cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relation between surface tension and area in the alveolar lining film.

1. The properties of the rat alveolar lining film have been studied by observing the behaviour in a hanging drop, under reduced or increased ambient pressure, of bubbles derived from the lung. 2. When such a bubble, covered by a metastable film of surfactant, is made to shrink, the material displaced from the surface usually remains in a form in which it can be re-adsorbed to the surface and retains its surpellic properties. 3. When an excess of surfactant is available for adsorption to the surface of such a bubble in water, an increase in area to about 1.25 (ϕ) times the metastable area is both necessary and sufficient for additional adsorption to the surface to take place. 4. No significant variation of the ratio ϕ with temperature between 22 and 37° C has been found. 5. It is concluded that during quiet breathing (involving a twofold change in lung volume in the rat) the variation in alveolar surface area is less than 25%. This finding is compatible with the extant morphometric data, but not with any assumption that the surface area is proportional to the 2/3 power of the gas volume. 6. The behaviour of the bubbles in blood serum is similar to that in water. In a 2% solution of the detergent Tween 80, further adsorption of surfactant to the bubble surface does not take place. 7. The fact that bubbles obtained from the lung by instillation of a solution of Tween 80 have surfactant linings similar to those of bubbles obtained with water or saline demonstrates that the bubble lining layer consists of the original alveolar lining layer detached. 8. When a metastable bubble is stretched, it sometimes behaves as if some or all of its surfactant had been lost from the surface. The causes of this are unknown. 9. The amount of surfactant associated with metastable bubbles freshly squeezed from a fragment of lung varies from bubble to bubble; the amounts found have ranged from 1 to 4.5 times (mean, 2) that required to cover the original bubble area with a metastable film. This would be compatible with an alveolar lining film of very uneven thickness. 10. The maximum surface tension reached in the early stages of expansion of a lung bubble from the metastable state is about 34 mN/m.
Nocebo effects with antidepressant clinical drug trial placebos

We describe an individual who experienced unusual negative effects while taking a placebo during a clinical drug trial. A 26-year-old male took 29 inert capsules, believing he was overdosing on an antidepressant. Subsequently, he experienced hypotension requiring intravenous fluids to maintain an adequate blood pressure until the true nature of the capsules was revealed. The adverse symptoms then rapidly abated. The nocebo effect (undesirable symptoms following administration of an inert substance that the patient believes to be an active drug) may have significant negative impacts on certain patients. Further research is warranted to better understand this phenomenon.
Correcting airborne flux measurements for aircraft speed variation

Airplane aerodynamic characteristics correlate aircraft speed with vertical wind velocity, making the time average inappropriate for estimating the ensemble average in airborne eddy-correlation flux computations. The space average, the proper form, is implemented as a time integral by a transformation of variables, which can be interpreted as a ground-speed correction to the time average. The mathematical forms are presented, and the importance of the speed correction is illustrated with airborne data. The computed correction is found to be highly variable, depending on both the turbulent flow encountered and the aircraft used. In general, the speed connection becomes more important as airplane size is reduced. For a small, single-engine Long-EZ airplane, used as an example, the straight time average erred, half the time, by 12%, 10%, 20%, and 15%, respectively, for computed fluxes of momentum, heat, moisture, and CO2. For a much heavier Twin Otter airplane, also used as an example, the straight time average erred, half the time by only 1%. These errors increased with decreasing altitude for the Long-EZ and with increasing altitude for the Twin Otter.
Bombesin antagonists inhibit in vitro and in vivo growth of human gastric cancer and binding of bombesin to its receptors

We investigated the effect of bombesin/gastrinreleasing peptide (GRP) antagonist RC-3095 and other analogs on the growth of Hs746T human gastric cancer cells implanted in nude mice or culturedin vitro and on the binding of bombesin to its receptors. Nude mice bearing xenografts of the Hs746T cell line received s.c. injections of RC-3095 (10 μg twice daily) or the vehicle (control) for 21 days. Administration of antagonist RC-3095 inhibited the growth of Hs746T tumors. Treatment with RC-3095 produced a significant decrease in tumor volume, prolonged the tumor volume doubling time from 3.6 days to 5.1 days, and decreased the tumor growth rate by 76.9%. The tumor growth delay time in mice treated with RC-3095 was 2.8 days. Treatment with RC-3095 also decreased the final tumor weight by 88.3% and reduced DNA and protein contents in tumors by 91.5% and 89.5%, respectively, as compared to controls. The presence of specific receptors for bombesin/GRP was investigated on the crude membranes of implanted tumors of Hs746T cells. Saturation binding assays showed that the binding of [125I-Tyr4]bombesin to the membranes was saturable and reversible. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of a single class of binding sites with a high affinity (K d=0.24±0.07 nM) and a low binding capacity (B max=57.0±0.9 fmol/mg protein). In displacement studies, the binding of [125I-Tyr4]bombesin was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by unlabelled bombesin(1-14), [Tyr4]-bombesin and GRP(14-27), but not by structurally unrelated peptides. Synthetic bombesin/GRP antagonists RC-3095, RC-3110, and RC-3950-II were all able to inhibit effectively the binding of [125I-Tyr4]bombesin to the membranes of Hs746T cells. RC-3950-II showed a higher binding affinity for bombesin receptors than RC-3095 or RC-3110. Addition of the non-hydrolyzable guanine-nucleotide analog GTP [S] to the binding buffer caused a significant reduction in the amount of [125I-Tyr4]bombesin bound to the cells, indicating that the bombesin receptor is coupled to a G-protein. In cell cultures, bombesin significantly stimulated the growth of Hs746T cellsin vitro as shown by an increase in the uptake of [3H]thymidine. Bombesin antagonist RC-3095 could effectively inhibit the bombesinstimulated growth of Hs746T cells in cultures. These observations suggest that bombesin/GRP may act as growth factors through specific receptors present on the membranes of Hs746T cells. Bombesin/GRP antagonists appear to nullify the effects of bombesin/GRP and may be useful for the treatment of gastric cancers.
NMR characterization of penetrants in high permeability polymers

Spectra of xenon-129 sorbed into two high permeability polymers are reported. The polymers are the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole as well as poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne). At room temperature, the xenon-129 shifts are smaller than in conventional glassy polymers. The smaller xenon-129 shift indicates the presence of larger sorption sites in high permeability polymers relative to conventional polymers. The temperature dependence of solubility in these polymers is drastically different from the behavior in conventional polymers. There is a rapid exponential increase in solubility in high permeability polymers as temperature decreases corresponding to a large negative enthalpy change on sorption and it is this increase in solubility which leads to a large increase in shift with decreasing temperature. Pulse field gradient (PFG) determinations of the self-diffusion constant are made for xenon, propane, pentane and a decafluoropentane in the copolymer. Rapid diffusion is observed as well as a dependence of the apparent diffusion constant on the time scale of the PFG experiment. The translational mobility of smaller simpler moieties depends less on the time scale or equivalently, the length scale of observation in the PFG NMR experiment. For larger, more complex species, the interconnectedness of high free volume domains plays a role in reducing the apparent diffusion constant as the time of measurement increases.
Means and Taylor polynomials

Pour une fonction convexe derivable f sur (0, ∞) on note T a la tangente a la courbe de f en (a,f(a)). Puisque le point d'intersection entre T a et T b , note i(T a ,T b )=(i x (T a ,T b ), i y (T a ,T b )), verifie l'inegalite min(a,b)≤i x (T a , T b )≤max(a,b), il definit une moyenne, et on note ainsi i x (a,h)=M(a,h). Cet article considere des generalisations et des modifications de ce type de moyenne, a l'aide de polynomes de Taylor de degre impair ou d'autres interpolants de Hermite, ainsi qu'avec d'autres points d'intersection de tangentes. On etudie des derivees de fonctions definies par ces moyennes
Functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by pyrene-labeled hydroxypropyl cellulose.

Pyrene-labeled hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC-Py) was synthesized through a condensation reaction between hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and 1-pyrenebutyric acid (Py). A hybrid (HPC/MWNTs) of the HPC-Py and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was prepared through a noncovalent method. Temperature-variable UV−vis spectra indicated that the HPC-Py had a lower critical solution temperature of about 44 °C in water. 1H NMR, UV−vis, Raman, and fluorescence spectra were used to systematically investigate the π−π stacking interaction between the HPC-Py and MWNTs. Dispersion experiments showed the HPC/MWNTs hybrids could be well dispersed in water and many organic solvents.
A Report of Family and Consumer Sciences Graduate Research Productivity in 2012

Requests were sent in May 2013 to representatives of 147 universities and colleges with family and consumer science programs to collect the titles and authors of theses and dissertations completed in 2012. Twenty-seven universities participated, and they reported a total of 425 theses and dissertations. Of those, 279 were theses and 146 were dissertations. The largest number of titles reported for both theses and dissertations was in nutrition and dietetics. An additional 266 master's students completed nonthesis options in 2012 as reported by 19 of the 27 reporting universities.
Assessing GPCR activation using protein complementation: a novel technique for HTS

GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) are critical targets in drug discovery. Although most HTS (high-throughput screening) assays are routinely used to identify functional agonism or antagonism, they are suboptimal as methods to screen for modulators of other, novel, aspects of GPCR function. Indeed, it is now evident that GPCRs are highly complex proteins that interact with RAMPs (receptor-activity-modifying partners), β-arrestins, G-proteins, as well as functioning in potential homo- or hetero-meric complexes. Consequently, novel HTS technologies are now required that would facilitate interrogation of GPCRs in terms of their cellular protein–protein interactions. One approach is oligomerization-assisted complementation of monomeric protein fragments and detection of fragment reassembly. Notably, the use of enzymes has advantages in this regard, since complementation results in catalytically competent protein. The assay signal generated in this fashion results in assays of high sensitivity, thereby enabling protocols to be developed in HTS systems that require extremely low fluid volumes. The use of complementing proteins that generate a luminescent signal also provides assays that are markedly free from artefactual interferences.
Analytical modeling of diffusion-limited contamination and decontamination in a two-layer porous medium

Diffusion of dissolved contaminants in multilayer porous media is an important phenomenon affecting both contamination and remediation in natural aqueous environments, including diffusion in groundwater aquitards and contaminated bed sediments. This study presents a new analytical solution for solute diffusion in a semi-infinite two-layer porous medium for arbitrary boundary and initial conditions. The solution was obtained by using the Green's function approach in the Laplace domain with the application of the binomial theorem to facilitate inversion back to the real time domain. Results based on this solution were found to be simple both in form and ease of calculation and to be in good agreement with those obtained using numerical calculations based on the Crank-Nicolson finite difference method. Applications of the solution are presented in the context of a contaminated groundwater aquitard to demonstrate how different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the contamination and decontamination of porous media, and to illustrate how diffusion modeling might be used in a forensic sense.
The influence of 3-years of warming and N-deposition on ecosystem dynamics is small compared to past land use in subalpine meadows

Drivers of ecosystem dynamics that are under human influence range from local, land-management decisions to global processes such as warming temperatures and N deposition. The goal of this study was to understand how multiple, potentially interacting factors influence net primary production, N mineralization, and water and soil CO2 fluxes. Here I report on a three-year experiment that manipulated air temperature using ITEX passive warming cones and N deposition in a mountain meadow ecosystems that were historically grazed or protected from grazing. The strongest and most consistent effect was due to the legacy of grazing, with previously grazed sites having lower primary production, lower soil respiration rates, lower soil moisture, and lower soil C and N stocks than historically ungrazed sites. Warming increased soil respiration, but the effect was transient, and decreased over the 3-year study. Nitrogen addition increased primary production in the second and third year of the experiment but had no significant effect on soil respiration. The effect of historical grazing on primary production was approximately double the effect of N addition. Temperature and N deposition rarely interacted except for increasing N availability during the warm, wet growing season of 2004. These findings indicate that the legacies of land use, with their influence on plant community composition and hydrologic processes, are locally more important than short-term step changes in temperature and nutrient availability.
Fatty Acid Composition of Embryonic Fat Organ Lipids

Abstract THE PERIODICITY in the deposition of lipid material in the fat organs of the embryonic chick has been previously reported in an earlier paper from the author’s laboratory (Feldman et al., 1962a). The accumulation of lipid material in the fat organ was very rapid during the period of the thirteenth to the seventeenth day and was probably due to the transport of yolk lipids to the fat organs by means of serum lipoproteins. The metabolic change that occurs after this period includes the synthesis of triglyceride by the fat organ; and, in addition, the carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism is profoundly altered (Feldman et al., 1962b). It is not unreasonable to assume that if triglyceride synthesis did occur at approximately seventeen days of incubation, the event would be marked by a change in the fatty acid content of the tissue. Furthermore, these changes in fatty acid content would be apparent …
Serum prolactin levels of rats under continuous estrogen stimulation and 2 Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) injection.

SummaryThe ability of 2 Br-α-ergocryptine (CB-154) to suppress serum prolactin levels was examined in animals under the influence of continuous estrogen stimulation. A single injection of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin) once every 21 days produced a constant elevation of serum prolactin. The simultaneous administration of 1 mg/day of CB-154 to estrogenized animals suppressed serum prolactin levels below that of Estradurin alone but the levels were significantly greater than those of animals receiving CB-154 alone. It was suggested that, while CB-154 prevents the release of prolactin, estrogen stimulates prolactin synthesis despite the block of its release. Ether anesthesia may be capable of partially overriding the block of CB-154 and released the stored hormone from the gland.The authors thank Mrs. Cynthia Van De Walle for her skilled and dedicated technical assistance in the performance of the prolactin radioimmunoassay. We also acknowledge the Rat Pituitary Hormone Distribution Program of the NIAM...
On a limit theorem for variation of brownian motion in banach spaces

Let {W(t), T≥0} be Brownian motion in a real seperable Banach space B and and K is the closed unit ball of the Hilbert space Hμ which generates the Guassian measure μ. If Q(δ) denotes the class of finite partitions of [0,1] with mesh σ(π) < δ, we prove that and ψ(t) is criical in the sense that if ф(t) is such that then
An empirical investigation of exports, development, and growth in developing countries: Challenging the neoclassical theory of export-led growth

Abstract This paper challenges the results of the empirical literature in support of the neoclassical theory of export-led growth and provides a theoretical and empirical alternative. We applied cross-section and time-series regression analysis to test the neoclassical hypothesis that exports lead to superior economic performance (higher growth of output), and our alternative hypothesis that both exports and economic growth are determined by prior economic development and structural change. We found that the sectoral distribution of employment and output toward the manufacturing sector contributes to improved exports and overall economic performance. Positive and statistically significant association was obtained between exports growth and the growth of output when population statistics were used for the labor variable in the neoclassical growth model. Substituting employment for population, we found no statistical support for the expert-led growth theory.
Aircraft Engine Committee Best 1993 Paper Award: Control-Oriented High-Frequency Turbomachinery Modeling: General One-Dimensional Model Development

In this paper, an approach for control-oriented high-frequency turbomachinery modeling previously developed by the authors is applied to develop one-dimensional unsteady compressible viscous flow models for a generic turbojet engine and a generic compression system. We begin by developing models for various components commonly found in turbomachinery systems. These components include: ducting without combustion, blading, ducting with combustion, heat soak, blading with heat soak, inlet, nozzle, abrupt area change with incurred total pressure losses, flow splitting, bleed, mixing, and the spool. Once the component models have been developed, they are combined to form system models for a generic turbojet engine and a generic compression system. These models are developed so that they can be easily modified and used with appropriate maps to form a model for a specific rig. It is shown that these system models are explicit (i.e., can be solved with any standard ODE solver without iteration) due to the approach used in their development. Furthermore, since the nonlinear models are explicit, explicit analytical linear models can be derived from the nonlinear models. The procedure for developing these analytical linear models is discussed. An interesting feature of the models developed here is the use of effective lengths within the models, as functions of axial Mach number and nondimensional rotational speed, for rotating components. These effective lengths account for the helical path of the flow as it moves through a rotating component. Use of these effective lengths in the unsteady conservation equations introduces a nonlinear dynamic lag consistent with experimentally observed compressor lag and replaces less accurate linear first-order empirical lags proposed to account for this phenomenon. Models of the type developed here are expected to prove useful in the design and simulation of (integrated) surge control and rotating stall avoidance schemes.
3-aminopiperidones. IV. 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-p-chlorophenylglutarimide and 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-p-tolylglutarimide.

The syntheses of two new modifications of the model compound, 2-( N , N -diethylamino)-2-phenylglutarimide (V) bearing chloro- and methyl-substituents on the para position of the phenyl group are described. The preparations of these compounds are extensions of work designed to provide a basis for studies of structure versus antiepileptic activity relationships among 3-aminopiperidones.
A modified method for studying the interaction of isolated cardiac cell membrane with ions and drugs.

Abstract A small amount (0.5 mg) of isolated membrane fragments of rabbit cardiac muscle was dried on Corning cover glasses at 4°C under reduced pressure. The membrane fragments so dried did not come off the cover glasses during incubation in reaction mixtures and subsequent washing. The Mg 2+ - and Na + -K + -activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of dried membrane fragments were similar and comparable to those of original membrane fragments before drying. Furthermore, the specific binding of ouabain to phosphorylated intermediate forms of Na + -K + -activated ATPase and the ATP-dependent 24 Na binding to the membrane were found to occur in dried membrane fragments. Retention of these vital characteristics of cell membrane, the requirement of small quantities of membrane material, and an advantage of instantaneous removal of membrane fragments from reaction mixtures make this preparation uniquely suited for certain kinds of investigations on the cellular membrane.
Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school.

Retention of Spanish learned in school was tested over a 50-year period for 733 individuals. Tests of reading comprehension, recall, and recognition vocabulary and grammar were administered together with a questionnaire to determine the level of original training, the grades received, and rehearsals during the retention interval in the form of reading, writing, speaking, or listening to Spanish. Multiple regression analysis shows that retention throughout the 50-year period is predictable on the basis of the level of original training. The great majority of subjects rehearse so little that the data reveal no significant rehearsal effects. The analysis yields memory curves which decline exponentially for the first 3-6 years of the retention interval. After that retention remains unchanged for periods of up to 30 years before showing a final decline. Large portions of the originally acquired information remain accessible for over 50 years in spite of the fact the information is not used or rehearsed. This portion of the information in a "permastore" state is a function of the level of original training, the grades received in Spanish courses, and the method of testing (recall vs. recognition), but it appears to be unaffected by ordinary conditions of interference. The life-span frequency distribution of learned responses is discontinuous; one portion of the response distribution has life spans of 0-6 years, the other portion, life spans in excess of 25 years, and no responses have life spans of 6-25 years. This suggests a discrete transition into a permastore state during the extended period of original training. Analysis of successive relearning processes over extended time periods is deemed essential for an understanding of the acquisition of permanent semantic memory content.
Female mate choice, male migration, and the threat of infanticide in ringtailed lemurs

Paternity determination by DNA fingerprinting is reported for a long-term study group of semi-free-ranging ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta), together with behavioral data collected independently. In 1985, fraternal twin males unfamiliar and unrelated to the resident ringtailed lemurs were introduced to the forest enclosure. Every mature resident male attacked the immigrants frequently across the next 5 months, whereas no female ever did. All observed estrous females showed sexual proceptivity toward the' immigrant males; three solicited copulation exclusively from them. Each female repelled sons, matrilineal brothers, and other resident males from attempting to copulate. Over a 5-year period, four of five females always reproduced with distantly related or unrelated males (Fig. 3). Despite low dominance status throughout the case study, an immigrant sired the off-spring of each female that was proceptive toward only the immigrants, demonstrating that female choice can override male dominance relations to determine reproductive success among male ringtailed lemurs. In the birth season following the 1985–1986 immigration, each of four females targeted one or two particular adult males for consistent attack across the period of infant dependency, beginning days after parturition. Paternity determinations, colony records, and subsequent study of two groups allowed 66 cases of this mode of maternal aggression to be documented. In each, the targeted male had not fathered the protected infant, and almost invariably, he was unrelated to the infant's mother. New mothers attacked every male that immigrated following their infants' conceptions and a few familiar males with whom they had not been seen to copulate during the previous breeding season. Recent attempts by immigrant males to kill infants confirmed the anti-infanticidal function of maternal targeting of males. All results were interpreted together to advance a prospective model of the mating system of ringtailed lemurs. Female avoidance of incest has led to the evolution of natal male dispersal. Subsequently, males should prefer to transfer into groups containing few and/or status-vulnerable males. We predict that, by killing others' infants, males simultaneously increase chances for success in females' next reproductive efforts and terminate current fathers' reproductive eligibility in a group. Basic hypotheses that await testing are that (a) raising an infant through weaning reduces a female's chances for reproductive success the following year and (b) males that demonstrate the capacity to promote the survival of infant offspring are most attractive to females as mates.
EFFECTS OF CATHEPTIC ENZYMES FROM SPLEEN ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF BOVINE SEMIMEMBRANOSUS MUSCLE

Fresh bovine semimembranosus muscle was treated with catheptic enzymes derived from bovine spleen and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the degree of microstructural changes in both the muscle fibers and the tissue surrounding the sarcolemma was related to the concentration of the enzyme. The structural changes in the myofibrils were restricted to the region of the Z bands.
Association of hyperplastic polyposis syndrome, colorectal cancer and meningioma

Recent research has provided compelling evidence that a subset of hyperplastic polyps may be associated with a risk of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer with extracolonic manifestation is usually seen in a hereditary syndrome setting, but some association with meningioma has been reported. The association of colorectal cancer with hyperplastic polyposis and meningioma is extremely rare. This report in a 57-year-old female with no family history of colon cancer or polyps, could be the first case of hyperplastic polyposis syndrome, colorectal cancer and meningioma. Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome was diagnosed as per WHO criteria at the time of colon cancer diagnosis. Within 4 months of colon cancer diagnosis she developed seizures. Imaging of the brain revealed meningioma of the left cerebellopontine angle. The patient underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy.
Color of Shock Waves in Photonic Crystals

Unexpected and stunning new physical phenomena result when light interacts with a shock wave or shocklike dielectric modulation propagating through a photonic crystal. These new phenomena include the capture of light at the shock wave front and reemission at a tunable pulse rate and carrier frequency across the band gap, and bandwidth narrowing as opposed to the ubiquitous bandwidth broadening. To our knowledge, these effects do not occur in any other physical system and are all realizable under experimentally accessible conditions. Furthermore, their generality make them amenable to observation in a variety of time-dependent photonic crystal systems, which has significant technological implications.
“Acoustic Neuroma”: Comparison of traumatic and neoplastic

An eighth nerve traumatic neuroma was found in the vestibule of the inner ear one year after labyrinthectomy. It consisted of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers twisted together among a few strands of connective tissue. Myelin sheaths of about twenty layers were formed by typical-appearing Schwann cells. An ordinary “acoustic neuroma” was compared with it by light and electron microscopy. Its cells contained numerous fine fibers and abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. They produced collagen fibers and myelin figures. Basement membranes and cross-banded figures were observed and lead us to regard the cells as Schwann cells rather than fibroblasts. “Schwannoma” seems to be the best name for this type of tumor.
Summer and School-Term Youth Employment: Ecological and Longitudinal Analyses

The effects of summer versus school-year employment on self-esteem, peer relationships, and family social climate were investigated in a sample of 135 adolescents. Students were assessed the summer before entrance into high school and during the second semester of high school, using a longitudinal design. Cross-sectional findings indicated that, during the summer, 52 workers possessed higher self-esteem than 79 nonworkers. Longitudinal analysis indicated that 10 girls who worked only during the school term reported increases in both stress and activity with peers. At our final assessment, the families of 49 students who did not work at either time had become more conflicted and less cohesive than families of all other students. The developmental implications of these results are discussed.
Diel vertical migration and seasonal timing of the larvae of three sympatric cancrid crabs, Cancer spp., in southeastern Alaska

Diel vertical migration (DVM) and seasonal timing of three sympatricCancer spp. larvae were investigated in southeastern Alaska. Diel sampling was conducted at a station in Icy Strait at 0400, 0700, 1000, 1300 h in the first day, and 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200 h in the second day from June to September 2001. Larvae were collected with Bongo nets (333 and 505 μm mesh) towed vertically from 20 m depth to the surface. During flood tides surface temperature increased slightly and salinity decreased; the reverse occurred during ebb tides. Zooplankton biomasses were higher in the early morning and evening than during the midday. A total of 4,482 larvae were examined for the study.Cancer oregonensis larvae were most abundant (4,238), followed byC. magister (205) andC. productus (39). Larval density peaked in June while no larvae were found in September.C. magister larvae had a crepuscular migration; larval abundance peaked in early morning and evening.C. oregonensis larvae comprised 94.6% of allCancer spp. larvae collected and had a strong DVM in June. Earlier zoeal stages ofC. oregonensis were relatively more abundant during midday, while later stages were more abundant at night. In July, later larval stages ofC. oregonensis were distributed at the surface all day with a peak at 2200 h. Larvae ofC. productus first occurred in July and peaked in August.C. productus had DVM but many were at the surface diurnally.C. magister andC. oregonensis larvae co-occurred seasonally as they do in the lower latitudes, e.g., Washington and British Columbia; however,C. productus appeared approximately 2 mo later thanC. magister andC. oregonensis in southeastern Alaska.
Spatio-temporal operator formalism for holographic recording and diffraction in a photorefractive-based true-time-delay phased-array processor

We present a spatio-temporal operator formalism and beam propagation simulations that describe the broadband efficient adaptive method for a true-time-delay array processing (BEAMTAP) algorithm for an optical beamformer by use of a photorefractive crystal. The optical system consists of a tapped-delay line implemented with an acoustooptic Bragg cell, an accumulating scrolling time-delay detector achieved with a traveling-fringes detector, and a photorefractive crystal to store the adaptive spatio-temporal weights as volume holographic gratings. In this analysis, linear shift-invariant integral operators are used to describe the propagation, interference, grating accumulation, and volume holographic diffraction of the spatio-temporally modulated optical fields in the system to compute the adaptive array processing operation. In addition, it is shown that the random fluctuation in time and phase delays of the optically modulated and transmitted array signals produced by fiber perturbations (temperature fluctuations, vibrations, or bending) are dynamically compensated for through the process of holographic wavefront reconstruction as a byproduct of the adaptive beam-forming and jammer-excision operation. The complexity of the cascaded spatial-temporal integrals describing the holographic formation, and subsequent readout processes, is shown to collapse to a simple imaging condition through standard operator manipulation. We also present spatio-temporal beam propagation simulation results as an illustrative demonstration of our analysis and the operation of a BEAMTAP beamformer.
An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in Enhanced Geothermal Systems

We review ten historical Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) projects and find that typically, during injection: (1) flow from the wellbore is from preexisting fractures, (2) bottomhole pressure exceeds the minimum principal stress, and (3) pressure-limiting behavior occurs. These observations are apparently contradictory because (1) is consistent with shear stimulation, but (2) and (3) suggest propagation of new fractures. To reconcile these observations, we propose that, in many cases, new fractures do not form at the wellbore, but away from the wellbore, and new fractures initiate from open and/or sliding natural fractures and propagate through the formation. Fracture initiation from natural fractures is aided by concentrations of stress caused by the fractures׳ opening and sliding. The propagating fractures may terminate against natural fractures, forming a complex network of both new and preexisting fractures. We perform computational modeling with a discrete fracture network simulator that couples fluid flow with the stresses induced by fracture deformation. The modeling results demonstrate that several geological conditions must be in place for stimulation to occur only through induced slip on preexisting fractures and to avoid significant opening of new or preexisting fractures. These conditions cannot be expected to be present at every EGS project, and our review of the literature shows that they typically are not. The simulation results indicate that pure shear stimulation is more likely to be possible in locations with thick faults present, and our review of the literature shows that EGS field experience is consistent with this hypothesis. We discuss field experiences from several EGS projects and describe how they are consistent with the idea that significant propagation of new fractures has occurred.
Power-law patterns in electromagnetic scattering: A selected review and recent progress

The angular scattered-light intensity, or scattering curve, for a spherical particle is known to display approximate power-law structures when formulated in terms of the scattering wave vector and plotted in log–log scale. Empirically based studies reveal that the structures have common behavior across a wide variety of particle size and refractive index. These patterns, as they are called, are useful as they can relate the scattering curve to particle properties in some cases. The cause of the patterns, however, has not been satisfactorily derived from first principles until recently and the formal analysis has yet to be applied to nonspherical particles. This paper reviews the patterns for spherical particles and shows how they can be derived from the Maxwell equations for weakly refracting particles. The derivation is then extended to spheroidal particles where similar patterns are seen. A graphically based technique is used to show how interference between particular regions within a particle can account for so-called crossovers, which are transitions from one power-law to another in a given curve. Application of the phasor analysis to strongly refractive spheres and spheroids demonstrates that the interference interpretation remains valid despite the absence of a direct analytical derivation from the Maxwell equations. Finally, several laboratory experiments are discussed that demonstrate how the patterns are seen in measurements and how they may be used in practice to size particles.
Motivations for ongoing participation in a fitness activity

What factors motivate individuals to participate in sport or fitness activities? This question has been of great interest to researchers. However, most studies on motives have considered only a single or a few variables in their investigation. The purpose of this research is to explore the wide range of factors that motivate people to participate in a fitness activity, namely aerobics. To take into account the broad range of individual and social factors that influence participation in a fitness activity, social identity theory is the basis for a qualitative investigation. The findings that show motives for participation are divergent across groups of similar individuals. The motives that emerged were (a) the atmosphere of an aerobics class, (b) the physical and psychological benefits, (c) social ties related to aerobics, (d) social comparisons, (e) obsession with aerobics, and (f) the feelings participants associate with doing aerobics. A proposed framework of fitness participation is developed based on ...
Liquid crystal inversion walls caused by field fringing

A programmable nematic liquid crystal phase plate is formed by sandwiching a layer of liquid crystal material between two glass substrates, each coated with a transparent electrode. Regions of the liquid crystal layer are independently controlled by patterning the electrode into an array of pixels and addressing each pixel with a separate voltage source. The voltage-controlled reorientation (deformation) of the liquid crystal layer far from the pixel edges is well understood; however, very few investigations of the deformation near a pixel edge have been published
Ultrasonic velocity dispersion in single-crystal indium

Measurements of the ultrasonic velocity dispersion have been made in single-crystal indium over a range of temperatures and magnetic fields where the Hall coefficient changes sign. Results are well described by the free-electron Alpher-Rubin theory.
Frequency-following (microphonic-like) neural responses evoked by sound

Abstract 1. 1. An acoustically evoked response is described which reproduces the frequency and wave form of the stimulus. This frequency-following response (FFR) is recordable from gross electrodes in the central auditory pathway. 2. 2. The FFR differs from an acoustic stimulus of graded onset, and the cochlear microphonic response (CM), in that it has a sharp onset, a latency appropriate to the locus from which it is recorded, an amplitude burst at the onset and a decrement of amplitude over time. 3. 3. The frequency range of FFR increases with stimulus intensity. At 80 dB sound pressure level the range is approximately 500–5000 c/sec. For recordings from the cochlear nucleus these frequency limits are not influenced by Nembutal anesthesia. 4. 4. The wave form and amplitude of FFR vary with stimulus frequency and with laterality of stimulus input. 5. 5. In contrast to the auditory evoked potential, which can be recorded widely in the brain, FFR is recordable only within, or close to, the auditory pathway. We have observed it only at, and below the level of the inferior colliculus. 6. 6. FFR has implications for the neurophysiology of hearing which are different from those of the auditory evoked potential. Some of these are discussed.
Exhaustive radiolysis of 11 mM aqueous benzene solutions: effect of added oxygen

Abstract The gamma radiolysis of aqueous benzene solutions was studied under various conditions (oxygenated, aerated and anoxic) to ascertain the role that oxygen plays in the destruction of benzene. For the oxygenated and aerated systems, phenol and biphenyl were the major quantified products. For the anoxic system, phenol was the sole quantified product. Benzene was initially consumed with approximately the same yield in each of the three systems; G (–benzene) was 0.49 μmol J –1 . Initial yields of phenol, G (phenol), were found to be 0.12, 0.060 and 0.030 μmol J –1 for the oxygenated, aerated and anoxic systems, respectively. Biphenyl was initially formed with G =0.028 and 0.019 μmol J –1 in the oxygenated and aerated systems, respectively. The percent conversion of benzene to CO 2 after an absorbed dose of 2500 kGy was 55.1%, 30.5% and 12.5%, respectively, for the oxygenated, aerated and anoxic systems. The last traces of benzene disappeared by a dose of ca. 60 kGy in all three systems. A mechanism was proposed for each system that depended upon the presence or absence of O 2 . The total solution toxicity for each system was calculated by summing the individual toxicities of benzene and each quantified product. For the oxygenated and aerated systems, the total solution toxicity was found to go through a maximum at a dose of 22 kGy and then decrease to a value below that of the original solution. The total solution toxicity of the anoxic system was found to decrease from the onset of irradiation.
Computerised training for impairments of word comprehension and retrieval in aphasia

Background: Semantic comprehension training paired with verbal production leads to improved word retrieval in individuals with aphasia. Few studies have also examined effects of such training for word comprehension. MossTalk Words includes a training module to provide semantic comprehension training via computerised exercises. Variations in the treatment schedule may influence the impact of word retrieval and comprehension treatment gains. We extend our appreciation to our five participants and to Ruth Fink of the Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, who generously provided a copy of MossTalk Words for this study. This project was supported by NIH (NIDCD) grant P50 DC03888‐01A1 to the University of Florida (subcontract to Old Dominion University), and by the Dept. of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Center of Excellence Grant F2182C to the Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Gainesville, Florida. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Multi‐Mode Matchi...
Remote Control Over Noisy Communication Channels: A First-Order Example

In this note, we consider a set up in which the plant and controller are local to each other, but are together driven by a remote reference signal that is transmitted through a noisy discrete channel. Our goal is to design codeword lengths of block source and channel encoders, and a controller to meet a model matching performance objective. Such design problems are difficult in general, as there is a strong interplay between control objectives and communication constraints, which forces the synthesis of controllers and encoder-decoder pairs to be done simultaneously. Current approaches typically fix one, while the other is designed to meet some objective. We first construct a model matching performance metric that captures the tradeoffs between coding the reference command to achieve more accuracy at the remote site and designing a controller to meet performance. We then simultaneously synthesize the controller and encoder codeword lengths that meet the specified objective for a first-order plant and model case. Finally, we illustrate performance sensitivity to the poles of the plant and model, and to the channel noise
Developmental trends in recall of central and incidental auditory material

Abstract An auditory recall task, involving central and incidental stimuli and designed to correspond to that used in visual selective attention studies, was developed and presented to second-, fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-graders. There were significant differences in favor of older compared to younger Ss and girls compared to boys. In addition, Ss performed better when animals were the relevant and foods the irrelevant stimuli than vice versa. The nature of the developmental increase in auditory recall of central vs incidental stimuli demonstrated in this task was discussed in terms of developmental trends found in the visual modality. The sex differences and differences found for the animals vs foods condition were discussed with regard to differential short-term memory strategies.
Incorporation of treatment plan spatial and temporal dose patterns into a prostate intrafractional motion management strategy.

Purpose: Periodic MV/KV radiographs taken during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for hypofractionated treatment provide guidance in intrafractional motion management. The choice of imaging frequency and timing are key components in delivering the desired dose while reducing associated overhead such as imagingdose, preparation, and processing time. In this project the authors propose a paradigm with imaging timing and frequency based on the spatial and temporal dose patterns of the treatment plan. Methods: A number of control points are used in treatment planning to model VMAT delivery. For each control point, the sensitivity of individual target or organ-at-risk dose to motion can be calculated as the summation of dose degradations given the organ displacements along a number of possible motion directions. Instead of acquiring radiographs at uniform time intervals, MV/KV image pairs are acquired indexed to motion sensitivity. Five prostate patients treated via hypofractionated VMAT are included in this study. Intrafractional prostate motion traces from the database of an electromagnetic tracking system are used to retrospectively simulate the VMAT delivery and motion management. During VMAT delivery simulation patient position is corrected based on the radiographic findings via couch movement if target deviation violates a patient-specific 3D threshold. The violation rate calculated as the percentage of traces failing the clinical dose objectives after motion correction is used to evaluate the efficacy of this approach. Results: Imaging indexed to a 10 s equitime interval and correcting patient position accordingly reduces the violation rate to 19.5% with intervention from 44.5% without intervention. Imaging indexed to the motion sensitivity further reduces the violation rate to 12.1% with the same number of images. To achieve the same 5% violation rate, the imaging incidence can be reduced by 40% by imaging indexed to motion sensitivity instead of time. Conclusions: The simulation results suggest that image scheduling according to the characteristics of the treatment plan can improve the efficiency of intrafractional motion management. Using such a technique, the accuracy of delivered dose during image-guided hypofractionated VMAT treatment can be improved.