cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vortical structure in the wake of a transverse jet

Structural features resulting from the interaction of a turbulent jet issuing transversely into a uniform stream are described with the help of flow visualization and hot-wire anemometry. Jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios from 2 to 10 were investigated at crossflow Reynolds numbers from 3800 to 11400. In particular, the origin and formation of the vortices in the wake are described and shown to be fundamentally different from the well-known phenomenon of vortex shedding from solid bluff bodies. The flow around a transverse jet does not separate from the jet and does not shed vorticity into the wake. Instead, the wake vortices have their origins in the laminar boundary layer of the wall from which the jet issues. It is argued that the closed flow around the jet imposes an adverse pressure gradient on the wall, on the downstream lateral sides of the jet, provoking 'separation events’ in the wall boundary layer on each side. These result in eruptions of boundary-layer fluid and formation of wake vortices that are convected downstream. The measured wake Strouhal frequencies, which depend on the jet-crossflow velocity ratio, match the measured frequencies of the separation events. The wake structure is most orderly and the corresponding wake Strouhal number (0.13) is most sharply defined for velocity ratios near the value 4. Measured wake profiles show deficits of both momentum and total pressure.
Kinetic studies of the binding of inhibitors to thermolysin

Abstract The K I values for inhibition of thermolysin activity by N -β-phenylpropionyl-aliphatic amino acids (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile) are correlated by π, the hydrophobic substituent parameter for the amino acid side chain (log K I = −0.73 π −1.80, correlation coefficient = 0.990). By contrast, the K I values for the corresponding benzyloxycarbonyl amino acids are poorly correlated by π, but show a good correlation with the steric parameter E s (log K I = 0.880 E s − 3.086, correlation coefficient = 0.985). Binding of β-phenylpropionyl- l -alanine is associated with an acidic residue of p K 7.3 and a basic residue of p K 8.0 in the E · I complex, and appears to raise the p K of Glu-143 by 2 units. Binding of benzyloxycarbonyl-Ala and -Phe is associated with an acidic residue of p K 8.0 and two basic residues, both with p K 8.3. Three similar p K values are observed with benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe. These results are interpreted in terms of different modes of binding of β-phenylpropionyl and benzyloxycarbonyl inhibitors.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of cellular glycerophospholipids enabled by multiplexed solvent dependent analyte-matrix interactions.

A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) based approach was developed for the rapid analyses of cellular glycerophospholipids. Through multiplex...
The FIT Game: preliminary evaluation of a gamification approach to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in school

Abstract Objective Incentive-based interventions designed to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption tend to yield positive, short-term outcomes. Because consumption most often returns to baseline levels when incentives are removed, sustainable long-duration interventions may be needed to impact public health. Anticipating that low-cost interventions will be more appealing to schools, the present study explored a low-cost, game-based intervention. Method An alternating-treatments design was used to evaluate the effects of the FIT Game on objectively measured FV consumption in one elementary school ( n = 251) in Utah. During the Fall 2013 semester, game-based rewards were provided to heroic characters within a fictional narrative read by teachers on days when the school, as a whole, met a fruit or vegetable consumption goal in accord with the alternating-treatments design. Results On intervention days, fruit and vegetable consumption increased by 39% and 33%, ( p p Conclusion This game-based intervention provides a promising step towards developing a low-cost, effective, and sustainable FV intervention that schools can implement without outside assistance.
20-Hydroxyecdysone increases the metabolic labeling of extracellular glycoproteins of Drosophila S3 cells

Abstract 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20-HOE) induces evagination of imaginal discs of Drosophila and aggregation in certain Drosophila cell lines. During both evagination and aggregation extensive changes in cell surface proteins occur. Immunological cross-reactivity has been demonstrated between certain hormone-dependent cell surface proteins in discs and cell lines, although apparently identical proteins are more easily solubilized in cell lines than in imaginal discs. These and other observations suggest that in imaginal discs some of these proteins might be basal lamina or extracellular matrix components. Therefore we have investigated the possbility that in the hormone-responsive cell line S3, certain proteins metabolically labeled in a hormone-dependent fashion might be released into the medium. Our results demonstrate for the first time that Drosophila tissue culture cells produce an array of extracellular glycoproteins, and that the metabolic labeling of several of these glycoproteins is increased substantially by 20-HOE. The presence of these labeled glycoproteins in the medium is decreased reversibly by the ionophore monensin, suggesting that this is a Golgi-mediated process. Several hormone-dependent extracellular glycoproteins are immunoprecipitated by an antiserum raised against imaginal disc cell membranes. During hormone-dependent reaggregation of S3 cells, the appearance of several hormone-dependent glycoproteins in the medium coincides with the onset and continuation of reaggregation. We suggest that these glycoproteins may function in hormone-induced cell-cell interactions during S3 cell aggregation. We also hypothesize that these hormone-dependent glycoproteins may function during in vivo morphogenesis as basal lamina and/or extracellular matrix components.
Does Targeting Minor Offenses Reduce Serious Crime? A Provisional, Affirmative Answer Based on an Analysis of County-Level Data

The research reported here sought to determine whether there is a connection between arrests for minor offenses and subsequent reductions in serious crime, using county-level data collected from the state of California between the years 1989 and 2000. Results from a series of fixed effects regression models suggest that arrests for disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, and public drunkenness can reduce certain crimes, notably felonious assault and burglary. Moreover, the results suggest that assault appears to decline immediately, whereas burglary declines with a delay.
The Service Sector in the Chinese Economy: A Geographic Appraisal

A U.S.-based economic geographer and observer of China's economy examines the rapid expansion of the country's largely overlooked service sector, at both the national and regional levels. A particular focus of the author's research is on identifying regional variations in the development of services within the country and exploring some of the more important contributing factors. Based on the findings, the paper also discusses structural shifts that occurred in China's regional economies, disclosing inter alia that inequality in the contribution of services to GDP did not follow the same trajectory as that of employment in services. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L800, O180, P230. 6 figures, 4 tables, 82 references.
Getting Partnering Right: How Market Leaders are Creating Long-term Competitive Advantage

The article reviews the book ‘Getting Partnering Right: How Market Leaders Are Creating Long-Term Competitive Advantage,’ by Neil Rackham, Lawrence Friedman and Richard Ruff.
FTIR Spectroscopic and Reaction Kinetics Study of the Interaction of CF3CFCl2 with γ-Al2O3

The interaction of CF3CFCl2 with γ-Al2O3 has been investigated by a combination of reaction kinetics experiments and FTIR spectroscopic studies. The reaction of fresh γ-Al2O3 with CF3CFCl2 at 573 K resulted in the fluorination of the γ-Al2O3 surface. The reaction also resulted in dehydroxylation of the γ-Al2O3 and an increase in both the number and strength of Lewis acid sites on the surface. The fluorinated γ-Al2O3 was catalytically active for the disproportionation of CF3CFCl2 to CF3CCl3 and CF3CF2Cl at 353 K. Adsorption of CF3CFCl2 on γ-Al2O3 at temperatures between 298 and 523 K resulted in the formation of surface trifluoroacetate species, which were stable up to 573 K. These species are likely to be the intermediates for the complete oxidation of CF3CFCl2 to CO and CO2. The transformation of γ-Al2O3 as a result of the CF3CFCl2 adsorption and reaction is discussed.
Verifying contact hypotheses of planar, polyhedral objects using penetration growth distance

Abstract The contact between two planar, polyhedral objects can be represented with a set of elementary contacts — face–vertex contacts. However, not all possible contact representations are geometrically possible. Verification of whether a set of elementary contacts is geometrically feasible is in particular difficult if the elementary contacts do not fully constrain the relative configuration of the objects. These are exactly the contact descriptions that allow the objects to move compliantly with respect to each other and are therefore important for motion planning. An equivalent optimization problem is posed to verify geometric feasibility of contact descriptions that do not fully constrain the relative configuration. A trajectory following algorithm has been implemented and applied to test feasible and infeasible contact representations. The results of this work can be used to implement a predicate that verifies whether a contact representation is geometrically possible.
Zapotec sacred places, enduring and/or ephemeral: Reverence, realignment and commodification at an archaeological-tourist site in Southern Mexico

The abundant and rightfully famous archaeological ruins of Mexico, besides attesting to the grand achievements of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture, also serve as foci for the preservation and/or reaffirmation of contemporary indigenous religion and identity. Additionally, those same ancient ruins have been, in many instances, tidied up and reconfigured variously as outdoor classrooms and museums for the dissemination of a narrative of Mexican national identity, as the country's premier tourist attractions, and thus as sites eventually prized far more as engines of economic development than as educational or religious contexts. Where indigenous peoples are often imagined as passive victims in this commodification of their sacred sites, the case study featured in this article, namely, the twentieth century management of the internationally renowned Zapotec site of Mitla, Oaxaca reveals a native community playing a very active role, arguably the lead role, in the exploitation of the economic potential of i...
Radar angle-tracking system for multiple moving targets

A radar angle-tracking system for tracking multiple moving targets is proposed which generates the instantaneous optimal estimates of angles regardless of angle dynamics, reducing the computational burden and eliminating the effect of the time-varying parameters on the angle estimation. However, it is shown that the angle data generated by the angle-tracking system are sufficient to construct the optimal estimator of the time-varying angles of multiple targets in any dynamic motions.
Importance of high radiation doses (72 Gy or greater) in the treatment of stage T1-T3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Objectives. To analyze the effect of total radiation dose on the outcome of patients treated with external beam radiotherapy for early-stage prostate cancer. Methods. The records of a total of 738 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy (RT) and no androgen deprivation at our institution between July 1986 and February 1999 were reviewed. Two risk groups were defined: favorable (Stage T1-T2, pretreatment prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level 10.0 ng/mL or less, and biopsy Gleason score 6 or less) and unfavorable (Stage T3 lesion or pretreatment PSA level greater than 10.0 ng/mL or biopsy Gleason score 7 or greater). The median RT dose was 70.0 Gy (range 57.6 to 78.0), with 192 patients (26%) receiving at least 72.0 Gy. The mean follow-up was 45 months. Results. The 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) rate was 58%. The 5-year bRFS rate for patients who received radiation doses of 72 Gy or greater versus less than 72 Gy was 85% and 54%, respectively (P <0.001). On multivariate analysis of factors affecting bRFS rates, the number of follow-up PSA levels (P <0.001), tumor stage (P <0.001), pretreatment PSA (P <0.001), biopsy Gleason score (P <0.001), and RT dose (P = 0.001) were the only independent predictors of outcome. For favorable tumors, the 5-year bRFS rate for patients who received radiation doses of 72 Gy or greater versus less than 72 Gy was 98% and 81%, respectively (P = 0.023). For unfavorable tumors, the 5-year bRFS rate for patients who received radiation doses of 72 Gy or greater versus less than 72 Gy was 75% and 41%, respectively (P = 0.001). Conclusions. Patients receiving radiation doses of 72 Gy or higher had a significantly better outcome. The improvement was seen in all subgroups of patients. If these results are confirmed, radiation doses exceeding 72 Gy should be considered the standard of care.
Rational Rebels: Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem

Participation in organized violent collective action against a government carries significant penalties should one be apprehended. Further, because such actions generally pursue collective goods, the participants will receive that good (if the action is successful) regardless of whether they participate. The free-rider hypothesis suggests that rational people will forego partici pation in large "N" collective action, unless they receive side payments of some kind. Yet, large numbers of people have periodically engaged in the type of behavior the free-rider hypothesis suggests they would not. This essay examines the solutions to this apparent paradox that have been pro posed in the literature and asks whether there has been any progress or cumulation of knowledge. Using Lakatosian criteria to evaluate this research program, the essay contends that there has indeed been progress. Further, I argue that future efforts should be invested in strategic models of collective action and that more empirical work nee...
Rapid and accurate evaluation of inelastic molecular cross sections

An inexpensive and accurate technique for computing inelastic cross sections has been developed by combining an exponential distorted wave (EDW) approximation and an effective Hamiltonian. This procedure is implemented through the use of uniformized WKB wavefunctions. It is shown to yield cross sections in semiquantitative agreement with those from exact calculations representing a wide range of physical parameters. The EDW cross sections can be used to compute rate constants, since good results are obtained even near threshold. The EDW procedure therefore provides a practical means for studying physical trends in cross sections, rate constants, and relaxation.
Evaluation of total workstation CT interpretation quality: a single-screen pilot study

An interpretation report, generated with an electronic viewbox, is affected by two factors: image quality, which encompasses what can be seen on the display, and computer human interaction (CHI), which accounts for the cognitive load effect of locating, moving, and manipulating images with the workstation controls. While a number of subject experiments have considered image quality, only recently has the affect of CHI on total interpretation quality been measured. This paper presents the results of a pilot study conducted to evaluate the total interpretation quality of the FilmPlane2.2 radiology workstation for patient folders containing single forty-slice CT studies. First, radiologists interpreted cases and dictated reports using FilmPlane2.2. Requisition forms were provided. Film interpretation was provided by the original clinical report and interpretation forms generated from a previous experiment. Second, an evaluator developed a list of findings for each case based on those listed in all the reports for each case and then evaluated each report for its response on each finding. Third, the reports were compared to determine how well they agreed with one another. Interpretation speed and observation data was also gathered.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Life‐threatening splenic hemorrhage in two patients with Gaucher disease

Massive splenomegaly is a frequent finding in patients with Gaucher disease, the most common of the sphingolipidoses. Even so, the risk for splenic rupture and intracapsular hemorrhage has not been emphasized due to the rarity of this occurrence and the fibrotic, rubbery consistency of splenic tissue in these patients. We report two adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease who suffered life-threatening splenic bleeds that were not acutely diagnosed. Both patients ultimately required emergent splenectomies. Factors complicating the diagnosis of splenic hemorrhage in patients with Gaucher disease are discussed. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“Saving Judas”—A Social Scientific Approach to Judas's Suicide in Matthew 27:3—10:

This article examines Judas's suicide, reported in Matthew 27:3—10. Through the use of cross-cultural analysis with the Gainj of New Zealand, it argues that Judas's suicide is not a shameful act, but is an honorable one that atones for Judas's “sin” of betraying Jesus's innocent blood.
Amino acid residues essential for catalysis by peptidyl dipeptidase-4 from pseudomonas maltophilia

To assess residues essential for catalysis by prokaryotic peptidyl dipeptidase-4, the enzyme was subjected to chemical modification by a series of reagents. Treatment with either tetranitromethane or N-acetylimidazole abolished catalytic activity. Hydroxylamine reversed inactivation by acetylimidazole only. Thus, an essential tyrosine is indicated. Enzymatic activity also was quenched by either trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or diethyl pyrocarbonate. Inactivation by these reagents was not reversed by hydroxylamine. These data suggest an essential lysine. The competitive inhibitor Phe-Arg protected partially against inactivation by tetranitromethane, and fully against inactivation by N-acetylimidazole. The substrate Hip-Phe-Arg protected against inactivation by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and diethyl pyrocarbonate. Thus, both tyrosine and lysine are located at the catalytic site.
A mathematical analysis of self-ignition☆

Abstract The effect of reactant consumption in non-steady explosion theory is investigated by an exact numerical method and an approximate analytical treatment. Results are presented for the critical conditions and the ignition delay for supercritical conditions. The approximate analysis gives ignition delays in good agreement with the numerical solution, but the critical conditions are not obtained as accurately as in an alternative analysis due to Thomas. A comparison of temperature/ time histories computed by the exact numerical method with experiments reported by Akita showed satisfactory agreement and indicated that reactant consumption was significant for wood.
Optical properties of (TTF) (TCNQ) in the visible and infrared

Abstract Polarized optical studies of single crystals and polycrystalline compactions of the organic salt (TTF) (TCNQ) are reported. Metallic behavior is observed for light polarized parallel to the conducting axis. The plasma edge occurs at 1.4 μm with metallic reflection observed in the i.r. The plasma frequency ( h ω p = 1.2eV ) leads to an optical effective mass m ∗ = 5 m e implying a tight-binding transfer integral of 0.1 eV in agreement with estimates obtained from other measurements. The scattering time, τ, as determined from the shape of the reflectance curve, yields a room temperature metallic conductivity of 10 3 (Ω-cm) -1 in good agreement with the measured d.c. value. An estimate of the dimensionless electron-phonon coupling constant is obtained from the measured value of τ , λ ph ≅1.3. The strong anisotropic absorption in the visible portion of the spectrum is attributed to interband transitions.
Inhibition of estrogen-induced glycogen synthesis in the rat uterus by cycloheximide.

Abstract The sequence of changes occurring in the uterus with estrogen, estrogen and cycloheximide, and cycloheximide alone was studied. Cycloheximide (actidione) or estradiol caused an increase in uterine water, weight, and free glucose. Sixteen hours after estrogen administration the uterine glycogen had increased 5-fold. When a single dose of actidione was administered 30 minutes before estradiol, glycogen synthesis was suppressed for the first 8 hours, after which estrogen stimulated glycogen synthesis. Three doses of actidione, at 30 minutes before, 5 1 2 and 10 1 2 hours after estradiol, were necessary to completely suppress the glycogen synthesis for 16 hours. The influence of cycloheximide on glycogen synthesis after it had been initiated was studied by administering actidione after estrogen. Complete suppression occurred when actidione was administered 1 1 2 hours after estrogen and only partial suppression at 2 1 2 hours, and actidione was ineffective when administered 4 hours after estradiol. Consequently, there was an initial period of about 3 hours after estrogen treatment during which the glycogen synthetic system could be inhibited by cycloheximide. After this time, the presence of cycloheximide was unable to suppress glycogen synthesis.
Saving and asset accumulation among low-income families with children in IDAs

Abstract Research indicates that low-income families with children have many motives to save, however, the costs of raising children, low wage employment, means tested programs, and the need for child care make it difficult for them to save. Using data from the American Dream Demonstration ( n = 1801), this study examines saving performances of low-income families with children in a matched savings program—Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). The results indicate that households with children in IDAs can save when they are provided structured opportunities. In addition, this study finds that institutional factors, not merely individual characteristics, are highly associated with IDA saving performance, and are important in explaining saving performances in IDAs. Implications for policy makers and program administrators to better assist low-income families to save and accumulate assets in IDAs are given.
Rational Design of an Ex Vivo Model of Thrombosis

The underlying pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is the formation of occlusive thrombi. While many well-defined animal models recapitulate the process of intravascular thrombosis, there is a need for validated ex vivo models of occlusive thrombus formation. Using the force of gravity to provide a constant pressure gradient, we designed and validated an ex vivo model of thrombosis. Times to occlusion on a collagen matrix in our model were within the range of occlusion times observed in murine thrombosis models. Prolongation of time to occlusion in the presence of platelet αIIbβ3 antagonists or inhibitors to thrombin or activated factor X is in agreement with established mechanisms of thrombus formation. The use of this model may be expanded to characterize the mechanisms of thrombosis and to determine the efficacy of pharmacological agents designed to prevent occlusive thrombus formation.
Ultrafast nanoplasmonics under coherent control

Recently, there has been an increased attention and rapid development in the field of nanoscale collective electronic dynamics on surfaces of metal nanostructures, which is due to excitations called surface plasmons (SPs). This field, known as nanoplasmonics, is very promising for such applications as the next generation optoelectronics, computations and information storage on the nanoscale, ultrasensitive detection of threats and spectroscopy of physical, chemical and biological nano-objects. Due to their broad spectral bandwidth, SPs possess ultrafast dynamics, with times as short as hundreds of attoseconds. In this paper, we discuss progress in the excitation, control and applications of the ultrafast nanoplasmonic fields. Special attention is devoted to attosecond visualization and coherent control of the nanoscale optical fields. Prospective applications of ultrafast nanoplasmonics are discussed.
Historical Development of High-Energy Excitation Sources for Analytical Emission Spectroscopy

This paper traces the historical development of high-energy sources for emission spectroscopy from the earliest references available to us to the present. Sources included are all powered with electrical energy and include arc, spark, and plasma excitation and their many variations. No combustion flame excitation units are included, since these were dealt with in an earlier paper. The development of electrically powered sources closely followed nineteenth century progress in understanding electrical energy in general. It is evident that early-day spectroscopists were aware of progress in that field and applied that knowledge to their own problems.
Functional implications of RyR-DHPR relationships in skeletal and cardiac muscles

Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) interact during EC coupling within calcium release units, CRUs. The location of the two channels and their positioning are related to their role in EC coupling. alphals DHPR and RyR1 of skeletal muscle form interlocked arrays. Groups of four DHPRs (forming a tetrad) are located on alternate RyR1s. This association provides the structural framework for reciprocal signaling between the two channels. RyR3 are present in some skeletal muscles in association with RyR1 and in ratios up to 1:1. RyR3 neither induce formation of tetrads by DHPRs nor sustain EC coupling. RyR3 are located in a parajunctional position, in proximity of the RyR1-DHPR complexes, and they may be indirectly activated by calcium liberated via the RyR1 channels. RyR2 have two locations in cardiac muscle. One is at CRUs that contain DHPRs and RyRs. In these cardiac CRUs, RyR2 and alpha1c DHPR are in proximity of each other, but not closely linked, so that they may not have a direct molecular interaction. A second location of RyR2 is on SR cisternae that are not attached to surface membrane/T tubules. The RyR2 in these cisternae, which are often several microns away from any DHPRs, must necessarily be activated indirectly.
Loading dynamics of optical trap and parametric excitation resonances of trapped atoms

We study the loading dynamics of an optical dipole trap and an optical lattice both experimentally and theoretically. A simple power dependence for the number of trapped atoms (N∝P3∕2) is revealed in both cases. We then study the parametric excitation of the trapped atoms. High order parametric resonance is observed close to but lower than 4ν in a CO2 laser optical lattice. The existence of the high harmonic and its shift toward lower frequency are attributed to the anharmonicity of the optical trapping potential. We investigate the discrepancy between experimentally measured optical lattice frequencies and the theoretical calculation for several published experiments and present corrected formula for trap frequency calculations. Using this corrected formula and accounting for the off-center lattice sites, we present a modified formula for calculating the optical lattice frequency and obtain better agreement between experimental measurement and theoretical calculation.
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Varies with the State of Differentiation in Density Gradient-Separated Mouse Epidermal Cells

Epidermal cells were isolated from adult inbred SENCAR (SSIN) mice and separated by density-gradient centrifugation. The cells were pooled into three fractions shown by previous work to differ in their state of differentiation and proliferative potential. The three fractions were examined for their capacity to metabolize exogenous 14C-arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandins (PG) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE). Cells found in the upper two fractions, which are less dense, have less proliferative potential in vitro, and are more differentiated than cells in the lower more dense fraction, are much more active in producing PG from exogenous AA than are the more dense cells. This was observed in intact cells as well as cells disrupted by freeze-thawing following density separation. The same relationship was found for HETE production in that cytoplasmic preparations from the two fractions containing the less dense cells were much more active in the production of HETE than cytoplasmic preparations from the more dense fraction. The two upper fractions differed little from each other in the production of PG or HETE. These results indicate the presence of higher levels of active cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenases in fractions containing the less dense, more differentiated cells than in the fraction containing the more dense, less differentiated cells which are highly enriched for basal keratinocytes.
The kinetics of catabolite repression in Escherichia coli.

Glucose and its close metabolic derivatives were compared for their effectiveness in bringing about catabolite repression inEscherichia coli. The findings indicate that catabolite repression is established most rapidly when glucose-6-phosphate serves as source of carbon; they also demonstrate that regulation by catabolite repression is exerted at the level of transcription.
Behavioral Science in the Crosshairs: The FBI File on B. F. Skinner

Behavioral science and its practitioners have come under government scrutiny for a variety of reasons, such as when politicians take issue with grant funding or when a leading behavioral scientist puts forth controversial ideas or becomes actively involved in social concerns. One such case is that of B. F. Skinner. The FBI file on B. F. Skinner was obtained under the Freedom of Information Act. Skinner was aware that the FBI monitored his activities. The file reveals extensive checking on Skinner's contacts with a Chinese scientist and on his protests against nuclear testing and the Vietnam War. He had lent his name to newspaper (protest) advertisements that were signed by dozens of scientists. Both the government's cold-war anticommunist sentiment and the esteem in which Skinner was held by colleagues are reflected in the heavily censored pages contained in the file.
A system evaluation of lead—acid battery chargers: Part II. Cells with cast lead—calcium grids

Abstract Lead—calcium grid batteries were life tested by modified constant potential, gas flow, and gas pressure controlled charging methods. The longest lived lead—calcium grid battery was life tested by the gas pressure charge controlled method followed by the mass flow controlled method and the modified constant potential method at 185, 130, and 110 cycles respectively. The results of this program indicate that lead—calcium grid batteries can be charged by gas flow controlled charging methods and deep discharged for cycle lives comparable with lead—antimony grid batteries cycled by the same methods. Results also indicate high ampere-hour efficiencies during the entire cycle lives of lead—calcium grid batteries with small electrolyte loss due to gassing. Cycle lives of lead—calcium grid batteries can be extended by deliberate slight undercharging during normal cycling with gas flow controlled charging coupled with periodic overcharging at low rate constant current. Gas flow controlled charging of lead—calcium grid batteries results in a 15 to 40% improvement in cycle life over the modified constant potential method. Battery failure results from the loss of adhesion of the positive active material to the grids.
EXPERIMENTS ON DROPLET COLLISIONS, BOUNCE, COALESCENCE AND DISRUPTION

There has been a significant effort to understand the events that occur when two or more droplets collide. The majority of the early work, which dates from the 1960s, focused on droplet growth relating to precipitation and was thus limited to water droplet collision phenomena. Recently, studies have sought information on the collision behavior of fuel droplets for application to combustion spray systems. Researchers have found distinct differences between the collision behavior of water droplets and fuel droplets. The extensive experimental data on the droplet collision process is reviewed and presented here for both water and fuel droplet collisions. Collision outcomes of bounce, temporary coalescence followed by separation or catastrophic fragmentation and permanent coalescence are examined and an effort is made to relate the existing findings to a unified description of collisional droplet behavior.
1.5.3 A Method for Measuring Cycle Time Using Engineering Orders

There are several methods which may be used to measure cycle time for programs. Some lack the ability to correlate the data to the development process tasks. One reason to measure cycle time is to use the data to perform cycle time estimates for future programs. The method discussed in this paper analyzes the data collected from a labor collection system. Every direct employee uses the labor collection system to enter the time they worked on specific tasks. This method correlates the hours worked to the development process tasks. This involves standardized cost accounting and Engineering (work) Order (EO) practices as well as the deployment of an Integrated Product Development System.
Higher earning – for‐profit institutions as a revenue stream for non‐profit institutions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider establishing relationships between the author's college's library and the libraries at for‐profit schools in the area.Design/methodology/approach – The author examines literature, talks with David Moore at the University of Alabama‐Huntsville's library, and reviews websites of local proprietary schools.Findings – The paper finds that libraries do not appear to be as integral to proprietary institutions of higher learning as they are to traditional colleges and universities, but students and faculty appreciate any efforts. Proprietary schools could save money and infrastructure by outsourcing library services to nearby traditional schools. Traditional schools could use an additional revenue stream.Originality/value – There is quite a bit of research comparing proprietary and traditional colleges in general, but very little comparing their libraries.
Controlling chaotic transport through recurrence

Abstract Transport times for a chaotic system are highly sensitive to initial conditions and parameter values. We present a technique to find rough orbits (epsilon chains) that achieve a desired transport rapidly and which can be stabilized with small parameter perturbations. The strategy is to build the epsilon chain from segments of a long orbit — the point is that long orbits have recurrences in neighborhoods where faster orbits must also pass. The recurrences are used as the switching points between segments. The resulting epsilon chain can be refined by gluing orbit segments over the switching points, providing that a local hyperbolicity condition is satisfied. As an example, we show that transport times for the standard map can be reduced by factors of 10 4 . The techniques presented here can be easily generalized to higher dimensions and to systems where the dynamics is known only as a time-series.
Further evidence for priming in perceptual matching: temporal, not spatial, separation enhances the fast-same effect.

Sequential (vs. simultaneous) presentation of two letters in a physical-identity matching task enhanced the fast-same effect, but did not reduce the preponderance of false-“different” errors or the effect of visual similarity. Thus, the sequential enhancement of the fast-same effect involves an increased efficiency in encoding (d’) owing to letter repetition, as Proctor claimed, rather than a criterion shift (β), and it involves the visual code rather than the name code. The increased efficiency in detecting sameness with sequential presentation might result from spatial separation (e.g., reduced lateral interference and self-termination), though, rather than temporal separation (e.g., priming), However, such spatial factors as letter size and interletter spacing had no consistent effect on the speed advantage forsame pairs, and it was concluded that temporal, not spatial, separation enhances the fast-same effect on sequential trials, Consistent with the response-competition model (Eriksen, O’Hara, & Eriksen), responses were slower and more errorful to similar than to dissimilardifferent pairs, and were equally fast to dissimilar andsame pairs on simultaneous trials.
24-Track Narrative? Robert Altman’s Nashville

Le film Nashville de Robert Altman est ici analyse du point de vue de la bande sonore. L’article demontre que le cineaste, depassant les conventions de l’enregistrement sonore, associe les 24 pistes a 24 personnages independants. L’oeuvre se presente de prime abord novatrice, utilisant une technologie traditionnelle transformee en nouvelle technologie qui ouvre a la tridimensionalite au lieu de la linearite. Mais de non hierarchique, ouverte et orientee vers le choix des spectateurs, l’oeuvre subordonne finalement sa technologie sonore aux imperatifs de la narration et se termine selon le modele lineaire traditionnel.
Giving voice to the ‘dignified man’: reflections on global popular music

As music increasingly links the global and the local and vice versa, fusions of diverse musical genres and styles burgeon. Globalisation theory (specifically Appadurai) has spurred explorations of musical hybridity and cross-fertilisation among scholars from different academic fields focusing on music. In this essay, I argue for the necessity of understanding global cultural interactions and musical appropriations or exchanges in the context of the ambivalences of the globalised mass diffusion and the power asymmetries involved. The purpose of this paper is to contextualise contemporary theoretical considerations by describing the Yoremensamble project – a government-sponsored cultural project in which a group of urban mestizo musicians from northwestern Mexico appropriated local indigenous musical expressions to produce an album titled ‘Hombre digno’ (‘Dignified man’). The album is just one of many projects around the globe in which artists self-consciously re-localize global popular music styles. The resulting sonic fusions point to the need for a critical cultural analysis of such translocal and global phenomena which is rooted in ethnography.
Expediting the Identification of Impaired Cochlear Implant Acoustic Model Channels Through Confusion Matrix Analysis

Psychophysical studies with cochlear implant patients have demonstrated performance variability across the electrode array, in some cases with electrodes displaying quite anomalous behavior. Aberrant cochlear implant channels have been linked to reduced speech recognition ability and poor transmission of auditory information. However, psychophysical tests to completely assess all psychophysical metrics and detect impaired electrodes are time consuming. This study proposes using the confusion matrices from closed response set listening tests to identify impaired electrodes. A listening experiment was performed in which normal-hearing subjects identified vowel and consonant tokens processed with an impaired cochlear implant acoustic model. Two methods of analyzing the vowel and consonant confusion matrices to identify the impaired acoustic model channels are considered. The performance of the two analysis methods motivates further study of the uses of relatively simple listening tests to provide information that can expedite larger scale testing of psychophysical metrics and impaired electrodes
Electromigration and permeation of hydrogen and deuterium in silver

Abstract A steady state flow technique was used to measure the effective charge number ( Z *) and permeability ( N ) of hydrogen and deuterium in silver. Over the range of temperature (485–720°C) and pressure (220–750 torr) the effective charge number is a constant. The interstitial impurity migrates in the direction of the electron wind with Z H * = −6·8 and Z D * = − 18. The values of Z * are of the same order as self-electromigration but the size of the isotope effect is surprising. The quantum theories used to explain the isotope effect for hydrogen electromigration in Fe and Ni appear to fail here. In order to determine the effective charge number is was necessary to measure the permeability. For both H 2 and D 2 , the permeability in silver follows the equation N = N O exp(− Q/RT ) where N 0D = 2·39 ± 0·40, Q D = 14400 ± 300, N OH = 2·86 ± 0·70 and Q H = 14200 ± 500. Here Q is in units of cal/mol and N is in units of cc(ntp)/(sec - atm 2 - cm) The isotope effect ratio N H / N D = 1·25 was smaller than the classically expected value of (2) 1/2 , but could be explained by the theory of Ebisuzaki, Kass and O'Keeffe.
Laser direct-write gray-level mask and one-step etching for diffractive microlens fabrication

High-efficiency diffractive optical elements can be achieved by an increase in the number of phase levels. We present a technique for laser direct-write gray-level masks on high-energy-beam-sensitive glass and one-step etching on the gray-level mask plate for the production of high-efficiency diffractive optical elements. Sixteen-phase-level diffractive microlenses and microlens arrays with a focusing efficiency of approximately 94% have been realized by use of the one-step nonphotolithographic fabrication technique.
In Vitro Activity of Retapamulin against Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Various Antimicrobial Agents

ABSTRACT Retapamulin and six other antimicrobial agents were evaluated against 155 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, including strains resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and mupirocin by microdilution tests. Time-kill assays were performed against representative MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates. Retapamulin and mupirocin demonstrated MIC 90 s of 0.12 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively, with resistance seen in 2.6% and 10% of isolates, respectively. Retapamulin maintained good activity against 94% (15/16) of mupirocin-resistant isolates.
Breeding swarms: a GA/PSO hybrid

In this paper we propose a novel hybrid (GA/PSO) algorithm, Breeding Swarms, combining the strengths of particle swarm optimization with genetic algorithms. The hybrid algorithm combines the standard velocity and position update rules of PSOs with the ideas of selection, crossover and mutation from GAs. We propose a new crossover operator, Velocity Propelled Averaged Crossover (VPAC), incorporating the PSO velocity vector. The VPAC crossover operator actively disperses the population preventing premature convergence. We compare the hybrid algorithm to both the standard GA and PSO models in evolving solutions to five standard function minimization problems. Results show the algorithm to be highly competitive, often outperforming both the GA and PSO.
An Equivocal Negritude: Léon-Gontran Damas's Lyric Masterpiece, Black-Label (1956)

Damas was long considered one of the three leading Negritude writers, along with cesaire and Senghor, but in recent years he has been increas - ingly, unjustifiably overlooked. His lyric masterpiece, the long poem Black- Label, has never been thoroughly analyzed. After contrasting Damas's poetic vision to that of his peers, this article explains and illustrates his striking originality and esthetic complexity in using verbal repetitions— notably anaphora, local framing, and pervasive refrains—to depict the col- lective emotional trauma of the black diaspora, slavery, and racial prejudice. Damas's subtle modulation of anguish and sarcasm explains why Henry Louis Gates's and Anthony Appiah's authoritative Africana encyclopedia credits him with having elaborated the most telling and universal rep - resentation of "the rising international black consciousness after World War II." t he personal psychodrama of a ceaseless struggle against abjection alternates with a firm refusal to forget or forgive historical injustices, cur - rent persecutions by white racists, and the economic exploitation inherent in capitalist globalization.
Glaucoma after macular hole surgery.

Objective: The study aimed to report incidence and to assess risk factors of postoperative glaucoma in patients with stage 3 idiopathic macular hole treated with pars plana vitrectomy, removal of posterior hyaloid membrane, and perfluoropropane gas tamponade. Design: The author performed a retrospective chart review and statistical analysis of risk factors of postoperative glaucoma by using chi-square statistics, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression. Participants: Forty consecutive patients with stage 3 idiopathic macular hole who were operated on between January 1994 and December 1995 were studied. Intervention: A pars plana vitrectomy, removal of posterior hyaloid membrane, and 14% perfluoropropane gas tamponade were done to all patients. Main Outcome Measures: Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure measurements were performed. Results: Twenty-one (52%) of 40 patients experienced transient intraocular pressure elevation to more than 30 mmHg. Nine (22%) had pressure elevation within 2 to 4 hours, 6 (15%) in 24 hours, and 6 (15%) in 1 week after surgery. Three patients, including one with a history of preoperative ocular hypertension, required extended topical antiglaucoma medication. Factors of age, race, gender, lens status, preoperative intraocular pressure (all preoperative intraocular pressure were 25 mmHg or less), and success in closure of macular hole were not to any statistically significant degree associated with postoperative pressure elevation. Conclusion: Glaucoma is a significant complication after stage 3 macular hole surgery even without adjunctive therapy. Usually happening within the first postoperative week, elevation of intraocular pressure in most cases is transient and can be controlled by medication. However, extended medication might become necessary in some cases.
Axillary Abscess Due to Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia enterocolitica rarely causes extraintestinal disease. A 54-year-old construction worker with chronic hepatitis C developed an axillary abscess following an injury to his finger. An aspirate from the axillary mass grew Y. enterocolitica. Direct inoculation is proposed as the mode of transmission of this classically enteric pathogen.
Role of oxylipins and other lipid mediators in fungal pathogenesis

Recently there has been a focused interest in the production of bioactive lipid metabolites from eukaryotic microbes, and in the roles that these molecules play in development and pathological processes. These metabolites have long been known in mammals to be potent modulators of various physiological processes, such as the regulation of inflammation. This area of research has been of particular interest in fungi, where oxylipin production has been correlated with pathogenicity. The aim of this review is to discuss recent findings that show how oxylipins and other lipid mediators affect fungal development, quorum sensing and effecter molecule production, which all amount to a global control by oxylipins of fungal pathogenesis.