cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centrifugal pumping during Czochralski silicon growth with a strong, non-uniform, axisymmetric magnetic field

Abstract Centrifugal pumping flows are produced in the melt by the rotations of crystal and crucible during the Czochralski growth of silicon crystals. This paper treats the centrifugal pumping effects with a steady, strong, non-uniform axisymmetric magnetic field. We consider a family of magnetic fields ranging from a uniform axial field to a “cusp” field, which has a purely radial field at the crystal-melt interface and free surface. We present the numerical solutions for the centrifugal pumping flows as the magnetic field is changed continuously from a uniform axial field to a cusp one, and for arbitrary Hartmann number. Since the perfect alignment between the local magnetic field vector and the crystal-melt interface or free surface is not likely, we also investigate the effects of a slight misalignment.
Synthesis and steric stabilization of silver nanoparticles in neat carbon dioxide solvent using fluorine-free compounds

The adjustable solvent properties, vanishingly low surface tensions, and environmentally green characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide present certain advantages in nanoparticles synthesis and processing. Unfortunately, most current techniques employed to synthesize and disperse nanoparticles in carbon dioxide use environmentally persistent fluorinated compounds as metal precursors and/or stabilizing ligands. This paper illustrates a one-step process for synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in carbon dioxide using only fluorine-free compounds. Isostearic acid coated silver nanoaparticles were formed and stably dispersed through arrested precipitation. Silver bis(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl)sulfosuccinate (Ag-AOT-TMH) was reduced in the presence of isostearic acid as a capping ligand in carbon dioxide solvent to form silver nanoparticles. The addition of cyclohexane as cosolvent or an increase in carbon dioxide solvent density enhances the dispersibility of the particles due to an increa...
A simple device for measuring the resolution of videoscopic cameras and laparoscopes in the operating room.

Background: There is a need for a device that can be used to objectively evaluate the image quality provided by laparoscopic camera units in the operating room. Methods: The device that we developed consists of a regular 10-mm or 5-mm laparoscopic port with a rectangular test unit built at the end. A standard test pattern slide with resolution bars is used for measurements. Using this assembly, a single-chip laparoscopic camera was compared with a three-chip laparoscopic camera at different wiring formats and camera settings by measuring the resolution on the monitor screen. Results: Vertical resolution was found to be constant at 550 lines, regardless of the type of camera and wiring used. Of the three wiring formats, composite wiring provided the poorest image with both cameras. When enhancement was off, the horizontal resolution obtained with Y/C or RGB wiring was the same for the one-chip camera at 640 lines of horizontal resolution, whereas RGB cabling provided the best image for the three-chip camera at 800 lines. Conclusion: Using basic broadcasting principles, we have developed a simple device that is useful for the comparison of different camera, cabling, and laparoscope configurations in the operating room. This information can be used as objective criteria to judge the image quality in laparoscopic video- systems.
THE EFFECT OF PREPUBERAL AND POSTPUBERAL GONADECTOMY ON PENILE EXTRUSION AND URETHRAL DIAMETER IN THE DOMESTIC CAT

Male (n = 6/group) and female (n = 6/group) kittens were gonadectomized at 7 weeks or 7 months of age, or left intact. At 22 months of age, complete penile extrusion was possible in all of the intact males, in 3/5 (60%) males castrated at 7 months of age, and in none of the males castrated at 7 weeks of age. Antegrade (voiding) cystourethrograms were performed at 22 months of age. Diameter of the preprostatic (p = 0.13) and penile (p>0.25) urethra of male cats did not vary by group. Diameter of the pre-pelvic urethra of female cats gonadectomized at 7 weeks of age was significantly smaller than that of intact females (p = 0.02).
Tacrine and transaminases

Summary: The major adverse effect identified with tacrine use is hepatocellular toxicity, characterized by elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). These ALT elevations have usually been mild but have exceeded 20 times the upper limit of normal in 2% of patients enrolled in controlled clinical trials of tacrine. No deaths have been linked to tacrine hepatotoxicity to date. There is no reliable method for determining which patients are at risk of severe hepatotoxicity before starting treatment, and no clear symptoms may manifest until liver injury is severe. Therefore, serum ALT levels must be monitored in all patients receiving tacrine therapy. Under currently recommended guidelines, serum ALT levels should be monitored weekly for at least 18 weeks after tacrine therapy is commenced, and for a minimum of 6 weeks after any increase in dosage. Approximately 88% of patients who discontinued tacrine therapy due to elevated ALT levels and who were subsequently rechallenged with tacrine were able to tolerate long-term tacrine therapy.
The end of end-to-end security? [Internet security]

In 1984, a year after the Arpanet switched from using the Network Control Protocol to using the TCP/IP protocol suite, Jerry Saltzer, David Reed, and Dave Clark expressed what became the core concept of the Internet in a short paper titled "End-to-End Arguments in System Design." This philosophy has been followed for more than two decades. This paper explains both the dynamic generative effect of the Internet and its security issues
Statistical modeling of frequency response function estimation for uncertainty quantification

Abstract Frequency response function (FRF) estimation is widely used for system identification and related applications, such as model updating and structural health monitoring. Whether estimated from data or from a finite element (FE) model, there is uncertainty involved that introduces variability in the FRF evaluation, which leads to misinterpretation of system identification results or false alarms (Type-I error) if used in hypothesis testing for damage detection. This paper aims to quantify the uncertainty of FRF estimated with randomly-excited experimental data using the H1 estimator, for both its magnitude and phase. A Gaussian bivariate statistical model is implemented, and probability density functions (PDF) of the magnitude and phase estimations are derived. The proposed statistical model is validated for both an ideal simulation test-bed and an experimental lab-scale structure. To further validate the model's robustness, artificial noise is added to contaminate the original data. The predicted PDFs show a very good match with histogram observations, where outlier percentage is selected as the comparison metric in this paper. For different significance levels, the outlier percentages all consistently agree with the pre-described uncertainty thresholds, indicating that the proposed statistical model suitably quantifies the uncertainty of FRF estimations using H1.
Heat transfer by the induced flow about a rotating cone of non-uniform surface temperature☆

Abstract The present paper is concerned with the heat-transfer characteristics by the induced flow, laminar or turbulent, about a rotating cone with non-uniform surface-temperature distributions. Consideration is first given to the theoretical calculation based on various existing theories. Discussed in details are the two cases: the power-law and the step-change surface-temperature distributions. The case of step-change distribution is further studied experimentally through the naphthalene-sublimation technique. The step-change surface temperature is simulated by a step-change surface sublimation. Measurements of the sublimation rate from rotating cones of various vertex angles are made in both the laminar and turbulent flow regions. They are then compared with the predicted mass-transfer results obtained from the analytically established heat-transfer relation through the heat and mass-transfer analogy argument.
Light scattering by apoptotic cells

We show changes in angular light scattering by live cells undergoing apoptosis. These changes were altered by overexpression of the mitochondria-bound anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Our data suggest that initial apoptosis events and BCL-xL-acquired apoptosis resistance can be detected by light scattering, and may involve alterations in mitochondrial structure.
Complete basis set ab initio and hybrid density functional theory exploration of the potential energy surface in the reaction between an amino radical and nitrogen oxide

The potential energy surface for the reaction involving NH2 plus NO was explored with a quadratic complete basis set ab initio approach and three hybrid density functional theory methods, the target being to accurately estimate activation barriers and the relative stability of the nitrogen–oxygen isomers. The computational results were compared with previously performed ab initio calculations and new, more accredited values for the NH2NO rearrangement to HNNOH and for the HNNOH decomposition reaction were suggested. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 66: 409–414, 1998
Pentamidine-induced pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction☆

P entamidine isethionate (Pentam 300; Lypho Med, Inc., Melrose Park, Illinois), an aromatic diamidine with antiprotozoal activity, has been used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Its usage has increased dramatically over the past decade in parallel with the growing number of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the high incidence of infection with P. carinii pneumonia in that population [ 11. Hypoglycemia has been reported in approximately 8% of patients receiving pentamidine, while hyperglycemia has been observed less commonly [2,3]. It has been suggested that pentamidine induces a direct cytolytic effect on pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin release and hypoglycemia, and potentially to eventual insulin deficiency [2]. We report herein a case of a patient with P. carinii pneumonia who developed sudden severe hyperglycemia while receiving pentami,-, dine and who experienced progression to permanent insulinopenic diabetes mellitus. Retrospective analysis of blood samples obtained during pentamidine therapy allowed assessment of pancreatic beta-cell function in light of measured serum pentamidine levels.
Incoherent optical image processing with acousto-optic pupil-plane filtering

We describe an incoherent image processor that uses orthogonally oriented one-dimensional acousto-optic cells to implement dynamic, arbitrary bipolar point-spread functions (PSF’s). Arbitrary PSF’s are implemented as a linear superposition in time of separable PSF’s. The use of incoherent illumination increases the input field of view over that provided by coherent illumination, and implementation of the PSF by a pupil-plane filter yields a simple, compact single-lens imaging system. The acousto-optic cells offer a faster PSF update rate than that of conventional spatial light modulators, which is a critical issue for the implementation of a bipolar PSF as a subtraction between its positive and rectified negative parts. Initial experimental results are presented that demonstrate the realization of an arbitrary nonseparable PSF, image convolution with a bipolar PSF, two-dimensional image correlation, and an increased processor field of view.
Courtship patterns, estrus periods and reproductive condition in a lizard, Anolis aeneus

Abstract Laboratory and field data indicate that female lizards of the species Anolis aeneus have estrus periods corresponding to the presence of a large follicle in one ovary. Male courtship behavior changes from total disinterest in females at the onset of the breeding season through a discrete series of behavior patterns to complete copulations.
OmniMea: an approach to improved content recruitment for institutional repositories

A common complaint of providers of institutional repository services is that they have low utilization by their intended user base. The reasons are varied, but two are germane to our project: lack of individual incentives among potentially participating faculty; and a perceived high barrier to entry. The OmniMea project adopts a user-centric focus by advocating for personal repositories as a more appealing concept and by directing relevant intellectual output placed in these personal repositories to the institutional repository for long-term curation. While our approach was explicitly aimed and capturing long-tail data, it has turned out to be more generally applicable.
In Vitro Protein Synthesis by Plastids of Phaseolus vulgaris: V. Incorporation of C-Leucine into a Protein Fraction Containing Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase.

A crude chloroplast preparation of primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris was allowed to incorporate 14C-leucine into protein. A chloroplast extract was prepared and purified for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on Sephadex G-200, and chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The distribution of radioactive protein and enzyme in fractions eluted from Sepharose 4B was nearly the same. The radioactivity in the product was in peptide linkage, since it was digested to a trichloroacetic acid-soluble product by Pronase. Whole cells in the plastid preparation were not involved in the incorporation of amino acid into the fraction containing ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, since incorporation still occurred after removal of cells. The incorporation into the fraction containing ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase occurs on ribosomes of plastids, since this incorporation is inhibited by chloramphenicol. These plastid preparations may be incorporating amino acid into ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, but the results are not conclusive on this point.
The in vivo stability of the tritium label in 1,2-H3d-aldo-sterone when used for measurement of aldosterone secretion rate by the double isotope dilution technique.

Abstract The in vivo stability of the tritium label in 1,2-H3- d -aldosterone has been demonstrated in two totally adrenalectomized patients. It is concluded that this radioactive preparation is suitable for the measurement of aldosterone secretion rate in man. It is suggested that when using the method of Kliman and Peterson, two paper chromatographies should be carried out after pH 1 hydrolysis, acetylation and oxidation.
The effect of music on acute confusion in older adults after hip or knee surgery.

Abstract The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to determine the effects of music listening on acute confusion that is common in older adults after hip or knee surgery. A control group demonstrated greater decreases in cognition on the first postoperative day compared to a music-listening group ( F = 8.448, p = .009). In the 3-day postoperative period, the cognitive status of the control group improved; on the third postoperative day, there was no significant difference between the two groups ( F = 3.52, p = .075). The music-listening group had higher scores on the NEECHAM Acute Confusion Scale across the 3-day postoperative period ( F = 7.28, p = .014).
Functional Analysis of Coordinated Cleavage in V(D)J Recombination

V(D)J recombination in vivo requires a pair of signals with distinct spacer elements of 12 and 23 bp that separate conserved heptamer and nonamer motifs. Cleavage in vitro by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins can occur at individual signals when the reaction buffer contains Mn2+, but cleavage is restricted to substrates containing two signals when Mg2+ is the divalent cation. By using a novel V(D)J cleavage substrate, we show that while the RAG proteins alone establish a moderate preference for a 12/23 pair versus a 12/12 pair, a much stricter dependence of cleavage on the 12/23 signal pair is produced by the inclusion of HMG1 and competitor double-stranded DNA. The competitor DNA serves to inhibit the cleavage of substrates carrying a 12/12 or 23/23 pair, as well as the cutting at individual signals in 12/23 substrates. We show that a 23/33 pair is more efficiently recombined than a 12/33 pair, suggesting that the 12/23 rule can be generalized to a requirement for spacers that differ from each other by a single helical turn. Furthermore, we suggest that a fixed spatial orientation of signals is required for cleavage. In general, the same signal variants that can be cleaved singly can function under conditions in which a signal pair is required. However, a chemically modified substrate with one noncleavable signal enables us to show that formation of a functional cleavage complex is mechanistically separable from the cleavage reaction itself and that although cleavage requires a pair of signals, cutting does not have to occur simultaneously at both. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of V(D)J recombination and the generation of chromosomal translocations.
Laser Desorption/Photoionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Polymer Additives

Laser desorption mass spectrometry has proven to be a very useful tool in the analysis of nonvolatile organic materials. Laser desorption (LD), along with other mass spectrometric techniques such as fast atom bombardment and 252Cf-plasma desorption, has greatly extended the ability of mass spectrometry to characterize complex substances [1, 2, 3]. Laser desorption with a single laser wavelength has achieved some success in analysis of organic polymer additives [4]. In this case, the desorption laser also acts as the ionization laser, limiting the ion yield and ultimately, the sensitivity. Furthermore, the ion yield may depend critically on the matrix, as demonstrated in matrix-assisted laser desorption of proteins [5].
A Lifespan Perspective on Integrating Structure and Function in Trees

Trees are spectacular organisms that can accumulate a large amount of biomass, live for millennia, grow in stressful environments, and have global importance to organisms and human society as a result of their roles in contributing to diverse ecosystem services. They survive in an enormous range of environments with disturbances of various frequencies and severities, and by their very nature of being long-lived and sessile, they must possess the ability to change. This chapter provides a context for the chapters that follow, by describing a history of the investigations and of several important technological innovations that have enabled research to progress, and some of the foundations of water relations which underpin many of the later chapters. The chapter then discusses seven recurrent themes brought out by the diverse chapter authors: microclimate and other abiotic forces that change with tree and stand age; the changing structure and function employed as trees grow; what we can learn from scaling —which scaling laws pertain, when, and what is the biology or physics embedded in these laws; the tradeoffs that occur as structures and functions change through growth and development; the causes and correlates of the decline in productivity of trees and stands with age; the extent to which changes are plastic; and the meaning of whether changes occur relative to age versus size. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the emerging issues and questions raised in the chapters of this book. The overall aim is to give insights into the whole tree, whole lifespan perspective of the structural and functional strategies trees employ to persist in the face of internal and external factors that change as trees grow and age. This knowledge can be used to develop management approaches to manipulate trees and stands to provide a wide range of ecosystem goods and services.
Engaging Ranchers in Market-Based Approaches to Climate Change Mitigation: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications

Engaging Ranchers in Market-Based Approaches to Climate Change Mitigation: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i5_gosnell
LATERAL EYE-MOVEMENT AS A FUNCTION OF COGNITIVE MODE, QUESTION SEQUENCE, AND SEX OF SUBJECT

Verbal and numerical questions elicited significantly more lateral eye-movements to the right than did spatial and musical questions for 48 college students. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lateral eye-movement is related to the functional organization of the cerebral hemispheres. Contrary to expectations, asking the questions in homogeneous sets as opposed to a mixed list did not produce more eye-movements in the predicted direction for each cognitive mode. Males tended to make more right-movements than females on all four types of questions.
Effects of tapered tubes on long-pulse microwave emission from intense e-beam gyrotron-backward-wave-oscillators

Experiments are reported on tapered-tube versus uniform-tube, gyrotron-backward-wave-oscillators (4.5-6 GHz) driven by an intense electron beam with parameters: 0.8 MV, 1-4 kA, and pulselength (0.5-1 /spl mu/s). Results show that, compared to a uniform interaction tube, a gyro-BWO with a 10% downtapered tube produces the following effects: 1) highest microwave peak-power (up to about 100 MW in internal tube), a factor of 2 higher than the uniform tube, 2) more reproducible long-pulse (400-500 ns) emission, and 3) the largest inferred-integrated energy (factor of 2.5-3 increase). Experiments show high power microwave spikes with lower power plateaus. Experimental observations are in qualitative agreement with MAGIC code simulations of uniform and tapered-tube gyro-BWO's. >
Monocyclic Hetarenes with π-Electron Aromatic Sextet

Publisher Summary Aromaticity is regarded as the cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. It is largely multidimensional and scale dependent. It is noted that five and six-membered aromatic heterocycles can accommodate a π -electron sextet without appreciable strain. This chapter describes how a planar two-dimensional symmetry, with molecules, having sp 2 -hybridization, is achieved under the classical aromatic π -electron sextet. It also discusses some bibliographical references about the numerous existent aromatic heterocycles, with π -electron aromatic sextet. Further, the chapter discusses both the aromatic organic and inorganic cyclic structures. It is observed that the aromatic character of π -electron sextet aromatics increases stepwise from the cyclobutadiene dianion to cyclopentadiene anion, reaching a maximum with benzene, and then decreases stepwise, with the tropylium cation, and finally with the cyclooctatetraene dianion. The limits, close to which the aromaticity of the electron sextet ceases to be operative, due to various factors, such as strain, high stability of decomposition products are also discussed in this chapter.
Tactical laser system testing: evolution and challenges

A key issue in the Fire Control Systems (FCS) test arena is the testing of laser rangefinders, designators, and spot trackers. Technology advances and systems evolution has made this testing much more difficult. Problems include: coaxial laser systems, linearly polarized lasers, higher energy laser systems, and eyesafe laser wavelengths. We will present a description of laser testing, modern laser system test challenges, some evolution of laser testing, and possible solutions to today's FCS laser system testing problems.
Subnanosecond High-Intensity Beam Pulse

We have completed the design and installation of a new bunching system for the Argonne electron linear accelerator originally placed into operation in 1969. It now routinely produces a pulse as short as 40 ps in duration with a charge of at least 7 nC (180A in amplitude) for use with experiments in the very "short" time reaction region. Such a pulse is produced over an energy range of 4 to 20 MeV with an accompanying total energy spread of 300 keV. Frequency of production is variable from one single pulse up to a PRR of 800 P/s. Efficiency of acceleration from the gun to the output of the accelerator is 50 percent. Details of the bunching system, including the method of calculation with space charge inclusion, geometrical factors and hardware, and operational results are given.
Ferritin in the fungus Phycomyces

The iron-protein ferritin has been purified from mycelium, sporangiophores, and spores of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. It has a protein-to-iron ratio of 5, a sedimentation coefficient of 55S, a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.82 g/cm3, and the characteristic morphology of ferritin in the electron microscope. Apoferritin prepared from Phycomyces ferritin has a sedimentation coefficient of 18S and consists of subunits of molecular weight 25,000. In the cytoplasm of Phycomyces, ferritin is located on the surface of lipid droplets (0.5–2.0 µ in diameter) where it forms crystalline monolayers which are conspicuous in electron micrographs of sporangiophore thin-sections. Ferritin is found in all developmental stages of Phycomyces but is concentrated in spores. The level of ferritin iron is regulated by the iron level in the growth medium, a 50-fold increase occurring on iron-supplemented medium.
The Design of Comprehensive CAT Test Rig for Electro-Hydraulic Servo Valve

By comparing the limitation of traditional test rig for electro-hydraulic servo valve and the advantages of CAT test rig for electro-hydraulic servo valve, this paper demonstrates an overall CAT test rig design including hydraulic system design and test software design. This work applies virtual instrument technology based on LabVIEW and adopts OPC standard to realize real-time communication between computer and PLC. Eventually as a case study, a test example of a well-functional servo valve is presented to show the validity and accuracy of the test rig.
Derivation of programs for freshmen

The first year of computer science instruction typically consists of a two-course sequence in which students are taught (1) programming in some high level language and (2) an introduction to algorithms and data structures. Our first two courses introduce in addition (3) methods for deriving algorithms and verifying their correctness. These methods provide a central theme for the curriculum and a unified approach to the traditional topics.
MISUNDERSTANDING DEATH ON A RESPIRATOR

As Tom Tomlinson's study indicates, there is considerable misunderstanding and confusion among physicians and nurses working in the area. Brain death is often not well-understood by healthcare professionals and hence inadequately explained to relatives, leaving them confused as to whether their loved-one is alive or dead. Whilst these healthcare professionals are using whole-brain death as the criterion of death, they have no clear understanding of the definition of death which underpins the brain-death criterion. Lack of this philosophical rationale makes the use of the brain-death criterion a mere technicality, rather than the expression of a well-grounded conceptual and ethical understanding. The other difficulty is that a brain-dead respirator patient just does not look dead. This appearance of life, Tomlinson suggests, can trigger deep emotions in caregivers and family members which will compound the intellectual perplexity already felt by them.
Active learning in very large databases

Query-by-example and query-by-keyword both suffer from the problem of "aliasing," meaning that example-images and keywords potentially have variable interpretations or multiple semantics. For discerning which semantic is appropriate for a given query, we have established that combining active learning with kernel methods is a very effective approach. In this work, we first examine active-learning strategies, and then focus on addressing the challenges of two scalability issues: scalability in concept complexity and in dataset size. We present remedies, explain limitations, and discuss future directions that research might take.
The PATH Project: Partnerships for Automated Transformations of Heterogeneous Datasets

Researchers, analysts, policy makers, and members of the public are all interested in using data for various purposes, but they often do not have the time nor the technological skills necessary to assemble and integrate data from multiple heterogeneous data sources to form revolutionary knowledge discovery products. Building yet another database to try to address this may not be the best approach to solving this problem which requires a major shift in the paradigm. The PATH Project team is working to develop revolutionary service-oriented methods that can provide automated solutions to this problem, by involving multidisciplinary teams with extensive experience in providing computer-science solutions to data-related scientific problems. The resulting service-based suite of tool, addresses an important need for data consumers across a wide range of digital domains.
The effect of agriculture on repayment efficiency: a look at MFI borrowing groups

There is a widely held industry assumption from microfinance institutions that agricultural loans have poorer repayment rates, which has resulted in many loans being provided for small businesses as opposed to agricultural purposes. Using data from a sample of 100 borrowing groups from a south Indian Microfinance Institutions (MFI), this study challenges this belief by analyzing the repayment efficiency of borrowing groups and reflects on the implications for agricultural microfinance loans. The analysis is run using Bayesian stochastic frontier estimation with an exponential hierarchical prior on the efficiency term. Our results indicate that the average efficiency of the borrowing groups analyzed was approximately 75% and that having a higher percentage of agricultural loans increased borrowing group efficiency while gains in efficiency also rose as the size of the borrowing group increases.
H/sup -/ surface converter source development at Los Alamos

Production of H/sup -/ ions by the surface conversion process is being pursued at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) as part of an upgrade project to provide higher currents and enhanced flexibility for injecting a 800 MeV H/sup -/ beam into the proton storage ring (PSR). An eventual goal of 40-mA H/sup -/ current at 80 keV beam energy with 0.13 /spl pi/mm-mrad (1 rms normalized) emittance at 12% duty factor (120 Hz, 1 ms) is desired. To attain this goal, two types of surface converter sources are being investigated in which H/sup -/ ions are extracted either radially or axially through a line-cusp magnetic field. The radial source produces 18 mA H/sup -/ in a 28-day run cycle for LANSCE production while the axial source has been developed to the desired 40 mA current. However, an emittance growth of factor 2-3 accompanied the increased axial source current. The axial source development program includes electron suppression, increased beam current, and 80-keV beam emittance measurements. The current understanding of the emittance growth mechanism will be discussed.
The methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid during regeneration of the liver.

Transfer ribonucleic acid1 is methylated after the molecule is synthesized; at least eight enzymes are involved in the transfer of methyl groups (derived from methionine). The time courses of methylation and synthesis of tRNA during rat liver regeneration have been compared in an in vivo radioisotopic study, using 6-orotic acid-14C and 3H-methyl-L-methionine as precursors in double label pulses. Liver regeneration is a synchronized system in which biochemical events of the cell cycle are separable. Transfer RNA methylation increase precedes by several hours tRNA synthesis during regeneration, although the curves overlap. A ratio of the relative rate of methylation to the relative rate of synthesis has been made; that curve positively correlates with the rise and fall of protein synthesis during regeneration. It is clear that methylation and synthesis of tRNA are only weakly coupled; changing methyl content of the tRNA "pool" resulting from differential tRNA methylase and polymerase activities may regulate the rate of protein synthesis in the cell cycle at the translational level. The "pool sizes" of uridine monophosphate (UMP) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) were measured indirectly; UMP and SAM were isolated from perchloric acid supernatants and their specific activities were computed. Differential changes in radioactivity available to tRNA methylases and polymerases are not a source of artifact. That is, the control of both the synthesis and methylation of tRNA is at the enzyme level in vivo, rather than at some enzymatic step prior to those enzymatic reactions.
Socioeconomic determinants of psychological well-being: the role of income, income change, and income sources during the course of 29 years.

BACKGROUND: Considerable evidence indicates that income and other measures of socioeconomic position are associated with a wide variety of health outcomes. The authors of a few studies have prospectively examined the association between socioeconomic position over the course of decades and health outcomes. The present study, covering almost three decades of the life course, examined the cumulative impact of different income measures on psychological well-being among adults. METHODS: We used data collected over the course of 29 years (1965–1994) from Alameda County Study participants to study the association between average income, income changes, profit and benefit incomesdand five scales of psychological well-beingdPurpose in Life, Self-acceptance, Personal Growth, Environmental Mastery, and Autonomy. In age-adjusted models, the psychological well-being measures were each regressed on each of the income measures. Potential confounders (sex, education, race/ethnicity, social isolation, depression, and perceived health) were also examined. RESULTS: Mean income over the course of almost three decades was strongly associated with all five scales of psychological well-being. Psychological well-being increased with the number of waves in which profit income was reported and with income increases over time. For all scales except Autonomy, psychological well-being decreased with the number of waves receiving need-based benefit and with decreasing income over time. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological well-being may reflect the accumulation of socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage over decades.
On the variability of simulated source-receptor relationships for sulfur deposition

The use of Lagrangian models to estimate source-receptor relationships for ambient SO 4 = concentrations and S deposition has become fairly widespread over the past several years. This paper addresses the sensitivity of long-term simulations of a Lagrangian S transport and deposition model to actual variations in SO2 emissions and meteorological conditions. The variations of predicted source-receptor relationships due to (1) the inclusion of day to day variations in emissions strength as opposed to the use of the annual average daily emission rate and (2) year-to-year variations in meteorological conditions were studied to identify causes of uncertainty in a Lagrangian model. The results suggested that adding information on day to day emission variations for a specific point source resulted in variations in estimated S wet deposition of the order of only 20% within 500 km of the source. Year-to-year variations in meteorological conditions, on the other hand, resulted in variations in predicted S wet deposition of the order of 50% for some receptors. The variation in estimated source-receptor relationships for a given source/receptor combination was found to range as high as 70% over a 5-yr modeling period.
Ecological conservatism in the “living fossil” Ginkgo

The living species Ginkgo biloba is phylogenetically isolated, has a relictual distribution, and is morphologically very similar to Mesozoic and Cenozoic congenerics. To investigate what adaptations may have allowed this lineage to persist with little or no morphological change for over 100 Myr, we analyzed both sedimentological and floral data from 51 latest Cretaceous to mid- dle Miocene Ginkgo-bearing fossil plant sites in North America and northern Europe. The resulting data indicate that throughout the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Ginkgo was largely confined to dis- turbed streamside and levee environments, where it occurred with a consistent set of other plants. These inferred habitats are surprising because the life-history traits of Ginkgo (e.g., slow growth rate, late reproductive maturity, extended reproductive cycle, large and complex seeds, large and slowly developing embryos) are counter to those considered advantageous in modern disturbed habitats. Many flowering plant lineages first appeared or became common in disturbed riparian habitats, and are inferred to have had reproductive and growth traits (e.g., rapid reproduction, small easily dispersed seeds, rapid growth) suited to such habitats. Paleoecological inferences based on both morphology and sedimentary environments thus support the idea that Ginkgo was displaced in riparian habitats by angiosperms with better adaptations to frequent disturbance.
Punctuated data streams

As most current query processing architectures are already pipelined, it seems logical to apply them to data streams. However, two classes of query operators are impractical for processing long or unbounded data streams. Unbounded stateful operators maintain state with no upper bound on its size, and so eventually run out of memory. Blocking operators read the entire input before emitting a single output, and so might never produce a result. We believe that a priori semantic knowledge of a data stream can permit the use of such operators in some cases. We explore a kind of stream semantics called punctuated streams. Punctuations in a stream mark the end of substreams, allowing us to view a non-terminating stream as a mixture of terminating streams. We introduce three kinds of invariants to specify the proper behavior of query operators in the presence of punctuation. Pass invariants unblock blocking operators by defining when such an operator can pass results on. Keep invariants define what must be kept in local state to continue successful operation. Propagation invariants define when an operator can pass punctuation on. We then present a strategy for proving that implementations of these invariants are faithful to their finite table counterparts. In practice, it is important to answer the following question: “How much additional overhead is required when using punctuations?” We use the scenario of a monitoring system for an online auction. Streams of bids, new items, and new users are sent to an online auction system. There are many interesting queries that can be posed over these auction streams. We define queries for this scenario, and execute them with different kinds and amounts of punctuations embedded in the input streams. We show that, for a reasonable ratio of punctuations to data items, the overhead is minimal. Additionally, we compare the behavior of a query using punctuations with the behavior of the same query using slack over data streams with disorder. Clearly, not all punctuations are useful to a particular query, and it would be useful to make a determination of when they are. That is, we would like to answer the question “Can stream query Q benefit from a particular set of punctuations?” To that end, we first define punctuation schemes to specify the collection of punctuations that will be presented to a query on a particular data stream. We show how both punctuations and query operators induce groupings over the items in the domain of the input(s). We show that a query benefits from an input punctuation scheme (in terms of being able to produce a given output scheme), if each set in the groupings induced by the operators of the query is covered by a finite number of punctuations in the scheme—a kind of compactness. We conclude with discussion on possible future directions of research related to punctuations and data streams. These directions focus on a variety of questions, ranging from issues in query optimization to other possible semantics that can be expressed using punctuations.
Secondary cardiovascular prevention in older adults: an evidence based review.

1 Background In the United States, life expectancy is rising, particularly among the older population (≥ 65 years), with projected estimates approaching 20% by year 2050. (1) Despite im- proved survival estimates, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality resulting in substantial increase in health care cost. (2) For younger adults, the evidence for secondary cardiovascular prevention is well established and corroborated by robust data. However, the application of risk reduction strategies in older populations remains an area of active debate. Many assume that vulner- ability to chronic cardiovascular diseases is an inexorable part of aging such that the risks attributable to prevention outweigh potential benefits. Yet, while aging is associated with greater predisposition to disease, the onset and pro- gression of cardiovascular disorders may still be modified by effective risk reduction strategies, which may ultimately improve survival as well as symptoms, quality of life, and functional independence. If such improvements are achiev- ed, it may potentially offset the rising healthcare costs asso- ciated with cardiovascular morbidity as well as related vul- nerabilities to frailty, disability, and enfeeblement. In this review, we will discuss current available evidence for sec- ondary cardiovascular prevention in the elderly. aged 65 years or older had a BMI > 30 kg/m 2 . Among adults aged 75 years or older, 27.8% were obese and 33% were found to be overweight. (3) Lower metabolic rates, decreased physical activity, and difficult-to-change dietary habits are potential risk factors that contribute to the development of obesity among the elderly. Although obesity can theoreti- cally compound the risk of atherosclerotic disease and wor- sen co- existing co-morbidities like diabetes and hypertension, it also begets other comorbid conditions, such as arthritis, restricted respiratory function, urinary incontinence, and can even increase the risk of certain cancers among older adults. (4) Despite these associations, there is lack of strong evi- dence suggesting that weight reduction among the elderly decreases all-cause-mortality. In fact, controversies exist regarding whether elevated BMI may be associated with lower mortality rates, which formed the basis for the "obe- sity-survival paradox".
Word of Caution

To the Editor: Regarding the stimulating “Guest Commentary” by Campbell entitled “Measurement and Technical Skills: Neglected Aspects of Research,” published last April, I should like to offer a strong “yes” mellowed by a cautious “but.” I agree with the author that we teach best through practical training: as the students become proficient technically, they also acquire respect for measurement principles. From their understanding of the technique stems the notion that a test can only measure what it was designed to measure. I agree that we must teach our students to measure and to analyze results. I wish to add a word of caution: by collecting and organizing data, the student often arrives at a value judgment, the very thing we wish to avoid during technical/scientific training. The student collects cardinal numbers (data usually being organized in lists of digits) that he is taught to place in order.… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/61/523?iss=4
Regulation of calcium current by voltage and cytoplasmic calcium in canine gastric smooth muscle.

The regulation of Ca2+ current by intracellular Ca2+ was studied in isolated myocytes from the circular layer of canine gastric antrum. Ca2+ current was measured with the whole cell patch-clamp tec...
Growth and decline in complex hunter-gatherer societies: a case study from the Jomon period Sannai Maruyama site, Japan

The Sannai Maruyama site (3900-2300 BC) is one of the largest known from Japan's Jomon period (14000-300 BC). This study shows that over 1500 years the number of dwellings, their size, the type of stone tools and the fondness for figurines varied greatly. Nor was it a story of gradual increase in complexity: the settlement grew in intensity up to a peak associated with numerous grinding stones, and then declined to a smaller settlement containing larger buildings, many arrowheads and virtually no figurines. Using a bundle of ingenious analyses, the author explains what happened.
The Panchen Lama's Visit to China in 1780: An Episode in Anglo-Tibetan Relations

In the autumn of 1773, the Panchen Lama of Tashilhunpo, Lobzang Paldan Yeshes, sent a letter to Warren Hastings in Calcutta. He was writing to ask for clemency on behalf of his vassal, the rajah of Bhutan, who had recently been defeated by the East India Company's soldiers in a border war. For some time, the officials of the company had been discussing how they might open relations with Tibet, and to Hastings this seemed the opportunity they had been waiting for.
Finding a role for PML in APL pathogenesis: a critical assessment of potential PML activities

In normal mammalian cells the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is primarily localized in multiprotein nuclear complexes called PML nuclear bodies. However, both PML and PML nuclear bodies are disrupted in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The treatment of APL patients with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) results in clinical remission associated with blast cell differentiation and reformation of the PML nuclear bodies. These observations imply that the structural integrity of the PML nuclear body is critically important for normal cellular functions. Indeed, PML protein is a negative growth regulator capable of causing growth arrest in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, transformation suppression, senescence and apoptosis. These PML-mediated, physiological effects can be readily demonstrated. However, a discrete biochemical and molecular model of PML function has yet to be defined. Upon first assessment of the current PML literature there appears to be a seemingly endless list of potential PML partner proteins implicating PML in a variety of regulatory mechanisms at every level of gene expression. The purpose of this review is to simplify this confusing field of research by using strict criteria to deduce which models of PML body function are well supported.
Effect of Protein Nutrition on Leukocyte Mobilization

SummaryRats made less resistant to anthrax by means of a gluten diet have been studied as to their ability to elicit an adequate phagocytic response. When followed by the Rebuck technique, the gluten-fed animals do not sustain a total leukocyte response as do the controls. In addition, the relative number of monocytes is reduced by more than 50%. When followed by the ability to mobilize leukocytes in response to an intraperitoneal irritant, the less resistant group responded with a decreased rate as well as decreased numbers of leukocytes.