cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the Bud? Disk Array Producers as a (Possibly) Emergent Organizational Form:

This article develops and tests theory on when and where a new organizational form will emerge. Recent theory holds that as the number of organizations using a particular external identity code first increases beyond a critical minimal level, the code becomes an organizational form. Going beyond this formulation, we theorize about how an external identity code is established. We argue that when the identities of individual organizations are perceptually focused, they will more readily cohere into a distinct collective identity. We develop ideas about how two observable aspects of organizations might generate perceptually focused identities in a common market: (1) de novo entry and (2) agglomeration in a geographic place with a related identity. Using comprehensive data from the market for disk drive arrays, we test these ideas and an alternative by estimating effects of different specifications of organizational and product densities on rates of entry and exit for array producers. Overall, the analysis supports the notion that firms with perceptually focused identities aid in establishing an organizational form.
DO FIXED EXCHANGE RATES FETTER MONETARY POLICY? A CREDIT VIEW

The Bernanke-Blinder credit-view model is expanded to encompass a small, open economy with fixed exchange rates. In contrast to conventional wisdom and traditional models, monetary policy is resurrected as a stabilization tool. We show that various financial sector shocks have real aggregate demand effects. Further, we demonstrate that independent monetary policy actions can have substantive impacts on aggregate demand despite perfect capital mobility in bond markets and adherence to a fixed exchange rate regime as long as bank loans are imperfectly mobile.
The putative multidrug resistance protein MRP-7 inhibits methylmercury-associated animal toxicity and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorder worldwide, and results in the progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Gene-environment interactions are believed to play a significant role in the vast majority of PD cases, yet the toxicants and the associated genes involved in the neuropathology are largely ill-defined. Recent epidemiological and biochemical evidence suggests that methylmercury (MeHg) may be an environmental toxicant that contributes to the development of PD. Here, we report that a gene coding for the putative multidrug resistance protein MRP-7 in Caenorhabditis elegans modulates whole animal and DA neuron sensitivity to MeHg. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic knockdown of MRP-7 results in a twofold increase in Hg levels and a dramatic increase in stress response proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and mitochondria, as well as an increase in MeHg-associated animal death. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of MeHg induces MRP-7 gene expression, while exposures in MRP-7 genetic knockdown animals results in a loss of DA neuron integrity without affecting whole animal viability. Furthermore, transgenic animals expressing a fluorescent reporter behind the endogenous MRP-7 promoter indicate that the transporter is expressed in DA neurons. These studies show for the first time that a multidrug resistance protein is expressed in DA neurons, and its expression inhibits MeHg-associated DA neuron pathology.
A study of the effects of corona on polyethylene

THE DELETERIOUS EFFECT of corona on the insulation of wires and cables subjected to high voltages has long been recognized. This basic work was undertaken to investigate the effects of corona on commercial Fawcett-type polyethylenes (branched high-pressure free-radical polymers) used as insulation in high-voltage applications. Two questions were to be answered. What are the factors involved in the design of a high-voltage cable? What are the criteria for selecting the best polyethylene resin for this use?
On the Propagation of Viscous Wakes and Potential Flow in Axial-Turbine Cascades

This paper investigates the propagation of pressure disturbances due to potentialflow interaction and viscous-wake interaction from upstream blade rows in axialturbine-blade rotor cascades. Results are obtained by modeling the effects of the upstream stator viscous wake and potential-flow fields as incoming disturbances on the downstream rotor flow field, where the computations areperformed. A computer program is used to calculate the unsteady rotor flow fields. The amplitudes for the rotor inlet distortions due to the two types of interaction are based on a review of available experimental and computational data
Deprojecting Densities from Angular Cross-Correlations

We present a model-independent, spherically symmetric density estimator to be used in the cross-correlation of imaging catalogs with objects of known redshift. The estimator is a simple modification of the usual projected density estimator, with weightings that produce a spherical aperture rather than a cylindrical one.
Status of the N* program at Jefferson Lab

Recent results in electromagnetic excitation of nucleon resonance are presented, and confronted with theoretical predictions. Preliminary data in the search for missing states are discussed as well.
Interlayer c-axis transport in the normal state of cuprates

A theoretical model of c-axis transport properties in cuprates is proposed. Interplane and in-plane charge fluctuations make hopping between planes incoherent and diffusive (the in-plane momentum is not conserved after tunneling). The non-Drude optical conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and the power-law temperature dependence of the dc conductivity are generically explained by the strong fluctuations excited in the process of tunneling. Several microscopic models of the charge fluctuation spectrum are considered.
Complete Spectrum of Kinetic Eigenmodes for Plasma Oscillations in a Weakly Collisional Plasma

Kinetic eigenmodes of plasma oscillations in a weakly collisional plasma, described by a collision operator of the Fokker-Planck type, are obtained in closed form for initial-value as well as for boundary-value problems. These eigenmodes, which are smooth and compose a complete discrete spectrum, play the same role for weakly collisional plasmas as the Case-Van Kampen modes do for collisionless plasmas.
The behavioral analysis of aphasia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the behavioral analysis of aphasia. Sample stimuli provide initial input to the patient in any of three modalities, vision, hearing, or touch and he processes the samples according to the demands of each task. In simultaneous matching, pressing the sample exposes a second set of input stimuli, the choices and the final response in the sequence is to press a choice that corresponds to the sample. Delayed matching has the same initial input and final output as simultaneous matching; however, a time delay intervenes between sample press and appearance of choices and the choices appear without the sample, which the patient must remember. Naming and writing have the same initial input as matching and the output differs. This scheme permits to evaluate four types of response to a single stimulus. It is possible, then, to observe the elementary but vital precautions of maintaining input constancy while varying the responses required of the patient and maintaining response constancy while varying the input.
Highly selective Ba2+ separations with acyclic, lipophilic di-[N-(X)sulfonyl carbamoyl] polyethers.

New lipophilic acyclic polyethers with two N-(X)sulfonyl carbamoyl groups of “tunable” acidity exhibit remarkable selectivity for Ba2+ over other alkaline earth metal ions in competitive solvent extraction and transport across polymer inclusion membranes.
Estimating vacuum tunneling rates

Abstract In Euclidean field theories, a rigorous upper bound on the action of the bounce with the least action can be obtained by finite numerical methods because the bounce with the least action is the global minimum of the action in an open space. The corresponding lower bound on the tunneling rate is easily computed by a new method of “reduction”.
The epidemiological investigation of AIDS.

KIE: Mayer discusses practical and ethical dilemmas in the design and use of epidemiological studies of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Such studies may prove very helpful in curtailing the AIDS epidemic, but they pose a threat of discrimination to members of high-risk groups and the general community. The problems discussed fall into the areas of selection of a valid sample of subjects, interpretations of "AIDS tests," and public health interventions based on epidemiological data.
Integrating craft materials and computation

Traditionally, the notion of home crafting connotes the use of "low-tech" materials and techniques; but increasingly, the once-distinct worlds of crafting and computational media have become integrated, to the mutual benefit of both cultures. In this paper, we discuss a wide range of recurring issues in the integration of crafts and computation, drawing upon a variety of related research projects. In particular, we explore the ways in which attention to computational crafts can encourage a productive re-examination of such notions as programming languages, computer architectures, and peripheral devices.
Arithmetic and control techniques in a multiprogram computer

In the design of a data processor for commercial applications, the designer is very often striving for better machine performance for little or no increase in cost. In the system design of the Honeywell 800 transistorized data processing system, several design concepts were utilized to help achieve this objective. One of these techniques involves the use of a small auxiliary memory to aid in the control of the high speed central processor. A second technique uses a new word organization that results in a faster and less costly arithmetic element.
Critical behavior of a chiral condensate with a meron cluster algorithm

Abstract A new meron cluster algorithm is constructed to study the finite temperature critical behavior of the chiral condensate in a (3+1)-dimensional model of interacting staggered fermions. Using finite size scaling analysis the infinite volume condensate is shown to be consistent with the behavior of the form ( T c − T ) 0.314(7) for temperatures less than the critical temperature and m 1/4.87(10) at the critical temperature confirming that the critical behavior belongs to the 3-d Ising universality class within one to two sigma deviation. The new method, along with improvements in the implementation of the algorithm, allows the determination of the critical temperature T c more accurately than was possible in a previous study.
Coordinated perception by teams of aerial and ground robots

Air and ground vehicles exhibit complementary capabilities and characteristics as robotic sensor platforms. Fixed wing aircraft offer broad field of view and rapid coverage of search areas. However, minimum operating airspeed and altitude limits, combined with attitude uncertainty, place a lower limit on their ability to detect and localize ground features. Ground vehicles on the other hand offer high resolution sensing over relatively short ranges with the disadvantage of slow coverage. This paper presents a decentralized architecture and solution methodology for seamlessly realizing the collaborative potential of air and ground robotic sensor platforms. We provide a framework based on an established approach to the underlying sensor fusion problem. This provides transparent integration of information from heterogeneous sources. An information-theoretic utility measure captures the task objective and robot inter-dependencies. A simple distributed solution mechanism is employed to determine team member sensing trajectories subject to the constraints of individual vehicle and sensor sub-systems. The architecture is applied to a mission involving searching for and localizing an unknown number of targets in an user specified search area. Results for a team of two fixed wing UAVs and two all terrain UGVs equipped with vision sensors are presented.
Issues associated with long-duration high-enthalpy scramjet combustor testing

Long-duration direct-connect combustor tests are an essential element in the development of an effective supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet). While test techniques and analysis methodology have been established for simulated flight Mach numbers at Mach 8 and below, phenomena associated with higher flight simulations require additional attention. In this article, technical issues associated with long-duration high-enthalpy directconnect scramjet combustor tests are discussed. Since ground tests form the basis by which flight hardware is designed, it is important to quantify the differences between flight and ground test conditions. Analyses are presented herein which characterize the differences between ground test and flight combustor inlet properties. In particular, the effects of dynamic pressure and chemical nonequilibrium kinetics are investigated. Analytical results will also be presented which characterize aspects of the performance of a generic combustor operating at Mach 8,11, and 12 flight simulations. One-, two-, and three-stream mixing models are used to assess combustor performance, and the predictions derived from the various models are contrasted.
PRECISION CAVITY ENHANCED VELOCITY MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract The new technique of cavity enhanced velocity modulation spectroscopy has been further developed, incorporating a tighter cavity to laser lock and an optical frequency comb for absolute frequency calibration. Several N 2 + transitions have been observed with much higher precision than previously possible, and transitions that were blended in earlier Doppler-limited experiments are now resolved. The full-width at half-maximum of the observed Lamb dips is ∼ 40 MHz , and appears to be dominated by a broadening due to the velocity modulation. Future extension of this technique into the mid-infrared should enable significant improvements in the sensitivity and resolution of vibrational spectroscopy of molecular ions.
Secret sharing over fast-fading MIMO wiretap channels

Secret sharing over the fast-fading MIMO wiretap channel is considered. A source and a destination try to share secret information over a fast-fading MIMO channel in the presence of an eavesdropper who also makes channel observations that are different from but correlated to those made by the destination. An interactive, authenticated public channel with unlimited capacity is available to the source and destination for the secret sharing process. This situation is a special case of the "channel model with wiretapper" considered by Ahlswede and Csiszar. An extension of their result to continuous channel alphabets is employed to evaluate the key capacity of the fast-fading MIMO wiretap channel. The effects of spatial dimensionality provided by the use of multiple antennas at the source, destination, and eavesdropper are then investigated.
Incomplete Information, Incentive Compatibility, and the Core

Abstract We consider an exchange economy in which agents possess private information at the time of engaging in state contingent contracts. While communication of private information is permitted, the true information state is not verifiable. The enforcement of contracts is, therefore, limited by incentive compatibility constraints. We formalize a notion of the core for such an economy. Our analysis can be viewed as an attempt to incorporate incentive compatibility in the coarse core of R. Wilson (1978,Econometrica46, 807–816), or as an attempt to introduce coalitional contracts in the notion of incentive efficiency of B. Holmstrom and R. Myerson (1983,Econometrica51, 1799–1819). While there are some special cases in which the incentive compatible core is non-empty, our main result shows that is not generally true.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C71, C72, D51.
Fluorescence lifetime techniques in multimodal tissue diagnostic platform

We overview fluorescence lifetime techniques for tissue diagnostics and approaches to merging these techniques with ultrasound backscatter microscopy and photoacoustic imaging. Such hybrid system allow for complex tissue characterization at biochemical, morphological, and functional levels.
An enhancer-blocking element regulates the cell-specific expression of alcohol dehydrogenase 7

The class IV alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH7 encodes an enzyme that is involved in ethanol and retinol metabolism. ADH7 is expressed mainly in the upper gastrointestinal tract and not in the liver, the major site of expression of the other closely related ADHs. We identified an intergenic sequence (iA1C), located between ADH7 and ADH1C, that has enhancer-blocking activity in liver-derived HepG2 cells that do not express their endogenous ADH7. This enhancer blocking function was cell- and position-dependent, with no activity seen in CP-A esophageal cells that express ADH7 endogenously. iA1C function was not specific to the ADH enhancers; it had a similar cell-specific effect on the SV40 enhancer. The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), an insulator binding protein, bound iA1C in HepG2 cells but not in CP-A cells. Our results suggest that in liver-derived cells, iA1C blocks the effects of ADH enhancers and thereby contributes to the cell specificity of ADH7 expression.
Steroids and human breast cancer.

Abstract Estrogen receptor is present in the rat in target tissues, including mammary gland and hormone dependent mammary tumors, but is absent in non-target tissues and in many autonomous tumors. In human tissues, estrogen receptor behaves much like that of the rat. Its absence in a breast tumor specimen predicts the failure of hormone therapy, as shown by data collected from many sources, and this fact will be useful to clinicians in selecting therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients. The receptor is present, however, in a substantial number of nonresponsive tumors. These tumors may contain defects in the normal nuclear localization or action of the receptor-estrogen complex or even in the functions of other hormones which affect the mammary gland. These defects will have to be identified for a complete biochemical prognosis for endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
Double-Aging Method for Preparation of Stabilized Na-Buserite and Transformations to Todorokites Incorporated with Various Metals.

A double-aging method has been developed to prepare and stabilize Na-buserite. In the first step, Na-buserite is synthesized by aging a MnO(x)() gel, which is produced from the oxidation of Mn(OH)(2) in NaOH solutions by KMnO(4) in the presence of Mg(2+). Stabilization of Na-buserite is done by further aging the as-synthesized buserite in distilled deionized water. Physical and chemical changes during the second aging (stabilization) have been investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), scanning electronic microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray studies (SEM/EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and temperature-programmed desorption combined with mass spectrometer (TPD-MS). The amount and type of metals incorporated into buserite and todorokite are greatly increased by the second aging treatment (including many lanthanides, whose incorporation has not been reported before). The metal species introduced in the layers considerably change the interlayer distances and, accordingly, the cell parameters. A criterion is obtained for the transformation of todorokite-type tunnel MnO(x)() materials from buserite-type layered MnO(x)() by hydrothermal treatment: only buserites which are stable at elevated temperatures in aqueous systems can convert to a todorokite structure; unstable buserites form a structure whose main d spacings are at 3.56 and 7.1 A. Interconversions among several layered MnO(x)() are also discussed.
Role of Bose enhancement in photoassociation

We discuss the role of Bose enhancement of the dipole matrix element in photoassociation, using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage as an example. In a non-degenerate gas the time scale for coherent optical transients tends to infinity in the thermodynamic limit, whereas Bose enhancement keeps this time scale finite in a condensate. Coherent transients are therefore absent in photoassociation of a thermal non-degenerate gas, but are feasible if the gas is a condensate.
Radical toxicity of phenols: A reference point for obtaining perspective in the formulation of QSAR

In this report we discuss some of the surprising ways phenols interact in vivo and how some of their toxic activity can be understood in terms of QSAR and in fact can be related via electronic terms to be similar to processes of simple chemical reactions. A simple two-term QSAR is found to be a good predictor of estrogenic toxicity. However, it is also shown that even the simplest of phenols can yield quite unexpected results than can be elucidated via QSAR. We still have a long way to go before we can predict under what conditions a phenol will produce toxic effects such as cancer and how much phytophenols one can consume before reaping a toxic reaction.
Information and organic molecules: structure considerations via integer statistics.

Information in relation to organic molecules was investigated in a previous work (Graham and Schacht, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 187). The topic is given further consideration here with the help of integer statistics. Discussed are the ramifications of an integer variable Ωt which quantifies the total number of binding complexions for an organic molecule. Offered is a statistical view of the maximum allowed number of independent regions D expressed by the molecule, dependent on Ωt. We illustrate the distribution properties of D along with upper limit estimates of the regioinformation μ, also dependent on Ωt. Integer statistics based on elementary number theory establish the key distribution properties of D and μ. In so doing, the traits distinguishing high regioinformation molecules are enumerated. The statistical approach encompasses all possible molecules and conditions, not just those reported to date in chemical databases. The aim is to view the regioinformation expressed by molecules in an ...
A PANOPLY OF CEPHEID LIGHT CURVE TEMPLATES

We have generated accurate V and I template light curves using a combination of Fourier decomposition and principal component analysis for a large sample of Cepheid light curves. Unlike previous studies, we include short-period Cepheids and stars pulsating in the first overtone mode in our analysis. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that our templates can be used to precisely measure Cepheid magnitudes and periods, even in cases where there are few observational epochs. These templates are ideal for characterizing serendipitously discovered Cepheids and can be used in conjunction with surveys such as Pan-Starrs and LSST where the observational sampling may not be optimized for Cepheids.
Classical Langevin dynamics for model Hamiltonians

We propose a scheme for extending the model Hamiltonian method developed originally for studying the equilibrium properties of complex perovskite systems to include Langevin dynamics. The extension is based on Zwanzig's treatment of nonlinear generalized Langevin's equations. The parameters entering the equations of motion are to be determined by mapping from first-principles calculations, as in the original model Hamiltonian method. The scheme makes possible, in principle, the study of the dynamics and kinetics of structural transformations inaccessible to the original model Hamiltonian method. Moreover, we show that the equilibrium properties are governed by an effective Hamiltonian which differs from that used in previous work by a term which captures the coherent part of the previously ignored dynamical interaction with the omitted degrees of freedom. We describe how the additional information required for the Langevin equations can be obtained by a minor extension of the previous mapping.
Cyclotransformation in the series of monocyclic 3-nitropyridin-2(1H)-ones

The interaction of 3-nitropyridine-2(1H)-one and its N′-methyl derivative with hydrazine hydrate leads to the formation of the pyrazole and the carbodihydrazide. 4-Nitropyrazole and the carbodihydrazide are formed from 3,5-dinitropyridine-2(1H)-one and its N′-methyl derivative under similar conditions. The hydrazinolysis of 4-metyl- and 6-metyl-3-nitropyridine-2(1H)-ones provides the 3-methylpyrazole and the carbodihydrazide. A probable mechanism of the process of cyclotransformation of the 3-nitropyridine-2(1H)-ones under hydrazinolysis was suggested.
Multiple-access bosonic communications

The maximum rates for reliably transmitting classical information over bosonic multiple-access channels (MACs) are derived when the transmitters are restricted to coherent-state encodings. Inner and outer bounds for the ultimate capacity region of the bosonic MAC are also presented. It is shown that the sum-rate upper bound is achievable with a coherent-state encoding and that the entire region is asymptotically achievable in the limit of large mean input photon numbers.
Numerical study of the dissipative trapped-electron instability in tokamaks

The dispersion relation for the dissipative trapped-electron mode including the effects of magnetic shear, finite ion Larmor radius, banana-plateau velocity space separation, magnetic curvature drift resonance, ion-ion collisions, etc. is used to examine the plasma stability of recent tokamak experiments. Regimes of importance of various effects in these experiments are also discussed. Instabilities mostly occur at kθ ρi ~ 1, where kθ is the azimuthal wave number and ρi is the ion Larmor radius. The often used anomalous heat conduction coefficient, , predicts losses comparable to those observed in TFR, ST, and ATC.
The geometry of D-brane superpotentials

The disk partition function of the open topological string computes the spacetime superpotential for D-branes wrapping cycles of a compact Calabi-Yau threefold. We use string duality to show that when appropriately formulated, the problem admits a natural geometrization in terms of a non-compact Calabi-Yau fourfold without D-branes. The duality relates the D-brane superpotential to a flux superpotential on the fourfold. This sheds light on several features of superpotential computations appearing in the literature, in particular on the observation that Calabi-Yau fourfold geometry enters the problem. In one of our examples, we show that the geometry of fourfolds also reproduces the D-brane superpotentials obtained from matrix factorization methods.
2MASS Studies of Differential Reddening across Three Massive Globular Clusters

J-, H-, and Ks-band data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) are used to study the effects of differential reddening across the three massive Galactic globular clusters ω Centauri, NGC 6388, and NGC 6441. Evidence is found that variable extinction may produce false detections of tidal tails around ω Centauri. We also investigate what appears to be relatively strong differential reddening toward NGC 6388 and NGC 6441 and find that differential extinction may be exaggerating the need for a metallicity spread to explain the width of the red giant branches for these two clusters. Finally, we consider the implications of these results for the connection between unusual, multipopulation globular clusters and the cores of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph).
Examination of the PCICE Method in the Nearly Incompressible, as well as Strictly Incompressible, Limits

The conservative-form, pressure-based PCICE numerical method (Martineau and Berry, 2004) (Berry, 2006), recently developed for computing transient fluid flows of all speeds from very low to very high (with strong shocks), is simplified and generalized. Though the method automatically treats a continuous transition of compressibility, three distinct, limiting compressibility regimes are formally defined for purposes of discussion and comparison with traditional methods – the strictly incompressible limit, the nearly incompressible limit, and the f ully compressible limit. The PCICE method’s behavior is examined in each limiting regime. In the strictly incompressible limit the PCICE algorithm reduces to the traditional MAC-type method with velocity divergence driving the pressure Poisson equation. In the nearly incompressible limit the PCICE algorithm is found to reduce to a generalization of traditional incompressible methods, i.e. to one in which not only the velocity divergence effect, but also the density gradient effect is included as a driving function in the pressure Poisson equation. This nearly incompressible regime has received little attention, and it appears that in the past, strictly incompressible methods may have been conveniently applied to flows in this regime at the expense of ignoring a potentially important coupling mechanism. This could be significant in manymore » important flows; for example, in natural convection flows resulting from high heat flux. In the f ully compressible limit or regime, the algorithm is found to reduce to an expression equivalent to density-based methods for high-speed flow.« less
Exclusions and the Demand for Property Insurance

The paper examines property insurance contracts in which consumers choose the upper limit on coverage. Exclusions are of two types, and both reduce the demand for insurance of the included perils. A practical implication is that an insurer can raise the demand for fire insurance by offering an earthquake rider, and profit from the rider even when the premia are ceded in such a way that the rider does not raise profit directly. The results do not require assumptions about correlations between included and excluded losses, which is interesting because correlations are decisive in most of the other literature on background risk.
Deciding representability of sets of words of equal length

Partial words are sequences over a finite alphabet that may have holes that match, or are compatible with, all letters in the alphabet; partial words without holes are simply words. Given a partial word w, we denote by sub"w(n) the set of subwords of w of length n, i.e., words over the alphabet that are compatible with factors of w of length n. We call a set S of words h-representable if S=sub"w(n) for some integer n and partial word w with h holes. Using a graph theoretical approach, we show that the problem of whether a given set is h-representable can be decided in polynomial time. We also investigate other computational problems related to this concept of representability.
From Ecology to Economics: The Case Against CO2 Fertilization

Abstract The effects of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on agricultural yields are analyzed. It is argued that any positive effects on yields from CO2 fertilization, demonstrated in controlled experiments, would be weak in farm conditions given water and nutrient limits. Furthermore, possible benefits would be more than offset by predicted consequences of climate change, ozone depletion, and additional gases created from fossil fuel combustion. The impact of including CO2 fertilization on crop yield and economic welfare predictions is evaluated. The policy-distorting potential of fragile claims is stressed.
Manifestly dual formulation of the Ramond-model☆

Abstract The interacting-string formalism is extended to the Neveu-Schwarz and Ramond models. The duality properties of the latter model are more transparent than in the older formulation, and ghost-free amplitudes with an arbitrary number of external fermions can be calculated.
Teaching Styles: An Exploratory Study of Dimensions and Effects.

An exploratory model of teaching behavior as a role contract is proposed. The model consists of three subject strategies–the didactic, generalist, and researcher strategies, and the dimensions of student response, ambiguity, and warmth. Indices designed to measure the dimensions in the model were developed and related to various criteria in a large sample of two-year colleges and students. These criteria included faculty ratings, students' sense of progress, satisfaction, and college achievements. The indices were related to these criteria in plausible ways, the generalist, researcher, and warmth indices typically having positive relations, and ambiguity having negative relations.
Palladium chloride and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide intercalated clay as a new catalyst for the Heck reaction

Abstract A new modified clay material, prepared by intercalating palladium chloride and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide into montmorillonite K10 clay, catalyzes the Heck reaction and affords trans -stilbenes in high yields.
Alcohol policies and highway vehicle fatalities

This study investigates the impact of beer taxes and a variety of alcohol-control policies on motor vehicle fatality rates. Special attention is paid to omitted variables biases resulting from failing to adequately control for grassroots efforts to reduce drunk driving, the enactment of other laws which simultaneously operate to reduce highway fatalities, and the economic conditions existing at the time the legislation is passed. In the preferred models, most of the regulations have little or no impact on traffic mortality. By contrast, higher beer taxes are associated with reductions in crash deaths and this result is relatively robust across specifications.
Does the charm flow at RHIC

Abstract Recent PHENIX Au+Au→ e − + X data [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 192303] from open charm decay are shown to be consistent with two extreme opposite dynamical scenarios of ultra-relativistic nuclear reactions. Perturbative QCD without final state interactions was previously shown to be consistent with the data. However, we show that the data are also consistent with zero mean free path hydrodynamics characterized by a common transverse flow velocity field. The surprising coincidence of both D and B hydrodynamic flow spectra with pQCD up to p T ≈3 and 5 GeV, respectively, suggests that heavy quarks may be produced essentially at rest in the rapidly expanding gluon plasma. Possible implications and further tests of collective heavy quark dynamics are discussed.
Real Money Balances and Production Efficiency: A Panel-Data Stochastic Production Frontier Study

Abstract This paper examines the effect of four alternative measures of real money balances on production efficiency using annual panels of 10 developed and 10 developing countries. Using maximum likelihood, separate stochastic production frontiers are estimated, along with the parameters of an equation relating technical inefficiency to real money balances. The results for the sample of developed economies indicate that increases in real simple-sum M1, simple-sum M2, Divisia M1, and Divisia M2 enhance efficiency in the production sector. On the other hand, in the sample of developing nations, there is no evidence that real money balances reduce technical inefficiency.
Level algebras through Buchsbaum* manifolds

Stanley–Reisner rings of Buchsbaum* complexes are studied by means of their quotients modulo a linear system of parameters. The socle of these quotients is computed. Extending a recent result by Novik and Swartz for orientable homology manifolds without boundary, it is shown that modulo a part of their socle these quotients are level algebras. This provides new restrictions on the face vectors of Buchsbaum* complexes.
Self-similarity in the web

Algorithmic tools for searching and mining the Web are becoming increasingly sophisticated and vital. In this context, algorithms that use and exploit structural information about the Web perform better than generic methods in both efficiency and reliability.We present an extensive characterization of the graph structure of the Web, with a view to enabling high-performance applications that make use of this structure. In particular, we show that the Web emerges as the outcome of a number of essentially independent stochastic processes that evolve at various scales. A striking consequence of this scale invariance is that the structure of the Web is "fractal"---cohesive subregions display the same characteristics as the Web at large. An understanding of this underlying fractal nature is therefore applicable to designing data services across multiple domains and scales.We describe potential applications of this line of research to optimized algorithm design for Web-scale data analysis.
A COMPLETE Look at the Use of IRAS Emission Maps to Estimate Extinction and Dust Temperature

We have created new dust temperature and column density maps of Perseus, Ophiuchus, and Serpens using 60 and 100 μm data from the Improved Reprocessing of the IRAS Survey (IRIS) recalibration of Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data. We describe an optimized method for finding the dust temperature, emissivity spectral index, and optical depth using optical and near-infrared extinction maps. The creation of these temperature and extinction maps (covering tens of square degrees of molecular clouds) is one of the first results from the ongoing Coordinated Molecular Probe Line Extinction Thermal Emission (COMPLETE) Survey of Star-Forming Regions. However, while the extinctions derived from the IRIS emission maps are globally accurate, we warn that far-infrared emission is not a good proxy for extinction on the scale of 1 pixel (~5'). In addition to describing the global dust properties of these clouds, we have found two particularly interesting features in the column density and temperature maps. In the Ophiuchus dark cloud complex, the new dust temperature map shows a little-known warm (25 K) dust ring with a 2 pc diameter. This shell is approximately centered on the B star ρ Ophiuchus, 1° north of the well-studied ρ Oph star-forming cluster. In Perseus, the column density map shows a 10 pc diameter ring, a feature not apparent in the filamentary chain of clouds seen in molecular gas. These rings are further discussed in detail in our companion papers.
Novel Type I Compactifications

We argue that there are two distinct classes of type-I compactification to four dimensions on any space. These two classes are distinguished in a mysterious way by the presence (or absence) of a discrete 6-form potential. In simple examples, duality suggests that the new class of compactifications have reduced numbers of moduli. We also point out analogous discrete choices in M, F and type-II compactifications, including some with G2 holonomy. These choices often result in spaces with frozen singularities.
Efficient local strategies for vaccination and network attack

We study how a fraction of a population should be vaccinated to most efficiently stop epidemics. Our starting point is that only local information-about the neighborhood of specific vertices-is usa ...
Minimum transistor logic modules for air-borne control applications

In recent years, digital methods have found application in the real time control of aircraft and missiles. This real time control is accomplished by performing mathematical computations within some form of air-borne digital computing device on sampled input variables. This recent trend means that the hardware techniques need to be tailored to air-borne applications.
Detection of Gravitational Waves with Semi Classical Features and Cosmological Implications (Of Such Semi Classical Features)

The author argues in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed , possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low frequency relic GW from the big bang. What is observed is that large higher dimensions above our 4 Dimensional space time, if recipients of matter‐energy from collapse and re birth of the universe are enough to insure low relic GW. The existence of higher dimensions, in itself if the additional dimensions are small and compact will have no capacity to lower the frequency limit values of relic GW, as predicted by Gasperini and Veneziano (1993).
Experimental compressive phase space tomography

Phase space tomography estimates correlation functions entirely from snapshots in the evolution of the wave function along a time or space variable. In contrast, traditional interferometric methods require measurement of multiple two–point correlations. However, as in every tomographic formulation, undersampling poses a severe limitation. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, experimental demonstration of compressive reconstruction of the classical optical correlation function, i.e. the mutual intensity function. Our compressive algorithm makes explicit use of the physically justifiable assumption of a low–entropy source (or state.) Since the source was directly accessible in our classical experiment, we were able to compare the compressive estimate of the mutual intensity to an independent ground–truth estimate from the van Cittert–Zernike theorem and verify substantial quantitative improvements in the reconstruction.
Can cell systems biology rescue drug discovery

The focus of innovation in current drug discovery is on new targets, yet compound efficacy and safety in biological models of disease, not target selection, qualify drug candidates for the clinic. We consider a biology-driven approach to drug discovery based on screening compounds by automated response profiling in complex human cell systems-based disease models. Drug discovery through cell systems biology could significantly reduce the time and cost of new drug development.
SN 2006tf: Precursor Eruptions and the Optically Thick Regime of Extremely Luminous Type IIn Supernovae

SN 2006tf is the third most luminous supernova (SN) discovered so far, after SN 2005ap and SN 2006gy. SN 2006tf is valuable because it provides a link between two regimes: (1) luminous Type IIn supernovae powered by emission directly from interaction with circumstellar material (CSM), and (2) the most extremely luminous SNe where the CSM interaction is so optically thick that energy must diffuse out from an opaque shocked shell. As SN 2006tf evolves, it slowly transitions from the second to the first regime as the clumpy shell becomes more porous. This link suggests that the range in properties of the most luminous SNe is largely determined by the density and speed of hydrogen-rich material ejected shortly before they explode. The total energy radiated by SN 2006tf was at least -->7 ? 1050 ergs. If the bulk of this luminosity came from the thermalization of shock kinetic energy, then the star needs to have ejected ~18 -->M? in the 4-8 yr before core collapse, and another 2-6 -->M? in the decades before that. A Type Ia explosion is therefore excluded. From the H? emission-line profile, we derive a blast wave speed of 2000 km s?1 that does not decelerate, and from the narrow P Cygni absorption from preshock gas we deduce that the progenitor's wind speed was ~190 km s?1. This is reminiscent of the wind speeds of luminous blue variables (LBVs), but not of red supergiants or Wolf-Rayet stars. We propose that like SN 2006gy, SN 2006tf marked the death of a very massive star that retained a hydrogen envelope until the end of its life and suffered extreme LBV-like mass loss in the decades before it exploded.
Enumeration of point-determining graphs

Point-determining graphs are graphs in which no two vertices have the same neighborhoods, co-point-determining graphs are those whose complements are point-determining, and bi-point-determining graphs are those both point-determining and co-point-determining. Bicolored point-determining graphs are point-determining graphs whose vertices are properly colored with white and black. We use the combinatorial theory of species to enumerate these graphs as well as the connected cases.
Strain-Release Rearrangement of N-Vinyl-2-Arylaziridines. Total Synthesis of the Anti-Leukemia Alkaloid (−)-Deoxyharringtonine

Deoxyharringtonine (1) is among the most potent of the anti-leukemia alkaloids isolated from the Cephalotaxus genus. A convergent total synthesis of (-)-1 is reported, involving novel synthetic methods and strategies that include (1) the strain-release rearrangement of N-aryl-2-vinylaziridines for [3]benzazepine synthesis, (2) a vinylogous amide acylation-cycloaddition cascade for spiro-pyrrolidine construction, and (3) efficient acylation of the cephalotaxine core by alpha-(beta-lactone)carboxylic acid derivatives to access the biologically active cephalotaxus esters. These innovations should allow rapid access not only to other Cephalotaxus alkaloids but also to non-natural analogues of potential therapeutic utility.
HOMOTOPIES OF EIGENFUNCTIONS AND THE SPECTRUM OF THE LAPLACIAN ON THE SIERPINSKI CARPET

Consider a family of bounded domains Ωt in the plane (or more generally any Euclidean space) that depend analytically on the parameter t, and consider the ordinary Neumann Laplacian Δt on each of them. Then we can organize all the eigenfunctions into continuous families $u_{t}^{(j)}$ with eigenvalues $\lambda_{t}^{(j)}$ also varying continuously with t, although the relative sizes of the eigenvalues will change with t at crossings where $\lambda_{t}^{(j)} = \lambda_{t}^{(k)}$. We call these families homotopies of eigenfunctions. We study two explicit examples. The first example has Ω0 equal to a square and Ω1 equal to a circle; in both cases the eigenfunctions are known explicitly, so our homotopies connect these two explicit families. In the second example we approximate the Sierpinski carpet starting with a square, and we continuously delete subsquares of varying sizes. (Data available in full at ).
Morphology and structure of the taurus-littrow highlands (Apollo 17): evidence for their origin and evolution

The Taurus-Littrow region (Apollo 17 landing area) is located in the northeastern quadrant of the Moon in the mountainous area on the southeastern rim of the Serenitatis basin. The highlands in the Taurus-Littrow region can be divided into three broad terrain types. (1)Littrow massifs - massive, 10-20 km diam, steep-sloped (20°–30°), highland blocks often bordered by linear graben-like valleys. (2)Littrow sculptured hills - a series of closely spaced 1-5 km diam domical hills occupying broad highland plateaus which have been cratered and block faulted. Sculptured hill units stretch along the eastern edge of Serenitatis from the Apollo 17 area north to Posidonius. (3)Vitruvius front and plateau - a long irregular but generally north-trending scarp (occasionally rising over 2 km above the surrounding terrain) and its associated uplifted plateau to the east. This terrain is composed of hills ranging from 2-7 km diam, whose morphology is intermediate between the sculptured hills and the massifs.
Refinements to the Sharpe ratio: Comparing alternatives for bear markets

In recent years, various proposals have been published and discussed on overcoming the problems in evaluating fund performance based on ex post Sharpe ratios during periods of declining markets. In particular, it has frequently been debated whether negative Sharpe ratios, which naturally occur in bear markets, reliably measure fund performance. This paper presents refinements to the Sharpe ratio and compares them with the original Sharpe ratio. We show that only the so-called normalised Sharpe ratio produces meaningful results, not only for bear markets, but for any other market period as well. Our findings are derived from theoretical analyses based on a factor model and checked for plausibility against economic fundamentals. The practical relevance of our theoretical results is confirmed by a subsequent empirical study based on sample data from US equity mutual funds.