cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: skeletons in the cloister

There are few of us who have not sometimes wakened before dawn, either after one of those dreamless nights that make us almost enamoured of death, or one of those nights of horror and misshapen joy, when through the chambers of the brain sweep phantoms more terrible than reality itself, and instinct with that vivid life that lurks in all grotesques, and that lends to Gothic art its enduring vitality, this art being, one might fancy, especially the art of those whose minds have been troubled with the malady of reverie. Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) In 1859 John Everett Millais exhibited at the Royal Academy a painting entitled The Vale of Rest , which portrayed a young nun digging a grave while another sits to the side, staring frankly – even immodestly – at the viewer. Images of death fill the painting. The digging nun stands in an open grave while her companion sits on a gravestone; other crooked gravestones – and, beyond them, a darkened wall – surround them. A “coffin-shaped cloud” hangs in the darkening sky above a fading autumn sunset; at the bottom right corner of the painting, two funeral wreaths lie withering over each other, mimicking the position of wedding bands, and the supervising nun's rosary includes a small skull. Contemporary critics were not, in general, positively disposed to the subject matter of the painting, though several praised its technique.
Solving General Linear Functional Equations: an Application to Algorithm Complexity

In the study of algorithm complexity, we often need to solve linear functional equations. In this lesson, we show how continuous mathematics can help in solving such equations.
Contesting France: French informants and American intelligence in the dawning Cold War

AbstractBy integrating French archives and untapped US intelligence records, this article uncovers a debate within US government circles about the accuracy of the entrenched image of France at the onset of the Cold War as decadent and teetering toward revolution. In exchanges with the White House, State Department and military, right-leaning French sources bolstered this view. French contacts in the Resistance meanwhile shaped Office of Strategic Services analysis that France was a strong, worthy ally. France became a contested idea with warring factions in both capitals seeking to influence US policy – with repercussions for Franco-American relations for decades to come.
Common side closure type, but not stapler brand or oversewing, influences side-to-side anastomotic leak rates.

Abstract Background Anastomotic leak (AL) increases costs and cancer recurrence. Studies show decreased AL with side-to-side stapled anastomosis (SSA), but none identify risk factors within SSAs. We hypothesized that stapler characteristics and closure technique of the common enterotomy affect AL rates. Methods Retrospective review of bowel SSAs was performed. Data included stapler brand, staple line oversewing, and closure method (handsewn, HC; linear stapler [Barcelona technique], BT; transverse stapler, TX). Primary endpoint was AL. Statistical analysis included Fisher's test and logistic regression. Results 463 patients were identified, 58.5% BT, 21.2% HC, and 20.3% TX. Covidien staplers comprised 74.9%, Ethicon 18.1%. There were no differences between stapler types (Covidien 5.8%, Ethicon 6.0%). However, AL rates varied by common side closure (BT 3.7% vs. TX 10.6%, p = 0.017), remaining significant on multivariate analysis. Conclusion Closure method of the common side impacts AL rates. Barcelona technique has fewer leaks than transverse stapled closure. Further prospective evaluation is recommended.
Jugo: A Generic Architecture for Composite Cloud as a Service

Cloud computing has become the industry standard for rapid application deployment, scalable server support, mobile and distributed services, and it provides access to (theoretically) infinite resources. Unfortunately, researchers are still trying to converge towards cross-provider cloud computing frameworks to enable compatibility and seamless resource transition between cloud providers. Moreover, users are restricted to using the provider-specific pre-configured options of resources and services, irrespective of their current needs. At the same time, cloud services are provided as a direct service from the providers to the clients. This creates a segregated cloud market clientele, and non-negotiable pricing strategies for the cloud services. In this paper, we propose Jugo, a generic architecture for cloud composition and negotiated service delivery for cloud users. Jugo acts as a match-maker for service specifications from the users with the currently available assets from the cloud providers. The engagement of a middle-man as an opaque cloud service provider will create a better opportunity for cloud users to find cheaper deals, price-matching, and flexible resource specifications, with increased revenue and higher resource utilization for the cloud service providers.
Association Between Impact Peak and Hip Flexor Activity During Running

Gait retraining techniques to reduce impact forces during running is of significant interest to clinicians interested in reducing running injury risk. Increased peak rectus femoris activity during swing was significantly correlated with decreased impact peak during running (r = −0.654, p = 0.01) due to the muscle’s large hip flexion moment arm (43 to 54 mm). Gluteus medius (r = −0.204, p = 0.466) and adductor longus (r = 0.104, p = 0.714) activity were not significantly correlated with impact peak. These results suggest that gait retraining programs aimed at reducing the impact peak during running should focus on increased rectus femoris activity during swing.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Idiopathic Recurrent Branch Retinal Arterial Occlusion: Natural History and Laboratory Evaluation

Conclusions: To investigate the long-term visual and systemic prognosis of patients with idiopathic recurrent branch retinal artery occlusions, and to test recent hypotheses regarding possible causes of this syndrome. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical and photographic records of 16 eligible patients. Each of 15 living patients was interviewed by one of the authors, then underwent follow-up ophthalmic examination, formal visual field testing, and a battery of clinical laboratory tests. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 9 years, only three eyes (9%) lost visual acuity from foveal ischemia, although nine eyes (28%) had central and/or extensive peripheral visual field loss at final examination. Ocular neovascular complications developed in eight eyes (25%). Eight patients (50%) had associated vestibuloauditory and/or transient sensorimotor symptoms, but serious permanent neurologic deficits or recurrent systemic thromboembolic events did not develop. Although most patients had one or more vasoocclusive risk factors, extensive laboratory testing failed to define the etiology of the arterial occlusions. Conclusions: On long-term follow-up, the visual, neurologic, and systemic prognosis for most patients with idiopathic recurrent branch retinal arterial occlusions remains favorable. Although it is probable that such patients are etiologically heterogeneous, the authors theorize that many have mild or partial manifestations of the microangiopathic syndrome of encephalopathy, hearing loss, and retinal arteriolar occlusions. Ophthalmology 1994;101:480-489
Dynamically tunable, vanadium dioxide huygens source metasurfaces

An active vanadium dioxide Huygens source metasurface offering >85% near-infrared transmittance modulation over the first 10% of the metal-insulator transition is demonstrated. The fabricated vanadium dioxide Huygens source nanoantennas exhibit experimental results similar to the model.
Enabling Effective Utilization of GPUs for Data Management Systems

The research and development of today's data management systems for both transaction processing and data analytics are driven by an inevitable technology trend, namely inmemory computing, and by an increasingly high demand of online applications from billions of concurrent users. This requires that a data management system must be able to provide both high throughput transactions and fast data analytics execution. GPU can play an important role in data management systems for both high throughput transactions and high performance data analytics. However, several fundamental challenges must be addressed before GPU can be integrated into data management production systems. First, the low bandwidth PCIe connection between CPU host memory and GPU device memory is a bottleneck to limit GPUs to achieve their full potential for high performance data analytics. Second, the mismatch between limited GPU programming capabilities and complex SQL query structures makes it hard to utilize GPUs to execute certain practically important queries including nested sub-queries and recursive queries. Finally, system support for resource management in GPUs is very limited, such as memory management and job scheduling, being unable to coordinate concurrent query executions, and causing a high system underutilization or overutilization on GPUs. In this presentation, I will first make a strong case for GPUs to serve as special-purpose devices to greatly accelerate the operations of in-memory key-value stores. Specifically, I present the design and implementation of Mega-KV, a GPU-based inmemory key-value store system that achieves high performance and high throughput. Mega-KV can process up to 160+ million key-value operations per second. I will discuss the challenges we are facing to accept GPU as a regular member in our conventional computing ecosystem along with several proposed solutions.
Effect of Elm Selection, Explant Source and Medium Composition on Growth of Ophiostoma ulmi on Callus Cultures

Abstract We examined the effects of elm selection, explant source and media composition on growth of the Dutch elm disease (DED) fungus Ophiostoma ulmi on callus cultures. Calluses were generated from leaf and stem tissue of an American elm (Ulmus Americana L.) seedling (A), susceptible to the disease; an American elm selection 8630, resistant to the disease; and a Siberian elm (U. pumila L.) seedling, also resistant to DED. Calluses were generated on modified Murashige-Skoog (MMS) medium, either with (MMSC) or without coconut milk. Explant source did not affect the fungal growth rate on the callus. Rate of O. ulmi growth on American elm A callus was similar on both media; on Siberian and 8630, fungal growth rate was more rapid on callus cultured on MMS than on MMSC. However, in the absence of callus tissue, O. ulmi growth on MMSC medium was more than five times as rapid as it was on MMS. We observed significant interactions between explant source and selection, and between medium and selection. Fungal gr...
Case Studies and Practical Advice

Germain presents five case studies from well-known individuals including Steve Jobs, Donald Trump, Sarah Palin, and two fictitious characters. She follows up these cases by highlighting the common characteristics within the protagonist in each case study. The chapter concludes by suggesting approaches for victims of NPD leaders to utilize in order to protect their careers, optimize their professional relationships, and, if necessary, decide when to exit their job.
Towards Provable Control for Unknown Linear Dynamical Systems

We study the control of symmetric linear dynamical systems with unknown dynamics and a hidden state. Using a recent spectral filtering technique for concisely representing such systems in a linear basis, we formulate optimal control in this setting as a convex program. This approach eliminates the need to solve the non-convex problem of explicit identification of the system and its latent state, and allows for provable optimality guarantees for the control signal. We give the first efficient algorithm for finding the optimal control signal with an arbitrary time horizon T, with sample complexity (number of training rollouts) polynomial only in log(T) and other relevant parameters.
Toward a Resolution for Teacher-Student Conflict: Crafting Spaces of Rigorous Freedom with Classroom Debate

This chapter investigates how teachers might turn the apparent contradiction between the rise of standards-based measures of accountability and the desire for humanizing, empowering education into a generative debate. In the face of the enduring power of the standards movement, debate enables teachers and students to function as intellectuals and meet required benchmarks on their own terms. Youth develop high-level academic skills through participation in an activity where accountability comes mainly from peers rather than adults, much less from an official document. The chapter explores how such conflicts over the goals and content of education might result in a new harmony between academic accountability and intellectual self-determination.
Bulk soldering: Conductive polymer composites filled with copper particles and solder

Abstract The electrical conductivity of plastics can be improved by metal filler particles, but high metal loadings (several ten volume percent) are generally needed to realize percolating pathways that can conduct electricity. We explore the improvement of the electrical conductivity of polystyrene by simultaneously adding two different metal fillers: copper particles, and a lead/tin solder alloy. The essential idea is that during mixing, the solder can bind together the particles via numerous menisci and the resulting copper-solder aggregates can then form a percolating network – hence the term “bulk soldering”. We show that this approach can realize high conductivities at total metal loadings that are far lower than if the copper particles were used as the sole conductive filler. SEM confirms that the microstructure consists of copper particles bonded by the solder, and that such aggregates can percolate throughout the sample volume. Indeed at a total metal loading of 20 vol%, the mixing process can create an all-metal scaffold that remains free-standing even when continuous phase polystyrene is removed. We examine the effect of composition on the microstructure and conductivity, and show that there is an optimal solder:copper volume ratio of roughly 0.6 which gives the highest conductivity. High conductivity is achieved only if a flux is added during mixing. The flux removes the copper oxide layer on the copper particles, and hence ensure wetting of copper by solder. Finally we comment on the similarities and differences between these polystyrene/solder/copper mixtures versus other liquid/fluid/particle mixtures in which capillarity induces aggregation of particles.
Amnesia as a Processing Deficit

The incorporation of knowledge and theory from cognitive psychology into the assessment of neuropsychological dysfunction usually seems to proceed along two different courses. One course is followed primarily by experimental neuropsychologists and this course tracks the latest trends within the literature. The second course is favored by the more clinically attuned neuropsychologists and it tends to sift out only the more durable aspects of cognitive testing. These latter neuropsychologists often view the experimental approach as essentially non-productive; not so much in terms of its theory but rather in terms of practicality. It has often been pointed out that if the entire field followed the trends, then cumulative data across patient populations, and across decades, would never be forthcoming. And, it is certainly true that neuropsychological testing depends upon standardization of reliable test instruments which can only be produced over extended periods of time.
Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sudden cardiac death in patients following acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Abstract OBJECTIVES Estimate the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) following myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND Trials in post-MI patients have shown that ACE inhibitor therapy reduces mortality. However, the effect on SCD as a mechanism has not been clarified. METHODS Trials of ACE inhibitor therapy following MI reported between January, 1978 and August, 1997 were identified. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: 1) randomized comparison of ACE inhibitor to placebo within 14 days of MI; 2) study duration/blinded follow-up of ≥6 weeks; 3) the number of deaths and modes of death were reported or could be obtained from the investigators. RESULTS We identified 374 candidate articles, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. The 15 trials included 15,104 patients, 2,356 of whom died. Most (87%) fatalities were cardiovascular and 900 were SCDs. A significant reduction in SCD risk or a trend towards this was observed in all of the larger (N > 500) trials. Overall, ACE inhibitor therapy resulted in significant reductions in risk of death (random effects odds ratio [OR] = 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71–0.97), cardiovascular death (OR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.69–0.97) and SCD (OR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.70–0.92). CONCLUSIONS This analysis is consistent with prior reports showing that ACE inhibitors decrease the risk of death following a recent MI by reducing cardiovascular mortality. Moreover, this analysis suggests that a reduction in SCD risk with ACE inhibitors is an important component of this survival benefit.
Glucocorticoid biology — a historical perspective

Glucocorticoid biology is a broad and deep subject. Enigmatic as many of their myriad actions may seem, glucocorticoids are undeniably important hormones, since without them most organisms die. They act on almost every cell in the body and are widely used as experimental and therapeutic agents, but even today their physiological functions are hard to define.
2 – Models of Visuomotor Coordination in Frog and Monkey

Publisher Summary The escape direction in response to the approach of a large moving object may be briefly characterized as a compromise between the forward direction of the animal and the direction immediately away from the looming stimulus. Barriers can modify avoidance behavior, just as they modify approach behavior. If a barrier is interposed to block the preferred direction of escape for a stimulus coming from a particular direction, then the behavior of the animal changes and it tends to jump just to the left or just to the right of the barrier. When a limb moves, it needs a burst of agonist contraction to accelerate the limb in the desired direction, followed by an appropriately timed antagonist burst to decelerate it to rest at the desired position (with a possible small agonist correction thereafter). A new resting level of muscle contraction holds the limb in its new position. By contrast, the eye has little inertia and therefore, no antagonist burst is required; the eye has no changing load to require feedback.
Decreased incidence of venous thromboembolism found in trauma patients with positive blood alcohol concentration on admission

Background: The reported incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) disease in trauma is 1–58% and is considered a preventable cause of mortality. Positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is found...
A qualitative framework-based evaluation of radiology clinical decision support initiatives: eliciting key factors to physician adoption in implementation.

Objectives To illustrate key contextual factors that may have effects on clinical decision support (CDS) adoption and, ultimately, success. Materials and methods We conducted a qualitative evaluation of 2 similar radiology CDS innovations for near-term endpoints affecting adoption and present the findings using an evaluation framework. We identified key contextual factors between these 2 innovations and determined important adoption differences between them. Results Degree of electronic health record integration, approach to education and training, key drivers of adoption, and tailoring of the CDS to the clinical context were handled differently between the 2 innovations, contributing to variation in their relative degrees of adoption and use. Attention to these factors had impacts on both near and later-term measures of success (eg, patient outcomes). Discussion CDS adoption is a well-studied early-term measure of CDS success that directly impacts outcomes. Adoption requires attention throughout the design phases of an intervention especially to key factors directly affecting it, including how implementation across multiple sites and systems complicates adoption, which prior experience with CDS matters, and that practice guidelines invariably require tailoring to the clinical context. Conclusion With better planning for the capture of early-term measures of successful CDS implementation, especially adoption, critical adjustments may be made to ensure that the CDS is effectively implemented to be successful.
Remote Bridge Monitoring Using Infrasound

AbstractAs transportation infrastructure continues to age, new methods of noncontact sensing should be evaluated and, if found suitable, used for bridge monitoring and structural health assessment....
Brassicaceae flowers: diversity amid uniformity.

The mustard family Brassicaceae, which includes the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, exhibits morphological stasis and significant uniformity of floral plan. Nonetheless, there is untapped diversity in almost every aspect of floral morphology in the family that lends itself to comparative study, including organ number, shape, form, and color. Studies on the genetic basis of morphological diversity, enabled by extensive genetic tools and genomic resources and the close phylogenetic distance among mustards, have revealed a mosaic of conservation and divergence in numerous floral traits. Here I review the morphological diversity of the flowers of Brassicaceae and discuss studies addressing the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms shaping floral diversity. To put flowers in the context of the floral display, I describe diversity in inflorescence morphology and the variation that exists in the structures preceding the floral organs. Reconstructing the floral morphospace in Brassicaceae coupled with next-generation sequencing data and unbiased approaches to interrogate gene function in species throughout the mustard phylogeny offers promising ways to understand how developmental mechanisms originate and diversify.
Augmented Reality in Emergency Medicine: A Scoping Review

Background: Augmented reality is increasingly being investigated for its applications to medical specialties as well as in medical training. Currently, there is little information about its applicability to training and care delivery in the context of emergency medicine. Objective: The objective of this article is to review current literature related to augmented reality applicable to emergency medicine and its training. Methods: Through a scoping review utilizing Scopus, MEDLINE, and Embase databases for article searches, we identified articles involving augmented reality that directly involved emergency medicine or was in an area of education or clinical care that could be potentially applied to emergency medicine. Results: A total of 24 articles were reviewed in detail and were categorized into three groups: user-environment interface, telemedicine and prehospital care, and education and training. Conclusions: Through analysis of the current literature across fields, we were able to demonstrate that augmented reality has utility and feasibility in clinical care delivery in patient care settings, in operating rooms and inpatient settings, and in education and training of emergency care providers. Additionally, we found that the use of augmented reality for care delivery over distances is feasible, suggesting a role in telehealth. Our results from the review of the literature in emergency medicine and other specialties reveal that further research into the uses of augmented reality will have a substantial role in changing how emergency medicine as a specialty will deliver care and provide education and training.
Ethics approval for health professions education research: are we going too far down the barrel?

Ethics review is important, but can be overly onerous for it purpose. The authors propose that adoption of a utilitarian view, aligning purpose and goal, can enable a leaner process.
Chemical permeation of similar disposable nitrile gloves exposed to volatile organic compounds with different polarities Part 2. Predictive polymer properties

A follow-up study evaluated the chemical and physical parameters of 10 disposable nitrile glove products in association with the observed variability in chemical permeation performance. The aim was...
The structural whiteness of academic patronage

In this essay, we describe the protest cycle that begins when scholars from the margins make demands on an institution or on the discipline for changes to ameliorate structural inequalities and off...
Forage quality and beef cow preference is affected by wrap type of conventional and reduced-lignin alfalfa round bales stored outdoors.

Storing hay outdoors can result in detrimental changes in forage quality. Additionally, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar may influence dry matter intake (DMI) and hay waste when feeding livestock. The objectives were to determine the effects of conventional or reduced-lignin alfalfa round bales stored outdoors and wrapped with plastic twine, net wrap, or B-Wrap on forage quality, beef cow preference, and hay waste. Round bales made from reduced-lignin (n = 12) or conventional (n = 12) alfalfa cultivars were baled and stored outdoors for 16 mo. Within each cultivar, four bale replicates were bound with plastic twine, net wrap, or B-Wrap. After storage, bales were fed in a switchback design with period confounded with alfalfa cultivar to 18 lactating Angus cows (Bos Taurus L.). The pairs had ad libitum access to three round-bale feeders where bales of each wrap type were placed for eight 48 h periods. Position of round bale wrap type was rotated according to a Latin Square arrangement. Bales were weighed and waste surrounding each feeder was collected at 24 and 48 h to calculate DMI and hay waste. Statistical significance was set at P 0.05). At feeding, round bales wrapped in net wrap had greater (P 0.05). Total DMI, and DMI during the first 24 h, were greater (P ≤ 0.032) for B-Wrap bales compared to twine-tied bales indicating preference for hay wrapped in B-Wrap; net wrapped bales were not different. Dry matter intake in the first 24 h was negatively associated with the mold count (r = -0.52; P = 0.02), and hay waste was not affected by wrap type (P > 0.05). These results confirm that wrap type affected forage quality and mold counts, which in turn influenced beef cattle preference of round bales stored outdoors.
Structural insights into the bypass of the major deaminated purines by translesion synthesis DNA polymerase

The exocyclic amines of nucleobases can undergo deamination by various DNA damaging agents such as reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and water. The deamination of guanine and adenine generates the promutagenic xanthine and hypoxanthine, respectively. The exocyclic amines of bases in DNA are hydrogen bond donors, while the carbonyl moiety generated by the base deamination acts as hydrogen bond acceptors, which can alter base pairing properties of the purines. Xanthine is known to base pair with both cytosine and thymine, while hypoxanthine predominantly pairs with cytosine to promote A to G mutations. Despite the known promutagenicity of the major deaminated purines, structures of DNA polymerase bypassing these lesions have not been reported. To gain insights into the deaminated-induced mutagenesis, we solved crystal structures of human DNA polymerase η (polη) catalyzing across xanthine and hypoxanthine. In the catalytic site of polη, the deaminated guanine (i.e., xanthine) forms three Watson-Crick-like hydrogen bonds with an incoming dCTP, indicating the O2-enol tautomer of xanthine involves in the base pairing. The formation of the enol tautomer appears to be promoted by the minor groove contact by Gln38 of polη. When hypoxanthine is at the templating position, the deaminated adenine uses its O6-keto tautomer to form two Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds with an incoming dCTP, providing the structural basis for the high promutagenicity of hypoxanthine.
Argatroban as an Alternative Anticoagulant in Impella Supported Patients

Purpose To investigate the safety and efficacy of argatroban in preventing thrombotic complications in patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) treated with axillary flow left ventricular assist device (Impella). Methods We performed a retrospective observational case-series of patients who were supported on Impella and anticoagulated with argatroban due to suspected HIT. The electronic medical record was reviewed for safety events including hemorrhagic or embolic stroke, bleeding and Impella motor thrombosis. Results We identified six patients who met inclusion criteria. Three patients were definitively diagnosed with HIT. In each case argatroban was used as the Impella purge solution and intravenous argatroban was administered as needed to maintain a PTT target of 50-80 seconds. The purge solution was formulated as argatroban 25mg in 500mL of dextrose 5% water. The Impella controller was programmed to a heparin purge fluid concentration of “0 IU/ml”. Only one patient had a bleeding event; this involved minor bleeding from the endotracheal tube. Prior to initiation of argatroban; the PTT in this patient was elevated secondary to hepatic dysfunction which likely predisposed to bleeding. No patient developed a hemorrhagic or embolic stroke, or Impella motor thrombosis. Conclusion In this case series, the use of argatroban was a safe and effective alternative to heparin in patients with suspected HIT supported with Impella. Only one patient had a bleeding event that was attributed to underlying coagulopathy secondary to hepatic dysfunction and not from argatroban. In all patients argatroban was effective in preventing Impella motor thrombosis. Currently, the Impella console can only be programmed to administer heparinized purge solution which is a barrier to the use of alternative anticoagulants. Further investigation is needed to support the use of alternative anticoagulants in patients treated with Impella.
Cabibbo mixing and the search for CP violation in the aspon model

We examine certain extensions of the standard model in which $\mathrm{CP}$ violation is spontaneous and the strong $\mathrm{CP}$ problem is resolved. In these models, the $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ quark-mixing matrix is neither real nor unitary. However, to a precision of 0.1%, it is real and orthogonal. There are no readily observable $\mathrm{CP}$-violating effects other than those in the neutral kaon system.
Regional crowdfunding and high tech entrepreneurship

Abstract Despite extensive though mostly independent literatures on Crowdfunding and regional entrepreneurship, there exists little work that examines how Crowdfunding influences the rate and type of new venture formation in a region, what types of regions are more likely to experience Crowdfunding activity, and what types of regions are more likely to experience additional firm starts following Crowdfunding activity. We argue that Crowdfunding increases high tech and high growth regional firm starts by increasing crucial early-stage funding, providing the opportunity to signal success and legitimacy, facilitating access to entrepreneurial human capital, supporting inexperienced entrepreneurs with education and advice, and providing inexpensive market feedback. Instrumental variable regressions illustrate how Kickstarter campaigns precede an increase in high technology and growth in Crunchbase listings and a weak decrease in more conventional and local business registrations. While more per capita crowdfunding occurs in large cities relative to smaller cities, college towns, and poor regions with weak human capital, the impact per campaign appears greater in the poorer regions.
Sleep Debt and Decision Quality in Financial Markets

Despite growing evidence of the importance of sleep for performance, prior research generally finds limited effects of sleep disruptions in financial markets. Using forecasts of corporate earnings we are able to reconcile this dissonance. We find that non-professional forecasters exhibit a significant decline in their forecast accuracy and optimism following Spring Daylight Saving Time changes relative to professional forecasters. Placebo tests provide support for sleep disruptions as the main driver of these effects. Additionally, we provide corresponding evidence using survey data that sleep disruptions relate to more pessimistic economic forecasts by U.S. households. Collectively, our evidence helps reconcile why financial markets are generally believed to be immune to sleep effects even though individual participants are not, and suggests that sleep debt could widen the wealth transfers from U.S. households to skilled market participants.
Utilization of whole genome sequencing for resolution of discrepant Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility results: A case report.

Abstract A 44-year-old woman undergoing therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) developed disseminated tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) was isolated from the blood and sputum. Initial drug susceptibility testing (DST) of the blood isolate revealed resistance to isoniazid and ethambutol but the sputum isolate showed no resistance. Due to drug resistance concerns, the patient was treated with multiple second and third-line drugs, and suffered from drug side effects. To further investigate the DST discrepancies, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on both isolates. No known resistance mutations to first line or second line drugs were identified in either isolate, which was confirmed by additional susceptibility testing performed by a different reference laboratory and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) laboratory. Treatment was reduced to a simpler and less toxic regimen due to these investigations. WGS is shown to be a valuable tool for resolving discordant phenotypic DST results of TB isolates and has the potential to provide accurate and timely results guiding appropriate therapy in the clinical setting.
Object Recognition via Evoked Sensory Feedback during Control of a Prosthetic Hand

Haptic and proprioceptive feedback is critical for sensorimotor integration when we use our hand to perform daily tasks. Here, we evaluated how externally evoked haptic and proprioceptive feedback and myoelectric control strategies affected the recognition of object properties when participants controlled a prosthetic hand. Fingertip haptic sensation was elicited using a transcutaneous nerve stimulation grid to encode the prosthetic's fingertip forces. An array of tactors elicited patterned vibratory stimuli to encode tactile-proprioceptive kinematic information of the prosthetic finger joint. Myoelectric signals of the finger flexor and extensor were used to control the position or velocity of joint angles of the prosthesis. Participants were asked to perform object property (stiffness and size) recognition, by controlling the prosthetic hand with concurrent haptic and tactile-proprioceptive feedback. With the evoked feedback, intact and amputee participants recognized the object stiffness and size at success rates ranging from 50% to 100% in both position and velocity control with no significant difference across control schemes. Our findings show that evoked somatosensory feedback in a non-invasive manner can facilitate closed-loop control of the prosthetic hand and allowed for simultaneous recognition of different object properties. The outcomes can facilitate our understanding on the role of sensory feedback during bidirectional human-machine interactions, which can potentially promote user experience in object interactions using prosthetic hands.
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure: Characteristics and Treatment.

Purpose of the Review Iron deficiency in heart failure has been associated with impaired functional capacity and quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to review mechanisms of iron homeostasis and current clinical data exploring mechanisms of iron repletion in heart failure. Recent Finding Multiple international societies now advise iron repletion for symptomatic heart failure patients with iron deficiency. Due to the chronic inflammation in heart failure, iron deficiency in heart failure is classically defined as ferritin < 100 µg/L or ferritin 100-300 µg/L and transferrin saturation < 20%. Multiple randomized clinical trials have demonstrated benefit from intravenous iron repletion, though studies have predominantly focused on functional capacity and quality of life. A recent study, AFFIRM-AHF, supports the treatment of iron deficiency identified during acute heart failure admissions, noting a reduction in future heart failure hospitalizations. Studies examining iron repletion in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are currently in process. Summary Iron homeostasis is maintained predominantly through the regulation of iron absorption, keeping iron levels tightly controlled in the normal state regardless of iron intake. In chronic heart failure however, iron homeostasis becomes dysregulated with resulting iron deficiency in many patients, with and without associated anemia. Iron is a critical element not only for erythropoiesis and oxygen carrying, but also for energy production at the level of the mitochondria and in other cell processes. We thus propose a standardized approach be utilized to screen and treat heart failure patients with iron deficiency.
Repair and Enumeration of Injured Coliforms in Frozen Foods

Two strains of Escherichia coli manifested death and repairable injury after being frozen in water or sterile foods at -20 C. The injured survivors were inhibited from forming colonies on violet red bile agar (VRBA) or deoxycholate lactose agar; this inhibition was greater when enumeration was done by the pour plate method instead of the surface or surface-overlay method. Injured cells repaired rapidly in Trypticase soy broth (TSB), and the repair was about maximum after 1 h at 25 C. When the injured cells were added to different foods and incubated at 25 C, repair also occurred; however, recovery was better and more uniform when the samples were mixed with TSB and incubated 1 h at 25 C. Cell multiplication was not evident until after 90 to 120 min at 25 C. The enumeration of coliforms from commercially frozen foods was increased when the thawed samples were mixed with TSB and the cells were allowed to repair 1 h at 25 C. In some samples, the repair permitted at least a 20-fold increase in the coliform count. The associated flora in the commercially frozen foods gave no evidence of impairing the repair of coliforms, nor did they start multiplication prior to 90 min after being incubated in TSB at 25 C. Generally, the plating gave more reproducible recovery of coliforms than did the most probable number method. Also, a higher number of coliforms were obtained by the surface-overlay method of plating using VRBA.
Compression of PON Cristobalite to 70 GPa

We have compressed phosphorus oxynitride (PON) in a diamond-anvil cell to 70 GPa. The PON has a distorted cristobalite structure and is isoelectronic with SiO 2 . In situ micro-Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X ray diffraction show that PON cristobalite undergoes a phase transformation in the range of 12 to 20 GPa. Based on the similarity of X ray and Raman spectra before and after the transition, the high-pressure phase also has a cristobalite-type structure. Remarkably, this open-framework structure remains stable to the maximum experimental pressures. Although there is evidence for a reversal transformation of the high-pressure phase near 17 GPa upon decompression, the crystalline phase quenched to ambient conditions is not identical to the starting material. No amorphization of crystalline PON is observed during the in situ compression and decompression measurements. However, X ray investigation of the decompressed sample at ambient pressure reveals a mixture of amorphous and crystalline PON components.
IraqComm and FlexTrans: A Speech Translation System and Flexible Framework

SRI International’s IraqComm system performs bidirectional speech-to-speech machine translation between English and Iraqi Arabic in the domains of force protection, municipal and medical services, and training. The system was developed primarily under DARPA’s TRANSTAC Program and includes: speech recognition components using SRI’s Dynaspeak engine; MT components using SRI’s Gemini and SRInterp; and speech synthesis from Cepstral, LLC. The communication between these components is coordinated by SRI’s Flexible Translation (FlexTrans) Framework, which has an intuitive easy-to-use graphical user interface and an eyes-free hands-free mode, and is highly configurable and adaptable to user needs. It runs on a variety of standard portable hardware platforms and was designed to make it as easy as possible to build systems for other languages, as shown by the rapid development of an analogous system in English/Malay.
On the Proofs of the Rogers-Ramanujan Identities

The celebrated Rogers-Ramanujan identities are familiar in two forms [52; pp. 33-48]. First as series-product identities: $$1 + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{q^{{n^2}}}}}{{\left( {1 - q} \right)\left( {1 - {q^2}} \right) \ldots \left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}} = \prod\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{1}{{\left( {1 - {q^{5n + 1}}} \right)\left( {1 - {q^{5n + 4}}} \right)}}} } $$ (1.1) $$1 + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{q^{{n^2} + n}}}}{{\left( {1 - q} \right)\left( {1 - {q^2}} \right) \ldots \left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}} = \prod\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{1}{{\left( {1 - {q^{5n + 2}}} \right)\left( {1 - {q^{5n + 3}}} \right)}}} } $$ (1.2)
Corruption in Higher Education: US, Russia, UK

Corruption in higher education is a newly emerging topic in the field of education research. Some aspects of corruption in education have been addressed in the resent works by Eckstein (2003), Hallak and Poisson (2002, 2007), Heyneman (2004, 2007, 2008), Noah & Eckstein (2001), Osipian (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010), Segal (2004), and Washburn (2005). However, the rigorous systematic research is lacking. This paper considers corruption in higher education in the media, following publications in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Russian Federation. It addresses the differences in forms of corruption across the nations pointing to how exactly they differ and why. Major findings point to the following: some forms of corruption are region-specific while others are universal; types of corruption are connected to the characteristics of the national systems; the general trend in the media attention reflects growing concern about corruption in academia; in the US more attention is now paid to fraud, plagiarism and cheating, while in Russia to bribery in admissions. The findings help to determine which aspects of corruption in higher education should be given more consideration in the future research and which ones might be prioritized, as well as how the national systems of higher education can be improved.
Radiosurgery from the brain to the spine: 20 years experience.

Introduction Radiosurgery evolved from brain to spine. Mechanical and computer advances in linear accelerator (LINAC) radiosurgery apply precise single/fractional stereotactic radiation to multiple pathologies.
The Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup. The New Fascination in French Cinema

Resume The theme of the Vel d’Hiv’ round up of the Jews seems to be omnipresent in literary works as well as on the French screen, so much so that in 2010, two movies on the same topic were released a few months apart, La Rafle (The Round Up) and Elle s’appelait Sarah (Sarah’s Key.) Far from the prevailing view following WWII of the French as Resistants during the Nazi occupation, these literary and cinematic works remind people of the responsibility of collaborators and the Vichy government in the disappearance of thousands of Jews. Documentaries like Comme un juif en France (Being Jewish in France) and other more personal narratives like Un secret ( A Secret) or Le nom des gens (The Names of Love), covering this tragic event from the point of view of family stories, have also been frequently reviewed . Abstract Depuis quelques annees, le sujet du Vel d’Hiv et de la Shoah semble accaparer aussi bien les prix litteraires que les ecrans francais, a tel point que la seule annee 2010 a vu deux films se disputer l’affiche sur le meme sujet, La Rafle et Elle s’appelait Sarah. Il ne s’agit plus a present en evoquant la periode de l’Occupation allemande d’enregistrer les prouesses de la Resistance comme a la fin de la guerre mais de rappeler la responsabilite ecrasante de la police francaise dans la disparition de milliers de Juifs. Des documentaires tels que Comme un juif en France et d’autres films plus personnels, par exemple Un secret ou Le nom des gens, se referant a ce tragique evenement par le biais de l’histoire familiale, ont egalement domine la critique.
Women/minorities in computer science: where are they? no attention no retention

Lack of women (and other minorities) has been a long-standing situation in the sciences. Socialization and "the shrinking pipeline" are contributory factors. Both of those factors need long-term solutions. In the meantime, there are some solutions that can immediately be implemented that are not terribly costly. For example, supplying escort services so that women can safely come to and from labs and classes is relatively inexpensive. Tighter security benefits all students and faculty. A more difficult solution is for the academic administration to value the time faculty spends with students as highly as the administration values grants and papers. If you don't give the students attention, you won't get retention.
Isolation and Characterization of a Thermotolerant Methanol-Utilizing Yeast

A yeast capable of growth on methanol as its sole carbon-energy source was isoalted from soil samples and identified as a strain of Hansenula polymorpha. A continuous enrichment culture at 37 C with a simple mineral salts medium was used to select this organism. The isolate, designated DL-1, has a maximal specific growth rate of 0.22 per h, at pH 4.5 to 5.5 and temperatures of 37 to 42 C, in simple mineral salts medium with methanol (0.5%), biotin, and thiamine. Growth occurred in a chemostat at temperatures up to 50 C, with strong growth at 45 C. The maximal growth yield of the yeast on methanol was 0.36 g of dry cell weight per g of methanol, and the yield on oxygen was 0.37 g of dry cell weight per g of O2. Protein content of the isolate is 46%, and total nucleic acid content varies from 5.0 to 7.0% with increasing growth rate from 0.08 to 0.20 per h. The amino acid profile of this yeast protein indicates that it could serve as a good source of food protein. Feeding studies with rats show the yeast to have no toxic effects.
Content and vacuole extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanin in protoplasts

Neutral sugar, free amino acid, and anthocyanin levels and vacuole/extravacuole distribution were determined for Hippeastrum and Tulipa petal and Tulipa leaf protoplasts. Glucose and fructose, the predominant neutral monosaccharides observed, were primarily vacuolar in location. Glutamine, the predominant free amino acid found, was primarily extravacuolar. γ-Methyleneglutamate was identified as a major constituent of Tulipa protoplasts. Qualitative characterization of Hippeastrum petal and vacuole organic acids indicated the presence of oxalic, malic, citric, and isocitric acids. Data are presented which indicate that vacuoles obtained by gentle osmotic shock of protoplasts in dibasic phosphate have good purity and retain their contents.