cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicellularity in green algae: upsizing in a walled complex

Modern green algae constitute a large and diverse taxonomic assemblage that encompasses many multicellular phenotypes including colonial, filamentous and parenchymatous forms. In all multicellular green algae, each cell is surrounded by an extracellular matrix, most often in the form of a cell wall. Volvocalean taxa like Volvox have an elaborate, gel-like, hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein covering that contains the cells of the colony. In “ulvophytes”, uronic acid-rich and sulfated polysaccharides are the likely adhesion agents that maintain the multicellular habit. Charophytes also produce polysaccharide-rich cell walls and in late divergent taxa, pectin plays a critical role in cell-adhesion in the multicellular complex. Cell walls are products of coordinated interaction of membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics and the cell’s signal transduction machinery responding both to precise internal clocks and external environmental cues. Most often, these activities must be synchronized with the secretion, deposition and remodeling of the polymers of the extracellular matrix. Rapid advances in molecular genetics, cell biology and cell wall biochemistry of green algae will soon provide new insights into the evolution and subcellular processes leading to multicellularity.
Instrumental variables with unrestricted heterogeneity and continuous treatment

This article discusses identification in continuous triangular systems without restrictions on heterogeneity or functional form. We do not assume separability of structural functions, restrictions on the dimensionality of unobservables, or monotonicity in unobservables. We do maintain monotonicity of the first stage relationship in the instrument and consider the case of real-valued treatment. Under these conditions alone, and given rich enough support of the data, potential outcome distributions, the average structural function, and quantile structural functions are point identified. If the support of the continuous instrument is not large enough, potential outcome distributions are partially identified. If the instrument is discrete, identification fails completely. If treatment is multi-dimensional, additional exclusion restrictions yield identification. The set-up discussed in this article covers important cases not covered by existing approaches such as conditional moment restrictions (cf. Newey and Powell, 2003) and control variables (cf. Imbens and Newey, 2009). It covers, in particular, random coefficient models, as well as systems of structural equations.
The effects of clipping and fertilization on nitrogen nutrition and allocation by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Panicum coloratum L., a C4 grass.

Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants of Panicum coloratum L. were grown in a factorial treatment design under two nitrogen levels and two clipping heights with an unclipped control. The nitrogen concentration in different plant components was determined following 9 weeks of growth under experimental conditions. Mycorrhizal infection increased green leaf and sheath nitrogen concentration by a relatively small, but significant percentage and had no effect on nitrogen allocation to the various plant components. Clipping increased leaf nitrogen concentration but inhibited growth to the extent that, when compared with the unclipped controls, less nitrogen remained in residual plant biomass with up to half of the total nitrogen allocated to offtake (the material removed by clipping). Plants receiving the higher nitrogen fertilization had higher tissue concentration of N and more N allocated to above-ground living tissues. Mycorrhizal infection interacted with clipping height and also with N availability significantly. Infection was unable to ameliorate the negative effects of the most severe clipping regime and of the low nitrogen availability on leaf and sheath N content. This is possibly due to mycorrhizal demand for carbohydrates competing with the carbohydrate requirement of roots for nitrogen uptake.
The Value of LIS Schools' Research Topics to Library Authors' Professional Work

Abstract Stoan’s distinction between library skills and research skills based on different philosophies of information seeking suggests the value of training in research methodology for the librarian. Such training could lead to more effective patron consultations, committee/administrative work, and personal research. Thus, a convenience sample of web-based syllabi for web-assisted research courses at 25/57 of the American Library Association-accredited programs were subjected to exploratory analysis, and 45 syllabi-based research topics were reviewed for usefulness to library authors’ professional work.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: Aspects of Early Native American History Cluster

Few aspects of American history have gone through as rapid a transformation as Native American history during the past generation. In the not too distant past scholars, including many anthropologists, wrote accounts of particular Indian ‘tribes’. Many of these works, which were often quite sympathetic to their subject, concentrated on politics and wars. Beginning in the late 1960s, historians, anthropologists, and those calling themselves ‘ethnohistorians’ began to bring new perspectives to the subject. To date, many of the most important studies focus on the period before 1850. Taken together, these works testify to the fundamental importance of understanding the histories of indigenous peoples in the Americas. In recent years, scholarship about Native Americans has boomed. The cluster of six articles here suggests the range of work being done in the field. Nicholas Rosenthal provides an overview of some of the major developments and Joshua Piker offers a penetrating view of the concept of race and how it has shaped our understanding of Native peoples in early America. Ruth Spack’s short essay on American Indian schooling reveals a shift in the history of education based on the incorporation of indigenous perspectives. Tyler Boulware investigates the notion of national identity and its application for Native peoples. Dixie Ray Haggard’s perceptive piece offers nothing less than a major revision of scholars’ understanding of the Yamasee War of the 1710s, an event that played a pivotal role in the southeast during the eighteenth century. Finally, Steven Hackel and Anne Reid reveal the benefits of electronic publication. Their essay on the Early California Population Project provides insight into a major database housed at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, a project now available to scholars that will revolutionize our understanding the period from the 1760s to the midnineteenth century. The full cluster is made up of the following articles:
Acute treatment with docosahexaenoic acid complexed to albumin reduces injury after a permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Docosahexaenoic acid complexed to albumin (DHA-Alb) is highly neuroprotective after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), but whether a similar effect occurs in permanent MCAo is unknown. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (270– 330 g) underwent permanent MCAo. Neurological function was evaluated on days 1, 2 and 3 after MCAo. We studied six groups: DHA (5 mg/kg), Alb (0.63 or 1.25 g/kg), DHA-Alb (5 mg/kg+0.63 g/kg or 5 mg/kg+1.25 g/kg) or saline. Treatment was administered i.v. at 3 h after onset of stroke (n=7–10 per group). Ex vivo imaging of brains and histopathology were conducted on day 3. Saline- and Alb-treated rats developed severe neurological deficits but were not significantly different from one another. In contrast, rats treated with low and moderate doses of DHA-Alb showed improved neurological score compared to corresponding Alb groups on days 2 and 3. Total, cortical and subcortical lesion volumes computed from T2 weighted images were reduced following a moderate dose of DHA-Alb (1.25 g/kg) by 25%, 22%, 34%, respectively, compared to the Alb group. The total corrected, cortical and subcortical infarct volumes were reduced by low (by 36–40%) and moderate doses (by 34–42%) of DHA-Alb treatment compared to the Alb groups. In conclusion, DHA-Alb therapy is highly neuroprotective in permanent MCAo in rats. This treatment can provide the basis for future therapeutics for patients suffering from ischemic stroke.
A multi-component migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey

Stream finding by the anadromous sea lamprey is mediated by a pheromone released by stream-resident larvae which functions as an instinctively recognized indicator of habitat suitability. This cue is comprised of multiple components including the bile acid, petromyzonol sulfate, and at least one other as yet unidentified compound with a molecular weight of 704 daltons. These compounds are detected at picomolar concentrations and are released in large quantities; laboratory experiments demonstrate that each stream-resident larva activates at least 400L of water an hour. The actions of this pheromone are synergized by other compounds found in natural stream waters. Field studies demonstrate that the migratory pheromone plays a key role determining adult lamprey distribution in the Great Lakes. The cue does not appear to be species-specific or specialized, but rather a composite of biologically-relevant compounds that migratory adults have evolved the ability to recognize.
Graph-Based IVUS Segmentation With Efficient Computer-Aided Refinement

A new graph-based approach for segmentation of luminal and external elastic lamina (EEL) surface of coronary vessels in gated 20 MHz intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image sequences (volumes) is presented. The approach consists of a fully automated segmentation stage (“new automated” or NA) and a user-guided computer-aided refinement (“new refinement” or NR) stage. Both approaches are based on the LOGISMOS approach for simultaneous dual-surface graph-based segmentation. This combination allows the user to efficiently combine general information about IVUS image appearance and case-specific IVUS morphology and therefore deal with frequently occurring issues like calcified plaque-causing signal shadowing-and imaging artifacts. The automated segmentation stage starts with pre-segmenting the lumen to automatically define the lumen centerline, which is used to transform the segmentation task into a LOGISMOS-family graph optimization problem. Following the automated segmentation, the user can inspect the result and correct local or regional segmentation inaccuracies by (iteratively) providing approximate clues regarding the location of the desired surface locations. This expert information is utilized to modify the previously calculated cost functions, locally re-optimizing the underlying modified graph without a need to start the new optimization from scratch. Validation of our method was performed on 41 gated 20 MHz IVUS data sets for which an expert-defined independent standard was available. Resulting from the automated stage of the approach (NA), the mean and standard deviation of the root mean square area errors for the luminal and external elastic lamina surfaces were 1.12 ± 0.67 mm2 and 2.35 ± 1.61 mm2, respectively. Following the refinement stage (NR), the root mean square area errors significantly decreased to 0.82 ± 0.44 mm2 and 1.17 ± 0.65 mm2 for the same surfaces, respectively (p <; 0.001 for both surfaces). The approach is delivering a previously unachievable speed of obtaining clinically relevant segmentations compared to the current approaches of automated segmentation followed by manual editing.
Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia (PVL): A review of an elusive pathologic entity!

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare less recognized form of oral leukoplakia. Patients with this condition represent a unique clinically and pathologically progressive characteristic from conventional leukoplakia. Because of the lack of defined pathologic lesions, identifying patients with the early diagnosis of PVL is challenging. This is largely due to the overlapping clinical and pathologic early features with conventional multifocal leukoplakia with dysplasia. The diagnosis can only be achieved through the keen clinical observation of the temporal progression in individual patients to verrucous and/or conventional squamous carcinoma. We present a brief view of the clinicopathologic and biological characteristics of PVL and discuss diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management.
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia: Current Knowledge and Outstanding Public Health Issues

Antiretroviral therapy and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis have caused a decline in Pneumocystis jirovecii incidence in developing countries since the 1990s. Nevertheless, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) remains the primary AIDS-defining disease around the world. Much about the disease remains unknown, including its global burden, best diagnostic practices, the frequency of drug resistance, and the risks associated with Pneumocystis colonization. This review describes current knowledge about Pneumocystis infection and highlights areas where new research could benefit public health.
THE LOCAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE ASYMMETRICAL POWER RELATIONSHIP IN TEAMWORK AMONG ENGINEERS

The purpose of this article is to examine local, interactional processes associated with the construction of power asymmetries in collaborative teamwork among engineering students. To explore the construction of power asymmetries at the micro-interactional level, this article examines a corpus consisting of about 150,000 words in which seven teams of engineering students engage in collaborative project design over an academic year. Findings demonstrate dominant-subordinate relationships are co-constructed and reconstructed in the ongoing process of face-to-face interaction. Dominant team members get their ideas ratified repeatedly by displaying technical explanations, assumptions, and opinions. Conversely, subordinate teammates tend to ask technical questions to seek information. Ultimately, dominant teammates are able to manage the direction that the conversation takes during the design process by gaining tacit consent to grab and maintain control over the project's design.
ESR dating: is it still an 'experimental' technique?

Abstract Nearly 25 years ago, Motoji Ikeya demonstrated the potential of ESR dating. From a single substance (stalagmitic carbonate) and a single site (Akiyoshi Cavern), the field has grown to include materials from all over the world and time periods from a few thousand years ago to several million years ago. A vigorous program of instrumentation development has increased the precision of measurements as well as opening up new ways of collecting and interpreting spectra. Yet there are still references to ESR dating as an ‘experimental’ technique, one which cannot be trusted to produce dates that are accurate or precise. This paper discusses areas for which this is true and suggests what should be done to convince skeptics. Other areas for which the evidence suggests that ESR is at least as reliable as ‘standard’ methods will also be covered.
GENERALLY t-LINKATIVE DOMAINS

An overring t of an integral domain R is t-linked over R if for each finitely generated nonzero ideal I of R, (T : IT) ⊋ T implies (R : I) ⊋ R. A t-linkative domain is one for which each overring is t-linked. The notion of a generally t-linkative domain is introduced as a domain R such that is t-linkative for each finite type system of ideals . In general, R is generally t-linkative if and only if RM is generally t-linkative for each maximal ideal M. All Prufer domains are generally t-linkative as are all one-dimensional domains and all pseudo-valuation domains. If R is Noetherian and not a field, then it is generally t-linkative if and only if it is one-dimensional. In contrast, an example is given of a two-dimensional Mori domain that is generally t-linkative.
Crossover scaling functions for exchange anisotropy: X Y and planar models

The crossover behavior of the susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{xx}$ of classical $X Y$ and planar models with anisotropic exchange coupling is studied on the basis of the extended scaling hypothesis. The universality of the scaling function with respect to lattice type (fcc and sc) and model type ($X Y$ and planar $n=2$ models) is confirmed. The scaling function for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{xx}(T,g)$ is obtained by analyzing the high-temperature-series coefficients expressed as polynomials in $g$, the anisotropy parameter. The crossover of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, the susceptibility exponent, is plotted, using the calculated scaling function, over a wide range of temperatures.
Magnetic materials based on iron dispersed in graphitic matrices II. High temperatures and mesophase pitch

Abstract Ferromagnetic materials based on iron incorporated into pitch were synthesized, and characterized by magnetic methods (Faraday), Mossbauer spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. A graphitic-type structure was observed to form at 350–1650°C. The important role of a mesophase structure of a pitch-precursor in the iron carbonyl absorption and anisotropic structure of the resulting iron containing material was found.
Wired for behaviors: from development to function of innate limbic system circuitry.

The limbic system of the brain regulates a number of behaviors that are essential for the survival of all vertebrate species including humans. The limbic system predominantly controls appropriate responses to stimuli with social, emotional or motivational salience, which includes innate behaviors such as mating, aggression and defense. Activation of circuits regulating these innate behaviors begins in the periphery with sensory stimulation (primarily via the olfactory system in rodents), and is then processed in the brain by a set of delineated structures that primarily includes the amygdala and hypothalamus. While the basic neuroanatomy of these connections is well established, much remains unknown about how information is processed within innate circuits and how genetic hierarchies regulate development and function of these circuits. Utilizing innovative technologies including channel rhodopsin-based circuit manipulation and genetic manipulation in rodents, recent studies have begun to answer these central questions. In this article we review the current understanding of how limbic circuits regulate sexually dimorphism and how these circuits are established and shaped during pre- and post-natal development. We also discuss how understanding developmental processes of innate circuit formation may inform behavioral alterations observed in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, which are characterized by limbic system dysfunction.
DNA pooling in mutation detection with reference to sequence analysis

We discuss pooling methods of mutation detection for identifying rare mutations. We provide mathematical formulae for obtaining the optimal pool size as a function of the mutation frequency in the study population and the specificity of the test. The optimal pool size depends strongly on the specificity of the test. With a test that has 99% specificity, pooling can reduce the number of tests that need to be performed by 80%, whereas, with a test with 95% specificity, pooling reduces the number of samples that must be tested by only 50%. We used the software PHRED to call mutations after sequencing of pooled samples with known STK11 mutations. We found that, when the area under the curve for the less prominent peak was used to call mutations, we were able to pool pairs of samples and correctly identify mutations. Pooling of three samples did not lead to an adequately specific test for the basic automated allele-calling procedures that we used. We discuss methods by which the specificity may be improved to permit pooling of three or more samples when testing for mutations by sequencing.
Processing and flammability parameters of bismaleimide and some other thermally stable resin matrices for composites

The effect of processing variables on the flammability and mechanical properties of state-of-the-art and advanced resin matrices for graphite composites were studied. Resin matrices which were evaluated included state-of-the-art epoxy, phenolic-novolac, phenolic-Xylok, two types of bismaleimides, benzyl, polyethersulfone, and polyphenylsulfone. Comparable flammability and thermochemical data on graphite-reinforced laminates prepared with these resin matrices are presented, and the relationship of some of these properties to the anaerobic char yield of the resins is described.
The oxidation of some carcinogenic arylhydroxylamines to nitroso derivatives with manganese dioxide

Oxidation von N, 1-Naphthyl-N, 2-Naphthyl-, N, 2-Fluorenyl-, N, 4-Biphenyl-, N, 3-Dibenzofuranyl, und N, Phenylhydroxylamin mit Mangandioxyd ergibt nach kurzer Reaktionszeit entsprechende Nitrosoderivate bei hoher Ausbeute.
Teaching Attribution Theory With Graphical Displays of Performance Comparisons

This article describes a classroom exercise that is designed to demonstrate the applicability of attribu tion theories to performance diagnosis. Specifically, it shows how three information cues (c...
Growing Organic Rabbiteye Blueberries in Georgia, USA: Results of Two Multi-Year Field Studies

South Georgia is a major blueberry production region located in the warm and humid northern subtropics. The region enjoys a favorable market window, but pressure from weeds, insects, and diseases r...
Determination Of Fields Near A Silver Strip On A Glass Substrate

The theory and numerical considerations that are used in the computation of the scattered electromagnetic fields near the surface of a silver strip on a glass substrate are presented. These calculations provide theoretical guidance for the measurement of the width of the strip by means of near-field optical scanning. The dimensions of the strip cross section, e. g. 300 nm by 100 nm, can be a fraction of the wavelength of the incident light, 632.8 nm. The flux 1 nm above the surface shows sharp spikes at the edges of the strip. The features of the fields near such a surface could be used for accurate width measurements up to about 30 nm above the strip. The effects of other variables are also shown in the figures.
Terrace-width-induced domain transition on vicinal Si(100) studied with microprobe diffraction.

We have used microprobe RHEED and a convex curved substrate to study the terrace-width dependence of equilibrium surface structures on vicinal Si(001). We observe a transition from double to single domains of the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstruction in periodic [110] step arrays that occurs gradually over a range of miscut angle from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and is independent of temperature over the measured range of 500--800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Possible mechanisms for this transition and its relation to a transition in step heights are described.
Three-year post-discharge status of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, treated 1947 through 1951.

SUMMARY 1A follow-up of 505, of a possible 520, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated during the period between 1947-1951, and studied three years post-discharge is presented. 2The type of discharge received was the most important factor in determining the patient's status three years post-discharge. 3Whether the patient received chemotherapy or not prior to discharge, seemed to be of minor importance to the post-hospital course. 4The fact that patients who received chemotherapy were as a group less favorable cases than those who did not, may account for the lack of obviously superior post-discharge results. It is suggested that chemotherapy may have made it possible for the more gravely ill patients to achieve similar results as the more favorable patients. 5It would appear, also, that chemotherapy as used in 1947-1951 did not significantly alter the tendency of tuberculosis to relapse. 6Tried and proved methods of therapy should not be discarded until evidence accumulated over a sufficiently long period of time definitely indicates that they are no longer needed.
Occupational Medicine in Time of Crisis

Homeland security requires protection of the essential infrastructure that provides and delivers goods and services that supply on-going needs and that maintain the economy. Protecting the workforce, senior managers, and essential personnel is essential, not only to preserve critical industries but to maintain business continuity to prevent severe and prolonged economic disruption. Most large employers have an under-utilized resource available for this purpose. This is the occupational health service, which already serves many compatible functions and houses personnel with many of the requisite skills. Occupational medicine specialists, occupational health nurses, and industrial hygienists have special training on chemical, biological, physical and psychological hazards in the workplace that translate readily to homeland security applications. Developing emergency management capacity within the occupational health service builds on its traditional role in disaster planning and derives a dual benefit from the investment. The leadership organizations in the three professions have taken the lead in developing the Occupational Health and Disaster Expert Network (OHDEN), an Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC) -based network for this purpose.
Some external problems in geometry

The question of how often the same distance can occur between k distinct points in n-dimensional Euclidean space E"n has been extensively studied by Paul Erdos and others. Sir Alexander Oppenheim posed the somewhat similar problem of investigating how many triangles with vertices chosen from among k points in E"n can have the same non-zero area. A subsequent article by Erdos and Purdy gave some preliminary results on this problem. Here we carry that work somewhat further and show that there cannot be more than ck^3^-^@e triangles with the same non-zero area chosen from among k points in E"5, where @e is a positive constant. Since there can be ck^3 such triangles in E"6, the result is in a certain sense best possible. The methods used are mainly combinatorial and geometrical. A main tool is a theorem on generalized graphs due to Paul Erdos.
Synthesis of mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines including coumarin fluorophores for FRET-based kinetic studies of phospholipase A(2) enzymes

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester linkage of glycerophospholipids to produce fatty acids and lysophospholipids. A significant number of mammalian phospholipases comprise a family of secreted PLA2 enzymes, found in specific tissues and cellular locations, exhibiting unique enzymatic properties and distinct biological functions. Development of new real-time spectrofluorimetric PLA2 assays should facilitate the kinetic characterization and mechanistic elucidation of the isozymes in vitro, with the potential applicability to detect and measure catalytic PLA2 activity in tissues and cellular locations. Here we report a new synthesis of double-labeled phosphatidylcholine analogs with chain-terminal reporter groups including coumarin fluorophores for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based kinetic studies of PLA2 enzymes. The use of coumarin derivatives as fluorescent labels provides reporter groups with substantially decreased size compared to the first generation of donor-acceptor pairs of fluorescent phospholipids. The key advantage of the design is to interfere less with the physicochemical properties of the acyl chains, thereby improving the substrate quality of the synthetic probes. In order to assess the impact of the fluorophore substituents on the catalytic hydrolysis and on the phospholipid packing in the lipid-water interface of the assay, we used the experimentally determined specific activity of bee-venom phospholipase A2 as a model for the secretory PLA2 enzymes. Specifically, the rate of PLA2 hydrolysis of the coumarin labeled phosphatidylcholine analogs was less than three times slower than the natural substrate dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) under the same experimental conditions. Furthermore, variation of the mole fraction of the synthetic phosphatidylcholine vs. that of the natural DPPC substrate showed nearly ideal mixing behavior in the phospholipid-surfactant aggregates of the assay. The synthesis provides a rapid and efficient method for preparation of new synthetic phosphatidylcholines with the desired target structures for enzymatic and physicochemical studies.
Vascular histodifferentiation in the chick chorioallantoic membrane: A morphometric study

This study presents a quantitative description of ultrastructural changes associated with focal histodifferentiation of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) microvasculature. Early vessels (4-8 days of a 21-day incubation period) were lined by a thin, but continuous endothelium which was characterized by punctate appositional contacts, an incomplete or absent basal lamina, and few plasmalemmal vesicles. During this stage, there was little ultrastructural distinction between CAM arterioles, capillaries, and venules. During the intermediate stage (9-13 days), the arteriolar endothelium displayed more extensive junctional apposition. In addition, the interstitial (periendothelial) space contained more collagen fibrils and increased cell volume densities, some of which resembled presumptive smooth muscle cells. In contrast to the arterioles, endothelial appositions of the venules and capillaries remained punctate during the intermediate stage. The interstitial space of the venules displayed an increase in cell and fibril densities but to a lesser extent than that observed in the arterioles. The capillaries did not exhibit any significant changes in their periendothelial spaces. By the late stage (14-18 days), a circular tunic containing several layers of presumptive smooth muscle cells surrounded only the arteriolar endothelium. The endothelium of both the arterioles and venules increased in mean thickness. The arterioles also displayed complex interdigitating endothelial appositions. All CAM vessels exhibited a progressive increase in the number of endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles and a more complete basal lamina during the developmental stages. These observations served to distinguish differential patterns of vessel maturation along the length of the microvascular system.
Power requirements for wheels operating in sand

Abstract Based on the WES mobility prediction system, which allows the determination of system output (pull coefficient) and system input (torque coefficient) at 20% slip and the determination of the towed force coefficient, a technique was developed for predicting power requirements for wheels operating in sand as a function of system output for the full operating range from the towed condition to the 20% slip condition. Separate relations of system output and system input as functions of slip can be predicted also. Possibilities for incorporating this prediction method as a soil submodel into an overall vehicle mobility simulation model are discussed.
Hemolysis of 40% hematocrit, Albunex-supplemented human erythrocytes by pulsed ultrasound: frequency, acoustic pressure and pulse length dependence.

Abstract The dependence of hemolysis produced by pulsed ultrasound on ultrasound frequency, acoustic pressure and pulse length was explored. Human erythrocytes (40% hematocrit; in Albunex ® -supplemented autologous plasma) were exposed (60 s) to 20 or 200 μs pulses of ultrasound at frequencies of 1.02, 2.24 or 3.46 MHz and at peak negative pressures [P − ] ranging from 0.0 to ∼3.0 MPa in 0.5 MPa increments. The duty factor was 0.01. At each frequency, hemolysis increased with increasing acoustic pressure and depended weakly on pulse duration. At relatively high acoustic pressures, hemolysis depended strongly on ultrasound frequency; at lower pressures, the frequency dependence was weaker. The potential clinical significance of ultrasonic hemolysis is discussed.
Nephrotoxicity due to cephaloridine: a light- and electron-microscopic study in rabbits.

Experience with the antimicrobial cephaloridine has suggested that this agent may be nephrotoxic. Acute tubular necrosis following administration of cephaloridine has been reported in humans [1?3], and a significant increase in the excretion of urinary casts [4] as well as a decrease in free water clearance has been observed in patients receiving the drug (M. Turck and A. Ronald, unpublished results). In addition, laboratory animals may develop renal injury when challenged with cephaloridine [5]. For example, within 24 hr following administration of 200 mg/kg of the drug, rabbits and monkeys develop reduced glomerular filtration rates and significant proteinuria and glycosuria [6]. Previous attempts to delineate the site and morphologic appearance of the lesion produced by cephaloridine have been restricted by the method employed for preservation of renal tissue. Atkinson et al. [5] observed, in tissue obtained at autopsy from mice, that the first evidence of renal injury was dilatation of proximal tubules, which occurred within 12 hr of treatment with cephaloridine. Within 16 hr, necrosis of proximal tubules
Resource allocation in a general equilibrium model of production under uncertainty: The case of variable supply of labor☆

Abstract This paper examines the effects of a marginal change in uncertainty on resource allocation and factor rewards by relaxing the assumption of factor inelasticity. We demonstrate that integrating a variable labor supply into Batra's two-sector uncertainty model can mitigate or reverse many of the earlier results. Specifically, a marginal increase in uncertainty may trigger the resource to move from the certainty sector to the uncertainty sector in the presence of a backward-bending labor supply curve.
Halomethane solvates of tervalent acetylacetonates

Abstract The acetylacetonates of the tervalent ions of aluminum, iron, chromium, scandium, gallium and indium form solvates containing one or two moles of halomethane. The formation of the solvates was studied by use of vapour-pressure-composition diagrams, and X-ray powder patterns. From a study of the vapour-pressure as a function of temperature and by use of the van't Hoff equation the value for the energy of the bond formation was calculated for each of seven halomethane solvates of aluminum, iron (III) and indium (III) acetylacetonates. The bonding (2–6 kcal/mole) is attributed to hydrogen bonding of the halomethane to the carbonyl oxygens of the acetylacetonate.
Discrimination among levels of usage of a career management centre

Using personality and demographic variables of 75 adult career management clients and non-clients, multiple discriminant analysis successfully (P <0·01) discriminated among levels of usage of career management services (maximum, average, minimum users, and drop-outs). The minimum user group's centroid was distinctly separated from those of the other three groups, which clustered together. Maximum users were found to be more methodical and participative, minimum users less self-assured, and drop-outs more enterprising. The fact that the centroids of the maximum and drop-out groups clustered together was accounted for by the directional correspondence of the common underlying dimension of assertiveness.
Contemporary trends in low risk prostate cancer: risk assessment and treatment.

Purpose: We updated national risk trends in prostate cancer with a focus on low risk tumors, reexamined trends in primary treatment for low risk tumors and substratified patients at low risk based on pretreatment clinical data.Materials and Methods: Data were abstracted from the CaPSURE™ registry. A total of 10,385 men were diagnosed between 1990 and 2006 with localized disease. Low risk was defined as prostate specific antigen 10 ng/ml or less, Gleason score 6 or less and clinical T stage 2a or less. Temporal trends were assessed for patient distribution among risk groups and in the low risk group for individual risk factors, Kattan nomogram prediction, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score and primary treatment. The ability of the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score to substratify low risk prostatectomy cases was evaluated with survival analysis.Results: The proportion of low risk tumors in CaPSURE almost doubled from 27.5% in 1990 to 1994, to 46.4% in 2000 to 2001 but it has been relati...
Surgical management of anal condylomata in the HIV-positive patient

A retrospective review of 677 patients who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus, evaluated from January 1986 to February 1988, demonstrated 119 patients (18 percent) with anal condylomata. Demographics of these patients were similar to the total human immunodeficiency virus group; ages ranged from 19 to 86 years (mean, 25 years). Ninety-four percent of patients were men, 62 percent were white, 30 percent were black, and 10 percent were other races, primarily Hispanic. Ten percent of the patients admitted to homosexual activity and 2 percent admitted to intravenous drug abuse. Sixty percent of the population had another sexually transmitted illness. The majority of patients were in early Walter Reed Classes (Stage I or II). With follow-up of 4 to 26 months (mean=12 months), the recurrence rate for anal condylomata was 26 percent after local treatment with podophyllin and 4 percent after fulguration and excision. There were no operative complications. Our study confirmed that anal condylomata and sexually transmitted diseases are common in patients who test positive for the human immunodeficiency virus and that patients who test positive for the human immunodeficiency virus with early Walter Reed stages can be expected to do well with appropriate therapy.
A Big Brother: New Findings on How Low-Income Fathers Define Responsible Fatherhood

I interviewed 57 low-income fathers about how they define responsible fatherhood. Unlike findings from previous research, their definition did not include financial provision or daily caregiving. Instead, their definition included six dimensions, some of which resemble a “Big Brother”: spending time in non-caregiving activities; avoiding harm by voluntarily distancing from the child when it is in the child’s best interest; acknowledging paternity in non-legal forums; spending money on gifts, joint activities, and special needs; monitoring the child’s home for trouble; and minimizing absences in the child’s life. Because these fathers do not emphasize traditional breadwinning or primary caregiving, their responsible fathering beliefs and behavior may be unappreciated by academics, practitioners, and policy makers.
Effect of hydrophobicity on viscosity of carbonaceous solid–water slurry

Carbonaceous solid–water slurry rheology is greatly affected by the surface properties of the carbonaceous solids used. Slurriability studies showed that, for the same solids loading, viscosities of highly hydrophobic petcoke and bitumen–water slurries were approximately one order of magnitude higher than the viscosity of non-hydrophobic Illinois #6 (bituminous) coal–water slurry. Apart from slurriability, the hydrophobicity of the carbonaceous solids was found to influence the type of additives used to reduce the viscosity. Selected to reduce viscosity, the addition of non-ionic additive Triton X-405 caused a drastic reduction in petcoke and bitumen–water slurry viscosities, whereas anionic additive ammonium lignosulfonate reduced Illinois #6 coal–water mixture viscosity more effectively. Optimum particle-size distribution was also found to be dependent on the surface properties of the solids. Experimentally determined optimum particle-size distributions were observed to deviate from the theoretical predictions. A deviation of 8% was noted in the case of Illinois #6 coal–water slurry, whereas deviations of 30% were observed in the case of hydrophobic bitumen and petcoke–water slurries. Viscosity predictions of semi-empirical models were compared to experimentally measured viscosities. The predicted viscosities did not match the experimental results, especially at higher solids loading. A thixotropic model taking into account particle aggregation was found to predict viscosity more accurately in the case of these hydrophobic carbonaceous solid–water slurries.
The Frequency of Salmonellae on Duck Eggs

Total plate counts on washed duck eggs from a breeder farm on Long Island were less than 30/shell during the winter (January to February) of 1982. Clean unwashed eggs had counts less than 9 X 10(1)/shell, whereas dirty unwashed eggs had counts as high as 9 X 10(5)/shell. Our results showed that washing with a chlorine sanitizer (under commercial conditions) was highly effective in reducing surface bacterial counts on egg shells. Prolonged storage reduced bacterial counts on clean eggs, but it did not significantly affect loads on dirty eggs. No salmonellae could be detected on shells or in the magma of all eggs examined. In a second trial (March 1982) bacterial loads on washed and clean duck eggs from six different breeder farms were low, ranging from too few to count to 10(2)/shell. A higher proportion of dirty eggs were heavily contaminated with counts ranging from 10(5) to 10(6)/shell, but no salmonellae were detected either on shells or in magma. In the third trial (May 1982) bacterial determinations on eggs from breeder ducks that were not confined followed the pattern of the second trial. However, in this trial Salmonella enteritidis was detected on dirty egg shells in four of six farms. In a fourth trial (May 1983), bacterial loads on washed and nest-clean eggs from the same breeder farms (not confined) ranged between 10(2) to 10(3)/shell and 10(2) to 10(4)/shell, respectively. S. enteritidis and S. badar were recovered from washed, nest clean, and dirty eggs in two of six farms. We conclude that proper egg washing and confinement of duck breeders should minimize the problem of salmonellosis in ducklings.
Milrinone in congestive heart failure: Acute and chronic hemodynamic and clinical evaluation

Acute and chronic hemodynamic and clinical responses to milrinone, a new oral inotrope-vasodilator agent, were evaluated prospectively in 37 patients with severe congestive heart failure. The majority of patients (n = 31) had not responded to prior vasodilator therapy, with a substantial number (n = 8) requiring intravenous inotropic support at the time of initial study. All patients showed acute hemodynamic improvement with oral milrinone, and an optimal maintenance dose was chosen for each patient during dose-ranging studies (average dose 48 mg/day). Milrinone was discontinued before follow-up hemodynamic study in 12 patients (because of worsening congestive heart failure in 6 patients, sudden death in 3 patients, arrhythmia in 1 patient and refusal by 2 patients). Hemodynamic effects of milrinone both acutely and after chronic therapy (average 37 days) were compared in the remaining 25 patients. Acutely, mean cardiac index increased from 1.9 ± 0.5 to 2.5 ± 0.5 liters/min per m2(p New York Heart Association functional class improved in 18 of the 25 patients treated over a long-term period (mean 5.5 ± 2.3 months). No major adverse side effects were observed with chronic therapy; however, 23 patients developed fluid retention requiring increased doses of diuretic drugs. The cumulative survival rate at 6 months for the entire group was 34%. Hence, milrinone appears to produce sustained hemodynamic and clinical improvement in many patients with severe refractory chronic heart failure, but overall mortality remains high.
A qualitative assessment of a community pharmacy cognitive pharmaceutical services program, using a work system approach.

Abstract Background Although lack of time, trained personnel, and reimbursement have been identified as barriers to pharmacists providing cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS) in community pharmacies, the underlying contributing factors of these barriers have not been explored. One approach to better understand barriers and facilitators to providing CPS is to use a work system approach to examine different components of a work system and how the components may impact care processes. Objectives The goals of this study were to identify and describe pharmacy work system characteristics that pharmacists identified and changed to provide CPS in a demonstration program. Methods A qualitative approach was used for data collection. A purposive sample of 8 pharmacists at 6 community pharmacies participating in a demonstration program was selected to be interviewed. Each semistructured interview was audio recorded and transcribed, and the text was analyzed in a descriptive and interpretive manner by 3 analysts. Themes were identified in the text and aligned with 1 of 5 components of the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) work system model (organization, tasks, tools/technology, people, and environment). Results A total of 21 themes were identified from the interviews, and 7 themes were identified across all 6 interviews. The organization component of the SEIPS model contained the most (n = 10) themes. Numerous factors within a pharmacy work system appear important to enable pharmacists to provide CPS. Leadership and foresight by the organization to implement processes (communication, coordination, planning, etc.) to facilitate providing CPS was a key finding across the interviews. Expanding technician responsibilities was reported to be essential for successfully implementing CPS. Conclusions To be successful in providing CPS, pharmacists must be cognizant of the different components of the pharmacy work system and how these components influence providing CPS.
A consistent discrete elements technique for curved members

Abstract A general solution method of a system of coupled differential equations governing the elastic behavior of curved members is presented. The finite element displacement method is formulated based on a variational principle. The stiffness, stability and mass matrices of the discrete finite element are consistent and are obtained within the bounds of linearized displacement theories. Examination of a convergence test indicated an extremely fast converging upper bound solutions, as expected, due to the utilization of the variational procedure. Critical loads and natural frequencies were obtained using computer programs developed. A measure of warping contribution to torsional behavior is assessed and the effects of antisymmetry of the cross sections are examined. An excellent correlation has been observed in comparative studies.
Comparison of electrophysiologic monitors with clinical assessment of level of sedation.

OBJECTIVE To assess the correlation between 2 clinical sedation scales and 2 electroencephalographic (EEG)-based monitors used during surgical procedures that required mild to moderate sedation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients scheduled for elective surgery participated in this institutional review board-approved study from March 2003 to February 2004. Level of sedation was determined both clinically using the Ramsay and the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scales and with 2 EEG measures (the Bispectral Index version XP [BIS XP] or the Patient State Analyzer [PSA 4000]). Correlation between these 2 measures of sedation were tested using nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS The BIS XP monitor was used in 26 patients, and the PSA 4000 monitor was used in 24 patients. The Ramsay and Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scores correlated with each other ( r =-0.96; P r =-0.89 and r =0.91, respectively; P r =-0.80 and r =0.80, respectively; P CONCLUSION On the basis of our results, these EEG-based monitors cannot reliably distinguish between light and deep sedation.