cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of human platelet-derived growth factor.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for the purification of human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from outdated plateletrich plasma (PRP), using commonly available laboratory reagents and yielding a mitogen purified 800,000-fold over the starting material. The chapter discusses the methods of analysis and properties of highly purified PDGF. PDGF has a 30,000 molecular weight glycoprotein, which is released from the platelet during coagulation and has been shown to be one of the principal macromolecules in whole blood serum capable of stimulating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and cell growth in connective tissue cells in vitro. PDGF plays a physiologic role in wound healing and tissue repair and a pathologic role in the formation of lesions of atherosclerosis. Studies with highly purified PDGF help determine the role of PDGF and other platelet mitogens in these processes and in defining the early cellular changes that occur in response to stimulation by PDGF. However, it is now known that PDGF like molecules are also synthesized by cultured vascular endothelial cells, newborn rat aortic smooth muscle cells, and cells transformed by a wide variety of transforming agents.
Reliability of AuGe/Pt and AuGe/Ni ohmic contacts on GaAs

The reliability of AuGe/Pt and AuGe/Ni ohmic contacts with and without overlay metal (Ti/Au, Ti/Pt/Au or TiW/Au) has been studied. AuGe/Ni contacts have proved superior and more reliable than AuGe/Pt contacts with or without overlay. AuGe/Pt contacts are stable without overlay but degrade rapidly with overlay. AuGe/Ni contacts exhibit thermal stability after 1000 hours' aging at 250°C.
Linkage disequilibrium inflates type I error rates in multipoint linkage analysis when parental genotypes are missing.

Objectives: Describe the inflation in nonparametric multipoint LOD scores due to inter-marker linkage disequilibrium (LD) across many markers with varied allele frequencies. <i&g
Effects of ear preference and order bias on the reception of verbal materials.

This experiment investigated Inglis' hypothesis that dichotic verbal material presented to the right ear is produced correctly more often than the stimuli presented to the left ear because individu...
Effects of guanyl nucleotides and ions on kappa opioid binding

Abstract Displacement curve analyses demonstrated that GTP and its nonhydrolyzable analog, GPP(NH)P, inhibited the binding of [ 3 H]dihydromorphine (mu agonist), [ 3 H]D-Ala 2 -D-Leu 5 -enkephalin (delta agonist), and [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine (general agonist) but not [ 3 H]diprenorphine (general antagonist). Using a paradigm to block mu and delta sites with specific cold ligands, [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazoctne labeled kappa sites which were less GTP sensitive than sites labeled by mu and delta agonists. Further, Na + and Mg ++ , important in inhibitory adenylate cyclase systems, also decreased both unblocked and mu-/delta-blocked [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine binding. Scatchard analyses revealed that the inhibitory effects of GTP result in a decrease in affinity without a significant change in binding capacity, and that the kappa component of [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine binding was less sensitive to the effects of GTP than binding sites labeled by mu or delta agonists. In comparison to the effects of GTP, Na + decreased binding affinity but increased the binding capacity of the kappa component. These data also suggest that the inhibitory effects of Na + and GTP on binding affinity are not additive. Association and dissociation plots revealed that although both components of binding may be involved in these affinity changes, the dissociation rate represents the more significant factor. These data suggest that [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine binding to kappa sites is GTP and Na + sensitive. However, it should be noted that [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine binding to kappa sites is less sensitive to GTP than its binding to other opiate sites, and that this kappa binding is differentially affected by Na + . The significance of these characteristics with regard to the effect of kappa opiates on adenylate cyclase activity remains to be determined.
Implementation of the IDEA algorithm for image encryption

In this paper, we present an implementation of the IDEA algorithm for image encryption. The image encryption is incorporated into the compression algorithm for transmission over a data network. In the proposed method, Embedded Wavelet Zero-tree Coding is used for image compression. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme enhances data security and reduces the network bandwidth required for video transmissions. A software implementation and system architecture for hardware implementation of the IDEA image encryption algorithm based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology are presented in this paper.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Octahedral metal carbonyls: Reactions and bonding. VI Derivatives of some octahedral metal carbonyl complexes containing bidentate ligands☆

Abstract The reactions with a variety of monodentate Lewis bases (L) of (bidentate)M(CO) 4 (M = Cr, Mo) complexes in which the bidentate ligand contains amine, phosphine or sulfide functional groups have been investigated. For (DTH)Cr(CO) 4 (DTH = 2,5-dithiahexane), (DTH)Mo(CO) 4 , (tmen)Cr(CO) 4 , (tmen)Cr(CO) 4 (tmen = N,N,N',N' tetramethylethylenediamine), (NP)Cr(CO) 4 (NP=1(diethylamino)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-ethane)and (NP)Mo(CO) 4 , replacement of the bidentate ligand was observed, with the formation of cis or trans- (L) 2 M(CO) 4 or cis-(L) 3 M(CO) 3 products, depending upon the L ligand employed. Several new complexes have been prepared through use of this route. The reaction of (tmen)Mo(CO) 4 with L involves two competitive processes, either replacement of tmen, or the replacement of CO to form a «mixed» derivative, cis-(L)(tmen)Mo(CO) 3 , followed by replacement of tmen. The partition of the reaction between the two paths is dependent upon the steric nature of L. Reactions of (diphos)-Mo(CO) 4 = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) with L give «mixed»derivatives of the types cis and trans (L)(diphos)Mo(CO) 3 and cis (L) 2 (diphos)Mo(CO) 2 , the extent of carbonyl replacement and product stereochemistry again being a function of the ligand employed. The results, together with other data cited from the literature may best be explained in terms of σ as well as π-bonding effects in octahedral metal carbonyl systems.
Fluorescence generalized polarization of cell membranes: a two-photon scanning microscopy approach

We use the lipophilic fluorescence probe Laurdan to study cell membranes. The generalized polarization (GP) of Laurdan-labeled cells contains useful information about membrane fluidity and polarity. A high GP is usually associated with low fluidity, low polarity, or high cholesterol content of the membranes, and a low GP is the opposite. We have combined the GP method and two-photon fluorescence microscopy to provide an alternative approach to study cell membranes. Using two-photon excitation in a conventional microscope offers great advantages for studying biological samples. These advantages include efficient background rejection, low photodamage, and improved depth discrimination. We performed GP measurements on mouse fibroblast cells and observed that both intensity and GP images are not spatially uniform. We tested for possible GP artifacts arising from cellular autofluorescence and lifetime quenching, using a procedure for background fluorescence subtraction and by direct lifetime measurements in the microscope. GP measured in a single cell displays a broad distribution, and the GP of 40 different cells grown on the same cover glass is also statistically distributed. The correlations between intensity and GP images were analyzed, and no monotonic dependence between the two was found. By digitally separating high and low GP values, we found that high GP values often associate with the regions of the plasma membrane and low GP values link with the nuclear membranes. Our results also show local GP variations within the plasma and nuclear membranes.
Dynamics of a Transversely Excited Swirling, Lifted Flame: Part I — Experiments and Data Analysis

This paper is the first of two parts, and describes measurements of the response of a transversely forced, single nozzle, swirling flame. This study is motivated by combustion instabilities coupling with azimuthal combustor modes. Two different forcing configurations are applied, where the flame/nozzle are located at a pressure node and anti-node, respectively. High speed velocimetry and chemiluminescence measurements were made of the forced and unforced flow in multiple orthogonal planes, revealing both the axial and azimuthal development of the unsteady flow. Spectra and azimuthal mode decompositions of these data show the dominance of the m = 1 helical mode in the unforced flow. Depending upon the nature of the forcing, the flow response at the forcing frequency can be dominated by the axisymmetric, m = 0 mode, or the m = 1 mode. These results clearly show that the dominant fluid mechanic structures exciting flames during transverse instabilities varies from nozzle to nozzle, depending upon the phase characteristics of the acoustic excitation field. Part II of this paper uses these time averaged and fluctuating measurements as inputs to a flame response model of the unsteady global heat release fluctuations.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Relative potency based on hepatic enzyme induction predicts immunosuppressive effects of a mixture of PCDDS/PCDFS and PCBS

Abstract The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach was employed to compare immunotoxic potency of mixtures containing polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), using the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Mixture-1 (MIX-1) contained TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (PeCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF). Mixture-2 (MIX-2) contained MIX-1 and the following PCBs, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC No. 77), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (126), 3,3′,4,4′,5,5 N -hexachlorobiphenyl (169), 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl (105), 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (118), and 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (156). The mixture compositions were based on relative chemical concentrations in food and human tissues. TCDD equivalents (TEQ) of the mixture were estimated using relative potency factors from hepatic enzyme induction in mice [DeVito, M.J., Diliberto, J.J., Ross, D.G., Menache, M.G., Birnbaum, L.S., 1997. Dose–response relationships for polyhalogenated dioxins and dibenzofurans following subchronic treatment in mice. I .CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity in liver, lung and skin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 130, 197–208; DeVito, M.J., Menache, G., Diliberto, J.J., Ross, D.G., Birnbaum L.S., 2000. Dose–response relationships for induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity in liver, lung, and skin in female mice following subchronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 167, 157–172] Female mice received 0, 1.5, 15, 150 or 450 ng TCDD/kg/day or approximately 0, 1.5, 15, 150 or 450 ng TEQ/kg/day of MIX-1 or MIX-2 by gavage 5 days per week for 13 weeks. Mice were immunized 3 days after the last exposure and 4 days later, body, spleen, thymus, and liver weights were measured, and antibody response to SRBCs was observed. Exposure to TCDD, MIX-1, and MIX-2 suppressed the antibody response in a dose-dependent manner. Two-way ANOVA indicated no differences in the response between TCDD and the mixtures for body weight, spleen/body weight and decreased antibody responses. The results support the use of the TEF methodology and suggest that immune suppression by dioxin-like chemicals may be of concern at or near background human exposures.
Rediscovering the City with UrbanRemix

Abstract UrbanRemix is a collaborative and locative sound project. Participants record geo-tagged sounds on their mobile devices, explore and remix them through a web-based interface, and share them with professional DJs for live performances. This article discusses the background and goals of the project, its design and implementation, and its realization at several workshops and public events.
Optical inspection by internal reflection and spatial filtering

Abstract Some optical techniques for surface inspection applications are described. Paper texture is analyzed by a frustrated-total-internal-reflection method followed by spatial filtering of the diffracted pattern. Fibre-optics and micro-lenses are used to obtain a rugged and flexible sensor. Similar sensors are used for defect monitoring of roughly-polished surfaces. The practical aspects of sensor manufacture, speckle and vignetting considerations are discussed.
Dynamic biochemical processes involved in the production of a fatty liver

Abstract The increased deposition of TGL in the livers of rats exposed to cold or given narcotic doses of ethanol or morphine is dependent upon the integrity of both the sympathetic nervous system and the pituitary-adrenocortical system. The sympathetic nervous system controls the activity of adipose tissue lipase and thus the mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue TGL. The pituitary-adrenocortical system affects the synthesis of TGL in the liver and also has an action on the responsibility of adipose tissue to lipolytic agents.
Solar Cells by Design: Photoelectrochemistry of TiO2 Nanorod Arrays Decorated with CdSe

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of TiO 2 are grown directly on transparent, conductive glass substrate using hydrothermal/solvothermal methods. When employed as a photoanode in photoelectrochemical cells, the vertically aligned TiO 2 nanorod array exhibits slower charge recombination at electrolyte interface as compared to mesoscopic TiO 2 particulate film. Electrochemical deposition of CdSe onto TiO 2 nanorod array is carried out to extend absorption into visible light region. The role of CdSe-sensitized, 1D rutile TiO 2 architecture in the solar cell design is discussed.
Properties of a basement membrane-related glycoprotein synthesized in culture by a mouse embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line

Abstract Two glycoproteins, GP-1 and GP-2, have been isolated from an extracellular membrane synthesized in cell culture by an embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions have been determined. Both proteins are rich in half-cystine residues and contain approximately 12–15% carbohydrate. Antibodies have been obtained against one of the glycoproteins, GP-2, in rabbits. The antibody reacts with basement membranes from adult mouse and human kidney glomeruli and tubules, and all basement membranes tested from mouse embryonic tissues. The molecular properties of GP-2 are superficially similar to LETS protein; however, immunological and other criteria show that they are distinct proteins. The presence of LETS protein and GP-2 in basement membranes suggests that there are subtle interactions which are important in adhesion of epithelial cells to basement membranes.
Asymptotic solution for the reflectivity of a very rough surface

Asymptotic solutions for the reflectivity of a very rough surface are obtained in closed form up to second order in variance of slope. The zeroth‐order solution gives the reflectivity of a specular surface and the sum of the higher‐order terms yields the net effect of the rough surface. Within the common regions of validity of small rms slope and incident angle not close to grazing, the result agrees very well with those obtained with numerical methods.
The biomechanics of the triple jump : a review

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the published opinions of coaches and the findings of scientists concerning the techniques used in the triple jump, and to identify promising avenues for future research on the subject. A model is developed to identify those factors that have a causal role in determining the official distance of a triple jump. This model is then used as a basis for the subsequent review. The review itself considers each of the biomechanical factors identified in the model, some additional factors reported in the literature, and selected characteristics of triple jumping techniques. It is concluded that research on triple jump techniques has been sparse and has had little impact on practice. Identification of the individual attributes that determine the optimum ratio of the phase distances for a given athlete, the loads to which the supporting legs are subjected and the control of balance during a triple jump are seen as challenging and potentially useful topics of future res...
Case files of the medical toxicology fellowship at the New York City poison control: bromism: forgotten, but not gone.

After an extensive literature review, this appears to be the first case documenting bromide toxicity in a patient exposed to the product called Cordial de Monell, which contains potassium bromide. We have identified this product on store shelves in areas of New York City. We believe this child suffered from excess therapeutic sedative exposure due to her size, age, and repeated exposure. Bromism is not nearly as common as it once was, but several forms of bromide are still readily available. This diagnosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with sedative-hypnotic-type intoxication. Elevations in the reported serum chloride levels and a negative anion gap are helpful findings if present, but our case and others before confirm that the lack of these features do not rule out this poisoning. This case further illustrates the need for clinicians to be diligent in obtaining thorough medication, dietary, herbal supplement, social, occupational, and cultural histories from their patients. Aggressive hydration with chloride-containing solutions is the cornerstone of treatment, and in severe cases dialysis may be considered. Bromides are not gone, and bromism should not be forgotten.
StAR-related lipid transfer (START) proteins: mediators of intracellular lipid metabolism.

StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domains are 210-amino acid lipid binding domains implicated in intracellular lipid transport, lipid metabolism, and cell signaling events. The prototype is the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which transfers cholesterol to mitochondria in steroid hormone-producing cells (1). START domains are found in an extensive protein family, including START domain only and multidomain proteins, but lipid ligands have only been identified in a few cases (2). The human and mouse genomes each have 15 genes encoding START domains (Table I), and phylogenetic analysis divides the family into six subfamilies (Fig. 1, A and B) (3). X-ray crystal structures have been solved for the MLN64 START domain (4), StarD4 (5), and phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PCTP) (6). All three share the same helix-grip fold (7), with -helices at the N and C termini separated by nine -strands and two shorter -helices. The curved -sheet forms a deep pocket with the C-terminal -helix acting as a lid, resulting in an internal hydrophobic cavity (Fig. 2). The START structure differs from other hydrophobic cavity lipid-binding proteins, such as sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2) (8), phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) (9), and the fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) (10). The PCTP structure was reported with a phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecule in the cavity (6), whereas the MLN64 and StarD4 structures contain cavities large enough ( 850 A) to accommodate a cholesterol ligand ( 740 A) (5). In each structure, lipid entry or egress would require a major conformational change, most likely opening or unfolding of the C-terminal -helix lid. In fact, this helix of PCTP has been implicated in membrane binding and PC extraction (11). Furthermore, StAR can form partially unfolded states (12) and loses helical content upon binding a cholesterol analogue (13). Recent modeling of StAR using structure-based thermodynamics showed that an open lid conformational state can exist at equilibrium and that cholesterol binding and lid closure would significantly stabilize the complex (14).
Little Ice Age subsidence and post Little Ice Age uplift at Juneau, Alaska, inferred from dendrochronology and geomorphology

Abstract Application of dendrochronology and geomorphology to a recently emerged coastal area near Juneau, Alaska, has documented a Little Ice Age (LIA) sea-level transgression to 6.2 m above current sea level. The rise in relative sea level is attributed to regional subsidence and appears to have stabilized by the mid 16th century, based on a sea-cliff eroded into late-Pleistocene glaciomarine sediments. Land began emerging between A.D. 1770 and 1790, coincident with retreat of regional glaciers from their LIA maximums. This emergence has continued since then, paralleling regional glacier retreat. Total Juneau uplift since the late 18th century is estimated to be 3.2 m. The rate of downward colonization of newly emergent coastline by Sitka spruce during the 20th century closely parallels the rate of sea-level fall documented by analysis of local tide-gauge records (1.3 cm/yr). Regional and Glacier Bay LIA loading and unloading are inferred to be the primary mechanisms driving subsidence and uplift in the Juneau area. Climate change rather then regional tectonics has forced relative sea-level change over the last several hundred years.
Deep - Level Transient Spectroscopy: From Characterization To Electronic Defect Identification

This paper presents an overview of the application of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) for the characterization and identification of electronic defects in semiconductors. The range of defect problems that has been studied by DLTS is illustrated with results from crystalline semiconductors, semiconductor - insulator interfaces, and amorphous semiconductors,
Obstetric emergency simulation

Simulation for obstetric emergencies has progressed from being a good idea in theory to the level of an evidence-based intervention that can improve outcomes. Though not a stand-alone solution, the inclusion of simulation for training individuals and teams to react and perform correctly when obstetric emergencies occur is a critical part of a comprehensive strategy to improve outcomes for both the mother and baby. In this article, we will briefly review both the recent history of simulation for obstetric emergencies and then examine the most current evidence for specific emergencies.
An ab initio study of ascorbic acid

Abstract The conformations of ascorbic acid and its singly ionized analog are found to agree with the X-ray structures. The calculations are discussed in terms of the known chemistry of ascorbic acid and its metabolites.
BMI Percentiles and Body Image Discrepancy in Black and White Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body image discrepancy (BID) and weight status as measured by BMI percentiles (BMI%) among adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 265 adolescents at an urban clinic (females: 116 blacks and 63 whites; males: 62 blacks and 24 whites). BID was the difference between ideal and current body images selected from a 13-figure rating scale, and BMI% were calculated from measured weight and height. Regression analyses were conducted separately for girls and boys. Over half of the female and one-third of male adolescents wanted a thinner body. BID was positively related to BMI% with a one-unit increase in BID associated with a 4.84-unit increase in BMI% among females and a 3.88-unit increase in BMI% in males. Both female and male adolescents reported BID beginning at a BMI% corresponding to a normal weight. At zero BID, white females had a BMI% of 62.6, statistically different from black females (BMI% 69.7). At zero BID, white males had a mean BMI% of 69 and black males at a BMI% of 75.8, not statistically different. While black and white differences exist in BID, black female adolescents like their white counterparts are reporting BID at a weight range that is within the "normal". Our study portends the increase in BID with the increasing prevalence of obesity and highlights the need for interventions to help adolescents develop a healthy and realistic body image and healthy ways to manage their weight.
Evaluation of SafTestTM methods for monitoring frying oil quality

The feasibility of applying methods developed by Safety Associates, Inc., to monitor oil degradation products, including malondialdehydes (AldeSafeTM), FFA (FASafeTM), and peroxides (PeroxySafeTM), in fresh and heat-abused deep-fat frying oil was evaluated. Based on performance qualification studies, the AldeSafe method was the most suitable SafTestTM assay for monitoring the quality of frying oil because of its high accuracy, precision, linearity, and reproducibility, and low detection/quantitation limits. A strong correlation (r=0.924) between the AldeSafe method and its counterpart, AOCS Official Method Cd 19-90, also supported the suitability of the SafTest method for monitoring oil quality. Moreover, the FASafe method had a moderately strong relationship with AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40 (r=0.761). Our studies suggest that this test can be applied for monitoring frying oil; however, certain method performance limitations must be considered for routine analysis purposes. In contrast, the PeroxySafe method probably should not be used to monitor heat-abused oil without further development because of high variability, low accuracy, and low correlation (r=0.062) with the AOCS Official Method Cd 8-53 assay.
Long Symmetric Chains in the Boolean Lattice

Let 2n]be the poset of all subsets of a set with n elements ordered by inclusion. A long chain in this poset is a chain ofn?1 subsets starting with a subset with one element and ending with a subset withn?1 elements. In this paper we prove: Given any collection of at mostn?2 skipless chains in 2n], there exists at least one (but sometimes not more than one) long chain disjoint from the chains in the collection. Furthermore, fork?3, given a collection ofn?kskipless chains in 2n], there are at leastkpairwise disjoint long chains which are also disjoint from the given chains.
The effect of a pituitary mammotropic tumor on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in the rat.

Abstract The efiect of a transplantable hormone-producing pituitary mamrnotropic tumor (MtT) on the hepatic microsomal metabolism of eight compounds was studied in male and female Fischer rats. Growth of this tumor for about 31 days decreased the hepatic metabolism of most compounds studied as well as liver microsomal NADPH oxidase activity and the amount of hepatic cytochrome CO-binding pigment (P-450). The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver 104,000 g supernatant fraction of tumor-bearing rats, however, was increased as compared with that of control animals. Another tumor, adrenocarcinoma R-3230AC, did not decrease the hepatic metabolism of hexobarbital, aminopyrine or p -nitrobenzoic acid. High blood levels of rat somatotropin, prolactin and corticotropin produced by the MtT, individually or in combination, may have been responsible for the decrease in the metabolism of some compounds which was found in liver from MtT-bearing rats.
Reversible precipitation/dissolution of precious-metal clusters in perovskite-based catalyst materials: Bulk versus surface re-dispersion

Abstract High-angle annular dark-field imaging with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy unambiguously establishes that nanometer-size Pt-rich clusters reversibly precipitate and dissolve under reducing and oxidizing conditions, respectively, within the oxide matrix of Pt-doped CaTiO 3 , previously proposed as a novel self-regenerating perovskite-based three-way catalyst. In fact, most of the Pt-rich clusters formed upon reduction are within the oxide matrix and thus unavailable for gas-phase catalysis. Those clusters of Pt that do form on the surface tend to coarsen rather than dissolve upon oxidation.
Rotational-level-dependent quenching of OH A 2Σ(v′ = 1) by collisions with H2O in a low-pressure flame

Abstract The collisional quenching of OH A 2Σ(v′ = 1) by H2O was determined from laser-induced fluorescence measurements in the burned-gas region of stoichiometric H2/O2/Ar flames at low pressure (19 and 38 Torr). The collisional quenching was measured as a function of the initial laser-populated rotational level for N′ =4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11). The quenching cross section after laser excitation to N′ = 4 is 32±2.5 A2 at a temperature of 1048 K, approximately 40% of its value at room temperature. The quenching cross section decreases by 17% as the initial laser-excited rotational level is increases from N′ = 4 to N′ = 11. This variation in quenching rate has a significant effect on the determination of OH rotational temperature from laser-excitation spectra. Accounting for the variation of quenching with rotational level reduces the rotational temperature by 10% at 1100 K. The collisional quenching cross section of OH A 2Σ(v′ = 1) by H atoms was calculated to be 10±3 A2 for N′ = 5 at a temperature of 1048 K.
Protein Unfolding Is Not a Prerequisite for Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Cytosol Dislocation

We examined the effects of protein folding on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-cytosol transport (dislocation) by exploiting the well-characterized dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) domain. DHFR retains the capacity to bind folate analogues in the lumen of microsomes and in the ER of intact cells, upon which it acquires a conformation resistant to proteinase K digestion. Here we show that a Class I major histocompatibility complex heavy chain fused to DHFR is still recognized by the human cytomegalovirus-encoded glycoproteins US2 and US11, resulting in dislocation of the fusion protein from the ER in vitro and in vivo. A folded state of the DHFR domain does not impair dislocation of Class I MHC heavy chains in vitro or in living cells. In fact, a slight acceleration of the dislocation of DHFR heavy chain fusion was observed in vitro in the presence of a folate analogue. These results suggest that one or more of the channels used for dislocation can accommodate polypeptides that contain a tightly folded domain of considerable size. Our data raise the possibility that the Sec61 channel can be modified to accommodate a folded DHFR domain for dislocation, but not for translocation into the ER, or that a channel altogether distinct from Sec61 is used for dislocation.
Scalability study of cache access mechanisms in multiple-cell wireless networks

Strong-consistent cache access algorithms have been proposed and studied for wireless networks. In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive study to compare four strong-consistent cache access algorithms including the invalidation report (IR), poll-each-read (PER), call-back (CB), and Lease schemes in multiple-cell wireless/mobile networks. The purpose of this study is to examine the scalability of the IR schemes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such study. We focus on the scalability issue of these four fundamental strong-consistent schemes in terms of network transmission costs regarding network size, database size, subscription ratio, and network traffic, through extensive computer simulations. Our results show that: (1) the IR schemes do not perform well in a multiple-cell wireless/mobile networks with a large update rate, database size, and IR window size, and with a small subscription ratio; (2) the IR schemes do scale up well with the IR period and the access rate; however, while good performance can be obtained when the IR period is large, this implies a large access latency; (3) the PER, the CB and the Lease schemes perform well with a large update rate, small subscription ratio, and large database size.
Compelling Intimacies: Domesticity, Sexuality, and Agency

This introduction highlights what we call “Compelling Intimacies”—the multiple desires, affects, and affinities that arise at the intersection of institutions, actors, technologies, and ethical dis...
Development of temporal patterning and vocal hesitations in spontaneous narratives

Narratives were told aloud by 12 boys and 12 girls at each of seven age levels in response to nine cartoon pictures. Speech rate increased with age, due to corresponding decreases in both legnth and frequency of unfilled pauses (UPs), although the two measures were themselves uncorrelated. Parenthetical remarks (PRs) increased with age, while repeats (Rs) decreased. Location of UPs (81% before function words) was stable over age levels. Comparisons with other experiments are made. Interrelationships of speaking and thinking are discussed in terms of the cognitive and linguistic functions of length and frequency of UPs, respectively. Theories that neglect multiple psychological determinants of speech behavior and/or concentrate on only one level or unit of encoding are rejected as inadequate.
Thermal enzymes. IV. Partial separation of an adenosinetriphosphatase from an apyrase fraction.

Abstract Adenosinetriphosphatase with a QP from 450 to 1400 was obtained from a cell granule fraction isolated from cells of a thermophilic bacterium. The enzyme withstands inactivation for 2 hr. at 65 °C., the growing temperature of the organism. At 75 °C. the enzyme is slowly inactivated. Magnesium plays a small part in providing protection against inactivation at 75 °C. Thermal adenosinetriphosphatase has an optimum pH of 8.5 and a Michaelis constant at 60 °C. of 0.0021. Magnesium is necessary for activity. The enzyme liberated 52% of the labile phosphorus of adenosine triphosphate in 1 hr.
The Need for Theory to Guide Concussion Research

Although research into concussion has greatly expanded over the past decade, progress in identifying the mechanisms and consequences of head injury and recovery are largely absent. Instead, data are accumulated without the guidance of a systematic theory to direct research questions or generate testable hypotheses. As part of this special issue on sports concussion, I advance a theory that emphasizes changes in spatial and temporal distributions of the brain's neural networks during normal learning and the disruptions of these networks following injury. Specific predictions are made regarding both the development of the network as well as its breakdown following injury.
Calcium Induces Increases in Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α and Mitochondrial Biogenesis by a Pathway Leading to p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation

Previous studies have shown that raising cytosolic calcium in myotubes induces increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. This finding suggests that the increases in cytosolic calcium in skeletal muscle during exercise may mediate the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria. The initial aim of this study was to determine whether raising calcium in skeletal muscle induces the same adaptations as in myotubes. We found that treatment of rat epitrochlearis muscles with a concentration of caffeine that raises cytosolic calcium to a concentration too low to cause contraction induces increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. Our second aim was to elucidate the pathway by which calcium induces these adaptations. Raising cytosolic calcium has been shown to activate calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in muscle. In the present study raising cytosolic calcium resulted in increases in phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating transcription factor-2, which were blocked by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor KN93 and by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB202190. The increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha expression and mitochondrial biogenesis were also prevented by inhibiting p38 activation. We interpret these findings as evidence that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is downstream of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in a signaling pathway by which increases in cytosolic calcium lead to increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle.
Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea

The aetiology of diarrhoea can often be simple to identify, but in some cases may pose a challenge. The diagnosis of drug-induced diarrhoea can easily be sorted based on timing of the symptom with onset of a new drug. Treatment can vary from simply monitoring and eventual resolution with continuation of the drug, to discontinuation of the offending agent. In cases where a drug cannot always be stopped, additional medications can help control the symptom. Factitious diarrhoea can present a diagnostic challenge if the evaluating physician does not suspect its possibility. Typically a careful history, and in some cases, stool testing can provide clues. The diagnosis of idiopathic diarrhoea is often made when exhaustive testing provides no definite aetiology and the goal of management is supportive care and symptomatic treatment.
Toxoplasma gondii pneumonitis in a liver transplant recipient: implications for diagnosis.

Toxoplasma gondii pneumonia developed 27 days after retransplantation for chronic rejection in a liver transplant recipient receiving tacrolimus as primary immunosuppression. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had been discontinued (due to cytopenia) before the onset of T gondii pneumonia. T gondii was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by growth in fibroblast cell culture routinely used for the isolation of viruses and detected in lung on autopsy. Tissue culture used for the detection of viruses can also be diagnostically useful for the detection of T gondii. Copyright © 1996 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Microgrooves Enhanced AC Electrothermal Pumping for High Conductivity Microfluids

This paper presents utilization of microgrooved structure in enhancing manipulation of high conductivity fluids with alternating current (AC) electrothermal mechanism with low electric voltage requirement (<10 V ). Two manipulation modes including bidirectional pumping and stationary state can be achieved by changing the electric frequency. Numerical simulations are performed and the effects on electrothermal driven fluid motion in grooved surface structure are investigated. The pumping capacity of several grooved profiles of rectangular, trapezoid and hybrid trapezoid are analyzed and compared. The theoretical analysis as well as the numerical simulation indicates that electrothermal driven micropumping and temperature rise can be controlled in these structures for optimum operations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Propagation of muons and taus at high energies

The photonuclear contribution to charged lepton energy loss has been reevaluated taking into account DESY HERA results on real and virtual photon interactions with nucleons. With large ${Q}^{2}$ processes incorporated, the average muon range in rock for energies of ${10}^{9} \mathrm{GeV}$ is reduced by only 5% compared with the standard treatment. We have calculated the tau energy loss for energies up to ${10}^{9} \mathrm{GeV}$ taking into consideration the decay of tau. A Monte Carlo evaluation of tau survival probability and range shows that at energies below ${10}^{7}--{10}^{8} \mathrm{GeV},$ depending on the material, only tau decays are important. At higher energies the tau energy losses are significant, reducing the survival probability of the tau. We show that the average range for tau is shorter than its decay length and reduces to 17 km in water for an incident tau energy of ${10}^{9} \mathrm{GeV},$ as compared with its decay length of 49 km at that energy. In iron, the average tau range is 4.7 km for the same incident energy.
Spin Decay of Liquid-Filled Projectiles

An accurate method is described for predicting the spin decay of spin-stabilized liquid-filled projectiles throughout their flight. The method is based on a physical model for the spin-up of the liquid payload. Results are compared to spin-decay measurements obtained from test firings of 155-mm liquid-filled projectiles equipped with solar aspect sensors. For most rounds a smooth spin record is obtained and the predicted spin agrees with the measurements to within 1%. A few rounds with large first maximum yaw have a different type of spin record exhibiting an almost discontinuous spin decay rate. An explanation for these cases is put forth which depends on a conjectured instability of the flow. A moderately successful criterion for predicting these cases is developed.
Analysis of direct solar thermal rocket propulsion

The conceptual feasibility of direct absorption, solar thermal propulsion is addressed by means of a detailed analysis of the coupled radiation-gasdynamic process. The primary issue concerns the success with which low intensity solar radiation can be coupled into a working fluid. The fluid dynamics are described by a twodimensional Navier-Stokes analysis coupled with a ray-tracing model for the solar absorption and an approximate "thick-thin" model for the reradiation. The absorption physics are included by a detailed spectral model of the absorption. The working fluid is selected as hydrogen with trace amounts of alkali metal vapors to enhance absorption. Results indicate that previous one-dimensional approximations overestimate the potential of solar rockets but that direct absorption combined with regenerative wall cooling appears promising for appropriate sizes and chamber pressures.
Genetic structure of Quercus rubra L. and Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill populations at gene-based EST-SSR and nuclear SSR markers

Sympatric hybridizing oak species provide a model system for studying local adaptation. Disjunct populations of Quercus rubra L. and Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill at the northern edge of their distribution may harbor important reservoirs of adaptive genetic variation. Genic (expressed sequence tag- simple sequence repeat = EST-SSR) and non-genic nuclear microsatellite (nuclear SSR = nSSR) markers were used to estimate neutral and potentially adaptive genetic variation in these two supposedly interfertile oak species showing different adaptations to drought. Eleven populations of putative Q. rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis located in the Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan were characterized using seven EST-SSRs and eight nSSRs. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups corresponding to each species with evidence of low levels of potential introgression. A comparison of the genetic structure of adult trees and seedlings revealed no evidence for selection against hybrids. Overall, similar levels of genetic variation and differentiation between populations and species were found at both EST-SSRs and nSSRs indicating that most EST-SSRs chosen reflect neutral variation. Two loci, 3A05 (nSSR) and GOT021 (EST-SSR, putative histidine kinase 4-like), were identified as putative outlier loci between species showing largely reduced variation in Q. ellipsoidalis. Future analyses of an increased number of EST-SSRs located in functional genes will allow the identification of genes involved in the reproductive isolation between both species.
Oriented Long Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Substrates from Floating Catalysts

A new and feasible method to prepare long and well-oriented SWNTs on substrates in large scale is developed by applying a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The catalysts for SWNT growth come from the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) formed in situ from the reaction of iron powder and carbon monoxide gas. The growth of SWNTs is found to happen both on the substrate and in the gas flow. Both long and short nanotubes are formed on the substrates but only the long SWNTs are aligned by gas flow. The growth direction and the density of the long SWNTs can be easily controlled. In addition, long SWNTs can be cut and patterned using photolithography and water plasma etching techniques, offering a way to prepare patterned SWNTs with controllable orientation, density and lengths for various applications.
Antenna selection in relay networks with multiple source-destination pairs in the presence of imperfect CSI

A relay network approach is proposed that allows multiple source-destination pairs to communicate simultaneously. The communication is enabled by one multi-antenna relay, and is implemented in two slots; in the first slot, the sources transmit, and in the second slot, the relay forwards the received signals after processing them through a zeroforcing beamforming matrix. Imperfect relay channel state information (CSI) results in interference at the destinations. This effect can be controlled by increasing the number of relay antennas. To avoid high hardware cost, typically associated with transmitter RF-modules, an optimal antenna selection scheme is proposed, with optimization criterion being the minimization of the interference, or the outage probability.
Persons with Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System: Police Interventions to Prevent Violence and Criminalization

Studies of contacts between persons with mental illness and police officers generally focus on outcomes for officers, with limited research on the experiences of persons with mental illness. Direct and indirect violence against persons with mental illness, which is perpetrated by the police, adversely affects the criminal justice system and society. Understanding the ramifications of interactions between police and persons with mental illness can highlight the potential for targeted improvements to reduce violent victimization. Incorporating information from successful programs, this article presents recommendations for improving procedural justice for persons with mental illness at different contact points with the criminal justice system.
The impact of paramedics on out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in a rural community.

Objective. To determine whether paramedics influence the outcome of cardiac arrest patients in a rural area. Methods. Retrospective analysis of cardiorespiratory arrest patients in rural southeast Alaska from 1987 to 1996. Results. Paramedics treated 37 patients and advanced life support emergency medical technicians (EMT-IIIs) treated 34 patients. Demographics/CPR variables of the two groups were similar. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 46% (17/37) for the paramedic-treated patients and 18% (6/34) for the EMT-III-treated patients (p = 0.01). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was 38% (14/37) for the paramedic-treated patients and 15% (5/34) for the EMT-111-treated patients (p < 0.03). Discharge from the hospital neurologically intact was 20% (7/35) for the paramedic-treated patients and 9% (3/34) for the EMT-III-treated patients (p = NS). Two patients in the paramedic-treated group had ROSC and survived in the local hospital ICU for several days before being transferred to a tertiary care h...
Moral Underpinnings of Law

Law has moral and practical underpinnings. When law is immorally legislated and enforced, it naturally has a moral grounding because immorality means nothing unless compared to morality. When practical laws are legislated that have no relation to morality, it can conceivably be said that those laws are morally benign, hence creating a neutral moral underpinning for practical laws. This type of application is true not only for law, but any human behavior. In other words, morality is a universal application, and we are indisputable creatures of morality, for we can scarcely rise above right and wrong. Law, in fact, has direct application to our moral lives, since it governs human behavior in our daily functions.