cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Full Vehicle Simulation for Series Hybrid Vehicles

Delphi and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) collaborated to develop a simulation code to model the mechanical and electrical architectures of a series hybrid vehicle simultaneously. This co-simulation code is part of the larger ADVISOR® product created by NREL and diverse partners. Simulation of the macro power flow in a series hybrid vehicle requires both the mechanical drivetrain and the entire electrical architecture. It is desirable to solve the electrical network equations in an environment designed to comprehend such a network and solve the equations in terms of current and voltage. The electrical architecture for the series hybrid vehicle has been modeled in Saber to achieve these goals. This electrical architecture includes not only the high-voltage battery, generator, and traction motor, but also the normal low-voltage bus (14V) with loads common to all vehicles. The co-simulation version of the series hybrid model retains some of ADVISOR's standard series vehicle model elements such as the mechanical drivetrain, the fuel converter, and the series hybrid control strategy. The electrical architecture is simulated in Saber, which is controlled via ADVISOR's menu structure. ADVISOR communicates with Saber through a co-simulation arrangement, allowing a system-level solution to progress. The open code permits the end user to implement vehicle-specific series hybrid control strategies. This paper covers technical materials including: A brief overview of the co-simulation concept The electrical component and system models in Saber necessary for the series hybrid vehicle architecture The series hybrid control strategy used for co-simulation and its integration into ADVISOR Discussion of sample results from the co-simulation of ADVISOR's baseline series hybrid vehicle Demonstration of the ability to co-simulate the propulsion and electrical systems for ADVISOR's default series hybrid vehicle.
Classification of Exceptional Complements: Elliptic Curve Case

We classify the log del Pezzo surface (S,B) of rank 1 with no 1-,2-,3-,4-, or 6-complements with the additional condition that B has one irreducible component C which is an elliptic curve, and that C has the coefficient b in B with (1/n)floor((n+1)b)=1 for n=1,2,3,4, and 6.
Toward Mutual Recognition: Relational Psychoanalysis and the Christian Narrative

Toward Mutual Recognition: Relational Psychoanalysis and the Christian Narrative by Marie T. Hoffman Routledge , New York, NY , 2010 ; 278 pp; £22.99 This book represents the author’s attempt to co...
An exploratory study about meaningful work in acute care nursing.

OBJECTIVE. To develop deeper understandings about nurses' perceptions of meaningful work and the contextual factors that impact finding meaning in work. BACKGROUND. Much has been written about nurses' job satisfaction and the impact on quality of health care. However, scant qualitative evidence exists regarding nurses' perceptions of meaningful work and how factors in the work environment influence their perceptions. The literature reveals links among work satisfaction, retention, quality of care, and meaningfulness in work. METHODS. Using a narrative design, researchers interviewed 13 public health nurses and 13 acute care nurses. Categorical-content analysis with Atlas.ti data management software was conducted separately for each group of nurses. This article reports results for acute care nurses. RESULTS. Twenty-four stories of meaningful moments were analyzed and categorized. Three primary themes of meaningful work emerged: connections, contributions, and recognition. Participants described learning-focused environment, teamwork, constructive management, and time with patients as facilitators of meaningfulness and task-focused environment, stressful relationships, and divisive management as barriers. Meaningful nursing roles were advocate, catalyst and guide, and caring presence. CONCLUSIONS. Nurse administrators are the key to improving quality of care by nurturing opportunities for nurses to find meaning and satisfaction in their work. Study findings provide nurse leaders with new avenues for improving work environments and job satisfaction to potentially enhance healthcare outcomes.
Determinants of Adequate Emergency Funds Including the Effects of Seeking Professional Advice and Industry Affiliation

This research examined the effects of seeking professional financial advice and being employed in different industries on a household’s likelihood of holding adequate emergency funds to cover six or more months without income. The theory of precautionary savings provided a conceptual framework for the study. Three measures of emergency funds were analyzed: Subjective funds, Quick funds, and Comprehensive funds. The sample consisted of working household heads in the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances. Seeking professional financial advice significantly increased the likelihood of holding adequate Comprehensive funds. Only household heads employed in financial, insurance, real estate, repair, and advertising industries were more likely to have adequate levels of Subjective and Comprehensive funds. Household heads employed in manufacturing, construction, and retail industries, which are more likely to be affected by a recession, did not have increased likelihood of holding adequate emergency funds. Financial educators and advisors need to stress the importance of adequate emergency savings.
Long-term regulation of four renal aquaporins in rats

The aquaporins are molecular water channels expressed in the kidney and other organs. To investigate long-term regulation of renal expression of these water channels, we carried out immunoblotting studies using membrane fractions from rat renal cortex and medulla. Both 48-h water restriction in Sprague-Dawley rats and 5-day arginine vasopressin (AVP) infusion in Brattleboro rats caused significant increases in the expression levels of two aquaporins, aquaporin-2 and aquaporin-3, while the levels of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-4 were unchanged. The increases in aquaporin-2 and aquaporin-3 expression were seen in inner and outer medulla as well as cortex. Ablation of the corticomedullary interstitial osmotic gradient with an infusion of furosemide did not eliminate the upregulatory response to AVP infusion in Brattleboro rats. Furthermore, 5-day furosemide infusion to Sprague-Dawley rats did not decrease expression levels of the collecting duct aquaporins, but rather increased them. We conclude that the expression of aquaporin-2 and aquaporin-3, but not aquaporin-1 or aquaporin-4, is increased in response to elevated circulating AVP. Because regulation of aquaporin-2 and aquaporin-3 levels was observed in the cortex and because osmotic gradient ablation did not abrogate the increase, we conclude that changes in interstitial osmolality are not necessary for the AVP-induced upregulation of aquaporin-2 and aquaporin-3 expression.
Integrating Alternative Investments into the Asset Allocation Process

For most investors, a disciplined investment process begins with strategic asset allocation—determining how to allocate capital across broad classes of assets, such as cash, fixed income, and public equity. This fact has lead to over 50 years of theory and practice on how best to match investment objectives with broad traditional asset classes. The emergence of new asset choices as staples of many investment portfolios—such as private equity, private real estate, and hedge funds—has challenged traditional approaches to asset allocation. In particular, effective strategic asset allocation needs to account for the unique types of risk present in alternative investments. Keywords: asset allocation; alternative investments; hedge funds; private equity; real estate; active management; liquidity; downside risk
Particles, causation, and the metaphysics of structure

I consider the idea of a structure of fundamental physical particles (as described, for example, in quantum theory) being causal. Causation is traditionally thought of as involving relations between entities—objects or events—that cause and are affected. On structuralist interpretations, however, it is unclear whether or how precisely fundamental particles can be causally efficacious. On some interpretations, only relations (as opposed to entities) exist; on others, particles are ontologically dependent on their relations in ways that problematize the traditional picture. I argue that thinking about causal efficacy in this context generates an inevitable pattern of reasoning. To assess the cogency of a given structuralist proposal one must take a stand with respect to a significant metaphysical challenge. Two options then emerge: skepticism about the form of structuralism at issue; or a dissolution of the challenge by means of a contentious ontological primitive. I contend that the choice between these options cannot be forced on scientific or philosophical grounds alone.
Phosphorylation of contractile proteins in response to α- and β-adrenergic stimulation in neonatal cardiomyocytes

α- and β-Adrenergic receptor agonists induce an inotropic response in the adult heart by promoting the phosphorylation of several regulatory proteins, including myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and phospholamban (PLB). However, the adrenergic-induced phosphorylation of these proteins has not been characterized in the developing heart. Accordingly, we evaluated MyBP-C, cTnI, and PLB phosphorylation in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) after α- and β-receptor activation with phenylephrine and isoproterenol. α-Receptor stimulation increased, whereas β-receptor activation reduced MyBP-C phosphorylation. Isoelectric-focusing experiments indicated that the amount of monophosphorylated MyBP-C was sensitive to α-adrenergic activation, but diphosphorylated and triphosphorylated MyBP-C levels were largely unaffected. The phosphorylation of cTnI and PLB was consistent with the mechanism observed in adult hearts: α- and β-Receptor stimulation phosphorylated both proteins. For cTnI, the greatest difference associated with β-receptor activation was observed in the diphosphorylated state, whereas α-receptor activation was associated with a marked increase in the tetraphosphorylated protein and absence of the unphosphorylated state. Despite these apparent changes in cTnI and PLB phosphorylation, β-receptor activation failed to alter calcium transients in NRCMs. Collectively, these findings suggest that, unlike cTnI and PLB, MyBP-C and inotropy are not coupled to β-adrenergic stimulation in NRCMs. Therefore, cTnI and PLB probably play a more central role in modulating contractile function in NRCMs in response to catecholamines than does MyBP-C, and MyBP-C may have a structural role in stabilizing thick filament assembly rather than influencing cross-bridge formation in developing hearts.
EFFECTS of HEATING and POSTMORTEM AGING ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of SQUID MANTLE

Physical and tensile properties of Loligo and Illex squid mantles were evaluated during refrigerated storage and after various heat treatments. A major decrease in ultimate tensile strength of the mantle occurred between 50° and 60°C in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mantle. After storage for more than 4 days at 4°C, the ultimate tensile strength of the mantle decreased significantly in the longitudinal but not the transverse direction. In addition, heating of mantle (100°C for 2 min) stored for more than 4 days led to greater strength loss than observed in heated, nonstored mantle, indicating that refrigerated storage produces changes in collagen that make it more susceptible to the effects of high temperature. Strength loss in the transverse direction after heating was observed in mantle of Loligo but not Illex.
Studies on rat kidney 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase☆

Abstract Rat kidney 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was isolated, and its characteristics and the effects of various drugs upon it were examined. The enzyme was found in the cell cytosol; was labile when unfrozen; and most active at alkaline pH, at 41°, and with the E prostaglandins. Additionally, the enzyme was inhibited by furosemide ( K i = 0.019 mM), ethacrynic acid ( K i = 0.27 mM, phenylbutazone ( K i = 0.16 mM), acetylsalicylic acid ( K i = 3.8 mM), and potassium cyanide ( K i = 1.03 mM). Inhibition of PGDH may play a role in the mechanism of action of the diuretic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Little or no inhibition was seen with amobarbital, hydralazine, alpha-methyldopa, bethanidine and guanethidine. Amobarbital inhibits NADH oxidase ( K i = 0.5 mM), but does not inhibit PGDH. This drug, therefore, may be useful in permitting the use of the fluorometric assay for PGDH in preparations of PGDH contaminated by NADH oxidase.
A distributed dynamic load balancer for iterative applications

For many applications, computation load varies over time. Such applications require dynamic load balancing to improve performance. Centralized load balancing schemes, which perform the load balancing decisions at a central location, are not scalable. In contrast, fully distributed strategies are scalable but typically do not produce a balanced work distribution as they tend to consider only local information. This paper describes a fully distributed algorithm for load balancing that uses partial information about the global state of the system to perform load balancing. This algorithm, referred to as GrapevineLB, consists of two stages: global information propagation using a lightweight algorithm inspired by epidemic [21] algorithms, and work unit transfer using a randomized algorithm. We provide analysis of the algorithm along with detailed simulation and performance comparison with other load balancing strategies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of GrapevineLB for adaptive mesh refinement and molecular dynamics on up to 131,072 cores of BlueGene/Q.
Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II and nerve growth factor on neurite outgrowth in cultured human neuroblastoma cells

The identification of biologically important and chemically well-defined substances that can promote axon and dendrite formation would improve present understanding of the development of the nervous system. Physiological concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) reversibly enhanced neurite outgrowth (NTO) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells cultured in media with and without serum. Nerve growth factor (NGF), in contrast, did not enhance NTO in serum-free media. Furthermore, anti-NGF antiserum inhibited NGF but not insulin-enhanced NTO. Insulin increased [3H]leucine and [3H]uridine uptake. These increases, together with increased NTO, were inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomysin D, respectively. The inhibition of NTO by cycloheximide was reversible. Human neuroblastoma cell lines that were responsive by NTO to NGF were also responsive to insulin, with the exception of line CHP-270. Moreover, cell linesunresponsive by NTO to NGF, and to tumor promoters, were uniformly unresponsive to insulin. These findings suggest that there are common defects in distal sites, because specific NGF and tumor promoter receptors are present in these lines. Insulin encreased [3H]thymidine uptake in SH-SY5Y and CHP-100 cells. However, the enhancement of NTO by insulin and IGF-II in SH-SY5Y cells was independently of the cellular prolification rate. Our results, together with the observations of others, suggest that insulin and IGF-II may modulate NTO in the nervous system.
Differential regulation of glutamate receptors in trigeminal ganglia following masseter inflammation.

The present study examined whether N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), 5-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunits and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are constitutively expressed in trigeminal ganglia (TG) using Western blot analysis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We then investigated whether experimental induction of masseter inflammation influences glutamate receptor expressions by comparing the protein levels from naive rats to those from complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inflamed rats. Our results showed that NMDAR1 (NR1), NMDAR2A (NR2A), NMDAR2B (NR2B), AMPAR1 (GluR1) and AMPAR2 (GluR2) subunits, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, are constitutively expressed in TG. Masseter inflammation significantly down-regulated NR1 subunit expression that persisted to 7 days post-CFA inflammation. NR2A and NR2B expressions were not significantly changed. GluR1 receptor subunit expression was slightly increased in TG 3 days after CFA-induced inflammation, but the change was not statistically significant. GluR2 protein level was not affected by CFA inflammation. The level of mGluR5 protein was significantly up-regulated in TG 3 days after CFA-induced masseter inflammation. There were no inflammation-induced changes in any of the proteins we analyzed in the contralateral, non-inflamed TG. These results suggested that muscle inflammation differentially modulates glutamate receptor subunits at the primary afferent level in male rats and that these inflammation-induced transcriptional changes may contribute to functionally different aspects of craniofacial muscle pain.
Computer Piping Analysis, ASME B31.3 Appendix S: Example S3 — Moment Reversal

The American Standards Association (ASA) B31.3-1959 Petroleum Refinery Piping Code [1] grew out of an ASA document that addressed all manner of fluid conveying piping systems. ASA B31.3 was created long before widespread engineering use of computer “mainframes” or even before the inception of piping stress analysis software. From its inception until recent times, the B31.3 Process Piping Code [2] (hereafter referred to as the “Code”) has remained ambiguous in several areas. This paper describes some of these subtle concepts that are included in the Code 2006 Edition for Appendix S Example S3. This paper discusses: • the effect of moment reversal in determining the largest Displacement Stress Range, • the impact of the average axial stress caused by displacement strains on the Example S3 piping system and the augmenting of the Code Eq. (17) thereto, • a brief comparison of Example S3 results to that of the operating stress range evaluated in accordance with the 2006 Code Appendix P Alternative Requirements.Copyright © 2007 by ConocoPhillips Company
Solutions to the time-dependent, forced quantum oscillator equation in the coordinate representation

Abstract Time-dependent creation and annihilation operators are derived which are used to obtain exact solutions, in the coordinate representation, to the time-dependent, forced quantum oscillator equation. The solutions are used to obtain a general formula for the transition probabilities, valid for any time-dependent force.
Structural study of the surface of aniline—3-aminophenylboronic acid copolymer films

Abstract The techniques of atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy were used to study the surface structural features of copolymer films of aniline—3-amino-phenylboronic acid. The film surface was segregated into well-defined domains of average dimension 150 nm. These domains were separated by boundary channels of width 100–200 A. The conductive properties of adjacent domains were in many cases observed to be quite different, suggesting that the copolymer had either formed into domain with varying degrees of protonation or had segregated into separate aniline and 3-aminophenylboronic acid domains.
High harmonic generation from long wavelength drivers

The paper reviews recent advances in high harmonic generation from mid-infrared lasers. The results emphasize the advantages of long wavelength drivers for cut-off extension, GDD reduction, attosecond pulses and reports on below-threshold and liquid harmonics.
A Nitroxyl Synthase Catalytic Antibody

An antibody raised against acridinium hapten 1 is shown to catalyze the retro Diels−Alder reaction of the anthracene−HNO cycloadduct 2 to release anthracene 4 and nitroxyl (HNO). Nitroxyl is oxidized to nitric oxide (NO) in the presence of superoxide dismutase. Since the enzyme superoxide dismutase is ubiquitous in vivo, this catalytic antibody system may be equivalent to NO-synthase. Antibody catalysis is triggered by recognition of the phenyl rings in hapten 1 at an angle near that of the transition state of the retro Diels−Alder reaction of 2. Acridinium hapten 1 is in chemical equilibrium with its conjugate Lewis base 9-hydroxyacridane 1-OH (pK ∼ 8.2). Catalytic antibody 9D9 (KM(2) = 100 μM, kcat = 0.07 min-1, kuncat = 3 × 10-4 min-1) is the result of an heterologous immunization and binds both 1 (Ki = 16.6 μM at pH 6.1) and 1-OH (Ki = 0.9 μM at pH 9.0). The more tightly bound neutral conjugate base 1-OH probably represents a more accurate mimic of the transition state of the retro Diels−Alder process.
Faculty and student dialogue through journal writing.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To explore how journal writing promotes and fosters an ongoing dialogue between students and faculty during an acute care pediatric clinical experience. DESIGN AND METHODS. Unstructured, self-report data were collected via students' clinical journal entries and during a focus group interview. Content analysis was used to identified recurrent themes. RESULTS. Two themes were generated: building a bond of trust and saving face. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The findings have implications for preceptors of nursing professionals. Implementing journal writing as a component to teaching-learning in the practice environment provides a means to recognize the affective outcomes of learning, such as increasing self-awareness and professional growth.
Computer simulation of the hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

Abstract A computer program was developed that uses a mathematical model of the cardiovascular system to predict myocardial oxygen supply and demand as well as cardiac hemodynamics. This model combines the time-varying elastance model of the left ventricle, the modified Windkessel model of the arterial system, and the left ventricular pressure-volume area prediction of myocardial oxygen demand. The computer simulation permits independent control of variables, thus providing the opportunity to design “experiments” and to observe the results. The model predicts that tachycardia leads to reduced myocardial oxygen supply and increased demand. Hypertension caused by increased systemic vascular resistance increases supply more than it increases demand. On the other hand, increased contractility or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increases demand more than supply, and may cause ischemia in the presence of coronary artery stenosis. The model is an aid in understanding how hemodynamic variables affect the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. It can be used for education and to analyze study protocols prior to animal experimentation.
Effects of shoreline engineering on shallow subtidal fish and crab communities in an urban estuary: A comparison of armored shorelines and nourished beaches

Abstract Shoreline armoring is common worldwide, yet its ecological effects have only recently been investigated. In this study, we surveyed shallow subtidal fish and crab communities at three sites with shorelines modified by seawall and riprap armoring and at three beaches with no armoring, all along the urbanized Elliott Bay shoreline of Seattle, WA (USA). Similar to many urban areas there is little natural shoreline remaining in Elliott Bay and beach sites were nourished with sediment that was similar to the historical structure of ambient nearshore habitats. We visually surveyed fish and crabs along scuba dive transects at these sites for eighteen months to quantify the composition of their communities and the association of fish and crabs with substrate types. The community composition and substrate type associations were similar among seawall sites and distinct from those at nourished beaches. Some species were predominantly associated with one substrate type (e.g., sand, riprap) and their densities at each site corresponded to the availability of this substrate type. Our results suggest that hard structures in engineered subtidal habitats may benefit some species that select for these introduced structures despite these structures not occurring historically. It is also clear that the creation of nourished beaches within armored shorelines can maintain different fish and crab communities than those associated with armoring, even in highly urbanized systems. Our study contributes to a growing literature that suggests that shoreline armoring and other types of habitat modifications affect the ecology of nearshore waters and the composition of nearshore communities.
Density Estimation for the Case of Supersmooth Measurement Error

Abstract The problem is to estimate the probability density of a random variable contaminated by an independent measurement error. I explore one of the worst-case scenario when the characteristic function of this measurement error decreases exponentially and thus optimal estimators converge only with logarithmic rate. The particular example of such measurement error is any random variable contaminated by normal, Cauchy, or another stable random variable. For this setting and circular data, I suggest an asymptotically efficient data-driven estimator that is adaptive to both smoothness of estimated density and distribution of measurement error. Moreover, this estimator is universal in sense that its derivatives and integral are sharp estimators of the corresponding derivatives and the cumulative distribution function, and these estimators are sharp both globally and pointwise. For the case of small sample sizes, I suggest a modified estimator that mimics an optimal linear pseudoestimator. I explore this est...
Relationship between maldistribution of ventilation and airways obstruction in children with asthma

This study was designed to explore the relationship between ventilation non-uniformity, as assessed by moment analysis of nitrogen washout, and airways obstruction, as assessed by spirometry, in children with asthma. Moment ratios derived fromt the multibreath washout curves in asthmatics were significantly higher than those obtained from healthy controls (P<0.001). Among patients with asthma, moment ratios showed a high degree of negative correlations with spirometric variables expressed as percent of predicted, i.e., increasing airways obstruction was associated with increasing ventilation non-uniformity. When the subjects were tested on multiple occasions during one test day the results demonstrated a strong quantitative relationship within subjects between spontaneous changes in moment ratios and spirometric variables (P<0.001), with the slope of the regressions showing a trend to vary from one patient to another. Chi squared analysis showed that significant changes in FEV1 were paralleled by corresponding significant changes in moment ratios with a sensitivity of approximately 81% and a specificity of 82%. Additionally, changes in FEV1 induced by an inhaled bronchodilator were associated with concomitant changes in moment ratios. We conclude that: (1) the majority of children with asthma have some degree of ventilation non-uniformity which is correlated with their degree of airways obstruction, and (2) spontaneous changes in airways obstruction in such subjects are paralleled by changes in ventilation non-uniformity.
A History of Feminist Literary Criticism

GILL PLAIN AND SUSAN SELLERS, Eds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 352 pp., ISBN 978 0 521 85255 5, £65 In recent years, feminist scholarship has found itself in the midst of an identi...
Enumeration of certain binary matrices

Abstract An m×n (0, 1) matrix ( a ij ) is said to be a * matrix iff a ij =1 implies a i′j′ =1 for all ( i′, j′ ) satisfying 1≤ i′ . * matrices with certain additional restrictions are counted and enumerations of random walks and decision patterns are obtained.
Jumping off the work experience bandwagon

This paper summarizes and reviews the literature on the impact of work experience during the adolescent years. Research in three areas is reviewed: work experience through career education programs; work experience through youth employment and training programs; and work experience through part-time employment. In general, the findings in all three areas indicate that the benefits of working to education, socialization, and subsequent employment have been greatly overestimated.
Combating resistance: application of the emerging science of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

During the last 10–15 years understanding of relationships between pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters and bacteriological and clinical outcomes has expanded allowing correlation between in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy. PK and PD principles can be applied to development of new antibacterials and formulation of existing agents to help address the increasing prevalence of antibacterial resistance. For beta-lactams, such as penicillins, the unbound serum concentration of the drug exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration of the causative pathogen for 40–50% of the dosing interval is predictive of bacteriologic efficacy (bacterial eradication) and can be used to determine a PK/PD breakpoint for that specific dosing regimen. Amoxicillin/clavulanate was one of the earliest antibacterials to use the unique approach of PK/PD principles to develop new and enhanced formulations, allowing it to remain a significant antibacterial agent in the management of respiratory tract infections.
A finite machine description of a lexical analysis using table look-up

A lexical analysis is described using a finite state machine to express the top level of the algorithm. The lexical analyzer exploits table lookup to facilitate the determination of tokens. The table lookup procedure alleviates the process of developing a conplicated set of construction rules.
Assessing and managing the social determinants of health: defining an entrustable professional activity to assess residents' ability to meet societal needs.

From the Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Klein); Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (Dr Schumacher); and Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Mass (Dr Sandel) The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Address correspondence to Melissa D. Klein, MD, MEd, Department of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (e-mail: Melissa.klein@cchmc.org). Received for publication November 1, 2013; accepted November 1, 2013.
Fascial incisions heal faster than skin: a new model of abdominal wall repair.

Background. Optimal healing of the fascial layer is a necessary component of complete abdominal wall repair. The majority of acute wound healing studies have focused on the dermis. We designed a model of abdominal wall repair that, to our knowledge, for the first time simultaneously characterizes differences in the wound healing trajectories of the fascia and skin. Methods. Full-thickness dermal flaps were raised on the ventral abdominal walls of rats, and midline fascial celiotomies were completed. The dimensions of the flap were developed so as to have no detrimental effect on skin healing. The dermal flaps were replaced so that the fascial incisions would heal separately from the overlying skin incisions. Animals were killed 7, 14, and 21 days after operation and fascial and dermal wounds were harvested and tested for breaking strength. Fascial and dermal wounds were also compared histologically for inflammatory response, fibroplasia, and collagen staining. Results. Fascial wound breaking strength exceeded dermal wound breaking strength at all time points (9.16 ± 2.17 vs 3.51 ± 0.49 N at 7 days, P < .05). Fascial wounds also developed greater fibroblast cellularity and greater collagen staining 7 days after the incision. There was no difference in wound inflammatory response. Conclusions. Fascial incisions regain breaking strength faster than simultaneous dermal incisions. The mechanism for this appears to involve increased fascial fibroplasia and collagen production after acute injury. (Surgery 2001;129:203-8.)
The Mechanism of Domain Alternation in the Acyl-Adenylate Forming Ligase Superfamily Member 4-Chlorobenzoate: Coenzyme A Ligase

4-Chlorobenzoate:CoA ligase (CBL) belongs to the adenylate-forming family of enzymes that catalyze a two-step reaction to first activate a carboxylate substrate as an adenylate and then transfer the carboxylate to the pantetheine group of either coenzyme A or an acyl-carrier protein. The active site is located at the interface of a large N-terminal domain and a smaller C-terminal domain. Crystallographic structures have been determined at multiple steps along the reaction pathway and form the basis for a proposal that the C-terminal domain rotates by approximately 140 degrees between the two states that catalyze the adenylation and thioester-forming half-reactions. The domain rotation is accompanied by a change in the main chain torsional angles of Asp402, a conserved residue located at the interdomain hinge position. We have mutated the Asp402 residue to Pro in order to test the impact of reduced main chain flexibility at the putative hinge position. The crystal structure of the D402P mutant shows that the enzyme adopts the proposed adenylate-forming conformation with very little change to the overall structure. To examine the impact of this mutation on the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the complete reaction, single turnover kinetic experiments were performed. Whereas the ability of this mutant to catalyze the adenylate-forming half-reaction is reduced by approximately 3-fold, catalysis of the second half-reaction is reduced by 4 orders of magnitude. The impact of the alanine replacement of Asp402 on the thioester-forming reaction is significant, although not as dramatic as the proline mutation, and provides evidence that the Asp402 carboxylate group, through ion pair formation with N-terminal domain residue Arg400, assists in the transition to the thioester-forming conformer. Together these results support the domain alternation hypothesis.
EQUILIBRIUM CREDIT RATIONING OF SMALL FARM AGRICULTURE

It is often argued that externally imposed contractual restrictions lead to inequitable credit rationing. This paper argues that unrestricted, laissez-faire markets may also inequitably ration credit. A formal model, which grants borrowers autonomy in credit application and use, demonstrates that adverse incentive and selection effects may cause banks to endogenously impose interest rate restrictions and ration small farms out of the credit market. Consequently, liberalization of financial markets may be insufficient to guarantee small farms access to credit.
Nonlinear micro-dynamic behavior of a ball-screw driven precision slide system

Abstract An essential ingredient in diamond turning is a slide system that can respond quickly and precisely to very small input signals. In this paper, a study is carried out to characterize the micro-dynamic (or small motion) behavior of a ball-screw driven precision slide. First, it is observed that the dynamics of the slide system change significantly from a nominal linear approximation as the commanded input signal decreases. This apparently nonlinear phenomenon can be attributed mainly to the presence of the nonlinear friction and local elastic deformation plus other residual effects due to a higher noise-to-signal ratio for a smaller input signal, the digitization of the servo error, etc. Specifically, for small input signals, a local elastic deformation at the ball-screw interface prior to stiction breakaway resulted in a secondary resonant peak in the frequency response. As the magnitude of input signal increased, the peak showed a decrease in its frequency as well as the magnitude, and finally disappeared completely beyond a certain input signal magnitude. The presence of the peak is a strong indication that the micro-dynamics of the system are nonlinear, and the gradual shift and eventual disappearance of the peak indicate that the behavior is characterized by varying spring and damping constants. A nonlinear model has been developed based on this observation, and simulated time response matched accurately the actual micro-dynamic response of the system.
Science, Conservation, and Black Rhinos

The study of adaptive traits rarely has been applied toward the conservation of biodiversity. Fields such as evolution, biogeography, behavioral ecology, population biology, and genetics have facilitated conservation goals, but only partially and only for a few taxa. Among the world's most endangered mammalian families is the Rhinoceratidae whose five species are being exterminated for their horns. Numerous conservation actions have been applied to these species. The most radical, horn removal, is designed to improve the conservation of both black ( Diceros bicornis )and white ( Ceratotherium simum ) rhinos. In this paper, I use basic and applied biology to suggest how science has or has not contributed to the in situ conservation of black rhinos. I make four points: knowledge about associations between mating systems and sexual dimorphism has helped illuminate the evolution of secondary sexual traits; relationships between behavioral responses of black rhinos to dangerous predators and subsequent mortality are of basic interest, but this knowledge has not abetted rhino conservation; prior literature indicates that the young of horned mothers regularly are maimed by dangerous predators (if horns have utility as defensive structures, then phenotypic alterations of female horns should increase the susceptibility of young to predation, a prediction with empirical support from a Namib Desert population); because wild populations of black rhinos have been depleted in the past 25 years by 97%, it makes little sense to plan how to conserve genetic diversity over the next 500. Science will continue to play a critical role in the future conservation of small, heavily managed populations. However, it is less likely to be of major significance in the in situ conservation of rhinos until sociological, economic, and political issues are effectively resolved.
Identification and Quantification of Flavor Attributes present in Chicken, Lamb, Pork, Beef, and Turkey

The objectives of this study were to use a meat flavor lexicon to identify and quantify flavor differences among different types of meats such as beef, chicken, lamb, pork, and turkey, and to identify and quantify specific flavor attributes associated with "beef flavor" notes. A trained descriptive panel with 11 participants used a previously developed meat lexicon composed of 18 terms to evaluate the flavor of beef, chicken, pork, turkey, and lamb samples. Results show that beef and lamb samples can be described by flavor attributes such as barny, bitter, gamey, grassy, livery, metallic, and roast beef. Inversely related to these samples were pork and turkey and those attributes that were closely related to them, namely brothy, fatty, salty, sweet, and umami. Chicken was not strongly related to the other types of meats or the attributes used. The descriptive panel also evaluated samples of ground beef mixed with chicken to identify and quantify flavor attributes associated with a "beef flavor." Meat patties for this portion consisted of ground beef mixed with ground chicken in varying amounts: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% beef, with the remainder made up of chicken. Beef and beef-rich patties (75% beef) were more closely related to flavor attributes such as astringent, bloody, fatty, gamey, metallic, livery, oxidized, grassy, and roast beef, while chicken was more closely associated with brothy, juicy, sour, sweet, and umami. This research provides information regarding the specific flavor attributes that differentiate chicken and beef products and provides the first set of descriptors that can be associated with "beefy" notes. POTENTIAL APPLICATION: The use of a standardized flavor lexicon will allow meat producers to identify specific flavors present in their products. The impact is to identify and quantify negative and positive flavors in the product with the ultimate goal of optimizing processing or cooking conditions and improve the quality of meat products.
Geospatial video for field data collection

Abstract Geospatial video, also known as mobile mapping or spatial video, is an emerging technology that combines Global Positioning Systems (GPS) with video. This approach enables increased efficiency in field data collection, as well as the ability to survey locations over multiple time periods in order to analyze spatiotemporal phenomena. In addition, unlike existing survey methods, this approach generates archival data so that places can be revisited through the video. This archival aspect allows the data to be used for subsequent investigations, even for studies not related to the initial research question. The integration of spatial video into a Geographic Information System (GIS) enables these data to be used as a source for mapping diverse environments. This paper introduces spatial video technology and then provides case studies of its applications from post-disaster recovery.
Application efficacy for comparing energy demand in lighting applications

The light-emitting diode (LED) is a rapidly evolving, energy-efficient light source technology that holds promise to address the increasing need for energy conservation. However, the common belief that a high-efficacy light source equates to lower energy demand in application is incorrect. Generally, when a new light source technology replaces an existing light source in an application and claims energy savings, the inherent assumption is that all of the requirements of the application are met. In the case of directional lighting applications, what matters ultimately is the amount of luminous flux illuminating the task area. Therefore, when quantifying the performance of a luminaire, ideally one must consider only the amount of flux reaching the task area and the total power demanded. The objective of this paper is to introduce an alternative concept, application efficacy. This paper will demonstrate the concept's usefulness and proposed metrics for three different lighting applications-under-cabinet task lighting, refrigerated display case lighting, and outdoor parking lot lighting-and show how it better relates to energy demand. Details of laboratory experiments and software analysis along with data are presented for the three applications.
High-resolution Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and microperimetric findings after macula-off retinal detachment repair.

Objective To evaluate the morphologic changes in the macula of subjects with repaired macula-off retinal detachment (RD) using high-resolution Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD OCT) and to perform functional correlation in a subset of patients using microperimetry (MP-1). Design Prospective observational case series. Participants Seventeen eyes from 17 subjects who had undergone anatomically successful repair for macula-off, rhegmatogenous RD at least 3 months earlier and without visually significant maculopathy on funduscopy. Methods FD OCT with axial and transverse resolution of 4.5 μm and 10 to 15 μm, respectively, was used to obtain rapid serial B-scans of the macula, which were compared with that from Stratus OCT. The FD OCT B-scans were used to create a 3-dimensional volume, from which en face C-scans were created. Among 11 patients, MP-1 was performed to correlate morphologic changes with visual function. Main Outcome Measures Stratus OCT scans, FD OCT scans, and MP-1 data. Results Stratus OCT and FD OCT images of the macula were obtained 3 to 30 months (mean 7 months) postoperatively in all eyes. Although Stratus OCT revealed photoreceptor disruption in 2 eyes (12%), FD OCT showed photoreceptor disruption in 13 eyes (76%). This difference was statistically significant ( P 2 ). Both imaging modalities revealed persistent subretinal fluid in 2 eyes (12%) and lamellar hole in 1 eye. Among 7 subjects who had reliable MP-1 data, areas of abnormal function corresponded to areas of photoreceptor layer disruptions or persistent subretinal fluid in 5 subjects (71%); one subject had normal FD OCT and MP-1. Conclusions Photoreceptor disruption after macula-off RD repair is a common abnormality in the macula that is detected better with FD OCT than Stratus OCT. A good correlation between MP-1 abnormality and presence of photoreceptor disruption or subretinal fluid on FD OCT demonstrates that these anatomic abnormalities contribute to decreased visual function after successful repair. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Melting and oxidation behavior of in-flight particles in plasma spray process

Abstract The melting and oxidation behavior of in-flight particles and their effects on the splat formation are studied. An order-of-magnitude analysis and one-dimensional thermal resistance analysis are employed to investigate the heat and mass transport from the plasma flame to the particle. Two dimensionless parameters, “melting index” and “oxidation index” are derived to characterize the melting status and the oxide content of the in-flight particles, respectively. These two indice are correlated with experimentally measurable parameters, such as particle size, velocity, temperature and spray distance. Numerical simulations and experimental results are discussed to validate the analytic solutions. Effects of particle size on the melting and oxidation behavior are also investigated.
A bayesian approach to short-time quantum dynamics: quantum instantaneous normal modes

Abstract Described in this work is an approach to computing quantum dynamics which utilizes a conditional (Bayesian) transition probability. Using this approach the problem separates into an equilibrium and a dynamical component. The equilibrium portion of the problem is treated quantum mechanically using Fourier path integral methods, and the dynamical component is treated classically. This approach is shown to give exact quantum dynamics for polynomial potentials of orders one and zero. For more complicated problems the method is shown to be numerically exact for short-times. This Bayesian approach is then used to develop a theory for quantum instantaneous normal modes (INM's).
Regrown ohmic contacts to In x Ga 1−x As approaching the quantum conductivity limit

We report contact resistances between source-drain regrowth and underlying semiconductor quantum well channels in test structures designed for characterization of source and drain access resistances in III–V MOSFETs. Regrowths included both N+ InAs and N+ graded InAs-In x Ga 1−x As; channel materials included both unstrained In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As and unstrained InAs. The access resistivity correlates strongly with the sheet carrier concentration of the 2-dimensional electron gas, consistent with quantum- but not classical- transport theory. With source-drain regrowth of InAs contacts to InAs channels, the total access resistance is within a factor of two of the inverse of Landauer's quantum-state-limited conductance [1–3]. The state-limited conductance in TLM structures and the ballistic MOSFET transconductance both arise from the same physical process, hence the Landauer term in the TLM resistance does not contribute to the MOSFET source access resistance. Application of TLM data to transistor characterization must therefore correct for the state-limited access resistivity. Samples with contacts regrown onto channels with high 5·1014/cm2 sheet carrier concentration, hence low quantum-state-limited resistance, showed extremely low 12.7 Ω-µm access resistivity. This demonstrates the utility of MBE regrowth for source/drain formation in III–V MOS technology.