cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portal vein thrombosis in the adult: Surgical implications in an era of dynamic imaging

Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EHPVT) is the leading cause of variceal hemorrhage in patients with healthy livers; however, in an era of dynamic imaging, the incidental discovery of EHPVT places a special burden on the surgeon to understand the surgical implications of the disease in this setting. During the period 1989 to 1995, 23 patients (12 males and 11 females) were found to have EHPVT. In 20 (87%), this was an unexpected finding on ultrasound (11 of 23), abdominal CT scan (9 of 23), or both (9 of 23). In two patients, the diagnosis was suspected and confirmed with angiography, whereas in the other, the lesion was discovered at surgery. Only seven (30%) had hemorrhage as a presenting complaint. More typically (61%), abdominal pain alone or pain with sepsis was the indication for evaluation. In 20 patients (87%), there was an identifiable etiology for the EHPVT. A total of 15 operations were performed on 12 patients (52%), in 7 (4, variceal hemorrhage, and 3, bowel ischemia) as a direct consequence of the EHPVT and in five, for conditions not directly related to the EHPVT. Three of the 23 patients (13%) died, two (17%) following surgery and one (9%) from advanced malignant disease. No patients with hemorrhage (seven), even those who required a shunt for decompression (three) or devascularization (one), died. We found that the diagnosis of EHPVT is usually not related to variceal hemorrhage, but rather, abdominal symptoms that serve as an indication for the imaging study. Three subsets of patients emerged: (1) those requiring no surgery (11 patients), (2) those requiring surgery related to hemorrhage (4 patients), and (3) those requiring surgery for conditions other than varices (8 patients). In any of these circumstances, mortality (13%) was related to the underlying disease process rather than EHPVT. Given the earlier recognition of EHPVT, the natural history of the disease has been altered, with outcome reflecting the underlying disease rather than the sequelae of portal hypertension.
Longitudinal Changes in Empathy Across the Life Span in Six Samples of Human Development

The development of empathy is a hotly debated topic. Some studies find declines and others an inverse U-shaped pattern in empathy across the life span. Yet other studies find no age-related changes...
Diagnostic role of an immunoassay-detected polymorphism of factor IX for potential carriers of hemophilia B.

In hemophilia B, assays based on a monoclonal antifactor IX specific for the Thr-148 variant of an exonic polymorphism have diagnosed carriers in selected families by either establishing linkage or by indicating the presence or absence of a given normal factor IX. The sensitivity of the immunoassays for detecting heterozygous women was explored by comparing results from immunoassays with solid-phase polyclonal v the monoclonal antifactor IXs. Factor IX with the normal Ala-148 variant gave a flat dilution curve, qualitatively distinct from factor IX with the Thr-148 variant in the monoclonal assay. The two were indistinguishable in the polyclonal assay. Mixtures of equal amounts of the two types gave an intermediate result, about half as reactive in the monoclonal as compared with the polyclonal assay system. Whereas mixtures with 10% Ala-148 and 90% Thr-148 factor IXs could not readily be distinguished from Thr-148 factor IX plasma, as little as 1% of the Thr-148 protein was detected in Ala-148 factor IX plasma. The frequency of the Ala-148 variant varied in individuals with different ethnic backgrounds; it was found in 29% of white, 12% of black, and none of Asian blood donors9 factor IX genes in Seattle. Only 4% of samples from South African black men were nonreactive (ie, Ala- 148). The Thr/Ala-148 dimorphism is in strong linkage disequilibrium with Taql restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Three recombinations were noted in normal white genes and one in a normal black factor IX gene (less than 2% of those examined). In 34 white families with at least one woman being a possible carrier, genetically, the immunoassay results were informative in 18. RFLP analyses were informative in eight of the 15 families tested. In five families each, assignment of carrier status was made to a woman by only DNA or only immunoassay results, whereas the other approach was noninformative. The immunoassays provide a rapid, inexpensive screening test and complement DNA analysis in white women who are potential carriers of hemophilia B.
Preliminary Evidence for a Hormetic Effect on DNA Nucleotide Excision Repair in Veterans with Gulf War Illness.

Introduction Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War were potentially exposed to a mixture of stress, chemicals and radiation that may have contributed to the persistent symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI). The genotoxic effects of some of these exposures are mediated by the DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. We hypothesized that individuals with relatively low DNA repair capacity would suffer greater damage from cumulative genotoxic exposures, some of which would persist, causing ongoing problems. Materials and methods Blood samples were obtained from symptomatic Gulf War veterans and age-matched controls. The unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, a functional measurement of NER capacity, was performed on cultured lymphocytes, and lymphocyte mRNA was extracted and analyzed by sequencing. Results Despite our hypothesis that GWI would be associated with DNA repair deficiency, NER capacity in lymphocytes from affected GWI veterans actually exhibited a significantly elevated level of DNA repair (p = 0.016). Both total gene expression and NER gene expression successfully differentiated individuals with GWI from unaffected controls. The observed functional increase in DNA repair capacity was accompanied by an overexpression of genes in the NER pathway, as determined by RNA sequencing analysis. Conclusion We suggest that the observed elevations in DNA repair capacity and NER gene expression are indicative of a "hormetic," i.e., induced or adaptive protective response to battlefield exposures. Normally such effects are short-term, but in these individuals this response has resulted in a long-term metabolic shift that may also be responsible for the persistent symptoms of GWI.
Don't be a target for a malpractice suit.

Protect yourself with these tips from a family physician who has successfully defended his care and that of other physicians.
Unsignalized Intersections: All-Way STOP Control (AWSC)

All-way STOP-controlled intersections have a STOP sign on every approach to the intersection. The 1965 HCM referred to these as “four-way STOP-controlled” intersections, but three-leg intersections and intersections of one-way streets, which have only two approaches, also qualify if fully STOP controlled. YIELD signs, of course, may not be used in such situations.
Prospective randomized trial of interventions for vincristine-related neuropathic pain.

Background To evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin at 20 mg/kg per day in the treatment of vincristine-related neuropathic pain. Procedure Children aged 1-18 years who developed vincristine-induced neuropathy on a St Jude frontline acute lymphoblastic leukemia trial were prospectively enrolled on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial with two treatment arms: gabapentin plus opioid versus placebo plus opioid. Daily evaluations of morphine dose (mg/kg per day) and pain scores were conducted for up to 21 days; the values of the two arms were compared to assess analgesic efficacy. Results Of 51 study participants, 49 were eligible for analyses. Twenty-five participants were treated with gabapentin, with a mean (SD) dose of 17.97 (2.76) mg/kg per day (median 18.26, range 6.82-21.37). The mean (SD) opioid doses taken, expressed as morphine equivalent daily (mg/kg per day), were 0.26 (0.43) in the gabapentin group (25 patients, 432 days) and 0.15 (0.22) in the placebo group (24 patients, 411 days; P = .15). Only the risk classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was significantly associated with the daily morphine dosage (P = .0178): patients in the lower risk arm received higher daily morphine dosages. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant difference between the groups' average daily scores for the previous 24 h and "right now." Conclusion In this population of children with vincristine-related neuropathic pain, opioid consumption and pain scores were higher in the gabapentin group than in the placebo group. Future randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies should test gabapentin given longer or at a higher dose.
The Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19 Through Conjunctivitis

There is growing evidence that the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is capable of transmission through the eye. Research suggests that infection by SARS-CoV-2 can produce an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which leads to redness and itchiness of the eyes. Furthermore, viral particles have been detected in conjunctival secretions of SARS-CoV-2 patients who present with conjunctivitis and is likely another mode of transmission. A 53-year-old male presented with a complaint of left eye irritation and upper eyelid swelling for the past 24 hours. The right eye had mild irritation but no lid swelling. The left upper eyelid was erythematous, swollen and had crusting along the lashes. There were mild inflammation and injection of the conjunctiva. The initial diagnosis was blepharitis, and it was recommended that he continue with the warm compresses, and doxycycline 100 mg to use if the symptoms worsened or did not improve. The patient underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing as a requirement for travel the next day and was found to be positive for the virus. Over the following days, he developed fatigue and rhinitis but clinically improved within six days of his initial presentation. Physicians and health care workers should be aware of the ocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 to make a timely diagnosis of infected individuals. While requirements vary across institutions, it is highly recommended that healthcare workers consistently wear appropriate eye protection when interacting with patients to reduce the spread of disease and potential impact on ocular health from SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, to prevent ocular transmission, all healthcare workers should be immediately educated on the importance of eye protection.
The influence of moisture enhancement on solid waste biodegradation.

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of moisture enhancement strategies on biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in laboratory-scale reactors. Moisture enhancement strategies were varied with respect to dose volume (40, 80, 160, and 320 L/Mg-MSW) and dose frequency (dosing every ½, 1, 2, and 4 weeks). Biodegradation was evaluated based on methane generation to assess (i) the lag-time between the start of liquid dosing and onset of methane generation and (ii) the first-order decay rate for methane generation. In general, the decay rate increased with an increase in dose volume for a given dose frequency. In addition, trends of increasing decay rate and decreasing lag-time were observed for an increase in dose frequency for reactors operated with dose volumes of 40, 80, and 160 L/Mg-MSW. A key conclusion from this study was that reactors with more aggressive moisture enhancement attained more rapid methane generation that initiated at shorter elapsed times following the onset of dosing. An assessment of liquid dosing per month indicated that there were more pronounced impacts of increasing decay rate and decreasing lag-time as moisture enhancement increased from 40 L/Mg-MSW/month to 320 L/Mg-MSW/month as compared to the impact on both variables for an increase in liquid dosing above 320 L/Mg-MSW/month.
Designing Quantitative Evidence-Based Interventions for Clinical Neuropsychology Practice

Recommended interventions derived from neuropsychological assessments can be broadly divided into two categories: qualitative and quantitative. This chapter discusses approaches to, and uses of, quantitative intervention. The use of norm referenced standardized instruments in a neuropsychological assessment lend themselves to a quantitative approach. The Boston Process and Lurian approaches are discussed as influential models in modern neuropsychology. Quantitative interventions are discussed for neurodevelopmental disorders as well as acquired neurological insults including autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. Cognitive rehabilitation is reviewed along with academic quantitative interventions for dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. Finally, quantitative interventions for neuropsychological domains were discussed.
The hospital as a center of preventive medicine.

Excerpt Mr. President, Members of the American College of Physicians, and guests: In selecting me to deliver the James D. Bruce Memorial Lecture on Preventive Medicine, the Board of Regents of the ...
Governance and Shareholder Response to Appointment of a Chief Risk Officer

This study examines the recent, significant growth in the appointment of CROs, the role of the CRO, and whether such appointments benefit shareholders. We find that the market is more likely to react positively to an appointment of a CRO the weaker a firm’s corporate governance. In particular, lower the proportion of outside directors the greater is the likelihood of a positive market reaction to the appointment of a CRO, suggesting the shareholders associate the position with better future governance. Finally, firms with higher tax and product risk also experience increases in stock prices when they appoint CROs.
Social Factors as Determinants of Mental Health Disparities in LGB Populations: Implications for Public Policy

Few debates have proved more contentious than social policies targeting lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Given the prominence of these policies in the public discourse, this article provides a synthesis of the empirical literature on the relationship between social policies and adverse mental health outcomes in LGB populations. The aims of this article are to: (a) review evidence that social policies may directly contribute to mental health disparities in LGB populations; (b) examine how these policies may also indirectly lead to adverse mental health outcomes through multiple pathways, including decreased access to health-promoting resources, as well as increases in exposure to stressors and elevations in psychological risk factors for mental health problems; (c) consider the role that psychologists can play in addressing mental health disparities in LGB populations; (d) evaluate the limitations of existing work and propose several areas for future inquiry; and (e) discuss the implications of research for social policies targeting LGB populations. It is argued that eliminating mental health disparities in LGB populations will require research and interventions that integrate multiple levels of analysis.
Gender and Elections : Shaping the Future of American Politics

Introduction: gender and electoral politics in the twenty-first century Susan J. Carroll and Richard L. Fox 1. Presidential elections: gendered space and the case of 2012 Georgia Duerst-Lahti 2. Cracking the 'highest, hardest glass ceiling': women as presidential and vice presidential contenders Kelly Dittmar and Susan J. Carroll 3. Voter participation: the political generational divide among women voters Susan A. MacManus 4. Voting choices: how and why the gender gap matters Susan J. Carroll 5. Latinas and electoral politics: expanding participation and power in state and national elections Anna Sampaio 6. African American women and electoral politics: translating voting power into office-holding Wendy G. Smooth 7. Congressional elections: women's candidacies and the road to gender parity Richard L. Fox 8. Political parties and women's organizations: bringing women into the electoral arena Barbara Burrell 9. Advertising, web sites, and media coverage: gender and communication along the campaign trail Dianne Bystrom 10. Women's election to office in the fifty states: opportunities and challenges Kira Sanbonmatsu.
Hormonal Control of Cell Death in a Sexually Dimorphic Song Nucleus in the Zebra Finch

The song control nucler of the brain of the male zebra finch (Poephila guttata) contain more neurons of larger cross-sectional area and more extensive innervation than those in the female. The sexual dimorphism of nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA), one of the song nuclei, arises from neuronal atrophy and death in the female brain as well as from an increase in cell-body size and afferent terminals from other forebrain nuclei in the male. Subcutaneous implantation of a slow-release pellet of oestrogen in a female chick not only prevents her RA neurons from dying but also promotes their growth and innervation. The masculinizing effects of oestrogen on RA appear to be limited to a period of 35–40 days after hatching. Oestrogen may act on RA neurons indirectly by promoting their innervation from other forebrain song nuclei.
Synaptic vesicle docking: a putative role for the Munc18/Sec1 protein family.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, discusses the current data regarding UNC-18 and the Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein family in membrane trafficking, and proposes several models that could describe the molecular mechanism by which UNC-18 promotes synaptic vesicle docking. The synaptic vesicle cycle resembles general membrane trafficking and can be divided into three phases—synaptic vesicle filling, exocytosis, and recycling. The final step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis—the fusion of the synaptic vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane—occurs rapidly, within milliseconds of calcium entry. SM mutants have been isolated in yeast, flies, worms, and mice. On an organismal level, the severity of phenotypes associated with the loss of the orthologous SM proteins varies. In the simplest of models, SM proteins would promote synaptic vesicle docking directly by linking the vesicle to the plasma membrane. Several models are discussed in the chapter in which SM proteins promote synaptic vesicle docking in an indirect manner.
A study of fibromyomas of the uterus with respect to the endometrium, myometrium, symptoms, and associated pathology☆

Abstract A study of the uterine walls, ovaries, and endometria in a series of 100 patients having fibromyomas with a correlation between these findings and the clinical histories and symptoms, still gives us no definite basis upon which to make an absolute statement as to a single etiologic or stimulating factor in the production of fibromyomata uteri, adenomyosis externa or interna, and hyperplasia of the endometrium with resultant menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, or sterility. Evidence in favor of Witherspoon's theory making hyperestrinism the single activator in the production of these pathologic and clinical entities, can be found in the observation of the rapid growth of fibromyomas during pregnancy and their puerperal and menopausal regression. Such facts follow very closely the estrin levels now well established, as does the discovery of hyperplasia of the endometrium associated with the presence of theca and granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in women who have passed the menopause. We have presented in our discussion factors that may tend to oppose this theory, at least in part. We must, therefore, feel with Witherspoon that hyperestrinism plays a part in the production of the changes herein studied and discussed, but we cannot be convinced that it is the sole agent because of the lack of consistency in the finding of other pathologic and symptomatologic entities in association with fibromyomas. The logical conclusion that can be derived from this study is that fibromyomata uteri, endometriosis, adenomyosis uteri, and hyperplasia of the endometrium with associated menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and sterility cannot be traced to a single etiologic agent but appear to be products of various and varying factors.
The Reactivity and Structural Dynamics of Supported Metal Nanoclusters Using Electron Microscopy, in situ X-Ray Spectroscopy, Electronic Structure Theories, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The distinguishing feature of our collaborative program of study is the focus it brings to emergent phenomena originating from the unique structural/electronic environments found in nanoscale materials. We exploit and develop frontier methods of atomic-scale materials characterization based on electron microscopy (Yang) and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Frenkel) that are in turn coupled innately with advanced first principles theory and methods of computational modeling (Johnson). In the past year we have made significant experimental advances that have led to important new understandings of the structural dynamics of what are unquestionably the most important classes of heterogeneous catalysts—the materials used to both produce and mitigate the consequences of the use of liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
Not Ready for College, but Ready for the Military: A Policy Challenge for the College- and Career-Readiness Agenda.

This essay examines the Armed Forces Recruiter Access to Students and Student Recruiting Information (Section 9528) provision of the No Child Left Behind Act and its influence on the success of intervention programming for college and career readiness in Title I high schools. Using critical policy analysis, I show how Federal and State policies potentially unfold in local contexts and influence students’ ability and desire to participate in intervention programming aimed at increasing readiness for college and career. I ask whether readiness for college and career includes readiness for the military and argue that readiness intervention programming designed to provide students labeled as not college ready a pathway to postsecondary education may fail if they do not address the permanent legal presence of military recruiters inside underserved schools.
The Problem Of Scales: Renormalization and All That

I explain the methods that are used in field theory for problems involving typical momenta on two or more widely disparate scales. The principal topics are: (a) renormalization, which treats the problem of taking an ultra-violet cut-off to infinity, (b) the renormalization group, which is used to relate phenomena on different scales, (c) the operator product expansion, which shows how to obtain the asymptotics of amplitudes when some of its external momenta approach infinity.
A Preliminary Study of Information Technologies Usage in Non-Profit Organizations

In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary survey study to examine the ways in which regional nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in the U.S. adopted and utilized information technologies. The majority of the survey respondents (72.5%) consists of small to medium sized NPOs. The survey findings reveal that most responding organizations don’t have a technology plan even though they consider information technology as an important driving force to achieve organizational missions. A pragmatic approach that adopts mature, proven technologies is the most common approach followed by the respondents. Our findings also provide some empirical insights on how NPOs perform different technological tasks, manage data, and exploit web capabilities.
Mass spectral study of cyclic alkaneboronates of sugar phosphates. Evidence of interaction between the phosphate group and boron under electron‐impact conditions

Cyclic butane- and methaneboronic esters of dimethylphosphates of glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose and methyl gluconate have been examined by mass spectrometry. High resolution information and deuterium labeling of all six carbons of glucose, as well as of the methylphosphate groups, permits elucidation of the origin of various ions, which can be grouped according to their probable mechanism of formation. In each case, the intensity of the [M – R]+ ion can be rationalized, in stereochemical terms, by the ease with which incipient positive charge on boron can be stabilized by the phosphate group. This interaction also gives rise to rearrangement ions containing a BOP linkage. Other effects of structure on fragmentation pattern are discussed. Retention of specific portions of the glucose skeleton in ions with clearly defined label shift behavior, as well as the preservation of intact sugar moieties in intense [M – R]+ ions, suggests applications for stable isotope analyses. These are discussed in terms of their advantages over silicon-containing derivatives.
A rheological and optical properties investigation of aliphatic (nylon 66, PγBLG) and aromatic (kelvar, nomex) polyamide solutions

An experimental study of shear viscosity η(), principal normal stress difference N1(), storage modulus G′(ω), dynamic viscosity η′(ω), and filament elongation to break LB is reported for solutions of several polyamides; namely, nylon 66 in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and formic acid (HCOOH), poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PγBLG) in m-cresol, Nomex in H2SO4 and dimethylacetamide (DMA)/5% LiCl, and Kevlar in H2SO4 at 25 and 60°C. The variation of properties with concentration, polymer backbone and chain configuration, and solvent type is emphasized. The nylon 66/H2SO4 solutions have higher viscosity, normal stresses, and storage modulus than the HCOOH solutions of equivalent concentrations. The Nomex/H2SO4 solutions have higher viscosity and higher normal stresses and storage modulus than the DMA/LiCl solutions at equivalent concentrations. The significance of polymer chain backbone rigidity in forming liquid crystalline phases in Kevlar and PγBLG solutions is discussed and its influence on flow properties in indicated. These systems allow polarized light to pass through crossed polarizers and show maxima in viscosity–concentration data. The 25°C Kelvar solutions are distinctive in that they exhibit apparent yield stress values. This gives distinctive shear flow and oscillatory data. Filament elongation-to-break data show Kelvar > Nomex > nylon 66 in H2SO4 solutions for the order of spinnability.
M-Groups and the Supersolvable Residual

A finite group G is an M-group (monomial group) if each irreducible complex character of G is induced from a linear character of a subgroup of G. It is well known that M-groups are always solvable and that certain types of solvable groups are M-groups. In [5] Dornhoff proved a theorem implying that the class of M-groups is rather large. Recently Dade proved that each finite solvable group can be embedded in an M-group. In this paper we are concerned with the group theoretical structure of an M-group. In view of Dade's theorem this is clearly a difficult problem, although some theorems can be proved. If G is a solvable group we let G ~ be the supersolvable residual of G (the unique smallest normal subgroup of G having supersolvable quotient group). In [15] it was shown that for various types of M-groups G, the structure of G ~ is quite restricted. Moreover, the restrictions on G ~ are often much more severe than the restrictions on G ~ for various other saturated formations Y. To determine the structure of a particular M-group it was usually best to determine first the structure of its supersolvable residual. In view of these facts it seemed reasonable to investigate the supersolvable residual of a general M-group. For a solvable group G, the structure of G ~ is not sufficient to determine whether or not G is an M-group (see 3.7 and 3.8) although much information can be obtained by restricting attention to this subgroup. For example, it is shown that if G is an M-group, then the 2-Sylow subgroups of G S cannot be quaternion or the direct product of two quaternion groups. Restrictions on the odd Sylow subgroups of G ~ are also obtained. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 1 we set down the necessary preliminaries, state results from the theory of formations and give a result from character theory which can be sharpened when one is dealing with M-groups. In Section 2 we give a discussion of the connection between Mgroups and solvable groups. In this section most results from the literature on M-groups are generalized or improved. Included is a result showing that each finite solvable group can be embedded in an M-group having the same derived length. Section 3 contains the general restrictions on G s~ when G is an M-group. In some sense, this section contains an analysis of what happens (and what can't happen) in G s~ when G is an M-group, although G does not satisfy the hypotheses of the various theorems giving sufficient conditions for a group to be an M-group.
Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity. III. Mitogenic responses of reptilian lymphocytes.

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from Florida alligators were isolated and observed to undergo mitogenesis when cultured in vitro with Con A, PHA, LPS, PWM and PPD. These cells were also observed to participate in two-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. Optimal culture conditions included using mammalian medium (MEM) supplemented with adult alligator serum and additional sodium chloride and incubation at 32°C. In contrast to previous studies with lymphocytes from another ectotherm, the bluegill, a bony fish, alligator lymphocytes exhibited no differential effects of incubation temperatures when different mitogens were employed.
Mark Detection from Scanned Ballots

Analyzing paper-based election ballots requires finding all marks added to the base ballot. The position, size, shape, rotation and shade of these marks are not known a priori. Scanned ballot images have additional differences from the base ballot due to scanner noise. Different image processing techniques are evaluated to see under what conditions they are able to detect what sorts of marks. Basing mark detection on the difference of raw images was found to be much more sensitive to the mark darkness. Converting the raw images to foreground and background and then removing the form produced better results.
Examining the Legacy of Brown The Impact on Special Education and Teacher Practice

The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case has left a lasting impact on the way children are educated in this country. Much has been written about the legacy of Brown as it relates to current desegregation practices, academic achievement for students of color, and school reform. This paper will examine the implications of the Brown decision on reform efforts in special education, as well as address the need for greater emphasis on teaching that reflects an understanding of the intersection of race, culture, and class.
Photophosphorylation by subcellular particles from Chromatium.

Abstract A light-induced phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate has been studied, using pigmented particles derived from sonic extracts of the obligately-anaerobic photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium . The reaction requires magnesium ions and anaerobic conditions or the presence of a reducing agent. The product of the reaction has been isolated and characterized as adenosine triphosphate. Photophosphorylation by Chromatium particles is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, and is stimulated by catalytic amounts of phenazine methosulfate or ascorbate. Combination of activator with an excess of reducing agent renders it inactive. These results indicate that the electron transport chain for photophosphorylation in the Chromatium particle is capable of responding to added redox reagents, some of which bring it into an optimally poised electro-chemical condition. Reagents most active in placing the “steady” state at optimum conditions are those which have electrochemical potentials near zero volts. Addition of redox couples such as ascorbate-2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, which can be photo-oxidized by the Chromatium particles aerobically, lowers the rate of photophosphorylation to much less than that which is observed by particles treated with ascorbate alone. This inhibition occurs anaerobically, and no ascorbate disapperance is detectable. The conditions are precisely those conditions which permit photo-oxidation to occur when air is present. These results strongly suggest that the redox couples are competing with the photophosphorylating pathway for the photochemical oxidant generated anaerobically and consequently form a catalytically active complex which by-passes the phosphorylating part of the chain and uncouples photophosphorylation.
Authenticating a mobile device's location using voice signatures

Providers of location-based services seek new methods to authenticate the location of their clients. We propose a novel infrastructure-based solution that provides spontaneous and transaction-oriented mobile device location authentication via an integrated 802.11× wireless access point and 3G femtocell access system. By simply making a voice call while remotely monitoring femtocell activity, a calling party can verify a (co-operating) called party's location even when the participants have no pre-existing relationship. We show how such a traffic signature can be reliably detected even in the presence of heavy cross-traffic introduced by other femtocell users. We describe how the verification proceeds without revealing details of the authentication - or even the parties involved - to the location provider.
Severity and criteria based prompting for treatment of depressed patients.

Purpose Primary care physicians (PCPs) often do not respond to prompts based upon criteria-based depression screens, perhaps because these prompts do not account for depression severity. We conducted this pilot study to determine the feasibility of prompting for both diagnostic criteria and severity and to assess whether depression would be more attended to with positive "dual prompts" than prompts based on either criteria or symptom severity alone. Methods Immediately prior to a routine care appointment, 87 adults from three primary care practices completed the PRIME-MD Clinician Evaluation Guide Mood Module (PRIME-MD; assesses depression criteria) and the Brief Depression Rating (BDR; assesses depressive symptom severity), and their results were issued in a salient PCP prompt on the chart. Immediately afterwards, patients reported the impact of the screening results upon treatment decisions during the encounter. Data were analyzed by X2, analysis of variance, and binomial regression. Results Compared to subjects screening positive on either depression criteria or severity alone (n = 10), those patients on both (n = 17) were more likely to report discussing depression, and agreement that the physician and patient decided treatment was needed and initiated or continued. There were no differences in patient satisfaction based on screening results. After accounting for PRIME-MD results, BDR scores predicted agreement with the physician and patient decided treatment was needed (OR = 22.03; 95% CI: 2.05-236.46). Conclusions Supplementary severity-based depression screening is feasible, and might overcome the limitations of criteria-based screening alone. Future research could test this hypothesis in a large randomized trial.
THE MECHANISM OF TREMORINE ANTAGONISM BY RELATED COMPOUNDS.

Abstract A series of acetylenic diamines related to tremorine has been synthesised, and their pharmacological and physicochemical properties have been examined. None of the compounds produced the tremor, spasticity and parasympathomimetic effects seen following tremorine administration, but five of them were capable of antagonising the effects of tremorine or its active metabolite, oxotremorine. This antagonism is probably attributable to the analogues themselves, and not to metabolic transformation products. All of the compounds which antagonised the central effects of oxotremorine also blocked both oxotremorine and carbachol on isolated guinea pig ileum preparations, and it is concluded that both actions are probably associated with atropinic properties: however, not all of the compounds showing in vitro atropinic actions were active in blocking the central effects of oxotremorine, and differences in distribution in vivo may be responsible. No clearcut correlation of predictive value was found between physicochemical and pharmacological properties, but in vitro atropinic activity was significantly correlated with partition coefficient and with the steric requirement of the amine group.
Forward and backward masking as a function of relative overlap and intensity of test and masking stimuli

Forward and backward visual masking for patterns was investigated as a function of relative overlap between test and masking stimuli, relative intensity of masking stimulus and length of interval between stimuli. The extent of masking increased with increasing spatial overlap between stimuli and with increasing intensity of the masking stimulus. Increasing the interval between the stimuli decreased masking; this occurred at faster rates in backward than in forward masking. Possible mechanisms explaining these findings are discussed.
The effect of increased cocaine use on drug treatment.

Abstract Trends in primary illicit drug use were monitored in an inpatient drug treatment program over a 10-year period, along with illicit drug use in a methadone maintenance program over a six-year period. The percentage of cocaine users admitted for inpatient treatment showed an increase for each six-month interval over the past three-year period. Cocaine was found to be the most frequently used illicit drug by methadone maintenance clients, and its continued use disrupted both inpatient and outpatient treatment. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Almond Leaf Scorch: Leafhopper and Spittlebug Vectors

The causal bacterium of almond leaf scorch (ALS) disease was transmitted from almond to almond and to grape, and from grape to almond by several species of leafhoppers known to transmit the same bacterium from grape to grape: Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret), G. confluens (Uhler), Draeculacephala minerva Ball, and Carneocephala fulgida Nottingham, and by the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius L. Surveys of commercial orchards detected only very low populations of known or suspected ALS vectors in areas which had a high incidence of ALS. In contrast, many almond-growing districts in central California which had a high incidence of Pierce’s disease in grapes but only rare infections of almond trees with ALS had much higher populations of D. minerva and C. fulgida . These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that D. minerva is not the principal vector of ALS in California.
Sucrose and delinquent behavior: Coincidence or consequence?

Over the past decade, a number of theories have appeared that are attempts to relate consumption of simple sugars to violent or delinquent behavior. Such claims have been based mainly on anecdotal reports, misinterpretations of scientific literature, or flawed interpretation of questionable data. Thus, these claims remain unsubstantiated. There are data that suggest that a very few individual hyperactive children may respond adversely to a sucrose challenge, but most carefully designed and controlled studies with children offer no convincing evidence that sucrose ingestion exacerbates hyperkinetic behavior. While provocative evidence is beginning to emerge from studies of incarcerated juvenile delinquents, as well as from studies of adult criminals habitually violent under the influence of alcohol, that anomalies in carbohydrate metabolism may in some way be related to expression of antisocial behavior, there is no evidence to suggest that consuming sucrose causes violent behavior. On the contrary, ingestion of foods that contain simple carbohydrates may elicit beneficial responses, at least in behavioral subgroups of adolescent males.
On the Misalignment of the Directly Imaged Planet β Pictoris b with the System's Warped Inner Disk

The vertical warp in the debris disk β Pictoris—an inclined inner disk extending into a flat outer disk—has long been interpreted as the signpost of a planet on an inclined orbit. Direct images spanning 2004-2010 have revealed β Pictoris b, a planet with a mass and orbital distance consistent with this picture. However, it was recently reported that the orbit of planet b is aligned with the flat outer disk, not the inclined inner disk, and thus lacks the inclination to warp the disk. We explore three scenarios for reconciling the apparent misalignment of the directly imaged planet β Pictoris b with the warped inner disk of β Pictoris: observational uncertainty, an additional planet, and damping of planet b's inclination. We find that, at the extremes of the uncertainties, the orbit of β Pictoris b has the inclination necessary to produce the observed warp. We also find that if planet b were aligned with the flat outer disk, it would prevent another planet from creating a warp with the observed properties; therefore planet b itself must be responsible for the warp. Finally, planet b's inclination could have been damped by dynamical friction and still produce the observed disk morphology, but the feasibility of damping depends on disk properties and the presence of other planets. More precise observations of the orbit of planet b and the position angle of the outer disk will allow us to distinguish between the first and third scenarios.
Translational gene mapping of cognitive decline

The ability to maintain cognitive function during aging is a complex process subject to genetic and environmental influences. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common disorder causing cognitive decline among the elderly. Among those with AD, there is broad variation in the relationship between AD neuropathology and clinical manifestations of dementia. Differences in expression of genes involved in neural processing pathways may contribute to individual differences in maintenance of cognitive function. We performed whole genome expression profiling of RNA obtained from frontal cortex of clinically non-demented and AD subjects to identify genes associated with brain aging and cognitive decline. Genetic mapping information and biological function annotation were incorporated to highlight genes of particular interest. The candidate genes identified in this study were compared with those from two other studies in different tissues to identify common underlying transcriptional profiles. In addition to confirming sweeping transcriptomal differences documented in previous studies of cognitive decline, we present new evidence for up-regulation of actin-related processes and down-regulation of translation, RNA processing and localization, and vesicle-mediated transport in individuals with cognitive decline.
Changes in use of three Oregon, USA, wildernesses.

Several studies have suggested that use of wildernesses within national forests is declining. Data from three wildernesses in Oregon (based on mandatory permits and voluntary registration) indicate that between 1976 and 1991 in two areas and between 1980 and 1993 in another area the number of recreational visitor days (RVDs) has de- clined between 23% and 63%. However, the number of visits has remained roughly stable in one area and more than doubled in the other two. The disparity between the two measures of use may be the result of shifts from mainly over- night to mainly day use in these wildernesses. Day use has increased from about 30% to over 60% of all visits. Trends are different enough in each wilderness to warrant indepen- dent analyses over time. Management implications of using different measures of use as well as observed trends are discussed. Designated wilderness makes up nearly one sixth of national forest land and provides diverse values for the American people. Recreation is often among the pri- mary values, but can sometimes present a threat to the integrity of wilderness ecosystems or the quality of the wilderness experience. Research has uncovered consid- erable information about visitor motives, behaviors, and attitudes, but it is surprising how little we know about the level and character of recreational use, and how unsuccessfully we have anticipated changes in use over time. There are many ways managers benefit from an understanding of levels and trends in wilderness use. At the national level, such information provides useful input to forest planning and land allocation decisions; calls for wilderness have often been based on recre- ational demand. At the local level, such knowledge helps managers efficiently distribute scarce resources and design long-term projects. Managers who are aware of local trends will make better decisions about how to handle use-related problems, may be able to anticipate and offset new problems, and can target educational efforts more effectively. Managers can use a variety of types of information
Ventilation-perfusion inequality and overall gas exchange in computer models of the lung

Abstract The effects of increasing ventilation-perfusion inequality on overall gas exchange were studied in digital computer models of the lung. Ventilation/unit volume and perfusion/unit volume were distributed log normally with respect to lung volume. Ventilation-perfusion inequality was found to affect the transfer of carbon dioxide nearly as much as oxygen. The reasons for the misconception that inequality does not interfere with carbon dioxide transfer are discussed. The effects of changing overall ventilation, blood flow, inspired oxygen, hemoglobin concentration, and the acid-base status of the blood were investigated when oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were held constant at normal values. In general, mismatch of ventilation and blood flow in a lung caused the arterial oxygen tension to fall and the carbon dioxide to rise; increasing overall ventilation rapidly restored blood carbon dioxide tensions to normal but improved oxygen tensions little. Considerable improvement in oxygen tensions occurred, however, if the oxygen dissociation curve was made linear. In spite of large increases in inspired oxygen, severe hypoxemia and large alveolar-arterial oxygen differences remained when the inequality was severe. The results help to explain how the lung maintains oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in the face of ventilation-perfusion ratio inequality and may be useful in characterizing the degree of ventilation-perfusion inequality in real situations.
Angular Offset Splicing of Polarization Maintained (PANDA) Optical Fibers in an Electronics Manufacturing Environment

Panda fibers are used in applications where polarized light is required as an input. Panda fibers do not polarize the light passed through them but maintain the polarization of the incident light. The focus of this research endeavor is restricted to the angular offset splicing process of Polarization Maintaining (PM) panda fibers during optoelectronic assembly. In the splicing process, two or more fiber ends are fused together using a high electric discharge in such a manner that a minimum amount of losses are introduced [1]. However, in this particular research effort, angular offset was used to perform the splicing of panda fibers. Angular displacement is not desired during the splicing of panda fibers as it introduces losses due to phase changes that are caused because of the misalignment of stress rods. This study observes the effects of angular displacement on the splice loss. This paper focuses on the angular offset splicing of Panda fibers. The objective of the study was to observe the effect of angular displacement on the splice loss during the angular offset splicing process for panda fibers and outline the splicing parameters that have a significant impact on the splice loss. A design of experiments (DOE) approach has been used to perform the splicing. Even though the splicer provides a loss estimate, a real time splice loss measurement set up using a power meter and source was used to measure the actual loss. Offset distance, target loss and angular displacement were the factors selected for experimentation. Experiments were conducted using the aforementioned parameters. An effort has been made to obtain ‘best’ combination values for the significant parameters that can be used for production in an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) provider’s environment.Copyright © 2009 by ASME