cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Transgenic Crops and IPM Be Compatible

Drawing on the lessons from Bt cotton, this chapter considers how and to what extent transgenic crop varieties can become a useful component of broader IPM strategies. In the United States, Bt cotton has been successfully incorporated into IPM programs to control pink bollworm because several pre-conditions have been met. These have included science-based regulatory oversight of new variety introduction, active collaboration between university scientists and both regulatory agencies and agricultural producers, and significant cooperation and self-regulation among producers themselves. Bt cotton also possesses unique characteristics compatible with IPM strategies. The U.S. experience of Bt cotton suggests transgenics can be part of IPM strategies. But, this is no guarantee that transgenic varieties with different characteristics, deployed in countries with different institutional capacities will be compatible with IPM. Emerging challenges are longer-term integrated resistance management (IRM), the need for cross-commodity IPM, and maintaining the flow of information between scientific, regulatory and agricultural communities.
Humans as a critical infrastructure: public-private partnerships essential to resiliency and response

Considerable expense and resources have been dedicated to the analysis, maintenance, and security of the critical infrastructures. However, additional effort should be expended in the consideration of humans as a critical infrastructure. Human interpersonal networks, intelligence, capacity for innovation, and characteristics as a resilient complex system are only a few examples of how humans are not only an integral component of the traditional infrastructures, but also are infrastructures in and of themselves. One of the implications of viewing humans as a critical infrastructure is a need to ensure their security. Public-private partnerships and community level efforts to foster individual and community resiliency offer tangible measures of ensuring the security of this overlooked critical infrastructure.
Scavenger receptor class A type I/II (CD204) null mice fail to develop fibrosis following silica exposure

Alveolar macrophages express the class A scavenger receptor (CD204) (Babaev VR, Gleaves LA, Carter KJ, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Fazio S, and Linton MF. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 2593–2599, 2000)...
Epistasis between serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) genes contributes to childhood asthma

Background Epithelial genes have previously been associated with asthma but only explain a small fraction of heritability. In part, this might be due to epistasis, which is often not considered. Objective We sought to determine independent and epistatic associations between filaggrin (FLG) , serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) , and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) gene variants and childhood asthma. Methods Using a candidate gene approach, we genotyped 29 variants in FLG , SPINK5 , and TSLP in asthmatic, allergic, and nonallergic nonasthmatic white and black children participating in the well-phenotyped Greater Cincinnati Pediatric Clinic Repository. Associations with asthma were also assessed in 6 replication populations. Results We observed independent associations of variants in SPINK5 ( P = .003) and TSLP ( P = .006) with childhood asthma; a SPINK5 single nucleotide polymorphism was replicated. In subjects with 1 or more SPINK5 risk alleles, the absence of the TSLP protective minor alleles was associated with a significant increase in asthma (67% vs 53%, P = .0017). In contrast, the presence or absence of TSLP minor alleles did not affect asthma risk in subjects without the SPINK5 risk alleles. The SPINK5 and TSLP epistasis was replicated in a black population ( P = .036) who did not display independent association with variants in these genes. Conclusions Our results support epistasis between SPINK5 and TSLP , which contributes to childhood asthma. These findings emphasize the importance of using biology to inform analyses to identify genetic susceptibility to complex diseases. The results from our study have clinical relevance and support that the therapeutic effects of anti-TSLP therapy in asthmatic patients might be dependent on SPINK5 genotype.
Effect of Temperature on MEMS Vibratory Rate Gyroscope

We report the temperature dependence of the JPL/Boeing MEMS second generation post resonator gyroscopes and determine the effect of hysteresis over the range 35degC to 65degC. The results indicate a strong linear dependence of the drive frequency and sense frequency with temperature of 0.093Hz/degC and AGC bias voltage with temperature of 13mV/degC. The results also indicate a significant time lag of the gyroscope of these quantities when responding to external temperature variations but determined no hysteresis exists in the drive frequency, sense frequency, and AGC bias. Both the time-frequency and time-bias voltage relationships are of the form y = A+B*exp(-t/T) where A is an offset parameter in Hertz and Volts respectively and B depends on the magnitude of the temperature variation
Equine Influenza Viruses

Equine influenza viruses are type A influenza viruses. This virus causes epizootic respiratory disease characterized by deep cough. In foals, it may progress to pneumonia. Equidae are the hosts of the equine influenza viruses. The serological evidence of Influenza A infection among horses was first reported in Sweden. Two antigenic subtypes—equi-1 and equi-2—exist. Subtype-1 (H 7 N 7 ) was first isolated from horses in Prague. Subtype 2 (H 3 N 8 ) was isolated from horses in Miami, Florida. Inactivated vaccines containing both subtypes have been used in North America and Europe. Some antigenic drift has occurred in both subtypes since the prototype strains were isolated. The spread of the disease has been implicated with the rapid movement of horses between continents for competition and breeding purposes. A co-operative effort to acquire geographical information on the virus has been advocated. Virus isolation by the inoculation of the amniotic cavity of 10 to 12-day-old chick embryos is recommended.
Comparison of the scanning linear estimator (SLE) and ROI methods for quantitative SPECT imaging.

In quantitative emission tomography, tumor activity is typically estimated from calculations on a region of interest (ROI) identified in the reconstructed slices. In these calculations, unpredictable bias arising from the null functions of the imaging system affects ROI estimates. The magnitude of this bias depends upon the tumor size and location. In prior work it has been shown that the scanning linear estimator (SLE), which operates on the raw projection data, is an unbiased estimator of activity when the size and location of the tumor are known. In this work, we performed analytic simulation of SPECT imaging with a parallel-hole medium-energy collimator. Distance-dependent system spatial resolution and non-uniform attenuation were included in the imaging simulation. We compared the task of activity estimation by the ROI and SLE methods for a range of tumor sizes (diameter: 1-3 cm) and activities (contrast ratio: 1-10) added to uniform and non-uniform liver backgrounds. Using the correct value for the tumor shape and location is an idealized approximation to how task estimation would occur clinically. Thus we determined how perturbing this idealized prior knowledge impacted the performance of both techniques. To implement the SLE for the non-uniform background, we used a novel iterative algorithm for pre-whitening stationary noise within a compact region. Estimation task performance was compared using the ensemble mean-squared error (EMSE) as the criterion. The SLE method performed substantially better than the ROI method (i.e. EMSE(SLE) was 23-174 times lower) when the background is uniform and tumor location and size are known accurately. The variance of the SLE increased when a non-uniform liver texture was introduced but the EMSE(SLE) continued to be 5-20 times lower than the ROI method. In summary, SLE outperformed ROI under almost all conditions that we tested.
On Departing from Forum Law

The advice modernist commentators like to give courts, to choose law in an accommodating and disinterested way to provide functional solutions to systemic problems, is reconsidered. Modern proposals and traditional proposals favoring departures from forum law are examined critically. Problem situations in which there is a defense at the forum or a disfavored claim at the forum are analyzed. It is found that departures from forum law pose a serious risk of discrimination. Surprisingly, the risk is usually not a risk of discrimination against nonresidents. It is concluded that the best solution lies in the assimilation of choice-of-law method to ordinary processes of construction and interpretation.
Field Based Behavior Regulation for Self-organization in Cellular Systems

A cellular self-organizing (CSO) approach is proposed to develop adaptive systems. The design of CSO systems however is difficult because the global effect emerges from local actions and interactions that can be specified and controlled. To achieve high level adaptability of CSO systems and acquire the capability of specifying desired global effects, we propose a field based regulative control mechanism, called Field based Behavior Regulation or FBR. FBR is a real-time, dynamical, distributed mechanism that allows CSO system cells to self-organize in complex operation environments. This paper describes the models of CSO and FBR and demonstrates their effectiveness through simulation based case studies.
Underwater Acoustical Imaging and Sensing Systems for Homing, Docking, Navigation and Collision Avoidance

This paper presents a simple high-performance algorithm for underwater geolocation and navigation. The simplicity of the algorithm provides excellent stability, accuracy, and computation efficiency. In addition, the paper also describes the reversed version of the system for the enhancement of system performance, and the conversion to active system for UUV collision avoidance.
Experience in County Public Welfare Organization and Administration as a Basis for Planning in Illinois

RECENT events in the field of public welfare have stimulated new interest and concern among the welfare leaders of Illinois in a county unit plan of welfare and administration. Along with the general added significance of welfare problems during the depression, the experiences of the Illinois Emergency Relief Commission, the transfer in large measure of the emergency relief administration burden to the townships,' and the new social security legislation have added to this concern. The idea of a county unit plan for the administration of welfare activities is not altogether new in Illinois. In i9i2, Professor E. C. Hayes in his presidential address, as-president of the Illinois Conference on Public Welfare, stressed the need for a type of county wide organization in the interest of improved standards of welfare service.2 Wilfred S. Reynolds in the presidential address of the same body in I9I7 set out the principle of county boards of public welfare for the state.3 In I92o a Special Children's Committee, appointed at the request of the State Conference by the Director of the State Department of Public Welfare, reported among its 46 recommendations one for county units as a basis of local public welfare administration. This recommendation is quoted below as an interesting bit of pioneering: In order to crystallize the potentialities of the counties and local communities, both rural and urban, it is recommended that the Department of Public Welfare promote the formation by the officials and citizens of local committees which might be known as County Boards. Experience in other states has shown that such boards do much to prevent duplication of effort, and to arouse interest, and lead to a common understanding of community resources and responsibilities and a fine spirit of cooperation in service for the common good.4
On the Reaction Mechanism of Tirapazamine Reduction Chemistry: Unimolecular N–OH Homolysis, Stepwise Dehydration, or Triazene Ring-Opening

The initial steps of the activation of tirapazamine (TPZ, 1, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-N,N-dioxide) under hypoxic conditions consist of the one-electron reduction of 1 to radical anion 2 and the protonation of 2 at O(N4) or O(N1) to form neutral radicals 3 and 4, respectively. There are some questions, however, as to whether radicals 3 and/or 4 will then undergo N–OH homolyses 3 → 5 + ·OH and 4 → 6 + ·OH or, alternatively, whether 3 and/or 4 may react by dehydration and form aminyl radicals via 3 → 11 + H2O and 4 → 12 + H2O or phenyl radicals via 3 → 17 + H2O. These outcomes might depend on the chemistry after the homolysis of 3 and/or 4, that is, dehydration may be the result of a two-step sequence that involves N–OH homolysis and formation of ·OH aggregates of 5 and 6 followed by H-abstraction within the ·OH aggregates to form hydrates of aminyls 11 and 12 or of phenyl 17. We studied these processes with configuration interaction theory, perturbation theory, and density functional theory. All stat...
The Love of Power and the Power of Love: Churchill's Childhood

Winston Churchill loved power so intensely and for so long, and was so grieved by its loss, that the question arises: What was the source of that love? This study finds it in his unhappy childhood, when he was denied the love of his parents, Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill. The psychological origins of the love of power argued by Alfred Adler and by Harold Lasswell are sustained in Churchill's case.
Evidence for contemporary vertical fault displacement from precise leveling data near the New Madrid seismic zone, western Kentucky

Relative vertical displacements of bench marks in extreme western Kentucky have been determined by comparison of successive leveling surveys in 1947 and 1968. The resulting pattern of apparent surface deformation shows steep offset which can be closely modeled by a normal fault buried in an elastic half-space. The offset is located near the northern boundary of the Mississippi Embayment and the New Madrid seismic zone, an area where faults have previously been inferred on the basis of both geological and geophysical evidence. If the apparent movement is due to slip along a fault, several lines of evidence (regional structure, earthquake data, and lineations) suggest that the postulated fault trends NNE. Thirteen earthquakes were recorded in this area between the times of leveling; focal mechanisms exist for three of these. The nearest of these three focal mechanisms to the leveling offset implies normal faulting. The magnitude of the earthquake, however, appears to be too small to account for the amount of slip required by the fault model. Thus the apparent deformation may have accumulated with several undetected small earthquakes, or gradually as aseismic creep.
determination of Trace Lead in High Purity Bismuth Oxide by Polarography

In HCl-NaAc buffer solution, Pb~(2+) with I~- can form stable compounds adsorbed on the surface of a mercury dropping electrode and produce a sensitive polarographic wave with peak potential at (0.55 V) (vs. SCE). The derivative peak height is directly proportional to the lead concentration in the range of 1.93×10~(-7)～2.90×10~(-6) mol/L and the detection limit is 5.67×10~(-9) mol/L. The method was used to determine the trace lead in high purity Bismuth oxide with satisfactory results. The characteristic of the adsorption wave of Pb~(2+) with I~- was discussed in details.
Sequential pictorial presentation of neural interaction in the retina. 2. The depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells at rod terminals.

Each rod is connected to one depolarizing and one hyperpolarizing bipolar cell. The synaptic connections of cone processes to each bipolar cell and presynaptically to the two rod-bipolar cell synapses establishes conditions for lateral interaction at this level. Thus, the cones raise the threshold for bipolar cell depolarization which is the basis for spatial brightness contrast enhancement and consequently for high visual acuity (Sjostrand, 2001a). The cones facilitate ganglion cell depolarization by the bipolar cells and cone input prevents horizontal cell blocking of depolarization of the depolarizing bipolar cell, extending rod vision to low illumination. The combination of reduced cone input and transient hyperpolarization of the hyperpolarizing bipolar cell at onset of a light stimulus facilitates ganglion cell depolarization extensively at onset of the stimulus while no corresponding enhancement applies to the ganglion cell response at cessation of the stimulus, possibly establishing conditions for discrimination between on- vs. off-signals in the visual centre. Reduced cone input and hyperpolarization of the hyperpolarizing bipolar cell at onset of a light stimulus accounts for Granit's (1941) 'preexcitatory inhibition'. Presynaptic inhibition maintains transmitter concentration low in the synaptic gap at rod-bipolar cell and bipolar cell-ganglion cell synapses, securing proportional and amplified postsynaptic responses at these synapses. Perfect timing of variations in facilitatory and inhibitory input to the ganglion cell confines the duration of ganglion cell depolarization at onset and at cessation of a light stimulus to that of a single synaptic transmission.
Nutritional support during pulmonary failure

Malnutrition is both a cause and a result of pulmonary failure. A successful outcome to the treatment of pulmonary failure often hinges on appropriate and aggressive nutritional therapy. Metabolic stresses caused by nutritional therapeutic intervention in the patient with pulmonary failure must be anticipated.
Of Marx and Makers: an Historical Perspective on Generative Justice

In Marxist frameworks “distributive justice” depends on extracting value through a centralized state. Many new social movements—peer to peer economy, maker activism, community agriculture, queer ecology, etc.—take the opposite approach, keeping value in its unalienated form and allowing it to freely circulate from the bottom up. Unlike Marxism, there is no general theory for bottom-up, unalienated value circulation. This paper examines the concept of “generative justice” through an historical contrast between Marx’s writings and the indigenous cultures that he drew upon. Marx erroneously concluded that while indigenous cultures had unalienated forms of production, only centralized value extraction could allow the productivity needed for a high quality of life. To the contrary, indigenous cultures now provide a robust model for the “gift economy” that underpins open source technological production, agroecology, and restorative approaches to civil rights. Expanding Marx’s concept of unalienated labor value to include unalienated ecological (nonhuman) value, as well as the domain of freedom in speech, sexual orientation, spirituality and other forms of “expressive” value, we arrive at an historically informed perspective for generative justice.
Universal Design for Learning: Scanning for Alignment in K–12 Blended and Fully Online Learning Materials

In the process of evaluating online learning products for accessibility, researchers in the Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities concluded that most often consultation guides an...
An Analysis of How Building a Collaborative Community of Professional Social Studies Teachers through Targeted Ambient Professional Development Impacts Social Studies Classroom Practices

This study examined the impact of a yearlong ambient professional development (PD) program-The Wayne Schools Global Geography Project (WSGG-project)-that focused on improving teacher quality through PD and classroom observations for in-service social studies teachers. The project targeted middle and high school social studies teachers and used theory of instruction, theory of teacher change, and constructivist learning as the primary pedagogy pivot. A mixed methods approach was utilized for data collection in the forms of surveys, questionnaires, observations, pre/posttests, and focus groups. Results support the use of intensive, sustained, and content-specific PD to improve teacher content knowledge, pedagogy, and for the development of skills and strategies when teaching social studies. In addition, the formation of a Collaborative Community of Professional Teachers (CCPT) evolved as teachers examined, theorized, and reported on their perceptions of how the project impacted their social studies classroom practices.
Dynamic stress intensity factor analysis of the interaction between multiple impact-loaded cracks in infinite domains

In this work, the dynamic interaction between multiple cracks whose surfaces are symmetrically impact-loaded in infinite domains is investigated. Toward this end, the symmetric-Galerkin boundary element method (SGBEM) for 2-D elastodynamics in the Laplace-space frequency (LaplaceSGBEM) was employed to compute the dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) for the cracks during their interaction under dynamic loading conditions. Three examples of multi-crack dynamic interaction were considered. The Laplace-SGBEM results show that the DSIFs will reach their maximum value after the cracks are loaded. It is followed by a damped-like oscillation of the DSIFs about their corresponding static value. In addition, as the cracks approach each other, the dynamic stress field in the vicinity of their crack tips interacts which results in an increase or decrease of the maximum DSIFs.
Abstract 340: Identification of p62/IMP2 novel targets in breast cancer metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA As one of the most common types of cancer in women, breast cancer is far from being well controlled, especially when the cancer spreads to other organs in the body. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular and cellular mechanism of metastatic breast cancer, and to identify new proteins that regulate the metastatic process, as such proteins may be used as targets for possible therapeutic intervention. Our previous study showed that p62/IMP2 (IGF2 mRNA binding protein 2) is overexpressed in breast cancer tissues. In our present study, some variants were generated with stable overexpression of p62/IMP2 in MDA-MB-231 cells and LM2-4 cells, and we found that overexpression of p62/IMP2 can increase breast cancer cell migration and reduce cell adhesion. We also found that the p62/IMP2 can bind to c-myc mRNA and increase the expression of c-myc in the two cell lines. To identify new p62/IMP2 targets related with cell adhesion, we performed a Human Extracelluar Matrix & Adhesion Molecules PCR Array to see which gene expression changes in the p62/IMP2 overexpressed cells, compared to the control cells. Our results showed that 18 adhesion molecules are up-regulated with the overexpression of p62/IMP2 (Fold regulation>2, p<0.05) while 2 are down-regulated. We selected 7 up-regulated genes (such as CTGF, HTBS1 and COL15A1) and a down-regulated gene (ITGB4) as candidates for the further evaluation by real time PCR. All candidates genes were further verified byRNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). The data from RIP suggested that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) may be a potential target of p62/IMP2. These results provided evidences for a better understanding of breast cancer metastasis and targets for future anti-metastatic drug design. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Yang Li, Bo Peng, Ningjing Lei, Wei Qian, Giulio Francia, Jianying Zhang. Identification of p62/IMP2 novel targets in breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 340. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-340
Pathology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier

The primary sites of the blood-retinal barrier are the endothelium of the retinal capillary and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Yet, these two types of cells are very different. Embryologically, the endothelium of the retinal capillary is of mesodermal origin, but the RPE derives from neuroectoderm. Structurally, the retinal capillary is of the continuous type.1 The apices of the endothelial cells of the retinal capillary are in direct contact with the bloodstream, and the villi of the endothelial cells are believed to be specialized for transport function. Endothelial cells are joined to each other by a zonula occludens type of cell junction. In contrast, the RPE is not in direct contact with the bloodstream. Nutrients from the choroidal circulation pass through the fenestrated endothelium of the choriocapillaris and Bruch’s membrane to reach the base of the RPE. The basal plasmalemma of the RPE cells develops numerous infoldings to facilitate the transport function. The RPE cells are joined to each other by zonula adherens and zonula occludens types of cell junctions. Physiologically, while the endothelial cells are specialized for transport function, the RPE serves as the metabolic warehouse for the retina and provides support for photoreceptor cells in addition to its function as the blood-retinal barrier for the outer retina.
Buffered 1% Lidocaine With Epinephrine Can Be as Effective as Nonbuffered 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine for Maxillary Field Block.

Purpose Buffering local anesthetics with epinephrine (Epi) offers clinicians options not often considered. This study assessed outcomes for pulpal anesthesia, pain on injection, and time to midface numbness for buffered 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi versus nonbuffered 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi. Materials and Methods In this trial with a randomized, crossover design, buffered 1% lidocaine was compared with nonbuffered 2% lidocaine. Subjects were adult volunteers who served as their own controls. The predictor variables were alternate drug formulations. The outcome variables were subjects’ responses to cold and electric pulp testing (EPT) stimulation of the maxillary first molar and canine, pain levels during the injection, and time to midface numbness. After maxillary field blocks with 40 mg of buffered lidocaine or 80 mg of nonbuffered lidocaine, subjects reported pain on injection and responses of the maxillary first molar and canine after cold and EPT stimulation. Teeth were tested before field block and at 30-minute intervals until a positive response was detected. Two weeks later, subjects were tested with the alternate drug combinations. For all outcome variables, assessment of treatment difference, calculated as 1% buffered minus 2% nonbuffered, was performed with the Wilcoxon rank sum test with significance at P Results More of the 24 subjects were women and Caucasian. The median age was 23.5 years (interquartile range, 21, 25 years), and the median body weight was 155 lb (interquartile range, 128.5, 176.5 lb). Pain levels during the injection were significantly lower for 1% buffered lidocaine, with P = .04. Times to response after injection were not significantly different between the 2 drug formulations for the cold test on a molar, with P = .08, or the cold test on a canine, with P = .22. However, times to response were significantly longer for nonbuffered drugs for EPT on the molar and canine, both with P = .01. Conclusions Buffering 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi reduces the pain on injection with a maxillary field block and results in similar lengths of pulpal anesthesia tested with a cold stimulus as compared with nonbuffered 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 Epi.
P09.59 Phase 2 trial of palbociclib in adult patients with recurrent Rb positive glioblastoma

AbstractAlterations in the CDK4/6 – RB signaling pathway are common causes of dysregulation of the cell cycle in many cancers, including glioblastoma. Palbociclib is an oral, highly selective, reversible inhibitor of CDK4/6, which leads to phosphorylation of RB and cell-cycle arrest. In a two-arm study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of palbociclib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Notable eligibility criteria included confirmation of RB proficiency by IHC; ≤ 3 relapses; KPS ≥ 60; secondary glioblastomas were included; there were no limitation on prior treatments including bevacizumab. Patients were administered oral palbociclib 125 mg daily for 21 consecutive days followed by a 7 day break. Arm 1 planned for 15 patients to receive palbociclib for 7 days prior to indicated surgical resection for progression, followed by palbociclib. Arm 2 planned for 15 patients to receive palbociclib without additional resection. The primary objective was PFS-6, which was hypothesized to be 30% in this heavily pretreated population, and null hypothesis of 10%. Secondary objectives of toxicity, OS, and ORR. Exploratory results included biomarker assessment and pharmacodynamic effects for the surgical Arm 1 patients. A total of 22 patients were enrolled; 6 on Arm 1 and 16 on Arm 2. Median age for all arms was 47.5 years old (range 23 – 78 years old); 54% (12 patients) were male; and the median KPS was 90 (range 60 – 100). Palbociclib was started at first recurrence in 50% (11 patients – 3 in Arm 1 and 8 in Arm 2) of patients; at second recurrence in 36% (8 patients – 3 in Arm 1 and 5 in Arm 2); and at third recurrence in 14% (3 patients, all in Arm 2). Bevacizumab had previously been used in 77% (17 patients – 4 in Arm 1 and 13 in Arm 2) of cases. The trial was stopped early secondary to futility, with 95% (18 of 19) evaluable patients progressing within 6 months of intiating treatment. Four samples were available for immunohistochemistry for Rb and Ki67. There were no consistent changes in Rb expression or cell proliferation when compared to samples from diagnosis. Median progression free survival for all patients was 5.14 weeks (range 5 days – 142 weeks) and median overall survival was 15.4 weeks (range 2 – 274 weeks). Two patients (10%) had treatment related AEs that were grade ≥3. In this trial, palbociclib did not appear to have been an effective treatment for recurrent glioblastoma. However, this was a heavily pretreated patient population and targeting the CDK4/6 pathway may deserve further exploration.
Social network analysis of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurial network

Social networks are an important element of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs rely on social networks to access ideas, information, and resources to facilitate their entrepreneurial process. Strong a...
The association of lifetime physical inactivity with head and neck cancer: a hospital-based case-control analysis.

Despite mounting epidemiological evidence suggesting an inverse association between recreational physical activity and cancer risk, evidence associated with head and neck cancer is scant. We conducted a case–control analysis to examine the associations of lifetime physical inactivity with the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We utilized data from the Patient Epidemiology Data System at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI). Participants included 246 patients with HNSCC and 504 cancer-free controls who received medical services at RPCI between 1990 and 1998. Participants were considered physically inactive if they did not participate in any regular, weekly recreational physical activity throughout their lifetime, prior to diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) representing the association between lifetime physical inactivity and HNSCC risk. We observed a significant positive association between recreational physical inactivity and HNSCC risk (OR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.87–3.99, p < 0.001). In subgroup analyses by body mass index (BMI) (underweight/normal-weight: OR = 3.40, 95% CI 1.89–6.12, p < 0.001; overweight/obese: OR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.43–4.02, p < 0.001) and smoking status (former smoker: OR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.89–5.14, p < 0.001; never smoker: OR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.21–6.05, p = 0.020; current smoker: OR = 1.61, 95% CI 0.66–3.95, p = 0.300), significant positive associations were also observed. Results of the current analyses suggest that lifetime physical inactivity associates with HNSCC independent of BMI. In addition, physical inactivity may be a modifiable risk factor among never smokers. These data add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that physical inactivity may be an independent risk factor for cancer.
Using Achievement Goal Theory in Motor Skill Instruction: A Systematic Review.

Over the past two decades, achievement goal theory (AGT) has been used as a theoretical framework to design and implement motor skill programming in young children. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of AGT in motor skill interventions and programming in children aged 0–12 years. This systematic literature search was conducted using three databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, and EBSCOhost. Studies were included if they met the following four inclusion criteria: (1) had an intervention with a gross motor outcome, (2) used an intervention grounded in AGT, (3) included young children (aged 0–12 years), and (4) were written in English. Studies were rated according to methodological reporting quality. All literature searches and reporting were consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. A total of 12 studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in the sample. All studies reported that AGT motor skill interventions were effective for improving motor skills in young children. Studies varied in regard to intervention groups, duration, dosage, and the personnel responsible for implementing the intervention. None of the included studies met the requirements to be considered as having high methodological quality. Based on these findings, AGT is an effective theoretical approach for designing and implementing motor skill interventions for young children.
PPARα agonist fenofibrate enhances fatty acid β-oxidation and attenuates polycystic kidney and liver disease in mice

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear hormone receptor that promotes fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We and others have recently shown that PPARα and its target genes are downregulated, and FAO and OXPHOS are impaired in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). However, whether PPARα and FAO/OXPHOS are causally linked to ADPKD progression is not entirely clear. We report that expression of PPARα and FAO/OXPHOS genes is downregulated, and in vivo β-oxidation rate of 3H-labeled triolein is reduced in Pkd1RC/RC mice, a slowly progressing orthologous model of ADPKD that closely mimics the human ADPKD phenotype. To evaluate the effects of upregulating PPARα, we conducted a 5-mo, randomized, preclinical trial by treating Pkd1RC/RC mice with fenofibrate, a clinically available PPARα agonist. Fenofibrate treatment resulted in increased expression of PPARα and FAO/OXPHOS genes, upregulation of peroxisomal and mitochondrial biogenesis markers, and higher β-oxidation rates in Pkd1RC/RC kidneys. MRI-assessed total kidney volume and total cyst volume, kidney-weight-to-body-weight ratio, cyst index, and serum creatinine levels were significantly reduced in fenofibrate-treated compared with untreated littermate Pkd1RC/RC mice. Moreover, fenofibrate treatment was associated with reduced kidney cyst proliferation and infiltration by inflammatory cells, including M2-like macrophages. Finally, fenofibrate treatment also reduced bile duct cyst number, cyst proliferation, and liver inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, our studies suggest that promoting PPARα activity to enhance mitochondrial metabolism may be a useful therapeutic strategy for ADPKD.
The cultural (mis)attribution bias in developmental psychology in the United States

Abstract In this article, we provide evidence for the cultural (mis)attribution bias in developmental psychology in the United States: the tendency to see minorities as members of a group whose development is shaped primarily by culture, and to perceive Whites as independent individuals whose development is largely influenced by psychological processes. In two studies, we investigated this bias with a decade of peer reviewed developmental research conducted in the US (N = 640 articles), and an experiment and a survey with developmental psychologists in the US (N = 432 participants). In both studies we found that developmental psychologists in the US favor cultural over psychological explanations when considering the development of minorities, while the opposite pattern emerged in reference to Whites. This bias is exacerbated by the endorsement of the idea that minorities are more collectivistic and Whites more individualistic. We discuss the implications of this bias for diversity and inclusion initiatives in applied developmental sciences.
When fieid-based training is not an option: Teaching methods for preservice teachers of students with behavior disorders:

Preservice training programs in rural areas are frequently limited in the use of field-based training options for training teachers to work with students with behavior disorders. Some of the limita...
Biogeochemical cycling in tropical forests

Increased inputs of greenhouse gases have altered the composition of the atmosphere over the past 150 years (IPCC, 2001, 2007), resulting in shifts in temperature and precipitation around the globe. The scientific community has put an enormous effort into understanding the causes of these changes, and predicting future climate and the interactions between climate and the biosphere that may moderate or accelerate current trends. Most of the research on climate change has focused on boreal and north temperate ecosystems where temperature shifts are predicted to be the largest (IPCC, 2001, 2007). These ecosystems are often characterized by deep organic soils that present the potential for a strong positive feedback to climate change (Oechel et al., 1998; Vourlitis and Oechel, 1997; Hobbie et al., 2002).
Discovering the functional mesh: On the methods of evolutionary psychology

The aim of this paper is to clarify and critically assess the methods of evolutionary psychology, and offer a sketch of an alternative methodology. My thesis is threefold. (1) The methods of inquiry unique to evolutionary psychology rest upon the claim that the discovery of theadaptive functions of ancestral psychological capacities leads to the discovery of thepsychological functions of those ancestral capacities. (2) But this claim is false; in fact, just the opposite is true. We first must discover the psychological functions of our psychological capacities in order to discover their adaptive functions. Hence the methods distinctive of evolutionary psychology are idle in our search for the mechanisms of the mind. (3) There are good reasons for preferring an alternative to the methods of evolutionary psychology, an alternative that aims to discover the functions of our psychological capacities by appeal to the concept of awhole psychology.
Towards mimicking biological function with responsive surface-grafted polymer brushes

Abstract Responsive or smart polymer brushes undergo pronounced changes in their surface properties and conformation in response to changes in their environment, including variation in temperature, solution pH or ionic strength, and presence of light. Because the brush stimulus response resembles the ability of natural systems to react to environmental changes, responsive polymer brushes have been incorporated into a number of soft biomimetic structures. Nonetheless, the ability to design soft matter systems that recreate the complexity of life remains limited. Here, we survey the use of responsive surface-grafted polymer brushes to mimic biological function. We summarize various ways in which surface-grafted brushes respond to stimuli. Next, we highlight examples of biomimetic engineering that mimic specific biological structures, including molecular motors, ion channels, leukocytes, and leaves. Finally, we discuss recent studies that design brushes to generate lifelike behavior and interrogate their response under the non-equilibrium, spatiotemporally heterogeneous conditions in living systems. Specifically, we focus on hysteresis in the brush response, as one example of nonlinear response; slow diffusion, used by biological systems to maintain chemical gradients; self-oscillation, as an example of auto-amplification of stimuli; and patterned responsiveness, as an example of compartmentalization. This focus emphasizes the emerging need to rationally design the response of brushes for use as soft components in dynamic, life-inspired systems.
CHAPTER 11 – PECAM-1

Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) was originally described in the mid-1980s as the CD31 differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of human granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets.1-4 During the same period of time, several groups independently described the presence of an endothelial cell surface antigen — variously known as glycoprotein (GP) IIa5 and then GPIIa.,6 the hec7 antigen,7 and EndoCAM8 — that became highly enriched at cell-cell junctions. Screening of an endothelial cell complementary DNA expression library with a polyclonal antibody specifi c for platelet integral membrane proteins led to the cloning of a 130-kDa protein having homology with other recently cloned cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) containing extracellular immunoglobulin homology domains (so-called Ig-CAMs), and the protein was named PECAM-1 to denote its cloning origins, its family membership, and its likely function.9 Antibody cross-reactivity analysis, together with its subsequent cloning from two leukocyte libraries,10,11 established that the endothelial cell junctional protein, the CD31 differentiation antigen, and platelet PECAM-1 were identical entities, and permitted these previously disparate fields of research to be consolidated, thereby facilitating investigation of the role that this cell adhesion and signaling molecule plays in the biology of blood and vascular cells. A number of reviews exist on the function of PECAM-1 in endothelial cells12 and leukocytes,13 and on its signaling properties.14 In contrast, this chapter focuses specifi cally on the role that PECAM-1 plays in platelet activation, thrombosis, and cardiovascular disease.
Magic-Fantasy Blockbusters: One Whimsy to Rule Them All

Smith-Rowsey posits that the reputation of “magic-fantasy” blockbusters has considerably improved from the twentieth to the twenty-first century, and this change was led by strong, believable performances. Smith-Rowsey explains how the excellent acting in the first three live-action Lord of the Rings films both elaborated those films’ themes and, along with the initial films of WB’s Harry Potter franchise, transformed possibilities for blockbusters. In response, Disney mounted a fantastical Pirates of the Caribbean that centralized the protean, unpredictable performance of Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow. The author compares Depp’s non-blockbuster work to his work as Sparrow, as well as Ian McKellen’s non-blockbuster work to his work as (the Lord of the Rings’) Gandalf, in order to better understand how (or if) accomplished actors “scale up” or alter their performative styles for blockbusters.
Tallow Leaf Roller (suggested common name) Caloptilia triadicae (Davis) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Also published as part of the Featured Creatures collection: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/BENEFICIAL/LEPS/Caloptilia_triadicae.html Tallow Leaf Roller (suggested common name) Caloptilia triadicae (Davis) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1256
Peak blood pressure and prediction of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children

Hypertension is a risk factor for posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), but the timing and severity of hypertension relative to PRES are unknown. The objective was to identify a clinically meaningful blood pressure (BP) threshold that predicts PRES development in high-risk children. We recorded peak systolic BP, diastolic BP, BP z-scores, and mean arterial pressure over the 14 days preceding clinical concern for PRES in 35 subjects who developed PRES, compared to 14 controls who had normal brain magnetic resonance imaging and similar underlying disease, renal function, and medications. We used multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for fluid overload and obesity to estimate the association of peak BP with PRES. We used receiver operating characteristic curves to determine which peak BP thresholds best predicted PRES and calculated the corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Peak systolic BP z-score was most strongly associated with PRES (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.62–9.74), and peak systolic BP z-score ≥ 3.0 predicted PRES (area under the curve 0.95, 95% CI 0.88–1.0) with 91% sensitivity and 85% specificity, indicating 94% positive predictive value and 79% negative predictive value. We demonstrated that peak systolic BP z-score ≥ 3.0 in the preceding 14 days predicted PRES development in cases compared with controls in children at high risk. Our study suggests that stage 2 hypertension, corresponding to a z-score ≥ 3.0, could help define hypertensive emergency in high-risk children and indicate when more aggressive treatment is warranted to prevent neurologic injury.
Preoperative functional status predicts outcomes after total shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Background Previous studies have found an association between functional status and outcomes following hip and knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dependent functional status on outcomes after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to identify patients who underwent primary TSA (anatomic or reverse) for glenohumeral osteoarthritis from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2016. Patients whose preoperative functional status was dependent were compared with independent patients. Demographic data, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications within 30 days were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to isolate the effect of functional status on postoperative complications and readmission. Results A total of 12,982 patients underwent primary TSA (anatomic or reverse) and 3.2% had a dependent functional status. Dependent patients had higher rate of comorbidities, higher mean American Society of Anesthesiologists class, longer hospital stays, and higher complication rates (including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and blood transfusion). Logistic regression revealed that dependent functional status was an independent predictor for occurrence of any complication (odds ratio 2.0, P Conclusion Patients with dependent functional status preoperatively are at increased risk for short-term complications and readmission within 30 days following primary TSA. Level of evidence : Level III