cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorcerer's Apprentices: How Judicial Clerks and Staff Attorneys Impoverish U.S. Law

Sorcerers' Apprentices is the third in a series of articles examining various aspects of the publication practices of U.S. Courts. The first, Inequitable Injunctions: the Scandal of Private Judging in the U.S. Courts, was published in 56 Stanford Law Review 1435 (2004). The second, Take a Letter, Your Honor: Outing the Judicial Epistemology of Hart v. Massanari, 62 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1553 (2005), was published in the Have We Ceased to Be a Common Law Country? Symposium. In Sorcerers' Apprentices I document the phenomenon of the de facto delegation of the vast majority of Article III judicial power to judicial clerks and staff attorneys, demonstrating that these newly-graduated lawyers disproportionately decide cases against "have-nots." Using the work of the sociologist of the professions, Pierre Bourdieu, and a wide range of sources in which Federal Appellate judges have gone (more or less) "on the record" about their mistrust of the work of the people to whom they delegate their power, the article explores why clerks and staff attorneys judge the law's "others" the way that they do. In the face of reluctance by the Circuit Courts to undertake the structural changes to their work practices that would address the root causes of the delegation of federal judicial power, the article suggests "grass roots" reforms aimed at ensuring that delegated Article III power is exercised safely and fairly.
Localization of the ankyrin-binding site on erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3.

Abstract The predominant attachment site of the spectrin-based cytoskeleton to the erythrocyte membrane occurs via the interaction of ankyrin with the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (cdb3). In order to further characterize this interaction, we have conducted experiments to localize the ankyrin-binding site on cdb3. Four monoclonal and three antipeptide polyclonal antibodies were raised against cdb3 and used in competition studies to identify regions of close association of cdb3 with ankyrin. Antibodies to regions of cdb3 near the cytoplasmic domain-membrane spanning domain junction had no effect on 125I-ankyrin binding. Likewise, an antibody to a highly conserved region between residues 142 and 154 did not inhibit ankyrin binding. However, antibodies at or near the cysteine 201-317 cluster and the proposed proline-rich hinge in the center of cdb3 were potent inhibitors of ankyrin association, as were antibodies to the acidic NH2 terminus. Additional evidence for interaction of ankyrin with the NH2-terminal region of cdb3 was obtained by demonstrating the ability of ankyrin to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of cdb3 at its NH2 terminus by a purified calf thymus tyrosine kinase. These studies reveal two regions of cdb3, distant in primary sequence, which interact with ankyrin. A specific conformation of cdb3 may be required to permit these regions to simultaneously associate with ankyrin and allow binding to occur.
Women Accountants in Practicing Accounting Firms: Their Status, Investments and Returns

This chapter examines the structure of accounting firms within which certified women accountants find work, expect to be completely assimilated, and hope to advance their careers to the point where they become managing or ordinary partners of their firms. Most well-known regional and national accounting firms were established by men whose founders’ names have become their corporate logos. This is a tradition that has been handed down from generation to generation. The domination by men has started to change very rapidly. In the last 20 years, the number of qualified women accountants in the U.S. has outstripped that of men according to American Institute of Certified Public Accountants; yet these women occupy few strategic positions in accounting firms. This chapter also reports the result of our study that explores how the perception of women accountants on their status, investments and returns therefrom, may or may not influence their decisions to remain as career accountants or to leave. Accordingly, a conceptual framework and structured self-administered questionnaire were developed. Questionnaires were mailed to 140 female accountants in five states. The result suggests that women favorably perceive their status, investments and returns they get from being practicing accountants. However, their matriculation into the strategic positions of partners and managing partners is severely constrained by the choice of firms they work for, family and gender issues, and also by long standing traditions. Equality of pay, sabbatical and being given special considerations in audit and consultancy assignments seem to be less important issues to them.
Calculation of Potential Energy Surfaces for HCO and HNO Using Many-Body Methods

It has been recognized, since the work of Eyring and Polanyi,1 that an understanding of detailed reaction dynamics requires a knowledge of the topographical features of the potential energy hyper-surfaces pertinent to the chemical reaction. The task of the theoretician is to refine electronic structure calculations so that electronic energy differences on an energy surface may be predicted with “chemical accuracy”, or about 2 kcal/mol. Recent publications, by several different groups, establish the importance of electron correlation effects in studying even qualitative aspects of potential energy surfaces,2-5 and experience to date indicates that neglect of the effects of electron correlation can lead to substantial errors in predicted heats of reaction.
Time-Lapse Photomicrography of Lashing, Flexing, and Snapping Movements in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium Microcultures

Abstract Hoffman, Heiner (New York University, New York, N.Y.), and Michael E. Frank. Time-lapse photomicrography of lashing, flexing, and snapping movements in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium microcultures. J. Bacteriol. 90:789–795. 1965.—A series of four consecutive photomicrographs of snapping by an Escherichia coli cell pair indicates that this maneuver consists initially of lashing movements of one cell unattached to the underlying surface and consequent flexion of the second cell, which is strongly attached to the underlying surface at its distal end. This is followed by a final unidirectional movement of the unattached cell which carries the attached cell with it. Lashing movements were also observed in microcultures of fusobacteria and a Corynebacterium, and photomicrographs were obtained of the latter. The observations cannot be interpreted to support the conventional hypothesis that snapping is a response to partial rupture of the capsule during cell division. A new hypothesis is suggested which is based upon motile intracellular granules that have been observed to break out of E. coli, corynebacteria, and fusobacteria cells, typically from the cell ends. Photomicrographs of the minute granules were obtained for both E. coli and the Corynebacterium.
Outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with chronic liver disease

Objective Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has emerged as an alternative to high-risk surgery in patients with comorbid conditions. The role of TAVR in patients with liver disease has not been examined. Methods We examined the procedural and intermediate to long-term follow-up outcomes of patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis and chronic liver disease, identified by liver biopsy or from a combination of clinical findings. All patients were treated with balloon-expandable transfemoral (TF) or transapical (TA) TAVR between November 2007 and February 2014. Results A total of 17 of 706 (2.41%) patients treated at our institution with TF [n = 14] or TA [n = 3] TAVR had chronic liver disease (mean age 77.65 ± 9.06 years, 7 women, mean STS score 8.37, mean Charlson score 5.00, mean MELD score 11.35, Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) Class A [n = 11], B [n = 6], C [n = 0], biopsy proven liver disease [n = 5]). Median follow-up was 466 days (range = 12–1,403 days). The mean post-procedure length of hospital stay was 5.88 ± 3.08 days. Procedural success was achieved in all cases. In-hospital mortality was 5.88% and 90-day mortality was 17.65%. Safety and efficacy endpoints as defined by the valve academic research consortium (VARC) were significant for one perioperative death from a proximate cardiac cause (post-operative day 14), one death after hospital discharge of unknown cause (post-operative day 12), two late deaths from non-cardiac causes (post-operative days 50 and 487, respectively), and one late death of unknown cause (post-operative day 1,005). There were no life-threatening or major bleeding complications. One patient had an MI, one had a transient ischemic attack, four had transient, Stage I, acute kidney injury and one had transient, Stage II, acute kidney injury. Conclusion TF and TA TAVR are feasible methods for treating aortic stenosis in patients with chronic liver disease. In patients with mild to moderate chronic liver disease there are acceptable rates of early and late complications, however, outcomes in patients with advanced liver disease (MELD >20 or CTP class C) warrant further study. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deadly Dilemmas II: Bail and Crime

This paper examines the costs and benefits associated with current bail-granting policies and concludes that the granting of bail awaiting trial to those accused of serious crimes of violence and who have a record of prior convictions is unacceptably dangerous, accounting, among other things, for one in every ten homicides. We propose an overhaul of existing bail practices so that those accused of a violent crime have a claim on bail just in case they have two or fewer prior felony convictions. We claim that such a policy would respect both the rights of innocent defendants not to have their liberty curtailed without powerful reasons for doing so and the rights of innocent citizens not to be exposed to an unacceptably high risk of victimization by accused felons on bail. We flatly deny that pretrial liberty for those accused of a violent crime is an absolute right and refute the claim that behavior on bail is wholly unpredictable.
Teen In the Book in Indiana

Teens have been present in Indiana literature since the early twentieth century and they have continued to be present throughout the history of young adult literature in the state. Local publishers have helped maintain this presence. It’s important for librarians and educators to be aware of books written by local authors because reading books written by local authors and set in familiar locations makes stories more accessible to young people. Teachers and librarians can more easily bring local writers into the classroom and this is important in exciting young students about reading and writing.
A contemporary perspective on underwater optical imaging

Underwater optical imaging is an important area for sensing in aquatic environments. In this 2nd article of a two part proceedings series, a contemporary perspective on underwater imaging is presented. As a point of reference, the advent of digital cameras and processing is taken as a transition point that ushered in the modern era. This increase in capability facilitated both the use of more sophisticated technology for image formation and also for processing that led to the use of laser line scan systems, range gated images, and the mosaicking of large areas for survey of the sea floor. Digital technology in both recording and processing underwater images now predominates because of the continuing electronic revolution. The fundamental limitations of underwater imaging have been known for nearly half a decade now, however, increased performance in illumination, recording, and the use of more sophisticated processing methods continues to present new opportunities for increased performance at decreased costs.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Pacific Salmon (Genus Oncorhynchus) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data

Previous phylogenetic analyses of the fishes belonging to the genus Oncorhynchus based on mitochondrial DNA data have produced conflicting trees. This is especially true with respect to the relationships among the three most derived Pacific salmon species, the pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Smith (Syst. Biol. 41(1): 41-57, 1992) suggested that introgression in opposite directions on either side of the Pacific ocean may account for some of the conflicting data. The ATPase 6 and ND3 mitochondrial genes were sequenced from Asian and North American representatives of several species of Pacific salmon and the aligned sequences were analyzed along with other data on these genes. Analysis of the ATPase 6 and ND3 sequence data and RFLP data gives strong support for a sister relationship between pink salmon and chum salmon.
Stress and Stress Management in Families with Adopted Children who Have Severe Disabilities

Qualitative research methods were used to investigate the sources and methods of dealing with stress in six families with adopted children who have severe developmental or multiple disabilities. These families had adopted from 2 to 28 children. Most of the families also included “birth children” and two included a foster child. Participant observation was used with the families and unstructured interviews were conducted with parents, adoption agency workers, state children's welfare workers, and counselors working with adoptive families. Management of daily household tasks and child care routines were not identified as stressful. However, interactions with school and medical personnel and other professionals were extremely stressful for all families interviewed, as were the difficulty in accessing appropriate services and concern about the availability of future services. Parents also identified medical crises and crises resulting from adolescents' behavior problems as time-limited stressful situations. E...
Longitudinal quality of life assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after primary transarterial chemoembolization.

Purpose To determine the effects of primary chemoembolization on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods Single-center prospective data collection with longitudinal analysis of HRQOL scores obtained via the Short Form–36 (SF-36) assessment tool was performed before and during serial chemoembolization procedures in 73 patients with HCC. Baseline HRQOL scores were evaluated for significant ( P Results Patients had decreased pretreatment baseline scores within all eight scales of the SF-36 compared with healthy age-adjusted norms. Within the total population, mental health scores improved after 4 months of chemoembolization (rate of change, 5.6; P = .05; n = 48), but no significant change was present at 8 or 12 months. Subset patients experienced improvements of mental health scores after the first (score change, 13; P = .008; n = 21) and second procedures (score change, 12.2; P = .002; n = 23) and improvements of bodily pain scores (score change, 9.9; P = .047; n = 21) after the initial procedure. Vitality scores worsened (score change, −7.8; P = .044; n = 21) in the subset after the first chemoembolization. Conclusions Patients with HCC are likely to perceive improved mental health during the first 4 months of primary treatment with chemoembolization. In addition, if patients ultimately undergo more than two procedures, they are likely to perceive improved mental health during the first two sessions, with decreased bodily pain during the initial session. Patient-perceived vitality will likely worsen after the initial procedure.
Sarcopenia: what's in a name?

Changes in medical terminology and disease taxonomy are an inevitable fact of life in medicine. As human innovation brings about new investigative tools and ever more powerful and discriminating analytical methods, inquisitive clinicians and medical scientists uncover novel medical facts at an unprecedented pace. Such new information not only expands the horizons of medical knowledge, it also challenges established concepts, brings into question old dogma, and shifts entrenched boundaries. Oftentimes the evolving understanding of disease processes cannot be fully reconciled with the existing medical knowledge without redefining and reclassifying old syndromes and diseases or, as is the case for entirely new medical conditions, defining and naming them. Sarcopenia illustrates the impact that constantly advancing medical knowledge has on disease definition and taxonomy. Sarcopenia also shows how a lack of clarity or consensus in a medical definition can affect drug innovation: in particular, how such a lack can influence academic research, drug development, and regulatory expectations. The term sarcopenia was coined in the 1990s. Its origin and significance are summarized by Irwin H. Rosenberg in a 1997 article referencing a presentation that he had made on April 17, 1966, in Washington, DC, at a symposium titled “Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Mechanisms.”1 True to its Greek roots of sarx (“flesh”) and penia (“loss”), the term sarcopenia was coined to describe a decline in muscle mass occurring in the context of aging. Because structure and function are linked by indissoluble bonds, the relevance of sarcopenia has been from the very beginning connected with the notion of agerelated decline in muscle function, including but not limited to impaired ambulation and mobility. If anyone ever needs a visual confirmation of the concept of age-related muscle loss, one only needs to look at the article’s illustration of the difference in muscle size between a 24-year-old and a 64-year-old woman as shown on a magnetic resonance imaging cross-section of the thigh. And if a picture is worth a thousand words, the field of sarcopenia is today worth more than a thousand publications, commentaries, expert opinions, and several periodic expert meetings at national and international levels. Fifteen years later, many of the questions asked in Dr. Rosenberg’s thoughtful article are just as relevant, as are many
The effect of termination of membrane phospholipid synthesis on cell-dependent events in Caulobacter.

Abstract Membrane phospholipid synthesis in Caulobacter crescentus has been shown to be related to the expression of specific cell cycle events. DNA synthesis was immediately inhibited if phospholipid synthesis was terminated either by glycerol starvation of a glycerol auxotroph or by treatment of mutant and wildtype cultures with cerulenin. Termination of phospholipid synthesis, by either method, resulted in the inhibition of stalk elongation, flagellum biogenesis and cell division. The inability to form a stalk appears to be directly due to the cessation of phospholipid synthesis, whereas the inhibition of flagella formation and cell division is likely a result of the secondary effect on DNA replication. Two cell cycle events, the ejection of the flagellum and stalk initiation, were shown to be independent of phospholipid synthesis and DNA replication.
Influenza A/Philippines/2/82 outbreak in a nursing home: limitations of influenza vaccination in the aged.

Abstract The failure of the 1982–1983 influenza vaccine to protect elderly NHCU residents from clinical infection with influenza A/Philippines/2/82 resulted primarily from antigenic drift of the epidemic strain, inasmuch as the attack rates in the vaccinated and nonvaccinated patients were not significantly different. This experience supports the decision to replace A/Bangkok/1/79 with A/Philippines/2/82 virus antigen in the 1983–1984 influenza vaccine. 10
Validation of OSLD and a treatment planning system for surface dose determination in IMRT treatments

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of skin dose determination for composite multibeam 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments using optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) and Eclipse treatment planning system. Methods: Surface doses measured by OSLDs in the buildup region for open field 6 MV beams, either perpendicular or oblique to the surface, were evaluated by comparing against dose measured by Markus Parallel Plate (PP) chamber, surface diodes, and calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. The accuracy of percent depth dose (PDD) calculation in the buildup region from the authors’ Eclipse system (Version 10), which was precisely commissioned in the buildup region and was used with 1 mm calculation grid, was also evaluated by comparing to PP chamber measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was CT scanned with OSLDs in place at three locations. A planning target volume (PTV) was defined that extended close to the surface. Both an 8 beam 3DCRT and IMRT plan were generated in Eclipse. OSLDs were placed at the CT scanned reference locations to measure the skin doses and were compared to diode measurements and Eclipse calculations. Efforts were made to ensure that the dose comparison was done at the effective measurement points of each detector and corresponding locations in CT images. Results: The depth of the effective measurement point is 0.8 mm for OSLD when used in the buildup region in a 6 MV beam and is 0.7 mm for the authors’ surface diode. OSLDs and Eclipse system both agree well with Monte Carlo and/or Markus PP ion chamber and/or diode in buildup regions in 6 MV beams with normal or oblique incidence and across different field sizes. For the multiple beam 3DCRT plan and IMRT plans, the differences between OSLDs and Eclipse calculations on the surface of the anthropomorphic phantom were within 3% and distance-to-agreement less than 0.3 mm. Conclusions: The authors’ experiment showed that OSLD is an accurate dosimeter for skin dose measurements in complex 3DCRT or IMRT plans. It also showed that an Eclipse system with accurate commissioning of the data in the buildup region and 1 mm calculation grid can calculate surface doses with high accuracy and has a potential to replacein vivo measurements.
A study of precipitation using nuclear magnetic resonance: Cu-13 at.% Be

Abstract We examine the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) intensity of one of the components in one of the phases in a two phase binary alloy undergoing precipitation. It is shown that for certain nuclei one can readily follow the course of the reaction, and ideally can determine quantitatively the composition and amount of the final matrix if the precipitate composition is known. We develop expressions relating the resonance intensity to the degree of completion of the reaction for 1. (a) discontinuous and 2. (b) continuous precipitation. These are used to interpret the intensity vs ageing time at 280°C for a Cu-13 at.% Be alloy. The ratio of the intensity of the 63Cu in the matrix in the fully aged alloy to that in the as quenched alloy is also examined and discussed in light of our experimental results. It is argued that interfacial effects at phase boundaries cause significant deviations from expected intensities.
A new noninvasive technique for imaging atherosclerotic plaque in the aortic arch of stroke patients by transcutaneous real-time B-mode ultrasonography: an initial report.

Background and Purpose—Aortic arch atherosclerotic plaque is a probable source of atheroembolic stroke. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been used to image the aorta of patients with stroke to identify atherosclerotic plaque. TEE is moderately invasive and does not always visualize plaques present in the distal ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch. Methods—In the current study, transcutaneous B-mode ultrasonography was performed to image the aortic arch through a lateral supraclavicular window, and the results were compared with those of TEE in 20 patients. The aorta was subdivided into the proximal ascending (PAsc), distal ascending (DAsc), proximal aortic arch (PAA), and distal aortic arch (DAA) to be certain the plaques identified by each technique were the same. Plaques were characterized as simple ( 4 mm thick). Results—In the PAsc, 8 simple plaques were identified with TEE but not with B-mode. In the DAsc, 1 complex plaque was identified with both techniques, a...
Early treatment of young female rats with progesterone delays the aging-associated reproductive decline: a counteraction by estradiol

We have recently reported that successive treatments of young virgin rats with progesterone (P) implants produce elevated circulating P and consistently low estradiol (E2) concentrations, and subsequently delay the aging-associated reproductive decline. Inasmuch as E2 has been implicated in causing the loss of regular estrous cyclicity in aging rats, the present study examined if the concomitant presence of moderately increased circulating E2 levels could counteract the effects of P implants on reproductive aging. Starting at 3 1/2 mo and continuing to 8 mo of age, regularly cyclic, virgin rats received either s.c. Silastic implants of P (P-implanted), blank Silastic implants (virgin controls), or P + E2 implants (P + E2-implanted) for 3 wk, followed by implant removal for 1 wk. Each of these implant treatments was repeated in the same female rats 5 times. Blood samples were obtained on different days of the estrous cycle from the control group and on Day 11 of successive treatments with P or P + E2 implants for measurements of serum P and E2 values. At 8 1/2 and 10 mo of age, estrous cyclicity of these same virgin rats was again monitored, and 10-mo-old regularly cyclic females from each treatment group were mated with young fertile males to complete term pregnancies. While virgin controls showed cyclic increases in E2 and P secretion during the estrous cycle, P-implanted virgins exhibited consistently low serum E2 and moderately increased P levels during 5 successive treatments. The latter indicates a potent inhibition of ovarian E2 secretion by P implants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Understanding implicit memory: A cognitive neuroscience approach.

This chapter is based on the address to the 1991 meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, in receipt of the Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology. The cognitive neuroscience orientation has itself undergone rapid development during the past decade, and is a major force in the study of perception, attention, language, and emotion. The typical research strategy in studies of implicit memory is to test theoretical hypotheses in the same domain in which they were generated—for cognitive psychologists, by examining the performance of college students, and for neuropsychologists, by examining the performance of patients with memory disorders. Research and theorizing about letter-by-letter readers has typically proceeded separately from and independently of the implicit memory literature. Explicit memory was much higher following the category than the pitch encoding task, whereas priming of auditory word identification was either less affected or entirely unaffected by the study task manipulation.
Adaptive spread spectrum clock tracking for interpolator-based clock and data recovery

A 3Gb/s half-rate interpolator-based clock and data recovery (i-CDR) with asynchronous spread spectrum clock (SSC) tracking capability is presented. The i-CDR comprises a proportional path to track phase error and an integral path to compensate frequency offset. The integral path consists of ppm detector and ppm decoder with a combiner acts as the integration point between the two paths. The ppm decoder exploits averaging algorithm to facilitate wide range ppm tracking for triangular modulation profiles. The i-CDR, implemented in TSMC 60nm LP 1P11M CMOS technology occupies an active area of 390μm × 800μm and consumes 48.8mA from a 1.2V power supply when operated at 3Gb/s. Silicon measurements substantiate that the i-CDR has ppm tolerance up to +/−5000ppm.
Directional collision avoidance in ad hoc networks

This paper analyzes the performance of directional collision avoidance schemes, in which antenna systems are used to direct the transmission and reception of control and data packets in channel access protocols based on four-way handshakes to try to avoid collisions. The first analytical model to consider directional reception and the possible difference in gain between omni-directional and directional transmissions is presented. Analytical results show that, when the directional collision avoidance scheme in which all transmissions are directional is augmented with directional receiving, one-hop throughput does not decrease due to the increased spatial reuse, even when the number of competing nodes within a region increases. It is also shown that, as expected, the performance of directional collision avoidance schemes degrades when directional transmissions have much higher gain than omni-directional transmissions. However, this degradation is relatively small. Simulations of the IEEE 802.11 protocol and its directional variants validate the results predicted in the analysis. The simulation results also show that the presence of broadcast traffic does not degrade the performance of the all-directional collision avoidance scheme significantly, even for relatively large percentages of broadcast traffic. The performance results of this study indicate that the most attractive collision avoidance approach consists of using directional transmissions of control and data packets, together with the directional reception of packets whenever a node is expecting a particular packet. Given the high tolerance to broadcast traffic of directional collision avoidance schemes, it is argued that the periodic transmission of beacons omni-directionally suffices to provide such schemes with the relative location of neighboring nodes.
Micromechanical elastic cracktip stresses in a fibrous composite

This paper presents elastic stress distributions near a cracktip in a continuous fiber composite. The material heterogeneity is explicitly accounted for by using the finite element method and a new Mesh Superposition Technique. This new technique superposes a fine mesh with heterogeneous material properties over a coarse mesh with homogeneous ones. The results indicate that the load transferred by fibers near a cracktip may be well described by the homogeneous orthotropic elastic K1 field. A technique to postprocess the K1 field to accurately obtain the detailed stress distributions within the fiber and matrix is also presented.
Molecular Biologic Assessment of Barrett's Esophagus

BE is a prevalent condition often associated with long-standing and severe GERD. BE harbors the cellular and genetic substrates necessary for subsequent development of cancer in a subset of patients. Epidemiologically, BE patients with high-grade dysplasia exhibits the highest risk for cancer. Until recently, little was understood about which BE patients with no or low-grade dysplasia may also be at risk for progression to neoplasia. The presence of p53 abnormalities in Barrett's mucosae (such as 17p LOH) and also DNA abnormalities (such as aneuploidy and increased tetraploid fractions) detectable on flow cytometry may be useful in identifying those patients with BE who are at the highest risk for cancer development. New diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies continue to evolve, and will require careful clinical validation.
Purification and Characterization of the Trifunctional β-Oxidation Complex from Pig Heart Mitochondria

The presence of a trifunctional beta-oxidation complex in pig heart and its relationship to the known long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.74) from pig heart mitochondria were investigated. For this study, the complex was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in the absence of detergents and was purified to near homogeneity in the presence of Triton X-100. Both enzyme preparations contained long-chain specific activities of enoyl-CoA hydratase, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase but were virtually inactive toward short-chain (C4) substrates. Both preparations exhibited very low or no activities of delta 3,delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8) and 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34). The molecular weights of the two subunits of the pig heart complex were estimated to be 81,000 and 45,000, respectively. The partially purified preparation, obtained in the absence of detergent, was identified as a membranous fraction enriched with respect to the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is concluded that long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase is a component enzyme of the trifunctional beta-oxidation complex which is associated with the inner membrane of pig heart mitochondria.
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ORDERS AND THE PROCESS AND POLITICS OF SELF‐REGULATION

Agricultural marketing orders, put into operation with the initiative and approval of affected producers, are a form of supervised self-regulation. The 47 orders in effect variously authorize quantity controls, quality controls, and market support activities for fruits, vegetables, and specialty crops. Administered by producer committees under the supervision of the Agricultural Marketing Service, for most of their history they produced l i t t l e controversy. In recent years they have been attacked as anticompetitive. The impact of orders on prices, however, seems limited at best. Orderly marketing has largely replaced concern for “parity prices” as the goal of marketing orders.
Vital and Calcofluor staining ofCosmarium and its protoplasts

Intact cells, protoplasts, primary and secondary walls ofCosmarium species were stained with 13 vital stains and with Calcofluor. The intracellular contents of viable cells and protoplasts were not stained with any of the test dyes although the primary and secondary walls often were stained. Protoplasts disintegrated after short periods in acid stains but did survive for up to 24 hours in several dilute basic dyes. Once the protoplast membrane was damaged, the nuclei and cytoplasm were brightly stained with most dyes, whereas the vacuoles remained unstained. Calcofluor was particularly useful in determining the porous structure and pattern of the primary walls.
Caldesmon expression is decreased in women with anterior vaginal wall prolapse: a pilot study

Introduction and hypothesis The purpose of this study is to compare vaginal caldesmon expression in women with and without anterior vaginal wall prolapse.
Specimen Days: The Therapeutics of Sun-Bathing

Explores Whitman's descriptions of nude sun-bathing in Specimen Days and shows how the poet was influenced by "a variant of the therapeutic air cures and camp cures prescribed by his distinguished physician Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and by other doctors in the 1870s and 1880s."
A speech deficit syndrome associated with addictive drug use.

Summary The authors make note of a speech deficit syndrome which seems to be appearing with some frequency on New York City drug detoxification units. It is suggested that this is a concomitant of changing drug use patterns and that it probably represents a release phenomenon based on methadone-alcohol interaction in the process of withdrawal.
Development of Analysis Algorithm and Computational Methodology for the Evaluation of Non-Uniform Energy Conversion System Performance: Part I — Component Analysis Modules

This paper examines the development of the individual component analysis modules applied to two selected energy conversion systems; a vapor-compression refrigeration system and a boiler heating system. The energy conversion components used in this work are the evaporator, condenser, expansion valve, mixing chamber, open feedwater heater, pipe, boiler, pump, and compressor. The developed component analysis modules are able to apply input data and specifications to estimate the corresponding thermal performance of the component. Upon investigation of the two case studies presented, it was found that the two-phase heat exchanging components such as the evaporator, condenser and boiler were the primary sources of the non-uniform system performance characteristics. As a consequence, a system connectivity matrix has been developed to evaluate the mass and energy flow characteristics of working fluids between components. The developed component analysis modules, in conjunction with the system connectivity matrix, were exclusively used to calculate the local and overall system thermal performance.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An Analytical Evaluation of a Real-Time Traffic Information System Using Probe Vehicles

Abstract As the number of vehicle miles traveled each year continues to increase, traffic congestion only worsens, and the need for accurate, timely traffic information becomes stronger. With recent advances in technology, a growing number of vehicles are now equipped with wireless communication systems and global positioning satellite (GPS) sensors. Using such vehicles as mobile traffic probes has the promise of accurate and timely information without large infrastructure and construction expenses. To address some of the basic design and feasibility questions for the concept of using probe vehicles to provide real-time traffic information, an analytical model was developed that examines the relationships between key system parameters. The results of this modeling show that a real-time traffic information system based on probe vehicles is very feasible, and should work for freeways at penetrations over 3%, while surface roads would require more than 5%. With the increased use of in-vehicle telematics, the...
Self-Adaptive, Deadline-Aware Resource Control in Cloud Computing

Modern data centers deliver resources over the cloud for clients to run various applications and jobs with diverse requirements. Today's cloud resource management is able to support certain Quality of Service (QoS) requirements including reliability and security. However, in many settings such as the military cloud where latency requirement is paramount, existing cloud resource management schemes fall short in providing a systematic framework to meet and balance disparate types of application deadlines, since they are primarily focused on speeding up job executions for timely processing. In this paper we present a self-adaptive, deadline-aware resource control framework that can be implemented in a fully distributed fashion, making it suitable for unreliable environments where a single point of failure is not acceptable. Relying on Nash Bargaining in non-cooperative game theory, our framework allocates cloud resources in an optimal way to maximize the Nash Bargaining Solutions (NBS) with respect to both job priority and deadline. Further, it also enables self-adaptive deadline-aware resource allocation and rebalancing under cyber or physical attacks that may diminish cloud capacity. We validate our technique by performing experiments on the Hadoop framework.
Variation in benthic diatom (Bacillariophyceae) immigration with habitat characteristics and cell morphology

We studied the hypothesis that diatom immigration abilities are related to their fitness for colonizing stream substrates. Diatom abundances on artificial substrates exposed for 24 h (the measure of immigration rate) and abundances of stream plankton were determined in six habitats. Diatom immigration varied among habitats from 50–2500 cells·cm−2·d−1. Immigration rates decreased 10-fold with increases in current from 10 to 30 cm·s−1 but changed little during a 40-d summer period. Immigration abilities of diatom taxa were characterized as ratios of either their abundances or relative abundances in immigration assemblages versus in the plankton. Immigration abilities varied over 100-fold among different species. Immigration of some species could be characterized as slower than others in different streams; however, variation in immigration abilities of other species among streams indicated that environment also affected immigration. Diurnal variation in abundance and species composition of the immigration pool (stream plankton) can be important in assessing immigration abilities. Immigration ability may affect benthic diatom fitness. Monoraphid diatoms had a lower probability of immigrating from the plankton than araphid diatoms.
Mini-open stabilization of a sacral fracture: technical case report.

Background and importance Comminuted sacral fractures present significant challenges for operative management. Open and percutaneous sacroiliac screws have been used for stabilization but carry not insignificant rates of complications, including wound infection for the former and malposition and neurological injury for the latter. We report the use of a novel mini-open lumbar-ilium fixation for stabilization of a patient with a comminuted sacral fracture. Clinical presentation A 33-year-old man with intact neurologic function was admitted after a fall of approximately 25 ft. A comminuted sacral fracture was diagnosed. The patient was unable to tolerate conservative management because of pain in upright positions. The patient was taken to the operating room for stabilization with a "mini-open" procedure involving L4 and L5 pedicle screws and bilateral iliac screws. Four 2-in paramedian incisions were made overlying the L4-L5 facet joints and medial to the sacroiliac joints. Minimally invasive retractors were placed to expose bony landmarks. L4-L5 pedicle screws and bilateral iliac screws were placed with minimal fluoroscopic guidance. Titanium rods were tunneled inferior-superiorly between incisions and affixed to screw heads. Total operative time was approximately 3.5 hours. The patient remained neurologically intact and had an uncomplicated recovery. One-year follow-up computed tomography showed successful healing of the sacrum. Conclusion We report the first case of a mini-open procedure to treat a comminuted sacral fracture. Use of this procedure offers a straightforward method for sacral stabilization with minimal blood loss and minimal radiation exposure. If indicated, this method could be combined with decompressive procedures.
Does epidural anesthesia have general anesthetic effects? A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BackgroundClinically, patients require surprisingly low end-tidal concentrations of volatile agents during combined epidural–general anesthesia. Neuraxial anesthesia exhibits sedative properties that may reduce requirements for general anesthesia. The authors tested whether epidural lidocaine reduce
Editorial: Security, Search and Rescue Robotics

This special issue collects some of the best papers from the 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics held at the University of Denver in late 2009. This single-track workshop, in its seventh year, has become the premier venue for search and rescue robotics research and related technologies the world over. Hopping from continent to continent each year, this stop in North America continued the three-year rotation of North America – Europe – Asia.
Control system performance measures: Past, present, and future

An increased amount of emphasis on the mathematical formulation of control system performance can be found in recent literature on automatic control. There are two areas of control system theory in which the application of performance measures is of interest: 1) the evaluation of control system designs in general, and 2) the design of adaptive control systems. In the former case, the performance measure is becoming an increasingly important aid to the control system designer. In the latter case, the performance measure takes on even greater significance, since adaptive systems include, by definition, a performance measure as an essential function which permits correction of system dynamic response during actual operation. Furthermore, the over-all evaluation of the adaptive loop itself presents new problems in the choice and use of performance criteria. In the past, emphasis has been placed on various types of integrals, such as integral of error-squared and integral of the product of time and absolute error (ITAE); present emphasis is being placed on forms of integrals of a more general type; the trend for future emphasis appears to be in applications of statistical concepts and in attacking the problem of choice of the error measure in the adaptive system.
Numerical analysis of the transverse thermal conductivity of composites with imperfect interfaces

Estimation of the transverse thermal conductivity of continuous fiber reinforced composites containing a random fiber distribution with imperfect interfaces was performed using finite element analysis. FEA results were compared with the classical solution of Hasselman and Johnson to determine limits of applicability. The Hasselman and Johnson model predicts the effective thermal conductivity within 3 percent of the numerical estimates for interfacial conductance values of 1 × 10 -2 - 1 × 10 3 W/m 2 K, fiber-matrix conductivity ratios between 1 and 100, and fiber volume fractions up to 50 percent which are properties typical of ceramic composites
Ages of Prehistoric Earthquakes Revealed by Cosmogenic Chlorine-36 in a Bedrock Fault Scarp at Hebgen Lake

Cosmogenic chlorine-36 reveals dates of the multiple prehistoric earthquakes that have produced a scarp on the Hebgen Lake fault. Apparent chlorine-36 ages are stratigraphically correct, follow a predicted theoretical pattern, and produce geologically reasonable model ages of 24, 20, 7.0, 2.6, 1.7, and 0.4 thousand years ago. This result demonstrates the feasibility of using cosmogenic chlorine-36 to extract paleoearthquake records from bedrock fault scarps.
Audiologists' Professional Satisfaction

Purpose The authors surveyed currently practicing audiologists to evaluate their professional satisfaction and compared the results to a similar survey conducted in 1997. Method The authors repeate...
Full spectrum k-distribution correlations for CO2 from the CDSD-1000 spectroscopic databank

Radiative heat transfer through molecular gases is a very important mode of energy transfer when dealing with combustion systems or modelling atmospheric processes. The most accurate radiative transfer results are obtained through line-by-line (LBL) calculations, which require, however, a prohibitively large computational effort. Consequently a number of global and band models have been proposed. Presently, the most accurate global models are the Full-Spectrum k-distributions (FSK) by Modest and coworkers [1, 2]. Earlier, somewhat less refined, related methods include the Spectral-Line-Based WeightedSum-of-Gray-Gases [3–5] or SLW and Absorption-Distribution-Function(ADF) [6, 7] models. All of these methods are orders-of-magnitude more efficient than LBL calculations, and they all use full-spectrum kdistributions, which, in general, need to be calculated from high-resolution databases, such as HITRAN [8], HITEMP [9] or —for CO2— the new CDSD-1000 [10, 11]. Both the SLW and ADF methods use simplified k-distributions reducing them to step-functions (gray gases), whereas the full-spectrum k-distribution method uses Gaussian quadrature to integrate over g-space resulting in better accuracy. Assembling such k-distributions is a rather tedious task and, therefore, to make simple engineering calculations feasible, Denison and Webb [12, 13] have proposed several simple full-spectrum k-distribution correlations for CO2 and H2O, based on the outdated HITRAN92 [8] database, combined with some extrapolations of their own for high temperatures. Recently, Zhang and Modest [14] provided an updated correlation for CO2 based on the newer HITEMP database which is purported to be accurate to at least 1000K. Unfortunately, it appears that the HITEMP database shows some erroneous behavior for temperatures beyond 1200K, as seen by comparison with experimental data [10,15]. The new CDSD-1000 databank [10,11], on the other hand, follows experimental data much more closely. Thus, it is the purpose of this note to provide a simple engineering correlation for full-spectrum k-distributions evaluated from the CDSD-1000 databank. ∗To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Fax: (814)863-8682; Email: mfm6@psu.edu