cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fully Implicit, Second Order in Time, Simulation of a Nuclear Reactor Core

This paper will present a high fidelity solution algorithm for a model of a nuclear reactor core barrel. This model consists of a system of nine nonlinearly coupled partial differential equations. The coolant is modeled with the 1-D six-equation two-phase flow model of RELAP5. Nonlinear heat conduction is modeled with a single 2-D equation. The fission power comes from two 2-D equations for neutron diffusion and precursor concentration. The solution algorithm presented will be the physics-based preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method. In this approach all nine equations are discretized and then solved in a single nonlinear system. Newtons method is used to iterate the nonlinear system to convergence. The Krylov linear solution method is used to solve the matrices in the linear steps of the Newton iterations. The physics-based preconditioner provides an approximation to the solution of the linear system that accelerates the Krylov iterations. Results will be presented for two algorithms. The first algorithm will be the traditional approach used by RELAP5. Here the two-phase flow equations are solved separately from the nonlinear conduction and neutron diffusion. Because of this splitting of the physics, and the linearizations employed this method is first order accurate in time. A second algorithm will be the JFNK method solved second order in time accurate. Results will be presented which compare these two algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Patient characteristics associated with multiple pharmacy use in the U.S. population: Findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Abstract Background Multiple pharmacy use (MPU) is an important safety and quality issue, as it results in fragmented patient care. However, few studies have examined patient characteristics predicting the use of multiple pharmacies, and the findings have been inconsistent. Objectives To identify patient characteristics associated with MPU using national data. Methods Data were obtained from the 2011 U.S. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The dependent variable was MPU, or the use of more than one pharmacy. The Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Service Use was used to guide the selection of independent variables, which were categorized as predisposing, enabling, and medical need related characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationships between predisposing, enabling, and need variables and MPU in a hierarchical fashion. Point estimates were weighted to the U.S. non-institutionalized population, and to adjust standard errors to account for the complex survey design. Results MPU was common, with a national prevalence of 41.3%. Individuals aged 40–64 and adults 65 and older were significantly less likely to use multiple pharmacies as patients aged 18–39 years (40–64 years OR: 0.67, CI: 0.58–0.77; ≥65 years OR: 0.49, CI: 0.41–0.58). Females were significantly more likely to use multiple pharmacies than males (OR: 1.16, CI: 1.05–1.29). Individuals lacking health insurance were more likely to use multiple pharmacies as individuals with private health insurance (OR: 1.42, CI: 1.16–1.73); in contrast, individuals having drug insurance were more likely to use multiple pharmacies (OR: 1.25, CI: 1.06–1.47) relative to those without drug insurance. Any mail order use was the strongest predictor of MPU (OR: 6.94, CI: 5.90–8.18). Conclusions Pharmacists and other health care providers need to be aware that their patients may be using multiple pharmacies, especially younger patients, those lacking access to health insurance, or those using mail order pharmacies. The findings from this study can be used to identify patients that may need additional monitoring to ensure safe and appropriate drug therapy, and has important implications as health care continues to shift toward performance-based reimbursement and quality ratings.
A statistical characterization of plasmasphere density structure and boundary locations

Plasmaspheric density profiles and their cold plasma boundaries observed by the retarding ion mass spectrometer aboard the DE-1 satellite were classified using the results of a statistical study. Six different categories of the plasmasphere density profiles were identified: 'featureless', featureless with enhancement near left, multiple-plateau, featureless with trough, multiple-plateau with trough, and other complex structure profiles. An explanation for the occurrence of these different profiles is presented.
Haemophilus ducreyi Is Resistant to Human Antimicrobial Peptides

We examined the susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi to antimicrobial peptides likely to be encountered in vivo during human infection. H. ducreyi was significantly more resistant than Escherichia coli to the bactericidal effects of all peptides tested. Class I and II H. ducreyi strains exhibited similar levels of resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
Determinants of work among older adults in urban China

Objective: We examined the role of personal, family and institutional factors on the work status of older adults in urban China. Method: The analysis was based on data from a large population survey (N = 7381) of community-dwelling urban Chinese aged 60 years and older. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model work status. Results: Demographic variables such as gender, ethnicity, age and self-perceived health status were identified as important determinants of work status. Having material assets, savings, a public pension and health insurance were all negatively correlated with remaining in the workforce, whereas earning a high income was positively correlated. Conclusions: Our findings have implications regarding the impact of health policy and pension reform on employment retention. While economic growth may create an incentive for some to continue working, the lack of widespread public and private old-age support may force others to remain in the workforce out of economic necessity.
Structure-oriented product versioning

Internal structures of software artifacts, especially program source code, are very important to software engineers in developing a high-quality software. However, many existing version control and configuration management systems often treat program source code as a set of text lines and disregard logical structure. This creates burdensome for developers since the evolution of program structures is not recorded. This makes not only the development but also the maintenance of software systems less efficient. This paper describes a novel approach to fine-grained version control of source code and structured documents, called structure-oriented product versioning. The approach enables flexible management of the evolution of fine-grained units at any structural level in a software document.
Computer Coding, Multiplexing, and Distribution of Telegraph Signals

Programming a computer to interface with a variety of telegraph apparatus on the basis of bit serial transmission signaling codes provides a broad range of code flexibility and offers the possibility of achieving greater output rates than through conventional character-bit parallel-output. A specific application involving the interconnection of an IBM 1620 computer and Teletype Model 35 equipment requiring ASCII code is described.
Power analysis of asynchronous design using charge recycling and push-pull level converter

An asynchronous charge-recycling (ACR) scheme with a push-pull level converter (PPLC) receiver is proposed. In ACR_PPLC, ACR reduces the dynamic power consumption by reusing the charge, and PPLC limits short circuit current (I S ) in the receiver buffer. The simulation shows that ACR_PPLC scheme consumes 20% less power than the normal inverter driver (ID) with the inverter receiver (IR), and ACR with IR. The proposed ACR_PPLC is very effective to apply the charge recycling scheme to the asynchronous design for a low power application.
Industry attractiveness : an empirical investigation into the New Zealand wine industry

Porter's five forces model of industry attractiveness is widely taught in business schools but there is considerable debate as to its usefulness for practitioners. This qualitative research looks at the theoretical model and then analyses an actual industry using in-depth interviews with senior winery managers to see if the model delivers useful insights for the managers involved in the industry.
Observations on the life history and descriptions of coccidia (Apicomplexa) from the western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata triseriata, from eastern Nebraska.

Two hundred and twenty-four anurans of 6 species (47 adults and 16 tadpoles of Rana blairi, 35 R. catesbeiana, 31 Hyla chrysoscelis, 30 adults and 46 tadpoles of Pseudacris triseriata triseriata, 11 Bufo woodhousii, and 8 Acris crepitans) from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster County, Nebraska, were surveyed for coccidian parasites during March 2001 to May 2002. Of these, 23 of 30 (77%) adults and 4 of 46 (9%) tadpoles of P. t. triseriata shed oocysts of Isospora cogginsi n. sp. Oocysts of I. cogginsi were ovoid, 19.3 × 15.1 (18–23 × 11–20) μm, with a thin, smooth, colorless, single-layered wall, with no micropyle or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were ovoid, 13.3 × 9.9 (11–15 × 9–13) μm, with a thin, colorless, smooth wall, and Stieda body absent. Sporocyst residuum was present, 5.5 × 5.3 (4–7 × 4–7) μm, consisting of numerous granules. Histological examination of frogs and tadpoles infected with the new species revealed endogenous stages including mature meronts, developing microgamonts, mature microgametes, mature m...
Expression of the cell cycle in sperm of Arabidopsis: implications for understanding patterns of gametogenesis and fertilization in plants and other eukaryotes

The relationship between developmental events and the cell cycle was examined in sperm of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sperm of Arabidopsis rapidly enter the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle after inception from mitosis of the generative cell. Sperm in pollen grains within anthers continue to synthesize DNA, and at the time of pollination, contain approximately 1.5C DNA. Following pollination, sperm continue through the S phase of the cell cycle during pollen tube growth. By the time pollen tubes reach the ovary, sperm nuclei contain approximately 1.75C DNA. Just prior to double fertilization, sperm nuclei within embryo sacs contain the 2C quantity of DNA. These data indicate that molecular programs associated with the G1-S transition and the S phase of the cell cycle are expressed in sperm cells of developing pollen grains and pollen tubes in Arabidopsis. This pattern of prefertilization S phase activity in the sperm of a flowering plant stands in marked contrast to all other non-plant eukaryotes (from ciliates to yeast to sea urchins to mammals) where sperm remain in G1 during development, prior to the initiation of gametic fusion. In addition, when patterns of cell cycle activity in sperm of Arabidopsis and other flowering plants are compared, developmental analysis reveals that heterochronic alterations (changes in the relative timing of ontogenetic events) in cell cycle activity are a central cause of the diversification of patterns of gametogenesis in higher plants. Finally, comparative analysis of the patterns of cell cycle activity in Arabidopsis and other angiosperms may be used to predict which flowering plants will be amenable to development of successful in vitro fertilization techniques.
Computer Analysis of Pancreatic Islet Tissue

We measure the absolute or relative volume of the islets and other pancreatic tissue components using two methods each of which requires examination of cross sections. In the linear scan procedure, lengths of linear intercepts over different tissue components are used to estimate corresponding areas and volumes. In the point count method, points falling on different components are used to estimate corresponding areas and volumes.
Identifying and Overcoming Perceived Barriers of Providers towards HPV Vaccination: A Literature Review

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection in the United States associated with nearly 26,000 cases of cancer annually. With the recent addition of Gardasil 9, three vaccines are now licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for HPV prevention. While providers are the preferred source in educating individuals on HPV and HPV vaccination, low uptake percentages indicate that providers are missing valuable opportunities to educate and strongly recommend HPV vaccination. It is critical to examine perceived barriers and attitudes among providers related to HPV and HPV vaccination to identify factors that influence vaccination coverage. This paper aims to expand provider knowledge and awareness of factors that may facilitate an increase in HPV vaccination coverage and subsequent cancer prevention.
The Fund Agreement in the Courts: X

Exchange contracts which involve the currency of any member and which are contrary to the exchange control regulations of that member maintained or imposed consistently with this Agreement shall be unenforceable in the territories of any member. In addition, members may, by mutual accord, cooperate in measures for the purpose of making the exchange control regulations of either member more effective, provided that such measures and regulations are consistent with this Agreement.
Blue ZnSe-quantum-well diode laser

Rapid developments with II-VI semiconductor lasers have produced cw diode lasers in the 510-nm range1,2 whose device lifetimes are now extending to 1 h.3 One present challenge is shortening the wavelength further into the blue, especially for optical storage applications. We report what is to our knowledge the first operation of a blue diode laser in the 460-nm spectral range, under pulsed conditions at room temperature.
Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Infestations Without the Bluestain Fungus, Ceratocystis minor

Thirty-two southern pine beetle ( Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia were sampled for the bluestain fungus, Ceratocystis minor (Hedgcock) Hunt. Six of the infestations had no C. minor in any of the trees sampled. These bluestain-free infestations were in areas with high southern pine beetle infestation densities compared to areas where blue stain was found. Our observations suggest that C. minor is not always the cause of death of southern pine beetle-infested trees, nor is it required for successful beetle development.
Indole Alkaloids of the Stigonematales (Cyanophyta): Chemical Diversity, Biosynthesis and Biological Activity

The cyanobacteria are well recognized as producers of a wide array of bioactive metabolites including toxins, and potential drug candidates. However, a limited number of taxa are generally considered with respect to both of these aspects. That said, the order Stigonematales, although largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognized as a source of bioactive metabolites relevant to both human and environmental health. In particular, the hapalindoles and related indole alkaloids (i.e., ambiguines, fischerindoles, welwitindolinones) from the order, represent a diverse, and phylogenetically characteristic, class of secondary metabolites with biological activity suggestive of potential as both environmental toxins, and promising drug discovery leads. The present review gives an overview of the chemical diversity of biologically active metabolites from the Stigonematales—and particularly the so-called hapalindole-type alkaloids—including their biosynthetic origins, and their pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant bioactivities. Taken together, the current evidence suggests that these alkaloids, and the associated cyanobacterial taxa from the order, warrant future consideration as both potentially harmful (i.e., “toxic”) algae, and as promising leads for drug discovery.
In-situ falling-head test for hydraulic conductivity: Evaluation in layered sediments of an analysis derived for homogenous sediments

Summary The hydraulic conductivity (K) of streambeds is a critical variable controlling interaction of groundwater and surface water. The Hvorslev analysis for estimating K from falling-head test data has been widely used since the 1950s, but its performance in layered sandy sediments common in streams and lakes has not previously been examined. Our numerical simulations and laboratory experiments show that the Hvorslev analysis yields accurate K values in both homogenous sediment (for which the analysis was originally derived) and layered deposits with low-K sand over high-K sand. K from the Hvorslev analysis deviated significantly from true K only when two conditions were present together: (1) high-K sand was present over low-K sand, and (2) the bottom of the permeameter in which K was measured was at or very near the interface between high-K and low-K. When this combination of conditions exists, simulation and laboratory sand tank results show that in-situ Hvorslev K underestimates the true K of the sediment within a permeameter, because the falling-head test is affected by low-K sediment outside of (below the bottom of) the permeameter. In simulation results, the maximum underestimation (occurring when the bottom of the permeameter was at the interface of high K over low K) was by a factor of 0.91, 0.59, and 0.12 when the high-K to low-K ratio was 2, 10, and 100, respectively. In laboratory sand tank experiments, the underestimation was by a factor of about 0.83 when the high-K to low-K ratio was 2.3. Also, this underestimation of K by the Hvorslev analysis was about the same whether the underlying low-K layer was 2 cm or 174 cm thick (1% or 87% of the domain thickness). Numerical model simulations were useful in the interpretation of in-situ field K profiles at streambed sites with layering; specifically, scaling the model results to the maximum measured K at the top of the field K profiles helped constrain the likely ratio of high K to low K at field locations with layered heterogeneity. Vertical K values are important in field studies of groundwater–surface water interaction, and the Hvorslev analysis can be a useful tool, even in layered media, when applied carefully.
Meeting everyone's need for computing

While interest in computer science degrees has declined, interest in computer science continues to grow across campus. Some estimates suggest that by 2012 there will be some 13 million end-user programmers in the United States, compared to an estimated 3 million professional software developers. In this talk, I argue for more attention to that much greater number, for having an impact by making the non-professional programmer more successful. I will present historical evidence that our field has had a goal of teaching the non-professional programmers for over 40 years, that end-user programmers want what we have to offer, but that we need to develop new kinds of classes and new kinds of approaches to teaching CS to meet their needs. I will present methods for teaching computing that have improved success rates for non-computing majors (while still including programming), such as contextualized computing education. I will present evidence that non-computing majors want more computer science than we might expect.
The use of intraperitoneal infusion for the outpatient treatment of hypovolemia in Somalia.

Introduction:The civil war in Somalia has destroyed the medical system and left hundreds of thousands of people without access to medical care. Samaritan's Purse and World Medical Missions, two relief organizations, developed mobile medical teams to provide health care to urban and rural Somalia. Gastroenteritis with severe dehydration was encountered frequently, and difficult intravenous (TV) access presented a challenging dilemma for patients who were unable to tolerate oral or nasogastric fluid administration.Hypothesis:Intraperitoneal (IV) fluid infusion may be used to treat dehydration in patients with poor venous access and ongoing fluid losses.Methods:Two mobile medical teams treated patients from 1 January to 1 April 1993. Intraperitoneal fluid infusions were given to 16 patients with severe dehydration in whom IV access was unobtainable. Children received approximately 80 ml/kg of 0.45% normal saline, and adults received 40 ml/kg of 0.9% normal saline. Patients were reexamined at one and seven days.Results:A total of 25,659 patients were seen in the mobile medical clinics during a 3-month period. Dehydration was diagnosed in 1,833 (7.1%) patients, and 1,203 (4.7%) patients were found to be malnourished. Sixteen patients were treated with IP fluid infusions, 14 patients (87.5%) survived, and two patients (12.5%) died, both within 24 hours. In one patient (6.3%), subcutaneous infiltration occurred without subsequent adverse effects.Conclusion:This case series found that in the mobile clinic setting in Somalia, IP fluid administration improved the hydration status in patients with significant dehydration. Although IV infusion remains the treatment of choice when oral or nasogastric fluid administration is not possible, IP infusion is easily performed and may be an important alternative in disaster setting.
Les concepts géomantiques des trois capitales Qing

En se placant de facon resolue a l'interieur de leur environnement, les societes de l'Asie orientale ont developpe une pensee philosophique qui insiste sur l'acceptation de la realite naturelle telle qu'elle se presente et reduit ce qui est metaphysique a la repetition dans l'au-dela de la realite d'ici-bas. Cette pensee inclut le code de conduite quotidienne qui regit l'homme en societe et l'homme dans la nature. Pas necessairement explicite ce code coordonne l'ensemble des activites et des attitudes qui provient des modes particultiers d'interaction entre toutes les parties.
Uncertainty and design practice in China. The “apparatus” of Shanghai experimental architecture

AbstractProfessional architects and scholars in China have pointed out the issue of uncertainty in the everyday realm of the design practice. Experimental architecture firms, the Chinese-born ateliers committed to seeking the “Chinese Identity” of architecture, have accepted uncertainty as a constitutive category of the process of city making and claimed they are learning from it. Yet, the cultural and political genealogy of uncertainty in China’s design process has not been significantly investigated. Building on the Foucauldian notion of apparatus, this paper unpacks the condition of uncertainty in Shanghai’s experimental architecture design practice and examines the formal and informal negotiations of power emerging among the diverse actors taking part in this process. Those include conflicts between governments at different levels, the contingency of the market demands, overlapping roles of design consultants, dynamics of cultural capital within the academic institutions. Based on methods of participa...
Urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infectious complications among renal transplant recipients (RTR). UTIs caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) have been associated with inferior clinical outcomes and increased financial burden. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching through the PubMed and EMBASE databases (to May 20, 2016) and identifying studies that reported data on the number of RTR who developed an ESBL-PE UTI. Results Our analysis included seven studies, out of 357 non-duplicate articles, that provided data on 2824 patients. Among them, 10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4%-17%) developed an ESBL-PE UTI over their follow-up periods. The proportion of RTR affected by an ESBL-PE UTI was 2% in North America (95% CI 1%-3%), 5% in Europe (95% CI 4%-6%), 17% in South America (95% CI 10%-27%), and 33% in Asia (95% CI 27%-41%). In addition, patients affected with an ESBL-PE UTI were 2.75-times (95% CI 1.97-3.83) more likely to suffer a recurrent UTI. Conclusions Based on a limited number of studies, one in 10 RTR will develop a UTI caused by an ESBL-PE, and these patients face an almost 3 times greater risk of recurrence. A more rigorous monitoring of RTR, both during and after resolution of their infection, should be evaluated in order to reduce the incidence and the clinical impact of these resistant infections.
Advances and Applications of Nanomechanical Tools in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Native articular cartilage is a hydrated macromolecular composite with heterogeneous composition, structure, and mechanical properties at a hierarchy of length scales. Recently, with the advances of nanotechnology, nanomechanical tools have shown great promises in understanding the mechanistic origins of cartilage function and improving the design of tissue repair strategies. This chapter reviews the current state-of-the-art nanomechanical tools, with a special focus on atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods. With the aid of these tools, ultrastructure of individual molecules and spatially variant mechanical properties of tissue engineered products can be directly quantified. Novel scientific information was derived from recent studies via the nanomechanical methods, including choice of cell sources, cell differentiation and purification, as well as biochemical and biomechanical stimulations. It is hoped that further progress in nanomechanical techniques and their applications on engineered cartilage could provide molecular-level mechanistic insight necessary to improve current tissue engineering strategies and propel them toward a functional repair of damaged cartilage.
Vessel Injury, Thrombosis, and Platelet Survival

Vascular injury triggers platelet reactions of adhesion, aggregation, and release, and these reactions play important roles in hemostasis, thrombosis and thromboembolism, and atherogenesis. Measurement of platelet and fibrinogen turnover rates are indicators of the relative involvement of platelets and fibrin in the thrombotic process, and also provide an objective means of assessing antithrombotic therapy. Isotopic methods are preferred over chemical methods to measure platelet survival time; 51Cr is used most widely to label platelets. Problems of analysis and interpretation of platelet disappearance curves are reviewed briefly.
Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions

Physician burnout, a work-related syndrome involving emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment, is prevalent internationally. Rates of burnout symptoms that have been associated with adverse effects on patients, the healthcare workforce, costs and physician health exceed 50% in studies of both physicians-in-training and practicing physicians. This problem represents a public health crisis with negative impacts on individual physicians, patients and healthcare organizations and systems. Drivers of this epidemic are largely rooted within healthcare organizations and systems and include excessive workloads, inefficient work processes, clerical burdens, work-home conflicts, lack of input or control for physicians with respect to issues affecting their work lives, organizational support structures and leadership culture. Individual physician-level factors also play a role, with higher rates of burnout commonly reported in female and younger physicians. Effective solutions align with these drivers. For example, organizational efforts such as locally developed practice modifications and increased support for clinical work have demonstrated benefits in reducing burnout. Individually focused solutions such as mindfulness-based stress reduction and small-group programmes to promote community, connectedness and meaning have also been shown to be effective. Regardless of the specific approach taken, the problem of physician burnout is best addressed when viewed as a shared responsibility of both healthcare systems and individual physicians. Although our understanding of physician burnout has advanced considerably in recent years, many gaps in our knowledge remain. Longitudinal studies of burnout's effects and the impact of interventions on both burnout and its effects are needed, as are studies of effective solutions implemented in combination. For medicine to fulfil its mission for patients and for public health, all stakeholders in healthcare delivery must work together to develop and implement effective remedies for physician burnout.
Population and Quantitative Genetic Aspects of Molecular Breeding

Molecular breeding is defined as the application of molecular genetic tools to plant breeding. In this paper the application of population and quantitative genetics principles to plant breeding and the implications of those principles for the use of molecular genetic tools are discussed. The ability to transform plants and thus introduce genes from any species into a crop plant or to develop entirely new genes has greatly broadened the germplasm base for plant breeders. At the same time, this ability has created a set of problems, the solutions of which require application of population genetic theory. The availability of molecular markers has brought a rebirth of interest in quantitative genetics. It is now possible to identify chromosome segments which control quantitative traits and follow those traits in breeding. In addition, use of quantitative genetic principles provides a way of utilizing gene expression data as a plant breeding tool.
THE ROLE OF SOLAR ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

ABSTRACT The greatest contribution of solar energy to the handling of the worldwide energy situation has been one of encouraging conservation. As the concept of solar energy was being established, amateurs and professionals alike began calculating the energy needs per unit area of buildings, and what percentage of that energy need solar could provide. Only then did we realize that the energy use per unit area was so highly varied, so unbelievably wasteful, so impossible for economic solar systems to overcome, only then did an emerging solar industry turn to energy conservation first - and that was a change in direction that has permeated much of the energy industry, conservation first, then solar. This direction has, and will, aid the solar industry. Several projects have been carried out by the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC) which provide the basis for our present position and future planning on energy matters. These projects will be summarized in the final paper. They include: 1 The Alumni House - Conference Centre, State University of New York. The AHCC is a 740 m2 building requiring 4200 kJ/° C-hr for heating. A physical and economic analysis has been carried out. over 60% of the building heat load was provided by the solar system in a 4200° C-day climate. 2 Photovoltaics at the 1980 Winter Olympics. The demand for photovoltaics is an international market which, it appears, will outstrip the capability of existing industry to satisfy. This should be a high growth area during the 1980's. The concept to be discussed involves three photovoltaic powered communication systems which have been installed in Whiteface Mountain, site of the 1980 Winter Olympics down-hill and slalom runs. These units, powered by an ARCO-Solar photovoltaic array, can support ( 1 ) a twenty-five station intercom for information distribution on the mountain, ( 2 ) a twenty-five station telephone system to control race communications, and ( 3 ) provide back-up for the communications console in the event of a major power shortage. 3 Energy conservation for local governments. A training and implementation program for local governments in the State of New York which decreased energy usage by 100,000 barrels of oil in the first year. 4 Energy Conservation/Solar Energy for Restaurants. The results of a three-year energy conservation program in a family style restaurant. A solar system, installed in the autumn of 1979 will be analyzed separately, and in comparison to the energy conservation system. 5 Minimum energy building. An analysis of a small polyurethane building designed without a conventional heating system. A stand alone solar panel was attached to aid in heating. 6 Heat pump technology - An analysis of present state of the art plus indicated directions of development for the 1980's. This analysis is based on the technical planning and outlook of several corporations.
Rational Design and Development of Targeted Brain Tumor Therapeutics

The majority of agents currently used to treat patients with tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are cytotoxins, developed initially for their ability to kill cells directly. Subsequent drugs were derived by an analog strategy in which relatively small chemical modifications were made to the parent drug to either increase its potency or decrease its systemic toxicity, often with little to no change in the drug’s mechanism of action. This approach has yielded chemotherapeutic agents, notably DNA damaging agents, such as 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs), nitrogen mustard-type drugs, and the platinum analogs that have been the mainstay of brain tumor chemotherapy to date.
Differential sampling applied to mammography image simulation

Differential sampling is a powerful tool that allows Monte Carlo to compute derivatives of responses with respect to certain problem parameters. This capability has been implemented within an in-house Monte Carlo code that simulates detailed mammographic images from two new digital systems. Differential sampling allows for the calculation of the first and all second derivatives of all of the different tallies computed by the code as well as the first and second derivatives of the mammographic image itself with respect to material parameters, such as density and cross sections. The theory behind differential sampling is explained, the methodology for implementation into the imaging code is discussed, and two problems are used to demonstrate the power of differential sampling.
An update on diagnostic features of Merkel cell carcinoma

Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma that predominantly affects the elderly and immunosuppressed. Although rare, the incidence of MCC is increasing. Evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of MCC is related to Merkel cell polyomavirus infection or ultraviolet mutagenesis. Clinically, MCC typically presents as an asymptomatic violaceous papule on the head and neck. Histologically MCC is a small round blue cell tumor that must be differentiated from other small cell tumors, therefore immunohistochemistry is necessary for diagnosis of MCC. However, recent evidence suggests that some standard diagnostic markers may be less reliable in virus-negative MCC. MCC may develop local and distant metastases, with poor prognosis for advanced disease. Immunotherapy has recently been shown to be effective for many advanced cases. Here, we review diagnostic features of MCC including potential diagnostic and prognostic differences between virus-positive and virus-negative tumors.
Interferons drive development of novel interleukin-15-responsive macrophages

Disruption in homeostasis of interleukin-15 (IL-15) is linked to poor maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy. The only cells described to respond to IL-15 at the early maternal-fetal interface have been natural killer (NK) cells. We now show a novel population of macrophages, evident in several organs but enriched in the uterus of mice and humans, expressing the beta chain of the IL-15 receptor complex (CD122) and responding to IL-15. CD122+ macrophages (CD122+Macs) are morphologic, phenotypic, and transcriptomic macrophages that can derive from bone marrow monocytes. CD122+Macs develop in the uterus and placenta with kinetics that mirror interferon (IFN) activity at the maternal-fetal interface. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) permits macrophages to express CD122, and IFNs are sufficient to drive expression of CD122 on macrophages. Neither Type-I nor Type-II IFNs are required to generate CD122+Macs, however. In response to IL-15, CD122+Macs activate the ERK signaling cascade and enhance production of proinflammatory cytokines after stimulation with the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG. Finally, we provide evidence of human cells that phenocopy murine CD122+Macs in secretory phase endometrium during the implantation window and in first-trimester uterine decidua. Our data support a model wherein IFNs local to the maternal-fetal interface direct novel IL-15-responsive macrophages with the potential to mediate IL-15 signals critical for optimal outcomes of pregnancy.
The Closing of Academic Departments and Programs: A Core and Periphery Approach to the Liberal Arts and Practical Arts

Did the liberal art disciplines at American universities have the highest failure rate between the 1970s and the early 2000s? Important theoretical traditions indeed believe that the liberal arts are the most threatened disciplines in the academy, while other theories have differing views. This paper reexamines the vulnerability of academic disciplines by assessing new data. It focuses on the closing of academic departments and programs, and it uses event history analysis to show that practical arts departments and programs failed at a much higher rate than liberal arts departments and programs. In doing so, this paper raises important questions about how American universities are changing during a time of budget cuts and retrenchment.
Adaptive Optimization and Control in Online Advertising

Optimization in online advertising typically involves feedback control as a critical component. Here we propose a control system that maximizes the return on investment (ROI) for an advertiser and paces the budget delivery. It consists of an integral controller with periodic feedforward compensation of the set-point and persistent excitation. We derive stability conditions for the controller.
Algorithm 1003: Mongoose, a Graph Coarsening and Partitioning Library

Partitioning graphs is a common and useful operation in many areas, from parallel computing to VLSI design to sparse matrix algorithms. In this article, we introduce Mongoose, a multilevel hybrid graph partitioning algorithm and library. Building on previous work in multilevel partitioning frameworks and combinatoric approaches, we introduce novel stall-reducing and stall-free coarsening strategies, as well as an efficient hybrid algorithm leveraging (1) traditional combinatoric methods and (2) continuous quadratic programming formulations. We demonstrate how this new hybrid algorithm outperforms either strategy in isolation, and we also compare Mongoose to METIS and demonstrate its effectiveness on large and social networking (power law) graphs.
The Effects of Parental School Exclusion on Offspring Drug Use: An Intergenerational Path Analysis.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether and how exclusionary school punishment experienced by parents affects the drug use of their offspring. Methods Using panel data of 360 parent-child dyads from the Rochester Youth Developmental Study and its intergenerational component, the Rochester Intergenerational Study, we conduct path analysis to evaluate the adequacy of a theoretical model that explicates the intergenerational pathways from parental school exclusion to offspring drug use. Results Parents who were suspended or expelled during adolescence are more likely to drop out of school, which, in turn, leads to parental adult drug use, economic hardship, and ineffective parenting of their children. As a result, their offspring are likely to hold attitudes/beliefs favoring drug use and have reduced bonding to school, which, ultimately, contribute to offspring drug use. Conclusions Exclusionary school disciplinary practices not only result in a number of adverse collateral consequences within one generation of respondents, the negative effects of such experiences are also felt by the next generation. Therefore, exclusionary school punishment should only be used as a last resort. Whenever possible, disciplinary practices in school need to involve inclusionary efforts to re-integrate students into the larger school community.
Experimental Evaluation of a COTS Time-of-Flight Camera as Rendezvous Sensor for Small Satellites

With the growing number of space debris objects and the advent of launching 20,000 or more new satellites into “mega constellations”, the idea of on-orbit servicing and space debris removal has gained renewed interest. The big challenge of debris removal and servicing is to remain cost efficient. In order to keep costs low, the servicing and removal vehicles must be cheap to produce, launch and operate. Therefore, small satellites, ideally multi-unit cubesats equipped with simple sensors, propulsion systems and capture mechanisms must be developed. The mass, volume and power restrictions for these systems all but rule out the use of the typical sensor systems for rendezvous and capture, such as radar or lidar. Instead, camera-based systems functioning in the challenging optical, thermal and radiation conditions of space must be developed. The paper describes an experimental study evaluating the use of a Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor as rendezvous and capture sensor. The sensor is used in a hardware-in-the-loop spacecraft maneuver simulator to detect position, velocity and attitude of an object representing a non-cooperative servicing or removal target. The paper describes the implementation of a sensor system built around the Kinect v2 sensor and the open source Open3D point cloud manipulation software. The paper then proceeds to describe the laboratory experiments run to test the performance of the system in determining the position of a chaser vehicle relative to the target object, with a twelve-camera OptiTrack system serving to establish ground truth. The tests in the controlled lab environment show that the system is readily able to measure relative position to within 0.005 m along its boresight axis at a rate on the order of 1 Hz, without any knowledge of the target geometry and without distinct reflectors or other fiducials placed on the target.
Ambient-pressure and low-temperature upgrading of lignin bio-oil to hydrocarbons using a hydrogen buffer catalytic system

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation is an essential step for bio-oil upgrading. However, hydrodeoxygenation usually requires a high hydrogen pressure and high temperature due to the good stability of the C–O bonds. Here we report an effective multiphase hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-based bio-oil at temperatures <100 °C and hydrogen pressures <1 atm using a synergetic catalyst system that consists of a low redox potential H4SiW12O40 (SiW12) and suspended Pt-on-carbon (Pt/C) particles. We propose that SiW12 plays three critical roles in bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation. First, it quickly oxidizes the H2 gas to form reduced SiW12 in the presence of Pt/C. Second, it transfers both electrons and H+ ions to the bulk phase to form active H* or H2 on the Pt/C surface. Third, the formation of the oxonium ion in a SiW12 superacid solution reduces the deoxygenation energy. The SiW12-enhanced proton-transfer hydrodeoxygenation mechanism is supported by density functional theory computations. As a result of the hydrogen buffer and acidic effect, up to a 90% yield of hydrocarbons (cyclohexane, benzene and their derivatives) was achieved from the hydrodeoxygenation of phenol and its derivatives. Bio-oil derived from biomass has great potential as a more sustainable fuel but its formation typically relies on energy-intensive processes. Liu et al. show how a tri-phase hydrogen-transfer catalytic system can drive hydrodeoxygenation in water under mild conditions to achieve up to 90% hydrocarbon yield.
Infrared Optical Absorption in Low-spin Fe2+-doped SrTiO3

Band gap engineering in SrTiO3 and related titanate perovskites has long been explored due to the intriguing properties of the materials for photocatalysis and photovoltaic applications. A popular approach in the materials chemistry community is to substitutionally dope aliovalent transition metal ions onto the B site in the lattice to alter the valence band. However, in such a scheme there is limited control over the dopant valence, and compensating defects often form. Here we demonstrate a novel technique to controllably synthesize Fe2+- and Fe3+-doped SrTiO3 thin films without formation of compensating defects by co-doping with La3+ ions on the A site. We stabilize Fe2+-doped films by doping with two La ions for every Fe dopant, and find that the Fe ions exhibit a low-spin electronic configuration, producing optical transitions in the near infrared regime and degenerate doping. The novel electronic states observed here offer a new avenue for band gap engineering in perovskites for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications.
Review on Transient Power Angle Stability of System with Doubly-fed Induction Generator Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator

As the penetration rate of new energy increases, the inertia and damping of the power system gradually decrease, and stability problems become increasingly prominent. Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) technology has gained widespread attention and application as an effective means to improve the ability of new energy power generation systems to actively support the power grid, therefore, the research of impact of VSG on system transient stability has also become a hot spot. Firstly, analysis method of transient angle stability of power system is introduced, then the influence of conventional Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) on transient angle stability of system is analyzed, based on which, key issues and research status of transient angle stability of system with VSG-based DFIG are investigated in detail, finally prospection of further study of transient angle stability of system with VSG-based DFIG are proposed.
Eating Disorders Among Transition-Age Youth

Eating disorders (ED) are serious psychiatric illnesses that frequently present during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. For these transition-age youth (TAY), navigating the challenges of increased independence, decreased parental involvement, and higher work demands makes them particularly vulnerable to the development of ED and can complicate the process of intervention and care. In this chapter, we explore the unique vulnerabilities of TAY, describe the types of ED that often present in this population and their prevalence, and discuss treatment interventions, including psychopharmacology, and considerations for underserved groups. In addition, we discuss considerations for addressing the needs of previously diagnosed as well as newly diagnosed individuals and provide guidelines for involving families. Advance preparation prior to entering institutions of higher education (IHE) can enhance positive outcomes, and while issues around age of majority and consent are vital, families can still be an important part of the individual‘s treatment team.
Antibody-based cancer therapy

Over the past 25 years, antibody therapeutics have emerged as clinically and commercially successful pharmaceuticals, rapidly approaching 100 Food and Drug Administration approvals with combined annual global sales exceeding $100 billion. Nearly half of the marketed antibody therapeutics are used in oncology. These antibody-based cancer therapies can be broken down into three categories based on their different mechanisms of action, i.e., (i) natural properties, (ii) engagement of cytotoxic T cells, and (iii) delivery of cytotoxic payloads. Both natural and engineered properties of the antibody molecule are founded on its highly stable and modular architecture. In this review we provide an overview and outlook of the rapidly evolving landscape of antibody-based cancer therapy.