cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Aids to Navigation

Publisher Summary This chapter gives a detail about the various electronic aids to navigation. In navigation out of sight of landmarks the navigator customarily finds his position, usually in terms of latitude and longitude or distance and direction from a known point, and consults a chart to find the relation between his position and his destination. The automatic devices simply extend the control exercised by the navigator in time or space. The Orfordness beacon enjoys the elimination of quadrantal errors, but requires some measurement by the navigator. Radar is the most discussed series of electronic devices to come out of the recent war. The techniques are discussed in this chapter and the applications to navigation are limited, primarily by the relatively short ranges available except for observation of or from very high flying aircraft. The omnirange, which operates in the very high frequency region, is one of the azimuth-determining systems. Systems using a combination of methods, such as the omnidirectional range with distance-measuring equipment, must be examined individually.
Individual suppression of complex harmonics - a novel approach to design of highly linear large signal amplifiers

We report on the design of power efficient, highly linear current mode amplifiers using a novel semi-analytical linearization approach. The technique is illustrated by two variations of the design of a transconductor amplifier implemented in SiGe. The design process, with emphasis on the linearization procedure, is presented along with experimental results. The measured performance features large signal linearity of 78 dBc, linearization efficiency of 20 dBc and high robustness to process variations (the scatter of 90% of results is within /spl plusmn/1 dB). Although the procedure is demonstrated on a particular example, it is applicable to a wide class of current mode amplifiers.
Intracellular transport and processing of secretory component in cultured rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Membrane secretory component (mSC) mediates the transcellular transport of polymeric immunoglobulin A from the sinusoidal surface of rat hepatocytes to the bile, where it is released as a proteolytic fragment, fSC. We have examined the biosynthesis, posttranslational processing, transport, and cleavage of secretory component in cultured rat hepatocytes. Membrane secretory component is detected at the cell surface beginning 1.0–1.5 h after synthesis, whereas fSC is not found in the medium until 2.5–3 h after synthesis. Approximately 16% of metabolically labeled mSC is accessible at the cell surface at 4 °C. Surface accessible mSC labeled with 125 I at 4 °C is internalized with a half-time of
Effect of Acknowledement on Performance of a Fault-Tolerant Wireless Network

Abstract: This paper reports the results of a simulation study on the performance of a clustered multiple-hop wireless network subject to both node failures and random channel fading. The objective of the study is to quantify the effect of loop closure frequency and the nodes’ storage capacity on the performance of the network in terms of network lifetime, and packet loss rate. The paper presents our modeling effort, simulation results, and their analyses. The study concludes that in a network where energy is severely constrained, feedback must be applied judiciously. Both the network lifetime and the throughput can be greatly enhanced by additional storage capacity.
Hyperhomocysteinemia inhibits mouse early postnatal neurogenesis, the role of oxidative stress (153.6)

HHcy is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disease. There is a strong correlation between HHCY and cognitive disorders or Alzheimer's disease. Patients with Cystathionine...
Endocrine Changes in Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Pups Undergoing Rehabilitation

Rehabilitating pinniped pups are often admitted to care centers as neonates and generally lack maternal investment and are in poor body condition. Upon admittance to a rehabilitation facility, pups are typically fed a milk replacement formula via gavage, which is switched to frozen fish upon weaning. While rehabilitation has been successful in terms of recovery and release, preweaning growth rates in captivity are consistently lower than in the wild. Indicators of stress (cortisol and total thyroxine; TT4), and standard morphometrics, of harbor seal pups in rehabilitation (n = 20) were determined for both preweaned and weaned pups. Hormone concentrations and standard morphometrics from pups in care were compared with free-ranging harbor seal pups (n = 59). Pups in rehabilitation gained mass on both milk and fish diets. Preweaned pups had greater mean serum cortisol and similar TT4 concentrations than weaned pups. Free-ranging harbor seal pups were heavier and longer than preweaned and weaned pups in rehabilitation. The free-ranging pups had the lowest cortisol and highest TT4 concentrations of any of the pups. These results suggest that weaned pups that have undergone rehabilitation are not physiologically equivalent to free-ranging weaned pups. Additional research is needed regarding physiological changes in endocrine values during early development under captive care conditions. This information should be useful to marine mammal rehabilitation centers in their development of care protocols and release criteria for rehabilitating harbor seal pups. Zoo Biol. 32:134–141, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of phase fluctuations for transmitted waves in random media

[1] Transmission fluctuations of log-amplitude and phase can be used to construct coherence functions to infer the statistical characteristics of crustal and mantle small-scale heterogeneities. Recent numerical simulations of wave propagation in random media have revealed an apparent discrepancy between simulations and theory for phase coherence functions. In this paper, we show that the reported discrepancy is a result of the inappropriate phase estimates adopted in some literature. Using unwrapped phase fluctuations, instead of estimates of the fluctuations obtained by picking first arrivals by the threshold method, we find that the theory and the results derived from finite difference simulations are consistent. The method of first arrival picking does not yield adequate estimates of phase fluctuation due to the scattering dispersion of waves in the random medium. Phase unwrapping is viable and allows correct inference of medium properties.
An outline of a course on operating system principles

In 1970 the author began writing a comprehensive textbook on operating system principles. This is a description of its structure and how far it had progressed a year later.
Identification of Human Hemoglobins by Use of Isoelectric Focusing in Gel

Newly-developed gel isoelectric focusing techniques provide for rapid and correct identification of human hemoglobins. With this technique, we examined samples previously identified by the National Hemoglobinopathy Standardization Laboratory of the Center for Disease Control. A wide variety of both normal and abnormal hemoglobins was included in the 134 different specimens examined. The isoelectric points (pl's) were precisely determined; no discrepancies with results by standard techniques of identification were found. The method is accurate and precise. It is proposed as a powerful adjunct to other laboratory methods suitable for use in a hemoglobinopathy reference laboratory or specialized hematology service laboratory.
Determination of the Dispersion and Surface Oxidation States of Supported Cu Catalysts

Abstract A combination of CO adsorption at 300 K, which provides irreversible adsorption on Cu+1sites, and oxygen adsorption via N2O dissociation at 363 K, which counts surface Cu0atoms, was used to obtain values for the dispersion of Cu on SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, diamond powder, and graphitized carbon fibers. The crystallite sizes obtained from these estimates were compared to those obtained from TEM and XRD measurements and were found to be in very good agreement. DRIFT spectra of CO adsorbed on these catalysts were obtained at subambient temperatures as well as at 300 K, and the various amounts of Cu0, Cu+1, and Cu+2at the surface were detected by respective peaks in the regions of 2110 cm−1and lower, 2110–2140 cm−1, and 2145 cm−1and above. Spectra obtained at 173 K were especially useful because irreversible CO adsorption occurred on all three sites, thus allowing the removal of gas-phase CO and clarifying the spectra of adsorbed CO. Heats of adsorption for CO were determined from the variation in the intensity of the Kubelka–Munk function versus temperature, and the following average values were obtained for Cu dispersed on SiO2, Al2O3, and diamond: Cu0—4.7 kcal/mole; Cu+1—11.7 kcal/mole; and Cu+2—5.3 kcal/mole.
The Ongoing Mystery of Sea-Floor Methane

Each year, ocean sediments produce a quantity of methane equivalent to about half of the methane emitted to the atmosphere from all natural sources ( 1 ). Very little of the methane produced below the sea floor, however, reaches the ocean or the atmosphere; most is consumed by anaerobic microorganisms as it diffuses up through oxygen-poor (anoxic) sediments. Researchers recognized this process, known as anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO), nearly 35 years ago ( 2 ), but it remains poorly understood. Investigators have not been able to firmly establish the reaction mechanism, fully understand the factors that control oxidation rates, or isolate the responsible organisms. This represents a gaping hole in our understanding of one of Earth's primary sinks for methane. Recent studies of a rare but intriguing sedimentary environment–sea-floor seeps of methane-rich fluids–have provided new insights into the microorganisms that inhabit methane-rich sediments, but raised new questions regarding reaction mechanisms.
Optical Exciton-Magnon Absorption in Mnf sub 2

Optical exciton-magnon absorption in manganese fluoride, experimental results and theory of interactions
Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. II. Cerebellar projections compared with those of the ascending somatic sensory pathways in lateral diencephalon

Previous studies have shown that ascending somatic sensory pathways arising from the dorsal column nuclei, lateral cervical nucleus and spinothalamic tract terminate in parts of the thalamus adjacent to those which receive cerebellar terminations. This termination pattern creates a border between the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) and the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) in the cat and between the caudal and oral parts of VPL (VPLc and VPLo, respectively) in the monkey. Since it is not clear how sharp these borders are, a double orthograde labeling strategy was used in the present study to make direct comparisons of the projections to the thalamus from these sources of input. It was found that there was a change in the sources of afferent input to the different target areas that paralleled changes in cytoarchitecture. Moving caudally to rostrally, VPL in the cat and VPLc in the monkey received projections predominantly from the middle, dorsal (clusters) portion of the dorsal column nuclei. These projections were gradually replaced near the VPL-VL border in the cat and VPLc-VPLo border in the monkey first by input from the lateral cervical nucleus (cat only) and the rostral and ventral portions of the dorsal column nuclei and then by spinothalamic projections. Towards VL in the cat and the rostral parts of VPLo in the monkey (referred to as Vim by Hassler, '59 and Mehler, '71), these projections were in turn replaced by those from the cerebellum. This sequence resulted in a complex pattern (summarized in Fig. 10) where some thalamic territories received input predominantly from one source and others received converging input from several sources. The major region receiving converging ascending somatic sensory and cerebellar terminations was located at the border between VPL and VL in the cat and in the caudal parts of Olszewski's ('52) VPLo in the monkey (that is, between VPLc and Vim). In general, the results in the cat were similar to those in the monkey. One notable difference was that the domain containing terminals from the cerebellum and the rostral-ventral parts of the dorsal column nuclei was located medially between VPLc and Vim in the monkey, whereas it extended across the entire mediolateral border between VPL and VL in the cat. In both species, thalamic neurons received input predominantly from one afferent source and only minor input, if any, from other sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A freeze-fracture study of postembryonic differentiation of latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken.

The differentiation of fiber type characteristics in the anterior (ALD) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles is examined by the freezefracture technique in 1-, 7- and 30-day-old chicks. Several characteristics of plasma membrane (caveolae, rectilinear arrays, intramembranous particles) and sarcoplasmic reticulum which show fiber type differences in the adult ALD and PLD muscles are compared in the developmental stages. The caveolar density in the ALD fibers is about 20/μm2 at 1 day increasing to about 37/μm2 at 30 days, whereas in the PLD fibers it remains at about 20/μm2 during this period. The distribution of the caveolae in the two muscles is different from the begining; in the ALD fibers the caveolae are distributed throughout the plasma membrane and in PLD fibers they are patterned into clusters overlying the I band regions. The density of intramembranous particles of 1-day ALD and PLD plasma membranes appears similar, but by 7 days the particle counts in the sarcolemma of the ALD muscle are about twice as numerous as those in the PLD muscle. The rectilinear arrays are virtually absent in the ALD muscle, whereas in the PLD muscle their density is about 10/μm2 at 1 day and about 20/μm2 at 7 days. Already at 1 day posthatching the SR in ALD and PLD fibers has the adult configuration, i.e., an open irregular network in ALD fibers and periodically arranged tubules with triadic expansions in the PLD fibers. It is concluded that the membrane structure of ALD and PLD muscles is already different at hatching, and at 1 week the differences are identical to those of slow and fast fibers of the adult stage. The membrane changes, therefore, do not support the view that the ALD muscle undergoes a transitional, fast-type stage in posthatching chicks.
The dispersion metric and the CMA evolution strategy

An algorithm independent metric is introduced that measures the dispersion of a uniform random sample drawn from the top ranked percentiles of the search space. A low dispersion function is one where the dispersion decreases as the sample is restricted to better regions of the search space. A high dispersion function is one where dispersion stay constant or increases as the sample is restricted to better regions of the search space. This distinction can be used to explain why the CMA Evolution Strategy is more efficient on some multimodal problems than on others.
Spin States of Neutron Resonances in Gadolinium and Europium

The spin states associated with several neutron resonances in gadolinium and europium have been assigned by observing the transmission of polarized neutrons through polarized targets. For the levels in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{155}$ at 0.0268, 2.01, 2.57, and 6.30 eV, the spin states were found to be $J=2, 1, 2, \mathrm{and} 2$, respectively, and for the 0.0314-eV level in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{157}$, $J=2$. For the resonances in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{151}$ at 0.32, 0.46, 1.06, and 3.37 eV, the spin states were found to be $J=3, 3, 3, \mathrm{and} 2$, respectively, and for the negative level, $J=3$. For the 2.46-eV resonance in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{153}$, $J=3$. There appears to be no correlation between these measured spin states and other resonance parameters. The magnitude and direction of the observed effects are discussed in terms of the effective magnetic field at the nucleus and the magnetic properties of the metals at low temperature.
Conditioning Convex and Nonconvex Functions in Optimization

By using the concept of strong slopes we establish the representations of condition functions for asymptotic well behaved convex and nonconvex functions.
Prospects for electromagnetic manipulation and trapping of antihydrogen

The storage and handling of atomic antimatter presents special problems because contact with the walls of any material container results in annihilation. Laser cooling, laser trapping and magnetic trapping techniques are therefore especially appealing. Here we review the basic principles of electromagnetic trapping and laser cooling for neutral atoms, and briefly describe a number of already-demonstrated laser and magnetic traps. We discuss limits on the temperatures achievable by laser cooling, as well as some special problems in the laser cooling of hydrogen/antihydrogen. In particular, we present some new results for the case of pulsed cooling.
Mechanistic interpretation of base-catalyzed depolymerization of polystyrene

Abstract The effect of a base catalyst, MgO, on the decomposition of polystyrene was studied through degradation of both a monodisperse polymer (number average molecular weight = 50,500 g/mol) and a polystyrene mimic, 1,3,5-triphenylhexane (TPH), to determine the potential of applying base catalysts as an effective means of polymer recycling. The presence of the catalyst increased the decomposition rate of the model compound but decreased the degradation rate of polystyrene as measured by evolution of low molecular weight products. Although the model compound results suggest that the rate of initiation was enhanced in both cases by the addition of the catalyst, this effect is overshadowed for the polymer by a decrease in the ‘zip length’ during depropagation due to termination reactions facilitated by the catalyst. Due to the small size of the model compound, this effect does not impact its observed conversion since premature termination still affords a quantifiable low molecular weight product. A decrease in the selectivity to styrene monomer in the presence of MgO was observed for both polystyrene and TPH. Reconciliation of our results with those of Zhang et al. [Z. Zhang, T. Hirose, S. Nishio, Y. Morioka, N. Azuma, A. Ueno, H. Ohkita and M. Okada, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 34 (1995) 4514.] based on differences in the reactor configuration used is discussed.
Modification of PK-15 Cells Proteome in the early Stage of Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection

To uncover host cellular responses in the early stage of classical swine fever virus infection, a proteomic analysis was conducted using 2D electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF-TOF identification. Altered expression of 21 protein spots in infected pk-15 cells at 24 h p.i. were identified in 2D gels, with 13 of these being characterized by MALDI-TOF-TOF. These proteins function in cytoskeletal, energy metabolism, nucleic acid/processing, and cellular stress. The expression alteration of these proteins presents the changes in physiological functions of host cells and provides a clue for further understanding of the mechanisms of CSFV infection and pathogenesis.
Degeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat following interruption of the retinal or cortical connections

Two distinct fiber systems are recognizable in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat. One consists of small bundles running in a transverse plane from the ventrolateral to the dorsomedial parts of the nucleus, and the other is made up of longitudinal fibers which pass approximately antero-posteriorly through the nucleus parallel to the columns of cells that represent restricted retinal areas (Montero et al., '68). The Nauta method, used after suitable lesions, shows that the transverse bundles carry corticofugal and retinogugal fibers. The former lie mainly in the ventromedial parts of the nucleus and the latter in the dorsolateral parts, but the two groups are also mingled within individual transverse bundles. Both groups send fibers into the lateral geniculate nucleus and each also continues beyond the nucleus. The fibers that ramify in the nucleus leave the transverse bundles and run in the longitudinal system as they break up into a pericelluar plexus. There is evidence that both groups have a terminal distribution along the lines of projection of retinal points. Four days after a lesion within visual area I the degenerating corticogeniculate fibers form a fine plexus limited to the anterior half of the segment that would show retrograde cell degeneration with longer survival times. Seven and 13 days following a cortical lesion the retrograde cell changes obscure the fine corticogeniculate degeneration, but coarse geniculocortical fibers that are undergoing indirect Wallerian degeneration can be seen in the longitudinal system.
Thermally-induced deformation behavior of unsymmetric laminates

A methodology is presented to predict the displacements, particularly the out-of-plane component, of flat unsymmetric epoxy-matrix composite laminates as they are cooled from their elevated cure temperature. Approximations to the strain fields are used in the expression for the total potential energy and the Rayleigh-Ritz technique is applied. Curvatures of the originally flat laminate as a function of temperature are predicted, as are the shapes of the laminates at room temperature. As geometrically nonlinear effects occur, stability is studied. As such, stability and the existence of multiple solutions, which are interpreted as multiple shapes, are prominent features of the problem. Experimental results are presented which confirm the predictions of the theory regarding the existence of multiple solutions, and the magnitude of the displacements. Results are compared with those of several other investigators, and limited finite element analyses are used to further study the problem.
Teosinte to maize—some aspects of missing biochemical and physiological data concerning regulation of flavonoid pathways

Abstract Flavonoid biochemical pathways, the end-products and their functions, molecular genetics, and the structural and regulatory genes in maize and teosinte are reviewed. Inadequate biochemical identifications and terminology problems are emphasized. Tissue-specific expressions of flavonoids in four tissues or organs of maize: anthers, pericarp, aleurone, and vegetative parts are discussed. Genes of the female inflorescence, considered critical in the evolutionary conversion of the teosinte vegetative body and floral structures into that of maize, have been studied. However, only a few genes of the C1 regulatory family controlling anthocyanin formation have been identified. Major biochemical and physiological data are still needed to understand this fascinating evolutionary sequence.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Progressive Addition Lenses versus Single Vision Lenses on the Progression of Myopia in Children

Purpose The purpose of the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) was to evaluate the effect of progressive addition lenses (PALs) compared with single vision lenses (SVLs) on the progression of juvenile-onset myopia. Methods COMET enrolled 469 children (ages 6-11 years) with myopia between -1.25 and -4.50 D spherical equivalent. The children were recruited at four colleges of optometry in the United States and were ethnically diverse. They were randomly assigned to receive either PALs with a +2.00 addition (n = 235) or SVLs (n = 234), the conventional spectacle treatment for myopia, and were followed for 3 years. The primary outcome measure was progression of myopia, as determined by autorefraction after cycloplegia with 2 drops of 1% tropicamide at each annual visit. The secondary outcome measure was change in axial length of the eyes, as assessed by A-scan ultrasonography. Child-based analyses (i.e., the mean of the two eyes) were used. Results were adjusted for important covariates, by using multiple linear regression. Results Of the 469 children (mean age at baseline, 9.3 +/- 1.3 years), 462 (98.5%) completed the 3-year visit. Mean (+/-SE) 3-year increases in myopia (spherical equivalent) were -1.28 +/- 0.06 D in the PAL group and -1.48 +/- 0.06 D in the SVL group. The 3-year difference in progression of 0.20 +/- 0.08 D between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.004). The treatment effect was observed primarily in the first year. The number of prescription changes differed significantly by treatment group only in the first year. At 6 months, 17% of the PAL group versus 30% of the SVL group needed a prescription change (P = 0.0007), and, at 1 year, 43% of the PAL group versus 59% of the SVL group required a prescription change (P = 0.002). Interaction analyses identified a significantly larger treatment effect of PALs in children with lower versus higher baseline accommodative response at near (P = 0.03) and with lower versus higher baseline myopia (P = 0.04). Mean (+/- SE) increases in the axial length of eyes of children in the PAL and SVL groups, respectively, were: 0.64 +/- 0.02 mm and 0.75 +/- 0.02 mm, with a statistically significant 3-year mean difference of 0.11 +/- 0.03 mm (P = 0.0002). Mean changes in axial length correlated with those in refractive error (r = 0.86 for PAL and 0.89 for SVL). Conclusions Use of PALs compared with SVLs slowed the progression of myopia in COMET children by a small, statistically significant amount only during the first year. The size of the treatment effect remained similar and significant for the next 2 years. The results provide some support for the COMET rationale-that is, a role for defocus in progression of myopia. The small magnitude of the effect does not warrant a change in clinical practice.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: the Johns Hopkins experience.

Background Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm of the upper nasal cavity. Therapeutic management approaches for this neoplasm lack uniformity and there is no universally accepted staging system. Methods A retrospective review of 27 patients with histologically confirmed ENB managed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Results Eighty-five percent of patients had surgical resection as part of their disease management. Complete surgical resection was achieved in 62% of patients who had a craniofacial resection. Eighty percent of patients with negative surgical margins remain with no evidence of disease, with a median follow-up of 5.6 years. Adjuvant radiation therapy was beneficial to 62% of patients with positive surgical margins. Clinical responses were observed with cisplatin- and etoposide-containing chemotherapy regimens in patients with advanced disease. A revised staging system based on our experience is proposed. Conclusions ENB is best managed by craniofacial resection with complete tumor resection. Adjuvant radiation therapy is warranted in patients that remain with positive histologic margins of resection. Chemotherapy with cisplatin- and etoposide-containing regimens may be useful for palliation of advanced disease. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 22: 550–558, 2000
The power motive and creativity of solutions to an engineering problem

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine the influence of the power motive and its arousal on subsequent creativity in 136 male science and engineering students' solutions to an engineering problem. A theory by McClelland and much prior research evidence suggest that power motivation may be implicated in creativity. There were three conditions to the experiment. The first provided subjects with positive feedback on their attempts at solving an engineering problem, indicating that the solution they rendered impressed the experimenter and likely would impress members of the engineering and scientific community. The second condition resulted in negative feedback from the experimenter and suggested that subjects had failed to create a favorable impact through the solution they proposed. The third condition was a control condition and entailed no feedback to subjects on their performance. Subjects then read and studied a second engineering problem, understanding that they would return and attempt a solution in 2 days. As measured by the Thematic Apperception Test, half the subjects in each condition were high in need for power, and half were low. High-need-for-power subjects both in the positive- and negative-feed-back conditions subsequently showed heightened activation on Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective check list. As contrasted with high-need-for-power subjects in the negative-feedback and control conditions, high-need-for-power subjects in the positive-feedback condition showed high creativity in solutions they proposed to the second engineering problem. Graduate students in engineering completed the creativity ratings.
Effect of hydrogen on four-point bend tests of U-notched AISI 1090 steel

U-notched, four-point bend tests of 1090 steel were performed in the, presence or absence of precharged hydrogen. Failure occurred in a mode II manner under mixed mode I–II loading, with cracking preceded by plastic instability in the form of surface rumpling and shear localization. The critical strain for surface instability was less in compression than in tension and was reduced by hydrogen, markedly in the tension case and weakly in the compression case. The results are discussed in terms of models for plastic instability and for hydrogen degradation.
Some challenges of developing fully-automated systems for taking audio comprehension exams

Audio comprehension tests are designed to help evaluate a listener's understanding of a spoken passage and are frequently a key component of language competency exams. Just as reading comprehension exams are proving useful in evaluating text-based language processing technology, audio comprehension exams can be used to evaluate spoken language processing systems. In this paper we discuss some of the challenges of developing automated systems for taking audio comprehension exams.
A potential copper radiopharmaceutical for imaging the heart and brain: copper-labeled pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)

Abstract An investigation of the biodistribution of lipophilic copper-64 (half-life = 12.7 h) compounds has been initiated in order to screen potential tracers that could be used to measure regional cerebral and/or myocardial blood flow when labeled with generator-produced 62 Cu. The 64 Cu complex of pyruvaldehyde bis( N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazone), [ 64 Cu]Cu-PTSM, was prepared and found to be lipophlic (octanol/saline partition coefficient, log p = 1.97 ± 0.03). Biodistribution studies following i.v. injection of [ 64 Cu]Cu-PTSM into rats show tracer uptake by the brain and heart. At 1, 5, and 15 min post-injection 3.3, 3.0 and 2.7% of the injected dose was found in the brain. Corresponding brain to blood ratios (per gram) were 3.2, 3.6 and 4.0 respectively. Heart to blood ratios of 7.6, 7.6 and 7.3 were observed at these same time points.
Evidence for Normal Aging of the Septo-Hippocampal Cholinergic System in apoE (−/−) Mice but Impaired Clearance of Axonal Degeneration Products Following Injury

Abstract The association of the ϵ4 allele of apoE with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with poor clinical outcome after certain acute brain injuries has sparked interest in the neurobiology of apoE. ApoE (−/−) mice provide a tool to investigate the role of apoE in the nervous systemin vivo.Since integrity of the basal forebrain cholinergic system is severely compromised in AD, with severity of dysfunction correlating with apoE4 gene dosage, the present study tested the hypothesis that apoE is required to maintain the normal integrity of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). Histological and biochemical analyses of the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system were performed in apoE (−/−) mice during aging and following injury. Using unbiased quantitative methods, there was little or no evidence for defects in the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system, as assessed by p75NTR-immunoreactive neuron number and size in the medial septum, cholinergic fiber density in the hippocampus, and choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum in aged apoE (−/−) mice (up to 24 months of age) as compared to age-matched wild-type mice of the same strain. In addition, cholinergic neuronal survival and size following fimbria–fornix transection in apoE (−/−) mice did not differ from controls. However, following entorhinal cortex lesion, there was persistence of degeneration products in the deafferented hippocampus in apoE (−/−) mice. These data suggest that although apoE is not required for the maintenance of BFCNsin vivo,it may play a role in the clearance of cholesterol-laden neurodegeneration products following brain injury.
Radiation of Sound in He-II Films

Static He-II films which are locally disturbed are investigated with the two-fluid model. It is assumed that motion of the normal fluid is retarded by a viscous force per unit volume $r\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rho}{v}_{n}$, in which $r$ is a dimensionless viscosity parameter whose value in He-II films is shown to be ${10}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}r\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{4}$. A general surface wave and thermal disturbance is propagated through the film by two wave modes: a third-sound wave and a new highly attenuated, wave; these are first redescribed. For arbitrary initial conditions, the amounts of each mode produced are derived for a general experimental case. In particular, conditions which will produce third sound alone and the new mode alone are derived as functions of temperature and $r$. It is shown that pure third sound is difficult to produce, since the requirements on phase between the surface wave and temperature excitations are not experimentally natural ones. It is shown that, when the film is locally disturbed with a pure thermal excitation varying as $\mathrm{exp}i\ensuremath{\omega}t$, both modes are excited equally and are 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of phase, so that the net surface is undisturbed. When the film is locally disturbed with an isothermal pure pressure excitation, then for large viscous force on the normal fluid, almost all of the displacement is in the new mode. The motions of the film variables characteristic of each of the modes are analytically obtained in general, and described quantitatively for a particular case. In the new mode, the normal fluid and superfluid move with almost the same phases and velocities, and are 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of phase with the surface wave. In the third-sound mode, the superfluid moves in phase with the surface waves but the normal-fluid motion is more complicated. The results are compared with Lifshitz's results on first and second sound in bulk helium.
Proton-Coupled O−O Activation on a Redox Platform Bearing a Hydrogen-Bonding Scaffold

Porphyrin architectures bearing a hydrogen-bonding scaffold have been synthesized. The H-bond pendant allows proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to be utilized as a vehicle for effecting catalytic O-O bond activation chemistry. Suzuki cross-coupling reactions provide a modular synthetic strategy for the attachment of porphyrins to a rigid xanthene or dibenzofuran pillar bearing the H-bond pendant. The resulting HPX (hanging porphyrin xanthene) and HPD (hanging porphyrin dibenzofuran) systems permit both the orientation and acid-base properties of the hanging H-bonding group to be controlled. Comparative reactivity studies for the catalase-like disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide and the epoxidation of olefins by the HPX and HPD platforms with acid and ester hanging groups reveal that the introduction of a proton-transfer network, properly oriented to a redox-active platform, can orchestrate catalytic O-O bond activation. For the catalase and epoxidation reaction types, a marked reactivity enhancement is observed for the xanthene-bridged platform appended with a pendant carboxylic acid group, establishing that this approach can yield superior catalysts to analogues that do not control both proton and electron inventories.
The catalyzed reaction of graphite with water vapor

Abstract The effects of Li, Na and K carbonates in catalyzing the reaction between graphite and water vapor have been studied in the temperature range 700–1100°C, using simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis. The catalyzed reaction, which is rapidly accelerated at temperatures in the vicinity of the melting point of the alkali metal carbonate, occurs most readily in the presence of the lithium salt. Thermodynamic analysis of the possible reactions suggests that the catalytic mechanism involves an oxidation-reduction cycle with the intermediate formation of the hydroxide of the alkali metal.
Intrasubunit homogeneity in heterogeneous IgM antibodies to the DNP moiety derived from a murine hybridoma cell line.

Abstract A hybridoma line secreting 19S IgM antibodies reactive with the DNP moiety and designated 14PAF was derived from a fusion of murine spleen cells with the myeloma line P3-X63-Ag8. These IgM antibodies exhibited an average of about six homogeneous binding sites per molecule. The failure to demonstrate 10 binding sites per pentameric molecule was attributable to the presence of two different light (L) chains in the secreted molecules. One of the L-chains appeared, based upon limited amino acid sequence studies, to be the L-chain normally found in MOPC-21. the myeloma protein secreted by the P3 myeloma line. The other L-chain, presumably derived from the murine spleen cell used in the fusion. was essential for combining sites for the DNP group. Analysis of the reductive 2μ-2L-chain subunits of the secreted IgM anti-DNP molecules indicated the presence of two types. One type (designated active) absorbed to immunadsorbent columns containing the DNP group, exhibited an average ot two homogeneous binding sites per subunit and did not contain MOPC-21 L-chains. The other type of subunit (designated inactive) did not contain any binding sites for DNP and contained only MOPC-21 L-chains. Recombination studies with mildly reduced and alkylated μ- and L-chains from each type of reductive subunit indicated that the μ-chains were functionally identical. Furthermore these in vitro recombination studies indicated that the noncovalent assembly of the 2μ-2L-chain subunits was influenced by the L-chains in such a way that the recombinant subunits were homogeneous in terms of L-chains. Equilibrium dialysis studies with active homogeneous recombinant subunits indicated the presence of but one binding site per 2μ-2L-chain subunit. These findings implicate the assembly process as a possible important factor in the generation of conformational differences that may account for the intramolecular heterogeneity of ligand binding seen with certain IgM molecules.
Induction of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 and formation of DNA adducts in C57BL/6, Balb/c, and F1 mice following in utero exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene

Abstract Fetal mice are more sensitive to chemical carcinogens than are adults. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated differences in the mutational spectrum induced in the Ki-ras gene from lung tumors isolated from [D2 × B6D2F1]F2 mice and Balb/c mice treated in utero with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). We thus determined if differences in metabolism, adduct formation, or adduct repair influence strain-specific responses to transplacental MC exposure in C57BL/6 (B6), Balb/c (BC), and reciprocal F1 crosses between these two strains of mice. The induction of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 in fetal lung and liver tissue was determined by quantitative fluorescent real-time PCR. MC treatment caused maximal induction of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 RNA 2–8 h after injection in both organs. RNA levels for both genes then declined in both fetal organs, but a small biphasic, secondary increase in Cyp1a1 was observed specifically in the fetal lung 24–48 h after MC exposure in all four strains. Cyp1a1 induction by MC at 4 h was 2–5 times greater in fetal liver (7000- to 16,000-fold) than fetal lung (2000- to 6000-fold). Cyp1b1 induction in both fetal lung and liver was similar and much lower than that observed for Cyp1a1, with induction ratios of 8- to 18-fold in fetal lung and 10- to 20-fold in fetal liver. The overall kinetics and patterns of induction were thus very similar across the four strains of mice. The only significant strain-specific effect appeared to be the relatively poor induction of Cyp1b1 in the parental strain of B6 mice, especially in fetal lung tissue. We also measured the levels of MC adducts and their disappearance from lung tissue by the P32 post-labeling assay on gestation days 18 and 19 and postnatal days 1, 4, 11, and 18. Few differences were seen between the different strains of mice; the parental strain of B6 mice had nominally higher levels of DNA adducts 2 (gestation day 19) and 4 (postnatal day 1) days after injection, although this was not statistically significant. These results indicate that differences in Phase I metabolism of MC and formation of MC-DNA adducts are unlikely to account for the marked differences observed in the Ki-ras mutational spectrum seen in previous studies. Further, the results suggest that other genetic factors may interact with chemical carcinogens in determining individual susceptibility to these agents during development.
Mad Men and the Virtue of Selfishness

Abstract:Don Draper's character on Mad Men appears to be Ayn Rand's heroic being sprung to life. Far from a pure celebration of Rand's objectivism, however, Mad Men shows the cost of embracing selfishness as a virtue. The show demonstrates the inherent tension between unfettered freedom and social relationships.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering velocity and translational temperature measurements in resistojets

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering is demonstrated as a quantitative diagnostic in low-density flows by mapping H(2) velocity and translational temperature inside and outside the nozzle of a resistojet. A spatial resolution of better than 35 mum along the flow direction and 350 mum transverse to it was attained in a density as low as 5 x 10(15) cm(-3). The accuracy of the velocity, inferred from the Doppler shift of the Q (1) Raman resonance, was limited by the scan linearity of the laser to +/-0.2 km/s. Translational temperatures, inferred from linewidths and complicated by saturation and ac Stark effects, had an accuracy of ~20%. A discussion of applicability to molecular nitrogen is presented.
The Geopolitics of European Monetary Union

Supranationalist and liberal-intergovernmentalist theoretical accounts of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) largely ignore geopolitical factors. This article argues that geopolitical factors are of vital importance for explaining and understanding EMU. It does this by examining the role of such factors at five crucial moments of the EMU process: (1) the launching of EMU in 1988–89; (2) the uncertain year following the opening of the Berlin Wall in November 1989; (3) the final decisions on EMU taken at the December 1991 Maastricht summit; (4) the ratification and currency crises of 1992–93; and (5) the efforts to implement EMU after the treaty's final ratification in October 1993. A focus on geopolitics, it is argued, fits within a historical-institutionalist account of European integration.
Automated Bed Assignments in a Complex and Dynamic Hospital Environment

Bed management, an important function of any hospital, has a major impact on patient care, patient flow, patient and staff satisfaction, and ultimately on the hospital's operating margin. A key challenge in bed management is optimizing the bed-assignment process in a complex and dynamic operating environment. Efficient bed assignment requires the merging of clinical information, hospital operations information, interdependencies between units, and real-time information on patients, resources, and workflows. We have developed analytical decision support tools with embedded mathematical models to periodically recommend bed-patient assignments. Using an innovative mixed-integer goal-programming modeling approach, we are able to accommodate the multiple goals and complex operating rules of different hospitals. We implemented and hosted our prototype bed-assignment solution as a cloud-based application for Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York.
Comparison of commercially available antibody reagents for the cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia assay.

Background: The Argene Biosoft 1C3 and the Biotest C10,C11 monoclonal antibodies are two of the most commonly used commercially available antibody reagents for the cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigenemia assay. Objectives: The sensitivities of these two reagents were compared in peripheral blood specimens received for CMV antigenemia testing. Study design: A total of 1149 peripheral blood specimens were processed for CMV antigenemia testing. Duplicate slides were stained with the Biosoft 1C3 and Biotest C10,C11 monoclonal antibodies. Results: A total of 158 specimens gave a positive result by one or both antibodies. One hundred and forty five were positive by the Biosoft antibody and 130 were positive by the Biotest antibody. Positive cell counts were significantly higher on cell preparations stained by the Biosoft antibody (Wilcoxon signed rank, P < 0.001) and the Biosoft antibody detected twice as many low-level positive specimens as the Biotest. Conclusions: The Biosoft antibody reagent was superior to the Biotest reagent for the detection of CMV antigenemia. This is an important factor since early detection is essential for appropriate initiation of preemptive antiviral therapy, particularly in transplant recipients at high risk of CMV disease.
Welfare-State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies

In recent years it has become commonplace for comparativists to emphasize the resilience of welfare states in advanced capitalist societies and the failure of neoliberal efforts to dismantle the welfare state. Challenging some tenets of the resilience thesis, this article seeks to broaden the discussion of welfare-state retrenchment. The authors argue that a sharp deceleration of social spending has occurred in most oecd countries since 1980, that welfare states have failed to offset the rise of market-generated inequality and insecurity, and that welfare programs have become less universalistic. They stress the distributive and political consequences of market-oriented reforms of the public sector.