cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restricted changes in the adenovirus DNA-binding protein that lead to extended host range or temperature-sensitive phenotypes.

Abstract Human adenovirus fails to multiply efficiently in monkey cells owing to a block to late viral gene expression. Ad2hr400 through Ad2hr403 are a set of host range (hr) mutants which were selected for their ability to readily grow in these cells at 37 degrees C. The mutations responsible for this extended host range have previously been mapped to the 5' portion of the gene encoding the 72-kilodalton DNA-binding protein (DBP). DNA sequence analyses indicate that all four hr mutants contain the same alteration at coding triplet 130, which changes a histidine codon to a tyrosine codon. These results extend those of Anderson et al. (J. Virol. 48:31-39, 1983), which suggested that only this change in the DBP amino acid sequence can expand adenovirus host range to monkey cells. The hr phenotype does not appear to require phosphorylation of this tyrosine residue, since no phosphotyrosine was detected in DBP isolated from Ad2hr400-infected monkey cells. The hr mutants Ad2hr400 through Ad2hr403, however, are cold sensitive for growth in monkey cells. The mutant Ad2ts400, which was derived from Ad2hr400, represents a second class of hr mutants which can grow efficiently in monkey cells at 32.5 degrees C. The cold-resistant hr mutation of Ad2ts400 has previously been mapped to the 5' region of the DBP gene (map units 63.6 through 66). DNA sequence analysis of this region shows that this mutant contains the original hr alteration at coding triplet 130 as well as a second alteration at coding triplet 148, which changes an alanine codon to a valine codon. We suspect that the alterations at amino acids 130 and 148 change the structure of the amino-terminal domain of the DBP, allowing it to better interact with monkey cell components required for late viral gene expression. Ad2ts400 also contains a temperature-sensitive mutation which has previously been mapped to the 3' portion of the DBP gene (map units 61.3 through 63.6). Sequence analysis of this region indicates that the DBP coding triplet 413 has been altered. This change from a serine codon to a proline codon is the same alteration reported in the previously sequenced DBP mutants Ad5ts125 (W. Kruijer et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 9:4439-4457, 1981) and Ad5ts107 (W. Kruijer et al., Virology 124:425-433, 1983). Thus it appears that only a very limited number of changes in either the 5' or the 3' portion of the DBP gene can give rise to the hr or temperature-sensitive phenotypes, respectively.
Polarization of Pulsars

A survey is given of the polarization properties of pulsars. Many pulsars, although showing pulse-to-pulse variations in polarization, have a stable mean polarization characteristic. Several pulsars like 0833–45 show changes in the position angle of linear polarization across the pulse which can be interpreted as due to the changing direction of the magnetic field as envisaged in the oblique magnetic dipole model of pulsars. Faraday rotation measurements when taken with dispersion measures yield values for the interstellar magnetic field of several microgauss.
BRAF, NRAS and KIT sequencing analysis of spindle cell melanoma

Background Spindle cell melanoma represents a rare but distinct subset of melanoma, and its genomic spectrum has not been fully defined.
Hormone-replacement therapy and cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases, primarily myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death for both women and men. Epidemiological studies show that women develop coronary artery disease an average of 10 years later than men1,2 (Figure 19.1). At every age, women have lower rates of cardiovascular disease than men.2
An extension of the recursively enumerable Turing degrees

Consider the countable semilattice RT consisting of the recursively enumerable Turing degrees. AlthoughRT is known to be structurally rich, a major source of frustration is that no specific, natural degrees inRT have been discovered, except the bottom and top degrees, 0 and 0′. In order to overcome this difficulty, we embed RT into a larger degree structure which is better behaved. Namely, consider the countable distributive lattice Pw consisting of the weak degrees (a.k.a., Muchnik degrees) of mass problems associated with nonempty Π01 subsets of 2 . It is known that Pw contains a bottom degree 0 and a top degree 1 and is structurally rich. Moreover, Pw contains many specific, natural degrees other than 0 and 1. In particular, we show that in Pw one has 0 < d < r1 < inf(r2, 1) < 1. Here d is the weak degree of the diagonally nonrecursive functions, and rn is the weak degree of the n-random reals. It is known that r1 can be characterized as the maximum weak degree of a Π01 subset of 2 ω of positive measure. We now show that inf(r2,1) can be characterized as the maximum weak degree of a Π01 subset of 2 ω whose Turing upward closure is of positive measure. We exhibit a natural embedding of RT into Pw which is one-toone, preserves the semilattice structure of RT , carries 0 to 0, and carries 0 ′ to 1. Identifying RT with its image in Pw, we show that all of the degrees in RT except 0 and 1 are incomparable with the specific degrees d, r1, and inf(r2,1) in Pw.
Preoperative vs. postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas: a matter of presentation

Purpose: Radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma is typically preoperative or postoperative, with advocates of each. In this study, the relationship of the sequencing of radiotherapy and surgery to local control was examined. Methods and Materials: The cohort consisted of 453 patients with Grade 2–3 malignant fibrous histiocytoma, synovial sarcoma, or liposarcoma treated from 1965–1992. Retroperitoneal sarcomas were excluded. Median follow-up was 97 months. There were 3 groups of patients that were classified by the treatment administered at our institution: preoperative radiotherapy to a median dose of 50 Gy given before excision at MDACC (Preop; n = 128); postoperative radiotherapy to a median dose of 64 Gy given after excision at MDACC (Postop; n = 165); and radiotherapy to a median dose of 65 Gy without excision at MDACC (RT Alone; n = 160). Those in the RT Alone Group had gross total excision at an outside center prior to referral. Results: Histological classification, whether locally recurrent at referral, and final MDACC margins were independent determinants of local control in Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis using the entire cohort. The type of treatment was not significant; however, tumor status at presentation (gross disease vs. excised) affected these findings greatly. Gross disease treated with Preop was controlled locally in 88% at 10 years, as compared to 67% with Postop (p = 0.01). This association was independently significant for patients treated primarily (not for recurrence). In contrast, for those presenting after excision elsewhere, 10-year local control was better with Postop (88% vs. 73%, p = 0.07), particularly for patients treated primarily (91% vs. 72%, p = 0.02 in univariate analysis; p = 0.06 in multivariate analysis). Re-excision at MDACC (Postop) resulted in enhanced 10-year local control over that with RT Alone (88% vs. 75%, p = 0.06), and was confirmed to be an independent predictor in multivariate analysis (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Local control was highest with Preop in patients presenting primarily with gross disease, and with Postop in patients presenting primarily following gross total excision. The data suggest that 50 Gy is inadequate after gross total excision, possibly due to hypoxia in the surgical bed.
Comparison of Mycobacterial Cultures on Agar and Lowenstein Medium

In a comparison of Lowenstein's medium with two agar media, 7H10 without and with the addition of Triton WR 1339, 4,100 sputa were planted on all three, yielding 803 (19.6%) positive cultures. The addition of Triton WR 1339 to the 7H10 medium made it possible to observe the cord formation directly on the isolation plates and did not alter, in any respect, the results obtained with the basic 7H10 medium. The agar media produced much earlier and more positive cultures than Lowenstein's medium. A greater number of cultures showed drug resistance on Lowenstein's medium as compared with the agar media.
Ultrahigh energy gap hosts in deep blue organic electrophosphorescent devices

Four ultrahigh energy gap organosilicon compounds [diphenyldi(o-tolyl)silane (UGH1), p-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene (UGH2), m-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene (UGH3), and 9,9‘-spirobisilaanthracene (UGH4)] were employed as host materials in the emissive layer of electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The high singlet (∼4.5 eV) and triplet (∼3.5 eV) energies associated with these materials effectively suppress both the electron and energy transfer quenching pathways between the emissive dopant and the host material, leading to deep blue phosphorescent devices with high (∼10%) external quantum efficiencies. Furthermore, by direct charge injection from the adjacent hole and electron transport layers onto the phosphor doped into the UGH matrix, exciton formation occurs directly on the dopant, thereby eliminating exchange energy losses characteristic of guest−host energy transfer. We discuss the material design, and present device data for OLEDs employing UGHs. Among the four host materials, UGH2...
Relationship between reflectance spectra of host plant surfaces and visual detection of host fruit by Rhagoletis pomonella flies

. Within host trees, male and female Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) flies locate visually individual fruit of apple and hawthorn, which are sites of mating and oviposition. By measuring the diffuse reflectance spectra of both fruit and foliage and by using artificially pigmented natural fruit and artificial fruit mimics, we show that fruit hue is not as important in R. pomonella fruit detection as is intensity contrast of dark fruit against a bright background of light transmitted through foliage or skylight. In discussing the fruit detection system of R. pomonella, we compare it to that of vertebrate fruit consumers and seed dispersers.
Linear High Molecular Weight Ladder Polymers by Optimized Polycondensation of Tetrahydroxytetramethylspirobisindane and 1,4-Dicyanotetrafluorobenzene†

A study on the optimization of conditions for polycondensation of 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobisindane-5,5′,6,6′-tetrol, TTSBI, with 1,4-dicyanotetrafluorobenzene (DCTB) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 50−70 °C is reported. A linear PIM-1 polymer (PIM = polymer with intrinsic microporosity) with high molecular weight was obtained by optimized reaction conditions. Of the solvents tested, DMF was the preferred solvent for this reaction. The optimized molar ratio TTSBI/DCTB/K2CO3 was 1/1/2.04. The mechanism of PIM-1 cross-linking during polymerization was studied, and gel-free, high molecular weight PIM-1 polymer was prepared. The physical properties of anhydrous K2CO3 significantly affected the reaction rate. Flexible tough polymer films were cast from PIM-1 solution in chloroform, and pure permeability data are reported for several gases.
A Web Portal Providing Statewide Access to Licensed Content: Implications for Hospital Librarians

A bill designed to improve health care access and quality for all citizens of Washington State was passed and signed into law in May 2007 (1). Many of the bill's provisions stemmed directly from re...
Some developments in computational modeling of turbulent flows

In this paper, some recent developments of two turbulence closure schemes at ICOMP, NASA Lewis will be discussed. One is the Reynolds-stress algebraic equation model and the other is the Reynolds-stress transport equation model. Various model constraints required by the rapid distortion theory, the invariant theory and the realizability principle, etc. will be described in the model development. The models discussed are for high-turbulent Reynolds number flows, so that the near-wall turbulence and the low-Reynolds-number turbulence are not discussed here.
Supralinear reliability of cortical spiking from synchronous thalamic inputs

Thalamic and cortical V1 layer 4 neurons are capable of firing highly reliably and precisely upon repeated presentations of the same visual stimulus to the retina. To compare candidate causal mechanisms of spike-time reliability, a reconstructed multicompartment spiny stellate cell model with dynamic stochastic synapses was given varying synaptic inputs. We found reliability was primarily influenced by the number of synapses that fired synchronously during events (synchrony magnitude), which exhibits a supralinear relation; rather than by the rate of synchronous firing events (event rate) or synaptic strength, which exhibits comparatively more linear relations, even in the absence of voltage dependent conductances. Supralinear reliability highlights the efficacy of synchronous but weak synapses in driving output spiking, and may have implications for neural synchronicity within and between cortical areas.
Immunology and photocarcinogenesis: New light on an old problem

Renewed interest in experimental photocarcinogenesis was stimulated by the observation that skin cancers induced in mice by ultraviolet radiation are highly antigenic. Most of these cancers are rejected by the immune system on transplantation into a normal, genetically identical animal. This finding raised the question of how these tumors could survive and grow progressively in the primary host without inducing immunologic rejection. Studies addressing this question produced the unexpected finding that mice that had been exposed to ultraviolet radiation, but that had not yet developed primary skin cancers, were also unable to reject transplants of these highly antigenic tumors. Thus exposing the animals to ultraviolet radiation produced a systemic alteration in the animals that interfered with the immunologic rejection of ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancers implanted at nonirradiated sites. The failure of tumor rejection was associated with the presence of suppressor lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs of ultraviolet-irradiated mice. A question raised by the finding of suppressor lymphocytes in ultraviolet-irradiated mice is how exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation leads to this alteration in immune regulation. Evidence for some of the steps in this process has been accumulating for the past few years. It has been found that ultraviolet-irradiated mice have at least two other immunologic alterations; one involves the response to antigens applied topically at irradiated sites, and the other involves the response to certain antigens applied on nonirradiated skin. Both alterations can lead to activation of the suppressor cell pathway in response to certain antigens, and both may involve cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage that are involved in the uptake, processing, and presentation of antigens to lymphocytes. The implications from the findings are that exposing skin to ultraviolet radiation has systemic immunologic consequences and that some of these immunologic effects play a key role in the development of skin cancers. These findings raise the possibility that the immune system may be important in the pathogenesis of human skin cancers, and they provide new avenues for research in this field.
Steroids from sponges

Abstract The sponges Stelleta clarella Tethya aurantia, Lissodendoryx noxiosa, Haliclona permollis and Haliclona sp. were examined for steroids. All sponges contained C27-C29, Δ5, mono and diunsaturated sterols. In addition, the sponge Tethya aurantia contained Z - 24 - propylidene - cholest - 5- en -3β-ol (19) and the 5α,8α-peroxides of cholesta - 5,7 - dien - 3β - ol, ergosterol, ergosta - 5,7,24(28) - trien - 3β - ol and 24ξ - ethyl - cholesta - 5,7 - dien - 3β - ol (29, 30, 31 and 32). The sponge Stelleta clarella also contained 24 - nor - cholesta - 4,22 - dien - 3 - one (21), cholesta - 4,22 - dien - 3 - one (22), 24ξ - methyl - cholesta - 4,22 - dien - 3 - one (24), ergosta - 4,24(28) - dien - 3 - one (25), (E) - stigmasta - 4,24(28) - dien - 3 - one (28), 5α - cholestanol (5), 5α - ergostanol (7) and 5α - poriferastanol (9) The possible biosynthetic significance of these hitherto undescribed peroxides and enones from marine sources is discussed. A synthesis of 19 is also described.
Impact-induced deformation fields in 3D cellular woven composites

Abstract The deformation fields and kinematics of nonporous and porous three-dimensional (3D) woven composite material systems were analyzed and characterized under an incident impact energy of 560 J caused by a 78 g projectile at a velocity of 120 m/s. The analysis quantifies experimental observations of the effects of porosity on the impact resistance and behavior of 3D woven composites. The dynamic nonlinear impact solution was obtained by the finite element method, in which contact between the projectile and the target plate was modeled with gap elements. In the present study, we investigated the spatial and temporal evolution of multi-dimensional elastic fields and potential damage modes in the target plates. A unit cell, representative of the 3D woven composite, was used to obtain estimates of the overall elastic moduli. These estimates were then used with two material models to represent the porous system in the finite element analysis of the target plate. One material model, which had explicit geometrical distributions of 3D voids, was used in the impact region, and the other material model, which was based on a representation of smeared voids, was used in regions removed from the impact zone. The analysis indicates that wave propagation effects at the incident energy applied here are significant, and these effects can lead to projectile penetration at the impact face. Localized shear damage in the 3D woven system precedes penetration in both the nonporous and the porous systems. Experimental observations, which indicate that a porous system can dissipate more energy than the nonporous system before penetration, are found to be mainly attributed to the confinement of local damage fields, which emanate from the boundaries of the embedded voids.
On the Structure of Tilt Grain Boundaries in Cubic Metals. III. Generalizations of the Structural Study and Implications for the Properties of Grain Boundaries

The results of atomistic calculations of long-period tilt boundaries, which were reported in the preceding parts I and II, are generalized and represented concisely by using two-dimensional lattices, called decomposition lattices. The basis vectors of a decomposition lattice characterize the two fundamental structural elements composing all boundaries in a continuous series of boundary structures. Conversely, the governing condition on the basis vectors is that the boundary structure can change continuously throughout the misorientation range between the boundaries represented by the basis vectors. On assuming that no discontinuous changes in boundary structure occur at non-favoured boundary orientations, and that all boundaries considered are stable with respect to faceting, the governing condition may be used to deduce selection rules for adjacent favoured boundaries and the existence of other favoured boundaries in the misorientation range between two given favoured boundaries. The necessary condition for a discontinuous change in boundary structure to be possible at a non-favoured boundary orientation is formulated. Various aspects of intrinsic and extrinsic grain boundary dislocations (g.b.ds) are treated. It is first shown that the observation of intrinsic g.b.d. networks in the transmission electron microscope does not necessarily imply that the reference structure, preserved by those g.b.ds, is a favoured boundary. Secondly, it is argued that extrinsic g.b.ds provide imperfect steps with Burgers vector components parallel to the boundary that do not exist in equilibrium high-angle tilt boundaries. Finally, an explanation of the physical basis of plane matching dislocations is proposed. A general classification of grain boundary properties is introduced that is based on the results of this investigation of grain boundary structure. It is argued that only properties, such as grain boundary diffusion, that depend exclusively on the atomic structure of the boundary core may be used to detect favoured boundaries. Favoured boundaries exist at those misorientations where such a property is continuous but its first derivative, with respect to misorientation, is not. Grain boundary diffusion, the energy against misorientation relation and grain boundary sliding and migration are then discussed.
The first measurement of the Ξ0 magnetic moment

Abstract The magnetic moment of the Ξ 0 hyperon has been measured to be μ Ξ 0 = −1.20 ± 0.06 μ N .
One-step synthesis and characterization of niobia-phosphate aerogels

Abstract Niobia-phosphate aerogels, containing 5 and 10 mol-% phosphate, were prepared by a one-step sol-gel synthesis followed by supercritical drying with carbon dioxide. After calcination at 773 and 1073 K for two hours, these samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, infrared study of adsorbed pyridine and 1-butene isomerization. The effect of calcination temperature on their acidic and catalytic properties, along with similar data for a sample prepared by immersing a niobia aerogel in phosphoric acid, allowed us to identify a surface phosphate with near PO double bonds to be the acidity-enhancing species.
Using Homestead Records and Aerial Photos to Investigate Historical Cultivation in the United States

W ithout consideration of prior cultivation history, we may misinterpret the results of a study or the success of management practices in rangelands. Cultivation involves plowing the soil, seeding, and harvesting a crop annually. The long-lasting impacts, known as “land-use legacies,” from these disturbances on soils and native plant communi- ties have been observed in ecosystems worldwide for decades, centuries, and even millennia after cultivation ceases. 1 In sagebrush ecosystems, cultivation can be one of the most drastic disturbances, with recovery taking well over 90 years in some places. 2,3 These legacies include altered vegetation, soils, and hydrology. 4 The reestablishment of native species in formerly cultivated areas is typically slowed, if not halted, due to loss of native seedbanks, limited dispersal, and loss of establishment niches. 5 In contrast, exotic and invasive species are often quick to establish and dominate formerly cultivated land. 6 Cultivation can also modify soil structure, texture, and nutrient content. Plowing breaks up soil struc- ture, making it more susceptible to erosion and loss of soil organic matter and nutrients. 7 Plowing also can lead to soil compaction, which affects primary hydrological processes like soil water-holding capacity, run off, and infiltration. 8,9 These legacies are important because they represent funda- mental changes in the structure and function of ecosystems. Unfortunately, the influence of this historical land use is often overlooked in ecological studies, research design, and management implementation. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i2_morris
Racial Variation in Perceptual Differentiation.

Summary.-Two studies were conducted to examine racial variations in the perceptual dimension of cognitive style. In Study 1, 36 students, equally divided by race and sex, were given the Witkin Group Embedded Figures Test. Neither race nor sex differences were evident. In Study 2, 23 AfroAmerican and 17 Euro-American students were recruited. In addition to the Embedded Figures Test, the subjects were given a modified Kohs Block Design Test and the WAIS Picture Completion subtest. Comparison of group means shows a significant racial group difference on embedded figures but the difference between the means on the Block Design seemed to occur by chance. When the incongruity between the two studies was analyzed, some possible developmental factors emerged. This possibility and its genesis are discussed. An individual's perceptual articulation is an important aspect of cognitive style as it represents a unique approach to information within the environment. This dimension is most often studied under the construct of field articulation. Field articulation has been defined as the ability to structure an unstructured environment or field (Gardner, et al., 1960). The perceptual strategies most often identified with the concept are those of field independence or field dependence. Individuals who are field-independent are able to find discrete parts within a complex background, keep their bodies upright while the environment is rotating, and make necessary distinctions of objects, shapes, figures, colors, or movements when confronted by visual or auditory distractions. Field-dependent individuals, however, are heavily influenced by the situation or field and, therefore, approach these particular tasks in a more global or holistic manner
Upregulated TRPC3 and Downregulated TRPC1 Channel Expression during Hypertension is Associated with Increased Vascular Contractility in Rat.

Transient receptor potential C1 and C3 (TRPC1 and TRPC3) are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and are thought to be involved in vascular contractility. In the present study, we determined the effect of systemic hypertension on TRPC1/TRPC3 channel expression and vascular contractility in rat carotid artery (CA). CA were studied from male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Long-Evans (LE) rats. TRPC1/3 expression was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. TRP channel function was evaluated by whole cell patch clamp, using UTP (60 µM) to stimulate TRPC1/3 channels. Contractions of endothelium-denuded CA segments to UTP (1 – 300 µM) and phenylephrine (Phe; 0.1 nM-10 µM) were measured in an isometric tension bath. TRPC1 and TRPC3 mRNA was present in CA of both WKY and SHR. Western blot demonstrated 3.1 ± 1.2 times greater TRPC3 expression and 0.5 ± 0.2 times TRPC1 in SHR versus WKY CA. Isolated CA showed potentiated contraction to UTP in the SHR versus WKY. Activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC) in UTP-mediated constriction only occurred in SHR CA. Contraction to Phe was unaltered between WKY and SHR CA and involved equal significant VDCC activation in both groups. Patch clamp demonstrated that the UTP-stimulated current (Iutp) was greater in SHR compared to the normotensive WKY and LE rats with peak Iutp (at -110 mV) of -63 ± 24 pA compared to -25 ± 4 pA, respectively. We demonstrate that UTP-mediated but not Phe-mediated constrictions are potentiated in the CA during hypertension. Expression of TRPC1 is decreased whereas TRPC3 is increased in SHR CA. Interestingly, VDCC activation only contributes to UTP-mediated contraction of SHR CAs whereas it contributes substantially and equally in Phe-mediated contraction. We speculate that the alteration of TRPC channel expression in hypertension leads to greater smooth muscle depolarization, VDCC activation, and vascular contractility in the UTP (but not Phe) signaling pathway.
Identification of Bacterial Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase Homologues That Cleave the Interphenyl α,β Double Bond of Stilbene Derivatives via a Monooxygenase Reaction

Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), which are also referred to as carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a new class of nonheme iron-type enzymes that oxidatively cleave double bonds in the conjugated carbon chain of carotenoids. The oxidative cleavage mechanism of these enzymes is not clear, and both monooxygenase and dioxygenase mechanisms have been proposed for different carotenoid cleavage enzymes. CCOs have been described from plants, animals, fungi, and cyanobacteria, but little is known about their distribution and activities in bacteria other than cyanobacteria. We surveyed bacterial genome sequences for CCO homologues and report the characterization of CCO homologues that were identified in Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444 (NOV1 and NOV2) and in Bradyrhizobium sp. (BRA-J and BRA-S). In vitro and in vivo assays with carotenoid and stilbene compounds were used to investigate the cleavage activities of the recombinant enzymes. The NOV enzymes cleaved the interphenyl alpha-beta double bond of stilbenes that had an oxygen functional group at the 4' carbon atom (e.g., resveratrol, piceatannol, and rhaponticin) to the corresponding aldehyde products. Carotenoids and apocarotenoids were not substrates for these enzymes. The two homologous enzymes from Bradyrhizobium sp. did not possess carotenoid or stilbene cleavage oxygenase activities, but showed activity with farnesol. To investigate whether the oxidative cleavage of stilbenes proceeds via a monooxygenase or dioxygenase reaction, oxygen-labeling studies were conducted with NOV2. Our labeling studies show that the double-bond cleavage of stilbenes occurs via a monooxygenase reaction mechanism.
Organic extraction of Pi with isobutanol/toluene

Abstract Direct determination of [32P]Pi by organic extraction is an efficient and versatile method for assaying phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases and ATPases. Analysis of free [32P]Pi by the procedure of J. B. Martin and D. M. Doty [(1949) Anal. Chem.21, 965–967] has been modified to employ isobutanol/benzene. Extraction with either toluene or xylene equaled that with benzene. A complete characterization of the extraction procedure, which has been scaled down to a volume suitable for most enzyme assays, shows that it is accurate, rapid, and sensitive to as little as 1 pmol [32P]Pi. The phosphomolybdate complex is extracted reproducibly and quantitatively in the absence and presence of protein (1–8 mg/ml). In addition, sample volumes of 4 to 100 μl were extracted with equal efficiency. Benzene offers no advantages over toluene and presents a considerably greater health risk. The experiments demonstrate conclusively that toluene can and should be employed in place of benzene in the organic extraction of Pi.
Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation: A general class of exact solutions

Abstract In this paper we consider a general class of two-dimensional steady and unsteady plasma flows described by the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation for which the vorticity is proportional to the stream function (which is the same as the electrostatic potential in a guiding-center plasma) perturbed by a uniform stream of which the well-known solitary-vortex solution of Larichev and Reznik is just one special case. We will give exact analytical solutions for such flows representing a perturbation over a uniform stream, and a physical interpretation of these solutions.
Design optimization of moire interferometers for rapid 3-D manufacturing inspection

limitations. Using the principle of interference, a moire interferometer can act as an error amplifier so thatsmall errors will easily be detected even by low-resolution vision systems, avoiding the pixel limitationproblem. Moire interferometry fundamentally requires less computer time than methods such as lasertriangulation, so it has greater potential for rapid on-line inspection. In addition, since the parameters of amoire interferometer can easily be changed, it lends itself to rapid prototyping inspection. Despite all of theseadvantages, moire interferometry has not yet been exploited to its full potential. Moire systems are difficult todesign and adjust. Applying this technology can be a time consuming and even frustrating trial and errorprocess, negating its inherent flexibility and advantages.In this paper an analytical basis appropriate for designing and optimizing moire inspection systems ispresented. The projection moire interferometry process is modeled mathematically to yield a set of equations
Sensory-cue enhancement of the bird repellency of methiocarb

Abstract Methiocarb can be an effective, non-lethal repellent to bird pests in numerous agricultural situations world-wide. It elicits a conditioned aversion response (based on an internal physiological reaction) which birds presumably associate with a treated food crop and then avoid. However, in developing countries its cost is often prohibitive. Studies on Quelea quelea also indicate that repellency occurs at levels lower than birds can discriminate by taste. The cost of using methiocarb can be reduced by incorporating inexpensive sensory cues that birds associate with its soporific effects. In the laboratory, methiocarb/sensory-cue combinations applied to heads of sorghum significantly enhanced the repellent response to quelea. Likewise, field tests in Africa and the Philippines comparing a 1% methiocarb treatment with a 0·5% methiocarb/1·0% wattle tannin formulation applied to ripening sorghum, millet, and wheat resulted in equivalent protection and significantly less damage when compared with untreated heads. The results have practical implications to farmers, particularly in developing countries, for protecting their crops economically.
Submicroscopic changes in the penetrating spermatozoon of the rabbit.

Submicroscopic studies on the spermatozoon of the rabbit have shown that ( a ) neither incubation with oviduct washings nor with freshly shed ova has any effect on the morphology of mature spermatozoa which could be compared with penetration changes; ( b ) the penetrating spermatozoon while passing through the zona pellucida apparently loses its cell membrane and gradually becomes denuded of its head cap; ( c ) the spermatozoa which reach the vicinity of the vitelline membrane have no head cap, cell membrane covering, or cytoplasmic layer and the “apical body” is elongated.
Minimum hop flow assignment and routing subject to an average message delay constraint

Abstract An algorithm for minimum hop flow assignment and routing in message-switched networks subject to an average message delay constraint is developed and illustrated. The development is based on an analysis of the original problem formulation in terms of the minimum achievable average message delay as a function of the average number of hops. From this analysis, it is found that the problem can be solved via successive application of a modified flow deviation method in which average message delay is minimized subject to a constraint on the average number of hops. The resulting algorithm is simple and efficient. It obtains the desired solution directly if one exists or shows that no solution is possible, the latter occurring when there is no feasible flow assignment and routing which can satisfy the delay constraint. An example involving a network with 10 nodes, 36 links and 40 commodities is given, and directions for future research are indicated.
Modeling of energy transmission by piezoelectric wafer active sensors through Gaussian contact

In present years, surface mounted piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) or piezoelectric patches are gaining popularity for onboard Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems. Through experimental investigations, it is apparent that several uncertainties are associated with the sensor signals. Proper understanding of the influence factors may provide insight to such uncertainties. Optimal placement of sensors is also a big challenge. In this paper, we have tried to report the pattern of wave field generated by the surface mounted actuators and the pattern of wave field developed near the sensors using a semi-analytical modeling technique called Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM). The surface mounted sensors/actuators are glued to the surface of the structure. Therefore, the contact between sensors and the host material is of utmost importance in transmitting energy into the host material. Long term interest of this research is to show the feature based differences in generated signals due to various types of contacts and debondings. However, in this paper we have addressed the most common type of contact called Gaussian contact which has a practical significance. In the near future, through this research, we can address issues related to other types of contact that frequently occur. This will help us to better understand the generated signals and quantify the uncertainties due to contact condition.
Evaluating three-dimensional effects on the behavior of compliant bistable micromechanisms

Fully compliant bistable micromechanisms (FCBMs) have potential use in numerous applications, including switches, relays, shutters and low-power sensing arrays. Two-dimensional finite element models for these FCBMs have been used in device analysis and design, and provided an adequate match to preliminary experimental data. However, with more extensive experimentation over a large range of designs, some results proved to be radically different than predicted, with trends not consistent with effects such as stiction or electrostatic forces. Two different types of behavior, Behavior 1 and Behavior 2, are observed and explained, only one of which is predicted by 2D models. This paper tests the hypothesis that three-dimensional effects can dramatically influence the motion characteristics of FCBMs. Three-dimensional finite element models were constructed, compared to 2D models, and validated for the purpose of testing the hypothesis. Off-axis and eccentric loads are shown to cause behavior consistent with experimental data for Behavior 2.
Congestion as a Cultural Construct: The 'Congestion Evil' in Boston in the 1890s and 1920s

This article looks at traffic congestion as experienced by the Bostonians of two different eras – the 1890s and the 1920s – as a matter of perception. In examining the two different eras, particularly as Bostonians observed traffic congestion in the downtown business district, the author addresses three research questions. First, how did locals define the problems caused by congestion? Secondly, how did their perceptions evolve across the two time periods? Finally, the author asks what factors might explain the differences and similarities between the two eras? The author found that Bostonians' perceptions of traffic congestion during both eras was consistent, despite changes in urban life and street traffic (e.g. transport technology changes; evolution of transport planning and engineering). Both eras had economic concerns that congestion would hamper downtown business activity. Secondly, both eras saw congestion as an impediment to public safety. A third perception both eras shared was the attitude among Bostonians that congestion was self-evident because it impacted everyone; therefore further explanation or justification of congestion being a problem was deemed unnecessary. The author notes, too, that similar contemporary perceptions about traffic congestion are fundamental to urban life and unlikely to disappear anytime soon.
553 EFFECT OF POKEWEED MITOGEN AND RICIN ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOID LINES

Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and ricin are both lectins derived from plant seeds. They are glycoproteins and share the ability to agglutinate a variety of animal cells particularly erythrocytes. Preliminary to development of a system to screen for the effect of environmental mutagens on the frequency of lectin resistant mutants we studied the effect of these 2 lectins on protein synthesis in long-term lymphoid lines. Ricin, a highly toxic compound is a known inhibitor of protein synthesis in other cell systems. PWM has primarily been evaluated for its mitogenic effect. Four lymphoid lines were studied: 8866 and GM1531 which are B cell lines, and CCRC/CEM and MOLT 4 which are considered to be T cell lines. Ricin (50 ug/ml) completely inhibited protein synthesis by 2 hours in all 4 lines as measured by the uptake of 3H leucine. PWM appeared more specific and at a concentration of 500 ug/ml inhibited protein synthesis only in the B lines (8866 and GM1531). This effect was maximal at 5 hours. To investigate the reason for the differential effect of PWM on T & B cells, 125I labeled PWM was incubated with 8866 and MOLT 4 to see if an increased binding to B cells could be demonstrated. A significantly greater number of counts bound to 8866 compared to MOLT 4. As lectins bind to cell surface carbohydrates, the possibility that this may represent a difference in the composition or arrangement of the surface glycoproteins is being investigated.
Fast Light-Emitting Silicon-Germanium Nanostructures

Results obtained from photoluminescence (PL) measurements performed on Si/Si 1-xGe x nanostructures with a single Si 1-xGe x nanometer-thick layer (NL) incorporated into Si/Si 0.6Ge 0.4 cluster multilayers (CMs) are reviewed. By employing depth-dependent pulsed laser excitation, the SiGe NL PL decay is found to be nearly a 1000 times faster compared to that in CM PL. A physical model taking into consideration the Si/SiGe hetero-interface composition is proposed to explain the fast and slow time-dependent recombination rates.
Phosphorus poisoning with recovery accompanied by electrocardiographic changes.

Abstract 1.1. A case of ostensibly mild phosphorus poisoning is presented. 2.2. Changes were found in the hemopoietic, hepatic and cardiovascular systems. 3.3. The significance of the T wave changes in the electrocardiogram is discussed.
Hybrid bilayer organic light-emitting devices based on high Tg hole transport polymers

We report on organic electroluminescent devices based on Al cathode with luminous efficiency of 20lm/W and external quantum efficiency of 4.6 %. When pulsed in air at room temperature and without anyencapsulation, high peak brightness of4.4 x 106 cd/rn2 and high efficiency of4.4 cd/A are obtained. In contrast tocurrent belief, we demonstrate that device quantum efficiency can be increased by tuning the ionization potentialof the hole-transport moieties. The high efficiency and peak brightness reported here with Al cathode areencouraging for the manufacturing ofstable devices and the development ofelectrically injected organic lasers.Keywords: displays, electroluminescence, organic light-emitting devices, hole transport polymers, lithiumfluoride, ionization potential, cross-reaction, organic lasers, quantum efficiency, luminance.
Extension of a crack by a shear wave

Eine ebene, unstetige, horizontal polarisierte Schubwelle breitet sich in einem bruchigen elastischen Material aus, das einen Riss enthalt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Bedingungen fur den Rissfortschritt untersucht, nachdem die ankommende Welle durch den Riss gebeugt wurde. Die Untersuchung besteht aus zwei Teilen. Im ersten Teil werden die Teilchengeschwindigkeiten und Schubspannungen in der Ebene des Risses infolge Beugung der Schubwelle bestimmt. Es wird dabei angenommen, dass der Riss sich sofort, oder kurz nachdem die Wellenfront die Risskante getroffen hat, mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeit ausbreitet. Im zweiten Teil wird die Energiegleichung als Kriterium fur den Rissfortschritt benutzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass in einem ursprunglich ungestorten Material der Riss sich nur dann sofort ausbreitet, wenn die Schubspannung eine Quadratwurzelsingularitat an der Wellenfront zeigt. Wenn die Schubspannung an der Wellenfront kontinuierlich ist, dann beginnt der Rissfortschritt, kurz nachdem die Risskante getroffen wird. In einem statisch vorgespannten Material, das einen Riss enthalt, kann der Rissfortschritt sofort einsetzen, wenn der Spannungsfaktor gross genug ist.
The canonical transient receptor potential 6 channel as a putative phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium entry system.

We previously reported that phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), a lipid product of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), induced Ca2+ influx via a noncapacitative pathway in platelets, Jur...
The Granular Layer Thickness in Atopy and Ichthyosis Vulgaris

Our data confirm the finding that the granular cell layer is markedly decreased in thickness in ichthyosis vulgaris. The granular layer cannot be used as an index of dry skin in the atopic state because no significant differences in granular cell layer thickness were present in skin specimens from atopic patients with normal skin or dry skin.
Characterization of acid-base transport mechanisms in the kidney cell line RCCT-28A

Characterization of acid-base transport mechanisms in the kidney cell line RCCT-28A. RCCT-28 A cells, a continuous cell line of rabbit cortical collecting tubule origin, have been found to exhibit apical peanut-lectin binding, basal band-3 immunostaining and a transepithelial electrical resistance of 246 ± 37 Ω cm 2 . For the studies reported, confluent monolayers of RCCT-28A cells were grown on permeable wells and incubated in a control solution or in alkaline solutions by lowering PCO 2 . Equivalent H + fluxes (J H +) into the apical solution (nmol · min -1 · cm 2 ) were measured in the absence of drugs and in the presence of: amiloride (A,10 -3 M), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 5 mM) and omeprazole (OM, 100 µM) in the apical solution. After preincubation in control solutions J H + was 21 ± 2 while A had no effect. Addition of NEM diminished J H + to 12 ± 2 (P H + to 2 ± 2 (P 2 had a basal J H + of 11 ± 5. No effect on J H + could be demonstrated under these conditions by addition of NEM or OM. Removal of K + from the apical solution diminished apical acidification by 60%. The inhibitor of H + ,K + -ATPase Schering 28080 (SCH) was tested at different concentrations and an inhibitory effect was demonstrated (J H + - 2 ± 1 vs. 18 ± 1, SCH vs. control, respectively). Probenecid and bafilomycin-A also decreased apical acidification and an apical base-equivalent extrusion was apparent under the inhibitors effect. J H + was abolished by removal of Cl - from the basolateral solution. These results are compatible with a H + -ATPase coexistent with a H + ,K + -ATPase on the apical membrane and a basolateral membrane Cl - /HCO 3 - exchanger. An apical base extrusion mechanism operating simultaneously with the H + extrusion is suggested.
Structure rationalization and topology prediction of two-distinct-component organic crystals: the role of volume fraction and interface topology.

We consider here small-length-scale crystal structures with two clearly different molecular components (e.g., hydrophobic and hydrophilic). Using a perspective developed by studies on large-length-scale block copolymers and liquid crystals, we focus on the crystalline interface between the two components. We examine four types of two-component crystals: aromatic ammonium carboxylates, aromatic oligo(ethylene oxides), cyclohexylammonium carboxylates, and ether−thioether compounds. Of the 111 crystal structures found in the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD), 108 adopt one of the five generic topologies found in diblock copolymers: spheres, columns, perforated layers, layers, and bicontinuous structures. As in diblock copolymers, a key factor controlling the interfacial topology is shown to be the volume ratio of the two components. When the volume fraction of one component is less than 30% of the whole, more than five-sixths of the examined crystal structures are of columnar or spherical type. For volume...