cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speed Factors on Two-Lane Rural Highways in Free-Flow Conditions

The mean free-flow speed and its variability across drivers are considered important safety factors. Despite a large body of research on operating speeds, there is still much to learn about the factors of free-flow speeds, especially on tangent segments of two-lane rural highways. The roadway factors of speed dispersion across drivers are largely unknown. Also, the use of the entire free-flow speed distribution suggested by other authors has not yet been addressed. Consequently, the existing models are not aimed to evaluate the speed variability at a site. This paper presents free-flow speed models that identify factors of mean speed and speed dispersion on tangent segments and horizontal curves of two-lane rural highways. Ten highway variables, six of them functioning as both mean speed and speed dispersion factors, were identified as speed factors on tangent segments. Four highway and curve variables, two of them functioning as both mean speed and speed dispersion factors, were identified as speed facto...
What is parallel circuit simulation

Transistor-level circuit simulation, i.e. SPICE simulation [1], is a fundamental tool for design and verification of a wide range of integrated circuits such as memories, custom digital ICs, analog, mixed-signal and RF circuits as well as digital cell library characterization. It is common for today's designers to spend days, weeks or even months of CPU time to perform expensive transistor-level circuit analysis. The simulation bottleneck significantly limits pre-silicon verification and design space exploration, contributing to long design turnaround time, suboptimal designs and even chip failures. With the advent of more complex device models and increased design complexity, high-capacity circuit simulation is strongly desirable in order to boost design productivity.
Non-Equilibrium Work Dissipation in Mechanical Unfolding of Large RNAS

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is indispensible in studying mechanical unfolding of single RNA molecules. In a typical experiment, single RNA molecules are pulled and relaxed at fast loading/unloading rate that structure transitions occur under non-equilibrium. Work dissipation is reflected by hysteresis between forward and reverse trajectories in force-extension curve. Ligand and protein binding can stabilize a specific domain within a large RNA, which further complicates work dissipation in mechanical unfolding. Using experiment and simulation, we examined mechanical unfolding of large RNAs containing secondary and tertiary folding. The RNAs follow hierarchical folding pathways. Secondary structure forms before tertiary contacts, and tertiary interaction is disrupted before unfolding of secondary structure. Factors that selectively bind and stabilize tertiary structure lead to increased work dissipation by protecting secondary structure from unfolding. Furthermore, work dissipation is quantified as a function of pulling rate and factor binding.
Saturn's rings: Resonance about an oblate planet

Abstract Classical resonance theory is extended to include corrections due to Saturn's oblateness. A single classical resonance splits into a band structure, with individual resonances almost evenly spaced in radius from the planet. When applied to Saturn's rings this theory predicts, in detail, the structure of Cassini's division.
A Corporate Partnership to Enhance Teacher Training

This article discusses a corporate partnership with SMART Technologies that changed what teacher candidates learned and how they learned. The experience of the partnership has revealed five best practices for implementing white board technology. Teacher training benefits of the partnership are evident in descriptions of three instructional scenarios, which highlight particular best practices. This article also discusses lessons learned and future steps.
Multiscale parameterization of LIDAR elevations for reducing complexity in hydraulic models of coastal urban areas

Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology now makes it possible to sample the Earth's surface with point spacings well below 1 m. It is, however, time consuming, costly, and technically challenging to directly use very high resolution LIDAR data for hydraulic modeling because of the computational requirements associated with solving fluid dynamics equations over complex boundary conditions in large data sets. For high relief terrain and urban areas, using coarse digital elevation models (DEMs) can cause significant degradation in hydraulic modeling, particularly when artificial obstructions, such as buildings, mask spatial correlations between terrain points. In this paper we present a strategy to reduce the computational complexity in the estimation of surface water discharge through a decomposition of the DEM data, wherein features have different characteristic spatial frequencies. Though the optimal DEM scale for a particular application will ultimately be decided by the user's tolerance for error, we present guidelines to choose a proper scale by balancing computer memory usage and accuracy. We also suggest a method to parameterize man-made structures, such as buildings in hydraulic modeling, to efficiently and accurately account for their effects on surface water discharge.
Electrodimerization of the pyridiniumcarboxylic acids homarine and trigonelline

Abstract Homarine (1-methyl-2-carboxypyridinium ion) and trigonelline (1-methyl-3-carboxy-pyridinium ion) are reduced at mercury electrodes in alkaline solutions by a one-electron transfer to the pyridinium ring. Analysis of polarographic wave shapes using deviation-pattern recognition, peak widths of cyclic voltammograms, analysis of the products of bulk electrolyses and dependences of E1/2 and Ep on scan rate, pH and concentration indicated that these reductions proceed by an EC2 mechanism, where the second-order chemical reaction is a homogeneous dimerization. The zwitterionic form of the pyridiniumcarboxylic acid, which predominates in alkaline solutions, undergoes reduction to form a pyridinyl anion radical. Two radicals then couple to yield a dimer dianion which is subject to protonation. The dimer can be oxidized at mercury electrodes.
Effect of diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine on the utilization of carotene and vitamin A by the calf.

Summary High dietary levels of DPFD (3 to 10 g/100 lb. body weight) were administered to dairy calves in an attempt to assess the toxicity of this antioxidant. There was an indication of a depression of growth when DPPD was first introduced into the diet; thereafter, the DPPD apparently had little effect upon the health of the calves. Criteria used were weight gains, blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, and general health observations The absorption curve technique was employed to study the effect of DPPD upon the absorption of vitamin A and carotene. At the high dietary levels used in the study of toxicity, DPPD impaired the absorption of vitamin A. When DPPD was fed at lower concentrations (250 p.p.m, in the diet), there was an indication that DPPD improved the absorption of vitamin A slightly. At the lower dietary concentration, DPPD improved the absorption of carotene. In the course of a long-term depletion experiment, it became evident that DPPD or some derivative thereof was absorbed from a diet containing a high level of DPPD (3 g/100 lb. body weight). The absorbed DPPD or DPPD product probably interfered with the analytical technique and thus caused an ap-paren t in crease in the plasma levels of vitamin A and carotenoids. When DPPD feeding was discontinued,a sudden drop in the plasma level of apparent DPPD occurred, in dicatingrapid metabolism of this compound.
Primary Systems and Candidate Ideology Evidence From Federal and State Legislative Elections

The nomination of ideologically extreme candidates in party primaries has led many scholars and observers to speculate about the role played by different kinds of primary systems. Models of candidate competition that account for the two-stage nature of the electoral process suggest that more restrictive primary systems produce more ideologically extreme candidates. In contrast with previous research that examines the relationship between primaries and legislative ideology, we focus on how primary systems affect the ideological extremity of candidates’ campaign platforms. Using data on more than 85,000 major party candidates for Congress and state legislatures from 1980-2012, we find no evidence that the restrictiveness of primary participation rules is systematically associated with candidate ideology.
THE McMASTER FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE

This paper describes the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD), a newly developed questionnaire designed to evaluate families according to the McMaster Model of Family Functioning. The FAD is made up of seven scales which measure Problem Solving, Communication, Roles, Affective Responsiveness, Affective Involvement, Behavior Control and General Functioning. The paper describes the procedures used to develop the FAD and presents scale means and scale reliabilities from a sample of 503 individuals.
The effect upon simple animal behavior of different frequencies of reinforcement, Part II: separate control of the reinforcement of different IRTs.

Rats' responding was stabilized for over 35 days on 4-min variable-interval reinforcement. Reinforcements per hour for 4-sec wide classes of interresponse times were then separately controlled by adjusting those for each class to the variable-interval values that had just prevailed. This produced little or no change in interresponse times, indicating that the new procedure was substantially equivalent to a variable-interval schedule. The variable-interval schedule produced a high and stable conditional probability of interresponse times in the 0- to 4-sec class, associated with a peak in reinforcements per hour for this class. Reducing the reinforcements per hour for this class while raising that for another class (by 3.3 reinforcements per hour) significantly reduced the conditional probability of 0- to 4-sec interresponse times. Restoring the 3.3 reinforcements per hour to the 0- to 4-sec class significantly elevated the conditional probability of interresponse times in this class. Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of interresponse times produced by a subject during some variable-interval schedules is determined partly by the relative reinforcement of different interresponse times that the variable-interval schedule provided. (Reprinted from Part II of the Final Report of Research under Contract DA-49-007-MD-408 with the Medical Research and Development Board, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 31 December 1954. Edwin B. Newman, Responsible Investigator; Douglas Anger, Research Assistant and author of report. Experimental work done in the Psychological Laboratories of Harvard University.)
The Lives of the Jain Elders

The Lives of the Jain Elders is the standard synthesis of source material for the early history of Jainism by the great twelfth-century Jain scholar-monk, Hemacandra, also a key figure in the wider context of Sanskrit literature. An epic poem written in an allusive and ornamental style, it relates the pupillary succession of the early monastic Jain community, their teaching and the legendary spread of their influence, the ascetisicism of the Elders, and their eventual liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Abounding in memorable characters, and providing a rich compendium of Indian folk-tale, The Lives of the Jain Elders offers fascinating insight into the social life of medieval India. This new translation makes the complete work available for the first time in a European language and is complemented by a full introduction illuminating Jain belief and history.
Raltegravir is a potent inhibitor of XMRV, a virus implicated in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Background Xenotropic murine leukemia-related retrovirus (XMRV) is a recently discovered retrovirus that has been linked to human prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Both diseases affect a large fraction of the world population, with prostate cancer affecting one in six men, and CFS affecting an estimated 0.4 to 1% of the population.
An approach to virtual allocation in storage systems

This article presents virtual allocation, a scheme for flexible storage allocation. Virtual allocation separates storage allocation from the file system. It employs an allocate-on-write strategy which lets applications fit into the actual usage of storage space, without regard to the configured file system size. This improves flexibility by allowing storage space to be shared across different file systems. This article presents the design of virtual allocation and its evaluation through benchmarks. To illustrate our approach, we implemented a prototype system on PCs running Linux. We present the results from the prototype implementation and its evaluation.
Geographic variation in participation for physically disabled adults: the contribution of area economic factors to employment after spinal cord injury.

This study investigates that role of area economic characteristics in predicting employment, a key aspect of social participation for adults with physical disabilities, using data from a national registry of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI results in chronic impairment and most commonly occurs during young adulthood when working is a key aspect of the adult social role. Geocoded data was collected from two of the 14 SCI Model Systems (SCIMS) centers involved in the National SCIMS database and used to link individual-level data with area-level measures extracted from the 2000 US Census. The analysis included participants of working age (18–64 years) and living in the community (N=1,013). Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to estimate area-level variation in participation and the relative contribution of area-level economic indicators, adjusted for individual-level health, functioning, and background characteristics. The likelihood of employment for adults with SCI varied by area and was associated with area SES and ubanicity, but not area unemployment. These findings suggest that variation in area economic conditions may affect the feasibility of employment for persons who experience chronic physical disability during adulthood, thus limiting full participation in society.
Relationships between Thyroid Hormone and Antidepressant Responses to Total Sleep Deprivation in Mood Disorder Patients

Abstract Background: Acute transient antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation are consistently observed in 50% of depressed patients, but the mechanisms of these, at times, dramatic improvements in mood have not been adequately elucidated. Some, but not all, studies suggest a relationship to increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. Methods: TSH and other thyroid indices were measured at 8:00 am after a baseline night's sleep and at 8:00 am following a night of total sleep deprivation (S.D.) in 34 medication-free, affective disorder patients assessed with Hamilton, Beck, and Bunney–Hamburg depression ratings as well as two hourly self-ratings on a visual analog scale. Results: Compared with baseline, S.D. induced highly significant increases in TSH, levothyroxine, free levothyroxine, and triiodothyronine. The 12 S.D. responders tended to have greater TSH increases than the 15 nonresponders ( p r = −.40, p = .0496, n = 24). Conclusions: These data are consistent with several other reports of a significant relationship between degree of antidepressant response to S.D. and increases in TSH measured at 8:00 am near their usual nadir. Acute removal of the sleep-related break on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis remains a promising candidate for the mechanism of sleep deprivation-induced improvement in mood in depressed patients.
Oral radiographic manifestations of a metastatic prostatic carcinoma

Abstract Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common form of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in males. An adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a 58-year-old white man with metastasis to the left mandible is reported. Dental radiographs and bone scans were intrumental in identifying the bone disease.
Kinetics of photoirradiation-induced synthesis of soy oil-conjugated linoleic acid isomers.

Photoirradiation of soy oil with UV/visible light has been shown to produce significant amounts of trans,trans conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers through conversion of various synthesized intermediate cis,trans isomers. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics of CLA isomers synthesis to better understand the production of various isomers. Soy oil was irradiated with UV/ visible light for 144 h in the presence of an iodine catalyst and CLA isomers analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Arrhenius plots were developed for the conversion of soy oil linoleic acid (A) to form cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA (B), conversion of cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA to form trans,trans-CLA (C) with respect to B, and formation of trans,trans-CLA isomers with respect to C. The kinetics of consumption of linoleic acid (LA) to form c/s-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA was found to be of second-order with a rate constant of 9.01 x 10 -7 L/mol s. The rate of formation of cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA isomers depends on the rate of formation from LA and its rate of consumption to form trans,trans-CLA isomers. The conversion of cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA isomers to trans,trans-CLA isomers was found to be of first-order with a rate constant of 2.75 x 10 -6 s -1 . However, the formation of thermodynamically stable trans,trans-CLA isomers (C) with respect to C was found to be a zero-order reaction with a rate constant of 10.66 x 10 -7 mol/L s. The consumption of LA was found to be the rate-determining step in the CLA isomers formation reaction mechanism. The findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism of CLA isomers synthesis by photoirradiation and the factors controlling the ratio of various isomers.
Fuzzy logic extended rule set for multitarget tracking

An extended rule set multitarget tracking system based on fuzzy logic is discussed. The system that we describe utilizes fuzzy logic principles in a Kalman-type fuzzy tracking filter for the purpose of drastically reducing computation overhead. The tracking problem is modelled as a discrete time system in the standard state form. Rather that employing the Kalman filter, an extended rule set is used at each iteration to update an estimate of the target state vector. The update is based upon the innovation vector for the target, which is the vector difference between observed and estimated target position. Since each target has many returns, both actual and clutter, it is necessary to validate each return before including it in the calculation of the average innovation vector. Return validation is accomplished via fuzzy logic and is incorporated with a fuzzy measure of target-return similarity in the fuzzy return processor (FRP) to obtain the average innovation vector. Spurious returns are discussed in terms of their causes and their effect on the fuzzy tracking algorithm. The rule set is described in detail, and the results are discussed and compared to Kalman filter tracking results. Finally, the algorithm is applied to an actual forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequence provided by Texas Instruments, Inc. and results are discussed accordingly.
Lubiprostone Decreases Mouse Colonic Inner Mucus Layer Thickness and Alters Intestinal Microbiota

Background Lubiprostone has been used to treat constipation through its effects to stimulate Cl− secretion, resulting in water and electrolyte secretion.
Relative thresholds of behavioral and somatic responses to estrogen

Abstract The effects of 17 β-estradiol benzoate on sexual receptivity, vaginal and pituitary cytology, and uterine growth were studied in spayed rats in order to compare the relative sensitivities of the behavioral and somatic responses to this steroid. The most sensitive measure was the vaginal smear; full cornification followed administration of 0.2 μg of the estrogen per day. The threshold for attainment of normal levels of sexual receptivity was between 0.8 and 1.6 μg/day. Similar dosage was required to reverse completely the changes in adenohypophyses and uteri resulting from ovariectomy. These results demonstrate that apparently normal sexual behavior may be restored in spayed rats by daily administration of “physiological” doses of estrogen in the absence of progesterone treatment.
Libraries and librarians on the internet

(1994). Libraries and librarians on the internet. Communication Education: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 143-150.
Effects of various methods of chlorhexidine application on shear bond strength.

Chlorhexidine has been applied on the teeth and over orthodontic appliances during treatment in order to reduce bacterial colonization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of chlorhexidine with or without a sealant, to the etched enamel will affect the shear bond strength and the bracket/adhesive failure modes of orthodontic brackets. A total of 132 extracted third molars were cleaned and then divided into 6 groups of at least 20 teeth each. The teeth were etched with a 37% phosphoric acid gel and a sealant was applied in 5 of the groups. Stainless steel orthodontic brackets were then bonded with the Transbond XT bonding system. The chlorhexidine was applied to the teeth either as a prophylactic paste or as a varnish under the following conditions: (1) as a varnish over the bracket and tooth surfaces after the bonding procedure was completed; (2) as a prophylactic paste containing 0.12% chlorhexidine over the intact enamel i.e., before etching; (3) mixed with the sealant and applied to the etched enamel before bonding, (4) as a varnish applied to the etched enamel with no sealant used; (5) as a varnish over the light cured sealant; and (6) as a varnish over the sealant before the sealant was light cured. All teeth were mounted in phenolic rings and stored in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. A Zwick Universal Testing Machine was used to determine shear bond strengths. The residual adhesive on the enamel surface was evaluated with the Adhesive Remnant Index. The analysis of variance and chi square tests were used to compare the six groups. Significance was predetermined at the p < or = 0.05. The findings in this study indicated that shear bond strength was not significantly affected when chlorhexidine was applied; (1) over the bracket and tooth surfaces after the bonding procedure was completed (mean = 12.3 +/- 3.1 MPa), (2) as a prophylactic paste over the unetched enamel surface before the bonding procedure is initiated (mean = 9.6 +/- 2.3 MPa), and (3) when the varnish was premixed with the sealant and applied on the etched enamel surface (mean 11.8 +/- 2.1 MPa). On the other hand, in all the experimental groups in which the chlorhexidine varnish was applied as a layer on the etched enamel surface or over the sealant, shear bond strength values and bracket failure rates were of a magnitude that made them clinically unacceptable.
Three-dimensional fold of the human AQP1 water channel determined at 4 A resolution by electron crystallography of two-dimensional crystals embedded in ice.

Abstract Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) density map of deglycosylated, human erythrocyte aquaporin 1 (AQP1) determined at 4 A resolution in plane and ∼7 A resolution perpendicular to the bilayer. The map was calculated by analyzing images and electron diffraction patterns recorded from tilted (up to 60 °), ice-embedded, frozen-hydrated 2D crystals of AQP1 in lipid bilayer membranes. This map significantly extends the findings related to the folding of the AQP1 polypeptide chain determined by us at a lower, 7 A by ∼20 A, resolution. The solvent-accessible volume within a monomer has a vestibular architecture, with a narrow, ∼6.5 A diameter constriction near the center of the bilayer, where the location of the water-selective channel is postulated to exist. The clearly resolved densities for the transmembrane helices display the protrusions expected for bulky side-chains. The density in the interior of the helix barrel (putative NPA box region) is better resolved compared to our previous map, suggesting clearer linkage to some of the helices, and it may harbor short stretches of α-helix. At the bilayer extremities, densities for some of the inter-helix hydrophilic loops are visible. Consistent with these observed inter-helix connections, possible models for the threading of the AQP1 polypeptide chain are presented. A preferred model is deduced that agrees with the putative locations of a group of aromatic residues in the amino acid sequence and in the 3D density map.
Real-world connections in secondary mathematics teaching

The mathematics-education community stresses the importance of real-world connections in teaching. The extant literature suggests that in actual classrooms this practice is infrequent and cursory, but few studies have specifically examined whether, how, and why teachers connect mathematics to the real world. In this study, I surveyed 62 secondary mathematics teachers about their understanding and use of real-world connections, their purposes for making connections in teaching, and factors that support and constrain this practice. I also observed 5 teachers making real-world connections in their classrooms and I conducted follow-up interviews; these qualitative data are used to illuminate findings from the survey data. The results offer an initial portrayal of the use of real-world connections in secondary mathematics classes and raise critical issues for more targeted research, particularly in the area of teacher beliefs about how to help different kinds of students learn mathematics.
Optimal medical management of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review protocol

Review question/objective The purpose of this systematic review is to present the best available evidence for the use of disaccharides versus no treatment in the medical management of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. The objectives of this review are to identify effective medical management strategies for the prevention of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and also minimize the adverse clinical manifestations of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Inclusion criteria Types of participants Studies of adult patients, 18 years and older, with the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in both ambulatory and acute care hospital settings will be included in the review. Transplant patients and patients who have undergone transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) will be excluded. Patients undergoing liver dialysis procedures will also be excluded as they may have other comorbidities that affect their overall treatment plan. Pregnant women will also be excluded in the search. Types of intervention(s) This review will consider studies that evaluate optimal medical management of minimal hepatic encephalopathy strategies. The interventions of interest will be the use of disaccharides to manage the patient with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: psychometric measures, health-related quality of life measures and motor skills. More specifically these include outcomes associated with general care strategies: nutrition, hydration and electrolyte status, as well as safety (due to neuro-cognitive indicators), and in acute illness will measure prevention of coma (lowered blood ammonia levels).
Empirical Tests of Labor Market Equilibrium: an Evaluation

For good reason there is widespread professional interest in the theory of unemployment. Unemployment in OECD countries is at an all-time postwar high. The unemployment rate in France has increased each year for the past 14 years. Mean durations of unemployment have increased in the United States over the past decade. The data indicate that measured unemployment is an important fact of economic life. However, the causes of the rise in unemployment are not clearly understood.
ON THE INERTIAL MASS CONCEPT IN SPECIAL AND GENERAL RELATIVITY

Inertial mass in relativity theory is discussed from a conceptual view. It is shown that though relativistic dynamics implies a particular dependence of the momentum of a free particle on its velocityin special relativity, which diverges as v approaches c, the inertial mass itself of a moving body remains constant, from any frame of observation. However, extension to general relativity does conceptually introduce variability of the inertial mass of a body, through a necessarily generally covariant field theory of inertia, when the Mach principle is incorporated into the theory of general relativity, as a theory of matter.
The dynamics of innovation ecosystems: A case study of the US biofuel market

Abstract This paper extends the research on innovation ecosystems in several ways. It analyzes how the dynamics of markets affect the adoption of technology, links the evolution of the innovation ecosystem to the market dynamics, and shows how these interacting dynamics affect emergence of a dominant design. The paper starts with a review of previous work on innovation ecosystems, concluding that these analyses focus primarily on the inner workings of ecosystems and less on the dynamics of the markets in which the ecosystems exist. It then uses network mapping software to visualize the development of the US biofuels ecosystem between 1980 and 2012. Mapping shows the consolidation of the industry and emergence of a dominant conversion technology and consortium of suppliers. Next a System Dynamics model of the US biofuels market is introduced. The model is used to generate scenarios for 1995-2025 under different assumptions for management decision making and trade policies. The scenarios produce significant variations in industry performance and adoption of next generation technology. Combining the mapping and modeling highlights the effects of market conditions on the dynamics of innovation ecosystems. The paper concludes that opportunities to introduce new technologies are defined by waves of investment in biofuels production capacity. The waves of capacity investment are driven by changes in market conditions. A dominant design emerges during each wave of capacity investment. The timing of technology selection decisions is critical. Narrowing the options too early is overly constraining and may drive one down an inefficient if not wrong path. The biofuels case is quite relevant to the oil and gas sector. Both are similar open innovation systems, with long-lived conversion assets, waves of capacity investment, and cyclical utilization and margins. Both are experiencing an accelerated pace of innovation, e.g., in connection with shale gas and oil.
Taxonomy for the modeling and simulation of emergent behavior systems

Preliminary to the development of a theoretical framework for the specification, modeling, and design of emergent behavior systems is the construction of a consistent lexicon of emergent behavior terms and the development of an emergent behavior systems taxonomy. Without these two critical components of lexicon and taxonomy we will not be able to 1) understand what emergent behavior is, 2) establish axiomatic relationships, and 3) identify emergent behavior apart from other phenomena. This paper briefly presents a taxonomy based upon five orders of emergent behavior with four sub-orders and briefly summarizes the author's continuing research in this area.
Effects of prostaglandin E opposing those of catecholamines on blood pressure and on triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue.

The effect of prostaglandin E1 on release of glycerol from adipose tissue in the presence of lipolytic hormones (epinephrine norepinephrine adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone and glucagon) was determined in vitro by incubating fat pads for 1 hour at 37 degrees in 3 ml of Krebs bicarbonate medium containing bovine serum albumin (30 mg/m1) and hormone in pairs 1 with PGE1 and 1 without. The effects of PGE1 in the absence of added hormones were variable. But data from 16 pairs of PGE hormone-exposed tissues indicated a significant effect of PGE1: -.3 + or -.06 mcmol of glycerol/gm of tissue perhour: on the other hand mean gycerol release for control tissues without hormone was .9 mcmol/gm/hour. The effect of epinephrine (or norepinephrine) PGE1 and a combination of the 2 on mean arterial pressure on dogs was also tested. Injection of catecholamine alone elevated arterial pressure; simultaneous injection of PGE1 reduced the observed pressor response significantly (P < .001). Injection of PGE1 alone caused a profound drop in pressure with a gradual return to normal over about 15 minutes.
The relationship of children's attitudes toward alcohol to their value development

Developmentally, attitudes toward casual alcohol use and toward the abuse of alcohol should be related to the development of value content and value structure. Two studies were conducted that found this to be generally so with upper elementary schoolchildren. A negative attitude toward the abuse of alcohol was definitely related to general measures of the internalization of those values necessary to be a part of any group as well as the rejection of acts generally considered to be deviant in our culture. Attitudes toward casual use of alcohol were also somewhat related, but not as strongly. However, alcohol attitudes were unrelated to stage of moral development or other measures of thinking processes. Some shifts across age and sex were also noted. Programs oriented toward the prevention of alcohol abuse may need to communicate the value norms of our society and can proceed without impacting attitudes toward casual alcohol use.
Dragon Curves Revisited

It has happened several times in recent history that a mathematical discovery of great beauty and importance was originally published in a journal that would not likely to be read by many a working mathematician. One famous example is the Penrose tilings [15]. Surely, Penrose tilings and the theory of quasicrystals is now a major area of research (see, e.g., [17]), and not only in mathematics but also in physics and chemistry, as witnessed by the 2011 Nobel Prize awarded to D. Shechtman for “the discovery of quasicrystals” in 1982. It is a pleasure to mention that this magazine played a role in popularizing Penrose tilings [16]. The topic of this column is another mathematical object of comparable beauty, the Dragon curves, whose theory was created by Chandler Davis and Donald Knuth [4]. The original articles are not easily available (they are reprinted in [10], along with previously unpublished addendum). Mathematical Intelligencer wrote about Dragon curves more than 30 years ago [5, 6, 7]. In spite of the existence of a Wikipedia article on the subject and in spite of their appearance in M. Crichton’s popular novel “Jurassic Park”, Dragon curves are not sufficiently well known to contemporary mathematicians, especially the younger ones who missed the original excitement of 40+ years ago. The goal of this article is to bring Dragon curves to spotlight again and to pay tribute to Chandler Davis, a co-author of an elegant theory that explains the striking features of these curves. This article is merely an invitation to the subject; the reader should not expect a thorough survey of the results or proofs.
Strong electronic correlations in a new class of Yb-based compounds: YbXCu4 (X=Ag,Au, pd)

A new series of heavy-electron Yb compounds YbX${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$ with X=Ag, Au, or Pd are reported which have electron effective masses as high as \ensuremath{\sim}60${m}_{e}$, where ${m}_{e}$ is the mass of the free electron. Whereas the compounds with X=Au and Pd order magnetically below 1 K, the compound with X=Ag is nonmagnetic. The magnetic susceptibility and specific heat of ${\mathrm{YbAgCu}}_{4}$ can be accounted for by the Bethe-ansatz solution of the Coqblin-Schrieffer impurity model without any adjustable parameters.
Differential migratory properties of monocytes isolated from human subjects naïve and non-naïve to Cannabis

This study evaluates the migratory potential of monocytes isolated from two groups of human subjects: naive and non-naive to Cannabis. Phytocannabinoids (pCB), the bioactive agents produced by the plant Cannabis, regulate the phenotype and function of immune cells by interacting with CB1 and CB2 receptors. It has been shown that agents influencing the phenotype of circulating monocytes influence the phenotype of macrophages and the outcome of immune responses. To date, nothing is known about the acute and long-term effects of pCB on human circulating monocytes. Healthy subjects were recruited for a single blood draw. Monocytes were isolated, fluorescently labeled and their migration quantified using a validated assay that employs near infrared fluorescence and modified Boyden chambers. CB1 and CB2 receptor mRNA expression was quantified by qPCR. Monocytes from all subjects (n = 10) responded to chemokine (c–c motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and human serum stimuli. Acute application of pCB significantly inhibited both the basal and CCL2-stimulated migration of monocytes, but only in subjects non-naive to Cannabis. qPCR analysis indicates that monocytes from subjects non-naive to Cannabis express significantly more CB1 mRNA. The phenotype of monocytes isolated from subjects non-naive to Cannabis is significantly different from monocytes isolated from subjects naive to Cannabis. Only monocytes from subjects non-naive to Cannabis respond to acute exposure to pCB by reducing their overall migratory capacity. Our study suggests that chronic exposure to Cannabis affects the phenotype of circulating monocytes and accordingly could influence outcome of inflammatory responses occurring in injured tissues.
Transesterification by peptidyl transferase.

Peptidyl transferase, the enzyme which catalyses formation of peptide bonds, can be stimulated by CCA, the 3′-terminus of tRNA, to catalyse also a transesterification reaction involving nucleophilic attack of Met-tRNAfMet by ethanol to yield fMet-ethyl ester.
Monitoring of industrially relevant organic gases by CO 2 laser radiation

Literature data concerning organic compounds of industrial importance have been analyzed in order to estimate the performance of CO2 laser based detection of atmospheric trace gases with special respect to remote sensing.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Therapy of ulcerative colitis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past year has brought forth several controversies regarding the treatment of ulcerative colitis along with several potentially important clinical advances. The aim of this review is to provide the practicing gastroenterologist with a summation of these recent developments, with particular emphasis on advances that have already moved toward acceptance into clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Controversies remain regarding the optimal formulations and doses of aminosalicylates. At the same time, the potential for chemoprotective effects in patients using maintenance therapy with mesalamine derivatives has been expanded. In addition, advances in biologic therapy for Crohn disease are beginning to be formally evaluated in ulcerative colitis, although the benefits of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in this condition remain to be established. Biologic therapies are beginning to be explored as adjunctive therapy for steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis, where trials of calcineurin inhibitors are also advancing clinical practice for this poor prognostic subgroup of patients. Finally, after surgery for ulcerative colitis, the treatment and prevention of pouchitis has become the one established indication for probiotic therapy. SUMMARY Despite some inroads into the medical therapy of ulcerative colitis, controversies remain regarding the optimal dosing and delivery systems of the most fundamental therapies, and how to optimize therapy for severe ulcerative colitis. Clinical research will continue to investigate new biologic agents that inhibit tumor necrosis factor and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ongoing trials with leukocyte apheresis are currently under way.
Precollege global education: Goals and scenarios

A case is presented for an increase in global‐international education. Some goals and guidelines for global education are outlined which have been recommended by various educational organizations. The work concludes by describing three possible scenarios for global education in the public schools of the U.S.
Why hire a former military person for a leadership position

Where can an organization go to find highly qualified leaders? Is there a source of world-class, trained leaders with experience in rapidly changing situations, teamwork, and problem solving? A recent insightful article in Fortune (O'Keefe, 2010) provides the answer: the U.S. military. Companies such as Walmart, Home Depot, Lowe's, State Farm, AT&T, Bank of America, Merck, GE, Northrop Grumman, PepsiCo, and others are hiring what the Fortune article calls the “elite” from the military ranks.
The Science Semester: Cross-Disciplinary Inquiry for Prospective Elementary Teachers.

We describe the Science Semester, a semester-long course block that integrates three science courses and a science education methods course for elementary teacher education majors, and examine prospective elementary teachers’ developing conceptions about inquiry, science teaching efficacy, and reflections on learning through inquiry. The Science Semester was designed to provide inquiry-oriented and problem-based learning experiences, opportunities to examine socially relevant issues through cross-disciplinary perspectives, and align with content found in elementary curricula and standards. By the end of the semester, prospective elementary teachers moved from naive to intermediate understandings of inquiry and significantly increased self-efficacy for science teaching as measured on one subscore of the STEBI-B. Reflecting on the semester, prospective teachers understood and appreciated the goals of the course and the PBL format, but struggled with the open-ended and student-directed elements of the course.
Strategies in the acquisition of deixis

Although deictic terms are among the earliest words children acquire, the proximal/non-proximal contrast (the true deictic contrast) between here and there, and between this and that, takes several years to master. As research on spontaneous production shows, children may start, for example, by using here with a deictic meaning, there with a non-deictic meaning, and a gesture to indicate a deictic contrast. On the basis of two experiments on comprehension, we argue that children go through at least three stages in acquiring the deictic contrasts. They start with NO CONTRAST, work out a PARTIAL CONTRAST used only in certain contexts, and finally master a FULL CONTRAST equivalent to the adult's. However, children follow different routes through these stages, depending on their initial choice of (a) the point of reference for the contrast – themselves or the speaker – and (b) the spatial relation to that point of reference – proximity or distance.
Synthetic routes to polyfunctional molecules via metallated N,N-dimethylhydrazones

Zahlreiche Beispiele der Verwendung von metallierten Dimethylhydrazonen, wie z.B. (I), zur Durchfuhrung von positions- und stereochemisch selektiven C-C-Verknupfungen fur die organische Synthese werden beschrieben: So werden mit entsprechenden Carbonylverbindungen (II) oder mit Oxiranen wie (VI) Carbinole wie (III) bzw. (VIIa) gebildet; oxidative Hydrolyse z.B. von (IIId) bzw. (VIIa) liefert wertvolle polyfunktionelle Verbindungen wie (IV) (Weiterreaktion zu (V)) bzw. (VIIb) (ahnliche Gewinnung von (VIIIa) und (VIIIb)).
The l-phenylalanine requirement of the chick☆

Abstract The l -phenylalanine requirement of the chick has been studied on a wheat germ-gelatin-amino acid ration, with tyrosine being supplied in excess. It was found that 0.5% l -phenylalanine met the requirement for growth and feed utilization. Since previous studies utilizing only dl -phenylalanine had established a requirement of 0.9%, it appears that the chick, in agreement with the rat, does not utilize the d -isomer very efficiently.
Cyclic AMP levels and types I and II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in synchronized cells and in quiescent cultures stimulated to proliferate

Cyclic AMP as well as the specific activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase decreased from the first two hours after Chinese hamster ovary cells in plateau phase were stimulated to proliferate by tripsinization of confluent cultures and dilution in fresh media. From two to five hours after this stimulation, the cyclic AMP level and the specific activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase increased two-fold. There was a 40--50% increase in the degree of activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase during this same time interval. In plateau cultures prior to being stimulated to proliferate, type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was the predominant soluble form of these enzymes. At five hours after release from plateau, the predominant type of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was type II. However, there was also a significant amount of type I present at this time. Types I and II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases were differentially detectable during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells synchronized by mechanical selection of metaphase cells following colcemid treatment. During mitosis, type I kinase was predominant with only a small amount of type II activity detectable. The amount of activity of type I then progressively decreased as cells entered G1. During early G1, there was no detectable activity of type II kinase, but its activity increased from mid to late G1 and then decreased during the S phase. These data show a tight temporal relationship between the levels of cyclic AMP, the total cellular pool of type I and II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, and the degree of activation of these kinases as cells traversed G1 toward S phase. These data suggest that the expression of each type of kinase may be important for the regulation of substrate phosphorylation during the cell cycle.
Vitamin E formulation affects digoxin absorption by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-GP) in humans

Water-soluble vitamin E(D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) may increase oral drug absorption. In vitro and animal data suggest that TPGS inhibits P-gp. It is unknown whether α-tocopherol acetate(TA), the more common formulation of vitamin E, has similar drug interaction potential. This study aimed to determine whether TPGS and TA cause comparable P-gp inhibition in humans. Ten healthy subjects received digoxin 0.5mg POx1 to determine baseline digoxin pharmacokinetics (PK). They then received TA and TPGS (400 IU PO Q12H x15d) in random order with a 4-week washout between treatments. Digoxin 0.5mg PO was given on days 1 and 15. Serum digoxin concentrations were measured at t=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours; 12-lead EKG was monitored at t=0, 3 and 6 hours after each digoxin dose. Genotyping for MDR1(exon 26, C3435T) was determined for variant alleles. Digoxin PK were not different between 3435CC homozygous and 3435CT allele carriers. Digoxin PK from each treatment were: (See Table) In summary, TPGS but not TA, altered PK without affecting pharmacodynamics of digoxin. Changes in digoxin PK with TPGS were not affected by 3435CT mutation in MDR1 gene. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P95–P95; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.364 Table 1. p<0.05 compared with baseline; no EKG changes were observed. (Data are mean±SD). Cmax[ng/mL] AUC0–24[ng·h/mL] 3.7±3.0