cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Microparticles and Micromotors with Single Holes Templated by Colloidal Silica-Assisted Gas Bubbles

A simple, new synthetic method that produces hollow, mesoporous carbon microparticles, each with a single hole on its surface, is reported. The synthesis involves unique templates, which are composed of gaseous bubbles and colloidal silica, and poly(furfuryl alcohol) as a carbon precursor. The conditions that give these morphologically unique carbon microparticles are investigated, and the mechanisms that result in their unique structures are proposed. Notably, the amount of colloidal silica and the type of polymer are found to hugely dictate whether or not the synthesis results in hollow asymmetrical microparticles, each with a single hole. The potential application of the particles as self-propelled micromotors is demonstrated.
Dynamic End-Tidal Forcing for Respiratory Controller Parameter Estimation

Abstract It mау be possible to interpret drug effects in terms of actions on specific mechanisms that contribute to human respiratory control if the temporal aspects of the ventilation response to a dynamic end-tidal CO 2 stimulus can be used to separate contributions from these mechanisms. In this paper, we discuss the development of a parametric model that can be used to interpret dynamic response experiments and consider in some detail how the dynamic aspects of the end-tidal CO 2 forcing function influence our ability to estimate the model parameters from ventilation data that contain an inherent breath-to-breath observation noise.
Variable-phase approach to off-shell potential scattering

The variable-phase approach to potential scattering leads to a first-order differential equation for a functionδtR, such thatδt=0, andδt{∞} is the phase shift for potential.V(r). The equation involvesV(r) but does not involve the wave function. We apply this method to find first-order differential equations for the quasi-phase parameters which describe the half-off-shell matrix elements. The case of a complex potential is considered, and also the case of coupled channels.
Rightist gains and critical scholarship

AbstractIn this essay, I first discuss where the article “Doing Things the ‘Right’ Way” that was published in this journal in 2005 fits into my corpus of work. In many ways, it represents a coming together of the various influences that have continued to form me over the nearly five decades I have been engaged in critically examining the relationship between educational theories, policies and practices, and differential power. Like many others, my work has been guided by two major goals: understanding and interrupting dominance. This has required that we become more nuanced in our critical analyses of the dynamics of power and the agents who wield it and that we not be satisfied with simplistic slogans that may be effective for rallying opposition but are much less effective at determining tactics and spaces of possibility. Thus, my aim is not only to both grasp and counter dominant policies and practices, but also to engage in fraternal criticism of what I take to be overly simplistic work by some parts ...
Trust in climate scientists

Those who distrust climate scientists are more likely to be skeptical of climate change and reluctant to support mitigation policies. Now research shows that scientific interest in early adolescence is associated with increased trust in climate scientists in adulthood irrespective of political ideology.
Congenital Heart Disease

Owing to the advances in diagnosis and management, more than one million adults in the United States are known to have congenital heart disease (CHD). Some forms of CHD, including atrial septal defect (ASD) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), often present for the first time in the adult patient. Complex forms of CHD, such as cyanotic CHD, require thorough echocardiographic evaluation for accurate diagnoses; however, simpler lesions could be easily diagnosed with point-of-care ultrasound, distinguishing them from other causes of cardiac murmurs or heart disease. If CHD is identified or suspected with point-of-care ultrasound, formal echocardiographic evaluation and consultation with an expert in CHD is recommended.
NanoCellBiology of Secretion

Cells synthesize, store, and secrete, on demand, products such as hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes. Cellular cargos destined for secretion are packaged and stored in membranous sacs or vesicles, which are transported via microtubule and actin railroad systems, to dock and establish continuity at the base of specialized cup-shaped plasma membrane structures called porosomes to release their contents. The fusion of membrane-bound secretory vesicles at the porosome base, and the molecular mechanism of secretory vesicle swelling required for content expulsion during cell secretion, is discussed in this Springer Brief. These new findings in the last 15 years have resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of the secretory process in cells and has given birth to a new field in biology—NanoCellBiology.
The U.S. food–energy–water system: A blueprint to fill the mesoscale gap for science and decision-making

Food, energy, and water (FEW) are interdependent and must be examined as a coupled natural-human system. This perspective essay defines FEW systems and outlines key findings about them as a blueprint for future models to satisfy six key objectives. The first three focus on linking the FEW production and consumption to impacts on Earth cycles in a spatially specific manner in order to diagnose problems and identify potential solutions. The second three focus on describing the evolution of FEW systems to identify risks, thus empowering the FEW actors to better achieve the goals of resilience and sustainability. Four key findings about the FEW systems that guide future model development are (1) that they engage ecological, carbon, water, and nutrient cycles most powerfully among all human systems; (2) that they operate primarily at a mesoscale best captured by counties, districts, and cities; (3) that cities are hubs within the FEW system; and (4) that the FEW system forms a complex network.
Structural aspects of the gastric H,K-ATPase.

The gastric H,K-ATPase is an alpha,beta heterodimer. The large catalytic subunit is composed, in the case of the hog enzyme, of 1033 amino acids, whereas the beta subunit is composed of about 291 amino acids and is heavily glycosylated. The membrane topology of the alpha subunit is difficult to predict using hydropathy analysis. Tryptic hydrolysis of intact, inside out vesicles followed by cysteine labelling with fluorescein-5-maleimide provided experimental evidence for an 8 membrane spanning model for the alpha subunit, between residues 104 and 162 (M1/M2), 291 and 358 (M3/M4), 776 and 835 (M5/M6), and 853 and 946 (M7/M8). No evidence was found for a pair of segments (M9/M10) towards the C terminal end of the molecule, contrary to predictions for the Na,K- and Ca-ATPases. Iodination of intact vesicles followed by carboxypeptidase Y cleavage of the C terminal tyrosines showed that the C terminal end of the alpha subunit was cytoplasmic. The epitope for antibody 146 was extracytoplasmic and located between residues 871 to 874 between M7/M8. The binding site of the K competitive imidazo-pyridine, SCH28080, was to the extracytoplasmic loop between M1 and M2, whereas the binding of the covalent SH reagent generated from acid activation of omeprazole in acid transporting vesicles was to 2 cysteines at positions 813 (or 822) and 892 predicted to be in the extracytoplasmic loops connecting M5/M6 and M7/M8, respectively. The beta subunit was only hydrolysed in broken vesicles. A fragment beginning at position 236 was liberated under these conditions only in the presence of reducing agents, showing that cysteine 210 and 263 were disulfide linked. It seems that this subunit has only a single membrane spanning segment as predicted by hydrophobicity. Binding of either SCH28080 or omeprazole to the extracytoplasmic face of the enzyme affected cytoplasmic conformational changes, showing that there was transmembranal transmission of changes of shape of the protein.
The Visual Perception of Distance

In order to observe and to determine something about the character of the visual perception of distance, I shall offer an illustrative experience of visual remoteness and closeness freed, so far as possible, from ordinary sophistications. This illustration will lead to two descriptive definitions of distance and nearness which are intended to be faithful interpretations of the actual experience. After some introductory — or reductory — remarks, the further consideration of this topic will divide conveniently into three sections: distance and object-properties; distance and object identity; distance and object-context. As these headings suggest, an assumption will be made which a philosopher would accept only temporarily: viz. that the perceiving of objects is an obvious occurrence and can be taken for granted. But before finishing I intend to return to this assumption with some indication of its derivative character.
Basic Statistics (3rd ed.) by Chris Spatz and James O. Johnston/Elementary Statistics (2nd ed.) by Roger E. Kirk/Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology (2nd ed.) by Gene V. Glass and Kenneth D. Hopkins/Statistics: A Spectator Sport by Richard M. Jaegar

(1985). Basic Statistics (3rd ed.) by Chris Spatz and James O. Johnston/Elementary Statistics (2nd ed.) by Roger E. Kirk/Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology (2nd ed.) by Gene V. Glass and Kenneth D. Hopkins/Statistics: A Spectator Sport by Richard M. Jaegar. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 90-90.
Flight Test Validation of Collision and Obstacle Avoidance in Fixed-Wing UASs with High Speeds Using Morphing Potential Field

A novel approach to collision and obstacle avoidance in fixed-wing unmanned aerial systems with high speed and high inertia was developed by reformulating classical artificial potential field navigational approaches. Classical artificial potential field navigation is a formidable approach to collision avoidance for slow and small robots including rotary-wing UASs, however they lack robustness and adaptability for large fixed-wing aircraft flying in close proximity or congested areas. As part of a concept demonstration, this work presents the validation and verification of morphing potential collision avoidance using large unmanned aerial systems flying at 60 ft/sec. The morphing potential function was constrained by the aircraft's six-degree-of-freedom dynamic characteristics and maximum allowable bank angle. A virtual time-varying waypoint is used to navigate the aircraft in a dynamically changing environment. The validation flight tests were successfully conducted and real-time avoidance capabilities were demonstrated.
Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations. I Space-time spectra, resolution, and aliasing. II - Fast Fourier synoptic mapping

An evaluation of the information content of asynoptic data taken in the form of nadir sonde and limb scan observations is presented, and a one-to-one correspondence is established between the alias-free data and twice-daily synoptic maps. Attention is given to space and time limitations of sampling and the orbital geometry is discussed. The sampling pattern is demonstrated to determine unique space-time spectra at all wavenumbers and frequencies. Spectral resolution and aliasing are explored, while restrictions on sampling and information content are defined. It is noted that irregular sampling at high latitudes produces spurious contamination effects. An Asynoptic Sampling Theorem is thereby formulated, as is a Synoptic Retrieval Theorem, in the second part of the article. In the latter, a procedure is developed for retrieving the unique correspondence between the asymptotic data and the synoptic maps. Applications examples are provided using data from the Nimbus-6 satellite.
Lactone Synthesis by Enantioselective Orthogonal Tandem Catalysis

In this work, we report enantioselective orthogonal tandem catalysis for the one pot conversion of Meldrum's acid derivatives and alkynes into δ-lactones. This new transformation, which resembles a formal [4+2] cycloaddition with concomitant decarboxylation and loss of acetone, proceeds in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee) over a broad substrate scope. The products are densely functionalized and ripe for further transformations, as demonstrated here by both ring-opening reactions and reduction to saturated lactones. It was discovered that a new and serendipitously formed AgI -Me-StackPhos complex efficiently catalyzes the highly selective 6-endo-dig cyclization, completely reversing the regiochemistry that has been previously reported in related systems. More generally, in this study we identify a pair of compatible catalysts for alkyne difunctionalization that operate concurrently, which enable the alkyne to act as both a nucleophile and an electrophile in sequential one-pot transformations.
Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients with Diabetes

Given the heightened risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus, it is important that primary care clinicians be comfortable with the routine management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in this patient population. Notably, patients with diabetes are more likely to present atypically during an ACS. To improve health outcomes, patients with a history of diabetes and ACS should be evaluated for peripheral arterial disease and encouraged to pursue cardiac rehabilitation. Clinicians should also be cognizant of the high rate of polypharmacy in patients with diabetes and the potential glycemic and cardioprotective impact of medications they prescribe for these patients. For patients with diabetes presenting with an acute ACS, guidelines recommend an early invasive strategy as opposed to an initial conservative approach. Apart from ensuring effective glycemic control, guidelines largely recommend that patients with and without diabetes be treated similarly. Accordingly, dual antiplatelet therapy is the standard of care for ACS patients, irrespective of diabetes status. Although clopidogrel may be the most widely used of the P2Y12 inhibitors recommended for dual antiplatelet therapy, there is evidence of an impaired response in patients with diabetes. Newer oral P2Y12 inhibitors such as ticagrelor and prasugrel have demonstrated greater efficacy than clopidogrel in improving the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with ACS and diabetes.
Timing is everything: Effects of day and night warming on predator functional traits

Abstract Global mean temperature is increasing; however, when evaluated on a local scale, much of the documented warming is happening asymmetrically, with temperatures increasing either during the day or at night. Yet, most experimental studies increase temperatures constantly throughout a 24 h day, or disproportionally during the daytime, which could lead to a mismatch between evaluated and predicted warming. We conducted three experiments to evaluate how timing of warming (constant, day, or night) influences development, predation, and respiration rates of predators. Lady beetles were reared from egg to adulthood in one of four different temperature treatments. Next, we compared aphid consumption rates by adult lady beetles that were reared in different conditions. Finally, all individuals were exposed to a single similar temperature to evaluate respiration rates. Warming treatment affected many of the measured predator traits, including hatching success, development times, predation rates, and respiration rates, but the direction and magnitude of effects differed among traits measured. Our results demonstrate that the timing of warming has ecologically-relevant effects and that future studies should strive for more realistic warming treatments to increase their predictive power and reliability of results.
Gender Differences in Surgeon Burnout and Barriers to Career Satisfaction: A Qualitative Exploration.

Abstract Background Physician burnout is a highly prevalent issue in the surgical community. Burnout is associated with poor career satisfaction; female gender, and younger age place surgeons at higher risk for burnout. Here, we examined drivers behind burnout and career dissatisfaction in female and junior surgical faculty, with specific attention paid to gender-based differences. Materials and methods Participants included full-time surgery faculty members at a single academic surgery center. Both male and female faculty members were included, at ranks ranging from instructor to associate professor. Semistructured interviews were conducted by a faculty member at the institution until thematic saturation was reached. Field notes were compiled from each interview, and these data were coded thematically. Results Fourteen female faculty and nine male faculty members were interviewed. For both female and male faculty, lack of control with work life was a significant theme contributing to burnout. Positive factors contributing to career satisfaction for both genders included enjoyment of patient care and teaching, teamwork and collegiality, and leadership support. For female faculty, the major theme of gender bias in the workplace as a risk factor for burnout was prominent. Male faculty struggled more than their female counterparts with guilt over complications and second victim syndrome. Conclusions Gender differences driving career dissatisfaction and burnout exist between female and male surgical faculty. Acknowledging these differences when designing efforts to address physician wellness and decrease burnout is critical.
Unmasking catamenial hemoptysis in the era of CFTR modulator therapy.

Abstract Background Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare condition that occurs in women when endometriosis implants into the thoracic cavity. Catamenial hemoptysis, the occurrence of hemoptysis with menstruation, is a recognized clinical manifestation of TES commonly treated with hormonal therapy. Case summary We present the first documented case describing the recrudescence of catamenial hemoptysis in the setting of Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor administration in a 25-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis (CF). Discussion We review the literature on TES, pharmacologic management, and reported cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drug interactions. We propose that our patient's recrudescence of catamenial hemoptysis was secondary to a drug-drug interaction between Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor and oral contraceptive therapy. Conclusion Our case suggests that women with CF who have catamenial hemoptysis and a genetic mutation approved for Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor or Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor can be managed effectively with either CFTR modulator and hormonal contraceptive therapy.
Thermal transport exceeding bulk heat conduction due to nonthermal micro/nanoscale phonon populations

While classical size effects usually lead to a reduced effective thermal conductivity, we report here that nonthermal phonon populations produced by a micro/nanoscale heat source can lead to enhanced heat conduction, exceeding the prediction from Fourier's law. We study nondiffusive thermal transport by phonons at small distances within the framework of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) and demonstrate that the transport is significantly affected by the distribution of phonons emitted by the source. We discuss analytical solutions of the steady-state BTE for a source with a sinusoidal spatial profile, as well as for a three-dimensional Gaussian “hot spot,” and provide numerical results for single crystal silicon at room temperature. If a micro/nanoscale heat source produces a thermal phonon distribution, it gets hotter than that predicted by the heat diffusion equation; however, if the source predominantly produces low-frequency acoustic phonons with long mean free paths, it may get significantly cooler than that predicted by the heat equation, yielding an enhanced heat transport beyond bulk heat conduction.
The Gift of a Vocation: Learning, Writing, and Teaching Sociology

To write a sociological festschrift for a scholar necessarily means looking at a chain of influence instead of one person. In this essay, I honor William Shaffir, Emeritus Professor of Sociol­ogy at McMaster University, who taught me as I worked towards the MA. I examine what I learned from him by starting with my undergraduate experiences at McGill University, where Billy (I never heard anyone call him William) received his PhD. We shared influences there, including those who had studied with Howard S. Becker at Northwestern University. I then turn to my time at McMaster, and how Billy strengthened my knowledge of symbolic interactionism and qualitative methods, as well as taught me important lessons about writing. He also reduced graduate students’ anxieties, including mine, through two words: “No problem.” My experiences with Billy provided a model of mentoring that challenged the usual hierarchy between graduate students and professors. Those lessons were reinforced as I pursued a PhD at the University of Minnesota and spent two quarters at Northwestern University as a visiting student. These connecting influences helped me write and teach sociology in a largely quantitative department at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, where I lacked the kind of support I had received as an undergraduate and graduate student. I taught there over 37 years, practicing the kind of sociology and mentoring that Billy generously modeled so many years ago.
Transcriptome-Wide Regulation of Key Developmental Pathways in the Mouse Neural Tube by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure.

Background Early gestational alcohol exposure is associated with severe craniofacial and CNS dysmorphologies and behavioral abnormalities during adolescence and adulthood. Alcohol exposure during the formation of the neural tube (gestational day [GD] 8 to 10 in mice; equivalent to the ~4th week of human pregnancy) disrupts development of ventral midline brain structures such as the pituitary, septum, and ventricles. This study identifies transcriptomic changes in the rostroventral neural tube (RVNT), the region of the neural tube that gives rise to the midline structures sensitive to alcohol exposure during neurulation. Methods Female C57BL/6J mice were administered 2 doses of alcohol (2.9 g/kg) or vehicle 4 hours apart on GD 9.0. The RVNTs of embryos were collected 6 or 24 hours after the first dose and processed for RNA-seq. Results Six hours following GD 9.0 alcohol exposure (GD 9.25), over 2,300 genes in the RVNT were determined to be differentially regulated by alcohol. Enrichment analysis determined that PAE affected pathways related to cell proliferation, p53 signaling, ribosome biogenesis, and immune activation. In addition, over 100 genes involved in primary cilia formation and function and regulation of morphogenic pathways were altered 6 hours after alcohol exposure. The changes to gene expression were largely transient, as only 91 genes identified as differentially regulated by prenatal alcohol at GD 10 (24 hours postexposure). Functionally, the differentially regulated genes at GD 10 were related to organogenesis and cell migration. Conclusions These data give a comprehensive view of the changing landscape of the embryonic transcriptome networks in regions of the neural tube that give rise to brain structures impacted by a neurulation-stage alcohol exposure. Identification of gene networks dysregulated by alcohol will help elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of alcohol's actions.
Assessing metabolic flexibility and mitochondrial bioenergetics

Abstract The field of metabolism and cellular bioenergetics has been object of great interest to many scientists including multiple Nobel laureates. Until recently, the main developments in the understanding of mitochondrial bioenergetics came from the field of exercise metabolism. However, this knowledge has finally spilled over into the field of health and disease due to its strong relationship with multiple diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and even cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Disruption of mitochondrial dysfunction is ubiquitous in multiple diseases. The intention of this chapter is to show some knowledge about the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the most prevalent noninfectious diseases. Furthermore, another aim is to show novel ways to assess mitochondrial flexibility and mitochondrial function for diagnostic purposes as well as to prescribe individual exercise to improve mitochondrial function, which is the only “medicine” we know that is efficient against mitochondrial dysfunction.
Minimum 2-Year Analysis of S2-Alar-Iliac Screw Fixation for Adult Spinal Deformity:

Study Design:Retrospective cohort.Objective:Determine the rate and risk factors for S2AI screw-related pain after adult spinal deformity surgery with a minimum 2-year follow-up.Methods:A consecutiv...
Individually Fair Rankings

We develop an algorithm to train individually fair learning-to-rank (LTR) models. The proposed approach ensures items from minority groups appear alongside similar items from majority groups. This notion of fair ranking is based on the definition of individual fairness from supervised learning and is more nuanced than prior fair LTR approaches that simply ensure the ranking model provides underrepresented items with a basic level of exposure. The crux of our method is an optimal transport-based regularizer that enforces individual fairness and an efficient algorithm for optimizing the regularizer. We show that our approach leads to certifiably individually fair LTR models and demonstrate the efficacy of our method on ranking tasks subject to demographic biases.
The Global Recognition Strategy of Blue Chips of the Russian and CIS Markets

This study examines the mechanisms through which companies domiciled within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) overcome market segmentation barriers which are the legacy of the Soviet Union. In contrast to a conventional cross-listing mechanism, leading CIS firms pursue reverse cross-listing or single-listing strategies, selecting the London Stock Exchange (LSE) as their main or only capital-raising platform. This study documents short-term IPO underperformance for single-LSE and dual-listed firms, suggesting that listing in London is risky, and that firms should consider alternative capital-raising strategies. Recent national regulatory reforms, which are expected to both improve capital market conditions and to encourage firms to list domestically, present CIS firms with such an opportunity. Finally, this study shows that CIS blue chips outperform the UK market in the long-run. This effect is more pronounced for dual-listed firms that also outperform the Russian market.
More Appealing: Reforming Bail Review in State Courts

On any given day, local jails detain nearly half-a-million people who cannot afford bail. Opposition to this status quo, and to monetary conditions of pretrial release more broadly, has reached a fever pitch in recent years. Critics from across the political spectrum decry bail as a wellspring of mass incarceration and acknowledge its profoundly discriminatory effects, particularly within low-income communities of color. Academic studies link bail to poorer case outcomes and a myriad of destabilizing collateral consequences for pretrial detainees. And local justice systems have begun to grapple with the high human and economic costs of incarcerating large numbers of people still presumed innocent under the law. Amid widespread agreement that bail is broken, it is easy to forget that the system has been in a suspended state of crisis for decades and proved resistant to change before. In the face of this critical and persistent problem, this Note offers appellate review of bail determinations as a viable avenue for reform. By revamping the “bail appeal”—a procedure that has received little attention from reformers and academics alike—states have an opportunity to reduce the scourge of pretrial detention, conserve the time and resources of local justice systems, and provide a durable promise of pretrial justice.
After the Arab Uprisings: Progress and Stagnation in the Middle East and North Africa

Why were some, but not all the Arab mass social protests of 2011 accompanied by relatively quick and nonviolent outcomes in the direction of regime change, democracy, and social transformation? Why was a democratic transition limited to Tunisia, and why did region-wide democratization not occur? After the Arab Uprisings offers an explanatory framework to answer these central questions, based on four key themes: state and regime type, civil society, gender relations and women's mobilizations, and external influence. Applying these to seven cases: Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Bahrain, Libya, Syria, and Yemen, Valentine M. Moghadam and Shamiran Mako highlight the salience of domestic and external factors and forces, uniquely presenting women's legal status, social positions, and organizational capacity, along with the presence or absence of external intervention, as key elements in explaining the divergent outcomes of the Arab Spring uprisings, and extending the analysis to the present day.
Substance P enhances photosensitizer uptake in MAT-LyLu prostate tumors.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5185 The aim of this study is to characterize the transvascular transport of photosensitizer conjugates in MAT-LyLu subcutaneous tumors and to investigate the effects of inflammatory mediator on the photosensitizer uptake. We have examined the tumor vasculature morphology, pore cutoff size, vascular permeability, and photosensitizer uptake temporal and spatial dynamics and in response to intratumor injection of a neuropeptide, substance P. Average diameter of tumor vessels were increased significantly in response to SP administration. Vessel wall pore cutoff size evaluated by intravital fluorescence microscopy showed SP increased vessel pore cutoff size. This result has been confirmed with electron microscopy illustrated the opening intercellular gaps after injection of SP. Vascular permeability to LDL (22 nm in diameter), BSA (6 nm in diameter), fluorescence dextrans (3, 10, 70, 500, 2,000KDa) and fluorescence beads (40, 200, 1,000 nm in diameter) were determined by intravital fluorescence microscopy. Permeability was found temporally and spatially heterogeneous. Vascular permeability to LDL and BSA were found increased significantly and more homogeneous after SP administration. These changes were further confirmed by Evans Blue albumin extravasation assay showing significant increase of albumin extravasation in SP injected tumors. Photosensitizer uptake was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and fluorometer at 3 hours post photosensitizer administration. SP injected tumors showed a significant higher cellular uptake and a more homogeneous distribution than the control tumors. Our study suggested that intratumor administration of substance P can induce transient opening of intercellular gaps, enhance the photosensitizer extravasation and achieve a homogeneous photosensitizer cellular uptake.
Surface Density-Induced Pleating of a Lipid Monolayer Drives Nascent High-Density Lipoprotein Assembly

Biogenesis of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is coupled to the transmembrane protein, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which transports phospholipid (PL) from the inner to the outer membrane monolayer. Using a combination of computational and experimental approaches, we show that increased outer lipid monolayer surface density, driven by excess PL or membrane insertion of amphipathic helices, results in pleating of the outer monolayer to form membrane-attached discoidal bilayers. Apolipoprotein (apo)A-I accelerates and stabilizes the pleats. In the absence of apoA-I, pleats collapse to form vesicles. These results mimic cells overexpressing ABCA1 that, in the absence of apoA-I, form and release vesicles. We conclude that the basic driving force for nascent discoidal HDL assembly is a PL pump-induced surface density increase that produces lipid monolayer pleating. We then argue that ABCA1 forms an extracellular reservoir containing an isolated pressurized lipid monolayer decoupled from the transbilayer density buffering of cholesterol.
Pathogenesis of oncogenic simian adenoviruses. VII. The origin of annulate lamellae in LLC-MK2 cells infected with SV30.

LLC-MK2 cells were grown as monolayers, infected with the oncogenic simian adenovirus 30 (SV30), and harvested 1–192 hours post infection (p.i.). As early as 1 hour p.i., increased numbers of annulate lamellae were observed within the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected LLC-MK2 cells. The cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were usually in close proximity to the nucleus and frequently contiguous with the outer nuclear envelope. Intertubular connections between parallel lamellae, electron dense particles consistent with ribosomes, and crystalloid bodies in contact with annulate lamellae were observed. The increased number of annulate lamellae over that observed in control cultures may be either a cellular response concomitant with virus replication or a secondary manifestation of viral toxicity. The formation of annulate lamellae appears to occur by way of at least two processes in SV30-associated cells.
Fails to Deliver: The Price Impact of Naked Short Sales

The effect of naked short selling on asset prices and trading dynamics is a prominent topic of debate among market participants, regulators, and the popular press. This paper evaluates the validity of the claim that naked shorting leads to negative excess returns by creating additional selling pressure. While data on naked short sales is not publicly available, Securities Exchange Commission data on failures to deliver is a strong proxy. Fail to deliver data for 2004 covers a period during which the prevalence of naked short selling was not public knowledge since neither the fail to deliver data nor the Regulation SHO List were publicly available. In excluding information and regulation effects, the analysis presented in this paper isolates potential microstructure price effects. Using a methodology that constructs daily portfolios according to the quantity of naked short selling, I find no evidence that stocks subject to naked short selling experience negative excess returns. Rather, I find evidence that these stocks outperform on the day the trades occur. Naked short sellers appear to target stocks that outperform during the trading day and cover existing fails on days when the stocks underperform. This outperformance is not evident for stocks subject to the greatest amount of naked short selling, suggesting that positive excess returns may be offset by the additional selling pressure.
Ultra-high resolution, biologically inspired sonar

Present operational capability to detect and classify mines in adverse environments such as shallow water is very limited. Research has shown that mammalian sonars are superior to any man-made sonars in such environments. This paper describes a novel signal processing concept based on recently discovered echo processing operations used by echolocating bats and dolphins. The signal processor uses unique front-end filters followed by nonlinear functions emulating auditory neural models to effect high resolution at low frequency. Processing emulations confirm performance far superior to conventional processing techniques. Of particular importance is the system implementation using a scalable architecture that can be integrated into an AUV to suit various missions. Results of simulation and data analysis are included here which demonstrate the processing gains realizable by the proposed technique.
Students Writing Race at Southern Public Women's Colleges, 1884-1945

Scholars have long debated the complicity of Southern white women after the Civil War in helping create a racialist and racist regional identity and denying or delaying civil rights for African Americans. These studies have largely focused on the activities of elite white women property owners, club members, and writers. Yet few scholars have examined college women's activities in this regard, particularly those of the eight public colleges for women established in the South between 1884 and 1908: Mississippi State College for Women (MSCW) (1884), Georgia State College for Women (1889), Winthrop College in South Carolina (1891), North Carolina College for Women (NCCW) (1891), Alabama College for Women (ACW) (1893), Texas State College for Women (TSCW) (1901), Florida State College for Women (FSCW) (1905), and Oklahoma College for Women (1908). Little studied today, these schools served as important centers of women's education in their states, collectively educating approximately 100,000 women before World War II and with combined enrollments exceeding that of the Seven Sisters schools for many years.
Financial management of hospitals

The effect of hospital reimbursement systems on the financial management of hospitals is briefly discussed, and the organization of hospital financial operations is reviewed. The implementation of Medicare prospective pricing will change the way in which hospital finances are managed. Health-care managers will be concerned with the profitability of product lines, or diagnosis-related groups, in future strategic planning efforts. The hospital's finance department consists of several traditional areas that exist in almost all financial organizations. The functions and interactions of these various areas are discussed in light of previous and current hospital reimbursement strategies. Staffing of the finance department and the duties of the hospital's chief financial officer are also described. The prospective pricing system of hospital reimbursement and increasing pressure from the business community to stem the rising costs of health care will produce changes in the medical and financial operations of the hospital industry over the next decade.
Amelioration of Established Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by an MHC Anchor-Substituted Variant of Proteolipid Protein 139–151

Murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder directed against myelin proteins within the CNS. We propose that variant peptides containing amino acid substitutions at MHC anchor residues will provide a unique means to controlling the polyclonal autoimmune T cell response. In this study, we have identified an MHC variant of proteolipid protein (PLP) 139–151 (145D) that renders PLP139–151-specific T cell lines anergic in vitro, as defined by a significant reduction in proliferation and IL-2 production following challenge with wild-type peptide. In vivo administration of 145D before challenge with PLP139–151 results in a significant reduction in disease severity and incidence. Importantly, we demonstrate the ability of an MHC variant peptide to ameliorate established EAE. An advantage to this treatment is that the MHC variant peptide does not induce an acute hypersensitivity reaction. This is in contrast to previous work in the PLP139–151 model demonstrating that anaphylactic shock resulting in death occurs upon rechallenge with the encephalitogenic peptide. Taken together, these data demonstrate the effectiveness of MHC anchor-substituted peptides in the treatment of EAE and suggest their utility in the treatment of other autoimmune disorders.
Changes in intersegmental dynamics over time due to increased leg inertia

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of asymmetrical loading on the intersegmental dynamics of the swing phase. Participants were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min under three loading conditions: (a) unloaded baseline, (b) 2 kg attached to the dominant limb’s ankle, and (c) post-load, following load removal. Sagittal plane motion data of both legs were collected and an intersegmental dynamics analysis of each swing phase was performed. Comparisons of steady-state responses across load conditions showed that absolute angular impulses of the loaded limb’s hip and knee increased significantly after load addition, and returned to baseline following load removal. Unloaded leg steady-state responses were not different across load conditions. However, after a change in leg inertia both legs experienced a period of adaptation that lasted approximately 40 strides before a steady state walking pattern was achieved. These findings suggest that the central nervous system refined the joint moments over time to account for the altered limb inertia and to maintain the underlying kinematic walking pattern. Maintaining a similar kinematic walking pattern resulted in altered moment profiles of the loaded leg, but similar moment profiles of the unloaded leg compared with the unloaded baseline condition.
Thermisches Verhalten von Caesiumchloroferraten(III) und Caesiumchloroferrat(III)‐Hydraten Zum Phasendiagramm des Systems CsCl ? FeCl3

Das thermische Verhalten von CsFeCl4, Cs2Fe(H2O)Cl5 und Cs3FeCl6 · H2O wurde mittels Simultanthermoanalyse bis 500°C, Rontgenbeugung und Raman-Spektroskopie untersucht. Wasserfreies Cs3FeCl6 ist bis 280°C metastabil; demgegenuber kann wasserfreies Cs2FeCl5 nicht erhalten werden. Die bei der Zersetzung von Cs3Fe2Cl9 in einer Festphasenreaktion gebildeten Verbindungen wurden als CsFeCl4 und CsCl identifiziert. Die Zersetzung ist reversibel. Aufgrund der experimentellen Ergebnisse wird das korrigierte Phasendiagramm des Systems CsClFeCl3 vorgestellt. Thermal Behaviour of Cesium Chloroferrates(III) and Cesium Chloroferrate(III) Hydrates. On the Phase Diagram of the CsClFeCl3 System The thermal behaviour of CsFeCl4, Cs2Fe(H2O)Cl5, and Cs3FeCl6 · H2O has been studied by simultaneous thermal analysis up to 500°C, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Anhydrous Cs3FeCl6 is metastable up to 280°C. Anhydrous Cs2FeCl5 does not exist. The decomposition of Cs3Fe2Cl9 at 270°C yields CsCl and CsFeCl4. This solid phase reaction is reversible. The corrected phase diagram of the system CsClFeCl3 is presented basing on experimental results.
The effects of restricted floor space allowance and virginiamycin supplementation on the feedlot performance of swine

Abstract Three series of trials involving 732 pigs were conducted to evaluate the feedlot performance of starter and grower-finisher swine housed under conditions of restricted and adequate floor space allowance when fed diets with and without virginiamycin (11 mg kg−1). In starter Trials 1–4, floor space allowance was altered by housing either 12(0.12 m2/pig) or 6 (0.24 m2/pig) pigs in 1.2 × 1.2 m cages. Increasing the number of pigs per cage from 6 to 12 caused depressions in daily gain, in feed intake and in feed efficiency. Virginiamycin supplementation improved daily gain and feed efficiency. In starter Trials 5 and 6, floor space allowance was altered by varying cage size with six pigs per cage across treatments. Decreasing floor space allowance from 0.24 to 0.12 m2 per pig caused depressions in daily gain and feed efficiency. Virginiamycin supplementation had no significant effect on performance. In grower-finisher Trials 7–9, floor space allowance was altered by varying pen size with 5 pigs per pen across treatments. Decreasing floor space allowance from 0.78 to 0.43 m2 per pig caused depressions in daily gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency over the entire trial, but virginiamycin supplementation had no significant effect on performance. The virginiamycin by floor space allowance interaction was significant in only one instance (Trials 1–4) with virginiamycin improving feed efficiency by 6.2% when pigs were housed at a density of 6 per pen, but only by 2.5% when housed at a density of 12/pen. These results show the importance of floor space allowance in relation to performance of starter and grower-finisher pigs, but indicate that the response to dietary virginiamycin was similar under conditions of restricted or adequate space allowance.
The Sixty-Fourth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

The results of the Sixty-Fourth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, held December 6, 2003, follow. They have been determined in accordance with the regulations governing the Competition. The contest is supported by the William Lowell Putnam Prize Fund for the Promotion of Scholarship, an endowment established by Mrs. Putnam in memory of her husband. The annual Competition is held under the auspices of the Mathematical Association of America. The first prize, $25,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The members of the winning team were Reid W. Barton, Daniel M. Kane, and Yevgeny K. Zaytman; each was awarded a prize of $1,000. The second prize, $20,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University. The members of the winning team were Gabriel D. Carroll, George Lee, Jr., and Alexander B. Schwartz; each was awarded a prize of $800. The third prize, $15,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Duke University. The members of the winning team were David G. Arthur, Nikifor C. Bliznashki, and Oaz Nir; each was awarded a prize of $600. The fourth prize, $10,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of the California Institute of Technology. The members of the winning team were Zhihao Liu, Po-Ru Loh, and Po-Shen Loh; each was awarded a prize of $400. The fifth prize, $5,000, was awarded to the Department of Mathematics of Harvey Mudd College. The members of the winning team were David J. Gaebler, Jason Murcko, and Andrew G. Niedermaier; each was awarded a prize of $200. The five highest ranking individual contestants, the Putnam Fellows, in alphabetical order, were Reid W. Barton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ana Caraiani, Princeton University; Gabriel D. Carroll, Harvard University; Ralph C. Furmaniak, University of Waterloo; and Daniel M. Kane, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Each receives an award of $2,500. The next eleven highest ranking contestants, in alphabetical order, were: David G. Arthur, Duke University; Robert M. Barrington Leigh, University of Toronto; Alex R. Fink, University of Calgary; Andrei Jorza, Harvard University; Suehyun Kwon, Princeton University; Ian Tuan-Yen Le, Harvard University; Ricky I. Liu, Harvard University; Po-Ru Loh, California Institute of Technology; Sevak Mkrtchyan, University of Pittsburgh; David A. G. Pritchard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Emanuel I. Stoica, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Each receives an award of $1,000. The next ten highest ranking contestants, in alphabetical order, were: Vladimir Barzov, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Michael C. Catlin, Harvard University; Benjamin J. Conlee, Harvard University; Stefan L. Hornet, Princeton University; George Lee, Jr., Harvard University; Po-Shen Loh, California Institute of Technology; Vladimir S. Novakovski, Harvard University; Zhongtao Wu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Rumen I. Zarev, California Institute of Technology; and Yevgeny K. Zaytman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Each receives an award of $250.
Carbon dioxide drove climate change during longest interglacial

Known as the marine isotope stage 11 (MIS 11), the interglacial period that occurred from approximately 425,000 years ago to approximately 375,000 years ago was the longest and possibly the warmest interglacial in the past 500,000 years. Because the orbital configurations, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, climate, and faunal characteristics during MIS 11 closely resemble those of the past 5000 years, paleoclimatologists use MIS 11 as a geological analogue of the present and the near future. Several high- resolution records document almost all aspects of terrestrial and marine climate through MIS 11. However, there is neither a clear understanding about how climatic parameters such as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), sea surface temperature, the isotopic makeup of carbon in marine and terrestrial reservoirs, and annual air temperature interact, nor a consensus regarding the major drivers of climate change during this interval.