cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to management of uncertainty in an expert system

The problem of reasoning with uncertainty in expert systems has become an issue of increasing interest. In this article, the development of EMERGE, an expert system for chest pain analysis, is traced. Modifications to the system to utilize new techniques are analyzed. In particular, the incorporation of techniques from approximate reasoning is discussed as applied in the chest pain rule base to take into account degrees of presence of symptoms and unequal contribution of antecedents. Specifically, theoretical results in approximate reasoning by Yager are applied in the EMERGE expert system in an attempt to improve its performance in borderline cases.
Molecular orbital calculations on biopolymers. III. conductivity in nucleic‐acid base homopolymers

The linear combination of molecular orbitals (LCMO) approximation has been employed to calculate the energy-independent conductivity term for some homopolymers of the bases found in the nucleic acids. The conductivity was assumed to be along the stacked bases; consequently, the sugar-phosphate backbone was neglected. The results are compared to the band-theory results of Ladik and co-workers and to the experimental results of Eley and co-workers. Reasonable agreement with the experimental results was obtained.
Hyperpolarizing, small-field, amacrine cells in cone pathways of cat retina

Intracellular recording and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining of amacrine cells in the isolated arterially perfused cat retina have revealed examples of small-field cells that hyperpolarize to light. Two were examined in detailed electron microscopic reconstructions to determine patterns of synaptic relationships within the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The cells were morphologically similar to A8 and A13 types as described in Golgi-impregnated material (Kolb et al. [1981] Vision Res. 21:1081-1114). Both types received ribbon synaptic input from rod and cone bipolar cells. The latter input was numerically predominant, occurred in both a and b sublaminae of the IPL, and arose from at least three cone bipolar types. Reciprocal synapses were evident between A13 cells and cone bipolar cells. Amacrine input occurred throughout the dendritic tree of both A8 and A13 types, and numerically exceeded bipolar cell input for A13. Gap junctions between stained, and similar-appearing unstained dendritic profiles were observed for both amacrine types. In addition, A8 engaged in gap junctions with cone bipolar profiles in sublamina b which also provided ribbon input. Synaptic output for both amacrine types occurred primarily upon amacrine and ganglion cells in sublamina a. Both cells were presynaptic upon single OFF-center beta ganglion cells running through the middle of their dendritic trees. Mixtures of rod and cone signals were found in the centrally evoked hyperpolarizations of each type. Center mechanism space constants of such types ranged from 100 to 400 microns, with antagonistic surround in 1 of 5 cases. Dopamine (250 microM) reduced receptive field space constants by one-third in one case. The synaptic organization and potential circuitry implications of these cone system-dominated amacrine types are compared and contrasted to the better-known AII and A17 types previously described for the rod system.
Rank-associated desynchronization of metabolic and activity rhythms of Peromyscus maniculatus in response to social pressure

Abstract 1. 1. Saturation level population density conditions drastically affected the level and timing of subordinate males' metabolic rate and locomotor activity and feeding rhythms. 2. 2. The increased daily metabolic rates of subordinate animals was expressed in the face of depressed locomotor and feeding activity levels. 3. 3. A phase shift in the metabolic peak of dominant animals occurred at high density, but close synchrony between activity and metabolic rate persisted with no increase in metabolic cost. 4. 4. Subordinate animals showed desynchronization of activity rhythm at high density; this effect imposed a higher bioenergetic cost upon the subordinate than upon the dominant mice.
Effects of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on restricted feeding behavior in rats.

Abstract Previous research has shown that VMH lesioned rats overeat when given free access to food yet undereat when daily access is restricted. In the present study VMH lesioned female rats in Experiment 1 and male rats in Experiment 2 consumed more food than controls during both free and restricted access feeding schedules. The factor that most likely accounts for the contrasting outcomes is the extent of hyperphagia displayed by the lesioned rats prior to restricted access feeding. The present data are consistent with the interpretation that VMH lesions increase hunger motivation.
Synthesis and Estimation of Random Fields Using Long-Correlation Models

Random field models have arisen in important applications in many diverse fields, including image synthesis and analysis. The automatic description and processing of images is limited by the types of underlying models that are hypothesized for the image. Hence, new random field models and associated techniques are developed. The new class of models includes the traditional simultaneous autoregressive and moving average models, but extends these to comprise a substantially larger new class. Thus, new image textures are representable with convenient small-order parameterizations. In particular, representations with significant correlations between distant locations are achieved. The algorithms for synthesis and estimation, however, require only about the same amount of time as the classical models. The development is facilitated by a new mathematical formulation suitable for problems involving high-dimensional transformations.
Remote Sensing of Surface Ocean Circulation with Satellite Altimetry

The Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite (GEOS-3) radar altimeter has provided some information on the dynamic sea-surface topography of the global oceans. Regional studies of the densely surveyed Sargasso Sea indicate that the average nontidal variability of the oceans is ± 28 centimeters. Sea-surface highs and lows determined from GEOS-3 altimetry correlate favorably with eddy structures inferred from Nimbus-6 infrared imagery.
Magnetic ordering temperatures in rare earth metal dysprosium under ultrahigh pressures

Magnetic ordering temperatures in heavy rare earth metal dysprosium (Dy) have been studied using an ultrasensitive electrical transport measurement technique in a designer diamond anvil cell to a pressure of 69 GPa and a temperature of 10 K. Previous studies using magnetic susceptibility measurements at high pressures were able to track magnetic ordering temperature only till 7 GPa in the hexagonal close packed (hcp) phase of Dy. Our studies indicate that the magnetic ordering temperature shows an abrupt drop of 80 K at the hcp-Sm phase transition followed by a gradual decrease that continues till 17 GPa. This is followed by a rapid increase in the magnetic ordering temperatures in the double hcp phase and finally leveling off in the distorted face centered cubic phase of Dy. Our studies reaffirm that 4f-shell remains localized in Dy and there is no loss of magnetic moment or 4f-shell delocalization for pressures up to 69 GPa.
Nonmedical use of prescription drugs among a longitudinal sample of dependent and problem drinkers

Abstract Background Increasing trends in the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMPD) have been documented, yet little is known about the demographic, severity, and social network influences related to NMPD among treated and untreated problem and dependent drinkers. Methods To determine NMPD over four post-baseline interviews, the current study uses a 7-year longitudinal sample of 1598 dependent and problem drinkers, many also using illegal drugs, who were identified through a probability survey in the general population and consecutive intakes in public and private chemical dependency treatment programs in a California county. A panel model incorporating variables from the four post-baseline interviews was used, with baseline variables added for control. Results The use of illegal drugs (OR = 2.18, CI 1.28–3.70), including marijuana (OR = 2.66, CI 1.74–4.08), and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs prior to the baseline interview (OR = 2.53, CI 1.48–4.33) were related to NMPD over the study period. Larger heavy alcohol and drug using social networks were also related to NMPD (OR = 1.03, CI 1.01–1.05). Conclusions When examining a sample of dependent and problem drinkers, many of the results obtained were similar to results in the literature predicting drug, and even alcohol, use more generally. In this sample, illegal drug use, and marijuana use were important predictors of NMPD. Thus, the nonmedical use of prescription drugs may not be the first problem noticed by health and psychiatric providers.
Examining the effect of repressive and conciliatory government actions on terrorism activity in Israel

This paper examines the impact of repressive and conciliatory actions by Israel on terrorist activity using vector autoregression. Increases in repressive actions lead to a significant reduction in terrorist attacks. Conciliatory actions, on the other hand, have no effect.
Expensive but worth it: older parents' attitudes and opinions about the costs and insurance coverage for in vitro fertilization.

Objective To describe older parents' attitudes and opinions about the costs and insurance coverage for IVF. Design Qualitative interview study. Setting Two Northern California IVF practices. Patient(s) Sixty women and 35 male partners in which the woman had delivered her first child after the age of 40 years using IVF. Intervention(s) Two in-depth interviews over 3 months. Main Outcome Measure(s) Thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Result(s) We found that although the costs of IVF were perceived as high, even by those with insurance or who could afford them, the cost of IVF relative to other expenses in life was dwarfed by the value attributed to having a child. Women were twice as likely as men to support insurance coverage for IVF. Both men and women with complete or partial IVF insurance coverage were more likely to support insurance than those without coverage. There was a broad range of attitudes and opinions about the appropriateness of IVF insurance coverage, which addressed questions of age, gender equality, reproductive choice, whether infertility is a medical illness, and the role of personal and societal economic equity and responsibility. Conclusion(s) Despite a generally favorable opinion about the appropriateness of insurance coverage by those who have successfully undergone IVF treatment, the affordability of IVF remains an unresolved dilemma in the United States.
The Narcotic Bowel Syndrome: A Recent Update

Objectives The paradoxical development of chronic abdominal pain is an underrecognized side effect of opioid use. Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS), occurring in a small proportion of chronic opioid users, consists of chronic or intermittent abdominal pain, which often increases in severity despite continued or escalating dosages of opioids prescribed to relieve pain. Methods A PubMed search was conducted using terms such as "narcotic bowel syndrome" and "opioid hyperalgesia" through January 2014. Results Abdominal pain is the defining symptom of NBS and is thought to be mediated by central nervous system dysfunction; it should be distinguished from the peripheral side effects of opioids, such as nausea, bloating, intermittent vomiting, abdominal distension, and constipation. This latter cluster of symptoms is called opioid bowel dysfunction, although it may co-occur with NBS. Hypothesized mechanisms of the central effects of opioids on nociception in NBS include spinal cord inflammation and dysfunction in opioid receptor activity and related neuroanatomical substrates. With continued use, ∼6% of patients taking narcotics chronically will develop NBS, with profound consequences in terms of daily function. The primary management paradigm for NBS is a structured opioid withdrawal program accompanied by centrally acting adjunctive therapy comprising antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and clonidine to target pain, anxiety, and depression, and prevent withdrawal effects, in addition to peripherally acting agents such as laxatives (e.g., osmotic laxatives and chloride channel activators) to control transient constipation. Such structured withdrawal programs have been prospectively evaluated in small clinical trials and have met with considerable success in the short term. Conclusions Because rates of NBS are likely to rise, integrated intensive pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are needed to help patients with NBS go off and stay off opioids. These programs will likely also reduce comorbid psychopathology and lead to adequate pain control and improved quality of life.
Acoustic Source DOA Estimation using the Cross-Entropy Method

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the directions-of-arrival (DOA) of multiple wideband sources using an array of sensors. While a variety of estimation techniques have been proposed in the literature, the maximum-likelihood (ML) DOA estimator has been shown to have superior performance under many challenging environments. In this paper, we propose a novel implementation for ML DOA estimator based on the cross-entropy (CE) method. Simulation results show the CE algorithm converges to the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) in all scenarios within several iterations and the convergence speed is insensitive to the coherence of sources.
The Involvement of Corticostriatal Loops in Learning Across Tasks, Species, and Methodologies

The basal ganglia contribute to a variety of forms of learning. The first goal of this chapter is to review the different tasks (instrumental conditioning, visual discrimination, arbitrary visuomotor learning, rule learning, categorization, and decision making) that have been used to study basal-ganglia-dependent learning in rodents, monkeys, and humans. These tasks have several features in common: in each, the subject is first presented with a stimulus within a behavioral context, is then required to respond with an appropriate behavior, and finally receives a reward or positive feedback for correct behavior. The second goal of this chapter is to examine how these different features (stimulus, response, and reward) involve the independent corticostriatal loops that connect the basal ganglia with cerebral cortex. The visual corticostriatal loop is involved in aspects of visual stimulus processing; the motor corticostriatal loop is involved in response selection; and the executive and motivation corticostriatal loops are involved in processing feedback and reward. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the corticostriatal loops interact during learning.
A joint Viterbi algorithm to separate cochannel FM signals

This paper presents a method for separating cochannel FM signals. We show that the Viterbi algorithm, traditionally limited to estimation of digital sequences, can jointly track analog FM signals by separately quantizing the derivatives of their instantaneous frequencies. We employ per-survivor processing in the trellis to estimate unknown channel effects. The approach works well when the signal to interference ratio (SIR) is less than or equal to zero, in contrast to conventional interference suppression algorithms that degrade as the SIR approaches zero and fail catastrophically when the SIR<0. Comparisons of mean squared error (MSE) between the estimates and the true signals are given for varying SIR, SNR, Doppler offsets, and frequency deviations. The same approach can also be used for any other continuous phase modulation scheme, such as continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK).
On-line profile replication for hierarchical mobility management in PCS networks

In the context of heterogeneous networks and diverse communication devices, real person-to-person communications can be achieved with a universal personal identification (UPI) that uniquely identifies an individual and is independent of the access networks and communication devices. Hierarchical mobility management techniques (MMT) have been proposed to support UPI. Previously proposed profile replication algorithms for improving the performance of such MMT are either threshold-based or off-line. In contrast to an off-line algorithm that assumes perfect knowledge of user calling and mobility statistics, we propose in this paper on-line replication algorithms that decide whether to distribute new replicas or delete existing replicas after serving each request, all based on the input sequence seen so far. The performance of our on-line profile replication algorithms is studied via large scale network simulations.
Creating a Ninth-Grade Community of Care

ABSTRACT This qualitative case study analyzed how one large high school created a community of care for ninth-grade students. Data were collected during the 2006–2007 school year, including observations, individual interviews, and focus group interviews of 1 female teacher and 9 of her students. Findings suggest the Freshman Focus teachers and program helped to establish three caring relationships (teacher to program, teacher to student, program to student) that promoted a community of care. The development of positive teacher beliefs about students, supportive teacher–student relationships, and the promotion of academic and life skills may help create a caring community in which students are the primary receivers of care.
Flow-Cookies: Using Bandwidth Amplification to Defend Against DDoS Flooding Attacks

This paper describes flow-cookies which defend against DDoS flooding attacks using bandwidth amplification. "Flow-cookies" is a mechanism in which a Website can reliably send filtering requests to a cooperating node in the network, leveraging its protection bandwidth. In this approach, a third party provider installs a flow-cookies enabled middlebox called the cookie box, in the network at a high bandwidth link. All traffic to or from the protected Web server must traverse the cookie box. The cookie box guarantees that all packets that pass between it and the server belong to a legitimate TCP flow with a valid sender. This implementation is able to operate at gigabit speeds including per-packet IP filtering of millions of addresses. This approach is also very effective against high volume SYN flooding attacks
Effect of long-term corticosteroid use on bone mineral density in children: a prospective longitudinal assessment in the childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study.

OBJECTIVE. Systemic corticosteroids are known to induce osteoporosis and increase the risk for fractures in adults and children. Inhaled corticosteroids have been shown to increase the risk for osteoporosis and fractures in adults at risk; however, long-term prospective studies of children to assess risks of multiple short courses of oral corticosteroids and chronic inhaled corticosteroids have not been performed. Thus, we assessed the effects of multiple short courses of oral corticosteroids and long-term inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral accretion over a period of years. METHODS. This was a cohort follow-up study for a median of 7 years of children who had mild-to-moderate asthma and initially were randomly assigned into the Childhood Asthma Management Program trial. Serial dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry scans of the lumbar spine for bone mineral density were performed for all patients. Annual bone mineral accretion was calculated for 531 boys and 346 girls who had asthma and were aged 5 to 12 years at baseline (84% of the initial cohort). RESULTS. Oral corticosteroid bursts produced a dosage-dependent reduction in bone mineral accretion (0.052, 0.049, and 0.046 g/cm2 per year) and an increase in risk for osteopenia (10%, 14%, and 21%) for 0, 1 to 4, and ≥5 courses, respectively, in boys but not girls. Cumulative inhaled corticosteroid use was associated with a small decrease in bone mineral accretion in boys but not girls but no increased risk for osteopenia. CONCLUSIONS. Multiple oral corticosteroid bursts over a period of years can produce a dosage-dependent reduction in bone mineral accretion and increased risk for osteopenia in children with asthma. Inhaled corticosteroid use has the potential for reducing bone mineral accretion in male children progressing through puberty, but this risk is likely to be outweighed by the ability to reduce the amount of oral corticosteroids used in these children.
Aquifer Storage and Recovery and Managed Aquifer Recharge Using Wells: Planning, Hydrogeology, Design, and Operation.

Robert Maliva and Tom Missimer have produced an ambitious and timely book that mostly succeeds in filling an important niche. Although there are aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) and managed aquifer recharge (MAR) projects running throughout the world, many management districts do not currently operate these kinds of projects, and their benefits are not widely appreciated outside the technical community. Between risingglobal demand for groundwater and decreasing recharge due to changing land use practices and ongoing climate change, ASR and MAR are going to be increasingly common and important in coming years. The authors define ASR as “. . .storage of water in [an]. . .aquifer through a well. . . and recovery of the same or similar water using a well. . .” This is less restrictive than the other common definition, that of water injected and recovered using the same well(s), but it omits the topic of recharge using infiltration ponds and other structures. In presenting and discussing (many) real-world examples of ASR projects, the authors focus on the United States, although selected sites from around the world are described. This book has 12 main sections, beginning with an introduction and a discussion of ASR project development and planning. The next two book sections digress to discuss fundamentals of hydrogeology and aquifer characterization, before returning to ASR-specific topics (well design, performance, and system operation). There follows sections on water pretreatment, regulation and permitting, specific ASR applications, and case studies of ASR projects. The book ends with a brief conclusions section, followed by 35 pages of references, lists of abbreviations and symbols, and an extensive index.
JOINTLY OPTIMIZING COST, SERVICE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN DEMAND-RESPONSIVE TRANSIT SCHEDULING

Abstract In certain fleet systems, the environmental impacts of operation are, to some extent, a controllable function of vehicle routing and scheduling decisions. However, little prior work has considered environmental impacts in fleet vehicle routing and scheduling optimization, in particular, where the impacts were assessed systematically utilizing life-cycle impact assessment methodologies such as those described by the Society of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology. Here a methodology is presented for the joint optimization of cost, service, and life-cycle environmental consequences in vehicle routing and scheduling, which we develop for a demand-responsive (paratransit or dial-a-ride) transit system. We demonstrate through simulation that, as a result of our methodology, it is possible to reduce environmental impacts substantially, while increasing operating costs and service delays only slightly.
Tensegrity-based mechanosensing from macro to micro.

This article is a summary of a lecture on cellular mechanotransduction that was presented at a symposium on ‘‘Cardiac Mechano-Electric Feedback and Arrhythmias’’ that convened at Oxford, England in April 2007. Although critical mechanosensitive molecules and cellular components, such as integrins, stretch-activated ion channels, and cytoskeletal filaments, have been shown to contribute to the response by which cells convert mechanical signals into a biochemical response, little is known about how they function in the structural context of living cells, tissues and organs to produce orchestrated changes in cell behavior in response to stress. Here, studies are reviewed that suggest our bodies use structural hierarchies (systems within systems) composed of interconnected extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal networks that span from the macroscale to the nanoscale to focus stresses on specific mechanotransducer molecules. A key feature of these networks is that they are in a state of isometric tension (i.e., experience a tensile prestress), which ensures that various molecular-scale mechanochemical transduction mechanisms proceed simultaneously and produce a concerted response. These features of living architecture are the same principles that govern tensegrity (tensional integrity) architecture, and mathematical models based on tensegrity are beginning to provide new and useful descriptions of living materials, including mammalian cells. This article reviews how the use of tensegrity at multiple size scales in our bodies guides mechanical force transfer from the macro to the micro, as well as how it facilitates conversion of mechanical signals into changes in ion flux, molecular binding kinetics, signal transduction, gene transcription, cell fate switching and developmental patterning. r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hospitalized but Not Admitted: Characteristics of Patients With “Observation Status” at an Academic Medical Center

Importance The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) defines observation status for hospitalized patients as a “well-defined set of specific, clinically appropriate services,” usually lasting less than 24 hours, and that in “only rare and exceptional cases” should last more than 48 hours. Although an increasing proportion of observation care occurs on hospital wards, studies of patients with observation status have focused on the efficiency of dedicated units. Objective To describe inpatient and observation care. Design and Setting Descriptive study of all inpatient and observation stays between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2011, at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, a 566-bed tertiary academic medical center. Participants All patients with observation or inpatient stays during the study period. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient demographics, length of stay, difference between cost and reimbursement per stay, and percentage of patients discharged to skilled nursing facilities. Results Of 43 853 stays, 4578 (10.4%) were for observation, with 1141 distinct diagnosis codes. Mean observation length of stay was 33.3 hours, with 44.4% of stay durations less than 24 hours and 16.5% more than 48 hours. Observation care had a negative margin per stay (−$331); the inpatient margin per stay was positive (+$2163). Adult general medicine patients accounted for 2404 (52.5%) of all observation stays; 25.4% of the 9453 adult general medicine stays were for observation. The mean length of stay for general medicine observation patients was 41.1 hours, with 32.6% of stay durations less than 24 hours and 26.4% more than 48 hours. Compared with observation patients on other clinical services, adult general medicine had the highest percentage of patients older than 65 years (40.9%), highest percentage female patients (57.9%), highest percentage of patients discharged to skilled nursing facilities (11.6%), and the most negative margin per stay (−$1378). Conclusions and Relevance In an academic medical center, observation status for hospitalized patients differed markedly from the CMS definition. Patients had a wide variety of diagnoses; lengths of stay were typically more than 24 hours and often more than 48 hours. The hospital lost money, primarily because reimbursement for general medicine patients was inadequate to cover the costs. It is uncertain what role, if any, observation status for hospitalized patients should have in the era of health care reform.
Optimal Law Enforcement with a Rent-Seeking Government

The article analyzes public and private law enforcement when the government is motivated partially or entirely by rent-seeking. The model compares and contrasts the optimal law enforcement policies chosen by a benevolent, social welfare-maximizing government and a self-interested, rent-seeking government. The principal difference between these two kinds of governments is that a rent-seeking government seeks primarily to maximize revenue, while a welfare-maximizing government seeks primarily to deter socially harmful behavior. Among the central results of the paper are: (1) If offenders have sufficient wealth, a rent-seeking government is more aggressive in enforcing laws against minor crimes, while it is more lax in enforcing laws against major crimes. (2) Whether the government's objective is welfare maximization, rent maximization, or some combination of the two, competitive private enforcement is always at least as good and usually better than monopolistic private enforcement. (3) The choice between competitive private enforcement and public enforcement depends on which is cheaper and on whether the government seeks to completely deter offenses.
Working‐Poor Mothers and Middle‐Class Others: Psychosocial Considerations in Home‐School Relations and Research

This article draws from a three-year ethnographic study of girls and their mothers in a high-poverty, predominantly white community. Informed by critical and feminist theories of social class, I present four cases that highlight psychosocial tensions within the mother-daughterteacher-researcher triangle and argue that white, middle-class female teachers and ethnographers need to be particularly reflexive when working with children across the social class divide.
Securing Enterprise Mobile Information

Advanced technologies used on mobile devices has brought us to the attention of mobile information security. This paper deals with the mobile phone information security of enterprises. The paper begins with the definition of information security, types of threats and vulnerabilities, and impacts of security breaches. An enterprise mobile information security management environment is presented to ensure the information security on mobile devices. The implementation of the system is described. The system does not guarantee the information security with a security policy in it. A set of guidelines for the operation of organization's mobile devices can be used to protect network data against unsafe practices. The guidelines given by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provide rules of safeguards for the mobile devices.
Perceptions of Mexican American Adolescents and Parents Regarding Parental Autonomy Promoting: Divergent Views and Adolescents’ Adjustment

Our study examined discrepancies in Mexican American adolescent–parent perceptions regarding parental autonomy promoting and their associations with adolescents’ adjustment. A total of 138 Mexican ...
A Preliminary Analysis of Interactive Effects between Common Classroom Contingencies and Methylphenidate.

To assess the drug-behavior interaction effects with an 8-year-old boy wih attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, common classroom antecedent (e.g., seating arrangement) and consequent (e.g., peer prompts) stimuli were alternated within a school day while drug conditions (methylphenidate vs. placebo) were alternated across days. The results suggested that peer attention maintained disruptive behavior when methylphenidate was absent but not when it was present.
What Type of Person Are You? Old-Fashioned Thinking Even in Modern Science

People around the world have folk origin myths, stories that explain where they came from and account for their place in the world and their differences from other peoples. As scientists, however, we claim to be seeking literal historical truth. In Western culture, typological ideas about human variation are at least as ancient as written discussion of the subject, and have dominated both social and scientific thinking about race. From Herodotus to the Biblical lost tribes of Israel, and surprisingly even to today, it has been common to view our species as composed of distinct, or even discrete groups, types, or "races," with other individuals admixed from among those groups. Such rhetoric goes so much against the well-known evolutionary realities that it must reflect something deep about human thought, at least in Western culture. Typological approaches can be convenient for some pragmatic aspects of scientific analysis, but they can be seductively deceiving. We know how to think differently and should do so, given the historical abuses that have occurred as a result of typological thinking that seem always to lurk in the human heart.
CASE STUDY : Use of Copper Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate in Footbaths on Oregon Dairies

Dairy farmers use footbaths to control diseases of the hoof. When the footbaths are changed, the solutions are dumped into the dairy manure handling system and applied to fields in the liquid manure system. The objective for this project was to survey 30 dairy farms in Oregon to evaluate CuSO4 and ZnSO4 use in footbaths. Soil samples were collected from 2 major fields at 15 cm deep and all samples were analyzed for Cu and Zn. Forages grown on the farm were sampled and analyzed for Cu and Zn, and manure was collected directly from milk cows and from the liquid manure storage system. All forages, soils, and manure were analyzed for Cu and Zn. Soil Cu concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 34.7 ppm, with an average of 5.7 ± 6.6 ppm. Soil Zn concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 41.8 ppm, with an average of 10.1 ± 9.3 ppm. Forage Cu concentrations ranged from 1 to 10 ppm, with an average of 3.4 ± 2.1 ppm, and forage Zn ranged from 3 to 51 ppm, with an average of 13.8 ± 10.3 ppm. Copper concentrations in fresh manure directly from milking cows were very consistent, at 10 ppm, and Cu in the manure storage ranged from 2 to 58 ppm, with an average of 10.3 ± 12 ppm. The use of CuSO4 and ZnSO4 in footbaths on dairies in Oregon continues to be a common practice. More than 75% of dairy soils tested were considered high (>2 ppm) in Cu concentration and 38% were extremely high (>5 ppm). Using CuSO4 and ZnSO4 in footbaths is creating potential long-term environmental and cropping challenges on many Oregon dairies.
Injuries from Blunt and Penetrating Trauma

The soft tissues of the chest wall may be contused, lacerated, perforated, or avulsed as a result of blunt or penetrating trauma. These injuries generally cause little diagnostic or therapeutic trouble, since they are readily apparent on physical examination, and their physiologic impact is usually negligible. Their radiographic significance derives from the fact that they may produce abnormalities that can be confused with more significant parenchymal injuries (e.g., the density produced by a chest wall hematoma may be confused with the density produced by a parenchymal contusion) or may obscure important underlying processes (e.g., subcutaneous emphysema can make it difficult to detect underlying fractures—see Fig. 3—pneumothoraces, and a variety of parenchymal abnormalities). Correlation of radiographic findings with the results of physical examination will help to avoid the former pitfall; obtaining multiple radiographic views of the thorax (frontal, lateral, lateral decubitus) will help to steer clear of the latter. On occasion it may be necessary to resort to computed tomographic (CT) evaluation of the thorax to accurately assess the extent of skeletal, pleural, or parenchymal disease in the face of extensive subcutaneous emphysema [30, 126, 302] (Fig. 4).
Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions in Azanucleosides

It is well established that aza analogs of purines, pyrimidines and their nucleosides possess significant but varying potency as antineoplastic agents [1–7]. Thus, for example, 6-azacytidine is an inhibitor for orotidylic acid decarboxylase [3] and 6-azauracil inhibits the development of animal tumors [4] and human acute leukemia [5]; similarly, 8-azaguanine is a highly effective anti-neoplastic agent [6] and also inhibits animal tumors [7].
State Laws on Emergency Holds for Mental Health Stabilization

Objective:Psychiatric emergency hold laws permit involuntary admission to a health care facility of a person with an acute mental illness under certain circumstances. This study documented critical variation in state laws, identified important questions for evaluation research, and created a data set of laws to facilitate the public health law research of emergency hold laws’ impact on mental health outcomes.Methods:The research team built a 50-state, open-source data set of laws currently governing emergency holds. A protocol and codebook were developed so that the study may be replicated and extended longitudinally, allowing future research to accurately capture changes to current laws.Results:Although every state and the District of Columbia have emergency hold laws, state law varies on the duration of emergency holds, who can initiate an emergency hold, the extent of judicial oversight, and the rights of patients during the hold. The core criterion justifying an involuntary hold is mental illness that...
Microcomputer Users' Preferences for Software Documentation: An Analysis

Fundamental requirements for good user documentation have not changed over the years. Manuals must be complete, accurate, clear, readable, and available on time. What has changed are tolerances and standards. Today's users—typically business professionals but even expert technicians and engineers—will no longer accept unreadable and inaccessible publications. The days of documentation with poor organization, limited graphic support, and poor aesthetics have passed. This article analyzes users' opinions and preferences for microcomputer software documentation. The results provide valuable guidance for software authors, designers, and publishers.
Abstract 4499: Loss ofATM(distal chromosome 11q) as a prognostic marker in HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Introduction: HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) represent a subset of head and neck cancers with poor response to treatment and worse prognosis compared to HPV-positive HNSCC. In our prior pre-clinical experiments with HNSCC cell lines, we demonstrated that copy number loss of ATM as a marker for loss of distal chromosome 11q loss leads to defectiveγ-H2AX focus formation, increased chromosomal instability, and reduced sensitivity to ionizing radiation. We hypothesize that in HPV-negative HNSCC, ATM loss is a biomarker for poor outcome. Methods: We performed a single center, retrospective analysis of 42 HNSCC patients to determine if ATM loss is associated with poor overall survival in HPV-negative HNSCC. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes to cyclin D1 (CCND1) and ATM to assess copy number changes in paraffin sections from HNSCC tumors. Disease-specific survival was defined as time from the date of tissue procurement (surgery or biopsy) until death from disease (HNSCC). Patients who were alive at last follow-up or had died from causes unrelated to their disease were censored. Disease-specific survival by ATM loss status was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and tested for a difference by a two-tailed log rank test. Three covariates, age, T stage and N stage were investigated and the effect of ATM loss upon disease-specific survival was assessed with proportional hazards regression by adjusting for these covariates as needed to determine if ATM loss could be considered independently associated with cancer mortality. Results and Conclusions: HPV-negative HNSCC patients with ATM copy number loss have a median disease-specific survival of only 19 months compared to 65 months for patients without ATM loss (log rank p = .0401). We investigated whether the association between ATM loss and disease-specific survival was due to the confounding influence of other clinical variables. Age and T stage were modestly associated with survival, but neither covariate was correlated with ATM loss. We estimated the hazard ratio for ATM loss alone and conditional upon age and T stage was unchanged (.040 alone vs .047 adjusting for age and T stage). Therefore, distal 11q loss, marked by copy number loss of ATM appears to increase the risk of disease-specific mortality independently of age, N stage and T stage. Our results demonstrate that ATM loss in HPV-negative HNSCC may be prognostic of poor outcome and novel therapeutic strategies may be required in this subset of patients. Further studies to elucidate the mechanisms of distal 11q loss and study potential treatment options are underway in our laboratory. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4499. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4499
Characterization of Fine Aluminum Powder Coated with Nickel as a Potential Fuel Additive

Oxidation, ignition, and combustion processes are studied and compared for a fine nickelcoated aluminum powder and reference uncoated aluminum powder with a similar particle size distribution. Oxidation is studied by thermogravimetry in argon-oxygen mixtures. Ignition processes are studied for powders coated on an electrically heated metal filament. Combustion is characterized in constant volume explosion tests. Both ignition and combustion experiments were performed in air. Thermogravimetric measurements showed selective oxidation of Ni at low temperatures, where oxidation of Al remains undetected. At higher temperatures, oxidation for both, nickel-coated and uncoated powders occurs in a characteristic stepwise process with individual oxidation steps associated with polymorphic phase changes in the growing alumina layer and with growth of individual alumina polymorphs. The activation energies for individual oxidation steps appear to be unaffected by the Ni coating; however the oxidation occurs somewhat faster for the coated powder, indicating an increase in the pre-exponential coefficients in Arrhenius formulations describing respective oxidation processes. Ignition kinetics for both coated and uncoated powders are similar, however, ignition is more readily detected and appears to be more violent for the coated powders. Finally, powder combustion experiments showed substantially reduced ignition delays and somewhat increased overall burn rates for the coated powders.
Development, implementation and evaluation of a terminal and hospice care educational online module for preclinical students

Objectives To explore the application of an online learning tool to teach preclinical medical students terminal and hospice care in a blended curricula. Methods We created and evaluated a 30 min interactive online module at the Yale School of Medicine. Second-year medical students were randomly assigned to complete the online module or not (control group) prior to attending a required half-day hospice clinical experience. We assessed the students9 knowledge and attitudes with a 23-item survey. Results 152 students (response rate 51%) participated in this study from 2012 to 2014. 56% (n=85) completed the online module, 37% (n=56) did not and 7% (n=11) did not indicate whether they had completed the module or not. Students who completed the online module prior to the hospice experience scored higher (p Conclusions When combined with a mentored clinical hospice experience, an online module appears to enhance the teaching of the dying process and terminal care for preclinical medical students. This online module may prove useful for other institutions.
Plasma renin response to lithium in psychiatric patients.

Three hospitalized psychiatric patients with different diagnoses were monitored for plasma renin activity before and after subacute treatment with lithium carbonate. Plasma renin activity rose sharply after the first day on lithium and mean plasma renin values were elevated throughout the first week of treatment, returning to baseline levels during the second week. These changes occurred in all three subiects.
Role of Anthranilic Acid in Background Levels of Sulfonamide in Porcine Livers when Determined by the Tishler Method

Anthranilic acid occurs in excised swine livers as a result of temperature abuse before and/or after freezing. The tryptophan metabolite is the major source of the variable non-sulfonamide background level frequently encountered in the Tishler method for determining sulfonamide residues in swine livers. Diazotized anthranilic acid reacts slowly with N-1-(naphthyl)ethylenediamine [k(s-1) = 5.79 (+/- 0.07) X 10(-5)] and the final background level depends on the time elapsed between addition of the coupling agent and spectrophotometric determination. Kynurenine was tentatively identified as a minor source of the non-sulfonamide background level.
Prizm: A Geodemographic Market Research and Planning System for Estimating Relative Sales Potential

Marketers have for decades been using systems for segmenting consumers based on their individual demographic characteristics, such as age, income, sex, race, etc. The reason is simply that some demographic segments offer higher potential for sales than others. Similarly, it has been evident to marketers that there are pronounced differences in sales potential from one metro market to the next.
The Declining Salience of Affirmative Action in Federal Personnel Management

The salience of affirmative action in federal personnel management will decline in the 1980s as a result of: (1) the failure of affirmative action to win a strong national consensus in its favor, which will reduce the organizational coherence and political integrity of affirmative action programs; (2) a continuing constitutional stalemate that makes it risky to pursue proactive affirmative action in the public sector with much forcefulness; and (3) the rise of new concerns in public personnel management, such as executive leadership, retrenchment, and productivity. However, the decline of affirmative action need not be equated with a reduction in progress toward the achievement of EEO and a socially representative public workforce.
Bridging the Logic-Based and Probability-Based Approaches to Artificial Intelligence

The logic-based approach to artificial intelligence presupposes a binary conception of belief, while the probability-based approach presupposes a probabilistic conception of belief. So these two approaches concern two distinct kinds of cognitive systems, one binary and the other probabilistic. This paper shows how a binary system and a probabilistic system can work together coherently as two subsystems of a single agent’s cognitive system. The way they work together bridges the two approaches to artificial intelligence.
Alveolar Bone Remodeling and Development after Immediate Orthodontic Root Movement

1.1.Introduction: Adult orthodontics is rapidly expanding primarily due to increased patient esthetic and functional demands. Diagnosis and treatment planning for a complex adult case frequently requires the successful integration of a variety of dental disciplines to insure the best possible outcome. This case report illustrates the highly successfully use of orthodontics as the primary discipline towards the correction of esthetic concerns and dentoalveolar deficiencies. 1.2.Case report: The patient who is a 37-year-old female with esthetic and functional concerns successfully completes orthodontic treatment as the primary portion of a complex adult restorative case in about 200 days. Post treatment clinical and radiographic results show dramatic esthetic and functional improvement with the elimination of a maxillary anterior crossbite, improvement of a dimensionally constricted maxilla, and dentoalveolar improvements for surgical placement and subsequent restoration of dental implants. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates the potential of successfully utilizing primary orthodontic treatment in a complex adult case by utilizing a new technology system of braces that facilitates the continuation of eruption while inducing alveolar bone remodeling and development. In addition, this case report provides radiographic and clinical validation of favorable alveolar remodeling and development.