cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiangiogenic therapy with interferon alpha for giant cell lesions of the jaws.

Abstract Purpose: Giant cell tumors are classified and treated based on their biologic behavior. We hypothesize that they are proliferative vascular lesions and would be expected to respond to antiangiogenic therapy. The purpose of this report is to present a treatment protocol consisting of enucleation, with preservation of vital structures, followed by subcutaneous interferon alpha. Materials and Methods: Patients with a biopsy-confirmed giant cell lesion satisfying criteria for “aggressive giant cell tumor” were included. Instead of wide en bloc resection, lesions were enucleated and the patients started on interferon alpha-2 or beta (3,000,000 units/m 2 ) 48 to 72 hours postoperatively. The subjects were followed by clinical examination and radiography, immediately after surgery and every 3 months until the bone cavity completely healed. Thereafter, follow-up was every 6 months. Results: Eight patients (7 females), with a mean age of 18.7 ± 11.1 years, have been enrolled. Six tumors were in the posterior mandible, and 2 were in the anterior maxilla. The mean size was 29.0 mm (range, 15 to 70 mm). All patients underwent enucleation. There were no postoperative complications, and all patients tolerated interferon. There was no evidence of tumor growth during treatment. Seven of 8 patients have completed interferon therapy, and there have been no recurrences during 1 to 6 years of follow-up. The other patient continues on treatment with no evidence of disease. Conclusion: Antiangiogenic therapy, in combination with curettage, is a promising strategy for treatment of aggressive giant cell tumors. Combined treatment results in a high rate of tumor control with decreased operative morbidity compared with conventional treatment. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:1103-1111, 2002
The number of lymph nodes dissected in breast cancer patients influences the accuracy of prognosis.

Recent trials have suggested that axillary node dissection may not be warranted in some breast cancer patients with one to two positive nodes. Given that lymph node ratio (LNR; number of positive lymph nodes divided by the total examined) has been shown to be a significant prognostic factor, we sought to determine whether the number of nodes removed in this low risk population predicted survival. The National Cancer Database is a comprehensive clinical surveillance resource capturing 70 % of newly diagnosed malignancies in the United States; 309,216 breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2005, with tumors ≤5 cm and one to two positive nodes, formed the cohort of interest. Median age at diagnosis was 57 (range 18–90) years. Median tumor size was 2 (range 0.1–5) cm; 215,382 patients (69.7 %) had one positive node, and 93,834 (30.3 %) had two. The median number of lymph nodes examined was 11 (range 1–84). Patients were categorized into low (≤0.2), medium (0.21–0.65), or high (>0.65) LNR groups, with 228,822 (74 %), 55,797 (18 %), and 24,597 (8 %) patients in each of these categories, respectively. Median follow-up was 54.1 months. Median overall survival (OS) for low, intermediate, and high LNR was 66.1, 61.1, and 56.5 months, respectively (p < 0.001). In a Cox model controlling for clinicopathologic and therapy covariates, LNR category remained a significant predictor of OS (p < 0.001). LNR is an independent predictor of OS in a low-risk population with one to two positive nodes and tumors ≤5 cm. Therefore, the number of lymph nodes excised may influence prognostic stratification.
Comparative echocardiographic study of recovery of diastolic versus systolic function after brief periods of coronary occlusion: differential effects of intravenous nifedipine administered before and during occlusion

The effect of intravenous nifedipine (5 µg/kg) on the recovery of myocardial function after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in 18 closed chest dogs. Using computer-aided analysis of two-dimensional echocardiograms, systolic and diastolic function of ischemic segments in low papillary left ventricular cross sections were characterized, respectively, as holosystolic fractional area change and early diastolic velocity of luminal area change. The time required for systolic function to return to preocclusion values after a 1 minute untreated control occlusion (n = 12) was 5 to 10 minutes, and after a 2 minute occlusion (n = 6) it was 20 to 30 minutes. When nifedipine was administered during the occlusion, recovery after a 2 minute occlusion was accelerated slightly to 10 to 15 minutes. Recovery times of early diastolic function were substantially longer, and nifedipine effects were more pronounced. After a 1 or 2 minute control coronary occlusion, 60 to 75 minutes or 90 to 105 midutes were needed to return early diastolic function to normal levels. Nifedipine administered during a 1 or 2 minute coronary occlusion improved these recovery times to 10 to 15 minutes. When the dogs were treated with intravenous nifedipine before coronary occlusion, recovery after 1 or 2 minutes of acute ischemia was apparent as early as 2 minutes after reperfusion. Thus, intravenous nifedipine accelerates the recovery of myocardial function after brief periods of ischemia, and when administered before coronary occlusion, it assures very prompt recovery of function.
Different Implementations of Diffuse Reflection with Incomplete Accommodation for Drag Coefficient Modeling

Diffuse reflection with incomplete accommodation is the favored gas–surface interaction model for calculating the drag coefficient of satellites in low Earth orbit, where drag is the largest source of uncertainty in the orbital trajectory of satellites. Closed-form solutions have incorporated the variation of the energy accommodation coefficient through equating the total energy of the incident and reflected flows; however, this leads to an incorrect reflected velocity distribution for incomplete accommodation. The problem is highlighted by investigating the velocity distribution functions for a gas reflected from a flat plate at zero accommodation. A physically accurate implementation for diffuse reflection with incomplete accommodation based on the Cercignani–Lampis–Lord gas–surface interaction model is compared with the closed-form solutions that equate the incident and reflected energy of the flow. The Cercignani–Lampis–Lord gas–surface interaction model shows the conservation of energy on a molecule-...
Structural biology of human cannabinoid receptor-2 helix 6 in membrane-mimetic environments.

We detail the structure and dynamics of a synthetic peptide corresponding to transmembrane helix 6 (TMH6) of human cannabinoid receptor-2 (hCB2) in biomembrane-mimetic environments. The peptide’s NMR structural biology is characterized by two a-helical domains bridged by a flexible, nonhelical hinge region containing a highly-conserved CWFP motif with an environmentally sensitive, Pro-based conformational switch. Buried within the peptide’s flexible region, W
A pragmatic alcoholism treatment outcome scale.

(1984). A Pragmatic Alcoholism Treatment Outcome Scale. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 125-131.
Therapeutic aspects of fat embolism syndrome

Signs and symptoms of clinical fat embolism syndrome (FES) usually begin within 24-48 hours after trauma. The classic triad involves pulmonary changes, cerebral dysfunction, and petechial rash. Clinical diagnosis is key because laboratory and radiographic diagnosis is not specific and can be inconsistent. The duration of FES is difficult to predict because it is often subclinical or may be overshadowed by other illnesses or injuries. Medical care is prophylactic or supportive, including early fixation and general ICU management to ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation, hemodynamic stability, prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis, stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding, and nutrition. Studies support early fracture fixation as a method to reduce recurrent fat embolism and FES. The main therapeutic interventions once FES has been clinically diagnosed are directed towards support of pulmonary and neurological manifestations and management of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Effect of oral isotretinoin treatment on skin androgen receptor levels in male acneic patients

An oral daily dose (mean +/- SD, 0.75 +/- 0.05 mg/kg) of isotretinoin was administered for 3 months to six male patients with acne (scores of 4 and 5 according to Rosenfield). The therapy resulted in complete resolution of acne in four patients and improved acne significantly (score 1) in two patients. In accordance with recent findings, no change in serum testosterone and significant decreases in 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucosiduronate, and androsterone glucosiduronate levels were observed after treatment. Androgen receptor status was investigated in back skin biopsies obtained in acne areas before and after 3 months of isotretinoin treatment. The treatment did not modify the binding affinity constant of skin androgen receptor (0.44 vs. 0.32 nmol/L), but it did induce a 2.6-fold decrease in its binding capacity constant (62 vs. 24 fmol/mg cytosolic protein), as assessed by Scatchard plot and confirmed immunologically by Western blot analysis. These data clearly showed that skin androgen receptor was sensitive to oral isotretinoin administration in acneic patients. The decrease in skin androgen receptor levels (this study) and the recently reported suppression of skin 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone production by isotretinoin treatment appeared consistent with the involvement of androgen receptor and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the pathogenesis of acne. Indeed, sebum production is under androgen control, and an abnormal response of the pilosebaceous unit to androgens appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of acne. These observations were consistent with the absence of sebum in complete androgen-insensitive patients and normal sebum production in male pseudohermaphrodites.
SU(N) magnetism in chains of ultracold alkaline-earth-metal atoms: Mott transitions and quantum correlations

lling 1 =N, which is due to the fact that BA improperly treats the triply and higher occupied states. Using the DMRG forN 4 and the BA for large N, we determine the regimes of validity of strong- and weak-coupling perturbation theory for all values of N and in particular, the parameter range in which the system is well described by a SU(N) Heisenberg model at lling 1 =N. We nd this depends only weakly on N. We investigate the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition from a Luttinger liquid to a Mott-insulator by computing the delity susceptibility and the Luttinger parameter K at 1=N lling. The numerical ndings give strong evidence that the delity susceptibility develops a minimum at a critical interaction strength which is found to occur at a nite positive value for N > 2.
Characteristics of Projectile Fragments Produced from Heavy-Ion Collisions at 2A GeV

The interaction mean free paths in nuclear emulsion of relativistic projectile fragments, 3< or =Z< or =26 emitted from two heavy-ion beams of /sup 40/Ar and /sup 56/Fe at an energy of approx.2 GeV/nucleon have been measured and they gave evidence for anomalously short mean free paths in the first 2--3 cm after their production than at larger distances. Some characteristics of the primary and the secondary interactions connected with the anomaly are presented.
Nutritional Sources of Vitamin K

Objective To review the function of vitamin K in clotting and methods of its analysis, to present results of previous studies on the role of dietary vitamin K in humans and animals, and to reanalyze these data in light of current methods. Design A review of assumptions stated in the literature is presented, including the incorrect theory that a diet-induced deficiency of vitamin K is nonexistent and the unsubstantiated hypothesis that antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency by destroying intestinal bacteria. Conclusion The insistent belief that intestinal bacteria are an important source of vitamin K has led to erroneous conclusions about the sources of vitamin K for human nutrition. In the future, the importance of various sources of vitamin K, their pathways of absorption, and their susceptibility to administration of antibiotics should be evaluated without recourse to current assumptions.
In vitro screening and field evaluation of tissue-culture-regenerated sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for soil stress tolerance

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is generally quite sensitive to salt and acid (high aluminium) soil stresses, but quite tolerant of drought stress. As with any stress phenomenon, intra-specific variability exists within the genus. In vitro cell selection and somaclonal variation offer an alternative to traditional breeding methodology for generating improved breeding lines for hybrid development. A field selection protocol was developed for the three soil stresses and inter-stress evaluations were conducted in an effort to find multiple, stress-tolerant genotypes. The acid soil-drought stress, super-tolerant selections were located by the R7 generation when exposed to a combined aluminium-drought stress field environment and when the regeneration population (number of regenerated lines from one callus source) was maintained at 15,000 plants or higher. A variant frequency of 0.1 to 0.2% for stress tolerance and acceptable agronomic traits among the surviving somaclones, provided an adequate number of phenotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics and a high level of soil stress tolerance. Subsequent research verified that the stress-tolerant regenerants had superior acid soil and drought stress tolerance to that of the donor parents, that their yield capabilities under stress were superior to their parents, and that their stress tolerance attributes were transferred in hybrid combinations. In vitro selection was not effective in increasing the number of field stress survivors. In fact, superior germplasms were developed from non-stressed callus or salt-stressed callus. In vitro selection reduced regeneration frequency and subsequent survival of plants under field stress. In vitro-stressed regenerants should be subjected only to non-stressed environments to maintain sufficient population numbers for field selection and thereafter should be subjected to stress environments during later (R5+) generations. The optimal strategy for the exploitation of somaclonal variation may be through short-term cell culture (< 12 months) with no attempt at in vitro selection.
Comparison of a backward-Lagrangian stochastic and vertical radial plume mapping methods for estimating animal waste lagoon emissions

Abstract The long-term measurement of emissions from defined open area sources is needed to properly inventories annual emissions and assess regulatory compliance. Comparisons between the NH3 emissions calculated using the Vertical Radial Plume Mapping (VRPM) method and a backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) method were made using NH3 concentration and wind measurements from eight livestock farms between 2006 and 2009. Concentration measurements were made along twenty optical paths using open-path tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. Wind measurements were made at three heights using three-dimensional sonic anemometers. Two concentration measurement configurations were evaluated: when the area source was surrounded by concentration measurements (‘fenced’) and when the concentration measurements were made perpendicular to the area source. The mean ammonia (NH3) emissions from the eight farms ranged from 0.3 g s−1 to 2 g s−1 with the bLS-calculated NH3 emissions on average 0.06 g s−1 (8%) lower than the VRPM-calculated NH3 emissions in the perpendicular configuration and 0.04 g s−1 (5%) lower than the VRPM-calculated emissions in the ‘fenced’ configuration. There was great variability in the comparison farm to farm due to the wide range of atmospheric, measurement, and farm configurations. Variability in the mean difference between the two methods from farm to farm was less than the difference in calculated bLS emissions resulting from the measured turbulence from the source or the surrounding landscape. The overall mean difference between the bLS and VRPM emissions methods under optimal conditions was −0.05 g NH3 s−1 (−5%). The variability in the VRPM NH3 emissions (1.4 g2 s−2) was significantly different (F = 1.2) from the bLS NH3 emissions (1.6 g2 s−2).
Agouti Protein Inhibits Growth of B16 Melanoma Cellsin Vitroby Acting through Melanocortin Receptors

Abstract Agouti protein is known to antagonize cAMP formation, tyrosinase activation and melanogenesis in mouse B16-F1 melanoma cells induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). We now demonstrate that although agouti binds to the melanocortin receptor MC1-R with an almost identical affinity to that of α-MSH, it does not antagonize the inhibitory action of α-MSH on the growth of B16-F1 cells. Instead it has a similar antiproliferative action with a half-maximal effective concentration of 13 nM. In G4F cells lacking MC1-R, agouti is without effect. Agouti was also found to induce MC1-R down-regulation with identical kinetics and magnitude as α-MSH. Thus, the different effects of agouti on B16-F1 cells proceed via interaction with MC1-R but are not exclusively antagonistic.
Rainwater Harvesting in a Common Pool Resource: An Engineering Perspective

Water scarcity is a common problem throughout the Southwestern United States. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), in urban and suburban environments, has potential to conserve existing water resources and reduce flash flooding. Currently, little is understood on how to effectively access this untapped resource. However, participants of a Common Pool Resource (CPR) can achieve resource efficiencies greater than 90 percent. An exhaustive search of published materials was conducted, coupled with communications with the Texas Water Development Board, Edwards Aquifer Authority, San Antonio Water System, and other municipal water utilities. Analysis of CPRs and their design principals reveals that only the Edwards Aquifer Authority and its associated Groundwater Districts constitutes a functioning groundwater CPR in Texas. Of the CPR design principals, only effective monitoring requires engineering. Under the correct circumstances, it would be more appropriate to view RWH as a nested enterprise inside a functioning CPR. This paper explores the possibilities and difficulties of engineering associated with RWH as a nested enterprise in a CPR, specifically RWH in the Edwards Aquifer. A CPR success depends on management rather than engineering. Success of a CPR and its nested enterprises depends on participant behavior. Economic models, based on the mathematics of game theory, help understand how participants of a CPR respond to issues of fairness and communication. A cost effective device can provide effective monitoring of RWH performance. Once monitoring is provided, RWH can be integrated into existing cooperative CPR institutions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The role of serotonin in the genesis of hypertension in preeclampsia

Abstract While it is generally accepted that preeclampsia is a disease of the microvasculature characterized by an inbalance between prostacyclin and thromboxane and that the evidence for enhanced responsiveness to some vasopressors is present weeks before clinical disease, the specific cause of the hypertension characterizing the syndrome is unknown. A number of endogenous vasopressor substances have been examined without conclusive findings. Pharmacologic and methodologic advances over the last decade have resulted in a body of information implicating serotonin as a mediator in the genesis of preeclamptic hypertension. This information is summarized and a possible mechanism of delivery and action is suggested.
Optimal Parallel Searching an Array for Certain Repetitions

Abstract Repetitive substructures of two-dimensional arrays have been recently defined and studied in an attempt to parallel some of the analogous developments already known for strings. In the present paper we propose an O (log log n) time O(n3 log n) work optimally fast, optimal parallel CRCW-PRAM algorithm for detecting all repetitions of certain type in an n × n array.
Suppression of dimethylnitrosamine mutagenicity by sodium nitrite.

Summary Doses of NaNO2 as low as 25 mg/kg were found to lower the frequency of observed mutants produced by dimethy1nitrosamine (DMN) in S. typhimurium G46 in the host-mediated assay. The degree of reduction of mutant frequency (MIT) was greatest when NaNO2 administration preceded DNIN treatment by 45 min. Sodium nitrite in the diet of mice also lowered the MF of DMN when the animals served as hosts in mutagenicity testing. NaNO2 had no effect on the mutagenicity of 1,3-bis-(β-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCNU) which was mutagenic to S. typhimurium both in vitro and in the host-mediated assay. Therefore, the authors conclude that NaNO2 is acting on transformation of DMN to its active form.
What Factors Influence Applicants’ Rankings of Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs in the National Resident Matching Program?

Background In accordance with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons’ strategic goal of enriching our field by building a more diverse orthopaedic workforce, the specialty needs further information delineating the factors important to the applicant pool as a whole and more specifically to women and other underrepresented minority groups.
Changing Stereotypes, Changing Grades: A Longitudinal Study of Stereotyping during a College Math Course.

Previous research has illuminated an important connection between stereotypes and the performance of those targeted by a stereotype. This body of work suggests that even implicit (i.e., nonconscious and unintended) math-gender stereotyping is related to poor math performance among women. Our longitudinal study sought to measure students’ math-gender stereotyping during a college math course and examine the relationship between changes in implicit stereotyping and course performance. Results showed that, for both male and female students, stereotypes increased during the course. Importantly, there was a significant interaction between gender and changes in implicit stereotyping when predicting course performance. Female students showed a negative relationship between changes in implicit stereotypes and course performance, while male students showed no relationship between changes in implicit stereotyping and course performance. This suggests that only for women, who are stereotyped as poor math performers, did the observed increases in stereotyping over time predict poorer math performance.
Electronic structure of CsBi 4 Te 6 : A high-performance thermoelectric at low temperatures

proved figure of merit for the former may be of electronic origin. In this paper we discuss the results of ab initio electronic structure calculations in this rather complex material: We find a large anisotropy in the carrier effective masses, which can explain the large value of ZT seen in the hole doped systems. Our electronic structure calculations suggest that the holes near the top of the valence band ~responsible for thermoelectric properties of p-doped samples! move in quasi-two-dimensional layers which are separated by poorly conducting regions of about 13 A width. Surprisingly, the layers in which the charges are confined to move are almost perpendicular to the crystallographic layers formed by Bi-Te slabs separated by layers of Cs ions. This, as we will show, is due to the presence of Bi-Bi bonds which is unique for systems consisting of Bi/Te networks. Indeed, the novel quantum architecture of CsBi4Te6 provides the possibility of using a bulk material for fabrication while the reduced dimensionality of the charge transport enhances the thermoelectric properties.
Sequence and developmental expression of amphioxus AmphiNk2-1: insights into the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate thyroid gland and forebrain.

We characterized an amphioxus NK-2 homeobox gene (AmphiNk2–1), a homologue of vertebrate Nkx2–1, which is involved in the development of the central nervous system and thyroid gland. At the early neurula stage of amphioxus, AmphiNk2–1 expression is first detected medially in the neural plate. By the mid-neurula stage, expression is localized ventrally in the nerve cord and also begins in the endoderm. During the late neurula stage, the ventral neural expression becomes transiently segmented posteriorly and is then down-regulated except in the cerebral vesicle at the anterior end of the central nervous system. Within the cerebral vesicle AmphiNk2–1 is expressed in a broad ventral domain, probably comprising both the floor plate and basal plate regions; this pattern is comparable to Nkx2–1 expression in the mouse diencephalon. In the anterior part of the gut, expression becomes intense in the endostyle (the right wall of the pharynx), which is the presumed homologue of the vertebrate thyroid gland. More posteriorly, there is transitory expression in the midgut and hindgut. In sum, the present results help to support homologies (1) between the amphioxus endostyle and the vertebrate thyroid gland and (2) between the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the vertebrate diencephalic forebrain.
Collision efficiency factors in polymer flocculation of fine particles

Abstract A simple model to describe the probability of flocculation by polymers is presented. The model is based upon assumptions included in earlier models but a basic difference is made in classifying the surface sites on solids as either active or nonactive sites. According to the model the collision efficiency is a function of both the fractional surface coverage and the fraction of active sites. Collision efficiency factors for dolomite, apatite, and mixtures of these as a function of polymer dosage are calculated and compared with flocculation results. The earlier models fail to explain the observed flocculation behavior of apatite. However, collision efficiency factors calculated on the basis of the present model agree with the experimental flocculation results. The relationship between polymer adsorption and flocculation is discussed in terms of the assumptions involved in the proposed model.
Personality characteristics of creative women.

Women authors who were listed in Who's Who in America, and women artists in Who's Who in American Women responded to the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Both groups were found to be more aloof, intelligent, emotional, aggressive, adventurous, imaginative, radical, and self-sufficient, and less group-dependent and controlled than women in the general population. Although the women artists did not score beyond the average on sensitivity and self-control, the authors were more sensitive and less controlled than women in general.
The Effects of Offering Menu Information on Perceived Waiting Time

This study employs an experimental design in a real restaurant setting to measure the effect of offering menu information on perceived waiting time. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of menu information as a method of distracting customers and reducing perceived waiting time. The test was conducted for 3 weeks under three manipulated conditions (i.e., music, no distraction, and offering menu information). The results of this study show that there are significant mean differences in three conditions in terms of the gap score between perceived and actual waiting time. The research findings are expected to provide restaurant managers with meaningful operational marketing strategies.
Relations between Gamow-Teller and magnetic dipole transitions

The Gamow-Teller transitions ${J}_{i}$${=0}^{+}$ ${T}_{i}$=${T}_{z}$=1/2(N-Z)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${J}_{f}$${=1}^{+}$ ${T}_{f}$=${T}_{z}$=[1/2(N-Z)]-1are compared with analogous M1 transitions in which the final states are the same but the initial states have ${T}_{\mathrm{zi}}$=[1/2(N-Z)]-1. In the single j shell model for the even calcium isotopes, the summed strengths for the analogous M1's (in Sc) are independent of A, but the corresponding summed Gamow-Teller strength is proportional to (N-Z) and accounts for (j+1)/(3j), i.e., (3/7 of the total ``3(N-Z)'' sum rule strength. Isospin considerations are exploited as much as possible. It is noted that configuration mixing, e.g., admixtures of j'=l-1/2, lead an enhancement of the low lying strength for the two-particle system ${(}^{42}$Ca), but to a retardation of the low lying strength in the higher A system ${(}^{48}$Ca). An analytic expression is obtained in perturbation theory with a delta residual interaction, to explain this interesting behavior. A brief survey of the experimental situation is made.
The ultraviolet absorption spectra, and the cyanohydrin equilibria of some acetyl derivatives of aryl ethers and thioethers

Abstract The equilibrium constants for the reaction: keton + HCN ⇄ cyanohydrin, are reported for the ketones Ib and IIIb (R = Me, Et, Pr i ), Ib (R = Bu t ) and IVb (n = 1, 2, and 3). The data for the equilibria reveal a progressive decrease in the stability of the ketone (relative to its cyanohydrine) in the order: Me > Et > Pr i > Bu t , and n = 1 > 2 > 3. This is attributed to increased steric interactions between R and an o -hydrogen atom in Ib and IIIb, and in the saturated hetero-ring in IVb. The same type of steric interaction is believed to operate in the spectroscopically excited states of IB, where it opposes the stabilizing inductive effect of R, thus causing the observed trends in the spectra.
Entrepreneurship and business culture in Japan and the U.S.

Abstract It seems to me likely that entrepreneurship will take a different path in Japan than it has in the U.S. Given the prominence of large organizations in key areas of Japan's economy and the emphasis its society places on lifetime employment relationships, many of the “startups” of the sort that transformed the American business are more likely to happen within existing firms rather than as new enterprises. Such development, called “intrapreneurship” in the U.S. requires new institutional structures and rewards. Such changes will not come easily, because they run against the grain of Japanese society and business culture, yet I believe that success will come to those who can execute such strategies.
Visualization of dynamic simulations of muscle thin filaments.

Abstract Following a novel computational formalism, the thin filament of muscle can be modeled by a computational machine containing a large number of finite automata that have one-to-one correspondence with the constituent protein molecules.1 Computer graphics can be used to visualize the correspondence between the states of finite automata and the configurations of protein molecules according to the structural data. The dynamic simulation of the muscle filament that corresponds to the concurrent state transitions of finite automata can be represented as a sequence of video images. The kinetic and structural knowledge of individual protein molecules is, therefore, integrated into a coherent and functional system. This type of computation and visualization can also be useful for the investigation of molecular structure, function, and interaction in various complex biological systems.
Research advances in pemphigus

Pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder, known to be caused by autoantibodies directed against critical adhesion molecules of squamous epithelial cells, the desmogleins. These autoantibodies induce blistering of skin and mucosal surfaces and lead to severe morbidity and, potentially, death. Key factors include associated major histocompatibility complex class II genes, the structure of the desmoglein antigens, and the role of autoantibody in impairing cellular adhesion. This article discusses the precise structure of the major histocompatibility complex class II gene-peptide-T-cell receptor complex involved and of the environmental and genetic factors that induce autoimmunity against desmoglein 1. Discovery of antigen-specific immunotherapy and insight into environmental factors that initiate autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals are needed.
Inhalation Exposure to Cleaning Products: Application of a Two-Zone Model

In this study, modifications were made to previously applied two-zone models to address important factors that can affect exposures during cleaning tasks. Specifically, we expand on previous applications of the two-zone model by (1) introducing the source in discrete elements (source-cells) as opposed to a complete instantaneous release, (2) placing source cells in both the inner (near person) and outer zones concurrently, (3) treating each source cell as an independent mixture of multiple constituents, and (4) tracking the time-varying liquid concentration and emission rate of each constituent in each source cell. Three experiments were performed in an environmentally controlled chamber with a thermal mannequin and a simplified pure chemical source to simulate emissions from a cleaning product. Gas phase concentration measurements were taken in the bulk air and in the breathing zone of the mannequin to evaluate the model. The mean ratio of the integrated concentration in the mannequin's breathing zone to...
Social facilitation of eclosion in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

In colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, eclosion is facilitated by adult workers which strip away and consume the pupal cuticle. This stage-specific social interaction involves chemical stimuli which are present at the onset of eclosion, concurrent with the initiation of gross movements and separation of the pupal cuticle. Fire ant workers retrieved inanimate objects treated with an extract of eclosing pupae and placed them in the colony brood chamber with the appropriate age group where they were tended by several workers. The facilitation of eclosion by adult colony members appears to be an obligatory process in the development of this species; pupae denied the aid of adult workers during eclosion are unable to remove the pupal cuticle and rapidly succumb.
Pre-meiotic bands and novel meiotic spindle ontogeny in quadrilobed sporocytes of leafy liverworts (Jungermannidae, Bryophyta).

Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to study the nucleation and organization of microtubules during meiosis in two species of leafy liverworts, Cephalozia macrostachya and Telaranea longifolia. This is the first such study of sporogenesis in the largest group of liverworts important as living representatives of some of the first land plant lineages. These studies show that cytoplasmic quadrilobing of pre-meiotic sporocytes into future spore domains is initiated by girdling bands of γ-tubulin and microtubules similar to those recently described in lobed sporocytes of simple thalloid liverworts. However, spindle ontogeny is not like other liverworts studied and is, in fact, probably unique among bryophytes. Following the establishment of quadrilobing, numerous microtubules diverge from the bands and extend into the enlarging lobes. The bands disappear and are replaced by microtubules that arise from γ-tubulin associated with the nuclear envelope. This microtubule system extends into the four lobes and is gradually reorganized into a quadripolar spindle, each half spindle consisting of a pair of poles straddling opposite cleavage furrows. Chromosomes move on this spindle to the polar cleavage furrows. The reniform daughter nuclei, each curved over a cleavage furrow, immediately enter second meiotic division with spindles now terminating in the lobes. Phragmoplasts that develop in the interzones among the haploid tetrad nuclei guide deposition of cell plates that join with the pre-meiotic furrows resulting in cleavage of the tetrad of spores. These observations document a significant variation in the innovative process of sporogenesis evolved in early land plants.
Expression-invariant multispectral face recognition: you can smile now!

Face recognition performance has always been affected by the different facial expressions a subject may display. In this paper, we present an extension to the UR3D face recognition algorithm, which enables us to decrease the discrepancy in its performance for datasets from subjects with and without a neutral facial expression, from 15% to 3%.
Issues in the Measurement of Listening

Without a doubt, listening is a critical facet of human communication. Within the field of communication studies, a central concern for listening scholars has been developing models of listening competence and arguing for its palliative effects in various contexts. Most commonly, listening is viewed as having affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. The purpose of this article is to outline a few issues in the measurement of listening as an affective, cognitive, and behavioral phenomenon and to advocate for more integrated research efforts.
Starvation on compliance and surfactant of the rat lung

Abstract Air and saline P-V curves were run on the excised lungs of rats starved 1–4 days. Stability estimates based on % of maximum volume retained on deflation tended toward decreases, but atelectasis was not increased according to buoyancy measurements. Compliance was not significantly affected, with whatever trend existed being toward increases. Average air P-V curves for day 3 and 4 of starvation were essentially superimposable on control curves. Surface tension of lung lavage fluid was measured (Surfactometer) during cyclic compression and expansion of the film. Min and max γ were elevated, and the activity index (s) depressed, but the area of the hysteresis loop was relatively unchanged. It is concluded that despite increases in γ of lung washings, pulmonary mechanics was little affected by 1–4 days of food deprivation. The effects on surface tension may be due to a decrease in quantity of surfactant extractable, without any change in composition.
Inclusion effects on submerged-arc weld microstructure

Bead-on-plate welds were produced using twenty four fused reagent grade submerged arc welding fluxes, selected from three flux systems, SiO2-MnO-FeO, MnO-CaF2 and SiO2-CaO-CaF2. The welds were processed using AISI 1010 steel coupons, and a Lincoln L-50 AWS type A5.17) welding wire with a constant heat input of 3.0 kJ mm−1. The three flux systems were selected because of their different oxygen potentials and their ability to produce welds with a wide oxygen range (70 to 1400 p.p.m.). Qualitative and quantitative metallography and chemical analysis were performed on the welds. Inclusion morphology and volume fraction are observed to be affected by flux composition Inclusions of 1 μm in size and greater are associated with grain boundary and blocky proeutectoid ferrites, while inclusions 0.64 μm and smaller are linked with the presence of acicular ferrite.
Atomic-binding-energy oscillations

We investigate the oscillatory supplement to the statistical nonrelativistic binding-energy formula for neutral atoms. The semiclassical approach proves capable of deriving these oscillations. It turns out that their amplitude is proportional to ${Z}^{4/3}$ (Z is the number of electrons), and that their period is determined by the maximum angular momentum available in Thomas-Fermi atoms, i.e., 0.928${Z}^{1/3}$. Our calculation also provides an understanding of the peculiar shape of the oscillations, which show sharp minima and wide, structured maxima.
Marriage Satisfaction and Wellness in India and the United States: A Preliminary Comparison of Arranged Marriages and Marriages of Choice

Forty-five individuals (22 couples and 1 widowed person) living in arranged marriages in India completed questionnaires measuring marital satisfaction and wellness. The data were compared with existing data on individuals in the United States fiving in marriages of choice. Differences were found in importance 01 marital characteristics, but no differences in satisfaction were found. Differences were also found in 9 of 19 wellness scales between the 2 groups. Implications lor further research are considered.
The Indicence of Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia and Severe Intracranial Hemorrhage Has Not Changed in Very Low Birth-Weight, Conventionally-Ventilated Premature Infants (1982-1997)

The Indicence of Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia and Severe Intracranial Hemorrhage Has Not Changed in Very Low Birth-Weight, Conventionally-Ventilated Premature Infants (1982-1997)
Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of uterine leiomyomata

Objective To examine the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the risk of uterine leiomyomata (UL). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Participants from the Black Women's Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of African-American women aged 21–69 years in 1995 residing in the United States. Participants completed mailed questionnaires about their health status every 2 years. Patient(s) Premenopausal women with no history of UL at the start of follow-up (N = 23,571). Intervention(s) No interventions were administered. Main Outcome Measure Incidence of UL among those with and without self-reported, physician-diagnosed PCOS over a 6-year period of follow-up (1997–2003). Medical-record validation in a random subset of UL cases confirmed 96% of diagnoses. Result(s) During 114,373 person-years of follow-up, 3,631 new cases of UL confirmed by ultrasound (N = 2,926) or hysterectomy (N = 705) were reported. After adjustment for potential confounders, the incidence of UL was 65% higher among women with PCOS than women without PCOS (incidence rate ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.24). The incidence rate ratios remained constant with increasing time after the diagnosis of PCOS. Results were similar when analyses were confined to women reporting a recent Papanicolaou smear, a proxy for a pelvic examination. Conclusion(s) The present study suggests a positive association between PCOS and UL in African-American women.
Simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis in Rhesus Macaques is associated with rapid disease progression

Central nervous system (CNS) disease is a major feature of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques. To define the spectrum of CNS lesions in SIV-infected macaques and the potentia...
Chromosomal variation in immature embryo derived calluses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Chromosome counts of ten morphogenic and seven non-morphogenic immature embryo derived calluses of barley,Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Himalaya’, were determined. Morphogenic calluses carried the normal chromosome complement (2n=2x=14) in a majority of the cells. A low frequency of haploid (2n=x=7), triploid (2n=3x=21), tetraploid (2n=4x=28) and octoploid (2n=8x=56) cells were also observed. In contrast, non-regenerability of a callus was attributed to the cells having numerical and structural chromosomal changes. In these calluses, aneuploid cells around diploid, triploid, and tetraploid chromosome numbers predominated. It has been demonstrated that chromosomal changes were induced during the culture and that they did not pre-exist in the cultured barley embryos. Based on this study, it is suggested that chromosome analysis of a non-regenerable callus should be conducted before altering the media composition.
A new solid‐phase polymerization—metal phthalocyanine sheet polymers

The thermal reactions of pure metal(11) 4,4′,4″,4′″-phthalocyanine-tetracarboxylic acids of copper, cobalt, and nickel at 350–400°C in vacuum have been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Based on these observations, novel in situ reactions for the synthesis of heat-resistant phthalocyanine “sheet” polymers are described. The poly(metal phthalocyanine) polymers of copper, cobalt, and nickel so synthesized have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. The most noteworthy property of these polymers is their extreme resistance to heat in an anaerobic atmosphere and their high char yields (89–93%) at 800°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Housing change of chronic schizophrenic patients: A consequence of the revolving door

A study of 119 chronic schizophrenics discharged to the community revealed that by 1 year post release, 50% have changed their living arrangement at least once. Housing changes, which typically involved movement from one non-institutional living situation to another, followed rehospitalization episodes and appear to be a consequence of the revolving door phenomenon. By virtue of its impact on rehospitalization, interpersonal stress in the patient's living environment has an indirect effect on housing change. The remarkable frequency with which housing changes occur among the mentally ill in both sheltered care and non-institutional living settings deserves consideration in the planning of mental health and social welfare service for this constituency.
The Promise of Neuroplasticity for Pastoral Care and Counseling

This article continues the author’s exploration of the significance of recent neuroscientific research for pastoral care and counseling Bingaman (Pastoral Psychology 60:477–489, 2011), (Pastoral Psychology, 61:411-422, 2012) by focusing on the plasticity and malleability of the human brain. It makes the case for mindfulness meditation (e.g., Centering Prayer) as a means to lower activity in the amygdala and thereby calm the stress region of the brain. In light of evidence that such mindfulness practices are more effective in reducing anxiety than is a focus on right belief or correct doctrine the case is made for a paradigmatic turn (see Bingaman 2007, pp. 102–110; Bingaman (Pastoral Psychology, 61:411–422, 2012) toward neurotheology, which seeks to understand the relationship between the brain and theology. The article concludes that the revolutionary discoveries concerning neuroplasticity challenge the field of pastoral care and counseling to recognize the ability of contemplative-meditational practices to reduce anxiety and to produce long-term, possibly permanent changes in the neural pathways of the human brain.
The ovine fetal endocrine reflex responses to haemorrhage are not mediated by cardiac nerves

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that cardiac receptors tonically inhibit the secretion of renin, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in late-gestation fetal sheep. Eight chronically catheterised fetal sheep between 122 and 134 days gestation were subjected to injection or infusion of saline or 4 % procaine into the pericardial space. Fetal blood pressure and heart rate were monitored and fetal blood samples were drawn to measure the response to these injections. Injection of procaine into the pericardial space effectively blocked cardiac nerves, as evidenced by a reduction in the variability of fetal heart rate and by the blockade of reflex reductions in fetal heart rate after intravenous injection of phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist which raises blood pressure). Injection of saline had no discernable effects on any of the measured variables. A single injection of procaine, followed by a slow infusion, produced a transient blockade of cardiac nerves. Multiple injections of procaine produced a sustained blockade of cardiac nerves and a sustained rise in fetal plasma renin activity and ACTH. In none of the experiments did procaine significantly alter fetal plasma AVP concentrations. In 11 fetuses between 121 and 134 days gestation, we combined the cardiac nerve blockade with slow haemorrhage to test the cardiac nerves as mediators of the endocrine response to haemorrhage in utero. Cardiac nerve blockade exaggerated the fetal blood gas response to haemorrhage somewhat but did not significantly alter the magnitude of the ACTH, AVP, or plasma renin activity response to haemorrhage. We conclude that cardiac nerves in the late-gestation fetal sheep have minor influences on plasma renin activity and ACTH in normovolaemic fetuses, but that changes in cardiac nerve activity do not mediate the endocrine responsiveness to haemorrhage.