cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic changes in Crithidia fasciculata accompanying physiological adaptation to growth in the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone.

Abstract 1. 1. Crithidia fasciculata adapted to growth in the presence of 10−5 M carbonyl cyanide m- chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, maintained adenosine phosphate pools and an adenylate energy charge comparable to those of control cells. 2. 2. CCCP-adapted cells in the presence of the uncoupler respire endogenous substrate at a greater rate than control cells and this effect of CCCP appears readily reversible. 3. 3. CCCP-treated, adapted cells, supporting high endogenous respiration rates, were not responsive to added substrates which significantly stimulated the oxygen utilization of normal C. fasciculata. 4. 4. CCCP-adapted cells, provided with [U-14C]-labeled proline, utilize this substrate at 67% the rate of control cells, but divide the isotopic label between CO2 and protein in a ratio identical to that of normal cells. 5. 5. The transport of alamine and proline by adapted C. fasciculata was severely impaired, while the transport of tyrosine and leucine was unaffected.
Comparison of methods for classification of breast ductal branching patterns

Topological properties of the breast ductal network have shown the potential for classifying clinical breast images with and without radiological findings. In this paper, we review three methods for the description and classification of breast ductal topology. The methods are based on ramification matrices and symbolic representation via string encoding signatures. The performance of these methods has been compared using clinical x-ray and MR images of breast ductal networks. We observed the accuracy of the classification between the ductal trees segmented from the x-ray galactograms with radiological findings and normal cases in the range of 0.86-0.91%. The accuracy of the classification of the ductal trees segmented from the MR autogalactograms was observed in the range of 0.5-0.89%.
Comparison of alternative representations of hydraulic-conductivity anisotropy in folded fractured-sedimentary rock: modeling groundwater flow in the Shenandoah Valley (USA)

A numerical representation that explicitly represents the generalized three-dimensional anisotropy of folded fractured-sedimentary rocks in a groundwater model best reproduces the salient features of the flow system in the Shenandoah Valley, USA. This conclusion results from a comparison of four alternative representations of anisotropy in which the hydraulic-conductivity tensor represents the bedrock structure as (model A) anisotropic with variable strikes and dips, (model B) horizontally anisotropic with a uniform strike, (model C) horizontally anisotropic with variable strikes, and (model D) isotropic. Simulations using the US Geological Survey groundwater flow and transport model SUTRA are based on a representation of hydraulic conductivity that conforms to bedding planes in a three-dimensional structural model of the valley that duplicates the pattern of folded sedimentary rocks. In the most general representation, (model A), the directions of maximum and medium hydraulic conductivity conform to the strike and dip of bedding, respectively, while the minimum hydraulic-conductivity direction is perpendicular to bedding. Model A produced a physically realistic flow system that reflects the underlying bedrock structure, with a flow field that is significantly different from those produced by the other three models.
SU‐D‐BRCD‐02: A Novel Cylindrical 3D Water Scanner for Beam Data Collection: I. Validation of the Automatic‐Setup

Purpose: To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of the automatic‐ setup procedure of a 3D water scanner (3D SCANNER, Sun Nuclear Corp). The procedure automatically aligns the scanner's coordinate system to the Linac coordinate system. A unique off‐center detector holder extends the scan range to 630 mm, eliminating the need for scanner shifts for large‐field scans. Methods: The automatic‐setup procedure provides means to automatically (1) level the tank; (2) zero the detector position to water surface; (3) align the scanner's coordinate system to the Linac system; and (4) correct motor hysteresis. After automatic‐setup, (1) and (2) were evaluated visually by three physicists. Step (3) was tested by moving one of the jaws to the isocenter and scans were made along the jaw edge. Angular misalignment between the scanner and the Linac would Result in a noticeably tilted profile. Step (4) was tested by scanning with the chamber moving forward and then backward five times. The accuracy of the off‐center detector holder was tested by comparing scans made using the regularand the off‐center detector holders. All tests were repeated three times. Results: All tests of the water surface and horizontal chamber movementwere acceptable from the nine independent evaluations. Scans along the jawedge resulted in < 1% in profile tilt, corresponding to < 0.05 degree in angular misalignment. Same direction scans resulted in field edge differences < 0.05 mm, and < 0.2 mm when compared to scans in thereverse direction. There was no difference in accuracy when different scan speeds were used. Profiles obtained using the regular and the off‐centerdetector holders were identical. Conclusions: The automatic‐setupprocedure resulted in accurate alignment of the 3D SCANNER to the Linac. These results were user‐independent. It also provides the ability to scan large fields without the need to change tank setup. This work was partially supported by a research grant from Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, FL.
15N and 13C NMR study of the effects of hydrogen bonding and protonation in linear schiff bases: Models for structural studies of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin

The effects of protonation and hydrogen bonding in linear Schiff bases obtained from n-butylamine with butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, sorbaldehyde and all-trans-retinal were studied by means of 15N and 13C NMR. The protonation-induced chemical shifts (Δδ) are an order of magnitude larger for 15N than for 13C. For 15N, this effect was found to increase with the extent of conjugation, culminating in the retinylideneimine (Δδ = −146 ppm), which constitutes a model for the study of the structure of the Schiff base linkage in visual pigments and related systems. Theoretical calculations of protonation-induced Δδ values based on MINDO/ 3 are in agreement with experimental results.
Restricted rotation distance between binary trees

Restricted rotation distance between pairs of rooted binary trees measures differences in tree shape and is related to rotation distance. In restricted rotation distance, the rotations used to transform the trees are allowed to be only of two types. Restricted rotation distance is larger than rotation distance, since there are only two permissible locations to rotate, but is much easier to compute and estimate. We obtain linear upper and lower bounds for restricted rotation distance in terms of the number of interior nodes in the trees. Further, we describe a linear-time algorithm for estimating the restricted rotation distance between two trees and for finding a sequence of rotations which realizes that estimate. The methods use the metric properties of the abstract group known as Thompson's group F.
SpSM30 gene family expression patterns in embryonic and adult biomineralized tissues of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Abstract The SpSM30 gene family of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is comprised of six members, designated SpSM30A through SpSM30F ( Livingston et al., 2006 ). The SpSM30 proteins are found uniquely in embryonic and adult mineralized tissues of the sea urchin. Previous studies have revealed that SpSM30 proteins are occluded within the embryonic endoskeleton and adult mineralized tissues ( Killian and Wilt, 1996 , Mann et al., 2008a , Mann et al., 2008b , Urry et al., 2000 ). Furthermore, some of the SpSM30 proteins are among the most abundant of the approximately four-dozen integral matrix proteins of the larval spicule ( Killian and Wilt, 1996 ). The amino acid sequence, protein domain architecture, and contiguity within the genome strongly support the supposition that the six genes constitute a gene family. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used in the present study to describe the time course of expression of the family members during embryonic development, and their expression in adult tissues. SpSM30A, B, C and E are expressed, albeit at different levels, during overt spicule deposition in the embryo with some differences in the precise timing of expression. SpSM30D is not expressed in the embryo, and SpSM30F is expressed transiently and at low levels just prior to overt spicule formation. Whole mount in situ hybridization studies show that SpSM30A, B, C, and E are expressed exclusively in primary mesenchyme (PMC) cells and their descendants. In addition, tissue fractionation studies indicate that SpSM30F expression is highly enriched in PMCs. Each adult tissue examined expresses a different cohort of the SpSM30 family members at varying levels: SpSM30A mRNA is not expressed in adult tissues. Its expression is limited to the embryo. Conversely, SpSM30D mRNA is not expressed in the embryo, but is expressed in adult spines and teeth. SpSM30B and SpSM30C are expressed at modest levels in all mineralized adult tissues; SpSM30E is expressed highly in tooth and test; and SpSM30F is expressed in spine and at low levels in the other adult tissues except the test. Relative levels of expression of the several family members in these different tissues vary widely. It is likely SpSM30 proteins play a vital, but still unknown, role in biomineralization of these tissues during development.
Chemical character of proteins in rat incisors

Abstract 1. 1.|With a simple preparative procedure, the proteins of rat incisors were separated into three fractions: enamel proteins; phosphoprotein(s), rich in aspartic acid and serine; and collagen. The three fractions accounted for approx. 4, 11 and 85% of the weight of proteins, respectively. 2. 2.|Analytical data presented indicated that the three fractions have distinctly different amino acid and phosphate compositions. 3. 3.|These findings bear on the proposal 4 that phosphoproteins of teeth are covalently attached to dentin collagen.
Retardation of Sexual Development in Pinealectomized Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerels

Abstract An ablation study was designed to determine pineal influence on sexual development of S.C.W.L. cockerels. Pinealectomy (PX) and sham-operation (PN) were performed at eight and nine days of age. Chicks were maintained on a 12L:12D photoperiod and illuminated with white light for the first four weeks and thereafter with red light. At six weeks of age, nine birds from each treatment, including unoperated controls (C), were randomly assigned to each of four replications (chambers) of a randomized complete block design. Body weights and comb indices were determined biweekly beginning at three and five weeks of age, respectively. At 11, 13, 15 and 17 weeks of age, eight birds from each treatment were randomly selected, weighed, bled, killed and testis removed. Wet weights were determined and the right testis fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histological evaluation. Plasma testosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay. The PX birds had lower (P
MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN BENTHIC ORGANISMS FROM A CONTAMINATED ESTUARY

Parts of Lavaca Bay on the central Texas coastline are closed to fishing by the Texas Department of Health due to Hg contamination. This is the first report on Hg concentrations in potential prey organisms for the contaminated fish, oysters and crabs of the area. Organisms were taken from parts of Lavaca Bay known to be contaminated with Hg and from a less contaminated area in nearby Keller Bay. All samples from Lavaca Bay analysed (algae, polychaetes, bivalves, Crustacea, detritus and wood) were higher in mercury concentration than were similar samples from Keller Bay (typically 1–10 μg/g vs < 0.5 μg/g). The mechanism for mercury uptake could not be determined in this study but for organisms confined to the contaminated areas seemed to be largely independent of species, feeding strategy or life stage.
Generalized two- and three-dimensional clipping

Abstract This paper derives a clipping algorithm and discusses both two- and three-dimensional implementations of the algorithm. The algorithm finds the proper intersection of a line with any convex planar, polygon or spacial polyhedron. Interpretation of the computed clipping coefficients can produce both interior and exterior clipping to a convex region. Finally, the implementation lends itself well to highly parallel excution which reduces execution time.
On a class of Laplace inverses involving doubly-nested square roots and their applications in continuum mechanics

Abstract The exact inverses of a class of Laplace transforms involving doubly-nested square roots and two branch points are presented. From these results the exact solution of Stokes’ first problem, a well known initial-boundary value problems (IBVP) in fluid mechanics, for a micropolar fluid is determined.
Enzyme histochemistry of chronic atrophic gastritis

In early chronic atrophic gastritis there appear patches of altered surface epithelium having the morphologic and histochemical characteristics of a regenerating mucosa. This suggests that prior injury to the neck and crypt areas of the normal gastric surface epithelium may have pathogenetic significance in the onset of this disease. The appearance of numerous enzymes and acidic glycoprotein in intestinalized mucosa within the stomach suggest that this new epithelium has acquired properties not found in normal gastric surface epithelium. The decreased numbers of chief and parietal cells in chronic atrophic gastritis cannot be explained by accelerated destruction of these cells or by excess shedding of them into the gastric lumen.
SURGICAL RISK IN THE CARDIAC PATIENT.

Abstract The problem of evaluating operative risk in cardiac patients is a difficult one for the physician, surgeon, and anesthetist. Electronic data processing was employed to evaluate 25 parameters in 857 operations in which pre-operative cardiac consultations were available. The total mortality was approximately twice that of the general hospital population undergoing similar surgical procedures. The cardiac patient tolerated minor surgery, including inguinal herniorrhaphy and transurethral resection, well. In major surgery, including thoracotomies and laparotomies, the total mortality was 25 per cent. Three categories of information were most sensitive for predicting mortality. The first was the severity of the surgical procedure. Secondly, mortality was dependent on functional capacity: Class I, 4 per cent; Class II, 11 per cent; Class III, 25 per cent; and Class IV, 67 per cent. Thirdly, mortality increased in a sequence: (1) rheumatic heart disease, (2) arteriosclerotic heart disease and/or hypertensive heart disease and (3) pulmonary heart disease.
Family-based association studies support a sexually dimorphic effect of COMT and MAOA on genetic susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and severe psychiatric illness that affects 1–3% of the population and presents a well-established co-morbidity with major depressive disorder (MDD). Twin and family studies have suggested a genetic component in the etiology of OCD, although the mode of inheritance is unknown. Pharmacotherapy of the disease implicates both serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Previously, guided by the 22q11 microdeletion-related psychiatric phenotype, we provided evidence for a sexually dimorphic association between OCD and the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). In this report, we use 110 nuclear OCD families to analyze the inheritance of variants of COMT and monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA), another gene modulating monoamine metabolism. Methods: A sample of 110 nuclear OCD families was collected, and lifetime diagnoses were ascertained using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS). DNA was genotyped for functional variants of the COMT and MAO genes, and allele inheritance was examined using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) and Haplotype-based Haplotype Relative Risk (HHRR) test. Results: We provide evidence supporting the previously reported sexually dimorphic association between low COMT enzymatic activity and OCD. We also provide evidence for a similar sexually dimorphic association between OCD and an allele of the MAOA gene, previously linked to high MAO-A enzymatic activity. In agreement with the well-established action of MAO-A inhibitors as antidepressants, this association is particularly marked among male OCD probands with co-morbid MDD, who represent more than 50% of our male OCD sample. Conclusions: Our analysis indicates that variants of two genes modulating monoamine metabolism contribute significantly to OCD susceptibility. Most importantly, an unexpected sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD is revealed and suggests the possibility that profound gender differences in genetic predisposition may exist not only for other OCD susceptibility genes, but for an array of other psychiatric disorders as well.
WILDLIFE RECOVERY - IS BENEFIT-COST-ANALYSIS APPROPRIATE

Benefit-cost analysis is likely to play an increasingly important role in decision-making about the recovery and protection of endangered wildlife species. However, the contingent valuation survey results presented in this paper suggest that benefit estimates are very sensitive to the method of aggregation and to whether or not species are evaluated separately or together. Moreover, many survey respondents believed that wildlife should not be valued in dollar terms, and a majority of those who were willing to pay for wildlife recovery exhibited behavior which appears inconsistent with economic theory. We therefore conclude that benefit-cost analysis should generally not be used to make decisions about wildlife recovery programs.
Cell specific aptamer-photosensitizer conjugates as a molecular tool in photodynamic therapy.

This paper describes the application of a molecular construct of a photosensitizer and an aptamer for photo-therapeutically targeting tumor cells. The key step in increasing selectivity in chemotherapeutic drugs is to create effective molecular platforms that could target cancer cells but not normal cells. Recently, we have developed a strategy via cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) to obtain cell specific aptamers using intact viable cells as targets to select aptamers that can recognize cell membrane proteins with high selectivity and excellent affinity. We have identified an aptamer TD05 that only recognizes Ramos cells, a Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line. Here, the high specificity of aptamers in target cell binding and an efficient phototherapy reagent, Ce6, are molecularly engineered to construct a highly selective Aptamer-photosensitizer conjugates (APS) to effectively destroy target cancer cells. Introduction of the APS conjugates followed by irradiation of light selectively destroyed target Ramos cells but not acute lymphoblastic leukemia and myeloid leukemia cell lines. This study demonstrates that the use of cancer specific aptamers conjugated to a photosensitizer will enhance the selectivity of photodynamic therapy. Coupled with the advantages of the cell-SELEX in generating multiple effective aptamers for diseased cell recognition, we will be able to develop highly efficient photosensitizer based therapeutical reagents for clinical applications.
Team communications among autonomous sensor swarms

In this paper, we consider team (swarm) of unmanned vehicles (UVs) equipped with various sensors (videos, chemicals, etc). Those swarms need efficient communication to feed sensed data, communicate data to other swarms, to navigate and, more generally, to carry out complex mission autonomously. We focus on a particular aspect of mission oriented communications, namely, team multicast. In team multicast, the multicast group does not consist of individual members, rather, of teams. In our case, the teams may consist of special UVs that have been established to launch a search and rescue mission. Simulation results illustrate the performance benefits of the team multicast solution as compared with more traditional multicast approaches.
The human carotid atherosclerotic plaque stimulates angiogenesis on the chick chorioallantoic membrane

Abstract The chick chorioallantoic membrane was used to determine whether the carotid atherosclerotic plaque stimulates angiogenesis. Carotid endarterectomy specimens (1 mm 3 ) with fibromuscular plaque ( n = 8) and complicated plaque ( n = 11) were implanted on the membrane on day nine of incubation and the response evaluated on day 11. Following fixation in situ with 10% formalin the angiogenic response was evaluated by: (1) examining whole membrane mounts, (2) quantitatively from a vascular density index and (3) from a histological study. Unmanipulated chorioallantoic membrane ( n = 11) and plaque boiled prior to implantation ( n = 6) served as controls. The vascularity of whole mounts of both fibromuscular and complicated plaque was greater than the controls. Vessel density of the membrane was estimated by counting the number of vessels intersecting four concentric circles (144.5 mm total circumference) placed on the formalin fixed membrane. The vascular density index due to the fibromuscular plaque (390.6 ± 8.3) and complicated plaque (391.0 ± 14.9) were similar ( P > 0.9) but were significantly greater ( P
Toward a resolution of the generative semantics/classical theory controversy: A psycholinguistic analysis of metaphor

Based on a behavioral test of three psychological models of metaphor, this study lends support for the Generative Semantics, as opposed to the Classical Theory, approach to linguistic theory.
Stressful life events and daily stressors affect awakening cortisol level in midlife mothers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders

Objectives: The current study examines the awakening cortisol level in midlife mothers (M = 51.4 years old, SD = 8.4) of individuals (M = 22.1 years old, SD = 7.1) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) under stressful conditions that are not specific to their son or daughter's ASD symptoms. Methods: In addition to completing a set of questionnaires and in-home interviews, 82 mothers from the Adolescents and Adults with Autism Study (AAA) participated in a Daily Diary Study. Results: Findings from the multilevel models indicated that mothers who previously were exposed to no negative life events in the previous period had an increased awakening cortisol level on days following a greater number and more severe stressors, a normative stress response. In contrast, we observed a flatter cortisol level of daily stressors in mothers who experienced a greater number of negative life events in the previous period. Conclusion: These findings highlight the sustained toll that global and everyday stressors have on awa...
Self-Concept Differentiation and Self-Concept Clarity across Adulthood: Associations with Age and Psychological Well-Being.

This study focused on the identification of conceptually meaningful groups of individuals based on their joint self-concept differentiation (SCD) and self-concept clarity (SCC) scores. Notably, we examined whether membership in different SCD-SCC groups differed by age and also was associated with differences in psychological well-being (PWB). Cluster analysis revealed five distinct SCD-SCC groups: a self-assured, unencumbered, fragmented-only, confused-only, and fragmented and confused group. Individuals in the self-assured group had the highest mean scores for positive PWB and the lowest mean scores for negative PWB, whereas individuals in the fragmented and confused group showed the inverse pattern. Findings showed that it was psychologically advantageous to belong to the self-assured group at all ages. As hypothesized, older adults were more likely than young adults to be in the self-assured cluster, whereas young adults were more likely to be in the fragmented and confused cluster. Thus, consistent with extant theorizing, age was positively associated with psychologically adaptive self-concept profiles. This study examined whether conceptually meaningful subgroups of individuals can be identified based on their joint scores on self-concept differentiation (SCD) and self-concept clarity (SCC). Specifically, we considered whether individuals within such subgroups differed systematically from one another on measures of positive and negative psychological well-being (PWB). Of interest to us was also whether there were age differences in the distribution of adults across the SCD-SCC groups and whether age moderated the association between PWB and SCD-SCC grouping.
Do physician beliefs about causes of obesity translate into actionable issues on which physicians counsel their patients

Abstract Objective To describe the relationship between primary care physicians' (PCPs') beliefs about the causes of obesity with the frequency of nutritional counseling. Methods We analyzed a national cross-sectional internet-based survey of 500 US PCPs collected between February and March 2011. Results PCPs that identified overconsumption of food as a very important cause of obesity had significantly greater odds of counseling patients to reduce portion sizes (OR 3.40; 95%CI: 1.73–6.68) and to avoid high calorie ingredients when cooking (OR 2.16; 95%CI: 1.07–4.33). Physicians who believed that restaurant/fast food eating was a very important cause of obesity had significantly greater odds of counseling patients to avoid high calorie menu items outside the home (OR 1.93; 95%CI: 1.20–3.11). Physicians who reported that sugar-sweetened beverages were a very important cause of obesity had significantly greater odds of counseling their obese patients to reduce consumption (OR 5.99; 95%CI: 3.53–10.17). Conclusions PCP beliefs about the diet-related causes of obesity may translate into actionable nutritional counseling topics for physicians to use with their patients.
Use of document structure analysis to retrieve information from documents in digital libraries

This paper describes an approach to retrieving information from document images stored in a digital library by means of knowledge-based layout analysis and logical structure derivation techniques. Queries on document image content are categorized in terms of the type of information that is desired, and are parsed to determine the type of document from which information is desired, the syntactic level of the information desired, and the level of analysis required to extract the information. Using these clauses in the query, a set of salient documents are retrieved, layout analysis and logical structure derivation are performed on the retrieved documents, and the documents are then analyzed in detail to extract the relevant logical components. A 'document browser' application, being developed based on this approach, allows a user to interactively specify queries on the documents in the digital library using a graphical user interface, provides feedback about the candidate documents at each stage of the retrieval process, and allows refinements of the query based on the intermediate results of the search. Results of a query are displayed either as an image or as formatted text.
Normal branching, induced branching, and steering of cultured parasympathetic motor neurons☆

Abstract Cultured embryonic parasympathetic motor neurons branch in vitro by a process in which (1) the central, most anterior portion of the growth cone surface becomes quiescent; (2) the two adjacent lateral growth cone regions remain motile; (3) flat portions of the “split” growth cone round into cylindrical branch axons; and (4) the Y-shaped junction of the branch axons regresses slightly toward the soma. Branching of a seemingly identical type can be induced with a needle by manipulating the central anterior portion of a growth cone. The needle may lift the cell surface from the substratum to cause the branching. Growth cones at the ends of such induced branches can, in turn, be induced with the needle to branch so that they form subsidiary branches. Growth cones may be “steered” in desired directions by passing needles under one side or the other and displacing the growth cone surface from the substratum. When this is done, the cone moves in the opposite direction. The results imply that changes in cell-to-substratum contact may contribute to axonal branching or to directional movement over a substratum.
The phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase family.

Abstract The existence of a PIP5K family of enzymes has been suggested by Western blotting and purification of numerous PIP5Ks from various tissues and cell types. The erythrocyte has at least two PIP5Ks, named PIP5KI and PIP5KII, while the brain appears to have even more isoforms. The cloning of the first PIP5K, the PIP5KIIα, is just the beginning of the molecular classification of this protein family. The PIP5KIIα sequence has shown that these enzymes lack obvious homology to protein, sugar and other lipid kinases. The identification of two S. cerevisiae homologues, Mss4p and Fab1p, confirms that this family of kinases is widely distributed in eukaryotes. Not surprisingly, cloning experiments have identified additional isoforms. By cloning additional isoforms, insights into the structure and functions of this family of enzymes will be gained. FIG. 10. Summary of the regulation of the PIP5K isoforms and the cellular roles of PtdIns[4, 5]P 2 synthesized by these enzymes. One reason for a large family of PIP5Ks is that many forms of regulation and cellular functions have been ascribed to PIPSKs, as summarized in Figure 10. Some of these functional links result from PtdIns[4,5]P 2 being required for a given process, but the direct involvement of specific PIP5Ks is not well defined. Which PIP5K isoforms are regulated by a specific mechanism or are involved in a cellular process often is not clear. For example, which PIP5Ks produce PtdIns[4,5]P 2 that is hydrolyzed by PLC or phosphorylated by the PI 3-kinase is not known. A few exceptions are PIP5KII not being able to phosphorylate PtdIns[4,5]P 2 in native membranes, and PIP5KIs being stimulated by PtdA, required for secretion, and possibly regulated by G proteins of the Rho subfamily. The multiplicity of regulation and functions of each PIP5K isoform remains to be elucidated. Another factor governing the number of isoforms may be the presence of multiple pools of polyphosphoinositides and the localizing of PIP5K function within cells. The polyphosphoinositides appear to be compartmentalized within cells and each pool appears to be sensitive to specific signals. These polyphosphoinositide pools may include those in the plasma membrane that are used by PLC, nuclear pools that appear to turn over separately from cytoplasmic pools and a small pool at sites of vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Each pool may be controlled by a specific PIP5K isoform. This would explain the diversity of PIP5K cellular roles. Another possibility is that the PIP5Ks are localized to certain areas of the cell by being part of a protein or proteolipid complex. Furthermore, the presence of PITP or PLC in the complex would potentially impart specificity and speed on the use of PtdIns[4]P and PtdIns[4,5]P 2 because these lipids could be channeled quickly from one enzyme to the next. The concept of localized complexes containing particular PIP5K isoforms that control the composition of different polyphosphoinositide pools will likely be important as the family of PIP5K isoforms grows.
Protein and energy nutrition among adult patients treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in adult patients treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD), which is highly prevalent and frequently severe in its manifestation, poses a significant therapeutic dilemma. The causes of PEM include inflammation, low nutrient intake, nutrient losses during dialysis, metabolic acidemia, coexisting illnesses, and possibly the endocrine disorders of uremia. Treatment strategies for PEM in CPD patients include the following: attempt to treat the potentially reversible causes of anorexia, increase nutrient intake (by nutritional counseling, oral food supplements, consideration of appetite stimulants and intraperitonial amino acid solutions), and the correction of metabolic acidosis. Coexisting illnesses engendering PEM should be treated. Experimental evidence suggests that such agents as anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and L-carnitine may engender positive protein balance in these individuals. Finally, the use of anti-inflammatory agents to improve the nutritional status of malnourished CPD patients remains to be defined. There is a need to carry out clinical trials that examine whether an improvement in the nutritional status of CPD patients is associated with an improvement in their mortality, morbidity and/or quality of life.
Cerebral gigantism and thyrotoxicosis

D in the blood. Another similar case of a term infant born to a woman who was severely affected with X-linked hypophosphatemia was reported by Reade and Scriver. 9 The typical biochemical findings in patients with phosphorus deficiency are explained in part by the enhanced renal activity of 1-a-hydroxylase, leading to increased serum levels of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D? ~ This latter metabolite increases intestinal absorption of calcium, stimulates bone resorption, and is also known to inhibit collagen synthesis in vitro? 1 On the other hand, phosphate depletion leads to a reversible, sustained inhibition in proximal tubular reabsorptive function as well as a specific decrease in distal nephron calcium reabsorption, thus causing hypercalciuria which has been shown to be sensitive to phosphate infusion but not corrected by parathyroid hormone. 12 The patient described in this report increased her birth weight five times by the age of 5 months. Utilizing the equation based on the principle that mineral accretions are directly proportional to weight gain (dQ = bkW k-1 dw), 2 it is obvious that our patient was being fed insufficiently as far as phosphorus is concerned. Other causes for hypophosphatemia were ruled out. The mother and her family were not affected by any genetic, metabolic bone disease; pregnancy was not complicated by any drugs given to the mother during pregnancy that could have affected her calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Furthermore, our premature infant did not receive diuretics that could have affected her renal handling of calcium and phosphorus, nor did her mother during the prolonged period of lactation. Examination of the mother's milk for phosphorus content repeatedly showed low values (5.8 to 6.2 mg/dl). Hence we assume that the phosphate-depletion syndrome in our case was due to the inadequacy of phosphorus in the mother's breast milk, especially in view of the long duration of lactation.
Inferior Vena Cava Filter Migration to the Right Ventricle: A Case Report and Review of Filter Migration and Misdeployment

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are often seen as a safe and effective means of preventing pulmonary embolus in patients with contraindication to standard medical therapy. We present a case of a 57-year-old African-American man who presented with an IVC filter in his right ventricle. At our institution, percutaneous retrieval is initially attempted to reduce perioperitive morbidity. doi:10.4021/jmc240w
A retrospective review of whole bowel irrigation in pediatric patients

AbstractBackground. Traditionally whole bowel irrigation (WBI) has been advocated for ingestions involving substances not bound with activated charcoal as well as extended release and enteric coated medications. Other than isolated case reports, little exists in the literature regarding the use of WBI in poisoned pediatric patients. The purpose of this study is to better understand the use of WBI in pediatric patients. Method. A retrospective chart review of California Poison Control System electronic database for human poisoning cases between the years 2000 and 2010 was performed. Results. A total of 176 cases were identified. The most common age of poisoned patients that received WBI was 2 years. There were more pediatric patients who received WBI between 2000 and 2005 then between 2006 and 2010. The top three substances in which WBI was used were calcium channel blockers, iron, and antidepressants. There were 72 cases involving sustained release and delayed release substances. The top five sustained re...
BL Herculis stars:Theoretical models for field variables

Type II Cepheids with periods between 1 and 3 days, commonly designated as BL Herculis stars, have been modeled here with the aim of interpreting the wide variety of light curves observed among the field variables. The globular cluster members, which we have previously modeled, are used here as standard calibration objects. Our major finding is that only a small range of luminosities is capable of generating a large variety of light curve types at a given period. For a mass of approx.0.60 M/sub sun/, the models are able to reproduce the observed mean luminosities, dispersion of mean luminosities, periods, light amplitudes, light asymmetries, and phases of secondary features in the light curves of known BL Her stars. It is possible that the metal-rich variables (which are found only in the field) have luminosities lower than those of most metal-poor variables. Our revised mass for BL Her, a metal-rich object, is not significantly different from the mean mass of the metal-poor variables.
Peroxynitrite and opiate antinociceptive tolerance: a painful reality.

Chronic severe pain is a significant global health problem [1]. In the US alone, one third of Americans suffer some form of chronic pain, and in these individuals over 30% of reported pain is resistant to analgesic therapy [1]. The economic impact of pain is equally large at approximately $100 billion annually [1]. While selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are effective for several forms of chronic pain, their occasional side-effects including increased risks of heart attack and stroke [2] prompted the precipitous withdrawal of some of them (i.e. Vioxx) from the market in 2004.
Free Drug Information Resources on the Internet

During the last decade, a growing number of consumers and health care professionals have turned to the web to find information on medications including prescription and over-the-counter drug products. Educating users to evaluate online drug information and select only the most accurate and high-quality online information resources has become extremely important. A number of reputable web sites created by government, medical, and commercial organizations can be recommended for obtaining comprehensive information on drug indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions as well as providing recommendations on purchasing medications online.
Modeling of Hot Fragment Conductive Ignition of Solid Propellants With Applications to Melting and Evaporation of Solids

Abstract : A comprehensive theoretical model has been formulated for studying the degree of vulnerability of various solid propellants being heated by hot spall fragments. The model stimulates the hot fragment conductive ignition (HFCI) processes caused by direct contact of hot inert particles with solid propellant samples. The model describes the heat transfer and displacement of the hot particle, the generation of the melt (or foam) layer caused by the liquefaction, pyrolysis, and decompression of the propellant, and the regression of the propellant as well as the time variation of its temperature distributions. To partially validate the theoretical model in the absence of the necessary chemical kinetic data, an ice-melting and evaporation experiment was designed and conducted. These experiments provide features of the conductive heating, melting, and evaporating process. Calculated results compare well with experimental data in temperature-time traces, spall particles-sinking velocity, and displacement.
Researching Teaching Methodologies in the Classroom

ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of a research project comparing the effectiveness of two teaching models used in a graduate social work practice course. Two teaching methodologies, the lecture/discussion model and the cooperative learning model, were used in two separate sections of Foundations of Social Work Practice, a first semester graduate course in the MSW program at a large public university. A pretest/posttest comparison group model was used. One section of this course used a cooperative learning model while the other used the lecture/discussion model. Both sections spent the same amount of time on the material in the knowledge questionnaire and administered the posttest and follow-up on the same date. T-test and effect size statistics were used which demonstrated the greater efficacy of the cooperative learning model, particularly on long term retention of information. In the course of describing the teaching models used in the study, the cooperative learning model and its history is di...
Significance of modeling internal damping in the control of structures

Several simple systems are examined to illustrate the importance of the estimation of damping parameters in closed-loop system performance and stability. The negative effects of unmodeled damping are particularly pronounced in systems that do not use collocated sensors and actuators. An example is considered for which even the actuators (a tip jet nozzle and flexible hose) for a simple beam produce significant damping which, if ignored, results in a model that cannot yield a reasonable time response using physically meaningful parameter values. It is concluded that correct damping modeling is essential in structure control.
Penetration and persistence of an insect growth regulator in the pupa of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans.

Abstract An insect growth regulator, (E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(p-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene (Stauffer R-20458) with insect juvenile hormone activity readily penetrated the puparium of white pharate pupae of Stomoxys calcitrans. The quantity and the persistence of the chemical in the puparium and in the developing pharate adult were determined over a 168 hr post-treatment period. The loss of chemical from the pharate stage was almost total within 168 hr, but over 20 per cent of the applied dose was still present in the puparium after the same interval.
Counterpiracy in Historical Context: Paradox, Policy, and Rhetoric

This article identifies the salient lessons from three specific periods—the Graeco-Roman, Atlantic piracy and its extension into the Indian Ocean during the early Seventeenth Century, and piracy off China during the Ch’ing dynasty—that can most usefully inform the counter-piracy effort off Somalia. It makes the point that piracy's sinuous character has always given rise to conceptual and definitional difficulties; but that while law has had an important voice in piracy matters since Roman times it has never been the only voice. It suggests that modern pirate hunters, by treating piracy as akin to a domestic criminal activity, have shackled the effectiveness of violent suppression which their historical predecessors found so useful, while at the same time undervaluing the fundamental roles of politics and economics in piracy formation and the continuous struggle to make the seas safe for legitimate commerce.
Nitrosation of benzoxazolinone.

2(3)-benzoxazolinone (I) has been isolated from rye (Virtanen and Hietala, 19557, corn, and wheat (Virtanen, et al., 1956). It was later found that this compound is stored in the plant as the glucoside of 1,4-~enzoxzinone and is formed when the plant is injured. Kl~p and Robinson (1969) found concentrations as high as 1.4 mg/g in inbred strains of corn and had shown that the presenee of the compound was associated with the resistanee of the plant to attack by fungi and corn borer. A wide variety of N-nitroso amines, amides, ureas, and carbamates have been shown tobe extremely potent earcinogens and their presence in food products has been of considerable public health eoncern (Magee and Barnes, 1967; Low, 1974). Since these compounds are readily formed by the action of nitrite ton on the appropriate precursor under acidic conditions, it was felt that N-nitrosobenzoxazolinone (I=~l) might be formed in corn, wheat, or rye that had been heavily fertilized with nitrite-nitrate or that the nitroso compound may be formed through the action of dietary nitrite. In an attempt to form I_~_I, 0.01 mole of ~, 0.02 mole NaN02, and 0.02 mole HCI were stirred at 0o for 12 hr. in an aqueous medium. However, the starting material was recovered nearly quantitatively. The procedure was repeated using glacial acetic acid as the solvent and proton source (i0 ~ 26 hr.), and again only starting material was found. In a third attempt, trifluoroacetic acid was used as the solvent and proton source (0 ~ , 22 hr.), and the reaetion mixture was found to contain a small quantity of _I and a nearly quantitative yield of 6-nitrobenzoxazolinone (III). The identity of fil was confirmed by TLC, IR, and mass spectral data of an authentic standard. Activated aromatie systems, such as with phenols, usually yield C-nitroso eompounds with nitrous acid which are then oxidized to C-nitro compounds. Since Ill is easily formed from ~ by the action of nitric acid at room temperature (Clark and Pessolona, 1958), the formation of the N-nitroso derivative in this case probably oecurs in a similar manner.
Control systems and differential inequalities

Let J denote the half line 0 ≤ t < ∞, Rn the Euclidian n-space and R+ = [0, ∞). Let ║x║ denote the Euclidian norm of x ∈Rn, and S denote the set [x: ║x║ < ρ].
Oxidation State of BZ Reaction Mixtures

The unstirred, ferroin (Fe(phen)32+)-catalyzed Belousov−Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction1-4 is the prototype oscillatory chemical system. After an induction period of several minutes, one sees “spontaneous” formation of “pacemaker” sites, which oscillate between a blue, oxidized state (high [Fe(phen)33+]) and a red, reduced state (low [Fe(phen)33+]). The reaction medium appears red (reduced) during the induction phase, and the pacemaker sites generate target patterns of concentric, outwardly moving waves of oxidation (blue). Auto-oscillatory behavior is also seen in the Oregonator model of Field, Kőros, and Noyes (FKN), a robust, reduced model which captures qualitative BZ kinetics in the auto-oscillatory regime. However, the Oregonator model predicts a blue (oxidized) induction phase. Here, we show that including reaction R8 of the FKN mechanism, not incorporated in the original Oregonator, accounts for bromide release during the induction phase, thus producing the observed red oxidation state.