cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling unobserved true position using multiple sources and information semantics

We present a modeling framework that supports semantically informed statistical inference about unobserved true location and positional uncertainty for geographic information spanning multiple sources. We demonstrate the use of a semantic representation of information sources to support construction of a Bayesian belief network that operationalizes the data integration process. Our approach allows for positional data, metadata, and other ancillary and derived information to inform inference regarding unobserved true position. In our application, we use two line feature datasets and a set of GPS data points describing a portion of the street network in Laramie, Wyoming. Using source metadata we inform prior distributions. Additionally, we use feature straightness to illustrate how form and process – gridded streets and the process of the Public Land Survey – can be used to improve inference for true position. The presented modeling framework is suitable for multiple data sources when the best data are not ...
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to augment reach and hand opening after stroke

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) may be able to augment functional arm and hand movement after stroke. However, neuroprostheses that combine voluntary effort and FES must take into account the co-contraction patterns (synergies) that are common across multiple joints. The goal of this study is to determine the principles under which voluntary effort and FES can be combined to achieve useful reach and hand opening. A reach and hand opening task is performed where different levels of voluntary effort and FES are applied to produce reach while measuring the level of hand opening that FES can produce at the hand. Initial results indicate that low levels of voluntary effort allow both greater reach and the largest hand opening response to FES.
A review of some recent developments in robust regression

In situations where the goal is to understand how a random variable y is related to a set of p predictor variables, modern robust regression methods can be invaluable. One reason is that even one unusual value in the design space, or one outlier among the y values, can have a large impact on the ordinary least squares estimate of the parameters of the usual linear model. That is, a single unusual value or outlier can give a highly distorted view of how two or more random variables are related. Another reason is that modern robust methods can be much more efficient than ordinary least squares yet maintain good efficiency under the ideal conditions of normality and a homoscedastic error term. Even when sampling is from light-tailed distributions, there are situations where certain robust methods are highly efficient compared to least squares, as is indicated in this paper. Most applied researchers in psychology simply ignore these problems. In the hope of improving current practice, this paper reviews some of the robust methods currently available with an emphasis on recent developments. Of particular interest are methods for computing confidence intervals and dealing with heteroscedasticity in the error term.
Where do the query terms come from?: an analysis of query reformulation in collaborative web search

This paper presents a user study aiming to investigate the query reformulation in collaborative Web search. 7 pairs of participants were recruited and each pair worked as a team on two collaborative exploratory Web search tasks. Through the log analysis, we compared possible sources for participants to draw query terms from. The results show that both search and collaborative actions are possible resources for new query terms. Traditional resources for query expansion such as previous search histories and relevant documents are still important resources for new query terms. The content in chat and workspace generated by participants themselves seems more likely to be the resource for new query terms than that of their partners. Task types also affect the influences on query reformulations. For the academic task, previously saved relevance documents are the most important resources for new query terms while chat histories are the most important resources for the leisure task.
Comparison of success rates using video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy by residents during a simulated pediatric emergency

Objective Emergency airway situations are relatively rare events in pediatrics with most graduating residents having little exposure to intubate. Newer video technology offers the promise of reducing complications associated with intubation. This study proposes that video laryngoscopy (VL) should aid less skilled residents to intubate an infant mannequin with greater success and speed as compared with traditional direct laryngoscopy (DL). Methods Pediatric (PED) and emergency medicine (EM) residents were randomized in a prospective controlled study. A standard respiratory failure scenario was conducted using SimBaby with an uncomplicated airway. Residents who inadvertently performed esophageal intubation were made aware as part of the scenario and allowed to reattempt until successful. Results Sixty-nine residents voluntarily participated, 49% EM and 51% PED. Seven subjects in the DL group required multiple attempts (21%), compared with 6 subjects in the VL group (17%) (P = 0.718). Median time to intubation was 30 seconds (95% confidence interval [CI], 19-41 seconds) for DL and 39 seconds (95% CI, 36-42 seconds) for VL (P = 0.111). Comparison of programs revealed a 77% PED success rate versus 85% EM success rate (P = 0.578) and median time to intubation of 38 seconds (95% CI, 31-45 seconds) for PED compared with 32 seconds (95% CI, 23-41 seconds) for EM residents (P = 0.316). In a subanalysis, subjects successful at first attempt revealed a 13-second median difference (DL, 23 seconds [95% CI, 18-28 seconds] vs. VL, 36 seconds [95% CI, 29-43 seconds; P = 0.01). Conclusions In a simulated respiratory failure scenario involving residents, VL provided no additional success over DL with slightly longer time to intubation.
Nanotube devices: Watching electrons in real time.

Terahertz measurements allow the electronic properties of carbon nanotube transistors to be explored at high frequencies, which should hasten the development of new devices based on these materials.
Sagittal suture as an external landmark for the superior sagittal sinus

Object. Historically, the sagittal suture has been used as an external landmark to indicate the middle portion of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). The goal of this study was to verify this relationship. Methods. The authors examined 30 adult cadavers to reveal the location of the SSS with respect to the sagittal suture. Their findings demonstrated that the SSS is deviated to the right of the sagittal suture in the majority of observed specimens, although the maximum displacement to the right side was never more than 11 mm. Conclusions. This information should be useful to the neurosurgeon who must be aware of the SSS and its relationship with superficial skull landmarks.
Teaching about Dying and Death in a Multidisciplinary Student Group.

A number of dimensions which emerged in instructing a multidisciplinary class of medical students, nursing students, social work students and theology students about dying and death are discussed i...
Leveraging diversity to optimize performance in mobile networks

To cope with the rapid increase in mobile data traffic volume, mobile network operators can leverage the diversity in traffic patterns to improve network performance. In this paper, we show how can mobile network operators leverage diversity across different devices and geographical regions to improve traffic models and radio resource allocation, respectively. We conduct trace-driven simulations using data sets collected from an operational mobile network to evaluate our proposed approaches. Our experimental results indicate that diversity-aware traffic model refinements can improve the accuracy of traffic models and radio resource allocation.
Inhibition of C5a receptor alleviates experimental CNS lupus

To investigate the role of C5a generated on complement activation in brain, the lupus model, MRL/lpr mice were treated with C5a receptor(R) antagonist (ant). Neutrophil infiltration, ICAM, TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA expression, neuronal apoptosis and the expression of p-JNK, pSTAT1 and p-Erk were reduced and p-Akt increased on C5aR inhibition in MRL/lpr brains. MRL/lpr serum caused increased apoptosis in neurons showing that lupus had a direct effect on these cells. C5aRant pretreatment prevented the lupus serum induced loss of neuronal cells. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that C5a/C5aR signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CNS lupus.
Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Drill Pipes in Deep Drilling Oil and Natural Gas Wells

Corrosion fatigue (CF), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC), or environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) have been identified as the most challenging causes of catastrophic brittle fracture of drill pipes during drilling operations of deep oil and natural gas wells. Although corrosion rates can be low and tensile stresses during service can be below the material yield stress, a simultaneous action between the stress and corrosive environment can cause a sudden brittle failure of a drill component. Overall, EAC failure consists of two stages: incubation and propagation. Defects, such as pits, second-phase inclusions, etc., serve as preferential sites for the EAC failure during the incubation stage. Deep oil and gas well environments are rich in chlorides and dissolved hydrogen sulfide, which are extremely detrimental to steels used in drilling operations. This article discusses catastrophic brittle fracture mechanisms due to EAC of drill pipe materials, and the corrosion challenges that need to be overcome for drilling ultra-deep oil and natural gas wells.
Modular Structure of Glucocorticoid Receptor Domains Is Not Equivalent to Functional Independence STABILITY AND ACTIVITY OF THE STEROID BINDING DOMAIN ARE CONTROLLED BY SEQUENCES IN SEPARATE DOMAINS

A long-standing conundrum of glucocorticoid receptors has been why the steroid binding domain is active in hybrid proteins but not in isolation. For this reason, the precise boundaries of the steroid binding domain have not been defined. These questions have now been systematically examined with a variety of receptor deletion constructs. Plasmids encoding amino acids 537-673 and 537-795 of the rat receptor did not yield stable proteins, while the fusion of receptor or non-receptor sequences upstream of 537-673 afforded stable proteins that did not bind steroid. Wild type steroid binding affinity could be obtained, however, when proteins such as β-galactosidase or dihydrofolate reductase were fused upstream of receptor amino acids 537-795. Studies of a series of dhfr/receptor constructs with deletions at the amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends of the receptor sequence localized the boundaries of the steroid binding domain to 550-795. The absence of steroid binding upon deletion of sequences in the carboxyl-terminal half of this domain was consistent with improperly folded receptor sequences. This conclusion was supported by analyses of the proteolysis and thermal stability of the mutant receptors. Thus, three independent regions appear to be required for the generation of the steroid binding form of receptors: 1) a protein sequence upstream of the steroid binding domain, which conveys stability to the steroid binding domain, 2) sequences of the carboxyl-terminal amino acids (674-795), which are required for the correct folding of the steroid binding domain, and 3) amino-terminal sequences (550-673), which may be sufficient for steroid binding after the entire steroid binding domain is properly folded. These results establish that the steroid binding domain of glucocorticoid receptors is not independently functional and illustrate the importance of both protein stability and protein folding when constructing mutant proteins.
Cloud twin: interactive cross-platform replay for mobile applications

Software companies spend substantial resources to port mobile applications to run on multiple competing platforms. Creating individual program versions for different platforms further exacerbates the maintenance burden. Cloud Twin solves the heterogeneity problem of the mobile application market by executing mobile applications written for one platform natively on another platform.
Development of PLGA-based itraconazole injectable nanospheres for sustained release.

Purpose Itraconazole (ITZ) is a synthetic triazole antifungal agent, which is widely used for treatment and prevention of fungal infections. The purpose of this study is to develop ITZ-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres (PLGA-ITZ-NS) as a new sustained-release formulation for intravenous ITZ administration.
Effects of workers' compensation on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with hand and wrist disorders.

Background: Workers’ Compensation differs from standard insurance, and it is unclear how or if Workers’ Compensation insurance influences the diagnosis and treatment of hand and wrist disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnosis and course of treatment of hand disorders between patients with Workers’ Compensation insurance and patients with standard insurance. Methods: The complete medical records of patients who visited an academic orthopaedic hand clinic between January 2005 and January 2007 were reviewed, and information on patient history, utilization of diagnostic tests, diagnosis, surgery, and wait-time to surgery was collected. Patients with Workers’ Compensation insurance and those with other, third-party coverage were analyzed and compared. Patients without insurance were excluded from this study. Results: 1413 patients (representing 2121 diagnoses) were included in the study. One hundred and sixteen patients (8%) had Workers’ Compensation insurance and 1297 patients (92%) had standard insurance. Patients with Workers’ Compensation insurance were younger than patients with standard insurance (mean age, forty-three years compared with fifty years, respectively; p < 0.05) and were also more likely to be male (50% compared with 40%, respectively; p = 0.04). Generally, Workers’ Compensation patients more often had neurological conditions (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in the most common diagnoses between the two groups. Patients with Workers’ Compensation underwent surgery slightly more often than did patients with standard insurance (44% compared with 35%, respectively; p = 0.07) and had a higher average number of visits before undergoing surgery (2.3 visits compared with 1.2 visits, respectively; p < 0.05). Twenty-three (45%) of the fifty-one patients with Workers’ Compensation insurance who received a diagnosis indicating the need for surgery underwent surgery after the first visit, compared with 316 (69%) of 458 patients with standard insurance (p < 0.05). Patients with Workers’ Compensation insurance were more likely than patients with standard insurance to undergo electrodiagnostic testing (26% compared with 15%, respectively; p < 0.01) or magnetic resonance imaging (16% compared with 9%, respectively; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Compared with patients receiving standard insurance, patients receiving Workers’ Compensation insurance have a greater number of clinic visits before undergoing surgery and receive more diagnostic testing. More research is needed to explore these differences and their potential clinical and economic consequences. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Regression equations to predict segmental moments of inertia from anthropometric measurements: An extension of the data of Chandler et al. (1975)

A set of regression equations was developed to fully utilize the data of Chandler et al. (AMRL Technical Report 74-137, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 1975) to estimate segmental moments of inertia in living subjects. Using anthropometric measurements as predictors, moments of inertia can be computed about both transverse and longitudinal axes passing through each segment's center of mass. Symmetry about segment long axes is assumed. Because of the small sample size upon which these equations are based, it is suggested that they be used cautiously, especially to avoid extrapolation to subjects having anthropometric measurements outside the range of sample values.
Geochemical behavior of inorganic germanium in an unperturbed estuary

Abstract Eleven monthly estuarine profiles of dissolved inorganic germanium (Gei) and silica (Si) in a natural, pristine river/bay system demonstrate that Ge-removal and -input parallel the seasonal silica cycle, reflecting Ge-uptake by and -dissolution from diatoms. The Ge/Si atom ratio of the river is 0.6 ± 0.15 × 10−6, which is near the average value for continental granites and for uncontaminated, remote, natural rivers (0.7 ± 0.3 × 10−6). The Ge Si ratio escaping this estuary to the ocean is 0.8 × 10−6, reflecting some estuarine enhancement of the fluvial Ge-flux, probably due to release of Gei from fluvial particulates. Nevertheless, the post-estuarine Ge Si ratio is not significantly different from the continental crustal ratio but is very different from the ratio in sea-floor hot springs and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal plumes (4 ± 2 × 10−6) and in oceanic basalts (2.6 × 10−6). Thus natural estuarine processes do not obscure the contrasting Ge Si signatures entering the ocean from dissolution of continental and sea-floor silicates.
Phase shift based measurements using a pocket LCD projector

Phase shifting based measurements have been well established for use in both interferometry and structured light based measurements. The use of modern LCD, DLP or LCOS based projectors to create and shift projected patterns for use in phase shifting systems has provided new capabilities such as pattern masking, adjustable resolutions and active preprocessing, along with many challenges. Now the latest consumer projection technology has made available low cost, pocket-sized projectors, some with built in memory. These small projectors open up the possibility of mini-phase shift systems, as well as the possibility of portable measurement systems. This paper explores some of the possibilities for systems made with pocket size pattern projectors, and what some of the limitations may be that will need to be overcome. Experimental data will be presented that illustrates some of these challenges.
A comparison of titania overlayers on Pt, Pd and Rh

Abstract The interactions between titanium oxide and Pt, Pd, and Rh have been studied by incorporating titanium oxide onto the clean metal foils. Auger electron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption of CO and H 2 were used to characterize the oxide layers. On all three metals, a monolayer species could be formed which had a stoichiometry of approximately TiO. Complete suppression of CO and H 2 adsorption was observed at an oxygen coverage approximately 1 × 10 15 /cm 2 on each surface. However, differences in the titania layers on each metal were observed at high temperatures. On Pt, the titanium oxide species dissolved reversibly into the bulk when the sample was heated above 1300 K. On Rh, the oxide layer remained on the surface at temperatures as high as 1400 K, although evidence was found that significant quantities of titanium oxide were present in the bulk. On Pd, the layer decomposed at 1100 K to form a PdTi alloy. These results are used to discuss the strong metal-support interactions observed with TiO 2 -supported metals.
Analysis of Narrowband Active Noise and Vibration Control Systems Using Parallel Adaptive Notch Filters

This paper analyzes narrowband active noise and vibration control (ANVC) systems using multiple second-order adaptive filters configured in parallel form with the filtered-x least mean square algorithm. Theoretical analysis of convergence of the algorithm is based on the autocorrelation and crosscorrelation matrices of the overall parallel structure. Analysis results show that extra harmonics are induced in the residual error because of using a single error signal to update all adaptive filters with different sinusoidal reference signals. An optimized filter-adapting method which uses bandpass filters to split the error signal into multiple bandlimited error signals according to frequencies of reference signals is proposed to improve the performance of narrowband ANVC systems in steady state. Computer simulations are conducted to verify analysis results and performance of the optimized narrowband ANVC system.
Indigenous Film Festivals as Eco-Testimonial Encounter: The 2011 Native Film + Video Festival

In struggles for political and cultural recognition many Indigenous groups employ visual media to make their concerns heard. Amongst these various channels for media activism are Indigenous film festivals which, in the words of festival coordinator Amalia Cόrdova, work to convey ‘a sense of solidarity with Indigenous struggles’. Cόrdova’s essay on Indigenous film festivals appears in the collection Film Festivals and Activism (2012). In the introduction to the collection co-editor Leshu Torchin writes about activist festivals as testimonial encounters or fields of witnessing where the films offer testimony and the audiences serve as witnessing publics, ‘viewers [who] take responsibility for what they have seen and become ready to respond’. To better understand how Indigenous film festivals embody these activist imperatives as eco-activism I consider the case of the 2011 Native American Film and Video Festival (NAFVF) with its special eco-themed focus Mother Earth in Crisis. In my analysis of NAFVF I consider both the testimonies of the films and the festival context in which they are placed; by doing so I add to the growing scholarship in ecocinema studies which within the last ten years has become a legitimate and crucial aspect of ecocriticism’s purview – though surprisingly, with little attention devoted to film festivals. Through this analysis, by articulating what I term the oblique testimony, I argue that Indigenous film festivals are often strongly reflective of the environmental concerns and hopes of Native peoples and suggest ecological engagements that place them in the terrain of environmental film festivals. [excerpt]
Regularity properties for triple systems

Szemeredi's Regularity Lemma proved to be a powerful tool in the area of extremal graph theory [J. Komlos and M. Simonovits, Szemeredi's Regularity Lemma and its applications in graph theory, Combinatorics 2 (1996), 295-352]. Many of its applications are based on the following technical fact: If G is a k-partite graph with V(G) = ∪ki=1 Vi, |Vi| = n for all i ∈ [k], and all pairs {Vi, Vj}, 1 ≤ i < j ≤ k, are e-regular of density d, then G contains d??nk(1 + f(e)) cliques K(2)k, where f(e) → 0 as e → 0. The aim of this paper is to establish the analogous statement for 3-uniform hypergraphs. Our result, to which we refer as The Counting Lemma, together with Theorem 3.5 of P. Frankl and V. Rodl [Extremal problems on set systems, Random Structures Algorithms 20(2) (2002), 131-164), a Regularity Lemma for Hypergraphs, can be applied in various situations as Szemeredi's Regularity Lemma is for graphs. Some of these applications are discussed in previous papers, as well as in upcoming papers, of the authors and others.
Broodstock Selection Criteria for Induced Spawning of Channel Catfish for the Production of Channel × Blue Catfish Hybrid Fry and the Influence of Temperature

Abstract Hybrid catfish (female channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × male blue catfish I. furcatus) can be obtained by induced spawning and artificial fertilization; the results, however, are variable. A threshold degree of maturity must be reached before broodfish can be induced to spawn, but selection of such fish can be very subjective. In the present study, female brood channel catfish were classified subjectively as poor, fair, or good as well as on the basis of body weight, total body length, body width and girth, and the ratios of these measurements. Brood females were held at 24, 26, and 28°C in 100-L aquaria and injected with synthetic analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone at 20 μg/kg, followed 12 h later by an additional injection of 100 μg/kg. Data were collected regarding spawning success, time to egg release following injection, fecundity, egg diameter, hatching, and survival rates. For the population as a whole at all three temperatures the spawning rate was 73.8%, but among fe...
Cadmium in naturally-occurring water hyacinths

Abstract Water hyacinth [ Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] is an effective fertillizer, mulch, soil amendment and fodder for cattle and sheep. The consequences of the ability of the plant to accumulate heavy metals needs consideration. Small and large water hyacinth ecotypes collected from two “rural” rivers in Florida, the Peace and Withalachoochee respectively, were examined for an accumulation of cadmium from the natural environment. Less than trace amounts (below limits of detection, 2.5ppb) were present. Water hyacinths tested for cadmium accumulation under laboratory conditions exhibited a pronounced ability to absorb and accumulate the metal. The roots contained 0.982 mg of the 2.0 mg cadmium presented to the plant. The distribution of the metal within the plant was 76.7% in the roots, 22.4% in the stems with the remainder in the leaves. Of the total cadmium presented to the plant, 80.8 ± 3.0% was recovered by the plant after 7 days, the mean generation time of the plant. With increasing urbanization, accumulation of cadmium by water hyacinths exists. It is either an asset or a potential hazard and needs to be appreciated.
Determinants of distal radius fracture management in polytrauma patients

Background Over 640,000 distal radius fractures occur annually in the United States. No studies have been performed looking specifically at polytrauma patients who sustain distal radius fractures. We sought to determine variables affecting management of distal radius fractures in polytrauma patients.
Homeless Women: A High-Risk Population

This study of 51 homeless women in Albany, New York, used in-depth personal interviews to obtain descriptive-correlational data regarding demographic characteristics, the precipitants and concomitants of homelessness, sources of income, informal support networks, current problems, and goals for the future. The diversity of problems found among these women necessitates interventions that will address the unique subgroups in the homeless population and that are tailored to the specific needs of homeless women and their children.
A Subset Selection Procedure for Regression Variables

Given a regression model with p independent variables, several methods are available for selecting a subset of size t < p which gives an adequate description of the dependent variable. By using the capabilities of the computer, one can now determine the subset corresponding to the largest sample multiple correlation coefficient or equivalentiy the smallest residual mean square. Due to sampling variation, however, there is no guarantee that this corresponds to the smallest value of the expected residual mean square. A procedure is presented to determine a collection of subsets, each of given size t, having the property that the probability of including the subset corresponding to the smallest value of the expected residual mean square is bounded below by some prespecified constant, 1—α. An example using real data is examined to illustrate the technique.
Calcium sensor parameters and readout configurations for activity-dependent homeostatic regulation of pyloric network rhythms in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion

In central pattern generating (CPG) neural networks,activity-dependent homeostatic regulation (ADHR) hasbeen proposed to explain the experimentally observedrobust activity that persists in spite of constant molecularturnover and environmental changes. In the pyloric CPGnetwork of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion (STG),ADHR is dependent on and correlated with levels of intra-cellular calcium, which acts as a second messenger thataffects ion channel and synaptic properties of the cell. Pre-vious studies showed that calcium sensors can be used tomaintain stable activity levels in individual model neu-rons [1] and pyloric rhythms in one model network [2].For regulation, these studies used deviations of the cal-cium current from a target value. However, they did notaddress the choice of sensor activation and inactivationvariables, and the robustness of selected parameters andsensor configurations in the network. To address theseissues, we developed a testbed that judges the quality of asensor by using its readings to make a prediction aboutwhether a network activity pattern is functional.To make predictions, we used a classifier trained with sen-sor readings from a model pyloric network database [3].Based on their selected activity characteristics being simi-lar to biological data, 2% of these networks were labeledas functional. In each testbed with different sensor place-ments and parameters, the percentage of functional net-works correctly predicted by the classifier is indicated witha success rate.Directly using the average calcium concentration from thethree model cells of the network resulted in a 52% predic-tion success if shuffled, establishing a control case, com-pared to 77% without shuffling. Using average calciumcurrent instead of the concentration, we obtained a simi-lar success (77%), supporting the choice by earlier cal-cium sensor models [1,2]. We confirmed that the successrate increased by the addition of activation (78%) andinactivation (86%) variables in the averaged sensors,showing that the inactivation component is indispensable(see Figure 1). By testing all combinations of selected acti-vation and inactivation parameters, we found their opti-mal values. It is biologically reasonable for the sensorminimal and maximal values to be involved in regulationand using them in addition to the sensor averagesincreased the success to 87%. Finally, using the fast, slowand DC sensors proposed earlier [1] together in the samecell marginally increased the success further to 88%.Taken together, our results suggest that activity sensing forADHR of the pyloric network can potentially be achievedwith relatively few, simple calcium sensors and that theproperties of these sensors need not necessarily beadjusted to the particular role of each neuron in the net-work.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage on computed tomography scanning and the development of cerebral vasospasm: the Fisher grade revisited

Abstract Background The Fisher grade (FG) is widely used to predict cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We revisited the grading scale to determine its validity in the era of modern management. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 134 patients with SAH. The amount and distribution of subarachnoid blood on admission computed tomography (CT) scan was quantified according to the FG and compared with development of symptomatic vasospasm. Results We reviewed 134 patients (median age, 54) who presented with aneurysmal SAH. Six (5%) were FG 1, 34 (25%) were FG 2, 25 (19%) were FG 3, and 69 (51%) were FG 4. Symptomatic vasospasm developed in no (0%) FG 1, 8 (24%) FG 2, 7 (28 %) FG 3, and 13 (19%) FG 4 patients (28 of 134 total patients; 21%). Development of symptomatic vasospasm was not associated with admission FG, Hunt and Hess grade, age, sex, or location of blood on presenting CT scan. Elevated transcranial Doppler blood flow velocity was associated with blood in the basal cisterns ( P = .0047), lateral ventricles ( P = .026), or blood in any ventricle ( P = .04). Postoperative angiograms were obtained in 57 patients; moderate to severe vasospasm was observed in 5 (15%) FG 2, 6 (24%) FG 3, and 14 (20%) FG 4 patients. Twenty patients (71%) with symptomatic vasospasm had moderate or severe angiographic vasospasm. Angiographic vasospasm was associated with intraventricular blood ( P = .054) but not with FG. Conclusions Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 21% of cases. The FG correlated with symptomatic vasospasm in only half the patients. A new predictive CT grading scale for vasospasm may be necessary.
Moisture redistribution and textural changes in stored model sandwiches

Moisture migration and instrumental and sensory texture changes were determined in model cheese sandwich structures in which bread water activity was varied by glycerol level. Sandwiches and components were evaluated both after assembly and 4-week ambient storage by uniaxial compression and mathematical description of stress-strain relationships, assessment of sensory characteristics by a trained panel, correspondence between predicted and actual stress-strain relationships, and mass-balance analysis of moisture migration between cheese, bread crumb and bread crust. Textural changes occurred as a result of both aging and moisture migration, and the accuracy of fitted "predicted" stress-strain relationships of the composites varied according to the extent of moisture migration. Sensory assessments of key textural attributes of sandwich composites and components, before and after storage, were significantly correlated with measured mechanical parameters.
BK channel news: full coverage on the calcium bowl.

The large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BKCa) is well positioned to assume diverse physiological functions because it is ubiquitously expressed in many cell types. Some of the functions recently proposed for this channel offer unexpected surprises, however, such as a role in innate immunity
Integrated transmission and generation planning model in a deregulated environment

After the deregulation of the Power Sector in the U.S., planning for generation and transmission capacities is decentralized. There is, however, still need for the long term integrated planning of generation and transmission capacities at the macro level, since these two sectors must operate in a coordinated manner. This paper presents a model for integrating generation and transmission expansion planning to identify an indicative expansion plan for the total sector at the macro level. The argument for an integrated model is supported using evidence from integrated planning efforts in real life systems. The application of the proposed model is illustrated using an example that requires expansion of generation and transmission capacities over three regions in a deregulated power system. The example considers that addition of generating capacity should come from renewable sources. The test results show the potential cost saving from integrated planning.
Safety of a Preadolescent Basketball Program

A preadolescent youth basketball program was prospectively studied to determine injury rates and the kinds of injuries sustained. The overall injury rate was 7.6% (39 injuries among the 510 children aged 5 to 12 years). Girls had a higher injury rate than boys (P less than .02). Only 12 children (2.4%) suffered significant injuries as defined by the inability to play for at least one session. Most injuries were contusions (35.9%), followed by strains or sprains (28.2%), epistaxis (12.8%), lacerations (5.1%), and one finger fracture (2.6%), the most significant injury. Games were more likely to produce injuries than practice sessions; most injuries occurred in the second half of game play. This study documents a low injury rate in an organized preadolescent basketball program.
Do not rush the river: a Common Frame of Reference, the Restatements of the Law, and the Court of Justice of the European Union

Whether and in what way European private law would benefit from the erection of a Common Frame of Reference has been an intensely debated topic. While much substantive analysis has been performed, too few comparative doctrinal arguments concerning the method and merit of harmonisation have thus far informed the debate. After a cursory examination of the status quo, the paper turns to the USA in order to glean learning experiences from the American private law story, with particular emphasis on the Restatements of the Law. The analysis reveals that European private law is still in a phase of organic development, and needs to remain therein a while longer; it argues that any thoughts of adopting the current Draft Common Frame of Reference would be premature; and it offers avenues of reform centred, among other things, around an increased assumption of responsibility on the part of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Electrohydrodynamic flow around a colloidal particle near an electrode with an oscillating potential

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow around a charged spherical colloid near an electrode was studied theoretically and experimentally to understand the nature of long-range particle–particle attraction near electrodes. Numerical computations for finite double-layer thicknesses confirmed the validity of an asymptotic methodology for thin layers. Then the electric potential around the particle was computed analytically in the limit of zero Peclet number and thin double layers for oscillatory electric fields at frequencies where Faradaic reactions are negligible. Streamfunctions for the steady component of the EHD flow were determined with an electro-osmotic slip boundary condition on the electrode surface. Accordingly, it was established how the axisymmetric flow along the electrode is related to the dipole coefficient of the colloidal particle. Under certain conditions, the flow is directed toward the particle and decays as r−4, in accord with observations of long-range particle aggregation. To test the theory, particle-tracking experiments were performed with fluorescent 300 nm particles around 50μm particles over a wide range of electric field strengths and frequencies. Treating the particle surface conductivity as a fitting parameter yields velocities in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The observed frequency dependence, however, differs from the model predictions, suggesting that the effect of convection on the charge distribution is not negligible as assumed in the zero Peclet number limit.
Interactions among Paternal Behavior, Steroid Hormones, and Parental Experience in Male Marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)

Male black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii) contribute to the rearing of their offspring. Here we evaluated predictions of hypotheses suggesting that (1) T and E2 influence infant-care behavior in male marmosets, (2) levels of T and E2 are modulated by paternal experience, and (3) paternal behavior and levels of T and E2 in male marmosets covary with stress. We observed the behavior of marmosets in their family groups following the birth of infants and evaluated urinary concentrations of T, E2, and the stress hormone cortisol (CORT) among fathers before and after the birth of young. Urinary levels of T, E2, and CORT were lower among males who carried infants at high rates than males who carried at low rates, and T and CORT levels were negatively correlated with carrying rates across all males. Males had significantly lower T levels while carrying the second compared to the first litter and slightly lower rates of infant-carrying, possibly due to assistance provided by offspring of the first litter. There were increases in CORT levels of fathers after the birth of the first litter, but decreases in CORT after the birth of the second. Our results suggest a relationship in C. kuhlii between paternal behavior, hormones, and paternal experience. Rates of infant-carrying appear to be linked to hormone levels, and hormone levels in turn are affected by experience caring for young. Our data also suggest that T, E2, and CORT have synergistic influences on infant-carrying behavior or alternatively that associations between T and E2 and rates of infant-carrying are influenced by stress or other glucocorticoid-related variables. Finally, we propose a hypothesis suggesting that experience-related changes in hormones reinforce the commitment of males to successful breeding partnerships.
Nanomonitors: electrical immunoassays for protein biomarker profiling

Aims: The objective of this research is to develop a ‘point-of-care’ device for early disease diagnosis through protein biomarker characterization. Here, we present label-free, high sensitivity detection of proteins with the use of electrical immunoassays that we call nanomonitors. Materials & methods: The basis of the detection principle lies in the formation of an electrical double layer and its perturbations caused by proteins trapped in a nanoporous alumina membrane over a microelectrode array platform. Results & discussion: High sensitivity and rapid detection of study protein biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases, C-reactive protein (CRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in pure and clinical samples through label-free electrical detection were achieved. CRP and MPO were detected in pure solutions with a lower detection limit of 200 pg/ml and 500 pg/ml, respectively. These two study proteins were also detected from multiplexed samples containing a mixture of both proteins as well as human serum samples. Co...
Childhood Precursors of Personality Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment

The term “borderline,” though originally confined to adult patients, began to be applied about a generation ago also to children, thanks in part to the work of Paulina Kernberg (1990), and, around the same period, Kenneth Robson (1983). In the chapter I had contributed to Robson’s book I expressed my reservations about the term in relation to child psychiatry, drawing attention to the following problem:
Visual working memory for trained and novel polygons

This study investigates whether training changes the capacity of visual working memory (VWM). We compared change detection performance for novel and trained polygons. During training, subjects developed familiarity with 8 random polygons. Specifically, 4 polygons from a set of 8 were presented on each trial. After a brief retention interval, one of the polygons changed and subjects judged which one had changed (Exps. 1–2) or whether there was a change (Exp. 3). After 320 training trials, subjects could recognize the trained polygons with high accuracy. In the testing phase, subjects carried out the same task again, only this time each trial might contain all familiar polygons, all novel polygons, or a mixture of familiar and novel polygons. We found that change detection performance improved during training, but the improvement was not limited to trained polygons. We suggest that familiarity of non-nameable shapes plays a limited role in modulating the capacity of VWM.
Enteritis and Colitis in Horses

Enteritis and colitis remain challenging and life-threatening diseases despite many recent advances. Successful treatment is largely dependent on early recognition and directed therapy, which is facilitated by obtaining a complete history and physical examination. A number of new therapies and methods of monitoring critically ill patients have become integral components of treatment success. The critical monitoring of equine foals and adults continues to be an exciting and emerging field.
Microwave radiometer measurements of soil moisture content

A unique set of radiometer measurements is presented, recorded during a 1000-h day and night monitoring of irrigated fields from fully saturated to completely dry. Radiometer measurements were recorded at 2.8-cm ( X -band) and 21.4-cm ( L -band) wavelengths for a range of incident angles from nadir to 50\deg . Soil moisture and soil temperature profile measurements were recorded to a depth of 15 cm. The test site was located in east-central Texas on a clay soil (Miller clay). Three bare-surface plots were used, each having a distinctly different surface roughness. Vegetated plots were also measured. The data quantify the sensitivity of microwave radiometer measurements to soil moisture variations, the effect of surface roughness on the measurement, and the influence of surface vegetation.
A Facility Location Model for Bidirectional Flows

Recent research on reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chains has produced a number of specialized network design models. We develop three generic facility location models for the integrated distribution and collection of products that accommodate a variety of applications and industries. These models quantify the value of integrated decision making in the design of forward and reverse logistics networks throughout different stages of a product's life cycle. The formulations extend the uncapacitated fixed-charge location model to include the location of used product collection centers and the assignment of product return flows to these centers. In addition, we develop a Lagrangian relaxation-based solution algorithm that is both quick and effective. We measure the implications of integrated decision making by comparing the total facility and transportation costs of our joint optimization models with the cost of solutions in which forward and reverse facility location decisions are made sequentially or independently of one another. In addition, we discuss the implications of integrated decision making on network configuration and introduce a new network similarity measure to quantify this analysis. Computational results are also presented.
Functional Dissection of sRNA Translational Regulators by Nonhomologous Random Recombination and In Vivo Selection

Small nontranslated RNAs (sRNAs) regulate a variety of biological processes. DsrA and OxyS are two E. coli sRNAs that regulate the translation of rpoS, which encodes a protein sigma factor. Due to their structural complexity, the functional dissection of sRNAs solely by designing and assaying mutants can be challenging. Here, we present a complementary approach to the study of functional RNAs, in which highly diversified RNA libraries are generated by nonhomologous random recombination (NRR) and processed efficiently by in vivo selections that link RNA activities to cell survival. When applied to DsrA and OxyS, this approach rapidly identified essential and nonessential regions of both sRNAs. Resulting hypotheses about DsrA and OxyS structure-function relationships were tested and further refined experimentally. Our findings demonstrate an efficient, unbiased approach to the functional dissection of nucleic acids.
Effect of composition on the magnetic and elastic properties shape-memory Ni-Mn-Ga

The growing interest in ferromagnetic shape-memory Ni-Mn-Ga for implementation in actuator applications originates from the fact that this class of materials exhibits large strains when driven by a magnetic field. Large bidirectional strains up to a theoretical 6% are produced in these materials by twin boundary motion as martensite variants rotate to align respectively parallel or perpendicular to applied magnetic fields or stresses. These strains represent a significant improvement over piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials. In this paper, we report on experimental measurements conducted on Ni-Mn-Ga cylindrical rods subjected to uniaxial stresses and uniaxial magnetic fields which were applied collinearly along the magnetic easy axis direction of the rods. To this end, a test apparatus was developed which consists of a water-cooled solenoid actuator and a loading fixture. Despite the lack of a readily recognizable mechanism for reversible deformations, bidirectional strains as large as 4300 ppm (0.43%) were observed, or three times the saturation magnetostriction of Terfenol-D. This paper presents room-temperature data including magnetization hysteresis, strain versus field and peak strain versus stress curves collected over a range of stresses between 0-65 MPa. From the latter set of curves, blocking force values are estimated as those for which the strain is 1% of the maximum (zero-load) strain. The results illustrate the sensitivity of material behavior with respect to composition at different driving conditions and offer insight on the choice of material compositions at which maximum actuation performance is achieved.