cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abrasive wear of graphite fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials

Abstract Two-body abrasive wear of graphite fiber-reinforced polymers was measured. The polymer matrices investigated included a brittle (high temperature capability) polyimide and two thermoplastics (Nylon and polyphenylene sulphide). SiC abrasive paper was used and the volumetric wear rate was determined as a function of the grit size, applied load and the distance travelled. The wear behavior of 1100 aluminum and 1018 steel was also determined under the same conditions. The results indicate that the abrasive wear rate is significantly higher than that of metals. The dependence of the wear rate on grit size for composites is similar to that observed for metals. Scanning electron micrographs were used to identify the failure modes. Of the composites investigated, the wear of unidirectional graphitepolyimide, with the fibers oriented normal to the abrading surface, showed the lowest wear.
Gender Socialization in Schools: A Course for Change Agents.

(1992). Gender Socialization in Schools: A Course for Change Agents. Teaching Education: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 59-64.
An unconventional IAP-binding motif revealed by target-assisted iterative screening (TAIS) of the BIR3-cIAP1 domain

Target-assisted iterative screening (TAIS) has been applied to a random phage-displayed peptide library in a search for novel ligands of the third baculovirus IAP ('inhibitors of apoptosis') repeat (BIR) domain of cIAP1. The peptides selected in the screen fall into two distinct specificity groups, one that conforms to a known IAP-binding motif (IBM) and another one that reveals a novel BIR domain interacting motif, NH(2)-SR(V/P)W. The biochemical profiling of selected sequences with synthetic peptides, which included alanine scanning and N- and C-terminal truncations as well as competition with the Smac peptide, suggests a major energetic contribution of tryptophan at the +4 position of peptide ligands to binding and identifies the latter together with the respective pocket on the BIR domain surface as a 'hot spot' of the interaction. A peptide featuring the novel motif selectively binds the full-length cIAP1 protein in cell lysates. A 'two-pocket' model of BIR domain recognition mechanism is proposed as the basis of differential BIR domain interactions with different IBMs.
Identification and Explanation of Racial Differences on Contamination Measures

Compared with published norms, African Americans endorse significantly more items intended to assess pathological anxiety about contamination on self-report instruments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The current study suggests that this is not due to greater psychopathology in African Americans, but rather to differences in normal attitudes about cleanliness that also influence responses to items intended to assess anxiety pathology. Contamination items from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) scales including the Padua Inventory [Sanavio E. (1988). Obsessions and compulsions: The Padua Inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(2), 169-177] were supplemented with cleanliness attitude items and administered to Black and White participants (N=1483). An exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution: one factor that encompassed pathological anxiety, and two that expressed attitudes about cleanliness, grooming, and domestic animals. African Americans scored significantly higher on all three factors. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the difference between Black and White participants on the pathological anxiety factor was eliminated when differences on the attitude factors were controlled statistically.
A double-blind outpatient study of diazepam (Valium) and placebo.

Investigators reporting clinical studies of diazepam tend to be enthusiastic about its effectiveness in controlling anxiety, but two careful double-blind studies on hospitalized patients found diazepam relatively ineffective. This investigation covering an outpatient population of one hundred found that treatment with diazepam was not significantly superior to placebo. Moreover, diazepam treatment was also associated in some patients with the emergence of suicidal thoughts or tendencies and paranoid tendencies in others.
Populating Local Minima in the Protein Conformational Space

Protein Modeling conceptualizes the protein energy landscape as a funnel with the native structure at the low-energy minimum. Current protein structure prediction algorithms seek the global minimum by searching for low-energy conformations in the hope that some of these reside in local minima near the native structure. The search techniques employed, however, fail to explicitly model these local minima. This work proposes a memetic algorithm which combines methods from evolutionary computation with cutting-edge structure prediction protocols. The Protein Local Optima Walk (PLOW) algorithm proposed here explores the space of local minima by explicitly projecting each move in the conformation space to a nearby local minimum. This allows PLOW to jump over local energy barriers and more effectively sample near-native conformations. Analysis across a broad range of proteins shows that PLOW outperforms an MMC-based method and compares favorably against other published abini to structure prediction algorithms.
Oral Health Literacy among Female Caregivers: Impact on Oral Health Outcomes in Early Childhood

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of female caregivers' oral health literacy with their knowledge, behaviors, and the reported oral health status of their young children. Data on caregivers' literacy, knowledge, behaviors, and children's oral health status were used from structured interviews with 1158 caregiver/child dyads from a low-income population. Literacy was measured with REALD-30. Caregivers' and children's median ages were 25 yrs (range = 17-65) and 15 mos (range = 1-59), respectively. The mean literacy score was 15.8 (SD = 5.3; range = 1-30). Adjusted for age, education, and number of children, low literacy scores (< 13 REALD-30) were associated with decreased knowledge (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.41, 2.45) and poorer reported oral health status (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.02, 2.05). Lower caregiver literacy was associated with deleterious oral health behaviors, including nighttime bottle use and no daily brushing/cleaning. Caregiver oral health literacy has a multidimensional impact on reported oral health outcomes in infants and young children.
Single particle motion in colloidal dispersions: a simple model for active and nonlinear microrheology

The motion of a single Brownian probe particle subjected to a constant external body force and immersed in a dispersion of colloidal particles is studied with a view to providing a simple model for particle tracking microrheology experiments in the active and nonlinear regime. The non-equilibrium configuration of particles induced by the motion of the probe is calculated to first order in the volume fraction of colloidal particles over the entire range of Pe, accounting for hydrodynamic and excluded volume interactions between the probe and dispersion particles. Here, Pe is the dimensionless external force on the probe, or Peclet number, and is a characteristic measure of the degree to which the equilibrium microstructure of the dispersion is distorted. For small Pe, the microstructure (in a reference frame moving with the probe) is primarily dictated by Brownian diffusion and is approximately fore–aft symmetric about the direction of the external force. In the large Pe limit, advection is dominant except in a thin boundary layer in the compressive region of the flow where it is balanced by Brownian diffusion, leading to a highly non-equilibrium microstructure. The computed microstructure is employed to calculate the average translational velocity of the probe, from which the ‘microviscosity’ of the dispersion may be inferred via application of Stokes drag law. For small departures from equilibrium (Pe), the microviscosity ‘force-thins’ proportional to $\hbox{\it Pe}^2$ from its Newtonian low-force plateau. For particles with long-range excluded volume interactions, force-thinning persists until a terminal Newtonian plateau is reached in the limit $\hbox{\it Pe}\,{\rightarrow}\,\infty$. In the case of particles with very short-range excluded volume interactions, the force-thinning ceases at $\hbox{\it Pe}\,{\sim}\, O(1)$, at which point the microviscosity attains a minimum value. Beyond $\hbox{\it Pe}\,{\sim}\, O(1)$, the microstructural boundary layer coincides with the lubrication range of hydrodynamic interactions causing the microviscosity to enter a continuous ‘force-thickening’ regime. The qualitative picture of the microviscosity variation with Pe is in good agreement with theoretical and computational investigations on the ‘macroviscosity’ of sheared colloidal dispersions, and, after appropriate scaling, we are able to make a direct quantitative comparison. This suggests that active tracking microrheology is a valuable tool with which to explore the rich nonlinear rheology of complex fluids.
SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS: A PRAXEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

j oseph T. Salerno (2004) has presented us with the choice of pursuing economics as a vocation or profession. The focus of the vocational economist is the pursui t of truth whereas the professional economist works primari ly to earn an income, enhance his reputation, or influence political decisions. This dichotomy also presents itself when economics professors seek to instruct courses for economics majors, but in the case of education, the question is do we want to train our s tudents to be vocational or professional economists. For Misesian professors teaching intermediate macroeconomics, there is a tension between leading students in the development of sound economic theory and providing them with a working knowledge of the muhi tude of macroeconomic models they will encounter in graduate studies. Should teachers of undergraduate economics focus more on economic truth that helps students unders tand the way things really are or more on various macroeconomic models and hot research topics and techniques they may see if they choose to go on to graduate study? What follows are suggestions for meeting the challenge of intermediate macroeconomics by providing intermediate undergraduate s tudents with a working knowledge of the disarray we call mode rn macroeconomics, evaluated with sound economic theory one derives within the Misesian tradition.
G-Rich Proto-Oncogenes Are Targeted for Genomic Instability in B-Cell Lymphomas

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults. It is a heterogeneous disease with variability in outcome. Genomic instability of a subset of proto-oncogenes, including c-MYC, BCL6, RhoH, PIM1, and PAX5, can contribute to initial tumor development and has been correlated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor growth. Lymphomas in which these proto-oncogenes are unstable derive from germinal center B cells that express activation-induced deaminase (AID), the B-cell-specific factor that deaminates DNA to initiate immunoglobulin gene diversification. Proto-oncogene instability is evident as both aberrant hypermutation and translocation, paralleling programmed instability which diversifies the immunoglobulin loci. We have asked if genomic sequence correlates with instability in AID-positive B-cell lymphomas. We show that instability does not correlate with enrichment of the WRC sequence motif that is the consensus for deamination by AID. Instability does correlate with G-richness, evident as multiple runs of the base guanine on the nontemplate DNA strand. Extending previous analysis of c-MYC, we show experimentally that transcription of BCL6 and RhoH induces formation of structures, G-loops, which contain single-stranded regions targeted by AID. We further show that G-richness does not characterize translocation breakpoints in AID-negative B- and T-cell malignancies. These results identify G-richness as one feature of genomic structure that can contribute to genomic instability in AID-positive B-cell malignancies.
Dual effects of intermittent or continuous L-DOPA administration on gene expression in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of adult rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion.

Intermittent oral doses of levodopa (L-DOPA) are routinely used to treat Parkinson's disease, but with prolonged use can result in adverse motor complications, such as dyskinesia. Continuous administration of L-DOPA achieves therapeutic efficacy without producing this effect, yet the molecular mechanisms are unclear. This study examined, by in situ hybridization histochemistry, the effects of continuous or intermittent L-DOPA administration on gene expression in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of adult rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Results were compared to 6-OHDA-treated rats receiving vehicle. Our results provide original evidence that continuous L-DOPA normalizes the 6-OHDA-lesion-induced increase in mRNA levels encoding for the 67 kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase in neurons of the globus pallidus and cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA levels in the subthalamic nucleus. The extent of normalization did not differ between the continuous and intermittent groups. In addition, intermittent L-DOPA induced an increase in the mRNA levels encoding for the 65 kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase in globus pallidus neurons ipsilateral to the lesion and a bilateral increase in c-fos mRNA expression in the subthalamic nucleus. These results suggest that continuous L-DOPA tends to normalize the 6-OHDA-lesion-induced alterations in cell signaling in the pallido-subthalamic loop. On the other hand, we propose that chronic intermittent L-DOPA exerts a dual effect by normalizing cell signaling in a subpopulation of neurons in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus while inducing abnormal signaling in another subpopulation.
The effect of structure on the conductivity of a dispersion

Abstract The equilibrium hard-sphere fluid is used to model the structure of dispersions of identical impenetrable spheres within a matrix. Pair-correlation functions adjusted to Monte Carlo simulation results, and reported in the literature, are used to compute the contribution of pairs of spheres to the effective thermal (or electrical) conductivity of the dispersions. An improved form of Maxwell's equation is proposed, which is correct to order φ2, where φ is the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. A comparison with experimental measurements shows good agreement over a wide range of conditions. The approach fails for highly concentrated dispersions of very conducting spheres. Alternative models are discussed which are appropriate in this limit.
Intraoperative photodynamic therapy: a description of a new adjuvant technique for patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Patients undergoing Mohs surgery for the clearance of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) could benefit from a combination therapy of Mohs and intraoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) to reduce the risk of tumor recurrence and development of new adjacent tumors. Approximately 80 patients have received this new adjuvant treatment in our practice in the past 2 years. Based on our experience, intraoperative PDT seems to be well tolerated, does not impair wound healing, and may impart a lower risk of recurrence. This new combination therapy may help to lower recurrences of basal (BCC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) while also treating small neoplasms that are not clinically evident to avoid future surgeries. Although our study is still ongoing, it is our goal to determine whether this modality may serve as an effective adjunct to Mohs surgery in patients with prominent sun damage and extensive NMSC lesions. We present herein a brief description of our technique.
The USA PATRIOT Act: Implications for Private E-Mail

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the USA PATRIOT Act was enacted to “enhance domestic security.” One of the means to accomplish this was to give law enforcement increased authority for the surveillance, interception, and disclosure of private e-mails. The USA PATRIOT Act negated several of the privacy protections afforded private e-mail under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA). While the USA PATRIOT Act itself lessened the privacy protection of e-mail, did this in reality occur? Following up on an earlier study (2001) of e-mail and privacy policies, the communication privacy policies at three public Internet service providers (ISPs), three educational institutions, and three private ISPs (Internet access offered by employers to their employees) were re-examined and the organizations re-interviewed to determine if the privacy of e-mail since September 11, 2001 and the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act has, in actuality, been lessened under the law. Surpri...
Muscle carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency and myoglobinuria

Muscle carnitine palmityltransferase activity, measured by three different methods, was very low (0 to 20 percent of controls) in a patient with a familial syndrome of recurrent myoglobinuria. Long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity was normal; acetylcarnitine transferase activity was decreased by 40 percent, and carnitine content was 1.7 times higher than the mean control value. Utilization of palmitate by isolated mitochondria was more impaired than utilization of palmitylcarnitine, suggesting a more severe defect of carnitine palmityltransferase I than transferase II. Thus, myoglobinuria may be due to a genetic defect of lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle.
Risk perception and victim perception: The judgment of HIV cases

There is a vast literature confirming that reactions to different risks are strongly affected by characteristics other than scientific risk estimates; most of this research has concentrated on mapping people's representations of sets of widely varying dangers (e.g. diseases, natural disasters, accidents). This study explored a potentially vital component of risk that cannot be studied by eliciting general reactions to many hazards: the extent to which who is at risk contributes to perceptions and judgments of a risk. While it may be preferable to assume that misfortunes affect the population uniformly, of course the truth is not so egalitarian. Thus, for both theoretical and policy reasons, it is worth exploring psychometrically representations of a particular risk as it affects different people. Using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, we constructed models of respondents' representations of a disease assumed to be particularly affected by victim perception: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Subjects rated the similarity of all possible pairs among 16 scenarios involving HIV infection; the scenarios contained information about both the victim and the method of contraction. A set of attribute scales as well as political/demographic information allowed us both to interpret the structures and to predict individual differences. The results confirmed that reactions to HIV infection are greatly affected by reactions to the victim. In particular, the perceived distastefulness and riskiness of the method of infection loomed larger than did either the overall likability of the victim or the general riskiness of the victim's behavior. Further, the salience of the most statistically influential dimension, ‘deservedness’, depended significantly on demographic and political characteristics of the respondents, suggesting that the relationship between personal values and risk perception is in part mediated by victim perception. Implications for risk perception work and public policy are discussed.
An Assessment of Hospice Bereavement Programs for Hispanics

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States, numbering over 42 million and comprising 15% of the total population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008 ). Hispanics are a heterogeneous group that experience disparities in accessing health care, including at the end of life. Specific gaps can be identified in the care of bereaved Hispanic individuals and families. This exploratory study examined bereavement services available and perceived needs for Hispanics in Florida. Hospice bereavement coordinators indicated that limited services were available specifically for Spanish-speakers and that language and cultural barriers were challenges when communicating, offering, and delivering bereavement services to Hispanics. Implications for social workers include the need to increase access to and evaluate the effectiveness of bereavement services for Hispanics.
An Ethological Analysis of Communal Nursing By the House Mouse (Mus Musculus)

Pregnant female mice (Mus musculus) housed in the same cage, will, upon parturition, combine their litters into a common nest. Young raised communally in this manner grow faster than young raised by single mothers. Since communal nursing occurs consistently in the laboratory, we analysed several aspects of the behavior. I. In the first group of experiments, we determined which factors were responsible for promoting increased growth rates in communally-nursed pups. Groups containing one mother and 14 young (1/14), one mother with seven young (1/7) and two mothers with 14 young (2/14) were compared. Communal young nursed more than young raised by single mothers. At the same time, each communal female nursed less than a solitary female with a litter of equivalent size. Mammary gland development in communal females was greater than in single females nursing 7 young. The interaction between these factors accounts for increased growth rates in communal pups. 2. The reactions of mice raised in a communal nest and mice raised by single mothers were measured in the open field test and in the emergence test. There was no effect of fostering on "exploration" as measured by activity in the open field. Defecation rates, reflecting "emotionality" were low in males raised in a litter of 14 young, regardless of the number of mothers. Mice of both sexes raised in 1/14 litter groupings were the least "timid" as defined by the emergence test. It thus appeared that communal nursing had little influence on adult emotional behavior. 3. The factors influencing females to combine their young into communal nests were determined. Females and their young, separated from similar groups by a barrier consistently combined their young into a common nest when the barrier was lifted. Maternal experience, age of the young or the presence of nesting materials made little difference in their ability to perform this behavior. Aggressive behavior on the part of the mother with infant litters was directed at the alien young when there was a large age discrepancy between the two litters of pups. The significance of these results is discussed.
Controlled radical polymerization catalyzed by copper(I)–sparteine complexes

Sparteine was found to be an efficient ligand because when complexed with copper(I) halide it generated a homogeneous catalyst for the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate, which was initiated by (1-bromoethyl)benzene in the former case and by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the latter. The plots of ln([M]0/[M]) versus time and molecular weight versus monomer conversion exhibited linear dependencies, which indicated that the concentration of the living centers throughout polymerization was constant. The polydispersities of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) in both the bulk and solution polymerizations were quite low. An induction time was observed during the bulk polymerization of styrene; however, it was absent during the solution polymerization. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4191–4197, 1999
Ion-Exchange Aspects of Toxic Metal Uptake by Indian Mustard

ABSTRACT Uptake of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) as +2 ions by excised roots of Indian mustard was demonstrated to be an ion-exchange process with existing Ca or protons released to the solution. This initial reaction at the root-aqueous interface is important in the uptake of these toxic metals from contaminated soil. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-amended soil for phytoremediation has Pb in anionic form as [Pb-EDTA]2 −, which was not taken up by excised roots. In nonliving B. juncea, Pb2+ was translocated from a solution through a cut stem to petiole and leaves much more quickly than anionic [Pb-EDTA]2 −. However, in living plants [Pb-EDTA]2 − was more quickly translocated from a solution through roots and petiole to leaves than Pb2+. The final amount of uptake on roots of the living plants was the same for both forms of Pb. The present results are important toward understanding the mechanism of phytoremediation of toxic metal-contaminated soil for two reasons: 1) the ini...
Effect of Information Quality on Compliance Behavior of Commuters Under Real-Time Traffic Information

The compliance behavior of commuters under different advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) information strategies of varying information quality and credibility is investigated. A behavioral experiment involving commuters' departure time and route decisions in response to traffic information in a simulated traffic system is conducted by using an interactive dynamic multiuser, computer-based simulator. By actually simulating traffic conditions in response to commuter decisions, the simulator provides stimuli to the participants that are always consistent with physically realistic traffic behavior and with their previous decisions. Event-count (frequency) models and dynamic, discrete-choice models are employed to capture the principal effects of the commuters' experience with the traffic system and with the real-time information on user compliance. The analysis reveals that the information quality of ATIS strongly affects commuters' compliance behavior. Switching "cost" and recent experience are foun...
On 'Dominant Logic', Relatedness and the Link between Diversity and Performance

The importance of Prahalad and Bettis's concept of dominant logic is in emphasizing business relatedness at the strategic rather than the operational level. By examining dominant logic in relation to the functions and systems of corporate management, it is possible to operationalize the concept of dominant logic and identify the key components of relatedness at the strategic level.
Increased heart rate can cause underestimation of regurgitant jet size by Doppler color flow mapping

Abstract Objectives. This study addressed the hypothesis that at a constant peak flow rate, an increasing heart rate could decrease the maximal apparent jet size by Doppler color flow mapping. Background. Recent studies have attempted to predict the severity of regurgitation from maximal jet area by Doppler color flow mapping, which correlates with flow rate for free jets at constant driving pressure and steady flow. In patients, however, maximal jet area exists for only a limited time per beat and the likelihood of visualizing it by Doppler color flow mapping depends on its duration relative to the color frame sampling rate. Increased heart rate could potentially diminish apparent jet size, particularly at slow frame rates that may not permit visualization of the maximal jet area in all beats. Methods. This interaction was examined in pulsatile flow, holding orifice size and peak flow rate constant and varying pump pulse rate (70 to 180 beats/min) and frame rate (three rates) for jets of low and high momentum. Maximal jet area was measured in 10 consecutive beats at each pulse rate and frame rate and averaged. Results. For the low momentum jet, the 10-beat average of peak jet area decreased progressively with increasing poise rate. As pulse rate increased from 70 to 180 beats/min, maximal jet area decreased 23% at the fastest frame rate and 42% at the slowest frame rate, with prominent beat to beat variability. Jet area decreased 13% to 20% at pulse rates as low as 90 beats/min. In contrast, for the high momentum jet, maximal jet area decreased by ≤9% from low to high pulse rate at any frame rate. Conclusions. Increased heart rate can cause underestimation of apparent jet size by Doppler color flow mapping for a given peak flow rate, particularly for jets with low momentum and delayed penetration into the receiving chamber. This observation may be relevant to acute severe regurgitation with increased heart rate in which such underestimation has been reported, as well as to right-sided lesions and children with rapid heart rates. It will also affect new techniques proposed to quantify regurgitation on the basis of velocities derived from Doppler color flow images. In practice, this effect can be reduced by increasing frame rate and selecting maximal apparent jet size at rapid heart rates and should be considered in relating jet size to the severity of regurgitation.
Flight control of a small-diameter spin-stabilized projectile using imager feedback

Small-diameter gun-launched projectiles pose a challenging platform on which to implement closed-loop guidance and control. This paper presents a novel imager-based guidance and control algorithm for small-diameter spin-stabilized projectiles. The control law is specifically formulated to rely on feedback only from a strapdown detector and roll angle sensors. Following introduction of the projectile nonlinear dynamic model, an integrated guidance and control algorithm is presented in which control commands are computed directly from detector feedback using a gain-scheduled proportional control. Time-varying controller gains are derived through a surrogate modeling approach, and controller performance is further enhanced through use of an observer that filters unwanted angular motion components from detector feedback. Example closed-loop flight simulations demonstrate performance of the proposed control system, and Monte Carlo analysis shows a factor of 2 accuracy improvement for the closed-loop system ove...
The constant pressure heat capacity of supercritical carbon dioxide-methanol and carbon dioxide-ethanol co-solvent mixtures

Abstract Boulton, J.R. and Stein, F.P., 1993. The constant pressure heat capacity of supercritical carbon dioxide-methanol and carbon dioxide-ethanol co-solvent mixtures. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 91: 159-176. The constant-pressure heat capacity ratio, C PHP / C atm (where C PHP is the heat capacity at high pressure and C P1 atm the heat capacity at 1 atm) was measured for binary mixtures of carbon dioxide-methanol and carbon dioxide-ethanol. The data were obtained at pressures up to 82 bar for isotherms ranging from 320.0 to 333.2 K and are estimated to be accurate to ± 1.0% over most of the composition-temperature-pressure range. The methanol and ethanol co-solvent concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 1.88 mol%. No maximum in the heat capacity was encountered. The largest heat capacity ratio observed was 4.396 for a 1.27 mol% methanol in carbon dioxide mixture at 320.0 K and 82 bar. A model to correlate the heat capacity was developed.
Microbial Interactions: Bacteria Talk to (Some of) Their Neighbors

A recent study reports that Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation depends upon paracrine signaling where the signal-producing and target-responsive cells are different.
Mode of action of chelates in protecting against Clostridium perfringens toxin.

IT was reported previously that ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid was capable of protecting mice against the toxin of Clostridium perfringens 1. The protection thus afforded was shown to be probably due to the removal of a metallic ion or ions necessary for the activity of the toxin from the area where the toxin was acting. Inasmuch as the metallic ion or ions necessary for the action of the toxin apparently were higher in the preferential chelation series than calcium, the calcium chelate was shown to be able to protect when given systemically2. In this report, studies on the duration of the protection afforded by calcium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid are presented and their implications are discussed.
Recursive partitioning and summarization: a practical framework for differentially private data publishing

In this paper we consider the problem of differentially private data publishing. In particular, we consider the scenario in which a trusted curator gathers sensitive information from a large number of respondents, creates a relational dataset where each tuple corresponds to one entity, such as an individual, a household, or an organization, and then publishes a privacy-preserving (i.e., sanitized or anonymized) version of the dataset. This has been referred to as the "non-interactive" mode of private data analysis, as opposed to the "interactive" mode, where the data curator provides an interface through which users may pose queries about the data, and get (possibly noisy) answers.
Mutational and crystallographic analyses of interfacial residues in annexin V suggest direct interactions with phospholipid membrane components.

Annexin V belongs to a family of eukaryotic calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins. The calcium-binding sites at the annexin−membrane interface have been investigated in some detail; however, little is known about the functional roles of highly conserved interfacial residues that do not coordinate calcium themselves. In the present study, the importance of tryptophan 185, and threonine or serine at positions 72, 144, 228, and 303, in rat annexin V is investigated by site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, and functional assays. The high-resolution crystal structures of the mutants show that the mutations do not cause structural perturbations of the annexin molecule itself or disappearance of bound calcium ions from calcium-binding sites. The assays indicate that relative to wild-type annexin V, loss of the methyl substituent at position 72 (Thr72→Ser) has no effect while loss of the hydroxyl group (Thr72→Ala or Thr72→Lys) causes reduction of membrane binding. Multiple lysine substitutions (...
An Empirical Investigation of Dual Network Effects in Innovation Project Development

As innovation project developers advance their knowledge through more project experience, cross-project learning is likely to enhance project performance. Past research has demonstrated positive contributions of developer networking at the macro (project) level. However, the network effects at the micro (project property) level have not been studied as much. To address this gap, we apply a network model to examine which project properties (e.g., the project's operating system and topic) generate positive or negative network effects in addition to the macro network effect when developers engage in multiple projects. In this dual (developer and property) network model, we theorize that positive network effects take place because of cross-project learning and knowledge exchange, whereas negative network effects can also occur due to time constraints and cognitive overloading. In addition to such dual network effects, we also consider such project success predictors as spatial and temporal reach opportunities for project users (scope of translations and project age) and human resources availability (developer team size). Our empirical application using open source software (OSS) data demonstrates that the presented model can effectively integrate both the dual network effects and non-network variables as factors influencing the commercial success of OSS projects.
Pay attention to evening owls

Our understanding on the functions of circadian clocks has deepened at a pace in recent years. Elucidation of the mechanisms of action might pave the way to a range of interventions of use in clinical practice in many fields of medicine.
Output spectrum analysis of buck converters in DCM with PFM control

Two methods are provided for describing the output spectrum of PFM-controlled buck converters in DCM operation: voltage source approximation, and current source approximation. Both methods predict an output spectrum that matches closely the spectral measurements of a standard on-the-shelf buck converter at various load conditions. The two methods provide simple and fairly accurate way for quantifying the spectral content of the output voltage ripple without requiring knowing extensive details about the converter's design beforehand.
ULTRAPURIFICATION AND RECYCLING OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID ETCHING SOLUTIONS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS: MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE AND MULTICOMPONENT REJECTION

Abstract Complex multicomponent hydrofluoric acid (HF∥ etching solutions are studied here to determine the degree of ultrapurification that can be achieved by membrane separation. Interactions among the components in the solution and the rates of permeation and rejection of the various components were measured for membranes which have the ability to resist attack by corrosive etching solutions. Because hydrofluoric acid has a low ionization constant, it can be purified by membrane systems. Several commercially available membranes were found to perform satisfactorily, even after exposure for extended periods of time to concentrated HF etching solutions With ternary solutions (HF-fluosilicic acid- water) membranes also can significantly reject fluosilicic acid (FSA), the principal impurity in HF etching solutions, while HF permeates almost 100% through the membrane Furthermore, membranes significantly reject the trace metallic impurities present in HF etching solutions. Thus, ultrapure HF can be generated b...
Proteomic research in renal transplantation

Expression proteomics is a valuable tool for biomarker discovery. Currently there is a great deal of interest in the development of urine biomarkers for detection of renal allograft rejection as an alternative to percutaneous needle biopsy, which is the "gold standard." Needle biopsy is costly and associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the author's current work in proteomics-based urine biomarker discovery, as well as alternative approaches used by other groups that use SELDI mass spectrometry. The current state of urine transplant biomarkers will be discussed, and in conclusion there will be a brief discussion of how urine biomarkers will be used for transplant patient management once they are validated and analyte-specific assays are developed.
ALGAL POPULATIONS IN ARCTIC SEA ICE: AN INVESTIGATION OF HETEROTROPHY1,2

Complex algal populations in the bottom few centimeters of arctic sea ice are accompanied by bacteria, protozoans, and other organisms. Community uptake of dissolved organic substances, assayed with 14C-glycine, 14C-glucose, and 3H-acetate, was slow. Microscopic examination of autoradiographs suggests that heterotrophic metabolism by the algae was negligible and that assimilation of the added substrate was almost exclusively by bacteria.
Echocardiographic Manifestations of Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy: A Report of Seven Cases due to Amyloid

Echocardiography has been useful in the evaluation of congestive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. We present echocardiographic findings in seven patients with infiltrative cardiomyopathy due to amyloid. Cardiac amyloidosis was documented at autopsy in two patients, and the diagnosis was suggested by clinical, echocardiographic, tissue, or hemodynamic findings in the other five. Hemodynamic findings in three patients mimicked constrictive pericarditis; an autopsy was performed on one of the three and showed a normal pericardium. Underlying disorders were multiple myeloma (five patients), ankylosing spondylitis (one patient), and an unknown disorder (one patient). The basic echocardiographic findings in infiltrative cardiomyopathy due to amyloid were (1) symmetrically increased left ventricular wall thickness (in the absence of hypertension or aortic valvular disease), (2) hypokinesia and decreased systolic thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, and (3) small to normal size of the left ventricular cavity. Two patients also had small pericardial effusions. Thus, in a patient with congestive heart failure, these echocardiographic findings should suggest infiltrative cardiomyopathy.
Semantic query reformulation: the NIF experience

The NIF system is a semantic search engine that uses an ontology to improve search quality. In this experience paper we present SKEYQL, our semantic keyword query language and describe a number of ontology-based query reformulation strategies that go beyond standard query expansion techniques. We also present a set of lessons learnt and strategies that did not work. We reaffirm the importance of pre-annotating data to ensure quality query results.
Reliability of the measurement of postprandial thermogenesis in men of three levels of body fatness.

To determine the reliability of the measurement of postprandial thermogenesis by indirect calorimetry and to clarify further the relationship of obesity to thermogenesis in men, the thermic effect of a 720-kcal, mixed liquid meal was compared in 13 lean men (mean +/- SEM, 11.2% +/- 1.4% body fat), 10 average men (22.4% +/- 1.6% body fat), and 12 obese men (33.4% +/- 1.6% body fat) on two occasions. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured for 3 hours: (1) in the fasted state, and (2) after a 720-kcal mixed liquid meal, on two occasions. The thermic effect of the meal, calculated as the postprandial energy expenditure minus the fasting RMR (kcal/3h), was greater for the lean and average men than for the obese men during both trials (P less than .001), but was only marginally different between the lean and average groups (P = .16). The mean values for the two trials were similar and the measurement of thermogenesis was highly reproducible with a reliability coefficient of r = .932 (P less than .001). Across all groups, thermogenesis correlated strongly with percent body fat (r = -.64, P less than .01), but within the average men, thermogenesis was uncorrelated with percent body fat (r = .09) but highly correlated with the glucose response to the meal (r = -.75, P less than .05). Thus, factors other than body fatness, such as insulin sensitivity, may determine thermogenesis within this heterogeneous middle group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Using Quality Function Deployment to Improve Academic Advising Processes

Quality Function Deployment (QFD), a set of concepts and tools often used in manufacturing engineering to link consumer needs with product design, can be used to improve academic advising systems and processes. QFD promotes a structured and logical examination of students' advising needs and a rigorous examination of the relationship of these needs to the design of advising systems, processes, methods, and tools. Because its conceptual base is radically different from the disciplines underpinning advising theory, QFD can offer advising leadership useful insights and avenues for advising improvement.
Biochemistry: Radicals by reduction

Many enzymes convert their substrates into organic radicals to allow challenging reactions to occur. A microbial enzyme does so by simple electron transfer, casting fresh light on enzyme evolution.
Driving with bioptic telescopes: organizing a research agenda.

Being a licensed driver in the U. S. and many other countries facilitates health and well-being. Based on the vision standards in most states, individuals with worse than 20/40 visual acuity who desire licensure are denied through the usual licensure application process. However, over 40 states have bioptic telescope licensing programs where applicants can gain licensure contingent on meeting specific requirements. In spite of the existence of the bioptic telescope and these licensing programs since the 1970s, there has been little rigorous scientific study of this topic. Here I offer an organizing perspective for a research agenda on driving with bioptic telescopes, with the long term practical goal being to provide an evidence basis for licensure policies and training programs.
Nietzsche’s Zarathustra and Parodic Style: On Lucian’s Hyperanthropos and Nietzsche’s Übermensch

It is well-known that as a term, Nietzsche's Ubermensch derives from Lucian of Samosata's hyperanthropos. I argue that Zarathustra's teaching of the overman acquires new resonances by reflecting on the context of that origination from Lucian's Kataplous -literally, "sailing into port" - referring to the soul's journey, ferried by Charon, guided by Hermes, into the afterlife. The Kataplous he tyrannos, usually translated Downward Journey or The Tyrant, is a Menippean satire telling the tale of the "overman" who is imagined to be superior to others of "lesser" station in this-worldly life and the same tyrant after his (comically unwilling) transport into the underworld. As a reflection on the life and the death of Zarathustra, this essay also explores the politics of kingship for Empedocles as reformer in terms of Holderlin's Death of Empedocles and Nietzsche's unpublished drafts on the same topic. In Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche points to a perspective beyond the here and now, beyond the "values" of our all-too-worldly and all-too-human concerns, no matter whether in terms of perceived political/economic advantage, or indeed in the pursuit of more quotidian satisfactions.
Limit theorems for bivariate Appell polynomials. Part I: Central limit theorems

Consider the stationary linear process $X_t=\sum_{u=-\infty}^\infty a(t-u)\xi_u$ , $t\in {\bf Z}$ , where $\{ \xi_u\}$ is an i.i.d. finite variance sequence. The spectral density of $\{ X_t\}$ may diverge at the origin (long-range dependence) or at any other frequency. Consider now the quadratic form $Q_N=\sum_{t,s=1}^N b(t-s)P_{m,n} (X_t,X_s)$ , where $P_{m,n}(X_t,X_s)$ denotes a non-linear function (Appell polynomial). We provide general conditions on the kernels $b$ and $a$ for $N^{-1/2}Q_N$ to converge to a Gaussian distribution. We show that this convergence holds if $b$ and $a$ are not too badly behaved. However, the good behavior of one kernel may compensate for the bad behavior of the other. The conditions are formulated in the spectral domain.
Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain

The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain’s innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed.
Information source selection for resource constrained environments

Distributed information retrieval has pressing scalability concerns due to the growing number of independent sources of on-line data and the emerging applications. A promising solution to distributed retrieval is metasearching, which dispatches a user's query to multiple sources and gathers the results into a single result set. An important component of metasearching is selecting the set of information sources most likely to provide relevant documents. Recent research has focused on how to obtain statistics for the selection task. In this paper we discuss different information source selection approaches and their applicability for resource-constrained sensor network applications.