cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation Heat Transfer Environment in Fire and Furnace Tests of Radioactive Materials Packages

The Hypothetical Accident Conditions (HAC) sequential test of radioactive materials packages includes a thermal test to confirm the ability of the package to withstand a transportation fire event. The test specified by the regulations (10 CFR 71) consists of a 30 minute, all engulfing, hydrocarbon fuel fire, with an average flame temperature of at least 800 C. The requirements specify an average emissivity for the fire of at least 0.9, which implies an essentially black radiation environment. Alternate test which provide equivalent total heat input at the 800 C time averaged environmental temperature may also be employed. When alternate tests methods are employed, such as furnace or gaseous fuel fires, the equivalence of the radiation environment may require justification. The effects of furnace and open confinement fire environments are compared with the regulatory fire environment, including the effects of gases resulting from decomposition of package overpack materials. The results indicate that furnace tests can produce the required radiation heat transfer environment, i.e., equivalent to the postulated pool fire. An open enclosure, with transparent (low emissivity) fire does not produce an equivalent radiation environment.
Expression of adult female patterns of sexual behavior by male, female, and pseudohermaphroditic female rhesus monkeys.

Gonadally intact pseudohermaphrodiric female and normal female and neonatally castrated male rhesus monkeys were given estrogen treatment as adults and evaluated for attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity during rests with a tethered stud male. Pseudohermaphrodites were produced by injecting their mothers during pregnancy with either testosterone propionate (TP) or dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP). Castrated males had reliably lower attractivity than normal females on all indicator responses shown by the tethered males. Additionally, castrated males showed reliably fewer proceptive responses on 4 of 5 measures than normal females. Receptivity could not be assessed in this situation for castrated males, because tethered males never contacted them unless the castrated males were displaying presentation. No reliable differences were observed between pseudohermaphrodites produced by prenatal treatments with TP or DHTP. Pseudohermaphrodires generally showed reliably less attractivity and proceptivity than normal females and reliably more of these traits than castrated males. Attractivity scores for pseudohermaphrodites were not different from those for normal females until proximity to the tethered male was established. Receptivity was not different in pseudohermaphrodites compared with normal females. Results indicate prenatal androgenization and its developmental sequelae lead to a defeminization in adulthood which, in this testing situation, was principally manifested by a deficiency in the performance of proceptive behaviors. Additionally, defeminization in rhesus monkeys, unlike that demonstrated in rodents, does not depend upon actions of an aromatizable androgen.
Total elbow arthroplasty with the Coonrad/Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis: A 10- TO 31-YEAR SURVIVAL ANALYSIS

There have been few reports in the literature of total elbow arthroplasty extending beyond 10 to 15 years. We reviewed 40 patients (41 elbows) with a mean age of 56 years (19 to 83) who had undergone a Coonrad/Coonrad-Morrey elbow arthroplasty by one surgeon for various diagnoses between 1974 and 1994. Surgical selection excluded patients with previous elbow infection or who refused to accept a sedentary level of elbow activity postoperatively. Objective data were collected from charts, radiographs, clinical photographs and supplemented by the referring orthopaedic surgeons' records and radiographs if health or distance prevented a patient from returning for final review. Subjective outcome was defined by patient satisfaction. Of the 41 elbows, 21 were functional between 10 and 14 years after operation, ten between 15 and 19 years and ten between 20 and 31 years. There were 14 complications and 13 revisions, but no cases of acute infection, or permanent removal of any implant.
Towards a really unified theory for metacommunities

Traditionally, community ecologists assumed that spe-cies differ in some aspects of their traits or responsesto the environment (i.e. their niches), which allow themto coexist in the same habitat (Hutchinson 1957, 1959).Recently, Hubbell (2001) and others (e.g. Bell 2001,2003) have suggested that this view is inadequate toexplain the diversity often observed in speciose systems.For example, hundreds to thousands of tree species livein tropical forests, which only have a handful of limitingresources such as water, light, and a variety of macro- andmicronutrients. Such high diversity, with so few resources,they argue, cannot be explained by niche theory.As an alternative to the traditional niche theory,Hubbell (2001) developed a neutral theory of commu-nity structure (see also Caswell 1976; Hubbell 1979;Hubbell & Foster 1986; Bell 2000, 2001, 2003; Chave L Chave 2004). In the neutral theory, pat-terns of species diversity, relative abundance, andcomposition are primarily a function of the size of themetacommunity, the dispersal rate of organisms withinthe metacommunity, and the rates of generation (spe-ciation) of new species (Bell 2001; Hubbell 2001; Chave2004). Because species are assumed to be identicalecologically, Hubbell termed his a ‘neutral theory’, bydirect analogy to neutral genes in population genetics.Hubbell further termed his theory ‘uniﬁed’ in that it issimultaneously able to predict diversity and relativeabundance of organisms in a locality, as well as bioge-ographic patterns of species composition.In this essay, I overview the key assumptions (inputs)required and the insights (outputs) that can be gainedfrom each framework. While a complete discussion ofall of the assumptions and predictions of these modelsis beyond the scope of this essay (but see Chase
Nitric oxide synthase gene therapy for cardiovascular disease.

Gene therapy refers to the transfer of specific genes to the host tissue to intervene in a disease process, with resultant alleviation of the symptoms of a particular disease. Cardiovascular gene transfer is not only a powerful technique for studying the function of specific genes in cardiovascular biology and pathobiology, but also a novel and promising strategy for treating cardiovascular diseases. Since the mid-1990s, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine, has received considerable attention as a potential candidate for cardiovascular gene therapy, because NO exerts critical and diverse functions in the cardiovascular system, and abnormalities in NO biology are apparent in a number of cardiovascular disease processes including cerebral vasospasm, atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, transplant vasculopathy, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, impotence and delayed wound healing. There are three NOS isoforms, i.e., endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS) and inducible (iNOS). All three NOS isoforms have been used in cardiovascular gene transfer studies with encouraging results. This review will discuss the rationale of NOS gene therapy in different cardiovascular disease settings and summarize the results of experimental NOS gene therapy from various animal models of cardiovascular disease to date.
Neurological and Behavioral Consequences of Childhood Lead Exposure

Among environmental chemicals, lead's reputation as a “bad actor” is confirmed in study after study. Over the past 30 years, we have learned that its toxicities are expressed in many forms, and, unfortunately, at levels of exposure that are still prevalent in the general population. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's current screening guidelines for preventing lead poisoning in young children suggest that screening should be targeted at identifying those with a blood lead level of 10 μg/dl or more [1]. However, this level has no special biological significance and certainly should not be interpreted as “safe.” Indeed, a “safe” level has yet to be found. Two new studies published in this issue of PLoS Medicine, both from the long-running Cincinnati Lead Study (CLS), extend our knowledge of lead's effects and their societal implications [2,3].
Networks and Economic Behavior

Recent analyses of social networks, both empirical and theoretical, are discussed, with a focus on how social networks influence economic behavior, as well as how social networks form. Some challenges of such research are discussed as are some of the important considerations for the future.
Cloning and Characterization of Androgen Receptor Coactivator, ARA55, in Human Prostate

Abstract Androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone-activated transcriptional factor that can bind to androgen response elements and that regulates the transcription of target genes via a mechanism that presumably involves cofactors. We report here the cloning of a novel AR coactivator ARA55 using a yeast two-hybrid system. ARA55 consists of 444 amino acids with the predicted molecular mass of 55 kDa and its sequence shows very high homology to mouse hic5, a TGF-β1-inducible gene. Yeast and mammalian two-hybrid systems and co-immunoprecipitation assays all prove ARA55 can bind to AR in a ligand-dependent manner. Transient transfection assay in prostate cancer DU145 cells further demonstrates that ARA55 can enhance AR transcriptional activity in the presence of 1 nmdihydrotestosterone or its antagonists such as 100 nm17β-estradiol or 1 μm hydroxyflutamide. Our data also suggest the C-terminal half of ARA55, which includes three LIM motifs, is sufficient to interact with AR. Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction quantitation showed ARA55 can be expressed differently in normal prostate and prostate tumor cells. Together, our data suggests that ARA55 may play very important roles in the progression of prostate cancer by the modulation of AR transactivation.
Deterministic minimal time vessel routing

We develop general methodologies for the minimal time routing problem of a vessel moving in stationary or time dependent environments, respectively. Local optimality considerations, combined with global boundary conditions, result in piecewise continuous optimal policies. In the stationary case, the velocity of the traveling vessel within each subregion depends only on the direction of motion. Variational calculus is used to derive the geometry of piecewise linear extremals. For the time dependent problem, the speed of the vessel within each subregion is assumed to be a known function of time and the direction of motion. Optimal control theory is used to reveal the nature of piecewise continuous optimal policies.
When Is Institutional Review Board Approval Necessary for Quality Improvement Projects

Institutional review boards (IRBs) were developed to protect the safety, rights, and welfare of human research subjects. The role of IRBs is to perform critical oversight for research conducted on human subjects to ensure the research is scientific, ethical, and regulatory (McNett & Lawry, 2009; Sims, 2008). The IRB also functions as a resource to researchers providing educational mentoring and guidance to novice and expert researchers (Kotzer & Milton, 2007). Internationally, the World Health Organization’s Declaration of Helsinki is the most widely cited ethical standard for research recommending approval from an ethical review board (Wagner, 2003). The Belmont report, prepared by a U.S. national commission, provided ethical guidelines for conducting research with human subjects. This Belmont report provides guidelines supported by three ethical principles. These basic principles should be followed for any research activity. The first principle is respect for persons, which includes recognizing an individual’s autonomy and dignity. The second principle is beneficence, protecting the individual from harm by optimizing the benefits. This principle indicates that benefits must outweigh the potential harms. The third principle from the Belmont report is justice. This principle focuses on the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of the research (Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1979). These ethical standards guide IRBs in their purpose of protecting the rights, safety, and well-being of research participants. Important terms to consider in determining when the IRB is responsible for overseeing the rights, safety, and Editorial
Power Management for DC Microgrid Enabled by Solid-State Transformer

A novel distributed power management scheme is proposed in this paper for a DC microgrid system, which is enabled by Solid-State transformer (SST). The proposed system includes distributed renewable energy resource (DRER) and distributed energy storage device (DESD). The proposed distributed control algorithm, which only relies on the local information and guarantees full utilization of each module in the system based on their characteristics, is applied to both SST and DC microgrid. To this end, a simulation platform is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, in which Photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell and battery are selected as the typical DRERs and DESD, respectively. Lastly, several typical case studies are carried out and the simulation results verify the proposed distributed power management.
A Century of Cell Adhesion: From the Blastomere to the Clinic Part 1: Conceptual and Experimental Foundations and the Pre-Molecular Era

AbstractThe historical roots of cell adhesion research stretch back over a hundred years, commencing with fundamental questions from the advent of experimental embryology in the late nineteenth century. The transition of embryology from a descriptive to an experimentally driven and mechanistic branch of the biological sciences included investigations focused on the interactions of the first cells of the newly developing embryo, the blastomeres, and followed the movement, interactions and fate of these cells as the tissues and organs of the growing embryo took form. Of special interest to early investigators were cell-cell contacts, which were obviously dynamic but of an obscure nature. This historical review, the first of a series, explores the early years of the cell adhesion field, including the work of Roux, Wilson, Galtsoff, Just and Holtfreter, and discusses the classical experiments, observations and conceptual developments that formed the cornerstone of cell adhesion research during its premolecula...
Choice Experiments’ Findings: A Tool for Fruit Agribusiness Managers’ Decision Making

Choice experiment studies eliciting values for quality attributes provide relevant information to fruit agribusiness managers in various ways. First, it helps orchard managers to know if novel cultivars possess the attributes most valued by consumers. Second, it benefits warehouse and retail store managers to apply appropriate techniques to enhance fruit quality characteristics most appealing to consumers. Third, it is valuable for marketing managers to base their strategies on research-based information on consumers’ preferences. Results from a choice experiment showed that consumers were willing to pay $0.19, $0.16, $0.16, and $0.06 for a one unit increase in Anjou pears’ sweetness, texture, juiciness, and firmness liking scores, respectively.
Electron Irradiation of Zeolites

Three different zeolites (analcime, natrolite, and zeolite-Y) were irradiated with 200 keV and 400 keV electrons. All zeolites amorphized under a relatively low electron fluence. The transformation from the crystalline-to-amorphous state was continuous and homogeneous. The electron fluences for amorphization of the three zeolites at room temperature were: 7.0×1019 e-/cm2 (analcime), 1.8×1020 e-/cm2 (natrolite), and 3.4×1020 e-/cm2 (zeolite-Y). The different susceptibilities to amorphization are attributed to the different channel sizes in the structures which are the pathways for the release of water molecules and Na+. Natrolite formed bubbles under electron irradiation, even before complete amorphization. Analcime formed bubbles after amorphization. Zeolite-Y did not form bubbles under irradiation. The differences in bubble formation are attributed to the different channel sizes of the three zeolites. The amorphization dose was also measured at different temperatures. An inverse temperature dependence of amorphization dose was observed for all three zeolites: electron dose for amorphization decreased with increasing temperature. This unique temperature effect is attributed to the fact that zeolites are thermally unstable. A semi-empirical model was derived to describe the temperature effect of amorphization in these zeolites.
Exposure to Tea Tree Oil Enhances the Mating Success of Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The aroma of various plant essential oils has been shown to enhance the mating competitiveness of males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Laboratory observations revealed that male medflies show strong short-range (<10 cm) attraction to tea tree oil (TTO hereafter) derived from leaves of the Australian plant Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betch) Cheel (Myrtales: Melastomataceae). The present study was undertaken to i) compare the attractiveness of TTO with that of trimedlure (the male lure routinely used in detection surveys) in field and field cage tests and ii) assess the influence of TTO exposure on male mating success under conditions of varying dose, duration of post-exposure (i.e., pre-test) interval, and access (contact possible or not) to the TTO source. Results showed that TTO-baited traps captured 50% as many males as trimedlure-baited traps in field cages but only 8% as many males as trimedlure-baited traps in the open field. Males exposed to pure TTO or dilutions of 50% and 5% TTO in hexane had higher mating success than non-exposed control males in tests conducted 1 d after exposure. TTO-exposed males also had a mating advantage when tested 3 d after exposure and when physical contact with the TTO source was prevented. In an additional experiment, TTO exposure was found to enhance the mating competitiveness of mass-reared, sterile males in competition against wild males for copulations with wild females in tests conducted 1 or 3 d after exposure.
The child with multiple injuries.

Information specific to the rapid resuscitation of pediatric patients is detailed and treatment of injury to specific systems, including the chest, abdomen, urinary tract, and diaphragm and esophagus, is described. Language: en
Dynamically Feasible Motion Planning through Partial Differential Flatness.

Differential flatness is a property which substantially reduces the difficulty involved in generating dynamically feasible trajectories for underactuated robotic systems. However, there is a large class of robotic systems that are not differentially flat, and an efficient method for computing dynamically feasible trajectories does not exist. In this paper we introduce a weaker but more general form of differential flatness, termed partial differential flatness, which enables efficient planning of dynamic feasible motion plans for an entire new class of systems. We provide several examples of underactuated systems which are not differentially flat, but are partially differentially flat. We also extend the notion of partial differential flatness to hybrid systems. Finally, we consider the infamous cart-pole system and provide a concrete example of designing dynamically feasible trajectories in the presence of obstacles.
Pediatric Care Provided at Urgent Care Centers in the United States: Compliance With Recommendations for Emergency Preparedness.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the compliance of urgent care centers in the United States with pediatric care recommendations for emergency preparedness as set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was distributed to urgent care center administrators as identified by the American Academy of Urgent Care Medicine directory. RESULTS: A total of 122 questionnaires of the 872 distributed were available for analysis (14% usable response rate). The most common diagnoses reported for pediatric patients included otitis media (72%), upper respiratory illness (69%), strep pharyngitis (61%), bronchiolitis (30%), and extremity sprain/strain (28%). Seventy-one percent of centers have contacted community emergency medical services (EMS) to transport a critically ill or injured child to their local emergency department in the past year. Sixty-two percent of centers reported having an established written protocol with community EMS and 54% with their local emergency department or hospital. Centers reported the availability of the following essential medications and equipment: oxygen source (75%), nebulized/inhaled β-agonist (95%), intravenous epinephrine (88%), oxygen masks/nasal cannula (89%), bag-valve-mask resuscitator (81%), suctioning device (60%), and automated external defibrillator (80%). Centers reported the presence of the following written emergency plans: respiratory distress (40%), seizures (67%), dehydration/shock (69%), head injury (59%), neck injury (67%), significant fracture (69%), and blunt chest or abdominal injury (81%). Forty-seven percent of centers conduct formal reviews of emergent or difficult cases in a quality improvement format. CONCLUSIONS: Areas for improvement in urgent care center preparedness were identified, such as increasing the availability of essential medications and equipment, establishing transfer and transport agreements with local hospitals and community EMS, and ensuring a structured quality improvement program. Language: en
Gene Therapy for Infectious Diseases

The majority of initial studies on gene therapy focused on congenital diseases. Increasing knowledge and recent advances in immunology, particularly about cytokines has led to new studies of gene therapy for acquired diseases, including infectious diseases. In this chapter we focus on the potential applications of gene therapy to infectious diseases (Figure 1). We also briefly review recent advances in gene therapy for two inherited immunodeficiency diseases that are associated with recurrent infections, chronic granulomatous disease and severe combined immunodeficiency. The topic of gene therapy for HIV disease is reviewed in chapter 12.
The relative contribution of strength and physique to running and jumping performance of boys 7-11.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association of static strength with motor performance of 7 through 11 year old boys (N = 60) after accounting for differences in physique, i.e., body size, shape, and composition. Static strength measures included thigh extension, leg extension and plantar flexion measured by electronic transducer and back lift, leg lift, and right and left grips measured by spring dynamometer. Measures of body composition consisted of fat estimated from triceps, subscapsular and calf skinfolds, and fat-free body weight estimated from potassium-40 measurements. Body structure consisted of skeletal widths, and segment girths, lengths and volumes. The dependent variables were vertical jump, standing broad jump, 50-yard dash, 600-yard run and mile run. The measures of strength increased the variance accounted for from 10 to 23% over that when body size, composition and structure were used without strength. An exception was vertical jump where no increase in the variance accounted for was found with the addition of strength variables. The regression equations determined for the sample of 60 boys rendered multiple R's ranging from 0.64 (mile run) to 0.75 (50-yard dash). It was concluded that strength has a significant relation to motor performance and that its contribution can be better assessed after accounting for differences in body size, shape, and composition.
Interlocking structure assembly with voxels

This paper explores the problem of building a structure of a desired shape, using re-usable interlocking blocks. Blocks are cubes; we make use of nine different types of cubes, each with different arrangements of male and female connectors on the six sides of the cube. The desired shape is specified by a set of voxels. We propose an algorithm that lays out cubes in a particular pattern to give the desired shape and gives a fairly simple assembly order.
Narcissism Over Ideology: Revealed versus Stated Terrorist Preferences

What preferences motivate the severity of terrorist attacks? I investigate how Boko Haram terrorists adjust their fatalities when unexpectedly deprived of public attention, relative to Al Shabaab terrorists, that were not deprived of public attention. Losing public attention raises the severity of terrorism: Boko Haram terrorist fatalities surged following the rebasing of Nigeria's economy, which catapulted the country into Africa's largest and the top twenty-five worldwide. The largest spike in Boko Haram terrorist fatalities occurred in the wake of the Nigerian Ebola health crisis. Although Boko Haram claims an anti-education sentiment, their fatalities do not actually differ significantly from Al Shabaab fatalities during the Nigerian national basic education examination. Overall, terrorists consider well-being changes as threats that have more validity than the persuasiveness of their own claimed ideologies. The results are robust to acknowledging other conflict actors in Nigeria and Somalia that have distinct motivations. Terrorist groups do not significantly vary the severity of their attacks during Ramadan. Given extremists' vulnerable self-concepts, emphasizing revealed relative preferences may undermine terrorist credibility and recruitment.
Nonmalignant disorders of lymphocytes.

Objective To review the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and laboratory findings in nonmalignant disorders of lymphocytes. Data sources Current literature. Study selection Determined by author. Data extraction Determined by author. Data synthesis Assessing qualitative and quantitative changes in lymphocytes provides important information regarding immune reactions, disease conditions, and responses to therapy. Quantitative nonmalignant disorders encompass those conditions in which the total number of lymphocytes may be either increased (lymphocytosis) or decreased (lymphocytopenia). Frequently encountered disorders with a lymphocytosis include infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infection. Lymphocytopenia is not detected as often or as easily in the clinical laboratory, but may be induced by several causes such as stress, certain types of therapy, nutrient deficiencies, or premature destruction of lymphocytes as occurs in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical and laboratory findings provide significant clues in defining the etiology of a nonmalignant disorder of lymphocytes. Conclusion Disorders of lymphocytes include both benign and malignant quantitative and qualitative variations. A reactive lymphocytosis is commonly associated with many viral and certain bacterial infections. The clinical laboratory plays an important role in differentiating reactive and malignant lymphoproliferative processes. Benign lymphocytopenia, although not a frequent finding, must also be characterized by the laboratory.
Abstract 404: The Use of Renin and Aldosterone Profiling in the Treatment of Complex Hypertension

Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) remains highly prevalent and contributes to the risk for increased CVD and stroke. The purpose of this study is to determine if renin/aldosterone profiling in patients new to the complex HTN clinic would aid in identification of certain subsets of HTN and lead to improved BP control. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all new patients seen at the Penn HTN clinic by a single HTN specialist between 2005-2010. We examined all adult patients that were screened with plasma renin (ng/ml) and serum aldosterone (ng/dl) levels. Patients with known causes of secondary HTN such as pheochromocytoma were excluded. All data was reviewed from the first visit and for all subsequent visits for the first year. The patients were classified as follows: normal, salt sensitive (renin Results: We identified 158 patients with a mean age of 52.9 ± 1.25 years, 47% (74 of 158) males; 53% (84 of 158) females; 75% (117 of 158) were white; 21% (33 of 158) black and 4 % (6 of 158) other. The mean SBP/DBP at baseline for the entire cohort was 149/87 ± 1.85/1.17 mmHg and was decreased by a mean of 20.3/8.6 ± 1.88/1.2 at 1 year (p=0.000). There was no change in the overall number of medications at baseline and at one year despite improved BP control ( p = 0.770). Conclusion: Renin/aldosterone profiling in subjects with severe HTN helps the physician tailor therapy resulting in improved BP control without an overall increase in the number of medications needed. Most patients did require at least 3 meds to achieve good BP control.
School Closure and Loss: Guiding a District Through the Change Process:

This case study is designed for aspiring principal and superintendent leadership candidates who are studying transitions, change theory in organizations, or board/superintendent relations. It examines the arduous process of closing a school and making huge cuts in a small district because of declining enrollment and expenditures that far outweighed revenue. In this case study, the superintendent and leadership team play the complex roles of communicators, grief counselors, organizers, and change agents.
A study of companies’ business responses to fashion e-commerce’s environmental impact

ABSTRACTThe emerging e-commerce business mode comes with logistical challenges, especially concerning environmental sustainability. Although the environmental effects of e-commerce have drawn attention in recent years, extant knowledge on this issue and possible solutions is very limited. Using the secondary data, this study analysed and compared prior studies regarding the different environmental effects of apparel e-tailing versus traditional retailing in terms of carbon emissions, waste, and energy usage. The focused four parts of the supply chain are packaging, transportation, return, and disposal. Findings showed that, under most circumstances, online shopping is better for the environment than in-store shopping, but intervening factors, such as excessive packaging, shipping speed and/or apparel returns, add more carbon footprint and waste to the environment. As online shopping is becoming progressively more efficient as technology continues to advance, apparel e-tailers have adapted to further creat...
Long-term optical brain imaging in live adult fruit flies.

Time-lapse in vivo microscopy studies of cellular morphology and physiology are crucial toward understanding brain function but have been infeasible in the fruit fly, a key model species. Here we use laser microsurgery to create a chronic fly preparation for repeated imaging of neural architecture and dynamics for up to 50 days. In fly mushroom body neurons, we track axonal boutons for 10 days and record odor-evoked calcium transients over 7 weeks. Further, by using voltage imaging to resolve individual action potentials, we monitor spiking plasticity in dopamine neurons of flies undergoing mechanical stress. After 24 h of stress, PPL1-α’3 but not PPL1-α’2α2 dopamine neurons have elevated spike rates. Overall, our chronic preparation is compatible with a broad range of optical techniques and enables longitudinal studies of many biological questions that could not be addressed before in live flies. Time-lapse imaging studies of more than a day in the fly brain have been infeasible until now. Here the authors present a laser microsurgery approach to create a permanent window in the fly cuticle to enable time-lapse imaging of neural architecture and dynamics for up to 10–50 days.
A New Approach to Determine the Pose and Dimension of Polygonal Shapes

Machine vision has the potential to significantly impact both quality and productivity in computer integrated manufacturing, due to its versatility, flexibility and relative speed. Unfortunately, algorithmic development has not kept pace with advances in vision hardware technology, particularly in the areas of analysis and decision making. The specific subject of this investigation is the development of machine vision algorithms for the dimensional checking, pose estimation, and overall shape verification for general polygonal objects. Algorithmically, the image boundary data is partitioned into n segments, and then the best-fitting polygon is found using a non-ordinary least-squares technique. The algorithm is well-suited for on-line implementation in an automated environment due to its flexibility and demonstrated speed.
Problemstellung und Zweck der nichtlinearen Optimierung

Im Folgenden werden die grundlegenden Standardformen der hier behandelten Optimierungsprobleme und die dabei benutzte Terminologie erklart. Anschliesend werden in Aufgaben reale Problemstellungen vorgestellt. Aufgabe ist es dann, aus diesen Fragestellungen den mathematischen Kern zu extrahieren und diesen in der Sprache der Zielfunktionen und Nebenbedingungsfunktionen wiederzugeben. Das Allgemeine Nichtlineare Optimierungsproblem (das fur uns in diesem Kapitel masgeblich ist), wird wie folgt definiert.
Stepwise Thermophotochemical Crosslinking for Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization

Non-covalent bonding (e.g. electrostatic or ionic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding) is very important in maintaining the intra- and intermolecular interactions critical to the functioning of biological macromolecules in aqueous environments. The three-dimensional structure compatible with these functional interactions is stabilized in most enzymes by covalent non-peptide (e.g. disulfide) bonds. The introduction of additional covalent bonds within and between enzyme molecules thus seems to be a reasonable approach to the stabilization of the functional interactions for their subsequent study and use in unnatural environments.
Does Board Capital Matter? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Board Capital and Performance

Prior research suggests that board capital is a predictor of firm performance because directors perform their responsibilities more effectively when they possess human and social capital resources....
Electron-impact ionization of multicharged metal ions: Ni 3 + , Cu 2 + , Cu 3 + , and Sb 3 +

Absolute electron-impact ionization cross sections were measured as a function of collision energy for the multicharged metallic ions ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{3+}$. The measurements cover an energy range from below threshold to 1000 eV (1500 eV for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$). Recent distorted-wave direct ionization calculations agree with the measurements for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{3+}$ within 20%. Inner-shell excitation followed by autoionization produces up to a factor-of-2 enhancement in the ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{3+}$ cross section, and a rapid decrease in this indirect contribution at higher energies indicates the dominance of dipole-forbidden excitations.
Rare Event Monte Carlo and Importance Sampling

Suppose that in the analysis of some system, the value of a probability or expected value that is largely determined by one or a few events is important. Examples include the data loss in a communication network; depletion of capital reserves in a model for insurance; motion between metastable states in a chemical reaction network; and exceedance of a regulatory threshold in a model for pollution in a waterway. In previous chapters we have described how large deviation theory gives approximations for such quantities. The approximations take the form of logarithmic asymptotics, i.e., exponential decay rates.
Extending Deep Knowledge Tracing: Inferring Interpretable Knowledge and Predicting Post-System Performance.

Recent student knowledge modeling algorithms such as Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks (DKVMN) have been shown to produce accurate predictions of problem correctness within the same learning system. However, these algorithms do not attempt to directly infer student knowledge. In this paper we present an extension to these algorithms to also infer knowledge. We apply this extension to DKT and DKVMN, resulting in knowledge estimates that correlate better with a posttest than knowledge estimates from Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), an algorithm designed to infer knowledge, and another classic algorithm, Performance Factors Analysis (PFA). We also apply our extension to correctness predictions from BKT and PFA, finding that knowledge estimates produced with it correlate better with the posttest than BKT and PFA's standard knowledge estimates. These findings are significant since the primary aim of education is to prepare students for later experiences outside of the immediate learning activity.
Distributed heterogeneous compute infrastructure for the study of additive manufacturing systems

We present the current status of a scalable computing framework to address the need of the multidisciplinary effort to study chemical dynamics. Specifically, we are enabling scientists to process and store experimental data, run large-scale computationally expensive high-fidelity physical simulations, and analyze these results using state-of-the-art data analytics, machine learning, and uncertainty quantification methods using heterogeneous computing resources. We present the results of this framework on a single metadata-driven workflow to accelerate an additive manufacturing use-case.
Biotechnology in the Context of Agriculture and Food: An Overview

The public has working notions of heredity that permit functionally adequate judgment in most matters, but that differ from the perspective of molecular genetics in significant ways. Non-specialists also have limited knowledge of plant and animal breeding prior to the advent of recombinant DNA methods for gene transfer. Concerns about the “deficit model” of science communication notwithstanding (see Chap. 12), a discussion of key terms (genes, GMOs, mutations, and biotechnology itself), reveals the ethical significance of this gap between expert and lay understanding of genetics. The chapter also functions as an overview and introduction to agrifood biotechnology for non-specialists. Past errors, globalization and growing environmental consciousness create a need for greater vigilance and ethical awareness in the discovery, design and implementation of technological innovations. The interpretive disconnect between experts and the public becomes significant because it frustrates effective public oversight, ethical reflection and democratic participation in the development of biotechnology.
Inductorless, Widely Tunable N -Path Shekel Circulators Based on Harmonic Engineering

Recently demonstrated non-magnetic circulators rely on the interference between a linear periodically time-varying nonreciprocal gyrator and reciprocal passive microwave circuits, which limits their form factor and tunability. In this work, a new class of widely tunable non-magnetic inductorless nonreciprocal circulators based on harmonic engineering is introduced. LPTV circuits rely on modulating the input signal with a square-wave clock that contains multiple harmonics. The introduced harmonic engineering concept controls the response of the circuit to various harmonics of the clock waveform, the superposition of which results in the desired functionality. Two miniaturized $N$ -path Shekel circulators have been implemented in 65-nm CMOS. The first prototype, which uses a four-path structure operating in the large- $RC$ -regime, can be reconfigured for operation across 0.1–1.1 GHz with losses ranging from 2.5 to 3.4 dB. It has a form factor of $({\lambda ^{2}}/({2\times 10^{6}}))$ at 500 MHz, with a power consumption of 3–21 mW. The second prototype uses an eight-path structure and operates in the low- $RC$ -regime with a tuning range of 0.28–1.15 GHz and losses of 2.3–3.3 dB and achieves more than 20-dB isolation across a 233-MHz BW (38%) within a $({\lambda ^{2}}/({1.5\times 10^{6}}))$ form factor at 600 MHz consuming 26–67 mW of power. To date, this work has the smallest form factor reported among the state of the art.
Contesting Time: International Comparisons of Employee Control of Working Time

The authors hypothesize that three broad factors affect the degree of workers' control over the timing and the total hours of their work: the institutional and regulatory environment within the country, labor market conditions, and management and labor union strategies. Drawing from their interviews in 2000 with managers, public sector policy-makers and administrators, and union leaders, as well as from previous literature, they illustrate how these factors actually affected working time and employee control over working time in the United States, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. In some cases, employers and labor unions negotiated contracts that increased employee control over working time and provided employers with greater flexibility; in others, employee control over working time remained unevenly distributed across the occupational spectrum.
Herd Level Information and Bulk Tank Milk Analysis

When milk produced on a farm is examined for bacteriological milk quality and mastitis causing bacteria, it can disclose descriptive information about the general udder health status of the herd, milk hygiene and milking practices on the farm. Many dairy producers periodically receive information about their bulk tank milk with reference to standard plate counts and bulk tank somatic cell counts. Some dairy producers also receive a report on preliminary incubation counts. This information, when collected over a period of time, in combination with bulk tank mastitis culture reports can become a significant knowledge base. This comprehensive data, when interpreted in context with the farm's management practices, provides a rationale to determine current and potential milk quality and mastitis problems in a herd. This paper describes the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting bulk tank milk microbiology test results, and utilizing the information to make decisions on improving udder health of the herd and improving milk quality.
Fortran 90: a reference guide

FORTRAN is a programming language that has specific importance in the scientific/engineering research community. This book is designed as a quick reference for programmers and developers.
On the Non-Necessity of Origin

In 'Naming and Necessity/ Saul Kripke defends a number of essentialist claims.1 One of them is that having a certain origin is a necessary property of a material thing. Used in connection with a human being or, presumably, a living thing of another kind whose members sexually reproduce, 'necessity of origin' means that the organism must have been born of those individuals who are its parents, i.e., whose body tissues are sources of the sperm and egg from which it issued, in the actual world. To say that the origin of an inanimate material thing is necessary is to say that having its origin in the hunk of matter from which it came is essential to it. J.L. Mackie and Colin McGinn have proposed conflicting accounts of the belief that origin is essential. McGinn derives it from a general de re
Intimate Partner Violence: An HBSE Perspective.

This article presents a developmental vulnerability/resilience and risk/safety framework to educate social work students about intimate partner violence. The framework adopts a multidimensional per...
Reinterpreting capitalist industrialization: A study of nineteenth‐century France∗ : Proletarianization, small‐scale industry and capitalist industrialization

(1984). Reinterpreting capitalist industrialization: A study of nineteenth‐century France. Social History: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 329-350.
Variable conceptions of population in community resource genetic projects: a challenge for governance

In recent years, human genetic research has developed rapidly, and the cost of sequencing and computational technology continues to decline. This research has also been pushed forward by a major organizational innovation: the development of large, open-access databases of human gene sequences or biospecimens known as community resource projects. This article describes a challenge for the governance of these projects: conceptions of population vary significantly across organizational contexts. This makes it difficult to manage risk appropriately, as measures intended to address hazards to one kind of population may be inadequate for others. Unstable conceptions of population may also make it difficult to identify the stakeholders interested in the governance of these projects. This argument is developed by examining two cases, the International HapMap Project and 1000 Genomes Project, which make use of at least six distinct conceptions of population in different organizational segments.
Database Schema Evolution through the Specification and Maintenance of Changes on Entities and Relationships

An information system usually consists of complex application programs structured on top of a database whose schema can change in order to facilitate the needs of new application programs. It is neither easy nor practical to modify the application programs when the database schema is changed. In order to facilitate the needs of new application programs, and to continue supporting existing applications, the database system needs to be able to cope with changing database schemas and maintaining consistency among objects created under different schemas. This thesis presents an approach to schema evolution through changes to the Entity-Relationship (ER) schema of a database. In this ER-based approach, changes to a database schema are specified in terms of changes to the ER diagram describing the database. In order to extend ER diagrams for specifying the relationships between an old schema and a new one, corresponding to the one before and the one after change, respectively, a specification language called LEVER and its graphical representation called EVER (EVolutionary ER) diagram were developed. Methods used for mapping the change specifications into the relational and object-oriented data models, for organizing the databases after schema change and for constructing database views for schema versions are described. Through the reconstruction of views after database reorganization, changes to an ER diagram can be made transparent to the application programs while all objects in the database remain accessible to the application programs.
Lab exercises built around a substantial example

This paper describes a large example used in an early programming course. Although originally developed as an example for the instructor to develop in class, it turned out to be an excellent basis for a sequence of exercises for students to carry out. The progressive nature of the exercises led to more complex assignments, challenging students to continue to understand work they had completed weeks before.
Sigma factor RpoN (σ54) regulates pilE transcription in commensal Neisseria elongata

Summary Human-adapted Neisseria includes two pathogens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, and at least 13 species of commensals that colonize many of the same niches as the pathogens. The Type IV pilus plays an important role in the biology of pathogenic Neisseria. In these species, Sigma factor RpoD (σ70), Integration Host Factor, and repressors RegF and CrgA regulate transcription of pilE, the gene encoding the pilus structural subunit. The Type IV pilus is also a strictly conserved trait in commensal Neisseria. We present evidence that a different mechanism regulates pilE transcription in commensals. Using Neisseria elongata as a model, we show that Sigma factor RpoN (σ54), Integration Host Factor, and an activator we name Npa regulate pilE transcription. Taken in context with previous reports, our findings indicate pilE regulation switched from an RpoN- to an RpoD-dependent mechanism as pathogenic Neisseria diverged from commensals during evolution. Our findings have implications for the timing of Tfp expression and Tfp-mediated host cell interactions in these two groups of bacteria.