cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme CD8 T cell requirements for anti-malarial liver-stage immunity following immunization with radiation attenuated sporozoites.

Radiation-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites (RAS) are the only vaccine shown to induce sterilizing protection against malaria in both humans and rodents. Importantly, these “whole-parasite” vaccines are currently under evaluation in human clinical trials. Studies with inbred mice reveal that RAS-induced CD8 T cells targeting liver-stage parasites are critical for protection. However, the paucity of defined T cell epitopes for these parasites has precluded precise understanding of the specific characteristics of RAS-induced protective CD8 T cell responses. Thus, it is not known whether quantitative or qualitative differences in RAS-induced CD8 T cell responses underlie the relative resistance or susceptibility of immune inbred mice to sporozoite challenge. Moreover, whether extraordinarily large CD8 T cell responses are generated and required for protection following RAS immunization, as has been described for CD8 T cell responses following single-antigen subunit vaccination, remains unknown. Here, we used surrogate T cell activation markers to identify and track whole-parasite, RAS-vaccine-induced effector and memory CD8 T cell responses. Our data show that the differential susceptibility of RAS-immune inbred mouse strains to Plasmodium berghei or P. yoelii sporozoite challenge does not result from host- or parasite-specific decreases in the CD8 T cell response. Moreover, the surrogate activation marker approach allowed us for the first time to evaluate CD8 T cell responses and protective immunity following RAS-immunization in outbred hosts. Importantly, we show that compared to a protective subunit vaccine that elicits a CD8 T cell response to a single epitope, diversifying the targeted antigens through whole-parasite RAS immunization only minimally, if at all, reduced the numerical requirements for memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection. Thus, our studies reveal that extremely high frequencies of RAS-induced memory CD8 T cells are required, but may not suffice, for sterilizing anti-Plasmodial immunity. These data provide new insights into protective CD8 T cell responses elicited by RAS-immunization in genetically diverse hosts, information with relevance to developing attenuated whole-parasite vaccines.
Avian cellular immune effector mechanisms ‐ A review

Summary Considerable new knowledge has accumulated within the last few years on the immune functions of birds, and data show that the avian cellular immune effector mechanisms are quite similar to those of mammals. Cellular immunity in the chicken, the most widely studied avian species, is primarily mediated by T cells, macrophages and NK cells. The avian T lymphocytes express unique surface antigens that distinguish these cells from other cells. The T cells respond vigorously in vitro to T cell‐specific mitogens and can perform cytotoxic and mixed lymphocyte reactions against allogeneic or tumour cell targets. The in vivo responses mediated by T cells include allograft and tumour cell rejection, graft‐versus‐host reaction and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. T cells also serve as helper cells in enabling B Cells to produce antibody against thymus‐dependent antigens. Avian T cells also perform immune regulatory functions and sub‐populations of T suppressor cells can cause profound blockage of anti...
Energy transfer for laser dyes cobound in organic polymers

The utilization of energy transfer mechanisms to 'down-shift' the high excitation energies of ultraviolet chromophores has significant potential for the improvement of performance of flashlamp-pumped dye lasers. Jones and Rahman (Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 200, 241) have demonstrated very efficient fluorescence energy transfer between coumarin laser dyes co- bound to organic polymers in aqueous solution. In the present adaptation of this strategy, dyes have been co-bound by several different means to polymers with varying degrees of energy transfer efficiency. A coumarin (donor) dye has been used to excite pyrromethene (acceptor) laser dyes displaying emission at 560 - 590 nm. Experiments have been performed on (1) combinations of dyes doped into solid poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), (2) a polymer system in which a pyrromethene is covalently attached to the polymer backbone, and (3) dye pairs which are solubilized and co-bound within poly(methacrylic acid) (PMMA), a water- soluble polymer.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mars - Wind streak production as related to obstacle type and size

The characteristics of wind streaks associated with Martian craters and hills in the size range of 100 m to 80 km (corresponding to obstacle heights of a few to several hundred meters) have been analyzed from Viking Orbiter images. Both dark erosional and bright depositional streaks form over the entire obstacle size range, but there are preferred obstacle sizes for producing streaks. Bright streaks form more readily in association with relatively smaller obstacles than do dark streaks. Small obstacles produce both types of streaks more effectively than do large ones. Hills produce streaks as effectively as do craters of comparable height. Alternative explanations of bright streak formation are evaluated in terms of their ability to account for these observations. The most satisfactory models invoke blocking of atmospheric flow downwind of an obstacle and consequent deposition of dust within the sheltered zone.
Translator's Forward and Commentary: "Appreciation" by Jean Ricardou

Translator's Forward and Commentary: "Appreciation" by Jean Ricardou This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol15/iss2/5 Translator's Foreword to "Appreciation" (from The Theatre of Metamorphoses by Jean Ricardou) Michel Sirvent University of Wisconsin-Madison "Si l'on fait de la litterature, parler autrement que les joumaux" (Stdphane Mallannd). This foreword is followed by an interview, How to Reduce Fallacious Representative Innocence, Word by Word (JulyOctober 1990) and a translation of the first few pages of Le Theatre des metamorphoses (1982). A complete bibliography, made available here for the first time, is also included with a selected list of articles on Jean Ricardou's works. Le Theatre des metamorphoses presents itself as a "mixte." The section here translated represents the first part-"Appreciation"-of the first chapter of the book, which deals with "the Press" but does not "represent" the book on the whole. It is a preamble to one architectured ensemble. Thus, textual extraction can not help but raise some critical questions. At least this one which Ricardou mentioned when one section of the book was prepublished: "The fact that one feels pressed to offer it immediately in fragment to a review prevents a text from being further read" (CL 18). To characterize the book in a nutshell, one could say, in the author's own words, that the mixt searches for the "non-identifying integration of diversity" (TL 27). This diversity is intergeneric and intertextual. First, the text is a dialogue between several genres. Besides the general opposition between fiction and theory, various types of heterogeneous discourses are also articulated: a radio play, dialogues, an autobiography, descriptions, sonnets, and as for our translation, a genre close to the pamphlet. Second, it is a woven fabric of quotations: a variety of allographic texts are invoked, rewritten
Sodium Channel Structure and Function at Atomic Resolution

Voltage-gated Na+ channels initiate action potentials in excitable cells and are important targets for drugs. Recent research gives new insight into the structural basis for permeation, drug-block, and voltage-dependent gating. Voltage-sensing depends on the S4 segments, which move outward through a gating pore via a ‘sliding-helix’ mechanism. Outward movement of S4 is coupled to pore-opening by tilting and rotation of the S6 segments. A structural model reveals conformational changes underlying activation and pore-opening, and disulfide locking of substituted cysteines demonstrates voltage-dependent formation of ion pairs during channel activation, as in the sliding-helix model. Na+ channel blocking drugs bind to a conserved receptor site in the inner pore, and binding is enhanced by repetitive opening of the pore and inactivation of the channel. A three-dimensional view of these structural components is provided by a new high-resolution structure of a voltage-gated Na+ channel from Arcobacter butzleri (NavAb) captured in a closed-pore conformation with four activated voltage-sensors at 2.7 A resolution. The arginine gating charges make multiple hydrophilic interactions within the voltage-sensor, including unanticipated hydrogen bonds to the protein backbone. Comparisons to previous open-pore K+ channel structures suggest that the voltage-sensor domains and the S4-S5 linkers dilate the central pore by pivoting around a hinge at the base of the pore. The NavAb selectivity filter is short, ∼4.6 A wide, and water-filled, with four acidic glutamate side-chains surrounding the narrowest part of the ion-conduction pathway. This unique structure presents a high-field-strength anionic coordination site, which confers Na+ selectivity through partial dehydration via direct interaction with glutamate side-chains. Fenestrations in the sides of the pore are unexpectedly penetrated by fatty-acyl chains that extend into the central cavity, and these portals are large enough for entry of small, hydrophobic pore-blocking drugs. Supported by NINDS/NIH.
Deterministic Disturbance Rejection in Linear Identification

Adverse effects of deterministic disturbances in linear identification are pointed out. The deterministic disturbance rejector (DDR) is introduced to remove such effects in discrete-time series-parallel and parallel identification schemes for single-input, single-output systems. The method works for a class of disturbances such as a constant disturbance that can be regarded as the outputs of free systems with known dynamics.
On the ‘plasmon energy gain’ in the Be Auger spectrum

Abstract The Auger spectrum and the high energy satellite structure from evaporated Be films were investigated. There was no evidence of a plasmon gain peak 18 eV above the main Be KVV Auger peak, in disagreement with the observation of Jenkins and Zehner.1 The high energy satellite peaks associated with the Auger peaks must be interpreted on the basis of double ionization of the initial state.
Influence of spatial structure on effective nutrient diffusion in bacterial biofilms

The main contribution of this paper is to use homogenization techniques to compute diffusion coefficients from experimental images of microbial biofilms. Our approach requires the analysis of several experimental spatial structures of biofilms in order to derive from them a Representative Volume Element (RVE). Then, we apply a suitable numerical procedure to the RVE to derive the diffusion coefficients. We show that diffusion coefficients significantly vary with the biofilm structure. These results suggest that microbial biofilm structures can favour nutrient access in some cases.
Evaluation of two WAM white capping parameterizations using parallel unstructured SWAN with application to the Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA

Abstract The performance of two well accepted formulations for white capping and wind input of third generation wave models, viz., WAM-3 and WAM-4, were investigated using parallel unstructured SWAN (PunSWAN). Several alternative formulations were also considered to evaluate the effects of higher order steepness and wave number terms in white capping formulations. Distinct model configurations were calibrated and validated against available in situ measurements from the Gulf of Mexico. The results showed that some of the in situ calibrated models outperform the saturation level calibrated models in reproducing the idealized wave growth curves. The simulation results also revealed that increasing the power of the steepness term can enhance the accuracy of significant wave height ( H s ) , at the expense of a higher bias for large waves. It also has negative effects on mean wave period ( T a ) and peak wave period ( T p ) . It is also demonstrated that the use of the quadratic wave number term in the WAM-3 formulation, instead of the existing linear term, ameliorates the T a underestimation; however, it results in the model being unable to reach any saturation level. In addition, unlike H s and T p , it has been shown that T a is sensitive to the use of the higher order WAM-4 formulation, and the bias is decreased over a wide range of wave periods. However, it also increases the scatter index (SI) of simulated T a . It is concluded that the use of the WAM-4 wind input formulation in conjunction with the WAM-3 dissipation form, is the most successful case in reproducing idealized wave growth curves while avoiding T a underestimation of WAM-3 and a potential spurious bimodal spectrum of WAM-4; consequently, this designates another perspective to improve the overall performance of third generation wave models.
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and Risk of Stroke

Background—Stroke and sleep-related breathing disorders are both common and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several recent large epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between these 2 disorders independent of known risk factors for stroke. This article will outline the scientific basis for this relationship and suggest sleep-related breathing disorders as modifiable risk factors for stroke. Summary of Review—Several studies have shown a characteristic circadian rhythmicity in stroke. We have discussed the influence of normal sleep states as well as the effect of sleep-related breathing disorders on cerebral hemodynamics. The hemodynamic, metabolic, and hematologic changes during sleep-related breathing disorders in the form of decreased cerebral perfusion and increased coagulability are possible pathogenetic mechanisms for stroke. There are accumulating lines of evidence that sleep apnea disorder may indeed cause diurnal hypertension. However, the increased risk o...
Testing children for cancer genes: the rule of earliest onset.

For young children, best-interests decisions are necessarily made by proxy consent. This implies that someone other than the child-patient makes the medical decisions. This individual then acts as a proxy decision maker. Although it is usually a parent who acts as proxy for his or her child, other parties may also sometimes act as proxy decision makers. In the health care setting, other potential decision makers include nurses, doctors, social workers, and courts. Regardless of who makes the decision, practical questions remain about how to determine the child’s best interests. These questions are especially complex when considering genetic testing for cancer predisposition. Generally speaking, determination of best interests involves an assessment of benefits versus burdens with respect to a particular diagnostic test or treatment. For the purposes of this analysis, the best interests evaluation would center on benefits and burdens of genetic testing.
SR(s, k) parsers: A class of shift-reduce bounded-context parsers

Abstract We introduce a class of bottom-up parsers called SR( s, k ) parsers, where s denotes a stack bound and k the lookahead bound. The importance of this class of parsers is the fact that states are formed by the union of item-sets associated with a canonical LR( k ) parser. One of our major results states that the class of SR( s, k ) grammars properly includes the ( s, k )-weak precedence grammars but is properly included within the class of ( s, k )-bounded right-context grammars.
Kinetic isotope effects in Ras-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis: evidence for a loose transition state.

A remote labeling method has been developed to determine 18O kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in Ras-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis. Substrate mixtures consist of 13C-depleted GTP and [18O,13C]GTP that contains 18O at phosphoryl positions of mechanistic interest and 13C at all carbon positions of the guanosine moiety. Isotope ratios of the nonvolatile substrates and products are measured by using a chemical reaction interface/isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The isotope effects are 1.0012 (0.0026) in the γ nonbridge oxygens, 1.0194 (0.0025) in the leaving group oxygens (the β–γ oxygen and the two β nonbridge oxygens), and 1.0105 (0.0016) in the two β nonbridge oxygens. The KIE in the β–γ bridge oxygen was computed to be 1.0116 or 1.0088 by two different methods. The significant KIE in the leaving group reveals that chemistry is largely rate-limiting whereas the KIEs in the γ nonbridge oxygens and the leaving group indicate a loose transition state that approaches a metaphosphate. The KIE in the two β nonbridge oxygens is roughly equal to that in the β–γ bridge oxygen. This indicates that, in the transition state, Ras shifts one-half of the negative charge that arises from Pγ–Oβ–γ fission from the β–γ bridge oxygen to the two β nonbridge oxygens. The KIE effects, interpreted in light of structural and spectroscopic data, suggest that Ras promotes a loose transition state by stabilizing negative charge in the β–γ bridge and β nonbridge oxygens of GTP.
Blind deconvolution of 2-D and 3-D fluorescent micrographs

This paper presents recent results of our reconstructions of 3-D data from Drosophila chromosomes as well as our simulations with a refined version of the algorithm used in the former. It is well known that the calibration of the point spread function (PSF) of a fluorescence microscope is a tedious process and involves esoteric techniques in most cases. This problem is further compounded in the case of confocal microscopy where the measured intensities are usually low. A number of techniques have been developed to solve this problem, all of which are methods in blind deconvolution. These are so called because the measured PSF is not required in the deconvolution of degraded images from any optical system. Our own efforts in this area involved the maximum likelihood (ML) method, the numerical solution to which is obtained by the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Based on the reasonable early results obtained during our simulations with 2-D phantoms, we carried out experiments with real 3-D data. We found that the blind deconvolution method using the ML approach gave reasonable reconstructions. Next we tried to perform the reconstructions using some 2-D data, but we found that the results were not encouraging. We surmised that the poor reconstructions were primarily due to the large values of dark current in the input data. This, coupled with the fact that we are likely to have similar data with considerable dark current from a confocal microscope prompted us to look into ways of constraining the solution of the PSF. We observed that in the 2-D case, the reconstructed PSF has a tendency to retain values larger than those of the theoretical PSF in regions away from the center (outside of those we considered to be its region of support). This observation motivated us to apply an upper bound constraint on the PSF in these regions. Furthermore, we constrain the solution of the PSF to be a bandlimited function, as in the case in the true situation. We have derived two separate approaches for implementing the constraint. One approach involves the mathematical rigors of Lagrange multipliers. This approach is discussed in another paper. The second approach involves an adaptation of the Gershberg Saxton algorithm, which ensures bandlimitedness and non-negativity of the PSF. Although the latter approach is mathematically less rigorous than the former, we currently favor it because it has a simpler implementation on a computer and has smaller memory requirements. The next section describes briefly the theory and derivation of these constraint equations using Lagrange multipliers.
The distribution of a Lagrange multiplier test of normality

Abstract This paper tabulates significance points for a Lagrange multiplier (LM) test for normality. We find the points to be accurate in regression models, including models where exact critical values cannot be obtained by simulation. We illustrate the test using macroeconomic time series.
Copper status and adriamycin treatment: effects on antioxidant status in mice.

Abstract The biochemical response of Cu-sufficient and Cu-deficient mice to adriamycin (ADR) treatment was evaluated. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with ADR (17 mg/kg body wt.) or saline (0.9% w/v) and killed 4 d after injection. There was no effect of ADR on cardiac Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Cu-sufficient of Cu-deficient mice. ADR injection resulted in higher cardiac glutathione (GSH) concentrations in Cu-sufficient mice while it resulted in lower GSH concentrations in Cu-deficient mice relative to their saline-injected controls. The effects of ADR in Cu-deficient mice were tissue-specific as its administration resulted in lower hepatic SOD activity and higher hepatic GSH concentrations relative to saline-injected controls.
Studies on the polymerization of adenylic acid by an enzyme of Escherichia coli

Abstract The purification of an enzyme from Escherichia coli which forms chains of polyadenylic acid (25–35 nucleotides) is described. The enzyme uses ATP as a substrate and requires a primer which functions by providing sites of attachment of the polyadenylic chains. Ribosomal RNA and ribonucleotidyl-DNA (DNA containing a terminal ribonucleotide per unit length) can function as primers. When prolonged incubation times are used, heated and partially degraded DNA can also function as primer.
Random mutagenesis of the complement factor 5a (C5a) receptor N terminus provides a structural constraint for C5a docking.

The N terminus of G protein-coupled receptors has been implicated in binding to peptide hormones. We have used random saturation mutagenesis to identify essential residues in the N terminus of the human complement factor 5a receptor (C5aR). In a library of N-terminal mutant C5aR molecules screened for activation by C5a, residues 24-30 of the C5aR showed a marked propensity to mutate to cysteine, most likely indicating that sulfhydryl groups at these positions are appropriately situated to form disulfide interactions with the unpaired Cys27 of human C5a. This presumptive spatial constraint allowed the ligand to be computationally docked to the receptor to form a model of the C5a/C5aR interaction. When the N-terminal mutant C5aR library was rescreened with C5a C27R, a ligand incapable of disulfide interactions, no individual position in the N terminus was essential for receptor signaling. However, the region 19-29 was relatively highly conserved in the functional mutants, further demonstrating that this region of the C5aR makes a productive physiologic interaction with the C5a ligand.
Exogenous methyl jasmonate inhibits the spread/multiplication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii in the leaves of Pelargonium x hortorum

Abstract Bacterial blight is the single most destructive disease of geraniums caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii (Xcp). In this study, we co-cultivated the cut ends of petioles from susceptible Pelargonium x hortorum plants with a virulent strain Xcp 514 and then examined the in vitro cultured leaves attached to the petioles for the early development of the bacterial blight. The blight spots are usually seen from 48 – 72 hours post co-cultivation. However, if exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is supplied following the co-cultivation, the leaves expressed few blight spots and the presence of the bacterium was not detected by Xcp-specific PCR. In contrast, Xcp 514 grew normally in a suspension culture supplemented with MeJA. Thus exogenous MeJA may inhibit the spread and/or multiplication of Xcp 514 in the leaf. This suggests that the genes responsive to jasmonate induction may play an important role in regulating the resistance of geraniums to Xcp.
Influence of sapphire substrate orientation on SOS crystalline quality and SOS/MOS transistor mobility

Small misorientations of the Al2O3 substrate from the nominal (0112) are shown to affect both the microstructure of heteroepitaxially grown (100) Si layers of nominal 0.6 μm thickness, and the related electrical properties (FET mobilities) of devices fabricated on the deposited Si. It is demonstrated that the optimum substrate orientation is not the exact (0112). Rather a substrate misorientation of 2° in one specific direction from the (0112) is shown to result in both optimum Si quality and device properties.
Mitochondrial Mutations and Hearing Loss: Paradigm for Mitochondrial Genetics

mtDNA mutations have been implicated in a great variety of diseases, ranging from rare neuromuscular syndromes, with acronyms such as KSS, MELAS, MERRF, and NARP, to such common conditions as diabetes, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease (Wallace et al. 1995). While the study of the role of mitochondrial mutations in each of these diseases has helped to describe and catalogue the spectrum and frequency of oxidative phosphorylation disorders, it has not led to an understanding of the factors contributing to the two major clinical and biological issues: penetrance and tissue specificity.
STUDIES ON THE OESTROUS CYCLE IN THE RAT. I. THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY

The thyroid gland has long been considered to have a rather intimate functional relationship with the female gonads. This opinion has been held largely on account of the swelling of the thyroid at puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and the menopause, and because of the fact that Graves’ disease is more common in women than in men (Gley, 1917; Vincent, 1925). Up to the present definite experimental evidence establishing or refuting such a relationship has been lacking, due largely to the fact that we have had no adequate method of determining slight variations from normal ovarian function. Hammett’s recent statistical study (1925) indicates that the assumed importance of the thyroid-ovarian relationship has been overestimated. Evans and Long (1921, a) have reported that thyroidectomy in rats affected neither the onset of puberty, nor the lengths of the oestrual cycles. They also reported (1921, b) that feeding of fresh thyroid gland substance had no disturbing effect upon the oestrual cycles.
Behavioral response of male white peach scale to the sex pheromone, (R,Z)-3,9,-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-ol propionate and corresponding alcohol

Males of the white peach scale,Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Tar-gioni-Tozzetti), in Florida differ from this scale in France in their responses to putative pheromonal chemicals presented in a laboratory bioassay. Males from Florida were attracted to, and exhibited sexual (coputatory) behaviors at, the locus of evaporation of (R,Z)-3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-deca-dien-1-ol propionate (P) (previously identified from effluvia of Florida females). Addition of the corresponding primary alcohol (A) to the propionate did not alter the attraction of Florida males to the synthetic P and did not alter their sexual responses from those exhibited by males exposed to P alone. In contrast, the effluvia from French scales has been reported to contain P and A, and the alcohol has been reported in laboratory studies to be required to release sexual behavior in French males. This suggests that the conspecific status of the scale in Florida and France should be reexamined. Field trap baits with 2.5 μg of a 1∶ 1 mixture of P and A captured significantly fewer Florida males than traps baited with 1.25 μg of P alone, but traps similarly baited with 0.125 μg of each material captured the same number of insects as traps baited with 0.125 μg of P alone.
A new theory of class locations in U.S. family farm agriculture and non-farm corporations

Abstract Serious conceptual deficiencies in neo-Marxian theories of class locations were discussed in a review of major studies. The reliance of neo-Marxian sociologists of agriculture on these theories, particularly Wright's contradictory class locations, has led to questionable specifications of class locations within U.S. family farming. An alternative approach to the determination of class locations, based upon ‘fundamental interests in the mode of production’, produced a unified theory that could be consistently applied to all class locations throughout the capitalist social formation. The results of the application of the theory to occupational spaces within corporate capitalism were unique in that middle management was placed in its own class location. Middle management's fundamental interest in opposition to both capitalism and socialism distinguished it from all other occupational spaces. Full-time family farms were placed in a petit bourgeoisie class location, in contrast to previous studies that differentiated them into diverse classes on the basis of their involvement in commodity, financial, labor and farmland rental markets. It was argued that market relations between nonfarm capitalists and family farmers do not reflect the fundamental interests that determine differences in class locations. Implications of the class location of family farms for the analysis of sociopolitical activity and political organizing were briefly discussed.
Broad-band flared horn with low sidelobes

A circular horn antenna flared like a trumpet has been analyzed with the geometrical theory of diffraction and tested experimentally. Sidelobes are extremely low (-75 dB) and agree with theory. Low sidelobe performance is predicted to be broad-band and to improve with higher frequencies. The full aperture of the tested horn is about 50 \lambda . Suggestions are made for even better low sidelobe antennas.
America's children in crisis: Adolescents' requests for support from a national telephone hotline

More than 63,000 adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, called a national crisis hotline from September 1991 through June 1992. Nearly 73% of these (N = 46,392) were coded as crisis calls. Developmental trends were identified for various aspects of support-seeking by examining differences in proportions of calls within defined categories across these years. Calls for support for issues related to relationships accounted for nearly half of all calls by these young people. Within the broad category of relationships, specific trends included decreasing numbers of calls about peer relations from age 13 through 19; decreasing calls about parent--child relations from 11 through 19; and increasing calls about marriage beginning at age 15. Calls with concerns about sexuality increased steadily to a peak at age 16, and calls with concerns about addictions increased steadily from age 13. Sex differences were found for length of calls at each age and for the various categories of support-seeking.
Global Civil Society? Transnational Social Movement Organizations and Social Capital

The growth of international political and economic institutions has both facilitated and demanded cooperation among social change activists from different countries, contributing to the rapid expansion of transnationally organized social movements. But to what extent do these increasingly visible movements manifest a “global civil society”? Do transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs) help cultivate the social capital relevant to a politically engaged global civil society? Building on Minkoff's analysis of national SMOs, this article argues that TSMOs contribute to the formation of social capital that is relevant to the global political order, even if these organizations do not generate routine, face-to-face contact among members. They do so by providing an infrastructure that facilitates transnational communication and action, by cultivating transnational identities, and by developing a global public discourse. This analysis of the role of social movements in the global polity relates to more g...
Nursing faculty teaching basic skills to medical students

Medical education often uses a ‘see one, do one, teach one’ approach to teaching basic skills, whereas nursing education uses a more intense, competency based approach. Many nursing faculty become experts in teaching skills; however, there is little literature evaluating medical student skills training led by nursing faculty. The purpose of this paper is to describe and report initial evaluation data on an innovative teaching strategy using nursing faculty to teach specific skills to medical students. Nursing faculty designed a hands-on four hour clinical skills training laboratory for medical students. All (176) medical students completed and evaluated this skills laboratory and their own preparation for these skills. Medical students felt the laboratory was outstanding or good (94%), the content was at an appropriate level (94%) and the relevance was high or medium (96%). Medical students felt more prepared to perform the skills after completing the skills laboratory than before, and when compared to pr...
Failure to demonstrate a relationship between scrapie and production of interferon in mice.

THE nature of the scrapie agent remains obscure. It shows an unusual resistance to heat1 and ultraviolet radiation2, and cannot be inactivated by treatment with lipid solvents3 or formalin4. It resists treatment with proteases and nucleases5,6. Its size is quite small and has been estimated to be 27 mµ by cellulose nitrate membrane filtration7, and 7 mµ by X-ray target size determination2. No neutralizing antibody against scrapie has been detected in animals with the disease, nor could any antibodies be induced in rabbits injected with large quantities of scrapie-containing material7. Yet scrapie is considered an infectious agent, and it has been placed in the category of slow viruses because of its prolonged incubation period (1–2 yr in sheep; 4–6 months in mice).
Using Recreation Specialization to Understand Multi-Attribute Management PReferences

Recreation specialization group differences in support for multi-attribute management restrictions using a stated preference choice approach were tested. A fractional factorial design produced 80 choice sets of paired trip comparisons. A three dimensional recreation specialization model (i.e., behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment) was used to segment groups. As expected, advanced anglers were less interested in relaxing the more restrictive harvest restrictions currently in place that produce the fishing quality they enjoyed. Casual anglers showed a strong preference for catching more fish by relaxing current harvest restrictions. Each specialization group showed a notably different pattern of preference.
European Slave Trading, Abolitionism, and “New Systems Of Slavery” in the Indian Ocean

Recent scholarship on British, Dutch, French, and Portuguese slave trading in the Indian Ocean highlights the need to explore structural connections between pre- and post-emancipation migrant labour systems in the colonial world. Europeans purchased and transported a minimum of 431,000-547,000 slaves of African, Indian, Malagasy, and Southeast Asian origin to destinations in the Indian Ocean world between 1500 and 1850. These data, coupled with recent research on European abolitionist activity in the region and the movement of convict and indentured labourers throughout and beyond this oceanic basin, point to the development of an increasingly integrated global movement of migrant labour during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Grief: Considerations and Practical Strategies for School Psychologists

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in a range of social, emotional, neurological, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. If these outcomes are significant, family members and the individual who has sustained the TBI may struggle with accepting the effects of these deficits. They may grieve over disrupted family relationships, roles, and routines which can become a factor within the school setting. School psychologists are in a unique position to provide appropriate, short-term, school-based, TBI-related psychological grief counseling and support services designed to assist affected children in adjusting and succeeding in the school setting post-TBI. This paper will discuss evidenced-based strategies adapted from allied disciplines (e.g., education, medicine) that can enhance school psychologists’ ability to effectively address grief associated with TBI. Specifically, interventions designed to address the unique factors associated with ambiguous loss will be discussed.
Gamma-ray burst in a molecular cloud: Destruction of dust and H 2 and the emergent spectrum

A gamma-ray burst (GRB) with strong optical-UV emission occurring in a molecular cloud will photodissociate H2, photoionize H2, H, and He, and destroy dust grains. We model these processes, including time-dependent radiative transfer, in both continuum radiation and the resonance lines of H2. The UV will pump H2 into vibrationally excited levels. We calculate the absorption spectrum imprinted on radiation from the GRB at various times. In addition to the strong absorption lines of v = 0 H2 at λ < 1110 A due to cold ambient gas, we find that radiation reaching us from the GRB and its afterglow will show strong absorption lines due to vibrationally excited H2 at 1110 A < λ < 1705 A. These absorption lines, if observed, would provide unequivocal evidence for the association of the GRB with molecular gas. Low-resolution spectra will exhibit conspicuous features due to clustering of individual lines; a list of the strongest such absorption features is given for the spectral resolution R ≈ 350 characteristic of the grism on the Swift UV-optical telescope.
Extending Library Instruction: Using Blogger to Collaborate, Connect, and Instruct

The expectations placed on library instruction programs by the Association of College and Research Libraries are high. Many universities also include information literacy competencies as learning objectives to be assessed at the institutional level. With those standards in mind, it is becoming increasingly difficult to adequately educate students with regard to information literacy competencies in the traditional instruction model. This paper will discuss the outcomes of a semester-long project in which blogs were used to facilitate interaction with students, build relationships, and increase student exposure to library resources.
Five-year clinical investigation of one conventional composite and three microfilled resins in anterior teeth

Abstract The objective of this clinical study was to compare the esthetic qualities of surface smoothness, color stability, and marginal discoloration in microfilled resins versus conventional composites. The study evaluated the long-term clinical performance of 3 microfilled resins (Finesse, Silar, Superfil) and one conventional composite (Concise) placed in conventional Class III cavity preparations. A total of 110 restorations were evaluated using USPHS criteria for color match, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, anatomic form, and marginal adaptation. Surface texture was also evaluated for each restoration. The recall level at 5 years was 57%, or 63 of the original 110 restorations. Despite exhibiting a smoother surface texture, the microfills displayed poorer color match than the conventional composite, Concise. The ideal color matching level at 5 years was 53% for Finesse, 27% for Silar, and 13% for Superfil as compare to 71% for the control, Concise. The microfills also exhibited a higher incidence of marginal discoloration, although not statistically significant from the control, Concise. All materials performed equally well regarding the parameters of secondary caries, anatomic form, and marginal adaptation. The results from this study are also compared to 2 similar 5-year studies regarding color match, marginal discoloration, and surface texture.
New architectures for UAV flight control avionics

Commercial and military aircraft utilize proven data bus standards such as MIL-STD-1553B and ARINC 429. However, future avionics systems may take greater advantage of commercial hardware and networking technology. With the increased processors and speeds, it is possible to begin challenge the fundamental avionics architectures used for navigation and flight control. This is particularly true for UAVs, where there is currently rapid change. Goals of new architectures include reduced development time, cost; increased testability; lead to quicker flight validation, and higher integrality. Of these, the concepts addressed in a new architecture include scheduling tasks and continuous integration.
A longitudinal analysis of the impact of firm resources and industry characteristics on firm-specific profitability

Using a dynamic heterogeneous panel data model, we examine the relationship between firm-specific resources (corporate management capabilities, employee value-added and technological competence) and firm-specific profitability and the potential moderating effects of industry characteristics on this relationship. We find that firm-specific resources enhance both accounting-based measures (return on assets and return on sales) and market-based measure (Tobin’s q) of firm-specific performance. Moreover, industry characteristics moderate the relationship between firm-specific resources and firm-specific profitability. Managerial implications are discussed.
MECHANISM OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY IN PATIENTS RECEIVING PHENYTOIN

Abstract Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, 'Dilantin', Epanutin ') inhibits folate absorption from folate polyglutamates, a major component of food folate, and inhibits the activity of folate conjugase from human jejunal mucosa at a pharmacological concentration in vitro. Folate conjugase is thought to split dietary folate polyglutamates into the simpler folate monoglutamate form before absorption and it is therefore likely that phenytoin reduces absorption of folate polyglutamates by inhibiting this enzyme in vivo. It is concluded that folate deficiency in patients receiving phenytoin therapy is at least partly due to reduced absorption of food folate polyglutamates.
Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): Changes in Quality When Held in Ice, Slush‐ice, Refrigerated Seawater, and CO2‐Modified Refrigerated Seawater Then Stored as Blocks of Fillets at ‐ 18°C

Walleye pollock were held in ice, slush-ice, refrigerated seawater (RSW) and CO2-modified RSW (MRSW) for up to 8 days, filleted and stored as blocks of fillets at -18°C. Good quality fillets were obtained from pollock held for 4 days in all systems. Uptake of salt presented a problem for pollock held more than 4 days in RSW at 1°C. Flavor scores remained essentially unchanged during frozen storage but nearly all samples became slightly tougher and slightly drier at 6 months. Freshness at time of freezing did not affect frozen storage characteristics. Protein functionality was generally adversely affected when fish were held in RSW or MRSW.
Combined effects of curvature, radiation, and stretch on the extinction of premixed tubular flames

The combined effects of flame curvature, radiation, and stretch on the extinction of premixed tubular flames are investigated by using the large-activation-energy asymptotic method with a non-linear radiation model. A general expression for flame speed, flame temperature and extinction limits is obtained and it is used to study the radiation and flame curvature coupling at different Lewis numbers. The results show that the coupling between radiation and flame curvature leads to multiple flame bifurcations and extinction limits. Furthermore, both the stretch and radiation extinction limits are found to be greatly affected by flame curvature.
Time‐series properties and predictability of Greek exchange rates

This paper explores the time-series properties and predictability of weekly percentage changes in the Greek drachma exchange rates with respect to the currencies of major trading-partner countries, such as the USA, Germany, the UK, France, Italy and Japan. The analysis is carried out using the EGARCH-M model along with the power exponential distribution. Percentage changes in the Greek drachma with respect to the German mark, the French franc, the Italian lira and Japanese yen are predictable using past information. The volatility of Greek exchange rates is best represented by an EGARCH process and as such is predictable using past volatility measures. Moreover, volatility of the Greek drachma with respect to the German mark and Italian lira positively influences future movements in these exchange rates. The hypothesis that volatility is an asymmetric function of past innovations is rejected in all cases. Following the inclusion of the Greek drachma in the ECU currency basket, its value has been depreciating at a higher rate with respect to the German mark and Italian lira and at a lower rate with respect to the US dollar. Also, its volatility with respect to the German mark, the French franc, and the Italian lira has decreased, whereas its volatility with respect to the US dollar has increased.
A photonic fast packet switch for high-speed intra-node routing: architecture and delay analysis

A photonic fast packet switch is proposed for low-latency intra-node routing in high-speed optical networks. Applications are demonstrated in telecommunication and parallel computer environments. The switch fabric is based on integrated directional-coupler technology. It has low complexity and is geometrically suitable for real-estate efficient single-substrate implementation. The switching architecture relies on time division multiplexing an optically coupled tree-structured active routing stage. Both synchronous and asynchronous TDM operation modes are modeled and analyzed to obtain packet buffering and total switching latencies. >
Social and temporal structures in everyday collaboration

Everyday work frequently involves coordinating and collaborating with others, but the structure of collaboration is largely invisible to conventional desktop applications. We are exploring ways to support everyday collaboration by allowing applications access to the social, organizational, and temporal settings within which work is conducted. In this paper, we present two generations of systems supporting everyday collaboration, focusing on ways to recover and represent the temporal and social structures of online activity.
SCHOOL UNIFORMS AND PERSON PERCEPTION

For this study of perceived behavior and academic ability in a secondary school setting, four clothing styles including two styles of school uniforms were photographed and manipulated. 270 students...
A Case of Trigeminocardiac Reflex During Infrastructure Maxillectomy.

Importance The trigeminocardiac reflex refers to the sudden development of bradycardia or even asystole with arterial hypotension from manipulation of any sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. Although it has only rarely been associated with morbidity and tends to be self-limited with removal of the stimulus, it is an important phenomenon for head and neck surgeons to recognize and respond to. Observations We present the case of a woman in her late 60s with maxillary alveolar ridge squamous cell carcinoma who developed episodes of asystole and bradycardia during posterior maxillary manipulation for an infrastructure maxillectomy at a tertiary academic medical center. Administration of atropine and removal of the inciting stimulus sufficed to extinguish the episodes and allow procedure completion. Conclusions and Relevance The trigeminocardiac reflex can be provoked by a number of head and neck and skull base procedures including parotidectomy and posterior maxillectomy. Surgeons and anesthesiologists should be wary of inciting the reflex during manipulation of trigeminal branches. Careful dissection for prevention and early intervention with stimulus removal and anticholinergic use as needed are paramount to ensure good outcomes.