cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3071: Proteasome subunit composition contributes to unusually poor sensitivity of H727 cells to carfilzomib

Background: While proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, significant subsets of MM patients do not respond to the PI- based therapy. Currently, mechanisms of de novo PI resistance in these patients remain completely unknown. In this study, we aim to identify previously unexplored mechanisms of de novo carfilzomib (Cfz) resistance using H727 cancer cells with poor sensitivity to carfilzomib. Results: Our carfilzomib sensitivity investigation in a panel of 16 cancer cell lines revealed that H727 lung cancer cells are markedly resistant to Cfz compared to other cell lines. H727 cells displayed no detectable P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression and subsequently were not sensitized by reversin 121 (a P-gp inhibitor) to Cfz, ruling out the involvement of P-gp in the resistance of H727 cells to Cfz. Interestingly, we found that H727 cells are killed by PYR-41 (ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 inhibitor) and WP-1130 (deubiquitinase inhibitor) as effectively as Cfz- sensitive H23 cells, suggesting that ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is essential in H727 cells as in H23 cells. In addition, knock-down of proteasome α7 subunit, a component required for the assembly of a proteasome α-ring and thereby a 20S proteasome complex, resulted in an almost complete cell death, indicating that the proteasome is indispensable for the survival of H727 cells. Intriguingly, despite their poor sensitivity to Cfz, H727 cells were highly sensitive to other structurally distinguished PIs such as bortezomib, epoxomicin, and UK-101. Finally, exposure of H727 cells to interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which has been widely used as a biochemical tool to switch cellular proteasome catalytic subunit composition to the one containing immunoproteasome subunits, sensitized H727 cells to Cfz (Changing IC 50 values from 1,355 nM to 185 nM). On the contrary, IFN-γ pretreatment did not affect the sensitivity of H23 cells to Cfz. Conclusion: We report that H727 cells have a poor sensitivity to carfilzomib (or de novo resistance to Cfz), and that previously reported resistance mechanism involving P-gp upregulation does not play a role. Given our data presented here, we conclude that de novo Cfz resistance of H727 cells may be attributed to distinguished proteasome subunit composition. We believe that our investigation using cancer cell line models may provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms of de novo PI resistance in clinic. Citation Format: Min Jae Lee, Kyung Bo Kim. Proteasome subunit composition contributes to unusually poor sensitivity of H727 cells to carfilzomib. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3071.
TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN HOLDING TUBES OF MILK AND EGG PASTEURIZERS

Product temperatures in a cross-section of the holding tube of milk and egg pasteurizers are required to be within 1 F, and this condition is assumed to be met when tube diameter is < 7 inches and product velocity is at least 1 ft/sec. Because of the viscous nature of some milk products and most egg products, the 1 F requirement might not be met, and therefore product temperatures were measured at the entrance and exit cross-sections of both milk and egg holding tubes. Product temperatures were measured with 0.010-inch-diameter thermocouples and a 24-point recorder. With the pasteurizer operating with product in forward flow, holding tube temperatures were monitored for about 0.5 hr. Except for condensed skimmilk, milk product temperatures in a cross-section did not vary by more than 0.8 F. Although the temperature variation of condensed skimmilk exceeded the 1 F requirement, it was within 2 F. For plain yolk and for salted yolk (10% salt by weight) the variation within a cross-section was 1.2 and 4.8 F r...
Production and Consumption of Homegrown Produce and Fish by Noncommercial Aquaponics Gardeners

Aquaponics is the integration of hydroponics and aquaculture into a single food production system. The aims of this paper are to describe production practices and costs among noncommercial aquaponics gardeners, and identify factors related to homegrown food consumption using a survey. The sample size was 399 respondents from 24 countries. The median aquaponics system was 350 gallons (1,325 liters) in volume, 100 square feet (9 square meters) in size, and cost respondents US$500 to US$999 annually. Respondents consumed homegrown aquaponics plants far more often than they consumed fish. The primary factors that affected weekly homegrown plant consumption were location in warm climates, which allows for a longer growing season and likely lower input costs; an interest in improving diet; size of aquaponics garden; and years of experience. Respondents with high school or less education consumed homegrown fish and crops more often than those with college or graduate education, indicating that aquaponics may contribute to community food security at the household level for these individuals. Noncommercial aquaponics gardens have significantly higher yearly costs compared to soil-based gardens, so the participants who are attracted to aquaponics (typically middle-aged men with high levels of education) may not be food insecure, which weakens the case for aquaponics as a means of improving food security. Based on our findings, further research on this topic and other work to expand aquaponics to improve community food security should focus on low-cost yet productive aquaponics systems in warm climate regions and among more diverse populations.
Broadband visible wavelength high efficiency meta-gratings

We present two distinct designs for highly efficient titanium oxide-based meta-gratings in the visible (475nm < λ < 700nm). These meta-gratings selectively separate linear or circularly-polarized light into specific grating orders at large angles across a broad spectral range.
Techniques and Equipment for Intraoperative Monitoring

The basis of intraoperative monitoring is discussed. Techniques for intraoperative recording of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and electromyographic (EMG) potentials from muscles that are innervated by cranial motor nerves are described. It is shown that intraoperative recordings of evoked potentials not only are of value in helping to reduce neurological deficits as a result of surgical manipulations, but they can also be used to guide the surgeon in some types of operations.
A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating RNA-protein interactions

Despite the great importance of RNA-protein interactions in cells, there is a very limited set of approaches available for identifying proteins that bind to a specific RNA. We report here combining the use of CRISPR technology with the yeast two-hybrid protein-protein interaction system in order to create an advantageous method for investigating RNA-protein interactions. In this CRISPR-assisted RNA/RBP yeast (CARRY) two-hybrid system, an RNA of interest is targeted to the promoters of standard yeast two-hybrid reporter genes by fusing it to the CRISPR guide RNA in a strain expressing catalytically deactivated Cas9 (dCas9). If the promoter-tethered RNA binds to a protein fused to Gal4 transcriptional activation domain (GAD), then the reporter genes become transcribed, just as in the standard protein-protein yeast two-hybrid assay. We used the CARRY two-hybrid system to analyze MS2 bacteriophage RNA hairpin binding to the MS2 coat protein (MCP). We tested MS2 hairpin mutants with a range of biochemically determined binding affinities for MCP and found that CARRY two-hybrid detected all binding interactions with dissociation constants ≤300 nM. In summary, this new CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system provides an easily operable, much-needed new tool for identifying proteins that bind to a particular RNA.
Ammopemphix Lacustris N.sp. (Foraminiferida) From Lac des Allemands, Louisiana

Ammopemphix lacustris, n.sp., is recorded from Lac des Allemands, a fresh to brackish water lake located on the upper deltaic plain of the Mississippi Delta. The new species is compared to, and differentiated from, other species assigned to this genus. The relationship of this genus to a homeomorphic Paleozoic genus is discussed.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Mindfulness Training and Hypnotic Suggestion for Acute Pain Relief in the Hospital Setting

Background Medical management of acute pain among hospital inpatients may be enhanced by mind-body interventions.
Coping with the Stress in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: Can Mindfulness Be the Answer?

Abstract Background Mothers of infants with complex congenital heart disease are exposed to increased stress which has been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The coping mechanisms these mothers use critically effect the familial illness adaptation and most likely infant outcomes. Currently no data-based strategies have been developed for mothers to facilitate their coping, and proactively promote their adaptation in the critical care settings. A potential strategy is mindfulness which is currently used in other clinical settings with stress-reduction effects. Purpose (1) To investigate coping mechanisms of mothers whose infant with complex CHD is admitted in the CICU, and (2) to explore the acceptability and feasibility of mindfulness as a potential stress-reduction intervention for these mothers. Design and Methods A descriptive qualitative study obtained perspectives from 14 mothers during three focus groups. A qualitative conventional content analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti. Results In congruence with the Stress and Coping framework, themes identified mostly emotion-regulatory coping mechanisms including both active and passive strategies such as positive thinking, denial, distraction, relying on support systems, and focusing on baby. Mindfulness was an acceptable and feasible approach for most participants, however, practice unfamiliarity, time and space concerns, and personal preferences were identified as potential barriers for future dissemination. Conclusions Mindfulness can potentially promote illness adaptation by utilization of active coping mechanisms. Early interventions can provide immediate, and potentially long-term stress relief. Intervention settings, format, and time-frame should be flexibly tailored to the trajectory of parental distress and familial adjustment.
Effect of Nitrite and N-acetylcysteine Treatment on Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Introduction Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased generation of reactive oxygen species and inflammation with advancing age play a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Therefore, increase in NO bioavailability by supplementing inorganic nitrite and improve in antioxidant defense system by supplementing N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could protect against the CVD. Hypertension is highly prevalent in a population and cause endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Hence spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used in this study as a model for hypertension-mediated endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Hypothesis Treatment of SHR with nitrite or NAC will reduce blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction. Methods SHR (18 weeks) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) WKY, 2) SHR-cont, 3) SHR-nitrite and 4) SHR-NAC. Group 3 rats received nitrite (60 mg/L) in drinking water and group 4 rats received NAC pH 7.2 (1.2 g/L) for 3 months. Mean arterial pressure (MAP; tail-cuff method) and pulse wave velocity (PWV, a measure of arterial stiffness) were measured. Aortic endothelial function was determined with a wire myograph. Results MAP & PWV of SHR-cont were 1.8-fold and 1.6-fold higher compared with WKY respectively. MAP was modestly decreased in nitrite and NAC groups compared with that of SHR-cont. PWV did not decrease significantly with NAC or nitrite treatment. Endothelium dependent vasorelaxation was significantly decreased in SHR-cont compared with WKY. This decreased vasorelaxation was restored to WKY level in both nitrite and NAC groups. Conclusion Nitrite and NAC treatments completely protected against the hypertension induced endothelium dysfunction in SHR. Nitrite and NAC appears to be very promising dietary components to protect against age-associated endothelial dysfunction.
Differences in teachers verbal responsiveness to groups of children with ASD who vary in cognitive and language abilities.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine whether verbal responsiveness in special education teachers varied among subgroups of children with autism spectrum disorder (n = 112) who differed in cognitive and language abilities. METHODS Participants were divided into clusters using cluster analysis based on standardised cognitive and language tests using k-mean clustering. For each child, a 15-min video of free play in school setting was collected. Three types of responsive utterances were coded: follow-in directives for behaviour, follow-in directives for language and follow-in comments. RESULTS Results showed that the three groups did not differ in overall verbal responsiveness after controlling for engagement, classroom type, age and gender. However, groups differ in follow-in directives for language, but not in follow-in directives for behaviours or follow-in comments. Compared with children with autism spectrum disorder who had higher cognitive and language ability, children with more severe impairments received fewer follow-in directives for language. Moreover, children with more cognitive and language impairments produced fewer amount of vocal/verbal acts, which results in receiving fewer verbal responses from their teachers. Additionally, teachers from the three groups did not differ in their responses to the child's verbal/vocal acts when the number of the child's verbal/vocal acts were controlled for. CONCLUSION Findings suggest child characteristics are related to the type of teachers' verbal responses in preschools. This difference in follow-in directives for questions may be related to language or other outcomes that warrant further investigations.
Victimization, Separatism and Anti-intellectualism: An Empirical Analysis of John McWhorter's Theory on African American's Low Academic Performance

i LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 – Literature Review 5 CHAPTER 3 – Theoretical Statement 27 CHAPTER 4 – Methodology 40 CHAPTER 5 – Results 47 CHAPTER 5 – Discussion 70 REFERENCES 82 APPENDICES A. Item Sort Instructions – 91 B. Miscellaneous Q-Sort Items 93
The role of displacement in psychoanalysis

Displacement is a defense mechanism employed by many other defenses and has a different role from all the other defenses. Locating conflicts in a new situation, displacement attempts to find new solutions. Dis-placement often is a re-placement unless it is part of the repetition-compulsion pattern. The paper explores the technical implications that demand special recognition of displacement beyond the usual analysis of the defenses. References are made to new research in the neurosciences.
Population genetics theory in relation to the neutralist-selectionist controversy.

The fundamental ingredients of the Darwinian theory of evolution are variation and natural selection. This theory, recast in the framework of Mendelian genetics, remains the fundamental principle of all biology and has been reinforced and enriched over the last 75 years by experimental, observational, and theoretical population genetics. No one seriously doubts that the visually observed nature of the biological world is explained, in convincing detail, by this theory. In terms of population genetics, the Darwinian theory states that a succession of gene substitutions, directed by natural selection, has led to the present genetic composition of populations, which manifests itself to us in the diversity and adaptedness of living organisms. Theoretical population genetics, including in particular the seminal works of Fisher, Haldane, and Wright (whose differences of opinion on points of detail do not alter their agreement on this main issue), confirms and in part quantifies this principle. And yet from theoretical population genetics has recently emerged a somewhat different view of evolution which has received increasing attention over the last decade and which has caused sharp differences of opinion among population geneticists as to its plausibility and acceptability.
Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals

Chapter 3 is devoted to constitutive relations for metallic single crystals. After introducing the key concepts of crystallography, an overview of the experimental evidence of plastic deformation mechanisms is presented. The yield criteria for description of the onset of plastic deformation in cubic crystals are introduced. Applications of the most recent single crystal yield criterion to the prediction of the directionality of the macroscopic tensile properties of polycrystalline sheets are also provided.
Prospective Comparison of Toxicity and Cosmetic Outcome After Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation With Conformal External Beam Radiotherapy or Single-Entry Multilumen Intracavitary Brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to prospectively characterize toxicity and cosmesis after accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (CRT) or single-entry, multilumen, intracavitary brachytherapy. Methods and materials A total of 281 patients with pTis, pT1N0, or pT2N0 (≤3.0 cm) breast cancer treated with segmental mastectomy were prospectively enrolled from December 2008 through August 2014. APBI was delivered using 3-dimensional CRT (n = 29) or with SAVI (n = 176), Contura (n = 56), or MammoSite (n = 20) brachytherapy catheters. Patients were evaluated at protocol-specified intervals, at which time the radiation oncologist scored cosmetic outcome, toxicities, and recurrence status using a standardized template. Results The median follow-up time is 41 months. Grade 1 seroma and fibrosis were more common with brachytherapy than with 3-dimensional CRT (50.4% vs 3.4% for seroma; P 5.1 mm, dose homogeneity index >0.54, and volume of nonconformance ≤0.89 cc. The 5-year ipsilateral breast recurrence was 4.3% for brachytherapy and 4.2% for 3-dimensional CRT APBI patients (P = .95). Conclusions Brachytherapy APBI is associated with higher rates of grade 1 fibrosis and seroma than 3-dimensional CRT but lower rates of grade 1 edema and grade 2 to 3 pain than 3-dimensional CRT. Rates of radiation oncologist-reported fair or poor cosmetic outcomes are higher with brachytherapy. We identified dosimetric parameters that predict reduced risk of adverse cosmetic outcome after brachytherapy-based APBI. Ipsilateral breast recurrence was equivalent for brachytherapy and 3-dimensional CRT.
Atypical Anti-MOG syndrome with aseptic meningoencephalitis and pseudotumor cerebri-like presentations

Abstract Objective To describe 2 atypical cases with Anti-MOG antibody related demyelinating syndrome. Methodology Case series. Results We present two cases. Case 1 is an 18-year-old woman who presented with headache, blurred vision, and papilledema and was initially diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. CSF showed mildly elevated opening pressure and lymphocytic pleocytosis and a diagnosis of aseptic meningitis was considered. MRI brain and spinal cord revealed longitudinally extensive bilateral simultaneous optic neuritis and multiple spinal cord lesions. Case 2 is a 28-year old man who presented initially with unilateral optic neuritis followed by aseptic meningitis three weeks later and subsequently acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Serology was positive for Anti-MOG antibody on a cell-based assay in both these cases. Discussion Although bilateral optic neuritis has been well described in MOG related disorders, aseptic meningitis and pseudotumor cerebri-like syndromes are notable alternate presentations. The presence of eosinophils in the CSF (in the first patient) is a unique finding in our case series. Conclusion In a patient with an aseptic meningitis like presentation, the presence of optic neuritis, brain and/or spinal cord lesions should raise suspicion for an MOG-Ab related syndrome.
How institutions structure judicial behaviour: An analysis of Alarie and Green's Commitment and Cooperation on High Courts: A Cross-Country Examination of Institutional Constraints on Judges

No theory of judicial behaviour ignores institutions, but, all too often, their role in structuring judges’ choices goes assumed rather than directly evaluated. For this reason alone, we should app...
100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation

AbstractThe central change in understanding of the ocean circulation during the past 100 years has been its emergence as an intensely time-dependent, effectively turbulent and wave-dominated, flow....
Puzzled by Communication? Playing with Puzzle Pieces to Promote Teamwork and Theory Understanding.

Play provides an opportunity for students to learn information and concepts in an active format while facilitating different ways of learning. This puzzle activity is designed to increase student e...
Interconnect Trend for Single Digit Nodes

Transistor performance continues to improve with density scaling and move to FinFET architectures. However, feature size reduction increases parasitic contact and interconnect resistance. This degrades the power-performance equation. To address the resistance bottleneck; new materials, new fill technologies and new integration schemes are in play. This paper reviews metallization trends for contact and interconnect as the industry prepares for 7nm node production and looks towards developing 5 and 3nm nodes.
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is the most common neoplasm of the larynx in children. Although it is considered histologically benign, RRP has the potential for devastating outcomes and is often difficult to manage, requiring multiple medical and surgical approaches. RRP occurs in both children as well as adults; however, it tends to take a more aggressive clinical course in children with potentially fatal outcomes due to its propensity to recur and spread throughout the aerodigestive tract.
Scintillation experiments with non-uniformly and uniformly correlated spatially partially coherent laser beams propagating underwater

We report on experiments where non-uniformly correlated (NUC), Gaussian Schell (GSM) and Multi-Gaussian Schell (MGSM) model spatially partially coherent laser beams were propagated underwat...
Material Model Parameters for the Giuffrè-Menegotto-Pinto Uniaxial Steel Stress-Strain Model

AbstractThe uniaxial Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto (GMP) constitutive steel model is widely used in nonlinear modeling of reinforced concrete components. However, the parameters characterizing this const...
Impaired β-glucocerebrosidase activity and processing in frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin mutations

Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations result in progranulin haploinsufficiency, which is thought to cause frontotemporal dementia in GRN mutation carriers. Progranulin haploinsufficiency may drive frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal function, as patients with GRN mutations on both alleles develop the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and frontotemporal dementia patients with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) also accumulate lipofuscin. The specific lysosomal deficits caused by progranulin insufficiency remain unclear, but emerging data indicate that progranulin insufficiency may impair lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. We investigated the effects of progranulin insufficiency on sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in the inferior frontal gyrus of FTD-GRN patients using fluorogenic activity assays, biochemical profiling of enzyme levels and posttranslational modifications, and quantitative neuropathology. Of the enzymes studied, only β-glucocerebrosidase exhibited impairment in FTD-GRN patients. Brains from FTD-GRN patients had lower activity than controls, which was associated with lower levels of mature β-glucocerebrosidase protein and accumulation of insoluble, incompletely glycosylated β-glucocerebrosidase. Immunostaining revealed loss of neuronal β-glucocerebrosidase in FTD-GRN patients. To investigate the effects of progranulin insufficiency on β-glucocerebrosidase outside of the context of neurodegeneration, we investigated β-glucocerebrosidase activity in progranulin-insufficient mice. Brains from Grn−/− mice had lower β-glucocerebrosidase activity than wild-type littermates, which was corrected by AAV-progranulin gene therapy. These data show that progranulin insufficiency impairs β-glucocerebrosidase activity in the brain. This effect is strongest in neurons and may be caused by impaired β-glucocerebrosidase processing.
Advantages and disadvantages of thoracic and abdominal radical operation for cardia cancer

Objective To explore the advantages and disadvantages of thoracic and abdominal radical operation for cardia cancer.Methods The advantages and diadvantages of thoracic and abdominal radical operation for cardia cancer chosen after pre-operation evaluation in 53 patients were explored analyzing lymph node metastasis,postoperative complications and survival periods.Results Among all patients,no case died or occurred anastomotic fistula.1 case of abdominal group was positive in cut edge,but 3-year follow-up showed that this case hadn' t recurred after radiotherapy.No case had to be transitted to thoracic and abdominal combination operation in the abdominal group.No case of the thoracic group occurred hemopneumothorax.There were statistical differences in subsequent treatment starting time or discharge time ≤ 14 d,common complications and 1,2,and 3 years survival rate between the 2 groups.Conclusions There are no statistical differences postoperative recurrence rate and survival rate between thoracic and abdominal surgery chosen according to accurate preoperative evaluation.Abdominal surgery can avoid thoracic complications and is suitable for patients who can' t stand thoracic surgery. Key words: Cardia cancer; Radical operation; Thoracic; Abdominal; Thoracic and abdominal combination
Real-Time Python: Recent Advances in the Raspberry Pi Plus Arduino Real-Time Control Approach

Real-time Python refers to using Python in real-time feedback control experiments by combining an Arduino microcontroller with a computer. This paper uses a Raspberry Pi to improve upon a previous method that combined a laptop and an Arduino. The primary improvement is switching from serial to i 2 c for communication between the Arduino and Python, which significantly reduces the latency in communications. The reduction in latency allows the digital control frequency to increase from 200 Hz to 500 Hz. The latency improvements are verified by oscilloscope measurements. The new i 2 c based approach is applied to vibration suppression control for a 3D printed beam.
Cloud-Based Asset Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance in an Industrial IoT System

Industrial production is pushed on by the constantly changing market requests and global competition. To keep up with these demands and thrive in a furiously competitive market, rapid advances in current manufacturing technologies are required. Automation is the trendsetter among the technologies currently in operation. To aid in the development of production methods, the idea proposed is predictive maintenance and asset tracking. Predictive maintenance is a revolution in the way machines that are in continuous operation can be constantly monitored to detect an anomaly before it blows up into a full-fledged problem. The device is kept under constant monitoring and readings of different parameters, for example, temperature and vibrations are tabbed. Any reading that strays from the regular pattern could indicate a flaw in the device. By predicting this, downtime for maintenance can be reduced. Asset tracking is another revolutionary method to speed up efficiency in the industrial sector. Using different technologies like Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the assets and their locations can be viewed using a remote device. The benefit of the same lies in the fact that often an asset whose location is unknown, wastes production time of the team by unnecessarily having to look for it. Ultimately, the idea is to implement these technologies using the modern concepts of Machine Learning, Data Visualization, Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things. This paper provides a brief introduction to the architecture of such a system followed by a detailed rundown of the above methodologies for real-time applications.
From Passive Gatekeeper to Quarterback: Evolving Perceptions of Primary Care Among Medical Students in Longitudinal Outpatient Clerkships

Longitudinal clerkships provide students with meaningful clinical care roles that promote learning and professional development. It remains unclear how longitudinal primary care clerkships inform students’ perceptions of primary care. To explore perceptions of primary care among medical students enrolled in longitudinal primary care clerkships. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews with medical students over 4 years. Thirty-eight medical students participated at baseline; 35 participated in a 2-year follow-up interview; 24 participated at 4 years. Each student was enrolled in one of two longitudinal primary care clerkships: a team-based Education-Centered Medical Home (ECMH) or a one-on-one individual preceptorship (IP). De-identified interview transcripts were analyzed using a process of open and axial coding, followed by elaborative coding for longitudinal analysis. Codes were compiled into a set of themes and compared across time periods and between clerkships. Students reported that primary care serves as a first point of contact, emphasizing longitudinal care with a wide scope of practice and approaching patient care with a biopsychosocial perspective. Student perceptions of primary care greatly expanded over the course of 4 years: for instance, initial perceptions of primary care physicians evolved from “passive gatekeeper” to a more nuanced “quarterback.” Students in ECMH, whose clerkship provided more opportunity for patient continuity, further reflected on the relationships they themselves developed with patients. Regardless of their eventual specialty choice, longitudinal experiences may aid all students in fostering a sense of the broad scope and importance of primary care. However, without numerous opportunities to witness continuity of care, students may perceive primary care as having limited scope and importance. Longitudinal clerkships, emphasizing continuity with patients and preceptors, may foster in students a broad and nuanced perspective of the scope of primary care as a field.
The New Institutional Economics, Business Associations, and Development

With the demise of development economics in the 1970s, the academic disciplineof economics had little specific theorizing on development to offer practioners and profferedinstead universal, liberal nostrums of free trade and free markets (Wing, 1990). These universalprescriptions evolved into the first catalogued Washington consensus in the 1980s onthe urgency of market-oriented reforms in developing countries (Williamson, 1990). In the1990s, a new connection formed between an emerging institutionalist subfield in economicsand the next consensus in Washington after the first generation of market-oriented reforms.The opening of the third annual meetings of the International Society for New InstitutionalEconomics (ISNIE) at World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C. in September 1999symbolized this new connection. JEL Classification: B25; O10.
Adult congenital heart disease: left-sided obstructive lesions.

### Learning objectives Congenital obstruction of the left heart encompasses a range of stenotic lesions that can occur in isolation or as a series of multilevel obstructions. Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) defects typically include subaortic stenosis (SubAS), valvular aortic stenosis, supravalvular aortic stenosis (SupAS) and coarctation of the aorta (CoA). They are often associated with other congenital anomalies, including left-sided obstruction due to left atrial obstruction or congenital mitral stenosis. The constellation of a series of left-sided obstructive lesions, including supravalvular mitral ring (SVMR), parachute mitral valve, SubAS, CoA, and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), is known as the Shone syndrome. Shone syndrome is rare, with only case reports and small case series published. This article is intended as a contemporary review of the causes, manifestations, treatments and outcomes of left-sided obstruction in the context of a patient with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). Obstruction to left ventricular inflow leads to higher atrial filling pressures and can predispose to pulmonary oedema. Chronic elevation in atrial filling pressures leads to elevated pulmonary venous pressures. Over time, chronic pulmonary venous hypertension results in pulmonary vascular remodelling, and pulmonary arterial hypertension can develop (WHO group II pulmonary hypertension). Obstruction to left ventricular outflow causes a pressure load on the left ventricle, leading to adverse remodelling and hypertrophy as compensation. However, the increase in ventricular mass over time may be insufficient to offset wall stress, resulting in left ventricular systolic dysfunction and decreased cardiac output.1 Chronic pressure load also causes diastolic dysfunction and myocardial damage. Some studies suggest that the proximity of the obstruction to …
DISTRIBUTING STATE ROAD USE TAX FUNDS TO COUNTIES

Iowa's county road system serves many critical functions in a changing environment. Many counties with very different social, economic, and demographic circumstances do not have adequate resources to provide the desired level of service on their secondary road systems. How the state's Road Use Tax Fund (RUTF) is distributed among counties is therefore of great importance. This report presents the results of a year-long study of how to distribute RUTF resources among Iowa's 99 counties. The project was undertaken at the request of county engineers who wish to replace the current method of allocation with one that is more stable, comprehensible, and predictable. This report describes the current allocation method, examines how other states distribute road funds to counties, and discusses potential allocation factors that could be included in a revised procedure. The process undertaken to narrow the range of possible formulas and determine the one to recommend is summarized. Finally, the report presents the allocation formula recommended by the project advisory committee, along with how it would operate.
Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America: Incrementalism and Policy Outbreaks in the American States

This chapter builds upon recent advances in the study of policy dynamics to examine the decision-making processes associated with the diffusion of policy innovations. It demonstrates that patterns of policy diffusion display punctuated dynamics inconsistent with a single process of incremental learning, but instead indicate multiple underlying decision-making processes. This is perhaps shown most forcefully by the abrupt and rapid spread of policy innovations across states in American history, a diffusion that cannot be explained through the process of incremental learning but must rather reflect decision making under extreme pressures for change placed on state governments. A more nuanced theoretical understanding of the process of public-policy diffusion can be gained by integrating research on innovation diffusion with studies of agenda setting in political decision making. The agenda-setting perspective demonstrates that government attention is unequally allocated in political decision making. State decision makers prioritize and respond differently to competing streams of information based on perceived issue importance, salience, and urgency. The diffusion of public policies often conforms neatly to the process of policy identification, evaluation, and emulation central to most modern research on innovation diffusion. However, a significant subset of policy innovations attracts immediate and widespread attention. These policies encourage immediate political responses, leading to the outbreak of nearly identical policy innovations across states. If diffusion dynamics are truly driven by two or more paths of organizational information processing, then the existing incremental decision-making model is insufficient to explain the processes of diffusion dynamics.
Rewrite techniques in theorem proving

The replacement of equals by equals is a common form of equational reasoning, of which rewriting is a refinement. Rewrite systems are sets of directed equations, called rewrite rules, that are used for replacements in the indicated direction only. A given expression is rewritten until a simplest possible form, a noremal form, is obtained. Thus, the theory of rewriting is in essence a theory of normal forms. If a rewrite system is convergent, then all possible sequences of rewrites of equal terms result in the same normal form. In theories represented as convergent rewrite systems equality can therefore be decided rather efficiently.
Caring for animal patients following Hurricane Katrina.

Vol. 45, No. 6 November/December 2005 www.japha.org Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 659 Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMATs) are teams of highly trained veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and pharmacists available to provide veterinary medical treatment and address animal and public health issues resulting from natural or manmade disasters. VMAT is supported by Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American Veterinary Medical Foundation.1 Currently, four VMATs operate in the United States, and each includes one pharmacist. As the pharmacist to VMAT-5,2 I was deployed on August 28, 2005, in anticipation of problems when Hurricane Katrina made landfall. My team spent time in Memphis and Dallas before being sent to Baton Rouge, where we spent the majority of our time tasked to the Lamar-Dixon Expo Center in Gonzales, La. This is a very large equine facility that served as a temporary shelter to the rescued and abandoned animals from the city of New Orleans and surrounding parishes following the hurricane and subsequent flooding.
Transforming the Spirit: Spirituality in the Treatment of the African American Male Perpetrator of Intimate Partner Violence

When violence is internalized, it will manifest in various forms. Within the African American community, the African American male perpetrator's abusive behavior is one indicator of the internalized violence. African traditional practices of spirituality are a testament of their conceptualization and understanding of the intersection of mind, body, and spirit. The ways in which intimate partner violence (IPV) and spirituality intersect are critical. This article presents a conceptual framework informed by Intersectionality and Transpersonal theory to examine the intersections of IPV, gender, race, and spirituality for the African American male perpetrator in service delivery. Implications for further research are discussed.
Increased oxidative damage to DNA in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage may play a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). We examined concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (OH8dG), a well-established marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in a transgenic mouse model of HD (R6/2). Increased concentrations of OH8dG were found in the urine, plasma and striatal microdialysates of the HD mice. Increased concentrations were also observed in isolated brain DNA at 12 and 14 weeks of age. Immunocytochemistry showed increased OH8dG staining in late stages of the illness. These results suggest that oxidative damage may play a role in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD.
Structure of Middle Distillate Fuels: On the Atomic Carbon and Hydrogen to Carbon Ratio at Alpha Position to Aromatic Rings

The alkyl, naphthenic, or total carbon atoms of the functional groups at alpha position to aromatic rings and their hydrogen to carbon ratio are some of the important parameters for structural analysis of fossil fuel products. In this paper, the authors present a number of novel formula-structure relationships for precise determination of different carbon atom types at alpha position to aromatic rings and the average number of hydrogens per alpha-carbon.
A Review of “Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research”

I went to a small, primarily undergraduate school where undergraduates were encouraged to participate in research. I became a dendrochronology novitiate as a sophomore when I began in the school's ...
Back to the Future: Similarities and Differences in Emotional Memories and Prospections

Summary Previous research suggests that our prospections rely, in part, upon our memories. However, less is known about the ways in which the content of memories and prospections are similar (or dissimilar) and whether this similarity varies by emotion. In the present study, we coded the content and style of participants' (n = 109) positive, negative, and neutral memory and prospection narratives. Emotional memories were more elaborated, social, and further back in time than neutral memories. By contrast, prospections varied by valence: Positive prospections included more time and place indicators and were more social and closer in time than negative prospections. Although over half of the coded content in memories and prospections matched, regardless of valence, positive memories and prospections matched more than negative. These findings suggest that people are more likely to construct positive futures that are similar to the past but are less likely to do so for negative futures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiences with network simulation

Simulation is a critical tool in developing, testing, and evaluating network protocols and architectures. This paper describes x-Sim, a network simulator based on the x-kernel, that is able to fully simulate the topologies and traffic patterns of large scale networks. It also illustrates the capabilities and usefulness of the simulator with case studies. Finally, based on our experiences using x-Sim, we identify a set of principles (guidelines) for network simulation, and present concrete examples that quantify the value of these principles, along with the cost of ignoring them.
Distribution of succinic dehydrogenase and hyaluronidase in adult rat testis.

SummaryThe distribution of succinic dehydrogenase in the testis of the adult albino rat has been studied by means of differential centrifugation in .25 M sucrose solution. The highest specific activity has been found in a granular fraction, and preliminary evidence is presented to indicate that hyaluronidase activity is also associated with this fraction.
Facilitators and Advocates: How Mainline Protestant Clergy Respond to Homosexuality

This article analyzes how thirty mainline Protestant clergy who addressed homosexuality in their local congregations positioned themselves within their congregations on the issue. Regardless of their positions, all of the pastors first situated the root causes of religious and broader societal conflicts over homosexuality in an emotion, fear, which they understood as their congregants' fears of sexuality, gay and lesbian people, misinterpreting scripture, and the unknown. Based on their understandings of these fears, clergy then drew from their individual cultural “toolkits” to construct personal “strategies of action” via personal identities as facilitators, quiet advocates, or more outward advocates around homosexuality in their congregations. The authors analyze the processes by which clergy constructed these identities, with particular attention to the strategies of action attendant within each identity category. This analysis advances substantive knowledge about how clergy respond to homosexuality in...
R. Dale Guthrie: Frozen fauna of the mammoth steppe: The story of blue babe

(1990). R. Dale Guthrie: Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 10, 50th Anniversary - 1990, pp. 400-401.
The Lesser Haemosporidina

SYNOPSIS. Although the Haemosporidina are a large group, few of them arc well known. Those considered here are called the “lesser Haemosporidina” because they have, on the whole, much less impovtance than the malaria parasites of man. They are, nevertheleq far from insignificant because some cause serious disease in the lower animals and probably play an important role in the maintenance of biological balances. Their use as research tools has also often led to very useful discoveries directly applicable to human malaria. Only four species of the 60 or so now known in the genus plasmodium parasitize man; we are still ignorant of many of the most elemental facts relating to the biology of the rest. The rectors of many remain undiscovered and, partly as a result, their exoerythrocytic stages have never been observed. Even when such knowledge cxists. there are many lacunae in what we know of thcir physioloey. A really practical method of cultivating the various stapes would be of great help. We also need much more knowledge of the close relatives of the malaria parasites, comprising the genera Hueinoprofeits, Hepatocystis, and Lertcocytoroon. There are close parallels in their host occurrence which undoubtedly have evolutionary significance. Yet such facts are difficult to interpret, although it seems likely that Haenzoproteus may be the oldest of the four. Whether Babesia and Dactylosoma should be included in the Harniosporidimz has been questioned. It is the author's opinion that it would be better to retain them. Despite important differences there are basic similarities. Much remains unknown about Babesia and very little of importance is known about Dactylosoma. This genus is known from Anura all over the world, and seems usually to occur in frogs and toads, in which the species is usually thought to be D. Ranarum. Other species have been occasionally reported from other amphibia and even from fish. Nothing at all is known of its transmission or life cycle. Its occurrence in frogs in very widely separated areas may have the same significance which Metcalf many years ago attached to the similar occurrence of the opalinids: it may be evidence for the existence in remote times of land bridges connecting land masses now remote from one another.
Putting Concerns about Nature in Context: the case of agricultural biotechnology

Concerns about nature are playing increasingly prominent roles in a variety of social debates, including medical biotechnology, environmental protection, and agricultural biotechnology. These concerns are often simply rejected as incoherent: critics argue that there is no good account for how natural states of affairs can have moral value, and that the concept of "nature" is too multifarious and vague to be deployed in moral argument anyway. When these concerns are defended, they are frequently formulated as strong claims that make implausible ontological commitments and that ignore the linkages between these different debates. Agricultural biotechnology provides an especially challenging case study for evaluating concerns about nature. I offer a qualified defense that recognizes these concerns as conceptually linked, attends to social context at appropriate points, and overcomes the charges of incoherence. This defense supports a restrained treatment of concerns about nature in public policy: public policy can neither endorse nor dismiss them. In the case of agricultural biotechnology, this stance probably mandates some form of labeling.