cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic mediation of infanticide and parental behavior in male and female domestic and wild stock house mice.

Infanticide is a reproductive strategy found in many mammals, especially rodents. The proportion of male and female house mice (Mus domesticus) that are either infanticidal or noninfanticidal is strain specific and varies widely from stock to stock. Male house mice also show strain-specific variation in the behavioral mechanisms that inhibit infanticidal individuals from killing their own offspring. The adult offspring generated from reciprocally crossed CF-1 and Wild stock house mice were tested for their behavior toward newborn pups. In male CF-1xWild hybrids, the proportion of infanticidal and noninfanticidal males matched with their maternal phenotype, whereas female CF-1xWild hybrids exhibited a proportion of behaviors typical of the CF-1 phenotype, regardless of their mother's genotype. Our results suggest three conclusions: first, that infanticide is a highly labile and heritable behavior in both sexes; second, that there is a sex difference in the genetic substrate that regulates the inheritance of infanticidal behavior; and third, that selection pressures in male mice may operate independently on the mechanisms that promote spontaneous infanticidal behavior versus the mechanisms that inhibit infanticide.
Ground-reference techniques for the absolute radiometric calibration of MODIS

The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has used ground-based test sites for the vicarious calibration of airborne and satellite-based sensors. Past work has focused on high-spatial-resolution sensors that are well-suited to the reflectance-, irradiance-, and radiance-based methods. Application of these methods to the recently launched Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with its lower spatial resolution poses a challenge for vicarious calibration. This work presents the modifications that must be made to reflectance-, irradiance-, and radiance-based approaches in order to use them for MODIS. The reflectance-based method described here relies on ground-based measurements of the reflectance of both large- and small-scale areas of the test site as well as low-level aircraft data to scale the ground-based measurements to the spatial scale of a MODIS pixel. The radiance-based approach relies on a recently-developed airborne, non-imaging radiometer with an 80-m footprint sampling the test site with a predetermined strategy to account for the differing spatial resolutions. Because this sampling strategy depends upon the test site being use, this work describes the two primary test sites of Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada and White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico and the spectral and spatial effects these sites will have on the calibration of MODIS. Early results from application of the reflectance-based method to MODIS using data from April 2000 indicate that the radiometric response of MODIS has not changed significantly.
Sex differences in sympathetic neural and limb vascular reactivity to mental stress in humans

Mental stress elicits a robust and consistent forearm vasodilation, but vascular reactivity in the calf remains inconsistent. It has been reported that calf vascular responses to MS may be sex depe...
Microvascular changes in rat glomeruli as a consequence of small differences in selenium exposure

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect of small differences in selenium exposure, within the safe range, on the glomerular vascular tufts of rats fed high-sucrose diets. In the first experiment male Wistar rats were housed in galvanized cages and were provided sucrose-based diets to induce a mild chronic insult to the microcirculation. One group of rats received the diet prepared to contain 0.10 mg Se/k and another group 0.21 mg Se/kg. To assure that the galvanized metal cages were not influencing the results of the experiment this protocol was repeated in a second experiment wherein rats were housed in stainless steel cages. The levels of Se used supported normal activity of the long-term indicator of Se sufficiency, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. In both experiments rats fed diets containing 0.21 mg Se/kg had larger Bowman's capsules ( P P P P P 75 Se, by injection into the femoral vein, to label the sites of incorporation. Glomeruli were purified and subjected to subcellular fractionation. Ninety percent of the radioactivity was associated with the crude nuclear fraction. Purification of the crude nuclear fraction demonstrated that the radioactivity was associated with the nuclei.
Polycystic kidney disease in the first year of life.

To determine the frequency of autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in infants and to compare the rate of progression of these conditions, we conducted a retrospective survey of 48 patients who were seen with PKD before 1 year of age and who survived the first month of age. Seventeen patients had recessive PKD; six had dominant PKD. Elghteen patients had insuficient data to categorize the type of PKD with certainty. Seven patients were classified as “other”; three had glomerulocystic disease and the remainder had multiple malformation syndromes or tuberous scierosis. Renal ultrasonography and excretory urography accurately detected 15 of 17 patients with recessive PKD, but only one patient with dominant PKD was correctly diagnosed by excretory urography. The majority of patients in all groups required antihypertensive therapy. The 17 children with recessive PKD have been followed up for 6.1±4.3 (SD) years. Eight patients are doing well. Two patients have died; five others have required treatment for renal failure. Only one patient has an estimated glomerular filtration rate within the normal range after 6 years of age. Long-term evaluation of most of the patients with dominant PKD is not yet available; however, by age 42 months one patient has required dialysis. To provide optimum genetic counseling and accurate diagnosis for patients with PKD, a combination of careful family evaluation, radiography, and liver or kidney biopsy is required. The outcome of patients who survive the neonatal period appears not to be so grim as previously feared, underscoring the importance of aggressive supportive care and the need for physician and family education.
Terrestrial Oxygen Isotope Variations and Their Implications for Planetary Lithospheres

Oxygen isotopes provide key data on the formation and evolution of the Solar System, particularly for Earth and other rocky bodies that are principally constituted of oxygen-rich phases. The dynamic interactions between Earth’s lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere are elucidated by a wealth of oxygen isotope data, that in turn provide a template for predicting the types of variations that occur on other planets. These isotopic variations are basically controlled by two master effects. First, isotopic fractionations among coexisting phases tend to be greatest at low temperatures, and are also large when they involve interactions between solids or liquids and gaseous phases. Second, material balance effects require the 18 O contents of the most abundant phases to be close to the planetary average, and restrict extreme isotopic enrichments or depletions to minor phases. These dual controls of fractionation and material balance work in concert with practically any other dynamic process to foster the upward enrichment and increased heterogeneity of 18 O contents on Earth, and, by implication, in planetary lithospheres in general. Upward 18 O enrichment in planetary lithospheres is promoted by the tendency for the least dense silicate and oxide minerals to concentrate 18 O relative to more dense minerals, and also by convective transfer, fractional crystallization, hydrothermal alteration, and other processes. Earth’s continents and the uppermost parts of its ocean floor consequently have higher 18 O contents than average upper mantle material, and normal sediments, carbon dioxide and oxygen gas are all very rich in 18 O. Heterogeneity is evident in the large ranges of δ 18 O values observed in sediments (at least +8 to +38‰) and terrestrial igneous rocks (at least −10.5 to +16‰), and in the even larger ranges in natural waters and atmospheric gases, all representing materials that constitute, or interacted with, oxygen reservoirs near Earth’s surface. Key identified processes include weathering, precipitation from water, phase changes, exchange with infiltrating hydrothermal fluids, and assimilation of wallrocks having disparate compositions. All such processes that promote the upward enrichment and heterogeneity of 18 O complicate the deduction of the bulk planetary contents of this isotope.
Can patents prohibit research? On the social epistemology of patenting and licensing in science

Abstract A topic of growing importance within philosophy of science is the epistemic implications of the organization of research. This paper identifies a promising approach to social epistemology—nonideal systems design—and uses it to examine one important aspect of the organization of research, namely the system of patenting and licensing and its role in structuring the production and dissemination of knowledge. The primary justification of patenting in science and technology is consequentialist in nature. Patenting should incentivize research and thereby promote the development of knowledge, which in turn facilitates social progress. Some have disputed this argument, maintaining that patenting actually inhibits knowledge production. In this paper, I make a stronger argument; in some areas of research in the US—in particular, research on GM seeds—patents and patent licenses can be, and are in fact being, used to prohibit some research. I discuss three potential solutions to this problem: voluntary agreements, eliminating patents, and a research exemption. I argue against eliminating patents, and I show that while voluntary agreements and a research exemption could be helpful, they do not sufficiently address the problems of access that are discussed here. More extensive changes in the organization of research are necessary.
Margaret R. Miles’ Augustine and the Fundamentalist’s Daughter: An Eriksonian Perspective

My perspective on Margaret R. Miles’s Augustine and the Fundamentalist’s Daughter is informed by Erik H. Erikson’s life cycle model (Erikson 1950, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1968a, b, 1982; Erikson and Erikson 1997) and, more specifically, by my relocation of his life stages and their accompanying human strengths (Erikson 1964) according to decades (Capps 2008). I interpret Miles’s account of her life from birth to age forty as revealing the selves that comprise the composite Self (Erikson 1968a) that come into their own during the first four decades of the life cycle, i.e., the hopeful, willing, purposeful, and competent selves
Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valve Echoes in Tricuspid and Pulmonary Atresia

An echocardiographic pattern of normal tricuspid valve motion in a patient with tricuspid atresia, and pulmonic valve motion in a patient with transposition of the great vessels and pulmonary atresia were documented. The recordings of the valve motion resulted in an initial erroneous diagnosis. Although M-mode echocardiography is very useful for the initial diagnostic evaluation of critically ill newborn infants with complex congenital heart diseases, on occasion recording of valvular echoes may result in conflicting clinical and pathologic correlation.
Angiographic diagnosis and transarterial embolization of iatrogenic ovarian artery injury.

PELVIC and genital bleeding remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the female reproductive tract. Its management is an important issue to obstetricians and gynecologists. Endovascular embolization is a well-documented technique that has been employed for controlling pelvic hemorrhage. This technique has been used to treat postpartum hemorrhage (1), as well as hemorrhage related to postoperative gynecologic surgery (2). We present two cases in which patients underwent salpingo-oophorectomies that were complicated by postoperative hemorrhage, requiring emergent endovascular embolization. In both patients, selective bilateral internal iliac angiography failed to demonstrate an active bleeding site. Consequently, selective catheterization of the ovarian artery confirmed it as the source of hemorrhage, which was then successfully treated with intravascular embolization.
Tourette's syndrome: A developmental psychobiologic view

We present a developmental psychobiologic framework to improve the understanding of developmental and mental disorders. Tourette syndrome (TS) is our model condition for the effort, as we review our studies on the condition in conjunction with the comorbidities with which it often presents. TS serves not only as a biologic marker for certain localizable and definable central nervous system processes, but also may serve a transacting function across biological and psychological levels of organization.
The effects of a positive behavioral context on the social impact of aggressive behavior.

The hypothesis is experimentally examined that a positive behavioral repertoire can ameliorate the negative social impact of aggressive behavior. Sixty-six fourth- through sixth-grade girls viewed and rated a series of videotaped interactions between two female confederates. The proportion of positive to aggressive behavior viewed by each subject was manipulated across six experimental conditions by varying the number of positive behaviors exhibited by one of the confederates (target) while the number of aggressive behaviors displayed by her remained constant (i.e., 0%, 20%, 43%, 60%, 80%, and 100% positive). Each subject provided sociometric ratings of the target and selected trait descriptors that best described her from a checklist. The results indicated that positive behavior exhibited in high rates (80% or more, compared to aggressive behavior) offset the negative effects of aggression on both sociometric ratings and positive and negative descriptors.
Switching from Nitrate Therapy to Ranolazine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Receiving Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitors for Erectile Dysfunction

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and erectile dysfunction (ED) frequently coexist. The introduction of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors has revolutionized medical management of organic ED; however, in patients with angina pectoris, a common symptom of CAD, coadministration of PDE-5 inhibitors and nitrates has been implicated in CAD-related deaths following sexual activity. The mechanism of action of PDE-5 inhibitors results in a potential cumulative drop in blood pressure (BP); thus, these agents are contraindicated in patients receiving nitrates. Beta-blockers and calcium channel antagonists are considered the mainstays of antianginal therapy, but may not be tolerated by all patients. Ranolazine is an antianginal agent that produces minimal reductions in heart rate and BP. Here we report three cases of men with CAD, chronic angina, and concomitant ED. We describe our treatment approach in these patients, using ranolazine as a potential substitute to nitrate therapy.
Response surface methodology: 1966–1988

Response sarfxe methodology (RSM) is a collection of tools developed in the 1950s for the purpose of determining optimum operating conditions in applications in the chemical industry. This article reviews the progrrss of RSM in the general areas of experimental design and analysis and indicates how its role has been affected by advanccs in other fields of applied statistics. Current areas of research in RSM are highlighted. and areas for future research are discussed.
Relationship between estrogen use and musculoskeletal function in postmenopausal women.

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between estrogen use and muscle strength, bone mineral density (BMD), and body composition variables in postmenopausal women. Forty healthy, untrained women participated in this study. Subjects (53–65 years) were ≥5 years postmenopausal and were categorized into either estrogen replacement therapy (ERT n=20) or non-estrogen replacement therapy (Non-ERT n=20) groups. Methods: Muscular strength was measured by 1-RM testing using Cybex isotonic weight machines. Handgrip strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. Diagnostic Ultrasound was used to determine cross-sectional areas of the biceps brachii and rectus femoris muscle groups. BMD of the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and total body was assessed by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (Lunar DPX-IQ). Body composition variables were obtained from the total body scan. Serum osteocalcin was measured as an indicator of bone remodeling. Results: There were no significant differences (P>0.05) for isotonic muscular strength, muscle cross-sectional areas, handgrip strength, or percent fat between ERT and Non-ERT groups. ERT had significantly higher (P
Polyphenols in brown algaeFucus vesiculosus andAscophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail,Littorina littorea.

Polyphenols from two brown algae,Fucus vesiculosus (L.) andAscophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis, inhibited feeding by the herbivorous snail,Littorina littorea. The active compounds were characterized as phloroglucinol polymers with a wide molecular weight range (mol wt 300,000) by spectroscopic, Ultrafiltration, thin-layer chromatographic, and chemical degradation data. As little as 1% (dry wt) polyphenol in food reduced feeding by more than 50%, and polyphenolic extracts inhibited feeding entirely when present in concentrations of 2–5% (dry wt). Commercially available phloroglucinol dihydrate and gallotannin, which are known herbivore feeding deterrents in terrestrial plants, inhibitedL. littorea feeding when added to food media in concentrations similar to those above. We conclude that polyphenols inF. vesiculosus andA. nodosum are functionally similar to terrestrial plant polyphenols (tannins) in providing chemical defenses against herbivores. This research is the first demonstration that chemical compounds defend these two dominant, perennial marine algae from the major herbivore found in their community.
The design and preparation of planar models of oxidation catalysts: I. Hopcalite

Abstract At present there exists a need for methods for the preparation of planar models of a variety of heterogeneous catalysts. The preparation of planar models of oxidation catalysts that contain two or more cations represents a considerable challenge. In this paper we report the preparation of a planar model of the very active deep oxidation catalyst, Hopcalite (CuMn2O4), by alloy oxidation. This mixed valent oxide was obtained only after detailed study of the effects of oxidation temperature, oxygen activity, and CuMn alloy composition on the structure and chemistry of the oxide overlayer. In most cases layered structures of Mn oxides and Cu oxides were obtained. Only under a very specific set of conditions could the mixed valent oxide be prepared. The oxidation processes were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and from this the structure and chemistry of the overlayers were determined. Hopcalite was identified at the surface by comparison of the XPS spectra with those of a commercial sample and the presence of an unusually low-binding-energy Cu(2p) line in the crystalline CuMn2O4 state. The preliminary catalytic activity of the planar model catalyst is compared with that of the commercial catalyst.
The effect of Cu 6 Sn 5 whisker precipitates in bulk 60Sn-40Pb solder

Hollow, Cu6Sn5 intermetallic rods form within molten 60Sn-40Pb solder when it reacts with Cu. It is suggested that these rods form at the Cu surface by a screw dislocation mechanism and break off into the bulk solder. Hollow hexagonal intermetallics result when the core of the rod dissolves away and fills with molten solder. The mechanical properties of bulk 60Sn-40Pb solder with and without the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic rods were tested in tension, at -196° C, 20° C, and 125° C. The intermetallics had no effect on strength, but decreased elongation at the lower temperatures. The intermetallics had a large effect on the fracture characteristics. At -196° C failures initiate by interfacial separation between the intermetallic and solder matrix. At 20° C failures initiate at cleaved intermetallic rods. At 125° C the intermetallic rods appear to have little effect on the mechanical properties.
Diversity of Planktonic Foraminifera in Deep-Sea Sediments

The diversity of a planktonic foraminiferal assemblage on the ocean floor depends on the state of preservation of that assemblage. As dissolution progresses, species diversity (number of species in the assemblage) decreases, but compound diversity (based on relative species abundance) first increases and then decreases; species dominance first decreases and then increases. The reason for these changes is that the species most susceptible to solution deliver moresediment to the ocean floor than do species with solution-resistant shells, possibly because the more soluble tests are produced in surface waters, where growth and production are greatest.
Energetics of early development for the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus and the crustacean Artemia sp.

Embryos and larvae of two species of sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus andLytechinus pictus, and larvae of the brine shrimpArtemia sp. (San Francisco brand) were cultured to investigate the contribution of dissolved organic material in seawater to the energetics of early development. When embroys ofS. purpuratus were reared in artificial seawater, a net loss in dry organic mass was observed. In contrast, when sibling embryos were reared to Day 2 under identical conditions in natural seawater, there was either a net increase in dry organic mass or no change. A net decrease in mass was observed in only one of five cultures reared in filtered natural seawater. Energy budgets for each species were determined by giving energy equivalents to the changes in carbohydrate, lipid and protein, and to the rate of oxygen consumption for each day of development. In the case ofS. purpuratus, the use of endogenous reserves accounted for either 0 or 38% of the metabolic demand for two independent cultures reared from Days 0 to 2. For larvae ofL. pictus, reared to 8 d, only 66% of the metabolic demand could be accounted for by the use of endogenous reserves. Sea urchins are capable of transporting dissolved organic material from seawater. Calculations revealed that the energy deficit during the early development of sea urchins (S. purpuratus) could be accounted for by the uptake of dissolved organic matter from seawater. However, for a species that cannot use this resource (Artemia sp.), the metabolic needs during development are supplied through the use of endogenous reserves.
James Webb Space Telescope Ground to Flight Interface Design

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space-based infrared observatory planned for launch in 2013, which leverages the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) technical and scientific expertise. Unlike HST, JWST uses an event-driven design for 7 to 10 days of autonomous spacecraft and science operations. In the JWST event-driven commanding design, scripts onboard the observatory construct and issue commands in real-time to the flight-software. The on-board scripts interrogate telemetry to determine whether the issued command has been completed. Event-driven commanding simplifies the software systems, especially the uplink products needed for the spacecraft and science operations, since most of the command creation occurs on-board the spacecraft. The JWST high-level ground to flight interface consists of the uplink products and the on-board script directives used to drive science operations. The purpose of the uplink products is to tell the telescope where to look and to specify the observation and instrument parameters. The on-board script directives allow re-planning of observations from the ground in real-time without interrupting ongoing observatory operations. This paper describes the ground to flight interface design and its advantages, which include commonality, simplicity and low lifecycle costs.
Dst and SD variations of electron content at low latitude

Abstract Electron content data obtained during 1965–1970 at the University of Hawaii have been analyzed statistically to obtain Dst and SD variations in electron content during strong and weak SC geomagnetic storms. The characteristic variations of Dst and SD are described and their qualitative explanations given. It appears that the altered meridional thermospheric neutral air winds generated by heating of the upper atmosphere at high latitude and the changes of the neutral atmospheric compositions due to the increase in local temperature during the geomagnetic storms play important roles in causing Dst and SD variations of the electron content.
Some observations on the influence of orange juice ingestion on the teeth and supporting structures.

Abstract The results of these studies indicate that when Syrian hamsters, maintained on a caries-producing diet, have either one-half or all of their liquid intake in the form of “reconstituted” orange juice, their susceptibility to tooth decay is not altered markedly. In addition, it has been observed that animals living under these conditions show no changes in alveolar bone pattern that might be associated with excessive orange juice ingestion. Under the drastic conditions of those experiments, moderate erosion of the enamel was a common finding in those animals that drank only orange juice. The extent of this erosion was reduced considerably when orange juice was alternated with water. It is the belief of the investigators that moderate orange juice ingestion would not produce demonstrable erosion.
A model for specific contact resistance applicable for titanium silicide-silicon contacts

Abstract An analytical model is presented for the specific contact resistance and shown to be applicable for metal-semiconductor contacts consisting of titanium silicide (TiSi2) on n and p-type silicon. The model includes the influence of field emission and thermionic-field emission in a unified manner, requiring only one simple relation for determination of specific contact resistance when either of these conduction mechanisms dominates. Previously, depending on field emission or thermionic-field emission dominating, separate analytical models, consisting of different relations for the specific contact resistance, have been derived. Moreover, these derivations generally have resulted in rather complex expressions, with complicated terms that are not readily amenable for easy analysis and physical understanding. The present model, while simpler in form, captures the main elements affecting specific contact resistance as influenced by thermionic-field emission and field emission and compares well with experimental results for TiSi2Si contacts. The model is also applicable for other metal-semiconductor contacts, and has been used to generate theoretical curves for specific contact resistance doping concentration, for a range of barrier heights, for metal-silicon contacts. Moreover, due to its simpler form, this model may be conveniently used for extracting model parameters from experimental data, if necessary and it can be easily implemented and used in process and/or device simulation programs.
A comparison of preservice and in-service earth and space science teachers' general mental abilities, content knowledge, and problem-solving skills

The purpose of this study was to compare in-service and preservice earth and space science teachers on their general mental abilities, their content knowledge or declarative knowledge of earth and space sciences, the Gagnean levels of their content knowledge or declarative knowledge, and the procedural knowledge used in solving earth and space science problems. This study used a contrast-group design to compare in-service (n = 30) and preservice (n = 30) earth and space science teachers. The in-service earth science teachers (a) bring more declarative knowledge to the problem-solving situation, (b) use fewer steps while problem solving, (c) generate more subroutines and alternate hypotheses, and (d) possess different structural knowledge than do preservice earth science teachers. Findings from this study support Norman's theory of learning that experts (in-service teachers) function at the tuning mode of learning, whereas novices (preservice teachers) function in an accreting or structuring mode. In-service earth science teachers exhibited smoothness, automaticity, and decreased mental effort not exhibited by preservice earth and space science teachers.
The relationship between lead exposure and homicide.

Results: Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between air lead concentrations and the incidence of homicide across counties in the United States (N=3111). After adjusting for sociologic confounding factors and 9 measures of air pollution, the only indictor of air pollution found to be associated with homicide rates was air lead concentration. Across all counties, estimated air lead concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.17 µg/m 3 . The adjusted results suggest that the difference between the highest and lowest level of estimated air lead is associated with a homicide incidence rate ratio of 4.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-16.61). Conclusion: The results of this study support recent findings that there is an association between lead exposure and violent behavior. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:579-582
Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Walking speed has implications for community functioning and is predictive of important outcomes. Determining whether an individual's walking speed is limited requires normal values for comparison. Objectives To use meta-analysis to describe normal gait speed for healthy individuals within age and gender strata. Data sources PubMed, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Scopus, Science Citation Index and articles identified by hand searches. Study selection criteria Inclusion required that the gait speed of apparently healthy adults was documented as they walked at a normal pace over a course of 3 to 30 m. Summary data were excluded unless obtained from at least 10 participants within a gender and decade stratum. Study appraisal and synthesis methods The two authors independently reviewed articles and extracted data. Accuracy was confirmed by the other author. Data were grouped within gender and decade strata. A meta-analysis macro was used to consolidate data by strata and to determine homogeneity. Results Forty-one articles contributed data to the analysis. Combined, they provided data from 23 111 subjects. The gait speed was homogeneous within strata and ranged from a mean of 143.4 cm/second for men aged 40 to 49 years to a mean of 94.3 cm/second for women aged 80 to 99 years. Limitations The data presented herein may not be useful as a standard of normal if gait is measured over short distances from the command ‘go’ or if a turn is involved. Conclusions and implications The consolidation of data from multiple studies reported in this meta-analysis provides normative data that can serve as a standard against which individuals can be compared. Doing so will aid the interpretation of their performance.
Designing wire-rope-based mechanical systems in an expert system environment

This paper presents concepts related to the development of an expert system suitable for wire-rope-based mechanical system design. The design of mechanical systems with wire ropes, involving the selection of a wire rope and its supporting structure, is currently accomplished by implementing a cataloged solution for the given application and is typically performed without benefit of detailed analysis. For the most part, resulting systems reflect the wire rope engineer's preferences and experience with various wire rope configurations and designs. The current study presents concepts for an expert systems approach to the design problem that utilizes recently developed, detailed wire rope analysis capabilities. Thus the expert system not only incorporates the expertise in the form of rules but also interacts with analysis packages for design development. It is believed that wire rope systems designed in this manner may prove less costly to manufacture and have lifetimes exceeding those currently specified for most applications.
A Computational Model of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Binding to Endothelial Cells Under Fluid Flow

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is an angiogenic growth factor that binds to cell surface receptors (FGFR) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), as well as HSPG in the basement membrane. FGF2 plays a critical role in angiogenesis, yet clinical FGF2 trials demonstrated limited success perhaps due to inadequate understanding of FGF2 binding in physiological conditions. We developed a computational model of FGF2 binding to isolated (HSPG or FGFR) or combined (HSPG and FGFR) binding sites under physiological fluid flow and predicted the effects of FGF2 concentration, binding site density, fluid flow rate, and delivery mode (continuous vs. bolus) on FGF2 complex formation. The isolated binding site models showed increased binding with FGF2 and binding site density. However, in the triad model, increasing FGF2 concentration decreased triads (FGF2-HSPG-FGFR) and increased FGF2-HSPG complexes. Fluid flow decreased time to equilibrium and dissociation in isolated binding site models, yet flow effect in the triad model depended on binding site density. Similarly, FGF2 capture and complex stability in bolus delivery depended on bolus size, flow rate, association and dissociation rate constants, as well as binding site density. This model shows the integrated effects of FGF2 binding stoichiometry, fluid flow, and delivery mode, and enhances our understanding of FGF2 complex formation under physiological conditions.
Northeast north Pacific Ocean: surface current pattern shifts during the spring

Abstract This work is a study of the interaction of the wind and the sea where easterly moving geostrophic flow becomes eastern boundary currents. To be as synoptic as possible, a satellite time series study (1983–1989) and an oceanographic survey (1989) concentrated on the Pacific Ocean surface waters adjacent to the northwest coast of North America. The hypothesis tested was that the changes in temperature contours of the sea surface infer a shift in current patterns. Of special interest are the surface current patterns during the spring transitional period (1 March–15 June). This is the time when the California current begins to dominate the eastern boundary currents, and biological production increases. At this time, the predominant wind patterns over the North Pacific change. These changes affect the water masses where the West Wind Drift becomes the California Current. By using the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard NOAA's polar orbiter satellites, a pattern of current shifts over time is measurable. The results from analyzing 53 images over 7 years show a noticeable and distinct shift in surface temperature patterns during the spring period. This pattern shift was visible over time and space, and reflects the effect of the wind in changing the pattern of surface water current flow. Although limited in time and space, the ship-deployed instruments, also, reflect these changes and allow a look at the physical processes in the mixed layer.
Posture detection with body area networks

Body posture detection is extremely useful in health monitoring and rehabilitation. We develop a method to detect body posture that uses signal strength measurements from sensor nodes forming a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). We assume that postures (formations) take values in a discrete set and develop a composite hypothesis testing approach which uses a Generalized Likelihood Test (GLT) decision rule. The GLT rule distinguishes between a set of probability density function (pdf) families constructed using a custom pdf interpolation technique. The GLT is compared with the simple Likelihood Test (LT). We also adapt one prevalent supervised learning approach, Multiple Support Vector Machine (MSVM), to compare with our probabilistic methods. Due to the highly variant measurements from the WBAN, and these methods' different adaptability to multiple observations, our analysis and experimental results suggest that GLT is more accurate and suitable for posture/formation detection. Even for very similar postures in our experiments, GLT demonstrates high detection accuracy (around 97% with multiple observations). Besides the body area networks, the formation detection problem has interesting applications in autonomous robot systems.
Eros and Psyche : The Representation of Personality in Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot

Acknowledgements A note on texts Introduction 1. Bronte's romance 2. Personality in a Pickwickian sense 3. Jane Eyre's interior design 4. Where is Jane Eyre? 5. Bleak House: plot, character, and the tragic sense 6. Family feeling in a Bleak House 7. Mind and body in Middlemarch 8. The cygnet in the pond, the current in the mind Conclusion Notes Index
Black Men, Black Voices: The Role of the Producer in Synthetic Performance Ethnography:

Black Men, Black Voices is an educational, entertainment, and ethnographic program in which African American male musicians perform a variety of musical styles influenced by the blues idiom (e.g., jazz, gospel, rap, rhythm and blues, zydeco, and hip-hop/spoken word). The artists also discuss their musical careers and the musical and cultural links among their diverse styles of music. This program is an example of synthetic performance ethnography in which the sociologist serves two roles. As producer, the sociologist stages the performance, assembles a cast of artists, and presents a general outline of the performance but allows the artists to script their own conversations. As sociologist, the sociologist analyzes various cultural texts displayed in the staging and the actual performance that can be discussed in traditional sociological terms. The article concludes with the implications of Black Men, Black Voices for the development of ethics and aesthetics in performance ethnography.
The Fort Ross Virtual Warehouse Project: A serious game for research and education

In March 2011, California State Parks entered an agreement with University of California Merced (UCM) to create an interactive, learning game able to educate students, schools and visitors about Fort Ross: the “Fort Ross Virtual Warehouse Project” (FRVWP). It is a web-based 3D game platform developed in Unity 3D that currently supports single player use, and in the near future will be developed for multiplayer functionality. This pilot program indeed demonstrates the value of an educational pre-learning tool for parents and students along with the teachers that come to the Fort to re-enact history. Through the use of this game, students have the opportunity to experience educational content and “role-play” in an environment that is immersive and highly interactive. The narrative, digital storytelling, and virtual reconstructions of buildings and environment, all count an accuracy based on scientific, historical and archaeological data. Ultimately, through user interaction, PCs and NPCs (non player characters) create an interesting dialogue between the site (real) and the experience of place (virtual and real).
Design and modeling of a MEMS-based tunable optical nanoantenna

A MEMS-based tunable optical nanoantenna is described. The capability of the nanometer resolution and repeatability offered by the MEMS actuators paves the way for the tunable optical antennas, which is confirmed by both modeling and experimental measurements. The MEMS-based tunable antenna offers many advantages in terms of cost-effective fabrication, dynamic optical intensity enhancement, dynamic wavelenght shifting and performance optimization, etc. The optical performance of the tunable antenna has been investigated using rigorous finite difference and time domain (FDTD) method. It reveals that peak wavelengths and local field enhancements are largely affected by the size and shape of the bowtie antenna. The optical field can be drastically enhanced by reducing the gap size less than 30 nm which can easily be achieved by the MEMS system.
The Utilization and Effectiveness of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

Abstract Since its inception, the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) has been a source of controversy in American politics. Its enactment allowed leave for employees and their family members for serious medical conditions, while maintaining their employment status. This study is an exploratory look into the utilization and effectiveness of the FMLA for 45 caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. Results of a survey indicated that being female (p < .01), unmarried (p < .05), and having an annual income less than $35,000 (p < .001) have significant negative effects on the eligibility, utilization, and effectiveness of the FMLA for caregivers of ill children. The authors argue for improved dissemination of FMLA eligibility to employees and employers, and a reexamination of the eligibility criteria.
Personalized prediction of chronic wound healing: An exponential mixed effects model using stereophotogrammetric measurement

Abstract Study aim Stereophotogrammetric digital imaging enables rapid and accurate detailed 3D wound monitoring. This rich data source was used to develop a statistically validated model to provide personalized predictive healing information for chronic wounds. Materials 147 valid wound images were obtained from a sample of 13 category III/IV pressure ulcers from 10 individuals with spinal cord injury. Methods Statistical comparison of several models indicated the best fit for the clinical data was a personalized mixed-effects exponential model ( p MEE), with initial wound size and time as predictors and observed wound size as the response variable. Random effects capture personalized differences. Results Other models are only valid when wound size constantly decreases. This is often not achieved for clinical wounds. Our model accommodates this reality. Two criteria to determine effective healing time outcomes are proposed: r-fold wound size reduction time, t r-fold , is defined as the time when wound size reduces to 1/ r of initial size. t δ is defined as the time when the rate of the wound healing/size change reduces to a predetermined threshold δ 0 . Healing rate differs from patient to patient. Model development and validation indicates that accurate monitoring of wound geometry can adaptively predict healing progression and that larger wounds heal more rapidly. Accuracy of the prediction curve in the current model improves with each additional evaluation. Conclusion Routine assessment of wounds using detailed stereophotogrammetric imaging can provide personalized predictions of wound healing time. Application of a valid model will help the clinical team to determine wound management care pathways.
Relevance of Renibacterium salmoninarum in an asymptomatic carrier population of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)

. These studies were done to determine the prevalence of infection, over time, of progeny from a population of 1988 year class brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), that was asymptomatically infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. This population and its progeny from the 1991 and 1992 spawnings were monitored for approximately 3 years for prevalence of R. salmoninarum and development of bacterial kidney disease. Ovarian fluid samples from the 1991 and 1992 spawnings, and from a 1993 spawning of the 1991 progeny, were analysed for R. salmoninarum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the membrane filtration fluorescent antibody technique. Kidney and spleen tissues of the 1988 year class were assayed by ELISA following the 1992 spawning. The progeny of the 1991 and 1992 spawnings were followed for increased prevalence of R. salmoninarum by the ELISA. Kidney tissues were assayed and sampling began once the fish were large enough. Each population of progeny was sampled quarterly for one year. Overall, the progeny displayed decreasing prevalence of R. salmoninarum and all ovarian fluids of the 1991 progeny (in 1993) were negative. Brood fish and progeny remained asymptomatic during the course of the study.
Candidate Campaign Blogs Directly Reaching Out to the Youth Vote

Blogs, Web pages that are frequently updated with posts arranged so the most recent post is at the top of the page, were widely adopted by candidates in the 2004 campaign. These online tools that are popular with young voters, though widely adopted as a “hip” technology, fell short of successfully targeting young voters. This content analysis found only 8% of all campaign posts on the official major-party candidate Web sites targeted youth (N = 106). Although Bush published fewer posts overall, he produced more youth-targeted posts than Kerry. The topics of posts, issues, and message strategies used in youth-targeted posts were analyzed. Additionally, the use of images was explored. The article concludes that campaigns failed to fully employ blogs as a strategic tool to reach out to young voters.
Pursuing insights about healthcare utilization via geocoded search queries

Mobile devices provide people with a conduit to the rich infor-mation resources of the Web. With consent, the devices can also provide streams of information about search activity and location that can be used in population studies and real-time assistance. We analyzed geotagged mobile queries in a privacy-sensitive study of potential transitions from health information search to in-world healthcare utilization. We note differences in people's health infor-mation seeking before, during, and after the appearance of evidence that a medical facility has been visited. We find that we can accu-rately estimate statistics about such potential user engagement with healthcare providers. The findings highlight the promise of using geocoded search for sensing and predicting activities in the world.
Dissolution of Acidic and Basic Compounds from the Rotating Disk: Influence of Convective Diffusion and Reaction

A mass transfer model was developed to describe the dissolution and reaction of acidic and basic compounds from a rotating disk in unbuffered water. Dissolution of two carboxylic acids, 2-naphthoic acid (1) and naproxen [(+)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 2], and the free base, papaverine (6,7-dimethoxy-1-veratryliso-quinoline, 3), in aqueous solutions (μ = 0.1 with KCl) at 25 °C were investigated. An automated dissolution apparatus, which consisted of microcomputer-controlled autoburets, was constructed to monitor and adjust the pH of the aqueous solutions during the experiments. Unique features of the mass transfer model include treatment of mass transfer as a convective diffusion process rather than a stagnant film diffusion only process; treatment of ionization and acid-base reactions as heterogeneous reactions; use of experimental diffusion coefficients for all species, particularly H+ and OH−; and application of boundary conditions that specify flux for surface ionization produced species. The model accurately predicted the dissolution rate assuming the solubility, pKa, and diffusion coefficient of the compound were independently known. The model also predicted pH at the solid-liquid surface, the flux of H+ from the surface, and the contribution of A− to the total acid flux as a function of bulk pH of the aqueous solution.