cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linked networks reveal dual roles of insect dispersal and species sorting for bacterial communities in flowers

Abstract Due to the difficulty of tracking microbial dispersal, it rarely possible to disentangle the relative importance of dispersal and species sorting for microbial community assembly. Here, we leverage a detailed multilevel network to examine drivers of bacterial community assembly within flowers. We show that plant species with similar visitor communities tend to have similar bacterial communities, and visitor identity to be more important than dispersal rate in structuring floral bacterial communities. However, plants occupied divergent positions in plant-insect and plant-microbe networks, suggesting an important role for species sorting. Taken together, our analyses suggest dispersal is important in determining similarity in microbial communities across plant species, but not as important in determining structural features of the floral bacterial network. A multilevel network approach thus allows us to address features of community assembly that cannot be considered when viewing networks as separate entities.
Psychosocial Treatment of Substance Use Disorders

Psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment in addiction psychiatry are comprised of a number of structured and unstructured interventions aimed at interrupting the cycle of addiction. These treatments include cognitive, behavioral, motivation, mindfulness, mutual support, psychodynamic, and systems-based approaches. This chapter examines these various approaches by providing a brief description and evidence for specific interventions in various treatment settings, use disorders, and patient populations. While there are a number of treatments available, treatment selection is tailored to the individual. This chapter discusses the role of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment in disrupting learned patterns, identifying reasons for change, providing external motivation when needed, increasing awareness of triggers, developing an understanding of the inner life, providing a richer understanding and control of the inner life, nurturing self-worth, admitting fault in disrupted relationships, and utilizing support networks. By the end of this chapter, one should have a cursory understanding of evidence-based nonpharmacologic treatments of substance use disorders and behavioral addictions.
Physician Duties and Responsibilities in Pandemics.

In early Feb 2020, the World Health Organization declaredthe 2019 novel coronavirus infection (2019-nCoV) to be nearing a global pandemic Because personto-person transmission of the virus hasbeen confirmed, medical offices, urgentcare centers, hospitals, and other medical facilities should be preparing an appropriate and ethically responsible patient care plan The American Medical Association′s Code of Ethics, Opinion 9 067, presents the argument that a physician has an obligation to provide emergency medical care in disasters and during pandemics I believe that physicians recognize the ethical responsibility for beneficence, altruism, compassion, and self-sacrifice, and will step forward to assist when needed We physicians should familiarize ourselves with the measures and be prepared to implementthem for both individual patients and populations of patients In this, we are guided by our duties, responsibilities, and ethical principles
Recent Developments in High-Performance Membranes for CO2 Separation.

In this perspective article, we provide a detailed outlook on recent developments of high-performance membranes used in CO2 separation applications. A wide range of membrane materials including polymers of intrinsic microporosity, thermally rearranged polymers, metal–organic framework membranes, poly ionic liquid membranes, and facilitated transport membranes were surveyed from the recent literature. In addition, mixed matrix and polymer blend membranes were covered. The CO2 separation performance, as well as other membrane properties such as film flexibility, processibility, aging, and plasticization, were analyzed.
Automatic extraction of multiple biomarkers of retinal diseases from OCT/OCTA images using 3D graph-cut segmentation approach

A comprehensive assessment of the retina OCT images is essential in clinical and experimental ophthalmology for the detection and accurate interpretation of the structural and functional abnormalities of the retina. An accurate retinal layer segmentation will allow the measurement of the local and global changes in retina. Herein, we present a computational framework based on a fast-automatic graph-cut based algorithm for an accurate segmentation of the retinal layers for multiple species including human, non-human primate (rhesus macaque) and mouse eye. The proposed algorithm allowed the simultaneous extraction of the multiple biomarkers including retinal layer thickness maps, retinal layer reflectivity maps and layer-specific vascular maps.
Impact of type of maternal cardiovascular disease on pregnancy outcomes among women managed in a multidisciplinary cardio-obstetrics program.

BACKGROUND Maternal cardiovascular disease complicates up to 4% of pregnancies in the United States. Knowledge regarding the impact of the cardiovascular disease category is limited. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with different types of cardiovascular diseases managed in a multidisciplinary program. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with documented structural or functional cardiovascular disease who received care in a multidisciplinary program with maternal-fetal medicine and cardiology specialists at a single institution between March 2010 and November 2019. Women were categorized as having congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, arrhythmias and channelopathies, or aortopathies. Women were excluded from the pregnancy outcome analysis if they never became pregnant or delivered at a different institution. The outcomes were analyzed according to the disease category using univariate techniques. RESULTS A total of 232 women with 253 pregnancies met the inclusion criteria for pregnancy outcome analysis. Of these, 77 (30.4%) had congenital heart disease, 63 (24.9%) had acquired heart disease, 94 (37.2%) had arrhythmias or channelopathies, and 19 (7.5%) had aortopathies. Obesity and hypertension were more common among women with acquired heart disease, and women with acquired heart disease and arrhythmias had higher Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy II scores. Most of the pregnancies had good maternal and neonatal outcomes. Preeclampsia occurred more commonly in women with acquired heart disease (27% among those with acquired heart disease vs 10.4% among those with congenital heart disease, 13.8% among those with arrhythmias or channelopathies, and 0% among those with aortopathies; P=.009). Indicated preterm birth was highest among women with acquired heart disease (15.9%). Significant postpartum arrhythmias occurred in 2.4% of women. Preconception counseling was underutilized. CONCLUSION Most women with preexisting cardiovascular disease experienced good pregnancy and neonatal outcomes when managed in a specialized, multidisciplinary program. Women with acquired heart disease were at highest risk for pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and preterm birth.
Conversion Furlow Palatoplasty and the Use of Preoperative Video Nasendoscopy.

OBJECTIVE To assess outcomes after conversion Furlow palatoplasty with and without routine preoperative flexible fiberoptic video nasendoscopy (FFVN). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary Children's Hospital. PATIENTS Greater than 3 years of age with cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after straight-line palatoplasty requiring secondary surgery performed with a Furlow palatoplasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The number of children with and without routine FFVN prior to conversion Furlow palatoplasty for VPI after initial straight-line palatoplasty. Groups were compared for surgical timing, speech outcomes, and need for additional surgery after conversion Furlow palatoplasty. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients underwent preoperative FFVN versus 29 without. Mean age at FFVN was 73.8 (SD 34) months. Mean age for secondary palatal surgery by conversion Furlow palatoplasty was 81.5 (SD 34.8) months with FFVN versus 73.4 (SD 34.0) months without FFVN. There was a significant difference (P < .001) for VPI diagnosis and time to surgery between the groups. Preoperative hypernasality ratings were similar between groups. Postoperatively 65.5% of FFVN and non-FFVN patients corrected to normal resonance. Only 6.9% of all patients rated moderate-severe hypernasality after surgery compared to 42.5% preoperatively. Of total, 5.7% of patients had unchanged hypernasality and only 1 patient rated worse. Seven patients ultimately required additional surgery in attempt to normalize their resonance. CONCLUSIONS Routine preoperative FFVN does not offer any advantage for improved outcomes in children undergoing conversion Furlow palatoplasty after straight-line repair. Routine preoperative FFVN was associated with increased time to surgery after diagnosis of VPI compared to those without FFVN.
Using Full-information Item Analysis to Improve Item Quality

Full-information item analysis provides item developers and reviewers comprehensive empirical evidence of item quality, including option response frequency, point-biserial index (PBI) for distracto...
How does culture show up in development? Conclusion to the spotlight series on the concept of culture

The goal of this spotlight series was to bring together scholars offering innovative ways of conceptualizing how culture shows up in human development. Here in the Conclusion, we argue that the six...
Private Free Speech

Although not expressly protected by the Constitution, the concept of privacy has been judicially incorporated into a variety of constitutional rights. For example, the Fourth Amendment protects reasonable expectations of privacy in personal space from warrantless inspection by the government. Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process insulates private decision-making on matters of family structure, individual health care, and child-rearing from state interference. Expanding Second Amendment jurisprudence suggests there may be a right of privacy in asserting the individual right to bear arms. And the list goes on. Too little attention has been paid, however, to the right of privacy created by the First Amendment free speech clause. In fact, at first blush, the right of privacy and the right to free expression seem mutually exclusive. The First Amendment guarantees the right to speak one’s mind on a variety of topics and to disseminate speech of both great and inconsequential value to those who wish to hear it, while the right of privacy protects the ability to keep discrete personal facts away from public view. But the First Amendment free speech clause has been applied, although not explicitly so, to protect private communication in a variety of contexts. In this vein, the Supreme Court has employed free speech principles to strike down laws criminalizing the private possession of obscenity, to establish a right of anonymous communication, and to protect the identities of those who participate in political parties and organizations. Thus, there is an implicit privacy component to First Amendment free expression doctrine. Indeed, the First Amendment does not guarantee an audience, but it does guarantee that the audience can remain unknown. Moreover, when privacy concepts are applied to speech, privacy can be speech-enhancing and can therefore promote the free marketplace of ideas the First Amendment desires to create. Particularly when speech is communicated in the context of private relationships—between attorneys and clients, therapists and patients, or police and confidential informants, for instance—protection against disclosure of the expression actually enables the expression to occur. The relationship between free speech and privacy is therefore symbiotic and mutually reinforcing. This Article will explore the notion that free speech can in fact be private. It begins in Part II with a discussion of the historical underpinnings for the protection of free expression and a summary of First Amendment cases that embrace the concept of private free speech. The Article then moves in Part III to a discussion of how privacy, as a normative ideal, promotes the goals of self-realization and a free expression marketplace that the First Amendment exists to serve. The Article then concludes that, as privacy jurisprudence and theory is developed, the First Amendment free speech clause ought to be considered alongside the Second, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments as a source of privacy protection, particularly where speech and expressive conduct are at issue.
Point of Care Ultrasonography Findings and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can detect the cardiopulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 and may predict patient outcomes in an expedient and cost-effective manner. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study at four medical centers from 3/2020 to 9/2020 to evaluate the relationship between POCUS findings and clinical outcomes with COVID-19. Our inclusion criteria included adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 who received lung ultrasound (LUS) examinations at the bedside with a 12-zone protocol. All images were interpreted by at least two reviewers who were blinded to clinical outcomes. Results: N=99 patients met inclusion criteria. The median time from ED triage to LUS was 0.9 days (IQR: 0.1-2.9). LUS was rarely normal (11% of patients), with B-lines (90%) and subpleural consolidations (62%) representing the most prevalent findings. Findings associated with ICU admission included anterior B-lines (OR: 3.1 [95% CI: 1.2-9.7]), anterior consolidations (OR: 3.1 [95% CI: 1.1-9.9]) and lateral consolidations (OR: 4.1 [95% CI: 1.3-15.5]), while a normal scan was strongly protective against ICU admission (OR 0.08 [95% CI: 0.00-0.68]). LUS findings remained stable over a period of 28 days from symptom onset. Discussion: Anterior and/or lateral lung involvement on POCUS may portend a three to four-fold risk of critical illness among COVID-19 patients. The location, rather than the absolute appearance of POCUS findings, may be important harbingers of severe disease. POCUS findings did not change over a 28-day scanning period, suggesting that their detection at any time point may be clinically important. Funding Statement: None to declare Declaration of Interests: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco. A waiver of consent was obtained by both institutions.
Kuang's Semi-Classical Formalism for Calculating Electron Capture Cross Sections: A Space- Physics Application

Accurate estimates of electroncapture cross sections at energies relevant to the modeling of the transport, acceleration, and interaction of energetic neutral atoms (ENA) in space (approximately few MeV per nucleon) and especially for multi-electron ions must rely on detailed, but computationally expensive, quantum-mechanical description of the collision process. Kuang's semi-classical approach is an elegant and efficient way to arrive at these estimates. Motivated by ENA modeling efforts for apace applications, we shall briefly present this approach along with sample applications and report on current progress.
Antithrombin in Burn Trauma

In the United States, more than 1 million burn injuries occur every year. Although the survival from burn injury has increased in recent years with the development of effective fluid resuscitation management and early surgical excision of burned tissue, the mortality of burn injury is still high. In these fire victims, progressive pulmonary failure and cardiovascular dysfunction are important determinants of morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality increases when burn injury is associated with smoke inhalation. Smoke inhalation and pneumonia increase mortality of burn patients by 20 and 40%, respectively [1], suggesting that the pulmonary involvement is a very important risk factor in burn trauma. Our group and others have reported various factors that are involved in pathophysiology of acute lung injury (ALI) in burn, including coagulopathy [2, 3]. It was earlier described that burn injury is associated with a hypercoagulable state [4]. The coagulopathy seen in these burn patients is associated with marked depletion of a major endogenous regulator of blood coagulation, antithrombin [3, 4, 5]. In the present chapter, we will discuss a possible role of antithrombin in the pathophysiology of ALI induced by combined burn and smoke inhalation and review the therapeutic approaches.
Crafting a Scholarly Persona: A Panel Discussion

This is an edited transcript of Crafting a Scholarly Persona, the Scholarship Section's program from the AALS Annual Meeting in 2007. During this program, three established scholars, Ian Ayres, Paul Robinson, and Carol Sanger, discussed their individual career paths - How they chose their article topics, what the goals of their scholarship are, how they view their research agendas, etc. The discussion was intended roughly to mirror Bravo's Inside the Actor's Studio.
The present state of education for acquisitions librarianship

(1991). The present state of education for acquisitions librarianship. Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 359-364.
Money doctors, foreign debts, and economic reforms in Latin America from the 1890s to the present

This is the third book in the Jaguar Series. It addresses the ways in which foreign economic advisers have affected the domestic economies of Latin America and the world economy. Divided into four sections, it lays open the interaction of money doctors with both public and private interests.
Role of multilayer relaxation on the magnetic coupling of bilayer Mn on Fe(001)

Abstract Interfacial magnetic coupling in a bilayer of Mn on Fe(001) has been determined using the all-electron local density full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. Strikingly, the magnetic properties are very sensitive to the atomic structure, namely, the multilayer relaxation and the lattice constant in the lateral plane. The magnetic moment of the surface Mn appears to favor an antiferromagnetic coupling with the underlying Fe substrate, which explains some unusual experimental results. Since magnetic moments in the two Mn layers are very different (−2.76 μB for Mn(S) versus 1.09 μB for Mn(I)), a detectable net X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) signal is predicted for the antiferromagnetic Mn bilayer.
Time and Amplitude Statistics for Electromagnetic Noise in Mines

The time and amplitude statistics illustrated are important and useful in describing the time-dependent, measured electromagnetic (EM) noise in mines. They are 1) Allan variance analyses (AVA), 2) interpulse spacing distributions (ISD), 3) pulse duration distributions (PDD), 4) average crossing rates (ACR), and 5) amplitude probability distributions (APD). These statistics are illustrated using a rather large store of raw analog data measured in operatioal mines through computer software techniques. The curves generated for the figures characterize the noise environment in the mines from which the corresponding data were taken, and should aid in the design of reliable communication systems for such mines.
Aqueous 99Tc, 129I and 137Cs removal from contaminated groundwater and sediments using highly effective low-cost sorbents

Abstract Technetium-99 (99Tc), iodine-129 (129I), and cesium-137 (137Cs) are among the key risk-drivers for environmental cleanup. Immobilizing these radionuclides, especially TcO4− and I−, has been challenging. TcO4− and I− bind very weakly to most sediments, such that distribution coefficients (Kd values; radionuclide concentration ratio of solids to liquids) are typically 1 × 105 mL/g), I− (Kd ≥ 1 × 104 mL/g), and Cs+ (Kd > 1 × 103 mL/g) and also demonstrated a largely irreversible binding of the radionuclides. Activated carbon GAC 830 was effective at sorbing TcO4− (Kd > 1 × 105 mL/g) and I− (Kd = 6.9 × 103 mL/g), while a surfactant modified chabazite was effective at sorbing TcO4− (Kd > 2.5 × 104 mL/g) and Cs+ (Kd > 6.5 × 103 mL/g). Several sorbents were effective for only one radionuclide, e.g., modified zeolite Y had TcO4− Kd > 2.3 × 105 mL/g, AgS had I− Kd = 2.5 × 104 mL/g, and illite, chabazite, surfactant modified clinoptilolite, and thiol-SAMMS had Cs+ Kd > 103 mL/g. These low-cost and high capacity sorbents may provide a sustainable solution for environmental remediation.
Middle turbinate suture conchopexy during endoscopic sinus surgery does not impair olfaction.

BackgroundOne of the primary goals of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is to create widely patent paranasal sinus ostia, and lateralization of a middle turbinate (MT) after ESS can obstruct otherwise...
The chemical vapor deposition of boron at low temperatures

Abstract In this study we investigated the formation of boron coatings obtained from the dissociation of diborane as a function of temperature, pressure and degree of ionization. At a pressure of 1 atm, pure boron was formed only at deposition temperatures above 500°C; below this temperature, partial dissociation occurred and the deposited boron was combined with boron polymers. To remove these polymers (as they were formed), it was necessary to operate at low pressures (approximately 50 mTorr), thus allowing boron coatings to be deposited at temperatures as low as 350°C. By activating the diborane in an r.f. field, it was possible to deposit boron at temperatures as low as 150°C. In all cases the deposited boron was very dense, uniform and amorphous.
The Great Reference Response

Abstract The article by Anhang and Coffman entitled “The Great Reference Debate” (American Libraries, March 2002) is a challenge for reference librarians in all types of libraries. Three community college reference librarians respond to the issues raised in “The Great Reference Debate” and address the fundamental question, “Are reference librarians toast?”
Spatial Demand Models with Uniform Rate of Growth

This paper examines the changes over time in the spatial dispersion of facilities in a bounded one-dimensional habitat. Each facility produces a single good for a unique market area and demand for the good varies inversely with distance to the nearest facility and increases uniformly over time. Production and transportation cost functions are not assumed to be linear, and it is assumed that market areas are chosen so as to minimise the average cost of producing and transporting unit amount of the good. Conditions relating the demand function to the transportation cost function are given which are necessary and/or sufficient for the size of the market area to decrease over time. It is shown that if the market area has constant size, ‘balanced growth’ occurs if and only if the demand function is of the Pareto type. Finally, the relevance to this analysis of economies of scale is discussed.
Mechanism of the burst fracture in the thoracolumbar spine. The effect of loading rate.

Study Design. Calf lumbar spine motion segments were randomly assigned to two groups. After insertion of a transducer capable of measuring transient occlusion of the spinal canal during impact, a low rate axial impact was applied in one group and a high rate load in the other. Post-injury computed tomography scans and peak canal occlusions were measured to determine the effect of rate of load application on occlusion of the spinal canal. Objectives. This study was designed to determine if for the same direction of impact and total energy delivered, occlusion of the spinal canal postvertebral fracture was related to the rate at which the impact was delivered (time from zero to peak load). Summary of Background Data. Several reports based on clinical observations have hypothesized that axial burst fractures, which displace bone fragments into the canal, occur because of internal pressurization and explosion of the vertebral body. The extent of bursting of the vertebra may depend on the rate of pressurization of the body, which could be related to the rate at which the load is applied. Method. Using calf lumbar spines, a transducer was placed within the spinal canal, after removal of the cord, to measure canal occlusion during impact. One group received axial compressive impacts at a mean loading rate of 400 msec (zero to peak load) using a materials-testing machine. The energy of failure was determined and used to select a drop weight and distance for the high loading rate tests, which would yield equivalent impact energy. The second group received impacts at a loading rate of 20 msec. The post-injury radiographs and canal occlusion measurements were compared. Results. The same mean energy of impact was used in the fractures for both groups. Post-injury radiographs of the low loading rate group showed compressive fractures with a mean canal occlusion of 6.84%, whereas the high loading rate group had burst fractures with mean canal encroachment of 47.6% (P = 0.0007) Conclusions. For the same energy and direction of impact, a high impact loading rate produces fractures with significant canal encroachment, whereas minimal encroachment is seen for fractures produced at a low loading rate.
Effusive Elegies or Catty Critic: Letitia Elizabeth Landon On Felicia Hemans

Rather than dutifully producing conventional elegies bemoaning the loss of the exemplary woman poet immediately after Felicia Hemans’s death in 1835, Letitia Elizabeth Landon daringly objects to the disjunction between Hemans’s life and her public image. Landon dissents from regarding Hemans’s poetry as unblemished in its depiction of women’s traditional domestic role and instead hints at the subversive, indirect discontent she detects in Hemans’s verse — long before twentieth-century critics. Women writers must surely have enjoyed witnessing their gender’s growing success in the literary market, but, since women were competing against one another directly in the public sphere, it was inevitable that some regarded each other as competitors and experienced envy of others’ achievements. After her sister’s death, Harriet Hughes might record that Hemans “would rejoice in [the gifted writers of her own sex’s] success with true sisterly disinterestedness,” but Landon does not appear to have adopted such a “generous” stance (121).
Experimental Contact Dermatitis

An island in the Chesapeake Bay region was recently being considered as a natural habitat for the cultivation of monkeys for experimental projects. It was hoped that the animals would thus be much closer to, and hence more easily available to the medical centers on the East coast of the United States. The island, however, had considerable poison ivy vegetation and concern was expressed about the possibility of failure of the project if the animals were to acquire poison ivy contact dermatitis.
Characterization of amyloid deposition in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer disease

Transgenic mice carrying disease-linked forms of genes associated with Alzheimer disease often demonstrate deposition of the beta-amyloid as senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We have characterized the natural history of beta-amyloid deposition in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, a particularly aggressive transgenic mouse model generated with mutant transgenes for APP (APPswe: KM594/5NL) and PS1 (dE9: deletion of exon 9). Ex vivo histochemistry showed Abeta deposition by 4 months with a progressive increase in plaque number up to 12 months and a similar increase of Abeta levels. In vivo multiphoton microscopy at weekly intervals showed increasing beta-amyloid deposition as CAA and plaques. Although first appearing at an early age, CAA progressed at a significantly slower rate than in the Tg2576 mice. The consistent and early onset of beta-amyloid accumulation in the APPswe/PS1dE9 model confirms its utility for studies of biochemical and pathological mechanisms underlying beta-amyloid deposition, as well as exploring new therapeutic treatments.
Thermodynamic characterization of the osmolyte- and ligand-folded states of Bacillus subtilis ribonuclease P protein.

In Bacillus subtilis, P protein is the noncatalytic component of ribonuclease P (RNase P) that is critical for achieving maximal nuclease activity under physiological conditions. P protein is predominantly unfolded (D) at neutral pH and low ionic strength; however, it folds upon the addition of sulfate anions (ligands) as well as the osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) [Henkels, C. H., Kurz, J. C., Fierke, C. A., and Oas, T. G. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 2777−2789]. Since the molecular mechanisms that drive protein folding for these two solutes are different, CD thermal denaturation studies were employed to dissect the thermodynamics of protein unfolding from the two folded states. A global fit of the free-energy of TMAO-folded P protein versus [TMAO] and temperature yields TS, ΔHS, and ΔCp of unfolding for the poorly populated, unliganded, folded state (N) in the absence of TMAO. These thermodynamic parameters were used in the fit of the data from the coupled unfolding/ligand dissociation reaction to obt...
Interaction of Se and GaSe with Si(111)

Deposition of Se and GaSe on $\mathrm{Si}(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ surfaces was studied with low-energy electron diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron diffraction to probe initial nucleation and interface structure for $\mathrm{GaSe}/\mathrm{Si}(111)$ heteroepitaxy. Room-temperature deposition of Se on $\mathrm{Si}(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ results in an amorphous film. Subsequent annealing leads to Se evaporation without ordering or interdiffusion. Se deposition at $450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ saturates at submonolayer coverage with no diffusion of Se into the substrate. There is no clear evidence of ordered sites for the Se. Growth of GaSe on $\mathrm{Si}(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ above $500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ results in a pseudomorphic bilayer, with Si-Ga-Se bonding. Additional GaSe does not stick to the bilayer above $525\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ The resulting Se lone pair at the surface leads to an ideally passivated surface similar to $\mathrm{As}/\mathrm{Si}(111).$ This stable surface is similar to the layer termination in bulk GaSe. The single domain bilayer is oriented with the Ga-Se bond parallel to the substrate Si-Si bond.
Mitochondrial Complex I Function Modulates Volatile Anesthetic Sensitivity in C. elegans

Summary Despite the widespread clinical use of volatile anesthetics, their mechanisms of action remain unknown [1–6]. An unbiased genetic screen in the nematode C. elegans for animals with altered volatile anesthetic sensitivity identified a mutant in a nuclear-encoded subunit of mitochondrial complex I [7, 8]. This raised the question of whether mitochondrial dysfunction might be the primary mechanism by which volatile anesthetics act, rather than an untoward secondary effect [9, 10]. We report here analysis of additional C. elegans mutations in orthologs of human genes that contribute to the formation of complex I, complex II, complex III, and coenzyme Q [11–14]. To further characterize the specific contribution of complex I, we generated four hypomorphic C. elegans mutants encoding different complex I subunits [15]. Our main finding is the identification of a clear correlation between complex I-dependent oxidative phosphorylation capacity and volatile anesthetic sensitivity. These extended data link a physiologic determinant of anesthetic action in a tractable animal model to similar clinical observations in children with mitochondrial myopathies [16]. This work is the first to specifically implicate complex I-dependent oxidative phosphorylation function as a primary mediator of volatile anesthetic effect.
Burden of Emergency and Non-emergency Colorectal Cancer Surgeries in West Virginia and the USA

Purpose Elective surgical resection is the curative treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). Up to 30 % of patients present as surgical emergencies. The objective was to determine the association between presenting with an emergency condition and consequent outcomes of CRC surgery in the Appalachian state of West Virginia (WV) in comparison to the rest of the USA.
Random walks on finite lattices with traps. II. The case of a partially absorbing trap

We continue our study of dissipative processes involving both chemical reaction and physical diffusion in systems for which the influence of boundaries and system size on the dynamics cannot be neglected. We present a combined numerical (Monte Carlo) and analytical study of random walks on finite and infinite (i.e., periodic) lattices with a centrally located trap, and determine the extent to which the efficiency of trapping changes when this trap is characterized by an absorbance probability other than unity. Numerical results on the average number $〈n〉$ of steps required for trapping are presented for two- and three-dimensional lattices subject to confining, reflecting, and periodic boundary conditions and for three absorption probabilities: 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1. An expression is derived for calculating the average $〈n〉$ for an arbitrary absorption probability and it is shown that the predictions of the theory are in excellent accord with the results of our Monte Carlo simulations. The use of this expression allows a characterization of the degree of reversibility per reactive encounter.
Resonant photoemission determination of the valence electronic structure of Cr2O3

Abstract Resonant photoemission measurements have been performed on well characterized, stoichiometric (10 1 2) surfaces of single-crystal Cr2O3 using synchrotron radiation. A strong resonant enhancement of the highest-lying valence-band states is observed across the Cr 3p → 3d excitation threshold. In light of the similarity of the resonance in Cr2O3 with that of Ti2O3 and V2O3, we conclude that Cr2O3 is a Mott-Hubbard insulator. Cr 3d - O 2p hybridization is evidenced by the presence of the similar, but weaker, resonant enhancement in the O 2p valence-band region.
Theophylline improves measurements of respiratory muscle efficiency.

To determine the effect of theophylline on respiratory muscle efficiency (RME), 12 normal subjects were given theophylline vs placebo in a double-blind, randomized crossover protocol. Spirometry, resting energy expenditure, minute ventilation, RME, and oxygen cost of breathing were measured at baseline, after taking theophylline, and after placebo. RME was calculated by dividing the added work required to breathe through a threshold load by the added energy consumed during loaded breathing. Oxygen cost of breathing was calculated by dividing the increase in oxygen consumption induced by breathing an air/carbon dioxide mixture by the associated increase in minute ventilation. RME increased from 3.3±1.6% at baseline to 7.9±3.2% after theophylline (p 2 per liter at baseline to 1.7 ±0.7 mL O 2 per liter after theophylline (p 2 per liter). Theophylline use was also associated with an 18% increase in minute ventilation (p
Scleroderma with diverticulosis and colonic obstruction.

Abstract 1. 1. Two cases in which scleroderma with giant diverticula of the colon produced the signs and symptoms of obstruction have been presented; in the first case there were findings of scleroderma for ten years and in the second for nine years. 2. 2. Scleroderma is basically a generalized disease and surgical intervention is indicated only when there is localized disease producing irreversible symptoms. 3. 3. Contrary to results in previous reports, both patients tolerated resection of the descending colon well, their wounds healed satisfactorily, and symptoms were relieved. Follow-up study of two years has demonstrated that remarkable palliation has been obtained.
Inferring the intentional states of autonomous virtual agents.

Abstract Inferring the mental states of other agents, including their goals and intentions, is a central problem in cognition. A critical aspect of this problem is that one cannot observe mental states directly, but must infer them from observable actions. To study the computational mechanisms underlying this inference, we created a two-dimensional virtual environment populated by autonomous agents with independent cognitive architectures. These agents navigate the environment, collecting “food” and interacting with one another. The agents’ behavior is modulated by a small number of distinct goal states: attacking, exploring, fleeing, and gathering food. We studied subjects’ ability to detect and classify the agents’ continually changing goal states on the basis of their motions and interactions. Although the programmed ground truth goal state is not directly observable, subjects’ responses showed both high validity (correlation with this ground truth) and high reliability (correlation with one another). We present a Bayesian model of the inference of goal states, and find that it accounts for subjects’ responses better than alternative models. Although the model is fit to the actual programmed states of the agents, and not to subjects’ responses, its output actually conforms better to subjects’ responses than to the ground truth goal state of the agents.
Production of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol by Fusarium graminearum R 2118 in submerged cultures

Production of of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADN) by Fusarium graminearum R 2118 in submerged cultures was characterized for five different media. Toxin production was examined as a function of mycelial growth, sugar utilization, pH and phosphate concentration. In submerged cultures, 3-ADN appeared after 2 days of incubation at 25°C when mycelial growth had slowed down and the pH of the media had dropped to 4.5 or lower. A two stage process was developed for high and rapid production of 3-ADN, in which the biosynthetically active mycelium was grown in a yeast extract-peptone-sucrose medium and the toxin was produced by the mycelium in a sucrose containing minimal medium. Yields of 90–110 mg/l were obtained within 5 days in the production medium. Acidity (low pH) and low phosphate concentration in the minimal medium were both required for 3-ADN production, representing two independent regulating factors for the 3-ADN biosynthesis.
Effects of Microcrystalline Cellulose on Functional Properties of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Microcomposite Films

Edible films and coatings in foods can be used to increase shelf-life and improve organoleptic characteristics of foods by avoiding deterioration of food components and therefore promoting preservation of the final product. This study is the first to investigate the use of different size fillers for the purpose of preparing edible composite films with fillers < 1.0 microm in size. For this purpose, water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of HPMC (hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose) based films with the inclusion of different size MCC (microcrystalline cellulose) fillers were studied. The water vapor permeability of the control HPMC film was 1.2 +/- 0.2 g-mm/kPa-h-m2 and did not show a significant change with the addition of fillers. A comparison of mechanical properties of the films with a tensile test showed that tensile strength of the control film, which was prepared using a 3 wt% HPMC solution, increased from 29.7 +/- 1.6 MPa to 70.1 +/- 7.9 MPa with the addition of 500-nm size particles, while it increased only to 37.4 +/- 5.5 MPa with the addition of 3-microm size particles. Also important is that the elongation percentage of the control film did not decrease significantly with the addition of submicron size fillers to the HPMC films. This study showed that the increased surface area per weight of smaller size MCC fillers compared to their larger size counterparts was highly beneficial in terms of film mechanical property improvement.
Rat Liver Sorbitol Dehydrogenase

THERE has been considerable interest in the effect of various diets and hormones on liver enzymes. One of the problems related to the interpretation of the results is the dependence upon the method of reporting the data. This problem arises because various treatments cause changes in liver nitrogen content, liver cellularity, body-weight, and ratio of liver-weight to body-weight. Several considerations related to the reporting of results obtained after dietary and hormonal treatment have been discussed previously1–2. It would therefore be interesting if the activity of one enzyme were to remain unaffected by these many treatments using any given method of reporting results. Such an enzyme might be useful as a control. This report will present the effects on the activity of liver sorbitol dehydrogenase activity of several treatments known to affect many liver enzyme activities. Sorbitol dehydrogenase does not appear to be related to any apparently important normal metabolic function of the liver during most regimens or hormonal treatments, and it may therefore serve as a control enzyme activity for most treatments.
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Approach To Feature Extraction

The lower levels of many image processing and pattern recognition systems require a high degree of machine throughput. This is especially true in real-time (or pseudo-real time) systems where all the pixels in an image frame must be processed as quickly as possible. This paper proposes a method directed primarily toward extracting low level features quickly and efficiently. This method is based on projecting the image into characteristic subspaces using appropriate orthogonal basis functions. These basis operators are designed with an emphasis on modularity; thus, they will be useful in hierarchical processing and, significantly, they will fit well into a Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit design. Chips consisting of many of these modules, under executive processor control, could now be used in imaging systems that require fast feature detection using compact and efficient hardware.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Asymmetric Interactions of ATP with the AAA+ ClpX6 Unfoldase: Allosteric Control of a Protein Machine

Summary ATP hydrolysis by AAA+ ClpX hexamers powers protein unfolding and translocation during ClpXP degradation. Although ClpX is a homohexamer, positive and negative allosteric interactions partition six potential nucleotide binding sites into three classes with asymmetric properties. Some sites release ATP rapidly, others release ATP slowly, and at least two sites remain nucleotide free. Recognition of the degradation tag of protein substrates requires ATP binding to one set of sites and ATP or ADP binding to a second set of sites, suggesting a mechanism that allows repeated unfolding attempts without substrate release over multiple ATPase cycles. Our results rule out concerted hydrolysis models involving ClpX 6 •ATP 6 or ClpX 6 •ADP 6 and highlight structures of hexameric AAA+ machines with three or four nucleotides as likely functional states. These studies further emphasize commonalities between distant AAA+ family members, including protein and DNA translocases, helicases, motor proteins, clamp loaders, and other ATP-dependent enzymes.
Flip-angle filters

L'utilisation de cycles de phase pour les impulsions de radiofrequence permet une discrimination basee sur la symetrie par rapport a la rotation autour de l'axe du champ applique. Les filtres d'angle de changement d'orientation permettent de baser la discrimination sur la rotation autour d'un axe perpendiculaire a l'axe du champ applique. Discrimination entre la coherence du zero quantique et l'aimantation longitudinale
The making of a minor poet: Edward young and literary taxonomy

(1991). The making of a minor poet: Edward young and literary taxonomy. English Studies: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 355-367.
An experimental investigation of the free-rider problem

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test propositions drawn from a theory of rational decision-making propounded by Mancur Olson in The Logic of Collective Action. From Olson's theory it was hypothesized that: (1) Given only a public good to be achieved, the contributions from individuals in an operational equivalent of a large group will be smaller than the contributions from individuals in a small group. (2) Given that certain individuals' actions are not effective toward obtaining a public good, the contributions from those individuals in a condition in which a private good is also provided-but made contingent upon the individuals making a contribution to the public good-will be larger than the contribution from those individuals in a condition in which no private good is provided. Because Olson's theory presumes an informational input from a group context, two propositions regarding reference groups and individuals were also tested: (3) Individuals will contribute less toward a group goal when their actions are anonymous than when their performances are reviewed by a reference person. (4) Individuals who perceive that many of the members of their reference group are making large contributions toward a group goal will themselves make larger contributions than individuals who perceive that many of their reference group are making small contributions, ceteris paribus. (This last proposition is potentially inconsistent with Olson's theory.) The results of the experiment support propositions (1) and (2) and partially support proposition (3) but the results do not support proposition (4). The experiment demonstrates that the so-called free-rider phenomenon may be produced in the laboratory under controlled conditions and also that the extent of the phenomenon may be varied under laboratory conditions. Further the experiment suggests that the amount of contributions which group members are willing to make may be only indirectly affected by the size of the group through the medium of “perceived effectiveness” of an individual's contributory efforts.
Towards a microMRI atlas of mouse development

This study investigates the potential of microscopic Magnetic Resonance Imaging to obtain information for 3D digital atlases of mouse development using fixed samples. Fixed samples allow direct comparison with already published atlases and provide a testing ground for future in vivo efforts. 3D MR images of mouse embryos (dpc 6.5-16) illustrate that the necessary contrast and level of detail is available with this technique. Diffusion weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and multi-valued data sets are presented as examples of uniquely MR methods of obtaining anatomical information. MRI is performed non-invasively on the intact sample, leaving open the possibility of other manipulations (e.g. classical histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and in vitro growth for unfixed samples) after conducting the MRI experiment.
Bonding in discandium

Abstract Calculations are presented to establish that binding in Sc2 is weak, being of the order of 3–5 kcal/mole. in sharp disagreement with experiment. It is shown, however, that the mass spectrometric data can be re-interpreted to yield the calculated bond energy and bond length.