cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Thirty-day Mortality and Length of Stay in Operative Subdural Hematomas.

The rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality after subdural hematoma (SDH) evacuation is high. The aim of this study was to compare mortality statistics from a high-volume database to historical figures and determine the most significant preoperative predictors of mortality and length of stay (LOS). The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry was searched (2005-2016) for patients with operatively treated SDHs, of which 2709 were identified for univariate analysis. After exclusion for missing data, 2010 individuals were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The average patient age was 68.8 ± 14.9 years, and 64.1% were males. Upon multivariate analysis, nine variables were found to be associated with increased mortality: platelet count 1.2 (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.34-2.6), bleeding disorder (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.32-2.46), need for dialysis within two weeks preoperatively (OR 5.69, 95% CI 3.15-10.27), ventilator dependence in the 48 hours preceding surgery (OR 3.99, 95% CI 2.82-5.63), disseminated cancer (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.34-6.47), WBC count >10,000 (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15-2.08), totally dependent functional status (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.2-2.8), and each increasing year of age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.031-1.05). It is not surprising that chronic conditions and functional status were associated with increased mortality. However, specific laboratory abnormalities were also associated with increased mortality at levels generally considered within normal limits. More studies are needed to determine if correcting lab abnormalities preoperatively can improve outcomes in patients with intrinsic coagulopathy.
Chronic cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease in adults.

Chronic cadmium exposure and its effect on cardiovascular-related markers were explored in the cross-sectional study of U.S. adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANE...
A 22-Year-Old Retained Ureteral Stent: One of the Oldest Removed Using a Multimodal Endourologic Approach.

Background: Ureteral stent encrustation poses a distinct challenge to urologists. The purpose of our study is to present a patient with one of the oldest retained ureteral stents reported in the literature, effectively treated at our institution with a multimodal endourologic approach. Case Presentation: After IRB approval and patient's consent, we present the case of a 47-year-old man who was referred to our institution for gross hematuria and a right retained ureteral stent, incidentally found on imaging. This patient had a history of traumatic stab wound 22 years prior, requiring an exploratory laparotomy and a ureteral stent insertion. Preoperative CT scan revealed a fragmented and heavily encrusted right ureteral stent. The patient was effectively treated with a multimodal endourologic approach, including a cystolitholapaxy, a right retrograde flexible ureteroscopy (URS), and a prone split-leg right percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with a right retrograde URS. The patient was rendered stone and stent free. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this 22-year-old retained stent is one of the oldest reported in the literature. As observed in our patient, multimodal endourologic techniques are safe and effective in patients with retained ureteral stents to render then stent and stone free.
Studying the empirical implications of the liberalization of airport markets

This paper offers an overview of what we know about the impacts of the economic regulation of commercial airports. It offers no new empirical findings, but rather considers the challenges of conduc...
Paths to Unschooling

Within this chapter, research related to why families choose unschooling is discussed. It is clear that in some cases, parents choose unschooling after a period of formal schooling, wanting a break from the rigidity and structure of the traditional school. Other parents move from a period of homeschooling to a more casual unschooling style. Still others have been influenced by a particular parenting philosophy or significant books or people within the movement. The deschooling of both child and parent after a history of formal schooling is also reviewed in the chapter.
Cannabidiol (CBD) Use in Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Report

Cannabidiol (CBD) oil has been gaining popularity as a natural alternative for numerous disease states. CBD is a phytocannabinoid obtained from the Cannabis sativa plant. Unlike its relative tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not activate CB1 receptors in the brain and therefore lacks psychotropic effects (1). Instead, this substance is thought to work on the G-protein coupled receptor, endothelial cannabinoid receptor, and serotonin-1A receptors, among others. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death and affects >30 million people in the United States (2). CBD has been investigated, mostly in animal models, for its ability to help treat diabetes. It is theorized that cannabis has desirable effects on hyperglycemia through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (3). The endocannabinoid system modulates food intake and energy homeostasis by activating cannabinoid receptors. Modulation of these receptors with CBD has the possibility to reduce body weight and A1C in people with diabetes. In one study using mouse models, CBD was shown to significantly reduce the incidence of diabetes in these mice (4). This was shown by a significant decrease in pancreatic islets production of destructive insulitis and inflammatory cytokine production. The potential to use CBD as a method to treat diabetes reveals the need for studies and case reports. The following case illustrates the initiation of CBD in a patient with type 2 diabetes. A 62-year-old Hispanic obese man (weight 113 kg, BMI 39 kg/m2) with a history of type 2 diabetes for 11 years began taking CBD oil to control his blood glucose in place of insulin degludec. Initiation of this product was independent of his clinician’s recommendation and based on the patient’s personal review of information that suggested CBD was beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes. As shown in Table 1, the week before the patient’s initiation of CBD, …
The Diffusion of Misinformation on Social Media: Temporal Pattern, Message, and Source

This study examines dynamic communication processes of political misinformation on social media focusing on three components: the temporal pattern, content mutation, and sources of misinformation. We traced the life-cycle of 17 popular political rumors that circulated on Twitter over 13 months during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Using text analysis based on time series, we found that while false rumors (misinformation) tend to come back multiple times after the initial publication, true rumors (facts) do not. Rumor resurgence continues, often accompanying textual changes, until the tension around the target dissolves. We observed that rumors resurface by partisan news websites that repackage the old rumor into news and, gain visibility by influential Twitter users who introduce such rumor into the Twitter-sphere. In this paper, we argue that media scholars should consider the mutability of diffusing information, temporal recurrence of such messages, and the mechanism by which these messages evolve over time. False political rumors tend to resurface multiple times after the initial publication.False political rumors often turn into a more intense and extreme version over time. Resurged old political rumors tend to be presented as news.None-traditional partisan media are often behind the constant generation of false news.
Quality-of-Life Discrepancies Among Autistic Adolescents and Adults: A Rapid Review.

Importance Quality of life (QoL) is a core outcome of occupational therapy, but it is decreased among autistic adolescents and adults. This is the first review of QoL from an occupational therapy standpoint. Objective To identify self-reported QoL differences between autistic and nonautistic samples; investigate sex differences in QoL among autistic people; examine consistency in QoL among autistic people across age, intellectual disability (ID), and self- versus proxy-report method; and appraise occupational therapy-related interventions addressing QoL among autistic people. Data sources Articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2010 and 2020, located through Academic Search Ultimate, PubMed, and OTseeker, along with the American Journal of Occupational Therapy, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, and Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. Study Selection and Data Collection: Article samples consisted of at least 20% autistic females and used self-reported QoL measures. Qualitative research was excluded, as well as studies with participants younger than age 13 yr. Twenty-seven articles qualified (3 Level 1B, 13 Level 3B, and 11 Level 4). Findings Autistic adolescents and adults demonstrated decreased self-reported QoL compared with nonautistic peers across age and ID presence. One article compared sex differences in QoL among autistic people. Interventions improved QoL among autistic people. Conclusions and relevance Autistic adolescents and adults demonstrate decreased QoL in comparison with nonautistic peers. Questions remain related to sex differences in QoL among autistic people, an area for future research. Multiple evidence-based approaches to improve QoL in the autistic population are relevant to occupational therapy practice. What This Article Adds: Self-reported QoL among autistic adolescents and adults is clearly lower than among their nonautistic counterparts. This article provides information on multiple interventions related to occupational therapy to improve QoL among autistic people.
Phenolic benzotriazoles: a class comparison of toxicokinetics of ultraviolet-light absorbers in male rats

Phenolic benzotriazoles are ultraviolet-light absorbers used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications. We investigated the toxicokinetic behaviour of 9 compounds, covering unsubstituted...
Barriers for Telemedicine Use Among Nonusers at the Beginning of the Pandemic

Telemedicine has garnered considerably more attention during the COVID-19 pandemic than in any time previously. However, before the beginning of the pandemic, many individuals had not accessed care...
Incorporating Prevention into Mental Health Counselor Training

The mental health counseling literature has consistently noted that prevention is integral to the field, yet largely neglected in graduate training programs. This article provides an in-depth discussion of a prevention seminar course in an effort to provide resources and incentive for training programs addressing this area of mental health counseling. A detailed overview of the course, including resources used, is provided. Suggestions are also offered for incorporating prevention into standard counseling courses.
Test Validity: A Matter of Consequence

In this note I comment briefly on Keith Markus's illuminating article on “Science, measurement, and validity: Is completion of Samuel Messick's synthesis possible?” Markus's analysis bears directly on the controversial status of the consequential basis of test validity in relation to the more traditional evidential basis. After addressing some key points in his argument, I then comment more generally on sources of the controversy over the claim that empirical consequences of test interpretation and use constitute validity evidence.
Optimization Under Uncertainty

In previous chapters, we looked at various optimization problems. Depending on the decision variables, objectives, and constraints, the problems were classified as LP, NLP, IP, MILP, or MINLP. However, as stated above, the future cannot be perfectly forcasted but instead should be considered random or uncertain. Optimization under uncertainty refers to this branch of optimization where there are uncertainties involved in the data or the model, and is popularly known as Stochastic Programming or stochastic optimization problems. In this terminology, stochastic refers to the randomness, and programming refers to the mathematical programming techniques like LP, NLP, IP, MILP, and MINLP. In the discrete optimization chapter, we came across probabilistic techniques like Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms; these techniques are sometimes referred to as the stochastic optimization techniques because of the probabilistic nature of the method. In general, however, Stochastic Programming and stochastic optimization involves optimal decision making under uncertainty. For example, consider the LP example stated in Chapter 2 where, instead of having a fixed maximum supply of chemical X2, the supply can be uncertain, as shown in the following Stochastic Programming (optimization) problem.
A discriminative data-dependent mixture-model approach for multiple instance learning in image classification

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely used in various applications including image classification. However, existing MIL methods do not explicitly address the multi-target problem where the distributions of positive instances are likely to be multi-modal. This strongly limits the performance of multiple instance learning in many real world applications. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel discriminative data-dependent mixture-model method for multiple instance learning (MM-MIL) approach in image classification. The new method explicitly handles the multi-target problem by introducing a data-dependent mixture model, which allows positive instances to come from different clusters in a flexible manner. Furthermore, the kernelized representation of the proposed model allows effective and efficient learning in high dimensional feature space. An extensive set of experimental results demonstrate that the proposed new MM-MIL approach substantially outperforms several state-of-art MIL algorithms on benchmark datasets.
THE FORM OF REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM

Reductio ad Absurdum is, clearly a valid argument form. Yet logicians tend in their writings either to ignore it or to treat it in a confusing and confused way. The aims of this paper are to expose this confusion as it appears in one of the fullest accounts given (by Copi in his Symbolic Logic), and to develop an adequate formulation. My objections to Copi's account centre around his idea that .... instead of viewing reductio ad absurdum proof as proceeding only up to the contradiction, we can regard it as going on through the contradiction to the conclusion of the original argument' (p. 63). Accordingly, Copi presents reductio ad absurdum proof as having the form of an indirect proof, the form under which Lewis and Langford also appear to subsume it:
Hyperglycemia in the nzb/nzw f1 hybrid mouse.

Both the NZW and NZB mice exhibit an elevated fasting blood sugar level when compared to Swiss white mice. The NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mouse shows still a higher fasting serum glucose level than either of its parental strains. This elevated glucose level is noted very early in the animals' life, long before definitive signs or symptoms of pathology are evident, and remains elevated at least until the fortieth week of life, the last testing period in our series before sacrificing the animals. There are two major peaking periods for the glucose levels, namely at 4–10 weeks of age and then again at 31–40 weeks of age. These age periods correspond to the very young animal and to the animal that is beyond its prime and most likely sick and near the end of its lifespan due to the animals' inherent disease processes. The NZB and NZB/NZW F1 hybrid succumb to their disease processes at approximately 8–10 months of age. The NZW usually lives until 18 months. The questions are raised: does the altered immunologic state in the NZB and/or the NZB/NZW F1 hybrid produce the elevated blood sugar levels and the pancreatic histopatholgy or is it the early hyperglycemic condition coupled with pancreatic pathology which are in some measure instrumental in producing the lesions discussed and observed, in the beginning of the three to four month period of age, in the various organs? Is there a relationship between the hyperglycemic condition and the immune state or are these independent phenomena in a genetically “mixed up” mouse?
Breaking the Pathways between Domestic Violence and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Test of Two Theories

While anthropological research has noted a connection between domestic violence and heightened risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), few studies have attempted to provide a theoretically-based explanation of this correlation. The current mixed-method research, conducted in southern New England, tests two prominent theories with the potential to explain this association: social control theory and resource access theory. Text analysis of in-depth, life history interviews with 28 abused women and multiple regression analysis of data from 215 structured interviews from abused and non-abused women allow us to conclude that, as posited by resource access theory, a woman's level of power (i.e., access to resources) effectively predicts whether she will experience violence and associated STI/HIV risks or affection and minimized sexual risk. Abused women who lack access to positive resources (e.g., support of friends/family, counseling, independent income) are more likely to engage in sexually risky beh...
Abstract LB-447: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and brain cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Several case-control studies have suggested that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce risk for glioblastoma multiforme, a very aggressive form of brain cancer. Limited prospective investigations, on the other hand, have not observed an association between regular use of aspirin and brain cancer; however, these studies generally had small numbers of brain cancer, and did not investigate the association with NSAIDs by histologic subtype. We investigated the association between use of NSAIDs and glioma, and more specifically glioblastoma multiforme, in a large prospective study, the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. The frequency of aspirin and non-aspirin NSAID use one year prior to baseline was ascertained using a self-administered questionnaire. Study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression models with age as the underlying time metric adjusted for sex, race, and history of heart disease. The analysis included 302,767 individuals, with 341 incident glioma and 257 glioblastoma multiforme cases. Preliminary results indicated no association between regular use (more than 2 times per week) of aspirin and risk of glioma (HR=1.16; 95% CI:0.87–1.56) or glioblastoma multiforme (HR=1.17; 95% CI:0.83–1.65) compared to never users. Null associations were also observed among regular non-aspirin NSAIDs users and risk of glioma (HR=0.90; 95% CI:0.65–1.25) and glioblastoma multiforme (HR=0.83; 95% CI:0.56–1.22) compared to never users. Our findings from this large prospective study do not support an inverse association between NSAIDs and risk of glioma or glioblastoma multiforme. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-447. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-447
Scalar Form Factors just beyond the Tree Approximation

Using the algebra of currents and current divergences derived from the chiral $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry-breaking model of Gell-Mann, Oakes, and Renner and a method of pole and cut dominance, we derive two-parameter effective-range formulas for scalar $(I=J=\frac{1}{2})K\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $(I=J=)\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ form factors. The fit to the $I=\frac{1}{2}$ $s$-wave $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase-shift data of Antich et al. favors their "lower" solution with ${m}_{K}=1150$ MeV and supports the existence of a broad $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ resonance. It is shown that the introduction of the similarly broad $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ resonance which emerges from these considerations into the weak-interaction scheme ${{K}_{S}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ makes agreement with the experimental value of the ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{{K}_{S}}^{0}$ mass difference difficult, if the ${{K}_{L}}^{0}$ mass shift is not small.
The quest for ozone intensities in the 9–11 μm region: A retrospective

Abstract We review efforts to experimentally determine absolute line intensities for ozone transitions in the 9–11 μm spectral region over the last several decades. Much of this work has been driven by the requirements for remote sensing of terrestrial atmospheric ozone. While significant progress has been achieved, discrepancies persist among various infrared measurements, and the relation between infrared and ultraviolet standards is not clearly resolved.
An Exploration of the Relationship Among Teacher Efficacy, Collective Teacher Efficacy, and Goal Consensus

This study explored the relationships among individual teacher efficacy, collective teacher efficacy, and goal consensus/vision. Participants included 113 teachers of a high school located in the southwestern USA. During a teacher inservice meeting, teachers completed three surveys that measured the variables under study. Correlational and regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships among individual teacher efficacy, collective teacher efficacy, and goal consensus/vision. Collective teacher efficacy was found to be correlated with all of the other variables examined, but was most highly correlated with goal consensus/vision. Individual teacher efficacy, while related to collective teacher efficacy, was not found to be related to goal consensus/vision. Findings from this study suggest that, because individual teacher efficacy, collective teacher efficacy and goal consensus/vision are related, changing one could have an impact on the others.
Mechanisms of asbestos carcinogenesis

Abstract A striking synergistic effect on tumor induction is seen when asbestos and polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCH) are inhaled by or instilled intratracheally into rodents. This observation supports the results of epidemiologic studies indicating that the incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma is increased substantially in smokers occupationally exposed to asbestos. To determine the mechanisms of asbestos-induced carcinogenesis at the cellular level, cell and organ cultures of tracheobronchial epithelium were examined morphologically and biochemically after their exposure to asbestos with and without the adsorption of PCH to its surfaces. Asbestos was phagocytized by the basal cells of the epithelium. The mineral stimulated cellular division, hyperplastic and metaplastic changes, and induction of Na+K+ ATPase, a marker enzyme for the plasma membrane. The metabolism of 3-methyl-cholanthrene (3 MC), as determined by aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in monolayers of epithelial cells after their exposure to both asbestos and 3 MC, was potentiated. A hypothetical construct depicting the role of asbestos in carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract is presented.
Critical role of phosphagens in the energy cascade of cutaneous ischemia and protective action of phosphocreatine analogues in skin flap survival.

A general understanding of the pivotal role of phosphocreatine (PCr) as the principal determinant of skin flap survival is now emerging. Definitive metabolic investigations mising phosphorus ( 31 P) and proton ( 1 H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have established that the inability to replenish metabolically exhausted PCr reserves predictably correlates with skin flap necrosis. Furthermore, postoperative parenteral administration of PCr has been shown to augment effectively skin flap survival. We hypothesized that creatine kinase, the enzyme controlling the utilization of the high-energy phosphate component of PCr, is a critical determinant of the tolerance of a skin flap to ischeumic insult. In other words, if the rate of utilization of PCr is too rapid. PCr stores will rapidly deplete, and the flap will not be able to withstand a period of ischemia. Alternatively, if the rate of dephosphorylation of PCr is reduced, survival of skin flaps during periods of ischemia could be extended. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the metabolic distribution and fate of cyclocreatine (cCr), a competent creatine analogue with a lower affinity for the creatine kinase enzyme. When administered as 1.5 percent (w/w) of the normal diet of laboratory rats, cCr accumulates in skin as the competent phosphagen, phosphocyclocreatine (PcCr). Cutaneous flaps elevated in these animals, and studied by 31 P and 1 H MRS, demonstrate that once depletion of PCr has occurred, PcCr continues to sustain ATP levels. This results in significant enhancement of skin flap survival (p < 0.005). These observations confirm the importance of the creatine kinase enzyme in cutaneous flap ischemia and suggest new approaches to augment skin flap survival.
A switch for oscillatory bursting

A recent article in Nature suggests that inhibitory feedback can switch the firing of sensory neurons between two signaling modes that may be used to process distinct sensory stimuli.
Prediction of ferromagnetism and metamagnetism in 4d transition-metal overlayers on the (001) surface of Ag (4d=Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd).

We present the first theoretical evidence for ferromagnetism in 4{ital d} overlayers on a layers on a nonmagnetic substrate. These predictions are based on {ital ab} {ital initio}, spin-polarized, electronic-structure calculations within the framework of the local-spin-density approximation. For Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd overlayers chemisorbed on Ag(001), only Ru and Rh exhibited ferromagnetism. Several metamagnetic spin states were found for the Ru overlayers.
Uncoupling And Recoupling Of Autonomic Regulation Of The Heart Beat In Pediatric Septic Shock

Healthy physiological systems exhibit marked signal variability and complexity, whereas diseased systems generally show a loss of variability, decreased complexity ("decomplexification"), and increased regularity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the uncoupling and recoupling phenomenon in children with septic shock by observing serial changes in heart rate variability metrics. Data were collected from 7 children with septic shock by using the computer system in the Complex Systems Laboratory at Oregon Health Sciences University. Heart rate time series were constructed and analyzed by using the Hales Research System at intervals of 6 h during pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalization. These power spectral values were then plotted vs. time. Six of seven patients showed an increase over time in low-frequency heart rate power and the low-/high-frequency ratio, whereas high-frequency heart rate power decreased. We also compared the change in mean heart rate, heart rate standard deviation, and power spectral values during the first 24 h of PICU hospitalization vs. the remainder of the PICU stay (for the 5 patients with a PICU length of stay > 48 h). Compared to the initial 24 h in the PICU, low-frequency power and the low-/high-frequency ratio increased, whereas high-frequency power decreased over the course of the illness. This report shows the potential value of monitoring the uncoupling and recoupling phenomenon in patients with septic shock. Our results are in agreement with other investigators who report evidence of decomplexification both in experimental models of sepsis and in clinical studies and provide direction for further work.
The killing of cultured hepatocytes by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) as a model of the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen

The killing of isolated hepatocytes by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the major metabolite of the oxidation of the hepatotoxin acetaminophen, has been studied previously as a model of liver cell injury by the parent compound. Such studies assume that the toxicity of acetaminophen is mediated by NAPQI and that treatment with exogenous NAPQI reproduces the action of the endogenously produced product. The present study tested these assumptions by comparing under identical conditions the toxicity of acetaminophen and NAPQI. The killing of hepatocytes by acetaminophen was mediated by oxidative injury. Thus, it depended on a cellular source of ferric iron; was potentiated by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an inhibitor of glutathione reductase; and was sensitive to antioxidants. By contrast, the cytotoxicity of NAPQI was not prevented by chelation of ferric iron; was unaffected by BCNU; and was insensitive to antioxidants. Thus, the killing of cultured hepatocytes by NAPQI occurs by a mechanism different from that of acetaminophen. The killing by NAPQI was preceded by a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a depletion of ATP. Monensin potentiated the cell killing, and extracellular acidosis prevented it. These manipulations are characteristic of the toxicity of mitochondrial poisons, and are without effect on the depletion of ATP and the loss of mitochondrial energization. Thus, mitochondrial de-energization by a mechanism unrelated to oxidative stress is a likely basis of the cell killing by NAPQI. It is concluded that treatment of cultured hepatocytes with NAPQI does not model the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in these cells.
A Model for Parental Involvement in Physical Education

(1990). A Model for Parental Involvement in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 61, No. 8, pp. 66-70.
First-Order Coordination of the Articulated Arm Subassembly Using Curvature Theory

This paper presents an approach to obtain the first-order speed ratios for three-degree-of-freedom spatial mechanisms that allow three degrees of translational freedom. The approach eliminates the need to locate the canonical frame and find the instantaneous invariants of motion and provides a direct method of obtaining the first-order speed ratios. The expressions for the speed ratios of the articulated arm subassembly are analyzed, and the regions of the workspace wherein the joints have dwells in their trajectories are identified. The first-order Taylor series is used for joint coordination, allowing the system to track a predefined spatial path. An example illustrating the application of curvature theory to spatial path tracking with a specific articulated arm subassembly is presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
CELLULAR MEMBRANE FORMATION BY PLASMATOCYTES OF DIAPAUSING CECROPIA PUPAE.

Abstract The early phase of wound healing in diapausing Hyalophora cecropia pupae is dominated by the formation of an acellular membrane by plasmatocytes. Phase contrast microscopic observations of blood from unwounded pupae reveal few circulating haemocytes, approximately half of which are plasmatocytes of varying morphology. In the days following injury both the absolute and relative number of plasmatocytes increase. The initial increase in cell number is not attributable to mitosis because no mitotic figures are seen until 18–24 hr after wounding, whereas substantial increases in cell number are observed by this time. A relative increase in large fusiform plasmatocytes suggests instead that the initial cellular response to injury is the release of haemocytes from depots within the insect. Subsequently, mitoses of haemocytes, particularly plasmatocytes, become rather frequent, and further increases in cell number appear to result from these mitoses. Time lapse sequences of wound healing were photographed with phase optics through the optically flat surfaces of a plastic chamber which connected the haemocoeles of two pupae in telobiosis. As plasmatocytes touch the plastic surface of the chamber, they lose much of their heteromorphy. On these surfaces a cell typically flattens, produces a ruffled membrane, and migrates randomly over the plastic. As the population of attached haemocytes increases, movement of the individual cells is progressively restricted. A complete cellular sheet eventually covers the plastic surfaces. This cellular membrane is subsequently thickened by the deposition of additional plasmatocytes on the blood side. The cellular membrane then degenerates and tears free from the plastic. The broken membrane fragments are pulled into the wound areas by circulatory movements of the haemolymph and partially seal the pupae from the blood chambers. Wound closure is aided by the tendency of hyaline plasmatocytes to adhere to each other and to other cells and thereby to form large clumps of cells. These clumps attach to membrane fragments and form plugs that stop the flow of haemolymph into the blood chamber. Tracheae, accompanied by epithelial sheets, grow from the margins of the wound. The extending tracheal system aids in wound closure and is the means whereby a continuous epithelium is established across the injured area. Since hypodermal cells apparently do not undergo mitosis in the absence of ecdysone, and since only occasional hypodermal cells and a few tracheoblasts synthesize DNA in the absence of hormone, the ability of the cells of the tracheal system to migrate and produce an epithelial sheet assumes great importance for successful wound healing in diapausing pupae. Evidently the replacement of thinned-out epidermal cells as well as the secretion of a cuticle in the wound area is delayed until the hormonally mediated pupal-adult transformation.
The lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be biologically reversible if treated in the first several months, yet it is unknown whether patients are diagnosed that early. We investigated the lag time between symptom onset and diagnosis of RA in a population with excellent access to rheumatology care. Methods Using review of medical records, we evaluated all patients newly diagnosed as having RA from 1987 through 1990, at a health maintenance organization in central Massachusetts. Total lag time from symptom onset to first definite diagnosis was divided into medical encounter lag time (from symptom onset to first medical encounter) and diagnosis lag time (from first medical encounter to diagnosis). Results The median total lag time was 36 weeks (range 4 weeks to > 10 years). The median medical encounter lag time was 4 weeks (not all patients included in the analysis). The median diagnosis lag time was 18 weeks. Diagnosis lag time was shorter for patients with progressive disease and positive rheumatoid factor on the initial test. Of 25 patients with symmetric arthritis and positive rheumatoid factor, only 5 (20%) were diagnosed within 2 months, and 10 (40%) were diagnosed more than 6 months after symptom onset. Conclusion RA diagnosis is usually delayed for several months after symptoms begin, in large part because of delay in diagnosis by the physician. Thus, the goal of initiating treatment extremely early may be unrealistic for most patients.
Critical evaluation of the current indications for transition zone biopsies

Abstract Objectives. Two primary indications for the performance of anteriorly directed transition zone (TZ) biopsies are (a) an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and an enlarged, non-nodular prostate and (b) prior negative sextant biopsies of the prostate. These indications are, however, based on a study population evaluated early in the PSA era (1989 to 1992). The current analysis targeted a more contemporary series of patients (1995 to 2000) presenting with these two indications for TZ biopsies, who underwent ultrasound scanning and biopsies by the same examiner and with the same equipment as in the earlier series. Methods. We evaluated 390 men, 274 (70.3%) of whom underwent sextant plus TZ biopsies for elevated PSA levels and an enlarged, non-nodular prostate; 116 (28.7%) underwent this biopsy strategy because of an elevated or rising PSA in whom prior sextant biopsies had not revealed cancer. Results. Of the 274 patients who underwent initial sextant biopsies plus anterior biopsies for an enlarged, non-nodular prostate, 49 (17.9%) were found to have adenocarcinoma and in only 4 (1.5%) did only the TZ biopsies reveal cancer. Of the 116 patients who underwent TZ biopsies after prior negative sextant biopsies, 36 (31.0%) were found to have prostate cancer and in 11 (9.5%) only the TZ biopsies demonstrated cancer. Conclusions. The cancer detection rate for sextant plus TZ biopsies in this contemporary series of patients presenting with enlarged, non-nodular prostates was substantially lower than the rate in earlier reports (1.5% compared with 36.9%), despite the consistency in the equipment and examining physician. This may have been due to the stage migration of prostate cancer, which has been observed as a result of the widespread use of PSA measurement for early detection. Sextant plus TZ biopsies are more productive in patients with prior negative biopsies who have a persistent clinical suspicion for prostate cancer on the basis of an elevated and/or rising PSA level.
First-person science inquiry in virtual ambient environments

Virtual ambients are a class of restricted simulations designed to support science inquiry learning among elementary school students. Virtual ambients employ large multi-user displays to support "first-person" collaborative exploration, data collection, and the construction of support for hypotheses in simulated environments. In order to reduce the cognitive load on learners, navigation--in space, time, and scale--is used instead of traditional learning simulations' direct control of independent model variables. Early experience with elementary school students at three grade levels is reported, employing a configurable virtual ambient named the Field.
Platelet integrin signaling: wherefore art thou?

In this issue of Blood , Mazzucato and colleagues demonstrate that collagen receptors GPVI and α2β1 integrin generate qualitatively distinct, independent calcium signals during platelet tethering and adhesion to collagen under flow conditions.[1][1] Rapid-spiking, short-lived, calcium signals
The effect of muscle length on motor unit discharge characteristics in human tibialis anterior muscle.

Muscle length influences the contractile properties of muscle in that when muscle is lengthened the relaxation phase of the muscle twitch is prolonged and when muscle is shortened, the relaxation phase is shorter in duration. As a result, the force exerted by active motor units varies with muscle length during voluntary contractions. To determine if motoneuron spike trains were adjusted to accommodate for changes in the contractile properties imposed by shortened and lengthened muscle, motor unit action potentials were recorded from the tibialis anterior muscle at different muscle lengths. Twenty subjects performed isometric ramp contractions at ankle angles of 20° dorsiflexion, neutral between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, and 30° plantar flexion, which put the tibialis anterior muscle in a shortened, neutral, or lengthened condition, respectively. During isometric contractions where torque increased at 5% MVC/s, motor unit discharge rate at recruitment was greater in shortened muscle than in lengthened muscle (P<0.05). Brief initial interspike intervals (<40 ms) occurred more frequently in shortened muscle than in either neutral length or lengthened muscle. During steady contractions, motor unit discharge rate was greater per unit torque (N.m) in shortened muscle than in neutral length or lengthened muscle (P<0.05). These findings indicate that muscle length does influence the discharge pattern of motor unit spike trains during isometric ramp contractions. Spike trains with higher discharge rates at recruitment in shortened muscle may take advantage of the catch-like properties in muscle and be useful in taking up the slack in the passive elements of the muscle and tendon. During steady submaximal contractions, the higher discharge rate per unit torque (N.m) in shortened muscle is likely due to the decreased peak tension and shorter one-half relaxation time observed in shortened muscle, and may indicate that the tibialis anterior muscle is operating on the steep portion of the length-tension curve when the ankle is fully dorsiflexed.
Effects of Repeated Oral Postnatal Exposure to Chlorpyrifos on Cholinergic Neurochemistry in Developing Rats

The neurochemical effects of repeated postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPS) were studied in developing rats. Rats were gavaged daily from postnatal day (PND) 1-21 with CPS in corn oil starting at 1.5 mg/kg (low dosage group) and increasing gradually to 3 mg/kg and then to 6 mg/kg (high dosage group). Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was significantly inhibited on PND 6, 12, 22, and 30, with maximum inhibition on PND 6 of 49 and 59% and recovering to 18 and 33% on PND 30 in the low and high dosage groups, respectively. On PND 22 and 30, 94% or greater of the inhibited ChE could not be reactivated by the oxime TMB-4 in both treatment groups, indicating aging of the phosphorylated ChE. Total muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) were reduced in a dose-related manner on PND 12 and 22, with substantial recovery by PND 30. M1/M3 mAChR were significantly reduced on PND 6 and 12 only in the high dosage group, and on PND 22 in both groups, while M2/M4 mAChR were reduced in the high dosage group on PND 22 and 30. On PND 30 choline acetyltransferase activity and vesicular acetylcholine transporter levels were decreased by 12 and 22%, respectively, only in the high dosage group. High-affinity choline transporter levels were decreased at all time points in the high dosage group and on PND 6, 22, and 30 in the low dosage group. The results presented here demonstrate that repeated postnatal exposures to CPS result in transient reductions of mAChR and more persistent alterations of presynaptic cholinergic neurons. In addition, the long-term reduction of brain ChE activity observed following repeated postnatal exposure to CPS is attributable to permanent inactivation or "aging" of the enzyme.
A qualitative comparison of primary care clinicians' and their patients' perspectives on achieving depression care: implications for improving outcomes.

Improving the patient experience of primary care is a stated focus of efforts to transform primary care practices into “Patient-centered Medical Homes” (PCMH) in the United States, yet understanding and promoting what defines a positive experience from the patient’s perspective has been de-emphasized relative to the development of technological and communication infrastructure at the PCMH. The objective of this qualitative study was to compare primary care clinicians’ and their patients’ perceptions of the patients’ experiences, expectations and preferences as they try to achieve care for depression. We interviewed 6 primary care clinicians along with 30 of their patients with a history of depressive disorder attending 4 small to medium-sized primary care practices from rural and urban settings. Three processes on the way to satisfactory depression care emerged: 1. a journey, often from fractured to connected care; 2. a search for a personal understanding of their depression; 3. creation of unique therapeutic spaces for treating current depression and preventing future episodes. Relative to patients’ observations regarding stigma’s effects on accepting a depression diagnosis and seeking treatment, clinicians tended to underestimate the presence and effects of stigma. Patients preferred clinicians who were empathetic listeners, while clinicians worried that discussing depression could open “Pandora’s box” of lengthy discussions and set them irrecoverably behind in their clinic schedules. Clinicians and patients agreed that somatic manifestations of mental distress impeded the patients’ ability to understand their suffering as depression. Clinicians reported supporting several treatment modalities beyond guideline-based approaches for depression, yet also displayed surface-level understanding of the often multifaceted support webs their patient described. Improving processes and outcomes in primary care may demand heightened ability to understand and measure the patients’ experiences, expectations and preferences as they receive primary care. Future research would investigate a potential mismatch between clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions of the effects of stigma on achieving care for depression, and on whether time spent discussing depression during the clinical visit improves outcomes. Improving care and outcomes for chronic disorders such as depression may require primary care clinicians to understand and support their patients’ unique ‘therapeutic spaces.’
Amino acid, potassium, and sulfate transport and incorporation by embryonic chick cartilage: the mechanism of the stimulatory effects of serum.

1. 1. Both protein synthesis and chondroitin sulfate synthesis in embryonic chick bone in vitro appear to be limited by amino acid transport: the stimulation by blood serum of amino acid transport is accompanied by stimulation of amino acid and sulfate incorporation; these effects are not seen if the stimulation of amino acid transpor is prevented by the presence of ouabain or by the absence of either sodium or potassium from the incubation medium. 2. 2. The serum factor which stimulates amino acid transport by embryonic bone in vitro is low or absent in serum from hypophysectomized rats. Injection of bovine growth hormone in these rats produces a temporary increase in the activity of the factor. We think it probable that the serum amino acid transport factor is identical to the serum sulfation factor of Salmon and Daughaday. 3. 3. The metabolic accumulation of diffusible potassium by embryonic chick bone requires sodium and is inhibited by ouabain but is not effected by serum. The accumulation of a non-diffusible potassium fraction is stimulated by serum and is inhibited, after a delay, by puromycin. In these respects, the non-diffusible potassium fraction resembles the non-diffusible sulfate fraction which corresponds to chondroitin sulfate.
LOCALIZATION OF A CORNEAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE GLYCOCONJUGATE IN BOVINE EYE

Lectin histochemistry was used to analyze the ocular surface basement membrane in order to identify novel, tissue-specific glycoconjugates. Soybean agglutinin (SBA), a lectin marker for N-acetylgalactosamine residues, recognized a 130 kDa glycoconjugate in corneal but not conjunctival basement membrane. Following corneal epithelial cell wounding in vitro, the glycoconjugate was not expressed at the epithelial cell-stromal interface until 72–96 h in culture, much later than the expression of other basement membrane molecules. In epithelial cells maintained on various extracellular matrix substrates (laminin, collagen type IV, or a mixture of laminin, collagen type IV and heparan sulfate proteoglycan), the glycoconjugate localization patterns changed with time in culture from a diffuse cellular or perinuclear ring to an extensive extracellular filament network. The presence of SBA in the culture medium did not affect migration or adhesion in either the wound healing model or in cultured cells. However, the ...
Research pertaining to the singing voice 1925‐50

(1953). Research pertaining to the singing voice 1925‐50. Central States Speech Journal: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 19-30.