cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case of mistaken identity: periapical cemental dysplasia in an endodontically treated tooth

A case of a patient with a history of root canal treatment and re-treatment and a persistent periapical radiolucency is reviewed. Following surgery, biopsy material was submitted and diagnosed as periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD). With careful diagnosis, PCD should be readily differentiated from endodontic pathosis, thus avoiding unnecessary root canal treatment. In this case, surgery was necessary to rule out other inflammatory disease or benign odontogenic entities.
Time-varying norm optimal iterative learning identification

In this paper, we focus on improving the performance of an Iterative Learning Identification (ILI) algorithm for identifying discrete, Single-Input Single-Output (SISO), Linear Time- Varying (LTV) plants that are able to repeat their trajectories. The identification learning laws are determined through an optimization framework, which is similar in nature to the design of norm optimal Iterative Learning Control (ILC). The ILI algorithm has been previously demonstrated to be capable of tracking rapid parameter changes. However, when it is applied to systems with noise, it results in high frequency parameter fluctuation around their true values. This paper suggests a time-varying ILI technique to improve the steady state estimation while maintaining the ILI's ability to track rapid parameter changes.
The contingency model of leadership effectiveness: Its levels of analysis

Abstract The contingency model of leadership effectiveness (Fiedler, 1978) has been the basis for an extensive body of research. During the last three decades, numerous studies have supported its propositions (Peters, Hartke, & Pohlmann, 1985; Strube & Garcia, 1981), but the model has also elicited strong criticisms. This article argues that the contingency model was one of the first models in leadership research that was theoretically multi-level and methodologically multi-source. New evidence and alternative perspectives are offered to address the issues concerning the conceptual definitions of the model's components, which have often been the subject of debate. The discussion concludes with productive avenues for future research in the paradigm and its potential contributions to leadership training and development within a multi-level framework.
Les conditions de l'interprétation

Donald Davidson considere qu'une theorie de l'interpretation doit etre radicale, c'est-a-dire qu'elle ne doit presupposer aucune connaissance de la langue a interpreter. Cette exigence repose sur l'idee suivante: si une theorie de l'interpretation pour une langue L presuppose une certaine comprehension de L, alors elle perd son pouvoir explicatif et echoue a rendre compte de ce qui permet la comprehension de L. L'interpr'tation radicale a l'avantage de nous forcer a rendre explicite ce qui est a l'œuvre dans le processus d'interpretation du comportement verbal d'autrui. Elle nous permet aussi de nous concentrer sur la nature des donnees empiriques qui rendent possible la communication. Il importe de noter que Davidson ne veut aucunement suggerer qu'un interprete competent de L connaϊt ou possede une theorie de l'interpretation pour L: la theorie set plutot a donner une description de sa competence.
Analysis of the Cdc28 protein kinase complex by dosage suppression.

In the interest of identifying components of the Cdc28 protein kinase complex, dosage suppression analysis was performed on temperature-sensitive and dominant negative CDC28 mutations. Dosage suppression is based on a rationale in which elevated expression of wild-type genes can rescue mutations in a target gene as a result of interaction between the respective encoded proteins. Three sequences capable of rescuing a temperature sensitive cdc28 mutation were isolated from a library of wild-type genomic DNA segments in the high copy vector YEp13. Two of these, named CLN1 and CLN2 were found to encode closely related proteins with homology to cyclins. The third, CKSI , encodes an 18K (K = 103 M r) protein that has been shown to be a component of the Cdc28 protein kinase complex and is a homolog of the suc1 + product of fission yeast. A number of dosage suppressors of the CDC28-dn1 dominant negative mutation have been isolated. The one analyzed to date encodes a truncated subunit of the mitochondria1 enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase. The basis for suppression in this case remains to be elucidated.
The topological theory of current graphs

Abstract W. Gustin's introduction of combinatorial current graphs as a device for obtaining orientable imbeddings of Cayley “color” graphs was fundamental to the solution of the Heawood map-coloring problem by G. Ringel, J. W. T. Youngs, C. M. Terry, and L. R. Welch. The topological current graphs of this paper lead to a construction that generalizes the method of Gustin and its augmentation to “vortex” graphs by Youngs, extending the scope of current graph theory from Cayley graphs alone to the much larger class of graphs that are covering spaces.
IONIC EFFECTS ON LIGNIFICATION AND PEROXIDASE IN TISSUE CULTURES

Crown-gall tumor tissue cultures release peroxidase into the medium in response to the concentration of specific ions in the medium. This release is not due to diffusion from cut surfaces or injured cells. Calcium, magnesium, and ammonium were, in that order, most effective in increasing peroxidase release. The enzyme was demonstrated cytochemically on the cell walls and in the cytoplasm. Cell wall fractions, exhaustively washed in buffer, still contained bound peroxidase. This bound peroxidase could be released by treating the wall fractions with certain divalent cations or ammonium. The order of effectiveness for removing the enzyme from the washed cell walls is: Ca++ ≈ Sr++ > Ba++ > Mg++ > NH4+. These data support the thesis presented that specific ions can control the deposition of lignin on cell walls by affecting the peroxidase levels on these walls.
Identification of small molecule inhibitors of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) with osteogenic activity in osteoblast cells

A screening campaign of a diverse collection of approximately 250,000 small molecule compounds was performed to identify inhibitors of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) with potential osteogenic activity in osteoblast cells. Compounds were prioritized based on selectivity following a counter-screen against focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a closely related kinase. 4-Amino and 5-aryl substituted pyridinone series were identified that showed strong biochemical potency against Pyk2 and up to 3700-fold selectivity over FAK. Modeling analysis suggested that structural differences in the substrate binding cleft could explain the high selectivity of these chemical series against FAK. Representative compounds from each series showed inhibition of Pyk2 autophosphorylation in 293T cells (IC(50) approximately 0.11 microM), complete inhibition of endogenous Pyk2 in A7r5 cells and increased levels of osteogenic markers in MC3T3 osteoblast cells (EC(50)'s approximately 0.01 microM). These results revealed a new class of compounds with osteogenic-inducing activity in osteoblast cells and a starting point for the development of more potent and selective Pyk2 inhibitors.
Inhibition of mitochondrial succinate oxidation by alkyl hydroxy naphthoquinones.

Summary 1. Effective inhibition by 3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones of succinate oxidation in rat-liver mitochondria requires the presence of a 2-hydroxyl group and a saturated 2′–3′ bond in the 3-alkyl side chain. 2. Basic pH renders the inhibitors less effective and their action may also be reversed by the addition of serum albumin. 3. Inorganic phosphate is required for maximum inhibition in intact mitochondria, appearing to facilitate the penetration of the inhibitor to the site of action. 4. Inhibition induced by naphthoquinones may be released to differing extents by various uncoupling agents.
Speech audiometry in clinical evaluation.

(1952). Speech Audiometry in Clinical Evaluation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 41, No. 1-2, pp. 18-42.
Virus-specific proteins in Escherichia coli infected with phage Qβ

Abstract The synthesis of virus-specific proteins following infection of Escherichia coli with the RNA phage Qβ was studied using spheroplasts exposed to low concentrations of actinomycin D or rifampicin in the presence of an amino acid mixture containing radioactive leucine or histidine. Fractionation of the phage-induced proteins by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of four peaks (I, IIa, IIb and III). Peak III contains neither histidine nor tryptophan and is identified as Qβ coat. Besides coat protein, Qβ particles have two more components, with the electrophoretic mobility of Peaks IIa and IIb, the nature of which is unknown, although presumably one or both of them correspond to attachment proteins.
Problem solving in nursing.

A model was developed and tested to examine the usefulness of Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch's theory of persistance and change to nursing practice. Problematic behavior was framed as belonging solely to the person exhibiting the behavior or to the social system of client and change agent. Change strategies were categorized as first-order or second-order, according to the theory. Levels of problems and the nursing process were linked to the theory to explain the dynamics of labeling clients as difficult patients. The model was tested in a registered nurse sample and found to be consistent with the theory. Framing problems individually was associated with first-order change strategies; whereas, system problem framing was associated with second-order change strategies.
Who benefits from industrial decentralization? Social power in the labour market, income distribution and spatial policy in Brazil

Storper M. (1984) Who benefits from industrial decentralization? Social power in the labour market, income distribution and spatial policy in Brazil, Reg. Studies 18, 143–164. Brazil has one of the world's most spatially concentrated industrial economies. The level of concentration can be partly explained by the characteristics of its labour market. The process of bargaining between workers and employers that underlies wage determination and labour supply formation in Greater Sao Paulo has, until recently been tilted in favour of employers, allowing them an unusual level of power. This condition affects all segments of the urban labour market, whether modern or informal, stable or unstable. Employers are thus able to continue to concentrate industry in Sao Paulo without fear of augmenting workers' power. Advocates of national spatial policies based on decentralization have not accounted for the socio-economic causes and consequences of industry decentralization on the welfare of workers; premature decentr...
Sexuality assessment as a tool for sexual rehabilitation in cancer patients

In working with cancer patients, health care personnel aim toward as total a rehabilitation as possible. Ideally this would include sexual rehabilitation for those who so desire. Toward this end a sexual assessment of the patient is necessary. This article deals with some of the underlying assumptions about cancer patients and sexuality, some of the patient's main sexual concerns, difficulties involved in obtaining sexual information, and finally, what should be included in the sexual assessment. There is also a discussion of some helpful interviewing skills necessary for doing a sexual assessment.
The effects of hyaluronic acid hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties on neural progenitor cell differentiation

We report the ability to direct the differentiation pathway of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) within hydrogels having tunable mechanical properties. By modifying the polymeric sugar hyaluronic acid (HA), a major extracellular matrix component in the fetal mammalian brain, with varying numbers of photocrosslinkable methacrylate groups, hydrogels could be prepared with bulk compressive moduli spanning the threefold range measured for neonatal brain and adult spinal cord. Ventral midbrain-derived NPCs were photoencapsulated into HA hydrogels and remained viable after encapsulation. After three weeks, the majority of NPCs cultured in hydrogels with mechanical properties comparable to those of neonatal brain had differentiated into neurons (ss-III tubulin-positive), many of which had extended long, branched processes, indicative of a relatively mature phenotype. In contrast, NPCs within stiffer hydrogels, with mechanical properties comparable to those of adult brain, had differentiated into mostly astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive). Primary spinal astrocytes cultured in the hydrogel variants for two weeks acquired a spread and elongated morphology only in the stiffest hydrogels evaluated, with mechanical properties similar to adult tissue. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of these scaffolds can assert a defining influence on the differentiation of ventral midbrain-derived NPCs, which have strong clinical relevance because of their ability to mature into dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, cells that idiopathically degenerate in individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease.
Multidisciplinary optimization for gas turbine airfoil design

A multidisciplinary optimization procedure for gas turbine airfoil design has been developed and demonstrated on a generic blade. Aerodynamic and heat transfer design objectives are integrated along with various constraints on the airfoil geometry. Heat transfer optimization and external aerodynamic shape optimization has been performed on a generic blade. Shape optimization is performed using geometric parameters associated with film cooling and blade external shape. The blade is cooled both internally and externally (film cooling). Thin layer Navier-Stokes equations are used for the external flow field evaluations and finite element analysis is used to determine the blade interior temperatures. Total pressure loss, exit kinetic energy loss, average blade temperature and maximum blade temperature are minimized, with constraints on the blade geometry. The constrained multiobjective optimization problem is solved using the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser (K-S) function approach. The results for the generic blade...
Analyzing skewed symmetries

Symmetry is pervasive in both man-made objects and nature. Since symmetries project to skew symmetries, finding axes of skew symmetry is an important vision task. This paper presents a linear time algorithm for finding the axes of skew symmetry, where the degree of symmetry is known. First, we present a review and critique of current methods for finding the axes of skew symmetry. Next, we decompose the problem of finding skew symmetry into the subproblems of solving for the rotational parameter of a “shear symmetry” and recovering the shear parameter of a reflexive symmetry. Using this approach, the authors derive a direct, non-heuristic moment-based technique for finding the axes of skew symmetry. For skew symmetric figures with degree of symmetry less than five we obtain a closed-form solution. The method does not rely on continuous contours but assumes there is no occlusion and requires knowing the contour's degree of symmetry. It is the first algorithm to find the axes of skew symmetry inO(n) time, where n is the number of contour points. The method is especially suited to industrial applications where the degree of symmetry is often knowna priori. Examples of the method are presented for both real and synthetic images, and an error analysis of the method is given.
Pouch Method for Isolating and Enumerating Propionibacteria

Abstract An adaptation of the pouch method for developing colonial growth of propionibacteria is described. Comparisons were made with the candle oats jar incubation method. The pouch method has distinct advantages of freedom from unwieldy equipment, ease of colony counting and retrieval, reduced incubation time, increased colony counts, and less need for incubator space.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF THE AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA : III. THE NATURE OF THE ENERGY STORAGE MATERIAL ACTIVE IN THE CHEMOSYNTHETIC PROCESS.

In the autotrophic bacterium, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, the oxidation of sulfur is coupled to transfers of phosphate from the medium to the cells. CO(2) fixation is coupled to transfers of inorganic phosphate from the cells to the medium and is dependent, in the absence of concomitant sulfur oxidation, upon the amount of phosphate previously taken up during sulfur oxidation. The energy reservoir, which is formed by sulfur oxidation in the absence of CO(2) and which can be released for the fixation of CO(2) under conditions which do not permit sulfur oxidation, is a phosphorylated compound and the data suggest that the energy is stored in the cell as phosphate bond energy. It is possible to oxidize sulfur at a constant rate for hours in the absence of CO(2). The phosphate energy formed during this process is probably released by cell phosphotases. It is possible to inhibit these phosphotases by means of inorganic phosphate and thus to inhibit sulfur oxidation in the absence of CO(2). In the presence of CO(2), where alternative uses for the phosphate energy are available, the inhibition is relieved. Sulfur oxidation (energy input) is coupled, not to CO(2) fixation, but to phosphate esterification. CO(2) fixation (energy utilization) is coupled with phosphate release.
Modulation of opioid signal transduction in SH-SY5Y neural cells by differentiating agents: Concurrent mu receptor upregulation and effector desensitization by phorbol ester

Abstract Long-term exposure of SH-SY5Y human neural cells to retinoic acid (RA) increased the binding of [ 3 H]DAMGO and [ 3 H]DPDPE by up to 3-fold compared to membranes of untreated cells. In contrast, incubation of the cells with phorbol ester (TPA) selectively up-regulated the binding of [ 3 H]DAMGO. RA enhanced the maximal inhibition of cAMP formation in SH-SY5Y cells by both DAMGO and DPDPE from 20% for both opioids in control cells to 75% and 50%, respectively. On the other hand, the effect of TPA was limited to a marginal increase in the inhibition of cAMP formation by DAMGO. Parameters of GTPγ 35 S binding as well as low-Km GTPase activity revealed no deterioration in the structure or function of total G protein in the TPA-treated cells, and initial Western blots showed no difference in the cell content of G o . Ongoing experiments are focusing on the covalent modification of specific G protein subtypes involved in μ and δ opioid signal transduction in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated by TPA.
Akt/PKB kinase phosphorylates separately Thr212 and Ser214 of tau protein in vitro.

Microtubule-associated protein tau contains a consensus motif for protein kinase B/Akt (Akt), which plays an essential role in anti-apoptotic signaling. The motif encompasses the AT100 double phospho-epitope (Thr212/Ser214), a specific marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerations, raising the possibility that it could be generated by Akt. We studied Akt-dependent phosphorylation of tau protein in vitro. We found that Akt phosphorylated both Thr212 and Ser214 in the longest and shortest tau isoforms as determined using phospho site-specific antibodies against tau. Akt did not phosphorylate other tau epitopes, including Tau-1, AT8, AT180, 12E8 and PHF-1. The Akt-phosphorylated tau retained its initial electrophoretic mobility. Immunoprecipitation studies with phospho-specific Thr212 and Ser214 antibodies revealed that only one of the two sites is phosphorylated per single tau molecule, resulting in tau immunonegative for AT100. Mixed kinase studies showed that prior Ser214 phosphorylation by Akt blocked protein kinase A but not GSK3β activity. On the other hand, GSK3β selectively blocked Ser214 phosphorylation, which was prevented by lithium. The results suggest that Akt may be involved in AD-specific phosphorylation of tau at the AT100 epitope in conjunction with other kinases. Our data suggest that phosphorylation of tau by Akt may play specific role(s) in Akt-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling, particularly relevant to AD and other neurodegenerations.
Development and Implementation of a Quality Improvement Curriculum for Child Neurology Residents: Lessons Learned

Abstract Background Quality improvement is a major component of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies required of all medical trainees. Currently, neither the Neurology Residency Review Committee nor the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education defines the process by which this competency should be taught and assessed. We developed a quality improvement curriculum that provides mentorship for resident quality improvement projects and is clinically relevant to pediatric neurologists. Methods Before and after implementation of the quality improvement curriculum, a 14-item survey assessed resident comfort with quality improvement project skills and attitudes about implementation of quality improvement in clinical practice using a 5-point Likert scale. We used the Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests to evaluate pre to post changes. Results Residents' gained confidence in their abilities to identify measures ( P = 0.02) and perform root cause analysis ( P = 0.02). Overall, 73% of residents were satisfied or very satisfied with the quality improvement curriculum. Conclusions Our child neurology quality improvement curriculum was well accepted by trainees. We report the details of this curriculum and its impact on residents and discuss its potential to meet the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Next Accreditation System requirements.
Improved Film Cooling Effectiveness With a Round Film Cooling Hole Embedded in a Contoured Crater

Studies of film cooling holes embedded in craters and trenches have shown significant improvements in the film cooling performance. In this paper a new design of a round film cooling hole embedded in a contoured crater is proposed for improved film cooling effectiveness over existing crater designs. The proposed design of the contour aims to generate a pair of vortices that counter and diminish the near-field development of the main kidney-pair vortex generated by the flm cooling jet. With a weakened kidney-pair vortex, the coolant jet is expected to stay closer to the wall, reduce mixing, and therefore increase cooling effectiveness. In the present study, the performance of the proposed contoured crater design is evaluated for depth between 0.2D and 0.75D. A round film cooling hole with a 35° inclined short delivery tube (l/D = 1.75), free stream Reynolds number ReD = 16000 and density ratio of coolant to free stream fluid ρj/ρ∞ = 2.0 is used as the baseline case. Hydrodynamic and thermal fields for all cases are investigated numerically using large eddy simulation technique. The baseline case results are validated with published experimental data. The performance of the new crater design for various crater depths and blowing ratios are compared with the baseline case. Results are also compared with other reported crater designs with similar flow conditions and crater depth. Performance improvement in cooling effectiveness of over 100% of the corresponding baseline case is observed for the contoured crater.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Inclusion under the Law as Exclusion from the City: Negotiating the Spatial Limitation of Citizenship in Seattle

We use this paper to argue that the contemporary tendency of urban governments to exclude a host of ‘undesirables' from the city—such as the homeless, teens of color, and prostitutes—must be seen as part of a broader process by which the law includes, weighs, and assesses all urban denizens. We use three case studies from Seattle to demonstrate how the law enacts a vision of urban form which reflects and spatially enforces core normative liberal identities, even when the state seeks to render the city more inclusive, fair, and just. In so doing, we underscore how the incorporation of these identities into state processes not only solidifies and reinforces the exclusion of undesirable or disorderly ‘others’, but also spatially sorts all urban dwellers along a variety of identity lines.
Boundary Element Methods for Steady-State Thermal-Mechanical Problems of Counterformal Contact

This paper presents a concise boundary integral equation framework for relating the thermal-mechanical surface load (the three traction components and the normal heat flux) to the thermal-mechanical response (the three quasi-static displacement components and the steady-state temperature). This uncoupled thermoelastic framework allows the simultaneous calculation of displacement and temperature-without subsurface discretization-because it is based on classical Green 's functions for displacement and for temperature and on newly derived Green's functions for thermoelastic displacement. In general, the boundary element method (BEM) can be applied with this framework to finite geometry problems of steady-state thermal-mechanical contact. Here, example calculations are performed for counterformal contact problems, which can be modeled as contact on a halfspace. A linear element BEM is developed and compared with the constant element BEM for speed and accuracy. The linear element BEM uses newly derived influence coefficients for constant loads over an arbitrary triangular element, and these closed form expressions are used to improve the accuracy of the numerical algorithm. The constant element BEM uses the discrete convolution fast Fourier transform (DC-FFT) algorithm, which is based on influence coefficients for constant loads over rectangular elements. The quasi-static surface displacements and the steady-state surface temperature are calculated from an applied semi-ellipsoidal pressure with accompanying frictional heating effects. The surface thermal-mechanical behavior of the counterformal contact is shown in graphs vs. the radius, and the deviations from axisymmetry are highlighted.
Ritualized Transmission of Social Norms Through Wedding Photography

This article explores the applicability of ritual theory to social norms research. Wedding photography is used as a test case to demonstrate how gender norms are perpetuated and resisted through ritualized communication practices. The author concludes that looking at social norms transmission through the lens of ritual performance brings to light three theoretical approaches that might be usefully applied to future social norms research. First, the transmission of social norms may be perpetuated and contested through the conventions associated with ritualized communication performances, rather than through the simple communication of information from one person to another. Second, since ritual performance allows or requires a degree of distancing from the ideal, individuals may resist or play with notions of injunctive norms, perhaps embracing opposing descriptive norms. Finally, since ritual communication is performative, evidence of compliance with social norms may occur symbolically rather than literally.
Exposure of xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium reveals concentration-dependent bimodal effects on growth and monotonic effects on development and thyroid gland activity

Xenopus laevis were exposed to 0-855 microg cadmium (Cd)/l (measured concentrations) in FETAX medium from fertilization to 47 days postfertilization. Measurements included embryonic survival and, at 47 days, tadpole survival, snout-vent length, tail length, total length, hindlimb length, weight, Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage of development, initiation of metamorphic climax (> or = NF 58), and thyroid follicle cell height. Embryonic and larval survival were unaffected by Cd. Relative to control tadpoles, reduced tail and total length were observed at 0.1- 8 and at 855 microg Cd/l; and reduced snout-vent length, hindlimb length, and weight were observed at 0.1-1 and at 855 microg Cd/l. Mean stage of development and rate of initiation of climax were unaffected by Cd at 0-84 microg/l; however, none of the tadpoles exposed to 855 microg Cd/l progressed beyond mid-premetamorphosis (NF 51). Thyroid glands with fully formed follicles were observed in all tadpoles > or = NF 49 examined. Follicle cell height was unaffected by Cd at 0-84 microg/l but it was reduced at 855 microg/l; in the latter, cell height was reduced even when compared with NF 49-51 tadpoles pooled from the 0 to 84 microg Cd/l groups. In conclusion, (1) Cd affected tadpole growth in a bimodal pattern with the first and second inhibitory modes at concentrations below and above 84 microg Cd/l, respectively; (2) exposure to high Cd concentrations (855 microg/l) reduced thyroid activity and arrested tadpole development at mid-premetamorphosis; and (3) unlike its effect on growth, Cd inhibited tadpole development and thyroid function in a seemingly monotonic pattern.
Interspecies Synchrony in Salmonid Densities Associated with Large‐Scale Bioclimatic Conditions in Central Idaho

Abstract The abundance of lotic salmonids varies substantially through time, but the extent to which several sympatric species respond coherently to large-scale bioclimatic conditions has rarely been investigated for freshwater fishes. We compared correlations in salmonid density in central Idaho and examined the relationships between changes in salmonid density and the variation in large-scale bioclimatic conditions as indexed by stream flow, air temperature, drought, coastal upwelling, and the number of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha redds (a surrogate for nutrient influx and therefore increased stream productivity). The average densities of six stream-dwelling salmonid fishes were highly synchronous, with declines from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s followed by a rebound through 2003. All pairwise correlations were positive and 8 of 15 were statistically significant. Stream flow and Chinook salmon redds were correlated with fish densities as a group, but the importance of bioclimatic indices d...
Effects of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition in Holstein cows in advanced lactation fed low- or high-energy diets.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of Holstein cows to bovine somatotropin (bST) during advanced lactation and its relationship to energy intake. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows averaging 21 kg of milk/d, and 292 d in milk were assigned to one of three treatment groups in a randomized block design. Blocks were based on the 14 d of pretreatment milk production, and treatment groups were balanced for days in milk. Treatment 1 was a low-energy diet (1.49 Mcal/kg of dry matter) without bST injection; treatment 2 was the low-energy diet plus injection of 500 mg of bST every 14 d; and treatment 3 was a high-energy diet (1.71 Mcal/kg of dry matter) with bST injections as in treatment 2. Treatment was divided into two periods (1 to 49 and 50 to 98 d) to determine if response to bST and energy changed with time on treatment. Results showed that bST significantly (P < 0.05) increased milk, fat-corrected milk, and fat and protein yields; and feed efficiency (fat-corrected milk per dry matter intake) for both periods. Milk yield responses to bST were greater for cows fed the low- than the high-energy diet in both periods. These data show that bST injections for cows in advanced lactation increased performance, but excessive energy diminished the bST response.
The Influence of Causal Feedback on Subordinate Reactions and Behavior

Two investigations were conducted to examine the effects of causal feedback on work outcomes. First, an interpersonal simulation was conducted, examining the effects of causal feedback and success or failure performance on subordinate reactions to the feedback session. A causal feedback x performance interaction was found suggesting that when causal feedback attributes subordinate success internally and failure externally, subordinate perceptions of appraisal fairness and accuracy and their satisfaction with the feedback session are higher (i.e., than when the causal feedback holds the subordinate personally accountable for failure but externalizes success). Second, a laboratory experiment conducted at two different sites was designed to investigate the effects of task feedback, causal feedback, and self- esteem on individuals' reactions to feedback and task performance. Reactions to feedback were influenced by task feedback and to a lesser degree by causal feedback. Self-esteem had little impact on affec...
Poverty and Social Impact Analysis—Linking Macroeconomic Policies to Poverty Outcomes: Summary of Early Experiences

The objective of this paper is to present some early experiences of poverty and social impact analysis (PSIA) from the PRGF-supported programs in the African Department. The paper illustrates that many staff country reports have taken a first step toward PSIA by making more explicit the links between poverty and policies. Various examples highlight that even though relationships can be complex and analysis, as a result, may not be definitive, it is possible to assess some of the potential poverty effects even in countries with limited data, and therefore contribute to a more informed policy debate and design. The paper concludes that PSIA can help design policies that are more pro-poor, better define compensatory and complementary measures where appropriate, and support country ownership of reforms by promoting a public debate on trade-offs between policy choices. In light of this, the paper suggests that PRGF policy advice would benefit from more systematic PSIA and that staff country reports could report more on the potential policy trade-offs and poverty outcomes based on PSIA.
Muscle actuator design for the ACT Hand

We are constructing an anatomically-correct testbed (ACT) of the human hand to understand its mechanisms, function, and neural control. As a part of this effort, we have created an actuator that mimics both the active and passive behaviors of the human muscles. To use it as the actuator of the ACT Hand, it must conserve the tendon-driven structure so that the size or the weight of the hand does not have to be compromised. A custom-made spring composite is used to closely simulate the human's nonlinear passive muscle stiffness (R/sup 2/=0.99). A coreless DC motor is used to simulate the active contraction. The passive and active components interact in parallel and they are attached to a cable tendon that inserts into the bones. In order to study the neural control of hand movements, we incorporate Hill's model in the active contraction component. Therefore, the computer program can simply specify the muscle activation level, and the appropriate tendon tension can be provided given the current muscle length. This muscle actuator allows an accurate realization of neural activation based control of the ACT Hand, and provides a foundation for intimate brain-machine interface.
An efficient error resilient technique for applications of one-way video using transcoding and analysis by synthesis

In this paper, we describe an efficient error resilient technique for one-way video transmitted over lossy packet networks. In one-way video applications, video sequences are pre-encoded off-line to be stored in a server without any information on transmission error. Therefore, video encoding algorithm, should be designed without any error resilience or with a hypothetical PLR (packet loss rates) for a certain degree of robustness to be transmitted over error prone environments. However, the PLRs differ according to the various kinds of networks, and even the time varying in a network. A dynamic update of video stream for the adaptive enhancement of error resilience was introduced with a transcoding technique to deal with variable PLRs. An error-sensitivity of each pixel is defined and computed in the transcoder, according to the PLR from network feedback and the effects of error propagations. The error-sensitivity was monitored by the transcoder to modify the video stream for the enhancement of error resilience. The basic error resilience scheme is blocking spatial and temporal error propagation. An analysis by synthesis scheme is introduced for 1) the estimate of accurate distortion at the decoder by exact simulation of error concealment, 2) motion vector re-estimation for blocking temporal error propagation. The optimal mode of each macroblock was decided in the rate-distortion (R-D) framework of the receiver at the given PLR and macroblock location. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated with MPEG-2 video stream over lossy packet network scenario. Experimental results show that the proposed error resilience algorithm outperformed the MPEG-2 TM5 and boundary motion compensated error concealment scheme. It was also shown that the proposed algorithm makes stored one-way video stream applicable for any kinds of error prone networks with variable error rates.
An Analysis of Past and Future Changes in the Ice Cover of Two High-Arctic Lakes Based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Landsat Imagery

Space-borne remotely sensed data can provide valuable insight into cryospheric processes in remote high-latitude regions for which direct observations are limited. In this study we use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Landsat imagery to evaluate recent changes in the ice cover of Upper and Lower Murray Lakes (81u209N, 69u309W) on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. These data highlight changes in ice conditions that have occurred over the past decade and provide a means for assessing the likely impacts of rising temperatures on future lake-ice conditions. Under current (1997–2007) climatic conditions the Murray Lakes average several weeks of ice-free conditions in August and early September, although in some years a partial ice cover persists throughout the year. The observed relationship between summer temperature and ice melt at Upper and Lower Murray Lakes suggests that recent warming in the High Arctic has forced the lakes near a threshold from a state characterized by perennial ice cover to the current state that includes seasonal melting of lake ice. Projected future warming will significantly increase the duration of ice free conditions on Upper and Lower Murray Lakes, with ice-out predicted to occur 13.5 6 4.0 and 17.6 6 5.6 days earlier, respectively, for every 1 uC increase in mean June–July temperature.
Dynamic model of a microturbine used as a distributed generator

In this paper, a dynamic model of a microturbine, used as distributed generator, is developed. The model is suitable for transient analysis and simulation of an unbalanced three-phase power system. A microturbine unit consists of four parts: a gas turbine engine, a permanent magnet generator, a three-phase bridge AC to DC rectifier, and a power DC to AC inverter. The proposed model is built from the dynamics of each part and their interconnections. To illustrate the proposed model, an unbalanced 3-phase system that consists of a microturbine generator connected to a load is simulated using the Matlab Simulink Toolbox and power system blockset.
Reconceptualizing Internship Training Within the Evolving Clinical Science Training Model

As changes in health-care delivery impel us to refine clinical science training, the opportunity arises to reconceptualize internship training to align more closely with clinical science values and...
Omni-directional mobile robot controller design by trajectory linearization

In this paper, modeling and nonlinear controller design for an omnidirectional mobile robot are presented. Based on the robot dynamics model, a nonlinear controller is designed using the trajectory linearization control (TLC) method. Some simulation results of the controller are presented.
The Greater Antilles Outer Ridge: development of a distal sedimentary drift by deposition of fine-grained contourites

Abstract The Greater Antilles Outer Ridge, located north and northwest of the Puerto Rico Trench, is a deep (>5100 m), distal sediment drift more than 900 km long and up to 1 km thick. It has been isolated from sources of downslope sedimentation throughout its history and is formed of clay- to fine silt-size terrigenous sediments that have been deposited from suspended load carried in the Western Boundary Undercurrent, together with 0-30% pelagic foraminiferal carbonate. Because of the fine, relatively uniform grain size of the sediments, the outer ridge consists of sediments that are seismically transparent in low-frequency reflection profiles. Sediment tracers (chlorite in sediments and suspended particulate matter, reddish clays in cores) indicate that at least a portion of the ridge sediments has been transported more than 2000 km from the eastern margin of North America north of 40
The albino-deletion complex in the mouse defines genes necessary for development of embryonic and extraembryonic ectoderm

A detailed embryological analysis has been undertaken on embryos carrying the c4FR60Hd-, c5FR60Hg- or c2YPSj-albino deletions of mouse chromosome 7. Embryos homozygous for the c4FR60Hd deletion are abnormal at day 7.5 of gestation. The extraembryonic ectoderm does not develop, and primitive-streak formation and mesoderm production do not occur. In contrast, extensive development of the extraembryonic ectoderm, as well as mesoderm production, are observed in the c5FR60Hg- and c2YPSj-homozygous embryos. The mesoderm does not, however, organize into somites and the neural axis does not form. The embryos are grossly abnormal by day 8.5 of development. There are two other albino deletions (c6H and c11DSD) that are known to affect the embryo around the time of gastrulation (Niswander et al. 1988), and the lethal phenotype observed for the c4FR60Hd-homozygous embryos is similar to that described for c6H-homozygous embryos, whereas the c5FR60Hg- and c2YPSj-homozygous embryos display a phenotype that is similar to c11DSD-homozygous embryos. A detailed complementation analysis using these five deletions revealed that the c5FR60Hg, c2YPSj and c11DSD deletions could partially complement the phenotype produced by the c4FR60Hd and c6H deletions in any combination. Extensive development of the extraembryonic structures and production of mesoderm occurs in the compound heterozygotes. These results suggest that the distal breakpoints of the c5FR60Hg, c2YPSj and c11DSD deletions lie more proximal than the distal breakpoints of the c4FR60Hd and c6H deletions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Behavioral responses of freshwater calanoid copepods to the presence of ultraviolet radiation: avoidance and attraction

Binary choice experiments under natural solar radiation were used to test short-term behavioral responses of freshwater calanoid copepods to ultraviolet radiation (UV). Responses of the nine species from 15 populations spanning North and South America included both UV attraction and UV avoidance, and varied among habitats, species and populations. Copepods from more transparent lakes were more attracted to UV than those from less transparent lakes. When individuals were pre-exposed in the laboratory to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the presence and absence of UV, those pre-exposed to UV spent more time in the high UV environment than those exposed to PAR alone. However, these differences disappeared after 150 min, suggesting that the responses were short term and mediated in part by ambient UV conditions. Copepods represent a large proportion of the biomass of zooplankton in many aquatic ecosystems, and their ability to detect and respond behaviorally to UV may enable them to use this ubiquitous environmental cue to regulate their water column position. The use of UV as a habitat selection cue may permit copepods to exploit optimal food environments or limit overlap with less UV-tolerant competitors, predators or parasites, while minimizing damage resulting from longer term UV exposure.
Model Generation from Images

With the recent increased interest in model-based matching1, 2, 3, 4 has appeared a concomitant interest in automated model creation.5, 6, 7 Ideally, models should be constructed automatically from a scene, so that the process of matching (for example) would require no human intervention. In any case when computer models of an object are needed but are not available, it would be convenient to have an automatic method for constructing the models from image data.
Electron-transfer dynamics from Ru polypyridyl complexes to In2O3 nanocrystalline thin films.

Photoinduced electron injection dynamics from Ru(dcbpy)2(X)2 (dcbpy = 4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine; X2 = 2SCN-, 2CN-, and dcbpy; referenced as RuN3, Ru505, and Ru470) to In2O3 nanocrystalline thin films were studied using ultrafast transient IR absorption spectroscopy. After 532 nm excitation of the adsorbates, the dynamics of electron injection from their excited states to In2O3 were studied by monitoring the IR absorption of the injected electrons in the semiconductor. The injection kinetics were non-single-exponential. For samples exposed to air, the half rise times, defined as the time of 50% injection yield, were 5 ± 0.8, 85 ± 20, and >200 ps for RuN3, Ru505, and Ru470, respectively. For samples in pH 2 buffer, the corresponding half time for injection from these complexes became 6 ± 1, 105 ± 20, and 18 ± 5 ps. The injection kinetics from RuN3 to In2O3 was found to be similar to that to SnO2. These kinetics traces showed a negligible <100 fs injection component and were very different from those to...
Catheter Ablation Without Fluoroscopy: Current Techniques And Future Direction.

Background: Catheter ablation is the treatment of choice for most forms of SVT. Traditionally, fluoroscopy has been the primary tool for visualizing catheter position. However, newer, 3-dimensional mapping technologies offer multiple options for minimizing fluoroscopy use. We review our 8 year experience of a zero-fluoroscopy approach using the Ensite system, and discuss our current techniques. Methods: From January 2006 to October 2013, we performed 524 catheter ablation procedures with a zero-fluoroscopy approach. The Ensite system was used exclusively. Early in the study, NavX mode was employed. In the later time period, Velocity mode was used. The Ensite system allowed easy access to all right sided arrhythmias. For left sided arrhythmias, TEE was added to aid with transseptal puncture. Results: Reviewing 524 consecutive procedures, mean age was 14 years (range 7 weeks to 65 years). Mean weight was 60.7 kg (range 3 to 174 kg). Mean procedure time was 142 minutes (range 42 – 402 minutes). There were no complications. Twenty -five patients required the use of fluoroscopy, mostly as part of simultaneous diagnostic or interventional cath procedures. There was only one instance in which fluoroscopy was used when not anticipated at the start of the procedure. With this data available, and seeing that fluoroscopy is rarely needed unexpectedly, we hypothesized that catheter ablation no longer requires a traditional cath lab. We present our early approach to ablation outside the catheterization lab. Conclusions: Three dimensional mapping systems can eliminate fluoroscopy use in virtually all routine ablation procedures. As technology improves, ablation procedures will shift beyond the traditional cath lab.
Veriloid, a new hypotensive extract of Veratrum viride.

SummaryA stable, reproducible and highly potent extract of Veratrum viride has been described. The name “Veriloid” has been given to this preparation. Methods for biological control of potency have been developed. In normal dogs the extract was hypotensive, bradycardic and emetic. Pharmacologic results suggest that the hypotensive action of the extract deserves trial in the treatment of human hypertension.