cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Configuration of Spinning Reserve Based on Conditional Cost/Benefit Analysis

In power systems,in order to optimize the spinning reserve(SR),a trade-off between reliability and economy objectives is always needed.The methods and indices of traditional reliability assessment based on overall averages regard highdamage/low-probability events as commensurate with low-damage/high probability events,making it impossible to reflect the risk preference and the range of damages the decision-makers might particularly concern about;nor is it possible to reflect the sensitivity of SR configuration to the catastrophic generation deficits.This paper introduces conditional reliability assessment methods and indices,then develops a conditional cost/benefit analytic model,and optimizes the SR within the risk range of the decision-makers'concern.Firstly,a time-decoupled unit commitment(UC)is made hour by hour to determine the operating cost and dispatch schedule.Secondly,state sampling of the online units is made to calculate the conditional reliability costs.Then the conditional optimal SR capacity making the conditional total cost minimum in the said hour is found.Finally,the reserve is allocated to each unit by a UC with complete constraints.The case study shows that decision-makers'risk preferences have significant influence on the optimal SR:with the damage range concerned transferred from overall average to extreme adverse situations,the SR demand continually increases so much so that it may even go beyond the supply ability of the current installed capacity.
Neuroblastoma Presenting With Hematuria

AbstractA 3-year-old boy with neuroblastoma presented with gross hematuria, an unusual initial complaint with this malignancy. Renal findings associated with neuroblastoma are discussed.
Validating Code-Level Behavior of Dynamic Adaptive Systems in the Face of Uncertainty

A dynamically adaptive system DAS self-reconfigures at run time in order to handle adverse combinations of system and environmental conditions. Techniques are needed to make DASs more resilient to system and environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, automated support to validate that a DAS provides acceptable behavior even through reconfigurations are essential to address assurance concerns. This paper introduces Fenrir, an evolutionary computation-based approach to address these challenges. By explicitly searching for diverse and interesting operational contexts and examining the resulting execution traces generated by a DAS as it reconfigures in response to adverse conditions, Fenrir can discover undesirable behaviors triggered by unexpected environmental conditions at design time, which can be used to revise the system appropriately. We illustrate Fenrir by applying it to a dynamically adaptive remote data mirroring network that must efficiently diffuse data even in the face of adverse network conditions.
ETHNIC BUSINESS FAMILIES

The study of the family firm has gained increased attention in recent years, judging by the number of articles and books published lately as well as the fact that a number of universities in the United States and elsewhere now emphasize a focused study of family business in higher education (Fletcher, 2002; Hoy & Verser, 1994; Litz, 1997). At the same time, the field of entrepreneurship has been enriched by perspectives from sociology and anthropology and has welcomed the study of ethnic business groups, especially in terms of their unique entrepreneurial tendencies as well as their organization and operations within a social order in which they remain a distinct minority (Aldrich & Waldinger, 1990; Light & Gold, 2000).
Maya Divination: Ritual Techniques of Distributed Cognition

Based on more than 24 months of ethnographic research among Maya ritualists in the western highlands of Guatemala, this article examines how pajooneem , or tz’ite’ seed divination, facilitates decision-making and distributes cognition between client, diviner, and ritual techniques. Tz’ite’ seed divination exhibits a stylized routine that draws on important ‘mediating structures,’ including the 260-day ritual calendar known throughout Mesoamerica. Because it is both a ritual and cognitive practice, Maya divination grounds decision-making in a perennially relevant set of cultural values.
The Modelling of Multimodal Distributions of Respondance Times

We discussed the representation of linear viscoelastic behavior by series-parallel models in Chap. 3, by spectral response functions (canonical representations) in Chap. 4, by ladder models in Chap. 5, and by mathematical equations in Chap. 6. With the exception of the standard solid and liquid models, these representations all assumed the existence of a distribution of respondance times. We did not specify the precise nature of any of these distributions but tacitly assumed that they all had their origin in a single viscoelastic mechanism
Advanced hyperspectral detection based on elliptically contoured distribution models and operator feedback

In autonomous hyperspectral remote sensing systems, the physical causes of false alarms are not all understood. Some arise from vagaries in sensor performance, especially in non-visible wavelengths. Consequently, many false target declarations are characterized simply as outliers, anomalies conforming to no physical or statistical models. Other false alarms arise from clutter spectra too similar to target spectra. To eliminate the recurrence of such difficult errors, deployed systems should allow operator feedback to their signal processing systems. Here we describe how a hyperspectral system using even advanced detection algorithms, based on a elliptically contoured distribution models, can be enhanced by allowing it to learn from its mistakes.
Automation in Interference Prediction

This paper describes interference prediction modeling techniques that have been developed to take advantage of a large, computerized, pre-stored data base consisting of environmental and equipment characteristics data. Particular emphasis is given to areas where deviations from classical interference prediction techniques have resulted due to the availability of a broad spectrum of data representing most types of communication-electronics equipment. A brief discussion of the data base maintained at the Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center i s followed by a more thorough examination of a basic interference prediction model which applies to interference from a single source and an intermodulation interference prediction model which considers interference from multiple sources. The computational techniques that are developed are applicable to situations when equipment discrete operating frequencies are known as well as when tuning ranges are the only known frequency characteristics of the equipment.
A New Neighborhood Every Fall: Aging in Place in a College Town.

ABSTRACTOlder adults who live in residential neighborhoods adjacent to college and university campuses have a unique experience that makes them vulnerable to marginalization and displacement. As these neighborhoods become increasingly dominated by college students living in rental properties, older adults find themselves in the minority in a neighborhood where they have lived for many years. In addition, these neighborhoods are attractive to universities, city governments, and private companies for their development potential, which can result in gentrification. A year-long ethnographic study of a campus-adjacent neighborhood in a small US college town that is home to a medium-sized public university sheds light on the relationships between members of 5 stakeholder groups that have a vested interest in the neighborhood. The study highlights the need for additional research on different types of neighborhoods and their effects on aging in place in addition to outlining social work interventions in campus-a...
Effects of grazing exclusion on rangeland vegetation and soils, east central Idaho

Nineteen exclosures on sagebrush steppe and shadscale rangelands, varying in age from 18 to 38 years, were sampled for plant species richness, plant composition, indicators of soil erosion, ground cover, vegetative cover, and herb-low shrub layer screening cover. Features within the exclosures were compared with adjacent sites of the same size that were open to grazing by livestock and wildlife. Species richness typically was slightly greater inside exclosures than in adjacent grazed sites (median = 2 more species inside exclosures), but the difference was not significant ( P = 0.16). Similarity of plant community composition between exclosures and adjacent grazed sites ranged from 45% to 82%. Evidences of soil movement, soil pedestals, and soil flow patterns were all more pronounced outside exclosures than inside ( P ≤ 0.02), even though many sites were on flat to mild slopes (median slope = 12%). Meta-analysis of the 19 exclosure sites indicated that grazing exclusion resulted in less bare ground cover compared with adjacent grazed sites ( P ≤ 0.05). The effect of grazing exclusion on visible soil surface cryptogams was significant ( P ≤ 0.05), with generally greater cover inside exclosures. Cryptogam cover differences between grazed sites and exclosures tended to increase with the number of years of grazing exclusion ( r = 0.64, P = 0.046). Pseudoroegneria spicata , a principal livestock forage, averaged greater basal cover inside exclosures than outside on 4 of 10 sites where it occurred, although no exclosure sites had greater P. spicata cover on grazed sites. Meta-analysis of the 10 sites indicated that grazing exclusion resulted in greater P. spicata cover compared with adjacent grazed areas ( P ≤ 0.05). Poa secunda , a short-growing grass that initiates growth early in the spring and is not important livestock forage, averaged greater basal cover outside exclosures on 5 of 15 sites where it occurred. Meta-analysis of the 15 sites indicated a significant treatment effect ( P ≤ 0.05), with greater Poa secunda basal cover outside exclosures. Grazing exclusion resulted in greater screening cover in the herb-low shrub layer (0-0.5 m height; P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that despite improved livestock grazing management over the past half century, livestock grazing still can limit the potential of native plant communities in sagebrush steppe ecosystems, and that the health of semiarid ecosystems can improve with livestock exclusion in the absence of other disturbances. A few exclosure sites were similar for the measured parameters, suggesting that these sites were ecologically stable and that exclusion of livestock grazing was not sufficient to move succession toward more pristine conditions, at least within the time periods studied. Managed disturbance such as fire or mechanical brush treatments may be necessary to restore herb productivity on these ecologically stable sites.
Staging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) comprises approximately 5−30% of primary liver tumors, however it has been increasing over the last several decades. Up to and including the 6 th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) edition staging system, ICC was staged the same as hepatocellular carcinoma. In the 7 th edition AJCC/UICC manual, the staging system of ICC was revised such that a distinct classification was proposed. Pathologic features for prognosis included vascular invasion, tumor multiplicity, local extension, periductal infiltration and lymph nodal metastasis. Over the last decade, as the incidence of ICC has increased and surgery for this indication has become more common, more data has been published on the prognostic factors associated with long-term survival.
Cartilage restoration techniques for the patellofemoral joint

Symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint are clinically challenging to manage because of the limited healing potential of articular cartilage; the complex morphology of the patellofemoral joint; the heterogeneity of the articular surface between patients; and high stresses across the joint, which can be altered by malalignment, tilt, or maltracking. Indications for surgery include traumatic lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, and high-grade chondromalacia in association with persistent pain despite a course of nonsurgical management. Various techniques have been described for managing symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint, including microfracture, osteochondral autograft transplantation, and biologic cell transplantation, including autologous chondrocyte implantation. Salvage techniques (eg, fresh allograft) may provide satisfactory outcomes after a failed attempt at surgical management. Irrespective of the surgical technique used, outcomes are generally worse in the patellofemoral compartment than in the tibiofemoral joint. The concomitant management of associated pathology, including patellar malalignment, is recommended because it has been shown to improve the success of cartilage restoration procedures.
Spatial Thinking and STEM Education. When, Why, and How?

Abstract We explore the relation between spatial thinking and performance and attainment in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) domains. Spatial skills strongly predict who will go into STEM fields. But why is this true? We argue that spatial skills serve as a gateway or barrier for entry into STEM fields. We review literature that indicates that psychometrically-assessed spatial abilities predict performance early in STEM learning, but become less predicative as students advance toward expertise. Experts often have mental representations that allow them to solve problems without having to use spatial thinking. For example, an expert chemist who knows a great deal about the structure and behavior of a particular molecule may not need to mentally rotate a representation of this molecule in order to make a decision about it. Novices who have low levels of spatial skills may not be able to advance to the point at which spatial skills become less important. Thus, a program of spatial training might help to increase the number of people who go into STEM fields. We review and give examples of work on spatial training, which show that spatial abilities are quite malleable. Our chapter helps to constrain and specify when and how spatial abilities do (or do not) matter in STEM thinking and learning.
Isomer Dependence on the Reactivity of Diazenes with Pentaphenylborole

Reactions of the anti-aromatic pentaphenylborole with diazenes indicate that both the substitution and the isomer influence the reaction outcome. With respect to trans isomers, azobenzene underwent coordination and C-H addition across the diene of the borole, and 2',6'-dimethylazobenzene furnished a fused tricyclic system. Under photolytic conditions, both of the aforementioned diazenes generate the first 1,3,2-diazaborepin heterocycles, rationalized through reactivity with the cis isomers. This notion is corroborated by the reaction of pentaphenylborole with benzo[c]cinnoline, the tethered variant of azobenzene, that only exists as the cis conformer as the corresponding 1,3,2-diazaborepin was produced regardless if the reaction is conducted in the dark or light. The more aromatic pyridazine proved to be less reactive, forming a resilient adduct.
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage after electroconvulsive therapy

Abstract A 46-year-old woman with a history of medically refractory depression experienced a tonic-clonic seizure shortly after electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. The patient was stabilized, diagnostic imaging was performed to exclude an underlying vascular lesion responsible for the hemorrhage, and the patient underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy and evacuation of hematoma. Despite aggressive measures, however, the patient ultimately died of cardiopulmonary complications of the inciting hemorrhage. This report highlights a rare but potentially devastating complication of electroconvulsive therapy.
Reaction of Macroradicals

Macroradicals, i.e., electron deficient polymers which may be designated as R·, have played an important role in the progress of animal and plant life since the beginning of time. Of course, the existence of naturally occurring or synthetic macroradicals was not recognized until the 1930’s but the existence of macroradicals was also not accepted by many outstanding organic chemists of that era.
Physician perceptions of children's coping with asthma are associated with children's psychosocial and disease functioning.

Introduction Low-income, ethnic minority children disproportionately face poor asthma control, and poorly controlled asthma is related to psychosocial difficulties. This study assessed physician reports of coping in child patients and examined associations between physician reports of child coping and parent and child reports of children's coping, psychosocial, and asthma outcomes (asthma-related stress, emotional and behavioral problems, asthma control, and school missed due to asthma). Method Physicians reported on coping in their patients (N = 67) ages 5-17 with asthma. Parents reported on child coping, asthma-related stress, emotional and behavioral problems, asthma control, and school missed due to asthma. Children ages 9-17 provided self-reports. Results Physicians' reports of primary control coping (e.g., problem solving) and secondary control coping (e.g., cognitive restructuring) were not associated with parent ratings of corresponding coping strategies, but physician reports of disengagement coping (e.g., avoidance) were correlated with parent reports of disengagement and secondary control coping. Physician perceptions of higher child primary control, and lower disengagement, were correlated with less parent-reported stress, better asthma control, and for primary control, fewer partial days of school missed. Physician reports were not correlated with child reports of coping, but physician reports of disengagement were correlated with child-reported conduct problems. Discussion Findings suggest that physician reports of child coping provide independent information from parent and child reports of coping, and could be leveraged to identify and intervene with patients who are at elevated risk for poor outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Imaging of Acute Appendicitis in Adults: Radiography

The clinical symptoms of acute appendicitis can be so characteristic that there is no difficulty in making the correct diagnosis. In some patients, however, the clinical findings may be obscure or minimal. In these patients, imaging studies may be required to make a correct diagnosis and permit prompt surgical intervention before perforation occurs. Today, this is accomplished rapidly and accurately by ultrasound and computed tomography. In the past, abdominal radiography has traditionally been considered an essential part of the workup of patients presenting with acute abdominal pain. Although it has a low diagnostic yield, this procedure is still frequently performed in patients with abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis to detect abnormal bowel gas patterns or an appendicolith. There is no current indication for barium enema examination for acute appendicitis, but a short presentation of this technique provides younger readers an idea of how appendicitis was diagnosed before the age of cross-sectional imaging.
Experimental Design and Analysis for Assessing Gas Exchange Kinetics During Exercise

The study of pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during human exercise yields insight into control mechanisms involved in the process of delivery of oxygen from the environment to the exercising muscle and the consequent removal of carbon dioxide. Mathematical models play an important role in the design of these studies and for subsequent interpretation of gas exchange kinetic data. The modeling process provides for the interaction among experimental data, physiological interpretation and experimental design.
EcoJustice Education for Science Educators

We live in a world of immense power, beauty, and wisdom. Every living and nonliving entity that occupies this planet, including humans, participates in an infinitely complex set of shifting, communicating relationships that create everything, making life possible. And while humans may desire to understand it all, there is no possible way to ever fully uncover or control all the resulting mysteries that circulate here. This is the meaning of the sacred.
Post-radiation vascular lesions of the breast

Post-radiation vascular lesions are a rare complication most commonly seen in patients previously treated for breast cancer. The main two entities include angiosarcoma (AS), which are malignant tumors that have a poor prognosis, and atypical vascular lesions (AVL), which typically behave in a benign manner and only rarely progress to angiosarcoma. The overall incidence of these lesions is low, but it appears to be increasing. Histopathologic distinction of AVL and AS is essential due to different clinical outcomes and treatment. However, due to the occasional existence of overlapping clinical and histopathologic features, it may be sometimes difficult to render a definite diagnosis, particularly in small biopsies. Ancillary techniques are, in general, of little help for separating the borderland cases but, in some instances, immunohistochemical study (IHC) for Ki67 and IHC or fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for MYC may help in the diagnosis of angiosarcoma. Herein we discuss the clinical characteristics, histopathologic features, management strategies, and outcome of these lesions, with special emphasis on their differential diagnosis.
Insulin-stimulated Rac1-GTP binding is not impaired by palmitate treatment in L6 myotubes

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is required for normal insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle and evidence indicates Rac1 may be negatively regulated by lipids. We investigated if insulin-stimulated activation of Rac1 (i.e., Rac1-GTP binding) is impaired by accumulation of diacylglycerols (DAG) and ceramides in cultured muscle cells. Treating L6 myotubes with 100 nmol/L insulin resulted in increased Rac1-GTP binding that was rapid (occurring within 2 min), relatively modest (+38 ± 19% vs. basal, P < 0.001), and short-lived, returning to near-basal levels within 15 min of continuous treatment. Incubating L6 myotubes overnight in 500 μmol/L palmitate increased the accumulation of DAG and ceramides (P < 0.05 vs. no fatty acid control). Despite significant accumulation of lipids, insulin-stimulated Rac1-GTP binding was not impaired during palmitate treatment (P = 0.39 vs. no fatty acid control). Nevertheless, phosphorylation of Rac1 effector protein p21-activated kinase (PAK) was attenuated in response to palmitate treatment (P = 0.02 vs. no fatty acid control). Palmitate treatment also increased inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and attenuated insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt at both Thr308 and Ser473 (all P < 0.05 vs. no fatty acid control). Such signaling impairments resulted in near complete inhibition of insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter protein 4 (GLUT4; P = 0.10 vs. basal during palmitate treatment). In summary, our finding suggests that Rac1 may not undergo negative regulation by DAG or ceramides. We instead provide evidence that attenuated PAK phosphorylation and impaired GLUT4 translocation during palmitate-induced insulin resistance can occur independent of defects in insulin-stimulated Rac1-GTP binding.
Sorry, I Didn’t Catch That!

We present results from an extensive empirical analysis of non-understanding errors and ten non-understanding recovery strategies, based on a corpus of dialogues collected with a spoken dialogue system that handles conference room reservations. More specifically, the issues we investigate are: what are the main sources of non-understandings? What is the impact of these errors on global performance? How do various strategies for recovery from non-understandings compare to each other? What are the relationships between these strategies and subsequent user response types, and which response types are more likely to lead to successful recovery? Can dialogue performance be improved by using a smarter policy for engaging the non-understanding recovery strategies? If so, can we learn such a policy from data? Whenever available, we compare and contrast our results with other studies in the literature. Finally, we summarise the lessons learned and present our plans for future work inspired by this analysis.
The Effects of Bacterial Endotoxin LPS on Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction

Abstract The direct action of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) endotoxin was shown to enhance synaptic transmission and hyperpolarize the membrane potential at low doses, but block glutamatergic receptors and decrease observable spontaneous events at a high dosage. The dosage effects are LPS type specific. The hyperpolarization is not due to voltage-gated potassium channels or to activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The effects are induced directly by LPS, independent of an immune response.
Abstract 2444: The use of CT radiomics to predict immune infiltrate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background: Prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are limited. Radiomics is a non-invasive method to quantitatively analyze tumors with imaging. Previous data have demonstrated that CT radiomics is predictive of overall survival in PDAC. Based on evidence that enhanced intratumoral adaptive immunity is associated with improved survival in PDAC, we sought to build an immune infiltration prediction model with CT radiomics. Methods: A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed with tumor arranged in triplicate from short-term and long-term survivors of PDAC who underwent resection between 2005 and 2010. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for intratumoral mature dendritic cells (DC-LAMP+), regulatory T cells (CD3+FoxP3+), CD8+ T cells, (CD3+CD8+), activated cytolytic CD8+ T cells (CD3+CD8+GrB+), and macrophages (CD68+). The pancreatic tumor in the portal venous phase on preoperative CT was manually delineated, and 255 radiomic features were extracted and analyzed for significance using univariate linear regression. A multivariate linear regression analysis was then performed to correlate radiomic features with immune infiltrate for each of the immune phenotypes. Results: There were 22 patients included in the analysis, 7 of whom were short-term survivors (median survival of 9 months) and 15 were long-term survivors (median survival of 74 months). Feature selection resulted in 17 significant radiomic features for mature dendritic cells, 7 for regulatory T cells, 11 for CD8+ T cells, 16 for cytolytic CD8+ T cells and 12 features for macrophages. Five regression models were then constructed using the significant radiomic features to predict intratumoral immune infiltrate. There was a strong association between radiomic features and mature dendritic cells (R2=0.83, 95% CI 0.761-0.906, p Conclusion: A strong association was found between imaging phenotypes and both dendritic cells and activated cytolytic T cells, demonstrating that non-invasive imaging techniques may help identify tumors with active adaptive immunity. Further analysis is underway in a larger cohort of patients to validate these findings. Citation Format: Caitlin A. McIntyre, Jayasree Chakraborty, Maura Koszalka, Jared Bassmann, Yuting Chou, Mithat Gonen, Peter J. Allen, T. Peter Kingham, Michael I. D9Angelica, Jeffrey A. Drebin, William R. Jarnagin, Richard K. Do, Vinod P. Balachandran, Amber L. Simpson. The use of CT radiomics to predict immune infiltrate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2444.
The CREB coactivator CRTC2 promotes oncogenesis in LKB1-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

The LKB1 tumor suppressor is often mutationally inactivated in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LKB1 phosphorylates and activates members of the AMPK family of Ser/Thr kinases. Within this family, the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) modulate gene expression in part via the inhibitory phosphorylation of the CRTCs, coactivators for CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). The loss of LKB1 causes SIK inactivation and the induction of the CRTCs, leading to the up-regulation of CREB target genes. We identified CRTC2 as a critical factor in LKB1-deficient NSCLC. CRTC2 is unphosphorylated and therefore constitutively activated in LKB1-mutant NSCLC, where it promotes tumor growth, in part via the induction of the inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1), a bona fide CREB target gene. As ID1 expression is up-regulated and confers poor prognosis in LKB1-deficient NSCLC, our results suggest that small molecules that inhibit CRTC2 and ID1 activity may provide therapeutic benefit to individuals with NSCLC.
Logit Regression for Bounded Dependent Variables

In this chapter we introduce logit regression, a particular type of nonlinear regression which accommodates responses which are limited, or bounded above and below. For example, the likelihood of trying a new product can neither be negative nor greater than one hundred percent. Market share is similarly limited to the range between zero and one hundred percent. In each of these cases, dependent response must be rescaled, acknowledging these boundaries. The odds ratio rescales probabilities or shares to a corresponding unbounded measure. The logit, or natural logarithm of an odds ratio, rescales responses, producing an S-shaped pattern, which reflects greater response among “fence sitters” with probabilities or shares that are mid-range.
Ethics and politics : selected essays

Alasdair MacIntyre is one of the most creative and important philosophers working today. This volume presents a selection of his classic essays on ethics and politics collected together for the first time, focussing particularly on the themes of moral disagreement, moral dilemmas, and truthfulness and its importance. The essays range widely in scope, from Aristotle and Aquinas and what we need to learn from them, to our contemporary economic and social structures and the threat which they pose to the realization of the forms of ethical life. They will appeal to a wide range of readers across philosophy and especially in moral philosophy, political philosophy, and theology.
Estimating the stature of ancient high-altitude Andean populations from skeletal remains of the Chachapoya of Peru.

Objectives Previous studies have demonstrated the need for regionally specific stature estimation formulae due to the geographical specificity of limb proportionality related to the effects of environmental pressures on growth and development. High-altitude Andean populations have often been neglected in the creation of these formulae. This study uses a hybrid approach to create linear regression formulae for stature estimation and test their accuracy when compared previously published formulae traditionally used in Andean bioarchaeology. Materials and methods We studied a sample from a high-altitude Andean population to create linear regression formulae based on anatomical estimates of stature from the femur, tibia, and calcaneus and compare the newly created formulae with those traditionally employed in Andean bioarchaeology. We also examine the reliability of calcanei in stature estimation by creating and testing regression formulae based on metrics from that element. Results We include specific formulae accurate to within 1 cm of anatomical stature estimates using femoral, tibial, and calcaneal metrics. These formulae provide estimates that are closer to anatomical stature than those traditionally used in the Andes. ANOVA results were statistically significant for differences between Andean-derived and Mesoamerican-derived formulae. Discussion Although regionally proximate (mid-altitude) formulae provide estimates approximating population-specific formulae, those created from geographically distant populations from sites at or near sea-level are inappropriate in high-altitude studies. Like some previous studies on stature, we found that the most accurate estimates were based on the tibia rather than the femur and that the calcaneus can be used reliably in stature estimation when no other element is present or measurable.
The Incidental Basket

(1957). The Incidental Basket. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 60-61.
Frequency and Specificity of Pediatric Health Policy Discussions in Political Campaigns.

This cross-sectional study analyzed a database of Congressional candidate campaign websites to assess the frequency and specificity of pediatric health policy discussions in political campaigns.
Judas hermeneutics: Literary character and reading in revolt

Medieval studies has an identification problem. Scholars are assumed to hold an interest in the period because of the ways in which they may identify with their materials, which has sedimented ‘medievalist’ into an identity category and continues to work against efforts to build coalitions across divisions of periodization and field. Drawing on the formulations of queer, BIWOC, and feminist theorists, this paper suggests disidentification as an alternative mode of engagement with the medieval, one that employs the distance between the reader and the text as the critical tool with which to enter into conversation with medieval cultural productions. I use the term ‘Judas hermeneutics’ to group together various interpretive orientations that specifically achieve the work of disidentification; as one example, I offer a character studies-based close reading of the figure of Judas Iscariot in the N-Town Passion Plays to show how its elisions of time and consequence embed into the narrative an axiomatic thought – the exegetical precondition of Judas’s damnation – which remains invisible to a point of view residing within the text. Disidentification, I argue, enables critical observations like these by making explicit the fact that we are not the things we study – nor should we wish to be.
Optimal Thyroid Hormone Replacement.

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinopathy and levothyroxine is frequently prescribed. Despite the basic tenets of initiating and adjusting levothyroxine being agreed upon, there are many nuances and complexities to consistently maintaining euthyroidism. Understanding the impact of patient weight and residual thyroid function on initial levothyroxine dosage and consideration of age, co-morbidities, TSH goal, life stage, and quality of life as levothyroxine is adjusted can be challenging and continually evolving. As levothyroxine is a life-long medication it is important to avoid risks from periods of overtreatment or undertreatment. For the subset of patients not restored to baseline health with levothyroxine, causes arising from all aspects of the patient's life (co-existent medical conditions, stressors, lifestyle, psychosocial factors) should be broadly considered. If such factors do not appear to be contributing, and biochemical euthyroidism has been successfully maintained, there may be benefit to a trial of combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. This is not supported by the majority of randomized clinical trials, but may be supported by other studies providing lower quality evidence and by animal studies. Given this discrepancy, it is important that any trial of combination therapy only be continued as long as a patient benefit is being enjoyed. Monitoring for adverse effects, particularly in older or frail individuals, is necessary and combination therapy should not be utilized during pregnancy. A sustained release liothyronine preparation has completed phase 1 testing and may soon be available for better designed and powered studies assessing whether combination therapy provides superior therapy for hypothyroidism.
Measuring Temporal and Spatial Variability of Red Blood Cell Velocity in Human Retinal Vessels

Purpose The retinal circulation regulates blood flow through various internal and external factors; however, it is unclear how locally these factors act within the retinal microcirculation. We measured the temporal and spatial variability of blood velocity in small retinal vessels using a dual-beam adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Methods In young healthy subjects (n = 3), temporal blood velocity variability was measured in a local vascular region consisting of an arteriole, capillary, and venule repeatedly over 2 days. Data consisted of 10 imaging periods separated into two sessions: (1) five 6-minute image acquisition periods with 30-minute breaks, and (2) five 6-minute image acquisition periods with 10-minute breaks. In another group of young healthy subjects (n = 5), spatial distribution of velocity variability was measured by imaging three capillary segments during three 2-minute conditions: (1) baseline imaging condition (no flicker), (2) full-field flicker, and (3) no flicker condition again. Results Blood velocities were measurable in all subjects with a reliability of about 2%. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used as an estimate of the physiological variability of each vessel. Over 2 days, the average CV in arterioles was 7% (±2%); in capillaries, it was 19% (±6%); and, in venules, it was 8% (±2%). During flicker stimulation, the average capillary CV was 16% during baseline, 15% during flicker stimulation, and 18% after flicker stimulation. Conclusions Capillaries in the human retina exhibit spatial and temporal variations in blood velocity. This inherent variation in blood velocity places limits on studying the vascular regulation of individual capillaries, and the study presented here serves as a foundation for future endeavors.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that causes serious infection in humans, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Adaptive immunity consists of activated T cells, cytokines such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and activated macrophages that restrict the growth and spread of bacteria within its intracellular environment. Innate immunity to the bacteria, on the other hand, is perhaps even more complex and includes a variety of different host cells and cytokines. The innate immunity to L. pneumophila infection limits the growth of the bacteria, which generally occurs in macrophage. Therefore, the regulation of L. pneumophila growth in macrophages by proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, may be a main event in the early phase of infection. TNF-α, which is mainly produced by macrophages, is a potent cytokine and has extensive properties affecting the regulation of immunological and inflammatory cells. In general, the adaptive immunity to bacterial infections is characterized by the memory of the previous antigen stimulation, which is not necessarily the infection, and the transferable nature of the memory with lymphocytes.
Relevance of Psychogenic and Epileptic Seizures Coexisting in an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Population (P4.257)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relevance of coexisting psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and epileptic seizures (ES) recorded in patients during epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) evaluations. BACKGROUND: It is well established that PNES and ES may coexist in a patient, but patients with both ES and PNES recorded simultaneously in EMU evaluations are not well described. DESIGN/METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all epilepsy monitoring patients at the University of Maryland Medical Center over an 18 month period to determine the incidence of both PNES and ES coexisting in a patient as documented by capturing both PNES and ES during that admission. RESULTS: Of our 256 total epilepsy monitoring patients, 167 (65%) were female, and the mean age was 41 years (range 16-88, standard deviation 14.7). Of the total patients, 70 (27%) were judged to have PNES during their admission, and 8 (11.4%) of these PNES patients had well documented coexisting epileptic seizures as determined by video EEG during that same admission. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of co-existing PNES and ES captured on video EEG monitoring in our patients (11.4% of all PNES patients) was higher than expected, and may relate in part to aggressive seizure medication tapers to provoke events, thereby unmasking ES in patients with documented PNES and a pre-existing propensity or risk for ES (3 patients). In addition, for several (5) of these patients with apparent PNES, the possibility that these were embellished epileptic auras mimicking PNES warrants consideration. Still, the incidence of co-existing ES and apparent PNES in such a high percentage of patients is notable and suggests that caution is warranted when tapering seizure medication in some patients with PNES. Also further study of management and outcomes in ES patients with presumed PNES versus embellished epileptic auras seems warranted. Study Supported by: Rosen Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Krumholz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thomas has nothing to disclose.
Critical behavior of drops in linear flows. I. Phenomenological theory for drop dynamics near critical stationary states

The dynamics of viscous drops in linear creeping flows are investigated near the critical flow strength at which stationary drop shapes cease to exist. According to our theory the near-critical behavior of drops is dominated by a single slow mode evolving on a time scale that diverges at the critical point with exponent 1/2. The theory is based on the assumption that the system undergoes a saddle-node bifurcation. The predictions have been verified by numerical simulations for drops in axisymmetric straining flow and in two-dimensional flows with less vorticity than in shear flow. Application of our theory to the accurate determination of critical parameters is discussed.
Effects of Glycerol on Chicken Spermatozoa Incubated In Vitro at 41 C in Oviducal and Embryonic Cell Cultures

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of glycerol on the quality and survival of spermatozoa in an in vitro system at 41 C in the presence of oviducal and other tissue cultures. The motility and percentages of abnormal and dead spermatozoa of glycerolized semen were significantly affected in a positive way by the presence of living cells. The most negative effect of glycerol on semen quality was observed with semen incubated in the tissue culture medium alone. Aspartate aminotransferase activity in the culture fluid revealed a harmful effect of glycerol on spermatozoa and culture cells.
The Introduction of Negroes into White Departments

As the barriers between Negroes and Whites have dropped in such institutions as schools, the armed services, and industry, there has been much discussion as to whether such contacts between the "races" actually increases or decreases prejudice. The following four brief cases describe why, how, and with what results Negroes were introduced into white departments in a large Chicago meat-packing plant. It is indicated that in these four cases there was a marked decrease in prejudice.
Polystyrene with dendritic branching by convergent living anionic polymerization. II. Approach using vinylbenzyl chloride

Vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) has been used as a coupling agent in Convergent Living Anionic Polymerization to produce polymers with dendritic branching. The slow addition of a stoichiometric amount of VBC to living polystyrene chains allows the coupling to proceed through macromonomer formation followed by vinyl addition. Changing the reaction conditions produced two types of structures. Star-shaped polymers with a hyperbranched core were made by the continuous slow addition of VBC alone, and chain-extended hyperbranched structures with varied molecular weight between branch points were produced by the slow addition of VBC mixed with different amounts of styrene monomer. The extent of growth of the two different types of structures ranged from 2.4 to 2.6 generations for the case of VBC added alone, corresponding to an average of 5.3 to 6.1 arms attached to the hyperbranched core, and from 3.2 to 4.2 generations for polymers produced from the addition of VBC mixed with styrene. Relatively low polydispersities were obtained for all samples. The highly branched nature of the polymers was reflected in the low intrinsic viscosity relative to linear polystyrene and in the dependence of glass-transition temperature on the molecular weight relative to the number of end groups. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 4289–4298, 2000
Sources and information: Teacher education at community colleges

This concluding chapter describes resources related to teacher education at community colleges, including national perspectives, issue papers, examinations of student experiences, and literature summaries.
The National Archives and Electronic Data

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), located in Washington, DC, is the final repository for records of the federal government. NARA's holdings span 200 years of American history and include an immense range of detail on the operations of federal agencies. The National Archives also contains a wealth of information about the actions and opinions of American society, individually and collectively, over time.
Classification and management of perforations complicating endoscopic sphincterotomy.

Abstract Background: The management of perforations after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyze the treatments and outcome of patients with ES perforations. Methods: Between January 1994 and July 1998, in a series of 6040 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies, 2874 (48%) ESs were performed: 40 patients (0.6%) with perforation were identified and retrospectively reviewed. Results: All patients (n = 14) with guidewire perforation (group I) were recognized early, managed medically, and discharged after a mean hospital stay of 3.5 days. Twenty of 22 patients with periampullary perforation (group II) were identified early; 18 patients (90%) had aggressive endoscopic drainage, and none required operation. Of the 2 patients identified late, 1 patient required operation and subsequently died. Mean hospital stay for this group was 8.5 days. Only 1 of 4 patients with duodenal perforations (group III) was identified early; all required operation; 1 patient died, and the mean hospital stay was 19.5 days. Conclusions: ES perforation has 3 distinct types: guidewire, periampullary, and duodenal. Guidewire perforations are recognized early and resolve with medical treatment. Periampullary perforations diagnosed early respond to aggressive endoscopic drainage and medical treatment. Postsphincterotomy perforations diagnosed late (particularly duodenal) require surgical drainage, which carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. (Surgery 1999:126:658-65.)
Archaeological and linguistic correlations in Mayaland and associated areas of Meso‐America

Abstract A sketch of the linguistic, geographic and temporal diversification of the Mayan language‐family is offered, and correlations with archaeological discoveries are suggested in many cases. Linguistic contacts of Mayan with non‐Mayan languages and cultures are discussed, and a number of archaeological‐linguistic correlations are suggested. Reference is made to some common linguistic misconceptions often voiced by Meso‐American archaeologists. Some of the more important claims (oversimplified) made here are that Classic Mayans were Cholans, Olmecs and Izapans were Mixe‐Zoqueans, and that there were no Nahuas in Meso‐America before the fall of Teotihuacan.