cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POWER SPECTRA OF THE EDDY-VELOCITY COMPONENTS

Abstract Power spectra of the eddy-velocity components have been determined at four levels within the layer from 2 to 12 meters under varying conditions of mean wind speed, trajectory and thermal stability. A filtering technique suggested by J. W. Tukey has been used to obtain rough estimates of contributions to the total variance for seven consecutive frequency intervals within the range from about 0.5 to 0.005 cycles per second. At the higher frequencies studied, variances for all three components are approximately equal and equipartition of turbulent energy is thus indicated. Spectra for the u- and v-components appear to be invariant with frequency at the lowest level, and tend to increase slowly with decreasing frequency at the higher levels. The w-spectra at all levels fall off sharply with decreasing frequency, contributions to the vertically-directed energy becoming almost negligible at the lowest frequencies investigated.
Vatican Policy on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Struggle for the Holy Land

Introduction Government and Policy Making in the Roman Catholic Church The Vatican and the Origins of the Struggle for Palestine The Vatican, the Arab Rebellion, and the Partition Proposal, 1936-1939 The Vatican, the Holocaust, and the Palestinian Problem, 1939-1945 The Vatican, the Creation of Israel, and the Beginning of the Palestinian Arab Refugee Problem, 1945-1949 The Vatican Between the Arab Refugees and the State of Israel, 1950-1967 The Vatican, Palestinian Rights, and the Palestinian National Movement, 1967-1978 John Paul II and the Palestinian Question, 1978-1988 Selected Bibliograhy Index
Geochemistry and petrography of basalt grindstones from the Karak Plateau, central Jordan

Seventeen basalt grindstone fragments from central Jordan's Karak Plateau were studied. Most of these artifacts are vesicular or amygdaloidal with calcite as the dominant mineral filling the voids. The major minerals are olivine (with iddingsite rims), plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite, and apatite. Glass is present in some samples. One basalt fragment is quite different in appearance and composition and may have come from flows closer to the Dead Sea. Grindstone fragment compositions plot in the tephrite-basanite and basalt fields. A plot of the concentrations of niobium, zirconium, and yttrium reveal that the sample compositions plot in the “within-plate alkali basalt” and “within-plate tholeiite” fields. The acquisition of basalts for preparing such implements appears to have been random. Some may have been introduced through trade and migration. Archaeological and environmental studies on the Karak Plateau are urgently needed because Jordan's population growth and economic development are destroying many sites and their environmental contexts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A fuzzy-logic-based approach to building efficient fuzzy rule-based expert systems

Abstract Knowledge-based expert systems have been increasingly applied to diverse engineering problems. These systems are mainly based on the compiled knowledge represented as production rules pertaining to the problem domains. In reality, the available information on any problem is almost always imprecise, incomplete and ill-defined; the linguistic variables need be defined as fuzzy variables which are mapped into appropriate numerical domains. Consequently, a fuzzy rule-based expert system (FRBES) is becoming attractive in problem solving. In such an expert system, however, a number of redundant rules as well as illogical or unnecessary interconnections among them frequently exist, thereby rendering the system unduly cumbersome and ineffective. In this paper, a fuzzy-logic-based approach is proposed for evaluating and simplifying the rule base of an FRBES. Fuzzy networks are generated from the rules in the original rule base, and a systematic and in-depth analysis of the resultant networks is conducted by means of fuzzy logic. Such an analysis gives rise to a new rule base derived from the original one; the former is always logically correct and structurally simpler than the latter. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by applying it to the design of two FRBESs: one for cyanide waste minimization in an electroplating plant and the other for fault detection in the operation of hazardous waste incineration facilities.
Foaminess of aqueous solutions of sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and sodium butyrate, and of dilute silica suspensions

Abstract The foaminess of aqueous solutions of sodium acetate, sodium n-propionate, and sodium n-butyrate, and of an 0.025% suspension of 30 mμ silica particles was studied by the pneumatic method. Both the maximum foam height and the maximum collapse time of solutions of each salt were associated with the same concentration of solute, and the addition of silica did not shift this concentration appreciably, but did extend the concentration range of good foam height and stability.
The CMS Modular Track Finder boards, MTF6 and MTF7

To accommodate the increase in energy and luminosity of the upgraded LHC, the CMS Endcap Muon Level 1 Trigger system has to be significantly modified. To provide the best track reconstruction, the Trigger system must now import all available trigger primitives generated by Cathode Strip Chambers and by other regional subsystems, such as Resistive Plate Chambers. In addition to massive input bandwidth, this also requires a significant increase in logic and memory resources. To satisfy these requirements, a new Sector Processor unit for muon track finding is being designed. This unit follows the micro-TCA standard recently adopted by CMS. It consists of three modules. The Core Logic module houses the large FPGA that contains the processing logic and multi-gigabit serial links for data exchange. The Optical module contains optical receivers and transmitters; it communicates with the Core Logic module via a custom backplane section. The Look-Up Table module contains a large amount of low-latency memory that is used to assign the final transverse momentum of the muon candidate tracks. The name of the unit — Modular Track Finder — reflects the modular approach used in the design. Presented here are the details of the hardware design of the prototype unit based on Xilinx's Virtex-6 FPGA family, MTF6, as well as results of the conducted tests. Also presented are plans for the pre-production prototype based on the Virtex-7 FPGA family, MTF7.
Mechanics of nanoscale metallic multilayers: From atomic-scale to micro-scale

Abstract Layered composites of Cu/Nb with incoherent interfaces achieve very high strength levels. Interfaces play a crucial role in determining this strength by acting as barriers to slip. Atomistic models of Cu/Nb bilayers are used to explore the origins of this resistance. The models clearly show that dislocations near an interface experience an attraction toward the interface. This attraction is caused by shear of the interface induced by the stress field of the dislocation. More importantly, atomistic simulations also reveal that interfacial dislocations easily move in interfaces by both glide and climb. Integrating these findings into a micro-scale model, we develop a three-dimensional crystal elastic–plastic model to describe the mechanical behavior of nanoscale metallic multilayers.
Boundary detection using quadratic filters: performance criteria and experimental assessment

It is well known that the projection of depth or orientation discontinuities in a physical scene results in image intensity edges which are not ideal step edges but are more typically a combination of steps, peak, and roof profiles. However, most edge detection schemes ignore the composite nature of intensity edges, resulting in systematic errors in detection and localization. We have addressed the problem of detecting and localizing these edges, while at the same time solving the problem of false responses in smoothly shaded regions with constant gradient of the image brightness. We have shown that a class of nonlinear filters, known as quadratic filters are appropriate for this task, while linear filters are not. In this paper a series of performance criteria are derived for characterizing the SNR, localization, and multiple responses of these quadratic filters in a manner analogous to Canny's criteria for linear filters. Additionally, we show experiments on a series of images varying systematically the parameters of the edge detector.
His15 of Subunit a of the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase Is Important for the Structure or Assembly of the Membrane Sector Fo

Approximately 37 amino acids at the amino-terminus of subunit a of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase are found localized to the periplasm. Results indicate that a single amino acid substitution, H15D, disrupts assembly of subunit a and causes a loss of ATP synthase function. In this study, a conserved region of nine amino acids, 11-19, was initially mutagenized randomly, generating no mutants that could grow on succinate-minimal medium. Subsequent mutagenesis, confined to residues His(14), His(15), and Asn(17), indicated that constructs containing H15D were the most deleterious. Four single mutants were constructed and analyzed: H15A, H14D, H15A, and H15D. Only H15D was significantly impaired, with respect to ATP-driven proton translocation, passive proton permeability through F(o), and sensitivity of membrane-bound ATPase to DCCD. Immunoblot analysis indicated very low levels of subunit a from H15D. Cysteine mutations were constructed at positions 14, 15, 17, and 18. Residues 14, 15, and 17 were shown to be accessible in the periplasmic space, while residue 18 was not, indicating that this region was stably folded. While both His(14) and His(15) are conserved among a group of bacteria, results presented here indicate that they are not equivalent, and that a specific role for His(15) in the assembly or structure of the ATP synthase is supported.
Paramutation in maize: RNA mediated trans-generational gene silencing

Paramutation involves trans-interactions between alleles or homologous sequences that establish distinct gene expression states that are heritable for generations. It was first described in maize by Alexander Brink in the 1950s, with his studies of the red1 (r1) locus. Since that time, paramutation-like phenomena have been reported in other maize genes, other plants, fungi, and animals. Paramutation can occur between endogenous genes, two transgenes or an endogenous gene, and transgene. Recent results indicate that paramutation involves RNA-mediated heritable chromatin changes and a number of genes implicated in RNAi pathways. However, not all aspects of paramutation can be explained by known mechanisms of RNAi-mediated transcriptional silencing.
Comparative ecology of two African forest mongooses, Herpestes naso and Atilax paludinosus

During a two-year period, two mongoose species (Herpestes (Xenogale) naso and Atilax paludinosus) were studied in the Dzanga-Sangha forest of south-western Central African Republic by live-trapping, radio-telemetry, tracking and scat analysis. Clear separation with respect to habitat, activity patterns and food habits was observed. Herpestes naso, previously thought to be rare and known only from a few museum specimens, was the most abundant species in the carnivore community; in total, eleven individuals were trapped. Radio-collared Herpestes naso spent most of their time in upland forest, but a high degree of range overlap was observed in stream-side habitat. They were strictly diurnal and the location of their nocturnal resting sites varied from day to day. Atilax paludinosus was restricted to the swamp forest immediately adjacent to streams. A radio-collared male exhibited a crepuscular activity pattern, and the distribution of day-beds along the length of its home range was highly clumped. Mean travelling speeds of Atilax exceeded those of Herpestes, most likely because of the near linear shape of its home range and greater distance between borders. The diets of both carnivores were dominated by arthropods, with Atilax consuming more aquatic prey than Herpestes. It is suggested that the higher degree of habitat specificity exhibited by Atilax in the study area compared with other parts of its range was a result of the absence of otters from the smaller tributaries of the Dzanga-Sangha forest or perhaps to the social dominance of Herpestes naso.
Diagnosis of Systemic-Onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis after Treatment for Presumed Kawasaki Disease

Objectives To estimate the incidence of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) within 6 months after treatment for presumed Kawasaki disease (KD) (presumed patients with KD with subsequent diagnosis of SoJIA [pKD/SoJIA]) and describe presentation differences from sole KD. Study design We identified patients treated for KD at Nationwide Children's Hospital and from the Pediatric Health Information System from 2009-2013. We then identified the subset of children, pKD/SoJIA, who received an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for SoJIA and had it listed at least once 3 months after and within 6 months after KD diagnosis. Demographic characteristics, readmission rates, treatments, and complications were noted. A literature review was also performed to identify clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data of previously documented patients with KD later diagnosed with SoJIA. Results There were 6745 total treated patients with KD in the Pediatric Health Information System database during the study period; 10 patients were identified to have pKD/SoJIA (0.2% of cohort). Those with pKD/SoJIA were predominantly Caucasian compared with patients with KD (90% and 46.8%, respectively; P = .003). Macrophage activation syndrome was more common in patients with pKD/SoJIA than in sole patients with KD (30% and 0.30%, respectively; P Conclusions We reported a 0.2% incidence of pKD/SoJIA, which was associated with Caucasian race, macrophage activation syndrome, and an incomplete KD phenotype.
Internal exiles: what next for internally displaced persons?

This article evaluates the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) a decade after the first mandate for the Representative of the Secretary- General on IDPs. Paradoxically, this fastest growing category of war-affected populations has no institutional sponsor or agreed international legalframework, whereas refugees, whose numbers are diminishing, benefit from well developed institutional and legal efforts through the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. At the outset of the 1990s the growing and massive numbers of IDPs and the changing nature of warfare suggested that what formerly had seemed a blemish was actually an ugly structural scar. In 1992 the UN Commission on Human Rights created the mandate, and the UN Secretary-General designated Francis M Deng to assume it. The independently financed Project on Internal Displacement, which he co-directs with Roberta Cohen, was set up specifically to support the mandate, an interesting modelfor other cash-pressed rapporteurs on human rights. Productivity and output have been impressive: a normative frame- work is in place and international discourse has changed, guiding principles are circulating, and institutions have begun to emphasise the particular problems of IDPs. However, there is no capacity to undertake systematic monitoring or follow- up of previous visits to countries that continue to flout international decisions. Greater in-depth analyses are prerequisites for better policy and advocacy. A permanent mandate and more adequate funding are required.
Model of d.c. potentials in the cochlea: effects of voltage-dependent cilia stiffness.

The purpose of this study was to explore possible mechanisms for the generation of the summating potential. Computer simulation was used to model the effects of potential hair cell nonlinearities on extracellular and intracellular d.c. potentials in the cochlea. No one nonlinearity can account for both extracellular and intracellular experimental data. However, a model which includes two nonlinearities (voltage-dependent cilia stiffness and nonlinear transducer channel resistance) produces extracellular and intracellular responses which match experimental data very well.
Mammalian BUB1 protein kinases: Map positions and in vivo expression

The spindle assembly checkpoint modulates the timing of anaphase initiation in mitotic cells containing improperly aligned chromosomes and increases the probability of successful delivery of a euploid chromosome set to each daughter cell. We have characterized cDNA sequences from several organisms with highly significant predicted protein sequence homologies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bub1p, a protein required for function of the spindle assembly checkpoint in budding yeast. The localization of mouse and human orthologs is in agreement with known conservation of synteny. Mouse backcross mapping data indicate that the murine gene resides on chromosome 2 near IL1A, 73 cM from the mouse centromere. Radiation hybrid mapping data indicate that the human locus exhibits linkage to microsatellite marker D2S176, which is located within 10 cM of human IL1A. Multiple-tissue Northern analysis indicates conservation of expression pattern in mouse and human with markedly high mRNA levels in testis. Northern analysis of two different spindle assembly checkpoint protein gene products from human, BUB1 and MAD2, reveals an expression pattern with common tissue distribution consistent with roles in a common pathway. In addition, we demonstrate that an mRNA found to accumulate in a rat fibroblast cell transformation system encodes rat BUB1, and we find that rat BUB1 mRNA accumulation correlates with the proliferation status of cells in culture.
Toward an Improved Measure of Educational Attainment in Social Stratification Research

Abstract Standard schemes for classifying educational attainment have been developed in response to the noncomparability of the credentials awarded by different societies' educational systems. The ISCED and CASMIN schemes are the most widely used. To use these standard classification schemes, each society's indigenous credentials must be reclassified into the standard categories. This article shows that the CASMIN scheme reproduces the education–occupation association produced by the indigenous credentials more closely for Great Britain and The Netherlands, while ISCED does so for the United States. Weaknesses in the CASMIN scheme for the United States are identified, and a revised CASMIN scheme is proposed. The revised CASMIN scheme is a great improvement over the original for the United States and a slight improvement for Great Britain and The Netherlands.
Chemical Species and Temperature Profiles of Laminar Dichloromethane-Methane-Air Flames.I. Variation of Chlorine/ Hydrogen Loading

Abstract Gas samples have been extracted from laminar atmospheric pressure CH2 CI2-CH4 -air flat flames using uncooled quartz probes with 0.05 to 0.10 mm orifices. The samples ( 50torr total pressure) were analyzed by gas chromatography for a number of major C1 and C2 hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and CO, CO2, O2 CH4 N2and H2 Temperatures were obtained throughout the reaction zone and into the postflame region using Pt-Pt (13 percent Rh) uncoated thermocouples with typical bead diameters of 0.15 mm. Measurements of species concentrations (major and minor stable products) along with temperatures are provided as a function of vertical distance above the burner for three separate flames with Cl/ H ratios of 0.060, 0.33 and 0.72 for φ 0.80. All intermediate species (with the exception of CHC13) are observed to fall below detectable limits when the CH2 CI2 concentration is less than 1 percent of its initial value. Peak values of major intermediates are presented as a function of Cl/ H ratio. In additi...
Effects of early amino acid administration on leucine and glucose kinetics in premature infants.

We previously showed that, in prematurely born infants, an anabolic state without metabolic acidosis can be achieved upon intravenous amino acid (AA) administration in the immediate postnatal phase, despite a low energy intake. We hypothesized that the anabolic state resulted from an increased protein synthesis and not a decreased proteolysis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the energy needed for the higher protein synthesis rate would be derived from an increased glucose oxidation. To test our hypotheses, 32 ventilated premature infants (<1500 g) received intravenously either solely glucose or glucose and 2.4 g AA/kg/d immediately postnatally. On postnatal d 2, each group received primed continuous infusions of either [1-13C]leucine or [U-13C6]glucose. 13CO2 enrichments in expiratory air and plasma [1-13C]α-KICA (as an intracellular leucine precursor) and [U-13C6]glucose enrichments were measured by mass spectrometry techniques. The AA administration resulted in an increased incorporation of leucine into body protein and a higher leucine oxidation rate, whereas leucine release from proteolysis was not affected. Glucose oxidation rate did not increase upon AA administration. In conclusion, the anabolic state resulting from AA administration in the immediate postnatal period resulted from increased protein synthesis and not decreased proteolysis. The energy needed for the additional protein synthesis was not derived from an increased glucose oxidation.
Metabolism and toxicity of hydrochlorofluorocarbons: current knowledge and needs for the future.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are being developed as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that deplete stratospheric ozone. The depletion of stratospheric ozone may increase the intensity...
Activation volumes in the high-temperature region for silver chloride and silver bromide

Measurements of ionic conductivity as a function of pressure have been made for solid AgCl and AgBr in the high-temperature region where non-Arrhenius behavior has been reported at normal pressure. The results show that the activation volume increases considerably with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing pressure. The large increase in the activation volume as a function of temperature can be explained by the onset of a gradual transition to a solid-electrolyte phase such as those found in many materials with the fluorite structure.
Toxicity of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. IV. Cardiotoxicity in the monkey.

Abstract The 15 fluorocarbons which can be used to propel aerosols have been grouped into 4 classes, depending on their potential to elicit cardiac arrhythmia and depression of myocardial contractility. The most toxic propellant, trichlorofluoromethane (FC 11) produces both forms of cardiotoxicity when inhaled in concentrations of 2.5–5%. The minimal proarrhythmic concentration in the monkey is reduced by i.v. infusion of epinephrine or by production of myocardial ischemia. The combination of the two effects reduced the minimal proarrhythmic concentration to 0.5%. This phenomenon suggests that the hazard of exposure to aerosol propellants is increased in persons with heart disease.
Epidural abscess and osteomyelitis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a microaerophilic, fastidious Gram-negative rod that most commonly causes periodontitis and odontogenic infections. We report the first case of an epidural abscess and osteomyelitis due to this organism resulting from self-extraction of carious teeth. The patient responded to surgical debridement and prolonged antimicrobial therapy with intravenous ceftriaxone.
Absence of a clinical correlation for complement-mediated, infection-enhancing antibodies in plasma or sera from HIV-1-infected individuals

Neutralizing and complement-mediated infection-enhancing antibodies to HIV-1 were measured in sera or plasma from 54 HIV-1-positive individuals at various stages of disease, and from an additional 36 HIV-1-positive individuals for whom no clinical data were available. Antibodies were measured in microtiter infection assays utilizing MT-2 cells and the IIIB strain of HIV-1. The frequency of detection of both types of antibodies was identical, being 77 out of 90 cases (86%). Neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibodies were not always found together, and in four cases both were undetectable. No correlation was found between titers of either type of antibody and stage of disease. Furthermore, titers of infection-enhancing antibodies at early stages of disease did not predict rate of disease progression.
Sidewall and immersion-depth effects on pool boiling burnout for horizontal cylindrical heaters

The horizontal cylinder is the geometry in which the problem of evaluating the peak nucleate boiling heat flux q{sub max} (commonly called the burnout heat flux) has been most studied. Countless data have been presented but many are subject. Countless data have been presented but many are subject to a variety of nuisance variables. The objective of the present work is to identify experimentally the range of influence of two of these nuisance variables: sidewall blockage and immersion depth. The existing hydrodynamic predictions of q{sub max} envision either an infinite flat plate beneath an infinitely deep liquid bath, or a finite heater immersed in a bath of infinite extent. Attention has been given to such effects in other geometries. However, the effect of nearby walls or depth of immersion on horizontal cylinder has not been systematically documented. The authors aim here is determine, experimentally, how q{sub max} is altered when a long horizontal cylinder is centered between vertical sidewalls separated by a distance and located a distance below the liquid surface.
An em algorithm for a semiparametric finite mixture model

We propose a semiparametric version of the EM algorithm under the semiparametric mixture model introduced by Anderson (1979, Biometrika , 66 , 17-26). It is shown that the sequence of proposed EM iterates, irrespective of the starting value, converges to the maximum semiparametric likelihood estimator of the vector of parameters in the semiparametric mixture model. The proposed EM algorithm preserves the appealing monotone convergence property of the standard EM algorithm and can be implemented by employing the standard logistic regression program. We present one example to demonstrate the performance of the proposed EM algorithm.
Effect of Maturation on α-Adrenoceptor Activity in Newborn Piglet Mesentery

Abstract To characterize the mesenteric α1- and α2-adrenoceptor populations in newborn piglets, an extracorporeal circuit was established to control intestinal blood flow in 0- to 2-day old and 10- to 14-day old animals. In both groups, α-adrenoceptor activation was first documented by observing dose-dependent increases in mesenteric perfusion pressure after intramesenteric arterial injection of α-adrenoceptor agonists. In the 10-to 14-day old piglets, mesenteric vasoconstrictor responses to α1-adrenoceptor agonists (methoxamine and norepinephrine) and an α2-adrenoceptor agonist (BHT-933) were each blunted (P
Governance in Transboundary Conservation: How Institutional Structure and Path Dependence Matter

Transboundary protected areas (TBPAs) have gained currency over the past decade because of their perceived (and highly disputed) effectiveness at achieving a wide array of goals ranging from improved biodiversity conservation to regional economic development to the promotion of peace between countries. However, few studies have analysed how institutional structures influence cross-border coordination across a range of issues in a transboundary park. This study uses two TBPAs in southern Africa-the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park-to look at issues of international governance in transboundary conservation. The bottom-up institutional development in the Kgalagadi has allowed ground-level officials to learn how to work together to adapt and respond to the day-to-day challenges they confront. By contrast, local-level collaboration in the Great Limpopo has emerged slowly due to the top-down imposition of the park on local-level communities and officials. The central premise is that the institutional beginnings to the two TBPAs result in differing capacities for effective collaboration. Initial institutional design also creates path dependencies, which may be difficult to overcome later. These findings can help practitioners in designing more robust, long-enduring institutions to better achieve their goals in future transboundary conservation projects.
Program Planning As Technology In Three Adult Education Organizations

Program planning models abound in the literature, but what is absent is a framework in which models can be related to one another and to the organizations which perform program planning. This study borrows and reformulates the concept of technology from organization theory and applies it to program planning in an attempt to explain variability in practices examined in three adult education units. A framework of adult education technology is developed and then compared. A combination of interviews, organization history, and record and report analysis provided the comparative data. It was found that program planning (technology) did vary among organizations, however, the framework of technologies employed was not sufficient to describe the mixed types of technology encountered.
Beyond threshold hillslopes: Channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active mountain ranges

Numerous empirical and model-based studies argue that, in general, hillslopes and river channels increase their gradients to accommodate high rates of base-level fall. To date, however, few data sets show the dynamic range of both these relationships needed to test theoretical models of hillslope evolution and river incision. Here, we utilize concentrations of 10 Be in quartz extracted from river sand on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau to explore relationships among short-term (10 2 –10 5 a) erosion rate, hillslope gradient, and channel steepness. Our data illustrate nonlinear behavior and a threshold in the relationship between erosion rate and mean hillslope gradient, confi rming the generalization that hillslopes around the world are limited by slope stability and cease to provide a metric for erosion at high rates (>~0.2 mm/a). The relationship between channel steepness index and erosion rate is also nonlinear, but channels continue to steepen beyond the point where threshold hillslopes emerge up to at least 0.6 mm/a, demonstrating that channel steepness is a more reliable topographic metric than mean hillslope gradient for erosion rate and that channels ultimately drive landscape adjustment to increasing rates of base-level fall in tectonically active settings.
Nonlinear Energy Transfer from Semidiurnal Barotropic Motion to Near-Inertial Baroclinic Motion

A theoretical investigation into the subharmonic parametric instability of internal gravity waves to progressive surface waves in a continuously stratified medium is presented. A perturbation and multiple scales analysis is utilized and is carried out to the third order. Recent parallel efforts for a two-layer model have shown that surface waves can resonate, exponentially in time, two oblique internal wave trains whose frequencies are nearly subharmonic to that of the surface wave. This analysis is generalized in the current paper to allow for continuous variation of density with depth, as well as planetary rotation. Specific attention is focused on the energy transfer from the semidiurnal barotropic tide to near-inertial baroclinic motion. At low latitudes, linear analysis demonstrates that such a resonant triad indeed exists, suggesting that this mechanism may play a role in the development of the inertial peak seen in many internal wave spectra. At the second order, evolution equations are obtained that demonstrate that the internal waves initially grow exponentially in time. Finally, when the analysis is carried to the third order, it is shown that an equilibrium exists. Nonlinear detuning of the internal wave frequencies results in the internal wave amplitudes reaching a steady-state value, which is readily calculated.
Studies on the inhibition of repair of ultraviolet- and methyl methanesaHonate-indnced damage in the DNA of human fibrobhsts by novobiocin

The antibiotic novobiocin is shown to alter the sedimentation properties of human cellular DNA in alkaline sucrose. This alteration is at least partially due to increased DNA-protein binding in the cell in the presence of novobiocin. Pyrimidine dimer analysis and repair replication studies support previous reports that novobiocin inhibits repair of UV damage in human cells but we find this block to be shortlived. It is also shown that novobiocin is ineffective at blocking "long-patch" repair induced by methyl methanesulfonate as measured both by CsCl density centrifugation and the ara-C inhibition technique. However, the accumulation of breaks in MMS-treated cellular DNA in the presence of novobiocin suggests that some "short-patch" alkylation repair may be inhibited by the antibiotic. These findings are discussed in light of the proposal that novobiocin may inhibit a DNA gyrase-like activity in human as in bacterial cells.
Further measurements of the scintillation properties of lead carbonate

Measurements are presented on the scintillation properties of lead carbonate (PbCO/sub 3/), a recently discovered, heavy inorganic scintillator. The light output of the natural crystal cerussite was measured during /sup 60/Co irradiation at 23 degrees C. After an exposure of >2.5*10/sup 6/ rad, the light output increased by 25% and no visible crystal coloring occurred, suggesting that PbCO/sub 3/ is useful in high-radiation fields. The emission spectrum was adequately described by the sum of four Gaussian peaks whose position and width did not change during the irradiation. The scintillation light output is temperature dependent, increasing with decreasing temperature from 680 photons/MeV at +30 degrees C to 3200 photons/MeV at -40 degrees C to 11900 photons/MeV at -120 degrees C. The scintillation decay lifetime was measured with the delayed coincidence method between 30 degrees C, and -140 degrees C and fit to the sum of four exponentials. At 30 degrees C the four components are 20% at 3.9 ns, 44% at 24 ns, 26% at 186 ns, and 11% at 1.40 mu s. At -40 degrees C, the four components are 24% at 37 ns, 45% at 107 ns, 18% at 359 ns, and 12% at 1.07 mu s. At -120 degrees C, the four components are 0.3% at 1.8 ns, 3.5% at 3.8 ns, 40% at 539 ns, and 56% at 2.71 mu s. From 30 degrees C to -140 degrees C, the initial flux remains constant at about 45 photons/ns/MeV. >
Impact of lignin composition on cell‐wall degradability in an Arabidopsis mutant

An Arabidopsis mutant that does not deposit syringyl-type lignin was used to test the hypothesis that lignin composition impacts cell-wall degradability. Two lines of the ferulate-5-hydroxylase-deficient fah1 mutant and the wild-type control line were grown in the greenhouse. In Experiment 1, the plants were harvested at the mature seed stage. For Experiment 2, plants were harvested 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks after sowing. In both experiments stems were collected and analysed for cell-wall concentration and composition, and in vitro degradability of cell-wall polysaccharide components by rumen micro-organisms. The absence of syringyl-type lignin was confirmed for the mutant lines by nitrobenzene oxidation and pyrolysis-GC-MS. Lignin concentration was the same for all three Arabidopsis lines, at all stages of maturity. The Arabidopsis stems were similar to forage legumes in that the potentially degradable cell-wall fraction was very quickly degraded. Cell-wall polysaccharide degradability did not differ among the Arabidopsis lines in the first experiment after 24-h fermentations, but the cell-wall polysaccharides of the fah1-2 mutant line were less degradable after 96-h than either the wild-type or the fah1-5 mutant. In contrast, in Experiment 2 no differences among lines were found for cell-wall polysaccharide degradability after either 24- or 96-h fermentations; however, signficantly higher levels of ester-bound ferulic acid were found in the walls of the fah1 mutant lines. As expected, increasing stem maturity was correlated with reduced degradation of cell-wall polysaccharides. These experiments indicate that either lignin composition, as measured by syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio, does not alter cell-wall degradability in Arabidopsis, or that the fah1 mutation has other effects on the cell walls of these mutants such that the impact of the change in syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio is masked. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Allyl 1H‐Imidazole‐1‐carboxylate

[83395-39-5 C7H8N2O2 (MW 152.15) InChI = 1S/C7H8N2O2/c1-2-5-11-7(10)9-4-3-8-6-9/h2-4,6H,1,5H2 InChIKey = NEFLGCHXJFBCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (acylating reagent for introduction of the carboxyallyl group to nucleophilic species such as amines, alcohols, and carbanions; used to convert carboxylic acids into allyl esters; used to synthesize substrates for transition metal-catalyzed allylic alkylation) Alternate Names: allyl imidazole carbamate, AllylImC, Heller-Sarpong Reagent, allyl 1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate, imidazole-1-carboxylic acid 2-propen-1-yl ester. Physical Data: colorless oil, d = 1.146 g mL−1 at 25 °C. Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents (e.g., CH2Cl2, THF, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile); reacts with water, amines, and alcohols. Form Supplied in: colorless to yellow oil. Available from Sigma-Aldrich. Preparative Method: prepared by adding allyl alcohol to a slight excess of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI)1 or by adding allyl chloroformate to 2 equiv. of imidazole in THF.2 Analysis of Reagent Purity: typically analyzed by 1H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.00 (ddt, J = 16.4, 10.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (m, 2H), 4.87 (dt, J = 6.0, 1.1 Hz, 2H).2 Purity may also be analyzed by HPLC. Purification: may be purified by flash chromatography on silica gel. Residual imidazole may be removed by washing a solution of allyl imidazole carbamate in CH2Cl2 or ethyl acetate with water. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: allyl imidazole carbamate is a reactive acyl electrophile and should be protected from moisture. The reagent can evolve CO2 (pressure!) upon prolonged contact with moisture during storage; therefore, bottles should be opened carefully. The reagent is presumed to be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Use in a fume hood.
North Carolina Sexual Offender Legislation: Policy Placebo?

Current legislation at the state and federal level is largely based on the premise that we can best protect children by prohibiting sexual offenders’ access to children through the use of residency restrictions, employment sanctions, and community notification. While well intentioned, these policies are short sighted and based more on public misperceptions than empirical research. In this study, the authors assess sexual offenders’ perceptions of residency restrictions in the state of North Carolina. The study population was comprised of a nonrandom sample of 231 adult sexual offenders from 11 outpatient sexual offender treatment sites in North Carolina. The majority (151) of sexual offenders stated that housing restrictions do nothing to prevent them from reoffending. More than half (135) indicated that no residency restrictions would serve as an effective deterrent. These findings indicate the need for a more comprehensive approach to the community management of sexual offenders.
Size distributions and mixtures of dust and black carbon aerosol in Asian outflow: Physiochemistry and optical properties

[1] During Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) and Asian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) we measured the dry size distribution of Asian aerosols, their state of mixing, and the optical properties of dust, black carbon (BC) and other aerosol constituents in combustion and/or dust plumes. Optical particle sizing in association with thermal heating extracted volatile components and resolved sizes for dust and refractory soot that usually dominated light absorption. BC was internally mixed with volatile aerosol in � 85% of accumulation mode particles and constituted � 5–15% of their mass. These optically effective sizes constrained the soot and dust size distributions and the imaginary part of the dust refractive index, k, to 0.0006 ± 0.0001. This implies a single-scatter albedo, v (550 nm), for dust ranging from 0.99+ for Dp <1 m mt o� 0.90 at Dp =1 0mm and a size-integrated campaign average near 0.97 ± 0.01. The typical mass scattering efficiency for the dust was � 0.3 m 2 g � 1 , and the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) was 0.009 m 2 g � 1 . Less dust south of 25� N and stronger biomass burning signatures resulted in lower values for v of � 0.82 in plumes aloft. Chemically inferred elemental carbon was moderately correlated with BC light absorption (R 2 = 0.40), while refractory soot volume between 0.1 and 0.5 mm was highly correlated (R 2 = 0.79) with absorption. However, both approaches yield an MAE for BC mixtures of � 7±2m 2 g � 1 and higher than calculated MAE values for BC of 5 m 2 g � 1 . The increase in the mass fraction of soot and BC in pollution aerosol in the presence of elevated dust appears to be due to uptake of the volatile components onto the coarse dust. This predictably lowered v for the accumulation mode from 0.84 in typical pollution to � 0.74 in high-dust events. A chemical transport model revealed good agreement between model and observed BC absorption for most of SE Asia and in biomass plumes but underestimated BC for combustion sources north of 25� N by a factor of � 3. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0350 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pressure, density, and temperature; 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere— constituent transport and chemistry; KEYWORDS: dust, black carbon, absorption, single scatter albedo
Endothelial Cell-Leukocyte Interactions During CNS Inflammation

Inflammation is a reactive response to infection or injury that involves many complex interactions between formed blood elements, vascular and tissue cells, which is controlled by the release and synthesis of several classes of soluble mediators in response to tissue injury, bacterial, or viral products. Some mediators are stored within several cell types (e.g., histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, proteases, and cationic proteins), whereas others are synthesized or induced cell-derived factors (e.g., prostanoids, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, and cytokine/chemokines), as well as products of proteolytic cascades in plasma (complement products, blood-coagulation cascade products, kinins). The extent, timing, and specificity of this response is related to the lability, metabolism, and scavenging/inactivation of these mediators. The recruitment of leukocytes to the sites of injury or infection is a central event in the inflammatory response, and often results in “bystander” tissue dysfunction and damage from leukocyte oxidants, proteases, and other mediators in several disease states.
Mating type differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila: Strong influence of delayed refeeding of conjugating pairs

Mating type differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila is known to regularly involve stable hereditary alterations at a single chromosomal locus in the somatic (macro)nucleus. This differentiation is directionally affected by the temperature at which new macronuclei develop after fertilization. We now report large and predictable effects of delayed refeeding of conjugating pairs upon mating type differentiation, particularly among mat-2 homozygotes. The mating types whose frequency is affected the most are IV, VI, and VII, a set different from that most affected by temperature. We interpret our observations to reveal the existence of a second system which can participate in mating type differentiation, with different specificity from the system influenced by temperature under conditions of early refeeding of conjugating pairs. These observations enrich the phenomenology surrounding mating type differentiation in T thermophila and provide additional, easily controllable experimental conditions for the manipulation of mating type frequencies.
Pitfalls in linear and non-linear profile-fitting procedures for resolving severely overlapped peaks

Linear and non-linear least-squares profile-fitting procedures are compared in their ability to resolve severely overlapping peaks in X-ray spectra. With linear methods, errors due to inaccuracies in peak position and width are likely to be greater than statistical errors for a spectrom with 500 K counts unless the spectrometer can maintain a temporal and count are stability of 1 eV or better. While non-linear, iterative, procedures can accomodate changes in position and width of peaks, they are difficult to analyse therotically so simulations have been designed to examine performance. Examples are given where, despite exact knowledge of peak width and separation, the best fit in the ‘chi-square’ sense corresponds to peak heights which are totally incorrect. Estimates of statistical error are virtually meaningless when convergence occurs to such inapprooriate minima but rather precise starting values for the unknown parameters are required to ensure convergence to a relistic solution. In view of these potential difficulties and the lack of any theoritical analysis of the instabilties introduced by statistical noise, errors in background subtraction or unsuitable parameterization of peak models, it is felt that linear method are preferable. Thus, high spectrometer stability still seems to be unavoidable if one is to exploit the availabler statistical accuracy in an X-ray spectrum.
Schwannoma of the Tibial Nerve

Schwannoma is a benign, well-defined, and solitary nerve sheath tumor and accounts for 5% of all soft tissue tumors. It can occur anywhere along the peripheral nervous system. It is a slowly growing tumor and usually presents as a painless, discrete, and firm swelling before being diagnosed, unless it grows in a confined place. Preoperative diagnosis of schwannoma is often difficult. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and sonography are useful imaging modalities in the preoperative assessment of nerve sheath tumors. Although imaging may not be reliable in distinguishing nerve sheath tumors from each other, certain imaging characteristics should raise the suspicion of schwannoma.
Inflight Calibration of the NEAR Multispectral Imager

Abstract The multispectral imager on the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft has been subjected to a comprehensive series of inflight tests to validate its radiometric characteristics measured onground and to characterize instrument stability, pointing, geometric distortion, coalignment with other instruments, and light-scattering characteristics under flight conditions. The results of these tests, described herein, support the conversion of images of 253 Mathilde and 433 Eros into scientifically valid products with known geometric and radiometric characteristics. Key results include stability of dark current during cruise to within 1 data number; stability of the flat field to within the limits of inflight detectability; absolute radiometric accuracy of ∼5%, with no evident systematic change with time; validation of the focal length with an inflight measurement of 166.85 mm, compared to 167.0±0.2 mm derived onground; measurement of coalignment with the near-infrared spectrometer under flight conditions; and quantification of the intensity and distribution of scattered light.