cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Cognitive Function After Stroke

Background and Purpose Previous studies have suggested that recovery of cognitive function after stroke is maximal within the first 3 months after onset. We performed the present study to investigate the long-term course and clinical correlates of improvement in generalized cognitive function after ischemic stroke. Methods We administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to 151 patients (age, 70.4±7.7 years; education, 10.4±4.6 years) at 3 months and then annually after stroke. We transformed their test results into z scores based on the performance of a stroke-free normative group, averaged those scores to create a summary score, and defined improvement in annual examinations as an increase in that summary score greater than two standard deviations above the mean first annual change of the normative group. We then used logistic regression to determine whether stroke location, syndrome, or recurrence; vascular risk factors; dementia status; depression; or demographic variables were associated with im...
Irrigating poplar energy crops with landfill leachate negatively affects soil micro- and meso-fauna.

Increased municipal solid waste generated worldwide combined with substantial demand for renewable energy has prompted testing and deployment of woody feedstock production systems that reuse and recycle wastewaters as irrigation and fertilization. Populus selections are ideal for such systems given their fast growth, extensive root systems, and high water usage rates. Maintaining ecological sustainability (i.e., the capacity for an ecosystem to maintain its function and retain its biodiversity over time) during tree establishment and development is an important component of plantation success, especially for belowground faunal populations. To determine the impact of solid waste leachate on soil micro- and meso-fauna, we compared soil from eight different Populus clones receiving municipal solid waste landfill leachate irrigation with clones receiving fertilized (N, P, K) well water irrigation. Microfauna (i.e., nematodes) communities were more diverse in control soils. Mesofauna (i.e., insects) were assoc...
Prescribed Fire Effects on Bark Beetle Activity and Tree Mortality in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests

Prescribed fire is an important tool in the management of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests, yet effects on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) activity and tree mortality are poorly understood in the southwestern U.S. We compared bark beetle attacks and tree mortality between paired prescribed-burned and unburned stands at each of four sites in Arizona and New Mexico for three growing seasons after burning (2004‐2006). Prescribed burns increased bark beetle attacks on ponderosa pine over the first three post-fire years from 1.5 to 13% of all trees, increased successful, lethal attacks on ponderosa pine from 0.4 to 7.6%, increased mortality of ponderosa pine from all causes from 0.6 to 8.4%, and increased mortality of all tree species with diameter at breast height >13 cm from 0.6 to 9.6%. On a per year basis, prescribed burns increased ponderosa pine mortality from 0.2% per year in unburned stands to 2.8% per year in burned stands. Mortality of ponderosa pine 3 years after burning was best described by a logistic regression model with total crown damage (crown scorch + crown consumption) and bark beetle attack rating (no, partial, or mass attack by bark beetles) as independent variables. Attacks by Dendroctonus spp. did notdiffersignificantlyoverboleheights,whereas attacksbyIpsspp.weregreaterontheupperbolecomparedwiththelowerbole. Threepreviously published logistic regression models of tree mortality, developed from fires in 1995‐1996 in northern Arizona, were moderately successful in predicting broad patterns of tree mortality in our data. The influence of bark beetle attack rating on tree mortality was stronger for our data than for data from the 1995‐1996 fires. Our results highlight canopy damage from fire as a strong and consistent predictor of post-fire mortality of ponderosa pine, and bark beetle attacks and bole char rating as less consistent predictors because of temporal variability in their relationship to mortality. The small increase in tree mortality and bark beetle attacks caused by prescribed burning should be acceptable to many forest managers and the public given the resulting reduction in surface fuel and risk of severe wildfire. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mentorship: a critical component for professional growth and academic success.

Faculty in a twenty-first century school of dentistry face a variety of daily challenges. Balancing teaching, research, and scholarship can be an overwhelming task for junior faculty and is influenced by the environment and the interactions we have with colleagues. Effective mentorship can play a critical role in professional growth and development as well as academic success. Excellent mentors provide a distinct vision and can guide their proteges to achieve the goals associated with these visions. Current literature supports the definitive characteristics that potential proteges and effective mentors exhibit and delineates how mentoring can enhance productivity, efficiency, and motivation. There is also evidence that formal mentoring programs have an overall positive impact on junior faculty and may assist in retention of dental school faculty. Successful mentors take proteges under their wings for guidance, inspiration, and encouragement and in the process create motivated, productive, and successful teachers and researchers, thus leaving a legacy. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature regarding the importance and benefits of excellent mentorship.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune disease (AIDx) results from failure to sustain tolerance to self molecules. Dozens of AIDx involving one or multiple organ systems afflict 3% or more of people worldwide (>75% women). Pr...
Autoimmunity as a double agent in tumor killing and cancer promotion.

Cancer immunotherapy through manipulation of the immune system holds great potential for the treatment of human cancers. However, recent trials targeting the negative immune regulators CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 demonstrated that clinically significant antitumor responses were often associated with the induction of autoimmune toxicity. This finding suggests that the same immune mechanisms that elicit autoimmunity may also contribute to the destruction of tumors. Given that the immunological identity of tumors might be largely an immunoprivileged self, autoimmunity may not represent a wholly undesirable outcome in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Rather, targeted killing of cancer cells and autoimmune damage to healthy tissues may be intricately linked through molecular mechanisms, in particular inflammatory cytokine signaling. On the other hand, since chronic inflammation is a well-recognized condition that promotes tumor development, it appears that autoimmunity can be a “double agent” in mediating either pro-tumor or antitumor effects. This review surveys the tumor-promoting and tumoricidal activities of several prominent cytokines: IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-17, IL-23, IL-4, and IL-13, produced by three major subsets of T helper cells that interact with innate immune cells. Many of these cytokines exert divergent and seemingly contradictory effects on cancer development in different human and animal models, suggesting a high degree of context dependence in their functions. We hypothesize that these inflammatory cytokines could mediate a feedback loop of autoimmunity, antitumor immunity and tumorigenesis. Understanding the diverse and paradoxical roles of cytokines from autoimmune responses in the setting of cancer will advance the long-term goal of improving cancer immunotherapy, while minimizing the hazards of immune-mediated tissue damage and the possibility of de novo tumorigenesis, through proper monitoring and preventive measures.
Effect of Light and Simulated Herbivory on Growth of Endangered Northeastern Bulrush, Scirpus ancistrochaetus Schuyler

The independent and interactive effects of light and simulated herbivory on growth and biomass allocation in the endangered emergent sedge, Scirpus ancistrochaetusSchuyler, were examined in a 15-week common garden experiment. Light level was manipulated through the use of shade cloth to attain shading levels of 0%, 30%, 63% and 90%, while herbivory was simulated by reducing plant height by 50% six weeks into the experiment. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) of final total (shoot + root) plant mass, leaf width and root to shoot ratio (R:S) indicated overall significant effects of both light and the interaction of light and clipping. Means of these variables decreased with decreasing light level. Furthermore, means of these variables were generally higher for clipped plants than unclipped plants in 0% shade, while they tended to be lower in clipped plants in all other levels of shade. Maximum leaf height was also significantly affected by light. Leaf height was similar in all treatments for the first 11 weeks. For the last four weeks of the experiment, however, leaf height was lowest in plants grown in 0% shade, highest in plants grown in 63 and 90% shade, and intermediate in plants grown in 30% shade. Clipped plants tended to be taller than unclipped plants at lower levels of shade, while the opposite was true at higher levels of shade, although effects were marginally significant. Both light and the interactive effect of light and clipping were important determinants of growth of S. ancistrochaetus in this experiment and therefore may be important influences on its distribution within and among pond habitats.
Professionals' use of different mentor sources at various career stages: implications for career success.

The authors investigated the various sources of mentors used by professionals, how these sources influenced both objective and subjective career success, and whether the participants used different sources of mentors at different stages of their careers. According to data from 430 faculty members at 2 U.S. research institutions, assistant professors with mentors in their professions, associate professors with mentors outside the work place, and professors with mentors within their organizations had the highest levels of objective career success. Assistant professors with multiple sources of mentors yielded significantly higher levels of both objective and subjective career success than did those with single sources or no mentor. If one links professorial rank to career stage, the results suggest that the participants used different sources of mentors at different stages of their careers.
Coupling-based Testing of O-O Programs

As we move from developing procedure-oriented to O-O programs, the complexity traditionally found in functions and procedures is moving to the connections among components. More faults occur as components are integrated to form higher level aggregates. Consequently, we need to place more effort on testing the connections among components. Although O-O tech- nology provides abstraction mechanisms to build components to integrate, it also adds new com- positional relations that can contain faults, which must be found during integration testing. This paper describes new techniques for analyzing and testing the polymorphic relationships that oc- cur in O-O software. The application of these techniques can result in an increased ability to find faults and overall higher quality software.
Theoretical Analysis of Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ceramics in an Impinging Jet Reactor

A mathematical model for chemical vapor deposition in an impinging jet reactor is extended to consider growth of materials that are nonstoichiometric or that contain multiple solid phases. The model treats the fluid flow of the reactant gas mixture, multicomponent heat and mass transfer, and simultaneous gas-phase and surface reactions. For a given system, insight into the rate-limiting steps can be obtained by identifying a set of reaction rate constants that gives a match between theoretical results and experimental data. The calculations also provide quantitative information on the relationships between operating conditions, deposition rate, and deposit composition. Results for production of boron carbide from BCI 3, CH4, and H2 are presented as an example. Under typical processing conditions, deposition of By C is found to be controlled primarily by the rate of CH4 decomposition and the extent of surface coverage by CH4 Theoretical calculations are presented for different sets of operating conditions to illustrate the predictive capability of the model. Also, the sensitivity of results to various reaction mechanisms and to values for solid-phase activities is evaluated. Analogies are drawn between the boron carbide process and deposition of other ceramics in which a carbon-containing reactant is used.
Theory in the Balance

Abstract One major way of putting into view the scientific progress in an area of research is by examining the theoretical currents that help to organize the data and to guide future experiments. Research in speech production has been shaped by several different theories, but three in particular have had a profound influence: general motor program theory, dynamic systems theory, and internal models. This paper discusses how these three theories evolved and influenced contemporary conceptions of how speech production is controlled.
RFID Assimilation Hierarchy

While much research has been conducted on the adoption of complex technologies, relatively little has addressed the post-adoption deployment of that technology. This research presents a hierarchy of RFID assimilation which proposes that the creation of supplier business value is dependent upon the depth of assimilation (extent of use). The hierarchy is grounded in industry observations of the difficulty of early adopters to fully realize the benefits of RFID assimilation. At the base level of the hierarchy is technology deployment, with the next level of data understanding, and, lastly, at the top of the hierarchy is business value creation. Each level of the hierarchy is explored and organizational examples are provided to illustrate the three developmental levels. The paper concludes by presenting four potential areas for future RFID assimilation research
Adaptation by Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Bt Maize: Inheritance, Fitness Costs, and Feeding Preference

We examined inheritance of resistance, feeding behavior, and fitness costs for a laboratory-selected strain of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with resistance to maize (Zea maize L.) producing the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxin Cry3Bb1. The resistant strain developed faster and had increased survival on Bt maize relative to a susceptible strain. Results from reciprocal crosses of the resistant and susceptible strains indicated that inheritance of resistance was nonrecessive. No fitness costs were associated with resistance alleles in the presence of two entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar. Larval feeding studies indicated that the susceptible and resistant strains did not differ in preference for Bt and non-Bt root tissue in choice assays.
Symmetry based mechanism for hand-over-hand molecular motors

Many bio-molecular motors are dimers that move by a "hand-over-hand" mechanism along polar bio-polymeric tracks. Examples include kinesin, that "walks" on microtubule and myosin V that "walks" on actin. These molecular motors share two important symmetries. Typically the motor dimers have approximate mirror symmetry, and their tracks have translational, but not mirror, symmetry. Here we use a trajectory approach to analyze a minimal model for a generic dimeric motor that moves on a polymer track incorporating these two symmetry features. The analysis focuses of the relative probabilities of forward, reverse, backward, backward reverse trajectories and provides an experimentally accessible measure of the relative importance of a "Brownian motor" vs. "Power stroke" mechanism. Reciprocal relations, similar to those derived for the linear regime by Onsager for the fluxes (generalized velocities), hold for arbitrary magnitude forces (i.e., far from the linear regime) for the net probabilities for stepping and for chemical reaction.
Magic electret clusters of 4-fluorostyrene on metal surfaces

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the adsorption and assembly of a simple dipolar molecule, 4-fluorostyrene, on both Cu and Au surfaces. Self-assembly occurs in the form of small highly polar electrets with discrete (“magic”) sizes that depend on the surface metal. Charge transfer between the molecule and surface results in a ∼90° reorientation of the electric dipole moment as compared to the gas-phase molecule and a doubling of its magnitude. The magic size can be understood in terms of a balance between attractive interactions in the form of both directional C–H···F hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, as well as repulsive forces from Columbic interaction between the charged molecules. While this work illustrates the importance of interfacial charge transfer in molecular dipole engineering at surfaces, it offers unique chiral systems that are highly regular and dipolar with which to study and understand charge- and spin-transfer across metal–organic interfaces.
Nosocomial Infection Control: An Overview

Nosocomial infections are one of the most important public health problems in the world today. Although a great deal of attention is being directed toward the control and prevention of these infections, old problems continue to occur and new problems are constantly arising. The approximately 5% rate of nosocomial infections among patients admitted to acute-care hospitals has a significant impact on patients morbidity and morality and on the financial concerns of the patient, hospital, and community. An effective, efficient, and sensitive surveillance program developed to meet the needs of the individual hospital is absolutely necessary to obtain data on nosocomial infections from which controls and prevention programs can be developed. At the same time, lessons can be learned from the experience of other hospitals. The nosocomial infection control and prevention program must be under the general direction of a representative, interested, effective infection control committee. One area of importance under the committee's responsibility is that of an appropriate isolation program practiced by all persons within the hospital.
Collaboration experiences across scientific disciplines and cohorts

Even though there is a rich discussion in the literature about co-authorship practices, many of the existing studies do not offer a dynamic picture of co-authorship patterns and experiences across disciplines. To address the research gap, our study aims to explore several key dimensions of the social dynamics in co-authorship practices. In particular, we examine cohort differences in collaboration patterns across disciplines and cohort differences in negative collaboration experiences across disciplines. To conduct our analyses, we use data from a national survey of scholars and engineers in 108 top research universities. Our results indicate that the number of collaborators at one's own university is correlated with an increase in negative collaboration experiences, while an increase in collaborators at other universities is not correlated with an increase in negative collaboration experiences. In addition, we conclude that junior scholars are more likely to have negative collaboration experiences than their senior peers. This result is true even after controlling for gender and discipline.
Pounds/Shillings/Pence: The Economics in the Tales

The Dubliners of Dubliners occupy fifteen designated areas of that city, a territorial separation that allows for just enough overlappings to attest to the “unity” of Dublin more than to the unity of the text. Unlike the citizens of Ulysses that many of them will eventually become, they have almost no points of contact with each other, and is not until late in the process that a journalist for the Freeman named Hendrick, who was scheduled to review the Eire Abu concert in “A Mother”, turns up at the businessmen’s retreat in “Grace”, while Kathleen Kearney, who had figured so prominently in “A Mother”, is mentioned by Molly Ivors in “The Dead”. Almost all of the characters in the fifteen tales are (temporarily) confined within the space of their individual narratives. Whereas Ulysses will later reprise some of them, they are essentially “fictional” characters who displace the real people of James Joyce’s Dublin for the purpose of the fiction. Also in sharp contradistinction there is no attempt to introduce real and fictional people to each other (like J. C. Doyle and Molly Bloom on the concert stage, Myler Keogh and Percy Bennett in the boxing ring, George Russell and Stephen Dedalus in the National Library). At least one known personage, however, the English Jesuit Father Bernard Vaughan, mentioned by his actual name in Ulysses, is portrayed in Dubliners by a fictional surrogate, Father Purdon.
Origination Clause – Article I, Section 7, Clause 1

This essay discusses the Origination Clause in the Constitution, which in form requires that “Bills for raising Revenue” originate in the House of Representatives, which was thought to be closer to the people than was the Senate. The Origination Clause had principle underlying it, but it has turned out to have little practical effect. Congressional practice has generally permitted the Senate to substitute its own version of tax legislation so long as the legislation ultimately bears a House number. And because the House must sign off on any revenue legislation anyway, should anyone else care about the House’s constitutional prerogatives if the House itself doesn’t?
Loss of Ikbkap Causes Slow, Progressive Retinal Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Familial Dysautonomia

Abstract Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive congenital neuropathy that is caused by a mutation in the gene for inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex-associated protein ( IKBKAP ). Although FD patients suffer from multiple neuropathies, a major debilitation that affects their quality of life is progressive blindness. To determine the requirement for Ikbkap in the developing and adult retina, we generated Ikbkap conditional knockout (CKO) mice using a TUBA1a promoter-Cre ( Tα1-Cre ). In the retina, Tα1-Cre expression is detected predominantly in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At 6 months, significant loss of RGCs had occurred in the CKO retinas, with the greatest loss in the temporal retina, which is the same spatial phenotype observed in FD, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and dominant optic atrophy. Interestingly, the melanopsin-positive RGCs were resistant to degeneration. By 9 months, signs of photoreceptor degeneration were observed, which later progressed to panretinal degeneration, including RGC and photoreceptor loss, optic nerve thinning, Muller glial activation, and disruption of layers. Taking these results together, we conclude that although Ikbkap is not required for normal development of RGCs, its loss causes a slow, progressive RGC degeneration most severely in the temporal retina, which is later followed by indirect photoreceptor loss and complete retinal disorganization. This mouse model of FD is not only useful for identifying the mechanisms mediating retinal degeneration, but also provides a model system in which to attempt to test therapeutics that may mitigate the loss of vision in FD patients.
Association of HIV infection with biomarkers of kidney injury and fibrosis in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common among HIV-infected individuals but serum creatinine is insensitive for detecting kidney damage at early stages. We hypothesized that HIV infection would be associated with elevations in subclinical markers of kidney injury and fibrosis in a contemporary cohort of men. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we measured urine levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), pro-collagen type III N-terminal pro-peptide (PIIINP) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in 813 HIV-infected and 331 uninfected men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. RESULTS Median eGFR was 95 ml/min/1.73 m2 among African-Americans (n=376) and 87 ml/min/1.73 m2 among Caucasians (n=768). Among HIV-infected men, the median CD4 lymphocyte count was 572 cells/mm3 and 76% of men had undetectable HIV RNA levels. After multivariable adjustment for traditional CKD risk factors including eGFR, HIV infection was associated with 52% higher urine IL-18 (95% CI, 33%, 73%), 44% higher KIM-1 (27%, 64%), 30% higher PIIINP (15%, 47%) and 84% higher ACR (54%, 120%), with similar effect sizes among African-Americans and Caucasians (P>0.2 for tests of interaction by race). These associations remained statistically significant in analyses that excluded persons with detectable HIV RNA levels and in models that adjusted for cumulative exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. CONCLUSIONS Compared with uninfected men, HIV-infected men had more extensive glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage, as assessed by urine biomarkers. Future studies should evaluate whether combinations of biomarkers can be used to monitor stages of kidney injury and to predict CKD risk in HIV-infected individuals.
Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in a sample of American Indian adults.

Objectives Hypertension prevalence is high among American Indians (AIs). AIs experience a substantial burden of interpersonal racial discrimination, which in other populations has been associated with higher blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to understand whether racial discrimination experiences are associated with higher blood pressure in AIs. Materials and methods We used the Everyday Discrimination Scale to evaluate the relationship between discrimination and measured blood pressure among 77 AIs from two reservation communities in the Northern Plains. We used multivariate linear regression to evaluate the association of racial discrimination with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Racial discrimination, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were analyzed as continuous variables. All analyses adjusted for sex, waist circumference, age, posttraumatic stress disorder status, and education. Results We found that 61% of participants experienced discrimination that they attributed to their race or ancestry. Racial discrimination was associated with significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.22, SE = 0.09, p = .02), and with a similar non-significant trend toward higher systolic blood pressure (β = 0.25, SE = 0.15, p = .09). Conclusion The results of this analysis suggest that racial discrimination may contribute to higher diastolic blood pressure within Native communities. These findings highlight one pathway through which the social environment can shape patterns of biology and health in AI and other socially and politically marginalized groups.
Growing in Utah: The Quality Growth Act of 1999

By the late 1990â€™s demographic changes and patterns of land development in Utah, had aroused wide public concern over how to keep growth compatible with quality of life. This essay identifies major public-policy issues at stake, involving conflicting worries, hopes, wants, and expectations. It describes the legislative struggle which produced the Quality Growth Act of 1999, including stances taken by different interest groups, and roles played by individual legislators â€“ in the House â€“ and by political party alignments. The Actâ€™s main features are outlined, including goals it incorporates, issues it addresses, the Quality Growth Commission it creates, and overall significance. The essay also notes some of the major challenges ahead.
Price Effects of Establishing a New Sub-AVA within Oregon's Willamette Valley AVA*

The creation of new sub-divisions within Oregon's Willamette Valley American Viticultural Area (AVA) may indicate a desire on the part of well-established wineries to “split” or separate their social groupings from those with lesser qualifications. Once their social clusters have been differentiated, we theorize that these wineries would be able to capitalize on their newly developed distinctiveness and collect larger regional reputation premiums. Based on 2,221 Wine Spectator–rated pinot noirs from between 1984 and 2008, regression analyses demonstrate that regional reputation premiums have significantly increased with the creation of sub-AVAs and that the price-quality ratio gap between sub-AVAs and the rest of Willamette has widened. (JEL Classifications: D22, Q12, L14)
Escaping the Spatial Imaginary, or, Politics as an Occupation

This article examines the persistence of spatial metaphors in modern political thought, from the “public sphere” that has defined liberal and republican thinking for the past few centuries to the high-profile “occupations” that have animated political action of the past few years. The article argues that these metaphors reflect a “spatial imaginary” that corresponds to an ideal of politics as the forcible control of space, and then explores the possibility of a “temporal imaginary” more compatible with the imagination and aspiration required of progressive politics. The article explores how the dual meaning of the term “occupation” – the filling of space and the filling of time – reflects the dialectic of time and space, and considers what happens when a spatial imaginary overshadows the temporal dimension of politics. Ultimately, the article argues that a spatial imaginary tends to inform an idea of politics as a functional use of force, while a temporal imaginary forwards a greater appreciation ...
Radioimmunotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: A historical perspective ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★

Abstract One of the most promising therapeutic approaches currently under investigation for low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is the administration of monoclonal antibodies that recognize tumor-associated antigens. These antibodies can be used either in unmodified form or conjugated to cytotoxic drugs, toxins, or radionuclides. To date, the most promising of the immunoconjugates are radiolabeled antibodies. Radioimmunotherapy is an attractive approach because radiolabeled antibodies are effective even in the face of defective host immune effector function, antigen-negative variants, and poor penetration of the antibody into tumors. Iodine-131-and Yttrium-90-conjugated antibodies have shown superior response rates compared with unconjugated antibodies and have produced complete responses in 15% to 40% of treated patients. A variety of treatment approaches are currently being investigated, including administering radiolabeled antibodies in combination with chemotherapy and administering myeloablative doses with stem-cell rescue. This latter strategy has yielded complete remissions in the majority of treated patients, some durable for more than 5 years. Semin Oncol 30 (suppl 4):10-21. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Structural priming, action planning, and grammar

Structural priming is poorly understood and cannot inform accounts of grammar for two reasons. First, those who view performance as grammar + processing will always be able to attribute psycholinguistic data to processing rather than grammar. Second, structural priming may be simply an example of hysteresis effects in general action planning. If so, then priming offers no special insight into grammar.
Specialization, Coordination, and Developmental Sequelae of Mother-Infant Person- and Object-Directed Interactions in American Immigrant Families

Person-directed and object-directed interactions are culturally universal and developmentally significant for mother-infant relationships and children’s development. This chapter investigated the extent to which mother-infant person- and object-directed interactions in infancy were specialized, coordinated between partners, and influential for children’s development among three immigrant groups living in the United States. All mothers in the study self-identified as Japanese, South Korean, or South American, and all were first generation; their infants were born in the United States (second generation). A prospective longitudinal multimethod research design was employed, although this chapter focuses on observations of two particular behaviors. Mothers and infants were found to be specialists with respect to person- and object-directed interactions. Mother-infant dyads across cultures were coordinated in their responsiveness to person-directed interactions by 5 months of age but were not uniformly so for object-directed interactions. Maternal and infant responsiveness to person- and object-directed interactions predicted culturally specific longitudinal outcomes in toddlerhood and early childhood.
Finding meaning, balance, and personal satisfaction in the practice of oncology.

T raining for and practicing the specialty of medical oncology are stressful endeavors. During the training process, future oncologists often cope with their stress by assuming that “things will get better” after they complete residency and fellowship. This myth often leads physicians to sacrifice many of the personal values and activities that give life meaning. It also may perpetuate a philosophy of delayed gratification that leads to a loss of balance between personal and professional lives. If it is maintained for a long period, this imbalance may diminish personal resources that help oncologists cope with job-related stress and ultimately may contribute to physician burnout, a syndrome of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization that leads to decreased effectiveness at work. The insidious sacrifice of self during training and early practice may be perpetuated by the culture of residency/fellowship and the example of professional role models. Recognition that personal well-being is important provides oncologists the opportunity to reflect on values and make proactive decisions to combat burnout and enhance personal and professional satisfaction. In this article, we propose three steps to help oncologists identify values, promote balance between their personal and professional lives, enhance the activities they find most meaningful in their work, and nurture activities that promote personal well-being. In addition, based on the suggestions of practicing oncologists, we offer recommendations for fellowship programs to help these professionals prepare oncology fellows for the challenges they will face in practice.
Hardware/Software Techniques for Improving Cache Performance in Embedded Systems

The widening gap between processor and memory speeds renders data locality optimization a very important issue in data-intensive embedded applications. Throughout the years hardware designers and compiler writers focused on optimizing data cache locality using intelligent cache management mechanisms and program-level transformations, respectively. Until now, there has not been significant research investigating the interaction between these optimizations. In this work, we investigate this interaction and propose a selective hardware/ compiler strategy to optimize cache locality for integer, numerical (array-intensive), and mixed codes. In our framework, the role of the compiler is to identify program regions that can be optimized at compile time using loop and data transformations and to mark (at compile-time) the unoptimizable regions with special instructions that activate/deactivate a hardware optimization mechanism selectively at run-time. Our results show that our technique can improve program performance by as much as 60% with respect to the base configuration and 17% with respect to non-selective hardware/compiler approach.
Network coding for multiple unicast over directed acyclic networks

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x CHAPTER 1. INTRODDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Network coding for multiple unicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Dissertation outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK . . . . . . . . . . 6 CHAPTER 3. NETWORK CODING FOR THREE UNICAST SESSIONS 10 3.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 Network coding for three unicast sessions Infeasible instances . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Network coding for three unicast sessions Feasible instances . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3.1 Code assignment procedure for instances with connectivity level [1 3 3] 19 3.3.2 Code assignment procedure for instances with connectivity level [2 2 4] 21 3.3.3 Code assignment procedure for instances with connectivity level [1 2 5] 27 3.4 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER 4. NETWORK CODING FOR TWO UNICAST SESSIONS . 44 4.1 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.2 Achievable rate region for given k12−1, k12−2, k1−1, k2−2, k1−2, and k2−1 . . . . . 45 4.2.1 Low interference case k1−2 + k2−1 ≤ min(k12−1, k12−2) . . . . . . . . . 49
Ode for the Lights Above the Arby’s: Reading Welcome to Night Vale Through the Lens of Poetry

This chapter examines the poetics of Night Vale—the manifold ways in which it uses poetic forms, style, and diction to subvert expectation and mark passage into the liminal world of poetic thought. These “intrusions” disorient the listener, rejuvenating the show’s trademark strangeness. Through diverse forms and strategies, from the bastardized haikus that open each episode to the powerful sense of lineation that defines the host’s staccato delivery, Night Vale draws on the inherent unfamiliarity of poetry to place breath, motion, and tension at the forefront of the audience’s experience. In this way, the language of poetry becomes the language of oddity, a defining feature and indispensable tool for creating and maintaining uncertainty.
Reducing Hospital Readmissions: Does Destination Matter?

Reducing excess hospital readmissions has become a high policy priority to lower health care spending and improve quality. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) penalizes hospitals with higher-than-expected readmission rates. This study tracks patient-level admissions and readmissions to Florida hospitals from 2006 to 2014 to examine whether the ACA has reduced readmission effectively. We compare not only the change in readmissions in targeted conditions to that in non-targeted conditions, but also changes in sites of readmission over time and differences in outcomes based on destination of readmission. We find that the drop in readmissions is largely owing to the decline in readmissions to the original hospital where they received operations or treatments (i.e., the index hospital). Patients readmitted into a different hospital experienced longer hospital stays. The results suggest that the reduction in readmission is likely achieved via both quality improvement and strategic admission behavior.
Centrosomes take center-stage: Comparative analysis of centrosome amplification in African American and European American pancreatic adenocarcinomas patients.

e15257 Background: Mortality from pancreatic cancer is higher in African-Americans (AA) compared to European Americans (EA). Although recent studies have focused on identification of gene expressio...
The Lives of Stone Tools: Crafting the Status, Skill, and Identity of Flintknappers: by Kathryn Weedman Arthur, Tucson, AZ, University of Arizona Press, 2018, pp 314, US $65, ISBN 978-0-8165-3713-6 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-8165-3828-7 (ebook)

Kathryn Weedman Arthur has produced a fantastic and delightful book. The Lives of Stone Tools is an ethnographic account of stone tool production and use in late twentieth century Ethiopia. It is a...
Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of cotton and wheat straw on cellulose crystallinity and on composition and site and extent of disappearance of wheat straw cell wall phenolics and monosaccharides by sheep.

Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment on cellulose crystallinity and cell wall phenolic monomer and monosaccharide composition were measured using cotton and wheat straw (WS). Two WS treatments were used in this study, Type I WS, for which pH is not regulated during AHP treatment, and Type II WS, for which pH is regulated at 11.5 +/- .2 during AHP treatment. Wheat straw had a lower degree of cellulose crystallinity than cotton, but no differences occurred between treated and untreated substrates. Alkali-labile and nitrobenzene-extractable phenolic monomer concentrations were generally lower for Type I and Type II WS compared with untreated WS. Concentrations of glucose were higher and xylose and arabinose lower in Types I and II WS than in untreated WS. Disappearance of alkali-labile phenolic monomers and cell wall monosaccharides by wethers fed diets containing Type I (Exp. 1) or Type II (Exp. 2) AHP-treated WS were determined. Apparent digestibility of glucose and xylose before the duodenum, and of glucose, xylose and arabinose in the total tract, was greatest (P less than .05) when sheep were fed AHP-treated WS diets in both experiments. In Exp. 2, disappearance of alkali-labile phenolic monomers was greatest (P less than .05) before the duodenum and in the total tract when sheep were fed AHP-treated WS diets. Treatment of WS with AHP modified cell wall composition and increased cell wall monosaccharide digestion by sheep.
Hexokinase 2 couples glycolysis with the profibrotic actions of TGF-β

Metabolic dysregulation in fibroblasts is implicated in the profibrotic actions of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Here, we present evidence that hexokinase 2 (HK2) is important for mediating the fibroproliferative activity of TGF-β both in vitro and in vivo. Both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent TGF-β signaling induced HK2 accumulation in murine and human lung fibroblasts through induction of the transcription factor c-Myc. Knockdown of HK2 or pharmacological inhibition of HK2 activity with Lonidamine decreased TGF-β-stimulated fibrogenic processes, including profibrotic gene expression, cell migration, colony formation, and activation of the transcription factors YAP and TAZ, with no apparent effect on cellular viability. Fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibited an increased abundance of HK2. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, Lonidamine reduced the expression of genes encoding profibrotic markers (collagenΙα1, EDA-fibronectin, α smooth muscle actin, and connective tissue growth factor) and stabilized or improved lung function as assessed by measurement of peripheral blood oxygenation. These findings provide evidence of how metabolic dysregulation through HK2 can be integrated within the context of profibrotic TGF-β signaling.
Truth and Affordances

The notion of living in a post-truth world compels many who speak of truth in a commonsense way to use the term “objective truth.” In various theoretical psychologies, by contrast, favor continues ...
Book Review: Space, Oil and Capital:

Space, Oil and Capital contributes to the current and vibrant debate on energy resource scarcity and contestation. Conventional geopolitics and political economy focus on oil supply security, whose...
Pain Management for Prisoners in the Inpatient Setting

Incarcerated patients pose a unique challenge in a hospital setting. There are not only federal and state specific guidelines, but also ethical principles which need to be followed in caring for this special population. The complexity of the situation calls for an interdisciplinary model of care which is focused on communication, privacy, safety and practice of medicine. In this chapter we briefly discuss some of the challenges which practitioners can encounter treating incarcerated patients.
Dynamic control over feedback regulatory mechanisms improves NADPH fluxes and xylitol biosynthesis in engineered E. coli

We report improved NADPH flux and xylitol biosynthesis in engineered E. coli. Xylitol is produced from xylose via an NADPH dependent reductase. We utilize two-stage dynamic metabolic control to compare two approaches to optimize xylitol biosynthesis, a stoichiometric approach, wherein competitive fluxes are decreased, and a regulatory approach wherein the levels of key regulatory metabolites are reduced. The stoichiometric and regulatory approaches lead to a 16 fold and 100 fold improvement in xylitol production, respectively. Strains with reduced levels of enoyl-ACP reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, led to altered metabolite pools resulting in the activation of the membrane bound transhydrogenase and a new NADPH generation pathway, namely pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase coupled with NADPH dependent ferredoxin reductase, leading to increased NADPH fluxes, despite a reduction in NADPH pools. These strains produced titers of 200 g/L of xylitol from xylose at 86% of theoretical yield in instrumented bioreactors. We expect dynamic control over enoyl-ACP reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to broadly enable improved NADPH dependent bioconversions. HighlightsO_LIDecreases in NADPH pools lead to increased NADPH fluxes C_LIO_LIPyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase coupled with NADPH-ferredoxin reductase improves NADPH production in vivo. C_LIO_LIDynamic reduction in acyl-ACP/CoA pools alleviate inhibition of membrane bound transhydrogenase and improve NADPH flux C_LIO_LIXylitol titers > 200g/L in fed batch fermentations with xylose as a sole feedstock. C_LI
SABR for metastasis-directed therapy - what we've learned and what's to come.

SABR-COMET was the first randomized controlled trial to demonstrate an overall survival benefit with the use of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) for the treatment of oligometastatic cancer. Considering the recently reported long-term follow-up data from SABR-COMET, we review the outcomes and limitations of this study in the context of other emerging information on therapy for oligometastatic disease.
Spectroscopic imaging of sub-kilometer spatial structure in lower-tropospheric water vapor

Abstract. The subgrid spatial variability of water vapor is an important geophysical parameter for modeling tropical convention and cloud processes in atmospheric models. This study maps sub-kilometer spatial structures in total atmospheric column water vapor with visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectroscopy. We describe our inversion approach and validate its accuracy with coincident measurements by airborne imaging spectrometers and the AERONET ground-based observation network. Next, data from NASA's AVIRIS-NG spectrometer enable the highest-resolution measurement to date of water vapor's spatial variability and scaling properties. We find second-order structure function scaling exponents consistent with prior studies of convective atmospheres. Airborne lidar data show that this total column measurement provides information about variability in the lower troposphere. We conclude by discussing the implications of these measurements and paths toward future campaigns to build upon these results.