cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A functional aesthetic approach to correcting the sequelae of sagittal synostosis.

Sagittal synostosis is the most commonly treated form of craniosynostosis exhibiting an incidence of 1:5000 births.1 Early closure of the sagittal suture is the cause of the classic phenotypic presentation of an elongated head, which is characterized by a narrow and low occiput, a saddle-shaped parietal region, and noticeable frontal bossing. Early surgical intervention is the treatment of choice and surgical options range from simple suture excision to total cranial vault remodeling. Noting that a significant proportion of patients present with limited frontal bossing and asymmetry that is more pronounced in the posterior cranium, the author developed the functional aesthetic approach to reconstruction. This operative technique addresses the changes noted in the posterior two-thirds of the cranial vault, completely correcting the sequelae associated with early closure of the sagittal suture. As an added advantage, the reconstructive paradigm is designed to create a dynamic temporal-occipital component that will activate when a child rests in the supine position. This enhances widening of the posterior cranium thus improving long-term results.
Conversion of [0001] Textured ZnO Nanofilm into [011̅0] Directed Nanowires Driven by CO Adsorption: In Situ Carbothermal Synthesis and Complementary First Principles Thermodynamics Simulations

An in situ carbothermal process has been utilized to successfully convert sputtered (0001) oriented ZnO nanofilm into large scale [0110] directed nanowires at 800−900 °C in a tubular reaction chamber. To understand the conversion process and unravel the driving force behind this growth phenomenon, a comparative study has been carried out on the thermal annealing processes of ZnO nanofilms under different gas flows (with or without Ar flow) and atmosphere (with or without graphite source input) controls. It is found that the graphite source and Ar flow are both necessary to induce the conversion of ZnO (0001) oriented nanofilm into ZnO nanowires grown along [0110]. By heating the graphite source, a C- or CO-rich reducing atmosphere was generated and carried downstream by Ar flow during the conversion process, which proved to be the key. Complementary first principles computations suggest that changes in the ordering of surface energies in the presence of CO occur. As compared with the clean facets with a...
On the Use of Network Analysis in Product Development Teams

In this paper, we consider the product development process as a network of interacting elements (e.g. development participants, physical subsystems/components, or development activities) exchanging information in order to achieve the common goal of developing a successful product or service. Drawing from network analysis (NA) techniques, we consider three network measures: single-node centrality, group-centrality, and the key-player problem. Using these measures, we determine a small subset of nodes within the network that is most important to the flow of information. That is, these nodes significantly control (i.e. receive, distribute, or process) more information than any other node in the network. Identification of this subset of nodes is essential to devise improved management strategies for information flow within the product development process. We find that when using NA techniques to analyze product development processes it is important to consider all three analysis measures because the different measures produce a different subset of top scoring nodes. We discuss some of the underlying reasons for these differences and conclude that the convenient measure(s) to use should be based on the particular development environment and the underlying managerial objectives. We demonstrate these measures and results by studying the development process of a large commercial aircraft engine.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Spontaneous Phase Transfer of Thermosensitive Hairy Particles between Water and an Ionic Liquid

This article describes the temperature-induced phase transfer behavior of a series of thermosensitive polymer brush-grafted particles between water and a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI]). Six samples were made by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization: silica particles grafted with poly(methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PPEGMMA) with two different molecular weights, poly(methoxytri(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PTEGMMA), poly(methoxydi(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PDEGMMA), and two copolymers of PEGMMA and TEGMMA with different compositions (P(PEGMMA-co-TEGMMA)-82 and P(PEGMMA-co-TEGMMA)-74). The cloud points of free PPEGMMA with Mn,SEC of 23 and 40 kDa, P(PEGMMA-co-TEGMMA)-82, P(PEGMMA-co-TEGMMA)-74, and PTEGMMA in [EMIM][TFSI]-saturated water were 95, 94, 80, 72, and 43 °C, respectively. PDEGMMA was not soluble in the ionic liquid-saturated water. PPEGMMA brush-grafted particles moved spontaneously and c...
Adaptive control in human-machine systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses contemporary advances in the understanding of adaptive control as applied to systems that include the cooperative action of a machine and its operator. The key component of an adaptive interface is a reasoning process that selects a task allocation policy that changes the loading on the human in such a way as to improve overall system performance. This process must have access to both overall system goals (a model of the task) and information about what the person and machine components of the system are capable of accomplishing (person and system models). As an initial foundation, it is recognized in the chapter that the prosthetics that can surround individuals and augment their capabilities allow human operators to traverse the traditional boundary constraints imposed by the environment. A different approach is advocated where a hierarchical model of the task is built in terms of procedural and knowledge-based components. The human–machine interaction is a view of the task as a knowledge system that requires combined human–machine intelligence along with an interface that permits and controls joint human–machine reasoning. The chapter describes some developments in the understanding of human-adaptive response and the way by which such adaptive capability may be replicated in human–machine systems.
Nonequilibrium Electron-Phonon Dynamics

I have been requested to present a brief review of recent advances in our knowledge of the dynamics of electrons, phonons and their mutual interactions. To keep within the time and space restrictions of the review, I have chosen to illustrate progress in this field by reviewing three recent investigations carried out on polar semiconductors and which involve measurements, for the most part, directly in the time domain.
Chromatographic separation of thulium from erbium for neutron capture cross section measurements—Part I: Trace scale optimization of ion chromatography method with various complexing agents

The impact of various ion chromatography parameters on the separation of trace amounts of thulium from erbium was examined to address the need for the preparation of a 171Tm target for neutron capture cross section measurements. The following optimal operation parameters for analytical scale separations with cation exchange resin were established based on a modified separation resolution: 0.046 M α-HIB− as eluent with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 at 25 °C. Different carboxylic acids with varying pH were also investigated, which reaffirmed the use of α-hydroxyisobutyrate as the most suitable complexant for the separation of these neighboring lanthanides.
Social Acceptability of Five Screening Instruments for Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges

Social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) screening occurs in only two percent of our schools. This is unfortunate because universal screening is linked to prevention and early intervention with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in children and youth, a population who continues to experience a plethora of poor outcomes. The social acceptability (often characterized incompletely as social validity) of SEB screening tools is suggested to contribute to their adoption and use; thus we need a better understanding of the social acceptability of universal SEB screening. In this review, five relevant screening instruments, or ''screeners,'' for school age children were evaluated using a rubric of six characteristics and 21 indicators of social acceptability as determined via a comprehensive search of the literature. Results indicate a range of characteristics that could affect adoption and use. The discussion proposes applications for this information.
The Turnover-Reducing Effects of the Minimum Wage may Harm the Economy

This article surveys the literature on the effects of the minimum wage and argues that the observed reduction in turnover rates is not necessarily desirable. If a curvilinear relationship exists between firm productivity and turnover, the effects of the minimum wage on reducing turnover may create a distance between the actual turnover rate and the optimal rate. Consequently, even if we accept the proposition that minimum wages have little impact on employment, they may reduce productivity or job growth in sectors not directly affected by the minimum wage.
Stochastic Incremental Gradient Descent for Estimation in Sensor Networks

We consider a network of sensors deployed to sense a spatial field for the purposes of parameter estimation. Each sensor makes a sequence of measurements that is corrupted by noise. The estimation problem is to determine the value of a parameter that minimizes a cost that is a function of the measurements and the unknown parameter. The cost function is such that it can be written as the sum of functions (one corresponding to each sensor), each of which is associated with one sensor's measurements. Such an objective function is of interest in regression. We are interested in solving the above optimization problem in a distributed and recursive manner. Towards this end, we combine the incremental gradient approach with the Robbins-Monro approximation algorithm to develop the incremental Robbins-Monro gradient (IRMG) algorithm. We investigate the convergence of the algorithm under a convexity assumption on the cost function and a stochastic model for the sensor measurements. In particular, we show that if the observations at each are independent and identically distributed, then the IRMG algorithm converges to the optimum solution almost surely as the number of observations goes to infinity. We emphasize that the IRMG algorithm itself requires no information about the stochastic model.
Profiling and characterization of a longissimus dorsi muscle microRNA dataset from an F2 Duroc × Pietrain pig resource population

Abstract To elucidate the effects of microRNA (miRNA) regulation in skeletal muscle of adult pigs, miRNA expression profiling was performed with RNA extracted from longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle samples from 174 F 2 pigs (~ 5.5 months of age) from a Duroc × Pietrain resource population. Total RNA was extracted from LD samples, and libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform in 1 × 50 bp format. After processing, 232,826,977 total reads were aligned to the Sus scrofa reference genome (v10.2.79), with 74.8% of total reads mapping successfully. The miRDeep2 software package was utilized to quantify annotated Sus scrofa mature miRNAs from miRBase (Release 21) and to predict candidate novel miRNA precursors. Among the retained 295 normalized mature miRNA expression profiles ssc­miR­1, ssc­miR­133a­3p, ssc­miR­378, ssc­miR­206, and ssc­miR­10b were the most abundant, all of which have previously been shown to be expressed in pig skeletal muscle. Additionally, 27 unique candidate novel miRNA precursors were identified exhibiting homologous sequence to annotated human miRNAs. The composition of classes of small RNA present in this dataset was also characterized; while the majority of unique expressed sequence tags were not annotated in any of the queried databases, the most abundantly expressed class of small RNA in this dataset was miRNAs. This data provides a resource to evaluate miRNA regulation of gene expression and effects on complex trait phenotypes in adult pig skeletal muscle. The raw sequencing data were deposited in the Sequence Read Archive, BioProject PRJNA363073.
Intraoperative Molecular Imaging Combined With Positron Emission Tomography Improves Surgical Management of Peripheral Malignant Pulmonary Nodules.

Objective:To determine if intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) can improve detection of malignant pulmonary nodules.Background:18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) is commonly utilized in preoperative assessment of patients with solid malignancies; however, false negatives and
Expelling the Poor: Atlantic Seaboard States and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of American Immigration Policy

Hidetaka Hirota’s Expelling the Poor: Atlantic Seaboard States and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of American Immigration Policy examines Irish migration to the United States and the rise of U.S. s...
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT IN ADULT PATIENT WITH EBSTEIN ANOMALY: TO CLOSE OR NOT TO CLOSE?

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve (TV) with right ventricular(RV) myopathy. There is wide range of presentation from patients who are asymptomatic to various degree of RV failure. We present a 32 year old male who presents with palpitations and shortness of breath
A GIScience Perspective on the Uncertainty of Context

Geographers have long sought to understand and explain geographic phenomena through their dependence on the properties of site and situation. Yet the characterization of situation or context is fra...
Word Knowledge and Comprehension Effects of an Academic Vocabulary Intervention for Middle School Students

This article presents findings from an intervention across sixth and seventh grades to teach academic words to middle school students. The goals included investigating a progression of outcomes fro...
Leaching of Metals from Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Organic Byproducts

Fly Ash (FA) is a major component of coal combustion by-products in the process of producing electricity. Increased demand for power generation caused an increase in production of FA. Most of the FA is currently land filled due to limited alternate beneficial uses. Since the cost of the landfill is increasing recently, alternate approaches for the use of FA has received considerable attention. Fly Ash contains several nutrient elements, therefore, its application at low rates has shown benefits for various crops. There is also an interest in application of FA at high rates (disposal rates) to agricultural land, provided no negative effects on either the crop, soil or water quality can be assured. The potential benefits of FA application to agricultural soils can be further enhanced by mixing it with another by-product which can supplement some of the plant essential nutrients which are not present in the FA.
c-ABL Gene and Gene Product

c-Abl (Abl1) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase with one vertebrate paralog (Abl2 or Arg), distinguished by its extensive C-terminal cassette, which contains actin and DNA-binding domains. c-Abl has been shown to be important in diverse processes within the cell, including cytoskeletal rearrangements and DNA damage response, and is also thought to be important in regulating intercellular interactions, such as stabilizing the central nervous system and immune system synapses and regulating cell migration and tissue rearrangements during development. Importantly, a 9;22 chromosomal rearrangement that produces the BCR–Abl transgene is oncogenic and responsible for a number of hematopoeitic cancers.
In Search of Greener Pastures

“Where the hell arc they?” Here we were in the middle of the Serengeti Plain, grasslands stretching to the horizon, and all around us . . . nothing. Just two weeks ago, according to our guide, Amos Urio, this very place had been awash in wildebeest and zebras, hundreds of thousands of them, but a lack of rains had prompted them to move on in search of greener pastures. Now the only creatures in sight were a couple of Thomson’s gazelles, nibbling the brown grass and nervously twitching their tails. I repeated my question. “Where are the herds?” Amos, more bemused than perplexed by the situation, replied, “They're gone.” Having come all the way from the United States to Tanzania expressly to see the Serengeti’s wildebeest migration, often called the greatest wildlife spectacle on earth, I was hardly in the mood to accept the Zen-like simplicity of his answer. “How can a million wildebeest just disappear?” I asked incredulously. “They've got to be somewhere.”
LAF-4 encodes a lymphoid nuclear protein with transactivation potential that is homologous to AF-4, the gene fused to MLL in t(4;11) leukemias

A novel human gene, LAF-4, was isolated from a subtracted cDNA library that showed strong sequence similarity to AF-4, a gene that is translocated in t(4;11)(q21;q23) acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). In t(4;11) ALL, the AF-4 gene at 4q21 is translocated into the MLL locus at 11q23, resulting in the expression of an MLL/AF-4 fusion protein that is the presumptive oncoprotein. AF-4 and LAF-4 are homologous throughout their coding regions, yet neither protein is related to previously cloned genes. Human LAF-4 readily hybridized with genes in mouse and chicken, thus showing that this gene family has been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. In mouse tissues, LAF-4 mRNA was found to be present at highest levels in lymphoid tissues, present at lower levels in brain and lung, and absent from other tissues. In human and mouse lymphoid cell lines, LAF-4 expression was highest in pre-B cells, intermediate in mature B cells, and absent in plasma cells, thus pointing to a potential regulatory role for LAF-4 in lymphoid development. Antibodies to LAF-4 showed it to be a nuclear protein that showed an uneven, granular immunofluorescence pattern. In vitro-translated LAF-4 was able to bind strongly to double-stranded DNA cellulose. Furthermore, both LAF-4 and AF-4 had domains that activated transcription strongly when fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain. Interestingly, the AF-4 transactivation domain is retained in the MLL/AF-4 fusion protein; thus, it may contribute to the transforming potential of the oncoprotein. Therefore, the cloning of LAF-4 has defined a new family of potential regulatory proteins that may function in lymphoid development and oncogenesis.
Screening for History of Childhood Abuse: Beliefs, Practice Patterns, and Barriers Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists

Abstract Background A history of childhood abuse is strongly linked to adult health problems. Obstetrician–gynecologists will undoubtedly treat abuse survivors during their careers, and a number of patient presenting problems may be related to a history of childhood abuse (e.g., chronic pelvic pain, sexual dysfunction, mental health disorders, obesity, and chronic diseases). Knowledge of abuse history may assist with treatment planning and the delivery of trauma-informed care. The current study sought to explore obstetrician–gynecologists' training, knowledge, beliefs, practice patterns, and barriers around screening for history of childhood abuse in their adult patients. Methods Eight hundred Fellows and Junior Fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists were sent an electronic survey; 332 viewed recruitment emails. Data were analyzed with SPSS 24.0, including descriptive statistics, χ2, and t tests. Results One-hundred forty-five physicians completed the survey. The majority of responding providers believe that assessment of abuse history is important and relevant to patient care, yet few reported screening regularly. Most did not have formal training in screening for childhood abuse or its effects, although those who completed their training more recently were more likely to report training in these areas, as well as more likely to screen regularly. The majority of respondents noted they were not confident to screen. Barriers to screening were identified. Conclusions Greater education and training about screening for childhood abuse history and the effects of childhood abuse are needed. The integration of mental health providers into practice is one method that may increase screening rates.
Spatial Econometrics and GIS YouTube Playlist

This resource describes a website and playlist of YouTube videos using open source software (R, GeoDa, and QGIS) designed to help get scholars up and running with analyzing their own data. In the series sample data, handouts, code, and map files are provided. The course covers the basics of integrating data into a spatial data set, contiguity and spatial correlation, doing basic spatial regressions in GeoDa, and doing more sophisticated specification tests and regressions in R.
Realism’s Racial Gaze and Stephen Crane’s The Monster: A Lacanian Reading

The article presents Stephen Crane’s The Monster as a realist text that conveys the inability of American society in the 1890s to define itself through use of stereotyped knowledge of racial others. It reads the character Henry Johnson, a black man whose face is “burned away” in a house-fire, leaving behind only a single winking eye, as a literary embodiment of the all-seeing Lacanian gaze that, through the returned look of the racial other, confronts realist America with its own lack. Henry destabilises fantasies of an insular white identity through his performative mimicry of white dress and mannerism. He allows the text to present race as grounded only in performance and a discourse of white superiority. The Monster refutes this discourse, suggesting it is sanction for a brutal monstrosity at the heart of America, one that the returned gaze of the scrutinising racial other now witnesses through the spectacle of America’s racist and imperialistic practices.
Land cover land use mapping and change detection analysis using geographic information system and remote sensing

Land cover/land use categories are relevant components in land management. Understanding how land cover/land use change over time is necessary to assess the consequences of humans and natural stressors on the earth’s environment and resources. The aim of the study was to map and monitor the spatial and temporal change in land cover/land use for the periods of 1977, 1991 and 2016 and to predict change detection areas in Davidson County, Tennessee. The land cover/land use categories were classified using maximum likelihood algorithm and post classification comparison change detection analysis was performed. Classified image differencing technique was also used to predict change detection areas in Geographic Information System. The land cover/land use categories were successfully classified with a kappa value of about 78%. The land cover/land use classes changed significantly from 1977 to 2016 in Davidson County, Tennessee. Wetlands and bare land had a net decrease on average of about 97% between 1977 and 2016 whereas; developed areas and forest had a net increase on average of around 40% between 1977 and 2016. Urbanization appeared to be one of the main drivers of the change in land cover/land use. This information could be used in land management and planning by environmental managers, policy makers and other stakeholders.
An Investigation of Cryptojacking: Malware Analysis and Defense Strategies

Cybercriminals are capitalizing on the global interest in speculative cryptocurrencies for their own gain. By exploiting vulnerabilities in web browsers and client systems on a large scale, such new operating model named as cryptojacking allows cybercriminals to siphon computational resources from their victims to illicitly generate cryptocurrency. The authors analyze cryptojacking malware samples using both static and dynamic methods and discuss their potential impacts on services running on enterprise servers and operating systems including critical infrastructure industries. The paper further providesstrategies for how to detect and defend against these threats.
Robust Th1 cellular and humoral responses generated by the Yersinia pestis rF1-V subunit vaccine formulated to contain an agonist of the CD137 pathway do not translate into increased protection against pneumonic plague.

Abstract Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague and is a re-emerging pathogen that also has the potential as a biological weapon, necessitating the development of a preventive vaccine. Despite intense efforts for the last several decades, there is currently not a vaccine approved by the FDA. The rF1-V vaccine adjuvanted with Alhydrogel is a lead candidate subunit vaccine for plague and generates a strong Th2-mediate humoral response with a modest Th1 cellular response. As immune protection against Y. pestis requires both humoral and Th1 cellular responses, modifying the rF1-V subunit vaccine formulation to include a robust inducer of Th1 responses may improve efficacy. Thus, we reformulated the subunit vaccine to include SA-4-1BBL, an agonist of the CD137 costimulatory pathway and a potent inducer of Th1 response, and assessed its protective efficacy against pneumonic plague. We herein show for the first time a sex bias in the prophylactic efficacy of the Alhydrogel adjuvanted rF1-V vaccine, with female mice showing better protection against pneumonic plague than male. The sex bias for protection was irrespective of the generation of comparable levels of rF1-V-specific antibody titers and Th1 cellular responses in both sexes. The subunit vaccine reformulated with SA-4-1BBL generated robust Th1 cellular and humoral responses. A prime-boost vaccination scheme involving prime with rF1-V + Alhydrogel and boost with the rF1-V + SA-4-1BBL provided protection in male mice against pneumonic plague. In marked contrast, prime and boost with rF1-V reformulated with both adjuvants resulted in the loss of protection against pneumonic plague, despite generating high levels of humoral and Th1 cellular responses. While unexpected, these findings demonstrate the complexity of immune mechanisms required for protection. Elucidating mechanisms responsible for these differences in protection will help to guide the development of better prophylactic subunit vaccines effective against pneumonic plague.
Mass and Energy Relationships in Anaerobic Digestion

Exogeneous hydrogen acceptors may be used by baterial systems under anaerobic conditions for the complete removal of carbon from solution without methane fermentation. The metabolic processes involved are completely analogous to aerobic metabolism. When exogeneous hydrogen acceptors are present in mixed culture anaerobic systems, such as anaerobic digestors, the traditional concept of two stage fermentation is an incorrect model. Biological systems are more accurately characterized by the reactions occurring within the systems and the products produced by the systems than by terms such as aerobic or anaerobic.
Intraguild predation decreases predator fitness with potentially varying effects on pathogen transmission in a herbivore host

Predators and pathogens often regulate the population dynamics of their prey or hosts. When species interact with both their predators and their pathogens, understanding each interaction in isolation may not capture the system’s dynamics. For instance, predators can influence pathogen transmission via consumptive effects, such as feeding on infected prey, or non-consumptive effects, such as changing the prey’s susceptibility to infection. A prey species' infection status can, in turn, influence predator’s choice of prey and have negative fitness consequences for the predator. To test how intraguild predation (IGP), when predator and pathogen share the same prey/host, affects pathogen transmission, predator preference, and predator fitness, we conducted a series of experiments using a crop pest (Pseudoplusia includens), a generalist predator (Podisus maculiventris), and a generalist pathogen (Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrovirus, AcMNPV). Using a field experiment, we quantified the effects of consumptive and non-consumptive predators on pathogen transmission. We found that a number of models provided similar fits to the data. These models included null models showing no effects of predation and models that included a predation effect. We also found that predators consumed infected prey more often when choosing between live infected or live healthy prey. Infected prey also reduced predator fitness. Developmental times of predators fed infected prey increased by 20% and longevity decreased by 45%, compared with those that consumed an equivalent number of non-infected prey. While this research shows an effect of the pathogen on intraguild predator fitness, we found no support that predators affected pathogen transmission.
Initially asymptomatic meniscal lesions of the knee were later associated with complaints of pain, stiffness, and impaired function but severity was low.

Question: In asymptomatic patients, what is the clinical course of meniscal lesions diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging? Design: Inception cohort study with follow-up of ≥2 years (mean, 30 mo). Setting: An orthopaedic hospital in Zurich, Switzerland. Patients: 100 patients who were referred for magnetic resonance imaging for suspected meniscal lesions in one knee and no symptoms in the other were followed. Patients were ≥18 years of age, had no pain in the asymptomatic knee before presenting for magnetic resonance imaging, had not experienced disruptions of work or sports activity because of knee problems, and had not had knee surgery. 84 patients (mean age, 44 y; 57% men) completed the study. Assessment of prognostic factors: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess meniscal lesions of the asymptomatic knee. 53 knees had normal menisci, 26 had horizontal or oblique partial-thickness tears, 1 had a radial tear, 2 had vertical or full-thickness tears, and 2 had tears with displaced meniscal fragments. Main outcome measure: The adapted Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), which assessed pain, stiffness, and function with use of visual analogue scales (VAS). Main results: More patients with meniscal tears than those without meniscal tears reported having some pain, stiffness, and impaired daily function; however, the mean VAS scores for these outcomes did not differ between patients with and without meniscal tears (Table). None of the initially asymptomatic knees underwent surgery during follow-up.
Transmission and protection against re-infection in the ferret model with the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 reference isolate

SARS-CoV-2 has initiated a global pandemic and vaccines are being rapidly developed. Using the reference strain SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020, we evaluated modes of transmission and the ability of prior infection or vaccine-induced immunity to protect against infection in ferrets. Ferrets were semi-permissive to infection with the USA-WA1/2020 isolate. When transmission was assessed via the detection of vRNA at multiple timepoints, direct contact transmission was efficient to 3/3 and 3/4 contact animals in two respective studies, while respiratory transmission was poor to only 1/4 contact animals. To assess the durability of immunity, ferrets were re-challenged 28 or 56 days post-primary infection. Following viral challenge, no infectious virus was recovered in nasal wash samples. In addition, levels of vRNA in the nasal wash were several orders of magnitude lower than during primary infection, and vRNA was rapidly cleared. To determine if intramuscular vaccination protected ferrets against infection, ferrets were vaccinated using a prime-boost strategy with the S-protein receptor-binding domain formulated with an oil-in-water adjuvant. Upon viral challenge, none of the mock or vaccinated animals were protected against infection, and there were no significant differences in vRNA or infectious virus titers in the nasal wash. Combined these studies demonstrate that in ferrets direct contact is the predominant mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 isolate and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is maintained for at least 56 days. Our studies also indicate protection of the upper respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 will require vaccine strategies that mimic natural infection or induce site-specific immunity.
RRAM-DNN: An RRAM and Model-Compression Empowered All-Weights-On-Chip DNN Accelerator

This article presents an energy-efficient deep neural network (DNN) accelerator with non-volatile embedded resistive random access memory (RRAM) for mobile machine learning (ML) applications. This DNN accelerator implements weight pruning, non-linear quantization, and Huffman encoding to store all weights on RRAM, enabling single-chip processing for large neural network models without external memory. A four-core parallel and programmable architecture adapts to various neural network configurations with high utilization. We introduce a customized RRAM macro with a dynamic clamping offset-canceling sense amplifier (DCOCSA) that achieves sub-microampere input offset. The on-chip decompression and memory error-resilient scheme enables 16 million (M) 8-bit (decompressed) weights on a single-chip using 24 Mb RRAM. The proposed RRAM-DNN is the first digital DNN accelerator featuring 24 Mb RRAM as all-on-chip weight storage to eliminate energy-consuming off-chip memory accesses. The fabricated design performs the complete inference process of the ResNet-18 model while consuming 127.9 mW power in TSMC-22 nm ULL CMOS. The RRAM-DNN accelerator achieves peak performance of 123 GOPs with 8-bit precision, exhibiting measured energy efficiency of 0.96 TOPs/W.
High-Performance and Small Form-Factor mm-Wave CMOS Radars for Automotive and Industrial Sensing in 76-to-81GHz and 57-to-64GHz Bands

Millimeterwave (mm-Wave) radar sensors operating in the 76-to-81 GHz band are a key component of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) for enhanced automotive safety. The recent entry of CMOS solutions in this space has accelerated development of multi-mode Radars that can support long, medium and short-range applications [1–3]. As ADAS applications evolve to support higher levels of autonomy, there is increased demand on radar sensors for improved maximum range, velocity, and angular resolution. Emerging automotive in-cabin occupancy sensing applications are creating opportunities for short-range, high-resolution sensors operating in 60/77GHz bands (depending on the regulatory market). The unlicensed 60GHz band has also enabled industrial sensing opportunities across diverse markets such as robotics, building automation, and healthcare. Several of these broad-market applications require inexpensive and small form factor sensors that can be deployed on low cost PCBs (e.g., FR4) without expertise in mm-Wave design. In this paper, we describe our high-performance 76-to-81GHz FMCW Automotive Radar that supports multi-chip cascading to enable higher angular resolution and a compact 57-to-64 GHz single-chip Radar with integrated antennas on package. All devices are built on a 45nm bulk CMOS technology with 9 metal layers and packaged using flip-chip BGA technology.
Detecting Framing Changes in Topical News

Changes in the framing of topical news are known to foreshadow significant public, legislative, and commercial events. Automated detection of framing changes is, therefore, an important problem, which existing research has not considered. Previous approaches are manual surveys that rely on human effort and are consequently limited in scope. This article systematizes the discovery of framing changes through a fully unsupervised computational method that seeks to isolate framing change trends over several years. We demonstrate our approach by isolating framing change periods that correlate with previously known framing changes. We have prepared a new data set, consisting of over 12 000 articles from seven news topics or domains , in which earlier surveys have found framing changes. Finally, our work highlights the predictive utility of framing change detection, by identifying two domains in which framing changes foreshadowed substantial legislative activity, or preceded judicial interest.
No Difference in Outcomes Following Osteochondral Allograft with Fresh Precut Cores Compared to Hemi-Condylar Allografts.

ObjectiveThe purpose of the current study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes at early to midterm follow-up between fresh precut cores versus hemi-condylar osteochondral allograft...
Problems Of Off-Road Transportation

Off-road transportation or land locomotion mechanics differs from the usual concept of highway engineering in regard to the relationship between a motor vehicle and the environment of its operation. The basic philosophy underlying highway engineering is that of modifying the environment by means of pavement design to fit the needs of a wheeled vehicle. Off-road transportation or locomotion differs in that soil is the medium in which the vehicle moves and there is no opportunity to transform the existing conditions, much the same as an airplane cannot modify the air in which it travels. Off-road vehicle performance is directly related to the shearing strength and deformation characteristics of soil as they affect tractive effort and sinkage. The status of some current (1963) mobility research projects dealing with deformable soils is summarized. The soil value measurement and evaluation programs for off-road transportation purposes should prove to be of interest to the highway engineer in a more comprehensive understanding of subgrade behavior relative to pavement choice and design.
Attention-in-Memory for Few-Shot Learning with Configurable Ferroelectric FET Arrays

Attention-in-Memory (AiM), a computing-in-memory (CiM) design, is introduced to implement the attentional layer of Memory Augmented Neural Networks (MANNs). AiM consists of a memory array based on Ferroelectric FETs (FeFET) along with CMOS peripheral circuits implementing configurable functionalities, i.e., it can be dynamically changed from a ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) to a general-purpose (GP) CiM. When compared to state-of-the art accelerators, AiM achieves comparable end-to-end speed-up and energy for MANNs, with better accuracy (95.14% v.s. 92.21%, and 95.14% v.s. 91.98%) at iso-memory size, for a 5-way 5-shot inference task with the Omniglot dataset.
Same-Sex Marriage in the United States

This Chapter gives a brief analysis of the status of same-sex marriage in the United States prior to the US Supreme Court decisions of 2013 and the status of litigation and political reforms triggered in part by these court decisions. It shows that marriage is a central institution in the country’s rationale of family law in ways that separate it from other western countries that have allowed same-sex marriage.
The Geomicrobiology of Arsenic

Since the beginning of life on Earth, microorganisms have had the remarkable ability­ to evolve the necessary molecular machinery to cope with and even benefit from high concentrations of toxic metals in the environment. Many metals (in trace amount) play an integral role in biological processes; however, many of the same metals, as well as those not required in biological systems, can be quite harmful.This is most commonly a consequence of the metal concentration; ­however, speciation and physicochemical form of the element are added factors. Some metals that microorganisms depend on in low concentrations include arsenic, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, and zinc; whereas, aluminum, cadmium, gold, lead, mercury, and silver are not known to be part of cellular structures or processes (Bruins et al. 2000; Stolz et al. 2002). The essential metals have been found to be crucial ­components in redox processes, gene expression, biomolecule activity, cellular osmotic balance, and protein and bacterial cell wall structures (Hughes and Poole 1989; Ji and Silver 1995; Poole and Gadd 1989). Yet, if any of these metals exceed certain concentrations, microorganisms must use resistance mechanisms to survive the ‘metal stress’. Because many environments inhabited by microorganisms have continuously contained poisonous elements, resistance mechanisms most likely developed shortly after the ­evolution of prokaryotic life.
Southern African Loranthaceae and Viscaceae: new taxa * and new combinations

Two new genera are named: Pedistylis Wiens with the type species P. galpinii (Schinz ex Sprague) Wiens and Vanwykia Wiens with the type species V. remota (Bak. & Sprague) Wiens. Three new species and one new subspecies are described: Plicosepalus amplexicaulis Wiens, Tapinanthus crassifolius Wiens, Viscum oreophilum Wiens, and V. capense L.f. subsp. hoolei Wiens. The following nomenclatural changes are made: Actinanthella wyliei (Sprague) Wiens, Tapinanthus forbesii (Sprague) Wiens, T. leendertziae (Sprague) Wiens, T. kraussianus (Meisn.) Danser subsp. transvaalensis (Sprague) Wiens, T. natalitius (Meisn.) Danser subsp. zeyheri (Harv.) Wiens, Tieghemia bolusii (Sprague) Wiens and T. rogersii (Sprague ex Burtt Davy) Wiens.
User-Centered Technology: A Rhetorical Theory for Computers and Other Mundane Artifacts

From the Publisher: User-Centered Technology presents a theoretical model for examining technology through a user perspective. Johnson begins with a historical overview of the problem of technological use from the ancient Greeks to the present day - a problem seen most clearly in historical discussions of rhetoric theory. The central portion of the book elaborates on user-centered theory by defining three focal issues of the theory: user knowledge, human-technology interaction, and technological determinism. Working from an interdisciplinary perspective, Johnson uses rhetoric theory to present a definition of user knowledge; human factors engineering to illuminate the ideological presuppositions built into technology design; and history, philosophy, and sociology to explain technological determinism, possibly the greatest impediment to user-centered technology development in modern times. The latter part of the book applies user-centered theory in two contexts: the nonacademic sphere, where the writing and design of computer user documentation is discussed, and the academic sphere, through a discussion of how user-centered concepts might drive university technical communication and composition curricula.
Bounding edge degrees in triangulated 3-manifolds

In this note we prove that every closed orientable 3-manifold has a triangulation in which each edge has degree 4, 5 or 6.
Blood coagulation defects in obstetrics and gynecolgy including treatment of excessive bleeding at menarche with synthetic progestins.

Abstract 1. 1. Bleeding due to blood coagulation deficiencies in obstetric and gynecologic patients is discussed. 2. 2. Available laboratory tests are recorded. 3. 3. The clinical management of patients who present such bleeding problems is suggested. 4. 4. A group of patients who had excessive bleeding at the menarche were treated with synthetic progestins and the results are recorded.
On the accuracy of noninvasive thermometry using molecular diffusion magnetic resonance imaging

Temperature measurement using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of water self-diffusion is investigated. Diffusion images and derived temperatures are obtained in polyacrylamide gel phantom. The temperatures measured from MRI are compared with those from temperature probes to verify their accuracy. In general, the difference between temperatures determined from MRI diffusion images over 0.3 cm3 regions of interest and from temperature probes were 0.2 degrees C. It is concluded that current MRI technology allows noninvasive temperature tomography that is comparable with invasive thermometry with respect to temperature accuracy, has spatial and time resolutions that would be useful in hyperthermic oncology.
An analysis of “revertants” of a deletion mutant in the C gene of the l-arabinose gene complex in Escherichia coli B/r: Isolation of initiator constitutive mutants (Ic)

Abstract Nineteen independent l -arabinose-utilizing “revertants” were isolated from Escherichia coli B r containing a deletion (Δ719) that encompasses all known mutations in the regulator gene araC. The revertants contain the original deletion plus a secondary initiator constitutive mutation (Ic). All produce low constitutive levels of enzymes in the l -arabinose pathway. The Ic mutant sites are all closely linked to the deletion. Nine of the Ic sites, mapped with greater resolution, are located to the left of deletion 719, in the region containing the proposed initiator controlling site (araI) for this operon. The Ic alleles in all revertants tested are cis-dominant to the wild-type allele, I+, and have no trans effect. All the strains are hyperinducible to varying degrees in the presence of a functioning C+ allele in the trans position. In merodiploids, the C+ (even in the absence of inducer) and not the C− alleles are able to stimulate the expression of the araA gene cis but not trans to the I+ Δ719 and to most Ic Δ719 mutations. These results, together with other evidence, support a modified positive control model in which P1, the initial product of the araC gene, is a true repressor existing in equilibrium with P2, the activator, and with P1 and P2 attached to their respective controlling sites, the operator, araO, and the initiator, araI, located as follows: araB, araI, araO, araC. Evidence indicates that the repressor-operator site function is epistatic over the activator-initiator site function. The cis effect of deletion 719 in the presence of a trans acting C+ allele is explained on the basis that this deletion desensitizes this operon to the repressor, P1, by excising the operator, and thus allows this operon to be activated by P2 whose presence would otherwise have remained cryptic. Among 19 constitutive revertants of deletion 719, none could be identified as mutants in a regulatory gene of the negative control type. Therefore, no evidence could be found to support a model of negative control internal induction in this system.
A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age

Variations in sea-floor depth and heat flow with age provide the main constraints on the thermal structure and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. Joint fitting of heat flow and bathymetry yields a model with a hotter, thinner lithosphere than in previous models. The new model provides a significantly better fit to the data, including those from older lithosphere previously treated as anomalous. This will facilitate the analysis of lithospheric processes, including the effects of mid-plate volcanism and swells, regional subsidence, and hydrothermal circulation near spreading centers.
Non-local exchange-correlation potential at a metal surface from many-body perturbation theory

We report a first-principles evaluation of the exchange-correlation potential (V XC ) at a metal surface. An integral equation relating (V XC ) and the non-local electron self-energy (Σ XC ) is solved numerically for a free-electron metal surface, with use of a static approximation for Σ XC . The strongly-inhomogeneous nature of the electron density profile at the surface is treated exactly, i.e. without invoking the usual local density approximation. Our result for V XC has the correct image-like asymptotic behavior; it derives implicitly from a non-local exchange-correlation energy functional. We study the effect of non-locality on the position of the effective image plane (z O ) from an analysis of the image tail of V XC and also from linear-response theory. The difference in the values of z O obtained by both methods for low metallic densities is attributed to electron overlap effects. We also discuss the effects of V XC on image-potential induced surface states.