cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXISTENCE OF ALASKA NATIVE HEALTH DISPARITIES

The recent article by Jones rightfully emphasizes the “Persistence of American Indian Health Disparities.” For many health indicators, American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) people have the poorest health and greatest health disparity of any population in the nation.1 Goal 2 of the national Healthy People 2010 2 plan targets the elimination of health disparities. Jones points out that for most of the leading causes of death in the AIAN population (heart disease, accidents, diabetes, alcohol, suicide, and tuberculosis), mortality rates for American Indian/Alaska Natives are 1.2- to 7.7-times higher than the general US population, although for all AIAN people combined, death rates for cancer are not higher than the general US population. However, the author states “recent trends suggest that disparities in cancer might also emerge.”1(p2131) As has been frequently noted, data for all AIAN people combined do not show the large variation in rates between the multiple, diverse groups within the AIAN population. Disparities in cancer rates for Alaska Native people have been reported for over 25 years. Recent cancer mortality rates (1999–2003) show a 25% higher rate among Alaska Natives than among the US White population. There is no evidence this disparity is decreasing.3 The first report of cancer mortality among Alaska Natives (1960–1969) found that cancer mortality rates among Alaska Natives were slightly lower than among the US Whites population but higher than among other American Indian groups.4 A study by the National Cancer Institute of all racial/ ethnic groups in the United States (1988–1992) reported cancer death rates were highest among Alaska Native women and third for Alaska Native men.5 Cancer has been the leading cause of death among Alaska Native people since the mid-1990s. Evidence documents that a cancer disparity already exists. Having suffered through many infectious disease epidemics, Alaska Native people perceive that they are in the midst of a new epidemic. It is critical for policy makers to recognize existing disparities and take action necessary to meet the goal of Healthy People 2010 to eliminate documented disparities.
Cardiac Amyloidosis A Treatable Disease, Often Overlooked

Case presentation: A 55-year-old woman, who had previously been very physically active, noted a gradual decrease in exercise tolerance over a period of 3 to 4 months to the extent that she had to rest briefly after climbing a single flight of stairs. She had consulted a dermatologist 6 months earlier because of recurrent, small bruises of her eyelids, but no cause had been found. An ECG suggested an old myocardial infarction with an unusual axis (Figure 1), and a cardiology consultation described symmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy on the echocardiogram with normal left ventricular ejection fraction, normally functioning valves, and mild right ventricular hypertrophy. There was no family history of cardiovascular or neurological disease. Physical examination revealed mild elevation of the jugular venous pressure, normal heart sounds, no murmurs, and mild peripheral edema with clear lung fields and a mildly congested liver. Blood pressure was 110/65 mm Hg. There was 1+ proteinuria. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed no abnormal bands, but serum immunofixation revealed a monoclonal spike determined to be IgGλ. A bone marrow biopsy demonstrated 5% to 10% monotypical plasma cells staining for λ light chains. Serum-free light chains showed an elevation in free λ with an abnormal κ/λ ratio. Brain natriuretic peptide was 1019 pg/mL (normal <100), and troponin I was 0.07 ng/mL (normal <0.01). Endomyocardial biopsy (Figure 2) showed extracellular amorphous material that stained with Congo red and sulfated Alcian blue and that, on immunohistochemistry, reacted with antibodies to λ light chains but not to κ, AA, or transthyretin antibodies. A diagnosis of IgGλ light chain AL amyloidosis was made. Figure 1. ECG from the case described. There is borderline low limb-lead voltage with extreme right axis deviation. Atrial premature beats are present, and the chest leads, although typically showing preserved voltage, demonstrate very poor R-wave progression, …
BEOL parametric variation control with FDC data

Parametric variation control was simulated using key FDC sensors identified through multivariate modeling of Back End Of Line (BEOL) process equipment in a 65nm mass production line. The simulation results suggest potential opportunities for reducing parametric variation which can reduce parametric yield loss. This methodology is enabled by a centralized data management infrastructure that consolidates disjointed FDC sensor data into a single database.
Interface structure of YBa2Cu3Ox thin films prepared by a non-fluorine sol–gel route on a single-domain substrate

In our previous work, we have shown that a single-domain YBa2Cu3Ox (YBCO) exhibits a low surface resistance. However, the second phase Y2BaCuO5 (211) precipitates inevitably as a result of peritectic reaction. These 211 particles are potential sources of RF losses, which need to be eliminated. In this study, a non-fluorine sol–gel synthesis was developed to deposit a YBCO thin film on the surface of single-domain YBCO. The deposited YBCO thin film entirely covered the 211 particles. The interface structure was studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results on sol–gel synthesis and thin film characterization are reported. Also discussed is the underlying mechanism of film growth on single-domain YBCO.
IEEE 7 th BIBE Research Tutorial Lecture: Decoding Novel Genomes: From Microbiomes to the Eukaryota

One of the main goals of computational genomics is fast and accurate biological interpretation of newly sequenced genomic DNA. The complexity of the task varies among genomes but is never simple. Currently, for a new genome a custom built annotation pipeline is constructed by integration of ab initio and comparative genomic methods. Still, a consistent solution of the jigsaw puzzle of genome annotation frequently requires additional experimental efforts (such as EST/cDNA sequencing, etc.) Current ab initio gene finding algorithms use statistical analysis and optimization to solve the gene identification problem restated as search for the optimal parse of the genomic sequence into fragments with distinct statistical characteristics. This problem setting leads to a classic task for dynamic programming: search for an optimal path through a network with weights/scores assigned to nodes and vertices. Obviously, assignment of weights/scores plays a critical role and may present a significant challenge. This task is equivalent to estimation of parameters of statistical models (hidden Markov models) representing a mosaic of functional sequences and sites in a given genome. The task is rather easy when large sets of validated training sequences are available. However, it is not the case for hundreds of currently unfolding genome sequencing and annotation projects. In the lecture we will consider the general schemes of ab initio gene prediction. We will discuss estimation of model parameters without a training set. We will show that this unsupervised approach is possible and is becoming very important for two rapidly developing branches of genomics: i/ for prokaryotic metagenomes that are becoming a rich source of information about non-cultivated microbial species and ii/ for "compact" eukaryotic genomes, such as fungi, which relatively short genome size (less than 50 MB) allows to obtain complete genome sequence in a relatively short time.
Levalbuterol versuss levalbuterol plus ipratropium in the treatment of severe acute asthma.

Background. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines advise the addition of ipratropium bromide to short-acting β-agonist therapy for the treatment of patients with severe acute asthma exacerbation. Methods. This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study involving 141 adults, presenting to two EDs with acute severe asthma exacerbation. Patients were treated using a standardized pathway with levalbuterol plus ipratropium or levalbuterol alone. Primary outcomes were changes from baseline in the percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) at 30 minutes and 60 minutes after completion of treatment. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization and relapse rates. Occurrence of adverse events was recorded. Results. Sixty-seven patients in the levalbuterol plus ipratropium group and 74 patients in the levalbuterol group completed the study. Overall, there was no significant difference in the improvement in percent pred...
Partial iterative equalization and channel decoding

This paper proposes a bit-selective iterative processing scheme for turbo equalization. We consider convolutionally coded and turbo coded transmissions over inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels. The receiver starts with conventional iterative channel equalization and decoding. After each iteration, bit convergence status is measured via cross-entropy. Short windows are then applied around unconverged bits and the subsequent detection/decoding iterates only within the windows. The rapid decrease in selected bits after each such iteration reduces computational complexity significantly, but performance is well maintained by utilizing the Markov property in the trellis detection/decoding.
Native Plant Establishment Success Influenced by Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) Control Method

Invasive species frequently need to be controlled as part of efforts to reestablish native species on degraded sites. While the effectiveness of differing control methods are often reported, the impacts these methods have on the establishment of a native plant community are often unknown. To determine methods that effectively reduce spotted knapweed ( Centaurea stoebe ) while enhancing native species establishment, we tested 12 treatment combinations consisting of an initial site preparation (mowing, mowing + clopyralid, or mowing + glyphosate), in factorial combination with annual adult knapweed hand pulling and/or burning. We established 48 plots and applied site preparation treatments during summer 2008, seeded 23 native forbs and grasses during spring 2009, pulled adult knapweed annually from 2009–2012, and burned in the early spring 2012. During July of 2011 and 2012, percent cover of all species was visually estimated. By 2011, seeded species had established in all treatment plots, including plots that retained greater than 50% knapweed cover, indicating that native species successfully established despite knapweed dominance. Mowing alone had no longterm impacts on community development. Clopyralid favored non-native grass establishment, while glyphosate encouraged non-native forbs. Clopyralid had minimal impacts on native forb establishment, but did effectively control knapweed. Pulling reduced knapweed cover, increased non-native grass cover and enhanced native species establishment. Burning had little impact, possibly due to low intensity and unseasonable weather. On the heavily invaded site we studied, combining the use of clopyralid with hand pulling effectively controlled knapweed and favored the establishment of seeded native grasses and forbs.
The Integration Imperative: The Children of Low-Status Immigrants in the Schools of Wealthy Societies

Because demographic shifts will affect their labor forces in the immediate future, rich societies will have to face up to the challenge of integrating the children of low-status immigrants, such as Mexicans in the United States and Turks in western Europe. The performance of educational systems is critical to meeting this challenge. We consider how three features of such systems—the division of labor among schools, families, and communities; tracking; and inequalities among schools—impact immigrant-origin children. In general, children from low-status immigrant families lag behind the children from native families but for reasons that differ from one system to another. Each system can profit from the experiences of the others in attempting to ameliorate this disparity.
Design of Soft Whiteboard System and Its Application in Education

For students, classroom teaching is the process of learning knowledge from teachers. The efficiency of the teaching and learning process is affected by the choice of a teaching tool and the creation of classroom environment to a large extent. In this paper, the design and development of a new teaching system — soft whiteboard system is introduced in details, which provide more support for the teachers to create a positive and interactive classroom environment, thus to improve the teaching and learning efficiency.
A control-theoretic approach to distributed discrete-valued decision-making in networks of sensing agents

We address the problem of global sensor fusion for the purpose of distributed decision-making, from a control-theoretic perspective. In particular, we introduce a quasi-linear stochastic distributed protocol, using which a network of sensing agents can reach agreement in order to take a collective action. Using control-theoretic methods, we design the parameters of our protocol - which include weights in the local update rules used by the agents and a finite stopping time - to achieve agreement in a fair and rapid manner. We show analytically that the developed protocol achieves fair agreement with certainty in the noise-free case and achieves fair agreement with high probability even in the presence of communication noise and assuming very little information storage capability for the agents. Our development is illustrated throughout with a canonical example motivated by autonomous vehicle control
Pulmonary CXCR2 regulates VCAM-1 and antigen-induced recruitment of mast cell progenitors

Chemokine receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes by mediating chemotaxis and by their influence on the expression and/or affinity of leukocyte integrins. Using blocking mAb, we showed that antigen-induced recruitment of mast cell progenitors (MCp) to the lung requires interaction of a4 integrins on the MCp with endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). In seeking a chemokine component, we found that CXCR2-deficient but not CCR3- or CCR5-deficient sensitized and antigen-challenged mice have significantly fewer lung MCp 1 day after challenge and fewer tracheal intraepithelial MC 1 week after challenge, implying that recruited MCp provide the source for these mature MC. Unexpectedly, reconstitution of sensitized, sublethally irradiated +/+ and −/− mice with bone marrow cells of either genotype indicated that expression of CXCR2 by the migrating MCp was not required. Instead, receptor function by resident lung cells was required because normal BM did not reconstitute MCp recruitment in irradiated CXCR2−/− mice. The reduced MCp influx into the lung of CXCR2−/− mice was accompanied by reduced induction of VCAM-1 transcripts and reduced endothelial surface expression. Thus, these studies demonstrate a role for a chemokine receptor in regulating endothelial VCAM-1 expression, MCp migration, and the level of intraepithelial MC in the lung of aerosolized, antigen-challenged mice.
Producing a Student Tutorial for Teaching Basic Sciences to Medical Students

A student-authored tutorial was written to facilitate the historically difficult “Inflammation and Immunity” (I2) module at the University of Kansas, School of Medicine. The unique position of a student-as-author in addressing the challenge areas of a module is the innovation of this project. The positive student responses indicate its success.
A2-5: Factors Independently Associated with Receiving First-Line Bevacizumab for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background/Aims Bevacizumab has FDA approval for advanced stage (IIIB/IV) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment; however, little is known about its uptake and use in HMOs. The aim of this study was to examine bevacizumab use over time in 4 Cancer Research Network (CRN) HMOs and identify factors associated with its use.
Primary to secondary organic aerosol: evolution of organic emissions from mobile combustion sources

Abstract. A series of smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the transformation of primary organic aerosol (POA) and formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during the photooxidation of dilute exhaust from a fleet of gasoline and diesel motor vehicles and two gas-turbine engines. In experiments where POA was present in the chamber at the onset of photooxidation, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to determine separate POA and SOA factors from aerosol mass spectrometer data. A 2-factor solution, with one POA factor and one SOA factor, was sufficient to describe the organic aerosol for gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, and one of the gas-turbine engines. Experiments with the second gas-turbine engine required a 3-factor PMF solution with a POA factor and two SOA factors. Results from the PMF analysis were compared to the residual method for determining SOA and POA mass concentrations. The residual method apportioned a larger fraction of the organic aerosol mass as POA because it assumes that all mass at m / z 57 is associated with POA. The POA mass spectrum for the gasoline and diesel vehicles exhibited high abundances of the CnH2n+1 series of ions (m / z 43, 57, etc.) and was similar to the mass spectra of the hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol factor determined from ambient data sets with one exception, a diesel vehicle equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst. POA mass spectra for the gas-turbine engines are enriched in the CnH2n−1 series of ions (m / z 41, 55, etc.), consistent with the composition of the lubricating oil used in these engines. The SOA formed from the three sources exhibits high abundances of m / z 44 and 43, indicative of mild oxidation. The SOA mass spectra are consistent with less-oxidized ambient SV-OOA (semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosols) and fall within the triangular region of f44 versus f43 defined by ambient measurements. However there is poor absolute agreement between the experimentally derived SOA mass spectra and ambient OOA factors, though this poor agreement should be expected based on the variability of ambient OOA factors. Van Krevelen analysis of the POA and SOA factors for gasoline and diesel experiments reveal slopes of −0.50 and −0.40, respectively. This suggests that the oxidation chemistry in these experiments is a combination of carboxylic acid and alcohol/peroxide formation, consistent with ambient oxidation chemistry.
The economic implications of the racial and ethnic disparities in the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Previous studies have examined racial and ethnic disparities in the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). This study aims to examine the economic implications of these disparities.Research design and methods: In this retrospective observational study, the study sample was adult survey respondents with a diagnosis of depression from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002–2003). SSRI use was measured as the number of times when SSRIs were obtained. The racial and ethnic disparities in SSRI use were examined employing a negative binomial model. The economic implications of disparities were explored using a linear regression with SSRI use as an independent variable. Interaction terms between the variable for SSRI use and dummy variables for racial and ethnic groups were included to explore whether the relationships between SSRI use and health expenditures differ across racial and ethnic groups.Results: The mean number of times of SSRI use was higher for non-Hispanic wh...
Exploring the Interface: Explicit Focus-on-Form Instruction and Learned Attentional Biases in L2 Latin.

Eye-tracking was used to investigate the attentional processes whereby different types of focus on form (FonF) instruction assist learners in overcoming learned attention and blocking effects in their online processing of second language input. English native speakers viewed Latin utterances combining lexical and morphological cues to temporality under control conditions and three types of explicit FonF: verb grammar instruction, verb salience with textual enhancement, and verb pretraining. Chinese native speakers were also tested on control and verb grammar conditions. All groups participated in three phases: exposure, comprehension test, and production test. Verb grammar participants viewed a short lesson on Latin tense morphology prior to exposure. Verb salience participants saw the verb inflections highlighted in bold and red during exposure. Verb pretraining participants took part in an additional introductory phase in which they were presented with solitary verb forms and were trained on their English translations. Instructed participants showed greater sensitivity to morphological cues in comprehension and production. Eye-tracking revealed how FonF affects learners’ attention during online processing and thus modulates long-term blocking of verb morphology.
Intraoperative Catastrophic Failure of a Mizuho OSI Orthopedic Trauma Table Top: A Case Report.

Case: During orthopaedic open reduction and internal fixation, early fatigue failure of a Mizuho OSI Orthopedic Trauma Table Top occurred. The patient fell toward the ground but was uninjured. A material failure characterized by a crack in the spar tube leading to complete table component separation was identified. To our knowledge, this report is the first of its kind to specifically highlight surgical table device failure intraoperatively. Conclusion: Although rare, early fatigue failure of operating tables is possible, leading to hazardous intraoperative situations and the potential for serious patient injury or death. Operating tables and equipment should be inspected rigorously and with proper documentation to prevent such events.
Respecting One's Elders: In Search of an Ontological Explanation for the Asymmetry Between the Proper Treatment of Dependent Adults and Children

Abstract The infantilization of older adults seems morally deplorable whereas very young children are appropriate recipients of such treatment. Children, we argue, are not mentally capable of acting autonomously and reasoning clearly. However, we have difficulty reconciling this justification with the fact that many of the elders whom we respect are mentally deficient in those very same ways. In this paper, I try to make sense of this asymmetry between our justifications for infantilizing the young and our conviction that our elders ought to be respected. I argue that our intuitions against adult infantilization are non-consequentialist (i.e., deontic). I consider several candidates for the deontic factor that might explain the asymmetry of our judgments and practices. I argue that a very specific kind of dignity (one that is socially constructed and reified) grounds our disparate judgments and treatments of very young and very old persons with similar needs.
Tutorial: Sorting of Spectral Decomposition data

Spectral decomposition data are multivalued at a given time and spatial position. Interpretation of subtle stratigraphic features from spectra may, thus, involve multidimensional visualization challenges. Consequently, the spectral data are sorted and visualized in a variety of ways (e.g. Partyka et. al., 1999). Useful sorting schemes include: (1) pseudo spectral volumes, such as “tuning cubes”, which are essentially frequency dependent amplitude maps that can be loaded into common interpretation platforms for visualization (2) timefrequency gathers, which show frequency spectra as function of time for a single seismic trace, (3) space-frequency gathers, which show lateral variation of spectra for a given time window or along a horizon, and (4) common frequency volumes.
Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Properties of a Flatback Airfoil: An Update

Results from an experimental study of the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic properties of a atback version of the TU Delft DU97-W-300 airfoil are presented for a chord Reynolds number of 3 10 6 . The data were gathered in the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel, which uses a special aeroacoustic test section to enable measurements of airfoil self-noise. Corrected wind tunnel aerodynamic measurements for the DU97-W-300 are compared to previous solid wall wind tunnel data and are shown to give good agreement. Aeroacoustic data are presented for the atback airfoil, with a focus on the amplitude and frequency of noise associated with the vortex-shedding tone from the blunt trailing edge wake. The effect of a splitter plate attachment on both drag and noise is also presented. Computational Fluid Dynamics predictions of the aerodynamic properties of both the unmodied DU97-W-300 and the atback version are compared to the experimental data. Technical risks associated with the use of atback airfoils for the inboard region of wind turbine blades include increased aerodynamic noise and increased aerodynamic drag. Both of these penalties are the result of the blunt trailing edge shape and the wake that is produced by this shape. The relatively low pressure at the blunt base results in a much larger drag force than for a conventional airfoil shape. The effect of this drag penalty on rotor thrust and torque coefcient for typical inboard twist angles is not severe, and in fact can be offset by the additional lift that a atback airfoil generates. 3 Consideration of drag reducing devices such as splitter plates or trailing edge serrations may be desireable to further boost performance, however. The increased noise from the atback is due primarily to the vortex shedding phenomenon associated with bluff- body wakes. The vortex shedding often leads to tonal noise, similar to the Aeolian tones of o w past circular cylinders. The intensity of bluff-body vortex shedding tones at low Mach number scales with the sixth power of the relative o w velocity. Broadband aeroacoustic noise sources associated with turbulent boundary layer-trailing edge interaction scale with the fth power of the relative o w velocity. Since outboard o w velocities are much higher than those encoun- tered inboard, the overall aerodynamic noise levels of a rotor incorporating inboard atback shapes will likely continue to be dominated by outboard trailing edge noise. However, two aspects of the atback noise source may be cause for concern. First, the vortex-shedding noise from atbacks is likely to be contained in a relatively low-frequency band (50-200 Hz). Some community noise regulations have separate low-frequency noise standards apart from considera- tion of A-weighted sound, which emphasize higher frequencies to which the human ear is more sensitive. Second, the
Effect of synthetic luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone in newborn rats.

SummaryAdministration of synthetic LH-RH to male and female rats on the first day of life reduced pituitary content of FSH and LH and increased serum concentrations of LH.The authors express their appreciation to the Hormone Distribution Officer, NIAMDD, for the generous supply of reagents for the radioimmunoassays of LH and FSH, and to Mrs. Eileen Morris for competent secretarial assistance.
Flow of Dusty Plasma Around an Obstacle

-Single frame video images of dusty plasmas flowing around a conducting wire are presented. The images were obtained by laser illumination of the dust suspension with the reflected light recorded using a fast video camera. Images from two different configurations are shown. The first image records the formation of a bow shock formed when a supersonic dust cloud impinges on a thin wire biased to repel the negatively charged dust. The second image shows the deflection of a thin stream of dust particles around a negatively charged wire
Evaluation on Surveillance Data of Routine Immunization Coverage in Hohhot City in 2014

Objective To analyze the current status of the routine immunization coverage in Hohhot. Methods The surveillance data of routine immunization coverage reported in 2014 were analyzed using the evaluation method of difference(D value) and ratio(R value). Results The results indicated that both the timeliness and completeness of coverage reported in different district were 100%. The routine immunization coverage reported in 2014 were above 99%, but there are significance differences between reported coverage and estimated ones. The D value of Men A, Hep A and DT were unbelievable, and that of Hep B, BCG and JE-I were doubtful. Conclusion The surveillance data of routine immunization in Hohhot were overestimated. Technical training should be strengthened to enhance the reliability of reported immunization rate.
Flag Burning and Free Speech: The Case of Texas v. Johnson

In a free society where it often seems nothing is sacred, many feel that one thing at least should be: that despite constitutional guarantees of free speech, it should be illegal to desecrate the American flag. For most Americans, no symbol is more charged with emotion, and incidents of its abuse have led many to declare that freedom of expression has its limits. When Gregory Lee Johnson burned a flag as part of a political protest, he was convicted for flag desecration under Texas law, but the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the conviction on First Amendment grounds and the Supreme Court confirmed that physically damaging the flag constituted symbolic-and protected-speech. Robert Justin Goldstein now examines this landmark case and the attendant controversy over whether protection of the flag conflicts with constitutional guarantees of free speech. He also explores the case's ramifications for future legal battles. Goldstein, who has published widely on the flag desecration debate, offers a concise and updated account of the controversy for students and general readers. He traces the history of the flag protection movement from its nineteenth-century origins through the enactment of early state laws, and he examines modern incidents of flag desecration from the Vietnam era to the present. At the heart of the book is the Johnson case and the political firestorm that it ignited. Goldstein examines the legal and philosophical issues surrounding the case through courtroom testimony, oral arguments, and interviews with Johnson, the lawyers (including former Whitewater prosecutor Kenneth Starr and the late famed "radical attorney" William Kunstler), and the judges who heard the many rounds of appeals. He then takes us inside the Supreme Court to analyze the justices' reasoning that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds it offensive. Finally, he looks at reactions to the decision including recent heated attempts to protect the flag through legislation or constitutional amendment. Goldstein helps us better understand the human emotion and psychological drama that underlie abstract legal and constitutional issues and that fundamental rights sometimes are held by the courts to be superior to majority rule or popular emotion. By demonstrating how competing and often contradictory concepts can be embodied in the very same symbol, he helps us understand the fundamental meanings of democracy and patriotism."
The Role of Distress Tolerance in Multiple Facets of Hostility and Willingness to Forgive

Distress tolerance (DT) is a transdiagnostic construct linked to multiple psychiatric disorders. Identification of behaviors and attitudes associated with DT may provide helpful information regarding the construct and provide a clearer lens through which to view the interpersonal difficulties of individuals with low DT. Two studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between DT and hostile attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 76), lower DT was related to less forgiveness, after controlling for anxiety and depression in an unselected student sample. Study 2 examined a clinical sample seeking treatment for problematic anger (N = 131). Lower DT was related to less forgiveness and greater hostile ideation and hostile interpretation bias, independent of depression and anxiety. The observed relationships between DT and these dysfunctional interpersonal qualities provide support for the potential relevance of hostile cognitions to the study of DT.
Factors Affecting Appropriateness of Interfacility Transfer for Hand Injuries

Background: Transfers of patients with higher acuity injuries to trauma centers have helped improve care since the enactment of Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act. However, an uninten...
Where the Continent Ends

The Earth's continents and islands are bordered by shallow ocean plains that are arguably the most environmentally, economically and politically important parts of the sea. Yet in spite of this, they remain poorly defined and understood. A quantitative approach is employed here to map and analyze these plains, or shelves. The Earth's ocean bathymetry was used to determine the continent-ocean basin transition at ~1200 m, and then parsed with a novel geospatial terrain classification concept/method borrowed from the field of image analysis: the geomorphic phonotype, or geomorphon. The technique is less subjective than visual interpretation and digitization, and here illustrates that the ocean coastal plains are deeper, wider, and more steeply sloped than previously recognized. Their variable form is related to tectonics and latitude and ultimately affects function and habitat.
Adatom surface diffusion of catalytic metals on the anatase TiO2(101) surface.

Titanium oxide is often decorated with metal nano-particles and either serves as a catalyst support or enables photocatalytic activity. The activity of these systems degrades over time due to catalytic particle agglomeration and growth by Ostwald ripening where adatoms dissociate from metal particles, diffuse across the surface and add to other metal particles. In this work, we use density functional theory calculations to study the diffusion mechanisms of select group VIII and 1B late-transition metal adatoms commonly used in catalysis and photocatalysis (Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Rh, Ni, Co and Fe) on the anatase TiO2(101) surface. All metal adatoms preferentially occupy the bridge site between two 2-fold-coordinated oxygen anions (O2c). Surface migration was investigated by calculating the minimum energy pathway from one bridge site to another along three pathways: two in the [010] direction along a row of surface O2c anions and one in the [10] direction between two rows of surface O2c anions. For all adatoms, migration along the [010] direction is favored over migration along the [10] direction due to closer packing of the atoms in the [010] direction and therefore stronger adatom–surface interactions. As the adatom hops along the [010] direction, it preferentially moves through a metastable OTiO structure in which the adatom partially embeds itself within the surface, with the exception of Au, which remains above the surface. The adatoms migrate with relative activation energies of: Au (0.24 eV) < Ag (0.48 eV) < Rh (0.60 eV) < Co (0.78 eV) < Pt (0.84 eV) < Ni (0.86 eV) < Cu (1.23 eV) < Fe (1.79 eV) along the favored pathway. This preference arises from the strength of adatom–surface bonding and the electronegativity difference between the metal adatom and the TiO2 surface. We found a linear correlation between the binding energy/electronegativity and the activation energy for hopping where stronger binding energies and more oxidized adatoms have higher activation energies for adatom migration. The linear correlation developed in this work enables rapid estimations of the hopping rates of other transition metal adatoms across the TiO2 surface.
A Targeted Self-Management Approach for Reducing Stroke Risk Factors in African American Men Who Have Had a Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack:

Purpose:This study compared a novel self-management (TargetEd MAnageMent Intervention [TEAM]) versus treatment as usual (TAU) to reduce stroke risk in African American (AA) men.Design:Six-month pro...
Sandinista Nicaragua's Resistance to US Coercion: Revolutionary Deterrence in Asymmetric Conflict

How was the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) of Nicaragua able to resist the Reagan Administration's coercive efforts to rollback their revolution? Hector Perla challenges conventional understandings of this conflict by tracing the process through which Nicaraguans, both at home and in the diaspora, defeated US aggression in a highly unequal confrontation. He argues that beyond traditional diplomatic, military, and domestic state policies a crucial element of the FSLN's defensive strategy was the mobilization of a transnational social movement to build public opposition to Reagan's policy within the United States, thus preventing further escalation of the conflict. Using a contentious politics approach, the author reveals how the extant scholarly assumptions of international relations theory have obscured some of the most consequential dynamics of the case. This is a fascinating study illustrating how supposedly powerless actors were able to constrain the policies of the most powerful nation on earth.
Electronic Communication Use and Socio-Emotional Well-Being among Military Youth

The authors seek to investigate the relationship between electronic-communication (e-communication) use and social isolation for adolescents age 11–18 in the context of military family life, with a specific focus on relationship function provided by e-communication. Self-efficacy, developmental stage (early or middle/late adolescence), sex, and military contextual factors (parents’ military rank, number of school changes and parent deployment) on social benefits and social isolation were controls in the model. Data from a computer survey administered to adolescents (N = 1036) who had at least one active-duty military parent at five US Army installations in the US and Western Europe were analyzed using a path analysis model. Findings suggest that using e-communication to establish new relationships may be strategic for military youth, who experience many geographic relocations and school changes, in terms of creating social benefits (opportunity for nurturance). On the other hand, spending large amounts of time using e-communication may impede the establishment of nurturing relationships with others and ultimately may be linked to social isolation. Within the model, significant moderational effects related to self-efficacy, sex of the adolescent and parents’ military rank were found.
Cytotoxicity and CYP1A inhibition in rainbow trout liver (RTL-W1) cell lines exposed to dispersant Corexit 9500 and its major surfactant components

As part of a large study examining the toxicity of the Corexit® family of oil spill dispersants on aquatic vertebrates, we examined effects on the liver in an in vitro study using the rainbow trout liver cell line (RTL-W1). We exposed RTL-W1 cells to the dispersant Corexit 9500 and its major surfactant components and measured their cytotoxic effects as well as modulation of activity of CYP1A, one of the major enzymes responsible for organic contaminant metabolism. The anionic surfactant DOSS was found to be the most cytotoxic with a 24h EC50 of 10mg/L, as compared to 45 to 91mg/L for the non-ionic surfactants, Tween 80 and 85 and Span 80. The EC50 for Corexit was intermediate between these compounds at 29mg/L. Corexit 9500 and the non-ionic surfactants Tween 80 and 85, but not DOSS or Span 80 knocked down CYP1A activity induced by benzo[a]pyrene, a model agonist, demonstrating the potential of these compounds to compromise the ability of exposed organisms to metabolize petroleum hydrocarbons or other CYP1A substrates.
Mental Phrase Markers in Sentence Processing

I marshal several lines of empirical support for the claim that the human sentence processing mechanism (HSPM) constructs representations of the syntactic structures of linguistic stimuli—what I call “mental phrase markers” (MPMs). Powerful neurocognitive evidence for this hypothesis is drawn from recent EEG and MEG studies. Further support comes from studies of structural priming and garden-path processing, which provide insight into the structure of MPMs. Structural priming involves modulating the speed of behavioral responses by exciting certain MPMs prior to a task. In the case of garden-path processing, the HSPM encounters a locally ambiguous input and resolves the ambiguity in a way that turns out to be incorrect. The principles of ambiguity resolution that are operative in such cases all seem to make direct ineliminable reference to MPMs. Finally, I discuss various attempts to demonstrate the psychological reality of so-called “empty categories”. The available evidence suggests that wh-traces are psychologically real and that the HSPM employs sophisticated strategies in searching for them, making use of both grammatical constraints and cues provided by their antecedents. In the concluding section, I discuss whether the contents of MPMs can help us decide which grammar the HSPM employs in on-line processing.
Strasbourg et Bourbaki

Dans l’Inde, j’avais ete tenu au courant, par ma mere, de la vie mouvementee qu’avait menee ma sœur (la «trollesse», comme nous la nommions dans notre jargon familial) au Puy ou elle avait eu son premier poste comme professeur de philosophie au lycee de filles. Ses activites de cette annee-la, et leurs suites, ont ete decrites dans sa biographie, par Simone Petrement, avec maints details pittoresques, et je n’y reviendrai pas; qu’il suffise de dire ici qu’elle avait eu l’audace de serrer la main a des chomeurs en pleine place publique, puis d’accompagner leur delegation devant le conseil municipal, ce qui lui avait valu d’etre menacee de sanctions administratives. Ces nouvelles m’avaient atteint au moment meme ou je me debattais contre l’administration d’Aligarh, et j’avais ete enchante, bien entendu, des defis que ma sœur portait aux pouvoirs etablis; je lui avais adresse une lettre de felicitations qui commencait par «Etonnant Phenomene», a quoi elle avait repondu en me traitant philosophiquement de noumene. Le Puy dependait du rectorat de Clermont. Rentrant a Paris en mai 1932, je m’arretai a Clermont ou j’avais des amis, et j’en profitai pour rendre visite au recteur. Il me parut plutot amuse par les aventures de ma sœur, qui devaient en effet former une diversion plaisante a la routine de ses occupations rectorales, et me dit que «le climat du Puy ne lui valait rien, mais rien du tout». Sachant qu’elle-meme avait fini par souhaiter un changement de poste, je n’y contredis pas, et nous nous separâmes cordialement.
Agency issues with small lobby firms: a test of competing hypotheses

Several scholars have suggested that agency problems might significantly influence how well lobby agents represent the interest of their lobby principals (Stephenson and Jackson in Harv J Legis 47(1):1–20, 2010; Kersh in Crit Rev 14:237–258, 2000; Lowery and Marchetti in Interest Groups Advocacy 1(2):139–170, 2012). Schiff et al.’s (Interest Group Advocacy 4(3):225–248, 2015) analysis of lobby spending by major clients of the top 19 lobby firms in Washington in 2012 found strong support for these expectations. We address the generalizability of their finding by using the same explanatory model employed by Schiff et al. (Interest Group Advocacy 4(3):225–248, 2015), extending their analysis to the same principals’ spending with smaller lobby firms. After outlining competing expectations about the severity of agency problems with smaller lobby firms, we assess their veracity with 2012 data. In the conclusion, we discuss the implications of our findings for the generalizability of agency problems in lobbying relationships between principals and agents.
Experiential learning in macroeconomics through FREDcast

Abstract This article discusses how to use FREDcast, an interactive economic forecasting game from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, to teach macroeconomics. It provides instructions on how to set the game up and organize related teaching materials such as graphs and data points through a FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data) Dashboard. It also puts forward a series of classroom discussion questions and suggested assignments. We argue that this pedagogical strategy provides an engaging context for the discussion of core topics in macroeconomics while contributing to the development of data-related expected student proficiencies.
Resolving Wicked Problems: Collaborative Information Systems Design In Boundary-Spanning Groups

Wicked problems are subjective, interrelated and have no stopping rule. In a group that spans organizational boundaries, the resolution of wicked problems is especially problematic, as participants share minimal domain-knowledge. This paper discusses alternatives to current models of collaborative problem-solving, organizational innovation, and IS design, to understand how we may manage the processes of information system design in such conditions. A multilevel framework and an interrupted convergence model of design are presented, that focus on what elements drive design at various levels and how these elements interact and are mediated by boundary objects. The model suggests a new approach to boundary-span ning innovation that examines how interactions between levels of collaborative understanding reframe the negotiated order of design.
Does epidural analgesia during labor affect the incidence of cesarean delivery

There is substantial evidence that there is an increased incidence of cesarean delivery among patients who receive epidural analgesia during labor. The controversy as to whether there is a causal relationship between epidural analgesia and cesarean delivery. Two prospective, randomized studies suggest that epidural analgesia may increase the incidence of operative delivery in laboring women. However, retrospective population-based studies suggest that the introduction of an epidural analgesia service, or the increased use of epidural analgesia, does not increase the cesarean delivery rate. It is possible that epidural analgesia during labor may increase the risk of cesarean delivery in selected patients. Such an effect--if it exists at all--appears to be small in contemporary practice. Furthermore, the availability and use of epidural analgesia may encourage other patients to undergo an adequate trial of labor or attempt vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. It is important to consider the impact of epidural analgesia on the total population of obstetric patients. Maternal-fetal factors and obstetric management, not epidural analgesia, are the most important determinants of the cesarean delivery rate. Finally, physicians should remember that pain relief is itself a worthy goal.
National Case Studies

National EBED initiatives are much larger in scale in terms of funding and intended reach than the subnational efforts described in the previous chapter. Many of these top-down strategies are driven by economic motivations such as the reduction of energy costs for a country; improved energy access; or enhanced growth in a low-emissions, efficient, and advanced energy sector. Most of these programs are driven by national governments in contrast to some of the entrepreneurial-driven programs at the subnational level. This chapter presents cases from Singapore, China, Ethiopia, Laos, Morocco, and South Africa.