cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diaza-18-Crown-6 Ligands Containing Two Aminophenol Side Arms: New Heterobinuclear Metal Ion Receptors

Three diaza-18-crown-6 ligands substituted with two aminophenol side arms were synthesized as possible heterobinuclear metal ion receptors. Bis(p-aminophenol)-substituted diaza-18-crown-6 ligand (13) was prepared by treating the diazacrown with α-bromo-4-nitro-o-cresol in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine followed by reduction of the nitro groups. Bis(o-aminophenol)-substituted diaza-18-crown-6 ligands (11 and 12) were prepared in two steps by the aminomethylation of either an o-nitrophenol or o-(trifluoroacetamido)phenol followed by reduction of the nitro groups or hydrolysis of the trifluoroacetamide groups. All new bisphenol-armed diazacrown ligands were purified by ultrasonication in MeOH followed by filtration and drying. Interaction of the ligands with Na+, K+, Ag+, and Cu2+ was evaluated by a calorimetric titration technique at 25 °C in MeOH. The complexes of Ag+ and Cu2+ are much more stable than those of Na+ and K+. Heterobinuclear complexes were observed for 11-Cu2+- Na+ and 12-Cu2+-Na+ ...
Pop through button devices for VE navigation and interaction

Presents a novel class of virtual reality input devices that combine pop-through buttons with 6-DOF trackers. Compared to similar devices that use conventional buttons, pop-through devices double the number of potential discrete interaction modes, since each button has two activation states corresponding to light and firm pressure. This additional state per button provides a foundation to address a range of shortcomings with conventional virtual environment (VE) input devices that includes reducing the physical dexterity required to perform interactions, reducing the cognitive complexity of some compound tasks and enabling the design of less obtrusive devices without sacrificing expressive power. Specifically, we present two novel input devices: the FingerSleeve was designed to be minimally obtrusive physically, whereas the TriggerGun was designed to be physically similar to, yet more functional than a conventional hand-held trigger device. Further, we present a set of novel navigation and interaction techniques that leverage the capabilities of our pop-through button devices to improve interaction quality and provide insight into harnessing the potential of pop-through buttons for other tasks. Finally, we discuss how we incorporated one of our devices into a real application.
Amplification of ground motion and waveform complexity in fault zones: examples from the San Andreas and Calaveras Faults

Summary. P-wave seismograms at ranges less than 10 km are synthesized by asymptotic ray theory and by summation of Gaussian beams for point sources located in a low-velocity wedge surrounding a fault. The computations are performed using models of the wedge inferred from the analysis of reflection and refraction experiments across the San Andreas and HaywardCalaveras faults. Calculations in these models show that the 10-20Hz vertical displacements of earthquakes located at 3-10 km depth are amplified by up to an order of magnitude in a 1-2 km wide region centred on the fault trace compared to displacements predicted by laterally homogeneous models of the crust. This amplification is not cancelled by high attentuation in the fault zone and compensates for the reduction in amplitudes directly above the source predicted from the radiation pattern of a strike-slip earthquake. Depending on the source depth of the earthquake and the structure and velocity contrast of the wedge, multiple triplications in the travel-time curve of direct P- and S-waves will occur at stations in the fault zone. A wedge model successfully predicts the triplications observed in the P waveforms of aftershocks of the Coyote Lake earthquake recorded in the fault zone, showing that body waves from microearthquakes can be used to determine the three-dimensional velocity structure of the fault zone. The amplification, waveform complexity, and distortion of ray paths introduced by the lowvelocity wedge suggest that its effects should be included in the interpretation of strong ground motions and travel times observed in the fault zone. For realistic models of the wedge, asymptotically approximate methods of calculating the body waveforms are strictly valid for frequencies greater than 20Hz. Numerical methods may be necessary to calculate accurately the wavefield at lower frequencies.
Macrophage activation syndrome: an under-recognised complication in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus(J SLE). We report three cases of MAS in Juvenile SLE which occurred over the last 6 months. Interestingly, in all the 3 cases, MAS occurred acutely at the time of first presentation of lupus. All of them had fever at presentation. Two of them had lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly and one had hepatomegaly. All three of them had renal, one had heart and lung and another had central nervous system involvement. Table ​Table11 summarises the laboratory findings. Table 1 Laboratory findings Interestingly, the ferritin levels were <2000 in two of the three cases. In all the three cases, JSLE/MAS was suspected early and serology and bone marrow were done within 48 hours of referral to the rheumatologist. All three of them resolved with intravenous Methylprednisolone. Diagnosis of MAS can be difficult because some of its clinical features overlap those of lupus itself. High index of suspicion will help in early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment which are important for a better outcome.
Interrupted Aortic Arch

The anomaly of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) involves a complete interruption or atresia of a segment of the aortic arch. It can be associated with a single ventricle, malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD), left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), anomalous right subclavian artery, aortopulmonary window, truncus arteriosus, and/or transposition of the great arteries [1].
In 2011 Nearly One-Third Of Physicians Said They Would Not Accept New Medicaid Patients, But Rising Fees May Help

When fully implemented, the Affordable Care Act will expand the number of people with health insurance. This raises questions about the capacity of the health care workforce to meet increased demand. I used data on office-based physicians from the 2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Electronic Medical Records Supplement to summarize the percentage of physicians currently accepting any new patients. Although 96 percent of physicians accepted new patients in 2011, rates varied by payment source: 31 percent of physicians were unwilling to accept any new Medicaid patients; 17 percent would not accept new Medicare patients; and 18 percent of physicians would not accept new privately insured patients. Physicians in smaller practices and those in metropolitan areas were less likely than others to accept new Medicaid patients. Higher state Medicaid-to-Medicare fee ratios were correlated with greater acceptance of new Medicaid patients. The findings serve as a useful baseline from which to measure the ant...
Commentary: Achieving Consensus on Competency in Community Pediatrics

Pediatric training programs are now faced with the daunting challenge of shifting toward competency-based education in teaching their residents. This shift in educational focus comes on the heels of earlier recommendations in the mid-1990s to encourage increased learning in an outpatient setting rather than solely in an inpatient, hospital-based environment.1 Given all these changes in the structure of graduate medical education, it should come as no surprise that residency directors (and their associates) have begun scrambling to identify ways to easily address all of these issues in an effective and time-sensitive manner. In the articles by Garfunkel et al … Address correspondence to Quimby E. McCaskill, MD, MPH, FAAP, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, 655 W 8th St, Jacksonville, FL 32209. E-mail: quimby.mccaskill{at}jax.ufl.edu
Analysis of failure and recovery rates in a wireless telecommunications system

We derive estimates of mean time to failure and mean time to recover/repair for both hardware and software in a large wireless telecommunications system, based on six months of manually recorded outage data. The observed failure and recovery distributions are not consistent with simple exponential processes. The data can be described by Weibull or two-stage hyper-exponential distributed processes. The duration distributions for scheduled and unscheduled software outages have very different characteristics. The complex distributions observed may be the composition of simple independent processes which cannot be separated in this data set due to a lack of adequately detailed information or proper characterization of outage causes. In this system we found a coverage of /spl sim/98% for autorecovery from unscheduled software failures with an autorepair fraction of /spl sim/36%.
On the edge of identity: Boundary dynamics at the interface of individual and organizational identities

Organizational members are often faced with tremendous demands on their individual identities that affect their performance at work and their well-being as individuals.Previous research has been limited, however, by typically studying identity at either the individual or the organizational level. We therefore introduce a boundary approach that simultaneously examines identities across levels in order to better understand these identity demands. Specifically, we examine boundary dynamics that are negotiated at the interface of individual and organizational identities. We introduce the identity boundary dynamics of identity intrusion, distance and balance as different manifestations of identity boundary (in)congruence, both within and between individuals and organizations. Finally, we outline propositions that suggest boundary dynamics as a source of identity change.
Human DDX3 functions in translation and interacts with the translation initiation factor eIF3

The conserved RNA helicase DDX3 is of major medical importance due to its involvement in numerous cancers, human hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV. Although DDX3 has been reported to have a wide variety of cellular functions, its precise role remains obscure. Here, we raised a new antibody to DDX3 and used it to show that DDX3 is evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm at steady state. Consistent with this observation, HA-tagged DDX3 also localizes to the cytoplasm. RNAi of DDX3 in both human and Drosophila cells shows that DDX3 is required for cell viability. Moreover, using RNAi, we show that DDX3 is required for expression of protein from reporter constructs. In contrast, we did not detect a role for DDX3 in nuclear steps in gene expression. Further insight into the function of DDX3 came from the observation that its major interaction partner is the multi-component translation initiation factor eIF3. We conclude that a primary function for DDX3 is in protein translation, via an interaction with eIF3.
China, the United States, and the geopolitics of sustainability

In the aftermath of the financial crash of 2008, commentators speculated that the relative buoyancy of China’s economy signaled the onset of an epochal shift of world power from West to East. This article considers the evidence by reviewing the state of the Sino-American economic relationship against the backdrop of the urgency of action on climate change. The lead established by Chinese companies in the clean technology sectors underpins the PRC’s primacy in the alternative fuel economy, but political and social need for a high GDP growth rate is irreconcilable with the demand for decarbonization. By contrast, U.S. efforts to jumpstart a green industrial revolution are stymied by political resistance from oil and gas lobbies, and the longterm recovery of its economic dominance as a trade super power is in doubt. The initiative lies with Beijing, thrust, once again, into the role of making history under conditions not of its own making.
Improved face finding in visually challenging environments

Finding faces in visually challenging environments is crucial to many applications, such as audio-visual automatic speech recognition, video indexing, person recognition, and video surveillance. In this study, we investigate several algorithms to improve face detection accuracy in visually challenging environments using the IBM appearance based face detection system. The algorithms considered are trainable skintone pre-screening, Hamming windowing of the face images, DCT coefficient selection, and the AdaBoost technique. When these methods are combined, an up to 68% relative reduction in face detection error is observed on visually challenging datasets.
Caregiving Networks of Elderly Persons: Variation by Marital Status

Using data from the 1982 National Long-Term Care Survey, this study examines the relationship between marital status and two dimensions of caregiving networks, size and composition. Results indicate that widowed and never married people have helping networks that are larger than those of married people. Diversity across marital statuses in sources of assistance is revealed in analyses of two measures of caregiving network composition: (a) having more kin than nonkin helpers and (b) presence of specific helpers (adult children, siblings, friends, and formal helpers). Moreover, gender interacts with marital status to influence the composition of caregiving networks.
When Reason Fails: A Comment On The Reliability And Dimensionality Of The Wams

The authors present a commentary on an article discussing the reliability and dimensionality of the Women as Managers Scale (WAMS). The scale is used as a measure of attitudes toward women as manag...
Effect of Natalizumab Treatment on Circulating Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Objectives: Dendritic cells (DCs) serve a critical role both in promoting and inhibiting adaptive immunity. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of natalizumab (NTZ) treatment on DC numbers, phenotype, and function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Frequency and phenotype of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs (MDCs and PDCs, respectively) were analyzed in blood from two separate cohorts of untreated, interferon-treated, or NTZ-treated MS patients. In addition, PDCs were stimulated with CpG-containing oligonucleotides or co-cultured with homologous T cells in the presence or absence of NTZ in vitro to determine functional effects of NTZ treatment. Results: We observed that NTZ treatment was associated with a 25–50% reduction in PDC frequency in peripheral blood as compared to untreated MS patients, while the frequency of MDCs was unchanged. PDCs in NTZ-treated patients displayed a mature, activated phenotype with increased expression of HLA-DR, TLR9, CCR7, IL-6 and IL-12. In contrast, in vitro treatment with NTZ did not increase markers of PDC activation or their ability to induce T cell differentiation. Conclusion: Our study shows that NTZ treatment is associated with a reduced frequency of PDCs in the peripheral circulation, but that PDCs in NTZ-treated individuals display an activated phenotype. Taken together the data suggests that transmigration of activated PDCs is preferentially affected by blockade of integrin a4 leading to an increased frequency of activated PDCs in blood.
Survey of Behavioral Characteristics

This instrument is designed to measure four areas of creativity: (1) seeking several explanations, (2) taking risks, (3) tolerating ambiguity, and (4) considering the illogical.
Task in HCI Research in the MIS Literature: A Critical Survey

Tasks and task analysis play an important role in broad Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research, based on the view that users utilize technologies to support their primary tasks. Several models and heuristics are developed for task analysis for HCI design. Yet tasks and task analysis have received relatively little attention in the MIS literature that primarily considers IT use and impact on individuals, groups, and organizations. This can be a problem considering the task artifact cycle, where the use and impact of IT on tasks should feed back into the next round of IT design. This study examines MIS studies that focus on humans interacting with IT at individual and group levels where tasks are part of the research interest. Our objective is to gain a better understanding of the types, the characteristics, and the roles of tasks in the MIS literature.
Beyond the colonial curtain: Investigating indigenous use of obsidian in Spanish California through the pXRF analysis of artifacts from Mission Santa Clara

Abstract Obsidian artifacts recovered from Mission Santa Clara in central California (1780s–1840s) provide the opportunity to evaluate the persistence of regional economic connections and stone tool technologies in the California missions. Portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis was conducted on a sample of 1020 obsidian artifacts, which could be linked to five major geological sources of obsidian found in different regions of California. Obsidian source profiles from features in different areas of the site indicate differential access to or preference for obsidian from particular sources. Despite the small size of many of the obsidian artifacts in the sample, this study found that the use of pXRF was suitable for assigning small artifacts (> 0.3 cm) to regional obsidian sources. The results illuminate the connections that native people living in mission contexts may have maintained to outside resources and provide the basis for further investigation into indigenous stone tool traditions in colonial contexts.
Promoting Individual Health Using Information Technology: Trends in the US Health System.

Objectives:Advances in electronics, the Internet and telecommunication have pushed the field of health care to embrace information technology (IT). However, the purposeful use of technology is relatively new to the field of health promotion. The primary objective of this paper is to review various applications of health IT, with a focus on its use in health promotion and its evolving impact on the healthcare system in the USA. It also emphasises on the potential benefits of introducing different applications of health IT in health care and health education.Methods:A detailed review and synthesis of recent literature in the area of health IT was conducted to reflect and describe the recent trends related to health promotion influenced by IT in the USA.Results:This review reveals that despite initial reluctance, health providers and patients are accepting and even crediting health IT for providing patients with resources to educate themselves on their health status and actively participate in their health c...
Abstract IA30: Approaching “precision disparities” in cervical cancer outcomes

In the United States, Black women experience an increased risk of developing and dying from cervical cancer, primarily due to more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis. Black women tend to be diagnosed with later stage disease, when the prognosis for survival is poor, despite screening rates that meet and in some instances, exceed, those reported for white women. Thus, the observed survival difference between women of varying race/ethnicity may, in part, be biologically based. Research has identified key differences in the genotype, or strain, of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) associated with the cervical tumors of Black vs. white women with disease, and also found racial variability in the mutations expressed in other cancer sites. However, little is known about racial variability in epigenetic processes associated with disease onset and progression in cervical cancer, though there is increasing evidence that the methylation status of genes involved in carcinogenesis also varies by race. This is perhaps not surprising. Epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation, play an important role in various cellular functions, and are influenced by known cancer risk factors, including diet, tobacco, alcohol consumption, stress, and socio-environmental conditions, among others. Such factors vary across the population at large and between racial/ethnic groups, specifically. Blacks also have higher levels of methylation at birth relative to their white counterparts and, therefore, may be exposed to poorer outcomes, given the likely interaction between baseline biology and undue exposure to causal risk factors and risk conditions. We have developed a novel statistical approach, PRISM, which enables a more intuitive understanding of how biological factors interact with more upstream, social determinants to influence disease etiology and outcome. Using PRISM, we examine data from the publically available Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and our ongoing work in Little Haiti, the largest enclave of Haitian settlement in the United States, to better understand the complex interplay between multilevel determinants of cervical cancer on disease survival. Citation Format: Erin Kobetz, R. Sunil Rao, Huilin Yu, Phillip Miller, Ruslan Garcia, Karina Hew, Julia Seay. Approaching “precision disparities” in cervical cancer outcomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA30.
Losses in young calves after transportation.

SUMMARY A study was made of several factors suspected of contributing to the high mortality rate seen among young calves imported into North Dakota for handrearing. Only five items appeared closely related to the death and sickness rates. They were: age when purchased; origin: where or through whom purchased; time of year when purchased; type of feed used to start the calves; and the type of calves purchased (i.e. beef, dairy or dairy × beef crosses). No outstandingly successful therapeutic or prophylactic regime was revealed, though valid interpretations are difficult to make in this category. Pneumonia was reported to be the most frequent cause of death (no veterinary examination in the majority of cases) with scours being the close second.
Adenocarcinoma involving the esophagus.

The clinical and pathological features of 20 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction treated between 1958 and 1971 were analyzed and compared with those of 255 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus observed during the same period. The survival rate for patients with adenocarcinoma, as a group, was at least as poor, if not poorer, than that for patients with epidermoid carcinomas. The 20 patients with adenocarcinoma fell conveniently into three anatomic-pathological subgroups which differed in average age and survival: primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (lowest average age and poorest survival); adenocarcinoma associated with hiatus hernia (oldest average age and best survival); and adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (intermediate average age and survival). Evidence is accumulating that the columnar-lined esophagus is a premalignant lesion. A plea is made for separate reporting of epidermoid carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus as well as for the use of the presented or some similar categorization of adenocarcinomas.
MR spectroscopy of the breast.

SUMMARY Breast cancer results from perturbations in normal cellular biochemistry that lead to alterations in the flux of intermediary metabolites and in the function of cell membranes. Alterations in cellular biochemistry can be measured and monitored noninvasively by MR spectroscopy, and the data so derived are complementary to MR imaging and portray interactions of biomolecules in metabolic pathways and membranes. The biochemical information obtained from MR spectra can be used to characterize and distinguish disease and nondisease states for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This information may be used to expand our knowledge of tumor biology and to determine the extent of disease and prognosis. MR spectroscopy, which was once the sole provence of the physical chemist, is now an instrument of the physician.
Applications and roles of the CRISPR system in genome editing of plants

Genome editing is a valuable tool to target specific DNA sequences for mutagenesis in the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals. Although different genome editing technologies are available, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system, which utilizes engineered endonucleases to generate a double-stranded DNA break (DSB) in the target DNA region and subsequently stimulates site-specific mutagenesis through DNA repair machineries, is emerging as a powerful genome editing tool for elucidating mechanisms of protection from plant viruses, plant disease resistance, and gene functions in basic and applied research. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the CRISPR system associated genome editing in plants by focusing on application of this technology in model plants, crop plants, fruit plants, woody plants and grasses and discuss how genome editing associated with the CRISPR system can provide insights into genome modifications and functional genomics in plants.
Carotenoid Antioxidant Chemistry

β-Carotene and other carotenoids are thought to exert a protective effect on important biomolecules in vivo by trapping reactive radical species. The mechanisms by which carotenoids trap free radicals are not well understood, in part due to the unstable nature of intermediates formed in the radical-trapping reactions. We have developed mass spectrometry methods to characterize and measure relative concentrations of products formed by the reaction of β-carotene with free radicals. These methods require a minimum of sample handling and workup. We have used them to monitor the formation of β-carotene oxides and chain cleavage products in model systems. Application of new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods facilitated the identification of two previously undiscovered classes of β-carotene radical adducts. These products provide evidence that carotenoids trap radicals by both electron transfer and radical addition reactions.
Anisotropic Relaxation of Idealized Hot Spots in Crystalline 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)

Relaxation of nanoscopic idealized hot spots in the layered molecular crystalline explosive 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) was studied along two crystallographically relevant directions using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and continuum-level models based on the diffusive heat equation. Characteristics of relaxation from initial one-dimensional, nonequilibrium temperature distributions in the crystal were determined using MD simulations. Results from these MD simulations were fit to and compared with solutions for the one-dimensional diffusive heat equation by treating the thermal diffusivity as a parameter to assess the validity of using continuum models to describe heat transport in TATB on length scales below approximately 10 nm. It is found that energy transport is predominantly diffusive both within and between the crystal layers, even on the length scale of the unit cell. Continuum-level predictions are in excellent agreement with MD results for relaxation of a 2.5 nm wide...
Techniques for Complex Systems Development

In the Real-Time Computing Laboratory at NJIT, we are studying the techniques of vertical integration and automatic synthesis in the context of complex systems1.
New constraint for Vth optimization for sub 32nm node CMOS gates scaling

We show new constraint of Vth scaling for logic blocks from inverter operation viewpoint. In lower Vth region, delay time in inverter chain saturates because of the loss in overdrive for the input of MOSFETs. This loss dominates the inverter speed in scaled V dd region and we propose a new relaxed scaling scenario. This accounts for the speed loss using a simplified model which adequately manifests the new phenomenon
Rawls Vs. Nozick Vs. Kant on Domestic Economic Justice

Robert Nozick initiated one of the most inspired and inspiring discussions in political philosophy with his 1974 response in Anarchy, State, and Utopia to John Rawls’s 1971 account of distributive justice in A Theory of Justice. These two works have informed an enormous amount of subsequent, especially liberal, discussions of economic justice, where Nozick’s work typically functions as a resource for those defending more rightwing (libertarian) positions, whereas Rawls’s has been used to defend leftwing stances. Common to these discussions, as found in politics generally (where similar kinds of arguments frequently are used to defend right and the leftwing policies and conclusions) is that they end in rather stubborn stalemates: the right defends minimal states while the left defends more extensive states. Interesting, too, is that both Nozick and Rawls take themselves to be consistent with, inspired by, and furthering Kant’s freedom project in the development of their own Kantian theories of justice. In this chapter, I start by outlining the structures of these debates with an emphasis on the original disagreements between Nozick and Rawls. I then show how neither theory actually employed Kant’s own theory of justice, but rather drew on or out (presumed) implications of his ethical theory. In the final sections, I argue that if Nozick and Rawls had instead used Kant’s theory of justice and not his ethics, not only would their individual theories have been stronger, but also they could have found ways of overcoming the unproductive stalemates that characterize their own as well as subsequent related discussions of economic justice as we currently find them in scholarly and contemporary political debates.
Generator control action classification based on localized voltage measurements

Voltage disturbances in power systems are caused by various events such as faults or control actions. It is important to accurately identify them for fast remedial response and damage prevention. Recently, data mining techniques have been applied in power system research, usually from the perspective of the entire system. The analyzed data include measurements from transmission buses, substations, and other major components in the network. This big data analysis is useful and enables powerful insight but studies on small, local areas of the larger system needs to be explored further. By focusing on single components such as generators, we can provide concrete and detailed insights to individual operators. For instance, direct impact on the local area can be studied after an event — allowing for better understanding of its propagation effects throughout the entire system. This provides “zoomed-in” situational awareness on a single component and its local area, aiding in event detection and protection efforts. In this paper, we use localized data to classify generator control actions based on voltage dip information measured at generator terminals and at neighboring buses. We perform root cause analysis using the measurement data. By using single-level one dimensional wavelet decomposition and Support Vector Machine methodologies, we have developed an algorithm, Generator Control Action Classification (GCAC) that examines the voltage disturbances and classifies the cause as a certain control action at a particular bus. The method is tested on simulated data from power system simulation software, PowerWorld, and training and testing data is obtained using PowerWorld case studies. The impact of training data availability from different generators while classifying different generator control actions is also studied. Promising results of high accuracy are achieved and discussed.
Real time detection of MAC layer DoS attacks in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

In this paper, a real time detection of Medium Access Control (MAC) layer attacks in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks is proposed. There can be different kinds of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks observed at the MAC layer such as misbehaviour and selfish attacks. The malicious nodes manipulate the MAC protocol parameters such as back-off time, network allocation vector value and short inter frame space, or flood the network with huge volume of dummy packets. With this, the attacker nodes capture entire network bandwidth causing legitimate nodes not communicate with other nodes, consequently decreasing the throughput of the nodes significantly. This paper gives an effective real time detection of these attacks with minimal detection delay. We collect the delay and throughput data and apply a change point detection algorithm to observe the change of distribution. To observe the effect of these attacks, two types of attacks: back-off manipulation and RTS flooding are simulated using Network Simulator (NS-3). The simulation results shows the efficiency of the detection algorithm in terms of delay and throughput results.
Abstract TMP120: Genetic, Environmental and Stochastic Factors Contribute to Variation in the Posterior Communicating Collaterals of the Circle of Willis

Variation in blood flow mediated by the posterior communicating collateral arteries (PComs) contributes to variation in severity of tissue injury in obstructive disease. The “extent” of PCom collaterals (lumen diameter &/or number—ie, presence bilaterally, unilaterally or absent) varies widely in humans and other species due in part to developmental differences, since well-known patterns of variation are present at birth. However, mechanisms underlying this variation have not been examined. Herein we used angiography to probe involvement of genetic, environmental and stochastic factors. PCom extent varied widely among 7 mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds that was unrelated to differences in PCA diameter or brain weight. The pattern differed strongly from that previously reported by us for differences in extent of pial collateral arterioles. Like pial collaterals, PCom diameter was reduced by advanced aging (-28±3%, n=11-16, p<0.01; opposite seen for PCA diameter) and hypertension (-14±8%, n=...
Serum lipids and age-related lens opacities: A longitudinal investigation: The Framingham studies

Abstract Objective To investigate whether serum lipid/lipoprotein levels are independent risk factors for nuclear, cortical, or posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts. Design Case-control study nested in a cohort study. Participants and methods Eye examinations were conducted on surviving members of the Framingham Offspring Heart Study cohort from 1989 to 1991 (Framingham Offspring Eye Study) to determine cataract case-control status. Data from the Framingham Offspring Heart Study, including fasting serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride measurements collected first in 1971, again approximately 8 years later, and approximately every 4 years thereafter were used to examine associations between lipid levels (mean levels across examinations and slope of measurements over time) and the presence of specific cataract types. The multistage analyses included 1869 persons aged 45 years and older. Main outcome measures A standardized grading system was used to grade cortical, nuclear, and PSC cataracts. Results The median age of participants was 55 years; 49% were males. In multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders, fasting hypertriglyceridemia (≥250 mg/dl) was associated with an increased risk of PSC cataract in men ( P = 0.02). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ≤35 mg/dl were associated with PSC cataract in men at a borderline level of significance ( P = 0.09). No associations were noted between serum lipid/lipoprotein variables and risk of cortical or nuclear cataract. Conclusions These findings suggest that hypertriglyceridemia, a potentially modifiable factor, is associated with the development of PSC cataract in men.
Organic Ring-Opening Polymerization Catalysts: Reactivity Control by Balancing Acidity

Organocatalysts derived from thioureas and amines exhibit high functional group tolerance and extraordinary selectivities for ring-opening relative to chain transesterification. The modest activities of the thiourea/amine catalysts prompted a detailed investigation of ureas and thiourea with organic bases for the ring-opening polymerization of lactones. An array of ureas or thioureas and organic bases were evaluated to assess the effect of the acidity of the urea (thiourea) and the basicity of the base cocatalyst on the activity for ring-opening polymerization. These studies reveal that for a given urea or thiourea stronger bases lead to faster rates. For a given base, the observed catalytic activity is highest when the acidity of the (thio)urea is closely matched with that of the B–H+. For ureas and thioureas of comparable acidity, the urea/base catalyst systems are considerably more active than the corresponding thiourea/base systems. These results are consistent with two mechanisms: one mediated by dep...
A comparison of full-field digital mammograms versus 2D synthesized mammograms for detection of microcalcifications on screening.

Abstract Objectives To compare the observer agreement of microcalcification detection on synthetic 2D images to full field digital mammography (FFDM) at screening and determine if calcifications can be detected to the same degree and given the same BI-RADS assessment. Material and methods Two-experienced radiologists retrospectively reviewed synthetic 2D images and FFDM, in separate sessions, to detect microcalcifications and provide a BIRADS assessment. A third experienced breast radiologist reviewed the cases that were disagreed upon and gave a final assessment. Between March 2016–December 2016, 414 women obtained a screening mammogram with tomosynthesis and acquisition of FFDM. 71 cases had combined FFDM and tomosynthesis images, calcifications visible on FFDM or no calcifications present, which comprised the study group. Synthetic 2D images were constructed from the DBT images. During session 1, all synthetic 2D images for the 71 cases were reviewed. During session 2, all the FFDM images for the 71 cases were reviewed. Tomosynthesis images were not reviewed. The agreement of detection of calcifications and BIRADS assessment between radiologists for FFDM and synthetic 2D images were assessed using Cohen’s kappa test. Fisher’s exact test was used to detect the differences in calcification identification among various breast densities on FFDM and synthetic 2D images. Results For the detection of calcifications between synthetic 2D images and FFDM, there was moderate to substantial agreement (p-values Conclusion Radiologist interpreting synthetic 2D imaging and FFDM have similar frequency for detection of calcifications and BIRADS assessment. A synthetic 2D mammogram may be a sufficient replacement for FFDM at screening.
A Miniature Lens Scanner with an Electrothermally-Actuated Micro-Stage

This paper reports the design and characterization of a MEMS lens scanner based on a novel electrothermally-actuated MEMS stage and a planoconvex polymer lens. Cu and W are used in the electrothermal bimorph actuators, replacing previously employed Al and SiO 2 to improve the stiffness of the MEMS stage. At the same time, the lens is made of PDMS, greatly reducing the weight compared to glass lenses. The MEMS lens scanner can generate a large vertical movement of over $\mathbf{100}\ \mu\mathbf{m}$ at only 5 V, while still keeping its piston resonant frequency as high as 293 Hz. The footprint of this MEMS lens scanner is only $\mathbf{3.8}\times \mathbf{3.8}\ \mathbf{mm}^{\mathbf{2}}$ .
The Chemical Biology of Cadmium

Cadmium is a major toxic element with important and long-recognized consequences for human health. As a result, Cd2+ has been subjected to thousands of toxicological studies that reveal its complex and wide-ranging impacts on cellular processes. Nevertheless, as with other toxic metals, it has been difficult to extend this research to the molecular level, where Cd2+ binds to particular molecules and initiates mechanisms of cell injury. This chapter sets forth a framework for considering the molecular interactions of Cd2+ with biomolecules, principally proteins. The paradigm is developed that at the proteomic level, Cd2+ may undergo metal exchange reactions with many Zn-proteins. In some cases, protein functions are perturbed and toxicity results. In others, as with its reaction with Zn-metallothionein, Cd2+ is inactivated. In all cases, the important role of adventitious binding of Cd2+ and Zn2+ within the proteome is emphasized. These ideas are given specificity in research into the molecular involvement of Cd2+ in nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis. Examples of the chemical participation of Cd2+ in cell signaling are described. These include the activation of MTF-1 transcription factor and the stimulation of complex apoptotic pathways that may depend on the initial production of reactive oxygen species. With little information that Cd2+ interacts directly with proteins involved in the trafficking or function of other metals (Fe, Cu, Ca), the chapter concludes with a discussion of analytical methods to determine the speciation of cadmium within the proteome and particularly the zinc proteome.
Cell-matrix tension contributes to hypoxia in astrocyte-seeded viscoelastic hydrogels composed of collagen and hyaluronan.

Abstract Astrocyte activation is crucial for wound contraction and glial scar formation following central nervous system injury, but the mechanism by which activation leads to astrocyte contractility and matrix reorganization in the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Current means to measure cell traction forces within three-dimensional scaffolds are limited to analyzing individual or small groups of cells, within extracellular matrices, whereas gap junctions and other cell-cell adhesions connect astrocytes to form a functional syncytium within the glial scar. Here, we measure the viscoelastic properties of cell-seeded hydrogels to yield insight into the collective contractility of astrocytes as they exert tension on the surrounding matrix and change its bulk mechanical properties. Our results indicate that incorporation of the CNS matrix component hyaluronan into a collagen hydrogel increases expression of the intermediate filament protein GFAP and results in a higher shear storage modulus of the cell/matrix composite, establishing the correlation between astrocyte activation and increased cell contractility. The effects of thrombin and blebbistatin, known mediators of actomyosin-mediated contraction, verify that cell-matrix tension dictates the hydrogel mechanical properties. Viability assays indicate that increased cell traction exacerbates cell death at the center of the scaffold, and message level analysis reveals that cells in the hyaluronan-containing matrix have a ~ 3-fold increase in HIF-1α gene expression. Overall, these findings suggest that astrocyte activation not only increases cell traction, but may also contribute to hypoxia near sites of central nervous system injury.
Genetic architecture of socioeconomic outcomes: Educational attainment, occupational status, and wealth.

Abstract This study takes a socio-genomic approach to examine the complex relationships among three important socioeconomic outcomes: educational attainment, occupational status, and wealth. Using more than 8,000 genetic samples from the Health and Retirement study, it first estimates the collective influence of genetic variants across the whole human genome to each of the three socioeconomic outcomes. It then tests genetic correlations among three socioeconomic outcomes, and examines the extent to which genetic influences on occupational status and wealth are mediated by educational attainment. Analyses using the genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood method show significant genetic correlations among the three outcomes, and provide evidence for both mediated and independent genetic influences. A polygenic score analysis demonstrates the utility of findings in socio-genomic studies to address genetic confounding in causal relationships among the three socioeconomic outcomes.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Improving survival with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Posterolateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek's hernia, CDH) that presents in the neonatal period is often manifest as life-threatening respiratory distress due to mechanical compression of the cardiopulmonary system by herniated viscera. Most patients can be supported through surgical reduction and repair with standard neonatal techniques. Postoperatively, many develop severe, refractory persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) after a variable period of adequate oxygenation. Despite aggressive ventilatory and pharmacologic maneuvers, a significant number of these infants develop fatal hypoxia and acidosis. At our institution, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used as a therapy of last resort in 12 moribund infants with PPHN and respiratory failure after repair of CDH. There were 7 survivors. All long-term survivors [6] were totally weaned from ventilatory support; all met the criteria for nonsurvival as defined by Bohn et al. [2]. Eight patients (4 survivors) had no PaO2 greater than 100 torr postoperatively. ECMO can relieve the hypoxic and metabolic stimuli that aggravate pulmonary hypertension and provide cardiopulmonary support. It is the treatment of choice for infants who are deteriorating in the face of maximum conventional therapy after surgical correction. Lesions that were formerly denoted nonsurvivable can be effectively treated. It is urged that this therapy be used whenever necessary to sustain the life of an infant who has survived operation, regardless of whether the patient has demonstrated a “honeymoon” period, PaO2 greater than 100 torr, or any other factor conventionally thought to delineate survivable from nonsurvivable lesions. Such practices may exclude patients with survivable lesions from life-saving therapy.
Machine Learning Techniques for Optimizing Design of Double T-Shaped Monopole Antenna

In this communication, we propose using modern machine learning (ML) techniques including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and $k$ -nearest neighbor (kNN) methods for antenna design optimization. The automated techniques are shown to provide an efficient, flexible, and reliable framework to identify optimal design parameters for a reference dual-band double T-shaped monopole antenna to achieve favorite performance in terms of its two bands, i.e., between 2.4 and 3.0 and 5.15 and 5.6 GHz. In this communication, we also present a thorough study and comparative analysis of the results predicted by these ML techniques, with the results obtained from high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) to verify the accuracy of these techniques.