cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naval Blockades in Peace and War: The American Submarine and Aerial Mine Blockade of the Japanese Home Islands, 1941–1945

INTRODUCTION As the history of blockades over the years has shown, the success of any economic blockade depends, to a large extent, upon several key factors – factors that vary with the domestic resources and the geographic location of the nation that the blockade is directed against and the military resources at the disposal of the blockading power. First, “the economy of the blockaded power must be vulnerable” – given the resource and industrial base, a naval blockade directed against the United States, for example, would be almost certain to fail. Second, the blockading nation must have sufficient military power to have control of sea and land routes that connect the enemy with other nations; and, thus, enable it “to cut off the supply of goods to its enemy from outside his border.” Third, “the blockading power must be able,” either through military force or diplomatic pressure, “to secure the acquiescence or cooperation of neutral powers” that might be able to supply the blockaded country from overseas. In summary, then, economic warfare, to be successful, depends “on the ability to restrict an enemy's economy to a small and known stock of basic resources.” The blockade of Japan was successful because that country had been “driven back from her imperial outposts to the limited economic base of the Home Islands and Korea.” By the end of 1943, the United States and its allies had sufficient naval and air power to effectively enforce such a blockade.
Segmenting the Market for Leisure Time Services

This study investigates joint use of the satisfactions derived from leisure activities and from demographics to segment the market for leisure time services. These satisfactions, when experienced, represent affective benefits received by participants. To the extent these two types of variables can be found related to one another, public officials (and others) can develop programs to provide leisure services to serve these segments as jointly defined. In fact, the empirical results show that viable segments can be jointly characterized on the basis of demographics and these elements of the satisfactions experienced by consumers: Psychological, Educational, Relaxation, Physiological, and Aesthetic dimensions of satisfaction with leisure activities.
Measuring Dissociative Experiences in a College Population: A Study of Convergent and Discriminant Validity

Because the phenomenon of dissociation has been difficult to define and disentangle from other constructs, further study of the nature of dissociative experiences and the validity of instruments measuring dissociation was conducted. In this study, multiple measures of dissociative experiences were compared with instruments measuring a variety of theoretically related constructs in a sample of 225 college students. The results supported the convergent validity of the measures of dissociative experiences, but they demonstrated relatively poor discriminant validity. However, poor discriminant validity was not specific to dissociation measures and was found for almost all of the constructs studied. This suggests that dissociation can be seen as a distinct, valid, and reliable phenomenon, and that available instruments measure the phenomenon with similar precision as instruments measuring depression, anxiety, borderline, antisocial, and posttraumatic symptoms.
Fostering Transparency: A Preliminary Review of 'Policy' Governing Pediatric Psychotropic Medications in Foster Care

In light of increasing national attention on high rates of prescribing psychotropic medication for children in foster care and related new federal requirements for state reporting to the federal government, we analyzed 16 states’ child welfare agencies’ laws, policies and regulations. Our analysis revealed that states that had monitoring policies in place tended to use informal guidance or policy statements that were underdeveloped and not likely subject to any public notice or comment. We argue that, especially given new federal requirements related to psychotropic medications and children in foster care, greater transparency is needed for state policymaking to ensure broad public input, transparency, and recourse in the case of non-compliance.
Waterbird responses to experimental drawdown: implications for the multispecies management of wetland mosaics

Summary 1 The loss and human modification of wetlands world-wide underscores the importance of efficient management. For wetlands that provide habitats for non-breeding waterbirds, such management often aims to support a rich and abundant waterbird community. 2 Among the world's many seasonal, moist-soil managed wetlands, annual winter flooding is followed by spring drawdown to encourage germination of waterfowl food plants. Recommendations on how best to maintain flooded wetlands for multiple species are mostly theoretical, and drawdown management typically focuses on spring for migrating shorebirds. The benefits and drawbacks of shallow-water management in winter have not been examined, especially where sizeable populations of wintering shorebirds and waterfowl occur together. 3 We considered The Grasslands Ecological Area in California's Central Valley, USA, as a model wetland complex in which to assess optimal winter flood-depth for multispecies use. We also examined the relative benefits for each waterbird group (e.g. shorebirds and waterfowl) of drawdowns conducted in winter and spring. We experimentally dewatered wetlands of measured topography in the winter and spring of 1994–95, documenting changes in waterbird species richness and abundance associated with daily changes in habitat diversity and availability. 4 Results indicated limited regional availability of shallow-water habitat across the landscape in winter but not spring, as use by shorebirds and teal increased on drawndown wetlands in winter only. Use by deeper-water dabbling ducks and diving waterbirds declined during the later stages of drawdown in both seasons, but not until use by shorebirds and teal had peaked. The maximum diversity and abundance of waterbirds occurred at average depths of 10–20 cm on wetlands with topographic gradients of 30–40 cm. 5 This study has important implications for the winter management of seasonal wetland complexes, especially moist-soil systems where managers provide habitat for different waterbird groups (from shorebirds to diving waterbirds) simultaneously. In general, where topography is variable (e.g. a difference of 30–40 cm between the deepest and shallowest zones), wetlands flooded to average depths of 15–20 cm should accommodate the greatest richness and abundance of waterbirds.
Studies on the DNA photoreactivating enzyme from Escherichia coli. I. Transduction of the phr gene by bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract Isolation and characterization of the photoreactivating enzyme, which repairs UV-irradiated DNA by using visible or near ultraviolet light to monomerize pyrimidine dimers, have been impeded principally by the low cellular content of the enzyme. We have greatly increased the photoreactivating enzyme activity in E. coli through use of a transducing phage carrying the phr gene. We constructed a transducing phage, λcI857S7dg D → J, and have shown that after induction of an E. coli strain lysogenic for this phage there is approximately 2000 times as much photoreactivating enzyme activity in cell free extracts as is found with the parental strain. These results, as well as those on the capacity for photoreactivation of colony-forming ability of strains with deletions of known extent, indicate that phr lies between gal and attλ .
A novel, highly-strained structure with an integrated optical cavity for a low threshold germanium laser

We propose a novel low threshold, CMOS-compatible laser structure with a strained germanium gain medium and a photonic crystal cavity. We demonstrate 1.70% uniaxial tensile strain through experiments and design a high quality factor (>11,000) optical cavity around the gain medium.
VideoCube: A Novel Tool for Video Mining and Classification

We propose a new tool to classify a video clip into one of n given classes (e.g., "news", "commercials", etc). The first novelty of our approach is a method to automatically derive a "vocabulary" from each class of video clips, using the powerful method of "Independent Component Analysis" (ICA). Second, the method is unified in that it works with both video and audio information, and gives vocabulary describing not only the still images, but also motion and the audio part. Further-more, this vocabulary is natural in that it is closely related to human perceptual processing. More specifically, every class of video clips gives a list of "basis functions", which can compress its members very well. Once we represent video clips in "vocabularies", we can do classification and pattern discovery. For the classification of a video clip, we propose using compression: we test which of the "vocabularies" can compress the video clip best, and we assign it to the corresponding class.For data mining, we inspect the basis functions of each video genre class and identify genre characteristics such as fast motions/transitions, more harmonic audio, etc. In experiments on real data of 62 news and 43 commercial clips, our method achieved overall accuracy of ? 81%.
The role of solvent dynamics in electron transfer. Electrochemical exchange kinetics of cobalt clathrochelates as a probe of reactant vibrational effects

Abstract Rate constants for electrochemical exchange, k ex , have been measured for the cobalt clathrochelate couples Co(dmg) 3 (BF) 2 +/0 and Co(dmg) 3 (BC 4 H 9 ) 2 +/0 (dmg = double deprotonated dimethylglyoxime) at gold and mercury electrodes in six solvents to ascertain whether the solvent relaxation, dynamics provide a significant contribution to the solvent-dependent reaction rates. Unlike most systems examined previously with regard to solvent dynamical effects, a substantial component of the activation barrier for the cobalt clathrochelate couples is associated with inner-shell (reactant vibrational) distortions in addition to outer-shell (solvent) reorganization. The solvents examined: acetonitrile, acetone, methylene chloride, benzonitrile, nitrobenzene and propylene carbonate, were chosen so as to provide large (up to ca. 30-fold) variations in the frequency of barrier passage from overdamped solvent relaxation, v os . The relative barrier-crossing frequencies, v n extracted from the k ex values by correcting for the solvent-dependent activation barriers, show a marked dependence upon v os , indicating that overdamped solvent relaxation contributes significantly to the barrier-crossing frequency for these systems. Qualitative comparisons are made with recent theoretical descriptions of the combined influence of reactant vibrational and solvent relaxation to v n .
Low frequency noise in SIMOX MOSFETs

An extensive study has been made of low-frequency noise in MOSFETs built in a variety of SIMOX (separation by implanted oxygen) processes. Most of the devices studied showed very high noise levels dominated by generation-recombination noise. Among the devices measured were NMOS and PMOS FETs with superficial Si layers ranging in thickness from 0.3 mu m (no epi layer) to 2.5 mu m (with epi). SIMOX implant doses ranged from 1.4*10/sup 18/ cm/sup -2/ to 1.8*10/sup 18/ cm/sup -2/. Anneal times varied from 3 to 16 hours, and anneal temperatures varied from 1150 degrees C to 1275 degrees C. The shape and level of the measured noise spectra varied strongly as a function of back or front surface potential. Classic 1/f noise was not observed and was probably masked by other processes. Over the measured frequency range (10 Hz to 10 kHz) the noise was dominated by fluctuations in the channel carrier concentration due to trapping. From the shape of the noise spectra and their strong dependence on surface potential, it is concluded that the traps are not located in either the top or bottom oxide layers but in the bulk. A few distinct trap levels, each with an associated time constant, interact most strongly with channel carriers when the Fermi level aligns with the trap level, which accounts for the strong dependence on surface potential. It appears likely that these traps are associated with the dislocations typically generated in the SIMOX process. >
Glueball spectrum of pure Yang-Mills theory in 2+1 dimensions

We present details of the analytic computation of the spectrum of lowest spin glueballs in pure Yang-Mills theory in $2+1$ dimensions. The new ingredient is provided by the conjectured new nontrivial expression for the (quasi)Gaussian part of the ground state wave functional. We show that this wave functional can be derived by solving the Schr\"odinger equation under certain assumptions. The mass spectrum of the theory is determined by the zeros of Bessel functions, and the agreement with available lattice data is excellent.
America’s First Connoisseurs of Chocolate

The global chocolate market is structured around the sale of cacao seeds for the production of solid chocolate. In Mesoamerica, where the custom of drinking chocolate enjoys an antiquity that can be traced back to the first millennium B.C., chocolate is consumed both as a beverage and as solid bricks. Archaeological evidence from a cacao-growing area in the Maya Lowlands—the Sibun Valley—suggests that during the first millennium A.D., cacao producers became entangled in the political schemes of powerful rulers with an appetite for chocolate. Epigraphic and ethno-historical sources indicate that substantial amounts of human energy were expended in the cultivation and transport of sacks of cacao beans. Female-gendered labor employed in the preparation and serving of the chocolate drink appears to be a tradition with deep antiquity regardless of whether the preparation took place in a modest home or as part of a royal banquet. Connoisseurship associated with chocolate drinking at Classic Maya royal courts is...
History as Explanation: Annals of American Political Economy

We read or write history in search of something from the past-be it insight, authority, or escape. For judges and other policy makers, especially those in the common law tradition, history is the most powerful source of political legitimacy. For conservative ideologues and other sentimentalists, the past reflects the best hope for the future. Academic and professional historians, more modest in their demands, seek only explanation. Yet, explanation has proved to be a contentious notion, a subject of longstanding debate among those who write about history. This essay is about current attitudes toward historical forms of explanation. Debate about history as an explanatory narrative has raised two perennial questions: the first about the theoretical justifications for particular historical practices; the second about the use value of the historical accounts produced. For the past 25 years, such debate has flourished in America. In the 1970s, the dominant "consensus" historians' approach was abjured by their pedagogical offspring who viewed history, particularly American political and intellectual history, more in terms of conflict than consensus. At about the same time, the question of originalism erupted in constitutional law scholarship. During those years, Hayden White's Metahistory (1973) emerged as an influential example of analyzing historical explanation as a discursive field with metes and bounds, as a range of practices whose legitimacy is always at issue. In the 1980s, debate raged about the writing of literary, cultural, and intellectual histories and their relationships to an emerging sociology of knowledge identified with Michel Foucault. Part of a
A general method for the isolation of haptoglobin 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 from human plasma.

Abstract A general method for the isolation of haptoglobin 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 from human plasma is described. Plasma is fractionated by affinity chromatography on chicken hemoglobin-Sepharose using the full capacity of the column; then after washing the column thoroughly, haptoglobin is eluted with 8 m urea and the eluate is collected in fractions to separate active and denatured haptoglobin. The urea-free, active fractions of haptoglobin are fractionated by affinity chromatography on Affi-Gel Con A to remove nonglycoproteins, principally apolipoprotein A-I, and the haptoglobin is eluted with 0.5 m glucose. Then the haptoglobin-containing fractions are fractionated by negative immunoadsorption chromatography on anti-chicken hemoglobin-protein A-Sepharose to remove chicken hemoglobin-human haptoglobin complexes. Haptoglobin prepared by this three-step procedure is biologically active and nearly homogeneous. The recovery is approximately 70%, irrespective of phenotype. The procedure can be completed in 3 days. A partial purification of apolipoprotein A-I is obtained simultaneously by this method.
Double-stranded DNA binding of adenovirus type 12 tumor antigen.

Hamsters carrying adenovirus type 12 (Ad1 2) induced tumors develop complement-fixing antibodies to virus-specific tumor(T) antigen that can also be detected in cells transformed in vitro or productively or abortively infected with Ad 12 [l] . This protein that is synthesized in absence of viral DNA synthesis remains poorly biochemically characterized and has not yet been associated with any biological activity [2] In adenovirus-infected cells two species of proteins binding to single-stranded DNA appear shortly before viral DNA synthesis [3]. Their association with a DNA replication complex may imply a role in DNA replication [4]. It was recently reported that the larger of these two proteins from AdZinfected KB cells reacted with antibodies to Ad1 and Ad2 T antigen [5]. In a search for biological significance of Ad 12 T antigen, we have attempted to establish whether or not T antigen corresponds to one of the Ad1 2-induced proteins with affinity for single-stranded DNA. We have found that Ad 12-specific T antigen from tumor and transformed hamster cells does not bind to singlestranded DNA but has a strong affinity for doublestranded DNA.
Does the distal rectal muscle in anorectal malformations have the functional properties of a sphincter

Smooth muscle strips from the distal rectum of 11 patients who underwent surgery for imperforate anus and cloacal malformations, were studied in vitro to assess the motility response to electrical field stimulations (EFS) and to pharmacological stimulation with adrenergic and cholinergic agonists. EFS induced a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibition in most strips. Acetylcholine caused either a modest contraction, no response, or a relaxation. Following atropine administration, acetylcholine caused a nonadrenergic and tetrodotoxin-resistant relaxation. The alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine induced contractions in all strips. The response was abolished by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine, but was resistant to atropine and tetrodotoxin. beta-Adrenergic stimulation caused a relaxation that was abolished by propranolol. Function of the distal rectal smooth muscle, resected during correction of anorectal malformations, shows similarities to the function reported previously on normal anal smooth muscle evaluated in vitro.
Data-Driven High-Throughput Prediction of the 3-D Structure of Small Molecules: Review and Progress. A Response to the Letter by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre

A response is presented to sentiments expressed in “Data-Driven High-Throughput Prediction of the 3-D Structure of Small Molecules: Review and Progress. A Response from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre”, recently published in the Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling,(1) which may give readers a misleading impression regarding significant impediments to scientific research posed by the CCDC.
Relevant curriculum planning in health education: a methodology.

Procedures proposed to present a methodology for planning relevant health education curriculum included having students write out questions they felt their peers had about health in the specific content areas of community health, consumer health, diseases, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, ecology, family life, nutrition, mental health, personal health and safety and first aid. A sample survey was presented where 80 junior high school students wrote a total of 981 questions and 74 senior high school students wrote 786 questions. Implications for the health education curriculum would be as follows: (1) Curriculum can be made relevant if the specific content covered is directly related to problems of daily living; (2) Provide needed cognitive information to meet real or potential problems of students; and (3) Provide guidance for the health educator in planning the kind and the amount of emphasis within the total health education program.
The influence of sex and handedness in the hemispheric specialization of verbal and nonverbal tasks

Abstract Eight males and eight females in each of four handedness groups (right- and left-handers with and without familial sinistrality) participated in verbal and nonverbal dichotic listening and tachistoscopic tasks. It was found that handedness, familial sinistrality and sex all affect hemispheric specialization. However, the effects of these factors differed according to the task involved. In general, left-handedness (and familial sinistrality) was associated with atypical or bilateral hemispheric specialization. Sex interacted with handedness and familial sinistrality in the lateralization of the auditory tasks used in this study. Males were more strongly lateralized for speech-processing whereas right-handed females were more strongly lateralized for processing nonspeech auditory stimuli (environmental sounds and melodies). Sex did not influence processing of the visually-presented (words and faces) stimuli in this study.
Polymer clay self-assembly complexes on paper

Layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly was used to form polymer/clay complexes on paper to enhance its wet strength properties. Initially, alternating layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and Kaolin clay were sequentially deposited on quartz substrate and characterized by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy as a model system. The same procedure was then applied to a paper test sheet to form multilayered coatings, which were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The wettability of the LBL coated paper test sheet was shown to change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic with increased number of multilayers and if the terminating layer was Kaolin clay. The wet strength of the coated test sheet was improved by more than 270% over the uncoated test sheet with 16 bilayers of PAH/kaolin complex on the surface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Estimated Prevalence of Acoustic Cranial Windows and Intracranial Stenosis in the US Elderly Population: Ultrasound Screening in Adults for Intracranial Disease Study

Background: Intracranial atherosclerosis is an important etiology of stroke in the USA, but its prevalence in the general population remains unknown. This study was performed to det
Obesity and African Americans: Physiologic and Behavioral Pathways

Although progress has been made to understand the association between physiological and lifestyle behaviors with regard to obesity, ethnic differences in markers of obesity and pathways towards obesity remain somewhat unexplained. However, obesity remains a serious growing concern. This paper highlights ethnic differences in African Americans and Caucasians that may contribute to the higher prevalence of obesity among African Americans. Understanding ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome criteria, functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, variations in glucocorticoid sensitivity and insulin resistance, and physical activity and cardiovascular fitness levels may help to inform practical clinical and public health interventions and reduce obesity disparities.
Semiparametric location estimation under non-random sampling

We study a class of semiparametric skewed distributions arising when the sample selection process produces non-randomly sampled observations. Based on semiparametric theory and taking into account the symmetric nature of the population distribution, we propose both consistent estimators, i.e. robust to model mis-specification, and efficient estimators, i.e. reaching the minimum possible estimation variance, of the location of the symmetric population. We demonstrate the theoretical properties of our estimators through asymptotic analysis and assess their finite sample performance through simulations. We also implement our methodology on a real data example of ambulatory expenditures to illustrate the applicability of the estimators in practice.
EPR probing of bonding and spin localization of the doublet-quartet states in a spin-frustrated equilateral triangular lattice: Cu3(O2C16H23)6·1.2 C6H12

We present high-frequency (34 and 95 GHz) EPR spectroscopic measurements of the magnetic parameters of both the ground state (spin-doublet) and the excited state (spin-quartet) of the model frustrated-spin triangular lattice of Cu3(O2C16H23)6·1.2 C6H12, containing the Cu36+ core. From 295 down to about 100 K, the EPR spectra from single crystals consist of a well-resolved triplet, but with the central component being overlapped by a single peak. At 4 K, the triplet is replaced by a singlet. The triplet is shown to arise from the quartet state, located at 324 K above the ground state. Its magnetic parameters are: D = –535 G, E = 0, g// = 2.209, g⊥ = 2.057 with the parallel direction being the three-fold axis of the Cu36+ core. The singlet is assigned to the S = 1/2 ground state, with gxx = 2.005, gyy = 2.050, and gzz = 2.282. Its hyperfine structure was that from a single Cu nucleus, with Azz = 157 G, and Axx = Ayy < 60 G, demonstrating that in the doublet state the unpaired electron is localized on only one of the three Cu2+ ions. We ascribe this localization to an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between Cu36+ cores, with zJ′ = –0.15 K. These results serve as a basis for detailed theoretical calculations of spin dynamics and electronic bonding in a frustrated triangular magnetic lattice. To cite this article: B. Cage et al., C. R. Chimie 6 (2003) 000–000.
Performance of multi-dimensional space-filling curves

A space-filling curve is a way of mapping the multi-dimensional space into the one-dimensional space. It acts like a thread that passes through every cell element (or pixel) in the D-dimensional space so that every cell is visited exactly once. There are numerous kinds of space-filling curves. The difference between such curves is in their way of mapping to the one dimensional space. Selecting the appropriate curve for any application requires knowledge of the mapping scheme provided by each space-filling curve. A space-filling curve consists of a set of segments. Each segment connects two consecutive multi-dimensional points. Five different types of segments are distinguished, namely, Jump, Contiguity, Reverse, Forward, and Still. A description vector V=(J,C,R,F,S), where J,C,R,F, and S, are the percentages of Jump, Contiguity, Reverse, Forward, and Still segments in the space-filling curve, encapsulates all the properties of a space-filling curve. The knowledge of V facilitates the process of selecting the appropriate space-filling curve for different applications. Closed formulas are developed to compute the description vector V for any D-dimensional space and grid size N for different space-filling curves. A comparative study of different space filling curves with respect to the description vector is conducted and results are presented and discussed.
Much of spontaneous mutagenesis in Escherichia coli is due to error-prone DNA repair: implications for spontaneous carcinogenesis.

The role of DNA repair genes (uvrA, uvrB, uvrD, recA, recB, lexA, and umuC) in spontaneous mutation rate per bacterium per cell division (micro) was determined for the reversion of UAA (his-4 and trpE65), UAG (lacZ53), and frameshift (trpE9777) mutations, and for the occurrence of forward mutations to valine resistance. Rich growth medium enhanced micro in a wildtype strain but not in a uvrB5 strain. In minimal growth medium, the uvrA and uvrB strains had the largest micro (1.9-6.2-fold greater than that for isogenic wild-type strains, depending on the mutation assay). The uvrB strains carrying lexA, recA, umuC, or both the uvrD and rec B mutations (in combination), i.e., mutations that inhibit error-prone DNA repair, had the lowest micro values (approximately 10-fold less than the uvrB strain). Teh recA and lexA mutations also reduced micro (by approximately 2-fold) in uvr+ strains. The genetic control of the error prone repair-dependent sector of spontaneous mutagenesis was shown to be qualitatively similar to the genetic control for u.v. radiation mutagenesis. The umuC mutation, which drastically reduced spontaneous mutagensis, had no effect on genetic recombination. It is proposed that the low level of spontaneous mutagenesis observed in the recA, lexA, umuC, and the uvrDmore » recB strains is due to errors made during DNA replication, while the enhanced level of spontaneous mutagenesis observed in the wild type, and especially in the uvrA and uvrB strains, is due to excisable lesions that are produced in the DNA by normal metabolic reactions, and that such unexcised lesions induce mutations via error-prone DNA repair. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to spontaneous carcinogenesis.« less
Surface catalysis of water oxidation by the blue ruthenium dimer.

Single-electron activation of multielectron catalysis has been shown to be viable in catalytic water oxidation with stepwise proton-coupled electron transfer, leading to high-energy catalytic precursors. For the blue dimer, cis,cis-[(bpy)2(H2O)RuIIIORuIII(H2O)(bpy)2]4+, the first well-defined molecular catalyst for water oxidation, stepwise 4e−/4H+ oxidation occurs to give the reactive precursor [(O)RuVORuV(O)]4+. This key intermediate is kinetically inaccessible at an unmodified metal oxide surface, where the only available redox pathway is electron transfer. We report here a remarkable surface activation of indium−tin oxide (In2O3:Sn) electrodes toward catalytic water oxidation by the blue dimer at electrodes derivatized by surface phosphonate binding of [Ru(4,4′-((HO)2P(O)CH2)2bpy)2(bpy)]2+. Surface binding dramatically improves the rate of surface oxidation of the blue dimer and induces water oxidation catalysis.
Voting's Rewards: Voter Turnout, Attentive Publics, and Congressional Allocation of Federal Money

Scholars have had limited success empirically demonstrating the importance of political participation. This study shows that political participation matters because it influences political rewards. Political participation, specifically voting, acts as a political resource for geographic groups. Voting is a resource because members of Congress seek to maximize the benefits of Federal budget allocations going to their districts. Members of Congress not only try to direct resources into their districts, but they also attempt to allocate strategically those resources to the areas that provide the best return in terms of votes. Hence, areas within congressional districts that vote at higher rates will be privileged over areas that vote at lower rates.
Higher-order theory of the Weissenberg effect

The higher-order theory of the Weissenberg effect is developed as a perturbation of the state of rest. The perturbation is given in powers of the angular frequency Ω of the rod and the solution is carried out to O(Ω4). The perturbation induces a slow-motion expansion of the stress into Rivlin-Ericksen tensors in combinations which are completely characterized by five viscoelastic parameters. The effects of each of the material parameters may be computed separately and their overall effect by superposition. The values of the parameters may be determined by measurement of the torque, surface angular velocity and height of climb. Such measurements are reported here for several different sample fluids. Good agreement between the third-order theory and measured values of the velocity is reported. Secondary motions which appear at are computed using biorthogonal series. The analysis predicts the surprising fact that secondary motions run up the climbing bubble against gravity and intuition.
Proliferation of genetically modified human cells on electrospun nanofiber scaffolds.

Gene editing is a process by which single base mutations can be corrected, in the context of the chromosome, using single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs). The survival and proliferation of the corrected cells bearing modified genes, however, are impeded by a phenomenon known as reduced proliferation phenotype (RPP); this is a barrier to practical implementation. To overcome the RPP problem, we utilized nanofiber scaffolds as templates on which modified cells were allowed to recover, grow, and expand after gene editing. Here, we present evidence that some HCT116-19, bearing an integrated, mutated enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene and corrected by gene editing, proliferate on polylysine or fibronectin-coated polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds. In contrast, no cells from the same reaction protocol plated on both regular dish surfaces and polylysine (or fibronectin)-coated dish surfaces proliferate. Therefore, growing genetically modified (edited) cells on electrospun nanofiber scaffolds promotes the reversal of the RPP and increases the potential of gene editing as an ex vivo gene therapy application.
Open loop nonlinear optimal tracking control of a magnetostrictive terfenol-D actuator

A homogenized energy model was implemented in a model-based nonlinear control design to accurately track a reference displacement signal for high frequency magnetostrictive actuator applications. Rate dependent nonlinear and hysteretic magnetostrictive constitutive behavior is incorporated into the finite-dimensional optimal control design to improve control at high frequency. The integration of the rate-dependent nonlinear and hysteretic magnetostrictive constitutive model in the control design minimized the amount of feedback required for precision control. The control design is validated experimentally and shown to accurately track a reference signal at frequencies up to at least 1 kHz.
Teaching surgery to the veterinary novice: the Ohio State University experience.

Surgical training in veterinary medicine has evolved rapidly over the past several decades. Catalysts for change include pressure from concerned students and the public to reduce the use of live animals in teaching; less-than-effective preparation of students for live surgery experience; an overall reduction in faculty time and effort devoted to skills training; college budgetary reallocations mandating reductions in expensive group laboratory experiences; and more specialized case-load patterns in clinical rotations, which have reduced students’ exposure to common surgical conditions. In response to these trends, methods for surgery educators to reduce, refine, and replace live animals in surgery training courses at veterinary schools have received broad attention. When these methods are used effectively in a curriculum, it is no longer necessary to sacrifice animals for adequate student training. This article describes a successful and ethical surgical training program used at the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine (OSU-CVM). This program provides early exposure to skills training using surgical simulators and auto-tutorials, ensures that basic skills are mastered before students are exposed to cadaver practice, and requires application of model-based skills to cadavers, with final matriculation to intensive exposure to multiple live-animal procedures via a collaborative surgery program with a local shelter.
Experimental study of excess low-frequency noise in tin

The excess low-frequency noise of tin films at room temperature has been studied. The magnitude of the noise was found to depend upon the type of substrate used and the strength of the adhesion between the film and the substrate. Samples prepared under the "proper" conditions were nearly two orders of magnitude quieter than reported by previous workers.
Die Zukunft der Strahlentherapie in der Behandlung des Collumcarcinoms

Tabelle 1 zeigt die Mortalitat fur gynakologische Krebse in den USA fur das Jahr 1962. Die 23500 gynakologischen Krebstodesfalle machten 8,4% aller Krebstodesfalle und 18,3% aller weiblichen Krebstodesfalle aus.
FATE OF BLOOD UNITS--A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.

A retrospective study of blood bank records for a two and a half year period for a relatively stable University Hospital Blood Bank serving a 385 bed teaching hospital and clinics has been completed. The source of blood units in terms of collection under the supervision of blood bank personnel versus blood units received from outside institutions revealed a comparable per cent of utilization but a decisive difference in discard rate with the greatest discrepancy attributed to outdating and reclamation as components. Over a consecutive two year period, percentage utilization remained virtually unchanged while the percentage discard was markedly decreased and reclamation significantly increased. The latter has been attributed to increased proficiency and efficiency of blood bank technical staff, a greater degree of accuracy by the clerical staff, tremendous progress in the education of house staff and faculty in the use of blood components and a shift of fresh frozen plasma procurement to a plasmapheresis system.
RABBIT POX : III. REPORT OF AN EPIDEMIC WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTORS.

A devastating epidemic of rabbit pox in a breeding colony was studied with especial reference to factors of epidemiological significance. The evidence obtained indicated that the epidemic originated among animals inoculated with vaccine virus and that the infection was spread to the breeding colony by caretakers. The epidemic began insidiously with atypical cases of visceral disease followed by typical cases of pox and terminated as a mild cutaneous disease with scattering monosymptomatic affections of various kinds, difficult to recognize as cases of pox infection. An analysis of data concerning the health and functional efficiency of the population and the immunity of exposed animals showed that the epidemic of rabbit pox was the terminal event in a series of progressive disorders which began fully a month before the first case of pox occurred. In like manner, the terminal decrease in the severity of the disease and the eventual termination of the epidemic appeared to be referable to an improvement in the condition of the population rather than to a specific immunity acquired by exposure to infection.
Building Relationships through a Digital Branch Library: Finding the Community in Community College Library Websites

This study evaluates whether or not community college libraries have in place the characteristics necessary to develop digital branch libraries to meet the expanding and changing needs of their publics. Using Hon and Grunig’s (1999) relationship building criteria as a framework, 98 community college library websites were analyzed to determine if they can be considered digital branch libraries (King, 2009). Digital branches go beyond offering mere functionality to embody relational aspects that are critical to the success of service-based organizations. That is, they provide at least the same level of services as their brick and mortar counterparts through real staff, real collection, real building, and real community. Findings indicate that while aspects of all of King’s criteria were present, representation was inconsistent and often weak; further, the emphasis was on functional features, suggesting a need for greater relationship building practices in order to engage with their publics. Collective resul...
Oral and Parenteral Therapeutic Options for Outpatient Urinary Infections Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Producing CTX-M Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases

Effective therapeutic options are needed for community-onset urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli strains that produce CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases. We examined 46 urinary isolates producing CTX-M against several oral or long-acting parenteral antimicrobial agents. Approximately 90% were susceptible to fosfomycin and to a combination of cefdinir plus amoxicillin-clavulanate. All were susceptible to ertapenem.
Proteolytic enzymes from the mouse submaxillary gland: a partial sequence and demonstration of spontaneous cleavages.

Abstract The mouse submaxillary proteases (A and D), whose isolation and properties were previously described by us, hydrolyze only arginyl bonds in proteins. The sequence of 40 residues from the amino terminus has been determined. Its structure shows a striking (>50%) homology with other enzymes of the serine group (e.g., trypsin, prothrombin, plasminogen, kallikrein). A single peptide labeled with diisopropylfluoro[ 32 P]phosphate had a composition virtually identical to that found in the above proteases, and one active site per molecule was confirmed. The enzymes are very susceptible to spontaneous fragmentation which leads to two cleavages. The first converts enzyme A to D with loss of a small peptide. The second can only be demonstrated after reduction since the fragments appear to be joined by a disulfide bridge. The two resulting fragments with molecular weights of 14,000 and 11,000, respectively, are inactive.
Radiobiologic studies of low‐dose—rate 90y‐lymphoma therapy

Background. Radioimmunotherapy and other forms of biologically targeted radiopharmaceutic treatment appear to show unexpected efficacy in many patients with lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and several other types of nonepithelial malignancies. The radiobiologic mechanisms responsible for this high clinical radioresponsiveness are unclear, but must involve some sort of cytotoxic enhancement or sensitization to protracted courses of low-dose-rate radiation exposure. Materials and Methods. A series of in vitro experiments was performed with malignant lymphoma cell lines exposed under various conditions to high-dose-rate external beam radiotherapy or low-dose-rate 90Y radiation. Data were collected on cell cycle effects, DNA fragmentation, and modulation of cytotoxicity by caffeine and treatment sequence alterations
Management of condyloma acuminatum.

This article describes an approach to the evaluation and treatment of condyloma acuminatum (anogenital warts) that is based on the results of new clinical research on the biology, of the human papillomavirus. A more extensive diagnostic protocol, including routine cervicovaginal examination and Papanicolaou smear, is proposed for female patients because of the close association of genital human papillomavirus infections with cervical carcinoma. Two highly effective therapies, cryosurgery and carbon dioxide laser photocoagulation, are described and compared with older regimens. Recent developments in immunotherapy for resistant condyloma acuminatum are also discussed.
Prediction Equations for Gases in Flexible Modified-Atmosphere Packages of Respiring Produce are Different Than Those for Rigid Packages

Total pressure generally decreases in a sealed rigid package containing respiring produce, whereas total pressure is essentially constant and free volume decreases in a flexible package. We found that predicted O 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 partial pressures were different for similarly designed (same surface area, thickness, film permeabilities and produce mass) flexible and rigid packages at quasi steady state and steady state, respectively. Predicted O 2 and CO 2 partial pressures were slightly higher in a flexible package than in a rigid package and were a function of the film permeability ratio of N 2 to O 2 and of CO 2 to O 2 . They also related to the ratio of product CO 2 production rate to O 2 uptake rate, target steady-state O 2 partial pressure, and respiration characteristics. Differences were slight for films such as low-density polyethylene.
Systematic mutagenesis of the fission yeast Srp54 protein.

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a ribonucleoprotein required for targeting a subset of nascent pre-secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Of the six SRP polypeptides, the most highly conserved is Srp54p, a modular protein consisting of an amino-terminal (N) domain of unknown function, a central GTPase (G) domain, and a carboxyl-terminal (M) domain implicated in the recognition of both signal sequences and SRP RNA. To identify regions of Srp54p that interact with other SRP subunits or regulatory proteins, we carried out systematic mutagenesis of the fission yeast homolog, principally using a “clustered charged-to-alanine” strategy. Of the 35 alleles examined, 13 are unable to support growth, two confer cold-sensitivity, five confer heat-sensitivity, and 15 produce no discernible phenotype. The lethal and conditional mutations map throughout the protein to several conserved regions, confirming that these motifs play critical roles in Srp54p function. The effects of the amino-acid substitutions are analyzed with reference to the recently determined tertiary structures of the N/G domain and the intact protein from a thermophilic bacterium.
Using Games to Enhance Student Understanding of Professional and Ethical Responsibilities

Given recent corporate scandals, the credibility of the accounting profession has been called into question. In order to restore public trust, accounting educators need to devise ways to convey the importance of ethics in our profession to our students. An alternative approach to using a traditional lecture to teach ethics is to use games. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a game strategy to teach ethics and professionalism to students. Using games makes learning more fun and also helps to maintain student interest and involvement in the learning process. Student feedback has been positive and encouraging on the use of this format to teach ethics and professional responsibilities.
Experimental Evidence for an Enzymatic Basis for Itching in Man

THE sensation of itching has long been a physiological enigma. Whereas the sensations of pain, touch, heat and cold have always arisen following simple physical stimuli, itching (pruritus) has consistently shown an indifferent response to these physical stimuli, and but a faint answer to chemical stimuli. No one has truly characterized the adequate stimulus for itching. As a result of this, itching has been denied its role as the fifth sensation. Indeed, it has been defined by some as diminutive pain, despite the clinical experience that itch may exceed severe pain in intensity.
Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in areas of focal cerebral ischemia accompanies neuronal expression of 72-kDa heat shock protein.

We examined the astrocytic GFAP and neuronal HSP-72 responses to transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the rat. Three groups of rats (n = 79) were studied: (1) fixed duration of MCA occlusion (120 min) and variable durations of reperfusion (0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h); (2) variable durations of MCA occlusion (10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) and a fixed duration of reperfusion (48 h); and (3) controls: sham operated rats and normal rats. Coronal sections from each brain were reacted with appropriate antibodies to GFAP and HSP-72 and stained with HE (2) GFAP expression was localized to the same areas where neurons express HSP-72 and are destined to survive the ischemic insult; and (3) HSP-72 expression was not found in astrocytes in any of the experimental groups. These studies suggest that after transient focal ischemia in the rat: areas where both GFAP and HSP-72 expression are lost are destined to become necrotic, even though cells may appear morphologically intact in the H&E preparations, and expression of GFAP and HSP-72 reflects astrocytic and neuronal viability, respectively.