cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political psychiatry: a post-Watergate perspective or the revolution of falling expectations.

The social contract is a concept equally vital to philosophy and psychology in terms more relevant to this presentation, to politics and psychiatry. From the Hobbesian point of view, the contract has to do with the rights and responsibilities of different components and classes of society vis a vis one another. From the psychodynamic point of view, the social contract has to do with the way individuals relate to each other. Common to both perspectives is the implicit recognition that certain rules will be followed and that penalties will ensue when they are not, or, at the very least, that the prospect of penality will serve as a deterrent. These two notions of social contract converge in the actual regulation of our individual and collective behavior. Governance is impossible without trust in either the rules (more commonly known as the law, or the rule of law) or the people who administer them, whether parent, judge, or senator. Laws that are accepted and a corresponding "care that those laws are failfully executed" both are necessary to a good and just society. Perhaps I can demonstrate these concepts by paraphrasing the nobel Prize winning Japanese novelist who used as a title of his prize winning novel, The Sound of the Mountain. The tearing of the social fabric is the sound of loss of trust in our government, governors, and governance. If that trust is lost, it is but a step to loss of faith in self. For me, the test of these envolving concepts is their usefulness in predicting or at least in coping with the near future. To re-establish trust is our major task. My view may be too narrow and parochial, but I think it is more than coincidental that two of the groups under severest attack as untrustworthy are politicians and psychiatrists. The response of these two groups have some dramatic and meaningful similarities. In politics or, at least, in campaign rhetoric we are seeing fewer promises and more candor; mor emphasis on truthfulness, personal integrity, and character and fewer offers to solve difficult problems. In psychiatry, and somewhat in psychology and the other behavioral and social sciences, we see a demand to reduce the role of scope of the profession, particularly in dealing with "social issues," such as poverty and racism, which commentators and critics consider to be outside the proper sphere of competence and propriety. As a political psychiatrist, I am deeply concerned. In order to avoid the pitfalls of over-promising, we are overreacting; we are movinginto a trap that combines anti-intellectualism and anti-idealism. It can be summarized briefly in what I would call "the revolution of falling expectations." This is wrong. I protest. At the risk of being accused of hubris and hutzpah, I feel that nothing less than the best intellectual capacities and abilities and the deepest and widest experience are needed to deal with our problems in both politics and psychiatry...
Subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit following an aneurysm coiling procedure

Purpose To report a case of subperiosteal hematoma formation following endovascular stenting and coiling of an arterial aneurysm. Design Observational case report. Methods A 51-year-old woman presented with complaints of sudden proptosis, ptosis, and severe orbital pain following endovascular stent placement and coiling procedure of an internal carotid artery aneurysm. The patient did not have a history of recent head trauma. Results Magnetic resonance imaging showed a superior subperiosteal hematoma of the left orbit with downward displacement of the left superior rectus muscle. No intervention was taken, and the patient was closely monitored. Her symptoms resolved after 4 weeks. Spontaneous subperiosteal hematoma in the absence of trauma is rare. Conclusions This is the first reported case of subperiosteal hematoma formation following endovascular stenting and coiling of an arterial aneurysm, which may have been the manifestation of anticoagulation and changes in orbital hemodynamics during and after the procedure.
Dissolved Fe in the upper waters of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean

The concentration of dissolved Fe was determined in upper ocean waters along 170 degreesW between 53 and 72 degreesS during four cruises between October 1997 and March 1998 as part of the US-JGOFS Southern Ocean Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone cruises. Fe concentrations were extremely variable in both space and time as a result of advection of meso-scale eddys through the region. Observed values ranged from a maximum of 0.34 nM at 64 degreesS in November next to the retreating ice-edge to 0.075 nM in March at 71 degreesS in the northern Ross Sea gyre. In general, the highest average mixed-layer Fe concentrations and the largest seasonal changes were observed in the two frontal zones at similar to 60 degreesS and similar to 64 degreesS. Formation of deep mixed layers during winter and the entrainment of sub-surface waters enriched in Fe is the primary source of this element to surface waters in this region of the Southern Ocean. Additionally, upwelling of circumpolar deep water in the circumpolar current along its northern boundary at the Polar Front and its southern boundary at the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front is an important mechanism supplying Fe to surface waters in these areas throughout the summer. Comparison of integrated Fe concentrations and Th-derived POC export and N drawdown all suggest that the maximum changes in these properties are comparable to those that would be predicted by Fe availability. Fe concentrations determined by shipboard Flow Injection Analysis (Measures et al., Mar. Chem. 50 (1995) 3) were significantly higher than those found in replicate samples determined by shored based flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry after preconcentration by chelation-solvent extraction (Johnson et al., Mar. Chem. 57 (1997) 137). The concentration differences, which appear to be restricted to the upper 200-300 m, do not appear to arise from different sampling or handling processes but instead are believed to result from the different sensitivity of the methods to organic fractions of Fe in seawater. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electron collisions with nitrous oxide

We have carried out theoretical studies of low-energy elastic electron collisions with nitrous oxide (N2O), obtaining differential, integral, and momentum-transfer cross sections. Polarization effects are incorporated in the electron-molecule scattering dynamics. A simple, objective, and physically motivated criterion is introduced for constructing a compact set of configurations that accurately accounts for polarization in resonant symmetries while avoiding overcorrelation. Our cross sections are in generally good agreement with experiment and with earlier high-level calculations, and most differences are readily understood. However, certain discrepancies between the calculated and measured differential cross sections remain puzzling.
Back to the basics: Regular exercise matters in Parkinson's disease: Results from the National Parkinson Foundation QII Registry study

Background: There is a substantial interest in the impact of exercise on reduction of disability and rate of progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: The primary aim was to describe exercise habits of PD patients and factors associated with greater levels of exercise. The secondary aim was to explore whether regular exercise is associated with a slower decline of function, disease-related quality of life, and caregiver burden. Methods: The National Parkinson's Foundation (NPF) QII Registry data was used to analyze variables that correlate with levels of exercise in PD patients across disease severity. Subjects were categorized into three groups: non-exercisers (0 min/week), low exercisers (1e150 min/week), and regular exercisers (>150 min/week). Health related outcomes, disease metrics, and demographic factors associated with exercise were examined using bivariate analyses. Multiple regression models controlled for disease duration, severity, and cognitive function. An exploratory analysis was completed on the association of baseline level of exercise with health outcomes at one year follow up. Results: 4866 subjects were included in the baseline analysis and 2252 subjects who had second visits were included in the longitudinal data. Regular exercisers at baseline were associated with better QOL, mobility, and physical function, less progression of disease, less caregiver burden and less cognitive decline one year later, after controlling for demographic and disease severity variables. Conclusions: This study provides important preliminary evidence of the beneficial effects of regular exercise in a large PD cohort. Longitudinal studies will be essential to confirm findings.
Relationship between HIV stigma and self-isolation among people living with HIV in Tennessee.

IntroductionHIV stigma is a contributing factor to poor patient outcomes. Although HIV stigma has been documented, its impact on patient well-being in the southern US is not well understood. MethodsThirty-two adults participated in cognitive interviews after completing the Berger HIV or the Van Rie stigma scale. Participant responses were probed to ensure the scales accurately measured stigma and to assess the impact stigma had on behavior. ResultsThree main themes emerged regarding HIV stigma: (1) negative attitudes, fear of contagion, and misperceptions about transmission; (2) acts of discrimination by families, friends, health care providers, and within the workplace; and (3) participants’ use of self-isolation as a coping mechanism. Overwhelming reluctance to disclose a person’s HIV status made identifying enacted stigma with a quantitative scale difficult. DiscussionFear of discrimination resulted in participants isolating themselves from friends or experiences to avoid disclosure. Participant unwillingness to disclose their HIV status to friends and family could lead to an underestimation of enacted HIV stigma in quantitative scales.
On the interaction between equilibration processes and wet or dry deposition

Abstract Atmospheric equilibration processes between two phases with different deposition velocities have the potential to affect significantly the amount of total material deposited on the ground. The magnitude of the effects of the equilibration processes depends primarily on the ratio of the deposition velocities of the two phases, on the production/emission rate of the gas phase species, and on the initial distribution of species between the two phases. The deposition of a condensible species equilibrating between gas and aerosol phases can increase by as much as 20 times over that when equilibration processes are not present under appropriate conditions (very large aerosol particles, most of the material initially in the gas phase and high gas-phase production rate) or to decrease by as much as 15 times (very small aerosol particles, most of the material initially in the gas phase and high gas-phase production rate). In fog episodes, the deposition of a gaseous species with a Henry's Law constant between 10 3 and 10 6 M atm −1 (e.g. SO 2 for pH between 4.5 and 7, H 2 O 2 , HCHO etc) can be enhanced by as much as a factor of 3 because of its transfer to the aqueous phase. For the NH 3 HNO 3 NH 4 NO 3 system the total deposition can be reduced by as much as a factor of 3 for typical conditions in a polluted atmosphere and small initial concentration of aerosol NH 4 NO 3 with NH 3 initially dominating HNO 3 in the gas phase. If an operator splitting scheme is used in a mathematical both equilibration and removal processes should be included in the same operator or very small operator time steps (typically less than 1 min) will be necessary.
Rodent‐limited establishment of bush lupine: field experiments on the cumulative effect of granivory

Summary 1 Plants often suffer substantial loss of seeds to consumers. However, because the seed-to-seedling transition is frequently ignored, quantitative estimates of the effects of seed consumers on plant population dynamics are rare. 2 We examined how post-dispersal seed predation by rodents affected seedling emergence and subsequent adult plant abundance of bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), a large N-fixing shrub common to coastal dunes in California. We monitored patterns of seedling emergence and survival over 3 years for seeds sown into exclosed and control plots. 3 We sowed additional cohorts of seeds in the second and third years and compared interannual variation in emergence patterns. 4 Rodent exclusion substantially reduced seedling emergence, with an average of 109 seedlings emerging over 3 years from 476 seeds sown in rodent exclusion plots vs. 26 from control plots. The intensity of granivory, however, varied between years, with rodent exclusion increasing emergence from seeds sown in year one, but not in year two. 5 Winter seedling mortality, due to cutworm herbivory, was similarly high in rodent-free and control plots, and its net impact was to reduce the difference in seedling abundance. Thus, by mid-summer in each of the three years, there were only marginally more seedlings in rodent-excluded vs. control plots. 6 The cumulative effect of protecting seeds, was, however, large. After 3 years, an average of four adult lupines were established in rodent-free plots, whereas only 0.5 were found in control plots and lupine biomass was more than 5-fold higher in exclusion plots. 7 Taken together, the results indicate that rodents play a critical role by limiting the abundance and biomass of a large N-fixing shrub in dunes.
Hearts and blood vessels of mice receiving cortisone and estrogens

Mice received cortisone alone or concurrently with injections of estrone or diethylstilbestrol. Cortisone alone produced a high incidence of myocardial necrosis and abscesses in hearts, livers, lungs and kidneys. Staining and culture methods showed bacteria in these abscesses. The same technics failed to show infections in the mice receiving estrogen. Unrelated to other lesions the ventricular myocardium and walls of coronary arteries often contained accumulations of fat. Following concurrent injections of cortisone and an estrogen (estrone or diethylstilbestrol) the incidence of medial hyalinization of coronary arteries was 90%–98%. Edema, hemorrhage and hyalinization were observed in the aorta. In the cortisone plus estrogen groups such mural lesions of vessels developed in the absence of bacterial infection as studied by the above methods. The same was true when such infections were prevented by penicillin. The incidence of inflammatory lesions was less in mice receiving both cortisone and estrogen than in the cortisone (alone) group. Frequency of cortisone-induced myocardial necrosis and accumulation of myocardial fat were not altered by the estrogens.
Examining the Role of Effective Population Size on Mitochondrial and Multilocus Divergence Time Discordance in a Songbird

Estimates of speciation times are subject to a number of potential errors. One source of bias is that effective population size (Ne) has been shown to influence substitution rates. This issue is of particular interest for phylogeographic studies because population sizes can vary dramatically among genetically structured populations across species’ ranges. In this study, we used multilocus data to examine temporal phylogeographic patterns in a widespread North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Species tree estimation indicated that the phylogeographic structure of C. cardinalis was comprised of four well-supported mainland lineages with large population sizes (large Ne) and two island lineages comprised of much smaller populations (small Ne). We inferred speciation times from mtDNA and multilocus data and found there was discordance between events that represented island-mainland divergences, whereas both estimates were similar for divergences among mainland lineages. We performed coalescent simulations and found that the difference in speciation times could be attributed to stochasticity for a recently diverged island lineage. However, the magnitude of the change between speciation times estimated from mtDNA and multilocus data of an older island lineage was substantially greater than predicted by coalescent simulations. For this divergence, we found the discordance in time estimates was due to a substantial increase in the mtDNA substitution rate in the small island population. These findings indicate that in phylogeographic studies the relative tempo of evolution between mtDNA and nuclear DNA can become highly discordant in small populations.
Nonpharmacologic therapies that reduce blood pressure: A fresh perspective

Traditional approaches to control the epidemic of blood pressure-related atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) have largely focused on drug therapy in persons with hypertension. Still, nonpharmacologic therapy, also termed lifestyle modification, has an important and expanding role that complements drug therapy. Specifically, nonpharmacologic therapies can serve as initial therapy in Stage 1 hypertensive patients, facilitate medication step down or withdrawal in patients with well-controlled hypertension, prevent hypertension in high-risk populations, and reduce blood pressure in normotensive individuals and thereby lower their risk of ASCVD. Traditional lifestyle modifications that reduce blood pressure include sodium reduction, weight loss, moderation of alcohol intake, and increased physical activity. Such strategies have been prominently advocated in the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Recommendations to increase potassium, magnesium, and calcium intake were based primarily on general health considerations, not for control of high blood pressure. In its sixth and most recent report (JNC VI) published in 1997, the Joint National Committee has extended its recommendations. In addition to the traditional lifestyle recommendations, the JNC VI advocates increased potassium intake for control of high blood pressure. Furthermore, this policy-making body now recommends a healthy dietary pattern, that is, one that is rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol. This diet, which was rigorously evaluated in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) clinical trial, substantially lowered blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. These recent developments reinforce the hypothesis that multiple dietary factors influence blood pressure. Nonpharmacologic approaches have enormous potential as a means to reduce blood pressure and control hypertension, thereby preventing the occurrence of ASCVD. The current challenge to health care providers, government officials, and the general public is to develop and implement effective clinical and public health strategies that lead to desirable lifestyle modifications.
U2-U6 RNA folding reveals a group II intron-like domain and a four-helix junction

Intron removal in nuclear precursor mRNA is catalyzed through two transesterification reactions by a multi-megaDalton ribonucleoprotein machine called the spliceosome. A complex between U2 and U6 small nuclear RNAs is a core component of the spliceosome. Here we present an NMR structural analysis of a protein-free U2-U6 complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The observed folding of the U2-U6 complex is a four-helix junction, in which the catalytically important AGC triad base-pairs only within U6 and not with U2. The base-pairing of the AGC triad extends the U6 intramolecular stem-loop (U6 ISL), and the NMR structure of this extended U6 ISL reveals structural similarities with domain 5 of group II self-splicing introns. The observed conformation of the four-helix junction could be relevant to the first, but not the second, step of splicing and may help to position the U6 ISL adjacent to the 5' splice site.
Crack-Like Sources of Dislocation Nucleation and Multiplication in Thin Films

With the combination of the height sensitivity of atomic force microscopy and the strain sensitivity of transmission electron microscopy, it is shown that near singular stress concentrations can develop naturally in strained epitaxial films. These crack-like instabilities are identified as the sources of dislocation nucleation and multiplication in films of high misfit. This link between morphological instability and dislocation nucleation provides a method for studying the basic micromechanisms that determine the strength and mechanical properties of materials.
SAS-STABLE: Stability Analyses of Balanced and Unbalanced Data

Stability concept is often used to analyze genotype x environment interaction (G x E), by partitioning G x E variance into stability variance components for each genotype. A significant stability variance for a particular genotype indicates lack of stability. An existing computer program (STABLE) calculates the yield-stability (YS i ) statistic for balanced data sets only. Therefore, we developed a program (SAS-STABLE) that calculates stability variances for balanced as well as unbalanced data sets and is based on the restricted maximum likelihood method. Data may be stored in SAS files or other files that can be retrieved by SAS commands and statements used for data management. This program is for the Windows version of SAS for IBM-PC compatible computers; a mainframe version is also available. Variance components are solved by iterating on some starting values. Prior knowledge of the values of variances would reduce number of iterations to reach convergence and save execution time. SAS-STABLE can easily incorporate one or more covariates into the model and remove their effects from G x E variances for each genotype. Variances are tested based on the hypothesis H 0 : σ 2 = 0, assuming normal distribution.
Modulation of hematopoietic and endothelial cell differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells by different culture conditions.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate into many different somatic cells in culture. To better correlate hematopoietic and endothelial cell differentiation of ES cells in currently available protocols, we compared fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1)–, stem cell leukemia (Scl)–, and vascular endothelial–cadherin (VE-cadherin)–expressing cells generated in embryoid bodies (EBs) and on OP9 cells. We report that the kinetics of Scl and Flk-1 expression were similar in EBs and OP9 cells, although Flk-1 expression was extended on OP9 cells. CD45+ and Ter-119+ cells developed more efficiently in EBs, whereas VE-cadherin+ cells developed largely on OP9 cells. Cell sorting and replating studies showed that Scl+ cells, not Flk-1+ or VE-cadherin+ cells, were enriched for primitive and definitive hematopoietic progenitors. Our studies indicate that optimal hematopoietic and endothelial cell differentiation occur in EBs and on OP9 cells, respectively. Regardless of the culture systems used, Scl is the most relevant marker for enriching primitive and definitive hematopoietic progenitors.
The impact of socio-economic accounting statements on the investment decision: An empirical study

Abstract In this experiment, alternative disclosures of socio-economic accounting information, namely the abatement costs of pollution, were investigated as accounting techniques which may influence the investment decision of potential users. The theoretical rationale stemming from the linguistic relativity paradigm in accounting was that in general the accounting techniques may tend to facilitate or render more difficult various (nonlinguistic) managerial behaviors on the part of the users, and that in this particular context the investment decision effects from different professional groups using alternative socio-economic information will be different. The findings attest to the general relevance of socio-economic accounting information for the bankers under any investment strategy, and for the accountants only under an investment strategy focusing on capital gains.
A step forward for restless legs syndrome.

Two genome-wide association studies report three loci predisposing to restless legs syndrome, a common sleep disorder also associated with periodic limb movements during sleep. The identified variants account for a large portion of population-attributable risk in individuals of European ancestry and may preferentially affect various symptoms of the disorder.
Kinematic modeling of quasistatic errors of three-axis machining centers

Abstract Quasistatic error sources, which include thermal, mechanical loading and geometric error sources, are responsible for a very large proportion (typically, 70%) of the volumetric errors of a numerically controlled machine-tool. This paper, the first in a set of three, discusses the development of a very general model for the effects of geometric errors of the components of the kinematic chain (structural members and axes) of a machine on the volumetric errors in the work space. The effects of the other two sources are modeled as changes in the geometric error. The generality of the model arises from the fact that the errors along an axis of the machine can be characterized by any polynomial functions and the model is recursive in the order of these polynomials. This model can be used as the basis of a compensation scheme as well as in budgeting of errors on a machine-tool.
Diagnosis and referral delay in women with Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Gender differences in Parkinson's disease may be attributable to biological and environmental factors as well as health care–seeking behaviors and diagnosis bias. Objective The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether there are gender discrepancies in diagnosis and time to present to a movement disorder specialist, and to assess whether clinical and referral factors account for these differences. Methods We report data on diagnosis, health care–seeking patterns, and clinical features in men and women with early Parkinson's disease treated at a tertiary care center. Results A total of 109 patients with Parkinson's disease (53 women and 56 men; median age at onset, 60.3 years) were included in this study. Although men and women did not differ in time from symptom onset to first physician visit, duration from symptom onset to movement disorder specialist visit was longer in women than in men. The expected duration from onset to movement disorder specialist visit for women was 61% greater than for men in the unadjusted model ( P = 0.002). Conclusion There were gender differences in time to present to a movement disorder specialist in these patients with early Parkinson's disease, and further study in larger samples is warranted.
A Conserved PMK-1/p38 MAPK Is Required in Caenorhabditis elegans Tissue-specific Immune Response to Yersinia pestis Infection

Yersinia pestis has acquired a variety of complex strategies that enable the bacterium to overcome defenses in different hosts and ensure its survival and successful transmission. A full-genome microarray analysis on Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Y. pestis shows enrichment in genes that are markers of innate immune responses and regulated by a conserved PMK-1/p38 MAPK. Consistent with a role in regulating expression of immune effectors, inhibition of PMK-1/p38 by mutation or RNA interference enhances susceptibility to Y. pestis. Further studies of mosaic animals where PMK-1/p38 is exclusively inhibited or overexpressed in a tissue-specific manner indicate that PMK-1/p38 controls expression of a CUB-like family of immune genes at the cell-autonomous level. Given the conserved nature of PMK-1/p38 MAPK-mediated signaling and innate immune responses, PMK-1/p38 MAPK may play a role in the immune response against Y. pestis in natural hosts.
Two-phase Neogene extension in the northwestern Basin and Range recorded in a single thermochronology sample

We use a combination of apatite 4 He/ 3 He, (U-Th)/He, and fission-track thermochronology to date slip on the Surprise Valley fault in northeastern California by analyzing a single sample from the Warner Range in the footwall of the fault. This sample, a granitic clast from a conglomerate, yielded a fission-track age of 11.6 ± 2.8 Ma and a (U-Th)/He age of 3.02 ± 0.52 Ma. Geologic relationships indicate that this sample was buried to a depth of ~3.3 km prior to exhumation during slip on the Surprise Valley fault. Fission-track age and length data indicate that the sample was fully reset (>120 °C) prior to exhumation, which began sometime after 14 Ma. A single aliquot of nine apatite grains was step-heated for 4 He/ 3 He analysis; modeling of the resulting 4 He distribution indicates that cooling from >80 °C to ~20 °C occurred between 3 and 1 Ma. Interconsistent time-temperature ( t-T ) solutions to the combined 4 He/ 3 He, (U-Th)/He, and fission-track data require two distinct periods of cooling, consistent with non-continuous slip on the Surprise Valley fault. Early cooling and fault slip took place between 14 and 8 Ma, followed by more recent fault slip ca. 3 Ma. This timing is consistent with both local geologic relationships and with the regional timing of faulting along the western margin of the Basin and Range Province. These data demonstrate the resolving power of combined fission-track, (U-Th)/He, and 4 He/ 3 He thermochronometric data to extract low-temperature t-T information from a single sample close to Earth9s surface.
High glucose levels down-regulate glucose transporter expression that correlates with increased oxidative stress in placental trophoblast cells in vitro.

Objective:To study glucose transporter expression and oxidative stress in placental trophoblasts under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro.Methods:Trophoblasts were isolated from term normal human placentas and incubated with Dulbecco's modified eagle medium containing 1000, 2500, and 4500 mg/L glucose for 3 days. At the end of incubation, culture medium was collected. Trophoblast RNA was extracted and mRNA expression of glucose transporters was determined by RNase protection assay. Messenger RNA expression for copperzinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lipid peroxide production was determined by measuring malondialdehyde concentration in the culture supernatant. Protein expression of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) was determined by Western blot analysis.Results:Messenger RNA expression for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and SGLT-2 were reduced in trophoblast cells incubated with 4500 mg/L glucose compared with those incubated with 1000 and 2000 m...
The Cognitive Basis of Trait Anger and Reactive Aggression: An Integrative Analysis

Cognitive processing approaches to personality have gained momentum in recent years, and the present review uses such a cognitive approach to understand individual differences in anger and reactive aggression. Because several relevant cognitive models have been proposed in separate literatures, a purpose of this review is to integrate such material and evaluate the consistency of relations obtained to date. The analysis reveals that processes related to automatic hostile interpretations, ruminative attention, and effortful control appear to be important contributors to individual differences in angry reactivity. Memory accessibility processes, by contrast, failed to exhibit a consistent relationship with trait anger. This review concludes with the proposal of an integrative cognitive model of trait anger and the discussion of several broader issues, including the developmental origins of cognitive processing patterns and plausible links to temperament-based perspectives.
Does Writing Summaries Improve Memory for Text

In five experiments, we consistently found that items included in summaries were better remembered than items omitted from summaries. We did not, however, find evidence that summary writing was better than merely restudying the text. These patterns held with shorter and longer texts, when the text was present or absent during the summary writing, with both short answer and multiple choice criterion tests, with a brief delay prior to the final test or with a several day delay, and regardless of whether the summary was written immediately after reading the text or after a short time away from the text. We additionally found evidence that writing a summary sometimes helped participants estimate how much they learned from the text. However, it seems that students do not write effective summaries because they are quite poor at picking out the important points from the text.
Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppress proinflammatory cytokines via c‐Jun

Background: Differential immunoregulatory capabilities of probiotic Lactobacillus were explored in the context of pediatric Crohn's disease. Experimental strategies addressed molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) suppression in activated macrophages by transcriptional regulation. Methods: Secreted factors produced by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains were harvested and tested with human monocytes and macrophages. Quantitative immunoassays and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to examine relative quantities of human cytokines and TNF mRNA, respectively, and reporter assays assessed transcriptional regulation of TNF by probiotics. DNA-protein macroarrays interrogated probiotic-mediated effects on transcription factor activation. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunoblots examined the involvement of the specific transcription factor AP-1 and its components. Results: Probiotic L. reuteri strain ATCC PTA 6475 demonstrated the ability to potently suppress human TNF production by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes and primary monocyte-derived macrophages from children with Crohn's disease. Quantities of the chemokine MCP-1/CCL2 were also reduced by probiotic L. reuteri strain ATCC PTA 6475 in macrophages of children in remission. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays showed that transcriptional regulation of human TNF was a primary mechanism of probiotic-mediated immunomodulation. Probiotic L. reuteri suppressed TNF transcription by inhibiting activation of MAP kinase-regulated c-Jun and the transcription factor, AP-1. Conclusions: Human TNF and MCP-1 suppression by probiotic L. reuteri was strain-dependent, and the activation of c-Jun and AP-1 represent primary targets for probiotic-mediated suppression of TNF transcription. This report emphasizes the clonal nature of immunoprobiosis and delineation of a specific immunomodulatory mechanism for probiotic strain selection in future inflammatory bowel disease-oriented clinical trials. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008)
Dissipative transport in dc-ac–driven tight-binding lattices

We investigate the incoherent dissipative quantum transport of a particle in a periodic lattice being driven nonlinearly by dc-ac fields. The particle always diffuses slower, as compared to the force-free case, and the minimal diffusion is found for zero dc-bias and ac-field parameters that lead to dynamical localization (DL) in the nondissipative case. A current inversion occurs at weak dissipation. The amplitude of the negative current is maximal for a characteristic value of the dissipative strength, resembling a "stochastic resonance" like effect. For intermediate dissipation the current is positive and widely independent of both the ac-frequency and the dissipation. The negative current, as well as the stability of DL against dissipation are universal effects, in the sense that they are largely independent of the dissipative mechanism.
Silence, being, and the between: Picard, Heidegger and Buber

L'A. analyse le concept de silence chez Max Picard, d'etre chez Heidegger, et de relation entre chez Buber. Il etablit une correlation entre eux qui demontre leur attachement a la notion d'absolu, a une experience humaine de totalite
Effects of Postharvest Pulsed UV Light Treatment of White Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on Vitamin D2 Content and Quality Attributes

Pulsed UV light (PUV) was investigated as a means to rapidly increase vitamin D2 (D2) content in fresh button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). D2 was found to increase to over 100% RDA/serving follow...
Galactosyl Transfer onto p-Nitrophenyl β-D-Glucoside Using β-D-Galactosidase from Bacillus circulans

β-d-Gal-(1→4)-β-d-Glc-OC6H4NO2-p and its isomers (β-d-Gal-(l→3)-β-d-GIc-OC6H4NO2-p and β-d-Gal-(1→6)-β-d-Glc-OC6H4NO2-p) were synthesized from lactose and β-d-Glc-OC6H4NO2-p, using transglycosylation by the β-d-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. This reaction was efficient enough for us to do a one-pot preparation of galactosyl-glucoside from lactose. The order of the production of the transfer products was (1→4) ≫ (1→3) > (1→6) in the initial stage of the reaction, and the same relationship was observed for the hydrolytic rate toward the three galactosyl-glucosides. The production of (1→4)- and (1→3)-linkages greatly decreased during the subsequent reaction and much more of the (1→6)- than of the (1→4)- and (1→3)-transfer products was found in the later stage of the reaction.
Suppressed ethanol intake by CER following the sucrose-fading initiation procedure

Lever responding maintained with sweetened ethanol reinforcement (3% sucrose in 10% ethanol) was initiated in food- and water-sated rats with the sucrose-fading procedure. Four tone-shock pairings, one per session, were superimposed on this behavioral baseline [conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm]. A profound and sustained ethanol response suppression was found. Baseline levels of ethanol responding were recovered by repeating the original initiation procedure. Subsequent exposure to the CS tone alone (no shock) led to a nonsignificant reduction in ethanol responding. These results were discussed in terms of anxiolytic action of ethanol.
Regulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase Gene Expression by the Wilms' Tumor Suppressor WT1

The importance of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) to cell proliferation is underscored by the complex array of cell-specific mechanisms invoked to regulate its synthesis and activity. Misregulation of ODC has severe negative consequences on normal cell function, including the acquisition of tumorigenic growth properties by cells overexpressing ODC. We hypothesize that ODC gene expression is a candidate target for the anti-proliferative function of certain tumor suppressors. Here we show that the Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1 binds to multiple sites within the human ODC promoter, as determined by DNase I protection and methylation interference assays. The expression of WT1 in transfected HCT 116, NIH/3T3 and HepG2 cells represses activity of the ODC promoter controlling expression of a luciferase reporter gene. In contrast WT1 expression enhances ODC promoter activity in SV40-transfected HepG2 cells. Both the extent of modulation of ODC gene expression and the mediating WT1 binding elements are cell specific. Constructs expressing WT1 deletion mutants implicate two regions required for repressor function, as well as an intrinsic activation domain. Understanding the regulation of ODC gene expression by WT1 may provide valuable insights into the roles of both WT1 and ODC in development and tumorigenesis.
Scaling of land-atmosphere interactions: An atmospheric modelling perspective

Investigations of the impact of the ground surface on energy and mass fluxes in the atmosphere as well as on the dynamic response of the atmosphere at different scales are reviewed to emphasize the requirements for hydrological schemes for atmospheric models. Based on these investigations, a discussion on the scaling of the most important land processes and characteristics, from an atmospheric modelling perspective, is provided. It appears that because of the strong, non-linear response of the atmosphere to the spatial variability of land-surface characteristics, the scaling of hydrological processes and parameters is not linear. This implies that appropriate hydrological schemes for atmospheric models need to provide higher statistical moments and characteristic length scales of the spatial distribution of water availability for evapotranspiration.
Annual Movements of Shortnose and Atlantic Sturgeons in the Merrimack River, Massachusetts

Abstract We used biotelemetry to study the movements of 23 adult shortnose sturgeons Acipenser brevirostrum and 23 subadult Atlantic sturgeons Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus in the lower 46 km of the Merrimack River between 1987 and 1990. Shortnose sturgeons used two freshwater reaches and one saline reach annually. Sexually mature fish began moving upriver from freshwater wintering areas to a spawning site in April, when increasing river temperature reached about 7°C and decreasing river discharge reached about 570 m3/s. Following spawning in late April–early May, fish moved downriver either to a freshwater reach where they remained all year or farther downriver to a saline reach where they remained for up to 6 weeks. After fish used the saline reach, they returned upriver to fresh water. Atlantic sturgeons entered the river from coastal waters by mid–late May, when increasing river temperatures reached 14.8–19.0°C and decreasing river discharge reached 303–675 m3/s, occupying a saline reach with 0.0–...
Second malignancies in total therapy 2 and 3 for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: influence of thalidomide and lenalidomide during maintenance.

Thalidomide and lenalidomide constitute an important part of effective myeloma therapy. Recent data from the Intergroup Francophone du Myelome, Cancer and Leukemia Group B, and Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell Adulto MM-015 trials suggest that lenalidomide maintenance therapy is associated with a higher incidence of second primary malignancies (SPMs), including both hematologic and solid malignancies. In the present study, we analyzed data from the Total Therapy 2 (TT2) trial, along with the 2 Total Therapy 3 (TT3) trials. TT2 patients were assigned randomly to either a control group (no thalidomide) or to the experimental group (thalidomide during induction, between transplantations, and during consolidation and maintenance). The 2 TT3 trials used thalidomide and bortezomib during induction, before and in consolidation after tandem melphalan-based transplantation; TT3A applied VTD (bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone) in the first year of maintenance and TD for 2 more years, whereas TT3B used VRD (bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone) maintenance for 3 years. The cumulative incidence of SPMs did not differ significantly among the TT trial components when measured from enrollment (P = .78) or from initiation of maintenance (P = .82). However, a pairwise comparison of the TT2 arms suggested a lower incidence of hematologic SPMs in the thalidomide maintenance arm (hazard ratio = 0.38; P = .09). These trials are registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00573391 (TT2), NCT00081939 (TT3A), and NCT00572169 (TT3B).
Calcium-independent increases in pericellular plasminogen activator activity in pemphigus vulgaris.

Intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i), an important second messenger, plays a crucial role in a variety of biochemical reactions leading to cell activation and protein secretion. This study examines the potential role of (Ca2+)i in mediating increases in pericellular plasminogen activator activity of canine keratinocytes observed upon binding of human pemphigus vulgaris IgG (hPV IgG). Using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe fura-2 and digital video fluorescence imaging microscopy, [Ca2+]i levels were determined in individual keratinocytes for up to 29 minutes after addition of 0.1–5 mg/ml hPV IgG to monolayers of subconfluent and confluent cultures. Extracellular ATP (a known [Ca2+]i-agonist in canine keratinocytes) and normal human IgG (nh IgG) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. HPV IgG and nh IgG failed to induce significant increases in [Ca2+]i whereas 500 μM ATP induced a rapid, 3- to 12-fold transient increase above resting levels. Binding of hPV IgG to these keratinocyte cultures was demonstrated by immunoflurescence at the end of selected experiments. ATP stimulation of cultures previously treated with hPV IgG showed normal responsiveness and more than 90% of the cells were still viable at the end of [Ca2plus;]i imaging, thus demonstrating that failure to respond to hPV IgG was not due to an experimental artifact. Plasminogen activator activity in supernatants of confluent cultures incubated with 0.1– 1 mg/ml hPV IgG or nh IgG and harvested at various time intervals was dependent on the IgG dose used and increased steadily over time. Increases in activity were 47–92% higher in cultures treated with hPV IgG than those incubated with the same dose of nh IgG. Taken together, these results suggest that hPV IgG-mediated increases in pericellular uPA activity occur via pathways independent of Ca2+ mobilization.
Use of a soluble tetrazolium compound to assay metabolic activation of intact β cells

Although assessments of metabolic activation are central to studies of beta-cell function, available techniques are tedious, insensitive, and/or require cell disruption. We have investigated the use of a new water-soluble tetrazolium salt, MTS (3-[4,5,dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-5-[3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl]-2-[4- sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt), in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an intermediate electron acceptor that amplifies its signal (fluorescence at 490 nm). During static incubations of glucose-responsive (HIT-T15 or INS-1) dispersed beta cells with increasing glucose concentrations, there was a progressive increase in MTS reduction, with a maximum signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 24 with HIT-T15 cells and 10 with INS-1 cells. This was associated with, but not attributable to, parallel increases in insulin secretion. Pure mitochondrial fuels (alpha-ketoisocaproate [KIC], methyl pyruvate [MP], or L-glutamine [GLN] + L-leucine [LEU]) also increased the reduction of MTS in INS-1 cells (6.5-, 4.8-, and 14.4-fold, respectively), but generally less than glucose, suggesting a major role of glycolysis in the signal induced by glucose. Inhibitors of glucose metabolism (mannoheptulose [MH], lodoacetate [IA], or 2-deoxyglucose [2-DG]) markedly reduced the glucose-stimulated MTS signal. In comparison to another tetrazolium compound, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), MTS assay provided a better S/N ratio with glucose or other nutrient secretagogues. Extant theory holds that activation of mitochondrial dehydrogenases by increments in Ca2+ influx couples glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidation of glucose-derived fuels. However, reduction of fuel-induced calcium influx (by Ca2+-free medium or diazoxide [DZX]) or direct stimulation of calcium influx (by 40 mmol/L K+) failed to significantly modulate the signal, arguing against this theory. We conclude that the MTS assay is a facile test that reflects the global metabolic function of insulin-secreting beta cells. Furthermore, since this assay does not require disruption of cells to solubilize the formazan product, and therefore also allows concomitant measurement of insulin secretion, it offers considerable advantages over earlier methods.