cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Insecurity Is Associated with an Increased Prevalence of Comorbid Medical Conditions in Obese Adults: NHANES 2007–2014

Numerous studies have examined if food insecurity (FI) leads to increased weight gain, but little is known about how FI affects obese participants. Our objective was to determine if obese, food-insecure adults are more likely to have medical comorbidities than obese, food-secure adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). All obese participants (≥ 20 years) in NHANES were eligible. Participants who were pregnant or missing FI data were excluded. The primary exposure was household FI, and the primary outcome was the total number of obesity-related comorbidities. Secondary outcomes evaluated the association between FI and individual comorbidities. Propensity score weighting was used to improve covariate balance. We used negative binomial regression to test the association between FI and the total number of comorbidities. We used logistic regression to test the association between FI and individual comorbidities. Of the 9203 obese participants, 15.6% were food insecure. FI (β = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15; p = 0.01) and very low food security (β = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.28; p = 0.003) were associated with an increased number of comorbidities. In secondary analyses, FI was associated with increased odds of coronary artery disease (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0) and asthma (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.6). Very low food security was associated with increased odds of coronary artery disease, diabetes, and asthma. Obese adults living in food-insecure households were more likely to have an increased number of comorbid conditions than obese adults living in food-secure households. Clinicians should be aware of the association between FI and comorbid medical conditions when treating patients with obesity.
Investigating the Potential Effectiveness of Allocentric Mixed Reality Deictic Gesture

Mixed reality technologies offer interactive robots many new ways to communicate their beliefs, desires, and intentions to human teammates. In previous work, we identified several categories of visualizations that when displayed to users through mixed reality technologies serve the same role as traditional deictic gestures (e.g., pointing). In this work, we experimentally investigate the potential utility of one of these categories, allocentric gestures, in which circles or arrows are rendered to enable human teammates to pick out the robot’s target referents. Specifically, through two human subject experiments, we examine the objective and subjective performance of such gestures alone as compared to language alone and the combination of language and allocentric gesture. Our results suggest that allocentric gestures are more effective than language alone, but to maintain high robot likability allocentric gestures should be used to complement rather than replace complex referring expressions.
The localization of chitin synthase mediates the patterned deposition of chitin in developing Drosophila bristles.

Abstract The insect exoskeketon is a morphologically complex structure that is a key for the life style of this very successful group of animals. The cuticular cytoskeleton contains proteins, lipids and the N-acetyl glucosamine polymer chitin. Chitin is a highly patterned and essential component of the insect exoskeleton synthesized by chitin synthase. In most body regions chitin fibrils are found in a stack of parallel arrays that can be detected by transmission electron microscopy. Each array is rotated with respect to the layers above and below. In sensory bristles, chitin primarily accumulates in bands parallel to the proximal/distal axis of the bristle. These bands are visible by confocal microscopy providing experimental advantages. We have used this cell type and an edited chitin synthase gene to establish that the bands of chitin are closely associated with stripes of chitin synthase. This argues that the localization of chitin synthase plays an important role in mediating the patterned deposition of chitin in insect cuticle. However, other data suggest this connection may not be absolute. Several genes are essential for proper chitin deposition. We found one of these, Rab11 is required for the insertion of chitin synthase into the plasma membrane and a second, duskylike is required for plasma membrane chitin synthase to properly localize into stripes. We also established that the actin cytoskeleton is required for the proper localization of chitin synthase and chitin in developing sensory bristles. An unexpected finding is that chitin synthase and other membrane proteins are shed during or after the process of cuticle deposition and this may explain cases where there is a lack of a sharp phenotypic boundary between cells that have or lack chitin synthase activity.
Polymer-Threaded and Polymer-Wrapped Wormlike Micelle Solutions: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Using united atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate a new type of polymer-threaded wormlike micelles with polymer localized at the center of wormlike micelle (W...
Bayesian Additive Regression Trees: A Review and Look Forward

Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) provides a flexible approach to fitting a variety of regression models while avoiding strong parametric assumptions. The sum-of-trees model is embedded in ...
Event Outcome Prediction using Sentiment Analysis and Crowd Wisdom in Microblog Feeds.

Sentiment Analysis of microblog feeds has attracted considerable interest in recent times. Most of the current work focuses on tweet sentiment classification. But not much work has been done to explore how reliable the opinions of the mass (crowd wisdom) in social network microblogs such as twitter are in predicting outcomes of certain events such as election debates. In this work, we investigate whether crowd wisdom is useful in predicting such outcomes and whether their opinions are influenced by the experts in the field. We work in the domain of multi-label classification to perform sentiment classification of tweets and obtain the opinion of the crowd. This learnt sentiment is then used to predict outcomes of events such as: US Presidential Debate winners, Grammy Award winners, Super Bowl Winners. We find that in most of the cases, the wisdom of the crowd does indeed match with that of the experts, and in cases where they don't (particularly in the case of debates), we see that the crowd's opinion is actually influenced by that of the experts.
Strategies to Optimize Sexual Function with Feminizing and Masculinizing Genital Gender-Affirming Surgery

Many patients who identify as transgender and gender non-binary describe being unable to engage in a fulfilling sexual life before genital gender-affirming surgery. Negative feelings patients may have toward their own genitals may make it difficult (for some, impossible) to find any pleasure in activity related to their genitals (Garcia, Transl Androl Urol. 3(2):156–62, 2014, Garcia et al. Genital gender affirming surgery for transgender patients: American Urologic Association; 2017. AUA Update Series 2017, Bockting et al. N Engl J Med. 364(26):2559–60, 2011, De Cuypere et al. Arch Sex Behav. 34(6):679–90, 2005). A subset of patients may describe unambiguously negative feelings toward this part of their bodies, and many report that their genitals are the most, or among the most, significant source of gender dysphoria (Coleman. Int J Transgenderism. 13:165–232, 2012). Such feelings can preclude the ability to engage in self-pleasuring (masturbation) and/or the ability to have sexual relationships with others. Many patients describe orgasm before genital gender-affirming surgery as conflicted—offering fulfillment of physical needs but at the same time aggravating often intense gender dysphoria (De Cuypere et al. Arch Sex Behav. 34(6):679–90, 2005, Coleman. Int J Transgenderism. 13:165–232, 2012). Sexual activity, alone or with a partner, can be a reminder that an important part of their body is not as it should be and does not reflect the individual’s sense of self.
Electronic cigarette explosion/burn and poisoning related emergency department visits, 2018-2019.

Abstract Background Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has increased dramatically in recent years. Negative ECIG-related acute health effects have included explosion/burn injuries from battery failure and child ingestion/poisoning of liquid nicotine. However, there is an urgent need for continued surveillance of ECIG health effects to determine whether these outcomes change as ECIG devices and liquids rapidly evolve. This study updates national estimates of ECIG-related emergency department (ED) visits and describes the context of these injuries. Methods A keyword search of case narrative text was used to identify ECIG-related ED visits in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data. These cross-sectional data are designed to be weighted to provide national estimates of consumer product-related injuries treated in EDs. ECIG-related injuries were described and categorized, and sampling weights applied to model national estimates. Results From 2015 to 2019 there were an estimated 3369 ED visits from ECIG explosion/burn injuries (95% CI = 2020, 4718), and an estimated 676 visits from 2019 alone (95% CI = 315, 1036). In 2018–2019, there were an estimated 1550 cases of children Conclusions Despite a notable shift in the US market towards ECIG devices that use lower electrical power and disposable “pods” (e.g., JUUL), liquid chemical ingestion among young children and ECIG explosion/burn injuries persist. Improved product regulations are urgently needed to prevent negative health effects caused by ECIGs, as well as prevent their ingestion and use by children.
Muscle phenotype of a rat model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Introduction Our aim was to assess key muscle imaging and contractility parameters in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) rat model (Dmd-KO rat), which have not yet been characterized sufficiently. Methods We performed in-vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for thigh and leg muscles, and performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and in-vivo muscle contractility testing in specific hindlimb muscles. Results MRI prior to testing muscle contractility revealed multiple, unevenly distributed focal hyperintensities in the Dmd-KO rat quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles. H&E staining showed corresponding areas of inflammation and ongoing regeneration. In-vivo contractile testing showed maximal force generated by Dmd-KO muscles was significantly lower, and susceptibility to injury was ~ two-fold greater in the Dmd-KO rats compared to wild-type (WT) rats. Discussion Together, the MRI findings, histological findings, and the low strength and high susceptibility to injury in muscles support use of the Dmd-KO rat as an animal model of DMD.
Dot's World: An Emotional Development Support Platform for Children

This project was started to explore ways we can utilize the benefits of human-robot facilitated therapy to support a child's emotional development and identify needs for early intervention. As a result, we designed an app prototype called Dot's World that features a chatbot that leads daily conversations about emotional well-being and facilitates emotional education exercises. We also created a companion app prototype for parents to involve them in their child's emotional growth and identify needs for early intervention. To understand the current perceptions of emotional health and existing solutions for support, we conducted customer discovery interviews with parents and education professionals like teachers, psychologists, and counselors. Multiple factors in the interview process including variations in technology access as well as confidence in traditional methods of emotional development have led us to pivot our original vision. Interviews with professionals in the education system helped us to realize an apparent need for a platform providing socio-emotional tools for educators and improving communication channels within the child's support system. We will be iterating on Dot's World's design and conducting more interviews to better understand and support the need of this new demographic.
Abstract 745: Circulating plasma metabolites and breast cancer risk

Metabolite profiles reflect the integrated impact of the genome and exogenous exposures on the metabolic state and may provide insight into biologic mechanisms contributing to breast cancer development. To better understand this, we explored the association between pre-diagnostic plasma metabolites (N=307) and breast cancer among women in the Nurses9 Health Study. Plasma metabolites were profiled for cases and controls via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using samples taken ≥10 years prior to diagnosis (distant, N=939 cases), and Citation Format: Kristen D. Brantley, Oana A. Zeleznik, Rulla Tamimi, Bernard Rosner, Julian Avila-Pacheco, Clary B. Clish, A Heather Eliassen. Circulating plasma metabolites and breast cancer risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 745.
Abstract 462: The development of a highly efficient diagnostic marker combined with PSA of prostate cancer (PCa)

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a well-known diagnosis maker for detecting prostate cancer (PCa) using a serum test. However, PSA testing remains controversial because it shows a high false-positive rate and lacks the sensitivity of PCa patients with low PSA levels, although patients have metastasis. Recently, we found an E3 ubiquitin ligase, WSB1, highly expressed in PCa patients with low PSA levels. Overexpressed WSB1 is found in various human cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and PCa. Especially with PCa, WSB1 is highly expressed in metastatic PCa. Using RNA seq. database from PCa patients (65 primaries and 25 metastasis), we found that WSB1 is highly expressed in 90% (9/10) of patients among ten primary patients with normal PSA levels and 100% (6/6) of patients among six metastasis patients with normal PSA levels. WSB1 expression shows a significant correlation with aggressive PCa progression. Furthermore, WSB1 can secrete into cell culture media like PSA. Therefore, we suggest that WSB1 could be a highly efficient marker combined with PSA for PCa diagnosis as well as being developed as a screening test for the early detection of PCa in the high-risk group. Citation Format: SeungBaek Lee, JungJin Kim. The development of a highly efficient diagnostic marker combined with PSA of prostate cancer (PCa) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 462.
Measuring the Effect of Sustainability on Tobin’s Q

Do sustainable practices affect the value of the firm, as measured by Tobin’s Q ratio, and if so, would its effect be detectable on firm value? We propose a model where a renewable resource is viewed as an input as part of the firm’s production function. It is found that a measure of sustainable resource use must also reflect pricing power of the firm, tax rates and the cost of capital. I then provide evidence from simulations and small sample estimation that simple corrections to sustainability measures suggested by the model improve the statistical power of testing for the effects of sustainability on firm value. The estimated effects of sustainable resource use for a sample of 39 electricity utilities finds that even an improper correction of a sustainability measure can yield substantial improvements.
Graft Versus Host Disease After Intestinal Transplantation: A Single-center Experience.

Background Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is an uncommon but highly morbid complication of intestinal transplantation (ITx). In this study, we reviewed our 17-y experience with GVHD focusing on factors predicting GVHD occurrence and survival. Methods Retrospective review of 271 patients who received 1 or more ITx since program inception in 2003 with survival analysis using Cox proportional hazard modeling. Results Of 271 patients, 28 developed GHVD 34 (18-66) d after ITx presenting with rash or rash with fever in 26, rectosigmoid disease in 1, and hemolysis in 1; other sites, mainly rectosigmoid colon, were involved in 13. Initial skin biopsy demonstrated classic findings in 6, compatible findings in 14, and no abnormalities in 2. Additional sites of GVHD later emerged in 14. Of the 28 patients, 16 died largely from sepsis, the only independent hazard for death (hazard ratio [HR], 37.4181; P = 0.0008). Significant (P < 0.0500) independent hazards for occurrence of GVHD in adults were pre-ITx functional intestinal failure (IF) (HR, 15.2448) and non-IF diagnosis (HR, 20.9952) and early post-ITx sirolimus therapy (HR, 0.0956); independent hazards in children were non-IF diagnosis (HR, 4.3990), retransplantation (HR, 4.6401), donor:recipient age ratio (HR, 7.3190), and graft colon omission (HR, 0.1886). Variant transplant operation was not an independent GVHD hazard. Conclusions Initial diagnosis of GVHD after ITx remains largely clinical, supported but not often confirmed by skin biopsy. Although GVHD risk is mainly recipient-driven, changes in donor selection and immunosuppression practice may reduce incidence and improve survival.
Deceptive robot motion: synthesis, analysis and experiments

Much robotics research explores how robots can clearly communicate true information. Here, we focus on the counterpart: communicating false information, or hiding information altogether--in one word, deception. Robot deception is useful in conveying intentionality, and in making games against the robot more engaging. We study robot deception in goal-directed motion, in which the robot is concealing its actual goal. We present an analysis of deceptive motion, starting with how humans would deceive, moving to a mathematical model that enables the robot to autonomously generate deceptive motion, and ending with a studies on the implications of deceptive motion for human-robot interactions and the effects of iterated deception.
Evaluation of a recoil-escape fiber target using /sup 94/Mo(p,n)/sup 94m/Tc to produce /sup 94/TcO/sub 4//sup -/ precursor for radiolabeled compounds useful in positron emission tomography

A variety of compounds radiolabeled with /sup 99m/Tc(140 keV /spl gamma/ T/sub 1/2/=6 hours) are widely used in nuclear medicine imaging. These compounds can also be radiolabeled using the positron-emitting precursor /sup 94m/TcO/sub 4//sup -/ (T/sub 1/2/=53 minutes) and used with positron emission tomography (PET) to measure tissue concentrations in /spl mu/Ci/cm/sup 3/, and produce kinetic data useful to understand the mechanism of drug action. This work-in-progress evaluates a novel accelerator target for producing /sup 94m/Tc. Positron emitters have been produced with fiber targets, using the principle of recoil escape in which the target atoms are in a solid form, while recovering the product radionuclide ion by stopping it in a liquid or a gas. The recoil ion is transported out of the target, leaving the remaining target material to be used repeatedly in subsequent production runs. Our proposed target is based on this method.
Online social networks: measurement, analysis, and applications to distributed information systems

Recently, online social networking sites have exploded in popularity. Numerous sites are dedicated to finding and maintaining contacts and to locating and sharing different types of content. Online social networks represent a new kind of information network that differs significantly from existing networks like the Web. For example, in the Web, hyperlinks between content form a graph that is used to organize, navigate, and rank information. The properties of the Web graph have been studied extensively, and have lead to useful algorithms such as PageRank. In contrast, few links exist between content in online social networks and instead, the links exist between content and users, and between users themselves. However, little is known in the research community about the properties of online social network graphs at scale, the factors that shape their structure, or the ways they can be leveraged in information systems. In this thesis, we use novel measurement techniques to study online social networks at scale, and use the resulting insights to design innovative new information systems. First, we examine the structure and growth patterns of online social networks, focusing on how users are connecting to one another. We conduct the first large-scale measurement study of multiple online social networks at scale, capturing information about over 50 million users and 400 million links. Our analysis identifies a common structure across multiple networks, characterizes the underlying processes that are shaping the network structure, and exposes the rich community structure. Second, we leverage our understanding of the properties of online social networks to design new information systems. Specifically, we build two distinct applications that leverage different properties of online social networks. We present and evaluate Ostra, a novel system for preventing unwanted communication that leverages the difficulty in establishing and maintaining relationships in social networks. We also present, deploy, and evaluate PeerSpective, a system for enhancing Web search using the natural community, structure in social networks. Each of these systems has been evaluated on data from real online social networks or in a deployment with real users.
PROJECT GALILEO MISSION DESIGN

The mission design for Project Galileo is described. Details are presented on the design of the trajectory from launch through completion of the satellite tour, with emphasis on how this design is influenced both by science requirements on the mission and by the interaction of this design with the various elements of the Project. A number of features contribute to the uniqueness of the mission design for this Project. Among the more salient of these that are described in this paper are the use of numerous planetary or satellite encounters for gravity assisted trajectory shaping, and closely related to this, the threading of a trajectory through the Galilean satellite system which meets the mission objectives with a minimum of propulsive trajectory corrections.
Homosexuality: Exploring Your Feelings

(1992). Homosexuality: Exploring Your Feelings. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 307-309.
Galactic Mergers: Major Issues Remaining

The Scientific and Local Organizing Committees deserve our warmest thanks for what has been both a very productive and an exceedingly pleasant conference. But at the risk of seeming ungrateful, I think that some criticism is in order as well. The listener at this conference and the reader of these proceedings cannot help but have been struck by the frequency with which the word “merger” has been used, mostly, but not exclusively, in contexts supporting hypothesized mergers. It was surely evident to the scientific organizing committee that this was to be the case. It strikes me as unfortunate, therefore, that the word “merger” fails to appear in the conference title.
Pediatric traumatic brain injury: do racial/ethnic disparities exist in brain injury severity, mortality, or medical disposition?

INTRODUCTION: Little is known regarding pediatric racial/ethnic disparities. We sought to determine if racial/ethnic disparities exist in the severity, mortality, or medical disposition of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: We analyzed data from a comprehensive trauma database assembled at a large independent children's hospital. Among all patients evaluated by the trauma service in the emergency department (ED), cases of TBI were identified (N=1035). Analyses contrasted non-Hispanic White children with all others (minority children). The relationship of race to patient characteristics, brain injury severity, mortality, and medical disposition (hospital admission, intensive care unit admission) was analyzed by using bivariable approaches and multivariate logistic regression. The latter controlled for age, overall injury severity, and insurance status. RESULTS: Although sociodemographic characteristics did not differ, the mechanism of injury was significantly different (P<.001); minority children were more likely to have been a pedestrian or cyclist struck by a vehicle. Minority children were less likely to require transfer to the ED for treatment and were more likely to be publicly insured (P<.001). No differences in brain injury severity, mortality, or medical disposition were observed with both bivariable and multivariable approaches. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the first to examine potential disparities in trauma and contributes to the small but growing literature in pediatric health disparities. Multiple explanations are explored, several with potential implications for reducing disparities in other health conditions. Identifying conditions in which evaluation and treatment appears to be free of disparities may provide insights for subsequent investigations and interventions.
Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, American Modernity

Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, American Modernity. Micaela di Leonardo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 445 pp.
VISIONARY COMMUNICATION QUALITIES AS MEDIATORS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NARCISSISM AND ATTRIBUTIONS OF LEADER CHARISMA

This study seeks to answer questions that have been raised regarding the precise nature of the relationship between narcissism and charismatic leadership. Specifically, we test a model that portrays the roles of socialized vision and visionary boldness as mediators in the relationship between narcissism and attributions of leader charisma. Our findings suggest that narcissism is positively related to vision boldness but negatively related to socialized vision. In turn, both aspects of vision are positively associated with attributions of leader charisma. These results add clarity to the literature regarding the personal basis of charismatic leadership by providing insight into how aspects of visionary communication may mediate the indirect relationship between narcissism and attributions of charismatic leadership.
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Neuropathy Following the Long Head of the Biceps Rupture

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous neuropathies present as purely sensory lesions, manifesting as elbow pain or dysesthetic pain over the lateral forearm. Classically, entrapment of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve has been documented at the lateral edge of the biceps tendon as it exits the deep fascia in the antecubital fossa. We report a case of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve traction neuritis, rather than entrapment, resulting from a rupture of the long head of the biceps. The biceps displaced the nerve laterally, resulting in sensory loss and severe allodynia. The patient's symptoms were relieved with proximal biceps tenodesis.
Pediatric sand aspiration: case report and literature review

Sand aspiration is a rare but life-threatening event that occurs in the pediatric and adult populations after cave-ins or near drownings. We report the case of a 10-year-old boy who suffered from aspiration of particulate matter after being buried in sand. In addition, we performed a literature review regarding similar cases and their treatment of aspiration of significant amounts of particulate matter. Treatment of the victims ranges from conservative to very aggressive. The treatment employed is dictated by the patient's current condition and the services available to the physician.
Variability of Respiration and Metabolism: Responses to Submaximal Cycling and Running

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine day-to-day variations in metabolic measurements during submaximal exercise. Ten male subjects (five cyclists, five runners) randomly performed four cycling (CYC) and four running (RUN) trials. CYC trials were conducted on a bicycle ergometer at 100 W, 150 W, and 200 W; and RUN trials at treadmill velocities of 170, 200, and 230 m/min. Oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O 2 ) and minute ventilation ([Vdot]E) were recorded each minute by a computer-based system. Blood lactic acid (HLA) was sampled from an antecubital vein at 3-min post exercise. No significant differences (p > .05) were found between cyclists and runners in [Vdot]O 2 , [Vdot]E, or HLA at any workload. The mean coefficients of total variation (CVt = SD/[Xdot] · 100%) for [Vdot]O 2 were 4.42% (CYC) and 3.80% (RUN); mean CVt for [Vdot]E were 3.86% (CYC) and 4.82% (RUN); mean CVt for HLA were 13.4% (CYC) and 16.3% (RUN). Significant day-to-day differences (p < .05) were found in [Vdot]O 2 of cycl...
Coping Strategies of Abstainers From Alcohol Up To Three Years Post-treatment

This study characterizes the experiences and coping strategies of 23 alcohol-dependent persons who maintained abstinence from alcohol use up to three years post-treatment. Interview, journal, and mail questionnaire data were collected at 12, 18 and 36 months post-treatment. The results support and extend the theoretical model of change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1984). Hallmarks of successful change included factors that can be learned, practiced, perfected and are transferable to other alcohol-dependent persons who decide to break the addictive cycle.
Photochemical and antimicrobial properties of novel C60 derivatives in aqueous systems.

Four novel hexakis C60 derivatives with varying functionalities were synthesized, and their photochemical properties and photodynamic disinfection efficiencies were quantitatively evaluated. All these C60 derivatives generated 1O2 more efficiently than commercial multihydroxylated C60 (fullerol), as assessed by furfuryl alcohol consumption and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. Despite significant agglomeration/aggregation in the aqueous phase to micrometer-sized particles, nanosecond laser flash photolysis showed that the lifetime of triplet state (a key intermediate for energy transfer responsible for 1O2 production) was comparable to reported values for pristine C60 in organic phase. As a result of facile 1O2 production, the C60 derivatives efficiently inactivated Escherichia coli and MS-2 bacteriophage. Cationic aminofullerene hexakis, which likely exerted electrostatic attraction, exhibited exceptionally rapid virus inactivation even compared to commercial nano-TiO2 photocatalyst. These unique...
HIV-1 seroprevalence and risk behaviors in an urban African-American community cohort.

OBJECTIVES. Previous attempts at obtaining population estimates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence have been beset by problems of cooperation bias. As part of the fourth round of study with an urban African-American community cohort, the following investigation was aimed at assessing HIV-1 prevalence and the relative importance of sex and drug injection as risk factors in infection. METHODS. Personal interviews were conducted in the home with 364 respondents, followed by voluntary blood sample collection from 287 of these individuals. RESULTS. Blood assays showed a point prevalence of 8.4% HIV-1 seropositivity in this community cross section, with a higher female-to-male ratio than appears among acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) case reports. Most infected persons were unaware and unsuspecting of their infection. CONCLUSIONS. First, findings underscore the need to focus on risk behaviors rather than on risk groups. Second, the smaller than 2:1 ratio of infected men to wo...
Economic-demographic linkages in an extended U.S. input—output model: the impact of income and age

Abstract In this paper we extend the traditional Miyazawa framework to analyze the interrelations between income, age and income-age subgroups in the income formation process. Our model is constructed using the 1972 U.S. input-output table and data from the 1972 Consumer Expenditure Survey, the 1972 National Income and Product Accounts and the 1980 Census. There are a number of interesting trends in the data that indicate age is an important disaggregation criterion. Three different income bases are specified: gross, disposable and consumption, and we examine the sensitivity of the interrelational multipliers to the income base specification. We compare our results with the findings of Rose and Beaumont, who conducted a similar study, but considered only income, rather than income and age. Our results show that the income-age disaggregation adds considerable information to a household endogenous input-output model and that multiplier values and trends vary significantly with income base specification.
Mastopexy and reduction mammoplasty pedicles and skin resection patterns.

Summary: Mastopexy and reduction mammoplasty share techniques of pedicle formation and skin excision patterns, with the main difference being the amount of breast tissue resected. Various types of excision patterns and orientation of pedicles were developed throughout the years, each with flares of popularity at different times. This article reviews the multiple techniques of pedicle orientation and skin excision patterns separately and gives the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Shading decreases the abundance of the herbivorous California horn snail, Cerithidea californica

Abstract Most of the intertidal zone in estuaries of California, USA and Baja California, Mexico is covered with vascular vegetation. Shading by these vascular plants influences abiotic and biotic processes that shape benthic community assemblages. We present data on the effects of shading on the California horn snail, Cerithidea californica . This species is important because it is the most common benthic macrofaunal species in these systems and acts as an obligate intermediate host of several species of trematode parasites that infect several other species. Using observational and experimental studies, we found a negative effect of shade on the distribution and abundance of the California horn snail. We hypothesized that shading reduces the abundance of the epipelic diatoms that the snails feeds on, causing snails to leave shaded areas. We observed a negative relationship between vascular plant cover, sub-canopy light levels, and snail density in Mugu Lagoon. Then we experimentally manipulated light regimes, by clipping vegetation and adding shade structures, and found higher snail densities at higher light levels. In Goleta Slough, we isolated the effect of shade from vegetation by documenting a negative relationship between the shade created by two bridges and diatom and snail densities. We also found that snails moved the greatest distances over shaded channel banks compared to unshaded channel banks. Further, we documented the effect of water depth and channel bank orientation on shading in this system. An additional effect of shading is the reduction of temperature, providing an alternative explanation for some of our results. These results broaden our knowledge of how variation in the light environment influences the ecology of estuarine ecosystems.
Comparisons of Some Graphical Methods for Exploratory Multivariate Data Analysis

Abstract Kleiner and Hartigan (1981) introduced trees and castles (graphical techniques for representing multidimensional data) in which the variables are assigned to components of the display on the basis of hierarchical clustering. An experiment was performed to assess the efficacy of trees and castles in discrimination. The graphs were compared to two types of histograms: one with variables assigned randomly, the other with variables assigned according to hierarchical clustering. Trees tended to give the best results.
Cultural transmission can inhibit the evolution of altruistic helping.

Abstract: The study of culturally inherited traits has led to the suggestion that the evolution of helping behaviors is more likely with cultural transmission than without. Here we evaluate this idea through a comparative analysis of selection on helping under both genetic and cultural inheritance. We develop two simple models for the evolution of helping through cultural group selection: one in which selection on the trait depends solely on Darwinian fitness effects and one in which selection is driven by nonreproductive factors, specifically imitation of strategies achieving higher payoffs. We show that when cultural variants affect Darwinian fitness, the selection pressure on helping can be markedly increased relative to that under genetic transmission. By contrast, when variants are driven by nonreproductive factors, the selection pressure on helping may be reduced relative to that under genetic inheritance. This occurs because, unlike biological offspring, the spread of cultural variants from one gro...
Evaluation of some thin film transition metal compounds for high temperature resistance strain gauge application

Abstract A set of criteria were set and used to select high temperature resistance strain gauge candidate materials. Transition metal compounds, including carbides, nitrides, a boride and a silicide, were chosen for the experimental phases. The electrical resistance of these compound thin films was studied in the temperature range 20–1000°C with the intention of identifying materials with a low temperature coefficient of resistance and a low resistance drift rate at 1000°C. These are the two controlling factors in the selection of materials which are potentially useful as resistance strain gauges at 1000°C. A correlation between the resistivity of these compound thin films, their temperature coefficients of resistance, their drift rates and the position of the transition metal in the periodic table has been established.
Dynamics of a coupled-mode system: Explicit analysis at order ε 2

The renormalization-group equations for critical behavior in $4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions are generalized to the discussion of dynamic exponents at $T={T}_{c}$ and then applied to a situation recently considered by Hohenberg, Halperin, and Ma (HHM); namely, one in which an $n$-component primary field $\ensuremath{\psi}$ is coupled to a secondary field $\ensuremath{\phi}$ via a ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}(\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\psi})\ensuremath{\phi}$ coupling. In this work their analysis of relaxational fields is explicitly considered at order ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}$. For $nl4$, we find the dynamic exponents differ in one case at $O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2})$ from that given by HHM. In contrast to HHM, the dynamic scaling postulate is also preserved by the second-order fixed points in all instances and detailed analysis is given. The fixed-point values of $R$, a dimensionless ratio of relaxation rates for the $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}$ fields, in certain cases, is found to go as ${R}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ which is a new result. This large value where it occurs is found essential to understanding dynamic scaling. Analysis of the case of a propagating conserved $\ensuremath{\phi}$ field also is given. It is found that its dynamic critical properties can be characterized by its damping term alone.
The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision: Validation with Brain-Damaged and Normal Children:

This paper discusses briefly the development and rationale behind the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision. Three investigations are discussed: (a) the development of normative data on a group of 125 normal children between the ages of 96 and 155 months, (b) development of the critical level formula for determining the upper bounds for normal performance given a child's age, and (c) a validation of the ability of the battery to discriminate between normal and brain-injured children selected as a separate sample from that used in the initial investigations. In the third study, a MANOVA as well as subsequent individual t tests indicated highly significant group differences. Counting scores above the patient's critical level (as determined from the formula designed in the second investigation) resulted in correct classification of 89% of the normal children and 79% of the brain-injured children. Methods of interpreting the battery and limitations of the current study are discussed.
Formation of brominated dioxins and brominated phenazines from pyrolyses of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline and N-(tribromophenyl) maleimide

Abstract Antimony (III) oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) was found to cause an initial increase of the bromodioxin analog, tetrabromophenazine, in the pyrolysis of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline. At higher concentrations of Sb 2 O 3 and at longer residence time, Sb 2 O 3 addition decreased the amount of tetrabromophenazine. Also, the pyrolyses of the flame retardant preparation, N-(tribromophenyl) maleimide and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline were found to produce tetrabromophenazine, tribromophenazine, tetrabromodioxins and tetrabromofurans.
Infrared spectra of the Gramicidin A transmembrane channel: The single-stranded-β6-helix

IR spectra are reported for preparations of Gramicidin A and malonyl Gramicidin A incorporated as the channel state in phospholipid structures. In this preparation Gramicidin A has already been shown to be unequivocally in the single-stranded β-helical conformation. The result is an amide I frequency of 1633 ± 1 cm−1. This demonstrates that the single-stranded β-helix has an amide I frequency that has previously been considered to be diagnostic of antiparallel double-stranded β-helix and of β-sheet structures.
Hydrogen bonding in polybenzimidazole/polyimide systems: a Fourier-transform infra-red investigation using low-molecular-weight monofunctional probes

Abstract To elucidate the nature of the specific interactions occurring in polybenzimidazole/polyimide (PBI/PI) miscible blends, a Fourier-transform infra-red investigation on these polymers in the presence of low-molecular-weight monofunctional compounds was undertaken. In the case of PBI the probe compounds were proton-accepting molecules (aliphatic ketones) able to form hydrogen-bonding interactions with the polymeric substrate. In the case of the two investigated polyimides, poly([2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenylpropane]-2-phenylenebisimide) (Ultem 1000) and the condensation product of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 5(6)-amino-1-(4′-aminophenyl)-1,3,3′-trimethylindane (XU 218), the carbonyl functional group in the probes was replaced by a hydroxyl group. This approach allowed us to conclude that in PBI/PI blend systems a hydrogen-bonding interaction occurs between the polymeric components.
Excited-state axial-ligand photodissociation and nonpolar protein-matrix reorganization in Zn(II)-substituted cytochrome c

We have obtained picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra from Zn(II)-substituted cytochrome c (ZnCytc) over the 100-ps to 12-ns time scale. The vibronic structure of the Q-band fluorescence spectrum exhibits a pronounced biexponential response (τ 1 = 120 ps, τ 2 = 7 ns), with the 0-0 band decreasing and the 0-1 band increasing in intensity in a mirror-image fashion with respect to time. These changes evidence a sequential photodissociation of the Zn(II) ion's two axial ligands, which are likely to be supplied by the side chains of the Met 80 and His 18 residues, as in the Fe(II,III)-containing molecule. The time constant for the fast phase of response is significantly slowed when the external solvent contains 50% (v/v) glycerol. These results show that the breaking of the first axial-ligand bond is rate limited by the reorganization of the surrounding protein matrix, which in turn is damped by the surrounding solvent. The protein-matrix response to the axial-ligand photodissociation reaction in ZnCytc is an example of nonpolar solvation dynamics, a reorganization of the protein structure in response to a change in size of an imbedded structure.
Simple theories of dynamic stall that are helpful in interpreting computational results

Abstract This paper briefly reviews the phenomena of dynamic stall and comments on some of the theoretical work performed to help understand why the phenomena occurs for two-dimensional flow past an airfoil undergoing a pitching motion. A first look at how these understandings might be extended to three-dimensional flow fields past finite-span wings is also presented. In particular, a simple theory is developed that provides a rationale for why the experimental results from studies of finite-span wings undergoing dynamic stall closely resemble the dynamic-stall results for two-dimensional airfoils, while steady-flow results from finite-span wing studies are so dissimilar from those for two-dimensional airfoils.
Acute Purulent Mediastinitis and Sternal Osteomyelitis after Closed Chest Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Numerous complications have been associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acute purulent staphylococcal mediastinitis and sternal osteomyelitis are, however, unusual and do not appear to have been reported previously in association with closed chest resuscitation. Sternal fracture during chest compressions and subsequent hematogenous seeding of the resultant retrosternal hematoma with Staphylococcus aureus led to purulent mediastinitis and sternal osteomyelitis in our patient. The source of bacteremia may have been a resolving phlebitis at an intravenous catheter insertion site. Early diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement, and antibiotic therapy were key to a successful outcome.
Effects of Surface Functionalization and Organo-Tailoring of Synthetic Layer Silicates on the Immobilization of Cytochrome c

The utility of various synthetic hectorites for the preparation of active enzyme complexes by simple adsorption processes was examined. The smectites compared include commercially available Laponite RD, mesostructured hectorites (both with and without organic template), and silane-modified mesostructured hectorite. The complexes were evaluated by the amount of cytochrome c that was incorporated and the fraction of enzyme available for redox reaction. The quantity of adsorbed cyt c was determined by optical absorption spectroscopy of the supernatant solution, yielding enzyme densities that ranged from 20 to 50 wt %. There was no correlation between weight percent loading and either the surface area or the pore volume of the clay mineral. Rather, other characteristics such as surface compatibility appear to play the major role in this regard. Immobilized enzyme conformation was examined by EPR. Qualitative information regarding protein stability and redox activity was also obtained by chemical reduction exp...
Factors Influencing Redox Thermodynamics and Electron Self-Exchange for the [Fe4S4] Cluster in Chromatium vinosum High Potential Iron Protein: The Role of Core Aromatic Residues in Defining Cluster Redox Chemistry†

The roles of aromatic core residues in regulating the reduction potential, the enthalpy and entropy of reduction, and the self-exchange rate constants for electron-transfer reactions for the prosthetic [Fe4S4]3+/2+ cluster of Chromatium vinosum high potential iron protein (HiPIP) have been addressed by a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, high field NMR (EXSY) experiments, and variable temperature spectrochemical redox titration measurements. Minimal changes are observed following nonconservative mutation of residues Tyr19, Phe48, and Phe66. Apparently these hydrophobic residues play only a minor role in defining the electronic properties of the cluster. These data support a model, first defined from results obtained on Tyr19 mutant HiPIP's [Agarwal, A., Li, D., & Cowan, J.A. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 9440-9444], in which the aromatic core restricts solvent accessibility and thereby stabilizes the oxidized [Fe4S4]3+ cluster.