cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Alcohol Use in Safety-Net Primary Care: Classism, Religiosity, and Race.

Class-based discrimination may impact problematic drinking in low-income populations, which may be buffered by personal religiosity. However, little is known how race may impact this association. The purpose of this study was to examine racial differences in the effect of class-based discrimination on problematic drinking as moderated by comfort with God and determine if there were conditional direct effects of class-based discrimination on problematic drinking by race. In this cross-sectional study, participants (N = 189) were patients of an urban, safety-net primary care clinic who completed questionnaires assessing experiences of class-based discrimination, attitudes toward God, and alcohol use. Data were collected from 2015 to 2016 and analyzed using the Hayes PROCESS macro. There was a significant main effect for class-based discrimination predicting problematic drinking. Two-way interaction analyses identified a significant comfort with God by race interaction with greater comfort with God associated with less problematic drinking among white but not black respondents. Conditional direct effects showed that experiences of class-based discrimination were associated with problematic drinking at low and moderate but not high levels of comfort with God in black participants, whereas none were observed for white participants. This study provides insight on how personal religiosity, class-based discrimination, and race may intertwine to shape problematic alcohol use in primarily low-income, urban patients. Clinicians' awareness of risk and protective factors, as well as how race tempers the effects of such factors, is vital in providing better care for this population.
A Human Rights Approach to Macro Social Work Field Education with Unaccompanied Immigrant Children

In recent years, record numbers of unaccompanied immigrant children have migrated to the USA, with 2019 being the highest year yet. The majority of unaccompanied children have overcome traumatic experiences and violations of their human rights in their home countries or on their journey to the USA, and/or in US detention centers. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlines guaranteed basic rights for every person everywhere, and the National Association of Social Workers code of ethics outlines social workers’ responsibility to challenge social injustices. Social workers have a role in advocating for the human rights of all people, including unaccompanied children. Macro social work roles—including roles such as advocacy and policy work, research, capacity building, community education, and management—are critical to addressing and ameliorating the human rights violations faced by unaccompanied immigrant children (UC). In this article, we introduce unaccompanied children as a vulnerable population, outline the human rights violations they commonly face in the USA, and offer implications and suggestions for schools of social work, social work curricula, and social work field education. We believe that effective training and field placements will better prepare the next generation of social workers and create a pipeline of knowledgeable professionals to help unaccompanied children and their families. Therefore, we highlight ways in which schools of social work, field placement agencies, field supervisors, and students can work to advance the lives of UC by offering specific examples of macro roles for interns.
Are “Gay” and “Queer-Friendly” Neighborhoods Healthy? Assessing How Areas with High Densities of Same-Sex Couples Impact the Mental Health of Sexual Minority and Majority Young Adults

Neighborhoods with large concentrations of gay men, lesbians, and other sexual minorities have long served as places where sexual minority young adults find self-enhancing resources. Yet, it is unclear whether such neighborhood environments also confer health benefits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we explored the relationship between the proportion of same-sex couples in neighborhoods and the mental health of sexual minority and majority young adults, controlling for other neighborhood- and individual-level factors. Results indicate that for sexual minorities, neighborhoods with higher percentages of same-sex couples are associated with lower levels of depression symptoms and higher levels of self-esteem. Conversely, for heterosexuals, there are no differences in health outcomes across neighborhood contexts. Taken together, the findings highlight the importance of striving for neighborhood-level understandings of sexual minority young adults and their mental health problems.
A hybrid in vitro in silico framework for albuterol delivery through an adult ventilator circuit to a patient-specific lung airway model

Abstract An integrated in vitro in silico approach was employed to investigate albuterol administration to an adult lung airway. Particle size characterization of aerosolized albuterol generated by a jet- and vibrating mesh nebulizer was evaluated in vitro using an adult ventilator circuit that consisted of an endotracheal tube (ETT) connected to a cooled Next Generation Impactor. The aerosol particle size distribution sampled by spectrophotometry was used to predict particle deposition in an in silico patient-specific seven-generation airway model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm was used to investigate the effect of nebulizer type and position on drug delivery and compare the efficacy of drug administration through endotracheal intubation and oral route. A vibrating mesh nebulizer produced a larger lung dose than the jet nebulizer, with the aerosol characteristics being dependent on the location of the nebulizer in the ventilator circuit. The CFD analysis showed that the vibrating mesh nebulizer placed at the ventilator had a lower global and local deposition fraction down to the 7th airway generation with higher penetration beyond. Besides, delivery through the ETT was more efficient than oral delivery for the studied conditions. Particle deposition patterns in the various lung lobes were evaluated. Placement of the nebulizer in an adult ventilator circuit could target different areas of the lung.
Additive and synergistic interactions of entomopathogenic fungi with Bacillus thuringiensis for the control of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is currently the most damaging pest in many viticultural regions across the Mediterranean basin and elsewhere. Its feeding activity also enhances the development of secondary infections by Botrytis cinerea - and other fungi - to wine grapes. The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been reported to partially control larval populations of L. botrana, while it requires to be digested by the insect to cause infection. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are possibly capable of acting synergistically with Bt to increase its efficacy against insect pests. The hypothesis of synergy or antagonism between Bt and EPF for the control of L. botrana was tested in two bioassays: A) Insects fed on Bt diet and subsequently some groups were sprayed by conidia of Beauveria bassiana or Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, and B) Grapes were sprayed by Bt, or B. bassiana, or combination of the two, and then untreated insects were placed to feed on the grapes. In both bioassays, combination treatments performed better than single treatments, indicating additive action or synergy. The Bt and B. bassiana combination treatment (Bt diet for 30 h and then sprayed with conidia of B. bassiana) resulted in 91% larval mortality while the single Bt and B. bassiana treatments caused 28% and 34% mortality respectively. Such results indicated synergism. Combination treatment on grapes also caused significantly higher mortality on L. botrana larvae, compared to single treatments. The median lethal time (LT50) was estimated as 8.43 days for the single Bt treatment, 7.87 days for the single B. bassiana treatment and 6.3 days for the combination Bt + B. bassiana treatment. Absence of antagonism as well as additive action or synergy were indicated by the results. Larval populations of the pest can be effectively controlled by using microbial biocontrol agents. Further research is needed to investigate the biotic and abiotic factors that affect interactions between insect hosts and entomopathogenic organisms. However, the entomopathogens used in the present study showed remarkable action and may be included parallelly in control strategies against vineyard pests.
Identifying Acute Kidney Injury in the Outpatient Setting: The First Step

The association between AKI in hospitalized patients and poor outcomes including intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, development of CKD and progression to ESKD, worsening cardiovascular disease, and in-hospital mortality has been documented repeatedly over the past two decades (1). The association between “community acquired AKI” ( i.e ., AKI that is evident upon evaluation in an emergency department) and poor outcomes is also well recognized (2). Adoption of standardized multidimensional AKI diagnosis and staging criteria (3), coupled with mandated implementation of electronic health record systems provide the promise of feasible and effective AKI detection in near real-time, with the potential ability to alert health care providers of AKI presence and in some cases of AKI risk. The performance of these alerting systems is mixed in the published literature and is related mostly to the primary objectives of the study. Although studies that aim to improve a process measure, such as time to AKI detection, time to discontinuation of nephrotoxic medications, or appropriate dose changes of renally excreted medications, have largely been successful (4,5), those that aim to improve an outcome measure such as AKI severity or duration have not (6). Clinical decision support systems that identify risk for AKI based on nephrotoxic medication burden or kidney stress by urine biomarkers, which then activate clinical pathways to mitigate AKI severity or decease AKI rates, …
Tradeoffs in Designing Networks with End-to-End Statistical QoS Guarantees

Recent research on statistical multiplexing has provided many new insights into the achievable multiplexing gain in QoS networks. However, usually, these results are stated in terms of the gain experienced at a single switch, and evaluating the statistical multiplexing gain in a general network remains a difficult challenge. In this paper we describe two distinct network designs for statistical end-to-end delay guarantees, referred to as class-level aggregation and path-level aggregation. These designs illustrate an inherent trade-off between attainable statistical multiplexing gain and the ability to support delay guarantees. The key characteristic of both designs is that they do not require, and instead, intentionally avoid, consideration of the correlation between flows at multiplexing points inside the network. Numerical examples are presented for a comparison of the statistical multiplexing gain achievable by the two designs. The class-level aggregation design is shown to yield very high achievable link utilizations while simultaneously achieving desired statistical guarantees on delay.
The non-detergent sulfobetaine-201 acts as a pharmacological chaperone to promote folding and crystallization of the type II TGF-β receptor extracellular domain.

The roles of the extracellular domain of type II TGF-β receptor (TBRII-ECD) in physiological processes ranging from development to cancer to wound healing render it an attractive target for exploration with chemical tools. For such applications, large amounts of active soluble protein are needed, but the yields of TBRII-ECD we obtained with current folding protocols were variable. To expedite the identification of alternative folding conditions, we developed an on-plate screen. This assay indicated that effective folding additives included the non-detergent sulfobetaine-201 (NDSB-201). Although NDSB-201 can facilitate protein folding, the mode by which it does so is poorly understood. We postulated that specific interactions between NDSB-201 and TBRII-ECD might be responsible. Analysis by X-ray crystallography indicates that the TBRII-ECD possesses a binding pocket for NDSB-201. The pyridinium group of the additive stacks with a phenylalanine side chain in the binding site. The ability of NDSB-201 to occupy a pocket on the protein provides a molecular mechanism for the additive’s ability to minimize TBRII-ECD aggregation and stabilize the folded state. NDSB-201 also accelerates TBRII-ECD crystallization, suggesting it may serve as a useful crystallization additive for proteins refolded with it. Our results also suggest there is a site on TBRII-ECD that could be targeted by small-molecule modulators.
Chronic neurodegenerative consequences of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health concern and a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Each year, an estimated 1.7 million Americans sustain TBI of which ~52,000 people die, ~275,000 people are hospitalized and 1,365,000 people are treated as emergency outpatients. Currently there are ~5.3 million Americans living with TBI. TBI is more of a disease process than of an event that is associated with immediate and long-term sensomotor, psychological and cognitive impairments. TBI is the best known established epigenetic risk factor for later development of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia. People sustaining TBI are ~4 times more likely to develop dementia at a later stage than people without TBI. Single brain injury is linked to later development of symptoms resembling Alzheimer's disease while repetitive brain injuries are linked to later development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and/or Dementia Pugilistica (DP). Furthermore, genetic background of s-amyloid precursor protein (APP), Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), presenilin (PS) and neprilysin (NEP) genes is associated with exacerbation of neurodegenerative process after TBI. This review encompasses acute effects and chronic neurodegenerative consequences after TBI.
Theoretical Interpretation of Recent Neutral Current Results

I wish to describe work on the structure of the weak neutral current stimulated by data from the Argonne bubble chamber which were presented in preliminary form at the London Conference last summer1 and in revised form at the Annaheim meeting.2 The Argonne (ANL) results for the pπ− invariant mass distribution in vn → vpπ− raise two intriguing possibilities: (i) That the threshold (in invariant mass) cross section for neutral current pπ− production may be appreciable. The Argonne measurements correspond2 to a cross section of (18.9 + 9.4) × 10−41 cm2 for producing pπ− in the first two 20 MeV bins above threshold, as obtained from 5 events with an estimated background of 0.42 ± 0.24 events. That is, $$\sigma _{2\,\,bin}^{ANL} = \sigma \left( {_{ANL\,\,flux\,\,averaged}^{vn \to vp{\pi ^ - }}1080 \leqslant W \leqslant 1120} \right) \sim \left( {18.9 \pm 9.4} \right) \times {10^{ - 41}}c{m^2}$$ (1) (ii) That the (3,3) resonance may not be excited by the weak neutral current. This possibility will be crucially tested by a high statistics Brookhaven (BNL) experiment which should have preliminary results in a few months.
Control of Nematode Parasites with Agents Acting on Neuro-Musculature Systems: Lessons for Neuropeptide Ligand Discovery

There are a number of reasons why the development of novel anthelmintics is very necessary. In domestic animals, parasites cause serious loss of production and are a welfare concern. The control of these parasites requires changes in management practices to reduce the spread of infection and the use of therapeutic agents to treat affected animals. The development of vaccines against parasites is desirable but their development so far has been very limited. One notable exception is the vaccination of calves against infection by Dictyocaulus viviparous (lungworm) which has proved to be very effective.2 In domestic animals, the total market for anti-parasitic agents (both ecto- and endo-parasites) is in excess of a billion US dollars. In humans there are serious problems of morbidity and mortality associated with parasite infections. 1.6 billion People throughout the world are infected with ascariasis (Fig. 1A) and/or hookworm. Approximately one-third of the world’s population is suffering from the effects of intestinal nematode parasites, causing low growth-rates in infants, ill-thrift, diarrhea and in 2% of cases, loss of life. Despite the huge number of affected individuals, the market for anti-parasitic drugs for humans is not big enough to foster the development of anthelmintics because most infestations that occur are in undeveloped countries that lack the ability to pay for the development of these drugs. The major economic motivator then, is for the development of animal anthelmintics.
Acetazolamide-induced myopia.

Abstract A case of severe transient myopia following the use of acetazolamide is reported. The myopia was reproducible upon repeated administration of the drug. The myopia lasted 5 days in the first instance and only 3 days in the second instance. Previously the patient had taken acetazolamide without any ill effect, implying that the acute myopia, in this case, was due to sensitization. Another diuretic, chlorothiazide, was later administered to the same patient without any side effects. Attention is directed to the fact that acute myopia may be drug induced and may account for the symptoms of blurring of vision in pregnant or toxemic patients.
Permeability of Nitrobacter agilis to Organic Compounds

Ida, S. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), and M. Alexander. Permeability of Nitrobacter agilis to organic compounds. J. Bacteriol. 90: 151–156. 1965.—None of a variety of inorganic ions or organic compounds served as a sole energy source for the growth of Nitrobacter agilis , and the test substrates were not oxidized by either intact cells or extracts of the obligate chemoautotroph. The organic substances did not serve as sole carbon sources for the bacterium in a synthetic medium, and they failed to enhance the rate of nitrite oxidation. The organism was permeable to acetate and a number of other simple carbon compounds, however, and exogenously supplied acetate was converted to a number of products. On the basis of these findings, possible reasons are examined for the inability of the chemoautotroph to use exogenous organic compounds as energy or carbon sources.
A technique for optimal final value control of powered flight trajectories.

Technique for controlling the acceleration vector along a powered flight trajectory using a linear perturbation method
The Anomalous Skin Effect in Bounded Systems

We have described the state of the art of nonlocal electrodynamics of bounded discharge plasmas. We revived classical works on the anomalous skin effect to analyze peculiarities of the electromagnetic phenomena in weakly collisional ICPs. Our calculations corroborated nonmonotonic distributions of the electromagnetic fields and electron current density, the existence of negative power absorption, and other interesting phenomena recently observed in experiments. We have analyzed the effect of weak static magnetic fields on the penetration of rf fields into weakly-collisional ICPs.
Peter Pringle (Ed.), A Place at the Table: The Crisis of 49 Million Hungry Americans and How to Solve It

In the context of the 2008 financial crisis and its subsequent recession, issues such as hunger and poverty have become major political and public concerns. In the United States, food insecurity had been worsening before the latest recession, and the economic crisis triggered more increases in food insecurity (Food Research and Action Center, 2010). To emphasize the severity of such trends, mainstream media outlets such as USA Today and BBC News have focused their attention on poverty and hunger in the United States. Recent popular documentaries such as Hunger Hits Home, A Place at the Table, and Poor Kids have additionally brought the issue of U.S. food insecurity to the center of public attention. Accompanying one of these documentaries is a book titled A Place at the Table: The Crisis of 49 Million Hungry Americans and How to Solve It. Edited by researcher and former journalist Peter Pringle, the book features a series of essays on the key issues raised by the documentary. The essays are authored by environmentalists, food/nutrition experts, antihunger activists, and Americans who have firsthand experience with hunger.
A sharp error estimate for the fast Gauss transform

We report an error estimate of the multi-dimensional fast Gauss transform (FGT), which is much sharper than that previously reported in the literature. An application to the Karhunen-Loeve decomposition in the three-dimensional physical space is also presented that shows savings of three orders of magnitude in time and memory compared to a direct solver.
Socioeconomic bias in special education placement decisions

This study analyzed the planning and placement decisions of the Educational Placement and Planning Committees for 973 students in the State of Michigan. An attempt was made to determine if evidence suggesting a socioeconomic bias in placement existed. Data included students from five categories: learning disabled (N = 323), educable mentally impaired (N = 163), emotionally impaired (N = 83), otherwise impaired (N = 70), and nonimpaired (N = 334). No statistically significant differences that would indicate an SES bias were found. However, other factors (sex, age, intelligence, location of district) may contribute substantially to special education placement. Significant agreement was found between school psychologists and teacher consultants with respect to placement decisions. Results are discussed in terms of the apparent absence of any socioeconomic bias in team decision making.
Social skills and irrational beliefs: A preliminary report

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that irrational beliefs, as measured by the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT), may contribute to social skills deficits. However, studies evaluating the correspondence between irrational beliefs and behavioral indices of social skills and social anxiety have yet to be reported. IBT data obtained from social skill deficit patient populations also have yet to appear in the literature. The present study addresses these issues by (a) presenting IBT data obtained from a sample of 63 psychiatric patients referred for assessment of social skills deficits and evaluating the relationship of these data and patients' performance on a standardized behavioral measure of social skills and social anxiety, the Simulated Social Interaction Test (SSIT); and, (b) presenting a comparison between IBT subscale scores obtained from the psychiatric sample and those obtained from a large (n=897) student sample. A weak relationship was found between two IBT subscales and the SSIT. A mean level difference between patients' performance and student norms was also found on four subscales of the IBT. Implications for further assessment and treatment research with the IBT, social anxiety and social skills are discussed.
Designing experiments for selecting the largest normal mean when the variances are known and unequal: Optimal sample size allocation

Abstract We consider the problem of ‘optimally’ allocating a given total number, N, of observations to k≥2 normal populations having unknown means but known variances σ21,σ22,…,σ2k, when it is desired to select the population having the largest mean using a natural single-stage selection procedure based on sample means. Here ‘optimal’ allocation is one that maximizes the infimum of the probability of a correct selection (P(CS)) over the so-called preference zone of the parameter space (Bechhofer (1954)). The solution of this problem enables us to find the smallest possible N and the associated optimal allocation of the sample sizes, viz. n1,n2,…,nk such that Σ ni=N, required to guarantee a specified {δ∗,P∗} probability requirement. We prove that for k≥3, the allocation ni∝σ2i (which is convenient to implement in practice) is locally (and for k=3, numerically checked to be globally) optimal iff P∗≤PL or P∗≥PU, where PL and PU depend on the largest and the smallest relative variances, respect ively. For PL
Evidence of oxygen-stabilized hexagonal interstitial erbium in silicon

We report on the effects of codoped oxygen and thermal annealing on the evolution of lattice sites of erbium in silicon. At low concentrations of codoped impurities, it is evident that Er prefers occupation of the tetrahedral (T) interstitial site after Er ion implantation. Oxygen codoping can substantially populate implanted Er atoms onto the hexagonal (H) interstitial site. In the presence of oxygen, Er can be stabilized on the H site during annealing up to 900 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Also interesting is that post-implantation annealing can greatly promote occupation of the H site by Er in O-deficient Si, even though few Er atoms are found to be on the H site following Er ion implantation.
Approximation power of RBFs and their associated SBFs: a connection

Error estimates for scattered data interpolation by “shifts” of a conditionally positive definite function (CPD) for target functions in its native space, which is its associated reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), have been known for a long time. Regardless of the underlying manifold, for example ℝn or S n, these error estimates are determined by the rate of decay of the Fourier transform (or Fourier series) of the CPD. This paper deals with the restriction of radial basis functions (RBFs), which are radial CPD functions on ℝn+1, to the unit sphere S n. In the paper, we first strengthen a result derived by two of us concerning an explicit representation of the Fourier–Legendre coefficients of the restriction in terms of the Fourier transform of the RBF. In addition, for RBFs that are related to completely monotonic functions, we derive a new integral representation for these coefficients in terms of the measure generating the completely monotonic function. These representations are then utilized to show that if an RBF has a native space equivalent to a Sobolev space H s(ℝn+1), then the restriction to S n has a native space equivalent to H s−1/2(S n). In addition, they are used to recover the asymptotic behavior of such coefficients for a wide variety of RBFs. Some of these were known earlier.
Trace anomaly and massless scalar degrees of freedom in gravity

The trace anomaly of quantum fields in electromagnetic or gravitational backgrounds implies the existence of massless scalar poles in physical amplitudes involving the stress-energy tensor. Considering first the axial anomaly and using QED as an example, we compute the full one-loop triangle amplitude of the fermionic stress tensor with two current vertices, $⟨{T}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}{J}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{J}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}⟩$, and exhibit the scalar pole in this amplitude associated with the trace anomaly, in the limit of zero electron mass $m\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. To emphasize the infrared aspect of the anomaly, we use a dispersive approach and show that this amplitude and the existence of the massless scalar pole is determined completely by its ultraviolet finite terms, together with the requirements of Poincar\'e invariance of the vacuum, Bose symmetry under interchange of ${J}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and ${J}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, and vector current and stress-tensor conservation. We derive a sum rule for the appropriate positive spectral function corresponding to the discontinuity of the triangle amplitude, showing that it becomes proportional to $\ensuremath{\delta}({k}^{2})$ and therefore contains a massless scalar intermediate state in the conformal limit of zero electron mass. The effective action corresponding to the trace of the triangle amplitude can be expressed in local form by the introduction of two scalar auxiliary fields which satisfy massless wave equations. These massless scalar degrees of freedom couple to classical sources, contribute to gravitational scattering processes, and can have long range gravitational effects.
Development of a claims-based algorithm to identify colorectal cancer recurrence.

Abstract Purpose To examine the validity of claims data to identify colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence and determine the extent to which misclassification of recurrence status affects estimates of its association with overall survival in a population-based administrative database. Methods We calculated the accuracy of claims data relative to medical records from one large tertiary hospital to identify CRC recurrence. We estimated the effect of misclassifying recurrence on survival by applying these findings to the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data. Results Of 174 eligible CRC patients identified through medical records, 32 (18.4%) had a recurrence. A claims-based algorithm of secondary malignancy codes yielded a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 99% for identifying recurrence. Agreement between data sources was almost perfect (kappa: 0.86). In a model unadjusted for misclassification, CRC patients with recurrence were 3.04 times (95% confidence interval: 2.92–3.17) more likely to die of any cause than those without recurrence. In the corrected model, CRC patients with recurrence were 3.47 times (95% confidence interval: 3.06–4.14) more likely to die than those without recurrence. Conclusions Identifying recurrence in CRC patients using claims data is feasible with moderate sensitivity and high specificity. Future studies can use this algorithm with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data to study treatment patterns and outcomes of CRC patients with recurrence.
WHERE IN THE RELATIVISTIC WORLD ARE WE

I formulate a theory of persistence in the endurantist family and pose a problem for the conjunction of this theory with orthodox versions of special or general relativity. The problem centers around the question: Where are things?
Gas chromatography of ternary complexes of manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) with hexafluoroacetylacetone and DI-n-butylsulphoxide

The gas Chromatographic behaviour of the ternary complexes of selected bivalent first-row transition metal ions with 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione H(HFA), and di-n-butylsulphoxide, DBSO, was studied. Calibration plots of peak area vs. amount of metal injected were linear over a range of 60-900 ng for manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II). The average relative standard deviation was less than 3.0% for all the metals studied. Detection limits of 60, 109, 112 and 115ng for cobalt(II), nickel(II), iron(II) and manganese(II), respectively, were obtained with flame-ionization detection. Various liquid phases, including OV-1, SE-30, and Dexsil 300 were used. The best results were obtained on columns of 5% Dexsil 300. No appreciable thermal decomposition was observed on stainless-steel or glass columns, but the best formed peaks were obtained on all-glass columns. The elution of the metallic species was confirmed by venting the exit gases from the gas chromatograph directly into an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer.
The organization of the fimbria, dorsal fornix and ventral hippocampal commissure in the rat.

The morphological organization of the two principal efferent pathways of the hippocampal formation — the fimbria and the dorsal fornix — and of the interhippocampal fibers that cross in the ventral hippocampal commissure, has been studied autoradiographically following injections of 3H-amino acids into the relevant cytoarchitectonic fields. To a considerable extent the rostrally-directed fibers from each cytoarchitectonic field remain topographically segregated within the fimbria or dorsal fornix, their locations being determined by the relative levels at which they join these bundles. Thus, the fibers from the subicular region tend to be aggregated along the ependymal border of the fimbria while those from the hilar region of the dentate gyrus are medially-placed along its pial margin. Similarly, the efferents from the septal and temporal parts of the various fields are distributed along the proximo-distal dimension of the fimbria, from its base (adjacent to field CA3) to its tip. The dorsal fornix contains fibers from the septal (dorsal) part of the subiculum and field CA1; although there appears to be some overlap, the subicular efferents tend to be more medially placed while those from CA1 are further lateral. The topographic organization of the fibers in the fimbria is reflected in the arrangement of the crossed components in the hippocampal commissure. Those arising at more temporal levels cross most rostrally while those from the septal pole of field CA3 cross in the caudal part of the commissure; those from the hilar region of the dentate gyrus cross most ventrally, while those from the more lateral parts of field CA3 (CA3b and CA3a) cross at successively more dorsal levels.
Using image analysis to measure the porosity distribution of a porous pavement

Abstract A method for determining the distribution of porosity across a porous pavement sample using image analysis was developed and evaluated. Its measured average porosity compares favorably to other porosity methods including two volumetric based methods and ASTM D7063 which uses a vacuum sealing device. The impact of the representative elemental area (REA), which is the minimum pavement cross sectional area that must be analyzed to have a statistically significant measure of the pavement porosity, was investigated. The REA was experimentally determined to be 83.9 cm 2 (13 in. 2 ) for the different gradations of porous pavements evaluated, which were ASTM standard gradations No. 89, No. 78, No. 7, and No. 67. Though this method can be used to measure a one dimensional porosity distribution in different directions (vertically, horizontally, or radially in cylinders), this work focused on its application to vertical porosity distributions. Using the results of the image analysis and the REA, a smoothed profile of the porosity distribution was produced which showed that, for a porous pavement sample compacted in a single lift, the porosity is high at the surface, due to the surface texture, decreases drastically to a minimum at approximately 2–3 cm (∼1 in.) in depth and then linearly increases until approximately two centimeters from the bottom of the sample where the porosity increases drastically due to the wall effects. The porosity distribution produced agrees with previously proposed distributions.
Prevention of phrenic nerve injury during interventional electrophysiologic procedures.

Introduction The advent of innovative, potent ablative technologies and the adoption of endo–epicardial approaches to treat various arrhythmias have engendered a need for developing strategies to prevent collateral damage to critical structures such as the phrenic nerve (PN) and the esophagus during percutaneous electrophysiologic interventions. Here we detail phrenic nerve injury (PNI) prevention strategies during atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial tachycardia (AT), and ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. PNI is more common on the right side because of the anatomic course of the nerve and the greater preponderance of AF and AT ablations. PNI also is more common with cryoballoon ablation (nearly 10% in large multicenter trials) than it is with radiofrequency ablation (RFA); thus, the crux of this discussion is centered on strategies to prevent right PNI during cryoballoon ablation for AF. However, the expanded scope of this article includes strategies to prevent both right and left PN injury with interventional electrophysiologic procedures.
A hierarchical process industry production–distribution planning model

Abstract Global and multinational companies are subject to government regulations in addition to other international uncertainties due to operation in diverse geographic locations. Such government regulations often affect the cost of raw materials adversely which in turn creates adverse impact on product cost and forces the decision makers to re-evaluate current production–distribution plan. This paper presents an integrated supply chain model for simultaneous strategic and operational planning of a strategic business unit (SBU) in a global supply chain affected by government regulations. The model incorporates impact of changes in cost of inputs on expected product cost and solves for an optimal strategic and operational plan for the entire supply chain. In addition, the model includes exchange rates, border crossing costs and solves a multi-period model with due consideration of uncertainties in demand and transportation time.
Controlling growth and development in Monroe County, Florida

Abstract Growth controls are extremely important in places like Monroe County, Florida, because of limited land area suitable for development. Monroe County's mainland consists entirely of federally owned park lands and the Keys has been designated as an Area of Critical State Concern. Rapid population growth and the concern over hurricane evacuation time have prompted local officials to implement a dwelling unit allocation system and a transfer of development rights procedure as important parts of their growth management strategy. Early Indications suggest that these techniques, with the proper refinements, can successfully limit growth and development in this popular amenity location.
Intensities of inter-Stark transitions in YAG-Yb3+ crystals

The line strengths of indirect electric dipole and magnetic dipole transitions between Stark sublevels of the Yb3+ impurity ion in a YAG crystal are calculated. The intensity’s parameters are determined, and the spectroscopic characteristics of inter-Stark transitions (probabilities of spontaneous transitions and radiative lifetimes of Stark sublevels of excited multiplet, fluorescence branching ratios, transition cross sections, and absorption coefficients) are computed. Quantitative calculations of spectroscopic parameters revealed a quite reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Complete remissions of mycosis fungoides lymphoma induced by topical nitrogen mustard (HN2). Control of delayed hypersensitivity to HN2 by desensitization and by induction of specific immunologic tolerance.

Sustained complete remissions have been achieved with whole body continuous topical applications of aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine (HN2), and supplemental intralesional injections of tumors. Of 76 patients entered into the treatment study over a 4-year period, approximately 50% are free of detectable disease, 13 of whom have had remissions extending now beyond 2 years. Most patients experiencing complete remissions had disease confined to skin, without lymph node or visceral involvement, when topical therapy was initiated. Delayed hypersensitivity to HN2, a frequent occurrence, has been abolished in sensitized patients by means of daily minute I.V. doses of the drug. Induction of specific immunologic tolerance to HN2, prior to topical treatment, has been achieved by means of several weekly I.V. injections of similarly minute doses of the drug.
Detectability of simultaneously masked signals as a function of masker bandwidth and configuration for different signal delays

Signal detectability was measured in three temporal conditions as a function of the bandwidth and configuration of simultaneous maskers that either did or did not spectrally overlap the signal. The 20-ms signal was 250 Hz wide and was centered at 2500 Hz (fs). Although there were marked individual differences, performance was typically poorer when signal onset came 1 ms rather than 250 ms after the onset of a 420-ms masker, and poorest when signal onset came 1 ms after the onset of a 23-ms masker. The results support the idea that two separate across-channel processes contribute to temporal changes in signal detectability. One process contributes to the improvement observed as signal onset is delayed from masker onset, and its influence is reduced by the presence of masking components at fs only when the masker extends exclusively below fs. The other process is associated with the improvement observed as masker offset is delayed from signal offset, and its influence is reduced by the presence of masking components at fs when the masker extends exclusively above, or both below and above fs. Both of these processes are primarily activated by frequencies ranging from 0.6 to 0.8fs and 1.2 to 1.4fs. The data also demonstrate that the measured critical bandwidth narrows as signal onset is delayed from masker onset.
Norepinephrine release during vasoconstriction induced by cross-linked hemoglobin

The pressor effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes is due partly to their capacity to scavenge nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator. NO also appears to modulate the release of norepinephrine (NE) from sympathetic nerve endings in some blood vessels. Thus studies were designed to determine if contraction occurring in response to αα-cross-linked hemoglobin (XL-Hb) is due in part to increased exit of NE from vascular nerve endings. Helical strips of canine femoral artery were superfused in vitro with Krebs-Ringer solution and, for each strip, the overflow of NE into the superfusate as well as contractile responses were measured concurrently during basal conditions, during nerve stimulation and during tyramine-evoked release of NE. XL-Hb (10 μM) contracted unstimulated strips without affecting NE overflow. NE overflow also was unchanged by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA; 300 μM), an inhibitor of NO synthesis; by sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 μM) an NO donor; by a combination of XL-Hb and l-NMMA; or of XL-Hb and SNP. These treatments contracted the strips to the same degree as did XL-Hb alone, except for SNP, which induced relaxation. Transmural stimulation of the strips at 2 and 10 Hz induced NE overflow and contraction, neither of which was affected by any treatment except SNP which significantly (P < 0.05) increased NE overflow while inhibiting contraction. In other experiments, XL-Hb augmented contractions induced by tyramine (10 μM) although the resulting NE release was unaffected. These results suggest that, in the femoral artery, contractions induced by XL-Hb are not due to increased efflux of NE from vascular nerve endings but are consistent with inhibition of the the actions of NO.
The Role of Molecular Oxygen in the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Hydrazinonucleosides to the Corresponding Aminonucleosides

Abstract The hydrogenolysis of 2-amino-8-hydrazinoadenosine (2a) in water at reflux temperature in the presence of molecular oxygen provided 2,8-diaminoadenosine (3a) in 40-45% yield. 8-Aminoadenosine (3b) was synthesized in an analogous manner from 8-hydrazinoadenosine (2b) in comparable yield. The role of oxygen in these catalytic reductions will be discussed.
Measurement of regional lung function in rats using hyperpolarized 3helium dynamic MRI.

large RF flip angle (24°) was applied to reduce 3 He magnetization in the peripheral airspace, and signal intensity (SI) was normalized with the projected airway diameter to estimate local airflow. Higher normalized signal intensity was observed in the left branch airway as compared to the right branch airway. To determine regional function in the peripheral airspace, a small RF flip angle (6°) was used. Incremental increases of peripheral SI in successive lung images were consistent with the increase in lung volume. A new “skipping” scanning strategy using dummy frames allows a trade-off between the number of frames acquired for dynamic information, the RF flip angle, and the penetration depth of 3 He
CR3 (CD11b, CD18): a phagocyte and NK cell membrane receptor with multiple ligand specificities and functions

The C3 receptor CR3 is expressed on phagocytic cells, minor subsets of B and T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. It has important functions both as an adhesion molecule and a membrane receptor mediating recognition of diverse ligands such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and fixed iC3b. The receptor is capable of undergoing an activation event that regulates both its specificity for various ligands and its ability to mediate phagocytosis or extracellular cytotoxicity. Certain bacteria express carbohydrates or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that can bind to and activate CR3, allowing the receptor to assume its activated state. Soluble beta-glucan derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a particularly potent stimulator of CR3, and produces an activated state of the receptor that permits neutrophil phagocytosis of iC3b-coated erythrocytes or NK, cell cytotoxicity of iC3b-coated tumour cells, that are normally resistant to NK cells.
Adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to increased NaCl concentration due to dominant beneficial mutations

New beneficial mutations, combined with selection, were responsible for quick adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to a novel environment. Using a highly inbred homozygous stock of D. melanogaster, we observed that in thirty generations the original stock had evolved to resist a previously toxic level of dietary salt (NaCl) and to produce a significantly higher number of progeny when reared in elevated salt concentrations. Survival in higher salt-stressed environments was due to new dominant genetic changes on the second and third chromosomes.
Observations of high-velocity, weakly shocked ejecta from experimental impacts

A SMALL proportion of meteorites found on Earth are thought to come from planet-sized bodies1,2. The 'lunar meteorites' are now well established as having come from the Moon3–6 on the basis of direct comparison with lunar samples. The SNC meteorites (shergottites, nakhlites and chassignites) — seven achondrite meteorites distinguished by extremely young formation ages (<1.3 Gyr), high volatile contents, distinctive oxygen isotopic ratios and rare earth compositions — are igneous rocks, believed2 to have formed on a planet, probably Mars. But it is hard to reconcile the weakly shocked nature of many lunar and SNC meteorites with the strong shock metamorphism known to accompany impacts of the size required to eject material from a planet-sized body. Computer modelling7–10 of impacts has yet to resolve this issue, although it has been proposed9,10 that surface rarefaction near an impact can produce high-velocity, weakly shocked ejecta. Here we present the results of a cratering experiment which separates and captures the ejecta from diffe-rent regions around the impact site. We recover high-velocity, weakly shocked material as predicted9,10, lending additional support both to our understanding of cratering mechanics and to a planetary or lunar origin for the SNC and lunar meteorites.