cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The organic crisis of Internationalism and the challenge of remembering alternative futures: Woman suffrage, parliamentarism, and anti-colonial critique in the Communist International

The function and meaning of voting can vary across political systems. Despite its diffusion as a norm alongside the global spread of political liberalism in the post-colonial period, women's franch...
The Four Horsemen of the Ecopocalypse: the Agricultural Ecology of the Great Leap Forward

China’s Great Leap Forward of 1958–60, an attempt to increase agricultural production through increased labor inputs, resulted in the greatest famine in world history from 1959 to 1961. Most histories emphasize the political mistakes of this period, which were disastrous. But to understand how the political mistakes led to the famine, here I concentrate on the ecosystem mismanagement that led to drastic drops in food production. To explain these effects, I use the concept of the “Four Horsemen of the Ecopocalypse:” over-emphasis on single variables, cross-scale mismatches, top-down panaceas, and ignorance of system feedbacks, all of which eliminated the resilience of agro-ecosystems to both internal contradictions and external disturbances.
Booming Bohemia? Evidence from the U.S. High-Technology Industry

This paper assesses the effect of Richard Florida's creative class on economic growth and development at two levels of spatial aggregation. First, I examine the dynamics of economic growth across US metropolitan regions and investigate how they relate to regional specialization and the concentration of talent in the high-tech industry. In addition to evidence of significant high-tech clusters, I identify important complementarities with regard to the interaction between the three Ts of regional development (talent, technology and tolerance) and regional growth dynamics. Using firm-level data, the regional analysis is then complemented by exploring the location of new high-technology plant openings and their relationship with university research and development (R&D) and the creative class. Specifically, I test the hypothesis that both university R&D and the presence of “creativity” generate spillovers which are captured locally in the form of new high-tech establishments, after controlling for important location factors such as local cost, demand and agglomeration economies. While the marginal impacts of increased R&D funding on county probability for new firm formation is modest, the mix of creativity and diversity — as proxied by the Florida measure — appears to be a key driver in the locational choice of new high-tech firms. Separate estimates indicate that these findings hold up across the major high-tech industries in the USA.
Rural, Suburban, and Urban Differences in Chronic Pain and Coping Among Adults in North Carolina: 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

INTRODUCTION Our study aimed to examine the prevalence of chronic pain, its severity, its causes, and coping mechanisms that are used by North Carolina adults in rural, suburban, and urban areas. METHODS We analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's first chronic pain module in 2018, representing 3,598 respondents. Self-reported chronic pain was defined as the affirmative response to the question, "Do you suffer from any type of chronic pain, that is, pain that occurs constantly or flares up often?" We computed prevalence of chronic pain and use of coping mechanisms by rural, suburban, or urban residential status. We used multiple logistic regression to assess the association between chronic pain and residential location, adjusting for demographic characteristics, employment, and health insurance. RESULTS In 2018, an estimated 27.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.6%-29.3%) of North Carolina adults experienced chronic pain. Prevalence of chronic pain in rural areas (30.9%) and suburban areas (30.8%) was significantly higher, compared with urban areas (19.6%). Compared with urban residents with chronic pain, those with chronic pain in suburban areas (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.76) and in rural areas (AOR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.65) were less likely to use nonmedication therapies (eg, acupuncture, physical therapy, yoga) and were less likely to use 3 or more types of chronic pain treatment (suburban AOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.25-0.88; rural AOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29-0.95). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that persons living in rural and suburban areas may be more likely to have chronic pain and less likely to use nonmedication treatments than those in urban areas.
Control of rat muscle nitrate levels after perturbation of steady state dietary nitrate intake

The roles of nitrate and nitrite ions as nitric oxide (NO) sources in mammals, complementing NOS enzymes, have recently been the focus of much research. We previously reported that rat skeletal muscle serves as a nitrate reservoir, with the amount of stored nitrate being highly dependent on dietary nitrate availability, as well as its synthesis by NOS1 enzymes and its subsequent utilization. We showed that at conditions of increased NO need, this nitrate reservoir is used in situ to generate nitrite and NO, at least in part via the nitrate reductase activity of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). We now further investigate the dynamics of nitrate/nitrite fluxes in rat skeletal muscle after first increasing nitrate levels in drinking water and then returning to the original intake level. Nitrate/nitrite levels were analyzed in liver, blood and several skeletal muscle samples, and expression of proteins involved in nitrate metabolism and transport were also measured. Increased nitrate supply elevated nitrate and nitrite levels in all measured tissues. Surprisingly, after high nitrate diet termination, levels of both ions in liver and all muscle samples first declined to lower levels than the original baseline. During the course of the overall experiment there was a gradual increase of XOR expression in muscle tissue, which likely led to enhanced nitrate to nitrite reduction. We also noted differences in basal levels of nitrate in the different types of muscles. These findings suggest complex control of muscle nitrate levels, perhaps with multiple processes to preserve its intracellular levels.
South Korea’s Poverty Reduction Strategy During its Middle-Income Stage of Development

This paper is one of three country studies of successful anti-poverty measures during upper-middle-income levels, the other two being Japan and the United States. South Korea may well be the most successful case of economic development in recorded history. Within two generations, it was transformed from a post-conflict country to a post-industrial society that has low poverty rates, high per capita income levels, and close to the highest educational attainment, health outcomes and living standards in the world. The paper attributes South Korea’s success in reducing poverty to a sequenced combination of measures aimed at agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods, export-oriented industrialization and urbanization, and early and sustained investments in human capital. It provides details that may be useful for formulating anti-poverty strategies middle-income countries that are on the cusp of high-income.
Student-Led Workshops: Filling Skills Gaps in Computational Research for Life Scientists

Computational skills are increasingly important for conducting research in the agricultural and natural sciences. However, barriers to training availability and accessibility have left many life scientists under-prepared. To address these challenges, we developed a workshop series led by graduate students to cover topics relevant to research needs among life scientists. Our workshops incorporated guided practice to facilitate a student-centered learning environment. Further, in response to changes mandated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the workshop series was converted to a virtual format and extended to life science researchers beyond our home institution. We highlight how to effectively structure workshops to develop computational skills and adapt in-person activities to the virtual environment. Survey data shows our workshops reached a highly diverse group of scientists, representing more than eight departments, in both in-person and virtual renditions. Further, we demonstrate an increase in self-reported confidence in student abilities to apply concepts to their own research following content delivery. This increase was facilitated in both virtual and in-person environments, showing that adapting content for online delivery is capable of supporting student learning gains. The success of this workshop series shows the importance of hands-on, guided practice in developing computational skills to fill gaps in training in the agricultural and natural sciences.
Optimal Bidding Strategy for Physical Market Participants With Virtual Bidding Capability in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets

Virtual bidding provides a mechanism for financial players to participate in wholesale day-ahead (DA) electricity markets. The price difference between DA and real-time (RT) markets creates financial arbitrage opportunities for financial players. Physical market participants (MP), referred to as participants with physical assets in this paper, can also take advantage of virtual bidding but in a different way, which is to further amplify the value of their physical assets. Therefore, this work proposes a model for such physical MPs to maximize the profits. This model employs a bi-level optimization approach, where the upper-level subproblem maximizes the total profit from both physical generations and virtual transactions while the lower-level model mimics the multi-period network-constrained DA market clearing process. In this model, uncertainties associated with other MPs as well as RT market prices are considered. Moreover, the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) metric is utilized to measure the risk of diverse strategies. The optimal strategy of the strategic physical MP is derived by solving this bi-level optimization model. The proposed bi-level model is transformed to a single level mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions and the duality theory. Case studies show the effectiveness of the proposed method and reveal physical MPs may choose to deploy virtual transactions in a very different way than pure financial MPs.
Undergraduate Physiology Degree Programs in the United States: from Famine to Feast

The formal teaching of physiology and physiology-related subjects at the undergraduate level in colleges and university in the U.S. is critical for the long-term success of this important area of science. This educational endeavor is a fundamental requirement for the continued movement of students
TIPs: Tankyrase Interacting Proteins

Tankyrase 1 and tankyrase 2 are “card carrying” members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes. PARPs use NAD + as a substrate to generate ADP-ribose polymers on protein acceptors. For over thirty years PARP-1 reigned supreme as the original and only known protein with this unusual enzymatic activity. Then, beginning in 1998 new functionally distinct PARPs, tankyrase 1 among them, were reported. Tankyrase 1 was found in a two-hybrid screen with the telomere-specific DNA binding protein TRF1. Subsequently in 2000, a closely related homolog tankyrase 2 was found in a two-hybrid screen with the insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP). Tankyrases have a catalytic PARP domain in common with PARP-1, but are distinguished by a large ankyrin repeat domain that serves as a platform for numerous, diverse protein binding partners, resulting in a remarkable range of biological activities involved in telomere function, inherited disease, and cancer. With the recent discovery of potent tankyrase-specific small molecule inhibitors, understanding the diverse functions of tankyrases has become more than just a fascinating cell biological puzzle. Elucidation of tankyrase function will pave the way for future therapeutic strategies, while at the same time provide insights into potential deleterious side effects.
Lise Widding Isaksen (red.): Global care work â Gender and Migration in Nordic Societies.

Kvinne er kvinne verst Bokens forside viser en ung kvinne, kanskje filippinsk, som sitter pa et tog og stirrer ut av vinduet. Hun er underveis. Bildet er sammenstilt med et naerfotografi av en sann lapp som vi finner inni nye klesplagg, der det star pa alle sprak og med internasjonale symboler hvordan plagget skal vaskes. Det er en god forside, og den antyder samtidig hvor boken legger sin hovedtyngde, nemlig pa det som gjerne kalles husarbeid. Boken handler dermed ikke like mye om all slags omsorgsarbeid.
Normed Vector Spaces

By a vector space (over the real numbers) we shall mean a set E, together with an association (v, w) ↦ v + w of pairs of elements of E into E, and another association (x, v) ↦ xv of R × E into E, satisfying the following properties:
Variability of the turgor pressure of individual cells of the gram-negative heterotroph Ancylobacter aquaticus.

Cells of Ancylobacter aquaticus were observed under phase microscopy in a chamber to which a measured pressure could be applied. The initial collapse pressure (Ca), i.e., the lowest pressure needed to collapse the most pressure-sensitive gas vesicles, was measured for 69 cells. The cells were taken from cultures in low-density balanced exponential growth, and the experiments were performed quickly so that the bacteria were in a uniform physiological state at the time of measurement. The turgor pressure, Pt, is the difference between the pressure, C, that would cause collapse of vesicles when removed from the cell and Ca. In this paper we focus on the variability of Pt from cell to cell. Part of the observed variability of Ca was due to the variability of the collapse pressure of individual vesicles (standard deviation [SD] = 90 kPa), but because there were about 100 vesicles per cell and because a change in refracted light after the fifth vesicle (approximately) collapsed probably could be detected by the human eye, the pressure would only have an SD of 18.6 kPa due to this type of sampling error. The observed SD of Pt was 42 kPa, indicating that turgor pressure did vary considerably from cell to cell. However, the turgor pressure was independent of cell size. Statistical analysis showed that Pt would decrease 6.9 kPa over a cell cycle, but with too large an SD (19.9 kPa) to be significant. This implies that the observed change in Pt over the cell cycle is not statistically significant.
Quality Assurance through Rigorous Software Specification and Testing: A Case Study☆

Abstract This paper demonstrates a case study of combining two rigorous software specification and testing methods, namely sequence based software specification and Markov chain usage-based statistical testing and their supporting tools, all developed by the University of Tennessee Software Quality Research Laboratory, and integrating them with an automated testing tool selected for the chosen application to provide fully automated statistical testing and software certification as an economical and feasible means to achieve high product quality. Working on any non-trivial real world problem requires considerable efforts be made to work out all the details needed for fully automated testing with no human intervention. At the end of this process we have the ability of running large numbers of tests, as well as an automated testing facility for low-cost, quick-turnaround testing and re-testing. Our experiences demonstrate a pathway towards lowered cost of testing and improved product quality.
Formal Methods in Software Engineering

Formal methods in general refer to the use of techniques from logic and discrete mathematics to specification, design, construction, and analysis of computer systems and software [Kelly, 1997; Storey, 1996]. In this chapter, we will give a short overview of the role of formal methods in the area of software engineering. Formal methods are very important in order to avoid incomplete, inconsistent and ambiguous requirements, specifications or system descriptions. In contrast to documents written in natural language, formal methods are based on formal languages (e.g., mathematical logic) and require the explicit and concise notation of all assumptions.
Homeostasis and anergy of CD4 + CD25 + suppressor T cells in vivo

CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T (TS) cells play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. We examined here proliferative and functional responses as well as differential gene expression in T(S) cells. We found that T(S) cells were hyporesponsive to antigenic stimuli in vivo and unable to flux Ca(2+) upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. However, T(S) cells were not impaired in their proliferative response to lymphopenia, which was dependent on major histocompatibility complex class II expression. Homeostatic proliferation did not abolish T(S) cell anergy; rather, it substantially augmented T(S) cell function. DNA array analyses identified genes that may inhibit responsiveness at a number of levels in multiple signaling cascades in T(S) cells, as well as several anti-apoptotic genes that may mediate their survival.
Wonderwalls: playful peer to peer to expert collaborative learning spaces

The original Wonderwall was an 8 foot by 3 foot large blank paper with colored markers. Visitors to the 4H Children’s Garden were encouraged to write anything they wondered about throughout the day. The electronic Wonderwall began with the same concept, evolving through user experience testing and recognition of possibilities and technological affordances. Wonderwalls are specialized environments which facilitate affect (a sense of mystery, fun, excitement, and importance) and cognition (reflection and formulating questions).
Flirting With Meaning: An Examination of Miscommunication in Flirting Interactions.

Men tend to view women's behaviors as more sexual than do women in cross-sex interactions (e.g., Abbey, 1982). This difference may result because men view specific behaviors as sexually motivated, whereas women attribute a different motivation to the behaviors. It is proposed that people flirt for a variety of different reasons including the desire to increase sexual interaction. Six flirting motivations derived from the literature are considered in this study: sex, fun, exploring, relational, esteem, and instrumental. The motivations attributed to flirting behaviors by men and women in typical flirting interactions are explored. Gender differences emerge for several flirting motivations (i.e., sex, relational, and fun). Men tend to view flirting as more sexual than women do, and women attribute more relational and fun motivations to flirting interactions than do men. No gender differences emerge for esteem, exploring, or instrumental motivations. The discussion focuses on how miscommunication may occur during flirting interactions.
On the biology and politics of cognitive sex differences

The male advantage in certain mathematical domains contributes to the difference in the numbers of males and females that enter math-intensive occupations, which in turn contributes to the sex difference in earnings. Understanding the nature and development of the sex difference in mathematical abilities is accordingly of social as well as scientific concern. A more complete understanding of the biological contributions to these differences can guide research on educational techniques that might someday produce more equal educational outcomes in mathematics and other academic domains.
Glutamate-mediated selective vulnerability to ischemia is present in organotypic cultures of hippocampus

Abstract Ischemic damage to the brain, whether induced experimentally or observed clinically, often produces a pattern of delayed selective cell death in subfield CA1 of hippocampus which has been associated with significant neurologic deficits. The present study demonstrates that this selective vulnerability of CA1 neurons to ischemia, with relative preservation of their neighbors, is expressed in organotypic tissue culture and is prevented by the N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, MK-801. These data provide conclusive evidence that this selective cells death does not have a vascular etiology but is mediated by factors intrinsic to the hippocampal neurons and/or local circuitry. This model system provides an opportunity both to examine mechanisms of ischemic cell death in an avascular environment and to study methods of prevention in the absence of systemic variables.
Trampling effects on coastal dune vegetation in the parker river national wildlife refuge, Massachusetts, USA

Abstract Long-term human trampling on coastal dune vegetation was analysed using eight 100 × 100 m study areas ranging in trampling intensity from little or no past trampling pressure to severe trampling pressure. All trampling levels significantly reduced species diversity. Total vegetation cover was significantly reduced only in areas with severe and heavy trampling pressure. Where long-term moderate trampling did not affect total cover, it appears to have favoured Ammophila breviligulata over other more sensitive species. The data suggest that long-term trampling pressure has caused a shift in the horizontal pattern of vegetation, i.e. expanding the width of the foredune plant community, while restricting the interdune community to a narrow strip at the base of the backdune ridge.
Hydrogen molecules in quasar broad-line regions

We reconsider the question of molecule formation deep within quasar broad-line-region (BLR) clouds. Previous studies have shown that the transition from H to H 2 is essentially complete at column densities N gas ∼ 10 23 cm −2 , a result that is consistent with numerous analyses of BLR atomic line spectra. However, earlier work ignored the rapid photodetachment of H − by the intense radiation flux between 0.75 and 13.6 eV. The negative hydrogen ion participates in the H 2 formation pathway that is most important in the BLR environment, and our calculations reveal an order-of-magnitude decrease in the H 2 abundance at large optical depths when the photo-detachment process is considered
Penicillin aerosol in the treatment of experimental pneumococcus pneumonia.

Summary1. The prophylactic effect of penicillin, whether administered by inhalation or parenterally, upon experimental pneumococcus pneumonia in rats, was negligible if the infection (intrabronchial) was produced with pneumococci suspended in mucin. If, however, the organisms were suspended in broth the prophylactic effect was such as to determine a 100% survival rate.2. When penicillin inhalations were given at intervals of 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours following intrabronchial infection with 100 M.L.D. of mucin-suspended pneumococci, a 73% survival rate resulted (9% for untreated controls) and the survival time of all treated rats which died was lengthened compared with that of the controls.3. If the penicillin treatment by inhalation was delayed for 18 hours after infection (permitting the establishment of lung consolidation and septicemia), and then given from the 18th to the 26th hour, at 2-hourly intervals, the survival rate of the treated animals was 69%.4. When penicillin inhalations were given in 2 series ...
Commentary on “The Role of Emotion Theory and Research in Child Therapy Development”

The article by Suveg, Southam-Gerow, Goodman, and Kendall (2007) provides a spirited argument for the importance of focusing on emotional awareness and emotion processing in prevention and treatment efforts with children. This review notes substantial empirical evidence for the role of emotions in normal development and psychopathology as well as recent evidence of our improved understanding of the aspects of the neuroscience of emotions. Finally, the authors review recent work that focuses on emotion-focused models of prevention and treatment with children. Most importantly, the authors recommend that the developmental understanding of emotions can do much to inform our models of prevention and treatment and improve the healthy development of children. My commentary focuses on conceptual and theoretical clarifications.
Managers' Pursuit of Individual and Organizational Goals

This paper examines circumstances under which managers exercise upward influence in order to achieve individual and organizational goals. One hundred and thirteen managers completed a questionnaire describing the frequency with which they influenced their superiors for individual and organizational reasons. Managers also provided information about their own abilities and power in their organizations. Finally, managers described the strategies used to influence their superiors. Principal findings were that (a) managers who exercised upward influence to achieve organizational goals evaluated their own work favorably, directed nonroutinized work units, and had power in their organizations; (b) staff managers exercised upward influence to achieve individual goals more often than line managers; and (c) influence strategies used by managers varied as a function of goals sought from superiors.
‘We teach reading this way because it is the model we’ve adopted’: asymmetries in language and literacy policies in a Two‐Way Immersion programme

In the USA there has been widespread growth in Two‐Way Immersion (TWI) programmes in all states, including those who have outlawed bilingual education. The model offers language majority students the opportunity to become bilingual alongside their language minority peers. Research has shown TWI programmes to be the most equitable and effective for teaching both native English speakers and linguistically subjugated populations. A central goal is that all students become proficient in oral and written communication of two languages. In this mixed methods study of a TWI programme in Texas, official discourse and policies reflected social justice and equitable language and literacy goals for students. However, there was marked incongruence between the interpretation and enactment of policies. There were asymmetrical language and literacy outcomes as the strict observance of programmatic goals constrained the English language and literacy development of Spanish‐dominant students but did not constrain the Spani...
Truck Driver Hours of Service Regulations: The Collision of Policy and Public Health

This article examines the policies related to truck driver hours of service regulations that affect occupational and public health and safety. The interaction of the nature of truck driving, labor practices and deregulation of the trucking industry, and the evolution of the current regulations are presented. The work of advocacy coalitions and legal action related to this issue is described. Possible policy alternatives and recommendations are presented. The article supports the position that although federal government regulators attempt to promulgate regulations based on current circadian science, the regulations are ineffective as stand-alone measures. Labor policies and practices must foster a work environment that facilitates sleep and safe driving performance. Advocacy by nurses on this issue continue the rich tradition of public health nursing. Nurses may benefit from the study of truck driver hours of service regulation as recommendations limiting their own hours of service are being considered and legislated.
Immunoquantitation of free light chain immunoglobulins: Applications in multiple myeloma☆

A single radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay for the free lambda (lambda) and kappa (kappa) light chain (LC) immunoglobulins was developed for study of clinical samples of serum, urine, and bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Using highly specific rabbit anti-LC sera, we were able to quantitate: (a) free serum LC after fractionating the serum sample using an Amicon ultrafiltration chamber equipped with an XM100A diaflow membrane and an 125I-LC standard for calculating filtration efficiencies, (b) directly, Bence Jones (BJ) proteins in the urine, and (c) the in vitro LC synthesis by myeloma plasma cells obtained from bone marrow aspirates. The median values of free LC levels in sera (n = 12), urines (n = 25), and marrow culture synthetic rates (n = 17) were 116.2 mg/dl, 0.775 g/day and 15.3 pg/plasma cell/day, respectively. These data were useful in initial evaluation of patients and serial follow-up studies. The assays have also been of use in our research on the determination of total body tumor mass in patients with BJ multiple myeloma.
ACOUSTIC EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF DAMAGE IN HYBRID FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER RODS

The development and testing of a pseudoductile hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer rod consisting of glass and carbon fibers is described. Two different hybrid forms were considered for the development of the hybrid rods, including (1) random dispersion of the glass and carbon fibers; and (2) a core-shell design with a glass fiber core protected by the carbon fiber shells. The mechanical properties of the hybrids were evaluated through uniaxial tension tests. The hybrid rods developed by way of the core-shell approach exhibited pseudoductile properties that included a yield point of 1,153 MPa and an ultimate strength of 1,191 MPa, with a strain of 3.5% at ultimate. The experimental program also included damage assessment by way of a single-channel fiber optic acoustic emission (AE) sensor. The acoustic emission technique was employed for real-time determination of the progressive damage due to rupture of fibers. Moreover, the spectral energies of the frequency spectrum from the AE signals were employed for as...
Study of mixed solvent quality in a polystyrene–dioctyl phthalate–polystyrene system

Polymer solvent interactions in the ternary system high molecular weight polystyrene (HMPS), low molecular weight polystyrene (LMPS), and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) have been characterized by means of intrinsic viscometry (IV), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and static light scattering (SLS). Excluded volume exponents have been extracted from the scaling of intrinsic viscosity and translational diffusivity with polymer molecular weight for a mixed solvent of 13 wt % LMPS/87 wt % DOP. The value of the excluded volume exponent, v = 0.45, indicates that HMPS in the mixed solvent DOP/LMPS has apparently assumed a reduced conformation relative to the theta condition. However, SLS measures of the second virial coefficient (A 2 ) confirm that DOP is a theta solvent at our experimental temperature of 22°C and indicate that the addition of LMPS increases A 2 . SLS also suggests that neither solvent component is strongly preferentially adsorped into the HMPS coil. Our system then is a mixture of a theta solvent and a good solvent that exhibits poor solvent scaling behavior. We believe this to be the first demonstration of such behavior in a system that does not exhibit appreciable preferential adsorption. We conclude by examining our observations in the context of current descriptions of mixed solvent thermodynamics.
Gaseous ionic reactions in tetramethylsilane

Abstract Ion—molecule reactions were studied in tetramethylsilane at pressures up to 0.3 torr at temperatures of 70–170 °C. The major reactions are the collisionally stabilished addition of the trimethylsilyl ion to tetramethylsilane and the subsequent loss of CH4 from this ion. The formation of the addition ion, m/e = 161, shows a pronounced negative temperature coefficient, with an apparent activation energy of −12 kcal/mole. The negative activation energy is attributed to an equilibrium between the trimethylsilyl ion, tetramethylsilane and an excited addition ion.
Rip currents, mega-cusps, and eroding dunes

Abstract Dune erosion is shown to occur at the embayment of beach mega-cusps O(200 m alongshore) that are associated with rip currents. The beach is the narrowest at the embayment of the mega-cusps allowing the swash of large storm waves coincident with high tides to reach the toe of the dune, to undercut the dune and to cause dune erosion. Field measurements of dune, beach, and rip current morphology are acquired along an 18 km shoreline in southern Monterey Bay, California. This section of the bay consists of a sandy shoreline backed by extensive dunes, rising to heights exceeding 40 m. There is a large increase in wave height going from small wave heights in the shadow of a headland, to the center of the bay where convergence of waves owing to refraction over the Monterey Bay submarine canyon results in larger wave heights. The large alongshore gradient in wave height results in a concomitant alongshore gradient in morphodynamic scale. The strongly refracted waves and narrow bay aperture result in near normal wave incidence, resulting in well-developed, persistent rip currents along the entire shoreline. The alongshore variations of the cuspate shoreline are found significantly correlated with the alongshore variations in rip spacing at 95% confidence. The alongshore variations of the volume of dune erosion are found significantly correlated with alongshore variations of the cuspate shoreline at 95% confidence. Therefore, it is concluded the mega-cusps are associated with rip currents and that the location of dune erosion is associated with the embayment of the mega-cusp.
High-resolution crystal structure of the Fv of quaternary neutralizing epitope mAb 2909 reveals atomic details of its antigen-binding site

Methods After crystallizing a recombinant Fv (rFv) of mAb 2909, expressed as a single chain in E. coli and refolded from inclusion bodies, we solved and refined its structure to 1.9A resolution. We also characterized the neutralizing activity of the rFv against pseudotyped virus SF162. Results Despite lacking the native sulfation of 2 tyrosine residues at the apex of CDR H3, rFv 2909 retains neutralization activity against SF162 pseudoviruses. Our high-resolution structure features a series of 5 tyrosine residues decorating one face of H3 like rungs of a spiral staircase, as seen in the Spurrier structure. The presence of this feature, despite different crystal packing around the H3 loop, suggests that the stacking pattern is not an artifact of crystallization, and that these tyrosine side chains play an important role in epitope recognition. Conclusion Our structure of rFv 2909 at 1.9A resolution reveals additional atomic-level details of its antigen-binding site, allowing further analysis of its binding mode. Our data demonstrate that rFv can be used as a tool to obtain high-resolution structures of antigen-binding regions, and may be useful for experiments requiring molecular weights smaller than that of a full Fab fragment, such as ITC and NMR spectroscopy.
Sliding Friction and Wear Characteristics of Novel Graphitic Foam Materials

While the use of ORNL developed high-thermal-conductivity graphitic foam materials has been focused on thermal management applications, recent experiments have revealed their potential as bearing surfaces as well. The three primary tribological advantages are: (1) they can efficiently remove frictional heat, (2) their natural porosity can trap wear debris, and (3) their porosity can serve as a lubricant reservoir for the contact surface. A series of pin-on-disk experiments were conducted at both room temperature and 400 °C to compare the sliding friction and wear characteristics of the densified graphitic foam (mated against M-50 tool steel or against alumina) to those of conventional bearing materials like graphite, bearing bronze, poly- tetrafluoroethylene, bearing steel, and a Co-based superalloy. At room temperature and under low contact pressure, the tribological behavior of the densified graphitic foam material was comparable to that of graphite and better than that of other bearing materials. At 400 °C, traditional graphite exhibited a “dusting” wear regime accompanied by a high friction coefficient. In contrast, the graphitic foam demonstrated an ability to maintain low friction and wear at that temperature.
Geotextiles used as flexible forms

Abstract Traditionally, wood and metal have been used to contain concrete or cementatious grouts in the forming of constructed facilities. These materials result in rigid forms which are positioned and fixed in location until the material placed in them adequately cures and has sufficient strength for self-support. While the constraint of a rigid form is an obvious advantage in building a concrete wall or footing to exact line and grade, it is a decided disadvantage in a number of other applications. These situations, which can capitalize on the use of a flexible form made from a geotextile, are described in this paper. As will be seen, all of the applications bear heavily on infrastructure enhancement and remediation.
I Can Problem Solve (ICPS): An Interpersonal Cognitive Problem Solving Program for Children

SUMMARY This article describes an interpersonal problem solving approach to the reduction and prevention of early high-risk behaviors such as aggression, inability to wait and cope with frustration, social withdrawal, and poor peer relations that predict later, more serious problems such as violence, substance abuse, depression, and school dropout. Our research is described that shows that as children as young as age four become more sensitive to their own and others' feelings, more aware of the consequences of their acts, and better able to think of alternative solutions to problems, the early high-risk behaviors can be reduced and prevented. As children move into the elementary grades, decreased emotional distraction also helps them concentrate more efficiently on academic lessons in school. This article describes how a specific intervention for teachers and other school personnel can teach children interpersonal problem solving skills, how the program can fit into the school day, flexibility in deliver...
Effect of stacking sequence on strength of T-300/5208 composites

Abstract Experimental results of the variations in strength with stacking sequence of graphite-epoxy composites are presented. Flat and ring-type specimens are subjected to both uniaxial and biaxial loading. The observed results are compared with those predicted numerically using several failure criteria.
Sports History as a Vehicle for Social and Cultural Understanding in American History.

(2005). Sports History as a Vehicle for Social and Cultural Understanding in American History. The Social Studies: Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 118-125.
Recovering coherent intepretations using semantic integration of partial parses

This paper describes a chunk-based parser/semantic analyzer used by a language learning model. The language learning model requires an analyzer that robustly responds to extragrammaticality, ungrammaticality and other problems associated with transcribed language. The analyzer produces globally coherent analyses by semantically integrating the partial parses. Each resulting semantically integrated analysis is ranked by its semantic compatibility using a novel metric called semantic density.
Role of gene expression in mechanisms of toxicity/carcinogenicity relative to environmental cancer, heart, and lung disease

Abstract DNA damage may be one of a large number of mechanisms initiating acute heart and lung disease, and may be a major mechanism initiating long‐latency heart and lung disease. Gene expression can modulate metabolism, DNA damage, DNA repair, DNA replication, and expression of mutation. Conversely, DNA damage appears capable of altering gene expression. Environmental long‐latency heart and lung disease, in analogy to cancer, may exhibit: heart and lung as targets for some environmental agents and non‐targets for others; hormone‐ and development‐dependent heart and lung disease; and two‐stage initiation‐promotion phenomena.
Scaling-law equilibria for calcium in canopy-type models of the solar chromosphere

Scaling laws for resonance line formation are used to obtain approximate excitation and ionization equilibria for a three-level model of singly ionized calcium. The method has been developed for and is applied to the study of magnetograph response in the 8542 A infrared triplet line to magnetostatic canopies which schematically model diffuse, nearly horizontal fields in the low solar chromosphere. For this application, the method is shown to be efficient and semi-quantitative, and the results indicate the type and range of effects on calcium-line radiation which result from reduced gas pressure inside the magnetic regions.
Current ideas on the significance of protein glycosylation

Carbohydrate has been removed from a number of glycoproteins without major effect on the structure or enzyme activity of the protein. Thus carbohydrate has been suggested to underly a non-primary function for proteins, such as in relatively non-specific interactions with other carbohydrates or macromolecules, stabilization of protein conformation, or protection from proteolysis. This non-specific concept is consistent with both the general similarity in carbohydrate structure on very diverse glycoproteins and the frequent structural microheterogeneity of carbohydrate chains at given sites. The concept is supported in a general sense by the viability of cells whose glycosylation processes have been globally disrupted by mutation or pharmacological inhibitors. In contrast to the above observations, other studies have revealed the existence of specific, selective receptors for discrete oligosaccharide structures on glycoproteins which seem to be important for compartmentalization of the glycoprotein, or the positioning of cells on which the glycoprotein is concentrated. Sometimes multivalency in the carbohydrate-receptor interaction is crucial. There are additional possible roles for carbohydrate in the transduction of information upon binding to a receptor. The possibility of specific roles for carbohydrate is supported by the existence of numerous unique carbohydrate structures, many of which have been detected as glycoantigens by monoclonal antibodies, with unique distributions in developing and differentiated cells. This article attempts to summarize and rationalize the contradictory results. It appears that in general carbohydrate does in fact underlie only roles secondary to a protein's primary function. These secondary roles are simple non-specific ones of protection and stabilization, but often also satisfy the more sophisticated needs of spatial position control and compartmentalization in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. It is suggested that there are advantages, evolutionarily speaking, for the shared use of carbohydrate for non-specific roles and for specific roles primarily as luxury functions to be executed during the processes of cell differentiation and morphogenesis.
Plane transient electromagnetic wave propagation in a generalized conducting medium

Abstract A technique first suggested by Knop (1) has been used to invert exactly a special contour integral arising in the study of space-time evolution of pulsed plane electro- magnetic signals in the presence of a class of generalized conducting media. The final expressions are given in terms of Lommel functions of two imaginary variables. These findings have been applied to the examination of plane transient wave propagation in uniformly moving conducting media, and materials described by a dissipative Klein-Gordon equation.
Classification of intended motor movement using surface EEG ensemble empirical mode decomposition

Noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG) brain computer interface (BCI) systems are used to investigate intended arm reaching tasks. The main goal of the work is to create a device with a control scheme that allows those with limited motor control to have more command over potential prosthetic devices. Four healthy subjects were recruited to perform various reaching tasks directed by visual cues. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify artifacts. Active post parietal cortex (PPC) activation before arm movement was validated using EEGLAB. Single-trial binary classification strategies using support vector machine (SVM) with radial basis functions (RBF) kernels and Fisher linear discrimination (FLD) were evaluated using signal features from surface electrodes near the PPC regions. No significant improvement can be found by using a nonlinear SVM over a linear FLD classifier (63.65% to 63.41% accuracy). A significant improvement in classification accuracy was found when a normalization factor based on visual cue “signature” was introduced to the raw signal (90.43%) and the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) of the data (93.55%) using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD).
An Empirical Examination of the Anomie Theory of Drug Use.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anomie theory, as measured by Srole's Anomie Scale, and the respondents self-admitted drug use (alcohol, marijuana, toba...
AACSB Accreditation: Perceptions of Deans and Accounting Professors

(1990). AACSB Accreditation: Perceptions of Deans and Accounting Professors. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 9-12.
Excitation spectra of ZnS phosphors part II: Experimental results

Abstract The excitation spectra of several ZnS and ZnCdS phosphors were studied in various gas atmospheres. The high energy tail of the spectrum is strongly reduced by grinding. The shift of the long wave tail with crystal grain size corresponds to the theoretical analysis. No change of excitation spectra was observed applying various gas atmospheres. The surface recombination velocity of ZnS and ZnCdS phosphors varied between 2·103–1·4·105 and 7·105–2·106 cm sec−1 respectively. The absorption spectrum can be deduced from the excitation spectrum.
Izquierda y estabilidad de la democracia en América latina: la ideología de la revolución bolivariana y su repercusión sobre el proceso político en Venezuela y América latina

One of the main areas of work in Comparative Politics and Political Theory has been the determination of the variables associated with the stability/instability of political systems in general, and democracy in particular. This paper focuses on one of these variables. One with newly acquired importance after the recent electoral successes by the left, but that nevertheless has not been in the spotlight of scholarly analysis: ideological polarization. Particularly, ideological polarization brought about by the attempt to pursue by the government a leftist political project. The main focus is on the ideological project pursued by the Venezuelan Bolivarian Government and its association with the political instability of 2002 and 2003. The paper considers this topic taken into account mainstream theoretical approaches on political stability, and the experience of previous Latin American leftist governments. The paper reaches the conclusion that in Latin America the attempt to implement a socialist program by a democratically elected government, if it is done without meaningful social and political negotiation, and with authoritarian overtones, is likely to lead to intense political instability and to the ultimate failure of the proposed social change.