cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4. Concepts of Mental Health and Mental Illness in Older Hispanics

Abstract The effect of cultural context in symptom expression and interpretation among older Hispanics, and how they experience psychological distress are not well-understood. We use the illness representation model to learn about older Puerto Ricans' and Dominicans' conceptions and causes of positive mental health, the causes of emotional problems, the conceptions and causes of depression and anxiety, the distinction between depression and anxiety, and the relationship between age and depression. Greater understanding of the meaning of symptoms and syndromes of depression and anxiety might help to define more culturally-sensitive mental health treatments and service delivery systems.
Some New Perspectives on Oxidation of Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride

This study provides new perspectives on why the oxidation rates of silicon carbide and silicon nitride are lower than those of silicon and on the conditions under which gas bubbles can form on them. The effects on oxidation of various rate-limiting steps are evaluated by considering the partial pressure gradients of various species, such as O2, CO, and N2. Also calculated are the parabolic rate constants for the situations when the rates are controlled by oxygen and/or carbon monoxide (or nitrogen) diffusion. These considerations indicate that the oxidation of silicon carbide and silicon nitride should be mixed controlled, influenced both by an interface reaction and diffusion.
Antisera specific for cell lines with mixed neuronal and glial properties.

Antisera were raised against examples of “pseudo-neuronal” and “pseudo-glial” cell lines—so named because they exhibited some but not all of the characteristics of neuronal and glial cell lines, respectively. The antisera defined several antigens that provide clues to the relationship of these unusual cell lines to the more classical nerve and glial lines. For example, the N4 antigen was expressed by each of the three pseudo-neuronal cell lines and by seven of the ten neuronal cell lines but by none of the pseudo-glial or glial cell lines. This further established a relationship of pseudo-neurons to neurons that was first indicated by the finding of similar Na + and K + channels on the two cell types. Nevertheless, the N5 antigen, found only on the three pseudo-neuronal lines, emphasized the fact that two cell types are distinguishable. The NG1 and NG2 antigens were found only on the pseudo-neuronal and pseudo-glial cell lines, further establishing the distinctions between these cell lines and the more straightforward neuronal and glial lines. NG1 was present on one pseudo-neuron and two of the seven pseudo-glia, while NG2 was found on all three pseudo-neurons and four of the pseudo-glia that lacked NG1. This distribution of NG1 and NG2 reinforced our impression that pseudo-neurons and pseudo-glia might be related to each other, possibly as part of a developmental lineage. Since both of these antigens are present in normal rat brain, as determined by quantitative absorption, it may be possible to map their location at the cellular level using immunohistochemical techniques.
Wave Motion in a Conducting Fluid with a Boundary Layer. I. Hilbert Space Formulation

Abstract The wave motion of MI-ID systems can be quite complicated. In order to study the motion of waves in a perfectly conducting fluid under the influence of an external magnetic field with a boundary layer, we make the simplifying assumption that the pressure is constant (to first order). This is classical "cold plasma" approximation from the physical literature. This is still an interesting system and is not strongly propagative. Alfven waves are still present. The system is further simplified by assuming that the external field is either orthogonal or parallel to the boundary layer. While it may seem presumptuous to claim anything new about this problem the method introduced here is cumulative: it may be extended to more complex problems of the same type. In Part I the appropriate energy preserving boundary conditions are studied. For the parallel field case there are just two possible boundary conditions which preserve energy. For the orthogonal case, there are two one parameter families of energy preserving boundary conditions. One of the boundary conditions for the parallel case is selected and from this boundary condition, it is shown that the relevant operator is selfadjoint and data which propagates is characterized. A crucial density result is then proved.
Trade Regionalism: Promise and Problems

Even a successful Uruguay Round might capture just one-tenth of the potential global economic benefits from free agricultural trade. With only modest liberalization expected from multilateralism for a decade after the Uruguay Round, the alternatives to realize the large remaining gains from trade are unilateralism (such as revival of "super 301"), bilateralism (such as the voluntary export restraint agreements), and regionalism. One reason for the appeal of regionalism is the lack of promise in the alternatives. The objective of this paper is to appraise the future of regionalism for American agriculture. The paper addresses origins, prospects, advantages, and disadvantages of regionalism. It dispels some myths, and gauges the potential impact of selected regional liberalization on American agriculture. Regionalism is defined here as formation of political groupings or "blocs" of countries for the purpose of promoting intra-regional trade.
Africa in the Global Infosupermarket: Perspectives and Prospects

The following three technological advancements are responsible for the existence of the information superhighway: biotechnology, new materials, and telematics (informatics and telecommunications). Information technology (IT) such as telecommunications relies on microcomputing and digital signal processing, a wireless system that uses compression to process the electromagnetic spectrum for transmission through fiber optic cable (Bond, 1997). These advancements have been designed not necessarily to promote a peaceful coexistence and international understanding implied in the proceedings of the McBride Commission but they are the driving force behind the global economy. World Bank analysts have pointed out that these technologies decrease the cost of processing, storing, and transmitting information at a rate of 50% per 18 months (Knight et al., 1995). However, interpretations and uses of the technologies are fragmented and restricted. Changes in employment patterns are affected by changes in the costs of telecommunication services and equipment. Similarly, the information superhighway has the capability of increasing opportunities for adaptation among humans. Africans, like other human groups, have been obligated to adapt to changing historical circumstances, sociocultural systems, languages, physical appearances, and worldviews, and so have the interfaces of emerging information technologies transformed their society. This transformation has to be seen at the following four levels: economic adjustment, national agendas, information gatekeeping, and alien penetration.
Oxidative Stress-Associated Protein Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Fanconi Anemia

Significance: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder featuring chromosomal instability, developmental defects, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. Besides the predominant role in DNA damage response and/or repair, many studies have linked FA proteins to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, defined as imbalance in pro-oxidant and antioxidant homeostasis, has been considered to contribute to disease development, including FA. Recent Advances: A variety of signaling pathways may be influenced by oxidative stress, particularly the equilibrium between protein kinases and phosphatases, consequently leading to an aberrant phosphorylation state of cellular proteins. Dysfunction of kinases/phosphatases has been implicated in the pathophysiology of human diseases. In FA, evidence is emerging that links abnormal phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation of signaling molecules to clinical complications and malformations. Critical Issues: In this study, we review the recent findings on the oxidative stress-related kinases and phosphatases, particularly tyrosine phosphatases in FA. Future Directions: Understanding the role of oxidative stress-related kinases and phosphatases in FA may provide unique and generic possibilities for the future development of therapeutic strategies by targeting the dysregulated protein kinases and phosphatases in a clinical setting. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 2290–2301.
Understanding Residential Learning: The Power of Detachment and Continuity

The purpose of this study was to understand more clearly the residential learning experience. Participant perspectives were obtained from 30 individuals in five focus groups representing three programs of residential learning. An inductive approach to data analysis was followed, yielding first categories, then themes and key elements with which the residential learning experiences of participants were described. Three descriptive themes, building relationships, learning, and individual change, and two overarching themes, detachment and continuity, were distinguished. These themes are similar to yet augment those found in the literature. Two conclusions were derived: (1) the overarching themes of detachment and continuity characterize and distinguish the phenomenon of residential learning; (2) relationships among key elements of the descriptive and overarching themes suggest an organizational framework from which to examine and understand residential learning.
Acellular Dermal Matrix for Mucogingival Surgery: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Many clinical studies revealed the effectiveness of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in the treatment of mucogingival defects. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of ADM-based root coverage (RC) and ADM-based increase in keratinized tissues to other commonly used mucogingival surgeries.Methods: Meta-analysis was limited to randomized clinical trials (RCT). Articles from January 1, 1990 to October 2004 related to ADM were searched utilizing the MEDLINE database from the National Library of Medicine, the Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialized Trials Registry, and through hand searches of reviews and recent journals. Relevant studies were identified, ranked independently, and mean data from each were weighted accordingly. Selected outcomes were analyzed using a meta-analysis software program. The significant estimates of the treatment effects from different trials were assessed by means of Cochrane's test of heterogeneity.Results: 1) Few RCT studies were found to compile th...
On Testing and Modeling Automotive Spool-Type Hydraulic Valve With Circular Flow Ports

This paper describes empirical investigations of the fluid field for a spool-type hydraulic valve with symmetrically distributed circular ports that is often found in an automotive VFS (Variable Force Solenoid) valve system. Through extensive data analysis, a general trend of fluid force and flow rate is derived as a function of pressure drop and valve opening. Aiming at further revealing the insights of the steady state spool valve fluid field, the equivalent jet angle and discharge coefficient are calculated from the measurements based on the lumped parameter models. New Non-Dimensional Artificial Neural Network (NDANN)-based hydraulic valve system models are also developed in this paper through the use of equivalent jet angle and discharge coefficient. By introducing the outputs of the new NDANN models into the lumped parameter model, fluid force and flow rate can be easily calculated. Therefore, the new approach calculates fluid force and flow rate as well as the intermediate variables (equivalent jet angle and discharge coefficient) with useful design implications. The network training and testing demonstrate that the NDANN fluid field estimators can accurately capture the relationship between the key geometry parameters and discharge coefficient/jet angle. The new approach also maintains the non-dimensional network configuration and possesses scalability with respect to the geometry parameters and key operating conditions. All these features make the new NDANN fluid field estimator a valuable tool for automotive hydraulic system design.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
CubeSats: A bright future for nanosatellites

Interest in the CubeSat class of nanosatellites has surged in recent years. The reduced development time and launch cost of these platforms, compared to conventional large satellites, have made them attractive for applications ranging from technology demonstrations to biological experiments to space weather research. This paper surveys recent and upcoming missions pursued by a variety of academic and government groups around the world.
Transient Protein-Protein Interactions and a Random-ordered Kinetic Mechanism for the Phosphorylation of a Transcription Factor by Extracellular-regulated Protein Kinase 2

Abstract No thorough mechanistic study of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) has appeared in the literature. A recombinant protein termed EtsΔ138, which comprises of residues 1–138 of the transcription factor Ets-1 is an excellent substrate of ERK2 (Waas W. F., and Dalby, K. N. (2001)Protein Exp. Purif. 23, 191–197). The kinetic mechanism of ERK2 was examined, with excess magnesium, by initial velocity measurements, both in the absence and presence of products at 27 °C, pH 7.5, and ionic strength 0.1 m (KCl). The velocity data are consistent with a steady-state random-ordered ternary complex mechanism, where both substrates have unhindered access to binding sites on the enzyme. The mechanism and magnitude of product inhibition by monophosphorylated EtsΔ138 is consistent with, but does not prove, the notion that ERK2 forms a discrete interaction with EtsΔ138 in the absence of active site interactions, and that this “docking complex” facilitates intramolecular phosphorylation of the substrate. The approximation of the steady-state data to a rapid equilibrium model strongly suggests that the formation of ERK2·Ets138 complexes are transient in nature with dissociation constants of greater magnitude than the catalytic constant, of k cat = 17 s−1.
Ureas as Solvents for Chemical Investigations

N-Alkylated ureas, including cyclic derivatives, are readily obtained pure. These stable compounds are already used as industrial solvents owing to their considerable solvent power, their wide liquid range, and their favorable dielectric constants and dipole moments. They are being increasingly employed as reaction media for electrochemical and analytical studies.
Doppler echocardiography in non-invasive diagnosis of heart disease in infants and children.

Doppler echocardiography is the study of low magnitude echoes from red blood cells which are neglected in the conventional, imaging echocardiography. It helps to provide flow and pressure data from the cardiac chambers and the great vessels, thus supplementing the anatomic data provided by the imaging echocardiography. Several Doppler systems, namely, pulsed Doppler, continuous wave Doppler and high pulsed rate frequency Doppler are available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Qualitative and quantitative estimates of intracardiac shuntssemilunar and atrioventricular valve insufficiency and stenotic lesions and determination of flow and pressure from the heart can be made by Doppler echocardiography. Doppler should be performed in conjunction with imaging echocardiography and is a useful adjunct to it.
Fibrotic reactions in the lung: the activation of the lung fibroblast.

(1986). Fibrotic Reactions in the Lung: The Activation of the Lung Fibroblast. Experimental Lung Research: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 245-261.
Quality assurance in radiation therapy: future plans in physics.

Abstract Modern day radiation therapy has seen the impact of high technology resulting in more sophisticated computer augmented treatment delivery systems, treatment planning procedures and diagnostic imaging techniques. Much work has already been reported in the area of physics efforts related to quality assurance in radiation therapy. Future efforts in physics will have to address the new developments in each component of the whole radiation treatment process. Certain new developments, using both computer and imaging technologies, show promise in providing tools to verify the accuracy of the delivered radiation treatment. Areas receiving careful attention are: integration and registration of information from multiple sources of diagnostic studies; validation of the accuracy of treatment planning systems; assessment of relative merits of alternate dose distributions; improvement of portal and verification film image quality; real time monitoring using light emitting screens and coupled with TV systems; monitoring of treatment and machine parameters using “record and verify” computer systems. The medical physics community, primarily through the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), will continue the development of methodologies for technology transfer in the area of quality assurance. Committees and task groups within the AAPM will address the new developments impacting on quality assurance and prepare appropriate protocols and documents to assist the practicing physicist. By necessity, the national Radiological Physics Center (RPC) and the regional Centers for Radiological Physics (CRP) will have to take a major role in the development of new quality assurance programs.
Participation of prostate apoptosis response-4 in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease

Dysfunction and death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons underlies the clinical features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Increasing evidence suggests roles for oxidative stress and a form of cell death called apoptosis in the pathogenesis of PD. We recently identified a 38-kd protein called prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), which is rapidly induced in cultured neurons after exposure to apoptotic insults, and appears to play a necessary role in the cell death process. We now report that Par-4 levels increase dramatically in midbrain dopaminergic neurons of monkeys and mice exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The increase in Par-4 levels occurs in both neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra and their axon terminals in the striatum, and precedes loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and cell death. In the monkey model, Par-4 levels were also increased in several brain regions (red nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, and cerebral cortex) in which functional alterations have previously been documented in PD patients and MPTP-treated monkeys. Exposure of cultured human dopaminergic neural cells to the complex I inhibitor rotenone, or to Fe2+, resulted in Par-4 induction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequent apoptosis. Blockade of Par-4 induction by antisense treatment prevented rotenone- and Fe2+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis demonstrating a critical role for Par-4 in the cell death process. The data suggest that Par-4 may be involved in the neurodegenerative process in PD.
An influence function for the intensity factor in tensile fracture

A semi-infinite plane-strain tensile crack occupies the region z = 0, − ∞ < x < l(t) of an elastic medium. The faces of the crack are loaded symmetrically with an arbitrary time dependent load (σzz = ƒ(x, t). We derive a closed form expression for a kernel function K(l; t1; x, t) such that the stress-intensity factor k(L; t1) at the point (l (t1), 0, t1) is given by k(l;t1)= ∫K(l;t1x, t)ƒ(x, t)dxdt the domain of integration being a suitable characteristic triangle in the x, t plane. Because of the special form of K we are able to recover Freund's 1973 result that, given f(x, t), k(i;tl) depends upon/only through l(tl) and l'(tl), the latter through a multiplicative factor k(l').
Enhancing Surveys of Health Care Professionals: A Meta-Analysis of Techniques to Improve Response

Surveys involving health care providers are characterized by low and declining response rates (RRs), and researchers have utilized various strategies to increase survey RRs among health professionals. Based on 48 studies with 156 subgroups of within-study conditions, a multilevel meta-regression analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of different strategies employed in surveys of health professionals. An estimated overall survey RR among health professionals was 0.53 with a significant downward trend during the last half century. Of the variables that were examined, mode of data collection, incentives, and number of follow-up attempts were all found to be significantly related to RR. The mail survey mode was more effective in improving RR, compared to the online or web survey mode. Relative to the non-incentive subgroups, subgroups receiving monetary incentives were more likely to respond, while nonmonetary incentive groups were not significantly different from non-incentive groups. When number o...
3D modeling of discrete impurity effects in silicon quantum dots: energy level spacing and scarring effects

Abstract We present simulation results obtained using a 3D coupled Schrodinger–Poisson equation solver. Of special interest in this work were the effects that discrete impurities have on the energy spectra in the dot and how these effects can be used to better explain conductance peaks observed in experimental measurements. We also explored the behavior of the energy level separations in the closed quantum dot system, observing indications of the onset of chaos.
Synthesis and characterization of covalent mimics of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate micelles.

There is increasing evidence that multivalency plays an important role in protein -lipid recognition and membrane targeting in biological systems. We describe here the preparation and characterization of multivalent analogues of the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2). Tetherable analogues of the PIP2 headgroup were appended to polyamidoamine dendrimers via a squarate linker to afford polymers displaying four or eight headgroup moieties. This class of molecules should provide a powerful tool for the study of protein-lipid interactions.
Majorization of the modulus of continuity of analytic functions

Let G be a bounded domain in the complex plane, let f be analytic in G and continuous in \({\overline G}\), and let μ be a majorant, that is, a non-negative non-decreasing function defined for t ≥ 0 such that μ(2t) ≤ 2μ(t) for all t ≥ 0. Suppose that z1∈ ∂G and that ¦ f(z1) − f(z2)¦ ≤ μ(¦z1 − z2¦) for all z2 ∈ ∂G. We show that then ¦f(z1) − f(z2)¦ ≤ Cμ(¦z1 − z2¦t) for all z2 ∈ G where C = 3456. If the assumption is made for all z1,z2 ∈ ∂G, then the conclusion holds for all z1, z2 ∈ \({\overline G}\). Earlier such a result, with an absolute constant C, had only been known when G is simply or doubly connected. The same result holds when G is an open set with only bounded components. We also give a survey of results on this type of problems, and explain the reductions that can be made.
Imaging Theory For The Scanning Optical Microscope

The confocal scanning optical microscope (CSOM) has the major advantages over the standard microscope that it has extremely good range resolution and cross-sectioning capability, somewhat better transverse resolution, and is well adapted to quantitative measurements. The basic reason for the cross-sectioning capability is that the objective lens is illuminated from a collimated beam, as shown in Fig. la, which focuses the beam to a small spot on the object. The light reflected from the object then returns back through the objective lens and a beamsplitter, and is focused to illuminate a pinhole in front of the detector. The beam is defocused by moving the object out of the focal plane. Light at the pinhole is defocused and very little light gets back to the detector. Typically, with a large aperture lens, the 3 dB points of the response are of the order of 500 nm apart.
Getting to the core of addiction: hatching the addiction egg.

Addiction to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, remains a clinical and social problem, in part owing to the lack of effective treatment. The challenges of coping with addiction extend to the bench, pulling researchers to continue exploring the origins of addiction and the molecular and structural changes in the brain driving lack of self-control and impulsivity in people suffering from addiction or relapses. But what triggers these brain alterations has not been fully elucidated, and addiction animal models showing disparate outcomes have puzzled researchers. An assumed paradigm poses that brain changes during addiction result from chronic drug use. In 'Bedside to Bench,' Peter W. Kalivas and Kathleen Brady examine a clinical study that counters this model, suggesting that pathological brain alterations involved in cocaine addiction may also be inherited, contributing to addiction vulnerability. The implications for future preclinical studies and clinical care are numerous. But the controversy surrounding addiction also reaches the molecular level. In 'Bench to Bedside,' Marisela Morales and Antonello Bonci peruse a study in mice showing that activation of brain cannabinoid receptor 2—thought to have no effect on addiction owing to its scarcity in the brain—attenuates effects of cocaine use, including rewarding and locomotor stimulation. This may open the door to the development of selective drugs to treat cocaine addiction.
ESR spectra of metal oxide catalysts during propylene oxidation

The oxidation of propylene was investigated on silica-supported bismuth molybdate catalysts (MoO3, Bi2O3 · 3MoO3 + 0.25Bi2O3, 3Bi2O3 · MoO3, and Bi2O3) by simultaneous measurement of the ESR spectra of the catalysts during the oxidation reaction at 325 and 390 °C and the product distribution. As the oxygen/propylene ratio was increased in the range of 0.25 to 3, the Mo5+ signal intensity decreased and the total conversion increased. However, the acrolein selectivity remained almost constant. The Mo5+ signal intensity was found to be inversely proportional to the total propylene conversion. The experimental data are developed by assuming that the molybdenum ions detectable by ESR are primarily at the surface. These molybdenum ions in the Mo6+ valence state may be the surface sites necessary for the initial catalytic conversion step. Another type of site is postulated to account for selective oxidation to acrolein. ESR was also employed to investigate the rates of oxidation and reduction of the catalysts by measurements of the Mo5+ signal and of the relative electrical conductivity of the samples. Very fast oxidation and reduction reactions with time constants of seconds are associated with oxidation and reduction involving the surface. Slow reduction reactions with time constants of half an hour are associated with reduction of the bulk with bulk diffusion as the probable rate-limiting process.
Discrete variable methods for delay-differential equations with threshold-type delays

We study numerical solution of systems of delay-differential equations in which the delay function, which depends on the unknown solution, is defined implicitly by the threshold condition. We study discrete variable numerical methods for these problems and present error analysis. The global error is composed of the error of solving the differential systems, the error from the threshold conditions and the errors in delay arguments. Our theoretical analysis is confirmed by numerical experiments on threshold problems from the theory of epidemics and from population dynamics.
Kinetics of methylmethionine sulfonium salt destruction in a model particulate system

The kinetics of methylmethionine sulfonium salt (MMS) degradation in a model food system during simulated aseptic thermal processing was investigated under controlled conditions for 1.27 cm side and 2.54 cm side sodium alginate cubes. To determine if concentration of MMS affected the kinetics as influenced by the cube geometry or composition, three concentration levels of MMS were investigated. The initial concentration of MMS in the particles, the particle size and particle shrinkage did not affect the reaction kinetics. The first order reaction rate constant for MMS destruction at 126.7 degrees C was 0.15 min-1 and the activation energy was 28.95 kcal/mole.
Nodular hematopoiesis of the liver diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology

A case of tumor-like extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) of the liver diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology guided by computer tomography (CT) is reported. The initial clinical diagnosis was metastatic carcinoma from an adrenal gland primary. Five other cases of tumor-like EMH diagnosed by FNA have been presented in the literature. In two of the cases, the primary clinical diagnosis was metastatic tumor. The most common location for tumor-like EMH is paravertebral and intrathoracic. Three such cases of paravertebral tumor-like EMH have been diagnosed by FNA. Nodular EMH can be found rarely in other organs as in the liver.
Horse Species Symposium: Pathogenic and Reproductive Dysfunction in Horses

P. L. RyanHorse Species Symposium: Pathogenic and Reproductive Dysfunction in HorsesJ ANIM SCI€ published online January 28, 2011http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/early/2011/01/28/jas.2011-3912the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on
Self-assembled clusters of spheres related to spherical codes.

structures. We use Brownian dynamics to model the assembly of N-clusters varying in size from two to twelve outer spheres, and free energy calculations to predict the expected cluster sizes and shapes as a function of temperature and inner particle diameter. We show that the arrangements of outer spheres at nite temperatures are related to spherical codes, an ideal mathematical sequence of points corresponding to densest possible sphere packings. We demonstrate that temperature and the ratio of the diameters of the inner and outer spheres dictate cluster morphology and dynamics. We nd that some N-clusters exhibit collective particle rearrangements, and these collective modes are unique to a given cluster size N. We present a surprising result for the equilibrium structure of a 5-cluster, which prefers an asymmetric square pyramid arrangement over a more symmetric arrangement. Our results suggest a promising way to assemble anisotropic building blocks from constituent colloidal spheres.
Alternatives to financing.

Comprehensive care for hemophilia patients has clearly demonstrated that it is cost effective and offers the patient a better, more active life. However, the cost of underwriting the core personnel has not been adequately addressed or resolved. Alternatives are presented which include a) federal or state support, b) third party reimbursement mechanisms, c) liaisons with blood programs and, d) cost overrides on product.
Spectral modulation of LFP activity in M1 during dexterous finger movements

Recent studies have shown that cortical local field potentials (LFP) contain information about planning or executing hand movement. While earlier research has looked at gross motor movements, we investigate the spectral modulation of LFP activity and its dependence on recording location during dexterous motor actions. In this study, we recorded LFP activity from the primary motor cortex of a primate as it performed a fine finger manipulation task involving different switches. The event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) in four different frequency bands were considered for the analysis; <4 Hz, 6–15 Hz, 17–40 Hz and 75–170 Hz. LFPs recorded from electrodes in the hand area showed the largest change in ERSP for the highest frequency band (75–170 Hz) (p< 0.05), while LFPs recorded from electrodes placed more medially in the arm area showed the largest change in ERSP for the lowest frequency band (<4 Hz) (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the spectral information from the <4 Hz and 75–150 Hz frequency bands was used to successfully decode the three dexterous grasp movements with an average accuracy of up to 81%. Although previous research has shown that multi-unit neuronal activity can be used to decode fine motor movements, these results demonstrate that LFP activity can also be used to decode dexterous motor tasks. This has implications for future neuroprosthetic devices due to the robustness of LFP signals for chronic recording.
Memory colors in afterimages: A bicentennial demonstration

Six observers adjusted a colorimeter to match afterimages that resembled either a red, white, and blue American flag or a simple striped pattern. They matched the afterimages of stripes in a flag pattern as redder than afterimages of the same stripes in a simple striped pattern. The results suggest that the apparent color of an afterimage depends on memory color.
Marriage: Cause or Mere Indicator of Future Earnings Growth?

The hypothesis that marriage increases men's earnings has contributed to legislative support for the Healthy Marriage Initiative (HMI). However, previous studies of this phenomenon have not controlled for many relevant characteristics that select men into marriage, nor have they focused on low-income, unmarried fathers—the population targeted by HMI. We use the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which measures many previously unobserved confounders, to test for a relationship between marriage and earnings. We use a variety of analytic strategies to control for selection (including differencing and propensity scores) and find no evidence of an effect of transitions to marriage on the earnings of unmarried fathers that differs from zero, either for the full sample or subsamples defined by race–ethnic category and baseline cohabitation status.
Conformational analysis, ab initio calculations, and vibrational assignment of 3-chloropropionitrile

Abstract Raman (3200 to 10 cm −1 ) and infrared (3200 to 400 cm −1 ) spectra have been recorded for liquid and solid 3-chloropropionitrile, ClCH 2 CH 2 CN. These data are interpreted on the basis that the molecule exists as a mixture of trans (Cl atom oriented trans to the CN group) and gauche conformers in the liquid phase with the gauche form the more stable rotamer and the only conformer in the solid. From variable temperature Raman studies of the liquid, the enthalpy difference between conformers is determined to be 609 ± 31 cm −1 (1.74 ± 0.09 kcal mol −1 ). A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers. We have carried out ab initio calculations employing the MP2/6-31G* basis set to obtain the structural parameters, barriers to internal rotation, the fundamental frequencies for both conformers, and the infrared and Raman intensities. The calculated values are compared with the corresponding experimental quantities. These results are discussed and compared with similar quantities obtained for some related molecules.
Family-based mapping of quantitative trait loci in plant breeding populations with resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat as an illustration

Traditional quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approaches are typically based on early or advanced generation analysis of bi-parental populations. A limitation associated with this methodology is the fact that mapping populations rarely give rise to new cultivars. Additionally, markers linked to the QTL of interest are often not immediately available for use in breeding and they may not be useful within diverse genetic backgrounds. Use of breeding populations for simultaneous QTL mapping, marker validation, marker assisted selection (MAS), and cultivar release has recently caught the attention of plant breeders to circumvent the weaknesses of conventional QTL mapping. The first objective of this study was to test the feasibility of using family-pedigree based QTL mapping techniques generally used with humans and animals within plant breeding populations (PBPs). The second objective was to evaluate two methods (linkage and association) to detect marker-QTL associations. The techniques described in this study were applied to map the well characterized QTL, Fhb1 for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experimental populations consisted of 82 families and 793 individuals. The QTL was mapped using both linkage (variance component and pedigree-wide regression) and association (using quantitative transmission disequilibrium test, QTDT) approaches developed for extended family-pedigrees. Each approach successfully identified the known QTL location with a high probability value. Markers linked to the QTL explained 40-50% of the phenotypic variation. These results show the usefulness of a human genetics approach to detect QTL in PBPs and subsequent use in MAS.
Initiatives to Enhance Primary Care Delivery Two Examples From the Field

Objectives:Increasing demands on primary care providers have created a need for systems-level initiatives to improve primary care delivery. The purpose of this article is to describe and present ou...
Three-dimensional epithelial morphogenesis in the developing Drosophila egg

Morphogenesis of the respiratory appendages on eggshells of Drosophila species provides a powerful experimental system for studying how cell sheets give rise to complex three-dimensional structures. In Drosophila melanogaster, each of the two tubular eggshell appendages is derived from a primordium comprising two distinct cell types. Using live imaging and three-dimensional image reconstruction, we demonstrate that the transformation of this two-dimensional primordium into a tube involves out-of-plane bending followed by a sequence of spatially ordered cell intercalations. These morphological transformations correlate with the appearance of complementary distributions of myosin and Bazooka in the primordium. These distributions suggest that a two-dimensional pattern of line tensions along cell-cell edges on the apical side of the epithelium is sufficient to produce the observed changes in morphology. Computational modeling shows that this mechanism could explain the main features of tissue deformation and cell rearrangements observed during three-dimensional morphogenesis.
Epigenetic modifiers in normal and malignant hematopoiesis

Genome scale sequencing in patients with cancer has revealed a lower frequency of genetic aberrations in hematologic disorders compared with most other malignancies, suggesting a prominent role for epigenetic mechanisms. In parallel, epigenetic modifiers that are altered in cancer play critical roles in normal hematopoietic development, influencing both self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation into the different lineages. In this review, we aim to compare the role of several key DNA or histone modifying enzymes and complexes in normal development and hematopoietic malignancies, including DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1, IDH2, MLL1, MLL4, DOT1L, PRC1/2 and WSHC1/NSD2/MMSET. Insights into their biological mechanisms led to the development of therapies designed to target mutant IDH1 and IDH2, DOT1L in MLL-rearranged leukemias and EZH2 in several cancer types including lymphomas. Inhibitors for these enzymes are currently in clinical trials.
SIDD: A Framework for Detecting Sensitive Data Exfiltration by an Insider Attack

Detecting and mitigating insider threat is a critical element in the overall information protection strategy. By successfully implementing tactics to detect this threat, organizations mitigate the loss of sensitive information and also potentially protect against future attacks. Within the broader scope of mitigating insider threat, we focus on detecting exfiltration of sensitive data through a protected network. We propose a multilevel framework called SIDD (Sensitive Information Dissemination Detection) system which is a high-speed transparent network bridge located at the edge of the protected network. SIDD consists of three main components: 1) network-level application identification, 2) content signature generation and detection, and 3) covert communication detection. Further, we introduce a model implementation of the key components, demonstrating how our system can be deployed. Our approach is based on the application of statistical and signal processing techniques on traffic flow to generate signatures and/or extract features for classification purposes. The proposed framework aims to address methods to detect, deter and prevent deliberate and unintended distribution of sensitive content outside the organization using the organization’s system and network resources by a trusted insider.
Surface-functionalized nanoparticle library yields probes for apoptotic cells

We have developed techniques for the efficient synthesis and screening of small libraries of surface-functionalized nanoparticles for the recognition of specific types of cells. To illustrate this concept we describe the development of a nanoparticle that preferentially recognizes apoptotic Jurkat cells in a manner similar to the apoptosis-recognizing protein annexin V. The nanoparticle, which is detectable by fluorescence or NMR relaxometry, was analyzed for the ability to recognize normal and apoptotic cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and fluorescence microscopy. The capability to develop nanoparticles which interact with specific target cells could be applied to the design of materials for diverse applications including quantum dots, which serve as fluorescence tracers, colloidal gold, which serves as a tracer for electron micrographs, or the crystalline forms of drugs.
Brain levels and turnover rates of presumptive neurotransmitters as influenced by administration and withdrawal of ethanol in mice.

—Effects of acute or chronic administration of ethanol and its withdrawl on the steady-state levels and turnover rates of certain neurotransmitters have been investigated in mice. The influence of long-term administration of ethanol on the activities of enzymes involved in the metabolism of these transmitters has also been studied. Acute administration of ethanol or acetaldehyde or chronic administration of ethanol resulted in a decrease in the cerebral contents of acetylcholine, acetylCoA and CoA. Brain levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine and choline remained unchanged after acute administration of ethanol. However, chronic administration of ethanol resulted in a decrease in the norepinephrine content without significantly affecting 5-hydroxytryptamine or choline contents. Cerebral levels of γ-aminobutyric acid increased with both acute or chronic administration of ethanol. The total incorporation of [3H]choline into acetylcholine in brain was depressed upon acute administration of ethanol. After withdrawal of ethanol for one day cerebral levels of norepinephrine returned to normal; however, γ-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine returned to normal levels at 2 and 4 days after ethanol withdrawal, respectively. Pretreatment of mice with pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, prevented the ethanol-induced decrease in cerebral acetylcholine levels. The activities of cerebral choline acetyltransferase and glutamic decarboxylase were decreased after 2 weeks of chronic ethanol administration. However, the activities of acetyl cholinesterase and GABA-transaminase remained unaffected after 2 weeks of ethanol treatment
Left atrial size: a structural expression of abnormal left ventricular segmental relaxation evaluated by strain echocardiography.

Aims Left atrial (LA) enlargement is related to left ventricular (LV) remodelling and diastolic dysfunction (DD), reflecting cardiac target organ damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of one-dimensional (1D) and volume derived indexes of LA enlargement with abnormal segmental relaxation in hypertensive patients. Methods and results We evaluated 90 hypertensive patients and 50 non-hypertensive volunteers with normal ejection fraction (EF). Global DD was evaluated based on conventional indexes ( E / A , deceleration time, LV isovolumic relaxation time), and segmental early and late diastolic strain rates (SR) were recorded from 18 LV segments. The number of segments with abnormal relaxation (SRE/SRA < 1.1) was represented as segmental DD. LA size was evaluated based on 1D left atrial dimension (LAD) and left atrial volume (LAV), and indexed by body surface area (BSA) and height. The hypertensive patients had higher segmental DD (9.5 ± 4.2 vs. 5.2 ± 3.2, P < 0.05) and appeared to have higher 1D and volume-derived indexes of LA size compared to the controls. Individuals with global DD had more deteriorated segmental relaxation and higher LA size compared with those without global DD. When participants were separated according to normal, mildly dilated, and moderately to severely dilated LA size, there was progressive deterioration of segmental DD, mean Ea, and filling pressures, along with the progression of LA enlargement. Volume-derived indexes, LAV/BSA, LAV/height, and LAV, appeared to have better correlations with segmental DD, as well as with linearly changed parameters of DD (Mean Ea, E /Ea), LV remodelling (LVMI, relative wall thickness), age, and systolic blood pressure (SBP), compared to the respective 1D-based (LAD) LA indexes. LAV/BSA was proved to be an independent predictor of segmental DD ( β : 0.23, R 2: 0.48), along with LVMI, SBP and age, irrespective of gender. Conclusion LA size constitutes a morphological expression of abnormal segmental relaxation, with volume-derived indexes of LA enlargement, exhibiting higher correlation with segmental DD compared to the respective 1D indexes, and LAV/BSA to be an independent predictor of segmental DD in hypertensive heart disease.
Serial Transfer of a Transplantable Tumor: Implications for Marek's Vaccine Mechanisms

Abstract The mechanism of Marek's disease (MD) vaccination to prevent the lymphoproliferative disease in chickens is not well understood. It is generally recognized that vaccination prevents disease, including the induction of T-cell tumors, but it does not prevent the pathogenic virus from infecting and replicating in the vaccinated host, nor does it prevent bird to bird spread of the oncogenic virus. The stage at which the vaccinated immune system intervenes in the process from infection to the induction of tumors remains obscure. Using a transplantable tumor induced by the Md5 strain of MD virus (MDV), we show that CVI988 vaccination does not prevent the induction of transplantable tumors in the 15I5 × 71 chicken line. A monoclonal tumor with a V beta 1 T-cell receptor spectratype of 207 base pairs was used to follow the transplantable tumor in serial passages in vivo. This transplantable tumor could be passed in vaccinated birds. The length of time between vaccination and challenge (5 to 12 days) had ...
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS AND MARKERS OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS: THE DALLAS HEART STUDY

Higher parity has been associated with increased maternal risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, but the mechanism is not fully delineated. Whether the number of live births is associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and aortic wall thickness (AWT) has not been evaluated. Women from the
Recent advances on optical metasurfaces

Metasurfaces, the two-dimensional equivalent of metamaterials, are periodic arrays of sub-wavelength engineered inclusions that can locally manipulate and enhance wave?matter interactions, thus providing unprecedented possibilities to realize exotic wave phenomena over a sub-wavelength thickness. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the theoretical modeling, realization and application of optical metasurfaces, outlining their impact on integrated and free-space flatland nanophotonic components. We describe recent developments on the homogenization of periodic metasurfaces with arbitrary inclusion shape and geometry and, on the basis of this description, we revisit recent developments in this area of research, especially focusing on their optical applications for radiation control, lensing, beam shaping and optical communications.