cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining membership with 2 simultaneous queries

Abstract Alice and Bob are playing a cooperative game in which Alice must devise a scheme to store n elements in an array from a universe U of size m . Her goal is to store in such a way that for every x ∈ U Bob can observe the values of two positions (dependent on x ) in the array and determine whether x is in the array or not. Alice may share her storage scheme with Bob and they win if such an arrangement is made. The question is how large can the universe U be in terms of n so that Alice and Bob can win? In this paper we give upper and lower bounds on this question for general n and the special case when n = 3 . We also pose conjectures and further questions for research.
Numerical solutions to vibroimpact via an initial value problem formulation

Abstract The dynamics of vibroimpact is posed in terms of an initial value problem for a vertical impact pair, which consists of a primary mass constrained to move vertically within a massive hollow shell. Harmonic excitation drives the shell, while gravity and shell contact govern the dynamic response of the primary mass. This non-linear dynamics problem is formulated as an initial-value problem, which is numerically solved on a personal computer. The equations of motion for the separate domains controlling the mass are expressed as functional relationships; therefore, no numerical time integration is necessary. A numerical time-stepping method determines which of three domains controls mass motion at a given time and applies the appropriate equations. Also, the exact time of transition from one domain to another is iteratively calculated to within a small tolerance. The physical response of the primary mass is presented for several excitation conditions, and the accuracy of these solutions is investigated through numerical tests. Experimental results for a specific vertical impact pair system testify to the accuracy of the solution technique.
Parental shame and guilt: Distinguishing emotional responses to a child's wrongdoings

This research differentiates shame and guilt as distinct emotional reactions that parents in the United States can have for their children's misdeeds. In Study 1, when 93 parents wrote about their child's worst transgression, their ratings of perceived public exposure and threat to their self-image predicted shame, whereas the degree to which they felt a lack of control over their child and believed the act harmed others predicted guilt. In Study 2, when 123 mothers rated their reactions to an imagined wrongdoing, the presence of a critical observer tended to elevate shame but not guilt. Across both studies, guilt predicted adaptive parenting responses, whereas, shame predicted maladaptive responses. The discussion emphasizes the implications that self-conscious emotions have for family dynamics.
Testing the limits of case finding for HIV prevention

HIV testing technologies have been available for two decades, but concerns about stigma and discrimination have historically tempered the application of case finding-a cornerstone of public-health practice-to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The recent expansion of access to HIV treatment has resulted in a shift of emphasis from pairing testing with rigorous risk-reduction prevention counselling, to applying testing to find infected individuals, address their care and treatment needs, and prevent them from infecting others. However, the efficacy of case finding for infectious disease prevention is contingent on two basic principles: the ability to identify infected individuals before further transmission occurs, and the availability of effective strategies to prevent such transmission from taking place. Although there is evidence that specific approaches to HIV counselling and testing can support behaviour change, both high infectivity during early HIV infection and specific sexual network structures could combine to substantially limit our ability to identify cases before ongoing transmission occurs. Facilitating the broader adoption of prevention behaviours therefore remains essential to prevent the continued spread of HIV.
They are Beautiful and They are Ours: Swapping Tales of Mothering Children with Disabilities Through Interactive Interviews

This article presents a layered account of an interactive interview in which the author and interviewee exchange stories of the joys and traumas surrounding the births, diagnoses, and early lives of their children with disabilities (cerebral palsy and autism). Woven into the narrative layers are also the author's reflections on this interview and those conducted with six other mothers of children with disabilities and/or chronic impairments. The power and therapeutic value, to researchers as well as interviewees, of narrative exchange through the vehicle of interactive interviews are highlighted in the author's emotional response to the interview process.
Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government.

“In God We Trust: Everyone Else Pays Cash.” America's political leaders should not pretend to godliness; no one will be fooled. According to prestigious biennial national surveys, the government's credit rating has steadily declined as a result of a disastrous foreign investment and growing consumer resistance to its “line” of products. Neither the country's present management nor its most prominent rivals inspire public confidence. How, then, can the political system rebuild its depleted reserves of political trust, the basis of future growth and stability? Will “one good season,” better advertising, new blood in the boardroom or product innovation be sufficient? Or is a drastic restructuring of the regime's organization and operating procedures the only alternative to liquidation?Arthur Miller's article, “Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964–70” makes an important contribution to our understanding of the sharp increase in political cynicism among the American public. Miller evokes the language of the corporation balance-sheet and the imagery of Executive Suite by suggesting that the cumulative outcome of exchanges between political authorities on the one hand and citizens on the other determines the level of public trust in government. Political elites “produce” policies; in exchange, they receive trust from citizens satisfied with these policies and cynicism from those who are disappointed. Since Miller defines both policy satisfaction and political trust in attitudinal terms, the exchange transactions he records are purely psychological in nature. Operationally, dissatisfied respondents are those whose own policy preferences are discrepant with their perceptions of the positions advocated by the party controlling the presidency.
A critical evaluation of RAST to venoms of Hymenoptera

RAST to venoms were done on 108 sera. Positive RAST to one or more venoms of Hymenoptera found in 51% (41/80) patients with a generalized reaction to the sting of Hymenoptera and in 7% (2/28) of normal controls were critically evaluated. RAST determinations for each sera were done in duplicate and results averaged. The laboratories were not told which sera belonged to patients with allergy to Hymenoptera and which belonged to controls. In ten patients, one half of the original sera were saved and RAST to venoms were repeated approximately 1 1/2 years later. Of our positive RASTSs, 49% (20/41) had positives to more than one type of venom. The most frequent positive RAST was to yellow jacket followed by hornet, wasp, and honey bee. A high degree of cross-reactivity occured between venoms of hornet, wasp, and yellow jacket. The frequency of positive RAST was similar in pre-treatment and post-treatment sera from patients on immunotherapy with whole body extract. Specific IgE (RAST) results to venoms did not correlate with the degree of clinical severity of the sting. However, IgG anti-venom antibodies were not considered. Elevated RAST titres were associated with increased total IgE levels in sera of non-atopic patients. A positive RAST to venoms is frequently found in sera of patients stung within 5 years. RAST scores of 2 to 4 were remarkably reproducible, while scores of 1 were not consistently reproducible. RAST results should be interpreted in conjunction with the clinical history.
Influence of polychlorinated biphenyls in the laying hen.

Abstract Single Comb White Leghorn hens were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 p.p.m. PCB as Aroclor 1242 for six weeks followed by six weeks of feeding a PCB-free diet. Dietary PCB did not influence egg production, egg weight, shell thickness or shell weight under the conditions of the experiment. Dietary PCB at the 80 p.p.m. level prevented eggs laid in the second week from hatching and hatchability was significantly reduced in the eggs from hens fed 40 or 20 p.p.m. PCB. A relatively small, but significant, reduction in the hatchability of eggs from the hens fed 10 p.p.m. PCB was obtained for the sixth week. Recovery from the effects on hatchability of feeding 20, 40, or 80 p.p.m. PCB was not complete after six weeks. The amount of yolk PCB required to influence hatchability was related to the rate of accumulation which was influenced by the dietary level. The hatchability of eggs from hens fed 80, 40 and 20 p.p.m. PCB were 0% (week 2), 8% (week 3) and 50% (week 6), respectively, with yolk concentration of 5.6, 5.4 and 6.2 p.p.m. PCB, respectively.
Musings on an example of Danzer's

Some twenty years ago Ludwig Danzer provided the example of a (35"4) geometric configuration for which no visually attractive presentation was found despite its great combinatorial symmetry. For a long time no other (35"4) configurations was known. This changed recently, and the newly found symmetric configurations, and missteps in finding them, are presented in some detail.
CLASP (Capture and Locking Alignment Spring Positioner): a micromachined fiber auto-positioning device

This work provides a method of mechanical alignment of an array of single mode fibers to an array of optical devices. The technique uses a micromachined metal spring, which captures a vertical, pre- positioned fiber, moves it into accurate alignment, and holds it for attachment. The spring is fabricated from electroplated mickel, using photodefined polyimide as a plating mask. The nickel is plated about 80 {mu}m thick, so that a large fiber depth is captured. In one application, the nickel springs can be aligned to optics on the back side of the substrate. This entire concept is referred to as CLASP (Capture and Locking Alignment Spring Positioner). These springs can be used for general alignment and capture of any fiber to any optical input or output device. Passive alignment of fiber arrays to {plus}/{minus} 2{mu}m accuracy has been demonstrated, with a clear path to improved accuracy.
Ionization vs Energy Relation for Fission Fragments

The ionization $\mathrm{vs}$ energy relation has been measured for fission fragments stopped in nitrogen, neon, argon, and argon plus C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ (3%). The fission fragments were obtained from thermal-neutron-induced fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$. Results of these measurements are consistent with the nuclear recoil effect and show that the ionization produced is not simply proportional to the fragment energy.
Laminar convection with radiation: Experimental and theoretical results

Abstract Temperature profiles have been measured for laminar convection of carbon dioxide in a forced upflow. The data are in good agreement with a simplified analysis which includes the effects of buoyancy and thermal radiation. Generalized results have also been obtained in terms of the basic parameters.
Argatroban in Post-Cardiovascular Surgery Patient with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Requiring Hemodialysis and Continuous Hemofiltration

Objective:To describe the use of argatroban in a postoperative cardiovascular surgery patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) requiring hemodialysis and continuous veno-veno hemofiltration (CVVH).Case Summary:A 23-year-old white woman with HIT developed acute renal failure after cardiovascular surgery. Argatroban was used as a substitute for heparin during hemodialysis and CVVH. Both activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and activated clotting time (ACT) were used to guide the dosage of argatroban. The patient was successfully dialyzed without clotting of the circuit. The dosage required in our patient was much lower than the manufacturer's recommendation.Discussion:Argatroban is a selective thrombin inhibitor that does not cross-react with heparin-induced antibodies. It is metabolized by the liver, and dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment. The correct dosage for patients with unstable hemodynamics is not known. Our patient had apparently normal he...
Effects of gamma-butyrolactone, amphetamine, and haloperidol in mice differing in sensitivity to alcohol.

Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) induced longer loss of righting reflex in mice (LS-line) selectively bred for greater sensitivity to ethanol than in less sensitive SS-line mice. GBL also induced a three-fold greater increase of brain dopamine levels in LS than in SS mice. Among three inbred strains, GBL-induced loss of righting reflex was greater in BALB/c, and greater in DBA/2 than in C57BL/6 mice. A low dose of GBL produced biphasic effects on locomotor activity. Both an initial depressant action and a later increase in activity were greater in LS than in SS mice. These GBL effects on activity were modified in a genotypedependent fashion by amphetamine. Results of these experiments as well as greater catalepsy-inducing properties of haloperidol in SS mice suggest that genotypic influences on motor reactivity to ethanol may be modeled by GBL effects on brain dopamine systems.
EFFECTS OF PEPTIC DIGESTION, PH CHANGE AND HEATING ON B12 BINDERS IN THE ELECTROPHORETIC PARTITION OF THE HUMAN GASTRIC JUICE.

Abstract Gastric juices were subjected to pH changes, peptic digestion and heating. The effects of these procedures on B12 binders in the electrophoretic partition of gastric juices were studied, with the following results: The “primary binder” is found to be completely thermolabile, susceptible to peptic digestion and has the highest B12-binding affinity and capacity of any of the binders. This, and its localization in the area of the electrophoretic partition known to be endowed with intrinsic factor activity, relates it to the native intrinsic factor. The “secondary binder” is localized in the area of the electrophoretic partition also known to be endowed with intrinsic factor activity, though to a lesser degree. It represents that B12-binding portion of the intrinsic factor which undergoes peptic degradation. It is less thermolabile than the “primary binder” and is partly resistant to further peptic digestion, particularly after prior exposure to B12. This degraded material may well be that physiological form of the B12-binding moiety of intrinsic factor which reaches the site of B12 absorption in the intestine. In the anacid gastric juices of patients with pernicious anemia or histamine-fast anacidity without pernicious anemia, another B12 binder is present, which has been named “tertiary intermediate binder”. It corresponds to the B12 binder found in gastric juices that do not contain acid and pepsin, or in those where the acid-pepsin activity has been adequately blocked. It is partly thermostable, easily destroyed by peptic digestion, and has the lowermost B12-binding capacity. It is certainly not related to intrinsic factor, but rather, to one of the salivary or gastric muco-substances.
Intraoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma: Experimental and clinical studies

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is an innovative treatment approach that has been tested in several Phase I-II studies and small Phase III trials in patients with resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer. The technical approach and dose guidelines for adjacent normal tissues have been established in a series of experiments using a large animal (canine) model. This article reviews the experimental and clinical studies of IORT in cancer of the pancreas.
Structural model for a covalently bonded Si45 cluster

Abstract A structural model is proposed for a Si cluster of 45 atoms, a size observed experimentally to be chemically non-reactive. The model closely resembles surface reconstructions of bulk Si and consists of a core of fourfold coordinated atoms surrounded by π-bonded chains. The stability of the cluster against addition or removal of atoms was examined through calculations based on interatomic classical potentials. The atomic coordination suggests that bonding in the proposed model is essentially covalent.
The influence of a paper pulp mill on the ecological distribution of epiphytic cryptogams in the vicinity of Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington

Abstract The ecological distributions of epiphytic cryptogams have been influenced by a paper pulp mill located near Lewiston, Idaho and Clakston, Washington, near the confluence of the Clearwater River with the Snake River. Because the pulp mill is in a deep valley with a very slight wind movement, pollutants tend to concentrate near their source, and the pulp mill is the major source of air pollution in this valley. The lichen Xanthoria fallax is the most common epiphyte on Robinia pseudoacacia in this area and occurs with species of Rinodina, Lecanora, Physconia and Physcia as close as 1–2 km from the pulp mill. From epiphyte data collected from exposed Robinias an Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP) was calculated and air pollution zones arbitrarily determined. Certain aspects of the IAP calculations are discussed. Grove and park microclimates are discussed as they influence the ecological distribution of epiphytes in this region.
Detection of global and local parameter variations using nonlinear feedback auxiliary signals and system augmentation

Recently, system augmentation has been combined with nonlinear feedback auxiliary signals to provide sensitivity enhancement in both linear and nonlinear systems. Augmented systems are higher dimensional linear systems that follow trajectories of a nonlinear system one at a time. These augmented systems are subject to a specialized augmented forcing which enforces the augmented system to exactly reproduce the trajectory of the nonlinear system when projected onto the lower dimensional (physical) system. Augmented systems have additional benefits outside of handling nonlinear systems, which makes them more desirable than regular linear systems for sensitivity enhancing control. One of the key advantages of augmented systems is the complete control over the augmented degrees of freedom, and the additional sensor-type knowledge from the augmented variables. These sensing and actuation features are very useful when only few physical actuators and sensors can be placed. Such restrictions are common in most applications, and they severely limit the usefulness of traditional linear sensitivity enhancing feedback approaches. Another benefit of the augmentation is that the control exerted on the augmented degrees of freedom does not require any physical energy, rather it is just signal processing. In this work, these benefits are refined to improve the robustness of detection using sensitivity enhancement. Also, the benefits of system augmentation are explored by using few actuators and sensors. An optimization algorithm is employed not only to maximize the sensitivity of resonant frequencies to added mass at particular locations, but also to detect uniform changes in mass and stiffness. In addition to increased sensitivity for both global and local parameter changes, a study of increasing the sensitivity of local changes, while decreasing the sensitivity of global changes is conducted. Additionally, a methodology is presented to accurately extract augmented frequencies from displacement and forcing data corrupted by noise. Numerical simulations of cantilevered beams are used to validate the approach and discuss the effects of noise.
Truncated Structural Variants of Lipoarabinomannan in Ethambutol Drug-resistant Strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis INHIBITION OF ARABINAN BIOSYNTHESIS BY ETHAMBUTOL

The anti-tuberculosis drug, ethambutol (Emb), was previously shown to inhibit the synthesis of arabinans of both the cell wall arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. However, an Emb-resistant mutant, isolated by consecutive passage of the Mycobacterium smegmatis parent strain in media containing increasing concentrations of Emb, while synthesizing a normal version of AG, produced truncated forms of LAM when maintained on 10 microg/ml Emb (Mikusova, K., Slayden, R. A., Besra, G. S., and Brennan, P. J. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 2482-2489). We have now isolated and characterized the truncated LAMs made by both the resistant mutant and a recombinant strain transfected with a plasmid containing the emb region from Mycobacterium avium which encodes for Emb resistance. By chemical analysis, endoarabinanase digestion, high pH anion exchange chromatography, and mass spectrometry analyses, truncation was demonstrated as primarily a consequence of selective and partial inhibition of the synthesis of the linear arabinan terminal motif, which constitutes a substantial portion of the arabinan termini in LAM but not of AG. However, at higher concentrations, Emb also affected the general biosynthesis of arabinan destined for both AG and LAM, resulting in severely truncated LAM as well as AG with a reduced Ara:Gal ratio. The results suggested that Emb exerts its antimycobacterial effect by inhibiting an array of arabinosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of arabinans unique to the mycobacterial cell wall. It was further concluded that the uniquely branched terminal Ara6 motif common to both AG and LAM is an essential structural entity for a functional cell wall and, consequently, that the biosynthetic machinery responsible for its synthesis is the effective target of Emb in its role as a potent anti-tuberculosis drug.
Are Actions Regretted More Than Inactions

Several researchers have claimed that negative outcomes produce greater regret when they result from actions rather than from failures to act (Gleicher et al., 1990; Kahneman & Tversky, 1982; Landman, 1987). We investigated this claim by asking participants to write descriptions of strongly regretted events in their own lives and to rate the intensity of the regrets. Participants reported more inaction than action regrets, and, contrary to prior research findings, regrets produced by actions and inactions were equally intense. We conjecture that many factors that affect the content of real-life regrets are eliminated in studies of hypothetical regret. In real life, actions and inactions do not generally produce the same outcomes. Furthermore, actions and inactions may differ in how easily one can anticipate the potential for harm. Specifically, it is plausible that people control their actions to avoid potential regrets, leaving themselves vulnerable to regrets from inactions.
Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater

Abstract The solubilities of dilute mixtures of the chlorofluorocarbons CCl3F (CFC-11) and CCl2F2 (CFC-12) in pure water and seawater over the temperature range 0 to 40°C have been measured by gas chromatography. The data have been fitted to equations in temperature and salinity of the form used previously to fit the solubilities of other gases. The fitted values have an estimated accuracy of ∼1.5% and a relative precision of ∼0.7% for both chlorofluorocarbons. The nonideal behavior of these compounds in dilute air mixtures is discussed, and their solubilities from a water-saturated atmosphere are presented in parametric form.
Towards modeling effect of packet-level TCP dynamics on Internet operations and management

This paper reports on work in progress on modeling of the effect of packet-level TCP congestion avoidance dynamics on flow-level Internet performance and management including buffer sizing under arriving/departing flows. The proposed model accounts for the packet-level TCP burstiness due to congestion avoidance dynamics by incorporating the entire effective bandwidth of TCP-controlled traffic as opposed to the conventional model which accounts for the average TCP rate only. In particular, we demonstrate that conventional Markov model of Internet performance is applicable only in a case of sufficiently heavy average load corresponding to long flow-level queues and file transfer times. In a case of lighter average load the conventional Markov performance model significantly underestimates flow-level queues and file transfer times, and surprisingly a simpler mean-field performance model may be more accurate. While increasing buffer sizes causes proportional increase in the worst-case packet-level delays, the positive effect on the average capacity utilization and flow-level performance may be muted due to increase in the TCP burstiness. These conclusions may explain and quantify observed self-similarity of TCP traffic, and have important implications for the Internet design, operations, and management.
Stimulatory modulator-requiring cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase: partial purification from fetal calf hearts and comparison with various protein kinases.

Abstract A stimulatory modulator-requiring cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase was purified over 400-fold from the extract of fetal calf hearts by the steps of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatographies. The enzyme was activated by stimulatory modulator of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Inhibitory modulator (protein inhibitor) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, calcium, phosphatidyl serine and cyclic nucleotides were without effect. The enzyme (3.2 S) was much smaller than the holoenzymes of cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases. This new species of enzyme thus appears to be similar to the putative catalytic subunit of cGMP-dependent protein kinase previously reported.
The influence of wall slip on yield stress and viscoelastic measurements of cement paste

The influence of wall slip on the shear yield stress and modulus of cement paste was investigated using a rotational rheometer with smooth-walled concentric cylinders and a vane. The results show that the concentric cylinders suffer from slip during yield stress measurements due to the formation of a water-rich layer at the walls of the cylinders. The use of a vane eliminates slip since shearing occurs within the material. Oscillatory tests were conducted to measure the viscoelastic properties of cement paste. The data for the vane and concentric cylinders are in excellent agreement at stresses below the yield point. It is difficult to determine the influence of slip for stress sweep measurements. Frequency sweep data for various materials show the general applicability of the vane method over several decades of modulus.
The“Discovery”of the Philippines by the U.S. Press, 1898–1902

(1994). The “Discovery” of the Philippines by the U.S. Press, 1898–1902. The Historian: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 303-314.
Victims or Pets

This article addresses the issues presented in the book Dominance and Affection by Yi Fu Tuan (1984). Tuan proposes that dominance coupled with affection will create a pet and that dominance without affection will create a victim. Tuan shows how plants, gardens, women and children are all dominated at times, but under the guise of affection. These ideas are then related to male-female relationships, especially in situations of domestic violence where women are often dominated both with and without affection.
Geology of kilauea volcano

Abstract This paper summarizes studies of the structure, stratigraphy, petrology, drill holes, eruption frequency, and volcanic and seismic hazards of Kilauea volcano. All the volcano is discussed, but the focus is on its lower cast rift zone (LERZ) because active exploration for geothermal energy is concentrated in that area. Kilauea probably has several separate hydrothermal-convection systems that develop in response to the dynamic behavior of the volcano and the influx of abundant meteoric water. Important features of some of these hydrothermal-convection systems are known through studies of surface geology and drill holes. Observations of eruptions during the past two centuries, detailed geologic mapping, radiocarbon dating, and paleomagnetic secular-variation studies indicate that Kilauea has erupted frequently from its summit and two radial rift zones during Quaternary time. Petrologic studies have established that Kilauea erupts only tholeiitic basalt. Extensive ash deposits at Kilauea's summit and on its LERZ record locally violent, but temporary, disruptions of local hydrothermal-convection systems during the interaction of water or steam with magma. Recent drill holes on the LERZ provide data on the temperatures of the hydrothermal-convection systems, intensity of dike intrusion, porosity and permeability, and an increasing amount of hydrothermal alteration with depth. The prehistoric and historic record of volcanic and seismic activity indicates that magma will continue to be supplied to deep and shallow reservoirs beneath Kilauea's summit and rift zones and that the volcano will be affected by eruptions and earthquakes for many thousands of years.
Dynamic Mapping of Cardiac Thin Filament Regulatory Proteins

In cardiac and other striated muscles, actions of the thin filament proteins troponin and tropomyosin comprise the primary on-off switch controlling muscle contraction. This regulation is dynamic in several respects, so the dynamic properties of these two proteins are of particular interest. To elucidate these properties in depth, dynamic maps of both troponin and tropomyosin are undergoing detailed delineation by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). In this method, specific, induced perturbations in protein structure can be examined globally within a protein, i.e., examined for both proximate and remote effects on dynamics that are determined quantitatively as HDX rates. For cardiac troponin, we are examining both the single and combined effects of (1) regulatory site Ca2+ binding abrogation via TnC D65A mutation, and (2) other troponin mutations at sites believed critical for structure and/or function. A principle finding is that Ca2+ binding to the TnC regulatory site stabilizes the TnC N-lobe and the TnI switch helix as might be expected, but also has the unexpected effect of allosterically destabilizing a remote portion of the troponin core domain near the base of the TnT-TnI coiled-coil. In contrast to troponin, tropomyosin resists HDX study by usual HDX-MS methods, because pepsin digests tropomyosin poorly under post-exchange, low pH, HDX-quench conditions. Successful digestion and peptide fragment identification have been achieved by use of Rhizopuspepsin rather than pepsin, and by including denaturant during post-exchange, digestion conditions.
Thousands of Cis-Regulatory Sequence Combinations Are Shared by Arabidopsis and Poplar

The identification of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) can greatly advance our understanding of gene regulatory mechanisms. Despite the existence of binding sites of more than three transcription factors (TFs) in a CRM, studies in plants often consider only the cooccurrence of binding sites of one or two TFs. In addition, CRM studies in plants are limited to combinations of only a few families of TFs. It is thus not clear how widespread plant TFs work together, which TFs work together to regulate plant genes, and how the combinations of these TFs are shared by different plants. To fill these gaps, we applied a frequent pattern-mining-based approach to identify frequently used cis-regulatory sequence combinations in the promoter sequences of two plant species, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and poplar (Populus trichocarpa). A cis-regulatory sequence here corresponds to a DNA motif bound by a TF. We identified 18,638 combinations composed of two to six cis-regulatory sequences that are shared by the two plant species. In addition, with known cis-regulatory sequence combinations, gene function annotation, gene expression data, and known functional gene sets, we showed that the functionality of at least 96.8% and 65.2% of these shared combinations in Arabidopsis are partially supported, under a false discovery rate of 0.1 and 0.05, respectively. Finally, we discovered that 796 of the 18,638 combinations might relate to functions that are important in bioenergy research. Our work will facilitate the study of gene transcriptional regulation in plants.
Large-scale management systems and parasite populations: Ectoparasites

An increased intensification of animal production is needed so that worldwide hunger can be fought successfully and the ever-increasing human population can be supplied with animal proteins and animal-derived raw materials. The author considers parasitism to be an arrangement of species--different populations basing on somatoxenia, that is, a body to body contact-relation. Arthropods have an exceptional position within the animal kingdom because of: (1) the richness in species--out of the 1.26 million living species more than 1 million belong to arthropods, and nearly every 5th of these is a parasite! (2) their ability to live in all 3 elementary biotopes: on the continental, in the fluvial and in the oceanal; (3) their exceptionally high adaptability, and parasitic arthropods share this adaptability.
Treatment of mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency with vitamins K3 and C: A 31P‐NMR follow‐up study

A patient with mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency who was treated with vitamin K3 (menadiol sodium diphosphate, 40 mg daily) and vitamin C showed clinical improvement. A 1-year study with phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) monitoring has shown that clinical and metabolic improvement was maintained by this therapy; increasing the dose of vitamin K3 to 80 mg daily improved the bioenergetic state of the patient's muscles at rest; postexercise recovery was less responsive to the increased dose; and a higher dose of vitamin K3 (80 mg/day) did not produce side effects. The differential therapeutic effects of vitamin K3 at rest and during exercise recovery are probably due to the differential kinetics of each metabolic state. Monitoring muscle bioenergetics with 31P-NMR is valuable in documenting therapeutic improvements in mitochondrial myopathies.
Phosphate feeding to permit growth while maintaining secondary product synthesis

Summary. Maintaining high metabolic activities for extended periods by feeding small amounts of the growth limiting nutrient was examined for the production of cycloheximide by Streptomyces griseus. Batch studies indicated that increased initial phosphate levels led to increased cell concentrations, stimulated glucose utilization, and over a limited range (<0.6 g/1 KH2PO4) did not adversely affect cycloheximide production rates. Semi-continuous phosphate feeding was observed to permit limited cell growth, and to enhance metabolic activities (i. e. glucose utilization). The effect of semi-continuous phosphate feeding on antibiotic production depended on the feed rate, with high feed rates suppressing production.
Ring cleavage rearrangement of cyclobutylmethylboranes

Abstract Boranes derived from hydroboration of methylenecyclobutane with borane/THF, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, and borane-methyl sulfide rearranged on heating in situ at 100–160°C to open chain structures. Products after oxidation were the unrearranged cyclobutylmethanol, and 4-penten-1-ol, 1,4-pentanediol and 1,5-pentanediol. The unsaturated alcohol was the major product in reactions with a stoichiometric ratio of alkene to BH bonds, and the diols were formed with excess borane. With borane-methyl sulfide as hydroborating reagent, the rate of rearrangement at 100°C in triglyme was not significantly dependent upon the initial alkene/borane ratio 3 1 or 1.15 1 or the presence of excess methyl sulfide. However, an equivalent amount of pyridine prevented rearrangement. Rearrangement in THF using borane/THF also occurred at comparable rates in the presence and absence of excess borane. Little or no isomerization of the boron function into the cyclobutane ring was observed. Results are interpreted on the basis of a concerted four-center mechanism which requires a vacant boron orbital.
Remanufacturing for the automotive aftermarket-strategic factors: literature review and future research needs

Abstract While the concepts of remanufacturing and reverse logistics are gaining popularity in practice, the available literature and theory on strategic decision making in these areas are limited. This paper is designed to address this gap, in particular, for the automotive industry aftermarket. In doing so, the authors reviewed literature pertaining to: customer demand(s), product design and development, cost-benefit analysis of reman, core (i.e., used product) supply management, reman competencies and skills, product life cycle strategies, reman and reverse logistics network design, relationships among key stakeholders, environmental considerations, regulations, and impact of emerging economies. The literature findings along with our experience in working with automotive reman products were used as inputs to guide the formulation of seven major propositions for the strategic factors in decision making within reman. The propositions were then tested through a case study. The case study reconfirmed many of the factors like product life cycle, regulations, etc. from the literature review and also identified new factors like OE customer requirements. Our results provide a foundation for further research for companies that deal with Original Equipment (OE) Sales, Original Equipment Service (OES), as well as Independent Aftermarket (IAM) business in the automotive industry.
A durable and energy efficient main memory using phase change memory technology

Using nonvolatile memories in memory hierarchy has been investigated to reduce its energy consumption because nonvolatile memories consume zero leakage power in memory cells. One of the difficulties is, however, that the endurance of most nonvolatile memory technologies is much shorter than the conventional SRAM and DRAM technology. This has limited its usage to only the low levels of a memory hierarchy, e.g., disks, that is far from the CPU.In this paper, we study the use of a new type of nonvolatile memories -- the Phase Change Memory (PCM) as the main memory for a 3D stacked chip. The main challenges we face are the limited PCM endurance, longer access latencies, and higher dynamic power compared to the conventional DRAM technology. We propose techniques to extend the endurance of the PCM to an average of 13 (for MLC PCM cell) to 22 (for SLC PCM) years. We also study the design choices of implementing PCM to achieve the best tradeoff between energy and performance. Our design reduced the total energy of an already low-power DRAM main memory of the same capacity by 65%, and energy-delay2 product by 60%. These results indicate that it is feasible to use PCM technology in place of DRAM in the main memory for better energy efficiency.
A meta-analysis of the performance of retropubic mid urethral slings versus transobturator mid urethral slings.

Purpose: We evaluate the efficacy and complications after retropubic and transobturator mid urethral slings in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using MEDLINE®, limited to randomized controlled trials with a minimum followup of 1 year and type 1 grafts. Statistical analyses were performed using StatsDirect Version 2.7.9 (StatsDirect Ltd, Altrincham, UK).Results: Retropubic mid urethral sling procedures showed statistically significant improvements in objective cure (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10–1.67, p=0.005) and subjective cure (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04–1.49, p=0.02). Bladder perforations (OR 5.72, CI 2.94–11.12, p <0.0001) and bleeding (OR 2.65, CI 1.54–4.59, p=0.0005) were significantly more common with retropubic mid urethral slings, whereas vaginal perforations (OR 0.29, CI 0.15–0.56, p=0.0002) and neurological symptoms (OR 0.35, CI 0.25–0.5, p <0.0001) were more common with transobturator mid urethral slings. Operative time wa...
Efficient synthetic aperture imaging from a circular aperture with possible application to catheter-based imaging

Phased-array imaging, including complete dynamic focus, is explored for imaging using a circular aperture. Based on the constraints of catheter-based systems, an efficient synthetic aperture method has been developed for imaging using a single wire connection between the imaging array and external electronics. The method employs a highly sampled array with an element pitch small compared to the acoustic wavelength. On any given firing of the array, however, a large number of channels are electrically connected on both transmission and reception. From firing to firing, one element is dropped and one new element is included, in analogy to a classic linear array system. Using an optimal filtering approach for synthetic aperture reconstruction, a dynamically focused image exhibiting diffraction limited resolution is produced. The results of detailed simulations are presented demonstrating the capabilities of the method. In addition, the prospects for real-time implementation of the reconstruction are discussed. >
Centaur: A Hybrid Approach for Reliable Policy-Based Routing

In this paper, we consider the design of a policy-based routing system and the role that link state might play. Looking at the problem from a link-state perspective, we propose Centaur, a hybrid routing protocol combining the benefits of both link state and path vector. Through analytical and experimental studies, we demonstrate Centaur's potential in achieving rich policy expressiveness and high network availability. Our work shows that it is possible to combine link-state and path-vector approaches into a practical and efficient algorithm for policy-based routing.
Integrated Biological-Semiconductor Devices

The advent of semiconductor devices with nanoscale dimensions creates the potential to integrate nanoelectronics and optoelectronic devices with a great variety of biological systems. Moreover, the advances in nanotechnology are opening the way to achieving direct electrical contact of nanoelectronic structures with electrically and electrochemically active subcellular structures-including ion channels, receptors, and transmembrane proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin. Direct electrical interfacing at the biomolecular level opens the possibility of monitoring and controlling critical biological functions and processes in unprecedented ways, and portends a vast array of possibilities such as new classes of prosthetic devices, medical monitoring devices, medical delivery systems, and patient monitoring systems, as well as other applications. This article describes the salient properties of relevant biological structures and nanostructures. Advances in integrating man-made nanostructures with biological structures, including biomolecules, are described as well as the properties,characteristics, and functions of integrated nanoelectronic-biological structures. Future directions based on these prototype systems are highlighted.
Developmental Comprehension of Third Person Personal Pronouns in English

A review of relevant literature indicates a gap in the available data on the normal acquisition of the animate third person personal pronouns of English. In this study a comprehension task (picture verification) employing this class of words was run on 100 children from three to seven years of age. The results show that comprehension of these forms beyond chance level first appears at age five with continuing improvement through ages six and seven. Separate analyses of the comprehension of the semantic components of the forms — i.e., Gender, Number, and Case - suggest differential acquisitional curves for these aspects, with mastery of the Gender distinction appearing to lead the other two.
Live imaging of apoptotic cells in zebrafish

Many debilitating diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, involve apoptosis. Several methods have been developed for visualizing apoptotic cells in vitro or in fixed tissues, but few tools are available for visualizing apoptotic cells in live animals. Here we describe a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter protein that labels apoptotic cells in live zebrafish embryos. During apoptosis, the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The calcium-dependent protein Annexin V (A5) binds PS with high affinity, and biochemically purified, fluorescently labeled A5 probes have been widely used to detect apoptosis in vitro. Here we show that secreted A5 fused to yellow fluorescent protein specifically labels apoptotic cells in living zebrafish. We use this fluorescent probe to characterize patterns of apoptosis in living zebrafish larvae and to visualize neuronal cell death at single-cell resolution in vivo.—Van Ham, T. J., Mapes, J., Kokel, D., Peterson, R. T. Live imaging of apoptotic cells in zebrafish.
A case report of adrenocortical carcinosarcoma with oncocytic and primitive neuroectodermal-like features

Adrenocortical carcinosarcomas are rare aggressive neoplasms; only a few have been reported to date, all with dismal prognosis. These were reported as having varying morphology. We have encountered a case of adrenal carcinosarcoma with an undifferentiated component bearing similarities to primitive neuroectodermal tumors and other areas of oncocytic differentiation. The 48-year-old woman patient presented with abdominal pain and unintended, excessive weight loss. Computed tomographic imaging revealed a tumor located adjacent to the liver and kidney necessitating a partial nephrectomy and hepatectomy. Histologically, the tumor exhibited malignant features. Melan-A, inhibin, calretinin, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase were positive immunohistochemically. The patient developed metastasis within 2 months of surgery and is currently alive with disease after chemotherapy. Adrenal carcinosarcoma is a rare highly aggressive malignancy with a wide morphologic spectrum. Recognition of variant morphology and applying correct immunohistochemical studies will aid in reaching an accurate diagnosis.
Statistical Tools for Drop Size Distributions: Moments and Generalized Gamma

Abstract Several problems associated with drop size distributions are treated. For rainfall rate R or radar reflectivity Z high powers of the drop diameters must be taken into account. This paper suggests methods to deal with the relevant moments and to approximate the distributions by a generalized gamma distribution P(x) = γ[u, (x/c)r]/Γ(u). Retaining the power r as a parameter is the difference to a gamma distribution. It leads to a large flexibility, enabling one to fit the distribution to the moments of interest. The three parameters r, u, and c can be fitted exactly to three moments of the order α, 2α, and 3α, respectively, where α defines the power of the variable. The expressions for the moments and the transformation to another power α are simple for generalized gamma distributions. A quickly converging algorithm to calculate the parameters r, u, and c is shown. The solutions can be obtained in a spreadsheet or from the internet. The proposed technique is particularly powerful for describing samp...