cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative microelectrode and semi-microelectrode recording during the physiological localization of the thalamic nucleus ventral intermediate.

We review the techniques of physiological localization of the site for ventralis intermedius (Vim) thalamotomy or implantation of Vim-deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment of parkinsonian, essential, and intention tremor. Both microelectrode and semi-microelectrode techniques are reviewed. We believe the use of microelectrode and semi-microelectrode recordings in combination with Radiological landmarks provide the most accurate localization of the target. In addition to recording, microstimulation of subcortical structures such as Vim and thalamic nucleus ventralis caudal through the microelectrode may improve physiological identification by altering the tremor and evoking somatic sensations, respectively. Microelectrode recording provides the highest resolution picture of the target site at a cost of increased time to locate the target. We also review the relationship between thalamic neuronal firing and electromyographic activity during tremor. Implications of these results for the mechanisms for parkinsonian, essential, and intention tremors are discussed.
Pineal body: Neuronal recording

Im corpus pineale der Ratte konnte bis zu einer Tiefe von 200 μm spontane Aktivitat einzelner neuronaler Elemente nachgewiesen werden. Diese reagierten auf Photostimulation, Stimulation der Habenula und des Fasciculus medialis.
Radiance Profile Enhancement for Solar Occultation Measurements

Distortions in received signals in solar occultation measurements made from space arise as a result of the systematic motion of the electro-optical sensor. In a wide range of cases, the motion-related signal distortions caused by the instrument's full modulation transfer function are as important as those from the optics. This paper demonstrates by simulation that existing techniques in the field of digital-image processing can be applied directly to solar occultation experiments to correct for these distortions. The resulting enhanced radiation profile is much closer to the true radiance profile than is the sampled output of the instrument. Use of this enhanced radiance profile in the inversion computation should improve the retrieved atmospheric profiles considerably. It also contains a study of the accuracy of such application from the point of view of instrument noise, uncertainties in the knowledge of the instrument function, and the nature of the power spectrum of the undistorted signal.
Spectral Characterization of Earth-like Transiting Exoplanets

We calculate the expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for spectral features in the transit spectrum of an Earth-like exoplanet, for the case of the nearest likely transit of a G and an M star, for a 6-m telescope in space. We find that the SNR values for all important spectral features, in the visible and infrared, are in the range 0.2 to 1.1, making the detection of such features difficult.
Loss of the hyaluronan receptor RHAMM prevents constrictive artery wall remodeling.

Objective Constrictive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling contributes significantly to restenosis after arterial reconstruction, but its molecular regulation is poorly defined. Hyaluronan (HA) accumulates within ECM at sites of injury where it is thought to facilitate smooth muscle cell (SMC) trafficking and collagen remodeling analogous to its role in cutaneous wound healing. SMC receptors for HA include receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM), which mediates HA-induced migration. We hypothesized RHAMM would also mediate SMC-matrix interactions to alter the extent of constrictive remodeling. Methods We studied the role of RHAMM in SMC attachment to collagen, migration, and contraction of collagen gels using blocking antibodies and SMC from RHAMM −/− knockout mice. We then determined the role of RHAMM in constrictive artery wall remodeling by comparing changes in wall geometry in RHAMM −/− vs wild-type (WT) RHAMM +/+ controls 1 month after carotid ligation. Results HA increased SMC attachment to collagen-coated plates, but blocking RHAMM reduced adhesion ( P = .025). RHAMM −/− SMC also demonstrated reduced adhesion (% adherent: 36.1 ± 2.2 vs 76.3 ± 1.9; P P P P = NS vs WT), but lumen size was significantly larger (lumen area, μm 2 : 52.4 ± 1.4 × 10 3 vs 10.4 ± 1.8 × 10 3 ; P = .01) because artery size constricted less (external elastic lamina area, μm 2 : RHAMM −/−, 92.4 ± 4.7 × 10 3 vs WT, 51.3 ± 5.9 × 10 3 ; P = .015). Adventitial thickening and collagen deposition were also more extensive in ligated RHAMM −/− carotids (adventitial thickness, μm: 218 ± 12.2 vs 109 ± 7.9; P = .01). Conclusions HA activation of RHAMM significantly impacts SMC-ECM adhesive interactions and contributes to constrictive artery wall remodeling in mice. Strategies to block RHAMM at sites of vessel injury may prove useful in the prevention of clinical restenosis.
Cortical Afferents to the Entorhinal Cortex of the Rhesus Monkey

Although the entorhinal cortex is a major contributor of afferents to the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, knowledge of its own afferents has been vague. Regions of both the frontal and temporal lobes were found to contribute afferents to this region of the brain. These afferents form probable multisynaptic links in pathways connecting the classical sensory areas of the cortex and the limbic system.
A time‐series analysis of transnational terrorism: Trends and cycles

Spectral analysis is applied to transnational terrorist time series involving all incidents, hostage incidents, bombings, assassinations, and threats and hoaxes during 1970–1989. Cycles characterize all of the series: Cycles of 7.2 quarters periodicity were found for bombings and the total of all incidents; cycles of 18 quarters were found for hostage events, all incidents, and assassinations; and cycles of 3.6 quarters were found for threats and hoaxes. Logistical complexity was positively related to the length of the cycle. Linear trend was associated with hostage events and total events, while nonlinear trend was associated with assassinations, and threats and hoaxes. Bombings showed no trend. Bombings, total incidents, and hostage events displayed stationary series due to the absence of a unit root. Assassinations and threats were nonstationary but not cointegrated. Given the regularity of cycles and the trend components uncovered, there is a clear need to develop a theoretical framework capable of ex...
Tagging crustacean larvae: Assimilation and retention of trace elements

The uptake, assimilation, and retention of Se, Co, Ag, Ce, Eu, and Gd by crustacean larvae were measured to assess the suitability of these elements as tags for determining larval dispersal patterns and mortality rates. Gamma-emitting radioisotopes were used to determine the uptake and retention of each element by larvae of three crabs, Dyspanopeus sayi, Uca pugnax, and Sesarma reticulatum, and one barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides. Selenium was readily taken up by larvae from their food, was assimilated at efficiencies of 61-93%, was retained at concentrations detectable above background levels for weeks, and did not consistently affect larval survival or development in the laboratory. The other elements were not absorbed sufficiently from food or were not retained long enough to serve as appropriate tags for monitoring larval dispersal. Thus, only Se seemed to be transferred efficiently between trophic levels and is suitable as a larval tag.
Lasers In Dental Diagnosis

We have investigated the potential of lasers for real time in situ dental diagnosis via transillumination of teeth and gums and via fluorescence. Not surprisingly, absorption and/or scattering of light by teeth was found to be insensitive to light color. However, monochromatic transillumination revealed detail better than white light. Transillumination of gums was best performed with orange-red light because of tissue absorption. Illumination of oral structures by 488 nm Ar-laser light was effective in revealing diagnosis detail by fluorescence. Incipient caries and fine tooth fracture lines that are generally not revealed by radiography were observable by laser.
Early-Entrance Students: Impressions of Their First Semester of College.

Although the long-term impact of early entrance to college has been examined, one issue that has received inadequate attention in the gifted education literature is how students enrolled in early-e...
In Pursuit of Natural Product Leads: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-[3-hydroxy-2-[(3-hydroxypyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]phenyl]benzoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (A-33853) and Its Analogues: Discovery of N-(2-Benzoxazol-2-ylphenyl)benzamides as Novel Antileishmanial Chemotypes

The first synthesis and biological evaluation of antibiotic 31 (A-33853) and its analogues are reported. Initial screening for inhibition of L. donovani, T. b. rhodesiense, T. cruzi, and P. falciparum cultures followed by determination of IC50 in L. donovani and cytotoxicity on L6 cells revealed 31 to be 3-fold more active than miltefosine, a known antileishmanial drug. Compounds 14, 15, and 25 selectively inhibited L. donovani at nanomolar concentrations and showed much lower cytotoxicity.
Factorial series connected with the Lambert function, and a problem posed by Ramanujan

Ramanujan’s sequence {yn}n=0∞ defined by \(\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}\frac{n^{j}}{j!}+\frac{n^{n}}{n!}y_{n}=\frac{e^{n}}{2}\) is expanded in factorial series derived from a series representing the Lambert W function. As a corollary, it is shown that the sequence {yn} is completely monotonic.
The Struggle to Breathe: Living at Life Expectancy with Cystic Fibrosis

The first sizeable cohort of people living with cystic fibrosis (CF) has now reached adulthood. Gradual improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease have increased life expectancy to approximately 32 years. Members of this cohort have lived all their lives near, at, or slightly beyond life expectancy. The authors tell the story of Lori MorrisHughes, a 36-year old who balances the demands of work and family life with life-long terminal illness. Whereas many accounts of medical advancement write the lived experiences of the ill out of history, Morris-Hughes's illness narrative provides an account of the ways in which the temporal and social conditions of existence are problematic for those who live during times of increased life expectancy. Oral history is a particularly appropriate method of research in the field of illness narrative. It is through our bodies that we experience and come to know the realities of our worlds.
Inferior vena caval blood flow and cardiac hemodynamics during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum

Background: The effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on venous return and cardiac hemodynamics during laparoscopic surgery were studied. Methods: Twelve adult pigs underwent placement of an electromagnetic flow meter across the infrarenal vena cava (IVC) as well as placement of Swan Ganz and arterial monitoring catheters. Measurements of the flow through infrarenal IVC, cardiac output (CO), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate were recorded at baseline, 5 and 60 min following insufflation to 15 mmHg with CO2, and 5 min following desufflation. Stroke volumes and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated as well. Results: Flow through the IVC dropped by 24 and 31% at 5 and 60 min (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Paradoxically, cardiac output rose by 14 and 28% at 5 and 60 min (p=0.03 at 60 min). Central venous and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures rose transiently by 35 and 36% at 5 min before returning to baseline (p<0.01). Mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained relatively constant during insufflation. Systemic vascular resistance diminished from 938 dynes/cm/s prior to insufflation to its nadir at 60 min of 650 dynes/cm/s (p<0.01). Conclusions: These observations suggest potentially complex interactions between the mechanical and systemic effects of the CO2 pneumoperitoneum on venous return. Transient elevations in cardiac filling pressures occur by an unknown mechanism, and a generalized enhanced inotropic state mediated via increased sympathetic outflow is observed in this hypercapnic anesthetized animal model.
Defunctionalized bladders: effects before and after refunctionalization in an animal model.

Purpose: Bladder behavior after refunctionalization is usually unpredictable. We comparatively analyze various aspects of bladder defunctionalization and subsequent refunctionalization using an animal model.Materials and Methods: A total of 18 rabbits were divided equally into 3 groups. Animals in group 1 underwent 2 successive surgical procedures, including bladder division and reattachment. Bladder division was performed by hemisecting the bladder from dome to trigone into a functioning and nonfunctioning chamber. Bladder reattachment was achieved by reanastomosing both hemibladders. Group 2 animals underwent sham operations, and group 3 animals were age matched normal controls. Serial urodynamic studies and fluoroscopic cystograms were performed in all animals. Gross, histochemical (hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome and Sirius red) and immunocytochemical (α-actin, collagen I and III) analyses, collagen content determination and organ bath studies were performed.Results: The defunctionalized hem...
An embedded mixed-layer-ocean circulation model

Abstract The rationale and numerical technique of embedding an oceanic bulk mixed-layer model with a multi-level primitive equation model is presented. In addition to the usual prognostic variables that exist in a multi-level primitive equation model, the embedded model predicts the depth of the well-mixed layer as well as the jumps in temperature and velocity that occur at the base of that layer. The depth of the mixed layer need not coincide with any of the fixed-model levels used in the primitive equations calculations. In addition to advective changes, the mixed layer can deepen by entrainment and it can reform at a shallower depth in the absence of entrainment. When the mixed layer reforms at a shallower depth, the vertical profile of temperature below the new, shallower mixed layer is adjusted to fit the fixed-level structure used in the primitive equations calculations using a method which conserves heat, momentum and potential energy. Finally, a dynamic stability condition, which includes a consideration of both the vertical current shear and the vertical temperature gradient, is introduced in place of the traditional ‘convective adjustment’. A two-dimensional version of the model is used to test the embedded model formulations and to study the response of the ocean to a stationary axisymmetric hurricane. The model results indicate a strong interdependence between vertical turbulent mixing and advection of heat.
Sobre la figura de Trampagos en El rufián viudo de Cervantes

This paper proposes to examine the figure of rufian in El rufian viudo and Cervantes’ debts to the poems by Rodrigo de Reinosa, Alvaro de Solana, and Juan Hidalgo. The article also intends to show that, in addition to the conventional characteristics of the type of rufian that one finds in Trampago, there are also imprints of numerous literary traditions – most significantly, Garcilaso’s eclogues. The presence of Garcilaso not only introduces a change of sensibility and new themes to Cervantes’ entremes , but it also contributes to the creation of a character that transcends the literary formula.
Shelf life prediction of radiation sterilized polymeric materials

Abstract The functional properties of many polymers employed in medical disposables are unaffected by sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation. However, some materials (PVC, polypropylene, cellulosics, etc.) undergo undesirable changes which continue to occur for the shelf life of the product. In many cases, conventional accelerated aging techniques do not accurately predict the real time properties of the materials. As real time aging is not generally practical, it has become necessary to develop accelerated aging techniques which can predict the functional properties of a material for the shelf life of the product. This presentation will address issues involved in developing these tests. Real time physical property data is compared to data generated by various acceleration methods.
Estrogen receptor α expression in normal human breast epithelium is consistent over time

If increased expression of estrogen receptor α (ER) in benign breast epithelium increases susceptibility to breast cancer, such overexpression should be stable over time. There are no published data regarding this important aspect of ER expression in breast epithelium. We examined the temporal consistency of ER expression in the normal breast tissue of 28 women who had 2 separate breast surgical procedures, at least 6 months apart (mean interval, 2.8 years). Paraffin embedded breast tissue blocks containing an adequate sample of normal breast epithelium and no cancer, were sectioned and processed using the 6F11 antibody and standard immunohistochemical techniques. The ER labelling index (ER LI) was calculated by counting a mean of 2,000 epithelial cells. The median ER LI at first sampling was 13.6 and at second sample 15.5, with R2 = 0.34 and p = 0.001. The ER LI was categorized into high and low values, using a threshold of 10. Twenty-four women (85.7%) showed concordance of high and low expression between the 2 samples (p = 0.002). There were 11 women who were premenopausal at both time points. Among them, much of the variation in ER LI was explained by differences in the menstrual cycle day at the time of sampling and adding the day of cycle to the regression model substantially improved the correlation between first and second labeling indices. These data suggest that ER expression of normal breast tissue is fairly consistent over time and support the notion that overexpression of ER in normal epithelium is a constant feature of the high risk breast. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Agency, Children's Consumer Culture and the Fetal Subject: Historical Trajectories, Contemporary Connections

The aim of this article is to offer a perspective on how the personhood implied in and by children’s consumption can extend beyond its initial context to inform other identities, like that of the individuated, autonomous fetus. Drawing upon historical material on the rise of the child-consumer in the USA, I examine how the practices and institutions built up around this child-consumer laid the cultural, philosophical and epistemological groundwork for the secular acceptance of the idea that the unborn is always and already a person. I argue and demonstrate that the construct of the child-consumer increasingly instantiates and authorizes that of an agentive, autonomous child, a figure which historically precedes and informs inscriptions fetal personhood. In short, I offer the child-consumer as an historical homologue for the fetus-person.
Decorin-transforming Growth Factor-β Interaction Regulates Matrix Organization and Mechanical Characteristics of Three-dimensional Collagen Matrices

The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin has been demonstrated to be a key regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis; decorin deficiencies lead to irregularly shaped collagen fibrils and weakened material behavior in postnatal murine connective tissues. In an in vitro investigation of the contributions of decorin to tissue organization and material behavior, model tissues were engineered by seeding embryonic fibroblasts, harvested from 12.5-13.5 days gestational aged decorin null (Dcn(-/-)) or wild-type mice, within type I collagen gels. The resulting three-dimensional collagen matrices were cultured for 4 weeks under static tension. The collagen matrices seeded with Dcn(-/-) cells exhibited greater contraction, cell density, ultimate tensile strength, and elastic modulus than those seeded with wild-type cells. Ultrastructurally, the matrices seeded with Dcn(-/-) cells contained a greater density of collagen. The decorin-null tissues contained more biglycan than control tissues, suggesting that this related proteoglycan compensated for the absence of decorin. The effect of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which is normally sequestered by decorin, was also investigated in this study. The addition of TGF-beta1 to the matrices seeded with wild-type cells improved their contraction and mechanical strength, whereas blocking TGF-beta1 in the Dcn(-/-) cell-seeded matrices significantly reduced the collagen gel contraction. These results indicate that the inhibitory interaction between decorin and TGF-beta1 significantly influenced the matrix organization and material behavior of these in vitro model tissues.
Global Allocation Rules for Patterns of Biomass Partitioning in Seed Plants

A general allometric model has been derived to predict intraspecific and interspecific scaling relationships among seed plant leaf, stem, and root biomass. Analysis of a large compendium of standing organ biomass sampled across a broad sampling of taxa inhabiting diverse ecological habitats supports the relations predicted by the model and defines the boundary conditions for above- and below-ground biomass partitioning. These canonical biomass relations are insensitive to phyletic affiliation (conifers versus angiosperms) and variation in averaged local environmental conditions. The model thus identifies and defines the limits that have guided the diversification of seed plant biomass allocation strategies.
Stabilizing an optoelectronic microwave oscillator with photonic filters

This paper compares methods of active stabilization of an optoelectronic microwave oscillator (OEO) based on insertion of a source of optical group delay into an OEO loop. The performance of an OEO stabilized with either a high-Q optical cavity or an atomic cell is analyzed. We show that the elements play a role of narrow-band microwave filters improving an OEO stability. An atomic cell also allows for locking the oscillation frequency to particular atomic clock transitions. This reports a proof-of-principle experiment on an OEO stabilization using the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency in a hot rubidium atomic vapor cell.
Programming style on the IBM 3090 vector facility considering both performance ad flexibility

To obtain high performance from the IBM 3090 Vector Facility, we must investigate vector instruction constructs in terms of the loop context of the application algorithm. We exemplify the method by linear algebra subroutines for basic matrix operations and a linear equation solver. In these examples, we clarify the mathematical meaning that each loop is computed by analyzing the loops in terms of a generic algorithm. This analysis helps us to achieve optimal loop selection. We then obtain additional performance gain by considering cache capacity. These procedures suggest that there are three levels of performance classification. They also show that program structure yields great benefits in terms of performance and generality of the program.
Successful simultaneous measurement of cell membrane and cytokine induced phosphorylation pathways [CIPP] in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Phenotyping and simple enumeration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is of limited value for the assessment of many clinical states. As a preferred alternative, cell surface phenotyping may be combined with functional assays for enhanced assessment of altered cells circulating in patients. One simple, yet informative and rapid approach is to examine signaling within individual cells following brief periods of stimulation via flow cytometry. Although monocytes and lymphoid cells can be distinguished based on size, current permeabilization strategies necessary for identifying intracellular phosphorylated signaling molecules largely compromise the labeling of cell surface proteins used to distinguish individual cellular subsets. We have successfully developed conditions that allow for simultaneous detection of cell surface proteins and intracellular phosphorylated proteins in human PBMC following rapid in vitro cytokine stimulation. We analyzed permeabilized CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19, and CD56 expressing cells together with intracellular pSTAT1, pSTAT3, pSTAT5, pSTAT6, pp38 MAPK, or pERK1/2 within total PBMC. Of the permeabilizing conditions tested, 75% methanol enabled superior simultaneous detection of both cell surface and intracellular epitopes. This method enables the rapid functional analysis of subsets within complex cell mixtures and provides an opportunity for assessing abnormalities arising in the setting of acute or chronic inflammatory states.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation, Boning Temperature, Formulation and Rate of Freezing on Sensory, Cooking, Chemical and Physical Properties of Ground Beef Patties

The effects of electrical stimulation vs nonstimulation, temperature of boning (hot vs cold), formulation (USDA Choice chucks with USDA Choice plates vs imported cow lean with USDA Choice plates) and rate of freezing (fast = -50°C vs slow = -20°C) were determined on sensory, cooking, chemical, and physical properties of ground beef patties. Sensory panel ratings for tenderness were highest in patties from formulations processed with either nonstimulated beef, hot-boned beef or Choice chucks. The substitution of imported cow lean for Choice chucks generally reduced cooking losses and changes in patty height during cooking. Fat losses during cooking were higher in patties made from electrically stimulated than nonstimulated beef, while moisture losses during cooking were greater for patties from nonstimulated than stimulated beef. Of the factors involved in this study, hot boning produced the most beneficial results in beef patties. Boneless chucks and plates from electrically stimualted Choice carcasses appear to be suitable raw materials for production of ground beef patties.
Lifting-Line Theory of Oblique Wings in Transonic Flows

Three-dimensional corrections to the nonlinear mixed flow admitted by a high-aspect-ratio swept wing of practical interest are analyzed by solving a perturbation problem and matching its solution to that of an outer flow. The latter is identified with a linear solution involving a lifting line, but the centerline of the planform is not required to be straight and unyawed. The existence of a similarity in the three-dimensional flow structure for a certain oblique-wing geometry is demonstrated, along with a solution to the reduced problem in a high-subcritical case.
Rationale for the major changes in the pharmacotherapy section of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines.

Numerous changes have been incorporated into the new National Asthma Education and Prevention Program's Expert Panel Report 3. In the pharmacotherapy section of the report, many of these changes are minor in that they do not alter the basic philosophy of treatment recommendations from the previous Expert Panel Report but only add new formulations, change dosing or dosage forms, or add discussion of risks. However, 4 major changes have been identified, and the rationales for 3 are discussed in detail here. The treatment of childhood asthma is divided into 2 distinct age groups, infants less than 5 years of age and children 5 to 12 years of age, because of the availability of more data suggesting differences in response in these patients, as well as a relative paucity of quality data in the younger patients. Omalizumab, a humanized mAb to IgE, is the only new entity approved for the treatment of asthma since the previous guidelines, and its recommendations were reviewed. The indication for combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting inhaled β 2 -agonists (LABAs) has been modified in lieu of the recent black box warning concerning the increased risk of severe asthma exacerbations and death associated with LABA use. However, the inhaled corticosteroids/LABAs are still recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma. The rationale for the continued recommendation is provided.
Lateral SMASectomy, Plication and Short Scar Facelifts: Indications and Techniques

This article discusses removing a portion of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in the region directly overlying the anterior edge of the parotid gland, called a lateral SMASectomy. Excision of the superficial fascia in this region secures mobile anterior SMAS to the fixed portion of the superficial fascia overlying the parotid. It is a rapid, safe, and reproducible operation, providing the versatility of traditional SMAS flap undermining and the safety and rapidity of SMAS plication in carefully selected patients.
Expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor, p27kip1, in developing and mature human kidney

Expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor, p27kip1, in developing and mature human kidney. It has been shown that glomerular visceral epithelial cells (VEC) proliferate during glomerulogenesis, but differentiated VEC of the fetal kidney do not. It is also recognized that the proliferative capacity of the VEC in mature kidneys is very limited, and, according to some investigators, may be completely absent. The basis for this remains unknown. Cell proliferation is controlled by cell cycle-related proteins, of which one class, the cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKI), cause cell cycle arrest and inhibit proliferation. A role for CKI in kidney development is not known. Accordingly, we examined the expression of the CKI p27kip1 (p27) in developing and mature human kidney tissue. Concomitant expression of markers of cell proliferation, Ki-67-related antigen (Ki-67) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also were examined in fetal and mature human kidney tissue by immunocytochemical techniques. In developing kidney, Ki-67 and PCNA expression are most pronounced in the nephrogenic zone where expression correlates inversely with increasing glomerular maturation. In well-differentiated glomeruli, Ki-67 and PCNA expression is present in some parietal epithelial cells but is absent in the VEC. In contrast, p27 staining exhibits a reverse gradient of expression. p27 is absent in the proliferating tissue exhibiting the earliest stages of differentiation, whereas expression is widespread in the differentiated epithelial cells of more mature glomeruli, in which detectable cell proliferation has ceased. Expression of p27 was not identified in fetal mesangial or glomerular endothelial cells. In the mature human kidney, the pattern of p27 expression identified in differentiated fetal glomeruli persists and appears to be constitutive and specific for glomerular VEC. This pattern of p27 expression in terminally differentiated VEC may explain their limited proliferative capacity in response to injury. This is the first demonstration of a potential role for p27 in human renal development.
Temperature-stress phase diagram for β-(BEDT-TTF)2I3

Abstract A temperature-stress phase diagram is proposed which accounts for a large body of recent data for beta-(BEDT-TTF)2I3.
In vitro digestion of soluble cashew proteins and characterization of surviving IgE-reactive peptides.

Scope The stability of food allergens to digestion varies. We characterized the stability of cashew allergens to digestion by pepsin and trypsin and identified IgE-binding epitopes that survive digestion. Methods and results The ability of pepsin and trypsin to digest cashew allergens was assessed with an in vitro digestion model. Samples were evaluated by SDS-PAGE, MS, ELISA, and immunoblotting to compare IgE binding. Increasing amount of protease resulted in greater degradation of higher molecular weight cashew proteins. Among cashew proteins, the 2S albumin, Ana o 3, was most resistant to digestion by both pepsin and trypsin. MS identified digestion resistant Ana o 3 protein fragments that retained reported IgE-binding epitopes. Pretreatment of extracts or purified Ana o 3 with reducing agent increased the sensitivity of Ana o 3 to protease digestion. Circular dichroism revealed the structure of purified Ana o 3 was largely alphahelical and was disrupted following reduction. Ana o 3 reduction followed by protease digestion decreased binding of serum IgE from cashew allergic patients. Our results indicate that the Ana o 3 disulfide bond dependent structure protects the protein from proteolysis. Conclusion Ana o 3 is the cashew allergen most likely to survive gastrointestinal digestion intact.
Equivalence of Certain Chi-Squared Test Statistics

Abstract In likelihood analysis of categorized data, it is well known that within a restricted class of log-linear models the likelihood kernels for multinomial and product multinomial sampling distributions are identical. In practical terms the estimation procedure for one is appropriate for the other. There does not appear to be a widespread realization that a similar result holds for a wide class of the Grizzle, Starmer, and Koch (1969) weighted least squares techniques. In this report such a fundamental relationship is explicitly presented and illustrated through two analyses of Bartlett's (1935) data.
Transdifferentiation of pancreatic ductal cells to endocrine β-cells

The regenerative process in the pancreas is of particular interest, since diabetes, whether Type 1 or Type 2, results from an inadequate amount of insulin-producing β-cells. Islet neogenesis, or the formation of new islets, seen as budding of hormone-positive cells from the ductal epithelium, has long been considered to be one of the mechanisms of normal islet growth after birth and in regeneration, and suggested the presence of pancreatic stem cells. Results from the rat regeneration model of partial pancreatectomy led us to hypothesize that differentiated pancreatic ductal cells were the pancreatic progenitors after birth, and that with replication they regressed to a less differentiated phenotype and then could differentiate to form new acini and islets. There are numerous supportive results for this hypothesis of neogenesis, including the ability of purified primary human ducts to form insulin-positive cells budding from ducts. However, to rigorously test this hypothesis, we took a direct approach of genetically marking ductal cells using CAII (carbonic anhydrase II) as a duct-cell-specific promoter to drive Cre recombinase in lineage-tracing experiments using the Cre-Lox system. We show that CAII-expressing pancreatic cells act as progenitors that give rise to both new islets and acini after birth and after injury (ductal ligation). This identification of a differentiated pancreatic cell type as an in vivo progenitor for all differentiated pancreatic cell types has implications for a potential expandable source for new islets for replenishment therapy for diabetes either in vivo or ex vivo .
The role of general intelligence as an intermediate phenotype for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Introduction. Neurocognitive impairment is common to several neuropsychiatric disorders. The growing use of cognitive impairment as an intermediate phenotype, or “endophenotype”, in psychiatry raises the issue of whether global measures of cognition, such as IQ, or assays of more specific cognitive domains, such as working memory, will best serve to enhance power in detecting susceptibility loci in molecular genetic studies. Methods. This paper will review the research on general intelligence in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses as a candidate intermediate phenotype. Results. Although global measures of cognition may not be optimal as intermediate phenotypes in bipolar disorder, certain clinical traits that overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, such as psychosis, may be predictive of poor performance on global measures, regardless of DSM-IV categorisation. Conclusions. Global measures of cognition represent good intermediate phenotypes in schizophre...
Thermodynamic data for uranium and thorium intermetallic compounds: A historical perspective

Abstract The development of quantitative information concerning the stabilities of uranium and thorium intermetallic compounds since the publication of Rough and Bauer's phase diagram compilation are reviewed. During this era a number of high temperature measurement techniques have been developed, from gas/solid equilibration to mass spectrometry and from high temperature calorimetry to solid state electrochemistry, and the growth of quantitative information has run parallel to this evolution. The amount of experimental effort now appears to be declining, and the task presently of major importance is to integrate and rationalize the quantitative information, an effort which will undoubtedly lead to new experimental initiatives.
Clinical testing of products prepared by biotechnology.

Abstract In summary, new therapeutic products derived from biotechnology will have to satisfy all the usual demands of regulatory agencies, plus some new requirements generated by their special nature. The chemical identity and purity of rDNA compounds will have to be assured, animal toxicity testing will be required, and sufficient data on clinical safety and efficacy will have to be gathered to justify FDA approval. In this process, empiricism will be the key word. NDAs will be approved on the basis of facts, and not theory, and that is as it should be. How costly will this process be? Part of the process is more or less under the control of the sponsor, i.e., the part leading up to the filing of the NDA. Trials can be organized and carried out efficiently or inefficiently; the difference will be measured in years and millions of dollars. The same generality can be applied to the preparation of the inevitably voluminous NDA. Two final worries: Litigation and damage awards are threatening the stability of much of our society. The trend toward holding pharmaceutical manufacturers responsible for strict product liability, not negligence, is fearsome, since it is not possible to protect oneself against harm which cannot be predicted or prevented. Unforeseen serious adverse effects with an rDNA product involving thousands of patients could spell bankruptcy for a biotechnology company. The last issue is what I will term the “biotechnology Chernobyl disaster.” A thalidomide- or DES-like adverse drug reaction tragedy could quickly generalize into an assault on all rDNA research and rDNA products because of irrational fears or anti-intellectual or anti-research or anti-industry sentiment, just as all nuclear energy programs are now under attack because of the Russian disaster. The fact that Chernobyl involved atrocious design and safety control is being largely ignored. The same scenario could obtain for genetic engineering research. One can only hope that the young biotechnology industry has a chance to mature and establish itself before the first big bad news comes along.
Enkephalin inhibition of angiotensin-stimulated release of oxytocin and vasopressin

The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) pretreatment with 100 ng/5 microliter leucine(5)-enkephalin (LE) on the increase in plasma oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) caused by ICV injection of 10, 50, or 100 ng/5 microliter of angiotensin II (AII) is investigated experimentally in conscious adult male Sprague-Dawley rats; the effects of water-deprivation dehydration and lactation/suckling (in female rats) are also studied. An OT radioimmunoassay (RIA) with a sensitivity of 800 fg/ml (described in detail) and the VP RIA technique of Keil and Severs (1977) are employed. Administration of AII or dehydration for 48 or 72 h cause a significant increase in OT and VP without affecting the ratio, while lactation and suckling increase OT only. LE pretreatment inhibits significantly but does not suppress the AII-stimulated OT-VP response.
Development in an estuarine fouling community: The influence of early colonists on later arrivals

Experiments were performed to determine if earlier colonists inhibited, enhanced, or were necessary for establishment of later colonists during development of an estuarine fouling community at Lewes, Delaware. We determined the significance of earlier stages on the successional process by functionally removing early colonizing species. Since settlement of sessile invertebrates onto our experimental test plates was seasonal, we were able to accomplish functional removal of early colonists by putting out clean test panels after these species had ceased settling. Comparisons between panels initially submerged at three different times in 1974 and 1975, and between panels put out at one-month intervals throughout the study (to describe seasonal settlement patterns) allowed us to determine interactions between adult populations of earlier colonists and colonizing individuals of later arriving species.The dominant sessile species in our system and their times of settlement were: a barnacle (Balanus improvisus) - April through June, a polychaete (Hydroides dianthus) - July and August, a tunicate (Molgula manhatensis) - June through October, a hydroid (Tubularia crocea) - July through October, and a mussel (Mytilus edulis) - November through April. All successional series eventually came to be dominated by M. edulis, and it persisted as the dominant for over a year.A variety of species interactions were observed. M. edulis inhibited colonization by all other dominants and B. improvisus partially inhibited settlement of M. manhattensis. The presence of adult M. manhattensis had no influence on summer settlement of T. crocea, but the hydroids enhanced settlement of tunicates in the fall. During both years of our study, larger settlements of mussels were noted on panels harboring tunicates and hydroids than on bare surfaces. H. dianthus, on the other hand, became established only on bare substrates, and colonization was almost totally inhibited by other dominants.Development in our fouling community did not conform to any single model of community development presented to date. Instead, components of several models were observed within our relatively simple (in terms of number of species) system. For example, facilitation (enhancement of later colonists by earlier ones) and inhibition (resistance of earlier colonists to invasion by later colonists) were both observed. However, we found no evidence earlier colonists were essential for establishment of the next developmental stage. In fact, inhibitory interactions appeared to be much more prevalent than facilitative interactions. The former may also have more profound effects on community development since they more often determine eventual species compositions.
Hybrid Electrical Stimulation Tracking Control of the Ankle

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is an effective rehabilitation tool for gait retraining for individuals suffering from various neurological disorders. Traditionally, FES is only delivered to activate ankle dorsiflexor muscles during the swing phase of the gait to correct “foot drop”. Recent research indicates that improved functional ambulation can be achieved by delivering FES to both the plantarflexor and dorsiflexor muscles during gait. Closed-loop electrical stimulation has the potential to yield positive rehabilitative outcomes by enabling accurate and precise limb motions during gait retraining. Naturally, the motion of ankle during gait is an event-driven system combining continuous evolution of the angle between the foot and shank, alternate moving segments of the foot and shank, and alternate activation of the plantarflexor and dorsiflexor muscles. A switched sliding mode based controller is developed to ensure that the ankle tracks a designed or recorded normal trajectory during gait which can be used for gait retraining. Semi-global asymptotic tracking of the hybrid controller is analyzed using multiple Lyapunov functions and the performance is illustrated through simulations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Barriers to adopting a healthy lifestyle: insight from postpartum women.

Background Postpartum weight retention can contribute to obesity. There may be unique barriers to weight loss in this period.
Pulse sharpening effects in ferrites

Pulse sharpening effects were investigated both experimentally and theoretically in a coaxial transmission line filled with commercially available magnesium manganese ferrite. Measurements of rise-time reduction as a function of pulse voltage, magnetic field bias, and line length were obtained. Output rise times were reduced to values as low as 2.0 ns, with incident rise times as high as 30 ns, operating at a source voltage of 10 kV. The experimental results agree with a model in which the ferrite line is treated as an equivalent transmission line in which the series inductance and resistance depend on the magnetization reversal. A potential application for the ferrite pulse sharpener is the combination of this device with a commercially available slower switch, which will provide kilovolt pulses with nanosecond rise times, operating at high pulse repetition rates.
Ovulation in a postmenopausal woman.

Objective To report the first documented case of ovulation in a postmenopausal woman. Design Case study. Setting University reproductive endocrinology and infertility clinic. Patient(s) A 57-year-old woman, who had been postmenopausal for 3 years and presented with breast tenderness and was found to have laboratory and ultrasound evidence of ovulation. Intervention(s) Laboratory evaluation and transvaginal ultrasound. Main Outcome Measure(s) Ovulation in a postmenopausal woman. Result(s) Laboratory evaluations revealed estrogen and progesterone consistent with an ovulatory pattern. Ultrasound revealed a thickened endometrium and a corpus luteum, both of which resolved after menses. Conclusion(s) This is the first report of ovulation in a postmenopausal woman. This observation opens the door to new questions about the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in menopause as well as about ovarian senescence.
Auditory evoked potentials recorded intracranially from the brain stem in man

Abstract Auditory evoked potentials were recorded in patients undergoing neurosurgical operations to manage cranial nerve dysfunctions. Recordings were made intra-operatively from the distal portion of the eighth nerve, from the entrance of the eighth nerve into the brain stem, and from a site overlying the superior olivary complex (rostral and medial to the entrance of the eighth nerve). The potentials at the three different loci showed characteristic differences: the responses recorded at the entrance of the eighth nerve into the brain stem showed three peaks about 1 ms apart. The earliest peaks had longer latencies than did those recorded at a distal locus on the eighth nerve, which is consistent with what we know about propagation of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve. The responses recorded on the brain stem, rostral-medial to the eighth nerve, also showed three peaks but the amplitude of the third peak was greater than those of the other two. It is assumed that the first peak originates in the auditory nerve, the second peak in the cochlear nucleus, and the third peak in the lateral superior olive. The latencies of these peaks match the latencies of peaks II, III, and IV of scalp-recorded brain stem evoked potentials.
Decision trees and downward closures

The separation of small complexity classes is considered. Some downward closure results are derived which show that some intuitively arrive at results that were published previously are misleading. This is done by giving uniform versions of simulations in the decision-tree model of concrete complexity. The results also show that sublinear-time computation has enough power to code interesting questions in polynomial-time complexity. >