cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Olefin Insertion for ansa-Niobocene and ansa-Tantalocene Ethylene Hydride Complexes

Using dynamic NMR methods the rates of hydrogen exchange following intramolecular ethylene insertion into the metal−hydride bond have been measured for the following group 5 ansa-metallocene complexes: [Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_4)(η^5-C_5H_3-3-R)]Nb(CH_2CH_2)H (R = CHMe_2, CMe_3), rac- and meso-[Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_3-3-CMe_3)_2]Nb(CH_2CH_2)H, and [(1,2-SiMe_2)_2(η^5-C_5H-3,5-(CHMe_2)_2)(η^5-C_5H_2-4-CMe_3)]Ta(CH_2CH_2)H. The singly bridged ansa-niobocenes exchange up to 3 orders of magnitude faster than unbridged complexes. However, the doubly bridged ansa-tantalocene complex exchanges at a rate comparable to that previously reported for (η^5-C_5Me_5)_2Ta(CH_2CH_2)H and much slower than a singly bridged complex, [Me_2Si(η^5-C_5Me_4)_2]Ta(CH_2CH_2)H. These “ansa-effects” were investigated by DFT calculations on model complexes. The computed exchange pathway showed the presence of an agostic ethyl intermediate. The calculated barriers for hydrogen exchange of model unbridged, singly bridged, and doubly bridged niobocenes correlate with the experimental results.
A Woman's Work Is Never Done? Fund-Raising Perception and Effort among Female State Legislative Candidates

The lack of female politicians has been attributed to a lack of female candidates for office. However, the reason why there are so few female candidates is not clear. The author examines whether differences in fund-raising perceptions and effort between female and male state legislative candidates contribute to the lack of female candidates. The results indicate that women do tend to be more concerned about fund-raising, as is evidenced by greater effort devoted to this campaign function as compared to their male counterparts. Women use more techniques and rely on more sources to secure funds for their campaigns. This suggests that part of the reason women are reluctant to run for office may be due to the fact that they will have to devote more effort to a task candidates generally find distasteful.
How to Link outcomes data to quality initiatives in plastic surgery

In recent decades, the expansion of health services research has created an opportunity to crate salient, evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. However, for many aspects of care, incorporation of new scientific knowledge into clinical practice often lags, particularly among the surgical subspecialties. This article highlights the development of evidence-based medicine, the principles of innovation diffusion, and successes and challenges in developing plastic surgery quality initiatives.
Fine urban and precursor emissions control for diesel urban transit buses.

Particulate emission from diesel engines is one of the most important pollutants in urban areas. As a result, particulate emission control from urban bus diesel engines using particle filter technology is being evaluated at several locations in the US. A project entitled “Clean Diesel Air Quality Demonstration Program” has been initiated by the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) under the supervision of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and with active participation from Johnson Matthey, Corning, Equilon, Environment Canada and RAD Energy. Under this program, several MTA transit buses with DDC Series 50 engines were equipped with Continuously Regenerating Technology (CRTTM) particulate filter systems and have been operated with ultra low sulfur diesel (<30 ppm S) in transit service in Manhattan since February 2000. These buses were evaluated over a 9-month period for durability and maintainability of the particulate filter. In addition, an extensive emissions testing program was carried out using transient cycles on a chassis dynamometer to evaluate the emissions reductions obtained with the particle filter. In this paper, the emissions testing data from the Clean Diesel Air Quality Demonstration Program are discussed in detail.
Should "The chronic patient" be replaced? Reader responses.

In September of last year I devoted this column to a discussion of Ianguage as it affects mental health services (1), long a matter of major concern to me. The text of that article noted that, like other aspects of service delivery, notions of acceptable terminology have changed over the years. Many oftoday’s users of mental health services object strenuously to the word “chronic” and perceive it as a term that is unrelentingly pejorative and stigmatizing. At the same time, however, the adjective holds certain advantages in that it succinctly conveys the existence of severe mental illness whose disabling effects tend to persist over time. The basic problem is that alternative terminology that might be more acceptable to mentally ill individuals lacks the specificity of the word “chronic.” Moreover, there is no consensus on the best term to use to replace this adjective. However, because many individuals are so deeply dissatisfied with the word “chronic,” I enlisted the opinions of readers on this troublesome semantic issue and concluded my article with a request for alternative titles. Now, the readers have spokenor not spoken, as the case may be. In this article I discuss the response to
The influence of task instruction on action coding: constraint setting or direct coding?

In 3 experiments, the authors manipulated response instructions for 2 concurrently performed tasks. Specifically, the instructions described left and right keypresses on a manual task either as left versus right or as blue versus green keypresses and required either "left" versus "right" or "blue" versus "green" concurrent verbalizations. When instructions for responses on the 2 tasks were in terms of location (Experiment 1) or color (Experiments 2a and 2b), then compatible responses on the tasks were faster than incompatible responses. However, when the verbal task required "left" versus "right" responses but instructions for manual keypresses referred to blue versus green (Experiments 3a and 3b), then no response compatibility effects were observed. These results suggest that response labels used in the instruction directly determine the codes that are used to control responding.
IMP: ISP-Managed P2P

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have failed to independently reduce the cost peer-to-peer (P2P) traffic. Traffic- throttling devices increase user download times, and caches store content that may infringe copyright. We propose ISP-Managed P2P (IMP): a transparent peer-discovery service that returns peers favorable to ISPs. Unlike similar services, IMP does not require the direct support of developers who have no incentive to cooperate. This paper covers the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of our IMP prototype, which reduces costly, cross-ISP traffic by eight times without significantly increasing user download times.
Simple stage-structured models for wild and transgenic mosquito populations

We formulate and study discrete-time stage-structured models, based on systems of difference equations, for wild and transgenic mosquito populations. We divide the mosquito population into two classes: the larvae class which consists of the first three aquatic stages in a mosquito's lifetime, and the adult class. Due to the intraspecific competition among larvae, we assume that the density dependence is based on larvae not on adults. We investigate the existence and stability of fixed points and positive or synchronous 2-cycles of the model systems. We show that the models, by means of numerical simulations, exhibit rich dynamics.
Synthesis of new fluorinated synthons: (E and Z) ClFCCFI and (E and Z) BrFCCFI☆

Abstract ( E )- and ( Z )-1,2-difluoro-1-(trimethylsilyl)ethenes are readily prepared from trifluorovinyl(trimethyl)silane. These hydro compounds are readily metalated at low temperatures to give a stable lithium intermediate which can be captured by tri- n -butylstannyl chloride to give ( E )- and ( Z )-1,2-difluoro-2-trimethylsilyl-1-(tri- n -butylstannyl)ethenes. The stannyl derivatives can be halogenated stereospecifically with iodobenzene dichloride and NBS to provide the ( E )- and ( Z )-1-halo-1,2-difluoro-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethenes. The vinylsilanes can be readily converted in two steps to the titled synthons, ( E )- and ( Z )-2-halo-1,2-difluoro-1-iodoethenes by literature procedures. ( E )- and ( Z )-1,2-difluoro-1-(trimethylsilyl)ethenes boil ∼30 °C apart and are readily separated by fractional distillation.
High pressure oxidation of sponge-Zr in steam/hydrogen mixtures

Abstract A thermogravimetric apparatus for operation in 1 and 70 atm steam-hydrogen or steam-helium mixtures was used to investigate the oxidation kinetics of sponge-Zr containing 215 ppm Fe. Weight-gain rates, reflecting both oxygen and hydrogen uptake, were measured in the temperature range 350–400°C. The specimens consisted of thin sponge-Zr layers metallurgically bonded to a Zircaloy disk. The edges of the disk specimens were coated with a thin layer of pure gold to avoid the deleterious effect of corners. Following each experiment, the specimens were examined metallographically to reveal the morphology of the oxide and/or hydride formed. Two types of oxide, one black and uniform and the other white and nodular, were observed on sponge-Zr surfaces oxidized in steam environments at 70 atm. The oxidation rate when white-nodular oxide formed was a factor of two higher than that of black-uniform oxide at 400°C for steam contents above 1 mol%. The oxidation rate was independent of total pressure, the carrier gas (H 2 or He) and steam content above ∼1 mol%. The oxidation kinetics of sponge-Zr follows a linear law for maximum reaction times up to ∼ 6 days. The oxidation rate in steam-hydrogen mixtures at 70 atm total pressure decreases when the steam content approaches the steam-starved region (∼ 0.5 mol% steam at 400°C and ∼ 0.02 mol% steam at 350°C). Lower steam concentrations cause massive hydriding of the specimens. Even at steam concentrations above the critical value, direct hydrogen absorption from the gas was manifest by hydrogen pickup fractions greater than unity.
Hyper-edges and multidimensional centrality ☆

Abstract Many social transactions are supra-dyadic; they either involve more than two participants (buyer, seller, broker) or they involve important aspects of the interaction’s setting, tike its timing or its location. Standard network techniques do not adequately plumb these networks. Using the concept of a hypergraph [Berge, C. 1973, Graphs and Hypergraphs], this paper shows how the concept of network centrality can be adapted to supra-dyadic networks. Use of the technique is illustrated with data on attacks by inhabitants of Caribbean islands on Spanish settlements in the period 1509–1700.
Medicine in Ethiopia

The medical school in Addis Ababa is situated 9 degrees N of the Equator at an altitude of about 2500 m, the average for the greater part of Central Ethiopian plateau. This altitude corresponds to an inspired oxygen tension of 14.2 kPa (107 mmHg) and an alveolar oxygen tension of around 9.3 kPa (70 mmHg). Clinical practice in Addis Ababa is conducted therefore at medium altitude and within the tropics. To date, no clinical studies have been made of altitude effects on health and disease. This paper will present the personal experience of the author of ten years and of approximately 30 000 patients presenting with 'medical' disorders at the Princess Tsehai Memorial Hospital, which has been throughout the principal teaching hospital in Addis Ababa. The diseases encountered have been above all those of poverty and to a lesser extent of tropical parasitisms. A unique feature has been an overwhelming burden of parenchymal liver disease of uncertain pathogenesis. The influence of altitude on heart and lung disease is considered, but the consideration is necessarily speculative rather than factual.
Clopidogrel Resistance in ICU Patients and Utilization of Point-of-Care Platelet Assay: Role of Personalized Medicine Following Coronary Intervention

Although not fully understood, clopidogrel resistance is a topic of increasing concern. Critically ill patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may, in fact, have a greater risk of clopidogrel resistance and associated major adverse cardiac events including fatal stent thrombosis (ST) due to additional risk factors coupled with intensive care unit (ICU) stay. We present a case of a 52 year old male who underwent primary PCI for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) complicated by cardiac arrest, emergent intubation, aspiration pneumonia/ARDS requiring prolonged ventilator support and ICU stay.We describe factors that may cause ICU patients to have attenuated P2Y12 inhibition by clopidogrel, some of which include multiple medication requirements, decreased gastrointestinal motility, decreased absorption, and decreased metabolism.Point-of-care platelet assays, such as VerifyNow, can be utilized to determine impaired clopidogrel responsiveness and subsequently distinguish between patients with and without ischemic events following PCI. High risk patients can then be treated by alternative antiplatelet therapy, such as Prasugrel, that can provide powerful and consistent platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibition.Clinical Significance: Clopidogrel resistance may be enhanced in hospitalized critically ill patients and point-of-care platelet assays can help guide the use of alternative antiplatelet therapy in high risk subsets.
Poly(Ethylene) Glycol as a Selective Biphasic Transfer Agent for the Extraction of Chromium(VI) from Aqueous Salt Solutions

Poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) has been used as a medium for the phase transfer recovery of chromium from aqueous salt solutions. Bubbling ammonia through an aqueous solution with the Cr(VI) in the upper PEG layer results in transfer of Cr(VI) to the lower layer. Similarly, passing carbon dioxide through the system in aqueous ammonia with Cr(VI) in the lower layer results in its transfer to the upper phase. Addition of ferrous sulfate leads to reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and essentially quantitative transfer of the chromium from the PEG to the salt layer. A combination of electrolysis and the Fe(II),(III) redox couple can be used to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) because after oxidation of the added Fe(II) to Fe(III) by Cr(VI), the Fe(III) can be electrolytically reduced back to Fe(II). The Fe(II) needs to be present in only catalytic quantities.
Effects of Arsenic on Human Keratinocytes: Morphological, Physiological, and Precursor Incorporation Studies

Abstract Measurement of in vitro percutaneous absorption of As(III) and As(V) by artificial human skin shows a strong affinity of arsenic for the human keratinocytes, with 1–10% of the applied arsenic dose retained by the artificial skin per hour. The inordinate retention of arsenic by the skin is a risk factor for As toxicity. The calculated permeability constant ( K p ) averaged about 4.3×10 −5 cm/h for As(V) and 10.1×10 −5 cm/h for As(III). A facile calculation suggests that dermal absorption during showering and hand washing can be an important exposure route if the water contains more than 100 μg/L As(III) or As(V). The effects of the absorbed arsenic in artificial skin were evaluated in terms of morphological characteristics, integrity of the cell membrane (by means of lactate dehydrogenase and MTS assays), and rates of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis estimated by incorporation of radioactive precursors. We found significant morphological changes, cytotoxicity associated with disruption of the cell membrane, and inhibition of DNA and protein syntheses at As(III) exposure doses as low as 10 μg/L.
Profiling Animal Toxicants by Automatically Mining Public Bioassay Data: A Big Data Approach for Computational Toxicology

In vitro bioassays have been developed and are currently being evaluated as potential alternatives to traditional animal toxicity models. Already, the progress of high throughput screening techniques has resulted in an enormous amount of publicly available bioassay data having been generated for a large collection of compounds. When a compound is tested using a collection of various bioassays, all the testing results can be considered as providing a unique bio-profile for this compound, which records the responses induced when the compound interacts with different cellular systems or biological targets. Profiling compounds of environmental or pharmaceutical interest using useful toxicity bioassay data is a promising method to study complex animal toxicity. In this study, we developed an automatic virtual profiling tool to evaluate potential animal toxicants. First, we automatically acquired all PubChem bioassay data for a set of 4,841 compounds with publicly available rat acute toxicity results. Next, we developed a scoring system to evaluate the relevance between these extracted bioassays and animal acute toxicity. Finally, the top ranked bioassays were selected to profile the compounds of interest. The resulting response profiles proved to be useful to prioritize untested compounds for their animal toxicity potentials and form a potential in vitro toxicity testing panel. The protocol developed in this study could be combined with structure-activity approaches and used to explore additional publicly available bioassay datasets for modeling a broader range of animal toxicities.
The Divergence of Image and Resist Process Metrics

It is common for computational lithography optimization to be performed using the metrics of the simulated aerial image (AI). Using the AI, the wafer-level CD can be estimated in a number of ways, such as thresholding with or without convolution of the AI with a point-spread function. The assumption of such an approach is that the relationship between the AI CD and the resist CD response is linear. However, the properties of resist reaction-diffusion-development yield a process which is highly non-linear. For example, it is well-known that different photoresists produce a different lithographic response to the same aerial image; isofocality, depth-of-focus, exposure latitude, MEF etc. all vary from one resist to another for the same projection optics and mask. Several publications have demonstrated that a well-calibrated physical resist model can be extrapolated to accurately predict the CD and profile response of the resist process over a wide range of optical and process conditions 1-4 . In this work, the divergence in performance between resist processes and the projected image-in-the resist is explored through simulation.
Measurement of lip and skin pigmentation using reflectance spectrophotometry

Previous methods for evaluating the color of oral epithelial tissues have relied primarily on subjective indices and interpretation. In this study, a narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometer was used to measure melanin and hemoglobin pigmentation in the lips and skin of individuals who self-reported their skin type from a choice of white, olive, or black. Significant differences in melanin pigmentation were observed among skin types and at most anatomical sites evaluated between skin types. Hemoglobin levels were not significantly different among skin types at most anatomical sites, but differences were observed among anatomical sites within each skin color group. Within each skin type, melanin (except in blacks) and hemoglobin were significantly higher for both the upper and lower lips compared with most other anatomical sites. Results suggest that reflectance spectrophotometry is a useful tool for quantifying differences in melanin and hemoglobin pigmentation in oral tissues.
OPTICAL REFRACTIVITY OF FREE ELECTRONS

A NUMBER of experiments have been reported recently in which electron densities have been determined from the refractivity of free electrons in the visible region of the spectrum1–3. In none of these, however, has an independent check been made on the values obtained. We wish to report some recent measurements of the optical refractivity of free electrons in a hydrogen plasma in which simultaneous determinations of electron density are obtained from the Stark effect broadening of Hβ and Hγ (ref. 4) and from a measurement of the absolute continuum intensity. A measurement of the electron temperature from the ratio of the total line intensity of Hβ to the continuum5 is used to confirm the high degree of ionization obtained and the dominant role of the free electrons in determining the refractive index.
Cytochrome P450: A Target for Drug Development for Skin Diseases

Enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) super family are the most versatile and important class of drug-metabolizing enzymes that are induced in mammalian skin in response to xenobiotic exposure. At the same time, CYP have numerous important roles in endogenous and exogenous substrate metabolism in the skin. For example, they participate in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, fatty acids, eicosonoids, sterols, steroids, vitamin A, and vitamin D, to name a few. In addition, in some skin diseases, for example in psoriasis, many CYP are elevated. CYP are the target of special interest in the development of drugs for skin diseases because most, if not all, drugs available in the armamentarium of the dermatologists are either substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of this enzyme family. The functional significance of drug metabolism in skin and the implication of CYP in skin pathology and therapy is an area for future investigation. A detailed insight into the mechanism of action of various cutaneous CYP, being capable of modulating the drug bioavailability, will be helpful in the development of better strategies for novel therapy against constantly increasing skin disorders. This brief review discusses some of these perspectives and suggests additional work in this research area with regard to the expression and modulation of CYP in mammalian skin as well as their implication in dermatological disorders and the therapy of skin diseases.
Confirmatory factor analysis of a family quality of life scale for families of kindergarten children without disabilities

Recently, within the field of special education, attention has been accorded to the conceptualization and measurement of family outcomes. The Family Quality of Life (FQOL) Scale is an instrument that can be used to measure family outcomes for families who have children with disabilities, and it has been demonstrated to have psychometric validity. To expand the usability of the FQOL Scale, the authors tested its measurement properties for families of kindergarten children without disabilities. Results from this new population of interest indicated adequate fit of the sample data to the theoretical model. Policy and program implications are discussed.
Adolescents' and providers' perspectives on the need for and use of mental health services.

Purpose: This study examines need for and use of services from both the adolescent's and the service provider's viewpoints. Methods: The Youth Services Project interviewed 792 youths from the juvenile justice, education, primary health care, and child welfare sectors (200 each); gathered anonymous tallies of the mental health of youthful clients at each sector; and conducted focus groups with providers. Results: A high percentage of youths (12–15%) met DSM-IV criteria for a mental health disorder, yet the sector clients were not identified as having mental health problems. Juvenile justice and child welfare sectors identified the highest percentage of adolescent clients as having mental health problems, and provided the most services (50–80%). The primary health care sector recorded no mental health disorders among the tallied clients, and provided the fewest mental health services ( Conclusion: Lack of knowledge about the extent of need in adolescents, methods for assessing or treating, and referral resources handicap service providers and explain the gap between need and service.
Study of surface aggregation of calcium di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate by electron microscopy

Mise en evidence de la formation d'agregats de di(ethyl-2 hexyl)-phosphate de calcium a l'interface air-eau
Yeast glycogen synthetase in the glucose 6-phosphate-independent form: A case of cold lability without major changes in molecular size

Abstract The form of yeast glycogen synthetase independent of glucose 6-phosphate is reversibly inactivated by cold in the absence of substrates. Addition of glycogen or of a high concentration of glycerol completely prevents the inactivation, whereas glucose 6-phosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 afford partial protection. Sedimentation coefficients of 11.2 S at 30 °C and 10.1 S at 0 °C were calculated from centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. This small difference appears to be due to a change in conformation rather than to dissociation of the enzyme into subunits in the cold. The glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form of glycogen synthetase does not display cold sensitivity.
A recursive random search algorithm for large-scale network parameter configuration

Parameter configuration is a common procedure used in large-scale network protocols to support multiple operational goals. It can be formulated as a black-box optimization problem and solved with an efficient search algorithm. This paper proposes a new heuristic search algorithm, Recursive Random Search(RRS), for large-scale network parameter optimization. The RRS algorithm is based on the initial high-efficiency feature of random sampling and it attempts to maintain this high efficiency by constantly "restarting" random sampling with adjusted sample spaces. Besides the high efficiency, the RRS algorithm is robust to the effect of random noise and trivial parameters in the objective function because of its root in random sampling. These features are very important for the efficient optimization of network protocol configuration. The performance of RRS is demonstrated with the tests on a suite of benchmark functions. The algorithm has been applied to the configuration of several network protocols, such as RED, OSPF and BGP. One example application in OSPF routing algorithm is presented.
Quenched Chiral Artifacts for Wilson-Dirac Fermions

We examine artifacts associated with the chiral symmetry breaking induced through the use of Wilson-Dirac fermions in lattice Monte Carlo computations. For light quark masses, the conventional quenched theory cannot be defined using direct Monte Carlo methods due to the existence of nonintegrable poles in physical quantities. These poles are associated with the real eigenvalue spectrum of the Wilson-Dirac operator. We show how this singularity structure can be observed in the analysis of both QED in two dimensions and QCD in four dimensions. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Two new fossil matoniaceous stem genera from Tasmania, Australia

Two new genera, Tasmanopteris and Heweria, from Tasmania are the first definite permineralized rhizomes assignable to the Matoniaceae. Tasmanopteris richmondii sp. nov., of mide-Mesozoic age, is from the Lune River site in southwestern Tasmania and is composed of four or more annular solenostelos separated by cortices with an inner mesarch xylem ring and outer exarch xylem rings. Secretory canals occur in the cortices between the protoxylem clusters of its outer xylem rings. The specimen of Heweria kempii sp. nov., which is very similar to extant Matonia, was collected from a Lower Tertiary conglomerate in central Tasmania but was reworked from older sediments. Anatomically, the rhizomes of Heweria consist of 3–6 annular solenosteles with the inner and middle xylem rings being mesarch, whereas the outer ring is exarch. Roots arise opposite the protoxylem clusters of the outermost ring. Epidermal hairs on the stems of this genus are like those of living Matonia in being attenuate, uniseriate, and multicellular. Associated venation pattern of partially preserved leaves, isolated sporangia, annuli, and spores in this specimen provide additional support for the relationships of this fossil to modern Matonia.
An Exploratory Study of Sources of Stereotypes of Old Age Among Administrators

This exploratory study examines the relative effects of individual, client, and organizational characteristics on stereotypes of the aged held by nursing home administrators. Data from 45 administrators suggest that client characteristics may be more important than personal or organizational dimensions in explaining variation in perceptions of the aged. Sex of clients and other status characteristics affect attitudes toward the aged and possibly the quality of care.
Method of solution of a class of three-dimensional elastostatic problems under mode I loading

Using a Fourier integral transform, the problem of a cracked plate, of an arbitrary thickness 2h and subjected to a uniform external load of mode I, is reduced to that of the solution of a two-dimensional singular integral equation.
THEORIZING SANCTIONING IN A CRIMINALIZED JUVENILE COURT

Recent juvenile justice reforms have produced increasingly complex and criminal-like approaches to sanctioning youths, yet research to date has not examined the full range of newly available sentencing options nor systematically drawn on theories of adult sentencing. The present study addresses these issues by developing competing hypotheses about the effects of legal, extralegal, and processing factors, as well as sentencing options, in a highly proceduralized and criminalized juvenile court in Texas. These hypotheses are then tested using quantitative and qualitative data. The results are largely consistent with derived expectations and do not support arguments that increased proceduralization and criminalization of juvenile courts will eliminate consideration of age, gender, or race/ethnicity in sentencing decisions.
Direct projective time-of-flight NMR angiography within 4 s

To enhance contrast between flow and static tissue, NMR projective angiographic methods usually require data subtraction, or alternatively the application of special data processing routines such as the “maximum intensity projection” algorithm. We have successfully developed a direct projection method which yields sufficient flow/static contrast in a single acquisition, producing angiograms in under 4 s. Direct projection angiograms of the cervical and abdominal vessels were obtained. The cervical vessels were uniformly depicted in a number of different projection views. The abdominal vessels exhibit intensity variations due to the pulsatile flow pattern. A series of abdominal angiograms were acquired, each triggered at a different starting cardiac phase. When displayed as a movie sequence the pulsatile flow pattern was seen to advance along the arteries. To more uniformly represent the abdominal vessels a 24-s average was adequate. This new technique should allow NMR angiograms to be obtained in a “fluoroscopic” mode. © 1991 Academic Press. Inc.
Annealing Requirements for Flow-Formed Containment Vessels for Type B Radioactive Materials

Flow forming, an advanced version of metal spinning, is becoming a popular technique for the fabrication of containers for the storage and transportation of radioactive materials. A previous article by the authors[1] gave a cursory review of the operation, benefits, and possible problems associated with this method. The same article also addressed the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (ASME BPVC) requirements[2] of the method, and recommended desirable quality control measures. One of the recommendations was that the product be annealed after flow forming, even though the authors were not yet convinced that ASME BPVC always requires it. The current article reports new findings from a comprehensive review of material specifications, which ASME BPVC chose to adopt, or to ignore, for pressure application. The new findings suggest that ASME BPVC actually prefers annealing, so that the cold work has an insignificant effect on the product’s properties. Each ASME BPVC specification describes key property requirements and heat treatments to help meet the requirements.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Japan‐Russia relations and North‐east Asian security

(1996). Japan‐Russia relations and North‐east Asian security. Survival: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 59-78.
Large stimulated emission cross section of Nd3+ in chlorophosphate glass☆

Abstract We have investigated the spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ in a series of sodium chlorophosphate glasses. Glasses with 30–40 mol.% ZnCl2 have the largest stimulated emission cross section for the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 transition we have measured for any glass. The large cross section in this mixed anion glass is attributed to a combination of a large line strength, narrow emission bandwidth, and favorable nephelauxetic shift.
TCR hypervariable regions expressed by T cells that respond to effective tumor vaccines

A major goal of immunotherapy for cancer is the activation of T cell responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). One important strategy for improving antitumor immunity is vaccination with peptide variants of TAAs. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the expansion of T cells that respond to the native tumor antigen is an important step in developing effective peptide-variant vaccines. Using an immunogenic mouse colon cancer model, we compare the binding properties and the TCR genes expressed by T cells elicited by peptide variants that elicit variable antitumor immunity directly ex vivo. The steady-state affinity of the natural tumor antigen for the T cells responding to effective peptide vaccines was higher relative to ineffective peptides, consistent with their improved function. Ex vivo analysis showed that T cells responding to the effective peptides expressed a CDR3β motif, which was also shared by T cells responding to the natural antigen and not those responding to the less effective peptide vaccines. Importantly, these data demonstrate that peptide vaccines can expand T cells that naturally respond to tumor antigens, resulting in more effective antitumor immunity. Future immunotherapies may require similar stringent analysis of the responding T cells to select optimal peptides as vaccine candidates.
Models of accident causation and their application: Review and reappraisal

Abstract Numerous accident causation models have been developed, but little effort has been devoted toward systematically evaluating their potential strengths and methods of application. In this paper, 54 different accident causation models and 16 methods of application are reviewed. The accident causation models were divided into three groups: general models of the accident process, models of human error and unsafe behavior, and models of human injury mechanics. Models of human injury mechanics were particularly well-developed and required only rudimentary forms of task analysis to guide the development of safer working conditions. The general models of the accident process were applied extensively in the surveyed application methods. However, models of human error and unsafe behavior were applied only in a very rudimentary form. This in part appears to explain certain deficiencies in traditional hazard analysis.
X-ray tomosynthesis and diffuse optical tomography: a multi-modality method for joint imaging

The inkling behind our approach is the implementation of a multi-modality imaging technique for osteoarthritis detection. The scheme involves the application of structure maps of high resolution X-ray images to diffuse optical tomography (DOT) reconstructions.
Statistical evaluation of FRAM γ-ray isotopic analysis data

Abstract High-purity germanium (HPGe) detector γ -ray spectra were analyzed using the FRAM (fixed energy, response function analysis with multiple efficiencies) γ -ray isotopic analysis software. The analyses are based on multiple measurements of samples having well-documented isotopic composition from mass spectrometry measurements. Statistical analyses of the FRAM results are reported, the errors in FRAM analyses arising from the choice of detector type and the energy region are discussed, and the errors that resulted from sample-dependent and analysis-dependent effects are quantified.
Purchasing materials in the supply chain: managing a multi-objective task

Abstract Purchasing materials that has long been recognized as a multi-objective problem gained in importance in the present “Lean Supply” management environment. The authors discuss one of the “user-friendly” alternative multiple criteria decision support systems—visual interactive goal programming (VIG). The personal computer-based technique is applied to an original equipment manufacturer's multiple-replenishment purchasing problem and assists in selecting suppliers and allocating orders among them. The authors conclude with the benefits of VIG and contributions of the analysts.
Proteomic serum profile of fatigued men receiving localized external beam radiation therapy for non-metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract Context Fatigue is the most distressing side effect of radiation therapy, and its progression etiology is unknown. Objectives This study describes proteome changes from sera of fatigued men with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Methods Fatigue scores, measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, and serum were collected from 12 subjects at baseline (before EBRT) and at midpoint (Day 21) of EBRT. Depleted sera from both time points were analyzed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, and up/down regulated proteins were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Western blot analyses confirmed the protein changes observed. Results Results showed that apolipoprotein (Apo)A1, ApoE, and transthyretin (TTR) consistently changed from baseline (Day 0) to midpoint (Day 21). The mean ApoE level of subjects with high change in fatigue (HF: n = 9) increased significantly from baseline to midpoint and were higher than in subjects with no change in fatigue. The mean ApoA1 level was higher in HF subjects at baseline and at midpoint than in no fatigue subjects at both time points. The mean TTR level of no fatigue subjects was higher at baseline and midpoint than in HF subjects. Conclusion These ApoE, ApoA1, and TTR results may assist in understanding pathways that can explain fatigue progression etiology in this clinical population.
Cross-linking the protein precursor of marine mussel adhesives: bulk measurements and reagents for curing.

Marine mussels affix themselves to surfaces by use of a highly cross-linked, protein-based adhesive. Metal levels (e.g., Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) of the cured glue are significantly concentrated relative to...
Weather Bike: A Bicycle-Based Weather Station for Observing Local Temperature Variations

©2014 American Meteorological Society to a computer for analysis and plotting using Bluetooth wireless transfer, the small size (12.7 × 4.5 × 2.8 cm and 102 g), and the relatively low cost (~$350). The Kestrel 4000 was mounted on a Kestrel tripod clamp that was attached to the bicycle handlebar using a USA Gear bicycle handlebar camera mount. A Garmin Edge 800 GPS was also mounted on the bicycle to log position information during each ride. The time on the Kestrel 4000 was set to match the time on the GPS unit, allowing the Kestrel data to be easily georeferenced. The Kestrel observations were imported into Excel and plotted as a function of time. The decision to mount the Kestrel 4000 on a bicycle rather than making handheld measurements was based on the fact that the bicycle-mounted A nyone who has walked or bicycled from an open field into a forest on a warm, sunny day or into a shallow topographic depression in the early morning or evening has likely noticed an appreciable change in near-surface air temperature (hereafter referred to as temperature) across these land use and topographic types. (See the “For Further Reading” section for additional articles related to human biometeorology and the factors that influence how humans perceive changes in temperature.) These temperature changes occur on a small scale easily observed by a person moving under their own power. A handheld portable weather station (Kestrel 4000) capable of recording observations as frequently as every 2 s was mounted on a bicycle (Fig. 1) to observe local temperature variations in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado, during the winter of 2013. The results presented here show examples of local temperature variability, with some changes in temperature in excess of 10°C over distances of the order of 1 km.
Liquid chromatographic separation of isomeric phenanthrols on monomeric and polymeric C18 columns

Abstract Separations of all five possible isomeric phenanthrols by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a monomeric Zorbax C 18 column and a polymeric Vydac C 18 column were compared. With identical elution solvents and flow-rates, the phenanthrols were separated with shorter retention times on the latter column. The elution orders of the phenanthrols were different on the two columns. Ultraviolet absorption spectral properties of the phenanthrols in methanol and in alkaline methanol are reported.
Resonance-assisted, hot-electron-induced desorption

The phenomenon of resonance-assisted hot-electron-induced desorption of adsorbed atoms or molecules is considered in terms of a semi-classical Gaussian wavepacket model. Inelastic scattering of hot electrons, forming temporary negative ion adsorbate states, gives rise to enhanced energy transfer between the hot electron and the adsorption complex. The numerical implications of the wavepacket model, which follows in the spirit of past theory of resonance Raman processes, suggests a very simple and intuitive analytic representation of the resonance desorption process providing a clear connection between the three independent timescales of the process and observable quantities such as desorption probabilities and rates. The timescales are identified as the vibrational period associated with the negative-ion-surface bond, that portion of the vibrational period within which desorption is possible, and the resonance lifetime of the intermediate negative ion state.
Treatment of aortic coarctation by axillofemoral bypass grafting in the high-risk patient

Operative correction of coarctation of the aorta has been performed for 45 years. Reoperation for recurrent coarctation is necessary in as many as 5% to 10% of patients. Repair of recurrent coarctation carries an operative mortality of between 5% and 10%. Coarctation repair involves an increased risk in patients with advanced age, recurrent coarctation, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary disease. We report 3 cases where axillofemoral bypass has been used to treat high-risk patients with aortic coarctation. Two patients had had previous coarctation repair in addition to serious medical problems. Another patient had suffered three myocardial infarctions and had disabling congestive heart failure. All patients had an immediate marked decrease in their preoperative peak systolic pressure gradient across the coarctation. Systemic hypertension and symptoms of congestive heart failure were improved in all patients. The length of follow-up was 15 months, 8.5 years, and 10.5 years. Reassessment with noninvasive vascular segmental pressure studies with and without an exercise component showed no recurrence of the pressure gradient. This procedure should be considered when treating coarctation of the aorta in the high-risk adult.
High PCR Copy-Counts of Periodontal Pathogens in Saliva are Associated with Periodontal Disease Status

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Salivary infectious agents and periodontal disease status. Saygun I, Nizam SI, Keskiner N, Bal V, Kubar A, Acikel C, et al. J Periodont Res 2011:46:235-9. Reviewer Paul I. Eke, PhD, MPH, PhD Purpose/Question To determine if salivary counts of 6 periodontal pathogens and Epstein-Barr virus could distinguish between persons with periodontal health, gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Semi-solid gels function as physical barriers to human immunodeficiency virus transport in vitro.

Abstract Vaginal gels may act as physical barriers to HIV during sexual transmission. However, the extent and significance of this effect are not well understood. During male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV, semen containing infectious HIV is present within the lower female reproductive tract. In cases where a topical gel has previously been applied to the vaginal epithelium, virions must move through gel layers before reaching vulnerable tissue. This additional barrier could affect the functioning of anti-HIV microbicide gels and placebos. To better understand HIV transport in gels, we: (1) quantified diffusion coefficients of HIV virions within semi-solid delivery vehicles; and (2) tested the barrier functioning of thin gel layers in a Transwell system. Two gels used as placebos in microbicides clinical trials, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and methylcellulose (MC), were found to hinder HIV transport in vitro . The diffusion coefficients for HIV virions in undiluted HEC and MC were 4 ± 2 × 10 −12 and 7 ± 1 × 10 −12 cm 2 /s, respectively. These are almost 10,000 times lower than the diffusion coefficient for HIV in water. Substantial gel dilution (80%:diluent/gel, v/v) was required before diffusion coefficients rose to even two orders of magnitude lower than those in water. In the Transwell system, gel layers of approximately 150-μm thickness reduced HIV transport. There was a log reduction in the amount of HIV that had breached the Transwell membrane after 0-, 4-, and 8-h incubations. The ability of a gel to function as a physical barrier to HIV transport from semen to tissue will also depend on its distribution over the epithelium and effects of dilution by vaginal fluids or semen. Results here can serve as a baseline for future design of products that act as barriers to HIV transmission. The potential barrier function of placebo gels should be considered in the design and interpretation of microbicides clinical trials.
Dimethylsulfide photolysis rates and apparent quantum yields in Bering Sea seawater

Abstract Wavelength dependence and modeled rates of dimethylsulfide (DMS) photolysis were determined in seawater from two Bering Sea stations in August 2001. Monochromatic irradiations were employed to determine wavelength-dependent apparent quantum yields (AQY DMS ( λ )). AQY DMS ( λ ) scaled to 1 nM DMS decreased exponentially with increasing wavelength, ranging from 3.8×10 −6 at 290 nm to 4.7×10 −8 at 400 nm. No appreciable loss of DMS was observed in dark controls or at visible wavelengths ( λ ⩾400 nm). DMS photolysis rates were calculated using experimentally determined AQY DMS ( λ ), spectral chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficients ( a CDOM ( λ )), and simulated spectral scalar irradiance derived from a coupled atmosphere–ocean radiative transfer model. DMS photolysis rate estimates indicated that ∼72–78% of DMS photolysis was observed in the UVA (320–400 nm) region, with a maximum response near 330–340 nm. Results from monochromatic and polychromatic irradiations agreed well, with the latter showing ∼71% DMS photolysis in the UVA and ∼29% attributed to UVB (280–320 nm). This supports the assertion that DMS photolysis is primarily driven by UV radiation. Turnover rate constants for DMS photolysis and sea-to-air fluxes in the upper 20 m of the water column were comparable, ranging between 0.02 and 0.11 d −1 and 0.13 and 0.26 d −1 , respectively, in the late summer non-bloom phase of the Bering Sea.