cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New basicrania of Paleocene-Eocene Ignacius: re-evaluation of the Plesiadapiform-Dermopteran link.

Plesiadapiformes has long been considered to be an archaic group of Primates. Discovery of a paromomyid plesiadapiform skull and independent analysis of referred postcrania have led investigators to conclude that Plesiadapiformes shares a closer relationship to extant flying lemurs (Dermoptera) than to Primates (= Euprimates of Hoffstetter [1977] Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris Ser 13 4:327-346). Despite challenges to this interpretation, the plesiadapiform-dermopteran relationship has gained currency in recent years. Here we show that newly discovered crania of Ignacius graybullianus, preserving previously undocumented portions of the ear, are more similar to primates than to dermopterans. New specimens confirm that paromomyids lacked the petrosal bulla of primates. However, these new specimens also demonstrate that paromomyids likely had: 1) a small promontorial branch of the internal carotid artery; 2) a lateral route for the internal carotid nerves crossing the promontorium; and 3) a ring-like ectotympanic with an annular bridge. This pattern is similar to primitive primates and fundamentally different from dermopterans, which have: 1) no internal carotid artery; 2) internal carotid nerves that take a more medial route; and 3) no annular bridge. Recognition of some primate-like traits, documented here by new evidence, indicates that Paromomyidae is likely to be more closely related to other Paleogene Plesiadapiformes and Eocene Primates than to extant Dermoptera. In view of these findings, a link between paromomyids and extant dermopterans ("Eudermoptera") is not convincingly supported by a single characteristic of the basicranium.
Risk of dysplasia in anal condyloma

Background. Recent studies suggest an alarming incidence of dysplasia in homosexuals with anal condyloma. The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence of dysplasia in anal condyloma in our male patients and to determine risk factors for premalignant or malignant change. Methods. Between 1986 and 1994, 103 male patients were referred to our colorectal clinic for evaluation of anal condyloma. Ninety-one patients had biopsy for pathology and form the basis of this report. All charts were reviewed and results analyzed using the chi-squared test with the Yates correction factor. Results. Mean patient age was 31±11 years (range, 13 to 78 years) and mean duration of disease was 20±26 months (range, 2 to 120 months). There were 59 heterosexuals and 32 homosexuals/bisexuals. Two heterosexuals (3%) had invasive squamous cell carcinoma and four (6%) had dysplasia. One homosexual/bisexual (3%) had squamous cell carcinoma in situ and nine (28%) had dysplasia (p Conclusions. Homosexual orientation, disease above the dentale line and HIV seropositivity increase the risk of dysplasia in perianal condyloma. The incidence of dysplasia in perianal condyloma is significant enought to warrant consideration of biopsy in all patients.
Osmotic Regulation of Rab-Mediated Organelle Docking

Osmotic gradients across organelle and plasma membranes modulate the rates of membrane fission and fusion; sufficiently large gradients can cause membrane rupture [1-6]. Hypotonic gradients applied to living yeast cells trigger prompt (within seconds) swelling and fusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuoles, whereas hypertonic gradients cause vacuoles to fragment on a slower time scale [7-11]. Here, we analyze the influence of osmotic strength on homotypic fusion of isolated yeast vacuoles. Consistent with previously reported in vivo results, we find that decreases in osmolyte concentration increase the rate and extent of vacuole fusion in vitro, whereas increases in osmolyte concentration prevent fusion. Unexpectedly, our results reveal that osmolytes regulate fusion by inhibiting early Rab-dependent docking or predocking events, not late events. Our experiments reveal an organelle-autonomous pathway that may control organelle surface-to-volume ratio, size, and copy number: Decreasing the osmolyte concentration in the cytoplasmic compartment accelerates Rab-mediated docking and fusion. By altering the relationship between the organelle surface and its enclosed volume, fusion in turn reduces the risk of membrane rupture.
Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: a national case-control study.

Abstract Study objective: I test the hypothesis that having a gun in the home is a risk factor for adults to be killed (homicide) or to commit suicide. Methods: Two case-control analyses were based on national samples of subjects 18 years of age or older. Homicide and suicide case subjects were drawn from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey. Living control subjects were drawn from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey. Ten control subjects matched by sex, race, and age group were sought for each case subject. Results: The homicide sample consisted of 1,720 case subjects and 8,084 control subjects. Compared with adults in homes with no guns, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for homicide was 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20 to 1.65) for adults with a gun at home and was particularly high among women (adjusted OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.89 to 3.90) compared with men (adjusted OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.49) and among nonwhite subjects (adjusted OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.21) compared with white subjects (adjusted OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.56). Further analyses revealed that a gun in the home was a risk factor for homicide by firearm means (adjusted OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.40 to 2.12) but not by nonfirearm means (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.11). The suicide sample consisted of 1,959 case subjects and 13,535 control subjects. The adjusted OR for suicide was 3.44 (95% CI 3.06 to 3.86) for persons with a gun at home. However, further analysis revealed that having a firearm in the home was a risk factor for suicide by firearm (adjusted OR 16.89; 95% CI 13.26 to 21.52) but was inversely associated with suicide by other means (adjusted OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.84). Conclusion: Having a gun at home is a risk factor for adults to be shot fatally (gun homicide) or commit suicide with a firearm. Physicians should continue to discuss with patients the implications of keeping guns at home. Additional studies are warranted to address study limitations and to better understand the implications of firearm ownership. [Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:771-782.]
Immunization of Male Mice with Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Fusion Proteins Reduces Testicular and Accessory Sex Gland Function

Genes for ovalbumin-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone 7 (LHRH-7) and thioredoxin-LHRH-7 fusion proteins (containing seven LHRH inserts) were constructed by cassette and mismatch mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli. In experiment 1, 10 mg of either ovalbumin-LHRH-7 or thioredoxin-LHRH-7 were suspended in Z-max adjuvant and injected three times at 4-wk intervals into postpubertal male BALB/c mice. In experiment 2, the fusion proteins were suspended in Immumax adjuvant and administered in equimolar quantities (0.4 nmol per injection) to postpubertal male BALB/c mice. In addition to injection of these two proteins alone, the proteins were also administered in different sequences or together in a mixture. Both LHRH fusion proteins induced significant antibody titers, which resulted in a significant decrease in vesicular gland and anterior prostate weight (measure of biological response) in both experiments. Vesicular gland and anterior prostate weight and LHRH antibody titers were significantly correlated in experiments 1 (r 5 20.64) and 2 (r 5 20.53). Percentage of animals responding to treatment varied from 40‐60% in experiment 1 and from 11‐ 89% in experiment 2, with the highest responses in treatments that used a combination of both fusion proteins. The variation in responders and nonresponders was evaluated by estimating antibody KD from displacement curves. Part, but not all, of the high antibody nonresponders can be explained by antibody affinity. male reproductive tract, prostate, seminal vesicles
SRL real time wave forecasting in the Southern Ocean

In April and October of 1994, the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) flew aboard the shuttle Endeavour. An on-board processor built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal from the C-band channel to compute SAR images and their corresponding image spectra. These spectra, which sampled much of the Southern Ocean, were transmitted to the ground in real-time. The authors describe the Southern Ocean wave measurement and prediction experiment. They describe the nature of processor-produced-spectra and provide early comparisons with the WAM wave model.
Platelet Monoamine Oxidase as a Function of Nongenetic Factors

The level of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been found to be abnormally low in certain types of schizophrenia and in a number of other pathological conditions. It has been suggested that MAO in platelets may be a genetic marker for a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia; however, we have demonstrated that several nongenetic factors influence platelet MAO activity by affecting the platelet rather than the MAO enzyme protein. We have observed platelet MAO activities to be heterogeneously distributed in a given subject's platelet population, heavy platelet fractions having significantly higher specific activity than light platelet fractions. We have also found platelet MAO activity to be significantly correlated with mean platelet volume, platelet protein densities, and protein content per platelet. These changes, which might be induced by drugs and stress, could modify production, mobilization, and clearance of platelets and, hence, influence apparent MAO activity.
JAGR: an autonomous self-recovering application server

This paper demonstrates that the dependability of generic, evolving J2EE applications can be enhanced through a combination of a few recovery-oriented techniques. Our goal is to reduce downtime by automatically and efficiently recovering from a broad class of transient software failures without having to modify applications. We describe here the integration of three new techniques into JBoss, an open-source J2EE application server. The resulting system is JAGR-JBoss with application-generic recovery - a self-recovering execution platform. JAGR combines application-generic failure-path inference (AFPI), path-based failure detection, and micro-reboots. AFPI uses controlled fault injection and observation to infer paths that faults follow through a J2EE application. Path-based failure detection uses tagging of client requests and statistical analysis to identify anomalous component behavior. Micro-reboots are fast reboots we perform at the sub-application level to recover components from transient failures; by selectively rebooting only those components that are necessary to repair the failure, we reduce recovery time. These techniques are designed to be autonomous and application-generic, making them well suited to the rapidly changing software of Internet services.
Lower extremity angioplasty: Impact of practitioner specialty and volume on practice patterns and healthcare resource utilization

Objectives Lower extremity percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (LE PTA) is currently performed by a variety of endovascular specialists. We hypothesized that cardiologists (CRD) and vascular surgeons (VAS) may have different practice patterns, indications for intervention, and hospital resource utilization. Methods Using the State Inpatient Databases for New Jersey (2003-2007), patients with elective admission undergoing PTA procedures with indications of claudication, rest pain, and gangrene/ulceration were examined. Physician specialty was determined based on all procedures performed. We contrasted by specialty, the indication for LE PTA for the procedure, volume, and hospital resource utilization. Results Of the 1887 cases of LE PTA, VAS performed 866 (45.9%) and CRD 1021 (54.1%) procedures. The mean patient age was 68.0 years (CRD) vs 70.7 years (VAS), P = .0163. Indications for intervention were compared for CRD vs VAS: claudication 80.7% vs 60.7%, (P Conclusions Cardiologists performing lower extremity angioplasty were more likely to treat patients with claudication than those with rest pain or gangrene/ulceration. Despite treating younger patients with less severe peripheral vascular disease, cardiologists used significantly greater hospital resources. High practitioner volume, regardless of specialty, was associated with lower hospital resource utilization. Reducing variations in indication and practitioner volume may offer substantial cost savings for lower extremity endovascular interventions.
Navigating the risk environment: Structural vulnerability, sex, and reciprocity among women who use methamphetamine

Abstract Background Drug users' risk sexual practices contribute to their increased risk for contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Use of methamphetamine has been associated with a number of high-risk sexual practices such as frequent sexual contacts, multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, and exchange sex. The media construct women who use methamphetamine as engaging in exchange sex to support their drug habit. Despite an abundance of data on exchange sex among heroin and crack users that suggest the importance of examining these practices in context, they remain understudied among female methamphetamine users. Methods This article draws on ongoing ethnographic research with female methamphetamine users. Results The research participants' risk environment(s) contribute to their structural vulnerability and shape behaviour in ways that are sometimes deemed transactional and risky by research, public health, or harm reduction professionals. Conclusion Understanding the embededdness of sexual practices in structural context and networks of reciprocity is essential to understanding implications for policy and harm reduction.
Knowledge discovery from observational data for process control using causal Bayesian networks

This paper investigates learning causal relationships from the extensive datasets that are becoming increasingly available in manufacturing systems. A causal modeling approach is proposed to improve an existing causal discovery algorithm by integrating manufacturing domain knowledge with the algorithm. The approach is demonstrated by discovering the causal relationships among the product quality and process variables in a rolling process. When allied with engineering interpretations, the results can be used to facilitate rolling process control.
Transfundal stent placement for treatment of complex basilar tip aneurysm: technical note

We describe a case where a complex unruptured basilar tip aneurysm was treated with a unique method of stent-assisted coil embolization. The aneurysm was considered to have a complex anatomy since both the left posterior cerebral artery and left superior cerebellar artery originated from the dome of the aneurysm. Also, the right posterior cerebral artery was incorporated in the aneurysm neck and needed to be protected prior to coil embolization. This case describes placement of a stent across the span of the aneurysm fundus in order to preserve the two branches arising from it, and the aneurysm dome was coiled without any complication. Using modifications of existing strategies for stent-assisted coil embolization, the aneurysm was treated without any complications and all of the vessels at risk were preserved.
Eggshell biliverdin concentration does not sufficiently predict eggshell coloration

Avian eggshell coloration may have arisen due to selection on the biological, chemical, or physical properties of the pigments embedded within the eggshell, or due to selection on the coloration that emerges due to pigment deposition. Within both hypothetical frameworks, pigment‐based eggshell coloration would be related to metrics of egg quality; however, no one has evaluated the relative strength of coloration and pigment concentration in predicting egg quality. Here, we examined 66 European starling Sturnus vulgaris eggs and quantified eggshell biliverdin concentration (an antioxidant that produces the eggshell's blue coloration) and used 28 different coloration metrics derived from both photographic and spectrophotometric data. We also measured egg size, eggshell thickness, concentration of carotenoids in the yolk, and concentration of lysozyme in the albumen to capture variation in egg quality. We found that throughout the laying sequence, biliverdin concentration increased while eggshell thickness, yolk carotenoid concentration, and lysozyme concentration in the albumen all decreased, but this variation was not captured by any eggshell coloration metric. Both eggshell coloration and biliverdin concentration were negatively associated with yolk carotenoid concentration, but only eggshell biliverdin concentration was negatively associated with yolk mass. Lastly, biliverdin concentration explained, at most, only 46% of the variation for all eggshell coloration metrics. Our results suggest biliverdin concentration is a better predictor of egg quality than egg coloration in European starlings, supporting the hypothesis that eggshell pigment concentration per se may be the target of selection.
Establishing a therapeutic index for the inhaled corticosteroids: Part II: Comparisons of systemic activity and safety among different inhaled corticosteroids

The systemic activity and safety of inhaled corticosteroids are best studied in randomized, controlled, long-term trials with clinically relevant doses in subjects. These studies require large numbers of enrolled subjects and are difficult to conduct. Potential confounders to safety analyses must be controlled. The occurrence and magnitude of adrenal suppression has been the most extensively evaluated systemic effect of inhaled corticosteroids. The significance of these findings in relation to relevant clinical outcomes must be evaluated. At low to medium inhaled corticosteroid dosages, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is minimally and only partially suppressed. Statistically significant changes occur at high inhaled corticosteroid dosages; the magnitude of this effect is less than with prednisone, > or = 10 mg/day. Standards for the design of growth studies in children with asthma have been recommended and recently implemented. Four randomized, controlled, clinical trials have reported reductions in growth rates of > 1 cm/yr with beclomethasone < or = 400 microg/day. By comparison, 2 randomized controlled clinical trials with fluticasone, 50 to 100 microg twice daily via dry powder inhaler, could not detect differences in height velocity in prepubertal children treated with cromolyn sodium or placebo. Trials with low to medium doses of beclomethasone, fluticasone, and budesonide document little to no effect on bone mineral density and bone metabolism. Population-based and limited randomized controlled trials suggest that low to medium doses of inhaled corticosteroids do not cause cataracts or glaucoma. Patients requiring high-dose inhaled corticosteroids should be monitored for adverse effects, with appropriate lifestyle changes and pharmacologic strategies implemented.
SELECTIVE URBAN REDEVELOPMENT: A POLITICAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

The theories of conventional economics (other urban social sciences) and political economics did not foresee the current selective urban redevelopment in our decaying central cities. Subsequently, neither group of theories has to date adequately incorporated an after-the-fact explanation that is consistent with their respective theoretical frameworks. It is the task of this paper to do so within the classical economic framework by extending Harvey's (1973) and Smith's (1979) analysis on urban development. In so doing, it is necessary to introduce a new set of communitycontrolled actors. These actors operate in a parallel but opposing fashion to the traditional development actors. They operate as a legitimate channel for capital from the state that provides the opportunity for redevelopment to occur in areas not profitable for private redevelopment. Subsequently, it is necessary to consider the inherent possibilities and limitations of this redevelopment.
Characterization of Heterogeneous Polyacrylamide Hydrogels by Tracking of Single Quantum Dots

Single particle tracking (SPT) microscopy is a powerful experimental technique for characterizing mobility within complex media. In this paper, we study the motion of single core/shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) within synthetic polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels to provide insight into the structure of these heterogeneous gel networks. Subdiffusive mean-square displacements (MSD) and non-Gaussian van Hove functions are observed for gels with a range of cross-linker contents, which we interpret in terms of transient caging events of QDs due to the presence of denser regions of the network. Experimentally determined caging time distributions follow power-law behaviors for short times, consistent with the predictions of a simple random trap model for the confining energy landscape. Over the range of composition studied, greater cross-linker concentrations are found to yield an increase in the frequency of long trapping events, corresponding to larger characteristic trapping energies and therefore a lower over...
Plasmonic three-dimensional transparent conductor based on Al-doped zinc oxide-coated nanostructured glass using atomic layer deposition.

Transparent nanostructured glass coatings, fabricated on glass substrates, with a unique three-dimensional (3D) architecture were utilized as the foundation for designing plasmonic 3D transparent conductors. Transformation of the nonconducting 3D structure to a conducting porous surface network was accomplished through atomic layer deposition of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). After AZO growth, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were deposited by electron-beam evaporation to enhance light trapping and decrease the overall sheet resistance. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microcopy images revealed the highly porous, nanostructured morphology of the AZO-coated glass surface along with the in-plane dimensions of the deposited AuNPs. Sheet resistance measurements conducted on the coated samples verified that the electrical properties of the 3D network are comparable to those of untextured two-dimensional AZO-coated glass substrates. In addition, transmittance measurements of the glass sa...
Early Homoepitaxy of Au and pt (100) with Surface-Embedded-Atom Potentials

Using embedded atom potentials fit to both bulk and surface properties, we explore the submonolayer vapor deposition of Au and Pt onto reconstructed (100) surfaces with the MD code DAMSEL. The surface geometries are determined by computational annealing over.6 ns. Surface reconstruction has a strong influence on the effects of adatoms. In Au and Pt the deposited atoms are absorbed into the surface and surface structures form by atomic replacement sequences and collective motion over the surface and substrate. On Au the reconstructed corrugated surface evolves into one characterized by two-dimensional mounds as coverage is increased. On reconstructed Pt, which exhibits alternately quasihexagonal and bulk-like regions, adatoms initially form strings above the bulk-like regions parallel to the [110] corrugation rows. At about.5 monolayer coverage the quasihexagonal structure of the top substrate layer transitions to a bulk-like structure in both Au and Pt
CTL responses directed against accessory proteins in HIV-1 B'/C recombinant infected Chinese

Objective To characterize HIV-1-specific CTL responses directed against accessory proteins and investigate its correlation with the control of virus replication in HIV-1 B'/C recombinant infected Chinese. Methods HIV-1-specific CTL responses were analyzed with an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay by using overlapping peptides spanning HIV-1 Clade C Vpr,Vpu and Vif proteins consensus sequences. Statistical analysis and graphical presentation were done using SIGMAPLOT 10.0 and SIGMASTAT 3.5. Statistical analysis of significance (P values) was based on two-tailed t tests where the significance threshold was P0.05. Results Vpr and Vif were recognized in 52% and 68% of the tested individuals,respectively,while HIV-1 Vpu was rarely targeted by CTL in infected individuals (8%). And multiple immunodominant regions were detected in Vpr and Vif proteins. No significant correlation was observed between the magnitude and breadth of CTL responses directed against accessory proteins and the control of virus replication in this study. Conclusion Vpr and Vif served as targets for HIV-1-specific CTL contain multiple immunodominant regions. Further characterization of the epitopes and their roles in pathogenesis of HIV-1 natural infection will benefit the design and testing of candidate vaccines.
In Memoriam: Graham Dene Burrows, 1938–2016

Graham Burrows was my friend and colleague during our successive presidencies of the International Society of Hypnosis (ISH). Seldom have I met such a superb strategist whose primary aim was for ou...
Aeroelastic Applications of a Variable-Geometry Raked Wingtip

This study investigates the effects of a variable-geometry raked wingtip on the aeroelastic behavior and the maneuverability of transport aircraft with very large aspect-ratio truss-braced wings. These truss-braced wing designs are obtained from the multidisciplinary design optimization environment presented here while minimizing the fuel burn of a double-aisle aircraft having a flight mission similar to that of a Boeing 777-200 long-range aircraft. The wingtip can be swept forward and aft relative to the wing by a novel control effector mechanism. Results show that a variable-geometry raked wingtip can be used to achieve required roll control by judiciously sweeping it relative to the wing at various flight conditions. It has an added benefit that it can also be used for flutter avoidance. Such benefits of the variable-geometry raked wingtip allow the operation of truss-braced wing configurations, which have up to 10% lower fuel burn than comparable optimized conventional cantilever wing designs. Without...
Violence, Aggression, and Abuse

Interpersonal aggression takes many forms, including, but not limited to, acts of physical violence, emotional/psychological abuse, verbal aggression, rape, battering, bullying, incest, neglect, stalking, coercion, entrapment, and harassment. While varied in type and context, all of these behaviors can be considered examples of the dark side of interpersonal communication. Communication is the means by which aggression is enacted. Often, the terms abuse, aggression, and violence are used interchangeably. However, researchers have noted important distinctions among them. This entry examines the different ways in which scholars conceptualize aggression, violence, and abuse. Moreover, various typologies of violent couples and male batterers are reviewed as well as a summary of interaction-based, communication-focused theories that have been created to explain different relationships characterized by aggression, violence, and abuse. Keywords: abuse; aggression; child sexual predators; communication theory; interpersonal communication; luring communication; unwanted relationship pursuit; violence; violent couple typology
Process development for high-resolution 3D-printing of bioresorbable vascular stents

The recent development of “continuous projection microstereolithography” also known as CLIP technology has successfully alleviated the main obstacles surrounding 3D printing technologies: production speed and part quality. Following the same working principle, we further developed the μCLIP process to address the needs for high-resolution 3D printing of biomedical devices with micron-scale precision. Compared to standard stereolithography (SLA) process, μCLIP fabrication can reduce fabrication time from several hours to as little as a few minutes. μCLIP can also produce better surface finish and more uniform mechanical properties than conventional SLA, as each individual “fabrication layer” continuously polymerizes into the subsequent layer. In this study, we report the process development in manufacturing high-resolution bioresorbable stents using our own μCLIP system. The bioresorbable photopolymerizable biomaterial (B-ink) used in this study is methacrylated poly(1, 12 dodecamethylene citrate) (mPDC). Through optimization of our μCLIP process and concentration of B-ink components, we have created a customizable bioresorbable stent with similar mechanical properties exhibited by nitinol stents. Upon optimization, fabricating a 2 cm tall vascular stent that comprises 4000 layers was accomplished in 26.5 minutes.
Why a Standardization of Strontium Isotope Baseline Environmental Data Is Needed and Recommendations for Methodology

Since initial applications of strontium isotope human sourcing in the early 1990s, the use of the method has steadily increased in archaeology and in anthropology more broadly. Despite this trend, the collection of necessary baseline environmental data has not been standardized and sometimes does not occur at all. A thorough environmental sampling strategy will ensure that all the variability within a selected region is documented, which is a critical step to improving the accuracy of sourcing studies. Furthermore, shared strontium baseline data collections are needed to improve the intercomparability of datasets and results. This paper provides a case study from a semiarid region in northwestern New Mexico, USA, highlighting the need for a bottom-up approach to baseline data collection (from bedrock to animal) and describes the methods of pre-field planning and collecting, including rationales for what samples to collect for Sr isotope baseline data. The authors hope that this paper will lay a foundation for the implementation and standardization of Sr isotope baseline data collecting, which does not currently exist.
Parents’ knowledge and attitudes about youths’ interrogation rights

ABSTRACTSome states and police agencies require youth to consult with parents before or during interrogation by police, yet these policies rely on the untested assumption that parents themselves are knowledgeable about police interrogation practices and youths’ rights. This study assessed knowledge of, and attitudes about, juvenile interrogations in a sample of parents (N = 294) recruited from urban locales. On average, parents correctly answered fewer than half of the questions about juvenile interrogation practices; knowledge about parental notification procedures was especially poor. At the same time, parents strongly endorsed youths’ rights to support (including support from parents) during police questioning contexts and only moderately endorsed youths’ decision-making autonomy, even for older youth who are legally adults.
On the relative merits of invasive and non-invasive pre-surgical brain mapping: New tools in ablative epilepsy surgery

Cortical Stimulation Mapping (CSM) and the Wada procedure have long been considered the gold standard for localizing motor and language-related cortical areas and for determining the language and memory-dominant hemisphere, respectively. In recent years, however, non-invasive methods such as magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have emerged as promising alternatives to the aforementioned procedures, particularly in cases where the invasive localization of eloquent cortex has proven to be challenging. To illustrate this point, we will first introduce the evidence of the compatibility of invasive and non-invasive methods and subsequently outline the rationale and the conditions where the latter methods are applicable.
A Statistical Formulation for Master Modulus Curves of a Vinyl Ester Polymer

ABSTRACTMaster modulus curves are developed for a vinyl ester polymer with variability in its material properties. Tensile creep strains were obtained at three temperatures below the Tg through digital image correlation. A spectrum function was used to represent the viscoelastic strain response and modulus. A two-parameter Weibull distribution was used to characterize the probability distribution of the longitudinal modulus. The Weibull probability density functions of the viscoelastic modulus were obtained for each test configuration and found to be time and temperature dependent. Longitudinal modulus curves at constant probabilities were used to develop the master curves using the time–temperature superposition principle.
Estimation of number of signal subspaces in hyperspectral imagery using low-rank subspace representation

In this paper, we address the problem of hyperspectral subspace estimation based on low-rank representation. It is often assumed that major signal sources occupy a low-rank subspace. Due to the mixed nature of hyperspectral data, the underlying data structure may include multiple subspaces instead of a single subspace. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the use of low-rank subspace representation to estimate the number of subspaces. In particular, we develop simple estimation approaches without user-defined parameters. Real data experiments demonstrate excellent performance of the proposed approaches.
Recent Progress in the Study of Heavy-Ion Resonances

Recent results from the study of resonances in heavy-ion reactions are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the range of occurrence of this phenomenon and on the constraints placed by the data for the heaviest systems on various model interpretations. Experiments which probe specific spectroscopic properties of the observed resonances will be discussed, together with the relationship of these results to nuclear structure models.
A Triple-Helix Ecosystem for Entrepreneurship: A Case Review

The collaborations among universities, businesses, and governments leading to entrepreneurial activities have received a lot of attention. Successful examples of such endeavours are plenty. However, how this triple-helix ecosystem may have changed in the digital economy remains unexplored. Specifically, there is a lack of research that addresses the changing roles of universities from acting as places for conducting R&D to become marketplaces for customers. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the triple helix ecosystem of entrepreneurship in the digital economy. First, we use a historical lens to uncover the antecedents and drivers of university-business research collaborations with support from governments, and offer a few historical examples. Second, we highlight some recent digital businesses from the perspective of triple helix ecosystem of entrepreneurship. Third, we offer a new conceptual framework depicting the new roles of the three triadic players that have expanded from the supply side (i.e., R&D, funding) to the demand side (i.e., customer base) in enabling entrepreneurial activities.
Identification of changing ribosome protein compositions using cryo-EM and mass spectrometry

The regulatory role of the ribosome in gene expression has come into sharper focus. It has been proposed that ribosomes are dynamic complexes capable of changing their protein composition in response to enviromental stimuli. We applied both cryo-EM and mass spectrometry to identify such changes in S. cerevisiae 80S ribosomes. Cryo-EM shows a fraction (17%) of the ribosome population in yeast growing in glucose lack the ribosomal proteins RPL10 (ul16) and RPS1A/B (eS1). Unexpectedly, this fraction rapidly increases to 34% after the yeast are switched to growth in glycerol. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we found that the paralog yeast ribosomal proteins RPL8A (eL8A) and RPL8B (eL8B) change their relative proportions in the 80S ribosome when yeast are switched from growth in glucose to glycerol. Using yeast genetics and polysome profiling, we show that yeast ribosomes containing either RPL8A or RPL8B are not functionally interchangeable. Our combined cryo-EM and quantitative proteomic data support the hypothesis that ribosomes are dynamic complexes that alter their composition and functional activity in response to changes in growth or environmental conditions.
Climate Change and Global Child Health.

Climate change threatens to reverse the gains in global child health and the reductions in global child mortality made over the past 25 years. There is broad recognition that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are causing climate change.1,2 The problem of climate change transcends geopolitical boundaries and will have extensive impacts on child health and security (Fig 1).3 With implications for all of humanity, climate change will disproportionately affect children and the poor, magnifying existing disparities in social determinates of health.4,5 FIGURE 1 Climate-related environmental health threats to children. Changes in temperature and weather patterns are already occurring. Global surface temperatures were the highest ever recorded in 2016, and 9 of the past 10 years were the warmest on record.6 Dramatic changes to the climate are expected to occur within the life span of current pediatric patients. The 2013 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessed that global temperatures will likely rise 2°C and may increase 4.8°C by 2100 if current trends in emissions continue (Fig 2).2,7 In the same scenario, the average global sea level rise will accelerate, and seas will likely rise 45 to 82 cm by 2100, relative to 1986–2005 levels.2 Economic damage in the United States is predicted to be 1.2% of gross domestic product for every 1°C increase in temperature.8 Natural disasters will increase in frequency and intensity.2 These climate-related threats are widely considered the most significant global health challenge of our lifetime.9 FIGURE 2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected range of temperature increases by 2100 under high-emission and low-emission scenarios. The … Address correspondence to Kevin Chan, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University, Room 2J141, 300 Prince Philip Dr, St John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada. E-mail: kevin.chan{at}easternhealth.ca
Social structure, race, and gonorrhea rates in the southeastern United States.

Objectives We sought to identify characteristics of counties in the southeastern United States associated with endemically high rates of gonorrhea. In particular, we were interested in aspects of race other than the proportion of Blacks in a population, including the potential influence of under-reporting of infections. Design The associations between the characteristics of counties in 1990, and the rates of reported gonorrhea from 1986 to 1995, were estimated with multivariable logistic regression. Setting 14 states in the southeastern region of the United States. Participants 835 counties and county equivalents in the 14 southeastern states. Main outcome measures The odds of having an endemically high county-level rate of gonorrhea. Results The variables with a strong effect on endemically high rates of gonorrhea included racial residential isolation in the absence of low income dualism (odds ratio [OR]: 210.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.35, 999.00), and Black-White income dualism in communities with few female-headed households (OR: 4.57, 95% CI: 2.68, 7.80). The percentage of Blacks in the population that was Black had little or no association with the rate of gonorrhea. These estimates were relatively robust when subjected to a sensitivity analysis of potential under-reporting of gonorrhea. Conclusions Previous studies have demonstrated that a high percentage of Blacks in a population is the strongest predictor of high rates of gonorrhea. We found, however, that when variables measuring aspects of social structure, such as a race-based income distribution, and de facto residential segregation, were included in the model, the proportion of Blacks no longer had an effect on rates of gonorrhea. Progress in lowering endemically high disease rates will require attention being paid to community racial and class dynamics.
Plant tissue culture methods in somatic hybridization by protoplast fusion and transformation.

Current concepts of gene structure and regulation were formulated largely on the basis of biochemical and molecular genetical analyses of prokaryote cells. Their rapid growth makes it possible to obtain large quantities of single cells and measure biochemical and physiological events relatively quickly. It is not surprising that microorganisms became the material of choice for investigations on the metabolic and molecular genetic regulation of growth and differentiation in living cells.
Bacillus mojavensis : Its Endophytic Nature, the Surfactins, and Their Role in the Plant Response to Infection by Fusarium verticillioides

Bacterial endophytes are fundamentally important as natural components of most plants, wild and cultivated with strong ecological merits. These ancient associations are recently at the forefront of biological control strategies designed to circumvent the problems associated with pesticide uses, particularly on specific food crops. Bacterial endophytes form compatible associations that persist during the growing seasons, where several enhanced benefits are associated, suggesting that such associations are mutualistic. Several genera of bacteria are known as root associations, and only recently are species being identified as plant endophytes, occupying the entire plant axis in most cases. Bacillus mojavensis was discovered in maize kernels and later determined to be an endophyte with biocontrol potential due to its inhibition of the maize mycotoxic and pathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides, itself an endophyte. It was subsequently shown that this strain and others were inhibitory to most fungi, especially plant pathogenic species. Further, maize plants infected with B. mojavensis showed a marked improvement in foliage and root growth and development, disease protection, and mycotoxin reduction. Components of B. mojavensis-infected maize are reviewed relative to biocontrol of F. verticillioides and other endophytic fungi. The patented and other strains of this bacterium were recently reported as producers of the lipopeptide biosurfactant Leu7-surfactin. The chemistry, fermentation of the surfactins, and their uses, along with the essential features of surfactins required for fungal inhibition, are discussed. We also review the host–parasite relations of this bacterial endophyte, and its biochemical utility in an effort to bring attention to the potential qualities of B. mojavensis, and other bacterial endophytes for enhancers of plant growth and protectors of diseases.
Is homeschool cool? Current trends in American homeschooling

Homeschooling in America enjoyed significant and dependable growth for decades. However, federal estimates of homeschool participation failed to show statistically significant growth for the first ...
Evaluating the efficacy of sample collection approaches and DNA metabarcoding for identifying the diversity of plants utilized by nectivorous bats

In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of sample collection approaches and DNA metabarcoding to identify plants utilized by nectivorous bats. Samples included guano collected from beneath bat roo...
User perspective and higher cognitive task-loads influence movement and performance in immersive training environments.

In virtual reality (VR) applications such as games, virtual training, and interactive neurorehabilitation, one can employ either the first-person user perspective or the third-person perspective to perceive the virtual environment; however, applications rarely offer both perspectives for the same task. We used a targeted-reaching task in a large-scale virtual reality environment (N=30 healthy volunteers) to evaluate the effects of user perspective on the head and upper extremity movements, and on user performance. We further evaluated how different cognitive challenges would modulate these effects. Finally, we obtained the user-reported engagement level under the different perspectives. We found that first-person perspective resulted in larger head movements (3.52±1.3m) than the third-person perspective (2.41±0.7m). First-person perspective also resulted in more upper-extremity movement (30.08±7.28m compared to 26.66±4.86m) and longer completion times (61.3±16.4s compared to 53±10.4s) for more challenging tasks such as the “flipped mode”, in which moving one arm causes the opposite virtual arm to move. We observed no significant effect of user perspective alone on the success rate. Subjects reported experiencing roughly the same level of engagement in both first-person and third-person perspectives (F(1.58)=0.9,P=.445). User perspective and its interaction with higher-cognitive load tasks influences the extent of movement and user performance in a virtual theater environment, and may influence the choice of the interface type (first or third person) in immersive training depending on the user conditions and exercise requirements.
Trans people in higher education: by Genny Beemyn, Albany: SUNY Press, 2019. 310 pp., ISBN 9781438472751

Trans students, staff, and faculty find themselves navigating the fraught terrain of educational systems within a sociocultural climate where trans civil rights have become a political football. Fr...
Detecting square numbers

We discover some properties of square numbers (perfect squares) if they are expressed in base 2s for s ≥ 3 and develop an algorithm that builds up the square root of a number (if it exists) from th...
Fixer Upper: Buyer Deposits in Residential Real Estate Transactions

Most people are familiar with the television show “Fixer Upper” as well as the dozens of other property shows that have made HGTV a household name. The typical narrative involves a happy couple (children and dog optional) searching far and wide to find their dream home—complete with “must-haves” such as white shaker cabinets, a subway tile backsplash, and a farmhouse sink. The portrait that these shows paint of real estate contracting is a rosy one. In the real world, life is not so rosy. In the real world, buyers sometimes end up defaulting on a contract to purchase a home. When a buyer defaults on a contract to purchase real estate, the common wisdom is that he will forfeit his entire deposit, often tens (if not hundreds) of thousands of dollars. Most courts have ordered a buyer to forfeit his deposit even where the seller suffered no actual harm. Courts generally see a buyer’s deposit as a form of liquidated damages to be paid by the buyer in the event of a breach, irrespective of actual losses. Liquidated damages are intended to represent the parties’ attempt to forecast potential harm and provide a sum of money to compensate the injured party for that harm. In actuality, the deposit amount in a contract to purchase real estate bears no relationship to the harm that a seller might suffer in the event of a buyer’s breach. The deposit number is largely chosen at random and based on the standard practice in that particular real estate market. Despite this fact, courts across the country tend to rubber stamp almost any liquidated damages clause in the real estate setting. This means that, as a buyer, you had better be prepared to forfeit your deposit. This Article is the first to take a comprehensive look at the treatment of buyer deposits in residential real estate transactions. Shockingly little academic treatment has been afforded to the topic—perhaps because there is little sympathy for a breaching buyer, or because the principle of forfeiture seems so well-entrenched in law. This Article, however, argues that buyer deposits in residential real estate transactions should be seen as a consumer protection issue. The case law reveals that too many buyers are forfeiting huge sums of money, while sellers are reaping handsome windfalls. The time has come for legislators to regulate buyer deposits by way of statute. Accordingly, this Article presents a draft “Deposit Statute” that can be used as a template for legislative reform.