cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Standard Reference Material for Calibration of the Cup Furnace Smoke Toxicity Method for Assessing the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products.

A standard reference material (SRM 1048) has been developed for use with the cup furnace smoke toxicity method. This SRM is to be used to calibrate the apparatus and to enable the user to have confidence that the method is being conducted in a correct manner and that the equipment is functioning properly. The toxicological results from this SRM should not be used to compare with those of other materials (i.e., to determine if the combustion products of a test material are more or less toxic than those from this SRM). SRM 1048 is an aciylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and is the same as SRM 1007B which is used for calibrating the flaming mode of the Smoke Density Chamber test method (ASTM E-662 and NFPA 258). For the purposes of calibrating the cup furnace smoke toxicity method, LC50 and N-Gas values plus their respective 95% confidence limits have been determined and certified for two combustion modes (flaming and nonflaming) and two observation periods (for the 30 min exposure only and for the 30 min exposure plus a 14 d post-exposure period). The certified LCso values plus 95% confidence intervals (in g/m') are 27 ±3 (30
First structural characterization of binary Asiii and Sbiii azides

The highly explosive molecules As(N(3))(3) and Sb(N(3))(3) were obtained in pure form by the reactions of the corresponding fluorides with (CH(3))(3)SiN(3) in SO(2) and purification by sublimation. The crystal structures and (14)N NMR, infrared, and Raman spectra were determined, and the results compared to ab initio second-order perturbation theory calculations. Whereas Sb(N(3))(3) possesses a propeller-shaped, pyramidal structure with perfect C(3) symmetry, the As(N(3))(3) molecule is significantly distorted from C(3) symmetry due to crystal packing effects.
Optimized LDPC codes for partial response channels

We construct codes that can closely approach (and possibly ultimately achieve) the i.i.d. capacity of an intersymbol interference (ISI) channel with inputs confined to binary values. We use the low-density-parity-check (LDPC) degree sequences optimization method proposed by Richardson, Shokrollahi and Urbanke (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.47, p.619-37, February 2001) and appropriately modify it for ISI channels.
Considerations in phase shifting

The problem of phase shifting is investigated from an ideal viewpoint. The different possibilities of obtaining quadrature voltages at the terminals of an ac servomotor with static impedance elements, connected to the reference winding, are discussed together with the limiting restrictions for each. Formulas for specifying elements of the phase shifting impedance are given in terms of motor constants for several of the more common impedance configurations.
Acidulant and oven type affect total anthocyanin content of blue corn cookies.

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins, pink to purple water-soluble flavonoids, are naturally occurring pigments with claimed health benefits. However, they are sensitive to degradation by high pH, light and temperature. Blue corn (maize) contains high levels of anthocyanins. Cookies are popular snacks and might serve as a vehicle to deliver antioxidants. A cookie formula with a high level of blue corn was developed with added acidulents and baked in ovens with different heat transfer coefficients. RESULTS: The best whole-grain blue corn flour/wheat pastry flour ratio (80:20 w/w), guar gum level (10 g kg−1, flour weight basis) and water level (215 g kg−1, flour weight basis) were determined based on response surface methodology analysis. The interactions of citric and lactic acids and glucono-δ-lactone with three oven types having different heat transfer coefficients (impingement oven 179 °C/4 min, reel oven 204 °C/10 min and convection oven 182 °C/4 min) influenced the total anthocyanin content (TAC) remaining in blue corn-containing cookies after baking. CONCLUSION: Cookies baked with citric acid in the convection oven retained the maximum TAC (227 ± 3 mg kg−1). By baking rapidly at lower temperatures and adding acidulents, it may be possible to increase residual natural source antioxidants in baked foods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Adaptation of the stroop color and word test for use with deaf adults

Abstract The Stroop Color and Word Test was administered once to 20 deaf adults who responded with American Sign Language (ASL) responses, and twice to 29 hearing adults who were fluent in sign language - once using signed responses, and once using spoken responses. For the hearing subjects, signed responses were significantly slower than spoken responses in both the word and color conditions, but not in the color-word condition. No significant differences were found when comparing the rate of signing of the deaf subjects to that of the hearing subjects. These results demonstrate that Stroop responses cannot be signed as rapidly as they can be spoken; therefore, it would be inappropriate to apply standard adult norms to Stroop scores obtained from signed responses. This paper provides preliminary norms which are appropriate for use with deaf adults giving signed responses to the Stroop Color and Word Test.
Animals on the Web

We demonstrate a method for identifying images containing categories of animals. The images we classify depict animals in a wide range of aspects, configurations and appearances. In addition, the images typically portray multiple species that differ in appearance (e.g. ukaris, vervet monkeys, spider monkeys, rhesus monkeys, etc.). Our method is accurate despite this variation and relies on four simple cues: text, color, shape and texture. Visual cues are evaluated by a voting method that compares local image phenomena with a number of visual exemplars for the category. The visual exemplars are obtained using a clustering method applied to text on web pages. The only supervision required involves identifying which clusters of exemplars refer to which sense of a term (for example, "monkey" can refer to an animal or a bandmember). Because our method is applied to web pages with free text, the word cue is extremely noisy. We show unequivocal evidence that visual information improves performance for our task. Our method allows us to produce large, accurate and challenging visual datasets mostly automatically.
Rerooting the Faith: The Reformation as Re-Christianization

Over the last twenty-five years it has become common to speak of reformation in the plural instead of the singular. Historians isolate and write about the communal reformation, the urban reformation, the people's or the princes' reformations, and the national reformations of Europe. Some scholars doubt whether these different movements had enough in common to warrant speaking of the Reformation of the sixteenth century. A recent textbook, entitled The European Reformations, justifies its title with the following statement: “In more recent scholarship this ‘conventional sense’ of the Reformation [the traditional unified view] has given way to recognition that there was a plurality of Reformations which interacted with each other: Lutheran, Catholic, Reformed, and dissident movements.”1
Longshore Variation in Beach Sands Nautla Area, Veracruz, Mexico

ABSTRACT Longshore variations in grain size, sorting, and skewness in foreshore beach sands of the Nautla area, Veracruz, Mexico suggest sorting and dispersion by seasonally reversing longshore current. Net sediment transport is from south to north, especially in the summer when winds are from the east-southeast. During the winter, northeasterly winds strike the coast causing a southward flowing longshore current and sediment transport. Sediments can be transported as far as 60 km south of the source due to these reversals as indicated by a study of fluvially derived carbonate lithoclasts. Skewness can be used to indicate the amount of fluvial influence. Positive skewness is found near river mouths where fluvial influence is greatest, and it becomes less positive or negative as winnowing by waves and longshore currents occur.
Efficacy of a child-centred and family-based program in promoting healthy weight and healthy behaviors in Chinese American children: a randomized controlled study

Objective To examine the efficacy of an interactive, child-centred and family-based program in promoting healthy weight and healthy lifestyles in Chinese American children. Design A randomized controlled study of a culturally sensitive behavioral intervention. Subjects Sixty-seven Chinese American children (ages, 8‐10 years; normal weight and overweight) and their families. Measurements Anthropometry, blood pressure, measures of dietary intake, physical activity, knowledge and self-efficacy regarding physical activity and diet at baseline and 2, 6 and 8 months after baseline assessment. Results Linear mixed modeling indicated a significant effect of the intervention in decreasing body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and fat intake while increasing vegetable and fruit intake, actual physical activity and knowledge about physical activity. Conclusion This interactive child-centred and family-based behavioral program appears feasible and effective, leading to reduced body mass index and improved overweight-related health behaviors in Chinese American children. This type of program can be adapted for other minority ethnic groups who are at high risk for overweight and obesity and have limited access to programs that promote healthy lifestyles.
Afghanistan, Ethnography, and the New World Order

Anthropologists do not usually-or at least they are not usually thought tocomment on global issues. The anthropological perspective is generally assumed to be a localized one. We are the resident observers of particular places, usually obscure ones, and until recently at least we have been relatively happy with our obscurity. Strange things happen, however. Events move beyond our control, and fieldwork sites that seem to be as remote and insignificant as any on the planet suddenly take on a global significance that forces the most nocturnal of researchers into the light. When I first decided to be an anthropologist, it was basically because I wanted an excuse to go back to Afghanistan to carry out a traditional sort of village study in some mountain community. I had worked for two years as an English teacher in Kabul in the mid1970s, had fallen in love with the place, and it seemed that anthropology offered a way to spend more time in parts of the country I would otherwise not be able to visit. So, I started graduate school, and in the meantime a revolution happened that changed my plans. Afghanistan's obscurity may have been part of what appealed to me in the first place, but for the last ten years I have been trying to come to grips with its notoriety, its confusion, and its disparate energies. Since 1982, I have carried out fieldwork in a variety of places, including the city of Peshawar, Pakistan, and various refugee camps scattered around the Northwest Frontier Province. One summer, I also traveled inside Afghanistan to observe the operations of a group of mujahidin, and I have spent quite a bit of time among Afghan refugees in the Washington, DC, area. Finally, and most recently, I have been monitoring the activities of an Afghan computer newsgroup. All of these experiences have collectively contributed to what I know about Afghans and Afghan culture, and I have found that this knowledge is not easily divisible. Though distant in space, the different contexts are not isolated from one another. What goes on inside Afghanistan affects what is happening in the camps, just as both of these situations influence (and are influenced by) the lives
COVARIANT GAUSS LAW COMMUTATOR ANOMALY

Abstract Using a (fixed-time) hamiltonian formalism we derive a covariant form for the anomaly in the commutator algebra of Gauss law generators for chiral fermions interacting with a dynamical non-abelian gauge field in 3+1 dimensions.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Unified Model of Behavior Change

The present article summarizes the assumptions, model, techniques, evidence, and diversity/social justice commitments of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ACT focused on six processes (acceptance, defusion, self, now, values, and action) that bear on a single overall target (psychological flexibility). The ACT model of behavior change has been shown to have positive outcomes across a broad range of applied problems and areas of growth. Process and outcome evidence suggest that the psychological flexibility model underlying ACT provides a unified model of behavior change and personal development that fits well with the core assumptions of counseling psychology.
Physiological Effects on Coho Salmon and Steelhead of Exposure to Suspended Solids

Abstract Yearling coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead Salmo gairdneri were exposed to high (2–3 g/L) or low (0.4–0.6 g/L) concentrations of three kinds of suspended solids (topsoil, kaolin clay, and volcanic ash) as long as 7–8 d. Such exposure did not cause mortality, but plasma cortisol concentrations were temporarily elevated in both species after exposure to 2–3 g/L of suspended topsoil, indicating that such exposure may have been stressful to the fish. Feeding rates of both species were reduced at high exposure concentrations. Exposure of yearling steelhead for 2 d to high or low concentrations of suspended topsoil, kaolin clay, or volcanic ash induced similar elevations of plasma cortisol levels, and, in groups exposed to high concentrations, blood hematocrits were increased. Osmoregulatory performance in fresh water and after transfer to 26‰ seawater was unaffected, and gill tissue appeared normal, after exposure to suspended solids. Exposure of yearling steelhead to high concentrations ...
A limited-global fault information model for dynamic routing in n-D meshes

Summary form only given. A fault-tolerant routing in nD meshes with dynamic faults is provided. It is based on an early work on fault-tolerant routing in dynamic 2D meshes and 3D meshes where faults occur during a routing process. Unlike many traditional models that assume all the nodes know global fault information, our approach is based on the concept of limited global fault information. First, a fault model called faulty block is used in which all faulty nodes in the system are contained in a set of disjoint faulty blocks. Then, the information of faulty block needs to be distributed to a limited number of nodes at the boundaries of faulty block to avoid a message entering a detour area. When new faults occur, faulty blocks need to be reconstructed and their fault information needs to be redistributed. In this case, the update of fault information and the routing process proceed hand-in-hand. During the converging period, the routing process may experience more detours with inconsistent information. We study the limited distribution of fault information in nD meshes with dynamic faults. Our study shows that fault information can be distributed quickly to help the routing process. Therefore, the performance of routing process degrades gracefully in such a dynamic system.
Automated feedback control of body temperature for small animal studies with MR microscopy

A temperature control system consisting of a thermistor, signal processor, and computer algorithm was developed for magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy of small live animals. With control of body temperature within /spl plusmn/0.2/spl deg/C of the set point, heart rate is stabilized and, in turn, repetition time (TR) during cardiac-gated studies is less variable. Thus, image quality and resolution are improved.
The value of checklists.

It is with great interest that we read Dr. Christman and colleagues' article, “Designing a Safety Checklist for Dental Implant Placement: A Delphi Study” (JADA 2014;145[2]:131-140), which described the development of a checklist to standardize the process of dental implant placement. Although the concern for preventing patient harm is fundamental to the practice of medicine, the 2000 publication of “To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System,”1 by the Committee on Quality of Health Care in America of the Institute of Medicine, catalyzed a patient safety and quality revolution. Against this backdrop, checklists have emerged as practical and effective tools for realizing a safer health care environment. Checklists support team members by presenting critical tasks as a list, a format that simplifies understanding and recall of information. Long used in aviation, checklists increasingly are being relied on in medicine to reduce the occurrence of errors of omission, create reliable evaluations, and improve quality and use of best practices.2 Dentistry has lagged behind in the attention paid to safety, and the use of checklists within the dental world is almost nonexistent. Dr. Christman and colleagues' work, therefore, is an encouraging step forward. As the authors suggest, it is critical to test the safety checklist in a clinical environment to establish its functionality and compatibility with task execution. Beyond that, regardless of the systematic approach used in the design of this checklist, perhaps the most important determinant of its success will be how it is implemented.3 Target users must have a full understanding of the purpose of the checklist, and they must be trained in how to use it.3 Usefulness of the checklist also requires support of all staff, dedicated champions and endorsement by clinic leaders. Along the same lines, we have been fortunate to obtain a grant (1R21DE023408-01A1) from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research titled “Improving the Quality of Dental Care by Implementing a Clinician Checklist.” In a pilot work, we observed that a record of fundamental tasks that directly affect the quality of dental care (such as updating the medical history and medication history) often is missing from patient records. This implies that although most dental care providers agree on what constitutes basic best practices, they often fail to complete and/or document the associated tasks. We are developing a checklist that will be implemented to support clinical dental team members in consistently performing and documenting these tasks. Again, we are excited that momentum is being generated regarding the topic of patient safety in dentistry. We congratulate Dr. Christman and colleagues for their pioneering work and look forward to learning about the quality improvement that accompanies the implementation of this implant checklist.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α–Independent Actions of Fenofibrate Exacerbates Left Ventricular Dilation and Fibrosis in Chronic Pressure Overload

Progressive cardiac remodeling is characterized by subsequent chamber hypertrophy, enlargement, and pump dysfunction. It is also associated with increased cardiac fibrosis and matrix turnover. Interestingly, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha activators reduce cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis. Little is known about the role of fenofibrates in mediating PPARalpha-independent effects in response to chronic pressure overload (PO). Wild-type and PPARalpha-deficient mice were subjected to chronic PO caused by ascending aortic constriction to test the role of fenofibrates in chronic, progressive cardiac remodeling by a PPARalpha-independent mechanism. Mice were randomized to regular chow or chow-containing fenofibrate (100 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 1 week before and 8 weeks after ascending aortic constriction. In the presence of PPARalpha, wild-type chronic PO mice, treated with fenofibrate, had improved cardiac remodeling. However, PO PPARalpha-deficient mice treated with fenofibrate had increased mortality, significantly adverse left ventricular end diastolic (3.4+/-0.1 versus 4.2+/-0.1 mm) and end systolic (1.5+/-0.2 versus 2.5+/-0.2 mm) dimensions, and fractional shortening (57+/-3% versus 40+/-3%). Fenofibrate also increased myocardial hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and the ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-2/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in PO PPARalpha-deficient mice. Fenofibrate inhibited matrix metalloproteinase activity in vitro and aldosterone-induced increases in extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Thus, fenofibrate improved cardiac remodeling in chronic PO mice. However, in PPARalpha-deficient mice, this chronic PO was exacerbated and associated with increased myocardial fibrosis and altered matrix remodeling. In the absence of PPARalpha, fenofibrates exerts deleterious, pleiotropic myocardial actions. This is an important observation, because PPARalpha agonists are considered possible inhibitory regulators of cardiac remodeling in the remodeled heart.
Levels involving A (d52)52 state in light nuclei

The two-nucleon α, d stripping reaction has been studied for targets of C12, N14, N15 and O16. In each case, strong levels believed to correspond to insertion of the captured nucleons into J = 5 state of a (d52)2 configuration are observed. In N14 and F18, single levels are observed at 9.0 and 1.1 MeV, respectively: in O16 and O17 the level is split into a triplet (O16) and a doublet (O17) by coupling with the spin of the target core. In O16 the levels lie at 14.7, 16.2 and 17.2 MeV; in O17 they are at 7.6 and 9.0 MeV. By inelastic helium ion scattering the following parities were measured for level in N14: 3.95 and 7.03 MeV positive; 4.91, 5.10, 5.69 and 5.83 MeV negative.
Channel equalization for self-synchronizing chaotic systems

Most strategies proposed for utilizing chaotic signals for communications exploit the self-synchronization property of a class of chaotic systems. Any realistic communication channel will introduce distortion including time-dependent fading, dispersion, and modification of the frequency content due to channel filtering and multipath effects. All of these distortions will affect the ability of the chaotic receiver to properly synchronize. This paper develops and illustrates some specific approaches to channel equalization to compensate for these distortions for self-synchronizing chaotic systems. The approaches specifically exploit the properties of chaotic drive signals and the self-synchronization properties of the receiver.
Charcot stage 0: A review and consideratons for making the correct diagnosis early

Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy (CN) is a rare disease (NIDDK, NIH Summary Report Charcot Workshop, 2008) that causes significant morbidity and mortality for affected patients. The disease can result in severe deformities of the foot and ankle that contribute to the development of ulcerations and amputations. Medical advances have failed to find ways to stop the progression of the disease. However, it is known that early detection of the CN has a substantial impact on patient outcomes. CN in the earliest stage is very difficult to recognize and differentiate from other similar presenting diseases. We intend to outline clinical considerations practitioners can use when evaluating a patient with early stage suspected CN.
Multiscalar processors

Multiscalar processors use a new, aggressive implementation paradigm for extracting large quantities of instruction level parallelism from ordinary high level language programs. A single program is divided into a collection of tasks by a combination of software and hardware. The tasks are distributed to a number of parallel processing units which reside within a processor complex. Each of these units fetches and executes instructions belonging to its assigned task. The appearance of a single logical register file is maintained with a copy in each parallel processing unit. Register results are dynamically routed among the many parallel processing units with the help of compiler-generated masks. Memory accesses may occur speculatively without knowledge of preceding loads or stores. Addresses are disambiguated dynamically, many in parallel, and processing waits only for true data dependences.This paper presents the philosophy of the multiscalar paradigm, the structure of multiscalar programs, and the hardware architecture of a multiscalar processor. The paper also discusses performance issues in the multiscalar model, and compares the multiscalar paradigm with other paradigms. Experimental results evaluating the performance of a sample of multiscalar organizations are also presented.
A 100 μm diameter capacitive pressure sensor with 50 MPa dynamic range

This paper presents fully sealed absolute capacitive pressure sensors for high-pressure applications in hydraulic environments. The sensors have a o100 μm diaphragm and a nominal interelectrode gap of 3 μm. The interiors of the cavities are electrically isolated, allowing the sensors to operate at the high end of the pressure range with the center of the diaphragm in contact with the substrate beneath it. The sensors are monolithically fabricated using a combination of surface micromachining and through-wafer isolated bulk-silicon lead transfer for backside contacts. This structure allows the device footprints to be reduced to about 150 × 150 μm2, and simplifies system integration. Fabricated sensors with diaphragm thicknesses of 3 μm (C100t3) and 5 μm (C100t5) are tested in an oil environment at pressures up to 20 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively. The average sensitivities are 7200 ppm MPa−1 (3.1 fF MPa−1) for C100t3, and 3400 ppm MPa−1 (1.6 fF MPa−1) for C100t5 in the non-contact mode. In the contact mode, the average sensitivities are 9900 ppm MPa−1 (5.3 fF MPa−1) for C100t3, and 3100 ppm MPa−1 (1.6 fF MPa−1) for C100t5. A multiphysics finite element analysis approach that accommodates contact mode simulations is also presented.
Atrial fibrosis progression in patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Methods Eighty-eight patients (58% male, mean age 60.4+/-14.7) with AF who underwent late gadolinium enhancement MRI (LGE-MRI) to assess the degree of atrial tissue fibrotic changes were included in this study. All patients underwent at least 2 or more LGE-MRI separated by more than 3 months of follow up. Progression of fibrosis was defined as an increase in fibrosis area by more than 5% (Figure 1). Demographic patient data as well as comorbidities and medications were collected from chart revisions.
Hepatic cavitation : a marker of transient hepatocellular injury during biliary lithotripsy

Sonographically visible microbubbles attributable to cavitation effects have been observed in bile (within the gallbladder), in hepatic vessels, and within the liver of patients undergoing biliary lithotripsy. Cavitation effects are believed to contribute to stone fragmentation and possibly tissue injury during lithotripsy. To study the latter, the relationship between intraparenchymal hepatic cavitation and serum transaminase activity and clinical follow-up was analyzed in 81 patients undergoing 164 lithotripsy treatments. Seventy-one treatments (43%) resulted in sonographically evident microbubbles in the liver parenchyma during lithotripsy. A temporary, yet statistically significant (P < 0.01) rise in SGOT and SGPT was observed within 2 hr of completion of lithotripsy compared to those patients without hepatic microbubbles. All but one patient had a return to pretreatment baseline levels of SGOT and SGPT by two weeks after lithotripsy. In this patient, persistent elevation of transaminases was attributed to the delayed passage of fragments and not to any sequelae from hepatic cavitation effects. Ultrasound immediately after, two weeks after, and 3-12 months after lithotripsy showed no hepatic structural abnormalities. Ursodiol administration at the time of treatment did not predispose to hepatic cavitation or elevation of transaminase. Detection of hepatic microbubbles during lithotripsy is a marker of hepatocellular injury. Their correlation with transaminase elevation refutes the contention that transaminasemia results solely from fragment passage after lithotripsy. Although not associated with recognizable structural damage or long-term sequelae, cavitation effects and transaminasemia reiterate that shockwaves are not entirely benign as they traverse parenchymal organs.
Epitaxy of Germanium on SI(001) Grating Templates

Epitaxial Ge films ( 0.5 ML/Min., islands elongated along the the dimer row direction nucleate at steps and on terraces. With sufficient annealing at 800° C, the islands coarsen and are eventually eliminated. The roughness of the A-type step becomes greater than that of the B-type step, which is the reverse of the situation with pure Si (001). The separation between missing dimer rows and hence the value of n are increased by annealing. Differences in substrate terrace widths due to the periodically varying step density of thegratings affect the growth Modes: two-dimensional islands occur near the extrema of the gratings whereas step flow occurs when steps are separated by ∼150 A or less.
Developmental studies of cell differentiation in the epidermis of monocotyledons: I. Allium, rhoeo, and commelina

Abstract Various characteristics make the epidermis of certain monocotyledonous plants, particularly the cereal grasses, favorable for studies of certain phases of developmental morphology and genetics. In the Commelinaceae, Araceae, Gramineae, and other families, development of the stomatal complex involves the following epigenetic sequence of events. In certain localized rows or areas, the cytoplasm of the protodermal cells becomes polarized, so that it is denser and contains more inclusions at the distal end of the cell. The nucleus then divides by a mitotic figure oriented across the cytoplasmic gradient. The chromosomes of this figure are similar at the two poles until early telophase, when the proximal nucleus becomes larger and more weakly staining than the distal one, both with the Feulgen technique and with acetocarmine. The distal nucleus eventually divides to form the two guard cells, but before doing so it induces division of two or more of the surrounding epidermal cells. Since in these cells there is also a cytoplasmic gradient, with a denser cytoplasm adjacent to the guard mother cell, these induced divisions are asymmetrical, with the nucleus in the center of the epidermal cell becoming larger and more weakly staining than that near the guard mother cell. In this way, subsidiary cells are formed. In the Commelinaceae, the subsidiary cells lateral to the guard mother cell are always formed before those proximal and distal to it, and a particular epidermal cell adjoining a guard mother cell always contributes a lateral subsidiary before a proximal or distal one. In Allium and other Liliaceae differentiation of the guard mother cell and guard cells is similar, but no subsidiary cells are formed. Some possible clues to the explanation of this sequence are offered, and pertinent experiments are suggested.
Efficiency of Known Resistance Genes and Resistance of Varieties of Hybrid Rice to Blast Disease in Sichuan Province

In order to guide the breeding of rice blast resistance and reasonable layout of Sichuan,the resistance of 25 NILs carring single with known resistance genes and 134 commercial rice varieties were identified in Pujiang,Ya'an and Jiangyou of Sichuan.The results showed that the monogenic lines with Pi-km,Pi-kp,Pi-kh,Pi-z5 or Pi-9(t) had good resistance to rice blast.98.48 % varieties of 134 varieties were susceptible to leaf blast in Xuyong and Pujiang.63.43 % varieties of 134 varieties were susceptible to leaf blast in Ya'an.Among 126 varieties with neck blast data in every disease nursery,4 varieties had neck blast resistance in at least 1 disease nursery.D You 202 had moderately resistant to leaf and panicle blast disease in Xuyong,Pujiang and Ya'an.27 varieties were highly susceptible to panicle blast in all of the nurseries.D Xiang 287 had resistant or moderately resistant to leaf blast in Xuyong and Ya'an,resistant to panicle disease in Xuyong and Pujiang,whereas Q You No.2 was susceptible to leaf and panicle blast at all locations.It was all accordance to the results of the NILs in every disease nursery.
Design and Implementation of an Architecture of Multi-Scalar Multiplication for ECC Based on Binary Edwards Curves

Scalar and Multi-Scalar Multiplication are key points in the elliptic curve cryptography encryption system.This paper proposes and implements a new type of ECC scalar multiplier based on binary Edwards curves.Because of the completion of Edwards curves,this multiplier can be used to any point on the curve,without double or negative point exception.The implementation is quite simple,of high speed and of strong security against SCA attack.
Addressing Measurement Issues Related to Bullying Involvement

Abstract. In this article, we address measurement issues related to select aspects of bullying involvement with the goal of moving psychometrically sound measurement practices toward applied bullying research. We first provide a nontechnical introduction to psychometric considerations in measuring bullying involvement, highlighting the importance of establishing measurement equivalence across contexts and intervention conditions. We then discuss different forms of data collection for antibullying-intervention evaluation, interinformant agreement, and benefits of using information from multiple reporters. In the third section, we address the importance of using valid and reliable measures of the different forms of bullying, particularly when measuring bullying involvement across development. Finally, we advocate for studying the larger peer ecology by capturing the different ways in which youth actively or passively participate in bullying incidents. We conclude with a brief consideration of how psychometr...
Inactivation of purified rat liver cytochrome P-450 by chloramphenicol.

Incubation with chloramphenicol in the presence of NADPH leads to the irreversible inhibition of the 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase and benzphetamine demethylase activities of the cytochrome P-450 of a reconstituted monooxygenase system purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats. The inactivation is accompanied by the covalent binding of 1.5 nmol 14C from [1,2-14C]chloramphenicol per nmol cytochrome P-450 but not by a decrease in cytochrome P-450 detectable as its carbon monoxide complex or by a decrease in heme detectable as pyridine hemachromagen. The data suggest that chloramphenicol acts as a suicide substrate of cytochrome P-450 and may prove to be a valuable tool for identifying amino acid residues at or near the active site of the enzyme.
‘To Make a Fetish of Roughing It’: Reimagining Hunting in the Age of Safaris, 1900–1914

The participation of women hunters, and perhaps even more so that of honeymooning couples, necessarily altered the image of big game hunting in Africa. A graver challenge to the reputation of hunting as a sport, however, arose from the ability of the average sportsman or woman to make a relatively short safari in East Africa and return to Britain laden down with impressive trophies, including those of lions, rhinoceros and even an elephant or two. How difficult or dangerous could African hunting be if every sportsman and woman seemed guaranteed of success? Even worse, some of the most respected hunters of the day claimed that real hunting was still extremely difficult, but what these vacationing hunters were doing was simply shooting animals. Without the knowledge of African animals and ecologies that could only come from several years’ experience, they argued, those who came to Africa to hunt on vacation, no matter how keen, could do no more than shoot the animals to which their Somali guide or White Hunter had led them.1 One did not need to read the critiques of veteran hunters, either, to sense the growing gap between the idealized culture of rugged, frontier hunting and the rhetoric of domesticated comfort and ease emerging out of the safari industry. A 1907 article in the Daily Express, entitled ‘Lions at Three a Penny’, played on the accounts of a tourism promoter to the point of making a safari in British East Africa sound like a tame, prefabricated experience.
THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS (TBCs)

This chapter elaborates the different aspects of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The function of TBC is to reduce the component temperatures, thereby increasing life. TBCs are generally a combination of multiple layers of coatings with each layer having a specific function and requirement. The topmost layer provides thermal insulation and consists of a ceramic, with low thermal conductivity, typically ZrO 2 , known as zirconia. The extent of the temperature reduction by TBCs has been assessed in gas turbine engines by conducting engine tests. Temperatures measured on turbine blades coated with TBC were compared with those measured on blades with metallic coatings only. This level of temperature reduction results in a several fold extension of the life of the component. In gas turbines, the TBC surface may be exposed to hot gases with temperatures in excess of 3000°F. In order to survive such environments without melting, the ceramic top coat of the TBC should also have a high melting point. It is found that coatings based on zirconia can only be deposited by processes capable of adding enough energy to the raw materials to melt, evaporate, or chemically fragment to dimensions that can be deposited with adequate cohesive and adhesive strength.
Flow-Through Porous Silicon Membranes for Real-Time Label-Free Biosensing

A flow-through sensing platform based on open-ended porous silicon (PSi) microcavity membranes that are compatible with integration in on-chip sensor arrays is demonstrated. Because of the high aspect ratio of PSi nanopores, the performance of closed-ended PSi sensors is limited by infiltration challenges and slow sensor responses when detecting large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. In order to improve molecule transport efficiency and reduce sensor response time, open-ended PSi nanopore membranes were used in a flow-through sensing scheme, allowing analyte solutions to pass through the nanopores. The molecular binding kinetics in these PSi membranes were compared through experiments and simulation with those from closed-ended PSi films of comparable thickness in a conventional flow-over sensing scheme. The flow-through PSi membrane resulted in a 6-fold improvement in sensor response time when detecting a high molecular weight analyte (streptavidin) versus in the flow-over PSi approach. This...
Intersectionality: An Understudied Framework for Addressing Weight Stigma.

Introduction Obesity is an ongoing public health concern in the U.S. Weight stigma is linked to a number of obesogenic health outcomes, which complicate obesity treatment and prevention. Despite higher rates of obesity in female and minority populations, little research has examined weight stigma in non-white women and men. This study investigated intersectionality in weight stigma and health-related coping responses to stigmatizing experiences across racial groups. Methods In 2015, a total of 2,378 adults completed questionnaires about weight stigma, weight bias internalization, and coping strategies. Analyses were conducted in 2016. Results No differences in weight stigma emerged as a function of race or gender, but women reported higher weight bias internalization ( B =0.19, p =0.004). Further, black men and women reported less weight bias internalization than white men and women ( B =–0.43, p =0.009). Compared with white women, black women were less likely to cope with stigma using disordered eating ( B =–0.57, p =0.001), whereas Hispanic women were more likely to cope with stigma using disordered eating ( B= 0.39, p =0.020). Black men were more likely than white men to cope with stigma via eating ( B =–0.49, p =0.017). Conclusions Findings highlight that weight stigma is equally present across racial groups, but that groups internalize and cope with stigma in different ways, which exacerbate health risks. Increased research and policy attention should address stigma as an obstacle in prevention and treatment for obesity to reduce weight-based inequities in underserved populations.
161 REVERSIBLE HYPONATREMIA RELATED TO PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE.

Introduction We describe a previously healthy patient who developed idiopathic pericarditis leading to symptomatic pericardial tamponade, further complicated by development of profound hyponatremia that rapidly corrected after pericardiocentesis. Case Presentation A 59-year-old male presented with cough and fever of 2 weeks duration associated with fatigue, dyspnea on mild exertion, and ankle swelling. In addition, he reported drinking 1 to 2 gallons of water per day. On physical examination, blood pressure was 100/70 mm Hg with pulsus paradoxus of 15 mm Hg. Marked JVD and 1+ bilateral lower extremity edema were present. Serum [Na+] was 104 mEq/L, serum osmolality 227 mosm/kg H2O, urine osmolality 641 mosm/kg H2O, and serum creatinine 0.7 mg/dL. Pericardiocentesis was performed with removal of 1,700 cc of blood tinged pericardial fluid, resulting in improvement of hemodynamics, abrupt increase in urinary output, and increase in serum [Na+] to 131 mEq/L within 24 hours. Subsequently, the patient9s body weight decreased with complete resolution of peripheral edema and hyponatremia. Pericardial fluid studies showed no evidence of infectious, neoplastic, or rheumatologic etiologies. Discussion Hyponatremia was attributed to impairment of urine diluting ability due to vasopressin-related and vasopressin-independent mechanisms in the presence of habitually high fluid intake. Low serum sodium concentration was not a manifestation of sodium depletion as shown by the presence of peripheral edema, which we have attributed to impairment of cardiac output due to progressive accumulation of pericardial effusion. Arterial underfilling in patients with reduced cardiac output is known to be associated with suppression of vagal inhibition of vasopressin release by carotid and aortic arch baroreceptors. Vasopressin-independent mechanisms designed to sustain glomerular filtration in the presence of reductions in renal blood flow may also have contributed to the development of hyponatremia. Removal of pericardial fluid by pericardiocentesis resulted in rapid improvement in systemic hemodynamics, thereby abolishing the nonosmotic stimulus for continued uninhibited vasopressin release and alterations in renal blood flow that were associated with vasopressin-independent mechanisms. In response to these changes, urine output increased promptly with excretion of large volumes of dilute urine and rapid correction of hyponatremia.
Serotonin inputs to the dorsal BNST modulate anxiety in a 5-HT 1A receptor-dependent manner

Serotonin (5-HT) neurons project from the raphe nuclei throughout the brain where they act to maintain homeostasis. Here, we study 5-HT inputs into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a major subdivision of the extended amygdala that has been proposed to regulate responses to anxiogenic environments in humans and rodents. While the dorsal part of the BNST (dBNST) receives dense 5-HT innervation, whether and how 5-HT in the dBNST normally modulates anxiety remains unclear. Using optogenetics, we demonstrate that activation of 5-HT terminals in the dBNST reduces anxiety in a highly anxiogenic environment. Further analysis revealed that optogenetic inhibition of 5-HT inputs into the dBNST increases anxiety in a less anxiogenic environment. We found that 5-HT predominantly hyperpolarizes dBNST neurons, reducing their activity in a manner that can be blocked by a 5-HT1A antagonist. Finally, we demonstrate that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the dBNST is necessary for the anxiolytic effect observed following optogenetic stimulation of 5-HT inputs into the dBNST. These data reveal that 5-HT release in the dBNST modulates anxiety-like behavior via 5-HT1A receptors under naturalistic conditions.
Diversity-focused Online Professional Development for Community College Computing Faculty: Participant Motivations and Perceptions

Although computing occupations increasingly dominate the workforce, the computing discipline does not attract sufficient and diverse students to meet societal workforce needs. LIGHTHOUSE FOR CS is a collection of professional development efforts seeking to increase computing diversity through faculty education. LIGHTHOUSE CC provides an open online course extending a decade of successful face-to-face TAPESTRY workshops. LIGHTHOUSE CC targets community college computing faculty, building off of research suggesting that online professional development can be as effective as in-person professional development. We believe it is one of the first attempts to validate that finding for community college computing faculty. The paper examines participant motivations and perceptions of online and face-to-face diversity-focused professional development for community college computing educators. To meet the needs of the community college computing faculty, we began with a needs assessment survey. Its feedback and prior face-to-face workshop experiences were integrated with several instructional design principles and theories to engage community college faculty, notably the ARCS motivational design model (Keller, 1987) and the Community of Practice model (Wenger, 1998). Project analyses involved both surveys and focus group interviews. The paper also provides directions for future improvements and suggestions for others who are considering online or diversity-focused professional development.
Finding the Modern in Early Caribbean Literature

Modern-day scholars of Caribbean literature tend to view with suspicion literature written in or about the Caribbean before the late nineteenth century, texts mostly published by Europeans and creoles in Europe and for European audiences. The body of literature appears counterproductive—and irrelevant—to modern-day efforts to celebrate the literary contributions of historically marginalized populations in the Caribbean. My proposed essay for a volume on the literary history of early Caribbean literature emphasizes the important relationship between pre-colonial/colonial and postcolonial Caribbean literature. Early Caribbean texts are often not the sole production of European writers but collaborative efforts that register multiple discourses, multiple voices, and multiple cultures within the texts. So, in constructing a literary history of the early Caribbean, I emphasize ways of reading the literature that do not merely confirm European dominance but that also recognize the complex human contacts that formed the literature. I do this through a close-reading of Richard Ligon’s History of Barbados, focusing specifically on that moment when he relates the tragic story of Yarico, an Indian maid sold into slavery by her English lover. I compare his version to Beryl Gilroy’s 1996 novel Inkle and Yarico. As the relationship between Gilroy and Ligon’s interpretations of Inkle and Yarico illustrates, early-modern and modern Caribbean literature are intimately linked, fueled in both cases by cultural encounters among black Africans, Indians, and Europeans that have defined the region in the past and today. Approaching early Caribbean literature in this way, as product of multicultural encounters, complements current postcolonial efforts to recuperate the literary contributions of historically marginalized populations in the Caribbean. More important, this perspective puts in dialogue the literary history of early Caribbean and modern Caribbean literatures.