cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central angiotensin II-induced pressor responses and neural activity in utero and hypothalamic angiotensin receptors in preterm ovine fetus

The central renin-angiotensin system is important in the control of blood pressure in the adult. However, few data exist about the in utero development of central angiotensin-mediated pressor responses. Our recent studies have shown that the application of ANG II into the fetal brain can increase blood pressure at near term. The present study determined fetal blood pressure and heart rate in response to a central application of ANG II in the chronically prepared preterm ovine fetus, determined the action sites marked by c-Fos expression in the fetal central pathways after intracerebroventricular injection of ANG II in utero, and determined angiotensin subtype 1 receptors in the fetal hypothalamus. Central injection of ANG II significantly increased fetal mean arterial pressure (MAP). Adjusted fetal MAP against amniotic pressure was also increased by ANG II. Fetal heart rate was subsequently decreased after the central administration of ANG II and/or the increase of blood pressure. ANG II induced c-Fos expression in the central putative cardiovascular area, the paraventricular nuclei in the brain sympathetic pathway. Application of ANG II also caused intense Fos immunoreactivity in the tractus solitarius nuclei in the hindbrain. In addition, intense angiotensin subtype 1 receptors were expressed in the hypothalamus at preterm. These data demonstrate that central ANG II-related pressor centers start to function as early as at preterm and suggest that the central angiotensin-related sympathetic pathway is likely intact in the control of blood pressure in utero.
High performance direct digital frequency synthesizers

The design of high-speed direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDFSs) in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology for space applications is described. Two DDFSs were designed using different approaches. Simulations show operating frequencies of 2 GSps for both DDFSs with a DAC resolution of 12 bits.
Mitochondrial Respiratory Deficiencies Signal Up-regulation of Genes for Heat Shock Proteins *

The consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction are not limited to the development of oxidative stress or initiation of apoptosis but can result in the establishment of stress tolerance. Using maize mitochondrial mutants, we show that permanent mitochondrial deficiencies trigger novel Ca 2 -independent signaling pathways, leading to constitutive expression of genes for molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs) of different classes. The signaling to activate hsp genes appears to originate from a reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Upon depolarization of mitochondrial membranes in transient assays, gene induction for mitochondrial HSPs occurred more rapidly than that for cytosolic HSPs. We also demonstrate that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans transcription of hsp genes can be induced by RNA interference of nuclear respiratory genes. In both organisms, activation of hsp genes in response to mitochondrial impairment is distinct from their responses to heat shock and is not associated with oxidative stress. Thus, mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling to express a hsp gene network is apparently a widespread retrograde mechanism to facilitate cell defense and survival.
The effects of intonation on infant attention: the role of the rising intonation contour*

The study was designed to investigate 2-month-old infant preferential attention to a feature found to be characteristic of mothers' speech to their infants. A modified infant-control auditory preference paradigm was employed to assess infants' differential attention to synthetically generated and naturally produced rising and falling intonation contours. Analysis of these data revealed that the infants attended more to the rising naturally produced intonation contour. A reverse pattern of greater attention to the falling contour was found with the synthetically generated stimuli. In addition, inspection of the results permitted the conclusion that the infant-control preference paradigm was a viable method for assessing the 2-month-old infant's preferential attention to auditory stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the study of the infant's developing language reception abilities.
Numerical simulation of annular-phased arrays of dipoles for hyperthermia of deep-seated tumors

The authors have used the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions from an annular-phased array of eight dipole antennas coupled through water 'boluses' in anatomically based three-dimensional models of the human body. They evaluated the effect of tapered bolus chambers, frequency (100-120 MHz), dipole length (17-30 cm), and phase and amplitude of power to the various dipoles on the ability to focus energy in the region of deep-seated tumors in the prostate and the liver. Assuming tumor conductivity and permittivity to be similar or slightly higher than surrounding normal tissues, calculations indicate that adjustment of the noted parameters should result in considerable improvement in focusing of SAR distributions in tumor-bearing regions. If such calculations can be shown to correctly predict empirical measurements from complex inhomogeneous (although not necessarily anatomically correct) phantoms, they may be useful for hyperthermia treatment planning based on patient-specific anatomic models. >
RAG: RNA-As-Graphs database---concepts, analysis, and features

Motivation: Understanding RNA's structural diversity is vital for identifying novel RNA structures and pursuing RNA genomics initiatives. By classifying RNA secondary motifs based on correlations between conserved RNA secondary structures and functional properties, we offer an avenue for predicting novel motifs. Although several RNA databases exist, no comprehensive schemes are available for cataloguing the range and diversity of RNA's structural repertoire. Results: Our RNA-As-Graphs (RAG) database describes and ranks all mathematically possible (including existing and candidate) RNA secondary motifs on the basis of graphical enumeration techniques. We represent RNA secondary structures as two-dimensional graphs (networks), specifying the connectivity between RNA secondary structural elements, such as loops, bulges, stems and junctions. We archive RNA tree motifs as 'tree graphs' and other RNAs, including pseudoknots, as general 'dual graphs'. All RNA motifs are catalogued by graph vertex number (a measure of sequence length) and ranked by topological complexity. The RAG inventory immediately suggests candidates for novel RNA motifs, either naturally occurring or synthetic, and thereby might stimulate the prediction and design of novel RNA motifs. Availability: The database is accessible on the web at http://monod.biomath.nyu.edu/rna
A Romania of the imagination: Formula As, virtual community, and normative behavior

Using concepts from the Theory of Normative Behavior (Burnett, et al., 2001), this article examines a print-based virtual community that interacts in the pages of a Romanian magazine named Formula As that focuses on publishing letters from its readers. This community constitutes a textually-mediated Small World, comprised of members who share a specific set of common interests and accepted modes of interaction. Its publicly visible activities—embodied as texts in the magazine’s pages—reveal a specific Worldview, as well as specific sets of Social Norms, Social Types, and Information Behaviors. Together, these features comprise the normative shape of the Formula As Small World.
The potential relevances of biology to social inquiry

▪ Abstract Sociologists often react with hostility to explanations that evoke biology, and some critics of the discipline contend that this “biophobia” undermines the credibility of sociology and makes it seem increasingly irrelevant in larger public debates. The negative reactions are many times diffuse and undiscerning of the different endeavors lumped together whenever one speaks broadly of biological (or “biosocial”) explanations. We seek to introduce greater awareness of these distinctions with a review organized in terms of some of the distinct ways that the biological can be asserted to be relevant to the conduct of social inquiry. The review has three sections. First, we discuss assertions of the relevance of the human evolutionary past for understanding the character of human nature, for which evolutionary psychology currently receives the most attention. Second, we consider the work of behavioral genetics and the assertion of the relevance of genetic differences between persons for understanding...
Aortic saddle embolus presenting with transient lower extremity paresthesia

We report the case of a 58-year-old woman who developed acute onset of bilateral lower-extremity numbness and difficulty ambulating at home. On presentation to the emergency department, however, the patient's symptoms essentially had resolved. An aortic saddle embolus was suspected based on the patient's cardiac history and the absence of distal pulses in the lower extremities. This case illustrates that even with vague or resolving complaints, a high index of suspicion should be maintained for the diagnosis of aortic saddle embolus based on the patient's medical history and on physical examination.
Still Plausible Stories: A Review of Alfred Chandler's Classics

The article reviews the books “Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of American Enterprise” and “The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business,” both by Alfred D. Chandler.
Tearing based automatic abstraction for CTL model checking

In this paper we present the tearing paradigm as a way to automatically abstract behavior to obtain upper and lower bound approximations of a reactive system. We present algorithms that exploit the bounds to perform conservative ECTL and ACTL model checking. We also give an algorithm for false negative (or false positive) resolution for verification based on a theory of a lattice of approximations. We show that there exists a bipartition of the lattice set based on positive versus negative verification results. Our resolution methods are based on determining a pseudo-optimal shortest path from a given, possibly coarse but tractable approximation, to a nearest point on the contour separating one set of the bipartition from the other.
Perceived cannabis use norms and cannabis use among adolescents in the United States.

Due to changes in cannabis policies, concerns about cannabis use (CU) in adolescents have increased. The population of nonwhite groups is growing quickly in the United States. We examined perceived CU norms and their association with CU and CU disorder (CUD) for White, Black, Hispanic, Native-American, Asian-American, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NH/PI), and mixed-race adolescents. Data were from adolescents (12e17 years) in the 2004e2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (N ¼ 163,837). Substance use and CUD were assessed by computer-assisted, self-interviewing methods. Blacks, Hispanics, Native-Americans, and mixed-race adolescents had greater odds of past-year CU and CUD than Whites. Among past-year cannabis users (CUs), Hispanics and Native-Americans had greater odds of having a CUD than Whites. Asian-Americans had the highest prevalence of perceived parental or close friends' CU disapproval. Native-Americans and mixed-race adolescents had lower odds than Whites of perceiving CU disapproval from parents or close friends. In adjusted analyses, adolescent's disapproval of CU, as well as perceived disapproval by parents or close friends, were associated with a decreased odds of CU in each racial/ethnic group, except for NHs/PIs. Adolescent's disapproval of CU was associated with a decreased odds of CUD among CUs for Whites (personal, parental, and close friends' disapproval), Hispanics (personal, parental, and close friends' disapproval), and mixed-race adolescents (personal, close friends' disapproval). Racial/ethnic differences in adolescent CU prevalence were somewhat consistent with adolescents' reports of CU norm patterns. Longitudinal research on CU health effects should oversample nonwhite adolescents to assure an adequate sample for analysis and reporting. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Recurrent orbital squamous cell carcinoma with extension to the middle cranial fossa

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the orbit may arise from various sources. SCC of the orbit commonly is the result of metastases or invading tumors of the paranasal sinus. Cysts of various etiologies may also give rise to orbital SCC. Last year, perhaps the first case of SCC arising from multiple cutaneous epidermoid cysts was described in the literature. While perineural spread of cutaneous SCC to the orbit has been thoroughly reported; this is not likely to be the etiology of our case. Squamous cell carcinoma arising de novo in the orbit is also exceedingly rare, and to our knowledge not described in the English-language literature. Below, we describe a unique presentation of possibly de novo squamous cell carcinoma of the orbit that was diagnosed and resected in a multidisciplinary fashion by ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery.
Uridine Metabolism in the Goldfish Retina During Optic Nerve Regeneration: Cell‐Free Preparations

: The activities of uridine kinase (EC 2.7.1.48), uridine monophosphate (UMP) kinase (EC 2.7.1.3.14), and uridine diphosphate (UDP) kinase (EC 2.7.4.6) were measured in retinal high-speed supernatant fractions following unilateral optic nerve crush in the goldfish. The enzyme activities followed a similar time course, with initial increases 2-3 days following nerve crush, peak activity at 4 days, and a gradual return to basal levels by day 21. The magnitude of the stimulation on day 4 was about 35% in each case. Activities of two enzymes of intermediary metabolism, pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and lactic dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), were not altered, indicating that the coordinate increases in nucleoside and nucleotide kinase activities were specific responses to the nerve injury. The increased labeling could not be explained by altered phosphohydrolytic activities. The nature of the enhancement was further studied in UDP kinase, the most active of the kinases examined. Neither low-molecular-weight components nor substrate availability could account for the observed increase in UDP kinase in the 4 day post-crush retinas. The Km, for UDP was unaltered, and a mixing experiment did not support the possibility that stimulatory or inhibitory factors played a role. The enhancement of UDP kinase activity was blocked by injection of actinomycin D following nerve crush. The results suggest that the observed increases in enzymes of uridine metabolism result from their increased formation following nerve crush.
Tension Buckling in Multilayer Elastomeric Bearings

The compression buckling of mutilayer elastomeric bearings which are widely used as vibration mounts, bridge bearings, and seismic isolators for buildings is well understood and is governed by theoretical analysis and confirmed by extensive experimental work. What is not well known is that the theoretical analysis that predicts the compression buckling behavior also predicts that a bearing could be subject to buckling in tension with a tension buckling load that is of the same order as the compressive buckling load and a buckled shape that is the same as that in compression. The tensile buckling load will not be achievable in practice in most bearings since it will generally be much larger than the load that will induce cavitation in the elastomer, but the analysis can be very valuable in explaining the behavior of seismic isolators when loaded in tension while laterally displaced. This can occur when extreme seismic loading on an isolated building induces global overturning. Isolators at the periphery of the building can be in a state of combined tension and shear. The analysis shows that the elastomer can sustain the tension load without cavitation since rotation of the central portion converts tension to rotated shear.
Applications to Finance

Stochastic differential game models are increasingly used in various fields ranging from environmental planning, market development, natural resources extraction, competition policy, negotiation techniques, capital accumulation, investment and inventory management, to name a few. Military applications of differential games such as aircraft combat and missile control are well known. There are tremendous amount of work in the field of mathematical finance and economics, Basak et al. [8], Basu et al. [18], Ramachandran et al. [162], [168], Samuelson [173], Shell [176], Sorger [179], Wan [206], Yeung [214], among others. In this chapter, we will discuss a couple of such applications.
How Does Retirement Impact Health Behaviors? An International Comparison

Recent work has found that retirement may lead to improvements in health, although the literature has not yet reached a consensus. This could be due to actual differences in the relationship of interest between countries or due to methodological differences between studies. The first goal of this paper is to estimate the causal impact of retirement on self-reported health using consistent estimation techniques on three harmonized longitudinal data sets, representative of the United States, England, and continental Europe. Using panel data and instrumental variable methods exploiting variation in statutory retirement ages, this paper then estimates how retirement causally affects health and health-related behaviors. We find, in all settings, retirement leads to better self-reported health, but that magnitude of the effect varies considerably. We also find that retirement increases the amount of exercise for those retiring from nonphysical jobs in all settings. The effect of retirement on addictive behaviors (drinking and smoking) was more mixed across settings. These findings suggest that public health interventions targeted to get near retirees to exercise more could allow countries to reap the benefits of a longer-working life while minimizing the associated health decline.
Effects of microcredit and other loans on female empowerment in Bangladesh: the borrower's gender influences intra‐household resource allocation

This article examines microcredit's effectiveness in empowering women borrowers in rural Bangladesh. It does so by examining how gender-specific borrowing activities influence household expenditures which are either specifically of interest to men or women, and by examining the effects of all loans rather than only those provided by microcredit organizations. The article uses a quasi-experimental design to identify the effects of borrowing by men and women by using an original combination of panel data and instrumental variables on subsamples of the surveyed population. It finds that the borrower's gender affects how households allocate their resources to different expenditure items and assets that are valued differently by men and women. In all, the findings suggest that providing greater credit access to women may improve their household bargaining positions.
Re-thinking dyadic coping in the context of chronic illness

In the past two decades scholars have increasingly recognized the importance of viewing chronic illness in a relationship context. However, questions remain regarding how couples make sense of illness, how they negotiate and coordinate coping, and the extent to which viewing the illness as a shared problem is beneficial for individual and relationship outcomes. This article seeks to clarify the role that couple relationships play in chronic illness adaptation by first describing major theoretical frameworks that have guided research in this area. Next, we propose a new model that emphasizes cognitive processes occurring before appraisal begins and throughout the coping process. We conclude by positing future research directions and implications for couple-based psychosocial interventions.
Immunofluorescence analysis of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the yeast phase of the basidiomycetes Kriegeria eriophori and Septobasidium carestianum

The microtubule cytoskeleton of the yeast phase of the heterobasidiomycetes Kriegeria eriophori and Septobasidium carestianum was investigated using immunofluorescence localization. Mitosis was typical? ly basidiomycetous in both taxa with metaphase and part of anaphase occurring in the bud. Buds in K. eriophori were initiated while cortical cytoplasmic mi? crotubules were present unlike the situation in ascomycetous yeasts. Kriegera eriophori showed a num? ber of distinctive features, including the pattern of the interphase cortical microtubule array, the num? ber of microtubules associated with the migrating nu? cleus, and the timing and degree of development of asters. Kriegeria eriophori showed consistently contorted anaphase B spindles, indicating that the spindle elongated faster than the poles separated and sug? gesting that it may be responsible for part of the motive force in spindle elongation. The value of the mi? crotubule cytoskeleton as a source of characters for phylogenetic analysis of basidiomycetous yeasts and filamentous taxa is discussed.
An uncommon presentation of non-small-cell lung cancer with acrometastases to the great toe and index finger.

BACKGROUND Acrometastasis as initial presentation of metastatic cancer is an extremely rare finding. We describe an unusual case of late-stage non-small-cell lung cancer with metastatic lesions to the great toe and index fnger with associated pain in those areas as the only presenting symptom. CASE PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY A 71-year-old white woman was referred to the emergency department by her primary care physician for necrosis and swelling of the left great toe for work-up of possible osteomyelitis (Figure 1). Before she presented to her physician, she had been complaining of severe pain, swelling, and erythema of the left great toe that had lasted for 1-2 months. Infection was initially suspected. She completed 2 courses of oral antibiotics with no improvement. She was also complaining of similar symptoms on the left index finger and attributed her symptoms to an injury a month earlier (Figure 2). The pain was so severe that she was not able to bear weight on her left foot. An outpatient X-ray of her left great toe raised her physician's concerns that it might be osteomyelitis so she was referred to the emergency department.
Evaluation of DC bias restraint equipment application

Based on the theoretical analysis and numerical computation of DC bias restraint measurement for a randomly generated virtual grid,the working principle,implementation and performance of three DC bias restraint methods,i.e. neutral-point series resistor / capacitor and current injection,are analyzed. Their implementation and technical parameters are compared,which shows that,the resistance of neutral-point series resistor method has saturation effect to the neutral-point DC of substation or grid;the performance of fully compensated current injection method is similar to that of neutral-point series capacitor method;in practice,the performance of neutral-point series capacitor method is superior to neutral-point series resistor method and current injection method;all of three method lead to possible higher local DC bias but lower total DC bias in AC grid. It is proposed to widely apply the neutral-point series resistor / capacitor method in the DC bias restraint of large-scale AC grid.
Adaptive Design Practice at the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), January 2007 to May 2013:

Adaptive designs have generated great interest in the clinical trial community as a result of their versatility and efficiency. Recently, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) surveyed all adaptive design applications submitted between 2007 and May 2013 for regulatory review. In this paper, we discuss the overall results and findings that emerged from an in-depth examination of the submissions. We summarize the current status of adaptive designs used in medical device studies. We also identify some of the lessons learned and common pitfalls that we encountered in our review of the designs.
Utilization of the GCDFP-15 Protein as a Marker of Breast Carcinomas with Apocrine Features: Clinical and Pathological Findings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses thye clinical and pathological utilization of the GCDFP-15 protein as a marker of breast carcinomas with apocrine features. The most common human benign breast disease of the adult female is gross cystic disease (GCD). The occurrence of GCD has statistically been associated with an increased risk for subsequent breast carcinoma development. The development of gross cysts in the breast is the result of a unique pathological secretion from breast epithelial cells, which have undergone an apocrine metaplastic transformation. This transformation of normal breast lobular units into apocrine metaplastic epithelium is presumed to be because of an abnormal hormonal stimulus. This same hormonal stimulus may also be promoting breast epithelial cells to transform into carcinoma cells. The presence of GCDFP-15 in 100 primary breast carcinomas has been assessed by the immunoperoxidase staining technique.
Use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Equation for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Urologic Literature

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the use of the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation in the urologic literature and the degree to which it is used appropriately. Methods: Medline was queried searching the title, keywords, or abstract of seven urology journals for the exact phrases “MDRD” or “modification of diet in renal disease.” Forty-seven articles published between 2004 and 2013 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Each article was reviewed in its entirety and graded on the appropriateness of its use of MDRD to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inappropriate use was defined as using the MDRD equation to make comparisons or conclusions about true renal function with the majority of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values >60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Results: Of the 47 articles reviewed, 17 (36%) were Grade 1 (appropriate use of MDRD), 20 (43%) were Grade 2 (inappropriate use of MDRD but not critical to claims of article), and 10 (21%) were Grade 3 (inappropriate us...
Nonlinear onset of calcium wave propagation in cardiac cells

Spontaneous calcium (Ca) waves in cardiac myocytes are known to underlie a wide range of cardiac arrhythmias. However, it is not understood which physiological parameters determine the onset of waves. In this study, we explore the relationship between Ca signaling between ion channels and the nucleation of Ca waves. In particular, we apply a master equation approach to analyze the stochastic interaction between neighboring clusters of ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels. Using this analysis, we show that signaling between clusters can be described as a barrier hopping process with exponential sensitivity to system parameters. A consequence of this feature is that the probability that Ca release at a cluster induces release at a neighboring cluster exhibits a sigmoid dependence on the Ca content in the cell. This nonlinearity originates from the regulation of RyR opening due to more than one Ca ion binding site, in conjunction with Ca mediated cooperativity between RyR channels in clusters. We apply a spatially distributed stochastic model of Ca cycling to analyze the physiological consequences of this nonlinearity, and show that it explains the sharp onset of Ca wave nucleation in cardiac cells. Furthermore, we show that this sharp onset can serve as a mechanism for Ca alternans under physiologically relevant conditions. Thus our findings identify the nonlinear features of Ca signaling which potentially underlie the onset of Ca waves and Ca alternans in cardiac cells.
Parlamente als repräsentative Versammlungen

Bis in die jungste Zeit sind die Parlamente das Ruckgrat des modernen Verfassungsstaats gewesen. Gegenwartig aber tritt die Exekutive immer mehr in den Vordergrund, besonders wenn sie eine Mehrheitspartei vertritt, und sie ist dabei, zum Mittelpunkt der Reprasentation zu werden, wie in Kapitel XVIII zu zeigen sein wird. Aber bis zum ersten Weltkrieg standen die Parlamente im Zentrum des politischen Lebens. Seit man sich daran gewohnt hatte, Wahlen als die eigentliche Grundlage der rechtmasigen Autoritat und damit der Eignung zur Reprasentation zu betrachten, war diese zentrale Stellung der Parlamente nur zu naturlich. Das man die Gesetzgebung als Menschenwerk, Gesetze nicht als Ausflus der gottlichen Vernunft oder uralten Brauchs ansah, sondern als von Menschen geschaffene Regeln (siehe oben Kapitel XIV, S. 310f.), trug zur Starkung der Parlamente bei, denn ihre offentlichen Beratungen waren in besonderem Mase fur den Prozes der Gesetzgebung geeignet. Schlieslich starkte die Lehre von der Trennung und dem Gleichgewicht der Gewalten, besonders in ihrer Anwendung auf die konstitutionellen Monarchien (siehe Kapitel X, S. 206f.), den Anspruch der Parlamente, als Volksvertretung ein Gegengewicht gegen die Krone zu bilden. Es besteht allerdings ein Unterschied zwischen dem Verfahren solcher Parlamente und demjenigen der gesetzgebenden Korperschaften in der Schweiz oder in den Vereinigten Staaten, wo Verfassungsbestimmungen die vollziehenden und gesetzgebenden Instanzen voneinander unabhangig machen.
Eichmann in Albuquerque

In this chapter, I argue that Breaking Bad’s Walter White is an excellent model of Hannah Arendt’s theory of the banality of evil. Arendt’s position in Eichmann in Jerusalem, understood as a cognitive model of empathy wherein one can recognize the specific positions and needs of specific others, captures the ways in which White’s absence of empathy leads him to make decisions on narrow, technical grounds, ignoring their larger contexts and consequences. Due to the pervasive nature of the drug trade, Walter White makes a very recognizable marker for the dangers of apathy.
A note on information-theoretic secret key exchange over wireless channels

For wireless channels, a number of information-theoretic secret key exchange protocols have been proposed and analyzed for their efficiency in the literature. We contend that for such protocols in a realistic adversarial model that includes an active adversary, average number of message-bits that need to be exchanged to obtain one-bit of secret key is an important performance metric, which has been previously overlooked in the literature. Using this insight, we analytically study a recently popular class of information-theoretic secret key exchange protocols that is based on wireless channel fading. We obtain analytical results for specific cases and provide fundamental insights into the competitive performance of this class of information-theoretic secret key exchange protocols.
FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS IN THE CHEESE INDUSTRY. A REVIEW

Since 1920 the cheese industry has moved west and south in the United States. Milk production and procurement have changed from simple hand milking and wagon deliveries to machine milking of large herds and bulk handling of milk under supervision of industry and government agencies. Hand labor in factories has been reduced. Sanitary buildings and equipment, use of pasteurized milk, and selected cultures, starter concentrates, bacteriophage-inhibiting media, and improved enzymes have simplified biological control of the processes. Better warehouses and new methods of packaging provide better protection and merchandising. In the past 50 years the development of process cheese has opened new markets and inspired the development of highly sophisticated methods of packaging and merchandising natural cheese. Movements of cheese on the primary markets from factory to warehouse for curing, and then to dealers, processors, institutions, chain stores, marketing associations, special outlets, and mail order distribu...
A Practical Framework for the Scaling of Social Enterprise across Developed and Developing Economies

Social enterprise is an emerging area of study focusing on the use of entrepreneurship and earned income to run a business with a social focus and mission. While the idea is certainly not new, academic analysis and education are a new development. Prominent research in the field focuses on the key traits of a social entrepreneur, case studies for specific countries, and the sectors in which social enterprise develops and thrives. However, very little research has been done on social enterprise as it spans different economies. This research will focus on the scalability of social enterprise models that transcend both borders and stages in economic development. Through qualitative case study analysis and review of the current commercial and social enterprise scaling literature and methodology, a model will be developed for designing social enterprises that seek to scale in a way that they can operate in both developed and developing countries. As social enterprises seek to solve major societal issues, such as poverty, poor education, and lack of empowerment, understanding the most effective growth strategy for is key in maximizing impact of the organization. Key findings show that differences do exist in social enterprise development in different economic situations, and that scalability is a matter of leveraging core competencies that provide economic and social value and understanding and adapting the business model as fit. This is significant because the social enterprise sector is expected to grow rapidly over the next decades, so understanding and implementing scale effectively is imperative for continued success of many social enterprises.
Antihistamines and Febrile Seizure Susceptibility

Charts of children with febrile seizures admitted to the Hospital of Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Otsu, Japan, 2006-2007, were reviewed retrospectively.
CD133+ Stem Cells in the Treatment of Patients With Refractory Angina

The study by Wojakowski et al1 published in this issue of Circulation Research is a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the use of transendocardial delivery of (NOGA catheter) bone marrow–derived CD133+ cells in patients with refractory angina, but without significant left ventricular failure. The study included 31 patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class II to IV angina despite optimal medical therapy. The patients had ≥1 myocardial segment with inducible ischemia as detected by Tc-99 m single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Sixteen individuals were allocated to receive CD133+ cells and 15 received placebo. The primary end point was absolute change in myocardial ischemia by SPECT. Secondary end points were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and volumes by magnetic resonance imaging and angina severity. The NOGA procedure was safe, but there was no significant change between cell and placebo-treated patients in the extent of inducible ischemia in summed perfusion difference scores, absolute differences in summed perfusion difference scores, and total perfusion deficits after 4- and 12-month follow-up. …
To Defend the Revolution Is to Defend Culture—but, Which Version?

In tracing the development of Cuban cultural policy between the years of 1959 and 1976, Rebecca Gordon-Nesbitt conceptualizes that history, and its ideas about the role of culture in society, as a potential “antidote” to contemporary, neoliberal policy paradigms. However, in its intense focus on the positions articulated by the revolutionary leadership, her account of that history shortchanges the ideas of those who held critical or opposing views. This review locates Gordon-Nesbitt's approach in the context of debates about early revolutionary cultural policy, and in relation to the current tendency in cultural policy, which thoroughly instrumentalizes creativity and culture.
Inverse method for quantitative characterisation of breast tumours from surface temperature data.

AbstractPurpose: We introduce a computational method to simultaneously estimate size, location and blood perfusion of the cancerous breast lesion from the surface temperature data.Methods: A 2D computational phantom of axisymmetric tumorous breast with six tissue layers, epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, fat, gland, muscle layer and spherical tumour was used to generate surface temperature distribution and thereby estimate tumour characteristics iteratively using an inverse algorithm based on Levenberg–Marquardt method. In addition to the steady state temperature data, we modified and expanded the inverse algorithm to include transient data that can be captured by dynamic infra-red imaging. Several test cases were considered for the transient analysis, where the depth, radii and blood perfusion of tumour were varied from 11 to 30 mm, 7 to 11 mm and 0.003 to 0.01 1/s, respectively.Results: Similar steady state temperature profile for different tumours makes it impossible to simultaneously esti...
Is Mindfulness Secular or Religious, and Does It Matter?

This chapter will describe how many of the ethical judgments about the appropriate application of mindfulness rest on various assumptions and value judgments about what it means for something to be “religious” or “secular,” and so on. It will discuss how the framing of concepts such as the religious and the secular have evolved through the modern period to the postmodern period, and how this has a bearing on the contemporary mindfulness debates. It will be argued that the contemporary mindfulness debates are most fruitfully understood in postmodern, postsecular terms, and that doing so opens the door to mutually beneficial dialogue between narratives and disciplines.
Advertising Restrictions on Cannabis Products for Nonmedical Use: Necessary but Not Sufficient?

An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about advertising restrictions on cannabis products that are used for nonmedical purposes, and it mentions another article which appears in the same issue of the journal and deals with the legal aspects of cannabis and advertising in the U.S. America's Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the nation's Controlled Substances Act (CSA), and marijuana laws in places such as Oregon are assessed.
Qualitative Representations for Recognition

The success of any object recognition system, whether biological or artificial, lies in using appropriate representation schemes. The schemes should efficiently encode object concepts while being tolerant to appearance variations induced by changes in viewing geometry and illumination. Here, we present a biologically plausible representation scheme wherein objects are encoded as sets of qualitative image measurements. Our emphasis on the use of qualitative measurements renders the representations stable in the presence of sensor noise and significant changes in object appearance. We develop our ideas in the context of the task of face-detection under varying illumination. Our approach uses qualitative photometric measurements to construct a face signature ('ratio-template') that is largely invariant to illumination changes.
A nonparametric test for ordered nested effects

We develop a nonparametric procedure for a nested design that tests for increasing nested factor levels. Within this context, the exact distribution, the exact conditional distribution that adjusts...
Unsupervised machine learning in 5G networks for low latency communications

This paper incorporates fog networking into heterogeneous cellular networks that are composed of a high power node (HPN) and many low power nodes (LPNs). The locations of the fog nodes that are upgraded from LPNs are specified by modifying the unsupervised soft-clustering machine learning algorithm with the ultimate aim of reducing latency. The clusters are constructed accordingly so that the leader of each cluster becomes a fog node. The proposed approach significantly reduces the latency with respect to the simple, but practical, Voronoi tessellation model, however the improvement is bounded and saturates. Hence, closed-loop error control systems will be challenged in meeting the demanding latency requirement of 5G systems, so that open-loop communication may be required to meet the 1ms latency requirement of 5G networks.
The effect of amino acids and related compounds upon the growth, virulence, and enzyme activity of crown gall bacteria.

The inhibition of growth and attenuation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by glycine and some factors influencing the rate of attenuation have been discussed (Van Lanen et al., 1952). In the present paper the study has been extended to various other compounds including most of the amino acids to determine their effect upon the growth and virulence of this organism. In addition, comparisons have been made of the growth, serological characteristics, and enzyme activities of virulent and attenuated cultures. A preliminary report presenting some of the results obtained has been published (Van Lanen et al., 1940).
A Spectrum of Regression Following Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Purpose To describe an improved understanding of the regression patterns following off-label intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods All infants treated with IVB for type 1 ROP at a single institution from June 2013 to March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed and the amount of retinal nonperfusion on fluorescein angiogram was calculated. Results In the 92 eyes of 46 patients analyzed, only 3 eyes (3.3%) reached full vascular maturity. Of the 89 eyes not reaching maturity, 39 eyes (43.8%) had vascular arrest alone (VAA), 34 eyes (38.2%) had vascular arrest with persistent tortuosity (VAT), and 16 eyes (18.0%) had ROP reactivation. Those eyes that reactivated were more likely to be initially classified as having aggressive posterior ROP (P = .004) and of Asian ethnicity (P = .008). There were greater areas of ischemia in eyes with reactivation as compared to VAT and VAA (112.1 mm2 vs 72.5 mm2 vs 56.6 mm2, respectively, P = .007). Younger gestational age at birth was found to be an independent predictor of persistent tortuosity (VAT vs VAA) in a logistic regression model. Conclusions Incomplete vascularization following IVB is very common and is associated with a younger gestational age at birth, Asian ethnicity, and aggressive posterior ROP. The presence of tortuosity following IVB may be indicative of persistently elevated vascular endothelial growth factor levels and an early indicator of potential reactivation.
Revisiting a null pronominal account for parasitic gaps in Japanese

This paper investigates empty categories in Japanese that show behavior that is apparently similar to parasitic gaps in that they allow bound readings only with movement of the wh-phrase. This obligatory movement, however, is mysterious considering the island-insensitivity of Japanese. The primary aim of this paper is to get a better understanding of the nature of this empty category in Japanese by referring to more general discussions on parasitic gaps in other languages and also exploiting the experimental data. Given the contrasting behavior of parasitic gaps in Japanese and the results of two experiments, I propose that parasitic gaps in Japanese be analyzed as pro . On top of that, I will derive obligatory movement from the semantics of questions which allows us to interpret wh-phrases in situ and also show how differences between English and Japanese emerge from different nature of parasitic gaps in each language.
Comparison of tin filter–based spectral shaping CT and low-dose protocol for detection of urinary calculi

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of tin filter–based spectral shaping CT compared with routine low-dose CT for detection of urolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Un...
Effect of care continuity on mortality of patients readmitted after colorectal surgery

Background Postoperative readmission after colorectal resection is common. It is unknown whether patients who receive readmission care from the surgeon who performed the index surgery have improved mortality. This study evaluated whether postdischarge continuity of care, defined at the hospital and surgeon level, was associated with decreased mortality after colorectal surgery. Methods The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System was queried for patients who had colorectal resections from 2004 to 2014, and were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Propensity-adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between 30-day mortality and readmission care continuity. Results A total of 20 016 patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge were eligible for analysis. Some 39·5 per cent of readmitted patients experienced hospital and surgeon care continuity, 47·1 per cent hospital but not surgeon continuity, 1·0 per cent surgeon but not hospital continuity, and 12·4 per cent neither hospital nor surgeon care continuity. A total of 1349 patients (6·7 per cent) died within 30 days of readmission. Patients readmitted with absence of surgeon but not of hospital care continuity had 2·04 (95 per cent c.i. 1·72 to 2·42) times the risk of 30-day mortality compared with those who experienced surgeon and hospital continuity. Absence of both surgeon and hospital care continuity was associated with 2·65 (2·18 to 3·30) times the risk of death compared with presence of both. Conclusion Readmission after colorectal resection not under the care of the index operating surgeon is associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. Addressing processes of care that are affected by surgeon care continuity may decrease surgical deaths.
RREB1 Integrates TGF-β and RAS Signals to Drive EMT.

TGF-β is long known to require Ras activation to induce EMT. In a recent issue of Nature, Massague and colleagues (Su et al., 2020) identify RAS-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1) as a critical integrator of TGF-β and Ras signals during both developmental and cancer EMT programs.
COVID-19-associated pulmonary and cerebral thromboembolic disease

Patients infected with the new SARS-CoV-2 appear to be associated with higher risk of thromboembolic disease, especially stroke and pulmonary embolism. We report a case of a 79-year-old woman that presented with stroke and was found to have COVID-19 pneumonia and concomitant large burden pulmonary arterial clot. Early imaging of suspected thromboembolic disease may lead to improved patient morbidity and mortality.
Calculation on the Transient Circulating Current of GIS Enclosure Caused by DS Operation Based on the Exponential Reignition Model of SF 6 Gas Discharge

To clearly understand TCC (transient circulating current), which is one of the most important EMI (electromagnetic interference) source of GIS (gas insulated substation), a research about TCC is carried out. The generation mechanism of TCC is analyzed, and a current transformer coupling method to calculate TCC accurately is presented. Then, this paper focus on setting up the model of SF6 gas discharge, which is the key problem of calculating TCC. According to the impedance variation characteristic of SF6 gas discharge, an exponential reignition model is set up and the typical transient parameters such as amplitude, rise steepness, duration, decay time and frequency are calculated. The results show that: 1) The positive and negative maximum value of TCC with UHV(ultra-high voltage) voltage level is about 129.90 $A$ and −108.37 $A$ respectively, and the positive value of TCC is always larger than that of the negative; 2) the rise steepness of TCC waveform can reach $321.39\ A/\mu s$ , the duration and decay time is about 12 ms and $24.32\ \mu s$ , respectively; 3) the frequency of TCC distributes at the range of 0∼417 MHz, and the dominant frequency is 5∼20 MHz and 30∼35 MHz.