cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new evidence-based optimal control in healthcare delivery: A better clinical treatment management for septic patients

Abstract Treatment strategy of a realistic health care system must consider both system and measurement errors. The traditional optimal control method is commonly applied to deterministic systems instead of dynamic systems with uncertain errors. Therefore, this paper considers uncertain errors and stochastic characteristics in a dynamic health care system and proposes a new evidence-based optimal control (EBOC) approach that combines the traditional optimal control and machine learning methods. Four machine learning algorithms were tested, and the most suitable algorithm was combined with the traditional optimal control method for the sepsis model. Extensive computational studies proved that, compared to the traditional optimal control method, the EBOC method more efficiently controls disease progression and decreases total cost when uncertainty or measurement errors exist in the model, no matter the machine learning algorithm utilized. Moreover, the total c n settings are possible when numerous parameter combinations could affect control results, meaning determination of the optimal parameter set(s) becomes an NP-hardness problem. This paper also uses the genetic algorithm to find superior parameter settings to improve the performance and effectiveness of the control strategy created by the EBOC method.
Developing a transdisciplinary, qualitative approach to writing technology research

This research project is built around empirical observations and interviews conducted with expert letterpress typesetters in the United States. These observations and interviews focused on participants' composition processes, placing fine-grained analysis of their observable habits and actions in the context of their explanations of these habits and actions. Observation and interview data was collected and analyzed with the goal of describing "intra-actions" [1] present in the relationship between human and machine. Preliminary results show evidence of a wide variety of intra-actions, including the following: habits and actions based on a desire for efficiency, a cyclical composing process, a concern for correctness, and a deference to letterpress printing's history. By taking seriously the ways in which the traditional concept of agency has been complicated by new materialist and posthuman theories, this study looks for ways to diversify and improve research methods for understanding how humans engage in the complex design activities that is writing. If the user is adding any new data, they should make sure to style it as per the instructions provided in previous sections.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Data: Why Disclosure Is Needed

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides funding to low-income households to purchase food at participating stores. The goals of the program include reducing hunger, improving nutrition, and strengthening the US food system. These are interrelated, as food access and choice depend on availability.SNAP generates data that could be useful for program evaluation and evidence-based policymaking to reach public health goals. However, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) does not collect or disclose all SNAP-related data. In particular, the USDA does not systematically collect food expenditure data, and although it does collect transaction (sales) and redemption data (the amount retailers are reimbursed through SNAP), it does not release these data at the store level.In 2018, Congress quietly changed the law to prohibit the USDA from disclosing store-level transaction and redemption data, and in 2019, the US Supreme Court blocked disclosure of these data. These federal proceedings can inform the outcome of additional efforts to disclose SNAP-related data, as well as future research and policy evaluation to support improved public health outcomes for SNAP beneficiaries.
Bilingual referential choice in cognitively demanding situations

Under the Interface Hypothesis, bilinguals’ non-nativelike referential choices may be influenced by the increased cognitive demands and less automatic processing of bilingual production. We test this hypothesis by comparing pronoun production in the L2 of nonbalanced Spanish–English bilinguals to that of English monolinguals in two cognitively challenging contexts. In Experiment 1, both monolinguals and bilinguals produced more explicit references when part of the information was unavailable to their addressee (privileged ground) than when all information was shared (common ground), evidencing audience design. In Experiment 2, verbal load led to more unspecified references than visual load and no load (an effect statistically indistinguishable between groups but numerically driven by the monolingual group). While bilinguals produced overall more pronouns than monolinguals in both experiments, there was no indication that bilinguals’ referential choice was disproportionally affected by increased cognitive demand, contrary to the predictions of the Interface Hypothesis.
EWS-FLI1 is incorporated into protein granules in cells

ABSTRACT Ewing sarcoma is driven by fusion proteins containing a low complexity (LC) domain that is intrinsically disordered and a powerful transcription regulator. The most common fusion protein found in Ewing sarcoma, EWS-FLI1, takes its LC domain from the RNA-binding protein EWSR1 (Ewing Sarcoma RNA-binding protein 1) and a DNA-binding domain from the transcription factor FLI1 (Friend Leukemia Virus Integration 1). The LC domain in EWS-FLI1 can bind RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) and can selfassemble through a process known as phase separation. The ability of EWSR1 and related RNA-binding proteins to assemble into ribonucleoprotein granules in cells has been vigorously studied and while many questions remain, the role of phase separation in EWS-FLI1 activity is less understood. We investigated the overlapping functions of EWSR1 and EWS-FLI1 in controlling gene expression and tumorigenic cell growth in Ewing sarcoma, which suggested these proteins function closely together. We then studied the nature of interactions between EWS-FLI1, EWSR1, and RNA Pol II. We observed EWSR1 and RNA Pol II to be present in protein granules in cells. We then identified protein granules in cells associated with the fusion protein, EWS-FLI1. The tyrosine residues in the LC domain are required for both the abilities of EWS-FLI1 to bind its partners, EWSR1 and RNA Pol II, and to incorporate into protein granules. These data suggest that interactions between EWS-FLI1, RNA Pol II, and EWSR1 in Ewing sarcoma can occur in the context of a molecular scaffold found within protein granules in the cell.
Pulse pileup rejection methods using a two-component Gaussian Mixture Model for fast neutron detection with pulse shape discriminating scintillator

Abstract Pulse shape discriminating scintillator materials in many cases allow the user to identify two basic kinds of pulses arising from two kinds of particles: neutrons and gammas, respectively. An uncomplicated solution for building a classifier consists of a two-component mixture model learned from mixtures of pulses from neutrons and gammas at a range of energies. Depending on the conditions of data gathered to be classified, multiple classes of events besides neutrons and gammas may occur, most notably pileup events. All these kinds of events that are neither neutron nor gamma are anomalous and, in cases where the class of the particle is in doubt, it is preferable to remove them from the analysis. This study compares the performance of two analytical methods for using the scores from the two-component model to identify anomalous events and in particular to remove pileup events. This study further benchmarks the analytical methods against supervised machine learning methods. This study also presents a means of assessing performance of pileup removal using ROC curves and precision–recall curves. A specific outcome of this study is to propose a novel anomaly score, denoted by G, from an unsupervised two-component model that is conveniently distributed on the interval [−1,1].
Scalable identification and control of residential heat pumps: A minimal hardware approach

Abstract While model predictive control (MPC) is a widely studied tool for integrating residential heat pumps with the smart grid, modeling difficulties and hardware requirements are significant barriers to adoption. In response, we present a nonintrusive plug-and-play methodology for model identification and model predictive control using only two increasingly popular smart-home devices: a smart thermostat and smart electricity meter, which makes the overall approach highly scalable. However, this minimal hardware approach requires new methods to overcome modeling challenges due to the lack of data diversity. A data-driven heat pump power model is identified without the need for submetering by using energy disaggregation. By incorporating the heat pump control data from the smart thermostat, we provide implicit load classification data to the model, substantially simplifying the signal decomposition task. Building and heat pump model parameters are then identified by a novel algorithm that combats overfitting caused by limited state excitation. Finally, we show the advantage of this scalable approach in an aggregate model predictive controller enabled by the communication ability provided by the smart thermostat. Results show that this aggregate control approach can provide improved grid services, such as reduced peak demand, while at the same time reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort. The proposed method has the potential to greatly lower the barrier for residential energy aggregation.
Sneathia: an emerging pathogen in female reproductive disease and adverse perinatal outcomes

Sneathia is an emerging pathogen implicated in adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes. Although scarce, recent data suggest that vaginally residing Sneathia becomes pathogenic following its as...
The Role of Surface Chemistry in the Efficacy of Protein and DNA Microarrays for Label-Free Detection: An Overview

The importance of microarrays in diagnostics and medicine has drastically increased in the last few years. Nevertheless, the efficiency of a microarray-based assay intrinsically depends on the density and functionality of the biorecognition elements immobilized onto each sensor spot. Recently, researchers have put effort into developing new functionalization strategies and technologies which provide efficient immobilization and stability of any sort of molecule. Here, we present an overview of the most widely used methods of surface functionalization of microarray substrates, as well as the most recent advances in the field, and compare their performance in terms of optimal immobilization of the bioreceptor molecules. We focus on label-free microarrays and, in particular, we aim to describe the impact of surface chemistry on two types of microarray-based sensors: microarrays for single particle imaging and for label-free measurements of binding kinetics. Both protein and DNA microarrays are taken into consideration, and the effect of different polymeric coatings on the molecules’ functionalities is critically analyzed.
Predictors of Change in Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background : Cross-sectional data suggest that depression, anxiety, and stress have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, longitudinal research is needed to test changes in mental health and determine factors that contribute to change. The purpose of this study was to compare anxiety, depression, and stress pre-pandemic to during the pandemic within the same sample and identify predictors of change (i.e., disease threat, changes to daily life, social isolation, financial worries). Method : Three national samples of U.S. adults were recruited through an online platform (Amazon's Mechanical Turk). Participants completed online surveys pre-pandemic (September – December 2019) and during the pandemic(April - June 2020). Results : Across the three samples, mini-meta analyses revealed significant increases in anxiety and stress (Cohen's ds = 0.17, 0.16, respectively; ps Limitations : Response rates for follow-up surveys were relatively low, with some noted differences between those who did and did not complete both surveys. Conclusions : Significant increases in anxiety and stress were observed across three samples of U.S. adults from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Financial concern and effects of the pandemic on daily life emerged as the most consistent predictors of psychological distress across these samples.
A Field investigation of the effect of 5 mg PGF2α given intravenously to cycling beef cows and heifers

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has been proven to be an effective luteolytic agent in cattle when administered after day 5 of the cycle. While the recommended dose of PGF2α in cattle has been established as 25 mg IM, there have been field reports that a dose as low as 5 mg PGF2α IV was effective in obtaining luteolysis. It has been documented that 5 mg PGF2α IM was luteolytic in hysterectomized heifers and a dose of .5 mg PGF2α IV has caused estrus and evacuation of purulent material in cows with pyometra. The purpose of this field trial was to determine the efficacy of 5 mg PGF2α IV in causing luteolysis and estrus in a group of cycling beef cows.
The Market Rules

Freer Markets, More Rules: Regulatory Reform in Advanced Industrial Countries.By Steven K. Vogel
Validation and implications of an energy‐based bedload transport equation

A recently developed bedload equation (Abrahams & Gao, 2006) has the form ib = xG 3·4 , where ib is the immersed bedload transport rate, x is the stream power per unit area, G =1 )hc/h, h is the dimensionless shear stress and hc is the associated threshold value for the incipient motion of bed grains. This equation has a parsimonious form and provides good predictions of transport rate in both the saltation and sheetflow regimes (i.e. flows with low and high h values, respectively). In this study, the equation was validated using data independent of those used for developing it. The data represent bedload of identical sizes transported in various steady, uniform, fully rough and turbulent flows over plane, mobile beds. The equation predicted ib quite well over five orders of magnitude. This equation was further compared with six classic bedload equations and showed the best performance. Its theoretical significance was subsequently examined in two ways. First, based on collision theory, the parameter G was related to the ratio of grain-to-grain collisions to the total collisions including both grain-to-grain and grain-to-bed collisions, Pg by Pg = G 2 , suggesting that G characterizes the dynamic processes of bedload transport from the perspective of granular flow, which partly accounts for the good performance of the equation. Moreover, examining the ability of two common equations to predict bedload in gravel-bed rivers revealed that G can also be used to simplify equations for predicting transport capacities in such rivers. Second, a simple dimensionless form of the equation was created by introducing B = ib/x. The theoretical nature of the term B was subsequently revealed by comparing this equation with both the Bagnold model and two commonly used parameters representing dimensionless bedload transport rates.
The effect of acid treatment on the reactivity of natural zeolites used as supplementary cementitious materials

Abstract This work investigated the use of acid treatment as a method for increasing the reactivity of natural zeolite used as a supplementary cementitious material. The effects of treating a natural clinoptilolite zeolite with nine acid solutions, 0.1 M, 0.5 M, or 1 M hydrochloric or nitric acid or 0.1 M, 0.5 M, or 0.87 M acetic acid, were measured using x-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, pore size distribution and surface area analysis. The zeolite pozzolanic reactivity was determined by measuring the quantity of portlandite in hydrated zeolite-cement paste after 28 and 90 days. Results showed that acid treatment increased zeolite surface area, resulting in increased zeolite pozzolanic reactivity, independent of the solution concentration used. Cement hydration was also increased, evidenced by greater rates of heat evolution from cement-zeolite pastes. Additionally, although reductions of portlandite occurred most quickly in pastes with zeolites treated with strong acids, by 90 days the zeolites treated with acetic acid solutions showed comparable portlandite reductions.
Excited state tautomerization of camptothecin in aqueous solution

Abstract The effect of pH on the absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics of 20(S)-camptothecin was studied in aqueous solution. In alkaline solution, the lactone ring of camptothecin hydrolyzes to produce camptothecin carboxylate. The equilibrium constants of the lactone ring hydrolysis of camptothecin at various pH values were determined using steady state fluorescence measurements. The 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism spectra were measured to characterize the structure of camptothecin in strongly alkaline medium. The fluorescence intensity of camptothecin is quenched by OH − ions. A mechanism of fluorescence quenching of the carboxylate form by OH − ions, which involves tautomerization on electronic excitation, is proposed. The ground and excited state p K a values of the quinolinium ion are reported.
Analytical solutions for two electrons in an oscillator potential and a magnetic field

Two electrons subject to the Coulomb interaction and confined by an anisotropic harmonic potential can be viewed in two ways. One is the ``Hooke's atom,'' much used in density functional theory (DFT), but with the addition of an external magnetic field. The other is as a heliumlike three-dimensional quantum dot. Though some results on the systems are known in both the DFT and quantum dot literature, exact analytical solutions have been lacking for nonzero anisotropy (nonzero $B$). For certain specific confinement strengths, we develop such solutions in closed form, hence include electron exchange and correlation exactly. As with the zero-field Hooke's atom, those solutions can be the ground or excited states.
Obtaining Centroids Of Digitized Regions Using Square And Hexagonal Tilings For Photosensitive Elements

In computer vision and graphics, the square or rectangular tessellation is most commonly used. The hexagonal lattice has not been studied as frequently. In this paper we project squares and circles on each of these grids, digitize these figures and obtain the error in locating the centroid. We adopt a Monte Carlo approach, with the centroid of the actual figures being chosen randomly. In the case of the circle, we project various sizes onto the respective grids and study the error in obtaining the centroid. In the case of the square we combine different sizes with angles of rotation that vary from 0 to 90 degrees. Theoretical formulae are developed for the circle on square tile case. These symbolic representations are compared to the results from the Monte Carlo simulation and they are found to be quite close. Finally, comparisons are drawn between the two grids. In the case of the circle, there is a definite advantage in using the hexagonal grid. For the square there is no inherent advantage to either. These results are of use if it is decided to build a camera with hexagonal picture elements.
Characterization of Early-stage Coal Oxidation by Temperature-programmed Desorption

To obtain representative temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) profiles of young oxidized chars up to 1650 °C with minimal reactor wall interferences, the chemistry and physics of four ceramic materials has been critically reviewed. A two-staged experimental apparatus is then uniquely designed to produce chars in an Al2O3 flow reactor with 1−21% O2 followed by in situ TPD with a SiC tube. Comparison of TPD profiles of oxidized chars with those from pyrolyzed chars and ashes suggests early-stage char oxidation is profoundly influenced by oxygen from three sources: organics oxygen, mineral matters, and gas phase O2. Young chars oxidized at 1000 °C with less than 0.3 s residence time shows CO desorption peaks during TPD at three distinct temperatures: 730, 1280, and 1560 °C. The peaks at 730 °C are mainly caused by incomplete devolatilization. The peaks at 1280 °C mainly represent desorption of stable surface oxides and incomplete devolatilization. Increasing the gas phase oxidants notably increases the am...
Thermorheological consequences of crystalline‐phase crosslinking in polyamide fibers

Wet-spun fibers of a diacetylene-containing aliphatic polyamide (PADA 6,22) were exposed to controlled dosages of electron-beam radiation to selectively crosslink the crystalline regions via a topochemical diacetylene to polydiacetylene conversion. For aligned polymer chains in an oriented fiber, the polydiacetylene crosslinks are created perpendicular to the fiber direction; interference microscopy revealed that the refractive index increased in this direction. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and torsional modulus measurements showed that the noncrystalline phase remains essentially unaffected by electron-beam irradiation up to 60 Mrad. Thermal stress analysis demonstrated that higher shrinkage stresses are retained by the irradiated fibers at temperatures approaching the effective thermomechanical melting temperature of the nonirradiated fiber (200°C); thermal deformation analysis also revealed that much lower extensions are exhibited by the crystalline-phase crosslinked fibers at these temperatures. The results suggest that crystalline-phase crosslinking of functionally modified semicrystalline polymers constitutes a mechanism for enhancing structural integrity at elevated temperatures without reducing amorphous-phase flexibility. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 2613–2622, 1997
Video-assisted thoracoscopic ligation of patent ductus arteriosus: safe and outpatient

Abstract Background . Minimally invasive techniques for interruption of patent ductus arteriosus have been reported, but are in use at only a few centers. We examined our series of patients who underwent thoracoscopic patent ductus arteriosus ligation. Methods . We reviewed 59 consecutive patients, age 6 days to 50 years, weighing 640 g to 62 kg, who underwent video-assisted placement of a stainless steel clip across the patent ductus arteriosus. Results . Thirty-eight nonneonates and 21 neonates (18 were ≤1,500 g) underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery for patent ductus arteriosus closure with intraoperative echocardiographic confirmation in nonneonates. There were no residual shunts, transfusions, chylothoraces, or significant pneumothoraces. Four were converted to thoracotomy, 3 for anatomic variances, and 1 for coagulopathy. Thirty-six of 38 nonneonate patients stayed less than 24 hours; 18 were discharged the evening of the operation. Two were admitted, one after thoracotomy, and one for a small mucosal intubation injury. No others required a chest tube. There were two recurrent nerve injuries. All neonates survived, and were extubated. Conclusions . Video-assisted thoracoscopic ductus closure is a safe, reliable technique and can be performed as an outpatient procedure in nonneonate patients.
An evaluation of serologic tests used to diagnose brucellosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

Five serologic procedures were evaluated in buffaloes and results compared with cultures of 64 udder secretion specimens.
Thermodynamic properties of ternary non-electrolyte solutions: prediction of excess volumes from measured binary data

Abstract Limitations and applications of four popular expressions for predicting multicomponent thermodynamic properties from measured binary data are re-examined using volumetric data for 37 ternary systems. All four methods provide very reasonable estimates of the ternary excess volumes. For computerized calculations and mathematical representation of experimental data, the BAB, Kohler and Jacob-Fitzner equations are preferred over the Redlich-Kister equation. The mathematical forms of the BAB, Kohler and Jacob-Fitzner equation are both symmetrical and independent of the manner in which the properties of the three contributing binary systems are reported.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the airway-essentials for the surgeon.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has many protean manifestations. Some of the most vexing have to do with the airway. GERD affects the tracheobronchial tree directly, leading to aspiration pneumonia and asthma, or exacerbating existing pulmonary disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition to the respiratory manifestation of GERD, there are unique pharyngeal and laryngeal manifestations. These include voice hoarseness, throat-clearing, chronic cough, globus, and “post-nasal drip”. Linking these symptoms to GERD is challenging and frequently the diagnosis is that of exclusion. Despite proton pump inhibitor therapy being the mainstay of treatment, with anti-reflux surgery being reserved for intractable cases, there is no definitive evidence of the superiority of either.
Religious history as religious studies

What is the relationship between religious studies and religious history? Academic historical thinking emerged in part to repudiate ecclesiastical traditions of history, making the difference between religious history and histories of religion a question of denominational rivalry more than a difference in sect. Scholars working in the academic study of religion and the academic study of history have increased self-consciousness of this contingency but have not developed an account for the consequence of history as the primary mode for our thinking. As a result, scholars of religion frequently fall silent in the wake of postcolonial critiques of religious subjects, believing their work is adequately buttressed when this history (the history of the relationship between colonial oppression and religious classification) is acknowledged. Yet this is only the beginning of our work. Religious history cannot evade the methodological challenges of religious studies precisely because to identify an object as religi...
Solution behavior of random copolymers of styrene with sodium‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonate

The nonaqueous solution behavior of random copolymers of styrene (ST) with sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (Na-AMPS) [poly(ST-Na-AMPS)] has been investigated using the transient electric birefringence (TEB) technique. The copolymers with varying high sulfonate contents (about 30–70 mol%), bridging the gap between conventional ionomers and classical polyelectrolytes, were dissolved in the solvent methylformamide (MFA) with a high permittivity ϵ of ca. 190. The solutions showed a negative birefringence at electric field strength E of the order of kV/cm. A typical Kerr effect was observed at low polymer concentrations C of ca. 10−3g/mL and electric field strengths of the order of kV/cm. However, the detailed, TEB studies demonstrated different behavior at two concentration regimes in dilute solution. At a low concentration regime (e.g., C ≤ 1 × 10−3g/mL for the copolymer with a 66.7 mol % sulfonate content) where the reduced viscosity exhibited a pronounced polyelectrolyte effect, the birefringence signal pattern showed a maximum before reaching a steady value. Additionally, during the rise at an applied electric field strength beyond a threshold value, it was observed that the nonexponential field-free decay was slower than the single exponential field-induced rise. The observed anomalous behavior was similar to those of a polyelectrolyte [sodium poly (styrene sulfonate)] in aqueous solution and might be attributed to the perturbation of the molecular shape by the applied electric field. At the higher concentration regime (e.g., C ≥ 4 × 10−3g/mL for the same copolymer with a 66.7 mol % sulfonate content) where the polyelectrolyte effects started to diminish as indicated by the viscosity study, the birefringence shape showed no variation with an increased electric field strength and the field-free decay turned out to be faster than the single exponential rise. The dissociation of ionic aggregates was tentatively interpreted to be responsible for this observation. It seems that by simply varying the polymer concentration, poly (ST-Na-AMPS) could behave either as a polyelectrolyte or as an ionomer in a single polar organic solvent.
Are radiometal-labeled antibodies better than iodine-131-labeled antibodies: comparative pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of copper-67-, iodine-131-, and yttrium-90-labeled Lym-1 antibody in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Abstract Radioimmunotherapy using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated antigens has been efficacious, particularly in the treatment of radiosensitive malignancies such as lymphoma. Antilymphoma monoclonal antibody Lym-1, labeled with copper-67 ( 67 Cu), iodine-131 ( 131 I), or yttrium-90 ( 90 Y), has been effective salvage therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Although 131 I has had the dominant role in radioimmunotherapy thus far, several properties of radiometals are preferable. A total of 70 patients with B-lymphocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied using 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, 131 I-Lym-1, or 111 In-2IT-BAD-Lym-1. Because 90 Y does not have good emissions for imaging, indium-111 ( 111 In), its analogue, was used as a surrogate to estimate 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym- 1 pharmacokinetics and radiation dosimetry. Subsets of four patients in each group received 67 Cu- and 131 I-labeled Lym-1 or 111 In- and 131 I-labeled Lym-1, allowing direct comparisons of the radioimmunoconjugates. Sequential blood samples and planar images were used to quantitate radioimmunoconjugate in tissues in order to determine pharmacokinetics and radiation dosimetry. 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 and 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym-1 exhibited higher cumulated activity concentrations and radiation absorbed doses per unit of administered radioactivity for tumors than did 131 I-Lym-1. The mean tumor cumulated activity (area under the time-activity curve) concentrations per unit of administered radioactivity for 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, 131 I-Lym-1, and 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym-1 were 96.89, 33.96, and 43.42 GBq-s/GBq/g, respectively. The mean tumor radiation doses from 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, 131 I-Lym-1, and 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym-1 were 2.5, 1.0, and 6.6 Gy/GBq, respectively, because 90 Y deposits more radiation per unit of administered radioactivity. Per unit of administered radioactivity, radiation doses from 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 and 131 I-Lym-1 to normal tissues were similar except that the liver received a higher dose from 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 than from 131 I-Lym-1; radiation doses to normal tissues from 90 Y-2IT-BAD-Lym-1 were generally higher. Consequently, the therapeutic indices (ratio of radiation doses to tumor and normal tissues) for 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, and less generally for 90 Y- 2IT-BAD-Lym-1, were more favorable when compared to those for 131 I-Lym-1. Data from the matched subsets of patients showed similar therapeutic indices to those for the groups of patients. 67 Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 showed more potential than 131 I-Lym-1 or 90 Y-2IT-BADLym- 1 for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma radioimmunotherapy
Theoretical studies of inorganic and organometallic reaction mechanisms. 14. beta-hydrogen transfer and alkene/alkyne insertion at a cationic iridium center

Recent experimental work shows that alkanes can be activated by Cp*Ir(PMe3)(CH3)+ at room temperature to generate olefin complexes. The reaction begins with alkane activation by oxidative addition ...
CO2-Catalyzed One-Electron Oxidations by Peroxynitrite: Properties of the Reactive Intermediate

In neutral bicarbonate-containing solutions, the predominant pathway for peroxynitrite decomposition was CO2-catalyzed formation of nitrate ion; that is, CO2 was regenerated in the process. When nitrite ion was present, HCO3- also formed during ONO2- decomposition. The data could be reproduced by a kinetic model wherein a reactive intermediate formed from ONO2- and CO2 oxidizes NO2- to •NO2, which subsequently hydrolyzes in a bimolecular reaction to form NO3- and regenerate NO2-. Carbon dioxide catalyzed one-electron oxidations of Fe(CN)64-, Mo(CN)84-, Os(bpy)32+, Fe(bpy)32+, Ru(bpy)2+, and I- were also observed, establishing that the reactive intermediate is capable of oxidizing compounds whose reduction potentials are as great as 1.3 V. The maximal product yields, measured for reactions with NO2-, Fe(CN)64-, and Mo(CN)84-, were all ∼35% of the added peroxynitrite, suggesting that they were oxidized by a common intermediate. On the basis of the reactivity characteristics revealed, the intermediate is sug...
Pyroelectric fusion using a tritiated target

Abstract We demonstrate a compact 14.1 MeV neutron source by which deuterons are accelerated into a tritiated target via the action of a pyroelectric crystal. At the ion currents we measured, the expected flux is about 3×10 5 neutrons per second. Although our measured flux was much less than expected, spectral analysis of the neutron signal unambiguously verified a 14.1 MeV neutron signal far above background. The experimental fusion rate is limited by surface flashover and the time development of a surface barrier on the target due to chemical contamination. Various improvements in the, management of flashover originating from triple points and stabilization of field ionization tips are discussed.
Control of hydrogen release and uptake in amine borane molecular complexes: thermodynamics of ammonia borane, ammonium borohydride, and the diammoniate of diborane

Molecular complexes of Lewis acid–base pairs can be used to activate molecular hydrogen for applications ranging from hydrogen storage for fuel cells to catalytic hydrogenation reactions. In this paper, we examine the factors that determine the thermodynamics of hydrogen activation of a Lewis acid–base pair using the pedagogical examples of ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB) and ammonium borohydride ([NH4][BH4], ABH2). At ambient temperatures, ABH2 loses hydrogen to form the Lewis acid–base complex AB, suggesting that free energy drives the reaction to release hydrogen. However, direct measurement of the reaction enthalpy is not straightforward given the complex decomposition pathways leading to the formation of the diammoniate of diborane ([NH3BH2NH3][BH4], DADB). In this work, we compare two approaches for deriving the thermodynamic relationships among AB, DADB, and ABH2.
Numerical calculations of mass transfer flow in semi-detached binary systems

The details of the mass transfer flow near the inner Lagrangian point in a semidetached binary system are numerically calculated. A polytropic equation of state with n = 3/2 is used. The dependence of the mass transfer rate on the degree to which the star overfills its Roche lobe is calculated, and good agreement with previous analytic estimates is found. The variation of mass transfer rate which occurs if the binary system has a small eccentricity is calculated and is used to cast doubt on the model for superhumps in dwarf novae proposed by Papaloizou and Pringle (1979).
Lewis acid effects on donor–acceptor associations and redox reactions: ternary complexes of heteroaromatic N-oxides with boron trifluoride and organic donors

Structural and spectral features of the novel supramolecular [D·NXO·BF3] complexes formed via simultaneous n-coordination of a Lewis acid (BF3) and π-complexation of organic donors (D) to polyfunctional nitrosubstituted N-oxide molecules (NXO = 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide or 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide) are reported. X-Ray studies of [pyrene·NPO·BF3]·CH2Cl2 and [(pyrene)2·NQO·BF3] salts revealed that the Lewis acid is coordinated to the oxygen atom of the N-oxide group with O–B distance of ∼1.52 A similar to that in the separate [NXO·BF3] adducts. Aromatic rings of N-oxide molecules in the ternary systems are π-stacked with pyrene moieties, and their interplanar separations of ∼3.35 A are common for conventional charge-transfer complexes. In dichloromethane, associations between [NXO·BF3] adduct and organic donors are characterized by higher formation constants (and charge-transfer bands of [D·NXO·BF3] complexes are red-shifted) as compared to the complexes between the same donors and NXO acceptors. Spectral data and electrochemical measurements point out enhanced acceptor abilities of [NXO·BF3] adducts relative to the separate N-oxides which correspond to ∼0.5 V positive shift of reduction potentials of acceptors. Synergetic oxidation of strong organic donors by [NXO·BF3] dyads (which results in the formation of the corresponding cation radicals and products of transformation of both BF3 and NXO components) is discussed.
Fourier transforms in propagation and scattering problems

Three-dimensional Fourier transforms are applied to electromagnetic wave propagation problems. After obtaining functions in transform space, inversion and contour integration yield a plane wave integral representation.
Universal solders for direct bonding and packaging of optical devices

Abstract For optical packaging, there is a need to directly bond non-solderable materials such as oxides, nitrides, borides and fluorides, which are very difficult to wet/bond with low melting point solders, for example, at ~150 °C or below. In this research, we describe new Pb-free universal solders with low melting point of 140 °C or below by doping with a small amount of rare-earth elements, especially inexpensive mischmetals, which allow direct and powerful bonding onto the surfaces of various optical and electronic devices. The microstructure of the solder bonds is described, and their potential applications for passive and active optical components assembly are discussed.
Effective Tg of Confined Polymer−Polymer Mixtures. Influence of Molecular Size

Polystyrene (PS) and poly(tetramethyl bisphenol polycarbonate) (TMPC) form thermodynamically compatible mixtures below a lower critical solution temperature. In this regime, the PS-component in thin PS−TMPC films, supported by SiOx/Si substrates, preferentially enriches the free surface, forming a wetting layer, whereas the TMPC component enriches to the polymer−substrate interfacial region. We examined the dependence of the effective glass transition temperature, Tg, on film thickness, h, for 50/50 wt % mixtures on SiOx/Si substrates. In these experiments, the molecular weight, MPS, of the PS component was varied by over 2 orders of magnitude (4 kg/mol< MPS <900 kg/mol) while the TMPC molecular weight remained fixed. The glass transition temperature of the MPS = 4 kg/mol sample is approximately 25 °C lower than that of the other PS samples. We show that the effective glass transition temperature decreased with decreasing film thickness, ΔTg < 0, where Tg(∞) is the glass transition temperature at large h....
Evaluation of low-fat sausage containing desinewed lamb and konjac gel.

Ground (GR) or desinewed (DS) lamb trimmings were combined with a konjac flour (KF) gel (0%, 10% or 20%) to produce a low-fat (8%) cured sausage. Physiochemical, sensory and shelf-life analyses were performed to determine the efficacy of the fat mimetic. Desinewing reduced collagen content (2.3 mg/g tissue) and cook yield (0.6%) when compared to GR trimmings. Grinding increased aerobic plate counts (APCs) ∼0.4log10/cm2 more than DS, but APCs were not affected by inclusion of KF. Sausages with 20% KF lowered cook yield ∼1% and slightly reduced sensory panel and texture profile analysis texture values. KF gel incorporated at 10% had similar properties to a control low-fat desinewed lamb sausage, while KF at 20% could reduce “toughening” in low-fat sausage products. Use of konjac gel as a fat mimetic could reduce total caloric energy by replacing a portion of the meat in a sausage formulation.
Assessing the Longitudinal Robustness of Spectators' Perceptions of the Functions of Sport: Implications for Sport Marketers

Sport has emerged as one of the most significant and universal social institutions in modern society. Given its stature, those who market spectator sports must not underestimate the importance of understanding and effectively targeting their audiences. To this end, our study examines five functions of sport previously posited in the sociology of sport literature (psychological well-being, self-expression, pride-in-place, social integration, and clarification of gender roles), which serve to explain why individuals are motivated to engage in sport spectatorship behavior. The study finds that four of the five functions are enduring across the two nonoverlapping generations of sport fans who are separated by 25 years. Moreover, our findings reveal the existence of three enduring behavior-based spectator segments that differ in the strength of their perceptions across sport functions as motivating factors for engaging in sport spectatorship. Implications for marketing theory and practice are discussed.
Estrogen: a master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body.

Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body. Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function to generate ATP. In the body, estrogen protects against adiposity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes, and regulates energy intake and expenditure. During menopause, decline in circulating estrogen is coincident with decline in brain bioenergetics and shift towards a metabolically compromised phenotype. Compensatory bioenergetic adaptations, or lack thereof, to estrogen loss could determine risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Estrogen coordinates brain and body metabolism, such that peripheral metabolic state can indicate bioenergetic status of the brain. By generating biomarker profiles that encompass peripheral metabolic changes occurring with menopause, individual risk profiles for decreased brain bioenergetics and cognitive decline can be created. Biomarker profiles could identify women at risk while also serving as indicators of efficacy of hormone therapy or other preventative interventions.
A higher performance electric-arc-driven shock tube

High performance electric arc driven shock tube for shock velocities to 45 km/sec and test times over 4 microseconds, using 80/20 helium-hydrogen mixture
Relaxation and sleep induced by warming of preoptic region and anterior hypothalamus in cats

Abstract Diathermic warming of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic thermoreceptor zone in cats induced relaxation and sleep consisting of lying on the side, resting the head on the floor, closure of eyelids and nictitating membrane, pupil constriction, and delta waves in the EEG. At higher warming levels, panting and stretching out appeared. Termination of warming was followed in 15–150 sec by awakening. Grooming and increased water consumption reported in other species were not obtained. Food deprivation raised the threshold and latencies for relaxation and shortened the postwarming recovery time. Since the diathermy failed to elicit any of the varied nonthermoregulatory responses evoked by 60-Hz electrical stimulation of the same electrodes, it was probably acting selectively on thermoreceptors. It was concluded that PO AH thermoreceptors are an important source of input to the preoptic sleep mechanism, and may contribute to the initiation or maintenance of restorative sleep as well as thermoregulatory sleep.
X-ray Absorption Coefficients of Mercury Vapor in the Region of its L -Absorption Discontinuities

An apparatus is described which is suitable for absorption measurements up to 2 or more angstroms. The absorber, which was in the form of superheated vapor whose density could be calculated on the assumption of perfect gas behavior, was contained in an all-glass chamber. The windows were constructed of thin glass films in such a way as to withstand atmospheric pressure from either side. The mass absorption coefficients, $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$, of mercury in the wave-length region 0.74 to 1.4A were determined by an ionization method. They were found to obey the relation $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=A{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{c}$, where the constants $A$ and $c$ vary from branch to branch of the $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ curve. The value of $c$ is 2.56 on the short and 2.66 on the long wave-length side of the $L$ discontinuities. The magnitudes, $\ensuremath{\delta}$, of the three $L$ absorption discontinuities, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is defined as the ratio of $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ (the scattering coefficient being neglected) on the short and long wave-length sides of an absorption limit, are $\ensuremath{\delta}{L}_{\mathrm{I}}=1.18 \ensuremath{\delta}{L}_{\mathrm{II}}=1.39 \ensuremath{\delta}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}=2.45$
Cortical connections of striate cortex in the owl monkey

Injections of tritiated proline and horseradish peroxidase were used to study cortical connections of striate cortex in owl monkeys. All cases resulted in label in area 18 (V-II) and the middle temporal visual area (MT). In most, but not all cases, label was also present in the dorsomedial visual area (DM). The connections between striate cortex and each of these three visual areas were retinotopic and reciprocal. Projections to V-II, MT, and DM were concentrated in layers IV and III, while pyramidal cells in layers III, V, and VI of these areas projected back to striate cortex.
Inhibition of cutinase and prevention of fungal penetration into plants by benomyl—A possible protective mode of action☆

Abstract Cutinase purified from Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi was effectively inhibited by the fungicide benomyl. This irreversible inhibition was shown to be caused by the reaction of n-butylisocyanate, a breakdown product of benomyl, with the active serine in the enzyme. Methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MBC), the other breakdown product of benomyl, had no cutinase inhibitory activity. The fungicidal action of benomyl was measured by a bioassay using pea stems with or without intact cuticular and cell wall barriers. Benomyl prevented infection of Pisum sativum by conidia of F. solani f. sp. pisi only on intact pea stems with 50% efficiency at 7 μM, but was without effect on wounded stems or when benomyl (up to 50 μM) was applied 24 hr after inoculation with spores. Both MBC and benomyl strongly inhibited mycelial growth with 50% inhibition at 2 μM indicating a toxic mode of action. The prevention of fungal infection on only intact stem surfaces was established, however, with a fungal strain which was relatively tolerant to the toxic effect of these fungicides. With this strain complete protection was obtained at 5 μM benomyl which caused only 30% inhibition of growth. These results suggest that benomyl at low concentrations prevented fungal penetration and thus infection probably through inhibition of cutinase. It is also shown that treatment of cutin with n-butylisocyanate made it resistant to cutinase action.
Use of Mannequin-Based Simulation to Decrease Student Anxiety Prior to Interacting With Male Teaching Associates

Background: Previous studies have compared the usefulness of teaching associates versus mannequin trainers for learning physical exam skills. Little work has been done to assess the usefulness of mannequin trainers prior to students’ interaction with teaching associates. Purpose: We studied the effects of mannequin-based simulators on student comfort levels toward learning the male genitourinary examination. Methods: First-year medical students (N = 346) were surveyed before and after a mannequin-based curriculum to assess their comfort levels toward learning the male genitourinary examination. Results: The mannequin-based curriculum significantly increased (p < .001) student comfort levels toward the male genitourinary exam. However, the pre–post improvements were small, and on average students only progressed from being “very uncomfortable” to “somewhat comfortable.” The intimate nature of the examination was the top cause of anxiety toward learning the male genitourinary exam. Students were least comfo...