cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial properties of the scatter response function in SPECT

It was previously shown by the authors (ibid., vol.37, no.3, p.1308-15, 1990) that the scatter response function (SRF) in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging can be fit using a fitting function consisting of the sum of a Gaussian and two half-Gaussians with different widths. In the present work, the fitting parameters are studied as a function of source position in a cylindrical water-filled phantom for a low-resolution (LR), high-sensitivity collimator. It is found that each fitting parameter can be described in terms of a single geometric parameter. The useful parameters include the source depth and the distance to the edge of the phantom. However, for a low-energy general-purpose collimator, it may be more useful to parameterize the SRF as the product or other function of the SRF for a semiinfinite slab, and an aperture function which depends on the shape of the surface of the phantom. This parameterization of the SRF is useful for scatter compensation in SPECT. >
Interference-enhanced frustrated total internal reflection

When the reflected or transmitted field of a frustrated total internal reflection is returned along its path to the point of incidence, it produces a third auxiliary field. When any combination of two of the three fields is returned along their respective paths to the point of incidence, interference-enhanced frustrated total internal reflection (IEFTIR) occurs. Exact IEFTIR solutions are obtained for the case of two similar dielectric slabs separated by a dielectric gap. The general results include, for both s and p polarizations, the transmitted and reflected fields and the transmission and reflection coefficients for each of three posssible modes. Special features of the solution are discussed regarding fast optical switching and variable transmission/reflection applications.
Computing security in the developing world: a case for multidisciplinary research

Technology users in the developing world face a varied and complex set of computer security concerns. These challenges are deeply tied to a range of contextual factors including poor infrastructure, non-traditional usage patterns, and different attitudes towards security, which make simply importing security solutions from industrialized nations inadequate. Recognizing this, we describe some of the specific security risks in developing regions and their relationships with technical, political, social, and economic factors. We present concrete examples of how these factors affect the security of individuals, groups, and key applications such as mobile banking. Our analysis highlights the urgency of the concerns that need attention and presents an important intellectual challenge for the research community.
Preliminary characteristics of magnetic field and plasma performance in the Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment (MDPX)

The Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment (MDPX) device is a newly constructed research instrument for the study of dusty (complex) plasmas. The MDPX device is envisioned as an experimental platform in which the dynamical behavior of all three charged plasma components, the electrons, ions, and charged microparticles (i.e., the ‘dust’) will be significantly influenced by the magnetic force. This brief paper will provide a short overview of the design, magnetic performance, and initial plasma measurements in the MDPX device.
Hardware Microkernels for Heterogeneous Manycore Systems

The migration away from single power-hungry, speculative execution processors towards manycore architectures is good news for the embedded and real-time systems community. Commodity platforms with large numbers of heterogeneous processors can be leveraged to meet the stringent real-time requirements of next-generation embedded systems. Although promising, the large numbers of heterogeneous cores that can bring about new levels of performance also bring with them new challenges for designers of real-time operating systems. Researchers are already conjecturing that the scalability and heterogeneity of manycores will result in the retirement of our existing monolithic operating system structure. In this paper we first discuss some of the challenges that these manycore chips will present. We then discuss how hardware-based microkernels can provide the low latency, low jitter performance envelopes that are needed within real-time systems. We show how our hthreads hardware microkernel provides these characteristics for scalable numbers of threads and processors. A hardware-based microkernel approach also provides ISA-neutral OS services, such as basic atomic operations, upon which higher-level programming models can be built.
Perturbation kernels for generalized seismological data functionals (GSDF)

SUMMARY In seismic waveform analysis and inversion, data functionals can be used to quantify the misfit between observed and model-predicted (synthetic) seismograms. The generalized seismological data functionals (GSDF) of Gee & Jordan quantify waveform differences using frequency-dependent phase-delay times and amplitude-reduction times measured on timelocalized arrivals and have been successfully applied to tomographic inversions at different geographic scales as well as to inversions for earthquake source parameters. The seismogram perturbation kernel is defined as the Fr´ echet kernel of the data functional with respect to the seismic waveform from which the data functional is derived. The data sensitivity kernel, which is the Fr´ echet kernel of the data functional with respect to structural model parameters, can be obtained by composing the seismogram perturbation kernel with the Born kernel through the chain rule. In this paper, we extend GSDF analysis to broad-band waveforms by removing constraints on two control parameters defined in Gee & Jordan and derive the seismogram perturbation kernels for the modified GSDF analysis. The modifications given in this paper are consistent with the original GSDF theory in Gee & Jordan around the centre frequency and improve the stability of GSDF analysis towards the edges of the passband. We also present numerical examples of perturbation kernels for the modified GSDF analysis and their data sensitivity kernels using a homogenous half-space structure model and a complex 3-D structure model.
Immunoglobulin E—mediated asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis with precipitating anti-hapten antibodies due to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) exposure

Abstract Two workers are presented who were exposed to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) while coating pipes with a polyurethane foam. After a latent period of exposure, worker A developed immediate-onset asthma and worker B developed a clinical picture of hypersensitivity pneumonitis for which he was hospitalized. The antibody response of these workers to a conjugate of MDI with human serum albumin (MDI-HSA) was measured by gel precipitation, total antibody binding of 125 I MDI-HSA, and specific IgG and IgE antibody by polystyrene-tube radioimmunoassay (PTRIA). Worker B had precipitating antibody to MDI-HSA by double immunodiffusion in gel. Both workers had high levels of IgG antibody specific for MDI-HSA which had some cross-reactivity with a conjugate of toluene diisocyanate and HSA. Total serum antibody binding of 125 I MDI-HSA was 15 μg/ml in worker A and 900 μg/ml in worker B. Both workers had serum IgE antibody specific for MDI-HSA as measured by two PTRIA techniques. These results indicate that a marked immunologic response to MDI is possible in exposed workers and that hypersensitivity pneumonitis can occur subsequent to the inhalation of a low-molecular-weight chemical in the industrial setting.
Simulation of orbital debris impact on the Space Shuttle wing leading edge

Abstract A series of three dimensional hypervelocity impact simulations has been performed to study the effects of orbital debris impact on the Space Shuttle wing leading edge. The simulations employed an improved hybrid particle-finite element method and an orthotropic elastic-plastic material model recently developed for reinforced carbon–carbon. The simulation results are consistent with the available experimental data, and suggest the use of momentum scaling to estimate damage effects for impact conditions outside the range of current light gas gun technology. Projectile shape and orientation effects appear to be modest for flat plate projectiles at impact velocities above the ballistic limit.
Polar poisons: did Botulism doom the Franklin expedition?

AbstractIn 1845 the Franklin expedition left London with 2 ships and 134 men on board in an attempt to find the route through the Northwest Passage. The ships were built with state‐of‐the‐art technology for their day, but provisioned with supplies from the lowest bidder. After taking on fresh provisions in the Whalefish Islands, off the coast of Greenland, the entire crew was never heard from again. Graves found on remote Beechey Island indicate that three able‐bodied seamen died during the first winter. A note written on a ship's log, later found in a cairn, indicate that the expedition's leader, Sir John Franklin, died during the second winter entrapped on the ice, by which time 24 men had also perished. The remaining crew failed in their attempt to walk out of the Arctic by an overland route. In 1981 Owen Beattie, from the University of Alberta, exhumed the remains of the sailors from the three graves on Beechey Island. Elevated lead levels were found in all three sailors. While lead poisoning has been...
Low capacitance and high isolation bond pad for high-frequency RFICs

A bond pad structure using semi-insulating porous silicon (PS) is proposed for the purpose of reducing the parasitic pad capacitance and increasing the crosstalk isolation characteristics on low resistivity p/sup -//p/sup +/ epi substrates for high-performance CMOS. Our results show that reducing the parasitic pad capacitance by using PS results in a high bond pad resonant frequency of up to 56.2 GHz (assuming wire bond inductance is 2 nH). In addition, the crosstalk reduction is as much as 6/spl sim/31 dB at frequencies up to 40 GHz even when compared to that on conventional p/sup -/ bulk substrate. Such a high-performance bonding pad structure is important for high-frequency RFICs which require high operation frequency and low substrate effect.
Effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in overweight adults.

Obesity is characterized by metabolic and vascular abnormalities. We examined the effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in overweight adults. Twelve (9 females; 3 males) overweight (body mass index, 30.3 ± 3.7) adults (54.9 ± 3.9 years) without diabetes or vascular disease were counseled by a registered dietician to lose weight over 6 months. Vascular structure, function, and wall mechanical properties were measured via ultrasound. Intravenous glucose tolerance test, 24-hour blood pressure, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and lipids were also assessed. There were significant reductions in body mass (86.3 ± 14.2 vs 79.5 ± 13.8 kg, P < .0001) and percentage of fat (44.3% ± 7.0% vs 41.0% ± 8.5%, P < .01) after weight loss. There were significant improvements in total cholesterol (6.0 ± 0.9 vs 5.0 ± 0.8 mmol/L, P < .0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.9 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 0.6 mmol/L, P < .0001), triglycerides (3.4 ± 2.3 vs 2.4 ± 0.9 mmol/L, P < .05), and insulin sensitivity (3.3 ± 1.7 vs 5.4 ± 1.6 μU × 10−4 min−1 mL−1, P < .0001) after weight loss. Brachial artery compliance (P < .05) and distensibility (P < .05) curves over the physiologic pressure range improved, whereas endothelial function and intima-media thickness remained unchanged. In overweight adults, 6 months of weight loss resulted in improvements in body composition, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and brachial artery compliance and distensibility.
Single-crystal-silicon vibratory cylinderical rate integrating gyroscope (CING)

This paper reports the architecture and operation of a single-crystal cylindrical rate-integrating gyroscope (CING). The attractive features of the CING include mode stability due to the separation of the wineglass modes from the in-phase-parasitic modes, self-alignment of sensor components, and fabrication. The CING is built using a silicon-on-glass (SOG) process using a (111) Si wafer. It operates at 17.9kHz, has an average Q of 21,800 and a damping-time mismatch of Δτ of 0.7ms along the measured axes, corresponding to a damping-constant mismatch of (Δ1/τ) of 0.0047Hz at a pressure of &#60;5mTorr. The CING is operated in the whole angle mode with first-generation interface circuitry consisting of software-defined radio.
Principle And Expediency In Public Policy

In the traditional, pre-public choice approach to public policy, the creation of policy was seen as exogenous to the economic process. Within this exogenous perspective, there was no scope for a theory of economic policy or political choice as such. The analytical task was not to explain the central characteristics of the policy choices that emerge from a political process, but rather was to advise the policy maker on the characteristics of desirable policy measures. To this day, the central core of what is called welfare economics has consisted of specifying the characteristics of “good” policy measures. The creator of public policy stands outside the economic process, and the task for the economic analyst is to suggest ways for the policy maker to improve the operation of the economic process. Presumably, the more benevolent or public spirited the policy maker, the more fully the policy measures actually enacted will advance the economic welfare of the nation.
Radiation-induced up-regulation of Mmp2 involves increased mRNA stability, redox modulation, and MAPK activation.

Abstract Zhao, W., Goswami, P. C. and Robbins, M. E. C. Radiation- Induced Up-regulation of Mmp2 Involves Increased mRNA Stability, Redox Modulation, and MAPK Activation. Radiat. Res. 161, 418–429 (2004). We have previously observed time- and dose-dependent increases in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) protein levels in rat tubule epithelial cells (NRK52E) after irradiation. However, the mechanism(s) involved remains unclear. In the present study, irradiating NRK52E cells with 0–20 Gy γ rays was associated with time- and dose-dependent increases in Mmp2 mRNA. Studies using the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD) added 24 h after irradiation revealed the t1/2 of Mmp2 mRNA to be approximately 8 h in control cells. In contrast, the increase in Mmp2 mRNA levels in irradiated cells was essentially unchanged after incubation with ActD for up to 12 h. Incubating cells with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine or ebselen or the MEK pathway inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 prior to irradiation abolished the rad...
Lithospheric flexure under the Hawaiian volcanic load: Internal stresses and a broken plate revealed by earthquakes

Several lines of earthquake evidence indicate that the lithospheric plate is broken under the load of the island of Hawai`i, where the geometry of the lithosphere is circular with a central depression. The plate bends concave downward surrounding a stress-free hole, rather than bending concave upward as with past assumptions. Earthquake focal mechanisms show that the center of load stress and the weak hole is between the summits of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea where the load is greatest. The earthquake gap at 21 km depth coincides with the predicted neutral plane of flexure where horizontal stress changes sign. Focal mechanism P axes below the neutral plane display a striking radial pattern pointing to the stress center. Earthquakes above the neutral plane in the north part of the island have opposite stress patterns; T axes tend to be radial. The M6.2 Honomu and M6.7 Kiholo main shocks (both at 39 km depth) are below the neutral plane and show radial compression, and the M6.0 Kiholo aftershock above the neutral plane has tangential compression. Earthquakes deeper than 20 km define a donut of seismicity around the stress center where flexural bending is a maximum. The hole is interpreted as the soft center where the lithospheric plate is broken. Kilauea's deep conduit is seismically active because it is in the ring of maximum bending. A simplified two-dimensional stress model for a bending slab with a load at one end yields stress orientations that agree with earthquake stress axes and radial P axes below the neutral plane. A previous inversion of deep Hawaiian focal mechanisms found a circular solution around the stress center that agrees with the model. For horizontal faults, the shear stress within the bending slab matches the slip in the deep Kilauea seismic zone and enhances outward slip of active flanks.
Development and Preliminary Testing of an on-Line Continuing Education Program for Adjunct Clinical Nursing Faculty

Background: Almost 80,000 applicants were denied admission to nursing programs due to faculty shortage (2013). Clinical adjuncts are hired to teach, creating a need for competency based orientation and formal mentorship. Methods: The purpose was to pilot an online self-paced Continuing Education Program for Adjunct Clinical Nursing Faculty (CEP-ACNF) program based on the National League for Nursing Nurse Educator;the Quality and Safety in Nursing Education; and Nurse of the Future competencies. The goal was providinginformation and strategies fostering successful role transition for clinical educators. The eight modules include knowledge in nursing education and guidance for clinical settings. Results: The CEP-ACNF was piloted with 63 faculty members over a semester. Demographics, pre-test, posttest, and evaluations were gathered. Improvements to the CEP-ACNF are based on the pilot. Results demonstrated improvement in faculty competency as evaluated through pre and posttest scores. Participants identified the need for formal mentorship in conjunction with the CEP-ACNF.
The effect of size on the perception of ambiguous figures

The effect of size on the interpretation of ambiguous figures was studied. Small (less than 10° of visual angle) and large (greater than 15° of visual angle) figures were preceded by a fixation point, a biased version of a figure, or a feature of a figure. Although the interpretation of a large ambiguous figure was found to be influenced by a critical feature or a biased version of a figure, the interpretation of a small ambiguous figure was not affected by the information that preceded it. This finding adds retinal size as another factor to be considered in the explanation of the processing of ambiguous figures.
Modeling Cortical Phase Transitions Using Random Graph Theory

At the microscopic level, the nodes represent neurons and links represent synapses between pairs of neurons. At the mesoscopic level, the nodes represent local populations, and the links represent densities of types of synapses, for example, glutaminergic vs. GABAergic, in local domains such as hypercolumns (Mountcastle, Medical Physiology. Mosby, Missouri, 1974, [1]) connected internally and externally by axonal and dendritic bundles. At the macroscopic level the nodes represent modules (Houk, JAMA 92(6):427–437, 2005, [2]), lobes and Brodmann areas with distinctive cyto-architectures linked by major pathways and tracts (Brodmann, Vergleichende Lokalizationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Barth, Leipzig, 1909, [3]). A graph/network at one level is a node at a higher level by integration and condensation and vice versa by differentiation and expansion.
MR Imaging of Hemorrhagic Intracranial Neoplasms

Thirty patients with intracranial tumors containing hemorrhage of varying stages were examined with high-field-strength MR imaging and CT to determine what differences might exist between hemorrhagic tumor and pure hemorrhage. Pathology was obtained in the six patients with primary tumors and in 14 of the 24 patients with metastases. Similar to evolving intraparenchymal hematomas, hemorrhagic neoplasms undergo changes in their appearance that can be categorized into three distinct intensity patterns, or stages. Stage 1 is characterized as iso- or hypointensity on short TR sequences and as hypointensity on long TR sequences; stage 2 as developing hyperintensity on both short and long TR sequences, without evidence of a well-defined black rim; and stage 3 as a hyperintense lesion with a well-defined black rim on long TR sequences. An additional mixed-intensity pattern was identified, which contained areas corresponding to more than one stage. In all of the cases exhibiting this pattern, pathology confirmed that the appearance was due to recurrent bleeding. We found several characteristics on MR that, when present, suggest an underlying neoplasm. These include delay in evolution between stages, central or eccentric hyperintensity in stage 2, and a mixed-intensity pattern. In addition, the presence of a hemosiderin rim does not exclude an underlying neoplasm. We found that the MR patterns that characterize hemorrhagic intracranial neoplasms should help to determine the cause of the hemorrhage.
The Community Voice in Policing Old Issues, New Evidence

The demand for a greater community voice in police policy has been a major part of police–community relations in the United States for over 50 years. Civil rights activists have demanded a greater voice as a way to reduce racially discriminatory practices by local police departments. For the most part, those demands have been rejected. Recent developments related to U.S. Department of Justice investigations and settlements with local police departments have introduced a new element in the community voice issue. This article examines developments in Seattle, Washington, and the implementation of a Settlement Agreement between the Justice Department and the Seattle Police Department. Community representatives gained a voice in the development of a new Use of Force policy for the police. The article examines the dynamics of that development and discusses whether it serves as a model for other communities.
Control strategy optimization of primary frequency regulation for ultra supercritical units

Against the original primary frequency regulation control logic,a digital electro-hydraulic(DEH) control system based new strategy was designed.In this control strategy,the power system frequency replaced the turbine speed and participated in the primary frequency control.The fast DEH scan cycle characteristics was employed to configure control logic of the primary frequency regulation power,primary frequency regulation valve and primary frequency regulation power control logic of the unit coordinated control(UCC).Moreover,the primary frequency power control logic of the UCC side was configured.The frequency regulation power was directly transferred from DEH to UCC to obtain the power system frequency deviation rapidly,thus to adjusting the frequency quickly.Besides,according to the low heat storage characteristic of once through boiler in supercritical unit,to ensure the speedability,effectiveness,safety and long-term stability of the primary frequency regulation,the frequency regulation power was added into the static and dynamic feedforward control of boiler load.
Cryopreservation of microsurgically extracted ductal sperm : pentoxifylline enhancement of motility

Microscopically extracted ductal sperm can be successfully cryopreserved using motility as the outcomes measure. The optimal regimen for cryopreservation of microscopically extracted ductal sperm awaits further determination. Pentoxifylline treatment improves initial post-thaw motility of cryopreserved microscopically extracted ductal sperm. The clinical efficacy of this practice awaits further determination. However, the best potential use for cryopreserved microscopically extracted ductal sperm may be IVF with subzonal or intracytoplasmic microinjection. If intracytoplasmic sperm injection becomes more widely available, then enhancement of motility with pentoxifylline may not be necessary. This approach allows for potential fertility insurance at the time of microsurgical bypass of obstruction, and it may preclude, the need for the andrologic surgeon to accurately time his sperm retrieval procedures with IVF. The latter potential advantage would significantly aid current logistical difficulties in the operating room.
Human tumor procoagulants: registry of the Subcommittee on Haemostasis and Malignancy of the Scientific and Standardization Committee, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

The present communication represents the first of two planned papers describing the properties of tumor procoagulants : a review of experimental animal tumors
Embourgeoisment, Internationalization, and Auto Market Evolution

By pursuing the national capitalist project the Indian state contributed to embourgeoisment and the material basis for market demand. Regulation of the economy — through public investments, five year plans, subsidies, and infant industry protection promoted home-grown capitalism. The results were by no means a runaway success and by some accounts disastrous (Bhagwati 1993). Indian demand was constrained by low incomes, endemic poverty, and persistent inequality. By the late 1970s the Indian economy as a whole exhibited signs of exhaustion. Declining public investments and internal political turmoil fundamentally challenged the state-led national capitalist project (Bardhan 1984). Excessive regulation, prompted by political expediencies, led to bureaucratic inefficiency, corruption, criminalization of politics, and corporate technological lethargy (see Ahluwalia 1989). Inter-party rivalry, militant trade unionism, the centralization of power by the ruling party, and radical insurrectionary movements in various parts of the country severely undermined political stability. Exogenous shocks, such as the tripling of world oil prices and the associated worsening balance of payments (BOP) position, exposed the overall vulnerability of the Indian economy.
A Review of Youth Gangs, Racism, and Schooling: Vietnamese American Youth in a Postcolonial Context

Youth Gangs, Racism, and Schooling: Vietnamese American Youth in a Postcolonial Context. Kevin D. Lam, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 187 pages, $47.45 (hardcover), IBSN: 978-1-137-47558-9...
As Contribuições de Vygotsky para o Desenvolvimento das Crianças com Deficiência

O processo de desenvolvimento das criancas com deficiencia tem nos chamado atencao por suas caracteristicas desafiadoras, observando as abordagens de salas de aulas o processo de interacao, socializacao e os resultados das aprendizagens dos sujeitos com deficiencia o artigo hora apresentado buscou identificar as contribuicoes da abordagem historico-cultural de Vygotsky nas experiencias realizadas dentro do contexto escolar com foco na defectologia e no conceito da zona de desenvolvimento proximal. Para tanto, foram realizados pesquisas bibliograficas envolvendo diversos autores, em livros, periodicos e sites. O presente estudo objetiva ampliar as discussoes a cerca dos problemas didaticos das criancas com deficiencia e, como vem se constituindo os processos de aprendizagens deste grupo social.
Discrete-time Markov chains

The first mathematical results for discrete-time Markov chains with a finite state space were generated by Andrey Markov [71] whose motivation was to extend the law of large numbers to sequences of nonindependent random variables. The first important results in the more difficult context of countably infinite Markov chains were established 30 years later by Andrey Kolmogorov
Sport-Related Concussion in Youth: Impact on Behavioral Functioning (IN5-2.002)

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to use the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for ages 6-18 years to identify the impact of sport-related concussion (SRC) on emotional and behavioral functioning. BACKGROUND: It is estimated that approximately 1.6-3.2 million SRCs occur annually in the United States and about half of these are in children or adolescents. Most of the current literature on sequelae of SRC includes studies of professional or collegiate athletes, with limited data available on young children. The young brain poses a unique challenge to health care professionals because it is still undergoing active development, which can contribute to a unique set of pathophysiological responses. DESIGN/METHODS: Since 2005, patients seen in the UCLA pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) clinic were prospectively consented for data collection and entry into a registry. A convenience cohort of 15 patients with an age range of 11-16 years with SRCs who9s parents completed both pre- and post-injury CBCL forms within 6 months of the injury date were included. RESULTS: Significant differences were detectable when comparing pre- and post-SRC scores. Specifically, injury-induced increases in problems with internalizing domains (withdrawal/depression [1-tailed, paired samples t-test p=0.015] and having somatic complaints p=0.006) as well as a significant difference in an externalizing domain (aggressive behaviors p=0.021) were observed. Overall, parental report showed a significant increase in total problems reported after SRC (p CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there are measurable increases by parent report of problems with aspects of behavioral and emotional functioning within 6 months following pediatric SRC in patients presenting to a specialty TBI clinic. Of particular interest are changes in domains that involve internalizing problems, which may be less apparent to parents as well as health care providers. Tools such as the CBCL can be helpful to draw attention to areas of post-TBI difficulty that may need additional intervention. Supported by: Child Neurology Foundation/Winokur Family Foundation, Today9s and Tomorrow9s Children Fund, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center. Disclosure: Dr. Hartonian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Babikian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yudovin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Valino has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fischer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Giza has received personal compensation for activities with Medical Education Speakers Bureau and Medicolegal consultation.
Stock Options and Management'S Use of Discretionary Accruals

We examine the differences in the use of discretionary accruals between firms with in-the-money stock options and firms with out-of-money (i.e., underwater) stock options over a longer time horizon. We contend that management anticipating action from the board of directors may use less (more) positive (negative) discretionary accruals to decrease earnings and stock price prior to the decision of the board of directors to re-price options. Our results are consistent with our expectation. Our finding implies that the status of stock options provides incentives for management to time the reversal of discretionary accruals for future wealth increases from the exercise of stock options.
Virtual white board: Leveraging investments in interface based design and executable specification

Interface-based design methodologies and tools using machine-readable metadata have been in use for many years; however, a lot of manual effort is still needed to gather module information, especially when the SoC and modules are being co-designed. It is a time-consuming and error prone challenge made more difficult by increasing SoC complexity. Various efforts to address these issues with document-based “executable specifications” met with only modest success. By committing fully to an architecture-specific web-based executable specification tool, the metadata available in the ecosystem could be leveraged to greatly improve the specification-to-design process. This paper presents a case study on a unified, integrated environment for subsystem creation, SoC integration, and SoC specification teams by building and using an architecture-aware tool to comprehend the SoC constructs. A modern web-based framework instead of a standalone tool gave built-in collaboration capabilities and an easy way to visually represent and manipulate data. Various architectural rules about these connections can be enforced. Connection fabrics (e.g. NoC) and other project-specific infrastructure can be configured and synthesized on demand and brought in to the design easily due to the common environment. Netlists and other connectivity data can be fed into automated RTL generation processes directly, or used as reference for design teams tasked with implementation. Reports and automated software generation satisfy the needs of the design verification and software teams. Overall team productivity is greatly enhanced — infrastructure is produced much more quickly with fewer engineers needed. The shorter revision cycle also speeds and simplifies functional and performance testing feedback loops.
Comment on “Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol”

The comment and response concerning the report of oxidation of methane to methanol by water (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) do not fully capture the implications of thermodynamic limitations. A nonisothermal process in which each cycle requires a large temperature swing and permits only substoichiometric methane conversion surely could not be carried out on any practical scale.
An in vivo test of the biologically relevant roles of carotenoids as antioxidants in animals.

ABSTRACT Carotenoids are well known for their contribution to the vibrant coloration of many animals and have been hypothesized to be important antioxidants. Surprisingly few examples of carotenoids acting as biologically relevant antioxidants in vivo exist, in part because experimental designs often employ carotenoid doses at levels that are rarely observed in nature. Here, we used an approach that reduces carotenoid content from wild-type levels to test for the effect of carotenoids as protectants against an oxidative challenge. We used the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus reared on a carotenoid-free or a carotenoid-restored diet of nutritional yeast and then exposed them to a pro-oxidant. We found that carotenoid-deficient copepods not only accumulated more damage but also were more likely to die during an oxidative challenge than carotenoid-restored copepods. We suggest that carotenoid reduction, and not supplementation, better tests the proposed roles of carotenoids in other physiological functions in animals.
Motivating Verb Movement

After detailing a descriptive sketch of Kashmiri V2, this chapter examines the category Comp and reveals two functions that are, cross-linguistically, associated with it: clause-type (Mood) and subordination marking. Under the assumption that mood (clause-type) marking is universally required, a parametric account of V2 is proposed that generalizes over all of Germanic and Kashmiri. The chapter, then, explores the favorable consequences of the proposed parameterized account of V2, providing, among other things, an account of why V2 is blocked in relative and subordinate adverbial clauses in Kashmiri. I begin by offering a critique of some influential accounts of V2, demonstrating their inadequacy in dealing with the Kashmiri data.
Nutrition and Oral Bone Status

Tooth loss and periodontal diseases are two clinically important outcomes of oral bone loss. They result from the interaction of multiple factors that range from dental care access to genetic factors. However, it is the loss of the toothsupporting bone that is a key diagnostic feature of periodontal disease and a risk factor for tooth loss. Nutritional factors related to bone turnover elsewhere in the body, particularly calcium and vitamin D, have roles in maintaining oral bone, but their importance relative to the inflammatory process that causes periodontal disease is uncertain.
Using Sociodrama to Foster Cultural Humility among Faculty and Students in the Academic Medical Center

Cultural humility and cultural safety offer the potential to go beyond what is possible with cultural competence to reduce unconscious bias and discrimination in medicine and to foster diversity and inclusion. Cultural humility moves the focus from one on content and the provider as the repository of knowledge to an emphasis on the process of learning and communication between the provider and the patient, thereby modifying the power dynamic within the provider-patient relationship and creating an openness for patient expression and sharing. By creating a space of cultural safety, the provider engages with the patient from a value-neutral perspective such that the patient is neither blamed nor discounted. Cultural humility can be fostered in the academic medical center by using sociodramatic techniques to explore scenarios that are relevant to faculty, students, and staff. Successful use of this technique can help to clarify conflicts in intergroup conflicts, foster critical questioning, build an awareness of how individuals may feel alienated and dislocated, help to develop empathy, and provide an opportunity for individuals to explore possible responses to a variety of situations.
ON LEARNING LAPLACIANS OF TREE STRUCTURED GRAPHS

How to obtain a graph from data samples is a crucial problem in graph signal processing and in other areas, such as machine learning. This graph learning problem can be formulated as a Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation with Laplacian constraints on the precision matrix, possibly under particular topology constraints. To obtain its solution, we typically require iterative convex optimization solvers. In this paper, we show that when the target graph topology is known and does not contain any cycle, i.e., it is a tree, then the optimal Laplacian has a closed form in terms of the empirical covariance matrix. In particular, the edge weights have the form of an inverse mean square difference when the regularization parameter is zero. Based on this result, we show how to obtain the optimal tree topology using the maximum weight spanning tree algorithm. Finally, we show some experimental results, where our method outperforms existing methods. In addition, our method for topology inference also provides higher accuracy in finding the ground truth topology using synthetic data.
Different mysteries, different lore: An examination of inherited referencing behaviors in academic mentoring

Abstract Library and information science (LIS) dissertations cite a wide variety of literature, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the field. A review of 76 LIS dissertations was undertaken to determine whether the disciplinary background of the dissertation adviser influences the citing behaviors of the dissertation author. Of the 76 dissertations, 38 were advised by individuals with a disciplinary background in LIS and 38 were advised by individuals with a disciplinary background outside of LIS. The Library of Congress subclass for each citation was determined according the venue of publication. The most cited authors overall and by each group were determined, as well as the percentage of citations to LIS literature over time. LIS-advised dissertations were found to have cited a wide variety of literature. The percentage of citations in LIS-advised dissertations to LIS literature has declined from a peak of 59% to 21%. Citations to the most-cited authors in each group were largely exclusive to the LIS-advised dissertations, and nonLIS-advised dissertations generally do not appear to cite the same bodies of academic literature.
Global mental health and psychotherapy: Importance of task-shifting and a systematic approach to adaptation

Abstract Global mental health researchers have emphasized that to close the treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries, psychotherapies must be delivered by community health workers in the form of task shifting. This chapter provides the relevant context. In the first part of the chapter, the author describes the origins of task shifting in physical health care as the logical result of the need for global access to services in the face of limited resources. This is followed by a description of how the global mental health field, facing even more limited resources and other challenges, needs to enlist the same approach. The second part of the chapter focuses on the need for local adaptation of psychotherapies developed in Western countries as an important preliminary to task shifting of these therapies outside the West. Adaptation is discussed as essential to local feasibility and acceptability. A multistepped approach to adaptation is summarized along with the rationale for each step by way of emphasizing the importance of iterative adaptation as a basis for successful implementation and uptake.
In gel digestion of SDS PAGE-Separated proteins: Observations from internal sequencing of 25 proteins

Publisher Summary Although, numerous approaches may be taken to obtain internal amino acid sequences from SDS PAGE-separated proteins, in situ gel digestion is particularly attractive in that it avoids preliminary procedures, such as elution or blotting, which may result in significant loss of protein. This chapter aims to compare different approaches to deriving internal sequences from SDS PAGE purified proteins, to identify and optimize critical parameters in this procedure, and to establish the realistic expectations with regards to data generated from varying amounts of unknown proteins. Based on the data presented in the chapter, it appears that a laboratory that can routinely sequence 25 pmol amounts of proteins that have been stained with Coomassie Blue and subjected to in gel digestion. Because, no significant correlation is found between the initial peptide sequencing yield and the amount of protein digested, the chapter suggests that the sensitivity of in gel digestion can be extended below the ∼25 pmol amounts by using thinner gels with narrower lanes and by going to lower flow rates and narrower HPLC columns.
Postoperative Tendon Loading With Treadmill Running Delays Tendon-to-Bone Healing: Immunohistochemical Evaluation in a Murine Rotator Cuff Repair Model.

Mechanical stress has an important effect on tendon-to-bone healing. The purpose of the present study was to compare tendon-to-bone healing in animals exposed to either tendon unloading (botulinum toxin injection) or excessive loading (treadmill running) in a murine rotator cuff repair model. Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice underwent unilateral supraspinatus tendon detachment and repair. Mice in the unloaded group were injected with botulinum toxin to the supraspinatus muscle. The contralateral shoulder of the unloaded group was used as a control. Mice were euthanized at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery and evaluated with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for Ihh, Gli1, Wnt3a, and β-catenin. The positive staining area on IHC and the Modified Tendon Maturing Score were measured. The score of the unloaded group was significantly higher (better healing) than that of the treadmill group at 4 weeks. Ihh and the glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) positive area in the unloaded group were significantly higher than those of the control group at 1 week. The peak time-points of the Ihh and Gli1 positive area was 1 week for the unloaded group and 2 weeks for the treadmill group. The Wnt3a positive area in the unloaded group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 2 weeks. The β-catenin positive area in the unloaded group was significantly higher than that of the treadmill group and the control group at 1 week. Our data indicated that the unloaded group has superior tendon maturation compared to the treadmill running group. Excessive tendon loading may delay the tendon healing process by affecting the activity of Ihh and Wnt/β-Catenin pathways. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1628-1637, 2019.
Smart electricity consumption meter using LoRa Module

LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bit rate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This project provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed. Prepaid electricity billing system and automated smart meter reading have been widely adopted by electricity companies worldwide nowadays to reduce the error of human reading and improve the efficiency of the billing process. To activate the prepaid system, a robust and reliable network is essential. So we have designed this system to manage customers and prepaid bills by using IoT and GSM Technology.
PSA Peugeot Citroen’s Car Plants in Spain Part II: 1989–2018

This chapter reviews PSA’s Spanish plants fate during the third and fourth phases of European integration, 1989–2018. This includes examinations the parallel eastward shift of PSA’s production and the EU during the mid-2000s, its near collapse and rescue by Dongfeng Motors of China during the early 2010s, and how PSA’s takeover of GM’s Opel-Vauxhall and current ‘Push to Pass’ expansion plan will affect its Spanish plants.
Evidence of Things Not Seen

The operation of naming has experienced a lengthy history in the humanities and in the social sciences.
Contributions of Interleukin-1 Receptor Signaling in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in various forms affects millions in the United States annually. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for acute injury or the chronic comorbidities associated with TBI. Acute phases of TBI are characterized by profound neuroinflammation, a process that stimulates the generation and release of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β. Both forms of IL-1 initiate signaling by binding with IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), a receptor with a natural, endogenous antagonist dubbed IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). The recombinant form of IL-1Ra has gained FDA approval for inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, prompting interest in repurposing these pharmacotherapies for other inflammatory diseases/injury states including TBI. This review summarizes the currently available preclinical and clinical literature regarding the therapeutic potential of inhibiting IL-1-mediated signaling in the context of TBI. Additionally, we propose specific research areas that would provide a greater understanding of the role of IL-1 signaling in TBI and how these data may be beneficial for the development of IL-1-targeted therapies, ushering in the first FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for acute TBI.
Problems of democratic statecraft

In the next thirty years, specialists in public administration must address three challenges in the developing world, while respecting democratic norms. These three challenges are urbanisation, edu...