cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Moderating Role of Verbal Aggression on the Relationship between Parental Feedback and Peer Status among Children with ADHD.

We examined associations between children’s sociometric status and (a) observed parental feedback as well as (b) child aggression. Participants were 94 children ages 6–10 (64 male; 44 with ADHD) and their parents. Children’s peer status, parental feedback to their children, and child aggression were all assessed during lab-based playgroups of four children and their parents. Parent criticism in front of the child’s peers was associated with the child receiving more negative (“disliked”) and fewer positive (“liked”) nominations, but only for children who displayed aggression; this interaction applied almost exclusively to children with ADHD. Parent praise in front of peers was associated with fewer negative nominations when children displayed low levels of aggression, but more at higher levels. Additional analyses revealed that relationships did not exist in the full sample between privately-given parental feedback and children’s peer status. Processes by which peers use overheard adult feedback to inform their assessments of children are discussed.
EPA-1710 – Body-mind and facilitators of smoking cessation using community participatory research

Introduction Addictions epitomize the relationship between body and mind . Addiction to nicotine disproportionally affects underserved populations but only few interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in real-life situations. Objective To test an intervention with experimental methodology using Community-Based Participatory Research. Methods Residents of low-income communities were randomized to either of two group-based interventions. Outcome was self-report smoking abstinence, verified via CO test. Interventions included 12 sessions with tobacco cessation education, motivational exercises, and NRT and were implemented by Peer Motivators, with different contingency behavioral management programs for session attendance and landmark achievements (Group ‘A’ had monetary rewards only and Group ‘B’ combined monetary and non-monetary rewards). A total of 352 participants were recruited (58% men; 65% African Americans; 82% were 40 years or older, 78% jobless; and 75% with 3 or more health problems). Results Intent to treat analyses revealed that 27% of participants in Group ‘A’ and 29% in Group ‘B’ were able to quit smoking (Pr=0.675). Cessation was associated with higher health problems (RR=1.2 per reported problem, 95%CI = 1.0–1.4, p Conclusions Our holistic approach addressing both body and mind needs with attention to the social context seems to have generated a successful smoking cessation intervention for low-income populations. Community engagement in the design, implementation and evaluation of smoking cessation programs is paramount.
Methyl ketone‐photosensitized polymerization of N‐methylolacrylamide with cotton

Photoinitiated, free-radical reactions of cotton cellulose with N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) from aqueous solution through direct excitation of cellulose are reported. Also reactions initiated by energy transfer from excited methyl ketone compounds to cellulose are reported. Dimethyl ketone, dimethyl ketoneformaldehyde, dimethyl diketone, dimethyl diketoneformaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketoneformaldehyde, and methyl phenyl ketoneformaldehyde were used in the sensitized reactions. When methyl ketone products were in solution during photoirradiation, they acted as sensitizers to increase the rate and extent of the reaction of NMA with cotton cellulose. When products that contained formaldehyde were covalently reacted with cotton before photoirradiation, the rate and extent of the reaction of NMA with cellulose were generally decreased. These effects can be at least partially explained by intramolecular energy transfer, as determined by chemiluminescence, electron spin resonance, and excitation fluorescence measurements. When methyl phenyl ketoneformaldehyde was covalently linked to cellulose before photoirradiation, energy localization that initiated free-radical polymerization of NMA was minimized. When cellulose that was padded with a monomer solution was dried before photoirradiation, the extent of the reaction of NMA with cellulose was decreased.
Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. II. Responses to altered peripheral fields.

Responses of chick embryo dorsal root ganglia to early wing bud amputation were examined histologically using tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography to analyze proliferation and the Feulgen procedure to visualize degenerating cells. Right wing buds were amputated at stage 15 or 16. At 4.5 to 9.5 days of incubation embryos were given a 1-hour exposure to 3H-TdR and fixed. Feulgen-stained autoradiographs were examined for percentage of cells labelled (labelling index) or degenerating (degeneration index) in lateroventral (LV) and mediodorsal (MD) regions of brachial (G14-16) and nonbrachial (G12, 13, 17) ganglia. The earliest response to amputation was a highly significant increase in degeneration indices of LV and MD regions of ipsilateral brachial ganglia at 5.5 days. Significant brachial LV responses were observed throughout the remainder of the experimental period. Two peaks occur in this response: at 5.5 days, corresponding to the peak seen in normal nonbrachial ganglia, and at 8.5 days, having no counterpart in normal development. In brachial MD regions significant degenrerative responses occur at most times examined. Significant responses also occur at 7.5 and 8.5 days in MD regions of nonbrachial ganglia. The presence of MD responses in our material indicates that maturation of at least some MD neurons occurs earlier than previously thought. Significant labelling responses occur in brachial LV regions from 7.5 days on. Because other studies (Carr and Simpson, '78a) show that time is after the end of large-scale neuronal production, this labelling response must be nonneuronal in nature. We conclude that this labelling is a secondary response to amputation, consequent to the greatly increased cellular degeneration. Results of experiments involving addition of limb buds at the brachial level are also presented.
Design and technology considerations for the far ultraviolet spectroscopic explorer (FUSE) telescope

An initial assessment of telescope designs satisfying the basic requirements derived for the FUSE mission is presented. A review of recent optical coating technology indicates that normal incidence telescope designs are viable only for wavelengths greater than about 600 A. It is noted that glancing incidence telescope designs, such as the Wolter Type II or thg Wolter-Schwarzschild, are the only designs with acceptable throughputs for the entire FUSE spectral range. Initial design trade studies have established the fundamental framework for the selection of an optimum Type II design satisfying the FUSE science and engineering requirements. It is also found that current optical fabrication technology, e.g., computer controlled polishing, can accommodate meter class glancing incidence components with figure errors commensurate with 1-2 arcsec imaging.
Successful approaches for teaching agent-based simulation

Agent-based simulation is a relatively new modeling technique that is being widely used by many disciplines to model complex adaptive systems. Few full-length courses exist on agent-based modeling, and a standard curriculum has not yet been established. But there is considerable demand to include agent-based modeling into simulation courses. Modelers often come to agent-based simulation (ABS) by way of self-study or attendance at tutorials and short courses. Although there is substantial overlap, there are many aspects of agent-based modeling that differ from discrete-event simulation and System Dynamics, including the applicable problem domains, the disciplines and backgrounds of students, and the underpinnings of its computational implementation. These factors make agent-based modeling difficult to include as an incremental add-on to existing simulation courses. This paper’s contribution is to report on some approaches to teaching ABS that the authors have successfully used in a range of classes and workshops.
Incorporation of whey products in extruded corn, potato or rice snacks

Abstract Sweet whey solids (SWS) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) were added at concentrations of 250 and 500 g/kg to corn meal, rice or potato flour to make snack products. Extrusion processing conditions included low shear, high shear, and the combination of high shear/low moisture. Increased specific mechanical energy (SME) was desired for expanding products, but SME was reduced as a result of incorporating WPC and SWS. Quality indices for expansion and breaking strength decreased significantly (P
Cathodoluminescence mapping and selective etching of defects in bulk GaN

Abstract Cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping and selective-etching techniques were used to characterize defects in free-standing bulk GaN substrates prepared by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Melton KOH–NaOH (1:1) solution was found to be effective to produce etch pits on bulk GaN with density close to the anticipated dislocation density. Under preferred etching and measurement conditions, a strong correlation between CL mapping and selective-etching techniques for revealing defects in the bulk GaN was demonstrated. All structural defects causing etch pits are confirmed to be non-radiative recombination centers showing dark contrast in CL map, while CL mapping could give additional information about certain internal defects underneath the GaN top-surface. The clear correlation established in this comparative study provides strong support for the viability of using both techniques for evaluating bulk GaN.
Resident research training conducted in a community hospital general surgery residency program.

Abstract Purpose Research is educationally important for surgical residents. However, little information exists regarding effective methods for teaching residents scientific methodology in a community hospital. This effort describes an effective program conducted in a community hospital for enhancing scientific opportunities of surgical residents. Methods A strong infrastructure that supports research is necessary. Dedicated nonsalaried teaching faculty serve as mentors and co-investigators. Opportunities to engage in basic research are made available in off-campus basic science laboratories. Results Research productivity has been prolific, as demonstrated by numerous publications. Residents interested in subspeciality training have been able to conduct research that has made them competitive for fellowships and a wider range of practice choices. Conclusion Rigorous research can be effectively taught in a community hospital, provided adequate educational and funding support is provided and faculty actively mentor residents. Having research capabilities provides added incentive for better-qualified medical students to apply to a surgical residency position in a community hospital. Research productivity also enhances the ability to better recruit new faculty.
A line-scan hyperspectral system for high-throughput Raman chemical imaging.

A line-scan hyperspectral system was developed to enable Raman chemical imaging for large sample areas. A custom-designed 785 nm line laser based on a scanning mirror serves as an excitation source. A 45° dichroic beam splitter reflects the laser light to form a 24 cm × 1 mm excitation line normally incident on the sample surface. Raman signals along the laser line are collected by a detection module consisting of a dispersive imaging spectrograph and a CCD camera. A hypercube is accumulated line by line as a motorized table moves the samples transversely through the laser line. The system covers a Raman shift range of −648.7 to 2889.0 cm−1 and a 23 cm wide area. An example application for authenticating milk powder is presented to demonstrate the system performance. In 4 min the system acquired a 512 × 110 × 1024 hypercube (56 320 spectra) from four, 47 mm diameter Petri dishes containing four powder samples. Chemical images were created for detecting two adulterants (melamine and dicyandiamide) that had been mixed into the milk powder.
Thermo-optic noise in coated mirrors for high-precision optical measurements

Thermal fluctuations in the coatings used to make high reflectors are becoming significant noise sources in precision optical measurements and are particularly relevant to advanced gravitational-wave detectors. There are two recognized sources of coating thermal noise; mechanical loss and thermal dissipation. Thermal dissipation causes thermal fluctuations in the coating which produce noise via the thermoelastic and thermorefractive mechanisms. We treat these mechanisms coherently, give a correction for finite coating thickness, and evaluate the implications for Advanced LIGO.
Mono-static Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry with Arbitrary Flight Trajectories

We consider a mono-static synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system ying over a scene of interest, making multiple visits. During each visit, antenna is traversing a dierent arbitrary, but known trajectory. Therefore, the dierence in the positions of the antennas, which we refer to as the baseline vector, is arbitrary and changes at each visit. Our objective is to estimate the displacement in the ground topography and reconstruct the scene radiance. We perform a spatio-temporal correlation of the received signals measured by each antenna. This results in a novel model that relates the correlated signal to the displacement. Next, we estimate the displacement in the ground topography and reconstruct the radiance of the scene by using a ltered-backprojection (FBP) - type method combined with an entropy minimization technique. Finally, we present numerical experiments to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Sputtering process model of deposition rate

A model of the sputtering process has been developed that predicts the deposition rate of a sputtering system with parallel-plate geometry. By using data for sputtering yield vs voltage obtained from an ion-beam sputtering system, the model applies a new theory for computing the backscatter of the sputtered material, and, from the results, predicts deposition rates. The model also considers the effects of charge exchange in the sheaths, and of re-emission of sputtered material at the substrate. The model is valid for magnetic, tuned substrate, driven substrate, and controlled area ratio diode systems. Comparison with observed deposition rates shows good agreement for clean systems. An experimental APL program that uses the model has been written.
Maximal 2-Extensions with Restricted Ramification

Abstract We compute the Galois groups of several 2-extensions of Q ramified at finitely many odd primes.
School Worksite Wellness Programs: A Strategy for Achieving the 1990 Goals for a Healthier America:

Employee health promotion programs, first developed for private business and industry, are being extended to governmental employees. South Carolina established a pilot health promotion program in 1982 for 20,000 state employees in the area surrounding Columbia, the state capital. In 1985, the Carolina Healthstyle program was institutionalized as an employee benefit, extended statewide, and was broadened to include all school district employees and state retirees. This article describes the Carolina Healthstyle program in school worksites as it is being implemented by one pilot school district, with a briefer description of the organization, funding, and evaluation of the overall state employee wellness program. The article describes contributions that schoolsite wellness programs can make to increase positive health behaviors of staff, parents, and community as part of the movement to achieve the health goals of the nation.
The Role of Environmental Narratives and Social Positioning in How Place Gets Constructed for and by Youth

A growing set of research projects in science education are working from the assumption that science literacy can be constituted as being centrally focused on issues of social justice for the youth and for communities involved in such work (Calabrese Barton, 2003). Despite well-established links among race, class, and exposure to environmental health risks, environmental education is failing to take into account the environmental issues pertinent to youth who are most impacted by the most pressing modern environmental issues (Lewis & James, 1995). We therefore need to better understand how the places where environmental education occurs are themselves sites of cultural conflict that position youth in ways that limit access to certain learning pathways. Here, we ask the following questions: (a) How are places constructed for and by youth in traditional environmental education? and (b) What are implications of this construction of place for the design of instruction that connects youths’ sense of place with...
A COAMPS™ reanalysis for the Eastern Pacific: Properties of the diurnal sea breeze along the central California coast

[1] This paper introduces and evaluates a new atmospheric model reanalysis product for the U.S. west coast from the Navy's operational Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS™) implemented on a triply nested 81/27/9 km grid. Wind measurements from Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) moorings are used to evaluate a two year time series of the model output from October 1998 to October 2000. The model accurately reproduced both the landward decrease in the large-scale wind field and the shoreward intensification of the diurnal cycle during the summer season. This new reanalysis product will be required for accurate high resolution (km) coastal (0–10 km) simulations of the U.S. west coast by ocean models.
Cell‐by‐cell autofluorescence correction for low signal‐to‐noise systems: Application to epidermal growth factor endocytosis by 3T3 fibroblasts

Autofluorescence of cells can be a major portion of the fluorescence signal in many systems, especially when fluorescent conjugates are used to study receptor-ligand systems for which there are less than 70,000 receptors per cell. We have devised a method for the cell-by-cell correction of autofluorescence for flow cytometric data by using an additional parameter to measure and correct for autofluorescence in the fluorescence channel. The principle has been extended to allow simultaneous correction for autofluorescence and dual-fluorescence spillover compensation in samples labeled with two different fluorochromes; all corrections were done in software, making them applicable to any flow cytometer. The autofluorescence correction method was used to analyze the acidification of epidermal growth factor (EGF) by Swiss 3T3 cells. EGF is acidified to pH 6.2 starting two min after labeling, with a half-time for acidification of 45 s.
Exploration of California submarine canyons

The writer spent a sabbatical leave from the University of Illinois investigating the canyons which have been found in abundance along the slopes off the California Coast. Many of these canyons start almost at the shore-line and in some cases they are traceable outward to depths of over 11,000 feet. Below their rims they have depths comparable to the greatest land canyons and would certainly constitute some of the scenic wonders of the world if they were exposed to view. These submarine depressions have been a subject of controversy among California geologists and their origin as submerged river valleys has been challenged by several writers (W. M. Davis, Submarine mock-valleys, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 13th Annual Meeting, pp. 231–234, 1933; A. C. Lawson, The continental shelf off California, Bull. Nation. Res. Council, No. 44, 3–23, 1924; W. S. T. Smith, Submarine valleys of the California Coast, Science, v. 15, pp. 670–672, 1902). The alternatives of submarine currents or diastrophic movements were considered by these geologists to be more in accord with the indications of coastal elevation which are found in California.
Bivariate analysis of disordered eating characteristics in adolescence and young adulthood.

Objective We examined the etiology of two disordered eating characteristics. Method Participants included 1,470 female adolescent and young adult twins and their female nontwin siblings. Phenotypic factor analyses of a seven-item eating pathology screening tool yielded two factors: weight and shape concerns and behaviors (WSCB) and binge eating (BE). Univariate and bivariate extended twin analyses (including cotwins and nontwin siblings) were used to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on these characteristics. Results Analyses indicated that individual differences in WSCB and BE could be explained by additive genetic influences (a2 = 0.43 (95% CI: 0.33–0.52) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.36–0.58), respectively), with the remaining variance due to nonshared environmental influences. The genetic correlation between WSCB and BE was estimated at 0.64; the nonshared environmental correlation was estimated at 0.27. Discussion These results corroborate previous findings on genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating characteristics and suggest that findings can be extended to nontwin populations. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:751–761
Reduction potentials of various hemerythrin oxidation states

Abstract The reduction potentials of the couple methemerythrin/(semi-met) r have been determined spectrally, using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as a redox partner, for monomer and octamer from Themiste zostericola and for octamer protein from Phascolopsis gouldii. The reduction potentials of the couple (semi-met)o/deoxy have been determined spectrally, using Fe(III) cyanocomplexes, for monomer and octamer protein from Themiste zostericola. The values of other potentials, (met/(semi-met)o and (semi-met) r /deoxy), have thus been deduced as well as equilibrium constants for the (semi-met) r α (semi-met)o conformational changes for hemerythrins from Themiste zostericola.
SU-DD-A4-02: Fast Multimodal Image Registration Using Mutual Information and Variable Step-Size Grid Search Algorithm

Purpose: A robust optimization algorithm, referred to as variable step‐size grid search (VSGS), is presented for 2D/2D multimodal image registration, and evaluated using phantom and clinical imaging.Method and Materials: The VSGS optimization algorithm is based on recursive iterations of a geometrically scaled step‐size, and is more likely to converge to the global optimum and be less insensitive to the local optima compared to traditional gradient techniques (i.e. Powell, quasi‐Newton). As an optimization technique, it can be used with any objective function. Here mutual information was used as the similarity measure, and a multiresolution strategy was adopted to accelerate computation without adversely affecting robustness. VSGS was applied to the problem of automatic patient positioning in radiotherapy. The multimodal imaging consists of digitally reconstructedradiographs (DRRs), portal images acquired with electronic portal imaging devices(EPID), and the Varian linac‐based on‐board kilovoltage imager.EPIDimages were collected using the Siemens BEAMVIEW video EPID and the Varian AS500 flat‐panel imager.Results: Validation was carried out using phantom and clinical imaging data. Measurements indicated that VSGS has an accuracy of 0.5 mm (or 1 pixel) and <0.5°, and required about 8 seconds per registration on a 2 GHz PC. VSGS has an accuracy equivalent to or better than the traditional optimization techniques depending on histogram or Parzen‐windowing based mutual information calculations, but is more robust and faster computationally. This allows VSGS to be used for online real‐time image guided patient positioning without requiring frequent user intervention to recognize shifts associated with registrations trapped in local extrema. Conclusion: VSGS can be used for online real‐time image guided patient positioning to achieve more accurate patient positioning than using visual verification, and is sufficiently robust compared to traditional optimization techniques to make algorithm‐based registrations sufficiently robust for routine clinical use.
Body fat, rank, and nutritional status in a captive group of Rhesus Macaques

Using weight and skinfold thickness to calculate relative body fat, the fat content of 21 captive female rhesus macaques was estimated. Although age and. pregnancy had no effect on fat, rank was significant, especially during winter, with high-rank females having the highest fat scores. Rank therefore has a significant effect on the health of captive animals and may also affect the health of individuals in feral groups.
Work Release and Recidivism An Empirical Evaluation of a Social Policy

This study is an empirical assessment of the work release program in the Florida Division of Corrections An experimental design was used in which, randomly, 188 persons were assigned to a work release group and 93 to a control group. Follow-up interviews were conducted in the community, and recidivism data were obtained from Division of Corrections files and from FBI rap sheets. Eighteen different indices of recidivism were examined, using both discrete and continuous measures. The work release and control groups showed no appreciable differences on any of the recidivism measures and length of time in work release also failed to be consistently related to recidivism. Controls were introduced for 16 demographic, prior record, andjob-related variables, which did not alter the original findings Policy implications of the results are discussed.
Hydrazines as substrates for bovine plasma amine oxidase (PAO).

Abstract Various hydrazines were found to form complexes with bovine plasma amine oxidase (PAO). These enzymically-inactive complexes, when isolated by ultrafiltration, decomposed to active PAO and a product(s) incapable of inhibiting PAO. The recovery of activity followed first order kinetics with respect to the enzyme-hydrazine complex concentration. Half lives of the complexes ranged from 1.5 hours for hydrazine to about 10 hours for benzyl-hydrazine. After the hydrazine-inhibited enzyme recovered full activity, it could be retitrated at least twice. A 14 C,1-dimethylhydrazine-PAO complex was isolated by gel filtration.
Lateral variation of Q from singlet modal Q measurements of 0S2

Attenuation parameter Q of five singlets for the spheroidal mode 0S2 (m=−2, −1, 0, 1, 2) are measured from a strain recording for the 1960 Chilean earthquake and three gravimeter recordings for the 1977 Indonesian (Sumbawa) earthquake. From the variation of modal Q as a function of m, three spherical harmonic components of radially averaged Q, angular degree and order (0,0), (2,0) and (4,0), can be determined. The solution indicates lower Q values in the polar regions than in the equatorial regions of the lower mantle, although error bars for (2,0) and (4,0) are large. Assuming a thermally activated process with the activation energy of about 100 kcal/mol, this variation of Q is consistent with a few tens of degrees of lateral temperature variations. With better 0S2 data, large scale temperature variation in the lower mantle can be constrained in principle.
The Octopamine Receptor OAMB Mediates Ovulation via Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in the Drosophila Oviduct Epithelium

Ovulation is an essential physiological process in sexual reproduction; however, the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood. We have previously shown that OAMB, a Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor for octopamine (the insect counterpart of mammalian norepinephrine), is required for ovulation induced upon mating. OAMB is expressed in the nervous and reproductive systems and has two isoforms (OAMB-AS and OAMB-K3) with distinct capacities to increase intracellular Ca2+ or intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP in vitro. Here, we investigated tissue specificity and intracellular signals required for OAMB's function in ovulation. Restricted OAMB expression in the adult oviduct epithelium, but not the nervous system, reinstated ovulation in oamb mutant females, in which either OAMB isoform was sufficient for the rescue. Consistently, strong immunoreactivities for both isoforms were observed in the wild-type oviduct epithelium. To delineate the cellular mechanism by which OAMB regulates ovulation, we explored protein kinases functionally interacting with OAMB by employing a new GAL4 driver with restricted expression in the oviduct epithelium. Conditional inhibition of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), but not protein kinase A or C, in the oviduct epithelium inhibited ovulation. Moreover, constitutively active CaMKII, but not protein kinase A, expressed only in the adult oviduct epithelium fully rescued the oamb female's phenotype, demonstrating CaMKII as a major downstream molecule conveying the OAMB's ovulation signal. This is consistent with the ability of both OAMB isoforms, whose common intracellular signal in vitro is Ca2+, to reinstate ovulation in oamb females. These observations reveal the critical roles of the oviduct epithelium and its cellular components OAMB and CaMKII in ovulation. It is conceivable that the OAMB-mediated cellular activities stimulated upon mating are crucial for secretory activities suitable for egg transfer from the ovary to the uterus.
The Ultrasonographic Differentiation of Obstructive Versus Nonobstructive Hydronephrosis in Children: A Multivariate Scoring System

AbstractPurpose: We identified sonographic prognosticators to aid in distinguishing obstructive from nonobstructive hydronephrosis in children.Materials and Methods: Twelve sonographic variables were initially analyzed to determine significant associations between the variables and the presence of urinary tract obstruction as defined by diuretic radionuclide renography. The significant findings were subsequently subjected to logistic regression models to identify potential predictors for obstructive hydronephrosis.Results: The 7 variables associated with a significantly higher risk of urinary tract obstruction were increased echogenicity, parenchymal rims 5 mm. or less, contralateral hypertrophy, resistive index ratio 1.10 or greater, resistive index difference with diuresis of 70% or greater, ureter diameter 10 mm. or greater and aperistaltic ureter. These variables were used for the development of a multivariate scoring system.Conclusions: The obstructive scoring system shows promise as a screening meth...
Self-perceived natural history of pelvic organ prolapse described by women presenting for treatment

This study aimed to describe the self-perceived natural history of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women seeking care. Women presenting to a university-based urogynecology clinic for POP (n = 107) completed a questionnaire including questions about how and when their prolapse was discovered. A urogynecologic examination including the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) was also performed. Forty-eight percent of these women sought medical attention “immediately” after discovering a bulge. The median time to seek care was 4 months (range from 1 month to 45 years). Twenty-six percent associated their prolapse with a specific event (e.g., moving furniture or pushing a car). POP was self-discovered by 76% (81/107) of women. Self-discovered prolapses were larger than those diagnosed by physicians (Ba +1.3 vs 0.1 cm, P = .03, respectively). Women seek medical advice within months of discovering their prolapse. Self-discovery is associated with higher stage prolapse than prolapse diagnosed by health care providers.
The Cusp Catastrophe and the Stability Problem of Helicopter Ground Resonance

Catastrophe theory is used to derive closed form expressions for the critical speeds of helicopters in ground resonance. The results are obtained for an adaptation of Coleman’s model of helicopters with soft, in-plane hingeless rotors. It is shown that the characteristic polynomial of the rotorcraft system is diffeomorphic to a versal unfolding of the cusp catastrophe germ. Expressions are computed for the equilibrium manifold and the bifurcation set. The expression for the bifurcation set is then used to obtain a frequency equation for finding the exact critical speeds.
Conditions Under Which a Bogus Pipeline Procedure Enhances the Validity of Self‐Reported Cigarette Smoking: A Meta‐Analytic Review1

A meta-analysis was conducted to test whether the use of self-report measures within the bogus pipeline (BPL) paradigm yields more valid responses than the use of self-report measures alone for assessing cigarette smoking behavior. The meta-analytic results indicate that, overall, a BPL condition resulted in a larger proportion of subjects reporting that they are frequent smokers, as compared to a self-report measure only (no pipeline) condition. Tests of categorical models indicate that the enhanced validity of self-reports within the BPL paradigm is moderated by the following variables: (a) type of BPL presentation employed, (b) type of self-report measure to which the BPL technique is compared, and (c) whether most participants are smokers (as indicated by a biochemical marker).
Beyond Maternal Blame Physical Child Abuse as a Phenomenon of Gender

This study begins with an examination of why men have been left out of physical child abuse research. An attempt is then made to include them by focusing on the motivational processes and social structures that differentiate men's physical child abuse from women's. It is argued that widespread gender imbalances in power, men's lack of role models and rewards for nurturant activity, and their socialization to violence, bear a direct relationship to children's risk of physical abuse. The methodological problems involved in accurately comparing male and female caregivers' rates of physical child abuse are discussed and a strategy for assessing these gender differences is introduced.
The Cosmological Term and Supersymmetry

A persistent problem in quantum field theory is the existence of vacuum energy which is defined by $$ \theta _{\mu \nu } > = \frac{1} {{F^2 }}g_{\mu \nu } , $$ , where \( \theta _{\mu \nu } \) is the stress-energy tensor and F is a constant.
Beyond Trastuzumab: Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in HER-2–Positive Breast Cancer

HER-2 is a transmembrane, tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor whose overexpression is associated with adverse prognosis in breast cancer. The biological effects of HER-2 are mediated by kinase activity causing phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor molecule, leading to activation of downstream growth-promoting pathways. Antibody-mediated inhibition by trastuzumab as well as TK inhibition are clinically effective anti– HER-2 strategies. Kinase inhibitors offer some potential therapeutic advantages over antibody-based therapies. Being small molecules, TK inhibitors (TKIs) have oral bioavailability and ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Because of their different modeofaction,TKIsmaybeabletoovercomesomeof the mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. Preclinical, and limited clinical data also suggest that TKIs and trastuzumab have synergistic activity. Lapatinib is the only TKI available for clinical use at present, but several molecules with anti–HER-2 activity have been identified and are undergoing evaluation. These differ in the spectrum of kinases that they inhibit, potency of HER-2 inhibition, pharmacokinetic properties, and toxicity profiles, and are at various stages of clinical development. In this article we summarize selected HER-2 TKIs approved for clinical use or in development for which clinical data are available. The Oncologist 2009;14:1061–1069
Failure of impulse propagation in a mathematically simulated ischemic border zone: influence of direction of propagation and cell-to-cell electrical coupling.

Propagation in a Modeled Ischemic Border Zone. Introduction: It is suggested that heterogeneous extracellular potassium concentration, cell-to-cell coupling, and geometric nonuniformities of the ischemic border zone contribute to the incidence of unidirectional block and subsequent development of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Method and Results: A discrete electrical network was used to model a single cardiac fiber with a [K+]e gradient characteristic of an ischemic border zone. Directional differences in propagation were evaluated by creating discrete regions with increased gap junctional resistance within the [K+]e gradient. Furthermore, the effect of homogeneity/heterogeneity of cell length on impulse propagation through the [K+]e gradient in the presence of increased gap junctional resistance was evaluated. The results indicate that failure of impulse propagation occurs at the junction between partially uncoupled and normally coupled cells. Furthermore, propagation failure was more likely to occur as the impulse propagated from a region of high [K+]e to low [K+]e. Heterogeneity in cell length contributes to the variability in the occurrence of unidirectional and bidirectional block. Conclusions: The onset of cellular uncoupling in an ischemic border zone may interact with the inherent [K+]e gradient leading to unidirectional conduction block. This mechanism may be important for the generation of reentrant arrhythmias at the ischemic border zone.
Novel Use of a Guanosine Prodrug Approach To Convert 2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-Dideoxyguanosine into a Viable Antiviral Agent

Transient kinetic studies with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 reverse transcriptase suggest that nucleotide analogs containing the 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy ribose ring structure present in D4T (stavudine) triphosphate are among the most effective alternative substrates. For unclear reasons, however, the corresponding purine nucleoside, 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (D4G), was found to be inactive in cell culture. We have found that the previously reported lack of activity of D4G is primarily due to solution instability, and in this report we describe a novel use of a guanosine prodrug approach to stabilize the nucleoside. D4G was modified at the 6 position of the purine ring to contain a cyclopropylamino group yielding the prodrug, cyclo-D4G. An evaluation of cyclo-D4G revealed that the prodrug possessed anti-HIV activity. In addition, cyclo-D4G had increased stability, lipophilicity, and solubility, as well as decreased toxicity relative to D4G, suggesting that further study is warranted.
Nonlinear simulations of vesicle wrinkling

In this paper, we study nonlinear wrinkling dynamics of a vesicle in an extensional flow. Motivated by the recent experiments and linear theory on wrinkles of a quasi-spherical membrane, we are interested in examining the linear theory and exploring wrinkling dynamics in a nonlinear regime. We focus on a quasi-circular vesicle in two dimensions and show that the linear analytical results are qualitatively independent of the number of dimensions. Hence, the two-dimensional studies can provide insights into the full three-dimensional problem. We develop a spectral accurate boundary integral method to simulate the nonlinear evolution of surface tension and the nonlinear interactions between flow and membrane morphology. We demonstrate that for a quasi-circular vesicle, the linear theory well predicts the characteristic wavenumber during the wrinkling dynamics. Nonlinear results of an elongated vesicle show that there exist dumbbell-like stationary shapes in weak flows. For strong flows, wrinkles with pronounced amplitudes will form during the evolution. As far as the shape transition is concerned, our simulations are able to capture the main features of wrinkles observed in the experiments. Interestingly, numerical results reveal that, in addition to wrinkling, asymmetric rotation can occur for slightly tilted vesicles. The mathematical theory and numerical results are expected to lead to a better understanding of related problems in biology such as cell wrinkling. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum-chromodynamic predictions for direct photons in e + e − collisions

We analyze the direct photon production in e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions in quantum chromodynamics using the cut-vertex formalism and the renormalization-group method. The two-loop anomalous dimensions of timelike cut vertices are calculated from the two-loop parton decay probability functions. The moments of the transverse structure function W-bar/sup ..gamma..//sub T/ are calculated up to the next-to-leading order. The nonleading corrections to W-bar/sup ..gamma..//sub T/ turn out to be large, and even larger than those to the photon structure function F/sup ..gamma..//sub 2/ in photon-photon scattering. Also, the moments of the longitudinal structure function W-bar/sup ..gamma..//sub L/ are calculated in the leading order. The corrections are found to be small.
Selective Benefits of Question Self-Generation and Answering for Remembering Expository Text

The present study examined possible memory and metacomprehension benefits of using a combined question self-generation and answering technique, relative to rereading, as a study strategy for expository passages. In the 2 question self-generation and answering conditions (detail or conceptual questions), participants were prompted on how to generate questions of a particular type (detail or conceptual) and given practice and feedback prior to reading and studying 4 experimental passages. Participants then made judgments of learning for detailed and conceptual information from the passages, following which a cued-recall test with detail and conceptual questions was administered. The self-generation and answering of conceptual questions yielded a significant benefit to memory performance for conceptual but not detailed test questions, relative to a rereading condition, whereas the self-generation and answering of detail questions provided no benefit. A similar pattern was found for metacomprehension as assessed by calibration, but not relative monitoring accuracy. The selective memory benefit observed here is consistent with theoretical frameworks that emphasize the importance of transfer- and material-appropriate processing in modulating the benefits of using question self-generation and answering as a study strategy.
Software-only video production switcher for the internet MBone

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a prototype software video production switcher, vps, that improves the quality of the content of MBone broadcasts. vps is modeled after the broadcast television industry's studio production switcher. It provides special effects processing to incorporate audience discussions, add titles and other information, and integrate stored videos into the presentation. vps is structured to work with other MBone conferencing tools. The ultimate goal is to automate the production of MBone broadcasts.
Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic and Homoallylic Diamination of 4‐Phenyl‐1‐Butene with Di‐Tert‐Butyldiaziridinone

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Phosphorous trichloride (S)-H8-BINOL (S)-1(8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15)-Octahydro-3,5-diox-4-phosphacyclohepta[2,1-a;3,4a′]dinaphthalen4-yl)-2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperdine Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium Di-tert-butyldiaziridinone (4S,5S)1-3-Di-tert-butyl-4-phenyl-5-vinylimadazolidin-2-one Keywords: Palladium catalyst; Asymmetric alicyclic diamination; Homoallylic diamination; Phenyl butene; Vicinal diamines; Mechanism Terminal olefins; Waste disposal
Fault-tolerant sensor systems using evolvable hardware

This paper describes a system that is robust with respect to a sensor failure. The system utilizes multiple sensor inputs (three in this case) connected to a programmable device that averages the outputs from the sensors. The programmable device is programmed using evolvable hardware techniques. If one or more of the input sensors fail, then the controller detects the failure and initiates a reprogramming of the circuit. The system then continues to operate with a reduced number of sensors. The failure detection is accomplished by comparing the actual system output with a Kalman-filter estimate of the output. If the actual output and the filter estimate differ by an amount greater than the system uncertainty, then a failure is noted. The system is robust to several different failure modes: sensor fails as open circuit, sensor fails as short circuit, partial failures, multiple sensors fail, field programmable analog array input amplifier failure. This paper describes the experimental setup as well as results using actual temperature sensors. For all failure types, the system was able to recover to within 2% of the target value
Student Teaching for a Specialized View of Professional Practice? Opportunities to Learn in and for Urban, High-Needs Schools

This article presents findings from a qualitative study of first-year elementary teachers who assessed the strengths and weaknesses of their preservice student teaching experiences vis-a-vis their inservice realities. Specifically, the study explores opportunities to learn across student teaching placements and analyzes the degree to which placements present participants with equitable opportunities to build a specialized view of professional practice—one that can support them to enact in urban, high-needs schools the kind of practices that research suggests are crucial to the academic success of historically underserved students. Findings highlight the importance of providing preservice teachers with examples of “what’s possible” in the face of tightly regulated, accountability-driven policies. The authors conclude with suggestions for teacher educators concerning the reorganization of student teaching and the strategic mediation of preservice teachers’ learning to ensure that all preservice teachers rec...
Deletion of PDZD7 disrupts the Usher syndrome type 2 protein complex in cochlear hair cells and causes hearing loss in mice

Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) is the predominant form of USH, a leading genetic cause of combined deafness and blindness. PDZD7, a paralog of two USH causative genes, USH1C and USH2D (WHRN), was recently reported to be implicated in USH2 and non-syndromic deafness. It encodes a protein with multiple PDZ domains. To understand the biological function of PDZD7 and the pathogenic mechanism caused by PDZD7 mutations, we generated and thoroughly characterized a Pdzd7 knockout mouse model. The Pdzd7 knockout mice exhibit congenital profound deafness, as assessed by auditory brainstem response, distortion product otoacoustic emission and cochlear microphonics tests, and normal vestibular function, as assessed by their behaviors. Lack of PDZD7 leads to the disorganization of stereocilia bundles and a reduction in mechanotransduction currents and sensitivity in cochlear outer hair cells. At the molecular level, PDZD7 determines the localization of the USH2 protein complex, composed of USH2A, GPR98 and WHRN, to ankle links in developing cochlear hair cells, likely through its direct interactions with these three proteins. The localization of PDZD7 to the ankle links of cochlear hair bundles also relies on USH2 proteins. In photoreceptors of Pdzd7 knockout mice, the three USH2 proteins largely remain unchanged at the periciliary membrane complex. The electroretinogram responses of both rod and cone photoreceptors are normal in knockout mice at 1 month of age. Therefore, although the organization of the USH2 complex appears different in photoreceptors, it is clear that PDZD7 plays an essential role in organizing the USH2 complex at ankle links in developing cochlear hair cells. GenBank accession numbers: KF041446, KF041447, KF041448, KF041449, KF041450, KF041451.