cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEUTRON SCATTERING FROM RbCoBr3 AND RbNiCl3

Powder neutron diffraction measurements have been performed on RbCoBr3. The results indicate that at TN = 36 °K, the compound exhibits a transition to an antiferromagnetic phase in which the spins are alternately aligned along c with a (+ + —) configuration for the three spins in the basal plane. This is in contrast to the spiral arrangement previously deduced for the isostructural compounds CsNiCl3 and RbNiCl3. Single crystal measurements in the latter compound are presented that demonstrate that for T > 2.27 TN, the magnetic scattering is essentially confined to planes perpendicular to the c* axis.
A requirement for RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in the establishment of DNA replicase activity in synchronized HeLa cells

Abstract DNA replicase activity of synchronized cultures of HeLa cells was assayed by a permeable cell technique during normal S-phase and under conditions of restricted RNA, protein, or DNA synthesis. Inhibition studies with puromycin, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and 2-mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole revealed that the establishment as well as the maintenance of DNA replicase activity in S-phase cells was dependent on the continued synthesis of both RNA and protein. Measurements during limitation of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside, or restricted availability of thymidine indicate that a low level of DNA synthesis is required to activate or assemble some subunits of DNA replicase. Evidence for the existence of short-lived RNA and protein factors essential for DNA replicase activity is discussed.
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION FOR RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCES: A RAPID SENSITIVE METHOD FOR DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS IN ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY SUBSTRATES

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences are present in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These sequences are highly conserved among organisms and are know to be species specific. Sequence analysis is widely utilized in diagnostic microbiology in order to identify infectious agents. A rapid in situ hybridization assay for detection of rRNA sequences in formalin or Bouin's fixed paraffin embedded tissues was developed using biotin-labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes specific for a variety of rRNA sequences. This method was used effectively to identify human, Aspergillus species, Pneumocystis carinii, and Toxoplasma gondii rRNA sequences in a protocol requiring less than 30min to complete. Utilization of site specific oligonucleotide probes specific for a variety of rRNA sequences may aid in the diagnosis of several medically important bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens.
Sister Mary Joseph and Her Nodule: Historical and Clinical Perspective

Sister Mary Joseph's nodule is referred to a metastatic lesion of the umbilicus originating from intra-abdominal or pelvic malignant disease. Metastases from other locations have been also reported. In 1949 the English surgeon Sir Hamilton Bailey coined this term after Sister Mary Joseph (1856-1939), a superintendent nurse at St. Mary's Hospital in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, who was the first to observe the association between the umbilical nodule and intra-abdominal malignancy. In this article, we discuss both the historical and clinical perspectives of Sister Mary Joseph's nodule.
Inhibition of anaphylaxis in mice by pre-treatment with cysteine, lysine ethyl ester, and tyrosine ethyl ester

L'injection intraperitoneale chez la souris de cysteine, tyrosine-ethylester ou lysine-ethyl-ester, 1 h avant la production du choc anaphylactique diminue d'une facon significative la sensibilite des animaux a la reaction. Il est possible que cela soit du a une modification de l'effet du premier compose actif du complement.
Selective stenting in subintimal angioplasty: Analysis of primary stent outcomes

Objective Subintimal angioplasty (SIA) is being increasingly utilized to treat chronic arterial occlusions. The role of stents in SIA is currently unknown. We performed a retrospective review of selective stent use in SIA to assess outcomes and factors affecting these results. Methods A retrospective review of patient information—including demographics, indications, procedures, noninvasive studies, and post-procedural events—was performed on our database for patients undergoing SIA in the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries. Outcomes were calculated only on technically successful SIAs using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Continuous and non-continuous data were compared using the Student t test and the z test, respectively. Survival curves were compared using log-rank testing for univariate analysis and Cox hazard-regression analysis for multivariate analysis. Results Three-hundred-sixty-eight patients (382 limbs) underwent femoral and/or popliteal SIA for critical limb ischemia or disabling claudication from December 1, 2002 through July 31, 2006. Eighty-four limbs (22%) had a stent placed, while 298 (78%) did not receive a stent. Mean follow-up was 11.7 months (range, 0-45 months). One-year primary and secondary patency for stent vs no-stent group was 50% vs 45% ( P = .73) and 70% vs 78% ( P = .47), respectively. One-year limb salvage rate for the stent vs no-stent group was 85% vs 90% ( P = .61). At 2 years, patients receiving a stent are more likely to undergo open bypass than those without a stent ( P = .06). Eighty-three patients underwent 84 SIA with stent placement. The mean number of stents for each case was 1.4 ± 0.7. Univariate analysis revealed that previous ipsilateral bypass surgery significantly decreased 1-year patency: 35% vs 56% ( P = .05). SIA performed for disabling claudication had a trend toward improved 1-year patency 58% vs 39% for critical limb ischemia ( P = .09). A stent diameter ≥7 mm displayed a trend toward better patency 53% vs 37% for diameter ≤6 mm ( P = .08). None of these factors proved significant with multivariate analysis. Conclusion Selective stents placed for suboptimal results after subintimal angioplasty produce similar patency rates to primary SIA without stents. Patients receiving stents with prior lower extremity bypass surgery will have worse outcomes than those without. Use of a stent diameter ≤6 mm and indication of critical limb ischemia will likely produce worse results. It appears that other stent variables (location, number, length, and overlap) do not alter patency. Finally, selective stent use after SIA provides excellent limb salvage.
Fluid Dynamics of the Human Larynx and Upper Tracheobronchial Airways

The deposition sites of inhaled particles must be known to (1) promote therapeutic effects of airborne pharmacologic drugs via targeted delivery and (2) improve risk assessments of ambient contaminants. Because particle trajectories are affected by the motion of an entraining fluid, it is important to determine the character of an inhaled airstream. In this report, an original theory is presented for the simulation of laryngeal and tracheobronchial fluid dynamics. The mathematical model describes conditions in such respiratory tract airways of adult human subjects under various breathing conditions. The data describing fluid dynamics patterns are presented in two formats: graphical displays of mean streamlines and color illustrations of velocity distributions. In the defined airway system, fluid dynamics patterns are heterogeneous. Conditions within the larynx are especially complex, encompassing localized eddies, and a jet formed at the vocal folds. Moreover, the data indicate that the larynx exerts a pr...
Lubrication regimes in mesothelial sliding.

Abstract To function normally, the lungs, heart, and other organs must undergo changes in shape and size, sliding against surrounding body walls. It is not known whether the delicate mesothelial surfaces covering these organs and body wall are in contact during sliding, or if hydrodynamic pressure in the lubricating liquid increases separation between their surfaces. To address this question, we measured the coefficient of friction ( μ ) of the mesothelial surface of nine rat-abdominal walls sliding in saline on a smooth glass surface. Sliding at physiological velocities of 0.0123–6.14 cm/s with normal stresses of 50–200 Pa, μ varied with velocity (P μ was relatively high at low speeds (0.078 at 0.041 cm/s), decreased to a minimum at intermediate speeds (0.034 at 1.23 cm/s), and increased slightly again at higher speeds (0.045 at 6.14 cm/s), consistent with a mixed lubrication regime in which there is at least partial hydrodynamic separation of surfaces. We conclude that mesothelial surfaces, sliding under physiological conditions, are protected from excessive shear by hydrodynamic pressures that increase separation of surfaces.
4. A Relational Event Framework for Social Action

Social behavior over short time scales is frequently understood in terms of actions, which can be thought of as discrete events in which one individual emits a behavior directed at one or more other entities in his or her environment (possibly including himself or herself). Here, we introduce a highly flexible framework for modeling actions within social settings, which permits likelihood-based inference for behavioral mechanisms with complex dependence. Examples are given for the parameterization of base activity levels, recency, persistence, preferential attachment, transitive/cyclic interaction, and participation shifts within the relational event framework. Parameter estimation is discussed both for data in which an exact history of events is available, and for data in which only event sequences are known. The utility of the framework is illustrated via an application to dynamic modeling of responder radio communications during the early hours of the World Trade Center disaster.
The Pedagogy of Failure in the Global Market

An American artist and art educator discusses her experience teaching at the American University in Cairo, Egypt (AUC). Students are confronted by local and international discourse about authenticity, integrity and influence. They express their frustration and anxiety about their chances for success in the global art market. The author questions the effectiveness and function of art education at the AUC, describes the atmosphere of the local Egyptian art scene and communicates teaching strategies she used in the classroom at AUC. From this experience the author proposes the need to cultivate a more experimental, flexible pedagogy that encourages art students to take risks, instead of focusing on the economic viability of their work.
Actin and bound-nucleotide stoichiometry.

Abstract Since actin alone among the structural proteins of muscle contains adenine nucleotide as an integral bound component, purification, homogeneity and stability were assessed on this basis. Actin extracts of muscle powder, prepared according to Ebashi and Maruyama 4, although still obviously impure, contained bound ATP at ratios of nearly one mole per 60 000 g protein present. Purification by reversible polymerization and gel filtration resulted in an apparent near-homogeneous product containing an average equivalent of 1 mole of bound nucleotide per 45 000 g protein. The bound nucleotide values obtained on analyses of both G- and F-actin samples were supported by a molecular weight estimate of approx. 45 000 obtained for G-actin by analytical gel filtration technique. Further, G-actin samples were found to contain approximately equivalent amounts of both bound Ca and ATP. Examination of bound nucleotide stability revealed an unexpected high degree of instability in the case of actin prepared in the polymerized form (i.e. F-actin).
Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by alkylhydroxynaphthoquines: Reversal on discharge of the energized state

Abstract Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by alkylhydroxynaphthoquinones may be reversed by addition of a variety of uncouplers including substituted phenols, carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazones, divalent cations and univalent cations in the presence of ionophoretic antibiotics. A likely explanation for such reversibility is the requirement that the anionic inhibitor be transported to a site of action within the mitochondrion. Support for this view includes (1) failure to obtain reversal of inhibition with submitochondrial particles, (2) release of inhibition by a competing anion, succinate, (3) augmentation of inhibition when a divalent cation is taken up, (4) the chemical diversity of uncouplers that release inhibition and (5) inhibiton by uncoupling compounds of the uptake of labeled alkylhydroxynaphthoquinones. It is suggested that a similar explanation may apply to two other inhibitors of the cytochrome b–c region, antimycin and alkylhydroxyquinoline-N-oxides.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Smc2/4 Condensin Compacts DNA into (+) Chiral Structures without Net Supercoiling

Abstract Smc2/4 forms the core of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae condensin, which promotes metaphase chromosome compaction. To understand how condensin manipulates DNA, we used two in vitro assays to study the role of SMC (structural maintenance of chromosome) proteins and ATP in reconfiguring the path of DNA. The first assay evaluated the topology of knots formed in the presence of topoisomerase II. Unexpectedly, both wild-type Smc2/4 and an ATPase mutant promoted (+) chiral knotting of nicked plasmids, revealing that ATP hydrolysis and the non-SMC condensins are not required to compact DNA chirally. The second assay measured Smc2/4-dependent changes in linking number (Lk). Smc2/4 did not induce (+) supercoiling, but instead induced broadening of topoisomer distributions in a cooperative manner without altering Lk0. To explain chiral knotting in substrates devoid of chiral supercoiling, we propose that Smc2/4 directs chiral DNA compaction by constraining the duplex to retrace its own path. In this highly cooperative process, both (+) and (-) loops are sequestered (about one per kb), leaving net writhe and twist unchanged while broadening Lk. We have developed a quantitative theory to account for these results. Additionally, we have shown at higher molar stoichiometries that Smc2/4 prevents relaxation by topoisomerase I and nick closure by DNA ligase, indicating that Smc2/4 can saturate DNA. By electron microscopy of Smc2/4-DNA complexes, we observed primarily two protein-laden bound species: long flexible filaments and uniform rings or “doughnuts.” Close packing of Smc2/4 on DNA explains the substrate protection we observed. Our results support the hypothesis that SMC proteins bind multiple DNA duplexes.
A rhetorician's son: His advice to public speakers

(1925). A rhetorician's son: His advice to public speakers. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 207-218.
GPUVolt: modeling and characterizing voltage noise in GPU architectures

Voltage noise is a major obstacle in improving processor energy efficiency because it necessitates large operating voltage guardbands that increase overall power consumption and limit peak performance. Identifying the leading root causes of voltage noise is essential to minimize the unnecessary guardband and maximize the overall energy efficiency. We provide the first-ever modeling and characterization of voltage noise in GPUs based on a new simulation infrastructure called GPUVolt. Using it, we identify the key intracore microarchitectural components (e.g., the register file and special functional units) that significantly impact the GPU's voltage noise. We also demonstrate that intercore-aligned microarchitectural activity detrimentally impacts the chip- wide worst-case voltage droops. On the basis of these findings, we propose a combined register-file and execution-unit throttling mechanism that smooths GPU voltage noise and reduces the guardband requirement by as much as 29%.
Next-generation coastal mapping to further the National Ocean Enterprise

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the US Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) formed the Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of eXpertise (JALBTCX) in 1998 under a collaborative agreement to support coastal mapping and charting requirements at their respective agencies. The two-decade legacy of the JALBTCX includes the development of state-of-the-art remote sensing platforms in coordination with industry and academia. The Coastal Zone Mapping and Imaging Lidar (CZMIL) is the Center's next-generation remote sensing technology initiative. Fielded and operated by the (USACE), it provides advanced coastal mapping capabilities and environmental information products to researchers, engineers and decision makers in government and academia. Previous technology initiatives of the JALBTCX produced the Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey (SHOALS) system and the Compact Hydrographic Airborne Rapid Total Survey (CHARTS) system. The third-generation CZMIL system builds upon these initiatives by integrating state-of-the-art laser, receiver, scanner, and imaging hardware with a custom data processing package to facilitate efficient field-to-finish survey operations. This paper compares CZMIL data coverage acquired along the West Ship Island, MS to previous coverage acquired with JALBTCX's SHOALS and CHARTS systems. The comparison demonstrates CZMIL's system performance in shallow, turbid coastal environments where the capabilities of legacy systems were limited by water clarity. CZMIL data supports the development of traditional and innovative information products to address regional environmental challenges. Accessible via web services a consumable and understandable form, the products provide critical, baseline ocean information layers that are required to achieve a conceptual National Ocean Enterprise.
Won't you be my neighbor? Local induction of arteriogenesis.

Two recent papers in Cell and Developmental Cell provide evidence that VEGF directs arterial differentiation. Evidence that sensory nerves direct arteriogenesis (Mukouyama et al., 2002) and that the membrane-spanning Notch signaling system is downstream of VEGF (Lawson et al., 2002) emphasize the paracrine regulation of vessel formation.
Characterization offs8.1, a major QTL influencing fruit shape in tomato

In two previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies conducted inLycopersicon esculentum x L. pimpinellifolium BC1 and BC2 populations we had localized a major QTL for fruit shape,fs8.1, to a ca. 20 cM interval on the short arm of chromosome 8, flanked by markers TG176 and CT92. At this QTL the allele from the wild species reduces the length of fruit, giving round-shaped fruit. In order to define more precisely the location offs8.1, near-isogenic lines (NILs) segregating for the region of interest were developed. The results from substitution mapping show that no recombination occurred betweenfs8.1 and the marker CD40 in 322 meioses. The gene action forfs8.1 was determined in a BC4F3 population to be partial dominance. The main effect offs8.1 is exerted on fruit length while fruit diameter is not significantly affected. A highly significant correlation (r=0.89;P<0.01) was found between fruit shape and ovary shape indicating that thefs8.1 gene product acts early in ovary development (preanthesis). Implications for the evolution of fruit shape and the feasibility of map-based cloning of this QTL are discussed.
The acetate-activating enzyme of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Abstract A relatively stable purified enzyme preparation has been obtained from Rhodospirillum rubrum which catalyzes the formation of acetyl coenzyme A form ATP, acetate and CoA. AMP and pyrophosphate were shown to be end products of the reaction and also inhibitors of the reaction. The properties of the enzyme system have been described and found to be similar to those described for the yeast, heart muscle and plant enzymes.
The utility of the intracarotid Amytal procedure in determining hemispheric speech lateralization in pediatric epilepsy patients undergoing surgery.

The usefulness of the intracarotid Amytal (amobarbital) procedure (also called the Wada procedure) in identifying hemispheric language dominance in pediatric patients has not been independently confirmed with intraoperative language mapping techniques. Currently, data are extrapolated from adult studies. To better establish the usefulness of the intracarotid Amytal procedure in identifying hemispheric language dominance in pediatric patients, we reviewed the records of 77 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent sodium amobarbital testing. Among these 77 subjects, 34 underwent intraoperative language mapping, the results of which all completely confirmed the Amytal results. It was also shown that among these pediatric epileptic patients who underwent Amytal testing, there existed not only a strong correlation between left-handedness and atypical speech lateralization (right, bilateral hemisphere), but also between right-sided hemiparesis (i.e., early left-hemisphere injury) and atypical speech.
Examination of primary care characteristics in a community-based clinic.

Purpose: To (a) examine the reliability and validity of the Primary Care Assessment Survey (PCAS), (b) describe the primary care characteristics of a community-based clinic in an underserved area in Appalachia, (c) examine the relationships between primary care characteristics and socioeconomic factors, (d) compare and contrast patients who have regular providers of care with those who did not have regular providers of care; and (e) examine provider primary care characteristics that predict comprehensive knowledge of patients. Design: Data for this cross-sectional survey (N=227) were collected over a 4-month period using face-to-face interviews at a not-for-profit, community-based clinic serving patients in three Appalachian states in the southeastern United States. Methods: The PCAS was used to measure 11 domains of primary care provider performance and to identify and group patients who had regular providers of care (n=126) and patients who did not have regular providers of care (n=98) at the clinic. Findings: Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the total scale was .74 after deleting one subscale. Factor analysis revealed one PCAS dimension, Communication, accounting for 44% of the total variance. Primary care providers' Interpersonal Treatment and Longitudinal Continuity were predictors of Comprehensive Knowledge of the patient and accounted for 26% and 6% of the variance, respectively. Conclusions: The PCAS showed evidence of reliability and validity with underserved Appalachian patients receiving care in a community-based clinic. The findings showed that patients receiving care from primary care providers had sustained relationships that affected communication aimed at improving primary care outcomes.
Perturbation theory for dipolar hard spheres

Grand partition function methods are used to generate formal perturbation theory expressions systematically through fifth order for the Helmholtz free energy (A) and through third order for the angle-averaged two-body radial distribution function of a system of hard spheres perturbed by embedded electric dipoles. Integrating as required over all dipole orientations causes most terms in these expressions to vanish such that numerical evaluation for the first time of the fourth-order contribution to A appears to be feasible using the Monte Carlo method. This work is in progress.
Calculation of Electrical and Radiation Storage Time in Transistors

The conventional viewpoint of saturation in junction transistors, from a device point of view, considers the excess minority carriers in the base region. A different viewpoint considers the majority carriers in the base. The important elements then are the number of these carriers stored in the transistor and whether they are stored in the active base region, the extrinsic base region, the collector body, or the epitaxial layer. The storage of carriers in the active base region plays a relatively minor role in the storage effect for most modern transistors because of the small volume of semiconductor material involved. In alloy, diffused, and epitaxial transistors the storage of carriers (electrons in a PNP transistor) is shown to be in the last three regions named above, respectively; in none of these transistor types is the storage region identifiable as the active base region. This new viewpoint leads to well-accepted storage-time expressions for alloy and diffused transistors and to new storage-time expressions for epitaxial transistors. Detailed calculations of the primary photocurrent have been made for three practical transistor construction types that relate this current to basic device parameters and to the electrical storage time. In addition, the radiation storage time has been calculated in terms of the electrical storage time for epitaxial transistors. Examples of these calculations are given and the results presented.
RNA binding by human Norovirus 3C-like proteases inhibits proteaseactivity

Abstract A highly active, fluorescence-based, in vitro assay for human Norovirus protease from genogroup I and II viruses was optimized utilizing as little as 0.25 μM enzyme, pH 7.6, and substrate:enzyme of 50–100. Activity in Tris–HCl or sodium phosphate buffers was 2-fold less than HEPES, and 2-fold lower for buffer concentrations over 10 mM. Protease activity at pH 7.6 was 73% (GI) or 63% (GII) of activity at the optimal pH 9.0. Sodium inhibited activity 2–3 fold, while potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese inhibited 5–10 fold. Differences in efficiency due to pH, buffer, and cations were due to changes in k cat and not K m . Norovirus protease bound short RNAs representing the 3′ or 5′ ends of the virus, inhibiting protease activity (IC 50 3–5 μM) in a non-competitive manner. Previous reports indicated participation of the protease in the Norovirus replicase complex. The current studies provide initial support for a defined role for the viral protease in Norovirus replication.
Surgical management of complicated spinal stenosis associated with degenerative scoliosis

Abstract Spinal stenosis with degenerative scoliosis is becoming an increasingly common condition in the aging population. Patients present with increasing problems of lower extremity pain when standing or walking along with increasing lower back pain. Conservative management can be instituted and should be carried on for as long tolerable. Progressive deterioration in the ability to stand and walk and increasing symptoms of pain are indications for surgery. Special attention to preoperative medical conditions is stressed. Operative considerations include performing adequate decompression over the stenotic levels, followed by stabilization with instrumentation and fusion. Correction of deformity can be performed but should be done with the least morbidity for the patient. Balancing of the spinal alignment above and increasing and maximizing lumbar lordosis are the most important goals. With surgery performed expeditiously with care to technical details and proper medical management, good results can be obtained with significant improvement in the quality of life.
Effect of surfaces on glass waste form leaching

Abstract A promising method for providing backup protection against the dispersion of radioactive waste by water is to incorporate the waste in a glass matrix. Although diffusion and network dissolution are generally considered to be rate-controlling, rates of attack of glass by water and aqueous solutions are best rationalized when the composition and microstructure of the glass surface are taken into account. In order to account for those effects, a leaching model emphasizing the processes occuring at the solid waste form-leachant interface is presented. Although the model leads rapidly to situations which are no longer easily amenable to analytical solutions, valuable physical insight can still be gained by determining the asymptotic behaviors of leach rates in the short- and long-term.
Revised single-particle energies in N=83 nuclei

Abstract Half-life measurements show that the lowest high-j state in 141Ce, 143Nd, 145Sm, and 147Gd, earlier assigned as an h9/2 fragment, is an i13/2 single-neutron excitation which previously was thought to lie above 3 MeV in the N = 83 nuclei.
Methods of deconditioning persisting avoidance: Amphetamine and amobarbital as adjuncts to response prevention

Rats were trained to avoid footshock in an automated one-way avoidance box by climbing to a retractable ledge. After avoidance was well established (50 trials on 3 consecutive days), footshock was terminated. Groups then received response prevention (a forced stay on the grid by prolonged ledge retraction) under the influence of a placebo, one of two doses of amphetamine, or one of two doses of amobarbital. One group received no treatment. Three days after treatment procedures, subjects were tested for persistance of responding without further footshock. Response prevention by itself attenuated persisting responding compared to no treatment, and the only drug that further attenuated persisting responding was the low dose of amphetamine.
INTERACTIONS OF PERIPHERALLY AND CENTRALLY ORIGINATING INPUT TO ASSOCIATION CORTEX.

Abstract Cortically recorded evoked potentials to various peripheral and central stimuli were studied in chloralose anesthetized cats. Summation, blocking interaction, and facilitation were investigated by systematic pairing of all possible combinations of two stimuli. 1. 1. From the same locus in association cortex responses were recorded to peripheral, photic, auditory, and somesthetic stimulation and to contralateral cortex and mesencephalic reticular formation (MR) stimulation. 2. 2. Distinct differences in amount of convergence for the various stimuli was the rule. Photically initiated input was the strongest, followed in order of strength by the interhemispheric delayed response (IDR), the response to MR stimulation, and the responses, frequently of equal strength, to auditory and somesthetic stimulation. 3. 3. True facilitation was observed in association cortex by activity originating in the MR. 4. 4. Data support an interpretation of association cortex integrative capacity, based upon plastic, dynamic function accompanying reception of neural discharges from peripheral and central systems.
Hydrogen peroxide signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 leads to selective activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.

Binding of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to its receptor, TNF-R1, results in the activation of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways that are coordinately regulated and important in survival and death. We demonstrated previously that in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the ability of TNFα to activate IKK in mouse lung epithelial cells (C10) was inhibited and that H2O2 alone was sufficient to activate JNK and induce cell death. In the current study, we investigated the involvement of TNF-R1 in H2O2-induced JNK activation. In lung fibroblasts from TNF-R1-deficient mice the ability of H2O2 to activate JNK was inhibited compared with fibroblasts from control mice. Additionally, in C10 cells expressing a mutant form of TNF-R1, H2O2-induced JNK activation was also inhibited. Immunoprecipitation of TNF-R1 revealed that in response to H2O2, the adapter proteins, TRADD and TRAF2, and JNK were recruited to the receptor. However, expression of the adaptor protein RIP, which is essential for IKK activation by TNFα, was decreased in cells exposed to H2O2, and its chaperone Hsp90 was cleaved. Furthermore, data demonstrating that expression of TRAF2 was not affected by H2O2 and that overexpression of TRAF2 was sufficient to activate JNK provide an explanation for the inability of H2O2 to activate IKK and for the selective activation of JNK by H2O2. Our data demonstrate that oxidative stress interferes with IKK activation while promoting JNK signaling, creating a signaling imbalance that may favor apoptosis.
Nasality and precision of articulation.

Summary.-Two reading passages, one with nasal consonants and one without, were tape-recorded for 72 subjects: 34 selected as having precise articulation and 38 selected as having imprecise articulation. These speech samples were evaluated for degree of precision and also for degree of nasality by the psychological scaling method of equal-appearing intervals employing a 7-point . scale. Analysis indicated a relationship between degree of precision and degree of unpleasant nasality, that is, a tendency for decreases in precision to be accompanied by increases in nasalicy and a tendency for males to be more imprecise in articulation and more nasal than females. Although surgery is frequently the preferred treatment for hypernasality associated with anomalies of the oral srructures, there is still need for speech remediation procedures which minimize the problem (7 ). The need is especially great for clients whose speech is only slightly hypernasal or for those who for some reason will not have surgery. -. One such procedure is to attempt to teach the client to use a larger mouth opening. Kelly (6) reported results which indicate a relation between unpleasant nasality and the size of mouth opening and that speakers with this characteristic employ narrower mouth opening than do "normal" speakers. Restricted mouth opening has been assumed to be associated with reduced oral activity, and, for this reason, one of the procedures used in therapy for reducing nasality has been to attempt to increase the precision of articulation. These conclusions and suggestions have been supported (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11) with the reasonable hypothesis that increased precision in the place and manner of articulation would be accompanied by an increase of both anterior and posterior mouth openings, resulting in the perception of less nasal resonance on the vowels. Results of research on nasality and imprecise articulation, however, have been either inconclusive or contradictory from one srudy to another. A possible explanation is that, although there are various deviations from the usual functioning of the speech mechanism which might result in speech being perceived as unpleasantly nasal, experimental subjects have been chosen on the basis of whether their voices are perceived as nasal or non-nasal and not on the basis of presence or absence of the possible cause to be investigated. Choosing an experimental sample according to presence or absence of an anomaly for which
Examining the Interplay of Processes Across Multiple Time-Scales: Illustration With the Intraindividual Study of Affect, Health, and Interpersonal Behavior (iSAHIB)

Human development is characterized by the complex interplay of processes that manifest at multiple levels of analysis and time-scales. We introduce the Intraindividual Study of Affect, Health and Interpersonal Behavior (iSAHIB) as a model for how multiple time-scale study designs facilitate more precise articulation of developmental theory. Combining age heterogeneity, longitudinal panel, daily diary, and experience sampling protocols, the study made use of smartphone and web-based technologies to obtain intensive longitudinal data from 150 persons age 18-89 years as they completed three 21-day measurement bursts (t = 426 bursts, t = 8,557 days) wherein they provided reports on their social interactions (t = 64,112) as they went about their daily lives. We illustrate how multiple time-scales of data can be used to articulate bioecological models of development and the interplay among more 'distal' processes that manifest at 'slower' time-scales (e.g., age-related differences and burst-to-burst changes in mental health) and more 'proximal' processes that manifest at 'faster' time-scales (e.g., changes in context that progress in accordance with the weekly calendar and family influence processes).
Some experiments on the control of voice in the profoundly deaf using a pitch extractor and storage oscilloscope display

A visual pitch display is described. This extracts fundamental frequency by low-pass filtering and displays frequency as a function of time on a storage oscilloscope. Three studies with deaf children are described. In the first it is found that the subjects have poor voluntary pitch control, despite generally good oral skills. In the second it is shown that simple pitch control can be learned quickly with the use of the visual display. However, traditional noninstrumental techniques are found to be almost as effective. In the third study, a profoundly deaf girl learns to control voice register and to generate acceptable intonation patterns within words and sentences. Unfortunately, this has no immediate effect on her everyday communicative speech. It is suggested that would-be designers of speech processing aids for the deaf should take note of two of the implications of these findings: 1) instrumental techniques may offer little or no advantage over properly applied traditional techniques for the teaching of certain skills; and 2) the process of modifying a child's communicative behavior is a complex one in which the technical aid has only a limited role to play. Unless use of the speech processing aid is incorporated in a meaningful way into an effective total program, its benefits are likely to be minimal.
Multiple time scale congestion control for self-similar network traffic

Abstract Analytical and empirical studies have shown that self-similar traffic can have a detrimental impact on network performance including amplified queuing delay and packet loss rate. Given the ubiquity of scale-invariant burstiness observed across diverse networking contexts, finding effective traffic control algorithms capable of detecting and managing self-similar traffic has become an important problem. In this paper, we study congestion control algorithms for improving network performance — in particular, throughput — under self-similar traffic conditions. Although scale-invariant burstiness implies the existence of concentrated periods of contention and idleness, the long-range dependence associated with self-similar traffic leaves open the possibility that correlation structure at larger time scales may be exploited for performance enhancement purposes. We construct a 2-level multiple time scale congestion control protocol that exercises congestion control concurrently across two time scales an order of magnitude apart. The first component — acting at the smaller time scale — is a generic linear increase/exponential decrease feedback congestion control that uses implicit prediction afforded by feedback to affect rate control sensitive to changes in network state at 20–200 ms time scales. The second component — acting at 2–5 s time scales — uses explicit prediction to detect persistent shifts in overall network contention and uses this information to modulate the aggressiveness exhibited by the first component. We show that cooperative interaction between the two congestion control modules acting on information at different time scales leads to improved performance vis-a-vis the case when the large time scale component is absent. We show that the improvement factor increases with long-range dependence and we show that as the number of flows engaging in multiple time scale congestion control (MTSC) increases, both fairness and efficiency are preserved.
Analysis by the reductive-cleavage method of a polysaccharide containing 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D- and -L-galactopyranosyl residues.

Abstract Modifications of the reductive-cleavage method for the analysis of 2-acetamido sugars were tested using a polysaccharide containing α-linked 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy- l -galactopyranosyl (FucpNAc) residues, β-linked d -FucpNAc residues and 2-linked d -glucopyranosyl residues. Reductive cleavage of the fully methylated O-antigenic polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 33358 in the presence of triethylsilane and trimethylsiyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, followed by quenching with methanol and subsequent acetylation, unexpectedly resulted in nearly cleavage of all glycosidic linkages to yield 2-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl- d -gucitol (1a) and methyl 3-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-2-(N-methylacetamido)-β- d - and - l -galactopyranosides (3a and 4a) as the major products. When the reductive-cleavage reaction was quenched with (S)-2-butanol, the major FucNAc derivatives were the diastereomeric (S)-2-butyl glycosides 15a and 17a, confirming the presence of enantiomeric FucNAc residues in the repeating unit of the polysaccharide. However, compounds 15a and 17a were not detected in equimolar proportions, presumably a consequence of diastereoselectivity in the reaction of the chiral alcohol with the respective intermediate oxazolinium ions. Reductive cleavage of the fully methylated polysaccharide in the presence of a mixture of trimethylsilyl methanesulfonate and boron trifluoride etherate, followed by quenching with methanol, resulted in incomplete cleavage, giving rise to three disaccharide derivatives whose sequences overlap that of the trisaccharide repeating unit in the polysaccharide. The lack of selectivity for cleavage at β- d -FucNAc residues suggests that the α- l -FucNAc residues underwent anomerization prior to transglycosidation.
Rarity and conservation of forest birds in the tropical dry forest region of Central America

Biogeographic and life-history characteristics of forest birds in the tropical dry forest region of Central America were examined to identify variables associated with rarity. Point counts were undertaken in eight decreed nature reserves and combined with incidence data from reserves and historic data. This was used to identify assemblages of forest birds that are rare in small fragments, rare in the reserves, and rare in the tropical dry forest region of Central America. Biogeographic variables of latitudinal extent and distance to edge of range were not associated with rarity of forest birds. The life-history characteristic body weight was the only variable significantly associated with rarity in the tropical dry forest region; although the carnivore guild contained a high proportion of rare species. At a global scale, two species Ortalis leucogastra and Icterus pectoralis deserve a high priority for conservation, while Santa Rosa and Palo Verde National Parks deserve a high priority for regional conservation.
Studies on the evolution of plasma kinins: Reptilian and avian blood

Abstract Contact with a foreign surface triggers the release of a plasma kinin in turtle or alligator plasma. The peptide cannot be distinguished from mammalian plasma kinins. The equivalent of 1.4 ug of bradykinin was found in one ml of alligator and 2 ug in one ml of turtle plasma. The plasma of these two reptiles contains a contact factor, possibily Factor XII, a prekallikrein, a kininogen and a kininase. Fowl plasma does not have the contact factor, but this can be transferred from mammalian or reptilian plasma. Thus pigeon or duck plasma can be activated to release a kinin with properties similar to those of bradykinin. (0.1 resp. 0.034 ug per ml). Acid treatment of duck plasma releases an agent or more likely agents that are active in vitro and in vivo , but they are different from bradykinin.
Examination of NOM Chlorination Reactions by Conventional and Stop-Flow Differential Absorbance Spectroscopy

Mechanisms of chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) in surface water (Lake Washington) were explored via differential spectroscopy. Two types of differential spectra (overall and incremental) were generated for this water chlorinated at pH 7 using varying chlorine doses and reaction times. The differential spectra contain two kinetically and spectroscopically distinct components. One of these components is attributable to functional groups that react rapidly with chlorine, while the other reflects transformations of slowly reacting chromophores that arise following the depletion of the fast chromophores. Small concentrations of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), exemplified in this study by dichloroacetic acid and chloral hydrate, were produced during the initial phase of chlorination, when the fast-reacting chromophores were being consumed. Rather, the release of those DBPs was correlated with the breakdown of the slowly reacting chromophores.
Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease

Results: Individuals with elevated levels of hs-CRP of greater than 3 mg/L had a 1.6and 1.3-fold increased risk for ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease, respectively, compared with individuals with hs-CRP of less than 1 mg/L. Individuals with hs-CRP polymorphism had a 64% increase in hs-CRP, but this was not associated with increased cardiovascular events. In contrast, individuals with apolipoprotein E polymorphism had elevated cholesterol levels and increased risk for ischemic heart disease.
Effect of Ovariectomy on Pituitary Gonadotropins in the Cow

Abstract To study changes in pituitary follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone contents following ovariectomy, 24 heifers were spayed on the day of estrus and sacrified on Day 17 or Day 42. Twelve intact heifers were sacrified on Day 17 of the estrous cycle. Individual anterior pituitary glands from all animals were assayed for follicle-stimulating hormone by biological assay, and for luteinizing hormone by radioimmunoassay. Pituitary glands from ovariectomized heifers did not differ significantly in fresh or dry weight from those of control animals. Follicle-stimulating hormone content in pituitary glands from all spayed heifers was higher (P
The ventral visual pathway: an expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality

Since the original characterization of the ventral visual pathway, our knowledge of its neuroanatomy, functional properties, and extrinsic targets has grown considerably. Here we synthesize this recent evidence and propose that the ventral pathway is best understood as a recurrent occipitotemporal network containing neural representations of object quality both utilized and constrained by at least six distinct cortical and subcortical systems. Each system serves its own specialized behavioral, cognitive, or affective function, collectively providing the raison d'etre for the ventral visual pathway. This expanded framework contrasts with the depiction of the ventral visual pathway as a largely serial staged hierarchy culminating in singular object representations and more parsimoniously incorporates attentional, contextual, and feedback effects.