cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Lens-Model Approach To the Evaluation of Consumer Experience With Special Education Service Delivery:

An adaptation of Egon Brunswik's lens-model methodology was used for evaluation of consumer judgments concerning overall effectiveness of a special education in-service training program for rural-area handicapped preschool children and their families. Relevant variables associated with the estimates of the quality of service were identified. Service-delivery personnel utilized these variables in estimating consumer judgments concerning program effectiveness. The ways in which the 2 groups utilized the cues were compared. Multiple regression analysis revealed that for both groups a substantial portion of the variance associated with the criterion could be accounted for by a set of 3 predictor variables related to the professional ecologies and personality characteristics of the consumers as well as to the project's influence on specific skill acquisition. Discussion centers on the strength of a lens-model approach for evaluation tasks relating to subject judgments.
A Report Of A Significant Source Of Unnecessary And Medically Unproductive Radiation Exposure

It was found that an abnormal voltage waveform, present in equipment supplied by a prominent manufacturer, was responsible for the generation of medically unproductive radiation. An investigation of equipment supplied by five other major manufacturers indicated that this radiation. is not only unproductive but also unnecessary. Under normal operating conditions, this unproductive radiation can be as high as 25 mR at the skin level. Possible adverse effects of this radiation are discussed and corrective measures are suggested.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metabolic observations on a child with essential hyperlipemia

Summary Although no definite conclusions can be made concerning the origin of the lipemia, a study of the medical history of a 7-year-old boy discloses evidence of a high and continuous lipemia, of several years' duration, which has not precluded growth or development nor produced any appreciable disturbance in living routine. Metabolic study shows the level of fats in his blood is directly influenced by the amount of fat ingested. Continuous administration of a diet low in fat has produced progressive improvement. Studies of his respiratory quotient and specific dynamic response to foods indicate that the patient can burn fat and carbohydrate at an apparently normal rate.
Basis set dependence of atomic spin populations

Abstract To assess the basis set dependence of different population analysis methods, a comparison of spin populations for five open-shell systems ( CF 2 CCH, C 3 H 7 , CH 2 OH , α-4-dehydrotoluene, and a binuclear Cu complex) was carried out across 13 standard basis sets, including minimal basis and variations of the Pople and correlation consistent families of basis sets. Mulliken, Lowdin, Bader’s Atoms in Molecules (AIM), Natural Population Analysis (NPA), Hirshfeld, and Minimum Basis Set Mulliken (MBS) are used. In contrast to the well known basis set sensitivity of the Mulliken population, we show that although the spin populations can be somewhat different, the MBS and the NPA methods trend the least with basis set choice.
Characteristics of Supercooled Liquid Water in Clouds at Mountaintop Sites in the Colorado Rockies

Abstract Observations and measurements were made of supercooled liquid water in clouds which enveloped high elevation sites in the Colorado Rocky Mountains for the winters of 1980/81 through 1983/84. The observations showed that liquid water was more frequent at the southern and northern Rocky sites than at the central sites. Eighty percent of the liquid water periods persisted 3 to 20 h at the northern Rocky site. This site was enveloped by supercooled liquid cloud 24% of the time during the months of December 1981 and January 1982. Average liquid water contents at the sites ranged between 0.14 to 0.23 g m−3; the maximum individual value was 0.60 g m−3. The measurements indicated that substantial amounts of liquid water were flowing over the Colorado Rockies at mountaintop heights.
Chitinolytic enzymes from Streptomyces albidoflavus expressed in tomato plants: effects on Trichoplusia ni

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars were transformed with genes that encode bacterial chitinolytic enzymes (i.e., endochitinase and chitobiosidase) from Streptomyces albidoflavus. Transgenic tomato plants producing these enzymes were found to have enhanced resistance to cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), consistently reducing the growth rates of larvae. Mortality was significantly increased in two of three feeding trials. Ingestion of endochitinase and chitobiosidase not only affected development of larval T. ni from neonate to ultimate instar, but they also caused mortality and decreased insect weight when exposure began during the third instar. The results of this study provide some insight into the mode of action of the chitinolytic enzymes, by supporting the hypothesis that ingested chitinolytic enzymes damage the chitin component of the peritrophic envelope, leading to increased permeability. The size of marker molecules (FITC-dextrans) that permeated the peritrophic envelopes of T. ni feeding on transgenic plants were 50% larger than those permeating the peritrophic envelopes of T. ni feeding on the control plants. Further research is needed to more clearly identify the sites and modes of action of these chitinolytic enzymes, and the potential for synergy between these enzymes and pathogens, allelochemicals, and other environmental factors.
Effects of Neutron Radiation on Mouse Hair Matrix Cell Populations

We have investigated the effects of a single low dose of 42 rads neutron radiation on hair matrix cell kinetics. Anagen hair skin sites in 3-mo-old Carworth Farms #1 female mice were exposed to a fast neutron beam yielding a modal energy of 3.6 MeV. In contrast to low LET (linear energy transfer) radiation at a 2½ fold higher dose, neutrons induced a markedly prolonged depression (>60%) in the mitotic index for more than 18 hr postradiation. In addition, from 10-18 hr after neutron irradiation sharp elevations (> 80%) in the labeling indices apparently reflected significant impairment in cell maturation rates and/or slowed exit rates from the proliferative compartments. Postradiation reductions of up to 20% in the size of proliferating matrix cell populations were found. At the cellular level, this study confirms previous findings of a disproportionately high relative biological effectiveness for neutron radiation following low dose level exposure.
Multiple sclerosis, natalizumab, and PML: helping patients decide.

The treatment benefits of natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) appear to exceed those of other disease-modifying drugs, but progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been identified as a risk in patients receiving natalizumab. As of August 2011, a total of 150 cases of natalizumab-associated PML had been reported worldwide. The overall risk is estimated at approximately 1.66 in 1,000 patients. Independent risk factors for natalizumab-associated PML are number of infusions beyond 36 and prior use of immunosuppressive drugs. Classifying JC virus antibody status appears to be useful in treatment decision-making for individual MS patients. Patient tolerance for risk plays an important role in the selection of therapy, and the treating physician’s perception and tolerance of risk may differ markedly from the patient’s. Physicians can help patients make individual informed decisions regarding the use of natalizumab, given the known risk of PML.
Twenty-four hour rhythms in the glycine content of rat hindbrain and spinal cord.

Abstract Glycine levels were measured every six hours for a 24-hour period in the hindbrain and spinal cord areas of rats adapted to a 12:12 light/dark cycle. In general, levels were significantly higher during the dark phase of the cycle. Circadian fluctuation was most marked in the pons and the thoracic spinal cord. Medullary levels were relatively stable, while those obtained in the cervical and lumbar enlargements showed a significant trough in the light phase. These rhythms appear to reflect metabolic and physiological processes associated with the areas examined.
Computer-Aided Classification of Cells in Complex Brain Tissue from 5-Channel 3-D Confocal Datasets

Abstract Spectral Unmixing and Image Segmentation Cells Classification Experimental Results and Validation R1R2FundamentalScienceFundamentalValidatingTestBEDsTestBEDsL1L1L2L3R3S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Bio-Med Enviro-Civil The cellular organization of brain tissue is truly complex. This work presents a computational method to identify the principal cell types in three-dimensional (3-D) confocal image stacks with multiple fluorescent channels. The cells are classified into four major classes (Neurons, Microglia, Astrocytes and Endothelials) by using a two-step classifier that applies fuzzy c-means clustering followed by Support Vector Machines (SVM). The resulting classification results were validated against a human expert, and the accuracy of the classifier was %95.5 in the correctly segmented nuclei. Features Extraction SpectralUnmixingNisslChannelIba-1ChannelTraceProcessesGFAPChannelTraceProcessesConvergenceAnalysisEBAChannelSurfaceSegmentationCyQuantChannelNuclearSegmentationInspect &EditSegmentationOutput
Sequential choice from several populations.

Abstract We consider the problem of sampling sequentially from two or more populations in such a way as to maximize the expected sum of outcomes in the long run.
Determination of the envelope function (maximum velocity curve) in Doppler ultrasound flow velocity diagrams

This paper presents a new approach for the evaluation of Doppler flow velocity diagrams, obtained during brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD) studies. The velocity diagrams are stored as image sequences on VCR tape. For this reason standard signal processing methods can not be used. A method for determination of blood velocity envelopes from image data is reported that uses Doppler-data specific heuristic to achieve high accuracy and robustness. The approach was tested in 40 Doppler blood flow images. Comparisons with manually defined independent standards demonstrated a very good correlation in determined peak velocity values (r equals 0.993) and flow envelope areas (r equals 0.996). The method is currently tested in a large volume clinical study.
Inhibition of DNA polymerase by beta-D-arabinosylcytosine and reversal of inhibition by deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate.

Summaryβ-D-Arabinosylcytosine was found to inhibit the utilization of thymidine for DNA synthesis in the Ehrlich ascites tumor. The DNA polymerase of the Ehrlich tumor was inhibited by β-D-arabinosylcytosine (or metabolite) and this inhibition could be reversed by deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate.
Effect of injection‐molding conditions on the crystallinity, orientation gradients, and mechanical properties of poly(aryl ether ketone). II. Large dumbbell parts

High-temperature thermoplastics such as poly(arylene ether ketone) form multilayer structures when they are molded at low mold temperatures. The cavity geometry, particularly the cavity thickness, plays an important role in forming these structural gradients. In this paper, we present our results on relatively thick large dumbbell specimens. Unlike the thin specimens (reported in Part I of this series of papers) that show structural gradients composed of amorphous skin-crystalline intermediate zone and amorphous core, thicker dumbbell specimens exhibit structural gradients with increasing crystallinity from skin to core at low mold temperatures. Optical profiling on thin-sliced specimens indicate the presence of six layers from skin to core at low mold temperatures, and the number of layers decrease with the increase of mold temperature. As the mold temperature increases, the regions near the surface increase in crystallinity while the core crystallinities remain high and unaffected by the changes in the process variables. At very high mold temperatures where thermally activated crystallization is dominant, the crystallinities become uniform throughout the thickness of the specimens. Wide-angle X-ray pole figure investigations indicate that the skin layers possess high preferential orientation with uniplanar axial (200) [001] texture and the core regions possessing lower orientation levels exhibit simple uniaxial texture with the chain axes oriented primarily along the flow direction. Elongation to break, tensile strength, and impact strength increase with the decrease of injection speed. The implications of these structural gradients on the mechanical properties are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lipidic nucleic acids

Abstract Lipophilic nucleosides were synthesized from uridine via either a 2′- O -hexylamino tether or the corresponding 3′-linker. These synthons allowed site-specific incorporation of the lipophilic moieties into antisense oligonucleotides. A spectrum of lipophilicity was observed in the oligonucleotides, depending on the pendent group.
Mitigating Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Human- and Climatically-Impacted World

Bloom-forming harmful cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) are harmful from environmental, ecological and human health perspectives by outcompeting beneficial phytoplankton, creating low oxygen conditions (hypoxia, anoxia), and by producing cyanotoxins. Cyanobacterial genera exhibit optimal growth rates and bloom potentials at relatively high water temperatures; hence, global warming plays a key role in their expansion and persistence. CyanoHABs are regulated by synergistic effects of nutrient (nitrogen:N and phosphorus:P) supplies, light, temperature, vertical stratification, water residence times, and biotic interactions. In most instances, nutrient control strategies should focus on reducing both N and P inputs. Strategies based on physical, chemical (nutrient) and biological manipulations can be effective in reducing CyanoHABs; however, these strategies are largely confined to relatively small systems, and some are prone to ecological and environmental drawbacks, including enhancing release of cyanotoxins, disruption of planktonic and benthic communities and fisheries habitat. All strategies should consider and be adaptive to climatic variability and change in order to be effective for long-term control of CyanoHABs. Rising temperatures and greater hydrologic variability will increase growth rates and alter critical nutrient thresholds for CyanoHAB development; thus, nutrient reductions for bloom control may need to be more aggressively pursued in response to climatic changes globally.
Paleoenvironmental Significance of Chert in the Franciscan Formation of Western California

It is suggested that the cherts of the Franciscan Formation are biogenic pelagic deposits, formed above rugged volcanic terrains that were possibly close to an oceanic ridge. They may be formed, together with pelagic limestones, as a result of topographic shielding from density currents, and not from direct precipitation of silica from volcanic emanations. The cherts are thought to represent some of the oldest strata on volcanic oceanic basement, and their thin development to indicate a young age for the oceanic plate that was to form the material within the Franciscan melanges.
Arteriovenous malformations of the dura mater

Abstract The presentation, angiographic findings, and treatment of eight dural arteriovenous malformations is reviewed. The majority presented as intracranial h
Role of video-assisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of pulmonary metastases: results of a prospective trial.

Background. A retrospective review revealed a 42% error rate between computed tomographic scan reports and thoracotomy findings; therefore, a prospective study was designed to compare the value of computed tomographic scans, video-assisted thoracoscopic exploration, and open thoracotomy in the management of pulmonary metastases. Methods. Eligibility included any patient with only one or two ipsilateral pulmonary metastases identified on computed tomographic scan who was being considered for surgical resection. Initially video-assisted thoracic surgery was performed and all lesions identified were resected. A thoracotomy adequate for complete lung palpation was then carried out and any additional lesions found were removed. Results. Eighteen patients of a planned 50 were treated before closure of the study. Four patients (22%) had no additional lesions found at thoracotomy. The primary sites of tumor were colon (10), breast (3), and one patient each skin (squamous), cervix, kidney, melanoma, and sarcoma. Four patients (22%) did have additional lesions at thoracotomy, which were benign. In the remaining 10 patients (56%) additional malignant lesions were found at thoracotomy after video-assisted thoracoscopic exploration. After 18 patients were entered, analysis of the early results disclosed a 56% failure rate of a computed tomographic scan and video-assisted thoracic surgery to detect all lesions. Being within the 95% confidence interval (32% to 78%), the study was abandoned. Conclusions. We conclude that video-assisted thoracic surgery should be used only as a diagnostic tool in managing lung metastasis. A thoracotomy is required to achieve complete resection, which is the major survival prognosticator for satisfactory long-term results.
Nurturing natural sensors

Sensing has played a significant role in the evolution of ubiquitous computing systems, enabling many of today's compelling interactive and ubiquitous experiences. In this paper, we argue for expanding the current landscape of sensing to include living organisms such as plants and animals, along with traditional tools and digital devices. We present a field study of ten individuals who routinely work with living organisms such as plants, fish, reptiles and bees, and rely on these organisms as well as analog instruments and digital sensors to infer environmental conditions and inform future actions. Our findings offer a new perspective on everyday biomarkers, and we use the lens of organic and non-digital sensing to reflect on current sensing paradigms in ubiquitous computing. We conclude with three opportunity areas to help frame future work in ubiquitous sensing: (1) incorporating traditional technologies and living systems into ubiquitous sensing applications, (2) developing information technologies that teach new ways of 'seeing', and (3) supporting richer forms of metadata to unite stakeholders through their actions, interests and concerns.
Performance Of FH-MFSK In A Non-Selective Rayleigh Faded Channel With Partial-Band Tone Jamming And Multiple User Interference

The average probability of error for a frequency hopped M-ary frequency shift keyed (MFSK) system is analyzed in the presence of partial-band jamming, multiple user interference, and Rayleigh statistics for each jamming tone and multiple user interferer considered. The uncoded system performance is compared with previously published results. Forward error correction coding is then added to the system to study performance gains under various channel scenarios.
Screening mammography in older women: the balance between appropriate use and overuse

263 ISSN 1758-1923 10.2217/BMT.13.24 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd Breast Cancer Manage. (2013) 2(4), 263–265 The incidence of female breast cancer gen‐ erally increases with age, with a median age of 61 years at the time of diagnosis. Women aged 65 years and older comprise approximately 35% of incident breast can‐ cer cases and 57% of breast cancer deaths [1]. The likelihood of death from breast cancer increases with advanced stage and larger tumor size at diagnosis. An impor‐ tant strategy to reduce such deaths is to screen asymptomatic women with mam‐ mography in order to detect and treat breast cancer in its preclinical stage and improve survival. However, ubiquitous mammographic screening among older women may not confer the expected ben‐ efit, but instead may result in unintended harms. For example, there is at least a 4‐year lag between screen‐detected breast cancer and onset of clinical symptoms for women aged 65–74 years [2]. Mammo‐ graphy trials found no survival difference between screened and unscreened women before 7 years of follow‐up for women aged 65–74 years [3]. In older women with lim‐ ited life expectancy, the delayed screening benefit does not have sufficient time to emerge because of competing risks. In fact, such women may be exposed to immediate physical and psychological harms caused by false‐positive results, invasive diagnostic tests, and overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer that otherwise would not have been diagnosed and treated in their lifetime [4,5]. High‐quality screening mam‐ mography services need to strike a balance between appropriate use and overuse; that is, they must screen older women who have a long enough life expectancy to benefit and avoid screening those with limited life expectancy. Both underuse and overuse of screen‐ ing mammography are evident among older women. Current cancer screening guidelines generally set age limits in their recommendations. For example, the US Preventive Services Task Force recom‐ mends regular screening mammography for women aged 50–74 years and individu‐ alized screening decisions for those aged 75 years and older [6]. It was estimated that, among women aged 75–90 years, approxi‐ mately 80% had an estimated life expec‐ tancy of 7 or more years and 60% had a life expectancy of 10 or more years [7,8]. With the rapid growth of the aging population, the proportion of such healthy, very old persons is expected to increase accordingly.
Venus: estimates of the surface temperature and pressure from radio and radar measurements.

Venus surface temperature and pressure estimated from radio and radar measurements by Venera 4 and Mariner 5 space probes
National cost of trauma care by payer status

Abstract Background Several studies have described the burden of trauma care, but few have explored the economic burden of trauma inpatient costs from a payer's perspective or highlighted the differences in the average costs per person by payer status. The present study provides a conservative inpatient national trauma cost estimate and describes the variation in average inpatient trauma cost by payer status. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients who had received trauma care at hospitals in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005–2010 was conducted. Our sample patients were selected using the appropriate “International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification” codes to identify admissions due to traumatic injury. The data were weighted to provide national population estimates, and all cost and charges were converted to 2010 US dollar equivalents. Generalized linear models were used to describe the costs by payer status, adjusting for patient characteristics, such as age, gender, and race, and hospital characteristics, such as location, teaching status, and patient case mix. Results A total of 2,542,551 patients were eligible for the present study, with the payer status as follows: 672,960 patients (26.47%) with private insurance, 1,244,817 (48.96%) with Medicare, 262,256 (10.31%) with Medicaid, 195,056 (7.67%) with self-pay, 18,506 (0.73%) with no charge, and 150,956 (5.94%) with other types of insurance. The estimated yearly trauma inpatient cost burden was highest for Medicare at $17,551,393,082 (46.79%), followed by private insurance ($10,772,025,421 [28.72%]), Medicaid ($3,711,686,012 [9.89%], self-pay ($2,831,438,460 [7.55%]), and other payer types ($2,370,187,494 [6.32%]. The estimated yearly trauma inpatient cost burden was $274,598,190 (0.73%) for patients who were not charged for their inpatient trauma treatment. Our adjusted national inpatient trauma yearly costs were estimated at $37,511,328,659 US dollars. Privately insured patients had a significantly higher mean cost per person than did the Medicare, Medicaid, self-pay, or no charge patients. Conclusions The results of the present study have demonstrated that the distribution of trauma burden across payers is significantly different from that of the overall healthcare system and suggest that although the burden of trauma is high, the burden of self-pay or nonreimbursed inpatient services is actually lower than that of overall medical care.
Young secondary vegetation and soil interactions in Izabal, Guatemala

A study of the relationships of soils and vegetation was undertaken in the humid tropical region of Lake Izabal, Guatemala, Central America. Soils and associated 10-month-old secondary growth were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. In addition, organic matter, Al and pH were determined in the soil samples and plant biomass for the secondary growth were calculated. The secondary growth biomass averaged 9,710 kg/ha for the 10-month growth period. Total nutrient content of the vegetation increased linearly with the biomass, except for Mg. The antagonism of Mg on K and Ca nutrition was quite significant when Mg exceeded Ca in the soil under shifting cultivation. Pure stands ofHeliconia sp. andGynerium sp. appeared to be more efficient in accumulating P than stands of mixed vegetation. Chemical composition and dry matter production of native vegetation may provide additional information to evaluate soil fertility in the humid tropics.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Detergency Part III : Effect of Soiling Conditions on Particulate Soil Detergency

The detergency rate of particulate soil depends on the location of the soil particle and its adhesion to the fiber surface. The strength of the adhesive bond depends on the attractive (mainly Van d...
Valles Marineris, Mars: Wet debris flows and ground ice

Abstract Detailed study of the Valles Marineris equatorial troughs suggests that the landslides in that area contained water and probably were gigantic wet debris flows: one landslide complex generated a channel that has several bends and extends for 250 km. Further support for water or ice in debris masses includes rounded flow lobes and transport of some slide masses in the direction of the local topographic slope. Differences in speed and emplacement efficiency between Martian and terrestrial landslides can be attributed to the entrainment of volatiles on Mars, but they can also be explained by other mechanisms. Support that the wall rock contained water comes from the following observations: (1) the water within the landslide debris must have been derived from wall rock; (2) debris appears to have been transported through tributary canyons; (3) locally, channels emerged from the canyons; (4) the wall rock apprarently disintegrated and flowed easily; and (5) fault zones within the troughs are unusually resistant to erosion. The study further suggests that, in the equatorial region of Mars, material below depths of 400–800 m was not desiccated during the time of landslide activity (within the last billion years of Martian history). Therefore the Martian ground-water or groundice reservoir, if not a relic from ancient times, must have been replenished.
Expertise in Investment Analysis: Fact or Fiction

Abstract Past research, both theoretical and applied, has discounted the ability of individuals to accurately forecast security prices. Fama′s (1970, 1976) theoretical work on capital market efficiency, and the empirical studies of Stael von Holstein (1972) and Yates, McDaniel, and Brown (1991), suggests that even "experts" cannot perform any better than simple mechanical forecasting methods or the random throw of darts at the stock page. We provide evidence, garnered from a popular Wall Street Journal column, that security market "experts" do in fact outperform both market averages and randomly thrown darts. However, no class of expert can be shown to consistently outperform other experts.
Adherence to hysterosalpingogram appointments following hysteroscopic sterilization among low-income women

Abstract Background The few studies on post-Essure hysterosalpingogram (HSG) adherence rates show inconsistent results. This study examined associations between sociodemographic variables not examined in prior studies and HSG adherence among low-income women. Study Design Medical records of 286 women who underwent sterilization between August 31, 2005, and September 30, 2011, were reviewed. chi-Square and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to determine variable associations with HSG adherence. Results The adherence rate for the first HSG was 85.0% (243/286). Variables associated with adherence were lower education level (p=.01), not working outside the home (p=.04), being married (p Conclusions This study demonstrates that achieving high rates of adherence with the recommended HSG following Essure placement is feasible among low income populations. Furthermore, not speaking English or having to commute a far distance to the clinic do not appear to be barriers. This is encouraging considering the importance of this test to confirm tubal occlusion.
Admittance studies of hydrogen-induced states at the silicon—silicon dioxide interface

Abstract The admittance of Pd-thin SiO 2 Si MOSCAP devices was studied as a function of the following variables: temperature, measurement frequency, oxide preparation conditions, applied gate voltage and ambient atmospheres of 100 ppm hydrogen in nitrogen and pure oxygen. Transient current, capacitance and annealing studies were also conducted for many of these variables. It is shown that hydrogen atoms produced by the catalytic action of the Pd on hydrogen molecules can be injected into the oxide—semiconductor interface where, depending on the choice of oxidation conditions for growing the oxide, they modify the density and capture cross-sections of the hydrogen-induced interfacial states. It is also demonstrated that below 125 °C, the injected hydrogen can be reversibly removed by changing the ambient gas from the H 2 /N 2 mixture to pure oxygen.
“You Have to Learn Who Comes with the Disability”: Students' Reflections on Service Learning Experiences with Peers Labeled with Disabilities

Service learning is the integration of community-based student projects into the formal curriculum of a school or course of study. This qualitative, descriptive study presents understandings about ...
Far-Ultraviolet and X-Ray Observations of VV 114: Feedback in a Local Analog to Lyman Break Galaxies

We have analyzed Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), XMM-Newton, and Chandra observations of VV 114, a local galaxy merger with strong similarities to typical high-redshift Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). Diffuse thermal X-ray emission encompassing VV 114 has been observed by Chandra and XMM-Newton. This region of hot (kT ~ 0.59 keV) gas has an enhanced α/Fe element ratio relative to solar abundances and follows the same relations as typical starbursts between its properties (luminosity, size, and temperature) and those of the starburst galaxy (star formation rate, dust temperature, and galaxy mass). These results are consistent with the X-ray gas having been produced by shocks driven by a galactic superwind. The FUSE observations of VV 114 show strong, broad interstellar absorption lines with a pronounced blueshifted component (similar to what is seen in LBGs). This implies an outflow of material moving at ~300-400 km s-1 relative to VV 114. The properties of the strong O VI absorption line are consistent with radiative cooling at the interface between the hot outrushing gas seen in X-rays and the cooler material seen in the other outflowing ions in the FUSE data. We show that the wind in VV 114 has not created a tunnel that enables more than a small fraction (<few percent) of the ionizing photons from VV 114 to escape into the intergalactic medium (IGM). Taken together, these data provide a more complete physical basis for understanding the outflows that seem to be generic in LBGs. This will lead to improved insight into the role that such outflows play in the evolution of galaxies and the IGM.
Investigation of the radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of maleic anhydride and norbornenes by anin situ1H NMR analysis of kinetics and by the mercury method: Evidence for the lack of charge-transfer-complex propagation

The radical copolymerization of electron-deficient maleic anhydride (MA) and electron-rich norbornene (NB) derivatives with 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in dioxane-d8 has been monitored in situ by 1H NMR spectroscopy with free induction decays recorded every 30 min at 60, 70, or 84 °C. The ratios of the monomer pairs were varied in some cases. The NB derivatives employed in this study included bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (NB), t-butyl 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate, methyl 5-norbornene-2-methyl-2-carboxylate, and ethyl tetracyclo[4.4.0.12,5.17,10]dodec-3-ene-8-carboxylate. Decomposition of AIBN, consumption of the monomers, feed ratios, endo/exo ratios, copolymer compositions, and copolymer yields were studied as a function of polymerization time. Furthermore, a homopolymerizable third monomer (t-butyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, t-butyl acrylate, or acrylic acid) was added to the NB/MA 1/1 system, revealing that the methacrylic monomer polymerizes rapidly in the early stage and that the ratio of MA to NB in the terpolymer strongly deviates from 1/1. In contrast, however, the acrylic monomers are more uniformly incorporated into the polymer. Nevertheless, these studies indicate that MA and NB do not always behave as a pair in radical polymerization and disproves the commonly believed charge-transfer mechanism. Electron-deficient fumaronitrile was also included in the kinetics study. To further understand the copolymerization mechanism, MA and NB were competitively reacted with a cyclohexyl radical generated by the treatment of cyclohexylmercuric chloride with sodium borohydride (mercury method). A gas chromatographic analysis of the reaction mixtures has revealed that a cyclohexyl radical reacts with MA almost exclusively in competition and that the cyclohexyl adduct of MA essentially accounts for all the products in a mass balance experiment, eliminating a possibility of the formation of an adduct involving the MA–NB charge-transfer complex. Thus, the participation of a charge-transfer complex in the copolymerization of MA and NB cannot be important. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3521–3542, 2000
Alloy hardening and softening in binary molybdenum alloys as related to electron concentration

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of alloy additions of hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, and platinum on hardness of molybdenum. Special emphasis was placed on alloy softening in these binary molybdenum alloys. Results showed that alloy softening was produced by those elements having an excess of s+d electrons compared to molybdenum, while those elements having an equal number or fewer s+d electrons that molybdenum failed to produce alloy softening. Alloy softening and alloy hardening can be correlated with the difference in number of s+d electrons of the solute element and molybdenum.
Evidence of structure in the F band in KCl, KBr and NaCl

Abstract We have observed well resolved structure in the piezo optic spectrum of isolated F centers in KCl, KBr and NaCl. On the basis of the temperature and orientation dependence of the observations we are led to conclude that two electronic states having δ4 symmetry are responsible for the F band.
Opportunities for android projects in a CS1 course

Mobile devices have become ubiquitous in our daily lives and are replacing the desktop for email, social networking, daily planner, and so on. A typical mobile device now integrates a wide range of accessories, such as camera, GPS receiver, accelerometer, and offers a touch-screen with gesture-based interaction. This makes mobile devices an exciting platform for software development and programming projects for mobile devices have great potential to provide engaging experiences for computer science majors. This paper describes a pedagogical tool for introducing Android in a traditional CS1 course. The goal is not to teach Android programming, but to create a framework that integrates seamlessly with the CS1 course structure and supports the introduction of the fundamental computer science concepts by creating an engaging learning environment. The framework enables the students to port their CS1 projects to an Android device with minimal effort.
More on randomized on-line algorithms for caching

We address the tradeoff between the competitive ratio and the resources used by randomized on-line algorithms for caching. Two algorithms reported in the literature that achieve the optimal ratio Hk require a lot of memory and perform extensive computation at each step. On the other hand, a very simple algorithm called RMARK has competitive ratio 2Hk?1, within a factor of 2 of the optimum. A natural question that arises here is whether there is a tradeoff between simplicity and the competitive ratio. In particular, is it possible to achieve a competitive ratio better than 2Hk?1 with a simple algorithm like RMARK?We first consider marking algorithms that are natural generalizations of RMARK, and we prove that, for any ?>0, there is no randomized marking algorithm for caching with competitive ratio (2??)Hk. Thus RMARK is essentially optimal among marking algorithms.Another model of simple caching algorithms is that of trackless algorithms. These are algorithms that do not store any information about items that are not in the cache. It is known that, for k=2, there is no randomized trackless algorithm for caching with ratio better than 3724?1.5416. The trivial upper bound is 2, achieved even by deterministic algorithms LRU and FIFO. We reduce this gap by giving a trackless randomized algorithm with competitive ratio 14(3+13)?1.6514.
Discrete flavor symmetries and mass matrix textures

We show how introducing discrete Abelian flavor symmetries can produce texture zeros in the fermion mass matrices, while preserving the correct relationships with the low-energy data on quark and lepton masses. We outline a procedure for defining texture zeros as suppressed entries in Yukawa matrices. These texture zeros can account for the coexistence of the observed large mixing in atmospheric neutrino oscillations with a hierarchy in the neutrino masses, and offer the possibility of alignment of the quark and squark mass matrices, thus giving a solution to the supersymmetric flavor problem. A requirement that the flavor symmetry commutes with the $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ grand unified group can be used to explain the lepton mass hierarchies as well as the neutrino parameters, including the large mixing observed in the atmospheric neutrino data. We present one such model that yields a large atmospheric neutrino mixing angle, as well as a solar neutrino mixing angle of order $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.22.$
TreeVis: A MATLAB-based tool for tree visualization

Network-based analyses of high-dimensional biological data often produce results in the form of tree structures. Generating easily interpretable layouts to visualize these tree structures is a non-trivial task. We present a new visualization algorithm to generate two-dimensional layouts for complex tree structures. Implementations in both MATLAB and R are provided.
A Randomized Trial of Adenotonsillectomy for Childhood Sleep Apnea

Background Adenotonsillectomy is commonly performed in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, yet its usefulness in reducing symptoms and improving cognition, behavior, quality of life, and polysomnographic findings has not been rigorously evaluated. We hypothesized that, in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome without prolonged oxyhemoglobin desaturation, early adenotonsillectomy, as compared with watchful waiting with supportive care, would result in improved outcomes. Methods We randomly assigned 464 children, 5 to 9 years of age, with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome to early adenotonsillectomy or a strategy of watchful waiting. Polysomnographic, cognitive, behavioral, and health outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 7 months. Results The average baseline value for the primary outcome, the attention and executive-function score on the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (with scores ranging from 50 to 150 and higher scores indicating better functioning), was ...
Sequential Binary Image Estimation Algorithms

The general problem that we are trying to solve is sequential image-signal interpretation with the applicability of our work to the improvement of hearing aids. As part of this bigger problem, we would like to find a good way to sequentially estimate binary images from noisy gray images. The sequentially requirement is the main difficulty of our work; it arises from the real-time aspect of the application. In this work, we describe two methods for estimating the prior. They are both based on the Metropolis Algorithm with Gibbs priors and an annealing schedule. These two prior estimation methods lead to two sequential binary image estimation algorithms.
Classification NanoSAR Development for Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

A classification-based cytotoxicity nanostructure-activity relationship (nanoSAR) is presented based on a set of nine metal oxide nanoparticles to which transformed bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed over a range of concentrations (0.375-200 mg L(-1) ) and exposure times up to 24 h. The nanoSAR is developed using cytotoxicity data from a high-throughput screening assay that was processed to identify and label toxic (in terms of the propidium iodide uptake of BEAS-2B cells) versus nontoxic events relative to an unexposed control cell population. Starting with a set of fourteen intuitive but fundamental physicochemical nanoSAR input parameters, a number of models were identified which had a classification accuracy above 95%. The best-performing model had a 100% classification accuracy in both internal and external validations. This model is based on three descriptors: atomization energy of the metal oxide, period of the nanoparticle metal, and nanoparticle primary size, in addition to nanoparticle volume fraction (in solution). Notwithstanding the success of the present modeling approach with a relatively small nanoparticle library, it is important to recognize that a significantly larger data set would be needed in order to expand the applicability domain and increase the confidence and reliability of data-driven nanoSARs.
Comparison of Gender Recognition By PDP and Radial Basis Function Networks

Despite a long history of neurological, psychological, and computational efforts, no satisfactory explanation has been offered for the extraordinary ability of humans to recognize other human faces. However, a number of different network-based approaches (Turk and Pentland,1991; Brunelli and Poggio, 1993; Buhmann et al., 1989) have achieved surprisingly good ability to recognize faces, at least under certain restricted conditions. We decided to compare the solutions developed by different network architectures including PDP and radial basis function (RBF) networks to the problem of gender classification. Given a picture of a face, including external features such as hair, beard, jewelry, etc., the network must learn to distinguish male from female. This is a simpler problem than general face recognition, and there is some evidence that it is carried out by a separate population of cells in the inferior temporal cortex (Damasio et. al., 1990).
DENDROCLIMATOLOGY IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Dendroclimatology in the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region has made important contributions to the understanding of climate variability on timescales of decades to centuries. These contributions, beginning in the mid-20th century, have value for resource management, archaeology, and climatology. A gradually expanding tree-ring network developed by the first author over the past 15 years has been the framework for some of the most important recent advances in EM dendroclimatology. The network, now consisting of 79 sites, has been widely applied in large-scale climatic reconstruction and in helping to identify drivers of climatic variation on regional to global spatial scales. This article reviews EM dendroclimatology and highlights contributions on the national and international scale. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.56.18321 ( Radiocarbon ) DOI: 10.3959/1536-1098-70.3.61 ( Tree-Ring Research )
Speech intelligibility and spatial release from masking in young children.

Children between the ages of 4 and 7 and adults were tested in free field on speech intelligibility using a four-alternative forced choice paradigm with spondees. Target speech was presented from front (0°); speech or modulated speech-shaped-noise competitors were either in front or on the right (90°). Speech reception thresholds were measured adaptively using a three-down/one-up algorithm. The primary difference between children and adults was seen in elevated thresholds in children in quiet and in all masked conditions. For both age groups, masking was greater with the speech-noise versus speech competitor and with two versus one competitor(s). Masking was also greater when the competitors were located in front compared with the right. The amount of masking did not differ across the two age groups. Spatial release from masking was similar in the two age groups, except for in the one-speech condition, when it was greater in children than adults. These findings suggest that, similar to adults, young children are able to utilize spatial and/or head shadow cues to segregate sounds in noisy environments. The potential utility of the measures used here for studying hearing-impaired children is also discussed.
The floral volatile, methyl benzoate, from snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus ) triggers phytotoxic effects in Arabidopsis thaliana

Previously it has been shown that the Xoral scent of snapdragon Xowers consists of a relatively sim- ple mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds are thought to be involved in the attraction of pollinators; however, little is known about their eVect on other organisms, such as neighboring plants. Here, we report that VOCs from snapdragon Xowers inhibit Arabidopsis root growth. Out of the three major snapdragon Xoral volatiles, myrcene, (E)--ocim- ene, and methyl benzoate (MB), MB was found to be primarily responsible for the inhibition of root growth. Ten micromoles MB reduced root length by 72.6%. We employed a microarray approach to identify the MB tar- get genes in Arabidopsis that were responsible for the root growth inhibition phenotype in response to MB. These analyses showed that MB treatment aVected 1.33% of global gene expression, including cytokinin, auxin and other plant-hormone-related genes, and genes related to seed germination processes in Arabidopsis. Accordingly, the root growth of cytokinin (cre1) and auxin (axr1) response mutants was less aVected than that of the wild type by the volatile compound: roots of the treated mutants were reduced by 45.1 and 56.2%, respectively, relative to untreated control mutants.
The Disempowerment of the Gender Gap: Soccer Moms and the 1996 Elections

(VNS) exit poll showed that 54% of women, compared with 43% of men, voted for Bill Clinton, resulting in a gender gap of 11 percentage points. This gender gap contrasts with the much smaller gender gap of 4 percentage points in presidential voting in 1992 and gender gaps of 6 to 9 percentage points in the 1980, 1984, and 1988 elections. Moreover, according to the VNS exit poll, women's votes provided the margin of victory for Clinton; men split their votes evenly between the two presidential candidates while women showed a strong and decisive preference for Clinton over Dole (Center for the