cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S12.4 A mucosal chlamydia trachomatis vaccine stimulates protective memory T cells

Many non-mucosal vaccines are poorly protective against mucosal pathogens, presumably because they do not generate mucosa-tropic memory cells. Few mucosal vaccines are in clinical use because live vaccine vectors pose safety risks and killed or molecular antigens (Ags) are weak immunogens when applied to intact mucosa. Adjuvants can potentially overcome this poor immunogenicity, however, conventional mucosal adjuvants possess unfavorable safety profiles. We have developed an adjuvanted vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis. Genital Ct infection induced protective immunity that depended on interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing CD4 T-cells, whereas mucosal exposure to UV-inactivated Ct (UV-Ct) generated tolerogenic Ct-specific regulatory T-cells, resulting in exacerbated bacterial burden upon Ct challenge. However, mucosal immunization with UV-Ct complexed with charge-switching synthetic adjuvant particles (cSAP) did not exert the tolerogenic effect of UV-Ct alone but elicited long-lived protection. This differential effect of UV-Ct-cSAP versus UV-Ct was because the former was presented by immunogenic CD11b+CD103–dendritic cells (DCs), while the latter was acquired by tolerogenic CD11b–CD103+ DCs. Genital protection was achieved after intrauterine or intranasal, but not subcutaneous vaccination and was inducible in conventional and humanized mice. Regardless of vaccination route, UV-Ct-cSAP induced robust systemic memory cells. However, only mucosal vaccination induced a wave of Ct-specific effector T-cells that seeded the mucosa during the first week and established resident memory T cells (TRM). Without TRM, mice were suboptimally protected, even when circulating memory cells were abundant. For optimal Ct clearance, both early seeding by TRM and infection-induced recruitment of a second wave of circulating memory cells were required. Thus, using a novel mucosal vaccine platform, we demonstrate that protection against Ct depends on synergistic actions of two memory T cell subsets with distinct migratory properties.
What Counting Words Has Really Taught Us: The Word Gap, a Dangerous, but Useful Discourse.

For the past two decades, a claim of a word gap between the vocabulary sizes of poor children and their wealthier peers has inundated educational policy. In this article, I use critical discourse a...
Improving the Safety of Shoulder Arthroscopy in the Beach-Chair Position: A Prospective Randomized Trial Investigating the Effect of Compression Stockings on Cerebral Desaturation Events in High Risk Patients

Abstract Background Devastating transient and permanent postoperative neurocognitive complications in previously healthy, low risk patients have been observed after elective shoulder arthroscopy in the beach chair position (BCP). Continuous monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation has been recommended to identify cerebral desaturation events (CDEs) and improve patient safety. However, the relatively high cost and limited availability of monitoring may not be cost-effective. More cost-effective and available measures, including the use of thigh-high compression stockings (CS), have been investigated. However, efficacy data of CS usage is limited, especially for obese patients, who have been shown to be at increased risk for CDEs. The purpose of this was study was to determine if the intraoperative addition of thigh-high compression stockings decreases the incidence, frequency, and magnitude of CDEs in obese patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy in the BCP. Methods Thirty-three patients in the treatment group wore both thigh-high compression stockings (CS) and sequential compression devices (SCDs), and the remaining 33 patients in the control group wore SCDs alone. Cerebral oximetry was monitored during surgery using near-infrared spectroscopy. Results The incidence of CDEs was equal between groups, with 9 patients (27%) in each experiencing desaturation events. The median number of CDEs per patient was 3 for the control group and 1 for patients wearing CS (p = 0.286). There was no difference between groups in terms of median time from induction of anesthesia to onset of CDE (p = 0.791), median time from upright positioning to onset of CDE (p = 0.596), mean CDE duration per patient (p = 0.216), and median cumulative CDE duration (p = 0.185). The median maximal desaturation from baseline was also not different between groups: 27.6% in the control group and 24.3% in the treatment group (p = 0.354). Conclusion The combination of thigh-high CS and SCDs did not decrease the incidence, frequency, or magnitude of CDEs in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy in the BCP. Twenty-seven percent of patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy in the BCP demonstrated cerebral desaturation events with or without the use of CS. Therefore, further research is required to identify cost-effective, minimally invasive, and universally available methods of decreasing the incidence of CDEs during this common surgical procedure. Level of Evidence Level I; Randomized Controlled Trial; Treatment Study
Tribological performance of 52,100 steel subjected to boron-doped DLC coating and ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification

Abstract The tribological performance of AISI 52100 substrates subjected to several surface treatments have been evaluated in rolling, sliding, and mixed mode contact. The surface treatments include a boron-doped diamond-like carbon (B-DLC) coating deposited by plasma-assisted magnetron sputtering, an ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technique used to generate severe plastic deformation in the near surface of the steel specimens, and a B-DLC coating applied to a UNSM pretreated surface. In general, the tribological performance of the duplex surface treatment was superior to that of the untreated specimens and of the specimens with the other surface treatments in rolling, sliding, and mixed mode contact. The improved tribological performance of the duplex process was attributed to the combination of increased wear resistance provided by the B-DLC coating and the grain refinement of the martensitic structure of the AISI 52100 imparted by the UNSM process that created a beneficial substrate/coating interface.
Nutrient needs and requirements during growth

Summary Childhood and adolescence are important periods during which major biological, social, physiological, and cognitive changes take place and nutrition plays a key role. The nutritional requirements of children change as they grow and develop and depend on growth rate, total body size, and activity levels. In adolescents, these requirements are even higher than those of children because of the growth spurt, sexual maturation, changes in body composition, skeletal mineralization, and changes in physical activity. In this chapter, we will review the nutritional needs for children and adolescents with special emphasis on feeding recommendations for children and obesity and pregnancy in adolescents.
Corporate Implementation and Business Forms

This chapter highlights the different legal structures for business and how sustainability fits with those structures. Corporate or business implementation strategies are covered. Implementation of structure and process in a sustainable framework highlights investments in products through a sustainable net present value (SNPV) process or business structure. Differences in structure and form such as B-Corps, non-profits, institutions, partnerships, and corporations are discussed within the area of sustainability.
Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine Epidural Abscess: Case Report and Literature Review.

We report a case of a spinal epidural abscess (SEA) in a patient without significant risk factors. The patient was treated in an outpatient setting for one week for worsening back pain and subsequently admitted to the hospital for the treatment of sepsis and suspected SEA. An MRI obtained on admission showed an epidural abscess extending from the lower cervical to the upper lumbar region and accompanying paraspinal cervical and psoas abscesses. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics based on the sensitivity of the surgical cultures received from a needle aspiration of the abscess. SEA has a low incidence; however, the number of cases is consistently rising over the last two decades. The outcome of SEA treatment is related to the duration of the process prior to intuition of the treatment. Patients with no neurological symptoms, or with symptoms lasting less than 36 h, have the best recovery rate. As the typical symptoms of SEA are seen in only 13% of cases, physicians should have a low threshold to order MRI in patients with back pain that is new or changed from the baseline. With the help of CT-guided aspiration for culture analysis, patients can be successfully treated conservatively using antibiotics in cases where neurological signs are absent.
Social and cultural bonds left to “the mercy of the winds:” an agricultural transition

In 2004, the agricultural economies of many rural communities in the United States were impacted by the cessation of a price-support and supply-control program for tobacco production. Tobacco was not only an important livelihood, but also was central to social and cultural life. Using a social–ecological systems lens and the adaptive cycle metaphor, we examine the reorganization of agriculture in communities that previously produced tobacco under the program. Specifically, we seek to understand how transitional policy that provided financial support to tobacco farmers interacted with other social, cultural, physical and human capitals to condition system reorganization. We conducted semi-structured interviews with farmers, extension agents, and policy makers in Kentucky as well as examined trends in income and number of farmers before and after the transition as indicators of reorganization. We determined that the financial support was perceived as helpful in supporting the transition and that tobacco farmers reorganized their livelihoods primarily around existing, remnant assets and endogenous capacities. In addition, we determined that though the agricultural system may be reorganizing economically, it is not necessarily supportive of the same social bonds and values that co-existed with tobacco economy. Understanding agricultural economies as part of complex social–ecological systems that consist of interconnected values, identities, ecology and social ties is important for developing policies to support systems and communities through economic transitions.
PREPARATION OF MILLIGRAM QUANTITY OF VITAMIN D_3 ISOMERS BY A TWO-STEP HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD

The preparation of milligram quantities of three vitamin D_3 isomers, pre-vitamin D_3, lumisterol_3 and tachysterol_3, were carried out in a laboratory scale first by irra-diating 7- dehydrocholesterol in a phototherapy chamber equipped with UVB lamps, fol-lowed by using a two- step high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with asemi - preparative normal phase column and an analytical reverse- phase column. The finalproducts obtained were identified by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. According to thedetection limits for the three isomers, no contamination with any other isomers was de-tected in the previtamin D_3, lumisterol_3 and tachysterol_3 preparations, except that a verysmall amount of vitamin D_3, constituting no more than 0.25% of the product, was foundin previtamin D_3 preparation.
Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)-Based Sustainable Cybersecurity

The articles in this special issue focus on physical unclonable funtion (PUF)-based systainable cybersecurity. The articles investigate the potential use of physically unclonable functions (PUFs) as a hardware security approach for sustainable cybersecurity. PUFs are a class of circuits that use the inherent variations in the integrated circuit manufacturing process to create unique and unclonable IDs.1 PUF has the potential to seal multiple types of vulnerabilities for sustainable cybersecurity specifically in the security classes of authentication, nonrepudiation, and privacy.
Planning for resettlement: building partnerships for, by, and with Indigenous peoples

Efforts in the United States to plan or implement relocation in response to climate risks have struggled to improve material conditions for participants, to incorporate local knowledge, and to keep communities intact. Mixed methodologies of community geography provide an opportunity for dialogue and knowledge-sharing to collaboratively diagnose the challenges of climate adaptation led by communities. In this article, we advance a participatory practice model for the co-creation of knowledge initiated during a two-day workshop with members from the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribe from Isle de Jean Charles in Louisiana, Yup’ik people from Newtok Village in Alaska, and researchers from the MIT Resilient Communities Lab. Building on prior scholarship of indigenizing climate change research, this article shares the experience of the workshop to support knowledge exchange and dialogue, with the goal of understanding how to build participatory and non-extractive community-academic partnerships. We reflect on the community values and principles used to guide this workshop to inform more inclusive and co-produced research partnerships, and pedagogies that can improve and assist the self-determination of groups impacted by climate change. Workshop presentations and discussions highlight interconnected themes of resources, systems & structures, regulatory imbalance, and resilience that underpin climate resettlement. We reflect on the narratives presented by members of both Indigenous tribes and NGO partners that illustrate the shortcomings of resettlement planning practices past and present as perpetuating existing inequality. In response to this structured knowledge exchange, we identify potential roles for community-academic partnerships that aim to improve the equity of existing resettlement models. We propose approaches for incorporating traditional knowledge into the pedagogy, discourse, and practice of academic planning programs.
Some other mesons

Clear evidence for the existence of the f meson was first obtained by Selove et al. (1962) although preliminary evidence was seen earlier. The f appeared as a peak in the π+ π- mass spectrum in the reaction $${\pi ^ - } + p \to n + {\pi ^ + } + {\pi ^ - }$$ (19.1) with 3.0 GeV/c incident pions. Since the peak was not observed in the reaction $${\pi ^ - } + p \to p + {\pi ^ - } + {\pi ^0},$$ (19.2) the authors concluded that the f has isospin I = 0. Histograms showing the π- π0 and π+ π- mass spectra are shown in Fig. 19.1. In the π- π+ spectrum, two peaks are observed, one at the mass of the ρ0, and the other, the f meson, at a mass $${M_{\text{f}}} = 1250{\text{MeV}},\quad \Gamma = 120{\text{MeV}}{\text{.}}$$ .
Gender DIF in Reading Tests: A Synthesis of Research

The purpose of this study is to synthesize gender DIF in reading tests and the possible reasons behind it. After a thorough search of studies, 1,210 items from 18 articles were included in the final analysis. It is found that 23.3% of the items show gender DIF. There is, however, a large variation in the percentage of items determined as showing DIF across studies ranging from 0 to 77%. Among the DIF items, about half favor males and half favor females, and this pattern holds true for studies using the item response theory-likelihood ratio (IRT-LR) test and for those using the Mantel–Haenszel (M–H). Furthermore, items from shorter tests are more likely to be determined as having DIF than are items from longer tests. Other DIF patterns appear to depend on the specific DIF methods and the tests. The implications and limitations of this synthesis are also discussed.
From Birmingham’s Jail to Beyond the Riverside Church: Martin Luther King’s Global Authority

From critical jurisprudential examinations of his Letter from the Birmingham Jail, from his Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Address and his Nobel Lecture, and from his path-breaking speech at the Riverside Church, all in wider context, this article discusses how Martin Luther King's public ministry, post-Montgomery, should be reinterpreted as a global ministry with global authority. It was a ministry based on his early incorporation of Pan-Africanist perspectives, and his conscious merging, including on the most prominent global stage, the American Civil Rights Narrative, the International Human Rights Narrative, and the International Peace Narrative. Prominent in King's evolution of his global ministry, and the evolution of its community authority, is King's commitment to the need to critically and normatively address questions of law and justice, and the relationship of international human rights law to America's foreign policy obligations. His reflections on justice in this regard were, among many other pathways of their influence, compelling in helping to shape judicial opinions of several American cases. This is, finally, a meditation through Dr. King's global ministry on race and the intersection of international and domestic legal narratives.
Dynamics of Script N = 2 supersymmetric Chern-Simons theories

We discuss several aspects of three-dimensional = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories coupled to chiral multiplets. The generation of Chern-Simons couplings at low-energies results in novel behaviour including compact Coulomb branches and interesting patterns of dynamical supersymmetry breaking. We further show how, given any pair of mirror theories with = 4 supersymmetry, one may flow to a pair of mirror theories with = 2 supersymmetry by gauging a suitable combination of the R-symmetries. The resulting theories again have interesting properties due to Chern-Simons couplings.
Multistatic nearfield imaging radar for portal security systems using a high gain toroidal reflector antenna

A Toroidal reflector, consisting of a tilted ellipse rotated about the vertical axis, provides for multiple, overlapping high-resolution nearfield beams that form multi-view, true multistatic mm-wave imaging for security applications. Modeled results indicate the PSF on a torso target is wide and short, allowing for quickly computed 2D images which can be stacked to reconstruct detailed 3D surfaces.
Turning reflections into technology: leveraging theory and research in the design of communication software

With the convergence of text and interface made possible by technologies such as XML, writing specialists face a new responsibility to turn their specialized knowledge toward the task of developing more robust communication tools. The paper offers an example of just this sort of design work, making use of the synergy between activity theory perspectives on text-mediated activity and emerging methods for modeling information objects and relationships. Data gathered using a method first proposed by B, Gunnarson (1997) is used to map communication events associated with a common workplace communication goal: preparing a routine financial summary report for auditing and planning purposes. Mapping of these events reveals patterns that point to limitations in currently available technologies meant to support written communication, and suggests new features at both a conceptual and technical level.
elevated serum levels of interleukin-5 in patients with the syndrome of episodic angioedema and eosinophilia

The syndrome of episodic angioedema and eosinophilia is characterized by cyclic edema, marked peripheral blood eosinophilia, and eosinophil degranulation in the dermis. Using a sensitive immunoenzymetric method, we measured serum interleukin (IL)-5 levels in four patients with this syndrome. We also determined the percentage of activated T cells in the peripheral blood of a new patient before and during an attack. In the patient presented, IL-5 levels peaked several days before maximal eosinophilia and then declined. This patient's lymphocytes showed an increased percentage, 28% (normal 2% to 3%), of activated T cells staining for both CD3 and HLA-DR 10 days before maximal eosinophilia, but no increase at the time of peak eosinophilia. In serum from three previously reported cases, elevated serum IL-5 levels were found during attacks. After glucocorticoid administration, IL-5 levels became undetectable in three of the four patients. Production of IL-5 is likely an important determinant of the pathophysiology of this syndrome.
Will the Republicans Retake the House of Representatives in 2010

Using a simple model similar to one that correctly predicted a party turnover in the House of Representatives in 2006, the chance of the Republicans recapturing the chamber is estimated. According to the model, the odds are against them, sufficient to stoke their hopes for success.
Relative Influence of Capillary Index Score, Revascularization, and Time on Stroke Outcomes From the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial

Background and Purpose—Until recently, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) trials have failed to show a benefit of endovascular therapy compared with standard therapy, leading some authors to recommend decreasing the time from ictus to revascularization to improve outcomes. We hypothesize that improving patient selection using the capillary index score (CIS) may also be a useful strategy. Methods—CIS was calculated, blinded to outcome, from pretreatment diagnostic cerebral angiograms for 78 subjects in the Interventional Management of Stroke III database with internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion. The CIS was dichotomized into favorable (fCIS=2 or 3) and poor (pCIS=0 or 1). Outcomes were categorized based on the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days (0–2 considered a good outcome). Modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score 2b or 3 was considered good revascularization. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to relate CIS, time from ictus to revascularization, modifi...
SAFENET-a LAN for Navy mission critical systems

SAFENET (survivable adaptable fiber optic embedded network), a local area network profile covering all seven ISO/OSI layers, has been selected to meet the needs of systems used aboard the US Navy's combat ships and aircraft and is one of the Navy's NGCR (Next Generation Computer Resources) programme standard sets which are being developed to provide an architecture for computing resources in future Navy systems. While much of the SAFENET profile is taken directly from the existing GOSIP and MAP profiles, requirements of the combat environment necessitate some different capabilities. Areas of concern include: network cable plant, provision and reconfiguration of redundant paths, support for time synchronization across the network, a real-time oriented transport protocol, network management, directory services, and communication from application process to application process. Activities of the SAFENET Working Group to overcome the shortfalls of commercial standards are discussed. >
Visualization of spinal afferent innervation in the mouse colon by AAV8-mediated GFP expression.

Background Primary afferent neurons whose cell bodies reside in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) innervate colon and transmit sensory signals from colon to spinal cord under normal conditions and conditions of visceral hypersensitivity. Histologically, these extrinsic afferents cannot be differentiated from intrinsic fibers of enteric neurons because all known markers label neurons of both populations. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are capable of transducing DRG neurons after intrathecal administration. We hypothesized that AAV-driven overexpression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in DRG would enable visualization of extrinsic spinal afferents in colon separately from enteric neurons. Methods Recombinant AAV serotype 8 (rAAV8) vector carrying the GFP gene was delivered via direct lumbar puncture. Green fluorescent protein labeling in DRG and colon was examined using immunohistochemistry. Key Results Analysis of colon from rAAV8-GFP-treated mice demonstrated GFP-immunoreactivity (GFP-ir) within mesenteric nerves, smooth muscle layers, myenteric plexus, submucosa, and mucosa, but not in cell bodies of enteric neurons. Notably, GFP-ir colocalized with CGRP and TRPV1 in mucosa, myenteric plexus, and globular-like clusters surrounding nuclei within myenteric ganglia. In addition, GFP-positive fibers were observed in close association with blood vessels of mucosa and submucosa. Analysis of GFP-ir in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral DRG revealed that levels of expression in colon and L6 DRG appeared to be related. Conclusions & Inferences These results demonstrate the feasibility of gene transfer to mouse colonic spinal sensory neurons using intrathecal delivery of AAV vectors and the utility of this approach for histological analysis of spinal afferent nerve fibers within colon.
Influence of symmetrical polychlorinated biphenyl isomers on embryo and fetal development in mice. II. Comparison of 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and 3,3',4,4'-tetramethylbiphenyl.

Outbred albino (CD-1) mice were given the following biphenyl isomers by gavage in cottonseed oil in Days 6–15 of gestation: 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) at 16, 32, and 64 mg/kg/day; 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (3,4-TCB) at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg/kg/day; 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (3,5-TCB) at 64 mg/kg/day; and 3,3′,4,4′-tetramethylbiphenyl (TMB) at 64 mg/kg/day. The mice were killed on Day 18 of gestation, necropsies were performed on the dams, and the fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. Although DCB was toxic to the dams at 64 mg/kg/day, developmental toxicity was not detected. 3,4-TCB administration was followed by a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the average percentage of malformed fetuses per litter at 4 (7.2%), 8 (9.8%), 16 (25.4%), 32 (50.0%), and 64 (75.0%) mg/kg/day versus the vehicle control group (1,1%). None of the dosages tested was lethal to any of the dams. Significant decreases in maternal weight gain were observed at 16 mg/kg/day and above; however, the differences from the control value most likely were due to significant decreases in the mean number of live fetuses per dam, as the result of reductions in the number of implants per dam, and significant increases in the incidence of resorptions. Vaginal bleeding and other evidence of abortifacient effects also were present in several dams in groups receiving 3,4-TCB at 16 mg/kg/day and above. Cleft palate and hydronephrosis (significantly increased at dosages of 4 mg/kg/day and above) were the prodominant malformations detected. Thus, 3,4-TCB was found to be toxic to the conceptus at dosages of 4 mg/kg/day and above. Neither 3,5-TCB nor TMB showed indications of maternal or developmental toxicity at 64 mg/kg/day.
Using Longitudinal Assessment Data to Improve Retention and Student Experiences.

This chapter describes how Hampshire College used data from the Wabash Study to understand and improve third-semester persistence.
SPECTROSCOPIC INNOVATIONS AT THE LABORATORY FOR FLUORESCENCE DYNAMICS

The emergence of time-resolved fluorescence techniques has been very important to the study of biochemical, biophysical and biomedical research areas. Many of the advances in these fields have been technology driven. The Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics has been actively involved in development of frequency domain technology for a variety of applications. Our recent work on microwave super heterodyning detectors, fluorescence lifetime resolved spectroscopy, frequency domain fluorescence imaging microscopy, fluorescence lifetime resolved stopped-flow kinetics and global methods of data analysis is summarized in this report. We provide examples of how these new technologies are applied.
The Bohnenblust---Spitzer algorithm and its applications

The familiar bijections between the representations of permutations as words and as products of cycles have a natural class of "data driven" extensions that permit us to use purely combinatorial means to obtain precise probabilistic information about the geometry of random walks. In particular, we show that the algorithmic bijection of Bohnenblust and Spitzer can be used to obtain means, variances, and concentration inequalities for several random variables associated with a random walk including the number of vertices and length of the convex minorant, concave majorant, and convex hull.
Integrating multiple narratives: the mirror that changes

This presentation describes an approach to interface and experience design in which fact and fiction are mixed in multiple narrative modes. The Mirror That Changes is a Flash-based Web project that integrates fact and fiction, introspection and information in several simultaneous narratives of animated text, voiceover, ambient sound and moving image. Designed to explore issues of water and sustainability from the multiple perspectives of personal use and global resource, The Mirror merges extensive research on water use with a sensual evocation of water so that information and symbolism mesh within a minimalist envelope.
Cell Replication in the Arterial Wall: Activation of Signaling Pathway Following In Vivo Injury

This study examined intracellular signal events of arterial cells following balloon catheter injury to rat carotid artery. Within 30 minutes, a marked increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) activity was observed. This activity remained elevated for 12 hours but had decreased to control levels by day 1. No increase in ERK1/2 was detected at any later times. Injection of anti-fibroblast growth factor 2 antibody (60 mg i.v.) significantly inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 at 30 minutes after the injury. PD98059 (80 micromol/L), a selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase-1 (MEK1), decreased ERK1/2 activity in injured arteries and also reduced the medial cell replication. In contrast, PD98059 did not block the intimal cell replication at day 8. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) was expressed within hours after injury but only weakly at later times; MKP-1 was again expressed after 7 and 14 days. The expression of MKP-1 was associated with an activation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase. Injury to the arterial wall also stimulated the activity of p70 S6 kinase from 30 minutes to 12 hours, suggesting an alternative pathway in mitogenic signaling of early cell replication. These findings demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor 2-induced ERK1/2 activation promotes medial cell replication after balloon injury; however, signaling of intimal cell replication may not be linked to the MEK1-dependent ERK pathway.
Hypothetical explanation of selective saccadic palsy caused by pontine lesion.

Article abstract. Recent clinical neuropathologic reports are inconsistent with previous models of how pontine neural circuits generate saccadic eye movements. We present a hypothetical explanation of these and other clinical and experimental findings based on a new model that accurately predicts the eye signs in pontine lesions.
Correlating extent of Pt–Ni bond formation with low-temperature hydrogenation of benzene and 1,3-butadiene over supported Pt/Ni bimetallic catalysts

Abstract Low-temperature hydrogenation of benzene and 1,3-butadiene on supported Pt/Ni catalysts have been used as probe reactions to correlate hydrogenation activity with the extent of Pt–Ni bimetallic bond formation. Pt/Ni bimetallic and Pt and Ni monometallic catalysts were supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 using incipient wetness impregnation. Two sets of bimetallic catalysts were synthesized: one set to study the effect of metal atomic ratio and the other to study the effect of impregnation sequence. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) CO adsorption studies were performed to characterize the surface composition of the bimetallic nanoparticles, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to characterize the particle size distribution. Batch reactor studies with FTIR demonstrated that all bimetallic catalysts outperformed monometallic catalysts for both benzene and 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation. Within the two sets of bimetallic catalysts, it was found that catalysts with a smaller Pt:Ni ratio possessed higher hydrogenation activity and that catalysts synthesized using co-impregnation had greater activity than sequentially impregnated catalysts. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements were performed in order to verify the extent of Pt–Ni bimetallic bond formation, which was found to correlate with the hydrogenation activity.
Changing Social Dynamics in Early Childhood Classrooms

The purpose of this study was to analyze how social dynamics in early childhood classrooms change from fall to spring and from early to late preschool. The subjects were 92 preschoolers in age-stratified (3-year-old, 4-year-old, and 5-year-old) classrooms. Their sociometric ratings and peer contact patterns were recorded during the fall and spring. From early to late preschool, children's sociometric ratings became increasingly negative, especially toward cross-sex peers. Their contact patterns showed an analogous decrease in cross-sex contacts, although the changes were not as linear as those in the sociometric ratings. The analysis of group sizes showed that the 4-year-olds spent more time in larger groups than both their younger and older peers did. Group sociometric ratings and contact patterns changed from fall to spring, but individual children showed considerable stability in the sociometric ratings that they gave their peers and in the size and gender composition of their play groups.
A NEW MODEL FOR VIRTUAL RADIOMETERS

There exists a general need to compare radiative fluxes from experimental radiometers with fluxes computed in Thermal/Fluid simulations. Unfortunately, typical numerical simulation suites lack the ability to predict fluxes to objects with small view angles thus preventing validation of simulation results. A new model has been developed that allows users to specify arbitrary view angles, orientations, and locations of multiple radiometers, and receive as the output, high-accuracy radiative fluxes to these radiometers. This virtual radiometer model incorporates a reverse monte-carlo ray tracing algorithm adapted to meet these user specifications and runs on both unstructured and structured meshes. Verification testing of the model demonstrated the expected order of convergence. Validation testing showed good agreement between calculated fluxes from the model and measured fluxes from radiometers used in propellant fires. Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DEAC0494AL85000.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Transnational Community and Its Ethnic Consequences: The Return Migration and the Transformation of Ethnicity of Japanese Peruvians

This article examines the consequences of transnational community formation for immigrants' communities and ethnic identity. Focusing on a culturally, nationally, and racially mixed group of Japanese Peruvians who are dispersed across Peru, Japan, and the United States, the author examines how their communities and ethnic identity are transformed as a consequence of their migrations and transnational ties. During ethnographic fieldwork in their communities, the author found that Japanese Peruvians across the Pacific create their own ethnic identity as Nikkei, distinct from others, by exploiting their international ties and resources. She argues, therefore, that migrants' transnational ties can accentuate their group boundaries both within the sending and receiving countries, particularly when migrants perceive that there are benefits. Hence, the process of transnational community formation can hinder migrants' assimilation in nations.
Focused ion beam directed self-assembly (Cu2O on SrTiO3 ): FIB pit and Cu2O nanodot evolution

Abstract A gallium focused ion beam has been used to create discrete pits on a SrTiO 3 (100) surface with the idea that these pits will serve as the nucleation sites for subsequent Cu 2 O nanodot growth. The concentration of gallium within these pits has been analysed using a high-resolution Auger system immediately after pit formation and also following wet chemical etching and thermal annealing of the surface. The geometry of the pits has been determined following etching and annealing using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Growth of Cu 2 O nanodots on the patterned surfaces has been performed for different processing and Ga dose conditions. Growth of Cu 2 O nanodots within the pits is the primary mode of dot formation. In several samples, dot growth within pits appears to occur by a two-step process with pits filling before initiation of a second, distinct phase of nanodot growth above the plane of the original SrTiO 3 surface.
Diagnosis of an anomalous superficialis muscle in the palm by magnetic resonance imaging

Anomalous muscles of the upper extremity are encountered occasionally and in most cases, identification has been made at operation. Plain radiographs do not visualize soft tissues well. Magnetic resonance imaging provides good definition of soft tissue structures. We report a case of an anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis muscle in the palm, that was seen initially as a mass associated with a previous injury and pain. Magnetic resonance studies showed the mass to be a muscle belly in the palm. Preoperative identification of anomalous muscles is possible with magnetic resonance imaging.
Regulatory T cells inhibit Th1 cell-mediated bile duct injury in murine biliary atresia.

Background & Aims Biliary atresia (BA) is a pediatric inflammatory disease of the biliary system which leads to cirrhosis and the need for liver transplantation. One theory regarding etiology is that bile duct injury is due to virus-induced autoreactive T cell-mediated inflammation. Regulatory T cell (Treg) abnormalities in BA could result in unchecked bystander inflammation and autoimmunity targeting bile ducts. The aim of this study was to determine if Tregs are dysfunctional in the rotavirus-induced mouse model of BA (murine BA). Methods Murine BA resulted from infection of BALB/c neonates with Rhesus rotavirus (RRV). Results Liver Tregs from BA mice were decreased in number, activation marker expression, and suppressive function. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that RRV-infected mice that received Tregs had significantly increased survival (84%) compared to controls (12.5%). In addition, ablation of Tregs in older mice, followed by RRV infection, resulted in increased bile duct injury. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that dysregulation of Tregs is present in murine BA and that diminished Treg function may be implicated in the pathogenesis of human BA.
Electric field effect on the spin alignment of triplet traps of 4,4'-Dichlorobenzophenone crystal

Abstract : The spin alignment of triplet traps of the polar 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone neat crystal is changed by applying an external electric field which results in a change of the phosphorescence intensity and phosphorescence microwave double resonance (PMDR) signals. This and the results of other experiments can best be explained if one assumes that the field modifies the triplet-rather than singlet - exciton dynamics. A possible field-induced change in the radiative properties of the spin levels of the shallow traps (13-17 per cm) is also observed. (Author)
Nonprescription medication use and literacy among New Hampshire eighth graders.

Objectives To assess whether New Hampshire (NH) eighth graders were self-medicating with over-the-counter (OTC) medications, had literacy skills necessary to safely and accurately interpret OTC medication labels, and showed improvement in OTC medication safe use and literacy skills after student pharmacist–led education. Design Cross-sectional repeated-measures study. Setting NH, five separate sessions, in 2010 and 2011. Participants 101 NH eighth grade students. Intervention Participants answered questions derived from OTC drug facts labels that assessed OTC medication safe use and literacy before and after a student pharmacist–led presentation describing each section of the labels. Main outcome measures Participant use of OTC medications, whether participants interpreted OTC drug facts labels correctly, and whether participants were able to identify safe use of OTC medications before and after instruction about OTC drug facts labels. Results 57% of participants reported taking OTC medications in the previous month, 22% reported taking OTC medications autonomously, and 43% reported checking with a trusted adult before self-administration. After student pharmacist–led education, significant improvements were seen in identifying product indications, calculating adult doses, interpreting adverse effects, knowing when to call a medical provider, understanding proper medication storage, identifying expiration dates, and identifying duplicate medications in products. Conclusion NH eighth graders were self-medicating with OTC medications. Significant improvements in OTC medication label literacy were seen after student pharmacist–led education. These results provide evidence of the need for, and positive effects of, OTC medication education among U.S. adolescents.
Growth processes in bioreactors with external sources of biomass: Application of structured, continuum models

Batch, fed-batch, and single-stage CSTR bioreactors operate without external sources of biomass after they have been inoculated. However, other kinds of bioreactors, such as the second and subsequent reactors in a cascade of CSTRs, operate with continuous introduction of biomass from one or more external sources. The biomass in a bioreactor with an external source is not homogeneous with respect to past history of environmental conditions, and growth of this biomass is not balanced (steady-state) growth even when the bioreactor operates in steady state. So-called unstructured models of growth, which assume biomass to lack any internal structure or to have an invariant internal state, can give only a first approximation to the growth rate behavior of the biomass in a bioreactor with an external source of biomass. Structured models, which endow biomass with a changeable internal structure, are required to obtain more accurate predictions of growth rate behavior in such reactors. Introduction of structure is not sufficient for improved accuracy, however, and the fact that biomasses from different sources are remain segregated from one another must also be accounted for by any structured growth model used. This article presents, among others, the systems of different equations that result from application of the notions to the reactors of a cascade of CSTRs.
Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimation of Unemployment

Previous analysis of rotation group bias in the Current Population Survey has concluded that if the biases are additive, the ratio and composite estimators of month-to-month change in unemployment are unbiased. This article shows that if the biases contain a multiplicative aspect, both estimators of change are then biased. The article also presents some empirical results that cast doubt on the validity of a purely additive model.
Characteristics of Patients Who Avoid Wheat and/or Gluten in the Absence of Celiac Disease

Gastrointestinal symptoms that respond to the removal of wheat and/or gluten are becoming more common. Patients who avoid wheat and/or gluten (PWAWG) are a heterogeneous group and predominantly self-diagnosed prior to presenting for clinical evaluation. We characterized PWAWGs seen at a tertiary care referral center and compared them to patients with celiac disease (CD) and subjects in the National Health and Nutrition examination survey (NHANES). This was a cross-sectional study evaluating patients seen by four gastroenterologists at a CD referral center. Baseline characteristics, laboratory values, and medical comorbidities were compared to CD patients who presented at the same center and subjects enrolled in NHANES. Eighty-four PWAWGs were identified and compared to 585 CD patients and 2,686 NHANES patients. Thirty-two alternative diagnoses were made in 25 (30 %) PWAWGs, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and fructose/lactose intolerance. When compared to patients with CD, PWAWGs had similar body mass index (BMI, 23.1 vs. 23.5, p = 0.54) and mean hemoglobin value (13.4 vs. 13.3, p = 0.6). When compared to male and female patients in NHANES, BMI, folate, and mean hemoglobin values were lower in PWAWGs. Both male and female PWAWGs had a lower prevalence of hypertension. While there are similarities between CD and PWAWGs that could possibly be due to shared HLA haplotypes or an effect of the gluten-free diet, alternative diagnoses are common in these patients. PWAWGs have a similar cardiovascular profile as CD patients in terms of lower BMI and lower prevalence of hypertension.
Heterogeneity of serum albumin samples with respect to solid-state aggregation via thiol-disulfide interchange : Implications for sustained release from polymers

Serum albumin is a well-studied protein that has been used as a model for controlled release of proteins from polymeric matrices. Therefore, it is important to understand its stability under conditions approximating those within polymer matrices in vivo. Mimicking these conditions (protein lyophilized from pH 7.3 and incubated at 37°C and 96% relative humidity), we have studied the solid-state aggregation of various bovine and human serum albumin preparations. Our findings demonstrate that the rate of aggregation (occurring via intermolecular thiol-disulfide interchange) varies significantly among commercially available protein samples. This is a reflection of the heterogeneity among these samples with respect to thiol content (free Cys34), presence of fatty acids bound to the albumin molecule, and dimers and higher order aggregates present in the albumin preparation prior to stability testing in the solid state. In order to ascertain the significance of these observations, we have compared the release of S-alkylated (thiol-blocked) albumin with that of the unmodified protein from the poly(fatty acid dimer:sebacic acid) matrix. Substantially less of the unmodified protein was released, consistent with aggregation occurring within the polymer. These findings illustrate that protein stability is an important consideration in evaluating the performance of protein:polymer depots.
Conformational statistics of macromolecules using generalized convolution

Abstract A new technique for generating statistical properties of chain-molecule conformations is presented. Conditional probability density functions (PDFs) describing the frequency of occurrence of the relative position and orientation of frames of reference affixed to selected backbone atoms serve as the inputs. Ensemble statistical properties of whole chains are generated by performing multiple generalized convolutions of these conditional PDFs. The formulation is shown to include classical theories such as the hindered and freely rotating chains, the Gaussian random walk, and the rotational isomeric state model. The convolution model is modified to include the long-range effects of excluded volume. An analytical example is used to illustrate the procedure. A general algorithm to calculate the ensemble properties of an arbitrary chain macromolecule is presented. In this algorithm, each of the N degrees of freedom (e.g. torsion angles) is assumed to have K discrete states. Using the convolution procedure, a chain is divided into P statistical units. The computational requirement is reduced from an O (KN) calculation (corresponding to direct enumeration) to one which is O (P(C+K N/P )) where C is the computational complexity of the convolution procedure. In the case of a homopolymer, computations are reduced further to O (C log (P)+K N/P ).