cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A capacity constrained mathematical programming model for cellular manufacturing with exceptional elements

Abstract Most of the research on cellular manufacturing focuses on cell formation, the initial step of setting up a cellular manufacturing system. Numerous methods exist for organizing efficient manufacturing cells for existing equipment and parts. However, when cell redesign is not possible or desired, opportunities still exist for further optimization and cost savings with the existing cell formation. Exceptional elements (EEs) in cellular manufacturing are bottleneck machines and exceptional parts that span two or more manufacturing cells. This paper develops a mathematical programming model that retains the original cell formation, which is assumed to be optimal in the long term, and minimizes total costs of a cellular manufacturing system with exceptional elements through (1) intercellular transfer, (2) machine duplication, and (3) subcontracting while taking machine capacities into account to avoid capacity violations.
Cell context in the control of self-renewal and proliferation regulated by MLL1.

Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a gene that is disrupted by chromosomal translocation characteristically in a large proportion of infant leukemia and also in a fraction of childhood and adult leukemia. MLL1 encodes a chromatin regulatory protein related to the Drosophila Trithorax protein, a well-studied epigenetic factor that functions during development to maintain expression of its target genes. Although tremendous progress has been made understanding the downstream targets of MLL1 fusion oncoproteins and how manipulation of those targets impacts leukemogenesis, very little is known regarding how the initial expression of an MLL1 fusion protein impacts on that cell’s behavior, particularly how the cell cycle is affected. Here, we focused on the function of endogenous MLL1 in the stem and progenitor cell types that are likely to be transformed upon MLL1 translocation. Our studies reveal a differential response of stem or progenitor populations to acute loss of MLL1 on proliferation and survival. These data suggest that the effects of MLL1 fusion oncoproteins will initiate the leukemogenic process differentially depending on the differentiation state of the cell type in which the translocation occurs.
Life-years gained with meropenem over ciprofloxacin in penicillin-allergic patients with gram-negative bacilli sepsis: results of a probabilistic model.

Study Objective. To compare meropenem with ciprofloxacin for treatment of gram-negative bacilli sepsis in penicillin-allergic patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) to determine if increased anaphylaxis risk with meropenem precluded its use when weighed against risks of inactive therapy with ciprofloxacin. Design. A decision model constructed from probability distributions from the literature and data from a local ICU antibiogram. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate uncertainty in variable estimates by using one-way analyses, two-way analyses, and Monte Carlo simulation. Measurements and Main Results. Microbiologic activity of treatment, anaphylaxis according to treatment regimen, curability of infection according to patient morbidity status, risk of superinfection, and recovery from gram-negative bacilli sepsis were the variables modeled. Effectiveness was defined by long-term survival and was modeled as life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained according to treatment group. Base case results were the incremental differences between the average effectiveness of each strategy calculated from the Monte Carlo simulation. Mean LYs and QALYs gained with meropenem were 9.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.9–10.8) and 5.9 (95% CI 4.8–6.7), respectively. Mean LYs and QALYs gained with ciprofloxacin were 8.9 (95% CI 8.1–9.6) and 5.3 (95% CI 4.4–6.3), respectively. The incremental difference in effective-ness—or average benefit expected by selecting meropenem over ciprofloxacin—was 1.0 LY (95% CI 0.3–1.7 LYs) and 0.6 QALY (95% CI 0.2–1.1 QALYs) favoring meropenem. Conclusion. Use of empiric meropenem over ciprofloxacin may be justified in patients in the ICU who are allergic to penicillin.
Preconceptional Wellness as a Routine Objective for Women's Health Care: An Integrative Strategy

Preconceptional health promotion should not be approached as an isolated activity. Instead, a new approach to women's wellness is needed. Rather than targeting care to women based on their pregnancy status or desires, health promotion and disease prevention should be integrated into a continuum of care throughout the life cycle. When care for women is viewed as an integrated continuum approach to health, rather than as a series of episodic events, higher levels of women's wellness will be achieved. This approach is likely to result in healthier women, pregnancies, and offspring. These outcomes are consistent with the goals of preconceptional health promotion. Using several case illustrations, this article highlights the benefits of integrating care into a continuum model.
Ionic bases for electrical remodeling of the canine cardiac ventricle

Emerging evidence suggests that ventricular electrical remodeling (VER) is triggered by regional myocardial strain via mechanoelectrical feedback mechanisms; however, the ionic mechanisms underlyin...
Corticothalamic connections of suprasylvian cortex in monkey.

Abstract Cortical lesions were made along the superior border of the sylvian fissure in 11 squirrel and four macaque monkeys. The course of degenerating fibers in the thalamus was determined by utilizing the Nauta and Fink-Heimer I techniques. The principal projection sites of suprasylvian cortex were found to be the nuclei ventralis posterior medialis, ventralis posterior lateralis, ventralis posterior inferior, pulvinaris oralis, and pulvinaris medialis. Lesser amounts of terminal degeneration occurred in the nuclei reticularis, ventralis lateralis, lateralis posterior, the intralaminar nuclei, and the posterior and pretectal areas of the thalamus. The connections of the suprasylvian cortex that corresponds to somatosensory area II with a phylogenetically new thalamic nucleus, the pulvinaris oralis, suggests a specialization of SII functions in the monkey.
Innovative wholesale carcass fabrication and retail cutting to optimize beef value

Innovations in beef carcass fabrication to improve subprimal yield, retail cut yield, and overall carcass value were evaluated. Alternating sides from 30 beef carcasses were assigned to either an innovative or conventional style of fabrication. The innovative method resulted in greater (P 0.05) by fabrication style. Value was greater for the innovative forequarter (P<0.001) and hindquarter (P<0.01), and total value was increased by more than US $14 per beef carcass compared to the conventional style. Selected subprimals were evaluated in retail cutting tests. In general, the innovative retail subprimals had yields equal to or greater than the conventional subprimals. Innovative carcass fabrication may allow for greater marketing options for beef cuts to improve carcass value and to offer greater retail merchandizing opportunities.
Ultrastructure of follicular atresia in the rat

Observations were made on the sequence of morphologic changes in atresia of medium-sized preantral follicles in the rat. Ultrastructural studies indicated that in both control and hormonally treated animals granulosa cell changes, including nuclear condensation and alterations in cytoplasmic organelles, occurred prior to effects on the oocyte. In more advanced stages of atresia, extensive disruption of granulosa cell cytoplasm was associated with loss of microvilli and cytoplasmic vacuolization in oocytes. The findings are consistent with the view that follicular atresia begins with alterations in granulosa cells, effects on the oocyte occurring later in the atretic process.
Segmented solid rocket motor internal flow simulations

Navier-Stakes and inviscid simulations of the internal flow in a 5-112 segment solid rocket motor were performed and validated against detailed subscale cold flow measurements obtained by Dunlap for various propellant burnback configurations. Detailed comparisons of the radial Mach number profiles at each segment midsection and through each joint slot validate the accuracy of the current Navier-Stokes model. The centerline Mach number and pressure coefficient distributions are greatly influenced, not only by the segment shape, but by the small insulation (restrictor) nubs protruding into the flow at each segment forward face. This influence is accurately replicated by the Navier-Stakes simulations. The modeling of the restrictor nubs influences the relative agreement between the data and simulations for the initial propellant configuration more than neglecting viscous effects. Inviscid simulations adequately simulate the flowfield distributions at later times due to the enlarging slot and bore dimensions as the propellant burns.
Computerized Adaptive Testing in Instructional Settings

Item response theory (IRT) has most often been used in research on computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Depending on the model used, IRT requires between 200 and 1,000 examinees for estimating item parameters. Thus, it is not practical for instructional designers to develop their own CAT based on the IRT model. Frick improved Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) by combining it with normative expert systems reasoning, referred to as an EXSPRT-based CAT. While previous studies were based on re-enactments from historical test data, the present study is the first to examine how well these adaptive methods function in a real-time testing situation. Results indicate that the EXSPRT-I significantly reduced test lengths and was highly accurate in predicting mastery. EXSPRT is apparently a viable and practical alternative to IRT for assessing mastery of instructional objectives.
Design of Si and SiGe P-Channel SOI MOSFET

Abstract There is a great deal of interest in combining SOI and SiGe technologies. In this work we present a systematic study of scaling properties of n+ and p+ gate SOI Si and SiGe p-MOSFETs by using two-dimensional numerical simulation. It was found that for both Si and SiGe devices, n+ gate is better suited for the design of fully depleted devices while for the design of partially depleted or near-fully depleted devices p+ gate is a better choice. Overall, the n+ gate is a better solution since we can design a device that is very low doped, fully depleted, satisfies all the design criteria, has small threshold voltage (VTH) sensitivity to the silicon film thickness (tSi) and sharp subthreshold slope. The SiGe device shows increase in linear transconductance of 24%, smaller increase in saturation transconductance, improved current drive and extended range of design options. Our results also indicate that reduction of the tSi is more effective in controlling the DIBL and SCE in low doped n+ gate designs, than increase in doping. The n+ gate design requires p+ doping spike for threshold voltage adjustment. For the case of Si p+ gate design, VTH can be easily adjusted by changing the doping level in the channel. Since the doping level used is relatively high this naturally leads to partially depleted devices in order to avoid large dependence of VTH on the tSi. However, a fully depleted device can be designed to have low dependence of VTH on the tSi. This is done by utilizing the tSi dependence of: (1) the total charge under the gate; and (2) source-body potential barrier. If the thickness is reduced, the first effect reduces while the second one increases the threshold voltage making the dependence of VTH on the thickness acceptable. The p+ gate SiGe SOI p-MOSFET requires high body doping levels and exhibits large subthreshold slope and reduced transconductance.
Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in acute leukemia

The risk of both thromboembolic and bleeding complications is high in acute leukemia. This double hazard has a significant negative impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients with this disease. The clinical manifestations of both complications show special features specific to the form of acute leukemia. Recognition of these characteristics is important in the diagnosis and management of acute leukemia. In this article, several additional issues are addressed, including the features of bleeding and thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the current understanding of the leukostasis syndrome and the iatrogenic complications including catheter-associated thrombosis, and the adverse effects of therapeutic agents used in acute leukemia. As regards the bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia is a major cause. Corrective measures, including recent guidelines on platelet transfusions, are provided.
Phenotypic analysis of Atlantic cod hemoglobin chains using a combination of top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometric approaches

Abstract Amino acid sequence information of both α- and β-chains of hemoglobin collected from Atlantic cod was obtained using a combination of mass spectrometry-based top-down and bottom-up approaches. Although complete sequencing is a very challenging undertaking due to the high degree of phenotypic variation, we were able to obtain between 38%, 28%, 46%, and 18% sequence coverage for the α-1-globin, α-2-globin, β-1-globin, and β-2-globin, respectively. The results of this work provide some evidence that the hemoglobin of Atlantic cod caught off the New England shoreline in the United States show genotypic/phenotypic variation from the hemoglobin of the same species caught off the coast of Norway. Though full coverage of the sequences was not accomplished, this work demonstrates the importance of further study to catalog the phenotypic variation of the American populations of Atlantic cod.
Biomechanical Comparison Between BioScrew and Titanium Alloy Interference Screws for Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Graft Fixation in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Abstract This investigation compared the maximum load at failure of BioScrew (Linvatec Corp, Largo, FL) and titanium alloy interference screw femoral fixation using a human cadaveric model that approximated the anatomical orientation and physiological strain rate of in vivo bone—patellar tendon—bone (BPTB) graft loading following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Eighteen fresh-frozen human BPTB allografts (10-mm wide, 10-mm thick, 25-mm long bone plugs) with either BioScrew or titanium alloy (Ti 6A14V) screw (7 × 25 mm) fixation were compared for maximum load at failure at a strain rate of 20 mm/minute. Nine cadaver femurs with bone mineral densities of 0.88 ± 0.18 g/cm 2 (anterior/posterior) and 1.3 ± 0.24 g/cm 2 (lateral) received the allografts. No statistical differences were observed in maximum load at failure ( P = .95) or failure mode ( P = .11) between specimens fixed with either screw type. When biomechanically tested with anatomic orientation and at functionally relevant strain rates, the BioScrew provided maximum load at failure equal to a titanium alloy screw.
Association between severity of prescribed burns and subsequent activity of conifer-infesting beetles in stands of longleaf pine

A randomized complete block experiment was performed to measure the effect of prescribed, dormant-season burns of three different levels of severity (measured as fuel consumption and soil surface heating) on subsequent insect infestation and mortality of mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Multiple-funnel traps baited with a low release rate of turpentine and ethanol were used to monitor activity of certain coniferophagous beetles. Non-aggressive species, including the root beetles Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff and H. tenuis Eichhoff, the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus pubescens Zimmermann, the reproduction weevil Pachylobius picivorus (Germar), and buprestid borers, were attracted to burned plots in numbers that correlated positively with burn severity. Beetle attraction to burned sites was greatest in the first weeks post-burn and disappeared by the second year. Two potential tree-killing bark beetles, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), were trapped in significant numbers but exhibited no attraction to burned plots. Tree mortality correlated significantly with the severity of the burns and amounted to 5% of stems in the hottest burn treatment after 3 years. The majority of the mortality was observed in the second and third years post-burn. Attacks of Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles were apparent on nearly all dead or dying trees, and evidence suggested that root pathogens may have contributed to tree susceptibility to beetle attack and mortality. Our data indicate that selection of burn regimes that reduce or eliminate consumption of duff (e.g., favoring heading fires over backing fires) could significantly reduce mortality of longleaf pine managed for long rotations.
Deficiencies of sheets and tiles: building sheetless databases

A geographic information system (GIS) provides access to information for potentially large areas. Traditionally, cartographers have divided maps into sheets for technical reasons. While such units survive in digital databases, they serve a different function. The 'tile' system has limitations and deficiencies which must be understood by software developers and users. Remedies to the problems of tiles provide a basis for specifying the requirements for sheetlessness. A truly sheetless database depends on indexing algorithms, reviewed in a companion paper.
Vibrational spectra of room-temperature rhodopsin: concentration dependence in picosecond resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

The vibrational degrees of freedom of room-temperature rhodopsin (RhRT), the central trans-membrane protein in vision, are measured at room temperature by picosecond resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (PR/CARS). High signal-to-noise PR/CARS data for the ethylenic stretching, Schiff base, and hydrogen-out-of-plane modes of the retinal chromophore are quantitatively analyzed via third-order susceptibility relationships. The accurate determination of spectral features permit the PR/CARS bandshapes to be analyzed as a function of RhRT concentration, an essential factor in using picosecond time-resolved CARS techniques to measure the vibrational spectroscopy of picosecond intermediates in the RhRT photosequence. Of particular importance is the recognition that PR/CARS bandshapes are sensitive functions of both the chromophore concentration and the excitation wavelength, as measured relative to the absorption spectra of specific chromophores (static and transient).
LATE NORMAL TISSUE SEQUELAE IN THE SECOND DECADE AFTER HIGH DOSE RADIATION THERAPY WITH COMBINED PHOTONS AND CONFORMAL PROTONS FOR LOCALLY ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: We determined the long-term normal tissue effects of 77.4 Gy. delivered to the prostate in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.Methods and Materials: Between 1976 and 1992, 167 men with stages T3 to 4 prostate cancer were treated on protocol with 50.4 Gy. photons at 1.8 Gy. per fraction using a 4-field box arrangement, followed by a conformal perineal proton boost of 27 Gy. (cobalt Gy. equivalent) in 11 fractions. The chart was reviewed and 39 of the 42 surviving patients were interviewed. Median followup was 13.1 years (range 7 to 23). Normal tissue morbidity was recorded using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria and the late effects normal tissue scale.Results: The actuarial incidence of grade 2 or greater genitourinary morbidity was 59% at 15 years. However, these grade 2 or greater problems persisted to the time of the interview in only 7 of 39 cases. The actuarial incidence of grade 2 or greater hematuria was 21% at 5 years and 47% at 15. For grade 3 or greater hematuria the...
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: LINEAR AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE α SUBUNIT

The linear amino acid sequence of the α subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-α) has been derived from a study of the tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides. The total number of amino acids varies from 89 to 92 because of NH2-terminal heterogeneity probably caused by proteolysis of hCG. The molecular weight of hCG-α is estimated to be 14,900 as calculated from its chemical composition, approximately 10,200 for the protein and 4,700 for the carbohydrate part of the molecule. The carbohydrate moiety consists of 2 bulky carbohydrate units attached to the amide groups of asparagine residues 52 and 78 by N-glycosidic bonds. Assignment of the five disulfide bonds and some of the amide groups has not been made. There are no free sulfhydryl groups or tryptophan present in hCG-α. The amino acid sequence of hCG-α exhibits considerable homology with the α subunits of luteinizing (LH) and thyroid-stimulating (TSH) hormones. The sequences of human LH-α and hCG-α differ only in a 2-residue inversion and a 3-residue deletion at the NH2 terminus of hLH-α. There are 25 amino acid substitutions in hCG-α when compared with ovine or porcine LH-α or bovine TSH-α. The structure of the carbohydrate units of hCG-α appears to be different from that of the carbohydrate units in the α subunits of the other hormones.
A Monte Carlo technique using a fast repetitive analog computer for determining lowest eigenvalues of partial differential equations for various boundaries, with applications

This paper describes a Monte Carlo technique for estimating the lowest eigenvalues of certain elliptic and hyperbolic partial differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. (2) A stochastic process whose output conditional probability density distribution satisfies a partial differential equation similar to the partial differential equation under consideration is, along with the boundary conditions, implemented on ASTRAC II, a fast repetitive analog computer. Eight different boundaries on the scalar Helmholtz equation in one, two, and three-dimensional space were implemented. Each of the resulting eight lowest-eigenvalue estimates is then compared to its corresponding and expected true lowest eigenvalue. Computer hardware errors, along with the error resulting from the mathematical approximation employed in deriving the estimate, are indicated. Corrective measures are included when necessary. Applications result from a presentation of analogies relating the partial differential equations under consideration to partial differential equations modeling physical processes.
Multiple Risky Assets, Transaction Costs and Return Predictability: Implications for Portfolio Choice

Our paper contributes to the dynamic portfolio choice and transaction cost literatures by considering a multiperiod CRRA individual who faces transaction costs and who has access to multiple risky assets, all with predictable returns. We numerically solve the individual's multiperiod problem in the presence of transaction costs and predictability. In particular, we characterize the investor's optimal portfolio choice with proportional and fixed transaction costs, and with return predictability similar to that observed for the U.S. stock market. We also perform some comparative statics to better understand the nature of the no-trade region with more than one risky asset. Throughout our focus is on the case with two risky assets. We also perform some utility comparisons. The calibration exercise reveals some interesting results about the relative attractiveness of the three equity portfolios calibrated.
Mouse models can predict cancer therapy

In this issue of Blood , Chesi et al show that their genetically engineered mouse model of multiple myeloma can predict positive or negative activity of drugs previously tested in clinical trials.[1][1] In the past decade a technological revolution has led to a remarkable increase in the molecular
Glomerular Cytoarchitectures in Chemosensory Systems of Arachnidsa

In most animals the central pathways of olfactory systems are associated with glomerular neuropil and lack topographic mapping of sensory inputs. Among arthropods, the insect and crustacean olfactory (antennal) pathways are typical examples. Two orders of chelicerate arthropods, the scorpions and solpugids (Cl. Arachnida), present striking exceptions to this generalization. The major chemosensory organs of scorpions are the pectines, two ventral appendages that contact the substrate intermittently as the animal searches for food or mates. In solpugids chemosensory input is from the antennalized pedipalps and first leg pairs, and from ten fan-shaped malleoli extending ventrally to the substrate from the 4th leg pair. The pectinal and malleolar sensory systems have highly ordered arrangement of 10(5) to 10(6) primary chemoreceptors, with one (pectines) forming a two-dimensional array and the other (malleoli) assembled in a linear array. The spatial frequencies of these chemoreceptive inputs exceed 100/mm and 1000/mm, respectively, indicating a capacity for resolving structure of chemical deposits on substrates. Using several histological and axonal tracing techniques, the organization of pectinal and malleolar central projections has been resolved. The pectinal projection terminates posteriorly in the cephalothoracic mass and shows a high degree of topographic precision, perhaps to the level of individual receptors in the sensory field. This chemosensory 'map' is imposed on laminar cytoarchitecture posteriorly in the brain but merges anteriorly into glomerular substructures. The sensory projection from the malleoli shows less topographic order with fewer and larger glomeruli reminiscent of the insect olfactory system. These comparisons between arthropod taxa suggest that olfactory projections are, to varying degrees, typically glomerular but may evolve topographic and laminar organization when the stimulus field is of fixed form.
Dietary calcium and blood pressure: modifying factors in specific populations.

Epidemiologic findings continue to add to the body ofevidence supporting a relationship between calcium in- take and blood pressure. These findings also indicate that there is a threshold of the potential protective effect of adequate cal- cium intake, below which the risk of hypertension increases at a greater rate. The set point ofthis threshold, estimated at 700- 800 mg/d, may be modified by a variety of factors including dietary patterns and components, lifestyle, and genetics. This may explain, at least in part, the heterogeneous response observed in dietary-intervention studies. In animal models of hypertension it was shown that greater amounts of calcium must be given to cause a blood pressure change comparable with that in normal animals, suggesting that in high-risk human populations in which calcium metabolism may be disordered, calcium intake may have to be increased to amounts > 700-800 mg/d to demonstrate the blood-pressure-lowering effect. Calcium intake at or above the currently recommended daily allowance of 800 mg could be of potential benefit to certain racial groups, individuals in- gesting excessive alcohol, and pregnant women, all of whom generally consume low amounts ofcalcium and who are at higher risk of developing hypertension. Am J C/in Nuir 199 l;54: 215S- l9S.
Gradual escalation: The role of continuous commitments in perceptions of guilt

Abstract Many immoral acts are the result of gradually escalating behaviors. The present work focuses on observers of immoral acts and the role of continuous commitments in shaping their perceptions of another person's guilt. Across four studies investigating how gradual escalations affect moral judgments, participants read a scenario describing an instance of immoral behavior that gradually built in severity. In Study 1, female participants perceived a perpetrator as less guilty when his behavior gradually escalated to rape after explicitly committing to the appropriateness his initial morally ambiguous behavior. The findings from Study 2 suggest that inducing a categorical mindset can counteract this reduction in perceptions of guilt. Study 3 illustrated the power of the categorical versus continuous mindset by examining how a categorical (versus a continuous mindset) impacts perceptions of guilt even in the absence of gradually escalating behavior. Finally, Study 4 extended the findings from the prior studies to a sample of both men and women and investigated the effect of the mindset manipulation on perceptions. Together, these studies demonstrate that the potency of gradual escalations to induce acquiescence to immoral behavior may inhere in their ability to create initial commitments to and continuous perceptions of morally ambiguous behavior.
Past, present, and future of intraoperative irradiation for colorectal cancer

Intraoperative irradiation (IORT) in its broadest sense refers to the delivery of irradiation at the time of an operation. This can be accomplished with either electrons (IOERT) or high dose rate brachytherapy (IOHDR) in conjunction with surgical exploration and resection ? external beam irradiation (EBRT) and chemotherapy. Both IORT methods have evolved in an attempt to achieve higher effective doses of radiation while dose limiting structures are surgically displaced. Results with IORT containing approaches for locally recurrent rectal cancer were recently reported by the French Group for IORT ( 1). Although 73 patients had maximal resection and IORT, 10 had concomitant metastases and 37 had prior EBRT and did not receive further EBRT as a component of their aggressive local approach. Thirty previously nonirradiated patients did receive EBRT in conjunction with IORT and maximal resection. Results achieved by the French Group parallel those reported in various U.S. series and from Pamplona (2-year SR 45%, 3-year 31%). Local control (LC) appeared to be related to the degree of resection (3-year LC 77% in the 42 patients with gross total resection vs. 51% in the 2 1 patients with gross residual). Results were most optimistic in a group of 50 patients who presented without metastases, had a gross total or partial resection, and survived the operative procedure. Within these 50 patients, 3-year actuarial local control and survival appeared best in the 16 who could receive EBRT in addition to IORT and maximal resection (3-year LC 61% vs. O%, 3-year SR 68% vs. 25% ) .
Implications of Attorney Experiences with Digital Forensics and Electronic Evidence in the United States

The experiences of lawyers with electronic evidence and digital forensics are examined. The assessment indicates disparate experiences based on case type as to 1) the use of different types of electronic evidence, 2) disputes over that use and 3) utilization of digital forensics experts. Further study indicates use of electronic evidence continues to increase, from which we infer increased challenges to the reliability of digital forensic testimony.
Lyapunov Controller for Cooperative Space Manipulators

Thecooperativecontrolofmultiplemanipulatorsattachedtothesamebaseastheyreposition acommon payload isdiscussed.Thetheory iseasily appliedtoinertiallybasedproblems,aswellasspace-basedfree-e oating platforms. The system equations of motion are developed, as well as a Lyapunov-based controller that ensures stability. The closed chain aspect of the problem reduces the system’ s degrees of freedom resulting in more actuators than degrees of freedom. This actuator redundancy is used to minimize a weighted norm of the actuator torques. A polynomial reference trajectory describes the path the payload will follow. The disturbance torque transmitted to the spacecraft centerbody by the motion of the manipulators is reduced by altering the order of the reference trajectory polynomial and its coefe cients. Results from a two-dimensional, dual-arm cone guration are included. Compared to the Lyapunov point controller alone, the addition of a e fth-order polynomial reference trajectory leads to superior performancein termsofactuatortorquemagnitudes, spacecraftcenterbody attitudecontrol, and payload repositioning accuracy and time. An eighth-order polynomial reference trajectory results in only small improvement over the e fth-order case. Background
Middle-Class Poverty Politics: Making Place, Making People

In a context of rising inequality and economic vulnerability in the United States, we explore links between class identities, urban place-making, and poverty politics. We ask how class difference and poverty politics are made and remade in neighborhood-level place-making and with what implications for boundaries and alliances between middle-class and poorer residents. Place-making refers to activities through which residents work to produce the neighborhood they want, such as participating in community organization or initiatives, interacting with their neighbors, and supporting or opposing particular changes in the neighborhood. We use a relational poverty framework to show that middle-class place-making reproduces normatively white middle-class place imaginaries but always also produces poverty and class politics. We extend prior research on middle-class poverty politics, which focuses primarily on class boundary making, to investigate whether progressive, alliance-building moments ever emerge. Drawing ...
Intergenerational transfers and the prospects for increasing wealth inequality

Analyzing two cohorts from the Health and Retirement Survey from 1992 to 2002, we investigate the growth of wealth inequality and the determinants of intergenerational transfers. Although wealth inequality has grown substantially, patterns of intergenerational transfers that we are able to assess have changed only modestly. Based on these results, we conclude that concerns that the level of inequality will continue to increase across its full distribution appear unwarranted. This conclusion, however, is limited in two important respects. First, it is based on a single cohort comparison which, however well-chosen, does not guarantee that other cohort comparisons would yield the same results. Second, the nature of survey research on wealth prevents any incisive analysis of the explosive growth of the wealth holdings of those at the very top of the distribution (i.e., those at the 99th percentile and beyond). Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that a comparison of those beyond the 99th percentile to everyone else would give evidence that, at this pivot point of the distribution, a new level of self-perpetuation has in fact arrived.
Experimental Techniques for Investigating the Contribution of Pictorial Balance to the Creation and Perception of Visual Displays

This literature review describes a variety of experimental techniques that can be used to assess the contribution of compositional balance to the construction and perception of artworks and visual displays. Findings are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of these techniques for subjecting philosophical writings about balance and art composition to empirical scrutiny.
Position estimation from outdoor visual landmarks for teleoperation of lunar rovers

The paper presents a new application of computer vision to space robotics: a teleoperation interface which analyzes images sent by a mobile robot in space missions and produces position estimates based an the images. The estimates are displayed to the robot operator as additional information to prevent loss of orientation. The current version of the interface detects mountain formations in images and automatically searches for mountain peaks in a given topographic map. A new algorithm for position estimation uses a statistical description of the various disturbances and signals in the measurement process to produce estimates. The authors have tested the system with real images obtained in the Pittsburgh East and Dromedary Peak USGS quadrangles; they report significant improvements in speed and accuracy compared to previous systems.
Plant and Animal Physiological Ecology, Comparative Physiology/Biochemistry, and Evolutionary Physiology: Opportunities for Synergy: An Introduction to the Symposium

Both plant biologists and animal biologists seek to understand how their focal organisms have evolved to interact with the environment. Despite this similarity in goals, the differing biology of plants and animals as well as other factors have led these scientific communities to diverge. Scientific discoveries that have occurred in each community in relative isolation may advance progress in the other community and set the stage for broad scientific syntheses. The accompanying papers, summarized herein, exemplify such discoveries, and collectively argue that the plant and animal ecophysiological communities have much to gain from improved cooperation and communication.
Homeometric autoregulation in the heart.

The effect of increasing the activity of the ventricle on its contractility was investigated. Several beats after the ventricle increases the amount of tension it develops per unit of time, it exhibits an increased contractility as shown by the increase in work and the more rapid development of pressure from a given end-diastolic pressure or fiber length. This has been termed homeometric autoregulation in contradistinction to the Frank-Starling or heterometric type of autoregulation. It was found that changes in coronary flow are not essential to the exhibition of this phenomenon. Possible mechanisms and the physiologic significance of the findings are discussed.
PieCursor: merging pointing and command selection for rapid in-place tool switching

We describe a new type of graphical user interface widget called the "PieCursor." The PieCursor is based on the Tracking Menu technique and consists of a radial cluster of command wedges, is roughly the size of a cursor, and replaces the traditional cursor. The PieCursor technique merges the normal cursor function of pointing with command selection into a single action. A controlled experiment was conducted to compare the performance of rapid command and target selection using the PieCursor against larger versions of Tracking Menus and a status quo Toolbar configuration. Results indicate that for small clusters of tools (4 and 8 command wedges) the PieCursor can outperform the toolbar by 20.8% for coarse pointing. For fine pointing, the performance of the PieCursor degrades approximately to the performance found for the Toolbar condition.
Efficient multiple undirectional byte error-detecting codes for computer memory systems

A novel method of construction of more efficient codes, which can detect t unidirectional byte errors or all unidirectional bit errors (t-UbED/AUED), is presented. In this construction, the authors generalize and improve the t-UbED/AUEd codes proposed by L.A. Dunning et al. (1990) in such a way that two weight syndromes need not be protected from unidirectional errors when t>2. Thus, this construction is more efficient and can be applied to all multiple unidirectional byte error-detecting codes. >
Variational multiscale enrichment for modeling coupled mechano-diffusion problems

SUMMARY In this paper, a new multiscale–multiphysics computational methodology is devised for the analysis of coupled diffusion–deformation problems. The proposed methodology is based on the variational multiscale principles. The basic premise of the approach is accurate fine-scale representation at a small subdomain where it is known a priori that important physical phenomena are likely to occur. The response within the remainder of the problem domain is idealized on the basis of coarse-scale representation. We apply this idea to evaluate a coupled mechano-diffusion problem that idealizes the response of titanium structures subjected to a thermo–chemo–mechanical environment. The proposed methodology is used to devise a multiscale model in which the transport of oxygen into titanium is modeled as a diffusion process, whereas the mechanical response is idealized using concentration-dependent elasticity equations. A coupled solution strategy based on operator split is formulated to evaluate the coupled multiphysics and multiscale problem. Numerical experiments are conducted to assess the accuracy and computational performance of the proposed methodology. Numerical simulations indicate that the variational multiscale enrichment has reasonable accuracy and is computationally efficient in modeling the coupled mechano-diffusion response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A proposal for a high-speed In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MODFET with an (InAs) m (GaAs) m superlattice channel

In this letter we examine theoretically the potential of an In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As modulation-doped field-effect transistor in which the usual InGaAs channel is replaced by an (InAs) m (GaAs) m superlattice with m ≲ 4, extending over 100 ∼ 200 A from the InAlAs interface. For small m the superlattice bandstructure is essentially the same as that of the alloy and the effects of the very small lattice mismatch are negligible. More importantly, the electrons in the active channel are not expected to suffer any alloy scattering since the channel now has perfect long-range order with no random potential fluctuations. We show that this MODFET has extremely high mobility and its low-temperature mobility can be an order of magnitude higher than that of the conventional InAlAs/InGaAs MODFET. Comparison is also made with the AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET and results indicate that the proposed structure has superior potential performance.
Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Acute cough is one of the most common complaints prompting patient visits to healthcare professionals. Despite the broad repercussions of acute cough on patient quality of life, school and work productivity, and public health resources, research on this condition is minimal, as are the available treatment options. Many patients use over-the-counter medicines, which are often ineffective for symptom relief. Some therapies may achieve antitussive activity, but at the expense of unpleasant or intolerable side effects. When considering the treatments currently available for the management of acute cough, the multiple limitations of such treatments are quite apparent. Most of these treatments lack clinically proven efficacy and reliability to support their use. This reinforces the need for the generation of quality scientific data from well-performed clinical trials. Hopefully, the result will be the development of safer, more effective and more reliable therapeutic options in the management of acute cough. Acute cough can be due to a variety of causes, and it is worthwhile to consider these pathogenic factors in some detail. It is also important to be familiar with the effects that acute cough has on patients' quality of life, work productivity, and the healthcare system; proper awareness of these effects may contribute to better understanding of the social impact of cough. In reference to the available treatments for the management of acute cough, adequate knowledge of the type of over-the-counter and prescription products in the market, as well as their mode of action and advantages/disadvantages, may provide expanded pharmacotherapeutic opportunities and facilitate better clinical decisions. However, due to the drawbacks of current treatment options, ideas for future cough management and newer products need to be considered and tested. In view of the socio-economic impact of acute cough and the limitations of available treatments, a renewed interest in the management of acute cough needs to be encouraged. The current strategies for acute cough management need to be reassessed, with a focus on developing new, reliable products and formulations with proven efficacy and safety.
An importance sampling analysis of a non-interleaved Viterbi decoder in an RFI environment

The authors present a model which analyzes a communications system consisting of a noisy channel, a transmitter/receiver, and a convolutional encoder/Viterbi decoder. The model determines the amount of bit error rate (BER) performance degradation caused by a bursty (e.g., pulsed RF interference) noise environment when interleaving is not used. It uses importance sampling to determine low BERs for a wide range of noise environments. It is faster than a conventional simulation because the required run time is independent of the BER. The model increases the simulation efficiency by biasing the burst error statistics so that more codeword errors occur and adjusts for this by using a weighting function whose value is calculated through the use of a Markov chain to represent the burst error statistics. The results confirm that interleaving results in a dramatic performance improvement in a bursty environment. >
The conjunctive system of english: A study of form and meaning

Abstract Two simple sentences may be conjoined in English by means of some conjunction in one of the possible slots; clause order, intonation and other features of signal are involved also. From such signals arise various sorts of meaning: lexical, stylistic, contextual and logical. But all such meaning arises from physical signals in the construction. It is not that the sentence maker must express some meaning already inherent in the sentences to be joined; he does not reflect meaning through his choice of signals, but rather imposes it. A clear understanding of this point makes a thorough analysis of conjoining possible in the first place; it also suggests principles important to a philosophy of language.
QUESTÕES RELACIONADAS COM A APLICAÇÃO DA PESQUISA À PRÁTICA

Em anos recentes, a literatura de enfermagem em nivel mundial tem enfaticamente exigido a pratica baseada em evidencia. No entanto, seu construto subjacente, o qual relaciona a pratica a utilizacao do conhecimento cientificamente embasado e o da pesquisa, ja se encontra em nosso meio ha bastante tempo. Este trabalho analitico oferece um panorama dos modelos de utilizacao de pesquisa desenvolvidos e empregados em enfermagem e outras areas, enfatizando algumas de suas caracteristicas. Ele faz, entao, uma revisao acerca das questoes relacionadas a utilizacao e aplicacao da pesquisa ao nivel institucional, enfatizando a importância dos mecanismos organizacionais com vistas a possibilitar otimas condicoes de uso da pesquisa em vez de permanecer na dependencia de enfermeiros enquanto individuos. Sao, assim, descritas formas atraves das quais a pesquisa pode ser utilizada ao nivel social na formacao de politicas publicas saudaveis, tendo os Estados Unidos como um estudo de caso. Varias recomendacoes sao apresentadas com vistas a organizacao e a profissao como um todo em um contexto global.
Issues and solutions in accurately measuring clinical full-time equivalents.

A s with private practices, measuring, assessing, and rewarding clinical productivity are critical to successful management of academic practices. Academic practices have the added challenge of simultaneous research and educational activities. Determining the proportion of effort devoted to clinical, research, and teaching activity for every faculty member allows pediatric department chairs to clarify roles and expectations for faculty. This clarity also benefits faculty, increasing the likelihood of improved productivity and professional satisfaction. Like other clinical practices, academic pediatric practices benefit from external benchmarks that allow assessment of clinical productivity. Work relative value units (wRVUs) have long served as a common currency for productivity. The effort required to produce wRVUs is measured in clinical full-time equivalents (CFTEs), which do not have a commonly accepted definition. In support of the AMSPDC, the Association of Administrators in Academic Pediatrics (AAAP) annually produces a comprehensive survey of pediatric faculty compensation and productivity. Chairs and their administrators use this survey to guide decisions regarding faculty compensation and expectations for faculty clinical productivity. To provide maximally reliable survey data, the AAAP has recently focused on reducing inconsistencies in measuring CFTEs among participating institutions. This article summarizes our journey in minimizing variability in reporting of faculty CFTEs, in order to yield an accurate and optimally useful measure of clinical productivity.