cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting moving targets in SAR imagery by using a phase-error correction algorithm

Motion of a target induces phase errors in a synthetic-aperture (SAR) signal (phase) history that cause the image of the moving target to be smeared in azimuth. We can detect the presence of a moving target by sensing the smearing, as follows. We divide the complex image of a scene that includes a moving target into a grid of patches, and apply a phase-error correction algorithm to each patch. We have used the shear averaging phase-error correction algorithm. Patches that have large phase errors are likely to contain the image of a moving target. We also compute the sharpness of the image in the patch before and after phase-error correction; an increase in sharpness indicates the presence of a moving target, and it is a better indicator than the magnitude of the phase error. This approach requires just a single-antenna conventional SAR system. It is highly sensitive to the azimuth component of target velocity and to radial acceleration.
Contrapuntal Composition in a Muwashshah Family, or Variations On a Panegyric Theme'

The unique structural qualities of the Andalusi strophic poem (muwashshah or zajal) lent itself to a type of poetic interaction called muārada, commonly translated as "literary imitation." By composing within the parameters of an already established metrical, rhythmic, and melodic scheme, as well as sometimes sharing the final lines of the poem (the kharja), poets opened up a dialogue with their audience, and/or their fellow poets. However, these "imitations" were more than simplistic copies of of one another composed for virtuosic show. When executed well, a muārada provided a variation, praise, parody, response, or combination of these, of the original work, which would not be lost on the audience familiar with the form. In this paper, I will examine three strophic pocms that share a common kharja, in addition to elements of thematic development, rhyme scheme, and metrical patterns. In our set, we have what appears to be three panegyrics -a muwashshah composed in classical Arabic, a muwashshah-like zajal in Andalusī colloquial Arabic, and a muwashshah in Hebrew. Through a close reading of the poems, I will show that despite their shared features and surface similarities, they are, in fact, quite distinct in language, tone, and purpose, thus calling into question their generic designation as panegyric poems.
An expansion of Simons' integrated hypothesis of trigger point formation.

Simons’ integrated hypothesis proposed a model of trigger point (TrP) activation to explain known TrP phenomena, particularly endplate noise. We propose an expansion of this hypothesis to account for new experimental data and established muscle pathophysiology.
pp Interactions at 303 GeV c : Multiplicity and Total Cross Section

In an exposure of the 30-in. hydrogen bubble chamber to a $303\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ proton beam, 2245 interactions have been observed. The measured total cross section is 39.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 mb and the average charged particle multiplicity $〈{n}_{\mathrm{ch}}〉=8.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16$.
Measurement of relaxation time constants for methyl groups by proton-detected heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Experimental schemes are described that allow proton-detected NMR spectroscopy to measure accurately 13 C spin—lattice relaxation time constants of methyl groups. By using magic angle pulses in DEPT-base sequences, or analogously tuned delays in INEPT-based sequences, contributions to the observed NMR signal are eliminated that would otherwise complicate the measurement of the desired time constants. Experimental verification of the proposed techniques is provided by measurements on sodium acetate and on a peptide.
SURVEILLANCE PROBLEMS: WIENER PROCESSES,

Abstract : Resuls are given for the case of a production process which behaves as a Wiener process. Some of the results applicable to the Wiener case as well as the Poisson case are stated; others are extended to the present case. (Author)
Standardization of Cesium-137 Gamma-Ray Sources in Terms of Exposure Units (Roentgens).

137Cs γ-ray sources, which have been proposed by the Public Health Service as a substitute for radium in the treatment of malignant diseases, require suitable calibration if consistency is to be achieved in radiation treatment. Several 137Cs sources were calibrated using a graphite cavity ionization chamber in an open-air geometry. The contribution of scatter from the room surfaces was calculated and the source measurements corrected for this effect. A large-volume aluminum-walled ionization chamber was designed and fabricated for use in routine calibrations. This chamber will be used as a means for intercomparison of the source to be calibrated with one of the standards.
A Fast Algorithm for Generating Reduced Ground Rewriting Systems from a Set of Ground Equations

In this paper we give a fast method for generating reduced sets of rewrite rules equivalent to a given set of ground equations. Since reduced sets of ground rewrite rules are in fact canonical, this is an efficient Knuth-Bendix procedure for the ground case. The dominant cost of the algorithm is for congruence closure, so the method runs in O(n log n) time and quadratic space, or in O(n (log n)2) time and linear space, where n is the number of occurrences of symbols in the original set of ground equations E. We also show how our method provides a precise characterization of the (finite) collection of all reduced sets of rewrite rules equivalent to a given ground set of equations E, and prove that our algorithm is complete in the sense that it can enumerate every member of this collection. Finally, we show that a modified version of this procedure can produce a reduced ground rewriting system contained in the lexicographic path ordering generated by a given total precedence ordering on the symbols of E , still in a worst-case time of O(n log n).
Architecting social TV

Video consumption patterns continue to change with consumers relying more and more on on-demand Internet video and portable devices rather than traditional TV services. This new form of video service delivery and consumption makes possible more interactive and social experiences for video consumers, commonly referred to as Social TV services. This paper presents an overview of technologies and guidelines for the development of Social TV applications. A prototype using three core technologies, WebRTC, DASH, and WebSocket was developed to understand the challenges and demonstrate the feasibility of such applications.
Use of aminopeptidase substrate specificities to identify species of Cylindrocladium in Wisconsin nurseries

Evaluation of an aminopeptidase assay indicated that this technique can be used to distinguish species of Cylindrocladium. Percent hydrolysis of 19 aminopeptidase substrates was determined for 22 isolates of known species identity. Discriminant analysis was used to develop models for identifying isolates of unknown species of Cylindrocladium from diseased conifer seedlings in Wisconsin nurseries. Both C. scoparium and C. floridanum were present in two nurseries.
Extensions of infinitesimal perturbation analysis

An extension of the concept of perturbation analysis (PA) is introduced that can be applied to cases where sample path discontinuity with respect to system parameters has prevented the application of simple PA rules. Both Markov and generalized semi-Markov processes are considered. The robustness of the extended PA is examined and it is found to be sufficiently robust. >
GENETIC PREDICTORS OF COMMON DISEASE : APOLIPOPROTEIN E GENOTYPE AS A PARADIGM

Abstract PURPOSE: Genetic variation of a common genetic polymorphism at the structural locus for apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been associated with risk of elevated serum lipids, coronary artery disease, and Alzheimer disease, all of which are multifactoral disorders and are inherited in a complex fashion. Although the apoE polymorphism is only one risk factor in a complex pattern of inheritance, it gives us a foothold into the understanding of the genetic architecture of these disorders. However, apoE also exemplifies the complications that can arise in the use of genetic markers to predict disease. This paper considers the study of apolipoprotein E genotype effects as an example of the following analytical complications: changes in allele frequencies and allele effects with age, pleiotrophic effects of genetic loci, the existence of more than one alternative allele at a locus, and the expectation of a variety of interactions. METHODS: Publications that exemplify these complications are cited and discussed. No original analyses are presented. RESULTS: There is evidence that the relative frequency of the apoE ϵ4 allele declines with age after the sixth decade of life and that the effects of the APOE allele on lipids also may be age-dependent. Grouping of genotypes may not accurately characterize the effects of individual genotypes. Interactions between APOE genotype and a number of factors, including family history of dementia, are demonstrated for the effects of APOE in Alzheimer disease as well as for the effects of apoE on serum lipids. CONCLUSION: Careful attention must be paid to these and other analytical issues when genotype is a predictor.
Determination of trace and platinum-group elements in high ionic-strength volcanic fluids by sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

The accurate measurement of ultra-trace concentrations of rare metals and platinum group elements in volcanic fluids is complicated by interferences, complex matrices, and preferential element partitioning. We analyzed condensed, high-temperature magmatic fluids collected from Kudryavy volcano (Kurile Islands, Russia) for Be, B, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Cd, W, Re, Pt, Pb, Bi, and U using ICP-MS. The samples had three different matrices: 5 mol L–1 sodium hydroxide (NaOH, pH = 11), gas condensates of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, pH = 0), and solid elemental sulfur. Interferences and suppression/enhancement effects were investigated using standards in concentrated NaOH and H2SO4 solutions to determine adequate dilution for sample analyses, which then required very low levels of element detection (< 1 μg L–1 for most elements). Depending on the field sampling technique of volcanic gas vents, our results show significant differences in concentrations of some trace elements due to the precipitation of solid sulfur during gas condensation and variations in element volatility as a function of temperature.
Actuarial and reproductive senescence in a long-lived seabird: preliminary evidence.

The evolutionary theory of aging predicts that pelagic seabirds, which have low extrinsic mortality, should show exceptional longevity. These taxa appear to show the lowest rates of actuarial senescence among birds yet display declining reproductive performance at advanced ages. We have studied survival and reproduction of Nazca boobies (Sula granti) in the remote Galapagos Islands since 1984. We found a slight but detectable increase in mortality rate in the oldest (> or =19 yrs) cohort, indicating minimal actuarial senescence. The probability of successful reproduction (eggs or fledglings) declined from mid-life to the age of the oldest cohort. We are currently investigating the causal relationship between physical (foraging) performance, components of reproductive success, and longevity at our pristine study site.
A computational procedure for obtaining the poles of a spherical harmonic of order N; Application to the multipole expansion of electrostatic interaction

Abstract The solution for the poles of a general spherical surface harmonic is analyzed with application to the multipole calculation for the interaction of two charge distributions. The theoretical advantages are discussed and have been verified in test calculations using a FORTRAN program available on request.
On "supplemental therapeutic oxygen for prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (STOP-ROP), a randomized, controlled trial. I: Primary outcomes".

ly complex and labor-intensive randomized trial undertaken to determine whether supplemental oxygen administered when prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was diagnosed could prevent ROP from progressing to threshold. The overall results of the trial, considered from both its ophthalmic and neonatal aspects, are negative. Although the study shows a small beneficial effect in preventing the supplemented group from reaching threshold (41% vs 48%, Table 5 in the study), it is not statistically significant (CI = 0.52-1.01). On the other hand, infants from the supplemented group experienced an increase in the duration of hospitalization, chronic lung disease exacerbation, pneumonia, and the number of medications given for chronic lung disease compared with infants from the nonsupplemented group. Obviously, this was an unanticipated result of the study. It would appear from Table 2 in the study that these infants were uniformly matched with regard to their baseline specifications at randomization, which occurred when they reached prethreshold. This is particularly important with regard to their respiratory disease, since the supplemented arm contains an excess of 21 males (196 vs 175). Males are susceptible to worse respiratory outcomes. We do not know from the data presented whether the two cohorts’ respiratory status was equivalent during the first weeks of life. These discordant ophthalmic and respiratory outcomes present special difficulties in interpretation. The lack of robust evidence that the intervention, in this case supplemental oxygen, was not as effective as hoped for is not the same as evidence that it was ineffective. Indeed, a post hoc analysis of a subgroup of supplemented infants, those without “plus disease,” showed a strong positive effect of less progression to threshold (32% vs 46%, P = .004). This result alone suggests that the therapy with supplemental oxygen was given too late in the course of the development of ROP and strongly suggests a need for another study. In this study, it appears that the original sample size goal of 880 enrolled infants was not met. Multiple factors are advanced to support the Data Monitoring and Safety Committee’s decision to curtail the enrollment by 24% (to a target of 633 enrolled infants) and settle for a lesser power (83%) to detect a 33% fall in progression to threshold in the treated group, from 30% to 20%. The principal factor was probably the familiar overestimate of the individual study centers’ enrollment capabilities within a manageable length of time. This is the biological analogue of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle in physics: the condition under study fades away as soon as the decision to rigorously study it is made. In light of the outcome of the
The Arg7Lys Mutant of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Exhibits Great Flexibility of Active Site Loop 47-56 of the A Subunit

The heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli (LT) is a member of the cholera toxin family. These and other members of the larger class of AB5 bacterial toxins act through catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of various intracellular targets including Gs alpha. The A subunit is responsible for this covalent modification, while the B pentamer is involved in receptor recognition. We report here the crystal structure of an inactive single-site mutant of LT in which arginine 7 of the A subunit has been replaced by a lysine residue. The final model contains 103 residues for each of the five B subunits, 175 residues for the A1 subunit, and 41 residues for the A2 subunit. In this Arg7Lys structure the active site cleft within the A subunit is wider by approximately 1 A than is seen in the wild-type LT. Furthermore, a loop near the active site consisting of residues 47-56 is disordered in the Arg7Lys structure, even though the new lysine residue at position 7 assumes a position which virtually coincides with that of Arg7 in the wild-type structure. The displacement of residues 47-56 as seen in the mutant structure is proposed to be necessary for allowing NAD access to the active site of the wild-type LT. On the basis of the differences observed between the wild-type and Arg7Lys structures, we propose a model for a coordinated sequence of conformational changes required for full activation of LT upon reduction of disulfide bridge 187-199 and cleavage of the peptide loop between the two cysteines in the A subunit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Temporal and spatial distribution of immunoreactive PER1 and PER2 proteins in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peri-suprachiasmatic region of the diurnal grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains the primary circadian pacemaker in both diurnal and nocturnal mammals. The lower subparaventricular zone (LSPV) immediately dorsal to the SCN may also play an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The SCN contains a multitude of oscillator cells that generate circadian rhythms through transcriptional/translational feedback loops involving a set of clock genes including per1 and per2. Little is known about the temporal and spatial features of the proteins encoded by these genes in day-active mammals. The first objective of this study was to characterize the expression of PER1 and PER2 in the SCN of a diurnal rodent, the unstriped Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). The second objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that a molecular clock could exist in the LSPV, where endogenous rhythms in Fos expression are seen in grass rats but not in laboratory rats. Animals were kept on a 12:12 light/dark cycle and perfused at 4-h intervals, and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of PER1 and PER2. Both proteins were seen in the SCN where they peaked early in the dark phase, providing further evidence that the differences between diurnal and nocturnal patterns of behavior emerge from mechanisms lying downstream from the pacemaker within the SCN. Rhythmic expression of PER1 and PER2 was also seen in the LSPV providing support for the hypothesis that this region might participate in circadian time keeping in the diurnal grass rat. In addition, rhythms were seen lateral to the LSPV and the SCN. Results of this study are discussed in light of similarities and differences in the circadian time-keeping systems of day- and night-active animals.
Monte Carlo study of diblock copolymers in dilute solution

We investigate the conformational changes of symmetric diblock copolymer molecules in dilute athermal solvent due to chemical mismatch between the two blocks using Monte Carlo simulations. Renormalization group calculations based on the two parameter model predict that the effects of chemical mismatch on the size of diblocks appear only as corrections to scaling and that the value of the exponent governing the correction to scaling for the mean squared end-to-end distance of the molecule is 0.225. However, our results show that for strongly incompatable monomers the value of this exponent is much larger. We also find that the chemical mismatch causes the diblock molecule to assume a dumbbell shaped conformation and that the shape changes induced by the chemical mismatch obey a novel scaling relation
Mortality and morbidity rates of patients older and younger than 75 years with acute myocardial infarction treated with intravenous streptokinase.

The influence of patient age on mortality risk and on the incidence of serious hemorrhagic complications after treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with intravenous streptokinase (SK) and heparin was examined in 120 consecutive patients. No upper age limit was set for patient inclusion. The mortality rate increased abruptly in patients aged 75 years or older such that the 24 patients in that age group had a 10-fold higher in-hospital mortality rate (33% vs 3%) and 1-year mortality rate (42% vs 4%) than the 96 patients younger than 75 years. This increased mortality rate in the elderly patients was related to a 2-fold higher incidence of major hemorrhagic complications (24% vs 11%) and an increased incidence of anterior AMI, healed prior AMI, multiple-vessel coronary artery disease and extensive myocardial necrosis estimated by peak creatine kinase-MB. Hemorrhagic complications were more frequent in women than in men and in patients with diabetes mellitus or systemic hypertension; all of these conditions were more prevalent in patients aged 75 years and older than in those younger than 75 years. In contrast, the incidence of hemorrhagic complications in nondiabetic elderly men (1 of 12) was similar to the incidence of bleeding in the patients younger than 75 years. Based on our data and those from other studies reporting no reduction in mortality in elderly patients with AMI who are treated with intravenous SK, it is recommended that patients aged 75 years or older should not be routinely treated with intravenous SK. This recommendation appears to be especially pertient for elderly women and those with a history of diabetes mellitus or systemic hypertension. The role of intravenous SK for treatment of AMI in nondiabetic, nonhypertensive elderly men may warrant further study because our data suggest that in such patients intravenous SK is reasonably safe.
Redundancy and joint limits of a seven degree of freedom upper limb exoskeleton

The seven degree of freedom arm model is widely used in robotics, computer graphics, and much more. For wearable robotic systems, which are subject to joint limits, it is desirable to relate the joint limits to the redundantly of the system. A brief review of the arm model, redundant space and kinematics is presented. Following this review a closed form method is developed calculate the interval of the swivel angle (which characterizes the redundancy) that produces arm configurations that stay within joint limits.
Diffraction of orbital angular momentum carrying optical beams by a circular aperture

Far field diffraction of Laguerre–Gauss vortex (LGV) beams of different angular momentum index by a circular aperture placed at different locations with respect to incident beam waist is studied experimentally. The experiments reveal a surprisingly simple structure for the diffraction pattern and its dependence on the orbital angular momentum index of the incident beam when the aperture size is small compared to the beam radius.
A qualitative study of problem solving and diabetes control in type 2 diabetes self-management.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and compare diabetes-related problem solving in urban African Americans in good and poor diabetes control. Methods Two focus groups were conducted, one with participants in good diabetes control and one with participants in poor control. Based on a theoretical model, focus group interview questions were designed to elicit responses about 3 aspects of diabetes-related problem solving: (1) problem-solving orientation, (2) problem-solving process, and (3) transfer of past experience. Transcripts were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis software program, and expert panel members independently reviewed responses and coding. Results The primary types of problems with diabetes self-management were similar in the good control and poor control groups. Predominant problem-solving themes in the good control group reflected a positive orientation toward diabetes self-management and problem solving, a rational problem-solving process, and a positive transfer of past experience. In contrast, predominant themes in the poor control group revealed a negative orientation, careless and avoidant problem-solving processes, and negative transfer of past learning to new situations. Conclusions The problem-solving model may help identify ineffective problem-solving patterns in persons with poor diabetes control. Empirical studies testing the model are warranted.
Survey on structure-based case retrieval

The main components of case-based reasoning are case retrieval and case reuse. While case retrieval mostly uses attribute comparisons, many other possibilities exist. The case similarity concepts described in the literature that are based on more elaborate structural properties are classified here into five groups: restricted geometric relationships; graphs; semantic nets; model-based similarities; hierarchically structured similarities. Some general topics conclude this survey on structure-based case retrieval methods and systems.
Clonal heterogeneity in populations of normal cells and tumor cells

Abstract A review of published literature indicates that heterogeneity within populations of mammalian cells has been repeatedly observed and frequently modeled. However, heterogeneity is not well enough understood to ameliorate its consequences in populations of tumor cells. Our own experimental observations, using time lapse photogeaphy, indicate that when murine erythroleukemia cells are induced to terminally differentiate the distribution of life times of unrelated cells becomes more heterogeneous and that of sister cells become more similar. Time lapse photography of NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts reveals that the human ras oncogene decreases the similarity of life times of sister cells and increases the similarity of mother-daughter cells. Observations of colony sizes also detect heterogeneity heterogeneity of cell life times within a population. Inspite of this heterogeneity, cell growth rates apparently persist when primary colonies are recloned and allowed to form secondary colonies since the sizes of secondary colonies resemble each other and the primary colony from which they were derived. The ras oncogene weakens the persistence of cell growth rates since it increases the variance of sizes between related secondary colonies. These observations have led to the development of a new divided-colony assay for detecting the response of heterogeneous tumor cell populations to chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro . In order to better understand observations of clonal heterogeneity a growth rate diffusion model is outlined. In this model the growth rate of daughter cells takes a random walk away from the growth rate of mother cells. Criteria are suggested for evaluating this model, and other models for describing heterogeneity within proliferating populations. Several open questions are presented concerning our understanding of clonal heterogeneity of normal and tumor cells.
NAFTA and member country strategies for maritime trade and marine invasive species

Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While some attention has focused on ballast water, virtually none is focused on biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both pollution vectors. The strategies to address the vectors are induced by incentive mechanisms involving liability, subsidies and taxes. Results show these offer ample incentives in order to truly foster abatement of both vectors. Data from North America's Pacific coast is included in the analysis.
GABA Catabolism: Localization of Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase in Brain Motor and Sensory Nuclei

The localization of brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, a specific gamma-aminobutyric acid degradative enzyme, could potentially yield valuable information concerning the function of the enzyme. Application of a new histochemical technique for this enzyme has revealed characteristic patterns of neuronal staining that are contsistent within embryologically and functionally similar nuclei of the brainstem of the rat.
Morpholino monolayers: preparation and label-free DNA analysis by surface hybridization.

Surface hybridization, a reaction in which nucleic acid molecules in solution react with nucleic acid partners immobilized on a surface, is widely practiced in life science research. In these applications the immobilized partner, or “probe”, is typically single-stranded DNA. Because DNA is strongly charged, high salt conditions are required to enable binding between analyte nucleic acids (“targets”) in solution and the DNA probes. High salt, however, compromises prospects for label-free monitoring or control of the hybridization reaction through surface electric fields; it also stabilizes secondary structure in target species that can interfere with probe−target recognition. In this work, initial steps toward addressing these challenges are taken by introducing morpholinos, a class of uncharged DNA analogues, for surface-hybridization applications. Monolayers of morpholino probes on gold supports can be fabricated with methods similar to those employed with DNA and are shown to hybridize efficiently and s...
Intermittent, Alternating, and Concurrent Regimens of Zidovudine and 2′-3′dideoxycytidine in the LP-BM5 Murine Induced Immunodeficiency Model

The murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency model, LP-BM5, was used to evaluate the efficacy of intermittent and alternating regimens of zidovudine (azido-2'-3'dideoxythymidine; AZT) and 2'-3' dideoxycytidine (ddC) compared with continuous and concurrent therapy. Intermittent oral AZT therapy was less effective in protecting mice inoculated with LP-BM5 virus than was continuous oral AZT therapy. Continuous oral ddC therapy (80 mg/kg/day) increased survival time an average of 3.5 weeks (P less than .001) compared with that in untreated LP-BM5-infected mice. Alternating weekly AZT and ddC therapy, which increased survival time 3.5 weeks (P less than .001), was more effective than either therapy administered intermittently, although not additive or synergistic. Concurrent AZT and ddC therapy was no more effective than continuous AZT therapy alone in this model, with a 4.4-week increase in survival time (P less than .001).
The influence of surface desorption on tritium recovery and inventory in fusion solid breeders

In previous work, models were developed to describe the roles of bulk diffusion and solubility in tritium recovery and inventory in tritium-breeding ceramics (e.g., Li 2 O and LiA1O 2 ) for fusion reactor blankets. These models were tested against the data from closed-capsule (e.g., FUBR-lA) and purge-flow (e.g., TRIO) tests with varying degrees of success, depending on the breeder microstructure and the chemistry of the gas phase in and around the ceramic breeding material. In this paper, the role of surface adsorption/desorption is explored to better understand the conditions under which this mechanism is rate-limiting for tritium release and makes a significant contribution to the tritium inventory. The surface adsorption data for several oxides (e.g., Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 0 3 , Ti0 2 , ZnO, and SiO 2 ) are reviewed. A model for chemisorption and physisorption (Type II) of water vapor onto solid surfaces is developed, with the constants in the model chosen to match the Al 2 O 3 data. Model predictions are then compared to data from closed- and open-capsule tests.
A Note on the Solubility of Progesterone in Aqueous Polyethylene Glycol 400

AbstractThe solubility curve of progesterone in aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 at ambient room temperature (∼25°C) is bimodal, a break occurring at approximately 60% w/w PEG.It is speculated that the presence of unbound water in the PEG 400/water system depresses the solubility of progesterone in PEG 400 disproportionately.
67 TEMPERAMENTAL PROFILE OF ATTENTIONALLY DISORDERED MALE CHILDREN

A temperamental rating scale, Parent Impression of Temperamental Traits (PITT), was completed by parents of 6 and 7 y.o. attentionally disordered males (n=17) and age/sex matched controls (N=17) to determine if the two groups varied with regard to 9 standard temperamental variables. The experimental group was defined as attentionally disordered by a multidisciplinary team on the basis of objective evidence of attentional inefficiency on a Matching Faces Attention Task (MFAT) and history of attentional weakness by report of parent and teacher on standardized questionnaires. Controls showed no evidence of attention weaknesses on the MFAT or questionnaires. Parent ratings on the PITT generated raw scores for each temperamental variable that correlated with the Carey Behavioral Style Questionnaire for all characteristics except mood. Means and SD were calculated for the 9 variables for both groups and univariate t-values derived. The experimental group differed from the control on 6 variables: high activity level (t= 3.829,p<.01); low persistence (t=3.323,p<.01); high threshold (t= 3.723,p<.01); irregular rhythmicity (t=2.138,p<.05); slow adaptability (t=2.490,p<.05); high distractibility (t=2.192,p<.05). This temperamental profile differs from those described for clinically similar MBD, learning disabled and “difficult” children. These results suggest that a structured characterization of a child's temperamental profile can facilitate differentiation of these categories and thereby enhance treatment specificity.
Influence of Cooled Interstellar Gas on the Fundamental Plane for Elliptical Galaxies

We explore the possibly important influence of cooled interstellar gas on the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies. Interstellar cooling is described by a parameterized sink term in the equation of continuity. Parameters that give the best fits to the X-ray observations of NGC 4472 are used as a template for the radial distribution of interstellar cooling in structurally homologous elliptical galaxies of lower mass. Gas that cools within an effective radius can contribute an additional 10 - 30 percent to the mass of the old stellar population. If the cooled gas forms into stars of very low mass, $\ll M_{\odot}$, as is commonly assumed, the cooled mass is optically dark. As a result, the mass to light ratios determined from stellar velocities systematically overestimate that of the old stellar population. Moreover, the total mass and spatial distribution of the optically dark young stellar population does not scale homologously with galactic luminosity or radius and the total stellar mass to light ratio varies with galactic radius. We investigate the non-homologous perturbations of cooled gas on the mass to light ratio for several idealized homologous elliptical galaxies and show that they appear to be incompatible with the observed thinness of the fundamental plane. If optically luminous young stars formed from the cooled gas, the disturbance of the fundamental plane would be lessened.
Gastrointestinal motility following small bowel obstruction in the opossum.

The motility of the gastrointestinal tract of six opossums with total and four with partial small bowel obstruction was evaluated. Following the establishment of small bowel obstruction, the migrating myoelectric complex was substituted by a new pattern which was characterized by periods of intense spike activity interspersed with quiescent periods. In the experiments with total intestinal obstruction, the frequency and duration of the periods of intense spike activity were related to the recording site and the time after establishment of intestinal obstruction. The frequency of spike bursts in the ileum proximal and distal to the obstruction was the greatest in the first 2 days after the establishment of the obstruction, while in the antrum and proximal small bowel, the frequency of bursts of spike potentials increased gradually from the first to the fourth postobstruction day (P < 0.01). However, there was no change in the frequency, duration, and localization of periods of intense spike activity during the 5 days following the establishment of partial intestinal obstruction. We concluded that following intestinal obstruction, the migrating myoelectric complex is substituted by a myoelectric pattern that is characterized by periods of intense spike activity interspersed with quiescent periods. In the animals with total intestinal obstruction, the periods of increased motility are initially more frequent in the bowel proximal and distal to the obstruction and afterwards in the stomach and upper small bowel.
Toward a Sociology of Racial Conceptualization for the 21st Century

Summary of Empirical Findings The interview results described here begin to sketch the range and nuance of contemporary American racial concepts that researchers are likely to encounter. Students’ open-ended definitions of race touched on three primary modes of defining race: as cultural grouping, biological entity or social construct (see Dubriwny, Bates and Bevan 2004 for a similar typology). These approaches were not necessarily mutually exclusive; in particular, interviewees often combined arguments about culture and biology when describing their understandings of race. Despite this fluidity, disagreement did surface: when asked directly whether biological races exist, students were almost evenly divided.The least useful perspectives for thinking about race appeared to be the constructionist lens and the related discrimination-cognizant frame. In defining race, less than a fifth of the respondents developed a constructionist line of argument, and even fewer inserted one when grappling with
Dysregulated fear predicts social wariness and social anxiety symptoms during kindergarten.

Fearful temperament is associated with risk for the development of social anxiety disorder in childhood; however, not all fearful children become anxious. Identifying maladaptive trajectories is thus important for clarifying which fearful children are at risk. In an unselected sample of 111 two-year-olds (55% male, 95% Caucasian), Buss (2011) identified a pattern of fearful behavior, dysregulated fear, characterized by high fear in low threat situations. This pattern of behavior predicted parent- and teacher-reported withdrawn/anxious behaviors in preschool and at kindergarten entry. The current study extended original findings and examined whether dysregulated fear predicted observed social wariness with adults and peers, and social anxiety symptoms at age 6. We also examined prosocial adjustment during kindergarten as a moderator of the link between dysregulated fear and social wariness. Consistent with predictions, children with greater dysregulated fear at age 2 were more socially wary of adults and u...
Healthcare I: a discrete-event simulation application for clinics serving the poor

Healthcare management operates in an environment of aggressive pricing, tough competition, and rapidly changing guidelines. Computer simulation models are increasingly used by large healthcare institutions to meet these challenges. However, small healthcare facilities serving the poor are equally in need of meeting these challenges but lack the finances and personnel required to develop and implement their own simulation solutions. An academic medical center, healthcare facilities that serve the poor, and the local public health department formed a unique partnership to create low-cost tools to meet these challenges. This article describes the creation of a low-cost, generic, discrete-event simulation model populated by a workflow observation Excel spreadsheet that can be completed by clinic staff themselves, thus "customizing" the simulation model for their own purposes. This initial model focuses on childhood immunization delivery services; the intent is to develop a tool flexible enough to serve other health services delivery needs as well.
Treatment of Oral Cavity Venous Malformations with the Nd:YAG Laser Using the Underwater Technique

Mucosal involvement of venous malformations can cause bleeding, pain, and functional impairment. Treatment options include surgery, sclerotherapy, or laser therapy. Neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Yag) laser therapy has been used to treat mucosal disease, but few studies have focused purely on the oral cavity. We present a retrospective review of 4 patients (5 subsites) with oral cavity venous malformations treated with the Nd:YAG laser using an underwater technique. Photographs of the venous malformations before and after treatment were evaluated by 2 blinded physicians. A visual analog scale was used to rate the treatment. The medical record was reviewed to assess change in symptoms and to note complications. Four sites were rated as having "significant improvement" and 1 site as "some improvement." Our study demonstrates that the Nd:YAG laser can be a feasible option in the treatment of venous malformations of the oral cavity.
Development of educational software for beam loading analysis using pen-based user interfaces

Most engineering software tools use typical menu-based user interfaces, and they may not be suitable for learning tools because the solution processes are hidden and students can only see the results. An educational tool for simple beam analyses is developed using a pen-based user interface with a computer so students can write and sketch by hand. The geometry of beam sections is sketched, and a shape matching technique is used to recognize the sketch. Various beam loads are added by sketching gestures or writing singularity functions. Students sketch the distributions of the loadings by sketching the graphs, and they are automatically checked and the system provides aids in grading the graphs. Students receive interactive graphical feedback for better learning experiences while they are working on solving the problems.
A mode elimination technique to improve convergence of iteration methods for finding solitary waves

We extend the key idea behind the generalized Petviashvili method of T.I. Lakoba, J. Yang, A generalized Petviashvili iteration method for scalar and vector Hamiltonian equations with arbitrary form of nonlinearity, J. Comput. Phys., this issue, doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.06.009] by proposing a novel technique based on a similar idea. This technique systematically eliminates from the iteratively obtained solution a mode that is "responsible" either for the divergence or the slow convergence of the iterations. We demonstrate, theoretically and with examples, that this mode elimination technique can be used both to obtain some nonfundamental solitary waves and to considerably accelerate convergence of various iteration methods. As a collateral result, we compare the linearized iteration operators for the generalized Petviashvili method and the well-known imaginary-time evolution method and explain how their different structures account for the differences in the convergence rates of these two methods.
Analysis of timing recovery for multi-Gbps PAM transceivers

The increasing data rates for many short distance (<1 m PCB) chip-to-chip links are exceeding the bandwidth limitation of the channel. With the sharp channel roll-off for many applications, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) has emerged as a means for improved channel efficiency. The modulation impacts both voltage and timing margins for the signal. Timing recovery in particular increases in complexity. This paper reviews various timing recovery methods for PAM signals and how the limited bandwidth affects the timing margin and timing recovery.
Pruning-based energy-optimal device scheduling for hard real-time systems

Dynamic power management (DPM) provides a simple, elegant and flexible method for reducing energy consumption in embedded real-time systems. However, I/O-centric DPM techniques have been studied largely for non-real-time environments. We present an offline device scheduling technique for real-time systems that generates an energy-optimal device schedule for a given task set while guaranteeing that all real-time deadlines are met. Our method takes as inputs a task set and a device-usage list for each task, and it schedules the tasks such that the energy consumed by the set of I/O devices is minimized. We compare our algorithm to an exhaustive enumeration method and show that the proposed algorithm is very efficient in terms of memory usage and computation time. We also present case studies to show that I/O-centric DPM methods can result in significant energy savings.
snRNAs Contain Specific SMN-Binding Domains That Are Essential for snRNP Assembly

To serve in its function as an assembly machine for spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein complex binds directly to the Sm proteins and the U snRNAs. A specific domain unique to U1 snRNA, stem-loop 1 (SL1), is required for SMN complex binding and U1 snRNP Sm core assembly. Here, we show that each of the major spliceosomal U snRNAs (U2, U4, and U5), as well as the minor splicing pathway U11 snRNA, contains a domain to which the SMN complex binds directly and with remarkable affinity (low nanomolar concentration). The SMN-binding domains of the U snRNAs do not have any significant nucleotide sequence similarity yet they compete for binding to the SMN complex in a manner that suggests the presence of at least two binding sites. Furthermore, the SMN complex-binding domain and the Sm site are both necessary and sufficient for Sm core assembly and their relative positions are critical for snRNP assembly. These findings indicate that the SMN complex stringently scrutinizes RNAs for specific structural features that are not obvious from the sequence of the RNAs but are required for their identification as bona fide snRNAs. It is likely that this surveillance capacity of the SMN complex ensures assembly of Sm cores on the correct RNAs only and prevents illicit, potentially deleterious, assembly of Sm cores on random RNAs.
Magnetic properties of extremely small Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

Magnetic properties of small Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets were investigated. Thickness of surface damaged layer, which shows low coercivity and causes the deterioration in magnetic properties, was found to be comparable to mean grain size of sintered bodies. Magnets with small grains of around 5 /spl mu/m showed rather higher magnetic performance after machining into small pieces with a surface area/volume ratio of 20-35 mm/sup -1/. Chemical etching with a nitric acid solution was effective in partial recovery of magnetic properties through bringing slightly higher coercivity of surface grains. Heat treatment at higher temperatures than the melting point of Nd-rich phase and subsequent aging enhanced the coercivity of surface grains. Coating with powders of Dy/sub 2/O/sub 3/, DyF/sub 3/, or TbF/sub 3/ before the heat treatment resulted in a great enhancement in coercivity without significant reduction in remanence.
Employment and Parenting

SYNOPSISA diverse set of research literatures address how parenting and child development may be influenced by a parent’s employment status, and by the stable occupational characteristics and daily work experiences of parents who hold jobs.
Dimeric Arrangement of the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor and a Structural Mechanism for Ligand-induced Dissociation

The parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP). Little is known about the oligomeric state of the receptor and its regulation by hormone. The crystal structure of the ligand-free PTH1R extracellular domain (ECD) reveals an unexpected dimer in which the C-terminal segment of both ECD protomers forms an α-helix that mimics PTH/PTHrP by occupying the peptide binding groove of the opposing protomer. ECD-mediated oligomerization of intact PTH1R was confirmed in living cells by bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. As predicted by the structure, PTH binding disrupted receptor oligomerization. A receptor rendered monomeric by mutations in the ECD retained wild-type PTH binding and cAMP signaling ability. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that PTH1R forms constitutive dimers that are dissociated by ligand binding and that monomeric PTH1R is capable of activating G protein.
Annular lens soft aperture for high power laser systems

Theoretical studies are reported of a simple annular lens soft aperture (ALSA) constructed of laser glass or quartz that does not damage at the pulse energies encountered in a high power amplifier system. To characterize the effect of this lens on laser beams a series of calculations were done with a laser pulse propagation code. (MHR)