cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NUMERICAL COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE GALERKIN METHODS FOR EIGENVALUE ESTIMATION

Abstract This paper provides a concise and unified comparison of four distinct variations of Galerkin's method. The four Galerkin variations are the explicit (traditional), implicit, quadratic implicit, and diagonalized-implicit Galerkin methods. Results indicate that the explicit Galerkin method is superior to all implicit formulations. Among the implicit methods, the quadratic implicit and diagonalized-implicit perform equivalently and are significantly better than the standard implicit method. The explicit method is recommended in all the cases except those in which the number of trial functions is so large that numerical conditioning affects the eigenvalue estimate. In this case, the diagonalized-implicit method is recommended.
Stabilization of linear systems by noise: Application to flow induced oscillations

In a recent paper, Popp and Romberg reported on stabilization by grid generated turbulence of a smooth circular cylinder immersed in the wake from an identical cylinder in an array of aluminium tubes. Although these results were obtained experimentally, so far they have not been explained from a stochastic point of view on a rigorous theoretical basis. This paper provides analytical results which may explain this stabilization phenomenon by modelling the immersed cylinder as a two degree of freedom oscillator and the turbulence as a stochastic process. We obtain general asymptotic approximation for the moment Lyapunov exponent, g (p), and the Lyapunov exponent, lambda, for a four-dimensional system with one critical mode and another asymptotically stable mode driven by a small intensity stochastic process. These results, pertaining to p th moment stability and almost-sure stability, explain how the stochastic components that couple the stable and the critical modes play an important role in determining wh...
Historical path-dependence of the urban population density gradient

Recent research has emphasized path-dependence and the effect of vintage factors in urban development. Jerusalem and Tel Aviv are cities where the modern CBD is not in its historic location. Distance from the historic center is taken as a proxy of housing and infrastructure vintage. A polycentric urban population density function is used to assess the relative importance of distance from the CBD and from the historic center in explaining population density. Additionally, I examine econometrically the validity of a number of population density functions, and analyze the structure of the error variance and the design of appropriate measures of goodness of fit and hypothesis tests for regression models of population density. The results show that distance from the historical center is an important factor in explaining population density but its explanatory power has declined over time. It is more significant than distance from the CBD in explaining residential density in Tel Aviv and gross density in Jerusalem. It explains a larger proportion of the variance in gross density in the inner city than does distance from the CBD, but vice versa in the suburbs.
Mechanism of Action of Beta-Blocking Agents in Heart Failure

Antiadrenergic treatment is currently an emerging and very promising approach to the treatment of chronic heart failure. Although the adrenergic nervous system can be pharmacologically inhibited at multiple levels, it is the use of receptor-blocking agents that has generated the most interest and provided the most data for the "proof of concept" of this approach. In part because antiadrenergic treatment of chronic heart failure has developed in an atmosphere in which it was initially considered to be contraindicated (i.e., before Phase III clinical trials could be initiated), a large body of hypothesis-driven basic and clinical investigation was required to define the overall rationale and demonstrate feasibility. This article will review these data and propose a single primary mechanism of action to explain most of the clinical benefits of these agents.
Clinical Phenotypes Associated with the Complement Factor H Y402H Variant in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To determine whether the complement factor H (CFH) Y402H variant is associated with specific age-related macular degeneration (AMD) clinical phenotypes. Design Retrospective, case-control study. Methods One hundred and eighty-eight white subjects with AMD and 189 control subjects were genotyped for the T-to-C polymorphism in exon 9 of the CFH gene by restriction-fragment length analysis and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing using genomic DNA from mouthwash samples. AMD phenotypes were characterized by clinical examination, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography. Results Heterozygosity for the at-risk genotype (TC) increased the likelihood for AMD 2.1-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 3.3), whereas homozygosity for the genotype (CC) increased the likelihood for AMD 6.5-fold (95% CI, 3.4 to 12.5) in our population. The C allele was associated significantly with predominantly classic choroidal neovascularization (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.34 to 3.30). Neovascular lesion size was similar among the three genotypes ( P = .67). Conclusions The Y402H CFH variant carried a significantly increased risk for developing AMD in our population. Genotype and phenotype correlations regarding choroidal neovascular lesion type were observed.
Intraabdominal Infection: Differences in Presentation and Outcome Between Younger Patients and the Elderly

Although the elderly account for a disproportionate number of patients with intraabdominal infections, few studies have compared these patients with younger patients in terms of presentation and outcome. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 131 patients at an urban university hospital that included 88 patients (67%) 65 years of age, all of whom had culture-proven intraabdominal infections. Geriatric patients presented more frequently without the typical symptoms and signs of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and fever and had symptoms for a longer period before presentation. Diagnosis on admission was more often unknown or considered to be of an extraabdominal nature for the elderly patients, and sources of infection were more commonly biliary or pancreatic. Mortality was not significantly different between the groups, but length of stay and duration until normalization of body temperature were longer for the older patients. We concluded that elderly patients with intraabdominal infections frequently present atypically and have a more-protracted course of illness than their younger counterparts.
On the relationship between impact energy and delamination area

Thin glass/epoxy plates fabricated from 3M prepreg tape were subjected to low-velocity impact. Delamination in the impacted composite plates was measured by edge replication and was identified as the major damage mode. The effects of fiber orientation, thickness, and lamination on the delamination resistance were investigated. Experimental results verified three previous findings: (1) a linear relationship holds between delamination area and impact energy, (2) the mismatch of bending stiffness between adjacent laminae can be correlated with the delamination area on the interface, and (3) the behavior of a thin composite plate under low-velocity impact is very similar to that caused by global bending. In addition, based on the calculation of impact energy per unit delamination area, the dynamic fracture energy and the energy of dissipation in the thin glass/epoxy plates can be examined.
18A. The Exceptional Patient in Cancer Care.

Focus Area: Mental Health The topic of the exceptional patient with cancer has been a puzzling mystery, and the phenomenon has not been formally investigated. The rare and spectacular occurrence of remarkable recovery, against all odds, that is totally inexplicable but real is something that most physicians have seen within their practice. From time to time, patients turn up with advanced cancer, beyond the possibility of cure, and without clear explanation they become free of disease or have survival that cannot be explained with the nature of their disease or treatment. Exceptional disease course and at times spontaneous regression of cancer is exceptional but a well-documented biological event. Further understanding of this phenomenon and of the possible mechanisms involved may have significant preventative and therapeutic implications. To date, the research that has examined these success stories is limited and there is no clear explanation for the phenomenon. Multiple speculations as to the mechanism of exceptional disease course have focused on physiological factors including immunological, elimination of carcinogen or antigen, anti-angiogenesis and tumor necrosis, apoptosis, and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and possibly psychological mechanisms. Others note that a certain percentage of patients have undergone some kind of spiritual awakening before the remission took place, suggesting that the patients themselves had an important role in the healing process. Much of the literature is based on individual case reports. In this presentation, we will discuss current research findings and additional research being implemented on this topic.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the glutamatergic system in adolescent males with high-functioning autistic disorder: a pilot study at 4T

The pilot study aimed at examining the neural glutamatergic activity in autism. Seven adolescent males (mean age: 14 ± 1.8; age range: 12–17 years) with intact intellectual capacity (mean IQ: 108 ± 14.26; IQ range: 85–127) suffering from autistic disorder and an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent a two-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan at 4T. Results indicated significantly high glutamate (Glu) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex of autistic disorder versus control subjects (paired t test p = 0.01) and a trend for lower Glu in the right medial temporal lobe, which was not statistically different between the groups (paired t test p = 0.06). These preliminary findings support the glutamatergic dysregulation hypothesis in autism and need to be replicated in a larger sample.
Structure of oxyntic cell membranes during conditions of rest and secretion of HCl as revealed by freeze-fracture

The density and distribution of membrane associated particles of piglet oxyntic cell tubulovesicular and apical surface membranes were investigated during resting (nonsecreting) and secreting conditions. For the resting oxyntic cell, the abundant tubulovesicles showed a highly asymmetrical distribution of particles between fracture faces, with the P face heavily studded by particles and the E face particle deficient. The apical surface, however, had a relatively symmetrical distribution of particles on both membrane fracture faces. In contrast to the resting state, the apical surface of the stimulated oxyntic cell showed a marked asymmetry of membrane particles; the P face had a high density of particles, while there was a scarcity of particles on the E face. The observed changes in apical surface membrane particle distribution support the hypothesis that, following the initiation of acid secretion, the tubulovesicles fuse with and become an integral part of the apical surface. Thus, the apical membrane P face of the stimulated cell is enriched and the E face is diluted by the incorporation of tubulovesicular membranes.
Triatomic associative ionization: Na+3 formation

Abstract We observe the production of Na+3 ions in a single effusive sodium atomic beam via intra-beam, associative ionization collisions of laser-excited Na(4d, 5s) atoms with ground state Na2 dimers present in the beam: Na(4d, 5s) + Na2→Na+3 + e−. The cross section ratio of this reaction to the corresponding atomic associative ionization collision, Na(4d, 5s)+(Na(3s)→Na+2+e−, has been determined to be 2.0 for Na(4d) and 10.0 for Na(5s) at relative collision velocities of approximately 500 m/s.
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) at 40. Where are we now

Since Professor Magnus first defined erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) in 1961, there has been considerable progress in the understanding this disease. The past decade has been a period of spectacular progress in understanding the genetics and pathogenesis of the disease by molecular investigation. However, progress in therapy for EPP has been slower, and has been dogged by difficulty in assessing treatment efficacy in patients. We are now entering an era in which advances in molecular genetics are directly affecting patient management. This review summarises laboratory and clinical progress in EPP in the past 40 years, and assesses the potential impact of molecular biology on clinical practice.
Supporting Whole-Class Collaborative Inquiry in a Secondary Mathematics Classroom

Recent mathematics education reform efforts call for the instantiation of mathematics classroom environments where students have opportunities to reason and construct their understandings as part of a community of learners. Despite some successes, traditional models of instruction still dominate the educational landscape. This limited success can be attributed, in part, to an underdeveloped understanding of the roles teachers must enact to successfully organize and participate in collaborative classroom practices. Toward this end, an in-depth longitudinal case study of a collaborative high school mathematics classroom was undertaken guided by the following two questions: What roles do these collaborative practices require of teacher and students? How does the community's capacity to engage in collaborative practices develop over time? The analyses produced two conceptual models: one of the teacher's role, along with specific instructional strategies the teacher used to organize a collaborative learning en...
Tectonic effects of sea-floor spreading on the Arabian Shield

Paleogeographic evidence shows that the series of broad E-W anticlines and synclines on the Arabian Shield (Southern Hadramawt Arch, Wadi Hadramawt Syncline, Northern Hadramawt Arch, Rub Al Khali Syncline, Tuwaiq Homocline, Nafud Basin) are not old, inherited structures, but were formed in late Eocene and Oligocene times, as indicated by the warping of Middle Eocene sediments. The fold axes of these structures trend parallel to the Gulf of Aden, and their separation increases from S to N, i. e., with increasing distance from the Gulf of Aden. The most pronounced orogenic phase of the Toros mountain belt and the folding of the foreland belt (Lebanon, Antilebanon, Palmyra Arch, Jebel Sinjar, etc.) took place simultaneously with the warping of the shield. Furthermore, the early Tertiary “Trap” Volcanism occurs only in the neighborhood of the Gulf of Aden (Yemen, W-Aden Protectorate, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somaliland). Geophysical-oceanographic research in the Gulf of Aden suggests that emplacement of basic magmatic material forms a quasi-oceanic crust (sea-floor spreading) in that rift trough. This apparently causes the displacement of the continental blocks. The close connections in time as well as in directional trends of epirogenic, orogenic and volcanic activities on the Arabian Shield to the sea-floor spreading in the Gulf of Aden indicates tectonic interrelations.
The Performance of a Method for the Long‐term Equating of Mixed‐Format Assessment

The goal of this study was the development of a procedure to predict the equating error associated with the long-term equating method of Tate (2003) for mixed-format tests. An expression for the determination of the error of an equating based on multiple links using the error for the component links was derived and illustrated with simulated data. Expressions relating the equating error for single equating links to relevant factors like the equating design and the history of the examinee population ability distribution were determined based on computer simulation. Use of the resulting procedure for the selection of a long-term equating design was illustrated.
Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in brines affect supercritical CO2-brine-biotite interactions: ion exchange, biotite dissolution, and illite precipitation.

For sustainable geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS), a better understanding of the effects of brine cation compositions on mica dissolution, surface morphological change, and secondary mineral precipitation under saline hydrothermal conditions is needed. Batch dissolution experiments were conducted with biotite under conditions relevant to GCS sites (55–95 °C and 102 atm CO2). One molar NaCl, 0.4 M MgCl2, or 0.4 M CaCl2 solutions were used to mimic different brine compositions, and deionized water was used for comparison. Faster ion exchange reactions (Na+–K+, Mg2+–K+, and Ca2+–K+) occurred in these salt solutions than in water (H+–K+). The ion exchange reactions affected bump, bulge, and crack formation on the biotite basal plane, as well as the release of biotite framework ions. In these salt solutions, numerous illite fibers precipitated after reaction for only 3 h at 95 °C. Interestingly, in slow illite precipitation processes, oriented aggregation of hexagonal nanoparticles forming the fibrous illite wa...
Non-linear semi-group theory and stability for infinite dimensional systems†

Non-linear semi-group theory and finite time stability are investigated for a class of non-linear partial differential equations of the parabolic type. A correlation between the finite time stability and stability with respect to an equivalent norm has been established for an unperturbed motion on a Banach space.
Impact response of sports materials

Sports equipment exposed to impact loading often involves polymeric materials. The impact response tends to be time dependent with large stress-strain hysteresis. Replicating impact loading in a controlled laboratory environment for material characterization is challenging, but necessary if models are to accurately describe impact behaviour. This study considers ball impacts for which mechanical properties are typically phenomenologically developed where numerical models simulate instrumented ball impacts. The following describes a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus to induce uniform stress at controlled magnitudes and rates in polyurethane foam test samples (the principle constituent of a softball). The apparatus was able to describe the loading phase of the stress-strain response of the polyurethane at strain rates representative of softball impacts. Test samples were taken from balls of varying coefficient of restitution and stiffness. The uniaxial impact properties were consistent with the expected response of the balls (i.e. stiffer balls exhibited higher modulus). Results from numerical simulations using the laboratory mechanical properties did not agree with experimental measurements, however. The large energy absorption of the polyurethane limited the range in strain rates over which material characterization could be performed, which is apparently needed to describe the material response throughout the ball.
Localization of human CREBBP (CREB Binding Protein) to 16p13.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Human and mouse cDNAs for a 265-kDa protein which binds specifically to phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), have recently been isolated. A cDNA probe for the mouse CREB binding protein was used to localize this gene (CREBBP) to human chromosome 16p13.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Individualized detection of ambulatory distress in the field using wearable sensors

The early onset of musculoskeletal injury during ambulation may be detectable due to changes in gait. Body worn accelerometers provide the ability for real-time monitoring and detection of these changes, thereby providing a means for avoiding further injury. We propose algorithms for extracting magnitude and pattern asymmetry features from accelerometers attached to each foot. By registering simultaneous acceleration differences between the two feet, these features provide robustness to a variety of confounding factors, such as changes in walking speed and load carriage. By computing only summary statistics from the acceleration signals, the algorithms can be easily implemented in real-time physiological status monitoring systems. We evaluate the algorithms on a field collection consisting of 32 subjects completing a series of 5 km marches under different loading conditions. We show that changes in the magnitude and pattern asymmetry features are predictive of subject ratings of physical pain and discomfort.
Masking‐like phenomena in speech perception

To study masking‐like effects in the perception of continuous speech, we presented two‐formant syllables /b e b/ or /b e g/ followed, at intervals from 0 to 150 msec, by /d e/; listeners were instructed to identify the syllable‐final consonant. An 80‐msec intersyllable interval was required for recognition of syllable‐final consonant to reach asymptote. To determine the level at which this “masking” occurred, we repeated the experiment, but with the second‐formant transitions of the first syllable presented alone for judgment as rising or falling chirps. Recognition of the isolated transitions (chirps) was essentially unaffected, no matter what the interval between them and the second syllable. These data suggest that the “masking” in the initial study was due to the elimination of a necessary cue—in this case, a silent interval, corresponding to the stop closure, between the syllables—and not to backward masking of the auditory information. In a third study, we found that changing voice between the syllables from male to female also eliminated almost all the “masking.” This reinforces the conclusion of the first two studies, indicating in this case that the effect is not to be attributed to interruption of processing, but raises other questions that we have only begun to investigate.
Fracture in mercury cadmium telluride as a function of incident light

Abstract We have observed the influence of light on the fracture tougness in crystal of HgCdTe. The response of the crystal to light depends on the overall strain. For strains less than that corresponding to the ultimate tensile stress the crystal hardens when irradiated. After the ultimate tensile stress has been reached and the crstal with light. is seen to produce a reversible softening. Quantitative results are presented and explained in terms of elementary fracture mechanics and dislocation theory.
‘The worst thing about hospice is that they talk about death’: contrasting hospice decisions and experience among immigrant Central and South American Latinos with US-born White, non-Latino cancer caregivers

Hospice care is promoted as a model for improving end of life care and decreasing burden on caregivers. However, hospice use is low in Latinos and little is known about how Latinos make hospice decisions and experience hospice once enrolled. We used qualitative methods to conduct in-depth interviews and focus groups with 15 Latino bereaved hospice family caregivers and 15 White Non-Latino bereaved hospice family caregivers to describe hospice experiences and evaluate whether cultural factors affected the experience. We identified differences in decision-making and caregiving experience that were influenced by culture. For example, cultural values of denial, secrecy about prognosis and a collective, family-centered system influenced hospice decisions and experience in Latinos but not Non-Latinos. This study identifies a significant dilemma; that is, how to discuss hospice with a patient and family who prefer not to discuss a terminal prognosis. Future research is needed to extend these preliminary results; such results may be useful for designing interventions to improve end of life care and caregiving in Latinos.
Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography with structural a priori information

Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (FT) is an emerging molecular imaging technique that can spatially resolve both fluorophore concentration and lifetime parameters. In this study, we investigated the performance of a frequency domain FT system for inclusions with various sizes and contrast levels. Due to the ill-posedness of the FT problem, the fluorescence parameters can not be recovered accurately. The reconstructed fluorescence parameters depend on the signal to background contrast and size of the compartments containing the fluorophores. Recently, imaging with multiple modalities has become a popular trend. Different modalities give different information on the subject under investigation. Here, we evaluated the improvement in FT reconstruction when structural a priori information from a second imaging modality was incorporated. The results demonstrated that the structural a priori information was crucial to be able to recover both parameters with high accuracy. Without such a priori information, the same fluorophore concentration for different object sizes could not be recovered to the same value. On the other hand, when the structural a priori information was available, both fluorescence parameters could be recovered within 15% error for all the cases.
The Complexity of Symmetry-Breaking Formulas

Symmetry-breaking formulas for a constraint-satisfaction problem are satisfied by exactly one member (e.g., the lexicographic leader) from each set of “symmetrical points” in the search space. Thus, the incorporation of such formulas can accelerate the search for a solution without sacrificing satisfiability. We study the computational complexity of generating lex-leader formulas. We show, even for abelian symmetry groups, that the number of essential clauses in the “natural” lex-leader formula could be exponential. Furthermore, we show the intractability (NP-hardness) of finding any expression of lex-leadership without reordering the variables, even for elementary abelian groups with orbits of size 3. Nevertheless, using techniques of computational group theory, we describe a reordering relative to which we construct small lex-leader formulas for abelian groups.
Alternative Perspectives on the Rise of Corporate Debt Dependency: The U.S. Postwar Experience:

One aspect of the contemporary crisis of the United States economy has been a sharp increase since the mid-1960s in the reliance on debt finance by corporations, households, and the federal governm...
Synaptic Circuit Organization of Motor Corticothalamic Neurons

Corticothalamic (CT) neurons in layer 6 constitute a large but enigmatic class of cortical projection neurons. How they are integrated into intracortical and thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits is incompletely understood, especially outside of sensory cortex. Here, we investigated CT circuits in mouse forelimb motor cortex (M1) using multiple circuit-analysis methods. Stimulating and recording from CT, intratelencephalic (IT), and pyramidal tract (PT) projection neurons, we found strong CT↔ CT and CT↔ IT connections; however, CT→IT connections were limited to IT neurons in layer 6, not 5B. There was strikingly little CT↔ PT excitatory connectivity. Disynaptic inhibition systematically accompanied excitation in these pathways, scaling with the amplitude of excitation according to both presynaptic (class-specific) and postsynaptic (cell-by-cell) factors. In particular, CT neurons evoked proportionally more inhibition relative to excitation (I/E ratio) than IT neurons. Furthermore, the amplitude of inhibition was tuned to match the amount of excitation at the level of individual neurons; in the extreme, neurons receiving no excitation received no inhibition either. Extending these studies to dissect the connectivity between cortex and thalamus, we found that M1-CT neurons and thalamocortical neurons in the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus were remarkably unconnected in either direction. Instead, VL axons in the cortex excited both IT and PT neurons, and CT axons in the thalamus excited other thalamic neurons, including those in the posterior nucleus, which additionally received PT excitation. These findings, which contrast in several ways with previous observations in sensory areas, illuminate the basic circuit organization of CT neurons within M1 and between M1 and thalamus.
A Partnership among a University, Foundation and Community Agencies for Training Gerontological Social Workers.

Attention to preparing social workers for our aging society has increased with concern that there may be insufficient professionals to meet the need. Interest in training gerontologically-savvy social work students had led to the development of models to achieve this end. This article reports on a collaboration among a university's school of social work, a foundation, and community agencies, to provide special training for students interested in aging. The model presented here offers locally-focused and smaller founders in aging an educational strategy to achieve their goals. The evaluation of the model and the findings of this evaluation are reviewed.
Saline lakes in the lower Grand Coulee, Washington, USA

Changes in the limnology of two saline lakes, Lake Lenore and Soap Lake, in the lower Grand Coulee, Washington, between 1949 and the present are described.
Twelve Months of Weight Control with Dextroamphetamine Use for Severe Obesity following Surgery for Craniopharyngioma

Twelve Months of Weight Control with Dextroamphetamine Use for Severe Obesity following Surgery for Craniopharyngioma
Effects of Na+ channel inactivation kinetics on metabolic energy costs of action potentials

We investigate whether the inactivation properties of Na^+ channels in squid giant axons show evidence of having been optimized by evolution so as to reduce the energy expenditure associated with propagating action potentials. Using Hodgkin-Huxley-type models of the squid giant axon and varying the voltage dependence and overall scaling of the Na^+ inactivation rate, we find that faster inactivation rates correspond to less costly and more energy-efficient action potentials. However, and in contrast to the case when the ionic conductances and axon diameters are varied, the metabolic energy consumption does not have a minimum when restricted to an isovelocity curve in the phase space associated with these inactivation parameters. This failure-to-optimize encourages other hypotheses about the evolution and functionality of inactivation, such as its effects on information rates.
Atomistic Mechanisms and Dynamics of Adhesion, Nanoindentation, and Fracture

Molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy are used to investigate the atomistic mechanisms of adhesion, contact formation, nanoindentation, separation, and fracture that occur when a nickel tip interacts with a gold surface. The theoretically predicted and experimentally measured hysteresis in the force versus tip-to-sample distance relationship, found upon approach and subsequent separation of the tip from the sample, is related to inelastic deformation of the sample surface characterized by adhesion of gold atoms to the nickel tip and formation of a connective neck of atoms. At small tipsample distances, mechanical instability causes the tip and surface to jump-to-contact, which in turn leads to adhesion-induced wetting of the nickel tip by gold atoms. Subsequent indentation of the substrate results in the onset of plastic deformation of the gold surface. The atomic-scale mechanisms underlying the formation and elongation of a connective neck, which forms upon separation, consist of structural transformations involving elastic and yielding stages.
A dose response analysis of injury to cranial nerves and/or nuclei following proton beam radiation therapy

Abstract The low tolerance of the central nervous system (CNS) limits the radiation dose which can be delivered in the treatment of many patients with brain and head and neck tumors. Although there are many reports concerning the tolerance of the CNS, few have examined individual substructures of the brain and fewer still have had detailed dose information. This study has both. A three dimensional planning system was used to develop the combined proton beam/photon beam treatments for 27 patients with skull-base tumors. The cranial nerves and their related nuclei were delineated on the planning CT scans and the radiation dose to each was determined from three dimensional dose distributions. In the 594 CNS structures (22 structures/patient in 27 patients), there have been 17 structures (in 5 patients) with clinically manifest radiation injury, after a mean follow-up time of 74 months (range 40–110 months). From statistical analyses, dose is found to be a significant predictor of injury. Using logistic regression analysis, we find that, for each cranial nerve, at 60 Cobalt Gray Equivalent (CGE) the complication rate is 1% (0.5–3% with 95% confidence) and that the 5% complication rate occurs at 70 CGE (64–81 CGE with 95% confidence). The slope of the dose response curve (at 50%) is 3.2 (2.2–5.4 with 95% confidence). No significant relationship between dose and latency period for nerve injury was found.
Homogeneous solution grown epitaxial GaAs by tin doping

Abstract Tin doped epitaxial GaAs single crystals were grown from a Ga solution. The C-V characteristics of Schottky barrier diodes were used to determine the electron concentration profiles of the GaAs crystals. These profiles were flat within ± 5 per cent to a depth of 165 μ. The electron concentration was controlled at specified values between 3 × 1014 and 5 × 1016 cm−3. The distribution coefficient of tin in GaAs is 1 × 10−4 between 800 and 850°C.
Laser Amplification by Radiation-Wiggled Electron Beam in an Anti-Axially Propagating Electrostatic Wave

Light amplification by a relativistic electron beam traveling in a laser light and an electrostatic (ES) wave propagating in the direction antiparallel to the beam direction (“electric wiggler”) through an emission whose transverse source current is produced by the laser light is calculated by relativistic quantum kinetics. From the viewpoint of quantum kinematics, this emission is exactly the same as the free-electron two-quantum Stark emission in which the transversely oscillating source current needed for the axial emission is due to the intrinsic electron spin angular momentum. These two emissions are different in dynamics since the former is an one-quantum process while the latter is a two-quantum process. It is suggested that the experimentally-observed plasma-maser emission is due to both.
The timing and course of health care reform.

The conventional wisdom among health policy makers now holds (as it did 20 years ago) that major federal reform in our health system is just a matter of time. This view originates in the extraordin...
Yield points during cyclic strain of a Cu–7.5% al alloy

Constant strain amplitude cycling (Δϵp = 0.00275) of Cu–7.5% Al specimens causes development of a yield plateau after five cycles and an increasing yield drop thereafter. Several features are consistent with the known re-loading yield point behavior of f.c.c. metals, such as a linear relation between yield drop and flow stress. The magnitude of the drop is time-independent for times below 1000 s. It is suggested that the dislocation rearrangements responsible for the yield point might include dipole formation during unloading, a behavior consistent with the fatigue literature and other considerations. Zyklische Belastung von Proben aus Cu mit 7,5 Gew.% Al bei konstanter Dehnungsamplitude (Δϵp = 0,00275) verursacht nach funf Belastungen die Entwicklung eines Streckgrenzenplateaus und fuhrt nach weiteren Belastungen zu einer Streckgrenzenuberhohung. Mehrere Erscheinungen stimmen mit dem bekannten Verhalten der Streckgrenzenuberhohung in k.f.z. Metallen uberein, so z. B. der lineare Zusammenhang zwischen Streckgrenze und deren Uberhohung. Fur Zeiten kleiner als 1000 s ist die Grosenordnung der Uberhohung zeitunabhangig. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das die fur die Streckgrenzen verantwortlichen Versetzungsanordnungen aus Dipolen bestehen, die wahrend der Entlastung entstehen. Dieser Vorschlag ist mit der Literatur uber Ermudung und anderen Betrachtungen vertraglich.
Noninvasive mapping of regional response to segmental allergen challenge using magnetic resonance imaging and [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.

Magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques were coregistered to demonstrate regional ventilation and inflammation in the lung for in vivo, noninvasive evaluation of regional lung function associated with allergic inflammation. Four Brown Norway rats were imaged pre- and post segmental allergen challenge using respiratory-gated He-3 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize ventilation, T1-weighted proton MRI to depict inflammatory infiltrate, and [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose-PET to detect regional glucose metabolism by inflammatory cells. Segmental allergen challenges were delivered and the pre- and postchallenge lung as well as the contralateral lung were compared. Coregistration of the imaging results demonstrated that regions of ventilation defects, inflammatory infiltrate, and increased glucose metabolism correlated well with the site of allergen challenge delivery and inflammatory cell recruitment, as confirmed by histology. This method demonstrates that fusion of functional and anatomic PET and MRI image data may be useful to elucidate the functional correlates of inflammatory processes in the lungs. Magn Reson Med 53:1243–1250, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cyclic oxidation of high temperature coatings on new γ′-strengthened cobalt-based alloys

Abstract An emerging class of cobalt-based γ ′-strengthened alloys promises higher temperature capabilities compared to current Ni-base superalloys commonly used in aerospace and power generation applications. As with Ni-base alloys, high temperature coatings that enhance environmental resistance are desirable. Single crystal samples of Co–9.2Al–9.0W and Co–7.8Al–7.8W–4.5Cr–2.0Ta (at.%) were coated with vapour phase nickel aluminide and M CrAlY. Samples were subjected to cyclic oxidation at 1100 °C with 300–450 1-h cycles. Compared to NiAl-based coatings, the M CrAlY coatings exhibited superior adherence and an interdiffusion zone free of detrimental intermetallic phases. Evolution of microstructure during cycling is discussed with reference to the available thermodynamic data.
Dissonance arousal, task evaluation, and task performance

The present study tests the proposition that differential paired-associate retention reported by Pallak, Brock, & Kiesler (1967) was mediated by initial re-evaluation of the task of copying paired-associates. All Ss were offered either High Choice (high dissonance) or Low Choice (low dissonance) to perform a dull copying task. Task evaluations were obtained Early (after six trials on the list), After Task (after 21 trials on the list), and After Recall (after the recall test). Incidental paired-associate retention was greater under High Choice than Low Choice, as predicted. Consistent with a dissonance avoidance hypothesis, there was no relationship between incidental retention and task evaluations.
Catalytic Synthesis of Hydrocarbons over Group VIII Metals. A Discussion of the Reaction Mechanism

Abstract A broad range of hydrocarbons and oxygenated products can be synthesized catalytically from CO and H2 produced by the gasification of coal, Since the earliest examples of such chemistry were reported by Fischer and Tropsch [1, 2] in 1926, the nonselective generation of organic compounds via the hydrogenation of CO has become known as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In the intervening 54 years, many efforts have been made to identify the mechanism by which reactants are converted to products. These studies have been motivated in large measure by the desire to understand how catalyst composition and reaction conditions govern the distribution of products formed. A brief review of the mechanistic hypotheses developed prior to 1970 will be presented here to serve as background for a discussion of more recent ideas, Details concerning the earlier studies can be found in a number of reviews [3–15] published previously.
Global objective tropopause analysis

Abstract The European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) level IIIb dataset is used to construct global pressure analyses of the tropopause surface during January 1979. Two methods are employed: a dynamical method based on isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) and a thermal method based on lapse rate criteria. Regional tropopause pressure analyses are extracted from the global analyses and compared against distributions derived from rawinsonde data. The coarse vertical resolution of the ECMWF data compromises the ability to resolve abrupt stability changes between the troposphere and stratosphere and impacts tropopause analyses using both methods. Sensitivity of the derived tropopause pressures to a range of IPV and lapse rate thresholds is examined. For the assimilated dataset employed herein, 3.5 IPV units represent an optimal value for tropopause analysis outside the tropics. Modification of the WMO lapse rate criteria does not significantly improve tropopause analysis globally. Both meth...
Immunity Induced by Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and Excretion of Virus

Epidemiologic studies suggest that high levels of immunity induced by inactivated poliovirus vaccine could limit the spread of poliomyelitis in the community. Antibody induced by this vaccine had a marked effect on reducing pharyngeal virus excretion in children with poliovirus infection. Some reduction of fecal virus excretion was also observed, but high levels of serum antibody were required for this reduction.
Bone remodeling and structural optimization

Bone remodeling has been viewed both as a process which adapts bone tissue to the mechanical environment at each point in the structure, and as a process which optimally adjusts the tissue distribution within bones to bear the loads placed on them. We have developed a connection between these two views of bone remodeling, in a restricted sense. We start with a remodeling rate equation based on strain energy density. We then define an indicator function which is a weighted sum of total strain energy and a measure of bone mass, and we show that finding bone density distributions in which the remodeling rate equation predicts no changes with time is the same as finding density distributions in which the indicator function is insensitive to small changes in density. The set point in the remodeling rate equation corresponds to a parameter in the indicator function which determines the relative importance of bone mass and strain energy in the optimization indicator function. We have not assessed whether the density distributions which make the density rate of change zero are actually local or global minima for the indicator function in this study, but a related study shows that there is a single unique minimum for the indicator function developed here, implying that a unique solution exists for the bone remodeling rate equations considered in this study.
Mast cells and innate cytokines are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune heart disease following coxsackievirus B3 infection.

The development of autoimmune disease involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many autoimmune diseases are believed to be triggered by viral infections. Since the early, natural immune response to infection can determine the later development of the adaptive immune response, innate immunity likely influences the progression from viral immunity to autoimmunity. To investigate the role of the innate immune response on susceptibility to autoimmune disease, we compared the early cytokine response of mice susceptible or resistant to the development of autoimmune heart disease following viral infection. We found that susceptible BALB/c mice produced elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-4 within hours of Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) infection. These cytokines are known to be critical for the development of autoimmune heart disease, and are also rapidly produced from activated mast cells (MC). Degranulating MC were observed as early as 6 h following CB3 infection in the heart, and significantly...
EVOLUTION OF THE LITHIUM ABUNDANCES OF SOLAR-TYPE STARS. IX. HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF LOW-MASS STARS IN NGC 2264

We have obtained Keck HIRES spectra of 35 objects in the premain-sequence cluster NGC 2264 in order to determine their radial velocities, rotation rates, activity levels, and Li abundances. Our precise radial velocities indicate that the eight objects we observed that lie below a 5 Myr isochrone are non- members. This means that the age spread within NGC 2264 is only about 4 Myr, a factor of 2 less than found previously, although this is a lower limit to the true age spread because star formation is still taking place in the cluster. After correction for non-LTE eUects, our Li abundances are consistent with no depletion having yet occurred and a uniform value of log N(Li) \ 3.2, provided that the uncertainty in values is about 250 K. This is high, but this cluster appears to have varying extinction, which T eff could lead to large temperature errors. Stars in NGC 2264 have spun up compared with the younger Orion Nebula cluster. Current models suggest disk-locking timescales of 1¨2 Myr to account for the most rapidly rotating stars. By combining rotation periods and v sin i values, we show that the distribu- tion of sin i is not in accord with a random distribution of rotation axes. The reason for this is not known, but it is probably due to a selection against equator-on objects that still have obscuring material around them.
Bilingual language switching and selection at the phonetic level: Asymmetrical transfer in VOT production

Abstract The present study examines the effect of language switching on phonetic production, contributing to an understanding of the underlying interaction between a bilingual's two phonetic systems. While phonetic interaction has been studied in non-switched and code-switched paradigms, effects of connected speech (e.g. speech planning, pragmatics, etc.) may obscure underlying phonetic interaction. To investigate the impact of language switching, a cued picture-naming task was employed, with Spanish–English bilinguals of differing dominance profiles naming pictures in English and Spanish. Stimuli were produced both as switched and non-switched tokens. Addressing the impact of context, stimuli were presented in three contexts varying in quantity of language. Results indicate an asymmetrical effect of language switching on voice onset time. Specifically, both Spanish-dominant and English-dominant bilinguals demonstrated unidirectional transfer, with the dominant language significantly impacted by language switching. Drawing parallels with findings of asymmetrical temporal costs found at the lexical level, and resulting theoretical models, implications are discussed with reference to possible inhibitory mechanisms at play in bilingual phonetic selection and switching.
The formation of metastable aluminas at high temperatures

The formation of metastable alumina by the rapid cooling of droplets of molten alumina is described. The necessary conditions are discussed and a possible mechanism is suggested. Some consideration is given to the effect of impurities.