cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Crowdwork for Disaster Events: The Human-Centered Development of a Lost-and-Found Tasking Environment

Human computation and crowd sourcing have become hot topics across several application domains. Indeed, some efforts have been directed toward emergency management to find ways to involve the public in disaster response. However, many tasks in disaster response can put the public in harm's way or introduce problems of liability. Furthermore, some human computation tasks are disconnected from the true needs of emergency response. In this paper we discuss the case of an important lost-and-found task -- reuniting displaced pets with their owners after a disaster. We argue why this task is a strong candidate for human computation by "digital volunteers." The goal of this paper is to articulate the design decisions and software engineering problems faced in designing and developing a web-based crowd work environment that supports a lost-and-found matching task.
The Social World as Will and Idea: Schopenhauer's Influence upon Durkheim's Thought

The starting-point for this analysis is a remark made by Andre Lalande, that Durkheim was so enamoured with Schopenhauer's philosophy that his students nicknamed him ‘Schopen’. The intellectual con...
Cortisol Stimulates Secretion of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Human Adrenocortical Cells Through Inhibition of 3βHSD2

Context: Initiating factors leading to production of adrenal androgens are poorly defined. Cortisol is present in high concentrations within the adrenal gland, and its production rises with growth during childhood. Objective: Our aim was to characterize the effect of cortisol and other glucocorticoids on androgen secretion from a human adrenocortical cell line and from nonadrenal cells transfected with CYP17A1 or HSD3B2. Design/Setting: This study was performed in cultured cells, at an academic medical center. Methods: The effects of cortisol upon steroid production in human adrenal NCI-H295R cells were measured by immunoassay, tandem mass spectrometry, and thin-layer chromatography. The effects of cortisol upon the activities of 17, 20 lyase and 3βHSD2 were measured in NCI-H295R cells and in transfected COS-7 cells. Results: Cortisol markedly and rapidly stimulated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in a dose-dependent manner at cortisol concentrations ≥50 μm. Cortisone and 11-deoxycortisol were also potent stimulators of DHEA secretion, whereas prednisolone and dexamethasone were not. Treatment with cortisol did not affect expression of CYP17A1 or HSD3B2 mRNAs. Stimulation of DHEA secretion by cortisol was associated with competitive inhibition of 3βHSD2 activity. Conclusions: Cortisol inhibits 3βHSD2 activity in adrenal cells and in COS-7 cells transfected with HSD3B2. Thus, it is possible that intraadrenal cortisol may participate in the regulation of adrenal DHEA secretion through inhibition of 3βHSD2. We hypothesize that a rise in intraadrenal cortisol during childhood growth may lead to inhibition of 3βHSD2 activity and contribute to the initiation of adrenarche.
In Situ Observations of Templated Grain Growth in (Na0.5K0.5)0.98Li0.02NbO3 Piezoceramics: Texture Development and Template–Matrix Interactions

Nucleation, texture development, and phase equilibria were observed during templated grain growth (TGG) of (Na0.5K0.5)0.98Li0.02NbO3 (NKLN) via in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). Initially, NaNbO3 templates and NKLN matrix powder exist as distinct phases with unique lattice parameters. Above 850°C, the templates and matrix begin to react via interdiffusion as characterized by an increase in diffuse scattering between the NaNbO3 and NKLN peaks. This process intensifies immediately prior to template growth, leading to merging of diffraction peaks for these two phases. TGG in this system is thus homoepitaxial in nature as it occurs after the NKLN matrix and NaNbO3 templates form a solid solution. The degree of alignment in the matrix phase is quantified in situ using the March–Dollase parameters r and f. The degree of orientation of the textured NKLN mirrors the initial alignment of the template particles (r ≈ 0.3), while the texture fraction f increases from 0.04 to ~0.67 after 3 h at 1138°C. This increase in texture fraction follows n = 1/3 power law kinetics consistent with liquid-phase-assisted normal grain growth on plate-like templates. As the observed template–matrix interdiffusion and the onset of texture development proceed extremely rapidly, this work demonstrates the utility of in situ XRD for observing details of TGG that cannot easily be seen via ex situ methods.
Sympathetic innervation promotes vascular smooth muscle differentiation.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is an important modulator of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) growth and function. Several lines of evidence suggest that the SNS also promotes VSM differentiation....
A time-resolved diffraction study of the Ta-C solid combustion system

The formation of TaC and Ta2C by combustion synthesis from their elemental constituents has been studied by time-resolved x-ray diffraction (TRXRD) using synchrotron radiation. The reactions have been followed with a time resolution down to 50 ms. Since the adiabatic temperatures for both reactions are well below any liquidus temperature in the Ta—C phase diagram, no melting occurs and these combustion reactions occur purely in the solid state. The phase transformations associated with these reactions are followed by monitoring the disappearance of reactant and appearance of product powder diffraction peaks in real time as the reaction front propagates through the combusting specimen. In the synthesis of TaC, the results show the formation of the subcarbide (Ta2C phase as an intermediate. In the synthesis of Ta2C, the reaction proceeds directly to the product with no discernible intermediate Ta–C phase within a 50 ms time frame. The chemical dynamics associated with the combustion synthesis of TaC may be described by an initial phase transformation to hexagonal Ta2C arising from carbon diffusion into the Ta metal lattice. As more carbon is available this intermediate subcarbide phase, which has one-half of its octahedral interstices occupied by the carbon, further transforms to the cubic TaC final product, in which all octahedral sites are now occupied. The time-resolved data indicate that the rate of formation of Ta2C is a factor of two faster than that of TaC.
Towards manipulation-driven vision

For the purposes of manipulation, we would like to know what parts of the environment are physically coherent ensembles, that is, which parts will move together, and which are more or less independent. It takes a great deal of experience before this judgement can be made from purely visual information. This paper develops active strategies for acquiring that experience through experimental manipulation, using tight correlations between arm motion and optic flow to detect both the arm itself and the boundaries of objects with which it comes into contact.
A verification method for noise-temperature measurements on cryogenic low-noise amplifiers

We report a verification method for noise-temperature (NT) measurements on cryogenic low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) at liquid helium temperature. The method uses a comparison between the individual measurements of the LNA and an attenuator and the joint measurements of the tandem of the two. As a first step, we were able to determine the loss and the added NT of the cables that connected the cryogenic devices (the LNA, the attenuator, or their combination) to the test ports outside of a cryostat. The attenuator was also characterized successfully with 3% measurement uncertainty.
A New Animal Model for Human Respiratory Tract Disease Due to Adenovirus

Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were tested as a model for human respiratory tract infection due to adenovirus. After intranasal instillation of 10(6.1) 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of adenovirus type 5 into one-month-old cotton rats, groups were killed at intervals for nasal and lung titration of virus and lung histopathology. In lung, eclipse occurred at 8 hr followed by peak viral titer (10(7.5) TCID50/g of lung) on day 5. Titers fell to 10(3.2) TCID50/g by day 10 and persisted at that level through the remainder of the study (day 28) despite appearance of serum neutralizing antibody after day 6. Interstitial pneumonia paralleled viral growth, and peribronchial mononuclear infiltration followed one to two days later. Titers in nasal mucosa peaked on day 3 but were undetectable beyond day 21. Pulmonary histopathology and viral replicative patterns paralleled findings in natural human disease.
The Gauss optimization method for problems with general nonlinear constraints

A new algorithm is presented for finding the minimum of a nonnegative objective function subject to general nonlinear constraints. This algorithm, based of Gauss’ method for unconstrained problems, is developed as an extension to the Gauss constrained technique for linear constraints. The derivation of the algorithm, using a Lagrange multiplier approach, is based on the Kuhn-Tucker conditions so that, when the iteration process terminates, these conditions are automatically satisfied. A feasible design is maintained throughout the iteration process. The solution of preliminary examples indicate excellent results in terms of the number of objective function evaluations required by the algorithm to obtain an optimal design.
Palliative surgery for head and neck cancer with extensive skin involvement.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the role of regional and free tissue transfer for the palliative management of head and neck cancer with extensive skin involvement. Study Design Case Series. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients treated for head and neck cancer with involvement of the skin at the Mount Sinai Medical Center over a 5-year period (2006–2010). Only patients with extensive skin involvement and unresectable tumors who underwent palliative resection and reconstruction were included in the review. Subjects were analyzed for age, gender, performance status, primary site, tumor histology, extent of invasion, type of reconstruction, hospital course, wound complications, adjuvant therapy, survival, and cause of death. Results Twenty-five patients met the inclusion criteria for the review. Fourteen patients (56%) underwent regional flap reconstruction, and 11 patients (44%) underwent free flap reconstruction. The average length of stay was 7 days. Twenty-four patients (96%) had a medically uncomplicated postoperative hospital course. Nineteen patients (76%) were treated with adjuvant palliative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Long-term follow-up was achieved for 19 patients. The median follow up in this group was 9.5 months. Eleven of the 21 patients (52%) developed wound complications postoperatively. Eight of these were minor wound dehiscences, while three developed major wound complications. Four patients (16%) had distant metastasis at the time of surgery, and the median time to develop distant metastases after surgery was 6 months. Median survival time was 9.5 months. Twenty-two patients (88%) were discharged in the care of their families with appropriate pain management and without the need for extensive wound care. Conclusions For unresectable tumors with extensive skin involvement, palliative resection and reconstruction is a reasonable treatment option. Although survival may not be affected, addressing the odor, bleeding, pain, and infection associated with skin involvement has the potential to improve a patient's quality of life. Level of Evidence 4.
Breadth vs. Depth : The Effect of Academic Specialization on Labor Market Outcomes

Decision makers often face a tradeoff between the beneÞts of early specialization and the gains from delaying choice in order to gather additional information about the alternatives. I examine this tradeoff in the context of higher education by comparing educational systems with differing exogenous constraints on the timing of choices. SpeciÞcally, some systems require students to specialize early by choosing a major Þeld of study prior to entering university, while others allow students to postpone this choice. I develop a model of specialization in which individuals, by taking courses in different Þelds of study, accumulate Þeld-speciÞc skills and receive noisy signals of match quality in these Þelds. With later specialization, students have more time to learn about match quality in each Þeld but less time to acquire speciÞc skills once a Þeld is chosen. I derive comparative static predictions between regimes with early and late specialization, and test these predictions across British systems of higher education using university administrative data from 1973-1993 and survey data on 1980 university graduates. I Þnd that individuals in Scotland, where specialization occurs relatively late, are less likely to switch to an occupation that is unrelated to their Þeld of study compared to their English counterparts who specialize earlier. According to the model, this suggests that the return to being well matched to an occupational Þeld is high relative to the return to speciÞc skills. I also Þnd strong evidence in support of the prediction that individuals who switch to unrelated occupations earn lower wages, and some evidence that switching is less costly for those who specialize later.
N-terminal truncation of human α1D-adrenoceptors increases expression of binding sites but not protein

The role of the N-terminus of human a1D-adrenoceptors was examined by deleting the first 79 amino acids (D 1–79 ) and epitope-tagging to facilitate immunoprecipitation and detection. Following transfection into HEK293 cells, 6- to 13-fold increases in the density of specific [ 125 I]BE 2254 binding sites were observed for both tagged and untagged D 1–79 a1D- compared to full-length a1D-adrenoceptors, while agonist and antagonist affinities remained unchanged. In contrast, immunoprecipitation of tagged receptors showed that full-length a1Dadrenoceptor protein was at least twice as abundant as D 1–79 a1D-adrenoceptor protein. Photoaffinity labelling with [ 125 I]arylazidoprazosin showed much more intense labelling of tagged D 1–79 a1D- than of full-length a1D-adrenoceptors. Substantial N-linked glycosylation of tagged D 1–79 a1D-adrenoceptors was observed, although full-length a1D-adrenoceptors contain two consensus glycosylation sites but are not glycosylated. These results suggest that N-terminal truncation of a1D-adrenoceptors enhances processing of a binding competent form in HEK293 cells; and show a clear dissociation between abundance of receptor protein and density of receptor binding sites. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The full genome sequence of three strains of Jamestown Canyon virus and their pathogenesis in mice or monkeys

Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), family Bunyaviridae, is a mosquito-borne pathogen endemic in the United States and Canada that can cause encephalitis in humans and is considered an emerging threat to public health. The virus is genetically similar to Inkoo virus circulating in Europe, suggesting that much of the northern hemisphere contains JCV or similar variants. We have completed the sequence of three isolates of JCV collected in geographically diverse locations over a 57 year time span. The nucleotide identity for the three strains is 90, 83, and 85% for the S, M, and L segments respectively whereas the percent identify for the predicted amino acid sequences of the N, NSS, M poly, GN, NSM, GC, and L proteins was 97, 91, 94, 98, 91, 94, and 97%, respectively. In Swiss Webster mice, each JCV isolate exhibits low neuroinvasiveness but high infectivity. Two of the three JCV isolates were highly neurovirulent after IC inoculation whereas one isolate, JCV/03/CT, exhibited low neurovirulence. In rhesus monkeys, JCV infection is accompanied by a low-titered viremia, lack of clinical disease, but a robust neutralizing antibody response. The first complete sequence of JCV is reported for three separate isolates, and a relatively high level of amino acid sequence conservation was observed even for viruses isolated 57 years apart indicating that the virus is in relative evolutionary stasis. JCV is highly infectious for mice and monkeys, and these animals, especially mice, represent useful experimental hosts for further study.
Electron microscope study of mitosis in sea urchin blastomeres.

The fine structure of cells at different stages of the mitotic cycle was studied in the blastomeres of 6-hour-old embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The material was fixed in 1 per cent osmium tetroxide in sea water, buffered with veronal-acetate to pH 7.5, embedded in Araldite, and sectioned with glass knives. The aster, as it forms around the centriole, has the appearance of the endoplastic reticulum, with elements oriented radially from the centrosphere to the periphery of the cell. Anaphase structures described include the kinetochores, with bundles of fine filaments extending toward the centrioles, as well as continuous filaments passing between the chromosomes. Two cylindrical centrioles composed of parallel rods are present in each of the anaphase asters. At late anaphase, elements of the endoplasmic reticulum condense on the surface of the chromosomes to form a double membrane which already at this stage possesses pores or annuli. At telophase bundles of continuous filaments can be seen in the interzonal region. These filaments, as well as those associated with the chromosomes, have a diameter of approximately 15 mµ, and appear physically different from the astral structure.
Iterative decoding schemes for source and joint source-channel coding of correlated sources

We propose the use of linear codes with low density generator matrix for channel coding, and joint source-channel coding of correlated sources. The use of iterative decoding techniques, i.e. message passing, over the corresponding graph achieves a performance close to the theoretical limits. As an advantage with respect to turbo and standard low-density parity check codes, the complexity of the decoding and encoding procedures is very low.
Quantitative analysis of scrolling techniques

We propose a formal experimental paradigm designed to help evaluate scrolling interaction techniques. Such a method is needed by interaction designers to quantify scrolling performance, thereby providing a tool to evaluate and improve upon new techniques. We systematically vary the scrolling distance as well as the required tolerance of scrolling. Distance and tolerance are the parameters of Fitts' Law, which traditionally has been applied to the evaluation of pointing devices in tasks involving rapid, aimed movement to visible targets. Scrolling involves acquisition of targets well beyond the edges of the screen, yet Fitts' Law models our experimental data very wellWe apply our paradigm to the IBM ScrollPoint and the IntelliMouse Wheel. Our experimental approach reveals a crossover effect in performance versus distance, with the Wheel performing best at short distances but the ScrollPoint performing best at long distances. We also demonstrate that the performance of the Wheel can be significantly improved using an acceleration algorithm. These results show that our approach yields a practical and rigorous method for the evaluation of scrolling techniques.
Selection and coordination: The articulatory basis for the emergence of phonological structure

Abstract Phonological theories commonly analyze speech utterances as composed of hierarchically organized units, such as features/gestures, segments, moras, and syllables, but it is not well understood why this hierarchical organization is observed. Moreover, current phonological theories and speech production models fail to explain cross-linguistic and developmental variation in the organization of units. This paper presents the selection-coordination theory of speech production, which attempts to unify our understanding of developmental and cross-linguistic variation in phonological structure. The theory holds that hierarchical organization emerges from a recurring trend in speech development whereby children acquire coordinative regimes of control over articulatory gestures that were previously competitively selected. In this framework, segments, moras, and syllables are understood as differently-sized instantiations of the same type of motor planning unit, and cross-linguistic and developmental phonological patterns are derived from distinguishing competitive and coordinative regimes of articulatory control. Evidence for the theory is drawn from research in motor control, speech development, and phonological and phonetic patterns in speech.
Intraoperative Tension Pneumothorax in a Patient With Remote Trauma and Previous Tracheostomy

Many trauma patients present with a combination of cranial and thoracic injury. Anesthesia for these patients carries the risk of intraoperative hemodynamic instability and respiratory complications during mechanical ventilation. Massive air leakage through a lacerated lung will result in inadequate ventilation and hypoxemia and, if left undiagnosed, may significantly compromise the hemodynamic function and create a life-threatening situation. Even though these complications are more characteristic for the early phase of trauma management, in some cases, such a scenario may develop even months after the initial trauma. We report a case of a 25-year-old patient with remote thoracic trauma, who developed an intraoperative tension pneumothorax and hemodynamic instability while undergoing an elective cranioplasty. The intraoperative patient assessment was made even more challenging by unexpected massive blood loss from the surgical site. Timely recognition and management of intraoperative pneumothorax along with adequate blood replacement stabilized the patient and helped avoid an unfavorable outcome. This case highlights the risks of intraoperative pneumothorax in trauma patients, which may develop even months after injury. A high index of suspicion and timely decompression can be life saving in this type of situation.
Abstract 2084: Claudin-1 induces resistance to anoikis in Src dependent manner in colon cancer cells

Anoikis, a complete loss of cell anchorage triggers apoptosis in primary human colonic epithelial cells (CEC), is often dysfunctional in metastatic cancer cells. We along with other groups have demonstrated that expression of Claudin-1, a tight junction protein, is markedly increased and mislocalized in colon cancer and helps promote the tumor progression especially metastasis. However the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. To explore, we examined effect of claudin-1 expression upon anoikis. Colon cancer cells genetically manipulated (stable overexpression in SW480 cells and RNA-interference based gene silencing in SW620 cells) for claudin-1 expression were cultured on polyHEMA-coated culture dishes to induce anoikis. Results demonstrated a positive correlation between claudin-1 expression and resistance to anoikis. We also observed a positive correlation between claudin-1 expression, Src (L4A1) and Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473) and Bcl-2 expression in the cells subjected to anoikis. Notably, use of PP2, a Src-kinase inhibitor, inhibited claudin-1-dependent resistance to anoikis (2.5fold) as well as the increases in Akt-phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression, and thus suggested a causal role of Src-activation in claudin-1-dependent resistance to anoikis. Our further studies revealed that claudin-1 associates with Src in a multi-protein complex that also included ZO-1, a PDZ-domain containing tight junction protein, known to associate with claudin-1and Src. Importantly, claudin-1 contains a PDZ-binding domain in its c-terminal. Deletion of the c-terminal domain of claudin-1 resulted in the loss of the physical association between claudin-1 and Src and a significant loss in claudin-1-dependent resistance to anoikis. Thus, our findings supported a role of claudin-1 in the regulation of colon cancer progression through its association with Src and dependent cell signaling. Our further analysis using a large database of colon cancer patient samples (microarray analysis; 260 colon cancer and 10 adjacent normal colon samples) showed a significant and positive correlation between claudin-1 and Src expression. Taken together, we here report a novel partnering between claudin-1 and Src proteins in colon cancer cells which has a function implication in the regulation of anoikis in a claudin-1/Src/PI3-kinase/Bcl-2-dependent manner. Our findings have clinical significance and have the potential to open potential new therapeutic opportunity in colon cancer treatment and/or management. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2084. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2084
Distinct Interaction Modes of the Kinesin-13 Motor Domain with the Microtubule

Kinesins-13s are members of the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules (MTs) and have no motile activity. Instead of generating unidirectional movement over the MT lattice, like most other kinesins, kinesins-13s undergo one-dimensional diffusion (ODD) and induce depolymerization at the MT ends. To understand the mechanism of ODD and the origin of the distinct kinesin-13 functionality, we used ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence polarization microscopy to analyze the behavior and conformation of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin-13 KLP10A protein constructs bound to the MT lattice. We found that KLP10A interacts with the MT in two coexisting modes: one in which the motor domain binds with a specific orientation to the MT lattice and another where the motor domain is very mobile and able to undergo ODD. By comparing the orientation and dynamic behavior of mutated and deletion constructs we conclude that 1) the Kinesin-13 class specific neck domain and loop-2 help orienting the motor domain relative to the MT. 2) During ODD the KLP10A motor-domain changes orientation rapidly (rocks or tumbles). 3) The motor domain alone is capable of undergoing ODD. 4) A second tubulin binding site in the KLP10A motor domain is not critical for ODD. 5) The neck domain is not the element preventing KLP10A from binding to the MT lattice like motile kinesins.
Water quality criteria for an acidifying ocean: Challenges and opportunities for improvement

Acidification has sparked discussion about whether regulatory agencies should place coastal waters on the Clean Water Act 303(d) impaired water bodies list. Here we describe scientific challenges in assessing impairment with existing data, exploring use of both pH and biological criteria. Application of pH criteria is challenging because present coastal pH levels fall within the allowable criteria range, but the existing criteria allow for pH levels that are known to cause extensive biological damage. Moreover, some states express their water quality criteria as change from natural conditions, but the spatio-temporal distribution and quality of existing coastal pH data are insufficient to define natural condition. Biological criteria require that waters be of sufficient quality to support resident biological communities and are relevant because a number of biological communities have declined over the last several decades. However, the scientific challenge is differentiating those declines from natural population cycles and positively associating them with acidification-related water quality stress. We present two case studies, one for pteropods and one for oysters, which illustrate the opportunities, challenges and uncertainties associated with implementing biological criteria. The biggest challenge associated with these biological assessments is lack of co-location between long-term biological and chemical monitoring, which inhibits the ability to connect biological response with an acidification stressor. Developing new, ecologically relevant water quality criteria for acidification and augmenting coastal water monitoring at spatio-temporal scales appropriate to those criteria would enhance opportunities for effective use of water quality regulations.
Circumcision Application One-time Circumcision Stapling and Traditional Operation Comparison

Objective To investigate circumcision application one-time circumcision stapling and traditional operation comparison.Methods Select from January 2010 to October in 150 patients were enrolled in this study,the use of a randomized method is divided into traditional group and 75 cases of stapling groups,observe two groups of operation time,wound healing time,complications,blood loss and pain score,appearance satisfaction.Results The traditional group operation time,amount of bleeding and complication rate,pain score is obviously higher than that of the stapling group,the difference between the two groups have statistical significance(P0.05);Two groups of healing time is difference was not statistically significant(P0.05);Appearance satisfaction was significantly lower than the stapling group,is a statistically significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion One-time circumcision stapling treatment wrapping deformity can effectively shorten the operation time,reduce the amount of bleeding,improve the beautiful degree,is the pursuit of the ideal patients with surgical method.
Meta-analysis of the reliability of noninvasive carotid studies

The author examined those published studies of the consistency (homogeneity) of study outcomes of noninvasive tests that assess the degree of carotid artery disease. Noninvasive tests used to detect carotid artery disease include ocular pneumoplethysmography and duplex ultrasound pulsed Doppler spectral analysis with high-resolution B-mode scan. This meta-analysis showed that all authors had reached essentially the same conclusion: 1) one of these noninvasive tests may be sufficient to determine the clinical management of carotid artery disease, and 2) when two tests are concordant, the test degree of certainty is greatly improved, with anatomic and physiologic information that often matches or surpasses that afforded by the more invasive percutaneous carotid arteriography.
Differential diagnosis and treatment of oliguria in post-traumatic and postoperative patients.

The occurrence of acute renal failure in the critically ill patient is an all too frequent occurrence. When postoperative oliguria occurs, it is important to differentiate between postrenal, prerenal, and acute renal failure. An understanding of the basic renal physiology and its alteration by drugs and disease will facilitate an early diagnosis and proper therapy.
CHAPTER TWELVE – Environmentally Benign Chemistry and Species

This chapter provides an overview of the recent advances in synthesizing “green” reactions and species. Selection of environmentally benign chemical reactions, raw materials, solvents, and products is an important element in pollution prevention. This leads to the problem of synthesizing environmentally acceptable reactions “EARs.” In order to generate a candidate EAR, the potential raw materials and by-products, satisfaction of stoichiometric conditions, assurance of thermodynamic feasibility, and fulfillment of environmental requirements must be considered. These issues can be addressed by employing an optimization formulation to identify an overall reaction that yields the desired product at maximum economic potential while satisfying stoichiometric, thermodynamic, and environmental constraints. In many cases, it is possible to replace environmentally hazardous chemicals with more benign species without compromising the technical and economic performance of the process. Two main frameworks can been employed to synthesize alternative materials: knowledge base and computer-aided optimization. Process synthesis techniques can also be integrated with product synthesis tools for the synthesis of environmentally benign species.
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Procedures for the Characterization of Technetium-99m Bicisate

Objective: Technetium-99m (99mTc) bicisate is a radiopharmaceutical imaging agent useful for assessing regional cerebral perfusion. We will present the details of two procedures used to confirm the radiochemical purity (RCP) of 99mTc-bicisate. Methods: After radiolabeling, the performance of a quality control procedure is recommended to confirm the RCP of 99mTc-bicisate. For routine quality control, a single thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method is sufficient for determining the RCP of the kit. For research purposes, a second TLC method has been developed to provide quantification of individual radioimpurities. Results: Information on the radiolabeling reaction and potential radioimpurities is provided to illustrate the factors that must be evaluated in the development of TLC procedures for this kit. Data are provided which demonstrate the specificity and ruggedness of each procedure. Conclusion: Implementation of these two TLC procedures should assist the user in obtaining accurate RCP measurements.
A New Mechanism for Mendelian Dominance in Regulatory Genetic Pathways: Competitive Binding by Transcription Factors

We report a new mechanism for allelic dominance in regulatory genetic interactions that we call binding dominance. We investigated a biophysical model of gene regulation, where the fractional occupancy of a transcription factor (TF) on the cis-regulated promoter site it binds to is determined by binding energy (-ΔG) and TF dosage. Transcription and gene expression proceed when the TF is bound to the promoter. In diploids, individuals may be heterozygous at the cis-site, at the TF's coding region, or at the TF's own promoter, which determines allele-specific dosage. We find that when the TF's coding region is heterozygous, TF alleles compete for occupancy at the cis-sites and the tighter-binding TF is dominant in proportion to the difference in binding strength. When the TF's own promoter is heterozygous, the TF produced at the higher dosage is also dominant. Cis-site heterozygotes have additive expression and therefore codominant phenotypes. Binding dominance propagates to affect the expression of downstream loci and it is sensitive in both magnitude and direction to genetic background, but its detectability often attenuates. While binding dominance is inevitable at the molecular level, it is difficult to detect in the phenotype under some biophysical conditions, more so when TF dosage is high and allele-specific binding affinities are similar. A body of empirical research on the biophysics of TF binding demonstrates the plausibility of this mechanism of dominance, but studies of gene expression under competitive binding in heterozygotes in a diversity of genetic backgrounds are needed.
A generalization of state avoidance policies for controlled Petri nets

This paper presents a generalization of forbidden state control synthesis methods for a broad class of controlled Petri nets (CtlPN). An algebra is defined for characterizing the interaction of paths in the Petri net. Given a specification of a forbidden marking set, the net structure is analyzed to determine an algebraic expression to represent the specification. For any net marking (state), evaluation of the expression will indicate whether forbidden markings are reachable and whether control is necessary. The expression is then used for efficiently determining the maximally permissive controls for the marking. >
Promoting informal and professional help‐seeking for adolescent dating violence

The present study examined factors that differentiate adolescents with varied intentions of informal and professional help-seeking for dating violence. Help-seeking intentions among 518 ethnically diverse adolescents from a rural, southern county who participated in a longitudinal study of teen dating violence were categorized into three groups: adolescents unlikely to seek any help, adolescents likely to seek only informal help, and adolescents likely to seek informal and professional help. Multinomial logistic regression found that gender, family functioning, problem-solving competency, dating status, having an adult to talk to about a dating relationship, and acceptability of family violence significantly predicted membership in the help-seeking groups. Implications for promoting informal and professional help-seeking and recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Economic Impact of Chapter 11 Bankruptcy versus Out‐of‐Court Restructuring

Companies in financial distress have usually been able to choose between working out an agreement with their creditors (“private restructuring”) or entering into more expensive and lengthier formal Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. But 2015 rulings in two cases by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York may force distressed firms to enter Chapter 11 rather than seek negotiated out-of-court settlements. Using a large sample of U.S. companies that experienced financial difficulty during the period 2006–2014, the authors found that the companies that filed for bankruptcy and went through Chapter 11 proceedings experienced significantly more job losses and reductions of economic output than companies achieving out-of-court restructurings, both overall and on a per-case basis. The authors' estimates of the overall losses in output associated with Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases ranged as high as 2.3% of 2014 GDP, as compared to at most 0.3% of GDP in the case of out-of-court negotiations. At the same time, the authors estimate that as many as 2.2 million job losses were attributable to cases involving bankruptcies while the out-of-court cases were associated with the loss of at most about 300,000 jobs. But, as the authors concede, these findings are exaggerated by a clear self-selection bias—one that stems from the well-documented tendency of more fundamentally profitable, and hence more solvent, companies to choose private restructuring over bankruptcy. Despite this limitation, the study provides a useful point of departure for future studies that aim to quantify the costs to the U.S. economy of limiting or removing the option of companies with valuable operations but the “wrong” capital structures to work out their financial difficulties outside of the bankruptcy court.
Selective Probing of Non-Native Cardiolipin-Bound Conformations of Ferricytochrome C via Ferrocyanide-Mediated Photoreduction

Upon binding to cardiolipin (CL), ferricytochrome c replaces its native Met80 ligand and ultimately gains peroxidase activity, a vital step towards its dissociation from the inner mitochondrial membrane and its subsequent initiation of apoptosis. Multiple binding studies involving ferricytochrome c and CL-containing liposomes have resulted in a variety of partially conflicting binding models, but little quantitative insight into the co-existence of native and partially unfolded conformations of ferricytochrome c has been obtained thus far. While multiple groups have put forth binding models to explain this phenomenon, further validation of these models and characterization of the involved conformational states is still outstanding. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is perfect for this task due to the high sensitivity of the heme vibrational modes to ligation, oxidation, and spin state changes of the heme iron. By utilizing ferrocyanide-mediated photoreduction, a normally undesired phenomenon that is inhibited for ferricytochrome c conformations lacking Met80 ligation, we selectively probed the non-native states of ferricytochrome c bound to CL-containing liposomes both in the presence and absence of NaCl. The thus elucidated concentrations of these non-native states at different lipid concentrations and ionic strengths were consistent with a previously reported model, where different conformations of the protein were calculated based on a global thermodynamic fit to a proposed [CL] dependent equilibrium between a native-like (prone to photoreduction) and a partially unfolded bound state for which photoreduction is inhibited. RR spectral evidence suggests a dominance of hexacoordinated low spin states even at high lipid content. Only trace evidence for the presence of a high spin state could be inferred from Raman spectra, but the presence of a charge transfer band at 625 nm in the optical spectrum might point to the presence of a quantum-mixed state.
CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) mutation identifies low grade, early stage endometrial cancer patients at increased risk of recurrence

Although the majority of low grade, early stage endometrial cancer patients will have good survival outcomes with surgery alone, those patients who do recur tend to do poorly. Optimal identification of the subset of patients who are at high risk of recurrence and would benefit from adjuvant treatment has been difficult. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of somatic tumor mutation on survival outcomes in this patient population. For this study, low grade was defined as endometrioid FIGO grades 1 or 2, while early stage was defined as endometrioid stages I or II (disease confined to the uterus). Next-generation sequencing was performed using panels comprised of 46-200 genes. Recurrence-free and overall survival was compared across gene mutational status in both univariate and multivariate analyses. In all, 342 patients were identified, 245 of which had endometrioid histology. For grades 1-2, stages I-II endometrioid endometrial cancer patients, age (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.10), CTNNB1 mutation (HR 5.97, 95% CI 2.69-13.21), and TP53 mutation (HR 4.07, 95% CI 1.57-10.54) were associated with worse recurrence-free survival on multivariate analysis. When considering endometrioid tumors of all grades and stages, CTNNB1 mutant tumors were associated with significantly higher rates of grades 1-2 disease, lower rates of deep myometrial invasion, and lower rates of lymphatic/vascular space invasion. When both TP53 and CTNNB1 mutations were considered, presence of either TP53 mutation or CTNNB1 mutation remained a statistically significant predictor of recurrence-free survival on multivariate analysis and was associated with a more precise confidence interval (HR 4.69, 95% CI 2.38-9.24). Thus, mutational analysis of a 2 gene panel of CTNNB1 and TP53 can help to identify a subset of low grade, early stage endometrial cancer patients who are at high risk of recurrence.
Predicting patient response to cancer immunotherapy using quantitative computed tomography based texture analysis.

e14536Background: Immuno-Oncology (I-O) therapies such as PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies disrupt a protective mechanism for tumor cells to evade the host immune system. To minimize toxicity and cost of care...
Transnational migration and the gendered right to the city in Buenos Aires

Abstract Cities are important sites for the construction of social citizenship. However, they are also highly differentiated, both spatially and in terms of the social inequalities that pervade everyday urban life. Based on interviews conducted with grassroots and migrant organisations at the city level and in three informal settlements in Buenos Aires in 2013, this paper explores two dimensions of disadvantage: gender and migration status. Women and men who participate in grassroots and migrant organisations generally do so from a similar analysis of the problems they aim to address. However, they position themselves differently in relation to the idea of doing politics. While men generally embrace politics, women are much more likely to reject the suggestion that their work is political and prefer highlighting the assistentialist aspect of the organisations in which they are active. The paper explores some of the reasons behind these differences and asks whether this different conceptualisation of politics has implications for women's and men's claim to a ‘just city’.
In-Hospital Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis from a Large National Database

The outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis (chronic kidney disease stage 5 on dialysis [CKD 5D]) who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are not well described due to the exclusion of this group in randomized trials. We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample database and compared clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes for patients with CKD 5D versus those without CKD 5D (nondialysis group) who underwent TAVI in 2011 to 2014 in the United States. The study population included 1,708 patients (4%) with CKD 5D and 40,481 patients (96%) without CKD 5D who underwent TAVI. Patients with CKD 5D were younger (75.3 ± 9.9 vs 81.4 ± 8.4 years, p
Associations of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Milk.

Objective The goal of this study was to examine the associations of maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy with breast milk C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), two bioactive markers of inflammation, measured at 1 and 3 months post partum. Methods Participants were 134 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant dyads taking part in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Health (MILK) study, who provided breast milk samples. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) were assessed by chart abstraction; postpartum weight loss was measured at the 1- and 3-month study visits. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of maternal weight status with repeated measures of breast milk CRP and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months, after adjustment for potential confounders. Results Pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG, but not total GWG or postpartum weight loss, were independently associated with breast milk CRP after adjustment (β = 0.49, P < 0.001 and β = 0.51, P = 0.011, respectively). No associations were observed for IL-6. Conclusions High pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG are associated with elevated levels of breast milk CRP. The consequences of infants receiving varying concentrations of breast milk inflammatory markers are unknown; however, it is speculated that there are implications for the intergenerational transmission of disease risk.
Introducing cancer convergence.

Author(s): Blagoev, Krastan B; Ting, David T; Levine, Herbert; Saenger, Yvonne; Tlsty, Thea D; Sun, Bo
Performance of Crystal Scintillators in a Severe Radiation Environment Caused by Protons

Future high energy physics experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers will face challenges from a severe radiation environment caused by both ionization dose and charged and neutral hadrons. This paper reports an investigation on proton induced radiation damage in various crystal scintillators. Large size BGO, LFS and PWO crystals of 18 to 22 cm long were irradiated by 800 MeV protons up to 3 × 1015 p/cm 2 at the WNR facility of LANSCE with longitudinal transmittance measured in situ. LYSO plates of 14 × 4 × 1.5 mm3 were irradiated by 24 GeV protons up to 8.2 × 1015 p/cm 2 at the IRRAD facility of CERN. Degradations in both transmittance and light output are reported. The results show an excellent radiation hardness of LYSO/LFS crystals against charged hadrons.
The Prince of Darkness and the Heart of Darkness

Of all the recognized psychiatric syndromes, that of the antisocial personality, or psychopath, presents perhaps the greatest number of unsolved questions. Although it has long been recognized that each of us possesses an innate capacity for momentary dissociation vis-a-vis the accepted value systems of society, and thus in that degree is potentially psychopathic, true psychopaths—with their consistently antisocial behavior—present the average observer with a phenomenon so spectacularly alien that it seems almost incredible that such people can exist. And granted that psychopaths do indeed exist, it is perplexing how they can manage to appear superficially sane, how they are able to wear, as one observer put it, the “mask of sanity.” The true psychopath compels the psychiatric observer to ask the perplexing, and largely unanswered, question: “Why doesn’t that person have the common decency to go crazy?”2