cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigration Bond: an analysis of the determinants of official decisions

The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) faces the responsibility of stemming the flow of illegal aliens into the US. They must decide if an apprehended alien is to be released or detained, and the amount of bond to set. Officials seek to avoid detaining aliens who are not flight risks or criminals. Critics charge that immigration bond policy is arbitrary and inefficient. Officials counter by claiming that community ties and crime issues are the determinants of bond. Findings indicate that community ties were important. Aliens with local family, especially spouses and minors, received lower bonds. Employed aliens, those with assets, and students fared well. Aliens considered a threat, those arrested for a crime, particularly narcotics trafficking were usually detained. Uncooperative aliens and those with false documents faced high bonds. Ascriptive characteristics were significant as aliens from communist, and poverty stricken nations received lower bonds, along with minors, males and whites. Those from dictatorships, and drug producing nations faced higher bails.
Experimental verification of a predicted, hitherto unseen separation selectivity pattern in the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of weak base enantiomers by octakis (2,3‐diacetyl‐6‐sulfato)‐γ‐cyclodextrin

The capillary electrophoretic separation of cationic enantiomers with single-isomer multivalent anionic resolving agents was reexamined with the help of the charged resolving agent migration model. Three general model parameters were identified that influence the shape of the separation selectivity and enantiomer mobility difference curves: parameter b, the binding selectivity (K(RCD)/K(SCD)), parameter s, the size selectivity (mu0(RCD)/mu0(SCD)), and parameter a, the complexation-induced alteration of the analyte's mobility (mu0(RCD)/mu0). In addition to the previously observed discontinuity in separation selectivity that occurs as mu(eff) of the less mobile enantiomer changes from cationic to anionic, a new feature, a separation selectivity maximum was predicted to occur in the resolving agent concentration range where both enantiomers migrate cationically provided that (i) K(RCD)/K(SCD) 1 and (K(RCD)mu0(RCD))/(K(SCD)mu0(SCD)) > 1, or (ii) K(RCD)/K(SCD) >1 and mu0(RCD)/mu0(SCD) <1 and (K(RCD)mu0(RCD))/(K(SCD)mu0(SCD)) <1. This hitherto unseen separation selectivity pattern was experimentally verified during the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of four weak base analytes in acidic methanol background electrolytes with octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin (ODAS-gammaCD) as resolving agent.
Non-Cognitive Constructs and Self-Reported Creativity by Domain

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which non-cognitive constructs (personality, thinking styles, motivation, and psychological well-being) would predict self-reported creativity across different domains among 266 college students. Consistent with hypotheses, openness, legislative thinking styles, and intrinsic motivation were significant predictors of overall self-reported creativity and across several domains. Extraversion was also a key predictor. Some other relationships consistent with past research (such as disagreeableness and math/science creativity) were also noted.
Immunocytochemical evidence for the involvement of golgi apparatus in the deposition of seed lectin of Bauhinia purpurea (Leguminosae)

The seed lectin of the tree legume,Bauhinia purpurea alba, was localized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The pattern of lectin deposition and site of intracellular localization was examined in mid- to late-maturation seeds. The seed tissue was embedded in Lowicryl K4M, the use of which with seed tissues is discussed. Immunocytochemical labeling was accomplished with colloidal gold coupled to a second antibody. The immunocytochemical reaction was specific and sensitive. Protein bodies, Golgi apparatus and Golgi secretion vesicles were densely labeled. Golgi apparatus was oriented such that Golgi secretion vesicles were in close proximity to the protein bodies. The entire Golgi apparatus was labeled with no concentration gradient across the Golgi stack. These observations indicate that the final site of lectin deposition is the protein body, and that the Golgi apparatus plays an essential role in the deposition process.
Genetics of familial dilated cardiomyopathy

Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary heart muscle disease characterized by ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function. DCM is the most common form of cardiomyopathy, and is also the commonest cause for heart failure and cardiac transplantation in adults and children. The frequency of familial occurrence of DCM had been significantly underestimated in the past, but extensive family studies showed that 35–45% of cases are familial. This recognition led to molecular genetic investigations that have further enhanced the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of DCM. In this review, we discuss these new insights into the genetics of DCM which will have important implications for the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of DCM.
On the vegetative biomass partitioning of seed plant leaves, stems, and roots.

Abstract: A central goal of comparative life‐history theory is to derive the general rules governing growth, metabolic allocation, and biomass partitioning. Here, we use allometric theory to predict the relationships among annual leaf, stem, and root growth rates (GL, GS, and GR, respectively) across a broad spectrum of seed plant species. Our model predicts isometric scaling relationships among all three organ growth rates: \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $G_{\mathrm{L}\,}\propto G_{\mathrm{S}\,}\propto G_{\mathr...
Vascular endothelium, hemodynamics, and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis

The localization of atherosclerotic lesion formation to regions of disturbed blood flow associated with certain arterial geometries, in humans and experimental animals, suggests an important role for hemodynamic forces in the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. There is increasing evidence that the vascular endothelium, which is directly exposed to various fluid mechanical forces generated by pulsatile blood flow, can discriminate among these different biomechanical stimuli and transduce them into genetic regulatory programs that modulate endothelial function. In this brief review, we discuss how biomechanical stimuli generated by blood flow can influence endothelial functional phenotypes, and explore the working hypothesis of "atheroprone" hemodynamic environments as "local risk factors" in atherogenesis. In addition, we consider the therapeutic implications of the activation of "atheroprotective genes" and their role as "critical regulatory nodes" in vascular homeostasis.
Structure of the O-Linked Oligosaccharides from a Major Thyroid Cell Surface Glycoprotein☆☆☆

Abstract A major glycoprotein at the surface of calf thyroid cells, GP-3 ( M r 20,000), contains the I-antigenic activity of calf thyroid which has been attributed to its poly- N -acetyllactosamine N-linked saccharide chains (Edge, A. S. B., and Spiro, R. G., J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15332–15338, 1985). The present study demonstrated that alkaline borohydride treatment of GP-3 results in the release of five neutral and five acidic saccharides that were found to represent over 30% of the saccharides of this carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein. Three of the oligosaccharides contained terminal α1 → 3-linked galactose residues which accounted for their affinity toward Bandeiraea simplicifolia I lectin. The saccharides could be grouped into several distinct categories on the basis of their internal sequence. A novel tetrasaccharide in GP-3 was shown to have the structure: Galα1 → 3Galβ1 → 6(Galβ1 → 3)GalNAcH 2 . An unsubstituted N -acetylgalactosamine unit and a Galβ1 → 3GalNAc disaccharide were prominent O-linked constituents, with the disaccharide serving as a core unit for the attachment of sialic acid residues to form tetra- and trisaccharides. A branched core structure, Galβ1 → 3(GlcNAcβ1 → 6)GalNAcH 2 was shared by 4 of the 10 saccharides, the most complete of which was assigned the sequence NeuAcα2 → 3Galβ1 → 3(Galα1 → 3Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1 → 6)GalNAcH 2 .
Cost and Fee Allocation in Civil Procedure

Court costs in American civil procedure are allocated to the loser Closer pays") as elsewhere in the civilized world. As Theodor Sedgwick, America's first expert on damages opined, it is matter of inherent justice that the party found in the wrong should indemnify the party in the right for the expenses of litigation. Yet attorneys' fees are not allocated this way in the United States: they are allowed to fall on the party that incurs them (the "American rule," better, the Ameri can practice). According to Albert Ehrenzweig, Austrian judge, ?migr? and then prominent American law professor, the American practice is "a festering cancer in the body of our law." This Article surveys Ameri can cost and fee allocation practices. The author hopes that the Article will serve as a prolegomenon from an American perspective for more encompassing comparative studies, including eventually of empirical studies. Preparing this Article has led the author to believe that the impact of fee allocation systems has been underappreciated in evalua tion of how well nations in fact deliver civil justice.
Synchrotron-based impurity mapping

Abstract Studies were performed on metal impurity precipitates in silicon using synchrotron-based X-rays. The elemental distribution and chemical state of metal impurities were measured by using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (μ-XAS), both with a 1–2 μm 2 spatial resolution. With these systems we have identified preferred precipitation sites for metal impurities in silicon and we have correlated poor solar cell performance with metal impurity distributions. Furthermore, we have studied the dissolution rate of metal precipitates as a function of thermal treatment and we have analyzed the chemical state of metal precipitates in silicon. Discussions of metal precipitate stability are presented in regards to the chemical state and material improvement.
Moderate-temperature geothermal resource potential of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain

Analysis of geothermal gradients determined in 65 exploratory holes in the Atlantic Coastal Plain indicates that in many areas temperatures exceed 40 °C at the base of the sediments. Water of such temperature, if it is available in sufficient quantity, represents a viable geothermal resource. Preliminary results of a test at Crisfield, Maryland, are encouraging in that brackish water at a temperature of 56 °C was produced from an aquifer at 1.2 km depth. Further testing of the temperatures and transmissivity of the deep aquifers beneath the Coastal Plain is required before the geothermal resource potential can be evaluated.
Characteristics of Pre‐Rigor Pressurized Versus Conventionally Processed Beef Cooked by Microwaves and by Broiling

Eighty-six grams paired beef semitendinosus portions processed either conventionally or by pre-rigor pressure were broiled or microwave cooked. Pre-rigor pressure-treated cooked beef portions were higher (P < 0.05) than untreated portions in total moisture, pH, exterior color a+ values and subjective tenderness and ease of fiber separation scores than did the untreated portions. Total moisture, drip cooking loss, interior a+ (redness) color value, and exterior L (lightness) and b+ (yellowness) color values were significantly higher in the microwaved beef portions as compared to the broiled portions. Neither juiciness nor flavor of samples were influenced (P < 0.05) by treatment or by cooking method.
Factors associated with parents' and professionals' perceptions of infants in an early intervention program

Mothers and regular intervention home visitors rated temperament characteristics of 39 high risk or developmentally delayed infants (approximately 9 months corrected age). Mothers who reported greater depression rated their infants as less optimal on several temperament dimensions. Similarly, mothers who were single, less educated, or had infants showing greater developmental delay, described their infants' temperament as less satisfactory than did other mothers. These maternal variables also correlated with home visitors' ratings of infant temperament, although the number of significant correlates was fewer. Discrepancies between parent and professional reports were examined. Mothers of infants showing poorer development rated their infants more positively on activity and rhythmicity than did professionals. Higher educated mothers also tended to report higher activity levels for their infants than did the home visitors. Infant activity, as rated by home visitors, is highly correlated with infant's developmental status. Perhaps mothers of poorly developing infants and those with greater education overestimate infant activity because they have relatively greater difficulty accepting the extent of their infants' functional limitations.
Risk to groundlings of death due to airplane accidents: a risk communication tool

During the period 1975-85 in the United States the 70 year lifetime risk of dying from being hit by an airplane when the individual is on the ground was 4.2 per million people. In contrast to many other risks used for comparison purposes, risk to those on the ground from an airplane crash is not a function of our own skills; is not optional; provides no benefit to anyone involved; and is not an act of nature. As a risk comparison tool it also has the useful characteristics of being something about which we can agree that regulatory action, such as control of airplane use and traffic, is warranted; but that no significant change in personal behavior, such as living in the basement to protect against dying from a plane hitting the home, is commensurate with the extent of risk.
Who hates whom in the great outdoors: the impact of recreational specialization and technologies of play.

Abstract We offer the hypotheses that social relationships in outdoor recreation settings are heavily influenced by the recreational technologies; that recreationists participate in clusters of technologically similar recreations; that users of more physically obtrusive technologies are resented by users of less obtrusive technologies, but that the latter are not resented by the former. To test these hypotheses data were presented from questionnaires completed by recreation visitors to Corps of Engineers reservoirs in Oregon. Relatively distinct technologically defined clusters of recreational activities were found. Resenting relationships between users of different technologies were found, but resentments were directed toward users of both highly and less obtrusive technologies. It also appeared, contrary to hypothesis, that users of more obtrusive technologies evaluated physical obtrusiveness positively. It was also found that resentments were directed between, rather than within, clusters, and that rec...
Toxicity, ultrastructural effects, and metabolic studies with 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane(o,p′-DDD) and its methyl analog in the guinea pig and rat☆

Effects of 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane (o,p′-DDD) (Lysodren; Mitotane) (I) and 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloropropane (Mitometh) (II) were investigated. Ultrastructural and toxicity studies were conducted with male Hartley outbred guinea pigs given 300 mg/kg/day ip for 14 days. Profound mitochondrial damage in the guinea pig adrenal cortex, an index of Lysodren's action as a cancer chemotherapeutic, was also seen in Mitometh-treated animals. This effect produced selective, reversible necrosis of the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis with swelling, disrupted cristae, and organelles destroyed in the mitochondria from these areas. Yet guinea pigs given Mitometh tolerated the drug better than those given an equivalent amount of Lysodren. In general the animals treated with Mitometh showed less alopecia, diarrhea, and weakness. The only deaths recorded in our study were in the Lysodren group. In addition po administration of these two drugs to male Sprague-Dawley rats and male Hartley guinea pigs for 4 days allowed for a direct comparison of urinary metabolites. Metabolites were identified from urine extracts by computerized mass spectrometry interfaced with capillary gas chromatography. Both compounds were shown to undergo dehydrohalogenation and side-chain cleavage to a limited extent; however, only Lysodren afforded side-chain oxidation metabolites. In fact, the dominant metabolite from Lysodren biotransformation was the corresponding carboxylic acid o,p′-DDA (III). On the other hand, Mitometh resisted side-chain oxidative metabolism and was less toxic than Lysodren. Therefore, when given to guinea pigs and rats, Mitometh had Lysodren-like biologic activity, did not undergo rapid inactivation, and was less toxic than Lysodren. Mitometh represents a potential alternative to Lysodren which should be investigated further for its possible use in the treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma and Cushing's syndrome.
Methanol diffusion rates through the anode diffusion layer in direct methanol fuel cells from limiting current measurements

Metal foams may be used in direct methanol fuel cells to feed reactants to the catalyst layer and to collect current from the resulting electrochemical reaction. Although the mass transfer from the metal foam to the underlying gas diffusion layer (GDL) is diffusion-dominated, it is found that at a fixed methanol concentration, the limiting current density increases with increasing methanol flow rates. This unexpected result is attributed to the more efficient removal of product CO2 from the GDL. A methodology is developed to estimate the effective diffusion coefficient of methanol in the anode diffusion layer from limiting current density measurements, and to extract the fraction of GDL volume occupied by CO2.
Modeling of structured multiphase mixtures

Abstract The usual modeling of multiphase mixtures involves a basic set of balance equations of mass, momentum, energy and entropy which are constructed by an averaging procedure or postulated. In modeling the structured multiphase mixtures, the intrinsic motion of particles can be described by an additional set of balance equations. Fundamental to the construction of the structured models of mixtures are the problems pertaining to the existence and number of these additional balance equations. By using the volume averaging procedure it is possible not only to derive the basic set of field equations, but also a very general set of additional balance equations which account for such properties as particle dilatation and rotation, demonstrating that the existing structured models of multiphase mixtures are very special cases of the material deformation.
The effects of alkylidyne and atomic oxygen overlayers on the dynamics of adsorption of methane on Pt(111)

Abstract The dynamics of the trapping of methane on p(2×2)-oxygen, -ethylidyne, -butylidyne and -isobutylidyne overlayers on Pt(111) at 50 K was investigated using supersonic molecular-beam techniques. Since each of these adsorbates forms the same structure, trapping dynamics could be studied as a function of the internal structure of the adsorbate. Trapping probabilities on these surfaces at a fixed incident energy and angle increase in the order oxygen −1 , compared with a decrease in trapping probability from 0.3 to zero over the same energy range on the clean surface. The angular dependence of the trapping probability indicates that the overlayers lead to an increase in the static corrugation in gas–surface potential. The generally higher values of the trapping probabilities on the alkylidyne-covered surfaces and the weaker angular dependence they exhibit suggest that they have a more corrugated potential than the clean surface. The further increase in trapping probabilities for methane on Pt(111) covered by the analogous alkanes suggests that the additional frustrated translations of the alkanes may also enhance trapping into the extrinsic precursor. The change in the adsorption probability with methane coverage on the oxygen-covered surface is described by the modified Kisliuk model [J. Phys. Chem. 95 (1991) 2461; J. Chem. Phys. 92 (1990) 1397]. The trapping probability increases with methane coverage, indicating that trapping into the extrinsic precursor state is more efficient in the presence of methane.
Statistical leakage minimization through joint selection of gate sizes, gate lengths and threshold voltage

This paper proposes a novel methodology for statistical leakage minimization of digital circuits. A function of mean and variance of the circuit leakage is minimized with constraint on a-percentile of the delay using physical delay models. Since the leakage is a strong function of the threshold voltage and gate length, considering them as design variables can provide significant amount of power savings. The leakage minimization problem is formulated as a multivariable convex optimization problem. We demonstrate that statistical optimization can lead to more than 37% savings in nominal leakage compared to worst-case techniques that perform only gate sizing.
Stability of Gyroscopic Systems Near Vanishing Eigenvalues

Vanishing eigenvalues of a gyroscopic system are always repeated and, as a result of this degeneracy, their eigenfunctions represent a combination of constant displacements with zero velocity and the displacements derived from constant, nonzero velocity. In a second-order formulation of the equations of motion, the assumption of harmonic vibration is not sufficiently general to represent this motion as the displacements derived from constant, nonzero velocity are not included. In a first order formulation, however, the assumption of harmonic vibration is sufficient. Solvability criteria are required to determine the complete form of such eigenfunctions and in particular whether or not their velocities are identically zero. A conjecture for gyroscopic systems is proposed that predicts whether the eigenvalue locus is imaginary or complex in the neighborhood of a vanishing eigenvalue. If the velocities of all eigenfunctions with vanishing eigenvalues are identically zero, the eigenvalues are imaginary; if any eigenfunction exists whose eigenvalue is zero but whose velocity is nonzero, the corresponding eigenvalue locus is complex. The conjecture is shown to be true for many commonly studied gyroscopic systems; no counter examples have yet been found. The conjecture can be used to predict divergence instability in many cases without extensive computation.
Mechanistic design concepts for heavyweight F-15 aircraft on flexible pavement

A new F-15 aircraft is now the heaviest fighter aircraft in the United States Air Force inventory. A mechanistic design procedure is developed for flexible pavements to accommodate the heavyweight F-15 loading. The ILLI-PAVE finite element computer program is used as the structural model to compute pavement structural responses. Design algorithms are developed from an ILLI-PAVE data base and are demonstrated in an example problem. The proposed design procedure is then compared with the present U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) procedure. The DOD procedure does not adequately consider asphalt-concrete fatigue effects. DOD minimum surface thickness requirements may not be sufficient to prevent premature cracking of pavements subjected to long-term use by the heavyweight F-15 aircraft. However, the DOD procedure may be overly conservative for subgrade rutting.
Does Public Disagreement on Monetary Policy Unsettle the Markets

Publication of minutes of monthly monetary policy meetings between the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Governor of the Bank of England was a conspicuous feature of the United Kingdom's inflation targeting framework from 1994 through April 1997. It was intended to reinforce credibility by publicizing the criteria on which policy was decided. On some occasions, however, these minutes revealed disagreement between the participants. This paper examines whether such disagreement unsettled the markets and detracted from credibility.
Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a critical regulator of the cellular response to cancer-initiating insults such as genotoxic stress. In this report, we demonstrate that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important components of the p53 transcriptional network. Global miRNA expression analyses identified a cohort of miRNAs that exhibit p53-dependent upregulation following DNA damage. One such miRNA, miR-34a, is commonly deleted in human cancers and, as shown here, frequently absent in pancreatic cancer cells. Characterization of the miR-34a primary transcript and promoter demonstrates that this miRNA is directly transactivated by p53. Expression of miR-34a causes dramatic reprogramming of gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Much like the known set of p53-regulated genes, miR-34a-responsive genes are highly enriched for those that regulate cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, DNA repair, and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is likely that an important function of miR-34a is the modulation and fine-tuning of the gene expression program initiated by p53.
Looking Beyond the National Level: Foreign Direct Investment Attraction in U.S. States

International relations scholars need to look beyond the national level because U.S. states and governors are increasingly important actors in world politics. One way to look at their international activities is by examining the ways in which U.S. states seek to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), just one research puzzle at the nexus of international relations and U.S. state politics, two fields that rarely talk to one another. After pointing out the gaps within theories from international relations and international political economy, this paper describes the evolving global roles of both U.S. states and governors and shows how U.S. states attract FDI through the use of their international offices and governor-led overseas missions. Empirical findings indicate that U.S. states' international offices and a higher level of economic interdependence help states attract FDI, and the paper argues that extension of institutional approaches from IPE may be valuable for future research about the internation...
Effects of the interplanetary magnetic field on the magnetotail structure - Large-scale changes of the plasma sheet during magnetospheric substorms

Abstract The effects of the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the structure of the distant magnetotail are studied by superposing a uniform magnetic field on a magnetospheric model. It is shown that a southward component of the IMF alone can reduce the closed field region in the magnetotail, while a northward turning of the IMF can produce a new closed field region. It is suggested that these two effects can explain thinning and thickening, respectively, of the plasma sheet during magnetospheric substorms without invoking internal instabilities.
Inhibition of Activator Protein-1, NF-κB, and MAPKs and Induction of Phase 2 Detoxifying Enzyme Activity by Chlorogenic Acid

Chlorogenic acid, the ester of caffeic acid with quinic acid, is one of the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet. The antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties of chlorogenic acid have been established in animal studies. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms through which chlorogenic acid inhibits carcinogenesis. In this study, we found that chlorogenic acid inhibited the proliferation of A549 human cancer cells in vitro. The results of the soft agar assay indicated that chlorogenic acid suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of JB6 cells with chlorogenic acid blocked UVB- or TPA-induced transactivation of AP-1 and NF-κB over the same dose range. At low concentrations, chlorogenic acid decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases, p38 kinase, and MAPK kinase 4 induced by UVB/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, yet higher doses were required to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Chlorogenic acid also increased the enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase. Further studies indicated that chlorogenic acid could stimulate the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor) as well as subsequent induction of GSTA1 antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated GST activity. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway might be involved in the activation of Nrf2 translocation. These results provide the first evidence that chlorogenic acid could protect against environmental carcinogen-induced carcinogenesis and suggest that the chemopreventive effects of chlorogenic acid may be through its up-regulation of cellular antioxidant enzymes and suppression of ROS-mediated NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPK activation.
Notes on the non-autonomous Lyness equation

Abstract We prove that the solutions of the non-autonomous Lyness equation x n +1 =( x n + b n )/ x n −1 , b n >0, x 0 >0, x 1 >0, are bounded away from zero and infinity if the sequence b n is monotonic. We also give an example to show that the solutions need not be bounded even when the sequence b n attains only two values.
Collisionless IR multiphoton absorption in propynal

Abstract Wavelength dependence of rovibronic populations of propynal vibrationally excited under collisionless conditions and probed by laser-induced fluorescence, is compared with energy deposition measurements determined photoacoustically. The data show that under conditions of multiphoton absorption, excitation of the lower vibrational manifold is wavelength dependent and not well correlated with the total energy deposited.
Electrocorticography in psychomotor epilepsy.

Abstract 1. 1. Current concepts of the origin of psychomotor epilepsy are discussed. 2. 2. Indications and contraindications for electrocorticography and for surgical intervention in the management of patients with psychomotor seizures are suggested. 3. 3. A simple and efficient method of electrocorticography, which can be used in unscreened operating rooms, is described. 4. 4. Focal spiking from the anterior 4 cm. of the temporal cortex was observed during sleep in 19 of 23 patients. Anterior temporal lobectomy eleminated seizures of psychomotor type in 12 of these cases. 5. 5. The clinical evidence points to a bilateral anterior temporal-subcortical circuit in man, comparable with that already confirmed in lower animal. 6. 6. It is suggested that seizures of psychomotor type may be fired from an area of neuronal injury either within the anterior temporal cortex or within its subcortical connections. In the latter, the contraindications for anterior temporal lobectomy are illustrated and analyzed in our unsuccessful cases.
On micro-buoyancy spherical diffusion flames and a double luminous zone structure of the hydrogen/methane flame

Almost spherically symmetry diffusion flames of substantial dimension (diameter ∼ several centimeters) were established in earth gravity by ejecting an O 2 /N 2 mixture from a porous sphere into a subatmospheric pressure environment consisting of low-molecular-weight fuels such as methane and hydrogen. In the present investigation, a double-luminous zone structure, consisting of a green luminous zone near the fuel side, a blue or violet luminous zone near the oxidizer side, and a dark spece between the two luminous zones, was observed for subatmospheric diffusion flames of either air or an O 2 /N 2 mixture against a mixture of hydrogen with a small quantity of methane. The two luminous zones eventually merge with increasing methane addition, characterized by the green luminous zone shifting toward the blue luminous zone. Computational simulation using the experimental boundary conditions shows that the blue and green luminous zones respectively correspond to the main consumption layers of H 2 Ō 2 and CH 4 : that the breakdown of CH 4 is primarily due to its attack by H, leading to the formation of CO, additional H 2 and eventually H 2 O and CO 2 and that the electronically excited CO 2 and C 2 are respectively responsible for the blue and green luminescence. This double-luminous zone structure also exhibits a secondary peak in the heat release rate profile: important reactions accounting for the two heat release peaks were identified.
Intracellular cytokine production and cytokine receptor interaction of cord mononuclear cells: relevance to cord blood transplantation.

A ‘cytokine storm’ consisting of IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, IFNγ and TNFα is considered important in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). These cytokines activate effector cells or damage host tissues. Cord blood transplantation has been associated with a low incidence of GvHD. We hypothesized that the low incidence of GvHD relates to the cord mononuclear cells being poor producers of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The cytokine profile (IL-1α/β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ and TNFα) of cord blood cells induced by immune stimuli was determined in heparinized whole blood. Compared to adult, cord blood CD3+ and NK cells produced less IFNγ, less cord blood CD3+ cells and monocytes produced TNFα and less monocytes produced IL-1α/β. Although more cord T cells produced IL-2 compared to adult T cells at 4 h, adult T cells produced more at 24 h. Cord blood had similar proportions of monocytes to adult producing IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. Both adult and cord mononuclear cells constitutively expressed receptors for IFNγ and TNFα but not IL-12. In contrast to the adult cells, cord CD3+ and NK cells did not express IL-12 receptor but did up-regulate IL-10 receptor after mitogenic stimulation. The findings of this study indicate that the cord blood cytokine-receptor network is biased towards anti-inflammatory activity compared to adult and helps to explain the decreased incidence of GVHD in cord blood transplantation.
Extension Decision Aids for the Dairy Termination Program: A Comparative Analysis

Extension economists in many states develop decision aids to assist agricultural producers in evaluating farm program participation. It is important that these analytical procedures yield reliable results. Consistency among procedures is also important when they are used in formulating competitive bids for programs like the Dairy Termination Program. Seven Dairy Termination Program break‐even bid procedures are examined. The results show that the analytical approaches are conceptually quite different and that numerical results derived for an example farm are inconsistent.
Is there an effect of monocular deprivation on the proportions of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus

The proportions and receptive field properties of X and Y cells in the A and A1 layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were studied in monocularly deprived cats. Contrary to previous reports, we found that there was no change in the relative number of Y cells in the geniculate layers driven by the deprived eye. There was also no marked change in the spatial resolution of X or Y cells driven from the deprived eye as compared to the cells driven from the normally experienced eye. In these same cats, the visual evoked potential from stimulation of the deprived eye with grating patterns was markedly reduced in amplitude. Furthermore, the cell bodies of the cells in the LGN driven by the deprived eye had shrunk. Therefore, these usual consequences of monocular deprivation are not necessarily associated with a loss of geniculate Y cells.
Analysis of the biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene in human fetal and placental tissues with high-pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract The biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was studied in vitro in the presence of microsomal fractions of placental and fetal tissues from humans and monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) . Metabolites formed in the incubation flasks were extracted and separated by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography utilizing a microparticulate column. In general, the formation of diols and quinones in fetal and placental homogenates was undetectable following 15 -min incubations. The formation of phenolic metabolites, however, was easily measurable in fetal liver and lung and in the placenta but not in fetal spleen, kidney, pancreas or adrenal gland. The latter observation contrasted with high specific activities measured in the fetal adrenal gland with the fluorometric assay for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. In placentas from cigarette smokers, relatively large quantities of an unidentified metabolite(s) appeared in metabolic profiles. This metabolite(s) did not co-chromatograph with any of the standard metabolites and the retention time was between those of the 9,10 - and 4,5 -diols. The same placental tissues catalyzed the covalent binding of BP to DNA and were far more active in this regard than any of the other fetal tissues investigated. The data indicated a correlation between metabolic profiles and capacity for catalyzing covalent binding to DNA for fetal/placental tissues.
Correlation of High Latitude Coronal Holes with Solar Wind Streams Far above or Below the Ecliptic

For the 2.5 year period from January 1, 1977 to June 30, 1979, we have correlated the positions of high latitude coronal holes, obtained from the He 10830 A synoptic maps, with the velocities of solar wind streams, determined from interplanetary scintillation, that would have originated from these coronal holes. From 24 cases analyzed we find that these high latitude coronal holes are often, but not always, correlated with high speed solar wind streams. The lack of a much stronger correlation may be due to uncertainties in the boundaries of the coronal holes and in the velocities of the solar wind streams. It might also be due to the deflection or attenuation of relatively weak solar wind streams in interplanetary space.
Benefits of Breakfast for Children and Adolescents: Update and Recommendations for Practitioners:

A number of studies report health benefits for children and adolescents who consume breakfast. Breakfast skipping is fairly common in children and adolescents and increases as children age. Breakfa...
New Age or Age Old: Classical Management Theory and Traditional Organized Religion as Underpinnings of the Contemporary Organizational Spirituality Movement

Spirituality in the workplace is a particularly prominent topic in the contemporary business world, as well as in the academic one. To date, this movement has been positioned in the literature as a...
Baculovirus Regulation of Apoptosis

Abstract The baculovirus AcMNPV induces apoptosis in a host-specific manner which involves the activation of host caspases (cysteine-dependent, aspartate-specific proteases). AcMNPV carries a novel gene, p35, which encodes a stoichiometric inhibitor of active caspases, thereby blocking apoptosis. P35 is cleaved by caspases and the cleavage products form a stable complex with the caspase. Baculoviruses also carry genes known as iaps (inhibitors of apoptosis), some of which can actively suppress apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspases. Members of the IAP family are found in both viral and animal genomes and interact physically with a variety of proteins associated with apoptotic pathways including Reaper, Doom, TRAF2, and some caspases. The ability of baculoviruses to block apoptosis influences their pathogenicity and host range.
CULTURING MICROSCOPIC STAGES OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA) IN AQUIL, A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM1

Requirements of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.A. Agardh (giant kelp) for nine nutrient elements (N, P, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, I) were established by batch culturing settled spores, through the gametophytic phase, to production of embryonic sporophytes in Aquil, a chemically defined, artificial seawater medium. The ultimately successful medium resulted from ten sequential culturing series, applying an optimization technique to improve each succeeding formulation.
Light Scattering from Non-Gaussian Concentration Fluctuations

Quasielastic light-scattering studies from a solution of 1-\ensuremath{\mu}m-diam polystyrene spheres indicate that at sufficient dilution the homodyne autocorrelation function is not consistent with the common assumption that the concentration fluctuations are Gaussian stochastic processes. In this note we show that the non-Gaussian behavior at low concentrations arises because the particles in the scattering volume are Poisson distributed.
Molecular and cellular characterization of ABCG2 in the prostate

Background Identification and characterization of the prostate stem cell is important for understanding normal prostate development and carcinogenesis. The flow cytometry-based side population (SP) technique has been developed to isolate putative adult stem cells in several human tissue types including the prostate. This phenotype is mainly mediated by the ATP-binding cassette membrane transporter ABCG2.
Ecological mechanics: A physical geometry for intentional constraints

Abstract A proposal is made for a new discipline, ecological mechanics . This version of mechanics is complementary but not reducible to classical relativity, and quantum mechanics. Where traditional mechanics attempt causal analyses for all motions, ecological mechanics explicitly addresses the motions of living systems that exhibit goal-directedness. The shortcomings of the physical geometries underlying traditional mechanics are reviewed, and means are proposed for redressing their deficiencies for modeling the behaviors of intentional systems. This demands a new physical geometry that retains all the best features of the old ones but is extended to accommodate intentional acts. The new physical geometry combines a variant of Minkowski's space-time geometry with a (Cantorian) fractal geometry which reformulates Einstein's energy conversion law ( E = mc 2 ) and Planck's energy distribution law ( E = fh ) so that they apply, more realistically, to the scale of living systems. A new scaling technique called ecometrics , is introduced for accomplishing this feat. This approach assumes a symmetry operator which acts to ‘intentionalize’ causation and to ‘causalize’ intention so that perceptual information and action control processes are defined over a commensurate but dual measurement bases. The promise of ecological mechanics rests on the imputed discovery of a new conservation law which holds locally rather than absolutely. Empirical evidence is reviewed and graphically portrayed mathematical arguments are given that tend to support the hypothesis.
Retention of Word Meanings Inferred from Context and Sentence‐Level Translations: Implications for the Design of Beginning‐Level CALL Software

This article attempts to reconcile two positions on second language (L2) vocabulary learning: (a) inferring word meanings produces greater retention because it promotes deeper processing, and (b) incorrect meanings are retained if wrong inferences are made. In beginning-level computer-assisted language learning (CALL) software, native language translations at the sentence level may satisfy both positions. When deriving meaning from translations of this type, users must make associations (i.e., search for semantic equivalents) and focus their attention on structural differences between the two languages. Moreover, these translations increase the likelihood of making correct associations by more readily triggering appropriate schemata and, hence, the likelihood of committing the correct meaning to memory. In the present study, a MANOVA indicated that, given bilingual multiple-choice tests, learners with access to sentence-level translations demonstrated significantly greater short-term (ST) and long-term (LT) retention (p > .001) of correct word meanings than learners without sentence-level translations. Results suggest a possible synergy between deep processing and verifications of meaning.
The Connection between Social-Emotional Learning and Learning Disabilities: Implications for Intervention:

The majority of students with learning disabilities have difficulties with social relationships. In this article, three key skill areas in social-emotional learning are identified as the main sourc...
In situ fabrication of SU-8 movable parts by using PAG-diluted SU-8 as the sacrificial layer

In this paper we proposed a novel technology to make SU-8 movable parts in situ by using PAG-diluted SU-8 or SU-8R, a SU-8 solution with no photoacid generator (PAG) content, as the sacrificial layer. Since they are not or less sensitive to UV light the unexposed bottom layer in UV lithography will be dissolved to release the movable components during the final develop in PGMEA (Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate). The use of PAG-diluted SU-8 or SU-8R as a sacrificial layer offers several advantages including significant reduction in processing steps. It becomes the simplest technique currently available for in situ fabrication of SU-8 movable parts. In this paper the lithographic sensitivities of SU-8 as a function of the PAG concentration, detailed fabrication process and examples of fabricated SU-8 movable parts will be presented.
Influence of Pulse Electric Current on Solidification Structures of Al-Si Alloys

The effect of pulse electric current with different density on solidification structures of hypoeutectic Al-7%Si, Al-10%Si and hypereutectic Al-22%Si alloys was studied. The shape and distribution of α-Al and Si were analysed.The experimental results showed that α- Al of Al-7% Si alloy is shortened when applied a pulse electric current during the solidification, and the microstructure turns from the obvious columnar crystal into rosette. After treatment with pulse electric current, the primary Si of Al-22%Si alloy was refined obviously. When the discharge voltage was 3kV, Si tended to gather at the edge of the sample and the primary α- Al appeared in this hypereutectic alloy. When the discharge voltage was 6kV, the primary Si was refined much more and distributes uniformly. Pulse electric current treatment had no evident effect on the approximate eutectic Al-10%Si alloy. The magnetic force was analysed under pulse electric current, and the reason of the phenomenon was discussed
L x-ray transition probabilities in elements of medium atomic numbers

The $\frac{L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}}{L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}}$, $\frac{L\ensuremath{\eta}}{L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}}$, $\frac{{L}_{1}}{L\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, and $\frac{L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2,15}}{L\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ radiative transition probabilities have been measured for 16 elements ranging in atomic numbers from $_{42}\mathrm{Mo}$ to $_{62}\mathrm{Sm}$. This was performed using an evacuated single-crystal spectrometer in conjunction with a flow proportional counter. The samples studied were pure metals in an amorphous state except for $_{56}\mathrm{Ba}$, $_{59}\mathrm{Pr}$, and $_{60}\mathrm{Nd}$, where the oxides of these elements were used. CsCl and NaI samples were used to study the spectrum of $_{55}\mathrm{Cs}$ and $_{53}\mathrm{I}$, respectively. Ionization of the samples was produced by radiation from commercial $_{74}\mathrm{W}$ and $_{24}\mathrm{Cr}$ x-ray tubes. The corrected measured ratios are compared with the results of the theoretical calculations based on relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater potential.