cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge-based search and multi-objective filters: proposed structural models of GPCR dimerization

Many experimental studies point to the ubiquitous role of protein complexation in the cell while lamenting the lack of structural models to permit structure-function studies. This scarcity is due to persisting challenges in protein-protein docking. Methods based on energetic optimization have to handle vast and high-dimensional configuration spaces and inaccurate energy functions only to arrive at the wrong interface. Methods that employ learned models to replace or precede energetic evaluations are limited by the generality of these models. Computational approaches designed to be general often fail to provide realistic models on protein classes of interest in the wet laboratory. One such class are G protein-coupled receptors, which wet-lab studies suggest undergo complexation, possibly affecting drug efficacy. In this paper, we propose a computational protocol to address the unique challenges posed by these receptors. To deal with challenges, such as receptor size and inaccuracy of energy functions, the protocol takes a geometry-driven approach and integrates in the search geometric constraints posed by the environment where the receptors operate. Various filters are designed to handle the computational cost of energetic evaluation, and analysis techniques based on new scoring strategies, including multi-objective analysis, are employed to reduce the sampled ensemble to a few credible structural models. We demonstrate that dimeric models of the Dopamine D2 receptor targeted to treat psychotic disorders reproduce macroscopic knowledge extracted in the wet-laboratory and can be employed to further spur detailed structure-function studies.
The Effects of Survey Question Wording on Rape Estimates Evidence From a Quasi-Experimental Design

The measurement of rape is among the leading methodological issues in the violence against women field. Methodological discussion continues to focus on decreasing measurement errors and improving the accuracy of rape estimates. The current study used a quasi-experimental design to examine the effect of survey question wording on estimates of completed and attempted rape and verbal threats of rape. Specifically, the study statistically compares self-reported rape estimates from two nationally representative studies of college women's sexual victimization experiences, the National College Women Sexual Victimization study and the National Violence Against College Women study. Results show significant differences between the two sets of rape estimates, with National Violence Against College Women study rape estimates ranging from 4.4% to 10.4% lower than the National College Women Sexual Victimization study rape estimates. Implications for future methodological research are discussed.
Volatile and Nonvolatile Sulfhydryl Content of Heated Milk and Milk Products

Sumamry A study was conducted in which the volatile and nonvolatile sulfhydryl (-SH) compounds of heated milk were measured simultaneously. This involved the determination of (a) the hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), by using aspiration with nitrogen to remove the gas from the milk, and (b) the reactive -SH groups by the thiamine disulfide (TDS) method. For the most part, samples were heated at 90° C. for 30min., cooled to room temperature, and exhaustively aspirated. All of the H 2 S was removed by the aspiration procedure used. TDS determinations were made when the temperature reached 90° C. and after each subsequent 30-min. aspirating period. Momentary heating of the milk at 90° C. yielded the highest TDS values, which averaged (expressed as mg/1 of cysteine · HCl) 21.0 for milk, 17.4 for whey, 22.8 for 35% cream, and 22.9 for buttermilk. H 2 S liberation began essentially instantaneously after the production of the thiamine disulfide-reducing materials. Products heated to 90° C. for 30min., cooled, and aspirated yielded the following amounts of H 2 S expressed as gamma (γ) per liter: milk 433, cream 535, buttermilk 596, and whey 293. The original TDS values for the products varied directly with the quantity of H 2 S subsequently liberated, i.e., higher for ice cream and buttermilk than for whey. For all products, the decrease in TDS values resulting from liberation of H 2 S was within the range of from 20 to 22%. The results obtained for milk reveal, in general, a decrease of 1.0mg. in TDS value for each 0.1mg. of hydrogen sulfide removed from the sample, or a molar ratio of 2:1. The addition to the milk of 0.5 p.p.m. of copper before or after heating decreased the volatile and nonvolatile -SH content. When 0.5 p.p.m. copper was added, the quantity of hydrogen sulfide produced by heating was decreased by 64% in comparison to the control. The TDS values were lowered as the result of the copper-treatment of the milk as follows: 0.5 p.p.m. copper added before heating—17% ; 0.5 p.p.m. copper added after heating—26%, and 2.0 p.p.m. copper added after heating—53%. The addition of 0.025% calcium chloride or disodium phosphate to whole milk or whey before heating altered the amount of hydrogen sulfide and thiamine disulfide-reducing materials, when compared to the untreated milk, with the magnitude and direction of the effect being influenced by the type of salt and of milk system. These findings indicate the need for additional research on the relationship of the salt system of milk to reactive -SH production in heated milk. Low-temperature preheat treatments markedly decreased the volatile and nonvolatile -SH content in milk or condensed milk subsequently heated to 90° C. for 30min.
Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles

It has been suggested from frequency analysis that cardiac fibrillation is driven by stable intramural reentry, with wavebreak occurring due to failure of 1:1 propagation. We tested this hypothesis with a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Optical mapping was performed on epicardial, endocardial, and transmural cut surfaces of fibrillating swine ventricles. Wavelets were characterized, the frequency content of optical signals analyzed, and space-time plots (STPs) constructed to detect Wenckebach-like conduction. The findings were compared with simulations in 2D and 3D cardiac tissue using the Luo-Rudy action potential model. The incidence of reentry in the cut transmural surface (11.8% in right ventricle, 14.3% in left ventricle) was similar to that on the endocardial surface (13.1%, P=NS) but greater than on the epicardial surface (7.7%, P<0.01). Frequency spectra of optically recorded membrane voltage were organized into spatial domains with the same dominant frequency, but these domains were nonstationary. In STPs, pseudo-2:1 conduction block was caused by double potentials arising when reentry occurred on the recording site rather than true Wenckebach conduction. The latter was observed in 11 of 166 STPs but did not occur at borders of high-to-low frequency domains. In simulations, similar findings were obtained when action potential duration (APD) restitution slope was steep. Stationary dominant frequency domains with Wenckebach conduction patterns were observed only in the presence of shallow APD restitution slope and marked nonuniform tissue heterogeneity. In conclusion, stable intramural reentry as the engine of fibrillation was not observed. Our findings support the idea that dynamic wavebreak plays a fundamental role in the generation and maintenance of ventricular fibrillation.
Psychophysical Measurement of Glaucomatous Damage

Within the past twenty years, a number of new psychophysical test procedures have been adapted for use in perimetry and visual field testing. These procedures are designed to measure the functional properties of different types of retinal ganglion cell subpopulations. Although many of these new procedures exhibit better performance characteristics than standard automated perimetry, no single test procedure appears to be decidedly superior to all others. Comparison of multiple functions in patients with early glaucomatous damage suggests that visual function losses are not selective for specific retinal ganglion cell subpopulations in all patients. For evaluation of the efficacy of neuroprotective agents in glaucoma, one of the challenges facing the development of new psychophysical tests is to be able to distinguish visual function losses that are due to ganglion cell drop-out ("dead" cells) from those that are due to malfunctioning retinal nerve fibers ("sick" cells).
Mammalian iron metabolism

ABSTRACT Iron is an essential transition metal for mammalian cellular and tissue viability. It is critical to supplying oxygen through heme, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase. Mammalian organisms have evolved with the means of regulating the metabolism of iron, because if left unregulated, the resulting excess amounts of iron may induce chronic toxicities affecting multiple organ systems. Several homeostatic mechanisms exist to control the amount of intestinal dietary iron uptake, cellular iron uptake, distribution, and export. Within these processes, numerous molecular participants have been identified because of advancements in basic cell biology and efforts in disease-based research of iron storage abnormalities. For example, dietary iron uptake across the intestinal duodenal mucosa is mediated by an intramembrane divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and cellular iron efflux involves ferroportin, the only known iron exporter. In addition to duodenal enterocytes, ferroportin is present in other cell types, and exports iron into plasma. Ferroportin was recently discovered to be regulated by the expression of the circulating hormone hepcidin, a small peptide synthesized in hepatocytes. These recent studies on the role of hepcidin in the regulation of dietary, cellular, and extracellular iron have led to a better understanding of the pathways by which iron balance in humans is influenced, especially its involvement in human genetic diseases of iron overload. Other important molecular pathways include iron binding to transferrin in the bloodstream for cellular delivery through the plasma membrane transferrin receptor (TfR1). In the cytosol, iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) play a prominent role in sensing the presence of iron in order to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of TfR1 and ferritin, two important participants in iron metabolism. From a toxicological standpoint, posttranscriptional regulation of these genes aids in the sequestration, control, and hence prevention of cytotoxic effects from free-floating nontransferrin-bound iron. Given the importance of dietary iron in normal physiology, its potential to induce chronic toxicity, and recent discoveries in the regulation of human iron metabolism by hepcidin, this review will address the regulatory mechanisms of normal iron metabolism in mammals with emphasis on dietary exposure. It is the goal of this review that this information may provide in a concise format our current understanding of major pathways and mechanisms involved in mammalian iron metabolism, which is a basis for control of iron toxicity. Such a discussion is intended to facilitate the identification of deficiencies so that future metabolic or toxicological studies may be appropriately focused. A better knowledge of iron metabolism from normal to pathophysiological conditions will ultimately broaden the spectrum of the usefulness of this information in biomedical and toxicological sciences for improving and protecting human health.
The Growth Imperative Beyond Assuming Conclusions

There are compelling reasons to believe there is an unhealthy growth imperative inherent in private enterprise market systems that threatens the environment. Unfortunately, many who criticize a dys...
FACTORED SCALES FOR MEASURING THE IMPACT OF SEMINAR AND LABORATORY FORMATS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Sunma~y.-The task of an educational manager is to plan, design and irnplement an efficient and effective learning system, responsive to the needs of the learner and of society. Financial constraints in higher education require greater accountability. The present study identified a set of items to measure the impact of seminar/discussion and laboratory formats. Corrected split-half reliabilities reached .89 and .93 for two 8-item scales.
RHIC project (ion synchrotron)

With funding in place and governmental approval to begin the detailed design, as well as to proceed with the procurement of long lead-time items, the RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) Project has begun construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. An overview is presented of the RHIC accelerator configuration, the collider design, and the status of the project. >
Social-aware collaborative visualization for large scientific projects

This paper discusses how to better support collaborative work for large scientific projects using visualization. Particular considerations are given to knowledge sharing and the social aspect of collaboration. The goal is to provide a roadmap for creating next-generation collaborative technologies with visual and social augmentation.
Identifying Failure Causes in Java Programs: An Application of Change Impact Analysis

During program maintenance, a programmer may make changes that enhance program functionality or fix bugs in code. Then, the programmer usually will run unit/regression tests to prevent invalidation of previously tested functionality. If a test fails unexpectedly, the programmer needs to explore the edit to find the failure-inducing changes for that test. Crisp uses results from Chianti, a tool that performs semantic change impact analysis, to allow the programmer to examine those parts of the edit that affect the failing test. Crisp then builds a compilable intermediate version of the program by adding a programmer-selected partial edit to the original code, augmenting the selection as necessary to ensure compilation. The programmer can reexecute the test on the intermediate version in order to locate the exact reasons for the failure by concentrating on the specific changes that were applied. In nine initial case studies on pairs of versions from two real Java programs, Daikon and Eclipse jdt compiler, we were able to use Crisp to identify the failure-inducing changes for all but 1 of 68 failing tests. On average, 33 changes were found to affect each failing test (of the 67), but only 1-4 of these changes were found to be actually failure-inducing
Traffick jam: a policy review of the United States’ Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000

The United States enacted the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 to combat organized networks specializing in the illicit transport of human beings across political and geographical boundaries. This response has engendered conflicting definitions and competing agendas attributable to the definition set forth by the TVPA, which divides the crime into ‘sex’ verses ‘labor’ trafficking. The European Union (EU) adopted a different and detailed definition introduced by the United Nations. This paper explores the disparity in anti-trafficking policies of the United States and the EU. By contrasting these efforts, recommendations to strengthen U.S. policy by adapting certain EU practices to an American context are suggested.
Attenuated Spreading in Sanskrit Retroflex Harmony

Drawing on a two-million-word corpus of Sanskrit, the article documents and analyzes two previously unrecognized generalizations concerning the morphoprosodic conditioning of retroflex spreading ( nati ). Both reveal harmony to be attenuated across the left boundaries of roots (i.e., between a prefix and a root or between members of a compound), in the sense that while harmony applies across these boundaries, when it does so, it accesses a proper subset of the targets otherwise accessible. This attenuation is analyzed here through the “ganging up” of phonotactics and output-output correspondence in serial Harmonic Grammar. The article also simplifies the core analysis of the spreading rule, primarily through recognizing FlapOut, an articulatorily grounded constraint.
18 – Beer Consumption During Pregnancy

Beer is the most commonly chosen and most heavily consumed alcoholic beverage by reproductive-age women. Lower cost, easy access, and a perception by many as being less harmful favors this alcoholic beverage, even after pregnancy awareness. Routine prenatal questioning should focus on beer drinking patterns. Drinking several consecutive beers is a particularly troublesome pattern before and after pregnancy recognition. Some pregnant women, especially heavy drinkers, will continue to drink beer. In addition to abstention-oriented health messages, it is prudent for the obstetrician to educate patients about beverage equivalency and standard drink sizes. Brief interventions and referrals to alcohol treatment programs are urged to reduce exposure and potential harm to the vulnerable fetus. Although evidence is inconclusive about effects from social drinking on fetal growth and neurobehavior development, it is recommended that women limit or preferably cease any alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Approximation, Idealization, and Laws of Nature

Traditional theories construe approximate truth or truthlikeness as a measure of closeness to facts, singular facts, and idealization as an act of either assuming zero of otherwise very small differences from facts or imagining ideal conditions under which scientific laws are either approximately true or will be so when the conditions are relaxed. I first explain the serious but not insurmountable difficulties for the theories of approximation, and then argue that more serious and perhaps insurmountable difficulties for the theory of idealization force us to sever its close tie to approximation. This leads to an appreciation of lawlikeness as a measure of closeness to laws, which I argue is the real measure of idealization whose main purpose is to carve nature at its joints.
Tax Abuse According to Whom

In 1996, Congress banned the Treasury Department from enacting retroactive regulations but provided an important exception, allowing tax regulations to apply retroactively “to prevent abuse.” Congress did not, however, explicitly define abuse; nor did it designate to any specific actor the power to do so. This Article provides the first comprehensive look at the level of deference owed a Treasury regulation’s interpretation of the Internal Revenue Code’s abuse exception. Generally, a reviewing court owes some level of deference to an agency’s interpretation of the statute it is entrusted to administer. Some statutory interpretations are entitled to receive the strong standard of deference articulated in Chevron v. Natural Resource Defense Council, while other interpretations are entitled to a lesser degree of deference under Skidmore v. Swift & Co. To date, the courts reviewing retroactive tax regulations enacted to prevent abuse have relied on administrative law principles recently rejected by the Supreme Court in Mayo Foundation v. United States. This Article is the first to apply the post-Mayo deference framework to Treasury regulations that interpret the Code’s abuse exception. This Article concludes that these regulations should receive strong Chevron deference. The Article’s contributions are significant. Through the issuance of retroactive regulations, Treasury promotes the efficient enforcement of the tax laws and deters egregious abuse. But case law suggests that the courts and Treasury Department have very different interpretations of the Code’s abuse exception. Therefore, the ability of Treasury to respond to and prevent aggressive tax behavior through retroactive tax regulation may turn largely on which actor possesses primary authority to define tax abuse.
Some Thoughts about Teaching Music History: A Conversation with Douglass Seaton

Douglass Seaton has become an influential figure in music history pedagogy for numerous reasons. Now the Warren D. Allen Professor of Music at The Florida State University (FSU), Seaton has taught music history and musicology to approximately 5,500 undergraduate and graduate students at FSU, which has recognized the excellence of his pedagogy with two teaching awards. He has written and spoken extensively about music history pedagogy in articles, conference presentations, and panel discussions at scholarly meetings, and his music history textbook, Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition , now in its third edition, is used in numerous colleges and universities. This article consists of an introduction to Seaton’s own teaching, followed by the transcript of an interview with him on the subject.
A psychotherapeutic encounter with a self-mutilating patient

(1967). A Psychotherapeutic Encounter with a Self-Mutilating Patient. Psychiatry: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 91-100.
Leo Waibel: Zur Rezeption Seiner Arbeiten in Brasilien, Afrika und Deutschland

Leo Waibel: Zur Rezeption Seiner Arbeiten in Brasilien, Afrika und Deutschland. Colloquium Geographicum of the Geographical Institute, University of Bonn, vol. 34. Edited by Winfried Schenk. 189 pp...
Hierarchically Self-Assembled Photonic Materials from Liquid Crystalline Random Brush Copolymers

Here we report a general methodology to attain novel hierarchical nanostructures using new polymer scaffolds that self-assemble to form cholesteric 1D photonic mesophases existing in conjunction with microphase segregated domains. To achieve this, a series of liquid-crystalline random brush copolymers (LCRBC) consisting of cholesteryl liquid crystalline (LC) mesogen and brushlike PEG as side chain functionality are synthesized. At room temperature, all LCRBCs exhibits microphase segregation of PEG side chains on length scale of 10–15 nm, whereas LC domain forms smectic mesophase (3–7 nm LC layers). Interestingly, upon heating a cholesteric mesophase is exclusively observed for copolymer containing 78 and 85 wt % of LC content (LCRBC78 and LCRBC85, respectively) existing along with microphase segregated PEG domains. Moreover, the phase behavior of these copolymers studied by temperature-controlled small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) suggests the order–disorder transition for the microphase segregated struc...
Channel Layer Surface Modifications in a-Si:II thin Film Transistors With Oxide/Nitride Dielectric Layers

We have fabricated normal and inverted staggered a-Si:H thin film transistors, TFTs, using silicon oxide/nitride double layer dielectrics. Significant improvements in the electrical performance of these TFTs have been obtained by integrating additional processingsteps into the usual processing cycles. These include; i) a pre-deposition nitridation ofthe a-Si:H surface for the top-gate devices, and ii) a post-deposition passivation of thea-Si:H surface (i.e., the back of the channel region) for the bottom-gate structures. Improvements in the electrical properties of the a-Si:H TFTs resulting from these additionalprocessing steps are discussed.
Vaporization, Sublimation, and Fusion Enthalpies of Some Saturated and Unsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids by Correlation Gas Chromatography

The vaporization enthalpies and liquid vapor pressures at T/K = 298.15 have been evaluated by correlation gas chromatography for the following fatty acids (ΔlgHm(298.15 K)/kJ·mol–1; 108·pl298/Pa): (9Z)-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) (123.0 ± 6.4); (6900 ± 4200), (6Z)-octadecenoic acid (petroselinic acid), (131.2 ± 2.1); (1130 ± 1000), (9Z)-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), (132.6 ± 6.6); (1010 ± 600), (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid), (145.3 ± 6.8); (65 ± 37), (11Z)-eicosenoic acid (gondoic acid), (143.5 ± 2.2); (118 ± 105), (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexenoic acid (cervonic acid), (162.9 ± 2.3); (2.2 ± 2.0), (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid (nervonic acid), (170.6 ± 2.3), (1.0 ± 0.9); n-tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), (170.7 ± 2.3); (1.1 ± 1.0), and n-hexacosanoic acid (cerotic acid, (177.2 ± 2.4); (0.25 ± 0.22). For those fatty acids that are solids at T/K = 298.15, the following fusion temperatures, fusion and sublimation enthalpies, and solid vapor pressures are also repor...
Moisture and Precipitation Evolution during Tropical Cyclone Formation as Revealed by the SSM/I–SSMIS Retrievals

AbstractThe simultaneous precipitation and column water vapor retrievals from the SSM/I and SSMIS passive microwave instruments were used to examine the convective and moisture evolution during tropical cyclone formation. Using a wave-pouch-track dataset, composites of precipitation and column water vapor were constructed with more than 2000 satellite overpasses for a 3-day time period prior to genesis. It was found that high column water vapor occurs near the pouch center and starts to increase about 42 h prior to genesis while a substantial increase in precipitation occurs within 24 h prior to genesis. These features are consistent with a recently proposed two-stage conceptual model for tropical cyclone formation, in which gradual moisture preconditioning precedes an abrupt transition to sustained deep convection leading up to genesis.The relationship between precipitation and saturation fraction (SF) is examined for the developing waves and compared with the general tropical North Atlantic. Precipitati...
Resin encapsulated distribution transformers

The paper-and-oil insulation system of distribution transformers, which has served the industry well for many decades, is now being challenged by resin encapsulation. It is not yet clear whether encapsulated transformers will eventually supersede oil-filled pole-type designs, or will be limited to specialty applications such as installations in or adjacent to buildings. A field trial of encapsulated transformers is in progress to gain experience in manufacturing, to proof test radical design concepts, and to promote study by the industry of the application potentialities and desired characteristics for encapsulated transformers.
Evaluation and treatment of patients with invasive cervical cancer.

The principles of evaluation and therapy of cervical cancer are reviewed. Specific sections are devoted to pretherapy evaluation, microinvasive carcinoma, radical surgery, radiation therapy, and treatment of recurrent cervical cancer.
Intracranial pressure monitoring.

The practice of measuring intracranial pressure ICP has evolved into a very sophisticated procedure. Its increased use has led to numerous modification and improvement to ICP monitoring and techniques
Reverse transcription, a probe by the immobilized template poly(adenylic acid)-agarose.

We have used poly(A)-agarose as an immobilized template to identify certain binding interactions which occur during polymerization of DNA and to analyze the mode of action of several drugs which inhibit oncornavirus DNA synthesis. In addition to demonstrating the binding of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) to this template (both primed and unprimed), we analyzed the effects of nucleotides and several ansamycins (streptoval C, rifamycin SV, rifazone 82, and demethyldimethylbenzylrifampicin) on the stability of these binding interactions. The new poly(A)-agarose system allows more precise identification of the steps in reverse transcription which are targets for drugs previously known to inhibit the over-all reaction; thus this novel approach to the study of DNA polymerization on a solid matrix may afford an alternative rationale for designing antiviral drugs.
Application of reductive decomposition method for multilinear arrays (RDMMA) to animations

We have recently developed a dimension reductive method for the multilinear array decomposition such that the multilinear array under consideration is expressed as a linear combination of the two factor outer products scaled by an unknown value. Each outer product contains two arrays one of which is a single index vector while the other contains one less index than the original array. The unknown scalar, vector, and one less index containing array are determined in such a way that the Euclidean distance between the original array and this three factor term becomes minimum. This work aims to seek practical utilization of this method by experimenting with various multilinear data. To this end animations which are three index entities are attempted to be approximated. Results are promising and motivating for further development of this method in a domain general fashion.
On the continuity of \text{ SLE }_{\kappa } in \kappa

We prove that for almost every Brownian motion sample, the corresponding SLE\(_\kappa \) curves parameterized by capacity exist and change continuously in the supremum norm when \(\kappa \) varies in the interval \([0,\kappa _0)\), where \(\kappa _0=8(2-\sqrt{3})\approx 2.1\). We estimate the \(\kappa \)-dependent modulus of continuity of the curves and also give an estimate on the modulus of continuity for the supremum norm change with \(\kappa \).
The Philosophical Moment in Postwar Historiography

It is difficult to imagine that the Journal of the History of Ideas would today, or even in the late 1970s, publish an article entitled ‘The Idea of Progress in Recent Philosophies of History [emphasis added]’. But it did so in 1958. That editorial choice signals, on the one hand, that ‘progress’ was still a salient historiographical topic in the 1950s, and even the 1960s, and on the other hand, that a historical journal was willing to address philosophical or theoretical issues on its pages. Accordingly, this was not the only historical journal to address them. For example, in 1962, Hayden White published an article in The Journal of Modern History entitled ‘The Abiding Relevance of Croce’s Idea of History’. Moving across the Atlantic, we find that the period between 1950 and 1980 in British historiography witnessed an unprecedented surge in interest among historians in philosophical issues relating to history as a form of knowledge and practice.
General Properties of Solutions of Linear Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

In these lectures I shall be concerned mostly with the behavior of the ‘general’ solution of a linear differential equation in the small. The properties of solutions, on which information will be obtained, include analyticity, existence of derivatives of a certain order, nature of isolated singularities, and unique continuation properties. The methods used will be elementary. The main trick will be to replace the differential equation by integral relations connecting the values of a solution in points a finite distance apart. The situation is similar to that in the theory of complex functions, where the expression of f(z) in terms of an integral by Cauchy’ s formula makes it easy to derive statements on the functional behaviour of f(z). Most of the results obtained here will be restricted to the case of linear equations with analytic coefficients. The order of the equation and the number of independent variables will be kept arbitrary.
BASIC: BCR assembly from single cells.

Motivation The B-cell receptor enables individual B cells to identify diverse antigens, including bacterial and viral proteins. While advances in RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) have enabled high throughput profiling of transcript expression in single cells, the unique task of assembling the full-length heavy and light chain sequences from single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) in B cells has been largely unstudied. Results We developed a new software tool, BASIC, which allows investigators to use scRNA-seq for assembling BCR sequences at single-cell resolution. To demonstrate the utility of our software, we subjected nearly 200 single human B cells to scRNA-seq, assembled the full-length heavy and the light chains, and experimentally confirmed these results by using single-cell primer-based nested PCRs and Sanger sequencing. Availability and implementation http://ttic.uchicago.edu/∼aakhan/BASIC Contact aakhan@ttic.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Enemy of My Enemy Hypothesis: Why Coexisting with Grasses May Be an Adaptive Strategy for Savanna Trees

Savannas are characterized by the coexistence of trees and flammable grasses. Yet, tree–grass coexistence has been labeled as paradoxical—how do these two functional groups coexist over such an extensive area, despite being generally predisposed to excluding each other? For instance, many trees develop dense canopies that limit grass growth, and many grasses facilitate frequent/intense fires, increasing tree mortality. This study revisits tree–grass coexistence with a model of hierarchical competition between pyrogenic grasses, “forest trees” adapted to closed-canopy competition, and “savanna trees” that are inferior competitors in closed-canopy communities, but more resistant to fire. The assumptions of this model are supported by empirical observations, including a systematic review of savanna and forest tree community composition reported here. In general, the model simulations show that when savanna trees exert weaker competitive effects on grasses, a self-reinforcing grass community is maintained, which limits forest tree expansion while still allowing savanna trees to persist (albeit as a subdominant to grasses). When savanna trees exert strong competitive effects on grasses, savanna trees cover increases initially, but as grasses decline their inhibitory effect on forest trees weakens, allowing forest trees to expand and exclude grasses and savanna trees. Rather than paradoxical, these results suggest that having weaker competitive effects on grasses may be advantageous for savanna trees, leading to greater long-term abundance and stability. We label this the “enemy of my enemy hypothesis,” which might apply to species coexistence in communities defined by hierarchical competition or with species capable of generating strong ecological feedbacks.
Mind the magnesium, in dantrolene suppression of malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic syndrome wherein exposure to halogenated volatile anesthetics or to depolarizing muscle relaxants during general anesthesia may trigger a life-threatening hypermetabolic state driven by excessive Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle (1). Over 25 y ago, the acute administration of dantrolene was shown to be highly effective at aborting an episode of MH (2), but the mechanism and site of action have been incompletely resolved because of conflicting reports on the ability of dantrolene to inhibit the SR Ca2+ release channel (RyR1) in different experimental preparations (3, 4). In PNAS, Choi et al. from the Launikonis laboratory in Queensland, Australia, now provide evidence in skinned muscle fibers from rat that inhibition of SR Ca2+ release by dantrolene is Mg2+-dependent, and that suppression of halothane or caffeine-induced Ca2+ waves in human MH muscle requires an elevation of Mg2+ above basal levels (5). These observations offer a mechanism to reconcile conflicting reports on whether dantrolene is able to inhibit RyR1 in reductionist experimental systems, and suggest that a modest degree of metabolic stress, sufficient to reduce local [ATP] and release Mg2+, is required for the drug to suppress an impending episode of MH. The initial description of MH was in an Australian family with 10 anesthesia-related deaths (6), and so it is fitting that this most recent advance in understanding the basis for dantrolene’s remarkable efficacy in preventing loss of life has come from a group in Queensland. MH presents with a rise of end-tidal CO2, sinus tachycardia, and skeletal muscle rigidity, followed by fever, hyperkalemia, and acidosis. If the signs of an MH crisis are not recognized, the mortality is 70–80% in … [↵][1]1Email: sccannon{at}mednet.ucla.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Growth of InGaP alloy nanowires with widely tunable bandgaps on silicon substrates

InGaP alloy nanowires with In-composition continuously varying from 12% to 73% are demonstrated using chemical vapor deposition on a single silicon substrate, corresponding peak of photoluminescence changing from 580 nm to 780 nm.
Net Neutrality and its Implications to Online Learning

In this article, we studied net neutrality as a complex sociocultural phenomenon that can affect the works of distance education scholars and online learners. We decided to take part in this research because many distance education scholars and learners take net neutrality for granted. We engaged in a qualitative investigation of US public documents and explored the effects of net neutrality and public digital access, which can influence learner engagement with online educational materials. We focused on identifying tensions in the discourse about net neutrality, especially surrounding the Federal Communication Commission’s (FCC) 2015 Open Internet Order. Our research question was: How do the complexities involved in the net neutrality debate in the United States affect public access to online information and services, and what implications does this hold for online learning? We relied on activity systems as an analytical framework for making sense of net neutrality.
68-P : DONOR-SPECIFIC CLASS II HLA-DQ COMPLEMENT BINDING ANTIBODY IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE REJECTION IN LUNG TRANSPLANTATION

Aim The significance of donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) in lung transplantation (LTx) has emerged with the introduction of solid phase assays for antibody (Ab) detection. In the present study we evaluated 1) frequency of DSA in LTx using Luminex (L)-based methods for specificity and functional characterization and 2) the impact of de novo DSA on LTx outcome. Methods LTx from 2011 to 2012 and screened prospectively with L-PRA beads were included in the analysis. Testing was done pre- and post-Tx at 1 month and then every 2 months with surveillance and clinical bronchoscopies. DSA specificity/strength (MFI) determined with single antigen beads, and complement binding with the L-C1q assay, was associated with cellular (ACR) and Ab mediated rejection (AMR). Results 161 consecutive LTx with minimum follow-up of 6 months and negative CDC T- and B-cell crossmatch were studied. 10% had DSA pre-Tx and 19% had de-novo DSA. 54% of LTx had high grade ACR; de novo DSA was higher in ACR (27/87, 31%) vs. no ACR (10/74, 13.5%). The most frequent (67%) de novo DSA were HLA-DQ including Ab towards DQA,DQB/DQA pair and DQB (fig). In LTx with persistent, severe ACR (n=4), increased levels of de novo DSA with C1q reactivity were associated with AMR that required treatment with PP/IVIG and Ritux. In contrast, LTx (n=9) with persistent ACR and low level or declining DSA with transient C1q reactivity did not develop AMR. Similarly, no AMR was diagnosed in LTx who had one or more ACR and transient DSA. DSA detected without ACR were also low level, transient and without C1q reactivity. Conclusions Persistent and high grade ACR with C1q binding class II HLA-DQ specific DSA was associated with AMR. [figure1]
A Gold Nanoparticle Bio-Optical Transponder to Dynamically Monitor Intracellular pH

A pH-sensitive bio-optical transponder (pH-BOT) capable of simultaneously reporting the timing of intracellular DNA cargo release from a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and the evolving intracellular pH (pH i) during endosomal maturation is demonstrated. The pH-BOT is designed with a triple-dye-labeled duplex DNA appended to a 6.6 nm AuNP, utilizing pH-responsive fluorescein paired with DyLight405 as a surface energy transfer (SET) coupled dye pair to ratiometrically report the pH at and after cargo release. A non-SET-coupled dye, DyLight 700, is used to provide dynamic tracking throughout the experiment. The pH-BOT beacon of the cargo uptake, release, and processing was visualized using live-cell confocal fluorescent microscopy in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and it was observed that while maturation of endosomes carrying pH-BOT is slowed significantly, the pH-BOT is distributed throughout the endolysosomal system while remaining at pH ∼6. This observed decoupling of endosomal maturation from acidification lends support to those models that propose that pH alone is not sufficient to explain endosomal maturation and may enable greater insight into our understanding of the fundamental processes of biology.
Remarks on the problem of the logical design of the vertebrate visual system: a study of the reliability of large complex systems

Most interesting machine tasks, e.g., visual pattern recognition, require large complex systems. Conventional machine designs are not well suited to the reliability demands of large complex systems. Many designs, conceived and tested on a small scale, and theoretically extendable to large scale systems, are still awkward and impractical as a large scale system because reliability appears to vary inversely with the number of components. Animal systems seem to have solved this problem and offer some hope for understanding the problem of how to build large complex systems with high reliablity. In particular animal systems seem to tolerate a great deal of component variation and noise. It is suggested that animal systems represent designs that actually take advantage of noise, unlike conventional machines, and that some of these animal systems may provide techniques which are applicable to the problem of constructing reliable machines from unreliable components.
Corn, Colanders, and Cooking: Early Maize Processing in the Maya Lowlands and Its Implications

One of the least-explored areas in the analysis of prehistoric ceramics is how pottery vessels were actually used; that is, the particular purpose they served (Rice 1996:139). Such insights are often thwarted or ignored in classification schemes tailored primarily to deduce temporal frameworks and patterns of ceramic interaction, and most type-variety studies of prehistoric Maya pottery are no exception. Treating pots as tools designed to meet a specific need (Braun 1983) provides valuable insight into prehistoric behavior well beyond what is achievable through typological analysis alone.
Reduced quadriceps activation after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise.

Decreased force production capability in a muscle is a natural consequence of prolonged, intense muscular exercise.1 The causes of task failure during fatiguing exercise may arise from spinal or supraspinal central factors, such as decreased central drive, or other peripheral factors occurring distal to the neuromuscular junction, such as accumulation of metabolic by-products.2–4 Muscle fatigue can be reliably indexed5,6 as a shift in motor unit recruitment from higher-frequency to lower-frequency motor units, measured with surface electromyography (EMG). Muscle fatigue may contribute to decreased joint stability as a result of impaired joint proprioception7–9 and reduced muscle activation10 and may require neuromuscular compensations in order to maintain normal function during activity.11–14 Persons with low back pain tend to have poor muscular strength and rapid fatigue rates in the lumbar flexors and extensors.15 The onset and progression to fatigue are probably more rapid in muscles that have poor strength and endurance. Therefore, the rate of fatigue in muscles that provide support to the lumbar spine during exercise may be greater in those with low back pain. Persons with low back pain who fatigue more rapidly during isometric lumbar paraspinal exercise have greater amounts of quadriceps inhibition (ie, less quadriceps activation).16 This finding suggests an association between isometric lumbar extension endurance and muscle inhibition but does not address the short-term consequences to lower extremity muscle after lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue. To date, no authors have measured the acute effects of lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise on quadriceps activation. Muscle inhibition has been described as the diminished ability to contract a muscle voluntarily17 and can result from muscle fatigue10 or simulated joint effusion.18 When a muscle is inhibited, regardless of the cause, it is unable to voluntarily recruit all motor units in its motor neuron pool. Despite previous research findings,19,20 not all mechanisms of muscle inhibition are known. In the lower extremity, quadriceps inhibition commonly follows knee joint injury.17 Insufficient strength due to excessive quadriceps inhibition may alter gait patterns21 or cause compensatory force attenuation strategies during landing22 that may leave lower extremity joints at risk for injury. Comprehending the acute relationship between the lumbar paraspinals and quadriceps may lead to a better understanding of the neuromuscular adaptations that may occur in the lower extremity in response to fatiguing lumbar extension exercise. Therefore, our purpose was to compare quadriceps activation (QA) after isometric lumbar fatiguing exercise in persons with low back pain and healthy individuals with no history of low back pain.
Risk tradeoffs associated with traditional food advisories for Labrador Inuit

Abstract The traditional Inuit diet includes wild birds, fish and marine mammals, which can contain high concentrations of the neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg). Hydroelectric development may increase MeHg concentrations in traditional foods. Consumption advisories are often used to mitigate such risks and can result in reduced intake of traditional foods. Data from a dietary survey, MeHg exposure assessment and risk analysis for individuals in three Inuit communities in Labrador, Canada (n = 1145) in 2014 indicate reducing traditional food intake is likely to exacerbate deficiencies in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins B12 and B2. Traditional foods accounted for
190 MOBILE HEALTH SERVICES IN AN ACADEMIC SETTING.

Lack of insurance and transportation are two major barriers preventing underserved children and adolescents from receiving deserved medical and dental care. Half a million children in our state lack health insurance. Our county9s percentage of children under 18 living in poverty is higher than the nation9s. We rank fifth in our state in HIV/AIDS cases. Oral Health America estimates that for every child lacking medical insurance, 2.6 children lack dental coverage. Through a new mobile health care initiative, pediatricians, nurses, dentists, and residents drove over these impasses with a state-of-the-art vehicle built specifically for delivering free pediatric medical and dental care in the community schools. Discussion This program was launched in February 2006 in partnership with our school district, the ninth largest nationwide. Additionally, our program9s community partners include the county dental association, a dental hygienist program, a domestic violence center, after-school teen centers, a homeless shelter, and a home for abused and neglected children. After 8 months of operation, 1,138 students from 5 high schools, 10 middle schools, 15 elementary schools, and an exceptional school; in addition, children from a homeless shelter, domestic violence center, and child abuse/neglect center. Preliminary wireless EMR data showed that 279 patients were seen for a well-child care/sports physicals, with 638 acute visits. Sixty-nine percent were uninsured and 23% had Managed Care Medicaid, with the remaining 8% private insurance or straight Medicaid. This program is fully incorporated into our residency program. Teaching residents the unique sensitivities and challenges of community/school collaboration and providing medical/dental care to underserved children is critical to bridge cultural and access barriers. In addition, residents are taught Oral Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), an AAP initiative, in collaboration with the mobile van dental experience. This initiative connects children9s medical/dental and educational “homes” and supports the school district9s wellness policy.