cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Pitch Control of A Clipper Wind Turbine for Blade In-plane Load Reduction

This paper proposes an $H_{\infty}$ individual pitch controller for the Clipper C96 2.5 MW wind turbine installed at University of Minnesota. Different with existing results aimed to mitigate the blade out-of-plane loads, the proposed controller focuses more on reducing the blade in-plane loads. This is because the in-plane loads are dominating parts on the blade roots and therefore more critical to the life time of blades. To better balance the load reduction performance of different components on the turbine, the proposed controller takes the sum of filtered measurements of both blade in-plane and out-of-plane moments as feedback signals. It is expected to mitigate part of the in-plane periodic loads. Meanwhile, the high pass filtered measurements of the out-of-plane moments allow the controller to still mitigate high order harmonic terms of the out-of-plane loads. Therefore, the load reduction performance on the rotor shaft and nacelle should be improved. Simulation results show that the proposed design achieved these objectives.
Familial TGCT: polygenic aetiology advanced

A polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis reported that familial testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) were significantly enriched for TGCT risk alleles and that ≥84% were attributable to polygenic enrichment, supporting the polygenic aetiological basis of familial TGCT. Clinical application will first require improved TGCT screening and early detection tools.
Real-time monitoring of welding process using air-coupled ultrasonics and acoustic emission

The automated weld quality assurance can improve efficiency and productivity. This paper presents the development of real-time weld quality assurance approach for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using acoustic emission (AE) and air-coupled ultrasonic testing (UT). The major weld defect of interest in this paper is burn through, that is, melting through the base metal during welding that creates a hole/gap. The in situ monitoring system evaluates the changes in weld size leading to burn through by changing the weld heat input. Different categories of burn through are defined that include melting of the back of the plate without any molten metal exiting to formation of a hole in the plate. It is demonstrated that complete air-coupled UT cannot be used simultaneously with welding due to the influence of the magnetic field that develops in the weld torch during welding, which weakens the ultrasonic signal. Consequently, a rolling UT transmitter is combined with air-coupled UT receiver to increase the signal/noise value. Wave dispersion is detected due to the different levels of burn through. While UT method provides quantitative information about the weld state, any localized surface discontinuity causes sudden surges in the AE energy indicating non-uniform welding qualitatively. It is concluded that passive and active nondestructive evaluation methods should be combined to monitor weld quality real time for qualitative and quantitative assessment.
Assessing the feasibility of using a closed landfill for agricultural graze land

Once landfills are closed and maintained according to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s standards and regulations, they are potential sites for revitalization efforts, particularly via agricultural activities. This project was commissioned by the City of Tucson Environmental Services Department as part of an effort to explore ways to reuse one or more of the 16 landfills the department manages in the Tucson metropolitan area. The objective of this project was to assess the feasibility of using a closed landfill to support safe goat browsing. A site history and investigation was conducted at the Harrison Landfill in Tucson, Arizona, to characterize the soil quality and uptake of deleterious metals by the following plants observed at the landfill: Pennisetum ciliare (buffel grass), Baccharis sarothroides (desert broom), Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle), Larrea tridentata (creosote), Tamarix ramosissima (salt cedar), and Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush). Site characterization data were combined with known goat browsing and plant consumption patterns to determine exposure risks. It was observed that soil concentrations of metals (Al, Ag, As, Be, Ba, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Se, Mo, Sn, Sb, Pb) did not exceed Arizona Department of Environmental Quality’s soil remediation levels. Tamarix ramosissima, Baccharis salicifolia (willow baccharis), Pennisetum ciliare, Salsola tragus L., Baccharis sarothroides, Larrea tridentata, and Atriplex canescens contained metal concentrations that fell well within maximum tolerable levels. In general, this project determined that after soil and plant assessment, urban, arid landfills may be used effectively for economic development through agricultural grazing ventures.
Geometry of Numbers

Here we deal with a subject which was introduced formally by Minkowski [1896] to show the unit structures and class structures to be finite and (effectively) computable. Some of the techniques had been previsioned by Gauss and Hermite, but it was necessary to treat the lattices of number theory in terms of vectors in a “physical space” of real numbers with unusual “metrics” in order to give full play to geometric insight.
Target Recognition and Evaluation of Typical Transmission Line Equipment Based on Deep Learning

The traditional method of conducting regular inspections for high-voltage transmission towers is mainly based on manual inspection. Workers need to board the tower for visual inspection during operation, which is not only unsafe, but also inefficient. With the gradual popularization of drones in the use of power industry, automated inspections based on artificial intelligence and image processing technology have become possible. In the complex background of aerial images, doing defect detection for key equipment components of high-voltage transmission lines is a challenging problem, and achieving the goal of target recognition of transmission line equipment is the basis of defect detection. Based on the deep learning technology, this paper researches the target recognition of transmission line equipment by using aerial image, focusing on insulator and anti-vibration hammer. The process is as follows: Firstly, the image data should be preprocessed. Secondly, the data should be marked and the data set should be divided. Then the two networks of Faster R-CNN and YOLOv3 are used for training. Finally, the trained model is evaluated.
The chemistry and applications of RNA 2′-OH acylation

RNA is a versatile biomolecule with a broad range of biological functions that go far beyond its initially described role as a simple information carrier. The development of chemical methods to control, manipulate and modify RNA has the potential to yield new insights into its many functions and properties. Traditionally, most of these methods involved the chemical modification of RNA structure using solid-state synthesis or enzymatic transformations. However, over the past 15 years, the direct functionalization of RNA by selective acylation of the 2'-hydroxyl (2'-OH) group has emerged as a powerful alternative that enables the simple modification of both synthetic and transcribed RNAs. In this Review, we discuss the chemical properties and design of effective reagents for RNA 2'-OH acylation, highlighting the unique problem of 2'-OH reactivity in the presence of water. We elaborate on how RNA 2'-OH acylation is being exploited to develop selective chemical probes that enable interrogation of RNA structure and function, and describe new developments and applications in the field.
Reconciliation as a Framework for Supporting Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Diversity in Social Work Education

In today’s society, the marginalization and oppression among vulnerable communities emphasizes the need for racial, ethnic, and cultural reconciliation. Slavery, racism, and white privilege have had long standing and negative effects in the history of the United States that continue to perpetuate the lives of minority populations. As a result, the need to emphasize the importance of anti-racist education that focuses on addressing all levels of practice (micro, mezzo, and macro) and challenges structural ideologies is paramount. The pursuit and maintenance of social justice for all is the foundation of the Social Work profession, therefore, students and practitioners must be equipped with the knowledge, training, and skills necessary for understanding how the historical antecedents and racism affect communities they will serve. This paper will explore the concept of racial reconciliation as a framework for addressing racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity within social work programs.
The importance of value congruence: an analysis of college recreation employees and organizations

ABSTRACTRationale/Purpose: Broadly, the purpose of the study was to explore the psychological processes of college recreation employees. Several constructs were chosen for this study including pers...
QoS and power network stability aware simultaneous optimization of data center revenue and expenses

Abstract Data center profits are directly impacted by electric power consumption, which in turn has critical environmental implications. Geo distributed data centers maximize profits by optimizing resource allocation and leveraging diverse power tariffs available in a deregulated market. However, a power network state apathetic profit maximization can destabilize the grid and hamper a data center's sustainability goals. In this paper, we formulate the data center profit maximization as a constrained optimization problem. We then propose a multi-level algorithm where the lower level scheme is based on evolutionary optimization. The algorithm simultaneously optimizes revenue and expenses while preserving QoS and power network stability. The proposed approach considers real-time demand-based energy price variations to orchestrate request routing and resource allocation. The approach is suitable for heterogeneous and homogeneous data center architectures. The proposed scheme is also thermal-aware and considers both computing and cooling consumption. Simulation results show that the proposed technique is effective; it achieves a higher profit over a broad range of price variations and data center utilization levels.
A New Look at Carbon Abundances in Planetary Nebulae. III. DDDM1, IC 3568, IC 4593, NGC 6210, NGC 6720, NGC 6826, and NGC 7009

This paper is the third in a series reporting on a study of carbon abundances in a carefully chosen sample of planetary nebulae representing a large range in progenitor mass and metallicity. We make use of the IUE Final Archive database containing consistently reduced spectra to measure line strengths of C III] λ1909 along with numerous other UV lines for the planetary nebulae DDDM1, IC 3568, IC 4593, NGC 6210, NGC 6720, NGC 6826, and NGC 7009. We combine the IUE data with line strengths from optical spectra obtained specifically to match the IUE slit positions as closely as possible, in order to determine values for the abundance ratios He/H, O/H, C/O, N/O, and Ne/O. The ratio of C III] λ1909/C II λ4267 is found to be effective for merging UV and optical spectra when He II λ1640/λ4686 is unavailable. Our abundance determination method includes a five-level program whose results are fine-tuned by corrections derived from detailed photoionization models constrained by the same set of emission lines. All objects appear to have subsolar levels of O/H, and all but one show N/O levels above solar. In addition, the seven planetary nebulae span a broad range in C/O values. We infer that many of our objects are matter-bounded, and thus the standard ionization correction factor for N/O may be inappropriate for these PNs. Finally, we estimate C/O using both collisionally excited and recombination lines associated with C+2 and find the well-established result that abundances from recombination lines usually exceed those from collisionally excited lines by several times.
Noisy Inventory Announcements and Energy Prices

This study examines the effect of oil and gas inventory announcements on energy prices. Previous estimates of this effect suffer from bias due to measurement error in inventory surprises. We utilize intraday futures data for three petroleum commodities and natural gas to estimate the price response coefficients using traditional event study regressions and the identification-through-censoring (ITC) technique proposed by Rigobon and Sack [Rigobon and Sack (2008). Asset prices and monetary policy (pp. 335–370). Chicago: University of Chicago Press]. The results show that the bias in OLS estimates of the price impact of inventory surprises is quite large. The ITC coefficient estimates are about twice as large as OLS estimates for petroleum commodities and about four times as large as OLS estimates for natural gas. These results imply that energy prices are more strongly influenced by unexpected changes in inventory than shown in previous research. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:911–933, 2014
Plasma epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrieonic acids, insulin, glucose and risk of diabetes: The strong heart study.

Abstract Background Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are metabolites of arachidonic acid with multiple biological functions. Rodent experiments suggest EETs play a role in insulin sensitivity and diabetes, but evidence in humans is limited. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a case-cohort study in the Strong Heart Family Study, a prospective cohort among American Indians. Methods We measured 4 EET species and 4 species of corresponding downstream metabolites, dihydroxyeicosatrieonic acids (DHETs), in plasma samples from 1161 participants, including 310 with type 2 diabetes. We estimated the associations of total (esterified and free) EETs and DHETs with incident diabetes risk, adjusting for known risk factors. We also examined cross-sectional associations with plasma fasting insulin and glucose in the case-cohort and in 271 participants without diabetes from the older Strong Heart Study cohort, and meta-analyzed the results from the 2 cohorts. Findings We observed no significant association of total EET or DHET levels with incident diabetes. In addition, plasma EETs were not associated with plasma insulin or plasma glucose. However, higher plasma 14,15-DHET was associated with lower plasma insulin and lower plasma glucose. Interpretation In this first prospective study of EETs and diabetes, we found no evidence for a role of total plasma EETs in diabetes. The novel associations of 14,15-DHET with insulin and glucose warrant replication and exploration of possible mechanisms. Funding US National Institutes of Health
A Historical Summary of How a Severe Misinterpretation of the only Diagram in Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability in Chapter III on Page 39 Spread to Philosophers: From G. Meeks (1976) to S.Dow and V.Chick (2012) to S.Bradley(2019)

G. Meeks’s original analysis of the diagram on Page 39 (Page 42 of the CWJMK version in 1973) in chapter III of the A Treatise on Probability in 1976 erred in claiming that Keynes was illustrating ordinal,or rank order, probability measurement. Keynes was actually illustrating interval valued probability, not ordinal probability. Keynes made this very clear in chapter 15 of the A Treatise on Probability in Part II on pp.160-163, as well as in chapters 17, 20, 22, 26, 29, and 30, which all deal with Keynes’s method of inexact measurement and approximation, using lower and upper bounds. Meeks never read Part II or Chapter 15 of the A Treatise on Probability. Meeks’s work was then passed down to R. Skidelsky, A. Carabelli, R. O’Donnell, and many, many other academics, who were attending or were associated with Cambridge University. From this stage, her erroneous work was passed down to S. Dow and V. Chick, and finally to S. Bradley. This erroneous and mistaken view of Keynes’s operational approach to using probability in applications had never appeared in the work of any philosopher until it showed up in April of 2019 in an article published by S. Bradley for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Characterizing the effects of policy instruments on the future costs of carbon capture for coal power plants

We develop a methodology with which to assess the effects of policy instruments on the long-term abatement and costs of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for coal power plants. Using an expert elicitation, historical data on the determinants of technological change in energy, values from the engineering literature, and demand estimates from an integrated assessment model, we simulate ranges of outcomes between 2025 and 2095. We introduce probability distributions of all important parameters and propagate them through the model to generate probability distributions of electricity costs, abatement costs, and CO2 avoided over time. Carbon pricing has larger effects than R&D and subsidies. But much of the range of outcomes is driven by uncertainty in other parameters, such as capital costs and returns to scale. Availability of other low carbon technologies, particularly bioenergy with CCS affects outcomes. Subsidies have the biggest impacts when they coincide with expanding manufacturing scale of CCS components. Our results point to 4 parameters for which better information is needed for future work informing technology policy to address climate change: capital costs, demonstration plants, growth constraints, and knowledge spillovers among technologies.
Angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) receptor inhibition partially prevents the urodynamic and detrusor changes associated with bladder outlet obstruction: a mouse model.

Study Type – Therapy (case control) Level of Evidence 3b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Angiotensin II is the main effector peptide in the bladder local renin-angiotensin system. This experiment demonstrates the role of this local renin-angiotensin system with respect to bladder outlet obstruction. OBJECTIVE • To determine if treatment with an angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) receptor antagonist, losartan, can prevent the structural and functional changes that occur in a mouse model of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). MATERIALS AND METHODS • Twenty-four Balb/CAN mice underwent partial urethral obstruction for 6 weeks. • Twelve mice were given oral losartan (10 mg/kg/day), and 12 were not. Six mice served as unobstructed controls, and six unobstructed mice were given oral losartan (10 mg/kg/day) to determine the effect of angiotensin II inhibition on the normal bladder. • Bladder capacity (C), detrusor pressure during voiding (Pdet) and volume at first non-voiding contraction (NVC1) as a percentage of C were recorded after 6 weeks. • Bladders were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for measurement of detrusor muscular thickness, and graded as 1 = atrophy ( 200 µm thick) compared with controls. RESULTS • Compared with controls, BOO mice had greater C (153.5 ± 20.9 vs 57.5 ± 7.4 µl, P < 0.01), higher Pdet (28.8 ± 2.1 vs 12.1 ± 2.1 mm Hg), lower NVC1 (median = 24% vs 54% P= 0.03). BOO mice manifested greater bladder weight (93.2 ± 11.7 mg vs 26.8 ± 2.40 mg, P < 0.01) and greater detrusor muscle thickness (median 3 vs 2, P= 0.02). • Compared with untreated BOO mice, mice treated with losartan had greater mean C (248.8 ± 28.6 vs 153.5 ± 20.9 µL, P= 0.01), no significant change in mean Pdet (24.7 ± 1.6 vs 28.8 ± 2.1 mm Hg, P= 0.2) and a higher mean NVC1 (47% vs 24%, P= 0.02). • Treatment with losartan mediated an insignificant reduction in mean bladder weight (68.1 ± 9.1 mg vs 93.2 ± 11.7 mg, P= 0.10), but a significant reduction in detrusor muscle thickness (median 2 vs 3, P= 0.02). Losartan did not mediate any significant structural or functional changes in the unobstructed mouse bladder. CONCLUSION • In a mouse model of BOO, treatment with an AT-1 antagonist partially prevented the urodynamic and structural changes that otherwise occur with BOO.
Experiences on Anode Reconstruction Process in Søderberg Technology

Anode construction is a challenging process for Soderberg Cells. In order to reestablish the full plant capacity at Alcoa Pocos de Caldas, located in the southern part of Brazil, it was necessary to develop a new process to bake anodes within the potrooms environment. Using reduced amperage as baking element and controlling the current passing through each of fifty stubs, it was possible to assembly new anodes with quality and proper condition for optimum cell operations. This paper describes the sequence of activities applied for bake-in of new Soderberg anodes, the techniques implemented to monitor and control the baking process and finally the outcome after pot start-up.
Abstract P4-10-01: Evaluation of the role of EBV in breast cancer

Background: A number of factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, are associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Although these factors may help predict risk and prognosis, these known factors are imperfect and suggest that additional factors exist that promote the development and behavior of breast cancer. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with tumor types such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and gastric cancer, may contribute to breast cancer development and/or progression, however, current research has led to mixed results, with some groups finding a positive correlation between EBV and breast cancer and others failing to find an association. Methods: The Clinical Breast Care Project database was queried to identify patients with high-quality, research-grade frozen tumor specimens and serum samples available. Previous exposure to EBV was determined using the Epstein-Barr virus (EBNA) IgG Human ELISA Kit. EBV, B-cells and macrophages were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) in seropositive patients using probes for EBNA1, CD-68 and CD-20, respectively. EBV and B-cell status was scored as present or absent while macrophages were classified as sparse, focal (weak, moderate or strong expression) or disseminated (macrophages detected throughout the tumor and stroma). Results: ELISA analysis on 211 serum samples found that 202 (96%) patients were seropositive for past EBV exposure. IF data has been generated for 31 tumors, from which six had no detectable B-cells. Of the remaining B-cell positive tumors, 32% (8/25) were positive for EBNA1 within the B-cells. Distribution of intrinsic subtypes was similar between both EBV+ and EBV- tumors, however, diagnosis with a late-stage tumor and lymph node metastasis was higher in EBV+ (50% stage III/IV, 88% lymph node positive) compared to EBV- tumors (24% stage III/IV, 47% lymph node positive). In addition, EBV+ tumors were more likely to have sparse/focal(weak) macrophage staining (63%) compared to EBV- tumors (47%). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that latent EBV is present within B-cells in a significant number of invasive breast tumors. Decreased detection of macrophages within the tumor component supports the theory that expression of EBV proteins impairs the function and maturation of macrophages, thus impairing immune surveillance and creating a pro-tumorigenic environment. This altered immune response may contribute to the later stage and increased frequency of metastasis in patients with EBV positive B-cells within the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Rachel E Ellsworth, Jill D Henning, Nikki Oakes, Allyson L Valente, Brednda Deyarmin, Jeff Meyer, Matthew T Hueman, Craig D Shriver. Evaluation of the role of EBV in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-01.
Rebuilding the ark : new perspectives on Endangered Species Act reform

Rebuilding The Ark: Introduction Jonathan H. Adler Chapter 1: The Leaky Ark: The Failure of Endangered Species Regulation On Private Land Jonathan H. Adler Chapter 2: Reforming Section 10 and the Habitat Conservation Program David A. Dana Chapter 3: Improving The Esa's Performance on Private Land R. Neal Wilkins Chapter 4: Permits, Property, And Planningin The 21st Century: Habitat As Survival And Beyond Jamison E. Colburn Chapter 5: Mark to Ecosystem Service Market: RepricingConservation Easements to Protect Ecosystems Jonathan Remy Nash Chapter 6: Protecting Species Through the Protection of Water Rights James L. Huffman Chapter 7: Dumb Queues and Not-So-Bright Lines Brian F. Mannix Chapter 8: Pit Bulls Can't Fly: Adapting the Endangered Species Act to the Reality of Climate Change J.B. Rhul Chapter 9: Protecting Endangered Species at Home and Abroad Michael De Alessi Index About the Authors
A competition-motivated, interdisciplinary design experience

This paper describes a six-year effort to provide students with an interdisciplinary, design-oriented, engineering experience through the implementation of a mobile robotics course and integral mobile robot contest. Open to all students that have completed engineering physics, the mobile robotics course requires teamwork, project management, and a mixture of theoretical understanding and laboratory skills. Student outcomes are both evaluated and publicly demonstrated through participation in an annual robot contest. Early access to this course, coupled with the option (and common practice) of repeating the activity, simultaneously provides beginning students with an introduction to the engineering discipline and more advanced students with a significant design experience. Mobile robots are designed and constructed to compete in events ranging from maze navigation to sumo wrestling. Students develop skills in both mechanical and electrical fabrication while designing mechanisms, circuits, and computer programs to support autonomous, situated operation. Design considerations, innovative features, and programming strategies are described in final reports that are shared with succeeding classes. The instructional challenge is to move from traditional information presentation to the provision and maintenance of a dynamic, cooperative and collaborative, active-learning environment.
The Role of Business Information Visualization in Knowledge Creation

Past research suggests that one of the reasons causing Business Intelligence (BI) systems to fall short of expectations could be that certain BI capabilities may not be appropriate for individuals’ or organizational challenges. Our research proposes the need to enhance our understanding of information and knowledge processes to address the issue. We evaluate the appropriateness of adopting the implications of information and knowledge processes to Business Information Visualization (BIV) as one of BI capabilities by exploring how data interaction and data representation reduce information-based challenges of uncertainty and complexity, thus enabling the creation of new insights. Formal model and resulting propositions are offered. Research implications suggest that effective and efficient insight generation can be achieved by deploying BI visualization capabilities only if those capabilities result in knowledge workers’ perception of lower information uncertainty and complexity. Larger implications of this study for BI, BIV and knowledge creation process are discussed.
Disruption of axoplasmic transport induces mechanical sensitivity in intact rat C‐fibre nociceptor axons

Peripheral nerve inflammation can cause axons conducting through the inflamed site to become mechanically sensitive. Axonal mechanical sensitivity (AMS) of intact axons may explain symptoms in a diverse number of conditions characterized by radiating pain evoked by movements of the affected nerve. Because nerve inflammation also disrupts axoplasmic transport, we hypothesized that the disruption of axoplasmic transport by nerve inflammation could cause the cellular components responsible for mechanical transduction to accumulate and become inserted at the inflamed site, causing AMS. This was tested by examining AMS in C-fibre nociceptors following the application of axoplasmic transport blockers (colchicine and vinblastine) to the sciatic nerve. Both 10 mm colchicine and 0.1 mm vinblastine caused AMS to develop in 30.6% and 33.3% of intact axons, respectively (P 50 mm) can damage axons, and inflammation is involved in the removal of axonal debris, experiments were performed to assess conduction across the treatment site as well as signs of inflammation. Results indicated minimal axonal loss (95% of A- and C-fibres conducting), consistent with the normal microscopic appearance of the colchicine treatment site and absence of ED1-positive (recruited) macrophages. In a separate series of experiments, the block of axoplasmic transport proximal to a localized neuritis significantly reduced inflammation-induced AMS (15.6% compared to 55.6%; P < 0.05), further supporting that the components necessary for AMS are moved by anterograde transport. In summary, nerve inflammation that causes the disruption of axoplasmic transport in patients with painful conditions may result in the accumulation and insertion of mechanosensitive elements at the inflamed site.
An Algorithm for Computing Interzonal Transfers Using the Gravity Model

The gravity model is applied frequently to the problem of estimating the number of automobile trips between pairs of points zones of a highway network given the number of trips that arrive and depart each point. In this paper, the gravity model is formulated, and an algorithm for solving it is described. Problems associated with using the model also are discussed. A simple numerical example is presented.
A Spheroid Model for the Role of Shape in Particle Size Analysis

Standard procedure in particle size analysis is to express size as an equivalent sphere diameter. As a consequence, results obtained by procedures based on different kinds of response give different results. An alternative approach is presented based on a spheroidal shape which, depending on elongation can represent shapes ranging from rods, through spheres to discs. Particle size and shape are then presented as volume diameter and elongation. Applications to commonly used procedures are presented. For particles of similar shape, i.e., elongation independent of size, the results of procedures such as sieving, microscopy and sedimentation show a simple shift in apparent size with the form of the distribution unaffected. In the case of methods based on radiation scattering, orientation effects lead to an apparent size distribution even for identical particles. Experimental results on glass spheres, crushed quartz particles and fine kaolin are shown to be consistent with the spheroid model. Analysis of the quartz data by a variety of techniques gave consistent values for the volume diameter and elongation. Light scattering measurements on a series of narrow sieve fractions of the quartz particles showed no variation in elongation with size.
Chain dynamics and power-law distance fluctuations of single-molecule systems.

Chain-dynamics-induced distance fluctuations between any two points in a finite chain with or without cross links are investigated. This model leads to three regimes of temporal behavior for distance autocorrelation: (i) initial flat time dependence, (ii) t–alpha power law, and (iii) long-time exponential decay. For an ideal Rouse chain with frequency-independent friction, alpha=(1/2). The span of the characteristic power-law behavior of a long chain could be reduced significantly with the presence of cross links.
Endovascular Approach to Acute Hemorrhage in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

We report a case of a woman with recurrent axillary fungating breast cancer who developed catastrophic hemorrhage from tumor erosion of her axillary artery. This was treated successfully with endovascular placement of a covered arterial stent. We discuss the suitability of endovascular therapy for patients with advanced malignancy given its lower morbidity in this population with decreased life expectancy.
Youth workers in college: A replicable model for professional development

Abstract Positive relationships with skilled frontline staff are critical to positive youth outcomes (Bouffard & Little, 2004), and yet many youth workers are insufficiently prepared to deal with these complex environments (Casey Foundation, 2003). There is also concern that there is little motivation for frontline youth workers to stay in a field rife with danger of burnout, feelings of being overwhelmed, and low pay (Anderson-Nathe, 2008; Borden, Craig, & Villaruel, 2004). This article establishes the important role higher education can play towards stabilizing the youth workforce, and posits that coursework that is multidisciplinary, relevant to students' jobs, and supported by employers is important to the success of college programs. The 12-credit Youth Studies Certificate (YSC) was offered by the City University of New York (CUNY) to 223 youth workers from 1999 to 2011. Coursework addresses the complex field of youth development by recasting traditional courses in education, human services, psychology, sociology, development, and recreation. Frontline workers combine their practical knowledge of the field with the theoretical framework of a college course. Additionally, the certificate is an opportunity to develop academically and in critical thinking, skills which enhance a worker's development and delivery of service in the practice setting. Public/private partnership is an important feature of this replicable model aimed to build the stability and capacity of the youth development field and the workers within it. Recommendations for replicability and future research are provided.
An Economic and Simple Purification Procedure for the Large-Scale Production of Ovotransferrin from Egg White

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a simple and economical protocol for separating ovotransferrin from egg white. Egg white was separated from the yolk and diluted with the same volume of distilled water. To prevent denaturation during the separation process, ovotransferrin in 2×-diluted egg white was converted to its holo-form by adding 20 mM FeCl3·6H2 O solution (0.25 to 3 mL/100 mL). The pH of egg white was adjusted to pH 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0, and NaHCO3 and NaCl were added to 50 mM and 0.15 M, respectively (final concentrations) to facilitate iron binding to ovotransferrin. The iron-bound ovotransferrin was separated from the egg white using different concentrations of ethanol (30 to 50%). Ethanol at 43% (final concentration) and pH at 9.0 were the best conditions for separating iron-bound ovotransferrin from 2×-diluted egg white solution. Almost all egg white proteins including ovalbumin were precipitated at 43% ethanol, but most of the iron-bound ovotransferrin remained in the supernatant. Holo-ovotransferrin in the 43% ethanol solution started to precipitate as the concentration of ethanol increased, but the optimal condition for precipitating ovotransferrin was when the ethanol concentration reached 59% (final). The precipitated holo-ovotransferrin was dissolved with distilled water, and AG1-X2 ion exchange resin (at 3× iron content in ovotransferrin) was used to remove iron bound to ovotransferrin after pH adjustment to 4.7 using 500 mM citric acid. The apo-ovotransferrin obtained using this protocol was >80% in purity and around 99% in yield. The protocol developed is simple, economical, and appropriate for a large-scale production of ovotransferrin from egg white. Also, the isolated ovotransferrin can be applied in human foods, because the only solvent used in this process is ethanol. Furthermore, the AG1-X2 ion exchange resin and ethanol used in this process can be regenerated and recovered.
Electromyographic and mechanomyographic characteristics of neuromuscular block by magnesium sulphate in the pig.

In spite of its well known propensity to cause accidental paralysis by a specific mechanism of action, Mg(2+)-induced neuromuscular block has not been examined systematically for its characteristics of muscle response to nerve stimulation. We examined in seven anaesthetized domestic pigs the mechanomyographic (MMG) and neurally evoked compound electromyographic (ncEMG, EMG) responses of the tibialis anterior muscle to stimulation of its motor nerve, at baseline and during three levels of neuromuscular block induced by infusion of MgSO4 (at approximately 25%, 50% and 75% depression of the 0.1-Hz EMG). We observed that: at 0.1 Hz, the MMG tended to be more depressed than the EMG; the train-of-four (2 Hz) was essentially non-fading; the tetanic force (50 Hz) showed tetanic ascent instead of tetanic fade and reached its baseline control value at 5 s in spite of depression of the twitch; the EMG counterpart of the tetanus showed escalation of the train of ncEMG, so that the fourth ncEMG was much greater than the first; and the post-tetanic twitch was also relatively spared from Mg(2+)-induced neuromuscular block. Sparing of the tetanus and post-tetanic twitch resulted in large gains in the tetanus:twitch ratio and the post-:pre-tetanic twitch ratio, which increased at the 75% level of depression from 2.8 (SD 0.7) to 11.5 (4.0), and from 1.5 (0.3) to 4.6 (1.4) (P
Lysosomal enzyme changes in the rat conceptus following ovariectomy and the injection of a non-ionic detergent.

Abstract Following ovariectomy on day 11 of pregnancy and autopsy on day 12, there was a significant increase in nonsedimentable acid phosphatase and cathepsin in the fetus and yolk sac. An increase in nonsedimentable cathepsin was observed in the placental labyrinth and decidua basalis while the acid phosphatase in these tissues remained sedimentable. The administration of Triton WR-1339 at similar time intervals resulted in a significant increase in nonsedimentable acid phosphatase and cathepsin in the liver, placental labyrinth and yolk sac. The increase in nonsedimentable enzymes in the decidua basalis was less and was variable. No increase in nonsedimentable acid phosphatase or cathepsin was observed in the fetus but an increase in total cathepsin activity was noted.
Diagnosis of hydrometeor profiles from area-mean vertical-velocity data

A simple one-dimensional microphysical retrieval model is developed for estimating vertical profiles of liquid and frozen hydrometeor mixing ratios from observed vertical profiles of area-mean vertical velocity in regions of convective and/or stratiform precipitation. The mean vertical-velocity profiles can be obtained from Doppler radar (single and dual) or other means. The one-dimensional results are shown to be in good agreement with two-dimensional microphysical fields from a previous study. Sensitivity tests are performed.
Meta-Review of Sampling Dilemmas in Health Education Research: Design Issues and Ethical Precepts

Discussed is the previously unexamined relationship in health education literature between sampling techniques used in health behavior research and the ethical dilemmas investigators in the field must regularly negotiate. The intent is to describe the inherent weaknesses in both areas and to offer possible options for improvement The concepts of two-level randomization, validity of inferring results to a source population, snowball, and central location intercept sampling strategies are explored. The ethics of selecting specific sampling approaches as well as research designs to conduct research on “hidden populations” or disenfranchized cohorts such as runaways or intravenous drug users, is also examined. Recommendations are offered to enhance these two interrelated domains of inquiry and thus strengthen the image of the field both academically and publicly.
Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the ICESat Mission: On-orbit measurement performance

[1] The GLAS instrument on NASA's ICESat satellite has made over 904 million measurements of the Earth surface and atmosphere through June 2005. During its first seven operational campaigns it has vertically sampled the Earth's global surface and atmosphere on more than 3600 orbits with vertical resolutions approaching 3 cm. This paper summarizes the on-orbit measurement performance of GLAS to date.
Hyphal tip cell ultrastructure of the fungus Fusarium: improved preservation by freeze-substitution.

Ultrastructure of freeze-substituted hyphal tip cells of Fusarium acuminatum was compared to that after conventional chemical fixation. As a result of improved preservation by a modified freeze-substitution procedure, we document here: (i) an extensive system of smooth membrane cisternae with electron-dense contents, including tubules and single, fenestrated cisternae; (ii) two types of apical vesicles with a homogeneously electron-dense interior; (iii) an extensive system of microtubules which extend well into the apical dome; (iv) four distinct layers in the apical “primary” cell wall, with basipetal thickening due almost exclusively to enlargement of the outer cell wall layer; (v) hexagonal microvesicles; and (vi) a smooth profile of all cellular membranes and most organelles.
Efficiency and establishment of three introduced parasitoids of the mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Three introduced parasitoids Acerophagus papayae, Anagyrus loecki, and Pseudleptomastix mexicana of the mealybug Paracoccus marginatus have been released in Miami-Dade and Broward counties (Florida) in 2003. Efficiency and establishment of these previously introduced parasitoids to control P. marginatus were measured in 2005 and 2006, at three locations in Homestead (Miami-Dade). Mealybug populations were initially established on three branches (per plant) of 10 hibiscus plants inside closed-sleeve cages. The three treatments, closed, open, and no-cage environments were applied to the three established mealybug populations on each plant. The number of mealybugs and natural enemies was monitored in all treatments. After 72 h, the number of P. marginatus in the open-sleeve cage was higher than in the no-cage treatment but both were lower than the number in the closed-sleeve cage. Efficiency of parasitoids was evaluated by their percentage parasitism. Percentage parasitism (=recovery) was also used as an indicator for parasitoid establishment. Two of the three previously released parasitoids (A. papayae and A. loecki) were recovered in this study. Acerophagus papayae had a higher percentage parasitism than A. loecki in both the open-sleeve cage (31.0% vs 2.3%) and the no-cage treatments (21.4% vs 1.6%) and caused the most mortality of P. marginatus. There was no recovery of P. mexicana in either of the treatments. Although both A. papayae and A. loecki were established in tested areas, A. papayae was more efficient in controlling P. marginatus than A. loecki. The reasons for not recovering P. mexicana in release areas is yet unknown.
Effect of hydrothermal aging on oxygen storage/release and activity in a commercial automotive catalyst

Abstract We have studied the effect of hydrothermal aging on the oxygen storage/release and activity in a commercial automotive catalyst containing Pt, Rh, Ni, and Ce. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure changes in the oxidation state of the Ce and Ni present in the washcoat of the catalyst after various oxidation and reduction treatments and rate measurements of the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction were used to determine the reaction kinetics and activity. The catalyst was tested fresh and after hydrothermal aging at 1000°C under cyclic redox conditions. To determine which Ce species were present on the surface, we fit the XPS Ce(3d) data with combinations of spectra from standard materials (CeO2 and Ce2O3). Based on our measurements we conclude that aging the catalyst causes a loss of oxygen storage capacity due to sintering of the ceria particles which reduces the ceria/noble metal interaction and does not allow the Ce to cycle between oxidation states. In addition, hydrothermal aging causes the loss of oxygen storage of the Ni due to the irreversible formation of NiAl2O4. For the fresh catalyst, the observed kinetics for the uncycled carbon monoxide oxidation reaction show all of the signatures attributable to a catalyst with a high degree of ceria/noble metal interaction (complete suppression of the carbon monoxide inhibition effect, decreased sensitivity of the reaction rate to gas-phase oxygen concentration, and decreased apparent activation energy). Changes in the kinetics upon aging are consistent with a loss of ceria/noble metal contact area due to sintering of the ceria particles.
Courant-Like Conditions Limit Reasonable Mesh Refinement to Order $h^2 $

Under conditions (e.g., Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy conditions) on the size of all local time steps—namely, that they be proportional to the local spatial mesh size–a mesh refinement algorithm cannot be a “reasonable” algorithm if, near some space-time surface, the spatial mesh is refined to size $o(h^2 )$, i.e., smaller than order $h^2 $. Here h typifies the mesh size over most of the spatial region; and an algorithm is called “unreasonable” if, asymptotically, it spends all of its computational work exercising at the space-time surface. The limitation is even more stringent for problems with more than one spatial dimension unless the refinement occurs only normal to the surface. As the local time step constraints may be imposed for reasons of accuracy or efficiency as well as for stability, they may differ, on the coarse or fine meshes, from Courant-like conditions. In that case, the limitations on the order of reasonable refinement will generally change. But there is an absolute limitation which depends on the time step restriction away from the surface and on the number of spatial dimensions. One consequence of all this appears to be that $o(h^4 )$ errors are unattainable in vast regions of space-time utilizing reasonable mesh refinement–at least when using more or less uniformly applied difference schemes, with Courant-like conditions, to approximate those solutions of hyperbolic systems whose first derivatives or values jump at some surface in space-time.
Multianyon spectra and wave functions.

We study a many-body system consisting of $N$ identical anyons in an external harmonic-oscillator potential. A partial set of exact solutions is obtained by using Jacobi coordinates. For completing the full investigation, we employ a perturbative method to compute those spectra, which have not been analytically obtained. Near the boson limit, we point out that the requirement of the boson being hard core is needed for performing the perturbative calculations, and the first-order $N$-anyon ground-state energies are explicitly presented by using a proper regulation procedure. Up to third perturbative order from the fermion limit, the three-anyon ground-state energy corrections are explicitly presented. Finally we compute the first-order three-anyon ground-state wave function near the fermion limit.
Task Variations in Studies of Experimenter Expectancy Effects

Although most studies of E-expectancy effect have employed a person-perception task, over 40 studies have been conducted employing other tasks. In general, tasks other than the person-perception task tend to show greater effects of E expectancy.
Rhabdomyolysis, Acute Renal Failure and Hepatopathy Induced by Lovastatin Monotherapy.

Lovastatin is a popular drug for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Few serious complications are associated with its use although rhabdomyolysis with renal failure has been reported when lovastatin is combined with cyclosporine or other drugs following transplantation. We report the case of a patient who developed hepatopathy and rhabdomyolysis accompanied by acute renal failure after 4 weeks of lovastatin monotherapy. The pathogenesis and treatment of these complications are also discussed.