cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Certain Artificial Diets for Laboratory Cultures of the Pink Bollworm

Artificial diets having purified casein, raw cottonseed meal and a special processed cottonseed meal as their basic ingredients were tested as rearing media for the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Larvae were reared in individual glass vials under nonaseptic conditions. Three antimicrobial agents, butyl paraben, methyl paraben and sorbic acid were incorporated into the diets as a preventive measure against contamination by microorganisms. Average duration of the larval stage was 25.6 days on the casein diet, 14.0 days on the processed cottonseed meal and 12.9 days on the raw cottonseed meal. Average pupal weights for both sexes were 13.7 mg., 19.8 mg. and 21.3 mg., respectively, for insects reared on the casein, raw cottonseed meal and processed cottonseed meal diets. The diet-reared pupae were not as large as field-collected ones. Oviposition records indicated that females reared from the raw cottonseed meal diet produced the most and females from the casein diet the least number of eggs. There was little difference among the diets with regard to the percentage of larvae developing to the adult stage. Best results were obtained with the casein diet as approximately 60% of the larvae placed on the diet achieved maturity.
Serum Lipid Profiles, Homocysteine Levels And Cardiovascular Disease Risk In Pregnant Nigerian Women

Objectives: To compare the levels of lipids and homocysteine in the serum of third- trimester pregnant women and health , age –matched non pregnant controls. Methods: We compared the levels of these lipids {total cholesterol, particularly lipoproteins such as LDL} and homocysteine in the serum of third- trimester pregnant women healthy, age –matched non –pregnant controls. Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture and the samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for 45 minutes before centrifugation to separate the serum. Result: Compared to the controls, the following substances were significantly elevated in the pregnant women: total cholesterol, 212vs.191mg/dL{p=0.02}; triglycerides, 153vs. 89.5 mg/dL{p=0.004};and hdL,67.0vs.56.6 mg/dL{p=.004}.the mean LDL-cholesterol levels of the pregnant {116mg/dL}and non pregnant controls{110mg/dLwere not significantly different. However, the mean homocysteine concentration of the pregnant women was about 30% lower compared with the controls group {7.1vs.10.1m01/L,p Conclusion: These result indicate that pregnant women in Nigeria show the same trend that most women in other parts of the world exhibit as they other the third trimester of pregnancy; that is their serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase. While their homocysteine levels decrease. Key words: cholesterol. LDL, HDL, lipid rations homocysteine, pregnant, and CVD risk factors. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.1(2) 2002: 12-16
Control of DFIG Wind Turbine With Direct-Current Vector Control Configuration

The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine widely used in the modern wind power industry. At present, commercial DFIG wind turbines primarily make use of the technology that was developed a decade ago. But, it is found in this paper that there is a limitation in the conventional vector control technique. This paper presents a direct-current vector control method in a DFIG wind turbine, based on which an integrated control strategy is developed for wind energy extraction, reactive power, and grid voltage support controls of the wind turbine. A transient simulation system using SimPowerSystem is built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method. The conventional control approach is compared with the proposed control technique for DFIG wind turbine control under both steady and gust wind conditions. The paper shows that under the dc vector control configuration, a DFIG system has a superior performance in various aspects.
Quine and Logical Truth

It is a consequence of Quine’s confirmation holism that the logical laws are in principle revisable. Some have worried this is at odds with another dictum in Quine, viz., that any translation which construes speakers as systematically illogical is ipso facto inadequate. In this paper, I try to formulate exactly what the problem is here, and offer a solution to it by (1) disambiguating the term ‘logic,’ and (2) appealing to a Quinean understanding of ‘necessity.’ The result is that the different theses in Quine’s philosophy of logic are to be situated within different contexts of inquiry.
Complications of bladder substitution and continent urinary diversion.

We, therefore, elected to review the specific complications as related to each type of the most common operative techniques, followed by general clinical considerations
Impression Formation: Use of Descriptors of Personal Traits:

1400 subjects rated photographs of 28 college women on 150 descriptive adjectives. The ratings were factor analyzed to determine categories of personal trait descriptors. Seven factors were extracted from the male subjects' ratings and five from the female subjects' ratings. Similarities between the two groups of factors indicate that the male and female subjects were congruent in their conceptualizations of the photographed women.
Life-threatening fluid extravasation of central venous catheters

The majority of life-threatening injuries secondary to the placement of central venous catheters, such as bleeding and pneumothorax, occur at the time of initial insertion. When a catheter extravasates in the neck, edema of the neck wall or chest is usually seen, and the pump indicates occlusion. We present four cases in which an uneventful, successful placement of four central lines (three superior vena cava, one inferior vena cava) were followed at greater than 48 hours by either hydrothorax or hydroperitoneum, which resulted in either cardiorespiratory collapse or intraabdominal sepsis. In reviewing these cases, all showed both a change in catheter location on a subsequent x-ray and poor or no blood return on aspiration; paradoxically, the infusion pump in each case did not sense a catheter malposition or occlusion. We conclude that, although the success of central line placement may be documented on insertion, a continual reappraisal of both the function and location of the line is necessary.
The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy to study the transport of biomacromolecules in a macroporous support.

Large-pore materials or supports resembling polymer conduits are used as packing material in chromatographic operations. Our ongoing research has shown that, when modified with peptides or ligands, chitosan beads that are 800 μm in diameter and have 3.5% solids can be used as matrices in bioseparations. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the transport properties of biomolecules in the modified chitosan beaded matrices. Batch uptake experiments with fluorescently tagged pure human IgG, human IgA and human IgM were conducted to visualize the distribution of binding sites throughout the bead as well as to evaluate restrictions to diffusion, if any, within the support. The chromatographic performance of the macrobeads was first assessed by the classical height equivalent of a theoretical plate HETP analysis. The independence of HETP on linear flow rates studied suggests that a likely mode of solute transport within the macrobeads may be a combination of convection and diffusion-convective components. By using fluorescent-tagged immunoglobulins, the penetration of the adsorbent particle at different times and different levels of saturation was visually observed. The profiles obtained from dynamic experiments were compared to the profiles obtained from finite bath experiments. With an increase in the incubation time, the degree of penetration increased and the bead interior was saturated with FITC immunoglobulins at the end point of the finite bath experiment. In the dynamic uptake experiment, the degree of penetration was found to be a function of the linear velocity and level of breakthrough. The penetration of the bead radius, at times lower than the predicted diffusion time, suggests that the mode of transport in the chitosan beads is governed by a combination of convective and diffusive forces.
Integrated vacuum packaging for low-cost lightweight uncooled microbolometer arrays

Uncooled thermal infrared sensors require to be operated in an ambient gas pressure of about 50 mTorr or less to avoid sensitivity being reduced by thermal conduction through the gas. Although sealed packages have been developed which can retain a sufficiently low internal pressure for many years, the packaging process (cleaning, assembly, pumping, baking, getter firing, sealing) and materials add significant cost and weight. Lower cost it the major reason for the development of uncooled arrays, and low weight is essential for many applications (e.g. unmanned aerial vehicles, helmet mounted applications). In response to these needs, Honeywell has developed a silicon 'Integrated Vacuum Package' (IVP) process which produces a low-cost lightweight (0.2 gram) compact vacuum package by a wafer-scale process. The IVP process basically consists of bonding a silicon 'topcap' wafer to the array wafer, to produce a bonded double-wafer with multiple arrays protected in individual vacuum packages. The double- wafer may be easily handled without damage to the protected arrays, and diced into individual dies using normal silicon dicing techniques. It has been found helpful to use an etched evacuation via, which allows wafer bonding, pumping, baking and sealing to be performed in separate stages, at their different optimum times and temperatures. The IVP process will be described, and packages suitable for linear and two- dimensional uncooled arrays will be reported, with performance and lifetime measurements.
Adenovirus-associated virus polypeptides synthesized in cells coinfected with either adenovirus or herpesvirus

Abstract One major and two minor structural polypeptides of adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) were synthesized in AAV-infected cells coinfected with either adenovirus or herpesvirus as helper. The molar proportions of these polypeptides appeared to be the same as those found in the virion. Transport of these polypeptides from the cytoplasm to the nucleus occurred rapidly. No evidence was found for the synthesis of a large precursor protein in either system. Since complete AAV virions are not found in AAV-infected cells coinfected with herpesvirus, these findings indicate a failure in virus assembly in this system. This failure may be expressed at the level of DNA strand segregation or encapsidation of DNA, or in faulty capsid assembly.
Artificial glow-worms

What creatures use bioluminescence? Among others, school children, as the author explains in a project creating artificial glow-worms to explore bioluminescence, electronics and communication.
Examining Relationships Between Factors of Science Education and Student Career Aspiration

Student career aspiration has been identified as the most important variable influencing students' later work experiences. The authors attempted to disentangle relationships among factors that influence career aspiration within a science education context. Guided by Walberg's (1981) educational productivity theory, factors of science education have been identified from a National Science Foundation project, the Longitudinal Study of American Youth. Career aspirations are represented by 2 indicators: expected jobs in the future and job demands on science literacy. Positive links were found between student career aspiration and several variables of science education, including educational outcomes, instructional quantity, and home environment. Implications of the results have been discussed to facilitate development of career aspiration among non-college-bound students.
Is there conspicuous consumption in Japan

Abstract This paper examines price dependent preferences in Japan. We do find some evidence of aggregate price and income dependent preference variation, but much less than in other industrialized countries. The homogeneity tests support the hypothesis of the existence of Veblen effects across some commodity groups.
Statin myopathy: A problem looking for a solution

Statins are one of the most commonly used classes of drugs because they have been shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular disease in both primary and secondary prevention trials. A major problem with the widespread use of statin therapy is that a significant percent of patients develop muscle side effects, which are the most frequent complaint of patients on statin therapy [1]. In clinical practice it has been estimated that 10e25% of patients develop muscle symptoms and this frequently leads to patients discontinuing statin therapy [1]. In contrast in the large randomized outcome trials the occurrence of muscle symptoms has been similar in the statin treated group and the placebo group [2]. For example, in the Jupiter Trial 18,902 subjects were randomized to rosuvastatin 20 mg per day or placebo [3]. During the course of the study muscle symptoms were noted in 16% of the subjects treated with rosuvastatin [3]. However, in the placebo group muscle symptoms occurred in 15.4% of subjects [3]. Similarly, in the AFCAPS/TexCAPs study 62% of the patients treated with lovastatin and 60% of the placebo treated patients developed muscle symptoms [4]. The patient population typically treated with statins (patients 50e80 years of age) often has muscle symptoms in the absence of statin therapy and therefore it is very difficult to be certain that the muscle symptoms described by the patient are actually due to statin therapy. In a recent publication a small number of patients with statin related myalgia were challenged with statin or placebo and the occurrence of symptoms was carefully documented [5]. Interestedly none of the eight patients in this trial had a difference in muscle symptoms when challenged with either the statin or placebo, strongly suggesting that the myalgia was not due to statin treatment [5]. While in the typical clinical setting it is often very difficult to be
In vivo evidence of disseminated subpial T2* signal changes in multiple sclerosis at 7 T: A surface-based analysis

article Cortical subpial demyelination is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is closely associated with disease progression and poor neurological outcome. Although cortical lesions have been difficult to detect using conventional MRI, preliminary data using T2*-weighted imaging at ultra-high field 7 T MRI showed improved sensitivity for detecting and categorizing different histological types of cortical MS lesions. In this study we combined high-resolution 7 T MRI with a surface-based analysis technique to quantify and map subpial T2*- weightedsignalchangesinseventeenpatientswithMS.Weappliedarobustmethodtoregister7 Tdatawiththe reconstructed cortical surface of each individual and used a general linear model to assess in vivo an increase in subpialT2*-weightedsignalinpatientsversusage-matchedcontrols,andtoinvestigatethespatialdistributionof cortical subpial changes across the cortical ribbon. We also assessed the relationship between subpial T2* signal changesat7 T,ExpandedDisabilityStatusScale(EDSS)scoreandwhitematterlesionload(WMLL).Patientswith MS showed significant T2*-weighted signal increase in the frontal lobes (parsopercularis, precentral gyrus, middle and superior frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex), anterior cingulate, temporal (superior, middle and inferiortemporalgyri),andparietalcortices(superiorandinferiorparietalcortex,precuneus),butalsoinoccipital regions of the left hemisphere. We found significant correlations between subpial T2*-weighted signal and EDSS score in the precentral gyrus (ρ=0.56, P=0.02) and between T2*-weighted signal and WMLL in the lateral orbitofrontal, superior parietal, cuneus, precentral and superior frontal regions. Our data support the presence of disseminated subpial increases inT2* signal insubjects with MS, which may reflect the diffusesubpial pathology described in neuropathology.
Spatial Factors and Stochasticity in the Evaluation of Sustainable Hunting of Tapirs

: Sustainable hunting, the extraction of game without reducing its density, is a desirable approach to the use of wildlife. Assessment of sustainable extraction in many parts of the world is difficult; it has recently been done by a method proposed by Robinson and Redford (1991): a maximum number of animals that can be extracted per unit area is calculated based on life-history parameters and density estimates. If extraction is higher than that maximum number, it is deemed unsustainable. We extended the method by adding spatial and stochastic components through an individual-based model of a population of female tapirs ( Tapirus sp.) and conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the importance of spatial and life-history parameters. Our analysis suggests that spatial factors, such as the shape of the hunted area and the size of the surrounding population, may be important in determining the sustainability of extraction. For long-lived, slow-reproducing mammals such as tapirs, survival to age of last reproduction is the most critical parameter, but the shape of the hunting zone and population density can be critical, especially in unsustainable hunting scenarios. We advocate long-term studies of tapirs to collect information on spatial movements and survival rates that could then be used for development of proper management plans. Resumen: La caceria sustentable, extraccion de animales de caza sin reduccion de su densidad, es un enfoque deseable para el uso de vida silvestre. La evaluacion de la extraccion sustentable es dificil en muchas partes del mundo y se ha hecho utilizando un metodo propuesto por Robinson y Redford (1991): el numero maximo de animales que se puede extraer por unidad de area se calcula con base en parametros de la historia de vida y estimaciones de la densidad. Si la extraccion es mayor que ese numero maximo, se considera no sustentable. Extendimos el metodo agregando componentes espaciales y estocasticos por medio del modelo basado en individuos de una poblacion de tapires ( Tapirus sp.) hembras y realizamos un analisis de sensibilidad para evaluar la importancia de los parametros espaciales y de la historia de vida. Nuestro analisis sugiere que factores espaciales, tal como la forma del area de caceria y el tamano de la poblacion circundante, pueden ser importantes en la determinacion de la sustentabilidad de la extraccion. Para especies longevas de reproduccion lenta como el tapir, la supervivencia hasta la ultima edad reproductiva es el parametro mas critico; pero la forma del area de caceria y la densidad pueden ser criticas, especialmente en poblaciones bajo caza no sustentable. Recomendamos estudios de largo plazo de tapires para obtener informacion de movimientos espaciales y tasas de supervivencia que pueda utilizarse para el desarrollo de planes de manejo adecuados.
Turn-and-Earn Incentives with a Product Line

When manufacturers do not have sufficient capacity to meet demand and cannot increase prices, they have to determine other methods to allocate goods among retailers. A common allocation mechanism is based on a retailer's sales history: a retailer that has ordered larger quantities in the past should get a greater allocation than a retailer that has historically ordered smaller quantities. This mechanism, known as a turn-and-earn allocation rule, is commonly used in many industries such as automobiles, microprocessors, video game consoles, etc. The existing literature has considered the effect of turn-and-earn allocation rules when a manufacturer sells a single product. However, when we consider a product line, it is not clear whether the manufacturer is better off basing its allocation on the sales history of the entire product line or solely on the sales history of the product in short supply. In particular, a shortage of one product can lead retailers and consumers to move toward other products in the line. This, in turn, can have an effect on the manufacturer's optimal allocation mechanism. We examine this issue by developing a model of a supplier selling two substitutable goods through two retailers. Within this setup, we introduce a general turn-and-earn allocation rule that allows the entire sales history to influence allocation levels. Counter to previous work, we show that certain turn-and-earn rules not only help the manufacturer but can also help the retailer and increase total supply chain profits. This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
First bite syndrome after deep lobe parotidectomy: case report.

First bite syndrome (FBS) has recently been recognized in published medical studies; however, only 2 cases have been reported in dental studies. The syndrome was defined by Netterville and Civantos and Netterville et al as originating from a postoperative complication after parapharyngeal space (PPS) surgery. The most frequent reason for PPS surgery is the presence of a deep lobe parotid gland (PG) neoplasm, with cervical schwannoma the second most common lesion mandating surgery in this space. Surgical therapeutic procedures in the PPS for these tumors can inadvertently ablate the sympathetic nerve supply to the PG. Subsequently, with the first introduction of food into the mouth, severe intense and debilitating pain will develop and radiate through the upper neck, PG, and auricular regions on the ipsilateral surgical side. The intense pain will last approximately 5 seconds.With continued mastication, the pain will subside, but not totally abate. After the meal, the pain will gradually disappear, only to return with the next masticatory period. The pain is initiated by salivation, whether by food or the thought of food and will be accentuated by acidic sialogogic foods. Usually, with the passage of time, some gradual improvement in the intensity and frequency of the pain episodes can be anticipated.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Bulk Carbon Nanotube Materials

Several purification and processing techniques for laser-produced single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) soot were investigated and the resulting changes in the mechanical properties were characterized. SWCNT ribbons had non-nanotube carbonaceous content modified via thermal oxidation and the relationship between oxidation parameters and mechanical strength studied. SWCNT/polyamide composites were developed and exhibited improved toughness, tensile strength and elongation before break. The composite material is observed to have a greater tensile strength than either the baseline paper or the added polyamide.
Design of active photonic devices for enhanced emission from Si nanocrystals

Si-nc light emission, overcoming limitations of c-Si, is described by a rate equation formalism within the ADE-FDTD scheme. Following this scheme, we design a series of resonant devices which tune and enhance the Si-nc luminescence.
In vivo selection reveals combinatorial controls that define a critical exon in the spinal muscular atrophy genes

Humans have two near identical copies of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) gene, SMN1 and SMN2. In spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), SMN2 is not able to compensate for the loss of SMN1 due to an inhibitory mutation at position 6 (C6U mutation in transcript) of exon 7. We have recently shown that C6U creates an extended inhibitory context (Exinct) that causes skipping of exon 7 in SMN2. Previous studies have shown that an exonic splicing enhancer associated with Tra2 (Tra2-ESE) is required for exon 7 inclusion in both SMN1 and SMN2. Here we describe the method of in vivo selection that determined the position-specific role of wild-type nucleotides within the entire exon 7. Our results confirmed the existence of Exinct and revealed the presence of an additional inhibitory tract (3'-Cluster) near the 3'-end of exon 7. We also demonstrate that a single nucleotide substitution at the last position of exon 7 improves the 5' splice site (ss) such that the presence of inhibitory elements (Exinct as well as the 3'-Cluster) and the absence of Tra2-ESE no longer determined exon 7 usage. Our results suggest that the evolutionary conserved weak 5' ss may serve as a mechanism to regulate exon 7 splicing under different physiological contexts. This is the first report in which a functional selection method has been applied to analyze the entire exon. This method offers unparallel advantage for determining the relative strength of splice sites, as well as for identifying the novel exonic cis-elements.
The Ethical Leadership of George C. Marshall

George Catlett Marshall’s standing as an exemplar of public administration is abundantly supported both by his monumental achievements and by the ethical qualities of his organizational leadership. The purpose of this exemplar profile is to display his underappreciated record for the public administration discipline. There is much we can learn about the nature of ethical leadership and its relationship to public organizational effectiveness from this extraordinary man’s leadership philosophy, managerial style, and organizational behavior and decisions. Career soldier, genius of World War I battlefield organization and logistics, reformer of military education in the interim between the two world wars, leading advocate for military preparedness in the Roosevelt administration, reorganizer of the U.S. Army, organizer of both the American Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Allied coordination and command structure in World War II, head of a postwar diplomatic mission to China in the effort to prevent civil war, secretary of state and father of the Marshall Plan, president of the American Red Cross, and secretary of defense during the Korean War, George Catlett Marshall served his country in crucial leadership positions over a period of fifty years. He was one of the most successful public administrators in American history. Winston Churchill labeled him, justifiably, the “organizer of victory” in World War II (Pogue 1973, 585), and the Nobel prize committee referred to him as the “organizer of peace.” In every role in which he served, he was renowned for his unflagging demonstration of personal virtue, strong moral character, and inspiring leadership. Marshall was best known for his service as wartime chief of staff and as the guiding force in the formulation and enactment of the European Recovery Program (the “Marshall Plan”), but his service extended to other roles as well: diplomatic negotiator, advocate for war preparedness, educational innovator, government reorganizer. In all of these roles he was famously successful (with the sole exception of his attempt to negotiate a settlement between the Chinese Communists and Nationalists). It is tempting to intuit, along with Cooper and Wright (1992), Riccucci (1995),
An Information Infrastructure For The Pharmaceutical Market

The primary contribution of Joseph Newhouse’s paper is to make the point that it is impossible to devise a drug pricing policy that satisfies either the conditions for economic efficiency or prevailing standards of “fairness.” Not specifically mentioned by Newhouse is a rule for the socially efficient outlays on selling and marketing by the pharmaceutical industry. In fact, it is not clear that the current allocation of the industry’s revenue dollars to marketing and R&D is efficient from society’s point of view. This paper explores this question and proposes an independent, publicly funded information infrastructure to study and disseminate results on pharmaceutical cost-effectiveness.
Large-scale image database triage via EEG evoked responses

This paper describes an approach for target image search using human brain signals generated by perceptual processes in the brain. The human brain generates event related potentials (ERPs) in response to critical events, such as interesting/novel visual stimuli in the form of a target image. In this paper, we describe experiments involving six professional image analysts and summarize the ERP detection performance as they search for targets within a large image database. We develop a disjoint windowing scheme for data preprocessing to discard irrelevant and redundant information from the raw data to get clean training data. We apply support vector machines to detect ERPs and conduct 10-fold cross validation for parameter regularization. The results demonstrate that the ERP pattern recognition can provide reliable inference for image triage.
Toward a Turbulence Constitutive Relation for Geophysical Flows

Rapidly rotating turbulent flows are frequently in approximate geostrophic balance. Single-point turbulence closures, in general, are not consistent with a geostrophic balance. This article addresses and resolves the possibility of a constitutive relation for single-point second-order closures for classes of rotating and stratified flows relevant to geophysics. Physical situations in which a geostrophic balance is attained are described. Closely related issues of frame-indifference, horizontal divergence, and the Taylor–Proudman theorem are discussed. It is shown that, in the absence of vortex stretching along the axis of rotation, turbulence is frame-indifferent. Unfortunately, no turbulence closures are consistent with this frame-indifference that is frequently an important feature of rotating or quasi-geostrophic flows. A derivation and discussion of the geostrophic constraint which ensures that the modeled second-moment equations are frame-invariant, in the appropriate limit, is given. It is shown that rotating, stratified, and shallow water flows are situations in which such a constitutive relation procedure is useful. A nonlinear nonconstant coefficient representation for the rapid-pressure strain covariance appearing in the Reynolds stress and heat flux equations, consistent with the geostrophic balance, is described. The rapid-pressure strain closure features coefficients that are not constants determined by numerical optimization but are functions of the state of turbulence as parametrized by the Reynolds stresses and the turbulent heat fluxes as is required by tensor representation theory. These issues are relevant to baroclinic and barotropic atmospheric and oceanic flows. The planetary boundary layers in which there is a transition, with height or depth, from a thermally or shear driven turbulence to a geostrophic turbulence is a classic geophysical example to which the considerations in this article are relevant.
An Herbivore’s Thermal Tolerance is Higher Than That of the Ant Defenders in a Desert Protection Mutualism

In North American deserts, many species of cactus attract ants to their extrafloral nectaries; the ants actively defend the food source, and hence the plant, against herbivores. In thermally extreme environments, however, networks of positive and negative interactions like these are likely to be sensitive to the thermal limitations of each of the interacting species. We compared the thermal tolerance of a common phytophagous cactus bug, Narnia pallidicornis (Hemiptera: Coreidae), to that of the ants that defend the cactus Ferocactus wislizeni in the Sonoran Desert, USA. We used flow-through respirometry to experimentally determine the thermal limit of the herbivore and compared this to the thermal limits of the ant defenders, determined previously. In the field, we recorded herbivore frequency (proportion of plants with N. pallidicornis ) and abundance (the number of N. pallidicornis per plant) in relation to ambient temperature, ant species presence and identity, and fruit production. We show that N. pallidicornis has a higher thermal tolerance than the four most common ant mutualists, and in the laboratory can survive very high temperatures, up to 43°C. Herbivore frequency and abundance in the field were not related to the daily high temperatures observed. Plants that were not defended by ants were occupied by more N. pallidicornis , although they showed no reduction in fruit set. Therefore, herbivory is likely to continue on fishhook barrel cacti even at high temperatures, especially those temperatures beyond the thermal tolerance of the ant defenders. The consequences of increased herbivory, however, remain unclear. Mutualisms are essential for ecosystem functioning; it is important to understand the thermal sensitivity of these interactions, especially in light of expected increases in global temperature regimes.
A comparison of dorsal and heel plate foot tracking methods on lower extremity dynamics

The primary method to model ankle motion during inverse dynamic calculations of the lower limb is through the use of skin-mounted markers, with the foot modeled as a rigid segment. Motion of the foot is often tracked via the use of a marker cluster triad on either the dorsum, or heel, of the foot/shoe. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate differences in calculated lower extremity dynamics during the stance phase of gait between these two tracking techniques. In an analysis of 7 subjects, it was found that sagittal ankle angles and sagittal ankle, hip and knee moments were strongly correlated between the two conditions, however, there was a significant difference in peak ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion angles. Frontal ankle angles were only moderately correlated and there was a significant difference in peak ankle eversion and inversion, resulting in moderate correlations in frontal plane moments and a significant difference in peak hip adductor moments. We demonstrate that the technique used to track the foot is an important consideration in interpreting lower extremity dynamics for clinical and research purposes.
Opinions as Norms: Applying a Return Potential Model to the Study of Communication Behaviors

This research investigates the impact of normative intensity (i.e., strength of feeling) and crystallization (i.e., level of agreement) regarding communication behaviors and perceptions of social sanctions. By adapting the return potential model originally set forth by Jay Jackson, the authors examine perceptions of communication behaviors as a normative opinion process. Telephone survey respondents were asked to offer their own personal opinions regarding several communicative behaviors. By calculating the normative power (NP = Normative Intensity × Crystallization) associated with each of these behaviors, predictions were made regarding the frequency of behavior. The authors also connect normative power with the social costs ascribed to acts falling outside the accepted realm of behavior. Results indicate that public opinion can be seen as a normative process in which the intensity and crystallization of the climate of opinion exert influence on behavior in various communication situations.
Gettering in Low Temperature VLSI Processes

For gettering in silicon we have discussed a mechanism that depends on the injection of silicon interstitials. At low temperatures, where this mechanism is important, the time to getter effectively is only weakly dependent on temperature. We have cited data from the literature reporting effective getteringin 1 hour at both 1000°C and 800°C for the case of phosphorus diffusion. For backside getters, such as polysilicon, which do not inject silicon interstitials, temperatures much below 1000°C can not be used. Thus as processing temperatures drop, the efficacy of polysicon as a gettering treatment must be questioned. Backside treatments such as argon implantation and phosphorus diffuision, because they do inject silicon interstitials,will be effective down to very low temperatures. Intrinsic gettering will also be effective at low temperatures, as long as one insures that oxygen precipitation continuesthrough the Process.
THE PRIVATE EQUITY DISCOUNT: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EXIT OF VENTURE BACKED COMPANIES

Little is known about the risk and return characteristics of private eq- uity investments. In this paper we examine 52,322 .
Tumor growth in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex on the ketogenic diet.

Abstract Purpose New evidence is emerging that the availability of nutrients plays a key role in regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in human cancers. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder which results in the growth of hamartomatous lesions in multiple organs due to insufficient suppression of the mTORC1 pathway. A minority of patients with TSC who develop epilepsy which is intractable to standard anticonvulsant medical and/or surgical treatments are treated with the ketogenic diet. To provide insight into the effects of nutrient manipulation on tumor growth in this condition, we describe our experience in a unique group of patients with known tuberous sclerosis complex who are on the ketogenic diet for seizure control. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with TSC treated with the ketogenic diet between January 2002 and May 2007 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Results: Five patients with definite TSC underwent serial imaging for tumor growth while on the ketogenic diet or had unchanged imaging prior to the onset of the diet and after termination. Three out of five patients, all children, had progression of a known tumor or tumors or the development of a new tumor while on the ketogenic diet. Conclusion: In this limited case series of five TSC patients, the ketogenic diet did not induce tumor regression or suppress the growth of TSC-related tumors.
The effect of dietary selenium source and level on the uptake of selenium by developing chick embryos

We studied the effect of dietary source (organic or inorganic) and level of Se on the Se uptake of chick embryos. After receiving a low-Se diet for 16 wk, 126 Leghorn laying hens were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of feeding a low-Se basal diet alone or with one of three levels of added Se (0.1,0.2, or 0.3 mg/kg Se) supplied by sodium selenite or Se-enriched yeast. Fertile eggs were collected after 33 d of feeding the experimental diets. Eggs were subjected to no incubation or incubation for 5, 10, 15, or 20 d. Non-incubated eggs were separated, and the yolk and albumen were assayed separately for Se. Incubated eggs were separated into the embryo and extra-embryonic portions, which were assayed separately for Se. Se concentrations of the yolk and albumen were significantly different among dietary treatments. Compared with eggs from hens fed sodium selenite, yolk and albumen Se concentrations were higher in eggs from hens fed Se yeast. Embryonic and extra-embryonic Se concentrations were higher in eggs from hens fed Se yeast than eggs from hens fed sodium selenite. The largest increase in embryonic Se concentration was observed during Days 10 to 15 of incubation. It was concluded that Se source and dietary inclusion level influenced the Se concentration of portions of developing embryonated eggs and that embryonic Se concentration changed during incubation.
Risk reduction based survivable WDM network design

This paper presents an investment strategy to reduce the risk associated with failures in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. The investment strategy determines how to allocate a fixed budget for implementing survivability techniques in different parts of the network such that the expected loss of traffic (ELT) is minimized. Two survivability schemes are considered in this paper: dedicated link protection and dedicated path protection. Two analytical techniques for evaluating network unavailability and ELT are presented in this paper: a fault tree analysis and an event tree. Based on the event tree approach, we propose a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for the investment strategy problem. Numerical results illustrating the investment strategy for both link and path protection are presented and discussed.
A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation

Research in the neurosciences continues to provide evidence that sleep plays a role in the processes of learning and memory. There is less of a consensus, however, regarding the precise stages of memory development during which sleep is considered a require- ment, simply favorable, or not important. This article begins with an overview of recent studies regarding sleep and learning, predomi- nantly in the procedural memory domain, and is measured against our current understanding of the mechanisms that govern memory formation. Based on these considerations, I offer a new neurocognitive framework of procedural learning, consisting first of acquisition, followed by two specific stages of consolidation, one involving a process of stabilization, the other involving enhancement, whereby de- layed learning occurs. Psychophysiological evidence indicates that initial acquisition does not rely fundamentally on sleep. This also ap- pears to be true for the stabilization phase of consolidation, with durable representations, resistant to interference, clearly developing in a successful manner during time awake (or just time, per se). In contrast, the consolidation stage, resulting in additional/enhanced learn- ing in the absence of further rehearsal, does appear to rely on the process of sleep, with evidence for specific sleep-stage dependencies across the procedural domain. Evaluations at a molecular, cellular, and systems level currently offer several sleep specific candidates that could play a role in sleep-dependent learning. These include the upregulation of select plasticity-associated genes, increased protein syn- thesis, changes in neurotransmitter concentration, and specific electrical events in neuronal networks that modulate synaptic potentia- tion.
Developing Competitive Advantage in the Private Medical Services Market. The Case of Romania

Health was, is and will always be a top priority for a country’s stakeholders. The average health expenditure depicts an impressive variability worldwide, with Americans being the top spenders and South East Asia countries being at the bottom of the respective list. This study analyses the existing competitive advantages of the most important players in the private medical services market, in Romania. It traces their development and the factors that determine positioning strategic decisions. The competitive advantage of a business in the private medical services market is a result of a number of factors. The top three criteria of choice for a patient are doctors, medical technology and waiting time for accessing the service. The objectives of this research paper are: 1. to identify the key success factors (KSFs) and the drivers of change (DC) in the Romanian Medical Industry; 2. to propose a fine tuning in strategy as a response to changes in the macro and micro environment, 3. to re-evaluate existing business models and propose amendments that may lead to future sustainable competitive advantage and 4. to develop a proposition for growth strategies, business strategies and means of implementation that will lead to long term growth.
THE CHALLENGES OF LIVING IN HYPOXIC AND HYPERCAPNIC AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

Organisms living in coastal waters, and especially estuaries, have long been known to have behavioral or physiological mechanisms that enable them toexist in water containing low amounts of oxygen. However, the respiratory consumption of oxygen that generates hypoxia is also responsible for producing significant amounts of carbon dioxide. An elevation of carbon dioxide pressure in water will cause a significant acidosis in most aquatic organisms. Thus, the combination of low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide that occurs in estuaries represents a significant environmental challenge to organisms living in this habitat. Organisms may maintain oxygen uptake in declining oxygen conditions by using a respiratory pigment and/or by making adjustments in the convective flow of water and blood past respiratory surfaces ( i.e. , increase cardiac output and ventilation rate). Severe hypoxia may result in an organism switching partially or completely to anaerobic biochemical pathways to sustain metabolic rate. There is also evidence to suggest that organisms lower their metabolism during hypoxic stress. Elevated water CO2 (hypercapnia) produces an acidosis in the tissues of organisms that breathe it. This acidosis may be wholly or partially compensated ( i.e. , mechanisms return pH to pre-exposure levels), or may be uncompensated. Some studies have examined the effects on organisms of exposure simultaneously to hypoxia and hypercapnia. This article reviews some of the specific adaptations and responses of organisms to low oxygen, to high carbon dioxide, and to the cooccurrence of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
The Effect of Legal Expert Commentary on Lay Judgments of Judicial Decision Making

bs_bs_banner Journal of Empirical Legal Studies Volume 10, Issue 4, 797–814, December 2013 The Effect of Legal Expert Commentary on Lay Judgments of Judicial Decision Making Dan Simon and Nicholas Scurich* The public’s view of the judiciary is a key factor in the legitimacy of any legal system. Ideally, popular judgments of the adjudicative branch would be independent of the outcomes of the decisions it furnishes. In a previous study (Simon & Scurich 2011), we found that lay people’s evaluations of the judicial decision-making process were highly contingent on the decision outcomes. Participants gave favorable evaluations of the judges and their decisions when they agreed with the judges’ outcomes, but reported negative evaluations when they dis- agreed with them. These results held true across four different types of judicial reasoning, and despite the fact that all decisions were described as having followed proper procedures and been argued by competent lawyers. That study left open the possibility that the public’s judgments might be moderated by professional elites, namely, legal experts. Indeed, in real life, much of the public’s information about judicial decisions is derived from legal experts who communicate and comment on them in the media. This study examined the effect of professional commentators on lay people’s judgments of judicial decision making. We found that the experts’ commentaries do not alter participants’ evaluations of the courts’ decisions, as the evaluations continue to be influenced strongly by the participants’ agreement with the outcomes of the judges’ decisions. Moreover, lay people’s reactions to the experts follow a similar pattern: the experts are deemed competent and their commentaries are deemed reliable when the participants agree with the outcomes propounded by the experts, but the opposite is true when the participants’ preferred outcomes are incongruent with the out- comes endorsed by the experts. These findings suggest that the outcome-dominated judg- ments of courts cannot easily be tempered by professional elites. This conclusion could also provide some insight into the dynamic process that enables political polarization. I. Introduction The authority of the unelected judicial branch to exert its powers in a legitimate and effective manner is a central condition for an ordered society (see, e.g., Bickel 1986; Breyer 2010; Dworkin 1986; Marmor 2007). In this vein, legal institutions and practices have been designed to constrain judicial powers and conform them to the democratic system, with the objective of distinguishing judicial decisions from merely political or otherwise *Address correspondence to Dan Simon, Gould School of Law, University of Southern California, 699 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0071; email: dsimon@law.usc.edu. Scurich is in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, and Criminology, Law & Society, University of California–Irvine.