cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SLOPING CORE EMBANKMENTS

A METHOD WAS RECENTLY DEVELOPED FOR ANALYZING THE STABILITY OF A SLOPING CORE EMBANKMENT. THE ANALYSIS REQUIRES THE DETERMINATION OF THE MOST CRITICAL SLIDING BLOCKS BY TRIAL AND ERROR METHODS. THIS TECHNICAL NOTE ASSUMES AN EMBANKMENT TO BE IN A STATE OF COMPRESSIONAL PLASTIC EQUILIBRIUM AT THE MOMENT OF FAILURE AND USES THE MOHR DIAGRAM TO CONSTRUCT THE FOOT-LINE FIELD FOR THE EMBANKMENT UNDER CONSIDERATION, THE SURFACES BETWEEN CRITICAL SLIDING BLOCKS ARE DETERMINED AT ONCE. THE NEED IS, THEREFORE, ELIMINATED FOR UTILIZING SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS. RESULTS SHOW THAT BY UTILIZING THE MOHR DIAGRAM TO CONSTRUCT THE SLIP-LINE FIELD FOR A SLOPING CORE EMBANKMENT, THE CRITICAL SLIDING BLOCKS ARE DETERMINED QUICKLY AND WITH A MINIMUM OF EFFORT. REFERENCES: STABILITY OF SLOPING CORE EARTH DAMS, H. A. SULTAN, H. BOLTON SEED, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, ASCE, VOL. 93, NO. SM4, PROC. PAPER 5307, JULY 1967.
Knife-injected anhydrous ammonia increases yield-scaled N2O emissions compared to broadcast or band-applied ammonium sulfate in wheat

Abstract The effect of nitrogen (N) application rate on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions in grain cropping systems has been extensively studied, but little attention has been given to N source as a factor influencing emissions. To expand our understanding of the conditions that affect N 2 O emissions and production pathways, and develop management practices that farmers can use to maintain crop productivity while mitigating N 2 O emissions, we conducted field experiments during two years in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) cropping systems in the Sacramento Valley, California. Five levels of total N were applied, ranging from 0 to 254 in the 2009–10 season, and from 0 to 266 kg N ha −1 in the 2010–11 season. At planting in November, either ammonium sulfate (AS) or anhydrous ammonia (AA) was applied, and either urea or calcium nitrate was used as a topdress at the stem elongation stage. The cumulative N 2 O emissions ranged from 0.24 (±0.07) to 1.31 (±0.35) kg N 2 O-N ha −1 in 2009–10 and from 0.74 (±0.24) to 2.2 (±0.23) kg N 2 O-N ha −1 in 2010–11. In both seasons, the highest total N 2 O and yield-scaled N 2 O emissions were recorded in the treatments that included 112 kg N ha −1 as knife-injected AA. In 2010–11, the total N 2 O and yield-scaled N 2 O emissions following 168 kg N ha −1 broadcast AS starter were similar as those of the AA treatment. Significantly higher N 2 O fluxes after a topdress application of 98 kg N ha −1 urea compared to a nitrate addition of the same magnitude indicates that ammonia oxidation was likely the source of N 2 O production. In contrast to other studies, N use efficiency was not negatively correlated to N uptake-scaled N 2 O emissions, mainly because N 2 O emissions were a function of fertilizer type and application method.
AGE EFFECTS ON THORACIC INJURY TOLERANCE

In this paper age effects on thoracic injury tolerances are studied: (1) by analyzing the mechanical properties of human bones and soft tissues; and (2) by examining experimental results found in the literature of thoracic impact tests to human cadavers. It is suggested that the adult age range can be divided into three age groups. Using piece-wise linear regression analyses, it has been determined that the reduction in injury tolerance from the "young" age group to the "elderly" group is approximately 20% under blunt frontal impact loading conditions and is as much as 70% under belt loading conditions. By comparing cadaver data and living human data, it has been also found that cadaver data on the elderly overestimate the decreases in mechanical properties with age. The reductions in injury tolerance with age can be used to scale tolerances between age groups so that existing experimental data of injury tolerances for a specific age range can be extrapolated to other ranges. The results of the paper may also be useful in the design of automotive restraint systems which are tunable to occupant age. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 891635.
Network intrusion detection

Attacks against computers and the Internet are in the news every week. These primarily take the form of malicious code such as viruses and worms, or denial of service attacks. Less commonly reported are attacks which gain access to computers, either for the purpose of producing damage (such as defacing web sites or deleting data) or for the opportunities such access provides to the attacker, such as access to bank accounts or control systems of power stations. In a perspectives article in Science (Wulf and Jones 2009) the authors argue that computer systems are getting less secure, not more, and that traditional models of security based on perimeter defenses are not working.
Dynamic, Interactive Documents for Teaching Statistical Practice

Along with many others, we propose that statistical thinking and literacy are the important elements to teach rather than rules and methods. We propose that this is true for all levels of statistics education. We further argue that we must teach our students how statistics can be used to answer scientific questions and how to connect relevant statistical methods to these questions. We outline an approach that allows authors to create documents describing data analyses and tutorials that combine the description of the analysis with the computations performed along with the thought process. These documents can contain the different branches of exploration which the author pursued, along with the more traditional distilled approach. The document can also contain interactive controls that allow the reader to modify the computations. The documents are thus dynamic (outputs can be recalculated), interactive (controlled by reader) and contain the thought process of the author and also methods for reproducing and exploring the results.
Organization of the transcriptional control region of the E1b gene of adenovirus type 5.

Abstract Genetic analysis of the transcriptional control sequences of the E1b gene of adenovirus type 5 identified two regions that stimulated specific transcription by whole cell extracts from uninfected cells. The first region, located within 50 nucleotides (position -50) 5' to the transcription initiation (cap) site, contains a G+C-rich consensus-binding site (GC box) for the transcription factor Sp1 and a TATA box. Unambiguous stimulatory activity of the second region, between positions -358 and -127, was observed only in the absence of the GC box. DNase I protection experiments (footprinting) with crude nuclear extracts from uninfected cells revealed multiple DNA-protein interactions at the control region. Proximal to the initiation site, both the GC box and the cap site were protected; however, protection of the TATA box was not observed. In the distal region, four protein-binding sites, designated I through IV, were located between positions -250 and -120. Three of the four mapped in protein-coding sequences of the adjacent E1a gene. Sites I and II were 5' to position -218 whereas sites III and IV were 3' to position -218. This finding was consistent with results of the transcriptional analysis indicating that subsets of the distal region were sufficient for stimulation of transcription in vitro in the absence of the GC box. Within the boundaries of site I, a 10-base-pair protected sequence was similar to one located 5' to the adenovirus E1a, E2a, E3, E4, E2 late, and polypeptide IX transcription initiation sites. Sequences within the boundaries of the other three sites were similar to those within other viral and cellular enhancers.
Direct Observation of Wetting and Spreading of Molten Aluminum on TiB2 in the Presence of a Molten Flux from the Aluminum Melting Point up to 1033 K (760 °C)

The wetting and spreading of molten aluminum on TiB2 substrates between the aluminum melting point and 1033 K (760 °C) was investigated in the presence of different types of fluxes. The wetting and spreading behavior is observed to depend on the flux, its melting point, its chemistry, and its ability to dissolve alumina. When the flux melting point is higher than the melting point of aluminum, the molten aluminum takes on an initial spherical shape as a result of the thin alumina layer on its surface. After the flux is melted, it dissolves the alumina layer on the liquid aluminum surface causing the aluminum to wet and spread on the substrate. When the flux melts before the aluminum, the alumina layer on the solid aluminum surface is dissolved into the flux. In this case, the aluminum surface in contact with the molten flux is alumina layer free. Thus, the aluminum does not take a spherical shape after melting; it rapidly melts, wets, and spreads on the substrate. The use of a flux allows the wetting behavior of aluminum on TiB2 to be observed at lower temperatures than previously reported.
Oligopolistic Behavior by Public Agencies in International Trade: The World Wheat Market

A model of the world wheat market is presented which treats public policies as endogenous. The oligopolistic nature of international wheat trade is captured by assuming policy makers form conjectures on the slope of the excess demand function they face and use that information to determine domestic and trade policies. The policies reflect differing influences of political interest groups. A U.S. crop shortfall scenario illustrates the different results with endogenous policies compared to the traditional model.
Databases in the Next Millennium

Predicting the likelihood that large databases will become an important instrument for medical quality improvement is at least as difficult as most prognostication. This attempt at prediction starts by trying to ask the right questions: Can data serve as the agent for meaningful improvement? Is meaningful improvement possible without data? What elements are necessary and sufficient for improving the quality of medical care? It then looks for answers, starting with an unconventional excursion into the history of database use. This is followed by a recognition that the use of large databases for medical quality improvement is a true innovation, the future of which will probably be determined as much by the social and emotional forces that govern the diffusion of all innovations as by the technical strength of databases themselves. Finally, it examines some of the limitations and pitfalls that are likely to be associated with the increasing use of large databases in medicine.
Renal tubular acidosis, glomerulonephritis and immunologic factors in Sjögren's syndrome.

Urinary acidification was impaired in 6 of 12 patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) studied before and during the administration of ammonium chloride. Renal tubular acidosis was overt in 3 patients and subclinical in 2. The sixth patient had glomerulonephritis. Precipitating antibodies to tissue antigens were studied in 70 patients with SS. The group with renal disease had the greatest reactivity, and the only reactivity to heat denatured DNA. None of the 70 patients reacted with native DNA, and only one with nucleoprotein.
On the connectedness of solution sets in linear complementarity problems

Abstract We investigate conditions on a square matrix M for which every LCP( M , q ) (with q arbitrary) has a connected solution set. We show that a matrix with this property is necessarily fully semimonotone. Using degree theory, we show that the solution set of LCP( M , q ) corresponding to a P 0 -matrix is connected if there is a bounded connected component in the solution set.
Cytoprotection by Stabilization of Cell Membranes

The major constraint that limits tissue storage is the accumulation of cellular damage or wounding by the storage conditions and consequential loss of tissue viability. The noun wound is used in the medical field to refer to a disruption of tissue integrity that follows trauma. Subsequent wound healing results from exposure to supraphysiological forces or is the consequence of action by reactive chemical agents.1,2 Cell wounding results from exposure to supraphysiological forces or is the consequence of action by reactive chemical agents. Cell wounds result from alteration of cellular moleculary structure or disruption of molecular assemblies such as membranes. Unlike tissue healing, the healing of cellular wounds occurs by neighboring biomolecular interactions. Like tissue wound healing, cellular wound healing involves accelerated processes that are constitutively expressed in routine physiologic repair of cellular structures.3 This discussion relates to pharmaceutical strategies that are useful for augmenting the cellular healing response.
The art of (re)possession : heritage and the cultural politics of Congo's decolonization

This article argues for a thematic and periodization shift in the approach to the history of Congo's decolonization. It demonstrates how debates about cultural heritage and demands for cultural restitution became important aspects of Congolese interpretations of decolonization, and argues that they played an important role in the national and international politics that were central to the construction of the cultural sovereignty of the postcolonial Zairian state.
Band broadening phenomena with the moving belt LC-MS interface

Abstract The effects of solvent deposition and belt speed on the chromatographic performance of a moving belt LC-MS interface were studied. Spray deposition was utilized for transfer of the chromatographic effluent to the belt surface and a continuously variable drive was used to study the effect of belt speed. Quantitation of these variables was done by calculating the central moments of the generated total ion chromatograms. Close correlation between HPLC-MS and HPLCUV chromatography was obtained under optimized conditions of sample deposition, belt speed and flow rate.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Effective vaccination is now available to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted infection and the cause of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. HPV vaccine uptake is particularly important for females surviving cancer, some of whom are at high risk for HPV complications because of the direct and indirect effects of cancer treatment. Thus, version 3.0 of the Children's Oncology Group's Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer recommends HPV vaccination for all eligible females surviving childhood cancer. Because this vaccine was only approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2006, little is known regarding the complexity of vaccination uptake among those surviving cancer. The purpose of this article was to describe the HPV vaccine and its usefulness in the survivorship population, provide a rationale for describing cancer survivors as being at increased risk for HPV complications, identify factors associated with HPV vaccination, and discuss the utilization of these predictors in designing strategies to promote adherence to HPV vaccination recommendations within the survivorship context.
A Case of Ankylosing Spondylitis in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with a variety of rheumatic manifestations. The pathogenic mechanisms are not well defined, but evidences suggests multiple mechanisms, including direct or indirect human immunodeficiency virus involvement with a genetic, immunological, and environmental basis. Rheumatic manifestations can occur during the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and their presence is associated with an overall poor prognosis for the underlying human immunodeficiency virus infection. We report a case of a 37-year-old male who had ankylosing spondylitis with a human immunodeficiency virus infection.
California’s Targeted Truancy and Public Safety Program: Preliminary Outcomes Associated with Two School Districts’ Truancy Abatement Efforts

Although school attendance has been mandatory in California for nearly a century, school attendance rates have approached 90% only over the last few decades. Truancy has been a problem since the onset of mandatory education, and nonattendance has always been seen as harmful not only to individuals, but also to the greater society. Recently the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (U.S. Department of Justice), the California Board of Corrections, and the California Legislature have been focusing their attention on truancy as a risk factor, if not as a stepping stone, to criminal activity. Recently, California legislators created a new article in the California Education Code known as the Targeted Truancy and Public Safety Grant Program (TTPS). This paper evaluates truancy abatement efforts in two school districts: one funded through TTPS and the other through the California Board of Corrections
Specificity of leukocyte-endothelial interactions and diapedesis: physiologic and therapeutic implications of an active decision process.

Summary In situ studies have revealed that an active multistep process regulates leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition and diapedesis in vivo. The requirement for sequential engagement of receptors mediating transient adhesion, leukocyte activation, activationdependent sticking and diapedesis implies that leukocyte recruitment can be regulated at any of these 4 steps, and provides a combinatorial mechanism to explain the remarkable specificity and diversity of leukocyte homing events in vivo. The model will help direct therapeutic approaches to controlling leukocyte traffic.
On Reviews in Anthropology and in Response to Jo C. Scheder's Review of Theorizing Self in Samoa

Recently Jo C. Scheder reviewed my book Theorizing Self in Samoa for the American Anthropologist (102[3]:664-665). This review misconstrues my ideas, inaccurately reporting what the book does and does not say. In this response I set the record straight, but there is a larger issue that I want to illustrate as well. In reviews of all sorts, too often reviewers criticize authors because the manuscript or publication at issue is not the sort of anthropology that reviewer favors. We are all swayed by our own lifelong commitment to a certain type of anthropology. But I believe the discipline is best served by a conceptual inclusiveness that encourages many different types of anthropology to thrive, that judges these endeavors in their own right, and that encourages scholars to come together in more comprehensive perspectives where they can. Let us turn to Scheder's representation of Theorizing Self as an example of how anthropologists fall short in this task.
Cost comparison between code teleportation and stabilizer sequence methods for quantum code conversion

There are two methods for code conversion: stabilizer sequence and code teleportation. The stabilizer sequence method is to apply a sequence of stabilizers between two codes with repetitive error-correction by stabilizers. On the other hand the code teleportation is to apply the teleportation of encoded qubits. Since we have two methods, it is our choice to choose any of them for target situation. To guide the choice, we analyze the necessary cost for each protocol. Specifically we compare two methods for the situation where 5-qubit and 7-qubit should be interchanged. In this work, we found that the code teleportation method needs less overhead than the stabilizer method.
Aircraft technology portfolio optimization using ant colony optimization

Technology portfolio selection is a combinatorial optimization problem often faced with a large number of combinations and technology incompatibilities. The main research question addressed in this article is to determine if Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is better suited than Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Simulated Annealing (SA) for technology portfolio optimization when incompatibility constraints between technologies are present. Convergence rate, capability to find optima, and efficiency in handling of incompatibilities are the three criteria of comparison. The application problem consists of finding the best technology portfolio from 29 aircraft technologies. The results show that ACO and GAs converge faster and find optima more easily than SA, and that ACO can optimize portfolios with technology incompatibilities without using penalty functions. This latter finding paves the way for more use of ACO when the number of constraints increases, such as in the technology and concept selection for complex e...
The Service Integration Maturity Model: Achieving Flexibility in the Transformation to SOA

Historically, the link between business executives and their company?s IT organization has been weak, obscure and difficult. Barriers to effective communication between business leaders and IT leaders included bad funding models, a poor understanding of each others needs, issues and timelines and a long history of failed initiatives - on both sides. Also, as IT importance grew exponentially, the business understanding of that importance did not always keep up. Twenty-first century companies know that their IT systems are their life-blood, but getting to that understanding has been long in coming. With the rise of the Internet and the examples of Amazon, eBay and other IT miracles, the understanding of the effectiveness of value nets as well as of improved internal processes is pervasive. Executives now agree that they have to change or fail. enough, though. Many companies still rely completely but implicitly on a patchwork of unmanageable decades-old systems whose builders and their knowledge - are long gone. The detritus of mergers and acquisitions, competing IT staffs, independent or "skunk-works" departmental IT organizations and widespread parochial thinking can not easily be overcome. But it has to be.
Functional Anatomy of the Primary Downstroke Muscles in the Pallid Bat, Antrozous pallidus

Electromyographical analysis of the shoulder musculature of Antrozous pallidus indicates the existence of two patterns of activity within the primary down-stroke musculature. The first pattern, exemplified by Mm. pectoralis profundus and serratus anterior , is an adductor pattern of muscle activity responsible for powering the downstroke. A second pattern indicative of a fine control role in locomotion is exemplified by M. subscapularis in which a nearly continuous distribution of muscle activity is recorded throughout the wingbeat cycle. These findings dictate a revision of existing hypotheses about the functional division of labor in the chiropteran down-stroke musculature with respect to the temporal involvement of the three muscles during flight.
Measuring longitudinal change in the hippocampal formation from in vivo high-resolution T2-weighted MRI

The hippocampal formation (HF) is a brain structure of great interest because of its central role in learning and memory, and its associated vulnerability to several neurological disorders. In vivo oblique coronal T2-weighted MRI with high in-plane resolution (~0.5 mm × 0.5 mm), thick slices (~2.0 mm), and a field of view tailored to imaging the hippocampal formation (denoted HF-MRI in this paper) has been advanced as a useful imaging modality for detailed hippocampal morphometry. Cross-sectional analysis of volume measurements derived from HF-MRI has shown the modality's promise to yield sensitive imaging-based biomarker for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the utility of this modality for making measurements of longitudinal change has not yet been demonstrated. In this paper, using an unbiased deformation-based morphometry (DBM) pipeline, we examine the suitability of HF-MRI for estimating longitudinal change by comparing atrophy rates measured in the whole hippocampus from this modality with those measured from more common isotropic (~1 mm³) T1-weighted MRI in the same set of individuals, in a cohort of healthy controls and patients with cognitive impairment. While measurements obtained from HF-MRI were largely consistent with those obtained from T1-MRI, HF-MRI yielded slightly larger group effect of greater atrophy rates in patients than in controls. The estimated minimum sample size required for detecting a 25% change in patients' atrophy rate in the hippocampus compared to the control group with a statistical power β=0.8 was N=269. For T1-MRI, the equivalent sample size was N=325. Using a dataset of test-retest scans, we show that the measurements were free of additive bias. We also demonstrate that these results were not a confound of certain methodological choices made in the DBM pipeline to address the challenges of making longitudinal measurements from HF-MRI, using a region of interest (ROI) around the HF to globally align serial images, followed by slice-by-slice deformable registration to measure local volume change. Additionally, we present a preliminary study of atrophy rate measurements within hippocampal subfields using HF-MRI. Cross-sectional differences in atrophy rates were detected in several subfields.
Determination of 8-Oxoguanine and 8-Hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine in the Rat Cerebral Cortex Using Microdialysis Sampling and Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection

A rapid and sensitive method to determine 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), biomarkers for oxidative DNA damage, in cerebral cortex microdialysate samples using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical detection (CEEC) was developed. Samples were concentrated on-column using pH-mediated stacking for anions. On-column anodic detection was performed with a carbon fiber working electrode and laser-etched decoupler. The method is linear over the expected extracellular concentration range for 8oxoG and 8-OHdG during induced ischemia-reperfusion, with R.S.D. values <or=5% and limit of detection of 0.5 nM for both analytes. Basal concentrations of 8oxoG in rat cerebral cortex microdialysate were determined to be 3.2+/-0.6 nM. Actual 8oxoG concentration in the brain was estimated to be 5.5+/-1.3 nM based on in vivo delivery probe calibration. 8OHdG was not detected under basal conditions in the rat cerebral cortex extracellular fluid (ECF). These results were confirmed by LC with tandem mass spectrometry.
The technique of intraluminal stenting and steroid administration in the treatment of tracheal stenosis in children.

Abstract A method of therapy for tracheal strictures using intraluminal stents plus high-dosage corticosteroid administration has been described by Birck. 3 This regimen has been modified by us with the addition of direct injection of triamcinolone into the stricture. This technique is applicable to laryngeal and high tracheal strictures in children. It has produced satisfactory results with no serious complications to date. As an alternative to repeated, prolonged dilatations we recommend this therapy for children with severe high tracheal strictures.
Secreted miRNAs suppress atherogenesis

Endothelial–vascular smooth muscle cell communication has a critical role in cardiovascular homeostasis and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A study now demonstrates extracellular-vesicle-mediated transfer of the atheroprotective microRNAs miR-143/145 between endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, providing compelling evidence that intercellular transport of miRNAs can influence a pathological process, namely atherosclerosis.
Effects of errors in velocity tilt on maximum longitudinal compression during neutralized drift compression of intense beam pulses: I. general description

Neutralized drift compression offers an effective means for particle beam pulse compression and current amplification. In neutralized drift compression, a linear longitudinal velocity tilt (head-to-tail gradient) is applied to the non-relativistic beam pulse, so that the beam pulse compresses as it drifts in the focusing section. The beam current can increase by more than a factor of 100 in the longitudinal direction. We have performed an analytical study of how errors in the velocity tilt acquired by the beam in the induction bunching module limit the maximum longitudinal compression. It is found that the compression ratio is determined by the relative errors in the velocity tilt. That is, one-percent errors may limit the compression to a factor of one hundred. However, a part of the beam pulse where the errors are small may compress to much higher values, which are determined by the initial thermal spread of the beam pulse. It is also shown that sharp jumps in the compressed current density profile can be produced due to overlaying of different parts of the pulse near the focal plane. Examples of slowly varying and rapidly varying errors compared to the beam pulse duration are studied. For beam velocity errors given by a cubic function, the compression ratio can be described analytically. In this limit, a significant portion of the beam pulse is located in the broad wings of the pulse and is poorly compressed. The central part of the compressed pulse is determined by the thermal spread. The scaling law for maximum compression ratio is derived. In addition to a smooth variation in the velocity tilt, fast-changing errors during the pulse may appear in the induction bunching module if the voltage pulse is formed by several pulsed elements. Different parts of the pulse compress nearly simultaneously at the target and the compressed profile may have many peaks. The maximum compression is a function of both thermal spread and the velocity errors. The effects of the finite gap width of the bunching module on compression are analyzed analytically.
Effects of electrolytes on attachment of aquatic bacteria to solid surfaces

The influence of electrolytes on the adhesion to surfaces by two freshwater bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Chromobacterium sp.), a marine bacterium (Pseudomonas sp. NCMB 2021), and eight estuarine isolates was investigated with interference reflection microscopy (IRM). IRM is a light microscope technique which allows evaluation of changes in bacterium-substratum separation distance within a range of 0 to ca. 100 nm by changes in image darkness and brightness. The addition of calcium chloride (5 mM) or lanthanum chloride (75 μM or 125 μM) to suspensions of the freshwater bacteria produced changes in the image consistent with a reduction in cellsurface separation distance. However, the addition of calcium chloride to suspensions of the estuarine or marine bacteria caused little or no change in image. As the addition of electrolytes would be expected to facilitate adhesion by reducing electrostatic repulsion between the two surfaces, the results suggest that electrostatic repulsion may be of little consequence to bacterial adhesion in saline environments.
Estimation of biomarker distributions using laboratory data collected during routine delivery of medical care.

Purpose To examine the extent to which commonly ordered laboratory values obtained from large health care databases are representative of the distribution of laboratory values from the general population as reflected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Stolon Growth and Dry Matter Partitioning Explain Differences in Zoysiagrass Establishment Rates

A barrier to widespread zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) use is its slow establishment rate. Our objectives were to quantify differences in establishment rate of zoysiagrass cultivars and genotypes as well as determine the underlying factors associated with differential growth rates. Thirty-fi ve genotypes of zoysiagrass were transplanted into fi eld plots in June 2004 and 2005. Establishment rate and stolon growth of zoysiagrass genotypes were measured in the fi eld and then four cultivars with contrasting establishment rate were used for further growth analysis in a growth chamber. Mean establishment rate [log e (coverage) d −1 ] and coverage (cm 2 ) 91 d after planting (DAP) in the fi eld were faster for Z. japonica than Z. matrella genotypes. The Z. japonica Genotype 6186 had the greatest coverage 91 DAP. ‘El Toro’, ‘Chinese Common’, and ‘Palisades’ were among the Z. japonica genotypes that produced more coverage 91 DAP than the mean (1943 cm 2 ), while ‘Meyer’ produced less coverage than the mean. ‘Zorro’ was among the fastest establishing Z. matrella genotypes, and ‘Diamond’ was the slowest. Growth analysis indicated El Toro and Zorro, which establish faster than Meyer and Diamond, partition more dry matter to stolons and rhizomes than leaves. This is consistent with fi eld data where El Toro and Zorro have greater total stolon length than Meyer and Diamond. Zoysiagrass genotypes that partition more dry matter to stems instead of leaves establish the quickest.
Intracranial Hemorrhage after Blunt Head Trauma in Children with Bleeding Disorders

Objective To determine computerized tomography (CT) use and prevalence of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in children with and without congenital and acquired bleeding disorders. Study design We compared CT use and ICH prevalence in children with and without bleeding disorders in a multicenter cohort study of 43 904 children Results A total of 230 children had bleeding disorders; all had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 14 to 15. These children had higher CT rates than children without bleeding disorders and GCS scores of 14 to 15 (risk ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 2.15 to 2.44). Of the children who underwent imaging with CT, 2 of 186 children with bleeding disorders had ICH (1.1%; 95% CI, 0.1 to 3.8) , compared with 655 of 14 969 children without bleeding disorders (4.4%; 95% CI, 4.1-4.7; rate ratio, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.98). Both children with bleeding disorders and ICHs had symptoms; none of the children required neurosurgery. Conclusion In children with head trauma, CTs are obtained twice as often in children with bleeding disorders, although ICHs occurred in only 1.1%, and these patients had symptoms. Routine CT imaging after head trauma may not be required in children without symptoms who have congenital and acquired bleeding disorders.
Some Reynolds number effects on two- and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers

Experimental data for a two-dimensional (2-D) turbulent boundary layer (TBL) flow and a three-dimensional (3-D) pressure-driven TBL flow outside of a wing/body junction were obtained for an approach Reynolds number based on momentum thickness of Re θ =23,200. The wing shape had a 3:2 elliptical nose, NACA 0020 profiled tail, and was mounted on a flat wall. Some Reynolds number effects are examined using fine spatial resolution (Δy +=1.8) three-velocity-component laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements of mean velocities and Reynolds stresses at nine stations for Re θ =23,200 and previously reported data for a much thinner boundary layer at Re θ =5,940 for the same wing shape. In the 3-D boundary layers, while the stress profiles vary considerably along the flow due to deceleration, acceleration, and skewing, profiles of the parameter correlate well and over available Reynolds numbers. The measured static pressure variations on the flat wall are similar for the two Reynolds numbers, so the vorticity flux and the measured mean velocities scaled on wall variables agree closely near the wall. The stresses vary similarly for both cases, but with higher values in the outer region of the higher Re θ case. The outer layer turbulence in the thicker high Reynolds number case behaves similarly to a rapid distortion of the flow, since stream-wise vortical effects from the wall have not diffused completely through the boundary layer at all measurement stations.
Degradation in Euv Reflectance of Ion-Sputtered Sic Films

Silicon Carbide (SiC) formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has the highest reflectivity in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) of any currently used optical material. The high temperature required for the CVD process, however, limits its suitability for coating optical components. To address this problem thin films have been sputtered onto optical surfaces from CVD β-SiC targets. These films, while having reflectivity lower than that of CVD SiC, are nonetheless the best coatings available for reflectance in the spectral region below 1000A. While the initial properties are good, the EUV reflectivity degrades with time after deposition. A relative decrease of about 25% is evident in the reflectivity at 920A after 2.5 years, and about 85% of this change occurs in the first three months. In fact, a decrease is observed in the minutes following deposition. In this study the degradation is characterized and a mechanism is proposed. Efforts underway to reduce or eliminate the degradation are discussed.
Great Ethical Divides: Bridging the Gap Between Institutional Review Boards and Researchers

This article addresses the difficulties that educational ethnographers and qualitative researchers have experienced with what appear to be great ethical divides between their research approaches and the approval processes of institutional review boards. The author begins with a brief discussion of ethical issues involving human subjects in education research, then explains the divides as largely a consequence of different ethical frameworks and orientations toward applications of the basic ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. She also discusses the challenges of bureaucratic arrangements established to ensure federal compliance. She concludes with strategies for bridging the divides, with emphasis on the importance of representation, communication, education, and practical academic acumen.
Sexually dimorphic extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats

The existence of a sexual dimorphism in the extinction of conditioned taste aversions in both fluid-deprived and nondeprived rats was investigated. When nondeprived rats were poisoned with LiCl after consuming a sucrose solution, males extinguished the subsequent conditioned taste aversion more slowly than females. There was no difference in the rate of extinction of a LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion in fluid-deprived rats. Using marihuana extract distillate as the toxin, it was shown that the dimorphism found in the nondeprived rats is not a toxin-specific effect, and does not appear to be due to the males being made more ill. Possible explanations for the appearance of the dimorphism and its relation to the deprivational state of the organism are discussed.
Boric Acid Dust as a Component of an Integrated Cockroach Management Program in Confined Swine Production

Boric acid dust treatments were evaluated as a tool for the integrated management of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in commercial confined swine production. The efficacy of boric acid dust was comparable to that of an organic residual insecticide, cyfluthrin, which is commonly used to control cockroaches in this environment. Fall treatments suppressed the cockroach population for longer durations than treatments in the Spring. Boric acid dust is an effective, inexpensive, and low risk (to animal and human health, and the environment) alternative for the management of cockroaches in livestock production systems.
Axon behavior in the olfactory nerve reflects the involvement of catenin-cadherin mediated adhesion.

The projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to the olfactory bulb (OB) is a complex but well-regulated process. Although odorant receptor proteins, and other molecules, are implicated in this process, our understanding remains incomplete. We demonstrate that axons remain restricted to the outer olfactory nerve layer (ONLo) until they are proximal to their target glomeruli, where they enter the inner ONL (ONLi), dividing the ONL into extension and sorting zones. Sorting is likely contingent on cell:cell interactions mediated in part by cell adhesion molecules. The cadherins are a large family of adhesion molecules whose function is contingent on their intracellular binding partners, the catenins, which in turn link to the cytoskeleton. We previously demonstrated that the organization of the cytoskeleton changed as olfactory sensory neuron axons moved from the ONLo to the ONLi. To further assess the role of cadherin mediated adhesion in the developing mouse ONL, we localized α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and p120-catenins as well as neural cadherin (N-cadherin; CDH2) in the OB. α- and β-catenins are found throughout the OB and are uniform throughout the ONL. In contrast, γ-catenin and CDH2 are expressed predominantly in the ONLo during perinatal development, but are uniform across the ONL beginning at P7 and into adulthood. Finally, p120- and δ-catenins are expressed in nonoverlapping patterns by olfactory axons and OB neuronal dendrites, respectively. We conclude that γ-catenin-mediated CDH2 adhesion may influence OSN targeting by restricting axons to the ONLo until they reach the appropriate domain of the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:979–989, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of lay characteristics of three-dimensional surface maps

Abstract This paper describes a technique which can characterize the surface lay structure contained within a three-dimensional surface map. The technique is based on a generally known fact, that two, closely spaced, parallel profiles will appear shifted whenever the dominant lay direction is not perpendicular to the profile direction. The cross-correlation function is utilized to evaluate these apparent shifts. It will be shown that the functional relationship of these shifts is a characteristic of the lay pattern. Simple linear models are then applied to the shifts to quantify the lay characteristics. The resulting models can be used to extract lay angles and curvatures which correlate directly to the manufacturing process used to create the surface.
Raman scattering from amorphous zones in neutron irradiated silicon

Abstract A Raman scattering study of neutron irradiated silicon is presented for the first time. We have observed features in the Raman spectrum arising from amorphous zones produced in the bulk of the sample due to neutron induced defects. We relate these first order Raman modes to the crystalline vibrational density of states averaged over the Brillouin zone.
Q-sort assessment vs visual analog scale in the evaluation of smile esthetics

Introduction This study was designed to compare the reliability of the Q-sort and visual analog scale (VAS) methods for the assessment of smile esthetics. Furthermore, agreement between orthodontists and parents of orthodontic patients, and between male and female raters, was assessed in terms of subjective evaluation of the smile. Methods Clinical photographs and digital video captures of 48 orthodontically treated patients were rated by 2 panels: 25 experienced orthodontists (15 men, 10 women) and 20 parents of the patients (8 men, 12 women). Interrater reliability of the Q-sort and VAS methods was evaluated by using single-measure and average-measure intraclass correlation (ICC). Kappa agreement and the McNemar test were used to evaluate agreement between orthodontists and parents, and between men and women, for “attractive” and “unattractive” images of smiles captured with clinical photography. Results The single-measure ICC coefficients showed fair to good reliability of the Q-sort and poor reliability of the VAS for measuring esthetic preferences of an individual orthodontist or parent. Both rating groups agreed significantly (P >0.05) on the total percentage of “attractive” images of smiles captured with clinical photography. Men and women, however, significantly disagreed on the total percentages of “attractive” and “unattractive” smiles. Women rated higher percentages of both image groups as “attractive” than did their male counterparts. Conclusions The Q-sort was more reliable than the VAS for measuring smile esthetics. Orthodontists and parents of orthodontic patients agreed with respect to “attractive” and “unattractive” smiles. Men and women agreed poorly with respect to “attractive” and “unattractive” smiles.
Team‐driven Change in Higher Education: the three key principles

Abstract A series of quality improvement efforts have been initiated at the College of Business Administration, University of Houston during Summer of 1992. Among these, one of the highlights was the team‐driven improvement effort of the MBA admissions process. A cross‐functional project improvement team was chartered. The team met regularly for four months and finally came up with a set of recommendations. The recommendations were implemented resulting in dramatic improvements. During the process three key principles, which were essential to the success of the team effort, emerged. These three principles were dialogue, enjoyment and trust. This paper examines the team effort, discusses the results and reveals the three key principles that were at work to make this a highly effective approach to organisational change.
The CDC VITAL-EQA program, external quality assurance for serum retinol, 2003-2006.

Abstract Background With approximately 127 million preschool children currently suffering from vitamin A deficiency globally, it is important for affected countries to have the capacity to determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and to monitor the progress being made to eradicate this problem through supplementation and fortification programs. The VITamin A Laboratory-External Quality Assurance program (VITAL-EQA) administered by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was developed in 2003 to help predominantly less developed countries to assess and improve their ability to accurately and precisely measure serum retinol, and more recently other nutritional indicators. Methods Twice each year, laboratories test serum samples in duplicate over the course of 3 days. Results are returned and troubleshooting is performed if needed. Results Measurement accuracy improved for 2 laboratories and declined for 2 laboratories, whereas the remainder of laboratories participating in > 1 round showed consistently acceptable performance. Precision improved for 7 laboratories, declined for 4 laboratories, and remained at ≤ 5% coefficient of variation for the rest of the participants. Conclusions This program is a valuable tool for the assessment and improvement of retinol testing in laboratories throughout the world.
Dissemination as success: Local emergency management communication practices

Abstract Local emergency managers are charged by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to increase the number of community members with emergency plans and kits. This outcome remains unrealized in part based upon in-depth interviews with 37 emergency managers in eight states revealing that emergency managers conceptualize communication as dissemination rather than as a process of research and evaluation. This study calls for local emergency managers to conduct outcome evaluations of risk communication campaigns to increase public participation.
Disability and the Practice of Public History: An Introduction

Museums, exhibitions, and public history have long engaged with the subject matter of disability. Shared social conventions and exhibition traditions about people with disabilities--the common stereotypes of people as persevering heroes or objects of pity--have often led to skewed and inaccurate historical presentations. The medical model of disability, equally strong in framing disability, has also reduced the range of possibilities for including content for the public. More recently, greater understanding of diversity and of the importance of interpreting the history of all people has begun to push inclusion beyond simple access issues and into content.