cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak kleene algebra and computation trees

The Kleene algebra axioms are too strong for some program models of interest (e.g. models that mix demonic choice with angelic or probabilistic choice). This has led to proposals that weaken the right distributivity axiom to monotonicity, and possibly weaken or eliminate the right induction and left annihilation axioms (e.g. lazy Kleene algebra, probabilistic Kleene algebra, monodic tree Kleene algebra, etc.). We'll address some of the basic metatheoretic properties of these theories using rational trees modulo simulation equivalence.
Asserting the inherent benefits of hands-on laboratory projects vs. computer simulations

Laboratory work has long been an integral element of courses in many fields, including computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering. This paper examines the use of a hands-on laboratory as part of a Computer Architecture course and explores the benefits of such an experience compared to similar laboratory work utilizing computer simulations. Specifically, this paper addresses the inherent benefits of a physical laboratory by drawing from findings in the fields of learning science, cognitive science, and educational research.
jGRASP: an integrated development enevironment with intuitive visualizations for teaching hard concepts in Java: tutorial presentation

jGRASP is a lightweight IDE that provides automatic generation of visualizations that directly support the teaching of major concepts in CS1 and CS2. These concepts include control structures, classes, interfaces, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, composition, and data structures. The integrated visualizations are intended to overcome the mismatch between what we want to teach and what most IDEs provide in the way of support for learning. The tutorial will include example programs to demonstrate how instructors can improve the learning and programming experience of their students with jGRASP. Participants are encouraged to bring programs from their own courses. jGRASP is freely available (http://www.jgrasp.org/).
Cloudy bag model for the S-D wave K-bar-N system.

The cloudy quark bag model is applied to the coupled ([ital [bar K]N],[Sigma][pi],[Lambda][pi]) system for [ital S]-[ital D] partial waves. Energy-dependent separable potentials are derived, as are new numerical algorithms for solving the coupled Lippmann-Schwinger equations. The parameters of the model are fit to [ital K][sup [minus]][ital p] scattering and reaction cross sections, branching ratios, and mass spectra from [ital K][sup [minus]][ital p][r arrow][Sigma][pi][pi][pi],[Lambda][pi][pi][pi]. Within the constraints of the model, the branching ratio and [Sigma][pi] mass spectrum data are in conflict. The [Sigma][sub [ital p]13](1385) and [Lambda][sub [ital D]03](1520) resonances are found to be predominately elementary bag states with considerable dressing for the [Sigma][sub [ital P]13]. The [Lambda][sub [ital S]01] (1405) appears as a complicated composite systems arising from two poles. The model with certain parameter sets does predict two sign changes in the real part of the [ital [bar K]N] scattering amplitude near threshold, but they are not quite at the correct energies to produce agreement with the sign of the strong interaction shift of kaonic hydrogen.
Regulation of Electron Transport in Photosystems I and II in C3, C3-C4, and C4 Species of Panicum in Response to Changing Irradiance and O2 Levels

Regulation of the quantum yields of linear electron transport and photosystem II photochemistry ([phi]II) with changing irradiance and gas-phase O2 concentration was studied in leaf tissue from Panicum bisulcatum (C3), Panicum milioides (C3-C4), and Panicum antidotale (C4) at 200 [mu]bars of CO2 and 25[deg]C using infrared gas analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence yield measurements. When the O2 level was increased from 14 to 213 mbars at high irradiance, [phi]II increased by as much as 115% in P. bisulcatum but by no more than 17% in P. antidotale. Under the same conditions [phi]II increased to an intermediate degree in P. milioides. Measurements of accumulation of the photooxidized form of the photosystem I reaction center (P700+) based on the light-dependent in vivo absorbance change at 830 nm indicate that the steady-state concentration of P700+ varied in an antiparallel manner with [phi]II when either the irradiance or O2 concentration was changed. Hence, O2-dependent changes in [phi]II were indicative of variations in linear photosynthetic electron transport. These experiments revealed, however, that a significant capacity was retained for in vivo regulation of the apparent quantum yield of photosystem I ([phi]I) independently of [phi]II+ Coordinate regulation of quantum yields of photosystems I and II (expressed as [phi]I:[phi]II in response to changing irradiance and O2 level differed markedly for the C3 and C4 species, and the response for the C3-C4 species most closely resembled that observed for the C4 species. The fraction of total linear electron transport supporting photorespiration at 213 mbars of O2 was negligible in the C4 species and was 13% lower in the C3-C4 species relative to the C3 species as calculated from fluorescence and gas-exchange determinations. At high photon-flux rates and high O2 concentration, the potential benefit to light use for net CO2 uptake arising from lower photorespiration in P. milioides was offset by a reduced capacity for total CO2- and O2-dependent noncyclic electron transport in this species compared with P. bisulcatum.
Impact of Relevance and Distraction on Driving Performance and Visual Attention in a Simulated Driving Environment

Previous demonstrations of the impact of cellular phone conversations on visual attention when driving have primarily focused on attention to stimuli that are not relevant to driving. In contrast, we used a driving simulator and eye tracking to examine attention allocation across driving-relevant and driving-irrelevant items in the environment depending on whether drivers were distracted. Performance measures indicated that distraction negatively impacted vehicle control. However, driving relevance and the presence of distraction did not interact, suggesting that participants responded to potential hazards similarly in driving-only and distraction conditions. In contrast, eye movement results indicated an interaction between distraction and relevance. Drivers attended more to driving-relevant objects, and these objects showed smaller decrements in number of gazes in the distraction condition, compared with less relevant items. Even under distraction conditions, experienced drivers continued to attend to potential hazards, allocating less attention to billboards and roadway signage. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Novel cDNA sequences of aryl hydrocarbon receptors and gene expression in turtles (Chrysemys picta and Pseudemys scripta) exposed to different environments

Reproductive changes have been observed in painted turtles from a site with known contamination located on Cape Cod, MA, USA. We hypothesize that these changes are caused by exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds and that genes involved in reproduction are affected. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an orphan receptor that is activated by environmental contaminants. AHR mRNA was measured in turtles exposed to soil collected from a contaminated site. Adult turtles were trapped from the study site (Moody Pond, MP) or a reference site and exposed to laboratory environments containing soil from either site. The red-eared slider was used to assess neonatal exposure to soil and water from the sites. The environmental exposures occurred over a 13-month period. Juveniles showed an age-dependent increase in brain AHR1. Juvenile turtles exposed to the MP environment had elevated gonadal AHR1. Adult turtles exposed to the MP environment showed significantly decreased brain AHR2. The painted turtle AHR is the first complete reptile AHR cDNA sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of the painted turtle AHR showed that it clusters with other AHR2s. Partial AHR1 and partial AHR2 cDNA sequences were cloned from the red-eared slider. MEME analysis identified 18 motifs in the turtle AHRs, showing high conservation between motifs that overlapped functional regions in both AHR isoforms.
The purification and properties of the α-glycerophosphate-oxidizing enzyme of Streptococcus faecalis 10C1

Abstract The purification and partial resolution of the α-glycerophosphate oxidase of Streptococcus faecalis 10C1 is described. The purified enzyme oxidizes l -α-glycerophosphate, forming hydrogen peroxide and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Flavine adenine dinucleotide is the prosthetic group. The enzyme has a Km for l -α-glycerophosphate of 4 × 10−3M and a pH optimum of 5.8. In addition to oxygen, ferricyanide and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol serve as electron acceptors for the enzyme, whereas methylene blue and cytochrome c are reduced at much slower rates. The purified enzyme is not markedly inhibited by metal-binding agents or sulfhydryl group inhibitors. Azide, acriflavine, and atebrin are inhibitory.
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 26. Synthesis and biological evaluation of diarylmethylpiperazines and diarylmethylpiperidines as novel, nonpeptidic δ opioid receptor ligands

We recently reported (+)-4-[(αR)-α-{(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl}-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (1b, SNC80) as a novel nonpeptidic δ receptor agonist and explored the structure−activity relationships (SAR) of a series of related derivatives. We have found that δ binding activities and selectivity showed little change when the 3-methoxy group in 1b was removed or replaced by the other substituents, whereas the N,N-diethylbenzamide group is important for interaction with the δ receptor. Extensive modification of the piperazine nucleus led to the synthesis of a new series of N,N-diethyl(α-piperazinylbenzyl)benzamides (2, 3a−e), N,N-diethyl(α-piperidinyl or piperidinylidenebenzyl)benzamides (4a, 5a−c, 6a−b), and related derivatives (4b, 7a−c). Several compounds (2, 3a, 3e, 6a) strongly bound to the δ receptor with Ki values in the low nanomolar range. On the other hand, the binding affinities of these compounds for the μ and κ receptors were negligible, indicating excellent δ opioid rece...
A Model for the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(para-xylylene) (Parylene) Thin Films

A kinetic model is developed for the chemical vapor deposition of poly(para-xylylene), or parylene, thin polymer films. The growth process is modeled as a multistep process that includes physisorption of monomer on the surface and subsequent chemisorption. The chemisorption step is equivalent to a propagation reaction between the monomer and a radical chain end, and each chemisorption produces a new chemisorption site. The sticking coefficient of the monomer as a function of substrate temperature is extracted from the measured data using the model and is determined to be 2.0 × 10-5 at 60 °C, increasing to 1.4 × 10-3 at −60 °C. The heat of physisorption for the monomer is also extracted from the experiment, and the value found (75 kJ/mol) is reasonable when compared to those of other similar molecules. The model fits experimental kinetic data well for a large range of pressures and temperatures, and it should be appropriate for use with all parylene-family polymers.
The neumann problem for elliptic equations with non-smooth coefficients

In this paper we study the Neumann and regularity problems for divergence form symmetric elliptic operators L = div AV, where A = (aifiX)) is a matrix of bounded measurable functions and ellipticity is the existence of a ,~ > 0 such that 2-114[ 2 < ~ais~ir < 21412 for all ~ I R " . We assume that L is defined in the unit ball B, but the methods of proof are sufficiently general to allow B to be a bounded starlike Lipschitz domain. The Neumann problem Lu = 0 in B AVuN(Q) = f ,
Effect of Cross Section Material Distribution on Impact Response of Hybrid Composites

A linear analytical model is proposed to evaluate the magnitude of the impact force as a function of the velocity of the impactor. This model provides a simple tool for estimating the magnitude of the impact load from the impact energy. For hybrid composites subjected to low- and medium-velocity impacts where elastic deformation is assumed, the effect of cross section material distribution on impact response was investigated. For a hybrid metal/polymer laminate and a hybrid titanium composite laminate, the relative position of the laminate plies has a significant effect on the plate deflection under impact loads. For equal a real weight plates, the number of layers in a hybrid composite laminate does not appear to affect the impact resistance. However, the relative material ratio of metal to polymer (or metal to polymeric composite) in hybrid composites significantly affects the impact response. Furthermore, the relative ply thickness in a laminate does not have significant effect on its impact resistance...
Voting Patterns, Social Context, and Religious Affiliation in Southwest Germany

In elections that offer genuine choices the individual eligible voter is confronted with having to make decisions. But such decisions are rarely based on a dispassionate weighing of all relevant issues and circumstances; on the contrary, most decisions result largely from the socioeconomic and cultural influences of the milieu in which the individual moves, and most people are content to vote with those of their fellow citizens with whom they share basic social and ideational orientations ( cf. Jaros and Grant 1974:177; Parsons 1967:239). So far, the most reliable predictors of voting behavior appear to be structural factors such as group affiliation and its concomitant sharing of values and, although there is no compelling need to restrict explanations of voting behavior to factors of group affiliation and social structure (Iwand 1972:14), attempts to broaden the base underlying voting theory by including psychological processes seem to suffer from fundamental inconsistencies (Abrams 1973:47). It need hardly be mentioned that even at the “safer” level of social processes, any study that hopes to explain voting behavior must deal with a number of methodological problems such as the reliability of questionnaire and interview responses, or the choice of an optimum aggregate level for most fruitful analysis of election returns (see, for example, Feist 1976; Hartenstein 1976).
A fluorometric micro method for fat tocopherol

Summary This procedure provides a routine tissue tocopherol procedure with tissue sample sizes as small as 50.0 mg fat. Tissue samples are weighed and homogenized and saponified with 5 percent sodium hydroxide and ethanol. The mixture is then extracted with hexane. Fluorescence of total tocopherol is read at 340 nm with excitation at 295 nm.
THREE OXINDOLE ALKALOIDS FROM GELSEMIUM SPECIES

Abstract From Gelsemium elegans , G. sempervirens and G. rankinii , three new oxindole alkaloids. 19-( R )-hydroxydihydrogelsevirine, 19-( R )-acetyldihydrogelsevirine and 19-( R )-hydroxydihydrogelsemine, together with the known alkaloids 19-( S )-hydroxydihydrogelsevirine, gelsevirine and gelsemine were isolated. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis; the C-19 stereochemistry of 19-( R )-hydroxydihydrogelsevirine was established by single crystal X-ray analysis.
Contextual Specificity in the Activation of Predictive Inferences

There is general agreement that predictive inferences are activated when there is strong contextual support in the discourse model; however, there has been debate concerning the specificity of these inferences. In a series of 3 experiments, the specificity of context was manipulated to test the effects of contextual support on inference activation. Experiment 1 demonstrated that with less specific context, activation of predictive inferences could be captured by more than 1 lexical item. Experiment 2 confirmed that this outcome was a result of inference activation and not semantic priming. Experiment 3 demonstrated that as contextual support increases, inference activation becomes increasingly constrained. Results of all 3 experiments support the assumption that inferences are not activated in an all-or-none process.
A Review of Men's Health and Masculinity

Men's health is a new and evolving area of specialty that goes beyond men's cancers and sexual activities. Men's health in the 21st century incorporates a broader conceptualization of health, health behaviors, and lifestyle choices. This new focus results from the fact that men continue to lag behind women in life expectancy and in health care use, a situation that is worse for minority men. Understanding how gender socialization and masculine ideology affects men's health is an important step toward providing effective care for men. In this article, the authors review these areas and then discuss each of the top actual causes of death for men: tobacco use, poor diet, alcohol use, and physical inactivity. They then discuss the important issue of steroid use among men. Throughout the review, the authors highlight racial and ethnic differences in health behaviors. Furthermore, they provide empirically supported clinical implications to assist clinicians who see men with health concerns in their practices. F...
ClClO2 is the most stable isomer of Cl2O2. Accurate coupled cluster energetics and electronic spectra of Cl2O2 isomers.

High level ab initio electronic structure calculations at the coupled cluster level with a correction for triples (CCSD(T)) extrapolated to the complete basis set limit have been made for the therm...
Ankyrin binds to two distinct cytoplasmic domains of Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit.

Abstract Ankyrin has emerged as a ubiquitous protein linking integral membrane transport proteins such as Na,K-ATPase to an underlying spectrin cytoskeleton. This interaction is mediated by the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase; however, the nature of the ankyrin binding site in Na,K-ATPase is unknown. As a step to determine the mechanism of this interaction, the ankyrin binding region of human erythrocyte spectrin and each of five putative cytoplasmic domains of the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit have been prepared as recombinant fusion proteins in bacteria and analyzed for their interaction with erythrocyte and kidney ankyrin (Ank1 and Ank3, respectively) in vitro. Spectrin binds both Ank1 and Ank3 avidly, as expected. Two of the Na,K-ATPase domains, immobilized on a bioaffinity column, also interact specifically with both of these ankyrins. These ATPase domains are encoded by codons 140-290 (domain II) and 345-784 (domain III), with domain II displaying the greatest apparent affinity. Sequences in domain II are highly conserved between species and isoforms of Na,K-ATPase and are homologous to a cytoplasmic domain in H,K-ATPase and to a limited region of sequence in Ca-ATPase. Conversely, domain II shares no significant homology with other ankyrin binding proteins such as band 3 and Na(+)-channel proteins. These results identify a clear function for a conserved but previously not understood region of the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase and suggest that the interaction of ankyrin with membrane transport proteins may involve complex tertiary structural determinants not easily deduced from the primary sequence.
Performance analysis of fiber-fed microcellular networks using /spl pi//4-DQPSK in a frequency-selective CCI-limited Nakagami fading environment

The use of wide-band and low-loss fiber-optic feeders to transfer the complex signal processing and control functions from the base station (BS) to a central control station (CCS) in a microcellular system, has attracted a great deal of attention. The optical feeder allows compact and cost-effective base stations, easier channel assignment control, and. flexible communication systems. This paper investigates the simultaneous influence of the effects of the wireless channel such as fading and cochannel interference (CCI) and the effects of the optical channel, like shot noise and intermodulation distortion, introduced by the laser diode on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a fiber-fed microcellular system using the /spl pi/ /4-differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) modem scheme. The wireless channel is assumed to be a frequency-selective, slow, and CCI-limited Nakagami fading channel. The BER performance of the system is studied under various channel conditions using an exact model and a simplified model and a comparative study with a nonfiber-fed system is carried out. The tradeoff between the system capacity and the BER performance in fiber-optic microcellular (FOM) systems is also discussed. The results obtained justify the application of fiber-optic feeders as the remoting infrastructure for future microcellular systems.
Proximate Composition and Energy Density of Stream-Maturing Adult Steelhead during Upstream Migration, Sexual Maturity, and Kelt Emigration

AbstractIn anadromous salmonids, muscle tissue provides the primary source of energy to support spawning migrations and spawning. We examined changes in the lipid content, protein content, and energy density of white muscle collected from stream-maturing Snake River–Columbia River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss during several phases of reproduction. At a basinwide scale, we estimated that between early freshwater entry and postspawning (kelt) emigration, the lipid content of white muscle was reduced by 94% to levels less than 1% of wet tissue weight. Lipid was depleted more rapidly than protein during the reproductive cycle and afterward provided the only remaining somatic energy source for the postspawning migration. We found that protein content was consistently higher in sexually mature male steelhead than in females, suggesting that energy allocation prior to reproduction varies between the sexes. In kelts, the lipid content, protein content, and energy density of white muscle were significantly higher...
Canine ABCB4: tissue expression and cDNA structure.

The ABCB gene subfamily of ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters is responsible for transporting a wide spectrum of molecules including peptides, iron, bile salts, drugs, and phospholipids. In humans, ABCB4 appears to be exclusively expressed on the apical membrane of hepatocytes where it translocates phosphatidylcholine from the inner to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane. Functional alterations in the ABCB4 transporter are associated with a number of cholestatic syndromes in humans. Because of its role in biliary lipid homeostasis in humans, investigation of the ABCB4 gene in dogs is warranted. Thus, the full cDNA sequence of canine ABCB4 was elucidated and its mRNA and protein expression levels in tissues were determined. Canine ABCB4 consists of 3804 nucleotides spanning 26 exons and is 89% identical to human ABCB4. Expression of ABCB4 in canine liver supports a potential role for the protein in normal biliary function similar to that in humans. The function of ABCB4 expressed in brain tissue has yet to be determined.
Equivalent circuits of the shaded-pole motor

EQUATIONS AND equivalent circuits are developed for the shaded-pole motor, including the space-harmonics introduced by the stator windings. Uneven air gap, also excitation on the shaded pole, are assumed, while the parameters include the angle of shift and the ratio of turns. The equations and equivalent circuits cover both the cross-field and the revolving-field theories.
The effect of different levels of pre-exposure to sucrose on the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned aversion.

Twenty-eight female, water deprived rats were given 5 minutes pre-exposure access to sucrose for either 0, 6, 13 or 20 days. Beginning the following day, LiCl injections were given every third day until an aversion to the sucrose developed. The results indicated that as amount of preexposure to sucrose increased, it became increasingly more difficult to develop an aversion. Also, the rate of extinction of the conditioned aversion was directly related to amount of sucrose familiarization; increased familiarization facilitating extinction of aversion to sucrose.
Short-term mortality among patients with non–small cell lung cancer and respiratory failure: a retrospective study

Lung cancer remains the number one cause of malignancy-related mortality in the United States. Identifying risk factors that are predictive of short-term mortality among patients with non-small cell lung cancer will allow the patients, their families and health care providers to be better prepared emotionally for the fatal outcome and may attenuate the cost and distress associated with often futile measures. The objective of this study was to measure the 3-month mortality among patients with non-small cell lung cancer who developed respiratory failure. This retrospective study reviewed the outcome of all patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer who were admitted to our hospital with respiratory failure. Respiratory failure was defined as need for mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation, or at least 50% fraction of inspired oxygen. Short-term mortality was defined as death in the hospital or within 3 months of discharge, as well as discharge to hospice; shortterm mortality was found to be 94.4% in the study population. The prognosis of patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and respiratory failure is grave. Short-term mortality among this patient population is close to 100%.
Predation of Typhlodromus (A.) fallacis on the European Red Mite as Measured by the Insecticidal Check Method

Chemical exclusion of Typhlodromus (A.) fallacis (Garman), from apple foliage with carbaryl or DDT resulted in the occurrence of significantly higher densities of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) than were observed on trees treated with azinphosmethyl, dieldrin, or the control, where the predator was allowed to survive. Lack of significant differences among the population means of either predator or prey in the 3 last mentioned plots indicated that no other insect or mite predator was involved. A major factor responsible for the decline of P. ulmi populations in the control, azinphosmethyl, and dieldrin plots was predation by T. fallacis . Low populations of Tetranychus urticate Koch responded in a ditferent manner, a significantly greater number occurring only in the carbaryl plot.
Advances in deep-space telecommunications technology at the Applied Physics Laboratory

Abstract This paper reviews recent advances in RF telecommunications technology at the Applied Physics Laboratory. These advances, which address the miniaturization and high data rate needs of NASA, fall into three major areas: (1) transceiver-based systems, (2) antennas, and (3) solid-state power amplifiers. In the transceiver area, a deep-space transceiver system being developed for the Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) spacecraft is described. In addition, the development progress of a low-power S/X-band digital receiver and an advanced ultrastable oscillator quartz resonator are described. In the antenna area, an X-band phased array system being developed for the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft is described, along with the concept for a Ka-band hybrid inflatable antenna. In the solid-state power amplifier area, the development of X- and Ka-band amplifiers suitable for phased array applications is described.
Zero-covariance hypothesis in the error variance separation method of radar rainfall verification

Abstract Empirical test of the zero-covariance assumption in the error variance separation (EVS) method is presented. The EVS method is a way to filter out ground reference (GR) errors in radar rainfall verifications. It is based on a hypothesis that the errors of radar and gauge area-rainfall estimates are not significantly correlated. The test area within the Little Washita watershed in Oklahoma is covered by a relatively dense network of raingauges providing good approximations of the true area-rainfall used for this test. The investigation uses a large data sample of two 6-month periods and regards accumulation intervals from 15 min to 7 days. The test results are provided with bootstrap error bounds that confirm their statistical significance. The results show that, for this testing setup, the zero-covariance assumption in its previously postulated rigorous formulation is not fulfilled. However, despite the drawbacks, the EVS method can often provide better estimates of the radar error variances than the radar–raingauge comparisons that ignore the GR uncertainties.
Statistical methods for assessing environmental effects on human genetic disorders

Methods are presented for assessing interactions and other effects between genetic and environmental factors for human disease or cancer susceptibility. Statistical estimation and testing approaches are based on a simple multinomial sampling model for the case-control sampling scenario. It is noted that logistic regression methods can facilitate computation of likelihood-based statistics in this setting. Additional models for collapsibility over genotypes within the genetic factor are considered. Monte Carlo comparisons show that the method appears to retain nominal significance levels at total sample sizes above 100. At smaller sample sizes, a goodness-of-fit statistic is suggested for testing the interactive effect between the genetic and environmental factors.
“The Situation is Once Again Quiet”: Gestapo Crimes in the Rhineland, Fall 1944

On the morning of October 25, 1944, eleven foreign workers were transported from their overcrowded cells in the infamous Brauweiler prison to the Cologne neighborhood of Ehrenfeld. Upon arrival the prisoners were forced to mount a gallows constructed in an abandoned concrete lot next to an elevated train line. In front of a large crowd of assembled onlookers and police, the accused were executed for crimes ranging from petty theft to armed resistance. Their executioners cataloged their handiwork from start to finish in a detailed series of photographs that revealed that for one unfortunate, the gallows proved too short, forcing the victim to be “assisted” by a plainclothes Gestapo officer who held his legs until he expired.
On exact n -step domination

Abstract We generalize to n steps the notion of exact 2-step domination introduced by Chartrand et al. (Math. Bohem. 120 (1995) 125–134) and suggest a related minimization problem for which we find a lower bound. A graph G is an exact n -step domination graph if there is some set of vertices in G such that each vertex in the graph is distance n from exactly one vertex in the set. We prove that such subsets have order at least ⌊ log 2 n⌋+2 and limit how much better a bound is possible. We also prove a related conjecture of Alavi et al. (Graph Theory, Combinatorics, and Applications, vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 1991, pp. 1–8) that if each vertex in a connected graph G has exactly one vertex distance n from it then the diameter is n unless G is a path consisting of 2 n vertices.
Effect of alternative boundary conditions on predicted ozone control strategy performance: A case study in the Los Angeles area

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the importance of assumptions made regarding boundary and initial conditions on the predicted performance of regional ozone control strategies. A computationally efficient approach to depicting the response of an air basin to emission controls is developed. The problem of ozone isopleth generation is addressed using a large Eulerian grid-based photochemical airshed model that is distributed over a grid system of 64 different ROG and NO_x control combination points that were run simultaneously on a parallel computer. This method is used for the Los Angeles area to examine the effect on predicted ozone concentrations of alternative assumptions about how boundary conditions at the edge of the air basin will change as a result of changed recirculation of pollutants from within the airshed plus emission decreases upwind. We show that an accurate forecast of the effect of future emission control programs on pollutant inflows across the boundaries of the Los Angeles modeling region is absolutely critical to selection of a successful ozone control strategy for the Los Angeles area.
Abundance trumps quality: bi‐trophic performance and parasitism risk fail to explain host use in the fall webworm

Factors including host abundance, quality, and the degree to which hosts provide enemy-free space (EFS) may drive host plant choice by phytophagous insects. Herbivores may also experience fitness tradeoffs among hosts, promoting polyphagy. The fall webworm Hyphantria cunea is a dietary generalist that feeds on a broad array of trees across its geographic range. Here, we investigate the drivers of host tree use by the fall webworm in Connecticut (CT) and Maryland (MD). Neither caterpillar performance nor EFS was associated with the frequency with which host trees were used, and no tradeoff between host quality and EFS was identified. Vegetation surveys adjacent to host trees showed that at both localities, host use was non-random with respect to tree species, and that the main predictor of use among suitable host trees was host tree abundance. This suggests that webworms are under selection to reduce search time for oviposition sites. Although we did not detect a tradeoff between host plant quality and availability in MD, we did identify that tradeoff in CT. This disparity amid otherwise similar patterns of host use between CT and MD may be explained by the relative rarity of high quality hosts in CT compared to MD. Our results illustrate that geographic mosaics in patterns of host use may arise in the absence of local adaptation if host use is based upon availability rather than host plant attributes.
Modularity, reuse, and hierarchy: Measuring complexity by measuring structure and organization

To develop better complexity measures, a reasonable approach is to base them on those principles of design that designers use. Modularity, reuse and hierarc hy (MR&H) have been identified by engineers as useful principles for designing complex s ystems, and these characteristics can be seen in Nature. Here we develop metrics for each of MR&H, and then use them to develop several metrics of structure and organization. Further, we propose to evaluate complexity measures both empirically and on a set of abstract object-construction examples. After applying these tests to a handful of previously defined co mplexity measures, as well as ones we define here, we find that only two of our measu res pass both sets of tests.
Variation and implications of intra-dentition Hunter-Schreger band pattern in fossil hyaenids and canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)

Cenozoic mammalian carnivores evolved stereotypical morphologies that can be correlated to adaptations for specific dietary capabilities (Werdelin, 1996; Van Valkenburgh, 2007). The diagnosis of su...
Le grandi città italiane. Società e territori da ricomporre

Le grandi citta italiane. Societa e territori da ricomporre, edited by Giuseppe Dematteis, Venice: Marsilio/ Consiglio Italiano per le Scienze Sociali, 2011, 428 pp., € 35 (paperback). Starting wit...
Batching to minimize flow times on one machine

Machine sequencing formulations typically assume that the characteristics of the job set to be processed are given. However, in many applications, jobs can be batched in different ways. Two types of minimum flow-time sequencing problems with lot sizing are formulated. The “item-flow” formulation is solved giving an index rule for ordering items. The “batch-flow” formulation is solved for the single product case showing that processing is done in unequal batches ordered in decreasing size. Heuristics and bounds are provided for the multiproduct case.
Characterization and testing of a MEMS scanning grating for structured illumination in a miniature microscope

The latest results from an effort to produce a miniature structured illumination module will be presented. The module is a LIGA fabricated MEMS device consisting of electrostatic actuators that drive a scanning grating mounted on springs. The device is designed to be driven at resonance and modulate the illumination of a miniature microscope for optical sectioning.
Learning about hidden events in system interactions

Understanding how to use a computer system often requires knowledge of hidden events: things which happen as a result of user actions but which produce no immediate perceptible effect. How do users learn about these events? Will learners explain the mechanism in detail or only at the level at which they are able to use it? We extend Lewis' EXPL model of causal analysis, incorporating ideas from Miyake, Draper, and Dietterich, to give an account of learning about hidden events from examples. We present experimental evidence suggesting that violations of user expectations trigger a process in which hidden events are hypothesized and subsequently linked to user actions using schemata for general classes of situations which violate user expectations.
Molecular basis of thyroid hormone-dependent brain development.

I. Introduction II. Developmental Schedules A. Species specificity B. Developmental studies in the rat III. Thyroid Hormone Action A. Sources of T4 and T3 B. The role of maternal thyroid hormone in fetal brain development: direct or indirect? C. Intracerebral transport IV. Molecular Actions of Thyroid Hormone in the Developing Brain A. Nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone in brain B. Thyroid hormone receptor isoforms and their tissue distribution C. Interactions of ligand, receptor, and DNA D. Ontogeny of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in brain E. Search for T3-responsive genes in the neonatal rat brain F. Regulation of gene expression by T3 through indirect molecular pathways? G. Extranuclear actions of T4? V. Theories and Speculations VI. Conclusions
Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency in dogs.

Inherited selective intestinal malabsorption of cobalamin (Cbl) was observed in a family of giant schnauzer dogs. Family studies and breeding experiments demonstrated simple autosomal recessive inheritance of this disease. Affected puppies exhibited chronic inappetence and failure to thrive beginning between 6 and 12 wk of age. Neutropenia with hypersegmentation, anemia with anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, and megaloblastic changes of the bone marrow were present. Serum Cbl concentrations were low, and methylmalonic aciduria and homocysteinemia were present. Parenteral, but not oral, cyanocobalamin administration rapidly eliminated all signs of Cbl deficiency except for low serum Cbl concentrations. Cbl malabsorption in affected dogs was documented by oral administration of [57Co]cyanocobalamin with or without simultaneous oral administration of intrinsic factor or normal dog gastric juice. Quantitation and function studies of intrinsic factor and transcobalamin-II from affected dogs revealed no abnormality. Other gastrointestinal functions and ileal morphology were normal, indicating a selective defect of Cbl absorption at the level of the ileal enterocyte. Immunoelectron microscopy of ileal biopsies showed that the receptor for intrinsic factor-Cbl complex was absent from the apical brush border microvillus pits of affected dogs. This canine disorder resembles inherited selective intestinal Cbl malabsorption (Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) in humans, and is a spontaneously occurring animal model of early onset Cbl deficiency.
Mechanical Property Characterization of Multiscale Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanofibers Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite

Multiscale polymeric composite laminate reinforced by carbon micro-fibers (CFs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) is fabricated via an in-house developed prepreg and vacuum bag/compression molding process. The multiscale fiber system is expected to form a multiscale fiber reinforcement network inside the composite. As a result, the mechanical properties of the prepreg-processed multiscale composite laminate are expected to be different from the traditional carbon fiber reinforced composite laminate. This CNFs modified multiscale composite laminate is tested for its mechanical strength with respect to various important properties for composite aerostructures. The effects of the CNFs in the matrix sensitive properties and in the carbon micro-fiber dominated properties of the multiscale composite are revealed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Discrimination among the transcripts of the allelic human β-globin genes βA, βS and βC using oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization probes

Abstract Three nonadecadeoxynucleotides complementary to the sense strand of the normal human β-globin gene, βA, and to the two allelic genes βS and βC were synthesized. The βS and βC globin genes both differ from the βA gene by a single nucleotide substitution in the sequence coding for codon 6. The oligodeoxynucleotides are complementary to the genes in the region of the mutations and are therefore allele-specific. When radiolabeled and used as hybridization probes, the oligodeoxynucleotides are found to hybridize specifically to the mRNA transcribed from each allele.
Human-Mouse Somatic Cell Hybrids with Single Human Chromosome (Group E): Link with Thymidine Kinase Activity

Mouse somatic cells lacking thymidine kinase were mixed in culture with human diploid cells lacking hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, and hybrid cells were isolated and maintained in a selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. The hybrid cells at the time of isolation had karyotypes consisting predominantly of mouse chromosomes but with one human chromosome, a submetacentric member of group E, apparently giving thymidine kinase to the hybrid cell. However, after long-term propagation in the selective medium this chromosome has been lost, although cells continue to show thymidine kinase activity as demonstrated by the incorporation of 3H-thy-midine into DNA in the hybrid cell. The hybrid cells have only mouse electro-phoretic variants for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, suggesting that the human genetic loci for these enzymes are not represented in the hybrid genome and may be unlinked to that for thymidine kinase.
Huffman scanning: Using language models within fixed-grid keyboard emulation

Abstract Individuals with severe motor impairments commonly enter text using a single binary switch and symbol scanning methods. We present a new scanning method – Huffman scanning – which uses Huffman coding to select the symbols to highlight during scanning, thus minimizing the expected bits per symbol. With our method, the user can select the intended symbol even after switch activation errors. We describe two varieties of Huffman scanning – synchronous and asynchronous – and present experimental results, demonstrating speedups over row/column and linear scanning.
Field Retention of a Novel Mark–Release–Recapture Method

A field cage study was conducted that compared the retention time between a novel immunolabeling mark-release-recapture marking technique with the more conventional insect marker, fluorescent dust. Commercially purchased convergent lady beetles, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, were marked with either a rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) or a chicken IgG solution. The beetles were then released into separate field cages, recaptured daily, and assayed by both sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and direct ELISA for the presence of IgG markers. A 3rd group of convergent lady beetles were marked with dust, released into a cage, recaptured daily, and examined under a dissecting microscope for the presence of the fluorescent marker. Data indicate that IgG markers were retained much longer than fluorescent dust. Additionally, the rabbit IgG had a greater retention time than chicken IgG. The advantages of using IgG markers for mark-release-recapture studies over the current mark-release-recapture techniques are discussed.
The status of diagnostic markers for inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and indeterminate colitis, is characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract and has a significant impact on quality of life. Coupled with clinical history, physicians rely on invasive tests (e.g. endoscopy and radiologic examinations) to diagnose IBD. Patients with other gastrointestinal illnesses (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease) may present with symptoms similar to those of an IBD patient. Therefore, a need exists for rapid and noninvasive measures to indicate the presence of IBD. The identification of potential biomarkers associated with IBD has expanded rapidly in the past decade. This article reviews the role of recently studied serologic and fecal markers in the diagnosis of IBD, and differentiation between subtypes of IBD.
Ethical Efficacy as a Measure of Training Effectiveness: An Application of the Graphic Novel Case Method Versus Traditional Written Case Study

The study explores the use of Graphic Novels as an innovative form of training that may improve an individual’s ethical efficacy. A quantitative comparison of the graphic novel method and the traditional written case study is analyzed. The literature on ethics, graphic novels, and training are brought together from theories of narrative and literature perspective to formulate a study. The study uses a 2 × 2 repeated-measure MANOVA to analyze the participant’s reaction to bribery situations based on varying levels of ‘grayness.’ The overall study finds that ethical efficacy increases with the use of the graphic novel method. The greatest improvements are in the individual’s level of self-efficacy and understanding of principle-based ethical issues. In addition, the participant’s level of industry experience may play a factor in applying the graphic novel technique. Finally, guidelines on how to effectively utilize the graphic novel method are stated. Improving ethical efficacy through business ethics training may help improve an individual’s self-efficacy, involvement and principle-based understanding. The study explores the use of Graphic Novels as an innovative form of training that may improve an individual’s ethical efficacy. A quantitative comparison of the graphic novel method and the traditional written case study are analyzed. Literature on ethics, graphic novels, and training are brought together with theories of narrative and literature perspective to formulate a study. The study uses a 2 × 2 repeated-measure MANOVA to analyze the participant’s reaction to bribery ethical situations based on varying levels of ‘grayness.’ The overall study finds that ethical efficacy increases with the use of the graphic novel method. The greatest improvements are in the individual’s level of self-efficacy and understanding of principle-based ethical issues. In addition, the participant’s level of industry experience may play a factor in applying the graphic novel technique. Finally, guidelines on how to effectively utilize the graphic novel method is set forth.