cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connecting Values: Teaching Sustainability to Communication Designers

ABSTRACTThis article explores the question of “how do we teach sustainability to communication designers?” through examining the combined research of the two authors that focuses on connecting issues of sustainability to the values of design students. The article further cites the work of other undergraduate educators who have found success in connecting the concept to that of the students' values, supporting the work of the authors. It is our hypothesis that in order to most effectively introduce sustainability into a curriculum, we must first recognize that it is a political term, concerning the public affairs of our society. It is therefore important to determine the students' values as designers/individuals in order to demonstrate how sustainable issues and politics are intertwined with all of our ethics and specifically with students' professional ambitions. This strategy, combined with principles and methods of co-designing, can help eliminate apathy and pushback within the class, and help empower t...
3.3.2 The ABCs of AFs: Understanding Architecture Frameworks

Numerous architecture frameworks have emerged over the past decade, but the contents and purposes of these frameworks are quite diverse. A framework typically addresses topics such as methodology, product description, reference models, categorization, or classification, but no single framework fully covers all aspects of the architecting process. Many users mistakenly believe that these frameworks represent distinct alternatives to the architect and that they must identify a single one to facilitate or guide their architecting efforts. The reality is that architecture frameworks (or parts of frameworks) must be unified in order to provide a comprehensive architecting solution. The purpose of this paper and presentation is to provide an overview of several architecture frameworks in use today, along with recommendations on the unification of key elements of specific frameworks.
The supX-leu-500 mutations and expression of the leucine operon.

A presumed single site mutation designated leu-500, affects both the basal expression and response to the leucine repression signal by the leucine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. The distantly located supX mutation suppresses the leucine auxotrophy imposed by the leu-500 mutation by raising the level of basal expression while maintaining the abnormal regulation. An additional type of suppressor mutation which is closely linked to the leu-500 locus restores essentially normal regulation but maintains the low repressed expression characteristic of the leu-500 strain. The leucine sufficiency of the leu-500 strain with the linked suppressor and the supX leu-500 strains is temperature conditional in that both types require leucine for growth at 42° but not at 37°. These results, which indicate that a single site mutation can simultaneously affect promoter-like and operator-like function, are discussed in terms of DNA superstructure.
An O(nlogn) time algorithm for optimal buffer insertion

The classic algorithm for optimal buffer insertion due to van Ginneken has time and space complexity O(n/sup 2/), where n is the number of possible buffer positions. We present a new algorithm that computes the same optimal results, but in time and space complexity O(nlogn). Our speedup is achieved by four new ideas: an efficient data structure, the concept of buffer-dominate, a fast redundancy check, and a fast merging scheme. On industrial test cases, the new algorithm is 2 to 50 times faster than van Ginneken's algorithm and uses 1/2 to 1/100 of the memory. Since van Ginneken's algorithm and its variations are used by most existing algorithms on buffer insertion, buffer sizing, and wire sizing, our new algorithm significantly improves the performance of all these algorithms.
Large test collection experiments on an operational, interactive system: Okapi at TREC

Abstract The Okapi system has been used in a series of experiments on the TREC collections, investigating probabilistic models, relevance feedback, and query expansion, and interaction issues. Some new probabilistic models have been developed, resulting in simple weighting functions that take account of document length and within-document and within-query term frequency. All have been shown to be beneficial. Relevance feedback and query expansion are highly beneficial when based on large quantities of relevance data (as in the routing task). Interaction issues are much more difficult to evaluate in the TREC framework, and no benefits have yet been demonstrated from feedback based on small numbers of “relevant” items identified by intermediary searchers.
Location of additional early gene sequences in the adenoviral chromosome

Genetic and biochemical analysis has revealed additional early gene sequences in the group C human adenovirus genome. Physical mapping by an improved marker rescue method showed that a group of "early function" mutations previously found by us to map within the left quarter of the genome do not map within the known early sequence (0-11.2) in that region, but instead lie within the coordinates 18.5-22.0. A search for early expression in this region of the genome using saturation hybridization techniques showed the presence of two discrete sets of viral cytoplasmic RNA sequences, present early in infection at low copy number and complementary to sequences on the I strand of the adenovirus genome lying between 11.2-14.5 and 19.8-23.5 untis.
Identification of QTLs for Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Soybean

Sclerotinia stem rot [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] is considered the second most important cause of yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Soybean cultivars show variability in susceptibility, but no complete resistance to the disease has been reported and little information on the genetics of resistance is available. The objective of this study was to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in soybean. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from five populations were developed by crossing Williams 82, a susceptible cultivar, with five cultivars exhibiting partial resistance: Corsoy 79, Dassel, DSR173, S19-90, and Vinton 81. The F 2 to F 5 generations were advanced by single seed descent. Parental polymorphism was tested with 507 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers from the integrated linkage map of soybean, and primers were selected for progeny screening in the five populations on the basis of polymorphism and distribution in the genome. Five hundred RILs, consisting of 100 F Sio lines from each population, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate 143 by a detached leaf method in the laboratory to measure lesion area on leaves inoculated with mycelium plugs. Single degree-of-freedom contrasts in PROC MIXED and interval analysis were used to detect putative QTLs. Twenty-cight putative QTLs for resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot of soybeans were identified on 15 different linkage groups in five RIL populations by single degree-of-freedom contrasts. Alleles involved in reduction of lesion size came from both the resistant and susceptible parents, and transgressive segregates were identified in two populations. The amount of phenotypie variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from 4 to 10%. Seven QTLs on seven different linkage groups were identified in multiple populations with some QTL regions corresponding with mapped resistance genes and resistance gene analogs. The results suggest that several genes control resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot and that markers could facilitate an initial screen of segregating breeding populations.
Endoscopic suture fixation of self-expanding metallic stents with and without submucosal injection

Self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) are useful for treating leaks after bariatric procedures but stent migration (12 to 40 %) remains a problem. Suture fixation has been used to minimize migration but has attendant risks of transmural penetration. We hypothesized that submucosal injection would decrease the risk of full thickness suture penetration while still providing greater pullout forces than endoscopic clipping. Porcine explant models and 155 mm SEMS were used with a force meter to measure the pullout forces required to dislodge the stent. Stents were first deployed without fixation and this pullout force acted as a control. The explants were then randomized to receive fixation with clips, endoscopic suturing with submucosal elevation, or endoscopic suturing without submucosal elevation. The pullout force was again measured and the ratio of the experimental to control pullout forces was used as a measure of the efficacy of the fixation. Endoscopic suture fixation after submucosal injection resulted in statistically significant increased pullout force compared to clip fixation (n = 5; mean force ratio 462 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 281–643 %; p < 0.01). Endoscopic suturing fixation without submucosal injection also resulted in statistically significant increased pullout force (n = 5; mean force ratio 765 %; 95 % CI 258–632 %; p < 0.01). Fixation with clips did not result in significantly increased pullout force compared to no fixation (n = 5; mean force ratio 108 %; 95 % CI 56–159 %; p < 0.01). Submucosal injection also eliminated full thickness suture penetration (0/10 submucosal injection; 7/10 no injection). Endoscopic suture fixation of SEMS resulted in a statistically significant increase in pullout force necessary to displace the stents. Submucosal injection prior to suture fixation preserves the increased pullout force while minimizing the risk of transmural penetration with the potential for less risk of injury to mediastinal structures.
Determination of phosphonoformic acid in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Trisodium phosphonoformate (foscarnet) is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompromised patients, such as bone marrow and renal transplant recipients, as well as patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described using an electrochemical detector. The method is accurate, precise and reproducible. Hydrochlorothiazide is used as the internal standard. This assay allows measurement of foscarnet in biological fluids at concentrations as low as 33 microM. This method is being used for the analysis of samples in clinical trials and is important in the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic disposition of the drug.
Aluminum Derivatives of a New Chiral Binucleating Ligand

A new chiral bis(β-amino alcohol) ligand, LH 2 , has been prepared in 40% yield by the Cu-catalyzed coupling of 4,6-diiododibenzofuran with diphenylpyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol, the latter of which is prepared from L-proline. The protonolysis reaction of LH 2 with 2 equiv of Al i Bu 3 forms LAl 2 i Bu 4 (1), which was isolated in 40% yield. In the solid state, compound 1 adopts a conformation that gives the molecule approximate C 2 symmetry. Each half of the molecule features a distorted tetrahedral Al center that interacts with a chelating β-amino alcoholate and two 'Bu anions. The reaction of LH 2 with 2 equiv of AlMe 3 failed to yield isolable product, but the use of excess AlMe 3 formed LAl 4 Me 1 0 (2) in 79% isolated yield. Compound 2 has a structure that is similar to that of 1 except that the alcoholate oxygen of each deprotonated ligand is also coordinated to an AlMe 3 group. 1 H NMR spectroscopic data of 1 in C 6 D 6 solution are consistent with overall C 2 symmetry. Thus the two 'Bu groups on each Al center are inequivalent, and four resonances are observed for the diastereotopic α-CH 2 protons of these 'Bu ligands. The addition of 4 equiv of pyrimidine to the solution results in rapid exchange of the two inequivalent 'Bu groups. A different process occurs in the presence of a large excess of D 6 -methyl sulfoxide (D 6 -DMSO). Under these conditions, the 'Bu groups no longer possess diastereotopic α-methylenes. This indicates that the 'Bu groups are being removed from the chiral environment, at least temporarily.
Development of the 2012 American Chiropractic Board of Sports Physicians position statement on concussion in athletics.

Objective The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of the development of the American Chiropractic Board of Sports Physicians (ACBSP) Position Statement on Concussion in Athletics regarding the management of concussion in sport and to offer suggestions to qualifying doctors of chiropractic (DCs) to make return-to-play decisions and clarify common concepts pertaining to evaluating and managing concussion in sport.
Lipid, carbohydrate and nitrogen content of long- and short-winged Gryllus firmus: Implications for the physiological cost of flight capability

Abstract Concentrations of total lipid, triglyceride, soluble carbohydrate, total nitrogen and water were measured in the long-winged (LW) and short-winged (SW) morphs of the cricket, Gryllus firmus . In addition, the weights and composition of wings and oviposited eggs were compared between morphs. This was done to obtain information on the energetic cost of flight capability in the LW morph. Whole-cricket content (% dry mass) of triglyceride was significantly higher in LW vs SW individuals of both sexes. Since triglyceride is a likely flight fuel in G. firmus , the biosynthesis of elevated levels of this high energy substance in the LW morph may represent an important energetic cost of flight capability. The existence of such a cost is consistent with the elevated respiratory metabolism previously observed in LW vs SW G. firmus . A highly significant negative correlation was observed between triglycerides and non-triglycerides in LW but not SW crickets. This suggests that lipid biosynthesis may be operating under some constraint in the LW morph. Increased triglyceride biosynthesis may require a concomitant decreased biosynthesis of non-triglycerides. In contrast to the elevated triglyceride level in the LW morph, carbohydrate concentration was higher in the SW morph during early adulthood. Carbohydrate content also decreased with age in the SW but not in the LW adults. No differences were observed between morphs in (1) the total nitrogen or water contents of whole crickets, (2) the nitrogen content of wings or (3) the wet weight, dry weight, lipid content, or total nitrogen content of oviposited eggs.
Nanostructured Nickel Phosphide as an Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Nanoparticles of nickel phosphide (Ni2P) have been investigated for electrocatalytic activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic solutions, under which proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis is operational. The catalytically active Ni2P nanoparticles were hollow and faceted to expose a high density of the Ni2P(001) surface, which has previously been predicted based on theory to be an active HER catalyst. The Ni2P nanoparticles had among the highest HER activity of any non-noble metal electrocatalyst reported to date, producing H2(g) with nearly quantitative faradaic yield, while also affording stability in aqueous acidic media.
Factors influencing oligonucleotide stability in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy

Abstract The effects of oligomer length, acceleration potential and nucleotide structure on the MALDI analysis of nucleic acids were examined. Increased oligomer size and decreased acceleration potential both increase oligomer residence time in the source region, resulting in an increase in observed fragmentation. Modified nucleosides which may be protonated but are resistant to fragmentation protect other protonation sites in the oligomer, presumably by competing for protonation. Results obtained in positive-ion mode with oligonucleotides containing modified thymidine nucleosides indicate that a proposed oligonucleotide fragmentation mechanism, in which cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond upon nucleobase protonation is followed by breakage of the sugar-phosphate backbone, occurs with the matrix 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA). This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that a loss of charge from the fragment ions precludes their detection when using the matrix 3-HPA.
Precision free-inertial navigation with gravity compensation by an onboard gradiometer

Precise inertial navigation depends on external aiding to remove various systematic errors in the sensed accelerations and rotations that cause an accumulation of position error up to many hundreds of meters per hour. Technological developments in inertial sensors are underway to eliminate this dependence at the level of a few meters uncertainty over one hour of unaided inertial navigation. However, no matter how precise the inertial measurement units are, the systematic effect of unknown gravitation can cause navigation errors up to several hundred meters per hour. Compensation for this effect can take several forms, but always requires updates or information from systems external to the inertial navigator. This report analyzes the unique capabilities provided by an onboard integrated gravity gradiometer that senses the gravitational gradients, thus enabling in situ compensation. Particular attention is given to the coupling of observed gradients with angular rates and accelerations. It is shown that errors from conventional precision gyros negate the effect of gradiometer aiding on the cross-track position error if only the essential gradients are measured [accuracy of 0.1 Eotvos (E)]. With additional measurements of appropriate symmetric gradient components, both along-track and cross-track errors caused by gravitation can be controlled at the 5-m level after one hour of free-inertial navigation.
An Experimental and Finite Element Investigation Into the Mechanical Response of 0/90 Pin-Loaded Laminates

A linear elastic, orthotropic, plane stress finite element approximation, using laminate mechanical properties found from mechanical testing and the application of laminate plate theory, has been generated for a 0/90 pin-loaded laminate. In-plane, front surface, dis placement field contours and rear surface "pointwise" strain values have been experimen tally determined using conventional moire and strain gage techniques. Location of the locus of maximum experimental shear strain above the pin compare well with linear finite element predictions while shear strain comparisons along this locus appear to differ due to the nonlinear effects of shear softening and material failure. Shear softening effects were explored through a nonlinear elastic, orthotropic, plane stress finite element approxima tion that utilized measurements on the nonlinear in-plane shear response of the laminate to upgrade its assumed constituative equations. Finite element results were post processed to reflect experimental conditions an...
Modeling primary and secondary coolant of a nuclear power plant system with a unique framework (MCUF)

Abstract Within the study and design of a nuclear power plant extensive system modeling is necessary to determine how the reactor is going to perform in any given situation, not only in the normal performance of the reactor but also transients including anticipated transients without scram (ATWS) and hypothetical accidents. Primary and other loops in multiple coolant loop systems in nuclear power plants can be modeled in nuclear system codes, such as Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program (RELAP5), COBRA-TRAC, TRACE, and ATHLET, for the interaction and feedback effects between the coolant loops. In the recent years, new components, such as turbine, coolant pump, advanced compact heat exchangers, valves, sensors, instrumentation and control systems, are being designed to use in the coolant systems. However, current system codes are not capable of integrating the computational model of the whole nuclear power plant system to an experimental apparatus. Therefore, this article proposes a new coupling between a system code and Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LABVIEW) in a unique framework (called as Modeling of Coolant Systems with a Unique Framework -MCUF-) that allows integrating an experimental apparatus or a facility to a whole power plant model. MCUF allows online or interactive data exchange by using the powerful and flexible tools of LABVIEW. This article demonstrates how coupling between the primary and secondary coolant system of a typical Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) can be performed by using MCUF. The primary and secondary sides of the PWR are modeled with RELAP5 and LabVIEW computer simulators respectively. The coupling between RELAP5 and LabVIEW has been executed with steady state and transients, in this case a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) for a four loop PWR. The results of the coupling have been compared with the typical RELAP5 results which significantly depend on “hard coded” data for second coolant loop. Code-to-code benchmark results demonstrate that this unique coupling framework has a good agreement with the RELAP5 code results with “hard coded” data for the secondary coolant system.
Integrin alpha3beta1 engagement disrupts intercellular adhesion.

During tissue morphogenesis and tumor invasion, epithelial cells must undergo intercellular rearrangement in which cells are repositioned with respect to one another and the surrounding mesenchymal extracellular matrix. Using three-dimensional aggregates of squamous epithelial cells, we show that such intercellular rearrangements can be triggered by activation of beta1 integrins after their ligation with extracellular matrices. On nonadherent substrates, multicellular aggregates (MCAs) formed rapidly via E-cadherin junctional complexes and over time became compacted spheroids exhibiting a more epithelial phenotype. After MCAs were replated on culture substrates, the spheroids collapsed to yield tightly arranged cell monolayers. Cell-cell contact induced rapid elevation in E-cadherin levels, which was due to an increase in the metabolic stability of junctional receptors. During MCA remodeling of cell-cell adhesions, and monolayer formation, their E-cadherin levels fell rapidly. Similar behavior was obtained regardless of which ECM ligand-collagen type I, fibronectin, or laminin 1-MCAs were seeded on. In contrast, when seeded onto a matrix elaborated by squamous epithelial cells, cells in the MCA attached, spread, lost cell-cell junctions, and dispersed. Analysis identified laminin 5 as the active ECM ligand in this matrix, and MCA dispersion required functional beta1 integrin and specifically alpha3beta1. Furthermore, substrate-immobilized anti-integrin antibody effectively reproduced the epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition induced by the laminin 5 matrix. During the early stages of aggregate rearrangement and collapse, cells on laminin 5 substrates, but not those on collagen I substrates, exhibited intense cortical arrays of F-actin, microspikes, and fascin accumulation at their peripheral surfaces. These results suggest that engagement of specific integrin-ligand pairs regulates cadherin junctional adhesions during events common to epithelial morphogenesis and tumor invasion.
Denture marking for identification.

The author describes a technique for incorporating an identification strip, imprinted with the patient’s name, into dentures during the packing process. An identification strip with the patient’s name can easily be incorporated in to dentures during the packing procedures. This may serve as a means of identification of edentulous persons should the need arise.
Self-Consistent Field Investigation of Pattern-Forming Electroneutral Blends of Charged Polymers

Electroneutral blends of oppositely and uniformly charged flexible polymers spontaneously microsegregate, recapitulating phases formed in block copolymer melts. The length scale of the pattern is controlled by the charge density and the thermodynamic incompatibility of two species, with the molecular weight of the chains entering as a small correction. We calculate the disordered phase spinodal in the random phase approximation and determine the microphase diagrams numerically for the disordered-cylindrical-lamellar phases in a two-dimensional self-consistent lattice model. The mesophases are intrinsically characterized by spontaneous charge separation, so the morphology and orientation of the patterned phases are quite sensitive to externally applied electric fields.
Foraminiferal sequence biostratigraphy and seismic stratigraphy of a tectonically active margin; the Yakataga Formation, northeastern Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Upper Miocene through Recent glacial-marine deposits of the Yakataga Formation, which underlie the northern Gulf of Alaska continental shelf, are the focus of an integrated study to understand the depositional and climatic history of the upper Cenozoic Gulf of Alaska. Biostratigraphic, lithologie, and multichannel seismic data were integrated in a sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Yakataga continental margin. A paleontologically based approach to sequence stratigraphy, known as sequence biostratigraphy, was used to define eight seismic stratigraphic sequences on this tectonically active, glaciated continental margin. Foraminifera provide information on the age, paleoenvironments, and paleoclimates of strata within these eight sequences. Lithologic evidence is used to infer the presence and influence of tidewater glaciers. The three oldest sequences, arbitrarily labeled Brown, Red, and Orange (early Pliocene, mid-Pliocene, late Pliocene, respectively), were deposited in mainly outer neritic through upper bathyal environments. Planktic foraminiferal assemblages show that sea surface temperatures during deposition of these sequences were mainly cool temperate in the Gulf of Alaska at this time, yet benthic assemblages indicate cold bottom waters and dropstones indicate glacial-marine sedimentation during the late Pliocene. The five youngest sequences (labeled Yellow, Green, Aqua, Blue, Violet), which are Pleistocene to Recent in age, were deposited in deeper environments on average (upper bathyal to middle bathyal) than the older sequences. Glacial-marine sedimentation was common during deposition of these sequences (abundant dropstones) and foraminiferal assemblages indicate both cold sea surface and bottom water temperatures.
USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF A CEREBRAL ABSCESS IN A GOAT

A 7-month-old La Mancha doe was presented with a right head tilt and ventral strabismus while circling to the left. History and physical examination led to a tentative diagnosis of a cerebral abscess. Computed tomography revealed a large, complex mass with ring enhancement in the left cerebral hemisphere, supporting the diagnosis. Postmortem examination confirmed the cerebral abscess. Bacterial cultures yielded heavy growth of Actinomyces pyogenes.
On the planarity of iterated jump graphs

Abstract For a graph G of size m⩾1 and edge-induced subgraphs F and H of size r ( 1⩽r⩽m ), the subgraph H is said to be obtained from F by an edge jump if there exist four distinct vertices u,v,w, and x in G such that uv∈E(F) , wx∈E(G)−E(F) , and H=F−uv+wx . The minimum number of edge jumps required to transform F into H is the jump distance from F to H . For a graph G of size m⩾1 and an integer r with 1⩽r⩽m , the r -jump graph J r (G) is that graph whose vertices correspond to the edge-induced subgraphs of size r of G and where two vertices of J r (G) are adjacent if and only if the jump distance between the corresponding subgraphs is 1. For k⩾2 and r⩾1 , the k th iterated r -jump graph J r k (G) is defined as J r (J r k−1 (G)) , where J r 1 (G)=J r (G) . An infinite sequence {G i } of graphs is planar if every graph G i is planar. All graphs G for which {J r k (G)} ( r=1,2 ) is planar are determined and it is shown that if the sequence {J r k (G)} is nonplanar, then lim k→∞ gen( J r k (G))=∞ , where gen (G) denotes the genus of a graph G .
Bid–ask spread and order size in the foreign exchange market: an empirical investigation

This article empirically examines the relationship between order sizes and spreads in the foreign exchange (FX) market based on a FX dealer's quotes. It is found that spreads are independent of order sizes in the inter-dealer market, but they are negatively correlated in the customer market. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Intestinal Expression of the Proteasome Subunit Low Molecular Mass Polypeptide 2 in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Low molecular mass polypeptide 2 is an inducible immunoproteasome subunit. The expression of low molecular mass polypeptide 2 has not been examined in the intestine of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. This study was designed to determine whether the intestinal expression of low molecular mass polypeptide 2 was enhanced in a group of patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with a group of control patients without inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, we examined the association between low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression and histologic pathology in these patients. Twenty-one patients participated in the study. These included six control subjects without inflammatory bowel disease, eight patients with ulcerative colitis, and seven patients with Crohn’s disease. Intestinal low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, as well as by Western blot. Histology scores (0–40 severity scale) were determined on the same sections of intestine as those used for low molecular mass polypeptide 2 histochemistry. By immunohistochemistry, low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05 vs. control subjects) throughout visibly diseased areas of colon, rectum, and ileum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression also was increased in macroscopically normal intestine from patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with normal tissue from control subjects. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.0001) between low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression and histologic pathology in our patients. Western blot results confirmed that low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression was enhanced in patients with ulcerative colitis (3.1-fold) and in patients with Crohn’s disease (3.5-fold). Intestinal low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression is significantly increased in inflammatory bowel disease. The association between intestinal low molecular mass polypeptide 2 expression and histologic pathology suggests that this proteasome subunit plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Translesional pressure and flow responses in a patient with a vasoactive and atherosclerotic coronary artery

Sympathetic stimulation produces characteristic changes in systemic and coronary hemodynamics which can be detected by pressure and flow velocity measurements in patients with coronary artery disease. In this particular patient with a highly reactive coronary vasculature in association with a fixed obstructive lesion, marked vasoreactivity produced striking differences in the resting translesional pressure gradient and flow velocity. Intracoronary nitroglycerin was immediately effective in relieving adverse vasoconstrictor tone. Studies of coronary hemodynamics during sympathetic stimulation in such patients will lead to improved understanding of the therapeutic modalities and associated interventional techniques to treat ischemic producing vasoreactive coronary arteries.
Origin of Pennsylvanian Underclay and Related Seat Rocks

Seat rocks, including underclay, underlie coal beds and show features such as roots, profiles similar to water-logged soils, lack of bedding, soil-like fracture, and gradation into normally bedded sedimentary rocks indicating that they were once soils. Coarse-grained seat rocks range from argillaceous to nearly pure quartz sandstone (ganister). Seat rocks composed of clay-sized particles (underclays) range from mixtures of illite, mixed-layer clay, and kaolinite to essentially pure kaolinite. Variations in the quartz or kaolinite content suggest that there are degrees of alteration in the formation of a seat rock and that all kinds of seat rock were formed by leaching of the substratum in a swamp. The increasing crystallinity of the clay minerals from plastic underclays to semiflint clay to flint clay and the corresponding increase in titanium support this conclusion. These two features suggest strongly that flint clays formed in place in an acidic swamp environment. The Olive Hill clay shows residual acidity. Seat rocks are affected by the chemical environments in the swamp before peat accumulation, during peat accumulation, and during coalification. Kaolinite is forming in present-day swamps and in wet acidic soils in Hawaii and probably formed in late Paleozoic swamps. The facts can be interpreted to show that all kinds of seat rocks could have formed in Pennsylvanian swamps and probably most did.
Spatial pattern discovery by learning a probabilistic parametric model from multiple attributed relational graphs

This paper presents the methodology and theory for automatic spatial pattern discovery from multiple attributed relational graph samples. The spatial pattern is modelled as a mixture of probabilistic parametric attributed relational graphs. A statistic learning procedure is designed to learn the parameters of the spatial pattern model from the attributed relational graph samples. The learning procedure is formulated as a combinatorial non-deterministic process, which uses the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to find the maximum-likelihood estimates for the parameters of the spatial pattern model. The learned model summarizes the samples and captures the statistic characteristics of the appearance and structure of the spatial pattern, which is observed under various conditions. It can be used to detect the spatial pattern in new samples. The proposed approach is applied to unsupervised visual pattern extraction from multiple images in the experiments.
Multiple element emission spectral detection gas chromatographic profiles of halogenated products from chlorination of humic acid and drinking water

Abstract A multi-channel microwave-induced plasma atomic spectroscopic gas chromatographic detector has been used to characterize capillary column profiles of chlorinated humic acid and drinking water for carbon, chlorine and bromine content. In addition to element selectivity and good detection limits this technique enables empirical formulae of separated compounds to be estimated with sufficient accuracy for useful peak identification. Among the compounds thus characterized are trihalomethanes, haloaliphatic acids, aldehydes and nitriles.
The Ethnic Health and Beauty Section in the US Army and Air Force Post Exchange System

4. Nori S, Rius-Diaz F, Cuevas J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of reflectance-mode confocal microscopy for in vivo diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma: amulticenter study. J AmAcad Dermatol. 2004;51(6):923-930. 5. Guitera P, Menzies SW, Longo C, Cesinaro AM, Scolyer RA, Pellacani G. In vivo confocal microscopy for diagnosis of melanoma and basal cell carcinoma using a two-stepmethod: analysis of 710 consecutive clinically equivocal cases. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(10):2386-2394.
Role of hydrogen at germanium/dielectric interfaces

Abstract Hydrogen is an indispensable ingredient in integrated-circuit fabrication, since it is used to passivate defects at the Si/SiO 2 interface present in every CMOS transistor. Hydrogen will likely play an equally important role for the novel channel materials and dielectrics that are currently being investigated. We show that first-principles calculations can produce fundamental information about the behavior of hydrogen in relevant semiconductors and oxides. We point out the link between the electronic structure of hydrogen and the band-alignment problem, and specifically highlight why hydrogen at interfaces with germanium will exhibit a very different behavior from what is known to happen in silicon.
An Immunoaffinity Purified Schizosaccharomyces Pombe TBP-containing Complex Directs Correct Initiation of the S.pombe rRNA Gene Promoter

The multi-protein complex SL1, containing TBP, which is essential for RNA polymerase I catalyzed transcription, has been analyzed in fission yeast. It was immunopurified based on association of component subunits with epitope-tagged TBP. To enable this analysis, a strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was created where the only functional TBP coding sequences were those of FLAG-TBP. RNA polymerase I transcription components were fractionated from this strain and the TBP-associated polypeptides were subsequently immunopurified together with the epitope- tagged TBP. An assessment of the activity of this candidate SL1 complex was undertaken cross-species. This fission yeast TBP-containing complex displays two activities in redirecting transcriptional initiation of an S. pombe rDNA gene promoter cross-species in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription reactions: it both blocks an incorrect transcriptional start site at +7 and directs initiation at the correct site for S. pombe rRNA synthesis. This complex is essential for accurate initiation of the S.pombe rRNA gene: rRNA synthesis is reconstituted when this S.pombe TBP-containing complex is combined with a S.pombe fraction immunodepleted of TBP.
The fate of ochratoxin A in rats

Abstract The fate of ochratoxin A was studied in rats given a single ip injection of 1 mg labelled with 14 C. Ochratoxin A reached its highest levels in serum (accounting for up to 90% of the 14 C dose), liver (4·5%) and kidney (4·4%) 30 min after the injection and then decreased gradually. Disc-gel electrophoresis of rat serum revealed that the toxin was predominantly bound to the serum-albumin fraction in vivo . Ochratoxin A was excreted primarily in the urine, either as the unchanged toxin or its metabolites. Excretion in the faeces was less significant and was mainly in the form of unchanged toxin. The kinetics of the distribution and excretion of ochratoxin A and of in vivo binding of the toxin with serum albumin are described.
Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and HCV E2 Interactions with CD81 and the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HCV–low-density lipoprotein (LDL) complexes interact with the LDL receptor (LDLr) and the HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 interacts with CD81 in vitro. However, E2 interactions with LDLr and HCV interactions with CD81 have not been clearly described. Using sucrose gradient-purified low-density particles (1.03 to 1.07 g/cm3), intermediate-density particles (1.12 to 1.18 g/cm3), recombinant E2 protein, or control proteins, we assessed binding to MOLT-4 cells, foreskin fibroblasts, or LDLr-deficient foreskin fibroblasts at 4°C by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Viral entry was determined by measuring the coentry of α-sarcin, a protein synthesis inhibitor. We found that low-density HCV particles, but not intermediate-density HCV or controls bound to MOLT-4 cells and fibroblasts expressing the LDLr. Binding correlated with the extent of cellular LDLr expression and was inhibited by LDL but not by soluble CD81. In contrast, E2 binding was independent of LDLr expression and was inhibited by human soluble CD81 but not mouse soluble CD81 or LDL. Based on confocal microscopy, we found that low-density HCV particles and LDL colocalized on the cell surface. The addition of low-density HCV but not intermediate-density HCV particles to MOLT-4 cells allowed coentry of α-sarcin, indicating viral entry. The amount of viral entry also correlated with LDLr expression and was independent of the CD81 expression. Using a solid-phase immunoassay, recombinant E2 protein did not interact with LDL. Our data indicate that E2 binds CD81; however, virus particles utilize LDLr for binding and entry. The specific mechanism by which HCV particles interact with LDL or the LDLr remains unclear.
VT begets VT—and other bad stuff—in patients treated with CRT-D

Clinical trials have helped clarify the role of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with heart failure. Early trials demonstrated reduction in mortality and heart failure hospitalization in patients with electrical dyssynchrony and moderate to severe functional impairment, and more recent trials showed that these benefits extend to heart failure patients even with mild symptoms. Most patients with a class 1 or 2 indication for CRT also have an appropriate indication for an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD) on the basis of the presence of ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy, so the vast majority of CRT is delivered via a CRT with defibrillator (CRT-D). In fact, the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) study randomized 1820 patients with cardiomyopathy of any etiology with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30%, QRS duration ≥130 ms, and mild heart failure (New York Heart Association class I or II) to either standard ICD or CRT-D, and it showed that CRT-D leads to improved outcome compared with ICD alone in this population. The MADIT-CRT study design has enabled the investigators to also examine the effect of CRT on ventricular arrhythmic events. In a recent report, this group showed that CRT-D was associated with a 29% reduction in the risk of a first episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events compared with ICD alone. Importantly, this arrhythmia risk reduction was not homogeneous across the entire study population. Among patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), CRT-D conferred a 42% reduction in the risk of first arrhythmic event compared with standard ICD, but in nonLBBB patients, CRT-D provided no such advantage, a finding that mirrors the general lack of clinical response to CRT seen in non-LBBB patients. Conversely, one might wonder what effect arrhythmic events have on subsequent outcome in CRT-D treated patients compared with that in standard ICD recipients. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Kutyifa et al addresses this very question, once again taking the advantage of the rich database provided by the MADIT-CRT trial. These investigators sought to evaluate the prognostic value of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, categorized as slow ventricular tachycardia
Avoidance as an obstacle to preventing depression among urban women at high risk for violent trauma

The impact of depression interventions is often attenuated in women who have experienced trauma. We explored whether psychological avoidance could explain this phenomenon. We synthesized two pilot randomized trials of problem-solving education (PSE) among a total of 93 urban mothers. Outcomes included depressive symptoms and perceived stress. Mothers with avoidant coping styles experienced an average 1.25 episodes of moderately severe depressive symptoms over 3 months of follow-up, compared to 0.40 episodes among those with non-avoidant coping (adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR] 2.18; 95 % CI 1.06, 4.48). PSE tended to perform better among mothers with non-avoidant coping. Among mothers with non-avoidant coping, PSE mothers experienced an average 0.24 episodes, compared to 0.58 episodes among non-avoidant controls (aIRR 0.27; 95 % CI 0.05, 1.34). Among mothers with avoidant coping, PSE mothers experienced an average 1.26 episodes, compared to 1.20 episodes among avoidant controls (aIRR 0.76; 95 % CI 0.44, 1.33). This trend toward differential impact persisted when avoidance was measured as a problem-solving style and among traumatized mothers with and without avoidant PTSD symptoms. Further research is warranted to explore the hypothesis that psychological avoidance could explain why certain depression treatment and prevention strategies break down in the presence of trauma.
Signal Relay by Retinoic Acid Receptors α and β in the Retinoic Acid-induced Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3 in Breast Cancer Cells

Neither retinoic acid receptor-beta (RARbeta) nor insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is expressed in breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The expression of both proteins can be induced in response to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA). By using an RARalpha-selective antagonist (Ro 41-5253), we demonstrated that RARbeta expression was induced by atRA through an RARalpha-dependent signaling pathway and that RARbeta induction was correlated with IGFBP-3 induction. However, MCF-7 cells transfected with sense RARbeta cDNA expressed IGFBP-3 even in the presence of the RARalpha-selective antagonist Ro 41-5253. On the other hand, antisense RARbeta cDNA transfection of MCF-7 cells blocked atRA-induced IGFBP-3 expression, indicating that RARbeta is directly involved in the mediation of IGFBP-3 induction by atRA. Induction of IGFBP-3 expression by atRA occurs at the transcriptional level, as measured by nuclear run-on assays. Finally, we showed that atRA-induced IGFBP-3 is functionally active in modulating the growth-promoting effect of IGF-I. These experiments indicate that RARalpha and RARbeta, both individually and together, are important in mammary gland homeostasis and breast cancer development. By linking IGFBP-3 to RARbeta, our experiments define the signal intersection between the retinoid and IGF systems in cell growth regulation and explain why loss of RARbeta might be critical in breast cancer carcinogenesis/progression.
Management of Newborns Born to Mothers With Chorioamnionitis: Is It Time for a Kinder, Gentler Approach?

Abstract Objective Current recommendations are that newborns of mothers with chorioamnionitis have a complete blood count, blood culture, and antibiotic therapy. We hypothesized that utilizing the early-onset sepsis (EOS) risk calculator and a clinical symptom assessment could safely reduce the number of newborns subjected to laboratory testing and antibiotics. Methods We reviewed 698 well-appearing newborns of estimated gestational age of ≥34 weeks born to mothers with chorioamnionitis. Results Sixty-five percent of newborns were managed according to the guidelines; 1 (0.14%) had culture-positive EOS. A strategy based on the use of the EOS calculator and clinical appearance of the newborn would have reduced the proportion having laboratory tests and antibiotics to 12% and would not have missed any cases of EOS. Conclusions The EOS risk in well-appearing newborns of mothers with chorioamnionitis is low. Applying a strategy based on readily obtainable measures rather than the obstetrical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis would result in a substantial reduction of newborns undergoing laboratory tests and being exposed to antibiotics. Further prospective trials evaluating the safety of this approach are warranted.
Deep brain stimulation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain

Chronic neuropathic pain is estimated to affect 3%-4.5% of the worldwide population. It is associated with significant loss of productive time, withdrawal from the workforce, development of mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, and disruption of family and social life. Current medical therapeutics often fail to adequately treat chronic neuropathic pain. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting subcortical structures such as the periaqueductal gray, the ventral posterior lateral and medial thalamic nuclei, and the internal capsule has been investigated for the relief of refractory neuropathic pain over the past 3 decades. Recent work has identified the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) as a new potential neuromodulation target given its central role in cognitive and affective processing. In this review, the authors briefly discuss the history of DBS for chronic neuropathic pain in the United States and present evidence supporting dACC DBS for this indication. They review existent literature on...