cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioaccumulation of estrogenic hormones and UV-filters in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

Abstract Estrogenic hormones and organic ultraviolet-filters (UV-filters) have attracted increased attention as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their potent estrogenicity and widespread occurrence in the environment. This study investigated the accumulation of three estrogenic hormones and five UV-filters in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Exposure experiments were conducted for 42 days with a mixture of EDCs at two environmentally-relevant design concentrations (i.e., 500 and 5000 ng L−1). The aqueous-phase EDC concentrations decreased over time and were re-established every two days. Within 14 days of exposure, the five UV-filters were measured at 2.2 to 265 ng g−1 (dry weight) in crayfish tail tissue. Only one estrogenic hormone, 17β-estradiol, was detected in the crayfish at 10.4–13.5 ng g−1. No apparent changes were observed for EDC concentrations in the tail tissue over the next four weeks of exposure. The apparent bioaccumulation factors for the EDCs ranged from 23 L (kg tail tissue, dry weight)−1 for 4-methylbenzylidene camphor to 1050 L (kg tail tissue, dry weight)−1 for 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate. EDC input was stopped after 42 days, and the more hydrophobic UV-filters (i.e., octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, homosalate) were found to be persistent throughout a 14-d elimination period. A lyticase-assisted yeast estrogen screen demonstrated that the residual estrogenic activity of water samples aligned with (or was lower than) predictions from targeted chemical analysis. These results suggest that the transformation products did not contribute significant estrogenicity, although further analysis of endocrine disruption outcomes in crayfish is recommended.
“‘Aint Never Done Anything but Sing”: Understanding Betsey through Her Canary

The protagonist in Mary Wilkins Freeman’s short story “A Poetess” has a complex relationship with her poetry and how others perceive it. This relationship can be analyzed and understood through the...
GaN Super-Heterojunction Schottky Barrier Diode with Over 10 kV Blocking Voltage

In this paper, we present GaN super-heterojunction Schottky barrier diodes (SHJ-SBDs) with over 10 kV blocking voltage. Charge imbalance between the n-type delta doping and the p-type doping was adjusted by N+ implantation. This device structure enabled scaling of breakdown voltage to over 10 kV and with an on-resistance of $1054 \Omega \cdot\text{mm}$ .
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMPLEX CATARACT SURGERY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IN FLORIDA.

Purpose To analyze differences between rates of complex and routine cataract surgery based on demographics and social determinants of health (SDOH) at the community level. Methods Data from adults ages 18 to 84 relevant to cataract surgery billing codes were extracted from the 2017 Florida Ambulatory Surgery dataset from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality merged with SDOH measures from the American Community Survey. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine associations between complex cataract surgery and SDOH according to patient ZIP code. Outcomes were reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 171,754 and 11,340 patients received routine and complex cataract surgeries, respectively; females received the majority of routine surgeries (58.87%); most common age group (79.11%) was from 65 to 84 years. Male (odds ratio [OR] 2.034; p Conclusions Selected patient- and community-level factors including being male, Black, Asian, Hispanic, non-Medicare, or within lower education, higher poverty ZIP codes were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving complex cataract surgery.
Use of compressed sensing to expedite high-throughput diagnostic testing for COVID-19 and beyond

The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has placed a significant burden on public health systems to provide rapid and accurate diagnostic testing highlighting the critical need for innovative testing approaches for future pandemics. In this study, we present a novel sample pooling procedure based on compressed sensing theory to accurately identify virally infected patients at high prevalence rates utilizing an innovative viral RNA extraction process to minimize sample dilution. At prevalence rates ranging from 0-14.3%, the number of tests required to identify the infection status of all patients was reduced by 75.6% as compared to conventional testing in primary human SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swabs and a coronavirus model system. Additionally, our modified pooling and RNA extraction process minimized sample dilution which remained constant as pool sizes increased. Our use of compressed sensing can be adapted to a wide variety of diagnostic testing applications to increase throughput for routine laboratory testing as well as a means to increase testing throughput to combat future pandemics.
Late Open Repair of a Massive Common Iliac Artery Aneurysm after Endovascular Failure.

Abstract Giant Common Iliac Artery Aneurysms (CIAA) are an uncommon pathology that may present as a late complication after endovascular aortic repair secondary to aneurysmal degeneration with endoleak. We present an unusual case of a patient presenting nine years after index endovascular CIAA exclusion with a painless abdominal mass found to be a 20+ cm CIAA secondary to type II endoleak from a recanalized coil embolized hypogastric artery. The patient underwent open aneurysmorrhaphy with ligation of the hypogastric artery.
The Use of Tranquilizers

The “tranquilizer” is a relatively recent addition to therapeutics. Though its meaning is by no means clear, there is already a long list of drugs to which the name is applied, and their use has spread like wildfire. While there are reports of death and disaster resulting from tranquilizers, there are also newspaper accounts of their sale on the black market and their illegal use for “kicks.” The medical and social problem created by these drugs is a serious one and is growing.
Chromatin Modifications in Plants

In eukaryotic cells, nuclear DNA is wrapped around the core histone octamers to form nucleosomes, which are further packaged into the chromatin. This process is thought to have been evolutionarily advantageous as a packaging mechanism to allow eukaryotic cells to accommodate longer DNA molecules. However, the discovery that both DNA and histones can be covalently modified led to the realization that chromatin structure may not be uniform across the genome, and that the local structural properties of the chromatin may have profound effects on the biological processes that occur in the chromatin environment. Two major types of modifications have been described, including the addition of a methyl group to the C5 position of the cytosine ring (referred to as cytosine methylation or DNA methylation), and the post-translational modifications of various residues in core histones (i.e., H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). These modifications are referred to as “epigenetic” as they can affect gene expression in a mitotically and meiotically stable manner without changing the underlying DNA sequences.
A Genealogy of Trees and Flesh

There is not a drop of blood in my veins that does not come from some British line or other, and yet I?along with my paternal line of fathers for generations back?have the dark skin and hawk features of an American Indian.1 Originally, my ancestors came to this country from England, early in the eighteenth cen tury. They were Quaker ironsmiths?brothers?and they landed in Virginia. They must have had moments of strange recognition when they gazed upon some of the Indians they met. They must have sensed a physical kinship, or at least the simulacrum of one, in the lighter-skinned Indians they saw. There is an old legend that the Mandans, a western tribe exterminated by small pox before the Civil War, were eponymous descendants of Madoc, the Welsh ex plorer. Some of their women even had blue eyes and beautiful silver hair, as revealed in the portraits of George Catlin. The similarity seems to be more than superficial. It is said that both Celtic peoples and the American Indians have a larger than normal representation among them of people with O and O Negative blood types. People with this type of blood, I have read, tend to be clannish, emotional and secretive. Part of their deepest mechanism of mind and body is set against the regimented and the overly socialized. It is their fate, I suspect, to see the darkness that sur rounds every light, and to feel insidious hatreds and resentments, so that they whisper, "No," amidst cries of asseveration. But my subject at this moment is not the Indians, but my own Celtic, and pre-Celtic Iberian ancestors. The Indians come to mind not only because of the chemical, psychological and physical likenesses mentioned above, but also be cause the Indians?as my ancestors knew them?along with my ancestors them selves, have vanished. Because of this, they no longer have literal and practical effect; but they are, for this same reason, vested with mythical power. Existence precedes essence; and like a lot of people, I have spent a great deal of my waking life searching for, and striving to define and create, my es
Matrix Product States: Foundations

The bulk of the numerical results for many-body systems contained in this thesis are obtained by variational algorithms on a class of states known as matrix product states (MPSs).
Bioconvection peristaltic flow in an asymmetric channel filled by nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss free convection peristaltic flow in an asymmetric channel with nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism. Design/methodology/approach – The governing equations for proposed model are simplified using “long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation.” Numerical solutions have been presented for “velocity, pressure gradient, the solid volume fraction nanoparticles, temperature profile and density of motile microorganisms.” The effects of various flow parameters, i.e Hartmann number, the solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles amplitude ratio, Prandtl number, bioconvection Peclet number, bioconvection constant, bioconvection Rayleigh number are presented. Findings – The author finds that the pressure rise increases with an increase in Hartmann number, Grashof number bioconvection, Rayleigh number and buoyancy ratio in the peristaltic pumping section. Originality/value – The peristaltic flow nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganism is explore...
Magnetospheric sawtooth events during the solar cycle 23

[1] The Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere have a variety of responses to different solar activities. As a result, there are several types of magnetosphere response modes; one of which is termed sawtooth injection events. Currently, it is still unclear whether sawtooth events occurrence has a solar cycle dependence. Partially, this is due to a lack of an event list which covers a full solar cycle. In this research, we have extended our original event list to cover the solar cycle 23, which now includes 126 events from 1996 to 2007. Sawtooth events have been grouped into three categories based on their solar wind drivers: interplanetary coronal mass ejections, stream interaction regions, and others. Then we examine in detail whether sawtooth events occurrence has dependencies on solar cycle and season. We also test a hypothesis that sawtooth events occurrence is related to a threshold of total eroded magnetic flux at the magnetopause regardless of solar wind structures. This paper suggests understanding sawtooth events and other convection modes from solar wind magnetic flux or energy aspect rather than from structure aspect, which is an important idea to understand the complicated magnetosphere dynamics.
The Third Wave of Aeronautics: On-Demand Mobility

Aviation has experienced one hundred years of dynamic growth and change, resulting in the current air transportation system dominated by commercial airliners in a hub and spoke infrastructure. The first fifty years of aviation was a very chaotic, rapid evolutionary process involving disruptive technologies that required frequent adaptation. The second fifty years produced a stable evolutionary optimization of services based on achieving an objective function of decreased costs. In the third wave of aeronautics over the next fifty years, there is the potential for aviation to transform itself into a more rob ust, scalable, adaptive, secure, safe, affordable, convenient, efficient, and environmentally fare and friendly system. However, such a global optimization requires not only the ability to perform analyses of larger system of system impacts, but also the ability to consider new value propositions that involve different infrastructures and business models than those currently entrenched in the U.S. aerospace industry. While many hurdles exist, including technology, regulation, and perception; the third wave of aeronautics has the potential to mirror other on-demand market revolutions that have taken place over the past thirty years.
The effect of three-dimensional fields on bounce averaged particle drifts in a tokamak

The impact of applied 3D magnetic fields on the bounce-averaged precessional drifts in a tokamak plasma are calculated. Local 3D MHD equilibrium theory is used to construct solutions to the equilibrium equations in the vicinity of a magnetic surface for a large aspect ratio circular tokamak perturbed by applied 3D fields. Due to modulations of the local shear caused by near-resonant Pfirsch-Schluter currents, relatively weak applied 3D fields can have a large effect on trapped particle precessional drifts.
Abstract NS3: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Has Limitations in Inpatient Post Stroke Depression Screening

Background and Purpose: While the prevalence of post stroke depression (PSD) is high (ranging from 33% to 50%), it is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, impairing recovery for stroke survivors. Comprehensive Stroke Center designation now mandates depression screening. We aimed to evaluate the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as a depression screening tool in the inpatient setting for stroke patients. Methods: A single academic medical center initiated use of the HADS to screen for depression during acute hospitalization in patients with a primary stroke diagnosis. All stroke patients who met the following inclusion criteria between Sept. 2012 and June 2013 were screened: (1) Length of stay (LOS) ≥ to 5 days (2) medically stable (3) cognitively intact (4) no aphasia and (5) English speaking. NCHS data indicate the average inpatient LOS is 5.3 days, as such, we modified the HADS to ask patients to reflect upon their experience over the last five days. Therefore, patients were evaluated on ≥ ...
Orthography, Textual Criticism, and the Poetry of Job

In an article published in Eretz Israel in 1969, David Noel Freedman called attention to the great number of forms in the book of Job that are spelled without internal vowel markers ( matres lectionis ) where one might expect them.1 This is particularly remarkable in cases where diphthongs are contracted and unmarked by matres. Thus, we have JN instead of JIN (18:12; 40:16), HQN instead of nQ'NK (9:34; 13:21; 20:25; 33:7), JHK instead of jrTK (12:19; 33:19), ^jnn instead of' UpTIH (13:23; 1JTT in 32:7), NSH instead of (10:18; 15:13; Nim in 12:22; N3T in 28:11), Tin instead of Tim (34:32; Tin in 12:7, 8; Tin in 30:19), b^ instead of b^V (30:13; 35:3), jnn instead of JQTl (9:9; "flDn in 22:1), and so forth. By Freedmans count, there are forty-two such forms with contracted and unmarked diphthongs in the book, though one might also add conservative spellings like nip (2:2), nD (2:9), OVDQ (11:3), p*D (11:15), n£)pn (11:17), (18:16), )bp (37:2; nftp in 28:26), T1 (29:16; nirn in 13:6; Din in 31:13), and on^N (29:24).2 Moreover, there are a number of Ketiv readings that suggest a conservative orthography: IT for IT (5:18), innn for innn (9:13), lurrp for uznp (15: 15), imty for mby (20: 11), irp for iry (21:20), 1JTP for 1PT (24:1), mte for lTIW (27:15), lifcn for vfon (31:20), irftlinn for inSnnn (37:12), rfr for rfr (38:41), n£DJr> for (39:26), inn£DN for in hflN (39:30), and lins for nna (40:17). Drawing on the results of his joint dissertation with Frank Moore Cross, which argued in part that such spellings typified epigraphic Hebrew of the
REGROWTH AND OVERGROWTH OF THE THYMUS AFTER ATROPHY INDUCED BY THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS TO HUMAN INFANTS Benjamin Knox Rachford Lecture

The oral administration of adrenocorti-costeroids provokes rapid atrophy of the thymus which is followed consistently, after stoppage of the steroid, by rapid regrowth of the thymus and, in some cases, over-growth. Steroid-induced shrinkage of the thymus makes possible visualization of the true cardiac image which is often masked by the overlapping lobes of a large thymus. Such shrinkage may prevent the spurious diagnosis of cardiomegaly, and the use of more elaborate and hazardous methods such as opaque angiocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Steroid shrinkage of the thymus is indicated only in patients who have cardiac signs and symptoms combined with enlarged deformed mediastinums in which the true cardiac image cannot be seen radiographically. Steroid shrinkage is not indicated in patients who have cardiac signs and symptoms combined with small mediastinums, or in patients who have large mediastinums without cardiac signs and symptoms. Steroid shrinkage should not be tried when there are other factors which suggest greater than the probable benefits to be derived from their use. Massive rapid regrowth of the thymus following steroid-inducing atrophy was not associated with clinical signs or symptoms in any of our cases.
Modeling DNA Electrophoresis in Microfluidic Entropic Trapping Devices

Entropic trapping constitutes a novel scheme for separating various length strands of DNA using microfluidic chips etched to periodically varying depths. Deep portions of the chip, acting as entropic traps in a chain-length dependent manner, hinder DNA solute transport occurring under the influence of an externally-applied electric field. Together with knowledge of the average solute holdup time and device connectivity, as well as a lumped-parameter trap-scale (local) DNA transport model, generalized Taylor–Aris dispersion (macrotransport) theory for spatially periodic networks is employed to derive analytical expressions for a trio of chip-scale (global) transport process parameters, namely the solute dispersivity, number of theoretical plates, and separation resolution. These expressions are shown to furnish results that accord, at least qualitatively, with both experimental trends and data reported in the literature. In conjunction with simple macroscale experiments suggested by the theory, this coarse-grained model furnishes a paradigm for exploring the microscale phenomenon of entropic trapping in the context of the rational design of such devices.
A movie is worth more than a million data points

This paper describes a distributed visualization system called Spiegel, which displays and analyzes the results of N-body simulations. The result of a N-body simulation is an enormous amount of data consisting of information about how the bodies interact with each other over time. The analysis of this data is difficult because it is not always clear ahead of time what is important. The visualization system allows a user to explore the simulation by moving through time and space in a 3-dimensional environment. Because of its flexible architecture, the visualization system can be easily extended to add new features.
Role of Lymph Node Dissection in Primary Surgery for Thyroid Cancer

The preoperative evaluation of the clinically N0 neck and the operative management of cervical lymph nodes in patients with papillary and medullary thyroid cancer remains controversial. The appreciation that even patients with low-risk disease have a significant risk for recurrence has generated interest in a more comprehensive preoperative evaluation of the neck and has renewed debate on the extent of lymphadenectomy at the time of thyroidectomy. The authors recommend using preoperative ultrasound before thyroidectomy for all patients with thyroid cancer and before any subsequent surgeries for recurrent disease to identify the extent of lymph node metastases and thereby facilitate complete surgical removal of all gross disease in the neck. The optimal surgical procedure for removing cervical lymphadenopathy is compartment-oriented neck dissection based on the findings from preoperative ultrasound.
Residents' perceptions of implant surgical training in advanced education in prosthodontic programs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess residents’ perspectives on their implant surgical training in Advanced Education in Prosthodontic programs in the United States. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to all prosthodontic residents (N = 442). The 27 questions assessed the subjective and objective aspects of implant surgical training from the view of prosthodontic residents. The data were compiled and reported as frequencies. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: One hundred and ninety-eight responses (44.8%) were received and analyzed. Forty-seven percent (94) of the respondents felt that the philosophy of their programs regarding implant placement in prosthodontics was “optional but encouraged,” whereas 30% (60) felt that it was “mandatory.” The majority of the respondents (73%, 144) stated that their programs allowed them to place implants for their own patients. For those respondents who placed their own implants, 40% (58) of them indicated that the level of their clinical training was “competent.” Almost half of the respondents expressed that they would like to have a proficient level of clinical training in implant surgery by the completion of their residency programs. Forty-four percent (87) of the respondents felt their residency training adequately prepared them for implant surgery, whereas the other 37% (73) did not. For those who did not, 74% (55) felt their residency programs should have prepared them for implant surgical training. Conclusion: The current generation of prosthodontic residents has an opportunity to place implants in their programs and would like to be trained in surgical aspects of implant dentistry at the level of competency or higher.
Thermal performance evaluation for a microelectronics motor control system incorporating dynamic heat sources

A detailed transient thermal analysis for single-chip silicon Integrated Motor Control System with multiple dynamic heat sources with various applications in electronics packaging is performed using numerical simulations. The challenge resides in the transient thermal interaction between various dynamic heat sources, operating at high power surges for short time frames (in one case, the motor dissipates 120 W for 2.56 ms). Several operating steps are simulated, and the transient thermal behavior for each source is identified during the process. The peak motor temperature is reached during the intermediate step of the dynamic powering process. The low side motor reaches a peak temperature of /spl sim/88.4/spl deg/C after 2.1 s, while the final temperature reached by the motor after one full dynamic cycle (2.565 s) is /spl sim/69.7/spl deg/C. The DC current limit study indicates that the current over 1A will exceed the thermal budget. The case with a current limit of 0.5A reaches 135C after 4 cycles, below the 150/spl deg/C limit. The upper power limit is /spl sim/18 W (I/spl sim/0.5625) to keep the DC motor peak temperature below 150/spl deg/C. Additional numerical studies for an equivalent system were also performed with only the high side driver actively dissipating 120 W for 2.56 /spl mu/s. The peak temperature reached by the system during the first cycle (/spl sim/2.56 /spl mu/s) is /spl sim/65/spl deg/C. An analytical study was performed to predict and evaluate the steady state (final) temperature after a large number of dynamic powering cycles, based on heating/cooling behavior and superposition principle.
Histopathology of mice fed irradiated foods.

Abstract : This investigation was made to determine the possible harmful effects in mice of feeding a composite 100% irradiated diet composed of pork, chicken, milk, carrots and potatoes. Particular attention was directed toward the occurrence of lesions in the heart. (Author)
Postnatal persistence of epidermoid rests in the human middle ear.

It is widely believed that congenital cholesteatoma originates from epidermoid cell rests in the temporal bone. Congenital cholesteatomas of the anterior-superior middle ear may arise from such a rest, known as the epidermnoid formation (EF), which has been described by Michaels and others. The EF is thought to disappear by 33 weeks' gestation in most cases; however, if it persists beyond fetal life, it may provide a nidus for cholesteatoma formation. The authors studied human temporal bones from individuals ranging from 20 weeks' gestation to 5 years of age to investigate pre- and postnatal occurrence of the EF. A total of 106 temporal bones were surveyed; 76 of these were fetal specimens and 30 were postnatal. EFs were present in 14 (18.4%) of the fetal specimens; they were identified in four (13.3%) of the postnatal temporal bones, with the oldest being 2 years, 7 months of age. Multiple EFs within a single temporal bone were also present in some cases. Although the EFs were composed of cells morphologically identical to those of the external ear canal epidermis, none of the specimens showed keratinization. These findings support the contention that EFs do occasionally persist into postnatal life and may be a source of cholesteatoma. However, a clear transition from epidermoid formation to unequivocal cholesteatoma has not yet been demonstrated.
The effect of the polishing pad treatments on the chemical-mechanical polishing of SiO2 films

Abstract Polishing pads play an important role in chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) which has recently been recognized as the most effective method to achieve global planarization in very large scale integrated circuit multi-level interconnects. In this work, we have investigated CMP performances of SiO 2 as a function of the time of soaking the pad in water, pad conditioning, and pad surface temperature. It has been observed that the dynamic shear modulus G ' of an IC1000 pad decreases to two thirds of its dry value during 5 h water soaking, while its oxide removal rate remains practically unchanged. The shear modulus of a polishing pad also decreases with the increase of pad temperature. For example, G ' of an IC1000 pad drops approximately by a factor of 2 when temperature increases from 40 °C to 80 °C. Correspondingly, increases of both oxide removal rate and planarization efficiency, which is the step-height reduction per unit oxide removed on the “up feature”, have been observed when the slurry temperature increases (which raises the pad surface temperature). Pad conditioning is a crucial step in CMP. The oxide removal rate decreases with time during a CMP process without pad conditioning until reaching a low steady-state value. On the other hand, the planarization efficiency increases with time during a CMP process without pad conditioning. Possible mechanisms which may lead to these observations are discussed.
Management of Peripheral Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears in the Ulnar Positive Patient: Arthroscopic Repair Versus Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy

Purpose One pattern of injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is a traumatic peripheral tear located at the ulnar end of the TFCC. Since 1989, this specific injury has been classified as a Palmer type 1B lesion. Various treatment options have been described for 1B injuries, yet when there is coexistent ulnar positive variance, it can make the choice of treatment difficult. The purpose of this article is to help the surgeon decide how to treat type 1B lesions in ulnar positive patients by directly comparing arthroscopic repair (repair) to ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO). The null hypothesis was that repair and USO would provide equivalent postoperative improvement with regard to motion; Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score; visual analog scale (VAS) score; and grip strength. Methods We tested our hypothesis by retrospectively reviewing prospectively collected data from 51 patients treated surgically between 2000 and 2006 with type 1B tears in the setting of ulnar positive variance. Of these 51 patients, 27 were treated with arthroscopic repair and 24 with USO. All patients were evaluated before surgery as well as at final follow-up for active range of motion measurements, grip strength, DASH score, and VAS score. Radiographs were taken of all patients before surgery to confirm the presence of ulnar positive variance, and after surgery in the USO group to evaluate for bony union. Results At the final follow-up, we found no statistically significant difference between the repair and USO groups with regard to flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, or ulnar deviation. Likewise, there was no significant difference in grip strength, DASH scores, or VAS scores. When analyzing each cohort individually, both groups improved significantly after surgery with regard to DASH score, VAS score, and wrist extension. There was also a trend toward improved motion in all other directions except for an insignificant decrease in postoperative pronation in the repair group. Two patients in the USO group required additional surgery, with one revision performed for nonunion and one for painful hardware, which caused extensor carpi ulnaris tendonitis. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that type 1B TFCC tears in the ulnar positive patient can be managed equivalently well with repair or USO. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Stage D1 prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy and adjuvant hormonal treatment. Evidence for favorable survival in patients with DNA diploid tumors.

BACKGROUND Stage D1 disease is found in at least every sixth patient undergoing bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for clinically localized prostate cancer (PC). Previous recommendations for monotherapy using surgery, radiation, or systemic therapy alone for Stage D1 disease have usually been associated with a poor outcome in regard to progression and survival. Unlike other pathologic stages, D1 disease treated with RRP is mainly related to DNA ploidy pattern in regard to all end points (progression and survival) and immediate adjuvant hormonal treatment (AHT) rather than to the usual pathologic variables, including the number of positive nodes. METHODS Complete DNA ploidy information was available in 370 patients with Stage D1 disease (age range, 40-77 years; mean, 64 years) undergoing RRP with or without AHT with a follow-up of up to 22 years (mean, 5 years). RESULTS Overall, 80% of all DNA ploidy classes (diploid, 37%; tetraploid, 46%; and aneuploid, 17%) had AHT that highly significantly delayed progression for diploid (P less than 0.0001) more than tetraploid (P less than 0.0001) and more than aneuploid (P less than 0.0001) tumors. Significant prolongation of the disease-free interval might have improved the quality of life for tetraploid and aneuploid patients. Survival (crude and cause-specific) was significantly (P = 0.02) improved only for diploid patients who received AHT but not for tetraploid and aneuploid patients. This was due to the significantly accelerated death rate after progression in those patients with early AHT for tetraploid and aneuploid (but not diploid) tumors. Delayed (on progression only) AHT resulted in high progression rates for all DNA ploidy classes (aneuploid greater than tetraploid greater than diploid); e.g., 21 of 30 diploid patients progressed and 6 patients died from disease at a median of 31.5 months in spite of immediate hormone treatment on progression. RRP and AHT for patients with Stage D1 disease resulted in a highly significant delay in overall progression (76% at 10 years) and excellent local control, depending on DNA ploidy pattern (diploid greater than tetraploid greater than aneuploid) compared with a treatment regimen without AHT (24% overall nonprogression); only 20% of all patients with AHT are projected to die of disease at 10 years. Disease in diploid patients (37%) treated with AHT rarely progressed and those patients are unlikely to die of disease in 10 years or less; delayed (on progression) hormone treatment for diploid patients seemed ineffective. Inclusion of values for prostate specific antigen led to a higher failure rate on progression, and this is dependent on DNA ploidy class (diploid greater than tetraploid greater than aneuploid). CONCLUSION Only patients with nondiploid tumors should be entered into prospective studies using innovative adjuvant treatment protocols to improve survival.
CH2 (+) transfer to pyridine nucleophiles: a means of producing α-distonic ions.

The distonic radical cation C5H5N+−·CH2 can be generated by the reactions of neutral pyridine with the radical cations of cyclopropane, ethylene oxide, and ketene, as well as with the [C3H6]+ ion from fragmentation of tetrahydrofuran. The distonic product ion can be distinguished from isomeric methylpyridine radical cations because the former gives characteristic [M−CH2]+, [M − CH2NCH]+, and a doubly charged ion, all of which are produced on collisional activation. Furthermore, the distonic species completely transfers CH2 + to more nucleophilic, substituted pyridines. These properties are all consistent with the assigned distonic structure. Another distonic isomer, the (3-methylene) pyridinium ion, can be distinguished from the (1-methylene)pyridinium ion on the basis of their different fragmentation behaviors. The latter ion exhibits higher stability (lower reactivity) than the prototypal [·CH2NH3 +], making available a distonic species whose bimolecular reactivity can be readily investigated.
On the evaluation of ensemble averages

Abstract A non-local non-hamiltonian dynamics is suggested for generating ensemble averages for systems that can have non-trivial measures. Auxiliary variables which interact globally are used to generate deterministic time-reversal invariant chaotic dynamics. This method can be applied when the action is not known, as with staggered fermions.
Are the Nation's Leading Political Science Programs Practicing the Egalitarian Values Espoused in American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality, And if Not, How Can They?

The American Political Science Association (APSA) has roughly 14,000 members. In fall 2002, APSA appointed a “Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy” (TFIAD). The group's 15 members represented various prestigious American universities, including, for example, Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. TFIAD was tasked with assessing the relationship between economic inequality in America and changes in political participation rates in our representative democracy.
Pressure and Vacancy-Flow Effects on the Kirkendall Shift in Silver-Gold Alloys

A series of eight Kirkendall runs plus several supporting measurements were made in silver-gold alloys over the hydrostatic pressure range of 0-8 kbar. Reduction in the size of the Kirkendall shift was found to be due mostly to the effect of pressure on self-diffusion rates, with only about 8% of the reduction being due to changes in the activity-coefficient gradient. Agreement between the magnitude of the measured shift and the predicted value was better than 2%, providing substantial evidence for the validity of the vacancy-flow term in Manning's equation, which constitutes 28% of the total shift. Diffusion porosity was eliminated by the application of pressure for all pressures 10 bar and greater. Evidence was found which indicates that the activation volumes for silver and gold self-diffusion are equal within experimental error.
Molecular Markers for Sweet Sorghum Based on Microarray Expression Data

Using an Affymetrix sugarcane genechip, we previously identified 154 genes differentially expressed between grain and sweet sorghum. Although many of these genes have functions related to sugar and cell wall metabolism, dissection of the trait requires genetic analysis. Therefore, it would be advantageous to use microarray data for generation of genetic markers, shown in other species as single-feature polymorphisms (SFPs). As a test case, we used the GeSNP software to screen for SFPs between grain and sweet sorghum. Based on this screen, out of 58 candidate genes, 30 had single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from which 19 had validated SFPs. The degree of nucleotide polymorphism found between grain and sweet sorghum was in the order of one SNP per 248 base pairs, with chromosome 8 being highly polymorphic. Indeed, molecular markers could be developed for a third of the candidate genes, giving us a high rate of return by this method.
SRAM Cell Static Noise Margin and VMIN Sensitivity to Transistor Degradation

The SRAM cell sensitivity to transistor degradation is understood using a novel test methodology. A new, semi-empirical model that captures the observed trends is derived. The key findings include (a) cell sensitivity to NBTI degradation is high when low NMOS VT/ high PMOS VT combination arises (b) NBTI contribution to product VMIN drift arises mainly from the mean VTP shift which moves the overall distribution, and (c) NBTI-induced variance is overwhelmed by the time-zero variation of the six transistors of the SRAM. These findings enable a quantitative prediction that the NBTI-induced VMIN increase during burn-in is of the order of the NBTI-induced VT shift
Cyber defense Network Maneuver Commander

Network Maneuver Commander (NMC) is a research project to develop a prototype cyber command and control (C2) system that maneuvers network-based elements preemptively, and to develop performance metrics to be used for the evaluation of cyber dynamic defense solutions. The Network Maneuver Commander addresses the gap area between active information operations & reactive information assurance defenses, by focusing on the introduction of artificial diversity of hardware platforms, operating systems, IP addresses and hypervisors. NMC also establishes metrics to determine the benefit of these defensive techniques. The goals of the research were to increase the investment an attacker must make to succeed, increase the exposure of an attacker to detection as the attacker is forced to out-maneuver target reconfigurations, increase the uncertainty of the success of the attack, increase the survivability in the presence of attacks, and to define metrics associated with cyber operations for dynamic defense.
Referral and screening for substance abuse treatment in jails.

As jails and prisons have become filled to capacity with inmates arrested and convicted for drug-related offenses, efforts have intensified to reduce subsequent drug use, drug-related crime, and recidivism among this population. Faced with the drug abuse epidemic, treatment resources in the community have expanded more quickly than in detention and corrections facilities. Many large jails and prisons do not presently have a substance abuse treatment program despite clear evidence of widespread drug and alcohol dependence problems among inmate populations. Where substance abuse treatment resources are available, administrators face difficult choices in determining which inmates will receive services. This paper provides a discussion of issues related to referral and screening procedures for in-jail substance abuse treatment programs. Referral and screening systems implemented in several jails across the country are reviewed.
A Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Puccinia horiana and P. chrysanthemi on Chrysanthemum

Abstract Puccinia horiana, the cause of chrysanthemum white rust, is a regulated fungal plant pathogen in the United States, while P. chrysanthemi, the cause of chrysanthemum brown rust, is a widespread but less destructive pathogen. Accurate identification is essential to enforce quarantine measures, but the two species cannot be differentiated visually in the absence of mature spores or symptoms. A multiplex real-time PCR assay was developed to detect and discriminate between P. chrysanthemi and P. horiana. Species-specific hydrolysis probes labeled with different fluorescent dyes were designed based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region. Seven fresh samples and 270 herbarium specimens of chrysanthemum rust were tested with the assay with results confirmed using spore morphology. P. horiana and P. chrysanthemi were accurately detected from all fresh samples, and as little as 1 pg of template DNA was reproducibly detected. Of the herbarium specimens, 99% were positive for at least one species us...
Size-Related Plasticity Effects in AFM Silicon Cantilever Tips

We are developing dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to determine nanoscale elastic properties. Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) makes use of the resonant frequencies of an AFM cantilever while its tip contacts the sample surface at a given static load. Our methods involve nanosized silicon probes with tip radius R ranging from approximately 10 nm to 150 nm. The resulting radius of contact between the tip and the sample is less than 20 nm. However, the contact stress can be greater than a few tens of gigapascals, exceeding the theoretical yield strength of silicon by a factor of two to four. Our AFAM experiments indicate that, contrary to expectation, tips can sometimes withstand such stresses without fracture. We subjected ten tips to the same sequence of AFAM experiments. Each tip was brought into contact with a fused quartz sample at different static loads. The load was systematically increased from about 0.4 µN to 6 µN. Changes in tip geometry were observed in images acquired in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) between the individual AFAM experiments. All of the tips with R 40 nm plastically deformed under such loads. However, a group of tips with R from 25 nm to 30 nm neither broke nor deformed during the tests. In order to reach higher contact stresses, two additional tips with similar values of R were used in identical experiments on nickel and sapphire samples. Although the estimated stresses exceeded 40 GPa, we did not observe any tip fracture events. Our qualitative observations agree with more systematic studies performed by other groups on various nanostructures. The results emphasize the necessity of understanding the mechanics of nanometer-scaled bodies and the impact of size effects on measurements of mechanical properties on such scales.
Self-routing control algorithms and the passability of random inputs by the base-line network

Abstract The average bandwidth of (complete) cross-bar and multistage interconnection networks built out of smaller cross-bars under random inputs have been analyzed by a number of authors. This approach, while very useful, has a basic difficulty. Once the input to the network is generated (randomly or otherwise), since the network control algorithms are deterministic, this average-case approach does not shed light on what happens to any specific random input, but merely characterizes the ensemble average. In this paper, we first define new passability condition which includes the now well-known condition of passability of permutations as a special case. Using this condition, we then analyze the passability properties of different subclasses of random inputs. It is shown that the base-line network (which is a representative of an interesting class of unique path networks) is very robust in the sense that it can pass a variety of random inputs in much the same way as it handles the set of passable permutations.
The future of drama therapy

Abstract The author surveys the discipline of drama therapy as it exists in 2005 and discusses its current identity as a profession, including its strengths and weaknesses in terms of training, theory and practice, research and mentoring. While offering a critical perspective, the author looks toward the future, elaborating upon the challenges facing drama therapists and offering a vision of where the field ought to be headed.
EFFECTS OF IRREGULAR BOUNDARIES IN A LAYERED HALF-SPACE ON SEISMIC WAVES

Abstract Seismic waves through a layered half-space with geometrically irregular boundaries (surface and/or interfaces) are investigated. Wave scattering occurs at these irregular boundaries, resulting in coupling between P-SV and SH waves, which is not the case in a perfectly layered half-space. A first order perturbation technique is applied to solve such a three-dimensional wave scattering problem. Specifically, the total wave field, generated by a seismic dislocation source buried in the layered half-space, is decomposed into two wave fields. One is a mean wave field, which is response field in a perfectly layered half-space subjected to a seismic dislocation source. This can be solved using a reflectivity method; i.e., an approach combining integral transform and wave propagation analysis in terms of reflection and transmission properties of portions of the layers. The other is a scattered wave field, which is due to the existence of irregular boundaries. The effects of the irregular boundaries on the scattered wave field are equivalent to those of fictitious discontinuity sources acting on the corresponding perfectly boundaries. The intensity of the fictitious discontinuity source depends on both the mean wave field and the irregularities. The solution for the scattered wave field is then obtained using the same approach as for the mean wave response field. The effects of the irregular boundaries on the seismic wave responses, especially on the ground motion responses, are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. This is fundamentally important to the issue that whether the irregular boundaries can or cannot be approximately considered as flat ones, which is associated with the simplification of a complex model for the real earth media subjected to the seismic waves. Numerical examples are presented for illustration.
Perceptions of competence and locus of control for positive and negative outcomes: predicting depression and adjustment to college

Abstract The relationship locus of control (LOC) and perceived competence have with depression and academic and social adjustment was examined in two studies. In study 1, internal LOC for positive but not negative outcomes was associated with lower levels of depression. Perceived competence, the belief that you can affect outcomes in your life, accounted for additional variance in depression scores beyond that of LOC. In study 2, LOC and competence were examined for their relationship to academic and social adjustment. As in study 1, internal LOC over positive outcomes was associated with better adjustment than internal LOC over negative outcomes. Perceptions of competence explained variance in adjustment scores beyond that explained by LOC. Domain-specific measures of control and competence also contributed to an explanation of both social and academic adjustment. The results contradict previous research indicating that LOC over positive and negative outcomes are both beneficial.