cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical processor for SAR image formation: performance trades

We describe some performance trades for a hybrid optical processor for real-time synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation. A 2D Fourier transforming time-integrating interferometrically based optical processor is a key element of the system. The optical processor uses a modulated laser diode for radar signal insertion, crossed 1D acousto-optic scanners for 2D scanning, a modified Koster interferometer for fringe generation, and fast detector arrays (cameras) for light detection and integration. The image dynamic range is enhanced by processing many camera frames. Digital pre- and post-processing play essential roles in the system enhancement. We present the characteristics of this type of processor and consider some of its performance trades. The optical processor design approach lends itself to the important attributes of high (real-time) data rates, multiple SAR mode processing capabilities, compact and rugged packaging, and power efficiency.
Fixation strength of swellable bone anchors in low-density polyurethane foam

This study represents a natural extension of our previous efforts in the design and development of a new class of swellable bone anchors, which absorb body fluids and achieve fixation by an expansion-fit mechanism. Specifically, this study investigates (i) correlations between the optimal swelling strain for highest fixation strength and the foam (or bone) density, and (ii) the influence of a threaded surface on the fixation strength of the swellable implant. For this purpose, the immediate and the final (after swelling) fixation strengths of two variations of the swellable bone anchor designs (a smooth anchor and a screw anchor) were measured in two different foams (used to simulate bone) with different densities. The amount of swelling was varied systematically for each foam and anchor design combinations. This study indicates that the screw swellable anchors have higher initial fixation strength than smooth swellable anchors, but the final fixation strengths of both anchors are quite similar. Further, it is observed that the optimal swelling strain decreased with increasing foam density. Both the smooth and screw swellable anchors were also found to exhibit higher fixation strengths than the metallic screws of similar geometry.
Multiple time scale chaos in a Schmitt trigger circuit

It is known that stray radio frequency signals can produce nonlinear effects that disrupt the operation of circuits, but the mechanisms by which this disruption occurs are not well known. In this paper, an emitter coupled Schmitt trigger circuit is driven with a high-frequency signal to look for disruptive effects. As the circuit makes a transition between mode locked states (period 2 and period 3, for example), there is a region of chaos in which the largest peak in the power spectrum is in between the mode-locked frequencies, and is not related to the driving frequency by an integer multiple. This chaos resembles the chaos seen during a period adding sequence, except that it contains frequencies ranging over many orders of magnitude, from the driving frequencies on the order of megahertz, down to a few hertz. It is found that only a one-transistor circuit is necessary to produce this extremely broadband chaos, and true quasiperiodicity is not seen in this circuit. The single-transistor circuit is then simulated to confirm the frequency conversion effects.
Composite Lava Flows on Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii

Composite lava flows of ankaramite and alkalic olivine basalt on the western flank of Haleakala contain abundant phenocrysts of olivine and augite in their upper parts, but are nearly devoid of phenocrysts in their lower parts. They resulted from crystal settling in the magma column below the volcano, followed by eruption first of the phenocryst-poor upper part of the magma, and later the phenocryst-enriched lower part. The latter overrode the earlier lava of the same flow while the flow was still hot and active.
A comparison of heart and liver fatty acid-binding proteins: interactions with fatty acids and possible functional differences studied with fluorescent fatty acid analogues

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) are distinct but related gene products which are found in many mammalian cell types. They are generally present in high abundance, and are found in those tissues where free fatty acid (ffa) flux is high. The function(s) of FABP is unknown. Also not known is whether all FABP function similarly in their respective cell types, or whether different FABP have unique functions. The purpose of these studies was to assess whether different members of the FABP family exhibit different structural and functional properties. Two fluorescent analogues of ffa were used to compare the liver (L-FABP) and heart (H-FABP) binding proteins. The propionic acid derivative of diphenylhexatriene (PADPH) was used to examine the physical properties of the ffa binding site on L- and H-FABP, as well as the relative distribution of ffa between FABP and membranes. An anthroyloxy-derivative of palmitic acid, 2AP, was used to monitor the transfer kinetics of ffa from liver or heart FABP to acceptor membranes, using a resonance energy transfer assay. The results demonstrate that the ffa binding sites of both FABP are hydrophobic in nature, although the L-FABP site is more nonpolar than the H-FABP site. Equilibration of PADPH between L-FABP and phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers resulted in a molar partition preference of > 20: 1, L-FABP: PC. Similar studies with H-FABP resulted in a PADPH partition preference of only 3:1, H-FABP: PC. Finally, the transfer of 2AP from H-FABP to acceptor membranes was found to be 50-fold faster than transfer from L-FABP. These studies demonstrate that important structural and functional differences exist between different members of the FABP family, and therefore imply that the roles of different FABP may be unique.
Pulmonary nitric oxide synthases and nitrotyrosine: findings during lung development and in chronic lung disease of prematurity.

BACKGROUND. Nitric oxide mediates and modulates pulmonary transition from fetal to postnatal life. NO is synthesized by 3 nitric oxide synthase isoforms. One key pathway of nitric oxide metabolism results in nitrotyrosine, a stable, measurable marker of nitric oxide production. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess, by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine at different airway and vascular tree levels in the lungs of neonates at different gestational ages and to compare results in control groups to those in infants with chronic lung disease. DESIGN/METHODS. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, postmortem lung blocks were prepared for immunohistochemistry using antibodies to each nitric oxide synthase isoform and to nitrotyrosine. Blinded observers evaluated the airway and vascular trees for staining intensity (0-3 scale) at 5 levels and 3 levels, respectively. The control population consisted of infants from 22 to 42 weeks' gestation who died in <48 hours. Results were compared with gestation-matched infants with varying severity of chronic lung disease. RESULTS. In control and chronic lung disease groups, 22 to 42 weeks' gestation, staining for all 3 of the nitric oxide synthase isoforms was found in the airway epithelium from the bronchus to the alveolus or distal-most airspace. The abundance or distribution of nitric oxide synthase-3 staining in the airways did not show significant correlation with gestational age or severity of chronic lung disease. In the vascular tree, intense nitric oxide synthase-3 and moderate nitric oxide synthase-2 staining was found; nitric oxide synthase-1 was not consistently stained. Nitrotyrosine did stain in the pulmonary tree. Compared with controls where nitrotyrosine staining was minimal, regardless of gestation, in infants with chronic lung disease there was more than fourfold increase between severe chronic lung disease (n = 12) and either mild chronic lung disease or control infants (n = 16). CONCLUSIONS. All 3 of the nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine are detectable by immunohistochemistry early in lung development. Nitric oxide synthase ontogeny shows no significant changes in abundance or distribution with advancing gestational age nor with chronic lung disease. Nitrotyrosine is significantly increased in severe chronic lung disease.
GROWTH ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN EXPOSED TO SIMULATED ACID RAIN AND GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS

SUMMARY Greenhouse-grown soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Davis] were exposed to simulated acid rain (pH 2.6 to 5.6) and gaseous air pollutants (SO2+ O3) to determine how effects on short-term physiological processes are integrated into whole-plant response. Injury to expanding leaves, characterized by marginal necrosis and leaf deformation, was induced by twice-weekly exposure to simulated rain of pH 2.6 and to a lesser extent pH 3.4. Growth inhibition resulted only from exposure to rain of pH 2.6, and there were no significant pH x air pollution interactions. Growth analysis from periodic harvests indicated that inhibitory effects of rain of pH 2.6 were mediated through a reduction in leaf area ratio (LAR). The alteration in LAR was not attributable to reduced allocation of dry matter to leaves but to lower specific leaf area caused by leaf deformation. There were no effects of rain pH on unit leaf rate. A second experiment confirmed the lack of growth inhibition from simulated rain with pH > 3.4. Cumulative water use, a measure that integrated aspects of root size, leaf area, and physiology, was remarkably similar in plants exposed to pH 3.4, 4.2, or 5.6 simulated rain. These experiments suggest that vegetative growth of soybeans may be adversely affected by acid rain if pH is low enough to cause physical injury to leaves and loss of photosynthetic area.
How data flow can improve application development productivity

Use of the data flow technique is a key to increasing the productivity of the application developer. It allows greater independence between functions of an application, which substantially improves the ease with which functions can be reused and can greatly reduce complexity. These two advantages alone can provide a substantial increasein productivity, even with today's tools. The independence also makes it easier to understand and deal with the functions, thus making it easier to prototype, develop, test, and change them. Each of these tasks can be much easier when each function can be dealt with independently of the other functions in any particular program
Assimilating disparate sensory feedback within virtual environments for telerobotic systems

Abstract Traditional telerobotic systems often provide feedback to the user through a variety of sensing modalities, for example through live video imagery, force reflection, or acoustic signals. When a teleoperator guides a robotic task while immersed in a virtual environment, geometric representations of the world are provided as feedback. In this case, the teleoperator interacts with the environment by visually observing these virtual objects and directing their motion. At issue is how to appropriately use various sensing modalities provided by disparate sensors in a system of this configuration. This paper focuses on assimilating the disparate feedback provided by force and vision sensors for telerobotic systems guided from within virtual environments. A framework for feedback assimilation is described based on the concept of sensor resolvability. Sensor resolvability is used in two ways: (1) to update the virtual environment; (2) to guide the desired task in the real world. Resolvability selects the appropriate sensing modality to use in updating the virtual environment within which the teleoperator is immersed. It is also used to direct semi-autonomous agents that interact directly with the real world to perform the desired task. Experimental results demonstrate the significant advantages of assimilating disparate sensory feedback throughout a telerobotic task using the concept of sensor resolvability.
1H, 15N, and 13C backbone resonance assignments for the yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH

YopH is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that functions as a required virulence factor in Yersinia. Here we report the backbone resonance assignments for a point mutant of the C-terminal catalytic domain of YopH.
Use of ultrasensitive recombinant cell bioassay to measure estrogen levels in women with breast cancer receiving the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole.

The development of well tolerated, potent, specific, and nontoxic aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen-dependent breast cancer has been a major goal of recent studies. The third generation inhibitors now under investigation are nearly 10,000-fold more potent than first generation compounds. Currently available RIAs for plasma estradiol lack sufficient sensitivity to measure levels during aromatase inhibition and, thus, to assess drug potency precisely. The availability of an ultrasensitive bioassay for estradiol provided the opportunity to accurately assess the potency of a new third generation triazole aromatase inhibitor, letrozole (CGS 20267). We used this assay to measure estradiol levels in 14 women with metastatic breast cancer given letrozole at doses of 100 micrograms to 5.0 mg/day over a 12-week period. The lack of differences between doses and sampling times allowed pooling of data. Basal estradiol levels of 7.2 +/- 1.9 pmol/L (mean +/- SEM, 1.95 +/- 0.52 ...
SU-E-T-548: Case Study of HDR Vs IMRT in Pediatric Sarcomas.

Purpose: To compare the dose to critical structures using HDR brachytherapy versus IMRT in pediatric tumors.Method: Two sarcoma cases, for which both HDR and IMRT could be options, were selected for this case study. Case 1 targeted a volume on the posterior neck/upper back with an HDR prescription of 600cGy × 5 fractions, 3000cGy total. The IMRT prescription used was 180cGy × 25 fractions, 4500cGy total with a boost of 180cGy × 6 fractions, 1080cGy. The IMRT PTV used was a 0.5cmexpansion of the HDR PTV; the boost PTV was identical to the HDR treatment plan. Case 2 targeted a volume on the palette of the mouth with an HDR prescription of 300cGy × 12 fractions, 3600cGy total. The IMRT prescription used was 180cGy × 28 fractions, 5040cGy total. A 0.5cm expansion of the HDR PTV was used for the IMRT PTV. In both cases, for both HDR and IMRT, at least 95% of the PTV received 100% prescription dose, following Children's Oncology Group protocols. Results: Case 1 : the mean doses to the body, brachial plexus, esophagus, spinal cord and thyroid were higher using IMRT than HDR. Integral dose was 6.6 times higher using IMRT than HDR. Case 2: the mean doses to the body, mandible, and parotids were higher using IMRT than HDR. Integral dose was 2.9 times higher using IMRT than HDR. Conclusion: This study shows the potential benefit of treating with HDR compared to IMRT in select pediatric cases. These results suggest that HDR can be superior to IMRT in the sparing of critical structures and in delivering less integral dose to the patient while still achieving adequate target coverage. However, lower mean doses to critical structures must also be weighed against the possibility of complications from HDR's very high hotspots.:
Research priorities for human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections surveillance, screening, and intervention in emergency departments: consensus-based recommendations.

This article describes the results of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention in the emergency department (ED) component of the 2009 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference entitled “Public Health in the ED: Surveillance, Screening, and Intervention.” The objectives were to use experts to define knowledge gaps and priority research questions related to the performance of HIV and STI surveillance, screening, and intervention in the ED. A four-step nominal group technique was applied using national and international experts in HIV and STI prevention. Using electronic mail, an in-person meeting, and a Web-based survey, specific knowledge gaps and research questions were identified and prioritized. Through two rounds of nomination and refinement, followed by two rounds of election, consensus was achieved for 11 knowledge gaps and 14 research questions related to HIV and STI prevention in EDs. The overarching themes of the research priority questions were related to effectiveness, sustainability, and integration. While the knowledge gaps appear disparate from one another, they are related to the research priority questions identified. Using a consensus approach, we developed a set of priorities for future research related to HIV and STI prevention in the ED. These priorities have the potential to improve future clinical and health services research and extramural funding in this important public health sector.
Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Zambia

Zambia's agricultural potential is great. Less than a quarter of its available agricultural land is now being used for farming, and rainfall in most years is substantial. Nonetheless, the government of Zambia has shown little inclination to strengthen the country's agricultural sector by eliminating panterritorial pricing, reducing food-cost subsidies to urban consumers, or establishing incentives for agricultural exports. This report reviews the pricing policy situation in Zambia. Following an overview of the economy and in particular the agricultural sector, chapters 2, and 3 discuss the history of pricing policies and the measures of intervention in Zambia. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the effects of intervention, including the effect to the Government budget. Chapter 6 reviews the administrative impact of intervention and chapter 7 discusses the income distribution effects. Finally, some suggestions and motives for policy reform are suggested in chapter 8.
Radioluminescent nanophosphors enable multiplexed small-animal imaging.

We demonstrate the ability to image multiple nanoparticle-based contrast agents simultaneously using a nanophosphor platform excited by either radiopharmaceutical or X-ray irradiation. These radioluminescent nanoparticles emit optical light at unique wavelengths depending on their lanthanide dopant, enabling multiplexed imaging. This study demonstrates the separation of two distinct nanophosphor contrast agents in gelatin phantoms with a recovered phosphor separation correlation of −0.98. The ability to distinguish the two nanophosphors and a Cerenkov component is then demonstrated in a small animal phantom. Combined with the high-resolution potential of low-scattering X-ray excitation, this imaging technique may be a promising method to probe molecular processes in living organisms.
Iterative Detection and Estimation for Multiple Access Interference Mitigation in Asynchronous Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum

In this paper, we propose multiple-access interference (MAI) mitigation techniques for asynchronous slow frequency-hop spread spectrum systems that employ binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK). In such systems, MAI occurs if the hopping patterns of the users are not orthogonal. Under asynchronous transmission, the interference will have structure that can be exploited for interference mitigation. We apply an EM-based approach that results in an iterative algorithm to estimate the desired packet in the presence of one or more interfering signals. We compare the performance of this algorithm with that of a conventional noncoherent BFSK transceiver and show that the algorithm is particularly effective in the presence of strong interfering signals.
Alglucerase for Gaucher's disease: dose, costs and benefits.

Gaucher's disease is the most prevalent glycolipid storage di sorder. A deficiency in the enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, causes the accumulati on of glycolipid in a variety of organs, In many cases, very possibly the majority, manifestations of the disease are so mild as to have a trivial effect on quality and length of life. However, the disease can be devastating, resulting in massive en largement of the liver and spleen, bone l esions, and in neurological manifestations in the rare type 2 a nd t ype 3 forms of the disease. Alglucerase is a modified glucocerebrosidase preparation that has been found to be e f fect ive in the treatment of Gaucher's disease.
Failure analysis of conveyor pulley shaft

Abstract The shaft of a conveyor belt drive pulley failed in service. An investigation was performed in order to determine the failure root cause and contribution factors. Investigation methods included visual examination, optical and scanning electron microscope analysis, chemical analysis of the material and mechanical tests. A finite element analysis was also performed to quantify the stress distribution in the shaft. It was concluded that the shaft failed due to fatigue and that the failure was caused by improper reconditioning of the shaft during routine overhaul.
Why Leadership Matters: Empowering Teachers to Implement Formative Assessment.

Purpose – The focus of this research is to understand the role of the district superintendent, the building principal, and the school leadership team of classroom teachers as catalysts for innovation in instruction and classroom assessment. School characteristics and structures designed to specifically support professional learning communities are to be analyzed, and the responsibility teachers take for student learning using formative assessment is evaluated.Design/methodology/approach – The setting for the study is a small, Midwestern high school in the USA. The high school has a staff of 38 teachers, 15 of whom are on the Formative Assessment Building Leadership Team. The high school principal and district superintendent also participated in the study. The study took the form of a qualitative case study. The data sources were transcripts and artifacts from eight months of interviews, and building‐wide teacher meetings. Professional development inservices were also analyzed.Findings – The principal serv...
Changes in Curd Strength Due to Dialysis of Abnormal Against Normal Milk

Abstract The effect of dialysis of Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (WMT > 20 mm) versus negative (WMT
ORAL ANOMALIES INDUCED IN THE RAT BY MECLIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE.

Abstract Serial sections of the neck and thorax of fetuses from rats treated with meclizine hydrochloride revealed no esophageal anomalies. The oral defects induced in the offspring of rats treated with meclizine hydrochloride have been described. These include palatal clefts, glossopalatine fusion with and without connective tissue fusion, fusion of the tip of the tongue to the mandibular oral mucosa, and malrelation of maxillary incisors to the labial mucocutaneous junction.
The blockbuster hypothesis: influencing the boundaries of knowledge

We argue that the creation of new knowledge is both difficult and rare. More specifically, we posit that the creation of new knowledge is dominated by a few key insights that challenge the way people think about an idea; generating high interest and use. We label this the blockbuster hypothesis. Using two large samples of published management studies over the period 1998---2007 we find support for the blockbuster hypothesis. We also find that numerous studies in the leading management journals are flops, having little impact on the profession as measured using citation data. Additional tests indicate that journal "quality" is related to the ratio of blockbusters to flops a journal publishes and that journal rankings are a poor proxy for study influence. Consistent with the notion that editorial boards are able to identify new knowledge, we find that research notes significantly under-perform articles in both the same journal and articles published in lower ranked journals. Taken together, the results imply that only a few scientific studies, out of the thousands published in a given area, change or influence the boundaries of knowledge, with many appearing to have little impact on the frontiers of knowledge. Overall, this analysis indicates that the development of new knowledge is rare even though it appears to be recognizable to knowledge gatekeepers like journal editors.
Servers reintegration in disconnection-resilient file systems for mobile clients

Servers' reintegration is a mode of file system operation that allows file servers to synchronize their data after network partitions. The reintegration design supports the main objectives of the disconnection-resilient file systems, which is to provide high available and reliable storage for files, and guarantees that file operations are executed in spite of concurrency and failures. In this paper, we show that server reintegration is efficient and practical by describing its design and implementation in paradise file system. Moreover, we report on its performance evaluation using a cluster of workstations. Our results indicate clearly that our design exhibits a significant degree of automation and conflict-free mobile file system.
Assessing the impact of a short-term service-learning clinical experience on the development of professional behaviors of student physical therapists: A pilot study

As with most health care provider education programs, physical therapy programs seek ways to develop professional behaviors of students. This study describes the integration of a one-week service-learning experience into an existing clinical internship. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed between groups of students who participated in the experience, expressed a desire to participate but were unable to, and those who did not wish to participate. Results suggest that engaging in, as well as the desire to engage in, a servicelearning project for under-served members of our community is associated with professional behavior development from students’ and clinical preceptors’ perspectives.
Does neck viewing angle affect spatial orientation in an HMD-based VE?

In this study, we examine subjects' spatial orientation in a head--mounted display (HMD) based virtual environment (VE) when objects are placed at different vertical viewing angles. More specifically, we examine spatial orientation when subjects memorize the location of objects on the ground, at eyelevel, and up in the air. Interestingly, we found that spatial orientation was the same across all conditions. This finding is important because it informs researchers who use similar spatial orientation tasks that variations in viewing neck angle to targets is not necessarily an issue.
Combined training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity independent of age

Context: Skeletal muscle from sedentary older adults exhibits reduced mitochondrial abundance and oxidative capacity. Objective: The primary objective was to determine whether 8 weeks of combined training (CT) has a more robust effect than endurance training (ET) or resistance training (RT) on mitochondrial physiology in healthy young (18–30 years) and older (≥65 years) adults. Intervention: Thirty-four young and 31 older adults were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of ET, RT, and control/CT. Control subjects completed 8 weeks of no exercise (control) followed by 8 weeks of CT. Body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and peak oxygen uptake were measured before and after the intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and 48 hours after the intervention. Mitochondrial physiology was evaluated by high-resolution respirometry and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Results: ET and CT significantly increased oxida...
Effect of a diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation and monocyte adhesion in diabetic men.

Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. We examined the effects of lifestyle modification on key contributing factors to atherogenesis, including oxidative stress, inflammation and cell adhesion. Diabetic men (N = 13) were placed on a highfiber, low-fat diet in a 3-week residential program where food was provided ad libitum and daily aerobic exercisewas performed. In eachsubject, pre-and post-interventionfasting bloodwasdrawnfor circulatinglevelsofserum lipids, glucoseandinsulin,oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostaglandin F2a (8-iso-PGF2a), the inflammatory protein C-reactive protein (CRP), and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 and sE-selectin as indicators of endothelial activation. Using subject sera and human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) culture systems, serum-induced monocyte adhesion, ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) and cell surface abundance, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production were determined. Nitric oxide (NO), superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide production were measured in vitro by fluorometric detection. After 3 weeks, significant reductions (p < 0.05) in BMI, all serum lipids including total cholesterol (pre: 188.9 � 10.1 mg/dL versus post: 146.3 � 3.8 mg/ dL) and low-density lipoprotein (103.1 � 10.2 mg/dL versus 76.4 � 4.3 mg/dL), fasting serum glucose (157.5 � 10.1 mg/dL versus 126.7 � 8.7 mg/dL), insulin (33.8 � 4.0 mU/ml versus 23.8 � 3.4 mU/ml), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, 8-iso-PGF2a, CRP, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin were noted. In vitro, serum-stimulated monocyte adhesion, cellular ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression (p < 0.05), and fluorometric detection of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production decreased, while a concomitant increase in NO production was noted (all p < 0.01). A combination of diet and exercise ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and monocyte-endothelial interaction. Intensive lifestyle modification may improve novel CAD risk factors in men with diabetes. # 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evidence that ganglion cells react to retinal detachment

Growth associated protein 43 (GAP 43) is involved in synapse formation and it is expressed in the retina in a very specific pattern. Although GAP 43 is downregulated at the time of synapse formation, it can be re-expressed following injury such as axotomy or ischemia. Because of this we sought to characterize the expression of GAP 43 after retinal detachment (RD). Immunoblot, immunocytochemical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) techniques were used to assess the level of GAP 43 expression after experimental RD. GAP 43 was localized to three sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer of the normal retina. GAP 43 became upregulated in a subset of retinal ganglion cells following at least 7 days of RD. By immunoblot GAP 43 could be detected by 3 days. QPCR shows the upregulation of GAP 43 message by 6 hr of detachment. To further characterize changes in ganglion cells, we used an antibody to neurofilament 70 and 200 kDa (NF) proteins. Anti-NF labels horizontal cells, ganglion cell dendrites in the inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell axons (fasicles) in the normal retina. Following detachment it is upregulated in horizontal cells and ganglion cells. When detached retina was double labelled with anti-GAP 43 and anti-NF, some cells were labelled with both markers, while others labelled with only one. We have previously shown that second order neurons respond to detachment; here we show that third order neurons are responding as well. Cellular remodelling of this type in response to detachment may explain the slow recovery of vision that often occurs after reattachment, or those changes that are often assumed to be permanent.
Application of a discrete jump-detection algorithm to a continuous system

The effectiveness of a discrete jump detection and state estimation algorithm applied to a continuous system is investigated. A three-state decision rule (yes, no, maybe) is used to detect parameter jumps. For the maybe region, a random walk model of the system is invoked. The continuous system modeling program was used to simulate a continuous system and obtain sampled input-output sequences. A sudden change in the original system produced a change in one of the parameters of its autoregressive moving average model, which was detected by the algorithm, and the new value was estimated. The problems of sensitivity and false alarm are discussed. >
Elimination of altered karyotypes by sexual reproduction preserves species identity

Resolving the persistence of sexual reproduction despite its overwhelming costs (known as the paradox of sex) is one of the most persistent challenges of evolutionary biology. In thinking about this paradox, the focus has traditionally been on the evolutionary benefits of genetic recombination in generating offspring diversity and purging deleterious mutations. The similarity of pattern between evolution of organisms and evolution among cancer cells suggests that the asexual process generates more diverse genomes owing to less controlled reproduction systems, while sexual reproduction generates more stable genomes because the sexual process can serve as a mechanism to “filter out” aberrations at the chromosome level. Our reinterpretation of data from the literature strongly supports this hypothesis. Thus, the principal consequence of sexual reproduction is the reduction of drastic genetic diversity at the genome or chromosome level, resulting in the preservation of species identity rather than the provisi...
A practical Josephson voltage standard at 1 V

A series array of 1484 pairs of Josephson junctions, biased by microwaves at 72 GHz, is demonstrated to provide stable quantized voltages at the 1 V level. The niobium/lead-alloy junctions used in the array are not affected by thermal cycling.
Pregnancy in Renal Transplant Recipients

Fertility in women with kidney failure is restored by transplantation. It requires careful planning and is only advisable in women with good kidney function, controlled blood pressure, and general good health. Immunosuppressive drugs carry risks for the fetus, but the risks of prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus are surprisingly low. Mycophenolate is teratogenic. The success rate for pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients is lower than in the general population with 70% to 80% of pregnancies resulting in surviving infants. Prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, and preeclampsia are all increased. Complications are higher and outcomes are worse for women with serum creatinine levels over 1.3 mg/dL. Ten to 15% of women have a temporary or permanent decline in kidney function, particularly if prepregnancy creatinine is high. Transplant-related infections can be serious for the mother and fetus. A multidisciplinary team should coordinate care.
Why Not?—Or How to Home in on the Sound of White Silence: Commentary on Harris's “The House of Difference”

As Adrienne Harris (this issue) highlights in this rich, intersectional analysis of the psychosocial harms sanctioned and perpetuated by “white silence,” a negative speech act shaped by the surgical and subliminal power of white racial consciousness, we, especially today, of “postracial” globality, cannot ignore its “tragic limit,” its pretextual self-verbalization: how white bleaches white actively, preemptively, blocking the liminal voice of acknowledgment. My response further highlights and contextualizes the discursive noise of white silence by linking it to the white “epistemology of ignorance” among others. This way, we can also see, quite vividly, how relational psychoanalytic thinking and postmodern theorizing translate each other. Such is how the inside-outside dyadic and dynamic, common to both strands of thinking, begins to shift its gears in the able hands of Harris, whose microaural attention to primarily visual experiences such as racial encounters remains instructive.
The Representation of Polysemy: MEG Evidence

Most words in natural language are polysemous, that is, they can be used in more than one way. For example, paper can be used to refer to a substance made out of wood pulp or to a daily publication printed on that substance. Although virtually every sentence contains polysemy, there is little agreement as to how polysemy is represented in the mental lexicon. Do different uses of polysemous words involve access to a single representation or do our minds store distinct representations for each different sense? Here we investigated priming between senses with a combination of behavioral and magnetoencephalographic measures in order to test whether different senses of the same word involve identity or mere formal and semantic similarity. Our results show that polysemy effects are clearly distinct from similarity effects bilaterally. In the left hemisphere, sense-relatedness elicited shorter latencies of the M350 source, which has been hypothesized to index lexical activation. Concurrent activity in the right hemisphere, on the other hand, peaked later for sense-related than for unrelated target stimuli, suggesting competition between related senses. The obtained pattern of results supports models in which the representation of polysemy involves both representational identity and difference: Related senses connect to same abstract lexical representation, but are distinctly listed within that representation.
Interobserver Variability Among Expert Orthopedic Pathologists for Diagnosis, Histologic Grade, and Determination of the Necessity for Chemotherapy in Osteosarcoma

Eight expert orthopedic pathologists voluntarily reviewed the clinicoradiologic and histologic data from 12 selected cases coded as osteosarcoma over the past seven years (procured from a total of 40 cases) from the files of the University of North Carolina and Wake Forest University. The study sample was chosen to include a full spectrum of histologic grades and subtypes including conventional, low-grade central, chondroblastoma-like, osteoblastoma-like, small cell, telangiectatic, parosteal, and periosteal variants. Participants were asked to render a diagnosis, provide a histologic grade (if applicable), and offer an opinion as to whether the patient could benefit from chemotherapy. Uniform agreement regarding the diagnosis of osteosarcoma was observed in 7 cases (58 hr %), including the most common, conventional subtypes, and the telangiectatic, parosteal, and periosteal variants. Among the remaining 5 cases, the consensus majority (> 4) also was osteosarcoma. However, additional diagnoses ranged from...
Individual Differences in Cognition: A New Approach to Intelligence

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a collection of theoretical and empirical arguments against the separation of testing from a theory of cognition. It describes a general model of cognition and presents some of its implications for individual differences. The chapter presents a number of experiments, which relate the model to the present tests of intelligence and considers the implications of these results for both psychometrics and cognitive psychology, indicating some directions for future research. The theoretical model used is the Distributed Memory model, which is representative of a class of models acceptable to the majority of experimental psychologists interested in cognition. The theoretical approach underlying the distributed memory model is that the brain can be thought of as a computing system, and that as such it has a physical and implied logical construction which is called its system architecture. The physical structures comprising the system architecture are exercised by control processes analogous to programs in an actual computer.
75As NMR studies of phase transition precursors in KH2AsO4

Abstract Effects of a small admixture of the ferroelectric phase symmetry are evident in the 75As NMR lineshape up to at least room temperature; i.e., more than three times the transition temperature of Tc = 97 K. Analysis of the temperature-dependent lineshape allows a determination of the temperature dependence of the polarization distribution function. It is demonstrated that essentially all arsenic nuclei experience this small polarization in the paraelectric phase.
Solutions Using Conjugate Elements

The conventional conjugate beam method solves only for the flexural effect in beams. This paper extends the method to the solution of shear and temperature gradient effects in beams. Members subjected to thrust and uniform change in temperature are also analyzed by the use of conjugate elements.
The Position of the United States Delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the Use of HIC in the Automotive Environment

A review and analysis of existing cadaver head impact data has been conducted in this paper. The association of the Head Injury Criterion with experimental cadaver skull fracture and brain damage has been investigated, and risk curves of HIC versus skull fracture and brain damage have been developed. Limitation of the search for the maximum HIC duration to 15ms has been recommended for the proper use of HIC in the automotive crash environment.
Cell replacement therapy for central nervous system diseases

The brain and spinal cord can not replace neurons or supporting glia that are lost through traumatic injury or disease. In pre-clinical studies, however, neural stem and progenitor cell transplants can promote functional recovery. Thus the central nervous system is repair competent but lacks endogenous stem cell resources. To make transplants clinically feasible, this field needs a source of histocompatible, ethically acceptable and non-tumorgenic cells. One strategy to generate patient-specific replacement cells is to reprogram autologous cells such as fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells which can then be differentiated into the required cell grafts. However, the utility of pluripotent cell derived grafts is limited since they can retain founder cells with intrinsic neoplastic potential. A recent extension of this technology directly reprograms fibroblasts into the final graftable cells without an induced pluripotent stem cell intermediate, avoiding the pluripotent caveat. For both types of reprogramming the conversion efficiency is very low resulting in the need to amplify the cells in culture which can lead to chromosomal instability and neoplasia. Thus to make reprogramming biology clinically feasible, we must improve the efficiency. The ultimate source of replacement cells may reside in directly reprogramming accessible cells within the brain.
CSR in Private Enterprises in Developing Countries

This book examines and evaluates how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a business agenda is growing and becoming recognised in the private enterprises of developing countries taking the readymade garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh as a case study.In Bangladesh, CSR is growing in importance in corporate businesses in response to global trends. This book finds that the overall application of CSR in private enterprises in this country is emerging and progressing in an incoherent manner. This is due to certain challenges and constraints, notably the absence of multi-player activities, lack of adequate public sector interventions, and an absence of a national consensus on CSR or uniform CSR guidelines. The position is somewhat different in the private enterprises of the Bangladesh’s (RMG) industry. This sector is the largest source of this country’s export earnings. The practices of labour and environment-related CSR in the form of social compliance requirements from the international buyers are growing steadily in this industry. Also there is a trend of the development of the multi-player activism for the promotion of compliance with these requirements in it. But changes seem only to be occurring in the large contracting enterprises and the enterprises of Export Processing Zones (EPZ). A huge number of small and medium scale enterprises and non-contracting enterprises remain non-participants in this trend. The reasons for this include insufficient co-ordination among stakeholders, resource constraints in factories, the absence of concrete guidelines from government and associations, lack of awareness among workers about their rights, and the absence of firm commitments from international buyers.
Do You Hear the Knocking at the Door? A Therapeutic Approach to Enriching Clinical Legal Education Comes Calling

William and Mary Law School, a public institution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, its roots deeply entrenched in the archives of legal learning, might not be a place you would expect to see an externship with the heading "Therapeutic Courts Practice." However, the law school as part of its mission to produce graduates who are not simply powerful advocates and wise counselors, but also honorable and concerned human beings and good citizens has taken up the cause of Therapeutic Jurisprudence and problem-solving courts. In Part I of my paper, I discuss the basic tenets of Therapeutic Jurisprudence and how it integrates quite nicely with clinical education. Part II is reserved for a discussion of problem-solving courts, sometimes called therapeutic courts. Further, I describe the close relationship that exists between Therapeutic Jurisprudence and problem-solving courts, and how the two complement each other. Part III introduces the William & Mary Law School model of a therapeutic courts externship and how students are introduced to the principles of Therapeutic Jurisprudence. It is here that the nuts and bolts of the course are described in some detail. This part also serves as an opportunity to discuss Virginia's Drug Treatment Court Program, including the use of juvenile, family and adult drug treatment courts of the Commonwealth in placing externs. It is here that I also pay particular attention to the reactions of students to the "therapeutic" externship experience. My hope with the student reports is to convey a very consistent and important message heard from my students: Therapeutic Jurisprudence has a real place in the law school curriculum, and is especially useful in the clinical and legal skills area. I have devoted the major theme of this paper to the creation and implementation of an externship devoted solely to the practice of therapeutic courts. It is my hope that others will consider doing the same. In its relatively short life span it has proven exciting, invigorating and stimulating to students. In evaluating any new program or course, student reaction, is one of the most important considerations. As good vibes continue to flow from the experience, good will for Therapeutic Jurisprudence continues to build with law school administration and faculty, many of whom were skeptics in the first place. At William & Mary Law School, I'm grateful that when opportunity came knocking, someone was listening. To some, opportunity is seen as a risk or chance. To others, it is viewed similarly but with an added sense of advancement for the common good. The opportunities that are present with a program in Therapeutic Jurisprudence and an externship in Therapeutic Courts Practice are endless. As we all labor in the vineyards to enrich the lives of our student's legal education, let us not be afraid to do what we teach our students to do, think and discover the possibilities and then in turn, seize on the new opportunities of the day.
Experimental Observations of Cylindrical Indentation of a Metallic Glass

In this study, the deformation behavior of a metallic glass under a cylindrical indenter is elucidated with in situ observations. The experimental observations for various indenter radii provide information on both macroscopic and microscopic details of the deformation. The deformation zones developed under indenters with different radii were found to be self-similar, in agreement with the predictions of the cavity expansion model. It will be shown that, the evolution of shear bands under the indenter resembles the solutions obtained from the slip line analysis. Finally, full field strain measurements can provide the detailed information regarding the temporal and the spatial evolution of the shear bands during the course of deformation.
Building Home–School Relationships to Enhance Reading Achievement for Students From Families With Limited Financial Resources:

In Phase I, expectations for parental involvement were evaluated in a Title I school with a history of low reading achievement. Interviews were conducted with the principal, parent liaison, two fir...