cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AVALANCHE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE CONTINENTAL ZONE IN THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

The avalanche hazard in the United States is most severe in the continental zone of Colorado, where property damage and deaths exceed those in any other state. The continental zone is normally characterized by a shallow snowpack, faceted crystal growth, and relatively fewer avalanches as compared to the coastal and intermountain zones farther west. This study illustrates that variations in the avalanche character in the continental zone may, at times, resemble some less continental characteristics that are found farther west as a result of anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns. Results from cluster analyses show that some sites in the southern portion of the continental zone generally represent a less continental character. Anomalies of 500-mb heights explain the variability of avalanche climates for selected sites, particularly for Berthoud Pass, within the continental zone. Negative heights over the southwestern United States during early winter correspond with less continental conditions, but the ...
Limits on the search for truth in criminal procedure: a comparative view

Across diverse legal traditions, the search for truth is a basic function of the criminal process. Uncovering the truth about the charged crime is regarded as an essential precondition to achieving justice, enforcing criminal law, and legitimating the verdict. Yet while truthseeking is a broadly accepted goal in the criminal process, no system seeks the truth at all costs. The search for truth must on occasion yield to considerations related to efficiency, democratic participation, and protection of individual rights. Different jurisdictions around the world show different preferences with respect to the tradeoffs between these values and the search for truth in criminal procedure. In an effort to promote efficiency, enhance democratic participation, or protect individual rights, many legal systems tolerate certain procedures that are known to heighten the risk of inaccurate outcomes. Such truth-impairing procedures include the exclusion of unlawfully obtained evidence, plea bargaining, and unreviewable jury verdicts. To some degree, the extent to which a legal system embraces these procedures can be explained with reference to the influence of the adversarial and inquisitorial traditions. But the distinction between adversarial and inquisitorial systems on this point is not always clear. Great variation exists within these two traditions, and common approaches can be seen across the divide. Some truth-limiting procedures, such as those related to the exclusionary rule and the protection of individual rights, have been adopted largely across the globe and have proven amenable to adjustments that accommodate the concern for truth. Other measures, such as lay participation in the criminal process, have retained their hold in some countries but have not spread to many others. Finally, one category of practices generally acknowledged to conflict with truthseeking — plea bargaining and other methods of negotiated justice — have become increasingly prevalent, but have proven the most difficult to regulate and to align with the search for truth.
How technology changes the way we teach-benefits and risks

There is an increasing need in higher education to promote cooperative learning between students as well as to design course contents that encourage critical thinking. In the last few years, the advent of new technologies of information and the widespread use of Internet resources has increased the possibilities to achieve these goals. The new technologies allow faculty to experiment with new approaches to subjects that have been taught using traditional methods or have been neglected from academia. However, as a newly introduced tool, one has to be aware of the possible risks of its use. The paper explores the possibilities of technology to change the way one has been teaching in higher education as well as the possible risks of its use, mostly based on the author's experiences.
Physics of Caustics and Protein Folding: Mathematical Parallels

The energy for protein folding arises from multiple sources and is not large in total. In spite of the many specific successes of energy landscape and other approaches, there still seems to be some missing guiding factor that explains how energy from diverse small sources can drive a complex molecule to a unique state. We explore the possibility that the missing factor is in the geometry. A comparison of folding with other physical phenomena, together with analytic modeling of a molecule, led us to analyze the physics of optical caustic formation and of folding behavior side-by-side. The physics of folding and caustics is ostensibly very different but there are several strong parallels. This comparison emphasizes the mathematical similarity and also identifies differences. Since the 1970's, the physics of optical caustics has been developed to a very high degree of mathematical sophistication using catastrophe theory. That kind of quantitative application of catastrophe theory has not previously been applied to folding nor have the points of similarity with optics been identified or exploited. A putative underlying physical link between caustics and folding is a torsion wave of non-constant wave speed, propagating on the dihedral angles and $\Psi$ found in an analytical model of the molecule. Regardless of whether we have correctly identified an underlying link, the analogy between caustic formation and folding is strong and the parallels (and differences) in the physics are useful.
Polymerization and decomposition of C 60 on Pt(111) surfaces

The interaction of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ with Pt(111) was investigated at submonolayer, monolayer, and multilayer coverages by Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and low-energy electron diffraction studies. The Pt(111) surface strongly affects the thermal decomposition of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}.$ At submonolayer coverages, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is polymerized on Pt(111) at $Tg~300\mathrm{K}$ as was evident from UPS spectra that show a 0.4--0.5 eV shift towards ${E}_{F}$ for the VB features, in comparison to that of multilayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films on Pt(111). The polymerization was most clearly evident in HREELS for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films on Pt(111) annealed to 700 K in the presence of O adatoms or Sn, as seen by the rise in intensity of the ${A}_{g}(2)$ derived mode at 1460 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. As a result, annealing multilayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films on Pt(111) to $Tg~600\mathrm{K}$ leads to a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ adlayer that is quite different from 1 ML ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}(111).$ On annealing ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films on Pt(111) to 900 K, graphite domains appear on the surface and complete fragmentation occurs at 1050 K. HREELS, XPS, and UPS results comparing the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ monolayer to the multilayer were used to study charge-transfer interactions between ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and Pt(111). For 1 ML ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}(111)$ at 300 K, UPS spectra show that the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ valence-band features are shifted by about 0.4--0.5 eV towards ${E}_{F},$ while XPS studies show that the $\mathrm{C}(1s)$ core level is shifted by 0.4 eV to a lower binding energy and HREELS studies show that the ${T}_{1u}(1)$ mode is shifted down by 20 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in comparison to multilayer coverages of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ on Pt(111). Based on these shifts it was concluded that charge transfer of two electrons occurs from Pt(111) to monolayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ upon chemisorption. These charge-transfer interactions contribute to strong binding of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ monolayer and a low mobility for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules on the Pt(111) surface, which results in the growth of a disordered ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ film on Pt(111) at room temperature. Increased mobility of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$-derived species on the surface at 900 K results in the growth of an ordered film with a hexagonal structure.
Imposition of Kinematic Constraints for Robotic Stability and Support

We consider a constrained robotic system with constraints which may be imposed or removed under control. It is desired to control the robot to withstand disturbances and to preserve contact forces with the environment. The main idea of this paper is to show that we can achieve this goal by imposing additional kinematic constraints. We demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach for postural adjustments of biped robots by proposing two control designs.The first controller is defined so that robot stability is guaranteed. In the second design, the controller simultaneously stabilizes the robot and imposes an additional kinematic constraint. The controller is equipped with an additional input whose sole purpose is to maintain the kinematic constraint, i.e to ensure that the center of gravity of the biped robot remains above the base of support when the biped is disturbed from its equilibrium posture. Digital simulations are conducted with both controllers when the biped is disturbed from equilibrium and show the effectiveness of the proposed control.
Developmental Timing: let-7 Function Conserved through Evolution

Expression of the heterochronic microRNA let-7 is tightly correlated with the onset of adult development in many animals, suggesting that it functions as an evolutionarily conserved developmental timer. This hypothesis has now been confirmed by studies in Drosophila.
Consciousness and stereoscopic environmental imaging

The question of human consciousness has intrigued philosophers and scientists for centuries: its nature, how we perceive our environment, how we think, our very awareness of thought and self. It has been suggested that stereoscopic vision is “a paradigm of how the mind works” 1 In depth perception, laws of perspective are known, reasoned, committed to memory from an early age; stereopsis, on the other hand, is a 3D experience governed by strict laws but actively joined within the brain―one sees it without explanation. How do we, in fact, process two different images into one 3D module within the mind and does an awareness of this process give us insight into the workings of our own consciousness? To translate this idea to imaging I employed ChromaDepth™ 3D glasses that rely on light being refracted in a different direction for each eye―colors of differing wavelengths appearing at varying distances from the viewer resulting in a 3D space. This involves neither calculation nor manufacture of two images or views. Environmental spatial imaging was developed―a 3D image was generated that literally surrounds the viewer. The image was printed and adhered to a semi-circular mount; the viewer then entered the interior to experience colored shapes suspended in a 3D space with an apparent loss of surface, or picture plane, upon which the image is rendered. By focusing our awareness through perception-based imaging we are able to gain a deeper understanding of how the brain works, how we see.
Self-Organizing Scheduling on the Organic Grid

The Organic Grid is a biologically inspired and fully decentralized approach to the organization of computation that is based on the autonomous scheduling of strongly mobile agents on a peer-to-peer network. Through the careful design of agent behavior, the emerging organization of the computation can be customized for different classes of applications. In this paper, we report on our experience in adapting the general framework to run two representative applications on our Organic Grid prototype: the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI basic local alignment search tool BLAST code for sequence alignment, and the Cannon's algorithm for matrix multiplication. The first is an example of independent task application, a type of application commonly used for grid scheduling research because of its easily decomposable nature and absence of intra-node communication. The second is a popular block algorithm for parallel matrix multiplication, and represents a challenging application for grid platforms because of its highly structured and synchronous communication pattern. Agent behavior completely determines the way computation is organized on the Organic Grid. We intentionally chose two applications at opposite ends of the distributed computing spectrum having very different requirements in terms of communication topology, resource use, and response to faults. We detail the design of the agent behavior and show how the different requirements can be satisfied. By encapsulating application code and scheduling functionality into mobile agents, we decouple both computation and scheduling from the underlying grid infrastructure. In the resulting system, every node can inject a computation onto the grid; the computation naturally organizes itself around available resources.
Notes on interval estimation of risk difference in stratified noncompliance randomized trials: A Monte Carlo evaluation

When comparing an experimental treatment with a standard treatment in a randomized clinical trial (RCT), we often use the risk difference (RD) to measure the efficacy of an experimental treatment. In this paper, we have developed four asymptotic interval estimators for the RD in a stratified RCT with noncompliance. These include an asymptotic interval estimator based on the weighted-least-squares (WLS) estimator of the RD, an asymptotic interval estimator using tanh^-^1(x) transformation with the WLS optimal weight, an asymptotic interval estimator derived from Fieller's Theorem, and an asymptotic interval estimator using a randomization-based approach. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, we have compared these four asymptotic interval estimators with the asymptotic interval estimator recently proposed elsewhere. We have found that when the probability of compliance is high, the interval estimator using a randomization-based approach is probably more accurate than the others, especially when the stratum size is not large. When the probability of compliance is moderate, the interval estimator using tanh^-^1(x) transformation is likely to be the best among all interval estimators considered here. We note that the interval estimator proposed elsewhere can be of use when the underlying RD is small, but lose accuracy when the RD is large. We also note that when the number of patients per assigned treatment is large, the four asymptotic interval estimators developed here are essentially equivalent; they are all appropriate for use. Finally, to illustrate the use of these interval estimators, we consider the data taken from a large field trial studying the effect of a multifactor intervention program on reducing the mortality of coronary heart disease in middle-aged men.
Congestion management in WECC grid

We are proposing SCUC to identify annual congestion in large scale grid. Our approach was tested on the WECC grid and the results obtained from this test were mapped on a Geographical Information System (GIS). This mapping was used to visually locate the congested transmission lines in WECC. By linking the transmission congestion information with other cost information in WECC, our approach allows for viewing the price of electricity at various WECC locations. Our approach provides efficient solutions for proactively identifying bottlenecks in WECC, understanding congestion patterns in bulk power grid network, studying hourly LMPs at WECC, developing efficient power-generation capacity and transmission line planning, and developing efficient integration of power grids with renewable energy resources such as wind and solar generation.
The Crucible of Crisis: Three Presidents Confront the Perfect Storm

This article, based on interviews with the presidents of Dillard and Xavier Universities and Tougaloo College, examines their leadership in response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The ways they led their communities reveal both points of commonality and discrete leadership styles and approaches.
Abstract B99: Colon cancer treatment: Are there racial disparities in an equal-access healthcare system?

Purpose: Accessibility to medical care may be the most important factor influencing differences in colon cancer treatment among whites and blacks. This study assessed whether racial disparities in colon cancer surgery and chemotherapy existed in an equal access healthcare system. Additionally, we sought to examine whether racial differences varied by tumor stage. Methods: Patients included 2,570 non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks with colon cancer diagnosed from 1998 to 2007. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations between race and the receipt of colon cancer surgery or chemotherapy, while controlling for available potential confounders, both overall and stratified by tumor stage. Results: Univariate analysis revealed that there were no racial differences in surgery but that non-Hispanic blacks were more likely to receive chemotherapy than non-Hispanic whites. However, after multivariate adjustment, the odds of receiving colon cancer surgery and chemotherapy were similar between the two racial groups and did not vary by tumor stage. Conclusion: When access to medical care is equal, racial disparities in the receipt of colon cancer surgery and chemotherapy were not apparent. Thus, it is possible that equal access to care is the driving force behind racial disparities in cancer treatment in the general population. Citation Format: Abegail Andaya, Lindsey Enewold, Shelia H. Zahm, Craig D. Shriver, Joan Warren, Alexander Stojadinovic, Katherine McGlynn, Kangmin Zhu. Colon cancer treatment: Are there racial disparities in an equal-access healthcare system? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B99.
On the method of stationary phase

The method of stationary phase (MSP), which is an asymptotic method of integration, nevertheless yields general (nonasymptotic) results when applied to certain integrals involving the spherical function. In such cases one may drop the requirement of far-field or high frequency from the results.
Pressure sensor array based nonlinear robust pitch control for small or micro aerial vehicle

Maintaining stable flight of small unmanned or micro aerial vehicles (SUAVs or MAVs) is complicated by many real world challenges. Inspired by biological systems, in this paper, an innovative pressure distribution based pitch control method is proposed. A nonlinear controller, which is robust to uncertainties and un-modeled dynamics, is designed to achieve accurate pitch control. It is expected that the flight control design utilizing the real-time sensed pressure information will significantly enhance the stability and agility of SUAVs or MAVs.
In search of the Griffiths shield region

The van der Walls equation of state for binary mixtures has been used to determine the location and shape of the Griffiths shield region (where three tricritical lines intersect). If one takes the geometric means for a/sub 12/, the arithmetic mean for b/sub 12/, and the configurational free energy as ideal, the center of the Griffiths shield region is found only when the ratio of molecular sizes is infinite. When the Flory equation for the configurational free energy for mixtures of chain molecules is substituted for the ideal form, the results appear to be somewhat different. However, for all the cases studied, with systems which approach geometric mean behavior one finds the shield region only when the ratio of molecular size is very large and when the internal pressure of the small molecule is very much greater than that of the long-chain molecule.
Thermal Coefficient of Refractive Index of Optical Glasses

The thermal coefficients of refractive index have been determined for 23 commercial glasses. The interferometric procedure consisted of determining both the change of optical path of each glass with a change of temperature at a given wavelength and set coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the glass for the same temperature range. A relationship for the dispersion of the thermal coefficient of the refractive index has been found. It has also been possible to relate the chemical composition of glass with the thermal coefficient of the refractive index.
The Paschen-Back Effect. VII. Configuration Interaction

The spectrum of krypton furnishes a very fine example of the effect of configuration interaction. The levels $3{s}_{5}$ and $4{d}_{2}$, belonging to configurations of the same parity are less than 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ apart, and the Zeeman patterns of lines arising from them show large perturbations, both as regards positions and relative intensities of the components. A semiempirical theory is discussed which leads to excellent agreement with experiment.
Potential increase in biological effectiveness from field timing optimization for stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) is a radiotherapy technique which uses high dose fractions with multiple coplanar and noncoplanar beams. Due to the large fractional doses,treatments are typically protracted and there are more fields than in conventional radiation treatment schemes. The effect of temporal optimization on the biological effectiveness of SBRT is not well established. Methods: In a cohort of actual SBRTpatient treatments, the Lea–Catcheside protraction factor (G-value) was used to determine the optimal ( Δ ) and the least favorable (V) field. An actual field timing delivered in the clinic was included (C) for comparison. The lethal potential lethal (LPL) model was used to quantify the difference in survival fractions. Published data from three cell lines for non-small cell lungcancers: H460, H660, and H157 were used to acquire the parameters needed by the LPL model. The results are expressed as the ratios ( V : Δ ) N and ( C : Δ ) N , where N is the number fractions in the SBRT protocols and Δ , V, and C are the survival fractions calculated from the corresponding temporal patterns. Results: The results indicate that variability in the dose rate between fields does impact the optimization results. This dependence on dose rate, however, is small compared to the impact from the variability in doses between fields. The optimized field arrangements resembled previous studies, that maximization of cell kill is achieved by orienting the fields in a Δ shape sequence, where the fields with greatest dose are positioned in the center. Minimization of cell kill was achieved with a V-shaped orientation. Smallest dose fields were positioned centrally, and higher dose fields were placed in the beginning and end of the fraction. The survival fraction ratios calculated using the LPL demonstrated that regardless of the cell type the Δ shape had lower cell survival fractions compared to both the clinical example (C) and the V arrangement. For H460, with T 1 / 2 = 0.25 h, an average ratio of ( C : Δ ) 5 = 13 . 9 , suggesting the Δ pattern is approximately 14 times more effective than the clinical plan, after 5 fractions. Conclusions: Rearranging field timing for a SBRTtreatment so that maximal dose is deposited in the central fields of treatment may optimize cell kill and potentially affect overall treatment outcome.
Androgen Receptor Survival Signaling Is Blocked by Anti-β2-microglobulin Monoclonal Antibody via a MAPK/Lipogenic Pathway in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

A new cis-acting element, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) binding site, within the 5′-flanking human androgen receptor (AR) promoter region and its binding transcription factor, SREBP-1, was identified to regulate AR transcription in AR-positive human prostate cancer cells. We further characterized the molecular mechanism by which a novel anti-β2-microglobulin monoclonal antibody (β2M mAb), shown to induce massive cell death in a number of human and mouse cancer cell lines, interrupted multiple cell signaling pathways in human prostate cancer cells. β2M mAb decreased AR expression through inactivation of MAPK and SREBP-1. By inactivation of MAPK, β2M mAb decreased prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. By inhibition of SREBP-1, β2M mAb reduced fatty acid and lipid levels, an integral component of cell membrane, cell signaling mediators, and energy metabolism. These results provide for the first time a molecular link between the β2M intracellular signaling axis mediated by MAPK and SREBP-1 and involving lipid signaling, which collectively regulates AR expression and function. Antagonizing β2M by β2M mAb may be an effective therapeutic approach simultaneously targeting multiple downstream signaling pathways converging with MAPK, SREBP-1, and AR, important for controlling prostate cancer cell growth, survival, and progression.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of [Cu(phen)(VO2)(HO3PCH2CH2PO3)], a one-dimensional ribbon

Abstract The reaction of CuSO4·5H2O, Na3VO4,1,10-phenanthroline and ethylene diphosphonate in water at 180 °C for 41.5 h produces [Cu(phen)(VO2)(HPO3CH2CH2PO3)] (1) in 60–65% yield. The one-dimensional (1-D) ribbon is constructed of {V2P4O4C4} corner-sharing rings, which are further decorated and charge balanced by {Cu(phen)}2+ square pyramids. Crystal data: C14H13N2CuVP2O8; Triclinic, P 1 ; a=7.8824(5) A, b=10.6119(7) A, c=11.3590(7) A, α=107.787(1)°, β=105.384(1)°, γ=98.806(1)°, V=843.47(9) A3, Z=2, Dcalc=2.023 g cm−3; R1=0.0478 based on 3945 reflections.
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION WITH HAMSTRING TENDONS

Abstract Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using hamstring tendons can be successfully accomplished.Semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts offer advantages over other commonly used autografts in that they are strong, have stiffness characteristics similar to a normal anterior cruciate ligament, have a large surface area for revascularization, and are adaptable to precise intraarticular positioning. The use of hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction avoids the potential surgical morbidity associated with the harvest of autogenous patellar tendon grafts. As with all anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive procedures, attention to detail is essential for a predictable successful outcome, Attention must be paid to graft preparation, tunnel placement, graft fixation and tensioning, and postoperative rehabilitation. When proper attention to detail is performed, restoration of normal anterior laxity with a full range of knee motion can be expected. This technique is particularly applicable in those cases where avoidance of the extensor mechanism is desirable.
A fast fractal image encoding method based on intelligent search of standard deviation

In this paper we present a fast fractal encoding method based on an intelligent search of a Standard Deviation (STD) value between range and domain blocks. First, we describe the basic fractal image compression theory and an improved bit allocation scheme for Jacquin's Iterated Function System (IFS) parameter. Experimental results show that using a Fixed Scale Parameter (FSP) can shorten encoding time without significantly affecting reconstructed image quality. Second, we present a search algorithm based on the STD introduced by Tong. We enhance Tong's STD search algorithm by introducing a domain Intelligent Classification Algorithm (ICA) based on STD-classified domain blocks. The domain block search pool is pruned by eliminating multiple domain blocks with similar STD values. We refer to this pruning as the De-Redundancy Method (DRM). The domain search process is adaptive with the range block STD value of interest controlling the size of the domain pool searched. We refer to this process as the Search Number Adaptive Control (SNAC). Finally, we present experimental results showing the efficiency of the proposed method, noting a significant improvement over Tong's original STD method without significant loss in the reconstructed image quality.
The inscription of difference: news coverage of the conflicts in Rwanda and Bosnia

Abstract There are many parallels between the current civil wars in Rwanda and Bosnia. Similarities can be found in military tactics and in how external imperialism, ethnicity, rural underdevelopment and even topography shape various parameters of the conflicts. Despite the comparable message potential inherent in these parallels, the US news media have elected to cast their coverage of the two wars in two different frameworks of understanding. Through content and intertextual analysis of six major US newspapers, and through juxtaposition of news coverage of Bosnia, we reveal how the press distorts Rwanda coverage to fit a frame. This frame relies almost entirely on non-African sources, depicting Africa as a timeless and placeless realm of “tribal” conflict, the repository of deep-seated US fears of African “others”. This inscription of difference implicates the news media as a central player in the social construction, categorization and defamation of peoples and places in the emerging post-Cold-War geopolitical (dis)order.
Examining maternal and paternal involvement as promotive factors of competence in African American children in informal kinship care

Grandparents or other relatives are raising over 2.7 million children in the United States; and research suggests that the birth parents of these children maintain varying levels of involvement with them and their relative caregivers. However, the impact of parental involvement on children's developmental outcomes remains largely unexplored. This study sought to understand the role of maternal and paternal involvement (each parent's contact with the caregiver, contact with the child, friendliness to the caregiver, and quality of relationship with the child) on competence levels of African American children in informal kinship care. Exploring these relationships are pivotal, especially given the various psychosocial benefits associated with social and academic competence. Findings from the SEM analysis suggest that paternal involvement in informal kinship care is a significant predictor of competence among this sample of African American children. Maternal involvement only revealed a positive trend with competence; however the quality of the mothers' relationship with children was associated with children's competence levels. Implications for future research and social work practice are discussed.
Localization using omnivision-based manifold particle filters

Developing precise and low-cost spatial localization algorithms is an essential component for autonomous navigation systems. Data collection must be of sufficient detail to distinguish unique locations, yet coarse enough to enable real-time processing. Active proximity sensors such as sonar and rangefinders have been used for interior localization, but sonar sensors are generally coarse and rangefinders are generally expensive. Passive sensors such as video cameras are low cost and feature-rich, but suffer from high dimensions and excessive bandwidth. This paper presents a novel approach to indoor localization using a low cost video camera and spherical mirror. Omnidirectional captured images undergo normalization and unwarping to a canonical representation more suitable for processing. Training images along with indoor maps are fed into a semi-supervised linear extension of graph embedding manifold learning algorithm to learn a low dimensional surface which represents the interior of a building. The manifold surface descriptor is used as a semantic signature for particle filter localization. Test frames are conditioned, mapped to a low dimensional surface, and then localized via an adaptive particle filter algorithm. These particles are temporally filtered for the final localization estimate. The proposed method, termed omnivision-based manifold particle filters, reduces convergence lag and increases overall efficiency.
ELIMINATION OF THE PARS NERVOSA WITHOUT ELICITING DIABETES INSIPIDUS1,2

IT is WELL ESTABLISHED (5–9) that permanent diabetes insipidus can be precipitated by a bilateral, destructive lesion placed in the anterior ventral hypothalamus (tuberal middle region or supraoptic middle region). Because such a lesion in-terrupts a prominent component (supraoptico-hypophysial tract) of the infundibular bundle of nerve fibers it has been assumed that intact hypothalamico-hypophysial fibers are essential for the continued maintenance of a normal fluid exchange (denervation theory (7, 8, 10). The champions of the denervation theory in its most recent form, in addition, contend that the antidiuretic-elaborating tissue is rigidly confined to the pars nervosa ofithe hypophysis; and stress that the infundibulum possesses potent antidiuretic elaborating powers in common with the infundibular process (11–15). The recent anatomical studies of Gersh (16), in spite of the fact that his phy-siological evidence is entirely circumstantial in nature, have been widely accepted as proof of the correctnes...
Synthesis, Grafting, and Film Formation of Porphyrins on Silicon Surfaces Using Triazenes

The ability to attach electroactive molecules to semiconductor surfaces to yield hybrid molecular/semiconductor systems is essential for studies in the field of molecular electronics. We have synth...
LiDAR-derived measures of hurricane-and restoration-generated beach morphodynamics in relation to sea turtle nesting behaviour

Coastal ecosystems provide sea turtle nesting habitat, and thus their maintenance is vital to promote conservation of the species. Before and after a very active hurricane season, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) was used to quantify the topographic dynamics of a critical nesting beach in east central Florida, USA, that was subjected to erosion and restoration. The surface area and volume of the beaches along a 41 km stretch, which is home to the highest concentration of loggerhead and green turtle nests in North America, differed significantly between pre-and post-hurricane and between pre-hurricane and post-restoration periods. Sea turtle nesting success (nesting emergences : total emergences) in the season after the hurricanes was correlated with various LiDAR-detected characteristics to determine how sea turtles responded to beach dynamics resulting from the storms and subsequent restoration. We found that the more the shape of the beach profile was altered from its pre-hurricane morphology, the more nesting success decreased.
Serological investigation of transplacental infection with Neospora hughesi and Sarcocystis neurona in broodmares

The aim of the present study was to investigate the likelihood of transplacental transmission of Neospora hughesi and Sarcocystis neurona in foals, born from seropositive mares. Three broodmares with persistent N. hughesi infection gave birth to eight healthy foals over a period of 7 years. These foals were seropositive to N. hughesi prior to colostrum ingestion, with titers ranging between 640 and 20,480, measured by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Of 174 foals born at another farm to mares with a high seroprevalence to S. neurona, only one (with a pre-colostrum antibody titer of 80) tested seropositive. Transplacental transmission of N. hughesi seems to occur from latently infected mares to their foals, while this route of transmission does not seem to occur commonly for S. neurona.
Anomalous behavior of atomic hydrogen interacting with gold clusters.

The change in the electronic structure of Aun- clusters induced by the exchange of an Au atom by hydrogen is studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. Au anion clusters react with one hydrogen atom...
Winter conditions in eastern hemlock and mixed-hardwood deer wintering areas of Vermont

In regions experiencing harsh winter, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) is thought to moderate winter conditions and provide cover for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, 1780). In Vermont, USA, eastern hemlock is the dominant tree in many white-tailed deer wintering areas. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand; HWA), an insect introduced from Asia, is causing widespread mortality of eastern hemlock. HWA cold-hardiness research and cold-hardiness zone climate models predict that HWA is capable of winter survival in portions of southern Vermont. This study quantifies the effects of eastern hemlock cover on winter temperatures and snow depths and assesses the effect of hemlock dominance on the winter severity values for white-tailed deer and on cold hardiness zone designations. Within site-paired eastern hemlock and hardwood stands, temperatures were recorded at 30 min intervals and snow depths were recorded every 2 weeks in the winters of 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Ext...
Prediction of Erosive-Corrosive Wear in Low-Carbon Steel Piping Conveying Water or Wet Steam

Techniques to predict erosive-corrosive wear in pipes conveying single and two-phase water in low-carbon steel secondary power plant piping systems are presented. Model equations for two mechanisms, oxide dissolution and droplet impingement, are introduced and the terms in each theory are defined in detail. Parametric curves showing dissolution model results are presented and the effects of localized wear enhancement due to flow geometries are discussed
Tissue factor is the receptor for plasminogen type 1 on 1-LN human prostate cancer cells.

Tissue factor (TF), the initiator of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, binds plasminogen (Pg) with high affinity through an interaction between kringles 1-3 of Pg and the extracellular domain of TF. We investigated the binding of Pg type 1 (Pg 1) and Pg type 2 (Pg 2) to highly invasive, TF-expressing, 1-LN human prostate tumor cells and to TF isolated from 1-LN cell membranes. Pg 1, containing both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharide chains, bound to isolated TF with high affinity, whereas Pg 2, containing only one O-linked oligosaccharide chain, did not bind to TF. Although Pg 1 and Pg 2 bind to 1-LN cells, only anti-TF antibodies inhibited the binding of Pg 1, suggesting that TF functions as the receptor for Pg 1 on 1-LN cells. Binding of Pg 1 to isolated TF was inhibited by 6-aminohexanoic acid and α-methylmannoside, suggesting that Pg 1 l-lysine binding sites and the biantennary, mannose-containing N-linked oligosaccharide chain are involved in this interaction. Binding of Pg 1 to 1-LN cells promoted activation by receptor-bound urinary-type Pg activator (u-PA) and initiated a Ca++ signaling cascade. In previous studies we demonstrated that the Pg 2 O-linked carbohydrate chain is essential for its binding to CD26 on 1-LN cells. The current studies suggest that Pg oligosaccharide chains regulate the binding of Pg 1 and Pg 2 to separate receptors on the cell surface.
ONE MODIFICATION OF THE ERICKSEN-LESLIE EQUATIONS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

Abstract It is shown that some terms in the stress tensor can be lumped together if the motion is two-dimensional; this should lead to significant computational economy.
Turkeys and ducks as experimental hosts for Plasmodium hexamerium and P. vaughani

Abstract Both the duck and turkey are susceptible to blood-induced infection with Plasmodium hexamerium . Infection is easier to produce in young birds, but it often persists for many weeks or months. Heavier infections develop in the duck than in the turkey, but they seem to be more chronic in the latter. Because of their size, both host species are thus potentially useful for types of experimental work in which relatively large quantities of blood are required, and their susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium hexamerium opens the door to studies, such as those on cultivation, not previously possible for any species belonging to its group. We have already found the duck well suited to this purpose. Plasmodium vaughani , though morphologically quite similar to P. hexamerium , can apparently not be established in either the turkey or the duck. Some relatively minor morphological changes in Plasmodium hexamerium were noted after establishment in both the duck and the turkey.
Symbiotic rate adaptation for time sensitive elastic traffic with interactive transport

Interactivity in the transport protocol can greatly benefit transport friendly applications generating streaming traffic. Recently we have developed iTCP, which can provide event notification to the subscriber of its communication service. This is operationally state equivalent to the conventional TCP except applications can optionally subscribe, receive, and in real-time react to selected local end-point events. This simple extension opens the horizon for a spectrum of smart application level solutions to be realized for many of the current hard problems. In this paper we demonstrate a new paradigm of congestion management for time sensitive elastic traffic. Based on the transport layer feedback, a rate adaptation mechanism kicks in. This mechanism provides a generation rate control with guaranteed TCP buffer delay. We have recently implemented and tested the real system on the Active Network (ABone) testbed for video streaming to worldwide sites. In this paper we share the performance of this system and report observed dramatic improvements in time-bounded streaming traffic.
Combined Amplitude and Phase Criteria for Evaluation of Macular Electroretinograms

Focal electroretnnograms (ERGs) were obtained from 35 normal eyes and 48 eyes with known macular disease using the MaculoScope stimulator-ophthalmoscope instrument. Response amplitude and phase were combined to permit interpretation of the ERG responses as two-dimensional vectors. This vector interpretation avoids statistical anomalies and distortions inherent in the use of amplitude and phase response parameters. Furthermore, the vector interpretation permits the use of the Hotelling T 2 statistic for the assessment of the significance of the differences between ERG responses, providing greater statistical power than simultaneous comparison of amplitude and phase data separately. The distribution of normal responses yielded limiting normal values of 135 nV for the amplitude and −95° for the phase lag of the focal ERG as recorded by the MaculoScope instrument. Significant abnormalities of the focal ERG are illustrated for cases of cilioretinal artery occlusion, Stargardt's disease, idiopathic macular hole, diabetic macular edema, and idiopathic macular dysfunction with normal fundus. This study demonstrates the potential value of the focal ERG in the demonstration of macular disease undetectable by conventional electroretinography.
The effect of temperature on phototaxis and geotaxis by larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi (Gould)

Abstract Investigations of the effect of sudden temperature change on the phototaxis of Stage I and IV zoeae upon stimulation from horizontal and vertical directions with 500-nm light indicate a temperature-induced geotactic response in larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi (Gould). For the horizontal tests both zoea stages were reared at 20 °C. Stage I showed positive phototaxis at temperatures between 15 ° and 35 °C, while Stage IV responded over the range of 10–30 °C. For the vertical tests, larvae, reared at 25 °C, were stimulated with overhead lights. Stage I zoeae ascended at 15 °, 20 ° and 25 °C and descended at 5 °, 10 °, 30 ° and 35 °C. Stage IV zoeae ascended at 20 ° and 25 °C and descended at 5 °, 10 °, 15 °, 30 ° and 35 °C. Although the descent at high temperatures could result from a negative phototaxis, a reversal in phototactic sign at high temperatures was not found in the horizontal experiments and the same vertical movement pattern is observed in total darkness. Upon exposure to high temperatures near the water surface, larvae would descend by means of a positive geotaxis rather than a negative phototaxis. This response involves active swimming by Stage IV larvae and passive sinking by Stage I.
The Gains from Trade: An Analysis of Steady-State Solutions in an Open Economy

I. The gains from trade, 556. II. Changes in the terms of trade, 558. — III. Open economies following the Golden Rule, 559. — IV. Summary, 562.— Appendix, 563.
Accuracy of Assigned BI-RADS Breast Density Category Definitions

Rationale and Objectives Quantitative criteria for the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) mammographic density categories have recently been defined as 75% dense for the extremely dense category. The purpose of this study is to compare the range of percent mammographic densities with radiologist-assigned BI-RADS mammographic density categories and compare with the recently issued definitions. Materials and Methods In this study, 200 consecutive negative analog screening mammograms were assigned BI-RADS mammographic density categories independently by three radiologists blinded to the other readers’ density assignment. Quantitative assessment of percent mammographic density was performed using previously validated software. Results All three readers agreed on BI-RADS mammographic density categories in 98 cases (49%), and two of three readers agreed in all 200 cases. Using two reader’s consensus, median mammographic density (range) was 6.0% (0.5%–19.2%) for fatty, 14.8% (1.2%–52.7%) for scattered densities, 51.2% (15.9%–82.2%) for heterogeneously dense, and 78.4% (60.1%–87.9%) for extremely dense breasts. The percent mammographic density ranges for fatty and extremely dense breasts correlated well with BI-RADS definitions, whereas the ranges of densities in the scattered and heterogeneously dense categories were considerably broader. Conclusion Fatty and extremely dense BI-RADS categories compare relatively well to defined criteria, and therefore may be helpful in breast cancer risk models. Scattered fibroglandular densities and heterogeneously dense categories have broad percent mammographic density ranges and may not function well in breast cancer risk models.
New G2 metric, D6-branes and lattice universe☆

Abstract We construct a new (singular) cohomogeneity-three metric of G2 holonomy. The solution can be viewed as a triple intersection of smeared Taub–NUTs. The metric comprises three non-compact radial-type coordinates, with the principal orbits being a T3 bundle over S1. We consider an M-theory vacuum (Minkowski) 4 × M 7 where M 7 is the G2 manifold. Upon reduction on a circle in the T3, we obtain the intersection of a D6-brane, a Taub–NUT and a 6-brane with RR 2-form flux. Reducing the solution instead on the base space S1, we obtain three intersecting 6-branes all carrying RR 2-form flux. These two configurations can be viewed as a classical flop in the type IIA string theory. After reducing on the full principal orbits and the spatial world-volume, we obtain a four-dimensional metric describing a lattice universe, in which the three non-compact coordinates of the G2 manifold are identified with the spatial coordinates of our universe.
Plurality in a Classifier Language

This work argues that -men in Mandarin Chinese is best analyzed as a plural morpheme realized on an element in Determiner, in contrast to a regular plural on an element in N, such as the English -s. A nominal with a classifier has a Classifier projection: [D [Num [Cl [N]]]]. The plural feature in Number can only be realized in D because of the Head Movement Constraint. Without an intervening Classifier, it can be realized in N. This analysis captures the fact that the -men type plural morpheme is generally found in classifier languages and the English type plural morpheme in non-classifier languages. The plural analysis of -men also captures many generalizations missing from the traditional "collective" analysis, such as (i) -men can occur with a proper name/pronoun/definite common noun but not a definite expression of the form [Demonstrative + Classifier + N], (ii) a quantity expression [Number + Classifier] can follow a pronoun/proper name with -men but not a common noun with -men, and (iii) a quantify expression cannot precede a nominal with -men.