cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling QCA defects at molecular-level in combinational circuits

This paper analyzes the deposition defects in devices and circuits made of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) for molecular implementation. Differently from metal-based QCA, in this type of implementation a defect may occur due to the erroneous deposition of cells (made of molecules) on a substrate, i.e. no cell, or an additional cell is placed either near, or within the layout configuration of a QCA device. The effects of an erroneous cell deposition defect are analyzed by considering the induced functional faults for different QCA devices, such as the majority voter, the inverter and various wire configurations (straight, L-shape, coplanar crossing and fanout). Extensive simulation results are provided. As an example, testing of an EXOR circuit is analyzed in detail.
Glucose induces rapid changes in the secretome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein secretion is a fundamental process in all living cells. Proteins can either be secreted via the classical or non-classical pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gluconeogenic enzymes are in the extracellular fraction/periplasm when cells are grown in media containing low glucose. Following a transfer of cells to high glucose media, their levels in the extracellular fraction are reduced rapidly. We hypothesized that changes in the secretome were not restricted to gluconeogenic enzymes. The goal of the current study was to use a proteomic approach to identify extracellular proteins whose levels changed when cells were transferred from low to high glucose media. We performed two iTRAQ experiments and identified 347 proteins that were present in the extracellular fraction including metabolic enzymes, proteins involved in oxidative stress, protein folding, and proteins with unknown functions. Most of these proteins did not contain typical ER-Golgi signal sequences. Moreover, levels of many of these proteins decreased upon a transfer of cells from media containing low to high glucose media. Using an extraction procedure and Western blotting, we confirmed that the metabolic enzymes (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase), proteins involved in oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin), and heat shock proteins (Ssa1p, Hsc82p, and Hsp104p) were in the extracellular fraction during growth in low glucose and that the levels of these extracellular proteins were reduced when cells were transferred to media containing high glucose. These proteins were associated with membranes in vesicle-enriched fraction. We also showed that small vesicles were present in the extracellular fraction in cells grown in low glucose. Following a transfer from low to high glucose media for 30 minutes, 98% of these vesicles disappeared from the extracellular fraction. Our data indicate that transferring cells from low to high glucose media induces a rapid decline in levels of a large number of extracellular proteins and the disappearance of small vesicles from the extracellular fraction. Therefore, we conclude that the secretome undergoes dynamic changes during transition from glucose-deficient to glucose-rich media. Most of these extracellular proteins do not contain typical ER signal sequences, suggesting that they are secreted via the non-classical pathway.
Bubble inclusion and removal using PDMS membrane-based gas permeation for applications in pumping, valving and mixing in microfluidic devices

Several advancements in fluid handling applications of a gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane are demonstrated. Devices for controlled pumping, bubble injection, bubble removal and mixing are demonstrated using a three-layered fabrication method. The ability of a gas-permeable membrane to control flow in glass channels is determined. Consistent flow rates ranging from approximately 1 to 14 µl min−1 were observed using control pressures from 100 to 700 mbar. Bubble injection and removal from microfluidic channels was performed in monolithic PDMS devices using several bubble trap geometries at fluid flow rates over 100 µl min−1. The rate of removal of the air in the bubble trap was determined as a function of the area of membrane exposed and the applied vacuum. The PDMS membrane was shown to be an effective tool for the injection and removal of air bubbles in a method of enhancing mixing using bubbles and branched microchannels. The amount of mixing was optically determined before and after bubbles entered the fluid channel. The ability to produce all of these compatible components using a single fabrication process is a step toward inexpensive, parallel, highly integrated microfluidic systems with minimal external controls.
Effects of injection‐molding processing parameters on acetaldehyde generation and degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The acetaldehyde (AA) generation behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been investigated in terms of its relationship to changes in various processing conditions. A single-cavity injection-molding machine was used to prepare preforms in order to relate changes in barrel temperature, screw shear rate, back pressure, cooling time and total residence time to levels of AA generated during processing. Within the temperature range 280–300 °C, a 10 °C rise in processing temperature causes AA production to double. Shear rate increases from 20 to 40 m min−1 result in 13–21 % increases in AA generation at temperatures from 300 to 280 °C. Increased back pressures from 0 to 200 bar result in AA concentration increases of about 1.2 ppm for each 50 bar pressure increase. The majority of this change is caused by increased polymer residence time. Longer cooling times also increase overall cycle times and result in higher levels of AA generation, at the rate of almost 7 ppm per additional minute at 290 °C processing conditions. Apparent activation energies of 167 kJ mol−1 were calculated for samples prepared at various shear rates. These results are in agreement with literature values obtained under conditions of static mixing and indicate that shear rate and plastication do not significantly affect reaction mechanisms for AA generation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Primary scleral buckling in open-globe injury involving the posterior segment.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether scleral buckle placement at the time of primary repair of open-globe injury of the posterior segment is beneficial. Design Retrospective, comparative, nonrandomized interventional study. Participants One hundred twenty-five open-globe injuries treated at the Duke University Medical Center from June 1980 to May 1997. Methods Open-globe injuries were classified with the Open-globe Injury Classification. Eyes that had zone 2 and 3 injuries that had a primary buckle placed were compared with those that did not. Main outcome measures Subsequent retinal detachment, visual outcome, and need for subsequent scleral buckling. Results The rate of retinal detachment and the visual outcome were similar in the two groups. More than half of those who did not have a primary buckle placed had subsequent scleral buckling surgery. Conclusions Many open-globe injuries of the posterior segment require eventual scleral buckle. There may be a role for placement of a scleral buckle at the time of primary repair.
Early landscape architects who weren’t ‘landscape architects’

When J. C. Loudon published the collected writings of Humphry Repton in 1840, his title page announced that Repton had practiced both landscape gardening and landscape architecture; Repton had hims...
Creep Behavior of Shale Formations in Shale Gas Development

Deformational properties of organic-rich shale formations control the success of hydraulic fracturing process, and affect transport properties during production. Usually these deformational properties cannot be captured by geophysical techniques, which can only measure elastic properties. The relationship between ductile deformation and elastic properties of the shale formation are of significant importance. In order to investigate this relationship, laboratory experiments were conducted on shale gas samples taken from a Marcellus outcrop at State Game Lands 252, located in Lycoming and Union counties, Allenwood, Pennsylvania. Laboratory results indicate that creep behavior is significant in the shale samples. Also, close agreement between experimental and power law model results for creep behavior of shale samples were found.
Behavioral and Morphological Adaptations by Galapagos Land Iguanas (Conolophus subcristatus) to Water and Energy Requirements of Eggs and Neonates

We examine the importance of both the hydric environment of naturally incubating reptilian eggs and the energetic needs of hatchlings via an investigation of reproduction in Galapagos land iguanas ( Conolophus subcristatus ). Hatching success of egg clutches and the size of subsequent hatchlings are both positively correlated with the water potential of natural nests, as predicted from previous laboratory experiments. Water potentials representing optimal incubation environments are available for only a brief period in nature, and depend upon the same seasonal rainfall as does food abundance for the emerging hatchlings. The temporal placement of the reproductive season of Conolophus subcristatus balances these conflicting needs for water by eggs and energy by hatchlings. Oviposition occurs slightly before suitable water potentials are reached and hatchling emergence occurs after the peak in food abundance. Morphological adaptations by Conolophus subcristatus to their precarious reproductive phenology include greater amounts of albumen in their eggs, and greater energy reserves in emergent hatchlings than most other lizard species. These adaptations lessen the severity of an arid environment where water becomes available for periods too short to allow both oviposition and hatching to be temporally placed in an optimal manner.
Metoclopramide-induced cardiac arrest

The authors report a case of cardiac arrest in a patient receiving intravenous (IV) metoclopramide and review the pertinent literature. A 62-year-old morbidly obese female admitted for a gastric sleeve procedure, developed cardiac arrest within one minute of receiving metoclopramide 10 mg via slow intravenous (IV) injection. Bradycardia at 4 beats/min immediately appeared, progressing rapidly to asystole. Chest compressions restored vital function. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed ST depression indicative of myocardial injury. Following intubation, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. Various cardiac dysrrhythmias including supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) associated with hypertension and atrial fibrillation occurred. Following IV esmolol and metoprolol, the patient reverted to normal sinus rhythm. Repeat ECGs revealed ST depression resolution without pre-admission changes. Metoclopramide is a non-specific dopamine receptor antagonist. Seven cases of cardiac arrest and one of sinus arrest with metoclopramide were found in the literature. The metoclopramide prescribing information does not list precautions or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to cardiac arrest. The reaction is not dose related but may relate to the IV administration route. Coronary artery disease was the sole risk factor identified. According to Naranjo, the association was possible. Other reports of cardiac arrest, severe bradycardia, and SVT were reviewed. In one case, five separate IV doses of 10 mg metoclopramide were immediately followed by asystole repeatedly. The mechanism(s) underlying metoclopramide's cardiac arrest-inducing effects is unknown. Structural similarities to procainamide may play a role. In view of eight previous cases of cardiac arrest from metoclopramide having been reported, further elucidation of this ADR and patient monitoring is needed. Our report should alert clinicians to monitor patients and remain diligent in surveillance and reporting of bradydysrrhythmias and cardiac arrest in patients receiving metoclopramide.
Engineering a soluble parathyroid hormone GPCR mimetic

We designed and characterized a soluble mimic of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor (PTH1R) that incorporates the N-terminus and third extracellular loop of PTH1R, important for ligand binding. The engineered receptor (PTH1R-NE3) was conceived to enable easy production and the use of standard biochemical and biophysical assays for the screening of competitive antagonists of PTH. We show that PTH1R-NE3 is folded, thermodynamically stable and selectively binds PTH. We also demonstrate the utility of our mimic by identifying a small molecule that competes with PTH in our PTH1R-NE3-based fluorescence polarization assay. Antagonists to PTH1R, a transmembrane protein belonging to the class B G-protein coupled receptor family, may provide new therapeutic options for calcium metabolism diseases like humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Proteins 2014; 82:1370–1375. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social stress reactivity alters reward and punishment learning

How do individual differences in stress reactivity affect cognitive functioning? Substantial evidence exists to implicate stress reactivity as a curvilinear determinant of prefrontal executive and sub-cortical monoamine functioning, which are important for goal directed engagement with the environment (Arnsten, 1998). The varying effects of stress on performance are often described as an ‘inverted-U’, but few studies have investigated neural responses that differentiate facilitative from debilitating effects of stress. Increasing evidence has shown that both trait vulnerability and state emotional reactivity influence the psychobiological and neural response to social evaluative threat (Kemeny, 2003; Pruessner et al., 2004; Lerner et al., 2007; Cavanagh and Allen, 2008), suggesting that these individual differences may differentiate facilitative vs debilitating alterations in neural functioning. In this report, emotional reactivity to social evaluative stress is shown to facilitate punishment learning in highly stress vulnerable individuals, yet impede punishment learning in less vulnerable individuals. Stress-related alteration in a medio-frontal action monitoring system is identified as a possible mechanism by which
Modeling of Fatigue Crack Propagation

Fatigue crack propagation was modeled by using the cyclic plasticity material properties and fatigue constants for crack initiation. The cyclic elastic-plastic stress-strain field near the crack tip was analyzed using the finite element method with the implementation of a robust cyclic plasticity theory An incremental multiaxial fatigue criterion was employed to determine the fatigue damage. A straightforward method was developed to determine the fatigue crack growth rate. Crack propagation behavior of a material was obtained without any additional assumptions or fitting. Benchmark Mode I fatigue crack growth experiments were conducted using 1070 steel at room temperature. The approach developed was able to quantitatively capture all the important fatigue crack propagation behaviors including the overload and the R-ratio effects on crack propagation and threshold. The models provide a new perspective for the R-ratio effects. The results support the notion that the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviors are governed by the same fatigue damage mechanisms. Crack growth can be treated as a process of continuous crack nucleation.
Effect of root oxygen stress on phosphorus uptake by cattail

Abstract The effect of redox conditions or oxygen demand in rooting medium on phosphorus (P) uptake by Typha domingensis was quantified. Phosphorus uptake decreased with decrease in redox potential in the rooting medium. Greatest uptake was measured under the oxidized treatment (+565 mV). Phosphorus uptake was less under the two anaerobic treatments (+277 mV and ‐200 mV). In the two anaerobic treatments, P uptake was considerably less at ‐200 mV in which a high oxygen demand was created using titanium (Ti3+) citrate. Results suggest that P uptake by Typha domingensis in wetland receiving P input from adjacent agriculture areas could be influenced by the oxidation‐reduction status of the root environment.
Constant envelope waveforms for use on HF multipath fading channels

Modern single-carrier HF waveforms require tight digital and analog filters in order to meet current HF bandwidth allocations. Unfortunately, this filtering process produces a large variation in the peak-power of the waveform relative to the average-power (about 3-6 dB depending on the symbol modulation). The effect of this peak power to average power ratio (PAPR) is that an average power back-off is required at the input to a power-amplifier (PA) (when using a peak-power limited PA) to avoid operating in the non-linear region of the PA. Similarly, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms suffer from an even larger PAPR, typically 6-14 dB. An alternative to these waveforms is to use constant-amplitude (or envelope) waveforms such as continuous phase modulation (CPM) or constant envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM). This paper will investigate the potential of modifying the low data rate waveforms in US MIL-STD-188-110B (110B) with constant-amplitude variants in an effort to improve on-air performance by maximizing the average transmit power. These new constant envelope waveforms will be compared to the standardized 110B single-carrier HF waveforms and to new candidate OFDM waveforms on several HF channels in order to understand the performance trade-offs offered by the new waveforms.
Pediatric Oncology: Regulatory Initiatives

The majority of children with cancer receive therapy as participants in clinical research protocols coordinated by national pediatric cooperative groups. One of the highest priorities of these groups is the development of novel therapies. Due to differences in the biology of pediatric and adult tumors and in physiology between adults and children, it is usually necessary to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new drugs separately in adult and pediatric populations. To stimulate the development of new therapies for pediatric indications and encourage the submission of clinical data to support pediatric product labeling, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has undertaken two initiatives. In 1998 the FDA issued a regulation (The 1998 Final Pediatric Rule) that mandated if a drug or biological is under review for a claim and the disease exists in both pediatric and adult populations, pediatric studies must be performed. Section 111 of the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 states that if a drug product has exclusivity based on a patent or marketing license, the exclusivity can be extended by six months for the submission of pediatric data to the FDA. The incentive applies to both approved drugs and those under development. These initiatives are intended to enhance access to new anticancer therapies and promote labeling for pediatric oncology indications.
Variations in Globin Synthesis in Delta-Beta-Thalassaemia

Peripheral blood globin synthesis studies were done in 11 patients with delta beta-thalassaemia trait, Hb S-delta beta-thalassaemia or delta beta/betao-thalassaemia from two black and two Caucasian families. All patients had elevated Hb F and normal or decreased Hb A2 levels and 10 had family studies confirming the diagnosis. In addition, four unrelated non-thalassaemic patients with elevated Hb F levels also had peripheral blood globin synthesis studies. The beta/alpha specific activity globin synthesis ratios in the three blacks with delta beta-thalassaemia trait were 0.60--1.04. In the four Caucasians with delta beta-thalassaemia traint, the beta/alpha ratios were 0.58--1.02. These results demonstrate a wide range of ratios overlapping those of normal controls (0.99 +/- 0.06). The betas/alpha ratios in three blacks with Hb S-delta beta-thalassaemia ranged from 0.66 to 1.00, similar to those of patients with delta beta-thalassaemia trait. In the black patient with delta beta/betao-thalassaemia, the gamma/alpha ratio was 0.67. The beta/alpha peripheral blood ratios in the four non-thalassaemia patients with elevated Hb F ranged from 1.00 to 1.11, similar to those of normal controls. These studies indicate that a decreased beta/alpha ratio is not an invariable finding in delta beta-thalassaemia in blacks or Caucasian patients and that globin synthesis data alone is insufficient to diagnose definitively heterozygotes for delta beta-thalassaemia or to distinguish this trait from non-thalassaemic haematological disorders associated with a normal percentage of Hb A2 and an elevated level of Hb F.
A Method for Monthly Detection of Inhomogeneities and Errors in Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures

Abstract Two statistical tests are described that can be used to detect potential inhomogeneities and errors in daily temperature observations. These tests, based on neighbor comparisons, differ from existing inhomogeneity tests by evaluating daily rather than monthly or annual observations and by focusing on a very short record length. Standardized difference series one month in length are formed between a candidate station, whose daily temperature time series is being evaluated, and a number of neighboring stations. These series, called D-series, approximate white noise when a candidate is like its neighbors and are other than white noise when the candidate is unlike its neighbors. Two white noise tests are then applied to the D-series in order to detect potential problems at the candidate station: a cross-correlation test and a lag 1 (1-day) autocorrelation test. Examples of errors and inhomogeneities detected through the application of the two tests on observations from the National Weather Service's ...
Photoassisted Doping of II-VI Semiconductor Films

Photoassisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE), in which the substrate is illuminated during film growth, is being employed in a new approach to controlled substitutional doping of II–VI compound semiconductors. Substitutional doping of these materials has been a long standing problem which has severely limited their applications potential. The PAMBE technique gives rise to dramatic changes in the electrical properties of as-grown epilayers. In particular, highly conducting n-type and p-type CdTe films have been grown using indium and antimony as n-type and p-type dopants, respectively. Double-crystal x-ray rocking curve data indicate that the doped epilayers are of high structural quality. Successful n-type doping of CdMnTe, a dilute magnetic semiconductor, with indium has also been achieved. Most recently, the photoassisted growth technique has been employed to prepare doped CdMnTe-CdTe quantum well structures and superlattices. In addition, HgCdTe films which exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties as well as exceptional structural perfection have been grown by the PAMBE technique.
Online implementation and evaluation of weather-responsive coordinated signal timing operations

This paper presents the development and application of weather-responsive traffic management strategies and tools to support coordinated signal timing operations with traffic estimation and prediction system (TREPS) models. First, a systematic framework for implementing and evaluating traffic signal operations under severe weather conditions was developed, and activities for planning, preparing, and deploying signal operations were identified in real-time traffic management center (TMC) operations. Next, weather-responsive coordinated signal plans were designed and evaluated with the TREPS method and a locally calibrated network. Online implementation and evaluation was conducted in Salt Lake City, Utah--the first documented online application of TREPS to support coordinated signal operation in inclement weather. The analysis results confirm that the deployed TREPS, which is based on DYNASMART-X, is able to help TMC operators test appropriate signal timing plans proactively under different weather forecasts before deployment and is capable of using real-time measurements to improve the quality and accuracy of the system's estimations and future predictions through detectors and roadside sensor coverage.
The solubility of R H 2−x in Gd, Er, Tm, Lu and Y from ambient to 850°C

The solubility of hydrogen in Gd, Er, Tm, Lu and Y was determined from 25 to 850°C when the metal was in equilibrium withRH2−x (x varies between 0.1 and 0.2 depending on the rare earth metal). The room temperature solubilities determined by the lattice parametric method were found to be <0.1, 3.6, 7.7, 20.6 and 19.0 at, pct H in Gd, Er, Tm, Lu and Y, respectively. The change in unit cell volume for each atomic percent hydrogen added was nearly the same for all metals. The solubility of hydrogen increases more rapidly with temperature in those metals with low solubility at room temperature. Thus the solubility of hydrogen at 850°C is nearly the same in all five of the metals studied, that is, 35.0, 36.2, 36.0, 36.0 and 37.3 at. pct H in Gd, Er, Tm, Lu and Y, respectively. The equilibrium pressure of H2 in these studies was the equilibrium pressure of hydrogen in contact withRH2−x at the temperature concerned. A change in slope was observed in the solubility curves of the Gd-, Er-, Tm- and Lu-H systems. The logC) (at. pct H inR) was plottedvs 1/T for each system. Straight lines were obtained at temperatures above and below the changes in slope of the solubility curves. A calculation of the approximate ΔH of solution ofRH2−x in the metal sfrom the slope of the lines gave 4.35, 1.88, 1.28, 0.61 and 0.55 kcal/mole for Gd, Er, Tm, Lu and Y, respecitively in the low temperature portion. The change in slope which occurs at some point between 350°C and 650°C, depending on the metal, indicates a lower heat of solution ofRH2−x in these metals at the higher temperatures. In Lu there appears to be yet another change in slope in the neighborhood of 250°C.
Lower-molecular Weight Carotenoid-carboxylic Acids: Bixin and Crocetin

The carbon skeletons of these stereo chemically important pigments are identical with the middle section of the β-carotene molecule but the chromophore is terminated by conjugated carboxyl groups. Hence, it can be tentatively assumed that bixin, CH3OOC · C22H26 · COOH, and crocetin, HOOC · C18H22 · COOH, are products of the bio-oxidative cleavage of primarily formed C40-carotenoids.
A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Early Afro-Hispanic texts

The first Afro-Hispanic texts, sixteenth century: Rodrigo de Reinosa In Spain, the literary representation of “Africanized” Spanish began early in the sixteenth century, although it is conceivable that some non-surviving texts might have been produced in the late fifteenth century. The earliest examples show the definite traces of the already established Afro-Portuguese language produced by such writers as Gil Vicente. This fact is unremarkable in light of the slave trade from Portugal to southern Spain, in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, although some investigators (e.g. Granda 1969) claim that most Afro-Hispanic literary language, including the earliest texts, stems from direct contact between Spanish and native Africans, without the mediation of pidginized Portuguese. Among the earliest Afro-Hispanic texts are some coplas by Rodrigo de Reinosa (Chapter Three Appendix #1). The poems in question are contained in pamphlets or literatura de cordel , and do not carry a date. Russell (1973) uses indirect evidence to suggest that these coplas may have been written in the last decades of the fifteenth century; in any case, they were written no later than about 1510, which makes them the oldest Afro-Hispanic texts discovered to date. Nothing is known about the life of Rodrigo de Reinosa. Weber de Kurlat (1968) surmises that the “Africanized” coplas were written after the publication of the Cancioneiro geral in 1516. Menendez y Pelayo surmised that Reinosa was a montanes , from the highlands of modern Santander (Cantabria) province, an idea echoed by Cossio (1950).
Retention Studies and Protein Separation by Potential Barrier Chromatography

Abstract Potential barrier chromatograpy (PBC) exploits the fact that the depth of the adsorption well of the interaction potential between adsorbate and adsorbent can become moderately deep when it is controlled by opposing van der Waals attractive forces and repulsive double layer forces. The moderately deep potential well gives rise to repeated cycles of adsorption and desorption, thereby allowing isocratic elution of proteins to occur. Separation of proteins is achieved because the depth of the adsorption well, which affects the retention time, is very sensitive to the size, charge, and hydrophobicity of the adsorbate molecules. Here, a mixture of six model proteins has been separated using PBC on a commercially available strong anion-exchange column. The selection of the appropriate mobile phase conditions of pH and ionic strength led to fast separations using a two-step isocratic elution procedure. The effects of temperature and various organic additives on the resolution of protein separations have...
An Experimenter’s Experiences in Early Commercial Sub-orbital Flight

The emerging commercial sub-orbital rocket industry in the US presents new opportunities for research and education missions. Some companies have been publicized by the world’s media, others are lower-profile, and one is especially quiet. Some companies were created for the space tourism market and others have no current plans to fly humans at all. Most companies already have a Payload Users Guide published at their web sites. The time for experimenters to take note of this industry is now because in early 2014 a number of these companies were already operational or in flight test phase of their business development. When instead millions of dollars or Euros one can spend mere tens of thousands to purchase a flight, then many more researchers could afford low gravity testing and research. All rocket companies seek to provide at least 3 minutes of high-quality weightless test times from approximately 60km to 100km and back to 60km. Purdue has been fortunate to have secured numerous launches for small payloads during these developmental and early operational years of the industry. Lessons from these launches include lessons in design, payload environment, procedures, launch site infrastructure, and travel preparations. Thoughts on proposing to future FOP announcements will be shared.
Contributors to excess antagonist activity during movement in children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy.

Children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy exhibit abnormal upper extremity postures and slow voluntary movement. However, the interaction between abnormal postures and abnormal movemen...
Pulsatile Plasma LH Rhythms in Normal and Androgen-Sterilized Ovariectomized Rats: Effects of Estrogen Treatment

SummaryPlasma LH was determined in sequential venous samples obtained at 10-min intervals from rats which had been ovariectomized 20 days earlier. Normal (nonandrogenized) castrates exhibited pulsatile rhythms in plasma LH with a peak to peak time of approximately 30 min. Castrated androgen-sterilized rats (ASR) also exhibited pulsatile plasma LH rhythms, but most were of the 40-60-min peak to peak type. In normal rats, when either 0.1 or 1.0 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) was administered on Day 17 and sequential blood collections were obtained on Day 20 after ovariectomy, the pulsatile rhythm was still present; however, pulse amplitudes were reduced and the average plasma LH concentration for individual animals over a 2-hr collection period was progressively lowered as the EB dosage was increased. Pituitary LH concentration increased in these EB-treated normal castrates. Administration of either 0.1 or 1.0 μg EB to castrated ASR markedly decreased average plasma LH concentrations and, in the 1.0-μg EB group...
0313 An assessment of the impact of misclassification error on an estimate of effect for occupational exposure to TCDD-contaminated chemicals and ischaemic heart disease0313 An assessment of the impact of misclassification error on an estimate of effect for occupational exposure to TCDD-contaminated chemicals and ischaemic heart disease

Objectives To quantify the effect of exposure and disease misclassification on the odds ratio (OR) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in a retrospective cohort study of trichlorophenol workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Method Exposure and disease classification parameters were defined using specificity and sensitivity values either reported in the peer-reviewed literature or calculated from available published data. The distribution shapes for each parameter were constructed based on expert judgment and were varied to address the lack of published information on the parameter distributions. Probabilistic uncertainty analysis, which uses Monte Carlo simulation techniques, was then used to sample each parameter distribution, calculating ORs corrected for outcome and exposure misclassification. Results Correction for exposure and disease misclassification produced lognormal probability distributions of ORs for IHD with a wider range of possible values than calculated in the traditional epidemiological analysis. The median ORcorrected was larger than the ORobserved of 3.05 for all seven scenarios evaluated and ranged from 5.34 to 11.86. Between 70% and 99% of the simulation trials yielded corrected ORs greater than the ORobserved. Conclusions The application of uncertainty analysis to a mortality study of workers occupationally exposed to TCDD-contaminated chemicals provides valuable insight into the magnitude and direction of misclassification error and the impact on an estimate of effect. Further refinement of the parameter distributions and adjustment of the ORobserved for other study limitations will be necessary to determine whether a true causal relationship between exposure and disease exists or if the effect observed in these workers is an artefact of systematic error.
Meeting the needs of the resident trainee during an elective subspecialty rotation.

OBJECTIVE To examine and compare perceptions between resident-trainees and faculty-educators on goals and reasons why resident trainees choose certain subspecialty elective rotations. METHODS In June 2013 residents and faculty-educators at a large tertiary care academic medical center were surveyed regarding perceived resident goals for subspecialty electives. Each group was sent a different electronic survey of parallel questions assessing agreement on an ordered scale with statements about which factors impacted resident choice. RESULTS The survey was sent to 154 residents and had 75 (49%) respondents, as well as 20 faculty-educators with 12 (60%) respondents. Residents and faculty did not differ in their responses that electives were chosen to fill perceived knowledge gaps (exact Cochran-Armitage p = .51). However, educators and residents significantly varied in the degree to which they thought resident choice was based on networking within the field (exact Cochran-Armitage p = .01), auditioning for fellowship (exact Cochran-Armitage p < .01), or exploring career options (exact Cochran-Armitage p = .01), with educators overestimating the degree to which these impacted resident choice. CONCLUSIONS Resident trainees and faculty educators agree that subspecialty electives are most frequently chosen in order to meet resident educational goals, highlighting the importance of developing and delivering high quality subspecialty curricular content for the internal medicine resident learner during electives. Many residents choose electives for career development reasons, but faculty educators overestimate this motivation.
Undergraduate Training in Entomology and Other Sciences for Insect Ecology

Ecology is the scientific study of the interrelationships of plants and animals in and to their complete environment under natural conditions. It is an integrating field drawing together the facts and principles of many other sciences. The ecologist must have an understanding of these other sciences as well as his own (Chapman, 1955). He must be acquainted with the great variety of plants and animals that live in the areas he studies. He must know their behavior, habits and peculiarities as well as their names. This requires a sound background in morphology, physiology and psychology. The variation in these characteristics and its basis in genetics and evolution must. also be kept in mind in any ecological studies. To avoid the errors of the past and to maintain the scientific stature of his field, the ecologist must also be a good experimentalist and a sound statistician.
Updating a finite element based structural model of a small flexible aircraft

The generation of a finite element based structural model of a small, flexible unmanned aircraft is presented. The paper focuses on obtaining a simple model suitable for control design based on a two step procedure. In an initial step, static and dynamic tests of the wings are conducted. These experiments give first estimates of the material properties (e.g., stiffness) of the aircraft. A finite element model consisting of simple beam elements is constructed based on these first estimates. In the next step, the modal data of the aircraft is extracted from a ground vibration test. The initial finite element model is then updated using this modal data. An optimization problem is proposed to minimize the difference in the modal properties, i.e. the modal frequencies and mode shapes, between the model and the experimental data. The free parameters of the optimization are chosen based on physical insights of the system. The resulting finite element model closely matches the experimental data both in terms of modal properties as well as input/output behavior.
Public control of rational and unpredictable epidemics

Abstract Efforts to improve disease forecasting are often justified on the grounds that accurate and reliable forecasts offer opportunities to improve response to epidemics. Yet little is known about how disease forecasts influence the responsiveness to public health interventions. This paper couples an optimal stopping model and rational disease prevention with a stochastic compartmental epidemiological model of disease spread to develop a framework for evaluating the timing of public health interventions in response to rational but unpredictable epidemics. Optimal behavior by a public health agency is characterized by a pair of critical prevalence thresholds that trigger implementation and suspension of a public prevention program. Unlike existing economic thresholds for disease prevention, our decision thresholds account for time-varying probabilities of different levels of infection, prevention by private individuals, and the likelihood of crossing epidemiological thresholds that determine disease persistence.
Determination of twelve sorts of inorganic anion in drinking water by ion chromatography

Objective:To establish a new method for quantitative detection of inorganic anion in water including fluoride,chlorite,bromate,chloride,nitrite,bromide,sulfuret,chlorate,sulfite,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate.Methods:Ion chromatography was applied.IonPac AS9 was selected as the seperation column,9.0 mmol/L Na2CO3 was eluent.After deposited,decolored and filtrated,the samples was injected and analysized.Results:Enable to easily and effectively separate and deteminate twelve sorts of inorganic anion in water.In this method,good relative(r0.9991),broad linearity range,low detection limit,good analytic accuracy and precision were obtained(RSD%2.75).The average recoveries rates were between 91.2% and 102.6%.Interferential factors such as acidity alkalinity,coexist non-determinating ions were also studied to ensure results accuracy.Conclusion:This methond is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate.It has good adaptility to various water samples.It is suitable for simultaneous determination of twelve sorts of inorganic anion in drinking water.
Experimental delayed postischemic spinal cord hypoperfusion after aortic cross-clamping

BACKGROUND As in the brain, recent evidence has suggested a defect in the microcirculation during the reperfusion period after spinal cord ischemia. This investigation was undertaken in order to delineate blood flow dynamics in the postischemic spinal cord of the rat. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cross-clamping of the aorta and subclavian arteries (XC) for 11 minutes. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured by autoradiography in the gray and white matter of cervical (Ce), thoracic (Th) and lumbar (Lu) regions during XC, 1 h, 6 h and 24 h (XC n = 8, 1 h n = 9, 6 h n = 9, and 24 h n = 11, groups) after XC. Control groups underwent surgical manipulations and SCBF measurement but no XC (Sham 1, n = 8), or clamping of the subclavian arteries only (Sham 2, n = 8). RESULTS In Ce cord, there was no difference between SCBF of 1 h, 6 h, 24 h and Sham 1. In Th cord, SCBF was reduced during XC (P < 0.003 vs. Sham 2), 1 h, 6 h (P < 0.04 and P < 0.01 vs. Sham 1). In Lu cord, SCBF was not detectable in XC, and depressed in 1 h (P < 0.003) and 6 h (P < 0.003). There was no difference between 24 h and Sham 1 in Ce, Th, and Lu cords. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated a period of delayed postischemic hypoperfusion in the white and gray matter of Th and Lu cord segments lasting 6 h after XC. The phenomenon may play an important role in the ultimate fate of neural elements with borderline viability after ischemic injury.
Comparison of small-area deprivation measures as predictors of chronic disease burden in a low-income population

Measures of small-area deprivation may be valuable in geographically targeting limited resources to prevent, diagnose, and effectively manage chronic conditions in vulnerable populations. We developed a census-based small-area socioeconomic deprivation index specifically to predict chronic disease burden among publically insured Medicaid recipients in South Carolina, a relatively poor state in the southern United States. We compared the predictive ability of the new index with that of four other small-area deprivation indicators. To derive the ZIP Code Tabulation Area-Level Palmetto Small-Area Deprivation Index (Palmetto SADI), we evaluated ten census variables across five socioeconomic deprivation domains, identifying the combination of census indicators most highly correlated with a set of five chronic disease conditions among South Carolina Medicaid enrollees. In separate validation studies, we used both logistic and spatial regression methods to assess the ability of Palmetto SADI to predict chronic disease burden among state Medicaid recipients relative to four alternative small-area socioeconomic deprivation measures: the Townsend index of material deprivation; a single-variable poverty indicator; and two small-area designations of health care resource deprivation, Primary Care Health Professional Shortage Area and Medically Underserved Area/Medically Underserved Population. Palmetto SADI was the best predictor of chronic disease burden (presence of at least one condition and presence of two or more conditions) among state Medicaid recipients compared to all alternative deprivation measures tested. A low-cost, regionally optimized socioeconomic deprivation index, Palmetto SADI can be used to identify areas in South Carolina at high risk for chronic disease burden among Medicaid recipients and other low-income Medicaid-eligible populations for targeted prevention, screening, diagnosis, disease self-management, and care coordination activities.
On an inferential model construction using generalized associations

Abstract The inferential model (IM) approach, like fiducial and its generalizations, depends on a representation of the data-generating process. Here, a particular variation on the IM construction is considered, one based on generalized associations. The resulting generalized IM is more flexible in that it does not require a complete specification of the data-generating process and is provably valid under mild conditions. Computation and marginalization strategies are discussed, and two applications of this generalized IM approach are presented.
Software Architecture Pattern Morphology in Open-Source Systems

Architecture patterns are commonly used to specify, understand, and document software architectures. As a system evolves, its architecture patterns are affected. In some cases, the patterns themselves may change. We studied the architectural documentation of a large number of open-source systems to learn how the architecture patterns change as the systems evolve. In some cases, the existing patterns accommodate the system evolution without changing, such as adding layers to a layered architecture. In other cases, new patterns are added where no patterns existed. In some cases, new patterns were added to existing architecture patterns. And in a few cases, a pattern changed to a different architecture pattern. We observed instances of each type of change. In most cases, there was a logical structural evolutionary path to the new pattern. Typically, the architecture documentation also explained the important quality attributes that motivated the changes. We propose this work as a foundation for the study of how architecture patterns change as system architectures evolve.
Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems: Finite Volume Methods

In this chapter we begin to study finite volume methods for the solution of conservation laws and hyperbolic systems. The fundamental concepts will be introduced, and then we will focus on first-order accurate methods for linear equations, in particular the upwind method for advection and for hyperbolic systems. This is the linear version of Godunov's method , which is the fundamental starting point for methods for nonlinear conservation laws, discussed beginning in Chapter 15. These methods are based on the solution to Riemann problems as discussed in the previous chapter for linear systems. Finite volume methods are closely related to finite difference methods, and a finite volume method can often be interpreted directly as a finite difference approximation to the differential equation. However, finite volume methods are derived on the basis of the integral form of the conservation law, a starting point that turns out to have many advantages. General Formulation for Conservation Laws In one space dimension, a finite volume method is based on subdividing the spatial domain into intervals (the “finite volumes,” also called grid cells ) and keeping track of an approximation to the integral of q over each of these volumes. In each time step we update these values using approximations to the flux through the endpoints of the intervals.
Folate and Vitamin B 12 Function

Folate and vitamin B 12 are dietary essential vitamins required for human health. Folate functions as a cofactor in the synthesis of nucleotides required for DNA synthesis and in amino acid metabolism including the synthesis of the methyl group of methionine, an amino acid used extensively in methylation reactions. Vitamin B 12 metabolism interacts with folate metabolism as it is also a cofactor in synthesis of methionine and the catabolism of other amino acids. The classic symptom of both folate and vitamin B 12 deficiency is an identical megoloblastic (large cell) anemia, which is a reflection of defective DNA synthesis. Vitamin B 12 deficiency can also cause subacute combined disease, a severe demyelination condition. The finding that periconceptional folate supplementation greatly reduced the incidence of birth defects such as spina bifida in humans has led to fortification of the food supply with folic acid in the United States and over 50 other countries.