cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creep and creep recovery of cast aluminum alloys

Constant load uniaxial creep tests were performed on four aluminum alloys (designated M4032-2, 332, 332RR, and 333) at stresses of 31.5 MPa, 56.5 MPa, and 73 MPa and temperatures of 220°C and 260°C. Of the four materials, M4032-2 had the greatest resistance to creep, while 332RR alloy had the least. In addition to creep, the creep recovery phase was observed as well. It was found that, even for short loading periods, much of the time-dependent strain was not recoverable for all of the materials studied. Hardening was observed to occur in each of the alloys, resulting in a reduced creep rate on subsequent loadings. A constitutive equation for creep and recovery incorporating both stress and temperature dependence was developed for each of the alloys tested based on a viscous-viscoelastic model.
Modeling the National Health Education Standards

Teacher role modeling of health behaviors and skills is an essential component of school health education. Using the National Health Education Standards as a framework is one way to organize modeling efforts. The purpose of this article is to provide suggestions for how school health educators can model each national standard.
Foreign Exchange Derivatives

We establish general theory of foreign exchange derivatives (FXD), for multidimensional, possibly incomplete, Ito SDE market/econometric models. The established theory is consistent with the one of foreign exchange rates (FXR) introduced by the author in a previous note. A very simple example is presented as well.
Practical Design Techniques for 16-Bit CMOS A/D Delta-Sigma Converter

The purpose of this paper is to show the impact of design details on the performances of a Second Order Single Loop Delta-Sigma A/D CMOS converter, specified for 16 bit resolution and 15 bit linearity in the 0-4 kHz band with 2 MHz clock frequency, taking into account +/- 3 ? dispersion due to process variations. Effect of MOS transistors noise, aliasing mechanisms and influence of crosstalks on quantization noise-shaping are analysed. Techniques used to improve dynamic range, to reduce electronic noise and to achieve a good shaping of quantization noise are discussed. Results from two practical realizations1 which use the same Sigma-Delta structure, the same 2-?m 5-V CMOS process, but which respectively do not include and include above techniques, are compared.
Reference works on African American literature: a bibliographic guide

States that there has been a recent explosion in the publication of reference works in the field of African American studies which indicates the mature field of scholarship being achieved in this area. Provides a bibliographic guide for those wishing to identify and use research tools for studying African American literature.
Transformational supply chains and the 'wicked problem' of sustainability: aligning knowledge, innovation, entrepreneurship, and leadership

Supply chains are increasingly asked by consumers, policy makers, and other stakeholders to deliver product attributes that range far beyond the experience and search attributes of classical consumer demand. One name given these attributes is credence attributes (e.g. place-of-origin, organic, locally-grown). Sustainability as an attribute is an interesting emerging case. Sustainability is an example of a 'wicked problem': complex, ill-defined, messy and unsolvable in any traditional sense. Sustainability's lack of tractability raises the interesting question as to how a supply chain or network produces a thing that is beyond conventional notions of definition and structure. The paper develops a general framework for linking supply chain performance to types of knowledge and supply chain governance. The framework draws from knowledge management theory, the resource based theory of the firm, and transactions cost economics. Various types of knowledge are argued to have different levels of strategic value –...
Dimensions of Family and Professional Partnerships: Constructive Guidelines for Collaboration

The development of collaborative partnerships between parents and professionals is too often unsuccessful. One reason for this failure may be the lack of empirical understanding of the components of interpersonal partnerships. Using qualitative inquiry, 33 focus groups were conducted with adult family members of children with and without disabilities and service providers and administrators. In addition, 32 individual interviews were conducted with non-English-speaking parents and their service providers. Indicators of professional behavior facilitative of collaborative partnerships were identified. These indicators were organized into six broad themes: (a) Communication, (b) Commitment, (c) Equality, (d) Skills, (e) Trust, and (f) Respect. The specific meaning of each theme is described, including similarities and differences between professionals and family members. Policy, practice, and future research implications are discussed.
From contention to social bargaining: labour unions and democratic consolidation in Spain

The main objective of this article is to examine how the links between trade unions and affiliated political parties of the left influenced the strategies of labour during the transition and the early years of democracy in Spain. It argues that political partisanship is a key factor for understanding the unions' strategies. After a period of intense labour conflict during the transition to democracy, labour mobilization decreased and Spain's unions and other social actors initiated distinctive processes of social bargaining, starting in 1979. The central argument is that the relationship of unions and political parties in the authoritarian and transition periods was a major factor in conditioning strategies in the post-authoritarian period. In the end, the consolidation of Spanish democracy has led to the strengthening of the main trade unions. Contrary to what happened in other historical periods they used this power to contribute to governability and the consolidation of the new democratic regime.
Field Performance of High Density Polyethylene Culvert Pipe

The effect of installation procedures on the field performance of existing high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe used for drainage applications on highway projects was investigated. A total of 45 HDPE pipes were inspected at sites in South Carolina that were statistically selected based on geographical location, pipe diameter, use, and age. The condition of each pipe was not known prior to selection for inspection. Both the external and internal conditions of the pipe were evaluated with respect to AASHTO and ASTM specifications, measurements of pipe deflection with a mandrel set to 5% deflection, and visual inspections of the pipe interior using a video camera. The video camera inspections revealed circumferential cracks in 18% of the pipes, localized bulges in 20% of the pipes, and tears or punctures in 7% of the pipes. Deflections greater than 5% were observed in 20% of the pipes. Installation problems such as poor preparation of bedding soils, inappropriate backfill material, and inadequate backfill cover contributed to the excessive deflection and observed internal cracking in pipes with observed damage. Appropriate construction procedures are essential in achieving a proper installation.
Are cortisol profiles a stable trait during child development

Exposure to stressful experiences can increase vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. A potential neuroendocrine mechanism mediating the link between stress and health is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, with a key role attributed to the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Retrospective and cross sectional clinical stud- ies of humans and experimental studies with nonhuman primates and rodents suggest that traumatic experiences dur- ing critical periods in development may have permanent effects on HPA regulation, which in turn can have deleterious effects on health. Here I report results from a continuous 20-year study (1988-2009) of children in a rural community on Dominica. Sequential data on cortisol levels, social stressors, and health in naturalistic, everyday conditions are examined to assess developmental trajectories of HPA functioning. Saliva aliquots were assayed for cortisol in concert with monitoring of growth, morbidity, and social environment. Analyses here include data from 1989 to 1999 for 147 children aged 3-16 years with >100 saliva samples each. Cortisol values were standardized by elapsed time since wake-up. Results do not support the hypothesis that traumatic stress during childhood causes permanent general elevation of cortisol levels. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21:769-771, 2009. ' 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Humans, like most animals, have complex physiological systems that are responsive to stimuli from the social environment. The sensitivity of the neuroendocrine stress system to social challenges presents an evolutionary puz- zle. We do not have good explanations for why natural selection favored links between the neuropsychological mechanisms involved with assessment of the social envi- ronment and the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regu- late stress hormones such as cortisol. Furthermore, we do not understand why these links are modifiable during on- togeny, such that early traumatic experiences may have long-term effects on neuroendocrine stress response (Anisman et al., 1998; Mirescu et al., 2004). This puzzle is accentuated by the apparent negative consequences of social stress and concomitant abnormal cortisol levels for health and psychological development (Sapolsky, 2005). The dominant model in stress research has targeted the homeostatic mechanisms of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) system, which are posited to be permanently affected by exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids during ontogeny. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus that are part of the negative feedback loop regulating release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) can be damaged by the neurotoxic levels of cortisol associ-
Role of plasmalemmal caveolae in signal transduction

Caveolae are specialized plasmalemmal microdomains originally studied in numerous cell types for their involvement in the transcytosis of macromolecules. They are enriched in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins, and they are characterized by a light buoyant density and resistance to solubilization by Triton X-100 at 4°C. Once the identification of the marker protein caveolin made it possible to purify this specialized membrane domain, it was discovered that caveolae also contain a variety of signal transduction molecules. This includes G protein-coupled receptors, G proteins and adenylyl cyclase, molecules involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, and their effectors including the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase, multiple components of the tyrosine kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and numerous lipid signaling molecules. More recent work has indicated that caveolae further serve to compartmentalize, modulate, and integrate signaling events at the cell surface. This specialized plasmalemmal domain warrants direct consideration in future investigations of both normal and pathological signal transduction in pulmonary cell types.
Making the ineffable explicit: estimating the information employed for face classifications

When we look at a face, we readily perceive that person's gender, expression, identity, age, and attractiveness. Perceivers as well as scientists have hitherto had little success in articulating just what information we are employing to achieve these subjectively immediate and effortless classifications. We describe here a method that estimates that information. Observers classified faces in high levels of visual noise as male or female (in a gender task), happy/unhappy (in an expression task), or Tom Cruise/John Travolta (in an individuation task). They were unaware that the underlying face (which was midway between each of the classes) was identical throughout a task, with only the noise rendering it more like one category value or the other. The difference between the average of noise patterns for each classification decision provided a linear estimate of the information mediating these classifications. When the noise was combined with the underlying face, the resultant images appeared to be excellent prototypes of their respective classes. Other methods of estimating the information employed in complex classification have relied on judgments of exemplars of a class or tests of experimenter-defined hypotheses about the class information. Our method allows an estimate, however subtle, of what is in the subject's (rather than the experimenter's) head.
Needle echogenicity in sonographically guided regional anesthesia: blinded comparison of 4 enhanced needles and validation of visual criteria for evaluation.

OBJECTIVES Needle visualization is important for sonographically guided regional anesthesia procedures. Needle characteristics that improve needle visualization are therefore important to anesthesiologists. This study compared several echogenic needle designs by defining characteristics of needle echogenicity and assessing regional anesthesiologist preferences for these characteristics across various needle angles. METHODS Twelve blinded regional anesthesiologists graded 5 randomized block needles (1 nonechogenic control and 4 echogenic) on 4 predefined characteristics (overall brightness of the needle, overall clarity of the needle, brightness of the needle tip, and clarity of the needle tip). In-plane needle images in a gel phantom were obtained at 4 needle angles (15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°). Participants rated specific needle characteristics for each needle at each angle and then ranked their overall needle preferences. RESULTS Significant differences in all 4 needle characteristics were found across needle types (P< .01). Clarity of the needle tip was significantly associated with overall needle rank (P = .009). Other needle visualization characteristics were not significantly correlated with needle rank. The SonoPlex Stim needle (Pajunk Medical Systems, Tucker, GA) was rated highest in all 4 predefined needle characteristics as well as overall needle rank. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that anesthesiologists prefer certain visual characteristics of needles used in sonographically guided regional anesthesia procedures. Specifically, needle tip clarity most closely predicted clinician needle preferences. These results support the idea that all echogenic needle designs do not uniformly enhance needle visualization. Further studies are needed to determine whether needles with superior tip clarity predict not only clinician preferences but also improved sonographically guided regional anesthetic outcomes.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Glial Cells: Suppression by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Rat brain glial cells have the capacity to express a calcium-independent form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). To test if iNOS induction required tyrosine kinase activity, we made use of genistein, a selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. In both primary astrocyte cultures and C6 glioma cells, the presence of genistein prevented both lipopolysaccharide- and cytokine-induced NOS activity in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of tyrphostin-25 (10 microM), which is highly specific for tyrosine kinases, also blocked iNOS induction. Additional characterization showed that genistein blocked iNOS induction in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 of approximately 40 microM), that the continuous presence of genistein was not necessary to observe inhibition, and that preincubation with genistein led to higher levels of inhibition than the simultaneous addition of genistein and inducers. The decrease in iNOS activity due to genistein was accompanied by a decrease in iNOS mRNA level as detected by a specific PCR assay. These results indicate that induction of astroglial iNOS expression requires tyrosine kinase activity.
Invited review: Genetic considerations for various pasture-based dairy systems

Pasture-based dairy systems use grazing to supply significant percentages of the dry matter intake of cows and heifers. Such systems vary from those for which pasture is used only as a supplemental feed for cows primarily fed a total mixed ration to those for which pasture is the primary source of dry matter for the herd. Cows that are optimal in a pasture system share many general characteristics with cows that are appropriate for a nonpasture system, including feed efficiency, maintenance of body condition, reproductive fitness, udder health, longevity, and the ability to adapt to various management systems. However, in such divergent feeding systems, the relative importance of various traits can differ. In pasture systems where cow nutrient demand intentionally coincides with seasonal forage availability, the focus of selection has emphasized fertility and other fitness traits, as well as yields of milk or milk components. Breeds or strains with higher yields of protein and fat typically have advantages in grazing systems that supply milk to solids-based or cheese markets. Holstein cows with high percentages of North American ancestry can work well in grazing systems that include supplemental concentrates or partial mixed rations, particularly if calving intervals are less restrictive. Crossbred cows can be selected for use in specific grazing systems as well as for specific milk markets, with the added advantage of heterosis. Breeds and crosses with high fertility are important for seasonal breeding and calving. The ability of cattle to both milk and maintain sufficient body condition for reproduction is important for any dairy production system but is critical in a seasonal system. Dairy farms that depend on pasture for most of dry matter for cows typically have lower production per cow than nongrazing dairies but have the potential to be economically competitive because of lower operating and overhead costs. Although the principles of selection are similar across a variety of pasture-based and nonpasture systems, we document from studies and observations covered herein that optimal breeds, breed strains, and selection strategies can differ based on varying management constraints and objectives.
Disseminated Blastomycosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Case Report and Ultrastructural Study

A 42-year-old, African-American man presented with a 2-month history of weight loss and fever for 2 weeks. Presumptive diagnoses of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were made on the basis of a CD4 lymphocyte count of 23 lymphocytes/mL. Chest X-ray revealed right paratracheal adenopathy and a miliary pattern. The etiology of the patient's pulmonary infection was not known, but tuberculosis was an important consideration. Over 5 days, the pulmonary infection progressed and was complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, and death, despite vigorous antibiotic and supportive therapy. Serologic tests for HIV infection were reported as positive after the patient's demise. The etiology of the patient's pulmonary infection, ARDS, and sepsis was not known until autopsy study revealed enumerable yeast-like cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis in the extensively consolidated lungs and in disseminated foci of infection in most other major or...
Tone and stress in Lamba

It has long been observed that not all languages fit neatly into a ‘stress’ vs. ‘tone’ dichotomy. Recent research has concentrated on how to account formally for ‘hybrid’ prominence systems which have been argued to exhibit both metrical and tonal properties.
Walking Performance and Cardiovascular Response: Associations With Age and Morbidity—The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

BACKGROUND The long-distance corridor walk is a timed 400-meter walk test used to assess walking endurance in well-functioning men and women aged 70-79 in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. METHODS We examined walking time along with heart rate and blood pressure response in relationship to prevalent chronic conditions, weight, physical activity, and markers of subclinical disease. Of 3075 participants, 2324 (76%) completed the test with heart rate and blood pressure responses in the range expected for a moderate level of exertion. RESULTS Slower walking time was influenced by both clinical and subclinical disease, and also was strongly related to both low and high body weight and low self-reported physical activity. Heart rate and blood pressure responses were higher with several clinical and subclinical diseases, but heart rate response and recovery were more strongly related to walking time than to disease. Higher body mass index and lower physical activity were associated with greater heart rate response and recovery. CONCLUSIONS The independent contribution of both clinical and subclinical disease to walking time supports the use of walking tests as a summary measure of disease in older adults. The independent association of walking time with physical activity suggests that it is sensitive to levels of fitness as well. Together these findings show that walking performance is a valid indicator of physiologic reserve in older adults.
An Economic Analysis of Obesity on Wages

Rationale: Obesity has become a very serious issue in the United States, where, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 60% of the American adult population is overweight. In the United States, several economists have connected obesity to wage penalties, particularly for women. Objective: This analysis extends previous literature examining the effects of body mass index (BMI) on income. This analysis improves on previous work by using a recent U.S. dataset (the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in Rockville, Maryland, an agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services) that can allow health effects to be better examined and also includes more detailed employment variables. Methodology/Results: In the first series of Heckman-corrected regressions (all regressions in this paper employ the Heckman correction), log wage income is regressed on a series of variables including dummy variables based on body mass index: underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Regressions are run on men and women pooled together, and men and women separately. In these regressions, neither overweight nor obese has any adverse affect on the wages of men and women. In the second series of regressions, the overweight dummy variable is interacted with each of the industry and occupation variables. Being merely overweight does not hurt women's wages at all, but does hurt men in 3 industry/occupation categories. In the third series of regressions, the obese dummy variable is interacted with each of the industry and occupation variables. In the regression on men, being obese only significantly hurts those who work in the entertainment industry. In the regression run only on women, being obese hurts those in the entertainment industry, but also those in the sales industry. Conclusion: Given these results, it is possible that any stigma, at least in the United States, associated in the past with being overweight, at least with regard to income, has subsided. However, being obese does appear to hurt both men and women, but only those in certain industries.
Trends in the Prevalence and Mortality of Cognitive Impairment in the United States: 1993 to 2004

Recent medical, demographic, and social trends might have had an important impact on the cognitive health of older adults. To assess the impact of these multiple trends, we compared the prevalence and 2-year mortality of cognitive impairment (CI) consistent with dementia in the United States in 1993 to 1995 and 2002 to 2004. We used data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative population-based longitudinal survey of U.S. adults. Individuals aged 70 years or older from the 1993 (N = 7,406) and 2002 (N = 7,104) waves of the HRS were included. CI was determined by using a 35-point cognitive scale for self-respondents and assessments of memory and judgment for respondents represented by a proxy. Mortality was ascertained with HRS data verified by the National Death Index. In 1993, 12.2% of those aged 70 or older had CI compared with 8.7% in 2002 (P
Creating and reasoning over scene descriptions in a physically realistic simulation

Physical awareness is typically taken as a prerequisite for human-level performance of any agent in a physical environment. To perform basic planning and navigation, such an agent must have the ability to assess, represent, and describe aspects of a physical scene, so that relevant reasoning can then be carried out. We describe our framework for this assessment-to-reasoning sequence of tasks, and show how a description of a physical scene can be obtained by an agent that only has direct access to sensory-level information about the world it inhabits (the simulation environment PAGI World), and how that agent can integrate this knowledge with an analogico-deductive reasoner (ADR).
Does the conclusion follow from the evidence? Recommendations for improving research

Abstract Recent criticisms of social psychological research are considered in relation to an earlier crisis in social psychology. The current replication crisis is particularly severe because (1) psychologists are questioning the accuracy of findings rather than the meaning of findings, and (2) researchers are responding to real scientific failures, rather than hypothetical scientific failures. I present an expanded model of statistical decision making that can be used to help researchers draw more reliable conclusions. Based on the premise that drawing conclusions on relatively bad evidence is an error, Type III and IV errors are introduced as categories representing statistical decisions that align with reality, but do not follow from the available evidence. Treating these as errors helps researchers and evaluators of research to draw more reliable conclusions. From the perspective of this model I discuss procedures that researchers can use to not only produce more replicable results, but also conduct more powerful statistical tests.
Feeding Diversity of Resident and Immigrant Peromyscus leucopus

The feeding diversity of immigrant Peromyscus leucopus is significantly greater than that of resident mice. Feeding preferences were observed in the laboratory using novel foods. Diversity was quantified using Shannon's index calculated for each day then averaged over days for each mouse. The results are consistent with the prediction that unpredictable environments are more likely to be populated by generalist feeders.
Low-lying excitation spectrum of quantum many-body systems

We present a numerical method for calculating the ground state correlations and low-lying excitations in a discrete and finite many-body system. The method combines the advantages of real space and momentum space renormalization group ideas and is similar in many respects to the correlated basis functions perturbation theory, but is nonperturbative in nature. To illustrate the method, we apply it to the one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin-\textonehalf{} chain.
Getting a Pap smear: focus group responses of African American and Latina women.

Purpose/objectives To identify barriers and facilitating factors associated with Papanicolaou (Pap) smear use among African American and Latina women. Design Descriptive, exploratory. Sample and setting Fifty-two African American and Latina women recruited from health and social service agencies. Methods Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, focus group interviewing and an open-ended questionnaire were used to identify cancer beliefs and salient behavioral beliefs, referents, and control beliefs about Pap smears. Findings False-negative results, financial burden, and the role of the physician were the most salient beliefs for African American women. For Latinas, embarrassment, use of a cold or unclean speculum, and discomfort were the most salient beliefs. Salient referents for African American and Latina women were physicians and male partners; access to Pap smear screening and financial assistance were their frequently held control beliefs. Beliefs regarding cancer fatalism were consistent with reports of national samples of African American and Latino adults. Conclusions Cancer beliefs among African Americans and Latinas have not changed significantly in the past 10-15 years, despite increased national cancer education and screening advertisements. Moreover, as issues regarding Pap smear use remain the same, new concerns develop. Specifically, beliefs about speculums, perceptions of discomfort, perceptions of disapproval of physicians and male partners, fear as a motivator and inhibitor, and lack of information about cervical cancer and Pap smear screening present new concerns for these women. Implications for nursing practice The findings provided data needed to develop a questionnaire that will be used to test Pap smear screening intentions among African American and Latina women.
A new method for millimeter-wave characterization of thin resistive fabrics

Resistive and conductive fabrics sometimes referred to as electro-textiles have wide applications in RFI shielding, anti-static, RFID, wearable antennas, radar absorbing materials for military and automotive applications. Many commercially available conductive and resistive fabrics do not have material specifications at millimeter-wave frequencies such as 77 GHz of interest here. Therefore, the easiest way to determine these properties is through measurement. This paper discusses a novel and convenient methodology for characterizing the reflective properties of conductive and resistive fabrics at millimeter waves with good accuracy and repeatability. We also present an example of applying such fabric measurement method for accurately characterize an artificial skin used on radar mannequins for producing similar backscattering as a human at 77 GHz for automotive radar applications.
The application of artificial intelligence to data base management

An application of Artificial Intelligence is discussed: an automatic programming system that generates Information retrieval programs and data base structure designs for highly structured or network data bases. It is claimed that these applications are unusual in that they have more practical value than is usually the case, being of Immediate utility to commercial data base management. The paper concludes with a short reflection on the problems associated with the representation and acquisition of knowledge for problem solving programs. In particular, representation of knowledge is Important for efficiency of the programs, yet an efficient representation may not be "natural". It was difficult to separate representation from content, and successful application required that the expert providing the knowledge also know how the program uses that knowledge.
Quantifying passive muscle stiffness in children with and without cerebral palsy using ultrasound shear wave elastography.

Aim The aim of this study was to compare passive muscle stiffness in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and children with typical development using a novel ultrasound technique: ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE). Method We conducted a prospective study of 13 children with CP (six females and seven males, median age 5y 1mo [interquartile range 4y 4mo–7y 8mo]) and 13 children with typical development (six females and seven males, median age 5y 3mo [interquartile range 4y 4mo–9y 4mo]). Demographic information and physical exam measurements were obtained in addition to shear modulus measurements (passive muscle stiffness) of the lateral gastrocnemius muscle at 20° plantar flexion, 10° plantar flexion, and 0° plantar flexion using SWE. Results Children with CP had significantly greater shear modulus measurements at all three foot positions (p<0.050). When the shear modulus values were normalized to the baseline value for each child, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Interpretation Passive muscle stiffness, measured without the influence of spasticity, is greater in children with CP than in children with typical development when a muscle is at slack and at stretch. When shear modulus was normalized, the results indicate that muscle in children in both groups responds similarly to passive stretch. Further work includes evaluating effect of botulinum toxin on passive muscle properties.
The Second Egyptian Revolt and an Uneasy Peace

Turkish mobilisation produced an inevitable reaction in Egypt; on 11 March Mehmet gave orders to prepare the navy for sea.4
S01-3 Organisational factors in injury prevention

Despite touted improvements in workplace safety over time, occupational injuries remain a significant burden world-wide. In the changing economy, the organisation of work is influencing our understanding of workplace safety problems and their amelioration by creating challenges to accurate injury surveillance and research approaches. Further, work organisation factors and organisational decision-making can influence injury risk directly, but also through more insidious indirect channels. The public health hierarchy of hazard control has long been a guiding principle for our occupational injury research and serving to focus research questions on the higher, more efficient tiers that are more likely to have lasting effects on larger populations of workers. While this approach serves to very appropriately direct attention away from a focus on individual worker behaviours, sometimes a focus on the control of hazards using this traditional prevention model can contribute to failure to consider broader root cause organisational factors. Using examples from empirical work, we describe important organisational factors that ultimately influenced worker safety and well-being. These structural processes were not always included in our original variables of interest, but were identified as we sought to improve our understanding of the context in which workers of interest were being injured. A variety of qualitative methods provided insight into our original quantitative analyses. The examples demonstrate the importance of careful consideration of downstream effects of organisational decisions on worker safety.
On Collaboration in General Economics

This collection of chapters on collaboration was initiated two decades ago, when Michael Szenberg solicited an essay by Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson on the subject and published it in the Fall 1996 issue of The American Economist. By all customs and traditions, Samuelson must be considered a master collaborator. A cursory look at the tables of contents of his seven volumes of Collected Scientific Papers will reveal the quantity and quality of his collaborative pieces. Samuelson also cooperated on classical books such as Linear Programming and Economic Analysis, for which Sir John Hicks coined “a single name for this composite author”: DOSSO, for Dorfman, Samuelson, and Solow (Hicks, 1983, p. 247).
Comparison of Single-Aperture Nullers Designed for Space

A large number of designs for space-based high-contrast coronagraphy-enabled Explorers have been laboratory proven and proposed. Their complexity and costliness along with a need to raise the Technological Readiness Level (TRL) of many key components and concepts have kept most at the breadboard stage of development, however. In this chapter I provide a detailed comparison of two nulling techniques that have been used in instrumentation that have been designed and built for space-based operation, one of which has flown.
Change in Lactate Levels After Hemodialysis in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

Study objective Patients with end-stage renal disease commonly visit the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this investigation is to examine the prevalence of baseline abnormal lactate levels and to evaluate the effects of hemodialysis on serum lactate levels. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study performed at an outpatient dialysis facility at an urban tertiary care hospital. The study consisted of 226 patients with end-stage renal disease who were receiving long-term hemodialysis and were enrolled during a 2-day period at the beginning of December 2015. Blood drawn for lactate levels was immediately analyzed before and after hemodialysis sessions. All patients completed their hemodialysis sessions. Results The prevalence of an abnormal lactate level (greater than 1.8 mmol/L) before hemodialysis was 17.7% (n=40). Overall, lactate levels decreased by 27% (SD 35%) after hemodialysis, with a decrease of 37% (SD 31%) for subgroups with a lactate level of 1.9 to 2.4 mmol/L, and 62% (SD 14%) with a lactate of 2.5 to 3.9 mmol/L. Conclusion The data presented help providers understand the prevalence of abnormal lactate values in an outpatient end-stage renal disease population. After hemodialysis, lactate levels decreased significantly. This information may help medical providers interpret lactate values when patients with end-stage renal disease present to the ED.
RIFF Box Overview

The RIFF/RIFF 2 (flasher) boxes are one of the more commonly used tools for JTAG extractions on mobile phones. RIFF supports several devices, to include a large selection of Samsung and HTC models. Several law enforcement-training vendors include RIFF hardware with their JTAG training. Like many other flasher boxes, RIFF is primarily designed for repairing mobile devices. RIFF supports several memory controllers, to include OneNAND, NAND, and eMMC controllers. RIFF also supports several chipsets and cores for JTAG I/O operations. Some of the supported chipsets include generic ARM cores, ARM7, ARM9, ARM11, Cortex A8–A9, several Qualcomm QSC, MSM, QSD, MDM, OMAP, NVIDIA, and Marvell/XScale families. RIFF can perform direct memory reads, which is critical to law enforcement cases. RIFF can also perform I/O detection on unmapped Test Access Port locations. Voltage can also be selected from ranges of 1.4–3.3 V. RIFF also has a high number of devices that are supported with dedicated DLL files.
Interpersonal Trust and Suicide Ideation Among Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Indirect Effect via Perceived Burdensomeness.

The identification of theoretically and empirically supported correlates of suicide ideation is important to improve treatment approaches to suicide. This study sought to examine the association between interpersonal trust (theoretically conceptualized as a distal risk marker) and suicide ideation in adolescence. Specifically, it was hypothesized that interpersonal trust would be negatively associated with suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (conceptualized as more proximal risk markers). Data were drawn from a cross-sectional sample of 387 adolescent inpatients between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M = 14.72, SD = 1.49). The sample was 63.6% female, 37.5% Hispanic, 26.9% African American/Black, and 25.8% Caucasian. Adolescents completed a series of self-report measures to assess thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, interpersonal trust, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. A structural equation model was fit to the data, and results demonstrated a significant indirect path from interpersonal trust to suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness. Results suggest that interpersonal trust may be a distal risk marker for suicide ideation and that interventions to increase interpersonal trust may help prevent the development of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide ideation.
Effects of estrus cycle stage on defensive behavior in female Long-Evans hooded rats.

Abstract This study investigated the influence of the estrus cycle in mediating cat odor-induced unconditioned and conditioned defensive behaviors in female Long-Evans hooded rats. Unconditioned defensive behaviors were assessed during predatory cue exposure; conditioned defensive behaviors were examined 24 h after threat exposure. Estrus phases were determined by microscopic examination of vaginal smears within 10 min of completing the behavioral tests. Compared to no-odor controls, female rats exposed to cat odor exhibited both unconditioned and conditioned defensive behaviors, including elevated levels of freezing, risk assessment and avoidance. Rats in proestrus and estrus exhibited reduced levels of defensive behavior during the unconditioned test trial compared to subjects in diestrus and metestrus. Specifically, estrus stages characterized by high levels of circulating estrogens and progesterone were associated with reduced immobility (i.e. freezing) and enhanced active defense (i.e. risk assessment), profiles that may enable mate seeking and subsequent reproduction in potentially dangerous or novel environments. These results suggest a specific role for ovarian hormone fluctuations in mediating unconditioned fear- and anxiety-like defensive behaviors during exposure to predatory odors.
Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection (MEPARI-2): A randomized controlled trial.

Background Practice of meditation or exercise may enhance health to protect against acute infectious illness. Objective To assess preventive effects of meditation and exercise on acute respiratory infection (ARI) illness. Design Randomized controlled prevention trial with three parallel groups. Setting Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Participants Community-recruited adults who did not regularly exercise or meditate. Methods 1) 8-week behavioral training in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR); 2) matched 8-week training in moderate intensity sustained exercise (EX); or 3) observational waitlist control. Training classes occurred in September and October, with weekly ARI surveillance through May. Incidence, duration, and area-under-curve ARI global severity were measured using daily reports on the WURSS-24 during ARI illness. Viruses were identified multiplex PCR. Absenteeism, health care utilization, and psychosocial health self-report assessments were also employed. Results Of 413 participants randomized, 390 completed the trial. In the MBSR group, 74 experienced 112 ARI episodes with 1045 days of ARI illness. Among exercisers, 84 had 120 episodes totaling 1010 illness days. Eighty-two of the controls had 134 episodes with 1210 days of ARI illness. Mean global severity was 315 for MBSR (95% confidence interval 244, 386), 256 (193, 318) for EX, and 336 (268, 403) for controls. A prespecified multivariate zero-inflated regression model suggested reduced incidence for MBSR (p = 0.036) and lower global severity for EX (p = 0.042), compared to control, not quite attaining the p<0.025 prespecified cut-off for null hypothesis rejection. There were 73 ARI-related missed-work days and 22 ARI-related health care visits in the MBSR group, 82 days and 21 visits for exercisers, and 105 days and 24 visits among controls. Viruses were identified in 63 ARI episodes in the MBSR group, compared to 64 for EX and 72 for control. Statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements in general mental health, self-efficacy, mindful attention, sleep quality, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms were observed in the MBSR and/or EX groups, compared to control. Conclusions Training in mindfulness meditation or exercise may help protect against ARI illness. Limitations This trial was likely underpowered. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01654289
Editorial 6 : On Persons, Things and Obligations in Semiotic Perspective

It seems rather challenging: persons, things and obligations do not exist in the sense of ‘natural’ entities. So, how do we come to appreciate their diversification and the order they suggest to represent? A first answer to this question is, that persons, things and obligations are elements embedded in the history of Occidental culture. The period in which they play their role reaches exceptionally wide: from the Twelve Tables erected in the center of Rome around 450 BC to the first Law School in Bologna mid-12th century, and then until our days, when they became incorporated in a variety of national Codes, such as the French or the German. Those concepts fulfilled the task to create an order—not in society and human relations but in the mass of legal-textual materials that had grown rank in the course of the ages. One concludes, that it is history, which has put emphasis on those three concepts. A characteristic feature in that history was the use of a specific language: Latin survived throughout the ages and was for centuries closely tied to the lawyer’s profession. The Justinian Code, still in the mind of legal scholars today, reminds the lawyer of this in the US almost forgotten fact. “Can one study law without knowledge of Latin?” is a challenging question not only for Civil Law. The Justinian Code plays a star role here. Our contemporary law reverberates the Justinian intuition and treats the three as if they were today’s realities. They are realities solely as legal realities, as constructions playing a key role in law and legal discourse.
Barrau’s Succession at Utrecht

This chapter describes two-year long war time attempt by Utrecht University to hire Van der Waerden away from Leipzig University.
Content-Aware Low-Complexity Object Detection for Tracking Using Adaptive Compressed Sensing

Performing object detection for tracking for high resolution videos poses a challenge for real-time operation on embedded systems with limited resources. Fixed-camera background segmentation methods require creating and updating independent statistical models for each pixel in the captured scene, resulting in millions of models that must be maintained and evaluated with each captured frame. This research presents a minimal-complexity object tracking system design that modulates system throughput based on the salience of the scene. Each frame is adaptively sampled with spatially varying density, such that regions containing foreground objects are sampled with high density and background regions are sampled with very low density. Background regions are sampled just densely enough to validate that the region has not changed. A novel control system is proposed to evaluate post-processed information and continually adjust the sampling density of each frame. As a result, the computational complexity of the entire system scales with the amount of foreground object activity in the scene. With granular control of voltage and frequency scaling, system resources are scaled to just meet the requirements of the observed scene. Experiments show an average reduction of computational complexity by 50%.
Will CAR T cell therapy have a role in AML? Promises and pitfalls

Relapsed and/or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (RR AML) has a dismal prognosis. While chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) have been successful in improving treatment outcomes for B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia by targeting CD19, the success of this strategy necessitates a cell surface antigen whose depletion can be clinically tolerated. The primary barrier currently preventing the use of CART therapy for AML is the lack of a myeloid equivalent to CD19-that is, an "expendable" antigen. All currently known cell surface targets on leukemic blasts are shared with healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or their progeny. Hence, while targeting CD19-expressing cells leads to prolonged B-cell aplasia which is clinically benign, targeting myeloid antigens would lead to prolonged myeloablation which is not clinically tolerable. Creative solutions are being developed to try to circumvent these challenges, using not only CART but a range of adoptive cellular immunotherapy modalities and novel transplant-related approaches to try to extend the successes of CART therapy to patients with AML.
Abstract 24: Optogenetic Stimulation of Excitatory Motor Cortex Neurons Promotes Functional Recovery After Stroke

Objective: Post-stroke brain stimulations have been shown to successfully enhance functional recovery. Previously we have demonstrated that optogenetic pan-neuronal stimulations in the ipsilesional...