cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double-Strand DNA Break Repair in Mycobacteria

Discontinuity of both strands of the chromosome is a lethal event in all living organisms because it compromises chromosome replication. As such, a diversity of DNA repair systems has evolved to repair double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). In part, this diversity of DSB repair systems has evolved to repair breaks that arise in diverse physiologic circumstances or sequence contexts, including cellular states of nonreplication or breaks that arise between repeats. Mycobacteria elaborate a set of three genetically distinct DNA repair pathways: homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, and single-strand annealing. As such, mycobacterial DSB repair diverges substantially from the standard model of prokaryotic DSB repair and represents an attractive new model system. In addition, the presence in mycobacteria of a DSB repair system that can repair DSBs in nonreplicating cells (nonhomologous end joining) or when DSBs arise between repeats (single-strand annealing) has clear potential relevance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis, although the exact role of these systems in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis is still being elucidated. In this article we will review the genetics of mycobacterial DSB repair systems, focusing on recent insights.
Microscopic and macroscopic conjunction at minimum uncertainty

Abstract Density matrix averaged uncertainty relations for general operators Â and B are discussed. A minimum uncertainty relation between the averages of Hermitian and anti-Hermitian combinations of Â†B is obtained. The microscopic represented by an eigenstate, and the macroscopic represented by a mixed state density matrix, coincide at minimum uncertainty.
Cloning of a novel C-terminal kinesin (KIFC3) that maps to human chromosome 16q13-q21 and thus is a candidate gene for Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Abstract Kinesins are a large superfamily of microtubule motors that mediate specific motile processes. In a previous study, we identified 11 kinesin family members in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the striped bass, Morone saxatilus. We have now identified, cloned, and sequenced the human homologue (KIFC3) of the most abundantly expressed retinal kinesin from that study, the C-terminal kinesin FKIF2. An antibody raised against an FKIF2 peptide cross-reacted with an ∼80-kDa protein in human retina, RPE, kidney, and lung. Since microtubule-dependent processes are critical to the function and morphogenesis of the photoreceptors and RPE, the abundantly expressed KIFC3 was considered to be a potential candidate gene for causing human retinal degeneration. Chromosomal localization of the KIFC3 gene revealed that it maps to chromosome 16q13–q21, within the critical region for a Bardet–Biedl syndrome locus (BBS2). Bardet–Biedl syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, hypogonadism, renal abnormalities, and mental retardation. The chromosomal localization and expression pattern of KIFC3 suggest that it may be an excellent candidate for families linked to BBS2.
Colloquial Dutch 2. by BODEGOM, GERDA, & BRUCE DONALDSON

The article reviews the book "Colloquial Dutch 2," with a CD and cassette included, by Gerda Bodegom and Bruce Donaldson, a sequel to the book "Colloquial Dutch: The Complete Course for Beginners."
Preparation of a deoxynucleoprotein fraction with high priming activity from chick embryonic tissue by use of sodium deoxycholate

Abstract A soluble deoxynucleoprotein fraction from chick embryo tissues was obtained through deoxycholate lysis of purified nuclei and subsequent sucrose gradient centrifugation. The deoxynucleoprotein of interest could not be precipitated by 0.15 m NaCl or 0.01 m MgCl 2 . When tested for priming capacity in the E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase system, the purified deoxynucleoprotein was a slightly more efficient primer than deproteinized DNA from the same tissue. Hybridization experiments showed that the RNA synthesized in vitro using deoxynucleoprotein as a primer was restricted with regard to nucleotide sequence. Evidence is presented which suggests that the isolated deoxynucleoprotein may be derived from the derepressed portion of the genome.
The seductions of criticism

![][1] Why Men Won't Ask for Directions: The Seductions of Sociobiologyby Richard C. FrancisPrinceton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA325 pages, $30/£20ISBN 0691057575 Finally, a book that explains men's unwillingness to ask for directions. But what is the explanation? In Why Men Won't Ask for Directions: The Seductions of Sociobiology , Richard Francis, an evolutionary neurobiologist, keeps us in suspense until Chapter 9, in which we finally get the answer—or rather, his answer. Francis uses this particular example of male behaviour to illustrate how evolutionary psychologists and sociobiologists explain differences between the sexes. To prepare the reader, early chapters discuss evolutionary theory, the role of adaptation, the nature of design, asexual versus sexual reproduction, the nature of sex differences, and more. The narrative proceeds through case studies of animals—sex change in fishes, unusual copulation in lizards, food storing among tits—and descriptions of the hippocampus and hormone system. The author's central point is that the view of evolution taken by sociobiologists (behavioural ecologists) and evolutionary psychologists is … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: University of Miami and NYU Experience

background. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a relatively rare cutaneous malignancy with the potential for significant local destruction and morbidity. This neoplasm has a tendency for recurrence following excision due to its infiltrative nature. Surgical excision with wide margins has been considered the standard therapy for DFSP but has had reported recurrence rates of up to 60%. objective. The results of 20 patients with DFSP treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) are reported. We also reviewed the world literature on the role of MMS for treatment of this tumor. methods. Twenty patients between the ages of 20 and 82 years with DFSP were treated with MMS. The patients were followed for recurrences between 4 and 216 months (mean 56.4 months). results. None of the 20 patients had a recurrence of DFSP following MMS. Of 221 DFSP patients in our review of the world literature treated with MMS, only 5 (2.3%) had a recurrence. conclusion. MMS is an effective treatment of DFSP.
Molecular Characterization Of Hawaii Virus And Other Norwalk-Like Viruses: Evidence For Genetic Polymorphism Among Human Caliciviruses

Hawaii virus (HV), from a 1971 family outbreak of gastroenteritis, is serotypically distinct from Norwalk virus (NV), recently identified as a human calicivirus by molecular analysis. About 2600 consecutive nucleotides of the HV genome (including those encoding the viral capsid protein) and part of the polymerase region of three other viruses (MDV1, MDV6 and SV7) were sequenced. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the capsid protein of HV with NV and other human caliciviruses (Toronto virus [TV24], Desert Shield virus [DSV395], and Southampton virus [SHV]) demonstrated the existence of two major genetic groups (genogroups) typified by HV and NV. HV had 76% identity with TV24 and 48% identity with NV, DSV395, or SHV. In addition, comparison of part of the polymerase protein of HV with other human caliciviruses also showed that there were these two genogroups. The large genetic diversity between the capsid sequence of HV and NV is consistent with their serotypic distinctiveness.
Two-Dimensional Numerical Study of Two-Phase Flow (Gas-Liquid) in a Microchannel Mixer

Microfluidic systems are important in a variety of applications such as DNA sequencing, cell separation, environmental monitoring, heat transportation in spacecraft and space station [1–2]. Micromixers are the most important component in microfluidic systems and they can be classified as active and passive micromixers [3]. In micro dimensions, surface forces dominate over body forces requiring special attention for problems involving two-phase flows with free surfaces which are often driven by capillary forces [4]. In the present work the flow and mixing process in a passive microchannel mixer were numerically investigated. Effects of velocity, surface tension, and contact angle on the two phase flow were studied. Numerical results are obtained with a finite volume CFD code and using structured grids. Different liquids-gas Reynolds number ratios (Reliquid /Regas ) were used ranging from 4 to 42. In addition, five values of the contact-angle (0 – 120) and seven values of the liquid surface tension (0.02 – 0.1) were used. Results show that increasing Reliquid increases the rate of the development of the air bubble. Increased surface tension resulted in increased bubble length. Bubble length decreased with increased contact angle till 75 degrees and further increase resulted in increased bubble length.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Time to viral load suppression in antiretroviral-naive and -experienced HIV-infected pregnant women on highly active antiretroviral therapy: implications for pregnant women presenting late in gestation

Objective To compare time to achieve viral load <400 copies/ml and <1000 copies/ml in HIV-infected antiretroviral (ARV) -naive versus ARV-experienced pregnant women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Three university medical centers, USA. Population HIV-infected pregnant women initiated or restarted on HAART during pregnancy. Methods We calculated time to viral load <400 copies/ml and <1000 copies/ml in HIV-infected pregnant women on HAART who reported at least 50% adherence, stratifying based on previous ARV exposure history. Main outcome measures Time to HIV viral load <400 copies/ml and <1000 copies/ml. Results We evaluated 138 HIV-infected pregnant women, comprising 76 ARV-naive and 62 ARV-experienced. Ninety-three percent of ARV-naive women achieved a viral load < 400 copies/ml during pregnancy compared with 92% of ARV-experienced women (P = 0.82). The median number of days to achieve a viral load < 400 copies/ml in the ARV-naive cohort was 25.0 (range 3.5–133; interquartile range 16–34) days compared with 27.0 (range 8–162.5; interquartile range 18.5–54.3) days in the ARV-experienced cohort (P = 0.02). In a multiple predictor analysis, women with higher adherence (adjusted relative hazard [aRH] per 10% increase in adherence 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.54, P = 0.01) and receiving a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) -based regimen (aRH 2.48, 95% CI 1.33–4.63, P = 0.01) were more likely to achieve viral load <400 copies/ml earlier. Increased baseline HIV log10 viral load was associated with a later time of achieving viral load <400 copies/ml (aRH 0.60, 95% CI 0.39–0.92, P = 0.02). In a corresponding model of time to achieve viral load <1000 copies/ml, adherence (aRH per 10% increase in adherence 1.79, 95% CI 1.34–2.39, P < 0.001), receipt of NNRTI (aRH 2.95, 95% CI 1.23–7.06, P = 0.02), and CD4 cell count (aRH per 50 count increase in CD4 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.22, P = 0.01) were associated with an earlier time to achieve viral load below this threshold. Increasing baseline HIV log10 viral load was associated with a longer time of achieving viral load <1000 copies/ml (aRH 0.54, 95% CI 0.34–0.86, P = 0.01). In multiple predictor models, previous ARV exposure was not significantly associated with time to achieve viral load below thresholds of <400 copies/ml and <1000 copies/ml. Conclusions Pregnant women with ≥50% adherence, whether ARV-naive or ARV-experienced, on average achieve a viral load <400 copies/ml within a median of 26 days and a viral load of <1000 copies/ml within a median of 14 days of HAART initiation. Increased adherence, receipt of NNRTI-based regimen and lower baseline HIV log10 viral load were all statistically significant predictors of earlier time to achieve viral load <400 copies/ml and <1000 copies/ml. Increased CD4 count was statistically significant as a predictor of earlier time to achieve viral load <1000 copies/ml.
Quantifying the strength of soil moisture-precipitation coupling and its sensitivity to changes in surface water budget

Abstract This paper presents a new index to quantify the strength of soil moisture–precipitation coupling in AGCMs and explores how the soil moisture–precipitation coupling in Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3)–Community Land Model version 3 (CAM3–CLM3) responds to parameterization-induced surface water budget changes. Specifically, this study (a) compares the regions of strong coupling identified by the newly proposed index and the index currently used in the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE); (b) examines how the surface water budget changes influence the strength of soil moisture–precipitation coupling as measured by the two indexes, respectively; and (c) examines how these changes influence the memory of the coupled land–atmosphere system as measured by the correlation between soil moisture and subsequent precipitation. The new index and the GLACE index are consistent in identifying central North America and West Africa as major regions of strong coupling during June–August (...
Reactions of 1,1‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene with Boranes, Thiaboranes, and Carboranes

The reactions of 1,1‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) with a variety of boranes, thiaboranes, and carboranes were found to produce a series of acid−base adducts or, in one case, a phosphonium salt. As confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray study, dppf reacted with BH3·THF or nido-B5H9 to produce the complex dppf(BH3)2 (1) in which the two borane groups are coordinated directly to the phosphorus atoms of the dppf. Depending upon reaction stoichiometries, the reaction of dppf with nido-6-SB9H11 yielded arachno-9-(arachno-9‘-dppf-6‘-SB9H11)-6-SB9H11 (2) or arachno-9-dppf-6-SB9H11 (3). Further reaction of 3 with BH3·THF formed arachno-9-dppf(BH3)-6-SB9H11 (4). The reaction of nido-8-Me2S-7-CB10H12 with dppf produced nido-8-dppf-7-CB10H12 (5), but the analogous reaction with nido-9-Me2S-7,8-C2B9H11 resulted in methyl transfer to dppf to produce the phosphonium salt [dppf-Me+][nido-9-MeS-7,8-C2B9H11-] (6). Reactions of dppf with B10H14 produced both arachno-6,9-(dppf)2B10H12 (7) and oligomeric [arachno-6,9-...
Psychometric properties of a short form of the Affective Lability Scale (ALS-18)

Psychometric properties of a short form of the Affective Lability Scale (ALS) that was developed in a nonclinical sample (i.e., undergraduate students) were examined in a sample of people diagnosed with Cluster B DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders (n=236), other personality disorders (n=180), and healthy comparison participants (n=164). The total score of the ALS-18 score correlated strongly with the original 54-item scale (r = .97) and aspects of convergent and discriminant validity of the ALS-18 subscales (Anxiety/Depression, Depression/Elation, and Anger) were evaluated using self-report measures of affective and psychosocial functioning in the domains of affect intensity, anxiety, anger, and minimization/denial. Clinical utility of the scale was also demonstrated; participants diagnosed with Cluster B personality disorders reported higher affective lability scores, and healthy control participants reported lower scores, relative to individuals with Cluster A or Cluster C personality disorders (p's < .001). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted and demonstrated reasonably good fit to the data but future research is needed to test the three factor substructure of the ALS-18 against alternative factor models in samples that include clinical and non-clinical participants.
Gas chromatography of methyl derivatives of naturally occurring capsaicinoids

Abstract A gas chromatographic method for the determination of the major naturally occurring capsaicinoids as O-methyl derivatives by on column derivatization with trimethylanilinium hydroxide was developed. Pure standards for quantitative gas chromatography were obtained from natural capsaicin by a combination of low pressure and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Gas chromatographic on column methylation products were identified and conditions for maximum methylation were determined. The method was successfully applied to a wide variety of Capsicum products. Recoveries in the range of 99.1 to 102.4%, coefficients of variation in the range of 0.8 to 2.0% and ease of methylation make this method very suitable for capsaicinoid determination.
The Molecular Boat: A Hands-On Experiment To Demonstrate the Forces Applied to Self-Assembled Monolayers at Interfaces

Demonstrating how surface chemistry and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) control the macroscopic properties of materials is challenging as it often necessitates the use of specialized instrumentation. In this hands-on experiment, students directly measure a macroscopic property, the floatation of glass coverslips on water as a function of modifying the terminal surface groups of the glass. The glass surface is chemically modified by the self-assembly of monomolecular layers formed by two organosilanes, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 1-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, which change the water contact angles. These SAMs alter the ability of the modified glass to support a mass, thus demonstrating that the bulk material property can be directly controlled by molecular surface chemistry.
Simple Approximation for Thermal Diffusion in lonized Gas Mixtures

A simple approximation for thermal diffusion in gas mixtures was recently proposed [1]. This approximation was based upon relations valid for rigid spheres. It is therefore appropriate for molecules with steep repulsive potentials, but not for ionized species interacting via the Coulomb potential. Here we formulate an analogous approximation for ionized species and free electrons. The resulting thermal diffusion coefficients differ in sign from those for hard molecules.
AN ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF A RICE GROWING COMMUNITY AND ASSOCIATED CANCER RISK

A study to assess possible exposure to carcinogenic metabolites (aflatoxins) from a mold Aspergillus flavus has been conducted in a rice producing area of Brazoria County, Texas. One hundred samples of unmilled rice were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for the amount of aflatoxin produced by the mold during rice growth and storage. Two well water samples and two rice elevator dust samples were also checked for possible aflatoxin content. The cancer mortality rates (gastrointestinal and urinary tracts cancers) in the rice-growing and nonrice-growing areas of the same county were compared. No aflatoxin was detected by TLC methods in rice, rice dusts or water samples. When extracts of rice dusts were checked for mutagenesis by the Ames Salmonella assay as a supplement to the TLC analysis, the results suggested that these dusts might have contained mutagenic material. This observation notwithstanding, we found no evidence that the rice produced in the studied part of the Gulf Coast had a problem of aflatoxin contamination. Also, cancer mortality rates for two major organ systems were not found to differ for rice-producing and nonrice-producing areas of rural Brazoria County.
A Lagrangian study of the boundary layer transport of pollutants in the northeastern United States

Abstract This paper describes the Lagrangian aircraft sampling of a unique segment of the Baltimore/Washington urban plume as it was transported along the Northeast Corridor on 14 August 1980. Plume cross-sectional analyses of NO x and O 3 at four downwind distances are presented and discussed relative to physical processes and chemical interactions/transformations. The analyses indicated (1) longrange transport of O 3 , at least to 400 km, along the Northeast Corridor, (2) significant O 3 , scavenging when the NO 2 concentrations exceed 20 ppb and (3) O 3 concentrations within the urban plume during the daylight hours increased as much as 100 ppb, while the background concentrations increased only 30 ppb. In addition, the time of the highest 1-h average O 3 concentrations at surface monitoring sites beneath the urban plume increased with increasing distances from Baltimore to New York City. Significant surface O 3 peaks were observed under cloudy skies downwind of New York City after midnight and are believed to be the result of transport from the corridor region SW of New York City.
Alpha motoneuron responses to natural stimuli in decerebellate cats

The responses of single alpha motoneurons to various "natural' stimuli were recorded from dissected ventral root filaments in lightly anesthetized control and recently decerebellate cats. The identity of the motoneurons was established by recording the unitary responses to orthodromic stimulation of nerves innervating the triceps surae muscles in the hindlimb. We recorded only the activity of units which responded to electrical stimulation of the medial or lateral gastrocnemius nerves, though some units responded to stimulation of both these nerves, and some also responded to stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve. The distributions of unit latencies and amplitudes did not differ between the two groups of animals. Baseline firing rates were also similar. However, unit firing rates in response to neck extension, ipsilateral hindfoot dorsi- or ventral-flexion were significantly higher in decerebellate than in control cats. The discharge rates in response to other stimuli, including neck flexion, pinna stimulation, and noxious stimulation in the hindlimb, were not significantly different between the two groups. Since the alpha motoneurons showed an increase in responsiveness only to some stimuli, specific mechanisms probably explain this release. The most important mechanism seems to be a loss of inhibition normally exerted by the cerebellum on vestibular and joint proprioceptive reflexes. The pathways to the ventral horn cells are thought to involve the vestibulo-spinal and reticulo-spinal tracts.
Stochastic bycatch, informational asymmetry, and discarding

Abstract The existing literature (i) examines bycatch and discard behavior in a static framework and (ii) treats bycatch as a deterministic process uniform across vessels. Using a dynamic representative agent model in a two-stock resource, this paper explores strategic interactions between a social planner and two groups of harvesters, one of which imposes a stochastic “technological externality” (bycatch) on the other. In addition to limitations on entry and the number of trips taken in each industry, three bycatch control instruments are compared to the unconstrained case: taxes, trip limits, and value-based quotas. Implementation and enforcement costs aside, taxes dominate both types of quota, and value limits outperform trip limits by eliminating one type of discarding. In simulations, relative performance depends upon variance in the bycatch process, differences in the ex vessel prices of stocks, relative efficiency of the harvester types, and fixed costs on the trip and industry margins.
ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENANTIOMERS OF CFTR INHIBITOR BPO-27.

We previously reported benzopyrimido-pyrrolo-oxazinedione (BPO) inhibitors of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel and showed their efficacy in a model of polycystic kidney disease. Here, we separated the enantiomers of lead compound BPO-27 (1), which contains a single chiral center, and determined their absolute configuration, activity, and metabolic stability. Following separation by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography, the R enantiomer, as determined by X-ray crystallography, inhibited CFTR chloride conductance with IC50 ≈ 4 nM, while S enantiomer was inactive. In vitro metabolic stability in hepatic microsomes showed both enantiomers as stable, with <5% metabolism in 4 h. Following bolus interperitoneal administration in mice, serum (R)-1 decayed with t1/2 ≈ 1.6 h and gave sustained therapeutic concentrations in kidney.
Fragrance materials review on isoamyl alcohol.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isoamyl alcohol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. Isoamyl alcohol is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C 4 –C 12 carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.
Terror in the suites: Narratives of fear and the political economy of danger

(1999). Terror in the suites: Narratives of fear and the political economy of danger. Global Society: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 411-439.
Handling crosscutting constraints in domain-specific modeling

An Aspect-Oriented (AO) approach can be beneficial at different stages of the software lifecycle and at various levels of abstraction. Whenever the description of a software artifact exhibits crosscutting structure, the principles of modularity espoused by AO offer a powerful technology for supporting separation of concerns. We have found this to be true especially in the area of domain-specific modeling [3].
Outcomes After Fixation of Proximal Humerus (OTA Type 11) Fractures in the Elderly Patients Using Modern Techniques

PurposeTo investigate the effects of age on the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of patients with proximal humerus fractures treated operatively with locking plates.MethodsBetween Fe...
Tissue Eosinophilia and Eosinophil Degranulation in Orbital Pseudotumor

To investigate the participation of the eosinophil in orbital pseudotumor, the authors studied surgical biopsy specimens from nine patients with pseudotumor. Surgical biopsy specimens of orbital tissue from four patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and autopsy specimens of orbital tissue from six patients without orbital diseases served as controls. Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation were assessed by immunofluorescence staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues for the cytotoxic eosinophil granule major basic protein. Eosinophil infiltration and extracellular major basic protein deposition were evident in all orbital pseudotumor specimens. In contrast, no eosinophil infiltration or extracellular major basic protein deposition was present in any of the ten control specimens. These findings indicate that eosinophil degranulation is found in orbital pseudotumor, and they also identify yet another clinical entity where eosinophil infiltration and degranulation are associated with fibrosis.
Flow Scanning Optical Tomography

We demonstrate a flow-based method of optical tomography. Samples are observed in the phase-space domain as they move across a slit illumination source. Experimental results are given for freely-swimming C.Elegans in a microfluidic microscope.
Expanded criteria for carcinoid liver debulking: Maintaining survival and increasing the number of eligible patients

Background Cytoreduction of carcinoid liver metastases typically aims for ≥90% debulking in patients without extrahepatic disease. Data on the impact of less-restrictive resection criteria and other clinical and tumor-specific factors on outcomes are limited. Methods Records of carcinoid patients undergoing liver debulking from 2007 to 2011 were reviewed. Debulking threshold was 70%, extrahepatic disease did not preclude cytoreduction, and positive margins were allowed. Kaplan-Meier liver progression-free (PFS) and disease-specific (DSS) survival were calculated and compared by log-rank analysis and statistical significance of differences in distributions of factors between patient groups was determined by chi-squared analysis. Results Fifty-two patients were identified. Complete resection of intrahepatic and extrahepatic gross disease was achieved in 12 patients. All primaries reviewed were low grade, but one third of patients had at least one intermediate-grade metastasis. Fifteen patients (29%) had liver progression; median PFS was 72 months. Five-year DSS was 90%, with all deaths from liver failure. Only age was an important prognostic factor for PFS and DSS. Five-year DSS for patients <50 years was 73% and was 97% for patients 50 or older (P = .03). Conclusion The use of expanded criteria for debulking resulted in 90% 5-year DSS. Although younger age portends a poorer prognosis, the favorable PFS and DSS justify also using expanded criteria in this subgroup.
Effect of immobilization on the stability and substrate specificity of α-d-galactosidase isolated from the invertebrate Turbo cornutus☆

Abstract A mixture of glycosidases from the liver of the invertebrate Turbo cornutus was co-immobilized with bovine serum albumin in the form of membranes by use of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking reagent. The properties of the native and immobilized α- d -galactosidase were compared. Immobilization increased the stability of the α- d -galactosidase towards inactivation by heat, urea, or trypsin, and permitted repeated use of the membrane preparation without significant loss of activity. The untreated enzyme hydrolyzed the terminal α- d -galactopyranosyl group from melibiose, raffinose, stachyose, O -α- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→4)- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→4)- O -β- d - glucopyranosylceramide, and 2,3-di- O -acyl-1- O -[ O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -α- d -galactopyranosyl]- d -glycerol. The immobilized α- d _galactosidase also hydrolyzed the free oligosaccharides, but had no detectable activity towards the glycolipids.
Patterns of fruit-fall phenology in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon

Patterns of fruit production were monitored over a 1-year period, from June 1990–May 1991, by counting the numbers of freshly fallen ripe and unripe fruits on five 5-km line transects located within 35 km of one another, in lowland tropical rainforest in the Lope Reserve, central Gabon. A total of 195 species of fruit were found, representing at least 45 taxonomic families. The majority of fruits came from trees. Fruits were assigned to one of six categories which reflected their dispersal syndrome: succulent, arillate, dehiscent, fleshy pods, wind-dispersed, others. About three-quarters of all species had fruits characteristic of those dispersed by animals. There was a marked seasonal pattern to fruit production, with both the diversity and number of ripe fruits available peaking in January, and lowest immediately before and during the major dry season. The only climatic variable that showed a significant statistical correlation with fruit production was insolation. Candidates for the role of keystone fruit species were identified from species which fruited during the major dry season, and patterns of fruit production compared with other areas.
Vestiges of a beginning? Paleontological and geochemical constraints on early animal evolution

Abstract Inspired by molecular clock estimates, some biologists have proposed that animals in general, and bilaterian metazoans in particular, began to diverge substantially earlier than fossils indicate. Balavoine and Adoutte [Science 280 (1998) 397] specifically hypothesized that the Cambrian explosion documents parallel radiations within three major bilaterian clades that diverged from one another relatively early in the Neoproterozoic Era. The geological record is permissive with respect to such hypotheses, but not encouraging. The earliest evolution of animals certainly took place before the initial appearance of phosphatic animal microfossils or Ediacaran macrofossils, but bilaterian clades need not have been part of this metazoan “pre-history”. Alternatively, the evolution of large size, made possible by late Neoproterozoic oxygen increase, may have provided the selective environment in which stem bilaterians differentiated. Cambrian events per se appear to have begun in the wake of environmental perturbation and accompanying extinction near the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary.
Pneumonectomy by "en masse" stapling of hilar vessels.

Abstract Since the development of automatic surgical stapling instruments in the Soviet Union in the 1950s and their description in the American literature in 1961, American surgeons have used them for a variety of pulmonary resections. However, there is no account of their use in this country for pneumonectomy by "en masse" stapling of the hilar structures. We have used this whenever it was applicable in 41 consecutive pneumonectomies since 1967. There were 2 postoperative deaths, 1 due to pulmonary embolism and the other to myocardial infarction. There were no complications attributable to the operative technique used. The only empyema developed nine months postoperatively and was not accompanied by bronchial fistula. Cancer-free survival was 43% at two and one-half years and 33% at five years. The technique of en masse stapling of hilar vessels renders pneumonectomy easier, safer, and faster than the usual technique of individual ligation.
Use of the code of ethics for accountability in discharge planning

Nine selected items from the Code of Ethics for nurses are used to illustrate how the code can be used as an excellent resource for accountability with discharge planning. Research findings identify the need for expanded awareness of the code and how to apply it to the discharge planning process. Components of the teaching/learning process are compared to the code to suggest that nurses need increased educational preparation to be accountable for discharge planning.
Electron-spin-lattice relaxation in amorphous silicon and germanium

Electron-spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured using adiabatic-passage techniques in doped and undoped $a$-Si: H and $a$-Ge: H. When scaled by the square of the atomic spin-orbit coupling constants, the magnitudes of the relaxation times are found to be surprisingly similar. The temperature dependence of the dangling bonds and band-tail states in all cases shows a nearly quadratic behavior to temperatures far below the Debye temperature. The results are shown to be consistent with relaxation via two-level systems (TLS's). The TLS's make transitions between levels by phonon-assisted tunneling and flip spins by modulating the spin-orbit interaction. Hydrogen evolution studies allow us to vary the TLS distribution and show that the TLS density of states is related to the degree of departure of the network from its thermal-equilibrium value.
Factors affecting the frequency of transformation of rat embryo cells by simian virus 40.

Abstract The transformation of primary rat cells into established cell lines by simian virus 40 has been monitored using the different restrictive assays of colony formation in sparse culture, dense colony or focus formation on a confluent cell sheet, and colony formation in semisolid medium. Primary embryonic rat cell cultures are considerably less susceptivle to infection and subsequent transformation than the established mouse 3T3 cell line or later in vitro passages of rat cells. These embryonic cells show a stage-specific susceptibility to transformation but not to infection with a maximum susceptibility achieved at the 15th to 16th days of gestation. All transformed cell lines derived by SV40 infection of primary rat cells express viral T antigen as detected by immunofluorescence, though they differ greatly in their plating efficiency in semisolid medium containing methycellulose. Only the assay of colony formation in semisolid medium selects directly for transformants which plate well in that medium while all assays appear to select for cell lines containing viral T antigen.
The partitioning of Na between melilite and liquid: Part II. Applications to Type B inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites

The zoning of Na in the melilite of Type B1 Ca-, Al-rich inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites reflects a combination of factors including the maximum temperature, T_(max), for melting, bulk composition, crystal dimensions and the degree of diffusive relaxation. We used experimentally determined partition coefficients for Na between melilite and liquid together with modes and compositions of phases in meteoritic inclusions to calculate Na zoning produced in melilite by crystallization from Na-bearing liquids. We then used a simple model for the diffusive relaxation of an originally igneous zoning profile to constrain the thermal history. For Allende Type B1 inclusion TS-34, the melilite compositions are consistent with an initial melting event (T_(max) ~1450°C) during which essentially Na-free melilite crystallized, followed by the introduction of Na during a hiatus, a second melting event with T_(max) ~1290°C in which Na-bearing melilite with X^(Mel)_Al ≥ 0.47 grew on relict cores of melilite from the first melting event, and partial diffusive relaxation. For the Type B1 inclusion Vigarano 1623-8, previously published bulk and melilite compositions lead to the conclusion that T_(max) did not exceed ~1280°C during the last major melting event. A survey of literature data for other inclusions suggests that Na zoning in melilite may be a generally useful indicator of thermal history and that Type B1 inclusions were commonly subjected to multiple melting events with intervening periods of alteration. At any given value of X^(Mel)_(Ak) in TS-34, calculated melilite/liquid partition coefficients for Na are lower than values determined experimentally for melilite of similar composition because of liquid composition effects. The difference is more than a factor of two for X^(Mel)_(Ak) > 0.5, and it is likely, based on the activities of major oxides in the melt, that liquid composition effects are also important for other elements. On the other hand, modeling of diffusive relaxation for Na in melilite suggests that the diffusion coefficients are not strongly dependent on either X^(Mel)_(Ak) or Na concentration.
Autobiography series: a hitchhiker's road to neuropathology.

The following reminiscence by Cedric Raine is the 10th autobiography in a series published in the Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. These have been solicited from senior members of the neuropathology community who have been noted leaders and contributors to neuroscience and to the American Association of Neuropathologists (AANP) and have a historical perspective of the importance of neuropathology in diagnosis, education, and research. His is the first autobiography by a distinguished PhD member (as well as former president) of the AANP, highlighting the contributions and integral roles of basic neuroscientists in our Association. It is hoped that this series will entertain, enlighten, and present members of the AANP with a better sense of the legacy that we have inherited, as well as reintroduce our respected members as humans having interesting lives filled with adventures, joys, and sorrows, and allow them to present their lives in their own words. MNH, RAS “A man is the product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” Mahatma Gandhi Lacking a more original arresting opening, let me begin by saying that to be invited to join the list of esteemed neuropathologists featured in the Journal's Autobiography Series, following icons like Asao Hirano, Robert Terry, and Nicholas Gonatas, is both a privilege and a challenge. Never known for being conventional and sporting a background completely at odds with the standard training of most members of the American Association of Neuropathologists (AANP), I would like to take off on a different foot by thanking my colleagues in the Association for welcoming and accepting me, among the first PhDs, into the fold as an Active Member. When Mike Hart rang me a few months ago asking me to prepare a piece for the Series, my knee-jerk reaction was to decline on the grounds of juvenility …
Neutron multiplicity counter

Abstract A neutron multiplicity counter assembly has been constructed to enable a search for superheavy elements in natural samples and in accelerator targets. The detector consists of twenty 3 He counters placed in a paraffin moderator. These counters surround a central sample cavity with a capacity of about 20 1, capable of accomodating samples up to 100 kg in weight, depending on the density. A particular feature of this counter is its relative insensitivity to gamma rays. The efficiency for detecting a single neutron is ≈ 30%. An estimate of v , the number of neutrons emitted per fission in a sample, may be obtained from the observed multiplicity distribution P ( n ), where n is the number of neutron counts in an event. More accurate values of v may be obtained for small, isolated samples of spontaneously fissioning isotopes, where the neutron counters may be gated by a fission fragment detector. The design of the counter and an analysis of its properties are presented.
Tribological Behavior of Novel Ti3SiC2 (Natural Nanolaminates)-Reinforced Epoxy Composites during Dry Sliding

In this article, we report for the first time the synthesis and characterization of Ti3SiC2–epoxy (MAXPOL) composites. Three novel composites were designed by adding 20.7, 30.6, and 71.6 vol% Ti3SiC2 particulates to an epoxy matrix. The microstructure evaluation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the Ti3SiC2 particles are well dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The addition of Ti3SiC2 enhanced the ultimate yield strength (UYS) and hardness of all of the composites compared to epoxy. Tribological studies were performed by a tab-on-disc method against Inconel 718 and alumina substrates. In both cases, the mean friction coefficient (µmean) decreased as the concentration of Ti3SiC2 in the epoxy matrix was increased. The concomitant wear rates (WRs) also decreased steadily and then increased slightly after reaching a concentration of ~32.6 vol% Ti3SiC2. The tribological studies proved conclusively that the addition of Ti3SiC2 in the epoxy matrix imparts self-lubricity to the composites. The tribofil...
Mothers' and daughters' beliefs about factors affecting preadolescent girls' body satisfaction.

Abstract Body dissatisfaction is common in preadolescent girls. In this qualitative study, preadolescent girls (N = 145) wrote descriptions of factors that made them feel good and bad about their bodies. Their mothers (N = 145) also wrote about factors they believed made their daughters feel good and bad about their bodies. Statements were coded using thematic analysis. Chi-square analyses examined mother–daughter dyad agreement, and differences in influential factors based on ethnic identity. Despite general agreement in overall themes, results indicated limited agreement within mother–daughter dyads. Specifically, one significant result was detected: mothers and their daughters agreed on the importance of teasing as a negative influence on body satisfaction. There was one significant difference based on ethnic identity, with Hispanic girls mentioning more frequently than White girls that physical activity/exercise helped them feel good about their bodies. Recommendations are made for family-based interventions to support the body image of preadolescent girls.
VIII. The Brownian movement of linear and non-linear systems

Abstract It has not so far proved possible to extend the conventional Brownian movement analysis to a system with an intrinsically non-linear relaxation mechanism (e.g. viscosity or electrical conductivity). In this paper a new statistical hypothesis is proposed which for the ideally linear circuit yields results in agreement with those already accepted and enables a calculation to be made of the Brownian movement (and corresponding frequency-spectrum) of a non-linear system. The results may be of interest in a number of practical problems, particularly in relation to proposals for the use of electrical ‘noise’ as an absolute thermometer at high temperatures.
Phase relationships in the Fe-Cr-Ni system at solidification temperatures

The phase relationships between the liquid phase and the primary solid phases were investigated in the iron-rich corner of the Fe-Cr-Ni system as part of a larger study of the Fe-Cr-Ni-C system. The investigation consisted of measurements and modeling of tie-lines and the liquidus surfaces of the liquid-delta (bcc) and liquid-gamma (fcc) equilibria and the peritectic surface involving all three phases in the iron-rich corner of the Gibbs triangle bounded by 0 to 25 wt pct Cr and 0 to 25 wt pct Ni (bal Fe). The temperature ranged from the melting point of iron (1811 K) to about 1750 K. Compositions for tie-lines were obtained from liquid-solid equilibrium couples and temperatures for the surfaces were obtained by differential thermal analysis. Parameters for modeling the system were then selected in the subregular solution model to minimize the square of the difference between experimental and calculated tie-lines. With one ternary parameter employed for each phase, calculations by the model are in excellent agreement with the tie-line and liquidus measurements and in fair agreement with the temperatures for the peritectic surfaceL + δ/L + δ + γ. The usefulness of the model is demonstrated by calculation of the solidification paths of selected alloys in the composition field investigated for the limiting cases of (a) complete equilibrium followed by the alloy system, and (b) no solid diffusion (i.e., segregation) with equilibrium maintained at the solidifying front and complete mixing in the liquid phase.
A review of vacuum tube based solar cookers with the experimental determination of energy and exergy efficiencies of a single vacuum tube based prototype

Abstract Solar cookers may be generally classified into direct and indirect types. The direct types include the box type and parabolic type, while the indirect types include the vacuum tube based cookers. This paper reviews the gradual progress made in the second type. The energy and exergy analysis of a single vacuum tube based prototype has been carried out experimentally. Performance parameters indicate a high peak exergy power of 55.6 W, while the temperature difference gap at half power is 38.75 K and the quality factor is 0.042. The energy efficiency of the cooker is 20–30%, while the exergy efficiency is 4–6%. These results make this compact single family solar cooker comparable in performance to large community based Scheffer type solar cookers. Results have been compared to a number of other solar cooker types.
Boundary layer flow of power-law fluids past arbitrary profiles

Two-dimensional steady-state boundary layer equations of power-law fluids are derived using a special coordinate system which makes the equations independent of the body shape immersed in the flow. In deriving the boundary layer equations, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is used. The similarity solutions for power-law fluids are much the same as those of Newtonian fluids. Similarity solutions corresponding to the case of parallel flow past a flat plate and stagnation-point flow are presented. Finally, the shear stress is calculated for different geometries