cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated Residual Layers and Their Influence on Surface Boundary-Layer Evolution

Abstract Elevated mixed layers (EMLs) are an important factor in the development of springtime thunderstorms over the United States. EMLs can be considered a subset of a larger class, called residual layers, since the mean state variables are the same, at least initially, as those of the boundary layers in which EMLs a formed. It is possible, however, for boundary or residual layers that are not necessarily well mixed to be advected off regions of elevated terrain and overrun boundary layers forming over lower terrain. These layers are called elevated residual layers (ERLs); ERLs may form frequently in regions near mountains where terrain gradients exist. A simple slab mixed-layer model is used to examine how idealized ERL potential temperature profiles influence surface boundary-layer development. In addition, several regionally generated ERLs were observed over Phoenix, Arizona, during the Southwest Area Monsoon Project. These ERLs appear to have produced a change from moistening to entrainment-drying s...
Drug Burden Index score and anticholinergic risk scale as predictors of readmission to the hospital.

Objective Determine the association between different measures of drug exposure such as an increased Drug Burden Index (DBI) and a higher Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS) score in vulnerable elders and risk of readmission to the hospital. Design The study is a retrospective cohort comparing ARS and DBI between patients readmitted and not readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of initial admission. Data collected included drugs considered to have anticholinergic, sedative, or both types of properties (Appendix 1), medication strengths, doses per day, patient age, Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13) score upon admission, patient diagnoses, and rates of admission. Setting Nonprofit, 838-bed, regional health system of four hospitals. Patients, participants Patients were included in the study if they were admitted to a hospital floor, were 65 years of age or older, were assessed using VES-13, and did not have routinely visiting family to engage them as observed by floor nurses. Interventions None; retrospective study. Main outcome measures Readmission rate. Results The mean difference in DBI and ARS scores were higher in the readmitted group. Hydrocodone and hydroxyzine were the most commonly used drugs in the readmitted group that were considered when determining DBI. Conclusion There is a role for screening and clinical intervention in vulnerable elders using DBI and ARS to help identify those at greatest risk for readmission to the hospital.
Cloning and expression of goldfish opsin sequences

Five opsin cDNA clones were isolated from a goldfish retina cDNA library and sequenced. On the basis of homology to previously characterized visual pigments, one clone was identified as goldfish rod opsin and a second as a goldfish red cone opsin. Two rhodopsin-like clones were found to be similar to the chicken green opsin, a pigment which shares properties with both rod and cone pigments. A fifth clone was equally homologous to human blue cone opsin and human rod opsin. In order to characterize the spectral properties of the encoded pigments, the five clones were expressed in tissue culture cells and the apoproteins reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. The wavelength of maximal absorption for goldfish rhodopsin is 492 nm and for the fifth pigment, identified as the goldfish blue pigment, 441 nm. Pigments encoded by the two rhodopsin-like clones absorb at 505 and 511 nm and are likely to correspond to the goldfish green pigment previously characterized by microspectrophotometry. The putative red cone opsin cDNA may encode a pigment that is a polymorphic variant of goldfish red since it absorbs maximally at 525 nm.
Assembly and maturation of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction.

Publisher Summary Synaptic transmission between neurons and their targets is crucially dependent on the precise arrangement of proteins at the synapse and on the spatial organization of the pre- and postsynaptic apparatus. Several events required for functional synaptic transmission occur immediately after the first interactions between the neuron and its postsynaptic partner. However, many of the processes involved in the formation of a mature synapse happen well after synaptogenesis, during a period referred to as synapse maturation. Moreover, it has become clear that, once formed, synapses are not static structures but rather dynamic entities that change depending on a number of factors such as modifications in target size or electrical activity. In recent years the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction has emerged as a powerful model system for examining the physiological significance of molecules involved in synapse development and function. This chapter discusses some of the major advances in understanding of synapse development and maturation using the fruit fly neuromuscular junction as a model system.
A model of the binding, entry, uncoating, and RNA synthesis of Semliki Forest virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK‐21) cells

A quantitative understanding of viral trafficking would be useful in treating viral-mediated diseases, designing protocols for viral gene therapy, and optimizing heterologous protein production. In this article, a model for the trafficking of Semliki Forest virus and its RNA synthesis in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells is presented. This model includes the various steps leading to infection such as attachment, endocytosis, and viral fusion in the endosome. The model estimates a mean fusion time of 4 to 6 min for the wild-type virus, and 38 min for Fus-1, an SFV mutant which requires a lower pH for fusion. These mean fusion times are consistent with the time-scale of endosomal acidification, suggesting viruses fuse almost instantaneously with the endosomal membrane as soon as the pH of the endosome drops below the pH threshold of the virus. Infection is most likely controlled at the level of viral uncoating, as shown by the close agreement between the efficiency of uncoating and the experimentally determined fraction of viruses that is infectious. The viral RNA synthesized per cell is best described by assuming that it depends on the number of uncoated viruses prior to the onset of replication according to a saturation-type expression. A Poisson distribution is used to determine the distribution of uncoated viruses among the cells. Because attachment is the rate-limiting step in the uncoating of the virus, increasing the attachment rate can lead to enhanced RNA synthesis and, hence, new virion production. Such an increase in the attachment rate may be obtained by lowering the medium pH or the addition of a polycation. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Meeting highlights: the 11th Annual Symposium on Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics.

The following studies were presented at the 11th Annual Symposium on Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics, September 22–26, 1999, in Washington, DC. ### GAMMA 1 The Presenter: Martin Leon, Cardiology Research Foundation, Washington Heart Center, Washington, DC. The Study: A multicenter, randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled study of radiation therapy for in-stent restenosis. A total of 252 patients with in-stent restenosis in native coronary arteries were randomized to receive adjunctive radiation therapy with an Ir192 gamma source (n=131) or sham placebo treatment (n=121) after percutaneous therapy (at the discretion of the operator). Dosimetry was guided by intraprocedural intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurements. All patients received aspirin and ticlopidine for 8 weeks. Follow-up angiography was performed at 6 months, with measurement of both in-lesion and in-stent minimum lumen diameter (MLD). The primary end point of the study was the cumulative incidence of adverse clinical events (death, myocardial infarction [MI], or target lesion revascularization) at 9 months. Results: More than 80% of the patients received additional adjunctive stents as part of their therapy. In-hospital outcomes were similar between groups. The primary end point was significantly reduced in the radiation therapy group (28.2% versus 43.8% in the sham treatment group); this was largely driven by a dramatic reduction in the need for target vessel revascularization. However, the composite incidence of death or MI tended to be somewhat higher in the radiation therapy group (16% versus 8% in the sham treatment group), and there was a significant increase in the incidence of late stent closure in the radiation therapy group (6.1% versus 0% in the sham treatment group). On qualitative coronary angiography at 6 months, in-stent MLDs were significantly higher in the radiation therapy group; in-lesion MLDs also tended to be higher with radiation. This effect was somewhat more prominent in shorter lesions, and it was very prominent in diabetic patients. There …
EXTENDED SURVIVAL OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS POSSESSING EAR- OR SPLEENGRAFTED OVARIES1,2

In most mammals removal of the adrenal glands results in deleterious changes leading to loss of body weight and terminating in death after a variable, usually brief, period of time. The female ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) is apparently an exception to this rule since it lives for periods up to one yea.r following “adrenalectomy” (Groat, 1943). Its ovaries are altered to the extent that some ovarian cells are described as “adrenocortical-like” and it is this altered histology that is held to be accountable for increased survival. If an ovary is grafted to the ear of a castrate mouse or rat it becomes morphologically and functionary different from control ovaries in that it possesses thecal luteinization and it secretes an androgen (Hill, 1937a, 1937b; Deanesly, 1938). An ovary transplanted to the spleen of a rat becomes markedly luteinized, even to the point of luteoma format on, after a period of time (Biskind and Biskind, 1944).
Changes during light and dark osmotic treatment independently modulating germination and ribonucleic acid synthesis in Chenopodium bonus‐henricus seeds

The content and synthesis of RNA in Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. seeds in different physiological states were evaluated. A moist-chilling treatment at 4°C removed the primary dormancy of seeds. A pretreatment of chilled seed in low osmotic potential (–8.6 bars) polyethylene glycol-6000 solution at 15°C in light led to an advancement in subsequent germination time in water while a treatment in darkness induced a secondary dormancy. The synthesis of total RNA and poly A (+) RNA was correlated with the capacity of seeds to germinate. Cordycepin or α-amanitin failed to inhibit the germination of unchilled seeds, chilled seeds or chilled seeds given a prior light osmotic treatment. Also, germination of chilled seeds was not affected by cordycepin applied during light osmotic treatment. However, cordycepin effectively depressed the synthesis of both total RNA and poly A (+) RNA in chilled seeds with or without a prior light osmotic treatment. These data suggest that germination per se may depend upon the activation of pre-existing mRNA, which might be functionally different from the newly synthesized mRNA including poly A (+) RNA.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Scandium Atoms with Nitrogen: Matrix Infrared Spectra and DFT Calculations for Scandium Nitrides and the Fixation of Nitrogen by Two Scandium Atoms

Laser-ablated Sc atoms react with nitrogen to form ScN, Sc(N2) and (ScN)2 and their N2-ligated counterparts. These identifications are based on nitrogen-15 isotopic shifts and agreement with DFT vibrational frequency calculations. It is noteworthy that annealed argon matrix samples containing 2% N2 give almost the same absorptions as nitrogen matrix samples for the ligated complexes (NN)xScN and (ScN)2(NN)x. The rhombic (ScN)2 molecule is made by reaction of a second Sc atom with an intermediate ScN2 species and, thus, provides a method of nitrogen fixation with naked metal atoms.
A test of adaptive hypotheses for rapid nest construction in a swarm-founding wasp

Most social insect species enlarge their nests gradually and in close correlation with the growing need for space for brood and/or stored food. In contrast, some species of swarm-founding eusocial wasps construct the nest rapidly to a final size in the first two to three weeks of the founding stage. We considered four hypotheses on the functions of rapid nest construction in the wasp Polybia occidentalis and directly tested two of them. The first hypothesis is that rapid construction maximizes output of the worker force when there are few other work demands; it predicts that construction rate remains high until the first eggs begin to hatch, following which it declines as increasing amounts of worker effort are allocated to the feeding of larvae. The second says that rapid nest construction minimizes the time the adults in the swarm are exposed to predation and the elements; it predicts that nest-construction rate should drop steeply after the nest is large enough to house all the adults in the swarm. We measured pulp-foraging rates for the first 12 days of the founding stage in control colonies and in colonies whose nests we manipulated to prevent housing of the swarm. The treatment and control groups did not differ in construction rate for several days following the housing event, contradicting the adult-protection hypothesis. Late in nest construction, treatment colonies were building at significantly higher rates than were control colonies. If demand for brood care were a major factor in determining construction rate, both groups would have responded to the eclosion of larvae in the same way and shown a parallel decline in construction rate, but this did not happen. Instead, the patterns of nest construction rate we observed provided indirect support for the two remaining hypotheses. The first of these is that rapid construction minimizes exposure of the brood to natural enemies and desiccation. The second is that rapid construction promotes competition among queens by providing empty cells for oviposition, thereby facilitating the selecting out of the less fecund of the multiple reproductive females. Also consistent with this hypothesis is the apparent absence of explosive nest construction in monogynous, eusocial bees.
A Modified Quadtree Approach To Finite Element Mesh Generation

By allowing the use of quadrants with cut corners, this modeling technique overcomes some of the drawbacks of standard quadtree encoding for finite element mesh generation.
Synthesis of Bis(semiquinone)s and Their Electrochemical and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectral Characterization

The syntheses of three new bis(semiquinone)s (2••2-, 3••2-, and 5••2-) linked through carbon−carbon double bonds in a geminal fashion (2••2- and 3••2-), and through an sp3 carbon (5••2-), are presented, as well as the results of variable-temperature EPR (VT-EPR) spectroscopy on these biradicals and two previously reported bis(semiquinone)s, 1••2- and 4••2-. We suggest that the potential difference in redox couples associated with a biradical is useful for qualitatively assessing changes in the exchange parameter within an isostructural series. The zero-field-splitting parameters for 1••2-−5••2- are consistent with their electronic structures: biradicals 1••2-−3••2- which have conjugating groups attached to the semiquinone rings have D-values less than 5••2-, a bis(semiquinone) that lacks such a conjugating group. Also, the D-value of 3••2- is significantly less than those of 1••2- and 2••2-, in agreement with larger interelectron separation in 3••2-, a biradical with quinone-methide π-system delocalizati...
Procedural systemic grammars

A formalism PSGL for writing natural language grammars has been developed, along with a computer system for interpreting it and parsing sentences. PSGL combines ideas from augmented transition network theory, systemic grammar, and Chomsky's recent trace theory, in a way that allows one to write compact and linguistically apt grammars.
Molecular Determinants of Ciliary Membrane Localization of Trypanosoma cruzi Flagellar Calcium-binding Protein

The flagellar calcium-binding protein (FCaBP) of Trypanosoma cruzi is localized to the flagellar membrane in all life cycle stages of the parasite. Myristoylation and palmitoylation of the N terminus of FCaBP are necessary for flagellar membrane targeting. Not all dually acylated proteins in T. cruzi are flagellar, however. Other determinants of FCaBP therefore likely contribute to flagellar specificity. We generated T. cruzi transfectants expressing the N-terminal 24 or 12 amino acids of FCaBP fused to GFP. Analysis of these mutants revealed that although amino acids 1–12 are sufficient for dual acylation and membrane binding, amino acids 13–24 are required for flagellar specificity and lipid raft association. Mutagenesis of several conserved lysine residues in the latter peptide demonstrated that these residues are essential for flagellar targeting and lipid raft association. Finally, FCaBP was expressed in the protozoan Leishmania amazonensis, which lacks FCaBP. The flagellar localization and membrane association of FCaBP in L. amazonensis suggest that the mechanisms for flagellar targeting, including a specific palmitoyl acyltransferase, are conserved in this organism.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of bis(2-(1-ethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)acetate) copper(II)

Abstract Ethylation of imidazole-4-acetate methyl ester affords 1-ethyl-1H-Imidazol-4-ylacetic acid methyl ester (1) and 1-ethyl-1H-Imidazol-5-ylacetic acid methyl ester (2) in a 3:1 ratio. Both 1 and 2 can be converted to their potassium carboxylate salts, 3 and 4, respectively. Reaction of 3 with CuCl2 in methanol yields [Cu(eia)2]·4MeOH (5·4MeOH) (eia− = 1-ethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)acetate). EPR measurement of 5 in methanol glass exhibits near axial symmetry with g⊥ (gx = 2.060, gy = 2.087) and g|| = gz = 2.293 with A||Cu = AzCu = 152 G, A⊥Cu~ 10 G, and AyN = 14 G. Accordingly, the structure of 5·4MeOH reveals Cu(II) in tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry with O, N coordination from eia− and elongated bonding (2.506 A) to methanol oxygens in the axial positions. An infinite 1-dimensional hydrogen bonding network involving methanol molecules is present. DFT studies have been carried out to assist in assignment of electronic transitions. Electrochemical studies on 5 in methanol and DMF reveal quasi-reversible redox behavior for the CuII/I couple while for MeCN a CuI/0 stripping process is seen.
Subpicosecond interconversion of buckled and symmetric dimers on Si(100)

Finite temperature molecular dynamics simulations provide the first theoretical evidence for subpicosecond dynamical behavior on a defect-free Si(100) surface; the instantaneous distribution of buckled and symmetric dimers is found to be ∼ 2: 3; buckled dimers rapidly interconvert with symmetric dimers, with the buckling direction alternating along a row; only symmetric dimers are observed on a time average; and we find that collective motion of ⩾ 5 Si layers is involved in the reconstruction. Thus, the observed surface structure should depend on experimental time scales.
Effects of nicotinic acid therapy on plasma lipoproteins and very low density lipoprotein apoprotein C subspecies in hyperlipoproteinemia.

The effects of long term treatment with nicotinic acid on lipids, lipoproteins, and the plasma distribution of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) apoprotein C (ApoC) subspecies were studied in 33 patients with types IIa (n = 9), lib (n = 11), and IV (n = 13) hyperlipidemias. After 6 months of treatment, a significant decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels occurred. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased significantly by 31.1%, 41.8%, and 32.0% in types Ila, lib, and IV, respectively (P < 0.01 for all). A significant negative correlation existed between changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (r = –0.613; P < 0.02) in all groups studied. Therapy also produced changes in VLDL, LDL, and HDL protein concentrations. VLDL protein decreased from 20.9 ± 3.9 to 15.2 ± 1.0 mg/dl (P < 0.05) in type Ila. In types lib and IV, mean VLDL protein decreased from 44.7 ± 8.2 to 27.1 ± 3.9 mg/dl (P < 0.001) and from 46.3 ± 7.1 to 30.6 ± 4.9 mg/dl...
Optimization of photon pair generation in dual-element PPKTP waveguide

A compact scheme for high-speed frequency doubling and down-conversion on a single dual-element PPKTP waveguide is investigated. Optimal temperature is achieved and photon pair coincidence is observed at over GHz repetition rate with pulsed pump input scheme.
An RNA Polymerase III-Dependent Heterochromatin Barrier at Fission Yeast Centromere 1

Heterochromatin formation involves the nucleation and spreading of structural and epigenetic features along the chromatin fiber. Chromatin barriers and associated proteins counteract the spreading of heterochromatin, thereby restricting it to specific regions of the genome. We have performed gene expression studies and chromatin immunoprecipitation on strains in which native centromere sequences have been mutated to study the mechanism by which a tRNAAlanine gene barrier (cen1 tDNAAla) blocks the spread of pericentromeric heterochromatin at the centromere of chromosome 1 (cen1) in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Within the centromere, barrier activity is a general property of tDNAs and, unlike previously characterized barriers, requires the association of both transcription factor IIIC and RNA Polymerase III. Although the cen1 tDNAAla gene is actively transcribed, barrier activity is independent of transcriptional orientation. These findings provide experimental evidence for the involvement of a fully assembled RNA polymerase III transcription complex in defining independent structural and functional domains at a eukaryotic centromere.
An open system for transparent firewall authentication and user traffic identification within corporate intranets

Classical firewalls provide network security by matching a network flow's 5-tuple information against user defined packet filters loaded into memory. In today's dynamic network environments where threats can be both outside and inside a network, it is not sufficient to simply identify the originator of a data packet by a source address and port pair. It is necessary to identify the user or entity responsible for the transmission.An open and vendor neutral authentication scheme inspired by the IPSEC Authentication Header is presented which allows for the creation of firewall packet filters based on user identity.
Resolution of pain and complete healing of mandibular osteoradionecrosis using pentoxifylline and tocopherol: a case report

The radiation-induced fibroatrophic process (RIF) is a time-dependent adverse sequela to high-dose radiotherapy that can result in irreversible tissue death and bone exposure in the irradiated tissue. Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a late effect of RIF, described as bony exposure present for more than 3 months that can occur in 20% of patients irradiated for head and neck cancer. The intractable characteristics of ORN make both management and resolution of the disease process challenging, with 25% of cases recurring despite aggressive treatment with resection and reconstruction of the necrotic bone. In this article, we present a case of a 66-year-old man with unevoked ORN of the left posterior lingual mandibular cortex that was successfully treated and resolved with 6 months of pentoxifylline 400 mg twice a day and tocopherol 1000 IU every day.
Stochastic reaction functions in 2 × 2 duopoly

Abstract A reaction function is a contingency plan that specifies how a firm will react to a move made by its competition. This includes the classical Cournot reaction function. Our stochastic reaction functions are the rules by which firms revise their prior distributions on their competitors' sets of actions. The asymptotic stability of a class of stochastic reaction functions is examined in this paper. It is shown that there exists a class of reaction functions that are either asymptotically stable in the Cournot-Nash sense or asymptotically Pareto optimal. Our analysis does not rely on differentiability and other assumptions traditionally imposed in the literature.
Decreased relative efficacy of the ketogenic diet for children with surgically approachable epilepsy

Summary Purpose In children with intractable, surgically approachable epilepsy, the ketogenic diet is often perceived as less efficacious than surgery. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of 554 children started on the ketogenic diet since 1994. Forty-five children were identified as surgical candidates, with at least 2 focal routine EEGs, ictal video-EEG, and corresponding focal neuroimaging findings, of whom 24 eventually had resective surgery and were followed subsequently. A comparison cohort group was also created of 45 children matched for age and seizure frequency that received the diet but were not surgical candidates (multifocal or generalized seizures). Results Of the 24 children who received both dietary and surgical therapies, there was a higher likelihood after 6 months of both >90% seizure reduction (71% versus 17%) and seizure freedom (63% versus 0%) following surgery, both p p =0.041) and remained on the diet for shorter duration (10 months versus 18 months, p =0.035) compared to the surgical group. Conclusion Children with surgically approachable epilepsy do respond to the diet, but are more likely to be seizure-free following surgery.
Colonoscopy in patients with a primary family history of colon cancer.

Patients with a primary family history of colon cancer were recommended to have full colonoscopy for screening. The results of 125 such patients who also were asymptomatic, had no prior history of neoplasms, and had negative fecal occult blood, showed 15 patients (12 percent) with neoplasms. Only 6 (5.2 percent) had neoplasms that were detectable only by colonoscopy (i.e.,above 55 cm). These results suggest that colonoscopy may not be necessary to screen patients with a primary history of colon cancer.
On 3-Edge-Connected Supereulerian Graphs

The supereulerian graph problem, raised by Boesch et al. (J Graph Theory 1:79–84, 1977), asks when a graph has a spanning eulerian subgraph. Pulleyblank showed that such a decision problem, even when restricted to planar graphs, is NP-complete. Jaeger and Catlin independently showed that every 4-edge-connected graph has a spanning eulerian subgraph. In 1992, Zhan showed that every 3-edge-connected, essentially 7-edge-connected graph has a spanning eulerian subgraph. It was conjectured in 1995 that every 3-edge-connected, essentially 5-edge-connected graph has a spanning eulerian subgraph. In this paper, we show that if G is a 3-edge-connected, essentially 4-edge-connected graph and if for every pair of adjacent vertices u and v, d G (u) + d G (v) ≥ 9, then G has a spanning eulerian subgraph.
Glucoregulatory feeding in cats.

Abstract A fourfold increase in food intake was observed after IP injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (50 and 100 mg/kg) in domestic cats. A dose of 200 mg/kg was less effective, and the animals appeared sick. Cats also increased food intake after insulin injection and food deprivation, indicating that they have glucoprivic and short term controls of feeding similar to rats and many other mammals.
Acceptable regret in medical decision making

When faced with medical decisions involving uncertain outcomes, the principles of decision theory hold that we should select the option with the highest expected utility to maximize health over time. Whether a decision proves right or wrong can be learned only in retrospect, when it may become apparent that another course of action would have been preferable. This realization may bring a sense of loss, or regret. When anticipated regret is compelling, a decision maker may choose to violate expected utility theory to avoid regret. We formulate a concept of acceptable regret in medical decision making that explicitly introduces the patient's attitude toward loss of health due to a mistaken decision into decision making. In most cases, minimizing expected regret results in the same decision as maximizing expected utility. However, when acceptable regret is taken into consideration, the threshold probability below which we can comfortably withhold treatment is a function only of the net benefit of the treatment, and the threshold probability above which we can comfortably administer the treatment depends only on the magnitude of the risks associated with the therapy. By considering acceptable regret, we develop new conceptual relations that can help decide whether treatment should be withheld or administered, especially when the diagnosis is uncertain. This may be particularly beneficial in deciding what constitutes futile medical care.
The effects of progressive tool wear and tool restricted contact on chip breakability in machining

Abstract Chip breakability plays an essential role in automated machining systems. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effects of progressive tool wear and the resulting formation of the tool restricted contact on chip breakability in a turning operation. Six parameters of tool wear, namely, major flank wear (VB), crater wear depth (KT), crater wear length (KK), crater wear width (KB), wear retract of cutting edge (KS) and nose wear (N), are shown to contribute to the variations of chip breakability with tool wear progression. The results show that the chip breakability varies significantly with tool wear progression, especially with the combined crater and flank wear progression, and contributes to the development of a restricted rake face land, making the tool behave like a restricted contact grooved tool. The chip curling and breaking action is largely influenced by the nature and magnitude of the restricted contact and the groove profile being developed on the tool face. The results presented in this paper are also intended to provide guidelines for designing effective chip grooves on the tool face.
Brain cationic ATPase activities in epileptic (El) mice.

Abstract Total, Mg 2+ -, Na + ,K + -, and Ca 2+ -ATPase activities were studied in fresh brain membrane preparations from adult epileptic ( El ) mice and nonepileptic C57BL 6J (B6) mice. The El mice have an inherited type of temporal lobe epilepsy. No significant differences were observed between the El and B6 mice for any of the ATPase activities in the hippocampus, brain stem, or cerebellum. These findings indicate that seizure susceptibility in El mice is not associated with differences in the activities of these cationic ATPase and that seizure susceptibility in El mice and audiogenic DBA 2 mice may involve different biochemical mechanisms.
Long-term growth after hypophyseal stalk transection and hypophysectomy of beef calves.

Hypothalamic hormones regulate episodic and basal secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland that affect metabolism and growth in cattle. This study focused on long-term growth in young calves subjected to hypophysectomy (HYPOX), hypophyseal stalk transection (HST), and sham operation control (SOC). Cross-bred (Hereford x Aberdeen Angus) and Hereford, and Aberdeen Angus calves were HYPOX (n = 5), HST (n = 5), or SOC (n = 8) at 146 ± 2 days of age, whereas another group was HST (n = 5) or SOC (n= 7) at 273 ± 5 days of age. Body weight was determined every 21 days from birth to 1008 days of age. Anterior vena cava blood was withdrawn at 4-day intervals from day 64–360 for RIA of GH, TSH, T4, T3, and LH, and at 20-min intervals for 480 min to determine episodic hormone secretion. Daily feed intake was determined in HST and SOC calves during an 80-day period. Birth weight averaged 35 ± 1 kg (± se) and was 142 ± 4 kg at 126 days and 208 ± 8 kg at 252 days before surgery. From day 146-1008, growth ...
Donation after cardiac death: the potential contribution of an infant organ donor population

Objective To determine the percentage of deaths in level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) settings that theoretically would have been eligible for donation after cardiac death (DCD), as well as the percentage of these who would have been potential DCD candidates based on warm ischemic time. Study design We conducted a retrospective study of all deaths in 3 Harvard Program in Neonatology NICUs between 2005 and 2007. Eligible donors were identified based on criteria developed with our transplantation surgeons and our local organ procurement organization. Potential candidates for DCD were then identified based on an acceptable warm ischemic time. Results Of the 192 deaths that occurred during the study period, 161 were excluded, leaving 31 theoretically eligible donors. Of these, 16 patients had a warm ischemic time of Conclusions Eight percent of NICU mortalities were potential candidates for DCD. Based on the size of the potential donor pool, establishing an infant DCD protocol for level III NICUs should be considered.
Temperature-dependent defect density measurements in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Electron spin resonance measurements of thermal equilibrium spin density as a function of temperature are reported for a series of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) specimens. The room-temperature spin density of the specimens varied between 3 × 10 15 and 2 × 10 17 cm −3 . Above 200°C the spind density was activated; the average activation energy was 0.30 eV with a standard deviation of 0.03 eV. Spin densities were measured both in situ and by quenching from elevated temperature, and the differences between the two techniques are reported. Several models for the activation energy was discussed.
Isolation and characterization of hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies directed against the structural proteins of sindbis virus

Abstract Eleven different hybridoma cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies directed against the three Sindbis virus structural proteins, (capsid, E1, and E2) have been isolated by fusing spleen cells from Sindbis virus immunized BALB/c mice with the mouse myeloma cell line SP2/0-Ag14. The initial screening for antibody-producer hybridomas was carried out with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) that could detect as little as 10 ng antigen and 2.5 μg hybridoma antibody. The antibodies were characterized further by radioimmune precipitation with [ 35 S]methionine-labeled viral antigens, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by isoelectric focusing of [ 35 S]methionine-labeled hybridoma antibodies. Antibody class and subclass was determined by solid phase radioimmune assay. Of the 11 clones analyzed, 2 produced anti-El IgG, 1 made an anti-E2 IgG, 3 produced anti-capsid IgG, and 3 formed anti-capsid Ighl antibodies. One clone made an IgG that reacted with intact virus but not with any of the isolated proteins, and one clone produced an Ighl that reacted with all three virus proteins as well as bovine serum albumin.
Current General Trends in Beowulf Studies

This overview of late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century literary criticism charts the kinds of on-going approaches diverse readers bring to the Old English masterpiece – approaches likely to be mainstays into the near future. The post-structuralist Beowulf has many faces: there is the archaic Beowulf, containing a dramatized social world from an anthropologically remote time and place; the feminist Beowulf, where the center of contention is over the marginality or not of female figures; the psychological Beowulf, replete with one dynamic or another of the unconscious or of the projected, monstrous Other, which in turn yields a monster-studies Beowulf. We also have the oral-traditional Beowulf with its political and ethnogenetic implications, the moral Beowulf, the comical Beowulf, and finally the dragon-inhabited Beowulf. Dozens of studies have been organized to illuminate these categories, while the survey ends on suggestions that the poem may in fact be formed deeply according to some arithmetical or geometrical scheme.
Antidepressants cause foot detachment from substrate in five species of marine snail

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are released into aquatic ecosystems through discharged sewage wastewater. Antidepressants are among those APIs often detected in wastewater effluent and have been recently reported to cause foot detachment from the substrate in freshwater snails. We tested the effects of four commonly prescribed antidepressants {fluoxetine ("Prozac"), fluvoxamine ("Luvox"), venlafaxine ("Effexor"), and citalopram ("Celexa") on adhesion to the substrate in five species of marine snails, three from the Pacific coast (Chlorostoma funebralis, Nucella ostrina, Urosalpinx cinerea) and two species from the Atlantic coast (Tegula fasciatus and Lithopoma americanum) of North America representing three different gastropod families. All antidepressants tested induced foot detachment from the substrate in all snail species in a mainly dose-dependent manner (p < 0.04-0.00000001). The lowest LOECs (lowest observed effect concentration) for antidepressants and snails were recorded for Lithopoma in 43.4 μg/L (100 nM) fluvoxamine and Chlorostoma in 157 μg/L (500 nM) venlafaxine and 217 μg/L (500 nM) fluvoxamine. The trochids and turbinids were 2-10× more sensitive to the antidepressants than the muricids. Latency to detachment was also dose dependent, with the fastest average times to detach seen in Chlorostoma and Lithopoma (7.33 and 13.16 min respectively in 3.13 mg/L venlafaxine). The possible physiological mechanisms regulating antidepressant-induced foot detachment in marine snails and the possible ecological consequences are discussed.
Functionalization of mesostructured inorganic–organic and porous inorganic materials

Abstract The capability to functionalize the interior channels and/or high internal surface areas of mesostructured inorganic–organic or porous inorganic solids with specific organic or inorganic moieties has dramatically expanded the potential applications for these versatile materials in catalysis, separations, optical and opto-electronic devices, drug delivery, sensors, and energy conversion. Key to the widespread application of these materials are the various synthetic schemes that have been developed to provide control over the types of species incorporated and, more importantly, their distributions within the mesostructured hosts. Furthermore, multiple active species can often be independently incorporated and collectively optimized to yield multifunctional properties that widen application prospects. Several recent developments and examples in this rapidly growing field of materials chemistry and engineering are highlighted and discussed.
Furnace and laser methods of bonding metals to ceramics: Interface investigation

Abstract Furnace and laser methods of direct bonding copper to industrial alumina in nearly inert atmospheres are investigated. Of specific interest is the interface and its characterization. Lasers of different wavelengths are employed to heat the metal component for a sufficient time to create a metal–metal oxide eutectic melt at the metal–ceramic interface. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy are used to investigate metal–ceramic interfaces. Samples heated in a furnace and by laser beam were found to have a diffuse metal ceramic interface. The electron diffraction patterns indicate the phase at the interface (Cu/α-Al 2 O 3 ) is cubic with the CuAl 2 O 4 crystallographic structure. Samples heated by an excimer laser have a nano-sized grain structure in the top copper layer.
The coordination chemistry of scandium

D E F. G Introductron Complexes wrth oxygen donor hgands (1) Neutral oxygen donor hgands (it) @-Drketonates (tn) Carbovyiates (IV) Alcohoiates (v) Hydrovoscandates Complexes wrth mtrogen donor hgands (I) Ammoma (II) Primary, secondary and terttary ammes Complexes wrth mtrogen and oxygen donor hgands Hahde complexes Mnceilaneous compIexcs Summary References 133 I34 134 137 I 39 i40 141 143 143 144 148 150 I.53 154 155
Reliability of radiographic evaluation for acromial morphology

Objetive. Bigliani’s classification system of acromial morphology utilizing the standard outlet radiograph has become in accepted method for evaluating patients with rotator cuff disease. This study evaluates the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of Bigliani’s classification system using observers at various levels of training. Patients and design. Supraspinatus outlet view radiographs of 40 patients (aged 18–78 years) with shoulder pain were reviewed twice, 4 months apart, in a masked protocol by six reviewers, including two attending (fellowship-trained) shoulder surgeons, an attending musculoskeletal radiologist, an orthopedic surgery sports fellow, and two orthopedic residents (PGY-2 and PGY-5). The reviewers were given standard diagrams of the Bigliani classification system and were asked to classify each film as a type I, II, or III acromion. Interobserver reliability and intraobserver repeatability values were calculated using kappa statistic analysis (0–0.2 slight, 0.21–0.4 fair, 0.41–0.6 moderate, 0.61–0.8 substantial, and 0.8–1.0 excellent). Results and conclusion. For each of the two readings, all six observers agreed only 18% of the time. Kappa values for pairwise comparison of interobserver reliability among the six observers ranged from 0.01 to 0.75 (mean 0.35), and intraobserver repeatability ranged from 0.26 (PGY-5 resident) to 0.80 (fellowship-trained surgeon), with a mean of 0.55. Intraobserver repeatability was not significantly different for the different levels of expertise. More definitive criteria are needed to distinguish and classify the acromion.
Bridging traditional and object technologies: creating transitional applications

Object technology is a well-known advance for developing software that is receiving a great deal of attention. Unfortunately, the educational investment required and the additional complexity introduced by most tools that support this technology have dampened its rate of adoption by many enterprise developers. To bridge this skills and technology gap, development tool strategies are presented that encourage a more evolutionary approach, easing the transition. Rather than requiring totally new skills and tools, these strategies take advantage of the strengths and familiarity of traditional facilities—they hide much of the raw technological complexities and yet exploit the strengths of object technology by supporting the creation of transitional applications. The strategies described fall into two categories: bridging between the traditional and object worlds, and masking the complexities of object technology by exploiting higher-level rapid application development techniques.
Parameters Associated with Fabrication of an Improved Direct Negative and Plate: Methods and Measurements.

Parameters Associated with Fabrication of an Improved Direct Negativeand Plate: Methods and Measurements.K.S.Pennington, E.Simonyi, J.Hoekstra, M.Desai, A.AfzaliIBM Thomas J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, N.Y. 10598ABSTRACT:The Direct Negative /Direct Plate technology employs electro- erosion printing techniques to directly generate negatives and offsetprinting plates suitable for use in many printing and publishing applications. Recently we have been developing materials which yieldfunctional characteristics which are considerably improved over the first product (IBM electroNeg) to use this process. The physicalparameters that govern the suitability of materials for use in the demanding environment of both electro- erosion printing and offsetprinting is discussed and some results and techniques for measuring these parameters described.INTRODUCTIONThe basic principles of electro- erosion printing and the physical and materials requirements for direct generation of printing negativesand offset plates with this technology have been described elsewhere, (1 -4). Likewise, some of the major physical and chemical ob-
Distinguishing Affective and Non‐Affective Reactions to Daily Events

The study of daily events has been dominated by a focus on affective reactions to daily events. Although informative, this research needs to be complemented by research on non-affective and cognitive reactions to events. Although daily events are certainly related to how people feel, they are also related to how people think, particularly about themselves. The present article presents the results of a series of studies examining relationships between daily events and both affective and non-affective states. These results suggest that although affective and non-affective reactions to daily events may covary (e.g., when people feel badly, they may think more poorly about themselves and vice versa), this covariation is not perfect. Non-affective states covary with daily events above and beyond the covariation between events and affect, and affective states covary with events above and beyond the covariation between events and non-affective states.
Alcohol and cancer incidence in women.

Introduction: Numerous epidemiological studies have investigated the role of alcohol in the development of cancer. In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there is suffi cient evidence that alcohol causes cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, colorectum, liver, and female breast [1]. With the exception of studies evaluating the role of alcohol in the development of breast cancer, most of these studies have been in men with high intakes of alcohol.
Understanding the link between anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation and behaviors in outpatients with bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background: Prior studies suggest an association between anxiety comorbidity and suicidal ideation and behaviors in bipolar disorder. However, the nature of this association remains unclear. Methods: We examined a range of anxiety symptoms, including panic, phobic avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, worry and fear of negative evaluation, in 98 patients with bipolar disorder. We predicted that each anxiety dimension would be linked to greater suicidal ideation and behavior as measured by Linehan's Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire (SBQ), greater depressive rumination, and poorer emotional processing and expression. Results: Each anxiety dimension except fear of negative evaluation was associated with greater SBQ score, greater rumination, and lower levels of emotional processing in univariate analyses. Depressive rumination was a significant predictor of higher SBQ scores in a stepwise multivariate model controlling for age, gender, bipolar subtype, and bipolar recovery status; the association between the anxiety symptom dimensions and SBQ score was found to be redundant with depressive rumination. Emotional processing emerged as protective against suicidal ideation and behaviors in men only, while emotional expression was a significant predictor of lower SBQ scores for women and for the full sample; however, emotional expression was not significantly correlated with anxiety symptoms. Confirmatory analyses examining only those in recovery or recovered (n = 68) indicated that the link between rumination and suicidality was not explained by depression. Limitations: Interpretation is limited by the cross-sectional study design. Conclusions: These findings indicate that increased ruminations may mediate the association between anxiety and suicidal ideation/behavior. In men, lower emotional processing may also play a role in this relationship.