cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription termination by RNA polymerase III: uncoupling of polymerase release from termination signal recognition.

Abstract Xenopus RNA polymerase III specifically initiates transcription on poly(dC)-tailed DNA templates in the absence of other class III transcription factors normally required for transcription initiation. In experimental analyses of transcription termination using DNA fragments with a 5S rRNA gene positioned downstream of the tailed end, only 40% of the transcribing polymerase molecules terminate at the normally efficient Xenopus borealis somatic-type 5S rRNA terminators; the remaining 60% read through these signals and give rise to runoff transcripts. We find that the nascent RNA strand is inefficiently displaced from the DNA template during transcription elongation. Interestingly, only polymerases synthesizing a displaced RNA terminate at the 5S rRNA gene terminators; when the nascent RNA is not displaced from the template, read-through transcripts are synthesized. RNAs with 3' ends at the 5S rRNA gene terminators are judged to result from authentic termination events on the basis of multiple criteria, including kinetic properties, the precise 3' ends generated, release of transcripts from the template, and recycling of the polymerase. Even though only 40% of the polymerase molecules ultimately terminate at either of the tandem 5S rRNA gene terminators, virtually all polymerases pause there, demonstrating that termination signal recognition can be experimentally uncoupled from polymerase release. Thus, termination is dependent on RNA strand displacement during transcription elongation, whereas termination signal recognition is not. We interpret our results in terms of a two-step model for transcription termination in which polymerase release is dependent on the fate of the nascent RNA strand during transcription elongation.
Comparative linkage analysis and visualization of high-density oligonucleotide SNP array data

The identification of disease-associated genes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been increasingly reported. In particular, the Affymetrix Mapping 10 K SNP microarray platform uses one PCR primer to amplify the DNA samples and determine the genotype of more than 10,000 SNPs in the human genome. This provides the opportunity for large scale, rapid and cost-effective genotyping assays for linkage analysis. However, the analysis of such datasets is nontrivial because of the large number of markers, and visualizing the linkage scores in the context of genome maps remains less automated using the current linkage analysis software packages. For example, the haplotyping results are commonly represented in the text format. Here we report the development of a novel software tool called CompareLinkage for automated formatting of the Affymetrix Mapping 10 K genotype data into the "Linkage" format and the subsequent analysis with multi-point linkage software programs such as Merlin and Allegro. The new software has the ability to visualize the results for all these programs in dChip in the context of genome annotations and cytoband information. In addition we implemented a variant of the Lander-Green algorithm in the dChipLinkage module of dChip software (V1.3) to perform parametric linkage analysis and haplotyping of SNP array data. These functions are integrated with the existing modules of dChip to visualize SNP genotype data together with LOD score curves. We have analyzed three families with recessive and dominant diseases using the new software programs and the comparison results are presented and discussed. The CompareLinkage and dChipLinkage software packages are freely available. They provide the visualization tools for high-density oligonucleotide SNP array data, as well as the automated functions for formatting SNP array data for the linkage analysis programs Merlin and Allegro and calling these programs for linkage analysis. The results can be visualized in dChip in the context of genes and cytobands. In addition, a variant of the Lander-Green algorithm is provided that allows parametric linkage analysis and haplotyping.
12 What Should an Archaeology of Religion Look Like to a Blind Archaeologist

Archaeology understands religion from embodied practices; interrogates the role of materiality in the reproduction of religion, accomplished in ritual; and explores what historical perspectives tell us about how religions persist and change. Archaeology is specially prepared to examine the repetition of practices over time, and their mediation through material forms. Embodied practices, routinized, unquestioned, yet subject to recognition and approval as “right,” are the core of religion in action, or ritual. A pragmatic archaeological approach asks not what religion is, but what it does, and how the material and historical basis of archaeology might change our view of religion.
Placing blame or blaming place? Embodiment, place and materiality in critical geopolitics

Abstract Gerard Toal's comprehensive work on the 2004 terrorist attack and counter-terrorist assault in Beslan, North Ossetia is a forceful critical analysis of competing geopolitical narratives expounded by the Kremlin, North Ossetian regional government, and the Beslan terrorists. Despite the strong success that Toal achieves in elaborating the competing geopolitical narratives that seek to construct meaning in the wake of the Beslan attack, the substantive analysis remains confined largely to the purposeful geopolitical strategies employed by key actors within different places and at different scales. In this commentary, I argue that a feminist geopolitical perspective is necessary to explore the material practices and experiences that stand in counter-point to elite-led efforts to construct simplified geopolitical narratives to enframe inherently complex events. This effort to understand the place-bound effects of geopolitical narratives leads me to discuss three particular lacunae within critical geopolitical analysis of the Beslan attack – the need for ethnographic thick description to understand how place-based actors experience and contextualize the attack; the ability of actors to push beyond circumscribed geopolitical narratives to produce a richer, hybrid understanding of the multiple places and scales involved in the attack; and the ability of a feminist, place perspective to help forge a normative moral geography of right and wrong in a post-foundational era that privileges narrative, discourse, and power at the heart of geography.
Experimental evaluation of digital holographic reconstruction using compressive sensing

Compressive sensing is a new alternative to the conventional Fresnel approach for digital holographic reconstruction for sparse objects, and can show improved performance with respect to image quality and the depth of focus. In this work, we experimentally investigate the performance of the compressive sensing reconstruction approach and compare it with the Fresnel transform and the non-paraxial and paraxial transfer function back-propagation approach. The compressive sensing technique used is the so-called Two-Step Iterative Shrinkage/Thresholding algorithm. A He-Ne laser of 543.5 nm is used as the light source and a Gabor holographic recording system is used as the experimental setup. The test object comprises a dandelion seed parachute with few wings. We capture the holograms at several recording distances and then reconstruct the image using each method. Over the range of recording distances used, the non-paraxial and paraxial transfer function back-propagation approach yields identical results. We evaluate the depth resolution of the compressive sensing algorithm and compare it with that of the Fresnel approach and the non-paraxial back-propagation approach.
Coordinate regulation of cholesterol synthesis and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase but not 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in C-6 glia☆

Abstract The effects on cholesterol biosynthesis of growth of cultured C-6 glial cells in serumfree medium ± supplementation with linoleic or linolenic acid were studied. Markedly higher activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) were observed in cells grown in linoleate- or linolenate-supplemented versus nonsupplemented medium. After 48 h HMG-CoA reductase activities were two-and four-fold higher in cells supplemented with 20 and 100 μ m linoleate, respectively. The increase in activity became apparent after 24 h and was marked after 48 h. Rates of incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate or 3 H 2 O into sterols did not reflect the changes in reductase activity. Thus, in cells supplemented with 50 μ m linoleate for 24 and 48 h rates of incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate were 75–80% lower than rates in nonsupplemented cells. This difference resulted because over the first 24 h of the experiment a fivefold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis occurred in the nonsupplemented cells, whereas essentially no change occurred in the linoleate-supplemented cells; little further change occurred between 24 and 48 h in the nonsupplemented and the linoleate-supplemented cells. That the difference in sterol synthesis under these experimental conditions could be mediated at the level of HMG-CoA synthase (EC 4.1.3.5) was suggested by two series of findings, i.e., first, similar quantitative and temporal changes in the activity of this enzyme, and, second, no change in the activity of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9) or the incorporation of [ 14 C]mevalonate into sterols. Thus, the data suggest that HMG-CoA synthase, and not HMG-CoA reductase, may direct the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis under these conditions of serum-free growth ± supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Wheat Arabinoxylan Structure Provides Insight into Function

ABSTRACT Recent attention to dietary fiber in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has invigorated research in the nonstarch carbohydrate arabinoxylan (AX). AX molecules are composed of a linear xylose backbone with arabinose substitutions along the backbone. These arabinose substituents can also carry a ferulic acid moiety. AX molecules can be fractionated into two categories based on extraction properties that have a structural and conformational basis: water-extractable (WEAX) and water-unextractable (WUAX) molecules. The ferulic acid moieties also allow for oxidative cross-linking between AX molecules or the tyrosine residues of proteins. The contents of total AX and WEAX molecules are primarily influenced by genetic differences; however, there is also evidence of environmental influence on content. There are several useful methods for quantifying AX molecules, providing varying levels of structural information as well as accuracy and precision. The high water-absorption capacity of AX molecules results in a ...
Infornation Modeling and Analysis of Event Related Potentials

An approach to the analysis of event related potentials (ERP) based on information theory is described. The amount of information in cortical potentials evoked by words briefly presented by tachistoscope is measured by a transinformation method. The inputs to the communication channel are four word categories. One category is composed of pleasant words, another of unpleasant words, both drawn from the Osgood semantic differential research, and two categories are composed of word stimuli related to a psychiatric patient's complaints. The patients chosen for study exhibit either phobias or pathological grief reactions. The method allows ERP's to be mapped into transinformation profiles that reveal time intervals during the poststimulus ERP favorable to the transmission of information concerning the word category presented. The transinformation model results for actual and synthetic data are discussed.
Job involvement, obsessive‐compulsive personality traits, and workaholic behavioral tendencies

Naughton proposed that workaholism may result from a combination of high job involvement with an obsessive‐compulsive personality. This study was designed specifically to elaborate upon and to explore this proposal. Both obsessive‐compulsive personality and workaholism, however, seem to be multidimensional rather than unidimensional variables, and their multidimensional nature needed clarification before the study could proceed. Obsessive‐compulsive personality consisted of six distinct traits: obstinacy, orderliness, parsimony, perseverance, rigidity, and superego. Workaholism was operationalized as having two behavioral components: tendencies both to engage in non‐required work activities, and to intrude actively on the work of others. This study predicted specifically that high job involvement coupled with high scores on the obstinacy, orderliness, rigidity, and superego traits would lead to high scores on tendencies to engage in non‐required work. These four predictions received some support in data emerging from a sample of 278 employed persons, although support was strongest for the obstinacy and superego traits. These results add to understanding of the work attitude of job involvement given its associations with some obsessive‐compulsive traits, suggest the relevance of obsessive‐compulsive personality in non‐clinical settings, and add to understanding of the phenomenon of workaholism as behavioral tendencies.
Polarographic Determination and Electrochemical Properties of Nozepam

A new rapid polarographic technique has been developed for determining the psychotropic preparation nozepam (oxazepam). Polarograms measured in 0.1 M aqueous tetrabutylammonium iodide solutions exhibit two picks at the potentials E ′ = −2.25 V and E ″= −2. 46 V. The calibration curve was constructed using the results of the statistical processing of data on the limiting current — concentration relationship. The results of measurements of the differential capacitance of the double electric layer show that nozepam has high ability to adsorption on a mercury electrode.
Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness: A Test of Two Configurational Theories

Mintzberg's and Miles and Snow's configurational theories have both received widespread attention. Most researchers, however, have interpreted these theories in terms of categories of organizations rather than organizational configurations based on ideal types. We explicated the logical structure of configurational theories and developed a set of configurational fit models that are congruent with alternative assumptions of equifinality, which is the premise that multiple organizational forms are equally effective. Then the two theories were formalized with these models and tested empirically. Contrary to our expectations, the results do not support Mintzberg's theory that organizations will be more effective to the extent that they resemble his five ideal types. In contrast with these null results, configurational fit based on Miles and Snow's theory predicted 24 percent of the variance in overall organizational effectiveness.
Relationship Between Hemodynamics and Right Ventricular Function in Patients With Cardiomyopathy: Important Role of Tricuspid Regurgitation

Study objective Right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction is load sensitive, varying inversely with pulmonary artery pressure. We tested whether this relationship exists in dilated cardiomyopathy. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary care referral medical center. Patients In 25 patients with cardiomyopathy referred for heart transplant evaluation (left ventricular ejection fraction 27±12%), hemodynamics, radionuclide angiograms, and Doppler echocardiograms were obtained initially (study A) and 8±8 months later (study B). Results Right ventricular ejection fraction was 40±17% on study A and 41±16% on study B, with a wide range of change between studies (+38 to −28%). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and right atrial pressure increased (52±9 to 61±10 mm Hg and 10±4 to 14±4 mm Hg, respectively, p Conclusions In patients with cardiomyopathy, RV ejection fraction cannot be used as a noninvasive marker of pulmonary hypertension. Owing to variation in tricuspid regurgitation, alterations in pulmonary artery pressure over time may not lead to the expected change in RV ejection fraction or end-systolic volume.
Internal short circuit in Li-ion cells

Abstract Effects of internal short circuit (ISCr) on thermal stability of Li-ion cells of various sizes (130–1100 mAh) are investigated using a combination of experimental methods and thermal modeling. Three experimental methods were evaluated: small nail penetration, small indentation, and cell pinch test. The small nail penetration and indentation tests created significant heat sinking to the cell-can or to the nail. Only the cell pinch test provided a reasonable approximation of a high risk ISCr event. ISCr location plays a critical role in the consequences of an ISCr event. ISCr at the edge of the electrode is the worst case because of its limited heat conduction to the cell-can. The effects of cell capacity and state of charge on ISCr are also evaluated through tests and thermal modeling.
Shock Initiation of PBX-9404 by electrically driven flyer plates

The shock initiation threshold of PBX-9404 was studied over the pressure range from 3.1 to 28 GPa with pulse lengths ranging from 0.007 to 0.063 ..mu..s. The short-duration, high pressure pulses were produced by the impact of thin flyer plates accelerated by electrically exploded metal foils. The experiments were performed on explosive pellets 25.4 mm in dia with thicknesses of 6.0, 10.1 and 19.1 mm. No dependence of the initiation threshold on pellet thickness was observed. The data are represented reasonably well by either the critical initiation energy or by the constant P/sup 2/ tau initiation criteria. Considerable scatter was observed in the data for the shorter-duration pulses. This scatter appeared to be due to enhanced sensitivity of the shock initiation threshold to variability in the properties of the explosive targets for the case of initiation by very short duration pulses.
Molecular signature of adult bone marrow-purified very small embryonic-like stem cells supports their developmental epiblast/germ line origin

We postulated that Oct4(+)SSEA-1(+)Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) isolated from adult bone marrow (BM) could be a reserve population for tissue-committed stem cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate the developmental origin of these cells. We report that during embryogenesis, VSELs are enriched in embryonic day (E)12.5 murine fetal livers (FLs) and subsequently follow the developmental route of hematopoietic stem cells (H)SCs to colonize BM. Molecular analysis of purified VSELs revealed that both FL-derived VSELs and their adult BM-derived counterparts express: (i) several epiblast/primordial germ cell (PGC) markers; (ii) migrating PGC-like epigenetic reprogramming profiles of Oct4, Nanog and Stella loci; as well as (iii) a unique pattern of genomic imprinting. Thus, these data suggest that VSELs may originate from epiblast/migrating PGC-like cells and, in spite of the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers, changes in the epigenetic signature of imprinted genes keep these cells quiescent in adult tissues and prevent them from teratoma formation.
The Mackey-Glimm dichotomy for foliations and other Polish groupoids

Abstract For Polish groups acting on Polish spaces, E. Effros gave a condition under which 14 properties of the orbits or the orbit space of an anti-ergodic character are equivalent. He also raised the question of extending these results to Polish groupoids, and this paper gives an affirmative answer to that question. The paper also includes results about totally disconnected quotient spaces and an application to indecomposable continua.
Value of the 12-lead electrocardiogram in discriminating atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia from circus movement atrioventricular tachycardia utilizing a retrograde accessory pathway☆

The value of the 12-lead electrocardiogram for distinguishing atrioventricular (AV) nodal reciprocating tachycardia from circus movement AV tachycardia utilizing a retrograde accessory pathway was studied in 100 patients with narrow QRS complex tachycardia. Intracardiac electrograms showed AV nodal reciprocating tachycardia in 40 patients and circus movement AV tachycardia in 60. The 12-lead electrocardiograms recorded during tachycardia were randomly sorted and reviewed by 4 experienced cardiac electrophysiologists who were blinded to the diagnosis associated with each tracing, the relative proportion of each arrhythmia and the hypotheses to be tested. Each reviewer was asked to indicate the location of the P wave relative to the QRS complex, electrical axis of the P wave in the frontal and horizontal planes and presence or absence of QRS alternation, and to interpret the most likely mechanism. The performance of published electrocardiographic criteria to differentiate AV nodal reciprocating tachycardia from circus movement AV tachycardia was evaluated. The overall accuracy of the reviewers' interpretations was 75%, similar to the accuracy of the predefined criteria when applied by these observers (71% correct, difference not significant). Interobserver agreement of reviewer interpretations was 76% and the intraobserver agreement was 78%. Features associated with circus movement AV tachycardia by univariable analysis were P waves after the QRS complex, faster tachycardia rates and QRS alternation. Multivariable analysis showed that only the location of the P wave relative to the QRS complex was independently associated with the mechanism of tachycardia (p = 0.002). QRS alternation was found by multivariate analysis to be associated with the rate but not the mechanism of the tachycardia.
n -3 Fatty acid metabolism in women

The extent to which women of reproductive age are able to convert the n-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALNA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was investigated in vivo by measuring the concentrations of labelled fatty acids in plasma for 21 d following the ingestion of [U-13C]ALNA (700 mg). [13C]ALNA excursion was greatest in cholesteryl ester (CE) (224 (sem 70) micromol/l over 21 d) compared with triacylglycerol (9-fold), non-esterified fatty acids (37-fold) and phosphatidylcholine (PC, 7-fold). EPA excursion was similar in both PC (42 (sem 8) micromol/l) and CE (42 (sem 9) micromol/l) over 21 d. In contrast both [13C]DPA and [13C]DHA were detected predominately in PC (18 (sem 4) and 27 (sem 7) micromol/l over 21 d, respectively). Estimated net fractional ALNA inter-conversion was EPA 21 %, DPA 6 % and DHA 9 %. Approximately 22 % of administered [13C]ALNA was recovered as 13CO2 on breath over the first 24 h of the study. These results suggest differential partitioning of ALNA, EPA and DHA between plasma lipid classes, which may facilitate targeting of individual n-3 fatty acids to specific tissues. Comparison with previous studies suggests that women may possess a greater capacity for ALNA conversion than men. Such metabolic capacity may be important for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for DHA during pregnancy and lactation. Differences in DHA status between women both in the non-pregnant state and in pregnancy may reflect variations in metabolic capacity for DHA synthesis.
Investigation of Anticapsin Biosynthesis Reveals a Four-Enzyme Pathway to Tetrahydrotyrosine in Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis produces the antibiotic anticapsin as an L-Ala-L-anticapsin dipeptide precursor known as bacilysin, whose synthesis is encoded by the bacA-D genes and the adjacent ywfGH genes. To evaluate the biosynthesis of the epoxycyclohexanone amino acid anticapsin from the primary metabolite prephenate, we have overproduced, purified, and characterized the activity of the BacA, BacB, YwfH, and YwfG proteins. BacA is an unusual prephenate decarboxylase that avoids the typical aromatization of the cyclohexadienol ring by protonating C(8) to produce an isomerized structure. BacB then catalyzes an allylic isomerization, generating a conjugated dienone with a 295 nm chromophore. Both the BacA and BacB products are regioisomers of H(2)HPP (dihydro-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate). The BacB product is then a substrate for the short chain reductase YwfH which catalyzes the conjugate addition of hydride at the C(4) olefinic terminus using NADH to yield the cyclohexenol-containing tetrahydro-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate H(4)HPP. In turn, this keto acid is a substrate for YwfG, which promotes transamination (with L-Phe as amino donor), to form tetrahydrotyrosine (H(4)Tyr). Thus BacA, BacB, YwfH, and YwfG act in sequence in a four enzyme pathway to make H(4)Tyr, which has not previously been identified in B. subtilis but is a recognized building block in cyanobacterial nonribosomal peptides such as micropeptins and aeruginopeptins.
A portrait of remedial instruction: faculty workload and assessment techniques

Remediation in postsecondary education continues to be an issue that is hotly debated by institutional leaders and state policymakers. The National Center for Education Statistics [The National Center for Education Statistics. (2003). Remedial education at higher education institutions in fall 2000. PEQIS. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.] estimates that 98% of public 2-year and 80% of public 4-year institutions offered at least one remedial course. The need for remedial courses is also demonstrated by the growing number of students who enroll each year. Studies that examine students and placement are found in the literature, but few examine the faculty who teach in remedial programs [Boylan, H., Bonham, B. S., Jackson, J., & Saxon, D. P. (1995). Research in Developmental Education, 12(1), 42–52.]. The purpose of this study was to examine faculty who teach remedial courses. In particular, we were interested in faculty workload and the assessment techniques employed by faculty based upon type and level of institution. More specifically, data was analyzed using the NSOPF: 99 database on faculty at 2-year and 4-year institutions as well as faculty at private and public institutions. Some comparisons between faculty teaching remedial courses and nonremedial courses are presented.
The Actual Lifespan of Pacemakers

A comparative study of the lifespan experienced with various models of fixed-rate, R-wave triggered, R-wave blocked, and P-wave triggered pacemakers was made. All pacemakers were made by the same manufacturer during the period 1965-1972. The fixed-rate and R-wave blocked models lasted about six months longer than the triggered series. There is sufficient variability in the lifespan to indicate pacemaker removal only on impending exhaustion as shown by slowing of the intrinsic rate of the pacemaker. Use of a weekly telephonic pacemaker checking service prolongs pacemaker performance averages by four months and is recommended.
Path curvature of a geared seven-bar mechanism

Abstract This paper presents a graphical technique to locate the center of curvature of the path traced by a coupler point of a planar, single-degree-of-freedom, geared seven-bar mechanism. Since this is an indeterminate mechanism then the pole for the instantaneous motion of the coupler link; i.e., the point coincident with the instantaneous center of zero velocity for this link, cannot be obtained from the Aronhold–Kennedy theorem. The graphical technique that is presented in the first part of the paper to locate the pole is believed to be an important contribution to the kinematics literature. The paper then focuses on the graphical technique to locate the center of curvature of the path traced by an arbitrary coupler point. The technique begins with replacing the seven-bar mechanism by a constrained five-bar linkage whose links are kinematically equivalent to the second-order properties of motion. Then three kinematic inversions are investigated and a four-bar linkage is obtained from each inversion. The motion of the coupler link of the final four-bar linkage is equivalent up to and including the second-order properties of motion of the coupler of the geared seven-bar. Then the center of curvature of the path traced by an arbitrary coupler point can be obtained from existing techniques, such as the Euler–Savary equation. An analytical method, referred to as the method of kinematic coefficients, is presented as an independent check of the graphical technique.
Polynomial construction of complex Hadamard matrices with cyclic core

Abstract Conditions are given which are necessary and sufficient to ensure invariance of an M-sequence under periodic rearrangement. In conjunction with a certain uniformity property of polynomial coefficients, these conditions yield a simple method by which complex Hadamard matrices with cyclic core can be constructed. In such cases, a real p-ary linear cyclic error correcting code may be associated with the complex Hadamard matrix.
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF PURIFIED DEOXYCYTIDYLATE DEAMINASE.

The activity of purified deoxycytidylate deaminase obtained from chick-embryo extracts is dependent upon the presence of deoxycytidine triphosphate and magnesium ions. The stability of the enzyme at 37 °C is markedly enhanced by deoxycytidine triphosphate, and less so by the other deoxyribonucleotides. The inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoate, urea, and deoxythymidine triphosphate, is reversed by deoxycytidine triphosphate. This reversal suggests that the regulation of enzyme activity is effected through configurational changes in the enzyme structure.
Vulnerability to Knowledge Obsolescence Among Professionals

A CENTRAL element of modem professions is that they are organized around specialized bodies of knowledge over which they claim exclusive jurisdiction and control (Barber, 1963). Such specialized expertise is basic to the performance of the professional role, and the application of this specialized knowledge to client problems is the essence of professionalism for occupations such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, law, or engineering (Hughes, 1963; Gross, 1958:78-82). As Greenwood (1957) suggests, two other attributes of the professionsauthority and autonomy-are based upon this expertise. The authority to advise, prescribe, direct, or limit client activity is grounded in professional access to superior knowledge of "causes" and "solutions" to the clients' problems. Likewise, freedom from lay control and evaluation of professional performance derives from the discrepancy between the expertise of the professional and the ignorance of the client. Only other qualified (i.e., knowledgeable in the same specialized area) personnel can evaluate the professional practitioner (Hall, 1969). In addition, professions also exhibit other characteristics which are not so intimately linked to expertise. These are such elements as codes of ethics, professional cultures or communities, and commitment (see Hall, 1969; Goode, 1957). The focus of this paper is, however, on the relevance of professional expertise. Expertise is inextricably involved with both the performance of the professional role, and the maintenance of professional status and legitimacy. Any increase in client access to the professional sphere of competence is therefore likely to result in skepticism, criticism, and may even threaten to reduce the professional to commercial status (Wilensky, 1964:150). The "mystification" of professional knowledge in the form of esoteric jargon, limitations on popularization of knowledge, and prohibitions against advertising may be seen as attempts to maintain the knowledge gap between professional and client. The expertise of professionals also has crucial implications for their standing within the professional community. Since professionals claim freedom from the control of outsiders it is incumbent upon them to exercise self-regulation over the competence of their members. While it appears that colleague evaluation of expertise is somewhat less stringent than the professional model would suggest, it does occur (Borenstein, 1958). Physicians in a large medical clinic, for example, do not appear to be able to evaluate the everyday performance of their colleagues but are able to cope with gross incompetence (Friedson and Rhea, 1965). Hospitals also often structure the evaluation of competence through "tissue committees" and other devices which periodically monitor the perform-
Reconciling structure and function in HhaI DNA cytosine-C-5 methyltransferase.

Abstract Pre-steady state partitioning analysis of theHhaI DNA methyltransferase directly demonstrates the catalytic competence of the enzyme·DNA complex and the lack of catalytic competence of the enzyme·S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) complex. The enzyme·AdoMet complex does form, albeit with a 50-fold decrease in affinity compared with the ternary enzyme·AdoMet·DNA complex. These findings reconcile the distinct binding orientations previously observed within the binary enzyme·AdoMet and ternary enzyme·S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine·DNA crystal structures. The affinity of the enzyme for DNA is increased 900-fold in the presence of its cofactor, and the preference for hemimethylated DNA is increased to 12-fold over unmethylated DNA. We suggest that this preference is partially due to the energetic cost of retaining a cavity in place of the 5-methyl moiety in the ternary complex with the unmethylated DNA, as revealed by the corresponding crystal structures. The hemi- and unmethylated substrates alter the fates and lifetimes of discrete enzyme·substrate intermediates during the catalytic cycle. Hemimethylated substrates partition toward product formation versus dissociation significantly more than unmethylated substrates. The mammalian DNA cytosine-C-5 methyltransferase Dnmt1 shows an even more pronounced partitioning toward product formation.
Structural insight into the unique properties of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 9

Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) has enhanced capsid-associated tropism for cardiac muscle and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier compared to other AAV serotypes. To help identify the structural features facilitating these properties, we have used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and three-dimensional image reconstruction (cryo-reconstruction) and X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the AAV9 capsid at 9.7- and 2.8-A resolutions, respectively. The AAV9 capsid exhibits the surface topology conserved in all AAVs: depressions at each icosahedral two-fold symmetry axis and surrounding each five-fold axis, three separate protrusions surrounding each three-fold axis, and a channel at each five-fold axis. The AAV9 viral protein (VP) has a conserved core structure, consisting of an eight-stranded, β-barrel motif and the αA helix, which are present in all parvovirus structures. The AAV9 VP differs in nine variable surface regions (VR-I to -IX) compared to AAV4, but at only three (VR-I, VR-II, and VR-IV) compared to AAV2 and AAV8. VR-I differences modify the raised region of the capsid surface between the two-fold and five-fold depressions. The VR-IV difference produces smaller three-fold protrusions in AAV9 that are less "pointed" than AAV2 and AAV8. Significantly, residues in the AAV9 VRs have been identified as important determinants of cellular tropism and transduction and dictate its antigenic diversity from AAV2. Hence, the AAV9 VRs likely confer the unique infection phenotypes of this serotype.
Severe Adams-Stokes syndrome treated with isuprel and an artificial pacemaker.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of complete heart block with severe Adams-Stokes syndrome has been presented. 2. 2. A new artificial cardiac pacemaker, used for the first time, has been shown to be an effective, easily applied, safe cardiac stimulator. 3. 3. Isuprel, given by intravenous drip or by intramuscular injection, was effective in preventing cardiac standstill in this case. The patient subsequently died of acute left heart failure.
Diffusion Path Theorems for Ternary Diffusion Couples

A review is given of 17 theorems concerning diffusion paths in ternary diffusion couples published by Kirkaldy and Brown in 1963. An additional 11 theorems are given herein that were taken from work published on diffusion paths after that time. The new theorems are concerned primarily with diffusion paths that result from crossing multiple-phase regions in an interdiffusion zone. The theorems describe a method for classifying microstructural boundaries between the regions and a catalog of diffusion path features that are unique to each type of boundary. In addition, a proposal is given for how to plot diffusion paths in quaternary and higher order systems.
Ultrafilters on the natural numbers

We study the problem of existence and generic existence of ultrafilters on ω. We prove a conjecture of Jorg Brendle's showing that there is an ultrafilter that is countably closed but is not an ordinal ultrafilter under CH. We also show that Canjar's previous partial characterization of the generic existence of Q-points is the best that can be done. More simply put, there is no normal cardinal invariant equality that fully characterizes the generic existence of Q-points. We then sharpen results on generic existence with the introduction of σ-compact ultrafilters. We show that the generic existence of said ultrafilters is equivalent to . This result, taken along with our result that there exists a K σ , non-countably closed ultrafilter under CH, expands the size of the class of ultrafilters that were known to fit this description before. From the core of the proof, we get a new result on the cardinal invariants of the continuum, i.e., the cofinality of the sets with σ-compact closure is .
Dann dise sind der Eltern schönster WinterMeyen: The Life of Children in Johann Fischart’s Geschichtklitterung

This study examines sixteenth century views of the world of childhood and childrearing in Johann Fischart’s Geschichtklitterung (1590), a major work of early modern German fiction. A clearly defined concept of childhood did not exist in Fischart’s time: it was not until the eighteenth century that modern ideas of children and their stages of development formed. The notion of childhood as something essentially different from adulthood is the product of the Enlightenment; but the lives of children were on the mind of many Renaissance writers. For example, the education given to children was what distinguished humans from other creatures in the works of Erasmus (1466–1536). In the Geschichtklitterung, the story of Gargantua’s journey from birth to adulthood gave Fischart ample opportunity to infuse his narrative with contemporary views of children’s lives in a highly innovative literary style much ahead of his times. Throughout the novel, Fischart’s fictional treatment of childhood offers the modern reader perceptions of children and young people at end of the sixteenth century and offers rich insights into the lives of children. This close reading of Fischart’s challenging, playful text invites discussion and analysis of children’s needs, upbringing, education, sexuality, games, and integration into the world of adults in the early modern period.
Anomalous Type I Error Rates for Identifying One Type of Differential Item Functioning in the Presence of the Other

A number of statistical methods exist for the detection of differential item functioning (DIF). The performance of DIF methods has been widely studied and generally found to be effective in the detection of both uniform and nonuniform DIF. Anecdotal reports suggest that these techniques may too often incorrectly detect the presence of one type of DIF in the presence of the other type (Type I error). The purposes of this simulation study are to ascertain whether these observations are in fact accurate and, if so, to gain some understanding as to the cause of the inflated Type I error. Results do support that the Type I error rates for detecting one type of DIF in the presence of the other are inflated for most common DIF detection techniques. Discussion focuses on potential causes of these results.
ADP‐ribosyltransferase from beef liver which ADP‐ribosylates elongation factor‐2

Fragment A of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas toxin A intoxicate cells by ADP-ribosylating the diphthamide residue of elongation factor-2 (EF-2) resulting in an inhibition of protein synthesis [1–3]. A cellular enzyme from polyoma virus transformed baby hamster kidney (pyBHK) cells ADP-ribosylates EF-2 in an identical manner [4]. Here we describe a similar cellular enzyme from beef liver which transfers [adenosine-14C]ADP-ribose from NAD to EF-2. The 14C-label can be removed from the EF-2 by snake venom phosphodiesterase as a soluble product which comigrates with AMP on TLC plates, indicating the 14C-label is present on EF-2 as monomeric units of ADP-ribose. Furthermore, the forward transferase reaction catalyzed by the beef liver ADP-ribosyltransferase is reversible by excess diphtheria toxin fragment A, with the formation of 14C-labeled NAD, indicating that both transferases ADP-ribosylate the same site on the diphthamide residue of EF-2. Thus, beef liver and pyBHK mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferases both modify the diphthamide residue of EF-2, in a manner identical to diphtheria toxin fragment A and Pseudomonas toxin A. These results suggest the cellular enzyme is probably ubiquitous among eukaryotic cells.
Impact of Potassium Salts on Aromatic Substitution Reactions1

Potassium salts, and potassium benzoate in particular, were shown to dramatically accelerate aromatic substitution reactions between a chiral secondary alkoxide and aryl fluoride substrates. There was no loss of chiral purity, and ether yields exceeded those obtained in trials containing no salt additive. The generality of the method was demonstrated by the observation of rate accelerations in several solvents and with several deprotonation bases.
Application of Advanced Microstructural and Microchemical Microscopy Techniques to Chalcopyrite Solar Cells.

Analytical TEM techniques have been used to characterize the structure and chemistry of chalcopyrite solar cell devices produced by elemental evaporation using a bi-layer process at Ts=400°C and Ts=550°C. Dislocations, stacking faults, twins and voids exist in both materials but at a reduced density at the higher deposition temperature. The higher processing temperature also improved the density and structure of the grain boundaries and created a less rough surface. The CdS layer coats the surface conformally, although the roughness impacts the structure. CdS fills the grooves in the surface and infiltrates lower density grain boundaries to significant depths. The chemistry of the grain boundaries does not appear to be significantly impacted by the presence of the Cd and S.
Integrating Avionics in the Conceptual Design Phase

The avionics components of modern military aircraft significantly impact the cost and effectiveness of the total aeronautical system. In the early conceptual phase, aeronautical system designers give scant attention to designing the avionics components. The design team generally provides weight, volume and power considerations for the desired avionics functions and assumes that an avionics suite can be assembled. Less than comprehensive attention is given to the interacting effect avionics have with the other system components. In contrast, the designers expend a very large effort on finding the best balanced combination of airframe and propulsion components which satisfy the design objectives. This paper shows why avionics must be a co-equal member of the aeronautical system along with airframe, propulsion, and armament. To become a co-equal partner, avionics must be an element of the system design iterations and analysis commencing with the early conceptual design phase of a new aeronautical system.
Managing synchronization and time factors in multimedia presentation

Abstract We propose a simple and efficient way to synchronize multimedia presentation. First, we introduce a conceptual multimedia system architecture in which synchronization actions are performed globally by a Global Synchronization Manager (GSM) which is part of the Multimedia Database Management System, and locally by Media Specific Synchronizers. Next, we propose a presentation scenario convention that is easy to create and manipulate. We assume that synchronization is driven by real time and not by synchronization events, and that coordination of scenario entries with Global Time (GT) is managed by the GSM. User interaction with the presentation creates entries in the GSM log of special events which in coordination with the relationship matrix will adjust the actual time included in the scenario entries. Entries in the presentation scenario contain presentation actions that are fired (activated) when the time field of that entry rendezvous with the GT.
Is hydrogen a safe fuel

Abstract The safety aspects of hydrogen are systematically examined and compared with those of methane and gasoline. Physical and chemical property data for all three fuels are compiled and used to provide a basis for comparing their various safety features. Each fuel is examined to evaluate its fire hazard, fire damage, explosive hazard and explosive damage characteristics. The fire characteristics of hydrogen, methane and gasoline, while different, do not largely favor the preferred use of any one of the three fuels; however, the threat of fuel-air explosions in confined spaces is greatest for hydrogen. Safety criteria for the storage of liquid hydrogen, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and gasoline are compiled and presented. Gasoline is believed to be the easiest and perhaps the safest fuel to store because of its lower volatility and narrower flammable and detonable limits. It is concluded that all three fuels can be safely stored and used; however, the comparative safety and level of risk for each fuel will vary from one application to another. Generalized safety comparisons are made herein but detailed safety analyses will be required to establish the relative safety of different fuels for each specific fuel application and stipulated accident. The technical data supplied in this paper will provide much of the framework for such analyses.
Struggling with the daimon:Eliza M. Butler on Germany and Germans

In 1935, the British scholar Eliza M. Butler published The Tyranny of Greece Over Germany, in which she explored the appeal of Greek art and poetry to modern German writers. She argued that Hellenism had exerted a baleful influence on German literature and culture, and that Germans were especially—even dangerously—susceptible to the power of ideas. In her view, the most dangerous Hellenic concept to German culture and society was the daimon, which had reached Germany via the work of Winckelmann. Butler's thesis and methods may be problematic, as some reviewers of Tyranny pointed out, but her work is noteworthy as the product of a scholar who had lived in Germany and was a witness to history, familiar with German language, literature, and culture, writing on Germany during difficult times. As a British scholar who began studying German just before World War I and ended her career after World War II, Butler had an ambivalent relationship with Germany and Germans. But in addition to political factors, she wa...
Diffusion of Phenol in the Presence of a Complexing Agent, Tetrahydrofuran

The effect of a complexing agent, tetrahydrofuran, on the diffusion of phenol across a stagnant fluid layer has been studied. At a given activity of free phenol, the steady-state flux of phenol appearing in an acceptor phase was greatly enhanced. However, as the fraction of phenol associated with the complexing agent increased, the flux of phenol decreased, since the transport was then controlled by the diffusion of the complex, a larger structure. A mathematical model of simultaneous association and diffusion was derived to determine whether the diffusional behavior of two associating species could be accounted for in terms of the association equilibrium constant and Fick's second law. Experimental results supported the model. It was concluded that the presence of a complexing agent tends to reduce the rate of diffusion, the effect being more pronounced at high concentrations of complexing agent.