cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Psychology Courses and Discussion Groups

The rated quality of participation in class discussions is found to be related to a personality variable.
Tricarbonyl(cyclobutadiene)iron

[12078-17-0] C7H4FeO3 (MW 191.96) InChI = 1S/C4H4.3CO.Fe/c1-2-4-3-1;3*1-2;/h1-4H;;;; InChIKey = PHCIVYPTULNGTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (stable, storeable source of cyclobutadiene) Physical Data: pale yellow solid, mp 26 °C; bp 68–70 °C/3.0 mmHg; X-ray diffraction.2 Solubility: sol polar solvents; sparingly sol in pentane. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, elemental analysis. Preparative Methods: may be prepared in good overall yields by the reaction of 3,4-dihalocyclobutene or 1,2,3,4-tetrahalocyclobutane with Nonacarbonyldiiron,3 or by the photolysis of photo-α-pyrone with Pentacarbonyliron (eq 1).4 The reaction of cis-3,4-carbonyldioxycyclobutene with Fe2(CO)9 or Disodium Tetracarbonylferrate(−II) generates the title reagent 1, and while this reaction is stereospecific it is not known if it occurs with inversion or retention of configuration.5 Thermal reaction of Fe(CO)5 with Ni, Pd, or Pt cyclobutadiene complexes results in π-ligand exchange to give the iron cyclobutadiene complexes in high yield.6 A variety of simple substituted (cyclobutadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes may be prepared by these methods. More recently, methodology for the regiospecific preparation of 1,2- or 1,3-differentially disubstituted (cyclobutadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes from squaric esters has been reported.7 1,2-Disubstituted (cyclobutadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes with two different substituents are chiral, and the two enantiomers may be separated by standard resolution techniques.8 The optically active cyclobutadiene complexes are stable to racemization at 120 °C for 48 h. (1) Purification: recrystallization from pentane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: may be stored under an inert atmosphere for extended periods.
Building Grid MPI applications from modular components

Coupling Grid applications developed by different teams requires code modification and high software engineering effort. In the Ensemble methodology message passing components are developed separately as independent modules, and applications, whether regular, irregular, SPMD or MPMD, are composed from these modular components, without any code modification. We demonstrate by developing two downsized atmospheric and ocean components, which may run on their own or coupled together (climate model) in any configuration depending on geography or other design issues.
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Mutations in Mammalian Cells Detected by the Flow Cytometry Mutation Assay and Characterized by Mutant Spectrum

Abstract Under hypoxic conditions, cells are more resistant to cell killing by ionizing radiation by a factor of 2.5 to 3, potentially compromising the efficacy of radiotherapy. It has been shown recently that hypoxic conditions alone are sufficient to generate mutations in vitro and in vivo, likely due to the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in mismatch and homologous recombination DNA repair activity. These factors are known precursors to the onset of genetic instability and poor prognosis. We have previously characterized the flow cytometry mutation assay and its sensitivity to detect significant mutant fractions induced by genotoxic agents that are not detected by other mammalian assays. Here we measure the mutant fraction induced by hypoxia. CHO AL cells cultured at <0.1% O2 for 24 h generated a significant mutant fraction of 120 × 10−5 and had growth kinetics and survival characteristics similar to those obtained with other mutagens. We investigated the role of ROS by treatin...
High-efficiency class-A power amplifiers with a dual-bias-control scheme

A new scheme for power amplifiers is proposed, which can provide both high efficiency and linearity. The proposed amplifier operates in a virtual class-A mode under dual-bias control to maximize the power-added efficiency along with its inherent class-A linearity. The dynamic dual-bias control involves controlling both bias current and voltage of the amplifier with a varying envelope of input RF signals. The efficiency of the proposed amplifier is theoretically evaluated and compared with that of other conventional amplifier schemes. Based on theoretical analyses, several promising schemes for dual analog and digital bias control are proposed and discussed.
High-current snapback characteristics of MOSFETs

The high-current snapback characteristics of MOSFETs with different channel lengths and widths, gate oxide thicknesses, and substrate dopings were studied to determine their effectiveness in electrostatic discharge stress protection. Filamentary conduction was not observed for currents up to 7 mA/ mu m of channel width for a pulsewidth of 500 ns. MOSFETs with shorter channel lengths require lower voltages to sustain the same current, independent of gate oxide thickness. Increasing the substrate doping does not necessarily reduce the high current voltage. These trends can be explained using a simple lateral n-p-n bipolar transistor snapback model. >
Matrilocality and patrilineality in Mundurucu society

UNILINEAL descent and unilocal residence, by definition, follow one of but two possible lines, the male or the female. Simple arithmetic would therefore dictate that there are four possible combinations of common descent and residence. Only three of the combinations, however, are found to have any frequent and reliable occurrence. Kroeber (1952:213) noted the single lapse in the following observation:
The Impacts of Team Listening and Unscheduled Meetings on Team Coordination

We examined the impacts of the team listening environment and the frequency of team communication on team coordination in business environments. While there is a long history of examining listening on an individual and interpersonal level in communication research, the construct of a Team Listening Environment (TLE) was only recently developed. We surveyed 233 full-time working professionals, including executives, mid-level managers, and entry-level managers. Using multiple regression analysis, we found that a team listening environment is the single most important contributor to team coordination. We also found that the frequency of unscheduled meetings increased team coordination but that the frequency of scheduled meetings did not increase team coordination. Other factors such as length of employment with current employer, frequency of other forms of communication, age, and gender did not impact team coordination.
An oligopeptide of the feline leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein is associated with morphological changes and calcium dysregulation in neuronal growth cones

Neuropathogenic processes that affect the pathfinding properties of neuronal growth cones could account for many of the dysfunctions unique to retroviral infection of developing nervous systems. Pediatric HIV-1 infection, for example, is associated with a distinctive neuropathogenesis that includes marked cortical atrophy, cognitive disorders, and pyramidal dysfunction. The ability of HIV's envelope glycoprotein, gp120, to produce increased intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) leading to neuronal death has been documented. We hypothesize that gp120 and the envelope glycoproteins of other retroviruses may have similar calcium-increasing effects in advancing growth cones, a property which could disrupt the orderly development of the nervous system. To explore this possibility, we exposed chick ciliary ganglion neurons in culture to a known cytopathic region (CVR5) of the feline leukemia virus’ envelope glycoprotein. CVR5 produced [Ca2+]i increases and dose-dependent morphological changes in growth cones iso...
The British Pop Dandy: Masculinity, Popular Music and Culture

Stan Hawkins, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009, ISBN: 978-0-7546-5858-0, 244 pp, $99.95 (cloth) In The British Pop Dandy, Stan Hawkins examines two important questions in musical and cultural stud...
Sex differences in adolescent rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Behavior.

Sex differences in the behavior of 2.5- to 4.5-year-old rhesus monkeys, living in two social groups approximating natural compositions, were studied over a period of 3 years. Both sexes interacted significantly more often with members of their own sex in agonistic and affiliative interactions even when total rates and durations for male and female subjects did not differ. Strong sexual segregation was also seen in proximity, nonspecific contact, and huddling partners. Males were more involved in play and sex than were females and engaged in these activities primarily with other males. Females did more grooming than males, but groomed both male and female partners. Females also appeared to interact with a wider age range of partners than did males. Although total participation in aggressive interactions did not differ between the two sexes, females used more active forms of agonistic expression than did males. These differences in the behavior of adolescent rhesus are hypothesized to lead to social bonding among adolescent males, while females remain bonded to their matri-lines, including younger males and some fully adult males associated with matrilineal relatives. Adolescent males emigrate from their natal groups but retain sociality and bond to males and females in new groups as they become adult. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The chick limbless mutation causes abnormalities in limb bud dorsal-ventral patterning: implications for the mechanism of apical ridge formation

In chick embryos homozygous for the limbless mutation, limb bud outgrowth is initiated, but a morphologically distinct apical ridge does not develop and limbs do not form. Here we report the results of an analysis of gene expression in limbless mutant limb buds. Fgf4, Fgf8, Bmp2 and Msx2, genes that are expressed in the apical ridge of normal limb buds, are not expressed in the mutant limb bud ectoderm, providing molecular support for the hypothesis that limb development fails in the limbless embryo because of the inability of the ectoderm to form a functional ridge. Moreover, Fgf8 expression is not detected in the ectoderm of the prospective limb territory or the early limb bud of limbless embryos. Since the early stages of limb bud outgrowth occur normally in the mutant embryos, this indicates that FGF8 is not required to promote initial limb bud outgrowth. In the absence of FGF8, Shh is also not expressed in the mutant limb buds, although its expression can be induced by application of FGF8-soaked beads. These observations support the hypothesis that Fgf8 is required for the induction of Shh expression during normal limb development. Bmp2 expression was also not detected in mutant limb mesoderm, consistent with the hypothesis that SHH induces its expression. In contrast, SHH is not required for the induction of Hoxd11 or Hoxd13 expression, since expression of both these genes was detected in the mutant limb buds. Thus, some aspects of mesoderm A-P patterning can occur in the absence of SHH and factors normally expressed in the apical ridge. Intriguingly, mutant limbs rescued by local application of FGF displayed a dorsalized feather pattern. Furthermore, the expression of Wnt7a, Lmx1 and En1, genes involved in limb D-V patterning, was found to be abnormal in mutant limb buds. These data suggest that D-V patterning and apical ridge formation are linked, since they show that the limbless mutation affects both processes. We present a model that explains the potential link between D-V positional information and apical ridge formation, and discuss the possible function of the limbless gene in terms of this model.
Morphometric Relationships and Rates of Evolution among Paleozoic Vascular Plants

Phylogenetic relationships cannot be reliably asserted unless comparable properties for all organisms considered are established. Similarly, a comparative approach measuring the degree of difference in comparable features is required prior to the determination of evolutionary rates. Comparative analyses of various molecular sequences have been shown to be potentially useful in determining phyletic distance measures (Zuckerkandl and Pauling, 1962; Fitch and Margoliash, 1967), as well as rates of biochemical evolution (Prager et al., 1976; Wilson et al., 1975); however, such molecular approaches are not directly applicable to paleontological data due to various biasing features in rate computations (Niklas, 1977a,b) and estimates of origination (Raup, 1976a,b). Similarly, the nature of most paleontological studies precludes suppositions concerning past genomes in relationship to putative nearest extant descendents. Such studies are logically consistent but subject to distinctly tautological thinking. The use of nonbiochemical criteria to estimate phyletic relationships is inherent to classical morphological studies. However, verbal descriptions of organic complexity among diverse plants or animals are subject to various problems: (1) the lack of precise quantification, (2) an inability to bridge sets of incomparable morphologic properties, and (3) a paucity of nonverbal manipulation or hypothesis testing.
Influence of Variable Streamside Management Zone Configurations on Water Quality after Forest Harvest

Streamside management zones (SMZs) are a common best management practice (BMP) used to reduce water quality impacts from logging. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of varying SMZ configurations on water quality. Treatments (T1, T2, and T3) that varied in SMZ width, canopy retention within the SMZ, and BMP utilization were applied at the watershed scale to two watersheds each. Watersheds with wider SMZs (T3: 110 ft, 100% canopy retention) and improved crossings were not significantly different from unharvested control (C) watersheds for all parameters except nitrate and diurnal stream temperatures. Changes in total suspended solids, turbidity, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and maximum stream temperature were detected for watersheds treated with the current recommended minimum SMZ configurations (T1: 55 ft, 50% canopy retention) and watersheds with unharvested SMZs (T2: 55 ft, 100% canopy retention) and improved crossings.
H3K9me3 Inhibition Improves Memory, Promotes Spine Formation, and Increases BDNF Levels in the Aged Hippocampus.

An increasing number of studies show that an altered epigenetic landscape may cause impairments in regulation of learning and memory-related genes within the aged hippocampus, eventually resulting in cognitive deficits in the aged brain. One such epigenetic repressive mark is trimethylation of H3K9 (H3K9me3), which is typically implicated in gene silencing. Here, we identify, for the first time, an essential role for H3K9me3 and its histone methyl transferase (SUV39H1) in mediating hippocampal memory functions. Pharmacological inhibition of SUV39H1 using a novel and selective inhibitor decreased levels of H3K9me3 in the hippocampus of aged mice, and improved performance in the objection location memory and fear conditioning tasks and in a complex spatial environment learning task. The inhibition of SUV39H1 induced an increase in spine density of thin and stubby but not mushroom spines in the hippocampus of aged animals and increased surface GluR1 levels in hippocampal synaptosomes, a key index of spine plasticity. Furthermore, there were changes at BDNF exon I gene promoter, in concert with overall BDNF levels in the hippocampus of drug-treated animals compared with control animals. Together, these data demonstrate that SUV39H1 inhibition and the concomitant H3K9me3 downregulation mediate gene transcription in the hippocampus and reverse age-dependent deficits in hippocampal memory. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cognitive decline is a debilitating condition associated with not only neurodegenerative diseases but also aging in general. However, effective treatments have been slow to emerge so far. In this study, we demonstrate that epigenetic regulation of key synaptic proteins may be an underlying, yet reversible, cause of this decline. Our findings suggest that histone 3 trimethylation is a probable target for pharmacological intervention that can counteract cognitive decline in the aging brain. Finally, we provide support to the hypothesis that, by manipulating the enzyme that regulates H3K9me3 (using a newly developed specific inhibitor of SUV39H1), it is possible to alter the chromatin state of subjects and restore memory and synaptic function in the aging brain.
The COBAS MIRA

The New Instrumentation Preview is designed to provide information on newly introduced laboratory instrumentation that is more detailed than that usually available from the manufacturers. The column does not include any evaluation and does not constitute endorsement of any instrument by the ASCP
Behavioral Outcomes Differ between Rotational Acceleration and Blast Mechanisms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can result from a number of mechanisms, including blunt impact, head rotational acceleration, exposure to blast, and penetration of projectiles. Mechanism is likely to influence the type, severity, and chronicity of outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine differences in the severity and time-course of behavioral outcomes following blast and rotational mTBI. The Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) Rotational Injury model and a shock tube model of primary blast injury were used to induce mTBI in rats and behavioral assessments were conducted within the first week, as well as 30 and 60 days following injury. Acute recovery time demonstrated similar increases over protocol-matched shams, indicating acute injury severity equivalence between the two mechanisms. Post-injury behavior in the elevated plus maze demonstrated differing trends, with rotationally injured rats acutely demonstrating greater activity, whereas blast-injured rats had decreased activity that developed at chronic time points. Similarly, blast-injured rats demonstrated trends associated with cognitive deficits that were not apparent following rotational injuries. These findings demonstrate that rotational and blast injury result in behavioral changes with different qualitative and temporal manifestations. Whereas rotational injury was characterized by a rapidly emerging phenotype consistent with behavioral disinhibition, blast injury was associated with emotional and cognitive differences that were not evident acutely, but developed later, with an anxiety-like phenotype still present in injured animals at our most chronic measurements.
Less is Moore.

Predictions for the development of microelectronics provide a valuable example about the virtues of measured promises in nanotechnology, as Chris Toumey explains.
Analysis on surveillance of titer and basic immunization success rate of measles-rubella vaccine in Yangzhou,2012

Objective To investigate the titer and immunization success rate of attenuated measles-rubella vaccine(MR vaccine);to assess the vaccine administration and cold chain transportation status.Methods Double serum samples(1month before and after vaccination of MR)of 60 8-year-old children were collected for detecting IgG levels against measles and rubella.2vials of vaccines were taken from Yangzhou municipal CDC,Gaoyou county CDC and local vaccination service center respectively to evaluate the titer of MR vaccine by micro cell plate culturing.Results After vaccination,59participants were positive for measles antibody,positive rate was98.33%.58participants were successfully immunized,resulting a successful rate of 96.67%,GMT was 1:1 285.13.35participants were positive for rubella antibody,positive rate was 58.33%,35participants were successfully immunized,resulting a successful rate of 58.33%,GMT was 1:19.67.MR vaccines from Yangzhou municipal CDC,Gaoyou county CDC and local vaccination service center were all qualified,all with titers above 102.5 TCID50/0.1mL.Conclusion Vaccine administration and cold chain transportation run well in Yangzhou,quality of vaccines could be guaranteed.MR vaccines have good immunogenicity for measles but not for rubella.Enhanced immunization is necessary,especially for college and high school students.
ASP Crude Oil Dehydration Technology Research and Analysis Process Control

Using ASP produced fluid of Apricot Second Test Station as the test medium,in order to get a New formula Demulsifier which role in the type I electrode combination dehydration and the type II electrode combination dehydration,analysising their advantages and disadvantages,on this basis,the control process which recommended by the ASP recovery treatment have given.
The analysis on the microbial contamination situation of freshly squeezed juice from catering services in Deqing county

Objective:To investigate the microbial contamination situation of freshly squeezed juice from catering services in Deqing county,Zhejiang Province.Methods: From 2008 to 2011,66 samples of freshly squeezed juice had been collcted from catering services in Deqing county to dectect the total number of colonies,coliform and Staphylococcus aureus.Results: The total qualification rate of 66 samples was 31.82%.The qualification rates of samples in 2008,2009,2010 and 2011 were 0.00%,24.14%,40.91% and 62.50%,respectively,and the differences between them were statistical significant(P0.05).The qualification rate of the total number of colonies in 66 samples was 37.88%,and that of the coliform was 42.42%,that of the staphylococcus aureus was 83.33%.Conclusion: The qualification rate of freshly squeezed juice from catering services in Deqing county was low,and microbial contamination exsited in the manufacturing process of the freshly squeezed juice.The health management of manufacturing process of the freshly squeezed juice in Deqing county should be strengthened.
The Importance of Service-user Communities. is Mainstreaming Always the Answer?

The importance of service-user communities: Is mainstreaming always the answer? Objectives Participants will be able to describe programs which illustrate the benefits of service-user support. Aims Drawing an analogy with immigrant and ethnic minority communities, the presenter will argue that there is a value in the mutual support found in identity communities of people who have experienced mental illness. Methods Ethnic minorities have multiple successful pathways towards social inclusion. They can choose to live, work and socialize in the dominant community, remain in their sub-communities, or move back and forth, choosing activities in each. People with psychiatric disabilities can be offered these same choices: we should not assume that integration into the broader community through mainstreaming is the ultimate goal. Results Successful models that build on the value of the mutual support in communities of people with disabilities, such as social firms and the psychosocial clubhouse, will be cited. These models include business incubators that help community members develop micro-businesses and a user-friendly bank to assist in capitalizing such ventures. An economic development approach which identifies enterprises that can advance the economy of the service-user community and offer members work opportunities will be described. Conclusions Service-users should be given opportunities to appreciate the mutual support which comes from those with whom they share experiences, concerns, needs and goals, and not feel they must abandon this resource in order to integrate themselves into the broader community.
Surface directed reversible imidazole ligation to nickel(ii) octaethylporphyrin at the solution/solid interface: a single molecule level study.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to study for the first time the reversible binding of imidazole (Im) and nickel(II) octaethylporphyrin (NiOEP) supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at the phenyloctane/NiOEP/HOPG interface at 25 °C. The ligation of Im to the NiOEP receptor while not observed in fluid solution is readily realized at the solution/HOPG interface. The coordination process scales with increasing Im concentration and can be effectively modeled by the Langmuir isotherm. At room temperature it is determined that the standard free energy of adsorption is ΔGc = −15.8 kJ mol−1 and the standard enthalpy of adsorption is estimated to be ΔHc ≈ −80 kJ mol−1. The reactivity of imidazole toward NiOEP adsorbed on HOPG is attributed to charge donation from the graphite stabilizing the Im–Ni bond. This charge transfer pathway is supported by molecular and periodic modeling calculations which indicate that the Im ligand behaves as a π-acceptor. DFT calculations also show that the nickel ion in the Im–NiOEP/HOPG complex is in a singlet ground state. This is surprising since both our calculations and previous experimental studies find a triplet ground state for the five and six coordinated Im–nickel(II) porphyrins in the gas-phase or in solution. Both the experimental and the theoretical findings provide information that is useful for better understanding of chemical sensing/recognition and catalytic processes that utilize metal–organic complexes adsorbed on surfaces where the reactivity of the metal is moderated by the substrate.
Blasts Express Phospho-Akt in the Majority of Adult Patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL).

Background: Akt, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a critical regulator of cellular apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Constitutive activation (phosphorylation) of Akt is frequently observed in various types of cancer, and may represent a therapeutic target. Akt inhibitors, such as perifosine, are in clinical development. We evaluated the expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in patients with newly diagnosed ALL. Methods: Between 1998 and 2005, patients with newly diagnosed ALL and an available diagnostic bone marrow biopsy performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation were evaluated. B5-fixed bone marrow core biopsies were reviewed for areas with the highest concentration of blasts. A tissue microarray was constructed using 1 mm tissue cores. The cores were arrayed in duplicate in the majority of samples, with a few samples having only 1 core. Immunohistochemistry was performed for pAkt with a monoclonal antibody to pAkt (Rockland Immunochemicals), using automated stainers and heat induced epitope retrieval. pAkt staining of blasts was estimated in 10% increments. The pattern of staining for pAkt was classified as positive (activated) if nuclear or cytoplasmic staining occurred in more than 10% of the blasts. Results: Eighty-eight patients with newly diagnosed ALL were treated at our institution during this time. Forty-five patients were evaluable. Thirty-three cases were not evaluable for the following reasons: bone marrow cores not available (9), bone marrow aspirate performed at an outside hospital (20), bone marrow aspirate sample not sufficient (1), and diagnostic bone marrow aspirate not performed (3). The median age was 37 [range 18–81]. Sixteen patients (35%) had poor risk cytogenetics, 12 (27%) normal karyotype, 9(20%) miscellaneous abnormalities, and 8 (18%) unknown cytogenetics as defined by CALGB criteria. Forty-one patients (91%) had precursor B-cell ALL, and 4 patients (9%) precursor T cell ALL. The median white count was 6.6 × 10 9 /L [range 0.93–278], and median LDH 772 U/L [range 155–4608]. The expression of pAkt was characterized predominately by cytoplasmic staining with 8 cases exhibiting nuclear staining. Akt was activated (phosphorylated) in 32 out of 45 patients (71%) with newly diagnosed ALL. The median percentage of blasts with pAkt in the cytoplasm was 30%, with 19 patients (42%) having ≥50% blasts with cytoplasmic pAkt. There was a trend towards more patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive ALL having ≥50% blasts with pAkt in the cytoplasm (7/10 patients) versus patients with other cytogenetic abnormalities (12/33) (p=0.079). Conclusions: Akt was activated in the majority of patients with newly diagnosed ALL. Akt may be a therapeutic target in ALL, and especially for patients with Ph+ ALL. Larger studies will be needed to define the prognostic significance of Akt activation in ALL.
Magnetic Monopoles and the Orientation Entanglement Relation

We show that Dirac magnetic monopoles do not satisfy the orientationentanglement (OE) relation and do not return to their initial state after a 4πrotation. This is done in both the formalism using Dirac strings of singularitiesand in the fiber bundle formalism. In the latter we connect the OE relation tothe first homotopy group of the gauge group. We hypothesize that failure tosatisfy the OE relation is the reason Dirac magnetic monopoles have neverbeen seen.
Comparative Study of Bone Cell Culture Methods for Tissue Engineering Applications

Cells are used in bone tissue engineering applications to facilitate new bone formation in implants. Enzymatic digestion and marrow removal by either centrifugal force or syringe are three methods used to isolate the cells for culture, but each technique has benefits and drawbacks. This comparative study evaluated the effects of the three cell isolation techniques on the attachment, proliferation, and mineralization of rat bone cells. Cells were isolated, seeded, and cultured following standard protocols for each isolation method. Quantitative assays to determine metabolic activity, lactic acid production, glucose consumption, and amounts of intracellular protein, alkaline phosphatase activity, and extracellular calcium were performed. In addition, cell morphology and viability were examined qualitatively. The results indicate that the cell isolation method affects the attachment, proliferation, and type of tissue formed by cells cultured under identical conditions.
Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Systems: Design Methods and Applications

This chapter is the IT2 version of Chap. 4. It focuses first on what exactly “design of an IT2 fuzzy system” means, and then provides a tabular way for making the choices that are needed in order to fully specify an IT2 fuzzy system. It introduces two approaches to design, the partially dependent approach and the totally independent approach, but this time for singleton, T1 non-singleton and IT2 non-singleton IT2 fuzzy systems. It then describes the extension of the six design methods that were covered for type-1 fuzzy systems in Chap. 4 to IT2 fuzzy systems, namely: IT2 WM, least squares, derivative-based, SVD-QR, derivative-free, and iterative. It continues the three Chap. 4 case studies (forecasting of time series, knowledge mining using surveys, and fuzzy logic control), and continues the Chap. 4 applications of forecasting of compressed video traffic using IT2 Mamdani and TSK fuzzy systems, and IT2 rule-based classification of video traffic. The application of equalization of time-varying nonlinear digital communication channels is also covered. Thirteen examples are used to illustrate the important concepts.
Electromagnetic Enhancement of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation

Uniform distribution of soluble and insoluble materials into saturated porous soil is often challenging for geotechnical applications, due to the random formation of fingers, i.e., a form of instability at the interface of materials with contrasting density and viscosity. A mechanism by which, one could control this random fingering tendency would support a broad array of applications where it is desirable to uniformly penetrate soil with a substance. In our previous research, the use of electromagnetic (EM) waves has been demonstrated to be effective to induce multiphase flow of dense (ρ > 1 g/cm3) materials in aqueous media, as well as to control air-channel formation in air sparging. EM waves with carefully predesigned radiation pattern were shown to induce a directed two-phase flow in aqueous and saturated porous media with relatively low energy input and minimal heat generation. A homogeneous medium of saturated Ottawa sand within a dimensionally scaled cavity (a Plexiglas tank with its walls covered with transparent, electrically conductive films), designed with a reservoir at the bottom plumbed to maintain constant head, was used to simulate the soil medium. Then, a nonaqueous liquid was supplied, an even distribution of which (throughout the soil volume) was desired. In current practice, such an application would have limited success, owing to the aforementioned fingering effects, as well as the relatively slow process of natural dispersion. Such a case is used as the control. In the study case, EM waves were then launched into the cavity using a loop antenna sharing the ground as the cavity at the best impedance-matched frequency. The EM filed was also numerically simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics finite-element analysis software. The model was also experimentally validated using experimental measurement. Observations and measurements of the induced flow are then made to assess the effectiveness of the distribution. Infiltrating materials to be studied include ionic, soluble nonionic, and biological samples, selected based on their value for various geotechnical applications. Subsequent pilot- or field-scale testing is necessary to determine ultimate applicability of the system.
A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE FOUNDERS OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANCY

This paper examines the social relations of the founders of the first institutions of modern public accountancy in Scotland. The study uses archival data to construct social networks prior to 1854. Individual founders in the networks are identified as potentially significant sources of influence in the foundation events. The paper reports the social network analysis in several parts. First, relations between the founders of The Institute of Accountants in Edinburgh (IAE), renamed The Society of Accountants in Edinburgh (SAE), are networked. Second, a similar analysis is made of the foundation of The Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow (IAAG). Third, social links between individual founders of the IAE/SAE and IAAG are identified. The research results are generally consistent with prior studies but reveal significant matters not identified by other researchers. The social network analysis of the IAE/SAE founders confirms the existence of a cohesive and elite community and the presence of an el...
DD72: Mist, nur Silber! (August 2008)

Siegen wollen! Nicht siegen mussen! Nach den Sternen greifen, nicht Karriere machen! Den Oscar gewinnen, nicht Nominierungen anstreben! Verruckt geworden – warum denn gleich so hoch hinaus? Wer ganz oben sein will, muss etwas erschaffen. Fur Silber reicht nachmachen. Deshalb sage ich: Gold ist so unendlich viel schoner anzustreben als Silber, selbst wenn Sie nie eine Medaille erreichen. Auf Goldkurs sein ist das Schone an sich.
Diversity’s twilight Zone: how affirmative action in education equals ‘discrimination’ in the colorblind era

Diversity is a ubiquitous concept in Education. Our contemporary racial discourse has been taken over by diversity talk. That is, to talk about race in the colorblind era in the contexts of school ...
The potential for phenological mismatch between a perennial herb and its ground-nesting bee pollinator

Climate change may alter the timing of flowering and pollinator activity to differing degrees, resulting in phenological mismatches between mutualistic partners. Assessing the potential for such mismatches requires an understanding of the environmental factors that cue flowering and pollinator activity. Biological context is key to determining specific impacts of climate change, and therefore it is important to study mutualisms with pollinators of different nesting biologies. Our study focused on the phenology of two mutualists native to the coastal dunes of northwestern California: the silky beach pea (Lathyrus littoralis) and its main pollinator, the ground-nesting solitary silver bee (Habropoda miserabilis). We measured the current phenological overlap between the two species and took advantage of local fine-scale spatial variation in the timing of flowering and bee nesting activity to develop predictive models of flowering and flight period timing based on variation in soil temperature and moisture. Temperature best predicted both flowering and bee activity, although soil moisture influenced the timing as well. Comparison of linear regression slopes of phenology against temperature suggests that bee nesting time is more sensitive to differences in seasonal maximum temperatures, and may advance more rapidly than flowering with temperature increases. Although the current phenological overlap between the two species is high, this differential response to temperature could result in a decrease in overlap with climate warming. Our results highlight that nesting biology may be critical in determining impacts of climate change on pollination mutualisms, as ground-nesting bees may respond differently than other bee species. In addition, this work reveals the utility of studying bee species that nest in aggregations for understanding ground-nesting bee phenology.
How consistent are your choice data

Economists have a long tradition of specifying their models in terms of axioms, or restrictions on data which must be obeyed for it to be consistent with a particular model. One common axiom is that a binary relation on some set Z must be acyclic. Acyclic, antisymmetric relations have the important property that they can be extended to complete linear orders. As such, we can interpret such relations as being an incomplete observation of some consistent ordering on Z. The most famous use of this result is Strong Axiom of Revealed Preference (SARP), which shows that a set of choice data can be considered consistent with the maximization of some underlying preference ordering if and only if the generated revealed preference relation is acyclic. Caplin and Dean [2008] provide an example in which the acyclic property is central to characterising a model of search and choice. One problem with the axiomatic method of characterizing a model is that it provides only a very stark measure of whether a data set is consistent with a particular model: data either does or does not violate the stated axioms. There is no concept of whether a data set is `close' to satisfying an axiom set. Recognising this problem, several authors have proposed measures of how `far away' a data set is from satisfying a set of axioms (see Afriat [1972], Varian [1991], and Houtman and Maks [1985]). The Houtman and Maks measure is based on finding the largest subset of observations which satisfy the axiomatic system. While this measure is not without its problems (see Choi et al. [2006] for a discussion), it has the advantage of being applicable to wide variety of data sets and axiomatic systems. In contrast, the Afriat and Varian measures are only applicable to data obtained by observing choices derived from different budget sets. One possible reason that the Houtman and Maks measure has not been widely adopted is that it can be extremely computationally intensive (see Choi et al. [2007] and Fisman et al. [2007] for examples in which computational constraints have been binding). The innovation in this paper is to show that the problem of finding the maximal acyclic subset can be reduced to a well-studied problem within the computer sciences and operations research: the Minimum Set Covering Problem (MSCP). While MSCP is NP-hard in the strong sense, there are a wide variety of algorithms built to solve this problem (see Caprara, Toth, and Fischetti [2000]), which can be used to find the maximal acyclic set quickly and exactly for reasonably-sized data sets. This paper describes some of these algorithms, and a companion website (www.danielmartin.com) provides code which adapts them to the Houtman-Maks measure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that with this approach, the measure can be calculated in under a second for cases that were previously insoluble. This result opens up the possibility that the Houtman-Maks measure can be developed into a more formal statistical test of axiomatic consistency.
Temperature Effect on Poisson’s Ratio of Woven Composites

Monotonic tensile tests were conducted following ASTM Standards D3039 (Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials) and D3518 (Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of a ±45° Laminate), on non-hybrid plain weave composite materials. Strips (6.35mm×25mm×250mm) of non-hybrid IM-7 Graphite/SC-79 epoxy called GR for short, non-hybrid S-2 Glass/SC-79 epoxy called GL for short specimens were tensile tested. The tests were conducted at -60°C, -20°C, 75°C and 125°C. The Poisson’s ratios were measured using strain gages. It was observed that temperature had a small effect on the Poisson’s ratio.
Inhibition of the release of growth hormone in vitro by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone

Abstract A polypeptide isolated from porcine hypothalami was found to inhibit the release of growth hormone (GH) from isolated rat pituitaries. This polypeptide was identified chemically and biologically as α-MSH. Pure natural α-MSH isolated from beef posterior pituitary extracts and synthetic α-MSH also inhibit the release of GH in vitro . In addition, other substances not yet identified, present in porcine hypothalamic extracts, also share this property.
Puzzles and paradoxes

This will be a discussion of some new variants of known puzzles and paradoxes, with perhaps a bit of magic thrown in.
Line-source carbon dioxide release: III: Predictions by a Two-Dimensional numerical diffusion model

Model predictions of CO2 concentrations downwind from a line source were calibrated using experimental data. Agreement between the model and experimental data was improved by adjusting for wind direction meander and cup anemometer overshoot. The model predictions showed that by using a negative exponential wind speed profile within the crop canopy, predictions were closer to observed CO2 concentration profiles than when experimentally-observed wind speed profiles, which were constant with height in the lower canopy, were used. This finding suggests that much of the lower canopy airflow was not direct mass flow in the downwind direction. Eddy diffusivity profiles which showed a within-canopy local minimum resulted in arestriction in the predicted loss of CO2 out of the canopy system. Two-dimensional plots of predicted null vertical flux and CO2 concentration portrayed vividly the turbulent diffusion and mass flow transport of CO2 from the line source.
A cell model of effective thermal conductivity for saturated porous media

Abstract Effective thermal conductivity of porous materials is of interest in many heat transfer applications. In this study, a new cell model is developed to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of a porous medium consisting of solid particles in a continuous fluid phase. Each solid particle is conceptualized to be enveloped by a spherical fluid cell, which represents the interactions among the solid particles and the fluid phase. The heat conduction equations in both the solid particle and the fluid are separately solved and the effective thermal conductivity is then determined based on the developed temperature profile in the cell. I compare the new model with six experimental data sets as well as four published analytical models for the effective thermal conductivity in the literature. In addition, the developed model is also compared with the results from a detailed pore-scale numerical simulation based on multiple random realizations of porous medium configurations. The developed effective thermal conductivity model compares well with the experimental data and pore scale simulations from random realizations of porous media in the literature. At the two limiting cases of the porosity spectrum, the developed cell model of porous medium effective thermal conductivity approaches that from the Maxwell classical model. When the solid is more conductive than the fluid, over-simplifying the phase interaction under-predicts the effective thermal conductivity. On the other hand, over-simplifying the phase interaction significantly over-predicts the effective thermal conductivity if the fluid phase more conductive.
Age-Dependent Changes in the Progenitor Translatome Coordinated in part by Tsc1 Increase Perception of Signaling Inputs to End Nephrogenesis

Mammalian nephron endowment is determined by the coordinated cessation of nephrogenesis in independent niches. Here we report that in young niches, cellular Wnt agonists are poorly translated, Fgf20 levels are high and R-spondin levels are low, resulting in a pro self-renewal environment. By contrast, older niches are low in Fgf20 and high in R-spondin, with increased cellular translation of Wnt agonists, including the signalosome-promoting Tmem59. This suggests a hypothesis that the tipping point for nephron progenitor exit from the niche is controlled by the gradual increase in stability and clustering of Wnt/Fzd complexes in individual cells, enhancing the response to ureteric bud-derived Wnt9b inputs and driving differentiation. We show Tsc1 hemizygosity differentially promoted translation of Wnt antagonists over agonists, expanding a transitional (Six2+, Cited1+, Wnt4+) state and delaying the tipping point. As predicted by these findings, reducing Rspo3 dosage in nephron progenitors or Tmem59 globally increased nephron numbers in vivo.
Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and the potential roles of local and systemic factors in its development. Osteoporosis is a reduction in bone mass and a change in microarchitecture, which increases the susceptibility to fractures. The bone loss is brought about by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, coupled with processes that occur continuously throughout the skeleton to carry out its functions. Osteoclastic bone resorption releases calcium, phosphate, and other ions from bone for homeostasis and initiates the structural remodeling, which adapts skeletal architecture to mechanical loads. Bone resorption can also alter the bone marrow space in response to hemopoietic needs. As a consequence, the balance between bone resorption and bone formation can be influenced by many factors, which could therefore cause, or contribute to osteoporosis. Polymorphism in the genes of type I collagen, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and the receptors for estrogen, vitamin D, and IGF1 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Most conditions that lead to osteoporosis, including estrogen deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, and hyperthyroidism, are associated with increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Multiple genes are likely to determine the level of these, and other resorption stimuli, excessive response to such stimuli, and/or inappropriate “coupling” between resorption and formation. In most of the osteoporoses, there is increased bone resorption, resulting from the combined effects of increased osteoclast “tonus” caused by sex steroid deficiency, with the potential contribution of secondary hyperparathyroidism due to inadequate calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency.
Considerations for active surveillance in select Gleason grade group 2 patients: A preliminary study.

206Background: While active surveillance (AS) has become the preferred management strategy for patients with NCCN very-low and low risk prostate cancer, its use in the setting of intermediate risk ...