cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids on vascular smooth muscle tone

The comparative effects of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids on vascular smooth muscle tone were investigated. Docosahexaenoic acid (1-255 microM) and eicosapentaenoic acid (31-255 microM) inhibited phenylephrine-induced contractions, (8-63%) and (20-65%), respectively, which were not altered by indomethacin, NDGA, or by removal of the endothelium. Linoleic acid (18:2n6) and arachidonic acid (20:4n6) also induced significant relaxation. Therefore, fatty acid-induced relaxation of the rat aorta is specific to polyunsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n3, 22:6n3, 18:2n6 and 20:4n6.
Videotaped Confessions: The Impact of Camera Point of View on Judgments of Coercion1

Twenty-four college students viewed one of three videotapes of a mock police interrogation that ended in a confession. In one videotape the camera was focused primarily on the “suspect”; in a second the camera was focused primarily on the “detective”; and in the third the camera was focused on the suspect and detective equally. Subjects in the suspect-focus condition subsequently judged that the confession was elicited by means of a small degree of coercion; subjects in the equal-focus condition judged that it was elicited by means of a moderate degree of coercion; and subjects in the detective-focus condition judged that it was elicited by means of a large degree of coercion. It is argued that the effect of camera point of view on judgments of coercion is mediated by causal attributions. Consistent with this interpretation, camera point of view also had a significant effect on subjects' attributions for the suspect's behavior, with subjects in the suspect-focus condition making the most dispositional attributions and subjects in the detective-focus condition making the least dispositional attributions. Alternative explanations are considered and limitations of the present research are discussed. It is concluded that to the extent that interrogations are videotaped with the camera focused on the suspect, judges and/ or jurors may be biased to perceive a confession as voluntary.
Modal analysis of discontinuities in diffused optical waveguides

Abstract. The modal solutions of an arbitrary graded-indexdielectric slab waveguide have been derived by applying thegeneralized telegraphist's equations to the equivalent inho-mogeneous parallel-plate waveguide model with electric ormagnetic walls. These solutions have been employed in a mode-matching procedure to calculate the transmission properties of step discontinuities in diffused optical wave-guides having exponential, Gaussian and complementary error-function index profiles. For slab waveguides con-taming an abrupt offset, the radiated power is found toincrease smoothly with increasing displacement. Power loss calculations for an abrupt change in the diffusion depthshow a sharp transition from almost zero loss to nearly total radiation loss in the vicinity of the cutoff wavelength associated with the dominant mode. I. INTRODUCTION Graded-index dielectric waveguides are commonly used in opto-electronic hybrid. or integrated circuits for optical transmission and to realize various optical components such
Uses of Chloride/Bromide Ratios in Studies of Potable Water

In natural ground water systems, both chlorine and bromine occur primarily as monovalent anions, chloride and bromide. Although dissolution or precipitation of halite, biological activity in the root zone, anion sorption, and exchange can affect chloride/bromide ratios in some settings, movement of the ions in potable ground water is most often conservative. Atmospheric precipitation will generally have mass ratios between 50 and 150; shallow ground water, between 100 and 200; domestic sewage, between 300 and 600; water affected by dissolution of halite, between 1,000 and 10,000; and summer runoff from urban streets, between 10 and 100. These, and other distinctive elemental ratios, are useful in the reconstruction of the origin and movement of ground water, as illustrated by case studies investigating sources of salinity in ground water from Alberta, Kansas, and Arizona, and infiltration rates and pathways at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
Implementation of an objective testing system in noninvasive cardiac imaging for evaluation of pediatric cardiology fellows.

Introduction Current evaluation of pediatric cardiology fellow performance is subjective and qualitative. More objective tools are recommended by credentialing boards and may provide more effective evaluation and education. Objective A series of training level-specific multiple-choice tests were developed and evaluated for their effectiveness as evaluation and educational tools for pediatric cardiology fellows. Methods Imaging tests were created by 3 attending physicians and one sonographer with combined expertise in echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac computed tomography. Test content was derived from educational materials, textbooks, journal articles, and lectures previously given to the fellows. The tests were computerized and installed on the hospital intranet. After completion of each test, a posttest session was conducted between the fellow and the director of echocardiography to review concepts surrounding incorrect answers. A survey of the test use was then completed by each fellow. Results Four progressively more difficult tests corresponding to each 1-month image rotation and an advanced fifth test for fellows intending to subspecialize in noninvasive cardiac imaging were created. Fifteen fellows took 39 tests (test 1, 15 fellows; test 2, 9 fellows; test 3, 9 fellows; test 4, 4 fellows; and test 5, 2 fellows). The difficulty level of the tests was similar relative to fellow academic level. The majority of fellows welcomed more objective data provided by the tests and 93% of the fellows stated the posttest session was educational. Conclusion Implementation of a fellow testing system using training level-specific computerized questions and images provides objective data for fellow performance evaluations and is a unique and beneficial educational tool.
Interaction of Viscous Fingering, Permeability Heterogeneity, and Gravity Segregation in Three Dimensions

Two- and three-dimensional computations with a hybrid finite-difference/particle-tracking technique are compared for unstable displacements. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media, gravity segregation is much more effective in 3D than in 2D computations. Whether flow is 2D or 3D, the presence of correlated heterogeneities lowers the range of viscous/gravity ratio over which the transition from gravity- to fingering-dominated flow occurs. In this paper, the authors report results of high-resolution simulations that examine when 2D simulations reproduce the behavior of 3D flow and, more importantly, when they do not. First the authors consider 2D and 3D fingering in homogeneous media and compare displacements with and without gravity segregation. The they examine 2D and 3D displacements in selected heterogeneous media again with and without gravity segregation. The computations show conclusively that some situations exist in which 2D simulations reproduce 3D behavior well and others for which they do not.
Enhancement of imagery of objects with highly dynamic brightness and large rotational motion

We report on application of multi-frame super-resolution (SR) to sampling limited imagery that models space objects (SOs). The difficulties of multi-frame image processing of SOs include abrupt illumination changes and complex in scene SO motion. These conditions adversely affect the accuracy of motion estimation necessary for resolution enhancement. We analyze the motion estimation errors from the standpoint of an optical flow (OF) interpolation error metric and show dependence of the object tracking accuracy on brightness changes and on the pixel displacement values between subsequent images. Despite inaccuracies of motion estimation, we demonstrate spatial acuity enhancement of the pixel limited resolution of model SO motion imagery by applying a SR algorithm that accounts for OF errors. In addition to visual inspection, image resolution improvement attained in the experiments is assessed quantitatively; a 1.8× resolution enhancement is demonstrated.
Nurturing Nature and Cinematic Experience: The American Landscape and the Rural Female Community

The Western film genre fosters the mythic view of America as a feminized Eden where one can regenerate or recreate oneself. Westerns typically depict the American countryside as though it were simply a gorgeous framing device for the film's male protagonist whose primary function is to introduce the rough wilderness to the pioneers (or cinematic viewers) who will follow him. In contrast, in the rural femalecentered films of American life— such as Daughters of the Dust, Places in the Heart, Bagdad Cafe, and The Spitfire Grill—the landscape plays a central role. Nature, in fact, generally replaces the powerful male protagonist of the Western. Unlike European movies that also highlight nature's regenerative power, the American films discussed here center on the transformation of the woman. They highlight the Jeffersonian ideal of America as a garden community—one where the female protagonist is regenerated by her ties to the land and by her relationship with those labeled “Other.” She does not conquer or tra...
On the Flexoelectric Effects in Solid Dielectrics: Theories and Applications

We propose here a modified phenomenological model for the flexoelectric effects in solid dielectrics. These effects have been investigated from the viewpoint of equilibrium thermodynamics, and the mathematical expressions of their coupling coefficients are given. Finally, the possibilities of fabricating a new kind of flexoelectric piezoelectric composites by exploiting the flexoelectric charge separation mechanism are discussed.
A market penetration model for residential photovoltaic deployment and its application in Washington State

Abstract A model is developed for examining the adoption of photovoltaic systems in single family residences. The model treats photovoltaic devices as consumer durables with a potential for providing a return on investment. In a series of scenarios, we examine a range of estimated market penetrations in Washington State by the year 2000 under a variety of economic and policy conditions.
Development of an underwater high sensitivity cherenkov detector: Sea urchin

Abstract The need for a high gain, high sensitivity Cherenkov light sensor to be used in a deep underwater muon and neutrino detector (DUMAND) array has led to the design of the Sea Urchin detector. In this design a spherical photocathode PMTis optically coupled through a glass hemisphere to a large number of glass spines, each of which is filled with a wavelength-shifting (WLS) solution of a high quantum efficiency phosphor. The Cherenkov radiation is observed in the spine, isotropically re-radiated at a longer wavelength, and a fraction of the fluorescent light is internally reflected in the spine, and guided to the photomultiplier concentrically located in the glass hemisphere. Experiments measuring the optical characteristics of the spines and computer programs simulating light transformation and detection cross sections are described. Overall optical gains in the range 5–10 are achieved. The WLS solution is inexpensive, and may have other applications.
Therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes

The potential cardiovascular risks that are associated with drugs for type 2 diabetes have recently raised considerable clinical and regulatory concerns. As some risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are related, identifying agents that target shared underlying pathways and processes is an attractive therapeutic strategy. In this article, we review the background to and the implications of recent regulatory guidance on the development of new drugs for diabetes, and discuss the potential cardiovascular effects of selected classes of diabetes drugs that are currently being investigated.
ICFP 2002: Contracts for higher-order functions

Assertions play an important role in the construction of robust software. Their use in programming languages dates back to the 1970s. Eiffel, an object-oriented programming language, wholeheartedly adopted assertions and developed the "Design by Contract" philosophy. Indeed, the entire object-oriented community recognizes the value of assertion-based contracts on methods.In contrast, languages with higher-order functions do not support assertion-based contracts. Because predicates on functions are, in general, undecidable, specifying such predicates appears to be meaningless. Instead, the functional languages community developed type systems that statically approximate interesting predicates.In this paper, we show how to support higher-order function contracts in a theoretically well-founded and practically viable manner. Specifically, we introduce ?CON, a typed lambda calculus with assertions for higher-order functions. The calculus models the assertion monitoring system that we employ in Dr Scheme. We establish basic properties of the model (type soundness, etc.) and illustrate the usefulness of contract checking with examples from Dr Scheme's code base.We believe that the development of an assertion system for higherorder functions serves two purposes. On one hand, the system has strong practical potential because existing type systems simply cannot express many assertions that programmers would like to state. nOn the other hand, an inspection of a large base of invariants may provide inspiration for the direction of practical future type system research.
Relocated Citizens' Perceptions and Attitudes Regarding Indoor Application of Toxic Agricultural Pesticides

This study investigates the viewpoints of relocated citizens regarding the effects of relocation, perceptions of the potential hazards of indoor application of a toxic agricultural pesticide – methyl parathion – and the efficacy of the risk information emphasizing the adverse health effects of this inappropriate use of the pesticide. The surveyed citizens were those relocated because the levels of the pesticide contaminant in their homes were high. Despite the extensive information – through the mass media and face-to-face warnings and activities such as assessment of contamination levels, decontamination of homes and relocation – the respondents, regardless of race, consistently perceived relatively low levels of risks from the indoor application of methyl parathion. The disruption of family life, loss of peace of mind and the loss of contaminated property were the most mentioned problems caused by the relocation. In contrast to past research, the disruption of social ties or networks was hardly mentioned. The results of this study suggest that the perceived personal benefits of home-use of methyl parathion, and the voluntariness and controllability of exposure may have been the overriding factors of the respondents' risk perception, more than the clarity, content, consistency, and credibility of the risk information. The fact that the relocation was temporary must have contributed to the low level of importance attached by the respondents to the disruption of social ties as one of the adverse effects of the relocation.
Gorillas' Vocalizations During Rest Periods: Signals of Impending Departure?

Animal signals have been interpreted as indicating something about the signaller's internal state and hence its subsequent behaviour, while at the same time eliciting a response from the receiver. Such signals are often given when the costs and benefits of an action depend on what others do. This interpretation of meaning and function of signals has been applied primarily to ritualized competitive or courtship displays. Here we use the approach to analyse another context of signalling and a more subtle communicatory behaviour. Gorillas live in small cohesive groups whose synchronized activities alternate between travel/ feeding periods and resting periods. We present data on gorillas' vocalizations - the grunts - prior to a coordinated departure from a rest period. We suggest that gorillas use these signals to indicate their readiness to depart and to assess that readiness in others. Vocal activity increased significantly towards the end of rest periods, due both to individuals calling at higher rates, and to a greater number of vocalizers. This increase in vocal activity was not associated with a greater clumping of animals, nor with an increase in non-rest activities, and therefore appeared to be related to subsequent departure. The frequent exchange of grunts supports the notion that gorillas might use the calls of others to assess their readiness to depart. We speculate that such signalling could function to synchronize the behaviour of group members and lead to coordinated group movement.
A hydrogen-1, chlorine-35, and yttrium-89 NMR complex formation study of aqueous Y(ClO4)3 and Y(NO3)3 solutions

A Y (III) coordination study of Y (ClO4)3 and Y (NO3)3 solutions in aqueous solvent mixtures has been carried out by hydrogen-1, chlorine-35, and yttrium-89 NMR spectroscopy. An accurate measurement of the Y(III) hydration number by a direct hydrogen-1 NMR method was not possible in Y (ClO4)3 solutions, even at −115°C, but these experiments were successful for Y(NO3)3 solutions. The hydrogen-1 spectra for the Y(NO3)3 solutions revealed two coordinated water signals, appearing at different temperatures, and corresponding to total Y(III) hydration numbers of 2.5 to 3.5. The yttrium-89 NMR spectra showed one signal for Y(ClO4)3 solutions for all conditions of concentration and temperature, whereas the Y (NO3)3 solution spectra at low temperature consisted of two signals, which varied in intensity with solvent composition. The hydrogen-1 and yttrium-89 NMR results were interpreted in terms of combinations of (H2O)4Y (NO3)2+ and (H2O)2Y (NO3)12+ in the Y(NO3)3 solutions, but similar experiments, along with chlorine-35 NMR data, ruled out inner-shell complex formation in the Y(ClO4)3 systems.
Design of a Portable Assisted Mobility Device — A sustainable urban transport

A Portable Assisted Mobility Device (PAMD) is being investigated for future transportation by the Partners for the Advancement of Collaborative Engineering Education (PACE) Program. PACE is a consortium of 37 universities from several countries sponsored by the General Motors (GM) Company and a number of its key suppliers. The PACE program strives to educate and inspire students to design future transportation systems with appropriate economic and social constraints all the while fostering global collaboration among participants. In this article we describe the work performed by students of Tuskegee University as part of this design project. Literature search on current PAMD and similar devices has been completed. The literature search included the Honda UX-3, YikeBike, Volkswagen Bike, and Toyota iReal. After the literature search, customer surveys and possible risk analysis were completed to help develop design specifications. The results conclude that our design needed to be user friendly, foldable, lightweight, and economical. Three different possible device concepts were developed using the NX7.5 software. A comparison of each concept to the existing devices was conducted and iterated to select the final design parameters. From these specifications, a detailed computer-aided design was developed. Engineering analysis on the strength of the structure was made using the Nastran software. The maximum speed and traveling distance of the PAMD were calculated. The results showed that a carbon fiber composite frame with a safety factor of 5 would be strong enough for the average sized customer. The maximum stress was observed to be 380,000 psi at the main folding joint of the frame. The highest speed of the PAMD was determined to be 11.2 m/s and the device was capable of traveling a distance of 18 km.
The structure of the chorion and associated surface filaments in Oryzias: evidence for the presence of extracellular tubules.

The structure of the chorion with its associated surface filaments has been examined in Oryzias latipes using several techniques, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, enzymatic digestion, and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The chorion of the recently fertilized egg was found to be organized into three zones: an outer, fuzzy electron-lucent zone that was continuous over the surface of filaments, a middle, homogeneous electron-dense zone, and an inner zone of ten to 12 horizontal, fibrous lamellae. Two topographically distinct types of filaments were found on the chorionic surface: nonattaching and attaching. Nonattaching filaments showed a regular spatial distribution over the chorion with an interfilament distance of about 60-70 microns. Attaching filaments originated from a localized portion of the chorion and united with those of neighboring eggs to anchor the egg cluster to the gonoduct of the female. Both nonattaching and attaching filaments were morphologically regionalized into basal and distal segments. Internally, nonattaching and attaching filaments were constructed of unbranched, packed tubules with an average outside diameter of approximately 19.5 and 18.8 nm, respectively. Using the attaching filament for further study, it was determined by rotational analysis (Markham et al., '63) that the wall of each tubule was a cylinder composed of 14 globular subunits. Two structural types of attaching filaments were identified. The type I attaching filament was similar in internal organization to the nonattaching filament and consisted of only tubules. The type II attaching filament, however, showed a highly osmiophilic, electron-dense bar surrounded by packed tubules. Tubules of attaching filaments of the adult were resistant to the action of Triton X-100 and colchicine, but sensitive to a 0.1% protease solution. However, colchicine-treated ovary tissue showed an absence and pattern of disorganization of tubules at the periphery of developing filaments. Solubilized attaching filament samples electrophoresed on 7.5% polyacrylamide-SDS gels were resolved into a pair of Coomassie-blue-positive bands that comigrated with purified porcine brain tubulin. The apparent molecular weight of the attaching filament polypeptide was determined to be approximately 55,000 daltons. These data suggest that the extracellular, tubular components of attaching filaments (as well as nonattaching filaments) are proteinaceous and show properties similar to those of cytoplasmic microtubules. Tubular precursor material was electron-dense and appeared to originate in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of ovarian foll
The steady linear thermoelastic problem for a circular hole with two radial edge cracks of unequal length

Abstract The problem discussed in this paper is that of determining the thermal stresses in a linear thermoelastic solid when a uniform heat flow is disturbed by the presence of a circular hole with two radial edge cracks of unequal length. Using a Mellin-type transform and superposition, the problem is reduced to a pair of simultaneous singular integral equations. The integral equations are solved numerically and results for the stress intensity factors and crack formation energy are given in graphical form.
Space matters! Spatial inequality in future sociology

ANN R. TICKAMYER Ohio University Its Variants among Post-1965 Immigrant Youth." Annals 530: 74-96. Sears, David. 1988. ''Symbolic Racism." Chapter 4 in Eliminating Racism: Profiles in CorLtroversy, edited by Phyllis A. Katz and Dalmas A. Taylor. New York: Plenum Press. Solorzano, Daniel and O. Villalpando. 1998. "Critical Race Theory, Marginality, and the Experience of Minority Students in Higher Education." Pp. 2 11-224 in Emerging Issues in the Sociology of Education: Comparative Perspectives, edited by C. Torres and T. Mitchell. Albany: State University of New York Press. Stanton-Salazar, Ricardo D. 1997. "A Social Capital Framework for Understanding the Socialization of Racial Minority Children and Youth." Harvard Educational Review 67: 1H0 Takaki, Ronald. 1990. Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 1 9th-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press. Takezawa, Yasuko I. 1995. Breaking the Silence: Redress and Japanese American Ethnicity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Thernstrom, Stephan and Abigail M. Thernstrom. 1997. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon & Schuster. Thompson, Becky W. 1994. A Hunger So Wide and So Deep: American Women Speak Out on Eating Problems. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Tuan, Mia. 1998. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. New Brunswick, N]: Rutgers University Press. Vigil, James Diego. 1998. From Indians to Chicanos: The Dynamics of Mexican-American Culture. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Waldinger, Roger and Thomas Bailey. 1991. "The Continuing Significance of Race: Racial Conflict and Racial Discrimination in Construction." Politics and Society 19: 291-323. Waters, Mary C. 1994. "Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City." International Migration Review 28795-820. Wilson, William Julius. 1980. The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. 2d Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. . 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. . 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Woo, Deborah. 1985. "The Socioeconomic Status of Asian American Women in the Labor Force: An Alternative View." Sociological Perspectives 28: 307-38. Xu, Wu and Ann Leffler. 1992. "Gender and Race Effects on Occupational Prestige, Segregation, and Earnings. Gender S Society 6: 376-401. Zhou, Min. 1992. Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Zia, Helen. 2000. Asian Americans Dreams: The Emergence of an American People. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
The non-profit sector in a national accounts framework

This paper first reviews the measurement and presentation of non-profit institutions in the US national income and product accounts. For the most part in these accounts, transactions of non-profit institutions serving individuals are consolidated with those of the individuals served and recorded in the personal income and outlay account, a treatment that a majority of users have never found satisfactory. The paper next details the recommendations for these institutions proposed for the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA). The paper then offers some suggestions on how the treatment of non-profit institutions in the US national income and product accounts might be modified in the light of the 1993 SNA recommendations.
Viscous–Plastic Sea Ice Dynamics with the EVP Model: Linearization Issues

Abstract Behavior of the elastic–viscous–plastic (EVP) model for sea ice dynamics is explored, with particular attention to a necessary numerical linearization of the internal ice stress term in the momentum equation. Improvements to both the mathematical and numerical formulations of the model have moderated the impact of linearizing the stress term; simulations with the original EVP formulation and the improved version are used to explain the consequences of using different numerical approaches. In particular, we discuss the model behavior in two regimes, low ice concentration such as occurs in the marginal ice zone, and very high ice concentration, where the ice is nearly rigid. Most of these results are highly relevant to the viscous–plastic (VP) ice dynamics model on which the EVP model is based. We provide examples of certain pathologies that the VP model and its numerical formulations exhibit at steady state.
LITIGATION AND SUBTERFUGE: CHINESE IMMIGRANT MOBILIZATION DURING THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ERA

I analyze historical changes in American immigration law and the subsequent responses of Chinese immigrants during the Chinese Exclusion Era. Using the political process model's concept of “political opportunity structure,” I examine how the indeterminate nature of the Chinese Exclusion laws provided key opportunities for mobilization. I present an interactive framework that considers not only how the broader political environment enabled and constrained the Chinese, but also how they responded by actively reshaping their environment. I apply this framework to the Chinese community's initial use of litigation and their move towards tactics of subterfuge in response to changes in Chinese exclusion policies. My findings show that the anti-Chinese immigration policies basically fulfilled their purpose, but led to unintended exploitation due to problematic language and enforcement.
Exhaust Measurements on the Plasma from a Pulsed Coaxial Gun

Ion density and velocity in nitrogen exhaust plasma from pulsed coaxial gun on basis of current measurements
Reflecting Films of Platinum for the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Induction-heating evaporation method for making platinum films with optimum reflectance and optical constants for the vacuum ultraviolet
640 MICROMETHOD FOR THE RAPID ANALYSIS OF PLASMA LIPIDS

The quantitation of plasma triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C), cholesteryl esters (CE), and fatty acids (FFA) presently requires expensive, time-consuming multiple analyses; sample volumes are too large to permit repeated assays in the newborn. To overcome these problems, we have developed a thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) technique which simultaneously estimates these lipids. Blood is drawn into a 44.7μl heparinized capillary tube. One to ten μl of plasma is applied directly to the aquaphilic, preadsorbent area of a silica gel TLC plate. After thorough drying, the plate is developed to 10cm (20 minutes) with petroleum ether:ethyl ether: acetic acid-90:10:1 which quantitatively extracts the four lipids from the plasma and readily separates them. Color is developed with a cupric acetate stain, and the lipid content of each spot is estimated by visual comparison with standards or quantified by photodensitometry. This technique provides linear color responses over these ranges: TG, .5-10μg; C, .3-5μg; CE, .5-5μg; FFA, .5-5μg, quantities present in 10μl of normal or hyperlipemic plasma. The method's accuracy is ± 5% and its precision is ± 3%. Results are available within ninety minutes and the estimated cost is approximately one dollar per test. With TLC we have: determined the C, CE, and TG content of normal and hyperlipemic plasma; monitored on a daily, and even hourly basis, lipid levels of small premature infants receiving IV fat; and screened for hyperlipidemia. This microtechnique should facilitate the study of fat metabolism in infants.
Digital elevation model resolution: effects on terrain attribute calculation and quantitative soil-landscape modeling

The accuracy of digital elevation models (DEM) and DEM-derived products depends on several factors, including the horizontal resolution and vertical precision at which the elevation data are represented, and the source of the elevation data. This accuracy becomes increasingly important as we extend the use of DEM data for spatial prediction of soil attributes. Our objective was to compare terrain attributes and quantitative soil-landscape models derived from grid-based DEM represented at different horizontal resolutions (10 and 30 m), represented at different vertical precisions (0.1 and 1 m), and acquired from different sources. Decreasing the horizontal resolution of the field survey DEM produced lower slope gradients on steeper slopes, steeper slope gradients on flatter slopes, narrower ranges in curvatures, larger specific catchment areas in upper landscape positions, and lower specific catchment areas values in lower landscape positions. Overall, certain landscape features were less discernible on the 30-m DEM than on the 10-m DEM. Decreased vertical precision produced a large proportion of points with zero slope gradient and zero slope curvature, and a large number of steeply sloping and more highly curved areas. Differences among DEM from different sources were more significant, with less accurate representation of depressions and drainage pathways with the USGS DEM as compared to the field survey DEM. Empirical models developed from different DEM included similar predictive terrain attributes, and were equally successful in predicting A-horizon depth (AHD) in the validation data set.
Bowel transit-times in two populations experiencing similar colon-cancer risks.

Abstract Some workers have suggested an indirect relationship between dietary fibre and carcinoma of the colon. As dietary fibre is reduced, bowel transit-times rise and the risk for large-intestinal cancer seems to increase. Japanese men living in Hawaii share the same risk for colonic cancer as do Caucasian men living in Hawaii, but transit-times were dissimilar, the Japanese having shorter transit-times than Caucasians of the same age. The differences could not be explained by education, occupation, body-weight, surface area, or the number of bowel movements per day.
Monte Carlo Significance Testing as Applied to Statistical Tropical Cyclone Prediction Models

Abstract Use of the F test in assessing the statistical significance of a regression equation developed from meteorological data and using the concept of stepwise screening of predictors presents problems in determining degrees of freedom. Some of these problems relate to characteristics of the data. The main problem, however, is the result of making a large number of predictors available to a screening program and retaining only a few. This adds an additional play of chance not ordinarily accounted for in the usual application of the F test. Unless proper compensation is made to degrees of freedom, the variance ratio is overestimated or underestimated, and a prediction equation can be judged significant when it is not, or not significant when it is. The derivation of a test-statistic to avoid this pitfall in the development of statistical models for the prediction of tropical cyclone motion is the subject of the present paper.
Population and global warming with and without CO2 targets.

The sensitivity of future global warming to variable population growth rates is reexamined as part of an ongoing debate over the extent to which climate change should be added to the list of concerns surrounding population growth. The UN 1992 low, medium and high population projections out to the year 2150 are run through an integrated climate-economics model which allows the effect of population variability to be traced through to CO2 emissions, concentrations, warming and economic growth.
LIMITS ON ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN HEAVY-ION--COMPOUND-NUCLEUS REACTIONS.

Experimentally measured fusion excitation functions for the reactions induced on $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ with $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and on $^{107}\mathrm{Ag}$ with $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ are interpreted in terms of an equilibrium model with fission competition during de-excitation of the compound nucleus. The results of the calculation are in excellent agreement with experimental results, thereby predicting limits to angular momenta for nuclei surviving de-excitation of the compound nucleus.
Innovation and agglomeration: Two parables suggested by city-size distributions

Abstract One of the critical issues in modern economics is the nature of the external economies. Are they static or dynamic? Are they localized, national, or international in extent? Are they true technological external economies or do they emerge from market size effects? Empirical studies of urban development have provided some interesting clues about the nature of spillovers. They let us understand the “self-organization” of economic activity, the way in which economic structures emerge out of the unplanned interactions of economic agents.
Dissociating perceptual and conceptual implicit memory in multiple sclerosis patients

Previous studies indicate that Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients exhibit deficits in tests of explicit memory such as free recall, but show normal priming on implicit tests of memory such as word stem completion. However, the memory performance of patients with different MS disease subtypes has not been fully examined. In the current study, memory was assessed in Primary Progressive (PPMS), Relapsing Remitting (RRMS), and Secondary Progressive (SPMS) MS subgroups. Explicit memory as well as perceptual and conceptual implicit memory were examined using free recall, word fragment completion, and exemplar generation tests, respectively. All three groups of MS patients exhibited free recall deficits and normal priming on the exemplar generation test. However, the PPMS group exhibited a deficit in word fragment completion priming, whereas the RRMS and SPMS groups exhibited normal levels of priming on this task. Lesion load was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and was negatively correlated with explicit memory performance, but it did not account for the observed deficits in perceptual implicit memory. The results indicate that PPMS patients exhibit a pattern of memory impairment that is distinct from that of the RRMS and SPMS groups. Moreover, the results indicate that perceptual implicit memory can be neurologically dissociated from conceptual implicit memory.
Femtosecond reaction dynamics in macroclusters. Effect of solvation on wave-packet motion

The dynamics of I_2 dissociation and recombination (caging) in a macrocluster are reported, covering the femtosecond to picosecond time domain. Both the exit-channel and recombination dynamics are observed and related to solute—solvent interactions. The dissociation involves bond breakage on bound/repulsive potentials with concomitant evaporation of the solvent shell. The caging is accompanied by relaxation of the system and/or diffusion of the free iodine atoms prior to reforming the I_2 bond. Molecular dynamics are used to compare with experiments.
Torsion and pattern strabismus: potential conflicts in treatment.

Importance Rectus muscle transposition to treat pattern strabismus or torsion may have an adverse outcome if the surgeon is unaware that it will affect both pattern strabismus and torsion in contradictory ways. Objective To highlight the potential adverse affects of rectus muscle transposition on torsion or pattern strabismus. Design and Participants A retrospective nonblinded medical record review of patients treated by the author between January 1, 1990, and June 30, 2009, in whom rectus muscle transposition to address pattern strabismus worsened torsion, or in whom transposition to address torsion worsened pattern strabismus. The main outcome was a worsening of either torsion or pattern strabismus. Setting A tertiary care university referral center. Intervention Rectus muscle transposition surgery to either treat pattern strabismus or torsion. Main Outcome Measures The presence of new or worsened pattern strabismus or torsion. The outcome measures were determined before data collection began. Results Eight patients were identified by the review, 5 in whom torsion developed because of transposition to address pattern strabismus and 3 in whom pattern strabismus developed after transposition to address torsion. The presence of bifoveal fusion and/or Graves orbitopathy were risk factors for these adverse outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Rectus muscle transposition to address pattern strabismus may cause torsion, and transposition to address torsion may cause pattern strabismus.
Tetraludins D to N, eleven new melampolides from Tetragonotheca ludoviciana

Abstract Eleven new melampolides, tetraludins D-N, were isolated from aerial parts of Tetragonotheca ludoviciana. Tetraludins D and E, F and G, J and K, and L and M represented epimeric pairs which differed only at one chiral centre of the five-carbon ester side chain at C-8. In benzene-d6, the 1H NMR spectra of the diastereomeric pairs of melampolides exhibited well-separated signals in particular for the absorptions due to the ester side chains that differed in chirality.
The quantum Otto mobile and its application to directed energy

We show that it is possible to improve the efficiency of a laser system by adding a classical heat engine cycle to the laser gas that can remove both thermal and vibrational energy from the gas. A rapid pulsed CO2 laser/gas expansion cycle engine and a continuous CO2 laser, Stirling or Brayton cycle engine are analyzed. We derive a theoretical total energy recovery efficiency for a CO2 laser combined with a classical heat engine of 89%. Then, several distinctly different functional laser-coupled heat engine designs will be evaluated to determine the viability of these concepts in practice. Ultimate practical device efficiencies are projected to reach 75% efficiency.
Nutritive Quality of Long‐Distance Shipped Green Beans for Processing

Vitamin A and C contents of bulk raw snap beans for canning from distant sources (up to 12 hr) were measured and compared to that from local sources. Statistically significant differences were found between vitamin contents of beans arriving from some locations for some seasons, but equally large season-to-season variations were also found. Much of this variation could be attributed to cultural conditions. Differences found were relatively minor, particularly in view of the large losses which are known to occur during processing. Our observations indicate that retention of these two vitamins following long distance shipping is at least as great as retention of other quality factors.
Playing, Sitting Out, and Observing the Game: An Investigation of Faculty Members’ Perspectives on Political Behavior in Ethical Decision Making

Ethical dilemmas are inherently ambiguous, complex, and ill-defined. Additionally, these dilemmas involve multiple stakeholders. These characteristics may induce political behavior as a resolution tactic. Thus, the goal of the present effort was to investigate perspectives on politics among researchers in an ethical decision-making context. A qualitative analysis of interviews with university faculty members revealed that faculty members’ perspectives on political behavior in an ethical decision-making context fall into a number of categories, including positive, negative, and realistic views of political activity. The implications of these varying perspectives on ethical decision making are discussed.
Tensor product and perfect shuffling for bit matrix transpose: Bit-interleaver for SDR DVB-T2

In this work, we explore the design-space with tensor product based representation for various blocked based bit-interleavers for software defined radio. An example application is to transpose of low aspect-ratio (width over height) bit-matrix, which is adopted in Second Generation Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T2) standard. We target software radio platforms supporting perfect-shuffling and data-packing instructions. We adopt a design procedure that presents the interleaver and the supported instructions with perfect-shuffling and tensor product; decompose the targeting interleaver into instructions in tensor product notation; explore the design space, and select for the best solution available. We demonstrate the method to be applicable to bit-operations by building the solutions on Texas Instruments c6416 CCS cycle accurate simulator. The simulation results and the design choices are discussed.
Effects of scale‐dependent variation in ice cover on the distribution of wintering belted kingfishers Ceryle alcyon

understanding of the factors that regulate distributions within current ranges. These types of investigations require spatially and temporally explicit examination of the scales at which a species responds to environmental factors. To obtain this type of information, we analyzed the relationship between ice cover and abundance, distribution, and spacing of belted kingfishers Ceryle alcyon during the autumn/winters of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995. Our results indicate that the effects of ice cover on kingfisher populations are complex and scale dependent. At a small spatial scale (0.5 km) the abundance of kingfishers was negatively correlated with ice cover, as we expected. At a large spatial scale (15.5 km), however, there was no relationship between these variables. We argue this contradiction in our results is due to differences in the patchiness of ice cover at these scales. In a year with average winter temperatures (1993-1994) the spatial and temporal autocorrelation of ice cover and kingfisher distribution were similar. In a warm year (1994-1995), however, we found no such similarity. Neighbor distances were shorter during the cold year than during the warm year and shorter during censuses with extensive ice cover than censuses with sparse ice cover. We conclude that ice cover is a key factor regulating the distribution and abundance of belted kingfishers in our study area during cold to average years, but that during warm years other factors are likely to be more important. Based on these patterns we think that patterns of ice cover may be important in mediating the response of kingfishers to changes in climate.
A clinician's perspective: Comments on identification of stuttering, prevention, and early intervention

Abstract I am responding to the Hamre article on the identification and prevention o stuttering and to what was said by those who commented in the recent Special Forum Issue. My discussion will be in terms of my understanding and one of my major career objectives, that of translating reported research and clinical experience in a meaningful and useful way for students and professional clinicians.
Registration of Soybean Germplasm Line LG00-6313

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line LG00-6313 (Reg. No. GP-375, PI 660990) was developed and released by the USDA-ARS and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, IL. LG00-6313 is the progeny of an F 5 plant from the cross PI 574480B × PI 574477. Both parents are Chinese cultivars that are not in the ancestry of any released germplasm or cultivar in the United States. LG00-6313 is classifi ed as early maturity group IV. In cooperative tests at 4 locations with private industry, 7 locations in the USDA Uniform Soybean Tests–Northern States, Preliminary Test IV (2002), and 15 locations in the Uniform Test IV (2003), LG00-6313 yielded 110, 102, and 99% of the highest yielding check in each test. LG00-6313 is known to be susceptible to races 4 and 7 of Phytophthora sojae (Kaufmann & Gerdemann). LG00-6313 can be used as a parent for soybean breeding programs to provide new genetic diversity to improve the yield of U.S. cultivars.
Nonconventional pressure-assisted powder consolidation methods

Nonconventional consolidation methods have been developed to minimize the microstructural changes during compaction of metastable powder materials. The methods presented in this article combine short-time high-temperature exposure with either high-pressure application or plasma discharge. The current understanding of pressure sintering was used to identify the densification mechanisms for each process. When high pressure is applied, the contribution of plastic yielding to densification is augmented such that lower temperatures and shorter times than in conventional processes are conceivable for the overall compaction process. Plasma discharge results in particle surface activation that enhances particle sinterability and reduces high-temperature exposure. To illustrate the specifics of these new nonconventional consolidation methods, examples of short-time densification of difficult-to-sinter materials are presented.