cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-law relationships when a child is homosexual

The purpose of this study is to review related literature concerning in-law relationships and begin an empirical exploration of the relationship between parents of gay men and lesbians and their child's significant other. Three hundred forty-seven parents of lesbians and gay men were surveyed regarding their sexuality, religiosity, socioeconomic status, attitude toward homosexuality, years they have known their child was homosexual, number of other children in the family, and acceptance of their homosexual child's significant other. A model was designed and tested via analysis of covariance structures in the LISREL VII package (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989). Results suggest that the proposed model and the model estimated for the data are not significantly different, indicating support for the model. Future research issues are offered.
Localization of neuronal histamine in rat brain

Antisera to histamine were generated by immunization of albino guinea pigs with a complex of histamine and methylated-bovine serum albumin. Characterization of the antisera and preliminary mapping of histaminergic neurons were conducted on brain tissue from normal and experimentally manipulated rats. Using immunofluorescence, histamine-like immunoreactive cell bodies were revealed in the lateral hypothalamus, and fibers were stained in the hypothalamus, cortex, amygdala and hippocampus.
An integral method to determine the mechanical behavior of materials in metal cutting

Abstract An integral Johnson–Cook model based approach has been presented to characterize the mechanical behavior of work materials in machining. The model parameters are determined by fitting the data from both quasi-static compression and machining tests. The approach has been validated by the case studies of quasi-static compression and machining tests of 6061-T6 aluminum, which the flow stress, strain, strain rate, and the temperature are calculated by the appropriate models. It is also confirmed that the compression data can be correlated with the cutting data. The developed approach is valid for machining with continuous chips at a variety of cutting speeds. In addition, the error sources to affect the accuracy of this approach are discussed.
Right Ventricular Failure After Cardiac Surgery

Right ventricular (RV) failure remains a major problem in cardiac surgery, particularly in the setting of heart transplantation and following institution of left ventricular support. Experimental studies have shown that RV function is derived from 2 sources: the free wall of the RV and the interventricular septum. Management of RV failure involves not only decreasing RV afterload, but also optimizing both contributions to RV function, which is best achieved by optimizing developed systemic pressure. Techniques for managing the pulmonary circulation and strategies for optimizing RV function in various clinical settings are presented.
Carotid endarterectomy without a shunt: the control series.

Abstract Nine hundred forty carotid endarterectomies were performed without the use of a temporary indwelling shunt. Six patients (0.6%) died, all from stroke; 17 other patients (1.8%) had another stroke, and 21 patients (2.2%) had temporary neurologic symptoms. Complete x-ray films detailing the opposite internal carotid artery and carotid artery back pressure were available for 783 operations. Correlation of stroke to back pressure, status of the contralateral internal carotid artery, preoperative neurologic deficit, and carotid clamp time was examined. Statistical analysis demonstrated significantly increased neurologic complications only if the systolic carotid back pressure was ≤50 mm Hg or the contralateral internal carotid artery was occluded. Analysis to determine if these factors were dependently related showed that when both a contralateral carotid occlusion and a carotid back pressure of ≤50 mm Hg coexisted (82 patients), the rate of permanent deficit was 11.0% compared with 2.8% when either factor was singly present and 0.9% when neither factor was present. No statistical difference exists between the group with only a single factor and those with neither factor. When a temporary shunt is not used during carotid endarterectomy, the risk of neurologic complication is increased if both a contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion and a carotid back pressure of ≤50 mm Hg coexist. The use of a shunt in this patient population may be beneficial. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:50-56.)
Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying serotonin uptake sites with positron emission tomography : [11C]McN-5652-Z

The highly potent serotonin (5-HT) uptake blocker, McN-5652-Z (trans-1,2,3,5,6,10b - hexahydro - 6 - [4 - (methylthio)phenyl] pyrrolo - [2,1-a]-isoquinoline) was labeled with 11C for studying serotonin uptake sites using positron emission tomography (PET). [11C]McN-5652-Z was synthesized by S-methylation of the normethyl precursor with [11C]iodomethane in DMF at 30 - 35° C. The radiosyntheses including purification by HPLC and formulation for injection were completed in an average of 16 minutes following the end of bombardment (E.O.B.) with an overall radiochemical yield of 12%. The average specific activity determined at the end of synthesis (E.O.S.) was approximately 4250 mCi/μmole; this corresponds to approximately 7350 mCi/μmole at E.O.B. [11C]McN-5655-Z, a less potent blocker, was also prepared by the same procedure.
Instantaneous profiles and turbulence statistics of supersonic free shear layers by Raman excitation plus laser-induced electronic fluorescence (Relief) velocity tagging of oxygen

A new method of flow tagging based on the vibrational excitation of oxygen is applied to both supersonic and high-speed subsonic air flows to generate instantaneous velocity profiles and turbulence statistics across the free shear layer. By simultaneously tagging two lines, both transverse and streamwise velocity correlations are found. Rayleigh scattering can also be imaged, so this flow diagnostic technique has the capability of instantaneously recording density cross sections and velocity profiles.
An Analysis of Communication Efficiency Between High-Impact and Bureaucratic Written Communication:

Efficient written communications have become increasingly important to public and private sector managers faced with reading an ever-increasing number of documents. This study asseses the communica...
A Tale of Two Paradigms: The Impact of Psychological Capital and Reinforcing Feedback on Problem Solving and Innovation.

This study drew from two distinct paradigms: the social cognitively based emerging field of positive organizational behavior or POB and the more established behaviorally based area of organizational behavior modification or OB Mod. The intent was to show that both can contribute to complex challenges facing today's organizations. Using a quasi-experimental research design (N = 1,526 working adults), in general both the recently recognized core construct of psychological capital (representing POB) and reinforcing feedback (representing OB Mod), especially when partially mediated through a mastery-oriented mindset, were positively related to problem solving performance, reported innovation, and subsequent psychological capital. The implications for theoretical understanding and practice conclude the article.
Significance of positive endocervical curettage in predicting endocervical canal involvement in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A total of 108 patients with positive endocervical curettage who underwent cone biopsy were carefully examined to determine the accuracy of endocervical curettage (ECC) in predicting endocervical canal involvement with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The data suggest a 63% correlation between positive ECC and endocervical canal involvement: 72.4% of patients with CIN III on cervical biopsy had endocervical canal involvement compared to 27.3% who had CIN I. Two patients with positive ECC were found to have invasive cancer on cone biopsy.
Trimethyltin inhibits uptake of neurotransmitters into mouse forebrain synaptosomes

Abstract Trimethyltin (TMT), in a concentration dependent manner, inhibits in vitro uptake of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine and serotonin by mouse forebrain synaptosomes with IC50s of 75, 43 and 24 μM, respectively. At 2 h and 14 h following in vivo administration of TMT (4.26 mg/kg; i.p.) to mice, GABA and serotonin uptake by forebrain synaptosomes are decreased, although norepinenphrine uptake was not significanlty affected. In vitro kinetic analyses of TMT inhibition of forebrain synaptosomal uptake of GABA, norepinephrine and serotonin indicated that the inhibition was not of the competitive type. This inhibition of uptake of neurotransmitters could be responsible, at least in part, for altered neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft and may contribute to altered nervous system function during TMT intoxication.
In vitro Growth Responses and Plant Regeneration from Cryopreserved Meristems of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Summary A droplet-freezing method has been developed for the cryopreservation of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, meristems. The meristems treated with a 15 % DMSO + 3% sucrose solution for 15 min were frozen over an 18 μm aluminium foil in 2–3 μl droplets of the cryoprotectants in plastic petri dishes at a cooling rate of 0.5°C/min to various sub-zero temperatures (-20; -25; -30 and -40°C) and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The meristems retrieved from liquid nitrogen storage, upon thawing and return to in vitro culture on plant regeneration medium, exhibited various morphogenetic responses such as differentiation of callus and leaves and whole plantlets. The plantlets were successfully grown in pots.
A high-resolution airborne four-camera imaging system for agricultural remote sensing

This paper describes the design and testing of an airborne multispectral digital imaging system for remote sensing applications. The system consists of four high resolution charge coupled device (CCD) digital cameras and a ruggedized PC equipped with a frame grabber and image acquisition software. The cameras are sensitive in the 400 to 1000nm spectral range and provide 2048x2048 active pixels with 12-bit data depth. A 24mm lens is attached to each camera via an F to C mount adapter, resulting in an imaging size of 0.63 times the flight altitude. The four cameras are equipped with blue (430-470nm), green (530-570nm), red (630-670nm), and near-infrared (NIR) (810-850nm) bandpass interference filters, respectively, but have the flexibility to change filters for desired wavelengths and bandwidths. The cameras are arranged in a quad configuration and attached to adjustable mounts that facilitate aligning the cameras horizontally, vertically, and rotationally. The image acquisition software allows the synchronized black-and-white band images from the cameras to be viewed on the computer monitor in any one of the four modes: a quad, one band image at a time, a normal color composite, or a color-infrared (CIR) composite. The band images are refreshed continuously to allow the operator to selectively save images with correct areas of interest. The selected four-band composite image is saved as a tiff file and consecutive images can be saved in 1-s intervals. A band-to-band alignment procedure based on the first- and second-order polynomial transformations was presented to further align the four band images. The system performed well in both stationary and airborne testing conditions. Airborne images obtained from agricultural fields, rangelands, and waterways demonstrate that this system has potential for monitoring crop pest conditions, mapping invasive weeds and assessing natural resources.
Methane catalytic partial oxidation on autothermal Rh and Pt foam catalysts: Oxidation and reforming zones, transport effects, and approach to thermodynamic equilibrium

Abstract We compare Rh and Pt as catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to syngas at millisecond contact times. The basis for the comparison are species and temperature profiles, with a spatial resolution of about 300 μm measured along the centerline of an adiabatically operated metal-coated α-Al2O3 foam using a capillary sampling technique with mass spectrometric species measurement. Gas temperature profiles are measured with a thermocouple. Investigated stoichiometries range from C/O = 0.6 to 2.6 at constant flow rate of 4.7 slpm and atmospheric pressure. Rh and Pt are compared with respect to (i) profile development at syngas stoichiometry, (ii) profile development at varying stoichiometries from C/O = 0.6–2.6, (iii) product selectivities and yields in the oxidation zone, (iv) contribution of partial oxidation and steam reforming to the final syngas yield, (v) mass transport limitations, and (vi) approach to thermodynamic equilibrium. Independent of C/O and metal, all profiles show an oxidation zone and a steam-reforming zone. H2 and CO are formed in the presence of gas-phase oxygen by partial oxidation and in the absence of gas-phase oxygen by steam reforming. CO2 reforming is not observed. At the same C/O, H2 and CO selectivities and yields are higher in the oxidation zone on Rh than on Pt. As the C/O ratio increases, the catalyst temperature decreases and selectivities to H2 and CO in the oxidation zone decrease. The decrease is larger on Pt than on Rh. Because Rh is also the better steam-reforming catalyst, H2 and CO yields are generally higher on Rh than on Pt. The rate of O2 conversion at the catalyst entrance is largely mass transport-controlled on Rh but not on Pt. In the oxidation zone on Pt, the methane CPO is kinetically controlled with a constant reaction rate. An average O2 mass transport coefficient is calculated and compared with literature values on foam catalysts. Finally, exit species flow rates and temperatures are compared with thermodynamic calculations at constant pressure and enthalpy. Rh brings the methane oxidation close to equilibrium if C/O ⩽ 1.0 , whereas Pt reaches equilibrium only at very high catalyst temperatures if C/O ⩽ 0.7 . At higher C/O, deviations from equilibrium are observed mainly because steam-reforming slows, but also because water–gas shift equilibrium is not established.
Exploring the leadership behaviors of community leaders in northeastern North Carolina.

Understanding and addressing the leadership needs of communities is important to program development of Cooperative Extension. As an initial step in the development of an instrument that could measure the effectiveness of leadership development programs upon the leadership skills of community leaders, the researchers used data from focus groups and interviews to assess community leaders’ practices and behaviors as related to Kouzes and Posner’s framework (2007). The themes identified provide strong evidence of leadership practices and behaviors of community leaders. The findings suggest that the Kouzes and Posner's instrument, the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), can be modified to become an assessment tool for use with community group leaders.
Incorporating Concept Sketching Into Teaching Undergraduate Geomorphology

Constructing concept sketches (diagrams annotated with short captions in which students demonstrate their understanding of form, process, and interactions) provides a new and different way to teach Earth surface processes and assess the depth of student learning. During a semester-long course in Geomorphology, we used concept sketches as an icebreaker, as a means to help students place field observations in a spatial context, and as a catalyst for understanding complex graphical presentations of data. For the mid-term and final assessment components of the course, we required students to consider a historic aerial photograph of a local site they had not visited previously in order to strengthen their abilities in landscape interpretation based upon imagery alone; a task many of them will be required to undertake in their future endeavors. Anecdotal student response to the use of concept sketches in Geomorphology was uniformly positive with students selfreporting that the sketches helped them to synthesize large amounts of seemingly disparate information. As instructors, we found concept sketches particularly useful for motivating students and for identifying misconceptions and knowledge gaps. 2012 National Association of Geoscience Teachers. [DOI: 10.5408/10-201.1]
Evaluating active traffic and demand management strategies for congested tourism traffic corridor

This paper presents and demonstrates, through a case study, the effectiveness of active traffic and demand management (ATDM) for a congested Interstate 70 corridor. Specifically, the ATDM strategies examined, in this study, focus on departure time adjustment under a financial incentive framework and Hard Shoulder Running. A traffic-simulation and assignment model was used to cast realistic travel choice analyses. The effectiveness of ATDM strategies in mitigating corridor congestion is verified by a set of comprehensive comparisons with different level of incentive magnitude. The result shows that combined use of several ATDM strategies is promising in significantly reducing the current congestion on I-70 corridor due to seasonal tourist traffic.
Positive, path product, and inverse M-matrices

It is known that an inverse M-matrix is strict path product, but not necessarily vice versa for n > 3. It is shown that any square, positive matrix may be made strict path product by predictable additions to the diagonal and that any (normalized) strict path product matrix may be made inverse M by additions to the diagonal that are bounded in terms of the size of the matrix. The latter has implications for pairs of inverse M-matrices whose Hadamard product is inverse M. A determinantal inequality relating principal minors and certain associated almost principal minors is derived for normalized inverse M-matrices.
Strict deterministic versus LR(0) parsing

Recently strict deterministic grammars and languages have been introduced [9,10,11]. This family of languages is quite fundamental in the study of the mathematical properties of deterministic languages and in dealing with some classical families of grammars such as LR(k) and bounded right context grammars [7,8,14]. These grammars are closely related to LR(0) grammars [1,12,13,14], in fact each strict deterministic grammar is also LR(0). In the present paper, we consider the question of how to parse strict deterministic grammars. We introduce part of a more general theory called "characteristic LR(k) parsing". This actually produces parsers which are tuned to the characteristics of a particular family of grammars. We apply the theory to the family of strict deterministic grammars and we get parsers which are as fast as canonical LR(k) parsers but are substantially smaller. They are not necessarily minimal but we postpone any discussion of minimality to the sequel.The techniques used in the present discussion are quite general [5]. For instance, the study in [3] is similar in spirit to our technique. The optimization techniques for LR(k) parsers in [2] do not work in the case k = 0 without modification. After modifying those methods for k = 0, it can be shown that our parsers cannot be produced by those techniques. This fact has its positive aspect in that our parsers may be smaller and its negative aspect in that error detection may be delayed.The present paper is divided into the present introduction and three sections. In the remainder of this introduction, some basic definitions of strict deterministic and LR(k) parsing are given. We have tried to follow [1] as much as possible in order to minimize the amount of new material to be absorbed. The order of the results is the order needed to prove that the characteristic parser works. In Section III, we apply the theory of Section II to strict deterministic parsing. A simple example shows that the new parsers can be unboundedly smaller than the canonical LR(0) parser.The present paper is meant to be an extended abstract and no proofs are included.The rest of the introduction is concerned with notational conventions for the technical concepts needed.
Comparison of inversion algorithms for Wilson Fermions

Abstract A comparison of the conjugate-gradient and minimum-residual algorithms for inverting Wilson Fermion propagators was made using various preconditioning techniques for several different couplings and lattice sizes. The main result is that the Oyanagi Hyperplane ILU minimum-residual is the algorithm requiring the least arithmetic even in regions close to κcritical.
Assimilation of symbiont-derived photosynthates in some solitary and colonial radiolaria

Evidence for host assimilation of 14C-labeled symbiont photosynthates is presented from laboratory studies of the solitary radiolarian Thalassicolla nucleata and the colonial species Collosphaera huxleyi. The amount of 14C-labeled product assimilated in the central capsule of T. nucleata is directly related to the amount of 14C incorporated by the symbionts. In C. huxleyi central capsules, the percentage of 14C-label occurring in the water-soluble fraction is 38% and in the lipid-soluble fraction is 20%, the remainder being in insoluble products. Within the lipid-soluble fraction, a substantial percentage of the 14C activity is associated with the triglyceride and wax ester fractions. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the possible physiological role of symbionts in sustaining the host and stabilizing the host-symbiont association.
Allyl sulphides in olefin metathesis: catalyst considerations and traceless promotion of ring-closing metathesis

Allyl sulphides are reactive substrates in ruthenium-catalysed olefin metathesis reactions, provided each substrate is matched with a suitable catalyst. A profile of catalyst activity is described, along with the first demonstration of allyl sulphides as traceless promoters in relayed ring-closing metathesis reactions.
Asymptotic behavior of theS -matrix in potential scattering for large imaginary values of angular momentum

It is proved that the analytically continued partial-wave scattering amplitude produced by Yukawian potentials vanishes as Iml→ ∞.
More Limit Theory for the Sample Correlation Function of Moving Averages.

The sample autocorrelation function (acf) is an important statistic in time series analysis. It is frequently relied upon for assessing the dependence structure of a time series and may also be used for model identification and parameter estimation in the class of ARMA models. In this paper, we review some of the main asymptotic results for sample acfs of infinite order moving averages. While the classical theory concerning sample acfs requires the process to have at least finite second moments, our main interest in this paper will be the case when the process has an infinite variance. It turns out that in the infinite variance case, the sample acf can have desirable large sample properties and these can be helpful in estimating various parameters associated with the model.
A Protic Additive Suppresses Formation of Byproducts in Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Activated Olefins. Evidence for P-C and C-C Bond Formation by Michael Addition

Platinum-catalyzed hydrophosphination of activated olefins yields byproducts derived from more than one alkene. Formation of byproducts is suppressed by adding tert-butyl alcohol, consistent with a...
Measurements of turbulence in a microscale multi-inlet vortex nanoprecipitation reactor

The microscale multi-inlet vortex reactor (MIVR) is designed for use in Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP), a promising technique for producing nanoparticles within small particle size distribution. Fluid mixing is crucial in the FNP process, and due to mixing’s strong dependence upon fluid kinematics, investigating velocity and turbulence within the reactor is crucial to optimizing reactor design. To this end, microscopic particle image velocimetry has been used to investigate flow within the MIVR. Three Reynolds numbers are studied, namely, Rej = 53, 93 and 240. At Rej = 53, the flow is laminar and steady. Due to the strong viscous effects at this Reynolds number, distinct flow patterns are observed at different distances from the reactor top and bottom walls. The viscous effects also retard the tangential motions within the reactor, resulting in a weaker vortex than appears at the higher Reynolds numbers. As the Reynolds number is increased to 93, the flow becomes more homogeneous over the depth of the reactor due to weaker viscous effects, yet the flow is still steady. The diminishing effects of viscosity also result in a stronger vortex. At the highest Reynolds number investigated, the flow is turbulent. Turbulent statistics including tangential and radial velocity fluctuations and Reynolds shear stresses are analyzed for this case in addition to the mean velocity field. The tangential motions of the flow are strongest at Rej = 240. Both the tangential and radial velocity fluctuations increase as the flow spirals toward the center of the reactor. The magnitudes of the tangential and radial velocity fluctuations are similar, suggesting that the turbulence is locally isotropic.
Costs of clubhouses: an international perspective

Costs of providing psychosocial rehabilitation services are analyzed using data from clubhouse programs in 12 countries. We explored effects of several program operating characteristics on total program cost per year, cost per member per year, and cost per visit. We also examined the relationship between program costs and the range of services offered. Clubhouse costs were found to be a function of the country in which the program was located, program age, and certification status. The number of specific services offered was not related to cost. Findings provide a more complete understanding of the operations and expenses of clubhouses.
Corrective Feedback in Second Language Acquisition

Over the last few years, the role played by corrective feedback in language acquisition has become a highly controversial issue. In the field of First Language Acquisition (FLA), researchers express strong reservations concerning the effect that negative evidence has on FLA, if there is any at all. In the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), however, there appears to be a growing consensus among the majority of researchers concerning the significance of the role played by negative evidence in the process of SLA. This literature review will focus mainly on the role played by corrective feedback in SLA. While corrective feedback clearly relates to both oral and written discourse, the focus of this discussion will center on oral production, since the preponderance of research has largely focused on this aspect. In the following sections of this review, the meaning of corrective feedback will be discussed, and the different theoretical stances towards its role in SLA examined. Empirical studies that explore the impact corrective feedback has on SLA will be reviewed, followed by a discussion of some of the issues that loom large in research in the area of corrective feedback and its role in SLA.
Influence of nicotine and cotinine on epithelial colonization by periodontopathogens.

Background: Since smoking is an established risk factor for the development of periodontitis, the present study investigated whether nicotine and cotinine can make epithelial cells more prone to colonization by periodontopathogens. Methods: Primary epithelial cell mono-layers were inoculated with nicotine and cotinine prior to adhesion experiments with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The number of bacteria associated with cells inoculated or not with nicotine or cotinine were assessed by an indirect culture viability assay. The same experimental set-up was used for assessing HeLa cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Results: Primary epithelial cells inoculated with concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, found in smokers and non smokers, did not show significant differences (P >0.05) in colonization susceptibility to A. actinomycetemcomitans. When these concentrations were increased to 1 mg/ml, a significant (P <0.05) and species-specific effect of the coloni...
Chronic electrical stimulation of cultured hippocampal networks increases spontaneous spike rates.

We chronically stimulated hippocampal networks in culture for either 0, 1 or 3 h/day between 7 and 22 days in culture in an effort to increase spontaneous spike rates and to give these networks some portion of external stimuli that brain networks receive during their formation. Chronic electrical stimulation of hippocampal networks on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) increased spike rates 2-fold after 3 weeks of culture compared to cultures that received no external stimulation prior to recording. More than 90% of the spikes for all experimental conditions occurred within bursts. The frequency of spikes within a burst increased with time of stimulation during culture up to 2-fold higher (90 Hz) compared to networks without chronic stimulation. However, spontaneous overall spike rates did not correlate well with the amount of stimulation either as h/day or proximity to the limited number of stimulation sites due to shorter burst duration with 3 h/day stimulation. The results suggest that chronic stimulation applied during network development recruits activity at 50% more electrodes and enables higher rates of spontaneous activity within bursts in cultured hippocampal networks.
Chemical microsystem based on integration of microresonant sensor and CMOS ASIC

A silicon-based microsystem consisting of a mass-sensitive resonant sensor and a CMOS ASIC containing feedback circuitry is demonstrated for portable sensing applications. The feedback circuitry sustains oscillation of the resonant sensor at its mechanical resonance frequency ranging between 200 and 800 kHz. The microsystem has been used for detection of volatile organic compounds in the gas-phase, and a limit of detection of 13 ppm for toluene is obtained with a frequency stability of 16 mHz.
Removing hazards in multi-level logic optimization for generalized fundamental-mode asynchronous circuits

Unlike traditional synthesis methods for fundamental-mode asynchronous circuits which require dedicated hazard-free algorithms, a multi-level logic optimization algorithm is developed to take advantage of the powerful and mature synchronous synthesis algorithms and technology libraries. The proposed algorithm is based on a hazard analysis method, which not only detects any hazard in an arbitrary circuit structure, but also identifies the cause of the hazard. Then, a hazard removal process is performed on the circuit synthesized using synchronous algorithms to generate a hazard-free circuit. The proposed synthesis algorithm achieves high efficiency by exploiting synchronous optimization algorithms and technology libraries, as demonstrated through the experimental results.
The maximum ratio clique problem

This paper introduces a fractional version of the classical maximum weight clique problem, the maximum ratio clique problem, which is to find a maximal clique that has the largest ratio of benefit and cost weights associated with the clique’s vertices. NP-completeness of the decision version of the problem is established, and three solution methods are proposed. The results of numerical experiments with standard graph instances, as well as with real-life instances arising in finance and energy systems, are reported.
The nature of conflict between hikers and recreational stock users in the John Muir Wilderness.

The purpose of this research was to determine the extent of conflict between hikers and recreational stock users in a Sierra Nevada wilderness and to test the relative importance of various hypothetical predictors of conflict using multiple conflict measures. A survey of hikers and recreational stock users of the John Muir Wilderness in California revealed the ability to predict expression of conflict was high using measures of definition of place, specialization, focus of trip/expectations. and lifestyle tolerance. The strongest relationship, however, was between hypothesized determinants and attitudes hikers maintain toward encountering stock groups, rather than between hypothesized determinants and a goal interference measure of conflict.
Video-based framework for face recognition in video

This paper presents a number of new views and techniques claimed to be very important for the problem of face recognition in video (FRiV). First, a clear differentiation is made between photographic facial data and video-acquired facial data as being two different modalities: one providing hard biometrics, the other providing softer biometrics. Second, faces which have the resolution of at least 12 pixels between the eyes are shown to be recognizable by computers just as they are by humans. As a way to deal with low resolution and quality of each individual video frame, the paper offers to use the neuro-associative principle employed by human brain, according to which both memorization and recognition of data are done based on a flow of frames rather than on one frame: synaptic plasticity provides a way to memorize from a sequence, while the collective decision making over time is very suitable for recognition of a sequence. As a benchmark for FRiV approaches, the paper introduces the IIT-NRC video-based database of faces which consists of pairs of low-resolution video clips of unconstrained facial motions. The recognition rate of over 95%, which we achieve on this database, as well as the results obtained on real-time annotation of people on TV allow us to believe that the proposed framework brings us closer to the ultimate benchmark for the FRiV approaches, which is "if you are able to recognize a person, so should the computer".
Requirements for Induction of T Cell Tolerance to Dnfb: Efficiency of Membrane-Associated DNFB

Tolerance to contact sensitization with DNFB, 3 a T cell-dependent phenomenon, was induced in mice by preparations of DNFB coupled to mouse RBC or spleen cells. Such tolerance is dose related, wanes with time, and can be transferred to normal animals with lymphoid cells (presumably containing suppressors). Tolerance to DNFB-RBC can be produced by whole DNFB-RBC, by ghosts of these cells, by sonicates of the ghosts, and by detergenttreated DNFB-RBC ghosts. Tolerance cannot be produced by larger amounts of DNFB-RBC components not associated with membrane. The ability of various DNP compounds to stimulate DNA synthesis in DNFB-sensitized cells also correlates with their ability to bind to protein components; i.e., DNFB is a far more efficient stimulator than DNBSO 3 , whereas DNP-lysine does not stimulate at all. Thus, the ability to sensitize or to tolerize with DNFB congeners is related to their ability to couple to proteins. It appears that the active induction of T cell tolerance requires that tolerogen be coupled to cell membranes. Since both T cell sensitization and tolerance to DNFB are best produced by DNFB-membrane, the actual occurrence of one state or the other must depend on the molecular method of “presentation” of DNFB-membrane.
Trait explanations in personality psychology.

Recent debates on the status of contemporary trait psychology (Pervin, 1994) have revived old questions about the role of traits in the explanation of behavior: are traits mere descriptions of beha...
Challenges in Immunotherapy Presented by the Glioblastoma Multiforme Microenvironment

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite intensive treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains grim with a median survival of only 14.6 months. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating many cancers and affords the advantages of cellular-level specificity and the potential to generate durable immune surveillance. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment poses a significant challenge to the development of immunotherapy for GBM, as multiple signaling pathways, cytokines, and cell types are intricately coordinated to generate an immunosuppressive milieu. The development of new immunotherapy approaches frequently uncovers new mechanisms of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss many of the current approaches to immunotherapy and focus on the challenges presented by the tumor microenvironment.
Recreational Gun Use by California Adolescents

Most research on adolescents and firearms focuses on urban populations, handguns, and homicide. This study examines the prevalence and correlates of recreational gun use (RGU)--for hunting or target shooting--among 5,801 community-residing 12- to 17-year-old Californians. Data are from the first statewide California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), and person, design, and population weights were applied to the data. About one fifth (22.4%) of California adolescents report that they have gone hunting or target shooting. Nearly two thirds (62.8%) have hunted with a family member, typically (67.3%) their father. Recreational gun use among adolescents appears to be linked to a few basic demographic characteristics; most notably, male adolescents had an adjusted odds ratio of RGU nearly five times that of female adolescents. Some of the variables associated with RGU are consistent with those for violent gun use; differences, however, suggest that separate approaches to preventing firearm-related injury may be warranted.
Optimal control of HIV infection with a continuously-mutating viral population

There has been much discussion in recent years devoted to determining the optimal methodology for administering anti-viral medication therapies to fight HIV infection. There are many reasons to seek such an optimal therapy, including the minimization of drug toxicity and monetary cost. However, there is increasing recognition that exposure to many anti-HIV medications produces extremely rapid changes in the viral population in an infected individual, from drug-sensitive to drug-insensitive viral strains. This paper investigates the reasons underlying the development of drug-insensitive HIV strains, and then, using numerical optimal control techniques, demonstrates that optimal drug administration may be useful in increasing patient health by delaying the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viral strains.
Can We Negotiate and Still Be Friends

In this essay, we address why it is that people may not feel comfortablenegotiating with friends. We hypothesize what the effects of friendshipcould be on the negotiation process and outcome, and propose also how anegotiation could impact a friendship. Finally, we suggest means for measuringthis impact. This essay, based on a discussion at the Hewlettconference, does not provide answers but instead proposes questions withthe hope that these questions will provoke future research into these areas.
Nucleus pulposus cells express HIF-1α under normoxic culture conditions: A metabolic adaptation to the intervertebral disc microenvironment

Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells of the intervertebral disc reside in an environment that has a limited vascular supply and generate energy through anaerobic glycolysis. The goal of the present study was to examine the expression and regulation of HIF-1α, a transcription factor that regulates oxidative metabolism in nucleus pulposus cells. Nucleus pulposus cells were isolated from rat, human, and sheep disc and maintained at either 21% or 2% oxygen for various time periods. Cells were also treated with desferrioxamine (Dfx), a compound that mimics the effects of hypoxia (Hx). Expression and function of HIF-1α were assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot analysis, gel shift assays, and luciferase reporter assays. In normoxia (Nx), rat, sheep, and human nucleus pulposus cells consistently expressed the HIF-1α subunit. Unlike other skeletal cells, when maintained under low oxygen tension, the nucleus pulposus cells exhibited a minimal induction in HIF-1α protein levels. Electromobility shift assays confirmed the functional binding of normoxic HIF-1α protein to its putative DNA binding motif. A dual luciferase reporter assay showed increased HIF-1α transcriptional activity under hypoxia compared to normoxic level, although this induction was small when compared to HeLa and other cell types. These results indicate that normoxic stabilization of HIF-1α is a metabolic adaptation of nucleus pulposus cells to a unique oxygen-limited microenvironment. The study confirmed that HIF-1α can be used as a phenotypic marker of nucleus pulposus cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 152–159, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Open-ended modified single-wall carbon nanotubes: A theoretical study of the effects of purification

Abstract A density functional theory (DFT) study of purified single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) molecular models has shown that open-ended carboxylated C(10, 0) and C(5, 5) are more acidic than benzoic acid, but moreover, that C(10, 0)–COOH is slightly more acidic than C(5, 5)–COOH, possibly enabling separation by chirality. In addition, an increase in the ionization potential may indicate a suppression of field emission for purified SWCNTs. Finally, we address the complexity of the large-scale DFT calculations by the application of the same level of theory but with a different basis set (SLDB) method, shown to be advantageous as compared to ONIOM.
2-D and 3-D endoluminal ultrasound : Vascular and nonvascular applications

Endoluminal ultrasound using catheter-based transducers has been used for the evaluation of a wide range of abnormalities. To date, one of the most promising areas of clinical application is its use intravascularly for quantitating the degree of arterial stenosis and for monitoring the therapeutic effects of angioplasty in peripheral and coronary arteries. Uses in the gastrointestinal tract include quantification of the size and wall thickness of esophageal varices, distinguishing between various submucosal lesions and measuring the degree of fibrosis in scleroderma. In the genitourinary system, endoluminal ultrasound provides a unique intraoperative tool allowing the addition of a third dimension (depth) to endourological procedures. The indications for, and the use of, endoluminal ultrasound within the upper urinary tract can be expected to increase with more experience, and the procedure has become an important technique that yields information not available through other modalities. In the bronchotracheal tree, endoluminal ultrasound allows imaging and subsequent biopsy of lymph nodes and tumors that cannot be visualized at routine bronchoscopy. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound imaging is a new method in the evolution of intraluminal imaging. It provides information about spatial relationships of anatomic structures that cannot be evaluated using conventional 2-D imaging. Although still in its infancy, 3-D endoluminal ultrasound has the potential to become a dynamic tool in both the research and clinical areas.
Rigorous absorbing boundary conditions for 3-D one-way wave extrapolation

Absorbing boundary conditions play an important role in one‐way wave extrapolations by reducing reflections at grid edges. Clayton and Engquist’s 2-D absorbing boundary conditions for one‐way wave extrapolation by depth stepping in the frequency domain are extended to three dimensions using paraxial approximations of the scalar wave equation. Internal consistency is retained by incorporating the interior extrapolation equation with the absorbing boundary conditions. Numerical schemes are designed to make the proposed absorbing boundary conditions both mathematically correct and efficient with negligible extra cost. Synthetic examples illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm for extrapolation with the 3-D 45° one‐way wave equation.
Room temperature high conduction state in annealed Ca-substituted yttrium iron garnet films

It was discovered that the application of a constant DC field (/spl sim/10/sup 4/ V/cm) at room temperature for several days reversed the changes in the electrical properties produced by thermal annealing in Ca:YIG single crystal films. The electrical conductivity of these films improved by five to seven orders of magnitude during this process to values as much as ten times greater than those of the as-grown state. After the field was removed this new high conduction state was found to be stable. The rate of conductivity increase became exponentially smaller when either the applied field or the temperature were decreased.
Detecting Climate Signals: Some Bayesian Aspects

Abstract A Bayesian approach to detecting forced climate signals in a dataset is presented. First, the detection algorithm derived is shown to be capable of uniquely identifying several signals optimally. Other detection techniques are shown to be limiting cases. Second, this approach naturally lends itself to rating models relatively according to their predictions. Both the accuracy of the model prediction and the precision of the prediction are accounted for in rating models. In general, complex models are less probable than simpler models. Finally, this approach to detection is used to detect a signal induced by the solar cycle in the surface temperature record over the past 100 yr. The solar cycle signal-to-noise ratio is found to be ∼1 but is probably not detected. Estimates of the natural variability noise are taken from model prescriptions, each of which is vastly different. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory models, though, best match the residual temperature fluctuations after the signals ...
Evidence of electric-field-accelerated growth of tin whiskers

This paper presents experimental results supporting a theory that electric fields accelerate the growth of tin (Sn) whiskers. We have rapidly (within one week) grown long (≈100 urn) and dense (≈300 mrrr2) whiskers on thin Sn films. Humidity and an applied electric field are found to have a strong effect when applied together, making whiskers orders of magnitude longer and denser. An evidence of explosive whisker development is presented.
Teaching Demand Relationships Using Student-Created Tutorials

The author describes how demand relationships as expressed by ideas, graphs, theoretical and empirical models can be understood more completely by intermediate level students by having students create demand tutorials to teach demand relationships to principles students. Students create a theoretical demand model, attempt to estimate their model using actual data, and use their results to create a demand "tutorial" using spreadsheet software. The tutorial shows how a demand curve will shift when variables change. The project allows the students to connect theory and practice and generates a fuller understanding of many fundamental economic principles.
Recognizing and coping with our own prejudices: fighting liberal bias without conservative input

This commentary summarizes my struggle to overcome liberal bias without conservative input. I generally assume I am biased and constantly try to build a good-quality argument for the opposite view. Trying to dispense with one's liberal values can help, if one is willing. Frequent self-tests help. Liberal biases include race, gender, and poverty, but also dislike of business corporations and even Western civilization. Feminism is the single strongest and most powerful bias.
Silica urolithiasis in dogs fed an atherogenic diet.

SummaryObstructive calculi, shown by emission spectroscopy to contain silicon as a major component, were observed in the kidneys, bladders and urethras of dogs fed a semisynthetic atherogenic diet. Deposition of these stones was due in part to the presence of large amounts of silicates in the diet as nonnutritive bulk constituents. The occurrence of silica urolithiasis, previously unreported in dogs, suggests that silicon containing compounds should not be included in formulated diets fed to dogs for prolonged periods.