cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) to Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Turkey Nuggets Derived from White and Dark Turkey Meats

Turkey meat is a well-known foodstuff and source of protein in the United States, while in Indonesia turkey meat has not yet optimally processed as a foodstuff. The advantages of turkey meat are: has low calorie, high protein than other poultry meats, and good source of vitamin and mineral. Contrary to chicken meat, turkey meat has low fat content and high collagen, and therefore makes the meat very tough. This research was using two kinds of meat, the white meat (the breast) and the dark meat (the leg) for nuggets. These two parts have different characteristics, physically as well as chemically. This research was designed in a Nested Randomized Design where STPP were subjected to each part of turkey meat in four levels, 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 6.0%, respectively. The objective of this research was to find the most effectiveness of STPP and the most acceptable turkey nuggets. The results of this research were that STPP 0.6% was the best choice for white meat and STPP 0.4% was the best choice of dark meat.
Treatment and distribution system effects on chloramine decay, pH, nitrification, and disinfection by-products: Case study

The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) supplies wholesale unfiltered surface water to 2.2 million people in 43 communities, including Boston. Current MWRA treatment consists of adding hypochlorite for primary disinfection, soda ash and carbon dioxide for corrosion control, hydrofluosilicic (hexafluosilicic) acid for fluoride treatment, and hypochlorite and ammonia for maintaining distribution system residuals. The new Walnut Hill water treatment plant, scheduled to come on line in early 2005, will consolidate current treatment facilities under one roof and use ozone instead of hypochlorite as the primary disinfectant. It was observed from distribution system monitoring and bench-test results that the decay of chloramines was affected by prechlorination. The decay of chloramines released ammonia for subsequent nitrification. Complete nitrification and subsequent denitrification at current target alkalinity and combined chlorine levels affected pH. Increased microbiological activity associated with nitrification also decreased haloacetic acid concentrations. Bench and pilot tests indicate that the use of ozone will increase the rate of chloramine decay and will affect pH stability. Ozonation of natural organic matter produces organic acids, which typically decreases the pH in bottle tests. Results from a pilot plant, set up to simulate the new treatment plant with old cast-iron pipes simulating the distribution system, indicate that corrosion and biological activity inside the pipe have major impacts on water quality and that pipe surface reactions often cause pH to increase.
Four decades of leading‐edge research in the reproductive and developmental sciences: The Infant Primate Research Laboratory at the University of Washington National Primate Research Center

The Infant Primate Research Laboratory (IPRL) was established in 1970 at the University of Washington as a visionary project of Dr. Gene (Jim) P. Sackett. Supported by a collaboration between the Washington National Primate Research Center and the Center on Human Development and Disability, the IPRL operates under the principle that learning more about the causes of abnormal development in macaque monkeys will provide important insights into the origins and treatment of childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities. Over the past 40 years, a broad range of research projects have been conducted at the IPRL. Some have described the expression of normative behaviors in nursery-reared macaques while others have focused on important biomedical themes in child health and development. This article details the unique scientific history of the IPRL and the contributions produced by research conducted in the laboratory. Past and present investigations have explored the topics of early rearing effects, low-birth-weight, prematurity, birth injury, epilepsy, prenatal neurotoxicant exposure, viral infection (pediatric HIV), diarrheal disease, vaccine safety, and assisted reproductive technologies. Data from these studies have helped advance our understanding of both risk and resiliency in primate development. New directions of research at the IPRL include the production of transgenic primate models using our embryonic stem cell-based technology to better understand and treat heritable forms of human intellectual disabilities such as fragile X. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1063–1083, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lung CD25 CD4 Regulatory T Cells Suppress Type 2 Immune Responses But Not Bronchial Hyperreactivity

To study the effects of chronic Ag deposition in the airway mucosa on CD4(+) T cell priming and subsequent airway disease, transgenic mice were generated that expressed OVA under the control of the surfactant protein C promoter. CD4 T cells from these mice were tolerant to OVA but this was overcome among spleen CD4 T cells by crossing to OVA-specific DO11.10 TCR-transgenic mice. Lungs from the double-transgenic mice developed lymphocytic infiltrates and modest mucus cell hyperplasia. Infiltrating cells were unaffected by the absence of either Rag-1 or Stat6, although the latter deficiency led to the disappearance of mucus. In the lung of double-transgenic mice, a large number of Ag-specific CD4 T cells expressed CD25 and functioned as regulatory T cells. The CD25(+) CD4 T cells suppressed proliferation of CD25(-) CD4 T cells in vitro and inhibited type 2 immune responses induced by aerosolized Ags in vivo. Despite their ability to suppress allergic type 2 immunity in the airways, however, CD25(+) CD4 regulatory T cells had no effect on the development of bronchial hyperreactivity.
Analysis of Propagation Effects in Mobile Satellite Communications

Mobile satellite communication systems that operate in the Ku-band (11-14 GHz band) and higher frequencies play a significant role in military and civilian communication systems. The satellites of interest are located in the crowded geostationary orbit with a 2 degree separation between adjacent satellites. This close spacing between adjacent satellites may lead to interference effects and, in order to limit interference to adjacent satellites, regulatory agencies have established strict limits on the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) from a particular terminal in its off-axis direction. Rugged terrain conditions are commonly encountered in mobile communications applications. In such terrains, the frequent motion of the antenna platform may lead to motion induced antenna pointing errors, which can be characterized by a random variable. It will be shown that such errors will lead to random variations of the terminal's off-axis EIRP spectral density. Since there are strict limits on the off-axis EIRP spectral density it is necessary to quantify these random variation. In this paper we will present a technique to analyze the time-varying interference at the adjacent satellites due to the propagation of the signal from a mobile satellite terminal.
Toxic encephalopathy due to paradichlorobenzene toxicity: a case report and review of imaging characteristics

Neurotoxicity following paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) exposure is rare and can occur in patients with pica and mothball or toilet cake ingestion. We present a rare case of toxic encephalopathy due to PDCB mothball inhalation and ingestion and describe the rapidly progressive leukoencephalopathy seen on computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Given the nonspecificity of clinical and imaging findings, it is important for radiologists to maintain a high index of suspicion for toxic encephalopathy.
Reduction of damping in high-speed semiconductor lasers

An analytical expression for the intrinsic gain suppression factor based on carrier heating is derived. The theory shows good agreement with the published experimental value of in =+1.5*10/sup -17/ cm/sup 3/ for in-plane lasers. For the first time, a negative gain suppression factor for particular laser designs is predicted and experimentally observed. A negative gain suppression factor can lead to the elimination of damping in semiconductor lasers. Using vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, a negative gain suppression factor of -2.2*10/sup -17/ cm/sup 3/ is observed. >
Blindly Calibrating Mobile Sensors Using Piecewise Linear Functions

Calibrating nonlinear mobile sensors in-field is a challenging task due to the unavailability of controlled signal field and pre-calibrated sensor devices. In this paper, we propose a Density Guided blind Calibration (DGC) scheme for nonlinear mobile sensors by approximating the nonlinear calibration functions using piecewise linear functions. The DGC scheme exploits the fact that sensors moving in the same region collect similar fraction of true values in any given interval over time. The proposed scheme tackles the nonlinear calibration problem through an optimization formulation which is very easy to solve. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified through simulations and an experiment with MICA2 light sensors.
Influence of silica flour–silica fume combination on the properties of high performance cementitious mixtures at ambient temperature curing

Abstract The compressive strength, chloride ion permeability, bulk density, volume of permeable voids, and drying shrinkage of high performance cementitious mixtures (HPCM) containing both silica fume (SFU) and silica flour (SFL) were studied under ambient-temperature curing. SFU was used as cementitious material in addition to cement; SFL was used as filler material replacing part of the fine aggregate. The use of SFL in combination with SFU increased the early-age compressive strength of HPCM, but decreased the later-age compressive strengths. Based on the results of both thermo-gravimetric analysis and loss on ignition tests, this phenomenon was attributed to the improved hydration of cementitious materials by SFL at early ages, but inhibited continued hydration at later ages. The addition of SFL combined with SFU resulted in further reduction of chloride ion permeability and the volume of permeable voids. The addition of SFL slightly increased the drying shrinkage. Among SFLs with different fineness, the finest SFL which densified the microstructure of HPCM most resulted in the highest drying shrinkage. For HPCM cured under ambient-temperature the use of SFU alone will suffice when used at sufficient dosages; and the addition of SFL along with SFU presents advantages mostly in improving the early-age compressive strengths.
On the success probability of the two provers in one-round proof systems

The author addresses the problem of reducing the error probability of two-prover one-round proof systems, without increasing the number of provers or the number of rounds. An example, the noninteractive agreement protocol, where executing such a protocol twice in parallel does not decrease the error probability at all is constructed. Upper bounds on the error probability of specific classes of protocols are proved. As a corollary, it is shown that every NEXPTIME language has a one-round two-prover proof system with constant error probability. >
Actions of estrogen on pulsatile, nyctohemeral, and entropic modes of growth hormone secretion.

The neuroendocrine mechanisms by which estradiol drives growth hormone (GH) secretion in the human are poorly defined. Here we investigate estrogen’s specific regulation of the 24-h pulsatile, nyctohemeral, and entropic modes of GH secretion in healthy postmenopausal women. Volunteers ( n = 9) received randomly ordered placebo versus estradiol-17β (1 mg micronized steroid twice daily orally) treatment for 7–10 days and underwent blood sampling at 10-min intervals for 24 h to capture GH release profiles quantitated in a high-sensitivity chemiluminescence assay. Pulsatile GH secretion was appraised via deconvolution analysis, nyctohemeral GH rhythms by cosinor analysis, and the orderliness of GH release patterns via the approximate entropy statistic. Mean (±SE) 24-h serum GH concentrations approximately doubled on estrogen treatment (viz., from 0.31 ± 0.03 to 0.51 ± 0.07 μg/l; P = 0.033). Concomitantly, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations fell, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels rose ( P < 0.01). The specific neuroendocrine action of estradiol included 1 ) a twofold amplified mass of GH secreted per burst, with no significant changes in basal GH release, half-life, pulse frequency, or duration; 2 ) an augmented amplitude and mesor of the 24-h rhythm in GH release, with no alteration in acrophase; and 3 ) greater disorderliness of GH release (higher approximate entropy). These distinctive and dynamic reactions to estrogen are consistent with partial withdrawal of IGF-I’s negative feedback and/or accentuated central drive to GH secretion.
Noncommutative gravity: Fuzzy sphere and others

Gravity on noncommutative analogues of compact spaces can give a finite mode truncation of ordinary commutative gravity. We obtain the actions for gravity on the noncommutative two-sphere and on the noncommutative ${\mathbf{CP}}^{2}$ in terms of finite dimensional $(N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N)$ matrices. The commutative large N limit is also discussed.
Measurement of wake-field suppression in a detuned X-band accelerator structure.

Research is under way at SLAC to develop accelerator structure for a next generation linear collider. A full-scale prototype {ital X}-band structure has been built in which the dipole mode frequencies were detuned to suppress the long-range transverse wake field by about 2 orders of magnitude. To verify that the detuning works as expected, a facility, the Accelerator Structure Setup, was constructed in the SLAC Linear Collider to measure the long-range wake field. This Letter presents the results from the measurement of the prototype {ital X}-band structure with this facility.
Sounds and Pulses as Aids to Cardiac Diagnosis

Areas of auscultation are reviewed. Heart sounds, clicks, snaps, and murmurs are discussed as they appear in various cardiac problems, particularly with respect to their usefulness in differential diagnosis.
On the use of compact schemes with spatial filtering in computational aeroacoustics

This paper presents the benefits of using highorder implicit spatial filters in conjunction with highorder compact schemes for Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA). The Linearized Euler Equations (LEE) as well as the full Euler equations are solved on both uniform and non-uniform grids for benchmark CAA problems. High order spatial filtering techniques are applied to filter unwanted oscillations and state-of-the-art nonreflecting boundary conditions are used to prevent reflection of the acoustic waves from the boundaries. The results indicate that although compact schemes satisfy the stringent requirements of an accurate aeroacoustic computation, spatial filtering is essential as it provides an attractive alternative to grid refinement at a fraction of the computational cost.
R-Ras is regulated by activators and effectors distinct from those that control Ras function

Like Ras, constitutively activated mutants of the Ras-related protein R-Ras cause tumorigenic transformation of NIH3T3 cells. However, since R-Ras causes a transformed phenotype distinct from that induced by Ras, it is likely that R-Ras controls signaling pathways and cellular processes distinct from those regulated by Ras. To address this possibility, we determined if R-Ras is regulated by activators and effectors distinct from those that regulate Ras function. We observed that Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors failed to activate R-Ras in vivo, indicating that R-Ras is activated by distinct GEFs. Consistent with this, mutants of R-Ras with mutations analogous to the Ras(15A)/(17N) dominant negative proteins did not antagonize Ras GEF function and lacked the growth inhibitory activity seen with these mutant Ras proteins. Thus, R-Ras, but not Ras, is dispensable for the viability of NIH3T3 cells. Finally, whereas constitutively activated Ras can overcome the growth inhibitory action of the Ras(17N) dominant negative protein via Raf-dependent and -independent activities, transforming mutants of R-Ras failed to do so. This inability was consistent with our observation that Ras-, but not R-Ras-transformed, NIH3T3 cells possessed constitutively upregulated Raf kinase activities. Thus, R-Ras and Ras are regulators of distinct signaling pathways and cellular processes.
Chronic catheterization of the renal artery: technic for studying direct effects of substances on kidney function.

SummaryA method has been developed for chronic catheterization of one renal artery, with collection of urine from each kidney separately. The presence of the catheter has not altered renal function over a period of months. Preliminary studies with infusion of hypertonic saline into the renal artery of the dog in congestive heart failure indicate a marked increase in tubular reabsorption of sodium.
The repertoire of antibodies to a hapten group in an inbred strain of mouse

We have investigated the diversity of antibodies to the p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten group in the A strain of mouse. The method used consisted of suppressing an idiotype which commonly is observed in the anti-Ar antibodies of all this strain, and then generating anti-idiotypic antisera against the anti-Ar antibodies (lacking the cross-reactive idiotype) which arose after hyperimmunization of the suppressed mice. Anti-idiotypic antibodies prepared against these anti-Ar antibodies were used as a tool to investigate the frequency of recurrence of individual idiotypes in other mice of the same strain. A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay indicated that 3 of the 4 idiotypes studied were virtually undetectable in a panel of 181 A/J mice immunized against the phenylarsonate hapten. A fourth idiotype was found but at very low frequency. The results emphasize the enormous diversity of the immune response to a single hapten group within a strain of mouse. They are interpreted on the basis of hypothesis that the diversity arises through a random series of somatic events. The common cross-reactive idiotype, which is present in the anti-Ar antibodies of all normal A/J mice, is postulated to be the product of a germ-line gene which is closely related to a germ-line gene through a small number of somatic mutations which takes place in every A/J mouse.
23 – Classroom Assessment

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the multifaceted strengths of the ecobehavioral approach to classroom assessment and second, based on this literature review, to outline a four-level “ecobehavioral” assessment model that includes the essential discrete skills within each level, as directed by the literature. Using an ecobehavioral approach to classroom assessment, a four-level framework is provided. Ecobehavioral assessments are designed to assess the relationship between the environment, in this case educational context, and behavioral interactions. In its most comprehensive form, an ecobehavioral assessment serves four purposes. Within each of the levels, specific contexts, instructional variables, teacher behaviors, and student behaviors should be measured. Likewise, the interactions, connections, and sequences across each level should also be assessed. By examining patterns of behaviors within and across educational contexts, a picture of the amount and type of teacher behaviors emerges that will allow the field to discriminate effective from ineffective instruction. Measurable patterns of interactive behavioral sequences that have empirical and clinical significance have implications for practicing and preservice teachers and the larger research community. These implications are also discussed in this chapter.
Completion of the Formulario

On 31 March, 1906, Peano sent an article to the Circolo Matematico of Palermo that was reported at the 8 April session and printed in the Rendiconti [133]. It shows that he had not lost interest in questions pertaining to the foundations of mathematics and, on the contrary, had some penetrating things to say. It is true that he had been somewhat reticent. He never commented in print on Burali-Forti’s discovery of an antinomy in Cantor’s set theory in 1897 and Bertrand Russell, after discovering his paradox a year earlier, complained is his 16 June, 1902, letter to Frege: “I have written to Peano about this, but he still owes me a letter.” Peano did, however, comment on some of the ideas of this article in a letter to Russell of 16 February, 1906.
T-cell lymphomas, a challenging disease: types, treatments, and future

T-cell lymphomas are rare and aggressive malignancies associated with poor outcome, often because of the development of resistance in the lymphoma against chemotherapy as well as intolerance in patients to the established and toxic chemotherapy regimens. In this review article, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, current standard of care, and future treatments of common types of T-cell lymphomas, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, aggressive NK/T-cell lymphoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
“A Song of Social Significance”: Jewish Labor, Mass Culture, and the New Deal

During the 1930s, Jewish labor leaders developed ethics around advertising, brought educational and foreign-language programming to the air, and created theatrical productions that built bridges between a multiethnic working-class movement and middle-class consumers and the liberal state. This chapter focuses on B. C. Vladeck’s advertising ethics at the Forward against the backdrop of a growing consumers’ movement and the economic challenges of the Depression. It then discusses the use of ethnicity on WEVD to attract advertising revenue. Finally, it explores the relationships between education programs in the garment unions and cultural efforts by the federal government and the broader labor movement during the New Deal. Although these efforts were always limited, they helped ensure democratic participation in an era of mass politics.
The challenges faced by living stock collections in the USA

Many discoveries in the life sciences have been made using material from living stock collections. These collections provide a uniform and stable supply of living organisms and related materials that enhance the reproducibility of research and minimize the need for repetitive calibration. While collections differ in many ways, they all require expertise in maintaining living organisms and good logistical systems for keeping track of stocks and fulfilling requests for specimens. Here, we review some of the contributions made by living stock collections to research across all branches of the tree of life, and outline the challenges they face.
Rectus muscle excyclorotation and V-pattern strabismus: a quantitative appraisal of clinical relevance in syndromic craniosynostosis.

Purpose V-pattern strabismus observed with syndromic craniosynostosis has been attributed to disparate causes. We compared severity of V pattern with degree of excyclorotation of rectus muscles to appraise significance of this proposed aetiology. Methods 43 patients with Apert, Crouzon or Pfeiffer syndrome referred to Boston Children9s Hospital Department of Ophthalmology were identified. 28 met inclusion criteria for retrospective cohort study, specifically: (1) sensorimotor measurements in minimum of seven cardinal gazes, (2) quantified fundus torsion and (3) orbital CT imaging sufficient to measure rectus muscle cyclorotation in coronal and quasicoronal planes, posteriorly (near orbital apex) and anteriorly (near pulleys). Patients were placed in one of four V-pattern severity groups. The most severe group demonstrated inability to elevate abducted eye above midline with characteristic ‘seesaw’ misalignment during horizontal saccades. Rectus muscle cyclorotation was measured by paediatric neuroradiologist blinded to group placement. Primary outcome was correlation of severity of V pattern with degree of excyclorotation. Secondary outcome was correlation of severity with craniosynostosis syndrome. Results Increasing severity of V pattern correlated with greater excyclorotation in anterior coronal (p=0.009), anterior quasicoronal (p=0.021), posterior coronal (p=0.014) and posterior quasicoronal (p=0.040) planes for moderate-to-severe V pattern. Even greater excyclorotation was associated with seesaw V pattern in anterior quasicoronal (p=0.004) and posterior quasicoronal (p=0.001) views. Highly significant association was found between Apert syndrome and severity of V pattern (p=0.004). Conclusions Severity of V pattern is associated with magnitude of excyclorotation. More severe V pattern and seesaw strabismus noted with Apert syndrome may relate to distinctive orbital morphology.
Regulatory challenges and considerations for the clinical application of CAR-T cell anti-cancer therapy

The adoptive transfer of T cells gene-targeted with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has emerged as an exciting cancer immunotherapy due to the induction of complete remissions (CRs) in patients w...
Tratamiento del cáncer de cuello uterino

Before considering particularly the treatment of carcinoma of the neck, it is necessary to briefly refer to methods of diagnosis and classification process in several stages. Our interpretation of the diagnosis and classification has a very important role in our choice of treatment in each individual case influence. As developed cn use of cytology and biopsy, many early cases can be discovered, which had not been recognized ten or more years ago. Some of these are in the preinvasive stage when the disease is still curable 100%.
Neurogenic to Gliogenic Fate Transition Perturbed by Loss of HMGB2

Mouse cortical development relies heavily on a delicate balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis. The lateral ventricular zone produces different classes of excitatory pyramidal cells until just before birth, when the production of astroglia begins to prevail. Epigenetic control of this fate shift is of critical importance and chromatin regulatory elements driving neuronal or astroglial development play an vital role. Different classes of chromatin binding proteins orchestrate the transcriptional repression of neuronal-specific genes, while allowing for the activation of astrocyte-specific genes. Through proteomic analysis of embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) our group had previously identified high mobility group B2 (HMGB2), a chromatin protein dynamically expressed throughout embryonic development. In the current study using cultures of perinatal NPCs from HMGB2+/+ and HMGB2-/- mice we discovered that vital elements of the polycomb group (PcG) epigenetic complexes polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1/2) were downregulated during the differentiation process of HMGB2-null NPCs. These epigenetic changes led to downstream changes in specific histone modification levels, specifically the trimethylation of H3K27, and a subsequent shift in the perinatal neurogenesis to gliogenesis fate transition. Collectively these results demonstrate that chromatin binding proteins, such as HMGB2, can have significant effects on the epigenetic landscape of perinatal neural stem/progenitor cells.
Antioxidant Induction of Gene Expression

INrf2:Nrf2 serve as sensors of chemical- and radiation-induced oxidative/electrophilic stresses. Nrf2 is a nuclear transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response element and coordinately activates a battery of detoxifying/defensive genes. This leads to protection and cell survival. Nrf2 activation of gene expression is critical in chemoprevention and protection against cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary disorders. INrf2 is an inhibitor of Nrf2 that serves as an adaptor for Cul3-based degradation of Nrf2. Normally, INrf2 retains Nrf2 in the cytosol. Stress response induces PKC phosphorylation of Nrf2 and/or cysteine modification in INrf2. This leads to release, stabilization, and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activation of Nrf2 downstream gene expression. This follows GSK-3β-regulated tyrosine kinase Fyn phosphorylation of Nrf2Y568 and nuclear export and degradation of Nrf2. Further studies are required to determine a complete mechanism of signal transduction from chemicals/radiation to Nrf2 and the role of Nrf2 in cell survival.
Visuelle Prävention der Bewegungskrankheit im Auto

Mit Hilfe von Autoversuchen wurde die fruher im Labor fur Winkelbeschleunigungen gefundene visuelle Modulation vestibularen Schwindels auf ihre praktische Bedeutung zur physikalischen Pravention von Bewegungskrankheit, vorwiegend durch Linearbeschleunigungen auf der Strase, uberpruft.
Resistant pathogens:Emergence and Control

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most prominent and vexing problems in intensive care medicine. Physicians are now encountering resistant strains in hospitals.
Asymptotic Behavior of Several Dimensional Diffusions

This is primarily an expository survey of results, recent and past, on criteria for recurrence, ergodicity and the validity of the central limit theorem for multidimensional diffusions.
Mapping ecological indicators of human impact with statistical and machine learning methods: Tests on the California coast

Abstract Coastal ecosystems are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors such as fishing, pollution, and climate change. Ecosystem-based coastal management requires understanding where the combination of multiple stressors has large cumulative effects and where actions to address impacts are most urgently needed. However, the effects of multiple stressors on coastal and marine ecosystems are often non-linear and interactive. This complexity is not captured by commonly used spatial models for mapping human impacts. Flexible statistical and machine learning models like random forests have thus been used as an alternative modeling approach to identify important stressors and to make spatial predictions of their combined effects. However, tests of such models' prediction skill have been limited. Therefore, we tested how well ten statistical and machine learning methods predicted three ecological indicators of coastal marine ecosystem condition (kelp biodiversity, fish biomass, and rocky intertidal biodiversity) off California, USA. Spatial data representing anthropogenic stressors and ocean uses as well as natural gradients were used as predictors. The models' prediction errors were estimated by double spatial block cross-validation. The best models achieved mean squared errors about 25% lower than a null model for kelp biodiversity and fish biomass; none of the tested models worked well for rocky intertidal biodiversity. The models captured general trends, but not local variability of the indicators. For kelp biodiversity, the best performing method was principal components regression. For fish biomass, the best performing method was boosted regression trees. However, after tuning, this model did not include any interactions between stressors, and ridge regression (a constrained linear model) performed almost as well. While in theory flexible machine learning methods are required to represent the complex stressor-ecosystem state relationships revealed by experimental ecologists, with our data, this flexibility could not be harnessed because more flexible models overfitted due to small sample sizes and low signal-to-noise ratio. The main challenge for harnessing the flexibility of statistical and machine learning methods to link ecological indicators and anthropogenic stressors is obtaining more suitable data. In particular, better data describing the spatial and temporal distribution of human uses and stressors are needed. We conclude by discussing methodological implications for future research.
Leadership Coaching: A Multiple-Case Study of Urban Public Charter School Principals' Experiences.

The purpose of our multi-case study was to understand the experiences of non-novice New York City and Washington, DC public charter school principals who had participated in leadership coaching as ...
Disruptive Synergy: Melding of Human Genetics and Clinical Assisted Reproduction

The melding of human genetics with clinical assisted reproduction, now all but self-evident, gave flight to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches previously deemed infeasible. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, mitochondrial replacement techniques, and remedial germline editing are particularly noteworthy. Here we explore the relevant disruption brought forth by coalescence of these mutually enabling disciplines with the regulatory and legal implications thereof.
Dispersing the Gaseous Protoplanetary Disk and Halting Type II Migration

More than 30 extrasolar Jupiter-like planets have shorter periods than the planet Mercury. It is generally accepted that they formed farther out, past the "snow line" (~1 AU), and migrated inward. In order to be driven by tidal torques from the gaseous disk, the disk exterior to the planet had to contain about a planetary mass. The fact that the planets stopped migrating means that their outer disk was removed. We suggest, following the simulation by Kley and Bate et al., that the outer disk was accreted by the planet. This not only halts migration but removes the outer disk. For planets exterior to about 2 AU, the outer disk could have been removed by photoevaporation (Matsuyama et al.). Furthermore, as also shown by Bate et al., this process also provides an upper limit to planetary masses in agreement with the analysis of observed planetary masses by Zucker & Mazeh. In this scenario, the endgame is a race. The central star is accreting the inner disk and the planet, while the planet is accreting the outer disk. The planet survives if it accretes its outer disk before being accreted by the star. The winner is determined solely by the ratio of the mass of the outer disk to the local surface density of the disk. Some planets certainly lose the race and are eaten by the central star.
Employee Mistreatment Crises and Company Perceptions

This study aimed to provide empirical support to the removal of challenge crisis from the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT). Authors examined consumer responses to two accidental crisis types identified in traditional SCCT: a challenge crisis (failure in corporate ethics) and a technical-error crisis (failure in business performance). Specifically, how crisis types within the same crisis cluster varied in consumer outcomes when the crisis involved consumer challenges against the firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) was explored. Findings from an experiment with crisis cases in multiple industries revealed: compared with technical-error crises, CSR-involved challenge crises yielded higher crisis responsibility, more negative corporate reputation, and higher intentions to take retaliatory actions against the company. Perceived corporate expertise in providing quality products/services was rated moderately low and not significantly different across crisis types.
Teaching Drugs: Incorporating Drug Policy into Law School Curriculum, 2020-21 Curriculum Survey Update

Despite the significant impact of laws and policies surrounding controlled substances, few classes in the typical law school curriculum focus on either basic legal doctrines or broader scholarship in this field. This gap in law school curricula is especially problematic given the shifts in the landscapes of legalized cannabis and hemp, as well as the range of legal and policy responses to the recent opioid crisis. To continue our efforts to better understand how law schools currently approach these issues and to identify how drug policy and law could be better incorporated into law school curricula, we conducted a third survey of all accredited law schools in the U.S. The 2020-21 survey followed two previous annual surveys and a workshop of legal scholars who work in this space. The surveys and 2019 workshop were designed to identify law school courses currently taught and the primary obstacles to teaching this subject matter. The results show that the vast majority of law schools do not teach courses touching on drugs or the evolving legal structures around cannabis, and this is true even for law schools located in states with legalized cannabis markets.
The Osteology of Haya griva (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia

Haya griva is an early-diverging neornithischian (“hypsilophodontid”) dinosaur known from several well-preserved skulls and articulated postcranial skeletons, in addition to dozens of partial or isolated finds from the Upper Cretaceous Khugenetslavkant and Zos Canyon localities (Javkhlant Formation and equivalent beds) in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Collectively, nearly the entire skeletal anatomy of Haya is known, including partial growth series of skulls and femora. Detailed description and comparisons with other ornithischians, including novel anatomical information about the palate and braincase gleaned through high-resolution x-ray microcomputed tomography, reveals a wealth of osteological data for understanding the growth and relationships of this key taxon. Though the Haya specimens span a wide size range, bone histology reveals that all are likely perinatal to subadult individuals, with specimens of intermediate age the most common, and skeletally mature specimens absent. Phylogenetic analyses place Haya as one of the few Asian members of Thescelosauridae, an important noncerapodan neornithischian group of the Late Cretaceous.
Why Do Buyers Pay Different Prices for Comparable Products? A Structural Approach on the Housing Market

We focus on the housing market and examine why nonlocal home buyers pay 12% more for houses than local home buyers. We established a database on the residential housing market for Lafayette and West Lafayette, Indiana, that includes house transactions from 2000 to 2020. The dataset contains highly detailed information on individual buyers and house characteristics. We explain the price differential controlling for arguments such as imperfect information on prices, wealth effects, heterogeneous buyer preferences, and differential search and travel costs across buyers, among others. We estimate a housing demand model that returns heterogeneous marginal willingness to pay parameters for housing attributes. Our results show that nonlocal home buyers are willing to pay more for specific housing attributes, especially for house size, school quality, and house age. We also find that arguments such as gratification, reward, and imperfect price information explain the price differential to a large extent. Search and travel cost arguments have an adverse effect on nonlocal buyers’ house spending.
Transoral Laser Microsurgical Excision of a Laryngeal Schwannoma Located in the Paraglottic Space.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To report the first case of transoral excision of a paraglottic laryngeal schwannoma. METHODS Case report. RESULTS Laryngeal schwannomas are rare tumors, with approximately 75 cases reported to date worldwide. Most cases involve superficial supraglottic tumors excised transorally, and some have been found in deeper compartments and treated using transcervical approaches. This report describes the first excision of a schwannoma of the paraglottic space via endoscopic laser laryngotomy. The procedure allowed return to normal function, without recurrence within 8 months, after which the patient was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Transoral excision of benign paraglottic tumors is safe and feasible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:2729-2731, 2021.
Developing Autism Screening Criteria for the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA).

There is a critical need for evidence-based, broadband behavioral, and ASD screening measures for use in pediatric and early educational settings to ensure that young children at risk for developing social-emotional disorders and/or ASD are provided with early intervention services to optimize long-term outcomes. The BITSEA is a 42-item screener designed to identify social-emotional/behavioral problems and delays/deficits in social-emotional competence among 11–48-month-olds; 19 items describe behaviors consistent with ASD. Secondary data analysis was employed to develop cut-scores for ASD subscales using Receiver Operating Curves, discriminating children with (n = 223) and without (n = 289) ASD. Cut-scores demonstrated moderate-to-high discriminative power, sensitivity, specificity, and PPV. Findings highlight feasibility of using a broadband social-emotional competence and behavior problem screener to improve early detection of ASD.
Doing Science with Others at Preschool and at Home: A Comparison of Contextually Situated Interactional Configurations and Their Implications for Learning

In this chapter, we compare aspects of the home and preschool contexts in terms of how they afford particular types of scientific exploration and inquiry in early childhood. Our goal is to identify the opportunities for learning that are available in one environment but unlikely to occur in others. We ask, in other words, what makes a place special as an environment for learning? As such, rather than surveying the entire range of activities in which children may engage in each of these environments, we focus on two types of interactional configuration, each chosen because we have observed it occurring in one of these settings and because, we argue, there are particular aspects of the environment that make it likely to occur there.
Sold! The Loss of Kiowa Allotments in the Post-Indian Reorganization Era

The fragmentation of large nineteenth-century reservations resulted in the creation of American Indian allotment geographies in the United States. Federal Indian policy, namely the General Allotment Act of 1887, allowed the US government to break up large reservations, allot land to individual Indians, and sell the surplus to non-Indian settlers. More than ninety million acres of land transferred from Indian to non-Indian ownership during the past 130 years.1 Reduction of land-allotment areas concerned tribal governments, Indian landowners, and the US Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Implementation of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) in 1934 encouraged the preservation of Indian culture, the development of tribal government, educational opportunities, and the protection of Indian land. Former BIA Superintendent John Collier wrote, “The Indian service and the Indians are struggling to reverse the flood that is eating away [at] the Indian’s land base.”2 This suggested that Indian-owned land-allotment areas should have stabilized after 1934. However, many American Indians sold their allotments, and land bases continued to decrease following the passage of the IRA. The purpose of this study is to investigate the allotment problem at a local scale, using
Diffusive escape in a nonlinear shear flow: Life and death at the edge of a windy cliff

The survival probability of a particle diffusing in the two-dimensional domainx>0 near a “windy cliff” atx=0 is investigated. The particle dies upon reaching the edge of the cliff. In addition to diffusion, the particle is influenced by a steady “wind shear” with velocityv(x, y)=v sign(y)x, i.e., no average bias either toward or away from the cliff. For this semi-infinite system, the particle survival probability decays with time ast −1/4, compared tot −1/2 in the absence of wind. Scaling descriptions are developed to elucidate this behavior, as well as the survival probability within a semi-infinite strip of finite width |y|<w with particle absorption atx=0. The behavior in the strip geometry can be described in terms of Taylor diffusion, an approach which accounts for the crossover to the t−1/4 decay when the width of the strip diverges. Supporting numerical simulations of our analytical results are presented.
Influence of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus fasciculatum on sorghum nutrition

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Bok 8) plants were inoculated with either the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum, with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense, or with both endophytes together. Non-inoculated plants were fertilized with quantities of N and P that had been found to compensate for the input of nutrients following Azospirillum or glomus colonization. Total plant dry weight in all treatments was statistically indistinguishable at harvest (10 weeks). In general, plants colonized by Glomus contained less P, Mn, starch and sucrose, but more Cu, Zn and proline than P-fertilized plants. Azospirillum-inoculated sorghum contained less N, glucose, threonine and glutamine, but more Fe and glutamate than N-amended plants. Mycorrhizal roots contained five specific fatty acids not found in non-VAM plants. Inoculated plants displayed altered nutrient requirements, membrane composition and metabolite levels, indicating that colonization by these endophytes influenced host physiology, even under conditions where N or P input was negligible.
Context-specific multi-site cingulate cortical, limbic thalamic, and hippocampal neuronal activity during concurrent discriminative approach and avoidance training in rabbits

This study assessed the context specificity of learning-related neuronal activity: whether the same physical stimuli would elicit different neuronal responses depending on the learning situation. Neuronal activity was recorded simultaneously in six limbic areas as rabbits learned to approach a spout for water reinforcement after a tone (CS+) and to ignore the spout after a different tone (CS-). The rabbits then received avoidance training in which they learned to prevent a foot-shock by stepping in an activity wheel after one tone (CS+) and to ignore a different tone (CS-). Avoidance training sessions were alternated (1 session daily) with sessions in the well learned approach task. The tone assigned as the CS+ for approach training was the CS- for avoidance training and vice versa. The neuronal records of the anterior ventral and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices showed neuronal discrimination appropriate to the approach task during pretraining in the avoidance training apparatus with unpaired presentations of the tones and foot-shock. This finding demonstrated that the discriminative neuronal activity for approach learning was unaffected by a change in context in the pretraining session. However, context-appropriate discrimination occurred in both tasks thereafter, with the exception that medial dorsal thalamic neurons no longer showed discrimination during overtraining in the approach task. Hippocampal area CA1 neurons showed entirely context-appropriate discrimination in both tasks, with no carryover of the approach-relevant discrimination to the avoidance training apparatus. Avoidance training stage-specific peaks of training-induced excitation in different brain areas were not elicited by the same physical stimuli during concurrent approach training sessions. The results are consistent with an involvement of limbic-circuit neuronal activity in the use of context cues for mnemonic retrieval. Differential persistence of the approach-related neuronal discrimination in anterior and posterior cingulate cortex confirmed the previously hypothesized distinct mnemonic functions of these areas.
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies in Stiff-Man Syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter describes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies in stiff-man syndrome (SMS). The isolation and characterization of GAD has led to the diagnostic tests for SMS and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), based on the detection of GAD autoantibodies. Analysis of GAD-reactive T cells has lead to a better understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and potential immunotherapeutics. GAD catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), a widely used neurotransmitter throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Differences in the properties of GAD autoantibodies in SMS and IDDM patients might arise from differences in the presentation of GAD to the immune system by β cells vs. neurons.