cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family meals. Associations with weight and eating behaviors among mothers and fathers.

Abstract Few studies have looked at the relationship between family meals and adult weight and health behaviors. The current study investigates the association between frequency of family meals and mothers’ and fathers’ body mass index (BMI), dietary intake, dieting behaviors and binge eating. Data from Project F-EAT (Families and Eating and Activity in Teens) were used for the current analysis. Socio-economically and racially/ethnically diverse mothers and fathers ( n = 3488) of adolescents participating in a multi-level population-based study (EAT 2010) completed surveys mailed to their homes. Predicted means or probabilities were calculated for each outcome variable at each level of family meal frequency. Interactions between race/ethnicity and marital status with family meals were evaluated in all models. Overall, results indicated that having more frequent family meals was associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables for mothers and fathers, after adjusting for age, educational attainment, marital status and race/ethnicity. Other findings including less fast food intake for fathers and fewer dieting and binge eating behaviors for mothers were significantly associated with family meal frequency, but not consistently across all family meal categories or with BMI. Interactions by race/ethnicity and marital status were non-significant, indicating that family meals may be important for more healthful dietary intake across race and marital status. Future research should confirm findings in longitudinal analyses to identify temporality and strength of associations.
Should a biologic marker be sensitive and specific

Potential biologic markers in psychiatry are often subjected to tests of sensitivity and specificity. However, in many instances, clinically diagnosed diseases may not be truly singular in their pathophysiology, and these tests may be inappropriate. One may distinguish between diagnostic markers useful in clinical pathology, linkage markers specifying genetic location and pathophysiologic markers that are primarily valuable as research tools. The latter are probably most useful in present-day psychiatry but they may not be sensitive or specific in their correspondence to clinical diagnosis.
Effective estimation of posterior probabilities: explaining the accuracy of randomized decision tree approaches

There has been increasing number of independently proposed randomization methods in different stages of decision tree construction to build multiple trees. Randomized decision tree methods have been reported to be significantly more accurate than widely-accepted single decision trees, although the training procedure of some methods incorporates a surprisingly random factor and therefore opposes the generally accepted idea of employing gain functions to choose optimum features at each node and compute a single tree that fits the data. One important question that is not well understood yet is the reason behind the high accuracy. We provide an insight based on posterior probability estimations. We first establish the relationship between effective posterior probability estimation and effective loss reduction. We argue that randomized decision tree methods effectively approximate the true probability distribution using the decision tree hypothesis space. We conduct experiments using both synthetic and real-world datasets under both 0-1 and cost-sensitive loss functions.
pNaKtide inhibits Na/K-ATPase reactive oxygen species amplification and attenuates adipogenesis

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress is known to play a role in the generation and maintenance of an obesity phenotype in both isolated adipocytes and intact animals. Because we had identified that the Na/K-ATPase can amplify oxidant signaling, we speculated that a peptide designed to inhibit this pathway, pNaKtide, might ameliorate an obesity phenotype. To test this hypothesis, we first performed studies in isolated murine preadipocytes (3T3L1 cells) and found that pNaKtide attenuated oxidant stress and lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Complementary experiments in C57Bl6 mice fed a high-fat diet corroborated our in vitro observations. Administration of pNaKtide in these mice reduced body weight gain, restored systemic redox and inflammatory milieu, and, crucially, improved insulin sensitivity. Thus, we propose that inhibition of Na/K-ATPase amplification of oxidative stress may ultimately be a novel way to combat obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.
Phytoplasmas associated with date palm in the continental USA: three 16SrIV subgroups.

Only one major group of phytoplasmas, namely group 16SrIV, has been identified in date palms in the continental United States, and only in the states of Florida and Texas where date palms are used for aesthetic purposes in the landscape and not for date production. While strains belonging to three 16SrIV group have been detected in Florida date palms (16SrIV-A, 16SrIV-D and 16SrIV-F), only subgroup 16SrIV-D strains have been detected in Texas date palms. The subgroup 16SrIV-D phytoplasmas identified in Florida and Texas appear to be genetically the same. Field symptoms caused by this group of phytoplasmas in date palms is described, along with the molecular techniques used to detect the phytoplasma in palm tissue and to identify the subgroup detected. Preventive management in the landscape is based on use of resistant palm material and liquid trunk injection of the antibiotic oxytetracycline HCl into susceptible palms.
Fixed-function hardware sorting accelerators for near data MapReduce execution

A large fraction of MapReduce execution time is spent processing the Map phase, and a large fraction of Map phase execution time is spent sorting the intermediate key-value pairs generated by the Map function. Sorting accelerators can achieve high performance and low power because they lack the overheads of sorting implementations on general purpose hardware, such as instruction fetch and decode. We find that sorting accelerators are a good match for 3D-stacked Near Data Processing (NDP) because their sorting throughput is so high that it saturates the memory bandwidth available in other memory organizations. The increased sorting performance and low power requirement of fixed-function hardware lead to very high Map phase performance and energy efficiency, reducing Map phase execution time by up to 92%, and reducing energy consumption by up to 91%. We further find that sorting accelerators in a less exotic form of NDP outperform more expensive forms of 3D-stacked NDP without accelerators. We also implement the accelerator on an FPGA to validate our claims.
Managing Frenemies: What Should the United States Do About Pakistan?

Today, Pakistan is perhaps the hardest challenge for U.S. foreign policy. By comparison, a foreign policy challenge such as the U.S. relationship with China seems more straightforward. For starters, there is a broad understanding of what U.S. policy towards Beijing should be. While there are differences on the margins, U.S. policy towards China follows a certain course that is easy to appreciate, at least conceptually: it involves a balancing of competing security and economic interests. The United States seeks to preserve the gains arising from economic interdependence with China, while simultaneously deterring China from misusing the growing power arising from its economic ties with the wider world. Toward this end, the United States continues to engage China on one hand, while on the other hand maintaining a robust military capability and a strong network of allies and friends in the Indo-Pacific. Although implementing such a strategy is often challenging in practice, it is aided by the fact that there is a continuing demand for American presence on the part of the Asian states and, furthermore, because there is a certain equilibrium in the U.S.-China relationship. This equilibrium may not survive forever, but at least for the moment, it is on a reasonably even keel.
Worlds Displaced: Projecting the Celestial Environment From the Cape Colony

Figure 1: The Cape Observatory, as sketched by John Herschel three years after Andries Waterboer's visit. The image conveys the sense of both isolation and proximity to nature that many Cape naturalists felt. The poisonous Amaryllis belladonna, a South African lily, depicted in the bottom right corner, suggests the dangers of the landscape. Reprinted courtesy of the South African National Library, Department of Manuscripts and Archives (reference ARP 2 (9163)).
Six Sigma at Academic Medical Hospital (a)

For 10 years, Academic Medical Hospital's chief of staff had struggled to decrease the amount of time patients spend waiting in the emergency department. Moving patients through the department is a complex task and therefore long wait times had always been excused. But now, the hospital has adopted Six Sigma, a highly disciplined and data-intensive method for streamlining the emergency-care activities and reducing patient wait time. This case traces the design and implementation of a Black Belt improvement project. The various phases of Six Sigma methodology (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) are described in the setting of the patient wait-time study and several statistical tools are demonstrated with operating-performance data. The case ends with the Black Belt being concerned about the statistical significance of the results of the recently completed pilot study as well as deep-rooted implementation resistance from several key stakeholders in the hospital and in the medical school. Having led her team through the various phases of Six Sigma and having completed the pilot study, the Black Belt wonders how to focus the next team meeting. The case can be used to teach Six Sigma methodology, to critique effectiveness of application of the phases and tools, and to deal with the statistical-significance issues and the implementation concerns. See also the B (UVA-OM-1078) and C (UVA-OM-1079) cases.
The near-infrared spectrum of NiCl: Analysis of vibrational components of system G and system H between 12,500 cm−1 and 13,750 cm−1

Abstract The near-infrared spectrum of nickel chloride, NiCl, has been recorded at high resolution from 12,400–12,600 cm −1 , 13,200–13,500 cm −1 , and 13,600–13,750 cm −1 using intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy, ILS. The NiCl molecules were produced in the plasma discharge of a nickel-lined, copper hollow cathode with ∼1.8 torr of Ar as the sputter gas and a trace amount of CCl 4 as the chloride source. Several transitions were observed and analyzed, including the (2, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 1) bands of the [13.0] 2 Π 3/2 – X 2 Π 3/2 transition, System G, and the (1, 0) band of the [12.3] 2 Σ − – X 2 Π 3/2 transition, System H. The transitions were analyzed using PGOPHER and obtained molecular parameters are reported. A potential energy curve for the [13.0] 2 Π 3/2 state has been constructed using the vibrational information from the analyzed transitions.
Abstract WMP50: The Distribution of White Matter Hyperintensities by Age in Persons with Familial Cardiovascular Risk

Introduction: Subclinical brain disease manifested as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are putatively due to microvascular ischemic damage based on correlations with autopsy specimens. Because the vascular architecture of white matter differs in the subcortical (SC) and periventricular (PV) region, we hypothesized that the vasculopathic effects of aging will be differential by brain regions. We therefore studied the association of age with the ratio of SC to total WMH volume (SC/T ratio) in individuals at risk for premature cardiovascular disease. Methods: We enrolled 593 asymptomatic family members of probands with premature coronary artery disease ( Results: Participants were 58% women, 37% African-American, aged 29-74 years. The figure shows that the median SC/T ratio was relatively larger and stable during the younger decades, while it was successively smaller in later decades. The non-linearity was best modeled using a linear spline at 56 years of age. The slope of SC/T ratio with respect to age was 0.0% (p=0.94) for age ≤ 56, but for age > 56, 1.4% lower per year of age (p Conclusions: This is the first study showing that SC/T WMH ratio is high in younger adults at high familial cardiovascular risk. This finding suggests that subclinical premature vascular pathology at ages ≤ 56 years is predominantly SC. This differs from the aging-dependent pathology at ages > 56 years, which is predominantly non-SC, thus reducing the SC/T ratio at older ages.
New approaches to management of neonatal hypoglycemia.

Despite being a very common problem after birth, consensus on how to manage low glucose concentrations in the first 48 h of life has been difficult to establish and remains a debated issue. One of the reasons for this is that few studies have provided the type of data needed to establish a definitive approach agreed upon by all. However, some recent publications have provided much needed primary data to inform this debate. These publications have focused on aspects of managing low blood glucose concentrations in the patients most at-risk for asymptomatic hypoglycemia—those born late-preterm, large for gestational age, small for gestational age, or growth restricted, and those born following a pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus. The goal of this review is to discuss specific aspects of this new research. First, we focus on promising new data testing the role of buccal dextrose gel in the management of asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia. Second, we highlight some of the clinical implications of a large, prospective study documenting the association of specific glycemic patterns with neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years of age.
Clinical and prognostic significance of chromosomal abnormalities in childhood acute myeloid leukemia de novo

We report on the chromosomal pattern of 120 patients with childhood AML de novo. One hundred and fifteen patients (96%) had adequate samples for analysis; 98 (85%) of these showed clonal karyotypic abnormalities. They were classified into cytogenetic subgroups which were closely correlated with FAB subtypes: t(8;21) and M2 (n = 9); t(15;17) and M3 (n = 12); inv(16) and M4Eo (n = 9); t(9;11) and M5a (n = 10); t(11q23) other than t(9;11) and M4-M5 (n = 11); and t(1;22) and M7 (n = 4). In patients with -7/del(7q) (n = 6), leukemia was preceded by MDS in half of the cases, although they had diverse FAB subtypes. Thirty-seven patients had miscellaneous abnormalities. Despite a high CR rate, patients with t(8;21) had a very poor survival: only one child was event-free at 3 years from diagnosis. One third of patients with t(15;17) died during induction. Those eight who achieved CR fared well: only two relapsed, and six were event-free survivors. Patients with inv(16) had a high remission rate and a long survival: five children were in CR 20 to 136 months. Both groups with t(9;11) and t(11q23) had a high remission rate: however, outcome was superior for the t(9;11) group when compared to either the t(11q23) group (EFS at 3 years +/- SE, 56 +/- 17% vs. 11 +/- 10%, p = 0.07) or to the remaining patients (p = 0.06). Both -7/del(7q) and t(1;22) groups had low CR rates (50%) and poor survival. Cytogenetic analysis identifies clinically distinct subsets of childhood AML and is useful in tailoring treatment for these patients. Favorable cytogenetic groups (t(15;17), inv(16), and t(9;11)) may do well with current therapy protocols, whereas unfavorable groups (t(11q23), t(8;21), -7/del(7q), and t(1;22)) require more effective therapies.
Practical issues on the laboratory monitoring of low molecular weight heparins and related polysaccharides

Today, we are limited by measurements of plasma factors that do not always relate to the overall pharmacodynamic response of a drug. Once the mechanism of action of the new glycosaminoglycans becomes better defined, the laboratory will be better equipped to target that biologic entity that is most appropriate for clinical measurement of effect. In the past, the PT and APTT have been the mainstay in the laboratory assessment of coagulation and monitoring heparin and warfarin. The development of new antithrombotic agents has shown us the limited sensitivity of these assays and the fact that they do not provide complete information of coagulation mechanisms. This brief article has addressed several of the key issues related to laboratory testing of glycosaminoglycans. Many questions remain; however, a practical approach incorporating these ideas in future developmental work should help in proper assay design.
Role of genetic polymorphism of human plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase in hydrolysis of the insecticide metabolites chlorpyrifos oxon and paraoxon.

Plasma paraoxonase is a polymorphic enzyme that hydrolyzes paraoxon, the neurotoxic, active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. This enzyme is specified by at least two alleles with frequencies of about .7 and .3 among Caucasoid populations. A specific assay was developed that measured the activity of human plasma paraoxonase without interference from serum albumin which contributes significantly to the hydrolytic breakdown of paraoxon at the high pH values used in many previous assays. There was an 11-fold variation in paraoxonase activities, and the population distribution was at least bimodal. However, this specific assay did not improve the discrimination between the three genetic classes: (1) homozygotes for the low-activity allele, (2) heterozygotes, and (3) homozygotes for the high-activity allele. Chlorpyrifos oxon--the neurotoxic metabolite of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (Dursban)--was hydrolyzed by the same plasma fraction that hydrolyzed paraoxon. There was only four- to fivefold variability in enzyme activity, and the population distribution was unimodal. Homozygotes for low paraoxonase activity ranged over almost the entire spectrum of chlorpyrifos oxonase activity. Possible differences in susceptibility to chlorpyrifos toxicity therefore are unlikely to be predicted by the paraoxonase genotype alone. The ratio of paraoxonase over that of chlorpyrifos oxonase provided an excellent method for genetic typing of the paraoxonase polymorphism, as did the substitution of phenylacetate for chlorpyrifos as the substrate.
Intraocular lens exchange for high myopia in pseudophakic children

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the preoperative factors and postoperative outcomes following intraocular lens (IOL) exchange for high myopia in pseudophakic children.MethodsThe medical records of all patients undergoing IOL exchange for high myopia were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsA total of 15 eyes were identified that had undergone an IOL exchange for myopic shift. Average age of cataract extraction (CE) was 5.4 months. In all, 10/15 had a unilateral cataract. IOL exchange usually occurred at an average of 6 years following cataract surgery. The average spherical equivalent (SE) of the refractive error at that time was -9.6 D. Following IOL exchange, SE was -1.3 D. A two-line reduction in best-corrected visual acuity was observed in 1/13 of our patients for whom pre- and post-exchange data were available. The average axial length (AL) of the eye undergoing the IOL exchange was 24.0 mm, average AL in the non-operative eye was 22.1 mm. On average, the operative eyes grew 4.4 mm and the non-operative eyes 3.02 mm. No adverse events were seen in the operative eyes.ConclusionYounger age at the time of CE creates a greater likelihood of AL elongation and predisposes a child to myopic shift. IOL exchange should be considered an option to reduce anisometropia and associated aniseikonia to improve visual outcomes. Successful visual rehabilitation and predictable post-exchange refractions were seen with our patients.
Abortion law reform in France.

The abortion issue tests the conflict resolution capabilities of a political system. The reform statute passed in 1974 in France is one of the most liberal in the West and -one of the few in which ...
HEMODIALYSIS ASSOCIATED HYPOXIA EXTENDS INTO THE POST-DIALYSIS PERIOD

To investigate whether hypoxia extends into the post-hemodialysis period, nine clinically stable-end stage renal disease patients were dialyzed against bicarbonate and one against an acetate batch, all with bioincompatible dialyzers. None had clinical evidence of cardiopulmonary overload on the day of the study. Using an oximeter with internal memory, oxygen saturation was monitored continuously at the beginning, during, and for four hours after hemodialysis. Hypoxia was defined as oxygen saturation less than 85%. Three patients had no hypoxia during or after dialysis. Hypoxia occurred in five patients both during and after dialysis, and in two patients only in the post-dialysis period. Episodes of hypoxia were of longer duration and severity in post-dialysis period. We conclude that significant hypoxia can occur in the post-hemodialysis period.
TH-AB-201-03: Characterization of Electron Beam Out-Of-Field Doses and Neutron Contamination from Modern Varian and Elekta Linear Accelerators

Purpose: To investigate out-of-field electron doses and neutron production from electron beams from modern Varian and Elekta linear accelerators. Methods: Electron dose measurements were made using 10×10cm2 applicators on two Varian 21iXs, a Varian TrueBeam, and an Elekta Versa HD operating at energies from 6 to 20 MeV. Out-of-field dose profiles and PDD curves were measured in a Wellhofer water phantom using a Farmer chamber. Neutron measurements were made with a combination of moderator buckets and gold activation-foils placed on the treatment couch at various locations in the patient plane on both the 21iX and Versa HD linear accelerators. Results: Electron doses were highest for the highest electron energies. Dose profile curves for the Varian units were found to be lower than those from the Versa HD unit, and were lower than photon beams. Elekta's dose profiles were higher and exhibited a second dose peak around 20–30 cm from central-axis. Electron doses in this region (0.8–1.3% of dmax at central-axis) were close to 5 times (2.5–4.8) greater than doses from photon beams with similar energies. Electron doses decreased sharply with depth before becoming nearly constant; the dose was found to decrease to a depth of approximately E(MeV)/4 in cm. Q-values and neutron dose equivalent increased with energy and were typically higher on central-axis. 18 MV photon beam neutron dose equivalents were greater than any electron beam, being approximately 40 times greater than for the 20 MeV electron beam (21iX). Conclusion: The Versa HD exhibited higher than expected out-of-field electron doses in comparison to typical radiotherapy photon beams. Fortunately, out-of-field electron doses can be substantially reduced by applying a water-equivalent bolus with thickness of E(MeV)/4 in cm. Neutron contamination from clinical electron beams can be considered negligible in relation to photon beams but may need to be considered for special cases. This work was supported by Public Health Service Grant CA180803 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, United States Department of Health and Human Services.
In-Depth Characterization and Validation of Human Urine Metabolomes Reveal Novel Metabolic Signatures of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a range of irritative or obstructive symptoms that commonly afflict aging population. The diagnosis is mostly based on patient-reported symptoms, and current medication often fails to completely eliminate these symptoms. There is a pressing need for objective non-invasive approaches to measure symptoms and understand disease mechanisms. We developed an in-depth workflow combining urine metabolomics analysis and machine learning bioinformatics to characterize metabolic alterations and support objective diagnosis of LUTS. Machine learning feature selection and statistical tests were combined to identify candidate biomarkers, which were statistically validated with leave-one-patient-out cross-validation and absolutely quantified by selected reaction monitoring assay. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed highly-accurate prediction power of candidate biomarkers to stratify patients into disease or non-diseased categories. The key metabolites and pathways may be possibly correlated with smooth muscle tone changes, increased collagen content, and inflammation, which have been identified as potential contributors to urinary dysfunction in humans and rodents. Periurethral tissue staining revealed a significant increase in collagen content and tissue stiffness in men with LUTS. Together, our study provides the first characterization and validation of LUTS urinary metabolites and pathways to support the future development of a urine-based diagnostic test for LUTS.
Online Engagement Detection and Task Adaptation in a Virtual Reality Based Driving Simulator for Autism Intervention

Individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty functioning independently on essential tasks that require adaptive skills such as driving. Recently, computer-aided technology, such as Virtual Reality (VR), is being widely used in ASD intervention to teach basic skills to children with autism. However, most of these works either do not use feedback or solely use performance feedback from the participant for system adaptation. This paper introduces a physiology-based task adaptation mechanism in a virtual environment for driving skill training. The difficulty of the driving task was autonomously adjusted based on the participant’s performance and engagement level to provide the participant with an optimal level of challenge. The engagement level was detected using an affective model which was developed based on our previous experimental data and a therapist’s ratings. We believe that this physiology-based adaptive mechanism can be useful in teaching driving skills to adolescents with ASD.
10B(p,n)10C reaction at 186 MeV.

The $^{10}\mathrm{B}$(p,n${)}^{10}$C reaction was studied using the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) neutron time-of-flight facilities at an incident proton energy of 186 MeV between ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in steps of 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The IUCF neutron polarimeter was also used to measure polarization observables at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} using an incident transverse polarized proton beam. Data for transitions to excited states in $^{10}\mathrm{C}$ below 7 MeV are presented. A multipole decomposition analysis is presented for unresolved states up into the continuum. Distorted wave calculations are presented for positive and negative parity transitions which are compared with data to assess spectroscopies of the $^{10}\mathrm{C}$ excited states.
Lower bounds of forwarding indices of graph products

In this paper, we give lower bounds of vertex and edge forwarding indices for cartesian product, join, composition, disjunction and symmetric difference of graphs. Moreover, we derive further lower bounds for several operators on connected graphs, such as subdivision graph and total graphs.
Cutaneous manifestations of primary immunodeficiency

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a group of rare, chronic disorders with deficient or malfunctioning immune system. It commonly affects the hematopoietic system, with skin the second most affected organ. Skin involvement is observed in half of pediatric PID cases and often precedes the final diagnosis. Skin infections and eczemas are the two most common manifestations in PID.[1] Skin manifestations associated with PIDs can be of infectious and noninfectious causes. Common noninfectious causes are eczema, erythroderma, cutaneous granulomas, dysplasia, vasculitis, and telangiectasia. It is important to be aware of skin manifestations in pediatric patients as early detection of PID may aid in the management of serious immunologic conditions and prevent associated morbidity and mortality.
Centralized MPC for multiple energy storages in ship power systems

The advent of pulsed-power loads puts a large amount of stress on ship power systems. Naval applications of pulsed-power loads include energy weapons and radars which often demand more power than what is available through the local, dedicated generation. Incorporating loads and sources in a single power system proves beneficial for these systems; however, generators cannot be the only source due to the high-power ramp rates of some loads. Energy storage must be incorporated into the integrated power system. In this paper, a control strategy for meeting load demand is shown. A higher-level control layer deemed energy management takes on this task. The energy management control layer coordinates the generators and energy storage to ensure that load demand is met using a hybrid control approach of heuristics and model predictive control.
ACGME Requirements/Accreditation Issues

This chapter reviews the ACGME requirements related to resident continuity clinics. The ACGME has specific requirements related to clinic scheduling, resident performance data, and resident responsibilities as primary care physicians.
Untangling climate and water chemistry to predict changes in freshwater macrophyte distributions

Forecasting changes in the distributions of macrophytes is essential to understanding how aquatic ecosystems will respond to climate and environmental changes. Previous work in aquatic ecosystems has used climate data at large scales and chemistry data at small scales; the consequence of using these different data types has not been evaluated. This study combines a survey of macrophyte diversity and water chemistry measurements at a large regional scale to demonstrate the feasibility and necessity of including ecological measurements, in addition to climate data, in species distribution models of aquatic macrophytes. A survey of 740 water bodies stratified across 327,000 square kilometers was conducted to document Characeae (green macroalgae) species occurrence and water chemistry data. Chemistry variables and climate data were used separately and in concert to develop species distribution models for ten species across the study area. The impacts of future environmental changes on species distributions were modeled using a range of global climate models (GCMs), representative concentration pathways (RCPs), and pollution scenarios. Models developed with chemistry variables generally gave the most accurate predictions of species distributions when compared with those using climate variables. Calcium and conductivity had the highest total relative contribution to models across all species. Habitat changes were most pronounced in scenarios with increased road salt and deicer influences, with two species predicted to increase in range by >50% and four species predicted to decrease in range by >50%. Species of Characeae have distinct habitat ranges that closely follow spatial patterns of water chemistry. Species distribution models built with climate data alone were insufficient to predict changes in distributions in the study area. The development and implementation of standardized, large-scale water chemistry databases will aid predictions of habitat changes for aquatic ecosystems.
Insertion and Presence of Fine-Wire Intramuscular Electrodes to the Lumbar Paraspinal Muscles Do Not Affect Muscle Performance and Activation During High-Exertion Spinal Extension Activities.

Abstract Background Low back pain (LBP) is commonly associated with paraspinal muscle dysfunctions. A method to study deep lumbar paraspinal (ie, multifidus) muscle function and neuromuscular activation pattern is intramuscular electromyography (EMG). Previous studies have shown that the procedure does not significantly impact muscle function during activities involving low-level muscle contractions. However, it is currently unknown how muscular function and activation are affected during high-exertion contractions. Objective To examine the effects of insertion and presence of fine-wire EMG electrodes in the lumbar multifidus on muscle strength, endurance, and activation profiles during high-exertion spinal extension muscle contractions. Design Single-blinded, repeated measures intervention trial. Setting University clinical research laboratory Participants Twenty individuals between the ages of 18-40 free of recent and current back pain. Methods Muscle performance was assessed during 3 conditions (with [WI] and without [WO] presence of intramuscular electrodes, and insertion followed by removal [IO]). Isometric spinal extension strength was assessed with a motorized dynamometer. Muscle endurance was assessed using the Sorensen test with neuromuscular activation profiles analyzed during the endurance test. Main Outcome Measurements Spinal extensor muscle strength, endurance, and activation. Results Our data showed no significant difference in isometric strength ( P = .20) between the 3 conditions. A significant difference in muscle endurance was found ( P = .03). Post hoc analysis showed that the muscle endurance in the IO condition was significantly higher than the WO condition (161.3 ± 58.3 versus 142.1 ± 48.2 seconds, P = .04), likely due to a learning effect. All 3 conditions elicited minimal pain (range 0-4/10) and comparable muscle activation profiles. Conclusion Our findings suggested the sonographically guided insertion and presence of fine-wire intramuscular EMG electrodes in the lumbar multifidus muscles had no significant impact on spinal extension muscle function. This study provides evidence that implementing intramuscular EMG does not affect muscle performance during high-exertion contractions in individuals with no current back pain. Level of Evidence II
A cloud-based dashboard for time series analysis on hot topics from social media

Social Media has increasingly acquired enormous warehouses of shared interactive ideas amongst people in virtual communities over the past decade. The ease of categorizing the trends of topics makes it beneficial to find how people react to a certain topic. In this research, the distributions of keywords (hashtags) from hot topics are analyzed for finding patterns using a dashboard that can perform trend analysis similar to Google Trends. Initially, a private cloud system is set up to collect and to filter raw data from social network (Twitter). A software engineering solution is presented for ‘big data retrieval’ by integrating database management with a streaming-based Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) process. Three different nonlinear equations are applied as fit functions on keywords for representing hot topics. The summary of frequencies of keywords on daily, weekly, and monthly are displayed using charts, tables that allows to perform statistical analysis. The trending patterns are identified and are compared with corresponding Google Trends and the results are presented.
Electrokinetic Flow Diagnostics

S. Devasenathipathy and J.G. Santiago The advent of microfabricated chemical analysis systems has led to a growing interest in microfabricated fluidic systems with characteristic scales in the range of a micron to a millimeter. A motivation to integrate components in a manner analogous to modern microelectronics is coupled with a potential for achieving massively parallel functions, and the field is rapidly developing. Most microfluidic systems rely on two modes of fluid transport: pressure-driven and electrokinetically-driven flow. An important class of microfluidic systems is systems that aim to perform basic chemical assays and other processing steps on a fluidic chip. Fluid motion in these chemical biochip systems is often achieved using electroosmotic flow; which enjoys several advantages over pressure-driven flows. Chiefly, electroosmotic flow produces a nearly uniform “plug” profile, which results in reduced sample species dispersion as compared to the velocity gradients associated with pressure-driven flows. This important contrast between pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows is demonstrated by the visualization data in Figure 1.
Social dynamics can be distorted in video-mediated communication

In Video-Mediated Communication (VMC), cameras are often placed very high. High placement of the camera creates a looking-down perspective toward the target. In video and film production, high camera angle shots are often used to make a person appear weak, short, and submissive. Would a person who was shot with a high camera angle be perceived and treated as being weak, short, and submissive in video-mediated communication? To explore this problem, we designed an experiment that manipulated the camera and monitor settings: the distance of the monitor from the viewer, camera angle and camera-zoom setting. We set up the monitor and camera high in one room and low in another to simulate a person appearing tall was talking to a person appearing short over the video. In the experiment, pairs of participants interacted through a VMC system on a decision-making task—the Arctic Survival Task. Participants completed the ranking of the items they thought they should rescue after a crashed landing in an arctic area, first individually, then collectively through video. Task influence was measured by comparing individual rankings with group rankings. Post-test questionnaires were used to measure the perceived influence, perceived dominance of self and the partner, quality of discussion, and usefulness of audio-video technology. The discussion process was audio and video-taped for power speech and content analyses. We found (1) there was no difference in group performance in experimental conditions of the distance of monitor from the viewer, camera zoom setting and camera angles, (2) the apparently tall person was more influential and was perceived to be more influential in the task when the monitor was placed far away and camera was zoomed-out, (3) both virtually tall and short participants rated themselves more influential than their partners, and (4) apparently tall persons used more arguments and made more decisions in the discussion than did the apparent short persons. The findings, implications and guidelines are discussed.
Glial Dysregulation in Addiction

Abstract Addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by uncontrolled drug use and heightened relapse susceptibility. While brain regions controlling multiple aspects of human behavior are known to be dysregulated by drugs of abuse, our limited understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of neural circuits in the mammalian brain pose a fundamental barrier in establishing the etiology of drug addiction. Synaptic transmission has been a key form of intercellular signaling since the emergence of nervous systems. Evolution subsequently enriched this ancient form of signaling by accumulating new genes that dramatically increased the computational capacity of intercellular signaling. This included the recruitment of glial cells, particularly astrocytes, to the regulation of neural circuits encoding sophisticated behaviors. Here, we review the diverse ways in which bidirectional signaling between neurons and glial cells regulates complex brain function to demonstrate the potential for this poorly understood form of intercellular signaling to contribute to drug addiction.
Adverse Metabolic Conditions after Pouch Surgery

Abstract Restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has become the standard surgical treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis who develop medically refractory disease or dysplasia. The reconstruction surgery changes bowel anatomy, which may be related to the development of various metabolic consequences, including iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, deficiencies of vitamin B12 and D, bile salt and fat malabsorption, bone loss, and nephrolithiasis. Those adverse metabolic consequences can occur in patients with or without pouch inflammation. Early recognition and diagnosis of these complications have clinical implications.
Gay and Lesbian Student Groups Struggle to Serve Campus in the 1980s

The Midwestern college gay and lesbian student organizations faced a number of transitions in the 1980s, including increasing campus protections and status of non-heterosexuals. Challenges from the administration to such changes were substantial and pervasive; as students graduated, successive cohorts often raised the same issues and demands, usually centered on equity of access to campus programs, including Reserve Officer Training Corps. Over the decade, the organizations institutionalized the services they provided to their campuses, and responded to increased, organized resistance—and violence—from other students. At stake were the organizations’ claims of minority status on campus akin to racial minority status. Universities analyzed include the University of Illinois, University of Michigan, Ohio State University, University of Iowa, and University of Kansas.
Brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) body size, condition, and productivity in the Arctic, 1977–2016

The Arctic is generally warming with lengthening growing seasons that can influence individuals, populations, and communities. However, temperature data indicate that the changes are largely local and variable. We compared body size, body condition, and productivity among four Arctic brown bear (Ursus arctos) studies separated in time and space from 1977 to 2016. As body size, condition, and productivity varied among populations, local conditions, both biotic and abiotic, appear to influence the size, condition, and productivity of individual bears and, thus, bear populations. We conclude that current local studies are critical in informing management decisions, because extrapolations from concurrent adjacent studies or reliance on past local studies may not represent the present condition of an Arctic brown bear population.
Medicaid Expansion and Breast Cancer Screening in Appalachia and Non-Appalachia, United States, BRFSS 2003 to 2015.

Background:Prior data suggests that breast cancer screening rates are lower among women in the Appalachian region of the United States. This study examined the changes in breast cancer screening be...
Toward multiscale consequential sustainable process design: Including the effects of economy and resource constraints with application to green urea production in a watershed

Abstract Decisions made by approaches that only consider the environmental domain could result in unexpected outcomes due to burdens shifting to economic and social domains. These consequences could occur through the entire supply chain at multiple spatial scales. In this work, the process-to-planet (P2P) multiscale modeling framework is integrated with the rectangular choice-of-technology (RCOT) consequential approach. The resulting RCOT-P2P multiscale technology choice modeling framework takes account of market effects, such as economic resource constraints, as a consequential approach for designing engineering systems and their supply chain networks. The integrated modeling framework can represent different stakeholders’ interests by considering engineering, environmental, and economic dimensions. The case study focuses on installation of a new green urea production system in a watershed where there are limited supplies of resources, such as water and land area. We identify how the adoption of new technologies could change and be limited by market constraints, as the urea demand increases. This multiscale consequential framework is useful for modeling substitution effects of emerging technologies while considering market effects.
Abstract 2702: Contribution of effector regulatory T cells to the regulation of antitumor immunity

Regulatory T cells (Treg) belonging to the FoxP3 lineage stringently control immune responses and self-tolerance. Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells, an effector Treg (eTreg) subset, not only suppress cellular responses but also regulate the magnitude and quality of the germinal center (GC)-antibody (Ab) response through interactions with activated follicular helper T (TFH) cells and GC B cells. Although the Blimp1 transcription factor has been used as a phenotypic marker for eTreg, its contribution to the lineage stability and suppressive activity of eTreg, particularly TFR, has been clouded in uncertainty. In contrast to the current view that Blimp1 may have a negative impact on the TFR response, our recent analysis of mice that harbor a FoxP3-specific deletion of Blimp1 has shown that expression of Blimp1 in eTreg (including TFR) is essential for the maintenance of FoxP3 expression and stable eTreg suppressive phenotype. We then generated B16 melanoma model in these mice and investigated the impact of Blimp1 deficient eTreg on the tumorigenesis. These mice had delayed tumor growth compared to WT controls. The enhanced antitumor immunity in mice with Blimp1 deficient eTreg reflected reprogramming of unstable eTreg into T-cells with effector activity (Teff) specifically within the tumor and loss of suppression on TFH-Ab responses, leading to intratumoral TFH expansion, Ab deposition and enhanced CD8+ T-cell and NK cell effector function. Further analysis of mice expressing a conditional and tamoxifen-inducible Blimp1 deletion within the FoxP3+ lineage revealed the specific contribution of Blimp1 deficient TFR cells to antitumor immune response. These results suggest that induction of eTreg lineage instability provokes intratumoral eTreg conversion into Teff −a new source of effector activity by T-cells within the tumor and enhances robust Ab responses. The increased cellular and humoral responses cooperatively promote antitumor immunity. Insights from our studies may suggest new approaches to manipulate eTreg for better vaccines or combined immunotherapeutic approaches to melanoma or other types of cancer. Citation Format: Michael L. Dixon, Lin Luo, Jianmei W. Leavenworth. Contribution of effector regulatory T cells to the regulation of antitumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2702.
Righting a Wrong: A Discussion of “The Poetics of Boundary Violation: Anne Sexton and Her Psychiatrist”

This commentary addresses several issues raised in Charles Levin and Dawn Skorczewski’s probing and insightful paper (this issue) on the tragic story of Anne Sexton’s sexual relations with her anal...
Rapid extraction and analysis of organic compounds from solid samples using coupled supercritical fluid extraction/gas chromatography

Direct coupling of supercritical fluid extractions with gas chromatography (SFE-GC) allows the extraction, concentration, and gas chromatographic analysis of organic analytes from solid samples to be performed in less than 1 h. Coupling of the supercritical fluid extraction step with a capillary gas chromatographic column is achieved using a standard on-column injector and requires no modification of the gas chromatograph. Maximum sensitivity is achieved and analyte degradation or loss is minimized since the extracted species are quantitatively transferred into the fusedsilica capillary gas chromatographic column where they are cryogenically focused prior to normal gas chromatographic analysis using flame ionization (SFE-GC/FID) or mass spectral (SFE-GC/MS) detection. SFE-GC analysis yields good chromatographic peak shapes that compare favorably with those obtained using standard on-column injection techniques. Class-selective extractions can be achieved by performing multiple SFE-GC analyses with different extraction pressures. The ability of coupled SFE-GC to yield rapid extraction and analysis of organic analytes is demonstrated for a variety of samples including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from treated wood, urban dust, and river sediment, phenolic species from wood smoke particulates, nicotine from tobacco, biological markers from coal, and flavor components from food products.