cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetically optimized dual-wavelength all-dielectric metasurface based on double-layer epsilon-near-zero indium-tin-oxide films

Following the pioneering works on electrically tunable conducting oxide-based reflectarray metasurfaces, it has been shown that maximum phase modulation can be realized at a wavelength, where the transition from over- to under-coupling regimes coincides with the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) phenomenon inside the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) active layer. However, the ENZ transition is restricted to a narrow bandwidth in the near-infrared regime, which limits the maximal achievable phase span at the wavelengths exterior to this bandwidth. Here, we present the realization of a dual wavelength all-dielectric metasurface with a large wavelength-contrast ratio between the operating channels, which is integrated by double-layer ITO films. The doping densities inside the ITO films are judiciously controlled to facilitate the ENZ-crossing of the relative permittivities at the corresponding working wavelengths. The all-dielectric metasurface is comprised of the arrays of cross-shaped holes made inside a high-index silicon slab supporting two resonances that are 300 nm apart. Numerical analysis of the near-field resonant modes reveals the excitation of guided-mode and magnetic dipole resonances, which strongly overlap with ITO active layers. Leveraging from the double-ENZ effect, considerable phase modulations of almost 220 ° and 240 ° are attained with a single metasurface platform at the wavelengths of λ 1 = 1200 nm and λ 2 = 1500 nm under the bias voltage application. The design parameters including the geometrical sizes and plasma frequencies of the differently doped ITO layers are carefully optimized by multi-objective genetic algorithm. The proposed metasurface illustrates a great promise in tunable beam splitting of the reflected light and dynamic conversion of the polarization states.
The critical difference in the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) outcome measure after essential upper extremity tumor surgery

Background The DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) is a scored questionnaire that is widely used to evaluate the health-related quality of life of patients with upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. However, numerical changes in the measure scores lack clinical significance without meaningful threshold change values of outcome measures that are diagnostically specific. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is useful for the interpretation of scores by defining the smallest change that a patient would perceive. However, the MCIDs of the scores in orthopedic oncology patients has not been reported. We aimed to determine the MCIDs of the measure in orthopedic oncology patients. Methods Data from our health-related quality of life database from 1999 to 2005 were retrospectively reviewed after institutional review board approval. Seventy-eight patients who underwent surgery and completed 2 surveys during postoperative follow-up were evaluated. Two different methods were used to estimate the MCIDs: distribution-based and anchor-based approaches (the latter used receiver operating characteristic analysis). Results Using distribution-based methods, the MCIDs of the DASH questionnaire were 7.4 and 8.3 by half standard deviation and the 90% interval of minimal detectable change, respectively. By anchor-based method (receiver operating characteristic analysis), the MCID was 8.3. Conclusion The MCID values calculated by each method validates that the results for upper extremity oncology patients were similar to those reported in other orthopedic conditions. These results identify the threshold for meaningful improvements in DASH scores in orthopedic oncology patients and establish the reference to evaluate health-related quality of life and the outcomes of upper extremity oncology surgery. These data should be further refined for disease- and reconstruction-specific analyses.
Spatial inequality of job accessibility in Shanghai: A geographical skills mismatch perspective

Abstract This study explores the spatial inequality of job accessibility in urban China, focusing on geographical skills mismatch in Shanghai. Our results suggest that geographical skills mismatch should be a critical concern in measuring job accessibility because the urban villages create residential sites for low-skill workers in central Shanghai. Based on the job accessibility index considering geographical skills mismatch, the floating population has high job accessibility in the periphery of the central urban area because there are affordable housing prices. The spatial distribution of the registered population's job accessibility still follows the core-periphery pattern. The spatial mismatch between the job centers for floating and registered populations might enlarge the segregation between them. The path analysis reveals that the housing/rent market, urban structure, and education attainment collectively shape job accessibility through residential segregation. Furthermore, path analysis manifests that high-skill people, mainly living in the central urban area, have significantly higher job accessibility. The polycentric development fails to create self-contained job centers for low-skill people. Future policies should pay attention to connecting the low-skill workers and their job markets through public rental housing or improving the public transit system.
Message Design for a Robust Time Signal using Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Pulse Pair Position Modulated (PPPM) Pseudo lite

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Alternative Position Navigation and Timing (APNT) program developed several possibilities for improving distance measuring equipment (DME) such as DME pseudolite (PL) systems to provide data and passive ranging in addition to traditional DME operations. These enhanced DME (eDME) were designed to serve as an operational back up to GPS/GNSS, particularly to support future airspace and Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) operations. While eDME concepts are not part of the current upgrades to the US DME system, there is continued interested in the ideas as they can support other airspace needs and help meet federal directives to increase the resiliency of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services [1].
Development of NMR: Physics, “Exotica,” and Related Areas

This article briefly reviews several areas of physics and related fields in which magnetic resonance has made important progress since 1995. These areas include studies of the superconductivity mechanism in high-temperature superconductors, studies of various properties of novel carbon-based materials, and demonstrations of quantum computational algorithms. This article also briefly describes the progress on novel methods of magnetic resonance detection and sensitivity enhancement, including optical detection and optical pumping, electrical detection, and force detection. Keywords: superconductivity; fullerenes; quantum computation; optical pumping; force-detected magnetic resonance
Strategic disruption and transaction cost economics

Abstract This paper develops the concept of strategic disruption using the insights of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). Firms attack competitors by shaping government rules in order to produce misalignment of competitors' transactions and governance structures. Strategic disruption is illustrated by the case of American automobile producers in their struggle against Japanese competitors over the last two decades. The Americans' use of strategic disruption relied on a two-pronged approach. The first approach involved local content provisions and the second approach involved rules of origin in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These two tactics forced the Japanese producers to realign their transactions and governance structures, turning to second-best alternatives. Strategic disruption provides a new way of thinking about strategic entry barriers whereby government rules alter competitors' decisions because it changes their transaction cost configuration.
Gesture and cognitive development.

When people talk, they gesture. The goal of this chapter is to explore the role that gesture plays in talking and thinking. The chapter begins by situating gesture within behaviors traditionally identified as nonverbal. It then charts the developmental course that gesture follows in children whose language learning is on track, and in children whose spoken language learning has gone awry. Even early in development, gesture is fully integrated with the speech it accompanies––it is part of language. But when spoken language learning is not possible, gesture can assume the role typically played by speech––it can become language. At all ages, gesture has the potential to provide insight into a child's thoughts, at times offering a unique picture of those thoughts. The final sections of the chapter explore gesture's mechanisms––what makes us gesture––and its functions––what purpose does gesture serve. The underlying theme of the chapter is that, by playing a role in communication and thinking, gesture can have an impact on cognitive change. Gesture thus goes beyond reflecting a child's thoughts to having a hand in shaping those thoughts. Keywords: communication; homesign; language; learning; sign language
Group Techniques for Aging Adults: Putting Geriatric Skills Enhancement into Practice

This work gives practical approaches for practitioners working with the elderly, focusing on GSE - an interactive, multi-modal group programme as an affective method of dealing with core issues of isolation and reduced social networks. It gives specific deatils on how to design, implement and monitor progress for various types of group modalities. Intervention strategies such as reminiscence, spirituality, music therapy, phototherapy and bibliotherapy are utilized throughout.
The Gold Standard and Related Regimes: The Gold Standard and Related Regimes: Introduction to the Collection

The gold standard: A subject of perennial interest The classical gold standard ended in 1914 but it has been the focus of great interest by policymakers and scholars ever since. On four occasions in this century the gold standard rose to the forefront of discussion: after World War I, during World War II, in the mid-1960s, and in the early 1980s. After World War I, in the face of high inflation and volatile exchange rates, the great powers pushed to return to the gold standard. The Cunliffe Committee report of 1918 urged a return to the prewar standard except that the system would be based upon gold bullion rather than gold coin. The Genoa conference of 1922 recommended restoration of a gold exchange standard as soon as feasible. By 1928 most of the world was part of a gold exchange standard that collapsed several years later during the Great Depression. During World War II, American planners for the postwar international monetary order attached priority to a gold nominal anchor for the dollar and hence for other currencies pegged to the dollar. Adherence to limited gold convertibility, they believed, would ensure exchange rate stability and thereby encourage the growth of international trade. The resulting Articles of Agreement negotiated at Bretton Woods in 1944, although incorporating the gold parity (at least for the dollar) of the classical gold standard, eschewed many of its other features.
Truth and Ends in Dewey's Pragmatism

Dewey's voluminous writings, spanning decades and reflecting the contrasting national moods of different historical periods, abound with tensions, not to say contradictions. In highlighting and working with a conflict within Dewey's commitments, then, I do not mean to be catching him out or correcting a mistake. The tension on which I focus is one with which he struggled for most of his philosophical career and one that he never satisfactorily resolved, yet it is also one that goes to the heart of what it is to be a pragmatist. It involves the role of final ends in a philosophy that places practical reasoning at the heart of all knowledge. I will argue that while Dewey had powerful philosophical prejudices that prevented him from adequately dealing with this problem himself, a solution is nonetheless forthcoming that maintains, and perhaps even deepens, the main themes of his pragmatism. Setting out this solution will lead me, in the end, to a novel formulation of the pragmatist theory of truth.
Receptors, Signaling Pathways, Cell Cycle, and DNA Damage Repair

Ligands are extracellular messenger molecules such as growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the cell surface (i.e., growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, and hormone receptors). Binding of the ligands to their receptors causes activation of second messengers in the cytosol and, eventually, activation of nuclear transcription factors. (Transcription factors are discussed in Chap. 1) The transcription factors then direct the transcription of a gene product as a result of the extracellular message (e.g., a growth factor may stimulate a growth factor receptor on the cell surface, causing activation of second messengers that eventually cause a transcription factor to cause transcription of a protein involved in cell growth). This cascade or activation and inactivation of protein messengers from the cell-surface receptors through proteins in the cytosol to the transcription factors in the nucleus is known as signal transduction. The series of steps that occurs during this process is called the signal transduction pathway or signaling pathway. Much of the activation and inactivation of proteins in signaling pathways occurs through reversible phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine, or threonine in the pathway proteins (see Chap. 1). Phosphorylation is accomplished by tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinases with phosphates donated from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Tyrosine kinases are much more common in signaling pathways than are serine/threonine kinases.1-10 This discussion focuses on growth factor receptors and cytokine receptors and their associated signaling pathways.
Mechanism of leukemogenesis induced by mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses.

The Friend or Moloney mink cell focus-forming (MCF) virus encodes a recombinant-type envelope glycoprotein, gp 70, that is closely related to the membrane glycoprotein, gp55, of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). We have shown previously that gp55 has the ability to activate cell growth by binding to the cellular receptor for erythropoietin. Here we show that gp70 encoded by either the Friend of Moloney MCF virus also binds to the erythropoietin receptor and that coexpression of the receptor and gp70 in an interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent cell line can activate IL-3-independent growth. Furthermore, when the cDNA for the human IL-2 receptor beta chain, which is related by sequence to the erythropoietin receptor, was introduced into this cell line, it became growth factor independent after infection either with SFFV or with one of the two MCF viruses but not with an ecotropic virus. Based on these observations, we propose a mechanism for the early stage of luekemogenesis induced by the MCF-type murine leukemia viruses.
Abstract 371: Comparison of toxicity and study design issues of nanoparticle and small molecule anticancer agents in preclinical models and phase I clinical trials

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Carrier-mediated agents (CMA) are classified as nanoparticles, nanosomes (nanoparticle sized liposomes) and conjugates. Anticancer CMA offer many unique advantages over their traditional small molecule (SM) counterparts, including improved solubility, longer duration of exposure, tumor-selective delivery, increased antitumor response and reduced toxicity. The interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) associated with nanoparticles are greater than that observed with SM. The starting dose for phase I studies of SM and CMA anticancer agents is based on the toxicity profile of the most sensitive species (e.g. rat or canine). However, the optimal animal model for toxicologic and pharmacologic studies of CMA is unclear. Our preliminary data suggests that dogs are highly sensitive to nanoparticles and thus may not be an appropriate animal model in determining the starting dose of CMA for phase I clinical trials. We evaluated preclinical toxicology data and how this affected the design and progression of phase I studies of CMA compared to SM anticancer agents. Methods: In preclinical studies, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in rats and dogs was evaluated for CMA and their respective SM. In phase I clinical trials of CMA and their respective SM in patients with advanced solid tumors, the basis for starting dose, the number of dose escalations, number of patients and the ratio of MTD to starting dose was determined. Results: Starting dose in phase I studies of CMA was based on dogs. ![Figure][1] Conclusions: The degree of dose escalation from starting dose to MTD was significantly greater for CMA compared to SM drugs. This was also associated with a significantly greater number of dose levels, patients, and time required to complete phase I studies of CMA compared to SM. These findings necessitate the need to identify the most appropriate preclinical animal model to use to evaluate CMA toxicity in phase I studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 371. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-371 [1]: pending:yes
The Dispersion of Magnetic Double Refraction in the Short Infra-Red Spectrum

A study has been made of the infra-red dispersion of the magnetic double refraction—Cotton-Mouton effect—in the wave-length region from λ=0.650μ to 1.6μ of the following liquids: nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, carbon disulfide, halowax oil, o-nitrotoluene, benzene and toluene. Ratios of the observed double refraction to the electric double refraction are shown to be constant within experimental error. Comparison of observed dispersion curves with calculated curves from Havelock’s law is also shown to fit for the most part within experimental error. This indicates that the magnetic and optical anisotropies of the molecules are relatively independent of the wave-length. The deviation of Havelock’s curve from the observed curves in general indicate that Havelock values for short wave-lengths are too high, and for long wave-lengths too low. The deviations shown for the liquids tried are greatest for benzene, where for long wave-lengths the difference amounts to about 5 percent.
Variability in tuberculosis granuloma T cell responses exists, but a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is associated with sterilization.

Lung granulomas are the pathologic hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). T cells are a major cellular component of TB lung granulomas and are known to play an important role in containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We used cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate model that recapitulates human TB with clinically active disease, latent infection or early infection, to understand functional characteristics and dynamics of T cells in individual granulomas. We sought to correlate T cell cytokine response and bacterial burden of each granuloma, as well as granuloma and systemic responses in individual animals. Our results support that each granuloma within an individual host is independent with respect to total cell numbers, proportion of T cells, pattern of cytokine response, and bacterial burden. The spectrum of these components overlaps greatly amongst animals with different clinical status, indicating that a diversity of granulomas exists within an individual host. On average only about 8% of T cells from granulomas respond with cytokine production after stimulation with Mtb specific antigens, and few “multi-functional” T cells were observed. However, granulomas were found to be “multi-functional” with respect to the combinations of functional T cells that were identified among lesions from individual animals. Although the responses generally overlapped, sterile granulomas had modestly higher frequencies of T cells making IL-17, TNF and any of T-1 (IFN-γ, IL-2, or TNF) and/or T-17 (IL-17) cytokines than non-sterile granulomas. An inverse correlation was observed between bacterial burden with TNF and T-1/T-17 responses in individual granulomas, and a combinatorial analysis of pair-wise cytokine responses indicated that granulomas with T cells producing both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10 and IL-17) were associated with clearance of Mtb. Preliminary evaluation suggests that systemic responses in the blood do not accurately reflect local T cell responses within granulomas.
Parasocial Romance: A Social Exchange Perspective

Parasocial relationships are one-sided relationships that people hold with media figures. Although it has been previously demonstrated that people often feel strong friendships with people that they have never met, parasocial romantic attachments have not been well-studied. In the current study, we examined reasons why people form parasocial romances from a social exchange perspective by surveying participants on perceived costs and benefits of both real-life and parasocial romantic relationships (PSROMs), and on the strength of their PSROMs. We found that participants who reported stronger PSROMs also reported greater perceived benefits (relative to costs) of PSROMs, and that these benefits are surprisingly similar to those received from real-life relationships (RLRs). The results suggest that parasocial relationships are formed for similar reasons as real-life relationships, but that there are some unique costs associated with PSROMs. This research helps to explain why people form romantic attachments with media characters.
The cytokinin-like action of methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate on oat leaves and protoplasts

Abstract Chlorophyll breakdown in excised oat leaves is retarded by methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, benzimidazole, and kinetin. Protoplasts derived from treated leaves showed lower nuclease activity, increased leucine incorporation, and decreased uridine and thymidine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble materials relative to water-treated controls. Methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate is more active than benzimidazole in affecting macromolecular synthesis, and both compounds resemble kinetin in their effects on host-plant physiology. Protoplasts can be useful tools in the analysis of the action of pesticides.
Antidepressants and the Placebo Effect

Antidepressants are supposed to work by fixing a chemical imbalance, specifically, a lack of serotonin in the brain. Indeed, their supposed effectiveness is the primary evidence for the chemical imbalance theory. But analyses of the published data and the unpublished data that were hidden by drug companies reveals that most (if not all) of the benefits are due to the placebo effect. Some antidepressants increase serotonin levels, some decrease it, and some have no effect at all on serotonin. Nevertheless, they all show the same therapeutic benefit. Even the small statistical difference between antidepressants and placebos may be an enhanced placebo effect, due to the fact that most patients and doctors in clinical trials successfully break blind. The serotonin theory is as close as any theory in the history of science to having been proved wrong. Instead of curing depression, popular antidepressants may induce a biological vulnerability making people more likely to become depressed in the future.
Futility versus utility of marrow assessment in initial Ewing sarcoma staging workup

In the early days of Ewing sarcoma staging work-ups for chemotherapy planning and risk stratification in clinical trials, bone involvement with the primary tumor and/or metastases was assessed with (a) 99mTc-MDP bone scan which detect metastatic bone lesions that cause remodeling, and (b) bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Currently there are many non-invasive methods to assess bone and/or marrow involvement including 99mTc-MDP bone scan 18FDG-PET-CT, and MRI 1. The study by Newman et al. demonstrated that 0/57 patients without osseous metastases on 18FDG PET-CT had bone marrow involvement 1.
Modeling and measurement of losses in silicon-on-insulator resonators and bends.

We present an analytical model to quantify losses in resonators and bends without uncertain contributions from fiber coupling in/out or waveguide cleavage facets. With resonators in add-drop configuration, intrinsic losses are calculated from the free spectral range, through-port extinction and drop-port bandwidth. We fabricated and characterized silicon-on-insulator resonator for loss analysis. At 1.55 µm, racetrack resonators with a bending radius of 4.5 µm show intrinsic losses as small as 0.14±0.014 dB/round-trip. Meanwhile, intrinsic losses increase up to 1.23 dB/round-trip in the racetrack resonator that has a bending radius of 2.25 µm. Losses in a 180o bend are estimated as a half of the intrinsic losses in these racetrack resonators, i.e., 0.07±0.007 dB/turn for a bending radius of 4.5 µm and 0.62 dB/turn for a bending radius of 2.25 µm. Loss in a 90° bend with a radius of 4.5 µm is determined to be 0.06±0.006 dB/turn at 1.55 µm. The losses in 180° or 90° bends are found to be mainly due to the transition loss between waveguide bends and straight waveguides.
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (PDK4) by CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein β (C/EBPβ)

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Activity of PDC is inhibited by phosphorylation via the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). Here, we examined the regulation of Pdk4 gene expression by the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). C/EBPβ modulates the expression of multiple hepatic genes including those involved in metabolism, development, and inflammation. We found that C/EBPβ induced Pdk4 gene expression and decreased PDC activity. This transcriptional induction was mediated through two C/EBPβ binding sites in the Pdk4 promoter. C/EBPβ participates in the hormonal regulation of gluconeogenic genes. Previously, we reported that Pdk4 was induced by thyroid hormone (T3). Therefore, we investigated the role of C/EBPβ in the T3 regulation of Pdk4. T3 increased C/EBPβ abundance in primary rat hepatocytes. Knockdown of C/EBPβ with siRNA diminished the T3 induction of the Pdk4 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt1a) genes. CPT1a is an initiating step in the mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Our results indicate that C/EBPβ stimulates Pdk4 expression and participates in the T3 induction of the Cpt1a and Pdk4 genes.
IR SPECTROSCOPY WITH SURFACE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

On utilise les ondes electromagnetiques de surface pour tester les modes de vibration de molecules d'adsorbats sur des surfaces metalliques
Calculation of the scattering properties of a computer-relaxed 614 atom bell and dean SiO2 network

Abstract Using a Keating potential with intratetrahedral Si O and O O stretch forces and intertetrahedral Si O Si bend forces, we have relaxed the Bell and Dean continuous random network model of SiO2. The resulting pair distribution, G(r), is considerably sharpened and the density is close to the experimental value. Partial S(Q)'s were generated for each pair and combined into a total S(Q) to compare with neutron scattering data. A comparable fit was also made to the X-ray data. The first sharp diffraction peak appears in each of the partial S(Q)'s to a varying extent and the model agrees rather well with experimental neutron data but less well with the X-ray data. Problems with the Si O Si bond angle distribution and Si O pair distribution function lead us to suggest an additional term in the Keating potential correlating the dihedral angles with rotations of the tetrahedra about their bridging vertices
Surfactant based sol–gel approach to nanostructured LiFePO4 for high rate Li-ion batteries

Abstract Porous nanostructured LiFePO4 powder with a narrow particle size distribution (100–300 nm) for high rate lithium-ion battery cathode application was obtained using an ethanol based sol–gel route employing lauric acid as a surfactant. The synthesized LiFePO4 powders comprised of agglomerates of crystallites
Axial dispersion of solute zones in gel permeation chromatography

The two essential aspects of axial dispersion in gel permeation chromatography have been studied: (1) the relationship of axial dispersion to the continuity equations of chromatographic transport, and (2) the relationship to molecular size and the system parameters of an individual column. Theoretical analyses are presented for both of these problems and are applied to an experimental study of axial dispersion by both zonal (small-zone) and frontal (large-zone) experiments with a series of macromolecular species having discrete, precisely known molecular weights. Theoretically predicted non-Gaussian elution profiles were observed for the small-zone experiments, and axial dispersion coefficients for each molecular species were determined as a function of flow rate. Resulting values were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical equation relating axial dispersion to molecular size, flow rate, and two “calibration constants” of the column. These results provide a rational basis for axial dispersion effects in terms of the fundamental processes and system parameters of gel columns. Extension of the analysis to multicomponent systems is discussed.
Chemical plumes in the mantle

In developing the concept that chemical plumes have a deep-mantle origin, I propose that plumes result from original chemical inhomogeneities in the Earth. According to the hypothesis of in-homogeneous planetary accretion, the terrestrial planets formed with refractory cores and volatile-rich outer shells, that is, they are layered according to the sequence in which compounds condense from a cooling nebula. The primitive deep mantle is enriched in CaO-Al_2O_3-TiO_2 and the refractory trace elements and depleted in MgO-FeO-SiO_2 and the volatile elements relative to normal olivine-pyroxene mantle. The refractory trace elements include W, Ir, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Sr, rare-earth elements, and, most important for the present discussion, U and Th. In the deep mantle, this refractory material is less dense than ferromagnesian silicates and will rise until phase changes and loss of the low–melting-temperature fraction permit density equilibration. The low–melting-temperature fraction of this primitive refractory assemblage is anorthite, and a widespread anorthosite event probably occurred early in the history of the Earth. I propose that chemical inhomogeneities still exist and because of their high U and Th abundances provide the heat source for driving upper mantle asthenospheric convection. A conservative estimate indicates that the heat flow above frozen-in plumes is at least twice the normal heat flow at the base of the low-velocity layer. This heat is transmitted efficiently by convection to the base of the lithosphere, providing the “melting spot” required to explain linear island chains in the oceans and igneous traces on continents. When a continent comes to rest over one of these radioactive hot spots, the temperature at the base of the continental lithosphere is perturbed, causing doming or swelling and eventual fracture and magmatism. It is also possible that kimberlite and carbonatite intrusions are a result of thermal perturbations that result when continental lithosphere overrides a chemical hot spot. The locations of chemical plumes may control the patterns of continental breakup and dispersal even if they are dynamically passive.
Lagrangian Simulation of Diffusion Flames

Abstract Abstract-We develop a new Lagrangian numerical technique to investigate the interaction between fluid mechanics and chemical reaction in diffusion flames through volumetric expansion and baroclinic vorticity production. We base our numerical method on the mixture-fraction variable formulation and the Burke-Schumann limit of an infinitely thin flame sheet, In this way. we do not attempt to resolve the flame structure in detail, but instead are in a position to simulate combustion in more complex flow fields. The method employs Lagrangian blobs that carry gradients of the mixture-fraction variable. Other blobs act as sources to account for thermal expansion, while vortex blobs are introduced to represent the baroclinic vorticity production. These blobs deform as a result of diffusion, strain, and thermal expansion. In its Lagrangian nature, our approach to diffusion flames corresponds to the technique recently developed by Ghoniem for premixed flames. In the incompressible flow limit, we demonstrat...
An Interoperability Solution for Legacy Healthcare Devices

The exchange of vital sign data between legacy healthcare devices and application hosting devices requires interoperability and has become a critical issue for telecare monitoring systems. This study proposes an ISO/IEEE 11073 personal health device (x73-PHD) system that enables legacy healthcare devices to transmit vital sign data to an application-hosting device on a network. The proposed architecture is composed of the x73-PHD gateway, x73-PHD adapter, and legacy healthcare devices. Using a firmware upgrade mechanism provided by the system, the adapter connects legacy healthcare devices to transmit vital sign data to the application-hosting device, based on international x73-PHD standards and the interoperable platform. The proposed solution overcomes the problems of existing legacy healthcare device support and interoperability for personal healthcare systems. This system will enable legacy healthcare devices to link with a standard platform and supports telecare promotion.
Nonlinear micro-ring resonators for optical switching applications

We propose to use nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer to fabricate microring resonator device for all-optical switching application. In the proposed device NLO polymer provides the saturable absorption nonlinearity and microring resonator provides the feedback needed for optical bistability. Waveguide confinement and field intensity build-up in the ring resonator both facilitate the nonlinear optical process, making it possible to achieve low switching intensity. Moreover, the size of microrings is in the range of several tens of micro-meters, which is promising for high-speed optical switching as well as for high-density integration. We present detailed analysis of the device operation and identify key facts for the optimization of the devices. We propose to use nanoimprinting lithography technique to create microring resonator structures in NLO polymers, and show our initial results that prove the feasibility of this approach.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Game of Probation

The structure, purpose, and procedure of probation, including the relationship between a probationer and a probation officer, are explained and discussed. The game theory model of decision-making and rational choice theory are discussed and applied to the relationship between a probationer and a probation officer as a basis for increasing the probationer’s likelihood of success. Applications and recommendations for both parties officers are discussed.
Changes in Jupiter’s Great Red Spot (1979–2006) and Oval BA (2000–2006)

Abstract We analyze velocity fields of the Great Red Spot (GRS) and Oval BA that were previously extracted from Cassini, Galileo, and Hubble Space Telescope images (Asay-Davis, X.S., Marcus, P.S., Wong, M., de Pater, I. [2009]. Icarus 203, 164–188). Our analyses use reduced-parameter models in which the GRS, Oval BA, and surrounding zonal (east–west) flows are assumed to have piece-wise-constant potential vorticity (PV), but with finite-sized transition regions between the pieces of constant PV rather than sharp steps. The shapes of the regions of constant PV are computed such that the flow is a steady, equilibrium solution of the 2D quasigeostrophic equations when viewed in a frame translating uniformly in the east–west direction. All parameter values of the models, including the magnitudes of the PV, areas of the regions with constant PV, locations of the transition regions, widths of the transition regions, and the value of the Rossby deformation radius, are found with a genetic algorithm such that the velocity produced by the equilibrium solution is a “best-fit” to the observed velocity fields. A Monte Carlo method is used to estimate the uncertainties in the best-fit parameter values. The best-fit results show that there were significant changes (greater than the uncertainties) in the PV of the GRS between Galileo in 1996 and Hubble in 2006. In particular, the shape of the PV anomaly of the GRS became rounder, and the area of the PV anomaly of the GRS decreased by 18%, although the magnitudes of PV in the anomaly remained constant. In contrast, neither the area nor the magnitude of the PV anomaly of the Oval BA changed from 2000, when its cloud cover was white, to 2006, when its cloud cover was red. The best-fit results also show that the areas of the PV anomalies of the GRS and of the Oval BA are smaller than the areas of their corresponding cloud covers at all times. Using the best-fit values of the Rossby deformation radius, we show that the Brunt–Vaisala frequency is 15% larger at 33°S than at 23°S. As expected ( Marcus, 1993 ), the best-fit results show that the PV of the zonal flow has “jumps” at the latitudes of the maxima of the eastward-going jet streams. However, a surprising result is that a large “jump” in the PV of the zonal flow occurs at the location of a maximum of the westward going jet stream neighboring the GRS. Another surprise is that the jumps in the PV of the zonal flow do not all have the same sign, which implies that there is not a monotonic “staircase” of zonal PV from north to south as was anticipated ( Marcus, 1993 , McIntyre, 2008 ).
Unemployment, Medicaid provisions, the mental health industry, and suicide

Abstract This study examines the association between unemployment, Medicaid provisions, the mental health industry, and adult suicides in nine US northeastern states from 1999 to 2009. Results show that increased unemployment is associated with more Medicaid beneficiaries and higher health care spending per beneficiary with no significant relationship with Medicaid mental health spending. The Medicaid beneficiary rate is positively associated with the number of mental health clinics, mental health and substance abuse social workers, mental health counselors, and psychiatrists, with no significant association with mental health physician offices or psychologists. Unemployment is also related with increasing suicide rates for the overall population and White non-Hispanics, aged 16–64, with the worst association for White non-Hispanic males. The composition of the mental health industry is also associated with suicide rates. Maintaining an appropriate mix of mental health facilities and professionals to prevent, diagnose, and treat mental health disorders remains a critical public health challenge.
A broad diagnostic battery for bedside transcranial Doppler to detect flow changes with internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion.

Background and Purpose. The authors establish accuracy parameters of a broad diagnostic battery for bedside transcranial Doppler (TCD) to detect flow changes due to internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis or occlusion. Methods. The authors prospectively studied consecutive patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack referred for TCD. TCD was performed and interpreted at bedside using a standard insonation protocol. A broad diagnostic battery included major criteria: collateral flow signals, abnormal siphon or terminal carotid signals, and delayed systolic flow acceleration in the middle cerebral artery. Minor criteria included a unilateral decrease in pulsatility index (≤ 0.6 or ≤ 70% of contralateral side), flow diversion signs, and compensatory velocity increase. Angiography or carotid duplex ultrasound (CDU) was used to grade the degree of carotid stenosis using North American criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of TCD findings were determined. Results. Seven hundred and twenty patients underwent TCD, of whom 517 (256 men and 261 women) had angiography and/or CDU within 8.8 ± 0.9 days. Age was 63.1 ± 15.7 years. For a 70% to 99% carotid stenosis or occlusion, TCD had sensitivity of 79.4%, specificity of 86.2%, PPV of 57.0%, NPV of 94.8%, and accuracy of 84.7%. For a 50% to 99% carotid stenosis or occlusion, TCD had sensitivity of 67.5%, specificity of 83.9%, PPV of 54.5%, NPV of 90.0%, and accuracy of 81.6%. TCD detected intracranial carotid lesions with 84.9% accuracy and extracranial carotid lesions with 84.4% accuracy (sensitivity of 88% and 79%, specificity of 85% and 86%, PPV of 24% and 54%, and NPV of 99% and 95%, respectively). The prevalence of the ophthalmic artery flow reversal was 36.4% in patients with ≥ 70% stenosis or occlusion. If present, this finding indicated a proximal ICA lesion location in 97% of these patients. Conclusions. In symptomatic patients, bedside TCD can accurately detect flow changes consistent with hemodynamically significant ICA obstruction; however, TCD should not be a substitute for direct carotid evaluation. Because TCD is sensitive and specific for ≥ 70% carotid stenosis or occlusion in both extracranial and intracranial carotid segments, it can be used as a complementary test to refine other imaging findings and detect tandem lesions.
Scepticisme et cynisme dans l’oeuvre de Pierre de Valence

Cet article examine l’oeuvre de Pierre de Valence (1555-1620) dans le but d’etablir ses implications philosophiques. Sur la base de son seul ouvrage publie, les Academica de 1596, qui ont largement circule et ont connu deux traductions francaises au XVIIIe siecle, plusieurs auteurs ont suppose qu’il penchait vers le scepticisme academique. En se fondant sur ses traductions de Dion Chrysostome et d’Epictete et sur d’autres manuscrits imitant la litterature de la retraite propre au cynisme grec, d’autres en ont fait un cynique. En confrontant ces ouvrages a d’autres manuscrits portant sur des matieres economiques ou sociales allant du cout du pain au bucher pour les sorcieres, a son erudition biblique profonde et aux polemiques qui y sont rattachees, et a son travail de chroniqueur royal durant les annees 1606-1620, ses ecrits sur le scepticisme antique et le cynisme s’apparentent tout au plus aux exercices scolaires d’un humaniste tardif. Scepticisme et cynisme deviennent inoffensifs si on ne les considere que comme une partie — et une partie relativement limitee — de l’arsenal des habilites scolaires et des sympathies philosophiques de ce penseur aussi instruit qu’influent au sein des debuts de la modernite.
Individual differences in listening styles: Do you hear what I hear?

Abstract To what extent are personality characteristics linked with listening style preferences? To probe this question, a large sample of young adults (males, n = 898; females, n = 733) completed both the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 21–29, 1985) and the Listening Styles Profile (Watson, Barker & Weaver, International Journal of Listening, 9, 1–13, 1995). Consistent with expectations, the findings revealed that distinctly different patterns of listening styles were associated with each of three personality dimensions. The psychoticism personality type was linked with a socially callous listening style. The extraversion personality type was associated with a friendly and supportive ‘people’ oriented listening style. The neuroticism personality type, on the other hand, was correlated with listening styles that minimized the time spent interacting with others.
Phosphorylation of MAP kinase and CREB in mouse cortex and amygdala during taste aversion learning.

Mice were subjected to a taste aversion conditioning procedure in which they drank water, familiar saccharin, or novel saccharin, followed by injection of either NaCI or the emetic agent LiCI. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize phosphorylated MAP kinase (ppERK) and phosphoCREB (pCREB) in the brain shortly after conditioning. An examination of insular cortex and amygdala revealed specific phosphorylation of MAP kinase by novel saccharin and LiCI, and CREB by LiCI. Pairing of novel saccharin with LiCI was the only stimulus sufficient to increase ppERK and pCREB immunoreactivity in the lateral amygdala, suggesting this as a site of CS-US convergence. ppERK immunoreactivity was localized to both nuclear and non-nuclear compartments, suggesting multiple functional roles of MAP kinase during learning.
Line-shape extraction analysis of silicon oxide layers on silicon by channelling effect measurements☆

Abstract A technique of line-shape extraction has been developed and applied to find the number of Si atoms and O atoms per square centimeter of anodically grown and thermally oxidized silicon oxide layers. Back-scattering and channelling effect measurements with 0.3-2.0 MeV 4He+ ions were used. The thicknesses of the silicon oxide investigated ranged from native oxide thickness to 1500 A. For all thicknesses the composition was found to be silicon-rich, with the number of Si atoms per square centimeter equal to one-half the number of oxygen atoms per square centimeter plus (0.8-1) × 1016 Si/cm2. We propose that the oxide layer is stoichiometric SiO2 with a silicon-rich transition region between the oxide layer and the crystal substrate. The presence of such a transition region at the interface should be considered when evaluating the composition of dielectric layers on semiconductors.
In vitro selection of bacteriophage Q beta ribonucleic acid variants resistant to ethidium bromide

Bacteriophage Q beta ribonucleic acid variants, considering fluorescence determination of replication inhibition by ethidium bromide
Exact real arithmetic: a case study in higher order programming

Two methods for implementing ezact real arithmetic are explored One method is based on formulating real numbers as functions that map rational tolerances to rational approximations. This approach, which was developed by constructive mathematicians as a concrete formalization of the real numbers, has lead to a surprisingly successful implementation. The second method formulates real numbers as potentially infinite sequences of digits, evaluated on demand. This approach has frequently been advocated by proponents of lazy functional languages in the computer science community Ironically, it leads to much less satisfactory implementations. We discuss the theoretical problems involved m both methods, give algortthms for the basic arithmetic operations, and give an empirical comparison of the two techniques. We conclude wtth some general observations about the lazy evaluation paradigm and its implementation.
Robust regression applied to optical-fiber dimensional quality control

To minimize coupling losses when low-cost connectors are used to mate optical fibers, manufacturers need to maintain tight control of fiber dimensions. The video-microscope, or gray-scale, method is the most frequently used technique on the manufacturing floor for measuring the geometric parameters of the cleaved end of a telecommunications fiber. We present a method for performing optical-fiber dimensional quality control that allows for end face damage and accounts for the special structure of measurement errors in fiber edge points calculated from gray-scale images. The new approach adheres to the industrial standard test procedure by fitting an ellipse to the edge table to obtain geometric measurements. But, to create high-breakdown resistance to outliers, a data filter based on the least median of squares criterion is used.