cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The "Z Version" of Piers Plowman

Z was the sigil assigned by Skeat to the Piers Plowman content of Bodleian Library MS Bodley 851 (SC 3041). The "Z version" edited by A. G. Rigg and Charlotte Brewer' is the text on fols. 124r-139r of that manuscript. It consists of a prologue and eight sections or passus, copied in a single hand and ending at VIII 92 (A VIII 88). A new hand, unmistakably of the fifteenth century, copied the remainder of Passus VIII on fols. 139r-140v and then continued with the last thirteen passus of the C version. Rigg and Brewer are uncertain whether the conclusion of Passus VIII should be regarded as part of the Z text but have printed the lines "so that the reader may judge for himself" (p. 30). Editors of Piers Plowman have hitherto considered the Z text to be of scribal origin. It is closer in form and content to the A text than to B or C, but the degree of its correspondence to the archetypal A text varies considerably. The Z text differs extremely throughout the Prologue, in the latter part of Passus III, and throughout Passus V. As a whole, the Z text lacks more than 300 lines found in the A text and has more than 200 lines peculiar to itself. At some points it reads lines or passages found in the A tradition in a different sequence. It also contains readings and lines from B, BC, and C. Three of its divisions of passus differ from those of A, B, and C. Rigg and Brewer propose that the Z version is authorial and antedates the A version, is in effect an Ur-text of Piers Plowman, "a copy of a version written before the A-text" (foreword). "The evidence suggests that Z was still in draft form or represents a partial revision of the earliest version of the poem" (p. 13); "Z is (in restored form) Langland's partial revision of his first draft of the poem" (p. 19 and cp. p. 33). The editors present their case in the form of an elaborate edition. They call their argument a hypothesis, the "best" that is, one supposes, the likeliest explanation of a number of circumstances which they specify: the early date of the manuscript, the language of the text, and the "literary quality" of its distinctive content, as well as the "integrity" of the text as a form of Piers Plowman seen both absolutely and in relation to the A and B versions. What they put forward is actually not a hypothesis in any strict sense, but an assemblage of arguments, linked by iterative assertion, in
Ground resistance of the foot in substation yards

Equations and graphs given in IEEE Std 80 to determine ground resistance are not accurate and give conservative results. More accurate equations and graphs for determining the ground resistance of the human foot in a substation with a thin surface layer of gravel are given. An analysis has been made for models of the foot. In one model the foot is represented by an equivalent circular plate and in the other by an equivalent rectangular plate. Results obtained with these two models and with the IEEE Std 80 method are compared. >
Interacting dark energy in $f(R)$ gravity

The field equations in $f(R)$ gravity derived from the Palatini variational principle and formulated in the Einstein conformal frame yield a cosmological term which varies with time. Moreover, they break the conservation of the energy-momentum tensor for matter, generating the interaction between matter and dark energy. Unlike phenomenological models of interacting dark energy, $f(R)$ gravity derives such an interaction from a covariant Lagrangian which is a function of a relativistically invariant quantity (the curvature scalar $R$). We derive the expressions for the quantities describing this interaction in terms of an arbitrary function $f(R)$, and examine how the simplest phenomenological models of a variable cosmological constant are related to $f(R)$ gravity. Particularly, we show that $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{c}^{2}={H}^{2}(1\ensuremath{-}2q)$ for a flat, homogeneous and isotropic, pressureless universe. For the Lagrangian of form $R\ensuremath{-}1/R$, which is the simplest way of introducing current cosmic acceleration in $f(R)$ gravity, the predicted matter-dark energy interaction rate changes significantly in time, and its current value is relatively weak (on the order of 1% of ${H}_{0}$), in agreement with astronomical observations.
How fantasy benefits young children's understanding of pretense.

Sobel and Lillard (2001) demonstrated that 4-year-olds’ understanding of the role that the mind plays in pretending improved when children were asked questions in a fantasy context. The present study investigated whether this fantasy effect was motivated by children recognizing that fantasy contains violations of real-world causal structure. In Experiment 1, 4-year-olds were shown a fantasy character engaged in ordinary actions or actions that violated causal knowledge. Children were more likely to say that a troll doll who was acting like but ignorant of the character was not pretending to be that character when read the violation story. Experiment 2 suggested that this difference was not caused by a greater interest in the violation story. Experiment 3 demonstrated a similar difference for characters engaged in social and functional violations that were possible in the real world. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that preschoolers use actions and appearance more than mental states to make judgments about pretense, but that those judgments can be influenced by the context in which the questions are presented.
Optomechanics of phononic-photonic crystal defect cavities

We present the theory and experimental realization of simultaneously localized and strongly coupled optical and mechanical modes in periodic nanostructures. The mechanical properties of localized phonons with Gigahertz frequencies and sub-picogram masses are studied via all-optical measurements.
Antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci isolated from flies collected near confined poultry feeding operations

Use of antibiotics as feed additives in poultry production has been linked to the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in farm workers, consumer poultry products and the environs of confined poultry operations. There are concerns that these resistant bacteria may be transferred to communities near these operations; however, environmental pathways of exposure are not well documented. We assessed the prevalence of antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci in stored poultry litter and flies collected near broiler chicken houses. Drug resistant enterococci and staphylococci were isolated from flies caught near confined poultry feeding operations in the summer of 2006. Susceptibility testing was conducted on isolates using antibiotics selected on the basis of their importance to human medicine and use in poultry production. Resistant isolates were then screened for genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance. A total of 142 enterococcal isolates and 144 staphylococcal isolates from both fly and poultry litter samples were identified. Resistance genes erm(B), erm(A), msr(C), msr(A/B) and mobile genetic elements associated with the conjugative transposon Tn916, were found in isolates recovered from both poultry litter and flies. Erm(B) was the most common resistance gene in enterococci, while erm(A) was the most common in staphylococci. We report that flies collected near broiler poultry operations may be involved in the spread of drug resistant bacteria from these operations and may increase the potential for human exposure to drug resistant bacteria.
A continuing exploration of a decomposed compact method for highly oscillatory wave problems

This paper concerns a highly effective and decomposed compact scheme for solving a highly oscillatory paraxial Helmholtz problem in radially symmetric fields. The decomposition is utilized in the transverse direction to eliminate the singularity of the differential equation in polar coordinates. Numerical stability of the splitting scheme is investigated. It is shown that the numerical method introduced is not only highly accurate and efficient due to its straightforward algorithmic structure, but also stable under reasonable constraints for practical applications. Computational examples are presented to illustrate our conclusions.
A test of scent-trailing as a contributing factor in the climbing behaviour of the redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

Terrestrial salamanders of the family Plethodontidae are common predators of invertebrates in deciduous forest communities of eastern North America. While normally residing and foraging in forest-floor microhabitats, many species facultatively climb vegetation. Different hypotheses have been proffered to explain this behaviour including optimal-foraging strategies and predator avoidance. Using laboratory-based trials, we tested the hypothesis that the terrestrial salamander Plethodon cinereus climbs in response to scent trails left by insect prey. We found that salamanders climbed significantly higher and spent significantly more time climbing on wooden dowel rods that had been treated with prey residue than they did on control rods. Scent trailing possibly interacts with other factors such as optimal-foraging opportunities and predation risk in influencing climbing behaviour in these salamanders.
The impact of distribution of a patient‐education pamphlet in a multidisciplinary breast clinic

Abstract Study Goal. To determine the impact of the distribution of patient‐education pamphlets to women with benign breast conditions in a large urban multidisciplinary breast clinic. Methods. It is clinic policy to administer such materials at the first patient visit for these conditions. A standardized telephone interview was conducted with a random sample of 50 such patients at a mean of five months after that visit (range 1‐12 months). Results. While only 29 of the 50 women interviewed reported receiving such materials, 27 of these 29 women reported reading them. The patient's level of education and whether the patient had friends/relatives with breast cancer were not different between the women who had read the pamphlets and the women who had not (p = NS). The women who had received and read the material scored significantly better than did women who had not on a brief breast cancer screening questionnaire (p = 0.027). Of the former, all but three found the information of use; three‐fourths of such ...
Efficiency of Interfacial Electron Transfer from Zn-Porphyrin Dyes into TiO2 Correlated to the Linker Single Molecule Conductance

High performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) rely upon molecular linkers that allow efficient electron transport from the photoexcited dye into the conduction band of the semiconductor host substrate. We have studied photoinduced electron injection efficiencies from modular assemblies of a Zn-porphyrin dye and a series of linker molecules which are axially bound to the Zn-porphyrin complex and covalently bound to TiO2 nanoparticles. Experimental measurements based on terahertz spectroscopy are compared to the calculated molecular conductance of the linker molecules. We find a linear relationship between measured electron injection efficiency and calculated single-molecule conductance of the linker employed. Since the same chromophore is used in all cases, variations in the absorptivities of the adsorbate complexes are quite small and cannot account for the large variations in observed injection efficiencies. These results suggest that the linker single-molecule conductance is a key factor that shou...
Trajectories of Life Satisfaction After Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Objective To describe individual-level temporal change in life satisfaction after spinal cord injury. Design Individual growth curve (IGC) analysis of prospectively collected data from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research National Spinal Cord Injury Database (NSCID). Setting Multicenter, longitudinal database study. Participants Participants (N=4846) in the NSCID. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Rasch-transformed Satisfaction With Life Scale scores. Results Individual-level trajectories reflecting life satisfaction vary extensively and are associated with demographic and injury-related characteristics. Demographic characteristics include race, sex, pre-employment and discharge marital status, and level of education; injury-related factors include days in rehabilitation, neurologic level, age at injury, and injury etiology. Results are displayed graphically by way of a computer-generated interactive tool and represent different trajectories of individual-level changes in life satisfaction. Conclusions IGC methodology allows researchers and clinicians to anticipate patient-specific trajectories through use of an automated interactive tool. Projected trajectories hold promise in facilitating planning for inpatient and outpatient services, which could enhance long-term outcomes.
Rock Properties Interpreted from Sonic Velocity Logs

A comparison of sonic velocities obtained by geophysical logging methods with core values of porosity, static Young's modulus, and ultimate strength indicates that relationships exist between these properties over a wide range of volcanic rocks penetrated in a series of drill holes in Alaska. The velocity-porosity equation of Wyllie is shown to be applicable to these rocks, and is essentially independent of rock type. A Young's modulus-velocity relationship is also demonstrated for these rocks with a minor dependency on rock type. The relationship between velocity and ultimate strength, however, is shown to be more strongly dependent on rock type. The degree of dependence of the three relationships on rock type is explained on the basis of differences in rock properties affecting the measured parameters.
Serum-free culture of enriched hematopoietic progenitors reflects physiologic levels of fetal hemoglobin biosynthesis

Adult erythroid progenitors produce significantly higher fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels in cultures containing fetal calf serum (FCS) and erythropoietin (Ep) than in vivo. The precise mechanisms for this increased HbF production in culture have not been elucidated. We examined HbF biosynthesis by enriched human progenitors in serum-free (SF) culture. We measured globin chain biosynthesis by combination of isoelectric focusing and autoradiography and examined percent nucleated erythrocytes containing HbF (%FNRBC) using microscopic immunodiffusion. CD34 (My10)-positive marrow cells from a normal subject yielded an almost negligible amount of gamma-globin in SF culture stimulated by 100 U/mL interleukin-3 (IL-3) and 2 U/mL Ep, while corresponding FCS culture revealed significant gamma-globin biosynthesis. The %FNRBC of the erythroid bursts in SF cultures derived from nine normal adults (2.0% +/- 0.9% F cells) was 3.0% +/- 3.4%, while in FCS culture, it was 25% +/- 12% (mean +/- SD). Dosages of IL-3 between 10 and 10,000 U/mL did not increase %FNRBC in FCS of SF conditions. Mean Hb contents of nucleated erythrocytes (NRBC) assayed by microdensitometry of pericellular immunoprecipitate were similar in FCS and SF cultures. The number of erythroid bursts per 2 x 10(3) CD34-positive marrow cells was 48 +/- 20 in FCS and 36 +/- 12 in SF cultures. In two experiments, progenitors grown for 7 days under SF conditions were isolated and recultured in either SF or FCS conditions for 7 days, and the resulting erythroid bursts were analyzed for FNRBC. The bursts that had been returned to FCS cultures yielded values of %FNRBC intermediate between those obtained from progenitors grown entirely in SF or FCS cultures, indicating that serum effect is not solely due to growth selection for certain subpopulations of erythroid burst-forming units. This experiment also demonstrated that the factors present in serum responsible for HbF augmentation act at both early and late stages during erythroid burst development. SF culture of peripheral blood progenitors of one subject with heterocellular hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) yielded elevated levels of FNRBC (19% +/- 5%) that accurately reflected the F cell (18%) of the circulating blood. Similarly, FNRBC in cultures of progenitors from one umbilical cord blood sample (86% F reticulocytes) was 87 +/- 3% FNRBC. The SF culture for enriched human progenitors, which nearly reflects the physiologic HbF programs of the donor, should facilitate studies of the exact mechanisms of postnatal reactivation of HbF production.
Oppy, Perfect Islands, and Existence as a Predicate

In the previous chapter on Graham Oppy's important book, I tried to deal forthrightly with a standard objection to the ontological argument, reiterated by Oppy, that the ontological argument involves inappropriate talk about a necessary being. If only propositions can be necessary, it is alleged, then the ontological argument is (at least virtually) worthless. The following sort of response makes sense: even if necessity is applied only to propositions, the ontological argument shows that the proposition that “God's existence cannot be contingent” is true at all times and hence the argument is anything but worthless (cf. Purtill 1966, 406). Regardless of whether we take necessity to be de dictu or de re or both, however, it should be noted that there is no incompatibility between the conclusion of the ontological argument and the reported(contingent) empirical evidence of religious experience. As before, different strands of evidence can mutually reinforce each other (Johnson 1977). The purpose of the present chapter, however, is to respond in greater detail to two familiar concerns of Oppy and other critics of the ontological argument: the perfect island objection made famous by Gaunilo and echoed in similar contemporary parody objections, on the one hand, and the existence is not a predicate objection made famous by Kant and found in similar contemporary objections, on the other. Oppy predictably supports parodies of the ontological argument, but he is surprisingly skeptical regarding existence is not a predicate objections.
Response to White's "Shadow Scholars and the Rise of the Dissertation Service Industry".

The consideration of the impact of the dissertation services industry on the academy is a welcome piece by Jeffry L. White. White raises interesting questions and calls on educators and researchers to think deeply about the role they play in encouraging or combating the use of this industry by graduate students. In this piece, I respond to White's viewpoint by arguing that stronger language is needed to define this industry and that programs and institutions must be more clear and transparent about their definitions of contract cheating and what kind of assistance they allow their graduate students to use in the writing of their dissertations or theses.
A model for late Archean chemical weathering and world average river water

Abstract Interpretations of the geologic record of late Archean near-surface environments depend very strongly on an understanding of weathering and resultant riverine transport to the oceans. The late Archean atmosphere is widely recognized to be anoxic ( p O 2 , g = 10 − 5 to 10 − 13 bars ; p H 2 , g = 10 − 3 to 10 − 5 bars ). Detrital siderite (FeCO3), pyrite (FeS2), and uraninite (UO2) in late Archean sedimentary rocks also suggest anoxic conditions. However, whether the observed detrital minerals could have been thermodynamically stable during weathering and riverine transport under such an atmosphere remains untested. Similarly, interpretations of fluctuations recorded by trace metals and isotopes are hampered by a lack of knowledge of the chemical linkages between the atmosphere, weathering, riverine transport, and the mineralogical record. In this study, we used theoretical reaction path models to simulate the chemistry involved in rainwater and weathering processes under present-day and hypothetical Archean atmospheric boundary conditions. We included new estimates of the thermodynamic properties of Fe(II)-smectites as well as smectite and calcite solid solutions. Simulation of present-day weathering of basalt + calcite by world-average rainwater produced hematite, kaolinite, Na–Mg-saponite, and chalcedony after 10 − 4 moles of reactant minerals kg−1 H2O were destroyed. Combination of the resultant water chemistry with results for granitic weathering produced a water composition comparable to present-day world average river water (WARW). In contrast, under late Archean atmospheric conditions ( p CO 2 , g = 10 − 1.5 and p H 2 , g = 10 − 5.0 bars ), weathering of olivine basalt + calcite to the same degree of reaction produced kaolinite, chalcedony, and Na–Fe(II)-rich-saponite. Late Archean weathering of tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) formed Fe(II)-rich beidellite and chalcedony. Combining the waters from olivine basalt and TTG weathering resulted in a model for late Archean WARW with the composition Na+–Ca2+–Fe2+–Mg2+–Cl−– HCO 3 − –SiO2,aq. The pH of the water was 6.3 and it is much richer in HCO 3 − , and in Mg + Fe relative to Ca + Na, compared to present-day WARW. At higher pH2,g (e.g. 10 − 4.0 bars ) organic acid anions could be metastable. Our results are consistent with the thermodynamic stability of Fe(II)-clays, pyrite, uraninite, and, under some conditions, siderite during weathering and riverine transport. Overall, our results provide a basis for assessing the formation of organic hazes and the mobility of trace elements and nutrients due to fluctuations of the late Archean atmosphere.
Clofarabine Plus Low-Dose Cytarabine Induction Followed by Consolidation with Clofarabine Plus Low-Dose Cytarabine Alternating with Decitabine as Frontline Therapy for Patients (pts) with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) ≥ 60 Years (yrs).

Abstract Abstract 2058 Poster Board II-35 Therapy of AML for elderly pts (≥ 60 yrs) remains challenging with low response rates, short durability of responses, and high toxicity rates following conventional therapy with standard-dose ara-C/anthracycline combinations. Clofarabine is a novel deoxyadenosine nucleoside analogue with single agent activity in frontline AML for older pts with ≥ 1 unfavorable prognostic factors. We have recently reported results of a randomized study suggesting higher response rates and comparable safety profile with the combination of clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine over clofarabine alone. We have designed the current study of clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine induction followed by consolidation with clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine alternating with decitabine to maintain high response rates and improve disease-free survival based on the following hypotheses: 1) to extend duration of therapy by administering lower doses of the agents; and 2) to provide multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action to decrease risk of resistance. Pts were eligible if ≥ 60 yrs of age with newly diagnosed AML. Pts were excluded for ECOG PS > 2, creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, cardiac ejection fraction Disclosures: Off Label Use: Clofarabine and Decitabine in AML. Kantarjian: Genzyme: Consultancy, Research Funding. Faderl: Genzyme: Consultancy, Research Funding; Eisai: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
Promising and Established Investigators' Experiences Participating in the National Athletic Trainers' Association Foundation Research Mentor Program.

Context: Mentorship is a helpful resource for individuals who transition from doctoral student to tenure-track faculty member. The National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) Research & Educati...
Robotic Radical Nephrectomy and Nephrectomy with Caval Tumor Thrombus

This chapter describes a standardized transperitoneal technique for robotic radical nephrectomy for left- and right-sided pathology. Robotic technology may enable a minimally invasive approach in avoidance of open surgery by surgeons who would otherwise be uncomfortable with standard laparoscopic nephrectomy. Particularly for larger and more challenging tumors such as those with inferior vena caval tumor thrombi as illustrated in this chapter, the advantages of robotic instrumentation and three-dimensional vision can facilitate such complex operations.
Determining potential of PMMA as a depot for rifampin to treat recalcitrant orthopaedic infections.

Abstract Background Open fractures are often complicated by infection. In cases of severe soft tissue and vascular injury, systemic antibiotics may be ineffective due to their inability to reach and provide direct antimicrobial activity to the zone of injury. High antibiotic concentrations within the wound can be achieved with reduced systemic toxicity by using local antibiotic delivery. As bacteria associated with musculoskeletal injuries frequently form biofilms, antibiotic selection is important. Herein, the use of rifampin, an antibiotic with activity against biofilms, delivered via polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads is evaluated for use in a traumatic musculoskeletal wound model. Methods PMMA beads loaded with rifampin, or combinations of rifampin and vancomycin, were prepared and evaluated for time to curing, drug release kinetics in vitro, and infection prevention in vivo using a well-established rat model of musculoskeletal infection. A segmental bone defect was created and contaminated with methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (UAMS-1). Wounds were debrided, irrigated, and treated with PMMA beads, containing rifampin or combinations of rifampin plus vancomycin, following a 6-h (early) or 24-h (delayed) treatment. After 14 days, tissue, implants, and beads were removed for bacterial quantification and assessed for rifampin resistance. Results There was a direct association between loaded concentration and release kinetics of the rifampin and vancomycin from PMMA beads. Higher rifampin concentrations delayed PMMA curing times. The addition of vancomycin to PMMA resulted in more rapid release of rifampin from beads. However, the highest concentration of rifampin loaded PMMA beads (10% wt/wt) was the only treatment to significantly reduce bacterial counts. No rifampin resistance was observed. Conclusion Although higher concentrations of rifampin resulted in significant reductions of bacteria, these levels extended PMMA curing times and transformed PMMA material characteristics. While these characteristics make the material unsuitable for weight-bearing applications, such as total joint arthroplasty, the use of rifampin-loaded PMMA beads may be an effective intervention in a contaminated traumatic extremity wound due to its ability to eradicate biofilms.
The relationship of health literacy to diabetes status differs by sex in older adults.

Abstract Objective Lower health literacy is associated with higher rates of mortality and chronic disease. It remains unclear whether health literacy is associated with diabetes and/or hyperglycemia in older adults, and if this relationship differs by sex. Research design and methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 2510 older adults in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study who had both a Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) measurement and diabetes status available. Sex-stratified logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship of health literacy categories (low, medium, and high) to diabetes status, adjusting for key covariates. Secondary analyses examined the relationship of health literacy to glycemic markers (A1C, fasting blood glucose). Results Among participants in the Health ABC cohort, 429 had diabetes. Mean age was 76 years old and 45% were female. Men with diabetes more commonly had low health literacy levels than men without diabetes (10.1% versus 9.3%, p = 0.02). Similar results were seen among women (14.7% versus 6.1%, p Conclusions In this large, ethnically diverse sample of community-dwelling older adults, lower health literacy level is related to a greater likelihood of diabetes and higher A1C and fasting blood glucose levels in women–but not in men–after adjusting for age, race, and other demographic and lifestyle factors. Future studies are needed to assess mechanisms underlying this relationship and if interventions to improve health literacy are effective in reducing the burden of diabetes, particularly in women.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN SYSTEMS CONTAINING NONIONIC SURFACTANTS AND POLAR OILS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DETERGENCY

Videomicroscopy was used to observe the dynamic behavior which occurred when a small drop of pure oleyl alcohol was brought into contact with an aqueous solution of a pure nonionic surfactant. The drop experienced significant swelling as it took up surfactant and water until its composition reached a point where the lamellar liquid crystalline phase began to develop as myelinic figures growing toward the aqueous solution. A quasi-steady state analysis requiring relatively little information on phase behavior was developed and successfully used to explain the effects of drop size and initial surfactant concentration on the time until liquid crystal formation began. The analysis was also adapted to the case of a thin oil film on a solid surface in an agitated surfactant solution, which is closer to the Situation encountered in practice. The implications of the results for detergency are discussed. A major mechanism for removal of soils containing substantial amounts of polar compounds appears to be incorporation of soil components into myelinic figures which form as described above and are broken off and dispersed as a result of agitation in the washing bath.
Developments in Internal Combustion Engines

The following provides a list of abbreviations and symbols used throughout the article that may not be explicitly defined within the article itself. Readers are referred to any of the authorities in “Books and Reviews” for definitions of terms or phrases not included either here or in the body of the article.
Fast real-time time-dependent hybrid functional calculations with the parallel transport gauge and the adaptively compressed exchange formulation

Abstract We present a new method to accelerate real-time time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) calculations with hybrid exchange–correlation functionals. In the context of a large basis set such as planewaves and real space grids, the main computational bottleneck for large scale calculations is the application of the Fock exchange operator to the time-dependent orbitals. Our main goal is to reduce the frequency of applying the Fock exchange operator, without loss of accuracy. We achieve this by combining the recently developed parallel transport (PT) gauge formalism (Jia et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2018) and the adaptively compressed exchange operator (ACE) formalism (Lin, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2016). The PT gauge yields the slowest possible dynamics among all choices of gauge. When coupled with implicit time integrators such as the Crank–Nicolson (CN) scheme, the resulting PT–CN scheme can significantly increase the time step from sub-attoseconds to 10 − 100 attoseconds. At each time step t n , PT–CN requires the self-consistent solution of the orbitals at time t n + 1 . We use ACE to delay the update of the Fock exchange operator in this nonlinear system , while maintaining the same self-consistent solution. We verify the performance of the resulting PT–CN–ACE method by computing the absorption spectrum of a benzene molecule and the response of bulk silicon systems to an ultrafast laser pulse, using the planewave basis set and the HSE exchange–correlation functional. We report the strong and weak scaling of the PT–CN–ACE method for silicon systems ranging from 32 to 1024 atoms, on a parallel computer with up to 2048 computational cores. Compared to standard explicit time integrators such as the 4 t h order Runge–Kutta method (RK4), we find that the PT–CN–ACE can reduce the frequency of the Fock exchange operator application by nearly 70 times, and the thus reduce the overall wall clock time by 46 times for the system with 1024 atoms. Hence our work enables hybrid functional rt-TDDFT calculations to be routinely performed with a large basis set for the first time.
Sleep duration and quality are associated with eating behavior in low-income toddlers.

Abstract Objective The present study examined whether different sleep health parameters (duration, timing, and quality) are associated with obesity-related eating behaviors including emotional overeating, food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, satiety responsiveness, and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), during toddlerhood. Design Among 134 low-income 33-month-old children, parents reported on child sleep parameters, including sleep quality (Children's Sleep Wake Scale; CSWS) and usual bedtimes and wake times on weekdays and weekends (weeknight sleep duration, weekday-to-weekend bedtime delay). Child eating behaviors were assessed using both observed and parent-report measures. Child Emotional Overeating, Food Responsiveness, Enjoyment of Food, and Satiety Responsiveness were measured by parent report using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire-Toddler. Observed child EAH was evaluated by measuring kilocalories of palatable foods consumed following a meal. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the associations between sleep parameters and eating behaviors. Results Poorer child sleep quality was associated with greater Emotional Overeating (standardized β = −0.20 (SE 0.09), p Conclusions Shorter nocturnal sleep duration and poorer sleep quality during toddlerhood were associated with some, but not all, of the obesity-related eating behaviors. Poor sleep health may promote childhood obesity risk through different eating behavior pathways. As children growing up in poverty may experience greater sleep decrements, sleep duration and sleep quality may be important targets for intervention among low-income families with young children.
Failure-Dependent Test, Repair, and Shutdown Strategies: Reducing the Impact of Common-Cause Failures

Failure-dependent testing implies a test of redundant components (or trainsj when the failure of one component has been detected. The purpose of such testing is to detect any common-cause failures ...
Expression of New Antigens

Summary Denaturation of proteins results in the emergence of new antigenic specificities. In the case of IgG, the new antigens resemble native configurations occuring in IgG of members of other species and some individuals belonging to the same species. The antigenic structure of cultured cells may be transformed by “implanting” foreign antigens through the process of hybridization. By using this procedure, human HL-A antigens of peripheral blood leukocytes were “added” to the cell surface of murine fibroblast cultures. Antigenic transformation of cultured human lymphoid cells may occur without any intentionally induced modification. This transformation may include acquisition of antigens belonging to HL-A system. Antibodies detected in some diseases may be formed in response to new antigens that emerged during the morbid process. Evidence was presented that formation of the rheumatoid factor may be stimulated by the patient's own IgG antibodies that underwent molecular transformation in reacting with their corresponding antigens. Heterophile antibodies might be elicited by stimulus exerted by a new antigen, the heterophile antigen, which was created on the patient's cells during the disease. This hypothesis is made plausible by the observation that the cultured human lymphoid cells carry the heterophile antigen.
Vibrational solvatochromism of the ester carbonyl vibration of PCBM in organic solutions

Ester carbonyl stretch in a widely used organic semiconducting material, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), has been utilized as a vibrational probe of molecular morphology in emerging electronic materials due to the sensitivity of its vibrational frequency to the local environment. Vibrational solvatochromic shift has been observed for dilute PCBM in organic solvents of varying polarity, but the spectral shift does not follow the order of solvent polarity, and its microscopic origin remains elusive. Here, we applied a mixed quantum/classical approach to simulate the infrared (IR) spectra for the ester carbonyl stretch of PCBM in dichloromethane, chloroform, and benzene. In this approach, the ester carbonyl group is treated quantum mechanically with a frequency map, and the rest of the system is described by molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the reasonable agreement with experimental IR spectra, we show that the specific directional interaction between the ester carbonyl group and its neighboring solvent molecules, which is not well captured by the solvent polarity, is primarily responsible for the observed solvatochromic shift. Furthermore, we find that the strength of this interaction also governs the solvation dynamics of the ester carbonyl group and the resulting frequency fluctuation, leading to a more inhomogeneously broadened spectrum for PCBM in chloroform compared to that in dichloromethane and benzene.
The Problem of Platform Law: Pluralistic Legal Ordering on Social Media

The internet would seem to be an ideal platform for fostering the development of multiple overlapping communities seeking to be governed by their own norms. The very structure of the internet resists centralized governance, while the opportunities it provides for the “long tail” of expression means even voices with extremely small audiences can find a home. In reality, however, the governance of online speech looks much more monolithic. This is largely a result of private “lawmaking” activity by internet intermediaries. Increasingly, social media companies like Facebook and Twitter are developing what David Kaye, United Nations (“UN”) Special Rapporteur for the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, has called “platform law.” Through a combination of community standards, contract, technological design, and case-specific practice, social media companies are developing “Facebook law” and “Twitter law” displacing the laws of national jurisdictions. Using the example of content moderation, this paper makes several contributions to the literature. First, it expands upon the idea of “platform law” to consider the broad array of mechanisms that companies use to control user behavior and mediate conflicts. Second, using human rights law as a foundation, the paper makes the case for meaningful technological design choices that enable user autonomy. Users should be able to make explicit choices about who and what they want to hear online. It also frames user choice in terms of the right to hear, not the right to speak, as a way of navigating the tension presented by hate speech and human rights without resorting to platform law that sanitizes speech for everyone.
Glass-like thermal conductivity and other thermoelectric properties of lead ruthenate pyrochlore

Abstract Electrical-(σ) and for the first time, thermal conductivity ( κ ) and Seebeck coefficients of lead ruthenate (Pb2Ru2O6.5) pyrochlore were measured. For the metal-like Pb2Ru2O6.5 electrical conductivity decreased with increasing temperature (25 °C to 300 °C). The Seebeck coefficients showed a maximum at 150 °C, which is explained in the text. Pb2Ru2O6.5 is a p-type conductor. Thermal conductivity increased with increasing temperature. Intrinsic defects (vacancies and a stereo-chemically active 6s2 electron lone-pair of Pb) caused glass-like behavior, i.e. low and increasing thermal conductivity. Electrical- and electronic thermal conductivity varied with T−1/2 and T1/2, respectively, implying impurity scattering. The lattice contribution κL decreased with T−1 with increasing temperature, suggesting that 3-phonon (Umklapp) scattering lowered κL, which supporting impurity scattering.
Pride-Based Self-Affirmations and Parenting Programs

We newly apply the concept of self-affirmation typically used in the domain of health and education to the domain of parenting. Recruiting parents of children age 13 or younger (n = 1,044), we test how eliciting positive self-concept affects interest in receiving parenting materials and participating in a parenting program. We find that an adapted, pride-based written self-affirmation exercise increased parents' positive self-concept and their interest in parenting programs and resources, particularly among parents with a high baseline fear of judgment associated with seeking help. Implications for applying insights from psychology as a strategy to mitigate fear of judgment to optimize participation in an evidence-based parenting program at scale are discussed.
Weight-Conscious Automobile Design

Vehicle designs have been studied for which reduced weight is of primary importance and these weight-conscious designs are presented for each of the following size (roominess) classes: 4-passenger, 5-passenger, and 6-passenger. Each of the designs is functionally equivalent to the best of current U.S. practice for its size classification and makes use of conventional materials and construction techniques. The designs are proposed as optimum designs for their roominess class from a weight standpoint. /GMRL/
The Illusory 'Public Trust' in Art

The "deaccessioning police" argue that it is "unethical" for art museums to "deaccession" or "sell" works of art from their collections for any purpose other than buying different works of art, because museums do not really own the art in their collections, but only hold it subject to the "public trust doctrine." This essay observes that the public trust doctrine doesn't apply to art, and that the arguments made by the deaccessioning police are absurd, on their own terms.
A probabilistic pragmatics for English singular 'some'

When English some combines with a singular NP, the resulting phrases reliably convey affective meanings not shared by variants with a(n) or plural NPs. Prior research has traced these effects to semantic properties of some that entail that the speaker cannot identify a unique referent for the phrase. In this paper, we present attested examples that conflict with this generalization. In addition, we argue that semantic accounts miss an important generalization: some is reliably affective only if a is available as an alternative. These facts suggest a pragmatic source for the relevant meanings. To capture them, we argue that a given context can make different modes of identification for entities relevant and that singular some signals a lack of engagement with these modes. We analyze the pragmatics of this signaling using the "lexical uncertainty" version of the Rational Speech Acts model and show how it can be used to characterize the observed affective meanings.
A Framework for a Sociological Description of the Communicative Interaction in Adults Who Stutter.

Purpose The author presents a descriptive sociological framework for the communicative interaction between an adult who stutters (AWS) and other communication partners. The author shows that the co...
Revolutionary electricity in 1790: shock, consensus, and the birth of a political metaphor.

The 1790 Fete de la federation in the early French Revolution evoked the memory of the taking of the Bastille while tamping down on the simmering social forces that had erupted on 14 July 1789. How to do both? As an official architect put it, through the festival, ‘the sentiment of each becomes the sentiment of all by a kind of electrification, against which even the most perverse men cannot defend themselves’. This paper argues that a new language of revolutionary electricity came into being with the French Revolution. It argues that revolutionaries drew upon concepts of medical electricity developed in the 1780s to analogize the literal electricity of the ether to the revolutionary electricity of collective political sentiment. Though historians have associated electricity with radical politics, this paper argues that in the hands of bureaucrats and festival planners, electricity entered revolutionary discourse as a powerful mechanism for exercising authority and control over an unruly revolutionary public.
Liver proteome response to torpor in a basoendothermic mammal, Tenrec ecaudatus, provides insights into the evolution of homeothermy

Many mammals use adaptive heterothermy (e.g., torpor, hibernation) to reduce metabolic demands of maintaining high body temperature (Tb). Torpor is typically characterized by coordinated declines i...
(Re)Greening the City: Urban Park Restoration as a Spatial Fix

Urban sustainability has emerged as a priority field of research for urban geographers. This article offers a critical review of the park restoration and green city movements. I will begin by using an urban political ecology lens to engage in the geographical history of urban parks in America. I will explore the prior treatment of park making in America, paying particular attention to the historiographic issues raised and the large gap in the literature: that parks were engineered urban ecosystems in a political-economic setting and set into the historical–geographical crises of capitalism. I will examine the ways that parks, as engineered urban ecosystems, acted as a spatial fix to the crises of capitalism under dialectical policy regimes. I will argue that parks have never truly been democratic spaces and have suffered under egalitarian policy regimes, while prospering under elitist policy regimes. This article is illustrated with case study material from research on park restoration in Boston, Massachusetts, and concludes with an examination of the future of urban parks.
Extragalactic Gas at High Redshift: A Chronograph of Nonlinear Departures from Hubble Flow

Studies of the state and evolutionary history of intergalactic and pregalactic gas provide, important diagnostics of the conditions which led to the formation and to the present-day clustering and peculiar motions of galaxies. Three topics are discussed here: (1) cosmological H II regions and the photoionization of the IGM; (2) molecular hydrogen and the radiative cooling of pregalactic shocks; and (3) the possible detection of a hot, metal-enriched IGM in X-ray absorption. We find that the observed quasar population is not sufficient to explain the absence of the Gunn-Peterson effect at z > 3 by overlapping quasar H II regions. We find that metal-free intergalactic and pregalactic shocks which radiatively cool commonly produce an H2 fraction ≳ 10–3 and cool to T ≲ 102 K. Such shocks should be detectable in quasar spectra as large-column-density H I Ly α absorption lines as well as H2 Lyman band absorption, unless the shocks break up by z ≳ 3.5. Lastly, we note that the recent discovery of an O VIII X-ray absorption trough towards a BL Lac object at z =.12 is consistent with earlier predictions of the X-ray opacity of a hot IGM with substantial density and oxygen-enrichment.
Market Migration: Informed Short Sales and Option Introductions

This study tests the hypothesis that informed shorting activity decreases in the stock market when options become available because informed traders migrate from the stock market to the options market after options are introduced. To the contrary, we do not find that shorting activity decreases. Instead shorting activity increases after options list. Furthermore, we show that the common negative relation between current short selling and future returns becomes stronger after options are introduced. This result appears to be driven by stocks that are most likely to face binding short-sale constraints. Contrary to the idea that informed traders migrate to the options market, findings in this paper indicate that informed short selling increases after options become available.
Relationships between Photosynthesis and Light Intensity in the Tomato

Curves were fitted to the rates of CO2 uptake (P) of single leaves of tomato against light intensity (I). It was shown that an asymptotic curve of the form P = a−bpI gave a consistently better fit to the observed data than the rectangular hyperbola. Saturating rates of photosynthesis, estimated as the asymptote of the curve, showed marked changes with leaf age, being maximal at or shortly after the start of the experiment, in small rapidly expanding leaves, and falling continuously thereafter. Photochemical efficiency, measured as the slope of the curve at zero light intensity, gave no discernable trends with time except in visibly senescent leaves, when the value decreased appreciably.