cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Delivery of Macromolecules into Human Cells by Improving the Endosomal Escape Activity of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Lessons Learned from dfTAT and its Analogs

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are typically prone to endocytic uptake into human cells. However, they are often inefficient at escaping from endosomes, which limits their ability to deliver cargos into cells. This review highlights the efforts that our laboratory has devoted toward developing CPPs that can mediate the leakage of endosomal membranes, and consequently gain better access to the intracellular milieu. In particular, we have identified a CPP named dimeric fluorescent TAT (dfTAT) with high endosomolytic activity. We describe how we have used this reagent and its analogs to develop efficient cytosolic delivery protocols and learn about molecular and cellular parameters that control the cell permeation process. Specifically, we discuss how late endosomes represent exploitable gateways for intracellular entry. We also describe how certain features in CPPs, including guanidinium content, charge density, multimerization, chirality, and susceptibility to degradation modulate the activity that these peptidic agents take toward endosomal membranes and cytosolic egress.
Convergence and Complementarity between Professional Judges and Lay Adjudicators

The American jury is both a popular cultural icon and a favorite scapegoat. Calls for reform are rampant (e.g., Adler, 1994; Wilkinson, Zielinski, & Curtis, 1988). Some proposed reforms are friendly and constructive, such as those advocating that jurors should be permitted to take notes and to submit questions for witnesses during the trial (e.g., Dann, 1993; McLaughlin, 1983). These changes in the jury trial do not assume that juries are failing to perform adequately, but rather are designed to assist them in reaching well-considered judgments, to improve the comfort of the conscripted citizens who serve as jurors, and generally to optimize jury performance and juror satisfaction. Other proposed reforms, however, are aggressively hostile, such as calls for a complexity exception to the right to jury trial in civil cases (Devitt, 1974; Flehner, 1979) and for legislative caps that place a ceiling on jury awards (e.g., Crookston v. Fire Ins. Exch., 1991). Some of the proposed changes in the jury system have been stimulated by particular high profile trials (e.g., the acquittal of white police officers on trial for the beating of African-American Rodney King, St. George, 1993), such as calls for racial quotas to ensure minority representation on the jury (Alschuler, 1995; King & Munsterman, 1996) or the elimination of peremptory challenges (Amar, 1995; Diamond, Ellis, & Schmidt, 1997; Montoya, 1996) which can permit criteria such as race and gender to creep into jury selection.
Gene Transfer in Living Organisms

Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. Oocytes have been injected with protein (reviewed by Lane 1981), RNA (Gurdon et al. 1974; Woodland and Wilt 1980a), and DNA (reviewed by Gurdon and Melton 1981) molecules. The unfertilized egg has been particularly useful in studying the replication of injected DNA (Harland and Laskey 1980; Hines and Benbow 1982). mRNA (Woodland and Wilt 1980b) and genomic DNA (Gurdon and Brown 1977) injected into fertilized eggs is maintained in the active state for a while, but seems to disappear in later developmental stages. Only with the advent of DNA cloning techniques has it become possible to inject defined protein-coding genes into the fertilized frog egg and to study their fate throughout development. To this end, cloned genes coding for the rabbit β-globin gene (Rusconi and Schaffner 1981) and for sea urchin histone genes (Bending 1981) were used in our laboratory. Both kinds of gene were replicated as extrachromosomal circles within developing Xenopus embryos, and were correctly transcribed around blastula-gastrula stage. Whereas most injected DNA was degraded after gastrula stage, a low number of rabbit β-globin genes became stably associated with the Xenopus genome and persisted throughout metamorphosis. In the present chapter we take a closer look at the state of such injected DNA sequences.
Chronically Implanted Intracranial Electrodes: Tissue Reaction and Electrical Changes.

The brain-electrode interface is arguably one of the most important areas of study in neuroscience today. A stronger foundation in this topic will allow us to probe the architecture of the brain in unprecedented functional detail and augment our ability to intervene in disease states. Over many years, significant progress has been made in this field, but some obstacles have remained elusive—notably preventing glial encapsulation and electrode degradation. In this review, we discuss the tissue response to electrode implantation on acute and chronic timescales, the electrical changes that occur in electrode systems over time, and strategies that are being investigated in order to minimize the tissue response to implantation and maximize functional electrode longevity. We also highlight the current and future clinical applications and relevance of electrode technology.
Cannabinoid ligands targeting TRP channels

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a group of membrane proteins involved in the transduction of a plethora of chemical and physical stimuli. These channels modulate ion entry, mediating a variety of neural signaling processes implicated in the sensation of temperature, pressure, and pH, as well as smell, taste, vision, and pain perception. Many diseases involve TRP channel dysfunction, including neuropathic pain, inflammation, and respiratory disorders. In the pursuit of new treatments for these disorders, it was discovered that cannabinoids can modulate a certain subset of TRP channels. The TRP vanilloid (TRPV), TRP ankyrin (TRPA), and TRP melastatin (TRPM) subfamilies were all found to contain channels that can be modulated by several endogenous, phytogenic, and synthetic cannabinoids. To date, six TRP channels from the three subfamilies mentioned above have been reported to mediate cannabinoid activity: TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM8. The increasing data regarding cannabinoid interactions with these receptors has prompted some researchers to consider these TRP channels to be "ionotropic cannabinoid receptors." Although CB1 and CB2 are considered to be the canonical cannabinoid receptors, there is significant overlap between cannabinoids and ligands of TRP receptors. The first endogenous agonist of TRPV1 to be discovered was the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA). Similarly, N-arachidonyl dopamine (NADA) and AEA were the first endogenous TRPM8 antagonists discovered. Additionally, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the most abundant psychotropic compound in cannabis, acts most potently at TRPV2, moderately modulates TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM8, though Δ9-THC is not reported to modulate TRPV1. Moreover, TRP receptors may modulate effects of synthetic cannabinoids used in research. One common research tool is WIN55,212-2, a CB1 agonist that also exerts analgesic effects by desensitizing TRPA1 and TRPV1. In this review article, we aim to provide an overview and classification of the cannabinoid ligands that have been reported to modulate TRP channels and their therapeutic potential.
Magnetically-doped polydimethylsiloxane for artificial muscle applications

Artificial muscle actuators demonstrate great potential for improving the quality of life. Recently, polymer muscle actuators have attracted attention due to their inexpensive and highly versatile ...
Minimizing the Maximum Expected Waiting Time in a Periodic Single-Server Queue with a Service-Rate Control

We consider a single-server queue with unlimited waiting space, the first-come, first-served discipline, a periodic arrival-rate function, and independent and identically distributed service requir...
Outcomes of Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis for the Treatment of Failed Type II SLAP Repair: A Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up.

Background: To retrospectively review surgical outcomes of prospectively collected data on a series of patients whounderwent revision of a type II SLAP repair to arthroscopic biceps tenodesis due to an unsuccessful outcome.Methods: A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of patients who underwent arthroscopic biceps tenodesisfor a failed type II SLAP repair from 2010 to 2014. Range of motion (ROM) in four planes was measured pre-andpostoperatively. In addition, all patients completed the American Shoulder Elbow Surgeons (ASES) standardizedshoulder assessment form, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, and the Short Form-12 (SF-12) scores.Results: Overall, 26 patients met inclusion criteria. All 26 patients were available for follow-up at a minimum of twoyears (100% follow-up). The mean age of the patients was 37(range 26-54), 85% were male, and 58% were overheadlaborers. Clinical as well as statistical improvement was noted following tenodesis across all outcome measurements(p <0.01). Additionally, ROM improved in all four planes (p <0.01). The rate of return to work was 85% with workers’compensation status leading to inferior outcomes. Two complications were noted which required an additional surgery.Conclusion: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis demonstrates to be an effective treatment for a failed type II SLAP repairwith improved patient satisfaction, pain relief, and range of motion at two-years follow-up with a low complication rate.Level of evidence: III
Moral Gray Zones: Side Productions, Identity, and Regulation in an Aeronautic Plant

List of Figures and Table vii Preface ix Introduction: The Persistence of Organizational Gray Zones 1 PART ONE: THE MOTIVATIONS AND THE SETTING 15 Chapter 1: Revisiting Social Systems in Organizations 17 Chapter 2: The Side Production of Homers in Factories 29 Chapter 3: The Pierreville Plant: Setting and Status Divides 43 PART TWO: THE FINDINGS 61 Chapter 4: Retirement Homers: An Entry into the Community 63 Chapter 5: Homers Gone Wrong: Delimiting the Gray Zone 78 Chapter 6: Shades of Homer Meanings: Occupational Variations 91 Chapter 7: The Rise and Fall of Craftsmanship 106 Chapter 8: Trading in Identity Incentives 122 PART THREE: THE IMPLICATIONS 137 Chapter 9: Organizational Gray Zones as Identity Distillers 139 Chapter 10: Identities, Control, and Moralities 153 Appendix A: Data and Methods 173 Appendix B: Position in the Field 183 Notes 191 References 213 Index 227
Imaging intranuclear actin rods in live heat stressed drosophila embryos

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize intranuclear actin rods that assemble in live Drosophila melanogaster embryos following heat stress. Actin rods are a hallmark of a conserved, inducible Actin Stress Response (ASR) that accompanies human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disease. Previously, we showed that the ASR contributes to morphogenesis failures and reduced viability of developing embryos. This protocol allows the continued study of mechanisms underlying actin rod assembly and the ASR in a model system that is highly amenable to imaging, genetics and biochemistry. Embryos are collected and mounted on a coverslip to prepare them for injection. Rhodamine-conjugated globular actin (G-actinRed) is diluted and loaded into a microneedle. A single injection is made into the center of each embryo. After injection, embryos are incubated at elevated temperature and intranuclear actin rods are then visualized by confocal microscopy. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments may be performed on the actin rods; and other actin-rich structures in the cytoplasm can also be imaged. We find that G-actinRed polymerizes like endogenous G-actin and does not, on its own, interfere with normal embryo development. One limitation of this protocol is that care must be taken during injection to avoid serious injury to the embryo. However, with practice, injecting G-actinRed into Drosophila embryos is a fast and reliable way to visualize actin rods and can easily be used with flies of any genotype or with the introduction of other cellular stresses, including hypoxia and oxidative stress.
Using stochastic programming to solve an outpatient appointment scheduling problem with random service and arrival times

We study a stochastic outpatient appointment scheduling problem (SOASP) in which we need to design a schedule and an adaptive rescheduling (i.e., resequencing or declining) policy for a set of patients. Each patient has a known type and associated probability distributions of random service duration and random arrival time. Finding a provably optimal solution to this problem requires solving a multistage stochastic mixed‐integer program (MSMIP) with a schedule optimization problem solved at each stage, determining the optimal rescheduling policy over the various random service durations and arrival times. In recognition that this MSMIP is intractable, we first consider a two‐stage model (TSM) that relaxes the nonanticipativity constraints of MSMIP and so yields a lower bound. Second, we derive a set of valid inequalities to strengthen and improve the solvability of the TSM formulation. Third, we obtain an upper bound for the MSMIP by solving the TSM under the feasible (and easily implementable) appointment order (AO) policy, which requires that patients are served in the order of their scheduled appointments, independent of their actual arrival times. Fourth, we propose a Monte Carlo approach to evaluate the relative gap between the MSMIP upper and lower bounds. Finally, in a series of numerical experiments, we show that these two bounds are very close in a wide range of SOASP instances, demonstrating the near‐optimality of the AO policy. We also identify parameter settings that result in a large gap in between these two bounds. Accordingly, we propose an alternative policy based on neighbor‐swapping. We demonstrate that this alternative policy leads to a much tighter upper bound and significantly shrinks the gap.
Creation Opportunities: Entrepreneurial Curiosity, Generative Cognition, and Knightian Uncertainty

Creation theory suggests that opportunity formation is endogenous to the actions of entrepreneurs. However, this characterization of the opportunity formation process suggests at least two importan...
13. Contraceptive Implant-associated Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents and Young Adults: Predictors, Management, and Rates of Continuation

Background Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is commonly experienced by adolescents and young adults (AYA) following contraceptive implant placement. We assessed for predictors of AUB, factors contributing to AUB management, and differences in implant continuation rates by AUB management approach. Methods We analyzed data from a long-acting reversible contraception database from 3 AYA sites in tertiary care institutions. We included patients with the contraceptive implant placed from 7/1/2014-12/31/2018 and follow-up data through 12/31/2019. We excluded patients with ≥3 years since insertion without follow-up. Variables included age at insertion, comorbid conditions, menstrual history, prior contraceptive use, patient-reported AUB after implant placement, AUB evaluation and management, and implant discontinuation. We included data from insertion, follow-up, and removal visits. We assessed AUB predictors with logistic regression. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and t-tests compared patient demographic and clinical variables by AUB status. Survival analysis examined predictors of time to discontinuation. This study was IRB approved. Results Our sample included 609 patients, average age was 19 years (SD=2.5). Prior to implant placement 37% reported irregular menses, and after insertion 25% reported AUB. In those with AUB, 67% had evaluation and management including laboratory studies (32%), pelvic ultrasound (4%), or medication therapy (86%). Medication initiation occurred at first AUB report for the majority of patients. Of those prescribed a medication, 60% received a combined oral contraceptive or progestin-only pill. AUB was associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in bivariate analysis (p-value=0.006), 57% of patients with PCOS (n=14) reported AUB after implant insertion. This association persisted after adjusting for age, medical comorbidities, menstrual history, and prior contraceptive use. Bivariate analyses did not identify any predictors for AUB evaluation and management. Implant discontinuation was low: 16% at 1 year, 27% at 2 years, and 35% at 3 years. Early discontinuation was significantly different between patients with and without AUB: 21% vs. 14% at 1 year (p-value=0.047), 38% vs. 23% at 2 years (p-value=0.000), 44% vs. 31% at 3 years (p-value=0.007). Medication for AUB management did not impact rates of or time to early discontinuation. Conclusions In this large cohort of AYA, PCOS was the only significant predictor of implant-associated AUB. There were no relationships between AUB and comorbid medical conditions or prior contraceptive use. There were no significant predictors of AUB evaluation and management following implant insertion, and such evaluation and management did not impact rates of early discontinuation.
Letters to the editor concerning the article: Alexandre Oliveira Ferreira, Andrea Riphaus. Propofol to increase colorectal cancer screening in Portugal. Acta Med Port 2014;27:541-42.

Keywords: Colorectal Neoplasms; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Propofol; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Colonoscopy.
Exploratory extracellular vesicle-bound miRNA profiling to identify candidate biomarkers of chronic alcohol drinking in non-human primates

Background: Long-term alcohol drinking is associated with numerous health complications including susceptibility to infection, cancer, and organ damage. However, due to the complex nature of human drinking behavior, it is challenging to determine whether alcohol use should be considered a risk factor during diagnosis and treatment. We lack reliable biomarkers of alcohol use that could be used to determine drinking behavior prior to signs of overt organ damage. Recently, extracellular vesicle-bound microRNA (EV-miRNA) have been discovered to be consistent biomarkers of conditions including cancer and liver disease. Methods: In this study, we profiled the plasma EV-miRNA content by miRNA-Seq from 80 non-human primates after 12 months of voluntary ethanol drinking. Results: We identified a list of up- and downregulated EV-miRNA candidate biomarkers of both heavy drinking as well as those positively correlated with ethanol dose. We further overexpressed these candidate miRNA in control primary peripheral immune cells to assess potential functional mechanisms of these EV-miRNA. We identified that overexpression of miR-155, miR-154, miR-34c, miR-450a, and miR-204 led to increased inflammatory TNFA; or IL-6 production in PBMC after stimulation. Conclusion: This exploratory study identified several EV-miRNA that could serve as biomarkers of long-term alcohol drinking as well as provided a mechanism for alcohol-induced peripheral inflammation.
Persistent Reeb Graph Matching for Fast Brain Search

In this paper we propose a novel algorithm for the efficient search of the most similar brains from a large collection of MR imaging data. The key idea is to compactly represent and quantify the differences of cortical surfaces in terms of their intrinsic geometry by comparing the Reeb graphs constructed from their Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions. To overcome the topological noise in the Reeb graphs, we develop a progressive pruning and matching algorithm based on the persistence of critical points. Given the Reeb graphs of two cortical surfaces, our method can calculate their distance in less than 10 milliseconds on a PC. In experimental results, we apply our method on a large collection of 1326 brains for searching, clustering, and automated labeling to demonstrate its value for the “Big Data” science in human neuroimaging.
Butch Queens Up in Pumps: Gender, Performance, and Ballroom Culture in Detroit

This book provides the first comprehensive examination of the urban phenomenon known as Ballroom culture that first gained notoriety in the documentary Paris Is Burning in 1990. Butch Queens Up in Pumps uniquely explores the ways in which Black LGBT people in Detroit use performance and other cultural practices--such as alternative identity, kinship, and community formations--to contend with or alter the conditions in which they live. Butch Queens Up in Pumps is as much an examination of Black queer cultural formations as it is an ethnographic account of Ballroom culture in Detroit. Marlon M. Bailey's rare perspective as both participant and observer in the Ballroom scene makes for compelling reading and lends his analysis an uncommon immediacy and authenticity, producing a remarkable performance ethnography that delves deeply into this subcultural phenomenon. The book will appeal to scholars and students across a wide range of disciplines, including African American studies, gender and sexuality studies, performance studies, dance, and anthropology, and to anyone interested in the politics, prevention, and activism surrounding HIV/AIDS.
Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Effect of a multi-level, multi-sector Intervention on Parent Engagement in and Awareness of Childhood Obesity Prevention and Control

Methods: We conducted 40 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from five community sectors (school, afterschool, WIC, health clinics, Park & Recreation) in two cities participating in the Ma...
Fast and Slow Flows in the Solar Wind near the Ecliptic at 1 AU

At 1 AU in 1998, when solar activity was increasing, the distribution of hour averages of the solar wind speed was approximately lognormal. There was no distinct separation between fast and slow flows. The density, temperature and magnetic field strength also had lognormal distributions. It was possible to identify distinct structures such as corotating streams and magnetic clouds during some intervals. We suggest that coexistence of a simple statistical structure and deterministic physical structures is the consequence of the dynamical evolution and interactions of the flows between the sun and 1 AU and a relatively complex source signal.
Radiation-induced effects on special super large n-channel power MOSFETS for space applications

Outlines the design, manufacture, and special processing techniques used to attain a solution to radiation-induced effects on super large N-channel power MOSFET dies, sizes 9 and 11, which are approximately 500*690 mils and 772*1022 mils, and still meet the critical and unique requirements of the remote power controller (RPC), the remote bus isolator (RBI), and, above all, the DC-to-DC converter (DDCU) for Space Station Freedom. >
A novel cis-acting element controlling the rat CYP2D5 gene and requiring cooperativity between C/EBP beta and an Sp1 factor.

Abstract The rat CYP2D5 gene encodes a cytochrome P450 and is expressed in liver cells. Its expression commences a few days after birth, and maximal mRNA levels are achieved when animals reach puberty. Transfection and DNA binding studies were performed to investigate the mechanism controlling developmentally programmed, liver-specific expression of CYP2D5. Transfection studies using a series of CYP2D5 upstream DNA chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene fusion constructs identified a segment of DNA between nucleotides -55 and -156 that conferred transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells. Activity was markedly increased by cotransfection with a vector expressing C/EBP beta but was unaffected by vectors producing other liver-enriched transcription factors (C/EBP alpha, HNF-1 alpha, and DBP). DNase I footprinting revealed a region protected by both HepG2 and liver cell nuclear extracts between nucleotides -83 and -112. This region displayed some sequence similarity to the Sp1 consensus sequence and was able to bind the Sp1 protein, as assessed by a gel mobility shift assay. The role of Sp1 in CYP2D5 transcription was confirmed by trans activation of the 2D5-CAT construct in Drosophila melanogaster cells by using an Sp1 expression vector. C/EBP beta alone was unable to directly bind the -83 to -112 region of the promoter but was able to produce a ternary complex when combined with HepG2 nuclear extracts or recombinant human Sp1. C/EBP alpha was unable to substitute for C/EBP beta in forming this ternary complex. A poor C/EBP binding site is present adjacent to the Sp1 site, and mutagenesis of this site abolished formation of the ternary complex with the CYP2D5 regulatory region. These result establish that two transcription factors can work in conjunction, possibly by protein-protein interaction, to activate the CYP2D5 gene.
Kinetic analysis of muscarinic receptors in human brain and salivary gland in vivo

Previous studies in rats have suggested that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist (S)-3-quinuclidinyl-(S)-4-[123I]iodobenzilate [(SS)-IQNB] may be useful for the in vivo evaluation of mAChRs in humans as a control for the higher-affinity compound (RR)-IQNB. We have directly tested this hypothesis and examined the distribution of mAChRs in brain regions and parotid glands of healthy human volunteers in vivo using (RR)- and (SS)-IQNB (relatively high- and low-affinity antagonists, respectively), planar imaging, and pharmacokinetic analysis. This is the first in vivo study of mAChRs in humans that has employed stereoisomeric ligands and metabolic analysis to determine specific receptor binding. We observed that (SS)-IQNB showed much faster clearance from blood than (RR)-IQNB and different metabolite profiles. Also, the transport kinetics of the enantiomers were different. The estimated binding potential (approximately Bmax/Kd) of (RR)-IQNB was highest in two cortical regions, intermediate in parotid gland, and lowest in cerebellum. The aggregate results show that in humans (SS)-IQNB does not act as an ideal general probe to measure the nonspecific IQNB distribution. However, (RR)-IQNB does appear to have value when used for studies of human brain mAChRs.
Frequent Canned Food Use is Positively Associated with Nutrient-Dense Food Group Consumption and Higher Nutrient Intakes in US Children and Adults.

In addition to fresh foods, many canned foods also provide nutrient-dense dietary options, often at a lower price, with longer storage potential. The aim of this study was to compare nutrient-dense food group intake and nutrient intake between different levels of canned food consumption in the US. Consumption data were collected for this cross-sectional study from 9761 American canned food consumers (aged two years and older) from The NPD Group’s National Eating Trends® (NET®) database during 2011–2013; and the data were assessed using The NPD Group’s Nutrient Intake Database. Canned food consumers were placed into three groups: Frequent Can Users (≥6 canned items/week); n = 2584, Average Can Users (3–5 canned items/week); n = 4445, and Infrequent Can Users (≤2 canned items/week); n = 2732. The results provide evidence that Frequent Can Users consume more nutrient-dense food groups such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and protein-rich foods, and also have higher intakes of 17 essential nutrients including the shortfall nutrients—potassium, calcium and fiber—when compared to Infrequent Can Users. Therefore, in addition to fresh foods, diets higher in nutrient-dense canned food consumption can also offer dietary options which improve nutrient intakes and the overall diet quality of Americans.
A laboratory investigation of the dynamics of shear flows in a plasma boundary layer

At naturally occurring plasma boundaries in the near-Earth space environment, such as the magnetopause and the plasma sheet boundary layer, strong sheared plasma flows are often observed. As plasma boundary layers begin to relax from a compressed state, the ratio of the ion gyro-radius to the shear scale length decreases. At these layers, broadband electrostatic noise has been observed where the frequency ranges from well below the ion cyclotron frequency to the electron plasma frequency. Simulations have confirmed that the free energy in the sheared plasma flows can excite Kelvin Helmholtz instabilities, ion cyclotron-like instabilities, and lower hybrid modes. Kinetic theory described by G. Ganguli (G. Ganguli, M. Keskinen et. al., J. Geophys. Res., A5, 8873, 1994) discusses the three distinct instability regimes in the context of the ion gyro-radius and the shear scale length. The ratio of the ion gyro-radius to the shear scale length acts as a surrogate for the magnitude of stress that a plasma layer is subjected to and determines which mode is dominant.
The Aleiodes pilosus Group (=Tetrasphaeropyx Ashmead) species of Canada, including seven new species and a key (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Rogadinae)

Abstract Seven new species of the Aleiodes pilosus-group (=Tetrasphaeropyx Ashmead) are described and a key is provided for all known Canadian species in this group, as well as a new species found in North and South Dakota that is similar to one of the new Canadian species. Species described are as follows: A. argyllacearia, A. crassijugosus, A. dakotensis, A. dissiticarina, A. huberi, A. secwepemc, and A. sexmaculativorax. Species previously described and included in this key are A. anatariatus Fortier (2007), A. cartwrightensis Fortier (2007), A. halifaxensis Fortier (2007), and A. provancheri Fortier (2007).
Anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anesthesia care for patients undergoing ambulatory gynecologic surgery has improved incrementally over the past few years. Emphasis has evolved beyond the safe provision of care, because this has largely been achieved. Comfort, speed, and efficiency have taken on new importance. RECENT FINDINGS Many changes relate to improvements in non-narcotic analgesic techniques and use of various supralaryngeal airways, such as the ProSeal LMA. Also, use of depth of anesthesia monitors and administration of potent short-acting beta-blockers and narcotics to control hemodynamic variables are examples of new anesthesia developments well applied to ambulatory gynecologic cases. Finally, anesthesia care is changing in some instances because surgical techniques are advancing, such as hysteroscopy, and can now be done in an office with little or no anesthesia. SUMMARY Local anesthetic use in gynecologic laparoscopy appears to improve postoperative pain control modestly, especially when given into the peritoneal cavity. Supralaryngeal airways, such as ProSeal LMA, appear to provide effective ventilation in laparoscopy, although their ability to protect against aspiration is unclear. The speed and comfort of emergence, recovery, and discharge may be improved by consciousness monitoring during general anesthesia and by drugs intended to modulate hemodynamics.
X-ray diffuse scattering study of G.P. zones in Al-4 at.% Zn

Abstract A wide-angle X-ray diffuse scattering experiment (using synchrotron radiation) has been conducted on two Al-4 at.% Zn samples, one aged 3 h and the other 168 h at 353 K. Values obtained for the Warren-Cowley short range order parameters and first order static displacements are given. The short range order parameters were used to generate a 32 × 32 × 32 unit cell model. The zones in the simulation have rough interfaces and show no faceting. The diameter for transformation from spherical to ellipsoidal zones has been found to occur at 20–25 A. Also from the simulation, it was found that the interior of the zone is nearly all Zn. This amount of Zn is much greater than that predicted from the metastable miscibility gap. If the interface of the zone and matrix is included, the Zn concentration is found to be close to the value predicted by the lever rule. The strains for the short aging treatment decrease steadily with increased atomic distance. Those for Zn-Zn pairs are expansive along the 〈100〉 but are compressive along the 〈 110〉 directions. The reverse is true for the Al-Zn pairs. The strains for the long aging treatment show the same trends for the first neighbor pairs, but then oscillate about zero while decreasing in amplitude with increasing distance.
Dynamics and Structural Details of Amorphous Phases of Ice Determined by Incoherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering

Incoherent-inelastic neutron scattering data are obtained over the energy range of lattice and internal vibrations of water molecules in phases of ice prepared by pressure-induced amorphization (high-density amorphous ice, hda), by thermal annealing of hda (low-density amorphous ice, lda), and by rapidly cooling water, as well as in ice $\mathrm{I}h$ and $\mathrm{I}c$. Hydrogen bonding interactions in lda differ significantly from those in the glass obtained by rapid quenching, which has hydrogen-bond interactions characteristic of highly supercooled water. Hydrogen-bond interactions in hda are weaker than in the low-density phases.
Investigation of Calcein for Reporting Content Mixing During Viral Membrane Fusion Experiments

Simultaneous diagnosis of lipid mixing and content mixing during fusion of enveloped virus particle with a target liposome is critical for thorough understanding of the completeness of the membrane fusion reaction. Here we have investigated calcein for fluorescence detection of content mixing in virus fusion experiments. Calcein was encapsulated into target liposomes and lipophilic fluorescent dyes were incorporated into virus samples, both at self-quenching concentrations, to allow hemifusion and full fusion to be distinguished by the relative timing of the dequenching signals. We report that osmotic balancing of the interior and exterior of the calcein-loaded vesicles is essential for these experiments to reproduce native virus fusion behaviors.
Model for solid-liquid and solid-solid friction of rough surfaces with adhesion hysteresis

Mechanisms of energy dissipation during solid-solid and solid-liquid friction are discussed. A conservative van der Waals adhesion force, when combined with surface imperfectness, such as deformation, leads to adhesion hysteresis (AH). When an asperity slides upon a substrate, the substrate is subjected to a loading-unloading cycle, and energy is dissipated due to the AH. Another mechanism, which leads to energy dissipation, involves energy barriers between metastable states due to surface roughness. Both mechanisms are fundamental for sliding and result in both solid-liquid and solid-solid friction.
Social and neural determinants of aggressive behavior: pharmacotherapeutic targets at serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems.

Background and rationale Aggressive outbursts that result in harm and injury present a major problem for the public health and criminal justice systems, but there are no adequate treatment options. Obstacles at the level of social policy, institutional regulation, and scientific strategy in developing animal models continue to impede the development of specific anti-aggressive agents for emergency and long-term treatments. Objective To be more relevant to the clinical situation, preclinical aggression research has begun to focus on the neurobiological determinants of escalated aggressive behavior that exceeds species-typical patterns. It is the goal of this review to examine novel pharmacological and molecular tools that target the neural mechanisms for different kinds of aggressive behavior more selectively than previously possible and to outline potential pharmacotherapeutic options. Results and conclusions (1) The preclinical focus on the behavioral characteristics and determinants of intense aggression promises to be most relevant to the clinical distinction between the proposed impulsive-reactive-hostile-affective subtypes of human aggression and the controlled-proactive-instrumental-predatory subtypes of aggression. The neural circuits for many types of human and animal aggression critically involve serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and specific receptor subtypes. (2) The dynamic changes in frontal cortical serotonin that are triggered by engaging in aggressive behavior imply that serotonergic drug effects are largely determined by the functional state of the receptors at the time of drug treatment. Of the numerous 5-HT receptors currently identified, the 5-HT(1B) receptors offer a promising target for reducing impulsive aggressive behavior, particularly if the action can be limited to sites in the central nervous system. (3) Aggressive confrontations are salient stressors, both for the aggressor as well as the victim of aggression, that are accompanied by activation of the mesocorticolimbic but not the striatal dopamine system. Dopaminergic manipulations, particularly targeting the D(2) receptor family, can influence aggressive behavior in animals and human patients, suggesting that mesocorticolimbic dopamine may have important enabling or permissive functions. (4) GABA is critical in the neurochemical control of aggressive behavior as evidenced by studies that directly modify GABAergic neurotransmission and neurochemical studies that correlate GABA measurements with aggressive behavioral responses in several animal species. The GABA(A) receptor complex is a mechanism through which certain benzodiazepines and alcohol enhance and inhibit aggressive behaviors. Social and pharmacological experiences decisively determine the effects of GABAergic positive modulators on aggression.
Petrogenesis of Mid-Proterozoic granitic magmas: examples from central and west Texas

Abstract Circa 1.1 Ga granitic magmatism in Texas was manifested as two compositional groups: (1) the 1.12 Ga Red Bluff granitic suite in west Texas; and (2) 1.12-1.07 Ga granites of the Llano uplift of central Texas. Both suites share some characteristics typical of ‘anorogenic’ granites (e.g. potassium- and iron-rich bulk compositions, Fe-rich hydrous silicates, emplacement conditions involving low oxygen fugacities and water contents) and exhibit similar isotopic characteristics. However, rock associations, mineral chemistries, and trace element compositions of the two suites are distinct and no single petrogenetic model for the two suites is possible. The Red Bluff granitic suite includes cogenetic syenites, quartz syenites and granites; transitional ferrobasaltic dikes are also present. In contrast, syenitic and mafic rocks are not associated with the Llano granites. The Llano granites contain biotite and calcic amphibole with lower Fe (Fe + Mg) ratios compared to those occurring in the Red Bluff rocks. Alkali amphiboles (e.g. arfvedsonite) occur in the Red Bluff granites but not in the Llano granites. The Red Bluff granitoids are characterized by high FeO T MgO ratios, high (Na2O + K2O), high concentrations of HFSE and rare earth elements (REE), and other features typical of A-type, ‘within-plate’ granites [e.g. the Pikes Peak batholith (PPB)]. The Llano granites are geochemically distinct with generally higher P2O5 and Sr, lower Na2O, FeO T MgO , Zr, Y and REE, and much lower Ta and Nb. Nd isotopic data overlap between the two granite suites and have ‘juvenile’ signatures. However, trace element data suggest different petrogeneses for the two suites. The Red Bluff suite is interpreted as having a direct derivation from mantle sources via extended fractional crystallization of basaltic parental magmas, with minor crustal assimilation. The Llano granites appear to represent anatectic melts derived from slightly older, juvenile crustal sources; some melts underwent fractional crystallization controlled by feldspar and accessory minerals. The petrology and geochemistry of ∼ 1.1 Ga granites in Texas indicate that they should not be considered as part of a single ‘anorogenic’ magmatic event. The Red Bluff granitic suite was emplaced into a shelf sequence, north of the Grenville Front, within a broad zone characterized by mild extension. In contrast, Llano granites are late-stage intrusions emplaced into multiply deformed and metamorphosed crust, south of the Grenville Front, during or after waning stages of Grenville orogenesis.
Tongue-jaw linkages in human feeding: A preliminary videofluorographic study

Motions of the tongue and jaw are closely coupled during feeding in mammals, but this relation has not been studied in humans. A videofluorographic method for measuring tongue movement relative to jaw motion using small radiopaque markers affixed to the tongue with dental adhesive was developed and tested in five individuals. Sagittal movements of the anterior tongue marker (ATM) and the lower jaw were measured for complete feeding sequences with a computerized image-analysis system. The ATM and jaw moved in loosely linked, semirhythmic cycles. Vertical and horizontal maxima of ATM motion were determined for each motion cycle in relation to maximum and minimum gape (greatest jaw opening and closing, respectively). The amplitude of tongue movements and their timing differed between hard and soft foods (p < 0.001). For both food types, motions varied as the feeding sequence progressed from ingestion to terminal swallow (p < 0.001). A basic temporal sequence was found in 70% of the 224 cycles analysed. On average, the ATM reached its most inferior position just after maximum gape, its most posterior during jaw closing, its most superior just after minimum gape, and its most anterior during jaw opening (p < 0.001). This study confirms that tongue and jaw movements are linked during human feeding, as they are in other mammals.
Numerical Integration of Some Stiff Constitutive Models of Inelastic Deformation

Several strategies for numerical time-integration of some stiff constitutive models of inelastic deformation are presented in this paper. Numerical results and comparisons are presented for the integration of one such model for the case of uniaxial deformation under various prescribed histories of stress or strain. A simple one step Euler type integration scheme with automatic time-step control, which can be easily adapted to the solution of multiaxial boundary value problems, appears promising.
Neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful verbal memory encoding.

Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that episodic memory encoding involves a network of neocortical structures which may act interdependently with medial temporal lobe (mTL) structures to promote the formation of durable memories, and that activation in certain structures is modulated according to task performance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to determine the neural structures recruited during a verbal episodic encoding task and to examine the relationship between activation during encoding and subsequent recognition memory performance across subjects. Our results show performance-correlated activation during encoding both in neocortical and medial temporal structures. Neocortical activations associated with later successful and unsuccessful recognition memory were found to differ not only in magnitude, but also in hemispheric laterality. These performance-related hemispheric effects, which have not been previously reported, may correspond to between-subject differences in encoding strategy.
African-American students' early trust beliefs in work-based mentors

Abstract Using an experimental design with a sample of African-American high school students ( n =94), this study examines the determinants of students' initial trust beliefs about adult mentors. Consistent with the model of initial trust formation, results indicate that both structural assurance beliefs and youth dispositions toward trust were positive, significant predictors of the belief in an adult mentor's benevolence, honesty, competence, and predictability. Mentor selection procedures were not related to any of the trust beliefs. Ethnic identity of the student was found to moderate the relation between two of these beliefs (competence and predictability) with racial similarity of the mentor and student. Contrary to expectations, African-American students with low ethnic identity believed that a White adult mentor would be more competent and predictable than students with high ethnic identity. Implications for work-based, adult–youth mentoring programs and future research are discussed.
THE FLOW OF SAVINGS—I

Housirug.-Housing is one of the great normal avenues of capital formation which should serve as an outlet for saving. We have earlier questioned whether there is much prospect that individuals will invest in housing equities in a satisfactorily large volume. We can now consider whether the financial institutions may make up the deficiency in equity investment in housing. The last ten years have seen a beginning in this direction. Up to the end of June, 1948, the life insurance companies had invested about $220 million in housing. The mutual savings banks of New York State have taken some steps in this direction. But to date such undertakings have been quite tentative and experimental. The $220 million of housing held by life insurance companies at the end of June, 1948, was less than one-half of 1 per cent of their assets. The $58 million which they had invested in housing in the preceding twelve months amounted to about 11/2 per cent of the net investments which they made during the period. If the financial institutions are to play a significant role in the housing field, if they are to help keep housing in the field of private rather than public enterprise, their investments must be counted in billions of dollars rather than in tens of millions.
Reaction of enyne triflates with nucleophiles

Abstract Reaction of nucleophiles with enyne triflates R1R2CC(OTf)CCR31, via an SN-2′ process, results in functionalized enynes by way a 1,3-hydride shift from the initially formed butatrienes.
RISK FACTORS (RF) ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM) AND OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION (OME) IN YOUNG CHILDREN. † 605A

RISK FACTORS (RF) ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM) AND OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION (OME) IN YOUNG CHILDREN. † 605A
A Dirichlet problem with applications to solar prominences

Convective motions in the photosphere and sub-photosphere may be responsible for generating the magnetic elds that support long-lived quiescent solar prominences. The connection is explored here by solving a Dirichlet problem on a semi-innite strip where the base of the strip is the photosphere, and the strip extends into a current free corona. Even though the convection is simulated only by a one-dimensional potential prescribed at the photosphere it is found that both Kippenhahn-Schluter and Kuperus-Raadu type elds are possible.
Effectiveness of saliva collection and enzyme-immunoassay for the quantification of cortisol in socially housed baboons

Circulating cortisol levels are often used to assess the biological stress response in captive primates. Some methods commonly used to collect blood samples may alter the stress response. As such, noninvasive means to analyze cortisol levels are increasingly being developed. We adapted an existing collection method to simultaneously obtain saliva from multiple socially living hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) and validated an enzyme-immunoassay kit to quantify cortisol within the saliva samples. Over a period of 12 months, saliva samples were regularly collected from approximately half of the 18-member colony, representing younger monkeys who were more willing to participate. The assay met the four criteria typically used to assess the effectiveness of a new analytical technique: parallelism, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. Cortisol levels were also proportional to those expected given published plasma levels of cortisol in baboons. Further, salivary cortisol levels increased in individuals following significant stress-related events, such as removal from the group, indicating biological validation. The technique provided a reliable and effective means to assess a physiological indicator of stress in a social group without initiating a stress response owing to handling or sedation, and provided a real-time assessment of cortisol levels and reactivity. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1145–1151, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.