cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect Modification by Acculturation and Education of the Association of Religion and Smoking in Immigrants

To the Editor: Despite the growing secularization of American society, religious participation has repeatedly been shown to have a surprisingly strong inverse association with cigarette smoking [1]. The report of Hofstetter et al. in this journal confirms this association in an immigrant population [2]. We hypothesized further that this association might become weaker with greater acculturation and education in an immigrant population. In a national health survey [1], 5,088 Mexican Americans aged 17 years and over had data on frequency of attendance at religious services (FARS), smoking, education, place of birth, language spoken at home, indicators of acculturation. In men and women combined, among the 1750 speaking English at home, the prevalence of smoking was strongly related to FARS (never 31.5%, [weekly 6.7%, P \ 0.01). This was also true among the 3079 who spoke Spanish at home (never 29.4, [weekly 7.9%, P \ 0.01). The same was true for men and women and those aged 17–24 years. Logistic regression analysis with smoking as dependent variable confirmed the lack of interaction between FARS and language spoken at home (men P = 0.37, women P = 0.43, all P = 0.44). In men and women combined, among the 2218 born in Mexico, the prevalence of smoking was strongly related to FARS (never 29.0%, [weekly 4.5%, P \ 0.01). This was also true among the 2505 born in the US (never 31.5, [weekly 10.0%, P \ 0.01). The same was true for men and those aged 17–24 years. In women, the association between attendance and smoking was statistically significant in US born (P \ 0.01) but not foreign-born (P = 0.17). However, logistic regression analysis with smoking as dependent variable detected no significant interaction between FARS and natality in any group (men P = 0.50, women P = 0.34, all P = 0.40). In men and women combined, among the 1815 with 12 or more years of education, the prevalence of smoking was strongly related to FARS (never 25.3%, [weekly 4.4%, P \ 0.01). This was also true among the 3253 with fewer than 12 years of education (never 33.5, [weekly 10.4%, P \ 0.01). The same was true for men and women. Logistic regression analysis with smoking as dependent variable confirmed the lack of interaction between FARS and education level (men P = 0.89, women P = 0.25, all P = 0.70). These findings suggest that the apparent protective effect of religious participation to produce tobacco avoidance does not diminish among Mexican immigrants to the US as they and their descendents become acculturated and more educated. These analyses should be replicated in other immigrant populations.
HPMA copolymer–anticancer drug–OV‐TL16 antibody conjugates. II. Processing in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro

The binding, internalization, subcellular trafficking and in vitro cytotoxicity of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-anti-cancer drug-OV-TL16 antibody (Ab) conjugates in the ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cell line have been investigated. Adriamycin (ADR) and meso chlorin e6 mono(N-2-aminoethylamide) (Mce6) photosensitizer were used as anti-cancer drugs. Targeted (Ab-containing) conjugates were compared with non-targeted HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates and with free drugs. Targeted conjugates were taken up rapidly by cells and detected within lysosomes by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The ADR attached to polymer chains via a degradable GFLG spacer was released from the conjugate, diffused via the lysosomal membrane into the cytoplasm and ultimately accumulated in the cell nuclei. In contrast, conjugates containing ADR bound via the GG spacer accumulated in the lysosomes, but no fluorescence could be detected in the cell nuclei. Binding the drugs to a non-targeted HPMA copolymer decreased their cytotoxicity in vitro. The IC50 dose increased from 2 microM for free ADR to 150 microM for P(GFLG)-ADR (P is the HPMA copolymer backbone) and from 0.34 microM for free Mce6 (with light) to 290 microM for P-(GG)-Mce6. However, attachment of OV-TL16 Abs rendered HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates biorecognizable by OVCAR-3 cells and markedly increased their cytotoxicity. The IC50 doses were 4.4 and 0.38 microM for the targeted conjugates P(GFLG)-ADR-Ab and P(GG)-Mce6-Ab (with light), respectively. Biorecognition was shown to be specific by inhibition experiments with free Ab. The findings indicate the potential of these conjugates as effective agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
The Early Philosophical Roots of Schleiermacher's Notion of Gefühl, 1788–1794*

No single term has been so misunderstood or so debated in the history of Schleiermacher interpretation as Gefuhl (“feeling”). The intensity of the controversy surrounding this term is testimony to the critical role it plays in Schleiermacher's entire theological program. Indeed, as evident in his magnum opus The Christian Faith (1830/1831), where Gefuhl attains its final formulation as “the feeling of absolute dependence” (das schlechthinnige Abhangigkeitsgefuhl), few other terms play as important a role in his account of religious experience and his doctrine of God. Not only is Schleiermacher's theological system at stake, but also the foundations of modern theology itself. Ludwig Feuerbach's assessment of the consequences of emphasizing Gefuhl was unequivocal; most critics of Schleiermacher, Karl Barth foremost among them, have followed Feuerbach's pattern of interpretation:If, for example, feeling is the essential organ of religion, the nature of God is nothing else than an expression of the nature of feeling.…But the object of religious feeling is become a matter of indifference, only because when once feeling has been pronounced to be the subjective essence of religion, it in fact is also the objective essence of religion,…feeling is pronounced to be religious, simply because it is feeling.
Current status of 157-nm mask technology development

157-nm lithography has gained significant momentum and worldwide support as the post-193 nm technology. Due to higher absorption at shorter wavelength, however, there are several critical issues including materials and reticle handling at 157-nm. These key technical areas are being studied at Intel in collaboration with worldwide industrial and academic partners. In this paper, we will report the progress on 157-nm specific mask technology development.
Pre-steady State Quantification of the Allosteric Influence ofEscherichia coli Phosphofructokinase *

Stopped-flow kinetics was utilized to determine how allosteric activators and inhibitors of wild-type Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase influenced the kinetic rate and equilibrium constants of the binding of substrate fructose 6-phosphate. Monitoring pre-steady state fluorescence intensity emission changes upon an addition of a ligand to the enzyme was possible by a unique tryptophan per subunit of the enzyme. Binding of fructose 6-phosphate to the enzyme displayed a two-step process, with a fast complex formation step followed by a relatively slower isomerization step. Systematic addition of fructose 6-phosphate to phosphofructokinase in the absence and presence of several fixed concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate indicated that the inhibitor binds to the enzyme concurrently with the substrate, forming a ternary complex and inducing a conformational change, rather than a displacement of the equilibrium as predicted by the classical two-state model (Monod, J., Wyman, J., and Changeux, J. P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118). The activator, MgADP, also altered the affinity of fructose 6-phosphate to the enzyme by forming a ternary complex. Furthermore, both phosphoenolpyruvate and MgADP act by influencing the fast complex formation step while leaving the slower enzyme isomerization step essentially unchanged.
Polyphenol-rich Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce improves glucose metabolism and liver lipid accumulation in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract Objective The aims of the following experiments were to characterize antidiabetic in vitro and in vivo activity of the polyphenol-rich aqueous extract of Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce (RSL). Methods RSL extract (RSLE) and isolated compounds were evaluated for inhibitory effects on glucose production as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent inhibition of insulin activity in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. Additionally, high-fat diet-induced obese mice were treated with RSLE (100 or 300 mg/kg), metformin (250 mg/kg), or vehicle (water) for 28 d by oral administration and insulin and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted. Tissues were harvested at the end of the study and evaluated for biochemical and physiological improvements in metabolic syndrome conditions. Results A polyphenol-rich RSLE, containing chlorogenic acid, cyanidin malonyl-glucoside, and quercetin malonyl-glucoside, was produced by simple boiling water extraction at pH 2.0. In vitro, RSLE and chlorogenic acid demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of glucose production. In vivo, RSLE treatment improved glucose metabolism measured by oral glucose tolerance tests, but not insulin tolerance tests. RSLE treated groups had a lower ratio of liver weight to body weight as well as decreased total liver lipids compared with the control group after 28 d of treatment. No significant differences in plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed with RSLE-treated groups compared with vehicle control. Conclusion RSLE demonstrated antidiabetic effects in vitro and in vivo and may improve metabolic syndrome conditions of fatty liver and glucose metabolism.
Catalytic graphitization of carbon by titanium

Abstract It has been shown that the graphitization of carbons deposited in fluidized beds can be catalyzed by titanium. The data indicate that 1. (1) at temperatures near 1200°C, titanium and carbon can be co-deposited and then annealed at 2200°C for 4 hr to convert the carbon to graphite; and 2. (2) at temperatures >2000°C, the catalysis by titanium occurs during the deposition when the deposition rates are low; for cases when the deposition rates are high, the carbon co-deposited with titanium can be converted to graphite in a subsequent 4-hr anneal at 2200°C. A minimum of 5–7 wt.% titanium is necessary to cause the catalysis when the procedures outlined above are followed.
Functional coefficient regression models with time trend

Abstract We consider the problem of estimating a varying coefficient regression model when regressors include a time trend. We show that the commonly used local constant kernel estimation method leads to an inconsistent estimation result, while a local polynomial estimator yields a consistent estimation result. We establish the asymptotic normality result for the proposed estimator. We also provide asymptotic analysis of the data-driven (least squares cross validation) method of selecting the smoothing parameters. In addition, we consider a partially linear time trend model and establish the asymptotic distribution of our proposed estimator. Two test statistics are proposed to test the null hypotheses of a linear and of a partially linear time trend models. Simulations are reported to examine the finite sample performances of the proposed estimators and the test statistics.
A Novel 10 Gb/s TDM-PON Using Embedded Clocks in Centralized Optical Signals and Conventional CW Receivers for Instantaneous Burst-Mode Data and Clock Recovery

A novel 10 Gb/s TDM-PON architecture with embedded clocks in centralized optical signals is proposed. Using this scheme, 10 Gb/s burst-mode data and clock recovery through low-cost, conventional CW receivers have been designed and demonstrated.
An introduction to arithmetic coding

Arithmetic coding is a data compression technique that encodes data (the data string) by creating a code string which represents a fractional value on the number line between 0 and 1. The coding algorithm is symbolwise recursive; i.e., it operates upon and encodes (decodes) one data symbol per iteration or recursion. On each recursion, the algorithm successively partitions an interval of the number line between 0 and 1, and retains one of the partitions as the new interval. Thus, the algorithm successively deals with smaller intervals, and the code string, viewed as a magnitude, lies in each of the nested intervals. The data string is recovered by using magnitude comparisons on the code string to recreate how the encoder must have successively partitioned and retained each nested subinterval. Arithmetic coding differs considerably from the more familiar compression coding techniques, such as prefix (Huffman) codes. Also, it should not be confused with error control coding, whose object is to detect and correct errors in computer operations. This paper presents the key notions of arithmetic compression coding by means of simple examples.
Constraints on deformation path from finite strain gradients

We present a methodology for analyzing finite strain gradients in high-strain zones in order to place constraints on the zone's possible deformation path. To accomplish this, the high-strain zone is divided into several sub-zones, within each of which finite strain is described by a single ellipsoid. Based on knowledge of the spatial and temporal evolution of deformation, strain observed in less deformed sub-zones is then mathematically removed from more deformed sub-zones to calculate incremental finite strains. The mean kinematic vorticity number of each of these increments must be constant if deformation was steady-state. We use the methodology to analyze two natural examples of high-strain zones at different scales. Both natural examples have non-steady-state likely deformation paths, which may be a common characteristic of high-strain zones. Although results of the methodology are not unique, identification of likely paths considerably narrows the range of possible deformation paths. Consequently, useful kinematic information can be extracted from finite strain data even in instances where the detailed spatial and temporal evolution of a high-strain zone cannot be determined conclusively.
Spatially Resolved Characterization of Geometrically Necessary Dislocation Dependent Deformation in Microscale Laser Shock Peening

As the laser spot size in microscale laser shock peening is in the order of magnitude of several microns, the anisotropic response of grains will have a dominant influence on its mechanical behavior of the target material. Furthermore, conventional plasticity theory employed in previous studies needs to be re-examined due to the length scale effect. In the present work, the length scale effects in microscale laser shock peening have been investigated. The crystal lattice rotation underneath the shocked surface was determined via electron backscatter diffraction. From these measurements, the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density that the material contains has been estimated. The yield strength increment was then calculated from the GND distribution by using the Taylor model and integrated into each material point of the finite element method (FEM) simulation. Finite element simulations, based on single crystal plasticity, were performed for the process both with and without considering the GND hardening, and the comparison has been conducted.
Voigt–Reuss topology optimization for structures with linear elastic material behaviours

The desired results of variable topology material layout computations are stable and discrete material distributions that optimize the performance of structural systems. To achieve such material layout designs a continuous topology design framework based on hybrid combinations of classical Reuss (compliant) and Voigt (sti) mixing rules is investigated. To avoid checkerboarding instabilities, the continuous topology optimization formulation is coupled with a novel spatial ltering procedure. The issue of obtaining globally optimal discrete layout designs with the proposed formulation is investigated using a continuation method which gradually transitions from the sti Voigt formulation to the compliant Reuss formulation. The very good performance of the proposed methods is demonstrated on four structural topology design optimization problems from the literature. ? 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multirobot Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Using Manifold Representations

This paper describes a novel representation for two-dimensional maps, and shows how this representation may be applied to the problem of multirobot simultaneous localization and mapping. We are inspired by the notion of a manifold, which takes maps out of the two-dimensional plane and onto a surface embedded in a higher-dimensional space. The key advantage of the manifold representation is self-consistency: when closing loops, manifold maps do not suffer from the "cross over" problem exhibited in planar maps. This self-consistency, in turn, facilitates a number of important capabilities, including autonomous exploration, search, and retro-traverse. It also supports a very robust form of loop closure, in which pairs of robots act collectively to confirm or reject possible correspondence points. In this paper, we develop the basic formalism of the manifold representation, show how this may be applied to the multirobot simultaneous localization and mapping problem, and present experimental results obtained from teams of up to four robots in environments ranging in size from 400 to 900 m2
Scalable Monolithically Grown AlGaAs–GaAs Planar Nanowire High-Electron-Mobility Transistor

Monolithically grown planar nanowire (NW) high-electron-mobility transistors (NW-HEMTs) are demonstrated using self-aligned 〈110〉 GaAs NWs capped with Si-doped AlxGa1-xAs shell as the channel on semi-insulating (100) GaAs substrates. The planar Al0.35Ga0.65As-GaAs NW-HEMT with ~ 1-μm-long gate exhibits excellent dc characteristics, with extrinsic Gm of ~ 80 mS/mm and estimated intrinsic Gm of ~ 260 mS/mm, where the device width is defined as the entire periphery of the NWs. The ION/IOFF ratio is ~104 and the threshold is -1.5 V operating in depletion mode. The output current increases linearly with the number of NWs in the channel, while the threshold voltage does not change at all. This indicates excellent uniformity and scalability of the bottom-up-grown NW devices. Compared to field-effect transistors with doped NWs as channels, the structure reported here circumferences the inherent doping nonuniformity issues in NWs grown by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, and self-aligned lateral epitaxy nature of our NW structure makes scaling up to NW array-based transistors from the bottom up feasible.
Signal-to-Noise and Resolution Enhancement in Ion Mobility Spectrometry Using Correlation Gating Techniques: Barker Codes

Ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) is a technology that is ideally suited for the detection of very low levels of analyte due to its extreme sensitivity and ability to speciate. Detection of common military and industrial explosives using IMS is an ideal application, since IMS can be tailored to be sensitive to compounds that form negative ions such as nitrate-laden explosives. However, realization of a miniaturized IMS-based detection system for explosives has been hampered by limitations in resolution of miniaturized IMS tubes and by the need to preconcentrate explosive samples and then rapidly desorb them creating a transient chemical concentration. We have demonstrated a new gating and data processing technique that takes advantage of pulse compression approaches developed for modern radar systems for decreasing granularity in target identification. We will show that closely spaced peaks can be isolated by adding discriminating codes to the gating signal. We will then employ matched filtering for the received ion current signal greatly improving instrument performance. This scheme is most advantageous to small geometry IMS drift cells that suffer from lack of resolution due to their small size but would improve sensitivity and peak location uncertainty in any geometry IMS tube. Specifically, we have demonstrated a 13 fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio and have effectively decreased the uncertainty in the location of the signal peak by a factor of 4.4 using a 13-bit Barker coding pattern to operate our IMS gating.
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Summary Presented is an unusually severe case of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which the patient was observed to slough a considerable amount of attached gingival tissues and eventually to lose a number of teeth and supporting bone. The usual limited and treatable nature of ANUG is reviewed, and attention is directed to the mechanisms by which SLE and therapeutic amounts of steroids can contribute to the increased severity of the oral disease.
Women in City Hall: Gender Dimensions of Managerial Values

This study examines gender dimensions of managerial values at the local level of government. We test for alternative explanations, in particular whether the organization and profession are socializing forces with similar or larger influence on managerial values. The data for this study come from Phase IV of the National Administrative Studies Project (NASP IV). The dataset includes the U.S. senior local government managers in communities with populations over 50,000. We expect the values of men and women managers to differ even when we account for professional and organizational forces. Preliminary findings support this hypothesis. Women not only differed from men on the values of equity, long-term outlook, sense of community, and representation, but also differed with respect to the values of efficiency, effectiveness, and expertise. We discuss these findings and their implications.
Neuroadrenergic Denervation of the Lung in Type I Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Autonomic Neuropathy

Study objective To verify whether autonomic neuropathy (AN) complicating type I, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus affected neuroadrenergic bronchopulmonary innervation. Patients Twenty nonsmoking diabetic patients without respiratory diseases were studied: 11 patients with AN (group AN) and 9 patients without AN (control; group C) diagnosed by standardized criteria. Design Patients underwent respiratory function tests and ventilatory scintigraphies with 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and with 99m Tc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) to assess both bronchopulmonary neuroadrenergic innervation and also permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier to water-soluble tracers. Rates of pulmonary clearance of the two tracers were computed, and correlates were identified by nonparametric statistics. Setting University hospital. Results The AN and C groups had normal respiratory function test results and comparable duration of diabetes and quality of metabolic control. 99m Tc-DTPA clearance did not distinguish the groups. 123 I-MIBG clearance was faster in the AN group than in the C group (mean ± SD half-time of the radiotracer time-activity curve [T 1/2 ], 116.1 ± 22.8 min in the AN group vs 139.5 ± 18.3 min in the C group, p = 0.022), which is consistent with neuroadrenergic denervation in the AN group. 123 I-MIBG clearance was independent from 99m Tc-DTPA clearance. Faster 123 I-MIBG clearance was significantly associated with worse performance in three of the four autonomic tests. Conclusions Neuroadrenergic bronchopulmonary denervation may occur in diabetic patients with AN despite normal clinical and respiratory function findings. Further research is needed to identify clinical and prognostic implications of these findings.
Teaching Meetings: Providing a Forum for Learning How To Teach.

In 1996, librarians at the University of Washington Bothell Library gathered together their teaching librarians and the director of the Writing Center and began meeting on a regular basis to discuss issues of teaching and learning. In this article, Leadley addresses some of the larger issues surrounding teaching, specifically how within higher education those individuals, including librarians, who are expected to excel at this most complex task gain the skills and confidence required. She argues that developing or improving as a teacher happens not when teachers are working in isolation but when teaching and learning are the subject of serious discussion and inquiry among its practitioners. She discusses specific objectives for the teaching meetings at UWB and some of the topics or questions that have been explored there.
Applying security to SMDS: a practical example

The need for secure data exchange within the public Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) environment is addressed by applying the IEEE 802.10 Secure Data Exchange (SDE) protocol. A result of this study has been the implementation of an efficient protection mechanism for information transfer over the public SMDS network, providing security against unauthorized disclosure, data modification, masquerading attacks, and unauthorized access to resources. A security and key management system, consisting of applications and protocols, has also been provided. This has been used for configuring security system attributes such as cryptographic keys, session keys, and security flags, and for the supervision of the SDE protocol and the maintenance of local secure management information bases. >
A study of SCATHA eclipse charging

The events of charging of the SCATHA satellite in eclipse were investigated and correlated to the spacecraft surface-averaged and angle-averaged fluxes. It is shown that the large negative vehicle potentials produced in eclipse correlated with the net current due to the high-energy plasma electrons. These potentials also depend on the ion energy, ion current, and the average ion yield. An explanation for this behavior is proposed.
Alchemical Atoms or Artisanal “Building Blocks”? A Response to Klein

In a recent essay review of William R. Newman, Atoms and Alchemy (2006), Ursula Klein defends her position that philosophically informed corpuscularian theories of matter contributed little to the growing knowledge of “reversible reactions” and robust chemical species in the early modern period. Newman responds here by providing further evidence that an experimental, scholastic tradition of alchemy extending well into the Middle Ages had already argued extensively for the persistence of ingredients during processes of “mixture” (e.g. chemical reactions), and that this corpuscular alchemical tradition bore important fruit in the work of early modern chymists such as Daniel Sennert and Robert Boyle.
Defects and Charge Transport in β‐Ta2O5: II, Analysis of the Conductivity of Nb2O5‐doped β‐Ta2O5

The model proposed to explain the defect behavior of nominally pure β-Ta2O5 was extended to the case of defect equilibria and charge transport in β-Ta2O5 doped with a multivalent cation, i.e., Nb2O5-doped P-Ta2O5. This case is of practical interest in the electronics industry, where Nb2O5, is a dominant impurity in capacitor-grade β-Ta2O5.
A Case Series of Genital Vascular Anomalies in Children and Their Management: Lessons Learned

Objective To review our experience with genital vascular anomalies and discuss the management considerations for patients with associated genitourinary defects. Methods We reviewed the presentation, course, management considerations, surgical treatment, and follow-up of all cases of genital vascular anomalies treated at a single institution from January 2008 to October 2011. The lesions were classified according to the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. All patients were boys Results We identified 3 patients with genital vascular anomalies. Of these 3 patients, 2 had an infantile hemangioma and 1 had a venous malformation. All lesions were identifiable on physical examination, and 2 of the patients presented within a few months of birth. One patient had associated genitourinary abnormalities that complicated his treatment. Scrotal ultrasonography and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging consistently showed the vascular anomalies to be highly vascular and distinct from the underlying testes. Both intrascrotal lesions were excised, and the cutaneous lesion was excised as a part of a larger genitourinary reconstruction. At a mean follow-up of 33 months (range 23-42), the intrascrotal infantile hemangioma had recurred, requiring repeat intervention, but the cutaneous hemangioma had not. Conclusion Vascular anomalies of the male genitalia are rare. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging is useful for characterizing the internal extent of vascular anomalies and ultrasonography is useful in monitoring these lesions over time. The timing of surgery and the high recurrence rate are important considerations when planning surgical resection of genital vascular anomalies, especially when associated with concomitant genitourinary defects.
Cutting Edge: Krüppel-like Factor 2 Is Required for Phenotypic Maintenance but Not Development of B1 B Cells

Several recent studies reported that Kruppel-like factor (KLF)2 controls trafficking, development, and function of B cells. Conditional B cell KLF2 knockout mice have increased numbers of marginal zone B cells and decreased numbers of B1 phenoytpe cells. However, it was unclear whether KLF2 is required for B1 B cell development, survival, or phenotypic maintenance. We show that B1 phenotype B cells are present in neonatal mice with B cell-specific KLF2 deficiency, suggesting that B1 differentiation can occur even in the absence of KLF2. Furthermore, by use of an inducible knockout strategy, we show that deletion of KLF2 in mature B1 cells causes loss of phenotypic markers associated with B1 cell identity, but it has a minimal effect on short-term cell survival. Taken together, our findings suggest that KLF2 is necessary for the maintenance of B1 cell identity rather than differentiation or survival of the population.
Identification of a light-responsive region of the nuclear gene encoding the B subunit of chloroplast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

We report here the identification of a cis-acting region involved in light regulation of the nuclear gene (GapB) encoding the B subunit of chloroplast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that a 664-bp GapB promoter fragment is sufficient to confer light induction and organ-specific expression of the Escherichia coli [beta]-glucuronidase reporter gene (Gus) in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Deletion analysis indicates that the -261 to -173 upstream region of the GapB gene is essential for light induction. This region contains four direct repeats with the consensus sequence 5[prime] -ATGAA(A/G)A-3[prime] (Gap boxes). Deletion of all four repeats abolishes light induction completely. In addition, we have linked a 109-bp (-263 to -152) GapB upstream fragment containing the four direct repeats in two orientations to the -92 to +6 upstream sequence of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S basal promoter. The resulting chimeric promoters are able to confer light induction and to enhance leaf-specific expression of the Gus reporter gene in transgenic tobacco plants. Based on these results we conclude that Gap boxes are essential for light regulation and organ-specific expression of the GapB gene in A. thaliana. Using gel mobility shift assays we have also identified a nuclear factor from tobacco that interacts with GapA and GapB DNA fragments containing these Gap boxes. Competition assays indicate that Gap boxes are the binding sites for this factor. Although this binding activity is present in nuclear extracts from leaves and roots of light-grown or dark-treated tobacco plants, the activity is less abundant in nuclear extracts prepared from leaves of dark-treated plants or from roots of greenhouse-grown plants. In addition, our data show that this binding factor is distinct from the GT-1 factor, which binds to Box II and Box III within the light-responsive element of the RbcS-3A gene of pea.
Tillage Impacts Cereal-Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Infestations in Spring Small Grains

We compared infestation levels of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in spring-seeded wheat and barley grown with and without preplant tillage for 8 site yr in eastern South Dakota. Crop residue covered approximately 25% of the soil surface with preplant tillage, whereas without preplant tillage 50% or more of surface residue was conserved. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) comprised nearly 90% of all cereal aphids sampled, and R. maidis (Fitch), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Sitobion avenae (F.) collectively comprised the remainder. R. padi routinely infested lower parts of tillers and were generally concealed by surface residue in plots with no preplant tillage. Across 7 site yr, R. padi were more abundant in plots with no preplant tillage than with preplant tillage (272.6 +/- 54.4 versus 170.1 +/- 37.2 aphid days per 25 tillers). However, in comparisons at individual site years, R. padi were greater in no-preplant tillage plots only once. For all cereal-aphid species combined, infestations were greater in plots with no preplant tillage for 1 of 8 site yr, but did not differ with tillage when compared across all site years. Cereal aphids were never more abundant in plots with preplant tillage. Our results show that conservation tillage leads to greater infestations of R. padi in spring small grains, as increased surface residue provides a favorable microhabitat for this aphid.
Layoffs, Stock Price, And Financial Condition Of The Firm

Prior empirical studies indicate that investors perceptions of managerial decisions are contingent on the finance condition of the firm. We extend this argument to employee layoffs and find that financial healthy firms exhibit lower shareholders reactions when compared with financially weak firms. The findings lend support to the potential benefit hypothesis that the future benefits of layoffs are likely to be less for financially healthy firms than for financially weak firms.
Biology of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Insights into the biology of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) are essential to facilitate the development of more effective treatment for this uncommon variant of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the molecular pathogenesis of PCNSL is distinct from systemic lymphomas of the same histological type. First, 90% of NHL cases that present in the central nervous system (CNS) will, upon staging, prove to be confined to the brain, leptomeninges, optic nerves, and intraocular structures and thus be classified as PCNSL. Over the natural history of the disease, it is rare for PCNSL tumors to recur outside of the brain, underscoring this unique tropism for the CNS. Second, PCNSL tumors are associated with an inferior prognosis compared to other localized extranodal NHL tumors confined to a single extranodal site, such as bone. Third, CNS lymphomas tend to exhibit a heightened responsiveness to high-dose methotrexate-based therapy compared to systemic lymphomas with a concomitant diminished responsiveness to adriamycin-based chemotherapy regimens [1].
Quantity, Contrast, and Convention in Cross-Situated Language Comprehension

Typically, visually-grounded language learning systems only accept feature data about objects in the environment that are explicitly mentioned, whether through annotation labels or direct reference through natural language. We show that when objects are described ambiguously using natural language, a system can use a combination of the pragmatic principles of Contrast and Conventionality, and multiple-instance learning to learn from ambiguous examples in an online fashion. Applying child language learning strategies to visual learning enables more effective learning in real-time environments, which can lead to enhanced teaching interactions with robots or grounded systems in multi-object environments.
Auditor’s Responsibilities For Investigating And Detecting Illegal Employment Activities By Audit Clients

Asking the auditor to be responsible for detecting illegal employees is a far reach. This is management’s responsibility. However, this paper discusses why the auditor may have an obligation to expand audit procedures to investigate the possibility of illegal hiring practices. When the client is operating in an area or industry where illegal employees are commonly used, then the auditor should use an attitude of professional skepticism and beware of illegal employees being used by the company. Inquiries and observations procedures may indicate potential illegal hiring practices. Also, discussions with management and other employees should be performed as well as a thorough review of board minutes. The procedures performed by the auditor in gaining an understanding of the entity and its environment as well as in the search for illegal acts may identify situations where the hiring of illegal employees is a possibility. One of the main issues raised in the article is the impact on the level of trust that needs to exist between the client and the auditor.
A Weekend Guide to Self-Assessment and Career Development

This note represents a short, two-day version of the self-assessment process used in one of Darden's second-year electives, Career Management. The process is similar to, but less involved than, the process presented in the text for the course, the third edition of Self-Assessment and Career Development. Students are guided through a 14-step process that they can complete on their own in two to four days. The note was designed for students who, unable to take the full-semester course, want a shorter, less-involved process.
Characterization of global seismograms using an automatic-picking algorithm

Abstract An automatic phase picker is useful for quickly identifying and timing phase arrivals in large seismic data bases. We have developed an automatic phase picker that is sensitive to small changes in amplitude and applied it to over 7 yr of global data distributed by the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC). Our phase-picking algorithm is based on a short-term-average to long-term-average ratio (STA/LTA) taken along an envelope function generated from the seismogram. The algorithm returns arrival times and corresponding pick qualities. The procedure requires few input parameters and is easily adapted to various types of data. We produce global travel-time plots from both high-frequency (20- or 40-Hz sample rate) and low-frequency (1-Hz sample rate) data. These plots clearly image the predominant high- and low-frequency phases in the NEIC data base. Picks made from the long-period seismograms are less precise, but they reveal far more phase arrivals than the short-period picks. A number of phases resulting from reflections and phase conversions at upper mantle discontinuities can be identified in the low-frequency picks; however, a search of the short-period picks for upper mantle discontinuity phases, between P and PP and prior to P′P′ , has so far been unsuccessful. In the long-period S and SS picks, we observe a discrepancy in SV and SH travel times, a possible result of upper mantle anisotropy. To check the accuracy and consistency of our algorithm, we present comparisons between hand-picked times and automatic-picked times for identical seismograms. Travel-time residuals from the short-period automatic picks and data reported to the International Seismological Centre (ISC) picks exhibit a comparable amount of scatter. Histograms of the ISC residuals and automatic-pick residuals are similar in shape and width for P and PcP . These observations suggest that human picking errors are not a major contributor to the scatter observed in ISC travel times, although direct comparisons between ISC reported picks and automatic picks on particular seismograms occasionally identify operator mispicks.
Halos in a dark sky: Interactively exploring the structure of dark matter halo merger trees

This paper presents a novel application that visualizes dark matter halo merger trees and their evolution through space and time. Our application enables users to interact with individual halos within these trees in order to perform a range of visual analysis tasks, including: identifying the substructure and superstructure of the halos; observing the movement of halos across a custom range of time steps; and comparing the branching attributes of multiple trees. Central to our application is the ability to navigate the halos by interactively "jumping" from tree to tree. By clearly marking halos that have "tributaries" — that is, that split off into multiple halos or merge with one or more halos — we make it easy for the user to traverse the complex structure of the universe. Our application is publicly available1 online and runs at interactive rates on the browser using hardware-accelerated graphics.
Benchmarking of electric and hybrid vehicle electric machines, power electronics, and batteries

Electric and hybrid vehicles continue to demand a share of the automotive market. This movement has been mainly enabled by recent technological improvements in the realm of electric motors, power electronics, and energy storage. While many electric vehicles are on the market, they are not as cost competitive as the conventional vehicles, and this is needed for large-scale market penetration. In order for this to become a reality, continued research is needed to develop new technologies. This paper presents the metrics and benchmarks used to gauge the performance of various systems. In addition, the current state-of-the-art technologies are presented in terms of these metrics as well as the future goals and trends in the industry. With continued development, the market for electric and hybrid vehicles will only continue to increase.
Campaign Spending and Spurious Correlations: Why Self-Financed Gubernatorial Candidates Lose

Critics are quick to accuse wealthy gubernatorial candidates of attempting to "buy" elections. But although self-financed gubernatorial candidates sometimes win, their electoral success does not necessarily imply that voters can be bought. To the contrary, I present evidence that self-financed campaign spending has a far weaker marginal effect on electoral results than externally-financed campaign spending. For every Corzine, there's a DeVos - who spent record amounts in his 2006 attempt to unseat Michigan's incumbent governor, only to lose by an embarrassingly wide margin. Money can't buy the governor's mansion. This empirical finding presents a theoretical puzzle - why would externally financed spending trump self-finance? The solution lies in strategic incentives facing would-be campaign donors. A candidate's ability to raise funds serves as a crucial indicator of her electoral viability. When it comes to influencing voters, a candidate's ability to raise money matters far more than her ability to spend it. As such, the apparent correlation between campaign spending and votes is largely spurious.
Respondent Selection in a Telephone Survey: A Comparison of Three Techniques

Random selection of eligible persons within households typically is done by procedures developed by Kish or by Troldahl-Carter-Bryant. These procedures require different tasks from respondent and i...
Abstract A30: A cancer education program for community health workers in NYC

Background: Our minority institution/comprehensive cancer center partnership is based in Brooklyn and northern Manhattan, NY. Our institutions are surrounded by the largest community of individuals from the Caribbean in the United States, representing Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad-Tobago, Barbados, the Dominican Republic, and other parts of the West Indies. Although research on racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States has undergone tremendous growth in the past decade, few research teams have access to ethnic enclaves as large as ours. Objective: To train community health workers (CHWs) about cancer prevention and control for breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer; and the importance of community participation in cancer clinical research, including prevention and treatment trials. Methods: We worked with community-based organizations (CBOs) to conduct community needs assessment, review cancer educational materials and resources for appropriateness, identify gaps, develop new materials to fill the gaps, and coordinate educational activities across partner institutions. Outreach and education efforts focused on breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer and research participation. Cancer education materials from NCI, the American Cancer Society (ACS), and other national organizations were reviewed and adapted for the CBOs. Evaluation addressed development of materials; educational curricula; scheduling of, number of, and attendance at CHW trainings; number of individuals recruited by CHWs to our database; and changes in clients’ self-reported screening and cancer risk behaviors and intentions. Results: In each of six participating CBOs serving diverse constituencies, we recruited at least six CHWs to participate in our Cancer Education Training Program and then to educate their constituencies (n≥10 each CHW) about cancer, cancer prevention, and clinical research. The trainees also obtained certification in Good Clinical Practices (GCP) and the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The CHWs’ education of their clients is now in progress. Conclusions: Community health workers are eager to receive training to provide cancer education to their clients, and to obtain certification in GCP and HIPAA. By providing this training, we are obtaining access to previously unreached constituencies in need of cancer screening. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A30.
A Cell-centered Finite Volume Method for Chemically Reacting Flows on Hybrid Grids

Computation of chemically reacting flows using an unstructured hybrid grid method is presented in this paper. The spatial discretization is carried out using a cell-centered finite volume approximation. The spatially discretized governing equations are integrated in time using a linearized implicit scheme. A fast, matrix-free implicit method, LU-SGS, is then applied to solve the resultant system of linear equations. Thermophysical properties, turbulence source terms, and chemical kinetics source terms are evaluated by utilizing grid-independent routines within VULCAN. A least-squares method is proposed for the reconstruction of the gradients of the flow variables at the interface to establish a consistent and accurate discretization of the viscous diffusion fluxes.
The effect of propofol-remifentanil general anesthesia on mother and newborn blood glucose levels during cesarean section

To observe the effect of general anesthesia on mother and newborn blood glucose levels.15 patients scheduled for cesarean section under general anesthesia(group Q) and 15 under combined spinal epidural anesthesia(group Y) were involved the study.Patients in group Q were anaesthetized by using 100mg of propofol,100μg of remifentanil and 100mg of scolin while group Y by using 2.5-2.6ml of 0.5% ropivocayin through spinal injection.The maternal capillary whole blood glucose was recorded before anesthesia and just after delivery.Newborn heel blood glucose was measured at 10 minutes after delivery.At the same time maternal HR and BP were also recorded before and after delivery.The Apgar score of newborn were evaluated as well.Maternal capillary whole blood glucose in group Q was significantly lower than that in group Y(P0.01) just after delivery.Blood glucose of newborns in group Q were significantly lower than that in group Y(P0.01).The blood glucose of newborn was linearly proportional to that of pregnant women(r = 0.86,P0.01).The blood glucose levels of pregnant women decreased during cesarean section under general anesthesia.The blood glucose levels of their newborns were also lower than that whose mothers under spinal epidural anesthesia.Therefore,it is necessary to take precautions against hypoglycemia of the newborns.