cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAN WE TALK? COMMENTARY ON "THE BODY/MIND DIALECTIC WITHIN THE PSYCHOANALYTIC SUBJECT: FINDING THE ANALYST'S VOICE" BY HARRIET KIMBLE WRYE

In a formulation that is often noted yet infrequently applied, Freud (1923) put forth the idea that, "The ego was first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself a projection of a surface" (p. 26). In her recent contributions, Harriet Wrye (Wrye and Wells, 1989, 1994; Wrye, 1997) has rescued this observation from the realms of metapsychology and put it to clinical use through her observations of and allowance for patients' quests to experience their deep longings for a bodily based sense of contact and aliveness within the analytic process. In these endeavors, Wrye has brought us the immeasurably helpful concept of the "maternal erotic transference" and has delineated the variety of manifestations and reactions that both patients and analysts have to the fundamental processes of relating in the medium of presymbolic bodily states. In her current work, Wrye (1997) emphasizes the necessary creation of a "playspace" within the analytic process in which the patient may bask in "the physicality of the voice" and thereby benefit from immersion in a transitional world of fluid engagement with experiences of inside/outside, fantasy/reality, self/other, and body/mind. In her descriptions of this mode of interacting, Wrye consistently uses terms that emphasize the fact that these states are themselves fluid (e.g., "transient mutually related regressions," "at certain times"), coming and going according to the exigencies of the treatment process. In addition, she suggests that transitional states of immersion in the sensuous qualities of the sounds and rhythms of voice "also serve evocative memory in the construction and maintenance of object constancy and in the development of the capacity to symbolize." There is, however, a striking shift from this perspective when Wrye goes on to discuss some clinical material extracted from my paper (Cerson,
Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroxycarbonylation of (Hetero)aryl Halides for DNA-Encoded Chemical Library Synthesis

A strategy for DNA-compatible, palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of (hetero)aryl halides on DNA–chemical conjugates has been developed. This method generally provided the corresponding carbo...
Iterative-Learning Strategy for the Development of Application-Specific Atomistic Force Fields

Emerging data-driven approaches in materials science have triggered the development of numerous machine-learning force fields. In practice, they are constructed by training a statistical model on a reference database to predict potential energy and/or atomic forces. Although most of the force fields can accurately recover the properties of the training set, some of them are becoming useful for actual molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, we employ a simple iterative-learning strategy for the development of machine-learning force fields targeted at specific simulations (applications). The strategy involves (1) preparing and fingerprinting a diverse reference database of atomic configurations and forces, (2) generating a pool of machine-learning force fields by learning the reference data, (3) validating the force fields against a series of targeted applications, and (4) selectively and recursively improving the force fields that are unsuitable for a given application while keeping their performance...
Utilizing Portable Learning Technologies to Improve Student Engagement and Retention

Contribution: Portable learning instrumentation has become common in university classrooms and laboratories, but few publications assess the effects of these technologies on student retention. This paper addresses this under-researched connection between the use of portable learning technologies, incorporated into an Introduction to Computer Engineering course, and student retention. Background: The desire for active learning experiences has promoted the use of portable, hands-on technologies in classrooms and laboratories. However, published results from such efforts do not often assess the impact of such tools on student retention. In Fall 2015, the Kansas State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering overhauled an introductory computer engineering course, incorporating portable learning tools with the aims to increase student retention, where a secondary focus related to helping students understand the limitations of portable hardware platforms. Intended Outcomes: The goal was to improve student confidence and the retention of first- and second-year students who took the course. Application Design: Laboratory exercises used portable technologies and focused on hardware limitations. Summative surveys helped to quantify the impact of the new course structure on student confidence. The retention of first- and second-year students who took the course was also investigated. Findings: Survey results indicated that the course transformation positively affected student confidence (measured directly and indirectly). Retention of second-year students who took the course improved to a two-year average of 51%, from a 40% average for the three prior years.
Closeness of relationship to LGBTQ individuals is associated with increases in ally identity and behavior

Previous research studies have indicated that intergroup contact between heterosexuals and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals has been associated with more positive feelings about and und...
Climate exposures and child undernutrition: Evidence from Indonesia

Global climate change has the potential to disrupt agricultural systems, undermine household socioeconomic status, and shape the prevalence and distribution of diseases. Each of these changes may influence children's nutritional status, which is sensitive to food availability, access, and utilization, and which may have lasting consequences for later-life health and socioeconomic outcomes. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on climate and child health by studying the effects of temperature and precipitation exposures on children's height and weight in Indonesia. Drawing on five rounds of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) implemented between 1993 and 2015, we estimate fixed-effects regression models of height-for-age (HFA) and weight-for-height (WFH) among samples of children ages 24-59 months and 0-23 months, respectively. We test for heterogeneity in these effects across sub-populations expected to vary in their vulnerability. Results show that delays in monsoon onset are consistently associated with worse child health outcomes. Delays in monsoon onset during the prenatal period are associated with reduced child height among children age 2-4 years. The weight of young (<2 years) children is adversely affected by delays in the most recent monsoon season, and this relationship is particularly strong among residents of Java. Overall, our results underline the need for interventions that protect children's nutrition and underlying health against the effects of climate change.
ARtist: Interactive Augmented Reality for Curating Children's Artworks

Although there is no distinctive header, this is the abstract. This submission template allows authors to submit their papers for review to an ACM Conference or Journal without any output design specifications incorporated at this point in the process. The ACM manuscript template is a single column document that allows authors to type their content into the pre-existing set of paragraph formatting styles applied to the sample placeholder text here. Throughout the document you will find further instructions on how to format your text.
Machine Learning of Dynamics with Applications to Flow Control and Aerodynamic Optimization

The optimization and control of fluid systems, such as a wing in a high-speed flow, is a central challenge in modern engineering. Turbulent fluids are characterized by high-dimensionality, strong nonlinearity, multiscale physics, and short time scales, all of which confound feedback flow control. One of the primary challenges for effective turbulence control is associated with the computational complexity and latency required to make a control decision, which may introduce unacceptable time-delays and destroy robust performance. Similarly, optimization may require several iterations involving experimental or high-performance computing resources, for example to modify the shape of an airfoil for beneficial lift and drag properties. Thus, considerable effort has gone into developing efficient reduced-order models that capture only the most relevant flow features needed to manipulate and control the system [6]. Increasingly, data-driven methods and machine learning are dominating the reduced-order modeling, optimization, and control landscapes. In this paper, leading and emerging methods are discussed and compared in the context of the optimization and control of fluids. A number of dichotomies will be explored, including the low-data and large-data limits, the challenges of combinatorially large search spaces, and the derivation of parsimonious model descriptions of dominant fluid behaviors.
Spark plasma sintering of B4C and B4C-TiB2 composites: Deformation and failure mechanisms under quasistatic and dynamic loading

Abstract Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was employed to consolidate powder specimens consisting of B4C and various B4C-TiB2 compositions. SPS allowed for consolidation of pure B4C, B4C-13 vol.%TiB2, and B4C-23 vol.%TiB2 composites achieving ≥99 % theoretical density without sintering additives, residual phases (e.g., graphite), and excessive grain growth due to long sintering times. Electron and x-ray microscopies determined homogeneous microstructures along with excellent distribution of TiB2 phase in both small and larger-scaled composites. An optimized B4C-23 vol.%TiB2 composite with a targeted low density of ∼3.0 g/cm3 exhibited 30–35 % increased hardness, fracture toughness, and flexural bend strength compared to several commercial armor-grade ceramics, with the flexural strength being strain rate insensitive under quasistatic and dynamic loading. Mechanistic studies determined that the improvements are a result of a) no residual graphitic carbon in the composites, b) interfacial microcrack toughening due to thermal expansion coefficient differences placing the B4C matrix in compression and TiB2 phase in tension, and c) TiB2 phase aids in crack deflection thereby increasing the amount of intergranular fracture. Collectively, the addition of TiB2 serves as a toughening and strengthening phase, and scaling of SPS samples show promise for the manufacture of ceramic composites for body armor.
Beef heifer estrus synchronization programs

Oestrus synchronization by administration of PG, norgestomet + oestradiol valerate or MGA + PG is discussed.
Improvement in Three-Dimension al Finite Element Modeling for High Voltage Power Transformer in Time Domain

The high voltage power transformer is the supreme section of the power system network. The transformers’ dependability and consistency are the most important criteria for the power system networks since the transformer failure may result in high capital loss. Failures occur due to various reasons, which include areas of failure in windings, bushings, tap-changers, core, tank, protection system, cooling system, etc. Finite element modeling can help design power transformer and understand the severe condition of defects while considering real-life conditions. Finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate and investigate power transformer insulations with partial discharge activities. FEMs provide more accurate representation of complex geometries because they consider thermal, electrical, and environmental influences on the insulation models to obtain basic characteristics of the insulation system during normal and partial discharge conditions. The defects have been taken into account are bubbles, cellulose, and metallic defects in the oil and voids and cracks in pressboard insulation. The aim of this paper is to design and analyzing the transformer’s defect in the time domain. The electric field is estimated in healthy as well as for the defective transformer.
Learning sparsifying filter banks

Recent years have numerous algorithms to learn a sparse synthesis or analysis model from data. Recently, a generalized analysis model called the 'transform model' has been proposed. Data following the transform model is approximately sparsified when acted on by a linear operator called a sparsifying transform. While existing transform learning algorithms can learn a transform for any vectorized data, they are most often used to learn a model for overlapping image patches. However, these approaches do not exploit the redundant nature of this data and scale poorly with the dimensionality of the data and size of patches. We propose a new sparsifying transform learning framework where the transform acts on entire images rather than on patches. We illustrate the connection between existing patch-based transform learning approaches and the theory of block transforms, then develop a new transform learning framework where the transforms have the structure of an undecimated filter bank with short filters. Unlike previous work on transform learning, the filter length can be chosen independently of the number of filter bank channels. We apply our framework to accelerating magnetic resonance imaging. We simultaneously learn a sparsifying filter bank while reconstructing an image from undersampled Fourier measurements. Numerical experiments show our new model yields higher quality images than previous patch based sparsifying transform approaches.
Alpha-fetoprotein derived growth inhibitory peptide (GIP) inhibits expression of cyclin E1

4918 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promotes both ontogenic growth and oncogenic progression of some tumor types, and has been shown to enhance cell proliferation via protein kinase A activity. In contrast, the alpha-fetoprotein derived Growth Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), a 34-amino acid fragment of the AFP molecule synthetically produced, suppresses growth of an array of tumor types in vitro and in vivo. The GIP site lies buried in a molecular cleft of naturally folded human alpha-fetoprotein, but it is partially exposed following introduction of fetal stress. It was previously demonstrated that treatment with low levels of GIP for eight days inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 cell cultures in what was noted as a cytostatic as opposed to a cytotoxic effect. The present study was initiated to determine whether cell cycle constituents required for G1-to-S phase transition were altered by treatment with GIP. MCF-7 breast cancer cultures were treated with various concentrations of GIP (10-5 to 10-14 M) for eight days after which cells were harvested and RNA or protein isolated. Analysis of gene expression with real time RT-PCR revealed that levels of Cyclin E1 were decreased as much as 5-fold after exposure to concentrations of GIP as low as 10-12 M. Concomitantly, mRNA levels of Rb1 were enhanced from 1.7 to 3.4 fold following GIP treatment. However, GIP had no effect on the mRNA expression of cdk2, cdk4, cdk6, Cyclin D1 or Cyclin B1. A decrease in protein levels of Cyclin E1 was detected with Western blot analysis after treatment with 10-9 M GIP as was a decrease in phosphorylated p27 suggesting that treatment of MCF-7 cells with physiologic levels of GIP may result in G1/S phase arrest.
Energy and path aware clustering algorithm (EPAC) for mobile ad hoc networks

Node clustering is a technique that mitigates the change in topology in Ad hoc communication. It stabilizes the end to end communication path and maximizes the path life time. In SWARM communication, each cluster is assigned an objective and expected to complete it in the available resources. Most of the algorithms previously designed assume that the assignment of tasks can be done in any arbitrary manner and does not depend on the energy resources. In this work, we have emphasized that the number of nodes in a cluster is fundamentally related to the energy requirement of the objective. With the help of this new algorithm, we minimize energy consumption in a cluster by improving the mechanism for selecting objective, depending upon the amount of energy present at the nodes of that cluster.
Alterations in the circadian system in advanced age.

In addition to light, a variety of non-photic stimuli can induce phase shifts in the circadian clock of rodents. We have examined the effects of advanced age on the response of the circadian clock to both photic and non-photic stimuli in old hamsters (i.e., over 16 months of age). Among the age-related changes in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity are: (1) alterations in the phase angle of entrainment to the light-dark cycle; (2) an altered response to the phase-shifting effects of light pulses; (3) changes in the time it takes to re-entrain to a new light-dark cycle; and (4) a loss of responsiveness to the phase-shifting or entraining effects of stimuli which induce an acute increase of activity. Many of the effects of ageing on the circadian clock system can be simulated in young animals by depleting brain monoamine levels, suggesting that ageing alters monoaminergic inputs to the clock. Some of the age-related changes in the response of the clock to an activity-inducing stimulus can be reversed by implanting old animals with fetal suprachiasmatic nuclear tissue. Determining the physiological basis of age-related changes in the responsiveness of the clock to both internal and external stimuli, and the mechanisms by which normal circadian functioning can be restored, should lead to new insight into the functioning of the circadian clock and may suggest new approaches to the normalization of disturbed circadian rhythms.
Recognition of Complications After Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Cancer Determines Inpatient Mortality

Context While perioperative mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy is decreasing, key factors remain to be elucidated. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate inpatient mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a representative inpatient database in the USA. Methods Patient discharge data (diagnostic and procedure codes) and hospital characteristics were investigated for years 2009 and 2010. The inclusion criteria were a procedure code for pancreaticoduodenectomy, elective procedure, and a pancreatic or peripancreatic cancer diagnosis. Chi-square test determined statistical significance. A logistic regression model for mortality was created from significant variables. Results Two-thousand and 958 patients were identified with an average age of 65±12 years; 53% were male. The mean length of stay was 15±12 days with a mortality of 4% and a complication rate of 57%. Eighty-six percent of pancreaticoduodenectomy occurred in teaching hospitals. Pancreaticoduodenectomy performed in teaching hospitals in the first half of the academic year were associated with higher mortality than in the latter half (5.5% vs . 3.4%, P=0.005). On logistic regression analysis, non-surgical complications are the largest predictor of death (P<0.001) while operations in the latter half of the academic year are associated with decreased mortality (P<0.01). Conclusions The timing of pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer remained more predictive of mortality than age or length of stay; only complications were more predictive of death than time of year. This suggests that there remains a clinically and statistically significant learning curve for trainees in identifying complications; further study is needed to prove that identification of complications leads to a decrease in mortality rate by taking corrective actions. Image: Inpatient mortality according to period of the academic year.
Automatic design of a maglev controller in state space

The authors describe automatic synthesis of a global nonlinear controller for stabilizing a magnetic levitation system-a simplified model for the German Transrapid system. The synthesized control system stabilizes the maglev vehicle with much larger initial displacements than those allowed in a previous linear design for the same system. Simulation shows that the nonlinear design considered outperforms the linear design by a factor of 20 on the nominal model of the system. The nonlinear controller is automatically designed with the Control Engineer's Workbench, a computational environment integrating a suite of programs that automatically analyze and design global nonlinear control systems. >
The Molecular Weights of Bovine Thrombin and Its Primary Autolysis Products

Abstract Two highly purified preparations of bovine thrombin with the same specific activities and amino acid compositions were examined by the techniques of electrophoresis, sedimentation-equilibrium, and gel filtration in 6 m guanidinium chloride. One of the preparations which contained two electrophoretic components in the ratio of 5:95% appeared to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and gave a molecular weight of 28,000 ± 1,400. Similar studies performed on the fully reduced, carboxymethylated protein gave a lower molecular weight and indications of polydispersity. Gel filtration of the fully reduced and carboxymethylated protein revealed the presence of five polypeptide components with molecular weights ranging from approximately 33,000 to 6,000. The components present in greatest amount had molecular weights of approximately 21,000, 10,000, and 14,000. A second thrombin preparation, which contained the same electrophoretic components as the first, but in the ratio of 60:40%, was analyzed in the same fashion. The molecular weight of this sample obtained prior to reduction of the protein was 36,700. Gel filtration of the reduced, carboxymethylated protein revealed the presence of the same polypeptide components present in the previously described sample. However, in this preparation, the component present in greatest quantity had a molecular weight of approximately 33,000. These studies suggest that thrombin activation proceeds through cleavage of prothrombin to a continuous polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 33,000. Two subsequent cleavages may occur in this chain which result in active thrombin molecules composed of two (21,000 and 10,000) and three (14,000, 6,000, and 10,000) polypeptide chains interconnected by disulfide bridges.
Reforming rural education : understanding teacher expectations for rural youth

The Chinese state's commitment to improve teaching quality in rural regions is a key component of national efforts to close the rural–urban education gap. In this paper, we investigate an understudied but critical dimension of quality teaching: teacher expectations. We employ longitudinal data gathered in Gansu Province in 2000 and 2007 to first examine whether teacher expectations for rural youth are conditioned by students’ social origin and teacher background characteristics. Next, we determine the predictive accuracy of their expectations. Our results highlight the ways in which teacher expectations condition the sorting of rural children among different schooling tracks with distinct life trajectories. Significantly, teachers are more likely to hold lower expectations for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. In addition, non-local teachers hold lower expectations for rural children compared to local teachers. Finally, a low percentage of teachers expect students to enrol in post-compulsory vocational education. We consider the implications of these results for both educational policy and social inequality.
Plasmid Vectors for the Analysis of Protein-Induced DNA Bending

Bending is not only required to accommodate DNA within the cell but also is a mechanism used by proteins to initiate DNA replication, transcription, and recombination. Determining the angles by which regulatory DNA segments deviate from linearity upon binding of proteins is a necessary step toward a better understanding of a large number of essential biological functions. The pBend plasmids contain duplicate sets of restriction sites and, when combined with "gel shift" experiments, allow the straightforward determination of the bending angle in a DNA molecule. The steps for successfully carrying out a binding/bending experiment are described. They include the cloning of the protein-binding site into the chosen pBend vector, the isolation of a series of DNA fragments with identical in length but variable placing of the protein-binding site, and the gel electrophoretic analysis of the free and protein-bound fragments.
An Attempt to Find Information for Multi-dimensional Data Sets

In this paper, we present our work on analyzing data sets that contain a large amount of data points. We study similarity search problems that find data points closest to a given query point. We also study cluster analysis that detects subgroups of data points from a data set that are similar to each other within the same subgroup. In this paper we design an algorithm to detect the clusters in subspaces that are readjusted continuously when the data set changes and new query requests come. The reconstructed clusters can help improve the performance of the future K nearest search process.
Analyses of plasma for metabolic and hormonal changes in rats flown aboard COSMOS 2044.

Plasmas samples from rats flown aboard Cosmos 2044 were analyzed for the levels of key metabolites, electrolytes, enzymes, and hormones. The major differences between the flight group and the synchronous control were elevations in glucose, cholesterol, phosphate, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase and decreased levels of thyroxine. Most of these differences were not mimicked by tail suspension of ground-based rats; however, both flight and suspended rats exhibited inhibited testosterone secretion. Corticosterone, immunoreactive growth hormone, and prolactin showed inconsistent differences from the various control groups, suggesting that the levels of these hormones were not due to actual or simulated microgravity.
Race, gender, and development in Brazil

Using sample data from the 1960 and 1980 demografic censuses (the most recent available), this study estimates the magnitude of racial differences by gender in place of residence, education, occupational distribution, and wages. Contrary to predictions that race and gender divisions in the workplace would yield to the homogenizing forces of industrialization, it is demonstrated that the modern urban labor market in Brazil continues to be segregated by race and gender.
Colonization of resistant and susceptible maize plants by Erwinia stewartii strains differing in exopolysaccharide production

Abstract Susceptible (B14A, T220) and relatively resistant (C123) inbred maize lines were inoculated with Erwinia stewartii strains differing in their ability to produce extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in vitro, and a correlation was found between EPS production and virulence. The EPS-deficient strains grew and spread more slowly in host vascular tissues than wild-type strains, were less likely than their wild-type counterparts to colonize plants systemically and were unable to cause wilting in infected plants. Although the resistant inbred became infected by all strains, lesions expanded more slowly than those in susceptible inbreds. Pathogen populations developed more slowly in the vascular tissues of resistant plants than in susceptible plants, and the resistant plants were rarely colonized systemically and never wilted. Ultrastructural observations indicated that the butyrous mutants were unable to form well-developed capsules in planta, and they were apparently not immobilized or agglutinated in host tissues. In both resistant and susceptible plants, the pathogen was initially restricted to the xylem vessels. Bacteria seemed to exit the vessels in areas where thin primary walls bordered intercellular spaces. Xylem parenchyma cells produced materials that were secreted into the vessels of infected plants, and these materials may have aided in localization of the pathogen. Cell wall breakdown did not occur until the very late stages of pathogenesis, and E. stewartii did not produce cell wall-degrading enzymes in vitro.
Impact of the women's health initiative trial results on hormone replacement therapy.

Study Objective. To describe the impact of the results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) discontinuation rates. Design. Retrospective chart review. Setting. University-based family medicine clinic. Subjects. Ninety-eight postmenopausal women (aged 50–79 yrs) with an intact uterus who were receiving HRT. Measurements and Main Results. Two study periods were defined: pre-WHI (July 9, 2001–January 9, 2002) and post-WHI (July 9, 2002–January 9, 2003). Patient demographics and HRT discontinuation or persistence data were collected. Seven women were eligible for only for pre-WHI, 13 only for post-WHI, and 78 were eligible for both groups based on HRT use during both time periods. Forty-two of the 78 women were randomized to the pre-WHI group and 36 to the post-WHI group to yield equal groups of 49 each. No significant demographic differences existed between the groups. Time-to-event analysis revealed an increased probability of HRT discontinuation after WHI versus before WHI (log-rank test, p<0.01). A subset of 85 women taking HRT 1 year before WHI were followed for 18 months. Discontinuation rates were 8% (7 of 85 patients) during the 12 months before WHI and 38% (30 of 78) during the 6 months after WHI, with 80% (24 of 30) of these patients discontinuing within 3 months. Conclusion. Increased HRT discontinuation was temporally associated with release of WHI data, which implies that highly publicized, negative outcomes data can quickly influence pharmacotherapy decisions.
Shape Control of CdS Nanocrystals in One-Pot Synthesis

We report here straightforward solution-phase methods of preparing CdS NCs with a wide variety of morphologies, starting with oleylamine as the surfactant or capping agent, and varying the reaction conditions. We have systematically investigated the effects of temperature, precursor concentration, growth time, addition of metal nanoparticles, addition of cosurfactants, and acidification of the reaction medium on the growth of CdS NCs. These parameters have a tremendous impact on the morphology of the nanocrystals, allowing the controlled synthesis of a series of shapes including nanorods, bipods, tripods, tetrapods, nanocubes, nanowires, chain-like nanostructures, and nanoplatelets. At 100 °C, in the absence of secondary additives, we observed the nucleation of zinc blend CdS cores, followed by the growth of wurtzite arms to produce rods, bipods, and tripods. The addition of tetradecylphosphonic acid suppressed the growth of the wurtzite arms, resulting in zinc blend cubic nanocrystals. The addition of go...
Age-related Changes in the Proteoglycans of Human Skin

Skin undergoes dramatic age-related changes in its mechanical properties, including changes in tissue hydration and resiliency. Proteoglycans are macromolecular conjugates of protein and carbohydrate (glycosaminoglycan) which are involved in these tissue properties. In order to examine whether age-related changes in skin proteoglycans may contribute to the age-related changes in the mechanical properties of skin, proteoglycans from human skin of various ages were extracted and analyzed. Samples were obtained from two different fetal ages, from mature skin, and from senescent skin. As a function of age, there is a decrease in the proportion of large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (versican) and a concomitant increase in the proportion of small dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (decorin). Based on reactivity with antibodies to various chondroitin sulfate epitopes, fetal versican differs from the versican found in older skin with respect to the chondroitin sulfate chains. Also, the decorin of fetal skin is slightly larger, while the decorin of older skin shows greater polydispersity in both its size and its charge to mass ratio. There are also age-related differences in the size and polydispersity of the core proteins of decorin. The most pronounced change in skin proteoglycans is the appearance in mature skin of a proteoglycan which is smaller than decorin, but which has the same amino terminal amino acid sequence as decorin. This small proteoglycan is abundant in mature skin and may be a catabolic fragment of decorin or an alternatively spliced form of decorin. In light of the known ability of decorin to influence collagen fibrillogenesis and fibril diameter, the appearance of this small decorin-related proteoglycan may have a significant effect on skin elasticity. The observation that proteoglycans in skin show dramatic age-related differences suggests that these changes may be involved in the age-related changes in the physical properties of skin.
REASSESSING EGYPT'S DUAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION UNDER ISMAʿIL: GROWING ʿ ILM AND SHIFTING GROUND IN EGYPT'S FIRST EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL, RAWDAT AL-MADARIS , 1870–77

As a true litterateur of his time, Shaykh Husayn al-Marsafi composed his 1881 treatise The Eight Words as an elucidation of “the words that are constantly on the tongues of the people.” After commenting on the weighty political concepts of nation, community, government, justice, injustice, politics, and freedom, al-Marsafi ends his work with a lengthy discussion on tarbiya (education). Just months before the ʿUrabi Revolt, education occupied a vital place alongside concerns about government, authority, and politics. Marsafi's choice of “words” simply articulated a long-standing belief that roughly a decade and a half of educational reforms brought to the fore: “Once tarbiya is made perfect, everything else is also made perfect.”
Cyclin E and histone H3 levels are regulated by 5-fluorouracil in a DNA mismatch repair-dependent manner.

Several studies indicate that the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system may trigger cytotoxicity upon 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) recognition, but signaling pathways regulated by MMR in response to 5-FU are unknown. We hypothesize that recognition of 5-FU in DNA by MMR proteins trigger specific signaling cascades that results in slowing of the cell cycle and cell death. Whole human genome cDNA microarrays were used to examine relative signaling responses induced in MMR-proficient cells after 5-FU (5 µM) treatment for 24 hours. Analysis revealed 43 pathways differentially affected by 5-FU compared to control (p < 0.05), including cyclin and cell cycle regulation involving G1-S cell cycle transition, activation of Src, MAP K, p53 and base excision repair. In particular, 5-FU upregulated cyclins E1 and E2 (≥1.4-fold) and downregulated cdc25C, cyclins B1 and B2, histone H2A, H2B and H3 (≤-1.4-fold) over control. Cell cycle analysis revealed a G1/S arrest by 5-FU that was congruent with increased cyclin E and decreased cdc25C protein expression. Importantly, with knockdown of hMLH1 and hMSH2, we observed that decreased histone H3 expression by 5-FU was dependent on hMLH1. Additionally, 5-FU treatment dramatically decreased levels of several histone H3 modifications. Our data suggest that 5-FU induces a G1/S arrest by regulating cyclin E and cdc25C expression and MMR recognition of 5-FU in DNA may modulate cyclin E to affect the cell cycle. Furthermore, MMR recognition of 5-FU reduces histone H3 levels that could be related to DNA access by proteins and/or cell death during the G1/S phase of the cell cycle.
Combination approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria

The increasing prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global health problem that has been exacerbated by the dearth of novel classes of antibiotics entering the clinic over the past 40 years. Herein, we describe recent developments toward combination therapies for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. These efforts include antibiotic–antibiotic combinations, and the development of adjuvants that either directly target resistance mechanisms such as the inhibition of β-lactamase enzymes, or indirectly target resistance by interfering with bacterial signaling pathways such as two-component systems (TCSs). We also discuss screening of libraries of previously approved drugs to identify nonobvious antimicrobial adjuvants.
Fabrication of large-area two-dimensional colloidal crystals.

Nanoparticle coating: A suspension of colloidal particles in a water/propanol solution was layered onto a water surface, where the particles self-assembled into ordered two-dimensional hexagonal crystal arrays (>280 cm 2) within two minutes. These arrays were transferred from the water surface to other substrates (see picture) and embedded in a chitosan hydrogel for visual detection of the pH value. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Quantum dots: Strain is a problem no more.

An elegant modification of nuclear magnetic resonance allows detailed structural analysis of self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots, so far hindered by the intrinsic strain in these nanostructures.
Early corneal edema following topical application of mitomycin-C

Purpose: To determine the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) on the cornea after a single intraoperative application. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Ban-Chiao, Taipei, Taiwan. Methods: Mechanical epithelium debridement of the central 10.0 mm of the cornea was performed in 63 pigmented rabbits. One group of corneas (MMC1, n = 42) was soaked with MMC 0.01% solution for 2 minutes; the second group (MMC2, n = 42) was soaked with MMC 0.02% solution for 2 minutes. Control corneas (n = 42) were soaked with balanced salt solution for 2 minutes. Changes in the central corneal thickness, clarity, epithelial defect size, endothelial cell density, and endothelial apoptosis in the 3 groups were examined on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 14. Results: There was a dose-dependent increase in corneal thickness, decrease in corneal clarity, and increase in endothelial apoptosis after a single intraoperative application of MMC. The endothelium was significantly swollen and became pleomorphic and polymegethic with a concomitant decrease in endothelial cell density, also in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: A single application of MMC on the corneal surface caused dose-dependent corneal edema and endothelial apoptosis in the rabbit model. Further clinical study of human eyes is warranted.
Discontinuous wing leading edge to enhance spin resistance

Spin resistance of two typical general-aviation airplanes has been studied. Improvement in spin resistance due to an outboard wing leading-edge modification was evaluated through wind tunnel and flight tests. The basic airplanes would readily enter a spin; however, with the wing modification the airplanes were highly spin resistant. Spin resistance has been related to the angle of attack of the outer wing panel and the yaw rate as a step toward development of guidelines for design of more spin-resistant airplanes.
Survival analysis with unreliable endpoints.

Abstract There exists a current interest in the application of survival analysis methodology to evaluate differences in latencies of response to psychological or psychopharmacological treatment modalities. However, unreliability in the measurement of treatment responses in such research poses a problem. Two methods of defining the “discrete endpoint” that is required for survival analysis are compared regarding power of tests of significance for differences in survival curves. Discrete endpoints defined by regression equations fitted to all available data for each subject provided greater power when entered into survival analysis than did endpoints dependent only on individual measurements. While this may not surprise statisticians, no examples of the use of regression estimates for survival analysis endpoints have been identified in reports of previous clinical trials nor in discussions concerning potential applications of survival analysis methodology in psychiatric research.
Propane Ammoxidation Over the Mo–V–Te–Nb–O M1 Phase: Reactivity of Surface Cations in Hydrogen Abstraction Steps

Density functional theory calculations (GGA-PBE) have been performed to investigate the adsorption of C3 (propane, isopropyl, propene, and allyl) and H species on the proposed active center present in the surface ab planes of the bulk Mo–V–Te–Nb–O M1 phase in order to better understand the roles of the different surface cations in propane ammoxidation. Modified cluster models were employed to isolate the closely spaced V=O and Te=O from each other and to vary the oxidation state of the V cation. While propane and propene adsorb with nearly zero adsorption energy, the isopropyl and allyl radicals bind strongly to V=O and Te=O with adsorption energies, ΔE, being ≤−1.75 eV, but appreciably more weakly on other sites, such as Mo=O, bridging oxygen (Mo–O–V and Mo–O–Mo), and empty metal apical sites (ΔE > −1 eV). Atomic H binds more strongly to Te=O (ΔE ≤ −3 eV) than to all the other sites, including V=O (ΔE = −2.59 eV). The reduction of surface oxo groups by dissociated H and their removal as water are thermodynamically favorable except when both H atoms are bonded to the same Te=O. Consistent with the strong binding of H, Te=O is markedly more active at abstracting the methylene H from propane (Ea ≤ 1.01 eV) than V=O (Ea = 1.70 eV on V5+=O and 2.13 eV on V4+=O). The higher-than-observed activity and the loose binding of Te=O moieties to the mixed metal oxide lattice of M1 raise the question of whether active Te=O groups are in fact present in the surface ab planes of the M1 phase under propane ammoxidation conditions.
Electrical properties of pyrrole and its copolymers

Abstract Electrochemically prepared polypyrrole films have metallic conductivities in the range 40–100 S cm−1 whereas poly-N-methyl pyrrole films have conductivities more typical of a semiconductor, t/if 10−3 S cm−1. Films made by the electrochemical polymerization of mixtures of pyrrole and N-methyl pyrrole have redox potentials intermediate between those of either monomer, indicating that they are in fact random copolymers. The electrical conductivity and thermopower measured as a function of copolymer composition show no evidence for an abrupt metal-semiconductor transition. All these polymers are stable in air to temperatures in excess of 100°C.
Relationships Between Inquiry‐Based Teaching and Physical Science Standardized Test Scores

This exploratory case study investigates relationships between use of an inquiry-based instructional style and student scores on standardized multiple-choice tests. The study takes the form of a case study of physical science classes taught by one of the authors over a span of four school years. The first 2 years were taught using traditional instruction with low levels of inquiry (non-inquiry group), and the last 2 years of classes were taught by inquiry methods. Students' physical science test scores, achievement data, and attendance data were examined and compared across both instructional styles. Results suggest that for this teacher the use of an inquiry-based teaching style did not dramatically alter students' overall achievement, as measured by North Carolina's standardized test in physical science. However, inquiry-based instruction had other positive effects, such as a dramatic improvement in student participation and higher classroom grades earned by students. In additional inquiry-based instruction resulted in more uniform achievement than did traditional instruction, both in classroom measures and in more objective standardized test measures.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE AND FRESHWATER THALAS-SIOSIROID DIATOMS

The thalassiosiroid centric diatoms are distinguished by at least one synapomorphy, the strutted process or fultoportula. Variously classified as a family (Thalassiosiraceae) or an order (Thalassiosirales) among centric diatoms, it is generally conceded that the group of several hundred fossil and living species is monophyletic as a whole. There are two ecological groups of thalassiosiroids, marine and freshwater. It has been hypothesized, based on an ecletic, non-rigorous, evolutionary taxonomy perspective that both the marine and freshwater ecological groups are also monophyletic, but this hypothesis has never been tested in a rigorous framework. Likewise, the freshwater thalassiosiroid species have been grouped into several genera and subgenera using an evolutionary taxonomic approach, but these hypotheses have not fully been tested using cladistic analysis. Focusing mainly on freshwater species, but including at least one representative of each marine genus and one representative from each of several proposed subgeneric groupings of the genus Thalassiosira, we scored morphological characters for fossil and living marine and freshwater Thalassiosiraceae to test these hypotheses. Our cladistic results provide strong support for monophyly for the freshwater group, but it seems unlikely that the marine group is monophyletic. The cladistic results are corroborated to greater or lesser degrees by the fossil record. The implications for evolution in the group and for taxon sampling in molecular studies we are conducting will be discussed.
Heavy metals behavior in coastal sediments of southern California: a critical review and synthesis☆

Abstract The present paper reviews and discusses the studies on heavy metals behavior in coastal sediments of southern California which have been published since 1970. The available data allow for the estimation of pollution-free ‘base-line’ concentrations of some heavy metals in southern California sediments (Ag, 0.4 ppm; Cd, 0.4 ppm; Cr, 25 ppm; Cu, 9 ppm; Ni, 15 ppm; Pb, 10 ppm; and Zn, 44 ppm) which may be used as references for monitoring future metal pollution. The transport of most, if not all, heavy metals through the near-shore and shelf environments is controlled by their association with particles, a significant fraction of which is sewage-derived and rich in organic carbon. Changes in the relative abundances of the heavy metals are brought about mainly by settling differentiation of their host particles, and much less so by diagenetic solubilization. The bulk of the heavy metals are transported, within fine-grained particles, out from the shelf into deep ocean regions. Simple linear mixing of polluted outfall materials with clean natural sediments cannot explain the distribution of heavy metals in near-shore and basinal sediments in southern California, unless significant protective effects of organic coatings (near outfalls) and of grain-size distributions are taken into account. Heavy metal pollution from oil seepages are significant for only a very limited number of metals (Ni, Ba, etc.) and only on a local scale. The urgent need for standardization of heavy metal leaching techniques is demonstrated and emphasized.
Benign Intrascrotal Lipoblastoma in a Child

Lipoblastoma of the scrotum is a rare clinical entity in children. It represents one of several differential diagnoses of scrotal masses that include malignant tumors. Surgical extirpation is mandatory. We present a rare case.
Premacular hemorrhage as a sign of subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Purpose/Methods We examined a patient with mitral valve insufficiency, a sudden decrease in vision in the right eye, and premacular hemorrhage, which was a sign of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Results/Conclusion The patient was hospitalized and treated with intravenous antibiotics. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus viridans . Ocular symptoms and signs improved over two months. Premacular hemorrhage may be a sign of subacute bacterial endocarditis and may obscure other classic signs. Subacute bacterial endocarditis should be included in the differential diagnosis of premacular hemorrhage.