cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic forces acting on molten drops in gas metal arc welding

In gas metal arc welding, magnetic forces arising from the interaction of the welding current with its own magnetic field play an important role in the detachment of drops from the molten welding electrode. These forces drive the dynamic evolution of the drop and also depend on the instantaneous shape of the drop. In this paper, experimentally observed manifestations of magnetic forces are shown and a technique for approximating the temporal evolution of the axial magnetic force from experimentally measured drop shapes is reported. The technique provides quantitative data illustrating the large increase in the magnetic forces when a drop detaches from the electrode.
Fault-tolerant operation of cascaded H-Bridge inverters using one redundant cell

This paper presents a fault-tolerant technique for multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) inverters. A faulty power switch in high power converters can lead to expensive downtime, loss of productivity, and increased costs. In the event of a fault, the defective cell is bypassed and a backup H-Bridge cell is replaced to generate balanced line-to-line voltages. Using the remaining cells, CHB inverter will operate with maximum achievable output voltage. Simulation results are offered for a seven-level CHB inverter to validate the proposed fault-tolerant technique.
Intermediate range chemical ordering in amorphous and liquid water, Si, and Ge

Neutron and x-ray diffraction data for low, high, and very high density amorphous ice and liquid water, silicon, and germanium have been compared in terms of the first sharp diffraction peak in the structure factor and at the radial distribution function level. The low and high density forms of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, Si, and Ge are shown to have very similar structures if the contributions from the hydrogen correlations in water are neglected. The very high density amorphous ice form is shown to be structurally analogous to recently reported high pressure liquid forms of Si and Ge, although there are slight differences in the way interstitial atoms or molecules are pushed into the first coordination shell.
Synthesis and Structure of (Triphenylsilyl)imido Complexes of Titanium and Zirconium

Titanium and zirconium (triphenylsilyl)imido complexes are available through transimination from the tert-butylimido complexes with H2NSiPh3. The useful starting material Ti(NSiPh3)Cl2(py)2 (1) is prepared in 88% yield by treatment of Ti(NBut)Cl2(py)3 with H2NSiPh3. Imido 1 is a dimer in the solid state with bridging chlorides; however, solution molecular weight studies indicate that 1 is a monomer in CH2Cl2. 1 reacts with 4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy) to generate the pseudo-octahedral Ti(NSiPh3)(bpy)(py)Cl2 (2) in 74% recrystallized yield. Replacement of the chloride ligands of 1 with 2 equiv of Lidap, 1 equiv of Libap, or 1 equiv of Lipap afforded the pyrrolylimido complexes Ti(NSiPh3)(dap)2 (3), Ti(NSiPh3)(bap)Cl (4), and Ti(NSiPh3)(pap)Cl (5), respectively. The reaction of 2 equiv of neophyl (Nph) magnesium bromide with 1 provided [Ti(μ-NSiPh3)(Nph)2]2 (6) in 59% yield. The pseudo-octahedral complex Ti(NSiPh3)(dpma)(bpy) (8) was available through addition of Li2dpma to 1, forming Ti(NSiPh3)...
Isolation of a radical dianion of nitrogen oxide (NO)2

Nitric oxide, NO, has an unpaired electron and is widely used and studied in such diverse fields as biochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. Its radical nature means that singly charged species are common, but now two electrons have been added to give a radical dianion in an yttrium complex.
User-based identification of Web genres

This research explores the use of genre as a document descriptor in order to improve the effectiveness of Web searching. A major issue to be resolved is the identification of what document categories should be used as genres. As genre is a kind of folk typology, document categories must enjoy widespread recognition by their intended user groups in order to qualify as genres. Three user studies were conducted to develop a genre palette and show that it is recognizable to users. (Palette is a term used to denote a classification, attributable to Karlgren, Bretan, Dewe, Hallberg, and Wolkert, 1998.) To simplify the users' classification task, it was decided to focus on Web pages from the edu domain. The first study was a survey of user terminology for Web pages. Three participants separated 100 Web page printouts into stacks according to genre, assigning names and definitions to each genre. The second study aimed to refine the resulting set of 48 (often conceptually and lexically similar) genre names and definitions into a smaller palette of user-preferred terminology. Ten participants classified the same 100 Web pages. A set of five principles for creating a genre palette from individuals' sortings was developed, and the list of 48 was trimmed to 18 genres. The third study aimed to show that users would agree on the genres of Web pages when choosing from the genre palette. In an online experiment in which 257 participants categorized a new set of 55 pages using the 18 genres, on average, over 70% agreed on the genre of each page. Suggestions for improving the genre palette and future directions for the work are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stochastic analysis of a three-phase fluidized bed; Fractal approach

This paper reports on three-phase fluidized beds that have played important roles in various areas of chemical and biochemical processing. The characteristics of such beds are highly stochastic due to the influence of a variety of phenomena, including the jetting and bubbling of the fluidizing medium and the motion of the fluidized particles. A novel approach based on the concept of fractals, has been adopted to analyze these complicated and stochastic characteristics. Specifically, pressure fluctuations in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed under different batch operating conditions have been analyzed in terms of Hurst's rescaled range (R/S) analysis, thus yielding the estimates for the so-called Hurst exponent, H. The time series of the pressure fluctuations has a local fractal dimension of d{sub FL} = 2 {minus} H. An H value of 1/2 signifies that the time series follows Brownian motion; otherwise, it follows fractional Brownian motion (FBM), which has been found to be the case for the three-phase fluidized bed investigated.
Counting the back-and-forth types

Given a class of structures and n∈ω, we study the dichotomy between there being countably many n-back-and-forth equivalence classes and there being continuum many. In the latter case, we show that, relative to some oracle, every set can be weakly coded in the (n-1)st jump of some structure in . In the former case, we show that there is a countable set of infinitary Πn relations that captures all of the Πn information about the structures in . In most cases, where there are countably many n-back-and-forth equivalence classes, there is a computable description of them. We will show how to use this computable description to get a complete set of computably infinitary Πn formulas. This will allow us to completely characterize the relatively intrinsically ∑n+10 relations in the computable structures of , and to prove that no Turing degree can be coded by the (n-1)st jump of any structure in unless that degree is already below 0(n-1).
The role of transcription-dependent priming in nerve growth factor promoted neurite outgrowth.

Studies were carried out with clonal PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells to test and elaborate the “priming” model for the mechanism by which nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes neurite outgrowth. The rate of appearance, initial extent of elongation, and insensitivity to inhibitors of transcription for neurites regenerated by passaged PC12 cells were all found to increase progressively as a function of time of NGF pretreatment. Cells pretreated (or “primed”) with NGF were thus able to rapidly regenerate long processes even when RNA synthesis was blocked. The long-term, progressive nature of neurite outgrowth and priming were not entirely accounted for by cell cycle effects. These observations were thus consistent with a mechanism in which NGF promotes process outgrowth by specifically stimulating cells to synthesize and progressively accumulate substances which are required for neurite production and elongation. This process appeared to require RNA transcription and the accumulation of specific rather than total cell constituents. Priming occurred for cells grown in suspension or in the presence of inhibitors of microtubule assembly. Priming and neurite outgrowth were suppressed at high cell density and were not elicited by exposure to depolarizing agents. Examination of the properties of NGF-promoted neurite outgrowth by cultured neurons suggests that priming may occur during development of the normal nervous system. It is also conceivable that self-priming may be a feature of growth factors in addition to NGF.
Four-dimensional terrain model for tracking floristic changes induced by climate warming

Elevational and latitudinal shifts will occur in the flora and vegetation of the Rocky Mountains due to climate warming. If we are to specify which species are successfully migrating in tune with these changes, and which are being adversely impacted, a 4-dimensional image-based GIS is required to visualize and animate new ecological regimes imposed by changing temperature and precipitation patterns. Research at TAC aims to develop a new algorithm for a terrain model that includes the spatial, spectral, and temporal domains. It is designed to visualize changes in the Rocky Mountain flora, and to specify the predicted community compositions at any future time. The strategy is to assign unique hue, intensity, and saturation values for each of the nearly 6000 species comprising the flora of the Rockies. Hue is assigned on the basis of elevational zone; intensity on the basis of slope and aspect; and saturation, on the basis of abundance. Polygons for an associated GIS are delineated as landform facets that are expected to be stable in ecological time (i.e., over the next few thousand years). The analysis then assesses the gradual progression of species as they migrate upslope and poleward through these polygons. At any future year over the next several thousand, the modeling process can be stopped to assess both the rate and directions of change, as well as the species composition of each plant community occupying a specific polygon.
Restrictions on gravitino mass from chiral scalar and pseudoscalar production.

A lower bound of 5.4×10 −16 is shown to follow on the gravitino-photino mass ratio from the observed lack of occurrence of the processes e + e − →γS, γP, where S and P are the nearly massless chiral scalar and pseudoscalar, respectively. For a large class of theories with unified gaugino masses, this is convertible into a lower limit of 6.5×10 −15 GeV on the gravitino mass.
Toward scalable, parallel progressive hedging for stochastic unit commitment

Given increasing penetration of variable generation units, there is significant interest in the power systems research community concerning the development of solution techniques that directly address the stochasticity of these sources in the unit commitment problem. Unfortunately, despite significant attention from the research community, stochastic unit commitment solvers have not made their way into practice, due in large part to the computational difficulty of the problem. In this paper, we address this issue, and focus on the development of a decomposition scheme based on the progressive hedging algorithm of Rockafellar and Wets. Our focus is on achieving solve times that are consistent with the requirements of ISO and utilities, on modest-scale instances, using reasonable numbers of scenarios. Further, we make use of modest-scale parallel computing, representing capabilities either presently deployed, or easily deployed in the near future. We demonstrate our progress to date on a test instance representing a simplified version of the US western interconnect (WECC-240).
COMPARISON OF THE BAIN AND THE ADE SYSTEMS DURING CONTROLLED VENTILATION IN ADULTS

It has been suggested that Humphrey's ADE system may be an improvement on the Bain system. To compare their efficiencies we have studied 20 anaesthetized adults who had controlled ventilation established with a circle absorber system at a VE sufficient to maintain normocapnia. Patients were then randomly allocated to either a Bain or an ADE system. Fresh gas flow was sufficient to keep PE CO2 constant for 30 min. The other circuit was then used for an additional 30 min. The required FGF was 54 ml kg−1 min−1 for the Bain system, compared with 67 ml kg−1 min−1 for the ADE system. We conclude that, during controlled ventilation, the ADE system is 25% less efficient than the Bain system.
The Gendering of the British Working Class

How have feminist historians transformed the account of class formation and consciousness articulated in Thompson’s The Making of the English Working Class? Deborah Valenze’s The First Industrial Woman, Anna Clark’s The Struggle for the Breeches, Sonya Rose’s Limited Livelihoods, and Ellen Ross’s Love and Toil place the gendering of the British working class at the center of the process and explain the peculiar limitations of the working-class movement. The essay also places these books in the theoretical tradition of socialist feminism and considers them as responses to Joan Scott’s call for a poststructuralist approach to gender, class and power.
Home visitation by pediatric residents - perspectives from two pediatric training programs.

From the Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (Dr Tschudy and Dr Serwint); and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (Dr Pak-Gorstein) The authors have no financial or corporate conflicts of interest to disclose. Dr Tschudy was supported by a HRSA NRSA Fellowship Training Grant (T32 HP10004-16-00). Address correspondence to Megan M. Tschudy, MD, MPH, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 400 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 (e-mail: mtschud1@jhmi.edu).
Ultrasonographically guided direct gene transfer in utero: Successful induction of β-galactosidase in a rabbit model

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine whether the transfer of enzyme-encoding genes in utero can be detected after birth. Study Design: An adenoviral vector carrying the gene for β-galactosidase was injected under ultrasonographic guidance into the livers of 4 rabbit fetuses per litter (3 litters total) at 27 days' gestation. On delivery of the pups 2 to 3 days later, the livers were analyzed for β-galactosidase activity by using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D -galactopyranoside (X-gal) staining. Polymerase chain reaction was also performed on liver extracts as an additional independent measure of successful vector delivery. Results: Successful targeting of the livers of fetal rabbits was demonstrated by β-galactosidase activity in the nuclei of liver serosal cells, parenchymal hepatocytes, or columnar cells of the gallbladder in 7 (58%) of 12 injected pups and by polymerase chain reaction in liver extracts from 10 (83%) of 12 injected pups. Conclusions: These results suggest that vectors that carry genes for specific enzymes can be delivered to fetal organs in utero and that expression of the enzyme can be detected after delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:848-52.)
Recruitment of minority students to U.S. epidemiology degree programs

Abstract PURPOSE: African-, Hispanic-, and Native Americans are underrepresented in the field of epidemiology including degree programs. As part of the assessment component of its mandate, the American College of Epidemiology Committee on Minority Affairs conducted a survey of minority recruitment activities of U.S. epidemiology degree programs. METHODS: The survey, containing questions related to marketing activities, institutional infrastructure, financial support, academic offerings, and receptive/supportive environment, was mailed to all programs identified in Episource as offering epidemiology degrees. Separate responses were requested concerning activities at the department and school levels. RESULTS: Fifty-two completed questionnaires were received (response rate of 79%). All but two institutions had at least one activity conducted by either the department or the school. However, all activities were more common at the school- than at the department-level. Indeed, some activities [a written minority student recruitment plan (6% of departments and 52% of schools), personnel with minority recruitment responsibilities (4% of departments and 73% of schools)] were almost exclusively school-sponsored. Although marketing-type activities were the most common minority recruitment tool used by departments, only 21% made visits to minority schools, 17% visited other colleges specifically to recruit minorities, and 12% produced materials targeted to ethnic/racial minorities. Six percent of the departments and 19% of the schools offered financial support (grants, fellowships, scholarships) to almost all underrepresented minority students. CONCLUSIONS: Even though individual epidemiology degree programs may not see a need for general recruitment activities in order to maintain the size of their applicant pool, minority-specific recruitment activities should be undertaken to enhance and diversify that pool. We recommend that epidemiology departments develop, adopt, and implement comprehensive written plans for the recruitment of underrepresented minority students into their programs.
The effect of “social” instructions on word-association behavior

This study compares word-association distributions obtained under standard free word-association instructions with those obtained under instructions to give the first word “you think of that other people would judge to have some connection to” the stimulus word. These “social” instructions resulted in increased response commonality and increased stimulus-response synonymity. The findings are discussed in terms of alternative response-selection models of the word-association process.
Amylase-producing lung cancer.

A bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of lung associated with hyper-amylasemia occurring in a 40-year-old woman is described. Another 13 cases of such a tumor from the English literature are reviewed. A majority of the lung tumors associated with hyperamylasemia were adenocarcinomas. When the amylase isoenzymes were determined, the amylase appeared to be salivary-gland type (S-type). Electron microscopic studies had revealed membrane-bound electron-dense granules within the tumor cells.
The “Last Dogma” of Positivism: Historicist Naturalism and the Fact/Value Dichotomy

Abstract Has the emergence of post-positivism in philosophy of science changed the terms of the “is/ought” dichotomy? If it has demonstrated convincingly that there are no “facts” apart from the theoretical frames and evaluative standards constructing them, can such a cordon sanitaire really be upheld between “facts” and values? The point I wish to stress is that philosophy of science has had a central role in constituting and imposing the fact/value dichotomy and a revolution in the philosophy of science should not leave the dichotomy unaffected. The connection between post-positivism and naturalism will be my guiding thread in considering this “last dogma of positivism.” First this essay will specify the sense of naturalism that it will take to be essential to the post-positivist philosophy of science: the deflation of the notion of the “purity” of scientific knowledge. Then it will turn to the question of the implications that follow for the “autonomy” of ethics, including the danger posed by a new form of scientistic reductionism.
Parental psychological control dimensions: Connections with Russian preschoolers’ physical and relational aggression☆

Abstract Parental psychological control generally consists of overinvolved/protective and critical/rejecting elements, both being linked to children's psychosocial maladjustment. The critical/rejecting element is multidimensional in nature, and few studies have explored this conceptual fullness. It is possible that some dimensions, if they can be statistically differentiated, are uniquely tied to various child behaviors. This may help resolve some of the inconsistency apparent across studies, such as studies of relational aggression. Accordingly, we examined the association between parental psychological control and childhood physical and relational aggression using a dimensional approach. Participants were 204 Russian preschoolers and their parents. The results revealed that dimensions of psychosocial control (i.e., shaming/disappointment, constraining verbal expressions, invalidating feelings, love withdrawal, and guilt induction) could be statistically differentiated, even though most dimensions tended to be significantly correlated. Furthermore, all dimensions, except for invalidating feelings, were significantly associated with childhood aggression, but predominantly in same-gender parent–child dyads.
Bovine aortic arch: a novel association with thoracic aortic dilation

Aim To investigate whether there is a link between bovine arch and thoracic aortic aneurysm. Materials and methods Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the thorax of 191 patients with dilated thoracic aortas and 391 consecutive, unselected patients as controls were retrospectively reviewed. Bovine arch was considered present if either a shared origin of the left common carotid and innominate arteries or an origin of the left common carotid from the innominate artery was identified. A chi-square test was used to evaluate the significance of differences between subgroups. Results A trend towards increased prevalence of bovine arch was seen in patients with dilated aortas (26.2%) compared to controls (20.5%, p = 0.12). The association was statistically significant in patients over 70 years old (31.9%, p = 0.019) and when dilation involved the aortic arch (47.6%, p = 0.003). Conclusions An association between bovine arch and aortic dilation is seen in older patients, and when dilation involves the aortic arch. Bovine arch should be considered a potential risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysm.
Dynamic routing and the performance of automated manufacturing cells

There has been a considerable amount of research done on the “cell formation” problem, in which machining cells are designed to process a family of components. More recently, it has been suggested that machining cells should be designed so that they take advantage of the flexibility for processing parts that have alternate, or multiple machine routing possibilities. It is argued that such flexibility will improve machine utilization as well as other measures of cell performance and may reduce the need for centralized cell loading and scheduling algorithms. Unfortunately, if the cell is automated, routing flexibility requirements can create a complex control problem for the cell controller. In this paper we implement a cell controller designed to handle the requirements of the flexible routing of parts and compare the performance of the cell to the case in which each part has only one routing. We find that significant improvements occur when the cell design is capable of processing parts with flexible routings.
Effects of density and cellular aging on collagen synthesis and growth kinetics in keloid and normal skin fibroblasts

Cell proliferation and collagen synthesis were analyzed in high, medium, and low density keloid and normal skin fibroblasts and also at various times during the course of in vitro aging to expand previous findings of increased collagen synthesis in keloid compared to normal skin fibroblasts. It was found that both keloid and normal fibroblasts (<20 population doublings) responded similarly to high, medium, and low initial plating densities; however, sparsely plated keloid fibroblasts exhibited a loss of replicative capacity earlier in their in vitro lifespan than did sparsely plated normal skin fibroblasts.
In vitro replication studies of carboxymethylated DNA lesions with Saccharomyces cerevisiae polymerase η.

Humans are exposed to N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) both endogenously and exogenously from a number of environmental sources, and NOCs are both mutagenic and carcinogenic. After metabolic activation, some NOCs can induce carboxymethylation of nucleobases through a diazoacetate intermediate, which could give rise to p53 mutations similar to those seen in human gastrointestinal cancers. It was previously found that the growth of polymerase η-deficient human cells was inhibited by treatment with azaserine, a DNA carboxymethylation agent, suggesting the importance of this polymerase in bypassing the azaserine-induced carboxymethylated DNA lesions. In this study, we examined how carboxymethylated DNA lesions, which included N6-carboxymethyl-2′-deoxyadenosine (N6-CMdA), N4-carboxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine (N4-CMdC), N3-carboxymethylthymidine (N3-CMdT), and O4-carboxymethylthymidine (O4-CMdT), perturbed the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication mediated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae polymerase η (pol η). Our resul...
A Preliminary Study of the Spatial Variation in Growth of Raft‐Cultured Blue Mussels Mytilus trossulus in Northern Puget Sound, Washington

.– The effects of culture rope density (high and low), position (inside, middle. and outside), and depth (1, 3, and 5 m) on growth rates, expressed as mean shell length increase (mm) per day, were quantified in raft-cultured blue mussels Mytilus trossulus in northern Puget Sound during the fall of 1993. Growth rates differed by as much as 20% after the 90-d experimental period, and varied significantly according to culture rope position, but not according to culture rope density or depth. Furthermore, a three-way analysis of variance revealed a significant first-order interaction effect, culture rope density × depth. The significant culture rope position effect was due to the higher growth rate (mean ± SEM) of mussels on outside culture ropes (0.199 ± 0.009 mm/d) compared to inside culture ropes (0.168 ± 0.007 mm/d). The interaction effect was due to the significantly higher growth rates of mussels at I and 3 m (0.197 ± 0.009 and 0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d, respectively) compared to 5 m (0.162 ± 0.014 mm/d) under low culture rope density conditions, and the significantly higher growth rate of mussels at 3 m under low culture rope density conditions (0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d) compared to high culture rope density conditions (0.168 ± 0.012 mm/d). Practical raft management is affected by such variation in growth. Commercial mussel growers may find it necessary to alter their culture methods to insure a more uniform product from seed to harvest.
The exact overall time distribution of a project with uncertain task durations

Abstract This paper presents a new technique for computing the exact overall duration of a project, when task durations have independent distributions. A project is represented as an Activity-on-Arc (AoA) graph, where a task begins as soon as all its predecessor tasks have finished. Task durations use a probability density function (p.d.f.) which combines piecewise polynomial segments and Dirac delta functions, defined over a finite interval. A semi-analytical procedure is proposed to compute the cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) directly by integrating a linear transformation of the p.d.f. of the task durations. Graph reduction techniques by Hopcroft and Tarjan and by Valdes allow the problem to be broken into a series of smaller subproblems, improving computational efficiency. Examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method.
Self-efficacy and depression as mediators of the relationship between pain and antiretroviral adherence.

Abstract The goals of this study were to examine the association between pain and antiretroviral adherence and to estimate the mediating effect of adherence self-efficacy and depression symptom severity. Surveys using audio computer-assisted self-interview were conducted among 70 HIV-infected current and former drug users enrolled in a methadone program. We assessed antiretroviral adherence and adherence self-efficacy using questions from the Adult Clinical Trials Group survey. We considered participants adherent if they reported taking at least 95% of prescribed antiretrovirals over the past seven days. We assessed depression symptom severity using the depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Participants reported pain of any duration in response to a question from the Brief Pain Inventory. Participants reporting pain were 87% less likely to be classified as adherent compared to those without pain (Unadjusted OR = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.03–0.52). When we examined adherence self-efficacy as a mediator ...
Molecular modeling of the binding of 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine substrates to thymidine kinase of herpes simplex virus type-1.

In an earlier study, De Winter and Herdewijn (J. Med. Chem. 1996, 37, 4727–4737) studied the binding of various 5‐substituted 2′‐deoxyuridine substrates to thymidine kinase of herpes simplex virus type‐1. They used a computational procedure that achieves good correlation with experimentally determined IC50 values. We applied an alternative procedure to the same deoxyuridine substrates, using only three readily calculated quantities—the binding energy, the molecular surface area, and a flexibility factor. Our simplified method achieves the same degree of correlation with the IC50 values as did the earlier procedure. We then applied this procedure to examine the binding of various 5‐substituted pyrimidine 1,5‐anhydrohexitol substrates to thymidine kinase.
Loss Function Approaches to Predict a Spatial Quantile and Its Exceedance Region

In the analysis of spatial data, it is common to predict a spatial exceedance and its associated exceedance region. This is scientifically important, because unusual events tend to strongly affect the environment. We use classes of loss functions based on image metrics (e.g., Baddeley's loss function) to predict the spatial-exceedance region. We then propose a joint loss to predict a spatial quantile and its exceedance region. The optimal predictor is obtained by minimizing the posterior expected loss given the process parameters, which we achieve by simulated annealing. Various predictors are compared through simulation. This methodology is applied to a spatial data set of temperature change over the Americas.
Reclassification rates are higher among African American men than Caucasians on active surveillance.

Objective To evaluate the risk of reclassification on serial biopsy for Caucasian and African American (AA) men with very low-risk (VLR) prostate cancer enrolled in a large prospective active surveillance (AS) registry. Methods The Johns Hopkins AS registry is a prospective observational study that has enrolled 982 men since 1994. Including only men who met all National Comprehensive Cancer Network VLR criteria (clinical stage ≤T1, Gleason score ≤6, prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level <10 ng/mL, PSA density <0.15 ng/mL/cm3, positive cores <3, percent cancer per core ≤50), we analyzed a cohort of 654 men (615 Caucasians and 39 AAs). The association of race with reclassification on serial biopsy was assessed with competing-risks regressions. Results AA men on AS were more likely than Caucasians to experience upgrading on serial biopsy (36% vs 16%; adjusted P <.001). Adjusting for PSA level, prostate size, volume of cancer on biopsy, treatment year, and body mass index, AA race was an independent predictor of biopsy reclassification (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.8; P = .003). Examining specific modes of reclassification, AA race was independently associated with reclassification by grade (subdistribution hazard ratio, 3.0; P = .002) but not by volume. Conclusion AA men with VLR prostate cancer followed on AS are at significantly higher risk of grade reclassification compared with Caucasians. Therefore, if the goal of AS is to selectively monitor men with low-grade disease, AA men may require alternate selection criteria.
Modeling biological neurons with Josephson junctions

It is exceedingly difficult to simulate large numbers of interconnected biologically realistic neurons, even when simplified neuronal models that substantially reduce the computational requirements per neuron are employed. Computer CPUs can only solve for the behavior of a single neuron at once, meaning the total computational time is to at least N, the number of neurons, and up to N2 for densely connected networks. Multi-core processors, cluster computing, and parallel programming techniques can alleviate this problem somewhat, but not enough to make it feasible to simulate more than a few tens of thousands of neurons in a reasonable period of time.
EXTRACELLULAR ORGANIC NITROGEN IN USTILAGO MAYDIS FERMENTATION BROTHS

Free amino acids and small peptides make up most of the extracellular organic nitrogen in media from shaken and aerated Ustilago maydis fermentations. Of the 3.5 mgm./ml. ammonia nitrogen added, 2....
Large effective area FMF with low DMGD

We present few mode fiber designs for mode division multiplexing applications. We discuss key fiber design considerations and show profiles designs and actual fiber examples to achieve large effective area and low DMGD.
Neurofilament proteolysis in rat peripheral nerve. Homologies with calcium-activated proteolysis of other tissues

Abstract Alterations of nerve proteins were studied in desheathed segments of rat sciatic nerves which were freeze-thawed and incubated in solutions containing calcium or EGTA. Calcium caused a selective loss of 69,000, 150,000, and 200,000 MW neurofilament triplet proteins as well as some loss of 55,000–57,000 MW proteins when nerve proteins were examined by SDS gel electrophoresis. The loss of nerve proteins was accompanied by a variable appearance of 25,000, 36,000, and 72,000 MW proteins. The calcium-induced changes did not occur in nerve segments which had been heated to 60°C for 30 min and were prevented by preincubation of tissues with 1 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), N-ethyl-malemide (NEM), or iodoacetamide. The calcium-induced alterations of nerve proteins were attributed to a calcium-activated thiol protease which preferentially degrades neurofilament proteins. Neurofilament protease of rat peripheral nerve was characterized by studying the alterations of nerve proteins under different incubational conditions. Calcium activated proteolysis was demonstrated between pH 6.0 and 8.8 and at 4, 20, and 37°C. Protein breakdown occurred with 50 μM calcium, and could be simulated by strontium and, to a lesser extent, by barium and lanthanum. Other metals had strong (Hg, Zn, Cd, Cu, Co), weak (Pb and Ag), or no (Al, Mg, and Mn) inhibitory effects on enzymatic activity. Proteolysis was also strongly inhibited by TLCK (1 mM) and by TPCK (1 mM) but not by PMSF (1 mM). The properties of neurofilament protease closely resemble those of calcium-activated proteases described in several tissues.
Surgical management of ovarian cancer

The management of ovarian cancer presents one of the greatest challenges to physicians caring for patients with cancer. The treatment almost always involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Over the past 75 years we have formed a rational system for the surgical management of this disease. Initial surgical therapy should include the following three objectives: (1) staging, (2) cytoreduction, and (3) determining a definitive histologic diagnosis. The importance of meticulous staging cannot be overstated. Fully one third of patients not compulsively staged will be upstaged if surgically restaged. Cytoreductive surgery is the mainstay of initial treatment. Data clearly demonstrate that ovarian cancer is different from other solid tumors in that reduction of the tumor burden is important in the management of this disease. Patients with less than 1 to 2 cm of disease remaining at the conclusion of initial surgery have a survival advantage over those who do not. The benefits of secondary cytoreduction are less clear, and data support the concept of cytoreduction in many circumstances. These surgical issues surrounding ovarian cancer support the concept that physicians trained to treat ovarian cancer be involved in its management. Data are emerging that clearly suggest that gynecologic oncologists should be involved in both the surgical and medical management of patients with ovarian cancer.
A possible mechanism of morphometric changes in dendritic spines induced by stimulation

1. A number of experimental procedures which induce increased electrical activity (including long-term potentiation) were shown to be accompanied by morphometric changes in dendritic spines. These changes include an enlargement of the spine head, shortening and widening of the spine stalk, and an increase in the length of synaptic apposition. 2. A possible mechanism is suggested which takes into account specific cytological features of the spine and the existence of contractile proteins in neurons. Dendritic spines are defined as special domains of the neuron which have a unique organization of the cytoplasm. Actin filaments form a very dense network in the spine head, and they are longitudinally organized within the spine stalk. Spines were also shown to contain myosin and other actin-regulatory proteins. The high density of the actin network could explain the characteristic absence of the cytoplasmic organelles from dendritic spines. 3. In analogy with other cells, such an actin organization indicates low levels of free cytosolic calcium. Even in the resting state, calcium levels may be unevenly distributed through the neuron, being lowest within the subplasmalemmal region. Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio in spines, the cytoplasm is formed mostly by the subplasmalemmal region. The spine apparatus or the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is recognized as a calcium-sequestering site in spines, may also contribute to the low calcium levels there. 4. However, when in the stimulated spine the voltage-dependent calcium channels open, then, given the spine's high surface-to-volume ratio, the concentration of calcium may very quickly attain levels that will activate the actin-regulatory proteins and myosin and thus trigger the chain of events leading to the enlargement of the spine head and to the contraction (i.e., widening and shortening) of the spine stalk. The increased free cytosolic calcium may also activate the protein-producing system localized at the base of the spine, which, under certain conditions, could stabilize the morphometric changes of the spine.
Unsupervised Discovery of Rhyme Schemes

This paper describes an unsupervised, language-independent model for finding rhyme schemes in poetry, using no prior knowledge about rhyme or pronunciation.
Anomaly Detection in Radiation Sensor Data With Application to Transportation Security

In this paper, we present a new approach for detecting trucks transporting illicit radioactive materials using radiation data. The approach is motivated by the high number of false alarms that typically results when using radiation portal monitors. Our approach is a three-stage anomaly detection process that consists of transforming the radiation sensor data into wavelet coefficients, representing the transformed data in binary form, and detecting anomalies among data sets using a proximity-based method. The approach is evaluated using simulated radiation data, and the results are encouraging. From a transportation security perspective, our results indicate that the concomitant use of gross count and spectroscopy radiation data improves identification of trucks transporting illicit radioactive materials. The results also suggest that the use of additional heterogeneous data with radiation data may enhance the reliability of the detection process. Further testing with real radiation data and mixture of cargo is needed to fully validate the results.
Characterization of the elicitor-induced biosynthesis and secretion of genistein from roots of Lupinus luteus L

Genistein is a multi-functional isoflavonoid naturally secreted from roots of hydroponically grown legume plants. Roots of hydroponically cultivated yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) plants, transferred into water secreted minor amounts of genistein (about 5 μg g -1 fr. wt.). Secretion of genistein from L. luteus roots (rhizosecretion) was stimulated dramatically to over 100 μg g -1 root fresh weight by soluble chitosan, salicylic acid (SA) and potassium cyanide (KCN) supplied at 0.12% (w/v), 800 μM and 400 μM, respectively. Other identified elicitors caused a smaller induction of genistein rhizosecretion. Increased levels of genistein in root exudates corresponded to greater amounts of genistein in root tissue. Elicitor-induced rhizosecretion of genistein was based on de novo synthesis and was inhibited by glyphosate and other less specific metabolic inhibitors. Except for NaF:AlCl 3 , all tested elicitors of genistein rhizosecretion produced a distinct bell-shaped dose-response curve. Most of the elicitor-induced rhizosecretion of genistein occurred during the first day, followed by a gradual decline. Further addition of elicitor treatments had little effect on genistein rhizosecretion, indicating that the induction of genistein rhizosecretion by the identified elicitors is a once only event.
Coordination in reconnaissance-attack parsing

A proposal for recognizing coordinate structures using the 'reconnaissance-attack' model is presented. The approach concentrates on distinguishing predicate coordination from other types of coordination and suggests that low-level structural cues (such as the number of predicates, coordinators, and subordinators occurring in the input string) can be exploited at little cost during the early phase of the parse, with dramatic results. The method is tested on a text of 16,000 words.
Ingestion and digestion of epilithic algae by larval insects in a heavily grazed montane stream

Summary 1. Epilithic algae grown on elevated or non-elevated ceramic tiles were exposed (to produce assemblages with different grazing histories) in a heavily grazed, montane stream in New Mexico, U.S.A. to Ameletus nymphs (Ephemeroptera) and Ecclisomyia larvae (Trichoptera) and the algal composition in insect faeces was compared to that on the tiles. Differences in grazing and digestion efficiency between grazers were then assessed and also differences in susceptibility to ingestion and digestibility among common algae. 2. Ordination of tile and faecal samples, using the relative abundance of common algae, revealed that: (i) algal assemblages on elevated vs. non-elevated tiles differed only slightly; (ii) the taxonomic composition of algae in faeces of both caddis and mayflies differed substantially from that on the tiles, indicating low grazing efficiency for some algal taxa; and (iii) the algal composition of faeces produced by caddis larvae and mayflies was similar, indicating little difference in grazing efficiency between them. However, some algal taxa were more susceptible to ingestion by caddisfly larvae when occurring on elevated tiles than on non-elevated tiles, suggesting that previous exposure to caddis grazing influenced assemblage attributes. 3. Although Ameletus and Ecclisomyia differed little in grazing efficiency, the percentage of diatoms that were dead after passage through the gut was greatest in the mayfly treatment, suggesting that mayflies digested diatoms more efficiently than the caddis. Analyses of differences in the condition of chloroplasts within diatoms in tile and faecal samples showed that losses of ’live‘ diatom cells (i.e. those containing full chloroplasts) during gut passage through mayflies equalled the increase, in faeces, of ’dead‘ (empty frustules) cells of all common diatoms. In contrast, some diatoms were digested inefficiently by caddis larvae. 4. Algae on elevated tiles contained a higher proportion of dead diatoms than those on non-elevated tiles, possibly because mayflies visited raised tiles more often and, consequently, ingested and defaecated cells at a higher rate in the absence of caddis larvae. Moreover, diatom taxa differed in the percentage of cells that were dead within tile assemblages, with populations of typically grazer-resistant taxa (e.g. Achnanthidium minutissimum, Planothidium lanceolatum and Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta) containing significantly more dead cells than grazer-susceptible taxa [e.g. small, chain-forming Fragilaria (= Staurosirella)]. This result suggests that a trade-off exists between ingestion vs. digestion resistance of microalgae. Both the ingestion and digestion efficiency of algivorous macroinvertebrates could influence the structure and function of algal assemblages. In heavily grazed systems, where algal cells are probably processed through grazer guts repeatedly, differential resistance to digestion among algae may be particularly important.
GCY-8, PDE-2, and NCS-1 are critical elements of the cGMP-dependent thermotransduction cascade in the AFD neurons responsible for C. elegans thermotaxis

Certain thermoreceptor neurons are sensitive to tiny thermal fluctuations (0.01°C or less) and maintain their sensitivity across a wide range of ambient temperatures through a process of adaptation, but understanding of the biochemical basis for this performance is rudimentary. Prior studies of the AFD thermoreceptor in Caenorhabditis elegans revealed a signaling cascade that depends on a trio of receptor guanylate cyclases (rGCs), GCY-8, GCY-18, and GCY-23, and gives rise to warming-activated thermoreceptor currents (ThRCs) carried by cyclic GMP–gated ion channels. The threshold for ThRC activation adapts to the ambient temperature through an unknown calcium-dependent process. Here, we use in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recording from AFD to show that loss of GCY-8, but not of GCY-18 or GCY-23, reduces or eliminates ThRCs, identifying this rGC as a crucial signaling element. To learn more about thermotransduction and adaptation, we used behavioral screens and analysis of gene expression patterns to identify phosphodiesterases (PDEs) likely to contribute to thermotransduction. Deleting PDE-2 decouples the threshold for ThRC activation from ambient temperature, altering adaptation. We provide evidence that the conserved neuronal calcium sensor 1 protein also regulates the threshold for ThRC activation and propose a signaling network to account for ThRC activation and adaptation. Because PDEs play essential roles in diverse biological processes, including vertebrate phototransduction and olfaction, and regulation of smooth muscle contractility and cardiovascular function, this study has broad implications for understanding how extraordinary sensitivity and dynamic range is achieved in cyclic nucleotide–based signaling networks.
Cell Polarization and Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast

Asymmetric cell division, which includes cell polarization and cytokinesis, is essential for generating cell diversity during development. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by asymmetric cell division, and has thus served as an attractive model for unraveling the general principles of eukaryotic cell polarization and cytokinesis. Polarity development requires G-protein signaling, cytoskeletal polarization, and exocytosis, whereas cytokinesis requires concerted actions of a contractile actomyosin ring and targeted membrane deposition. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanics and spatial control of polarity development and cytokinesis, emphasizing the key concepts, mechanisms, and emerging questions in the field.