cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Waveguide-Integrated Compact Plasmonic Resonators for On-Chip Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy.

The integration of nanoplasmonic devices with a silicon photonic platform affords a new approach for efficient light delivery by combining the high field enhancement of plasmonics and the ultralow propagation loss of dielectric waveguides. Such a hybrid integration obviates the need for a bulky free-space optics setup and can lead to fully integrated, on-chip optical sensing systems. Here, we demonstrate ultracompact plasmonic resonators directly patterned atop a silicon waveguide for mid-infrared spectroscopic chemical sensing. The footprint of the plasmonic nanorod resonators is as small as 2 μm2, yet they can couple with the mid-infrared waveguide mode efficiently. The plasmonic resonance is directly measured through the transmission spectrum of the waveguide with a coupling efficiency greater than 70% and a field intensity enhancement factor of over 3600 relative to the evanescent waveguide field intensity. Using this hybrid device and a tunable mid-infrared laser source, surface-enhanced infrared abs...
Printability of 316 stainless steel

ABSTRACTA printability database can help in the selection of a printing process-alloy combination to reduce, and in some cases avoid, common defects in printed parts. The extensive testing of parts...
In vitro potency of antipseudomonal β-lactams against blood and respiratory isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from US hospitals

Background: Challenges due to multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial pathogens such as P. aeruginosa (PSA) are increasing globally. Suboptimal antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by PSA is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. As a result, antimicrobial susceptibility (%S) studies are pivotal to identifying trends in antimicrobial resistance that inform decisions regarding choice of antimicrobial therapy. This study assessed the in vitro potency of 7 antipseudomonal agents including ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) against PSA collected from numerous sites across the US. Methods: Multiple US hospitals provided non-duplicate respiratory and blood isolates of PSA for potency testing. MICs against PSA were determined using broth microdilution methods according to CLSI for 7 antimicrobials with antipseudomonal activity: aztreonam (ATM), cefepime (FEP), ceftazidime (CAZ), C/T, imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM) and piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP). %S was defined per CLSI or FDA breakpoint criteria. Results: Thirty-five hospitals geographically spread across the US provided a total of 1,209 PSA isolates. Of the antibiotics assessed, %S to C/T was the highest at 95% with an MIC 50 of 0.5 mg/L and MIC 90 of 2 mg/L. In comparison, other %S (MIC 50 /MIC 90 ) was as follows: ATM 66% (8/32); FEP 76% (4/32); CAZ 78% (4/64); IPM 68% (2/16); MEM 74% (0.5/16); and TZP 73% (8/128). Conclusions: For this geographically diverse PSA population, C/T demonstrated the highest overall susceptibility (95%). Other antipseudomonal agents inclusive of the carbapenems displayed susceptibilities of 66–78%. In the era of escalating PSA resistance to the β-lactams, the potency of C/T may represent an important clinical option.
Utilizing Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometry for the Evaluation of Metabolites and Xenobiotics.

Metabolites and xenobiotics are small molecules with a molecular weight that often falls below 600 Da. Over the last few decades, multiple small molecule databases have been curated listing structures, masses, and fragmentation spectra possible in metabolomic and exposomic measurements. To date only a small portion of the spectra in these databases are experimentally derived due to the high expense of obtaining, synthesizing, and analyzing standards. A vast majority of spectra have thus been created using theoretical programs to fit the available experimental data. The errors associated with theoretical data have however caused problems with current small molecule identifications, and accurate quantitation as searching the databases using just one or two analysis dimensions (i.e., chromatography retention times and mass spectrometry (MS) m/z values) results in numerous annotations for each experimental feature. Additional analysis dimensions are therefore needed to better annotate and identify small molecules. Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry coupled with MS (DTIMS-MS) is a promising technique to address this challenge as it is able to perform rapid structural evaluations of small molecules in complex matrices by assessing the collision cross section values for each in addition to their m/z values. The use of IMS in conjunction with other separation techniques such as gas or liquid chromatography and MS has therefore enabled more accurate identifications for the small molecules present in complex biological and environmental samples. Here, we present a review of relevant parameter considerations for DTIMS application with emphasis on xenobiotics and metabolomics isomer separations.
Management Considerations: Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Treatment recommendations for juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) mostly rely on experience, both personal and shared, as well as that published in the literature, most often case reports and small case series. Despite the lack of any randomized trials, glucocorticoids remain the mainstay of therapy for JDM. However, the side effect profile of long-term glucocorticoids is undesirable, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressive and biologic therapies are necessary. Early aggressive intervention is important in limiting JDM-related morbidity, and collaborative research approaches including the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO), Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA), and International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) are essential. These organizations utilize prospectively collected data for use in comparative research. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of JDM is driving the search for improved therapies for JDM. Autologous stem cell transplantation (aSCT) is reserved for those patients with severe refractory disease and has shown promise in re-establishing immune tolerance in the small number of JDM patients treated to date. Exercise therapy is safe and includes aerobic and resistance training.
Multilayer Perceptron Algorithms for Network Intrusion Detection on Portable Low Power Hardware

Existing technology trends have led to an abundance of household items containing microprocessors all connected within a private network. Thus, network intrusion detection is essential for keeping these networks secure. However, network intrusion detection can be extremely taxing on battery operated devices. Thus, this work presents a cyberattack detection system based on a multilayer perceptron neural network algorithm. To show this system is capable of operating at low power, the algorithm was executed on two commercially available minicomputer systems including the Raspberry PI 3 and the Asus Tinkerboard. An accuracy, power, energy, and timing analysis was performed to study the tradeoffs necessary when executing these algorithms at low power. Our results show that these low power implementations are feasible, and a scan rate of more than 226,000 packets per second can be achieved from a system that requires approximately 5W to operate with greater than 99% accuracy.
A LabVIEW Metamodel for Automated Analysis

LabVIEW is a graphical environment used by hundreds of thousands of practitioners for developing applications that require fast access to hardware and test data. However, there is limited support for analyzing the LabVIEW models developed by its users, who are mainly traditional system engineers and may not be familiar with existing software engineering techniques. Large LabVIEW models often contain many loops and wires, which makes it very challenging to understand and manually analyze such models. This paper presents an extensible open-source metamodel for design analysis that captures essential relationships across elements in a LabVIEW BlockDiagram. The metamodel has been evaluated on several existing GitHub LabVIEW projects and it has been shown to capture all the dependencies and relationships in the models present in the projects. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the metamodel in integrating LabVIEW with common model management tools.
Special features: Controlling digital signature services using a smartcard

In this paper a number of requirements for the corporate user of digital signature technology have been identified. These appeared at first sight to be demanding security controls and usability requirements over and above those assumed of normal signature systems. However, once the requirements were fully analyzed, an approach was described which not only met the additional requirements, but did so while at the same time reducing the likely implementation cost, by reducing the burden placed on the smartcard, and increasing the effective performance be delegating signature processing to a shared server. This approach appears therefore to be unique in raising levels of security, usability and performance while at the same time reducing potential implementation costs and adhering to external standards. It should therefore be of extreme interest to all corporate users who wish to enter the world of electronic commerce backed by digital signature and non-repudiation.
Do Lawyers Need Economists

Katja Langenbucher’s outstanding book seeks to address the question of why and in what ways have lawyers been importing economic theories into a legal environment, and how has this shaped scholarly research, judicial and legislative work? Since the financial crisis, corporate or capital markets law has been the focus of attention by academia and media. Formal modelling has been used to describe how capital markets work and, later, has been criticized for its abstract assumptions. Empirical legal studies and regulatory impact assessments offered different ways forward. This excellent book presents a new approach to the risks and benefits of interdisciplinary policy work. The benefits economic theory brings for reliable and tested lawmaking are contrasted with important challenges including the significant differences of research methodology, leading to misunderstandings and problems of efficient implementation of economic theory's findings into the legal world. Katja Langenbucher's innovative research scrutinizes the potential of economic theory to European legislators faced with a lack of democratic accountability. I would like to address the question whether economic theory and modeling are useful for lawyers by focusing on another field, tax law, where economists have been very influential. Many US law schools now have economists with no law degree teaching tax law, and several of the leading younger tax law professors at top schools have economics PhDs as well as JDs.
Burkholderia pseudomallei as an Enteric Pathogen: Identification of Virulence Factors Mediating Gastrointestinal Infection.

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) is a Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis. Despite advances in our understanding of the disease, Bpm poses a significant health risk, especially in endemic regions, where treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Even though the respiratory and percutaneous routes are well documented and considered the main ways to acquire the pathogen, the gastrointestinal tract is believed to be an underreported and underrecognized route of infection. In the present study, we describe the development of in vitro and in vivo models to study Bpm gastrointestinal infection. Further, we report that the Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) and type 1 fimbriae are important virulence factors required for gastrointestinal infection. Using a human intestinal epithelial cell line and mouse primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we demonstrated that Bpm adheres, invades, and forms multinucleated giant cells, ultimately leading to cell toxicity. We demonstrated that mannose-sensitive type 1 fimbria is involved in the initial adherence of Bpm to IECs, although the impact on full virulence was limited. Finally, we also showed that Bpm requires a functional T6SS for full virulence, bacterial dissemination, and for lethality in mice infected by the intragastric route. Overall, we showed that Bpm is an enteric pathogen, that type 1 fimbria is important for Bpm intestinal adherence and identify a new role for T6SS as a key virulence factor in gastrointestinal infection. These studies highlight the importance of gastrointestinal melioidosis as an understudied route of infection and open a new avenue for the pathogenesis of Bpm.
Spatiality and Agency: A Phenomenology of Containment

In this essay, I consider how spatial experience is fundamentally connected to the development and maintenance of “existential healthy” agency. More specifically, I examine how our formation as choosing, active, and self-defining persons is dependent upon the spatially-thick and interpersonally-interwoven “gestures” through which we develop a lived sense of space as supportive and cooperative or hostile and threatening. I conclude from this both that existentially healthy agency is always already a relational capacity, and, more central to my focus here, that it depends in significant part upon the cultivation of an appropriately supportive spatial environment. Peer review process: Guest edited
Combined Hybrid Procedure and VAD Insertion in 9 High-Risk Neonates and Infants With HLHS.

Abstract Background This report describes 9 high-risk neonates and infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) who were stabilized with a combined hybrid approach and ventricular assist device (VAD) insertion (HYBRID+VAD) in preparation for heart transplantation. Methods A total of 9 patients with HLHS (7 neonates, 2 infants) presented with anatomic or physiologic features associated with an increased risk for conventional univentricular palliation with the Norwood operation (large coronary sinusoids or fistulas, severe tricuspid regurgitation, cardiogenic shock, restrictive atrial septum). These patients underwent combined VAD insertion (Berlin EXCOR, Berlin Heart, Inc, Berlin, Germany) and Stage 1 hybrid palliation (application of bilateral pulmonary bands, stent placement in the patent arterial duct, and atrial septectomy if needed). During this same era, at the Congenital Heart Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 46 neonates underwent a Norwood operation, 4 neonates underwent a hybrid approach “Stage 1” without VAD, and 3 patients with HLHS were supported with prostaglandin while awaiting heart transplantation. Results At HYBRID+VAD insertion, the median age was 20 days (range, 13 to 143 days), and median weight was 3.25 kg (range, 2.43 to 4.2 kg). Six patients survive (67%), and 3 patients died (33%). Five survivors are at home doing well after successful heart transplantation, and 1 survivor is doing well in the intensive care unit on VAD support while awaiting transplantation. Only 1 of 6 survivors (16.7%) required intubation more than 10 days after HYBRID+VAD insertion. In 8 patients no longer undergoing VAD support, the median length of VAD support was 119.5 days (range, 56 to 196 days). Conclusions High-risk patients with HLHS who are suboptimal candidates for Norwood palliation can be successfully stabilized with pulsatile VAD insertion along with hybrid palliation while awaiting cardiac transplantation. These patients may be extubated and optimized for transplantation while undergoing VAD support.
Split appendix catheterizable urinary channels are at no higher risk of undergoing revision compared to channels made with the intact appendix.

Summary Objective To assess long-term APV and split-appendix MACE durability and to compare split and intact appendix APVs in a large patient cohort. Methods This retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients ≤21 years old undergoing an APV at our institution (1990–2019). Main outcomes were stomal and subfascial revisions. Kaplan Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used. Results A total of 339 patients underwent APV creation at a median 7.4 years old (41% female vs. 59% male; 37% umbilical stoma vs. 63% other). In total, 36 patients underwent a stomal revision and 19 a subfascial revision (median channel follow-up 6.3 years). On survival analysis, the risk of stomal revision of the APV was 9.1% at 5 years, 12.6% at 10 years and 16.5% at 15 years. Risk of subfascial revision of the APV was 5.1% at 5 years, 7.0% at 10 years and 8.2% at 15 years. A split-appendix APV was performed in 118 (34.8%) of 339 patients. They had a shorter follow-up compared to those with an intact APV (5.1 vs. 7.0 years, p = 0.03). After correcting for differential follow-up time, there was no significant difference between groups for stomal revisions (HR 1.11, p = 0.76) or subfascial revisions (HR 0.80, p = 0.67, Figure). Risk of APV stomal revision was independent of stomal location and age at surgery (p ≥ 0.37). Similarly, risk of subfascial APV revision was independent of stomal location and age at surgery (p ≥ 0.18). Risk of stomal revision for split-appendix MACE channels was 16.2% at 5, 10 and 15 years (similar to split-appendix APV and all APVs, p ≥ 0.26). Risk of MACE subfascial revision was 5.5% at 5 years, 5.5% at 10 years and 14.7% at 15 years (similar to split-appendix APV and all APVs, p ≥ 0.36). Comment We focused on surgical complications, as these entail the highest morbidity, however, we did not assess non-surgical, percutaneous or endoscopic management which also impact long-term outcome and patient quality of life. We did not compare the outcomes of the split-appendix MACE to an intact-appendix MACE cohort, as this patient population was not captured in this review. Conclusions The split-appendix technique has durable long-term results for both the APV and MACE channels, which are comparable to the technique utilizing the intact appendix. Channel complications occur over the channel's lifetime, as 1 in 8 APVs in the entire cohort underwent a stomal revision and 1 in 14 APVs underwent a subfascial revision at 10 years after surgery. Download : Download high-res image (175KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Figure . Kaplan–Meier estimates of split-appendix channels remaining without a stomal revision stratified by channel type (APV vs. MACE).
IPOF: An Extremely and Excitingly Simple Outlier Detection Booster via Infinite Propagation.

Outlier detection is one of the most popular and continuously rising topics in the data mining field due to its crucial academic value and extensive industrial applications. Among different settings, unsupervised outlier detection is the most challenging and practical one, which attracts tremendous efforts from diverse perspectives. In this paper, we consider the score-based outlier detection category and point out that the performance of current outlier detection algorithms might be further boosted by score propagation. Specifically, we propose Infinite Propagation of Outlier Factor (iPOF) algorithm, an extremely and excitingly simple outlier detection booster via infinite propagation. By employing score-based outlier detectors for initialization, iPOF updates each data point's outlier score by averaging the outlier factors of its nearest common neighbors. Extensive experimental results on numerous datasets in various domains demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of iPOF significantly over several classical and recent state-of-the-art methods. We also provide the parameter analysis on the number of neighbors, the unique parameter in iPOF, and different initial outlier detectors for general validation. It is worthy to note that iPOF brings in positive improvements ranging from 2% to 46% on the average level, and in some cases, iPOF boosts the performance over 3000% over the original outlier detection algorithm.
Does Building New Housing Cause Displacement?: The Supply and Demand Effects of Construction in San Francisco

Major cities around the world are gentrifying as high-income newcomers drive up housing prices and displace lower-income incumbent residents. Increasing the housing supply should mitigate rent increases, but new buildings could also stimulate demand for nearby housing by improving neighborhood quality. The net impact depends on how the relative sizes of these supply and demand effects play out over space. This paper identifies the causal impact of new construction on nearby rents, displacement, and gentrification in San Francisco by exploiting random variation in the location of new construction induced by serious building fires. I combine parcel-level data on fires and new construction with an original dataset of historic Craigslist rents and a panel of individual migration histories to test the impact of proximity to new construction. I find that rents fall by 2% for parcels within 100m of new construction. Renters' risk of displacement to a lower-income neighborhood falls by 17%. Both effects decay linearly to zero within 1.5km. Next, I identify a hyperlocal demand effect, with building renovations and business turnover spiking within 100m. Gentrification follows the pattern of this demand effect: parcels within 100m of new construction are 2.5 percentage points (29.5%) more likely to experience a net increase in richer residents. Affordable housing and endogenously located construction do not affect rents, displacement, or gentrification. These findings suggest that increasing the supply of market rate housing has beneficial spillover effects for incumbent renters, reducing rents and displacement pressure while improving neighborhood quality.
Searching for new physics with XENON1T

Dark matter is one of biggest open questions in physics today. In attempts to answer this question, many ultra-sensitive particle detectors have been developed to search for dark matter interactions here on Earth. In this chapter, we introduce the question of dark matter and describe in detail one such detector that searches for it: XENON1T. While XENON1T was designed to primarily search for the WIMP, a particularly well-motivated dark matter candidate, we explain that its low background level, low energy threshold, and large exposure allow us to use XENON1T to search for other signals physics beyond the Standard Model, including other dark matter candidates. This thesis focuses on the search of three such signals using XENON1T: solar axions, an enhanced neutrino magnetic moment, and bosonic dark matter.
Disability program growth and implications for vocational rehabilitation: results from Social Security's Survey of Field Office Managers

The Social Security Administration's SUlVey of Field Office (FO) Managers polled the managers of all the local Social Security Offices nationwide about the recent increase in applications for disability benefits. From managers' perspectives, local economic conditions have a significant impact on applications for disability benefits in their area, as do information and referral by welfare agencies and other sources, and financial incentives. Financial incentives to submit Social Security applications included benefits of other programs that are payable while disability applications are pending and requirements by insurance companies, or others, that a Social Security application be filed as a condition for receiving, or continuing to receive, another benefit.
Chemokine biomarkers in central nervous system tissue and cerebrospinal fluid in the Theiler’s virus model mirror those in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Chemokines have increasingly been implicated in inflammatory and infectious disease of the central nervous system, both as biomarkers and as molecules important in pathogenesis. Multiple sclerosis is a disabling disease of unknown etiology, and recently chemokines have been identified as being upregulated molecules in the disease. We were interested in how the chemokine expression patterns in the central nervous system of a viral model of multiple sclerosis, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), compared to that in humans with multiple sclerosis. Cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord tissue were analyzed for expression of a range of cytokines and chemokines. Three chemokines, CXCL10, CXCL9, and CCL5 were strongly and specifically upregulated in both the cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord in chronic disease, a pattern identical to that in multiple sclerosis. These data, the first study of cytokines in central nervous system tissue and cerebrospinal fluid in TMEV-IDD, support the hypothesis that multiple sclerosis is caused by chronic infection with an as-yet unidentified pathogen, possibly a picornavirus.
Functional interaction of the human mismatch repair proteins Exonuclease 1 and hMSH2-hMSH6

3347 This study was conducted to examine the functional interactions between the human Exonuclease 1 (hEXO1) protein and the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) lesion recognition complex, hMSH2-hMSH6. The MMR pathway is essential for the recognition and removal of single base pair mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that arise in DNA through polymerase error, sister chromatid exchange, and base damage. In humans, defects in the mismatch repair machinery results in increased microsatellite instability and a predisposition to develop certain forms of cancer, including hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). An important step in the MMR process is the recruitment of an exonuclease to remove the damaged DNA strand. Both genetic and biochemical studies have indicated a functional role for hEXO1, a member of the RAD2 Class III structure specific family of nucleases, in the MMR pathway. hEXO1 possess both 5 prime-3 prime exonuclease and 5prime flap endonuclease activities and has been found to physically interact with the MMR protein hMSH2. Although the exact role of hEXO1 in MMR remains somewhat elusive, hEXO1 is likely responsible for strand resection and cleavage of DNA intermediates that arise during the processing of DNA lesions. To perform our studies, both hEXO1 and the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex were expressed using a baculovirus insect cell system and purified by multi-step chromatography. To assess functional interactions between the proteins, both exonuclease and endonuclease assays were performed and the kinetic parameters defined. We found that the addition of hMSH2-hMSH6 to hEXO1 nuclease assays resulted in a 4-fold stimulation of both the exo- and endo-nuclease activities of hEXO1 on a G/T mismatch and 5 prime flap substrate (respectively). The addition of the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex also resulted in a significantly reduced the Km for the hEXO1 nuclease activities. This result suggests that the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex functions either to recruit hEXO1 to the DNA substrate or to enhance/stabilize the interaction of hEXO1 with the DNA substrate. From this study, we conclude that the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex does functionally interact with hEXO1.
IMF Changes and Polar-Cap Electric Fields and Currents

The polar cap, here defined as the region poleward of the auroral oval, is magnetically connected to the solar wind. It is generally true that currents may flow easily between the two regions, and that polar-cap electric fields and currents respond sensitively to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The effects of the solar-magnetospheric x, y, and z components of the IMF have proved to be quite distinct. Strong southward components are associated with a larger polar cap and stronger electric fields and field-aligned currents. Strong northward components lead to a smaller polar cap and perhaps to the occasional appearance of sunward convection within it. Positive IMF By components intensify dawnside antisunward convection in the northern hemisphere and may displace the cusp convection “throat” toward dusk. Negative By components intensify duskside antisunward convection and may displace the northern-hemisphere throat toward dawn. These displacements and intensifications respond in the opposite sense in the southern hemisphere. Variations of the x-component induce interhemispheric asymmetries in polar-cap particle access and acceleration, both phenomena increasing significantly in the hemisphere for which the tail magnetic field and the IMF have x components of opposite signs. These effects and other recent results on the field-aligned currents flowing at the edge of the polar cap and in the cusp region are reviewed in this paper.
Pathogenesis of cell death in lupus bone marrow (BA12P.112)

Pristane-treated mice develop lupus mediated by TLR7-driven production of IFNα (autoantibodies, nephritis) and TNFα (anemia). Anemia is IFN-independent, is caused by TNFα produced by bone marrow (BM) neutrophils, and is associated with a striking accumulation of dead BM niche cells and erythroid precursors in the BM. TNFα and dead cells also were found in BM from anemic SLE patients. The dead cells may drive TNFα/IFNα production by releasing TLR7 ligands. Fas-deficient (B6/lpr) mice were completely refractory to induction of pristane-lupus implicating cell death in its pathogenesis. Interestingly, accumulation of dead cells was abolished in BM from B6 TNFα-/- mice, suggesting that they were killed by TNFα. Signaling through both Fas and the TNF receptor I can activate caspase-3 and processing of the BCL-2 family member BID, which is involved in a mitochondrial amplification loop for Fas-mediated apoptosis. However, pristane injection in BID-/- mice induced TNFα and IFNα production as well as autoantibody production comparable to wild type B6 mice. We conclude that the requirement for Fas signaling in pristane-lupus involves the death of “Type I” cells, which undergo Fas-mediated apoptosis without a requirement for truncated BID and its crosstalk with the mitochondrial cell death pathway.
First Language Acquisition: Honing conversational skills

What do children need to know and do to participate successfully in conversation? First, they must learn to observe some basic conditions for conversation: Speaker and addressee must share a joint focus of attention during the conversational exchange and take account of common ground. Speakers must take account of what their addressees know and tailor their utterances accordingly. Speakers must choose speech acts that are appropriate for the meanings they intend to convey. Participants in a conversation must listen to what others say so they can each make appropriate, relevant contributions when they take a turn. Establishing joint attention requires speakers to make sure that the addressee is attending both to the speaker and to whatever the speaker is attending to. This condition is essential to successful reference, whether by a child or an adult. Joint attention is supplemented by both physical and conversational co-presence (H. Clark 1996). Physical co-presence is particularly important for young children, since, together with joint attention, it helps solve the mapping problem when they encounter unfamiliar terms. And conversational co-presence gains in importance as children's lexical knowledge and general linguistic skills expand, since they become better able to use whatever linguistic as well as nonlinguistic information speakers offer in the course of conversation. Speakers also need to be able to convey their intentions, and this requires that their addressees be able to recognize the speech acts they produce.
Loudness determined by power summation

Loudness calculation by summation of weighted subband noise intensities and loudness judgement data comparisons
Predictors of Substance Use Recidivism Among Arkansas Nurses

This retrospective study was designed to explore whether a relationship exists between lengths of probation for nurses with substance use violations and recidivism. Data collected from computer files at the Arkansas State Board of Nursing were allocated to two groups (n = 76/group): registered nurses (RNs) with one substance use disciplinary probation and RNs with more than one substance use disciplinary probation. Variables were length of probation for substance use, age, race, gender, educational level, felony substance conviction, and nature of the violation (habit-forming drugs, alcohol, or both). Results indicated no statistically significant difference in rates of recidivism based on length of probation ( p = .05). Odds of recidivism for nurses with a felony substance conviction were 4.6 times higher than for nurses without a felony substance conviction. Odds of recidivism were 5.9 times higher for nurses addicted to both alcohol and habit-forming drugs. Because substance use poses a threat to patient safety and impacts employers and coworkers, further research is needed to identify solutions to this growing problem.
PanFP: pangenome-based functional profiles for microbial communities

For decades there has been increasing interest in understanding the relationships between microbial communities and ecosystem functions. Current DNA sequencing technologies allows for the exploration of microbial communities in two principle ways: targeted rRNA gene surveys and shotgun metagenomics. For large study designs, it is often still prohibitively expensive to sequence metagenomes at both the breadth and depth necessary to statistically capture the true functional diversity of a community. Although rRNA gene surveys provide no direct evidence of function, they do provide a reasonable estimation of microbial diversity, while being a very cost-effective way to screen samples of interest for later shotgun metagenomic analyses. However, there is a great deal of 16S rRNA gene survey data currently available from diverse environments, and thus a need for tools to infer functional composition of environmental samples based on 16S rRNA gene survey data. We present a computational method called pangenome-based functional profiles (PanFP), which infers functional profiles of microbial communities from 16S rRNA gene survey data for Bacteria and Archaea. PanFP is based on pangenome reconstruction of a 16S rRNA gene operational taxonomic unit (OTU) from known genes and genomes pooled from the OTU’s taxonomic lineage. From this lineage, we derive an OTU functional profile by weighting a pangenome’s functional profile with the OTUs abundance observed in a given sample. We validated our method by comparing PanFP to the functional profiles obtained from the direct shotgun metagenomic measurement of 65 diverse communities via Spearman correlation coefficients. These correlations improved with increasing sequencing depth, within the range of 0.8–0.9 for the most deeply sequenced Human Microbiome Project mock community samples. PanFP is very similar in performance to another recently released tool, PICRUSt, for almost all of survey data analysed here. But, our method is unique in that any OTU building method can be used, as opposed to being limited to closed-reference OTU picking strategies against specific reference sequence databases. We developed an automated computational method, which derives an inferred functional profile based on the 16S rRNA gene surveys of microbial communities. The inferred functional profile provides a cost effective way to study complex ecosystems through predicted comparative functional metagenomes and metadata analysis. All PanFP source code and additional documentation are freely available online at GitHub ( https://github.com/srjun/PanFP ).
Career Mentoring Needs of Youths in Foster Care: Voices for Change

Problem Adolescents with a history of foster care placement are more likely to become homeless, have mental illness, become parents too early in life, or become incarcerated within the juvenile justice/prison system. In addition, a low percentage of young adults, who formerly were in foster care, complete vocational training or higher education. Methods This was a qualitative study, using focus group methodology. Four focus group sessions were conducted with youth living in foster care. The purpose was to obtain their perceptions about mentoring. Focus groups comprised six to eight youths per group and were guided by a semi-structured interview guide. Findings A total of 27 youth in foster care participated in focus group interviews. Mean age was 16.4 (SD = 0.68) years. Youth participants were very knowledgeable about mentoring programs for at-risk youth, along with negative psychosocial outcomes experienced by former foster youth. However, they remarked that they are given few opportunities for career mentoring. The overall themes that emerged from narrative data were needing and finding authority figures, hooking up with a career mentor, and deserving the good life. Conclusion Career mentoring is an affordable and feasible intervention for child welfare agencies. This could lead to more motivated and prepared youth living in foster care for vocational training or higher education. Learning opportunities from a career mentor may be a lifeline for preventing negative psychosocial outcomes for foster youth, reward achievement goals, and improve overall quality of life in emerging adulthood.
Regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor in early Xenopus embryos.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a primary mesoderm inducer in Xenopus development. We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone for the Xenopus FGF receptor. Like other FGF receptors, the Xenopus homolog is a membrane-spanning protein with a split intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. The Xenopus FGF receptor mRNA is present as a maternal message whose levels are constant through early development. There is no specific regional localization of the transcript by analysis of FGF receptor mRNA levels in microdissected embryonic tissue. In isolated animal-pole blastomeres, FGF receptor mRNA declines over 16 hr in culture and this loss can be prevented by incubation with FGF or activin. Despite the presence of the FGF receptor mRNA in the oocyte, oocytes in culture do not respond to added FGF. However, injection of exogenous Xenopus FGF receptor transcripts into oocytes does generate a functional response to FGF. Our data suggest that posttranscriptional response to FGF. Our data suggest that posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate the FGF receptor in the oocyte and early embryo and further suggest that mesoderm-inducing factors influence receptor mRNA levels during the time of early tissue formation.
Litigation Risk, Audit Quality, and Audit Fees: Evidence from Initial Public Offerings

ABSTRACT: We use the IPO setting to examine the relation between auditor exposure to legal liability and audit quality and audit fees. With regard to audit quality, we report robust evidence that pre-IPO audited accruals are negative and less than post-IPO audited accruals. In contrast to extant literature, our findings provide scant support for the inference that auditors acquiesce to opportunistic earnings management by issuers in an attempt to increase the offering price. With regard to audit fees, we find auditors earn higher fees for IPO engagements than post-IPO engagements. While inherent differences in auditor responsibilities between IPO audits and post-IPO audits should lead to higher fees for IPOs, a substantial portion of IPO audit fees (in levels and changes) is associated with our proxy for the auditor’s 1933 Act exposure. Overall, our results suggest that both audit quality and audit fees are higher in a higher-litigation regime, consistent with the effects an increase in litigation exposur...
Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Evolution on the Primitive Earth

Biospheric, hydrospheric, lithospheric and atmospheric evolution on primitive earth, discussing secular accretion and biological and geochemical processes effect on volatile envelope
Gene Transfer to Avian Embryos with a Recombinant Adenovirus

Replication-defective adenoviral vectors are widely used for gene transfer into mammalian cells. We show here that these vectors are also useful for delivering genes to chick embryos. Cells of many tissues expressed Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase following infection in vitro or in ovo with a recombinant adenoviral vector carrying this reporter gene. Labeled cells were morphologically normal and integrated normally into host tissues. Moreover, cells labeled in neural crest and somites subsequently migrated along normal paths. However, restricted subsets of cells were infected in some tissues at some stages, suggesting complex control of adenoviral infectivity and/or expression.
Rational self-doubt and the failure of closure

Closure for justification is the claim that thinkers are justified in believing the logical consequences of their justified beliefs, at least when those consequences are competently deduced. Many have found this principle to be very plausible. Even more attractive is the special case of Closure known as Single-Premise Closure. In this paper, I present a challenge to Single-Premise Closure. The challenge is based on the phenomenon of rational self-doubt—it can be rational to be less than fully confident in one’s beliefs and patterns of reasoning. In rough outline, the argument is as follows: Consider a thinker who deduces a conclusion from a justified initial premise via an incredibly long sequence of simple competent deductions. Surely, such a thinker should suspect that he has made a mistake somewhere. And surely, given this, he should not believe the conclusion of the deduction even though he has a justified belief in the initial premise.
Heart-specific autoantibodies induced by Coxsackievirus B3: identification of heart autoantigens.

Abstract Postinfection sera from A.CA/SnJ A.SW/SnJ, B10.S/SgSf, and B10.PL/SgSf mouse strains which varied in their susceptibility to Coxsackievirus B3-induced immunopathology were suspected to contain autoantibodies against cardiac tissue. These sera were used to indentify the target myocardial autoantigen(s). Sera pools were made during the peak of the early, virus-induced myocarditis at 5 and 7 days and during the peak of the late, immunopathic phase of myocarditis at Days 15 and 21 after infection. Only the A.CA SnJ and A.SW SnJ strains which develop the immunopathic heart disease had heart-specific autoantibodies as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. This panel of sera pools was then tested against solubilized extracts from whole heart and skeletal muscles. Results from Western immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that antibodies to myosin were a prominent feature in the sera of strains which developed immunopathic myocarditis. The immunopathic sera pools were subsequently assayed against low-salt, high-salt, and a number of detergent extracts of heart and skeletal muscle. Anti-myosin was still the most notable reactivity, even though other autoantigens were detected. Absorption with cardiac myosin removed the vast majority of heart reactivity from the pooled sera derived from the A.CA SnJ and A.SW SnJ strains as determined within the limitations of the immunofluorescent and immunochemical assays. Both sarcolemmal and A-band staining patterns were abolished by the cardiac myosin absorption. These studies suggest that myosin is one of the major autoantigens in Coxsackievirus B3-induced autoimmune myocarditis.
On the equilibrium of heated self-gravitating masses - Cooling by conduction

An investigation is given of the equilibrium states available to a self-gravitating mass of gas, cooling by conduction, and being heated at a rate proportional to the local gas density. The plane geometry situation is shown to be reducible to quadratures for the pressure, density, temperature, and gravitational potential. For a constant thermal conductivity it is shown that the gas density has either a central maximum or a central minimum, depending on the ratio of the thermal conductivity to a parameter taken to be a measure of the rate of heating. For a thermal conductivity which is a positive power of the temperature, it is shown that the gas density always has a central minimum and a maximum at the outer boundary of the configuration. For cylindrical and spherical geometrical configurations the same general properties are obtained. The physical origin of this behavior is discussed, and it is suggested that these exploratory calculations provide an effect which may not only aid in understanding thin filamentary structure observed in supernova remnants, but also help to assuage the difficulties of producing maser activity in the interior regions of 'cocoon' protostars.
REVERSAL OF A RELATIONSHIP: A NOTE ON THE TERTIARY SECTOR

The positive relationship between the tertiary sector's share of employment and real per capita GNP, argued by Colin Clark to be a sign of economic progress, was reversed in much of the world in the decade between 1980 and 1990. This note describes the shift and explores the reasons for the reversal.
Breaking in and spinning out: Repetition and decalibration in Thai children’s play genres

Children's humorous play is a cultural activity with its own particular aesthetic - an aesthetic in which highly creative, incongruent, and unexpected speech and action are valorized, appreciated, and rewarded. Drawing on Bauman's concept of calibration, the adjustments by which speakers align their intertextual utterances to new contexts and purposes, this paper argues that an aesthetic of decalibration is at work in children's metalinguistic and metapragmatic language play. Children capitalize upon linguistic and pragmatic ambiguity to breach expectations, drawing on complex linguistic, contextual and pragmatic knowledge to create maximally humorous language play performances. Through close analysis of videotaped interactions from a larger ethnographic, discourse analytic study of northern Thai children's everyday lives, this article examines how younger children are socialized into these practices of language play through peripheral participation in multi-age play groups, showing that the repetitive poetic structure and predictability of the play genres
Cloning and Expression of a Novel Human DNA Binding Protein, PO-GA

We have cloned a novel human DNA-binding protein from a HeLa cDNA expression library using the cognate DNA binding site of a transcription factor, PO-B. Further hybridization screening with the initial clone produced contiguous cDNA sequence of 4508 bp and a complete open reading frame encoding a 128 kDa protein, PO-GA. Northern analysis revealed a wide distribution of PO-GA mRNA in most human tissue. However, PO-GA mRNA levels were lower in lung and kidney and undetectable in placental tissue. A DNA-binding fragment of PO-GA expressed in E. Coli bound selectively to the PO-B element and other GA-rich double-stranded DNA sequences and to certain single-stranded DNA sequences. PO-GA has regions of homology to E. coli and yeast DNA ligases, and to proteins involved in DNA repair. Thus, in addition to a potential role in transcription, PO-GA may also be involved in DNA repair or replication.
Urinary Tract Infection Following Successful Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose: The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection following reflux resolution by endoscopic injection is unclear. We determined the occurrence of febrile and nonfebrile urinary tract infections, and factors relating to development of infection after reflux correction with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection.Materials and Methods: We identified 175 patients with more than 6 months of followup after successful dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection by one of us (WS) to resolve vesicoureteral reflux. Of these patients data regarding post-injection symptomatic urinary tract infection could be obtained from parents and/or primary care physicians and urological records in 167, who comprised the study group. All patient reported infections were additionally verified by review of medical records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done, evaluating factors including gender, age, voiding dysfunction, reflux grade, unilateral vs bilateral reflux, number of pretreatment infecti...