cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disease as an “it”: Concepts of disease revealed by patients' presentation of symptoms☆

Abstract The language of doctor-patient interactions was examined to see how diseases and body parts are referred to in common speech usage. From the analysis, it is apparent that diseases, and even symptoms, are frequently signified by the impersonal “the” or “it” forms, rather than by the personal “my” or “I”. The question raised is whether such usage results from the prevailing cultural and medical view of diseases as objects or entities, or is the reflection of a more basic mind-body relationship. The question can only be answered by cross-cultural research. However, the fact that some body parts and body states are similarly objectified gives evidence that the observed speech usage may not be entirely culture-dependent. Examination of one of the dialogues of Plato suggests that a similar usage was present in classical Greece. Further discussion is presented on the linguistic problems and on the use of speech in medicine.
Rapid microfluidic flow hydrogenation for reduction or deprotection of 18F-labeled compounds

We have combined the benefits of both microfluidics and flow hydrogenation to provide facile access to previously underutilized reduction and protecting group chemistries for PET imaging applications. The rapid removal of an O-benzyl protecting group to prepare 2-[18F]fluoroquinolin-8-ol and the reduction of a nitro group in the synthesis of 4-[18F]fluoroaniline were achieved within 3 minutes.
Negotiating Power and Pedagogy in Student Teaching: Expanding and Shifting Roles in Expert-Novice Discourse.

Using a case study approach, this article examines the challenges faced by a cooperating teacher and student teacher during their collaborative planning conversations. I draw on several analytical frameworks, including sociolinguistics, speech act theory and discourse analysis, to analyze the cooperating and student teacher’s efforts and struggles to negotiate shared instructional plans. Analysis of several videotaped planning conversations shows how the two teachers’ conventional interpretations of their roles as expert and novice planners limited their ability to discuss different approaches to teaching English. The discussion underscores the need to improve the mentoring relationship between cooperating and student teachers by better preparing them for their expert‐novice roles. I conclude that cooperating and student teachers could engage in more educative planning conversations if they broadened their understanding of their roles as expert and novice planners and of the definition of expertise itself.
Trace metals in organisms from ocean disposal sites of the middle eastern United States.

Concentrations of silver, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, manganese, lead, and zinc were determined for selected marine fish and shellfish collected at or near three ocean disposal sites, a control site and three inshore areas of the middle eastern United States. The disposal sites were off New Haven, Connecticut; New York City, and Delaware Bay. The control site was at Chincoteague Inlet, Virginia, and other areas were in Long Island Sound (near the New Haven disposal site); Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and a second area off New York City near the Bight apex disposal site.
Long-term alterations in benzodiazepine, muscarinic and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor density following continuous cocaine administration

Animal models of clinical phenomena, such as stimulant-induced psychosis have focused primarily on persisting alterations that develop in brain after chronic stimulant administration. The present study utilized autoradiographic measures to examine changes in the density of benzodiazepine ([ 3 H] flunitrazepam), muscarinic ([ 3 H] quinuclidinyl benzilate), and non-NM DA glutamatergic ( 3 H α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid: AMPA) receptor binding in rats 21 days following two exposures to cocaine administered continuously for 5 days via subcutaneous pellets. A marked, selective increase in [ 3 H] flunitrazepam binding in both the lateral and medial habenula nucleus was observed. Reduced [ 3 H] quinuclidinyl benzilate binding was observed in various brain areas, including large decreases in the anterior cingulate cortex and ventral thalamus. A reduction in [ 3 H]AMPA binding was observed in the ventral striatum and was suggested in the nucleus accumbens. [ 3 H] Flunitrazepam binding was also examined 12 hr following a single 5 day cocaine exposure to determine if the long-term habenular changes were evident at acute withdrawal. No alterations in [ 3 H] flunitrazepam binding were observed in the habenula or any other structure analyzed at this time point. The relation of these results to persisting alterations in mesocorticolimbic pathways and previous findings of cocaine-induced degeneration in lateral habenula circuitry is discussed.
Site of free-fatty-acid inhibition of lipolysis by human adipocytes

Abstract When human adipocytes were incubated in albumin-free buffer, isoproterenol failed to stimulate an increase in either cyclic AMP or glycerol release. Cells incubated for 12hr with 4% albumin and isoproterenol had a striking increase in cyclic AMP; this effect was markedly reduced when FFA concentration was increased by the addition of sodium oleate. When incubation was prolonged to 4 hr, the cyclic AMP concentration of stimulated cells fell towards the basal level. This decline in the level of cyclic AMP was prevented by frequent change in buffer. The ability of epinephrine and sodium fluoride to stimulate the adenylyl cyclase of human adipocyte membranes was not affected by the addition of sodium oleate. However, when intact cells were preincubated for 1 hr with added sodium oleate, the responsiveness to epinephrine of membranes derived from the cells was reduced. No such alternation in responsiveness to sodium fluoride occurred. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of FFA on lipolysis is associated with a reduced production of cyclic AMP; the latter effect may be the consequence of FFA inhibition of adenylyl cyclase.
Olsalazine was not better than placebo in maintaining remission in inactive Crohn disease

Source Citation Mahmud N, Kamm MA, Dupas JL, et al. Olsalazine is not superior to placebo in maintaining remission of inactive Crohn’s colitis and ileocolitis: a double blind, parallel, randomised,...
Sites of haemoglobin synthesis in amphibian tadpoles.

THE erythropoietic system of frogs and tadpoles has special advantages for studying cellular differentiation and its possible regulation by hormones, especially as thyroid hormones are known to mediate changes in these animals during metamorphosis1. The mechanism of the transition from tadpole type haemoglobin (Hb) to adult frog-type Hb, which occurs during metamorphosis2–4, is still unclear, and there are at least two obstacles to its further elucidation. First, both tadpole and adult frog Hbs consist of multiple molecular species of unknown origin with different physical and functional properties5-7. Second, there is disagreement on the sites of erythropoiesis in tadpoles and adult frogs: the kidneys and liver are possible sites of erythropoiesis in tadpoles8–10, and the liver, spleen and bone marrow are possible sites of erythropoiesis in young froglets and adult frogs8–10.
Survey of Stored-product and Other Economic Pests in Import Warehouses in Los Angeles

Eighteen Los Angeles warehouses specializing in imported foods were surveyed for infestations of insects and other pests. A total of 42 species of insects, mites, birds, and rodents was found. Thirty-two were species of stored-product insects and mites found in 19 different types of food products from 11 of the warehouses. Other sites where insect pests were found included food-manufacturing machinery, packing rooms, static material, window sills, shelves, and rodent bait stations. Insects were also collected flying or crawling about. Stored-product insects most frequently found were Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), Trogoderma variabile Ballion, O. mercator (Fauvel), Stegobium paniceum (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Cadra cautella (Walker), Blattella germanica (L.), Periplaneta Americana (L.), Ahasverus advena (Waltl), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and S. zeamais Motschulsky. All are common pests in California. Two pests not known to occur in California, Lardoglyphus angelinae Olsen and Cryptolestes turcicus Grouvelle, were intercepted in sealed packages of food.
From adolescent daughter to mother: exploring message design strategies for breast and cervical cancer prevention and screening.

Early detection of breast and cervical cancers is one preventive behavior that may provide the adolescent daughter with a unique opportunity to provide encouragement to her mother or guardian to obtain screening. This study explored the design strategies necessary for developing an effective daughter-initiated message about screening for breast and cervical cancers. Thirty-two (N = 64) African-American mother–daughter dyads were interviewed about parenting style, goodwill, and daughters’ credibility and risk behaviors that might influence receptivity toward a screening appeal. Mothers indicated that a tailored, emotional appeal combined with cancer facts delivered in a private setting would be most effective. Daughters were perceived as highly credible messengers and were perceived to have high levels of goodwill toward their mothers, regardless of risk behaviors.
Towards a bio-inspired leg design for high-speed running

High-speed terrestrial locomotion inevitably involves high acceleration and extensive loadings on the legs. This imposes a challenging trade-off between weight and strength in leg design. This paper introduces a new design paradigm for a robotic leg inspired by musculoskeletal structures. The central hypothesis is that employing a tendon–bone co-location architecture not only provides compliance in the leg, but can also reduce bone stresses caused by bending on structures. This hypothesis is applied to a leg design, and verified by simulations and the experiments on a prototype. In addition, we also present an optimization scheme to maximize the strength to weight ratio. Using the tendon–bone co-location architecture, the stress on the bone during a stride is reduced by up to 59%. A new foam-core prototyping technique enables creating structural characteristics similar to mammalian bones in the robotic leg. This method allows us to use lighter polymeric structures that are cheaper and quicker to fabricate than conventional fabrication methods, and can eventually greatly shorten the design iteration cycle time.
Detection of visual forms in space and time.

Abstract Stationary and moving target forms were composed of 5 equally spaced dots embedded in a background of 600 noise dots; the spatial and temporal separations between the target dots were varied independently. Target detectability decreased linearly with both spatial and temporal separations between the target dots. Detectability of both stationary and moving targets obeyed the same quantitative dependence on total separations, invariant under orientation in space-time. Detection also depended primarily on the relative density of the target and noise rather than on the absolute spatial or temporal separations between target dots. Thus. space and time had interchangeable effects on the detection of both stationary and moving targets.
Identification and the Influence of Cultural Stereotyping on Postvideogame Play Hostility

The current study examines the impact of racial representation on character identification and postgame play hostility. Examining data from Black and White participants, results suggest that cueing racial attributes influences identification and elicits stereotyping and hostile outcomes. Specifically, White players displayed more hostile thoughts when playing as a Black character than they did playing as a White character. Black participants had more hostile thoughts when playing against a White opponent than they did playing against a Black opponent. This research supports previous literature suggesting that self, character, and opponent interact to influence game-play outcomes.
Structural and functional modifications in glutamateric synapses following prolonged ethanol exposure.

This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Santa Barbara, California, USA. The organizer and chair was L. Judson Chandler. The presentations were (1) Chronic Ethanol Exposure, N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Dynamics, and Withdrawal Hyperexcitability, by Adam Hendricson, Regina Maldve, and Richard Morrisett; (2) Ethanol-Induced Synaptic Targeting of NMDA Receptors Is Associated With Enhanced Postsynaptic Density-95 Clustering and Spine Size, by Judson Chandler and Ezekiel Carpenter-Hyland; (3) Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Alterations in the Nucleus Accumbens Following Chronic Alcohol Exposure, by Feng Zhou, Youssef Sari, and Richard Bell; and (4) An Active Role for Accumbens Homer2 Expression in Alcohol-Induced Neural Plasticity, by Karen Szumlinski.
VENU: Orchestrating SSDs in hadoop storage

A major obstacle in sustaining high performance and scalability in the Hadoop data processing framework is managing the growing data and the need for very high I/O rates. Solid State Disks (SSDs) are promising and are being employed alongside the slower hard disk drives (HDDs) in emerging storage architectures. However, we observed that SSDs are not always a cost-effective option for all Hadoop workloads, and there is a critical need to identify usecases where SSDs can help. To this end, we present VENU, a dynamic data management system for Hadoop. VENU aims to improve overall I/O throughput via effective use of SSDs as a cache for the slower HDDs, not for all data, but for only the workloads that are expected to benefit from SSDs. In addition, we design placement and retrieval schemes to efficiently use the SSD cache. We evaluate our implementation of VENU on a medium-sized cluster and show that it achieves 11% improvement in application completion times when 10% of the available storage is provided by SSDs.
Linifanib (ABT-869) enhances radiosensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells

Summary Objectives Novel targeted therapeutic strategies to overcome radio-resistance of cancer cells traditionally treated with radiation may improve patient survival with the added benefit of reduced systemic toxicity. Herein, we tested the feasibility of Linifanib (ABT-869), a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of members of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor families, on radio-sensitization of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and methods UMSCC-22A and UMSCC-22B cells were treated with Linifanib and γ-radiation response was determined. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction and cell cycle distribution were examined by MTT assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. In addition, expression of STAT3 and downstream signaling proteins were assessed using western immunoblotting. Results Treatment with Linifanib resulted in cell growth inhibition, G2/M cell cycle arrest, induction of cell death via apoptosis, reduced phosphorylation of STAT3, which has been linked to radio-resistance, lower expression of cyclin D1, survivin and increased PARP cleavage. In addition, Linifanib overcame the radio-resistance of the cell lines and significantly enhanced radiation-induced cytotoxicity (p Conclusion These data suggest the possibility of combining targeted therapeutic such as Linifanib with radiation to enhance inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Thus, it may provide a novel therapeutic strategy and improve efficacy of radiation against HNSCC in the future.
Optimal automobile emission control: A household utility model

Abstract Traditionally, benefit-cost studies value mortality changes using equivalent capital approaches. That is, the social benefit of decreased mortality is related to an increased income stream. A utility model which accounts for mortality changes as changes in individual or household risks is proposed, it is then employed to analyze automotive emission control. The utility model selects optimal national emission control levels for individual households by maximizing a combination of risk and consumption. The social optimum is taken as the median levels of all households. The control levels for three pollutants are more stringent than those calculated by a more typical benefit-cost method but less strict than the present statutory standards. The data has been taken for several sources. The risk data is from an epidemiology study that associates age specific mortality rates with various factors including pollution levels. Economic benefits are derived from several estimates of the association of pollution with vegetation and material damages and soiling. Automobile control costs are from EPA and auto company estimates.
Conversion of cyanide to formate and ammonia by a pseudomonad obtained from industrial wastewater

A cyanide-degrading pseudomonad was isolated by selective enrichment in a chemostat inoculated with coke-plant activated sludge and maintained at a dilution rate of 0.042/h for 60 days with a feed of 10 mg/l cyanide. The isolate, a facultative methylotroph capable of growth on methanol and methylamine, degraded cyanide to formate and ammonia; it could utilize the released ammonia as a nitrogen source but did not further metabolize formate under the experimental conditions employed. Both cyanide-degrading enzyme activity and respiratory resistance to cyanide were inducible and were enhanced by repeated exposure to the compound. Cell-free extracts stoichiometrically converted cyanide to formate and ammonia in a reaction that did not require oxygen. Enzyme activity, lost upon dialysis, was restored by less than equimolar ratios of NAD(P)H or ascorbate to cyanide, indicating that the reductants did not function directly as co-enzymes.
Detection and characterization of the interpopulation variation of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) resistance to dicofol in Florida citrus

Methods to rear and bioassay the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), were developed to detect and characterize resistance to dicofol. Sustained rearing of P. oleivora was achieved on ‘Sunburst’ mandarin seedlings [ Citrus reticulate Blanco × (C. paradise Macf. × C. reticulata) ] held in Plexiglas cages in the greenhouse. Residual bioassays with dipped or sprayed citrus seedling leaves were used to evaluate the susceptibility to dicofol of P. oleivora populations from groves with known history of its use. Mite populations from groves with no history of dicofol use had significantly higher susceptibility to dicofol than groves in which dicofol was used regularly. Methods using dipped or sprayed leaves gave similar results. With the leaf-dip method, the LCM50 of a susceptible field population (2.81 µmg dicofol/ml distilled water [ppm (AI)]; 95% CL 2.32-3.26) was 8.8 times lower than for a field population selected with dicofol in the laboratory (24.7 ppm [AI]; 95% CL 20.8-28.2). Based on this difference, we established a diagnostic concentration of 10 ppm (AI) for detecting dicofol-resistant mites, with a leaf-dip bioassay. Results of a survey of 19 commercial Florida citrus groves, in which we used diagnostic concentration bioassays to determine susceptibility of P. oleivora to dicofol, revealed significant differences between populations, thus confirming resistance to dicofol.
Agrobiodiversity change in a saharan desert oasis, 1919–2006: Historic shifts in tasiwit (Berber) and Bedouin crop inventories of Siwa, Egypt

Abstract This study of changes in agrobiodiversity documents the domesticated species and, to a limited degree, the landraces, cultivated in the Siwa oasis of Egypt in 1919, 1924, 1968–1969, and 2004–2006. Siwa is ecogeographically and culturally isolated by more than 300 kilometers (km) from other agrarian communities and, perhaps because of this, detailed observations were made there by a number of agricultural scientists and geographers in a way that provides time-series data lacking from many other agrarian landscapes. Although I have drawn upon Siwan names for crops first published in 1890, this report may be the first substantive record of Tasiwit (Eastern Berber) folk names for traditional crops that allows ethno-linguistic comparisons with Cairene Arabic and other Northern Berber (Tamazight) dialects in North Africa. The perennial crop inventory of Siwan Berbers has remained relatively stable through time and few traditionally cultivated annual species or landraces have been lost. However, additio...
The role of the β5-α11 loop in the active-site dynamics of acylated penicillin-binding protein A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Penicillin-binding protein A (PBPA) is a class B penicillin-binding protein that is important for cell division in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have determined a second crystal structure of PBPA in apo form and compared it with an earlier structure of apoenzyme. Significant structural differences in the active site region are apparent, including increased ordering of a β-hairpin loop and a shift of the SxN active site motif such that it now occupies a position that appears catalytically competent. Using two assays, including one that uses the intrinsic fluorescence of a tryptophan residue, we have also measured the second-order acylation rate constants for the antibiotics imipenem, penicillin G, and ceftriaxone. Of these, imipenem, which has demonstrable anti-tubercular activity, shows the highest acylation efficiency. Crystal structures of PBPA in complex with the same antibiotics were also determined, and all show conformational differences in the β5–α11 loop near the active site, but these differ for each β-lactam and also for each of the two molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. Overall, these data reveal the β5–α11 loop of PBPA as a flexible region that appears important for acylation and provide further evidence that penicillin-binding proteins in apo form can occupy different conformational states.
Implementation of the Level 2 and 3 BLAS on the CRAY Y-MP and the CRAY-2

In this paper we discuss code optimization techniques for implementing the Level 2 and 3 basic linear algebra subprograms on a single processor for the CRAY Y-MP and the CRAY-2. Our performance measurements show that the use of these techniques leads to a significant improvement in performance, and most subroutines achieve close to the peak performance of the machine for computations of relatively small sizes.
Nucleophilic chemistry of X-type Faujasite zeolites with 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a simulant of common mustard gas

Abstract Previous work shows that X Faujasite zeolite in a dried condition exhibits nucleophilic character in which the nucleophilic supercage oxygens are not appreciably hydrogen bonded to water and in which the leaving anion-assisting cations are not appreciably coordinated by water. Dry X Faujasite zeolites adsorb and remove chloride ion from 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) at 1–3 molecules per supercage in the low adsorption limit to form a framework bound ethoxy ethyl sulfide in yields to over 80%. The chemistry with amounts of water near stoichiometric with respect to CEES was examined. Upon subsequent addition of water, 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl sulfide (HEES) is formed in small amounts from hydrolysis of the framework species. When water in the same amount is added to NaX before exposure to CEES, the yields of both framework species and HEES hydrolysis products are reduced. No chemistry of the kind reported in hydrolytic decontamination experiments in solution by Yang et al. [Y. Yang, L.L. Szafraniec, W.T. Beaudry, J.R. Ward, J. Org. Chem. 53 (1988) 3293] was observed under these water sparse, nucleophilic conditions.
Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Probation Program: Supervision and Official Outcomes

In 1996, California provided funding to 14 county probation agencies to implement multiagency, comprehensive services to keep troubled youths from recommitting crime and progressing farther into the justice system. We report results of a randomized experiment used to evaluate Ventura County’s 4-year demonstration project called the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP). We followed youths for more than 2 years after random assignment to SOCP or routine probation. We found no significant differences between SOCP and routine juvenile probationers on recidivism or other official-record outcomes. Although most youths were rearrested, most did not receive a sustained petition or incarceration. The modest additional services did not affect outcomes.
Web-based Arabidopsis functional and structural genomics resources.

As plant research moves to a “post-genomic” era, many diverse internet resources become available to the international research community. Arabidopsis thaliana, because of its small size, rapid life cycle and simple genome, has been a model system for decades, with much research funding and many projects devoted to creation of functional and structural genomics resources. Different types of data, including genome, transcriptome, proteome, phenome, metabolome and ionome are stored in these resources. In this chapter, a variety of genomics resources are introduced, with simple descriptions of how some can be accessed by laboratory researchers via the internet.
Ultrawideband - the next step in short-range wireless

Forces of economics and laws of physics have been driving the growth of short-range wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.116/a, Bluetooth/spl trade/, and most recently, ultrawideband. Developed initially for defense-related communications, ultrawideband offers data rates of 100-500 Mbps at distances of 2-10 meters, using an average radiated power of about 200 microwatts. With its low cost, low power, and small size, ultrawideband looks attractive for inter-connecting portable data-driven devices without wires as well as maximizing wireless spatial capacity measured in terms of bits/sec/square-meter.
Using Modeling and Simulation to Predict Operator Performance and Automation-Induced Complacency With Robotic Automation: A Case Study and Empirical Validation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a computational model of the automation complacency effect, as operators work on a robotic arm task, supported by three different degrees of automation. BACKGROUND: Some computational models of complacency in human-automation interaction exist, but those are formed and validated within the context of fairly simplified monitoring failures. This research extends model validation to a much more complex task, so that system designers can establish, without need for human-in-the-loop (HITL) experimentation, merits and shortcomings of different automation degrees. METHOD: We developed a realistic simulation of a space-based robotic arm task that could be carried out with three different levels of trajectory visualization and execution automation support. Using this simulation, we performed HITL testing. Complacency was induced via several trials of correctly performing automation and then was assessed on trials when automation failed. Following a cognitive task analysis of the robotic arm operation, we developed a multicomponent model of the robotic operator and his or her reliance on automation, based in part on visual scanning. RESULTS: The comparison of model predictions with empirical results revealed that the model accurately predicted routine performance and predicted the responses to these failures after complacency developed. However, the scanning models do not account for the entire attention allocation effects of complacency. APPLICATIONS: Complacency modeling can provide a useful tool for predicting the effects of different types of imperfect automation. The results from this research suggest that focus should be given to supporting situation awareness in automation development. Language: en
Calcium transport by plasma membranes from a glucose-responsive rat insulinoma.

Inside-out plasma membrane vesicles from a glucose-responsive rat insulinoma showed an ATP- and Mg2+- dependent uptake of Ca2. The Km (concentration giving halfmaximal activity) for Ca2+ was 60 nM. In the presence of 0.4 μM free Ca2+, the Km for ATP was 15 μM, and the Km for Mg2+ was 4 MM. Glucose (30 mM) decreased Ca2+ uptake by 50%, while other insulin secretagogues had no effect, except for glyceraldehyde, which stimulated Ca2+ uptake. Calmodulin increased the uptake of Ca2+, while trifluoperazine and vanadate inhibited the uptake. The Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent ATPase from this tumor has a 10- to 20-fold higher requirement for Ca2+, which suggests that this enzyme is not responsible for Ca2+ transport, rather, Ca2+ transport activity represents only a small fraction of the total Ca2+-ATPase activity. The physiological importance of Ca2+ transport in insulin secretion is evident from the inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by glucose, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ efflux from the cell. This inhibition would le...
Residual Stresses in Machined Ceramic Surfaces

Residual surface stresses generated in ceramic materials by diamond grinding were studied. The stresses are characterized both by X-ray measurements of stress magnitudes and by line forces (product of stress and layer thickness) obtained from the bending of plates that were machined on one side. The line forces tend to increase with the hardness of the material but are insensitive to the rate of material removal during grinding (over a limited range of variation). Residual stress measurements are compared with measurements of strengths of the ground surfaces.
Anisotropic Modeling of Fibrous White Matter

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating injury that affects more than 1.4 million people in the United States each year. Of the incidences of TBI, diffuse axonal injury (DAI) accounts for the second largest percentage of deaths. DAI is caused by inertial loads to the head, and it is characterized by damage to neurons. Despite the extensive research on DAI, the injury mechanisms associated with the pathology are still poorly understood. The crucial link between the inertial forces to the head at the macroscale and the resulting damage at the cellular level has yet to be explained. An integral step to understanding this coupling between mechanical forces and the functional damage of neurons is the development of an analytical model that accurately represents the mechanics of brain deformation under inertial loads. It has been noted in clinical and experimental studies that the most common injury location of DAI is within the deep white matter of the brain. Structures such as the splenium of the corpus callosum are cited as being highly susceptible to damage [1]. Although numerous brain tissue models have been proposed, few models account for the anisotropic nature of white matter in the brain. As a first step in developing an anisotropic model for white matter, the effect of the invariant terms in a strain energy function for white matter is analyzed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Investigation and management of dysphagia

Dysphagia is a common finding in infants and children with neuromuscular disabilities. Dysphagia may be developmental, as in the preterm infant, transient, chronic, or progressive. The evaluation of dysphagia must take into account the age of the patient and typical development of feeding and swallowing for that age. The typical abilities seen in neonatal, early infancy, later infancy and early childhood periods vary in sensorimotor skills and feeding efficiency. In addition to knowing the substrate of expected skills by age, knowledge of the neurophysiology of feeding and swallowing is essential to diagnosis. Each physiologic phase of deglutition: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal can present with symptoms of dysphagia that can guide investigation. Common symptoms of dysphagia include generalized feeding difficulty such as poor efficiency, food refusal and failure to thrive. Specific symptoms include tongue thrust, choking, cough, and oxygen desaturation. The possibility of dysphagia can be identified through a thorough feeding history. Examination initially includes the infant's muscle tone and posture in the head, neck and body. Anomalies of structures of the head and neck must be identified and examined for their effect on function. Next, examination of oral structures for reflexes, tongue movements, and symmetry will identify neurologic abnormalities. Observation of feeding is essential and will reveal signs of dysphagia. Aspiration in the infant can present without specific signs. Respiratory abnormalities or Gastroesophageal reflux can be identified during history or examination. Investigation of dysphagia most commonly includes videofluoroscopy, endoscopy, and ultrasonography. The management of dysphagia requires an individualized approach and will include neurologic, respiratory, nutritional and possibly gastrointestinal management. Six broad areas are identified that must be considered in the management of dysphagia in infants and children. They include: normalization of posture and positioning, adaptation of foods and feeding equipment, oromotor therapy, feeding therapy, nutritional support and management of associated disorders. A team of professionals will assist the parent and child in achieving pleasant feedings to foster appropriate growth and development.
DNA Repair in Human Cells Exposed to Combinations of Carcinogenic Agents

Normal human and XP2 fibroblasts were treated with UV plus UV-mimetic chemicals. The UV dose used was sufficient to saturate the UV excision repair system. Excision repair after combined treatments was estimated by unscheduled DNA synthesis, BrdUrd photolysis, and the loss of sites sensitive to a UV specific endonuclease. Since the repair of damage from UV and its mimetics is coordinately controlled we expected that there would be similar rate-limiting steps in the repair of UV and chemical damage and that after a combined treatment the total amount of repair would be the same as from UV or the chemicals separately. The expectation was not fulfilled. In normal cells repair after a combined treatment was additive whereas in XP cells repair after a combined treatment was usually less than after either agent separately. The chemicals tested were AAAF, DMBA-epoxide, 4NQO, and ICR-170.
Case study report: postural restoration: an effective physical therapy approach to patient treatment

The purpose of this case study is to inform specialists that there are different approaches to physical therapy treatment intervention. It introduces a case study report of a 40 year old female who failed to improve her musculoskeletal pain issues in her cervical spine, lumbar spine, left lower extremity, left hip, right shoulder and TMJ with previous physical therapy and chiropractic intervention. Her pain issues did resolve however with physical therapy treatment by a trained therapist in Postural Restoration. Postural Restoration is a posture-based approach to physical therapy treatment developed by Ron Hruska, PT at the Postural Restoration Institute in Lincoln Nebraska.
Educating for Peace

This is a criminologist's essay about how to make students in our schools safer, safer to be with each other and safer from one another, and safer from adult predation. Educating for peace is proposed as an alternative to making war on our schoolchildren. Educating for peace involves engaging students in peaceful relations, rather than simply teaching them techniques. It involves trust, responsibility, support, care, and love. It involves a mutual sharing of thoughts, ideas, and experiences, rather than a hierarchical power relationship between teacher and learner. Educating for peace is ultimately about doing peace, not learning about peace in mere abstraction.
Vancomycin leading to lupus flare in an elderly lady: a case report

Elderly lady underwent right eye surgery for vitreous clot removal. 72 hours later, she complained of pain, redness and swelling in operated eye. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed. She was started on piperacillin/ tazobactam and vancomycin. Evisceration was required. Coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated and vancomycin was continued postoperatively. She was discharged on home intravenous vancomycin therapy. Admitted one week later with painful oral ulcers, fever and diffuse erythmatous body rash. Vancomycin and other medications were stopped. Investigations revealed elevated double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid and anti histone antibodies. Skin biopsy was suggestive of lupus rash. She was started on 60 mg of oral prednisone, improved dramatically and discharged to home.
Late Cenozoic Underthrusting of the Continental Margin off Northernmost California

The presence of magnetic anomaly 3, age 5 million years, beneath the continental slope off northernmost California, is evidence for underthrusting of the continental margin during the late Cenozoic. Folded and faulted strata near the base of the slope attest to deformation of the eastern edge of the turbidite sedimzents in the Gorda Basin; the deformation observed is exactly that expected from underthrusting. The relative motions of three crustal plates also suggest underthrusting, possibly with a major component of right-lateral slip.
SLAM with sparse sensing

Most work on the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem assumes the frequent availability of dense information about the environment such as that provided by a laser rangefinder. However, for implementing SLAM in consumer-oriented products such as toys or cleaning robots, it is infeasible to use expensive sensing. In this work we examine the SLAM problem for robots with very sparse sensing that provides too little data to extract features of the environment from a single scan. We modify SLAM to group several scans taken as the robot moves into multiscans, achieving higher data density in exchange for greater measurement uncertainty due to odometry error. We formulate a full system model for this approach, and then introduce simplifications that enable efficient implementation using a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter. Finally, we describe simple algorithms for feature extraction and data association of line and line segment features from multiscans, and then present experimental results using real data from several environments
Persistent Purulent Otitis Media

Of 429 children with acute otitis media who returned for follow-up evaluation, 49 (11%) were unresponsive to a 10- to 14-day course of ampicillin, amoxicillin, or erythromycin/sulfisoxazole. Patients with persistent purulent otitis media were noted to have immobile, bulging, yellow or grey, abscessed tympanic membranes at the follow-up visit. A myringotomy was performed on 45 children. Cultures of middle-ear exudate yielded ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in 14 (31%), ampicillin-susceptible pathogens (H. influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae) in 23 (51%), and no growth in 8 (18%).
Role of Mossy Fiber Sprouting and Mossy Cell Loss in Hyperexcitability: A Network Model of the Dentate Gyrus Incorporating Cell Types and Axonal Topography

Mossy cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting are two characteristic consequences of repeated seizures and head trauma. However, their precise contributions to the hyperexcitable state are not well understood. Because it is difficult, and frequently impossible, to independently examine using experimental techniques whether it is the loss of mossy cells or the sprouting of mossy fibers that leads to dentate hyperexcitability, we built a biophysically realistic and anatomically representative computational model of the dentate gyrus to examine this question. The 527-cell model, containing granule, mossy, basket, and hilar cells with axonal projections to the perforant-path termination zone, showed that even weak mossy fiber sprouting (10-15% of the strong sprouting observed in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy) resulted in the spread of seizure-like activity to the adjacent model hippocampal laminae after focal stimulation of the perforant path. The simulations also indicated that the spatially restricted, lamellar distribution of the sprouted mossy fiber contacts reported in in vivo studies was an important factor in sustaining seizure-like activity in the network. In contrast to the robust hyperexcitability-inducing effects of mossy fiber sprouting, removal of mossy cells resulted in decreased granule cell responses to perforant-path activation in agreement with recent experimental data. These results indicate the crucial role of mossy fiber sprouting even in situations where there is only relatively weak mossy fiber sprouting as is the case after moderate concussive experimental head injury.
Social Media as a Vector for Youth Violence: A Review of the Literature

Homicide is the second leading cause of death for young people, and exposure to violence has a negative impact on youth mental health, academic performance, and relationships. We demonstrate that youth violence, including bullying, gang violence, and self-directed violence, increasingly occurs in the online space. We review the literature on violence and online social media, and show that while some forms of online violence are limited to Internet-based interactions, others are directly related to face-to-face acts of violence. Central to our purpose is uncovering the real-world consequences of these online events, and using this information to design effective prevention and intervention strategies. We discuss several limitations of the existing literature, including inconsistent definitions for some forms of online violence, and an overreliance on descriptive data. Finally, we acknowledge the constantly evolving landscape of online social media, and discuss implications for the future of social media and youth violence research.[The original abstract for this article contains images that cannot be displayed here. Please click on the link below to read the full abstract and article.]
Synthesis of insulin pump controllers from safety specifications using Bayesian model validation

Insulin pump controllers seek to alleviate the chronic suffering caused by diabetes that affects over 6% of the world population. The design of control laws for insulin pump controllers has been well studied. However, the parameters involved in the control law are difficult to synthesize. Traditionally, ad hoc approaches using animal models and random sampling have been used to construct these parameters. We suggest a synthesis algorithm that uses Bayesian statistical model validation to reduce the number of simulations needed. We apply this algorithm to the problem of insulin pump controller synthesis using in silico simulation of the glucose-insulin metabolism model.
Megacities and atmospheric pollution

Abstract About half of the world's population now lives in urban areas because of the opportunity for a better quality of life. Many of these urban centers are expanding rapidly, leading to the growth of megacities, which are defined as metropolitan areas with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants. These concentrations of people and activity are exerting increasing stress on the natural environment, with impacts at urban, regional and global levels. In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most important problems of megacities. Initially, the main air pollutants of concern were sulfur compounds, which were generated mostly by burning coal. Today, photochemical smog—induced primarily from traffic, but also from industrial activities, power generation, and solvents—has become the main source of concern for air quality, while sulfur is still a major problem in many cities of the developing world. Air pollution has serious impacts on public health, causes urban and regional haze, and has ...
Geographic Variation in the Baja California Nightsnake (Eridiphas slevini), with Comments on Taxonomy and Diet

We analyzed geographic variation in external morphology of the endemic Baja California Nightsnake, Eridiphas slevini. Recently, the subspecies from Isla San Marcos (Eridiphas slevini marcosensis) was elevated to specific status based on the original description of only two specimens. Our results reveal complete overlap in characters used to diagnose Eridiphas marcosensis. Thus, we recognize only one species: Eridiphas slevini. Previously observed variation is explained by a latitudinal trend, with females attaining a higher ventral-scale count at the northern end of the species range. We also examined museum specimens for stomach contents and review the literature for dietary records of this rare snake.
An Empirical Analysis of Dissensus on the United States Courts of Appeals

Judges often emphasize that decision-making on the courts of appeals is a product of collegial deliberation among judges. Many factors may help promote judicial collegiality or create dissensus in the courts. We examine aggregate disagreement - or dissensus - on the United States Court of Appeals for the First, Seventh, Ninth, and D.C. Circuits and attempt to explain dissensus as a product of several variables: the ideological makeup of the court, the size of the court, the addition of new members to the court, the chief judge's years of experience, the number of judges with trial court experience, workload, and a measure of aggregate co-tenure, which is the average number of years of shared service on the court for each pair of judges on the court. Using both pooled and individual OLS estimates for the four circuits, we find only limited evidence that these variables contribute to the aggregate levels of disagreement on these courts.
Predictions of Sulfur Resistance in Metal Membranes for H2 Purification Using First-Principles Calculations

Contamination of metal films by sulfur-containing compounds presents a major challenge to using metal membranes for H2 purification in processes involving large-scale gasification of coal or biomass. Formation of bulk sulfide phases in these applications is typically associated with irreversible loss of performance and ultimately membrane failure. The concept of using metal alloys to reduce sensitivity to sulfide formation has been explored in a variety of experiments, but development of alloys for this purpose has been hampered by a lack of thermodynamic data on formation of the relevant sulfide phases. We show that first principles calculations using density functional theory can be used to predict the formation of bulk sulfide phases from metal alloys under conditions that are relevant for operation of metal membranes. Our methods are illustrated by assessing the formation of sulfides for PdAg, PdAu, and PdCu alloys of all possible binary compositions.
Oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor: III. Multiparous patients

The effectiveness of a specific oxytocin regimen characterized by a small dose, a slow rate of oxytocin incrementation, and a specific computer-defined goal of contractile activity was evaluated. The group managed by this protocol was compared with a similar group of multiparous patients managed by the same physicians using their own choice of oxytocin therapies and electronic monitoring of intrauterine pressure. The patients managed by protocol and computer had shorter mean durations of time from onset of treatment to complete cervical dilatation and received smaller mean doses of oxytocin than the control group of patients. The most significant factor determining these results was the rate of incrementation of the oxytocin dose.