cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do communities differ in health behaviors

Abstract Communities differ in the prevalence of various health behaviors, but it is not known to what extent these differences are due to “different types” of people living in them. We used data from the evaluation of the Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Community Health Promotion Grant Program to study individual-level and community-level variation in health behaviors for 15 communities. Our results show (1) there was significant variation among these communities in prevalences of smoking, consumption of alcohol and dietary fat, and use of seatbelts; (2) these differences persisted after control for demographic, health status, and other health behavioral characteristics of the people in the communities; (3) the community effect on a particular person's behavior, as represented by R2, was very small (less than I%); and (4) the adjusted differences in prevalences among communities were potentially large (for example, a 7 percentage point difference in the probability of smoking). Unique features of communities may influence health behaviors. These findings affirm the potential importance of contextual effects on individual health behavior and thus support the theory that changing the community environment may offer effective ways to change individual health behavior.
Monoamines in the caudal neurosecretory complex: biochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

Abstract Monoaminergic inputs to the caudal neurosecretory complex (CNc) of Poecilia latipinna have been identified using histofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques. The present study was undertaken to identify specific monoamines and determine the relative contribution of indolamines and catecholamines in supraspinal and intrinsic innervation of the nucleus. The CNc was deafferented by transecting the spinal cord rostral to the CNc. Ten days subsequently, CNc of spinal-transected and control fish were processed for either biochemical or immunohistochemical analysis. Norepinephrine and serotonin were detected in pooled samples of control CNc. Following deafferentation, the content of both monoamines was diminished. Using immunohistochemical labeling for serotonin or for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), the number of monoamine fibers was decreased in deafferented CNc compared to control. A substantial serotonergic innervation remains after deafferentation, as evidenced by serotonin-positive neurons and heavy, varicose fibers. Occasional TH/DBH-positive cells and fibers remain after deafferentation. These data suggest that both norepinephrine and serotonin are associated with descending supraspinal projections, while serotonin predominates as the intrinsic monoamine.
Mouse hospital and co-clinical trial project—from bench to bedside

Owing to the molecular complexity of cancer and the cost of therapy, researchers have begun looking to in vivo functional genomics to inform patient care. Unfortunately, xenographs of established tumour cell lines in immunodeficient mice fail to recapitulate many critical features of human primary tumours. By contrast, mouse models of cancer often faithfully recapitulate basic biology, tumour-microenvironment interactions, drug responses and therapy resistance similar to human disease. Thus, we established the co-clinical trial project, and in doing so developed the concept of the mouse hospital, whereby in vivo preclinical and early clinical studies are closely aligned, enabling in vivo testing of drugs in a multitude of cancer subtypes using mouse models, while minimizing the cost and time required to study responses in thousands of human patients. This approach can inform enrollment of patients in clinical trials, and can enable repositioning and/or repurposing of previously approved drugs.
Simplifying Iterations in Cross-Functional Design Decision Making

In this paper, we consider the cross-functional design decision making process and discuss how sequential decision making leads to a degradation in design quality even when downstream design tasks are not rendered infeasible by preceding upstream decisions. We focus on the problem of simplifying the design iterations required to address this quality loss. Two properties, called sequence invariance and task invariance, are introduced to help reduce the complexity of subsequent design iterations. We also discuss how these properties may be used by designers in situations where mathematical descriptions of the design performance characteristics are unavailable. We illustrate the utility of these properties by showing their applicability to the design of catalytic converter diagnostic systems at a major U.S. automotive firm.
People with History: An Update on Historical Archaeology in the United States

Historical archaeology has expanded greatly in the past decade. This essay discusses some of the trends and themes that have become important in historical archaeology in the United States since 1982. The first section briefly assesses the field. The second discusses capitalism as one theme that may serve to unify research. Cross-cultural research, integrative analyses, and the concepts of power and ideology are central to this theme. The third section is a brief case study concerning the historic Cherokee. The conclusion comments on the institutional state of historical archaeology.
Rotational and vibrational dynamics of methane in helium nanodroplets

Abstract High resolution infrared laser spectroscopy has been used to study the rotational and vibrational dynamics of methane in helium nanodroplets. Because of the nuclear spin symmetry, four transitions (P(1),Q(1),R(0) and R(1)) are observed. While the first three have widths of approximately 0.2 cm −1 , which we attribute to moderately fast vibrational relaxation, the significantly larger width of the R(1) transition suggests even faster rotational relaxation for the latter. At higher methane pressures in the pick-up cell, three bands are observed that are attributed to clusters of methane. The spectra suggest that nearly free rotation of the monomer sub-units is still occurring in these larger clusters.
Murder, She Wrote: A Survey of Women Mystery Writers

Twenty years before Sherlock Holmes donned his deerstalker and informed Watson that “the game's a‐foot!” an American woman, Seely Regester, pub‐lished a mystery entitled The Dead Letter (1867).
Adaptive Robust Control of Hydraulic Robots With Recursive Least Squares

This paper proposes a robot control approach using a discrete recursive least square algorithm. The scheme shows robustness when the system suffers from measurement noise and has a fast parameter convergence rate. The control algorithm is computationally efficient and numerically stable. Guaranteed trajectory tracking can be achieved by simple parameter design if disturbances are bounded.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Determination of the rotational diffusion tensor of macromolecules in solution from nmr relaxation data with a combination of exact and approximate methods--application to the determination of interdomain orientation in multidomain proteins.

In this paper we present a method for determining the rotational diffusion tensor from NMR relaxation data using a combination of approximate and exact methods. The approximate method, which is computationally less intensive, computes values of the principal components of the diffusion tensor and estimates the Euler angles, which relate the principal axis frame of the diffusion tensor to the molecular frame. The approximate values of the principal components are then used as starting points for an exact calculation by a downhill simplex search for the principal components of the tensor over a grid of the space of Euler angles relating the diffusion tensor frame to the molecular frame. The search space of Euler angles is restricted using the tensor orientations calculated using the approximate method. The utility of this approach is demonstrated using both simulated and experimental relaxation data. A quality factor that determines the extent of the agreement between the measured and predicted relaxation data is provided. This approach is then used to estimate the relative orientation of SH3 and SH2 domains in the SH(32) dual-domain construct of Abelson kinase complexed with a consolidated ligand.
Comparison of figural intrusion errors in three amnesic subgroups.

To examine the contribution of memory deficits and executive dysfunction to the production of prior-item intrusion errors, Korsakoff, mesial temporal amnesic, and anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) patients’ performance on the Visual Reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was assessed. The Korsakoff patients were matched to the mesial temporal group in terms of severity of amnesia, while the ACoA group, which was less severely amnesic, was matched to the Korsakoff group in their performance on executive tests. Results indicated that at immediate recall, Korsakoff patients made significantly more intrusions than mesial temporal and ACoA patients. Conversely, after a delay, ACoA patients tended to make more intrusions than the other groups. Findings suggest that intrusions are due to a combination of deficient memory and executive dysfunction. A further comparison of a subgroup of ACoA patients matched to the Korsakoff patients in terms of severity of amnesia, however, revealed differences in the pattern of intrusions of these two groups, suggesting that different mechanisms may underlie Korsakoff and ACoA patients’ susceptibility to interference. (JINS, 1995, 1, 561–567.)
Demographic changes and household income in urban China: 1988–2002

This article documents the major demographic changes during recent years in urban China using the China Household Income Project (CHIP) 1988, 1995 and 2002 data. It also presents the changing levels and compositions of household income in urban China, and examines the impact of the changing demographics on household income. Findings indicate that urban residents have become older and more educated. Individuals are more likely to be employed in the private sector, retired or unemployed as the market economic reforms have progressed. At the household level, household size has been decreasing, with fewer children and higher number of older persons, while the proportions of nuclear families with only one child as well as couples without children have been increasing. Meanwhile, household per capita income has been rising continuously over the years. Several important demographic characteristics have been significantly associated with household income levels. Households whose heads were older, with higher educ...
Some actions of parathion and/or dieldrin on androgen metabolism

Abstract The metabolism of 1,2−3H-testosterone (T-3H) in vitro by mouse anterior prostate glands or hepatic microsomes has been studied after the oral administration of dieldrin (2.5 mg/kg daily × 5 or 10) and/or parathion (1.3, 2.6, or 5.2 mg/kg daily × 5 or 10). T−3H metabolism in the prostate was unaffected by the various treatment regimens. Dieldrin (10 days) caused some reductions in the microsomal production of androstenedione−3H but failed to affect the biotransformation to androstanediol−3H or dihydrotestosterone−3H. Only treatment regimens with dieldrin stimulated hepatic testosterone hydroxylases; parathion alone had no effect. This study revealed that dieldrin and parathion can interact and produce biological effects different from those caused by either pesticide alone. The results of such interactions can be changed by altering the dose and duration of one of the pesticides.
Prospects for food security in the 21st Century: with special emphasis on Africa

Abstract Food security for the world in 2025 is possible and probable if the right set of things are done, starting now. But the task will not be easy. It is both a technology and a political/economic challenge. The challenge for sub-Saharan Africa is even greater. While other regions improved per capita food availability over the last 30 years, Africa's availability declined. But food security is about more than supply. It is also about access which means income generating employment is critical. Meeting future requirements in Africa and the world will require sustainable intensification of complex production systems, appropriate national and international policies and continued investments in agricultural research. Without these conditions and increased employment intensive growth, prospects for the future are less bright.
Public service as a calling: an exploration of a concept. part II

In a continuing exploration of the concept of a calling and its relevance to public service, this analysis traces its metamorphosis and interpretations resulting from the Protestant Reformation. This era is responsible for sacralizing the calling by sanctifying the daily activities of the people. For now all vocations are able to fulfill one's calling. Thus, Martin Luther's challenge of the reigning religious rituals and beliefs transforms the calling from an elitist, sacred concept to a populist belief system as he applies the calling to the mundane world of work. In this transformation all are eligible for salvation through hard work, which becomes the prescribed means for self-actualization. Here “every honest layman is called by God to his particular activity in society from making shoes to ruling the state.” The new Protestant religion releases man from seeking salvation through the intercession of the church. Now he must utilize his own efforts. For he who works diligently is ultimately bound to ach...
A fully implicit domain decomposition based ALE framework for three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction with application in blood flow computation

Due to the rapid advancement of supercomputing hardware, there is a growing interest in parallel algorithms for modeling the full three-dimensional interaction between the blood flow and the arterial wall. In [4], Barker and Cai developed a parallel framework for solving fluid-structure interaction problems in two dimensions. In this paper, we extend the idea to three dimensions. We introduce and study a parallel scalable domain decomposition method for solving nonlinear monolithically coupled systems arising from the discretization of the coupled system in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian framework with a fully implicit stabilized finite element method. The investigation focuses on the robustness and parallel scalability of the Newton-Krylov algorithm preconditioned with an overlapping additive Schwarz method. We validate the proposed approach and report the parallel performance for some patient-specific pulmonary artery problems. The algorithm is shown to be scalable with a large number of processors and for problems with millions of unknowns.
Experimental search for a simple rate equation to describe deactivating porous catalyst particles

Abstract This paper concerns the experimental determination of the orders of reaction and deactivation in the nth order rate equation which represents the four broad classes of deactivation of catalyst particles: parallel, series, side-by-side, and independent. We discuss the various reactor types which may be used, both batch-solids and flowing solids. For batch-solids systems we show that when deactivation is concentration independent then using a batch of fluid or any flow of fluid gives results which are simple to interpret. However, when deactivation is concentration dependent then only one very particular form of contacting is recommended in that it alone allows decoupling of concentration and activity effects, and their study one at a time. In essence we show how the methods for nth order homogeneous reactions can be extended in a simple way to catalytic systems with deactivating porous solids.
Microbial models of soil metabolism: biotransformations of danofloxacin

Danofloxacin is a new synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent under development for exclusive use in veterinary medicine. Such use could lead to deposition of low levels of danofloxacin residues in the environment in manure from treated livestock. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential for indigenous soil microorganisms to metabolize danofloxacin. Cultures of 72 soil microorganisms representing a diverse panel of bacteria, fungi and yeast were incubated with danofloxacin mesylate substrate and samples analyzed periodically by high performance liquid chromatography for loss of danofloxacin and formation of metabolites. Some samples were further analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry to confirm metabolite identification. Twelve organisms, representing eight different genera, biotransformed danofloxacin to metabolites detectable by the chromatographic methods employed. Two Mycobacterium species, two Pseudomonas species, and isolates of Nocardia sp, Rhizopus arrhizus and Streptomyces griseus all formed N-desmethyldanofloxacin. The formation of the 7-amino danofloxacin derivative, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid by cultures of Candida lipopytica, Pseudomonas fluorescens, two Mycobacterium species and three Penicillium species demonstrates the propensities of these cultures to completely degrade the piperazine ring. At least two additional and unidentified metabolite peaks were observed in chromatograms of Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium sp cultures. Radiolabled [2-14C]danofloxacin added to cultures of the fungus Curvularia lunata was apparently mineralized, with approximately 31% of the radiolabel recovered as volatile metabolites after 24 h of incubation, indicating the susceptibility of the quinolone ring to microbial metabolic degradation.
Cell migration in Drosophila

Recent genetic studies in Drosophila have identified signals that direct cell movement, mechanisms that transduce such signals within migrating cells and some of the molecular machinery underlying cell motility. Activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway is required for migration of the cells of the developing respiratory system and mesoderm. A signal dependent on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutanyl Coenzyme A reductase attracts migrating primordial germ cells to the somatic gonad, whereas the phosphohydrolase, phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2, repels germ cells. In the female germline, the migratory path of border cells is directed by the homophilic adhesion molecule E cadherin.
RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of Spirodela dormancy without reproduction

Higher plants exhibit a remarkable phenotypic plasticity to adapt to adverse environmental changes. The Greater Duckweed Spirodela, as an aquatic plant, presents exceptional tolerance to cold winters through its dormant structure of turions in place of seeds. Abundant starch in turions permits them to sink and escape the freezing surface of waters. Due to their clonal propagation, they are the fastest growing biomass on earth, providing yet an untapped source for industrial applications. We used next generation sequencing technology to examine the transcriptome of turion development triggered by exogenous ABA. A total of 208 genes showed more than a 4-fold increase compared with 154 down-regulated genes in developing turions. The analysis of up-regulated differential expressed genes in response to dormancy exposed an enriched interplay among various pathways: signal transduction, seed dehydration, carbohydrate and secondary metabolism, and senescence. On the other side, the genes responsible for rapid growth and biomass accumulation through DNA assembly, protein synthesis and carbon fixation are repressed. Noticeably, three members of late embryogenesis abundant protein family are exclusively expressed during turion formation. High expression level of key genes in starch synthesis are APS1, APL3 and GBSSI, which could artificially be reduced for re-directing carbon flow from photosynthesis to create a higher energy biomass. The identification and functional annotation of differentially expressed genes open a major step towards understanding the molecular network underlying vegetative frond dormancy. Moreover, genes have been identified that could be engineered in duckweeds for practical applications easing agricultural production of food crops.
Emerging challenges in information management: A perpective from the industry

The digital ecosystem and information management are being hit by the perfect storm — the exponential growth of both structured and unstructured information, the astoundingly varied digital sources from social networks to the cars we drive, and the rising expectation and need for speedy decision making. Paradoxically, as the information grows, the ability to harness it intelligently is diminishing. It is further compounded by our difficulty in actually discovering the relevant piece of information needed to drive the decision in the context within the systemic constraints. The paper presentation will explore the challenges in the digital information management space with specific focus on analyzing, securing and harnessing the information, what needs to be done to foster the ecosystem, the challenges/gaps that exist, and the progress that is crying to be made in the coming decade. The paper will expound on the spectrum of complexities starting from the fundamental information extraction from data, and then discuss the approaches for synthesizing, standardizing and harmonizing noisy data to derive a holistic view. The paper will then elaborate ways of discovering information, and touch upon industry challenges in the space. The conclusion will highlight the emerging trends of gaining insights and intelligence, and being able to model and predict competitive behavior.
Using network clustering to predict copy number variations associated with health disparities.

Substantial health disparities exist between African Americans and Caucasians in the United States. Copy number variations (CNVs) are one form of human genetic variations that have been linked with complex diseases and often occur at different frequencies among African Americans and Caucasian populations. Here, we aimed to investigate whether CNVs with differential frequencies can contribute to health disparities from the perspective of gene networks. We inferred network clusters from human gene/protein networks based on two different data sources. We then evaluated each network cluster for the occurrences of known pathogenic genes and genes located in CNVs with different population frequencies, and used false discovery rates to rank network clusters. This approach let us identify five clusters enriched with known pathogenic genes and with genes located in CNVs with different frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians. These clustering patterns predict two candidate causal genes located in four population-specific CNVs that play potential roles in health disparities
Compilation Techniques for Real-Time Java Programs

In this paper, we introduce the IBMreg WebSpherereg real time product, which incorporates a virtual machine that is fully Javatrade compliant as well as compliant with the Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ). We describe IBM's real-time Java enhancements, particularly in the area of our Testarossa (TR) ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler, our TR just-in-time (JIT) compiler, and our Metronome (Bacon, et al., 2003) deterministic garbage collector (GC). The main focus of this paper is on the various techniques employed by the TR compilers to optimize and regulate the performance of code running in a real-time Java environment through a simple Java source code example. Through the example, we highlight the additional checks required to provide a conformant RTSJ implementation as well as the performance issues with ahead-of-time code generation and the overheads required to support Metronome. We show how these checks are implemented in a production JVM, and then report the cost of the real-time changes in practice for the example as well as the SPECjvm98 benchmark suite, SPECjbb2000, and SPECjbb2005
DAISY: a decision support design methodology for complex, experience-centered domains

Users at different levels of domain experience have very different needs. For example, a system designed to assist domain novices may frustrate experts and vice-versa. This is one of several challenges specific to building decision support systems for experience-centered domains. A second challenge in working with complex experience-centered domains is that it is hard for non-experts to understand the domain in order to model it. In this paper we present DAISY, the design aid for intelligent support systems. It is a software design methodology for constructing decision support systems in complex, experience-based domains. DAISY address the specialized challenges of these domains by augmenting existing cognitive engineering methodologies. In particular, DAISY provides a method for identifying the specialized needs of users within a specific range of domain experience. Thus, it can help software designers to understand "What does the domain expert need?" or "What does a trained novice need?" To help system designers manage the complexity of modeling unfamiliar experience-centered domains, it provides a tool called a time/activity matrix. To illustrate each of DAISY's steps, we used the development of a decision support system called Fox. Fox assists expert military planners by rapidly generating alternative plans. This is a cognitively difficult, time critical task with life and death consequences.
Comparison of the responses to light and to GABA of cells postsynaptic to barnacle photoreceptors (I-cells).

We tested the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the transmitter released by barnacle photoreceptors onto postsynaptic cells (I-cells). GABA was applied to I-cells either by superfusion or by ejecting it with pressure from a pipette positioned close to the I-cell's soma. The I-cell's response to GABA was compared with its response to light (i.e. to the photoreceptors' transmitter) by recording intracellularly from its soma. Bath-applied (100 microns to 10 mM) and pressure-applied GABA (10 mM in pipette) hyperpolarizes I-cells by increasing their conductance, as does the photoreceptors' transmitter. The response to pressure-applied GABA consists of two components; both persist when Co2+ or Cd2+ are added to the saline to block synaptic transmission in the preparation, indicating that GABA affects the I-cell directly rather than affecting a presynaptic cell. GABA hyperpolarizes the I-cell when applied to the cell over the soma and ipsilateral arbor or over the contralateral arbor. The I-cells' responses to GABA and to light both depend on extracellular K+ and are affected by changes in intracellular and extracellular Cl-. However, picrotoxin and beta-guanidinopropionic acid block the response to pressure-applied GABA but do not block the response to light even at an order of magnitude higher concentration. Thus, GABA is not likely to be the transmitter that causes the hyperpolarizing response of the I-cell. It may be a neuromodulator or the transmitter of an unknown input to the I-cell.
Marital conflict, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and allostatic load: Interrelations and associations with the development of children's externalizing behavior

Allostatic load theory hypothesizes that stress and the body's responses to stressors contribute to longer term physiological changes in multiple systems over time (allostasis), and that shifts in how these systems function have implications for adjustment and health. We investigated these hypotheses with longitudinal data from two independent samples (n = 413; 219 girls, 194 boys) with repeated measures at ages 8, 9, 10, and 11. Initial parental marital conflict and its change over time indexed children's exposure to an important familial stressor, which was examined in interaction with children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity to laboratory tasks (stress response) to predict children's basal levels of RSA over time. We also investigated children's sex as an additional possible moderator. Our second research question focused on examining whether initial levels and changes in resting RSA over time predicted children's externalizing behavior. Boys with a strong RSA suppression response to a frustrating laboratory task who experienced higher initial marital conflict or increasing marital conflict over time showed decreases in their resting RSA over time. In addition, boys' initial resting RSA (but not changes in resting RSA over time) was negatively related to change over time in externalizing symptoms. Findings for girls were more mixed. Results are discussed in the context of developmental psychobiology, allostatic load, and implications for the development of psychopathology.
Sources of motivation in a couples outpatient alcoholism treatment program

This study examines sources of motivation to seek treatment. Participants were 105 male alcoholics and their non-alcoholic female partners who participated in a study of three different approaches to the conjoint treatment of alcoholism. Participants' sources of motivation were coded from responses to questions at the initial clinical screening interview. Sources of motivation were classified as "internal" or "external." More participants had internal sources of motivation (74%) than external sources. Participants with internal sources of motivation scored higher on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test than participants with external sources of motivation, but did not differ on other measures of pretreatment severity of alcohol problems. About half of the participants (53%) cited their partner as a primary source of motivation to seek treatment. Other sources of motivation cited were: increasing problems with alcohol, mental health problems, and physical health problems. There was greater variability among internal sources of motivation than among external sources of motivation. Participants' partners but not the male participants themselves, experienced an increase in marital satisfaction from pre- to within-treatment when the participant was motivated to come to treatment by his partner.
Spatial Mapping of Morphology and Electronic Properties of Air-Printed Pentacene Thin Films

To accelerate the pace of materials discovery and application, comprehensive links need to be established between a material’s structure, properties, and process conditions used to obtain the material and/or fi nal application format. This work examines the dry printing of pentacene thin fi lm transistor (TFT) channels by guard fl ow-enhanced organic vapor jet printing (GF-OVJP), a technique that enables direct, solvent-free, additive patterning of devicequality molecular semiconductors in air. Deposition in air entails non-trivial effects at the boundary between ambient surroundings and the gas jet carrying the semiconductor vapor that infl uence the morphology and properties of the resulting electronic devices. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction is employed, complemented by measurement of electronic properties of GF-OVJP deposited fi lms in a TFT to reveal how the morphology and electronic properties of the fi lms depend on thickness, location within the printed pattern, nozzle translation velocity, and other process parameters. The hole fi eld-effect mobility of the printed pentacene fi lm is linked quantitatively with its crystallinity, as well as with extent of exposure to ambient air during deposition. The analysis can be extended to accurately predict the performance of devices deposited in air by GF-OVJP, which are demonstrated here for a planar, large area deposit.
Some Properties of a-SixC1−xH Films Prepared by a Mixed Frequency PECVD Process

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of experiments that were done to develop a process to reliably produce low-stress a-Si x C 1−x :H films by PECVD. The films were deposited at 380 °C in a horizontal hot wall reactor using mixtures of silane and methane. The unique feature of the reactor is that, In contrast to others, the plasma was powered by two power sources; one was operated at 450 kHz, the other at 13.56 MHz. The plasma was maintaired in a mixed frequency mode during deposition. The total energy input to the plasma during a duty cycle was kept fixed while the properties of the films were altered by adjusting the relative energy output of each power supply. The energy output of each generator was adjusted by changing their on-times and peak powers. The composition of the films, their Initial stress, and the behavior of their stress during a temperature anneal were studied extensively. The Si/C ratio of the films varied from 0.3 to 3.0. The hydrogen concentration varied from 24 to 32 atomic percent. The initial stress was controlled by frequency mixing, and varied from −400 MPa to + 100 MPa.
Latent infection of B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latently infects human B lymphocytes efficiently. Infection in vivo can lead to disease although it usually leads to lifelong immunity from disease coupled with an ongoing latent infection. Infection in vitro yields proliferating B lymphoblasts which express only 10% of EBV's genes, rarely support productive infection, and usually evolve to yield immortalized progeny. Only four to five viral genes are thought to be required for this latent infection and thus to be critical for the initiation and maintenance of proliferation of the infected host cell.
An analog VLSI model of the jamming avoidance response in electric fish

The author describes an analog VLSI model of the jamming avoidance response (JAR) in the electric fish Eigenmannia. The fish uses the JAR to change the frequency of its electric organ discharge (EOD) so that interfering signals do not impair its ability to detect and locate objects with its electric field. This system, although behaviorally simple, comprises many levels of processing, and distributes the computation over a number of locally connected elements. The distributed nature of the computation makes analog VLSI technology a good substrate for implementing this model because mismatches in the electronic components are averaged out and are therefore not a problem. The author examines the chip's behavior, and compares its data to biological data as a qualitative measure of correctness. >
Physical content of the orthogonalized final-state rule of Davis and Feldkamp

The orthogonalized final-state rule for x-ray absorption and emission is discussed in the light of an earlier paper by Friedel, and in the light of subsequent papers by Ramaker, and by von Barth and Grossman. It is pointed out that the orthogonalized final-state (OFS) rule deals only with the excitonic enhancement of the final-state-rule transition probability. For the models used by Davis and Feldkamp, von Barth and Grossman, and Friedel, it is shown that the orthogonalized final-state rule yields an excitonic Fermi-edge singularity which is the logarithm of the generally accepted one, and thus underestimates the excitonic enhancement near the Fermi edge. Away from the Fermi edge, the OFS rule should provide a useful evaluation of the excitonic enhancement, as was shown by Davis and Feldkamp and in their paper proposing the OFS rule.
Hierarchical organization of long‐range circuits in the olfactory cortices

How sensory information is processed within olfactory cortices is unclear. Here, we examined long-range circuit wiring between different olfactory cortical regions of acute mouse brain slices using a channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-based neuronal targeting approach. Our results provide detailed information regarding the synaptic properties of the reciprocal long-range monosynaptic glutamatergic projections (LRMGP) between and within anterior piriform cortex (aPC), posterior piriform cortex (pPC), and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), thereby creating a long-range inter- and intracortical circuit diagrams at the level of synapses and single cortical neurons. Our results reveal the following information regarding hierarchical intra- and intercortical organizations: (i) there is massive bottom-up (i.e., rostral–caudal) excitation within the LRMGP accompanied with strong feedforward (FF) inhibition; (ii) there are convergent FF connections onto LEC from both aPC and pPC; (iii) feedback (FB) intercortical connections are weak with a significant fraction of presumptive silent synapses; and (iv) intra and intercortical long-range connections lack layer specificity and their innervation of interneurons are stronger than neighboring pyramidal neurons. The elucidation of the distinct hierarchical organization of long-range olfactory cortical circuits paves the way for further understanding of higher order cortical processing within the olfactory system.
Information, Control, and Organizational Structure

This paper investigates how a designer of an organization (referred to as the regulator) should organize a production activity in which two different units produce components and where each unit has private information about its costs. Three organizational structures are analyzed. In the first (informational consolidation), the regulator contracts with a consolidated unit that produces both components. In the second (informational decentralization), the regulator independently contracts with the producer of each component. In the third (informational delegation), the regulator contracts with one of the units, which in turn subcontracts with the other. In each case, the regulator's optimal mechanism consisting of payment and output schedules is fully characterized. Informational consolidation and informational decentralization yield different output schedules. Under informational decentralization, the optimal output schedule may not depend on the sum of the marginal costs of each component, but when it does, the regulator strictly prefers informational consolidation to informational decentralization. Informational delegation is shown to be equivalent to informational decentralization when the regulator can observe the contracting between the units.
Residual Dysphasia After Severe Hypoglycemia in a Patient With Immune-Mediated Primary Adrenal Insufficiency and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a 24-year-old patient with immune-mediated primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) receiving intensive diabetes management who was comatose at presentation attributable to severe hypoglycemia and had residual dysphasia after recovery and to summarize the related literature. Methods We present a case report and the findings on systematic review of the pertinent literature to identify the cumulative incidence of severe hypoglycemia with use of intensive insulin therapy in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and T1DM and to determine the incidence of dysphasia after severe hypoglycemia. Results After 5 days of mechanical ventilation, our patient was revived. He had severe dysphasia after recovery of consciousness. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed encephalomalacia in the left temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes. After 6 years of follow-up, he continues to have residual deficits of expressive dysphasia and difficult-to-control seizures but no other neurologic disorders. Systematic review of the literature revealed that studies from the 1950s reported mortality due to hypoglycemia in such a cohort, but no recent studies have described the cumulative incidence of severe hypoglycemia in a cohort of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and T1DM. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the head in such a patient. Conclusion Fortunately, residual dysphasia is an infrequent outcome after severe hypoglycemia. (Endocr Pract. 2007;13:384-388)
NEURAL INDUCTION AND REGIONALISATION BY DIFFERENT SUBPOPULATIONS OF CELLS IN HENSEN'S NODE

Cell lineage analysis has revealed that the amniote organizer, Hensen's node, is subdivided into distinct regions, each containing a characteristic subpopulation of cells with defined fates. Here, we address the question of whether the inducing and regionalising ability of Hensen's node is associated with a specific subpopulation. Quail explants from Hensen's node are grafted into an extraembryonic site in a host chick embryo allowing host- and donor-derived cells to be distinguished. Cell-type- and region-specific markers are used to assess the fates of the mesodermal and neural cells that develop. We find that neural inducing ability is localised in the epiblast layer and the mesendoderm (deep portion) of the medial sector of the node. The deep portion of the posterolateral part of the node does not have neural inducing ability. Neural induction also correlates with the presence of particular prospective cell types in our grafts: chordamesoderm (notochord/head process), definitive (gut) endoderm or neural tissue. However, only grafts that include the epiblast layer of the node induce neural tissue expressing a complete range of anteroposterior characteristics, although prospective prechordal plate cells may also play a role in specification of the forebrain.
Products of Separable Spaces

(1964). Products of Separable Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 398-403.
AN OBSERVATION OF ALTERED LOCUS OF CONTROL FOLLOWING POLITICAL DISAPPOINTMENT

Rotter ( 1966) developed the Internal-External Control of Reinforcement Scale (I-E) as a measure of the tendency to perceive events as being the result of one's own control as opposed to the tendency to perceive events as fate or chance controlled. In situations in which the person's expectancy for selfdirected success would become diminished, it would be expected that scores on the I-E scale would shift in the direction of external locus of control. The following accidental observation appears to provide evidence of a rapid shift toward an external orientation following a shift in expectancy. As part of a classroom demonstration of some current research scales, 62
Variability and Uncertainty in Life Cycle Assessment Models for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Canadian Oil Sands Production

Because of interest in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels production, a number of recent life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have calculated GHG emissions from oil sands extraction, upgrading, and refining pathways. The results from these studies vary considerably. This paper reviews factors affecting energy consumption and GHG emissions from oil sands extraction. It then uses publicly available data to analyze the assumptions made in the LCA models to better understand the causes of variability in emissions estimates. It is found that the variation in oil sands GHG estimates is due to a variety of causes. In approximate order of importance, these are scope of modeling and choice of projects analyzed (e.g., specific projects vs industry averages); differences in assumed energy intensities of extraction and upgrading; differences in the fuel mix assumptions; treatment of secondary noncombustion emissions sources, such as venting, flaring, and fugitive emissions; and treatment of ecological emissions sources, such as land-use change-associated emissions. The GHGenius model is recommended as the LCA model that is most congruent with reported industry average data. GHGenius also has the most comprehensive system boundaries. Last, remaining uncertainties and future research needs are discussed.
Hungary: Property Relations Recast

Words are also deeds. V. I. Lenin The history of Hungarian reformism suggests that Lenin was right. We need only recall how reformist leaders, particularly during the period of the New Course, manipulated Marx's and Lenin's own words in order to justify official deviations from socialist dogma. But how words become deeds is neither a linear process nor a matter of pure political will. As Douglass North has argued, any attempt at purposeful change of a system must build incrementally on the “mental models” already embedded in the organizations comprising that system's broader institutional framework. At the same time, agents of innovation must also exploit windows of opportunity that can close as swiftly as they open. If innovators move too quickly or brazenly, they are likely to provoke counter-moves that block or even reverse their agendas. If they move too slowly or timidly, they risk wasting advantageous circumstances that might never again present themselves. A political-discursive strategy that gives reformers a hold on both the scope and pace of change is an essential part of success. In 1982, Hungarian reformers managed to bring about a broad institutionalization of private entrepreneurship precisely because they devised and successfully deployed just such a political-discursive strategy. By drawing on the legacies of prior reform experiments, they set out to reinterpret the official ideology's building blocks, thus taking a seemingly “incremental” approach to the transformation of the dominant “mental model.”
The Gulf and the Global Economy

The opening chapter in this book assesses the multifaceted reasons behind the Gulf States’ uneven record of integration into the global economy. It begins by documenting how the ties binding the Gulf States into the global economy are both deep-rooted and long predate the discovery and extraction of oil in the twentieth century. Rather, the opening section highlights the historical interconnectivity of the transnational flows that tied the region into a broader economic hinterland spanning the Indian Oceanic world. Nevertheless, these processes were patchy and subject to partial reversal during the early oil years. Thus, the second section in this chapter examines the entrenched dynamics that also served to limit the Gulf States’ relationships with the international system, both politically and economically. Such dynamics included the conservative leanings of many of the ‘post-traditional’ governing systems in the (Arabian) Gulf, and the Gulf States’ enmeshment in Western political and military spheres of influence, during the period of prolonged British protection and following the passage to independence.
Collaborative Study of the Impedance Method for Examining Raw Milk Samples

The impedance method is a rapid automated method for determining bacteriological contamination levels. A collaborative study was done to establish the reproducibility of the impedance method in predicting counts of raw milk. Frozen and unfrozen raw milk samples, with counts in the range of 9 × 104 to 4 × 107 CFU/ml, were sent to six laboratories to be examined by the standard plate count method (SPC) and by the impedance method which produced Bactometer-predicted counts (BPC). The impedance results showed less variability than SPC among laboratories in all three trials. The variance between split samples was also smaller for the impedance method than for SPC. However, the variance between duplicate plates of the same sample was significantly smaller for SPC than for BPC. In one trial, the means of BPC and SPC were not significantly different, whereas in another trial there was a significant difference of ca. log10 0.27 between the means of the two methods. However, in this trial the extreme differences between laboratories counting the same sample were log10 0.42.