cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of high resolution DEM data to detect rock damage from geomorphic signals along the central San Jacinto Fault

Abstract We analyze geomorphic properties extracted from LiDAR and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data to test whether the damage zone along the central San Jacinto Fault (SJF) zone can be resolved with remotely-sensed data in a quantitative fashion. The SJF is one of the most active faults in southern California, with well expressed geomorphology and a fast slip rate, as seen in the geology and by GPS. We use ArcMap and the TauDEM toolbox to compare several morphometric parameters, including drainage density (Dd), on both sides of the fault, using a 1 km and a 5 km buffer for the LiDAR and SRTM data, respectively. We also analyze the spatial patterns of Dd near the fault, using two different definitions of spatial Dd. The high resolution of the LiDAR data allows us to focus on a single fault, eliminating the effects of parallel nearby faults. From the LiDAR data we find that the highest Dd values occur in areas between two fault strands, followed generally by rocks on the northeast side of the fault, with the lowest Dd values occurring on the southwest side of the fault. The SRTM data shows a band of high Dd values centered on the main fault trace with ~ 1 km width. Our results indicate that there is a strong correlation between drainage density and proximity to the fault, with zones of structural complexity along the fault displaying the highest Dd. We interpret this to largely be an effect of degree of rock damage, as these are areas that are expected to be more damaged, and field observations support this contention. If we are correct, then it appears that the northeast side of the SJF is generally more damaged. South of the trifurcation area there is evidence that the signal is reversed on the larger scale, with more damage on the southwest side of the fault inferred from the SRTM data, possibly caused by extension between the Coyote Creek and Clark faults. The implications of the observed asymmetry could be geological evidence for rupture propagation direction, because a preferred propagation direction is predicted to produce asymmetric damage structure that would be recorded in the volume of rock surrounding a fault.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND ECONOMICALLY DISTRESSED COMMUNITIES

Industrial policy refers to deliberate government actions to affect the growth or decline of firms or industries for the sake of aggregate national prosperity and international competitiveness. This paper presents empirical evidence that policies designed to promote these objectives would be targeted differently from those designed to promote development of economically-distressed regions and communities. Facing multiple objectives, it is difficult for the public sector to pursue industrial growth directly as effectively as can private entrepreneurs. However, government aid to economically-distressed locales and dislocated workers and firms may indirectly support national industrial policy goals.
Temperament Profiles of Children With Vein of Galen Malformations

Unlike many brain injured children who are often rather difficult, toddlers and school-aged children with congenital vein of Galen malformations (n = 20; age range, 4 months to 12 years with a mean of 4 years) evidence a relatively positive temperament profile (based on the Temperament Scales of Carey, McDevitt, Fullard, Hegvik, Medoff-Cooper). They do not, however, differ from normal children with regard to the frequency of easy, difficult, slow to warm up, and intermediate temperament clusters. The temperament profile of children with vein of Galen malformations appears unaffected by additional neurologic abnormalities (hydrocephalus, abnormal developmental quotient, seizure disorder, focal cortical lesions) or other factors including age at testing, sex, or socioeconomic status. Contrary to the findings in adults of right hemisphere dominance for attention, presence of additional right-sided focal cortical pathology was not associated with greater activity level, distractibility, or impersistence. In c...
Cytogenetics and Granulopoietic Effects of Bone Marrow Fibroblastic Cells in Fanconi's Anaemia

Summary. To determine if abnormalities exist in the bone marrow stroma in Fanconi's anaemia, we studied the cytogenetic composition of in vitro bone marrow fibroblastic cells (FC) from a patient with this disorder and compared it to those obtained from skin fibroblasts, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and direct bone marrow preparations. The presence of granulocytic progenitors in bone marrow and T lymphocyte colonies in peripheral blood was also determined in addition to the ability of this patient's FC to stimulate normal granulocytic progenitors. We found that the FC had far fewer chromosomal abnormalities and stimulated normally the growth of granulocyte colonies. Granulocyte progenitors were not found, but T lymphocyte colonies were abundant. These results support the concept that a defect in haematopoietic stromal elements is not responsible for the aplasia developing in the disorder.
Mapping potential of digitized aerial photographs and space images for site-specific crop management

In site-specific crop management, treatments (e.g., fertilizer and herbicides) are applied precisely where they are needed. Global positioning system receivers allow accurate navigation of field implements and creation of crop yield maps. Remote sensing products help producers explain the wide range of yields shown on these maps and become the basis for digitized field management maps. Previous sources of remote sensing products for agriculture did not provide services that generated a sustained demand by crop producers, often because data were not delivered quickly enough. Public Access Resource Centers could provide a nearly uninterrupted electronic flow of data from NASA's MODIS and other sensors that could help producers and their advisors monitor crop conditions. This early warning/opportunity system would provide a low-cost way to discover conditions that merit examination on the ground. High-spatial-resolution digital aerial photographs or data from new commercial satellite companies would provide the basis for site-specific treatments. These detailed data are too expensive to acquire often and must be timed so as to represent differences in water supply characteristics and crop yield potentials. Remote sensing products must be linked to specific prescriptions that crop produces use to control operations and improve outcomes.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Video-Assisted Harvesting of Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap: Technique Validation and Initial Results

ObjectiveTo provide a description of a minimally invasive, video-assisted technique (VAT) to identify the cutaneous perforators of the anterolateral thigh (ALT). The objective of the study was to c...
Correlation of 19F-NMR spectra of halothane in rat tumor and non-tumor tissues with membrane alterations

The membrane environments in normal and tumor rat tissue and the effect of hyperthermia thereon are studied with 19F-NMR spectroscopy of the general anesthetic halothane. Normal and tumor cell types are clearly differentiated by the halothane resonance. A hydrophobic environment prominent in tumor tissue is more sensitive to heat treatment than the corresponding environments of normal cells. Studies of extracted lipids suggest that this may be due in part to the considerable difference in lipid temperature response which exists between normal and kidney tumor cells.
Life Change and Psychological Distress: The Role of Perceived Control and Desirability

Two studies were conducted to specify what attributes of life change events increase the risk of future psychological distress. It was hypothesized that the events perceived as both undesirable and uncontrollable would be most likely to be linked to subsequent distress. In the fiist study, which employed a retrospective methodology, 117 college students reported the life changes that occurred to them over a 3-month span and indicated the desirability and controll-ability of each event. These subjects also responded to an inventory, used in studies of community mental health, to assess symptoms of psychological distress. The findings indicated that only events perceived as both undesirable and uncontrollable were related to the incidence of psychological distress symptoms. Study 2 examined the same hypothesis in a prospective methodology. As in Study 1, only undesirable, uncontrollable life events were significantly related to subsequent psychological distress symptoms. The results of both studies implicate the importance of perceptions of control over aversive events in understanding the link between real life outcomes and illness.
Case Study of Waiting List on WPLC Digital Library

With the increasing popularity of e-books and audiobooks provided by public libraries in the U.S., the demand does not seem to be met with sufficient supply, as many popular titles require months of waiting time. In this study, we collected data from the Wisconsin Public Library Consortium's digital libraries service once a day for more than two months for selected popular titles. This data reflects the current supply and demand of popular titles in public libraries' digital library services. Based on our data analysis and observation, we suggest ways to achieve faster circulation, which ultimately allows for better services to library users.
Bone mineral status in adolescent girls: effects of eating disorders and exercise.

Abstract Purpose: To compare whole-body, lumbar, total spine, and pelvis bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI), body composition, energy expenditure for physical activity, and dietary intake of adolescents, aged 16–22 years. Methods: Three study groups included 25 girls with histories of eating disorders, 25 girls with no histories of eating disorders who exercised ≤ 7 hours/week, and 15 girls with no history of eating disorders who exercised> 7 hours/week. Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), body composition by bioelectric impedance and DEXA, energy expenditure by Personal Activity Computer, nutrient intake by 4-day dietary recalls/records, and BMI by measures of height/weight. General linear models, LSM ± SEM, Student's t -tests, and correlation analyses were used to determine group differences. Results: No significant differences in whole-body, spinal, and pelvis BMD were found among the three groups. Mean body fat (percent) was significantly higher ( p = .0001) for the group with histories of eating disorders than other groups. Dietary intakes of adolescents with histories of eating disorders were significantly lower for energy ( p = .0001), fat ( p = .0001), calcium ( p = .0007), vitamin D ( p = .0180), and zinc ( p = .0057) than those without eating disorder histories who exercised ≤ 7 hours/week. Conclusion: Except for body fat (percent), measures of BMD, energy expenditure, and BMI were not significantly different among groups. Our data suggest that with full recovery from eating disorders, teenage girls can achieve normal bone mass and body composition.
The synthesis and solubility of the copper hydroxyl nitrates: gerhardtite, rouaite and likasite

Syntheses for the three members of the copper hydroxyl nitrate family – the polymorphs rouaite and gerhardtite, and likasite – are presented along with powder diffraction data and unit-cell parameters. The solubilities, determined in 0.05 m KNO3 solution after equilibration at 25°C for 10 days were used to calculate activity-based solubility product constants. The Gibbs energies of formation, obtained from the solubility products, are −653.2±0.7 kJ/mol, −655.1±1.2 kJ/mol and −1506.4±1.1 kJ/mol, for rouaite, gerhardtite, and likasite (Cu3NO3(OH)5·2H2O), respectively. The values for the polymorphs rouaite and gerhardtite validate the observations of Oswald that gerhardtite is the most stable polymorph at room temperature and that the preparation of predominantly rouaite in syntheses carried out at room temperature must be due to the metastability and low rate of conversion to the more stable gerhardtite.
Integral manifolds of singularly perturbed systems with application to rigid-link flexible-joint multibody systems

In this paper, we first review results of integral manifolds of singularly perturbed non-linear differential equations. We then outline the basic elements of the integral manifold method in the context of control system design, namely, the existence of an integral manifold, its attractivity, and stability of the equilibrium while the dynamics are restricted to the manifold. Toward this end, we use the composite Lyapunov method and propose a new exponential stability result which gives, as a by-product, an explicit range of the small parameter for which exponential stability is guaranteed. The results are applied to the control problem of multibody systems with rigid links and flexible joints in which the inverse of joint stiffness plays the role of the small parameter. The proposed controller is a composite control law that consists of a fast component, as well as a slow component that was designed based on the integral manifold approach. We show that the proposed composite controller has the following properties: (i) it enables the exact characterization and computation of an integral manifold, (ii) it makes the manifold exponentially attractive, and (iii) it forces the dynamics of the reduced flexible system on the integral manifold to coincide with the dynamics of the corresponding rigid system (i.e. the one obtained by making stiffness very large) implying that any control law that stabilizes the rigid system would stabilize the dynamics of the flexible system on the manifold. We finally present a detailed stability analysis and give an explicit range of the joint stiffness, in terms of system parameters and controller gains, for which the established exponential stability is guaranteed.
Communities, commodities, cultural space, and style

This article explores the interconnections between queer communities and cultural space(s) in the context of style. Visibility issues and politics have become important to gay communities in the U.S. Gays and lesbians use clothing and appearance style to signal membership in or separation from specific cultures or communities. Within commodity capital, the heuristic categories of 'subculture' and 'target market' describe space or spaces that gays and lesbians occupy, and often occupy differently, based on self positionality within gay cultures, within commodity capital, and in relation to gender-specific discourse. Based on in-depth interviews with 60 lesbians and gays, this paper illuminates the ambivalences gays and lesbians express in embracing 'subculture' and 'target market' as categories to establish differences and fashion identities within the current cultural economy.
Chemistry of Rainwater and Cloud Water at Remote Sites in Alaska and Oregon

Cloud water and rainwater were examined at remote sites in southeastern Alaska and coastal Oregon using standardized collection and analytical techniques. Cloud water and rainwater were characterized by extremely low concentrations of most ions except SO²⁻₄, Na⁺, and Cl⁻. Acidity was greater than expected because of organic acids from unknown sources. Concentrations of NO⁻₃ and NH⁺₄ were extremely low, especially compared to samples collected similarly in the eastern USA. Rainwater did not differ between Alaska and Oregon except in concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻. Cloud water generally had higher concentrations of ions than rainwater, especially in NO⁻³, NH⁺₄, and SO²⁻₄. Ion concentrations were highly variable and non-normally distributed. Sample sizes in future studies should be large (>40). Cloud water deposition may be very important in terms of potential pollution effects and nutrient cycling in ecosystems with frequent cloud cover.
Components and Application Techniques for Electronic Circuitry Operating in Nuclear Environments

A discussion is presented of the effects of steady-state, pulsed, and natural space radiation on electronic equipment. The effects of steady-state irradiations of various active and passive circuit element materials with up to 1020 nvt of fast neutrons and 1012 r of gamma rays are outlined. The effects of gamma pulses of about 100 to 107 r/sec on the responses and properties of circuit elements are discussed. The effects of dose rate on conductivity of various insulators is shown at several temperatures. The nature of space radiations is considered.
Neuroimaging of Epilepsy: Therapeutic Implications

Neuroimaging has important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with seizures and epilepsy. Having replaced computed tomography (CT) in many situations, MRI is the preferred imaging technique for patients with epilepsy. Advances in radionuclide-based techniques such as single-photon emission CT/positron emission tomography and electromagnetic source imaging with magnetoencephalography are providing new insights into the pathophysiology of epilepsy. In addition, techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy are beginning to impact treatment. In this review, I discuss how these techniques are used in clinical practice but more importantly, how imaging findings play an increasing role in neurotherapeutics.
Briefing: The G8’s multilateral debt relief initiative and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa

THIS SPRING, THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) AND THE WORLD BANK will implement the next major phase of debt reduction for poor countries. The plan, agreed by the G8 in June 2005, and now known as the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI), will erase 'as much as 100 percent' of the debts owed by qualifying countries, the vast majority of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. Although this is being presented as a momentous leap forward for Africa and the battle against global poverty, the actual gains may be more modest and elusive. Hopes for a major impact on poverty, or even on the cash flow of African treasuries, are unlikely to be realized. This does not imply that the MDRI is meaningless, but rather that the potential benefits are far from certain, likely to be long term, and are not of the kind that activists may be expecting.
Increased proportion of aggressive-growth basal cell carcinoma in the Veterans Affairs population of Palo Alto, California

Abstract Background: We have noted a high frequency of aggressive-growth basal cell carcinomas (BCCS) in our patient population. Subtypes observed with increased frequency include morpheaform, infiltrative, and micronodular. Objective: Our purpose was to examine the frequency of histologic subtypes of all BCCs seen in the dermatology clinics in the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System in an 18-month period. Methods: We reviewed 432 consecutive primary BCC biopsy specimens taken from 252 patients. Results: Aggressive-growth BCC was observed in 20.7% of biopsy specimens, including 13.4% morpheaform, 5.7% infiltrative, and 1.6% micronodular subtypes. The mean age of the patient population was 70 years, with a standard deviation of 9.1 years. Conclusion: Our observed percentage of aggressive-growth BCC is substantially higher than in most other large studies. A high frequency of aggressive-growth BCC coupled with the increasing incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer may have significant implications for future health care resource allocation.
Acute flaccid paralysis associated with West Nile virus: Motor and functional improvement in 4 patients

Abstract Marciniak C, Sorosky S, Hynes C. Acute flaccid paralysis associated with West Nile virus: motor and functional improvement in 4 patients. Objective To describe motor and functional recovery in 4 patients with acute flaccid paralysis associated with West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Design A case series describing patient clinical features at admission to rehabilitation through 6-month follow-up. Setting Academic acute free-standing inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants The patients (3 men, 1 woman; age range, 29–72y) with central nervous system WNV infection presented on rehabilitation admission, 18 to 112 days after onset of symptoms, with severe flaccid asymmetric weakness without sensory loss, and decreased functional independence. Electrodiagnostic studies demonstrated a severe diffuse motor axonopathy consistent with an anterior myelitis. Intervention Acute inpatient rehabilitation program over a period of 35 to 106 days. Main outcome measures Motor and FIM instrument scores at admission to rehabilitation, discharge, and 6-month follow-up. Results All patients showed modest improvements in strength and function; no patient made full recovery of strength or became ambulatory by 6-month follow-up. Conclusions Little is known about recovery in patients with WNV-associated anterior myelitis. It will be important to document any further improvements in strength and function in such patients over a longer follow-up period.
Stimulation of Glucose Transport by AMP-activated Protein Kinase via Activation of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been recently demonstrated to be associated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR)- stimulated glucose transport mediated by both GLUT1 and GLUT4 transporters. However, signaling events upstream and downstream of AMPK are unknown. Here we report that 1) p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) were activated by AICAR in Clone 9 cells, which express only the GLUT1 transporters, and 2) activation of p38 was required for AICAR-stimulated glucose transport since treatment of the cells with p38 inhibitor SB203580 or overexpression of dominant negative p38 mutant inhibited glucose transport. Moreover, we found that overexpression of the constitutively active form of AMPK mutant also resulted in a significant activation of p38, and inhibition of p38 activity by SB203580 did not affect AICAR-stimulated activation of AMPK. These findings demonstrate that AICAR-stimulated activation of p38 is indeed mediated by AMPK, and the p38 MAPK cascade is downstream of AMPK in the signaling pathway of AICAR-stimulated glucose transport in Clone 9 cells.
Direct Detection of Beryllium on Filters Using the Laser Spark

A method has been developed to spectrochemically analyze beryllium particles on filters using the laser spark. The spark, formed on the filter by a cylindrical lens, is 0.1-mm wide and 4- to 8-mm long. By the rotation of the filter under the spark, a large area can be sampled in only a few minutes. The surface detection limit (SNR = 6) for particles 0.5-5 μm in diameter is 0.45 ng/cm2, which corresponds to 3.6 ng total Be mass on the exposed area (32-mm diam.) of a 37-mm-diam. filter. The RSD for replicate sample analysis is 4%. Several methods of calibrating the technique are discussed. The effects of particle size and some contaminants on the analysis are described. The usefulness of this method for monitoring airborne beryllium concentrations is considered.
Transplacental Transfer and Distribution of Pravastatin

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the bidirectional transfer of pravastatin across the dually perfused term human placental lobule and its distribution between the tissue and maternal and fetal circuits. Study Design The transfer of pravastatin was determined in the maternal-to-fetal (n = 11) and fetal-to-maternal (n = 10) directions. Pravastatin was coperfused with its [ 3 H]-isotope and the marker compound antipyrine (20 μg/mL) and its [ 14 C]-isotope. The concentration of pravastatin in the perfused tissue and the maternal and fetal circuits was determined using liquid scintillation spectrometry. Inside-out vesicles prepared from placental brush border membranes were utilized to investigate the role of efflux transporters in the transplacental transfer of pravastatin. Results Pravastatin was transferred from the maternal to the fetal circuit and vice versa. In the maternal-to-fetal direction, the distribution of pravastatin at the end of experiment was as follows: 14 ± 5% of the drug was retained by the tissue, 68 ± 5% remained in the maternal circuit, and 18 ± 4% was transferred to the fetal circuit. The normalized transfer of pravastatin (clearance index) to antipyrine in the fetal-to-maternal direction (0.48 ± 0.07) was higher than its transfer in the maternal-to-fetal direction (0.36 ± 0.07, P Conclusion The transfer of pravastatin across the dually perfused placental lobule suggests that fetal exposure to pravastatin is plausible. The higher transfer of pravastatin in the fetal-to-maternal direction than the reverse as well as its inhibition of the ATP-dependent uptake of [ 3 H]-paclitaxel and [ 3 H]-estrone sulfate strongly suggest the involvement of efflux transporters in decreasing its transfer across the placenta and support pravastatin's favorable pharmacokinetic profile in pregnancy.
Synthetic unit‐graphs

This paper presents a method, mostly empirical, of deriving synthetic unit-graphs. It is of assistance in the study and analysis of runoff-characteristics of drainage-areas of from 10 to 10,000 square miles for which stream-flow records may or may not be available. No attempt has been made to eliminate the use or need of judgment and experience in such studies. The “lag” or time from center of mass of rainfall to peak of runoff is the principal drainage-basin characteristic used in deriving the synthetic unit-graphs. An approximate method of determining the “lag” is given for use on areas with no stage-records available. The peak-rate of the unit-graph is expressed as a function of the “lag”.
Effect of Alkalization, Oxidation, Reduction, and Storage on Elution Patterns of κ-Casein Obtained by Gel Filtration

Abstract κ -Casein was investigated to determine its molecular changes and degradation during storage, in comparison with chemically induced changes. Sephadex G-200 did not yield fractionated peaks of κ -casein other than the void volume by eluting with Tris-HCl buffer with and without mercaptoethanol, m acetic acid, or 6 m urea. Six molar urea containing 0.01 m mercaptoethanol revealed peaks at K av of 0.45 and 0.55 for κ - and para- κ -caseins, respectively. By eluting with 0.2 n NaOH at 4C, a K av 0.29 peak was obtained where the stabilizing ability of κ -casein to α s1 casein was restored after neutralization. Para- κ -casein shifted to the low molecular weight side of K av 0.44. After sterilizing and storing at 35C, the zero peak was increased at the expense of the 0.29 peak, indicating aggregation of molecules, and the stabilizing ability of the 0.29 peak decreased. Sephadex G-50 and G-75 yielded an excellent glycomacropeptide peak after rennin action. This peak increased slightly after sterilizing and storing κ -casein and a peak of low molecular weight amino compounds, probably amino acids, increased rapidly. Oxidation with periodate revealed almost the same change as in stored κ -casein. κ -Casein oxidized with m H 2 O 2 , reduced with 0.03 m NaBH 4 , or alkalized with 0.2 n NaOH at 25C, yielded a cleaved peak like that produced by rennin, indicating stripping of amino acids without severe degradation of sterilized κ -casein during storage.
Population dynamics of epiphytic mycoflora and occurrence of bunch rots of wine grapes as influenced by leaf removal

Population dynamics of epiphytic fungi associated with the summer bunch rot complex of five wine grape {Vitis vinifera) varieties in commercial vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley of Cahfomia were monitored every two weeks by berry washings during 1989-1992. Vines in the five replicated experiments were subjected to basal leaf removal or left unaltered. Although numerous genera of fungi were isolated, species of Ctadosporium, Aspergittus, Penicittium and Atternaria predominated. Population densities of most fungal taxa increased at or after veraison. Leaf removal in the fruiting zones of bilateral cordon-trained vines generally reduced (/'<0-05) mid to late season numbers of epiphytic mycoflora: species of Penicittium, Botrytis and Aspergittus were most commonly reduced. Populations of .Atternaria spp. and yeasts were not consistently aflected by leaf removal. Numbers of fungi were no lower on berries when leaves were removed from both sides of vines than when leaves were removed only from the shaded side. Incidence and severity of bunch rots (sour rot, rots caused by Botrytis cinerea, Aspergittus niger, and total rot) at harvest were consistently reduced where leaves had been removed in comparison to vines where no leaves were removed. In one experiment, berries from vines sprayed with the grower's choice of pesticides at 50% or 100% of label rates had similar numbers of epiphytic mycoflora in both cases frequently lower than those from unsprayed controls. There was a significant interaction between chemical rate and leaf removal on the incidence of sour rot at harvest. Timing and extent of leaf removal did not affect population dynamics of epiphytic fungi, or incidence or severity of bunch rots (/'<0-05) at harvest in other trials.
The Chitranjan Ranawat Award: Periarticular injections and femoral & sciatic blocks provide similar pain relief after TKA: a randomized clinical trial.

Background Two of the more common methods of pain management after TKA are peripheral nerve blocks and intraarticular/periarticular injections. However, we are not aware of any study directly comparing the commonly used combination of a continuous femoral block given with a single-shot sciatic block with that of a periarticular injection after TKA.
IRROTATIONAL MOTION OF A COMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLUID

Variational Principles.--Let us assume that in the free two-dimensional irrotational motion of a compressible inviscid fluid the "density of mechanical energy" p + 1/2 ρ q^2 is an assigned differentiable function f(ρ) of the density ρ of the fluid.
The synthesis and reactions of methylchlorosilylcobalt tetracarbonyls

Abstract The new substances MeSiCl 2 Co(CO) 4 and Me 2 SiClCo(CO) 4 have been synthesized from MeSiCl 2 H and Me 2 SiClH and dicobalt octacarbonyl. The thermal stability of these compounds and of Me 3 SiCo(CO) 4 and Cl 3 SiCo(CO) 4 and their interactions with HCl, HBr, HgCl 2 , HgBr 2 and H 2 O were investigated. All were found to react with HgCl 2 , HgBr 2 , and water at 90° and low pressures. Only Me 3 SiCo(CO) 4 was found to be cleaved by HCl and HBr near atmospheric pressure. The remaining compounds underwent SiCo cleavage with HCl and HBr at 90° and 4000 atm.
A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT OF AMOBARBITAL.

The hypothesis that amobarbital causes an increase in output of behavior by inhibition of the effect of an inhibitory stimulus has been tested in comparison to the hypothesis that the differential increases are related to different probabilities of responding without the drug. Experiments were made on 3 pigeons pecking a plastic key under a schedule of positive reinforcement. It was found that the increase in rate of responding following amobarbital did depend on how fast the bird would have been responding in the absence of amobarbital. This relationship held whether or not an inhibitory stimulus was present. The dependency on control rate satisfactorily accounted for the greater mean increases in the presence of the inhibitory stimulus. There was thus no indication that amobarbital specifically inhibited the effects of the inhibitory stimulus.
Optimization and comprehensive characterization of a faithful tissue culture model of the benign and malignant human prostate.

Few preclinical models accurately depict normal human prostate tissue or primary prostate cancer (PCa). In vitro systems typically lack complex cellular interactions among structured prostatic epithelia and a stromal microenvironment, and genetic and molecular fidelity are concerns in both in vitro and in vivo models. ‘Tissue slice cultures’ (TSCs) provide realistic preclinical models of diverse tissues and organs, but have not been fully developed or widely utilized for prostate studies. Problems encountered include degeneration of differentiated secretory cells, basal cell hyperplasia, and poor survival of PCa. Here, we optimized, characterized, and applied a TSC model of primary human PCa and benign prostate tissue that overcomes many deficiencies of current in vitro models. Tissue cores from fresh prostatectomy specimens were precision-cut at 300 μm and incubated in a rotary culture apparatus. The ability of varied culture conditions to faithfully maintain benign and cancer cell and tissue structure and function over time was evaluated by immunohistological and biochemical assays. After optimization of the culture system, molecular and cellular responses to androgen ablation and to piperlongumine (PL), purported to specifically reduce androgen signaling in PCa, were investigated. Optimized culture conditions successfully maintained the structural and functional fidelity of both benign and PCa TSCs for 5 days. TSCs exhibited androgen dependence, appropriately undergoing ductal degeneration, reduced proliferation, and decreased prostate-specific antigen expression upon androgen ablation. Further, TSCs revealed cancer-specific reduction of androgen receptor and increased apoptosis upon treatment with PL, validating data from cell lines. We demonstrate a TSC model that authentically recapitulates the structural, cellular, and genetic characteristics of the benign and malignant human prostate, androgen dependence of the native tissue, and cancer-specific response to a potentially new therapeutic for PCa. The work described herein provides a basis for advancing the experimental utility of the TSC model.
Is the Academic Climate Chilly? The Views of Women Academic Chemists.

The statistical picture of the gender composition of chemistry as reported in national data indicates that women are underrepresented in academe in comparison to their representation in the field as a whole. This article presents data on the perceptions and views of a broad cross-section of women in academic chemistry departments and provides some clues as to why this underrepresentation may occur. In general, the data support literature that has posited a work climate that is problematic and less than welcoming for women. The results indicate that a large proportion of the women surveyed report that they receive little professional support through mentoring, that they perceive that there are strong differences in the resources and privileges awarded to men and women faculty, and that gender-related issues affect their department’s ability to recruit and hire or to promote women’s career progress after they are hired. Finally, the chemistry women in this study were significantly less likely than those in ...
On constructing the solutions to integral equations when ¦λ¦ > ¦λ1¦

Abstract A method is given for constructing the solution to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind for ¦λ¦ k ¦ . Both the cases when λ is a regular value and when λ is an eigenvalue of the integral operator are considered.
Tx: A component in human dialyzable transfer factor that induces cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs☆

Abstract This report describes the partial purification and characterization of the active component(s) in human dialyzable “transfer factor” (TFd) responsible for the transfer of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity ( DM H ) to PPD into guinea pigs. TFd was fractionated on Sephadex G-25, and the active fraction obtained (TFg) was then subfractionated on Bio-Gel P-4. The active subfraction, termed Tx, contained at least six components on thin-layer chromatography; two of these appear to be unique to Tx. All the components in Tx were shown to be of molecular weight 1100–3500 by chromatography, dialysis, and ultrafiltration. Tx preparations contained protein and RNA but no DNA. In comparison with the original TFd preparation, the active subfraction Tx was purified approximately 2300-fold in terms of RNA and 900-fold in terms of protein. The fractionation scheme used resulted in no detectable loss of activity. Transfer factor activity in TFg was resistant to treatment with DNase I, RNase A, and chymotrypsin but was destroyed by treatment with nuclease-free Pronase or RNase T1. Preparations were also inactivated by heating for 30 min at 100°C but not at 56 or 37°C. The component(s) in human TFd responsible for passive transfer of D H into guinea pigs appear to share several physical and chemical characteristics with those responsible for the transfer of D H in humans.
Splenectomy for cytopenias associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Summary Splenectomy was performed in 20 patients withrefractory cytopenias associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. An immediate and sustained increase in platelet count (greater than 150,000 cells/mm 3 ) was achieved in 12 of 18 patients whose principal indication for operation was thrombocytopenia. Of seven patients with hemolytic anemia, which was linked with thrombocytopenia in five, six had an increase in the hematocrit value of 20 percent or more after operation. The white blood count increased to normal values in three leukopenic patients. We believe that although removal of the spleen is not uniformly successful in correcting cytopenias in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, splenectomy should be considered in patients refractory to other modalities of treatment.
Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: a preliminary study

Hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be one of the factors in the genesis of neuropathic pain. Ketamine is an NMDA-blocking agent widely used in human medicine. Ketamine (at 250 mcg/kg i.v. slow push) was administered to 6 patients for control of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion. All 3 patients with peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease-related pain, and 2 of 3 patients with central pain and dysesthesia syndromes responded with a temporary decrease in the rating of ongoing pain. The allodynia, hyperalgesia and after-sensation present in 5 patients improved after the administration of ketamine. Dose-response estimation in 2 patients with PNS-related neuropathic pain revealed that ketamine was effective in dose-related fashion. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of ketamine administered to 1 patient with PNS-related neuropathic pain caused no additional improvement in pain control but caused intolerable cognitive and memory side effects. In contrast, side effects during single-dose injections were mild and well tolerated. Ketamine affected the evoked pain and associated after-sensation in chronic neuropathic pain syndromes more than the ongoing constant pain.
Morphine inhibition of the preovulatory surges of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in the rat.

A study was made of the effects on the preovulatory surges of LH and FSH exerted by morphine sulfate (M) administered at 1400 h on proestrus, the beginning of the critical period for gonadotropin release in cycling rats in our colony. Various doses of M were given ip and jugular venous blood was collected under ether anesthesia for radioimmunoassay of plasma levels of LH and FSH. To verify ovulation, oviducts were examined the following day for the presence of ova. A high dose of M (60 mg/kg) totally abolished the LH surge and partially prevented the FSH surge while completely blocking ovulation. With intermediate doses of M (20-30 mg/kg) about half of the rats showed undiminished elevations of plasma LH at 1800 h and complete ovulation the next morning, whereas the other half revealed almost total blockade of LH release and no ovulation. Following a low dose of M (10 mg/kg) a small but significant (P < 0.05) augmentation of LH levels was observed in two of three experiments and all animals receiving this...
Can socially adept friends protect peer-victimized early adolescents against lower academic competence?

Abstract The present study examined indices of friends' social adjustment (prosocial skills and social anxiety) that may protect against or exacerbate vulnerability to lower academic competence in the context of peer victimization during middle school (N = 320). Peer victimization was assessed with peer nominations, social anxiety was measured with self reports, and prosocial skills and academic competence were assessed with teacher ratings. Friends' prosocial skills were associated with early adolescents' higher academic competence, and friends' social anxiety was associated with lower academic competence, controlling for sex, grade, early adolescents' peer victimization, and total number of mutual friends. Moreover, the association between peer victimization and lower academic competence was attenuated among early adolescents with high-prosocial friends. Results contribute to the body of research that supports and informs peer-focused victimization prevention programs as well as universal social–emotional learning programs.
Load-Induced Growth Responses in Isolated Adult Rat Hearts Role of the AT1 Receptor

Background Stimulation of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor by angiotensin II appears to be mandatory for the acute load-induced hypertrophic response of cultured neonatal rat cardiocytes, but its role in the adult heart is controversial. We tested the hypothesis that AT1 receptor blockade will inhibit the acute induction of proto-oncogenes and protein synthesis by the elevation of systolic wall stress in isolated beating adult rat hearts. Methods and Results Using the established isovolumic perfused heart preparation under constant coronary flow, we found that an increment in left ventricular balloon volume generated an increase in systolic wall stress. The induction of left ventricular c-fos and c-myc mRNA (Northern blotting) was assessed in hearts subjected to increased systolic load without AT1 blockade (No AT1, n=11) and with AT1 blockade (AT1, n=11, losartan 40 mg·kg−1·d−1×5 days followed by 10−5 mol/L infusion during perfusion). Flaccid hearts (no left ventricular balloon) served as controls...
Alteration in nonverbal short term memory with stimulation in the region of the mammillothalamic tract in man

Resume On rapporte le cas d'un malade chez lequel une electrode placee dans la region du faisceau mamillo-thalamique droit et de la partie interne de la zona incerta etait stimulee alors qu'il subissait differents tests de memoire a court terme, verbale et non verbale. La seule alteration significative sur ces tests consistait dans le fait que la stimulation pendant la premiere presentation aleatoire d'une forme avec basse force d'association verbale, bloquait la capacite de reconnaitre qu'elle avait ete anterieurement vue lorsqu'elle etait a nouveau presentee 8 secondes plus tard. Cette constatation est en faveur du modele de la lateralisation de la fonction de memoire a court terme, les structures cerebrales droites etant concernees avec la memoire a court terme non verbale; elle suggere aussi que la fonction de la structure stimulee puisse ětre de faciliter 1'entree du materiel percu en memoire a court terme.
How Academic Libraries Reach Users on Facebook

Facebook is an extremely popular social networking site with college students. Many academic libraries have created their Facebook profiles to reach more users. This article studies the Facebook presence of Association of Research Libraries (ARL) member institutions, particularly academic ones. Their Facebook pages are analyzed comprehensively in terms of content, launch time, and popularity. The majority of these libraries maintain at least one Facebook page whose content typically focuses on library events, resource updates, etc.
IL-10 and susceptibility to Coccidioides immitis infection.

The Trends in Microbiology article by Romani and Puccetti [1] on the role of interleukin (IL)-10 in fungal infections emphasized the excellent research that their group has done on the immune response to the opportunistic fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. However, we recommend caution in generalizing their observations to all fungal infections. C. albicans is a commensal organism in humans and symptomatic mucosal infections of this fungus are primarily caused by disturbances of the normal bacterial flora, which can occur after treatment with antibiotics, or in individuals with T cell deficiencies, such as those with AIDS or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.
The first successful paternity through in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection with a man homozygous for the 5α-reductase-2 gene mutation.

Objective To report a case of successful paternity from a male homozygous for 5α-reductase-2 deficiency. Design Case report. Setting Academic center, division of reproductive endocrinology. Patient(s) A 45-year-old Dominican man and his 32-year-old wife. Intervention(s) In vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy. Result(s) Viable twin gestation. Conclusion(s) Men homozygous for 5α-reductase-2 deficiency can achieve biologic paternity through in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection despite severely abnormal semen parameters.
Climate and global change: Characteristics of NOAA satellite data

The principal finding of an International Council of Scientific Unions ICSU)/Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) ad hoc group on Remote Sensing for Global Change [Rasool, 1987] was that “The current international operational satellite system, augmented with the technology developed by research missions and supported by validation experiments and a comprehensive data system, could provide the basis for a global change observing system.” The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's environmental satellites represent a significant part of the international system. NOAA manages a NOAA series of polar orbiters and a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series of geostationary satellites. A NOAA satellite can view each point on the Earth's surface every 12 hours, at approximately the same local time each overpass. An attempt is made to maintain two NOAA satellites in orbit at all times, a so-called afternoon “bird” with nominal observing times of 2 P.M. and 2 A.M. and a morning bird with observations at 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. A GOES satellite hovering over the equator views continuously the surface of the Earth within 60° Earth central angle of the subsatellite point. NOAA operates a two-GOES system, one nominally stationed at 75°W and the other at 135°W.