cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of Specific Chromosomal Loci in Mammalian Cells by Recombination

Biochemistry and genetics epitomize what is called the reductionist approach to biology; single biological elements (for example, a protein, an enzyme, or a gene) are examined in great detail through a series of narrowly defined questions and experimental protocols. This approach can illuminate many phenotypic characteristics of complex systems, including whole organisms, if those phenotypes are the direct consequence of a single gene’s function.
In vivo glucocorticoid effects on porcine natural killer cell activity and circulating leukocytes.

Porcine natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, plasma cortisol, total white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (N:L), and cir- culating blood leukocytes were examined from pigs injected i.v. with either saline, ACTH, cortisol, or treated with metyrapone. Plasma cortisol increased ( P .10) on NK cytotoxicity. Pigs injected i.v. with ACTH had fewer lymphocytes and more neutrophils ( P .10) on NK cytotoxicity. However, a 400-mg bolus of cortisol reduced ( P < .05) NK cytotoxicity (control = 39.5, cortisol = 28.3% cytotoxicity, SEM = 3.7). Each dose of cortisol reduced ( P < .05) circulating blood lymphocyte numbers. In Exp. 3, pigs were fed 1 g of metyrapone or no metyrapone the night before sampling. Blood samples were obtained at 0600, 0700, and 0800. Metyrapone reduced ( P < .05) NK cytotoxicity (control = 28.6, metyrapone = 11.8%, SEM = 1.9). Pigs treated with metyrapone had greater ( P < .05) numbers of neutrophils than control pigs. Numbers of lympho- cytes were greater ( P < .05) among control than among treated pigs. Pigs treated with metyrapone had a greater ( P < .05) N:L ratio than control pigs. In conclusion, normal physiological concentrations or moderately increased blood cortisol concentrations did not influence NK activity, although leukocyte distribu- tions were changed. We conclude that greatly in- creased or greatly decreased circulating concentra- tions of cortisol reduced NK cytotoxicity.
Acculturation: Measurements and Review of Findings

Acculturation is a process that occurs when two or more cultures interact together. This opening chapter discusses the evolution of the definition of acculturation and identifies scales used to measure acculturation through behavior, values, or a combination of both. The chapter then provides a detailed review of the research literature on the effect of acculturation on Asian Americans, specifically as it pertains to physical health, mental health, school performance, choice of careers, and attitudes toward counseling and therapy.
Impact of Leptin on Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Assisted Reproduction

With the discovery in the late 1990s that leptin receptors are expressed in high levels within maturing follicles, it became clear that leptin may regulate ovarian function at multiple levels. Not only does leptin participate in the control of gonadotropin secretion via its hypothalamic actions, but circulating or locally produced leptin may also provide direct modulation of thecal, granulosa, and oocyte function. Addition of leptin to the growing list of cytokines and growth factors involved in follicular development and oocyte maturation extends our appreciation of the complex integration of basic cellular and metabolic processes with reproductive function and fertility.
Multi-cell thermogalvanic systems for harvesting energy from cyclic temperature changes

Abstract Two types of electrochemical systems for harvesting energy from cyclic changes in environmental temperature using the thermogalvanic effect are demonstrated. Both systems are based on two battery stacks which function in either a dual-temperature or single-temperature configuration. In the dual-temperature configuration, two LiCoO2/Li cells were separately cycled between two temperatures to achieve an energy conversion with an efficiency of 0.22%, free of heat recuperation, and a peak output power of 0.4 μW when cycled between 20 °C and 50 °C. This energy conversion efficiency is comparable to other proposed systems for thermal energy harvesting such as charge-free thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC) devices, thermocapacitive devices and ionic thermoelectric supercapacitors. However, this system can function with a broader range of materials, which will likely allow further increases in efficiency and power. A single-temperature configuration in which two stacks of cells were cycled together between two temperatures was also demonstrated. Both systems are attractive for harvesting thermal energy for self-powered sensor networks, especially in remote areas.
A Regression Model for Prediction of Cesarean-Associated Blood Transfusion.

Objective To develop a model to predict cesarean-associated red blood cell transfusion. Study Design Secondary analysis of all cesarean deliveries in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Cesarean Registry. Using a split-sample technique, the derivation group was used to identify associated factors and build predictive models, and the validation group was used to estimate classification errors and determine test characteristics. Using factors available at the time of cesarean, we developed a multivariable logistic regression prediction model. Results A total of 59,468 women were split evenly and randomly into the derivation and validation groups. The overall rate of transfusion was 2.7%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the derivation and validation groups were 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–0.84) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82–0.85), respectively (p = 0.16). The strongest predictors of transfusion were placenta previa (odds ratio [OR]: 7.06, 95% CI: 5.19–9.61) and eclampsia/Hemolysis Elevated Liver Enzymes Low Platelets syndrome (OR: 5.67, 95% CI: 3.77–8.51). In the validation group, the model had a sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of 55.8, 91.5, 16.2, and 98.6%, respectively. Overall, 90.5% of patients were correctly classified. Conclusion A regression model incorporating variables available at the time of cesarean accurately predicts the need for intra- or postoperative transfusion.
Student-Centered Curricular Revisions to Facilitate Transition from Associate Degree in Nursing to Bachelor of Science in Nursing Education

Abstract Curricular revision is an ongoing process. This article reports on curricular redesign process that facilitates transition from associate degree in nursing (ADN) to bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) education. Revisions were based on; course mapping to meet the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Essentials of Baccalaureate Education, review of ADN content duplication, and consideration of student feedback. This article adds to the body of knowledge on registered nurse (RN)-to-BSN curriculum content, revision methods, and support of the seamless transition of students to meet challenges posed by the Institute of Medicine report.
Effect of Magnetic Impurities on Superfluid ^{3}He.

It is known that both magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities suppress unconventional superconductivity. Here we compare their effect on the paradigm unconventional superconductor, superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, using highly dilute silica aerogel. Switching magnetic to nonmagnetic scattering in the same physical system is achieved by coating the aerogel surface with $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. We find a marginal influence on the transition temperature itself. However, we have discovered that the $A$ phase, which breaks time reversal symmetry, is strongly influenced, while the isotropic $B$ phase is unchanged. Importantly, this occurs only if the impurities are anisotropically distributed on a global scale.
Mice with a Deletion of Rsph1 Exhibit a Low Level of Mucociliary Clearance and Develop a Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Phenotype.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disease caused by mutations in over 40 different genes. Individuals with PCD caused by mutations in RSPH1 (radial ...
On Differences Between DP-Coloring and List Coloring

DP-coloring (also known as correspondence coloring) is a generalization of list coloring introduced recently by Dvořak and Postle [12]. Many known upper bounds for the list-chromatic number extend to the DP-chromatic number, but not all of them do. In this note we describe some properties of DP-coloring that set it aside from list coloring. In particular, we give an example of a planar bipartite graph with DP-chromatic number 4 and prove that the edge-DP-chromatic number of a d-regular graph with d ⩾ 2 is always at least d + 1.
A Case Study Performance Analysis of Design-Build and Integrated Project Delivery Methods

For an owner, choosing the appropriate project delivery method is one of the most important decisions to make for a project. Although there is a plethora of studies on these delivery methods, there...
Sjögren's Syndrome Minor Salivary Gland CD4+ Memory T Cells Associate with Glandular Disease Features and have a Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Transcriptional Profile.

To assess the types of salivary gland (SG) T cells contributing to Sjogren's syndrome (SS), we evaluated SG T cell subtypes for association with disease features and compared the SG CD4+ memory T cell transcriptomes of subjects with either primary SS (pSS) or non-SS sicca (nSS). SG biopsies were evaluated for proportions and absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. SG memory CD4+ T cells were evaluated for gene expression by microarray. Differentially-expressed genes were identified, and gene set enrichment and pathways analyses were performed. CD4+CD45RA- T cells were increased in pSS compared to nSS subjects (33.2% vs. 22.2%, p < 0.0001), while CD8+CD45RA- T cells were decreased (38.5% vs. 46.0%, p = 0.0014). SG fibrosis positively correlated with numbers of memory T cells. Proportions of SG CD4+CD45RA- T cells correlated with focus score (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001), corneal damage (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001), and serum Ro antibodies (r = 0.40, p < 0.0001). Differentially-expressed genes in CD4+CD45RA- cells indicated a T follicular helper (Tfh) profile, increased homing and increased cellular interactions. Predicted upstream drivers of the Tfh signature included TCR, TNF, TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-21. In conclusion, the proportions and numbers of SG memory CD4+ T cells associate with key SS features, consistent with a central role in disease pathogenesis.
Light-Triggered Switching of Quantum Dot Photoluminescence through Excited-State Electron Transfer to Surface-Bound Photochromic Molecules.

This paper describes reversible “on–off” switching of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of CdSe quantum dots (QDs), mediated by photochromic furylfulgide carboxylate (FFC) molecules chemisorbed ...
Horizontal Calibration of Vessels with UASs

Knowledge of offset vectors from vessel mounted sonars, to systems such as Inertial Measurement Units and Global Navigation Satellite Systems is crucial for accurate ocean mapping applications. Tra...
Cattle ranchers and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Production, location, and policies

Abstract Deforestation for cattle production persists in the Brazilian Amazon despite ongoing efforts by the public and private sectors to combat it. The complexity of the cattle supply chain, which we describe in depth here, creates challenges for the landmark Zero-Deforestation Cattle Agreements in particular and for enforcement of deforestation policies in general. Here, we present a holistic analysis that is increasingly relevant as the number of policies, initiatives, and markets affecting the region increases. We provide the first property-level analysis of which ranchers decided to deforest in the last decade and identify the characteristics that are most related to deforestation. We rely on newly available animal transit and property boundary data to examine 113,000 properties in the three major cattle-producing states in the Brazilian Amazon. We consider characteristics related to a property’s role in the supply chain, location, land characteristics, and the policy environment. We find that deforestation is most likely to occur on properties that sell fewer cattle and earlier in the supply chain, are located in remote locations, and have a high percent of remaining forest. Our results can be used to improve enforcement of existing policies by targeting resources to properties and location where deforestation is more likely.
On J M Keynes’s Rejection of the Moscow School of Probability’s Limiting Frequency Approach to Probability and Kolmogorov’s Axiom of Additivity (Countable Additivity ): Non –Additivity was the fundamental, basic axiom upon which all of the Economics of Ke

J M Keynes was an acknowledged, world renown, and internationally recognized expert in probability and statistics in the 1930’s based on his A Treatise on Probability (1921). . Keynes had been selected by statistics journals to serve as a referee during the 1930’s. It is, therefore, no surprise that he was selected as the referee by the League of Nations to review Jan Tinbergen’s work on business cycles that used an econometrics approach based on The Law of Large Numbers, the Central Limit Theorem, and the Gaussian (Normal) Distribution .The fundamental axiom used by Tinbergen was additivity . Kolmogorov and the Moscow School of Probability’s main innovation was to go from the axiom of additivity to the axiom of countable additivity. However, Keynes rejected additivity except in the special case that the weight of the evidence, w, which measured the relative completeness of the evidence ,defined on the closed unit interval [0,1],equaled 1 , approached 1,or approximated 1. Keynes also accepted goodness of fit tests, such as the Lexis –Q test, and exploratory data analysis as evidence that could be used to support using a particular probability distribution.
Objective crystallographic symmetry classifications of noisy and noise-free 2D periodic patterns with strong Fedorov type pseudosymmetries

Statistically sound crystallographic symmetry classifications are obtained with information theory based methods in the presence of approximately Gaussian distributed noise. A set of three synthetic images with very strong Fedorov type pseudosymmetries and varying amounts of noise serve as examples. The correct distinctions between genuine symmetries and their Fedorov type pseudosymmetry counterparts failed only for the noisiest image of the series where an inconsistent combination of plane symmetry group and projected Laue class was obtained. Contrary to traditional crystallographic symmetry classifications with an image processing program such as CRISP, the classification process does not need to be supervised by a human being. This enables crystallographic symmetry classification of digital images that are more or less periodic in two dimensions (2D) as recorded with sufficient spatial resolution from a wide range of samples with different types of scanning probe microscopes. Alternatives to the employed objective classification methods as proposed by members of the computational symmetry community and machine learning proponents are briefly discussed in an appendix and are found to be wanting because they ignore Fedorov type pseudosymmetries completely. The information theory based methods are more accurate than visual classifications at first sight by most human experts.
Forensic Analysis of Tor Browser on Windows 10 and Android 10 Operating Systems

Smartphones and Internet have become prevalent in our society with various applications in businesses, education, healthcare, gaming, and research. One of the major issues with the Internet today is its lack of security since an eavesdropper can potentially intercept the communication. This has contributed towards an increased number of cyber-crime incidents, resulting in an increase in users’ consciousness about the security and privacy of their communication . One example is the shift towards using private browsers such as Tor. Tor is a well-recognized and widely used privacy browser based on The Onion Router network that provisions anonymity over the insecure Internet. This functionality of Tor has been a major hurdle in cybercrime investigations due to the complex nature of its anonymity. This paper investigates artifacts from the Tor privacy browser on the latest Windows 10 and Android 10 devices to determine potential areas where evidence can be found. We examine the registry, storage, and memory of Windows 10 devices and the memory, storage, logs, and Zram of Android 10 devices for three possible scenarios i.e. before, during, and after use of the Tor browser. Our results do not support the claims made by the Tor Project regarding user privacy and anonymity. We find that it is possible to retrieve significant details about a user’s browsing activities while the Tor browser is in use as well as after it is closed (on both operating systems). This paper also provides an investigative methodology for the acquisition and analysis of Tor browser artifacts from different areas of the targeted operating systems. Therefore, it can serve as a base to expand research in the forensic analysis of other privacy browsers and improve the efficiency of cybercrime investigations efficiency.
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Developing Hypothyroidism Following Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Hypothyroidism is a frequent late complication of Head and Neck radiotherapy. We sought to determine the incidence and risk factors for developing hypothyroidism after intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. We explored the hypothesis that baseline clinical characteristics and treatment factors would correlate with the development of hypothyroid. MATERIALS/METHODS We conducted an IRB approved retrospective review of patients with locally advanced head-and-neck cancer treated with radiotherapy at our institution. We determined the incidence as well as time to development of hypothyroidism defined as the initiation of hormone replacement or TSH value greater than 2-fold the normal assay limit. We then evaluated baseline clinical features including age, gender, tumor stage, tumor site in addition to clinical treatment factors including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation dose for correlation with the development of hypothyroidism. RESULTS We initially identified 207 subjects who completed radiation therapy between January 2015 and December 2017. We excluded patients who had hypothyroidism diagnosed before treatment, thyroid cancer, thyroidectomy or incomplete records yielding 147 evaluable patients with median follow-up time of 1.8 years. 77% of patients were male with mean age of 61 years (range 18-89). 58 of 147 evaluable patients (40.14%) developed hypothyroidism after a median of 12.7 months after radiation (range 2.6 to 44.4 months). Age, gender, stage, tumor site, and surgery did not show statistically significant correlation with the development with hypothyroidism. Mean Thyroid radiation dose correlated with the development of hypothyroidism (P < 0.01) on logistic regression modeling. 47.6 % of patients with mean thyroid dose greater than 40 Gy developed hypothyroidism compared to 18.7% of those receiving less than 40 Gy (P < 0.01, Chi-square test). Administration of chemotherapy was associated with hypothyroidism development after radiation (P < 0.05, Chi-square test). CONCLUSION Our institutional experience demonstrates hypothyroidism remains a frequent late complication with modern IMRT techniques. Mean thyroid dose correlates with the development of hypothyroidism. Intriguingly, administration of chemotherapy also correlates with the development of hypothyroidism. Ongoing aims include further characterizing the interaction of radiation therapy dose with chemotherapy in the development of hypothyroidism.
Numerical implementation, verification and validation of two-phase flow four-equation drift flux model with Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov method

Abstract This paper presents a numerical investigation on using the Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov (JFNK) method to solve the two-phase flow four-equation drift flux model with realistic constitutive correlations (‘closure models’). The drift flux model is based on Isshi and his collaborators’ work. Additional constitutive correlations for vertical channel flow, such as two-phase flow pressure drop, flow regime map, wall boiling and interfacial heat transfer models, were taken from the RELAP5-3D Code Manual and included to complete the model. The staggered grid finite volume method and fully implicit backward Euler method was used for the spatial discretization and time integration schemes, respectively. The Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov method shows no difficulty in solving the two-phase flow drift flux model with a discrete flow regime map. In addition to the Jacobian-free approach, the preconditioning matrix is obtained by using the default finite differencing method provided in the PETSc package, and consequently the labor-intensive implementation of complex analytical Jacobian matrix is avoided. Extensive and successful numerical verification and validation have been performed to prove the correct implementation of the models and methods. Code-to-code comparison with RELAP5-3D has further demonstrated the successful implementation of the drift flux model.
Tributyltin Decreases Secretion of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) From Human Immune Cells

Tributyltin (TBT) is a widespread environmental contaminant due to its use as a biocide (including as an antifungal agent). TBT has been found in human blood samples and has been shown to increase ...
Employing Emotion to Improve Thinking and Alleviate Inequality

During a sociology class on poverty, the professor shared statistics about racial differences in family income. A white, male student clearly and confidently declared to the class: “I don’t think black people should have kids and they should stop relying on the government for aid.” The professor let this comment stand and all eyes turned to Kenlyne, the lone black student in the class and the child of a single mother who relied on aid. Kenlyne, eyes starting to water from her feelings of hurt and sadness, could not find an appropriate voice to express herself in the class and remained silent. I witnessed a similar event in my own classroom; a well-dressed, white man calmly proclaimed, “Poor black women should be sterilized.” In a demeanor that I have never since repeated in my teaching, I angrily unleashed my sharp tongue, shutting down that man’s comment. I was conscious at the time that my uncivil and emotionladen behavior might prevent this student and others with similar views from speaking up again in the classroom, and I was also conscious that I was trying to support those implicated in such claims. I could say that I used my anger to indicate to the student just how wrongheaded his views were. While this might provoke some students to rethink their views, in his case, I believe it simply affirmed his prior belief that I was a biased and angry feminist whose claims were not to be treated as worthy of genuine reflection. While I recognize that these situations differ from that of “well-intended” Claire, reading Sally Sayles-Hannon’s essay, I was led to rethink these events. Does Sayles-Hannon’s call to social thought entail an imperative for Kenlyne to challenge the confident man by sharing her personal story or her hurt? If the professor encouraged the man to delve into the feelings of anger and resentment that might have motivated his declaration, might those feelings have only further sedimented without challenge from Kenlyne? Should my male student’s line of reasoning been legitimate fodder for class consideration because it offered a way of seeing the world? Can my demonstration of anger, accompanied by a reasoned rebuttal, somehow model for students how to respond to such racist statements? It seems that in both cases the men believed themselves to be acting in civil ways; they did not express anger or nastiness, rather they shared what they saw as informed and reasoned beliefs in clear and confident ways. They were not civil in the sense of being respectful or considerate, but they were not overtly expressing uncivil emotions like hatred or contempt. As I have witnessed with these men and other dominant social players, classroom civility often doesn’t hold the same expectations for everyone. Dominant figures like these can get away with actions and comments that, when performed by women or people of color, would cast the actor in a negative light, perhaps even to such an extent that others would refuse to recognize her contribution or would write off her input as biased or hysterical. It sometimes seems
Methods for Assessing the Impact of Oncoming Glare on Driving Behavior

This paper discusses an examination of methodologies used to evaluate the impact of glare from oncoming vehicles on driving behavior at night. Instrumented vehicles of real drivers were used in the study. These vehicles contained photosensors, to estimate the illuminance of glare, as well as sensors to monitor lane position, speed, braking status, and acceleration. Data were collected from the sensors, and were analyzed to determine whether certain driver behaviors, such as lane changing or variation in speed, were affected by the magnitude of glare illuminance from oncoming vehicles.
Facilitating Applied Economic Research with Stata

We describe the Stata software environment, and illustrate how it may be prof-itably employed for applied economic research. Stata stands between “point and click” statistical packages and matrix languages in terms of extensibility and ease of use, and provides web-accessible features that enhance collaborative research and instruction.
Specialty hospitals emulating focused factories: a case study.

Purpose – For 15 years general hospital managers faced new competition from for‐profit specialty hospitals that operate on a “focused factory” model, which threaten to siphon‐off the most profitable patients. This paper aims to discuss North American specialty hospitals and to review rising costs impact on general hospital operations. The focus is to discover whether specialty hospitals are more efficient than general hospitals; if so, how significant is the difference and also what can general hospitals do in light of the rising specialty hospitals.Design/methodology/approach – The case study involves stochastic frontier regression analysis using Cobb‐Douglas and Translog cost functions to compare Minnesota general and specialty hospital efficiency. Analysis is based on data from 117 general and 19 specialty hospitals.Findings – The results suggest that specialty hospitals are significantly more efficient than general hospitals. Overall, general hospitals were found to be more than twice as inefficient c...
Absorption and Optical Rotation Spectra of Biological Membranes

The combination of ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies provides a sensitive technique for following protein conformation and conformational changes in solution. It is reasonable to predict that the application of these methods to the study of biomembrane protein structure should yield valuable information about their averaged conformation and changes that might occur with changes in functional state. And indeed they do, after and only after appropriate data analyses, for the particulate nature of membranes gives rise to correctable scattering artifacts. In considering the CD spectrum of membranes, the objective is to eliminate the distortions due to their particulate nature by correcting the spectrum to the absorbance or difference absorbance values that would have occurred had the membrane proteins been molecularly dispersed in a state conformationally equivalent to that in the membrane. The corrected CD spectrum is then compared to reference spectra to estimate the average structure and/or compared to spectra of the membrane in different functional states to follow possible conformational changes. If a membrane suspension is challenged, for example, by the addition of substrate for one of the membrane-bound enzymes, and a difference in its CD spectrum is observed, this cannot be judged to be real until the scattering problem has been properly analyzed. This is not an onerous task, and indeed is straightforward, in large measure due to the arguments and methods known as the pseudoreference state (prs) approach described in detail in 1972(1) but whose origins go back to 1968. (2) This chapter will consider first absorption spectroscopy and then the related phenomenon of CD and its dispersion counterpart, optical rotatory dispersion, for both solutions and suspensions. The corrected spectra of the purple membrane provide a sample calculation demonstrating an application of the prs approach.
India in the global economy

This study reviews trends in the process of India's integration into the world economy in the context of the experience of developing countries as a whole, and evaluates the main factors which may hamper the pace at which integration occurs in the future. Based on a consideration of prospects for key export sectors, the study appraises the prospects for a major improvement in some export sectors targeted by the government. Finally, it assesses the potential effects of increased foreign direct investment in the Indian economy. The study concludes that India's progress in global integration has been modest and its level of integration remains low with only modest future prospects because macroeconomic policies, notably a large fiscal deficit, and comparatively high trade restrictions block and discourage foreign investors, transportation and communications infrastructures are weak and inefficient, and the large labor pool is on the whole qualitatively inadequate and inflexible. Moreover, India remains vulnerable to a combination of external and internal shocks, specifically to unexpected oil price increases and domestic production stagnation, to foreign interest rate fluctuations and macroeconomic instability triggered by the combination of a large deficit, to high domestic consumption, to low investment and export growth, and real exchange rate appreciation.
Three-dimensional Fourier encoding of simultaneously excited slices: generalized acquisition and reconstruction framework.

Purpose Simultaneous multislice (SMS) acquisitions have recently received much attention as a means of increasing single-shot imaging speed. SMS acquisitions combine the advantages of single-shot sampling and acceleration along the slice dimension which was previously limited to three-dimensional (3D) volumetric acquisitions. A two-dimensional description of SMS sampling and reconstruction has become established in the literature. Here, we present a more general 3D Fourier encoding and reconstruction formalism for SMS acquisitions that can easily be applied to non-Cartesian SMS acquisitions. Theory and Methods An “SMS 3D” k-space is defined in which the field of view along the slice select direction is equal to the number of excited slices times their separation. In this picture, SMS acceleration can be viewed as an undersampling of SMS 3D k-space that can be freely distributed between the in-plane and slice directions as both are effective phase-encoding directions. Results Use of the SMS 3D k-space picture is demonstrated in phantom and in vivo brain acquisitions including data obtained with blipped-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging sampling. SMS sensitivity encoding reconstruction is demonstrated as well as non-Cartesian SMS imaging using blipped spiral trajectories. Conclusions The full framework of reconstruction methods can be applied to SMS acquisitions by employing a 3D k-space approach. The blipped-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging method can be viewed as a special case of undersampling an SMS 3D k-space. The extension of SMS methods to non-Cartesian 3D sampling and reconstruction is straightforward. Magn Reson Med 71:2071–2081, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonstationary Dynamics of Sequential Magnetic Dipole Source Changes Associated with N100 Auditory Evoked Responses

The source of the N100 component of auditory evoked magnetic fields (EMFs) has been localized in the auditory cortex in a number of MEG studies (see Hari, 1987 or Naatanen & Picton, 1987 for review). In those studies, equivalent dipole parameters were calculated for the magnetic field at a particular single latency during the time course of the N100 component (i.e. the latency at which the N100 reaches the highest amplitude at the two extrema or the one at which the isofield maps appear to have most distinct dipolar pattern). Yet, good dipolar patterns are often observed for a range of latencies reflecting the fact that not all EMFs recorded at the extrema reach maximal peak amplitude at precisely the same time. This suggested the possibility that the N100 may not be due to a stationary equivalent dipole but to a series of sources, a suggestion which has been supported by previous evoked potential studies (e.g. Wood and Wolpaw, 1982). In this experiment, we investigated that possibility as well as the question as to whether the N100 sources of EMFs resulting from ipsilateral and contralateral ear stimulation are distinct.
Two-Nucleon Higher Partial-Wave Scattering from Lattice QCD

We present a determination of nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts for l≥0. The S, P, D and F phase shifts for both the spin-triplet and spin-singlet channels are computed with lattice Quantum ChromoDynamics. For l>0, this is the first lattice QCD calculation using the Luscher finite-volume formalism. This required the design and implementation of novel lattice methods involving displaced sources and momentum-space cubic sinks. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, the calculations were performed in the SU(3)-flavor limit where the light quark masses have been tuned to the physical strange quark mass, corresponding to mπ=mK≈800MeV. In this work, we have assumed that only the lowest partial waves contribute to each channel, ignoring the unphysical partial wave mixing that arises within the finite-volume formalism. This assumption is only valid for sufficiently low energies; we present evidence that it holds for our study using two different channels. Two spatial volumes of V≈(3.5fm)3 and V≈(4.6fm)3 were used. The finite-volume spectrum is extracted from the exponential falloff of the correlation functions. Said spectrum is mapped onto the infinite volume phase shifts using the generalization of the Luscher formalism for two-nucleon systems.
Hypervolemic hypernatremia is the most common type of hypernatremia in the intensive care unit.

A high incidence of hypervolemic hypernatremia has been described in patients recovering from acute kidney injury (AKI) in intensive care units. However, this has been limited to only a few cases. One hundred fifty adult patients recovering from AKI in the intensive care unit of a single institution during a 6-year period, who developed hypernatremia during the course of their illness, were investigated. Serum and urine electrolytes, osmolality, urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured. The weights of these patients at the time of hypernatremia development and at presentation to the hospital were also measured. Even though the hypernatremia was mild in most patients (146–160 mEq/L), the average rise in serum sodium concentration was 14.5 ± 7.1 mEq/L. Of the 34 patients who had all urinary studies available, the average urine osmolality was 436 ± 128 mmol/kg of which 172 ± 54 mmol/L was contributed by sodium, potassium and their accompanying anion. Another 204 ± 96 mmol/L was accounted for by urea and creatinine (mainly urea). Almost all the patients had hypervolemia as evidenced by the presence of edema and an average weight gain of more than 9 ± 11 kg between the time of presentation and the onset of hypernatremia despite likely having lost muscle mass from being in the intensive care unit for several days. The weight data were available in 54 patients, and only eight of these patients had lost weight at the time of the development of hypernatremia. Hypervolemic hypernatremia is by far the most common cause of hypernatremia in patients in the intensive care unit. Even though the patients are in negative fluid balance at the time of the development of the hypernatremia, earlier saline administration has caused massive volume overload despite the ongoing losses. Post-AKI diuresis in the face of inability to maximally concentrate the urine because of renal failure often leads to mainly mild elevations in serum sodium concentration. The urine solute is mainly urea because of the often high serum urea concentrations with little electrolytes being present in the urine.
A Rediscovered Friendship in the Republic of Letters: The Unpublished Correspondence of Arcangela Tarabotti and Ismaël Boulliau.

The correspondence between the radical Venetian pro-female polemicist and nun Arcangela Tarabotti (1604–52) and the Copernican French astronomer Ismael Boulliau (1605–94) — here published for the first time — shows how one of Tarabotti's most controversial works made it to press. She had long and unsuccessfully sought in Italy and in France to print the work, which was, puzzlingly, published two years after her death in Holland. It was subsequently placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. Charting the explosive work's journey to France and its later arrival and reception in Holland, the Tarabotti-Boulliau correspondence provides a case study in the circulation of unorthodox ideas in seventeenth-century Europe. By showing Tarabotti's firm inscription in the well-connected scientist's intellectual circle, the letter exchange furthermore contributes to our expanding notions of women's participation in the Republic of Letters, while also suggesting a confluence of radical scientific and social views.
Application of computers to automobile control and stability problems

Current advances in automobile stability and control studies can be credited largely to modern electronic computers. Solution of the lateral control problem, like problems from other areas of automotive technology, has been deterred by the extreme complexity of the automobile. Some understanding of static or steadystate stability was obtained in the late 1930's, but the solution of dynamic response to steering input was not obtained until the advent of modern high-speed computing equipment.
Sources of Prescriptions for Misuse by Adolescents: Differences in Sex, Ethnicity, and Severity of Misuse in a Population-Based Study

Abstract Objective Epidemiological data indicate that adolescent prescription misuse rates have risen over the past decade. Despite this, little work has examined sources for opioids, tranquilizers, and stimulants or evaluated sex or ethnic differences or whether different sources correspond to differences in other risk behaviors. Method Data from the 2005 and 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (adolescent n = 36,992) were used to address these questions. Frequencies and percentages for source categories were calculated, and potential sex and ethnic differences in medication source were evaluated using χ2 analyses; logistic regression analyses evaluated whether the use of specific sources corresponded to a greater likelihood of concurrent substance use or depressive episodes. Results The most common source of medication was from friends or family, for free; other common sources included obtaining medication from a physician, purchasing medication, or theft (usually from friends or relatives). Sex differences were found, predominately for opioids: female patients were more likely to steal medication or obtain it for free; male patients were more likely to purchase medication or acquire it from a physician. White adolescents were more likely to purchase opioids, whereas African American adolescents were more likely to misuse opioids obtained from a physician. Conclusions Across medication classes, adolescents who most recently acquired medication by purchasing it had the worst risk profile in terms of concurrent substance use and severity of prescription misuse. These results may help identify subgroups of adolescent prescription misusers who are most vulnerable to consequences from misuse or other substance use.
Expert vs novice decision making in accounting: A summary☆

Considerable effort is spent each year teaching students (novices) how to use accounting information, and how to make financial decisions. However, very little is object ively known about what differentiates exper t from novice decision making. This study compares the decision making processes of exper ts and novices in the context of a financial analysis task. It employs and extends a pro tocol analysis, or process tracing methodology, which has successfully been used in task domains such as physics and medicine The focus of the study is on detai led decision making behavior, thereby identifying the specific strategies and processes that are used by the exper t and the novice. The specific data collect ion approach used in the exper iment involved asking decision makers to verbalize during their financial analysis, and tape-recording their verbalizations. The resulting transcripts, called concurrent or thinking-aloud protocols, provide the data for the pro tocol analysis.
Stem Cell Transplantation Induces a Rapid Change in Cardiac Excitability

Embryonic (ES) and bone marrow derived stem cells are discussed as a potential source for cardiac replacement tissue. Transplantation of undifferentiated cells into the cardiac infarct region has been shown to decrease infarct size and preserve cardiac function. Long term studies determined homing of stem cells in the cardiac muscle, the immediate impact of cell transplantation on the electrophysiological properties of however remains unclear. To determine if the time course in which stem cells establish intercellular coupling we plated Calcein/AM loaded ES cells on monolayers of cardiomyocytes (HL-1 cells). Dye transfer that was monitored by confocal microscopy, was first observed 60 min after heterocellular culture was established. It could be blocked by carbenoxolone indicating the presence of gap junction channels. After 200 min 36 ± 7% of ES cells had established intercellular coupling with cardiomyocytes. To determine the impact of cell transplantation on the electrophysiological properties we established monolayers on multielectrode arrays (MEAs). From field potential measurements we determined that induction of co-culture resulted in a biphasic change of the electrophysiological properties. During the first 45 min an increase of the conduction velocity (CV: 142 ± 17 %) and of the spontaneous beating frequency (F: 172 ± 11%) could be detected (n = 10). With further progression of co-culture however, a continuous decrease of excitability occurred (180min; F: 31 ± 3%; CV: 50 ± 2.5%) that ultimately resulted in the loss of spontaneous activity (210 min). In control cultures no biphasic change in F or CV was observed. The data indicate that stem cell transplantation results in rapid heterocellular coupling between stem cells and cardiomyocyte and a suppression of cardiac excitability. The contribution of intercellular coupling and other paracrine mechanism to the change in excitability remains to be determined.
Development of a dot-immunobinding assay for detection of citrus tristeza virus.

Abstract The dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) was adapted for detection of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and compared with DAS-ELISA and DAS-indirect ELISA. DIBA was easy to perform and as sensitive as either ELISA procedure for CTV diagnosis. The entire test could be performed in 2–3 h using polyclonal antibodies, with minimal laboratory equipment. Three different polyclonal antibodies gave a strong positive reaction with 12 selected CTV isolates; however, each serum had to be cross-absorbed with sap from healthy plants before use. The broad spectrum 3DF1 monoclonal antibody reacted with most of the CTV isolates. The MCA-13 strain-specific monoclonal antibody was specific for most severe CTV isolates. As blocking agents, 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 3% gelatin, 0.5% non-fat dry milk or 5% Triton X-100 gave an adequate white background on the nitrocellulose membranes and permitted discrimination between infected and healthy samples. However, 3% gelatin gave the best contrast between green for the healthy samples, and purple color for infected samples.
Displaced Boundaries: Geometric Abstraction from Pictures to Objects

This review concerns Osbel Suarez, Cold America: Geometric Abstraction in Latin America (1934–1973), an exhibition presented by the Fundacion Juan March in Madrid, Feb 11–May 15, 2011 and Alejandro Crispiani's book Objetos para transformar el mundo: Trayectorias del arte concreto-invencion, Argentina y Chile, 1940–1970 [Objects to Transform the World: Trajectories of Concrete-Invention Art, Argentina and Chile, 1940–1970] (Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2011). The review briefly assesses the state of the literature on Latin American Geometric Abstractio and analyzes these two publications from 2011, which stand precisely for traditional approaches and new developments in the field.
Reply to “Reconsidering evidence for the suppression model of the octave illusion,” by C. D. Chambers, J. B. Mattingley, and S. A. Moss

Chambers, Mattingley, and Moss (2004) present a review of research and theory concerning the octave illusion, a phenomenon that was originally reported by Deutsch (1974). The authors argue against the two-channel model proposed by Deutsch (1975a) to explain the illusory percept that was most commonly obtained and propose, instead, that the illusion results from binaural fusion and diplacusis. This article replies to the arguments raised by Chambers et al. (2004) and argues that the octave illusion and the two-channel model proposed to explain it are in accordance with growing evidence for what-where dissociations in the auditory system and for illusory conjunctions in hearing.
On the scoring of heart rate: reply to criticisms.

Lang and Hnatiow, who derived a measure of heart rate (HR) response different from that employed by Dykman, Reese, Galbrecht, and Thomasson, reported better evidence of HR adaptation to serially presented tones than did Dykman et al. The former authors found no habituation when Dykman's procedure for scoring HR responses was applied to their data. When Dykman's HR records were rescored by Lang's method, both measures yielded adaptation curves. McDonald, Johnson, and Hord, who employed a measure of HR response similar to that of Lang and Hnatiow, noted that alert Ss adapted in HR, while drowsy (by electroencephalogram (EEG) activity) Ss failed to adapt. They said that HR adaptation results of Dykman et al. may have been influenced by inadequate control for arousal level of Ss. However, the most drowsy Ss (judged by behavioral notes) in Dykman's study provided good evidence of HR adaptation by both McDonald's and Dykman's measures. These discrepancies in results are believed to depend mainly upon differences in experimental procedures rather than upon methods of scoring or arousal level.
Patient Package Inserts: The Voluntary Approach

It is argued that a mandatory, fixed approach to patient information will not work, particularly in the elderly. The elderly, a very heterogeneous population, needs a very individualized, user-friendly approach to heighten compliance and prevent, to the extent possible, adverse drug reactions