cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of stresses and breakage of crystalline silicon wafers during handling and transport

Abstract A significant challenge in using thinner and larger crystalline silicon wafers for solar cell manufacture is the reduced yield due to higher wafer breakage rates. At a given process step, wafer/cell breakage depends on the stresses produced in the wafer/cell due to prior processing, handling and/or transport and on the presence of structural defects such as cracks. Specifically, analysis of wafer breakage requires knowledge of the total in-plane stress state produced in the wafer due to handling and residual stresses from prior processing. This paper presents a systematic approach to breakage analysis of crystalline silicon wafers during handling via analysis of the total stress state produced in the wafer. The total stress state is determined using a combination of wafer deformation measurements and non-linear finite element analysis. Knowledge of the total stress state in conjunction with the crack size and location enables the determination of wafer breakage and the associated fracture stress. This approach is experimentally validated through breakage tests performed on edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) wafers with cracks introduced via indentation. The results show that the wafer breakage stress during handling is proportional to the inverse of the square root of the crack length, which is consistent with the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. The work also confirms the capability of the proposed approach to determine the handling conditions under which wafer/cell breakage will occur.
Epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions in the alteration of gene expression and morphology following lung injury

Numerous studies using morphologic techniques have demonstrated the plasticity of pulmonary epithelial cells and the requirement for complex intercellular interactions for regeneration of normal epithelium following lung injury. Recent developments in the molecular characterization of genes expressed in the lung have generated additional tools for evaluation of lung cell phenotypes and interactions. This review discusses the relationship between molecular and morphologic changes in lung cells during injury and repair. Changes in epithelial morphology and their differentiated gene products may be mediated through alterations in expression of numerous factors acting through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, and retinoic acid, whose roles in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation have been well documented, will be discussed in the context of normal lung development and repair from injury. Microsc. Res. Tech. 38:473–479, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ozone-induced changes in biosynthesis of Rubisco and associated compensation to stress in foliage of hybrid poplar

Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons of 1993-1995 to determine whether exposure to ozone (O 3 ) affected the synthesis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in hybrid poplar, Populus maximowizii A. Henry × trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray, Clone 245. As the canopy aged, the concentration of Rubisco decreased at a more rapid rate in lower leaves of hyrid poplar ramets subjected to chronic O 3 exposure in open-top chambers than in comparable foliage of plants grown in charcoal-filtered air. There was no difference in rate of synthesis of Rubisco between treatments, suggesting that loss of this protein in O 3 -treated leaves was caused by an accelerated rate of proteolysis. In foliage higher in the canopy, both concentration and rate of synthesis of Rubisco were stimulated by O 3 for a brief period when the leaves were young. Quantification of mRNA for the small (rbcS) and large (rbcL) transcripts of Rubisco did not reveal changes that were likely to reflect altered synthesis of Rubisco as a prime response to O 3 . Analyses of Rubisco concentration and rate of Rubisco synthesis in foliage connected by vascular traces within the canopy indicated that loss of Rubisco in older leaves was associated with an increase in this protein in younger leaves higher in the canopy. These data support the notion that accelerated senescence may provide some compensatory benefit to the plant. In 1995, the rate of synthesis of Rubisco was almost always higher in O 3 -treated foliage than in nontreated foliage, even when the concentration of Rubisco was adversely affected by the O 3 treatment. Because accelerated foliar abscission in response to O 3 was minimal in 1995 compared to other years, we speculate that, when abscission is delayed, Rubisco synthesis and concentration become uncoupled.
Effect of radio transmitters on return rates of Swainson's Warblers

Although radio telemetry can provide useful information, the possible negative effects of transmitters, including biased results and detrimental effects on the birds, must also be considered. Several investigators have examined the effects of transmitters on larger birds, but few have examined their possible long-term effects, as assessed by return rates, on small passerines. We examined the possible negative effects of transmitters on a small (15.5 g) passerine. We used glue to attach radio transmitters to 40 male Swainson's Warblers (Limnothlypis swainsonii) at two study sites in Arkansas in 2005 and 2006. To assess possible effects of transmitters on survival, we compared the following-year return rates of radio-tagged birds to birds that were captured and color banded, but did not receive transmitters. Least squared mean return rates for all birds ranged between 0.46 and 0.57. We found no significant difference in the following-year return rate of radio-tagged and nonradio-tagged birds. In addition, we found no significant differences in return rates between study sites or years, and no significant interactions between any combination of radio transmitter (radio tagged or not), site, and year. Our results indicate that attachment of transmitters did not affect return rates of male Swainson's Warblers and that the glue-on technique is a good option for short-term studies of small passerines. RESUMEN. Efecto de radiotransmisores en las tasas de retorno de individuos de Limnoth- lypis swainsonii Aunque la radiotelemetr´ oa puede proveer de informaci´ on de utilidad, el posible efecto negativo de estos, incluyendo sesgo en la informaciy efecto detrimental, tambidebe tomarse en consideraci´
Sample Area Optimization in a Diffuse Reflectance Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer

Diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry of particulate samples is affected by a number of error sources if the particles have appreciable diameters. Foremost among these are the spectral distortions that arise when individual particles become optically thick. Current practice avoids this error by working in the near-infrared spectral domain, where reduced absorptivity usually insures that the particles will be optically thin.
CloVR-Microbe: Assembly, gene finding and functional annotation of raw sequence data from single microbial genome projects – standard operating procedure, version 1.0

The CloVR-Microbe pipeline performs the basic processing and analysis steps required for standard microbial single-genome sequencing projects: A) Whole-genome shotgun sequence assembly; B) Identification of protein and RNA-coding genes; and C) Functional gene annotation. B) and C) are based on the IGS Annotation Engine (http://ae.igs.umaryland.edu/), which is described elsewhere (K Galens et al. submitted). The assembly component of CloVR- Microbe can be executed independently from the gene identification and annotation components. Alternatively, pre-assembled sequence contigs can be used to perform gene identifications and annotations. The pipeline input may consist of unassembled raw sequence reads from the Sanger, Roche/454 GS FLX or Illumina GAII or HiSeq sequencing platforms or of combinations of Sanger and Roche/454 sequence data. The pipeline output consists of results and summary files generated during the different pipeline steps. Annotated sequence files are generated that are compatible with common genome browser tools and can be submitted to the GenBank repository at NCBI. This protocol is available in CloVR beta versions 0.5 and 0.6.
Longterm Medical and Neuropsychological Assessment of Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (AIT): Comparison of Treated and Untreated Fetuses† 1407

Maternal administration of IV Gammaglobulin (IVIG) and/or steroids often increases the typically very low fetal platelet (plt) count of the second sibling (sib) affected by AIT (NEJM 7/3/97). Evaluation of the longterm effects of the disease and of the treatment was conducted in 75 of 113 pairs of sibs, comparing the second treated sib to the untreated first sib. A medical questionnaire was completed by telephone including pediatricians' records. Parents completed the behavioral Assessment System for Children(BASC) to assess behavioral problems. Only significant (p<0.01) differences are shown in the Table below: ICH in the untreated siblings was not responsible for any of the differences between the groups. Despite the tendency of AIT to worsen in subsequent siblings, the treated fetuses appeared medically and neuropsychologically better than their older untreated siblings. Earlier elective delivery of the treated fetuses may have resulted in the increased activity score. In addition to avoiding ICH, treatment of the fetus appears beneficial in the longterm outcome of the neonate with AIT, presumably related to achieving a sustained, higher in utero plt count. We speculate that plts may play an important role in the neuropsychological development of the fetus.
An approach to the tiglianes, daphnanes, and ingenanes via the divinylcyclopropane rearrangement

Abstract The divinylcyclopropane rearrangement has been shown to be of considerable potential in the construction of the backbone of the tigliane, daphnane, and ingenane families of natural products.
Difference in haemodynamic response to prostaglandins A and E.

PROSTAGLANDINS A and E are vasodepressor substances, the effect of which has been attributed to direct vasodilator action on peripheral arteriolar smooth muscle1–7. The mechanism of the hypotensive effect of the two prostaglandins may not, however, be identical. Prostaglandins A differ from prostaglandins E in that the former escape degradation by the lung8, and do not contract non-vascular smooth muscle1. We have evidence that prostaglandin A compounds differ from prostaglandin E series also in the mechanism of their hypotensive action.
Changes in calcium-Sr90 discrimination with age in young miniature swine

Miniature female pigs nine months of age were placed on daily Sr/sup 90/ feeding at levels of 1, 5, or 25 mu c per day. The females were bred and immediately after birth a number of offspring were killed. The majority of the offspring, however, were allowed to remain with their dams until weaning at six weeks of age, at which time additional animals were killed. When females of the F/sub 1/ generation reached nine months of age, they were bred and gave birth to an F/sub 2/ generation. Values for 3-month-old animals were essentially the same as those for 6-month-old animals. At 3 and 6 months, no difference was observed between values of F/sub 1/ and F/sub 2/ generations. The data indicate a lessened discrimination against Sr/sup 90/ relative to calcium in the young. The ratio of Sr/sup 90//Ca/sup 45/ for the diet observed at weaning was greater than 0.5, while after 63 days of feeding, it was less than 0.3. Data are tabulated. (P.C.H.)
Increasing Asian American women's research participation: The Asian grocery store-based cancer education program

Background Research study participants with diverse characteristics produce the most generalizable outcomes, but recruiting heterogeneous samples is difficult.
Parental expectations of care and charges in a tertiary care pediatric ED

Our objective was to assess parental expectations of diagnostic testing, time, and charges in a pediatric emergency department (PED) using a prospective survey-based study. Parents on arrival estimated the amount of testing, time, and charges expected to occur. A total of 266 of 294 (90.5%) of the questionnaires were completed and returned. Parents correctly predicted the need for radiographic evaluation in 185 of 258 (71.7%), laboratory evaluation in 179 of 257 (69.6%), and medication in 144 of 259 (55.6%). The average length of stay was 2 hours and 36 minutes and was correctly estimated within preset ranges by 86 of 253 (34.0%) and underestimated by 112 of 253 (44.3%). The mean total charge was $964 per visit and was correctly estimated within preset ranges by 91 of 260 (35.0%) and underestimated by 139 of 260 (53.3%). Despite being relatively accurate about the need for medications and radiographic and laboratory studies, parents are still more likely than not to underestimate the total charges and time associated with a PED visit.
Efficient Monte Carlo Simulations of Gas Molecules Inside Porous Materials

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are commonly used to obtain adsorption properties of gas molecules inside porous materials. In this work, we discuss various optimization strategies that lead to faster MC simulations with CO2 gas molecules inside host zeolite structures used as a test system. The reciprocal space contribution of the gas-gas Ewald summation and both the direct and the reciprocal gas-host potential energy interactions are stored inside energy grids to reduce the wall time in the MC simulations. Additional speedup can be obtained by selectively calling the routine that computes the gas-gas Ewald summation, which does not impact the accuracy of the zeolite's adsorption characteristics. We utilize two-level density-biased sampling technique in the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) algorithm to restrict CO2 insertion moves into low-energy regions within the zeolite materials to accelerate convergence. Finally, we make use of the graphics processing units (GPUs) hardware to conduct multiple MC simulations in parallel via judiciously mapping the GPU threads to available workload. As a result, we can obtain a CO2 adsorption isotherm curve with 14 pressure values (up to 10 atm) for a zeolite structure within a minute of total compute wall time.
Spiral wave solutions for reaction-diffusion equations in a fast reaction/slow diffusion limit

Abstract A two species reaction-diffusion equation is studied in a distinguished limit of fast reaction and slow diffusion. Asymptotic matching yields a spiral solution whose rotation frequency is a unique function of the physical parameters and the constant pitch of the spiral. Using an idea of Fife the problem is first reduced to a free boundary problem. The solution is obtained by matching the core, where diffusion balances the curvature of the free boundary, to the far field where the effects of diffusion are small. The equations of motion are averaged over the rotation frequency to yield steady equations in the two regions. Helically symmetric solutions to the averaged equation reduce to solving a fourth-order ODE in the core region matched to a second-order ODE in the far field. Speculations on the dynamics of the system and coupling between the core and far field are presented.
PASuite: A preprocessing algorithm suite for cellular and molecular image classification in cancer diagnosis and treatment

We present a generalized tool to mark and preprocess cancerous regions in an image. Currently, tissue biopsies are analyzed and graded manually by expert pathologists and thus can be time consuming and challenging due to variations in tissue morphology, inconsistencies in preparation of tissue specimen and errors in the image acquisition process. Our tool is designed to automatically standardize the variations in different images due to changing illumination and experimental conditions. Segregating cancerous regions from non-cancerous areas is a mandatory step before extracting relevant information from cancer images such as the number and size of nuclei and subsequently using it for classification and quantitative analysis. We tested our tool for two completely different cancers: Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) and Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). The tool enables the user to successfully segment the cancerous areas for both types of cancers and our results match with the manual validation by a pathologist.
Flexible pointer analysis using assign-fetch graphs

We propose a new abstraction for pointer analysis that represents reads and writes to memory instead of traditional points-to relations. Compared to points-to graphs, our Assign-Fetch Graph (AFG) leads to concise procedure summaries that can be used in any calling context. Also, its flexibility supports new analysis techniques with different trade-offs between speed and precision.For efficiency, we build a summary for each procedure that assumes distinct pointers from the environment are not aliased and restore soundness when the summary is used in a context with aliases.We present two pointer analysis techniques based on our AFG. The first takes the flow-insensitive view adopted by many authors; the second considers statement ordering. In addition to being more precise, we find that this "flow-aware" analysis runs faster. We conclude with experimental results showing it is practical.
Exploring the Relationship Between Positive Work Experiences and Women's Sense of Self in the Context of Partner Abuse

In this study we examined the relationships among partner abuse, work quality, and women's sense of self. In particular, we explored the potential for women's work to serve as an alternative source of feedback for the self in the context of partner abuse. The sample consisted of 100 working women who reported experiencing a range of partner abuse. Relationships among partner abuse, work quality, and three self constructs were tested using multivariate multiple regression. Work quality was significantly and positively associated with self at work and general self-esteem and approached significance for self at home. There were no significant associations between partner abuse and self at work. Partner abuse was negatively and significantly associated with self at home and approached significance for self-esteem. These varied results support the importance of assessing multiple aspects of the self and the potential of women's work to be a resource in the context of partner abuse.
Emotion regulation and peer-rated social functioning: A 4-year longitudinal study

Different emotion regulation strategies have been linked to distinct social outcomes, but only concurrently or in the short-term. The present research employed a 4-year longitudinal design with peerreported measures of social functioning to examine the long-term social effects of emotion regulation. Individual differences in suppression before entering college predicted weaker social connections (e.g., less close relationships) at the end of college, whereas reappraisal predicted stronger social connections and more favorable sociometric standing (e.g., higher social status). These effects of emotion regulation remained intact even when controlling for baseline social functioning and Big Five personality traits. These findings suggest that individual differences in the use of particular emotion regulation strategies have an enduring impact, shaping the individual’s social environment over time.
Portalis: using competitive online interactions to support aid initiatives for the homeless

We designed a web-based system with game-like properties that utilizes crowdsourcing to facilitate the beneficial transfer-of-knowledge to case managers (CMs) working with the homeless. This has two significant impacts: First, Portalis allows CMs to make informed decisions in managing client cases. Second, it enables individuals who would like to volunteer their services but are limited by time constraints to contribute.
LOCAL VERSUS GLOBAL DUCTILITY DEMANDS IN SIMPLE BRIDGES

This paper addresses the inelastic dynamic response of simply supported bridges to ground motion in their transverse direction. The effect of the relative substructure-superstructure flexibility on the inelastic response of bridges was studied for symmetric spans. The bridges are modeled as beams with distributed mass and elasticity, simply supported at the ends by elasto-plastic springs. An analytical extension of the common generalized single degree of freedom model into the inelastic range is presented. Flexibility of the capacity-protected structural elements is shown to add significantly to the ductility demand of the energy dissipating components of bridge systems. A simple method was developed to account for these flexibilities when assessing bridge response beyond its elastic range. Numerical case studies are presented to illustrate the new analytical tool.
Low-power clock distribution using multiple voltages and reduced swings

Clock networks account for a significant fraction of the power dissipation of a chip and are critical to performance. This paper presents theory and algorithms for building a low-power clock tree by distributing the clock signal at a lower voltage and translating it to a higher voltage at the utilization points. Two low-power schemes are used: reduced swing and multiple-supply voltages. We analyze the issue of tree construction and present conclusions relevant to various technology generations according to the NTRS. Our experimental results show that power savings of an average of 45% are possible for a 0.25 /spl mu/m technology using multiple supply voltages, and about 32% using a single external supply voltage.
Geographic heuristics or shortcuts to failure?: response to Snook et al.

Snook, Taylor, and Bennell, in ‘Geographic profiling: The fast, frugal, and accurate way’ (Applied Cognitive Psychology, January 2004, volume 18, pp. 105–121), suggest that by invoking two simple rules untrained individuals can perform geographic profiling tasks as accurately as sophisticated computer software. While the results are interesting in terms of geographic heuristics, the authors' reach conclusions unsupported by their data and methods. Though they claim to address ‘the ongoing debate about whether individuals can perform as well as actuarial techniques when confronted with real world, consequential decisions,’ their laboratory experiment bears little resemblance to the reality of criminal investigation. Major flaws exist with both data selection (the cases used may not have met the assumptions underlying geographic profiling, and they only involved a series of three locations, too low for pattern detection), and methods of analysis (nonlinear error was measured linearly, and computerized geographic profiling search strategies were distorted). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiments with Elastic Folded Plate Models

Three series of tests were conducted on small scale aluminum models of single cess, folded plate structures with symmetrical cross sections. In the first series of tests, the models were supported on plexiglass plates at the ends and were subjected to uniform, symmetrical loads. In the second series, the models were subjected to asymmetrical loads. A third series of tests was made on the models with the ends and center supported on plexiglass plates and subjected to symmetrically applied, uniform loads. In the first two series of tests, the models were loaded into the post-buckling range. The load which caused a plate element to exhibit local buckling was determined from deflection profiles taken along the longitudinal direction of the model.
The Building Blocks of Hybrid Justice

The commission of mass atrocities — genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes — inevitably generates clarion calls for accountability from a range of international actors, including civil society organizations, governments, and United Nations bodies. These demands often center on an appeal that the situation be taken up by the International Criminal Court (ICC) via a Security Council referral or action by the Prosecutor herself. Although the ICC is now fully operational, its jurisdiction remains incomplete and its resources limited. Furthermore, the ICC is plagued by challenges to its legitimacy, erratic state cooperation, and persistent perceptions of inefficacy and inefficiency. Originally envisioned as a standing institution that would obviate the need for new ad hoc courts, it is now clear that the ICC cannot handle all the atrocity situations ravaging our planet. As such, there is an enduring need for the international community to create, and enable, additional accountability mechanisms to respond to the commission of international crimes when the political will for an ICC referral is lacking, the ICC is inappropriate or foreclosed for whatever reason, or only a fraction of the abuses or perpetrators in question are before the ICC. This contribution analyzes the accumulated experience with international, hybrid, and internationalized judicial institutions prior to and since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993 and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 1994. This paper assumes the continuing utility of such mechanisms as tools to provide accountability for mass violence amounting to international crimes, particularly in situations requiring an alternative or supplement to the ICC. It thus focuses on practical elements of institutional design, with particular attention to the origins, structure, jurisdictional limitations, financing, and procedures of the hybrid courts, dedicated chambers, specialized prosecutorial cells, and other accountability innovations established to prosecute atrocity crimes at the domestic level with some measure of international support, expertise, and/or personnel. From this historical and comparative analysis, the paper develops a taxonomy of models and a “menu” of elements that can be mixed and matched as new accountability mechanisms are under consideration for historical, current, and emerging atrocity situations, such as Syria, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Colombia, North Korea, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Libya, Burundi, and even the July 2014 downing of Malaysian Air Flight 17 (MH-17) over rebel-controlled Ukraine.
WOMEN WRITE BACK: ALTERNATIVE LEGAL RHETORICS IN INCHBALD, WOLLSTONECRAFT AND OPIE

ABSTRACTThis essay examines three scenes that engage legal situations and rhetoric by the reformist British women writers Elizabeth Inchbald, Mary Wollstonecraft and Amelia Alderson Opie. Staging legal trials in which women speak or intervene through writing, each critiques English legal conventions that were under particular pressure in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Inchbald, in Nature and Art, turns to the language of sensibility and mutual obligation, casting legal authorities as inauthentic actors by staging a trial in which only the suffering woman is punished; the guilty male judge realizes his complicity only when it is too late. Wollstonecraft, in The Wrongs of Woman, uses a language of rational agency that appeals to pathos and ethos to contest a juridical setting which excludes the wife's account and values one set of passions while eliding others. Opie, in the final section of her moral treatise Illustrations of Lying, in All Its Branches, invokes the language of religious piety to critique i...
Autologous Tumor Cell Lysate-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccine Inhibited Tumor Progression in an Orthotopic Murine Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The immune status of the tumor microenvironment influences tumor progression, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an immunosuppressive signature often is associated with a poor prognosis. This study examined the impact of a bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) vaccine loaded with autologous tumor cell lysate on tumor progression and the tumor microenvironment using an orthotopic murine HCC model. An orthotopic murine HCC was established by implantation of Hepa1-6 cells in the liver. The impact of DC vaccine loaded with Hepa1-6 cell lysate on tumor progression, survival, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and cytokines was examined. Treating mice with DC vaccine loaded with Hepa1-6 cell lysate inhibited the progression of murine HCC generated through orthotopic implantation of Hepa1-6 cells and resulted in a 90 % survival rate by day 60 compared with a survival rate lower than 5 % for untreated mice. This anti-tumor response was associated with inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation within the tumor. The DC vaccine reduced accumulation of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment and prevented TGF-β production from the tumor tissue. Tumor cell lysate-loaded DC vaccine prevented HCC progression in a clinically relevant orthotopic murine HCC model. The effect of DC vaccine on the accumulation of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment and on the production of TGF-β suggests that tumor regression by DC vaccination may be associated with an altered immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Biophysical characteristics of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin structure and chemistry lead to differential toxicity.

The biophysical chemistry of macromolecular complexes confer their functional characteristics. We investigate the mechanisms that make the AB5 holotoxin of Vibrio cholerae (CT) a significantly more pathogenic molecule than the enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT) with which it shares 88% similarity and whose structure is homologous with a backbone RMSD of 0.84 A and imposes its deleterious effects though the same process to constitutively ADP-ribosylate adenylate cyclase. We present computational data that characterizes the impact of amino acid variations in the A2 tail, which helps to explain experimental data that demonstrate CT’s higher toxicity. A hydrophobic patch on the B pentamer interface and its interactions with the A subdomain are partially disrupted by the substitution of an aspartic acid (LT) for glycine in CT. CT’s holotoxin has less solvent accessible surface area (94 A2 vs 54 A2) and higher contact area (280 A2 vs 241 A2) with S228, which is a gatekeeper, partially controlling the diffusio...
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Study of Fluorescent N-substituted Benzo[ghi]perylene “Swallow Tail” Monoimides

A set of N-substituted benzoperylene monoimide (BPI) fluorophores was synthesized and characterized structurally and photophysically. Condensation of benzo[ghi]perylene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride in the presence of “swallow tail” alkyl amines produced fluorophores that are soluble in a range of organic solvents, highly absorbing in the near-UV (e334 = 79 000 M–1cm–1), and fluorescent in the visible range. Photophysical behavior of the compounds was studied with steady-state and time-correlated single photon counting. The synthesized BPIs exhibit positive solvachromatic emission (λem (hexane) = 469 nm; λem (ethanol) = 550 nm) as a function of solvent polarity with little change in their excited-state lifetime (9.6–6.5 ns) and fluorescence quantum yield (0.27–0.44) over the polarity range studied. Solvachromatic shifts were analyzed using the Lippert–Mataga approach. In nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents evidence of dual emission from closely spaced (562 cm–1) S1 and S2 excited states is observed. Preliminary pe...
Better Together: Outcomes of Cooperation Versus Competition in Social Exergaming

Children and adolescents most often play active videogames, or exergames, in a social environment. Social play may enhance the potential benefits of an exergaming experience, much like group exercise and team sports are observed to improve physical activity-related outcomes above those of solitary exercise. Two ubiquitous elements of exergames are cooperation and competition. Previous literature suggests that cooperative and competitive aspects of exergames may affect physiological and psychosocial changes. Competitive play has been found to increase energy expenditure and aggression in short bouts of exergaming. Cooperative exergaming has been found to increase motivation, promote continued play, enhance self-efficacy, and increase pro-social behaviors. In one study, a cooperative exergaming condition also resulted in significant weight loss for overweight and obese adolescents. Individual player differences such as individual preferences, competitiveness, weight status, age, gender, and ethnicity may moderate effects. Although the current volume of literature on competition and cooperation in exergaming is small, social exergames hold promise as an engaging alternative to traditional physical activity interventions and may promote a broad range of positive outcomes for children and adolescents. Principles of cooperation and competition are applicable for developers of health-promoting games. Future research is needed to further understand the mechanisms of how competition and cooperation in social exergaming impact physiological and psychosocial outcomes.
Colonization and Mass Production of the False Wireworm Eleodes suturalis

The false wireworm Eleodes suturalis (Say) was easily colonized and mass produced in the laboratory. The size of the colony was limited only by the number of egg-laying adults and the space devoted to larval rearing. In 10 hours per week a technican can maintain a constant population of 40–50 thousand larvae. Techniques (or trapping adults, obtaining eggs in large numbers, rearing larvae, and breaking obligatory larval diapause are described. E. suturalis has considerable potential as a test organism for insecticide screening, as well as in toxicological, physiological, and ecological studies pertaining to subterranean insects.
The Concentration Of Wireworms by Baits Before Soil Fumigation With Calcium Cyanide

Applications of 200 to 300 pounds of granular calcium cyanide to the acre with a grain drill under certain conditions will kill a high percentage of the wireworms in the soil, but ordinarily this treatment is too expensive for commercial use. Therefore, advantage was taken of the fact that wireworms will collect in rows or hills of seeds, and several kinds of seeds were planted as baits to concentrate the wireworms in rows. By this method a fairly heavy dosage can be applied to the baited rows, and the amount required to the acre will be considerably less than in broadcast treatment. Beans, peas, and corn all proved satisfactory attractants and concentrated;' large percentage of the wireworms in the rows. The effectiveness of the baits was reduced if other foods, such as the remains of an old crop, were left in the field. Experiments showed that the most satisfactory amount of calcium cyanide, considering both the lethal effect and the cost, was 5 to 5.5 pounds per 1,000 feet of row. For baited rows 2 1/2 feet apart this will amount to a little less than 100 pounds per acre, and for rows of greater or less width, the quantity will be decreased or increased accordingly. The percentage of wireworms attracted to the baits decreased as the width of the rows increased, being 96 per cent for 2-foot rows and 80 per cent for 4-foot rows. Commerial applications by several growers gave satisfactory results.
Why Self-Reports of Happiness and Sadness May Not Necessarily Contradict Bipolarity: A Psychometric Review and Proposal:

It is assumed that bipolarity in happiness and sadness requires mutual exclusion. However, we present psychometric research to show how coendorsements of happiness and sadness do not necessarily constitute evidence against bipolarity. Because individuals have a tendency to endorse emotion terms close to their current state, individuals whose current state is close to the middle of a bipolar continuum would report both happiness and sadness, despite their current state being best represented by a single point. As such, endorsements of happiness and sadness are theoretically expected when individuals’ current state is in the middle of the continuum. Bipolarity however would be violated if endorsements of extreme levels of happiness and sadness can be demonstrated, which has yet to be shown.
Alternative Payment Models in Radiology: The Legislative and Regulatory Roadmap for Reform

The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) replaces the sustainable growth rate with a payment system based on the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System and incentives for alternative payment model participation. It is important that radiologists understand the statutory requirements of MACRA. This includes the nature of the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System composite performance score and its impact on payments. The timeline for MACRA implementation is fairly aggressive and includes a robust effort to define episode groups, which include radiologic services. A number of organizations, including the ACR, are commenting on the structure of MACRA-directed initiatives.
Addiction, Pain, and Stress Response

Experience of stress and pain is mediated through multiple levels, including genetic, biological, cognitive, behavioral, and social factors. Substance abuse poses threats to health, social, and economic welfare. Research studies show that administration of abused drugs induces various neurochemical changes in the brain that produce alteration in the stress response and pain sensitivity. While acute administration of drugs of abuse inhibits pain, repetitive or chronic intake develops tolerance to the drug that could influence drug-related analgesia and drug relapse. This chapter is aimed at providing a general overview of how drug use and misuse are associated with pain and stress and discusses findings from studies showing the mediating role of stress in the link between pain and addiction. Finally, other factors such as sex differences and mental health problems that modify the associations between drug use, pain, and stress are discussed.
The Impact of Advances in Information Technology on Interactive Robotics

Automated knowledge-based machine interaction, or interactive robotics, is critical to the future development of robotic operations. Such interaction should include higher levels of intelligent behavior, as cooperation, substitution, context-driven response, and mutual error-recovery. This article details our recent and on-going research projects of such robotic machine interaction.
Attitude tracking control of a GroundGen airborne wind energy system

An existing attitude tracking control method developed for a FlyGen airborne wind energy (AWE) system is extended to control a GroundGen AWE system. The GroundGen system produces energy through kite-generated aerodynamic forces that tension a flexible tether attached between the kite center of gravity and a ground generator system. The kite is modelled using a six degree of freedom aircraft dynamics model. We first provide an extension of a previously developed attitude tracking theorem which shows the possibility of simultaneously tracking both the effective angle of attack and sideslip angle on the kite. A detailed aerodynamic model with empirical airfoil data and three dimensional wing tip effects is included. A feedback linearization controller is designed, and a baseline simulation is studied for confirming the tracking behavior.
β cell self-renewal: Cyclin D2 to the rescue.

Loss of functional β-cell mass is a key feature precipitating development of hyperglycemia in both Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus.1 In T1DM, β-cell loss occurs due to an autoimmu...
Inelastic light scattering in crystals

In 1988, the yearof the Raman birth centenary and the of the Raman EffectS it seems appropriate to^caU U,rd ^ presidential address to the Royal Society^: "'The best three or four discoveries in experimental physic ® ®®, theorv of solids " and will prove an instrument of great power m the The nature of the one-ohonon and multiphonon-Raman spectra (Rasetti f the LO-TO splitting of (Mathieu C BrUlouin scattering and elastidelast<M)ptic counts • ^shnan & Chandrasekharan'; Chandrasekharan'); Venkatarayudu^"); and soft modes and phase transitions (Ram^ ^ J represent some of the major contributions to inelastic Ught scattering mcrystals dunng the pre-laser period. • itjAo The invention of the laser in 1960 and its appUcadon to Ram^ have made inelastic light scattering a powerful tool in major innovations in techniques (photoelectric detection; optw^ systems; holographic gratings; piezo-electrically scanned tunable dye lasers etc ^ the scope of the field is now vasdy extended. CoUective and localized LcitSs of vibration^ electronic or magnetic nature have become accessible wiU. Raman ^hd speciroscopy. Extreme ph^i^ tic fields, ultrahigh pressures—are experimentally tractable. Tme-resolved an spectroscopy has profound applications for systems evolving with-time scales as small as a Femto-second. , „ j t, „ • Personally I have thoroughly enjoyed the appUcations of Raman and BnUoum spectroscopy insemiconductor physics. Since the first report on the 'R^an scattermg m silicon' by Russell^^, Raman scattering by polar phonons in compound semicondurtors as well as their coupling with plasmons have been observed. Raman fcatte^g from 1^ modes; polaritons; donors and acceptors; free carriers in a magnetic field ^all ofthese have extended and deepened our knowledge of semiconductor physics. Raman spectra of novel semiconductors like 'diluted magnetic semiconductors' and novel hetero-
The parallax view: the art of envisioning the South Asian American diaspora

ABSTRACTThis paper studies six South Asian American artists whose creative projects reveal the diasporic experience as a persistent negotiation of living in multiple historical and geographical locations. To fully understand the proposals made by their work I introduce the parallax view that enables us to see from two or more vantage points at once. This framework is well suited for art that seeks to expose the private traumas and contradictions that affect and order the lives of South Asian Americans. The artwork examined here also shows that living in the diaspora is not defined by a linear process of assimilation, but is often undercut, fragmented, and mediated by multiple spatial and subject positions. Out of the conditions of diaspora, these artists deploy critical strategies to survive in a society that refuses to give South Asian Americans visibility, political agency, and space to effectively participate in the public sphere.
The Medicalized Body and Anesthetic Culture

In comparison with indigenous cultures, the modern culture of white colonialists of European origin differs in their practices and rituals surrounding death. Over the past two centuries, funeral and burial traditions in North America and Europe have shifted to create a greater distance between families and their dead relatives, and this has created a psychological distance from mortality among the living. The pattern of psychological distancing is a symptom of anesthetic consciousness, a form of psychic numbing which avoids experience as a coping mechanism for managing death anxiety and other aversive experiences. Anesthetic consciousness is examined as a maladaptive cultural pattern, which is linked to various cultural–historical phenomena, including mistreatment of the land and indigenous people.
Improving Interpretation of New and Old Serum Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Liver Injury Through Mechanistic Modeling

The study by Mason et al. in this issue used mechanistic modeling and simulation to address how both the dose of acetaminophen consumed and the time since ingestion can be estimated from biomarkers measured in a single serum sample in mice. Translation into the clinic would potentially be an advance in the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Importantly, this approach could transform the evaluation of liver safety in clinical trials of new drug candidates.
Rational Approximations of PSWFs

In this chapter, we construct rational approximations of PSWFs. More specifically, we approximate the reciprocal of ψ n in the interval ( −1,1) by a rational function having n poles (these poles happen to be precisely the n roots of ψ n in (−1,1)). Also, we derive explicit bounds on the error of such approximations. The underlying analysis is based on a detailed investigation of certain properties of PSWFs outside the interval (−1,1) (see also [49, 50]).
Quantitative Aspects of Receptor Aggregation

The critical role aggregation plays in antibody-mediated activation of cellular responses is now familiar to immunologists. The experimental evidence that led to that understanding has been recounted on several occasions1,2 and the interpretation of the data has stood up well to the newer findings particularly as they relate to cell receptors. It is likewise well known that aggregation is also a widely used mechanism by systems outside those central to the immune response3. In this brief review we wish to focus on what progress has been made in extending our knowledge about some quantitative aspects of the aggregation mechanism.
Polyphenols increase adhesion between lipid bilayers by forming interbilayer bridges.

Tannins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that are present in the leaves, bark, and fruit of many higher plants. Tannic acid (TA) is a hydrolyzable tannin, meaning that it is an ester of digallic acid and D-glucose. TA has been shown to aggregate or precipitate a number of macromolecules or macromolecular assemblies, including various polymers,1 peptides,2 proteins,3–7 and phospholipid vesicles.8 Several physicochemical interactions are involved in the TA-induced aggregation of polymers and proteins. Two of the most important are hydrophobic interactions,5,6 arising from the free energy decrease associated with removing the digallic acid rings from water and multidentate bond formation between the hydrogen-bond donating phenolic groups on digallic acid and the hydrogen-bond accepting groups on the polymers or proteins.1–4,6,7 Because of the complexity of the interactions between polyphenols and proteins, it has been difficult to formulate a molecular picture of the interactions between these compounds. However, there has been a recent publication characterizing at a molecular level the interaction of a variety of polyphenols with a 19 amino acid residue repeating unit found in salivary proline-rich proteins.2 It was found that the more hydrophobic the polyphenol, the greater the binding.
Indicator Interactions for Segment Differences or Changes in Response

In this chapter, indicator interactions with predictors are introduced. Adding this type of interaction to models allows us to capture differences in response between segments or changes in response following structural changes or shocks. Indicator interactions alter partial slopes, in the way that indicators alter intercepts.
Rfoot: Transcriptome-Scale Identification of RNA-Protein Complexes from Ribosome Profiling Data

Ribosome profiling was developed to identify genome-wide RNA fragments associated with translating ribosomes. However, no experimental procedure was developed to effectively purify ribosome-RNA complexes. Actually, ribosome profiling is a transcriptomic RNase footprinting assay, which can identify both ribosomal and non-ribosomal protein-RNA complexes. Many sequencing reads represent functional RNA footprints associated with non-ribosomal proteins. Here I present a computational pipeline named Rfoot to systematically identify genome-wide non-ribosomal RNA footprints, based on the highly localized read distribution feature. Analyses have revealed native functional protein-RNA complexes in lncRNAs, 3'UTRs of mRNAs, and all types of small noncoding RNAs. This computational tool is useful for discovering novel noncoding functions of RNAs. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.