cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Machine Learning Algorithm for Unlicensed LTE and WiFi Spectrum Sharing

Shared use of unlicensed spectrum in practice for coexistence with WiFi is rather complex and to achieve optimum usage can be highly challenging. While maximal utilization is desirable for unlicensed LTE, it is essentially important not to disturb WiFi activity in the unlicensed channel when designing a coexistence scheme. Opportunistic exploitation of idle gaps, or white spaces, in the WiFi channel for unlicensed LTE transmissions enables achieving the above objectives. However, complex analytical approaches to the opportunistic coexistence problem require considerable computation and might result in excessive latency, which would be undesirable. Machine learning schemes may reduce the computational complexity and hence not only reduce the latency but also help with energy consumption in wireless communications systems.We propose a novel algorithm based on reinforcement learning technique for the problem of opportunistic coexistence of unlicensed LTE and WiFi. The proposed approach in particular is based on Q-Learning, which provides a robust and model-free decision-making framework that enables online and distributive coexistence of small cells with WiFi. Our approach takes into account the latency imposed on WiFi activity by employing carrier sensing at the base station, and aims to minimize it, while maximizing unlicensed LTE utilization of the idle spectral resources.
Fisheries governance affecting conservation outcomes in the United States and European Union.

Fisheries management in the USA, as governed by the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA), has been decidedly more successful at meeting its conservation goals than has fis...
Output feedback control with almost disturbance decoupling property: A singular perturbation approach

A high-gain observer-based control law for minimum-phase linear systems is proposed. This control law provides internal stability for the closed-loop system and has almost disturbance decoupling property, that is, the influence of the disturbances on the controlled output can be made arbitrarily small.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Analog EET-A Blunts Development of Lupus Nephritis in Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that causes life threatening renal disease and current therapies are limited with serious side-effects. CYP epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) demonstrate strong anti-inflammatory and kidney protective actions. We investigated the ability of an orally active EET analog, EET-A to prevent kidney injury in a mouse SLE model. Twenty-weeks old female NZBWF1 (SLE) and age-matched NZW/LacJ (Non SLE) were treated with vehicle or EET-A (10 mg/kg/d, p.o.) for 14 weeks and urine and kidney tissues were collected at the end of the protocol. SLE mice demonstrated marked renal chemotaxis with 30-60% higher renal mRNA expression of CXC chemokine receptors (CXCR) and CXC chemokines (CXCL) compared to Non SLE mice. In SLE mice, the elevated chemotaxis is associated with 5-15-fold increase in cytokine mRNA expression and elevated inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney. SLE mice also had elevated BUN, serum creatinine, proteinuria, and renal fibrosis. Interestingly, EET-A treatment markedly diminished renal CXCR and CXCL renal mRNA expression in SLE mice. EET-A treatment also reduced renal TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ mRNA expression by 70-80% in SLE mice. Along with reductions in renal chemokine and cytokine mRNA expression, EET-A reduced renal immune cell infiltration, BUN, serum creatinine, proteinuria and renal fibrosis in SLE mice. Overall, we demonstrate that an orally active EET analog, EET-A prevents renal injury in a mouse model of SLE by reducing inflammation.
Qualitative analysis of the content found in online discussion boards for urethral stricture disease and urethroplasty

Abstract Objective To describe the patient experience and chief concerns with urethroplasty to improve physician understanding and patient education. Online discussion boards allow patients with urethral stricture disease (USD) to connect with other USD patients. It is unknown how men use these web resources and what information is available about urethroplasty. Methods Three online forums featuring urethroplasty were identified by Google search. Thematic analysis categorized the content of posts using manually applied codes, with inter-rater reliability and descriptive statistics generated by Dedoose (Los Angeles, CA). Results A total of 140 unique posters contributed 553 posts to the forums. Posts were categorized as information support (n = 651), issues posturethroplasty (n = 470), own experience preurethroplasty (n = 336), feelings towards other posters (n = 312), what to expect posturethroplasty (n = 265), feelings after urethroplasty (n = 228), and considerations before urethroplasty (n = 134). Experience navigating the healthcare system with USD (n = 141) and weak urine stream (n = 70) were the most frequent preurethroplasty complaints. Postoperative pain (n = 164) was the most frequent issue. Patients expressed more positivity (n = 126) and satisfaction (n = 120) than negativity (n = 33) with urethroplasty. Conclusion Patients participated in online discussions to share experiences with USD and urethroplasty, receive emotional support, and find answers. Men were more often satisfied than not with their urethroplasty outcomes, with 88% of postoperative feelings coded as positive or satisfied compared to negative. This study provides physicians with insight into the experiences of patients and how to best educate them.
A Virtual Counselor for Genetic Risk Communication.

A pedagogical embodied conversational agent that plays the role of a genetic counselor is being developed to improve individuals’ comprehension of genetic risks related to hereditary cancers. Genetic risk communication is increasingly important for disease prevention and treatment, yet many individuals lack the basic health literacy and numeracy required to understand this information. The virtual genetic counselor will address the challenges in communicating complex genetic risks by dynamically adapting its teaching strategies to an individual’s knowledge state.
Blowing the Whistle on Environmental Law: How Congress Can Help the EPA Enlist Private Resources in the Fight to Save the Planet

Following the 2008 financial crisis, regulators faced the task of returning the country to financial stability and protecting consumers. Given the challenges involved, Congress empowered the SEC and the CFTC, through the Dodd-Frank Act, to encourage whistleblowers to come forward through programs that provide significant financial rewards and protection. These programs are part of the evolving field of whistleblower law that has been tremendously successful at uncovering wrongdoing while rewarding whistleblowers. Given the success of these programs and recognition by Congress that they can be useful tools to combat threats to the government, Congress should consider whether a similar system would be beneficial in the environmental arena. Threats to the environment may pose a bigger, more tangible danger to the United States than threats to the economy. This Note argues that current environmental whistleblower laws are too uncertain and lack adequate financial incentives and protections to attract meaningful participation. It advocates for a uniform whistleblower program established under the EPA, similar to those established by the DoddFrank Act under the SEC and the CFTC.
Psychological Health and Smoking in Young Adulthood

Introduction:Young adulthood is a critical time for the emergence of risk behaviors including smoking. Psychological health is associated with smoking, but studies rarely track both over time. We u...
Adverse Effects of Glycemia-Lowering Medications in Type 2 Diabetes

Treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is focused on preventing the occurrence and delaying the development of macro- and micro-vascular complications. Glycemic control can help prevent these complications, but there is concern about the adverse effects of glycemia-lowering medications. A rational approach is to balance the desired low risk of adverse events against the unwanted higher risk of major complications resulting from suboptimal glucose control. Using the above approach, approved glucose-lowering agents have favorable benefit-to-risk profiles for use in most patients with type 2 diabetes. We first briefly review the mechanism of actions and benefits of the different commonly used classes of glycemia-lowering medications and then discuss adverse effects and safety concern associated with their use. Our overall assessment is that if used appropriately, the different classes of glycemia-lowering medications offer beneficial outcomes with relatively modest and, in some instances, preventable adverse events.
Global migration, education, and the nation-state

In the modern era migrations are complex, multi-determined and elude vulgar mechanistic models of causality. Migrations unfold in complex ecologies involving broad features of the state – borders, ...
Short-term intestinal lipase inhibition in normal-weight individuals does not affect postprandial peptide YY3-36 and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels, hunger or satiety.

Fat malabsorption associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may contribute to elevated postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) after the procedure, leading to sustained weight loss and appetite reduction. This study investigated whether fat malabsorption via orlistat increases GLP-1 and PYY and if these increases would be proportional to changes in hunger and satiety. Five healthy participants received standardized meals with 120 mg orlistat or placebo in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design for 3 days. On the final day, glucose, insulin, GLP-1, PYY3-36 and visual analogue scores for hunger and satiety were measured over a 14-hour period that included three meals. Fasting, 14-hour area under the curve (AUC) and meal-related AUC for glucose and insulin were similar, although postprandial increases in peak insulin and glucose were greater with orlistat. PYY3-36 , GLP-1, hunger and satiety were not different. In conclusion, short-term orlistat administration does not enhance postprandial GLP-1 or PYY3-36 or affect hunger or satiety in normal-weight individuals. Furthermore, fat malabsorption from RYGB is unlikely to mediate subsequent postprandial increases in GLP-1 and PYY.
The Impact of Two Longitudinal Professionalism Courses on Student Pharmacists' Empathy.

Objective. To determine whether empathy increased in first-year student pharmacists after completing longitudinal professionalism courses at two schools of pharmacy, identify potential moderators, and assess whether students’ conceptualization of empathy changed with time. Methods. Surveys to assess empathy and other variables were administered to student pharmacists at baseline and at the end of two professionalism courses. Baseline and follow-up scores were compared to detect changes over time. Multivariable analysis was used to identify predictors of empathy scores. Factor analysis was performed to ascertain changes in the dimensionality of empathy. Results. Students’ demographics and baseline empathy scores differed between the two schools. Predictors of empathy at baseline included age, female gender, prior health care experience, and altruism score. A small increase in empathy was observed at one school but not in the combined cohort. Empathy was more likely to increase among female students, those with less health care experience, and those who did not work during the school year. Factor analyses suggested that students’ conceptual clarity about empathy improved over time and became more consistent with existing models. Conclusion. Although an increase in empathy was not observed in the overall cohort, subgroups of students who may derive greater benefit from empathy-related interventions were identified. Factor analyses suggested that students’ conceptual understanding of empathy improved, representing a potential alternative outcome assessment for affective domains. Given differences in demographics, instructional methodologies, and changes in empathy at each school, this study reinforces the importance of replication and multicenter studies to understand the generalizability of educational research.
Rethinking food, fortune, and misfortune: Reading Wendell Berry in a time of pandemic:

The highly efficient food system produced by industrial agriculture is often thought to be one of the great blessings of modern technology. In a time of pandemic, however, this supposed “good fortu...
A quality improvement project to standardize chaplain documentation in the electronic medical record

Medical record documentation by hospital chaplains is an under-researched and under-published field. Because documentation serves both as a register of chaplain interventions and as a collaborative...
Multimodal person detection system

Person detection is often critical for personal safety, property protection, and national security. Most person detection technologies implement unimodal classification, making predictions based on a single sensor data modality, which is most often vision. There are many ways to defeat unimodal person detectors, and many more reasons to ensure technologies responsible for detecting the presence of a person are accurate and precise. In this paper, we design and implement a multimodal person detection system which can acquire data from multiple sensors and detect persons based on a variety of unimodal classifications and multimodal fusions. We present two methods of generating system-level predictions: (1) device perspectives which makes a final decision based on multiple device-level predictions and (2) system perspectives which combines data samples from multiple devices into a single data sample and then makes a decision. Our experimental results show that system-level predictions from system perspectives are generally more accurate than system-level predictions from device perspectives. We achieve an accuracy of 100%, zero false positive rate and zero false negative rate with fusion of system perspectives motion and distance data.
COVID-19 related pancreatic cancer surveillance disruptions amongst high-risk individuals.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions to EUS-based pancreatic cancer surveillance in high-risk individuals remain uncertain. METHODS: Analysis of enrolled participants in the CAPS5 Study, a prospective multicenter study of pancreatic cancer surveillance in high-risk individuals. RESULTS: Amongst 693 enrolled high-risk individuals under active surveillance, 108 (16%) had an EUS scheduled during the COVID-19 pandemic-related shutdown (median length of 78 days) in the spring of 2020, with 97% of these procedures being canceled. Of these canceled surveillance EUSs, 83% were rescheduled in a median of 4.1 months, however 17% were not rescheduled after 6 months follow-up. Prior history of cancer was associated with increased likelihood of rescheduling. To date no pancreatic cancer has been diagnosed among those whose surveillance was delayed. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 delayed pancreatic cancer surveillance with no adverse outcomes in efficiently rescheduled individuals. However, 1 in 6 high-risk individuals had not rescheduled surveillance, indicating the need for vigilance to ensure timely surveillance rescheduling.
2019–2020 Drug Updates in Solid Tumors

During JADPRO Live Virtual 2020, Kirollos S. Hanna, PharmD, BCPS, BCOP, updated the audience on the pharmacology, new indications, and the clinical trial data of novel medications as well as expanded indications in solid tumors. Dr. Hanna also discussed signs and symptoms of potential serious and life-threatening adverse events, and how new therapeutic entities will impact the advanced practice setting.
Is the Tax Poison Pill the Last Stand for Protecting NOLs after Health Care Reform

Outline of the changes to the economic substance doctrine under the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 and the doctrine’s relationship to the Delaware Selectica case and shareholder rights plans (so called "poison pills").
"The Role of Modals in Policies: The US Opioid Crisis as a Case Study”

Abstract The present study uses corpus-assisted discourse analysis to examine the role of modality in policy verb phrases, using California opioid policies as a case study. By tracking the behavior of permissive and restrictive modals across time, this study highlights two potential discourse functions of modals in policy drafting: (i) to reflect the gravity of the issues on the ground, and (ii) to express permission and restriction by highlighting and deemphasizing a policy's suggestive intent, respectively. This study shows that the increased use of restrictive modality has significant positive correlations with California's worsening opioid crisis and its rising fatalities. A closer examination of state policy amendments reveals that altering policy modals has the potential to either broaden or limit the terms of existing policies. Informed by Van Dijk's “context models,” this study provides a cogent applied corpus linguistics framework for analyzing policy text and offers both political and linguistic perspectives into our understanding of modals and how communities address epidemics, respectively.
Architecture of By-Wire Systems Design Elements and Comparative Methodology

By-wire systems have the potential of augmenting the normal capabilities of human drivers as well as serving as enablers for emerging safety technologies. To achieve these features, these systems must be carefully designed, analyzed, and verified for safety because they are new, complex, and potentially exhibit new and different failure modes and effects. Duplication may be required to ensure that safety margins are met in the presence of faults. Full duplication of every system may not lead to a cost effective implementation, especially if multiple independent by-wire systems are placed on a single vehicle. Other architectural approaches for the integration of by-wire systems need to be considered and analyzed. These architectures should meet if not exceed the safety requirements while providing a more cost effective implementation than a fully duplicated architecture. We focus on architectures based on software redundancy and dynamic reconfiguration of tasks over different but existing processors. We identify essential elements that govern the design of such architectures and present key comparison elements that may differentiate amongst the candidate architectures. We also present a methodology to evaluate a variety of architecture designs. The methodology integrates commercially off the shelf software tools to generate a figure of merit that compares different architecture designs.
The Transition: Part 1

During the clinical years in medical school, you are gradually becoming a physician. Then you are an intern, resident, and fellow. Veritably overnight, you must now devote your entire being to the profession that you have chosen. This part of your education can be very daunting, and, if not taken seriously, can affect the rest of your career or even put a sudden stop to it. Whether you like it or not, once you receive, or have received that diploma, and your family and friends address you as “doctor,” your life changes forever. If it does not change, then you are doing something wrong. Remember, this change must start to occur the very first time you are exposed to a patient, or better yet, before.
Anticipatory coarticulation facilitates word recognition in toddlers

Children learn from their environments and their caregivers. To capitalize on learning opportunities, young children have to recognize familiar words efficiently by integrating contextual cues across word boundaries. Previous research has shown that adults can use phonetic cues from anticipatory coarticulation during word recognition. We asked whether 18-24 month-olds (n=29) used coarticulatory cues on the word "the" when recognizing the following noun. We performed a looking-while-listening eyetracking experiment to examine word recognition in neutral vs. facilitating coarticulatory conditions. Participants looked to the target image significantly sooner when the determiner contained facilitating coarticulatory cues. These results provide the first evidence that novice word-learners can take advantage of anticipatory sub-phonemic cues during word recognition.
Early Life Stress and Neurobehavioral Development

Early life stress has been associated with a diverse number of physical and mental health conditions. While many mechanisms are likely in play, most models acknowledge the role of stress physiology. Stress physiology likely plays a role both in producing and maintaining these effects. A large body of research documents how early experiences may shape the regulation of stress-response systems. This chapter explores the relationship between stress physiology and neurobehavioral development, as well as its implications for wellbeing in childhood.
Ultrafast dephasing dynamics and electronic level structure of InP nanocrystals

Summary form only given. We use femtosecond three photon echo (SPPE) experiments nanosecond transient hole-burning (HB) spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure and dephasing dynamics in this novel material. The 29-/spl Aring/ diameter InP nanocrystals used in this study are embedded in a 200-/spl mu/m free-standing polymer (PVB) film.
Mathematical behavior of integration methods with non continuous first derivative devices in circuit simulation

Computation of MOS transistor channel currents in SPICE transient analysis may give rise to unrealistic oscillations when charge-control models are used for MOS devices in connection with the trapezoidal integration method: this problem is related to the criterion used to estimate the truncation error associated to the last computed timepoint. A new algorithm for step-size control and choice of the integration method in SPICE transient analysis, based on computation of a Local Error Estimate (LEE), has been developed which avoids the above mentioned oscillations. The algorithm has been implemented in SPICE and preliminary results show that it does not give rise to oscillations while imposing a low overhead on the computational effort. >
Effect of host experience of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on trap cropping effectiveness.

This study evaluated whether experience of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on a poinsettia cash crop, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Koltz (Euphorbiaceae), influences the effectiveness of an eggplant trap crop, Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae). Two whitefly strains were tested: one was reared on poinsettia (poinsettia-strain) and a second was reared on bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae)] (bean-strain). We first determined whether host experience altered the preference of adult whiteflies for eggplant and their survivorship on poinsettia. Then, we determined whether changes in the preference and/or survivorship influenced the effectiveness of the trap cropping. Adult whiteflies from both strains consistently redistributed and settled on an eggplant trap crop in significantly higher numbers compared to poinsettia. The adult survivorship of the poinsettia-strain whiteflies was slightly higher on poinsettia than on the bean-strain. In research greenhouse experiments, we found that the trap cropping consistently resulted in a decrease in the density of the poinsettia-strain whiteflies on the cash crop compared to that in monoculture. However, higher adult whitefly survivorship on eggplant than on poinsettia could compromise its effectiveness as a trap crop in poinsettia. The effectiveness of trap cropping, as reflected by the whitefly density reduction on a poinsettia cash crop, was significantly smaller than the attractiveness of the trap crop, as indicated by the whitefly abundance on an eggplant trap crop.
Political Power, the State, and Their Implications in Medicine

This two-part article analyzes the nature of political power in Western capitalist societies and its implications in medicine. Part I presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature and mode of state intervention. Part II focuses on the analysis of that mode of state intervention in the health sector, and on the relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state.
Interaction between a transcriptional activator and transcription factor IIB in vivo

TRANSCRIPTION of messenger RNA-encoding genes in vitro requires many protein factors1,2. Transcription factor IID, possibly with the cooperation of TFIIA, binds to the TATA element of the promoter3–5, forming a complex that can bind TFIIB (refs 6,7) followed by RNA polymerase II (refs 6,8) and other factors9. One or more of these steps is thought to be facilitated by gene-specific transcriptional activation proteins10–12; this seems to require TFI ID-associated auxiliary factors13–15 and may involve direct contact between the activator and TFIID16,17 and/or TFIIB18,19. If such contact is necessary in vivo, activation might conceivably be blocked by a TFIIB derivative containing the sequences necessary for this interaction, but lacking those necessary for binding to the rest of the transcriptional apparatus, an effect similar to that referred to as squelching20 or transcriptional interference21. Here we show that the activity of the glutamine-rich fushi tarazu activation domain is indeed blocked by truncated TFIIB derivatives in Drosophila Schneider L2 cells, suggesting that it is mediated by interactions with TFIIB.
The Wess-Zumino action with light vector mesons in the vector symmetry limit

We investigate the form of the Wess-Zumino action in the so-called “vector limit”, in which the light vector mesons are massless. In this limit the global symmetry group of the chiral lagrangian expands to U(3)4. The additional constraints imposed by this symmetry allow us to specify the intrinsic parity-violating interactions of the ϱ nonet without introducing any new parameters into the theory. We find that the accuracy of predicted decay rates is consistent with other results obtained from vector symmetry. Deviations from the vector limit can then be included by a systematic expansion in symmetry breaking parameters.
Telephone-based motivational interviewing for medication adherence: a systematic review

Adherence to prescribed medications continues to be a problem in the treatment of chronic disease. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been shown to be successful for eliciting patients’ motivations to change their medication-taking behaviors. Due to the constraints of the US healthcare system, patients do not always have in-person access to providers. Because of this, there is increasing use of non-traditional healthcare delivery methods such as telephonic counseling. A systematic review was conducted among published studies of telephone-based MI interventions aimed at improving the health behavior change target of medication adherence. The goals of this review were to (1) examine and describe evidence and gaps in the literature for telephonically delivered MI interventions for medication adherence and (2) discuss the implications of the findings for research and practice. The MEDLINE, CINAHL, psycINFO, psycARTICLES, Academic Search Premier, Alt HealthWatch, Health Source: Consumer Edition, and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition databases were searched for peer-reviewed research publications between 1991 and October 2012. A total of nine articles were retained for review. The quality of the studies and the interventions varied significantly, which precluded making definitive conclusions but findings among a majority of retained studies suggest that telephone-based MI may help improve medication adherence. The included studies provided promising results and justification for continued exploration in the provision of MI via telephone encounters. Future research is needed to address gaps in the current literature but the results suggest that MI may be an efficient option for healthcare professionals seeking an evidence-based method to reach remote or inaccessible patients to help them improve their medication adherence.
Studies on the reactions of (η5cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt with phenyl-1-naphthylacetylene and with phenyl-2-naphthylacetylene, and an X-ray crystallographic determination of one of the products: (η5cyclopentadienyl)-[η4-3,3-di-(1-naphthyl)-2,4diphenylcyclobutadiene]cobalt

The reactions of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Co(CO) 2 with both phenyl-1-naphthylacetylene and phenyl-2-naphthylacetylene have been shown to produce all four possible η 5 -cyclobutadiene-cobalt complexes and all six possible η 4 -cyclopentadienone-cobalt derivatives. The structures of the η 4 -cyclobutadiene-cobalt complexes have been assigned on the basis of proton NMR and mass spectral studies, and unequivocally established by means of an X-ray diffraction investigation for one of the isomers as (η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)[η 4 -1,3-di(1-naphthyl)-2,4-diphenylcyclobutadiene]cobalt. This compound is triclinic, a = 10.88(2), b = 15.710(6), c = 8.728(4) A, α = 95.09(4)°, β = 101.94(2)°, γ = 86.93(3)°. The space group is P with Z = 2. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least squares methods (4128 reflections above 3σ) to a final R = 0.036. Bond distances and angles are normal but the cyclobutadiene ring is not quite planar. One of the atoms is 0.047 A out of the plane of the other three apparently to relieve steric stress. The two phenyl rings are almost coplanar with the cyclobutadiene ring (torsion angles 3.9 and 20.4°) while the naphthyl rings are almost perpendicular to it (torsion angles 63.8, 64°).
A General Theory of Scientific/Intellectual Movements:

The histories of all modern scientific and intellectual fields are marked by dynamism. Yet, despite a welter of case study data, sociologists of ideas have been slow to develop general theories for...
Unraveling gene-gene interactions regulated by ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

The co-expression of genes coupled to additive probabilistic relationships was used to identify gene sets predictive of the complex biological interactions regulated by ligands of the aryl hydrocar...
Analysis of deformation fields near an interfacial crack tip in locking materials

Abstract We study plane strain deformations near a crack tip between two isotropic and homogeneous Hookean bodies and assume that deformations obey the constraint that the volume of a material element cannot become zero. The constraint is imposed by requiring that the dilatation everywhere in the body must be greater than or equal to a constant. The region where the dilatation equals the constant is called the locking region. It is shown that when the locking region occurs in only a part of one body, the index of the singularity near the interfacial crack tip is 1 2 , and the size of the locking region is determined by the values of the material parameters for the two bodies.
NIACIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS

A review of the literature on niacin biosynthesis in plants generally and angiosperms in particular reveals that the available evidence does not conclusively favor or exclude any of the known pathways.
Food refusal by infants and young children: Diagnosis and treatment

Parents report that 25% of toddlers exhibit food refusal. A subgroup of these children demonstrate such severe food refusal that their nutritional status is compromised, leading to the diagnosis of a feeding disorder. Although food refusal is common, and can pose a significant health risk for some children, few researchers and clinicians have described the different forms food refusal may take, or have related food refusal subtype to feeding disorders subtypes. Such critical issues must be addressed and discussed because different types of food refusal and feeding disorders may necessitate different treatment approaches. This review proposes that food refusal can be expressed in qualitatively different ways, including (a) unpredictable food refusal; (b) selective food refusal; and (c) fear-based food refusal. Furthermore, it is proposed that each form of food refusal gives rise to a qualitatively different feeding disorder: Unpredictable food refusal is associated with infantile anorexia; selective food refusal is related to sensory food aversions; and fear-based food refusal is central to a posttraumatic feeding disorder. Implications for the treatment of each type of feeding disorder are discussed.
The Dawn Phenomenon: Variability in Occurrence May Cause Need for Change in Treatment Strategy

Submitted for publication August 5, 2014 Accepted for publication August 5, 2014 From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. Address correspondence to Dr. Robert Zimmerman, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk F-20, Cleveland, OH 44195-0001. E-mail: zimmerr@ccf.org. Published as a Rapid Electronic Article in Press at http://www.endocrine practice.org on October 8, 2014. DOI:10.4158/EP14364.CO To purchase reprints of this article, please visit: www.aace.com/reprints. Copyright © 2014 AACE. Schmidt et al (1) defined “dawn phenomenon” as the night to morning elevation of blood glucose (BG) before and, to a larger extent, after breakfast in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A similar observation was made in type 2 diabetes (T2D) by Bolli et al in 1984 (2). In normal, nondiabetic subjects (3-5), there is not a rise in glucose, due to a documented rise in insulin. Ever since the first description, the dawn phenomenon has been studied extensively. In T1D, the magnitude of BG elevation at dawn first reported was substantial, largely due to the decrease in plasma insulin concentration overnight (1), commonly observed with evening administration of Lente or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn insulins (6). Even early studies with the biostator suggested a significant dawn phenomenon, due in part to an artifact caused by degradation of insulin over time in the biostator (7). More recent studies using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or longacting insulin analogs have suggested an increase of 25 to 50 mg/dL as the magnitude of the dawn phenomenon (8-10). A study by Campbell et al (11) found that in subjects treated with somatostatin, α-adrenergic blockade, and β-adrenergic blockade, that replacement of growth hormone and not the other counterregulatory hormones is the major factor causing the dawn phenomenon. Several studies have found that insulin sensitivity is higher after midnight until 3 am, as compared to the period 4 to 8 am (8-10). Recently, studies of T2D found that fasting hyperglycemia can be attributed to a transient increase in hepatic glucose production (both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) at dawn in the absence of compensatory insulin secretion (12-14). Programming for an early morning increase in insulin delivery is frequently recommended to counteract the rise in glucose prior to breakfast (dawn phenomenon) (8,15). Indeed, one of the indications for utilizing an insulin pump has classically been patients who could not get fasting glucose levels controlled on long-acting insulins. However, neither the effectiveness nor the safety of this approach have been tested in the ambulatory setting.
Early Enhancement by Thyrotropin of Thyroid Organification of Circulating Iodide11

The early effect of TSH upon thyroid uptake and organification of various doses of iodide was studied by giving 131Ilabeled iodide of known specific activity as a single injection to Purina-fed rats, followed by TSH or saline intravenously. Three hr later thyroid concentration and proportion of PB131I and iodide-131I were determined by paper chromatography and glandular content of newly formed PB127I calculated from the specific activity of the iodide given. At the 5 ng iodide dose, glandular uptake and PB127I concentration were the same in TSH and control groups. When 50-5000 αg of iodide was given, TSH enhanced glandular uptake and PB127I formation. The increment in PBI included both iodotyrosines and iodothyronines and was not abolished by perchlorate. At the higher iodide doses, PBI formation was severely depressed in controls (Wolff-Chaikoff effect) but was unimpaired in the TSH group. The results suggest that, under these conditions, TSH promptly stimulates uptake and organification of circulating i...
Superspace formulation of supergravity

Abstract The recent superspace formulations of supergravity using vierbeins are shown to be equivalent to the previous metric tensor superspace formulation of the authors for physical (mass-shell) spaces. An alternate method of gauge completing the vierbein without using Breitenlohner fields is given to the order necessary to generate field equations, and again shown dynamically equivalent to the above formulations.
Do High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Influence Stroke Severity?

Background: Low-serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk of stroke in various populations, including young patients. Severity of stroke is an important determinant of outcome and may be affected by baseline HDL cholesterol level. Methods: In all, 241 consecutive patients presenting within 24 hours of ischemic stroke onset were evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and had fasting serum HDL levels collected the morning after admission. We determined the impact of low HDL cholesterol ( Results: Among the 241 patients, mean age was 69.5 years, 53% were male, and the median NIHSS score was 5 (range: 0-35). There was no association between low-serum HDL and NIHSS score at presentation for the overall group (6 v 5, P = .385). In young patients (≤50 years), low HDL level was associated with more severe stroke (NIHSS score 15 v 4, P = .005). The association of HDL with stroke severity remained significant after adjusting for all factors (13 v 2, P = .01). Conclusion: Overall, low-serum HDL was not associated with stroke severity. There may be an association of higher serum HDL with reduced stroke severity in patients aged 50 years and younger.
Eigenvector derivatives of repeated eigenvalues using singular value decomposition

An explicit formula is obtained for the first-order eigenvector derivative that corresponds to the eigenvector of a repeated eigenvalue, in the case of the nonself-adjoint eigenvalue problem. This method applies to the class of nondefective problems whose first eigenvalue derivatives of the repeated eigenvalues are distinct. A singular-value decomposition approach is used to compute four requisite bases for eigenspaces, as well as to keep track of the dimensions of state variables and the conditioning of the state equations.
Incidence of Diabetes Among Dependents of the U.S. Military Forces Admitted to U.S. Army Treatment Facilities, 1971-1991

OBJECTIVE To determine the national incidence of diabetes in children by studying a group representing all parts of the country: the dependent children of U.S. military personnel. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Dates of admission, diagnosis of diabetes, age, and gender were collected for all 522,326 children, age 21 or younger, of active duty military personnel admitted to U.S. Army treatment facilities during fiscal years 1971-1991. Incidence rates were expressed as cases per 100,000 person-years. RESULTS A total of 2,308 cases of diabetes were diagnosed in 14.3 million person-years of follow-up over the 21 years. The overall incidence rate of diabetes in this population is 16.2 (95% confidence interval 15.5–16.9). For 1987–1991, the age-specific rates were 8.1 (0–4 years), 15.9 (5–9 years), 25.6 (10–14 years), 23.9 (15–19 years), and 23.4 (20–21 years). CONCLUSIONS The rates may be biased because of exclusion of people with diabetes from entering military service, and are limited by lack of age adjustment. The racial admixture of our study population does not match the U.S. population as a whole.
How tumor stage affects surgeons' surveillance strategies after colon cancer surgery

Background. The factors that influence decision making among surgeons are not well understood. This study sought to evaluate how the tumor stage of patients subjected to potentially curative surgery for colon cancer affects the follow-up strategies used by practicing surgeons. Methods. Hypothetical patient profiles and a detailed questionnaire based on these profiles were mailed to 2733 members of two major surgical societies. The effect of TNM Stage on the surveillance strategies chosen by the respondents was analyzed. Results. Seven of the nine most commonly used surveillance modalities all were performed significantly more frequently with increasing TNM Stage. This effect persisted through 5 years of follow-up. The other two modalities (computed tomography and bone scan) were performed too infrequently for meaningful analysis. Conclusions. Surgeons performing surveillance after potentially curative surgery for otherwise healthy patients with colon cancer modify their strategies according to the patient's TNM Stage. These data should help in the design of prospective trials related to this topic.
The collinear central configuration of n equal masses

Moulton's Theorem says that given an ordering of masses m1, ..., mnthere exists a unique collinear central configuration. The theorem allows us to ask the questions: What is the distribution of n equal masses in the collinear central configuration? What is the behavior of the distribution as n → ∞? These questions are due to R. Moekel (personal conversation). Central configurations are found to be attracting fixed points of a flow — a flow we might call an auxiliary flow (in the text it is denoted F(X)), since it has little to do with the equations of motion. This flow is studied in an effort to characterize the mass distribution. Specifically, for a collinear central configuration of n equal masses, a bound is found for the position of the masses furthest from the center of mass. Also some facts concerning the distribution of the inner masses are discovered.
Potentiation of evoked adrenal catecholamine release by cyanide: possible role of calcium.

Abstract The effect of cyanide on release of catecholamines was evaluated in isolated bovine adrenal glands stimulated with 4 different agonists. Cyanide (0.1 – mM) increased catecholamine release induced by barium or cadmium 2−3-fold. Acetylcholine or potassium induced secretion of adrenal catecholamines was also enhanced by cyanide, but only to the extent of 30–50%. These data suggest that cyanide acts by multiple mechanisms to enhance evoked catecholamine release. The above results may be partly explained by the fact that cyanide inhibited 45 Ca efflux from stimulated bovine adrenals. Changes in plasma membrane permeability may be crucial in the alterations of ion flux and evoked catecholamine release caused by cyanide.
Development and testing of a high precision digital Gaussian generator for Computers

Abstract A high precision generator of Gaussian distributed pseudorandom numbers has been developed and tested. The generator is designed so that to be suitable for use with computers in simulation applications. Experimental results are given which verify the theoretically predicted performance. The generator approximates with high accuracy the tails of the Gaussian density and this makes it suitable for simulations of rare events. Depending on the system parameters the originally generated densities can be produced in a form which allows computer scaling without affecting the accuracy over a range of more than +5 standard deviations from the mean.
Tearing down walls for the homebound elderly

It is estimated that by 2030, there will be about 70 million older adults, more than twice their number in 1990 [1], indicating a growing number of frail elderly who are more likely to become socially isolated because of chronic health conditions due to advancing age. The purpose of this study was determine if emerging telecommunication technologies could help to change the social framework of homebound and mobility-limited people's lives. Four plain-old-telephone-service (POTs) -based videoconferencing units were placed in the homes of shut-in elderly for six months. Interviews conducted at three time points indicate participants felt more connected to their community because of the technology.
Concerning flux erosion from the dayside magnetosphere

The dayside magnetopause moves inward during periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field in response to decreases in the outer magnetospheric magnetic field strength. We consider possible causes for the magnetic field strength decreases and demonstrate that they are consistent with increases in the region 1 Birkeland and cross-tail currents. We reexamine the well-known series of magnetopause crossings by OGO 5 on March 27, 1968, to demonstrate that they provide evidence for two intervals of gradual inward magnetopause motion associated with magnetic flux erosion and also for two intervals of inward magnetopause motion associated with sharp increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure.
Intracranial and orbital doppler in cerebrovascular disease

Color doppler imaging (CDI) is a diagnostic tool that allows non-invasive evaluation of the orbital and intra-cranial structures. It operates by the doppler principle, which is detecting changes in the frequency of sound that is reflected from flowing blood, allowing estimation of flow velocity. CDI has been used in the diagnosis and follow up of ophthalmic conditions such as central retinal artery occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, arteritic and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy and the ocular ischemic syndrome. In addition, orbital conditions like varices can be evaluated. Transcranial doppler has been used to assess strokes and arteriovascular malformations of the brain. The main limitation of CDI is that it provides information about velocity and not flow. Despite this, it remains a valuable tool to diagnose ocular and intracranial conditions characterized by ischemia or abnormal blood flow.
Potential Nutritional Benefits of Current Citrus Consumption

Citrus contains nutrients and phytochemicals that may be beneficial for health. We collected citrus production and consumption data and estimated the amount of these compounds that are consumed. We then compared the amounts of citrus and citrus-derived compounds used in studies that suggest a health benefit to the amounts typically found in citrus. Data is scarce, but suggests that citrus consumption might improve indices of antioxidant status, and possibly cardiovascular health and insulin sensitivity.
Two Comments on “Sufficiency and Statistical Decision Functions”

In the following comments we employ the notation and definitions of [1]. The first comment answers a question raised in [1] by giving an example of a necessary and sufficient subfield which cannot be induced by a statistic. The second remark clarifies this example somewhat by discussing the connection between statistics and subfields in general. It was hoped that this connection would be so close as to provide the answer to another question raised in [1]: whether the existence of a necessary and sufficient subfield implies that of a necessary and sufficient statistic. However, an example given at the end of the second comment shows that such a result cannot be proved without making deeper use of sufficiency.