cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minerva: Accelerating Data Analysis in Next-Generation SSDs

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies have DRAM-like latency with storage-like density, offering unique capability to analyze large data sets significantly faster than flash or disk storage. However, the hybrid nature of these NVM technologies such as phase-change memory (PCM) make it difficult to use them to best advantage in the memory-storage hierarchy. These NVMs lack the fast write latency required of DRAM and are thus not suitable as DRAM equivalent on the memory bus, yet their low latency even in random access patterns is not easily exploited over an I/O bus. In this work, we describe an FPGA-based system to execute application-specific operations in the NVM controller and evaluate its performance on two microbenchmarks and a keyvalue store. Our system Minerva1extends the conventional solidstate drive (SSD) architecture to offload data or I/O intensive application code to the SSD to exploit the low latency and high internal bandwidth of NVMs. Performing computation in the FPGA-based NVM storage controller significantly reduces data traffic between the host and storage and serves as an offload engine for data analysis workloads. A runtime library enables the programmer to offload computations to the SSD without dealing with the complications of the underlying architecture and inter-controller communication management. We have implemented a prototype of Minerva on the BEE3 FPGA system. We compare the performance of Minerva to a state of the art PCIe-attached PCM-based SSD. Minerva improves performance by an order of magnitude on two microbenchmarks. Minerva based key-value store performs up to 5.2 M get operations/s and 4.0 M set operations/s which is 7.45× and 9.85× higher than the PCM-based SSD that uses the conventional I/O architecture. This huge improvement comes from the reduction of data transfer between the storage to the host and the FPGA-based data processing in the SSD.
‘We’ or ‘Me’ consumer goods: a cross-national look at self-construal and gender in product choice

This study looks at how a dimension of culture, self-construal, which is an individual's self in relation to others, can help explain why certain types of products are enthusiastically chosen by consumers in some cultures but not in others. Results find that self-construal in individualist and collectivist cultures helps explain the types of products chosen by consumers. Data were collected in Australia, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States. Nationality, the independent/interdependent traits of consumers, and gender have an impact. Independent traits are important for product choice in individualist cultures but not in collectivist cultures, whereas interdependent traits can be an important factor in both types of culture.
A predictive model of male spousal violence

This study presents and tests a predictive model of severe marital violence by men based on social learning theory and previous research. Results of the path analytic procedure suggest that sex-role egalitarianism and approval of marital violence both have direct effects on the use of severe marital violence. At the same time, sex-role egalitarianism and the observation of marital violence as a child have indirect effects by several paths. Egalitarianism has an indirect negative effect on use of severe violence which depends upon approval of marital violence. Observation of marital violence has a negative effect on self-esteem which influences marital stress and level of alcoholism, both of which have an effect on approval of marital violence. Observation of violence as a child also has a direct effect on approval of violence and a negative effect on sex-role egalitarianism.
On the dynamic computation of the model constant in delayed detached eddy simulation

The current work puts forth an implementation of a dynamic procedure to locally compute the value of the model constant CDES, as used in the eddy simulation branch of Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES). Former DDES formulations [P. R. Spalart et al., “A new version of detached-eddy simulation, resistant to ambiguous grid densities,” Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 20, 181 (2006); M. S. Gritskevich et al., “Development of DDES and IDDES formulations for the k- ω shear stress transport model,” Flow, Turbul. Combust. 88, 431 (2012)] are not conducive to the implementation of a dynamic procedure due to uncertainty as to what form the eddy viscosity expression takes in the eddy simulation branch. However, a recent, alternate formulation [K. R. Reddy et al., “A DDES model with a Smagorinsky-type eddy viscosity formulation and log-layer mismatch correction,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 50, 103 (2014)] casts the eddy viscosity in a form that is similar to the Smagorinsky, LES (Large Eddy Simulation) sub-grid viscosity...
Liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine associate with natural surfactant

Unilamellar liposomes of an average diameter of 0.05 micron formed by sonication of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine associate in vitro with the large aggregate forms of natural surfactant. The liposomal-surfactant aggregates are stable and previously associated liposomes are not released from the aggregates by the addition of more liposomes. Radiolabeled liposomes, surfactant, and preformed liposomal-surfactant aggregates were injected at a dose of 8-10 mg lipid (about 2-times the endogenous surfactant pool size) into the airways of 3-day-old rabbits. Following airway injection, labeled phosphatidylcholine from the liposomal-surfactant aggregates were recovered in approximately equal amounts by alveolar wash and in the residual lung tissue fractions. This recovery pattern and the clearance kinetics were equivalent for 48 h after airway injection to those measured with radiolabeled surfactant alone. In contrast, following the injection of liposomes alone, labeled phosphatidylcholine from the liposomes was recovered primarily by alveolar wash at 3 and 24 h. The overall clearance of the liposomal-derived phosphatidylcholine from the lung was more rapid than was the clearance of the phosphatidylcholine from the surfactant or liposome-surfactant complexes. Liposomes can interact with surfactant in vitro, and the liposomes associated with the surfactant aggregate have a metabolic fate in vivo similar to surfactant and different from liposomes alone.
William Gaddis’s Immortality: Celebration, Cartoon, or Corruption?

Although ostensibly a review of The Letters of William Gaddis edited by Steven Moore (Champaign: Dalkey Archive, 2013), this article evaluates Moore’s volume in light of generally accepted practices of scholarly editions and the handling of historical documents. In particular, Alberts compares some of Moore’s edited letters to the originals housed either at Washington University in St. Louis or the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Austin and reveals issues involving the representation of the archival material, inconsistencies in editorial principles, and a misattributed letter, among other things.
The Military Ministers and Political Change in Post-Authoritarian Brazil

AbstractOne important barrier to the democratization process in Latin American countries has been the persistence of military-institutional structures, often at the very heart of the national polity. In the case of Brazil, these structures evolved during a period of protracted military dictatorship, and have depended for their survival after 1985 upon the pivotal role of the military ministers in the presidential cabinet. An examination of the striking changes in the roles and functions of the military ministers between the presidencies of Jose Sarney and Fernando Collor de Melo suggests that the democratization process in Brazil has involved a pervasive and effective depoliticization of the military from the first to the second post-authoritarian presidencies, although significant qualifications to this observation exist.
Designed Synthesis of Families of Misfit‐Layered Compounds

The synthesis of several new families of misfit-layered compounds is demonstrated. These compounds are crystalline along the c-axis and in the ab-plane, but show very short coherence lengths between ab-planes. This disorder leads to ultra-low and tunable thermal conductivity. Annealing isostructural samples under a chalcogen vapour until equilibrium is reached results in reproducible Seebeck and resistivity values. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Field evaluation of natural and synthetic pyrethroid water-based pressurized formulations against the house fly

Two water-based pressurized formulations of a combination of the synthetic pyrethroids, tetramethrin (Neo-Pynamin®) and NIA-1730 (5-benzyl-3-furyl) methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropellyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate, approximately 30% cis , 70% trans isomers) were compared with an untreated check and a formulation of natural pyrethrins containing piperonyl butoxide against Musra domestica L. Four barns were treaded with these formulations on 4 different days. The pretreatment counts of flies were made in each barn, and then counts were made 15 and 30 minutes post treatment. All 3 chemical treatments were equally effective in reducing fly populations in the closed barns. There was a highly significant difference in the fly counts in the treated barns over those in the check barns, The synthetic pyrethroid formulations were not so irritating to nasal passages as was the natural pyrethrin formulation.
Ketamine-induced locomotion in rats in an open-field

The effects of ketamine on locomotion in an open-field were determined in hooded rats. Animals were given intraperitoneal injections of saline, or of 1, 10, 50 or 100 mg ketamine/kg body weight on separate days. Open-field behavior was examined for 60 min following injection. The 50 mg/kg dose of ketamine produced an increase in locomotion which peaked approximately 30 min after injection. A cataleptic immobility produced by the 100 mg/kg dose was followed by postanesthetic locomotion. The ketamine-induced locomotion consisted largely of ambulation about the perimeter of the field and was accompanied by ataxia, but included relatively little tight circling (rotation) during the peak of activity. Comparisons with the results of past research suggests that test-chamber design influences the type of locomotion induced by ketamine.
A study of the stress intensity factors for single or multiple cracks in thick-walled cylinders

Abstract The variation of stress intensity factors of a single semi-elliptical crack and multiple semi-elliptical cracks which are radial symmetric or unsymmetric array in an internal pressurized thick-walled cylinder is studied by use of the “frozen-stress” photo-elastic method. The method of determining mixed-mode stress intensity factors K I and K II is given. By means of experimental results and the relative results of other authors, the approximate expression for evaluating stress intensity factors of straight border, semi-circular, semi-elliptical internal surface cracks in thick-walled cylinders are presented.
The Critical Buckling Pressure of Arteries

Artery stability is essential to normal arterial functions. This study examined the critical internal pressure at which arteries buckle. The critical pressure was found to be strongly related to the axial strain in the arteries.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Arthroscopic Technique for Treatment of Synovial Chondromatosis of the Glenohumeral Joint

Synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder has been treated in the past with an open arthrotomy, removal of loose bodies, and synovectomy. Several authors have described arthroscopy as a means of treating this rare disorder because of the excellent visualization of the glenohumeral joint, decreased morbidity, and early rehabilitation potential. This article offers a technique in which a large-bore cannula and high pressure and flow are used to facilitate the removal of loose bodies from the joint.
The 26 kD protein recognized on rat cauda epididymal sperm by monoclonal antibody 4E9 has internal peptide sequence that is identical to the secreted form of epididymal protein E1

MAb 4E9, raised against a detergent extract of rat cauda epididymal sperm, recognizes a 26 kD glycoprotein that is found on the plasma membrane of the sperm tail in cauda, but not caput, sperm (Moore et al., 1994). It also recognizes an epididymis-secreted protein that has been shown to be protein E (Xu and Hamilton, 1996). It is felt that the secreted protein becomes associated with sperm, but there has been no biochemical evidence of molecular identity between the secreted and membrane proteins. In this report, the membrane form of the antigen has been purified by reverse phase HPLC. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the purified protein yielded 3 peptides that were purified, also by reverse phase HPLC. One of the peptides yielded an unambiguous sequence of 34 amino acids that is identical to an internal peptide of the protein found in epididymal fluid. This is the first report showing sequence identity between an epididymis-secreted protein and a protein of the sperm plasma membrane.
Exploring Molecular Sieve Capabilities of Activated Carbon Fibers to Reduce the Impact of NOM Preloading on Trichloroethylene Adsorption

Adsorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) by two activated carbon fibers (ACFs) and two granular activated carbons (GACs) preloaded with hydrophobic and transphilic fractions of natural organic matter ...
Creep and physical aging of composites

Abstract It is well known that the viscoelastic properties of polymer glasses are significantly influenced by a physical aging process. Although one expects this phenomenon to be operative for polymer matrix composites, very little data at present exist in the literature on the subject. In this paper, the linear viscoelastic creep behaviors of a unidirectional fiber reinforced plastic and its corresponding resin are presented with special emphasis on elucidating the influence of physical aging. It is found that physical aging causes a significant reduction in the creep of these systems and that its influence is comparable in magnitude to that of the temperature. The temperature and aging dependencies of the viscoelastic shift rate, an important quantity needed for long term viscoelastic predictions, are discussed. Further, the time-temperature superposition principle is shown to be unsuitable when applied to long term creep results but is perfectly applicable to momentary creep results. Finally, theoretical predictions of long term creep from momentary creep master curves using an effective time theory are shown to be within 5% of experimental results.
Growth study and impurity characterization of AlxIn1−xN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Al x In 1− x N films with 0.14 x 2 /N 2 ) – were explored and the films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, high resolution X-ray diffraction, cathodoluminescence (CL) and secondary mass spectrometry (SIMS). In particular, crystal quality and the surface morphology were sensitive in particular to the growth rate. Uniform emission from a high quality Al 0.82 In 0.18 N at 335 nm was observed by a monochromatic CL image, suggesting that the layer was compositionally homogeneous. SIMS results showed that the incorporation of carbon in AlInN was stronger at higher growth pressures. However, the carbon incorporation was rather insensitive to other growth parameters such as V/III ratio and carrier gas ratio. In the case of oxygen, its incorporation was not strongly affected by the growth parameters within the range explored in this study.
Simulation of diamond-ground surfaces

Abstract State-of-the-art models available for predicting the characteristics of diamond-ground surfaces entail digitization of wheel topography which limits their practical utility. This paper presents a geometric simulation of surface generation in diamond grinding, that utilizes wheel topography data obtained from simulated three-dimensional structure of the diamond grinding wheel. Simulation results are validated by surface grinding experiments on a variety of materials that exhibit different material removal mechanisms, with the roughness parameters Ra and Rt, the autocorrelation function and the fractal dimension as the comparison indices. A parametric study on the effect of various grinding parameters on surface finish is also reported, with particular emphasis on identifying and minimizing process-inherent variability.
Dreaded Risks and the Control of Biological Weapons

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to the ofaces of NBC News, the New York Post, and the publisher of the National Enquirer. Contaminated letters were subsequently sent to, among others, then Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle (D-S.D.) and Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.). By the end of the year, anthraxcontaminated letters had infected eighteen people, ave of whom died.1 Although the anthrax attacks resulted in relatively few casualties, at least one poll suggested that public concern about biological terrorism had increased.2 Some 10,000 people, actually or potentially exposed to virulent anthrax spores, were prescribed prophylactic antibiotics with unknown longterm effects on their health or the health of the public at large.3 In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and anthrax mailings, U.S. policymakers scrambled to enact new legislation to address the terrorist threat. The urgency of the effort precluded careful balancing of competing interests, with potential adverse effects on civil liberties, public health, and national security. The U.S.A. Patriot Act, passed by both Houses of Congress in the space of weeks, was signed by President George W. Bush on October 26. Among its provisions, the act overrides laws in forty-eight states that made library reDreaded Risks and the Control of Biological Weapons
Improved protein structure selection using decoy-dependent discriminatory functions

Background: A key component in protein structure prediction is a scoring or discriminatory function that can distinguish near-native conformations from misfolded ones. Various types of scoring functions have been developed to accomplish this goal, but their performance is not adequate to solve the structure selection problem. In addition, there is poor correlation between the scores and the accuracy of the generated conformations. Results: We present a simple and nonparametric formula to estimate the accuracy of predicted conformations (or decoys). This scoring function, called the density score function, evaluates decoy conformations by performing an all-against-all C α RMSD (Root Mean Square Deviation) calculation in a given decoy set. We tested the density score function on 83 decoy sets grouped by their generation methods (4state_reduced, fisa, fisa_casp3, lmds, lattice_ssfit, semfold and Rosetta). The density scores have correlations as high as 0.9 with the C α RMSDs of the decoy conformations, measured relative to the experimental conformation for each decoy. We previously developed a residue-specific all-atom probability discriminatory function (RAPDF), which compiles statistics from a database of experimentally determined conformations, to aid in structure selection. Here, we present a decoy-dependent discriminatory function called selfRAPDF, where we compiled the atom-atom contact probabilities from all the conformations in a decoy set instead of using an ensemble of native conformations, with a weighting scheme based on the density scores. The self-RAPDF has a higher correlation with Cα RMSD than RAPDF for 76/83 decoy sets, and selects better near-native conformations for 62/83 decoy sets. Self-RAPDF may be useful not only for selecting near-native conformations from decoy sets, but also for fold simulations and protein structure refinement. Conclusions: Both the density score and the self-RAPDF functions are decoy-dependent scoring functions for improved protein structure selection. Their success indicates that information from the ensemble of decoy conformations can be used to derive statistical probabilities and facilitate the identification of near-native structures.
Einführung: Wissenschaftstheoretische, wissenschaftsprogrammatische und wissenschaftssystematische Grundlegung

Unter Sozialpolitik werden haufig in erster Linie staatliche Masnahmen verstanden, die der Sicherung des Einkommens von Arbeitnehmern und ihrer Familien im Falle einer Krankheit, der vorzeitigen Berufs- oder Erwerbsunfahigkeit durch Unfall oder Invaliditat, im Alter, beim Tod des Ernahrers oder im Falle der Arbeitslosigkeit dienen. Diese Sicherung der Existenz bei fehlenden Moglichkeiten oder Fahigkeiten zum Erwerb ausreichenden Arbeitseinkommens, die vor allem der Sozialversicherung obliegt, ist jedoch nur ein Teilbereich staatlicher Sozialpolitik, wenngleich — gemessen am Gewicht der Einkommensleistungen — der groste und von seinen Aufgaben her ein zentraler Bereich. Zur staatlichen Sozialpolitik gehoren auch die Arbeitnehmerschutzpolitik, die Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die Ausgestaltung der Betriebs- und Unternehmensverfassung, die Wohnungs-, Familien- und Bildungspolitik, die Politik der Einkommens- und Vermogensumverteilung, die Jugendhilfe-, die Altenhilfe-, die Sozialhilfepolitik und die mittelstandsorientierte Sozialpolitik.
Hybrid Transactions: Lock Allocation and Assignment for Irrevocability

Irrevocable Software Memory Transactions provide a safe way to perform certain unrecoverable operations such as I/O or system calls inside transactions. In this paper we show that this notion of irrevocability has strong relevance and impact on the performance and throughput of a transactional program. In this paper we propose a compile-time analysis and transactional memory runtime system that allows several irrevocable transactions to execute concurrently with normal revocable transactions unlike state-of-the-art methods that allow for at most one irrevocable transaction at a time. Our approach uses a compile-time analysis to derive a fine-grained lock-assignment scheme using a precise context-sensitive data structure analysis that is able to identify disjoint logical data structures. We describe the prototype implementation of our system in the LLVM compiler and TL2 STM system and evaluate the parallel performance of our system on high contention transactional programs in the STAMP suite.
Optimal Supply Diversification Under General Supply Risks

We analyze a planning model for a firm or public organization that needs to cover uncertain demand for a given item by procuring supplies from multiple sources. The necessity to employ multiple suppliers arises from the fact that when an order is placed with any of the suppliers, only a random fraction of the order size is usable. The model considers a single demand season with a given demand distribution, where all supplies need to be ordered simultaneously before the start of the season. The suppliers differ from one another in terms of their yield distributions, their procurement costs, and capacity levels. The planning model determines which of the potential suppliers are to be retained and what size order is to be placed with each. We consider two versions of the planning model: in the first, the service constraint model (SCM), the orders must be such that the available supply of usable units covers the random demand during the season with (at least) a given probability. In the second version of the model, the total cost model (TCM), the orders are determined so as to minimize the aggregate of procurement costs and end-of-the-season inventory and shortage costs. In the classical inventory model with a single, fully reliable supplier, these two models are known to be equivalent, but the equivalency breaks down under multiple suppliers with unreliable yields. For both the service constraint and total cost models, we develop a highly efficient procedure that generates the optimal set of suppliers as well as the optimal orders to be assigned to each. Most importantly, these procedures generate a variety of important qualitative insights, for example, regarding which sets of suppliers allow for a feasible solution, both when they have ample supply and when they are capacitated, and how various model parameters influence the selected set of suppliers, the aggregate order size, and the optimal cost values.
WIP Deficiency Reveals a Differential Role for WIP and the Actin Cytoskeleton in T and B Cell Activation

Abstract WIP stabilizes actin filaments and is important for filopodium formation. To define the role of WIP in immunity, we generated WIP-deficient mice. WIP −/− mice have normal lymphocyte development, but their T cells fail to proliferate, secrete IL-2, increase their F-actin content, polarize and extend protrusions following T cell receptor ligation, and are deficient in conjugate formation with superantigen-presenting B cells and anti-CD3 bilayers. In contrast, WIP-deficient B lymphocytes have enhanced proliferation and CD69 expression following B cell receptor ligation and mount normal antibody responses to T-independent antigens. Both WIP-deficient T and B cells show a profound defect in their subcortical actin filament networks. These results suggest that WIP is important for immunologic synapse formation and T cell activation.
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene in Escherichia coli

A complete copy of the gene (cpe) encoding Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), an important virulence factor involved in C. perfringens food poisoning and other gastrointestinal illnesses, has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The cpe gene was shown to encode a 319-amino-acid polypeptide with a deduced molecular weight of 35,317. There was no consensus sequence for a typical signal peptide present in the 5' region of cpe. Cell lysates from recombinant cpe-positive E. coli were shown by quantitative immunoblot analysis to contain moderate amounts of CPE, and this recombinant CPE was equal to native CPE in cytotoxicity for mammalian Vero cells. CPE expression in recombinant E. coli appeared to be largely driven from a clostridial promoter. Immunoblot analysis also demonstrated very low levels of CPE in vegetative cell lysates of enterotoxin-positive C. perfringens. However, when the same C. perfringens strain was induced to sporulate, much stronger CPE expression was detected in these sporulating cells than in either vegetative C. perfringens cells or recombinant E. coli. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that sporulation is not essential for cpe expression, but sporulation does facilitate high-level cpe expression.
Possible role of lymphocytes in glucocorticoid-induced increase in trabecular bone mineral density

Treatment with anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids is associated with osteoporosis. Many of the treated patients are postmenopausal women, who even without treatment have an increased risk of osteoporosis. Lymphocytes have been shown to play a role in postmenopausal and arthritis-induced osteoporosis, and they are targeted by glucocorticoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms behind effects of glucocorticoids on bone during health and menopause, focusing on lymphocytes. Female C57BL/6 or SCID mice were therefore sham-operated or ovariectomized and 2 weeks later treatment with dexamethasone (dex), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug carprofen, or vehicle was started and continued for 2.5 weeks. At the termination of experiments, femurs were phenotyped using peripheral quantitative computed tomography and high-resolution micro-computed tomography, and markers of bone turnover were analyzed in serum. T and B lymphocyte populations in bone marrow and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. Dex-treated C57BL/6 mice had increased trabecular bone mineral density, but lower cortical content and thickness compared with vehicle-treated mice. The dex-treated mice also had lower levels of bone turnover markers and markedly decreased numbers of spleen T and B lymphocytes. In contrast, these effects could not be repeated when mice were treated with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug carprofen. In addition, dex did not increase trabecular bone in ovariectomized SCID mice lacking functional T and B lymphocytes. In contrast to most literature, the results from this study indicate that treatment with dex increased trabecular bone density, which may indicate that this effect is associated with corticosteroid-induced alterations of the lymphocyte populations.
Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care looks forward to 2009

Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care, which enters its third year of operation in 2009 under the umbrella of BioMed Central, continues to promote and advance open access publishing through universal online access without charge, indexing in PubMed and archiving in PubMed Central, retention of authors' copyright, and expeditious peer review. Notable accomplishments during 2008 included a median lag time of four months from initial manuscript submission to publication, designation of eight articles as "highly accessed," and achievement of a balanced proportion of publications in our core topic areas of osteopathic medicine and primary care. In October 2008, Springer Science+Business Media, a major publisher of journals in science, technology, and medicine, acquired the BioMed Central Group. Our 2009 Editorial Board is presented herein, as well as a new mechanism for posting book reviews on the Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care website. We continue to encourage manuscript submissions and reader comments on our articles. Waivers or discounts of article processing charges are available via several mechanisms for eligible authors who submit qualified manuscripts.
Communicative Action in History

Critics of Jurgen Habermas's theory of communicative action argue that he has failed to recognize the extent to which moral argumentation is grounded in particular historical contexts, cultural traditions, collective identities, or social lifeworlds. Although he has engaged in a series of strategies aimed at acknowledging the role of particularistic considerations without abandoning his primary commitment to ethical universalism, Habermas has not succeeded in meeting all of the objections of his critics. This paper treats the contradiction between formal and substantive rationality, which lies at the heart of the debate, as an empirical phenomenon within the social world. It argues that the antinomy of formal and substantive rationality plays a central role in historical processes of social change. Through critical argumentation, social actors deliberate on contradictions among strategic, moral, and ethical standards of validity, and they struggle to resolve these contradictions through collective action ...
Early childhood weight status in relation to asthma development in high-risk children

Background Obesity has been proposed to be a risk factor for the development of childhood asthma. Objective We sought to examine weight status from birth to age 5 years in relation to the occurrence of asthma at ages 6 and 8 years. Methods Two hundred eighty-five full-term high-risk newborns with at least 1 asthmatic/atopic parent enrolled in the Childhood Origin of Asthma project were studied from birth to age 8 years. Overweight was defined by weight-for-length percentiles of greater than the 85th percentile before the age of 2 years and a body mass index percentile of greater than the 85th percentile at ages 2 to 5 years. Results No significant concurrent association was found between overweight status and wheezing/asthma occurrence at each year of age. In contrast, longitudinal analyses revealed complex relationships between being overweight and asthma. Being overweight at age 1 year was associated with a decreased risk of asthma at age 6 (odds ratio [OR], 0.32; P = .02) and 8 (OR, 0.35; P = .04) years, as well as better lung function. However, being overweight beyond infancy was not associated with asthma occurrence. In fact, only children who were overweight at age 5 years but not at age 1 year had an increased risk of asthma at age 6 years (OR, 5.78; P = .05). Conclusion In children genetically at high risk of asthma, being overweight at age 1 year was associated with a decreased risk of asthma and better lung function at ages 6 and 8 years. However, being overweight beyond infancy did not have any protective effect and even could confer a higher risk for asthma.
Best practices in diagnostic immunohistochemistry: spindle cell neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract Context.—The proper classification of spindle cell neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract frequently requires the use of immunohistochemistry, as the histologic appearance of these lesions often overlaps. Objective.—To review the antibodies used in the diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, and to outline an approach to the evaluation of these lesions by using immunohistochemistry. Data Sources.—The authors' experience and a review of the English literature from 1976 to 2008. Conclusions.—The most common spindle cell neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract is gastrointestinal stromal tumor; this lesion is readily diagnosed with c-kit immunohistochemistry in most cases. Other stains, such as smooth muscle actin, desmin, S100 protein, and β-catenin, are also useful in the diagnosis of smooth muscle tumors, schwannomas, desmoid-type fibromatoses, and metastatic melanoma.
Intrinsic properties and natural relations

Assuming that we find the concept of naturalness coherent, we shall no doubt wish to allow that certain relations count as highly natural. Many of us will think that various spatio-temporal and causal relations-is the cause of, is spatially separated from, is later than-are highly natural. Some of us will think that various basic semantic and mentalistic relations-refers to, attends to, believes ....--are highly natural. Some will think that various logicomathematical relations-being the successor of, being identical to...-are highly natural. Consider a highly natural relation R. Given the existence of R, there will also be a monadic property of bearing R to something. Call this the existential derivative of the relation. If R is highly natural, the existential derivative may not be quite as natural. But it will be pretty natural. For example: if loving is a highly natural relation, then being a lover is a pretty natural property. Some relations can only hold between a thing and itself. Other relations can only hold between a thing and something that is neither itself nor part of itself. Other relations are more flexible: Consider the relation attending: One might attend to oneself. One might attend to part of oneself. One might attend to something that is neither oneself nor part of oneself. The existential derivative of the attending relation is thus independent of accompaniment. The existence of a contingent thing that is wholly distinct from me is compatible with my attending to something and also with my failing to. The absence of a wholly distinct contingent thing is similarly compatible with both the presence and absence of the existential derivative. Some existential derivatives may be independent of accompaniment in less obvious ways: Perhaps the causal relation is independent in this way because it is possible to be self-caused, or else because it is possible for a thing to cause part of itself. Perhaps distance relations are independent because it is possible for a thing to be bilocated and hence at a distance from itself. It need not be our concern here to figure out which existential derivatives are
Overuse injuries in the young athlete.

Division of Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USAKeywordsCross training, Growth cartilage, Pre-participationexamination, Spinal maturationCorrespondencePierre d’Hemecourt, Division of Sports Medicine,Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.Tel: +1 617 355 8597 |Fax: +1 617 730 0968 |Email: pierre.dhemecourt@childrens.harvard.eduReceived8 September 2009; accepted 8 September 2009.DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01527.x
Response to placebo among bipolar I disorder patients experiencing their first manic episode.

Background: The first episode of an illness may respond differently to any treatment compared to multiple episodes of the same illness. This study details the treatment response of six first-episode manic patients who participated in a previously reported study of 139 subjects comparing olanzapine to placebo in bipolar I mania (Tohen M, Sanger TM, McElroy SL, Tollefson GD, Chengappa KNR, Daniel DG. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 702–709). Methods: Six first-episode subjects participated in a 3-week double-blind, random assignment, parallel group, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine for bipolar mania. The Young Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS), Clinical Global Impression, and Hamilton Depression ratings were administered weekly. Lorazepam as rescue medication was permitted for the first 10 days. Results: Five subjects were randomized to placebo and one to olanzapine. Two subjects (40%) with psychotic mania (who also had their first-illness episode) were assigned to placebo and responded with greater than 50% reduction in the Y-MRS score and also remitted in 3 weeks. Another placebo-assigned subject had a 46% reduction in the Y-MRS scores, and two placebo-assigned subjects worsened. The olanzapine-assigned subject had a 44% reduction in the Y-MRS score. In contrast, 34 of 69 (48.6%) multiple-episode olanzapine subjects responded and 14 of 61 (23.0%) of placebo-treated subjects did. Conclusions: This preliminary data set suggest there may be differences in treatment response between first-illness episode versus multi-episode bipolar manic subjects. Larger numbers of subjects with these illness characteristics are needed to either confirm or refute this suggestion.
Paternal Behavior at First Contact with the Newborn in a Birth Environment without Intrusions

ABSTRACT: The behavior of seven fathers immediately after the births of their children in a home-like birth environment was videotaped by remote control cameras. Seven repetitiously exhibited behaviors were independently quantified by trained observers, using a continuous flow, slow motion video play-back technique. The first three minutes of neonate-oriented paternal behavior were examined for stability, to see if they emerged in uniform sequence, and were compared with the same behaviors shown in later minutes. The results indicate that initial father-newborn behaviors were stable. All the fathers showed the same sequence in the emergence of behaviors toward their new babies. After hovering and hand pointing behavior, contacts were made with the tips of the fingers, followed by palm contact with the newborn. These findings suggest that the repertoire of paternal behavior at initial encounters with their newborns may be species-characteristic of the human father, and may function to establish the father-to-newborn affectional bond.
Design and realization of IF digital demodulator based on software radio

The paper introduces a design based on high speed A/D, digital down converter, large capability SDRAM and hardware platform of high speed digital signal processor using and the realization of demodulation of FSK, BPSK, QPSK, ASK in different speed by different algorithms. The intermediate frequency digital demodulator has the feature of flexibility and fast refresh. The paper introduces the structure composition and working principle of the demodulator, and theoretical derivation and application description of the algorithm involved in digital demodulation.
Influence of a Constant Magnetic Field on Nervous Tissues: I. Nerve Conduction Velocity Studies

A study of the biomagnetic response of the circumesophageal connective of the lobster has been undertaken in order to investigate the influence of a constant magnetic field upon (i) the nerve impulse conduction velocity of the entire trunk, and (ii) the membrane potentials and the transmembrane currents of the giant axon of this nerve, under voltage-clamp conditions using the double sucrose gap technique. In this first paper, the results of the conduction velocity experiments are reported. They show that there is no significant effect of a 1.2 T magnetic field upon conduction velocity of the isolated nerve of the lobster, in either parallel or perpendicular configurations with respect to the field. The results of the biomagnetic experiments on the giant axon of the lobster under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions will be reported later.
The future of JGR-Space Physics

Much of the discussion at the recent Space Physics and Aeronomy section Executive Committee meeting held during the AGU 1991 Fall Meeting in San Francisco centered on future plans for JGR-Space Physics (Blue JGR). As most SPA members already know, James Van Allen has stepped in to fill the vacant editor's position following the death of Chris Goertz. Van Allen has agreed to serve for about 6 months until a search for a new editor is completed. He has appealed to the associate editors for greater support and hopes that authors from the western Pacific area and Europe will make greater use of their regional editors.
Artifactual electrocardiographic change mimicking clinical abnormality on the ECG

Electrocardiographic artifact is a common finding in patients requiring evaluation and monitoring in the prehospital, emergency department, or intensive care unit settings. Artifact results from both internal (physiological) and external (nonphysiological) sources. In most instances, artifact is recognized as an incorrect electrocardiographic signal--its only impact producing interference in electrocardiogram interpretation; artifact may also produce electrocardiographic signals which mimick disease--these signals the physician must recognize as artifact.
Genetic selection for protein solubility enabled by the folding quality control feature of the twin-arginine translocation pathway

One of the most vexing problems facing structural genomics efforts and the biotechnology enterprise in general is the inability to efficiently produce functional proteins due to poor folding and insolubility. Additionally, protein misfolding and aggregation has been linked to a number of human diseases, such as Alzheimer’s. Thus, a robust cellular assay that allows for direct monitoring, manipulation, and improvement of protein folding could have a profound impact. We report the development and characterization of a genetic selection for protein folding and solubility in living bacterial cells. The basis for this assay is the observation that protein transport through the bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway depends on correct folding of the protein prior to transport. In this system, a test protein is expressed as a tripartite fusion between an N-terminal Tat signal peptide and a C-terminal TEM1 β-lactamase reporter protein. We demonstrate that survival of Escherichia coli cells on selective medium expressing a Tat-targeted test protein/β-lactamase fusion correlates with the solubility of the test protein. Using this assay, we isolated solubility-enhanced variants of the Alzheimer’s Aβ42 peptide from a large combinatorial library of Aβ42 sequences, thereby confirming that our assay is a highly effective selection tool for soluble proteins. By allowing the bacterial Tat pathway to exert folding quality control on expressed target protein sequences, we have generated a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding and solubility in living cells, for molecular engineering of solubility-enhanced proteins or for the isolation of factors and/or cellular conditions that stabilize aggregation-prone proteins.
Towards evaluating the impact of ontologies on the quality of a digital library alerting system

Advanced personalization techniques are required to cope with novel challenges posed by attribute-rich digital libraries. At the heart of our deeply personalized alerting system is one extensible preference model that serves all purposes in conjunction with our search technology Preference XPath and XML-based semantic annotations of digital library objects. In this paper we focus on the impact of automatic query expansion by ontologies. First results indicate that use of ontologies improves the quality of the result set and generates further results of higher quality.
The invisible backhand or the “New marketing concept” must be turning Adam Smith in his grave

The drive to enlarge the marketing concept to embrance non-profit organizations has drawn attention to the tools and techniques of marketing at the expense of an appreciation for marketing’s function in the business world. This paper calls for a renewed awareness of the central role of profits, particularly with respect to social responsibility concerns. Many actions by business labelled as socially responsible are merely the result of enlightened profit motivation. Those actions which sacrifice long run profit for social action are seen as being beyond the purview of the business enterprise.
Robust analysis with respect to real parameter uncertainty

This paper revisits the problem of assessing robust stability of linear uncertain systems. It focus on systems with a single uncertain real parameter, in which case finite dimensional necessary and sufficient conditions for robust stability can be constructed in the form of LMIs (linear matrix inequalities). Among other things, we revisit and propose alternative LMI tests for a problem of computing the structured singular value with (D,G)-scalings and show that an existing condition for the existence of an affine parameter-dependent Lyapunov function which is known to be sufficient is also necessary in the case of a single uncertainty.
HEALTH OF ENROLLEES IN NEIGHBORHOOD YOUTH CORPS

The medical examination records of the first 165 enrollees in one urban Neighborhood Youth Corps were reviewed. The review revealed that the majority of the enrollees were in need of medical or dental services or both. Problems in the identification and treatment of medical conditions in this group are discussed. The importance of advanced planning of health care for this group is emphasized, and suggestions are made for such a health plan.
Customer Service and Safety-Stock Inventory

This note discusses alternative ways to measure customer service and relates these measures to investment in safety-stock inventory.
Consumer Behavior Analysis of Fair Trade Coffee: Evidence from Field Research.

Consumers have shown increased interest in purchasing goods with pro-environmental claims or products that promote societal well-being, such as fair wages paid to farmers of the raw materials and workers in the manufacturing process of a good (e.g., social product labels, including Fair Trade). However, few studies have explored actual purchase behavior of such goods. This in-store field study examined consumer purchase behavior of Fair Trade-labeled coffee in a privately owned coffee shop. The impact of two experimental conditions-(1) low- and high-information point-of-purchase label conditions promoting Fair Trade coffee availability and (2) service time, including morning and evening retail sales hours-were assessed to measure impact on coffee type purchased. Results suggest consumer preference for Fair Trade over non-Fair Trade coffee types across all conditions. Implications for the use of point-of-purchase advertisements and consumption of products promoting labels such as Fair Trade are discussed.
Source Effects on Realized Attenuation in Lined Ducts

Acoustic attenuation in uniform and non-uniform ducts is investigated with the purpose of developing a flexible method of prediction of performance of acoustic treatment. Optimization procedures of acoustic treatment based on several criteria have been developed. Comparison between results of the methods developed with test data shows no systematic agreement on either optimum impedance or sound attenuation achieved with given impedance. The study has revealed that optimization and realizable attenuation are very sensitive to details of the source. It is concluded that statistical methods are appropriate for the acoustic design procedure.