cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Benign Hereditary Chorea Really Benign? Brain-Lung-Thyroid Syndrome Caused by NKX2-1 Mutations (P6.085)

Objective: To report a case series of patients with chorea and a variety of other movement disorders associated with mutations in NKX2-1 to draw attention to this “not so benign” heterogeneous disorder. Background: Pathogenic variants (mutations) in the NKX2-1 (formerly TITF1 ) gene, linked in prior reports to “Benign Hereditary Chorea,” can cause a variety of disabling neurologic and medical symptoms. First described in the 1970s, it classically had been thought of as a syndrome of non-progressive, childhood-onset chorea, improving over time, with a generally favorable neurologic and developmental outcome. Accessible genetic testing has allowed for easier identification of cases, facilitating more accurate delineation of genotype-phenotype correlations. Design/Methods: We describe a series of patients with mutations in NXK2-1 , who presented for evaluation at our tertiary-care adult and pediatric movement disorders clinics. Genetic analysis for all patients was performed either via single gene testing or whole exome sequencing. All patients were videotaped. Results: Among our 5 patients from 4 families with NXK2-1 mutations (mean age: 10 yrs, range: 2–31 yrs), all exhibited chorea with mean age at onset of 2 years (range: 4 months–3 yrs); 4 patients had hypothyroidism and 4 required intubation in the neonatal period for respiratory distress. All exhibited motor developmental delay and 3 had cognitive delays. All had gait impairment and limited mobility; 2 required assistive devices. Additional features included ligamentous laxity (2 patients), myoclonus (1), hypotonia at birth (1) and seizures (1). Chorea proved difficult to control, but clonazepam, tetrabenazine, and even levodopa were helpful. Conclusions: This series illustrates that mutations in NKX2-1 are associated with a spectrum of childhood-onset, progressive neurologic and non-neurologic conditions. Considering the heterogeneous and disabling nature of the condition we propose that the term “Benign Hereditary Chorea” be retired, and the disorder be referred to either by its genetic designation as NKX2-1 syndrome or as Brain-Lung-Thyroid syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Parnes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bashir has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jankovic has nothing to disclose.
Para uma crítica ao controle racial penal: uma leitura das estruturas jurídicas e da produção legislativa na história do Direito brasileiro

Original:WOLKMER, Antonio Carlos. Historia do Direito no Brasil. 9. ed. rev. e atual. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2015.
Three Families of Channelrhodopsins and Their Use in Optogenetics (review)

Channelrhodopsins are retinylidene proteins unique in their ability to generate light-gated passive ion currents across the membrane. Heterologous expression of channelrhodopsins in animal cells, most notably, neurons, enables precise millisecond-scale control of their activity (optogenetics). For 15 years only cation-conducting channelrhodopsins derived from chlorophyte (green) algae have been known, which now are widely used in neuroscience research to stimulate neurons with light. Recently a distinct family of channelrhodopsins with strictly anion selectivity has been discovered in phylogenetically distant cryptophyte flagellate algae. Furthermore, the genomes of the latter microorganisms also encode a structurally distinct group of rhodopsins capable of cation channel activity using different molecular mechanisms as compared to their chlorophyte counterparts. In this review, we mostly focus on the two latest additions and their utility for optogenetic applications.
Dual Gate and Drain Supply Modulation of an X-Band PA

This paper addresses an analog method for mitigating the nonlinearities introduced by discrete supply modulation of a high-efficiency power amplifier. A 10-W two-stage X-band GaN MMIC PA, with a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 55%, is tested with drain supply modulation from 10 to 20 V. Drain supply modulation increases the efficiency, but substantially degrades the amplifier linearity. In this work, we demonstrate that gate modulation can improve back-off gain and linearity, specifically when gate biases of the two stages of a PA are independently modulated. Simultaneous gate and drain modulation results in 15 percentage point improvement in efficiency over a static supply, and a 10 dB improvement in noise power ratio (NPR) over drain supply modulation only, for a 10 MHz noise-like signal.
Storying youth lives: centering equity in teaching and teacher education

AbstractWe argue that youth stories are fundamental to social justice, social change, and equity in education. In our focus on stories, we ask: In what ways do youth stories encourage us to better ...
After Net Neutrality: a New Deal for the Digital Age

Net neutrality – the idea that all network traffic should be able to move without discrimination – has been much discussed since 2003 when the legal scholar Tim Wu (2003) coined the term to address...
A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee (Bombus) Hive Entrances

To verify the plant sources from which bumble bees forage for pollen, individuals must be collected to remove their corbicular pollen loads for analysis. This has traditionally been done by netting foragers at nest entrances or on flowers, chilling the bees on ice, and then removing the pollen loads from the corbiculae with forceps or a brush. This method is time and labor intensive, may alter normal foraging behavior, and can result in stinging incidents for the worker performing the task. Pollen traps, such as those used on honey bee hives, collect pollen by dislodging corbicular pollen loads from the legs of workers as they pass through screens at the nest entrance. Traps can remove a large quantity of pollen from returning forager bees with minimal labor, yet to date no such trap is available for use with bumble bee colonies. Workers within a bumble bee colony can vary in size making size selection of entrances difficult to adapt this mechanism to commercially reared bumble bee hives. Using 3D printing design programs, we created a pollen trap that successfully removes the corbicular pollen loads from the legs of returning bumble bee foragers. This method significantly reduces the amount of time required by researchers to collect pollen from bumble bee foragers returning to the colony. We present the design, results of pollen removal efficiency tests, and suggest areas of modifications for investigators to adapt traps to a variety of bumble bee species or nest box designs.
Use and Outcomes of Epidural Analgesia in Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Resections

Abstract Background Epidural analgesia (EA) is an appealing adjunct for esophageal and gastric cancer patients. It remains unclear whether EA usage affects postoperative outcomes. There are no national data on the trends of EA utilization for these procedures. This study aims to use the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to study the utilization and outcomes of EA in open upper GI tract cancer resections. Materials and methods A retrospective review of NSQIP was performed for patients undergoing open elective esophagectomies and gastrectomies for nonmetastatic cancer between 2014 and 2017. An Armitage trend test was performed. The population was propensity matched and assessed. Results There were 4802 esophagectomies performed. Twenty-nine percent of patients received EA. Of 2599 gastrectomies, 18% of patients received EA. The recent trends of EA use for esophagectomies (EA range [26.9%, 30.3%] P = 0.6535) and gastrectomies (EA [16.9%, 18.4%], P = 0.7797) remain stable. Propensity matching was performed, and the groups with and without EA were compared. For esophagectomies, EA was associated with blood transfusions (EA 14% versus No EA 10.8%, P = 0.0156). For gastrectomies, EA was associated with longer length of stay (LOS) (EA median [IQR] 8 [7,11] versus No EA 7 [6,11], P = 0.0002). Conclusions Despite the current opioid epidemic, the recent trends of EA for esophageal and gastric cancer patients remain stable. EA was associated with blood transfusions for esophagectomies and with a longer LOS for gastrectomies. Therefore, EA should be carefully considered, and its analgesic efficacy in this population should be investigated closely in future studies.
No-harm calibration for generalized Oaxaca-Blinder estimators.

In randomized experiments, adjusting for observed features when estimating treatment effects has been proposed as a way to improve asymptotic efficiency. However, only linear regression has been proven to form an estimate of the average treatment effect that is asymptotically no less efficient than the treated-minus-control difference in means regardless of the true data generating process. Randomized treatment assignment provides this "do-no-harm" property, with neither truth of a linear model nor a generative model for the outcomes being required. We present a general calibration method which confers the same no-harm property onto estimators leveraging a broad class of nonlinear models. This recovers the usual regression-adjusted estimator when ordinary least squares is used, and further provides non-inferior treatment effect estimators using methods such as logistic and Poisson regression. The resulting estimators are non-inferior to both the difference in means estimator and to treatment effect estimators that have not undergone calibration. We show that our estimator is asymptotically equivalent to an inverse probability weighted estimator using a logit link with predicted potential outcomes as covariates. In a simulation study, we demonstrate that common nonlinear estimators without our calibration procedure may perform markedly worse than both the calibrated estimator and the unadjusted difference in means.
Dyadic Affective Flexibility: Measurement Considerations and the Impact of Youth Internalizing Symptoms on Flexibility

The study examined measurement models of parent-adolescent dyadic affective flexibility and identified ways that this relational flexibility meaningfully changed in the context of adolescent anxious and depressive symptoms, both concurrently and over time. Ninety-one mother-adolescent dyads completed two five-minute tasks. Observational data were coded in real-time and examined second-by-second. Flexibility metrics were calculated (i.e., range, transitions, average mean duration, dispersion). Results supported a two-factor model of flexibility and suggested that all four metrics contribute to the construct. Adolescent internalizing symptoms positively related to flexibility, both concurrently and across a 6-month time period. Thus, dyadic affective flexibility appears best measured by utilizing all four metrics, and individual characteristics (i.e., anxious/depressive symptoms) influence dynamic family processes.
Distinct Immunophenotypes of T Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid From Leukemia Patients With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Pulmonary Complications.

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are at risk of pneumonitis as well as pneumonia (combined henceforth as ICI-related pulmonary complications). Little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ICI-related pulmonary complications. We characterized lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood from seven AML/MDS patients with pulmonary symptoms after ICI-based therapy (ICI group) and four ICI-naive AML/MDS patients with extracellular bacterial or fungal pneumonias (controls). BAL T cells in the ICI group were clonally expanded, and BAL IFNγ+ IL-17- CD8+ T and CXCR3+ CCR6+ Th17/Th1 cells were enriched in the ICI group. Our data suggest that these cells may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of ICI-related pulmonary complications. Understanding of these cell populations may also provide predictive and diagnostic biomarkers of ICI-related pulmonary complications, eventually enabling differentiation of pneumonitis from pneumonia in AML/MDS patients receiving ICI-based therapies.
Using deep learning to identify bladder cancers with FGFR-activating mutations from histology images

Background In recent years, the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway has been proven to be an important therapeutic target in bladder cancer. FGFR-targeted therapies are effective for patients with FGFR mutation, which can be discovered through genetic sequencing. However, genetic sequencing is not commonly performed at diagnosis, whereas a histologic assessment of the tumor is. We aim to computationally extract imaging biomarkers from existing tumor diagnostic slides in order to predict FGFR alterations in bladder cancer. Methods This study analyzed genomic profiles and H&E-stained tumor diagnostic slides of bladder cancer cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 418 cases). A convolutional neural network (CNN) identified tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The percentage of the tissue containing TIL ("TIL percentage") was then used to predict FGFR activation status with a logistic regression model. Results This predictive model could proficiently identify patients with any type of FGFR gene aberration using the CNN-based TIL percentage (sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.42, AUROC = 0.76). A similar model which focused on predicting patients with only FGFR2/FGFR3 mutation was also found to be highly sensitive, but also specific (sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.85, AUROC = 0.86). Conclusion TIL percentage is a computationally derived image biomarker from routine tumor histology that can predict whether a tumor has FGFR mutations. CNNs and other digital pathology methods may complement genome sequencing and provide earlier screening options for candidates of targeted therapies.
The Mechanosensory Lateral Line System of Cichlid Fishes: From Anatomy to Behavior

The anatomy, neurophysiology, and behavioral roles of the mechanosensory lateral line system of cichlid fishes are reviewed. The lateral line system of cichlids shares fundamental anatomical features characteristic of all bony fishes and is composed of cranial lateral line canals, a trunk canal (or canals) containing canal neuromasts, and superficial neuromasts on the skin of the head, trunk, and tail. Cichlids typically have narrow cranial lateral line canals, but several genera have reduced or widened canals. A single, continuous trunk canal, which is common among bony fishes, is rare among cichlids, which typically have a disjunct trunk canal (or variations thereof) that is otherwise rare among other teleost families. Lateral line neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is well known in only a small number of cichlid species that serve as models for the study of the neuroethology of feeding and social behavior. The ability to study cichlids in the field and in the laboratory and carry out genetic and genomic analyses of complex phenotypes provides unique opportunities for novel integrative studies of the behavior and sensory ecology of these extraordinary fishes.
Efficiency of Sequential Bandwidth and Power Auctions With Rate Utilities

We study a sequential second-price auction for allocating wireless resources between two non-cooperative users. This mechanism requires relatively little computation and information exchange among agents, but does not always achieve an efficient allocation. This is a continuation of previous work in which the worst-case efficiency is evaluated, assuming each user has full knowledge of the other user's utility function. Here we assume that the users are randomly placed within a region, and evaluate the associated efficiency via simulation. Sequential auctions for bandwidth (with fixed power) and for power (with fixed bandwidth) are considered, where each user utility is the achievable rate, and interference is treated as background noise. Our results show that the sequential auction typically achieves the efficient (utility-maximizing) allocation. We also relate observed improvements in the worst-case efficiency to constraints on the size of the marginal utilities associated with each resource.
Potential Role for Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 in the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Mouse Models

Objective— Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is one of several oxidized-l-α-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (Ox-PAPC)-induced genes identified in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). We previously reported that MKP-1 activity is required for Ox-PAPC–mediated endothelial/monocyte interactions; however, an in vivo role of MKP-1 in atherogenesis has not been investigated. Methods and Results— We now report that MKP-1 protein is expressed in the atherosclerotic lesions of mice. MKP-1 mRNA expression is highly induced in C57BL6/J mice on an atherogenic diet, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (−/−) mice on a Western diet, and 10-week or older ApoE (−/−) mice on a chow diet. In ApoE (−/−) mice treated with 1 mg/mL of sodium orthovanadate (NaOV), a specific inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases including MKP-1, total phosphatase activity and MKP-1 protein were decreased in both the aortic lesions and liver lysates. In 3 animal models of atherosclerosis [C57BL6/J mice on an atherogenic diet for 15 weeks, LDLR (−/−) mice on a Western diet for 10 weeks, and ApoE (−/−) mice on a chow diet for 8 weeks], mice treated with NaOV had significantly smaller atherosclerotic lesions when compared with the control group. Conclusion— MKP-1 expression is associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, and inhibition of MKP-1 activity may prevent atherosclerotic lesion development in mice.
Alternative acrylic bone cement formulations for cemented arthroplasties: present status, key issues, and future prospects.

All the commercially available plain acrylic bone cement brands that are used in cemented arthroplasties are based on poly (methyl methacrylate) and, with a few exceptions, have the same constituents. It is well known that these brands are beset with many drawbacks, such as high maximum exotherm temperature, lack of bioactivity, and volumetric shrinkage upon curing. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about a number of the constituents, such as toxicity of the activator (N,N,dimethyl-p-toluidine) and possible involvement of the radiopacifier (BaSO4 or ZrO2 particles) in third-body wear. Thus, over the years, many research efforts have been expended to address these drawbacks, culminating in a large number of alternative formulations, which may be grouped into 16 categories. Although there are a number of reviews of the large literature that now exists on these formulations, each covers only some of the categories and none contains a detailed discussion of the germane issues. The objective of the present work, therefore, was to present a comprehensive and critical review of the whole field. In addition to succinct descriptions of the cements in each category, there are explicative summaries of literature reports, a detailed discussion of several key issues surrounding the potential for use of these cements in cemented arthroplasties, and a presentation of numerous ideas for future studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2008
A comparison of LiDAR-based DEMs and USGS-sourced DEMs in terrain analysis for knowledge-based digital soil mapping

Abstract While LiDAR-based digital elevation models (DEM) are more accurate and precise than the USGS-sourced DEM that are widely used in soil mapping in the US, their high cost and other problems prohibit an easy decision of adopting them in service-oriented soil mapping conducted by a government agency like USDA-NRCS. This study compares the performances of LiDAR-based DEM and the USGS-sourced DEM in calculating slope gradient as an input for knowledge-based digital soil mapping (KBDSM), aiming to provide scientific evidence and more importantly, propose a scientific approach to evaluating the two types of DEM for KBDSM. We conducted the comparison by evaluating how closely the DEM-based slope gradient values match the field-measured values. For a small watershed in northern Vermont, US, we prepared three DEM, including a 10-m DEM interpolated from the 7.5-minute USGS topographic map, a 1-m DEM based on LiDAR points, and a 5-m DEM resampled from the 1-m DEM. When calculating slope gradient, we applied two neighborhood sizes (10 m and 30 m), two neighborhood shapes (square and circular), and three slope gradient algorithms (Evans–Young, Horn, and modified Zevenbergen–Thorne) to the three DEM. We then compared the calculated slope gradient values with the values measured by soil scientists at 159 sample locations in the study area. Statistics show that across all the tested settings, the LiDAR-based DEM perform significantly better than the USGS-sourced DEM. We conclude that LiDAR-based DEM may considerably improve the quality of inputs for KBDSM. We also find that the results from the 1-m LiDAR-based DEM and the resampled 5-m DEM do not show considerable and consistent differences.
Covalent binding of aminopropanehydroxydiphosphonate to glutaraldehyde residues in pericardial bioprosthetic tissue: stability and calcification inhibition studies.

Calcification has limited the clinical utility of bioprosthetic heart valves fabricated from either glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardium or porcine aortic valves. Aminopropanehydroxydiphosphonate (APDP), covalently bound to residual aldehyde groups in glutaraldehyde-treated pericardial bioprosthetic tissue, has been shown to inhibit cardiovascular calcification in the rat subdermal model. Using 3H-labeled glutaraldehyde (GLUT) at a concentration of 0.02 M and 0.14 M r4C-labeled APDP, we assessed the effects of GLUT incubation temperature (4” or 25°C) and pH of the GLUT incubation solution (pH 4.0, 7.4, or 10.0) on the GLUT incorporation step and subsequent APDP binding (24 hr 25°C) into bioprosthetic valve (BPV) tissue (bovine pericardium). Increased incorporation of GLUT and APDP occurred at lower GLUT incubation temperature (GLUT, 346.05 2 1.9 nM/mg, 4°C vs 259.76 + 1.39 nM/mg, 25°C; APDP, 57.56 f 4.43 nM/mg, 4°C vs 36.36 f 0.46 nM/mg, mean -C standard error, at 25°C). There also was a greater incorporation of GLUT but not APDP at the higher glutaraldehyde pretreatment pH (GLUT, pH 10.0, 213.73 f 73 nM/mg vs pH 4, 132.08 f 43 nM/mg; APDP, pH 10.0, 51.41 2 12 nM/mg vs pH 4.0, 49.97 ? 6 nM/mg). In vivo studies revealed that all groups with treated BPV implanted for 21 days in male 3-week-old CD rats demonstrated a loss of both GLUT (12-50%) and APDP (48-64%) compared to preimplant content. BPV implant calcification was signiticantly inhibited in all groups treated with APDP compared to control Ca” (5.54 f 2.1-9.64 + 1.2 m P s 0.001) despite the progressive loss of both GLUT and APDP with time. It is concluded that preincubation of BPV tissue in GLUT at lower temperature (4°C) and higher pH (10.0) enhanced BPV GLUT uptake and subsequent APDP covalent binding. In addition, in the rat subdermal model, BPV tissue calcification was markedly inhibited by APDP, despite a significant loss of bound drug.
Measured and Modeled Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of a Walla Walla Silt Loam

There are numerous methods of estimating unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity [K(θ)], ranging from direct measurement in the laboratory or field, to models that use only basic soil data, e.g., texture or water release curves (WRC). We evaluated K(θ) for a Walla Walla silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Haploxeroll) using two field methods and the Mualem-van Genuchten model (MVG). Field methods were the internal drainage method (ID) and the Klaij and Vachaud method (MKV), which was modified to include hydraulic head (H), and used 20 yr of data from a dryland field experiment. Four approaches to estimate WRC were compared for the MKV, and two approaches to estimate parameters of the MVG, For water contents >0.20 m 3 m 3 , the MKV gave K values that were two orders of magnitude less than those obtained from internal drain-age experiments conducted under wetter conditions. When MVG parameters were predicted by the Rosetta model, which uses pedo-transfer functions, K values approached those of the MVK. However. when model parameters were estimated from internal drainage and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat ) data, K(θ) values were closer to those of the internal drainage experiments. The study reaflirms the difficulty of reconciling K(θ) determined by different methodologies, and of extrapolating to values of θ outside those measured. It also demonstrates the sensitivity of the MVG and pedotransfer funetions to different sources of input values, Advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches to determining K(θ) are discussed.
Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: Future Directions

The importance of high serum cholesterol levels as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and the benefit of lowering cholesterol levels for reducing risk are being increasingly accepted. A broad consensus to this effect has led to the establishment of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Although the available evidence fully justifies this program, its practical application to the American public has generated a series of new questions that must be explored. For example, it can be questioned whether reduction in coronary risk through lowering cholesterol levels extends to both sexes and all age groups. For people with high cholesterol levels, dietary modification is undoubtedly the first step of management, but the fraction of people responding adequately to dietary change remains to be determined. Finally, indications for drug therapy and choice of drugs need further exploration, particularly in the area of cost vs benefit. Thus, continuing research must be carried out in parallel with clinical and public health application of cholesterol education. ( JAMA . 1990;264:3053-3059)
Polarization of protons by the spin-refrigerator mechanism in yttrium ethyl sulfate.

Proton polarizations in excess of 50% have been achieved in single crystals of Y(${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{3}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${9\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O doped with about 0.01 at.% Yb. The protons are polarized by the spin-refrigerator process, in which the crystals are rotated in a magnetic field at low temperature. Typical operating parameters are ${F}_{r}$=40--90 revolutions/sec, H=9--11 kOe, and T=0.6 K. Measurements of the maximum polarization and of polarization-buildup curves are presented for a variety of operating conditions. These results are found to be in reasonably good agreement with predictions obtained from model calculations which simulate the polarization mechanism at the atomic level. The calculations show that multiple--spin-flip processes are important, and that these processes produce a significant reduction in the maximum attainable proton polarization. Measurements of the proton spin-relaxation time are also reported. Relaxation times in excess of 100 h were observed for magnetic fields of less than 1 kOe.
Context-aware optimization of continuous range queries maintenance for trajectories

This work addresses the problem of efficient maintenance of the (correct) answers to the continuous spatio-temporal range queries in Moving Objects Databases (MOD), which represent the objects' motion as trajectories. Specifically, we consider the settings of optimizing the response time of the system when the queries need to be brought up-to-date as a result of bulk update to the trajectories in the MOD. Such updates occur when an abnormality occurs in some context dimension (e.g., road accident; fire) that affects many trajectories in a given region. However, the updates of those trajectories may affect the correctness of the answers to queries which pertain to regions that are not spatially close to the region where the abnormality occurred, and are interested in some future-time with respect to the time of the occurrence of that abnormality.
Alice Walker on Ecofeminist Issues in Her Fiction: An Interview

The setting was the back of Alice Walker’s car, cruising along the winding roads of Northern California on a clear, chilly, star-filled autumn evening.11 Mendocino County, California, November 10, ...
Evolution of the constraint equations in general relativity.

We consider the evolution of initial data in general relativity. The Bianchi identity guarantees that data which initially satisfy the constraint equations will always satisfy the constraints. But we often expect only the approximate satisfaction of the constraint equations, for example, in numerical analysis. Here we study the evolution of only approximately good initial data. Under rather general circumstances the evolution drives the data away from good data; and we give a simple example where the traditional methods employed in numerical relativity would be likely to give erroneous results. We also present a minor modification of these traditional methods which would be likely to remedy this difficulty.
Metabolic adaptations in fatty acid and lactose biosynthesis by sheep mammary tissue during cessation of lactation.

Abstract The effect of involution of fatty acid synthesis, lactose synthesis, and carbon dioxide production by sheep mammary tissue was examined. Mammary tissue from lactating or nonlactating (9 days after weaning) sheep was used for measurements of biosynthetic capacities (in vitro incubations) and enzymatic activities. Termination of lactation decreased biosynthetic rates of fatty acid and lactose synthesis 99 and 97%. Similarly, rates of acetate and glucose oxidation to carbon dioxide by mammary tissue from nonlactating sheep relative to lactating sheep decreased 84 and 98%. Of enzymes in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase decreased the most dramatically as a result of involution (99%). Other major decrease were for acetyl-CoA sythetase (79%) and fatty acid synthetase (85%) while enzymes involved in reducing equivalent generation (glucose-76-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase) decreased less dramatically. for enzymes in lactose synthesis, involution decreased UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (76%), UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (87%), and lactose synthetase (93%) while activity of phosphoglucomutase remained unchanged. With the termination of lactation, the magnitude of alterations in rates of fatty acid sythesis and lactose synthesis compared most closely to decreases in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and lactose synthetase activity, respectively.
ANTIGEN-INDUCED CHANGES IN LYMPHOID CELL HISTONES : II. Regional Lymph Nodes.

The nuclear histones of control and antigen-affected lymphocytes and thymocytes were measured in terms of their intensity of staining with ammoniacal-silver (A-S) and alkaline fast green (FG). Subcutaneous injection of full strength and doubly concentrated tetanus toxoid into the upper forelimb was followed by an acute decrease in the intensity of the FG and A-S staining of the thymocyte nuclear histones. Such changes in staining were delayed in the nuclear histones of the regional axillary lymph nodes. In contrast, the injection of a 1:100 dilution of tetanus toxoid caused an acute decrease in staining of the nuclei of the regional lymph node lymphocytes but only minimal changes in the thymocytes. An acute decrease in staining of the lymph node lymphocytes also occurred when heterologous serum proteins were used as the antigen. Prior administration of cortisone was found to inhibit the antigen-induced changes in the staining of lymphocyte nuclear histones. No such inhibitions occurred after the administration of saline solution. The findings suggest that the nuclear histones play a significant role in the immunological competence of lymphoid cells. However, additional studies are needed to define the biochemical basis of the observed changes as well as the mechanisms whereby antigen-induced changes in nuclear histones participate in the complex cellular and serological alterations which are evoked by antigens, viz. plasma cell formation and antibody synthesis.
WAY‐855 (3‐amino‐tricyclo[2.2.1.02.6]heptane‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid): a novel, EAAT2‐preferring, nonsubstrate inhibitor of high‐affinity glutamate uptake

The pharmacological profile of a novel glutamate transport inhibitor, WAY-855 (3-amino-tricyclo[2.2.1.02.6]heptane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid), on the activity of the human forebrain glutamate transporters EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 expressed in stable mammalian cell lines and in Xenopus laevis oocytes is presented. WAY-855 inhibited glutamate uptake mediated by all three subtypes in a concentration-dependent manner, with preferential inhibition of the CNS-predominant EAAT2 subtype in both cells and oocytes. IC50 values for EAAT2 and EAAT3 inhibition in cells were 2.2 and 24.5 μM, respectively, while EAAT1 activity was inhibited by 50% at 100 μM (IC50 values determined in oocytes were 1.3 μM (EAAT2), 52.5 μM (EAAT3) and 125.9 μM (EAAT1)). Application of WAY-855 to EAAT-expressing oocytes failed to induce a transporter current, and the compound failed to exchange with accumulated [3H]D-aspartate in synaptosomes consistent with a nonsubstrate inhibitor. WAY-855 inhibited D-aspartate uptake into cortical synaptosomes by a competitive mechanism, and with similar potency to that observed for the cloned EAAT2. WAY-855 failed to agonise or antagonise ionotropic glutamate receptors in cultured hippocampal neurones, or the human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 expressed in a stable cell line. WAY-855 represents a novel structure in glutamate transporter pharmacology, and exploration of this structure might provide insights into the discrimination between EAAT2 and other EAAT subtypes. British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 140, 839–846. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705509
Early experience with mesh excision for adverse outcomes after transvaginal mesh placement using prolapse kits.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the complications, treatments, and outcomes in patients choosing to undergo removal of mesh previously placed with a mesh procedural kit. Study Design This was a retrospective review of all patients who underwent surgical removal of transvaginal mesh for mesh-related complications during a 3-year period at Cleveland Clinic. At last follow-up, patients reported degree of pain, level of improvement, sexual activity, and continued symptoms. Results Nineteen patients underwent removal of mesh during the study period. Indications for removal included chronic pain (6/19), dyspareunia (6/19), recurrent pelvic organ prolapse (8/19), mesh erosion (12/19), and vesicovaginal fistula (3/19), with most patients (16/19) citing more than 1 reason. There were few complications related to the mesh removal. Most patients reported significant relief of symptoms. Conclusion Mesh removal can be technically difficult but appears to be safe with few complications and high relief of symptoms, although some symptoms can persist.
Chiral actions for N = 2 supersymmetric tensor multiplets☆

Abstract Actions for self-interacting N =2 tensor multiplets are written as integrals over general or chiral superspace. The general form for SU(2)-invariant actions is given.
Unsteady flows of inhomogeneous incompressible fluids

Abstract In this paper, we study the unsteady motion of inhomogeneous incompressible viscous fluids. We present the results corresponding to Stokes' second problem and for the flow between two parallel plates where one is oscillating.
Predictors of the impact of the September 11th terrorist attacks on victims of intimate partner violence.

This study examined the role of several hypothesized predictors of the impact of a potentially traumatic event, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11), on a sample of women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We found that IPV-related PTSS mediated the relationship between IPV and 9/11-related PTSS, confirming the hypothesis that severity of symptoms related to prior trauma plays a role in the development and severity of PTSS related to subsequent potentially traumatic events. Media exposure and threat appraisal were significantly positively associated with 9/11-related PTSS, whereas social support was significantly negatively associated with 9/11-related PTSS, with none of these variables serving as moderators of the relationship between IPV-related and 9/11-related PTSS. Our results suggest that trauma-related psychiatric history is an important factor in the development of PTSS subsequent to an additional potentially traumatic event, even after adjusting for relevant variables occurring at the time of that event. Language: en
A predicative model for certain directed metalations, IV; The dynamic behavior of the organolithio intermediates formed by metalation of p-dimethoxybenzene (p-DMB)

Significant disproportionation between the mono- and 2,5-bis-metalaled intermediates resulting from metalation of p-DMB has been observed. The best procedure for the generation of each of these intermediates involves use of an “incremental” amount of TMEDA.1
Use of spatiotemporal response information from sorption-based sensor arrays to identify and quantify the composition of analyte mixtures

Linear sensor arrays made from small molecule/carbon black composite chemiresistors placed in a low-headspace volume chamber, with vapor delivered at low flow rates, allowed for the extraction of new chemical information that significantly increased the ability of the sensor arrays to identify vapor mixture components and to quantify their concentrations. Each sensor sorbed vapors from the gas stream and, thereby, as in gas chromatography, separated species having high vapor pressures from species having low vapor pressures. Instead of producing only equilibrium-based sensor responses that were representative of the thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning of analyte between each sensor and the initial vapor phase, the sensor responses varied depending on the position of the sensor in the chamber and the time since the beginning of the analyte exposure. The concomitant spatiotemporal (ST) sensor array response therefore provided information that was a function of time, as well as of the position of the sensor in the chamber. The responses to pure analytes and to multicomponent analyte mixtures comprised of hexane, decane, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene, ethanol, and/or butanol were recorded along each of the sensor arrays. Use of a non-negative least-squares (NNLS) method for analysis of the ST data enabled the correct identification and quantification of the composition of two-, three-, four-, and five-component mixtures from arrays using only four chemically different sorbent films. In contrast, when traditional time- and position-independent sensor response information was used, these same mixtures could not be identified or quantified robustly. The work has also demonstrated that, for ST data, NNLS yielded significantly better results than analyses using extended disjoint principal components modeling. The ability to correctly identify and quantify constituent components of vapor mixtures through the use of such ST information significantly expands the capabilities of such broadly cross-reactive arrays of sensors.
Effect of finite mass on gravitational transit time.

The dependence of the gravitational transit time on the mass of the particle is derived in this paper. The result confirms, as might be expected, that for highly relativistic particles the effect of a finite mass on the gravitational time delay is negligible compared to special-relativistic effects. As an application, the travel times of photons and the relativistic neutrinos from SN1987A are calculated to show explicitly the negligible effect a finite neutrino mass has on the arguments of Longo and Krauss and Tremaine who used the nearly simultaneous arrival of photons and neutrinos as a test of the Einstein equivalence principle.
In situ measurements of plagioclase growth using SIMS depth profiles of 7Li/30Si: A means to acquire crystallization rates during short-duration decompression events

Numerous petrologic studies have attempted to determine crystal growth rates in volcanic systems through several methods, including analyses of crystal size distributions in natural samples and decompression experiments on hydrous magmas. Experiments have revealed that rim growth on existing crystals will occur under a wide range of decompression conditions and is favored under conditions of low to moderate undercoolings over microlite nucleation, which has typically been the focus of decompression-induced crystallization studies. For this study, samples of eruptive clasts were collected from a Vulcanian explosion that occurred following the July 12―13, 2003 dome collapse of Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. Plagioclase phenocrysts were extracted and examined with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling. Lithium inflection depths within the profiles, along with the observed time interval between the peak in the collapse decompression and the explosion that ejected the examined samples, were used to calculate the growth rates as a result of magma devolatilization, with an average of 8.3 x 10 ―8 mm/s. Anorthite content of the plagioclase rim growth indicates an average decompression magnitude of 40 MPa, inducing an undercooling of ∼45 °C that favors crystal growth over microlite nucleation. However, variability in the final anorthite contents suggests that not all phenocrysts recorded an equilibrium composition reflecting accurate pressure conditions. In such events occurring over short timescales (<10 h), lithium is a more reliable indicator of decompression-induced growth than changing anorthite content due to lithium's rapid diffusivity.
Real-time rational expectations and indeterminacy

Abstract This paper uses the technique of Lubik and Schorfheide [Lubik, T., Schorfheide, F., 2004. Testing for indeterminacy: an application to U.S. monetary policy. The American Economic Review 94 (1), 190–217] to test for indeterminacy in a New Keynesian Model. Using real-time, instead of revised data on the output gap, the results suggest indeterminacy both before 1979 and after 1982.
Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by dissemination of the lesions in time and space. While tremor is frequently seen in patients with multiple sclerosis, other movement disorders such as parkinsonism, dystonia, chorea, ballism, paroxysmal dystonia, paroxysmal chorea, myoclonus, tourettism, restless leg syndrome and hemifacial spasm are less frequently reported. In this systematic review of the literature, we describe the different movement disorders reported in patients with multiple sclerosis and attempt to characterize their relation with the underlying demyelinating process. We also summarize the reports of movement disorders described in other demyelinating diseases such as neuromyelitis optica, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and central pontine myelinolysis.
Active space of chemical alarm cue in natural fish populations

Summary Chemical cues released from injured fish skin during a predator attack provide reliable information about the presence of predation risk. Here, I report estimates of the area avoided by littoral fishes after experimental release of chemical alarm cues in two small lakes in northern Minnesota. Minnow traps were labeled chemically with either water (control) or skin extract (chemical alarm cue) made from 2 cm2 of cyprinid skin (redbelly dace in experiment 1, fathead minnows in experiment 2). Traps labeled with water were placed 1, 2, or 8 m from traps labeled with alarm cue. After 2 h, water-traps that were either 1 or 2 m distant from an alarm-trap caught significantly fewer fish than water-traps 8 m distant from alarm-traps. Conspecific and heterospecific skin extract produced similar area avoidance by fathead minnows. Redbelly dace showed a larger active space in response to conspecific than heterospecific alarm cues. Brook stickleback showed reduced catches within 2 m of skin extract of fathead minnows. Overall, the radius of active space was between 2 and 8 m under lake conditions with average subsurface currents of 0.82 cm/s. These data are the first field estimates of active space of ostariophysan chemical alarm cues.
The logic of convergence and uniformity in teacher production

This paper discusses teacher education, institutional growth and the economy of information. It compares the sector of teacher education with global markets, described by Thomas Friedman in his book The world is flat, as emerging and “flattening” in light of rapid technological and communication advances. The institutional framework of teacher production has tightly aligned with a hierarchy of controls and norms used widely by both private and public universities. Authors argue that the economy of universal information cannot provide an educational system with the tools it needs to train teachers and develop students as valuable contributors to the emerging world economy. Although it may be financially costly in the short‐term, the higher‐cost variables of particular information will prove vital to giving teacher training programs and independent universities the freedom to innovate, meeting the challenges afforded by a changing world.
Fault scarp identification in side-scan sonar and bathymetry images from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using wavelet-based digital filters

Digital filters designed using wavelet theory are applied to high resolution deep-towed side-scan sonar data from the median valley walls, crestal mountains, and flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 29°10′ N. With proper tuning, the digital filters are able to identify the location, orientation, length, and width of highly reflective linear features in sonar images. These features are presumed to represent the acoustic backscatter from axis-facing normal faults. The fault locations obtained from the digital filters are well correlated with visual geologic interpretation of the images. The side-scan sonar images are also compared with swath bathymetry from the same area. The digitally filtered bathymetry images contain nine of the eleven faults identified by eye in the detailed geologic interpretation of the side-scan data. Faults with widths (measured perpendicular to their strike) of less than about 150 m are missed in the bathymetry analysis due to the coarser resolution of these data. This digital image processing technique demonstrates the potential of wavelet-based analysis to reduce subjectivity and labor involved in mapping and analyzing topographic features in side-scan sonar and bathymetric image data.
Effect of material composition and localized heat generation on time-dependent conjugate heat transport

Abstract Time-dependent conjugate conduction/convection direct numerical simulations of four rib configurations that differ in material composition and distribution of internal heat generation are conducted in laminar and transitional grooved-channel flows. The effect of material composition, concentration of heat generation and flow regime on the spatial distribution of temperature, heat flux and Nusselt number along the solid-fluid interface is investigated. Furthermore, the distribution of internal heat generation is found to affect strongly the convective resistance at the solid-fluid interface of the rib, leading to a nonmonotonic relationship between convective heat transport and Reynolds number for the range of parameters investigated in the configurations with local heat generation.