cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regularities, Natural Patterns and Laws of Nature

The goal of this paper is to sketch an empiricist metaphysics of laws of nature. The key idea is that there are regularities without regularity-enforcers. Differently put, there are natural laws without law-makers of a distinct metaphysical kind . This sketch will rely on the concept of a natural pattern and more significantly on the existence of a network of natural patterns in nature. The relation between a regularity and a pattern will be analysed in terms of mereology. Here is the road map. In section 2, I will briefly discuss the relation between empiricism and metaphysics, aiming to show that an empiricist metaphysics is possible. In section 3, I will offer arguments against stronger metaphysical views of laws. Then, in section 4 I will motivate nomic objectivism. In section 5, I will address the question 'what is a regularity?' and will develop a novel answer to it, based on the notion of a natural pattern. In section 6, I will raise the question: 'what is a law of nature?', the answer to which will be: a law of nature is a regularity that is characterised by the unity of a natural pattern.
Slim by design: serving healthy foods first in buffet lines improves overall meal selection.

Objective Each day, tens of millions of restaurant goers, conference attendees, college students, military personnel, and school children serve themselves at buffets – many being all-you-can-eat buffets. Knowing how the food order at a buffet triggers what a person selects could be useful in guiding diners to make healthier selections. Method The breakfast food selections of 124 health conference attendees were tallied at two separate seven-item buffet lines (which included cheesy eggs, potatoes, bacon, cinnamon rolls, low-fat granola, low-fat yogurt, and fruit). The food order between the two lines was reversed (least healthy to most healthy, and vise-versa). Participants were randomly assigned to choose their meal from one line or the other, and researchers recorded what participants selected. Results With buffet foods, the first ones seen are the ones most selected. Over 75% of diners selected the first food they saw, and the first three foods a person encountered in the buffet comprised 66% of all the foods they took. Serving the less healthy foods first led diners to take 31% more total food items (p<0.001). Indeed, diners in this line more frequently chose less healthy foods in combinations, such as cheesy eggs and bacon (r = 0.47; p<0.001) or cheesy eggs and fried potatoes (r = 0.37; p<0.001). This co-selection of healthier foods was less common. Conclusions Three words summarize these results: First foods most. What ends up on a buffet diner’s plate is dramatically determined by the presentation order of food. Rearranging food order from healthiest to least healthy can nudge unknowing or even resistant diners toward a healthier meal, helping make them slim by design. Health-conscious diners, can proactively start at the healthier end of the line, and this same basic principle of “first foods most” may be relevant in other contexts – such as when serving or passing food at family dinners.
Impurity-induced states in conventional and unconventional superconductors

We review recent developments in our understanding of how impurities influence the electronic states in the bulk of superconductors. Our focus is on the quasi-localized states in the vicinity of impurity sites in conventional and unconventional superconductors and our goal is to provide a unified framework for their description. The non-magnetic impurity resonances in unconventional superconductors are directly related to the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states around magnetic impurities in conventional s-wave systems. We review the physics behind these states, including quantum phase transition between screened and unscreened impurity, and emphasize recent work on d-wave superconductors. The bound states are most spectacularly seen in scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements on high-$T_c$ cuprates, which we describe in detail. We also discuss very recent progress on the states coupled to impurity sites which have their own dynamics, and impurity resonances in the presence of an order competing with superconductivity. Last part of the review is devoted to influence of local deviations of the impurity concentration from its average value on the density of states in s-wave superconductors. We review how these fluctuations affect the density of states and show that s-wave superconductors are, strictly speaking, gapless in the presence of an arbitrarily small concentration of magnetic impurities.
Three-Dimensional Fully Spectral Numerical Method for Mantle Convection with Depth-Dependent Properties

A semi-implicit fully spectral collocation method for the simulation of three-dimensional mantle convection with depth-dependent thermodynamic and transport properties is presented. The variable property Navier-Stokes equation expressed in terms of the primitive variable velocity and pressure is solved with the mass continuity and temperature equations. The periodic horizontal boundary conditions allow a Fourier expansion for the two horizontal directions. The stress-free, impermeable isothermal boundary conditions along with the depth dependent coefficients are handled with a Chebyshev expansion in the vertical direction. In the limit of an infinite Prandtl number appropriate to mantle convection, the inertial terms in the momentum equation are unimportant. In this case an explicit solution of a Poisson equation for pressure can be avoided; instead a fourth-order equation for vertical velocity can be solved. Simultaneous imposition of both impermeable and continuity boundary conditions during the vertical velocity evaluation is discussed. The pressure distributions on the top and bottom bounding planes were determined by means of an influence matrix technique. The numerical method employed here avoids time-splitting errors and enforces velocity boundary conditions and continuity over the entire domain, including the boundaries, to machine accuracy. Strongy time-dependent three-dimensional solutions up to a surface Rayleigh number of 1 × 107 have been obtained. Strong upwellings, pulsating chaotically, are formed by the collective merging of cylindrical plumes.
ION-BEAM-INDUCED MIGRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON CONCENTRATION PROFILES*

The mechanisms by which ion irradiation influences atomic transport are reviewed, including cascade mixing, enhanced diffusion via mobile point defects, rapid diffusion along extended defects, and solute trapping at irradiation damage. The effects of these processes on measured concentration profiles are considered for high-energy ion beam analysis.
New results on the peak algebra

The peak algebra $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}$$ is a unital subalgebra of the symmetric group algebra, linearly spanned by sums of permutations with a common set of peaks. By exploiting the combinatorics of sparse subsets of [n?1] (and of certain classes of compositions of n called almost-odd and thin), we construct three new linear bases of $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}$$ . We discuss two peak analogs of the first Eulerian idempotent and construct a basis of semi-idempotent elements for the peak algebra. We use these bases to describe the Jacobson radical of $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}$$ and to characterize the elements of $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}$$ in terms of the canonical action of the symmetric groups on the tensor algebra of a vector space. We define a chain of ideals $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}^{j}$$ of $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}$$ , j = 0,..., $${\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor}$$ , such that $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}^{0}$$ is the linear span of sums of permutations with a common set of interior peaks and $$\smash{\mathfrak{P}_{n}{\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor}}$$ is the peak algebra. We extend the above results to $$\mathfrak{P}_{n}^{j}$$ , generalizing results of Schocker (the case j = 0).
Intramolecular Ir(I)-catalyzed benzylic C-H bond amination of ortho-substituted aryl azides.

Iridium(I) catalyzes the intramolecular benzylic C−H bond amination of ortho-homobenzyl-substituted aryl azides to produce indolines at 25 °C.
A Social Network Analysis of the Literature on Management Control

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the literature on management control published in accounting and management journals. Social network analysis of citation data from the 25-year period 1981–2005 enables us to examine topics and ties among researchers. Social ties have important consequences for the development of the literature, shaping topics, research methods, and the diffusion of knowledge. We observe minimal communication between the two disciplines, appearing as two distinct communities despite similar interests. This lack of communication includes citations and authoring across the two disciplines. When citations across disciplines occur, it is almost exclusively accounting authors citing management authors, not vice versa. There is virtually no joining of accounting and management scholars within social networks. Within the two broader communities, there also exist smaller research clusters. While we cannot determine the impact this has on our understanding of management control, we discuss possibl...
Oxidation of [60]fullerene by the methyltrioxorhenium-hydrogen peroxide system

Abstract Methyltrioxorhenium catalyzes the oxidation of C 60 by hydrogen peroxide to give C 60 O. The reaction continues to produce C 60 O 2 and higher oxides. The yield of C 60 O represents a modest improvement over that given by other methods. The reaction conditions can be manipulated to give high conversions of the C 60 .
DESCENT CONSTRUCTION FOR GSPIN GROUPS: MAIN RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS

The purpose of this note is to announce an extension of the descent method of Ginzburg, Rallis, and Soudry to the setting of essentially self dual representations. This extension of the descent construction provides a complement to recent work of Asgari and Shahidi [2] on the generic transfer for general Spin groups as well as to the work of Asgari and Raghuram [1] on cuspidality of the exterior square lift for representations of $GL_4$. Complete proofs of the results announced in the present note will appear in our forthcoming article(s).
Higher derivatives estimate for the 3D Navier–Stokes equation

Abstract In this article, a nonlinear family of spaces, based on the energy dissipation, is introduced. This family bridges an energy space (containing weak solutions to Navier–Stokes equation) to a critical space (invariant through the canonical scaling of the Navier–Stokes equation). This family is used to get uniform estimates on higher derivatives to solutions to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations. Those estimates are uniform, up to the possible blowing-up time. The proof uses blow-up techniques. Estimates can be obtained by this means thanks to the galilean invariance of the transport part of the equation.
Cuprates—An Overview

A brief overview is given of the problem of high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates, with emphasis on theoretical ideas.
Synthesis and use of glycosyl phosphates as glycosyl donors.

Differentially protected glycosyl phosphates prepared by a straightforward synthesis from glycal precursors are used as powerful glycosyl donors. Activation of β-glycosyl phosphates by TMSOTf at −78 °C achieves the selective formation of β-glycosidic linkages in excellent yields with complete stereoselectivity. Reaction with thiols results in the conversion of glycosyl phosphates into thioglycosides in nearly quantitative yield. An orthogonal coupling strategy using glycosyl phosphate donors and thioethyl glycoside acceptors allows for the rapid synthesis of a trisaccharide.
Energetic Materials in Ceramics Synthesis

Combustion of a proper combination of an oxidizer and a fuel can produce the exothermicity required for the simultaneous synthesis of oxide ceramic powders. Oxidizers include metal nitrates, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate, while urea, carbohydrazide, glycine and others have been used successfully as fuels. Combustion methods are particularly well-suited to producing multicomponent metal oxides, yielding compositionally homogeneous, fine particles with low impurity content. Organic fuels, particularly those containing nitrogen, also serve as a complexant in the precursor, which inhibits inhomogeneous precipitation from occurring prior to combustion. The exothermic redox decomposition of these oxidizer-fuel mixtures is initiated at low temperatures, usually <250°C. Properties of the products are influenced by the nature of the fuel and the oxidizer/fuel ratio. Many technologically important oxide ceramics have been produced by these methods.
An asymmetric isoxazole annulation

An Asymmetric isoxazole annulation proceeds from the (S)-O-methoxyphenylalaninol imine of (RS)-2-phen-ylpropionaldehyde (3). Deprotonation, quenching with 4-chloromethyl-3,5-dimethylisoxazole, and hydrolysis produced isoxazolylaldehyde (5), whose structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffractometry. The absolute configuration of (-)-5 was established as (R)-by chemical correlation to the known (S)-(-)-4-methyl-4-phenyl-cyclohex-2-ene-1-one (7).
Noncoherent decoder-assisted frame synchronization for packet transmission

We propose a noncoherent decoder-assisted (NDA) frame synchronizer, a two-stage, synchronization scheme based on the list-synchronization principle [P. Robertson, 1992], [M. Howlader and B. Woerner, 2001], for serially concatenated coded differential modulation (SCCD) system [K. R. Narayanan and G. L. Stuber, 1999] in packet transmission. For the first stage, we derive a suitable noncoherent maximum likelihood (SNML) rule, more effective for the noncoherent decoder's operating region of smaller channel phase offsets, to provide a reliable list of potential frame starting positions. For the second stage, we propose a hybrid sync method by exploiting the combined sign difference ratio (SDR) and sync word log-likelihood ratio (SW LLR) information [M. Howlader and B. Woerner, 2001] to obtain more reliable final decisions and reduce computational complexity. Performance and complexity of the proposed scheme are evaluated under constant and time-varying phase offsets in the AWGN channel via Monte Carlo simulation.
The institutionalization of knowledge transfer activities within industry–university collaborative ventures

Abstract Due to the changing competitive landscape, organizations must increasingly focus on acquiring external knowledge to advance new technologies. This study examines the institutionalization of knowledge transfer activities between industrial firms and university research centers. Data were collected from 189 firms collaborating with 21 university research centers in the US. Results show that knowledge transfer activities are facilitated when industrial firms have more mechanistic structures, cultures that are more stable and direction-oriented, and when the firm is more trusting of its university research center partner. Implications for both industry and universities, including their effect on firm performance, are discussed.
Heat Transfer, Adiabatic Effectiveness, and Injectant Distributions Downstream of a Single Row and Two Staggered Rows of Compound Angle Film-Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented that describe the development and structure of flow downstream of one row and downstream of two staggered rows of film-cooling holes with compound angle orientations. With the compound angle configuration, holes are inclined at 35 deg with respect to the test surface when projected into the streamwise/normal plane, and 30 deg with respect to the test surface when projected into the spanwise/normal plane. Within each row, holes are spaced 7.8 hole diameters apart, which gives 3.9d spacing between adjacent holes,for the staggered row arrangement
Hybrid approach to the synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe/ZnS and CdHgTe/ZnS nanocrystals.

We report the synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe/ZnS and CdHgTe/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). A hybrid of two synthesis routes leads to novel nanocrystal compositions and small core/shell sizes (4−5 nm) that emit in the far-red and near-infrared regions. These particles exhibit higher resistance to oxidation and photobleaching, have high quantum yields, and could be used for biological labeling and imaging.
Differential geometry on linear quantum groups

An exterior derivative, inner derivation, and Lie derivative are introduced on the quantum group GL q (N). SL q (N) is then found by constructing matrices with determnant unity, and the induced calculus is found.
Interplay between perturbative and non-perturbative effects in the stealthy Higgs model

We study corrections to electroweak precision variables in a model with strongly interacting singlet Higgs particles.
How to steal a botnet and what can happen when you do

Botnets, which are networks of malware-infected machines that are controlled by an adversary, are the root cause of a large number of security threats on the Internet. A particularly sophisticated and insidious type of bot is Torpig, which is a malware program that is designed to harvest sensitive information (such as bank account and credit card data) from its victims. In this talk, I report on our efforts to take control of the Torpig botnet for ten days. Over this period, we observed more than 180 thousand infections and recorded more than 70 GB of data that the bots collected.
Confinement effects on chemical reactions—Toward an integrated rational catalyst design

Abstract Most chemical reactions of practical interest are carried out in nano-structured materials, which can enhance reactions due to their large specific surface area, their interactions with the reacting mixture and confinement effects. An experimental investigation of the role of each possible catalytic effect is challenging, since experimental measurements reflect an integration over multiple effects. In this work, we present a review of our most recent research on some of the factors that can influence a chemical reaction in confinement through the study of several model systems. We first consider the influence of steric hindrance on the equilibrium and kinetics for the rotational isomerizations of several small hydrocarbons [E.E. Santiso, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, K.E. Gubbins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (2007), in press]. These examples illustrate how reaction rates can vary doubly exponentially with the dimensions of the confining material (the ‘shape-catalytic’ effect). As a second example, we consider the unimolecular decomposition of formaldehyde on graphitic carbon pores of various sizes [E.E. Santiso, A.M. George, K.E. Gubbins, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, J. Chem. Phys. 125 (2006) 084711]. These results illustrate the influence of electrostatic interactions with the supporting material on the reaction mechanism and equilibrium yield for reactions involving a charge transfer. As a final example, we consider the interaction of a water molecule with a defective carbon substrate as an example of a chemical interaction that can be enhanced through a shape-catalytic effect. We first show using ab initio calculations how a vacancy site on a graphene surface can induce the thermal splitting of water at relatively low temperatures [M.K. Kostov, E.E. Santiso, A.M. George, K.E. Gubbins, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 136105]. We then examine the dissociation on a vacancy site on a nanotube surface, which shows the shape-catalytic effect of the surface curvature. These results are a first step toward the design of catalytic materials that take advantage of different enhancing effects simultaneously.
Book-to-market, dividend yield, and expected market returns: A time-series analysis

Abstract We find reliable evidence that both book-to-market (B M) and dividend yield track time-series variation in expected real stock returns over the period 1926 91 (in which B M is stronger) and the subperiod 1941–1991 (in which dividend yield is stronger). A Bayesian bootstrap procedure implies that an investor with prior belief 0.5 that expected returns on the equal-weighted index are never negative comes away from the full-period B/M evidence with posterior probability 0.08 for the hypothesis (0.14 with the impact of the 1933 outlier tempered). Although this raises doubts about market efficiency, the post-1940 evidence is consistent with expected returns always being positive.
QUANTUM ax+b GROUP AS QUANTUM AUTOMORPHISM GROUP OF k[x]

ABSTRACT By introducing a result that guarantees a given bialgebra to be a Hopf algebra under a natural condition, we show that the quantum automorphism group of the algebra k[x] of polynomials over a field k (of any characteristic) is the universal quantum ax+b group , generalizing the fact that the automorphism group of k[x] is the ax+b group. The q-deformation of the ax+b group is then seen as one among a certain family (q ∈ k, n an integer) of quantum subgroups of this universal quantum group.
Prospective study of cancer detection in black and white men with normal digital rectal examination but prostate specific antigen equal or greater than 4.0 ng/mL.

BACKGROUND The serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration with no clinical evidence of prostate carcinoma is higher and more variable in black than in white American men. The influence of this phenomenon on relations between race, PSA, and cancer detection in men with a PSA greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL has not been investigated. METHODS Between January 1992 and December 2000, 451 black and 480 white men with a normal digital rectal examination and a PSA greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL had an initial prostate biopsy at one medical center. The histology of the biopsy specimens and the Gleason score of malignant specimens was determined by one uropathologist. RESULTS Cancer was detected in 207 (46%) black and 167 (35%) white men (P = 0.0006). When adjusted for PSA, cancer detection was also greater in the black than the white men, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance (relative risk, 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.71; P = 0.06). Gleason score 7–10 cancer was detected in 88 (20%) black and 45 (9%) white men (P = 0.0001), and the difference remained significant when adjusted for PSA (relative risk, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.16–2.61; P = 0.0008). In the intermediate PSA range of 4.0–9.9 ng/mL, cancer detection and Gleason score 7–10 cancer detection was greater in black than in white men younger than 60, 60–69, and 70 years of age or older, but the difference was significant only for Gleason score 7–10 cancer detection among men 60–69 years of age (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS There is a direct correlation between Gleason score and cause specific survival with local stage prostate carcinoma. The authors' study indicates that prostate carcinomas with established malignant potential are more likely to be identified in black than in white men with PSA elevation as the only indication of malignancy and raises the possibility that a PSA threshold less than 4.0 ng/mL in black men younger than 70 years of age may reduce racial disparities in prostate carcinoma morbidity and mortality. Cancer 2002;94:1661–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10446
AEuAsS3 (A = Li, K, Rb, and Cs): New As3+ species from an arsenic-rich polysulfide flux.

Four europium compounds, LiEuAsS3 (I), KEuAsS3 (IIa), RbEuAsS3 (IIb), and CsEuAsS3 (IIc), containing As3+ were synthesized in molten alkali-metal polysulfide salts. An As-rich flux was found to be necessary to stabilize the pyramidal building unit [AsS3]3−. All crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with two new structure types. Compound I features a new coordination mode for the [AsS3]3− unit and three-dimensional [Eu(AsS3)]− framework. Compounds IIa−c are isostructural and feature a layer of [Eu(AsS3)]− with an unusual μ5-sulfide anion in a umbrella-like geometry. The compounds are paramagnetic semiconductors with an energy gap of ∼2.0 eV.
Unbounded and dominating reals in Hechler extensions

We give results exploring the relationship between dominating and unbounded reals in Hechler extensions, as well as the relationships among the extensions themselves. We show that in the standard Hechler extension there is an unbounded real which is dominated by every dominating real, but that this fails to hold in the tree Hechler extension. We prove a representation theorem for dominating reals in the standard Hechler extension: every dominating real eventually dominates a sandwich composition of the Hechler real with two ground model reals that monotonically converge to infinity. We apply our results to negatively settle a conjecture of Brendle and Lowe (Conjecture 15 of [4]). We also answer a question due to Laflamme.
Married women's retirement behavior.

In this paper we examine the economic and family determinants of married women's retirement behavior. A life cycle model of wives' retirement decisions is tested empirically using data on working married women from the Longitudinal Retirement History Survey. This exploratory analysis indicates that family considerations are more important in wives' retirement decisions than own economic opportunities. These findings contrast with those obtained previously for male workers and if substantiated by other research could have important implications for policy questions regarding pension and Social Security reform.
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS AND POTENTIAL-ENERGY CURVES FOR GEBR

Abstract Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves of several low-lying electronic states of the GeBr radical are computed using the complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent filed (CASSCF) followed by first- and second-order configuration interaction (FOCI, SOCI) methods which included up to a million configurations. Our computed spectroscopic constants confirm the assignments of X , A , A ′, B , and C states. Spectroscopic properties of several other electronic states below 30 000 cm −1 are predicted, which are yet to be observed.
Transfer in reinforcement learning via shared features

We present a framework for transfer in reinforcement learning based on the idea that related tasks share some common features, and that transfer can be achieved via those shared features. The framework attempts to capture the notion of tasks that are related but distinct, and provides some insight into when transfer can be usefully applied to a problem sequence and when it cannot. We apply the framework to the knowledge transfer problem, and show that an agent can learn a portable shaping function from experience in a sequence of tasks to significantly improve performance in a later related task, even given a very brief training period. We also apply the framework to skill transfer, to show that agents can learn portable skills across a sequence of tasks that significantly improve performance on later related tasks, approaching the performance of agents given perfectly learned problem-specific skills.
Spin-One Top Partner: Phenomenology

Cai, Cheng, and Terning (CCT) suggested a model in which the left- handed top quark is identied with a gaugino of an extended gauge group, and its superpartner is a spin-1 particle. We perform a phenomenological analysis of this model, with a focus on the spin-1 top partner, which we dub the \swan". We nd that
Template directed photodimerization of trans-1,2-bis(n-pyridyl)ethylenes and stilbazoles in water

Template induced photodimerization of trans-1,2-bis(n-pyridyl)ethylene dihydrochlorides and trans-n-stilbazole hydrochlorides within cucurbit[8]uril in aqueous media leads to high yields of the syn dimer.
Poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate)-bound ruthenium carbene complex: a fluorous and recyclable catalyst for ring-closing olefin metathesis.

The synthesis of a fluorous olefin metathesis catalyst derived from the Grubbs second-generation ruthenium carbene complex is described. The air stable fluorous polymer-bound ruthenium carbene complex 1 shows high reactivity in effecting the ring-closing metathesis of a broad spectrum of diene and enyne substrates leading to the formation of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted cyclic olefins in minimally fluorous solvent systems (PhCF3/CH2Cl2, 1:9−1:49 v/v). The catalyst can be readily separated from the reaction mixture by fluorous extraction with FC-72 and repeatedly reused. The practical advantage offered by the fluorous catalyst is demonstrated by its sequential use in up to five different metathesis reactions.
Achieving high availability in distributed databases

An approach is presented for managing distributed database systems in the face of communication failures and network partitions. The approach is based on the idea of dividing the database into fragments and assigning each fragment a controlling entity called an agent. The goals achieved by this approach include high data availability and the ability to operate without promptly and correctly detecting partitions. A correctness criterion for transaction execution, called fragmentwise serializability, is introduced. It is less strict than the conventional serializability, but provides a valuable alternative for some applications. >
Advocacy as a Scientific Strategy: The Mitroff Myth

A committee created a fictitious author, Ian Mitroff, who published a paper that violated scientific guidelines. The Mitroff paper recommended an advocacy strategy for scientific research; it said that scientists should vigorously defend their initial hypothesis. I use the advocacy strategy to scientifically prove that Mitroff does not exist.
Continuity of the Perron root

That the Perron root of a square nonnegative matrix varies continuously with the entries in is a corollary of theorems regarding continuity of eigenvalues or roots of polynomial equations, the proofs of which necessarily involve complex numbers. But since continuity of the Perron root is a question that is entirely in the field of real numbers, it seems reasonable that there should exist a development involving only real analysis. This article presents a simple and completely self-contained development that depends only on real numbers and first principles.
Numerical Analysis of a Journal Bearing With a Heterogeneous Slip/No-Slip Surface

The no-slip boundary condition is part of the foundation of the traditional lubrication theory. It states that fluid adjacent to a solid boundary has zero velocity relative to the solid surface. For most practical applications, the no-slip boundary condition is a good model for predicting fluid behavior. However, recent experimental research has found that for certain engineered surfaces the no-slip boundary condition is not valid. Measured velocity profiles show that slip occurs at the interface. In the present study, the effect of an engineered slip/no-slip surface on journal bearing performance is examined. A heterogeneous pattern, in which slip occurs in certain regions and is absent in others, is applied to the bearing surface. Fluid slip is assumed to occur according to the Navier relation. Analysis is performed numerically using a mass conserving algorithm for the solution of the Reynolds equation. Load carrying capacity, side leakage rate, and friction force are evaluated. In addition, results are presented in the form of Raimondi and Boyd graphs. It is found that the judicious application of slip to a journal bearing’s surface can lead to improved bearing performance.
Trajectory Management Concepts For Future Small Aircraft Transportation Systems

Methodology for construction and implementation of in-flight trajectory management systems for vehicles participating in future small aircraft transportation systems is considered. The small aircraft transportation systems concept is a modern regional airspace system exploiting integration of key airborne and ground infrastructure technologies to facilitate efficiency and safety improved operations at noncontrolled public-use airports. An area where new trajectory management guidance systems may provide significant benefit is the transition between en route flight and the terminal airspace boundary, or possibly interior terminal airspace navigation fix points, for both approach and departure. Energy state theory and space-time curve geometry are investigated as tools for tailoring time to interface or time to land with traffic constraints. Results imply the trajectory management concepts offer significant design freedom to tailor flight paths and vehicle states for optimum performance and safety in real time. This strategy will also tend to provide practical trajectory profiles while avoiding heavy computational burdens.
Parity violation in astrophysics

Core collapse supernovae are gigantic explosions of massive stars that radiate 99% of their energy in neutrinos. This provides a unique opportunity for large scale parity or charge conjugation violation. Parity violation in a strong magnetic field could lead to an asymmetry in the neutrino radiation and recoil of the newly formed neutron star. Charge conjugation violation in the neutrino-nucleon interaction reduces the ratio of neutrons to protons in the neutrino driven wind above the neutron star. This is a problem for r-process nucleosynthesis in this wind. On earth, parity violation is an excellent probe of neutrons because the weak charge of a neutron is much larger than that of a proton. The Parity Radius Experiment (PREX) at Jefferson Laboratory aims to precisely measure the neutron radius of 208Pb with parity violating elastic electron scattering. This has many implications for astrophysics, including the structure of neutron stars, and for atomic parity nonconservation experiments.
Preparation and Characterization of Chemically Vapor Deposited ZrO2 Coating on Nickel and Ceramic Fiber Substrates

Monoclinic ZrO 2 was deposited on several metallic and ceramic substrates by reacting ZrC1 4 , CO 2 , and H 2 at temperatures of 800° to 1050°C. Ni substrates reacted significantly in the ZrO 2 coating environment since the coating was porous and contained a considerable amount of Ni. In contrast, the coating deposited on SiC and aluminoborosilicate fibers was highly crystalline, faceted, and dense without any apparent interaction with the substrate materials.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE MR FLUID EXPERIMENT FOR SMART MATERIALS CURRICULA

This paper presents the development of an interactive MR (Magneto-Rheological) fluid experiment. The hands-on experiment is developed to introduce MR fluids to students who are interested in this smart fluid. This apparatus is also used as a teaching tool for courses in smart materials. The experiment is designed to show students the basic operations of MR fluids and some common applications. This interactive experiment includes three devices with associated control buttons and all the devices are housed in a clear display case for easy visualization. 1) MR fluid morphing device, which clearly shows the morphing of MR material between fluid and semi-solid with the control of the electromagnet. 2) MR brake, which allow a user clearly feel the change of resistance level of the crank shaft with increasing of current to the electromagnets. 3) Vibration damping using MR fluid damper, which shows that the vibration of a platform induced by a rotating motor with an imbalanced mass can be suppressed by a simple MR fluid damper. This interactive experiment is fully autonomous and has been used in University of Houston. It has been demonstrated that it is an effective tool to assist student to learn MR fluids.
Global Observations of Oceanic Rossby Waves

Rossby waves play a critical role in the transient adjustment of ocean circulation to changes in large-scale atmospheric forcing. The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter has detected Rossby waves throughout much of the world ocean from sea level signals with ≲10-centimeter amplitude and ≳500-kilometer wavelength. Outside of the tropics, Rossby waves are abruptly amplified by major topographic features. Analysis of 3 years of data reveals discrepancies between observed and theoretical Rossby wave phase speeds that indicate that the standard theory for free, linear Rossby waves is an incomplete description of the observed waves.
IPM in the Salad Bowl: Is it Cost-Effective?

Commercial-scale lettuce and celery trials conducted from 1998-2000 in California's Salinas Valley showed that IPM pest control treatments compared favorably with conventional pesticide treatments in terms of yield and quality, but that pest control costs per carton were from $.02 to $.09 higher in the IPM plots.
OACerts: Oblivious Attribute Certificates

We propose oblivious attribute certificates (OACerts), an attribute certificate scheme in which a certificate holder can select which attributes to use and how to use them. In particular, a user can use attribute values stored in an OACert obliviously, i.e., the user obtains a service if and only if the attribute values satisfy the policy of the service provider, yet the service provider learns nothing about these attribute values. This way, the service provider's access control policy is enforced in an oblivious fashion. To enable the oblivious access control using OACerts, we propose a new cryptographic primitive called oblivious commitment-based envelope (OCBE). In an OCBE scheme, Bob has an attribute value committed to Alice and Alice runs a protocol with Bob to send an envelope (encrypted message) to Bob such that: 1) Bob can open the envelope if and only if his committed attribute value satisfies a predicate chosen by Alice and 2) Alice learns nothing about Bob's attribute value. We develop provably secure and efficient OCBE protocols for the Pedersen commitment scheme and comparison predicates as well as logical combinations of them
Fire history and the establishment of oaks and maples in second-growth forests

We used dendrochronology to examine the influence of past fires on oak and maple establishment. Six study units were located in southern Ohio, where organized fire control began in 1923. After stan...
Catalytic Diboration of Aldehydes via Insertion into the Copper−Boron Bond

Mesitaldehyde reacts cleanly with (IPr)CuB(pin) [IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene); pin = 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediolate] to afford the product complex 1, the first well-defined product of carbonyl group insertion into a metal−boron bond. Analysis of 1 by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates the formation of a copper−carbon and a boron−oxygen bond. A copper(I) precatalyst supported by the less sterically demanding ligand ICy (1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene) achieves the efficient 1,2-diboration of aryl-, heteroaryl-, and alkyl-substituted aldehydes at room temperature.
Liouville Energy on a Topological Two Sphere

In this paper we shall give an analytic proof of the fact that the Liouville energy on a topological two sphere is bounded from below. Our proof does not rely on the uniformization theorem and the Onofri inequality, thus it is essentially needed in the alternative proof of the uniformization theorem via the Calabi flow. Such an analytic approach also sheds light on how to obtain the boundedness for E1 energy in the study of general Kahler manifolds.
Strings in flat space and plane waves from N = 4 super Yang Mills

We explain how the string spectrum in flat space and plane waves arises from the large N limit of U(N),/V = 4 super Yang Mills. We reproduce the spectrum by summing a subset of the planar Feynman diagrams. We also describe some other aspects of string propagation on plane wave backgrounds. This talk is based on [40].
Scratch-and-dig standard revisited.

The scratch standard (MIL-O-13830A) is a cosmetic standard effected by a visual comparison with a set of secondary standards that are in turn evaluated by comparison with a set of master standards. Both manufacture and certification of the secondary standards are somewhat unreliable. This paper shows that they can be classified according to the relative power scattered at a relatively small angle and describes experiments with etched gratings that have the appearance of scratches but diffract light into a broad peak between 5 and 10° off the axis of the incident beam. Some prototypes have been classified both by comparison to the master standards and by a photoelectric measurement; agreement between the two methods is good. Such gratings, used as the secondary standards, should display less intersample variation than scribed or other artifacts. The paper concludes by presenting evidence that the original primary standards have been stable over a long time.
Native Client: a sandbox for portable, untrusted x86 native code

This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of Native Client, a sandbox for untrusted x86 native code. Native Client aims to give browser-based applications the computational performance of native applications without compromising safety. Native Client uses software fault isolation and a secure runtime to direct system interaction and side effects through interfaces managed by Native Client. Native Client provides operating system portability for binary code while supporting performance-oriented features generally absent from web application programming environments, such as thread support, instruction set extensions such as SSE, and use of compiler intrinsics and hand-coded assembler. We combine these properties in an open architecture that encourages community review and 3rd-party tools.
The Klee–Minty random edge chain moves with linear speed

An infinite sequence of 0's and 1's evolves by flipping each 1 to a 0 exponentially at rate 1. When a 1 flips, all bits to its right also flip. Starting from any configuration with finitely many 1's to the left of the origin, we show that the leftmost 1 moves right with bounded speed. Upper and lower bounds are given on the speed. A consequence is that a lower bound for the run time of the random-edge simplex algorithm on a Klee–Minty cube is improved so as to be quadratic, in agreement with the upper bound. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Underwater Acoustic Networks: Channel Models and Network Coding Based Lower Bound to Transmission Power for Multicast

The goal of this paper is two-fold. First, to establish a tractable model for the underwater acoustic channel useful for network optimization in terms of convexity. Second, to propose a network coding based lower bound for transmission power in underwater acoustic networks, and compare this bound to the performance of several network layer schemes. The underwater acoustic channel is characterized by a path loss that depends strongly on transmission distance and signal frequency. The exact relationship among power, transmission band, distance and capacity for the Gaussian noise scenario is a complicated one. We provide a closed-form approximate model for 1) transmission power and 2) optimal frequency band to use, as functions of distance and capacity. The model is obtained through numerical evaluation of analytical results that take into account physical models of acoustic propagation loss and ambient noise. Network coding is applied to determine a lower bound to transmission power for a multicast scenario, for a variety of multicast data rates and transmission distances of interest for practical systems, exploiting physical properties of the underwater acoustic channel. The results quantify the performance gap in transmission power between a variety of routing and network coding schemes and the network coding based lower bound. We illustrate results numerically for different network scenarios.
Are individual investors tax savvy? Evidence from retail and discount brokerage accounts

Using brokerage account data, we analyze the tax awareness of individual investors. We find strong evidence that taxes matter: investors prefer to locate bonds and mutual funds in retirement accounts and, in December, harvest stock losses in their taxable accounts. However, investors also trade actively in their taxable accounts, realize gains more frequently than losses, and locate a material portion of their bonds in taxable accounts. Though taxes leave clear footprints in the data we analyze, many investors could improve their after-tax performance by fully capitalizing on the tax avoidance strategies available to equities, while optimally locating their assets.
Analysis of county employment and income growth in Appalachia: a spatial simultaneous-equations approach

County median household income and employment growth rates tend to be characterized by spatial interaction. A spatial simultaneous-equations growth equilibrium model was estimated using GS2SLS and GS3SLS. The results indicate strong feedback simultaneity between employment and median household income growth rates. They also show spatial autoregressive lag simultaneity and spatial cross-regressive lag simultaneity with respect to employment and median household income growth rates, as well as spatial correlation in the error terms. Estimates of structural parameters show strong agglomerative effects and significant conditional convergence with respect to employment growth and median household income growth in Appalachia in the 1990 s.
AN ELEMENTARY PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS

Here ν is the viscosity, p is the pressure, and f1, f2 are the components of an external forcing which may be time-dependent. As our setting is periodic, the functions u1, u2, ∇p, f1, and f2 are all periodic in x. For simplicity, we take the period to be one. The first existence and uniqueness theorems for weak solutions of (1) were proven by Leray ([Ler34]) in whole plane R. Later these results were extended by E. Hopf (see [Hop51]). In 1962, Ladyzenskaya proved existence and uniqueness results for strong solutions for general two-dimensional domains [Lad69]. V. Yudovich, C. Foias, R. Teman, P. Constantin, and others developed strong methods which provided deep insights into the dynamics described by (1) (see [Yud89, Tem79, Tem95, CF88]). The purpose of this paper is to present elementary proofs of three theorems. These theorems imply the existence and uniqueness of smooth solutions of (1) and shed some additional light on the dissipative character of the dynamics. We will also discuss what our techniques can give in the three-dimensional setting. In two-dimensions, it is useful to consider the vorticity ω(x1, x2, t) = ∂u1(x1,x2,t) ∂x2 − ∂u2(x1,x2,t) ∂x1 . The equation governing ω has the form ( see [CM93, DG95] )
Effects of Producer-Provided Descriptions of Feeder Cattle and Conditions of Sale on Prices on a Tennessee Video Board Sale

The hedonic model was used to estimate effects on feeder cattle price of information about cattle and sale conditions specified by sellers. Specifications regarding weighing conditions, pencil shrink, weight/price slide, and feed availability were important. This study failed to find that EID, Process Verification (PVP), and health programs were significant.
EKG effects of imipramine treatment in children.

Abstract Their are increasing reports of serious side effects in children with clinical use of imipramine in high doses. Our analysis of the EKG effects of imipramine in 25 hyperactive and 8 school phobic children suggests that children on a dose of imipramine of 3.5 mg/kg or more are likely to show an increase in PR interval of .02 seconds or more and that such increases are more likely to occur in patients with a small pretreatment PR interval. In 7 children the PR interval prolongation was above the rate-corrected norm. EKG monitoring seems desirable in children maintained on imipramine dose of 3.5 mg/kg or more.