systems. MPI has been extensively used to support communications for distributed computations, typically, over compute clusters and high-performance systems within a single facility. We present a case study of performance of MPI basic operations over long distance connections, wherein TCP is used for the underlying transport. We present measurements of execution times of MPI codes that utilize MPI Sendrecv operations over emulated 10Gbps connections with 0-366ms round-trip times, including the longest one spanning the globe. They demonstrate that basic MPI codes can be sustained over long distance connections under external packet loss rates up to 10%. They also highlight the qualitative effects of losses which manifest as increased execution times as a consequence of TCP’s loss recovery process.
Engaging Latinx Students in STEM Learning through Chemistry Concepts

There is an urgent need for more Latinx students to pursue careers in STEM related fields as this has historically been an unserved population in schools. This mixed methods study examined the impa...
Species Composition and Hybridization among Native and Nonnative Catostomid Fishes in Two Streams of the Gunnison River Basin, Colorado

We report results from a 3-year field investigation to limit hybridization between native and nonnative suckers in 2 small tributaries of the Gunnison River basin, Delta County, Colorado. Upstream movement to spawning habitat was selectively impeded by picket weir in intermittent Cottonwood Creek. There, native suckers were identified based on morphological characters in the field and were transferred upstream of the weir, whereas nonnative fishes were excluded from upstream movement. Another stream, Potter Creek, was not impeded by weir. Genetic identification of adult fishes in both streams was consistent with morphological identification in the field. Larval genetic identification was consistent with probable spawning species in Potter Creek. However, in Cottonwood Creek, larval fish proportions differed significantly from likely spawners. Proportions of nonnative suckers were high in Cottonwood Creek because exclusion structures were compromised by flooding during the spawning season. Yet, instream control of spawning by nonnative fishes has potential for reducing the incidence of hybridization, but practical challenges remain for implementation in the field.
Hurricane Michael in the Area of Mexico Beach, Florida

Abstract Category 5 Hurricane Michael made landfall near Mexico Beach, Florida on October 9, 2018, with measured high water marks (HWMs) reaching 7.2 m NAVD88. The town itself received great damage...
Overstatement of firm diversification effect on bankruptcy risk reduction

This paper investigates the causal relationship between firm diversification and bankruptcy risk. Specifically, we examine the causal effect of diversification on the bankruptcy risk for US public firms using the Bayesian g-formula. We confirm the presence of a causal relationship between firm diversification and bankruptcy risk and discover results for US-based firms that are consistent with coinsurance theory; namely, diversification strategy reduces bankruptcy risk. However, the causal relationship is weaker than implied by most previous correlation literature, suggesting that the value of firm diversification has been overstated in related research and that causal techniques are useful in teasing out the true magnitude of an effect.
Validation of the Khorana Score for Prediction of Venous Thromboembolism After Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy.

Introduction: The Khorana score (KS) is used to predict the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) for cancer patients. We sought to assess the association between KS and VTE for patients who underwe...
Perceptual tracking of distinct distributional regularities within a single voice

The speech signal is inherently variable and listeners need to recalibrate when local, short-term distributions of acoustic dimensions deviate from long-term representation. The present experiment investigated the specificity of this perceptual adjustment, addressing whether the perceptual system is capable of tracking differing simultaneous short-term acoustic distributions of the same speech categories, conditioned by context. The results indicated that instead of aggregating over the contextual variation, listeners tracked separate distributional statistics for instances of speech categories experienced in different phonetic/lexical contexts, suggesting that perceptual learning is not only influenced by distributional statistics, but also by external factors such as contextual information.
91 – Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality

Although women have lower mortality rates than men, the prevalence of nonlethal chronic diseases, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and depression, is generally higher in older women. With more comorbidity, women have greater risk for disability. The prevalence of chronic conditions increases with age. Arthritis is the most prevalent chronic condition affecting older women, followed by high blood pressure and hearing impairment. National estimates show that more women than men aged 65 and older have arthritis (55.4% versus 42.9%, respectively), and prevalence of musculoskeletal joint symptoms such as pain and stiffness are typically higher in women. In addition, women with arthritis are more likely to report activity limitations than are men (23% versus 18%). Although more research is needed in this area, it is estimated that in persons over age 65, incidence of knee osteoarthritis is approximately 2% per year in women and 1% per year in men. These rates are high for both sexes and point to an urgent need for the development of new strategies and treatments to prevent or control this very common and disabling disease.
A network model of transient polymers: exploring the micromechanics of nonlinear viscoelasticity.

Dynamic networks contain crosslinks that re-associate after disconnecting, imparting them with viscoelastic properties. While continuum approaches have been developed to analyze their mechanical response, these approaches can only describe their evolution in an average sense, omitting local, stochastic mechanisms that are critical to damage initiation or strain localization. To address these limitations, we introduce a discrete numerical model that mesoscopically coarse-grains the individual constituents of a dynamic network to predict its mechanical and topological evolution. Each constituent consists of a set of flexible chains that are permanently cross-linked at one end and contain reversible binding sites at their free ends. We incorporate nonlinear force–extension of individual chains via a Langevin model, slip-bond dissociation through Eyring's model, and spatiotemporally-dependent bond attachment based on scaling theory. Applying incompressible, uniaxial tension to representative volume elements at a range of constant strain rates and network connectivities, we then compare the mechanical response of these networks to that predicted by the transient network theory. Ultimately, we find that the idealized continuum approach remains suitable for networks with high chain concentrations when deformed at low strain rates, yet the mesoscale model proves necessary for the exploration of localized stochastic events, such as variability of the bond kinetics, or the nucleation of micro-cavities that likely conceive damage and fracture.
Catheter Ablation in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease

Catheter ablation has proven to be a safe and effective method of treatment for the majority of arrhythmias encountered in the pediatric and congenital heart population. The majority of arrhythmias considered for catheter ablation in the pediatric population with a structurally normal heart are accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia or AV node reentry tachycardia. There are a number of practical matters that must be considered when undertaking catheter ablation in a small child or infant including limitations of vascular access and heart size as it relates to AV nodal and coronary injury. Catheter ablation in patients with significant structural congenital heart disease presents a number of challenges related to complex anatomy, more challenging arrhythmia substrates, and limited vascular access. Innovative techniques and technological advances including the availability of three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping and irrigated ablation catheters have resulted in improved outcomes.
Al Guard's Night of Nights

I know my rights. Anything I say can be used against me therefore you can't force me to say anything, lest it be used, by you, against me. You don't have to teU me. I know my rights. I'm also entitled to an attorney, either one of my own choosing, or a court-appointed one in the event I can't afford one, which I can, or could, if I wanted one. A mouthpiece. Get me sprung out of this joint in no time, right? Raymond Burr, maybe. Judd for the Defense. Whose defense? Not mine. Who needs those guys? A mouthpiece. Who's a more famous mouthpiece around this town than me? I've logged more TV hours defending a cUent than Perry Mason and Judd and the Defenders put together. And what a cUent I had! How about the New York Gothams for a cUent? Richest cUent in the city, probably, and the hardest to defend over the past four seasons. It's easy to defend a team that's winning pen nants, not much goes wrong you have to find an excuse for. But when they're on the skids? It's no smaU task, let me tell you. And now they're prosecuting me. And don't give me any of that stuff about it really being the state that's prosecuting me. It's the Gothams. My old dient But I know my rights. My name is Al Guard. My rank is announcer. Ex-announcer. My social se curity number is 150-28-2600. And that's all you're enti?ed to. Geneva Con vention. Right? My real name? It's Al Guard, like I said. My legal name? That's a different matter. Asa Weingarten is my legal name, but despite what you poUce types may beUeve legal and real are not necessarily the same thing. My real name is Al Guard and that's who I am. Ask the Gothams, they created me. But if you boys want a statement I don't see any reason why I shouldn't give you one. Even though I know my rights I'm wilUng to talk. I'm not suffering from any prosecution complex. Sorry. I've been dying to say that ever since you boys brought me in. It just seemed to fit at that moment.
Physical activity-related beliefs and discrepancies between beliefs and physical activity behavior for various chronic diseases.

Abstract Background We have a limited understanding of factors that may explain the discrepancy between believing physical activity (PA) may help prevent various chronic diseases and actually engaging sufficient PA to prevent such diseases. Similarly, few studies have examined potential discrepancies between engaging in PA to help prevent chronic disease and actual compliance with PA recommendations. Lastly, our understanding of whether young adults believe that evidence-based PA strategies are indeed effective is limited. We address these gaps in the literature. Methods 231 undergraduate college students completed a survey assessing all study parameters. Results Main findings include: (a) Most students believed that PA could help to prevent various cardiovascular chronic diseases, with less of an understanding of the beneficial effects of PA on cancer and neurological conditions; (b) most students believed that PA evidenced-based strategies would help to facilitate PA; and (c) participants with a higher BMI were more likely to have a discrepancy between their belief and PA. Conclusions Educational messages to college students with a higher BMI may wish to focus less on the benefits of PA (with the exception of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), but more on the provision and utilization of PA-related evidenced-based strategies.
Theory of Minimum Rate of Energy Dissipation

A general theory of minimum rate of energy dissipation for a class of open channel flows with or without the movement of sediment is proposed in this paper. This theory states that the rate of energy dissipation is a minimum under steady equilibrium or gradually varied flow conditions. The theory is derived from the Navier-Stoke's equations of motion for gradually varied open channel flow without sediment transport. It applies to turbulent and laminar flows as long as the inertia forces due to the time-averaged velocity distribution is small compared with the forces due to gravity and shear. The theory in different degrees of generality can be used to explain the fluvial processes from the movement of sediment to the change of velocity, slope, roughness, channel geometry, pattern, and profile of a river under an eqiulibrium condition or during the process of self-adjustment to reach an equilibrium condition.
Cross-conjugated biradicals

Abstract cis- and trans - 2,3 - Dimethylenemethylenecyclopropane ( C and T ) interconvert at 160.0° with a small normal kinetic isotope effect (KIE) when the exo-methylene is deuterated, but the 1,3-shift products, 2-methylethylidenecyclopropane, show a large normal KIE, 1.35 and 1.31, when formed from C and T , respectively. This data can be interpreted in terms of either parallel reactions or a common trimethylenemethane diradical intermediate formed with a normal KIE of 1.11 and closing to 1,3-shift product with a normal KIE of 1.29 due to the effect of deuterium in the required 90° rotation of the exo-methylene carbon. The kinetics of the thermal 1,3- and 3,3-shifts of cis- and rans-3,4-dimethyl-1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane ( CB and TB ) were determined in a flow reactor. The first order rate constants are log kCB (sec−1) = 13.7 − 42,200/2.3 RT and log kTB (sec−1) = 13.6 − 41,900/2.3 RT (Ea in kcal/m) which compare favorably to that from the parent hydrocarbon. 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane, after reasonable correction for dimethyl substitution. Rearrangement of TB and its bis(dideuteriomethylene) derivative at 230.0° revealed a normal KIE of 1.08. This KIE could be interpreted in terms of either a methylene rotational isotope effect in a concerted reaction or formation of a bisallyl diradical with the expected normal rotational IE on closure to the 1,3-shift product of 1.12 with no IE in the ring opening when the result is corrected for return of the biradical to starting material. The kinetics of intramolecular 2 + 2 cycloaddition of 1,2,8,9-decatetraene were determined in a flow reactor. The first order rate constant is log k(sec−1) = 9.4 − 30,800/2.3 RT (Ea in kcal/m). These energetics are compared with those of other 2 + 2 cycloadditions. The major product is 3,4-dimethylenecyclooctene ( DC ) which is also found from the minor product, cis-7,8-dimethylenebicvyclo[4.2.0]octane ( CO ), at higher temperatures. The trans isomer, TO , also gives DC at about the same rate as CO .
Effectiveness of laparoscopic cadaveric dissection in enhancing resident comprehension of pelvic anatomy

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anatomic instruction during preclinical years of medical school has been in decline recently. There is evidence that residents already lose a considerable portion of basic anatomic knowledge in the transition from student to clinician, and this deficit is even more dramatic in residents who start their training with a decreased understanding of anatomy. We questioned whether anatomy could be adequately retaught to new residents as surgical anatomy. In an effort to address this deficiency, we developed a program to teach pelvic anatomy in fresh cadavers using a laparoscopic approach. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if such a program is effective in enhancing residents' pelvic anatomy comprehension. STUDY DESIGN: An obstetrics and gynecology residency was divided into intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 13) groups. The intervention was a 4-hour laparoscopic dissection in a fresh cadaver. Outcomes measures included a multiple-choice test, practical exam, faculty evaluation, and satisfaction assessment. The faculty evaluation and satisfaction assessment used a visual analog scale. Univarate and nonparametric analysis were used when appropriate. RESULTS: Initial test scores (p = 0.32), faculty evaluations (p = 0.25), and satisfaction scores (p = 0.17) were similar. Both groups improved their anatomic knowledge based on test scores (p = 0.004) and faculty evaluations (p CONCLUSIONS: This study did not have sufficient power to demonstrate that a single laparoscopic cadaveric dissection improves cognitive measures of anatomic perception, but suggested that it improves spatial perception of anatomy and is perceived by residents to be a valuable educational approach.
Anisotropic winds from T Tauri stars

Line profiles of CO 137 IS 113, and H alpha, observed in a dozen T Tauri stars with the KENO 4m echelle spectrograph, provide probes of the density, spatial extent, and anisotropy of T Tauri winds.
Stencil printing of underfill for flip chips on organic-panel and Si-wafer assemblies

A high-throughput method of post-assembly underfill is presented in this study. Emphasis is placed on the proposal of a specially designed stencil to print the underfill material for flip chips on large organic-panel and Si-wafer assemblies. After printing, the organic-panel or Si-wafer assemblies are placed on a hot plate for the underfill to totally fill the space between the chips, solder joints and substrates by capillary action, and then cured. The printing time is in a matter of seconds and hundreds or even thousands (depending of chip size and panel- and wafer-substrate size) of assemblies are printed. The cured assemblies are characterized by the C-SAM (C-Mode scanning acoustic microscopy), x-ray, shear test, cross-sectioning, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The effects of the viscosity, thermal enhancement, and multiple prints of underfills are examined. It is found that stencil printing of underfill for flip chips on organic-panel and Si-wafer substrates is a very high-throughput, simple, and low cost process.
Systems biology: from physiology to gene regulation

The discovery of DNA and its essential role in cellular function has revolutionized the science of biology. Rapid progress in biology has led to new and exciting discoveries that promise to uncover the basic underpinnings of life. As biology becomes quantitative, the role of mathematics becomes important. Furthermore, the complex nature of biology systems makes an integrative systems approach essential. In this article, the author focused on two areas where control theory can play a key role. Mathematical modeling has not only helped reverse engineer biological systems, but it has also made forward engineering possible. If this opportunity is seized, control theory becomes the bridge between the technological sciences and the life sciences.
Application of split-film anemometer and mini-computer for measurement in turbulent separated flow

A split-film anemometer has been adapted for measurement of highly turbulent intermittently reversing flows in regions of local separation around airfoils and flaps. Analog signals from the split-film anemometer are fed directly to a mini-computer for processing and analysis. Mean velocity magnitude and direction, intermittency of reversal, turbulence intensity and histograms of the velocity are obtained as outputs of the system.
Lipotoxicity augments glucotoxicity-induced mitochondrial damage in the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose. Although hyperglycemia is the main instigator in the development of diabetic retinopathy, dyslipidemia is also considered to play an important role. In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, cytosolic NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) is activated before retinal mitochondria are damaged. Our aim was to investigate the effect of lipids in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum: methylene blue test for the viability of schistosomula in vitro.

Abstract Methylene blue staining has already been used to help in determining the viability of schistosomula, but precise criteria were lacking. Such criteria have now been established using the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum, Living schistosomula, depending on the time of reading, are either (1) unstained and motile or (2) a deep blue, contracted, and motionless. Dead organisms are (1) a light green-blue and flattened or (2) colorless and degenerate. Optimum readings are made in uncovered preparations, 50–60 min after addition of the dye, when all initially motile schistosomula will have contracted and been stained.
Global epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses

From 1997 through 2007, human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses resulted in rare, sporadic, severe and fatal cases among persons in 14 countries in Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa. Of 369 reported human H5N1 cases that occurred from 1997 through 2007, overall mortality was 60%. Ten antigenically and genetically distinct clades of H5N1 viruses have been identified to date, and strains from four clades have infected humans. Surveillance has focused upon hospitalized cases of febrile acute lower respiratory tract disease among persons with exposure to sick or dead poultry, or to a human H5N1 case. Detection of H5N1 virus infection is based primarily upon collection of respiratory tract specimens from suspected cases for RT-PCR testing. Most human H5N1 cases were previously healthy children or young adults who developed severe acute pulmonary or multi-organ disease following direct or close contact with sick or dead H5N1 virus-infected poultry. Occasional clusters of H5N1 cases have occurred, predominantly among blood-related family members. Limited human-to-human H5N1 virus transmission has been reported or could not be excluded in some clusters. The frequency of asymptomatic or clinically mild H5N1 virus infection is unknown, but limited investigations suggest that such infections have been rare since 2003. There is no evidence of sustained human-to-human H5N1 virus spread. However, H5N1 viruses continue to circulate and evolve among poultry in many countries, and there are many unanswered questions about human infection with H5N1 viruses. Thus, the pandemic influenza threat presented by H5N1 viruses persists.
Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples

Aims We examined the alcohol-tobacco relationship using two prospective, ethnically diverse samples. Trajectories of alcohol and tobacco use are portrayed overall and by sex and ethnicity. Using prospective analyses, we examine directional influences between alcohol and tobacco use, and we characterize initiation versus persistence of drinking and smoking as a function of use of the other substance. Design, setting Data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) and the Adolescent Health Risk Study (AHRS). Follow-up intervals for AddHealth and AHRS were 1 and 5 years, respectively. Participants AddHealth respondents (n = 4831) were on average 14.8 years old (48% male, 23% black, 61% white) and AHRS respondents (n = 1814) were on average 16.7 years old (47% male, 44% black, 49% white). Measurements Two alcohol consumption variables and two smoking variables were used: drinking frequency and heavy drinking frequency, and regular (current) smoking and daily number of cigarettes. Findings Alcohol and tobacco use exhibited monotonic increases over adolescence and young adulthood. Men and white respondents reported more use than women and black respondents. Alcohol and tobacco were moderately associated at both times. Analyses revealed that prior alcohol use predicted tobacco use more strongly than the converse. Initiation of smoking was a function of prior drinking; to a lesser extent, initiation of drinking was a function of prior smoking. Persistence of smoking was a function of prior drinking and persistence of drinking was a function of prior smoking. Conclusions Provisional support exists for the claim that alcohol use predicts tobacco use more strongly than the converse. For both drinking and smoking, onset and persistence are predicted by prior use of the other substance, and these associations were robust across sex and ethnicity.
Search for high frequency optical variations in Vela XR-1

THE binary system associated with the 6.87-mag B0.5Ib star, HD 77581, which is identified1,2 with the Vela X-ray source, 2U0900-40, is a good candidate for optical studies with high time resolution because of its relative brightness. A 28-min data set consisting of consecutive integrations of 1 ms was taken on the night of February 25–26, 1973 with the Cerro Tololo 152-cm telescope using an S-20 photomultiplier with no filter. Analyses using power-spectral and cepstrum techniques3 show no significant activity at a level greater than 0.25% in the range from 0.06 Hz to 500 Hz (except for instrumental artefacts at 60, 180, 300 and 500 Hz). No aperiodic variations were detected to a weaker limit (1%–2%); at low frequencies (<10 Hz) increased variance ascribable to atmospheric scintillation was present. This result was confirmed by a separate analysis of about 15 min of data from an observation of 1 h on the night of January 13–14, 1973. That the X-ray emission is actually associated with a degenerate, collapsed (and perhaps invisible) companion to the brilliant supergiant, however, makes a stronger limit very desirable.
Long-Term Effectiveness of Ear-Level Devices for Tinnitus

Objective This study was undertaken to assess long-term changes in tinnitus severity exhibited by patients who purchased and used ear-level devices (hearing aids or sound generators). Study design and setting Patients were evaluated and treated within a comprehensive tinnitus management program. Follow-up questionnaires were mailed to patients 6 to 48 months after their initial appointment. Results Follow-up questionnaires from 150 patients were reviewed. Fifty patients purchased and used hearing aids, 50 patients purchased and used in-the-ear sound generators for an average of 18 months after their initial appointment; 50 patients did not use ear-level devices. At follow-up, all 3 groups of patients exhibited significant reductions in Tinnitus Severity Index scores and self-rated tinnitus loudness. Patients who used ear-level devices reported greater improvement than patients who did not use hearing aids or sound generators. Conclusions Ear-level devices such as hearing aids or sound generators can help a significant number of patients who experience chronic tinnitus. Both types of devices reduce patients’ perception of tinnitus and can facilitate habituation to the symptom. Amplification provides additional benefits of improved hearing and communication.
Managing the toxicities of the aromatase inhibitors.

Purpose of reviewThe aromatase inhibitors are increasingly used as adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive breast cancer. With additional experience using these agents, unanticipated side effects have become apparent. Women who experience side effects from adjuvant en
Recruiting for diversity: strategies for twenty‐first century research librarianship

Purpose – The paper aims to focus on organizational and institutional strategies, including a case study from the University of Tennessee, concerned with recruiting librarians from diverse backgrounds.Design/methodology/approach – Programs from the Association for Research Libraries, the American Library Association, OCLC, and IFLA for recruiting librarians from diverse backgrounds are reviewed. An in‐depth case study of the University of Tennessee Diversity Libraries Residency Program is included to provide a detailed example of a successful program and its contributions locally and to the research library field.Findings – The paper provides strategies and a catalyst for other organizations and institutions to develop robust recruitment programs for a diverse workforce in academic libraries.Originality/value – This paper lays out strategies for robust diversity recruiting activities at the organizational and institutional level using the University of Tennessee's experiences as a basis for discussion.
Novel magnetic field effects in unconventional superconductors

Abstract This paper discusses two physical systems in which the application of magnetic fields leads to new and novel consequences. The first relates to superconductivity at surfaces or at the interface between two differing materials. It is shown that a field applied in the plane leads to a new invariant in the Ginzburg–Landau theory which has non-trivial consequences. It is also shown that bulk unconventional superconductors develop an anomalous London theory near phase transitions between two different superconductors. This leads to qualitatively new vortex physics near H c1 . This theory is applied to CeIn 3 where it is shown that multiple superconducting phases are likely.
Determination and cellular localization of adenylyl cyclase isozymes expressed in embryonic chick heart

Mammalian heart has been reported to express AC isozymes (types V and VI) that are inhibited by < microM [Ca2+]; avian heart has been reported to express adenylyl cyclase activity that is inhibited by < microM [Ca2]. We have used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine that type V and VI AC mRNAs are present in freshly isolated ventricular myocytes. Subsequent RNase protection assays revealed that that the type V signal is 4-5 times that for the type VI isozyme. In situ hybridization with high specific activity cRNA probes combined with immunocytochemistry with a chick anti-myosin antibody was used to probe the cellular origins of type V and type VI AC signals. These studies show that myocytes contain messages for both the type V and VI isozymes but that AC V is the major isoform. Interestingly, while the type V AC mRNA appears to be localized primarily, if not exclusively, in myocytes, the signal for type AC VI mRNA in non-myocytes is stronger than in myocytes.