cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of Hepatic and Endothelial Differentiation by Perfusion in a Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Model of Human Fetal Liver

The development of functional engineered tissue constructs depends on high cell densities and appropriate vascularization. In this study we implemented a four-compartment three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor culture model for studying the effects of medium perfusion on endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic cell populations of primary human fetal liver in an in vivo-like environment. Human fetal liver cells were cultured in bioreactors configured to provide either perfusion or diffusion conditions. Metabolic activities of the cultures were monitored daily by measuring glucose consumption and lactate production. Cell viability during culture was analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hepatic functionality was determined by the release of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in culture medium samples. After 4 days of culture, cells were analyzed for the expression of a variety of endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic genes, as well as the surface marker expression of CD31 and CD34 in flow cytometry...
Codon recognition during frameshift suppression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract A genetic approach has been used to establish the molecular basis of 4-base codon recognition by frameshift suppressor tRNA containing an extra nucleotide in the anticodon. We have isolated all possible base substitution mutations at the position 4 (N) in the 3'-CCCN-5' anticodon of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae frameshift suppressor glycine tRNA encoded by the SUF16 gene. Base substitutions at +1 frameshift sites in the his4 gene have also been obtained such that all possible 4-base 5'-GGGN-3' codons have been identified. By testing for suppression in different strains that collectively represent all 16 possible combinations of position 4 nucleotides, we show that frameshift suppression does not require position 4 base pairing. Nonetheless, position 4 interactions influence the efficiency of suppression. Our results suggest a model in which 4-base translocation of mRNA on the ribosome is directed primarily by the number of nucleotides in the anticodon loop, whereas the resulting efficiency of suppression is dependent on the nature of position 4 nucleotides.
At the Edge of the State: Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination

At the Edge of the State: Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination. Maivân Clech Lâm. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 2000. 232 pp.
Superior rectal artery origin from the median sacral artery—angiographic appearance, developmental anatomy, and clinical implications

Two angiographic observations of significant rectal vascularization by branches originating from the median sacral artery (MSA) are reported. In the first case, the MSA provided a complete superior rectal trunk, with left and right branches, while in the second, the MSA only contributed superior rectal branches to the right side of the rectum, the left side being supplied by left internal iliac branches. The angiographic appearance, developmental anatomy, and clinical significance of these variants are discussed.
THE ROLE OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN CERVICAL CANCER: THE MARYLAND CERVICAL CANCER CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Recent evidence on the importance of sexual history and sexually transmissible agents in cervical cancer has been reported. Case-control studies have frequently demonstrated increased risk of cervical cancer for women using oral contraceptives, while laboratory results have shown that vaginal spermicides inactivate various sexually transmissible agents. To determine the role of contraceptive use in cervical cancer, 153 cases of Maryland women with invasive cervical cancer and age, race, and residence-matched controls were interviewed in 1985, focusing on sexual history, health care utilization patterns, screening history, contraceptive use, and smoking. Overall, lifetime use of contraceptives was protective of cervical cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.7). Use of oral contraceptives (OR = 0.48), diaphragm (OR = 0.29), and vaginal spermicides (OR = 0.28) were more frequent in controls than cases. After adjustment for behavioral factors (age at first intercourse, smoking, gaps in Papanicolaou smear testing, and obstetrician-gynecologist visits), use of vaginal spermicides remained significant (OR = 0.30), although use of oral contraceptives and barrier methods of contraception failed to remain significant. The effectiveness of vaginal spermicides in preventing cervical cancer may be due to their antiviral action.
Understanding teaching and learning: classroom research revisited, edited by Baljit Kaur, The Netherlands, Sense Publishers, 2012, x + 332 pp., US$ 48.81 (paperback), ISBN 978-94-6091-862-9

Classroom is a very familiar yet still mysterious space where teachers teach, students learn, and researchers research. For over four decades, Graham Nuthall (1935–2004), a pioneer classroom resear...
Redescribing “Religion and …” Film: Teaching the Insider/Outsider Problem

Classes organized by means of the ‘religion and …’ rubric cut both ways: they are elastic enough to attract wide student interest, thereby enhancing a department’s enrollment statistics, but they are often theoretically unsophisticated, thereby hampering the future development of scholars of religion. After discussing the costs and benefits of such classes, this article focuses on one particular example of this popular rubric that would benefit from redescription: the use of films in the religious studies class. After identifying two competing approaches to using films, the essay concludes by discussing three feature films that can be used in all of our classes to teach a fundamental theoretical topic in our field: the insider/outsider problem.
1520 PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY IN TRANSPLANT RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS (RAS)

Hypertension(HT) due to RAS complicates 5-10% of renal transplants and jeopardizes graft function. Alternatives to surgery in immune suppressed transplant recipients are desirable. 4 subjects developed HT with hyperreninemia within 1 yr post transplant. Significant RAS was demonstrated angiographically in each. Therapy with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty produced: 3 subjects remain normotensive, on no RX, 3 to 11 mos post-dilatation. Repeat arteriography at 11 mos shows no recurrence of RAS in case 1. No serious complications occurred. We concluded that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty offers an acceptable alternative to surgery in renal transplant recipients with hypertension due to renal artery stenosis.
A Critical Review and Best-Practice Recommendations for Control Variable Usage

The use of control variables plays a central role in organizational research due to practical difficulties associated with the implementation of experimental and quasi-experimental designs. As such, we conducted an in-depth review and content analysis of what variables, and why such variables are controlled for, in 10 of the most popular research domains (task performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, turnover, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, employee burnout, personality, leader‒member exchange, organizational justice, and affect) in organizational behavior/human resource management (OB/HRM) and applied psychology. Specifically, we examined 580 articles published from 2003 to 2012 in AMJ, ASQ, JAP, JOM, and PPsych. Results indicate that, across research domains with clearly distinct theoretical bases, the overwhelming majority of the more than 3,500 controls identified in our review converge around the same simple demographic factors (i.e., gender, age, tenure), very little effort is made to explain why and how controls relate to focal variables of interest, and control variable practices have not changed much over the past decade. To address these results, we offer best-practice recommendations in the form of a sequence of questions and subsequent steps that can be followed to make decisions on the appropriateness of including a specific control variable within a particular theoretical framework, research domain, and empirical study. Our recommendations can be used by authors as well as journal editors and reviewers to improve the transparency and appropriateness of practices regarding control variable usage.
Alternative regimes of surfaceandclimate conditions in sandy arid regions: possible relevance to Mesopotamian drought 2200–1900 B.C.

Abstract Ten feedback factors acting in sandy arid regions tend to create two alternative regimes of surface and climate conditions: an equilibrium with Vegetated, Crusted soil, and Convective Precipitation, commonly in the 200–400 mm year −1 range (VC–CP), and an equilibrium with a Saltating-Sands surface and Extreme Aridity (SS–EA). The recently described 300-year long drought in Mesopotamia following a deposition of volcanic dust in 2200 B.C. over the region may be explained as a transition from a VC-CP to an SS-EA regime. The transition is attributed to creation of saltation-favoring conditions by the volcanic layer, brought about by the choking-off of the plants. After the destruction of the soil-crusts, the high albedo saltating-sands surface adversely affected probabilities for convective precipitation. The change again to the VC-CP conditions around 1900 B.C. may have been triggered by unusual patterns of cyclonic activity that brought far-above-average precipitation to the region.
Comparison of Off-Chip Training Methods for Neuromemristive Systems

Neuromemristive systems offer an efficient platform for learning and modeling non-linear functions in real time. Specifically, they are effective tools for pattern classification. However, training these systems presents several challenges, especially when CMOS and memristor process variations are considered. In this paper, we propose two off-chip training methods for neuromemristive systems: weight programming and feature training. Detailed variation models are developed to study the effects of CMOS and memristor process variations on neuromemristive circuits, including neurons, synapses, and training circuits. We analyze the impact of those variations on the proposed off-chip training methods. Specifically, we train a neuromemristive system to classify handwritten digits. The results indicate that the feature training method is able to provide over 2× better classification accuracy per unit area than the weight programming method. However, the weight programming method is much faster, and may be more suitable when the network needs to be frequently re-trained.
The relationship between workplace learning and job satisfaction in U.S. small to midsize businesses

Although much attention is given to HRD in firms of Fortune 500 size, little is known about the extent of workplace learning in small to midsize businesses. Yet small businesses are playing an increasingly important role in the world economy and are critical to the well-being of the U.S. economy. Furthermore, workers in small businesses generally indicate higher job satisfaction than those in large organizations. This study measures the extent of workplace learning in small to midsize businesses, delineates the level of job satisfaction in these businesses, and examines the relationship between workplace learning and job satisfaction.
Low-temperature elastic properties of four wrought and annealed aluminium alloys

The elastic properties of four annealed polycrystalline commercial aluminium alloys were studied between 4 and 300 K using a pulse-superposition method. Results are given for longitudinal sound velocity, transverse sound velocity, Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus (reciprocal compressibility), Poisson's ratio, and elastic Debye temperature. The elastic stiffnesses of the alloys increase 4 to 13% on cooling from room temperature to liquid helium temperature. The elastic constant-temperature curves exhibit regular behaviour.
Measurement of gas-phase temperatures in flames with a point-diffraction interferometer

Experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of a point-diffraction interferometry (PDI) system to measure gas-phase temperatures in flames. PDI is an interferometric technique that creates the reference beam after the laser beam passes through the test section and directly provides the index of refraction in two dimensions. PDI-based temperature measurements were compared with thermocouple measurements of two-dimensional and axisymmetric thermal boundary layers, as well as two-dimensional and axisymmetric diffusion flames. The PDI system provided excellent agreement in the measurement of thermal profiles in the boundary layers and was within the uncertainties that are due to the radiation corrections for the thermocouple-based flame temperature measurements.
Affinity labeling of the DDT1 MF-2 cell α1-adrenergic receptor with [3H]phenoxybenzamine

Abstract In this study, we used phenoxybenzamine to label the α 1 -adrenergic receptor of a smooth muscle cell line. Our results demonstrate a dose-dependent occupancy of α 1 -adrenergic receptors by phenoxybenzamine determined by competition for the [ 3 H]prazosin binding site. Following incorporation of [ 3 H]phenoxybenzamine, partially purified membranes were solubilized and subjected to sodium dodecyi sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Despite numerous Coomassie blue-stained bands, only three bands, M r = 80,000 ± 500, M r = 33,000 ± 2,000, and M r , = 21,000 ± 400 (N = 4), were labeled with [ 3 H]phenoxybenzamine as determined by autofluorography. Incorporation of [ 3 H]phenoxybenzamine into the M r = 80,000 band, but not the M r = 33,000 and M r = 21,000 bands, was affected by adrenergic agonists and antagonists in a manner consistent with an α 1 -adrenergic interaction. Labeling of the M r = 33,000 and M r = 21,000 bands was partially blocked by phenoxybenzamine. We conclude that [ 3 H]phenoxybenzamine can be used as an affinity probe for the α 1 -adrenergic receptor and that the ligand binding site of the α 1 -adrenergic receptor resides in a M r = 80,000 protein.
Recidivism in subgroups of severe male juvenile offenders

Prior research is lacking on the incremental contribution of juvenile offender classification systems in predicting recidivism. To address this gap, the present study examined a five-group classification system of severe adolescent male offenders based on the personality and clinical scales of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Group membership was used to predict adult recidivism while controlling for criminal history. Male juvenile offenders classified as anxious/impulsive were less frequent recidivists than most other groups and had fewer charges after release than some other groups. Offenders classified into the psychopathy group were notable for their high rate of recidivism (nearly 50%). These results highlight the potential utility of offender classification systems for informing risk assessments among severe male juvenile offenders.
Method for Estimating Future Hurricane Flood Probabilities and Associated Uncertainty

AbstractReliable hurricane flood probability estimates are essential for effective management and engineering in the coastal environment. However, uncertainty in future climate conditions presents a challenge for assessing future flood probabilities. Studies suggest that in the future, sea-level rise may accelerate, and hurricanes may intensify and occur less or more often. Here, methods are presented for incorporating sea-level rise and future hurricane conditions into extreme-value flood statistics analysis. By considering an idealized coast, surge response functions are used with joint probability statistics to define time-varying continuous probability mass functions for hurricane flood elevation. Uncertainty in the flood estimates introduced by uncertainty in future climate is quantified by considering variance in future climate and sea level projections. It will be shown that future global warming can increase the flood elevation at a given return period by 1–3% per decade, but that climate-related ...
EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITIONS OF METAL HYDRIDES AND ORGANOMETALLICS TO HINDERED CYCLOHEXANONES

The stereochemistries of nucleophilic additions of several hydride, methyl, and acetylenic Grignard and lithium reagents to hindered cyclohexanones were investigated experimentally. Acetylenic reagents attack hindered cyclohexanones from the axial direction, in contrast to the result with other reagents. Ab initio calculations and a modified MM2 transition-state force field were used to study the origins of stereoselectivity.
The Web-Driven Learning Ecosystem: Its Structure and Benefits

We have devised a Web-based learning ecosystem (LECOS) that aligns marketing curriculum, course design, technology, instructors, students, as well as external stakeholders—a system that integrates traditional teaching methods with technological advancements in an attempt to enhance marketing students' motivation, engagement, and performance. A general overview of LECOS, its core components, and their benefits are provided. We then report the results of an early measurement of the innovation's effectiveness in addressing our objectives and conclude with a discussion of our future plans for this marketing learning platform.
Framing body size among African American women and girls.

Obesity continues to affect African Americans in epidemic proportions, particularly among women and adolescent females. Perceptions, beliefs, behaviors, and body sizes of adolescents are associated with those of their mothers, yet little is known about the transgenerational meanings and experiences of obese African American adolescent girls and their mothers. An interpretive phenomenological study was conducted with seven African American adolescents between the ages of 11 and 17, and their adult female caregivers. Audio-taped interviews were transcribed and analyzed by a multicultural interpretive team. Two constitutive patterns and associated themes were identified. One pattern, ‘Framing: sizing it up; sizing it down’, with its three associated themes is presented. Mothers and daughters are engaged in multiple common practices in which they self-define body size, while protecting their self-esteem and self-image. This pattern illustrates how the women and girls created an image of their bodies as they c...
The available capacity of a privately owned workstation environment

Abstract Powerful workstations interconnected by networks have become widely available as sources of computing cycles. Each workstation is typically owned by a single user in order to provide a high quality of service for the owner. In most cases, an owner does not have computing demands as large as the capacity of the workstation. Therefore, most of the workstations are underutilized. Nevertheless, some users have demands that exceed the capacities of their workstations. In order to effectively share the capacity of workstations, there must be algorithms that allocate available capacity and long periods when owners do not use their stations. To understand the profile of station availability, we analyzed the usage patterns of a cluster of workstations. The workstations were available more than 75% of the time observed. Large capacities were steadily available on an hour to hour, day to day, and month to month basis. These capacities were available not only during the evening hours and on weekends, but during the busiest times of normal working hours. A stochastic model was developed which was based on an analysis of the relative frequency distribution and the correlation of available and non-available interval lengths. A 3-stage hyperexponential cumulative distribution has been fitted to the observed cumulative relative frequency of available periods. The fitted distribution closely matches the observed relative frequency distribution. This stochastic model is important as a workload generator for the performance evaluation of capacity sharing strategies of a cluster of workstations. The model assists in the design of resource management algorithms that take advantage of the characteristics of the usage patterns.
Dissociable contributions of MRI volume reductions of superior temporal and fusiform gyri to symptoms and neuropsychology in schizophrenia

We sought to identify the functional correlates of reduced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the fusiform gyrus (FG) in patients with chronic schizophrenia. MRI volumes, positive/negative symptoms, and neuropsychological tests of facial memory and executive functioning were examined within the same subjects. The results indicated two distinct, dissociable brain structure-function relationships: (1) reduced left STG volume-positive symptoms-executive deficits; (2) reduced left FG-negative symptoms-facial memory deficits. STG and FG volume reductions may each make distinct contributions to symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
Framing a Vision for 21st-Century Librarianship: LIS Education in Changing Times

ABSTRACT Librarianship is at a critical juncture. Technological changes have reshaped the information landscape, but libraries as social institutions have not been able to transform themselves to keep pace. This is the challenge of Library and Information Science Education. As we look to a future professional education for librarians, we need to acknowledge the need to reinvent our educational goals and methods so our graduates can lead in this new emerging environment. A relevant education for the information sectors will include a synthesis of global, technical, and critical perspectives to encourage librarians to understand the changes they need to enact to ensure relevance for the future.
Autoimmune Diseases and Polyamines

Genetics and environmental factors have important roles in autoimmune diseases but neither has given us sufficient understanding of these mysterious diseases. Therefore, we are now looking closer at epigenetics, an interface between genetics and environmental factors. Epigenetics can be defined as reversible heritable changes to chromatin that can alter gene expression without altering the gene's DNA sequence. Methylation of DNA and histones are primary means of epigenetic control. By adding methyl groups to DNA and histones, it can limit accessibility of the underlying gene thereby altering the amount of gene expression. The methyl group is derived from an essential molecule in the cell, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). However, a group of small molecules called polyamines also require SAM for their synthesis. Polyamines are essential for many cellular functions and polyamine activity is increased in many autoimmune diseases. Presented here is the "polyamine hypothesis" in which increased polyamine synthesis competes with cellular methylation (epigenetic control) for SAM. It is proposed that increased polyamine activity can cause disruption of cellular methylation, which can lead to abnormal expression of previously sequestered genes and disruption of other methylation-dependent cellular processes.
Overview: underserved areas of education in the responsible conduct of research: authorship.

In February of 2007, the Responsible Conduct of Research Education Committee of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics convened a mini-conference at the Association’s annual meeting. The purpose of the mini-conference was to examine underserved areas of education in research ethics. The mini-conference consisted of panel discussions for two topics: authorship and social responsibility. Representatives from diverse academic disciplines were invited to participate in each of the two panels. This Special Section of Science and Engineering Ethics consists of the papers based on presentations in the authorship panel. The papers illustrate similarities and differences in authorship and publication practices in various disciplines including engineering, the life sciences, and the social sciences.
Performance analysis of the optimum beamformer in the presence of correlated sources and its behavior under spatial smoothing

In this paper, we first study the signal cancellation and interference rejection effects of the optimum (constrained least squares or minimum variance) beamformer in the presence of partially and fully correlated interfering sources. In particular, we derive expressions for the output power and the gain in the interference direction of the beamformer in terms of the source powers, correlation, and the sensor noise power, and show quantitatively the penalties arising from increasing correlation in several scenarios of interest. Next, we show that spatial smoothing progressively decorrelates the sources at a rate that depends on the spacing and directions of the sources, and thus relate the degree of smoothing to the improvement in signal cancellation and interference rejection behavior provided by spatial smoothing. Results of computer simulations are included to support our analysis.
Analysis: High-Tech Diabetes Technology and the Myth of Clinical "Plug and Play"

In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Davey and coauthors present encouraging data that even short-term use of a real-time continuous glucose monitor can lead to marked reduction in hypoglycemia exposure. In this analysis, two particular issues will be discussed: the distinction between short- and long-term experiences with sensors and the use of standardized diabetes treatment algorithms for use with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. An understanding of both of these aspects of CGM devices is necessary for placing clinical diabetes technology products into the context of how they will be used in "real life."
Emotion Regulation in Children With Specific Language Impairment.

Purpose: The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine if emotion regulation warrants investigation as a factor influencing social outcomes in children with specific language impairment (SLI). Emotion regulation was evaluated in children with SLI and their typically developing peers. Method: Teachers were asked to rate the emotion regulation behaviors of 41 children with SLI and 41 typical peers using the "Emotion Regulation Checklist" (ERC, Shields & Cicchetti, 1997; 1998). Children were sampled from two age levels (6–9 years and 10–13 years). At each age level, equal numbers of boys and girls were sampled. Results: As a group, children with SLI received significantly lower ratings than typical children. In addition, girls produced higher scores than boys. None of the other interactions was significant. Scores on the two subscales of the ERC, labeled as lability/negativity and emotion regulation, were then examined to further delineate performance. Boys with SLI had notably lower ratings than al...
Peptide hydrolase in wheat embryo

Abstract Commercial wheat embryo and embryo excised by hand from a hard red spring wheat (Selkirk) and a durum wheat (Leeds) were devoid of peptide hydrolase B. The embryo from all sources had an enzyme similar to peptide hydrolase A from germinated barley with respect to pH stability, thermal stability, and to the ratio of activity with α- N -benzoyl- l -arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and α- N -benzoyl- dl -arginine- p -nitroanilide (BAPA) substrates. The enzyme from the commercial embryo was stimulated by metal ions in the same way as the barley enzyme and hydrolyzed the same simple peptides. K m values for the three embryo enzymes were essentially the same and were about three times that of the enzyme from germinated barley.
Paraganglioma metastatic to the cervical spine.

Abstract Paragangliomas are usually benign tumors which may be locally invasive. Only 10% of these tumors are malignant. When metastases occur the most common sites are lung, liver and bone. When bony metastases occur the spine is a common site. In the present case cervical spine metastases with resultant bony encroachment: and epidural extension of tumor with cord compression was diagnosed with myelography and CT.
Activation of a novel human transforming gene, ret, by DNA rearrangement

A novel transforming gene was detected by transfection of NIH 3T3 cells with human lymphoma DNA. The tumor DNA induced a single focus in primary transfections, whereas DNAs of transformed NIH cells induced transformation with high efficiencies in secondary and tertiary assays. Molecular clones spanning about 37 kb of human sequence were isolated from tertiary transformant DNA. Blot hybridization indicated that the transforming gene consisted of two segments that were unlinked in both normal human and primary lymphoma DNAs. The two segments of human DNA were cotranscribed in transformed NIH cells but not in any human cells examined. The transforming gene thus appeared to be activated by recombination between two unlinked human DNA segments, possibly by cointegration during transfection.
Quantitative Protein Expression Analysis Of CLL B Cells from Mutated and Unmutated IgVH Subgroups Using Acid-Cleavable Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag Reagents

Relative protein expression levels were compared in leukemic B cells from two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) having either mutated (M-CLL) or unmutated (UM-CLL) immunoglobulin variable heavy chain genes (IgV(H)). Cells were separated into cytosol and membrane protein fractions then labeled with acid-cleavable ICAT reagents (cICAT). Labeled proteins were digested with trypsin then subjected to SCX and affinity chromatography followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. A total of 9 proteins from the cytosol fraction and 4 from the membrane fraction showed a 3-fold or greater difference between M-CLL and UM-CLL and a subset of these were examined by Western blot where results concurred with cICAT abundance ratios. The abundance of one of the proteins in particular, the mitochondrial membrane protein cytochrome c oxidase subunit COX G was examined in 6 M-CLL and 6 UM-CLL patients using western blot and results showed significantly greater levels (P < 0.001) in M-CLL patients vs UM-CLL patients. These results demonstrate that stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry can complement 2D gel electrophoresis and gene microarray technologies for identifying putative and perhaps unique prognostic markers in CLL.
Effects of Ammonia on Carbon Metabolism in Photosynthesizing Isolated Mesophyll Cells from Papaver somniferum L.

Addition of ammonia to a suspension of photosynthesizing isolated mesophyll cells from P. somniferum quantitatively alters the pattern of carbon metabolism by increasing rates of certain key ratelimiting steps leading to amino-acid synthesis and by decreasing rates of rate-limiting steps in alternative biosynthetic pathways. Of particular importance is the stimulation of reactions mediated by pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The increased rates of these two reactions, which result in an increased flow of carbon into the tricarboxylic-acid cycle, correlate with a rapid rise in glutamine (via glutamine synthetase) which draws carbon off the tricarboxylic-acid cycle as α-ketoglutarate. Increased flux of carbon in this direction appears to come mainly at the expense of sucrose synthesis. The net effect of addition of ammonia to mesophyll cells is thus a redistribution of newly fixed carbon away from carbohydrates and into amino acids.
A fluent language disorder following antepartum left-hemisphere brain injury.

Abstract This article describes the development of language in a left-handed girl with a left middle cerebral artery infarction. Seven language samples of parent-child interaction, obtained when she was between 36 and 60 months of age, were transcribed and analyzed using the Child Language Data Exchange System. At 36 months of age, only 42 (20%) of the child's 214 utterances contained words; the other 80% were composed of jargon or interactional markers such as “uh-huh” and “uhn-uhn”. Jargon incorporated familiar intonational contours and prosodic features to convey emotional states and communicative functions. Between 36 and 45 months of age, her jargon became differentiated into increasing approximations of English sentences. Simultaneously her use of words and word combinations increased. By 54 months of age, no jargon was heard. The pattern of development observed in this child can be described as a transient jargon or fluent aphasia. It may have resulted from initial reliance on an injured right hemisphere. However, given the similarity between this pattern and the expressive or gestalt style of learning seen in some normal children, the pattern may also be related to other variables including characteristics of the parental input.
Efficiency of Selection Based on Segments of the Early Record for Improving Annual Rate of Lay

Abstract The early (20 to 40 weeks of age) production record of a Randombred White Leghorn population was segmented by progressively truncating or incrementing 2- or 4-week segments of data. Genetic correlations between rate of lay of the annual record and rate of lay for segments of the early record and subsequent measures of efficiency of selection were computed. Segments in the first one-half of the early record were poorly correlated with the annual record, whereas those in the last one-third yielded correlations ranging from .84 to .98. Empirical measures of efficiency of selection based upon segments in relation to those based upon the early record produced values ranging from .83 to .97 for segments in the last 8 weeks of the early record. Use of selected segments in the latter part of the early record as a basis of selection for improvement in the annual record would reduce data collection costs at the sacrifice of a small loss in relative selection efficiency. The generation interval would not be shortened.
Iron supplementation in renal anemia.

Iron-deficiency frequently develops in patients with chronic kidney disease who are treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). It results in reduced effectiveness of anemia therapy; patients may fail to reach hemoglobin targets or may require excessively large doses of rHuEPO. 1,2 It has been recognized widely that iron management, monitoring for iron deficiency, and effective iron supplementation forms a core component of anemia therapy. This review discusses the physiology of iron balance, derangements in iron balance in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in patients treated with rHuEPO.
Color Tuning in Short Wavelength-Sensitive Human and Mouse Visual Pigments: Ab initio Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Studies

We have investigated the protonation state and photoabsorption spectrum of Schiff-base (SB) nitrogen bound 11-cis-retinal in human blue and mouse UV cone visual pigments as well as in bovine rhodop...
Optical properties of Apollo 12 Moon samples

We present the photometric phase function, color, normal albedo, polarimetric phase function, and spectrophotometry of the Apollo 12 soil. With a few minor exceptions, the optical properties of the Apollo 12 soil are very similar to those of the Apollo 11 soil and of lunar mare surfaces.
Structural Evolution and Phase Homologies for “Design” and Prediction of Solid-State Compounds

The challenge of designing solid state compounds with predicted compositions and structures could be partly met using concepts that employ phase homologies. Homologous series of compounds not only can place seemingly diverse phases into a single context; they can also forecast with high probability specific new phases. A homologous series is expressed in terms of a mathematical formula that is capable of producing each member. Within a homologous series, the type of fundamental building units and the principles that define how they combine remain preserved, and only the size of these blocks varies incrementally. In this Account, we present this approach by discussing a number of new homologies and generalize it for a wide variety of systems.
Links between parents' and girls' television viewing behaviors: a longitudinal examination.

U.S. children and adolescents generally watch 2 to 3 hours of television (TV) per day;1 38% watch more than 3 hours per day,2 and 40% of children under age 5 years have a TV in their bedroom.3 Excessive TV viewing among children is of public health concern because it is associated with poor psychosocial and physical health.4-6 A recent study of individuals followed from birth showed that excessive TV viewing between age 5 and 15 years was associated with higher body mass index (BMI), lower fitness, increased incidence of cigarette smoking, and higher serum cholesterol level at age 26, after controlling for childhood BMI, parent BMI, and parent smoking.7 In response to evidence implicating the negative health effects of excessive TV viewing, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released pediatric guidelines for TV viewing in 20018 stating that children older than 2 years should watch no more than 2 hours of quality programming per day, children under age 2 should not watch TV, and TVs should be removed from children's bedrooms. Despite these recommendations, however, there is no evidence that TV viewing has declined among U.S. youth.2 Consequently, the identification of effective targets and methods of intervention to reduce children's TV viewing is a clear research priority. In contrast with other health-related behaviors, such as alcohol intake, physical activity, and sexual behaviors, TV viewing occurs almost exclusively at home, often in the context of the family. Because parents serve as both models and gatekeepers for children's TV viewing, the family is a key point of intervention in modifying children's TV viewing behaviors. Research suggests that children watch more TV when their parents are high-volume TV viewers9-11 and fail to place limits on their total TV viewing time.12 Thus parents may play an important role in shaping children's TV viewing behaviors. This conclusion is tentative, however, given the absence of longitudinal research. To our knowledge, to date no longitudinal studies have examined links between parents' TV viewing behaviors and parenting practices and the time that their children spend watching TV. As a result, it is not known whether TV-related parenting practices change across time and whether parenting at one point in time influences children's TV viewing at a later point in time. Furthermore, it is not known whether TV-related parenting practices co-occur in families and cumulatively place children at risk of exceeding TV viewing recommendations across time. The current study was designed to answer these questions by examining parents' TV-related parenting practices and their daughters' TV viewing over a 2-year period.
Pressure-induced loss of electronic interlayer state and metallization in the ionic solid Li 3 N : Experiment and theory

Results of x-ray diffraction and nitrogen $K$-edge x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) investigations of the crystal and electronic structure of ionic compound ${\text{Li}}_{3}\text{N}$ across two high-pressure phase transitions [A. Lazicki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 165503 (2005)] are interpreted using density-functional theory. A low-energy peak in the XRS spectrum which is observed in both low-pressure hexagonal phases of ${\text{Li}}_{3}\text{N}$ and absent in the high-pressure cubic phase is found to originate from an interlayer band similar to the important free-electron-like state present in the graphite and graphite intercalated systems, but not observed previously in ionic insulators. XRS detection of the interlayer state is made possible because of its strong hybridization with the nitrogen $p$ bands. A pressure-induced increase in the band gap of the high-pressure cubic phase of ${\text{Li}}_{3}\text{N}$ is explained by the differing pressure dependencies of different quantum-number bands and is shown to be a feature of several low-$Z$ closed-shell ionic materials.
Rapid resolution of pulmonary thromboemboli in man. An angiographic study.

Experimentally induced pulmonary thromboemboli in animals may undergo rapid, spontaneous resolution. 1-5 Little information is available, however, concerning the early fate of pulmonary thromboemboli in man. Sautter et al 6 described two patients with massive pulmonary thromboembolism in whom selective angiograms showed disappearance of the occlusive lesions within 25 and 128 days. Simon and Sasahara, 7 using the same technique, observed regression of filling defects in lobar arteries within eight weeks in one patient and complete clearing of multiple segmental obstructions within six weeks in another. Sabiston and Wagner, 8 using the method of radioisotope scanning in a patient with recurrent pulmonary thromboemboli, noted significant improvement in blood flow to the upper part of the right lung two months after the initial scan. In the study reported here, selective pulmonary arteriograms were performed serially to define more precisely the natural history of acute pulmonary thromboembolism in man. Material and Methods
Fluorescent vasotocin conjugate for identification of the target cells for brain actions of vasotocin.

The effects of neuropeptides on the brain are a major focus of neuroendocrine research, and little progress has been made in the identification of the target neurons for many neuropeptides. Arginine 8 -vasotocin (AVT) is aneurohypophyseal peptide present in nonmammalian vertebrates that controls many neural and behavioral functions. Here we describe synthesis and functional characterization of an AVT-Oregon green conjugate 1 (AVT-OG 1) that can be used in vivo to identify AVT target neurons. Application of AVT-OG 1 to the brainstem of an amphibian produces rapid, endosome-like internalization together with typical AVT-like neurophysiological effects. Thus, preparation of AVT-OG 1, which preserves the peptide's neurophysiological effects, is useful as a fluorescent marker for AVT target neurons. Consequently, AVT-OG 1 conjugate will have considerable utility for analyzing the neural actions of AVT in the intact brain.
Three models of sequential belief updating on uncertain evidence

Jeffrey updating is a natural extension of Bayesian updating to cases where the evidence is uncertain. But, the resulting degrees of belief appear to be sensitive to the order in which the uncertain evidence is acquired, a rather un-Bayesian looking effect. This order dependence results from the way in which basic Jeffrey updating is usually extended to sequences of updates. The usual extension seems very natural, but there are other plausible ways to extend Bayesian updating that maintain order-independence. I will explore three models of sequential updating, the usual extension and two alternatives. I will show that the alternative updating schemes derive from extensions of the usual rigidity requirement, which is at the heart of Jeffrey updating. Finally, I will establish necessary and sufficient conditions for order-independent updating, and show that extended rigidity is closely related to these conditions.
RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHYSICS

Abstract We review a recently developed relativistic model of nuclear structure, and discuss the binding energy and saturation properties of nuclear matter, the density and momentum-transfer dependence of the effective force in nuclei and the parameters of a relativistic optical model. The model we describe is free of parameters other than those introduced in fitting free-space nucleon-nucleon scattering data. In contrast to standard models, the relativistic formulation is able to give a satisfactory description of the saturation properties of nuclear matter. The mechanism responsible for saturation in the relativistic model also accounts for the strong density dependence of the scalar-isoscalar part of the effective nuclear interaction found in phenomenological studies. The calculated values of the self-energy of a continuum nucleon in nuclear matter may also be used to estimate the parameters of the optical potentials used to fit nucleon-nucleus scattering data. Estimates based upon the local-density approximation are successful in reproducing both the energy and density dependence of the phenomenological optical potential.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of underivatized and permethylated gangliosides.

Underivatized and permethylated gangliosides have been studied by the matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALO) ionization technique. The samples investigated included commercially available and highly purified gangliosides from the human brain containing up to five sialic acid residues. Several permethylated gangliosides have also been studied, and MALD has proven successful in analyzing multicomponent mixtures of glycolipids with different fatty acyl residues. During the studies a variety of matrix and wavelength combinations have been tested in both the positive and negative ion modes. The best results have been obtained with the matrices 2,5-dihyd roxybenzoic acid, 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 6-aza-2-thiothymine. Negative ion mass spectra of the underivatized gangliosides have always been of better quality than the positive ion mass spectra; exhibiting better signal-to-noise ratio, better resolution, less fragmentation, and less adduct formation with Na+ and K+. With increasing number of sialic acid substituents the molecular ion region became less and less resolvable leading to broadened peaks even in the negative ion mode. Fragmentation could frequently be observed in the negative ion mode, and it was pronounced in the positive ion mode. The major fragmentation pathways corresponded to loss of sialyl groupts) and to decarboxylation of one of the sialyl residues. For underivatized gangliosides the typical sample amount used was 10–20 pmol, Permethylation led to a significant improvement in sensitivity (two orders of magnitude); the detection limit of permethylated gangliosides was about 10 fmol. The higher stability of the permethylated compounds was indicated by the fact that positive ion mass spectra exhibited only a marginal extent of fragmentation.
FLUORESCENCE KINETICS OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS MEASURED WITH A PICOSECOND OPTICAL KERR GATE

. An overview of the reported chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetimes from green plant photosystems is presented and the problems encountered in the measurement of fluorescence lifetime using two currently available picosecond techniques are discussed. The fluorescence intensity of spinach chloroplasts exposed to 10 ps flashes was measured as a function of time after the flash and wavelength of observation by the ultrafast Kerr shutter technique. Using a train of 100 pulses separated by 6ns and with an average photon flux per pulse of ˜2 times 1014 photons/cm2, the fluorescence intensity at 685 nm (room temperature) was found to decay with two components, a fast one with a 56 ps lifetime, and a slow one with a 220 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescence intensity at room temperature decays as a single exponential with a 100 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescence lifetime was found to increase by a factor of 6 when the temperature was lowered from room temperature to 90 K while the lifetime of 685 and 695 nm fluorescence were unchanged. At room temperature, the fast and slow components at 685 nm are attributed to the emission from pigment system I (PS I) and PS II, respectively. It is likely that the absolute values of lifetimes, reported here, may increase if single ps low intensity flashes are used for these measurements.