cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The taxonomy of yeasts isolated from Drosophila in the Yosemite region of California.

A survey was made of the yeasts occurring in the intestinal tract of wild species ofDrosophila occurring in the Yosemite Region of California. Two hundred and forty one yeasts, representing 42 species and varieties, were identified. Each isolate was obtained from a different fly. Almost half of the isolates belong toSaccharomyces. The most common species in this genus wereS. montanus (36 isolates),S. veronae (30 isolates),S. cerevisiae var.tetrasporus (22 isolates) andS. drosophilarum (13 isolates). Further species are listed in Table 1.Zygosaccharomyces fermentati Naganishi was shown to be a distinct species and not a synonym ofS. cerevisiae. In order to avoid confusion with another yeast of the same name, it has been proposed to change the nameZ. fermentati toS. montanus Naganishi. Two new species ofSaccharomyces were described,S. wickerhamii andS. kluyveri. S. mangini var.tetrasporus has been renamedS. cerevisiae var.tetrasporus. A non-cellobiose attacking strain ofS. drosophilarum has been designated tentativelyS. drosophilarum var.acellobiosa. A new species of the genusPichia was described asP. xylosa. Saccharomyces pastori andSaccharomyces pini were transferred to the genusPichia on the basis of arguments given in the preceding paper. A new species ofTrichosporon was described asTr. aculeatum on the basis of the presence of characteristic needlelike cells. Common species besides those mentioned inSaccharomyces wereHansenula angusta (19),Kloeckera apiculata (15),Kl. magna (13), andTorulopsis stellata (10). Other genera represented wereHanseniaspora, Cryptococus, Rhodotorula, Candida andOospora. Evidence was obtained that many species of imperfect genera consist of distinctly different physiological types.
Back-reflection from a Cassegrain telescope for space-based interferometric gravitational-wave detectors

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (Jennrich et al 2009 Class. Quantum Grav. 26 153001) is the best known proposed space-based gravitational-wave detector and continues to be a reference for many of the now evolving designs. All of these designs will exchange laser beams between three and more spacecraft over large distances. Reflecting telescopes are used to expand the outgoing and compress the incoming laser beams. One of the concerns of an on-axis telescope is the light back-reflected from the secondary mirror to the bench. This light can introduce phase noise due to changes in the distance between the secondary mirror and the optical bench. A possible solution to this problem is to modify the central part of the secondary to reduce the amount and spatial coherence of the back-reflected field. We studied several potential modifications and show that several of them can be used to overcome this problem.
Atomic transition probabilities for the Ar i 4s- 5p transition array

We have determined the transition probabilities for 23 lines of the Ar i 4s-5p array by emission spectroscopy utilizing a wall-stabilized arc. The seven remaining lines of this transition array were either very weak or overlapped strongly with other lines so that they could not be reliably measured. We placed our relative data on an absolute scale by applying the result of a recent critical analysis for the prominent 4s-5p line at 430.01 nm.
Statistical methods for a general theory of all-or-none learning

Greeno and Steiner have shown that a three state Markov Chain with a single absorbing state is equivalent to many of the current formalizations of All-or-None learning theories. Distribution statistics and other summary statistics are derived from the general model. Expressions for the maximum likelihood estimators of its parameters and the sampling variances of the estimates are presented. Likelihood ratio tests for several different null hypotheses are derived. These tests permit one to evaluate the usual null hypotheses in terms of the parameters of a process model.
Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophins

Gangliosides, a heterogeneous family of glycosphingolipids abundant in the brain, have been shown to affect neuronal plasticity during development, adulthood and aging. This review will examine old and recent evidence that exogenous gangliosides and in particular GM1, the prototype member of this family, exhibit multimodal neurotrophic effects. Since these compounds are a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of various forms of acute or chronic neurodegenerative diseases, understanding the dynamic interplay of gangliosides and neuronal cells is essential in the effort to cure neurological disorders. Focus will be given to the novel and provocative hypothesis that gangliosides’ neuroprotective properties may derive from their ability to mimic endogenous neurotrophic factors.
Androgen and the elaborate courtship behavior of a tropical lekking bird

In most bird species, male courtship behavior is controlled by testosterone (T) and its metabolites. In species breeding in temperate and arctic regions T circulates at high levels during a relatively short courtship period because high levels of T can be costly in terms of immunocompetence and parental care. Few studies have investigated androgen modulation of courtship behavior in tropical birds. Male golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) aggregate in leks for several months and perform spectacular, acrobatic courtship displays. Here we examined whether T is elevated in golden-collared manakins during the displaying period and if courtship behavior is modulated by androgen action on androgen receptors. We measured T levels in displaying males at the beginning of the breeding season and again, one month later. In addition, both wild and captive males were treated with the anti-androgen, flutamide, and their courtship behavior was recorded for several weeks. T levels were relatively high shortly after leks were established but decreased substantially a month later, even though the amount of courtship did not change. Flutamide reduced male courtship activity for one week, but display behavior then increased after two weeks of flutamide treatment. Our studies show that androgens modulate male manakin courtship, but the amount of courtship is not directly correlated with the concentration of circulating T. These results suggest that the relationships between androgen and courtship might differ between tropical and temperate birds.
Plastic elimination of functional glutamate release sites by depolarization

To examine persisting effects of depolarizing rises in extracellular potassium concentration ([K+](o)) on synapses, we depolarized cells to simulate ischemia-like rises in [K+](o). Elevated [K+](o) for 1-16 hr severely depressed glutamate signaling, while mildly depressing GABA transmission. The glutamate-specific changes were plastic over several hours and involved a decrease in the size of the pool of releasable vesicles. Rather than a reduction of the number of vesicles per release site, the change involved functional elimination of release sites. This change was clearly dissociable from a second effect, depressed probability of transmitter release, which was common to both glutamate and GABA transmission. Thus, while other recent evidence links alteration of the releasable pool size with changes in p(r), our results suggest the two can be independently manipulated. Selective depression of glutamate release may provide an adaptive mechanism by which neurons limit excitotoxicity.
Self-Aligned Electrodes on SU-8 Negative Photoresist Pedestals

We report a novel technique by which self-aligned thin-film electrodes are fabricated on SU-8 negative photoresist pedestals. A bilayer aluminum and titanium structure is used to align the thin-film electrode and to serve as the optical mask for the UV exposure of the SU-8. The SU-8 developer is used to remove both the unexposed SU-8 and the bilayer structure of aluminum and titanium. The result is a thin-film electrode aligned on an SU-8 pedestal with a minimal undercut beneath the thin-film electrode. $\hfill[2013\hbox{-}0272]$
Reaction of tertiary amine hydrochlorides with titanium (IV) chloride

It is well known that the octahedral hexachlorotltanate ion, TiCI6-, is stable in concentrated solutions of hydrogen chloride 1 . The complex involving the hexachlorotltanate ion, (C5H5NH2)2TICI6, has been prepared by reacting titanium (IV)chloride with pyrldlne hydrochloride.2 Acld-base neutralization complexes of the type r (R3R'N)2TiCI6,involvlng the hexachlorotltanate ion have been prepared by the reaction of titanium (IV) chloride with the corresponding quarternary ammonium chloride salts.3
Unwanted sexual experiences in young men: evidence from a survey of university students in Chile.

The public health problem of unwanted sexual experiences (USE) in male youths has received little attention. In this study, we examined prevalence of USE, risk factors, contexts, and barriers to disclosure with data from a quantitative survey of students enrolled in General Education courses at a public university in Chile. This study focused on the male sample (N = 466). Approximately 20.4 % of participants reported some form of USE since age 14. Forced sex through physical coercion, forced sex through verbal coercion or while intoxicated, attempted forced sex, and less severe forms of USE were reported by 0.2, 10.1, 1.4, and 8.7 % of participants, respectively. USE before age 14 was reported by 9.4 % of participants and was a significant predictor of USE since age 14 (AOR 6.38, 95 % CI 3.22–12.65, p < .01). The perpetrator of USE since age 14 was most commonly identified as a date/partner or friend/acquaintance; other findings on contexts and barriers to disclosure were also generally consistent with previous results in the literature. In addition, we found substantial co-occurrence of USE since age 14 with two other forms of coercion: physical dating violence victimization and coerced condom non-use. The study findings indicate a need for further attention to these public health problems and have implications for the development of violence and HIV/STI prevention programs for adolescent boys and young adult men in Chile and elsewhere.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Concentration Dependence of Charged Defect Transport in Basic Solutions via Calculation of the Infrared Spectrum

The concentration dependence of the anomalous proton transport mechanism in aqueous KOD solution is studied using ab initio molecular dynamics. A high concentration of 13 M is chosen because of the availability of Raman and infrared spectroscopic data at this concentration. Differences in certain features of these spectra have been interpreted in terms of the so-called “proton hole” picture of the proton transport mechanism in basic solutions. The proton hole mechanism asserts that the charged defect transport in basic solutions follows the same mechanism as in acidic solutions (where the charged defect is H3O+) with all of the hydrogen-bond polarities reversed. By computing the infrared spectrum directly from an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation, we are able to validate our ab initio approach against the experimental data. However, the mechanism of charged defect transport that emerges from the simulation is considerably different from the proton hole mechanism and follows that recently reported by...
Effect of hypothermia on cerebral damage resulting from cardiac arrest

Abstract Cerebral damage was produced in twenty normal dogs by a five-minute period of ventricular fibrillation followed by resuscitation. Ten dogs were maintained at normothermic conditions and ten were cooled to 31 °c. and maintained at this temperature for twenty-four hours following resuscitation. All ten uncooled dogs died. Three of the ten cooled dogs survived without cerebral damage and four of the cooled dogs had their lives prolonged by cooling.
The course of depressive symptoms in predicting relapse in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized comparison of olanzapine and risperidone

Abstract Background: Depressive symptoms are common during the course of schizophrenia and may carry prognostic relevance. Methods: From a 28-week prospective, double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and risperidone, a post hoc evaluation of changes on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) depression cluster (PDC) and the subsequent risk of relapse were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Olanzapine was associated with a significantly higher categorical rate of improvement on the PANSS depression cluster (≥7 points) ( p p = .008) and 8.55 times more likely than olanzapine-treated subjects who had had similar mood improvements ( p = .001). Conclusions: These data suggest the underlying pharmacologic differences between the two drugs may bestow different rates of longer-term mood stabilization and relapse prevention. In a second series of analyses, worsening on the PANSS depression cluster in the 4 weeks or less preceding a clinical relapse was a significant prodromal predictor of relapse among all subjects. As a whole, subjects with a worsening on the PDC demonstrated a 1.77 times higher risk of a relapse during the subsequent 4 weeks ( p = .001). Among this mood-worsening stratum, risperidone-treated patients were 3.51 times more likely to relapse in those next 4 weeks ( p = .005) than their olanzapine counterparts. Future comparative drug studies in this area will further contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of mood change and its relationship to psychosis, including clinical relapse and how newer agents may differ in their respective delivery of long-term treatment outcomes.
Radiation flux from a slab or sphere.

Green formula and moment functions, predicting rate of radiative energy loss from boundaries of absorbing-emitting slab or sphere
Redundancy Effects in Short-Term Memory:

Five experiments are reported whose purpose was to demonstrate that short-term memory is improved by redundancy within the material. In Experiment I “tune” containing two, three, four and five tone...
Fox‐Kemper and Willis receive Ocean Sciences Early Career Awards: Citation for Josh K. Willis

Baylor Fox-Kemper and Josh K. Willis each received the 2011 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “significant contributions to and promise in the ocean sciences.”
Development of a simple recycling process for evaporated organic solvent after preparative supercritical fluid chromatography using powdered activated charcoal

In many drug discovery purification laboratories, solvent waste is often generated from the purification of compounds using preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC), which is considered a green technology. The resulting pSFC fractions containing the compounds of interest are evaporated, and distillates are usually discarded. In this study, a greener separation process was addressed by recycling the distillate using powdered activated charcoal (PAC). Adsorption behavior on PAC was studied for various classes of compounds in typical solvents used in pSFC such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetonitrile. Effects of vortexing versus flow-through methods were investigated. Results indicate that PAC adsorption is an effective method to remove most organic compounds in the aforementioned solvents. More than 99.9% of the four drug-like commercial compounds studied were removed from methanol using a ratio of 1 : 30 (compound : PAC) with the vortexing method in approximately 30 seconds. The flow-through method together with rotary evaporation using a ratio of 1 : 60, with a contact time of 10 seconds, was adequate for the removal of 49 out of a diverse set of 50 compounds. This process was successfully applied to reuse contaminated distillate from a previous pSFC purification by demonstrating the effectiveness of PAC in drug discovery labs.
Protective effects of reducing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury during renal hilar clamping: use of allopurinol as a nephroprotective agent.

Objective To investigate the relationship between renal ischemia injury and concentrations of 8-isoprostane in a rat kidney model during renal hilar clamping and their correlation with the administration of allopurinol before clamping. Materials and Methods Reperfusion injury occurs after the reintroduction of blood flow after a prolonged period of ischemia. Thought to be due to oxygen free radicals released by the endothelial, mitochondrial, and parenchymal cells, this process leads to a cascade of events whereby infiltrative leukocytes generate cytokines and reactive oxygen species. The present study was performed in 2 parts. Our primary objective was to first develop a method of quantitating the renal damage using a prostaglandin compound formed in vivo, specifically isoprostane. After the development of this animal model of quantitating renal injury, our second objective was to apply this model and investigate allopurinol’s nephroprotective abilities. A microdialysis probe was inserted into the renal parenchyma of rats to allow continuous dialysis and collection of the effluent for isoprostane levels. After clamping of the renal vessels to induce ischemia, the interstitial effluent from the probe was collected and subsequently analyzed for 8-isoprostane levels with and without allopurinol pretreatment. Results Clamping of the renal hilum in this rat model significantly increased 8-isoprostane levels. After 60 minutes of clamp time, the largest absolute increase in 8-isoprostane levels resulted, representing a 3.2-fold increase from baseline. However, the rats that had been pretreated with allopurinol demonstrated significantly less isoprostane levels, to baseline levels. Conclusion Allopurinol has demonstrated significant benefits by reducing reperfusion injury in rat kidneys, as demonstrated by the use of 8-isoprostane as a tool for the real-time measurement of ischemic injury.
Glucagon and phenylephrine combination vs glucagon alone in experimental verapamil overdose.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glucagon and phenylephrine in combination as a treatment for the hemodynamic effects of verapamil overdose. METHODS: Pentobarbital-anesthetized and instrumented dogs were overdosed using a previously developed verapamil overdose model (15 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes). The animals were maintained and observed for 90 minutes or until death. Cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored. Following the 30-minute verapamil infusion (toxicity), the control animals received no treatment; the glucagon animals received a 5-mg glucagon bolus and a drip of 5 mg/90 minutes; and the glucagon/phenylephrine animals received the same glucagon therapy plus a phenylephrine drip titrated to 180 micrograms/min over 15 minutes. The groups were compared using analysis of variance: the experimental variables were group and time; the response variables were changes from toxicity for the hemodynamic parameters. Post-hoc comparisons were done with alpha set at 0.05. RESULTS: A significant change in CO was seen in the glucagon group (delta = 2.6 L/min) and the glucagon/phenylephrine group (delta = 1.9 L/min) compared with the control group (delta = 0.8 L/min). The change in CO was significantly larger for the glucagon animals compared with the glucagon/phenylephrine animals. The change in MAP for the glucagon/phenylephrine group (delta = 24 mm Hg) was significant compared with the control group (delta = 14 mm Hg). The MAP change for the glucagon group (delta = 19 mm Hg) was not significantly different from that of either the control or the glucagon/phenylephrine group. The change in glucagon HR (delta = 6 beats/min) was significant compared with the control group (delta = -4 beats/min) and the glucagon/phenylephrine group (delta = -4 beats/min). CONCLUSION: The glucagon/phenylephrine therapy improved MAP compared with the control, but reduced CO and HR compared with glucagon alone. Glucagon/phenylephrine therapy is not as effective as glucagon alone in reversing the hemodynamic effects of experimental verapamil overdose.
Fibrinogen Philadelphia, a hypodysfibrinogenemia characterized by abnormal polymerization and fibrinogen hypercatabolism due to γ S378P mutation

Fibrinogen Philadelphia, a hypodysfibrinogenemia described in a family with a history of bleeding, is characterized by prolonged thrombin time, abnormal fibrin polymerization, and increased catabolism of the abnormal fibrinogen. Turbidity studies of polymerization of purified fibrinogen under different ionic conditions reveal a reduced lag period and lower final turbidity, indicating more rapid initial polymerization and impaired lateral aggregation. Consistent with this, scanning and transmission electron microscopy show fibers with substantially lower average fiber diameters. DNA sequence analysis of the fibrinogen genes A, B, and G revealed a T>C transition in exon 9 resulting in a serine-to-proline substitution near the γ chain C-terminus (S378P). The S378P mutation is associated with fibrinogen Philadelphia in this kindred and was not found in 10 controls. This region of the γ chain is involved in fibrin polymerization, supporting this as the polymerization defect causing the mutation. Thus, this abnormal fibrinogen is characterized by 2 unique features: (1) abnormal polymerization probably due to a major defect in lateral aggregation and (2) hypercatabolism of the mutant protein. The location, nature, and unusual characteristics of this mutation may add to our understanding of fibrinogen protein interactions necessary for normal catabolism and fibrin formation.
WIIS: multimodal simulation for exploring the world beyond visual sense

This paper describes a pilot study of a computer simulation called WIIS, which is designed to extend students' learning experience of the sizes of the objects beyond human vision. By interacting with a simulation that incorporates temporal, aural, and visual representation (TAVR), students are expected to refine their mental model of the sizes of the objects too small to see with human eyes (called submacroscopic objects). The goals of the study are to explore whether middle school students can understand TAVR in a simulation and how they use their experience of interacting with TAVRs to refine their mental model of the sizes of submacroscopic objects.
Measuring Surgical Quality: a National Clinical Registry Versus Administrative Claims Data

This study compared postoperative complications of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) recorded in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to patients who underwent PD recorded in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Data included 8,822 PD cases recorded in NSQIP and 9,827 PD cases recorded in NIS performed between 2005 and 2010. Eighteen postoperative adverse outcomes were identified in NSQIP and then matched to corresponding International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes in NIS. Using logistic regression, the relationship between database and postoperative complications was determined while accounting for patient factors. Patients undergoing PD in the NIS were more likely to have several adverse outcomes, including urinary tract infection (odds ratio (OR) = 1.42, p < 0.001), pneumonia (OR = 1.51, p < 0.001), renal insufficiency (OR = 2.39, p < 0.001), renal failure (OR = 1.67, p = 0.005), graft/prosthetic failure (OR = 9.35, p < 0.001), and longer length of stay (1.1 days, p < 0.001). They were less likely to have cardiac arrest (OR = 0.45, p = 0.002), postoperative sepsis (OR = 0.38, p < 0.001), deep vein thrombosis (OR = 0.18, p < 0.001), and cerebrovascular accident (OR = 0.04, p = 0.003). There is considerable discordance between NSQIP and NIS in the assessment of postoperative complications following PD, which underscores the value of recognizing the capabilities and limitations of each data source.
Preconditioning in humans

Brief ischemia to the myocardium initiates a cascade of biochemical events in cardiac myocytes that protects the heart muscle during subsequent ischemic insults. This phenomenon is called ischemic preconditioning. If an acute myocardial infarction is preceded by preinfarction angina, it results in smaller infarction size, fewer cardiac arrhythmias, and better-left ventricular function. During coronary intervention, brief balloon inflation protects the heart during subsequent inflations. Patients vary in the degree of preconditioning and those patients who have the ability to demonstrate a significant preconditioning effect will have lesser incidence of subsequent cardiac events. Preconditioning protects the myocardium during coronary artery bypass surgery, particularly in the off-pump procedure, yet the thoracic surgery community has not universally adopted this technique.
INCIDENTAL MRI ANOMALIES SUGGESTIVE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: THE RADIOLOGICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME

Most neurologists have seen patients referred to them for incidentally detected white matter abnormalities on MRI and the possibility of multiple sclerosis (MS). Okuda et al.1 present a cohort of 44 of these cases with longitudinal follow-up, which provides some data on the prognosis of such individuals. The authors do not provide information on how the patients were selected. Were they identified retrospectively after review of neurology office records or radiology reports? Do they represent a consecutive series of such patients and, if so, over what time period? The authors also state …
A simple prefabricated electrode connector unit for chronic rat EEG studies

Abstract Construction and implantation of a prefabricated electrode connector unit simple enough for chronic EEG studies involving a large number of rats or other small animals is described. Since the assembly is fabricated as a unit prior to implantation, risk of brain damage is greatly minimized. The electrode connector assembly has proven to be durable, reusable and to give clear, consistent records over long periods of use.
Expression, purification and crystallization of a BH domain from the GTPase regulatory protein associated with focal adhesion kinase

Signaling by small GTPases is down-regulated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which enhance the rate of GTP hydrolysis. The activity of GAPs specific for Rho GTPases resides in the BH domain, many homologues of which are found in any mammalian genome. One of them was identified in the GTPase regulator associated with focal-adhesion kinase (GRAF). It shares approximately 20% sequence identity with p50RhoGAP. This GAP activates RhoA and Cdc42Hs, but not Rac. In order to dissect the molecular basis of this specificity, a 231-residue-long fragment corresponding to the BH domain of GRAF has been expressed, purified and crystallized. Trigonal crystals, of space group P3121 or P3221, with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 63.5, c = 90.38 A were grown from solutions of PEG 6000. Data to 2.15 A were collected from a flash-frozen sample on an R-AXIS IV imaging-plate detector mounted on a rotating-anode X-ray generator.
An integral equation solution for three-dimensional heat extraction from planar fracture in hot dry rock

In the numerical simulation of heat extraction by circulating water in a fracture embedded in geothermal reservoir, the heat conduction in the reservoir is typically assumed to be one-dimensional and perpendicular to the fracture in order to avoid the discretization of the three-dimensional reservoir geometry. In this paper we demonstrate that by utilizing the integral equation formulation with a Green's function, the three-dimensional heat flow in the reservoir can be modelled without the need of discretizing the reservoir. Numerical results show that the three-dimensional heat conduction effect can significantly alter the prediction of heat extraction temperature and the reservoir life as compared to its one-dimensional simplification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biographical Sketch: Charles Hewitt Moore, FRCS (1821–1870)

This biographical sketch on Charles Moore corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: An account of a Case of Fracture and Distortion of the Pelvis, combined with an unusual form of Dislocation of the Femur (1851), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2425-1.
Estimating overall exposure effects for zero-inflated regression models with application to dental caries.

Zero-inflated (ZI) models, which may be derived as a mixture involving a degenerate distribution at value zero and a distribution such as negative binomial (ZINB), have proved useful in dental and other areas of research by accommodating ‘extra’ zeroes in the data. Used in conjunction with generalized linear models, they allow covariate-adjusted inference of an exposure effect on the mixing probability and on the mean for the non-degenerate distribution. However, these models do not directly provide covariate-adjusted inference for the overall exposure effect. Focusing on the ZINB and zero-inflated beta binomial (ZIBB) models, we propose an approach that uses model-predicted values for each person under each exposure state. This ‘average predicted value’ (APV) method allows covariate-adjusted estimation of flexible functions of exposure group means such as the difference or ratio. A second approach considers a log link for both components of the ZINB to allow a direct approach to estimation. We apply these new methods to a study of dental caries in very low birth weight adolescents. Simulation studies show good bias and robustness properties for both approaches under various scenarios. Robustness diminishes when there is exposure group imbalance for a covariate with a large effect.
The ACGME outcome project: retrospective and prospective

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education began an initiative in 1998 to improve resident physicians’ ability to provide quality patient care and to work effectively in c...
Gas flow dependence for plasma-needle disinfection of S. mutans bacteria

The role of gas flow and transport mechanisms are studied for a small low-power impinging jet of weakly-ionized helium at atmospheric pressure. This plasma needle produces a non-thermal glow discharge plasma that kills bacteria. A culture of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was plated onto the surface of agar, and spots on this surface were then treated with plasma. Afterwards, the sample was incubated and then imaged. These images, which serve as a biological diagnostic for characterizing the plasma, show a distinctive spatial pattern for killing that depends on the gas flow rate. As the flow is increased, the killing pattern varies from a solid circle to a ring. Images of the glow reveal that the spatial distribution of energetic electrons corresponds to the observed killing pattern. This suggests that a bactericidal species is generated in the gas phase by energetic electrons less than a millimetre from the sample surface. Mixing of air into the helium plasma is required to generate the observed O and OH radicals in the flowing plasma. Hydrodynamic processes involved in this mixing are buoyancy, diffusion and turbulence.
Photonic Radio-Frequency Arbitrary Waveform Generation With Maximal Time-Bandwidth Product Capability

We present an innovative photonic strategy to generate arbitrary microwave and millimeter-wave signals with maximal time-bandwidth product capability and broadly tunable center frequency. The proposed approach incorporates high-resolution pulse shaping, optical interferometry, and the concept of frequency-to-time mapping in order to enable independent control over the temporal amplitude, temporal phase, and center frequency of the generated waveforms. Numerical simulation and experimental results validate that the time-bandwidth product of these pulses is equal to the upper bound set by the number of independent pulse shaper control elements, extending to more than twice that of conventional frequency-to-time mapping techniques. We thus demonstrate a record photonic arbitrary waveform generation time-bandwidth product of ∼589. Also, a length 15 Costas sequence realization is implemented to further portray the potentials of this technique. Detailed analysis of the repeatability and stability of these waveforms as well as higher order dispersion compensation is provided.
Exporting General Petraeus’s Counterinsurgency Doctrine: An Assessment of the Adequacy of Field Manual 3‐24 and the U.S. Government’s Implementation

The authors review the U.S. Army’s field manual on counterinsurgency, consider the doctrine and tactics that it espouses, and survey its current critics. They present specific examples of its application and conclude that while counterinsurgency does achieve results, the U.S. government lacks a strategic doctrinal framework for implementing counterinsurgency elsewhere. This shortcoming urgently needs to be addressed in a meaningful way by political leaders.
Floquet scattering through a time-periodic potential

Floquet scattering theory is developed to study electron transmission through a harmonically driven potential. The Floquet S matrix is constructed to calculate transmission probabilities as well as the Wigner delay times. Transmission resonances result from the interaction of electrons with the oscillating field by means of photon emission and absorption. Oscillator-induced quasibound states can accumulate electrons and give rise to electron interchannel transitions at resonances. Due to the oscillating potential, an ac Stark effect is observed. Floquet quasibound states appear as transmission poles in the complex energy plane. Lifetimes obtained from transmission poles are of the same order of magnitude as the corresponding Wigner delay times.
Detecting Climate Variations and Change: New Challenges for Observing and Data Management Systems

Abstract Several essential aspects of weather observing and the management of weather data are discussed as related to improving knowledge of climate variations and change in the surface boundary layer and the resultant consequences for socioeconomic and biogeophysical systems. The issues include long-term homogeneous time series of routine weather observations; time- and space-scale resolution of datasets derived from the observations; information about observing systems, data collection systems, and data reduction algorithms; and the enhancement of weather observing systems to serve as climate observing systems. Although much has been learned from existing weather networks and methods of data management, the system is far from perfect. There are several vital areas that have not received adequate attention. Particular improvements are needed in the interaction between network designers and climatologists; operational analyses that focus on detecting and documenting outliers and time-dependent biases wit...
STAT2 Is a Primary Target for Measles Virus V Protein-Mediated Alpha/Beta Interferon Signaling Inhibition

Measles virus, a member of the Morbillivirus family, infects millions of people each year despite the availability of effective vaccines. The V protein of measles virus is an important virulence factor that can interfere with host innate immunity by inactivating alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) and IFN-γ signaling through protein interactions with signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins STAT1 and STAT2. Here we demonstrate that although STAT1 interference results from protein interactions within a V protein N-terminal region encompassed by amino acids 110 to 130, detection of STAT1 interaction and IFN-γ signaling inhibition requires the presence of cellular STAT2. Cell-specific variability in STAT1 interference was observed to correlate with V protein expression level. A more direct target for measles virus V protein-mediated IFN-α/β evasion is STAT2. Results indicate that the widely conserved C-terminal zinc finger domain of measles virus V protein is both necessary and sufficient to bind STAT2 and disrupt IFN-α/β signal transduction. Mutagenesis and molecular modeling define a contact surface for STAT2 association that includes aspartic acid residue 248 as critical for STAT2 interference and IFN antiviral immune suppression. These findings clearly define the molecular determinants for measles virus IFN evasion and validate specific targets as candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Patient Perspectives on Spirituality and the Patient‐physician Relationship*

OBJECTIVE: To identify the preferences and concerns of seriously ill patients about discussing religious and spiritual beliefs with physicians. DESIGN: Three focus group discussions with patients who had experienced a recent life-threatening illness. Discussions were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and reviewed independently by two investigators to identify discrete comments for grouping into domains. A third investigator adjudicated differences in opinion. Comments were then independently reviewed for relevance and consistency by a health services researcher and a pastoral counselor. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Referred sample of 22 patients hospitalized with a recent life-threatening illness. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Almost all of the 562 comments could be grouped into one of five broad domains: 1) religiosity/spirituality, 2) prayer, 3) patient-physician relationship, 4) religious/spiritual conversations, and 5) recommendations to physicians. God, prayer, and spiritual beliefs were often mentioned as sources of comfort, support, and healing. All participants stressed the importance of physician empathy. Willingness to participate in spiritual discussions with doctors was closely tied to the patient-physician relationship. Although divided on the proper context, patients agreed that physicians must have strong interpersonal skills for discussions to be fruitful. Physician-initiated conversation without a strong patient-physician relationship was viewed as inappropriate and as implying a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Religion and spirituality are a source of comfort for many patients. Although not necessarily expecting physicians to discuss spirituality, patients want physicians to ask about coping and support mechanisms. This exploratory study suggests that if patients then disclose the importance of spiritual beliefs in their lives, they would like physicians to respect these values.
Understanding temporal query dynamics

Web search is strongly influenced by time. The queries people issue change over time, with some queries occasionally spiking in popularity (e.g., earthquake) and others remaining relatively constant (e.g., youtube). The documents indexed by the search engine also change, with some documents always being about a particular query (e.g., the Wikipedia page on earthquakes is about the query earthquake) and others being about the query only at a particular point in time (e.g., the New York Times is only about earthquakes following a major seismic activity). The relationship between documents and queries can also change as people's intent changes (e.g., people sought different content for the query earthquake before the Haitian earthquake than they did after). In this paper, we explore how queries, their associated documents, and the query intent change over the course of 10 weeks by analyzing query log data, a daily Web crawl, and periodic human relevance judgments. We identify several interesting features by which changes to query popularity can be classified, and show that presence of these features, when accompanied by changes in result content, can be a good indicator of change in query intent.
Low-Cycle fatigue crack nucleation and early growth in Ti-17

The mechanisms of low-cycle, fatigue crack nucleation and early growth were investigated at room temperature for Ti-17 (an α+ β titanium alloy). The investigation includedβ processed, high temperature α+ β processed, and low temperaturea + β processed material. The mechanisms of crack nucleation and the path of early crack growth were found to vary with microstructure. Low temperature α+ β processed material demonstrated later crack nucleation but more rapid early crack growth than the other two thermomechanically processed forms. High temperature α+ β processed material containing microstructural flaws, commonly referred to as β-flecks, showed a degradation of fatigue life at high cyclic strain ranges. Results are discussed in terms of microstructural sites of plastic strain concentration.
Management of Hyperkalemia in Hospitalized Patients

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of treatment of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients. Methods This is a prospective chart review of adults in a tertiary care hospital with hyperkalemia (serum potassium [K + ] ≥ 5.1 mEq/L) over a 6-month period. The treatments and their effectiveness, causative factors and associated electrocardiographic (ECG) changes were examined. Results There were 154 hyperkalemic episodes, 32 with K + ≥ 6.5 mEq/L and 122 with K + + of 5.9 mEq/L. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) was included in 95% of the regimens. incremental doses of sPs monotherapy yielded potassium reductions between 0.7 and 1.1 mEq/L, and inadequate responses (K + + being ≥ 6.5 mEq/L. The most common abnormality, peaked T waves, was associated with a higher frequency of calcium administration but not with the number of K + -lowering therapies. Conclusions Almost all the patients were treated for hyperkalemia. Oral SPS monotherapy was the predominant treatment with the best response at the highest dose. Some combination therapies had greater K + reductions but were used infrequently. An ECG was obtained in about 50% of the cases, but two thirds showed no K + -related changes. Reduced kidney function was associated with 70% of hyperkalemic episodes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and trimethoprim were the most commonly implicated medications.
Instructional Advice and Information Providing and Receiving Behavior in Elementary Schools Exploring Tie Formation as a Building Block in Social Capital Development

Few studies identify those factors that might account for the development of social capital. Understanding those factors associated with the existence of a social tie among actors in schools is important because absent social ties, individuals do not have access to social resources. We investigate social tie formation in schools focusing on advice and information providing and receiving in the two core elementary school subjects. Using a multilevel p2 model, we examine the role of both formal organizational structure and individual characteristics in shaping advice and information providing and receiving about instruction. Our findings suggest that while the individual characteristics of race and gender are significantly associated with the formation of a tie, aspects of the formal school organization—grade-level assignment, having a formally designated leadership position, and teaching a single grade—are also significant and have larger estimated effects than individual characteristics. Formal organizati...
A speculative review of factors controlling the evolution of phytoplankton during Paleozoic time

Abstract Compilations of acritarch taxon diversity through geologic time show a severe decline at the end of the Devonian Period. While this diversity drop may have been due to intrinsic (biological) factors, it seems more likely that acritarch diversity has changed in response to extrinsic changes in seawater chemistry. Since acritarchs largely serve as a fossil proxy for phytoplankton, that is, oxygenic photoautotrophes, the evolution of their physiology is more directly linked with the chemistry of the environment than are the physiologies of other groups of marine eukaryotic organisms. Two major shifts occurred in Earth systems chemistry during the end of the Devonian: (1) a decline in atmospheric p CO 2 from 12 to perhaps 20 times that of today down to within near present day levels, and, (2) a shift in seawater chemistry from low Mg calcite to high Mg calcite + aragonite seas. Additionally, the rise in standing carbon biomass on land due to the evolution of trees during the Frasnian–Tournasian interval, caused a marked increase in carbon flux to estuarine and marine habitats. In combination, the marine realm experienced a drop in Ca/Mg, Cl/SO 4 , K/Na, and CO 2 (aq) with an increase in particulate ( POM ) and dissolved ( DOM ) organic matter. This last change would have brought with it an increased flux of P, which is mobilized in biological systems primarily as complexed with organic matter. Throughout their evolutionary history, cyanobacteria and the algae have shown a progressive acquisition of carbon concentration mechanisms ( CCM s) that are required for inorganic carbon (C i ) uptake by their anabolic physiology. Paleozoic phytoplankton lacking these CCM s could have been growth-limited by C i uptake. Given the possibility of a lack of such CCM s during the relatively high levels of CO 2 during the Lower Paleozoic, it seems possible that the acritarch decline was a combination of extinction due to inefficient C i assimilation plus loss of cyst formation as a principal mechanism for survival following a large-scale shift to heterotrophic nutrition within multiple lineages.
Nek8 Couples Renal Ciliopathies to DNA Damage and Checkpoint Control

In this issue, Choi et al. (2013) discover a molecular link between the Nek8 kinase, mutated in the renal ciliopathy nephronophthisis, and DNA damage control by cyclin A/Cdk2 and ATR-Chk1, providing new ideas for targeted therapies limiting tissue degeneration.
Individual and collective contributions of chaperoning and degradation to protein homeostasis in E. coli.

Summary The folding fate of a protein in vivo is determined by the interplay between a protein's folding energy landscape and the actions of the proteostasis network, including molecular chaperones and degradation enzymes. The mechanisms of individual components of the E. coli proteostasis network have been studied extensively, but much less is known about how they function as a system. We used an integrated experimental and computational approach to quantitatively analyze the folding outcomes (native folding versus aggregation versus degradation) of three test proteins biosynthesized in E. coli under a variety of conditions. Overexpression of the entire proteostasis network benefited all three test proteins, but the effect of upregulating individual chaperones or the major degradation enzyme, Lon, varied for proteins with different biophysical properties. In sum, the impact of the E. coli proteostasis network is a consequence of concerted action by the Hsp70 system (DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE), the Hsp60 system (GroEL/GroES), and Lon.
Fluorescence imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using plasmonic gold nanorose

Macrophages are one of the most important cell types involved in the progression of atherosclerosis which can lead to myocardial infarction. To detect macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, plasmonic gold nanorose is introduced as a nontoxic contrast agent for fluorescence imaging. We report macrophage cell culture and ex vivo tissue studies to visualize macrophages targeted by nanorose using scanning confocal microscopy. Atherosclerotic lesions were created in the aorta of a New Zealand white rabbit model subjected to a high cholesterol diet and double balloon injury. The rabbit was injected with nanoroses coated with dextran. A HeNe laser at 633 nm was used as an excitation light source and a acousto-optical beam splitter was utilized to collect fluorescence emission in 650-760 nm spectral range. Results of scanning confocal microscopy of macrophage cell culture and ex vivo tissue showed that nanoroses produce a strong fluorescence signal. The presence of nanorose in ex vivo tissue was further confirmed by photothermal wave imaging. These results suggest that scanning confocal microscopy can identify the presence and location of nanorose-loaded macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques.