cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Retreat of the Pacific Maritime Forest

The temperate maritime climate of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States supports the worlds tallest and most economically productive conifer forests. These forests are vital to local ecosystems and society, and climate perturbations are likely to adversely affect the services these forests provide. This study presents a simple, easily replicated methodology for assessing effects of climate change in these local forests, using species with differential climatic ranges as ecological barometers. A comparative analysis of warm-adapted and cool-adapted species co-occurring within a warming but otherwise climatically homogenous area near the southeast margin of the Pacific maritime forest reveals dramatic differences in tree health and mortality between these climatically differentiated species groups. Our results strongly suggest a rapid decline at the southeastern extent of the Pacific maritime temperate forest, and a need to immediately modify local land management practices to address this new reality.
The inFlow intraurethral valve-pump for women with detrusor underactivity: A summary of peer-reviewed literature.

Context: Detrusor underactivity (DUA) in women can result in urinary retention and the need for chronic bladder drainage management. Without a cure for urinary retention due to DUA, treatment optio...
The Role of the Biceps Tendon in the Overhead Athlete

The long head of the biceps brachii is a frequent source of shoulder pathology, especially in overhead athletes such as gymnasts, volleyball players, baseball players, and softball players. Pathology of the long head of the biceps includes tears at the anchor of the tendon, frequently called superior labral anteroposterior tear, fraying and instability of the biceps at the biceps pulley, and pathology within the intertubercular groove. While physical examination and history are mainstays for diagnosis, in particular tenderness to palpation, advanced imaging is frequently necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Pathology of the biceps is usually initially treated nonoperatively with guided injections of either the glenohumeral joint or biceps sheath and physical therapy with a focus on strengthening the periscapular musculature and restoring normal scapular motion. When nonoperative treatment fails, open subpectoral biceps tenodesis can be considered, which has generally good outcomes and infrequent complications, but it should be used in caution with high-level baseball pitchers.
Advances in the Surgical Management of Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity

Summary The head and neck oncologic surgeon must continue to keep abreast of advances in surgical oncology, as well as radiation oncology, medical oncology, and basic sciences. It is encouraging to see for the first time a reduction in the mortality rate from oral cavity cancer. These advances must be expanded to further reduce mortality and morbidity rates and to raise the quality of life for our patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Right and Wrong: Black Preachers and the Intersections of Morality and Public Policy

Over the past several years there has been a notable increase in instances of African Americans mobilizing around conservative “morality” based policies such as opposition to same-sex marriage, birth control, gambling and abortion. This is significant because while there are conservative strands in black church traditions, black churches have typically supported progressive policies when they are actively engaged in the policy making process. In direct reaction to this increase in conservative “morality politics” in Black communities, there has also been the increasing use of a “morality” discourse to support progressive policies such as expanding voting rights, addressing police brutality and increasing the minimum wage - issues that more closely resemble the issues around which African Americans have traditionally mobilized. To explore the boundaries of black morality politics, we administered a survey to 100 black faith leaders. This paper examines the attitudes of these faith leaders regarding morality and public policy. The survey reveals that black faith leaders view a number of issues, not typically thought of as morality issues (e.g. mass incarceration, education and police brutality), through a lens of morality. It also revealed that many of these faith leaders held both progressive morality and socially conservative perspectives at the same time.
The Role of Composite Materials to Rehabilitate Plant Piping

This paper discusses a case study of composite materials rehabilitation on plant piping, and its influence to return the plant production after a fire. An evaluation was carried to evaluate damaged segments and propose a suitable repair mechanism. Reinstating the plant piping routes to minimize the production outage was a challenging task. Therefore composite materials repair technique was used to rehabilitate piping. This technique resulted in fast repairs. The process of composite material repair application starts with the defect identification and extent of the required repair. Based on the defect severity and geometry, a specific design of the composite materials wrap joint was developed. The composite material wrap/clamp joint design was as per ASME-PCC-2. Composite materials repair provided the piping with remarkable strength. Two wrapped locations were found to have air pockets because of improper installation, and therefore additional training is essential for the use of this composite wrap methodology.
Numerical simulation of two-phase droplets on a curved surface using Surface Evolver

Abstract In this paper, we present a new approach for using the Surface Evolver (SE) finite element program to simulate the 3-D shape of a droplet on a curved surface. The approach proposed in this paper circumvents the need for carrying out complicated derivations to obtain analytical expressions for the total energy of the interfacial areas between air, liquid, and solid surfaces. More specifically, we use the solid–liquid surface energy in place of the contact angle when simulating a droplet using SE. This approach also makes it easier to use SE to model a two-phase droplet (e.g., a compound droplet) on a solid surface. To better illustrate our approach, the 3-D shape of single-phase and compound pendant droplets are simulated on a hydrophobic spherical surface in the presence of gravitational and magnetic fields. For validation purposes, our computational results are compared to dedicated experimental data obtained by compounding water droplets with oil-based ferrofluids of different surface tensions.
The Health and Economic Benefits of Tests That Predict Future Progression to Tuberculosis Disease.

Background Effective targeting of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment requires identifying those most likely to progress to tuberculosis (TB). We estimated the potential health and economic benefits of diagnostics with improved discrimination for LTBI that will progress to TB. Methods A base-case scenario represented current LTBI testing and treatment services in the United States in 2020, with diagnosis via interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Alternative scenarios represented tests with higher positive predictive value (PPV) for future TB but similar price to IGRA, and scenarios that additionally assumed higher treatment initiation and completion. We predicted outcomes using multiple transmission-dynamic models calibrated to different geographic areas, and estimated costs from a societal perspective. Results In 2020, 2.1% (range across model results: 1.1%-3.4%) of individuals with LTBI were predicted to develop TB in their remaining lifetime. For IGRA, we estimated the PPV for future TB as 1.3% (0.6%-1.8%). Relative to IGRA, we estimated a test with 10% PPV would reduce treatment volume by 87% (82%-94%), reduce incremental costs by 30% (15%-52%), and increase quality-adjusted life years by 3% (2%-6%). Cost reductions and health improvements were substantially larger for scenarios in which higher PPV for future TB was associated with greater initiation and completion of treatment. Conclusions We estimated that tests with better predictive performance would substantially reduce the number of individuals treated to prevent TB, but would have a modest impact on incremental costs and health impact of TB prevention services, unless accompanied by greater treatment acceptance and completion.
Domesticating Danger: Coping Codes and Symbolic Security amid Violent Organized Crime in Mexico:

Sociologists have long debated how labels are deployed to construct and exaggerate social threats but have yet to consider their use to cope with danger. I draw on qualitative fieldwork conducted i...
Nobelpharma AB v. Implant Innovations, Inc.

The patent laws, granting a patent owner the right to exclude others from making, using, and selling his invention, uniquely provide immunity from antitrust violation.1 However, having obtained such immunity, the patent owner is obligated to refrain from asserting its rights in an anticom petitive manner or outside the scope of his patent.2 A primary method for a patent owner to legitimately assert his patent rights is to sue alleged in fringers, enjoin the infringing activity, and recover damages for revenue losses caused by the infringement.3 To defend himself in a patent infringement lawsuit, an accused in fringer may attempt to prove the invalidity and unenforceability of the patent in question. The accused infringer may also prove patent misuse, thereby suspending the patent owner's right to recover for infringement until the misuse is corrected.5 Or he may strike back by proving that the patent owner wrongfully asserted a patent in violation of antitrust laws, thereby stripping away his patent-granted immunity from such laws.6 The stakes are high for both parties when a violation of antitrust laws is alleged in an infringement counterclaim. The accused infringer must meet the challenge of proving 1) improper obtainment and assertion of the patent by the patent owner,7 as well as 2) injury as a result of improper
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Health Professions Education: Guidelines for Utilization

The demands for health care and health manpower are outstripping the ability of educational institutions to meet these demands with traditional educational approaches and methods (Keller, 1965). These demands, coupled with the changing roles of the health professions, and the varied learning styles of students, are creating a growing sense of the need for better educational methods. Medical education is being challenged as never before (Stewart, 1968). Educators are seeking to modify their approaches to instruction in order to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning systems.
Evaluation of the Doppler shift principle as a diagnostic aid in obstetrics

Abstract An ultrasonic Doppler instrument was used at Cook County Hospital to provide a quick safe method to obtain audible signals of fetal heart tones by means of a small transducer placed on the skin. It was used to study patients under 20 weeks' gestation who presented themselves to the prenatal clinic for routine prenatal care. Of 130 observations the Doppler instrument was 97 per cent accurate in picking up heart sounds after 10 weeks and 100 per cent accurate after 16 weeks after the last menstrual period. In 40 cases of pregnancies over 20 weeks' gestation in which three observers could hear no heart tones by auscultation, 23 showed evidence of fetal life by the ultrasound technique which was subsequently confirmed as correct. In 31 cases of third trimester vaginal bleeding, the Doppler instrument diagnosed 8 out of 9 positive placenta previas, as confirmed at delivery.
Measures of Self-Concept

Ruth C. Wylie's two volumes of The Self-Concept, published by Nebraska in 1974 and 1979, evaluated psychological and sociological studies of self-concept and self-esteem. Looking at a plethora of tests, Wylie found in 1974 that very few had been adequately conceived or implemented. Many produced results that were unverifiable or specious. Her findings had disturbing implications not only for the tests themselves but for substantive research based upon them. In the 1980s psychometric tests of self-concept have continued to proliferate. Wylie has continued to assess them.Measures of Self-Concept briefly summarizes the psychometric criteria for self-concept tests, as fully discussed in Wylie's 1974 book, and the present general state of methodological adequacy of currently used earlier tests and some promising new ones still under development. Although Wylie still finds serious shortcomings, she notes a greater attempt today to increase and evaluate the validity of self-concept indices. This book presents detailed, up-to-date information about and psychometric evaluations of ten self-concept tests that appear to be the most meritorious candidates for current use and for further research and development. It is the first book since her 1974 volume to review specific as well as general measures of self-esteem for a range of ages from preschool to adult.
Antiphospholipid antibodies harness innate effectors, neutrophils and an alternative pathway of complement, to induce fetal damage

In a murine model of antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)-induced pregnancy loss, we have demonstrated that activation of complement, specifically C5a–C5a receptor interactions, leads to fetal loss and growth restriction. Yet, the effectors of tissue injury, the role of individual complement activation pathways and the precise targets for treatment remain unknown. Because C5a recruits and activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and because PMN infiltration is evident at sites of fetal resorption, we considered the possibility that PMN are critical cellular effectors of fetal damage. To assess the effects of aPL antibodies in mice depleted of granulocytes, we treated pregnant mice with anti-mouse Ly-6G (α-Gr) or control murine IgG2K prior to administration of human IgG containing aPL (aPL-IgG). In the absence of granulocytes, mice did not develop aPL-induced pregnancy complications. The frequency of fetal resorptions was similar to that of mice treated with IgG from healthy controls (NH-IgG), while treatment with control IgG2bK was not protective (% fetal resorption, aPL-IgG + α-Gr, 8.5 ± 1.5%; NH-IgG, 10 ± 2; aPL + IgG2bK, 39 ± 5%*; fetal weight (mg), aPL + α-Gr, 352 ± 48; NH-IgG, 370 ± 56; aPL + IgG2bK, 187 ± 28*; * aPL vs NH-IgG, P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis of decidual tissues showed that, in the absence of neutrophil infiltration, either as a consequence of neutrophil depletion or due to blockade of the C5a–C5aR interaction, there was limited C3 deposition coincident with improved pregnancy outcomes. It has been suggested that neutrophils promote complement activation by secreting C3 and/or properdin at sites of inflammation, and thereby amplify complement activation via the alternative pathway. To examine the contribution of the alternative pathway to aPL-induced pregnancy loss, we performed studies in mice deficient in factor B (fB). In the absence of fB, mice were protected from aPL-induced fetal resorption and growth restriction (% fetal resorption fB-/- mice, aPL-IgG vs NH-IgG, 9.5 ± 2.4 vs 10.9 ± 2.1), indicating a role for the alternative pathway in fetal damage. This report, taken together with our previous work, shows that fB, C5 and C5aR are required for pregnancy complications triggered by aPL antibodies. Specifically, we identified the proinflammatory sequelae of C5a–C5aR interactions and the recruitment of neutrophils as the critical intermediates linking pathogenic aPL antibodies to fetal damage. Our findings identify the key innate immune effectors engaged by aPL antibodies that mediate poor pregnancy outcomes and provide novel and important targets for the prevention of pregnancy loss in antiphospholipid syndrome.
The first amendment and college student organizations

The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States has never been more important to administrators and faculties of colleges and universities than it is today. Courts have agreed that students do not surrender their civil rights upon enrollment in colleges and universities. At the same time, their enrollment as students in institutions of higher learning does not give them rights to immunity or special consideration and does not permit them to violate constitutional rights of others.
Soldier systems sensor fusion

This paper addresses sensor fusion and its applications in emerging Soldier Systems integration and the unique challenges associated with the human platform. Technology that,provides the highest operational payoff in a lightweight warrior system must not only have enhanced capabilities, but have low power components resulting in order of magnitude reductions coupled with significant cost reductions. These reductions in power and cost will be achieved through partnership with industry and leveraging of commercial state of the art advancements in microelectronics and power sources. As new generation of full solution fire control systems (to include temperature, wind and range sensors) and target acquisition systems will accompany a new generation of individual combat weapons and upgrade existing weapon systems. Advanced lightweight thermal, IR, laser and video senors will be used for surveillance, target acquisition, imaging and combat identification applications. Multifunctional sensors will provide embedded training features in combat configurations allowing the soldier to 'train as he fights' without the traditional cost and weight penalties associated with separate systems. Personal status monitors (detecting pulse, respiration rate, muscle fatigue, core temperature, etc.) will provide commanders and highest echelons instantaneous medical data. Seamless integration of GPS and dead reckoning (compass and pedometer) and/or inertial sensors will aid navigation and increase position accuracy. Improved sensors and processing capability will provide earlier detection of battlefield hazards such as mines, enemy lasers and NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) agents. Via the digitized network the situational awareness database will automatically be updated with weapon, medical, position and battlefield hazard data. Soldier Systems Sensor Fusion will ultimately establish each individual soldier as an individual sensor on the battlefield.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economic Benefits of Including Environmental Issues as a Component of Comprehensive Asthma Care

Asthma in the US is widespread, with incidence rates and morbidity increasing dramatically over the last 2 decades. The cost of asthma-related morbidity and mortality is large. There is substantial and convincing evidence that environmental factors are associated with asthma exacerbation, and more limited evidence that environmental factors play a role in the development of asthma. Educational interventions, which include an avoidance of ‘triggers’ or focus on reducing exposure to cigarette smoke, have been shown to be moderately effective. While various interventions have been shown to reduce environmental exposures, fewer studies have collected sufficient information on their effectiveness in reducing morbidity. Cost-effectiveness analyses on educational interventions suggest that reductions in direct costs are most prominently seen for severe asthma, with the interpretation of study findings impaired by a lack of methodological consistency. One analysis from a study that included physical interventions found that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $US9.20 per symptom-free day (95% CI -$US12.56, $US55.29), with potential cost savings for more severe asthma. We point out that current practice in managed care organizations (MCOs), as well as in other settings, rarely conforms to the current clinical practice guidelines for asthma. Two reviews of the policies and actions of MCOs found that while some were integrating environmental controls into their asthma disease management plans, their commitment to these strategies was limited by lack of a strong evidence base. We recommend the following: (i) continuation of educational programs; (ii) continuation and expansion of case management, including home visits; (iii) full integration of smoking cessation programs into asthma disease management; (iv) development of policies around reimbursement for durable goods; (v) participation in the setting of a policy agenda for population-based approaches to controlling key environmental factors; (vi) development of exploratory programs to address occupational asthma; (vii) integration, analysis and dissemination of environmental data collected by MCOs; and (viii) widespread MCO participation in research on environmental prevention of asthma.
Silicon oxynitride stability.

Silicon oxynitride occurs as a mineral (sinoite) in meteorites. Equilibrium measurements are reported which provide information on the approximate ratios of pressures of oxygen to nitrogen required for existence of this phase under equilibrium conditions at elevated temperatures. This ratio is approximately 10-15 at 1400° to 1500°C.
Tubuloglomerular and connecting tubuloglomerular feedback during inhibition of various Na transporters in the nephron.

Afferent (Af-Art) and efferent arterioles resistance regulate glomerular capillary pressure. The nephron regulates Af-Art resistance via: 1) vasoconstrictor tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), initiat...
Automated detection of puffing and smoking with wrist accelerometers

Real-time, automatic detection of smoking behavior could lead to novel measurement tools for smoking research and "just-in-time" interventions that may help people quit, reducing preventable deaths. This paper discusses the use of machine learning with wrist accelerometer data for automatic puffing and smoking detection. A two-layer smoking detection model is proposed that incorporates both low-level time domain features and high-level smoking topography such as inter-puff intervals and puff frequency to detect puffing then smoking. On a pilot dataset of 6 individuals observed for 11.8 total hours in real-life settings performing complex tasks while smoking, the model obtains a cross validation F1-score of 0.70 for puffing detection and 0.79 for smoking detection over all participants, and a mean F1-score of 0.75 for puffing detection with user-specific training data. Unresolved challenges that must still be addressed in this activity detection domain are discussed.
Description and quantification of uncertainty in outdoor sound propagation calculationsa)

The accuracy of outdoor sound propagation predictions is often limited by imperfect knowledge of the atmospheric and ground properties, and random environmental variations such as turbulence. This article describes the impact of such uncertainties, and how they can be efficiently addressed and quantified with stochastic sampling techniques such as Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS). Extensions to these techniques, such as importance sampling based on simpler, more efficient propagation models, and adaptive importance sampling, are described. A relatively simple example problem involving the Lloyd's mirror effect for an elevated sound source in a homogeneous atmosphere is considered first, followed by a more complicated example involving near-ground sound propagation with refraction and scattering by turbulence. When uncertainties in the atmospheric and ground properties dominate, LHS with importance sampling is found to converge to an accurate estimate with the fewest samples. When random turbulent scattering dominates, the sampling method has little impact. A comprehensive computational approach is demonstrated that is both efficient and accurate, while simultaneously incorporating broadband sources, turbulent scattering, and uncertainty in the environmental properties.
Mean Score Stability over Time of Programs on the Clinical Psychology Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology

A correlation of .80 was obtained between mean national licensing examination score in 1988–1995 of graduates of clinical programs and mean score of these programs in 1997. It was maintained that this stability over time strengthens the inference that this mean score is a good index of program quality.
Formation of diacetonamine and triacetonamine in plant extracts

Abstract Diacetonamine and triacetonamine were isolated from extracts of tangerine leaves and shown to be artifacts formed during the isolation procedure.
Influence of Covalency upon Rare-Earth Ligand Field Splittings

Experimental results for the shift with uniaxial stress of the $(^{2}F_{\frac{5}{2}},{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(^{2}F_{\frac{7}{2}},{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7})$ laser transition in ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}$:Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}$:Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ are presented. The results, 1.75 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${(\mathrm{d}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{n}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 1.78 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${(\mathrm{d}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{n}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, are used to calculate the radial dependence of the cubic ligand field splitting. The resulting dependence is somewhat larger than that predicted by the familiar electrostatic model for the splitting. Partially to determine its influence on the above result, we have considered the effect of covalency by means of a semiempirical molecular-orbital model. The overlap of the $4f$ orbitals with the neighboring fluoride ions was calculated using Hartree-Fock wave functions and known internuclear distances. The off-diagonal elements of the interaction Hamiltonian were obtained from the Wolfsberg-Helmholz approximation ${H}_{\mathrm{ij}}=\frac{2{S}_{\mathrm{ij}}({H}_{\mathrm{ii}}+{H}_{\mathrm{jj}})}{2}$. A range of reasonable values for the diagonal elements were obtained by analogy with those necessary to explain iron-series splittings. The largest group overlap of the $4f$ wave function with ${\mathrm{F}}^{1\ensuremath{-}}$ ligands was found to be 3.6% and leads to a sizable (our best estimate in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is 50%) covalent contribution to the ligand field splitting. We have also investigated some of the consequences of a covalent contribution of this magnitude. The radial dependence of the covalent part of the energy is greater than for the electrostatic part. The resulting radial dependence is thus in better agreement with experiment. Transferred hyperfine effects are calculated and compared to experiment, but the extent of the agreement is hard to ascertain because of uncertainty of the sign of the experimental quantity and polarization effects. The calculated orbital reduction factor for ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}$:Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is found to be much smaller than is observed. We have also calculated the expected variation of the ${(\mathrm{rare}\mathrm{earth})}^{3+}\ensuremath{-}{F}^{1\ensuremath{-}}$ overlap as a function of atomic number.
Determining the minimum in situ stress from hydraulic fracturing through perforations

Abstract Hydraulic fracture stress measurements have been performed through perforations at depths from 1310 to 2470 m at the U.S. Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment site. The results of over 60 stress tests conducted through perforations have shown that small-volume hydraulic fractures generally provide an accurate, reproducible measurement of the minimum in situ stress. However, unusual behaviour can occur in some tests and techniques to evaluate the behaviour are suggested. Stress results show that the stress distribution is dependent on lithology at this site; mudstones, shales and other non-reservoir rocks generally have a near-lithostatic stress, while sandstones have a considerable lower minimum stress value.
Synovioma of the Hand: Report of a Case

Tumors of the synovial tissues of joints, tendon sheaths and bursae are uncommon, and published reports of such tumors are few. Several authors, however, as Lejars and Rubens-Duval (1), Smith (2), and King (3), have noted distinctive features in these tumors, connected apparently with the nature of the tissue of origin. The names given tumors of this type by various writers (1), such as “endothelioma synoviale,” and “synovial sarco-endothelioma,” reflect a belief, no longer held by anatomists (Maximow, 4), that synovial membrane is endothelial in nature, and serve to place these tumors in a very uncertain category. The term “synovioma” has been applied by Smith (2) and is used by others (King, 3; Knox, 5), as indicative of the tissue of origin. The synovial membrane is derived from connective tissue, the cells of which possess a dual potentiality, becoming by development either supportive or lining cells. The cells of a synovial tumor may exhibit varying degrees of functional differentiation, forming organoid structures resembling synovia. The source and mode of formation of the synovial fluid are not definitely known, but the experimental work of Vaubel (6) with tissue cultures supports the theory that it is produced by the living synovial cells. In some of the cases on record, and in the case here reported, a viscid mucinous fluid resembling synovial fluid has been found within the tumor. In most of the reported cases the tumors have been malignant, although a few (7) have been apparently benign. The following case is reported because of its well marked organoid growth tendencies, and as an example of a benign form of synovioma.
Toward an intelligent tutoring system for teaching law students to argue with cases

This paper describes a research project to devise and test an intelligent, case-baaed tutorial program for teaching law students to argue with cases. In order to present pedagogically interesting lessons and develop a Student Model, we have designed memory structures such as Argument Contexts and a hierarchy of Issues in Case-Baaed Legal Reaaoning. Using logical expressions in the knowledge representation language Loom, we also explicitly represent case-based argument concepts such as a case’s being on point to a problem, more on point than another case, most on point of all the cases, a best case to cite, and a counterexample to another case. The program will be able to reason with the explicit concepts in selecting cases from a Case Library, assembling lessons and examples, analyzing student inputs, and in generating explanations and feedback. We hope to demonstrate empirically that, by providing law students a conceptual model of the criteria for selecting and describing precedents that would be useful in an argument, the tutorial program will help them to learn to select and apply cases more efficiently and to make more effective arguments.
Program evaluation in Africa

Abstract There are many possibilities for program evaluation in Africa. Unfortunately, evaluation research as a method is underutilized, thereby depriving policy makers of empirical data on which to base decisions. The socioeconomic conditions in Africa pose many challenges to researchers who wish to undertake evaluation research. This paper discusses those challenges and describes specific areas in which program evaluation might be particularly useful.
The Anticurvature Filing Method to Prepare the Curved Root Canal

A method of preparation of the curved root canal is described by which endodontic filling material can be introduced with little risk of damage to the canal walls.
Histological features of layers and sublayers in cortical visual areas V1 and V2 of chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, and humans

The layers and sublayers of primary visual cortex, or V1, in primates are easily distinguishable compared to those in other cortical areas, and are especially distinct in anthropoid primates - monkeys, apes, and humans - where they also vary in histological appearance. This variation in primate-specific specialization has led to a longstanding confusion over the identity of layer 4 and its proposed sublayers in V1. As the application of different histological markers relate to the issue of defining and identifying layers and sublayers, we applied four traditional and four more recent histological markers to brain sections of V1 and adjoining secondary visual cortex (V2) in macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans in order to compare identifiable layers and sublayers in both cortical areas across these species. The use of Nissl, neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), Gallyas myelin, cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nonphosphorylated neurofilament H (SMI-32), parvalbumin (PV), and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) preparations support the conclusion that the most popular scheme of V1 lamination, that of Brodmann, misidentifies sublayers of layer 3 (3Bβ and 3C) as sublayers of layer 4 (4A and 4B), and that the specialized sublayer of layer 3 in monkeys, 3Bβ, is not present in humans. These differences in interpretation are important as they relate to the proposed functions of layer 4 in primate species, where layer 4 of V1 is a layer that receives and processes information from the visual thalamus, and layer 3 is a layer that transforms and distributes information to other cortical areas.
Fractures of the upper extremity of the femur—neck and trochanter

Abstract Internal fixation appears to me the method of choice in dealing with fractures of the neck of the femur and intertrochanteric fractures. Of the many methods advanced, the Martin two-screw application is preferred from the standpoint of simplicity and efficiency. It gives results comparable to those reported by the use of procedures more popular at present. To date the cases forming the basis of this presentation are eighty in number and in the hands of twelve surgeons. This attests to the possibility of general use of the procedure by men qualified in surgery though possessing no special qualifications in the field of bone work. My thanks are hereby expressed to those who have so kindly allowed consideration of their cases in this presentation. Also to Dr. J. C. Rodick and the staff of the x -ray Department of Touro Infirmary, and to Drs. Samuel and Bowie for their kindness and assistance in procuring x -rays.
An axial xenon oscillation model

Abstract A two-point xenon oscillation model was developed for PWRs. The model employs the nonlinear xenon and iodine balance equations and the one group, one-dimensional neutron diffusion equation having nonlinear power reactivity feedback. A two-term spatial harmonic series solution was assumed for the flux, xenon and iodine distributions. The system was made as close to critical as possible with the assumed distributions using a variational principle. The xenon and iodine concentrations were then obtained from their governing differential equations. The input/output nature of the model makes it ideal for simulation of xenon-induced reactor transients. A comparison of the simulated plant to actual plant data was made. The period of oscillation, stability index and flux amplitude of the simulated plant were all found to match the actual plant data with less than 10% error.
Second-harmonic power extraction from InP Gunn devices with more than 1 mW in 260-320 GHz frequency range

State-of-the-art RF power levels of 1.2 mW and >1 mW in a second-harmonic mode at 280 and 315 GHz, respectively, have been obtained in InP Gunn devices on diamond heatsinks with graded doping profile. Devices with the anode close to the heatsink showed higher oscillation frequencies and better overall performance.
Type 2 Deiodinase Expression Is Induced by Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonists in Skeletal Myocytes

The thyroid hormone activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) is known to play a role in brown adipose tissue-mediated adaptive thermogenesis in rodents, but the finding of D2 in skeletal muscle raises the possibility of a broader metabolic role. In the current study, we examined the regulation of the D2 pathway in primary skeletal muscle myoblasts taken from both humans and mice. We found that pioglitazone treatment led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in primary human skeletal myocyte D2 activity; this effect was seen with other peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. D2 activity in primary murine skeletal myotubes increased 2.8-fold in response to 5 microM pioglitazone and 1.6-fold in response to 5 nM insulin and increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to lithocholic acid (maximum response at 25 microM was approximately 3.8-fold). We compared Akt phosphorylation in primary myotubes derived from wild-type and D2 knockout (D2KO) mice: phospho-Akt was reduced by 50% in the D2KO muscle after 1 nM insulin exposure. Expression of T(3)-responsive muscle genes via quantitative RT-PCR suggests that D2KO cells have decreased thyroid hormone signaling, which could contribute to the abnormalities in insulin signaling. D2 activity in skeletal muscle fragments from both murine and human sources was low, on the order of about 0.01 fmol/min . mg of muscle protein. The phenotypic changes seen with D2KO cells support a metabolic role for D2 in muscle, hinting at a D2-mediated linkage between thyroid hormone and insulin signaling, but the low activity calls into question whether skeletal muscle D2 is a major source of plasma T(3).
Evaluation of airway measurements in phantom parenchyma and soft tissue regions

The purpose of this work was to develop a 3D airway measurement technique that can be initialized at a single point (either automatically or user defined) and to evaluate the measurement accuracy with varying imaging parameters as well as in synthetic parenchyma and soft tissue regions. This approach may have advantages over existing methods that require segmentation of the entire airway branch. METHODS: Rays are cast spherically from the initial measurement point and a range image is created of the distance to the edge of the airway lumen. The trajectory of the airway is estimated from the range image, and can be used to re-construct a 2D slice perpendicular to the airway for cross-sectional measurements. The evaluation phantom consisted of 5 tubes (3.18 to 19.05 mm in diameter and 1.59 to 3.18 mm in wall thickness) embedded in synthetic lung parenchyma and soft tissue. Images were acquired at 10 and 100 mAs at three tube orientations (0°, 45°, 90°) and were reconstructed at 0.6 and 1.5 mm slice thicknesses with both smooth and standard reconstruction kernels. RESULTS: The overall diameter and wall thickness accuracy was 0.43 ± 0.19 mm and 0.28 ± 0.15 mm respectively in parenchyma regions and 0.46 ± 0.16 mm and 0.49 ± 0.40 mm respectively in the soft tissue regions. The overall accuracy of the trajectory estimate was 0.64 ± 0.51°. The proposed technique may allow a potentially larger number of airways to be measured for research and clinical analysis than with current methods.
Paradoxical effects of perturbation of intracellular levels of glutathione on halothane-induced hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroid rats.

Abstract Exposure of hyperthyroid rats to halothane results in a centrilobular necrosis of the liver and an 11-fold increase in serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels. These effects are not seen in euthyroid animals. Paradoxically, administration of diethylmaleate to hyperthyroid rats significantly decreased the levels of hepatic glutathione and blocked the halothane-induced hepatic necrosis as well as decreased the elevation of SGPT. In contrast, pretreatment of animals with N -acetylcysteine, an intracellular sulfhydryl repletor, significantly increased the severity of the halothane-induced hepatic necrosis and increased the elevation of SGPT. Similarly, cysteamine, another intracellular sulfhydryl repletor, also exacerbated halothane-induced liver injury. Halothane-induced hepatotoxicity is at least in part apparently regulated by cellular glutathione levels. Paradoxically, glutathione seems to be involved in the bioactivation rather than the detoxification of halothane.
The SOS3 family of calcium sensors and SOS2 family of protein kinases in Arabidopsis.

During the course of its lifecycle, a plant may experience extremes of temperature and moisture, excesses and deficiencies of minerals, and challenges from herbivores and pathogens, all of which provide specific signals for altered plant growth and development. Ca2+ has been widely implicated as an
Resignation and Positive Thinking in the Working-Class Family Sitcom

This article examines how two American Broadcasting Company programs, The Middle and Roseanne, portray working-class families differently to demonstrate a changing discourse in American culture about the possibilities of class resistance and social mobility. The article uses scholarship on framing and the representation of class to examine how The Middle has closed off possibilities for understanding class issues even while it purports to represent the struggles of the working class. It concludes that the program depicts positive thinking as described by Ehrenreich (2009) as a substitute for social action.
Return value placement and tail call optimization in high level languages

Abstract This paper discusses the interaction between tail call optimization and the placement of output values in functional and logic programming languages. Implementations of such languages typically rely on fixed placement policies: most functional language implementations return output values in registers, while most logic programming systems return outputs via memory. Such fixed placement policies incur unnecessary overheads in many commonly encountered situations: the former are unable to implement many intuitively iterative computations in a truly iterative manner, while the latter incur a performance penalty due to additional memory references. We describe an approach that determines, based on a low-level cost model for an implementation together with an estimated execution profile for a program, whether or not the output of a procedure should be returned in regsters or in memory. This can be seen as realizing in a restricted from of inter-procedural register allocation, and avoids the disadvantages associated with the fixed register and fixed memory output placement policies. Experimental results indicate that it provides good performance improvements compared to existing approaches.
Quantifying avian sexual dichromatism: a comparison of methods

SUMMARY Recent advances in portable spectrophotometers have allowed researchers to collect quantitative, objective data on colour. There are few comparisons of the different methods used to summarize and analyse spectrophotometer data, however. Using colour data on over 900 species of birds, we compared three methods of calculating sexual dichromatism using spectrophotometer data. We also compared sexual dichromatism calculated from spectrophotometer data, in both the ultraviolet (UV) and bird-visible range, with human estimates of sexual dichromatism. We found that all three methods, principal component analysis, segment classification and colour discriminability, yielded essentially comparable estimates of dichromatism for our extensive sample of birds. Certain methods may be better suited to a particular study depending on the questions addressed and the specific colours examined. We found that human visual estimates of dichromatism were similar to spectrophotometer estimates of dichromatism in the bird-visible range; however, human visual estimates did not predict the extent of UV dichromatism. Therefore, the conclusions of previous studies that relied on human vision to assess sexual dichromatism should be reliable. It is not possible, however, to predict a priori whether a species exhibits UV dichromatism without spectrophotometer measurements.
Large Bi-2212 single crystal growth by the floating-zone technique

Abstract Effects of growth velocity on the crystal-growth behavior of Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O x (Bi-2212) have been studied by the floating-zone technique. The results show that a necessary condition for obtaining large single crystals along the c -axis is that the solid–liquid interface of a growing rod maintains a stable planar growth front. The planar liquid–solid growth interface tends to break down into a cellular interface when the growth velocity is higher than 0.25 mm/h. Single crystals of up to 50×7.2×7 mm 3 along the a -, b - and c -axes, respectively, have been cut from a 7.2 mm diameter rod obtained with optimum growth conditions. T c onset is 91 K as determined from magnetization measurements on as-grown crystals. Optical polarization microscopy and neutron diffraction show that the quality of the large single crystals is good.
THE PHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH TO THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF STONE DISEASE

This article summarizes the physiologic mechanisms and pharmacologic effects that form the basis for the current medical management of urinary stone disease.
VEGF Spatially Directs Angiogenesis during Metanephric Development in Vitro

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is required for endothelial cell differentiation, vasculogenesis, and normal glomerular vascularization. To examine whether VEGF plays a role as a chemoattractant for the developing kidney vasculature, avascular metanephric kidneys from rat embryos (E14) were cocultured with endothelial cells. To determine whether VEGF directly provides chemoattractive guidance for migration, we examined migration of endothelial cells toward VEGF-coated beads. Mouse glomerular endothelial cells expressing β-galactosidase (MGEC) were isolated from Flk-1(+/−) heterozygous mice and passaged 4–12 times. Upon 24 h culture on collagen I gels MGEC formed a lattice or capillary-like network. Embryonic metanephroi were cocultured with MGEC on collagen I gels for 1–6 days in defined media, stained for β-galactosidase, and examined by light microscopy. Metanephric organs induced a rearrangement of the endothelial cell lattice and attracted MGEC. MGEC invaded the metanephric organs forming capillary-like structures within and surrounding the forming nephrons. This process was accelerated and amplified by low oxygen (3% O2) and was prevented by anti-VEGF neutralizing antibodies. MGECs migrated toward VEGF-coated beads, whereas PBS-coated beads did not alter MGEC networks. We conclude that VEGF produced by the differentiating nephrons acts as a chemoattractant providing spatial direction to developing capillaries toward forming nephrons during metanephric development in vitro.
Price Discrimination in Stackelberg Competition

We examine the effects of price discrimination in the Stackelberg competition model for the linear demand case. We show that the leader does not use any price discrimination at all. Rather, the follower does all price discrimination. The leader directs all of its first mover preemptive advantage to attract the highest value consumers who pay a uniformly high price. We observe that profits and total welfare are larger and consumer surplus is smaller than those of the standard Stackelberg competition model.
Parallelism in computations in quantum and statistical mechanics

Abstract Often very fundamental biochemical and biophysical problems defy simulations because of limitations in today's computers. We present and discuss a distributed system composed of two IBM 4341s and/or an IBM 4381 as front-end processors and ten FPS-164 attached array processors. This parallel system - called LCAP - has presently a peak performance of about 110 Mflops; extensions to higher performance are discussed. Presently, the system applications use a modified version of VM/SP as the operating system: description of the modifications is given. Three applications programs have been migrated from sequential to parallel: a molecular quantum mechanical, a Metropolis-Monte Carlo and a molecular dynamics program. Descriptions of the parallel codes are briefly outlined. Use of these parallel codes has already opened up new capabilities for our research. The very positive performance comparisons with today's supercomputers allow us to conclude that parallel computers and programming, of the type we have considered, represent a pragmatic answer to many computationally intensive problems.