cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of multi-cycle circuits from guarded atomic actions

One solution to the timing closure problem is to perform infrequent operations in more than one clock cycle. Despite the apparent simplicity of the solution statement, it is not easily considered because it requires changes in RTL, which in turn exacerbates the verification problem. Another approach to the problem is to avoid it altogether, by using a high-level design methodology and allow the synthesis tool to generate the design that matches design requirements. This approach hinges on the ability of the tool to be able to generate satisfactory RTL from the high-level description, an ability which often cannot be tested until late in the project. Failure to meet the requirements can result in costly delays as an alternative way of expressing the design intent is sought and experimented with. We offer a timing closure solution that does not suffer from these problems. We have selected atomic actions as the high-level design methodology. We exploit the fact that semantics of atomic actions are maimed, that is, the time to execute an action does not change its outcome. The current hardware synthesis technique from atomic actions assumes that each action takes one clock cycle to complete its computation. Consequently, the action with the longest combinational path determines the clock cycle of the entire design, often leading to needlessly slow circuits. By augmenting the description of the actions with desired timing information, we allow the designer to split long paths over multiple clock cycles without giving up the semantics of atomicity. We also introduce loops with dynamic bounds into the atomic action description. These loops are not unrolled for synthesis, but the guards are evaluated for each iteration. Our synthesis results show that the clock speed and performance of circuits can be improved substantially with our technique, without having to substantially change the design. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Stability and bifurcation in a parabolic equation

Recent results on the stability of equilibrium solutions of a parabolic equation are given with indications of the proofs. Particular attention is devoted to dependence of the stability properties on the shape of the domain and the manner in which nonhomogeneous stable equilibria can occur through a bifurcation induced by varying the domain.
In vivo drug metabolism and liver lobule heterogeneity in the rat.

Abstract Various in vitro techniques have demonstrated a heterogeneous hepatocyte population within the hepatic lobule. From such evidence it has been proposed that there may be a functional gradient within the hepatic lobule. Therefore, to test this hypothesis, we assessed the relative contribution of the centrolobular and periportal regions to drug metabolism in the hepatic lobule. Accordingly, a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out on rats with differential hepatic necrosis. Selective damage of the periportal or centrolobular regions was induced by allyl alcohol or bromobenzene, respectively. In vivo and in vitro drug metabolism was estimated for two model drugs that are metabolized almost exclusively by the liver, and whose metabolism would correspond largely to either the centrolobular (aminopyrine) or the periportal (ethanol) region. In vivo drug metabolism was measured by both the clearance of plasma radioactivity and the elimination of 14 CO 2 into breath. For comparison with in vivo metabolism, the in vitro estimate of the drug metabolizing capacity of the liver was estimated by the enzyme kinetics (V max and K m ) of aminopyrine demethylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. In bromobenzene-treated animals, both the in vivo plasma radioactivity clearance and 14 CO 2 breath elimination of [ 14 C]aminopyrine were significantly (p 14 C]ethanol metabolism, as measured both in vivo and in vitro, was not significantly altered in the bromobenzenetreated animals. In allyl alcohol-treated animals, both in vivo plasma radioactivity clearance and the 14 CO 2 breath elimination of [ 14 C]aminopyrine were significantly (p 14C ]ethanol plasma radioactivity clearance nor the 14 CO 2 breath elimination was significantly altered in the allyl alcohol-treated animals. However, the alcohol dehydrogenase V max was significantly (p
Unifying remote data, remote procedures, and web services

Most large-scale applications integrate remote services and/ or transactional databases. Yet building software that efficiently invokes distributed service or accesses relational databases is still quite difficult. Existing approaches to these problems are based on the Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Object-Relational Mapping (ORM), or Web Services (WS). RPCs have been generalized to support distributed object systems. ORM tools generally support a form of query sublanguage for efficient object selection, but it is not well-integrated with the host language. Web Services may seems to be a step backwards, yet document-oriented services and REST are gaining popularity. The last 20 years have produced a long litany of technologies based on these concepts, including ODBC, CORBA, DCE, DCOM, RMI, DAO, OLEDB, SQLJ, JDBC, EJB, JDO, Hibernate, XML-RPC, WSDL, Axis and LINQ. Even with these technologies, complex design patterns for service facades and/or bulk data transfers must be followed to optimize communication between client and server or client and database, leading to programs that are difficult to modify and maintain. While significant progress has been made, there is no widely accepted solution or even agreement about what the solution should look like. In this talk I present a new unified approach to invocation of distributed services and data access. The solution involves a novel control flow construct that partitions a program block into remote and local computations, while efficiently managing the communication between them. The solution does not require proxies, an embedded query language, or constructions/decoding of service requests. The end result is a natural unified interface to distributed services and data, which can be added to any programming language.
Diversity by Default

Why doesn't survival of the fittest seem to apply when many plants coexist? A report in this issue of Science ([ Hubbell et al .][1]) on tropical forests together with work from other habitats is converging on one explanation of this phenomenon--the recruitment limitation hypothesis. Simply put, this explanation states that stable heterogeneous populations of various types of plants coexist because--often by chance--the more successful competitors of the region do not happen to be locally present. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/283/5401/554
High‐Speed Photodetectors for Optical Communications

Abstract for “High-Speed Photodetectors for Optical Communications” We discuss the fundamental properties, basic requirements and limitations of photodetectors pertaining to applications in high-speed optical communications. The requirements for high-speed photodetectors include high responsivity at the communication wavelengths, compatible size for coupling to optical fibers as well as low cost and reliability. There are fundamental limitations for high-speed operation and trade-offs between various performance parameters for photodetectors. We review these limitations, including those due to capacitance charging and the transit-time of photogenerated carriers, and present examples of state-of-the-art devices. Although there exists a wide range of photodetectors suitable for optical communications, we will focus on a particular subset of photovoltaics called photodiodes. Several different types of photodiodes will be introduced, including the PIN, Schottky, avalanche and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode, along with their individual strengths and weaknesses. In addition, detectors such as the resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) and waveguide photodiode, designed to overcome many of the fundamental limitations associated with conventional structures, are also presented. Keywords: high-speed; photodetectors; photodiodes; quantum efficiency; responsivity; bandwidth; optical communications; PIN; Schottky; MSM; avalanche; resonant cavity; RCE; waveguide; limitations; drift; transit time; diffusion; charge-trapping; junction capacitance; BWE; bandwidth-efficiency product
Dynamical assessment of symbolic processes with backprop nets

Simple recurrent networks were trained to predict the outputs of various probabilistic symbolic process. Two of the symbolic processes made critical use of a push-down stack, and two were finite state Markov processes. The memory-intensive (stack) processes, in contrast to the Markov processes, pushed the largest Lyapunov exponents toward zero, although they never reached zero. The growth in the Lyapunov exponents was conditioned by the memory-intensiveness of thetas, not by the growth rate of the states. The results indicate a link between the traditional use of stack-memories to create complex computation and dynamical treatments of complexity based on trajectory divergence.
Representing Place: “Deserted Isles” and the Reproduction of Bikini Atoll

Abstract Bikini Atoll has been reshaped through time according to Western mythologies regarding “deserted” islands. Geographers have increasingly recognized that landscapes are shaped by the ways human agents conceptualize places. Ideals that shape places are not only based on interpretations of a given place, however, but are also formed by the semiotic linking of representations of similar landscapes. Conceptualizations of Bikini Atoll enabled the drastic alteration of the landscape by nuclear testing in the 1940s and 1950s as well as subsequent development projects such as the current tourism operation on the atoll. The information presented in this article stems from interview research conducted in the Marshall Islands in 2001 and 2002 as well as from a review of historical accounts of the atoll from 1945 to the present. The conceptualizations of Bikini Atoll held by members of the Bikinian community, U.S. military and government officials, other people living in the Marshall Islands, and visitors to ...
The effect of blindness on DRL-20 performances exhibited by animals with hippocampal destruction

Unoperated rats and Ss with bilateral hippocampal destruction were peripherally blinded and tested for acquisition of a DRL-20 (differential reinforcement for low rates of responding) schedule of reinforcement. The performance of the blinded Ss was compared with that of nonblinded unoperated Ss and Ss with hippocampal or neocortical damage. Peripherally blinded hippocampal Ss received significantly more reinforcements and bar pressed significantly less than nonblind Ss with similar lesions. Blindness in unoperated rats was found to have no effect on response rates but did diminish the number of reinforcements received on the DRL schedule.
New Results on the Gold-Silicon Surface Barrier

The effects of certain new combinations of etch quenchants and surface treatments on the rectification characteristics of the gold-n-silicon surface barrier are described. Reverse currents of less than 1 ?A/cm2 at 1500 volts bias at room temperature have been obtained with 450 ohm-cm silicon without using encapsulaticn or a guard ring structure and without prolonged aging. It is shown that differential capacitance measurements performed for determining the height of the surface potential barrier may be unsuccessful or inaccurate due to slow charge migraticn on the surface. Field effect measurements were performed and the surface potential and density of ionized fast states were obtained therefrom. A new ambient cycle was evolved in order to obtain the conductance minimum in the field effect measurements. It is shown that the best rectification characteristics are obtained not when an inversion layer is formed at the silicon surface but when a depletion layer is formed of just the right amount to make the surface conductance close to its minimum value. Surface treatments giving rise to strong inversion layers were found to consistently yield poor diodes. The correlation of the rectification characteristics to the density of fast states and to the thickness of the interfacial layer is discussed. The role of air and moisture in the formation of the diode is explained. A simple model of the surface barrier is presented which explains many of the observed effects.
Acute Irreducible Distal Radioulnar Joint Dislocation : A Case Report

Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint is a rare injury pattern. There is little in the English literature describing this injury and even less to direct treatment. We present the case of a patient with an irreducible dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint and discuss the pathoanatomy and operative treatment. In addition, we describe a novel radiographic and clinical finding of an ulnar impaction fracture, which we equate to the Hill-Sachs lesion noted in the humeral head following dislocation of the shoulder. Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Aforty-year-old, right-hand dominant man presented to the emergency department immediately following a work-related injury. The patient had pain in the right wrist and lack of forearm rotation. In an attempt to catch a bag of cement that was thrown down from a truck, he struck the dorsum of the right wrist, which was supporting the 50-lb bag, against the right knee. The patient had no medical or surgical history that was relevant to the injury, nor had he sustained any previous injuries to the right forearm, wrist, or hand. On physical examination, the patient was only able to rotate the forearm between 30° and 80° with the right wrist held in a position of supination. There was loss of the dorsal prominence of the ulnar head, which was instead palpable on the volar side. The wrist was moderately swollen, tender to palpation, and painful with attempted pronation. The patient had no elbow or forearm pain. The skin and the neurovascular function, specifically including ulnar nerve function, were intact. Initial radiographs were made. The posteroanterior radiograph demonstrated an overlap of the radius and ulna at the distal radioulnar joint (Fig. 1-A), and a true lateral radiograph demonstrated volar displacement of the ulna with respect to …
Putting spatial statistics (back) on the map

Abstract The literature in Geographical Information Science and Statistical Science often contains calls for analysts to “think spatially” and to “think statistically”, respectively, in order to gain better insight into proposed hypotheses. A central element of these calls involves the development of a spatial intuition or a statistical intuition, i.e., conceptual ways of framing questions, incorporating available data, calculating quantitative summaries, interpreting outcomes, and providing empirical answers from either a spatial or a statistical perspective. In this paper, I draw on past experience to identify and illustrate the potential for “spatial statistical thinking”, that is, the development of a spatial statistical intuition. Several examples illustrate the potential for a more explicit development of such intuition drawing simultaneously from both spatial analysis and statistics. As a step in this direction, I stress the importance of maintaining a spatial conceptual framework in the application and interpretation of spatial statistical methods, i.e., the importance of spatial interpretation of spatial statistics.
Primacy effects in self-attribution of ability1

Primacy effects in self-attribution of ability were investigated in an experiment. Subjects' performance on a 30-item test was experimentally manipulated to reflect one of three patterns: ascending, descending, or random success. It was predicted that there would be a primacy effect in self-attribution of ability regarding the task when subjects had no previous expectation or anchor to which performance could be assimilated, but that the primacy effect would be attenuated when a previous anchor existed. The presence or absence of a prior anchor was manipulated by describing the task as either a test related to intelligence or a test of an unsual ability, unrelated to previous experience. Results supported the hypothesis that there is a primacy effect in self-attribution of ability, and that this effect occurs most strongly where an individual has no prior anchor or expectation regarding his ability.
Peritoneal kinetics in children undergoing continuous ambulatory/cycling peritoneal dialysis.

We present a report on peritoneal kinetics in children undergoing continuous ambulatory/cycling peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/CCPD). The effect of long-term treatment with CAPD/CCPD, peritonitis episodes, and dialysate inflow volume on peritoneal kinetics in children was evaluated. Peritoneal kinetic studies (PKSs) were performed in 47 pediatric patients at different times following initiation of CAPD/CCPD. In 18 of these patients, PKSs were repeated up to four times with an unchanged dialysate inflow volume after up to 55 months of CAPD/CCPD treatment. The PKS consisted of a 120-minute dwell with a 1.5% dextrose dialysate solution. Peritoneal clearance, dialysance, and dialysate to plasma (DIP) concentration ratios were calculated after 30, 60, and 120 minutes. The results of the serial PKSs demonstrate stable peritoneal creatinine and urea-N clearance, dialysance or D/P concentration ratios. Furthermore, there was no adverse effect of 32 peritonitis episodes. Finally, inflow volumes correlated directly with clearances of creatinine ( P P P P P P P
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) diminishes the severity of PCB 126 – induced fatty liver in male rodents

Abstract Potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists like PCB 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl) cause oxidative stress and liver pathology, including fatty liver. Our question was whether dietary supplementation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, can prevent these adverse changes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard AIN-93G diet (sufficient in cysteine) or a modified diet supplemented with 1.0% NAC. After one week, rats on each diet were exposed to 0, 1, or 5 μmol/kg body weight PCB 126 by i.p. injection (6 rats per group) and euthanized two weeks later. PCB-treatment caused a dose-dependent reduction in growth, feed consumption, relative thymus weight, total glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), while relative liver weight, glutathione transferase activity and hepatic lipid content were dose-dependently increased with PCB dose. Histologic examination of liver tissue showed PCB 126-induced hepatocellular steatosis with dose dependent increase in lipid deposition and distribution. Dietary NAC resulted in a reduction in hepatocellular lipid in both PCB groups. This effect was confirmed by gravimetric analysis of extracted lipids. Expression of CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in regulating hepatic fatty acid uptake, was reduced with high dose PCB treatment but unaltered in PCB-treated rats on NAC-supplemented diet. These results demonstrate that NAC has a protective effect against hepatic lipid accumulation in rats exposed to PCB 126. The mechanism of this protective effect appears to be independent of NAC as a source of cysteine/precursor of glutathione.
Requirements for computer interchange color spaces

Computer systems thatprocluce color images, usually consist ofcombinations ofhardware and software components that perform different functions, such as capturing, synthesizing or editing images, incorporating images into documents, proofing, and rendering results. Images, and the documents containing them, must be stored temporarily or archivally, and transmitted from component to component. Users will be able to operate such systems more conveniently and flexibility if the parts communicate with each other using a standard interchange format, allowing any conforming module to communicate with any other. This paper discusses the requirements for such an interchange color space, comparing them to some ofthe criteria used to measure traditional color spaces. Any computer interchange space should employ the principles of colorimetry to provide deviceindependence, which is necessary if negotiation between components is to be avoided. Other requirements are accuracy and computational efficiency of transforms to and from device-dependent and internationally standard spaces, ability to represent all visible colors, maximizing the amount of space occupied by the most likely image color gamuts, and robustness against quantization and roundoff errors. This paper proposes ways to measure the performance of color spaces against the defined requirements and applies the tests to several well-known color spaces.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Existence theorems for optimal control problems involving functional differential equations

This paper extends some existence theorems of Cesari for optimal control problems to systems whose dynamics is described by functional differential equations of finitely-retarded type. We show that the proper choice of state space is the spaceE1×C[−τ, 0], where τ>0 represents the time-lag of the system, and that it is necessary to choose initial conditions from a compact set inC[−τ, 0] as well as to employ the usual growth condition.
Properties of choline acetyltransferase from the bulb miteRhizoglyphus echinopus (Acari: Acaridae)

In the presence of exogenous acetyl coenzyme A14-C and choline, the 20 000 g supernatant fraction of whole bulb-mite homogenates synthesized a radioactive product that chromatographed with authentic acetylcholine (ACh). ApparentKm values were 0.12 and 1.14 mM for acetyl coenzyme A and choline, respectively, and the average rate of ACh synthesis was 2.06 μmol h−1 g−1 equivalent of mite tissue (wet weight). Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was inhibited by 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), suggesting the presence of functionally important sulfhydryl groups. However, ChAT activity was not inhibited by 27 acaricides from several different chemical classes, except for the thiazolidine flubenzimine which gave a pI50 of 3.5 mol l−1.
The role of colours in the formation of subjective contours

A computer-driven colour television monitor with separate red, green and blue input channels is employed to measure the luminance-difference thresholds for the occurrence of subjective contours, when induction fields and background are of unequal colour. These thresholds are strongly dependent upon the size of the colour difference between the two fields. With increasing difference in colour between induction fields and background, the luminance-difference thresholds necessary to just obtain the subjective contour-effect increase. Various explanations are discussed. Chromatic aberration is not likely to be the main cause for this colour effect, although it has some detrimental influence. At the level of colour-coding mechanisms, lateral interactions between cones or Pi-mechanisms of the same type and interactions between opponent colour codes of the same type are considered. Finally, attention is given to possible psychological factors.
A gravity-flow column to provide pesticide-laden water for aquatic bioassays.

Concentrations of mirex among individual tanks in each test were not statistically different at the 5-percent significance level; whereas, differences in mirex concentrations in tank water among experiments were significant. Paired comparisons indicated statistical differences between the first and second, and the second and third experiments, but not between the first and third experiment. These differences in mean mirex concentrations in tank water may have been caused by seasonal variations in water temperature. Fluctuations in the mirex concentrations within individual tanks were not significant.
A new model of solar EUV irradiance variability 2. Comparisons with empirical models and observations and implications for space weather

[1] Motivated by the need for reliable specification of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum, we have developed a new model of solar EUV irradiance variability at wavelengths from 50 to 1200 A. Solar images are used to quantify changes in the sources of EUV irradiance during the solar cycle. Optically thin EUV emission line fluxes are estimated from differential emission measures (DEMs) that characterize the properties of the solar atmosphere in the source regions, while fluxes for optically thick lines are modeled directly by specifying the source region contrasts. We compare the new model, NRLEUV, with three different empirical models of solar EUV irradiance since 1975. For solar cycles 21 and 22, NRLEUV predicts overall lower EUV irradiances and smaller solar cycle variability than the empirical models. The average total EUV energy at wavelengths from 50 to 1050 A is 2.9 mW m−2, smaller than the HFG, EUVAC, and SOLAR2000 models for which average energies are 3.7, 4.3, and 5.6 mW m−2, respectively. These differences have distinct wavelength dependencies. The solar cycle variation in total EUV energy is 1.9 for NRLEUV compared with 2.7, 2.9, and 2.3 for HFG, EUVAC, and SOLAR2000. Here, too, the differences are wavelength dependent. We compare both the NRLEUV and the empirically modeled EUV irradiances with selected wavelength bands and emission lines measured during 4 years in cycle 21 by Atmospheric Explorer-E (AE-E) and two broad bands at 170–200 and 260–340 A measured in cycle 23 by the Solar X-Ray Photometer (SXP) on the Student Nitric Oxide Experiment (SNOE) and the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), respectively. The NRLEUV model reproduces the variations observed during solar rotation better than, or as well as, the empirical models. Comparisons of solar cycle variations are more ambiguous because undetected instrumental drifts can cause spurious trends in the observations over these longer timescales. Drifts in the AE-E instruments may explain why the HFG and EUVAC models, which are based on parameterizations of these data, have larger solar cycle variations than NRLEUV. We assess the implications for space weather of the significant differences among the modeled EUV irradiances by using the Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code (AURIC) to quantify corresponding differences in upper atmosphere energy deposition and photoionization rates.
Dependence of DNA Synthesis on Irradiation Dose Rate

THE following report of work on the relationship of dose-rate depression of DNA synthesis is part of a more comprehensive investigation of the effects of irradiation on the biosynthetic mechanism of DNA replication. One of the specific reasons for the investigation was to determine whether one of the major criteria (dose-rate independence) for utilization of the target theory was fulfilled for radiation effects of DNA synthesis in the biological test system used1,2.
Approximation techniques for average completion time scheduling

We consider the problem of nonpreemptive scheduling to minimize average (weighted) completion time, allowing for release dates, parallel machines, and precedence constraints. Recent work has led to constant-factor approximations for this problem, based on solving a preemptive or linear programming relaxation and then using the solution to get an ordering on the jobs. We introduce several new techniques which generalize this basic paradigm. We use these ideas to obtain improved approximation algorithms for one-machine scheduling to minimize average completion time with release dates. In the process, we obtain an optimal randomized on-line algorithm for the same problem that beats a lower bound for deterministic on-line algorithms. We consider extensions to the case of parallel machine scheduling, and for this we introduce two new ideas: first, we show that a preemptive one-machine relaxation is a powerful tool for designing parallel machine scheduling algorithms that simultaneously produce good approximations and have small running times; second, we show that a non-greedy {open_quotes}rounding{close_quotes} of the relaxation yields better approximations than a greedy one. We also prove a general theorem relating the value of one-machine relaxations to that of the schedules obtained for the original m-machine problems. This theorem applies even when there are precedencemore » constraints on the jobs. We apply this result to precedence graphs such as in-trees, out-trees, and series- parallel graphs; these are of particular interest in compiler applications that partly motivated our work.« less
Interference between Cross-correlated Relaxation and the Measurement of Scalar and Dipolar Couplings by Quantitative J

The effects of cross-correlated relaxation in Quantitative J methods are analyzed. One-bond 1H-13C scalar and dipolar couplings of protein methine and methylene sites are obtained by monitoring proton and carbon magnetization in Quantitative J experiments. We find that scalar and dipolar couplings of the same pair of nuclei vary depending on the type of magnetization involved. These discrepancies can be as large as several Hz for methylene moieties. The contribution of dynamic frequency shifts, which are known to affect J couplings, is too small to explain the observed differences. We show that processes of magnetization transfer originated by cross-correlated relaxation are largely responsible for these discrepancies. We estimate the error transferred to methylene J values by cross-correlation interference, and show that is close to the experimentally observed one. Furthermore, this analysis indicates that cross-correlated relaxation effects under isotropic and anisotropic media differ, indicating that errors are not cancelled in residual dipolar coupling measurements.
Practicing Urban Anthropology in Baltimore

This article reflects on an applied anthropology collaborative project in Baltimore, Maryland. I will discuss how through the practice of anthropology my students and I, in partnership with the organization Habitat for Humanity (Habitat) in Baltimore, are addressing urban inequality, poverty, and health in relation to housing. I present a general overview of our applied project and give an example from one of our data, a life history. I will present the life history narratives of four women, who are Habitat homeowners from Pen Lucy, a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, as they reflected on their life experiences. We asked: Does Habitat housing become a solution to poverty inequality in the city? What is the role of Habitat homeowners in the urban renewal process in Baltimore?
A search for low-harmonic pulsation in the Ap star CS Vir

Analyse de 9,2 hr de photometrie photoelectrique de l'etoile Ap HD 125248 (CS Vir). La variabilite quasi periodique possible, enregistree par Maitzen-Moffat n'est pas verifiee
Transformations in Mercury at High Pressures

The liquid-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase boundaries have been determined for mercury up to nearly 70 kbar with a newly developed technique of internally heated resistance measurements. The fusion curve and phase boundary diverge with pressure, thus eliminating the possibility of a triple point between the three phases. The structural distortions under pressure for Hg and some other anisotropic Group B elements are examined and an increase in coordination and packing efficiency within the given anisotropic structure is strongly suggested.
Effect of modulus and cohesive energy on critical fibre length in fibre-reinforced composites

The effect of fibre modulus and cohesive energy on critical fibre length and radius in ceramic-fibre-reinforced brittle composites has been investigated employing both analytical theory and computer simulation. The theory consists of a shear-lag analysis in which an energy failure criterion is incorporated. The simulation consists of a two-dimensional computer model based upon a discrete network of grid points. Failure is also defined in terms of an energy criterion, where the energy is calculated on the basis of a two- and three-body interaction between the grid points. Both theory and simulation show that a minimum critical aspect ratio is found as a function of the elastic moduli ratio, Ef/Em, with a divergence occurring at both low- and high-modulus values. As the modulus ratio is increased, there is a transition in failure mechanism from tensile-dominated failure in the matrix to shear-dominated failure at the fibre-matrix interface. In addition, families of critical aspect ratio curves are obtained as a function of the cohesive energy ratio, Uf/Um. Larger cohesive energy ratios shift the critical aspect ratio curve to larger values. These features potentially explain trends in the experimental results reported by Asloun et al., where the critical fibre aspect ratio was measured for fibre/matrix systems having different modulus and toughness ratios.
New classes of carborane-appended 5-thio-D-glucopyranose derivatives.

A series of carborane-appended 5-thio-D-glucopyranose (5-TDGP) derivatives containing one to two 5-TDGP moieties were synthesized via click cycloaddition reaction as well as following the traditional methods. Among the carboranyl-5-TDGP derivatives, the decapitated nido-carboranyl derivative 18 was found to be highly water-soluble and therefore its preliminary biodistribution study was conducted. A comparative biological evaluation of 18versus its carboranyl-D-glucopyranose analog 19 with human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SK-Hep1) indicated 5-TDGP to be a better boron carrier than normal D-glucopyranose. The carboranyl-5-TDGP 18 showed a nearly two fold increase in cellular boron accumulation than carboranyl-D-glucopyranose analog 19 over a period of 2 h. The accumulation of both 18 and 19 was found to occur in a temperature dependent manner. The higher accumulation of 18 suggested excellent promise for it to be a candidate for further evaluation as a future BNCT agent.
A Membrane Electrical Mechanism for Hypoxic Vasoconstriction of Small Pulmonary Arteries from Cat

Using specially fabricated muscle myographs, we examined electrical and mechanical responses to reduction of PO2 in small (less than 300 micron) pulmonary arteries excised from cat lungs. Upon lowering PO2 from 400 to 50 mm Hg, these preparations consistently developed contractile responses concomitant with membrane depolarization and action potential generation. The largest changes in electromechanical responses to reduction of PO2 occurred between 150 and 50 mm Hg. These data strongly suggest that hypoxic activation of small pulmonary arteries is mediated by direct effects of reduced PO2 on muscle cell membrane ionic conductance systems.
The effects of stress on Stroop color-word performance

Based on the Hullian proposition that habit and drive combine, the effects of stress on the Stroop Color-Word Test were investigated in 48 college students, under the expectation that stress would effect performance differentially, depending upon the nature of the incongruous stimuli. Significant main effects, stress and competition, as well as their interaction, were found.
Static Dipole Polarizability of Ytterbium

The static dipole polarizability of the ground state ytterbium atom is calculated using full and approximate relativistic ab initio methods. Our recommended polarizability of 143 au is consistent with experimental atomic spectral data. The corresponding van der Waals coefficient C6 of Yb2, derived using Pade approximants, is 2062 (200) au.
‘Art to Enchant’: Musical Magic and its Practitioners in English Renaissance Drama

MANY practitioners of the magical arts in English Renaissance drama rely on music to achieve their occult goals. Indeed, music often comes to represent the audible sound of arcane forces at work, for to the Renaissance music itself was a dual art with both obvious and hidden properties. On one hand, music was a delightful, practical science concerned with the production of ordered sound by the human voice or artificial instruments. On the other hand, music, like magic, was a powerful numerical art capable of unlocking the obvious and hidden aspects of all creation. As Thomas Morley carefully reminds his readers in the most famous contemporary English treatise on music theory,
Prediction of solar flares for the space exploration initiative

The 21st century is likely to see the start of the manned exploration and settlement of the inner solar system. NASA's plans for this endeavor are focused upon the Space Exploration Initiative which calls for a return to the Moon, to stay, followed by manned missions to Mars. To execute these missions safely provides solar physics with both a challenge and an opportunity. As the past solar maximum has clearly demonstrated, the Sun, through the solar flare process, is capable of generating and accelerating to high energies large fluxes of protons whose cumulative dose to unprotected astronauts can be fatal. It will be the responsibility of solar physicists to develop an accurate physical description of the mechanisms of flare energy storage and release, and of particle acceleration and propagation through interplanetary space upon which to base a sound method of flare and energetic particle prediction.
Comparative Advertising: A Reexamination of the Issues

The increasing use of comparative advertising in very diverse market situations demands the attention of public policy makers in the promulgation of regulations governing conditions of its use.
Association of impaired heart rate recovery with cardiopulmonary complications after lung cancer resection surgery

Objectives Patients who undergo lung resection surgery are at risk for postoperative morbidity and mortality. Appropriate selection of the surgical candidate is crucial in the treatment of lung cancer. Heart rate recovery is a measure of physical fitness. We aimed to investigate the association of impaired heart rate recovery with cardiopulmonary complications after lung resection surgery for treatment of lung cancer. Methods Data from consecutive patients who, between 2009 and 2013, underwent heart rate recovery evaluation after 6-minute walk tests before lung resection surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Impaired heart rate recovery was defined as a 12-beat or less decrease in peak heart rate at 1 minute after the 6-minute walk test. Postoperative cardiopulmonary complications were as defined by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database. Logistic regression was performed, including previously known risk factors for postoperative complications after lung resection surgery. Results A total of 96 patients had heart rate recovery evaluated within 6 months of lung resection surgery for treatment of lung cancer. Thirty-one patients had impaired heart rate recovery, 17 of whom (55%) had cardiopulmonary complications. A total of 65 patients had normal heart rate recovery, 17 of whom (26%) had cardiopulmonary complications. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, impaired heart rate recovery was significantly associated with postoperative cardiopulmonary complications (odds ratio, 4.97; confidence interval, 1.79-13.8; P = .002). No patient died within 30 days after surgery. Conclusions Impaired heart rate recovery after the 6-minute walk test is associated with postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in patients who underwent lung resection surgery for treatment of lung cancer.
Correlating Molecular Design to Microstructure in Thermally Convertible Oligothiophenes: The Effect of Branched versus Linear End Groups

The thin film microstructure development of functionalized oligothiophenes with branched, thermally removable groups at each end of conjugated cores with five, six, and seven thiophene rings was monitored during their thermal conversion from solution processible precursors to insoluble semiconductor products. The change in end group character provides a comparison of branched vs linear end group functionalization in oligothiophenes. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy confirmed that branched α-, ω-substitutions of the precursors strongly influenced the packing of the conjugated core. The quinque- and sexithiophene precursors oriented perpendicular to the substrate, whereas the septithiophene precursor oriented parallel to the substrate, providing one of the first examples of length dependence in oligothiophene orientation. This dependence may be due to a packing mismatch between the conjugated cores and the branched end groups. The convertible septithiophene exhibits four disti...
A refined model for the somatostatin pharmacophore : Conformational analysis of lanthionine-sandostatin analogs

We report the conformational analysis of a series of analogs of sandostatin (octreotide, d-Phe1-c[Cys2-Phe3-d-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-Cys7]-Thr8-ol) using 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Two active compounds in which the disulfide group is replaced by a monosulfide (lanthionine) bridge (d-Phe1-c[AlaL2-Phe3-d-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-AlaL7]-Thr8-ol and d-Phe1-c[AlaL2-Phe3-d-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-AlaL7]-Thr8-NH2, where AlaL denotes each of the lanthionine amino acid ends linked by the monosulfide bridge) show different mSSTR2b/rSSTR5 receptor selectivities as compared to sandostatin. These new results have enabled us to reveal features of the somatostatin pharmacophore common to the model previously proposed in our laboratory on the basis of main chain and side chain chiral methylation studies. In addition, our studies provide new insight into the role of the disulfide bridge and of Thr8 in binding potency. We also show that the lanthionine group is a good mimetic of β-VI turns and can be incorporated in sandostatin anal...
USE OF GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR QUALITY EVALUATION OF DRY EGG PRODUCTS

SUMMARY— Egg white solids and dried whole eggs were stored at 5, 24 and 43°C and analyzed and evaluated at regular intervals. Changes in aroma and flavor of dry egg products with storage at different temperatures have been recognized for many years. These flavor changes, indicative of egg product quality, could be followed with GLC headspace techniques and correlated with baking performance of the ingredient. Total peak area increased with time and temperature of storage while baking performance decreased. Changes in carbonyl composition as well as free fatty acid composition were also investigated and found to be indicative of baking performance.
HOMOTOPY INDEX AND ASYMPTOTICALLY AUTONOMOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Abstract Local and global continuation theorems for the existence of bounded solutions to asymptotically autonomous ordinary differential equations are proven. The principal tools are the Conley homotopy index and the theory of skew product flows.
Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by β-amyloid1–42 peptide

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cognition and development. Dysfunctions in nAChRs have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a human neurological disorder that is the leading cause of dementia. AD is characterized by an increasing loss of cognitive function, nAChRs, cholinergic neurons, and choline acetyltransferase activity. A major hallmark of AD is the presence of extracellular neuritic plaques composed of the β-amyloid (Aβ1–42) peptide; however, the link between Aβ1–42 and the loss of cognitive function has not been established. Many groups have shown direct interactions between Aβ1–42 and nAChR function, however, with differing results. For example, in rat hippocampal CA1 interneurons in slices, we found that Aβ1–42 inhibits nAChR channels directly, and non-α7 receptors were more sensitive to block than α7 receptors. However, some groups have found that α7 subtypes were potently blocked by Aβ1–42, whereas other groups reported that Aβ1–42 can activate nAChRs (i.e., both α7 and non-α7 subtypes). To further investigate the link between nAChR function and Aβ1–42, we expressed various subtypes of nAChRs in Xenopus oocytes (e.g., α4β2, α2β2, α4α5β2, and α7) and found that Aβ1–42 blocked these various non-α7 nAChRs, without any effect on α7 nAChRs. Furthermore, none of these channels was activated by Aβ1–42. The relative block by Aβ1–42 was dependent on the subunit makeup and apparent stoichiometry of these receptors. These data further support our previous findings that Aβ1–42 directly and preferentially inhibits non-α7 nAChRs.
Intravascular ultrasound catheter entrapment after coronary artery stenting

Intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) facilitates optimal stent deployment in the treatment of coronary artery disease, which may favorably improve long-term outcome after stenting. Complications associated with IVUS include coronary vasospasm and rarely more serious adverse events such as vessel perforation or stent deformation. We report an IVUS catheter tip entrapment within a self-deploying nitinol stent.
A peptide probe for targeted brown adipose tissue imaging

The presence of brown adipose tissue responsible for thermogenic energy dissipation has been revealed in adult humans and has high clinical importance. Owing to limitations of current methods for brown adipose tissue detection, analysing the abundance and localization of brown adipose tissue in the body has remained challenging. Here we screen a combinatorial peptide library in mice and characterize a peptide (with the sequence CPATAERPC) that selectively binds to the vascular endothelium of brown adipose tissue, but not of intraperitoneal white adipose tissue. We show that in addition to brown adipose tissue, this peptide probe also recognizes the vasculature of brown adipose tissue-like depots of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Our results indicate that the CPATAERPC peptide localizes to brown adipose tissue even in the absence of sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Finally, we demonstrate that this probe can be used to identify brown adipose tissue depots in mice by whole-body near-infrared fluorescence imaging.
How public library systems in New York State make service decisions: case studies at three cooperative public library systems

Public library systems in New York State have been in existence since the 1950s. They have been providing services to individual public libraries by facilitating resource sharing among them and enhancing their capacity to provide quality services to users. The public does not always have knowledge of public library systems since they are not directly served by public library systems. Knowledge of public library systems is important when it comes to understanding their accountability, especially when they have faced repeated state budget cuts in recent years. This study will help to fill this gap of public knowledge by looking at services provided by public library systems and the decision-making process in public library systems when they make service decisions. Three New York public library systems were selected for multiple case studies. Member libraries' budgets were found to be an important factor which affects what services these three public library systems provide and how they make service decisions.
Design and Calibration of Inductive Current Transformer

In this paper, the design principle of inductive current transformer is introduced at first. Then an inductive current transformer is produced by applying the structure of two-stage inductive voltage divider. And finally, the error of the sample machine is given through examine test, and the suggestion for improving the machine is given based on the data. The data from the sample machine shows that: without compensation winding, the error level of 1200 ampere-turn of inductive current transformer can reach 0.1 level, after adding the compensation winding, it can reach 0.02 level. The design and data have laid a foundation for the future design of inductive current transformer with higher level of accuracy.