cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using age and usage for prediction of reliability of an arbitrary system from a finite population

For single-use non-repairable systems, reliability is commonly estimated as a function of age and usage. For the effective management of individual systems or populations of systems, it is frequently important and necessary to predict the reliability in the future for age and usage values not yet observed. When predicting future system reliability, the age of the future system is easily predicted whereas future usage values will typically be unknown. In this paper we present the methodology for how to estimate both individual and population reliability summaries based on the currently known age and usage values. Projected usage values for future points in time can be obtained based on observed usage patterns or user-specified patterns of usage rates. Individual system summaries can be used to answer the questions ‘For a given system of age A and usage U, what is its reliability with associated uncertainty?’ or ‘For a given system with known current age A and usage U, but unknown usage in the future, what is its reliability with associated uncertainty?’ The population summary of interest predicts the probability that a system randomly selected from the population of systems works. This summary takes into consideration the estimation of future usage, the estimated probability of individual systems working at their given ages and usage values, and the life cycle demographics of the population of interest. In this paper we discuss these questions for a given application. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) as a pollen resource for honey bee colonies in the Lower Colorado River agroecosystem

Les apiculteurs du sud-ouest de l'Arizona et du sud-est de la Californie font souvent etat d'empoisonnement de nombreuses colonies d'abeilles suite aux traitements insecticides appliques sur le chiendent en fleurs, cultive dans ces regions pour la production de semences. Cette etude vise a caracteriser la frequence relative, l'intensite et la variation saisonniere de la recolte de pollen de chiendent par l'abeille domestique. Pour cela sept colonies ont ete placees fin mai 1987 dans chacun des deux sites etudies. Les ruches etaient equipees d'une trappe mixte a pollen et abeilles mortes. Les echantillons de pollen ont ete preleves chaque semaine du 6/9/87 au 7/2/88, periode couvrant deux saisons de floraison du chiendent, puis congeles pour etre analyses ulterieurement. Les pelotes de pollen ont ete pesees et classees selon leur couleur et leur texture. Pour les types de pelotes presents a plus de 2% dans les echantillons, les familles botaniques ont ete determinees d'apres la morphologie et la taille des grains de pollen. Sur chaque lame, les grains de pollen ont ete identifies individuellement au microscope. Le nombre total d'abeilles mortes dans les trappes est reste faible durant toute la periode d'etude. Toutes les colonies ont pu recolter du pollen excepte durant une courte periode de 4 a 6 semaines, de fin novembre a fin decembre. La majorite du pollen ne provenait pas des Poaceae. Treize familles botaniques ont ete les plus representees, les Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae et Tamaricaceae arrivant en tete. Sur les deux sites d'etude, le pollen de chiendent n'a ete recolte que sporadiquement au cours des 54 semaines etudiees. En outre, seule une tres petite fraction du pollen recolte au total etait du pollen de chiendent : 1,2 % sur le site A, 1,5 % sur le site B (fig 1). Il ne represente egalement qu'une faible portion du pollen de graminees recolte (fig 2). Le pollen de chiendent ne figure donc pas parmi les sources polliniques preferees des abeilles et semble n'etre recolte qu'en l'absence de pollens plus interessants en quantites suffisantes. Les pertes d'abeilles dues aux traitements insecticides sur le chiendent dependent donc de la dynamique du butinage et/ou d'autres facteurs.
Luxatio erecta: A missed diagnosis

Abstract A case of inferior gienohumeral dislocation (luxatio erecta) is presented. Although the classical presentation of luxatio erecta is considered pathognomonic, this case was initially misdiagnosed. This lead subsequently to the use of inappropriate reduction techniques. Eventually, the patient was taken to the operating room and closed reduction performed under general anesthesia. Follow-up examination demonstrated severe rotator cuff disruption without neurovascular deficit. Inferior shoulder dislocations are discussed and an explanation of the incorrect diagnosis is offered.
Genetic stability of cannibalism in Tribolium confusum.

This study reports the stability of genetically controlled cannibalistic behavior in four strains of flour beetles. The strains were derived from Thomas Park's “Chicago Standard” strain ofTribolium confusum using only three or four generations of brother-sister matings in the mid-1950s. Their cannibalistic attributes, as well as their fecundity, egg hatchability, developmental time, and adult longevity, were assayed shortly thereafter and strong interstrain cannibalistic differences were reported. However, other aspects of their demography were remarkably similar. Using the same strains, the cannibalism assays, originally performed during 1959–1962, were repeated. After some 60 generations of husbandry in identical abiotic environments, the strains are essentially unchanged. Different environments were generated, however, by the social and antisocial behaviors of the beetles themselves. The stability is discussed with regard to three possibilities: (1) there are only a few genes which account for the observed differences in cannibalism, (2) cannibalism is selectively neutral, and (3) each strain is at a different local adaptive peak with respect to cannibalism.
Application of Polymath Chemical Equilibrium Simulation Model for Struvite Precipitation in Soils

A new speciation model developed and implemented in Polymath was found to be successful in predicting struvite precipitation in soils. Struvite (NH4MgPO4) has been identified as a mineral for the recovery of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Predicting struvite precipitation potential in soil is important for optimal quantification of nutrient species. Polymath and Visual Minteq models were used for prediction of several solid phases in the soil. One approach to immobilize P for solid-phase formation is by co-blending. Immobilization was achieved through the blending of an Al-based water treatment residual (Al-WTR) and with Ca–Mg-based materials [slag and magnesium oxide (MgO)]. The results suggest that Polymath model revealed solid Phases of dicalcium phosphate pentahydrate (DCPP), magnesium hydroxide (MHO), magnesium orthophosphate (v) docosahydrate (MP22), magnesium orthophosphate (v) octahydrate (MP8), and struvite, which were lacking in the modeling from Visual Minteq. Residual leachate from the co-blended amendments; Soil+WTR+Slag, Soil+WTR+MgO, Soil+MgO, Soil+Slag, Soil+WTR, and the control (without amendment) had struvite of 353, 199, 119, 90, 37, and 12 mg l-1, respectively. This implies that struvite, a phosphate mineral can be precipitated in the soil and could be released as nutrients for plant uptake. Struvite precipitation in soil and for reuse may reduce cost and may be a safe practice for sustainable environmental nutrient management.
Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate. Report of 23 cases

Background. Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate is a rare neoplasm that accounts for less than 0.1% of prostate malignancies. Previous reports of this neoplasm consisted of single case studies or small series, often combined with cases of rhabdomyosarcoma. The relationship of prognosis with histologic and immunohistochemical findings has not, to the authors' knowledge, been described in a large series of cases, and the efficacy of various treatments is uncertain. Methods. The authors undertook a clinicopathologic study of all cases of prostate leiomyosarcoma observed at their institution from 1929 to 1994. Twenty-three cases were retrieved from the files of the Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN), and clinical follow-up was available for 14. Immunohistochemical studies, including actin, desmin, S-100 protein, keratin, and vimentin were performed for 18 cases. Results. Patients ranged in age from 41 to 78 years, with a mean of 61 years. Presenting symptoms included urinary obstruction (100%), perineal pain (25%), burning on ejaculation (7%), and weight loss (7%). The neoplasms ranged from 3.3 to 21 cm (mean, 9 cm) in greatest dimension and were often associated with necrosis. Seven tumors were Grade 2, 10 Grade 3 and 6 Grade 4 (Broders' grading system; scale, 1–4). Mitotic figure counts varied from 2 to 24 per 10 high power fields. Fifteen of 15 (100%) cases were immunoreactive for vimentin, 10 of 16 (63%) were immunoreactive for actin, and 3 of 15 (20%) were weakly reactive for desmin. Keratin expression was observed in 4 of 15 cases (27%), and S-100 protein was negative in all cases. Treatment varied, and usually included a combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and radical prostatectomy or cystoprostatecomy. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 72 months, with a mean of 19 months. Ten patients died from tumor 3 to 72 months (mean, 22 months) after diagnosis. Four patients were alive, including three with residual tumor and one without evidence of tumor at 2, 4, 30, and 4.5 months, respectively. Local recurrence occurred in 10 of 11 patients, including 5 who had gross residual tumor present after surgery. Metastases developed up to 40 months after surgery (mean, 10.3 months), and most frequently involved the lungs. Conclusions. These findings indicate that prostate leiomyosarcoma has a varied histologic appearance ranging from spindled cell neoplasm reminiscent of smooth muscle to pleomorphic sarcoma. Epithelioid features may be present. Most tumors are immunoreactive with antibodies to vimentin and actin, and reactivity with antikeratin antibodies does not exclude the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma. Prostate leiomyosarcoma has a poor prognosis, although the length of survival is variable. Radical surgery was the treatment of choice in the current series, but complete excision was difficult in most cases and did not result in cure.
Kolmogorov turbulence in a random-force-driven Burgers equation: Anomalous scaling and probability density functions

High-resolution numerical experiments, described in this work, show that velocity fluctuations governed by the one-dimensional Burgers equation driven by a white-in-time random noise with the spectrum \ensuremath{\Vert}f(k)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{2}$\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ exhibit a biscaling behavior: All moments of velocity differences ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{n}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\le}}3}$(r)=\ensuremath{\Vert}u(x+r)-u(x)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{n}}$\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}u${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{n}}$\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} \ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{r}}^{\mathit{n}/3}$, while ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{n}g3}$(r)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ with ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathit{n}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}1 for real ng0 [Chekhlov and Yakhot, Phys. Rev. E 51, R2739 (1995)]. The probability density function, which is dominated by coherent shocks in the interval \ensuremath{\Delta}u0, is scrP(\ensuremath{\Delta}u,r)\ensuremath{\propto}(\ensuremath{\Delta}u${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{q}}$ with q\ensuremath{\approxeq}4. A phenomenological theory describing the experimental findings is presented.
Privacy as a Social Issue and Behavioral Concept

This introduction, to an issue on privacy as a social issue and behavioral concept, discusses what privacy is, by examining definitions and theories of privacy, and what privacy does, by reviewing the benefits of obtaining privacy and the costs of failing to achieve and of losing privacy. It provides a possible bridge between social psychological and social issues approaches to privacy and examines privacy as a social issue for Americans as citizens, health-care recipients, consumers, and employees. It then briefly explores behavioral aspects of privacy, including indicators of privacy's importance and the generally overlooked status of privacy in psychology.
Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions.

In this article, the authors examine the conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity as a multidimensional, dynamic construct that develops over time through a process of exploration and commitment. The authors discuss the components of ethnic identity that have been studied and the theoretical background for a developmental model of ethnic identity. The authors review research on the measurement of ethnic identity using the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (J. Phinney, 1992) and present a revised version of the measure. The authors conclude with a consideration of the measurement issues raised by J. E. Helms (2007) and K. Cokley (2007) and suggestions for future research on ethnic identity. Ethnic identity is many faceted. This is made clear in the special issue of which this article is a part. But recognizing that ethnic identity has many facets is merely a start to understanding it. Ethnic identity derives from a sense of peoplehood within a group, a culture, and a particular setting. Yet ethnic identity is not merely knowledge and understanding of one's ingroup affiliations, even as such insights and comprehension are part of it. The achievement of a secure ethnic identity derives from experience, but experience is not sufficient to produce it. Because one's ethnic identity is con- structed over time, the actions and choices of individuals are essential to the process. Ethnic identity is distinct in some ways from other group identities, such as racial identity, but it also shares aspects of both personal and group identities. Our purpose in this article was to examine the conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity from social psychological and developmental perspectives. We first review the various dimen- sions of ethnic identity that have been proposed in the literature. We then discuss the theoretical and empirical basis for understand- ing ethnic identity as a developmental process. We review research on the measurement of ethnic identity based on the widely used Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM, Phinney, 1992; Rob- erts et al., 1999), discuss recent measurement research that has led to a revision of the MEIM, and present a revised version of the MEIM. We conclude with a discussion of issues that might be profitably considered in future ethnic identity research, with a consideration of the ideas and recommendations offered by Helms (2007) and Cokley (2007). In keeping with the focus of the special issue, we discuss ethnic identity with reference to ethnic minorities in the United States.
Modality, semantics, and consciousness

The Character of Consciousness brings together most of the important papers that Chalmers has written on the topic of consciousness since (and a couple before) the publication of his book, The Conscious Mind. He covers such topics as the identification of neural correlates of consciousness, the modal argument against materialism, the ‘‘phenomenal concepts’’ strategy, representationalism and the nature of color experience, and the unity of consciousness. As I am in agreement with, or at least sympathetic to, a lot of what he has to say on these topics, and since this is supposed to be a critical response to the book, I will limit my remarks to the principal area where we still differ: the modal argument against materialism. Let me begin with a general characterization of how I see the disagreement between us, and then move to the details. Both Chalmers and I see a deep epistemic gap between physical (including functional, or computational) accounts of the mind/ brain and ordinary descriptions of our phenomenally conscious experience. We both maintain that the ‘‘hard problem’’, or ‘‘the explanatory gap’’ constitutes a serious challenge to materialism in the philosophy of mind. But we differ significantly on the nature of that challenge. I have in fact of late come closer to Chalmers in seeing the explanatory gap as a positive argument for non-materialism about consciousness, but where I see the argument as essentially abductive he sees it as demonstrative. I view the inference from the explanatory gap to non-materialism as basically an instance of inference to the best explanation; the best explanation of the epistemic gap is that there is a metaphysical gap (the nature of which I find obscure,
Common nontoxic pediatric ingestions.

Allison A. Muller is Clinical Managing Director, The Poison Control Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. For correspondence, write: Allison A. Muller, PharmD, CSPI, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pa 19104; E-mail: mullera@email.chop.edu. J Emerg Nurs 2005;31:494-6. 0099-1767/$30.00 Copyright n 2005 by the Emergency Nurses Association. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2005.05.006
Tailoring medium energy proton beam to induce low energy nuclear reactions in 86SrCl2 for production of PET radioisotope 86Y

Abstract This paper reports results of experiments at Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) aiming to investigate effective production of positron emitting radioisotope 86Y by the low energy 86Sr(p,n) reaction. BLIP is a facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory designed for the proton irradiation of the targets for isotope production at high and intermediate proton energies. The proton beam is delivered by the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) whose incident energy is tunable from 200 to 66 MeV in approximately 21 MeV increments. The array was designed to ensure energy degradation from 66 MeV down to less than 20 MeV. Aluminum slabs were used to degrade the proton energy down to the required range. The production yield of 86Y (1.2+/−0.1 mCi (44.4+/−3.7) MBq/μAh) and ratio of radioisotopic impurities was determined by assaying an aliquot of the irradiated 86SrCl2 solution by gamma spectroscopy. The analysis of energy dependence of the 86Y production yield and the ratios of radioisotopic impurities has been used to adjust degrader thickness. Experimental data showed substantial discrepancies in actual energy propagation compared to energy loss calculations.
Metabolic clearance rate and transplacental passage of oxytocin in the pregnant ewe and fetus.

The MCR and placental permeability to oxytocin were determined in chronically catheterized pregnant sheep. Simultaneous maternal and fetal plasma oxytocin (OT) concentrations were measured by RIA before and during continuous infusion of synthetic OT to steady state conditions. Baseline fetal plasma OT concentrations were significantly higher than simultaneously collected maternal concentrations (1.6 ± 0.13 vs. 1.1 ± 0.13 μU/ml, respectively; P < 0.01). Mean fetal OT MCRs were 12.0 ± 1.35 and 12.1 ± 1.09 ml/kg -min at OT infusion rates of 64 and 640 μU/kg.min. Mean maternal MCRs were 12.1 ± 2.64 and 12.4 ± 1.38 ml/kg-min at OT infusion rates of 80 and 800 μU/kg-min. Uterine contractions were induced by maternal OT infusion of 800 μU/kg-min but not by lower infusion rates; no uterine contractions were induced by fetal OT infusion. OT did not appear to cross the placenta in either direction under the present study conditions. (Endocrinology 106: 1006, 1980)
The β -globin gene is on the short arm of human chromosome 11

Investigations on the regulation of human globin gene expression are assisted by a knowledge of the chromosomal location of the globin genes. Previous studies1 have mapped the α-globin locus to human chromosome (HC) 16, and have shown that the human globin gene complex γ-δ-β co-segregates with lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) and the presence of HC 11 in somatic cell hybrids2,3. Radioactively labelled globin complementary DNA (cDNA) probes were used in molecular hybridisation experiments to determine the chromosomal locations of the α- and β-globin genes. When human × rodent somatic cell hybrids are used which contain well-defined parts of human chromosomes, direct mapping of genes of chromosomal regions or single bands is possible4,5. We have regionally localised the human β-globin gene using two sets of hybrid cell lines: (1) Chinese hamster × human hybrid cells containing the HC11 long arm or both the short and long arms and (2) mouse × human hybrids containing only the HC 11 short arm. The techniques of liquid molecular hybridisation3 and Southern blotting6 with 32P-labelled human β–globin cDNA (from plasmid JW102)7 have been used to localise the β-globin gene sequence to region 11p11 → 11p15. Similar results were reported recently by Jeffreys et al.8.
Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry of Anthracycline Antibiotics, Cosmomycin A, B, A′, B′, C and D

Field desorption mass spectrometry was applied to a series of underivatized anthracycline, cosmomycins. The mass spectra of the various compounds contain either molecular weight or sugar sequence information. Different fragmentation patterns are obtained from normal and linked field scanning. The mass spectrometric data make it clear that field desorption mass spectrometry become a valuable additional technique for structural analysis of anthracyclines.
Effect of grain size on scratch interactions and material removal in alumina

Dramatic effects of scratch interactions on material removal are observed in alumina. A series of parallel scratches are made in aluminas with different grain sizes to investigate the influence of scratch interactions on the material removal process in abrasive machining. The separation distance between the two scratches and the normal load are varied and subsurface microfracture and damage modes are examined to assess the mechanisms of material removal. A very small amount of material is removed when the separation distance between the two parallel scratches is large or when the two scratches completely overlap. However, at intermediate distances the volume of material removed increases dramatically as a result of the interactions between the two scratches. The maximum amount of material removed and the corresponding distance between the two scratches are found to depend strongly on the grain size and the load. Observations of surface and subsurface damage reveal that grain dislodgement is the predominant mechanism of material removal, irrespective of the grain size. The relation between grain size, scratch interactions, and the material removal process in grinding and abrasive machining of ceramics is discussed in terms of the short-crack toughness of ceramics.
[HCO3-]-regulated expression and activity of soluble adenylyl cyclase in corneal endothelial and Calu-3 cells

Bicarbonate activated Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase (sAC) is a unique cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling mechanism for the generation of cAMP. HCO3- activates sAC in bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs), increasing [cAMP] and stimulating PKA, leading to phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR) and increased apical Cl- permeability. Here, we examined whether HCO3- may also regulate the expression of sAC and thereby affect the production of cAMP upon activation by HCO3- and the stimulation of CFTR in BCECs. RT-competitive PCR indicated that sAC mRNA expression in BCECs is dependent on [HCO3-] and incubation time in HCO3-. Immunoblots showed that 10 and 40 mM HCO3- increased sAC protein expression by 45% and 87%, respectively, relative to cells cultured in the absence of HCO3-. Furthermore, 40 mM HCO3- up-regulated sAC protein expression in Calu-3 cells by 93%. On the other hand, sAC expression in BCECs and Calu-3 cells was unaffected by changes in bath pH or osmolarity. Interestingly, BCECs pre-treated with10 μM adenosine or 10 μM forskolin, which increase cAMP levels, showed decreased sAC mRNA expression by 20% and 30%, respectively. Intracellular cAMP production by sAC paralleled the time and [HCO3-]-dependent expression of sAC. Bicarbonate-induced apical Cl- permeability increased by 78% (P 0.05). HCO3- not only directly activates sAC, but also up-regulates the expression of sAC. These results suggest that active cellular uptake of HCO3- can contribute to the basal level of cellular cAMP in tissues that express sAC.
Role of anisotropic behaviour of Sn on thermomechanical fatigue and fracture of Sn‐based solder joints under thermal excursions

Solder joints experience thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) as a consequence of thermal stresses that arise from coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatches between various entities present in the joint under thermal excursions. Sn present in solder joints made with alloys containing significant amounts of Sn, exists in a body centred tetragonal (BCT) structure, under normally realized thermal excursion regimes encountered during service. BCT Sn exhibits significant anisotropic behaviour in its physical and mechanical properties as a consequence of its highly unusual c/a ratio of about 0.5. Such severe anisotropy causes significant stresses at the Sn grain boundaries present within the solder joints during thermal excursions, resulting in damage accumulation within the solder. Stresses resulting from this anisotropy can be much larger than those that can arise from CTE mismatches between entities such as solder/substrate, solder/intermetallics etc. Damage accumulation under TMF progresses in the severely constrained region of the solder/substrate interface, and causes the initiation and propagation of the catastrophic crack. This crack propagates within the solder in a region very close to the solder/substrate interface and results in the TMF failure of the joint.
Heat-induced accumulation of chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor, EF-Tu, in winter wheat

Chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor, EF-Tu, has been implicated in heat tolerance in maize (Zea mays). Chloroplast EF-Tu is highly conserved, and it is possible that this protein may be of importance to heat tolerance in other species including wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this study, we assessed heat tolerance and determined the relative levels of EF-Tu in mature plants (at flowering stage) of 12 cultivars of winter wheat experiencing a 16-d-long heat treatment (36/30 degrees C, day/night temperature). In addition, we also investigated the expression of EF-Tu in young plants experiencing a short-term heat shock (4h at 43 degrees C). Heat tolerance was assessed by examining the stability of thylakoid membranes, measuring chlorophyll content, and assessing plant growth traits (shoot dry mass, plant height, tiller number, and ear number). In mature plants, relative levels of EF-Tu were determined after 7 d of heat stress. High temperature-induced accumulation of EF-Tu in mature plants of all cultivars, and a group of cultivars that showed greater accumulation of EF-Tu displayed better tolerance to heat stress. Young plants of all cultivars but one did not show significant increases in the relative levels of EF-Tu. The results of the study suggest that EF-Tu protein may play a role in heat tolerance in winter wheat.
INDIAN‐FRENCH RELATIONS AT NATCHEZ

EVIDENCE for the existence of Indian-French relations at Natchez, Mississippi, is to be found in the very name of the place. To begin with, this peculiar and highly distinctive place name is identical with the tribal designation by which the celebrated Natchez Indians have become known to written history. There is ample proof, moreover, that it was borrowed from the same Indians by early French explorers. Just how it was obtained by the latter is not definitely known, for the Natchez are said to have referred to themselves as the "Theldel.1 One of the native villages, however, bore the name "Naches."2 The French, seemingly, took this particular designation, changed it into its present form, and applied it to the tribal group as a whole. Subsequently, they also bestowed it upon the locality as such and, not knowing the meaning of the word, simply referred to the place as that of the Natchez.3 More important than the appropriation of an Indian name by the French are the actual interrelations between the two peoples. These relations, unfortunately, have not yet been treated as a separate unit of investigation. Historians, to be sure, have dealt fully with the French exploration and colonization of the place; they have also described in considerable detail the socalled Natchez Wars, the massacre of 1729, and the final defeat of the Indians. Ethnologists, moreover, have made a thorough study of that portion of Southeastern Indian culture which was associated with the Natchez tribe; by collating and summarizing the ethnographic data contained in the first-hand accounts of early French observers, they have indeed covered every important cultural aspect with reasonable adequacy. Finally, in an ever-increasing number of local histories a great deal of attention has been paid to both the Indians and the French.
Paleomagnetism of Siluro-Devonian rocks from eastern Maine

A diverse suite of rocks was collected for paleomagnetic study from two formations in the Eastport area of northeastern Maine: 18 sites (103 samples) from redbeds and diabase sills of the Hersey Formation (uppermost Silurian to Lower Devonian) and 14 sites (74 samples) from lavas, redbeds, and calcareous nodules of the Eastport Formation (Lower Devonian; Rb/Sr age 412 Ma). Characteristic magnetizations based on AF and thermal demagnetization analyses give mean directions, after simple correction for bedding tilt, of D = 163.6°, I = 41.3°, α95 = 6.3°, for N = 16 sites in the Hersey, and D = 179.3°, I = 38.0°, α95 = 9.4°, for N = 14 sites in the Eastport Formation. Baked contact relations, the presence of opposite polarities, and the similarity in directions over different rock types and magnetic carriers point to an acquisition of magnetization near to the time of rock formation. The mean directions correspond to (south) paleopole positions at 19.8°S lat., 308.8°E long. (δp, δm = 4.7°, 7.7°) for the Hersey...
What should be minimized in a decision tree

In this paper, we address the issue of evaluating decision trees generated from training examples by a learning algorithm. We give a set of performance measures and show how some of them relate to others. We derive results suggesting that the number of leaves in a decision tree is the important measure to minimize. Minimizing this measure will, in a probabilistic sense, improve performance along the other measures. Notably it is expected to produce trees whose error rates are less likely to exceed some acceptable limit. The motivation for deriving such results is two-fold: 1. To better understand what constitutes a good measure of performance, and 2. To provide guidance when deciding which aspects of a decision tree generation algorithm should be changed in order to improve the quality of the decision trees it generates. The results presented in this paper can be used as a basis for a methodology for formally proving that one decision tree generation algorithm is better than another. This would provide a more satisfactory alternative to the current empirical evaluation method for comparing algorithms.
Contact Irritancy and Spatial Repellency Behaviors in Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected in Orange Walk, Belize, C.A.

Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann is a vector of malaria in northern Belize. Previous studies have identified behavioral responses in this species when exposed to certain chemicals. We used a high throughput screening system to evaluate the contact irritant and spatial repellency responses exhibited by An. albimanus collected from Orange Walk, Belize, Central America. Anopheles albimanus behavior was significantly altered by a number of key public health insecticides. Significant irritant responses to alphacypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT, and propoxur were recorded, while spatial repellency responses were only elicited by DDT. Malathion resulted in neither a contact irritant or spatial repellency response. These results are in congruence with behavioral patterns previously observed for An. albimanus and for Aedes aegypti in the same system. This study produced baseline data on the behaviors of An. albimanus and confirms that the majority of compounds used as indoor residual sprays may induce premature exiting by An. albimanus in addition to killing the mosquito. This effect would decrease contact with humans and thus disrupt malaria transmission.
AN ENDOGENOUS TREATMENT OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM IN A MACRO-ECONOMETRIC MODEL†

s of Doctoral Dissertations 705 of the coefficients indicate that the impact of such operations within one quarter is larger for city than country banks. Further, disaggregating by bank class allowed us to investigate the question of whether open-market operations are an effective instrument for controlling all classes of banks within a reasonable period of time. We find no evidence of a significant lag in the effects of open-market operations on country banks relative to city banks. Finally, the statistically significant presence of the dynamic open-market operations variable, together in some equations with a reserverequirement variable, attests to the efficacy of monetary policy at this stage of the monetary-policy transmission process. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.255 on Tue, 24 May 2016 05:10:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Effects of training strategies implemented in a complex videogame on functional connectivity of attentional networks

We used the Space Fortress videogame, originally developed by cognitive psychologists to study skill acquisition, as a platform to examine learning-induced plasticity of interacting brain networks. Novice videogame players learned Space Fortress using one of two training strategies: (a) focus on all aspects of the game during learning (fixed priority), or (b) focus on improving separate game components in the context of the whole game (variable priority). Participants were scanned during game play using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), both before and after 20 h of training. As expected, variable priority training enhanced learning, particularly for individuals who initially performed poorly. Functional connectivity analysis revealed changes in brain network interaction reflective of more flexible skill learning and retrieval with variable priority training, compared to procedural learning and skill implementation with fixed priority training. These results provide the first evidence for differences in the interaction of large-scale brain networks when learning with different training strategies. Our approach and findings also provide a foundation for exploring the brain plasticity involved in transfer of trained abilities to novel real-world tasks such as driving, sport, or neurorehabilitation.
Acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis in a patient with sarcoidosis.

Introduction: Acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis typically occurs as a result of surgery or irradiation of the nasopharynx. Sarcoidosis has numerous manifestations in the head and neck region, although an association with nasopharyngeal stenosis has not previously been reported. Case report: A 40-year-old man with sarcoidosis developed severe acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. This was successfully managed with balloon dilatation, followed by pharyngoplasty with local pharyngeal flap reconstruction. Conclusion: This report is intended to prompt consideration of nasopharyngeal stenosis as a potential cause of nasal obstruction in patients with sarcoidosis, and to draw attention to the need to consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of patients with acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. We also demonstrate the viability of pharyngoplasty in the management of nasopharyngeal stenosis in the setting of sarcoidosis.
A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems

Vascular plants vary in size by about twelve orders of magnitude, and a single individual sequoia spans nearly this entire range as it grows from a seedling to a mature tree. Size influences nearly all of the structural, functional and ecological characteristics of organisms1,2. Here we present an integrated model for the hydrodynamics, biomechanics and branching geometry of plants, based on the application of a general theory of resource distribution through hierarchical branching networks3 to the case of vascular plants. The model successfully predicts a fractal-like architecture and many known scaling laws, both between and within individual plants, including allometric exponents which are simple multiples of 1/4. We show that conducting tubes must taper and, consequently, that the resistance and fluid flow per tube are independent of the total path length and plant size. This resolves the problem of resistance increasing with length, thereby allowing plants to evolve vertical architectures and explaining why the maximum height of trees is about 100 m. It also explains why the energy use of plants in ecosystems is size independent.
Failure of erythromycin breath test to correlate with midazolam clearance as a probe of cytochrome P4503A.

Background Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) activity exhibits considerable interindividual variability, and an in vivo probe to measure such differences would serve several purposes. The erythromycin breath test (ERBT) is an established approach that has proven useful in this regard, but it has several limitations. More recently, the hydroxylation of midazolam has been suggested as an alternative in vivo probe approach, because it is possible to estimate CYP3A activity in the intestinal epithelium as well as in the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship, if any, between the ERBT and midazolam's CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Methods Twenty healthy, medication-free young (24 to 46 years) European Americans (10 women) each received on separate days, in random order, either 3 μCi [14C-N-methyl]-erythromycin intravenously, 1 mg midazolam intravenously, or 2 mg midazolam orally. An ERBT value was determined 60 minutes after administration, and clearances were estimated after midazolam administration. In addition, an endogenous 0- to 4-hour urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio was measured. Results All three measured drug trait values varied approximately threefold to fivefold, whereas the endogenous phenotype measure exhibited far greater variability (>100-fold). No statistically significant (P < .05) correlations existed between any of the trait values, including the ERBT value, obtained after intravenous administration of the radiolabeled probe and the systemic clearance of midazolam, expressed in terms of either total or unbound drug, or on an absolute or a body weight-corrected basis (r = 0.03 to r = 0.24; P = .08 to P = .90). Substratification according to sex generally did not improve such relationships. Conclusion Although both erythromycin N-demethylation and the metabolism of midazolam by hydroxylation are mediated by CYP3A, the phenotypic trait measures associated with these two in vivo probe drugs do not provide the same information about the catalytic activity of the enzyme. An indirect measure such as the ERBT may reflect CYP3A activity and be useful for some purposes, but the estimation of the oral and intravenous clearance of midazolam has additional advantages, and they may be more applicable and have broader usefuleness as quantitative estimates of CYP3A activity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 224–231; doi:
Extensor pollicis longus rupture at the tip of a prominent fixation screw: Report of three cases

Rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon at the tip of a prominent fixation screw occurred in two cases after fixation of fractures of the radial shaft and in one case after fixation of a fracture of the scaphoid. Patients were referred because of their inability to extend the thumb. Active thumb extension was restored in two patients by screw removal and tendon transfer. The third patient elected nonoperative care. Close scrutiny of good-quality intraoperative x-ray films after internal fixation about the wrist may detect screws that are too prominent and thereby prevent rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon.
The Kyoto Protocol: CO2 CH4 and climate implications

Kyoto Protocol implications for CO2, temperature and sea level are examined. Three scenarios for post-Kyoto emissions reductions are considered. In all cases, the long-term consequences are small. The limitations specified under the Protocol are interpreted in terms of both CO2 and CH4 emissions reductions and a new emissions comparison index, the Forcing Equivalence Index (FEI), is introduced. The use of GWPs to assess CO2-equivalence is assessed.
Toxic effects of extended glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine on murine mammary carcinoma cells.

Abstract Extended depletion of glutathione to ≅5% of control in the murine mammary carcinoma cell line 66 was achieved with a concentration of 0.05 mM buthionine sulfoximine. At 24 hours, there was no evidence for cellular toxicity from the BSO treatment per se , however, by 48 hours, there was inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis and cell growth and cell kinetic data was suggestive of both a G 1 and a G 2 block. Glutathione depletion to this extent (i.e., 0.13 mM vs. 2.24 mM in control) did not modify the aerobic radiation response for cells in the physiological states of proliferation, quiescence, or stimulated quiescent cells. This degree of cellular toxicity may well be cell-type dependent, but the results do suggest that caution is in order if one should attempt long-term GSH depletion in vivo .
Essay #5: “I Should Have Known It!” Gilbert Ryle and Poker Knowledge

“I Should Have Known It!” is a discussion of the role of different kinds of knowledge in the card game called “Texas Hold ‘Em Poker.” The essay builds upon Gilbert Ryle’s distinction between “knowledge that” and “knowledge how”. The essay begins with a scenario involving a potential “bad beat” jackpot, which often involves substantial amount of money as a prize. Poker knowledge, in the first instance, presupposes mastery of the vocabulary of the game, such as flop, board, turn, river, etc. Next is knowledge of the nine distinct rankings of various hands, and of what cards they consist of, which constitutes an a priori knowledge, once the various concepts have been acquired.
Cross-sectional study of bone turnover during bicalutamide monotherapy for prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives Monotherapy with bicalutamide increases serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol. Because estrogens play an important role in male bone metabolism, bicalutamide monotherapy may have fewer adverse effects on bone than androgen-deprivation therapy with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we compared gonadal steroid levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover among three groups of men with prostate cancer: hormone-naive men, men treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, and men receiving bicalutamide monotherapy. Men with bone metastases or metabolic bone disease were excluded. Fifty-five eligible subjects were included in the analyses. Results Serum testosterone and estradiol concentrations were lower in men treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist than in hormone-naive men or men receiving bicalutamide monotherapy ( P P N -telopeptide, and serum osteocalcin were significantly higher in men treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist than in the other groups ( P P >0.05 for each comparison). Conclusions Biochemical markers of bone turnover are elevated in men receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment but not in men receiving bicalutamide monotherapy. These observations suggest that bicalutamide monotherapy may maintain bone mineral density and prevent fractures.
Uncertain Flow Accounting and the IPCC Carbon Budget: A Note

In this short note we argue that an uncertain flow account is balanced as long as the null hypothesis that the balance is zero cannot be rejected. In applying this principle to the IPCC carbon budget we find that it is not sensitive to fossil fuel emissions in the presence of uncertainties in natural flows because the flow account balances with and without these human emissions.
Cardiac reflections of attention and preparatory set in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Tonic and phasic measures of heart rate were obtained during vigilance performance in a chimpanzee. Results revealed that patterns of cardiac activity are correlated with critical dimensions of performance, and are highly comparable to those of human subjects. Baseline heart rate decreased within individual sessions and increased over sessions, in close correspondence to progressive trends in reaction time. Heart period variability also covaried with reaction time, faster reaction time being associated with both higher heart rate and lower heart period variability. Phasic patterns of cardiac activity, however, appeared to relate more specifically to performance variables than did baseline measures. Target detection was followed by notable cardiac acceleration, whereas misses, correct rejections, and false alarms were associated with heart rate decelerations. The cardiac acceleration to target detection appeared not to result simply from a feedback consequence of the motor response, but rather to reflect aspects of the detection process. Finally, target stimuli were detected more frequently when they occurred after a long heart period. This did not reflect an effect of baseline heart rate, since the probability of target detection did not covary with changes in baseline heart rate. Rather, the results are more consistent with the view that temporal fluctuations in an attentional or preparatory state are reflected in transient variations in heart period.
CATASTROPHIC SELECTION AS A FACTOR IN SPECIATION

Speciation is generally considered to be a slow process involving gradual change in gene frequencies. At the same time, some patterns of variation and relationship among many groups of organisms seem explicable only on the basis of rapid genetic reorganization. Mayr (1954), for example, has suggested that the conspicuous differences between island populations of many birds and their mainland relatives may represent rapid evolution as a consequence of "genetic revolution" following drastic alteration of genetic background in newly founded peripherally isolated populations. Among flowering plants, patterns of differentiation are found that suggest a rapid process of speciation at the diploid level in ecologically peripheral populations within continental areas. For example, a study of species relationships in the genus Clarkia (Onagraceae) has led me to the conclusion that rapid speciation, involving an abrupt shift in adaptive mode and accompanied by barriers to gene exchange, represents the normal mode of speciation. Furthermore, the available evidence strongly suggests that speciation normally involves catastrophic selection in ecologically marginal populations.
Laser-Induced Desorption of in and Ga from Si(100) and Adsorbate Enhanced Surface Damage

Laser-induced desorption (LID) of In and Ga from Si(100) under ultra-high vacuum conditions is investigated. The frequency doubled 532 nm, 2-6 ns output of a Nd:YAG laser is focussed to 0. 14±0.03 J/cm2 on the Si surface to induce desorption. Desorbed In or Ga atoms are detected by laser-induced fluorescence initiated by a pulsed dye laser propagating in front of the surface. LID occurs by thermal desorption with approximate desorption energies and pre-exponential factors in agreement with literature values from previous isothermal desorption measurements. Experiments at higher coverages suggest that desorption occurs predominantly from the two-dimensional (2D) adsorbate layer with little desorption occurring directly from adsorbate islands. The 2D layer is resupplied by either diffusion out of adsorbate islands or by diffusion of incorporated adsorbate out of the bulk. Adsorbate-enhanced laser-induced surface damage is also observed; only 0.2 monolayer of In reduces the number of laser pulses required to observe damage by greater than a factor of 30.