cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Rainbow-Cycle-Forbidding Edge Colorings of Finite Graphs

It is shown that whenever the edges of a connected simple graph on n vertices are colored with $$n-1$$ colors appearing so that no cycle in G is rainbow, there must be a monochromatic edge cut in G. From this it follows that such colorings of G can be represented, or ‘encoded,’ by full binary trees with n leaves, with vertices labeled by subsets of V(G), such that the leaf labels are singletons, the label of each non-leaf is the union of the labels of its children, and each label set induces a connected subgraph of G. It is also shown that $$n-1$$ is the largest integer for which the main theorem holds, for each n, although for some graphs a certain strengthening of the hypothesis makes the theorem conclusion true with $$n-1$$ replaced by $$n-2$$.
Evaluation of the accuracy of deformable image registration on MRI with a physical phantom

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has gained popularity in radiation therapy simulation because it provides superior soft tissue contrast, which facilitates more accurate target delineation compared with computed tomography (CT) and does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation. However, image registration errors in commercial software have not been widely reported. Here we evaluated the accuracy of deformable image registration (DIR) by using a physical phantom for MRI. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used the "Wuphantom" for end-to-end testing of DIR accuracy for MRI. This acrylic phantom is filled with water and includes several fillable inserts to simulate various tissue shapes and properties. Deformations and changes in anatomic locations are simulated by changing the rotations of the phantom and inserts. We used Varian Velocity DIR software (v4.0) and CT (head and neck protocol) and MR (T1- and T2-weighted head protocol) images to test DIR accuracy between image modalities (MRI vs CT) and within the same image modality (MRI vs MRI) in 11 rotation deformation scenarios. Large inserts filled with Mobil DTE oil were used to simulate fatty tissue, and small inserts filled with agarose gel were used to simulate tissues slightly denser than water (e.g., prostate). Contours of all inserts were generated before DIR to provide a baseline for contour size and shape. DIR was done with the MR Correctable Deformable DIR method, and all deformed contours were compared with the original contours. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean distance to agreement (MDA) were used to quantitatively validate DIR accuracy. We also used large and small regions of interest (ROIs) during between-modality DIR tests to simulate validation of DIR accuracy for organs at risk (OARs) and propagation of individual clinical target volume (CTV) contours. RESULTS No significant differences in DIR accuracy were found for T1:T1 and T2:T2 comparisons (P > 0.05). DIR was less accurate for between-modality comparisons than for same-modality comparisons, and was less accurate for T1 vs CT than for T2 vs CT (P < 0.001). For between-modality comparisons, use of a small ROI improved DIR accuracy for both T1 and T2 images. CONCLUSION The simple design of the Wuphantom allows seamless testing of DIR; here we validated the accuracy of MRI DIR in end-to-end testing. T2 images had superior DIR accuracy compared with T1 images. Use of small ROIs improves DIR accuracy for target contour propagation.
Descriptive representation and public support for Supreme Court nominees

Though the demographic characteristics of judicial nominees in the United States have gained increased political attention in recent years, relatively little is known about how they affect public opinion toward judicial nominees and courts. We evaluate these relationships in the context of race and gender using a conjoint experiment conducted during a recent vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court. We find consistent evidence that Americans are more supportive of coracial nominees, particularly among white Republicans and Black Democrats, but no evidence of a similar effect on the basis of gender. Our results have important implications for theories of descriptive representation and suggest limits to its use as a means for generating political support for judicial nominees.
School-Community Group Model: Collaborating for the Empowerment of Adolescent African American Male Students

This article presents a conceptual School-Community Group Model for working with African American adolescents. The model stems from a group conducted with urban, male, African American, adolescents...
Use of Creative Means for Expressive Self-Reflection among Counselors-in-Training

Counselor educators utilize self-reflection practices to assist students’ growth and development across the course of their counseling program. Self-reflection can serve as a means to increase awar...
Beyond Ethylene: New Insights Regarding the Role of Alternative Oxidase in the Respiratory Climacteric

Climacteric fruits are characterized by a dramatic increase in autocatalytic ethylene production that is accompanied by a spike in respiration at the onset of ripening. The change in the mode of ethylene production from autoinhibitory to autostimulatory is known as the System 1 (S1) to System 2 (S2) transition. Existing physiological models explain the basic and overarching genetic, hormonal, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing the S1 to S2 transition of climacteric fruit. However, the links between ethylene and respiration, the two main factors that characterize the respiratory climacteric, have not been examined in detail at the molecular level. Results of recent studies indicate that the alternative oxidase (AOX) respiratory pathway may play an essential role in mediating cross-talk between ethylene response, carbon metabolism, ATP production, and ROS signaling during climacteric ripening. New genomic, metabolic, and epigenetic information sheds light on the interconnectedness of ripening metabolic pathways, necessitating an expansion of the current, ethylene-centric physiological models. Understanding points at which ripening responses can be manipulated may reveal key, species- and cultivar-specific targets for regulation of ripening, enabling superior strategies for reducing postharvest wastage.
Examination Under Anesthesia Improves Agreement on Mechanical Stability: A Survey of Experienced Pelvic Surgeons.

Objectives To assess agreement among experts in pelvic fracture management regarding stability and need for operative repair of lateral compression (LC) type pelvic fractures with static radiographs compared to static radiographs and exam under anesthesia (EUA). Setting Online surveyPatients/Participants: Ten patients who presented to our level-1 trauma center with a pelvic ring injury were selected. Vignettes were distributed to 11 experienced pelvic surgeons. Intervention Exam under anesthesia MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:: Agreement regarding pelvic fracture stability, need for surgical fixation. Results Agreement on stability was achieved in 4 (40%) cases without EUA compared to 8 (80%) cases with EUA. Inter-reviewer reliability was poor without EUA and moderate with EUA (0.207 vs. 0.592). Agreement on need to perform surgery was achieved in 5 (50%) cases compared to 6 (60%) cases with EUA. Inter-reviewer reliability was poor without EUA and moderate with EUA (0.250 vs. 0.432). For reference cases with agreement, surgeons were able to predict stability or instability using standard imaging in 57 of a possible 88 reviewer choices (64.8%) compared to 82 of 88 choices (93.2%) with the addition of EUA (p Conclusions EUA increased agreement among experienced pelvic surgeons regarding the assessment of pelvic ring stability and the need for operative intervention. Further research is necessary to define specific indications for which patients may benefit from EUA. Level of evidence Diagnostic Level V. See Instructions for authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Urban bat occupancy is highly influenced by noise and the location of water: Considerations for nature-based urban planning

Abstract Nature-based green infrastructure projects have become a common consideration in cities for the benefits they provide to humans. However, the co-benefits provided to wildlife are often assumed but not critically assessed. The value of green infrastructure for wildlife likely depends on the habitat requirements of a species and the spatial context of that habitat within the landscape. We examined the influence of both natural characteristics and those of the built environment, including noise, on bat species distribution in the Chicago, Illinois metropolitan area. Occupancy rates for four of the eight species in our study responded positively to the proximity of water sources, and three species responded negatively to increasing urban noise. When noise and water were examined in association with one another, the benefits of being adjacent to water quickly diminished as noise levels increased. These results illustrate the importance of considering both natural elements and the built environment in urban habitat design. Our findings demonstrate that cities - when carefully planned and designed - can provide important habitat for bats, a taxa of high conservation need.
Community-based smoking cessation treatment for adults with high anxiety sensitivity: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS People with anxiety disorders are more likely to smoke and less likely to succeed when they try to quit. Anxiety sensitivity may underlie both phenomena, such that people with high anxiety sensitivity react to interoceptive distress by avoidance. This study aimed to test the efficacy of an exercise program that induced interoceptive distress and thereby created tolerance to this distress in a safe environment. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial at four YMCA branches in Austin, Texas, USA. Participants [n = 150; 130 (86.7%) white; 101 (67.3%) female; meanage = 38.6, standard deviation (SD)age = 10.4] were adult, daily smokers with high anxiety sensitivity motivated to quit smoking, who reported no regular moderate-intensity exercise. INTERVENTIONS Participants were assigned a YMCA personal trainer who guided them through a 15-week intervention aerobic exercise program. Participants assigned to the personalized intervention trained at 60-85% of their heart rate reserve (HRR), whereas participants assigned to the control intervention trained at 20-40% of their HRR. Participants in both groups received standard behavioral support and nicotine replacement therapy. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was biologically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) at 6-month follow-up. FINDINGS Sixty-one per cent of participants were available at the 6-month follow-up. PPA at 6 months was higher in the personalized intervention than the control intervention [27.6 versus 14.8%; odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28, 3.80, P = 0.005], assuming missing at random. Anxiety sensitivity declined in both groups with no evidence that this differed between groups. CONCLUSIONS An exercise program of high intensity increased abstinence from smoking in people with high anxiety sensitivity, but may not have done so by reducing anxiety sensitivity.
Higher success rates and satisfaction in difficult venous access patients with a guide wire-associated peripheral venous catheter.

Abstract Study objective This study compares first pass success rates and patient and physician satisfaction scores of using a guide wire–associated peripheral venous catheter (GAPIV) vs a traditional peripheral venous catheter in difficult to obtain venous access patients. Methods A total of 200 patients were enrolled prospectively from a convenience sample in a large urban academic emergency department. Patients were included when they were deemed difficult access per study criteria. Patients were alternated to receiving either a traditional peripheral venous catheter or a GAPIV. The number of attempts, the number of catheters used, and patient and physician satisfaction scores were recorded. Results A total of 100 patients were enrolled into each group. First attempt success was 85% with GAPIV vs 22% with the traditional peripheral venous catheter ( P P P Conclusion The GAPIV product demonstrated significantly higher first attempt success and patient satisfaction compared to a traditional peripheral venous catheter in difficult to obtain venous access patients. Physician satisfaction was also favorable due to ease of access, time, and efficiencies gained.
How Important are Risk Factors in Alzheimer's Disease?

Ming Chen and Hugo L. Fernandez a Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Medical Research Service (151), Bay Pines VA, Medical Center, Bay Pines, FL, USA b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida USA c Department of Neurology and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
Response to Working Group on Chapter 1 of the Proposed Restatement of Employment Law: On Purposeless Restatement

The proposed Restatement of Employment Law provides no answer to the question of why employment law exists as a distinct field, a question that every other nation on earth, and many states, answer with an account of the failures of an unregulated employment market, necessitating minimum terms and default rules. Since the Restatement cannot explain its purpose, its line-drawing is inevitably arbitrary and political. An illustration is its first chapter, likely to be its most influential, on the definition of employee, consisting of a broad definition, and three categorical exclusions, none of which, as the Reporter's Notes show, is supported as such by case law.
The Society for Behavioral Pediatrics: a new portal in a rapidly moving boundary.

In January 1976, at the first meeting of the members of the Task Force on Pediatric Education, its chairman, Henry Kempe, made the following statement: All who care about children must care deeply about the education of those who provide their health services. To paraphrase a basic tenet of the report of the Task Force: pediatric education must be based on what is best for infants, children, and adolescents. It cannot be based on what is best for doctors, faculty, departments, and hospitals.1 The underlying hypothesis was that health needs must form the basis for pediatric education.2 Any rationale for change should therefore be predicted on unmet health needs. To again quote Kempe from his 1978 presidential address to the American Pediatric Society3 on the same topic: "the concept that educational activities in our departments should relate to the health needs of children was not as universally accepted as you might think. A few feel to this day that it should be the other way around—that the needs of their departments should be addressed by a ready supply of sick and funded children, each in their appropriate subspecialty." If indeed we care about children and their health needs and truly wish to realign clinical programs, educational policies, and research strategies along a track that will meet these needs and thus improve the health status of America9s children, the first objective must be a reasoned assessment of the unmet health needs of our young. This same rationale holds true in the area of developmental and behavioral pediatrics.
Map Building Fusing Acoustic and Visual Information using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

We present a system for automatically building three-dimensional (3-D) maps of underwater terrain fusing visual data from a single camera with range data from multibeam sonar. The six-degree-of-freedom location of the camera relative to the navigation frame is derived as part of the mapping process, as are the attitude offsets of the multibeam head and the onboard velocity sensor. The system uses pose graph optimization and the square root information smoothing and mapping framework to simultaneously solve for the robot's trajectory, the map, and the camera location in the robot's frame. Matched visual features are treated within the pose graph as images of 3-D landmarks, while multibeam bathymetry submap matches are used to impose relative pose constraints linking robot poses from distinct tracklines of the dive trajectory. The navigation and mapping system presented works under a variety of deployment scenarios on robots with diverse sensor suites. The results of using the system to map the structure and the appearance of a section of coral reef are presented using data acquired by the Seabed autonomous underwater vehicle.
An introduction to object COBOL

Why Study Object-Oriented Technology? Object-Oriented Concepts. Why Study Object COBOL? The Evolution of the COBOL Language. Fundamentals of Object COBOL. Working With Superclasses and Subclasses. Data Management. User Interface. Object COBOL and Beyond. Index.
1 Introduction to emerging infectious diseases; stemming the tide

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to emerging infectious diseases. There are several reasons for the reemergence of pertussis. A sizable percentage of the children born each year does not receive the pertussis vaccine. A significant number of preschool children are not immune and they are a potential reservoir for pertussis. With the disease clearly established in the adult population, there are frequent opportunities for the microbe to be transmitted to children. Advances in population genetics and in immunogenetics have led to interesting theories concerning the reasons for the severity of the infections introduced by foreigners to Hawaiians and native Americans. One theory holds that the native populations may have been so inbred that they were genetically predisposed to high morbidity and mortality from contagious diseases. Microbial epidemics display various patterns of emergence and decline. It is found that such diverse behavior derives from ecological factors that influence emergence, the infectious properties and genetic adaptability of microbes, and the status of herd immunity.
Becoming the Physical Activity Champion: Empowerment through Social Marketing.

Physical education teachers can champion their profession through marketing the importance of physical activity to children and families in the communities they serve. Social marketing, a consumer-based approach to behavior change, is an excellent choice for physical education teachers who want to ‘sell’ physical activity to their ‘audiences’. This article describes how teachers can apply the concept of social marketing to advocate for what they do.
Molecular Subtypes and Antifungal Susceptibilities of Serial Cryptococcus neoformans Isolates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cryptococcosis

Serial isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from 33 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with cryptococcosis were analyzed to determine whether persistence might result from reinfection with a new cryptococcal strain or acquisition of antifungal resistance. Isolates were subtyped by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE), electrophoretic karyotyping (EK), random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and the CNRE-1 DNA probe, MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-fluorocytosine were determined. No changes in MEE or RAPD subtypes were detected in serial isolates from any patient. Isolates from 8 patients (24%) showed alterations in EK only (mobility change in two or more bands) but not with any other subtyping method. MICs did not change significantly in isolates from 30 patients. In 1 case, the fluconazole MIC increased stepwise over 18 months, suggesting development of resistance. These overall invariant subtyping and MIC results confirm previous studies suggesting that persistent cryptococcal infection is due to relapse rather than reinfection or antifungal drug resistance.
Considerations for Ku-Band Scatterometer Calibration Using the Dry-Snow Zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Postlaunch calibration of satellite-borne scatterometers using backscatter data from natural land targets helps to maintain scatterometer accuracy. Due to its temporal stability, the dry-snow zone of the Greenland ice sheet has been proposed in previous studies as a calibration target. Using QuikSCAT data, this letter examines the backscatter properties of the dry-snow zone that are relevant to Ku-band scatterometer calibration including temporal and spatial variabilities, and azimuth-angle and polarization and incidence-angle dependences. The backscatter is found to seasonally vary throughout the dry-snow zone by 0.4 dB on average. Small interannual variations (less than 1.5 dB over a nine year period) in the backscatter are also present in some regions. Azimuth modulation is generally less than 0.4 dB in magnitude and is not significant in some regions of the dry-snow zone. Melting and refreezing appear to cause the quasi-polarization ratio to temporarily decrease. Spatially consistent and relatively temporally stable regions that are well within the interior of the dry-snow zone are best suited as calibration sites.
Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on ventricular remodeling

Remodeling reflects the structural and functional deterioration that occurs in heart failure. Indices of remodeling constitute an important marker of the severity of heart failure, and reverse remodeling is an accepted goal in the treatment of heart failure. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to reverse the remodeling process by improving ventricular size, shape, and mass and reducing mitral regurgitation in the short and long term. Diastolic function, right ventricular size, and atria exhibit reverse remodeling. Trials of medical therapy for heart failure strongly link remodeling indices with outcomes, and emerging data suggest that remodeling indices may be among the most accurate predictors of long-term morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients with CRT devices. This review discusses remodeling and focuses on the evidence for CRT-induced reverse remodeling.
The price and profit effects of horizontal mergers in two-dimensional spatial competition

Abstract Consider a horizontal merger between two adjacent stores in a two-dimensional model. The price and profit increases of merging and neighboring stores are small compared to those that occur in a one-dimensional model.
Systemic effects of intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone acetate.

Five patients with chronic active rheumatoid arthritis received intramuscular or intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone acetate. The dose was more than 250mg. Clinical systemic effects, eosinopenia, and increased steroids excretion were observed following intra-articular injections. These effects were less pronounced or absent following intramuscular injections.
Emplotting Virtue: A Narrative Approach to Environmental Virtue Ethics

Brian Treanor’s book Emplotting Virtue offers an account of environmental ethics in terms of virtue ethics. In one sense, one can see Treanor’s investigation as one of those books which follows in ...
System partial inverses for sensitivity, adaptivity and estimation

Abstract In this paper we consider the common analytic characteristics of the system sensitivity, adaptivity and parameter estimation problems. We emphasize the applicability of the concept of partial inverses. The partial inverses are developed in both the input-output and state format. The latter approach leads into the theory of finite memory partial inverses. As an illustration vehicle we analyze in detail one particular sensitivity reduction algorithm. It is shown that in some cases it produces a complete reduction of the effect of parameter changes. The algorithm can be used for the case of time varying parameters. The approach that we follow uses the Hilbert resolution space concepts. The input-output relationship is then modelled by linear bounded causal maps. Since the results are established in this general framework, they are applicable, and can be specialized, to a wide variety of systems.
Commonalities and Variegations: Notes on the Maturation of the Field of Narrative Research

ABSTRACT The author of this essay comments upon the contents of the other articles in this issue of The Journal of Educational Research. He locates both similarities and differences within several dimensions of narrative research by the authors of these articles. These dimensions relate to: the definition(s) of narrative research, decisions about whose experiences are worthy of study by narrative researchers in the field of education, the manner in which narrative research may improve teaching and schooling, and the epistemological premises that support the purposes for engaging in narrative research. The author suggests that the differences-within-commonalities found in these articles reflect a healthy maturation of the field of narrative research.
Optical and radiocarbon ages of stacked paleosols and dune sands in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA

Abstract Optical ages for eolian sands from the Nebraska Sand Hills indicate periods of extensive eolian activity at ca 115±25, 840±70, 2300±240, and 3560±340 a. Activity was also noted at single sampling locations at ca 6180±370, 8430±510 and 13110±800 a. Many of these ages are similar to those noted by earlier authors. Optical ages from samples collected within paleosols indicate shorter and possibly less extensive periods of eolian activity at approximately 1220±150, 1590±110, and possibly 1950±150 a, during which the paleosol sands accumulated. What was originally interpreted as a single 1.2 m thick paleosol is shown by optical dating to consist of three or more welded soils developed within eolian sands with optical ages of ca 3800±240, 2740±240, 1560±110, and possibly 1930±140 a, each of which match eolian pulses recognized elsewhere. Scatter in some optical ages is attributable to intersection of sand-filled rodent burrows extending in outcrop 1.5 m below the contact between paleosol and overlying topset beds. A 5310±360 a optical age for one probable intersected burrow provides evidence for upward or lateral transport of older sands.
Reliability of capacitive RF MEMS switches at high and low temperatures

Some applications of RF MEMS switches, such as aircraft condition monitoring and distributed satellite communication, present a unique challenge for device design and reliability. This article examines these switches when operational temperatures in the range -60°C to 100°C are envisioned. The basic operation of a capacitive MEMS switch is described and two tools for examining device reliability, modeling, and on-chip experimentation, are discussed in the case of capacitive MEMS switches. 1D, 2D, and 3D models are presented with emphasis on 3D coupled-field finite-element analysis, including temperature effects. Results and findings from the 3D simulations are reported. In particular, the advantages of employing corrugated membranes in the design of RF MEMS switches are assessed. Their performance in terms of reliability as a function of temperature is quantified. The effects of corrugation on the geometric parameters are discussed in the context of device-design optimization. In order to assess reliability experimentally, the M-test and the membrane deflection experiment (MDE) are reviewed due to their on-chip characteristic and simplicity. Ways in which these experimental/computational methodologies can be combined for identifying material properties and device performance is also highlighted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14: 317–328, 2004.
The entropy paradox and the distribution of urban population

Abstract This paper presents an empirical application of an information theoretic approach to spatial hypothesis testing. Following the lead of Batty [1] this study employs the concept of expected information to test hypotheses concerning the distribution of urban population and population density in San Antonio for the years 1960 and 1970. Cast for the first time in a longitudinal context, major concerns of this work are the relative advantages, both theoretical and methodological, of certain entropy measures. Specifically, comparisons are made between the Shannon and the Kullback formulations. In this context of comparison, problems closely linked to what has been called the “entropy paradox” are identified and explained, suggesting important qualitative differences between these two measures.
Crystallographic Defect Related Degradation in High Density Memory Devices

Crystallographic defect related degradation in high density memory devices was investigated. The results indicate that the refresh time degradation and bit failure mechanism are directly related to the crystal originated defects generated during Czochralski crystal growth. Defects associated with vacancy aggregations are found to have a detrimental effect on the overall performance of memory devices. Other defects, such as oxide polyhedral precipitates, contribute to a high number of cumulative fail bits, particularly in the bottom section of the crystal.
Methods to obtain radiolabelled monocrotaline

Crotalaria spectabilis, a plant found in many areas of the world is associated with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Monocrotaline when injected subcutaneously in Sprague Dawley rats has been utilized for years to create a condition known to mimic pulmonary hypertension in humans. We attempted to determine the optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of radiolabelled monocrotaline. Our work describes the plant growth conditions and the time periods associated with the production of radiolabelled monocrotaline. In addition, the incorporation of 14 CO 2 or [2,3- 3 H]-puirescine dihydrochloride and the specific activity plus the amount (s) of recovered radiolabelled monocrotaline are discussed. We conclude that the most efficient and cost effective method for the biosynthesis of radiolabelled monocrotaline is still the utilization of 14 CO 2 .
Comprehensive review of the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancer 2012. PART II: Multidisciplinary management

Biliary tract cancers (gallbladder cancer, intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and selected periampullary cancers) accounted for 12,760 new cases of cancer in the USA in 2010. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with most patients presenting with advanced disease. Early, accurate diagnosis is essential, both for potential cure where possible and for optimal palliative therapy in all others. This review examines the currently available and emerging technologies for diagnosis and treatment of this group of diseases.
Swept-Wing Boundary-Layer Transition and Turbulent Flow Physics from Multipoint Measurements

Multipoint surface shear stress and hot-wire velocity measurements were obtained within a three-dimensional, swept-wing boundary layer. Proper orthogonal decomposition, spectra, and spatial correlations were used to identify the presence of flow structures and their spatial evolution. The first proper orthogonal decomposition crossflow spatial eigenmode from the shear stress obtained in the laminar region has a wavelength of 12 mm, which is consistent with the crossflow vortex spanwise periodicity. The first proper orthogonal decomposition crossflow spatial eigenmode obtained in the turbulent region is not nearly as distinct, but a large spatial structure approximately 24 mm in span is observed, suggesting that, through the transition process, two neighboring crossflow vortices are interacting with a stronger one, canceling a close weaker one. The proper orthogonal decomposition was also applied in span to hot-wire velocity measurements at 3 mm above the wing surface in both the laminar and turbulent regi...
L X-rays from 101.5 MeV iodine projectiles

Abstract We used a graphite mosaic crystal spectrometer to measure the energy shifts and intensity ratios of L X-rays from 101.5 MeV iodine projectiles incident on copper. We find almost identical shifts for the Lα and Lβ 1 transitions.
The Gendering of Albert Einstein and Marie Curie in Children's Biographies: Some Tensions.

Few twentieth century scientists have generated as much interest as Albert Einstein and Marie Currie. Their lives are centrally depicted in numerous children’s biographies of famous scientists. Yet their stories reflect interesting paradoxes and tacit sets of unexplored sociocultural assumptions about gender in science education and the larger society. Trevor Owens’ analysis of common Einstein and Currie biographies for children provides a context for us to consider a deeper reading of these scientists’ stories in ways that can be both empowering and liberating. In the process, we consider some interesting tensions surrounding the gendered nature of their stories.
A whole face is more than the sum of its halves: Interactive processing in face perception

Facial information is processed interactively. Yet, such interactive processing has been examined for discrimination of face parts rather than complete faces. Here we assess interactive processing using a novel paradigm in which subjects discriminate complete faces. Face stimuli, which comprise unilateral facial information (hemifaces) or bilateral facial information from one face (consistent) or two different faces (inconsistent), are shown centrally in a face‐matching task. If each half of a complete face is processed independently, accuracy for complete faces can be predicted by the union of accuracies for right and left hemifaces. However, accuracy exceeded this independence prediction for consistent faces (facilitation) and fell below the prediction for inconsistent faces (interference). These effects were reduced or absent for inverted faces. Our findings are consistent with reports of stronger interactive processing for upright than for inverted faces and they quantify effects of interactive proces...
The genesis and importance of oxide-metal interface controlled heterogeneous catalysis; the catalytic nanodiode

Much of the research by Konrad Hayek’s group is focused on the influence of oxide–metal interfaces in heterogeneous catalysis. In this paper, we show that electronic excitations at the metal surface induced by exothermic catalytic reactions lead to the generation of energetic (hot) electron flows. We detected the flow of hot electrons during oxidation of carbon monoxide using Pt/TiO2 Schottky diodes. The thickness of the Pt film used as the catalyst was 5 nm, less than the electron mean free path, resulting in the ballistic transport of hot electrons through the metal. The electron flow was detected as a chemicurrent if the excess electron kinetic energy generated by the exothermic reaction was larger than the effective Schottky barrier formed at the metal-semiconductor interface. We found that heat generated by the reaction caused a negligible increase of temperature in our experimental range, suggesting that this thermal effect is not responsible for the generation of hot electron flow. We tested the stability and reversibility of chemicurrent generated during CO oxidation at 413~573 K. The activation energy calculated from the measurement of chemicurrent is quite close to that of the turnover rate of chemical reaction, which indicates that the generation mechanism of hot electrons is closely correlated with the chemical reaction. This correlation suggests that hot electron flow could be a new tool to probe the role of oxide–metal interfaces in heterogeneous catalysis.
A control volume technique for computing continuum deformation measures in discrete polymeric systems

A new control volume formulation is presented which allows the calculation of continuum measures of deformation in simulations of discrete systems. While the technique is quite general, it is especially effective for systems where some degree of spatial correlation in the motion of the structural elements is expected. The method is applied to a model of amorphous polymer network deformation and used to illustrate how the nucleation and development of a flow structure can be observed in discrete systems.
Efficient Synchronization and Reconstruction of 4D Non-Gated Cardiac Images of Chick Embryos Obtained From Optical Coherence Tomography

Four-dimensional (4D) imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) — a high-resolution, noninvasive tomographic imaging technique — applied to cardiac development can be used to study the interaction of cardiac morphology and function in vivo. However, to image the fast beating embryonic heart, the biggest challenge confronted by current OCT systems is the slow rate of 3D volume image data acquisition.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Trabecular bone structure and spatial differences in articular cartilage MR relaxation times in individuals with posterior horn medial meniscal tears

Summary Objective To analyze knee trabecular bone structure and spatial cartilage T 1ρ and T 2 relaxation times using 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in subjects with and without tears of posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM). Design 3-T MRI from 59 subjects (>18 years), were used to evaluate PHMM tears based on modified Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) scoring; and to calculate apparent trabecular bone-volume over total bone volume fraction (app. BV/TV), apparent trabecular number (app. Tb.N), apparent trabecular separation (app. Tb.Sp) and apparent trabecular thickness (app. Tb.Th) for overall femur/tibia and medial/lateral femur/tibia; and relaxation times for deep and superficial layers of articular cartilage. A repeated measures analysis using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was performed to compare trabecular bone and cartilage relaxation time parameters between people with ( n = 35) and without ( n = 24) PHMM tears, while adjusting for age and knee OA presence. Results Subjects with PHMM tears had lower app. BV/TV and app. Tb.N, and greater app. Tb.Th, and app. Tb.Sp. They also had higher T 1ρ times in the deep cartilage layer for lateral tibia and medial femur and higher T 2 relaxation times for the deep cartilage layer across all compartments. Conclusions PHMM tears are associated with differences in underlying trabecular bone and deep layer of cartilage. Over-load of subchondral bone can lead to its sclerosis and stress shielding of trabecular bone leading to the resorptive changes observed in this study. The results underline the importance of interactions of trabecular bone and cartilage in the pathogenesis of knee OA in people with PHMM tears.
ESCA, Solid-State NMR, and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Perisubstituted Naphthalene Derivatives

We correlate ESCA, NMR, and X-ray diffraction measurements for 1,8-dinitro-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene (DNMN), 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (DAN), 1,8-bis(4-toluenesulfonamido)naphthalene (PSAN), 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)-4-nitronaphthalene (NDMAN), 4-picryl-1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (PDMAN), and complexes of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) with HBF4, 1,2-dichloromaleic acid, and HNCS. The strong ionic [N−H···N]+ hydrogen bonds influence the binding energies of the core electrons of the donor and acceptor atoms. The substituent effect of the NO2 groups in DNMN increases the ipso angle at C(1) and C(8) and shortens the C(1)−C(2) bonds. In PDMAN, the electron-releasing substituent effect of the −NMe2 groups results in the shortening of the C−N bonds. The geometry of the N−H···N bond in PSAN affects the C−N bond lengths and ipso angles. We assign the 1H and 13C NMR resonances in all compounds, the latter by examining the dipolar-dephased and short-contact-time spectra. There are well-defined trends in t...
Large deformation of thin films and layered flat panels : Effects of gravity

Abstract A general theory is presented for the large deformation of thin films and layered flat panels in which gravitational forces have a marked influence on the evolution of curvature, shape and instability. Isotropic, linear elastic deformation is considered with small strains and moderate rotations. The thermomechanical properties of the layered material are allowed to vary through the panel thickness so as to derive a general result for multilayers and graded materials. Explicit analytical expressions are derived for the critical curvature and the critical “effective load” at which curvature bifurcation occurs. The analysis considers square, circular and rectangular panels that are simply supported at three points, with the thin film on the panel facing either up or down. A boundary layer analysis is presented for rectangular panels specifically to examine the effect of panel shape on curvature evolution and geometric stability. Computational simulations involving full three-dimensional hyperelastic formulations with large rotations and two-dimensional hyper elastic formulations with moderate rotations were used to assess the validity of the analytical results. Systematic experiments on the large deformation characteristics of flat glass panels with and without silicon nitride thin film deposits were carried out to check the predictive capabilities of the theory. The trends predicted by the theory and its quantitative predictions of bifurcation with and without thin film deposits on the panels were found to be in reasonable agreements with experiments. The limits of the solutions of the present theory for the special case of thin films on substrates with only mismatch strains are shown to converge to prior analytical results. Furthermore, the theory is shown to capture the experimental trends observed during large deformation in thin-film/substrate systems in the absence of gravitational effects.
THE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF SMALL-SCALE FISH PROCESSING PLANTS USING PADDLEFISH PROCESSING DATA FROM KENTUCKY

Small-scale fish processing is the likely option available for Kentucky's aquaculture industry where market demand is limited, but the product prices are relatively high in restaurant and retail sectors and the seafood products are exotic and “in demand” by consumers. Paddlefish, a boneless freshwater fish with a meat texture similar to swordfish (Parr, 1999), is such an exotic product that enjoys a limited demand among local restaurant and retailers. This article investigated the optimal management parameters of a small-scale paddlefish processing plant using survey data from Kentucky. In addition, values of economic parameters such as profit, costs, and breakeven price, were also evaluated. Results of this article showed that 939 paddlefish could be processed per day into 1,891 kg of fillets, at a breakeven price of approximately $12.22/kg. Paddlefish steaks were found to be more profitable than fillets only if the steak price exceeded $10.34/kg. At this price, 985 fish could be processed per day into 2...
Shear modulus of the magnetophonon wave function

The shear modulus of the magnetophonon wave function is calculated as a strain autocorrelation function and is found to be equal to that in the absence of the magnetic field.
A mixed H ∞ //H ∞ optimization approach to robust controller design

Most realistic control problems involve both mixed time/frequency domain performance requirements and model uncertainty. However, the majority of controller design procedures currently available focus only on one aspect of the problem. In this paper we propose a design procedure for minimizing the maximum amplitude of a regulated error to a specified input while, at the same time, addressing model uncertainty through bounds on the H∞ norm of a relevant transfer function. This problem is of interest in optimal tracking applications where the objective is to achieve minimum tracking error while, at the same time, maintaining an adequate robustness level. We show that for the SISO case the problem can be decoupled into a finite dimensional constrained optimization and an unconstrained Nehari approximation problem.
Acquiring OWL ontologies from XML documents

Converting non-Semantic Web encoded information to ontology-based languages such as the Web Ontology Lan-guage (OWL) is an important knowledge acquisition chal-lenge. In many domains, a large amount of information is represented in eXtensible Markup Language (XML), which has driven the development of general-purpose tools for converting XML to OWL. These tools suffer from a variety of shortcomings, however, including a requirement for multi-stage mapping processes and limited mapping tech-niques. A general shortcoming is that the mapping methods are not OWL-centric and thus limit the complexity of the generated OWL ontologies. To address these shortcomings, we developed an OWL-based language that can transform XML documents to arbitrary OWL ontologies. The lan-guage is based on the Manchester OWL Syntax and ex-tends it with XPath queries to support references to XML documents. Our language provides a compact, user-friendly approach for converting XML to OWL.
Forward modeling of electrical sounding experiments using convolution and a spreadsheet

Abstract For many geologic applications, programming a graphics interface or display takes much more code than the actual calculations. Usually, one can bypass this bottleneck by using the high-level language, and built in graphics, provided by commercial spreadsheets. As an example, calculating expected apparent resistivities, using linear filtering and convolution, is rapid and convenient with a commercial spreadsheet. The spreadsheet's immediate access to screen graphics facilitates an intuitive grasp of electrical sounding and saves much programming time.
Image shifting technique to resolve directional ambiguity in double-pulsed velocimetry

Image shifting provides a method of determining the direction of displacement, and hence the velocity, for all types of pulsed laser velocimeter. It is independent of the scattering properties of the particles and/or the intensity of the illumination of the first image with respect to the second image, and it is capable of high performance. With rotating mirror systems, image shifting can be used to offset negative velocities up to 10 m/s. With electrooptic systems, it is estimated that image shifting can be used at velocities up to 500 m/s.
Are commonly ordered lab tests useful screens for alcohol disorders in older male veterans receiving primary care&#63.

Abstract Although mean corpuscular volume (MCV), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), and the AST/ALT ratio are sometimes used as markers of alcohol disorders, their utility has not been established in older persons. We determined the tests' performance characteristics for (1) at-risk drinking, (2) CAGE positivity, (3) at-risk drinking and CAGE positivity, and (4) a clinician-recorded diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence in a study of older male veterans receiving primary care. Participants (n = 587) included patients who had MCV, AST, and/or ALT data collected as part of routine care no more than 12 weeks before or after enrollment. MCV, AST, and ALT test results were obtained from the VA's database. At enrollment, the Timeline Followback and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were used to identify at-risk drinkers (>15 drinks per week or AUDIT score > 8), and the CAGE questionnaire was administered to identify participants with a history abuse/dependent drin...
Standard information on environmental exposure linked to data on cancer patients, with a brief review of the literature.

Abstract A review of national resources presently available for linking cancer morbidity and mortality data with information on environmental factors is presented. Additional sources of data on exposure, obtained directly from the patient or from his/her hospital record, are discussed. At the patient level, an interview questionnaire records standardized data on residential and occupational experiences and on a variety of life-style factors such as smoking, alcohol, nutrition, medication, and exercise. At the hospital level, a simple model “exposure registry” is presented which, at minimal cost, would facilitate the collection of limited data on smoking and employment (occupation/business) from the in-patient hospital admission form and from the medical and nursing notes in the patient's record. Both of these instruments represent efforts toward the development of standardized data sets on environmental and personal exposures which would constitute valuable additions to data already collected by the worldwide network of cancer registries.