cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung Surfactants, Counterions, and Hysteresis

The wide hysteresis and low surface tension of lung extracts, as studied on a modified Langmuir-Wilhelmy surface balance, are dependent on the presence of subphase electrolytes. A possible mechanism for the hysteresis and its importance to the exchange of surfactants between the alveolar cell and the alveolar surface film are discussed.
Neighborhood stabilization in jewish communities: A comparative analysis

Since the 1920s and 1930s social scientists have noted the tendency for black residential areas to expand into and through Jewish communities rather than through other white ethnic communities (Kain, 1970; Rose, 1969; Sobel and Sobel, 1966). They have attributed the susceptibility of Jewish communities to racial change to the upward social mobility among Jews, to assimilation (i.e., the adoption of societal values emphasizing the suburban way of life), to Jewish family structure (i.e., the tendency for Jewish children to avoid living in the same neighborhoods as their parents), to the lack of commit ment among Jews to the physical environment (Sklare, 1972) and to the fact that Jews have never physically resisted black in-migration.1 Usually, synagogues and other Jewish communal institutions have pas sively adapted to changes in the community by relocating to newer Jewish communities in the suburbs. One problem with this strategy is the costs incurred for replacing synagogues and other communal facilities. In addi tion, the neighborhood transition process is never complete. The poor and the elderly are left behind in neighborhoods experiencing physical decline and rapid increases in the incidence of violent street crime (Ginsberg, 1975). Finally, the suburbanized Jewish population may become so dispersed as to make reestablishment of institutions inefficient or impossible. Jewish communal leaders have become increasingly aware of these prob lems and as a result have become increasingly interested in the effort to stabilize racially changing Jewish communities. They have been handicap ped by the lack of information on the strengths and weaknesses of different racial stabilization strategies. Ironically, a large proportion of the academic case studies of racially changing communities have been of Jewish com munities: the Mattapan section of Boston (Ginsberg, 1975), the South Shore Community of Chicago (Molotch, 1972), and several communities in De troit (Wolf and Lebeaux, 1967). Unfortunately these studies devote little or
Nonequivalent periodic subsets of the lattice.

The use of Polya's theorem in crystallography and other applications has greatly simplified many counting and coloring problems. Given a group of equivalences acting on a set, Polya's theorem equates the number of unique subsets with the orbits of the group action. For a lattice and a given group of periodic equivalences, the number of nonequivalent subsets of the lattice can be solved using Polya's counting on the group of relevant symmetries acting on the lattice. When equivalence is defined via a sublattice, the use of Polya's theorem is equivalent to knowing the cycle index of the action of the group elements on a related finite group structure. A simple algebraic method is presented to determine the cycle index for a group element acting on a lattice subject to certain periodicity arguments.
A Comparison of Flow and Queue Time Variances in Machine-Limited Versus Dual-Resource-Constrained Systems

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of which performance time measure, flow or queue time, should be used to evaluate heuristics such as dispatching and labor assignment rules in both machine-limited and dual-resource-constrained production systems. Since the difference between the mean flow time and the mean queue time is simply the mean processing time, any reporting of differences in these means would be uninteresting. Therefore, this research focuses on the variances of these performance time measures. Using these measures, differences between machine-limited and dual-resource-constrained systems are also examined. The methodology employed to conduct this experimentation is computer simulation. The results indicate that there are major differences in the performance of machine-limited compared to dual-resource-constrained systems. Arguments for using queue time instead of flow time as a performance criterion are supported by the results of additional experimentation. These results have important i...
Large microwave tunability of GaAs-based multiferroic heterostructure for applications in monolithic microwave integrated circuits

Microwave magnetoelectric coupling in a ferroelectric/ferromagnetic/semiconductor multiferroic (MF) heterostructure, consisting of a Co2MnAl epitaxial film grown on a GaAs substrate bonded to a lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (PMN-PT) crystal, is reported. Ferromagnetic resonance measurements were carried out at X-band under the application of electric fields. Results indicate a frequency tuning of 125 MHz for electric field strength of 8 kV cm−1 resulting in a magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of 3.4 Oe cm kV−1. This work explores the potential of electronically controlled MF devices for use in future monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
Diffusion to nonoverlapping or spatially correlated traps

The survival probability S(t) is computed for a particle diffusing in a medium containing a distribution of static spherical traps whose centers may be correlated in an arbitrary way. This extends the author's previous work on overlapping traps, which correspond to complete lack of correlation. The correlation is accounted for by introducing a trap-center pair correlation function in a second-cumulant approximation for averages over the distribution of traps. Otherwise the methods are the same as those used previously wherein the average number of different sites sampled in a random walk is used in a first-cumulant approximation for averages over all possible walks. Specific results are obtained for nonoverlapping traps (hard-sphere correlation) which occupy an arbitrary fraction f of the volume and for point traps which interact via attractive or repulsive potentials. For nonoverlapping traps S(t) has the same functional dependence exp(-t-${t}^{1/2}$) found for overlapping traps, but the parameters are increased so that the average trapping rate ${R}_{\mathrm{in}}$ is greatly enhanced, even after account is taken of the reduced trapping volume caused by overlap. ${R}_{\mathrm{in}}$ is not greatly affected by having centers repel one another, but strong attraction produces clustering which greatly reduces ${R}_{\mathrm{in}}$ in a manner consistent with a simple physical picture. The characteristic inverse length \ensuremath{\kappa} which appears in the ${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\kappa}r}$/r spatial dependence of the distribution of filled traps is calculated for nonoverlapping traps. Agreement between theory and simulations is very good for \ensuremath{\kappa}. Simulation data for ${R}_{\mathrm{in}}$ are strongly dependent on discrete lattice effects (much more so than for \ensuremath{\kappa}); but extrapolation to the continuum limit gives good agreement with theory. The effective diffusion coefficient is calculated from its relation to ${R}_{\mathrm{in}}$ and \ensuremath{\kappa}.
Mechanism of Photoactivation of Electron Transport in Intact Bryopsis Chloroplasts

The mechanism of photoactivation of photosystem I electron transport was studied in intact Bryopsis corticulans chloroplasts. The evidence from chemical and photochemical studies suggests that photoactivation is a consequence of a reduction of an electron transport component, presumably ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. O2 does not act as a mediator of the process but rather acts as an electron acceptor after photoactivation has occurred. We suggest that the initial function of the chloroplasts in a transition from dark to light is to initiate pseudocyclic electron flow.
Just-in-time connectivity for large spiking networks

The scale of large neuronal network simulations is memory limited due to the need to store connectivity information: connectivity storage grows as the square of neuron number up to anatomically relevant limits. Using the NEURON simulator as a discrete-event simulator (no integration), we explored the consequences of avoiding the space costs of connectivity through regenerating connectivity parameters when needed: just in time after a presynaptic cell fires. We explored various strategies for automated generation of one or more of the basic static connectivity parameters: delays, postsynaptic cell identities, and weights, as well as run-time connectivity state: the event queue. Comparison of the JitCon implementation to NEURON's standard NetCon connectivity method showed substantial space savings, with associated run-time penalty. Although JitCon saved space by eliminating connectivity parameters, larger simulations were still memory limited due to growth of the synaptic event queue. We therefore designed a JitEvent algorithm that added items to the queue only when required: instead of alerting multiple postsynaptic cells, a spiking presynaptic cell posted a callback event at the shortest synaptic delay time. At the time of the callback, this same presynaptic cell directly notified the first postsynaptic cell and generated another self-callback for the next delay time. The JitEvent implementation yielded substantial additional time and space savings. We conclude that just-in-time strategies are necessary for very large network simulations but that a variety of alternative strategies should be considered whose optimality will depend on the characteristics of the simulation to be run.
A nonlinear indefinite admittance matrix for modeling electronic devices

An approach is proposed that yields equivalent-circuit models for the large-signal transient response of all electronic devices described by charge control. Its relation to the indefinite admittance matrix of circuit theory offers advantages in the modeling of devices having more than three terminals.
On the distribution of the number of vertices in layers of random trees

Denote by Sn the set of all distinct rooted trees with n labeled vertices. A tree is chosen at random in the set Sn, assuming that all the possible nn&#8722;1 choices are equally probable. Define &#964;n(m) as the number of vertices in layer m, that is, the number of vertices at a distance m from the root of the tree. The distance of a vertex from the root is the number of edges in the path from the vertex to the root. This paper is concerned with the distribution and the moments of &#964;n(m) and their asymptotic behavior in the case where m=[2&#945;n], 0&#60;&#945;&#60;&#8734; and n&#8594;&#8734;. In addition, more random trees, branching processes, the Bernoulli excursion and the Brownian excursion are also considered.
Effects of chronic non-clinical depression on the use of positive and negative words in language contexts.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic non-clinical depression (ChD) on the use of ambiguous and unambiguous emotional words in language contexts. Participants with ChD and normal non-depressed (ND) participants’ responses to positive and negative stimulus words on a free association word test were compared using the Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL) model of memory’s context density metric, a measure of the range of contexts in which a word is used in language. ChD participants generated negative words that were used in more restricted contexts than ND participants. However, ND and ChD participants used positive words in a similar range of contexts. The results suggest that people with ChD tend to use negative words that are probably more negative in connotation, yet they are not impaired with respect to using words in contexts where positive words are required.
MICRO‐RELIEF SURFACE DEPRESSION STORAGE: ANALYSIS OF MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE DEPTH‐STORAGE FUNCTION

ABSTRACT: Micro-relief surface depression storage is one of the components of the rainfall-runoff process. The quantification of surface depression storage values and a depth-storage model to describe the storage was the subject of this study. Point measurement data were collected on 258 surfaces of 5 soils and three artificial surfaces. Five methods of computing storage, 15 depth-storage models, two depth increments, and six grid spacings were investigated. The 1-inch grid computational method, 0.1-inch depth increment, and 1-inch grid spacings were recommended. The surface depression storage function is best described by the model S = aDb, which relates surface depression storage as a function of depth with two equation parameters. Equations for describing the surface depression storage model parameters have been developed.
Efficacy of the GluK1/AMPA Receptor Antagonist LY293558 against Seizures and Neuropathology in a Soman-Exposure Model without Pretreatment and its Pharmacokinetics after Intramuscular Administration

Control of brain seizures after exposure to nerve agents is imperative for the prevention of brain damage and death. Animal models of nerve agent exposure make use of pretreatments, or medication administered within 1 minute after exposure, in order to prevent rapid death from peripheral toxic effects and respiratory failure, which then allows the testing of anticonvulsant compounds. However, in a real-case scenario of an unexpected attack with nerve agents, pretreatment would not be possible, and medical assistance may not be available immediately. To determine if control of seizures and survival are still possible without pretreatment or immediate pharmacologic intervention, we studied the anticonvulsant efficacy of the GluK1 (GluR5)/α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist (3S,4aR,6R,8aR)-6-[2-(1(2)H-tetrazole-5-yl)ethyl]decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (LY293558) in rats that did not receive any treatment until 20 minutes after exposure to the nerve agent soman. We injected LY293558 intramuscularly, as this would be the most likely route of administration to humans. LY293558 (15 mg/kg), injected along with atropine and the oxime HI-6 at 20 minutes after soman exposure, stopped seizures and increased survival rate from 64% to 100%. LY293558 also prevented neuronal loss in the amygdala and hippocampus, and reduced neurodegeneration in a number of brain regions studied 7 days after soman exposure. Analysis of the LY293558 pharmacokinetics after intramuscular administration showed that this compound readily crosses the blood–brain barrier. There was good correspondence between the time course of seizure suppression by LY293558 and the brain levels of the compound.
Single View Camera Calibration for Augmented Virtual Environments

Augmented virtual environments (AVE) are very effective in the application of surveillance, in which multiple video streams are projected onto a 3D urban model for better visualization and comprehension of the dynamic scenes. One of the key issues in creating such systems is to estimate the parameters of each camera including the intrinsic parameters and its pose relative to the 3D model. Existing camera pose estimation approaches require known intrinsic parameters and at least three 2D to 3D feature (point or line) correspondences. This cannot always be satisfied in an AVE system. Moreover, due to noise, the estimated camera location may be far from the expectation of the users when the number of correspondences is small. Our approach combines the users' prior knowledge about the camera location and the constraints from the parallel relationship between lines with those from feature correspondences. With at least two feature correspondences, it can always output an estimation of the camera parameters that gives an accurate alignment between the projection of the image (or video) and the 3D model
Store Separation Trajectory Deviations Due to Unsteady Weapons Bay Aerodynamics

The combined trends toward internal carriage of weapons in modern aircraft and the design of new weapons to be neutrally stable for in creased performance have increased the probability that unsteady aerodynamics will effect store separation trajectories. Reports from time accurate computational fluid dynamics trajectory simulations have shown trajectory sensitivity to time of weapon release. Typical wind tunnel data collected to support store separation analysis cannot detect thi s effect since the data collected consists of time averaged store loads. Flight testing to inves tigate effects of bay unsteadiness has not been done since it is expensive and typically there are insufficient funds to conduct repeated store drops at identical flight conditions. Carefu lly designed and conducted small scale drop testing in wind tunnels provides a means to identif y the effect of unsteady weapons bay aerodynamics on store separation trajectories. Time accurate computational fluid dynamics trajectory analysis results on the Small Smart Bomb separating from an F-111 aircraft and a GBU-12 separation from the B-52 aircraft are reviewed. Small scale drop test data from a generic 10% scale rectangular cavity in a flatplate and from a 6% scale B-1B are introduced to provide experimental evidence of the effect of u nsteady flow on the store separation trajectory.
Optical nanoparticle sensors for quantitative intracellular imaging

Real-time measurements of biological/chemical/physical processes, with no interferences, are an ultimate goal for in vivo intracellular studies. To construct intracellular biosensors that meet such a goal, nanoparticle (NP) platforms seem to be most promising, because of their small size and excellent engineerability. This review describes the development of NP-based opical sensors and their intracellular applications. The sensor designs are classified into two types, based on the sensor structures regarding analyte receptor and signal transducer. Type 1 sensors, with a single component for both receptor and transducer, work by mechanisms similar to those of 'molecular probes'. Type 2 sensors, with a separate component for receptor and transducer, work by different mechanisms that require the presence of specific NPs. A synergistic increase in optical signal or selectivity has been reported for these second type of NP sensors. With ongoing rapid advances in nanotechnology and instrumentation, these NP systems will soon be capable of sensing at the single-molecule level, at the point of interest within the living cell, and capable of simultaneously detecting multiple analytes and physical parameters.
Cleaning Up the Mess: Redevelopment of Urban Brownfields

This article explores the impact of a brownfield redevelopment initiative in the state of Michigan. Although such programs are often perceived as having a positive impact, there is remarkably little evidence beyond anecdotal examples to support such claims. The reported analysis is based on a 5-year project to create a database capable of assessing the impact of the Michigan program. Findings indicate that a viable market for brownfield redevelopment has been created since the change in Michigan brownfield law. On average, brownfield sites have shown a decline in quality over time; however, many sites demonstrated significant improvement.
A Comparison of Flow Field Structures of Two Tri-Leaflet Polymeric Heart Valves

Polymeric heart valves have the potential to reduce thrombogenic complications associated with current mechanical valves and overcome fatigue-related problems experienced by bioprosthetic valves. In this in vitro study, the velocity fields inside and downstream of two different prototype tri-lealfet polymeric heart valves were studied. Experiments were conducted on two 23 mm prototype polymeric valves, provided by AorTech Europe, having open or closed commissure designs and leaflet thickness of 120 and 80 μm, respectively. A two-dimensional LDV system was used to measure the velocity fields in the vicinity of the two valves under simulated physiological conditions. Both commissural design and leaflet thickness were found to affect the flow characteristics. In particular, very high levels of Reynolds shear stress of 13,000 dynes/cm2 were found in the leakage flow of the open commisure design. Maximum leakage velocities in the open and closed designs were 3.6 m/s and 0.5 m/s respectively; the peak forward flow velocities were 2.0 m/s and 2.6 m/s, respectively. In both valve designs, shear stress levels exceeding 4,000 dyne/cm2 were observed at the trailing edge of the leaflets and in the leakage and central orifice jets during peak systole. Additionally, regions of low velocity flow conducive to thrombus formation were observed in diastole. The flow structures measured in these experiments are consistent with the location of thrombus formation observed in preliminary animal experiments.
Assessment of sexual function, interest and activity in depressed men.

Abstract Sexual function, interest, and activity were assessed in drug-free outpatient depressed men ( n = 26) and in age-matched healthy control men ( n = 20) by means of the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI), a retrospective sexual function questionnaire (SFQ), and a prospective daily sexual function log. Good test-retest reliability over 1 month was demonstrated for the DSFI and the SFQ in depressives and controls. Compared to healthy controls, depressed men reported significantly lower sexual interest and satisfaction, but no less sexual activity, on both retrospective questionnaires and prospective daily logs. Depressed men also showed significantly more negative body image and less ‘manly’ sexual role function as measured by the DSFI. Significant partial correlations (controlling for the effects of anxiety) were found between severity of depression and sexual interest, satisfaction, and role.
Pathogenesis of Elevated Peripheral Pulse Pressure: Some Reflections and Thinking Forward

“Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, if the cancer don’t get us, the arteriosclerosis must” — —Richard Gordon in The Alarming History of Medicine, 1993 Substantial evidence suggests that arterial remodeling evolves over a life course under the conjoint influence of genes, environmental factors (including vascular risk factors), and lifestyle characteristics (such as diet and physical activity).1 Such arterial remodeling involves multiple vascular territories and is panarterial, ie, it involves all layers of the arterial wall.1 More recently, considerable attention has focused on the physiological aspects of propagation of blood within the aorta, and several important concepts have evolved. First, the aorta is no longer regarded as just a passive conduit that transports blood to the vital organs. Rather, it is a complex organ that remodels in dynamic fashion in response to biomechanical stresses that accumulate over the life course.1 The different segments of the aorta vary in their relations to risk factors, underscoring the heterogeneity in remodeling characteristics across the arterial tree.2 Second, age-associated changes in the aortic wall include fragmentation of the elastin fibers, increased synthesis of collagen, and calcification. The molecular epidemiology of these vascular remodeling changes have been well characterized, and are complex, being mediated via the interaction of vascular smooth muscle cells, integrins, metalloproteinases, endothelial function, and the renin-angiotensin axis, inflammation, and other pathways.1 Third, vascular flow propagation is the combination of steady flow (mean arterial pressure) and pulsatile (pulse pressure) components. The proximal (central) aorta stiffens with age, and these changes are associated with an increase in the pulsatile component (increased central pulse pressure), which in turn places a burden of increased afterload on the left ventricle. There is widespread agreement that elevated pulsatile load is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart …
Laboratory Detection and Pure Rotational Spectrum of the NaCH Radical (X̃ 3Σ

The sodium methylidyne radical, NaCH, has been detected in the laboratory for the first time using submillimeter direct absorption spectroscopy. The species was created in the gas phase in a DC discharge by the reaction of sodium vapor and CH4. Nine rotational transitions of this molecule were recorded in the frequency range 339-520 GHz, and five transitions of its deuterium isotopomer, NaCD. Each transition of sodium methylidyne was found to consist of triplets resulting from fine structure interactions, identifying the ground state of the molecule to be 3 S 2 . The data were analyzed with a 3 S 2 Hamiltonian in a case b basis, and rotational, spin-spin, and spin- ˜ X rotation constants have been accurately determined. NaCH may be formed in the envelopes of AGB stars from the reaction of sodium with photodissociation products of methane. Subject headings: ISM: molecules — line: identification — molecular data
Obesity and Physical Activity

Physical activity seems to be an important component of lifestyle interventions for weight loss and maintenance. Although the effects of physical activity on weight loss may seem to be modest, there seems to be a dose-response relationship between physical activity and weight loss. Physical activity also seems to be a critically important behavior to promote long-term weight loss and the prevention of weight regain. The benefits of physical activity on weight loss are also observed in patients with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²) and in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Moreover, independent of the effect of physical activity on body weight, engagement in physical activity that results in improved cardiorespiratory fitness can contribute to reductions in health risk in overweight and obese adults. Thus, progression of overweight and obese patients to an adequate dose of physical activity needs to be incorporated into clinical interventions for weight control.
Sequence Surveyor: Leveraging Overview for Scalable Genomic Alignment Visualization

In this paper, we introduce overview visualization tools for large-scale multiple genome alignment data. Genome alignment visualization and, more generally, sequence alignment visualization are an important tool for understanding genomic sequence data. As sequencing techniques improve and more data become available, greater demand is being placed on visualization tools to scale to the size of these new datasets. When viewing such large data, we necessarily cannot convey details, rather we specifically design overview tools to help elucidate large-scale patterns. Perceptual science, signal processing theory, and generality provide a framework for the design of such visualizations that can scale well beyond current approaches. We present Sequence Surveyor, a prototype that embodies these ideas for scalable multiple whole-genome alignment overview visualization. Sequence Surveyor visualizes sequences in parallel, displaying data using variable color, position, and aggregation encodings. We demonstrate how perceptual science can inform the design of visualization techniques that remain visually manageable at scale and how signal processing concepts can inform aggregation schemes that highlight global trends, outliers, and overall data distributions as the problem scales. These techniques allow us to visualize alignments with over 100 whole bacterial-sized genomes.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BINDING OF INSULIN-TO CYTOSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF RAT LIVER131

Insulin-I131 has been intravenously administered in tracer doses to rats and its intracellular distribution determined. It was found that the major portion of the intracellular I131 was bound to mitochondria and microsomes. This bound insulin-I131 was completely precipitable with TCA and could not be removed by washing. Furthermore, in comparison to unbound insulin-I131, it was less susceptible to endogenous degradative processes as well asthose accomplished with added “insulinase.” The significance of these observations on the hepatic fate of insulin-I131 is discussed in reference to the insulin economy ofthe body, as a whole, and the liver, in particular.
Soybean nodulation and N2 fixation response to drought under carbon dioxide enrichment

The combined effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment and water deficits on nodulation and N2 fixation were analysed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Two shortterm experiments were conducted in greenhouses with plants subjected to soil drying, while exposed to CO 2 atmospheres of either 360 or 700 μmol CO2 mol ‐1 . Under drought-stressed conditions, elevated [CO 2] resulted in a delay in the decrease in N2 fixation rates associated with drying of the soil used in these experiments. The elevated [CO2] also allowed the plants under drought to sustain significant increases in nodule number and mass relative to those under ambient [CO2]. The total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration was lower in the shoots of the plants exposed to drought; however, plants under elevated CO2 had much higher TNC levels than those under ambient CO2. For both [CO2] treatments, drought stress induced a substantial accumulation of TNC in the nodules that paralleled N2 fixation decline, which indicates that nodule activity under drought may not be carbon limited. Under drought stress, ureide concentration increased in all plant tissues. However, exposure to elevated [CO2] resulted in substantially less drought-induced ureide accumulation in leaf and petiole tissues. A strong negative correlation was found between ureide accumulation and TNC levels in the leaves. This relationship, together with the large effect of elevated [CO2] on the decrease of ureide accumulation in the leaves, indicated the importance of ureide breakdown in the response of N2 fixation to drought and of feedback inhibition by ureides on nodule activity. It is concluded that an important effect of CO2 enrichment on soybean under drought conditions is an enhancement of photoassimilation, an increased partitioning of carbon to nodules and a decrease of leaf ureide levels, which is associated with sustained nodule growth and N2 rates under soil water deficits. We suggest that future [CO 2] increases are likely to benefit soybean production by increasing the drought tolerance of N2 fixation.
Ocean climate and seal condition

The condition of many marine mammals varies with fluctuations in productivity and food supply in the ocean basin where they forage. Prey is impacted by physical environmental variables such as cyclic warming trends. The weaning weight of northern elephant seal pups, Mirounga angustirostris, being closely linked to maternal condition, indirectly reflects prey availability and foraging success of pregnant females in deep waters of the northeastern Pacific. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ocean climate on foraging success in this deep-diving marine mammal over the course of three decades, using cohort weaning weight as the principal metric of successful resource accrual. The mean annual weaning weight of pups declined from 1975 to the late 1990s, a period characterized by a large-scale, basin-wide warm decadal regime that included multiple strong or long-duration El Ninos; and increased with a return to a cool decadal regime from about 1999 to 2004. Increased foraging effort and decreased mass gain of adult females, indicative of reduced foraging success and nutritional stress, were associated with high ocean temperatures. Despite ranging widely and foraging deeply in cold waters beyond coastal thermoclines in the northeastern Pacific, elephant seals are impacted significantly by ocean thermal dynamics. Ocean warming redistributes prey decreasing foraging success of females, which in turn leads to lower weaning mass of pups. Annual fluctuations in weaning mass, in turn, reflect the foraging success of females during the year prior to giving birth and signals changes in ocean temperature cycles.
Performance enhancement of an optical interconnect using short pulses from a modelocked diode laser

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated a short-pulse optical interconnect that uses a practical, high-repetition-rate modelocked source. BER measurements show that operation with short pulses improves system performance by providing a receiver sensitivity enhancement of 3.3 dB. The link has additional benefits related to timing issues and latency reduction.
Investor protection and cash holdings: Evidence from US cross-listing

Abstract This paper examines (i) whether the level of firms’ cash holdings differ depending on the strength of investor protection, (ii) whether excess cash holdings are valued more with better investor protection, and (iii) whether cross-listed firms that improve investor protection through “bonding” hold relatively more cash than non-cross-listed firms. We analyze 1405 ADR firms and their corresponding matched firms from 39 different countries and document that ADR firms have significantly higher cash holdings relative to their non-cross-listed peers, especially in recent years. The increase in cash holdings is much higher for emerging market firms because of their transition from particularly poor home country investor protection and accounting standards before cross-listing to much higher standards after cross-listing. In addition, firms with level III ADR listing, which represents the strongest investor protection, have higher cash holdings relative to other types of ADR firms.
Global Trends And Debt Relief For Asia, Latin America, And Africa: A Multiple Discriminant Analysis

Emerging country debt levels are at an all time high. There seems to be a great need to find a solution to the mounting level of external debt in the continents of Asia, South America and Africa. Utilizing multiple discriminant analysis this study looks at whether indebted countries in the various continents responded differently to macroeconomic factors and whether the level of debt made those economies respond to macroeconomic measures. This study supports the notion that Asian countries are more affected by debt factors influencing their economies than countries in Latin America or Africa. The study further shows that various debt levels; e.g.; high, medium, versus low have a significant influence on macroeconomic factors. Therefore this article strongly supports policies for country debt reduction worldwide.
Invited Review: Molecular Biology in Nutrition

Recent progress in the field of molecular biology has had a considerable effect on both basic and applied clinical nutrition and offers even greater promise for the future. It is important for individuals working in clinical nutrition, as well as basic science investigators, to have an understanding of the fundamental concepts of molecular biology in order to be able to evaluate and apply new approaches to clinical problems as they become available. The purpose of this review is to provide those who are not molecular biologists with a brief overview of the fundamental concepts of molecular biology and then to describe a number of the recent applications of molecular biological methods and tools in the field of nutrition.
Calibration and Accuracy Analysis of a Low-Cost Mapping-Grade Mobile Laser Scanning System

AbstractThe calibration and accuracy analysis of a novel, low-cost, adaptable mobile laser scanning (MLS) system using a Velodyne HDL-32E laser scanner and an Oxford Technical Solutions Inertial+2 inertial navigation system, is described. First, a static calibration of the laser scanner is discussed. The static calibration is shown to improve the overall relative accuracy of point cloud data from the scanner by approximately 20% over the manufacturer-supplied calibration. Then, the determination of system boresight angles and lever-arm offsets using a planar patch least-squares approach is presented. Finally, the calibrated and boresighted MLS is operated in a backpack mode to acquire multiple data sets in an area that contains dense ground control acquired using static terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and a high-end, survey-grade MLS. The dense ground control is used to examine several methods of estimating the overall errors of the backpack MLS system. Detailed comparison of the MLS data with the TLS an...
Extensions and Testing of Importance-Performance Analysis

Importance-Performance analysis is a technique for relating the measurement of attribute importance and performance to the development of marketing programs.
Racial disparities after vascular trauma are age-dependent

Objective Different racial disparities exist between white and black all-cause trauma patients depending on their age group; however, the effects of race and age on outcomes after vascular trauma are unknown. We assessed whether the previously described age-dependent racial disparities after all-cause trauma persist in the vascular trauma population. Methods Vascular trauma patients were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (January 2005 to December 2012) using International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Edition codes. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to compare in-hospital mortality and amputation for blacks vs whites for younger (16-64 years) and older (≥65 years) age groups. Results Black patients (n = 937) were younger, more frequently male, without insurance, and suffered from more penetrating and nonaccidental injuries than white patients (n = 1486; P P P = not significant). Differences in survival and amputation after vascular trauma appear to be related to a higher prevalence of nonaccidental penetrating injuries in the younger black population. Race was the single greatest predictor of poor outcomes in the older population ( P ≤ .008). Conclusions Older black patients are nearly five-times more likely to experience death or amputation after vascular trauma than their white counterparts. Contrary to reports suggesting that younger white patients have better outcomes after all-cause trauma than younger black patients, racial disparities among patients with traumatic vascular injuries appear to be confined to the older age group after risk adjustment.
Glutamine synthetase expression in rat lung is regulated by protein stability

During physiological stress, the lung increases production of the amino acid glutamine (Gln) using the enzyme Gln synthetase (GS) to maintain Gln homeostasis. Glucocorticoid hormones are considered the principal mediators of GS expression during stress. However, whereas animal studies have shown that glucocorticoids increase lung GS mRNA levels 500-700%, GS activity levels rise only 20-45%. This discrepancy suggests that a posttranscriptional control mechanism(s) ultimately determines GS expression. We hypothesized that the level of GS protein in the lung is governed by the intracellular Gln concentration through a mechanism of protein destabilization, a feedback regulatory mechanism that has been observed in vitro. To test this hypothesis, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a Gln-free diet and the GS inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to deplete tissue Gln levels and prevent this feedback regulation. Exposure to Gln-free chow and MSO (100 mg/kg body wt) for 6 days decreased plasma Gln levels 50% (P < 0.01) and decreased lung tissue Gln levels by 70% (P < 0.01). Although lung GS mRNA levels were not influenced by Gln depletion, there was a sevenfold (P < 0.01) increase in GS protein. A parenteral Gln infusion (200 mM, 1.5 ml/h) for the last 2 days of MSO treatment replenished lung Gln levels to 65% of control level and blunted the increase in GS protein levels by 33% (P < 0.05) compared with rats receiving an isomolar glycine solution. The acute effects of glucocorticoid and MSO administration on lung GS expression were also measured. Whereas dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) and MSO injections individually augmented lung GS protein levels twofold and fourfold (P < 0.05), respectively, the combination of dexamethasone and MSO produced a synergistic, 12-fold induction (P < 0.01) in lung GS protein over 8 h. The data suggest that, whereas glucocorticoids are potent mediators of GS transcriptional activity, protein stability greatly influences the ultimate expression of GS in the lung.
Delayed Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–Associated Protein 4–Immunoglobulin Treatment Reverses Ongoing Alloantibody Responses and Rescues Allografts From Acute Rejection

Antibody-mediated rejection has emerged as the leading cause of late graft loss in kidney transplant recipients, and inhibition of donor-specific antibody production should lead to improved transplant outcomes. The fusion protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) blocks T cell activation and consequently inhibits T-dependent B cell antibody production, and the current paradigm is that CTLA4-Ig is effective with naive T cells and less so with activated or memory T cells. In this study, we used a mouse model of allosensitization to investigate the efficacy of continuous CTLA4-Ig treatment, initiated 7 or 14 days after sensitization, for inhibiting ongoing allospecific B cell responses. Delayed treatment with CTLA4-Ig collapsed the allospecific germinal center B cell response and inhibited alloantibody production. Using adoptively transferred T cell receptor transgenic T cells and a novel approach to track endogenous graft-specific T cells, we demonstrate that delayed CTLA4-Ig minimally inhibited graft-specific CD4(+) and T follicular helper responses. Remarkably, delaying CTLA4-Ig until day 6 after transplantation in a fully mismatched heart transplant model inhibited alloantibody production and prevented acute rejection, whereas transferred hyperimmune sera reversed the effects of delayed CTLA4-Ig. Collectively, our studies revealed the unexpected efficacy of CTLA4-Ig for inhibiting ongoing B cell responses even when the graft-specific T cell response was robustly established.
Corrosion Process of Ferritic Stainless Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The corrosion process of ferritic stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution was researched by electrochemical workstation and microstructure analysis. The results showed that the corrosion process of ferritic stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution includes three periods:penetrating of ions into the passive film,thickening of corrosion production film and equilibrium of polarizing reactions. Uniform corrosion is the only way found in the periods of penetrating the passive film and thickening of corrosion production film,while abundant intercrystalline corrosion and a fewpitting corrosions appear in the period of equilibrium of polarizing reactions. When the hydrochloric acid is above 10%,the corrosion process is completely controlled by the anodic reactions and the passive zone totally disappeared. Both the solution resistance Rsand the chargetransfer resistance Rtdecrease with the increase of the concentration of hydrochloric acid,meanwhile the capacities of charging and discharging of the electric double layer in the surface of the stainless steel anode do not change obviously.
Abstract A01: The efficacy of a diabetic registry to improve survival rates in under-resourced environments

Purpose: African Americans are disproportionately affected by diabetes and the associated complications of metabolic syndrome compared to Caucasians. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States thus contributing to over 300,000 deaths in the U.S. annually. Thirteen percent of those diagnosed are African Americans. Factors associated with optimally managing diabetes include periodic measures of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) and Body Mass Index (BMI). We hypothesize that a Diabetes/ Metabolic Disease Registry is an effective way to assess the management of diabetes and will assist in controlling and ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in underserved communities. Methods: A diabetes metabolic disease registry was created based on best-practice clinical parameters. Demographic factors, co-morbidities and overall health maintenance were assessed. The instrument was evaluated using 52 de-identified patients9 information from local Atlanta hospitals. The registry consisted of a comprehensive questionnaire with content pertinent to the diagnosis and management of diabetes such as BMI, HgbA1c and FBG. After inputting data, Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used for analysis. Lastly we evaluated the data input devices (smartphone versus computer) for ease and efficiency. Results: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 59 years of age. Eighty-eight percent were female. Over 60% of the patients were classified as obese or morbidly obese. Greater than 70% had persistently elevated levels of HgbA1C and over 65% had mildly or significantly elevated levels of FBG. Cholesterol and LDL levels were normal for about 80% of patients which indicates that those factors are not pertinent to managing diabetes. Conclusion: A Metabolic Disease Registry is an effective way to analyze diabetes management in underserved communities. Data was accurately entered at the exact same rate for both devices suggesting that both means of data entry (computers and smartphones) are equally as efficient. The elevated levels of HgbA1c and FGB in the majority of patients indicate that the serum glucose was not being controlled effectively, in spite of the fact that the majority of patients were under long-term care of a physician and had well defined care plans. We hope that this study will assist in controlling diabetes and lower the rates among those in underserved areas. Citation Format: Tania Anderson, Alexis Maynor, Derrick beech, Ernest Alema-Mensah. The efficacy of a diabetic registry to improve survival rates in under-resourced environments. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A01.
Cervical Myelopathy Doubles the Rate of Dislocation and Fracture After Total Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common and underdiagnosed cause of gait dysfunction, rigidity, and falls in the elderly. Given the frequent concurrency of CSM and hip osteoarthritis, this study is designed to evaluate the relative risk of CSM on perioperative and short-term outcomes after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods The Medicare Standard Analytical Files were searched from 2005 to 2012 to identify all patients undergoing primary THA and the subset of patients with preexisting CSM. Risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for 90-day, 1-year, and overall follow-up for common postoperative complications: periprosthetic dislocation, fracture, infection, revision THA, and wound complications. Results The risk ratios of all surgical complications, including dislocation, periprosthetic fractures, and prosthetic joint infection, were increased approximately 2-fold at all postoperative time points for patients. Conclusion Preexisting CSM is a significant risk factor for primary THA complications including dislocation, periprosthetic fractures, and prosthetic joint infection.