cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Structure in Incomplete Data by ALSCAL.

A Monte Carlo study was carried out in order to investigate the ability of ALSCAL to recover true structure inherent in simulated proximity measures when portions of the data are missing. All sets of simulated proximity measures were based on 30 stimuli and three dimensions, and selection of missing elements was done randomly. Properties of the simulated data varied according to (a) the number of individuals, (b) the level of random error, (c) the proportion of missing data, and (d) whether the same entries or different entries were deleted for each individual. Results showed that very accurate recovery of true distances, stimulus coordinates, and weight vectors could be achieved with as much as 60% missing data as long as sample size was sufficiently large and the level of random error was low.
Chemical and physical passivation of type II strained-layer superlattice devices by means of thiolated self-assembled monolayers and polymer encapsulates

Abstract The efficacy of solution deposition of thiolated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been explored for the purpose of passivating III–V type II superlattice (T2SL) photodetectors, more specifically a p-type heterojunction device. Sulfur passivation has previously been achieved on T2SL devices. However, degradation over time, temperature sensitivity and inconsistent reproducibility necessitate a physical encapsulate that can chemically bond to the chemical passivant. Thus, this research investigates two passivation methods, surface passivation with a thiol monolayer and passivation with a polymer encapsulant with a view toward future combination of these techniques. Analysis of the physical and chemical condition of the surface prior to deposition assisted in the development of ideal processes for optimized film quality. Successful deposition was facilitated by in situ oxide removal. Various commercially available functional (cysteamine) and non-functional (alkane) thiolated monolayers were investigated. Dark current was reduced by 3 orders of magnitude and achieved negligible surface leakage at low bias levels. The lowest dark current result, 7.69 × 10 −6 A/cm 2 at 50 mV, was achieved through passivation with cysteamine.
Adaptive and aggressive assertiveness scales (AAA-S)

Diminished assertiveness has been associated with neuroticism, depression, and anxiety. Although many assertiveness instruments have been developed for research and clinical purposes, one common shortcoming is a lack of discriminant validity with regard to aggression. Further, the wording of many instruments is outdated and discriminatory. The goal of the present research was to develop a more sensitive instrument measuring two distinguishable forms of assertiveness: adaptive assertiveness and aggressive assertiveness. We present data validating such a measure, the Adaptive and Aggressive Assertiveness Scales (AAA-S). Participants included two samples of college students and a clinical sample of adults with anxiety disorders. The AAA-S demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The aggressive assertiveness scale was associated with various forms of aggression and peer reports of aggressive assertiveness. The adaptive assertiveness scale was associated with competence and peer reports of adaptive assertiveness. Importantly, there were no gender differences in adaptive assertiveness. Clinical implications are discussed.
The Use of Satellite Geometry for Prevention of Cycle Slips in a GPS Processor

For kinematic survey and precise control of aviation, marine, and land vehicles, reliable GPS carrier phase tracking is critically important. In commercial GPS receivers, carrier phase tracking functions for individual satellites are carried out in a decoupled fashion, ignoring intersatellite path correlations seen at the receiver antenna. In contrast with traditional GPS signal processors, the performance of the new coupled tracker is geometry-dependent. Simulations for the complete tracking loop system illustrate how the coupled structure takes advantage of path correlations to greatly reduce phase tracking errors during periods of signal attenuation and blockage. The coupled processor is compared with a traditional processor during simulated aircraft turning maneuvers. Cycle tracking continuity is explored for overdetermined and minimal geometry scenarios. Differential correction options and computational load are also addressed.
Onset of Thermal Convection in a Fluid Layer Subjected to Transient Heating From Below

Etude experimentale et analytique de la naissance de la convection dans une couche horizontale de fluide chauffee par-dessous d'une maniere variable dans le temps
Age and forgetfulness: The effect of implicit priming

Abstract Participants (i.e. perceivers) unscrambled either memory-related phrases (experimental group) or memory-neutral phrases (control group). Then perceivers read a vignette about a forgetful young, middle-aged, or old target person, after which they rated (a) the target's forgetfulness and (b) how difficult each of 12 tasks (4 low, 4 medium, and 4 high in memory load) would be for the target. High-memory-load tasks were rated as more difficult by perceivers in the experimental group than by perceivers in the control group. Thus, implicit priming of a forgetfulness schema resulted in harsher judgments about how difficult high-memory-load tasks would be for forgetful targets. However, this priming effect was no stronger for old than for young or middle-aged targets.
Marked Suppression of Ventilation While Awake following Massive Ingestion of Atenolol

We describe a patient who ingested 5 g of atenolol with ethanol. After awakening, with repeat toxicology screen only showing atenolol, and in spite of normal voluntary breathing mechanics, he had marked suppression of his spontaneous respirations as measured by minute ventilation and by occlusion pressure with no incremental response to hypercapnic challenge. Subsequently, he recovered. Although we are unable to prove a causal relationship, future patients with atenolol overdose should be observed carefully for ventilatory failure, even if fully conscious.
Tca: a high-frequency blood group antigen

An IgG antibody defining a high-frequency red cell antigen was detected in the sera of two unrelated, nontransfused black women GT (gravida 1, para 0) and DLC (gravida 4, para 2). Inheritance of the antigen was established by the family study of DLC. The clinical significance of the antibody is not yet known. The antibody has been designated anti-Tca, and the corresponding antigen, Tca. No Tc(a-) individuals were found among 5000 Caucasians, 5000 Japanese, or 450 blacks; however, anti-Tca was identified in the sera of two other unrelated black women (LZ and WM). A relationship between Tca and Cra has been proposed by other serologists, but further evidence is needed to confirm the association.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR BUS TRANSIT

Abstract Performance analysis has gained increased attention now that transit organizations are emphasizing efficiency objectives. Debates over both the number of indicators required and their method of selection are reviewed. Research upon which this paper is based uses FY 1980 Section 15 data to first identify and then test a set of performance indicators which are useful for evaluation of fixed route, motor bus transit. Four parallel data sets, based on transformations of the original data, and several exploratory factor analyses were used to detect the underlying structure of the data. Rigorous testing verified that the structure represented the most salient performance dimensions. A small subset of seven performance indicators was identified and tested as representative of these underlying dimensions. These indicators can be used together or individually to assess transit performance for a single system or for cross-sectional comparisons.
Co-occurrence of spousal violence and child abuse : Conceptual implications

Although research has suggested high levels of comorbidity between spouse abuse and child abuse (Carlson, 1984), there has been little attention directed toward identifying factors that may disting...
Commentary: Is a two-staged anterior-posterior vertebral column resection (VCR) safer than a posterior-only VCR approach for severe pediatric deformities?

COMMENTARY ON Zhou C, Liu L, Song Y, et al. Two-stage vertebral column resection for severe and rigid scoliosis in patients with low body weight. Spine J 2013;13:481–6 ( in this issue ).
An extension of the performance of a database manager in a virtual memory system using partially locked virtual buffers

Buffer pools are created and managed in database systems in order to reduce the total number of accesses to the I/O devices. In systems using virtual memory, any reduction in I/O accesses may be accompanied by an increase in paging. The effects of these factors on system performance are quantified, where system performance is a function of page faults and database accesses to the I/O devices. A previous study of this phenomenon is extended through the analysis of empirical data gathered in a multifactor experiment. In this study memory is partitioned between the program and the buffer so that the impact of the controlled factors can be more effectively evaluated. It is possible to improve system performance through the use of different paging algorithms in the program partition and the buffer partition. Also, the effects on system performance as the virtual buffer size is increased beyond the real memory allocated to the buffer partition are investigated.
Haemochromatosis gene C282Y homozygotes in an elderly male population

Summary We found that C282Y homozygosity was not under-represented in an elderly male population. This suggests that life-threatening, haemochromatosis-related disease may not occur in many C282Y homozygotes.
Effect of cocaine sensitization prior to pregnancy on maternal care and aggression in the rat

Although many studies have investigated the effects of gestational and lactational cocaine use on maternal behavior, few studies have examined the effects of prior adult cocaine use on maternal behavior. In the current study, intraperitoneal cocaine or saline was administered to adult female rats for 10 days, treatments were stopped for 4 days, and the females were then mated. Litter size and weight were recorded on days 2 and 16 of lactation, and maternal care, maternal aggression, and light/dark box activity were assessed on days 2, 9, and 16 of lactation. The cocaine-treated females exhibited behavioral sensitization on treatment day 10. Mothers previously treated with cocaine retrieved pups more quickly, spent more time caring for the pups (increased pup retrieval, pup grooming, and crouching over the pups by the mother), and were more aggressive towards a male intruder compared to saline-treated control animals on day 2 of lactation. These effects were specific to maternal behavior, as other behaviors were mostly unaffected by prior cocaine treatment. Data from light/dark box tests indicate that cocaine did not affect activity in this test. There were few significant behavioral effects of prior cocaine treatment on lactation days 9 and 16. Prior cocaine use may have lasting effects on offspring care and maternal aggression, specifically during early lactation. The present data support the hypothesis that maternal behavior is increased by prior cocaine sensitization, possibly due to cross-sensitization between cocaine and the natural reward of maternal behavior.
Consummatory behaviors and weight regulation in pregnant, lactating, and pregnant-lactating mice.

Abstract Pregnant Rockland-Swiss (R-S) albino mice consumed significantly more food and water and gained significantly more weight between gestation days 8–17 compared to virgin R-S females maintained in isolation for a comparable period. Postpartum (days 1–10) patterns of ingestion and weight change among thelectomized (nipple-deprived) mouse dams provided with young did not differ significantly from those of virgin animals without young. Sham- and nonoperated dams received suckling stimulation from young and consumed about 100% more food than thelectomized or virgin females (Experiment 1). Pregnancy concurrent with lactation does not increase further the hyperphagic response of female mice. Nipple presence is the principle regulator of postpartum hyperphagia in lactating and simultaneously pregnant-lactating mouse dams (Experiment 2).
Anisotropic Damage-coupled Sheet Metal Forming Limit Analysis:

This article presents a review of the sheet metal formability analysis based on the theory of damage mechanics. Specifically, the damage anisotropy is considered. Forming limit analyses based on the anisotropic damage are summarized, including the accumulative critical damage method, the damage-coupled vertex theory and the damage-coupled acoustic tensor method. The accumulative critical damage method postulates that the critical damage at the localized necking is strain-path or loading history independent. It can be applied to predict the forming limit diagrams under either proportional or nonproportional loading. The vertex theory considers that localized necking is associated with the vertex developed on yield surface. The theory is applicable to engineering materials exhibiting the strain-hardening and/or strain-rate dependent behaviors. The acoustic tensor method, on the other hand, can only be applied to the strain-softening materials, which are often observed in warm/hot sheet metal forming or hydroforming.
HIV seroconversion in a woman preparing for assisted reproduction: an inherent risk in caring for HIV-serodiscordant couples

A woman preparing to undergo IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection to avoid horizontal viral transmission of HIV from her seropositive husband was discovered to be HIV seropositive, presumably secondary to a condom break or unprotected intercourse. Had this event occurred after treatment, the sperm-washing technique used to avoid infection would have undoubtedly been called into question. Nearly all HIV-serodiscordant couples are sexually active and therefore at risk for transmitting infection, either due to improper condom use or unprotected intercourse. Physicians willing to treat HIV-serodiscordant couples must accept the inevitability of viral transmission in occasional individuals. Furthermore, it should not be presumed that all patients who experience seroconversions after either intrauterine insemination or IVF procedures do so as a result of inadequacies in the sperm preparation technique.
Cultured embryonic retinae transplanted to rat brain: Differentiation and formation of projections to host superior colliculus

Abstract Retinae of rats on embryonic day 14 were placed in explant culture for 2–14 days prior to transplantation adjacent to the superior colliculus of newborn rats. In explant culture cell division and neuronal differentiation continued unabated. One month after transplantation host brains were examined for transplant survival, differentiation and formation of projections to the host brain. The culture retinal transplants survived and developed a morphology typical of mature retina, with normal cell and fiber laminae present. HRP injections into the host superior colliculus labeled neurons in the ganglion cell layer of the transplant which closely resembled ganglion cells in vivo. A small number of transplants received lesions. Degeneration material was traced into the superior colliculus and pretectal nuclei confirning that the cultured transplants had projections appropriate for retina entering the host brain. These results correlate closely with those seen after transplantation of embryonic rat retinae that had not been cultured 26, 27 .
Living in a digital world: teaching computers and society via literature

ACM Curriculum Guidelines recommend that a degree on Computer Science include topics concerning the societal and ethical impact of computer technologies. As an alternative to traditional approaches to teaching these concepts, a course was created based on selected fictional narratives. A benefit of using fiction is that it often reflects general societal views as opposed to those of the technologically adept.
Combining the semiclassical initial value representation with centroid dynamics

A semiclassical initial value representation (SC-IVR) for centroid dynamics (CD) is derived to provide a more accurate description of quantum time correlation functions (TCFs). The time-dependent quasi-density operator (QDO) in SC-IVR-CD is shown to exhibit more exact behavior than that of the CMD approximation, thereby improving the calculated quantum TCFs. Three typical one-dimensional model potentials (weak anharmonic, double well, and quartic) were studied as examples in calculating TCFs with the SC-IVR-CD method. Importantly, for intermediate temperatures, SC-IVR-CD gives a more exact description of the coherent behavior of the quantum TCFs than does centroid molecular dynamics (CMD).
Prediction of the dynamic response of a mini-cantilever beam partially submerged in viscous media using finite element method

In this work, the use of mini cantilever beams for characterization of rheological properties of viscous materials is demonstrated. The dynamic response of a mini cantilever beam partially submerged in air and water is measured experimentally using a duel channel PolyTec scanning vibrometer. The changes in dynamic response of the beam such as resonant frequency, and frequency amplitude are compared as functions of the rheological properties (density and viscosity) of fluid media. Next, finite element analysis (FEA) method is adopted to predict the dynamic response of the same cantilever beam. The numerical prediction is then compared with experimental results already performed to validate the FEA modeling scheme. Once the model is validated, further numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the variation in vibration response with changing fluid properties. Results obtained from this parametric study can be used to measure the rheological properties of any unknown viscous fluid.
Automation of pattern recognition in cDNA microarray data: an application to gene-based diagnostic prediction of cancers

The purpose of this paper is two-fold: (a) to demonstrate that pattern recognition methods in image processing leads to a noticeable improvement in bioinformatics, specifically, analysis of microarray data in gene expression correlated to cancer; (b) to bring the utility of geometric methods in pattern recognition to attention of researchers in bioinformatics and molecular biologists. Our method of analysis is seen to readily provide great improvement over the latest published methods in bioinformatics. We also hope that in the process, we provide mathematical insight into the problems of microarray data analysis from the point of view of signal processing and learning theory.
A critical role for the cytoplasmic tail of pTα in T lymphocyte development

Signals that emanate from the pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) regulate multiple processes required for the development of the alphabeta T cell lineage. In contrast to the gammadelta TCR, the pre-TCR localizes cell-autonomously to membrane rafts, where it appears to signal in a constitutive and ligand-independent manner. We addressed here the role played by structural features specific to the cytoplasmic domain of the pre-TCRalpha chain (pTalpha). More specifically, we examined a COOH-terminal proline-rich sequence that might play a role in signal transduction and a juxtamembrane cysteine residue that could be a target for palmitoylation, thus allowing spontaneous raft localization. Expression of pTalpha mutants in transgenic mice, retrovirally transduced T cell precursors and cell lines showed that the pTalpha cytoplasmic tail, in particular the proline-rich domain, plays a crucial role in pre-TCR signaling and T cell development. In contrast, the pTalpha juxtamembrane cysteine appeared to be dispensable for pre-TCR function.
A radiochemical technique for determining the specific surface area of aluminium metal surfaces

Abstract It has been found that a phosphoric-chronic acid mixture, which dissolves the oxide on aluminum surfaces, deposits a thin film on the aluminium by reaction with it but not by reaction with the oxide. Several factors affecting the thickness and uniformity of the film have been explored. When certain of these conditions are not encountered, it is thought that the amount of the film deposited in a unit of geometric area is proportional to the actual surface area of the specimen. Attempts have been made to prepare a “flattest possible” aluminium surface. The roughness factor or specific surface area of an aluminium surface may be determined, using radiochemical techniques, by comparing the amount of the film formed per unit of geometric area on a given sample with the amount of film formed per unit of area on a “flat” sample.
The chemotactic behavior of eosinophils in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Objective: To characterize peripheral eosinophil migration in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in the presence of nasal mucin and nasal tissue extracts. Study Design: Prospective, controlled, ex-vivo. Methods: Peripheral blood eosinophils, nasal mucin, and nasal tissue were harvested at the time of sinus surgery in 10 patients, as well as obtained in 10 healthy control subjects. Extracts were prepared from nasal mucin and nasal tissue. A modified Boyden chamber was used to study eosinophil migration from both patients and healthy control subjects in the presence of both extracts. Results: Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and all healthy control subjects demonstrated a concentration-dependent increased migration of eosinophils in the presence of both nasal mucin and nasal tissue extracts. The percentage of migration was consistently higher for eosinophils from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis compared with control subjects. The difference attained statistical significance in the presence of 50% tissue extract (median percentage of migration, 23.3% vs. 7.8% [P = .033]). Conclusions: Nasal mucin and nasal tissue in chronic rhinosinusitis contains chemoattractants, which can induce active eosinophil migration. The eosinophil migration from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis was consistently higher compared with eosinophils from healthy control subjects. Because the eosinophils were obtained from the peripheral blood, this finding suggests activation of eosinophils in the systemic circulation in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Effects of preezing on marrow stem cell suspensions: Interactions of cooling and warming rates in the presence of pvp, sucrose, or glycerol

Summary Based on results with microorganisms, one theory of freezing damage in cells states that the survival of a frozen-thawed cell is critically dependent on the rate at which it is cooled to subzero temperatures. The hypothesis suggests that the ultimate survival of a frozen and thawed cell is a function of the interaction of two factors that are oppositely dependent on cooling rate: 1) exposure to solution effects such as increased electrolyte concentration, pH changes, and dehydration and 2) the formation of intracellular ice during cooling and the extent of its recrystallization during warming. Using the colony-forming ability of the stem cells of mouse marrow as an assay of viability, we have sought to test the applicability of this theory to freezing damage in a nucleated mammalian cell. Stem cells suspended in each of three concentrations of glycerol, two of polyvinylpyrrolidone (mol wt, 40,000), or one of sucrose were frozen at rates varying from 0.3 to 500°C per min to −196°C, held for about 1 hr, and then thawed rapidly at about 900°C per min. In a second type of experiment, cells cooled at various rates were warmed either rapidly or slowly. Under all conditions, the survival of the colony-forming ability of the stem cells varied as a function of cooling rate, showing a distinct maximum at one rate. The optimum rate, however, varied with the specific additive and its concentration. For example, maximum survival was obtained for cells suspended in 1.25 m , 0.8 m , and 0.4 m glycerol and cooled at 1.5°C per min, 15°C per min, and 100°C per min, respectively. If cells in 1.25 m glycerol were cooled at 1.5°C per min, survival was about 65%, regardless of whether the suspensions were thawed at 2°C per min or 900°C per min, but if these cells were cooled at 200°C per min survival was 25% when the cells were thawed at 900°C per min and only 5% when they were thawed at 2°C per min. Good survival was also obtained in two additives that we believe to be nonpermeating, namely PVP and sucrose. Here, too, survivals showed distinct maxima as a function of cooling rate. Moreover, since the maximum survival was about 55% for cells suspended in 0.35 m sucrose but only 20% for cells in 0.4 m glycerol, it appears as if a nonpermeating additive is more effective on a molar basis in preventing freezing damage than is glycerol which has been assumed to permeate nucleated cells. All of these results are consistent with the “two-factor” theory of freezing damage developed from findings with microorganisms.
Driven to Write

Le souci de techniques diff6rentes, qui rem6dient A la satiet6 des formes connues, occupe en effet les esprits. Mais je m'explique mal-si nous voulons savoir ce qu'un roman peut tre--qu'un fondement ne soit pas d'abord aperqu et bien marqu6. Le rncit qui revele les possibilities de la vie n'appelle pas forcement, mais il appelle un moment de rage, sans lequel son auteur serait aveugle a ces possibilities excessives. Je le crois: seule l'6preuve suffocante, impossible, donne a l'auteur le moyen d'atteindre la vision lointaine attendue par un lecteur las des proches limites impos6s par les conventions.
Chronic effects of dietary selenium on juvenile Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus)

The chronic effects of dietary selenium (Se) exposure in juvenile Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) were investigated in the laboratory. A total of 960 (40 fish per tank, 3 tanks per diet) 7-month-old juvenile splittail were fed one of eight Purified-Casein diets supplemented with selenized yeast for 9 months in a flow-through system. These diets contained the following: 0.4 (control), 0.7, 1.4, 2.7, 6.6, 12.6, 26.0, and 57.6 mg of Se kg(-1) dry weight. Survival, Se tissue concentration, growth, gross morphology, and liver histopathology were assessed at 5- and 9-month of exposure. Mortalities occurred only in the two highest Se treatments and were accounted for 8.3 and 18.3% at 5-month and 10.0 and 34.3% at 9-month, respectively. Liver and muscle Se concentration were significantly correlated with dietary Se concentration. Fish exposed to 0.4-12.6 mg of Se kg(-1) diets had reached equilibrium in liver Se concentration by 5 month. Splittail fed diets at concentrations > or =26.0 mg of Se kg(-1) had not reached equilibrium in liver, and muscle Se concentrations and grew significantly slower (p or =2.7 mg of Se kg(-1) diets at 5-month and in fish fed > or =0.7 mg of Se kg(-1) diets at 9-month. Fish fed 26.0 and 57.6 mg of Se kg(-1) diets had higher liver lesion scores at 5-month while fish fed 6.6 and 57.6 mg of Se kg(-1) diet had higher liver lesion scores at 9-month. Results indicate that survivals, growth, changes of tissue Se concentrations, and histopathology of juvenile splittail were dose-dependent, but their response thresholds to dietary Se concentrations differed and depended on treatment concentrations and duration of exposure. Chronic exposure to 6.6 mg of Se kg(-1) diet induced deleterious health effects that can potentially impact survival of juvenile splittail.
Forming beneficial teams of students in massive online classes

Given a class of large number of students, each exhibiting a different ability level, how can we form teams of students so that the expected performance of team members improves due to team participation? We take a computational perspective and formally define two versions of such team-formation problem: the MAXTEAM and the MAXPARTITION problems. The first asks for the identification of a single team of students that improves the performance of most of the participating team members. The second asks for a partitioning of students into non-overlapping teams that also maximizes the benefit of the participating students. We show that the first problem can be solved optimally in polynomial time, while the second is NP-complete. For the MAXPARTITION problem, we also design an efficient approximate algorithm for solving it. Our experiments with generated data coming from different distributions demonstrate that our algorithm is significantly better than any of the popular strategies for dividing students in a class into sections.
Prominent medical journals often provide insufficient information to assess the validity of studies with negative results

Physicians reading the medical literature attempt to determine whether research studies are valid. However, articles with negative results may not provide sufficient information to allow physicians to properly assess validity. We analyzed all original research articles with negative results published in 1997 in the weekly journals BMJ, JAMA, Lancet, and New England Journal of Medicine as well as those published in the 1997 and 1998 issues of the bimonthly Annals of Internal Medicine (N = 234). Our primary objective was to quantify the proportion of studies with negative results that comment on power and present confidence intervals. Secondary outcomes were to quantify the proportion of these studies with a specified effect size and a defined primary outcome. Stratified analyses by study design were also performed. Only 30% of the articles with negative results comment on power. The reporting of power (range: 15%-52%) and confidence intervals (range: 55–81%) varied significantly among journals. Observational studies of etiology/risk factors addressed power less frequently (15%, 95% CI, 8–21%) than did clinical trials (56%, 95% CI, 46–67%, p < 0.001). While 87% of articles with power calculations specified an effect size the authors sought to detect, a minority gave a rationale for the effect size. Only half of the studies with negative results clearly defined a primary outcome. Prominent medical journals often provide insufficient information to assess the validity of studies with negative results.
An Assessment of CFD for Prediction of 2-D and 3-D High-Speed Flows

Two-dimensional hypersonic entropy layer and shock/boundary layer interactions with high-temperature effects and three-dimensional supersonic base flows are employed to examine the ability of a spectrum of CFD methods to predict surface thermo-mechanical quantities of interest, as well as flowfield structure. The 2-D cases correspond to a subset of those adopted by the RTO-AVT Task Group 43 and include the flow past a cylinder with axis normal to the flow and that past a 25 o 55 o axisymmetric double-cone configuration. A separate 3-D situation considered is the flow in the base region of a cylinder with axis parallel to the flow, but with an afterbody bent at 10 o to simulate angle of attack. Different MUSCL-based high-order upwind methods are employed for the inviscid fluxes, while standard central second order differences discretize the viscous terms. The range of parameters yield laminar and turbulent situations, as well as frozen and thermo-chemical non-equilibrium effects. For distinctly laminar situations, reasonable prediction accuracy can be attained, including in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium regimes for which commonly employed chemical reaction sets such as the Park models are appropriate. However, the solutions depend on the specific inviscid flux algorithm chosen (including limiter), particularly when the carbuncle is observed. One double-cone test case yields an unsteady asymptote in which the separation region extends to the leading tip. It is postulated that for this case, the laminar approximation may be inappropriate and a three-dimensional simulation with Direct or Large-Eddy Simulation (DNS/LES) may be required. For base-flows at angle of attack, Detached-Eddy Simulations (DES) are compared with experimental data and previous Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) results. Although significant unsteadiness is observed in the wake region, base surface pressures with DES fluctuate only by roughly 3% about a mean that is slightly higher than RANS which in turn overpredicts experimental measurements. Averaged DES and RANS results however reproduce experimental visualizations of 2-D projections of a complex non-intuitive 3-D structure which is substantially different from the axisymmetric situation. Instead of circumferential structures, the 3-D base flow yields a streamwise-oriented horse-shoe structure, whose two legs point forward and form the clearly observed vortical core pair.
Dynamic mechanical characterization of cure of a polyimide‐graphite fiber composite (PMR 15/Celion 6000)

Dynamic mechanical studies of thermosetting PMR 15 polyimide/Celion 6000 composites were used to characterize cure behavior. Variation in composite shear modulus with cure time for laminates partially cured under 3.45 MPa pressure was compared with that of laminates fully cured under pressure to select a partially cured system whose behavior corresponded with that of the pressure-cured composites. An empirical kinetic model was developed that relates relative composite shear moduli to cure time and temperature. This model, coupled with standard statistical techniques, was used in the determination of an overall activation energy, E = 145 kj/mole (35 kcal/mole) and order of reaction, n, for the cure reaction(s). The empirical relationship defining dynamic modulus as a function of time and temperature remained linear well into the glassy region. Changes in dynamic glass-transition temperature and in the breadth of the transition peaks with cure time are discussed. Shear modulus and damping were found to be more sensitive measures of relative extent of cure than Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Mining multi-item drug adverse effect associations in spontaneous reporting systems.

Multi-item adverse drug event (ADE) associations are associations relating multiple drugs to possibly multiple adverse events. The current standard in pharmacovigilance is bivariate association analysis, where each single drug-adverse effect combination is studied separately. The importance and difficulty in the detection of multi-item ADE associations was noted in several prominent pharmacovigilance studies. In this paper we examine the application of a well established data mining method known as association rule mining, which we tailored to the above problem, and demonstrate its value. The method was applied to the FDAs spontaneous adverse event reporting system (AERS) with minimal restrictions and expectations on its output, an experiment that has not been previously done on the scale and generality proposed in this work. Based on a set of 162,744 reports of suspected ADEs reported to AERS and published in the year 2008, our method identified 1167 multi-item ADE associations. A taxonomy that characterizes the associations was developed based on a representative sample. A significant number (67% of the total) of potential multi-item ADE associations identified were characterized and clinically validated by a domain expert as previously recognized ADE associations. Several potentially novel ADEs were also identified. A smaller proportion (4%) of associations were characterized and validated as known drug-drug interactions. Our findings demonstrate that multi-item ADEs are present and can be extracted from the FDA’s adverse effect reporting system using our methodology, suggesting that our method is a valid approach for the initial identification of multi-item ADEs. The study also revealed several limitations and challenges that can be attributed to both the method and quality of data.
The presence of water on the respiratory surfaces of the lung

Interest in the possibility of a fluid medium for the transport of oxygen in the respiration of terrestrial vertebrates was aroused by the author's discovery of a watery fluid in the bronchioles of human cadavers and of domestic animals. In the literature of respiration the tolerance of water injected into the lungs of living animals had been demonstrated by Claude Bernard in 1869. Water as the vehicle for oxygen in the respiration of terrestrial invertebrates has been recorded many times. The life of fishes and of invertebrates inhabiting the waters of the world is dependent upon oxygen dissolved in this medium. The present paper records: (a) The author's experience in seeking and recording evidence of the presence of a watery medium in the respiratory organs of a series of vertebrates, and (b) presents evidence in explanation of the method of oxygen transport from the termination of the bronchial system into the capillary blood-stream of the lung. The investigation called for special techniques, apparatus and instruments; these are described. The period of investigation extended, with many interruptions, from '10 to '60; during which period reports of progress have been published.
Production of L-glutamic acid from hydrocarbon by penicillinresistant mutants of Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus

Penicillin-resistant mutants were derived from Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus R-7. One of them produced 84 g/liter of l-glutamic acid from hydrocarbon, though its parent strain produced 26 g/liter.The penicillin-resistant mutant had stronger activities of substrate consumption and oxygen absorption than the parent strain, and this was one of the reasons for the accumulation of a larger quantity of l-glutamic acid.The interacellular content of phosphatidyl inositol mannoside (P.I.M) was related to the glutamate productivity, and the higher glutamate productivity of the penicillin-resistant mutant was supposed to be related to the remarkable diminution in the content of P.I.M.
A Rapid, Reversible, and Tunable Method to Regulate Protein Function in Living Cells Using Synthetic Small Molecules

Rapid and reversible methods for perturbing the function of specific proteins are desirable tools for probing complex biological systems. We have developed a general technique to regulate the stability of specific proteins in mammalian cells using cell-permeable, synthetic molecules. We engineered mutants of the human FKBP12 protein that are rapidly and constitutively degraded when expressed in mammalian cells, and this instability is conferred to other proteins fused to these destabilizing domains. Addition of a synthetic ligand that binds to the destabilizing domains shields them from degradation, allowing fused proteins to perform their cellular functions. Genetic fusion of the destabilizing domain to a gene of interest ensures specificity, and the attendant small-molecule control confers speed, reversibility, and dose-dependence to this method. This general strategy for regulating protein stability should enable conditional perturbation of specific proteins with unprecedented control in a variety of experimental settings.
Design requirements for an integrated acoustic impedance matching layer

The design of an integrated acoustic impedance matching layer suitable for the construction of ultrasonic transducers is described. The electrical and acoustical design requirements for an efficient and controlled means of transferring acoustic energy are described. Results showing the impulse response for a transducer with an integrated impedance matching layer are presented.
Airway management in critical illness

Airway management in the ICU can be complicated due to many factors including the limited physiologic reserve of the patient. As a consequence, the likelihood of difficult mask ventilation and intubation increases. The incidence of failed airways and of cardiac arrest related to airway instrumentation in the ICU is much higher than that of elective intubations performed in the operating room. A thorough working knowledge of the devices available for the management of the difficult airway and recommended rescue strategies is paramount in avoiding bad patient outcomes. In this review, we will provide a conceptual framework for airway assessment, with an emphasis on assessment of the patient with limited cervical spine movement or injury and of morbidly obese patients. Furthermore, we will review the devices that are available for airway management in the ICU, and discuss controversies surrounding interventions like cricoid pressure and the use of muscle relaxants in the critically ill patient. Finally, strategies for the safe extubation of patients with known difficult airways will be provided.
Secretion of oleic acid in milk fat in response to abomasal infusions of canola or high oleic sunflower fatty acids.

Abstract The feasibility of dietary strategies to increase oleic acid content of milk fat is unclear. Four Holstein cows were infused abomasally with free long-chain fatty acids from canola (62.5% C 18:1 ) or high oleic sunflowers (86% C 18:1 ). Each fatty acid mixture was infused for 3 d at 0, 133, 267, 400, 267, 133, and 0 g/d for a total of 21 d; cows then were changed to the opposite fatty acid mixture, and the infusion sequence was repeated. The DMI and percentages of casein and whey N in milk were decreased by infusion of fatty acids, but milk yield and percentages of fat and NPN in milk were increased. Contents of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and C 16:0 in milk fat decreased, and contents of C 18:1 , C 18:2 , and C 18:3 increased, as fatty acid infusion increased. Contents of 16:0 and C 18:O in plasma triglyceride were decreased, and content of C 18:1 was increased, by increasing infusion of fatty acids. All changes reversed when the amount of fatty acid infused was decreased. Within the range of amounts of fatty acids infused, the relationship between yield of C 18:1 in milk fat and the amount of C 18:1 infused into the abomasum was linear, and transfer efficiency was 54.1%. Increased concentration and yield of C 18:1 in milk were attributable mostly to the increased exogenous supply of C 18:1 .
Correction of spatial distortion and registration in ophthalmic fluorescein angiography

The study of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography in retinal and choroidal diseases has provided one significant advantages on the quantification of retinal and choroidal vessels. In order to compensate for the uneven magnification resulting from the hemispherical surface of the retina, 26 mm diameter phantoms were constructed. Two calibrated markers (grid patches) were planted on the surface of both the macular and peripheral regions. Parameter optimization methods were applied on both regions and then a series of images were taken from those regions by an ophthalmic fundus camera. Preliminary results on different angles of view have shown that the central region of the retina (macula) has minimum spatial distortion which can be ignored. However, the peripheral regions demonstrated large spatial distortion which need to be compensated for in future quantification measurements. The authors also demonstrate a correction method for the spatial distortion at peripheral regions, which was by parabolic realignment. Registration results, by using affine transformation, are also discussed here both with and without spatial correction. >
Mechanisms of covalent self-assembly of the Azoarcus ribozyme from four fragment oligonucleotides

RNA oligomers of length 40–60 nt can self-assemble into covalent versions of the Azoarcus group I intron ribozyme. This process requires a series of recombination reactions in which the internal guide sequence of a nascent catalytic complex makes specific interactions with a complement triplet, CAU, in the oligomers. However, if the CAU were mutated, promiscuous self-assembly may be possible, lessening the dependence on a particular set of oligomer sequences. Here, we assayed whether oligomers containing mutations in the CAU triplet could still self-construct Azoarcus ribozymes. The mutations CAC, CAG, CUU and GAU all inhibited self-assembly to some degree, but did not block it completely in 100 mM MgCl2. Oligomers containing the CAC mutation retained the most self-assembly activity, while those containing GAU retained the least, indicating that mutations more 5′ in this triplet are the most deleterious. Self-assembly systems containing additional mutant locations were progressively less functional. Analyses of properly self-assembled ribozymes revealed that, of two recombination mechanisms possible for self-assembly, termed ‘tF2’ and ‘R2F2’, the simpler one-step ‘tF2’ mechanism is utilized when mutations exist. These data suggest that self-assembling systems are more facile than previously believed, and have relevance to the origin of complex ribozymes during the RNA World.
Air-coupled ultrasound and rapid elastic property characterization using focused acoustic beams

Plate-wave dispersion spectra have been inferred directly in a single air or water-coupled coordinate scan using mirror-focused broadband air-coupled acoustic beams on both transmitting and receiving transducers. The Lamb mode spectra are extracted in a two-dimensional FFT of the measured broadband focused air-coupled signal. To enhance the typically weak air-coupled signal, we have employed a novel signal coding scheme using a random-phase analog burst 200 /spl mu/sec in length. Subsequent correlation yields the system impulse response, from which we obtain the processed results as a wavenumber-versus-frequency plot. The experiment is modeled simply using a single complex transducer point beam for generation and one for detection. Comparison of the inferred dispersion curves with calculated spectra using nominal stiffness values, shows excellent mode separation and good agreement with predictions. Experimental results are presented for isotropic media such as Lucite and aluminum, and for anisotropic plates such as composite laminates and wood. Results using water-coupling are also presented, including a graphic demonstration of electromechanical reciprocity.
The Role of MR Enterography in Assessing Crohn's Disease Activity and Treatment Response

MR enterography (MRE) has become the primary imaging modality in the assessment of Crohn's disease (CD) in both children and adults at many institutions in the United States and worldwide, primarily due to its noninvasiveness, superior soft tissue contrast, and lack of ionizing radiation. MRE technique includes distention of the small bowel with oral contrast media with the acquisition of T2-weighted, balanced steady-state free precession, and multiphase T1-weighted fat suppressed gadolinium contrast-enhanced sequences. With the introduction of molecule-targeted biologic agents into the clinical setting for CD and their potential to reverse the inflammatory process, MRE is increasingly utilized to evaluate disease activity and response to therapy as an imaging complement to clinical indices or optical endoscopy. New and emerging MRE techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetization transfer, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide- (USPIO-) enhanced MRI, and PET-MR, offer the potential for an expanded role of MRI in detecting occult disease activity, evaluating early treatment response/resistance, and differentiating inflammatory from fibrotic strictures. Familiarity with MR enterography is essential for radiologists and gastroenterologists as the technique evolves and is further incorporated into the clinical management of CD.