cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulation of Positional Beaming Effect of Molecular Flow in Straight Cylindrical Pipeline by Monte Carlo Method

The existence of positional beaming effect of gas molecular flow in straight cylindrical pipeline is proved by the Monte Carlo Simulation method in this paper. The positional beaming effect is defined as the passing density difference of the molecules in pipeline. The inlet molecule uniformity distributes, but outlet molecular do not uniformity distribute that it increases in the center area of the pipeline and decreases at the edge area of pipeline. In order to evaluate the positional beaming effect, a criterion gamma is defined as the ratio of molecule density passing a given circular area to the total molecule density passing the whole cross-sectional area. The simulated results show that the averaged gammaap1.11 around the pipe axis and the averaged gammaap0.91 near the pipe wall.
Analytical model of rotating two‐cell convection at Saturn

We use an analytical model of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling to show that an asymmetric ring current (RC) pressure with an m=1 longitudinal dependence can initiate a rotating two-cell interchange potential. The model extends prior similar work by considering both cold plasma interchange and warm plasma pressure. This model predicts that within 7 h the magnitude of the interchange potential equals the RC seed potential. Within 13 to 26 h, the model reproduces the degree of cold density nonaxisymmetry at the outer density gradient of the Enceladus plume, as observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer. The interchange growth time bears a strong dependence on the particular value of height-integrated ionospheric conductivity and a weaker dependence on the magnitude of the initial RC perturbation. The model also extends prior work by including an outer boundary. We discuss the qualitative effect of a realistically shaped magnetopause that is anchored to the nonrotating frame. For high-m interchange, the magnetopause presence has no significant effect. In contrast, low-m interchange modes experience a rotating, asymmetric boundary condition that alternately enhances and inhibits interchange growth each rotation period. Several published studies have proposed interchange-driven, rotating two-cell convection; our results suggest that an asymmetric RC pressure distribution, coupled to Saturn's ionosphere, is one possible means of generating it. Our model predicts that the two-cell interchange potential should be long-lived and relatively insensitive to subsequent ring current injections, because after two Saturnian rotations the interchange potential is an order of magnitude larger than the seed potential that initiated it.
Why Try? Achievement Motivation and Perceived Academic Climate among Latino Youth.

Elliot and McGregor’s (2001) 2 × 2 model of achievement motivation (mastery approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance) was used among 143 Latino adolescents to examine how achievement motivation changes over time, and whether perception of academic climate influences eventual academic outcomes. A series of hierarchical regressions revealed that perception of a task-focused academic climate moderated the association between mastery-approach achievement motivation and teacher-rated academic outcomes. A Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) also revealed that eighth graders reported an increase in mastery-approach achievement motivation and task-focused academic climate as they transitioned to high school. Findings suggest 1) that perception of a task-performance focused academic climate plays an important role in Latino adolescents’ academic achievement, and 2) that Latino adolescents’ achievement motivation and perception of academic climate may be influenced b...
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION : III. SPEED OF AUTOLYSIS OF VARIOUS BODY TISSUES AFTER LETHAL X-RAY EXPOSURES. THE REMARKABLE DISTURBANCE IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.

Exposure to large doses of x-rays will cause notable increase in the speed of autolysis of the crypt or secretory epithelium of the dog's small intestine. These changes can be demonstrated readily in material obtained from dogs killed 2, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours after the initial radiation (Text-figs. 1 and 2). In the radiated dogs the secretory crypt epithelium of the small intestine autolyzes first and the epithelium of the villi last, while the reverse is true in the normal control small intestine. These abnormalities of autolysis associated with lethal Roentgen ray exposures can be demonstrated for the small intestine over the whole 4 day period subsequent to radiation. The colon shows little change and the stomach no demonstrable changes in autolysis under like conditions. The kidney likewise is negative. The spleen, lymph glands, liver, and pancreas show a moderate increase in speed of autolysis in tissues taken from radiated animals within 48 hours of the initial exposure. What the significance of this disturbance of cell ferments in the intestinal mucosa may be, we cannot pretend to say. At least these observations strengthen one's confidence in the profound functional disturbance of this important intestinal epithelium-a disturbance which we believe is responsible for the clinical abnormalities and fatal intoxication.
Efficient frequency tripling of CO 2 -laser radiation in tandem CdGeAs 2 crystals

The third harmonic of CO2-laser radiation has been obtained by passing the laser beam through two CdGeAs2 crystals in tandem, with the first crystal oriented for second-harmonic generation and the second for sum mixing. Using this technique, we have achieved an average external conversion efficiency of 1.5%, corresponding to an average internal conversion efficiency of 3% and peak-power efficiency near 6%. A brief comparison with other methods of generating the third harmonic of CO2-laser radiation is given.
Propagation of measles virus in a strain of human epidermoid cancer cells (Hep-2).

SummaryMeasles virus has been adapted to a cancer cell strain derived from a human epithelioma. The Hep-2 cell strain provides a particularly useful system for the study of measles because of its growth characteristics in media free of human serum, its freedom from latent cytopathogenic agents, and the high yields of virus that may be rapidly obtained. After adaptation to Hep-2 the virus was still capable of infecting monkeys but caused little or no illness.The authors wish to express their gratitude to J. S. Huang for his contributions in the first phase of this work and to Stephen Greenwald and Sigrid Angerer for their technical assistance.
Shape accuracy of a joint-dominated deployable mast

nite model of a representative mast structure is described. This model includes a detailed treatment of the latching mechanism. The parameters of the computational model are based on direct measurements on components of a physical model. The moment-rotation relationship for a complete single bay of the physical model has been measured and the overall behavior is predicted well by the model, however the model predicts the residual rotation at zero moment to be zero and so it is concluded that a more rened model for the latch will need to be developed.
A Model of Momentum and Market States: Theory and Evidence

We develop a model to connect market states and momentum profits, and test the model's empirical implications. The model analyzes the asset pricing implications of overconfidence and self-attribution bias, in a setting of multiple risky assets whose payoffs contain a common factor. A novel insight from the model is that overconfidence can vary asymmetrically between winners and losers, which leads to asymmetric return behaviors between winners and losers. The model generates a set of implications regarding the relation between market states and returns on the winner, loser, and momentum portfolios. These implications are supported by empirical analysis.
Combination chemotherapy of adult acute lymphocytic leukemia

Seventeen adults with previously untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) received thioguanine, vincristine, dexamethasone, and pyrimethamine for remission induction. Nine patients (53%) achieved complete and 5 (30%) partial remissions. Once in complete remission patients were given two closely separated consolidation courses followed by monthly maintenance courses of the same regimen with the addition of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) every other month during maintenance therapy. The median duration of complete remission was 176 days (range 38 to 605). The median survival for all patients was 405 days (range 30 to 1,058+). Oral pyrimethamine and CCNU were used for their potential activity as prophylactics against meningeal leukemia. Dexamethasone was used instead of prednisone because of the potential enhancement of granulocyte mobilization by the former. Six patients (35%) developed meningeal leukemia while on initial induction or maintenance therapy, 5 within 6 months of diagnosis. Life-threatening infections occured in 10 patients (59%) during induction. Whereas the regimen effectively induced complete remission in about half of previously untreated adults with ALL, it was not effective in maintenance. The incidence of meningeal leukemia and infection during induction was high. Oral pyrimethamine was inadequate prophylaxis for meningeal leukemia; dexamethasone did not reduce the incidence of serious infection.
Culture of cytomegalovirus from frozen-thawed semen

Twenty-four donors in a TID program were tested for previous exposure to CMV. Four (16.7%) donors were seropositive for CMV. One donor's semen was culture-positive for CMV following cryopreservation and storage at -196 degrees C for up to 9 months. Culture reports for blinded specimens from the same ejaculate were all in agreement. Days to viral detection following inoculation of test cells were similar for specimens from the same ejaculate. Seminal quality was not adversely affected during the period of viral shedding. This appears to be the first report of survival of this previously reported cold labile virus in frozen-thawed semen.
Pulling It All Together beyond the (dis) Comfort Zone

After three years teaching fifth grade, Amy feels comfortable with her literacy instruction in her classroom. She feels she has made a strong connection between theory and practice, her students are engaged and achieving, and she has earned the respect of her colleagues and parents. She wonders what steps she needs to take to continue to grow as a professional.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Associated with Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis.

Purpose: To describe 2 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma that originated in the setting of severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). Methods: Case one involved a 73-year-old male with atopic eczema and severe AKC who developed a limbal lesion suspicious for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). Slit-lamp examination was significant for a new sessile lesion in the temporal limbal region of the left eye. The lesion was treated with excisional biopsy and cryotherapy. Topical therapy with mitomycin C, topical interferon alpha 2b, and topical 5-fluorouracil provided only partial control. Exenteration was eventually needed. Case two involved a 53-year-old male with history of severe AKC and eczema. Computed tomography imaging showed an infiltrative mass of the right orbit. Incisional biopsies confirmed conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma of both sides (invasive in the right eye, in situ in the left eye). Exenteration was needed for control of invasive carcinoma in the right eye. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma was treated without success in spite of surgical excision and aggressive treatment with multiple topical agents and multiple applications of cryotherapy. Orbital exenteration was needed in both cases. Conclusion: Chronic inflammation associated with AKC may be a risk factor for the development of bilateral, diffuse, invasive, and recurrent OSSN that may require exenteration.
The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 and the National Practitioner Data Bank: the controversy over practitioner privacy versus public access.

Cet article presente le Health Care Qualite Improvement Act de 1986 mis en place aux Etats-Unis pour lutter contre les fautes professionnelles medicales, et egalement la National Practitioner Data Bank mise en place par le secretariat des services sante. Apres une description de la banque de donnee des medecins, les droits concernant la protection de la vie privee des medecins contre les droits publics sont analyses. Puis le probleme de la faute professionnelle d'un medecin et la diffusion de cette information sur une banque de donnees est analyse. Et enfin les options politiques sont evaluees
Initiation of Electronic Cigarette Use by Age Among Youth in the U.S.

Introduction The rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking among U.S. youth requires data regarding the age pattern of initiation risk for effective tobacco use prevention. Methods Data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (N=20,680, aged 11–19 years, 50.6% male) were analyzed using survival analysis in 2016 to quantify the likelihood of e-cigarette use initiation by age, overall and by gender and racial/ethnic groups. Results The estimated mean age of e-cigarette initiation was 17.50 (95% CI=17.47, 17.52) years. The estimated hazards of e-cigarette use initiation were 0 up to age 6 years, increased slowly from age 7 to 11 years, and continued with an accelerated increase up to age 17 years before it slowed down. There were significant gender (male > female) and racial/ethnicity (from high to low: multiracial, white, Hispanic, African, and Asian) differences in the age pattern. Conclusions E-cigarette smoking is initiated as young as age 7 years. Different from conventional cigarette smoking with peak initiation risk at age 14–15 years, the likelihood of initiating e-cigarette smoking continues to increase up to age 18 years. The unique age pattern and significant gender and racial/ethnic differences provide useful data to support further research to strengthen tobacco use prevention in the U.S.
How Parental Support During Homework Contributes to Helpless Behaviors Among Struggling Readers

This research investigated the influence of parental practices on helpless behaviors of struggling readers during homework tasks. Parents (N = 36) of elementary students reported on their children's helpless behaviors, such as task avoidance and negative affect, during homework assignments, and on the nature and frequency of their support. Distinctions were made between parental support considered to be strategic, compensatory, or intrusive. Additional variables that influence achievement behaviors were assessed, including children's language skills, academic abilities, and behavior regulation. Parent support considered intrusive, such as unsolicited interruptions and corrections, along with children's behavior regulation abilities, accounted for the greatest variation in struggling readers' helpless behaviors.
Super Bowl Live Tweets: The Usage of Social Media during a Sporting Event

The development and popularity of social networking sites (SNS) and technology have changed audiences' media consumption patterns, particularly TV viewing. TV audiences share their viewing experiences real-time through computer-mediated communication, which creates a pseudo-communal viewing experience. Typically, social media is well known for assisting this new form of TV viewing practice. There is an emerging body of literature on what types of messages people share with others while they are watching TV and how those messages and conversations are related to the context of the program they are watching. However, little research has been conducted on social media behavior while watching sports games. Therefore, this study plans to analyze the viewer's social TV behaviors and engagement during a Super Bowl game and further compare whether the "coverage of conversations" is related to the nature of the game.
Chapter 11 – Housing Bubbles

Housing markets experience substantial price volatility, short-term price change momentum, and mean reversion of prices over the long run. Together, these features, particularly at their most extreme, produce the classic shape of an asset bubble. In this chapter, we review the stylized facts of housing bubbles and discuss theories that can potentially explain events like the boom–bust cycles of the 2000s. One set of theories assumes rationality and uses idiosyncratic features of the housing market, such as intensive search and short-selling constraints, to explain the stylized facts. Cheap credit provides a particularly common rationalization for price booms, but temporary periods of low interest rates will not explain massive price swings in simple rational models. An incorrectly underpriced default option can make rational bubbles more likely. Many nonrational explanations for real estate bubbles exist, but the most promising theories emphasize some form of trend chasing, which in turn reflects boundedly rational learning.
Acute abdomen. When to operate immediately and when to observe

When to operate immediately, when to observe, and when not to operate at all represent major challenges in the management of a child with an acute abdomen. This article is an overview of the subject from symptom to diagnosis, evaluation, and preparation for the surgical intervention. Tables provide examples of conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention and relative surgical urgency; pathologies suitable for (initial) nonsurgical management; and clinical pictures where surgical intervention is not indicated. Factors that influence the timing of operation are provided, as is the differential diagnosis between intestinal strangulation and obstruction. Brief notes highlight four important causes of acute abdomen in children acute appendicitis, malrotation with volvulus, Meckel's diverticulum, and intussusception. These as well as other intraabdominal pathologies are illustrated by means of surgical photographs. The acute abdomen is a clinical diagnosis. Other diagnostic modalities have merely supporting roles. The decision to operate is based primarily on the results of a good history and thorough physical examination(s).
Social media usage within the cancer community of northern New England.

e18839Background: Social media (SM) has changed how patients and caregivers experience cancer. This quality improvement project aims to evaluate and understand the SM experience in a rural northern...
Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adolescents

There is a paucity of literature focused exclusively on adolescent-aged children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Most of the evidence available is derived from studies encompassing the entire span of childhood and adolescence. Adolescence is a unique developmental period associated with adverse outcomes in CKD – patients are subject to multifactorial stressors stemming from developmental and physiologic changes, medical complications, and psychosocial changes. As such, it is vital for caregivers to take into account these developmental changes to ensure optimal long-term health and quality of life for adolescents with CKD.
Insulin Receptor Associates with Promoters Genome-wide and Regulates Gene Expression

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling is central to normal metabolic control and dysregulated in prevalent chronic diseases. IR binds insulin at the cell surface and transduces rapid signaling via cytoplasmic kinases. However, mechanisms mediating long-term effects of insulin remain unclear. Here, we show that IR associates with RNA polymerase II in the nucleus, with striking enrichment at promoters genome-wide. The target genes were highly enriched for insulin-related functions including lipid metabolism and protein synthesis and diseases including diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. IR chromatin binding was increased by insulin and impaired in an insulin-resistant disease model. Promoter binding by IR was mediated by coregulator host cell factor-1 (HCF-1) and transcription factors, revealing an HCF-1-dependent pathway for gene regulation by insulin. These results show that IR interacts with transcriptional machinery at promoters and identify a pathway regulating genes linked to insulin's effects in physiology and disease.
Fundamental insights about interlayer cation migration in Li-ion electrodes at high states of charge

One approach to increasing the capacity of Li-ion batteries is to expand the usable voltage range over which the battery is cycled by charging the cathode to higher voltages. Layered intercalation compounds commonly used as cathodes in Li-ion batteries, however, can become susceptible to irreversible structural changes at high states of charge due to cation migration to the emptied Li layers. Here we report on the discovery of a strong correlation between the position of the Fermi level and the energy barrier for cation migration to the Li layers of fully charged layered intercalation compounds. Since the identity of the transition metal strongly influences the Fermi level, this discovery suggests that cation migration can be suppressed at high states of charge using targeted alloying strategies. First-principles calculations indicate that an increase in the concentration of Ni relative to Co or Mn should reduce, or even impede, interlayer migration in layered oxides. The insights of this study pave the way for the discovery of layered intercalation compounds that can approach their theoretical capacities in practice.
Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the U.S. general population: Paired serum-urine data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Concerns are heightened from detecting environmentally persistent man-made per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water systems around the world. Many PFAS, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), remain in the human body for years. Since 1999–2000, assessment of exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and other select PFAS in the U.S. general population has relied on measuring PFAS serum concentrations in participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Manufacturers have replaced select chemistries (“legacy” PFAS) with PFAS with shorter biological half-lives (e.g., GenX, perfluorobutanoate [PFBA]) which may efficiently eliminate in urine. However, knowledge regarding exposure to these compounds is limited. We analyzed 2682 urine samples for 17 legacy and alternative PFAS in 2013–2014 NHANES participants ≥6 years of age. Concentrations of some of these PFAS, measured previously in paired serum samples from the same NHANES participants, suggested universal exposure to PFOS and PFOA, and infrequent or no exposure to two short-chain PFAS, perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluoroheptanoate. Yet, in urine, PFAS were seldom detected; the frequency of not having detectable concentrations of any of the 17 PFAS was 67.5%. Only two were detected in >1.5% of the population: PFBA (13.3%) and perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA, 22.6%); the 90th percentile urine concentrations were 0.1 μg/L (PFBA), and 0.3 μg/L (PFHxA). These results suggest that exposures to short-chain PFAS are infrequent or at levels below those that would result in detectable concentrations in urine. As such, these findings do not support biomonitoring of short-chain PFAS or fluorinated alternatives in the general population using urine, and highlight the importance of selecting the adequate biomonitoring matrix.
Development of a Framework to Describe Roles and Responsibilities for Sickle Cell Community Health Workers

Abstract Background: Evidence is mounting for the effectiveness of community health workers (CHWs) at improving processes and outcomes of care in sickle cell disease (SCD) and other chronic diseases. But recognition is stymied by over 60 titles currently used for CHWs, by variable CHW roles and responsibilities in SCD and other disease entities, and by variations in populations and communities served by CHWs. Herein, we use an evidence review and consensus to advance a common framework and uniform definition of the functions of CHWs, that differentiates CHW roles and responsibilities. We offer the justification for this differentiation, and for certification, credentialing, education, licensure, and payment for CHW service in the US. Methods: To standardize the CHW intervention in the NHLBI-funded Start Healing in Patients with Hydroxyurea (SHIP-HU, R18HL112737) randomized controlled trial, we reviewed existing publications related to CHW efficacy. In order to synthesize and codify this efficacy evidence according to CHW occupational activities, we performed a rapid, narrative and tabular review of the clinical trials, meta-analyses and policy consensus reports summarizing over 200 CHW interventions to improve patient health status or care delivery. We built frequency tables to total how many mentions occurred of each of the specific roles, responsibilities, competencies, and behaviors utilized in these interventions, using a predetermined list built from a review of all the included interventions. Results: (Evidence table too large to show) Findings of our review and consensus: 1) the more frequently mentioned intervention behaviors might be more important or generally required of all CHWs, whereas the rarer behaviors might either be more specialized or might be less often required of all CHWs; 2) there is strong evidence that CHWs are effective in providing culturally competent health education to individuals and groups, as well as health system navigation and care coordination; 3) there is not strong evidence for the efficacy of CHWs in the provision of direct services; 4) Coaching and social support were less commonly mentioned than the above services; 5)Neither outreach, case finding, nor advocacy were often mentioned in interventions, and; 6) Participation and evaluation in research was mentioned least in interventions. Our consensus recommendation based on these data is for a common framework or taxonomy consisting of four levels of CHW function: Peer Community Health Worker (PCHW), General Community Health Worker (GCHW), Clinical Community Health Worker (CCHW), and Health Navigator (HN). Conclusions: Our proposed evidence-based CHW taxonomy standardizes definitions, provides categories into which to place workers, and delineates levels of service that, if tested, validated, and adopted, could allow national standards for CHW scope of practice, licensure, certification, and registration to practice. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Attenuation of Hand-Transmitted Vibration Application on Weed Wacker

Many syndrome and disorders have been reported by worker due to long time use of the hand tools. These disorders have been collected by the International Standard Organization (ISO) to help workers maintain safe operation. Anti-vibration gloves have been proposed to attenuate vibrations that transfer from hand tools to the human body, but these gloves are not effective for this purpose. Here we report experimental work and calculations done on the weed wacker to devise a method to attenuate the vibration of this hand tools. An absorber was fabricated by 3D printing and installed on the shaft between the engine and the handle. The location of the absorber on the shaft was investigated to find the optimum location of vibrational attenuation. Because the absorber is designed as a ring, it can absorb the vibration in all three directions. The optimized absorber reduced vibration by about 75% compared to the vibration of weed wacker without an absorber. Our results also indicate that the location of the absorber is very important to optimize its effectiveness. We found that the best position is close to the engine and away from the handle.
An Analgesic Regimen for Opioid Reduction in Elective Plastic Surgery: A Randomized Prospective Study.

Background Prescription opioid misuse has been recognized as a national epidemic. The implications of this problem are especially important to consider, as postoperative opioid abuse can give rise to true addiction for surgical patients. The concept of enhanced recovery after surgery is increasingly used across various specialties to decrease the overabundance of postoperative opioid use. Methods This study prospectively examined 143 patients undergoing cosmetic elective surgery. Patients were randomized into one of two groups based on postoperative pain management regimen: multimodal (enhanced recovery after surgery) analgesia or traditional opioid analgesia. Data regarding postoperative pain scores, amount of postoperative opioids consumed, and duration of postoperative pain pill use were analyzed. Results Multimodal (enhanced recovery after surgery) regimen patients experienced a 13.0 percent reduction in their pain scores after admission to the postanesthesia care unit and a 34.2 percent reduction in pain score at discharge, compared with traditional opioid patients (p = 0.049 and p = 0.0036, respectively). Enhanced recovery after surgery patients experienced a 35 percent reduction in the number of pills taken in the postoperative period and an 18.4 percent reduction in the duration of consumption (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0539, respectively). Conclusions The results demonstrate that multimodal postoperative pain management is an important tool for decreasing the amount of opioids prescribed and needed in the postoperative period. The overprescribing of opioids after surgery is a precursor to abuse and the increase in the national opioid reservoir. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, II.
Products liability with temptation bias

Abstract This paper extends the literature on products liability by considering the implications of temptation in a context where consumers have different susceptibilities to risk. In response to consumer heterogeneity, producers can offer multiple product varieties that vary according to their riskiness and price. However, when consumers exhibit price-based temptation, the price differential can tempt some consumers to purchase a less safe product variety even when that purchase decision might not be the rational choice given their specific risks. In resisting this temptation, they incur self-control costs. The role of temptation has been studied in other contexts, but its implications for the design of product liability rules have not previously been explored. We show that there is a trade-off between the desirability of sorting due to consumer heterogeneity and the allocative impacts from temptation. No liability leads to excessive risk taking by consumers (due to temptation), while full liability leads to excessive caution by consumers (because of the inability to sort). Thus, full liability is welfare-maximizing if temptation is sufficiently strong, but when temptation is low, increasing liability will have the opposite effect, leading to more purchases of the unsafe product and hence a decrease in overall safety and social welfare.
Duties of Confidentiality and the Panama Papers

This is the official and published report on the joint session of the Closely Held and Growing Business Enterprises Committee, the Professional Ethics Committee, the Alternative and the New Law Business Structures Committee, the Anti-Corruption Committee and the Bar Issues Commission at the IBA Annual Conference in Sydney, on October 12, 2017. The panel session focused on the duties of confidentiality of lawyers, particularly in the context of the Panama Papers. The panelists, coming from six geographical regions around the world, namely Denmark, Mexico, Vietnam, India, the United States and the Netherlands, provided insight representing both common law and civil law jurisdictions on the hacking of lawyers’ data banks to disclose confidential information, under professional responsibility rules, in unauthorized circumstances. In addition to a remarkable instance that is the unauthorized disclosure from an internal source of the information from an entity related to a Panama-based law firm, the panelists gave examples from several other leading international firms that have been hacked externally. In light of the ethical considerations relating to such matters, the panelists discussed the professional responsibility of lawyers in private practice, as well as small, large, local and international law firms. Both the panelists and the audience shared their experience on the ethical considerations thereof and how lawyers and firms implement additional security measures to restrain or limit hacking.
12 Ways to Fool the Masses with Irreproducible Results

Thirty years ago, David Bailey published a humorous piece in the Supercomputing Review magazine, listing 12 ways of presenting results to artificially boost performance claims. That was at a time when the debate was between Cray “two-oxen” machines versus parallel “thousand-chickens” systems, when parallel standards (like MPI) were still unavailable, and the Top500 list didn’t yet exist. In the years since, David and others updated the list of tricks a few times, notably in 2010–11 (when the marketing departments of Intel and Nvidia were really going at each other) Georg Hager in his blog and Scott Pakin in HPC Wire. Heterogeneity of computing systems has only escalated in the last decade, and many remiss reporting tactics continue unabated. Alas, two new ingredients have entered into the mix: wide adoption of machine learning techniques both in the science applications and systems research; and a swell of concern over reproducibility and replicability. My talk will be a new twist on the 12 ways to fool the masses, focusing on how researchers in computational science and high-performance computing miss the mark when conducting or reporting their results with poor reproducibility. By showcasing in a lighthearted manner a set of anti-patterns, I aim to encourage us to see the value and commit to adapting our practice to achieve more trustworthy scientific evidence with high-performance computing.
Long-term impacts of silvicultural treatments on wildland fuels and modeled fire behavior in the Ridge and Valley Province, Virginia (USA)

Abstract Active forest management operations, such as regeneration harvests, can reduce hazardous fuel loads and alter fuel structure, potentially minimizing extreme wildfire conditions while maintaining ecosystem services, such as wildlife habitat and water quality. Regeneration harvests of differing intensities (clearcut, high-retention shelterwood, and low-retention shelterwood) were first applied between 1995 and 1996 to three sites on the George Washington-Jefferson National Forest in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia, USA. Over two decades after the clearcut was conducted and 11–12 years after the overwood was removed in the shelterwood stands, woody debris, litter, and duff masses and depths were quantified. One-hour fuel loads were greater in clearcut units than in high-retention shelterwood, low-retention shelterwood, or control units. Ten-hour fuel loads were greater in clearcut and low-retention shelterwood units than in high-retention shelterwood and control units. No significant differences in 100-hour fuels were observed between treatments. Control units contained more rotten and total 1000-hour fuels than all other treatments. The total woody debris load was less in the clearcut and high-retention shelterwood than in the low-retention shelterwood and control. High-retention shelterwood woody fuel depth was greater than clearcut woody fuel depth. Litter and duff loads were less in treated units than in the control units. Total fuel load (woody fuel load + litter load + duff load) was greater in the control than the silvicultural treatments. Litter depth did not differ between treatments, while duff depth was greater in the control than in the treated units. Using the computer modeling software, BehavePlus 6.0.0, these alterations to fuel loads and depths led to increased values in the control units for six fire behavior parameters. Predicted surface flame length in the low-retention shelterwood was the only modeled value that was not less than control values. Overall, these results indicated that harvest intensity and timing may have long-term effects on down and dead woody fuels, forest floor depth, and potential fire behavior. Clearcutting reduced fire behavior most, followed by the high-retention shelterwood system. The potential differences in slash and debris generated by varying shelterwood systems may impact long-term fuel and fire dynamics.
Predictive testing for Huntington’s disease (HD): Clinical characteristics and motivations of individuals at one academic center (P5.287)

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine clinical characteristics and motivations of individuals undergoing predictive testing for Huntington’s disease (HD) at one academic center. BACKGROUND: Predictive testing programs for HD have been available in the US for over 20 years; yet little has been published regarding the <10[percnt] of individuals at risk for HD who actually pursue pre-symptomatic testing. DESIGN/METHODS: Individuals anticipating predictive testing for HD at our center were asked to complete a questionnaire prior to evaluation that explored items such as family history, social supports, reason(s) for testing, likelihood of a positive gene, and expected outcomes after the result. RESULTS: Over a 16-year period (1998-2014), a total of 217 individuals requested predictive testing for HD. The mean age was 38.1 (range 19-75); 56.7[percnt] were female. Most were white (82.4[percnt]), married (51.6[percnt]), and already had children prior to testing (55.6[percnt]). More males (55.9[percnt]) had an affected mother. Most participants (68.4[percnt]) did not have siblings who had already been tested. Reasons for testing were evenly distributed among "family planning" (24.6[percnt]), "know how to spend next 20 years" (18.3[percnt]), "clarify children9s status" (22.5[percnt]), and "reduce uncertainty" (22.0[percnt]). Of the subjects who eventually tested positive, over 30[percnt] felt they were likely, very likely, or certain to carry the mutation, and almost 30[percnt] felt that people would treat them differently. Interestingly, of the subjects who eventually tested negative, 21[percnt] felt that they would likely feel uncomfortable with their siblings. Approximately half of all subjects felt that depression, either temporary or long lasting, might be a potential outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, although predictive testing obviously helps some individuals with reproductive and life planning, the possible social and psychological consequences of pursuing pre-symptomatic testing should also be considered. Study Supported by: UCSD HDSA CoE and UCSD Shiley-Marcos ADRC NIH P50 AG005131. Disclosure: Dr. Herndon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nam has nothing to disclose. Dr. Korty has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corey-Bloom9s husband holds stock and/or stock options in Alkermes. Dr. Corey-Bloom has received research support from PRANA, Omeros, Teva, HSG, and CHDI.
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) regulates activity of HER2 and EGFR in breast cancer.

// Teraneh Z. Jhaveri 1 , Juhyung Woo 1 , Xiaobin Shang 1 , Ben Ho Park 1 and Edward Gabrielson 1 1 Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Correspondence to: Edward Gabrielson, email: // Keywords : AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); HER2; EGFR; cancer cell metabolism; cancer therapy Received : May 20, 2015 Accepted : June 01, 2015 Published : June 15, 2015 Abstract AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) activity retards growth of many types of cancers. Investigating effects of AMPK activation on breast cancer cell signaling and survival, we found that breast cancer cell lines with amplification and over-expression of HER2 or EGFR are 2- to 5-fold more sensitive to cytotoxic effects of AICAR, a canonical pharmacological activator of AMPK, than breast cancer cell lines lacking HER2 or EGFR overexpression. Paralleling effects on cell survival, AICAR leads to dose- and time-dependent inhibition of HER2 and EGFR in HER2-amplified breast cancer cells, with activation of AMPK and suppression of HER2/ EGFR activity preceding commitment to cell death. Transfection of constitutively active AMPKα also leads to decreased HER2 and EGFR phosphorylation, reduced downstream signaling associated with these receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and reduced breast cancer cell growth, confirming effects of AMPK activity on HER2/ EGFR. Ensuing co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated an interaction of HER2 with AMPK and an in vitro phosphorylation assay found that HER2 and EGFR contain sequences that are potential substrates for AMPK. Our results lead us to postulate that AMPK regulates HER2 and EGFR activity in HER2-amplified breast cancer cells and thus activation of AMPK might provide therapeutic benefit in such cancers.
The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review*

Please cite this paper as: Klemens C, Berman D, Mozurkewich E. The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review. BJOG 2011;118:916–925. Background Maternal supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may modulate immune responses and allergy in neonates and children. Objective To determine if n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation reduces risk for childhood allergic disease. Search strategy We searched Medline and all evidence-based medicine reviews for randomised controlled trials comparing the effects of n-3 PUFA and placebo supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on childhood allergic diseases and inflammatory cytokines. Selection criteria We included studies reporting on food allergy, response to the egg skin prick test (SPT), atopy and asthma in infancy and childhood as well as production of interleukin-13 and interferon-gamma, two cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. For assessment of inclusion, two authors reviewed all abstracts for suitability and independently extracted data. Data collection and analysis Two-by-two tables were constructed and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the outcomes: response to the SPT, food allergy, atopy and asthma in childhood. The assays differed so data on inflammatory markers were reported in narrative form. Main results Five randomised controlled trials (n = 949) were included. n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy reduced 12-month prevalence of positive egg SPT (two trials, 12/87 versus 32/100, OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16, 0.70) and childhood asthma (two trials, 10/303 versus 17/179, OR 0.349, 95% CI 0.154, 0.788) and significantly reduced cord blood interleukin-13 levels. Supplementation during lactation did not prevent asthma, food allergy or atopy. Conclusion n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy decreases childhood asthma and response to SPT.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF BUSINESS ETHICS, FAMILY VALUES AND PERSONAL BELIEFS AMONG CHINESE ENTREPRENEURS

Based on an interview survey of 146 private business owners in a major city in China, this study investigated the owners' personal values, beliefs, business ethics, and the sociodemgraphic correlates of such beliefs, values and ethics. Although in most aspects they were not much different from their counterparts in other societies, the emerging Chinese business owners showed uniqueness and ambiguities in some of their values, beliefs, and ethics. They attributed little of their business success to Confucianism or any religious values. The relationship of religion to economy, as espoused by Weber and others, was inapplicable to the Chinese socialist system.
Boundary Value Problems for the Laplace Equation in Lipschitzian Domains

Publisher Summary This chapter considers the problem of finding solutions G of the Laplace equation in D taking prescribed values g on ∂D (Dirichlet problem), with (∇G.v) = g where v is a prescribed continuous unit vector valued function on ∂D(oblique derivative problem). The precise sense in which these conditions are to be satisfied is described in the chapter.
Using the Fundamental Plane to Estimate the Total Binding Mass in A2626

We use fundamental plane (FP) distance estimates to the components of the double cluster A2626 (cz~17,500 km/s) to constrain cluster kinematics and estimate total binding mass. The FP coefficients for a sample of 24 early type and S0 cluster members (alpha=1.30+/-0.36 and beta=0.31+/-0.06) are consistent with others reported in the literature. We examine the Mg_b distributions within both subclusters and find them to be indistinguishable. Lacking evidence for stellar population differences, we interpret the FP zeropoint offset (\log(D_B/D_A)=-0.037+/-0.046, where D_{cl} is distance to subcluster cl) as a measure of the distance difference. This measurement is consistent with the subclusters being at the same distance, and it rules out the Hubble flow hypothesis (distances proportional to velocity) with 99% confidence; analysis of the subcluster galaxy magnitude distributions rules out Hubble flow at 93% confidence. Both results favor a kinematic model where the subclusters are bound and infalling. We estimate the total cluster binding mass by modelling the subcluster merger as radial infall. The minimum possible total binding mass is 1.65 times higher than the sum of the standard virial masses, a difference statistically significant at the ~3sigma level. We discuss explanations for the inconsistency including (1) biases in the standard virial mass estimator, (2) biases in our radial infall mass estimate, and (3) mass beyond the virialized cluster region; if the standard virial mass is significantly in error, the cluster has an unusually high mass to light ratio (~1000h). Because observational signatures of departures from radial infall are absent, we explore the implications of mass beyond the virialized, core regions. (abridged)
Evaluation of subcooled critical heat flux correlations using the PU-BTPFL CHF database for vertical upflow of water in a uniformly heated round tube

A simple methodology for assessing the predictive ability of critical heat flux (CHF) correlations applicable to subcooled flow boiling in a uniformly heated vertical tube is developed. Popular correlations published in handbooks and review articles as well as the most recent correlations are analyzed with the PU-BTPFL CHF database, which contains 29,718 CHF data points. This database is the largest collection of CHF data (vertical upflow of water in a uniformly heated round tube) ever cited in the world literature. The parametric ranges of the CHF database are diameters from 0.3 to 45 mm, length-to-diameter ratios from 2 to 2484, mass velocities from 0.01 {times} 10{sup 3} to 138 {times} 10{sup 3} kg/m{sup 2}{center_dot}s, pressures from 1 to 223 bars, inlet subcoolings from 0 to 347 C, inlet qualities from {minus}2.63 to 0.00, outlet subcoolings from 0 to 305 C, outlet qualities from {minus}2.13 to 1.00, and CHFs from 0.05 {times} 10{sup 6} to 276 {times} 10{sup 6} W/m{sup 2}. The database contains 4,357 data points having a subcooled outlet condition at CHF. A correlation published elsewhere is the most accurate in both low- and high-mass velocity regions, having been developed with a larger database than most correlations. In general,more » CHF correlations developed from data covering a limited range of flow conditions cannot be extended to other flow conditions without much uncertainty.« less