cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term results of botulinum toxin-augmented medial rectus recessions for large-angle infantile esotropia.

Purpose To evaluate the long-term results of medial rectus recessions augmented by botulinum toxin injection for treating infants with large-angle (> 60 prism diopters [PD]) infantile esotropia. Design Interventional case series. Methods settings: Hospital-based clinical practice. patient population: Twenty-three patients with large-angle infantile esotropia who were followed for at least 2 years postoperatively. intervention: Surgical treatment with botulinum toxin in addition to bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions. The preoperative findings, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed. main outcome measures: Surgery was considered successful if the patients did not require additional horizontal strabismus surgery and had less than 10 PD of horizontal deviation. Results The age at surgery ranged from 4 to 36 months (mean 14.5 months) and the angle of esotropia ranged from 65 to 100 PD (mean 72 PD). Treatment was successful in 17of 23 patients (74%), with follow-up of 2 to 13 years (mean 6.6 years). Conclusion Botulinum toxin–augmented medial rectus recession is an effective treatment for large-angle infantile esotropia, with stable results over time.
A Combinatorial Method for Solution-Phase Synthesis of Labeled Bivalent β-Turn Mimics

Piperidine-functionalized, 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles of generic structure 1 were conceived as “minimalist” mimics of peptidic β-turn structures. Key features of these molecules include (i) the possibility of incorporating amino acid side chains corresponding to many of the protein amino acids; (ii) a close correspondence of separations of these side chains to i + 1 to i + 2 residues in turns; (iii) facile adjustment of the side-chain vectors on docking while only influencing two critical degrees of freedom; and (iv) some electrostatic polarity. Fifteen monomers of this type were made via copper-mediated cycloaddition reactions. Solution-phase methodologies were devised to assemble these monomers into bivalent compounds in high purity states (typically >85%) so that they could be used in first-pass biological assays without further purification. The skeleton for forming these bivalent compounds is triazine-based. There is a third site which allowed for introduction of a fluorescent label (library o...
Physiocracy: a natural economics

Understandings of and commentaries upon production as a means-ends activity are formulated in all societies. Such reflexive statements contain the meaning of the instrumental; and they are formulations of the cultural logic whereby means are transformed to ends. The theory of the Physiocrats, a forerunner of our modern ideas about the economy, is here analyzed as an irreducible production commentary, a structural homemade model. [economics, structuralism, history, Western societies]
Hemivertebra resection in children, results after single posterior approach and after combined anterior and posterior approach: a comparative study

Purpose To compare the results after hemivertebra resection through a single posterior approach and through a combined anterior and posterior approach.
Embedding complete binary trees into butterfly networks

The authors present embeddings of complete binary trees into butterfly networks with or without wrap-around connections. Let m be an even integer and q=m+(log m)-1. The authors show how to embed a 2/sup q+1/-1-node complete binary tree T(q) into a (m+1)2/sup m+1/-node wrap-around butterfly B/sub w/(m+1) with a dilation of 4, and how to embed T(q) into a (m+2)2/sup m+2/-node wrap-around butterfly B/sub w/(m+2) with an optimal dilation of 2. They also present an embedding of a wrap-around butterfly B/sub w/(m) into a (m+1)2/sup m/-node no-wrap-around butterfly B(m) with a dilation of 3. Using this embedding it is shown that T(q) can be embedded into a no-wrap butterfly B(m+1) (resp. B(m+2)) with a dilation of 8 (resp. 5). >
The illusions of encounter: Muslim ‘minds’ and Hindu revolutionaries in First World War Germany and after

German political Orientalists in the era of the First World War thought that new ethnographic methods and insights would allow them to coax Muslim populations throughout the Middle East and South Asia into violent revolt against the British. The European imperial mindset insisted that non-Western peoples could be mastered and masterminded at whim. In fact, German pursuit of absolute control of Asian populations led to their loss of control, as their misrecognitions of the facts on the ground placed them in relationships of mutually-affecting lived encounter with Indian revolutionaries. While these interactions remained largely limited to the realm of military operations during the war, they opened up into ideological encounters on the radical fringes of Weimar society in the war’s aftermath. Yet far from a study of humanistic exchange or understanding, this essay seeks to historicize the meetings of Germans and Indian emigres and show how misrepresentations and power asymmetries were endemic to the encounter between these groups.
Proteasome, Chemistry of

The proteasome is a multisubunit and multifunctional intracellular protease widespread from Archaebacteria to Eukaryota. In the latter, the proteasome is an essential enzyme and a convergence point of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), which provides the major venue for intracellular controlled proteolysis. In the most basic scenario, proteins are tagged by multiple copies of ubiquitin, as such recognized by the proteasome, then deubiquitinated, unfolded, and degraded to short peptides. Following up the evolutionary ladder, the proteasome assemblies gain complexity and diversity. Nevertheless, all of them share the essential catalytic core: a compartmentalized protease exhibiting a common architecture and catalytic mechanism. The core is a tube-shaped particle built from four stacked heptameric rings with active sites concealed inside the two internal rings and self-activated during its assembly. Hydroxyl and amino groups of Thr1 forming a catalytic dyad are employed to break peptide bonds using the N-terminal nucleophile-type mechanism. The proteasomes of higher Eukaryota are equipped with six active sites of specificities imposed by three distinct binding pockets. Binding of additional protein regulators to the core extends its capabilities into new functions, for example, processing of polyubiquitinated substrates. In the serendipitous twist, the proteasome recently became an attractive target for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs, which propelled studies on the mechanism of actions of the enzyme.
Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates

A method for detecting and describing the features of faces using deformable templates is described. The feature of interest, an eye for example, is described by a parameterized template. An energy function is defined which links edges, peaks, and valleys in the image intensity to corresponding properties of the template. The template then interacts dynamically with the image, by altering its parameter values to minimize the energy function, thereby deforming itself to find the best fit. The final parameter values can be used as descriptors for the features. This method is demonstrated by showing deformable templates detecting eyes and mouths in real images. >
SLIM: third generation of packaging beyond MCM, CSP, flipchip and micro-via board technologies

The Packaging Research Center at Georgia Tech proposes to address packaging needs by using a technical vision for the next generation of packaging similar to what ICs did for transistors over the last four decades: continued integration to ever higher transistor density while maintaining manufacturing cost. This technical vision for the next generation of packaging looks at the current industry standard of a QFP wire bonded to the IC on a surface mount board; ceramic discretes are also surface mounted. For applications such as cellular phones, camcorders, or magnetic disk drives, the packaging efficiency, defined as the ratio of the area of all silicon and other ICs to the area of system-level board, is about 7% with this technology. The technical vision of integration of all of these packaging levels into one level with dielectrics, conductors, capacitors, resistors, inductors, and optoelectronics (as waveguides) is proposed to raise this efficiency to about 80%. This is primarily for two reasons: (1) discretes are now embedded into the substrate and thus take up no additional substrate surface area, and (2) all of the integration and extensive thin film wiring allows ICs to be flip-chip bonded "wall-to-wall" on the substrate. This integrated module can be a single chip, chip-scale module in the short-term, referred to as SCIM (single chip integrated module), the size of which is no bigger than the IC itself with as much as 5000 I/Os, or an integrated multichip module referred to as IMCM or single level integrated module board (SLIM).
Intra-articular findings in the reconstructed multiligament-injured knee

Purpose: Intra-articular chondral and meniscal injury in the multiligament-injured knee has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of intra-articular chondral and meniscal damage in subjects with multiligament knee injuries undergoing surgery. Type of study: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Analysis was performed on prospectively collected data for the presence of meniscal tears and significant chondral injury on subjects who underwent knee ligament surgery. Subjects were grouped by their multiligament injury combination. Chondral injury was graded using the Modified Outerbridge Classification system. Criteria for significant chondral defect were any grade 2 lesion involving 50% or more of condylar width and all grade 3 or 4 lesions. Groups with more than 10 subjects were compared against the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-only group. Results: Data were collected on 2,265 subjects. The ACL/medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury pattern was the most common multiligament injury, comprising 70.5% of all multiligament injuries. Lateral meniscal damage was significantly higher in the ACL/MCL group ( P P P P P Conclusions: The ACL/MCL injury pattern was the most common multiligament injury pattern and showed a high incidence of lateral meniscal tears. ACL/LCL injuries had fewer meniscal injuries. Multiligament-injured knees showed increased risk of a torn medial meniscus as chronicity increased. Level of evidence: Level IV.
CHANGES IN THE GENITAL TRACTS OF GUINEA PIGS ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTIC AND ‘INTERSTITIAL GLAND’ OVARIES OF LONG DURATION1

FOLLOWING irradiation of the ovaries of young sexually′mature guinea pigs with a minimum sterili′tion dose of x′rays (i, 2), the normal ovarian stroma was replaced by ‘interstititial gland’—large glandular cells resem′ bling newly formed luteal cells and apparently formed in a similar manner. Unlike luteal cells, these glandular cells remained in their original healthy condition, without degenerating, for long periods of time. The only follicles present were a few primordial ones; at irregular intervals, one (usually) of these began to grow, but degenerated before reaching maturity by forming more interstitial gland. Ovulation did not occur and no corpora lutea were formed. Estrous cycles occurred irregularly; the estrous openings were greatly prolonged, and characterized by excessive desquamation of cornified cells or of all the types of epithelial cells found during a normal estrous opening2 For a time, uterine changes were normal in character but pro′longed and corresponded to the condition of the vagi...
Aggregation and solubility behavior of asphaltenes and their subfractions

Asphaltenes from four different crude oils (Arab Heavy, B6, Canadon Seco, and Hondo) were fractionated in mixtures of heptane and toluene and analyzed chemically, by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), and by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Solubility profiles of the asphaltenes and their subfractions indicated strong cooperative asphaltene interactions of a particular subfraction that is polar and hydrogen bonding. This subfraction had lower H/C ratios and modestly higher N, V, Ni, and Fe contents than the less polar and more soluble subfraction of asphaltenes. VPO and SANS studies indicated that the less soluble subfractions formed aggregates that were considerably larger than the more soluble subfractions. In general, asphaltene aggregate size increased with decreasing solvent aromaticity up to the solubility limit, beyond which the aggregate size decreased with heptane addition. The presence of a low wavevector Q feature in the scattering curves at 25 ◦ C indicated that the individual aggregates were flocculating; however, the intensity of the feature was diminished upon heating of the samples to 80 ◦ C. The solubility mechanism for Canadon Seco asphaltenes, the largest aggregate formers, appears to be dominated by aromatic π -bonding interactions due to their low H/C ratio and low nitrogen content. B6 and Hondo asphaltenes formed similar-sized aggregates in heptol and the solubility mechanism is most likely driven by polar interactions due to their relatively high H/C ratios and high nitrogen contents. Arab Heavy, the least polar asphaltene, had a H/C ratio similar to Canadon Seco but formed the smallest aggregates in heptol. The enhancement in polar and π -bonding interactions for the less soluble subfraction indicated by elemental analysis is reflected by the aggregate size from SANS. The less soluble asphaltenes contribute the majority of species responsible for aggregation and likely cause many petroleum production problems such as pipeline deposition and water-in-oil emulsion stabilization.
The political use of television

In a changing world, it is always interesting to sit back and consider our present situation. The following article is an attempt to assess the present use of television for political purposes, with particular reference to broadcast debates between Presidential candidates and to “pre‐election electronic predictions.” A pre‐election non‐electronic prediction that “great debates” will occur during the 1964 campaigns is made by Dr. Kraus, who prepared the original version of this paper for the University of Southern California Department of Speech Symposium on Campaign Communication.
A Multilevel Study of Predictors of Student Perceptions of School Climate: The Effect of Classroom-Level Factors

A positive school climate is an important component of successful and effective schools and thus is often an aim of schoolwide initiatives. Climate has traditionally been conceptualized as a school-level factor and is often assumed to be related to other school-level factors (e.g., school size). The current study examines variation in perceptions of climate based on individual-, classroom-, and school-level factors to determine the influence of predictors at multiple levels. Data come from 2,468 5th graders from 37 public elementary schools. Two aspects of students’ perception of school climate, order and discipline, and achievement motivation are examined. Multilevel analyses in hierarchical linear modeling indicate that individual-level factors (race and sex) accounted for the largest proportion of variance in perceptions of school climate. School-level factors (e.g., school size and faculty turnover) and several classroomlevel factors (e.g., characteristics of the teacher, class size, and the concentration of students with behavior problems) were also significant predictors of perceptions of climate. These findings suggest that characteristics of the classroom environment are important to consider when aiming to improve school climate.
Binary black hole merger dynamics and waveforms

We apply recently developed techniques for simulations of moving black holes to study dynamics and radiation generation in the last few orbits and merger of a binary black hole system. Our analysis produces a consistent picture from the gravitational wave forms and dynamical black hole trajectories for a set of simulations with black holes beginning on circular-orbit trajectories at a variety of initial separations. We find profound agreement at the level of 1% among the simulations for the last orbit, merger and ringdown, resulting in a final black hole with spin parameter a/m = 0.69. Consequently, we are confident that this part of our waveform result accurately represents the predictions from Einstein's General Relativity for the final burst of gravitational radiation resulting from the merger of an astrophysical system of equal-mass non-spinning black holes. We also find good agreement at a level of roughly 10% for the radiation generated in the preceding few orbits.
Group Cohesion and Unit versus Individual Deployment of U.S. Army Reservists in Operation Desert Storm

The common background and reduced disruption among personnel in Army Reserve and Army National Guard units are presumed to make these units very cohesive. The recent Persian Gulf War often necessitated reassigning soldiers from their original units to others to obtain the adequate number of personnel and the right mix of military occupational specialties in deployed units. This study examined the effects of reassigning privates through staff sergeants (E1-E6), some of whom were deployed with their units (N = 1,572) and some of whom were deployed individually with another unit (N = 209) during Operation Desert Storm. Possible benefits of keeping soldiers in intact units during deployment included greater civilian employers' support during deployment, fewer administrative procedural problems affecting soldiers (e.g., paying the soldier), and greater community support after soldiers' return. Individually deployed soldiers may have been motivated to go with another unit during deployment (e.g., perceptions of...
Mumps vaccine effectiveness and risk factors for disease in households during an outbreak in New York City.

a b s t r a c t Background and objectives: Mumps outbreaks have been reported among vaccinated populations, and declining mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE) has been suggested as one possible cause. During a large mumps outbreak in New York City, we assessed: (1) VE of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) against mumps and (2) risk factors for acquiring mumps in households. Methods: Cases of mumps were investigated using standard methods. Additional information on disease and vaccination status of household contacts was collected. Case households completed follow-up phone interviews 78-198 days after initial investigation to ascertain additional cases. Mumps cases meeting the study case definition were included in the analysis. Risk factors for mumps were assessed, and VE was calculated using secondary household attack rates. Results: Three hundred and eleven households with 2176 residents were included in the analysis. The median age of residents was 13 years (range <1-85), and 462 (21.2%) residents met the study mumps case definition. Among 7-17 year olds, 89.7% received one or more doses of MMR vaccine, with 76.7% receiving two doses. Young adults aged 10-14 years (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.3-4.7) and 15-19 years (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.3-5.0) were at highest risk of mumps. The overall 2-dose VE for secondary contacts aged five and older was 86.3% (CI 63.3-94.9). Conclusions: The two-dose effectiveness of MMR vaccine against mumps was 86.3%, consistent with other published mumps VE estimates. Many factors likely contributed to this outbreak. Suboptimal MMR coverage in the affected population combined with VE may not have conferred adequate immunity to prevent transmission and may have contributed to this outbreak. Achieving high MMR coverage remains
Methods in Cancer Epigenetics and Epidemiology

Cancer cells are characterized by epigenetic dysregulation, including global genome hypomethylation, regional hypo- and hypermethylation, histone modifications, and disturbed genomic imprinting. These alterations can be used as markers in cancer epidemiology to assess risk as well as follow-up of the disease. Some of the methylation markers can be assayed on microarray chips on which a very small amount of sample is needed, and the assays are robust and the markers have high specificity and sensitivity. Implication of epigenetic markers in cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, control, and cancer epidemiology is discussed.
Historical Importance of Beauty

We, as a society, have a deeply rooted obsession with beauty. This insurmountable fascination has further been fueled by the mass media and advances in technology, with American men and women spending billions of dollars every year on beauty enhancing measures. Although individuals will always vary to some degree when rating others’ attractiveness, there is a remarkable tendency to generally agree on what constitutes human beauty. The ability to categorize and quantify beauty has allowed researchers to show us that there are clear advantages of being physically attractive. Physically beautiful people are consistently judged to be qualitatively superior, with associated traits of enhanced mental acuity, moral goodness, and interpersonal skills. In addition, there is powerful evidence that attractiveness not only affects opinions of others, but also permeates actions towards others. Humans are clearly hardwired to respond more favorably to attractive people, and many of our patients are driven to our clinics to enhance their looks and improve their quality of life. An understanding of the historical aspects, science, and implications of beauty is quintessential for dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and others who practice aesthetic medicine.
Word Sense Disambiguation Using Wikipedia

This paper describes explorations in word sense disambiguation using Wikipedia as a source of sense annotations. Through experiments on four different languages, we show that the Wikipedia-based sense annotations are reliable and can be used to construct accurate sense classifiers.
Recognizing Morphologically Complex Words in Turkish

In order to recognize a written or spoken word, information coming through the senses has to be compared to an internal representation. There has been considerable research on the internal representation of morphologically simple words (for a review see, Balota, 1994). The length, frequency, imageability of the word, as well as the number of its neighbors in the rime family have all been found to affect how fast an internal representation is accessed. However, the recognition of morphologically complex words, especially the nature of their internal representation, has been harder to describe. Some researchers have assumed that complex words are first decomposed into their constituent morphemes and then compared with the stored representations of stems and affixes (Taft & Forster, 1975, 1976). The support for such a model comes from experiments comparing truly prefixed words (RETURN) and pseudoprefixed words (RELISH). According to this model, morphological decomposition precedes lexical access. Both truly prefixed and pseudo-prefixed words are stripped before searching the lexicon. Because pseudoprefixed words have no lexical entry once the prefix is stripped (-LISH of relish), the cognitive system needs to reassemble the components and conduct another search in the lexicon, thus producing longer reaction times for pseudoprefixed words. However, other studies have questioned whether affix stripping was an obligatory process.
Teaching Finance in an On-Line Program

In 2006, a private highly ranked AACSB accredited business school introduced a hybrid face to face and on-line MBA program, tailored towards working professionals. The features of the program were highlighted by the ability of the participants to receive their degrees in just over two years while maintaining their full-time jobs. The growth of the program has far exceeded original projections, and enrollment currently stands at over four hundred participants in three locations. Tuition was recently increased to over seventy thousand dollars for the two year program. In addition, the pedagogical tools learned by the faculty and administrators are now being utilized in all other undergraduate, graduate, and executive education levels. Because the program curriculum spans both face to face and on-line learning, as well as a multi-disciplinary content and process, it has been challenging from the faculty side along a number of dimensions. This paper – which is more like a roadmap - seeks to express the content and pedagogical angles from the view of one discipline’s experience, so that other faculty and administrators can benefit from seeing this particular “early adoption” approach to delivery of this type of program. In short, the author hopes that this paper steepens the learning curve for others who are thinking of delivering or teaching in this type of programmatic model in the future.
101 Fetal Nutrition—What can we Learn to Better Nourish the Preterm Infant?

Most preterm infants fail to grow after birth and end up growth restricted by term. The main reason is inadequate nutrition. From studies of normal fetal growth and development, we have gained important insight into the requirements for such growth and development that could be applied to the preterm infant of the same preterm gestational age. Maintaining normal blood oxygen content values to support the high rates of cellular metabolism and protein synthesis is essential to promote normal rates of growth. Glucose should be supplied at rates that maintain normal fetal glucose concentrations. Normal human fetal development involves considerable body fat deposition, but more emphasis should be placed on providing essential fatty acids to promote membrane development in neural tissue. Amino acid utilization rates based on fetal animal growth data, when scaled to human fetal growth rates, predict amino acid requirements of 3.6–4.8 g//kg/day at ~24–30 weeks gestation. There is a linear correlation between amino acid supply to preterm infants and protein balance, at least through 3 g/kg/day. While energy is required for protein synthesis, above 80–90 non-protein kcal/kg/d, there is no further increase in protein gain for an increase in energy intake. Improved protein and energy intake in preterm infants that more closely matches fetal nutrition is associated with improved brain growth and neurocognitive outcomes. Insulin concentrations that result from such nutrition probably are sufficient for normal growth; insulin infusions do not add more to promote growth than increased amino acid/protein nutrition and produce significant adverse effects.
Immunology - Regulation of cellular function at tissue, hormonal and molecular levels

The review will discuss recent publications describing some of these findings, beginning with tissue-directed development of lymphocytes and progressing through action or regulatory mediators, and how such mediators may affect expression of genes in the target cell
Notes on Collybia. II. Additional Taxa that are Green in Alkaline Solution

Since the appearance of the first paper in this series (2), specimens of taxa other than Collybia alkalivirens Singer were examined in which some or all of the tissues of the basidiocarp became green when treated with dilute solutions of KOH and NH40H (3% and 14%, respectively). These specimens have been identified as C. spongiosa (Berk. & Curt.) Singer, Marasmius semihirtipes Peck, and C. obscura Favre.
γ-Silyl-Substituted Norbornyl Carbocations and Carbenes

endo-2-Trimethylsilyl-anti-7-norbornyl triflate undergoes solvolysis reactions 1.8 × 104 faster than 7-norbornyl triflate in CD3CO2D and 1.3 × 105 times faster in CF3CH2OH. The exclusive substitution products with retained stereochemistry point to a significantly stabilized γ-trimethylsilyl carbocation intermediate. The endo-2-trimethylsilyl-7-norbornyl carbene gives a major rearrangement product where the trimethylsilyl-activated hydrogen migrates to the carbenic center. This rearrangement product implies stabilization of the carbene by the γ-trimethylsilyl group. Isodesmic computational studies (M062X/6-311+G**) indicate that the endo-2-trimethylsilyl-7-norbornyl cation is stabilized by 16.2 kcal/mol and that the endo-2-trimethylsilyl-7-norbornyl carbene is stabilized by a smaller factor of 1.8 kcal/mol. By way of contrast, anti-7-trimethylsilyl-endo-2-norbornyl mesylate undergoes solvolysis in CD3CO2D only 2.6 times faster than endo-2-norbornyl mesylate and 9.4 times faster in CF3CH2OH. The substitutio...
State-of-the-art and practice review and recommended testing protocol: self-consolidating concrete for prestressed bridge girders

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable, non-segregating concrete. Relevant technology and applications have steadily grown in various construction fields in the United States. Several State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have performed significant research on SCC for prestressed bridge girders, resulting in their own guidelines. The objective of this study is to summarise the current state-of-the art and practice of technical documentation and specifications related to material properties for prestressed SCC bridge girders. To seek more practical information, a cursory survey among SCC experts at each DOT was performed and summarised herein. Key findings indicate that testing for the examination of fresh and hardened SCC properties are necessary for prestressed bridge girder applications. It is important to determine constituent proportions of the mixture and need of admixtures, as well as to require higher early compressive strengths required for prestressed SCC bridge girders. Base...
Comparison of SRAP and SSR markers for hybrid identification of switchgrass(Panicum virgatum)

To provide a scientific basis for hybrid identification of switchgrass(Panicum virgatum) and cross-pollinating plants,we compared the identification efficiency and accuracy of SRAP and SSR markers.Switchgrass hybrid individuals(165) and their parental lines of switchgrass were tested by both methods.Compared to SRAP markers,the codominant SSR technique was more efficient.One pair of SSR primers(primer 23) detected all hybrids effectively and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 100%.SRAP required six primers to identify hybrids.The percentage of polymorphic bands of SRAP was 40% lower than that of SSR.
Culture and Ethnic Conflict

What is the role of culture in the analysis of ethnic conflict? The power of cultural models of behavior and their value for the development of a comparative (and crosscultural) political psychology lies in their specification of cross-level links to explain collective behavior through individual-level learning mechanisms and the internalization of world views. The linkage between individual and group dynamics is seen in shared rituals and symbols of identity which emphasize a group’s distinctiveness even where ‘objectively defined’ intragroup variation may be high. This linkage also draws our attention to the social reinforcement of shared worldviews and the distinctiveness of ways of life. These dynamics are especially relevant to considering the mobilization of group identity in ethnic conflict, a good account of which must explain why individuals behave as they do, how behaviors are learned, and why and how group loyalty matters. I try to emphasize these points below.
Using the chemistry classroom as the starting point for engaging urban high school students and their families in pro-environmental behaviors

ABSTRACTEvolving mobile technology and the rapid spread of STEM-focused informal learning environments have created a unique opportunity to break through the barriers that have traditionally separated diverse learning contexts such as school, family, and community. Previous research suggest that in a well-designed family learning environment, both parents and children can make significant gains in science knowledge, science skills, and positive attitudes toward science, and academic self-efficacy. Families, Organizations, and Communities Understanding Science, Sustainability, and Service (FOCUSSS) is a design-based research project created to blur the boundaries between formal and informal learning contexts: chemistry classrooms (formal environments) and at-home, local, and museum (informal environments). In doing so, adoption of real-world, pro-environmental behaviors can be promoted to have tangible positive impacts on individuals, families, communities, and the environment. Data from this two-year prog...
Psychomotor skills measurement for surgery training using game-based methods

This paper discusses the relationship between laparoscopic surgery and video game experience. It reviews two key studies indicating video game players may possess psychomotor skills that are useful for learning laparoscopic surgery techniques. The contribution of this work lies in the review of the software design process used to create an updated series of tests designed to evaluate psychomotor skills performance. The software measures psychomotor skills such as tremor, reaction time, finger tapping, the Purdue Pegboard test, and the Grooved Pegboard test. User input is received from an Xbox controller.
Computationally-redundant energy-efficient processing for y'all (CREEPY)

Dennard scaling has ended. Lowering the voltage supply (Vdd) to sub volt levels causes intermittent losses in signal integrity, rendering further scaling (down) no longer acceptable as a means to lower the power required by a processor core. However, if it were possible to recover the occasional losses due to lower Vdd in an efficient manner, one could effectively lower power. In other words, by deploying the right amount and kind of redundancy, we can strike a balance between overhead incurred in achieving reliability and savings realized by permitting lower Vdd. One promising approach is the Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) representation. Unlike other error correcting codes, RRNS has the important property of being closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication. Thus enabling correction of errors caused due to both faulty storage and compute units. Furthermore, the incorporated approach uses a fraction of the overhead and is more efficient when compared to the conventional technique used for compute-reliability. In this article, we provide an overview of the architecture of a CREEPY core that leverages this property of RRNS and discuss associated algorithms such as error detection/correction, arithmetic overflow detection and signed number representation. Finally, we demonstrate the usability of such a computer by quantifying a performance-reliability trade-off and provide a lower bound measure of tolerable input signal energy at a gate, while still maintaining reliability.
Listening to the material life in discursive practices

The purpose of this paper is to improve our understanding of how discursive practices are related to the sense of reality and materiality. It does not present ways of filling absences in storied fragmented and polyphonic lives, but rather offers a methodology of listening to what people say and do not say. It suggests the use of a multilayered theoretical framework only to listen to what is supposedly lived and experienced in discursive practices. The work produced by the researcher relies partly on what people do not say, and the researchers’ interpretative criteria of discursive practices in the material realm involve challenging normality and hegemonic discourses. There are implications for organizational storytelling. The paper suggests that the reader can become aware of material contextual structures in storytelling by taking consideration of the influences of the sense of reality of material discursive practices in the theory of storytelling, as well as the perceived value and risks in its use .
Towards Establishing Effective Protective Boundaries for the Lunan Stone Forest Using an Online Spatial Decision Support System

The Lunan Stone Forest is the Worldʼs premier pinnacle karst landscape, and was established as a national park in 1982. The existing boundaries are essentially arbitrary, based on notional scenic value, and take into consideration neither the physical landscape nor the existing pattern of urban development. Moreover, the location of the boundaries is not clear to the local community, rendering them largely ineffective. Developing an online Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) potentially provides a way to establish protective boundaries that are meaningful from the perspective of karst science, yet also readily identifiable by the local community within the context of the existing urban fabric. The 7km2 “core area” of the Stone Forest Park is used to illustrate the use of the SDSS. Lunanski kaniti gozd je najlepsi primer »kamnitega gozda« (shilin) na svetu in je bil 1982 razglasen za narodni park. Sedanje meje parka so bile dogovorjene na osnovi zaznavne pokrajinske vrednote in ne upostevajo niti fizicnih lastnosti pokrajine niti obstojecega vzorca razvoja mesta. Se vec, lokalnim skupnostim meje niso jasne in so zato se manj ucinkovite. Z razvojem Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) na spletu je dano orodje, s pomocjo katerega bi bilo mogoce dolociti meje varovanega obmocja, ki bi bile zadovoljujoce z vidika krasoslovja in sprejete s strani lokalnih skupnosti v skladu s sedanjim urbanim razvojem. Na 7 km2 osrednjega dela Kamnitega gozda je prikazana možnost uporabe SDSS.
Measurement of Nuclear Radiation and Radioactivity

In this chapter we will focus on nuclear radiation as a tool for measuring radionuclides in environmental samples. For example, we might determine the activity of214Pb in a compacted filter by counting the 352-keV gamma rays emitted during decay of214Pb, or the activity of239Pu collected on the surface of a filter by measurement of its 5.16-MeV alpha particles. As pointed out in Chapt. 2, with radioactive substances it is usually easier to measure the nuclear radiation (alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, etc.) emitted by the radioactive atoms than to measure the radioactive atoms themselves. It can be difficult to separate the radioactive atoms from stable atoms, and the collective mass of the radioactive atoms is usually too small to measure directly. However, there are some exceptions as will be mentioned below.
Effects of Withdrawal from Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure on Sleep Characteristics of Female and Male Mice.

Background Sleep disruptions are an important consequence of alcohol use disorders. There is a dearth of preclinical studies examining sex differences in sleep patterns associated with ethanol (EtOH) dependence despite documented sex differences in alcohol-related behaviors and withdrawal symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic intermittent EtOH on sleep characteristics in female and male mice. Methods Female and male C57BL6/J mice had access to EtOH/water 2-bottle choice (2BC) 2 h/d for 3 weeks followed by exposure to EtOH vapor (vapor-2BC) or air for 5 cycles of 4 days. An additional group never experienced EtOH (naive). Mice were implanted with electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes, and vigilance states were recorded across 24 hours on the fourth day of withdrawal. The amounts of wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement sleep were calculated, and spectral analysis was performed by fast Fourier transformation. Results Overall, vapor-2BC mice showed a decrease in the amount of SWS 4 days into withdrawal as well as a decrease in the power density of slow waves, indicating disruptions in both the amount and quality of sleep in EtOH-dependent mice. This was associated with a decrease in duration and an increase in number of SWS episodes in males and an increase in latency to sleep in females. Conclusions Our results revealed overall deficits in sleep regulation in EtOH-dependent mice of both sexes. Female mice appeared to be more affected with regard to the triggering of sleep, while male mice appeared more sensitive to disruptions in the maintenance of sleep.
Research Techniques Made Simple: Using Genome-Wide Association Studies to Understand Complex Cutaneous Disorders

Complex cutaneous disorders result from the combined effect of many different genes and environmental factors, with individual genetic variants often having only a modest effect on disease risk. The ability to examine large numbers of samples is required for correlating genetic variants with diseases/traits. Technological advances in high-throughput genotyping, along with mapping of the human genome and its associated inter-individual variation, have allowed genetic variants to be analyzed at high density in large case-control cohorts for many diseases, including several major skin diseases. These genome-wide association studies focus on showing differences in the frequencies of variants between case and control groups, rather than co-transmission of a variant and disease through a family, as is done in linkage studies. In this review, we provide overall guidance for genome-wide association study analysis and interpreting the results. Additionally, we discuss challenges and future directions for genome-wide association studies, focusing on translation of findings to provide biological and clinical implications for dermatology.
A bioluminescent and fluorescent orthotopic syngeneic murine model of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and transgenic genetically engineered mouse models. Unlike subcutaneous tumors, orthotopic tumors contain more clinically accurate vasculature, tumor microenvironment, and responses to multiple therapies. In contrast to genetically engineered mouse models, orthotopic models can be performed with lower cost and in less time, involve the use of highly complex and heterogeneous mouse or human cancer cell lines, rather that single genetic alterations, and these cell lines can be genetically modified, such as to express imaging agents. Here, we present a protocol to surgically injecting a luciferase- and mCherry-expressing murine prostate cancer cell line into the anterior prostate lobe of mice. These mice developed orthotopic tumors that were non-invasively monitored in vivo and further analyzed for tumor volume, weight, mouse survival, and immune infiltration. Further, orthotopic tumor-bearing mice were surgically castrated, leading to immediate tumor regression and subsequent recurrence, representing castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although technical skill is required to carry out this procedure, this syngeneic orthotopic model of both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer is of great use to all investigators in the field.
From Magnons to Solitons: Spin Dynamics

There exist striking similarities between the elementary excitations of a ferromagnet and those in an elastic solid. In the latter, we know that an atom displaced from equilibrium position will oscillate with the motion and frequencies of the normal modes of the crystal. The effect of quantum mechanics on this motion is to quantize the amplitudes of the individual normal modes, into units known as phonons. The analogous normal modes in the magnetic system are the spin waves; when the quantum mechanical nature of spins is taken into account, these also are quantized, with the basic unit being the magnon.
Social Emotional Reciprocity

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of strategic interventions, focusing on social-emotional reciprocity skills, which can be implemented with children with high functioning autism (HFA) and Asperger’s syndrome (AS). Authors will first describe some of the social-emotional characteristics of these children and then will outline the potential and concerning mental health and behavioral outcomes that may occur if systematic intervention is not provided. Through a discussion of emerging research in this area, authors will delineate features of effective interventions that address social-emotional reciprocity deficits in children with HFA and AS. An overview of the Strong Kids programs, Strong Kids-E, Strong Kids-M (Merrell et al. in Strong Kids-M: A social and emotional learning curriculum for students in grades, Baltimore, Brookes, pp. 3–5, 2007a and Strong Kids-M: A social and emotional learning curriculum for students in grades, Baltimore, Paul H. Brookes, pp. 3–5, 2007b), Strong Teens (Merrell et al. in Strong Teens: A social and emotional learning curriculum for students in grades, Baltimore, Brookes, pp. 9–12, 2007), Strong Start: Pre-K (Merrell et al. in Strong Start Pre-K: A social and emotional learning curriculum for student in pre-k, Baltimore, Brookes, 2009), and Strong Start: K-2 (Merrell et al. in Strong Start: A social and emotional learning curriculum for students in grades K-2, Baltimore, Brookes, 2007), one particular systematic social-emotional learning program, will be provided along with specific examples of how this curriculum may be used with this particular population. Ideas for using data to monitor the effectiveness of interventions such as Strong Kids will be shared. Finally, authors will conclude with a discussion of the challenges pertaining to this area of research and future directions specifically for social-emotional intervention research with HFA and AS.
Inconsistency versus Accuracy of Heuristics

Many studies in heuristic search suggest that the accuracy of the heuristic used has a positive impact on improving the performance of the search. In another direction, historical research perceives that the performance of heuristic search algorithms, such as A* and IDA*, can be improved by requiring the heuristics to be consistent – a property satisfied by any perfect heuristic. However, a few recent studies show that inconsistent heuristics can also be used to achieve a large improvement in these heuristic search algorithms. These results raise a natural question: which property of heuristics, accuracy or consistency/inconsistency, should we focus on when building heuristics?
Stiwanismo en un contexto africano

Molara Ogundipe plantea en este texto cuales son las distintas situaciones de las mujeres africanas en el contexto actual, de un Africa en proceso de modernizacion pero en que a la vez las diferentes tradiciones continuan vivas, y cuales han de ser los proyectos emancipatorios que las mujeres deberian llevar a cabo. En este sentido, Ogundipe hace un repaso historico y considera que las mujeres han estado siempre presentes, en primer plano y de manera activa, en los procesos de liberacion del continente africano, pero sus demandas han sido siempre relegadas a un papel secundario; y, asimismo, es evidente que no hay cambio social posible en positivo cuando no se cuenta con las mujeres. Asi pues, la propuesta de Molara Ogundipe consiste en una Transformacion Social que Incluya a las mujeres en Africa, el concepto Stiwanismo (Social Transformation Including Women in Africa).
Vector Bundles and Tubular Neighborhoods

Although the concept of tangent bundle was defined in the first chapter, until now we have made only minimal use of it. In this chapter we abstract certain features of the tangent bundle, thus defining a mixed topological-algebraic object called a vector bundle. Most of the deep invariants of a manifold are intimately linked to the tangent bundle; their development requires a general theory of vector bundles.