cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dysregulation of hypothalamic serotonin turnover in diet-induced obese rats.

Abstract When outbred Sprague–Dawley rats are placed on a diet relatively high in fat and calories (HE diet), half develop diet-induced obesity (DIO), while the rest are diet-resistant (DR). When fed a low fat chow diet from weaning, DIO- and DR-prone rats weigh the same, but DIO-prone rats have a number of abnormalities of neural function, many of which are normalized when they become obese after chronic exposure to a HE diet. Because of its important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus, we examined the ratio of serotonin (5-HT) to its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA), as an index of transmitter turnover in micropunches from various brain areas in these rats. While still on chow, both DIO- and DR-prone rats showed lower 5-HT turnover in most brain areas sampled during the last hour of the light phase, when animals become active and begin foraging for food, as compared to the first hour of the light phase, when animals are generally quiescent and not eating. However, unlike DR-prone rats, DIO-prone rats did not show a significant time-dependent difference in 5-HT turnover in either the arcuate or paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. When fasted for 48 h, both DIO- and DR-prone rats showed a generalized 16–46% decrease in 5-HT turnover in the dorsomedial nucleus, perifornical lateral hypothalamus, dentate gyrus and motor cortex as compared to their free-fed counterparts. However, fasted DIO-prone rats showed a 53% greater reduction in the ventromedial nucleus turnover than fasted DR-prone rats. Finally, when DIO rats became obese after 14 weeks on the HE diet, their abnormalities in hypothalamic 5-HT turnover at the end of the light phase were normalized. Thus, DIO-prone rats show abnormalities of diurnal and fasting-induced alterations in brain 5-HT turnover which may predispose them to become obese when dietary fat and caloric density are increased. Once obesity develops, these abnormalities, like those of several other hypothalamic transmitters and peptides, are normalized. This may contribute to the persistence of obesity once it develops.
Uric acid is reduced in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease : effect on dopamine oxidation

Postmortem caudate and substantia nigra tissue samples from human parkinsonian patients (PD) and age-matched controls (NC) were analyzed for uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acid (AA) by HPLC/UV/ED. Uric acid and DA levels were significantly lower in the substantia nigra of PD by 54% and 85%, respectively. In the caudate, DA levels were significantly lower while UA levels were nonsignificantly reduced (0.10 < p < 0.05). Ascorbic acid levels were not significantly different from the controls in either brain region. Conditions favorable for oxidative stress were evaluated by measuring the oxidation of DA in individual brain homogenates. The rate constant for DA oxidation in control caudate was 0.34 × 10−2min−1 and in parkinsonian caudate was 4.20 × 10−2mint-1. In control and parkinsonian substantianigra DA oxidation rate constants were 2.82 × 10−2mint−1 and 4.57 × 10−2min−1, respectively. Addition of UA or catalase to parkinsonian homogenate decreased the rate of DA oxidation, while addition of uncase to control homogenate increased the rate of DA oxidation. The data support the hypothesis that UA is decreased in nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in parkinsonian patients which contributes to an environment susceptible to oxidative stress, particularly through dopamine oxidation reactions.
Determining potential glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity in soil

Abstract Ammonium (NH 4 + ), an important nitrogen (N) source for microorganisms, is assimilated via two major pathways. One route is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), while the other mechanism involves two enzymes, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The GS/GOGAT enzyme system requires more energy to operate, but has a much higher affinity for NH 4 + than GDH. We describe procedures to determine potential GS and GDH activity in soil samples. GS and GDH are intracellular enzymes. We used chloroform fumigation to make cell membranes permeable for substrates and products of the enzymes. Fumigation for 4 h increased GS activity almost ten-fold compared to the unfumigated control. Under optimized assay conditions, GS activity increased linearly for at least 80 min, indicating that the substrates were not limiting. In contrast to what was found for GS activity, direct addition of substrates to the soil to assay GDH activity did not result in a linear increase in GDH activity over time. A linear response for 3 h, however, resulted when the soil samples were first extracted with buffer solution and the reagents were added after centrifugation. The differences between the assays explain why fumigation for 3 d prior to the assay increased GDH activity by only 60%. In a microcosm study with glucose and NH 4 + addition, the activity of the two enzymes depended on the carbon (C) to N ratio of the amendment. With increasing C to N ratios from 5 to 120, GS activity doubled, while C to N ratios higher than 120 did not further increase GS activity. In contrast, GDH activity decreased by 13% with increasing C to N ratios from 5 to 200. The GDH to GS activity ratio in soil may therefore yield valuable information about the availability of N relative to C at a specific time.
Isoform-specific Regulation of Akt Signaling by the Endosomal Protein WDFY2 *

Recent work has led to the identification of novel endocytic compartments with functional roles in both protein trafficking and growth factor signal transduction. The phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding, FYVE domain-containing protein WDFY2 is localized to a distinct subset of early endosomes, which are localized close to the plasma membrane. Here, we find that the serine/threonine kinase Akt interacts with these endosomes in an isoform-specific manner. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy we demonstrate specific co-localization of WDFY2 with endogenous Akt2, but not Akt1. Moreover, depletion of WDFY2 leads to impaired phosphorylation of Akt in response to insulin due to isoform specific reduction of Akt2, but not Akt1, protein levels, and to a marked reduction in the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of numerous Akt substrates. This is accompanied by an impairment in insulin-stimulated glucose transport and, after prolonged silencing, a reduction in the level of expression of adipogenic genes. We propose that WDFY2-enriched endosomes serve as a scaffold that enables specificity of insulin signaling through Akt2.
Rapid carrier relaxation in In 0.4 Ga 0.6 A s / G a A s quantum dots characterized by differential transmission spectroscopy

Carrier relaxation in self-organized ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.6}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$ quantum dots is investigated by time-resolved differential transmission measurements. The dots have a base dimension of around 14 nm and a height of 7 nm, leading to an average energy separation of the ground and first excited electronic states much greater than the LO-phonon energy, so the phonon-mediated electron relaxation is expected to be slow. Our measurements indicate that, even at low carrier densities (less than one electron-hole pair per dot), the electron and hole relaxation time constants are 5.2 and 0.6 ps, respectively; this indicates a lack of any ``phonon bottleneck'' and is consistent with a model of electrons scattering from holes which can relax rapidly via phonon emission.
Experimental and theoretical studies of the He 2+ -He system: Differential cross sections for direct, single-, and double-charge-transfer scattering at keV energies

Measurements and calculations of differential cross sections for direct scattering, single-charge transfer, and double-charge transfer in collisions of 1.5-, 2.0-, 6.0-, and 10.0-keV (He-3)2+ with an He-4 target are reported. The measurements cover laboratory scattering angles below 1.5 deg with an angular resolution of about 0.03 deg. A quantum-mechanical molecular-state representation is employed in the calculations; in the case of single-charge transfer a two-state close-coupling calculation is carried out taking into account electron-translation effects. The theoretical calculations agree well with the experimental results for direct scattering and double-charge transfer. The present calculation identifies the origins of oscillatory structures observed in the differential cross sections.
Antibiotic treatment of atherosclerosis.

Purpose of review Several lines of evidence have demonstrated an association between a variety of chronic bacterial infections and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This has led to the proposal that antibiotic therapy might be helpful in the secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. A variety of smaller pilot studies have been reported testing this hypothesis and several large multicenter trials are also underway. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of these studies and comment on their implications for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Recent findings Most of the antibiotic studies to date have been secondary prevention studies that have targeted patients exposed to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Most have used either azithromycin or roxithromycin with treatment courses ranging from a few days to 3 months. Several small studies of coronary artery disease patients have shown significant promise for reducing cardiovascular events such as death, myocardial infarction, or admission for unstable angina. However, other studies have not been so positive. Weekly Intervention with Zithromax for Atherosclerosis and its Related Disorders, WIZARD, the largest study to date, in which stable post-myocardial infarction patients were randomized to receive a 3-month course of azithromycin or placebo, demonstrated a significant reduction in death and myocardial infarction by 6 months, but this benefit was not sustained throughout the remaining course of follow-up. The Azithromycin and Coronary Events (ACES) and Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy (PROVE-IT) trials are ongoing and are testing the effect of more prolonged treatment duration. Summary A variety of antibiotic trials for the secondary prevention of atherosclerosis have been performed. Several pilot studies have shown significant positive clinical effects, but, thus far, no large randomized trial has confirmed those findings. Some concerns over the antibiotics chosen and the duration of treatment have been raised. Other trials are underway to address some of those concerns. In the meantime, no recommendation for the use of antibiotic therapy for the secondary prevention of atherosclerosis can yet be made.
Ugt1a is required for the protective effect of selenium against irinotecan-induced toxicity

Purpose Irinotecan (CPT-11) is widely used for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. However, the adverse effects associated with the treatment have hindered the efficacies of irinotecan. We have shown that organic selenium compounds could significantly attenuate irinotecan-associated toxicity and enhance antitumor activity in xenograft tumor models. The objective of this study is to determine the role of a specific group of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, which is coded by UGT1A, in detoxification process of irinotecan as well as selenium-associated protective effect against irinotecan-induced toxicity.
Incarcerated adult Bochdalek hernia with splenic infarction.

A case is presented of splenic infarction in an incarcerated Bochdalek hernia causing acute thoracoabdominal symptoms. Clinically, the diagnosis was obscure until a combination of computed tomography and radionuclide scanning demonstrated the spleen was present in the hernia but not perfused. Splenic infarction in a Bochdalek hernia has not been reported previously in the English literature.
Investigations of ground water flow associated with the Saratoga warm springs and the Tecopa Hot Springs near Death Valley, California, using magnetic and conductivity methods

Abstract Electrical and ground magnetic surveys at Saratoga Springs and Tecopa Hot Springs in the vicinity of Death Valley reveal intersecting faults that appear to control the spring locations. Faults striking east–west and north–south intersect at Saratoga Springs. High electrical conductivity along imaged faults at Saratoga Springs implies shallow ground water channels between 5 and 20 m deep. Regions of high conductivity correlate with water saturated zones or clays. Gradients in magnetic and conductivity data at Saratoga are interpreted as faults. Similarly northwest- and northeast-trending faults are inferred to intersect at Isolated Spring in Tecopa Valley. Our data suggest that ground water flow along deep structures allows water to be heated and could account for the water temperature of about 41 °C at the Springs at Bath in Tecopa Valley. However, we hypothesize that cold water from the Amargosa River percolates downward and mixes with hot water rising at the fault intersections. The river water accounts for the lower water temperatures at Saratoga and at the Isolated Spring as compared to the Spring at Bath in Tecopa Valley.
Well-log Analysis of Pore Pressure Mechanisms Near a Minibasin-bounding Growth Fault At South Eugene Island Field, Offshore Louisiana

Using well log data from the South Eugene Island field, offshore Louisiana, we derive empirical relationships between elastic parameters (e.g., P -wave velocity, density) and effective stress along both normal compaction and unloading paths. These empirical relationships provide a physical basis for numerical modeling and allow us to investigate the effect of fluid pressure. The presence of more than one stress path complicates the prediction of fluid pressure from seismically derived interval velocities since the relationship between seismic velocity and pore pressure is multi-valued.
“Sustainable Development” as Collective Surge

The purpose of this article is to examine a surge in the sciences surrounding the use of the concept of sustainable development. Data come from the annual frequencies of publications in various disciplines that use the concept of susrtainable development as well as from a content analysis of documents. The article concludes that the surge was characterized by the use by scientists of established concepts in a new way, a form of cultural emergence ; a prevailing locus of intercation revolving around a professional ideology; the prevalence of the emotions of fear and hope of deliverance from the threat; and an international arena of discourse occuring over a period of years and bounded by class-professional identities. The article demonstrates that a newer understanding of fads as collective surges in the sociology specialty area of collective behavior helps describe the use in the sciences of the concept of sustainable development during the late 1980s and 1990s. The surge is relatively short-lived, codeterminous with the use of different meanings and practices of sustainable development. It cannot be understood as a superficial, odd, inconsequential, or frivolous event. Rather, it had important, lasting consequences in a number of areas, from economic and social development to professions
Back-To-Back Jets in QCD

Abstract We give a procedure for calculating in QCD (in terms of quark decay functions d A a (z) ) the cross section for the semi-inclusive process e+ + e− → A + B + X. The procedure is useful at high energy in the back-to-back region 0 ⩽ θ ⪡ 1, where θ is the angle between P A and − P B .
Speaker recognition&#8212;Identifying people by their voices

The usefulness of identifying a person from the characteristics of his voice is increasing with the growing importance of automatic information processing and telecommunications. This paper reviews the voice characteristics and identification techniques used in recognizing people by their voices. A discussion of inherent performance limitations, along with a review of the performance achieved by listening, visual examination of spectrograms, and automatic computer techniques, attempts to provide a perspective with which to evaluate the potential of speaker recognition and productive directions for research into and application of speaker recognition technology.
Histotoxicity of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives. A comparative study.

• Cyanoacrylate derivatives have been used as surgical adhesives for many years. Shorter-chain derivatives (methyl- and ethyl-cyanoacrylate) have proved to be histotoxic. Longer-chain derivatives (butyl- and isobutyl-cyanoacrylate) are much less histotoxic. Many surgeons continue to use ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Krazy Glue) despite the availability of a less toxic derivative, butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl). In this study, the histotoxicity and bone graft—cartilage binding ability of Krazy Glue and Hlstoacryl were compared. Bone grafts harvested from the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus were placed in a subcutaneous pocket and glued to auricular cartilage in the rabbit. Krazy Glue and Histoacryl were used in opposite ears, harvesting specimens at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks. The Krazy Glue—treated ears developed seromas with histologic evidence of acute inflammation, tissue necrosis, and chronic foreign body giant cell reaction. The Hlstoacryl-treated ears showed mild acute inflammation and mild foreign body giant cell reaction. The Krazy Glue was completely degraded within 12 months, while some Histoacryl was still present at 1 year. Histoacryl had minimal histotoxic effect and good bone graft—cartilage binding ability, whereas Krazy Glue demonstrated severe histotoxicity. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:546-550)
Post column derivatization methodology in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Abstract Post column derivatization procedures represent a powerful analytical tool. The methodology is suitable for trace and ultra trace analysis and offers enhancement of both detectability and specificity compared to conventional HPLC methods.
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase genes of mouse and Chinese hamster: construction and sequence analysis of cDNA recombinants.

Abstract Recombinant plasmids containing DNA inserts complementary to mRNA coding for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) from mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines have been isolated from cDNA libraries and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. A total of 1292 nucleotides of the mouse cDNA sequence and 1301 nucleotides of the Chinese hamster cDNA sequence has been determined. Each of these sequences includes an open reading frame of 654 nucleotides (218 amino acids) corresponding to the HPRT protein coding region. The deduced amino acid sequences for the mouse and Chinese hamster enzymes are presented and compared to that of human HPRT. At least 95% of the amino acids are conserved in the three species. In addition, we present evidence that two species of HPRT mRNA, which differ in the site of polyadenylation that is utilized during processing of the RNA transcripts, exist in Chinese hamster cells.
Nasopalatine Canal Position Relative to the Maxillary Central Incisors: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assessment

The aim of this study was to determine the proximity of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) to the maxillary central incisor root (MCIR). The study included 120 cone beam computed tomography scans obtained from the Center for Implant Dentistry, Loma Linda University, between June 2006 and September 2009. They were equally distributed into six groups: (1) 21- to 40-year-old men, (2) 21- to 40-year-old women, (3) 41- to 60-year-old men, (4) 41- to 60-year-old women, (5) 61- to 80-year-old men, and (6) 61- to 80-year-old women. The closest distances between the NPC and the MCIR (NPC-to-MCIR) were measured at the midroot (bisecting palatal cementoenamel junction to root apex) and the apex levels. Differences between the groups were analyzed using a t test and 1-way analysis of variance at a significance level of α = .05. The overall mean NPC-to-MCIR distances at the midroot and apex levels were 3.05 ± 1.64 and 5.22 ± 1.56 mm, respectively. The modes of the NPC-to-MCIR distances at the midroot and apex levels were in...
Shear‐precipitated chitosan powders, fibrids, and fibrid papers: Observations on their formation and characterization

Chitosan powders and fibrids were prepared by shear precipitation of dissolved chitosan in a coagulating solution of sodium hydroxide. Following neutralization by washing and an alcohol dehydration step, the white to off-white powders were fine and free flowing. The dried fibrids had a highly oriented, ribbon-like shape that in bulk gave a lofty appearance and soft hand. Chitosan fibrids were readily converted to sheet structures by typical papermaking procedures. The resulting chitosan papers were either smooth, flexible, and largely translucent when pressed dry from the moist mat, or were soft and opaque white when the moist mat was soaked in alcohol before drying. X-ray diffraction, SEM, and optical microscopy were used to characterize the different chitosan powders, fibrids, and papers. Chitosan fibrid papers were found to have tensile properties comparable to that of cellulosic papers, though the wet strength and water sorption of chitosan fibrid papers was higher than that of the cellulose controls
Processes Controlling the Structure and Longevity of Two Quasi-Linear Convective Systems Crossing the Southern New England Coast

AbstractThis paper explores the structural evolution and physical processes that explain the modification of two quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) that encountered the densely populated New York City–Atlantic coastal region. One QLCS on 31 May 2002 traversed the Atlantic coastal boundary with little change in its intensity, producing widespread severe wind damage across New York City and Long Island. During this event, warm air advection at 925 hPa helped destabilize the layer above this level over the coastal zone, while the marine boundary layer deepened below this level. The 0–3-km line-perpendicular vertical wind shear was relatively strong, which supported ascent along the leading edge of the diabatically generated cold pool. The surface-based convective system became slightly elevated as it moved over the marine waters. In contrast, the 23 July 2002 QLCS decayed upon encountering the Atlantic coastline, despite its coincidence with a surface cold front. The most unstable CAPE values during thi...
Economic Load Dispatch Constrained by Wind Power Availability: A Wait-and-See Approach

In this paper a load dispatch model for the system consisting of both thermal generators and wind turbines is developed. The stochastic wind power is included in the model as a constraint. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the presented model has a set of closed-form solutions. The availability of closed-form solutions is helpful to gain more fundamental insights, such as the impact of a particular parameter on the optimal solution. Moreover, the feasible ranges of optimal solutions are given in the case that the output power of thermal turbines is restricted. Furthermore, the probability distribution and the average of solutions are derived. This is called the wait-and-see approach in the discipline of stochastic programming. The present work shows that the effects of random wind speed on the generated power can be readily assessed.
MR perfusion imaging of pulmonary parenchyma using pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques: FAIRER and FAIR.

Magnetic resonance imaging of pulmonary parenchyma perfusion using pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques is presented. ASL uses magnetically labeled water as an endogenous, freely diffusible tracer. Presented are comparative results of ASL methods called Flow sensitive Alternating Inversion Recovery (FAIR), and FAIR with an Extra Radiofrequency pulse (FAIRER). Six healthy human volunteers were imaged. Perfusion-weighted images at different time delays, TI, were calculated from the subtraction of the control and tag images, which were acquired within a single breathhold. Detailed pulmonary structures can be visualized with negligible cardiac or respiratory motion artifacts. Different patterns of signal enhancement between the pulmonary vessels and parenchyma are shown in the perfusion images acquired at different TIs.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:483–487. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Broken conformal symmetry. I. The hadron spectrum

The breaking of the asymptotic conformal symmetry of strong interactions is investigated. It is assumed that the symmetry is broken by the nonvanishing vacuum expectation value of a scalar field. The first-order symmetry-breaking term in the two-point function is completely determined by the conformally invariant limit of the theory. The model predicts families of almost linear Regge trajectories. It is predicted that the ratio of total widths to masses of resonances is —approximately—a universal constant. Comparison with baryon resonances shows reasonably good agreement with the prediction.
Ventricular Volume Overload in the Human Fetus: Observations From Fetal Echocardiography

We examined two groups of fetuses in which echocardiography had been performed and in which ventricular volume overload eventually led to fetal hydrops. The first group (18 fetuses) had atrioventricular valve regurgitation and almost all of the fetuses had structural heart disease. No fetus in this group survived the neonatal period; only two of the pregnancies in this first group were terminated. A second group of three fetuses had ventricular volume overload from sacrococcygeal teratomas at 21 to 24 weeks' gestation. These fetuses also had nonimmune hydrops (or it developed), but they did not have structural heart disease or atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Combined ventricular output in this group was calculated by Doppler ultrasound to be greater than twice the normal output for fetuses of the expected gestational weight. The proportion of the combined output to the lower body and the placenta was increased with the increase to the teratoma, exceeding the increase to the placenta. In one fetus, serial study demonstrated increasing output and the development of hydrops. Intrauterine surgery was undertaken to control the high output failure. The abnormal variables tended to revert to normal after replacement of blood loss, and the hydrops disappeared. The pregnancy continued until the spontaneous rupture of membranes at 26 weeks' gestation forced delivery by cesarean section. The infant died from severe hyaline membrane disease. These findings suggest that, in some circumstances, fetal hydrops is a late sign of cardiac failure and heralds incipient death. The measurement of cardiac output and its regional distribution is possible, and these measurements have demonstrated that the mid-gestational human fetus has the ability to increase its cardiac output in excess of previously held concepts. Decisions about prenatal surgery will require quantitative measurements to determine the optimum time for operation.
Pitfalls in the biopsy diagnosis of intraoral minor salivary gland neoplasms: diagnostic considerations and recommended approach

Among the more common types of intraoral minor salivary gland neoplasms are pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. These minor salivary gland neoplasms share similar morphologic features and to a large extent immunohistochemical findings. Differentiation between these benign and malignant neoplasms is often predicated on the presence or absence of invasion. As such, in the presence of limited tissue sampling that typifies the initial testing modalities, including fine needle aspiration biopsy and/or incisional biopsy, it often is not possible to differentiate a benign from malignant minor salivary gland neoplasm. The diagnostic difficulties arise from the absence in needle or incisional biopsy of the tumor's periphery to determine whether infiltrative growth is or is not present. In this manuscript we discuss limitations and considerations associated with evaluation of incisional biopsies of intraoral minor salivary gland tumors. We offer a diagnostic approach to evaluating these biopsies, and suggest diagnostic terminology for biopsy specimens in which distinction between benignancy and malignancy is not feasible. The pathologist's approach to this distinction is critical, as treatment of benign neoplasms is generally conservative, whereas malignant lesions may warrant more aggressive management.
Inhibition of mammalian brain acetylcholinesterase by ketamine

Abstract Ketamine caused a reversible inhibition of both membrane-bound and purified forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7.) prepared from beef brain caudate nucleus tissue. Apparent K i values (× 10 −4 M) ranged between 4·9 and 6·9 for the different enzyme forms. Inhibition was of the mixed kinetic type, which suggests interactions of the drug with both active site(s) and other anionic sites on the enzyme. Rat brain AChE was inhibited by ketamine in vitro at concentrations commensurate with brain levels of the drug determined after i.v. administration to rats. Gas Chromatographic analyses demonstrated a 26 per cent increase in rat brain acetylcholine (ACh) 30 sec after the administration of ketamine (20 mg/kg, i.v.). ACh accumulation via inhibition of AChE may underlie certain pharmacological effects of ketamine which resemble cholinergic stimulation.
Biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and glycosphingolipids by synchronized KB cells.

Abstract The biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids and various types of proteins and nucleic acids at specific periods of the cell cycle was studied by using synchronized KB cells. Maximum incorporation of radioactive galactose, leucine and thymidine into several proteins and nucleic acids occurred as has been reported previously (6,11). Maximum incorporation of D -1[14C] galactose into glycosphingolipids was observed during the M and G-1 phases. There was a 5 fold increase in the levels of gangliosides and combined neutral glycosphingolipids during the M and G-1 phases. Thus, regulated biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids and macromolecules might be important in the cyclic expression of some of the functional properties which are characteristic of these compounds.
Optimizing Java bytecodes

We have developed a research compiler for Java class files. The compiler, which we call Briki, is designed to test new compilation techniques. We focus on optimizations which are only possible or much easier to perform on a high-level intermediate representation. We have designed such a representation, JavaIR, and have written a front-end which recovers high-level structure from the information from the class file. Some of the high-level optimizations can be performed by the Java compiler which produces the class file. There is however a set of machine-dependent optimizations which have to be customized for the specific architecture and so can only be performed when the machine code is generated from the bytecodes, e.g, in a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler. We choose memory hierarchy optimizations as an example of machine-dependent techniques. We show that there is an intersection of the set of machine-dependent optimizations and the set of high-level optimizations. One such example is array remapping which requires multi-dimensional array references which are not present in the bytecodes and at the same time requires information about memory organization and the mapping of bytecodes to machine instructions. We develop a set of optimizations for accessing array elements and object fields and show their impact on set of benchmarks which we run on two machines with a JIT compiler. The execution times are reduced by as much as 50% and we argue that the improvement could be even higher with a more mature JIT technology.
Children's sense of place in Northern New Mexico

Abstract In the Hispano homeland of northern New Mexico, children's lives are shaped by land, by family, by culture, and by community. The way these forces work together forms each child's sense of place and place attachments. Using short case examples, this article presents a brief overview of children's place experiences and preferences and describes some of the factors that contribute to children's sense of place in three communities, of northern New Mexico which represent a range from urban to rural. It demonstrates the important role extended family and direct experience play in shaping children's sense of place and understanding of nature.
Determination of the Velocity of Light Using the Laser as a Source

A measurement has been made of the velocity of light using the laser as a light source. The beating between the modes of the laser provided intensity fluctuations which made it unnecessary to modulate the beam artificially.
Acceleration and vacuum temperature

The quantum fluctuations of an ``accelerated'' vacuum state, that is, vacuum fluctuations in the presence of a constant electromagnetic field, can be described by the temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{M}}$. Considering ${T}_{\mathrm{M}}$ for the gyromagnetic factor $g=1$ we show that ${T}_{\mathrm{M}}(g=1)={T}_{\mathrm{U}}$, where ${T}_{\mathrm{U}}$ is the Unruh temperature experienced by an accelerated observer. We conjecture that both particle production and nonlinear field effects inherent in the Unruh accelerated observer case are described by the case $g=1$ QED of strong fields. We present rates of particle production for $g=0$, 1, 2 and show that the case $g=1$ is experimentally distinguishable from $g=0$, 2. Therefore, either accelerated observers are distinguishable from accelerated vacuum or there is unexpected modification of the theoretical framework.
Raman and photoluminescence spectra of Zn1-xCdxSe/Zn1-yMnySe: A diluted-magnetic-semiconductor superlattice.

The luminescence spectrum of ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se/${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{y}}$Se superlattices grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on (001) GaAs substrates shows quantum-well confinement and Zeeman shifts due to wave-function penetration into the barrier that are in excellent agreement with calculations using the transfer-matrix method based on the k\ensuremath{\cdot}p formalism. The new periodicity introduced by the superlattice causes zone folding of the acoustic branch, allowing modes with large q vectors to become Raman active. The Raman spectrum shows the folded acoustic phonons of superlattices with as few as ten periods. In addition to the excitonic Zeeman shifts, these magnetic superlattices exhibit the Raman-electron paramagnetic resonance of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ typical of the Mn-based diluted magnetic semiconductors.
419 MECHANISMS OF SODIUM (Na) CONSERVATION IN SALT-LOSING CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (SL CAH)

Na balance and fractional sodium excretion (FeNa) were measured in 10 infants with SLCAH, treated with subcutaneous pellets of 11-deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA). On 2mEqNa/Kg/d intake, Na balance was +.56 ± .30mEq/Kg/d (s.d.) n=10 and on 1 mEq/Kg/d + 0.05 ± .31 (n=18). On 1 mEqNa/Kg/d, FeNa decreased from 0.49 percent ± .08 (s.e.) to .23 + .02. Inexplicably, each infant showed an increase in plasma DOC on the lmEq/Kg diet: 170 + 18 (s.e.) ng/dl to 321 + 32 (P<.005). The correlation between changes in FeNa and DOC (r=-.155) was not significant and there was no significant change in blood pressure or creatinine clearance. Weight decreased 2.1 percent ± 0.6 (s.e.), but change in weight did not correlate with change in FeNa, DOC or plasma renin (PRA). Although PRA was elevated in many of these studies, there was no correlation between initial PRA and sodium excretion on day 3 of either diet. Maintaining Na balance on lmEq/Kg Na despite elevated initial PRA suggested that a compensation had been made to less than adequate DOC levels. One infant with congenital absence of adrenal function showed decrease in FeNa without a change in plasma DOC. Clearly DOCA therapy is necessary for sodium homeostasis in these mineralocorticoid deficient subjects. However, these data indicate that nonsteroidal mechanisms play a major role in the renal adjustment to acute Na restriction. (This work supported in part by USDA/SEA 58-7B30-9-60)
Dynamic Traffic Assignment in Design and Evaluation of High-Occupancy Toll Lanes

Application of a dynamic traffic assignment-simulation methodology to the analysis and evaluation of network performance under various schemes for the design and operation of high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes is described. The DYNASMART traffic simulation-assignment model, which combines the ability to simulate traffic flow and to represent dynamic route choice behavior, is used to model the problem. Different dimensions for the design and operation of HOT lanes are considered in this study, including (a) lane utilization in terms of adding a new lane or using an existing lane of the facility as a HOT lane; (b) physical separation of the HOT lane in terms of access point frequency; (c) access restriction based on vehicle occupancy; (d) HOT lane pricing structure, which may be fixed or congestion dependent; and (e) different demand levels with different percentages of high-occupancy vehicles (HOV). A set of experiments was designed to compare the performance of the HOT lanes and the total network under these...
The tradeoff between equality and efficiency: Short-run politics and long-run realities

In concluding this paper the best way to emphasize what has been argued is to make as clear as possible what has not been argued. Nothing in the above argumentation or evidence can, or is intended to, deny that some social welfare programs genuinely serve the long-run interests of the poor. Undoubtedly such programs exist and can be identified as successful. Other programs exist, however, that are undeniably making the poor worse off. From the perspective of reducing income inequality it is obvious that the successful programs should be maintained, and even expanded in ways that further assist the poor, while the harmful programs should be terminated. Unfortunately it is simply not possible politically to select out those programs that do promote broad social goals, such as reducing poverty, while eliminating those programs that do not. This is a point that the present paper is intended to emphasize. Once you open up the political transfer process to one group, no matter how deserving that group may be, economic rents are generated that will motivate competition among politically organized interest groups. The inevitable result of this competition is a package of programs that serve a variety of interests, but which on balance do little, if anything to benefit those groups which it was our intention to assist. But even if it were widely known and accepted that the long-run distributional effects of public assistance were neutral, it would still be difficult politically to do nothing to ‘help’ the poor. Here we are faced with a particular case of what Buchanan (1977) has referred to as the Samaritan's dilemma. Actions that are motivated by feelings of compassion are difficult to resist even if the long-run effects are known to be detrimental to those who are the object of our compassion. There is no obvious escape from this dilemma, and this paper offers none. The purpose has been instead to provide an explanation of why these programs will become more politically entrenched as they become less effective at helping the poor.
MRI of Thrombus Propogation after Plaque Rupture

Atherosclerotic plaque disruption and subsequent thrombosis is the leading cause of acute cardiovascular events. We have used a rabbit model of controlled atherothrombosis and combined in vivo and ex vivo MRI and histology to study whether thrombus organization and composition could be detected based on its biophysical properties. In vivo MRI at the site of plaque rupture without (Figure 1A) and with gadolinium (Figure 1B) showed the luminal thrombus. Ex vivo MRI of disrupted aortic plaques revealed that thrombi propagated both anti-parallel (Figure 1) and parallel to blood flow. Examination of disrupted aortic plaques revealed that the % magnetization transfer was much lower and the apparent diffusion coefficient much higher in platelet-rich thrombi compared to organized, fibrin-rich thrombi. This permitted distinction of the thrombus at the site of plaque rupture (Figure 1B1 and C1) from the subsequently propagated thrombus (Figures 1B2 and C2).The conclusions drawn from MRI were validated by histology (Figures 1D1-D2).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Size-Dependent Melting Properties of Small Tin Particles: Nanocalorimetric Measurements.

For the first time, the latent heat of fusion $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{m}$ for Sn particles formed by evaporation on inert substrate with radii ranging from 5 to 50 nm has been measured directly using a novel scanning nanocalorimeter. A particle-size-dependent reduction of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{m}$ has been observed. An ``excluded volume'' is introduced to describe the latent heat of fusion from the enhanced surface melting of small particles. Melting point depression has also been found by our nanocalorimetric technique.
Bariatric surgery as a means to decrease mortality in women with type I endometrial cancer - An intriguing option in a population at risk for dying of complications of metabolic syndrome.

Abstract Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness and utility of a strategy of offering weight loss surgery (WLS) to women with low risk stage I endometrial cancer (EC) and BMI≥40kg/m 2 . Methods A modified Markov state transition model was designed to compare routine care to WLS for women with low risk stage I endometrioid EC, age Results The mean cost-effectiveness for each strategy was: $69,295 and 8.10 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for routine care versus $100,675 and 9.30 QALYs for WLS. WLS had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $26,080/QALY compared to routine care. At a willingness to pay threshold of $50,000/QALY, WLS was the strategy of choice in 100% of simulations. Conclusions WLS is a potentially cost-effective intervention in women with low risk, early stage EC, at least in part due to improved quality of life with weight reduction.
Naphthoquinones from alkynes and chromium-carbene complexes-control of regioselectivity through intramolecular reaction

Abstract A series of carbene-chromium complexes bearing a phenyl substituent and an alkoxy-alkyne substituent have been prepared by acetoxy replacement. Intramolecular cycloaddition with carbon monoxide insertion occurs to provide naphthohydroquinones in good yield.
Numerical solution of the two-electron Schrödinger equation

Numerical solutions to the S-limit equations for the helium ground state, excited triplet state, and the hydride-ion ground state are obtained with the second and fourth difference approximations. The results for the ground states are superior to previously reported values. The coupled equations resulting from the partial-wave expansion of the exact helium atom wave function are solved giving accurate S,P,D,F, and G limits. The G limit is -2.903 51 a.u., compared to the exact value of the energy of -2.903 72 a.u.
Patterns of recurrent pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: identification of risk and protective factors 5 or more years after onset.

Abstract Krause JS, Broderick L. Patterns of recurrent pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: identification of risk and protective factors 5 or more years after onset. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1257–64. Objectives To identify risk and protective factors associated with a history of recurrent pressure ulcers among participants with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design A mail survey was used to identify factors associated with the presence or absence of recurrent pressure ulcers. Setting A large specialty hospital in the southeastern United States. Participants All participants had traumatic SCI, were nonambulatory, 18 years or older, and had been injured at least 5 years. A total of 826 subjects participated, 633 of whom reported a pressure ulcer history that could be classified as to whether they did or did not have a history of recurrent pressure ulcers. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures History of pressure ulcers was measured by a single item that required participants to classify their history into 1 of 5 options, ranging from never having any pressure ulcers to having almost continuous pressure ulcers, often requiring hospitalization. Those who either never had a pressure ulcer or had them mostly for a short period after SCI onset were classified as nonrecurrent , whereas those who reported at least 1 per year were classified as recurrent . Results Seventy percent of the participants failed to report recurrent pressure ulcers (never had any or had them only immediately after SCI onset), whereas 13% reported a clear pattern of recurring pressure ulcers of 1 or more per year. Logistic regression analyses suggested several general behaviors were protective for recurrent pressure ulcers, including lifestyle, exercise, and diet. Yet none of the behaviors generally recommended during inpatient rehabilitation specifically to prevent pressure ulcers (eg, skin checks weight shifts) were associated with pressure ulcer history. Only 2 risk behaviors were identified (number of cigarettes smoked, use of medication for sleep), although several proxy variables were related to pressure ulcer history. Conclusions Pressure ulcer history is a more viable measure of pressure ulcer outcomes than measures taken at a single point in time (current), over a brief period (eg, 1y), or those relying on critical events occurring at any time since SCI onset (ie, surgeries to repair pressure ulcers). A healthy lifestyle appears to be strongly associated with avoiding pressure ulcers, whereas the efficacy of specific prevention behaviors was not demonstrated. Problem solving and coping strategies should be targets for further research.
A study of HLA and DRw antigens in severe recurrent herpes progenitalis (HS V-2) infection

In this preliminary study the phenotypic distribution of HLA and DRw antigens was investigated in patients with recurrent herpes progenitalis. Ninety-three white men between the ages of 20 and 53 years, with at least a 2-year history of recurrent herpes progenitalis infection, and 558 age-matched white men from the same area of Los Angeles were studied by means of a microcytotoxicity assay. Statistical analysis of data indicated that there is no increased incidence of any HLA antigen. The B cell antigen DRw7 is present in 37% of the patients and 22% of controls, with a p value of 0.009 and a relative risk of 2.1. These results suggest that there may be genetic and immunologic factors that tend to predispose certain individuals to the development of recurrent herpes progenitalis when they are exposed to the virus.
Variable Selection in Nonparametric Varying-Coefficient Models for Analysis of Repeated Measurements.

Nonparametric varying-coefficient models are commonly used for analyzing data measured repeatedly over time, including longitudinal and functional response data. Although many procedures have been developed for estimating varying coefficients, the problem of variable selection for such models has not been addressed to date. In this article we present a regularized estimation procedure for variable selection that combines basis function approximations and the smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty. The proposed procedure simultaneously selects significant variables with time-varying effects and estimates the nonzero smooth coefficient functions. Under suitable conditions, we establish the theoretical properties of our procedure, including consistency in variable selection and the oracle property in estimation. Here the oracle property means that the asymptotic distribution of an estimated coefficient function is the same as that when it is known a priori which variables are in the model. The method is...