cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual presentation and treatment of spontaneous celiac artery dissection

The management options of an isolated celiac artery dissection include medical, open surgical, and endovascular techniques. Which strategy is chosen depends on the severity of the dissection, collateral circulation to the liver, the patient's hemodynamic status, and the surgeon's expertise. We describe an unusual case of celiac artery dissection involving splenic and hepatic arteries complicated by hemorrhage. The patient was successfully treated by coil embolization of the splenic and gastric branches. Hepatic arterial blood flow was preserved with a stent graft extending from the origin of the gastroduodenal artery to the orifice of the celiac artery.
Hydrogen Permeability of Sintered Aluminum Oxide

Hydrogen permeability of high-density, high-purity sintered alumina tubes was measured as a function of temperature and pressure using tritium as a tracer. The permeability, phi, at 1200 to 1450/sup 0/C and hydrogen partial pressure between 2 and 50 kPa is: phi (H atoms cm cm/sup -2/ S/sup -1/ kPa/sup -0/ /sup 43/) = exp(48.95 +- 0.61) exp(-318.2 +- 18.8 kJ(g.atom)/sup -1/ (RT)/sup -1/). Diffusion coefficients and solubility values deduced from the permeation experiments are consistent with earlier independent measurements. No accelerated permeation due to microstructural defects or changes during the experiments was observed. Comparison of hydrogen permeability of alumina with the values observed for metals shows that alumina may be a suitable coating material for use as a hydrogen permeation barrier.
Crystallization of polyethylene oxide under shear

A concentric cyclinder dilatometer was designed and built to study the influence of shear on the crystallization kinetics of polymers. This instrument allows crystallization to be followed at both constant temperature and shear rate. Several samples of polyethylene oxide (Carbowax 4000, Carbowax 20-M, and WSR-205) were used. A low molecular weight fraction of the Carbowax 20-M, as well as the unfractionated material, was crystallized under shear. The WSR-205 was studied only in a mixture with Carbowax 4000. It was shown that the kinetics of crystallization of uncrosslinked melts of polyethylene oxide are altered by shear. The induction times for the appearance of crystallinity are shorter in the sheared systems than in the quiescent melts. The Avrami exponents are also higher for crystallization in sheared melts than in quiescent systems and increase with decreasing supercooling. The high values of the Avrami exponent are attributed to the disruption of crystalline aggregates into particles larger than the critical sized nucleus. These particles will persist in the melt and continue to grow spontaneously. A continuous infusion of growing particles into the melt occurs. At constant temperature and shear rate, the induction time of the crystallization curve is influenced by polymer molecular weight. In moderate to high molecular weight samples, the effect of shear becomes saturated at very low shear rates. Decreasing the molecular weight separates the crystallization curves. The curves from the higher shear rates appear at the shorter induction times. However, decreasing the molecular weight below that at the critical entanglement molecular weight allows the nucleation rate, strongly dependent upon the supercooling, to influence the relative positions of the sheared crystallization curves.
The association between health literacy and outcomes of care among epilepsy patients

Abstract Purpose To determine the association between health literacy and outcomes of care (seizure control and quality of life) in individuals with epilepsy followed at a level four epilepsy center. Methods We conducted a face-to-face interview of patients seen at the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program of the University of Florida HSC/Jacksonville. We obtained demographic and clinical data, administered the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-10 inventory, and performed the Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale. We asked three screening questions taken from the Short Test of Functional Literacy in Adults. Using each health literacy question as the target variable we determined the predictor variables that were associated with responses to these questions and performed multiple linear regression to determine those that retained their significance. Results One hundred and forty adult patients with epilepsy comprised the study population. On univariate analysis, patients who did poorly on questions for health literacy that included "difficulty reading hospital materials" and "difficulty filling out medical forms" had lower scores on the QOLIE-10 and lower annual household incomes. This significance was maintained on multivariate analysis. Those who had problems learning about their medical condition due to difficulties understanding written information had poorer scores on the QOLIE-10, increased seizure frequency, and lower educational levels on univariate analysis. However, on multivariate analysis, only poorer scores on quality of life were independently significant. Conclusion Patients with epilepsy who have limited health literacy do not necessarily have poorer seizure control but have lower quality of life scores.
Incentive salience of cocaine across the postpartum period of the female rat

Rationale–Objectives Our prior conditioned place preference (CPP) work demonstrates that late (day16) postpartum female rats consistently prefer cocaine- over pup-associated chambers, whereas far fewer early postpartum (day8) females prefer the cocaine-associated chamber. The present study examines early and late postpartum females’ preference for a cocaine-associated chamber when contrasted with a chamber associated with saline (rather than pups).
An Interactive Software for Real-Time Simulation of Through-the-Wall Imaging Radar

An interactive software written in Visual C# has been developed to provide real-time simulation capabilities for imaging behind the wall scenes. The software implements algorithms and techniques developed by the researchers at the Center for Advanced Communications in Villanova University, but is also amenable to house other imaging approaches. The software features a user friendly and flexible graphical interface that permits easy and interactive scene construction, from specification of the wall and array element locations to placement of objects at various locations behind the wall. All operations are performed using comprehensible dialog boxes and mouse drag-and-drop actions. For illustration, we present an example that demonstrates the usage of the real-time through-the-wall imaging radar simulator. The software serves as an educational tool for courses on radar imaging, introducing the students to the important emerging technology of through-the-wall imaging.
Analytical comparison of subpixel target detectors in structured models for hyperspectral images

In the current target detection literature, there are two major approaches to the evaluation of detectors' performance. One is based on theoretical calculations assuming some simple statistical models, and the other approach uses real or simulated spectral images. The former approach is too simplistic, at this point, to address practical needs. On the other hand, the latter approach does not give us a good understanding of why certain detectors work better than others in the context of specific targets and spectral images. Our goal is to initiate research that will combine these two separate approaches. In this paper, we start with a comparison of two well-known detectors-the matched filter detector (MFD) and the orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) detector. We show a surprising result that MFD always outperforms OSP in a traditional theoretical formulation of the detection problem. We also show that this theoretical formulation is not realistic in practical target detection in real spectral images. However, the obtained results suggest more realistic approaches for providing theoretical background for practical target detection. In this paper, we also point out many detectors introduced in the literature that are equivalent to MFD or OSP detectors.
A distributed optimization algorithm for power control in wireless ad hoc networks

Summary form only given. Power control is an important issue in wireless networks, which still has no satisfactory solution. Due to the limited amount of power available to wireless units, there is a need for systems that operate with reduced power consumption levels. We propose a new model for the problem, that exploits the relationship among necessary power and reach of broadcast. The resulting model is called the power control problem in ad hoc networks (PCADHOC). We derive a linear integer programming model, which is used to find lower bounds on the amount of required power. The constraints of the problem guarantee that all required transmissions can be successfully performed. A distributed algorithm based on variable neighborhood search is proposed to solve the PCADHOC. The results of experiments with the algorithm show that the power savings are considerable.
Three independent forms of cardio-respiratory coupling: transitions across sleep stages

We demonstrate that the cardiac and respiratory system exhibit three distinct forms of coupling that are independent from each other, respond differently to key physiologic parameters, and act on different time scales. We find that all three forms of coupling undergo pronounced phase transitions across sleep stages characterized by different stratification patterns, indicating markedly different response to changes in neuroautonomic control. Our analyses show that all three forms of cardio-respiratory interaction are not of constant strength but are of transient and intermittent nature with “on” and “off” periods, and that these forms of coupling, representing different aspects of physiologic regulation, can simultaneously coexist.
Exploring the Economics of Motorcycle Helmet Laws — Implications for Low and Middle-Income Countries:

This paper reviews economic evaluations of motorcycle helmet interventions in preventing injuries. A comprehensive literature review focusing on the effectiveness of motorcycle helmet use, and on mandatory helmet laws and their enforcement was done. When helmet laws were lifted between 1976-80, 48 states within the U.S.A. experienced a cost of $342,047 per excess fatality of annual net savings. Helmet laws in the USA had a benefit-cost ratio of 1.33 to 5.07. Taiwan witnessed a 14% decline in motorcycle fatalities and a 22% reduction of head injury fatalities with the introduction of a helmet law. In Thailand, where 70-90% of all crashes involve motorcycle, after enforcement of a helmet law, helmet-use increased five-fold, the number of injured motorcyclists decreased by 33.5%, head injuries decreased by 41.4%, and deaths decreased by 20.8%. There is considerable evidence that mandatory helmet laws with enforcement alleviate the burden of traffic injuries greatly. For low and middle-income countries with high rates of motorcycle injuries, enforced, mandatory motorcycle helmet laws are potentially one of the most cost-effective interventions available.
Value of "minimum menstrual age" in determining early pregnancy failure.

OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to assess a discriminatory "minimum menstrual age" (28 days + number of days elapsed between the first positive pregnancy test result and sonogram) for the diagnosis of early pregnancy failure when no embryonic/fetal heartbeat is seen and to compare minimum menstrual age dating with last menstrual period and sonographic dating. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 338 initial first-trimester sonographic examinations among women with suspected early pregnancy failure. A minimum menstrual age for each was calculated, and pregnancy outcomes were assessed. The predictive value of the minimum menstrual age for the pregnancy outcome was assessed at both 42 and 49 days and compared to that of dating by the last menstrual period and sonography. RESULTS Among a study cohort of 338 patients, the average gestational age calculated by the last menstrual period was 53 days; by sonography, it was 50 days; and by the minimum menstrual age, it was 35 days (P < .01). All cases in which there was no sonographically detectable embryonic heartbeat above a minimum menstrual age of 42 days resulted in pregnancy failure. CONCLUSIONS The minimum menstrual age is a conservative estimate of the gestational age, with an estimated positive predictive value of 100% for early pregnancy failure when no embryonic heartbeat is seen after 42 days. The minimum menstrual age can be combined with other existing diagnostic clues to predict early pregnancy failure with greater accuracy.
Circuit design challenges at the 14nm technology node

Technology scaling non-idealities, already apparent in the transitions between previous technology generations, will become even more pronounced as the world moves from the 22nm node to the 14nm node. Digital logic designers working on high-performance microprocessors and similar projects will face significant new challenges as the basic FET structure is changed in a fundamental way, in order to squeeze more performance from scaled devices. New design constraints and new sources of variability will have to be understood, and new methodologies will be required to enable robust, high-speed designs. In addition, the metal interconnects between devices will also be stressed. Scaled wire RC will likely increase, and new tools and methods will be needed to ensure reliable designs.
Further Examination of Discriminated Functional Communication.

One child with developmental disabilities was taught to mand for attention by saying “excuse me.” Treatment effects were extended to multiple training contexts by teaching the participant to attend to naturally occurring discriminative stimuli through differential reinforcement of communication during periods of the experimenter's nonbusy activities (e.g., reading a magazine). Results are discussed in terms of future research on the generalization and maintenance of functional communication in the natural environment.
Increasing Prevalence of Canine Heartworm in Coyotes from California

Thirty-seven subadult and adult coyotes (Canis latrans), collected August 1992 through December 1996 from a coastal foothill area in northern California (USA), were examined for adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis). During 1992 through 1993, at the end of a 6 yr drought, none of four coyotes examined were infected with heartworms. However, during 1994 through 1996, after the drought had ended, prevalences were 91% in 23 adult coyotes and 40% in 10 subadult coyotes. Heartworm intensity did not differ by sex of coyote, and averaged (±SE) 19.4 ± 3.8 among adults; one subadult had >238 heartworms. The prevalence and intensity of heartworm infection in coyotes reported here for 1994 through 1996 are the highest reported anywhere in the United States.
Designing and examining PC to Palm collaboration

One trend in day-to-day computing involves moving seamlessly from large powerful workstations to small hand-held devices. A second trend is continuous collaboration with colleagues. Combining these trends requires solutions to both the problem of transferring large complex displays to smaller, less capable devices and of ensuring that a viable collaboration takes place even when the collaborators are using vastly different tools and viewing screen environments that differ significantly in their display richness. We briefly describe an architecture for managing displays across multiple platforms, which we call the Manifold framework. This architecture is incorporated into applications using our DISCIPLE collaboration system. We explore the use of Manifold by creating a 3D layout task that communicates with a 2D version of this task running on a Palm Pilot that is wirelessly connected to the Internet. In order to get measurable data on the collaboration problems and successes that users might encounter in this diverse communication tool arrangement, we ran two separate studies that captured the performance time, user errors and transcripts of the communication exchanges between the two users. We found that interface problems with each environment affected the task performance and that the different capabilities of the 3D and 2D environments created collaborative advantages rather than negatively affecting the collaboration.
Comparison of precorrected FFT/adaptive integral method matching schemes

Originally published Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1368–1372, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26230 (Original article DOI 10.1002/mop.26006)
Experiences in testing and debugging the i960 MX VHDL model

We describe design decisions made while testing and debugging our behavioral VHDL model of the Intel i960 MX processor. The model provides human readable representations of processor information, to simplify debugging and documentation. An interactive simulation, using an X window interface, aids in debugging the VHDL model and application software. We developed an automated result checking entity to verify instruction operation tests and a flexible method to generate Chebyshev approximations of transcendental functions and check their results. >
A Management Strategy for Idiopathic Bone Cavities of the Jaws.

Purpose Idiopathic bone cavities (IBCs) are benign osseous pseudocysts of unclear etiology. Their clinical course and response to treatment are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to present a case series of patients with IBC with long-term follow-up. Patients and Methods A retrospective case series of patients with IBC of the jaw was implemented. Medical records were reviewed for data on presentation and imaging. All patients underwent surgical exploration to confirm the diagnosis. Follow-up radiographs were evaluated for resolution or persistence after the procedure. Descriptive data were summarized. Results The sample included 45 patients (60% girls) with 47 IBCs who presented at a mean age of 13.5 ± 0.35 years (range, 9 to 17 yr). All lesions were asymptomatic and discovered as incidental findings; the average size was 2.0 cm (range, 0.8 to 7 cm). Most (n = 44) were solitary lesions of the mandible presenting within the body (n = 27), symphysis (n = 15), or ramus (n = 2). One patient had synchronous bilateral mandibular and maxillary IBCs. Common radiographic features included scalloping without root resorption or displacement and cortical thinning without expansion or perforation. Intraoperative findings showed an empty bone cavity often filled with blood-tinged serous fluid or blood. The histopathology of scrapings from the bony wall showed benign mixed fibrous tissue and no epithelial lining. Average radiographic follow-up was 32.7 ± 6.7 months (range, 0 to 9 yr). After exploration and curettage, 43% of patients had complete bone fill within 2 to 5 years. The other 57% had no change in lesion size at an average of 2.25 years (range, 2 to 9 yr). No patients developed symptoms, had enlargement of the lesion, or had pathologic fracture. Conclusion Many IBCs persist for years despite exploration and curettage. Nonetheless, unresolved lesions did not enlarge or cause harm. A single procedure to confirm the diagnosis is sufficient for management.
The Law Professors’ Report on U.S. Supreme Court Nominee Sonia Sotomayor: On the Merits

While the country acknowledged that the nomination of the first Latina to sit on the Supreme Court reflected a huge step forwarding their country’s struggle with racial and ethnic equality, the treatment of the nominee also revealed the continuing effects of this country’s legacy of prejudice towards Latinas and Latinos, and its failure to recognize and appreciate the position of Latinos and Latinos in this country’s history.Justice Sonia Sotomayor was the target of various political attacks. At times it appeared that her qualifications and character were challenged not just on the merits, but on stereotypes steeped in ethnic, racial and gender inequality. The Hispanic National Bar Association issued a report recommending her confirmation, which was based in part on a report by several law professors on Justice Sotomayor’s judicial record (the “Law Professors' Report”).The law professors made an independent assessment of the nominee’s decision. The singular guiding approach to the work was that the assessment would be an unbiased, careful and critical review and assessment. Several common themes are found in the Law Professors’ Report: the nominee’s writing evinced a thorough understanding of complex legal issues and a mastery of factual records, the nominee masterfully deployed facts to support her opinions, the nominee was moderate in her approach to the law, the nominee preferred to move the law slowly and methodically through its paces, and despite the nominee’s career as a prosecutor, she sided with the government no more often than her peers on the Second Circuit.
Abstract 15825: Acetylation and Methylation Modifiers Attenuate Thrombin-induced eNOS/RhoA Signaling and Restore Adherens Junction Integrity in Acute Lung Injury

Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) involves severe dysregulation of the restrictive endothelial barrier with consequent fluid exudation and cellular infiltration. Targeting pathways that may restore lung microvascular endothelial barrier function may lead to new therapy for this condition. Hypothesis: Epigenetic modifiers TSA (Trichostatin-A, HDAC inhibitor) and Aza (5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, DNA methyl transferase inhibitor) when used together will inhibit thrombin-induced eNOS/RhoA signaling, restore adherens junction (AJ) integrity, and diminish endothelial hyperpermeability. Methods: Molecular signaling, AJ integrity, and endothelial permeability were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, Western analysis, and trans-endothelial resistance (TER). Results: Our data show that the combination of TSA+Aza is more effective in inhibiting thrombin-induced lung hyperpermeability than TSA alone or Aza alone. We used an in vitro culture system of TER to determine the effects of TSA+Aza on thrombin-induced change in resistance over human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Our immunofluorescence data show that treatment with TSA+Aza ameliorates thrombin-induced endothelial barrier disruption (Figure, white arrows). The Western data show that treatment with TSA+Aza decreases the levels of thrombin-induced RhoA and eNOS signaling in lung endothelial cells. Conclusions: These data indicate, for the first time, that the combination of TSA+Aza exerts a protective role in preventing lung microvascular hyperpermeability and endothelial barrier disruption in thrombin-induced lung injury. This combination has therapeutic potential for acute lung injury.
Thermal Characteristic and Performance of the Glass Interposer with TGVs (Through-Glass Via)

In this study, we used simulation technique to analyze the thermal characteristics of solo TGV (through-glass via) structure and solo TSV (through-silicon via) structure. The analysis showed, no matter in in-plane direction or in cross-plane direction, the thermal conductivity of a TGV structure is much lower than that of a TSV structure. Also, using simulation, we chose a typical 2.5D IC SiP (system in package) to compare the thermal performances between the SiP with TGV interposer and TSV interposer by using simulation. The specific via structures of 30μm in diameter and 60μm in pitch were adopted in the case studies. The results show the thermal performance of the 3D IC system with TSV is slightly better than that of the system with TGV, but both performances are nearly equal. The evaluations demonstrate the ultra-low thermal conductivity does not damage the thermal performance of a 3D IC SiP with TGV interposer; and proves the feasibility of the glass interposer for electronics applications.
Perspectives on the Evolution of the Column Efficiency in Liquid Chromatography

When analyses of mixtures of small molecules are carried out at mobile phase velocities close to (for isocratic runs) or somewhat above (for gradient runs) the optimum velocity, the eddy diffusion term contributes to at least 75% of the band broadening. Future improvements in column performance may come only from a reduction of the eddy diffusion term. The classical models of axial dispersion of Gunn and Giddings are revisited and their predictions compared to recently reported eddy dispersion data obtained by solving numerically the Navier–Stokes equations and simulating advective-diffusive transport in the bulk region and in confined geometries of reconstructed and computer-generated random sphere packings. The Gunn model fails to describe these data. In contrast, the Giddings model succeeds, provided that his original guesses regarding the values of two parameters of his model are adjusted. Accurate measurements of real eddy dispersion data in modern high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns w...
Methodological Remarks on CPG-Based Control of Flapping Flight

This paper is a companion to Chung and explores the applications of neurobiologically inspired control systems in the form of Central Pattern Generators (CPG) to control flapping flight dynamics. We introduce two-layer CPGs to mimic current hypotheses of mammalian studies. It is shown that symmetry breaking to initiate and recover from a turning maneuver is an effective control strategy. Attempts at dissociating slow dynamics are shown and preliminary comparisons of wing motions between biological fliers and artificial CPG networks are made.
DERIVATIVES OF 4‐CHLORO‐3,5‐DINITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE. IV. SYNTHESIS OF BIS(6‐(ETHYLTHIO)‐5‐NITRO‐α,α,α‐TRIFLUORO‐M‐TOLYL) DISULFIDE AND ETHYL 2,6‐DINITRO‐α,α,α‐TRIFLUORO‐P‐TOLYL SULFIDE

Abstract The reaction of potassium ethyl dithiocarbonate with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride in dimethylformamide at 25–30°C afforded the titled disulfide (1) and sulfide (2). Possible mechanism and supporting NMR, ir, Raman and mass spectral data are discussed. The assigned structure for 1 was verified by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
Probe: The Fifth “P” of Marketing

There is a growing concern among marketing scholars that marketing research is not receiving the attention it deserves as a marketing decision variable. The purpose of this paper is to propose that marketing research be included as a fifth “P” within the marketing mix, and encourage empirical research to test the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between marketing research activities and demand.
Failure Modes of 15-kV SiC SGTO Thyristors During Repetitive Extreme Pulsed Overcurrent Conditions

SiC SGTO thyristors are an advanced solution for increasing the power density of medium voltage power electronics. However, for these devices to replace Si thyristor technology in industrial applications their characteristics and failure modes must be understood. This letter presents the failure modes of two 15-kV SiC SGTO thyristors during repetitive overcurrent conditions. The devices were evaluated with 2-kA (3.85 kA/cm2) square pulses of 100 ${\boldsymbol \mu}$ s duration using a pulse forming network. Throughout testing, each devices’ static characteristics were analyzed for signs of degradation; upon degradation, testing was ceased and the physical failure mode was determined through imaging with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with a focused ion beam. The electrical results demonstrate the failure modes of both SiC SGTO thyristors during pulsed overcurrents electrically manifested themselves as a conductive path through the gate-anode junction and an increased device on-state voltage. SEM imaging revealed one SiC thyristor formed an approximately ${10\hbox{-}\mu{\rm m}}$ wide cylindrical void, and the second SiC thyristor formed an approximately ${200\hbox{-}\mu{\rm m}}$ long crack. However, the experimental results demonstrate these 15-kV SiC SGTO thyristors’ robust ability to repetitively switch at extreme high current density for tens of thousands of cycles.
The Construction of a Literary Life

The writing of a ‘literary life’ of Edmund Spenser (c. 1552–98) is a project of which Spenser himself would have approved — indeed, it was a project to which he dedicated much of the energies of his adult life. Born in London in the early 1550s, Spenser grew up in the formative years of the early Elizabethan regime, and lived to within a few years of its end. His career and the beliefs he espoused throughout his adult life were closely bound up with the contradictory material practices and ideological struggles of the Elizabethan regime, including those over the nature and value of ‘literary’ experience and therefore of the whole concept of a ‘literary life’.
A Toolkit to Detect Planets Around Active Stars

In this chapter, I present a recipe to detect exoplanet orbits in RV observations in the presence of noise arising from stellar activity. I start by introducing Gaussian processes , which are a powerful and elegant way to model correlated noise. I will start from the very basics of Gaussian distributions, leading up to how I incorporate them in my model to account for stellar activity signals. I then present the model that I use to fit RV observations, and describe the Monte Carlo Markov Chain procedure that I apply to determine the best-fitting parameters of this model.
The Floating Shoulder: Clinical and Functional Results

Background Displaced ipsilateral fractures of the clavicle and the glenoid neck are a complex injury pattern that is usually the result of high-energy trauma. The treatment of these injuries is controversial, as good results have been reported with both operative and nonoperative treatment. Methods Nineteen patients who had sustained a displaced fracture of the glenoid neck with an ipsilateral clavicular fracture or acromioclavicular separation (floating shoulder) were retrospectively evaluated. The treatment was nonoperative in twelve patients and operative in seven. At the time of final follow-up, standard radiographs were made and all patients were examined by a physical therapist and either a fellowship-trained shoulder surgeon or an orthopaedic traumatologist. In addition, each patient responded to three different validated objective functional outcome measures: the Short Form-36, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Scale, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire. Isokinetic strength-testing was performed, and strength in internal and external rotation was compared with that of the uninvolved shoulder. The main outcome measures included fracture-healing, functional outcome, patient satisfaction, and muscular strength. Results With regard to range of motion, only the amount of forward flexion was found to be significantly greater in the operatively treated group (p = 0.03). The operatively treated shoulders were found to be weaker in external rotation at 300 degrees /sec and weaker in internal rotation at 180 degrees /sec. When normalized to hand dominance, however, the numbers were too small to identify any significant difference. There was no significant difference between groups with regard to the three functional outcome measures. Conclusions Good results may be seen both with and without operative treatment. Therefore, we cannot universally recommend operative treatment for a double disruption of the superior suspensory shoulder complex. Treatment must be individualized for each patient.
Multicenter observational study of ceftaroline fosamil for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections.

Novel therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection (BSI) are needed in the setting of reduced antibiotic susceptibilities and therapeutic failure. Ceftaroline is a cephalosporin antibiotic with MRSA activity. Although not FDA approved for MRSA BSI, ceftaroline has generated much interest as a potential treatment option. However, detailed descriptions of its use in this setting remain limited. To address this, we conducted a retrospective, multicenter, observational study of adult patients with MRSA BSI treated with at least 72 h of ceftaroline from 2011 to 2015. Safety outcomes were examined in the overall cohort, while efficacy outcomes were examined among patients who had not cleared their BSI prior to ceftaroline initiation. Data were also stratified by ceftaroline monotherapy or combination therapy. Predictors of clinical failure on ceftaroline treatment were also sought. Overall, 211 patients were included in the safety population; Clostridium difficile infection, rash, and neutropenia occurred in 6 patients (2.8%), 7 patients (3.3%), and 3 patients (1.4%), respectively. Clinical success was observed in 86 (68.3%) of the 126 patients included in the efficacy population. The monotherapy and combination therapy subgroups had similar proportions of patients experiencing success (69.7 and 64.9%, respectively). The median BSI durations post-ceftaroline treatment were 2 days (interquartile range, 1 to 4 days) for monotherapy and 3 days (interquartile range, 1.5 to 5 days) for combination therapy. Higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores and comorbid malignancy independently predicted treatment failure. Ceftaroline appears effective for MRSA BSI as both monotherapy and combination therapy. However, comparative studies are needed to further delineate the role of ceftaroline in MRSA BSI treatment.
Simplified Options Selection Method

Options traders and investors utilize methods to price and select call and put options. The models and tools range from Black-Scholes, binomial & trinomial models, Adaptive Mesh model, and the “Greeks” also known as Delta, Gamma, Vega, Theta and Rho. These methods all provide measurements of risk, time and price sensitivities. Missing from practitioner and academic literature is premium cost versus time. This paper explores a simple method of choosing a call or put option based upon its cost per unit of time to assist in selecting options with similar strike prices and different time intervals of an options chain.
Development of the cutaneous microbiome in the preterm infant: A prospective longitudinal study.

Background Neonatal sepsis in preterm infants is often due to organisms that colonize the skin including Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. Development and maturation of the skin microbiome in the neonatal period, especially in preterm infants, may be critical in preventing colonization with pathogens and subsequent progression to neonatal sepsis. Development of the skin microbiome in preterm infants or its determinants in the first 4 weeks of life has not been evaluated. Methods We evaluated the skin microbiome from three body sites, antecubital fossa, forehead and gluteal region, in a prospective cohort of 15 preterm (birth weight < 1500 g and < 32 weeks of gestation) and 15 term neonates. The microbiome community membership and relative abundance were evaluated by amplification and sequencing the bacterial V3-V5 region of the16S rRNA gene on the 454 GS FLX platform. We used linear mixed effects models to analyze longitudinal data. Results The structure and composition of the skin microbiome did not differ between the three sampling sites for term and preterm infants in the neonatal period. However, skin bacterial richness was positively associated with gestational age in the first four weeks of life. Intravenous antibiotics negatively impacted the bacterial diversity of the skin but we did not see differences with respect to feeding or mode of delivery. Conclusions Gestational age, which influences the maturity of skin structure and function, is associated with the development of the preterm cutaneous microbiome. Understanding the maturation of a healthy skin microbiome, prevention of pathogen colonization and its role in the development of immunity will be pivotal in the development of novel interventions to prevent infections in critically ill preterm infants.
Strain-specific association of soybean dwarf virus small subgenomic RNA with virus particles

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) produces a large subgenomic RNA (LsgRNA) for expression of structural and movement proteins and a small subgenomic RNA (SsgRNA) that does not contain an open reading frame. Sucrose gradient-purified SbDV virions from soybean plants systemically infected with SbDV by aphids and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves agroinfiltrated with infectious clones of two red clover SbDV isolates encapsidated genomic RNA and were associated with SsgRNA in a strain-specific manner. The LsgRNA was protected from RNase degradation, but not packaged into virions as indicated by its presence primarily in ELISA-negative fractions near the tops of sucrose gradients even in mutants that did not express coat protein. Nucleotide differences in the SsgRNA region between isolates conferred differential association of SsgRNA with virions.
Analytical Approaches for High-Resolution Environmental Investigations of Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploration

Abstract Challenging questions have been raised over the past decade as unconventional oil and gas development (UD) has spread across the country and bolstered energy resources. The simple question of whether groundwater is protected and safe for consumers has become quite complicated to investigate, interpret, and ultimately answer. Current regulatory methods to monitor and protect groundwater from industrial activities can be inadequate for chemicals used throughout UD and resulting wastes. New methods and modifications to current approaches have been developed to target some of these compounds or compound classes to bridge the gap. The complexity of UD results in any number of organics, salts, or metals as possible foreign species in groundwater, which are not uniform across numerous investigations with varying regional geology. Experimental design regarding sample location, controls, analytical measurements, and the ability to interpret data within the contexts of natural and anthropogenic processes are critically important for this burgeoning field that is in dire need of answers. Considerations toward robust experimental designs, from size, selected measurements, and controls are discussed. Analytical techniques and analytes of interest related to UD impairment of groundwater are later presented. An overarching theme for this chapter is the importance of experimental design and multiplexing measurements to confirm detections and improve conclusions made concerning the origins of contamination.
Long-term intestinal obstruction sequelae and growth in children with cystic fibrosis operated for meconium ileus: expectancies and surprises

Abstract Background/purpose In the few studies on intestinal complications and growth of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with a history of meconium ileus (MI), operated MI has not been investigated separately. We aimed to investigate the incidence of long-term intestinal obstruction sequelae [constipation, distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS)] and growth in CF patients operated for MI. Methods Retrospective study (1989–2016) including operative diagnoses and procedures, constipation and DIOS events, yearly Body Mass Index (BMI) measurements. Outcomes were examined in subgroups operated for MI only and for MI with atresia and/or volvulus. Results Of 49 patients followed-up for 15 (mean) years, 5 (10.2%) developed constipation and 14 (28.6%) DIOS. BMI was within normal percentiles in 53 patients over a 10-year follow-up. MI only and MI with atresia and/or volvulus did not differ in constipation and/or DIOS incidence (11/34 vs. 7/15, p =0.39) or in BMI ( p =0.47). Cases with ileocecal valve resection (ICV-R) showed lower constipation and/or DIOS incidence than those without ICV-R (0/6 vs. 11/28, p =0.02) and no different BMI ( p >0.05). Conclusions CF patients operated for MI were in long-term risk for constipation/DIOS; their growth was normal. Interestingly, underlying atresia/volvulus neither increased constipation/DIOS risk nor affected growth. Strikingly, ICV-R showed no constipation/DIOS risk and no impact on growth. Type of study Retrospective comparative study. Level of evidence III.
Studies of two-dimensional h-BN and MoS 2 for potential diffusion barrier application in copper interconnect technology

Copper interconnects in modern integrated circuits require a barrier layer to prevent Cu diffusion into surrounding dielectrics. However, conventional barrier materials like TaN are highly resistive compared to Cu and will occupy a large fraction of the cross-section of ultra-scaled Cu interconnects due to their thickness scaling limits at 2–3 nm, which will significantly increase the Cu line resistance. It is well understood that ultrathin, effective diffusion barriers are required to continue the interconnect scaling. In this study, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), is explored as alternative Cu diffusion barriers. Based on time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements and scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy characterizations, these 2D materials are shown to be promising barrier solutions for Cu interconnect technology. The predicted lifetime of devices with directly deposited 2D barriers can achieve three orders of magnitude improvement compared to control devices without barriers. Atomically thin h-BN and MoS2 may provide a viable alternative to conventional barrier materials in Cu interconnects. A team led by Zhihong Chen at Purdue University utilized two-dimensional crystals to mitigate Cu diffusion into the dielectric, a known cause of chip failure. By means of time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements to investigate the diffusion barrier properties of atomically thin h-BN and MoS2, they recorded a substantial improvement of the time-to-breakdown, owing to a reliability enhancement of the dielectric underneath Cu under normal operating conditions. A number of structural and electrical characterizations, including scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy confirmed that two-dimensional h-BN and MoS2 films effectively prevent Cu diffusion, highlighting their potential applicability as sub-nanometer barrier for interconnect technology.
Transgenic cotton: factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration

Various aspects of transformation and regeneration processes were examined in efforts to improve the efficiency of production of transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Green fluorescent protein (GFP) proved to be a valuable tool in elucidating the timing and localization of transient gene expression and in visualizing conversion of transient events to stable transformation events. By day 4 after infection, there was maximal transient activity in the cells at the cut edge of Agrobacterium-infected cotyledon disks. We were able to visualize conversion of some of these events to stable transformation by day 8. The effects of Agrobacterium strains, acetosyringone, and temperature on stable transformation were also evaluated. Strain LBA4404 proved to be significantly better than EHA105. Acetosyringone increased significantly the stable transformation efficiency in cotton. Cocultivation at 21 °C, compared to 25 °C, consistently resulted in higher transformation frequencies. GFP expression in stably transformed callus was useful in studying the efficiency of selection during early stages of culture. We found that the survival of individual callus lines on selection medium was influenced by their original size and initial transgene expression status. Larger-size calluses and calluses expressing the transgene (GFP) had a higher rate of survival. Survival could be improved by an additional two-week culture on medium high in cytokinin and low in auxin before transfer to a medium to induce embryogenesis. However, this treatment delayed embryogenesis. Various other important aspects of the regeneration process are described and an overall scheme for producing transgenic cotton is presented.
Relationships between District Size, Socioeconomics, Expenditures, and Student Achievement in Washington.

The purpose of this article is to describe the relationship between district size, socioeconomic status, actual levy percentages, and their predictive influence on the 2003 Washington Assessment of Student Learning results for 4th and 7th grade students in Reading and Mathematics. The convenient sample was 82 Washington State 2nd-Class school districts with enrollments between 500-2,000 students. The results indicated: (a) no significant correlations between achievement and district size; (b) socioeconomic status was the best predictor of achievement; and (c) actual levy percentages and student outcomes were significantly correlated in the positive direction.
Immunological comparison of ocular disease induced by two strains of herpes virus of different virulence.

In previous reports (4,5) we discussed the immunopotentiating or immunosuppressive role of adherent cells from regional draining lymph nodes and spleen during the course of experimental Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis induced by the highly virulent H-4 strain of HSV. Further, we reported that carrageenan sensitive cells (macrophages) induced differential effects in lymphocyte responsiveness to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), con-canavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed (PWM), as well as to specific HSV antigens. In a variety of disease states, modulation of immune function by macrophages has been attributed to prostaglandins. The evidence implicating prostaglandins in immune regulation is based on the ability of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, Indomethacin, to enhance the mitogenic response of lectin stimulated lymphocytes.
Do Faster FDA Drug Reviews Adversely Affect Patient Safety? An Analysis of the 1992 Prescription Drug User Fee Act

FDA review times have significantly declined since the passage of PDUFA in 1992, while agency resources have expanded through user fees. After the recent withdrawal of Vioxx and other high-profile products, there have been increasing concerns that PDUFA has adversely affected drug safety. Combining several comprehensive databases, we analyze how FDA review time, drug novelty, and U.S. launch lag affect the occurrence of serious adverse events 1992-2002 U.S. new drug introductions. We find that more novel drugs and those with shorter U.S. launch lags have a larger number of serious events. After controlling for these and other factors, there is no association between FDA review time and adverse events. Many novel products, with significant anticipated benefits and risks, have black box warnings at the time of product launch. We find that black box warnings (except for pregnancy ones) are associated with more serious events. Notably, many serious adverse events involve rare occurrences that are not observable in pre-market clinical trials. Policymakers should consider our findings in future PDUFA changes, including dedicating a portion of user fees to post-marketing surveillance.
Achieving Equilibrium through Coworking: Work-Life Balance in FLOSS through Multiple Spaces and Media Use

Participants in FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software) projects are atypical in their collaborative practices given the high demand for virtual work. Through a study of workers from two organizations working on FLOSS projects we identify the boundaries, in terms of productivity and quality of life, of virtual work and actions workers take in order to find a work-life balance. We found that although workers valued the flexibility of working from home, they had difficulty focusing on their work for sustained time periods and often felt isolated. This motivated them to use coworking spaces - physical spaces used as work space by workers not on the same team or even the same firm - as a critical part of their space ecology. In conjunction with their media ecology - a mix of communication technologies including IRC - the space/media mix allowed them to balance their work and personal lives. We draw implications for better supporting FLOSS and virtual work practices through design of media/space and work practices.