cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract LB-201: Nuclear localization of Src, androgen receptor and PSA in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Src signaling plays an important role in prostate cancer (PrCa) progression. Dasatinib, an oral src family kinase inhibitor, is being tested in patients with PrCa in several Phase II and III clinical trials. It has been shown that src interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and enhances AR transactivation. Although it has been shown that src promotes AR activity, the underlying pathway has not been defined. To characterize the src-AR pathway, we first analyzed the localization of src, AR, and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA, an AR target gene). Using sub-cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence, p-src and src were found in the nucleus, apart from their normal cytoplasmic localization, in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells upon androgen stimulation or deprivation conditions. Also, their localization was not affected by androgen stimulation. Similar to src and p-src, AR as well as pSer81-AR (an AR site indirectly phosphorylated by src) were found in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm. Unexpectedly, we found PSA localization in the nucleus upon androgen stimulation in LNCaP and C4-2B cells as well as in the nucleus of C4-2B cells upon androgen deprivation. We further studied the effect of src on AR activity by transfection of dominant negative src (SrcK298M) in LNCaP and androgen-independent C4-2B cells. Transfection with SrcK298M did not affect PSA expression in LNCaP cells whereas in C4-2B cells SrcK298M transfection inhibited PSA expression. These data show that src is required for AR activity and, consequently, PSA expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, but not in androgen-dependent cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that the nuclear co-localization of p-src, AR and PSA might allow macromolecular interactions which can further enhance AR transactivation and promote disease progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-201.
Quantifying Anti-Gravity Torques for the Design of a Powered Exoskeleton

Designing an upper extremity exoskeleton for people with arm weakness requires knowledge of the joint torques due to gravity and joint stiffness, as well as, active residual force capabilities of users. The objective of this research paper is to describe the characteristics of the upper limb of children with upper limb impairment. This paper describes the experimental measurements of the torque on the upper limb due to gravity and joint stiffness of three groups of subjects: able-bodied adults, able-bodied children, and children with neuromuscular disabilities. The experiment involves moving the arm to various positions in the sagittal plane and measuring the resultant force at the forearm. This force is then converted to torques at the elbow and shoulder. These data are compared to a two-link lumped mass model based on anthropomorphic data. Results show that the torques based on anthropometry deviate from experimentally measured torques as the arm goes through the range. Subjects with disabilities also maximally pushed and pulled against the force sensor to measure maximum strength as a function of arm orientation. For all subjects, the maximum voluntary applied torque at the shoulder and elbow in the sagittal plane was found to be lower than gravity torques throughout the disabled subjects' range of motion. This experiment informs designers of upper limb orthoses on the contribution of passive human joint torques due to gravity and joint stiffness and the strength capability of targeted users.
Surface-Plasmons-Assisted Nanoscale Photolithography

Photolithography has remained a useful micro-fabrication technology because of its high throughput, low cost, simplicity, and reproducibility over the past several decades. However its resolution is limited at a sub-wavelength scale due to optical diffraction. Among all different approaches to overcoming this problem, such as electron-beam lithography, imprint lithography and scanning probe lithography, near-field optical lithography inherits many merits of the traditional photolithography method. Major drawbacks of this approach include low contrast, low transmission and low density.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Neither Socialism nor Capitalism: The Emergence of a New Economic System in the Former Soviet Union

Using a multidimensional classification of economic systems, this article explores the possibility that the former Soviet Union is undergoing a transition from centrally planned socialism to a new system unlike any that currently exists. The legacy of the former system impedes the transition to capitalism, which suggests that the transition will be a very long one or will result in an entirely new system. Policy recommendations will be naive or irrelevant if they assume that banking, labor, housing, and other markets will function like known capitalist markets.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY, RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION, AND THE VITALITY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH AND ITS SPEAKERS

William Labov's argument that there is an inverse relationship between the continued segregation and endangerment of African Americans and the survival of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a strong one. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to question some of the details of this argument. It may be inappropriate to believe that AAVE is uniform across geographic locations, and even where it is uniform, it is important to ask how such uniformity was developed and maintained. Assuming a direct link between using AAVE and low scholastic achievement among African American students may be overly simplistic as well, and it is essential to consider the ways in which teachers can influence this relationship. Moreover, many African Americans value aspects of their linguistic and cultural distinctiveness, so it is not a foregone conclusion that widespread integration will lead to the disappearance of Black speech.
The energy spectrum of neutrons from stopped π − interactions in emulsions

The energy distribution of neutrons originating in the capture of stopped π−-meson interactions in nuclear emulsion has been determined. The neutron spectrum was obtained by observing the energy distribution of some 10 000 knock-on protons. By differentiating the knock-on proton spectrum one can obtain the neutron spectrum. The results indicate that the neutrons produced in π− interactions have a Maxwellian distribution with a most probable energy near 5 MeV. To check the results obtained above, the procedure was reversed. It was assumed that the neutron spectrum follows statistical theory and that the peak of the distribution appears atE=T=5MeV. By integrating the equation for the neutron spectrum one obtains a theoretical curve for the knock-on proton spectrum. The results indicate that there is excellent agreement between the experimentally obtained knock-on proton spectrum and the calculated proton spectrum. It can be concluded that the neutrons emitted in π− interactions follow statistical theory and have an average nuclear temperature of 5 MeV.
Synthesis and characterization of a doxorubicin-Gd(III) contrast agent conjugate: a new approach toward prodrug-procontrast complexes.

We have prepared the first MRI prodrug−procontrast complex by conjugating doxorubicin to a Gd(III) chelate using an acid-labile linker. The relaxometric properties of the adduct and pH activation are reported.
Testing for gestational diabetes

In 1996, the American Diabetes Association reported that 12% of total health care expenditure in the United States was spent on diabetes and its complications. Screening for and treating gestational diabetes results in improved perinatal morbidity and mortality. Moreover, detecting gestational diabetes identifies women who are at risk of future type 2 diabetes. This article reviews several approaches to diagnosing gestational diabetes.
The use of heparinase to neutralize residual heparin in blood samples drawn through pediatric indwelling central venous catheters

Abstract Routine coagulation screening is unreliable if obtained through a previously heparinized central venous catheter. Screening tests were performed on 14 paired peripheral and central venous catheter samples without and with heparinase. The heparinase treated central venous catheter samples correlated well with the peripheral samples and can be used to atraumatically screen for hemostatic abnormalities. (J Pediatr 1998;132:165-7)
Phase Relations in the System Iron Oxide–NiO–SiO2 under Strongly Reducing Conditions

Liquidus and solidus phase relations have been determined for the system iron oxide–NiO–SiO2 under strongly reducing conditions obtained by using CO2–CO gas mixtures in controlled proportions. The phase relations were determined with the well-known quenching method: oxide mixtures were equilibrated in vertical tube resistance furnaces, followed by quenching to room temperature and identification of phases with transmitted- and reflected-light microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Three crystalline phases are present on the liquidus surface: olivine (Fe2SiO4–Ni2SiO4 solid solutions), oxide (“FeO”–NiO solid solutions), and silica (tridymite or cristobalite, depending on temperature). The “ternary peritectic” point where these three phases coexist with liquid is at 1571°C, with a liquid composition of approximately 19 wt%“FeO”, 47 wt% NiO, 34 wt% SiO2.
Can ultrasonography replace amniocentesis in fetal gender determination during the early second trimester

Fetal gender was prospectively determined by ultrasonography in 115 patients with singleton pregnancies between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation. Gender determination was performed as a part of the sonographic examination preceding genetic amniocentesis, and the results were compared to the amniotic fluid fetal karyotype results. Our rate of visualization of the fetal external genitalia was 83.5%. The accuracy rate for gender determination was 90% in male infants and 100% in female infants, with an overall rate of prediction of 92.7%.
Changes in heroin self-administration by a rhesus monkey after morphine immunisation.

WE have investigated in one primate the effect of immunisation against an opiate on the self-administration of these drugs. Using the rhesus monkey, which will self-administer various drugs, including opiates and psychomotor stimulants1, we have followed the response for heroin before and after immunisation against morphine. Results indicate that antibodies against morphine can block those effects of heroin on the central nervous system (CNS) that maintain self-administration behaviour.
Cost-related skipping of medications and other treatments among Medicare beneficiaries between 1998 and 2000. Results of a national study.

OBJECTIVE: To report rates of cost-related skipping of medications and other treatments, assess correlates of skipping, examine changes in skipping between 1998 and 2000, and identify factors associated with changes in skipping.
Visualization of carrier ampholyte patterns in granular gel slabs. 1. Applications to analytical electrofocusing.

1. The isoelectric banding patterns of three commercial carrier ampholytes (pH range 2–11) were visualized in both Sephadex gel slabs and on paper prints, by means of ultraviolet light. 2. The fluorescence pattern of Servalyt is described in detail. This pattern, which has sharply delineated bands, is characteristic, and is reproducible from run to run with different batches of Servalyt. A total of 56 fluorescent bands were identified on gel slabs, and 62 on prints. 3. Methods are described for identifying individual fluorescent bands on prints. A classification scheme for organizing the banding pattern of Servalyt and naming individual bands is presented. 4. On gel slabs and on prints, the fluorescent pattern of a carrier ampholyte may be used analytically as a map for the location and identification of focused protein bands. The utility of the fluorescent pattern for characterising commercial ampholyte mixtures is discussed. 5. Individual fluorescent bands on the gel slab have characteristic pH values, which are constant from run to run and remain constant in the presence of focused sample proteins. On prints, these bands serve as permanent internal markers for assigning isoelectric points to protein bands.
DEFICITS IN D-FENFLURAMINE-SENSITIVE POOL OF BRAIN 5-HT FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE

Abstract Recent head-twitch response (HTR) studies in mice have indicated that withdrawal from chronic cocaine exposure produces deficits in CNS conversion of L-tryptophan to 5-HT. In the present study, the ability of 5-HT releaser, d-fenfluramine, was utilized to induce the HTR in mice following abstinence from chronic cocaine exposure. d-Fenfluramine-induced HTR, is a 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated phenomenon and its induction frequency can be regarded as an indirect but in vivo measure of basal brain 5-HT concentration. Thus, different groups of mice were injected with cocaine twice daily (0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) for either 7 or 13 days. At 24 h after last cocaine injection, the treated mice received d-fenfluramine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and the induced HTR (mean±SEM) was recorded for the next 30 min. Cocaine attenuated the d-fenfluramine-induced HTR frequency by 30–37% in the 13-day regimen and significant effects were observed from 0.5 mg/kg dose. At 24 h withdrawal in the 7-day cocaine exposure group, the mean HTR frequencies were attenuated, however, they did not achieve statistical significance. Extended abstinence studies (i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 h postwithdrawal) from chronic cocaine exposure (0, 0.5 and 5 mg/kg/day for either 7 or 13 days) indicated that in the 7-day exposure group, significant reductions (26, 39 and 22%) in HTR frequency occurred at 48, 72 and 96 h following withdrawal from 0.5 mg/kg cocaine, whereas its 5 mg/kg dose failed to induce a significant effect. In the 13-day exposure group significant reductions in HTR frequency were observed at 24 h abstinence (27%) for the 0.5 mg/kg cocaine dose and at 24 and 48 h for the 5 mg/kg. Overall, these results indicate that abstinence from chronic exposure to cocaine produces enduring deficits in basal 5-HT concentration. Lastly, serotonergic function appears to be uniquely sensitive to chronic administration of low doses of cocaine.
Asymptotically increasing compliance of genomes with Chargaff's second parity rules through inversions and inverted transpositions.

Chargaff's second parity rules for mononucleotides and oligonucleotides (CIImono and CIIoligo rules) state that a sufficiently long (>100 kb) strand of genomic DNA that contains N copies of a mono- or oligonucleotide, also contains N copies of its reverse complementary mono- or oligonucleotide on the same strand. There is very strong support in the literature for the validity of the rules in coding and noncoding regions, especially for the CIImono rule. Because the experimental support for the CIIoligo rule is much less complete, the present article, focusing on the special case of trinucleotides (triplets), examined several gigabases of genome sequences from a wide range of species and kingdoms including organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. I found that all genomes, with the only exception of certain mitochondria, complied with the CIItriplet rule at a very high level of accuracy in coding and noncoding regions alike. Based on the growing evidence that genomes may contain up to millions of copies of interspersed repetitive elements, I propose in this article a quantitative formulation of the hypothesis that inversions and inverted transposition could be a major contributing if not dominant factor in the almost universal validity of the rules.
Glutamate-type hypothalamic-pituitary syndrome in mice treated with aspartate or cysteate in infancy.

Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), a neuroexcitatory amino acid is known to destroy hypothalamic (arcuate nucleus) neurons and give rise to subsequent obesity, skeletal stunting and reduced mass of pituitaries, ovaries and testes when administered subcutaneously to infant rodents. Here it is demonstrated that the same hypothalamic lesion and syndrome of neuroendocrine manifestations occurs following treatment of infant mice with either of two other neuroexcitatory amino acids (L-cysteic or L-aspartic acids) which destroy arcuate neurons but not from a structurally related amino acid (DL-α-aminoadipic acid) which lacks neuroexcitatory properties and spares arcuate neurons.
pKa Shift Effects on Backbone Amide Base-Catalyzed Hydrogen Exchange Rates in Peptides

Amide proton exchange (HX) rates are known to depend on protein primary structure as well as local and global protein structure and dynamics. Measurement of HX rates gives information on the local exposure of amide protons to solvent and on local rates of structural openings. It has long been recognized that the amide pKa directly influences the HX rate. Using the finite-difference solution of the Poisson−Boltzmann equation, we investigated the electrostatic effects on HX rates, via calculated shifts in the amide pKa for model compounds (N-methylacetamide, dipeptides entailing almost all amino acid side chains, and a tripeptide). Rather than shifts in the same compound with varying environmental conditions, we address shifts in the HX rates of different compounds relative to each other. The results for selected model compounds which resemble Ala and Gly residues, with a standard choice of parameters, agree to a high degree of accuracy with experimentally determined rates. Application of the same methodolo...
A mechanism for the negative strain-rate sensitivity of dilute solid solutions

Abstract A new mechanism is proposed for dynamic strain ageing and the negative strain-rate sensitivity (SRS) exhibited by dilute solid solutions containing mobile solute atoms. The mechanism is based on the strength variation of dislocation junctions due to the presence of solute clusters on forest dislocations. The strength of a Lomer–Cottrell lock in which the mobile dislocation is free of solute, while the forest dislocation is clustered, is studied by using an orientation-dependent line tension model. It is shown that the junction strength increases with the size of the cluster on the forest dislocation (binding energy of the forest dislocation to its cluster). The cluster forms by lattice diffusion and its size depends on the time lapsed from the formation of the respective dislocation segment. Therefore, the average size of clusters on new forest dislocations is smaller the larger the imposed strain rate. Consequently, the average strength of junctions decreases (after a transient) upon an increase of the strain rate, which leads to negative SRS. A model including the results of the mesoscopic analysis is developed to capture this mechanism. The model reproduces qualitatively a number of key features observed experimentally at the macroscopic scale. The new mechanism does not require solute diffusion to take place sufficiently fast for clustering of mobile dislocations to happen during their arrest time at obstacles, as assumed in previous models of the phenomenon.
Opiate-like action of methionine-enkephalin in inhibiting morphine abstinence syndrome.

Abstract Intracerebroventricular administration of methionine-enkephalin or morphine sulfate immediately prior to naloxone administration inhibited the precipitated withdrawal jumping withdrawal jumping response in mice rendered dependent on morphine by the pellet implantation method. Both methionine-enkephalin and morphine sulfate failed to inhibit withdrawal defecation and rearing behavior. Morphine sulfate was found to be four times as potent as methionine-enkephalin, on molar basis, in inhibiting the abstinence syndrome. These data provide new in vivo pharmacologic evidence for the opiate-like action of methionine-enkephalin.
Correlates of eating disorders risk among female figure skates: a profile of adolescent competitors☆

Abstract Objectives: To present a profile of eating disorder risk among figure skaters by (a) comparing somatotype and BMI as biological variables in explaining Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) variance; (b) examining relationships among physical characteristics, physique-related perceptions, and psychological indicators of eating disorders, and (c) determining if a composite of physical and psychological variables could discriminate solo skaters from dance and pair skaters. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: A battery of anthropometric dimensions was taken, and the Physical Self Description Questionnaire, Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and EDI were completed by 114 competitive female figure skaters 12–22 yrs of age. Results: Correlation analyses indicated that the BMI was the most robust biological variable for subsequent analyses. Using hierarchical stepwise regression analysis to determine if physical self-perceptions predicted EDI subscale score, age was forced into each analysis at the first step followed by the BMI at step two. A composite of psychological variables (SPAS and select PSDQ subscales) were randomly entered at step three. Beyond age and the BMI, each of the EDI subscales was predicted by at least one psychological variable, with the SPAS predicting six of the eight subscales. Physical and psychological variables accounted for 3% to 63% of the variance in the EDI subscale scores. Dancers and pair skaters were older and less endomorphic, and reported higher Health scores, but lower Appearance scores compared to solo skaters. Conclusion: Contextual, physical and psychological variables appear to be germane features of eating disorder risk among competitive adolescent female figure skaters.
Bioerosion by chemosynthetic biological communities on Holocene submarine slide scars

Geomorphic, stratigraphic, and faunal observations of submarine slide scars that occur along the flanks of Monterey Canyon in 2.0–2.5 km water depths were made to identify the processes that continue to alter the surface of a submarine landslide scar after the initial slope failure. Deep-sea chemosynthetic biological communities and small caves are common on the sediment-free surfaces of the slide scars, especially along the headwall. The chemosynthetic organisms observed on slide scars in Monterey Canyon undergo a faunal succession based in part on their ability to maintain their access to the redox boundaries in the sediment on which they depend on as an energy source. By burrowing into the seafloor, these organisms are able to follow the retreating redox boundaries as geochemical re-equilibration occurs on the sole of the slide. As these organisms dig into the seafloor on the footwall, they often generate small caves and weaken the remaining seafloor. While chemosynthetic biological communities are typically used as indicators of fluid flow, these communities may be supported by methane and hydrogen sulfide that are diffusing out of the fresh seafloor exposed at the sole of the slide by the slope failure event. If so, these chemosynthetic biological communities may simply mark sites of recent seafloor exhumation, and are not reliable fluid seepage indicators.
Identification and Cloning of the Membrane-associated Serine Protease, Hepsin, from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Previous studies have suggested the existence of a membrane-associated serine protease expressed by mammalian preimplantation embryos. In this study, we have identified hepsin, a type II transmembrane serine protease, in early mouse blastocysts. Mouse hepsin was highly homologous to the previously identified human and rat cDNAs. Two isoforms, differing in their cytoplasmic domains, were detected. The tissue distribution of mouse hepsin was similar to that seen in humans, with prominent expression in liver and kidney. In mouse embryos, hepsin expression was observed in the two-cell stage, reached a maximal level at the early blastocyst stage, and decreased subsequent to blastocyst hatching. Expression of a soluble form of hepsin revealed its ability to autoactivate in a concentration-dependent manner. Catalytically inactive soluble hepsin was unable to autoactivate. These results suggest that hepsin may be the first serine protease expressed during mammalian development, making its ability to autoactivate critical to its function.
The First Judgement of the Special Court for Sierra Leone: A Missed Opportunity?

On 29 June 2007, the Special Court for Sierra Leone – a criminal tribunal created by an agreement between the United Nations and Sierra Leone – rendered its first judgement. The three accused, all senior members of a military junta which had ousted the elected government, were amongst other things found guilty of "new" international crimes, such as using child soldiers and collectively punishing the civilian population. This note critically analyses the achievements and shortcomings of what can be seen as a landmark ruling in international criminal law. It discusses the court's rejection of a separate crime of "forced marriages" as well as the application of "effective control" in terms of responsibility of a superior in the context of an "African conflict". Finally, this note examines the treatment of defective pleadings in the indictment in relation to particulars, crimes committed by the accused in person, and the existence of a joint criminal enterprise. It will be demonstrated that the judgement is of significance not only for assessing the success of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, but also for future criminal trials dealing with similar charges.
Reconfigurable computing systems

Reconfigurable computing is emerging as the new paradigm for satisfying the simultaneous demand for application performance and flexibility. The ability to customize the architecture to match the computation and the data flow of the application has demonstrated significant performance benefits compared to general purpose architectures. Computer vision applications are one class of applications that have significant heterogeneity in their computation and communication structures. At the low level, vision algorithms have regular repetitive computations operating on large sets of image data with predictable data dependencies. At the higher level, the computations have irregular dependencies. Computer vision application characteristics have significant overlap with the advantages of reconfigurable architectures. The main focus of the paper is on outlining the methodologies required to realize the potential of reconfigurable architectures for vision applications. After giving a broad introduction to reconfigurable computing, the advantages of utilizing reconfigurable architectures for vision applications are outlined and illustrated using example computations. The paper discusses the development of fundamental configurable computing models that abstract the underlying hardware for high-level application mapping. The Hybrid System Architecture Model and algorithms utilizing the model are illustrated to demonstrate a formal framework. The paper also outlines ongoing research and provides a comprehensive list of references for further reading.
Predicting Maintainability with Software Quality Metrics

Maintenance of software makes up a large fraction of the time and money spent in the software life cycle. By reducing the need for maintenance these costs can also be reduced. Predicting where maintenance is likely to occur can help to reduce maintenance by prevention. This paper details a study of the use of software quality metrics to determine high complexity components in a software system. By the use of a history of maintenance done on a particular system, it is shown that a predictor equation can be developed to identify components which needed maintenance activities. This same equation can also be used to determine which components are likely to need maintenance in the future. Through the use of these predictions and software metric complexities it should be possible to reduce the likelihood of a component needing maintenance. This might be accomplished by reducing the complexity of that component through further decomposition. Even though this is only one study, this methodology of developing maintenance predictors could be applied in any environment.
Family Process Environmental Measures in the NLSY97: Variation by Race and Socioeconomic Conditions

This article uses data from the NLSY97 to provide a descriptive portrait of family environmental indices—family/home risk, physical environment risk, enriching environments for youth, and family religious practices. The report includes a brief overview of the literature on risk, resilience, and protective factors as they relate to family processes, detailed information about the indices related to family/home risk, physical environment risk, enriching environments for youth, and family religious practices, as well as variations in each of these indices by adolescent gender, race, family income, and family structure. The comparisons were performed using analysis of variance to control for group differences. Results show that White adolescents reported fewer environmental risks and more protective factors than African American adolescents. Parents of African American adolescents reported higher religiosity than parents of Hispanic or White adolescents. Other findings with respect to gender, race, and income...
Memory Self-Efficacy and Strategy Use in Successful Elders.

Studies have demonstrated that in their everyday lives older adults use external memory strategies more often than they use internal memory strategies. However, previous research has failed to account for person and task variables influenced by efficacy expectations. The use of internal and external memory strategies in relation to memory efficacy, anxiety, depression, and health status was examined. Participants were 169 community‐residing adults age 55 or older (mean age = 67.95, SD = 6.35) who had no depression and high perceived health status and were recruited from continuing education programs in Louisiana and Texas. External memory strategies (M. = 3.75) such as lists and notes were used significantly more often than internal memory strategies (M = 3.49) such as elaboration and rehearsal, t(157) = 5.474, p = .0001. Even though the correlations between memory efficacy and the strategy variables were insignificant, there was a significant decrease in memory efficacy with age. The bivariate correlatio...
Structure/property observations for AlTiCr alloys near the cubic (Al,Cr)3Ti phase

Abstract The nature of the six phases surrounding the cubic Al 3 Ti phase has been determined for AlTiCr alloys hot isostatically pressed at 1473 K. The cubic phase itself is stable from 7 to 13 at.%Cr foralloys with the titanium level at the stoichiometric 25 at.% and the field is at least 4 at.% wide in titanium. Hardness profiles for alloys containing 23, 25 and 27 at.% Ti indicate that the off-stoichiometric levels of titanium cause strengthening of the cubic phase, with a minimum in hardness near the tetragonal/cubic solvus at 8 at.% Cr and 25 at.% Ti. Excess titanium causes greater strengthening of the cubic phase than does a deficiency of titanium. Second phases such as Al 3 Ti, AlCr 2 and TiCrAl embrittle the cubic matrix, as does the porosity that forms readily during conventional heat treatment. In general, hot isostatic pressing prevents the formation of porosity and improves the cracking resistance of AlTiCr alloys.
Allodynia as a complication of migraine: Background and management

Allodynia is a normal part of the untreated migraine attack in most people with episodic migraine and is prevalent in chronic migraine. The extent to which allodynia contributes to the pain and disability of migraine attacks is unclear, as is its clinical importance. The presence of allodynia correlates with the severity and other features of migraine, including aura, migraine-associated symptoms, and motor symptoms. The development of allodynia is associated with resistance to triptan treatment. It is uncertain whether this treatment resistance is due to the accompanying increase in headache severity or whether the development of allodynia is the fundamental biologic event causing the new treatment-refractory state. Animal models support the relationship to allodynia. Intravenous ketorolac may be effective at treating migraine with allodynia several hours after the development of the throbbing pain, but prior treatment with opioid analgesics may confer treatment resistance. Occipital nerve blocks rapidly treat migraine pain and allodynia. Uncontrolled studies have successfully used dihydroergotamine to treat episodic and chronic migraine with allodynia.
Robust variance control for systems with finite-signal-to-noise uncertainty

This paper develops control analysis and synthesis techniques for systems with finite signal-to-noise-ratios (called the finite-signal-to-noise (FSN) models). The system is characterized by an easily computed measure @f. The control synthesis finds output feedback control laws to tolerate finite signal-to-noise ratio uncertainty on an interval. An algorithm to conduct this synthesis is proposed, to achieve locally optimal performance for the closed-loop system.
Effects of estuarine and fluvial processes on sediment transport over deltaic tidal flats

Abstract Tidal flats at a river mouth feature estuarine and fluvial processes that distinguish them from tidal flats without river discharge. We combine field observations and a numerical model to investigate hydrodynamics and sediment transport on deltaic tidal flats at the mouth of the Skagit River, in Puget Sound, WA, during the spring freshet. River discharge over tidal flats supplies a mean volume flux, freshwater buoyancy, and suspended sediment. Despite the shallow water depths, strong horizontal density fronts and stratification develop, resulting in a baroclinic pressure gradient and tidal variability in stratification that favor flood-directed bottom stresses. In addition to these estuarine processes, the river discharge during periods of low tide drains through a network of distributary channels on the exposed tidal flats, with strongly ebb-directed stresses. The net sediment transport depends on the balance between estuarine and fluvial processes, and is modulated on a spring-neap time scale by the tides of Puget Sound. We find that the baroclinic pressure gradient and periodic stratification enhance trapping of sediment delivered by the river on the tidal flats, particularly during neap tides, and that sediment trapping also depends on settling and scour lags, particularly for finer particles. The primary means of moving sediment off of the tidal flats are the high velocities and stresses in the distributary channels during late stages of ebbs and around low tides, with sediment export predominantly occurring during spring low tides that expose a greater portion of the flats. The 3-d finite volume numerical model was evaluated against observations and had good skill overall, particularly for velocity and salinity. The model performed poorly at simulating the shallow flows around low tides as the flats drained and river discharge was confined to distributary channels, due in part to limitations in grid resolution, seabed sediment and bathymetric data, and the wetting-and-drying scheme. Consequently, the model predicted greater sediment retention on the flats than was observed.
Development of lymphocyte subsets in pigtailed macaques.

Abstract The early development of eigth lymphocyte subsets was determined for pigtailed macaque infants from 0 to 800 days of age using two-color flow cytometry and fluorescein- and R-phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigens. Four major lymphocyte subsets in monkeys (B, CD4 + T, and NK cells) could be further divided using two-color analysis. In neonates, the frequency of lymphocyte subpopulations having surface phenotypes found principally on dense, resting cells (IgD + B cells, Lp220 + CD4 + T cells, and CD18 dull CD8 + cells) was much higher than subpopulations having phenotypes present principally on buoyant, activated cells (IgD − B cells, Lp220 − CD4 + T cells, CD18 bri CD8 + T cells). There was a complete absence of two CD18 bri CD8 + subsets (CD8 dull and CD8 bri ) during first 300 days of life. The relative proportion of lymphocyte subsets with resting phenotype decreased with increasing age, while the subpopulations associated with activation gradually increased with age. These findings suggest that during early development immunocompetent cells gradually differentiate into activated lymphocytes.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF A NEW MATERIAL FOR FILTERS: AEROGELS

ABSTRACT Aerogels are highly porous materials made by removing the liquid phase of a dilute suspension of solids by taking off the vapor under super-critical temperature and pressure conditions. The aerogel structure has a skeleton of nanometer-size elements forming pores that are tens of nanometers in dimension. In some cases the structure of the aerogel arises from clusters having fractal geometry. The collection efficiency and pressure drop for such material is predicted here from models in the literature. A quality factor is used to compare aerogel material with other filter materials. The quality factor relating gas filtration efficiency with pressure drop is predicted to be unusually high for these materials in comparison with other common fibrous filter media, predicting lower flow resistance for aerogels at equivalent particle collection efficiency levels.
Accessing international business resources on the Internet

In this paper we provide a brief description of the various ways in which the international business faculty can gain access to databases, reports and other resources on the internet. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, efficient way of retrieving data which can be used for international business research. This paper will be important to international business researchers (both academicians and practitioners) and students. By helping build the infrastructure for accessing information for research, this paper indirectly contributes to existing research.
Nodal Endoplasmic Reticulum, a Specialized Form of Endoplasmic Reticulum Found in Gravity-Sensing Root Tip Columella Cells

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of columella root cap cells has been postulated to play a role in gravity sensing. We have re-examined the ultrastructure of columella cells in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) root tips preserved by high-pressure freezing/freeze-substitution techniques to gain more precise information about the organization of the ER in such cells. The most notable findings are: the identification of a specialized form of ER, termed "nodal ER," which is found exclusively in columella cells; the demonstration that the bulk of the ER is organized in the form of a tubular network that is confined to a peripheral layer under the plasma membrane; and the discovery that this ER-rich peripheral region excludes Golgi stacks, vacuoles, and amyloplasts but not mitochondria. Nodal ER domains consist of an approximately 100-nm-diameter central rod composed of oblong subunits to which usually seven sheets of rough ER are attached along their margins. These domains form patches at the interface between the peripheral ER network and the ER-free central region of the cells, and they occupy defined positions within central and flanking columella cells. Over one-half of the nodal ER domains are located along the outer tangential walls of the flanking cells. Cytochalasin D and latrunculin A cause an increase in size and a decrease in numbers of nodal ER domains. We postulate that the nodal ER membranes locally modulate the gravisensing signals produced by the sedimenting amyloplasts, and that the confinement of all ER membranes to the cell periphery serves to enhance the sedimentability of the amyloplasts in the central region of columella cells.
A short version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS)

A short (25-item) version of the Spence-Helmreich (1972) Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS) is presented. Correlations between scores on the short and the full (55-item) version for groups of male and female students and groups of their parents were.95 or above. The results of a factor analysis and part-whole correlations also indicated the similarity of the two forms. Normative data for the student and parent samples are described.
Leaching of tobramycin from PMMA bone cement beads

The in vitro leaching characteristics of tobramycin from acrylic resin (PMMA) bone cement beads have been determined by a radioimmune assay. Tobramycin was incorporated at two concentrations into bone cement beads fabricated from three commercial brands of acrylic resin. Antibiotic leaching followed a curvilinear relationship of the form X · Y = A · X + B · Y. All beads showed similar tobramycin leaching rates over time but the initial amount of leached material differed with the amount of tobramycin incorporated in the bead and the source of the PMMA bone cement. The data indicate that tobramycin-impregnated PMMA beads permit antibiotic leaching at a controlled rate compatible with possible clinical application.
Stationary non-equilibrium states of infinite harmonic systems

We investigate the existence, properties and approach to stationary non-equilibrium states of infinite harmonic crystals. For classical systems these stationary states are, like the Gibbs states, Gaussian measures on the phase space of the infinite system (analogues results are true for quantum systems). Their ergodic properties are the same as those of the equilibrium states: e.g. for ordered periodic crystals they are Bernoulli. Unlike the equilibrium states however they are not “stable” towards perturbations in the potential. We are particularly concerned here with states in which there is a non-vanishing steady heat flux passing through “every point” of the infinite system. Such “superheat-conducting” states are of course only possible in systems in which Fourier's law does not hold: the perfect harmonic crystal being an example of such a system. For a one dimensional system, we find such states (explicitely) as limits, whent→∞, of time evolved initial states μ i in which the “left” and “right” parts of the infinite crystal are in “equilibrium” at different temperatures, β − ≠β −1 , and the “middle” part is in an arbitrary state. We also investigate the limit of these stationary (t→∞) states as the coupling strength λ between the “system” and the “reservoirs” goes to zero. In this limit we obtain a product state, where the reservoirs are in equilibrium at temperatures β −1 and β −1 and the system is in the unique stationary state of the reduced dynamics in the weak coupling limit.
EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE ON RENAL AND CARDIAC HEMO-DYNAMICS DURING DEEP HYPOTHERMIA

The technique of deep hypothermia (DH) for cardiac surgery results in altered renal and cardiac function: low flows and high resistances. We studied the effects of dopamine infusion (6.1 to 7.5 ug/kg/min) on renal and cardiac hemodynamics in 6 dogs during surface cooling to 20°C rectal (DH) under ether anesthesia; 6 control dogs received no dopamine. Open chest dogs were studied with electromagnetic flow probes on the aortic root and left renal artery. Data were recorded every 2° from normothennia (38°) to 20°C. Dopamine had no significant effects on the hemodynamic parameters. From normothennia to 20°C (DH) there were net decreases in heart rate (81%), mean aortic pressure (44%), cardiac output (667.), renal flow (75%) and pre-ejection period (PEP)/left ventricular ejection time (LVET) (55%). Net increases occurred in renal resistance (256%) and systemic resistance (210%), PEP (180%), and LVET (370%). Stroke volume and LV ejection work increased significantly (p<0.005) to 28°C and then decreased to normothermic values at 20°C. The data indicate no effect of dopamine in the usual clinical doses. Hypothermia resulted in increased inotropic state to 28°C and marked decreases in cardiac and renal hemodynamics at 20°C. We hypothesize that below 28°C, decreased myocardial compliance is an important factor in the decreased inotropism.
A model of target selection based on goal-dependent modulation

When contemplating a crowded scene, such as a dinner table, gaze can be directed toward a large number of potential targets-a glass, a fork, a salt shaker-any one of which can be specifically sought and viewed. Their presence is signalled by the evoked responses of visual neurons with appropriate selectivities, but if the item designated as the current target changes from moment to moment, how can these sensory responses be used to direct eye movements? Additional activity encoding the current goal must be taken into account. Here, I show that if this contextual activity is combined nonlinearly with the sensory information, then the proper oculomotor command needed to foveate the current target can be easily read out by downstream neurons. This mechanism is illustrated with a model network that solves a target-selection task. The model proposes that, during visual search, sensory responses should be nonlinearly modulated by the identity of the goal. This modulation effectively changes the functional connectivity of a network, allowing it to locate different targets under different circumstances.
Penalized maximum-likelihood estimation of covariance matrices with linear structure

In this paper, a space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is presented for the numerical computation of maximum-likelihood (ML) and penalized ML (PML) estimates of the parameters of covariance matrices with linear structure for complex Gaussian processes. By using a less informative hidden-data space and a sequential parameter-update scheme, a SAGE-based algorithm is derived for which convergence of the likelihood is demonstrated to be significantly faster than that of an EM-based algorithm that has been previously proposed. In addition, the SAGE procedure is shown to easily accommodate penalty functions, and a SAGE-based algorithm is derived and demonstrated for forming PML estimates with a quadratic smoothness penalty.
26Al in seawater and 26Al/10Be as paleo‐flux tracer

Measurements of water-column 26Al/27Al ratios above 850 m depth in the Pacific yield values in the range 10−13–10−14, translating into 26Al concentrations of 20–200 atoms kg−1. The atomic ratio of 26Al/10Be in surface ocean is close to 1 × 10−4, at least an order lower than the atmospheric production ratio. Surface-ocean particulate removal of Al is about 30 times more rapid than that of Be. The results of this first set of data on 26Al in seawater also suggest that the source of 26Al in the sea is dominated by spallation of Ar in the atmosphere (as opposed to eolian and cosmic-dust inputs) and that the ratio 26Al/10Be in marine sediments can be potentially used to decipher past variations of oceanic particle flux, hence biologic productivity.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION FOR RISK MANAGEMENT: AN APPLICATION TO A CATTLE RANCH*

Substantial variations in equity and income of produced calves, or holding them through subsequent cattle producers and feeders in highly leveraged stages of the production process. Multiperiod risk operations have occurred during the early 1970s as programming is used to model the vertical sequence the result of wide variations in prices of cattle and of decision choices and to evaluate risk and returns in purchased feed. Moreover, severe losses in many a value-added sense as suggested by Logan [5]. commercial feedlots have resulted in greater forage Following sections describe the model's specification inputs in beef production, with feeder cattle placed in and its application to a representative ranch firm in feedlots at heavier weights and for shorter periods of the Rolling Plains of Texas. time. The large price uncertainty, together with possible changes in the livestock production system, MODELING VERTICAL INTEGRATION make cattle producers' search for effective methods