cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference (as high as 37.5%) in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0–2.0 m3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.
Can I Tell You About Gender Diversity? A Guide for Friends, Family and Professionals, : by CJ Atkinson, illustrated by Olly Pike (2017). Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 64 pages (paperback).

Can I Tell You About Gender Diversity? is the 30th book in the Can I Tell You About series, in which a first-person narrator describes how they've coped with a uniquely challenging fact of life. In...
Mesoscopic Ordering from Elastic and Electrostatic Interactions at Surfaces

Surface stress effects can sometimes have a profound influence on surface morphology at microscopic and mesoscopic length scales. For example, the presence of coexisting surface phases can lead to the formation of periodic domain structures. These effects emerge on a length scale L 0 which is exponentially related to certain microscopic parameters of the system; typically they are observable in systems for which L 0 is somewhere from a few tens of angstroms to about a micron. The theory of these effects will be reviewed, and applications to Si(100), Au(111), and Cu(110):O systems will be discussed. The similarity between electrostatic and elastic effects at surfaces will be elucidated, and the potential role of work-function variations as an alternate driving force for domain structure formation is discussed.
8 – Sridhara and Prthudakaswami Caturveda

A mathematician of some reputation after Brahmagupta is Sridhara. Sridhara is not an astronomer. He composed two books on mathematics “Patiganita Sara” and “Trisatika.” “Patiganita Sara” is a book on Arithmetic. Sridhara also wrote a treatise on Algebra, which is now lost. This chapter contains some of Sridhara’s contribution to mathematics. They include solution to quadratic equation, application of quadratic formula in arithmetic progression, and formulae for volumes of sphere and frustum of a cone.
Abstract B88: [Advocate Abstract:] An anthropological approach to African American prostate cancer disparity

Originally, my poster board was only addressing my prostate cancer advocacy and disparity work that I do with the Men9s Health Committee/UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Alameda County Office of Urban Male Health. And when the observer sees the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, the alarming national disparity patterns will become more apparent. To combat that trend, our prostate support group has developed a socialization pattern we call “Men Talk” to help men make more informed decisions. We9ll see if our local disparity decreases. If it does, then our model will become a candidate for national adoption. And since I9m engaged in other advocacy work, I decided to share those activities: 1. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ECOG-ACRIN), where I9m involved with the Head and Neck Cancer Committee and the Cancer Research Advocates Committee 2. Kaiser Permanente Community Action Board (CAB), where I9m chair of the Northern California CAB Tissue Bank and member of Kaiser9s National CAB Tissue Bank 3. Sutter Health9s Ethnic Health Cancer Committee, where we focus on colon, breast, and prostate cancers I9ll provide more detail on all four (4) advocacy activities on the poster board and hopefully by sharing my other advocacy voices, the viewer gains a more complete picture of my advocacy interest and needs. Citation Format: Gerald Green. [Advocate Abstract:] An anthropological approach to African American prostate cancer disparity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B88.
A Growth Curve Analysis of Mandatory Student Athletics Fees

This study used growth curve modeling to estimate the growth trajectory of mandatory student athletics fees at public NCAA Division I universities from 2004–2016. We specifically focused on three measures of athletics fees; total athletics fees, athletics fees per FTE, and athletics fees as a percentage of total student costs. We found that in general the growth trajectory of athletics fees was positive, but that the rate of growth has declined over the years. We also found that on average less than 5% of student costs are directly attributable to athletics fees and that the growth trajectory of athletics fees differs significantly based on NCAA Division I subdivision affiliation. These findings have implications for policymakers and commentators interested in the role athletics fees play in college student costs.
Indifference as resistance: Virginia Woolf's feminist ethics in Three Guineas

Focusing on the significance of the term “indifference,” I argue that in her 1938 essay Three Guineas Virginia Woolf proposes strategies for resistance to fascism and war that anticipate Emmanuel L...
Structural Basis of Lysosomal Phospholipase A2 Inhibition by Zn2.

Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2/PLA2G15) is a key enzyme involved in lipid homeostasis and is characterized by both phospholipase A2 and transacylase activity and by an acidic pH optimum. Divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ have previously been shown to have little effect on the activity of LPLA2, but the discovery of a novel crystal form of LPLA2 with Zn2+ bound in the active site suggested a role for this divalent cation in regulating enzyme activity. In this complex, the cation directly coordinates the serine and histidine of the α/β-hydrolase triad and stabilizes a closed conformation. This closed conformation is characterized by an inward shift of the lid loop, which extends over the active site and effectively blocks access to one of its lipid acyl chain binding tracks. Therefore, we hypothesized that Zn2+ would inhibit LPLA2 activity at a neutral but not acidic pH because histidine would be positively charged at lower pH. Indeed, Zn2+ was found to inhibit the esterase activity of LPLA2 in a no...
Continuous Objective Assessment of Near Work

Evidence regarding the role of near work in myopia is conflicting. We developed the RangeLife, a device for continuous, objective measurement of working distance. Four devices were built, calibrated, and validated. Then, adult subjects wore the device on weekdays and weekend days, while simultaneously wearing an actigraph device for objective measurements of light exposure and activity. Subjects maintained an activity log and answered a visual activity questionnaire. RangeLife data were downloaded and binned into 0.10 m intervals. Objective diopter hours (dh), a weighted measure of near work, were calculated. Diopter hours for all subjects were significantly higher on weekdays (14.73 ± 4.67 dh) compared to weekends (11.90 ± 4.84 dh, p = 0.05). 94 ± 1.85% of near and intermediate viewing distances were recorded when the subjects were exposed to mesopic and indoor photopic light levels (<1000 lux), and 80.03 ± 2.11% during periods of sedentary physical activity (<320 counts per minute). Subjective reports of time viewing near and intermediate distances significantly overestimated objective measures (p = 0.002). The RangeLife was shown to provide reliable measures of viewing distance, and can be further utilized to understand potential influences of viewing behaviors on refractive error.
Wollstonecraft’s Contributions to Modern Political Philosophy: Intersectionality and the Quest for Egalitarian Social Justice

This chapter provides the first analysis of Mary Wollstonecraft as a proto-intersectional political philosopher. Wollstonecraft’s major contributions to modern political philosophy stem from her visionary use of the concept of intersectionality to diagnose the causes, symptoms, and remedies of gender-, race-, and class-based inequality and oppression. Wollstonecraft’s theory of social justice—the most egalitarian of the Enlightenment era—aimed to eliminate such arbitrary inequalities, in part through the legislation and protection of rights for women and other historically oppressed groups. Wollstonecraft should thus be understood as a philosophical forerunner of contemporary third-wave feminists, who use intersectionality as a foundational concept for theorizing social justice.
Natural Radioactivity of Sm 147

The half-life of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{147}$ has been measured to be 1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ years with an energy distribution corresponding to the emission of monoenergetic alpha particles.
Indications for Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Multiple Brain Metastases

Brain metastasis (BM) is the most common intracranial malignancy, and most patients present with multiple brain metastases at time of diagnosis. Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has been the standard of care for multiple BM; however, recent studies have shown that stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may have similar outcomes and better toxicity profile than WBRT in the setting of multiple BM.
Target competition for resources under multiple search-and-capture events with stochastic resetting.

We develop a general framework for analysing the distribution of resources in a population of targets under multiple independent search-and-capture events. Each event involves a single particle exe...
Factors affecting genetic connectivity and diversity of the island night lizard

Habitat loss and fragmentation is one of the most severe threats to global biodiversity. Because human development often fragments natural areas into habitat ″islands″, studies which characterize the genetic structure of species isolated on oceanic islands may provide insight into the management of anthropogenic habitat islands. The San Clemente Island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana reticulata, is endemic to two California Channel Islands, each with a history of anthropogenic disturbance. We genotyped 917 individuals from San Clemente Island and Santa Barbara Island at 23 microsatellite loci to quantify population structure and identify natural and anthropogenic landscape features affecting intra-island connectivity. We found significant, but shallow, population structure on each island with sites < 400 m apart identified as distinct genepools. Landscape genetic analyses identified conductive habitat as California boxthorn and prickly pear cactus on both islands. Landscape features which decreased connectivity were unique to each island and included natural and human-mediated features. These results can inform management plans on each island by identifying habitat targets for mitigation and restoration efforts designed to improve connectivity. Our results highlight the need for considering fine-scale features correlated with contemporary and historical patterns of fragmentation, especially in small and isolated habitats on the mainland that may be analogous to oceanic islands.
Electrically nonneutral ground states of stars

To approximately compute the nonrelativistic ground state of an electrically nonneutral star, an exactly solvable model was recently introduced, and partly solved, in Krivoruchenko et al. [Phys. Rev. D 97, 083016 (2018)]. The model generalizes the well-known Lane-Emden equation of a polytropic gas ball of index $n=1$ to a two-fluid setting. Here its complete solution is presented in terms of simple elementary functions; it is also generalized to a more-than-two-fluid setting where it remains exactly solvable. It is shown that, given the number of nuclei, a maximal negatively charged solution and a maximal positively charged solution exist, plus a continuous family of solutions which interpolates between these extremes. Numerical comparisons show that this exactly solvable model captures the qualitative behavior of the more physical model it is supposed to approximate. Furthermore, it correctly answers the question: how nonneutral can the star be? The answer is independent of the speed of light $c$ and the Planck quantum $h$. It supports Penrose's weak cosmic censorship hypothesis, in the sense that the bounds on the excess charge are compatible with the bound on the charge of a Reissner-Weyl-Nordstr\"om black hole.
Immortal Beauty: Does Existence Confirm Reincarnation?

I argue that a popular view about self-locating evidence implies that there are cases in which agents have surprisingly strong evidence for their own reincarnation. The central case is an ‘Immortal...
Evaluation of Hispanic ethnicity as an independent risk factor in the diagnosis of type I endometrial cancer in the premenopausal patient

Objectives: Our goal was to evaluate if Hispanic ethnicity is a risk factor for developing Type I Endometrial Cancer (EC) at an earlier age than Non-Hispanic White women. Methods: Patients diagnosed with Type I endometrial cancer based on surgical pathology at University Hospital between 2008-2018 were included in this study. The variables we examined were age, race, insurance status, race and ethnicity, stage, grade, and year of diagnosis. Fisher's exact t-test, chi-square analysis, and relative risk calculations were used to determine the association between Hispanic ethnicity and age of diagnosis, body mass index, and stage. Results: We identified 548 patients that were diagnosed with Type I Endometrial cancer based on surgical pathology. Overall, 62% (N=340) of these patients were Hispanic, 33.5% (N=184) were Non-Hispanic White, 3.2% (N=18) were Non-Hispanic Black, 0.4% (N=2) were Asian American, and 0.7% (N=4) were unknown ethnicity. The mean age of diagnosis for Hispanic patients was 52.2 years (95% CI 50.9-53.5) and 56.8 years (95% CI 55-58.6) (P Download : Download high-res image (85KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Hispanic women were likely to be significantly younger when diagnosed with Type I Endometrial Cancer and more likely to be premenopausal. However, there was no significant difference in mean body mass index between the two groups. Hispanic race should be considered a risk factor for Type I Endometrial cancer, specifically in premenopausal patients.
Rates of Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning and Capillary Density Loss in Glaucomatous Eyes with Disc Hemorrhage.

PURPOSE To investigate longitudinal changes in rates of optic nerve head circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thinning and vessel density loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with or without a history of disc hemorrhage (DH). DESIGN Observational cohort. METHODS In this longitudinal study, 34 eyes with DH and 134 eyes without DH that had ≥1.5 years of follow-up and 3 optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography follow-up scans were enrolled. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare the rates of cpRNFL thinning and vessel density loss between DH and non-DH eyes. RESULTS Rates of whole image capillary density loss were faster in the DH group compared with the non-DH group (mean difference [95% confidence interval] -0.32% [-0.59% to -0.04%] per year; P = .027). Faster mean rates of vessel density loss were found in the inferotemporal, inferonasal, and nasal sectors in eyes with DH than without DH (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the global rate of cpRNFL thinning between the 2 groups (P = .679). The mean rate of cpRNFL thinning was faster in the DH group compared with the non-DH group only in the inferotemporal sector (mean difference [95% confidence interval] -1.01 μm (-1.62 μm to -0.40 μm) per year; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Mean rates of vessel density loss between DH and non-DH eyes were different not only in the affected area but also in the other regions. In contrast, a significant difference in cpRNFL thinning between the 2 groups was detected only in the inferotemporal sector. Disc hemorrhage is an independent predictor of faster vessel density loss in glaucoma suspects and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.
Some Reflections on Contextuallsm, Mechanism, and Behavior Analysis

Recent conceptual work in behavior analysis has argued that the discipline is not mechanistic, but contextualistic, in world view. This argument has been contested, however, and a mechanism-contextualism debate has ensued. In taking the side of contextualism, I offer four reflections on the controversy. These concern (a) confusions concerning Pepper’s purpose in writing his book and its place in the debate, (b) misunderstandings about the meanings of context and contextualism, (c) the pragmatic implications of theories of truth in world views other than contextualism, and (d) the evolution of ontology from mechanism to contextualism. In the end, behavior analysis may benefit from this debate by evolving as a world view unto its own for its science of behavior. The two-the world view and the science-are inexorably interrelated.
Lectures On Convex Sets

The Affine Structure of the Euclidean Space Convex Sets Convex Hulls Convex Cones and Conic Hulls Recession and Normal Directions Support and Separation Properties Extreme Structure of Convex Sets Exposed Structure of Convex Sets Polyhedra
Regulation of allergic inflammation by murine endothelial cell transglutaminase 2 (HYP7P.260)

Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that is involved in inflammatory processes. In allergic inflammation, previous research indicates that TG2 is upregulated in human asthma and in the lung endothelium of OVA-challenged mice. We hypothesized that endothelial cell TG2 is required for allergic inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice in which TG2 was specifically deleted in the endothelium using the Cre-Lox recombinase system. To induce allergic inflammation, mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. Compared to wild type mice challenged with OVA, OVA-challenged TG2 knockout mice exhibited a significant reduction in lung airway resistance, the number of eosinophils in the BAL, and the number of eosinophils in the airway spaces. Endothelial deletion of TG2 did not affect chemokines and cytokines that regulate allergic inflammation. Taken together, these findings indicate that endothelial cell TG2 is required for allergic inflammation. This suggests that TG2 regulates the recruitment of eosinophils into OVA-challenged lungs. Future studies will focus on identifying mechanisms by which TG2 regulates signals for leukocyte recruitment during allergic lung inflammation.
Beyond contract compliance: Common problems found during validation of radioanalytical data

In the United States today, legally defensible data is needed for environmental assessments, waste characterization, and dose assessments. A closer look at the raw data and interpretation of the results can reveal other problems that affect the data usability based on the project data quality objectives. The common problems include the following: incomplete sample dissolution, loss of volatile radionuclides during sample preparation, difficulties in aliquot subsampling during sample preparation, lack of a sample-specific chemical recovery mechanisms, use of an inappropriate sample-specific chemical recovery mechanism, not using enough of the sample-specific chemical recovery mechanism to obtain sufficient counting statistics for the recovery result, gamma-spectrometry misidentification, use of incorrect abundances or intensities, and incomplete separation of isotopes prior to alpha-spectroscopy analysis. These problems can result in the estimation or rejection of the results. Although most of these problems can be avoided, no improvement in their frequency has been noticed over time. This paper is written in an attempt to call attention to the typical problems in hopes that the contract laboratories as well as the government laboratories will review their practices to avoid these problems.
Clinical observations on Trichocephalus trichiurus (whipworm) infestation in children.

Of about 2000 hospitalized children whose stools were examined routinely, 18% were infested with Trichocephalus trichiurus. The heavy infestations (over 30,000 eggs/ cc.), which consistently produced diarrhea and dysentery, were most common in children 2 to 4 years of age. A significant correlation existed between worm-burden and incidence of amebiasis. A successful technic for the treatment of trichocephaliasis is described. The importance to the clinician of measuring worm burden is emphasized.
Literacy components model for at‐risk young adults enrolled in career and technical education

Little is known about literacy skills of an important adult population: educationally and economically disadvantaged young adults. This exploratory study used principal components analysis of 33 measures of reading subskills, spelling, maths, memory and other cognitive processes among 335 at-risk 16- to 24-year-olds enrolled in a career and technical education programme. The analysis yielded a five-component model explaining 69% of the variance in the data. Most of this variance was attributed to two components: element and word skills (including spelling) and language comprehension (including vocabulary). Using these components, models predicting two performance criterion measures yielded different results. A model using all five components predicted 51% of functional reading measured by the Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment System. A three-component model with element and word skills, language comprehension and processing speed predicted 55% of variance in reading comprehension measured by the Test of Adult Basic Education. Implications of these findings for further research are discussed.
Exchange rate volatility and Turkish commodity trade with the rest of the world

Since advent of the current float, like many other currencies the Turkish lira has followed a volatile path. Several previous studies have assessed the impact of this volatility on Turkish exports and imports using aggregate trade flows of Turkey. Not much significant effects are found. In this paper, we use disaggregated Turkish imports and exports of 61 industries that trade with the rest of the world and find that exchange rate volatility has short-run significant impact on the imports of 39 industries and exports of 23 industries. The short-run effects last into the long run in almost half of the industries.
Mammalian Cell Culture Reactors, Scale‐Up

Introduction Background Mammalian Cells Scale-Up Culture Modes Reactors for ADCs Basic Culture Units Multisurface Plate Units High-Volume Units Reactors for Suspension Cells Laboratory Scale Scale-Up Large-Scale Bioreactors High-Cell-Density Bioreactors Hollow Fiber Bioreactors Spin Filters Microporous Microcarriers Comparisons, Conclusions, and Future Developments Bibliography Keywords: anchorage-dependent cells; bioreactors; cell culture processes; cell products; mammalian cell culture; process parameters; scale-up; suspension cells
SoS management strategy impacts on SoS engineering effort

To quickly respond to changing business and mission needs, many organizations are integrating new and existing systems with commercial-off-the- shelf (COTS) products into network-centric, knowledge-based, software-intensive systems of systems (SoS). With this approach, system development processes to define the new architecture, identify sources to either supply or develop the required components, and eventually integrate and test these high level components are evolving and are being referred to as SoS Engineering (SoSE). This research shows that there exist conditions under which investments in SoSE have positive and negative returns on investment, provides the first quantitative determination of these conditions, and points out directions for future research that would strengthen the results.
Skilled forgery detection in on-line signatures: A multimodal approach

Signature recognition has a long history of usage in authentication of transactions and legal contracts and hence is easily accepted by users in a variety of applications. However, the problem of skilled forgeries is an important challenge that needs to be overcome before signature recognition systems will become viable in unsupervised authentication systems. In this paper, we present a multimodal approach to forgery detection, where a physiological trait, the face of the signing person, is used to validate the signature. Methods of normalizing and combining the matching scores from the individual modalities are investigated. Test results of the system on a database of 100 users is presented. The system achieves an equal error rate of 2.2% in the presence of high quality skilled forgeries and could detect all the skilled forgeries at a genuine acceptance rate of 75%.
Supraoptimal Temperature Effects upon Agrostis palustris

Agrostis palustris sods were grown sequentially in a controlled environment chamber at 20–10, 25–15, 30–20, 35–25, and 40–30°C day-night temperature regimes. Leaves grown at 40–30°C contained 53% more ethanol soluble and 51% more water soluble carbohydrate than those grown at the 4 lower temperature regimes. The increase in ethanol and water soluble carbohydrate in leaves at 40–30°C could not be attributed to a blockage in translocation of photoassimilate to lower plants parts based on quantitative carbohydrate analyses on stem and stolon tissue. Manometric measurements of photosynthesis indicated that leaf blades grown at the five temperature regimes exhibited different rate capabilities when tested under non-limiting light and carbon dioxide levels. Oxygen evolution increased directly with temperature from 20 to 40°C and was 8 to 11 fold greater than the rate of carbon dioxide evolution. Both quantitative and qualitative differences in the photosynthetic rate were postulated in the leaf blade tissue tested. The quantitative difference was attributed to a possible difference in the number of cells per unit area and their size. The qualitative difference was attributed to greater thermal stability of leaf proteins when plants were grown at supraoptimal temperatures. Manometric respiratory rate studies did not indicate similar differences in temperature response in leaf blade tissue grown at the five temperature regimes. The cause of decreased shoot growth at supraoptimal temperatures could not be attributed to decreased and limiting C-6 carbohydrate synthesis.
Effect of ROI size on the performance of an information-theoretic CAD system in mammography: multi-size fusion analysis

Featureless, knowledge-based CAD systems are an attractive alternative to feature-based CAD because they require no to minimal image preprocessing. Such systems compare images directly using the raw image pixel values rather than relying on low-level image features. Specifically, information-theoretic (IT) measures such as mutual information (MI) have been shown to be an effective, featureless, similarity measure for image comparisons. MI captures the statistical relationship between the gray level values of corresponding image pixels. In a CAD system developed at our laboratory, the above concept has been applied for location-specific detection of mammographic masses. The system is designed to operate on a fixed size region of interest (ROI) extracted around a suspicious mammographic location. Since mass sizes vary substantially, there is a potential drawback. When two ROIs are compared, it is unclear how much the parenchymal background contributes in the calculated MI. This uncertainty could deteriorate CAD performance in the extreme cases, namely when a small mass is present in the ROI or when a large mass extends beyond the fixed size ROI. The present study evaluates the effect of ROI size on the overall CAD performance and proposes multisize analysis for possible improvement. Based on two datasets of ROIs extracted from DDSM mammograms, there was a statistically significant decline of the CAD performance as the ROI size increased. The best size ranged between 512x512 and 256x256 pixels. Multisize fusion analysis using a linear model achieved further improvement in CAD performance for both datasets.
Magnetic Clusters in Dilute Alloys of Iron in Copper-Nickel Solid Solutions

The magnetization of quenched Cu0.9Ni0.1 and Cu0.8Ni0.2 alloys containing 100 to 1000 ppm Fe can be quantitatively accounted for in terms of magnetic clusters of 1, 2, and 3 or more Fe moments together with the moments of associated Ni nearest neighbors. The ratio of the measured concentration of the Fe pair clusters to that of single Fe clusters is at all Ni and Fe concentrations much higher than the corresponding ratio calculated on the basis of a random alloy model. The correct interpretation is that the Fe moments forming Fe pairs or larger magnetic clusters are nearest neighbors of one another and that deviations from randomness account for the observed concentration of Fe pair and larger clusters. The Fe–Fe nearest neighbor short range order parameter, as determined from the magnetic data, increases with increasing Fe concentration and with decreasing Ni content. Die Magnetisierung von abgeschreckten Cu0,9Ni0,1- und Cu0,8Ni0,2-Legierungen mit 100 bis 1000 ppm Fe last sich quantitativ mit magnetischen Clustern von 1, 2 und 3 oder mehr Fe-Momenten zusammen mit den Momenten von verbundenen nachsten Ni-Nachbarn erklaren. Das Verhaltnis von gemessener Konzentration der Fe-Paarcluster zu der von Einzel-Fe-Cluster ist bei allen Ni- und Fe-Konzentrationen viel hoher als das auf der Grundlage eines statistischen Legierungsmodells berechnete. Die korrekte Deutung ist, das die Fe-Momente, die Fe-Paare oder grosere magnetische Cluster bilden, nachste Nachbarn voneinander sind, und das Abweichungen von der statistischen Verteilung fur die beobachtete Konzentration von Fe-Paaren und groserer Cluster verantwortlich sind. Der Nahordnungsparameter der nachsten Fe–Fe-Nachbarn, der aus magnetischen Werten bestimmt wird, nimmt mit steigender Fe-Konzentration und sinkendem Ni-Gehalt zu.
Manipulations of the mouse femoral nerve influence the accuracy of pathway reinnervation by motor neurons

Previous studies using the femoral nerve model in both mice and rats have shown that regenerating motor axons prefer to reinnervate the terminal nerve branch to muscle versus a terminal nerve branch to skin, a process that has been termed preferential motor reinnervation (PMR). If end organ contact with muscle and skin is prevented, this preferential motor reinnervation still occurs in the rat. To better understand the process of preferential motor reinnervation in the mouse, we examined motor neuron reinnervation of muscle and cutaneous pathways without any end organ contact as well as with only cutaneous end organ contact. Surprisingly, there was no preferential motor reinnervation: Motor neurons preferred the cutaneous pathway over the muscle pathway when all end organ contact was prevented and showed an even greater preference for the cutaneous pathway when it was attached to skin.
Natural convection experiments in a horizontal porous layer saturated with cold water

Abstract This study reports results from a series of laboratory experiments focusing on the problem of high Rayleigh number natural convection in a horizontal water-saturated porous layer consisting of packed glass spheres. The layer is heated from below and cooled from above. The main novel feature of the study is that it documents the effect of the density extremum of water, corressponding to the temperature of about 4°C at atmospheric pressure, on the temperature field and on the overall heat transfer through the layer. It is found that the presence of the density extremum seriously suppresses the heat transfer process. The value of the conduction referenced Nusselt number depends both on the Rayleigh number and on the relative magnitude of the cold top wall temperature and the temperature corressponding to the density extremum. A general correlation is proposed for the Nusselt number, Nu = 0.0045[Ra p R q ] 1.19 . This correlation is applicable for all values of the top wall temperature in the vacinity of the temperature of the density extremum.
Reverse lex ideals

We study reverse lex ideals in a polynomial ring, and compare their properties to those of lex ideals. In particular we provide an analogue of Green's Theorem for reverse lex ideals. We also compare the Betti numbers of strongly stable and square-free strongly stable monomial ideals to those of reverse lex ideals.
Human functional connectivity: New tools, unresolved questions

Understanding how faulty neural circuits contribute to mental illness is hindered because there are no direct approaches to measuring connectivity in the living human brain. For this reason, there has been considerable recent effort to develop indirect measures. One approach, known as resting-state functional connectivity, measures intrinsic activity fluctuations that correlate between functionally connected regions (Fig. 1) (1). Resting-state functional connectivity has been used to characterize multiple brain systems as well as alterations associated with mental illness and neurodegenerative disease (for reviews, see refs. 2–5). In PNAS, Tomasi and Volkow (6) extend functional connectivity methods by demonstrating a computational strategy for assessing whether specific brain regions possess particularly high levels of coupling with adjacent regions—a property consistent with their role as connectivity hubs.
Cocaine-induced cocaine craving.

In nine experienced users of cocaine, we examined the urge to use cocaine or other drugs following a 40 mg dose of intravenous (IV) cocaine with and without oral pretreatment with 2.5 mg bromocriptine. The urge to use cocaine was assessed with a questionnaire constructed to assess both “wanting” and “craving” for cocaine or other drugs. Fifteen minutes after the administration of cocaine (but not after placebo), subjects' ratings for both drug “wanting” and drug “craving” were significantly increased. Our results provide a laboratory demonstration of cocaine-induced increases in the urge to use drugs in humans. The findings, stressing the role of internal stimuli associated with drug administration, suggest the possibility of distinguishing among related, but perhaps distinct, components of the fluctuating levels of motivation to reuse drugs.
Fragment-Based Phase Extension for Three-Dimensional Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins by Electron Crystallography

In electron crystallography, membrane protein structure is determined from two-dimensional crystals where the protein is embedded in a membrane. Once large and well-ordered 2D crystals are grown, one of the bottlenecks in electron crystallography is the collection of image data to directly provide experimental phases to high resolution. Here, we describe an approach to bypass this bottleneck, eliminating the need for high-resolution imaging. We use the strengths of electron crystallography in rapidly obtaining accurate experimental phase information from low-resolution images and accurate high-resolution amplitude information from electron diffraction. The low-resolution experimental phases were used for the placement of α helix fragments and extended to high resolution using phases from the fragments. Phases were further improved by density modifications followed by fragment expansion and structure refinement against the high-resolution diffraction data. Using this approach, structures of three membrane proteins were determined rapidly and accurately to atomic resolution without high-resolution image data.
Negative Affect as a Mechanism of Exemplification Effects: An Experiment on Two-Sided Risk Argument Recall and Risk Perception

This study explores the effect of negative exemplars on two-sided message recall and risk perception, as mediated by negative affect. In an experiment, participants were randomly assigned to an article presenting conflicting risk arguments about vaccination that included a photograph exemplifying one argument side (receiving a vaccine is risky), a photograph exemplifying the other argument side (not receiving a vaccine is risky), or no photograph (control condition). Exemplifying the risks associated with vaccination influenced uneven recall and risk perception. Negative affect, rather than perceived argument strength, mediated these effects and was a stronger predictor of risk perception than risk argument recall, lending support to the affect heuristic. However, exemplifying the risk of not vaccinating produced null effects on affect, risk perception, and recall, despite using the same photograph. A follow-up study suggests that motivated reasoning played a role in this null finding, providing direction...
Cost-based scheduling and dropping algorithms to support integrated services

Applications with diverse performance objectives must be supported on a single packet-switched network. The efficiency of such networks can be greatly improved through the use of sophisticated scheduling and dropping algorithms within the queues that form at the network access points and in switches throughout the network. In the present approach, arbitrary performance objectives are expressed in the form of cost functions, which map the queueing delay experienced by each packet to a cost incurred. The heuristic algorithms, cost-based scheduling (CBS) and cost-based dropping (CBD), then attempt to optimize network performance as perceived by the applications by minimizing the total cost incurred by all packets. Appropriate cost functions are presented for common applications. Scheduling and dropping algorithms are defined from these cost functions. It is demonstrated that network performance is better when these algorithms are used as opposed to the common alternatives. Also, contrary to conventional wisdom, some evidence is presented indicating that sophisticated scheduling may be preferable to sophisticated dropping as a means of adjusting loss rates.
Crystal X-Ray Spectroscopy and Polarimetry on OSO-8

A satellite-borne, high-sensitivity crystal X-ray spectrometer and an X-ray polarimeter have been orbited in the OSO-8 spacecraft. In the quiet Sun or solar-flare mode, the spectrometer records a spectrum of solar X-rays from 1.4 to 8 keV every 10 s. In the stellar mode, the instrument measures the spectra from 2 to 8 keV of celestial X-ray sources. The focusing crystal X-ray polarimeter measures the polarization of X-ray emission at 2.6 and 5.2 keV from celestial sources.
Intergenerational relationships: A social exchange perspective on joint living arrangements among the elderly and their relatives

Abstract Elderly parents and their younger relatives acting as caregivers and ex-caregivers were interviewed to ascertain the correlates and consequences of their satisfaction with intergenerational, joint living arrangements. Data included circumstances surrounding the change in living arrangement, changes in life satisfaction, attitudes regarding intergenerational obligations, and, most importantly, variables reflecting dependence as an indication of power disparity in the dyad. Results showed, as predicted by social exchange theory, that satisfaction is directly related to balance in the power structure, i.e., both parties are happier when the elderly person is less dependent and able to give something of value to the caregiver in return for the cost involved in caregiving. Conversely, the greater the caregiver's power advantage, the less the satisfaction experienced by both caregiver and care receiver and the greater the likelihood that the joint living arrangement will end in dissolution.
Epigenetic Developmental Disorders: CHARGE Syndrome, a Case Study

Epigenetic events including chromatin remodeling and histone modifications have recently emerged as important contributors to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. This review focuses on CHARGE syndrome, a multiple anomaly condition caused by mutations in the gene encoding CHD7, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein. CHD7 exhibits pleiotropic effects during embryonic development, consistent with highly variable clinical features in CHARGE syndrome. In this review, a historical description of CHARGE is provided, followed by establishment of diagnostic criteria, gene discovery, and development of animal models. Current understanding of epigenetic CHD7 functions and interacting proteins in cells and tissues is also presented, and final emphasis is placed on challenges and major questions to be answered with ongoing research efforts.
Design Optimization of a Time-Of-Flight, Breast PET Scanner

A dedicated breast positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with limited angle geometry can provide flexibility in detector placement around the patient as well as the ability to combine it with other imaging modalities. A primary challenge of a stationary limited angle scanner is the reduced image quality due to artifacts present in the reconstructed image leading to a loss in quantitative information. Previously, it has been shown that using time-of-flight (TOF) information in image reconstruction can help reduce these image artifacts arising due to missing angular projections. Our goal in this work is to optimize the TOF, breast scanner design by performing studies for estimating image uniformity and lesion activity uptake as a function of system timing resolution, scanner angular coverage and shape. Our results show that (i) 1.5 × 1.5 × 15 mm3 lutetium oxy-orthosilicate (LSO) crystals provide a high spatial resolution and system sensitivity relative to clinical scanners, (ii) 2/3 angular coverage scanner design with TOF timing resolution less than 600 ps is appropriate for providing a tomographic image with fewer artifacts and good lesion uptake estimation relative to other partial ring designs studied in this work, (iii) a flat scanner design with 2/3 angular coverage is affected more by larger parallax error than a curved scanner geometry with the same angular coverage, but provides more uniform lesion contrast estimate over the imaging field-of-view (FOV), (iv) 2/3 angular coverage, flat, 300 ps TOF scanner design (for short, practical scan times of ≤ 5 min per breast) provides similar precision of contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) values to a full curved, non-TOF scanner, and (v) employing depth-of-interaction (DOI) measuring detector and/or implementing resolution modeling (RM) in image reconstruction lead to improved and more uniform spatial resolution and lesion contrast over the whole FOV.
Hydrogen-bond configuration parameters for ferroelectrics isomorphic to KH 2 PO 4

The small tunneling approximation to the hydrogen-bond-ordering model of ferroelectrics of the K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ family has been fitted to experimental data for ferroelectrics with composition $X$ ${Y}_{2}$ Z${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, where $X$ is K, Rb, or Cs, $Y$ is the proton or deuteron, and $Z$ is P or As. In almost all cases a quite satisfactory account of the thermodynamic parameters is obtained. The required tunneling parameters are 0, or nearly so, for the deuterated compounds and seem nearly independent of the cation. The hydrogen-bond occupation energy associated with the lowest-energy "disordered" state varies nearly linearly with cation radius for each series of compounds. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the energy parameters of deuterated and nondeuterated materials should scale as the square of the off-center distance.
Novel pericardial access device: design features and in vitro evaluation

We have designed, built and tested a novel needle for percutaneously accessing the pericardial space. The problem with accessing pericardial space is that the pericardium is against the heart. Our novel device incorporates a single spiral tine at the distal tip of a10-gauge needle, which engages the parietal pericardium tangentially to the surface of the heart. One can then pull the pericardium away, thus minimizing the risk of ventricular perforation associated with oblique axial approaches. Using linear low-density polyethylene film as a surrogate pericardium, we have demonstrated reliable pericardial engagement with successful first-time engagement rates of up to 72% (n = 25 attempts) at approach angles ranging from 0° (normal incidence) to 30°. The associated torques were approximately 1 N mm. The performance limits of the model and the implications for clinical use of such a device are discussed.
Gynecomastia in Adolescent Males

Gynecomastia is defined as an enlargement of the male breast. It is often benign, and can be the source of significant embarrassment and psychological distress. A general medical history and careful physical examination are essential to distinguish normal developmental variants from pathological causes. Treatment is geared toward the specific etiology when identified. In the majority of cases of pubertal gynecomastia, observation and reassurance are the mainstays of therapy as the condition usually resolves naturally. Pharmacological treatment and surgery are recommended only in selected cases.
Basis set convergence of molecular correlation energy differences within the random phase approximation

The basis set convergence of energy differences obtained from the random phase approximation (RPA) to the correlation energy is investigated for a wide range of molecular interactions. For dispersion bound systems the basis set incompleteness error is most pronounced, as shown for the S22 benchmark [P. Jurecka et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 1985 (2006)10.1039/b600027d]. The use of very large basis sets (> quintuple-zeta) or extrapolation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit is necessary to obtain a reliable estimate of the binding energy for these systems. Counterpoise corrected results converge to the same CBS limit, but counterpoise correction without extrapolation is insufficient. Core-valence correlations do not play a significant role. For medium- and short-range correlation, quadruple-zeta results are essentially converged, as demonstrated for relative alkane conformer energies, reaction energies dominated by intramolecular dispersion, isomerization energies, and reaction energies of small orga...
French Cultural Policy and the American Mirror in the Sarkozy Era

Although culture is not at the heart of the policy agenda of the current French administration, it will likely be affected by the Sarkozy revolution. French culture seems to be in a state of crisis, as evidenced both by the end of its ‘rayonnement’ outside of France and by its diminutive focus on the producers instead of the consumers of cultural goods. The options available for reform can, paradoxically given France's history of policy opposition to American culture, be inspired by what is done in the United States, as is suggested by Frederic Martel's 2006 book De la Culture en Amerique. A reform of French cultural policy would have implications both for foreign and for domestic policies.