cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid resuscitation and hyperchloremic acidosis in experimental sepsis: Improved short-term survival and acid-base balance with Hextend compared with saline

Objective To compare resuscitation with 0.9% saline with Hextend, a synthetic colloid in a balanced electrolyte solution, in terms of acid-base status and survival time in an experimental model of septic shock in the rat.Design Randomized, open-label, controlled experiment.Setting University researc
Robotic thyroidectomy for cancer in the US: patterns of use and short-term outcomes.

Background We describe nationally representative patterns of utilization and short-term outcomes from robotic versus open thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.
Teach - a concurrent robot control language

Many groups have created robot control lan guages, but few have dealt with concurrency in a systematic way. This is surprising in view of the fact that a robot system can be much more cost effective if tasks are executed concurrently rather than serially. This paper describes the TEACH robot control language and its supporting operating system. It addresses concurrency, device independence, and other issues related to manipulator control, task specification, and system operation.
Social Bonds, Juvenile Delinquency, and Korean Adolescents: Intra- and Inter-Individual Implications of Hirschi’s Social Bonds Theory Using Panel Data

Social bonds theory is one of the most influential and tested perspectives for explaining juvenile delinquency, yet tests have often been methodologically limited. Prior research has failed to examine how intra- and interindividual variation in social bonding influences delinquency. In addition, there are few applications of this theory to non-Western contexts. Thus, the current study attempts to test the cross-cultural generalizability of social bonds theory and overcome weaknesses of prior research. We use longitudinal panel analyses and five waves of data from the Korean Youth Panel Survey to examine the influence of nine measures of social bonding on delinquent behavior. By estimating different panel models, we find some support for social bonds as indicators of within- and between-individual variation in delinquency. Specifically, the emphasis on education in Korea and the role of parents in supervising their children play an integral role in reducing the delinquency of Korean youth.
13C chemical shielding anisotropy in the solid phases of CH313CN

Abstract The principal elements of the axially symmetric nitrile 13 C chemical shift tensor, and the CN bond distance of solid CH 3 CN have been determined from both static and sample spinning NMR experiments at 78 and 140 K. The spectra show no significant differences between the α and β forms of the solid though a large temperature coefficient is observed for both the isotropic chemical shift, σ , and the 14 N nuclear electric quadrupole interactions as seen through the carbon-nitrogen dibole interaction.
Bipedalism of man and gibbon compared using estimates of joint motion

Motion pictures were taken of a human and gibbon subject performing bipedal locomotion on a flat, level ground surface. The films were analyzed frame-by-frame to estimate the displacements occurring at the pelvic limb joints. The displacements were quantified using a simplification of the Albert-Strasser globographic method. The motion patterns between the human and gibbon were compared to discover similarities and differences in the performances. The gibbon did not run even though it appeared to do so at the time of filming. This suggests that the term “run” might have an ambiguous meaning in behavioral descriptions. Contact periods for both animals varied inversely with speed. Non-contact periods for both animals were relatively invariant to speed. The gibbon's joint motions were less efficient when compared with those of man, particularly the gibbon's abduction of its femur and flexion at its knee during contact periods. The question was raised whether the gibbon could not have improved its performance with training.
Cdc6 knockdown inhibits human neuroblastoma cell proliferation

The cell division controller Cdc6 plays a central role in the initiation of DNA replication. It was found that elevated levels of Cdc6 were present in many of human cancer cells, and the accumulation of Cdc6 is required for cell proliferation. In this study, we have investigated the control of Cdc6 expression and its effect on cell proliferation and death in human neuroblastoma cells. Elevated levels of Cdc6 are found in the LA-N-2, CHLA255, and other cell lines that grow fast. Cdc6 knockdown via a Cdc6 short hairpin RNA lentivirus causes the accumulation of sub-G1 populations with the decrease of S contents in the LA-N-2 and CHLA255 cells. Expression profile from the selected genes shows the reduction of cyclin E, cyclin A, and Cdc25C, with a boosted increase of the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1, indicating the suppression of tumor cell proliferation. Further, Cdc6 knockdown causes the increase of pro-apoptotic Bax accompanied with the decrease of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, resulting in the increased cell death. Furthermore, Cdc6 knockdown causes a sharp reduction of tumor suppressor protein p53, and Cdc6 overexpression renders a boosted p53 expression; and this regulation is at p53 posttranscriptional level. Our study indicates that human Cdc6 functions in several pathways to control the cell proliferation and the cell death.
Extending Attack Graph-Based Security Metrics and Aggregating Their Application

The attack graph is an abstraction that reveals the ways an attacker can leverage vulnerabilities in a network to violate a security policy. When used with attack graph-based security metrics, the attack graph may be used to quantitatively assess security-relevant aspects of a network. The Shortest Path metric, the Number of Paths metric, and the Mean of Path Lengths metric are three attack graph-based security metrics that can extract security-relevant information. However, one's usage of these metrics can lead to misleading results. The Shortest Path metric and the Mean of Path Lengths metric fail to adequately account for the number of ways an attacker may violate a security policy. The Number of Paths metric fails to adequately account for the attack effort associated with the attack paths. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a complimentary suite of attack graph-based security metrics and specify an algorithm for combining the usage of these metrics. We present simulated results that suggest that our approach reaches a conclusion about which of two attack graphs correspond to a network that is most secure in many instances.
Chain reactions in networks

A set of situations that are susceptible to network disasters is identified. Several examples of actual breakdowns are presented. Although they occurred in different types of networks, they have grant similarities. Several examples of potential breakdowns that can result from very subtle design failures are also given. The discussion supports the belief that distributed programs in general can have very subtle design failures that are hard to detect. However, it is shown that although it is theoretically impossible to prevent the berserk loops of messages that can bring down an entire computer network, a carefully applied set of rules will minimize these disasters. >
History and Controls of Subsidence in the Late Cretaceous-Tertiary Great Valley Forearc Basin, California

Abstract Analysis of the Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary fill of the Great Valley forearc basin of California reveals a complicated history of subsidence partitioned in time and space. Western, oceanward parts of the basin record subsidence, then uplift, in apparent response to the angle and rate of descent of the underlying subducting plate. Specifically, uplift in the forearc basin corresponds to the onset of the Laramide orogeny and inferred low angles of subduction. In contrast, eastern, arcward parts of the basin display subsidence histories suggestive of thermal contraction and compatible with continentward migration of Sierran arc magmatism in the Late Cretaceous. These results imply that subsidence histories of forearc basins are likely to be much more complicated and less predictable than those of rifted continental margins and foreland basins, where single subsidence mechanisms predominate and time-varying subduction is not an underlying controlling factor.
JobCenter: an open source, cross-platform, and distributed job queue management system optimized for scalability and versatility

Laboratories engaged in computational biology or bioinformatics frequently need to run lengthy, multistep, and user-driven computational jobs. Each job can tie up a computer for a few minutes to several days, and many laboratories lack the expertise or resources to build and maintain a dedicated computer cluster. JobCenter is a client–server application and framework for job management and distributed job execution. The client and server components are both written in Java and are cross-platform and relatively easy to install. All communication with the server is client-driven, which allows worker nodes to run anywhere (even behind external firewalls or “in the cloud”) and provides inherent load balancing. Adding a worker node to the worker pool is as simple as dropping the JobCenter client files onto any computer and performing basic configuration, which provides tremendous ease-of-use, flexibility, and limitless horizontal scalability. Each worker installation may be independently configured, including the types of jobs it is able to run. Executed jobs may be written in any language and may include multistep workflows. JobCenter is a versatile and scalable distributed job management system that allows laboratories to very efficiently distribute all computational work among available resources. JobCenter is freely available at http://code.google.com/p/jobcenter/ .
Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Llamas

Objective—To evaluate a technique for laparoscopic ovariectomy by a ventral abdominal approach in the llama. Study Design—Prospective evaluation. Animal Population—Six healthy adult female llamas, aged 2 to 6 years. Methods—Laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed with the llamas in a 30-degree Trendelenburg position. The mesovarium and proper ligament of the ovary were isolated, and two Hulka clips were placed in opposite directions across each mesovarium and proper ligament of the ovary. Ovaries were removed through either the instrument cannula or instrument portal. Results—The ovaries, mesovarium, and proper ligaments of the ovaries were easily identified using laparoscopy by a ventral abdominal approach. The Hulka Clip Applicator was easy to use, and the Hulka Clips provided secure hemostasis of the vessels within the mesovarium. Mean duration of surgery was 35 minutes (range, 17 to 85 minutes). Two llamas were depressed after surgery but improved within 24 hours. No other complications occurred during an 18-month follow-up period. Conclusions—Laparoscopic ovariectomy in the llama was facilitated by the use of Hulka Clips placed across the mesovarium and proper ligament of the ovary. Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic ovariectomy in the llama can be accomplished easily with few complications.
Community characteristics as predictors of perceived HMO quality

We model the impact of community characteristics on people's perceptions of the quality of their health care experiences in HMOs. We focus on three community characteristics: sense of community, population density, and population diversity. Sense of community refers to people's perception of interconnection, shared responsibility, and common goals. Population density and population diversity are community characteristics that affect transactions costs in terms of time and energy, and affect people's perceptions of their community. We use data from a 1993 Florida poll to estimate the relationship between HMO members' perceptions of problems with health care experiences (cost, choice, access, satisfaction) and community characteristics. We find that all three community variables are significantly associated with perceptions of health care problems. We also find that effects of community variables operate differently for those in HMOs vs. those under traditional insurance. This study is consistent with research showing that community characteristics impact the health status of community institutions. Results suggest that providers may be able to improve care by being more responsive to individuals' need for community, that providers and communities can mutually gain by collaborating to improve community health, and that it may be cost-beneficial to factor community issues more strongly into health care policy.
Episodic Oculomotor Nerve Palsy in a Patient with Leptomeningeal Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Breast

A 43-year-old female with a history of breast adenocarcinoma developed an episodic oculomotor nerve palsy of the right eye. Subsequent evaluation and work-up revealed the presence of leptomeningeal metastatic adenocarcinoma. In the absence of additional findings to explain the cause of her intermittent oculomotor palsy, we diagnosed the episodic oculomotor nerve palsy as secondary to her metastatic disease.
Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis.

There are 3 major autoantibodies in sera from patients with scleroderma: 1) anticentromere antibodies (ACA), 2) anti-topoisomerase I (anti-topo I), and 3) anti-RNA polymerases. Each is present in about 25% of patients and are mutually exclusive. ACA are found in patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's disease and in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Anti-topo 1 and anti-RNA polymerases are found exclusively in scleroderma. Each autoantibody is present in specific subsets of scleroderma patients. ACA and anti-topo I have been well studied and their presence and liter are stable over time. The anti-topo I and ACA are of all three isotypes, recognize multiple epitopes on the antigens and have stable cross reactive or private idiotypes. The antigen, topoisomerase I, has domains which have homology to viral proteins. Other autoantibodies predominantly recognize nucleolar antigens, are found in less than 15% of patients, and are not specific for scleroderma.
ON THE ARTICULATION OF MARXIST AND NON-MARXIST THEORY IN COLONIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY

Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital is an important book on a topic of major importance for all of the human and social sciences. The book’s implications reach far beyond Chibber’s critique of subaltern studies, which is his most obvious focus. Chibber’s overarching argument is twofold: capitalism does universalize itself to the colonial and postcolonial world, but at the same time, capitalism does not permeate or encompass all other aspects of social practice. As it stands, this is already an important argument for social theory generally and not just for analysts working on former colonies like India. The crisis of what used to be called western Marxism led to two main responses among Marxists. While many simply abandoned Marxism, becoming “post-Marxist,” 1 others became “neo-orthodox,” refusing to acknowledge the autonomy of any social practices from capitalism. 2 Chibber’s position is closer to the more nuanced positions of the “regulationist” school; 3 it is also compatible with a neo-historicist critical realism 4 that combines an ontology of emergent causal powers with an anti-essentialist epistemology according to which historically varying conjunctures of causal mechanisms interact in contingent, often unpredictable ways to produce empirical events. The fact that Chibber’s book’s packaging suggests an all-out assault on anyone who would dare to deviate Marxist orthodoxy does not square with the actual content of the book. Chibber’s book is also framed as a critique of Subaltern colonial historiography. Here again, the book’s framing does not provide an accurate sense of the directions in which Chibber’s thinking takes him. Many of Chibber’s specific arguments are broadly consistent with the path-breaking work of the founder of Subaltern Studies, Ranajit Guha. Chibber’s argument restated
A role for T-type Ca2+ channels in the synergistic control of aldosterone production by ANG II and K+.

Independently, plasma K+and ANG II stimulate aldosterone secretion from adrenal glomerulosa (AG) cells, but together they synergistically control production. We studied mechanisms to mediate this s...
Methodology to Estimate the Longitudinal Average Attributable Fraction of Guideline-recommended Medications for Death in Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions

Persons with multiple chronic conditions receive multiple guideline-recommended medications to improve outcomes such as mortality. Our objective was to estimate the longitudinal average attributable fraction for 3-year survival of medications for cardiovascular conditions in persons with multiple chronic conditions and to determine whether heterogeneity occurred by age.
Optimal non-invasive imaging test selection for the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease

The prevalence of angina is high in the general population, and increases with age in both sexes. Little consensus exists about which test is preferable when one is required for diagnosis, including significant differences in the current US and European guidelines. However, the recent PROMISE and SCOT-HEART trials incorporating the use of CCTA have demonstrated that an anatomical strategy is a reasonable alternative initial approach to use in intermediate-risk patients with stable chest for the diagnosis of IHD. Contemporary approaches should therefore consider both functional and anatomical strategies in an integrated decision-making model.
Preliminary Studies on the Tiphysinae of the United States (Acarina: Pionidae)1

This paper began as a continuation of a study on the subfamilies of the family Pionidae in Michigan but, with the addition of one species not yet taken within this state, was expanded to include all of the known Tiphysinae of the United States. Although there is good reason to believe that this list is far from complete in this area, it will at least form a basis for further work in the group.
Efficiency of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis by MR/Ultrasound Fusion-Guided Biopsy vs Standard Extended-Sextant Biopsy for MR-Visible Lesions

BACKGROUND Use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to improve prostate biopsy efficiency is rapidly gaining in popularity. The aim of this study was to assess the biopsy efficiency of MR/ultrasound (MR/US) fusion-guided ("targeted") biopsies vs extended-sextant 12-core ("standard") biopsies for overall and high-grade prostate cancer detection. METHODS From August 2007 to February 2014, 1003 men were enrolled in a prospective trial comparing the diagnostic yield of targeted and standard prostate biopsies performed during the same session. A total of 17 619 biopsy cores were reviewed. Biopsy efficiency was determined by dividing the total number of cores by the number of positive cores obtained. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A mean of 12.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.2 to 12.3) standard and 5.3 (95% CI = 5.1 to 5.5) targeted biopsy cores were obtained from each patient. Targeted biopsy detected 461 cases of prostate cancer, of which 173 (37.5%) were high grade (Gleason score ≥ 4 + 3), while standard biopsy detected 469 cases of prostate cancer, of which 122 (26.5%) were high grade. The percentage of biopsy cores positive for prostate cancer, irrespective of grade, was statistically significantly higher for targeted than for standard biopsies (27.9% vs 13.5%, respectively, P < .001), with 11.5 targeted cores vs 26.2 standard cores utilized per diagnosis of prostate cancer. For detection of high-grade cancer, 30.7 targeted vs 100.8 standard cores were utilized per diagnosis. CONCLUSION In men with MR-visible prostate lesions, targeted biopsy is more efficient than standard biopsy, diagnosing a similar number of cancer cases and more high-grade cases while sampling 56.1% fewer biopsy cores.
Based on the OPC and C#.NET smart elevator group management system development

In order to manage and remote monitor the group ladders,agroup ladder management system based on the technology OPC(of OLE for process control)have been developed,and a new control method which the PC running complex algorithm combined with PLCs operation of logical control was proposed.The method could reduce the average waiting time.On the basis of operation rules of elevator,using C#.NET language to design monitoring interface to reach a goal of calculating the sufficiency of each elevator response for target layer approximately,and design the intelligent dispatch algorithm for saving energy and time.This realized for the communication in the terrace of.NET with PLC,inverter and other control equipment by the technology of OPC.The experimental results showed that the upper management system and PLC were running well.The intelligent dispatch algorithm could reduce the average waiting time and achieve the purpose that the management information system could carry out one-stopmanagement the ground control equipment.
LC-MS /MS for determination of aflatoxin in rice and edible oil

Objective To develop an ultra fast liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS /MS) method for determination of aflatoxin(B 1,B 2,G 2,G 1) and provide proof for detection of aflatoxin in rice and edible oil.Methods Aflatoxin was extracted from rice and edible oil by methanol water,loaded on immnuoaffinity solid phase extraction column,and then separated on the Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column with 10 mmol / L ammonium formate-0.1% formic acid and methanol as mobile phase by gradient elution.Detection was carried out by multiple reaction monitoring.Results AFG 1 and AFB 1 had a good linear result in the range of 1.0 ng / ml ~ 21.0 ng / ml,equally AFG 2 and AFB 2 in the range of 0.3 ng / ml ~ 6.5 ng / ml.The average recovery was 50% ~ 92%.Conclusion This method is sensitive,specific with no derived process.The assay is applied to a fast determination of aflatoxin in rice and edible oil.
Permeation of the three aromatic dipeptides through lipid bilayers: Experimental and computational study.

The time-resolved parallel artificial membrane permeability assay with fluorescence detection and comprehensive computer simulations are used to study the passive permeation of three aromatic dipeptides—N-acetyl-phenylalanineamide (NAFA), N-acetyltyrosineamide (NAYA), and N-acetyl-tryptophanamide (NATA) through a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospocholine (DOPC) lipid bilayer. Measured permeation times and permeability coefficients show fastest translocation for NAFA, slowest for NAYA, and intermediate for NATA under physiological temperature and pH. Computationally, we perform umbrella sampling simulations to model the structure, dynamics, and interactions of the peptides as a function of z, the distance from lipid bilayer. The calculated profiles of the potential of mean force show two strong effects—preferential binding of each of the three peptides to the lipid interface and large free energy barriers in the membrane center. We use several approaches to calculate the position-dependent translational diffusion coefficients D(z), including one based on numerical solution the Smoluchowski equation. Surprisingly, computed D(z) values change very little with reaction coordinate and are also quite similar for the three peptides studied. In contrast, calculated values of sidechain rotational correlation times τrot(z) show extremely large changes with peptide membrane insertion—values become 100 times larger in the headgroup region and 10 times larger at interface and in membrane center, relative to solution. The peptides’ conformational freedom becomes systematically more restricted as they enter the membrane, sampling α and β and C7eq basins in solution, α and C7eq at the interface, and C7eq only in the center. Residual waters of solvation remain around the peptides even in the membrane center. Overall, our study provides an improved microscopic understanding of passive peptide permeation through membranes, especially on the sensitivity of rotational diffusion to position relative to the bilayer.
Nemaline Myopathy: Respiratory Failure

A Japanese boy with nemaline myopathy diagnosed at three years of age and complicated by severe respiratory failure at 8 years is reported from the Division of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital for Mental, Nervous, and Muscular Disorders, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
Obesity and sexual abuse in American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Mainstream American culture frequently minimizes the prevalence and significance of sexual abuse. Unfortunately, this denial of extensive victimization of women is also present in many underserved populations. In June 2007, Amnesty International released its report on sexual abuse in indigenous women, which states that, “One in three Native American or Alaska Native women will be raped at some point in their lives. Most do not seek justice because they know they will be met with inaction or indifference.” This report highlighted an infrequently discussed issue namely, very high levels of sexual abuse in Native American and Alaska Native women. The relationship between sexual abuse and obesity has been delineated in several studies; overall about one quarter to one half of women with high levels of obesity has been sexually abused and it has been postulated that weight-gain serves as an adaptive response for many survivors of sexual abuse. It is also well known in Native American and Alaskan Native women that there is a high prevalence of obesity (about 40% greater than the population average) and that this obesity is associated with a many-fold greater risk of diabetes and increased risks of hypertension, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The link between the concomitantly high rates of sexual abuse and obesity in this population may or may not be partial causality but the issue is nonetheless important. If approaches are to succeed in reversing the trend of increasing levels of obesity in Native American and Alaskan Native women, the high prevalence of sexual abuse will need to be specifically and comprehensively addressed.
Moving the Culture Toward More Vivid Utopias with Survival as the Goal

(2001). Moving the Culture Toward More Vivid Utopias with Survival as the Goal. Global Bioethics: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 19-30.
Vision, innovation, and leadership in research libraries

This study examined the relationship of research library visions, as embodied in a publicly posted vision statement, and the innovativeness of the library. The literature on organizational vision is abundant and generally reveals a positive relationship between vision, visionary leadership, and a variety of organizational factors. Many researchers state that a vision, communicated throughout the organization, is a critical element of organizational success and those entities without a vision are “stumbling in the dark”. In this study, library professionals rated each research library vision statement based on established attributes and it was found that the resulting vision statement score was positively and significantly related to the innovativeness of the library.
All-Cause and Drug-Related Medical Events Associated with Overuse of Gabapentin and/or Opioid Medications: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of a Commercially Insured US Population.

Overuse of gabapentin and/or opioids occurs in a small percentage of patients at > 3-fold labeled dosages. Gabapentin may potentiate opioid effects. The aim was to assess patient harm, defined as use of inpatient hospital (IPH) or emergency department (ED) services, associated with overuse of gabapentin with or without concomitant overuse of opioids. Data were sourced from the Truven Health MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database, for the years 2013–2015. The eligibility criteria were two or more claims (billed encounters) and ≥120 days of treatment with gabapentin and/or opioids. Cohort identification was based on daily-dosage thresholds of 50 morphine-milligram equivalents and 3600 mg of gabapentin in a 12-month follow-up: (1) no overuse; (2) mild overuse (two or more claims or two or fewer calendar quarters over threshold); and (3) sustained overuse (three or more over-threshold calendar quarters). IPH and ED use were measured for 6 months after the first overuse date (cohorts 2 and 3) or a randomly assigned date (cohort 1). Logistic regression analyses controlled for pre-treatment IPH/ED utilization, indication, addiction diagnosis, concomitant sedative/hypnotic use, and demographics. All-cause and drug-related IPH/ED utilization increased monotonically with degree of overuse, particularly of more than one medication. Sustained overuse of gabapentin multiplied odds of all-cause IPH by 1.366 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.055–1.769], drug-related IPH by 1.440 (95% CI 1.010–2.053), and IPH/ED for altered mental status (e.g., euphoria, anxiety) by 1.864 (95% CI 1.324–2.624). Sustained overuse of both medications quadrupled odds of all-cause IPH, drug-related IPH, and IPH/ED for altered mental status or respiratory depression. Despite modest effects of gabapentin overuse alone, overuse of gabapentin with opioids may increase risk of harm and health-service utilization, supporting calls to make gabapentin a controlled substance in the USA.
Delivering Public Health Insurance through Private Plan Choice in the United States

The United States has seen a sea change in the way that publicly financed health insurance coverage is provided to low-income, elderly, and disabled enrollees. When programs such as Medicare and Medicaid were introduced in the 1960s, the government directly reimbursed medical providers for the care that they provided, through a classic "single payer system." Since the mid-1980s, however, there has been an evolution towards a model where the government subsidizes enrollees who choose among privately provided insurance options. In the United States, privatized delivery of public health insurance appears to be here to stay, with debates now focused on how much to expand its reach. Yet such privatized delivery raises a variety of thorny issues. Will choice among private insurance options lead to adverse selection and market failures in privatized insurance markets? Can individuals choose appropriately over a wide range of expensive and confusing plan options? Will a privatized approach deliver the promised increases in delivery efficiency claimed by advocates? What policy mechanisms have been used, or might be used, to address these issues? A growing literature in health economics has begun to make headway on these questions. In this essay, I discuss that literature and the lessons for both economics more generally and health care policymakers more specifically.
A Taxonomy of Bio-Inspired Cyber Security Approaches: Existing Techniques and Future Directions

After decades of deploying cyber security systems, it is a well-known fact that the existing cyber infrastructure has numerous inherent limitations that make the maintenance of the current network security devices un-scalable and provide the adversary with asymmetric advantages. These limitations include: (1) difficulty in obtaining the global knowledge due to the lack of mutual interactions among network devices, (2) no sense of self-awareness, (3) absence of self-correcting/organizing mechanisms; for instance, error-prone and time-consuming manual configuration, which is not effective in real-time attack mitigation, (4) disability to diagnose mis-configuration and conflict resolution due to multiparty management of security infrastructure. Biological systems, on the other hand, have intrinsic appealing characteristics as a result of billions of years of evolution, such as adaptivity to varying environmental conditions, inherent resiliency to failures and damages, successful and collaborative operation on the basis of a limited set of rules with global intelligence (which is larger than superposition of individuals). The aim of this survey is to review the existing bio-inspired approaches that have been used toward addressing the aforementioned issues and evaluate them accordingly. We also aim to provide information about the intrinsic potential of existing bio-inspired techniques which has not been explored yet, for improving cyber security.
Neutrons zero in on the elusive magnetic Majorana fermion

OAK RIDGE, TN, June 8, 2017—Neutron scattering has revealed in unprecedented detail new insights into the exotic magnetic behavior of a material that, with a fuller understanding, could pave the wa...
Authorizing Political Killing in Mexico: The Importance of a Destructive Social Milieu

It is well known in the literature that state crimes frequently culminate in socially harmful behaviors that violate fundamental human rights (Ross 1995, 2000). Massacres, police brutality, torture, disappearances, and summary executions are among those practices committed by the state (the elected and appointed officials and the bureaucracy), which are frequently documented by civil liberties associations, human rights groups, and even official national human rights commissions (Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, National Lawyers Guild, among others) worldwide. Other state crimes, according to research conducted largely in the advanced industrialized countries, involve other illegal and socially harmful practices such as cover-ups, corruption, bribery, tax evasion by politicians, and illegal domestic surveillance (Ross 2000:1).
First Amendment Rights to Protected Expression: What are the Traditional Contours of Copyright Law

A. THE URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENTS ACT’S EFFECT ON COPYRIGHT LAW 1103 B. THE COPYRIGHT CLAUSE 1105 C. THE COMMERCE CLAUSE 1107 D. THE FIRST AMENDMENT 1108 1. Rational Review 1109 2. Strict Scrutiny 1109 3. Intermediate Scrutiny 1110
An Investigation of the Interplay Between Regulatory Fit and Image–Message Congruence in Fundraising Messages

The goal of this research is to understand the regulatory-fit effects of fundraising messages and the moderating role of image congruence. In Study 1, a content analysis was carried out to gauge th...
Astrocyte Heterogeneity in the Adult Central Nervous System.

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), providing critical roles in the overall maintenance and homeostasis. Over 100 years ago, Cajal first showed morphological depictions of different astrocyte populations. Surprisingly, to date astrocytes remain classified in two groups based on their morphological and neuroanatomical positioning. However, accumulating evidence over the past few years is showing that astrocytes are highly diverse throughout the CNS. Astrocyte heterogeneity is not surprisingly, as these cells interact with all other cells in the CNS. Like neurons, astrocytes may also have subpopulations that vary in their functionality. In this mini review, we will explore some of the recent evidence in the adult central nervous system of astrocyte diversity. First, we will review the very little literature on healthy adult astroglia heterogeneity, followed by the identification of different subpopulations in disease states and how this varies between human and mouse. Exploring this new area of neuroscience will hopefully provide researchers with a new perspective on astrocytes and their heterogeneity throughout the CNS.
Freeway Loop Detector Data Reconciliation Based on Vehicle Conservation

Abstract Loop detector is the most common source of traffic flow measurements on freeways. Though being a mature technology, loop detector is prone to miscounts even when it is properly deployed and adjusted. If a loop detectors systematically over- or under-counts, the estimation based on vehicle conservation leads to results that are not physically plausible such as negative density or density higher than the jam-density. Here we propose an optimization-based method in which plausible values of accumulation is guaranteed through explicit constraints. Compared to similar methods, the proposed method distinct in the following: (i) the optimization problem is convex therefore leads to shorter computational time; (ii) occupancy is also taken into account in order to estimate upper and lower bounds in the accumulation between stations; (iii) no modifications are required when data from one or multiple lanes are missing. The method is first validated using micro-simulation by disturbing the loop-detector from micro-simulation, applying the method and then comparing the results with the ground truth data. The results show the method is able to capture the average counts almost exactly while providing estimate of density with satisfactory accuracy. The method is also successfully applied in a scenario in which field-data is available.
Hierarchical cognitive control and the frontal lobes.

Abstract Cognitive control refers to our ability to choose courses of thought and action that achieve our goals over habitual but contextually inappropriate ones. Hierarchical control problems are those in which multiple goals or contextual contingency must be managed at once and related to one another. In the open-ended complexity of the real world, hierarchical control arguably characterizes most of the problems faced by our control systems. And, it is these cases of hierarchical control where patients with damage to executive systems are most apt to fail, even those that perform well on simplified laboratory tasks. In this chapter, we consider the functional organization of frontal brain systems that support hierarchical cognitive control. We focus on two particular cases of hierarchical control. First, we discuss a line of work testing how managing multiple contingencies en route to a response relates to processing along the rostrocaudal axis of frontal cortex. Second, we consider cases of sequential tasks that require monitoring and behaving according to a series of tasks performed in time. In this latter case, we focus on the particular role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. We conclude with considerations of future directions of basic and clinically relevant research in this domain.
Ciliary Body Mass as a Feature of Ocular Sarcoidosis.

Importance Ocular sarcoidosis may be the primary and only clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis, and irreversible loss of visual acuity may occur from delayed treatment. Thus, early diagnosis is imperative to preserve visual acuity. Establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in cases manifesting only in the eye may require a diagnostic biopsy, which may prove challenging in the absence of available ocular surface, lacrimal gland, and systemic tissue for biopsy. Objective To describe diffuse or segmental ciliary body mass as a clinical sign and tissue source for biopsy in the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis. Design, setting, and participants This case series captures 3 cases from a university-based ocular oncology and uveitis practice. All 3 patients presented with uveitis and a diffuse or segmental ciliary body mass, which was identified via ultrasonographic biomicroscopy. Main outcomes and measures Clinical, ancillary, and histopathological ocular findings in the 3 patients. Results The patients were a 52-year-old white woman, a 42-year-old African American man, and an 81-year-old white man. Two individuals had unilateral involvement, and 1 had bilateral involvement. All 3 individuals presented with uveitis. Diffuse, circumferential ciliary body masses were observed in 2 patients. A localized, nodular ciliary body mass on the temporal quadrant with superior and inferior extensions was observed in 1 patient. Moderate to high internal reflectivity was observed on ultrasonographic biomicroscopy in all 3 individuals. Biopsies of the ciliary body masses were diagnosed as sarcoidosis in all 3 patients. Conclusions and relevance These findings support that diffuse or segmental ciliary body mass may serve as a clinical sign and tissue source for biopsy in the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis, although the frequency of this cannot be determined from 3 cases. To our knowledge, such cases all demonstrate a uveitic component; whether a ciliary body mass caused by sarcoidosis can occur in the absence of uveitis remains unknown.
Working from Home: How We Managed Our Team Remotely with Technology

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the College’s library and the office of institutional research & training (OIRT), along with all departments of our college, shifted to working fro...
Clinical evaluation of selected Pharmacological Treatments used for Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic

مقدمة : فايروس كورونا هو فايروس مغلف من عائلة البيتا كورونا فايروس , والذي ينتشر في الطيور , الانسان , والثديات الاخرى . منظمة الصحة العالمية اطلقت تسمية كوفيد 19 على الفايروس الموضوع : خصصنا هذه المراجعه من اجل تقييم الادوية المستخمة في علاج هذا الفايروس وبالتالي تاثيراته السريرية على المرضى الطرق المستخدمه : مجلة بب ميد بحثت في الدراسات المستخدمة لتقييم الادوية المستخدمة سريريا لفايروس كوفيد19 , لقد تضمن البحث ستة دراسات عن علاجات الكلوروكوين /هايدروكسي كلوروكوين ,دراستان عن الاوزيلتاميفير وثلاث دراسات عن اللوفينافير /ريتونافير النتيجة : اثبتت الدراسات فعالية دواء الهايدروكسي كلوروكوين لعلاج فايروس الكوفيد 19 اكثر من الادوية البقية الاستنتاج : للوصول الى نتائج افضل يجب عمل تقارير سريرية اضافية والتي يجب ان تكون مجهولة الاطراف من قبل الطبيب والمريض المفاتيح : كوفيد 19 , هايدروكسي كلوروكوين , ازثرومايسين , اوزيلتاميفير , لوبينافير/ريتونافير
Radiographic Evaluation of Cervical Disk Replacement: The Impact of Preoperative Arthrosis and Implant Positioning on Patient-report Outcomes.

Study design This was a retrospective review. Objective Provide a validated method of radiographic evaluation of cervical disk replacement (CDR) patients linked to outcomes. Summary of background data Preoperative radiographic criteria for CDRs and the impact of intraoperative positioning remain without formalized guidelines. The association between preexisting degenerative changes, optimal implant positioning, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are not well understood. Our study establishes a systematic radiographic evaluation of preoperative spondylosis, implant placement, and associated clinical outcomes. Methods Preoperative radiographs for CDR patients were evaluated for disk height, facet arthrosis, and uncovertebral joint degeneration. Postoperative radiographs were scored based on the position of the CDR implant on anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs. PROMs including Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) arm pain, VAS neck pain, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Short Form 12 physical health (SF12-PCS) and mental health (SF12-M) were collected preoperatively, at early follow, and at late follow-up. Results A total of 115 patients were included. Preoperative disk height had the highest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.798). Facet arthrosis had the lowest intraclass correlation coefficient at 0.563. Preoperative disk height scores showed a significant correlation with AP radiographs and implant positioning score. Patients with more advanced uncovertebral degenerative changes showed less improvement 6 months postoperatively, based on SF-12 PCS scores (R=0.446, P=0.025). Postoperative implant position on lateral radiograph showed a significant correlation with SF-12 MCS scores at follow-up beyond 6 months (R=0.385, P=0.011). Overall postoperative implant position scores demonstrated significant correlation with SF-12 PCS (R=0.350, P=0.046) scores. Conclusion This study provides a systematic method of evaluation of preoperative and intraoperative radiographs that can optimize outcomes. On the basis of our study, spine surgeons performing cervical disk replacement surgery should consider: (a) the presence of preexisting uncovertebral joint degeneration can negatively impact outcomes, (b) achieving optimal implant positioning can be increasingly difficult with more severe loss of disk height, and (c) overall implant position as judged on AP and lateral fluoroscopy can impact outcomes.
A 3-D Ultrasound Wearable Array Prognosis System With Advanced Imaging Capabilities

In the last few decades, the medical and healthcare scientific communities have focused their attention on the use or development of real-time monitoring devices and remote control systems. New generations of wearable, portable, and implantable devices offer better and more accurate measurements/prognosis for those that suffer from diseases and/or disabilities. Thus, there are still challenging issues of current ultrasound imaging (USI) systems, such as low-quality ultrasound images, slow time response to emergencies, and location-based operation. Thus, in response to these challenges, we present a new low-cost, portable/wearable 3-D array ultrasound prognosis system with advanced imaging capabilities that offer high-resolution (HR) accurate results in a near real-time response. The USI unique features are based on 2-D array transducers with 3-D overlapping capabilities and a new image enhancement methodology compatible with the system’s structural characteristics to compensate for any loss of image quality. This system will offer an alternative way of ultrasound examination, independent of the radiologist’s skills, that is, a system to be capable of automatic scanning of the volume of interest (VOI) without the guidance of the radiologist.
Prism theory of local structure and phase behavior of dense polymer nanocomposites: Improved closure approximation and comparison with simulation

We formulate a new closure approximation (triple-modified Verlet (MV)) for the polymer integral equation theory (PRISM) of microstructure and miscibility of dense polymer nanocomposites (PNC). Comp...
News2PubMed: A Browser Extension for Linking Health News to Medical Literature

This demo system presents a browser extension that allows the reader of a health news article to quickly retrieve related medical/health research papers. This system can help news editors and readers fact-check health news for incorrect or exaggerated claims, such as making causal claims from correlational findings or inference of animal studies to humans. Linking health news to the original research papers is not a trivial task, as links are largely missing in science news reports. To link health news to medical literature, our system includes a new named-entity recognition function to extract journal names, and a new Elasticsearch-based search engine to incorporate rich metadata into the search strategy. This paper also introduces a new dataset for evaluating the performance of the proposed search system.
Deputize and Deport: The Effect of Immigration Enforcement on Policing

Does expanding the role of the police to include immigration enforcement reduce their effectiveness? I use a regression discontinuity design and daily data on over 17 million traffic stops to evaluate the effect of a policy directive increasing Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) Highway Patrol presence near the border in the predominantly Latinx counties of Hidalgo and Starr for the purposes of anti-human and drug trafficking. I find the directive substantially increased the number of traffic stops in its area of operations, increased the rate of unnecessary stops, and decreased the stop-and-search hit rate for recovering relevant contraband (e.g. drugs, weapons). Moreover, the directive appears to have had limited effectiveness in detecting human smuggling, finding undocumented immigrants, and reducing crime. These effects are not driven by an influx of inexperienced troopers, but rather lower thresholds for initializing a traffic stop motivated by the directive, consistent with qualitative accounts of profiling and unwarranted policing in the South Texas region.