cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal activity by mammal-eating killer whales at a predation hot spot in the Bering Sea

The importance of food availability (bottom-up control) vs. predation (top-down control) in affecting population dynamics of individual species and the structure of marine communities and ecosystems is in most cases poorly known, but vigorously debated. This debate has recently focused on the dramatic declines of populations of four species of marine mammals in Alaska (Estes et al. 1998, Springer et al. 2003, 2008; Williams et al. 2004, Fritz and Hinckley 2005, Trites et al. 2007, Wade et al. 2007). Between the early 1970s and late 1990s, the abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and sea otters (Enhydra lutris) collapsed sequentially by 80%–90% throughout southwest Alaska—the Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, and western Gulf of Alaska. The major portion of each collapse occurred over short intervals of about 10 yr. Harbor seals have since begun a slow recovery in at least a part of this range (Small et al. 2003); sea lions have variously increased somewhat, remained stable, or continued to decline (NMFS 2007); and sea otters were still declining in most areas through the early 2000s (Doroff et al. 2003, Estes et al. 2005, J. Estes1). Across that entire span of years, a fourth species, the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) on the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea, has experienced a less precipitous, but continuing, and now concerning, decline—for example, pup production, the index of total abundance, has fallen by 26% since 2002 and their abundance is just 24% of the peak in 1955 (Trites and Larkin 1989, Towell and Fowler 2006). Three principal hypotheses have been proposed to explain these collapses and the lack of significant recovery: direct mortality from human activities, nutritional limitation, and predation. Direct mortality of sea lions was caused primarily by commercial harvests, bycatch in commercial fisheries, and legal and illegal shooting (Atkinson et al. 2008): direct mortality has not been invoked as a cause of the declines of any of the other species in the region since the mid 1970s or earlier. The cause of purported nutritional limitation of pinnipeds is thought to be climate change or commercial fisheries, or both, which altered the availability of various species of
Presence of P1b and Absence of HC-Pro in Squash Vein Yellowing Virus Suggests a General Feature of the Genus Ipomovirus in the Family Potyviridae

The genus Ipomovirus is one of six currently recognized genera in the family Potyviridae. The complete nucleotide sequence of Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), a putative ipomovirus recently described in Florida, has been determined. The 9836 nt SqVYV genomic RNA [excluding the poly(A) tail] has one large open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein of 3172 amino acids, typical of the genome organization for most members in the family Potyviridae. The 10 mature proteins predicted to be derived from the SqVYV polyprotein include P1a and P1b but no HC-Pro, similar to Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) but different from Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPMMV), both recognized members of the genus Ipomovirus. Phylogenetic analysis of these proteins supports classification of SqVYV as a novel species within the genus Ipomovirus. However, the similar genome organization strategy of SqVYV and CVYV, which differs from that of SPMMV, indicates that the taxonomy of the genus Ipomovirus needs to be re-examined and a new genus created within the family Potyviridae to accommodate the observed discrepancies in ipomovirus genome organization.
Effects of uniaxial stress on the electroreflectance spectrum of Ge and GaAs

We have investigated the effects of static uniaxial compression along [001] and [111] on the Schottky-barrier electroreflectance spectrum of the ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ and ${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ transitions in Ge and GaAs. From the stress-induced splittings and shifts of these optical structures we have obtained deformation potentials, spin-exchange parameters and reduced interband masses. For the ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ transitions orbital (${b}_{1}$ and ${d}_{1}$), spin-dependent (${b}_{2}$ and ${d}_{2}$), and hydrostatic deformation potentials have been determined. In GaAs these are the first measurements reported for ${b}_{2}$ and ${d}_{2}$. The other parameters were found to be in good agreement with previous works. Interband reduced masses for the ${E}_{0}$ transition in Ge were determined at high stresses, in which case the degenerate valence band is split and the constant-energy surfaces are parabolic. Conclusive evidence for the existence of the electron-hole Coulomb interaction at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as well as 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the ${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ transitions has been obtained from the polarization-dependent stress-induced splittings for [001] stress. The observed splitting is not explained by one-electron theory but is accounted for by including the electron-hole exchange interaction. By including exciton effects at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the systematic discrepancy between theory and experiment for the intensity and line shape of this structure should be resolved. In addition, deformation potentials due to shear (${D}_{1}^{5}$), hydrostatic (${D}_{1}^{1}$), and intraband (${D}_{3}^{3}$) effects were determined for the ${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ transitions. The values obtained for ${D}_{1}^{5}$ in GaAs and Ge were found to be almost a factor of 2 larger than those previously reported. The reason for this is believed to be the higher resolution of the present experiments. Other parameters agree with prior works.
Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of uranium at high pressure and temperature

Constant-volume quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations of uranium (U) have been carried out over a range of pressures and temperatures that span the experimentally observed solid orthorhombic {alpha}-U, body-centered cubic (bcc), and liquid phases, using an ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential method within the generalized gradient approximation of density functional theory. A robust U pseudopotential has been constructed for these simulations that treats the 14 valence and outer-core electrons per atom necessary to calculate accurate structural and thermodynamic properties up to 100 GPa. Its validity has been checked by comparing low-temperature results with experimental data and all-electron full-potential linear-muffin-tin-orbital calculations of several different uranium solid structures. Calculated QMD energies and pressures for the equation of state of uranium in the solid and liquid phases are given, along with results for the Grueneisen parameter and the specific heat. We also present results for the radial distribution function, bond-angle distribution function, electronic density of states, and liquid diffusion coefficient, as well as evidence for short-range order in the liquid.
Analysis of samara-wing decelerator steady-state characteristics

A method has been developed for computing the steady-state descent characteristics of a samara-wing decelerator. The system is modeled with 11 degrees of freedom taken into account. Analytic requirements for steady vertical descent in lunar rotation derived from the equations of motion are imposed by iteratively varying the dependent variables defining steady descent. Solutions obtained are in good agreement with test data for configurations weighing 1.5-17 Ib.
Activity of Selected Anticoccidials as Feed Additives for Control of the Northern Fowl Mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago)

Abstract Nine anticoccidials were tested as possible feed additives for control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged White Leghorn hens. At levels tested, none of the treatments provided any significant control of the mites.
A new interpretation of russell's multiple-relation theory of judgment

This paper offers an interpretation of Russell's multiple-relation theory of judgment which characterizes it as direct application of the 1905 theory of definite descriptions. The paper maintains that it was by regarding propositional symbols (when occurring as subordinate clauses) as disguised descriptions of complexes, that Russell generated the philosophical explanation of the hierarchy of orders and the ramified theory of types of Principia mathematica (1910). The interpretation provides a new understanding of Russell's abandoned book Theory of knowledge (1913), the ‘direction problems’ and Wittgenstein's criticisms.
IN VITRO ASSAY OF CYTOGENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED IN BONE MARROW CELLS IN VIVO BY CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

Bone marrow cells explanted after the host animal has been exposed to chemicals can be assayed in vitro for cytogenetic damage. Cells were grown in medium for two cell cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and then analyzed for the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and cell replication kinetics. The patterns for induction of these endpoints as assayed in vitro were very similar to those observed if the assay was performed totally in vivo. Several chemicals were tested in this system and shown to be positive; hycanthone, ethidium bromide, 4-fluoro-3-nitro-phenyl azide, mitomycin-C, 2-aminoanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and cyclophosphamide. Dehydroemetine, known as a nonmutagenic drug, was negative in this assay. Since this assay incorporates host metabolism, is rapid, and has a wide dynamic range, it may be useful to perform to determine the potential of chemicals to induce genetic damage.
Preventable cases of autism: relationship between chronic infectious diseases and neurological outcome

There is evidence that chronic infections and the immune reactions associated with them may contribute to causing autism spectrum disorders. These infections include Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia, Human herpesvirus-6, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma (in particular Mycoplasma fermentans). Maternal immune reactions to infections appear to adversely affect fetal brain development and possible pathophysiological mechanisms include both inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and maternal autoantibodies to fetal neural tissue of the same kilodalton mass as those seen with B. burgdorferi and some other chronic infections. The timing of the infection and immune response is critical in determining the pathophysiology. It is advisable to evaluate women who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant for chronic infections, especially if they demonstrate symptoms of an infection or a systemic illness with persistent inflammatory symptoms. The mother and the newborn should be treated when ...
Performance analysis of zinc—bromine batteries in vehicle and utility applications

Abstract Rechargeable zinc—bromine batteries exhibit a number of inherent advantages that let them appear as possible candidates for applications in electric vehicles and utility load levelling. Based upon known single cell data, the performance characteristics of zinc—bromine batteries in vehicle and utility applications are predicted. The attainable specific energy and energy efficiency are computed as a function of specific power. The effects of specific cell resistance, self-discharge rate, and charge and discharge time on specific energy and efficiency are examined.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease and prospects for its control

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major virus pathogen of infants and young children, an important cause of disease in adults and is responsible for a significant amount of excess morbidity and mortality in the elderly. It also can be devastating in immunosuppressed populations. Vaccines are being developed, but none are currently licensed. Moreover, even if one or more are approved, they may not be suitable for some populations vulnerable to RSV (e.g. very young infants and the immunosuppressed). Ribavirin and immunoglobulin preparations with high titers of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies are currently approved for use to treat and prevent RSV infection. However, neither of these is cost-effective or simple to administer. New agents are needed to reduce the impact of RSV. This review is concerned with the means currently available for controlling RSV, the search for new agents effective against this virus, and future prospects for preventing and treating RSV infections.
High Cell Surface Expression of CD4 Allows Distinction of CD4+CD25+ Antigen-specific Effector T Cells from CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Analysis of T regulatory cells (Treg) and T effector cells (Teff) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is complicated by the fact that both cell types express CD4 and CD25. We demonstrate that encephalitogenic T cells, following antigen recognition, up-regulate cell surface expression of CD4. The CD4(high) sub-population contains all of the antigen response as shown by proliferation and cytokine secretion, and only these cells are capable of transferring EAE to naive animals. On the other hand, a FACS separable CD25(+) sub-population of cells displayed consistent levels of CD4 prior to and after antigen stimulation. These cells displayed characteristics of Treg, such as expressing high levels of the Foxp3 gene and the ability to suppress mitogenic T cell responses.
Effects of outcome on in-hospital transition from intravenous insulin infusion to subcutaneous therapy.

It is widely accepted by medical practitioners that diabetes is a major independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. However, less attention has been directed toward elevated blood glucose as a predictor of poor outcomes in hospitalized patients in cardiac critical care. This has occurred despite documentation of hyperglycemia in a significant proportion of patients admitted for cardiac care and considerable data supporting the use of intravenous (IV) insulin to achieve glycemic control. The increased risk for mortality due to hyperglycemia provides a strong rationale for an intensive approach using insulin to control blood glucose levels in cardiac patients being treated in acute care and surgical settings. IV insulin infusion is the therapy of choice for patients in cardiac critical care units, with transition to a subcutaneous insulin therapy regimen when appropriate. The timing of this transition can be critical. Strong evidence from studies on patients who have undergone cardiac surgery suggests that glycemic control by insulin infusion should be maintained for ≥3 postoperative days. Nonetheless, transition from IV to subcutaneous therapy must occur at some point during the hospital stay. In conclusion, the implementation of measures to achieve glycemic control in acute cardiac care hospital settings can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality and can substantially decrease the costs associated with prolonged hospital stays. This report reviews recent clinical data on the benefits of IV insulin infusion in cardiac patients in critical care and provides recommendations on transitioning patients from IV insulin infusion to subcutaneous therapy.
Evaluation of the posture and muscular strength of the trunk and inferior members of patients with chronic lumbar pain.

Abstract Objective We examine the postural profile and muscular forces of the trunk and inferior members of patients with chronic low back pain. Methods In this study, we include 60 subjects forming two groups: a first group (G1) of 30 patients with chronic low back pain and a second group (G2) of 30 healthy subjects. Every subject profited from an isokinetic evaluation of the muscular forces of the trunk (at 60 and 90°.s−1) and knees (at 60 and 120°.s−1) and of a postural evaluation. The isokinetic evaluation was carried out using Cybex® Norm II dynamometer with its Trunk Extension/Flexion (TEF) module set in concentric mode. The parameter under study was the torque peak. The postural evaluation was accomplished using the platform SATEL for the balance analysis associated with four conditions: static on stable plan open eyes (OE) then closed eyes (CE) and static on unstable plan OE then CE. The parameters under study were the averages of the total lengths, total surfaces, and the X and Y means. Results The averages of the torque peaks of the trunk flexor and extensor muscles at the speeds of 60 and 90°.s−1 were inferior in group G1 as compared to G2. The differences were statistically insignificant only for the extensor muscles (p Conclusion We showed deficits of the posture and muscles of the trunk and knees of patients with chronic lumbar pain. The muscular deficit of the trunk predominates on extensors.
The Reference Interview as Partnership: An Examination of Librarian, Library User, and Social Interaction

SUMMARY The reflections penned in this article began as a single paragraph contributed several years ago to Charles Anderson's “The Exchange,” a column in RQ (now Reference & User Services Quarterly) (Anderson, 1995). I elaborated upon the concept through further reflection and augmented the ideas through a literature review. These ideas are meant to spark interest among library school students, new reference librarians, and veteran reference librarians who perhaps need new reason to show up with a positive attitude at that next reference shift. The thesis is that this moment in time within a given reference interview occurs only once, regardless of how many times a librarian has heard the question. We as librarians must always be alert to respond appropriately to the distinct contributions that the given library user brings to that question. In the process, we are equals in that the librarian knows more of the research technique to uncover the appropriate sources, but the library user knows more of what ...
Effects of water stress on hemolymph volume, osmotic potential and chemical composition in Megetra cancellata

Abstract 1. 1. Rates of water loss in Megetra cancellata were very high compared to those reported for other xeric arthropods. 2. 2. Hemolymph weight in hydrated animals was 43.0% of the total body weight while it was 24.7% in desiccated animals that had lost 16.1% of their body weight as water. 3. 3. Hemolymph osmotic potential increased from 417 to 447 mOsm/kg in desiccated beetles, but osmotic regulation was evident. 4. 4. Total hemolymph protein mass and concentration decreased in desiccated beetles while amino acid concentrations remained constant (at about 70 mM). 5. 5. Na+ and −PO4 concentrations increased in desiccated beetles. 6. 6. Cl− and K+ concentrations in desiccated beetles were equal to those in undesiccated beetles.
Nonadiabatic hyperspherical approach to two-electron systems

Energy values for the ground and three lowest excited singlet S states of helium have been calculated using hyperspherical coordinates in a variational basis consisting of Sturmian functions in R, Legendre polynomials in ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12}$, and problem-optimized functions in \ensuremath{\alpha}. No adiabatic hypothesis is made. The convergence and energy values are superior to previous calculations using similar methods, but not as good as calculations in which ${r}_{12}$ is explicitly included. Plots of (H-E)\ensuremath{\Phi}(R,\ensuremath{\alpha},${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12}$) versus R and \ensuremath{\alpha} are presented, and they show that the greatest departure from zero is in the \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0 region.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of 4-pyrone, chromone and xanthone

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance spectra of 4-pyrone, chromone, xanthone, and several substituted 4-pyrones have been obtained and analyzed at 60 mc/sec in CDCl 3 , solution. In addition the C 13 satellite spectra have been observed at natural abundance in 4-pyrone and utilized both in verifying the analysis of the proton spectra and in evaluating the C 13 H coupling constants. The results of the analyses have been employed in discussing the electronic structure and related properties of 4-pyrone and its benzologs.
On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.
Examining the potential exploitation of UNOS policies.

The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list was designed as a just and equitable system through which the limited number of organs is allocated to the millions of Americans in need of a transplant. People have trusted the system because of the belief that everyone on the list has an equal opportunity to receive an organ and also that allocation is blind to matters of financial standing, celebrity or political power. Recent events have revealed that certain practices and policies have the potential to be exploited. The policies addressed in this paper enable those on the list with the proper resources to gain an advantage over other less fortunate members, creating a system that benefits not the individual most in medical need, but the one with the best resources. These policies are not only unethical but threaten the balance and success of the entire UNOS system. This paper proposes one possible solution, which seeks to balance the concepts of justice and utility. 1. United Network for Organ ...
Television Line 21 Encoded Information and its Impact on Receiver Design

A system has been proposed for the transmission of accurate time information during Line 21 of the vertical interval of standard television broadcasts. This paper will desctibe the basic system and its implementation in an approach to digital tuning. Many uses have been suggested for the vertical interval , including test signals, facsimile, etc. The National Bureau of Standards proposes using one of the lines for transmission of digitally encoded time information. The line chosen was originally line 1 but this was subsequently changed to line 21 due to the line 1 bypass used in broadcast processors. The information contained in the code would include -NBS time, local time, channel identification, 64 characters of text and a precise 1 MHz reference signal. The text is intended for deaf viewers, emergency codes, subtitles, network communications, etc.
Sonication Enhanced Cornstarch Separation

Yellow dent corn soaked in deionized water at 52°C for 24 h without addition of SO2 was wet-milled using a modified 100-g laboratory procedure employing ultrasound treatment at different points in the milling process and compared to conventional wet milling and milling-only corn. Starch yields from ultrasound treatments varied from 66.93 to 68.72% and were comparable to conventional wet milling (68.92%). The ultrasound treated samples produced 6.35 to 7.02 more percentage point starch compared to the milling-only corn. Compared to the starch from milling-only corn, the ultrasound-produced starches showed a significant increase in whiteness and decrease in yellowness that are comparable to starches produced by conventional wet milling. Ultrasound treatment after the second grinding produced the highest starch yield and the lowest protein content in the resulting starch. The ultrasound-treated starches exhibited different pasting properties as evidenced by higher paste viscosities.
Experiencing the Research Process in a Single Class Period

Books and courses on research methods, statistics, or both, often necessarily focus on one topic at a time. This compartmentalized approach prevents students from seeing the big picture. To address this shortcoming, I developed an exercise through which students experience the whole research process in a single class period. From posing a question, through devising a method, collecting and analyzing data, to writing the report, students conduct all aspects of a basic research project. After the experience, students reported a significant increase in their understanding of the research process. In addition, students recommended using the exercise in future classes and at other universities. I end by discussing various ways that the exercise can be adapted to other class situations and content areas.
SWAT: hierarchical stream summarization in large networks

The problem of statistics and aggregate maintenance over data streams has gained popularity in recent years especially in telecommunications network monitoring, trend-related analysis, Web-click streams, stock tickers, and other time-variant data. The amount of data generated in such applications can become too large to store, or if stored too large to scan multiple times. We consider queries over data streams that are biased towards the more recent values. We develop a technique that summarizes a dynamic stream incrementally at multiple resolutions. This approximation can be used to answer point queries, range queries, and inner product queries. Moreover, the precision of answers can be changed adoptively by a client. Later, we extend the above technique to work in a distributed setting, specifically in a large network where a central site summarizes the stream and clients ask queries. We minimize the message overhead by deciding what and where to replicate by using an adaptive replication scheme. We maintain a hierarchy of approximations that change adoptively based on the query and update rates. We show experimentally that our technique performs better than existing techniques: up to 50 times better in terms of approximation quality, up to four orders of magnitude times better in response time, and up to five times better in terms of message complexity.
Claire K. Schultz, 1924–2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY A groundbreaker and important link between library science and computer-based information science, Claire Kelly Schultz passed away in May 2015. Though Schultz's original aim to become a doctor was derailed, her first job as a biology lab assistant and librarian launched her on a career path that ultimately provided important service to medicine, pharmacology and information science. With training in library studies, chemistry and medicine, Schultz became the librarian at the future Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Labs and became aware of the technical challenges of literature retrieval in the field. She consulted with others at the forefront of indexing and retrieval systems to develop a successful card sorting method using Boolean logic. This success led to consulting positions and publications on information retrieval, vocabulary control, thesaurus construction and indexing. Schultz strongly advocated applying documentation practices to the developing field and to the history of the American Documentation Institute (ADI), forerunner of the Association for Information Science and Technology, and she created the first thesaurus of information science. Active in several professional societies, Schultz became the ADI's first woman president and earned its 1980 Award of Merit.
Distributed collaborative environments for the 21st century laboratory

Distributed collaboration is an emerging technology that will significantly change how business and research is conducted in 21st century. As downsizing trends continue in both government and industry, organizations increasingly require more efficient, effective collaboration and knowledge sharing for geographically dispersed personnel across multiple application domains in order to solve complex problems and accomplish difficult tasks. Past research has treated knowledge sharing as an information technology problem and has ignored an organization's culture and related process changes needed for successful collaboration. This paper reviews the application of distributed collaborative environments employing an agent-based framework with emphasis on product and process modeling to enable information and knowledge sharing for Air Force acquisition and technology development. This research is a significant benchmark in the evolution of collaboration in that information technology, process change, and the sociology of human interaction are woven into a fabric of knowledge sharing - the knowledge focused organization.
Comparing AVHRR and hydrologically modelled discontinuous alpine snow-covered area estimates

Snowcover and snowpack information are used extensively by water resources managers to estimate peak streamflows and seasonal runoff volumes. In the southwestern US, the NASA EOS Southwestern Regional Earth Science Applications Center is providing these data to users, such as the Salt River Project, to improve hydrologic predictions. Snowpack water volumes are derived from the combination of snow covered area estimates and snow water equivalent estimates. NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer imagery are used to generate a daily fractional SCA product on a 1 km grid. These data are compared to modelled SCA generated from the USGS Precipitation Runoff Modelling System. The meteorological data driving the PRMS model are sparse across the study area (White River Basin in Arizona). Overall, the PRMS-modelled SCA is greater than AVHRR-derived SCA at higher elevations and lesser at lower elevations, predicting too much snowmelt streamflow too early in the winter season.
Programming-free graphic factory simulation with GEFMS/PC (graphically enhanced flexible modeling system)

This paper describes the capabilities and operation of a simulation tool designed for manufacturing applications[1] that does not require programming. The input of the simulation is based on a graphic layout of the model and the user's responses to a series of questions and answers. This implementation on IBM Personal Computers makes it possible for a larger group of manufacturing planners, engineers, and others to use simulation than was possible with an earlier implementation on the DEC† VAX[2].
Greater insulin sensitivity in calorie restricted rats occurs with unaltered circulating levels of several important myokines and cytokines

Calorie restriction (CR; ~60% of ad libitum, AL intake) has been associated with substantial alterations in body composition and insulin sensitivity. Recently, several proteins that are secreted by nontraditional endocrine tissues, including skeletal muscle and other tissues, have been discovered to modulate energy metabolism, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of CR by rats on plasma levels of six of these newly recognized metabolic hormones (BDNF, FGF21, IL-1β, myonectin, myostatin, and irisin). Body composition of 9-month old male Fischer-344/Brown Norway rats (AL and CR groups) was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Blood sampled from the carotid artery of unanesthetized rats was used to measure concentrations of glucose and plasma proteins. As expected, CR versus AL rats had significantly altered body composition (reduced percent fat mass, increased percent lean mass) and significantly improved insulin sensitivity (based on the homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance index). Also consistent with previous reports, CR compared to AL rats had significantly greater plasma levels of adiponectin and corticosterone. However, there were no significant diet-related differences in plasma levels of BDNF, FGF21, IL-1β, myonectin, myostatin, or irisin. In conclusion, these results indicate that alterations in plasma concentration of these six secreted proteins are not essential for the CR-related improvement in insulin sensitivity in rats.
Effect of crowding by Ficolls on OmpA and OmpT refolding and membrane insertion

Folding of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) has been studied extensively in vitro. However, most of these studies have been conducted in dilute buffer solution, which is different from the crowded environment in the cell periplasm, where the folding and membrane insertion of OMPs actually occur. Using OmpA and OmpT as model proteins and Ficoll 70 as the crowding agent, here we investigated the effect of the macromolecular crowding condition on OMP membrane insertion. We found that the presence of Ficoll 70 significantly slowed down the rate of membrane insertion of OmpA while had little effect on those of OmpT. To investigate if the soluble domain of OmpA slowed down membrane insertion in the presence of the crowding agent, we created a truncated OmpA construct that contains only the transmembrane domain (OmpA171). In the absence of crowding agent, OmpA171 refolded at a similar rate as OmpA, although with decreased efficiency. However, under the crowding condition, OmpA171 refolded significantly faster than OmpA. Our results suggest that the periplasmic domain slows down the rate, while improves the efficiency, of OmpA folding and membrane insertion under the crowding condition. Such an effect was not obvious when refolding was studied in buffer solution in the absence of crowding.
Psychology of Learning for Instruction

I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction to Theories of Learning and Instruction. II. LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR. 2. Radical Behaviorism. III. LEARNING AND COGNITION. 3. Cognitive Information Processing. 4. Meaningful Learning and Schema Theory. 5. Situated Learning. IV. LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT. 6. Cognitive and Knowledge Development. 7. Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development. V. LEARNING AND BIOLOGY. 8. Biological Bases of Learning and Memory. VI. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION. 9. Motivation and Self-Regulation in Learning. VII. LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION. 10. Gagne's Theory of Instruction. 11. Constructivism. VIII. EPILOGUE. 12. Toward a Personal Theory of Learning and Instruction.
Double optical gating of high harmonic generation

We propose a novel optical switch to control the high-order harmonic generation process so that single attosecond pulses can be generated with ~10 fs input pulses. The technique combines polarization gating and two-color gating.
Critical configuration analysis of four methods for measuring polymerization shrinkage strain of composites.

Abstract Objectives . To compare four methods for measuring polymerization shrinkage strain of composites and to develop a rational basis for comparing data from different methods and laboratories. Methods . Dilatometry, modified bonded disk, strain gage, and a new linear transducer method were used to measure polymerization shrinkage strain of a model composite under similar irradiation conditions. The resin consisted of an untinted resin (50:50 BISGMA/TEGDMA, 0.7% CQ, 0.35% DMAEM, 0.05% BHT) filled with 5% fumed silica and 67 wt% untreated hybrid filler. Specimens ( n =10) were exposed for 60 s at 600 mW/cm 2 and then monitored for 300 s. Specimen volumes were 8 mm 3 for the strain gage method, 25 mm 3 for the linear transducer and dilatometer methods and 43 mm 3 for the bonded disk method. The degree of constraint applied to the specimens by each method was calculated and compared. Shrinkage strain values at 60 and 300 s were tested for significance at p =0.05 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results . Shrinkage strain magnitudes at 60 and 300 s for the four methods were significantly different ( p Significance . Specimen constraint differed in all four methods and was linearly correlated with shrinkage strain magnitude when the degree of constraint was less than 42%.
New Drugs for Myeloma

Although multiple myeloma remains incurable with conventional treatments, management of the disease has recently been transformed with the introduction of three novel agents, bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is approved for the treatment of patients who have received one prior therapy; there is a growing body of clinical evidence showing its effectiveness alone and in combination in the frontline setting, with high response rates and consistently high rates of complete response. Thalidomide plus dexamethasone is approved as frontline treatment of multiple myeloma. Other combination regimens including thalidomide have demonstrated substantial activity in both relapsed and frontline settings. Recently, the thalidomide analogue lenalidomide has been approved, in combination with dexamethasone, for the treatment of patients who have received one prior therapy; this regimen has shown promising results in the frontline setting. These agents represent a new generation of treatments for multiple myeloma that affect both specific intracellular signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment. Other novel, targeted therapies are also being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. Regimens incorporating bortezomib, thalidomide, lenalidomide, and other novel agents, together with commonly used conventional drugs, represent a promising future direction in myeloma treatment. At present, further investigation is required to assess the safety and activity of combinations integrating these other novel agents. However, bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide are now in widespread clinical use. This review therefore focuses on the extensive clinical data available from studies of these drugs in the treatment of newly diagnosed and advanced multiple myeloma.
A Comparative Analysis of Libraries' Approaches to Copyright: Israel, Russia, and the U.S.

While librarians are concerned about copyright and intellectual property, the extent of their compliance with ethical guidelines and copyright laws is unclear. This study examines, through content analysis, libraries' approaches toward copyright concerns in three countries (Israel, Russia, and the United States), and suggests a model of library response to social responsibility issues.
Microtensile bond strength testing and failure analysis of two dentin adhesives

Abstract Objectives. This investigation was conducted to determine the tensile bond strength of two dental adhesives using a recently introduced “microtensile” bond strength testing design and to verify the failure mode for each test specimen with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods. Extracted human molars were mounted in stone and the enamel was removed from the occlusal surface perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. A composite resin crown was formed on this flat dentin surface utilizing each dental adhesive system according to manufacturer's instructions. Twenty-four hours later the bonded test specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive joint, producing six to seven thin slabs per tooth. These dentin/adhesive/composite resin slabs were sectioned free from the stone block and mounted into custom Plexiglas fixtures for trimming and subsequent tensile bond strength testing at 7 d post-bonding. The bond strength of the two adhesives was statistically compared with the t test. The broken specimens were examined with SEM to determine the fracture location or failure mode. Failures for each adhesive system were categorized as either interfacial (joint or mixed) or substrate (dentin and composite) and evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Results. The tensile bond strength and failure modes of All-Bond 2 (Bisco) and Optibond FL (Kerr) were not significantly different. Sixty per cent (12/20) of fractures involving All Bond 2 occurred at the interface, with seven being entirely maintained within the joint, whereas Optibond FL had 35% (7/20) involving some portion of the interface, two totally within the joint. Cohesive fractures of either dentin or composite accounted for 55% of the total failure modes (21/40). The remaining dentin thickness did not affect the measured tensile bond strength. Significance. This versatile new method permits multiple measurements from a single tooth or small surface areas within a restoration but careful interpretation of the failure mode is required to prevent inappropriate conclusions about the utility of the test.
Variation among inbred strains of mice in adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate levels of spermatozoa.

Spermatozoa from inbred strains of mice were found to vary significantly for levels of cyclic AMP when extractions were performed in a reproducible manner. The F 1 hybrid between high and low spermatozoal cAMP strains showed spermatozoal cAMP levels typical of the low strain. An analysis of spermatozoal cAMP in individual mice from the back-cross of the F 1 to the high strain suggested that alleles at more than one locus determine strain differences in spermatozoal cAMP. The major histocompatibility locus of mice, H-2 , which had been found to have an effect on liver cAMP levels did not seem to affect spermatozoal cAMP levels. t -Alleles, which appear to alter fertilization rates by effects on motility, had no apparent affects on spermatozoal cAMP.
Integrating Internet telephony services

Cost savings and the ease of developing and adding new services have motivated great interest in Internet telephony, which integrates services provided by the Internet with the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Internet telephony relies on several protocols, including the real-time transport protocol (RTP) for multimedia data transport and the session initiation protocol (SIP) or H.323 for establishing and controlling sessions. SIP can integrate with other Internet services, such as email, the Web, voice mail, instant messaging, conference calling, and multimedia collaboration. We have implemented a SIP-based software suite called the Columbia Internet extensible multimedia architecture (Cinema), which we installed and integrated with the existing private branch exchange (PBX) infrastructure in the computer science department at Columbia University. The Cinema environment provides interoperability with the PSTN, programmable Internet telephony services, and IP-based voice mail. It also integrates Web access and e-mail for unified messaging and supports multiparty multimedia conferencing. The setup lets us extend our PBX capacity and will eventually let us replace it while keeping our existing phone numbers. It also provides an environment in which we can easily add new services and features, including interoperation with existing multimedia tools, e-mail access from standard. telephones, network appliance control, and instant messaging support.
Cohort decomposition for Markov cost-effectiveness models

Cohort analysis is a widespread tool for computing expected costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in Markov models for medical cost-effectiveness analyses. Although not always explicitly identified, such models commonly have multiple simple factors, or components. In these, a health state consists of a multiple component vector, one component for each factor, and arbitrary combinations of components are possible. The authors show here that when the model does not assume any probabilistic dependence among these factors, then a standard cohort analysis may be decomposed into several independent cohort analyses, one for each factor, and the results may be combined to produce desired expected costs and QALYs. These single-factor cohort analyses are not only simpler but also computationally more efficient. The authors derive the appropriate formulas for this cohort decomposition in discrete time and give several examples of their use based on published cost-effectiveness analyses. Explicitly identifyin...
Commentary on ‘Particles or Events?’

Professor Milic Capek holds that the biological theory of knowledge and Piaget’s genetic epistemology provide an explanation in some sense of the origin, significance, and truth value of the atomistic hypothesis. A summary of his position comprises the following points: (a). The atomostic hypothesis was conceiveed neither (b) as a matter of sheer coincidence nor (c) because it is an a priori notion inherent in human reason, but (d) because it is a notion necessary for human intelligent biological adaption to man’s middle-size — neither micro- nor mega- (or cosmological) — environment; consequently, the present crises of atomostic theory in micro- and mega-domain of physics is not a matter for surprise since our survival to date has not necessitated manipulation either of the micro-domain or of the mega- (or cosmological) domain.
Pollen Allocation in Wild Radish: Variation in Pollen Grain Size and Number

The vast majority of the world’s plant species are hermaphroditic, but until the very recent past, plant population biologists have focused almost exclusively on maternal reproduction through seeds. Disregarding male reproductive success leads to an incomplete (and potentially misleading) picture of fitness hierarchies within plant populations, as an individual’s success as a male need not be correlated with its success as a female (Bertin, 1982). Accordingly, recent studies have increasingly emphasized male fitness achieved through the successful fertilization of ovules on other individuals (e.g. Queller, 1983).
Why Commit? International Socialization Theory and China’s Climate Change Policy

Contrary to previous behavior, China recently announced significant unilateral carbon emissions reduction commitments as part of the Copenhagen Accord. Understanding what motivates a country’s desire to commit to emissions reductions is important to policymakers and academics interested in mitigating climate change by inducing countries to limit their carbon releases. One possible explanation for the actions of China is proposed by theories of international socialization, which have shown that international institutions have a socializing effect on nation states, leading them to internalize new roles and norms. Relying on interviews with experts and publicly available documents, this Research Note argues that China’s recent actions can be partially explained through the international socialization microprocess of social influence.
Progress report on a phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil plus citrovorum factor in women with metastatic breast cancer.

5-fluorouracil (FUra) has definite, albeit limited, antitumor activity against breast carcinoma (1). Inhibition of the enzyme, thymidylate synthetase (TS) by FdUMP, an active FUra metabolite, has been postulated as one biochemical mechanism for this antitumor activity (2). TS inhibition is markedly augmented by the presence of increased concentrations of the reduced folate, citrovorum factor (CF) (3). In 1985, preliminary information suggested that FUra plus CF resulted in more substantial activity against heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer than would have been expected with FUra alone (4). This current study was designed 1) to study the antitumor activity and toxicity of FUra plus CF in metastatic breast cancer patients who had not been “heavily pretreated” with chemotherapy, 2) to examine the impact of this regimen on tumor TS activity, and 3) to correlate the degree of TS inhibition with clinical outcome. The protocol continues to accrue patients and this communication provides a progress report relating to antitumor activity and toxicity.