cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurons of the Lateral Preoptic Area/Rostral Anterior Hypothalamic Area Are Required for Photoperiodic Inhibition of Estrous Cyclicity in Sheep

Photoperiod determines the timing of reproductive activity in many species, yet the neural pathways whereby day length is transduced to a signal influencing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release are not fully understood. Physical lesions of the lateral preoptic area (lPOA)/rostral anterior hypothalamic area (rAHA) in female sheep extend the period of estrous cyclicity during inhibitory photoperiods. In the present study we sought to determine whether destroying only neurons and not fibers of passage in this area would lead to similar resistance to photosuppression. Additionally, neural tract-tracing was used to map connectivity between the lPOA/rAHA and other hypothalamic areas implicated in photoperiodic regulation of reproduction. Progesterone secretion was monitored in six sheep to determine estrous cycles for 90 days during a short-day (permissive) photoperiod. Three sheep then received bilateral injections of the excitotoxic glutamate analog, n-methyl-aspartic acid, directed toward the lPOA/rAHA, whereas three others served as controls. All were then exposed to a long-day (suppressive) photoperiod for 120 days. Control sheep ceased cycling at 40 ± 10 days (mean ± SEM), whereas lesioned sheep continued cycling through the end of the study. The results of the tract-tracing study revealed both afferent and efferent projections to the medial POA, retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus, and premammillary region. Furthermore, close proximal associations with GnRH neurons from efferent projections were observed. We conclude that neurons located within the lPOA/rAHA are important for timing cessation of estrous cycles during photosuppression and that this area communicates directly with GnRH neurons and other hypothalamic areas involved in the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction.
Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Vegetation Properties among Four Tundra Plant Communities at Ivotuk, Alaska, U.S.A

Abstract Intraseasonal patterns of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and phytomass were compared for four tundra vegetation types at Ivotuk, Alaska, during summer 1999. The vegetation types included moist acidic tundra (MAT), moist nonacidic tundra (MNT), mossy tussock tundra, and shrub tundra. The seasonal curves of NDVI were similar among the vegetation types but with varying magnitudes of the peak values. Peak NDVI in the shrub tundra (0.83) was significantly greater than in MAT (0.76), which was significantly greater than in MNT (0.71) and mossy tussock tundra (0.70). LAI and phytomass exhibited high temporal variability with distinct seasonality only in shrub tundra. Seasonal LAI and NDVI patterns were therefore correlated only in shrub tundra, which was attributed to the high quantity of deciduous shrub foliage present in this community and absent in the other vegetation types. Shrub tundra peak live above-ground phytomass (1256 ± 123 g m−2) was significantly grea...
Dependent intersection: a new way of defining records in type theory

Records and dependent records are a powerful tool for programming, representing mathematical concepts, and program verification. In this last decade several type systems with records as primitive types were proposed. The question is arisen whether it is possible to define record type in existent type theories using standard types without introducing new primitives. It was known that independent records can be defined in type theories with dependent functions or intersection. On the other hand dependent records cannot be formed using standard types. Hickey introduced a complex notion of very dependent functions to represent dependent records. In the current paper we extend Martin-Lof's type theory with a simpler type constructor dependent intersection, i.e., the intersection of two types, where the second type may depend on elements of the first one (not to be confused with the intersection of a family of types). This new type constructor allows us to define dependent records in a very simple way. It also allows us to define the set type constructor.
Communicative Experience As Game-Play.

(1976). Communicative experience as game‐play. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 130-141.
What is eaten when all of the foods at a meal are served in large portions

Portion size affects intake, but when all foods are served in large portions, it is unclear whether every food will be consumed in greater amounts. We varied the portion size (PS) of all foods at a meal to investigate the influence of food energy density (ED) on the PS effect as well as that of palatability and subject characteristics. In a crossover design, 48 women ate lunch in the laboratory on four occasions. The meal had three medium-ED foods (pasta, bread, cake) and three low-ED foods (broccoli, tomatoes, grapes), which were simultaneously varied in PS across meals (100%, 133%, 167%, or 200% of baseline amounts). The results showed that the effect of PS on the weight of food consumed did not differ between medium-ED and low-ED foods (p < 0.0001). Energy intake, however, was substantially affected by food ED across all portions served, with medium-ED foods contributing 86% of energy. Doubling the portions of all foods increased meal energy intake by a mean (±SEM) of 900 ± 117 kJ (215 ± 28 kcal; 34%). As portions were increased, subjects consumed a smaller proportion of the amount served; this response was characterized by a quadratic curve. The strongest predictor of the weight of food consumed was the weight of food served, both for the entire meal (p < 0.0001) and for individual foods (p = 0.014); subject characteristics explained less variability. Intake in response to larger portions was greater for foods that subjects ranked higher in taste (p < 0.0001); rankings were not related to food ED. This study demonstrates the complexity of the PS effect. While the response to PS can vary between individuals, the effect depends primarily on the amounts of foods offered and their palatability compared to other available foods.
Enzyme‐mediated polymerization reactions: Peroxidase‐catalyzed polyphenol synthesis

Peroxidase-catalyzed phenol polymerization in the presence of hydrogen peroxide has been extensively studied. The process offers many advantages over the conventional chemical process to produce phenol-based resins. The enzymatic process avoids the use of formaldehyde and results in minimal formation of by-products due to high specificity of the enzyme toward the reactants. A number of phenolic derivatives and aromatic amines can be polymerized in different reaction systems, such as bulk solvents, reversed micelles and Langmuir trough. The polymers produced produced exhibit morphology reflective of the templating effect of the medium used to prepare the materials. Polymer molecular weight and polydispersity can be controlled by suitable design of the reaction medium. Polymer characteristics such as structure, thermal and temporal stability, functionalization and processability are reviewed. Conductivity, nonlinear optical and related functional properties are discussed with regard to potential applications.
Abstract P6-06-05: Down-regulation of the circadian factor Period 2 by the oncogenic E3 ligase Mdm2: Relevance of circadian components for cell cycle progression

Circadian rhythms are mechanisms that measure time on a scale of about 24 h and that adjusts our body to external environmental signals. Core circadian clock genes are defined as genes whose protein products are necessary components for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms. Circadian proteins also regulate genes involved in either cell division or death; and a perturbation of the balance among these processes leads to cancer development and progression. A key aspect of cancer research is identifying new regulatory pathways involved in proliferation and differentiation of cell. Disruption of circadian rhythm has recently emerged as a new potential risk factor in the development of cancer, pointing to the core gene period 2 (per2) as a tumor suppressor. However, it remains unclear how the circadian network regulates tumor suppression, nor which, if any, of its components is either the ultimate effector that influences the fate of the cell. Initial experiments were devoted to identifying new interacting partners for Per2 using a two-hybrid system. Interestingly, among the positive clones analyzed was the oncogenic protein Mdm2. This result was validated by immunoprecipitation of recombinant and endogenous Per2/Mdm2 complexes from unstressed cells. Pull-down assays using tagged-expressed proteins fragments and labeled proteins were later used to map the interacting regions between Per2 and Mdm2. Our results show Mdm2 binds to the central flexible region of Per2 known to interact with various protein partners. Thus, we hypothesized that binding of Mdm2 to Per2 might act by mediating its ubiquitination and therefore altering Per2 stability. We next examined the formation of the Mdm2/p53/Per2 complex by immunoprecipitation. Our data show anti-p53 antibody is able to co-immunoprecipitate Per2 and Mdm2. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo ubiquitination assays show that binding of Per2 to p53 prevented ubiquitination of p53 by Mdm2 without altering their binding. Immunofluorescence studies using H1299 cells (p53-) confirmed Per2 role in p53 stabilization and for localization. Overall our results suggest that Mdm2 modulates the stability of Per2 and p53 in unstressed cells, and might be responsible for the oscillatory levels of these proteins observed in a 24 h cycle. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-06-05.
Blast overpressure induced axonal injury changes in rat brainstem and spinal cord

INTRODUCTION: Blast induced neurotrauma has been the signature wound in returning soldiers from the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Of importance is understanding the pathomechansim(s) of blast overpressure (OP) induced axonal injury. Although several recent animal models of blast injury indicate the neuronal and axonal injury in various brain regions, animal studies related to axonal injury in the white matter (WM) tracts of cervical spinal cord are limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of axonal injury in WM tracts of cervical spinal cord in male Sprague Dawley rats subjected to a single insult of blast OP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sagittal brainstem sections and horizontal cervical spinal cord sections from blast and sham animals were stained by neurofilament light (NF-L) chain and beta amyloid precursor protein immunocytochemistry and observed for axonal injury changes. RESULTS: Observations from this preliminary study demonstrate axonal injury changes in the form of prominent swellings, retraction bulbs, and putative signs of membrane disruptions in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord WM tracts of rats subjected to blast OP. CONCLUSIONS: Prominent axonal injury changes following the blast OP exposure in brainstem and cervical spinal WM tracts underscores the need for careful evaluation of blast induced injury changes and associated symptoms. NF-L immunocytochemistry can be considered as an additional tool to assess the blast OP induced axonal injury. Language: en
The role of common pool problems in irrigation inefficiency: a case study in groundwater pumping in Mexico

Groundwater depletion is a serious problem in Mexico. Several policy alternatives are currently being considered in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use so that extraction of groundwater is diminished. An understanding and quantification of different sources of inefficiency in groundwater extraction is critical for policy design. Survey data from a geographically extensive sample of irrigators is used to gauge the importance of common pool problems on input-specific irrigation inefficiency. Results show that mechanisms of electricity cost sharing implemented in many wells have a sizable impact on inefficiency of irrigation application. Moreover, irrigation is very inelastic to its own unitary cost. Therefore, results suggest that policies aimed at eliminating electricity cost-sharing mechanisms would be significantly more effective than electricity price-based policies in reducing irrigation application. Results also show that well sharing does not affect groundwater pumping significantly, suggesting either a limited effect of individual pumping on water level or absence of strategic pumping by farmers sharing the wells.
Occupational Stereotypes and Women's Attitude toward Risk

Summary.-The objective was to examine the impact of masculine and neutral occupations on women's attitudes toward risk. 100 subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group completed the standard Kogan-Wallach Choice Dilemma Questionnaire. The experimental group completed a revised questionnaire in which masculine occupations and male referents were replaced by their neutral forms. The data do not support the hypothesis. Wallach and Kogan (1959) examined sex differences in risk taking among college students. They found that few scenacios were directly relevant to women and concluded that they would be unwilling to incur risk in situations which were outside their range of experience. Recently Holland and Gotcfredson (1976) examined the effect of omitting items beyond women's experiences on the Self-directed Search, a vocational counseling simulation. Scores 'on the revised scale increased. These studies indicate that experience is important in examining hypothetical situations. Shinar ( 1975 ) reported that both male and female college students can consistently classify occupations as masculine, feminine, or neutral. The objective was to determine the impact of masculine and neutral occupations in the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire on women's attitude toward risk. The study was conducted at a woman's college in central Georgia. One hundred subjects, aged 18 to 21 yr.. volunteered. Subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The control group completed the standard Choice Dilemma Questionnaire. For the experimental group the scenario revisions were: the male occupations were replaced by neutral occupations, all sexual referents to "Mr. A" and "he" were replaced by the neutral form "A". To verify that the revised scenarios were perceived as less male
Women's experiences of physically active leisure during pregnancy

ABSTRACTWhile leisure researchers have long examined the ways in which motherhood can affect women's physically active leisure and, in turn, their health and well-being [e.g. Cramp and Bray 2011; Miller, Yvette D., and Wendy J. Brown. 2005. “Determinants of Active Leisure for Women with Young Children – An ‘Ethic of Care' Prevails.” Leisure Sciences 27 (5): 405–420; Shaw, Susan M. 2008. “Family Leisure and Changing Ideologies of Parenthood.” Sociology Compass 2 (2): 688–703], they have thus far neglected to investigate the physical experience of pregnancy as it relates to women's leisure. This study explored how women's experience of pregnancy and the changing body may play a role in shaping and defining their physically active leisure. Interviews were completed with 12 pregnant women and data were analysed thematically. Findings suggest that women experience an acute loss of control (over their pregnant bodies and over their actions) while simultaneously lacking solid information regarding how to best ma...
Generic Phylogeny of North American Depressariinae (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) and Hypotheses About Coevolution

Although a considerable amount of ecological information is known about interactions between Depressaria species and their apiaceous/asteraceous host plants, this information has lacked a phylogenetic context; such a context is important in understanding the evolutionary history and phylogenetic trajectory of plant/insect interactions in general. Accordingly, we undertook an examination of the generic phylogeny of North American Depressariinae, using morphological characters of the larvae, pupae, and adults. Two different parsimony analyses yielded the same tree topology, with a consistency index over 88 and retention index between 90 and 91. This tree provided no evidence of congruent cladogenesis in this group. Host shifts between unrelated host plant families, particularly reversions to ancestral host plant groups, are abundant. Association with plants in Apiaceae and Asteraceae has apparently led to rapid speciation; the two most species-rich taxa, Depressaria Haworth and Agonopterix HA¼bner, are dominated by species that feed on these families. Because Agonopterix and Depressaria are not sister groups, the Apiaceae must have been colonized independently at least twice by Depressariinae. The best explanation for the pattern of host association seen for genera of depressariine elachistids is that of sequential colonization of related plant groups. This finding is consistent with other findings to date—that congruent cladogenesis is a phenomenon most likely to occur within genera, not at the family or subfamily level
Netherton Syndrome Mimicking Pustular Psoriasis: Clinical Implications and Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin

We present two cases of Netherton syndrome mimicking pustular psoriasis and discuss potential pathomechanisms of clinical and histologic similarities between Netherton syndrome and pustular psoriasis and implications for management.
Analysis on Keshan Disease Surveillance in Two Twons,Anqiu City,2012

Objective To observe a serial dynamic changes of conditions as well as correlative factors of the Keshan disease(KSD),so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of the KSD. Methods By opting for endemic areas of Keshan disease-Zhang Jianan village,Wu Shan town and Tiao He village,Guan Zhuang town as survey spots in2012;doing clinical examination,electrocardiograms record,X-ray chest radiography on the village residents;and investigating the economic situation of endemic villages and the amount of food per capita at the same time;as well as testing the levels of the selenium of soil,and residents' hair and their foods like wheat and corn,and so forth. Results The number of residents in Zhang Jianan village,Wu Shan town was 836,and the income for each was 4 200RMB annually with sufficient supply of grain.By surveying 430persons,thereinto,150people were checked abnormal from the electrocardiogram,accounting for 34.88% of all,whereas,there was no Keshan disease case detected;The selenium content of hair,wheat,corn and soil was:(0.361 ± 0.0618)、(0.026 ± 0.004)、(0.022 ± 0.003)、(0.116 ± 0.015)(mg/kg),respectively.Similarly,as for Tiao He village,Guan Zhuang town,the number of residents was 658and each one can earn 7400RMB annually with sufficient supply of grain as well.By surveying 420persons,90people were checked abnormal from the electrocardiogram,accounting for 23.10%,whereas,there was no Keshan disease case detected.The selenium content of hair,wheat,corn and soil was:(0.359±0.057)、(0.023±0.013)、(0.018±0.011)、(0.136±0.022)(mg/㎏),respectively.According to SPSS 17.0,the selenium content of hair,wheat,corn and soil in both two monitoring points was not apparently different(Pave0.05). Conclusion The tendency of Keshan disease does not show an obvious change in the last two decades which has been in a relatively lower level with no new cases of the Keshan disease;and no case is detected by investigating this time,too.
Labeled Graph Kernel for Behavior Analysis

Automatic behavior analysis from video is a major topic in many areas of research, including computer vision, multimedia, robotics, biology, cognitive science, social psychology, psychiatry, and linguistics. Two major problems are of interest when analyzing behavior. First, we wish to automatically categorize observed behaviors into a discrete set of classes (i.e., classification). For example, to determine word production from video sequences in sign language. Second, we wish to understand the relevance of each behavioral feature in achieving this classification (i.e., decoding). For instance, to know which behavior variables are used to discriminate between the words apple and onion in American Sign Language (ASL). The present paper proposes to model behavior using a labeled graph, where the nodes define behavioral features and the edges are labels specifying their order (e.g., before, overlaps, start). In this approach, classification reduces to a simple labeled graph matching. Unfortunately, the complexity of labeled graph matching grows exponentially with the number of categories we wish to represent. Here, we derive a graph kernel to quickly and accurately compute this graph similarity. This approach is very general and can be plugged into any kernel-based classifier. Specifically, we derive a Labeled Graph Support Vector Machine (LGSVM) and a Labeled Graph Logistic Regressor (LGLR) that can be readily employed to discriminate between many actions (e.g., sign language concepts). The derived approach can be readily used for decoding too, yielding invaluable information for the understanding of a problem (e.g., to know how to teach a sign language). The derived algorithms allow us to achieve higher accuracy results than those of state-of-the-art algorithms in a fraction of the time. We show experimental results on a variety of problems and datasets, including multimodal data.
The impact of aging on laboratory fire behaviour in masticated shrub fuelbeds of California and Oregon, USA

Mastication of shrubs and small trees to reduce fire hazard has become a widespread management practice, yet many aspects of the fire behaviour of these unique woody fuelbeds remain poorly understood. To examine the effects of fuelbed aging on fire behaviour, we conducted laboratory burns with masticated Arctostaphylos spp. and Ceanothus spp. woody debris that ranged from 2 to 16 years since treatment. Masticated fuels that were 10 years or older burned with 18 to 29% shorter flame heights and 19% lower fireline intensities compared with the younger fuelbeds across three different fuel loads (25, 50 and 75 Mg ha–1). Older fuelbeds smouldered for almost 50% longer than the younger masticated fuelbeds. Fuel consumption was 96% in the two higher fuel load categories regardless of fuelbed age, whereas consumption was 77% in the lighter fuel load. Fire intensity in masticated fuels may decrease over time owing to particle degradation, but in dry environments where decomposition is slow, combustion of the remaining fuels may still pose risks for tree mortality and smoke production associated with protracted smouldering.
Linking Website Interactivity to Consumer Behavioral Intention in an Online Travel Community: The Mediating Role of Utilitarian Value and Online Trust

ABSTRACTAlthough prior studies have shown that perceived website interactivity plays an important role in positive behavioral intentions of online customers, the underlying psychological mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of utilitarian value and online trust in relationship between perceived website interactivity and repurchase intention in an online travel community. Data were collected from 227 customers who had purchased travel-related products on any online travel website within the past 12 months. The empirical results supported all study hypotheses. As predicted, utilitarian value and online trust fully mediate the relationship between perceived website interactivity and repurchase intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Cross Transfer Effects of Training on Strength and Endurance

Abstract Twenty-eight Springfield College students were exercised, using the elbow flexor muscle group, three times a week for a period of four weeks on the Kelso-Hellebrandt ergometer. There was a significant gain in strength in both the exercised and unexercised muscle groups. Significant increases in muscular endurance were found only in the exercised muscle group.
s-t paths using the min-sum algorithm

Solving the distributed shortest path problem has important applications in the theory of distributed systems, most notably routing. In this paper, we provide and prove the convergence of a min-sum algorithm to compute the shortest path between two nodes in a graph with positive edge weights. Unlike the standard distributed shortest path algorithms, the rate of convergence depends on the weight of the minimal path and not necessarily the number of nodes in the network.
Conversion of Danger Signals into Cytokine Signals By Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells for Regulation of Stress-Induced Hematopoiesis

Mammals respond to infection by rapid production of innate immune cells. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have the ability to respond to pathogens directly through toll-like receptors. However, how the pathogen sensing ability of HSPCs may contribute to immune cell output remains unknown. Using a novel single-cell proteomic platform and mouse genetic models, we have shown that in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, short-term HSCs and multipotent progenitor cells produce copious amounts of diverse cytokines through NF-κB signaling. Interestingly, the cytokine production ability of HSPCs trumps mature immune cells in both magnitude and breadth. Among cytokines produced by HSPCs, IL-6 is a particularly important regulator of myeloid differentiation and HSPC proliferation. This is especially important in mediating rapid early myeloid cell recovery during neutropenia after chemotherapy or HSC transplant. This study has uncovered an important property of HSPCs that enables them to convert danger signals into versatile cytokine signals for the regulation of stress-induced hematopoiesis. To translate these findings into human hematopoietic system, we have recently developed a human cytokine chip and our preliminary analysis suggests that purified human bone marrow HSCs also have the capacity to secrete cytokines. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
College inflammatory bowel disease (C-IBD) day: a targeted approach to shared decision-making in college age students with IBD—a 2-year pilot project

Adherence to treatment is a key therapeutic goal in chronic disorders including diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and hypertension. Non-adherence has been associated with increased health care costs. Previous studies have evaluated adherence to treatment in inflammatory bowel disease, as well as predictors of non-adherence. Higher belief of necessity for medications and membership of IBD patient organizations have been associated with higher medication adherence. This study aimed to identify patient reported factors that influence understanding of IBD in college age patients with IBD. We conducted questionnaire based survey among a group of college age patients with IBD who attended a structured program. The program consisted of a clinical appointment with an IBD physician, lecture by an IBD physician, followed by interactive segment between patients. Educational material was available for patients to review. In addition, opportunity was given to patients to share their story and ask questions in a safe environment. A total of 26 patients participated in the two C-IBD sessions over a 2-year period. Twenty-three were enrolled in college, 1 was a recent graduate, and 2 were of college age but not enrolled. All patients thought the program was beneficial, 96% rated the overall experience as “awesome” or “very good.” Seventy-six percent of patients reported sharing their story as the most beneficial. Only 19% found the physician lecture beneficial. A targeted approach to a vulnerable population with IBD is an additional useful tool in improving understanding of IBD. This may lead to improved compliance with management plans.
Western Pearlshell Mussel Life History in Merrill Creek, Oregon: Reproductive Timing, Growth, and Movement

Abstract Most freshwater mussel species in North America are imperiled. Life history traits of many species have been documented but information regarding western pearlshell mussels (Margaritifera falcata Gould) is scarce. Our goal was to improve understanding of western pearlshell mussel reproduction, growth, and movement. The study area was a 250 m reach in Merrill Creek, Oregon. We examined 1389 mussels for gravidity and examined water samples for glochidia during presumed spawning times over a 4-year period. We tagged 415 mussels for mark-recapture observations for growth and movement. No mussels showed signs of gravidity. However, four mussels near our study transects were observed releasing conglutinates. Glochidia were present from April to mid-June. Glochidia were not detected until maximum daily water temperature had reached 10.0 °C, and were no longer detected once minimum daily water temperature remained above 9.0 °C. There was a negative relation between growth rate and mussel size. Growth rat...
Computational Creativity Exercises: An Avenue for Promoting Learning in Computer Science

Computational thinking and creative thinking are valuable tools both within and outside of computer science (CS). The goal of the project discussed here is to increase students’ achievement in CS courses through a series of computational creativity exercises (CCEs). In this paper, the framework of CCEs is described, and the results of two separate studies on their impact on student achievement are presented. Students in introductory CS courses completed CCEs as part of those courses. Students in Study 1 came from a variety of programs, and students in Study 2 were engineering majors. A profiling approach was used to test whether the impact of the CCEs could be accounted for by differences in students’ motivated and self-regulated engagement. Overall, CCEs had positive impacts on students’ grades and knowledge test scores, and although there were differences in achievement across the profiles, the impact of the CCEs was generally consistent across profiles. The CCEs appear to be a promising way to increase student achievement in introductory CS courses. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Systems Analysis of Water Contamination and Incentive Strategy Controlling Contaminative Problem

Abstract The problem of water contamination is a very serious problem in the management of water resources. In this paper, the industrial sewage drain system is dealt with. By using the systems analysis techniques, the industrial contaminative cause is analyzed. Taking the industrial sewage drain system as a large-scale system with hierarchy, we present a Stackelberg model to illustrate this problem. Then, the Stackelberg incentive strategies for a municipal government to control the water contamination is proposed. Under these policies, the plants who yield the sewage will take the technical measures to treat the sewage.
“Keeping Vigil” and the Response of a Believer to Grief and Suffering

The phenomenon of organizing a civic candlelight vigil in the face of violence and tragedy, while striking and powerful in addressing the moment, can be also religiously ambiguous in some circumstances, and insufficiently therapeutic in others. Keeping vigil in the Christian tradition is markedly different from its contemporary expressions. This article explores and evaluates—through the use of contemporary examples and the psychological and ritual analyses of Gotthard Booth and Victor Turner—the purpose and goals of vigils held in the public square with the nature and impact of keeping vigil in the Christian tradition, especially as celebrated in the Easter Vigil. This expository and diagnostic study suggests that a full expression of keeping vigil serves as an articulation of how believers are challenged to confront pain and suffering with a more profound theological and liturgical response that stands in stark contrast to contemporary cultural and social mechanisms.
A novel technique for modified all-inside repair of bucket-handle meniscus tears using standard arthroscopic portals

Bucket-handle meniscus tears (BHMT) are often displaced and unstable. The inside-out technique of repairing such tears is currently the gold standard. All-inside repair with meniscal fixators is getting increasingly popular. Shortcomings of the inside-out technique include neurovascular complications, especially saphenous nerve palsy, and retention of a non-resorbable suture which can result in discomfort to patient, granuloma formation, and a foci of infection. Hence, the purpose of this project was to innovate a novel all-inside technique to precisely reduce and fix BHMT while avoiding neurovascular complications and retention of a non-resorbable suture. Routine arthroscopic portals were created on a patient’s left knee with a displaced BHMT. Through the anteromedial portal, a conjoint pseudo double lumen cannula was inserted. Two limbs of a reduction suture were passed through the cannula, one over the “femoral” surface of the meniscus, one over the “tibial” surface of the meniscus anterior to the biceps femoris tendon, with the knee flexed at 20° to avoid injury to the saphenous nerve. Suture limbs were passed out percutaneously and tensioned. Anatomic reduction was ensured under arthroscopic visualization with ease. All inside repair was performed using the vertical mattress suture configuration. Reduction sutures were subsequently removed by cutting flush to the skin and pulling on one suture limb. The patient was back to full activities with minimal discomfort 8 months post-operatively. The technique described is superior to existing techniques for the following reasons: (1) Reduction of the displaced meniscal tear is “extra-meniscal,” avoiding further trauma to a damaged meniscus. (2) Tensioning of the two suture limbs created promotes better control of reduction through tensioning. (3) Risk of discomfort, infection, and neurovascular damage caused by a retained suture is reduced. (4) No additional portals/equipment is required. We encourage this novel technique to be attempted by surgeons.
Misinformation and the Justification of Socially Undesirable Preferences

Attempts to correct political misperceptions often fail. The dominant theoretical explanation for this failure comes from psychological research on motivated reasoning. We identify a novel source of motivated reasoning in response to corrective information: the justification of socially undesirable preferences. Further, we demonstrate that this motivation can, under certain conditions, overpower the motivation to maintain congruence. Our empirical test is a national survey experiment that asks participants to reconcile partisan motivations and the motivation to justify voting against a racial minority candidate. Consistent with our argument, racially prejudiced participants dismiss corrections when misinformation is essential to justify voting against a black candidate of their own party, but accept corrections about an otherwise identical candidate of the opposing party. These results provide new insight into the persistence of certain forms of political misinformation.
Abstract B29: A carcinogen-induced mouse model recapitulates the molecular alterations of human muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and fifth most common malignancy in the United States. Survival of patients with muscle-invasive or metastatic bladder cancer is poor, with only 35% survival at 5 years. Developing innovative anticancer drugs relies on the availability of model systems that closely recapitulate the corresponding human disease at both the histologic and molecular levels. One of the major limitations in the field of bladder cancer research is the limited availability of such models. The N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) mouse model is an attractive model system of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) since it recapitulates the complex histology of human tumors in a background with intact immune system. However, it was unknown whether this carcinogen-induced model also mimicked human MIBC at the molecular and mutational level. In our study, we analyzed the mutational landscape of the BBN model by whole-exome sequencing followed by a bioinformatic comparison to human MIBC using genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and other repositories. Similar to human MIBC, BBN tumors had a high mutation burden. Next, we extracted mouse-specific mutational signatures that correspond to different genetic instability processes operating in BBN tumors. Interestingly, one of these de novo extracted signatures aligned to a human mutational signature previously associated to DNA-repair deficiencies in human bladder cancers. We further analyzed the most commonly mutated genes and their intratumor mutation frequencies with the aim of identifying potential driver mutations. Our analyses converged on three genes that seem crucial in the process of tumorigenesis in both mouse and human bladder cancers: the tumor suppressor Trp53 as well as the genes Kmt2c and Kmt2d. These encode for methyltransferases involved in the methylation of histone H3K4 and play a key role in the epigenetic regulation of enhancer activity. Also, many of the putative driver mutations found in the BBN genomes corresponded to human cancer hotspot mutations, supporting their role as driver mutations. Together, our study revealed several similarities between human MIBC and the BBN mouse model. Our results highlighted the contribution of aberrations to chromatin regulators and genetic instability in both human and BBN bladder tumors, thus providing a strong rationale for the use of this mouse model in molecular and drug discovery studies. Citation Format: Damiano Fantini, Alexander P. Glaser, Rimar J. Kalen, Wang Yiduo, Yanni Yu, Joshua J. Meeks. A carcinogen-induced mouse model recapitulates the molecular alterations of human muscle-invasive bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Modeling Cancer in Mice: Technology, Biology, and Beyond; 2017 Sep 24-27; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B29.
The theoretical orientation profile scale-revised: a validation study

This study supported evidence of reliability and validity of the Theoretical Orientation Profile Scale—Revised (TOPS—R) scores. The TOPS—R was designed to measure theoretical orientation among coun...
External Beam Stereotactic Radiosurgery Physics

Radiosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is defined as the irradiation of intracranial lesions with a single fraction of focused small ionizing radiation beams, such as x-rays or gamma rays, eliminating the need for conventional invasive surgery. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) is the treatment of intracranial lesions with the stereotactic apparatus and multiple fractions. A stereotactic frame allows for rigid immobilization of the patient and accurate localization of the target. The goal of radiosurgery is to locate and define the intracranial lesion and deliver single or multiple doses to the target with small x-ray beams without exceeding the radiation tolerance of normal tissues adjacent to the target volume. Radiosurgery was initiated in 1950 by Lars Leksell to treat dysfunctional intracranial abnormalities originally using orthovoltage x-rays in conjunction with a stereotactic frame of his own design (Leksell 1951).
Delivery of a matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogel releasing TIMP-3 after myocardial infarction: effects on left ventricular remodeling

The present study targeted a myocardial matrix proteolytic system, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), through the use of a recombinant tissue inhibitor of MMPs incorporated into a MMP-sensitive hydr...
A Halmos Doctrine and Shifts on Hilbert Space

This a survey of some recent work on noncommutative function theory related to tensor algebras that derives in part from Paul Halmos’s paper, Shifts on Hilbert space.
Phage-Based Applications in Synthetic Biology

Bacteriophage research has been instrumental to advancing many fields of biology, such as genetics, molecular biology, and synthetic biology. Many phage-derived technologies have been adapted for building gene circuits to program biological systems. Phages also exhibit significant medical potential as antibacterial agents and bacterial diagnostics due to their extreme specificity for their host, and our growing ability to engineer them further enhances this potential. Phages have also been used as scaffolds for genetically programmable biomaterials that have highly tunable properties. Furthermore, phages are central to powerful directed evolution platforms, which are being leveraged to enhance existing biological functions and even produce new ones. In this review, we discuss recent examples of how phage research is influencing these next-generation biotechnologies.
Towards a Philosophically Guided Schema for Studying Scientific Explanation in Science Education.

Stemming from the realization of the importance of the role of explanation in the science classroom, the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States 2013) call for appropriately supporting students to learn science, argue from evidence, and provide explanations. Despite the ongoing emphasis on explanations in the science classroom, there seems to be no well-articulated framework that supports students in constructing adequate scientific explanations, or that helps teachers assess student explanations. Our motivation for this article is twofold: First, we think that the ways in which researchers in science education have studied scientific explanation are, at best, leaves much to be desired and, at worst, simply incomplete. Second, we believe that research about the teaching and learning of explanation in science classrooms must be guided by explicit models or frameworks that specify elements involved in constructing explanations particularly applicable to science. More importantly, we think that the development of such models or guidelines should be based on theoretical and philosophical foundations. In order to develop these frameworks or guidelines, we first outline and clarify models of scientific explanation developed by philosophers of science over the last few decades. In the second section of this article, we present a more recent philosophical work on scientific explanation, the pragmatic approach to studying scientific explanations. This approach suggests a toolbox for analyzing scientists’ scientific explanations, which provides a useful instrument to science education. In Section 3, we discuss the ways by which the previous two sections are useful in developing a K-12 scientific explanation schema. Implications for future research on students’ explanations are discussed.
A new method for detecting the nonlinearity of the Pancharatnam phase of light

Abstract A method based on the tracking of the peaks of interference fringes as a function of time-dependent analyzer setting is used to detect the Pancharatnam phase of light. The advantage of this method is demonstrated by observations of the nonlinearity of the Pancharatnam phase for certain paths on Poincare sphere where the fringe visibility reduces to almost zero. We also describe variations of this experiment with structured light beams, where the Pancharatnam phase leads to linear or nonlinear rotation of flower-pattern or spiral-shape interference fringes.
Attached at the Lips: The Influence of Romantic Kissing Motives and Romantic Attachment Styles on Relationship Satisfaction

Although romantic kissing is an important part of relationship functioning, little research has focused on motives for romantic kissing and how they may relate to other aspects of romantic relationships. To understand how romantic kissing impacts romantic relationship functioning, the current study assessed the relationship between romantic attachment, romantic kissing motives, and relationship satisfaction. Overall, it was hypothesized that (a) those reporting more sexual/explicit kissing motives and fewer goal attainment/insecurity motives would report higher relationship satisfaction, (b) those reporting a more secure attachment style would report higher relationship satisfaction, and (c) the relationship between romantic kissing motives and relationship satisfaction would vary according to one’s romantic attachment styles. Results from a hierarchical linear regression with 286 adults, all of whom were currently in romantic relationships, revealed that sexual/relational (β = 0.25) and goal attainment/insecurity kissing motives (β = -0.35) predicted relationship satisfaction. However, the impact of kissing motives on relationship satisfaction varied according to one’s romantic attachment. Specifically, the influence of sexual/relational motives was only significant for avoidantly attached individuals, whereas the influence of goal attainment/insecurity motives was significant for avoidantly and anxiously attachment individuals. Overall, this suggests that sexual/explicit romantic kissing motives serve to enhance the relationships of insecurely attached individuals, but not securely attached individuals. Furthermore, goal attainment/insecure motives had a negative effect on the relationship satisfaction of insecurely attached individuals, but not securely attached individuals. This study has important implications for both practitioners working with romantic couples and researchers studying romantic relationships.
Good Enough Project Management Practices for Researcher Support Projects

Successful provision of data and computational services in support of researcher projects requires implementing project management practices to counteract tendencies towards scope creep, miscommunication, and inaccurate resource forecasting. Good project management practices also support service metrics and reporting, which are essential for communicating the impact and value of researcher support services. These practices do not need to be complicated or onerous to be successful, but they do need to be applied intentionally and consistently. Key practices include: creating project summary documents, determining appropriate client management strategies, tracking project resources and status, and regularly reviewing projects' progress.
Race and Region: Tracing the Cultural Pathways of Rice Consumption in the United States, 1680-1960

This brief history of U.S. rice consumption from 1680 to 1960 traces the influences of race and region in shaping the prevalence of rice in certain communities over others. It examines the earliest...
Tokens, Types, and Nominalism

En este trabajo se consideran diversos aspectos dell status ontologico de las palabras y de las oraciones, aspectos que ocasionan problemas a una posicion nominalista, mas no a una conceptualists. Tambien se argumenta que incluso una posicion realista tiene problemas que no afectan al conceptualismo. La tesis central que se defiende es que la distincion conceptual typetoken (tipo-especimen] libera al conceptualismo de los problemas mayores que aquejan al nominalismo, pues este -por razones teoricas- no puede disponer de la misma. La posicion conceptualista que se defiende mantiene que tanto los tipos como los especimenes linguisticos de los que aqui se trata, dependen, para existir, de una mente —de alguien que use un determinado lenguaje— que los piense, que les de el ser. Esto, sin embargo, no implica que los tipos sean entidades meramente subjetivas; lo que se sostiene es que no habria tipos —y tampoco especimenes— si no hubiese ningun acto mental del que depende su existencia; pero, no obstante, los tipos no son actos mentales, ni tampoco entidades autonomas, con existeneia independiente de cualquier acto mental. Finalmente, cabe senalar la dependencia teorica que se da entre tipos y especimenes: los tipos y los especimenes son entidades ontologicamente distintas, pero se condicionan mutuamente; esto es, un especimen no podria existir como tal sin que existiese el tipo del que es especimen; por otra parte, tampoco puede sostenerse que haya tipos sin que existan especimenes correspondientes de los mismos. [J.A. Robles ]