cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religious Education in the 1980’s: Perspectives and Challenges

This article positions itself within the debate over how an institution professing objective religious values that may differ from secular ones may inculcate those core values into its institutional presence. The tension between religious and secular values becomes intermixed with issues connected to First Amendment religious liberty whenever the religious entity operates in the public square. This occurs when public funds are sought, public benefits are received, or exemptions are enjoyed. Thus, this article addresses the broader issue of how to render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s but remain faithful to the God to whom you have pledged allegiance. While the article illustrates the debate over religious identity by describing the accreditation of Oral Robert University, the article’s focus is similarly directed at any institution, no matter its religious affiliation, seeking to traverse the minefield of accommodation within an increasingly secular society. The conclusion offered is that institutions should focus more on internal belief supports and less on material restraints or rote observances. The article concludes that this is a struggle that will not abate and that elements will shift as society evolves.
A simple tool for extending agronomic management on a landscape basis

Context This short communication responds to calls for greater input from agronomists into landscape research as a means of contributing to managing the positive and negative effects of farming systems. This was recognised in New South Wales, Australia in relation to the management of soil acidity in landscapes of variable topography.
Reactive Tabu Search and Sensor Selection in Active Structural Acoustic Control Problems

A Reactive Tabu Search (RTS) is examined. In addition to a dynamic tabu tenure RTS also detects when the search has entered an unproductive area and restarts RTS based on distinctive features of the unproductive area. We explore the effectiveness of RTS over a static tabu list (of a kind used in many implementations) for a two variable unconstrained discrete optimization model with 9 nearly identical minima and 513 other local minima. One of the key features of this problem is that the two-dimensional domain allows us to provide graphical descriptions of the performance of RTS. We then apply RTS to a sensor selection problem in active structural acoustic control. The objective in this problem is to select a set of 8 sensors out of 462 potential sensor locations so that the noise measured at the 8 chosen sensors is as close as possible to the noise measured at all 462. Computational experiments for data taken from a laboratory test article at NASA Langley Research Center are provided.
Transworld Auto Parts (A)

Supplement the (A) case. Transworld Auto Parts had to implement its new strategy flawlessly to survive the auto industry upheaval. The new CEO asked her leadership team to craft strategy maps and balanced scorecards to help each division implement their strategies.
Coinductive Properties of Causal Maps

Variants of causal functions on streams are defined, and the interplay between them is studied from different perspectives with attention to coalgebraic considerations. We prove that the sets of causal and bicausal functions, respectively, are closed under a certain natural coinductive construction. This closure property paves the way to constructing new final stream coalgebras over finite alphabets. This result is used to show that the 2-adic version of the Collatz function yields a final bit-stream coalgebra.
Plasma prolactin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone during benzodiazepine treatment.

Abstract Previously we observed that prolactin (PRL) is secreted in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in normal women during the periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Because sedative drugs affect the neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of PRL secretion, we investigated PRL responsiveness to GnRH in pre- and postmenopausal female subjects during prolonged treatment with benzodiazepines (six-60 months). In both pre- and postmenopausal patients who were not on benzodiazepine treatment, GnRH infusion (0.2 μg/min for 3 hr) was ineffective in eliciting a PRL response. In six premenopausal women treated with benzodiazepines, basal PRL concentrations were not influenced by the drug in four subjects (range 4.0–15.7 ng/ml) and were slightly elevated in two subjects (23 and 30 ng/ml). In six treated postmenopausal women, basal PRL concentrations were in the normal range (7.5–11.0 ng/ml). GnRH infusion induced a progressive increase in PRL concentrations which reached a peak at 120 min in the premenopausal subjects (mean % SEM increase: 64±30.5%) and at 60–90 min in the postmenopausal subjects (mean % increase: 110.6±34.7%). A saline infusion, performed on a separate day during benzodiazepine treatment as a control, did not influence PRL.
The effect of varying carbachol concentration on the slope of Schild plots of selective β-adrenoceptor antagonists in the carbachol-contracted guinea-pig trachea

The effect of varying the level of smooth muscle tone induced by carbachol on the Schild analysis of atenolol (beta 1-selective) and ICI 118,551 (beta 2-selective) with salbutamol as agonist, on the guinea-pig tracheal preparation has been examined. When 10(-6) M carbachol was used to induce near-maximal smooth muscle tone, Schild plot slopes for atenolol and ICI 118,551 were less than 1. Slopes of Schild plots for both drugs were equivalent to 1 when 10(-7) M carbachol was used to produce approximately half-maximal smooth muscle tone. Depletion of neuronal noradrenaline by prior treatment with reserpine had no effect on the Schild analysis. Salbutamol produced maximal relaxation and was more potent when tone was induced with 10(-7) M carbachol, but was less effective at 10(-6) M carbachol. Pretreatment with reserpine increased the potency of salbutamol at each concentration of carbachol. The results suggest that either the level of smooth muscle tone or an unknown effect associated with a high level of smooth muscle tone induced by carbachol may contribute to low slope values of Schild plots of selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in the carbachol-contracted guinea-pig trachea. The carbachol-contracted guinea-pig trachea can be used to determine theoretically valid pA2 values for selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists as long as substantially less than a maximal level of smooth muscle tone is induced by carbachol.
Effect of a Modified Sulfite Waste Liquor and of Calcium Gluconate on Milk Production

Summary Milk production was increased by 0.6 to 1.9 lb. per head per day when dairy cows were supplementally fed 0.25 lb. per day of a modified dried sulfite waste liquor from paper pulp manufacture. This 4-mo. field trial included 171 control and 143 treated cows in 12 herds, each of which was divided between the two groups. Gluconic acid, a constituent of the modified sulfite waste liquor, was attacked very slowly by rumen microorganisms and is not a common constituent of dairy cattle feeds. When two groups of five cows each were fed 0.125 lb. per day of calcium gluconate in a reversal design with two 28-day periods, the treatment increased fat-corrected milk by 1.5 lb. per cow per day (P
Rethinking money and the state: a semiotic turn

A novel conception of money and the State is offered, in the context of post-golden-age financial and political systems (roughly from 1980 to the present), and with regard to the sovereign-currency States, focusing particularly on the USA. The basic elements of the paper are: (1) a novel semiotic understanding of money as language rather than as a unit of measure, money understood to communicate goods-ownership to the public, and debt ownership to the corporation; (2) a discussion of financial unsustainability under the present system in which the banking oligopolies possess a newfound freedom to create money capital both more independently and on a significantly larger scale than under the previous Glass–Steagall regime; (3) a critique of the neo-liberal simulation (in the sense of Baudrillard) of government debt and dissimulation of the sovereign-currency State, able to create money at will; (4) a delineation of two fundamental policy objectives: to genuinely meet the State's obligation to assure the li...
The A and B Blood Group Substances on Odontogenic Epithelium

The presence of glycoprotein-associated blood group substances on various types of odontogenic epithelium has been demonstrated through enzyme histochemistry. The sporadic nature of their appearance would preclude speculation about these substances and the development of odontogenic neoplasms.
Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders in Adult Male Carriers of Fragile X

Abstract Objective In the present study we examined the incidence of psychiatric and behavioral problems among male carriers of the fragile X gene. Method Retrospective data on carrier males were gathered using the family informant method. Each of 56 fragile X carrier women was interviewed about her father by an examiner blind to the father's carrier status. The interviewer administered measures of (1) behaviors related to DSM-III-R Axis I disorders, (2) adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behaviors, (3) parental bonding skills, and (4) abusive behaviors. The endorsements from 24 women with fragile X fathers were compared with endorsements from 32 women with nonfragile X fathers. Results The results show a higher incidence of psychopathology among the fragile X males (relative to nonfragile X fathers) for behaviors related to adult ADHD, parental bonding, abuse; and particularly for alcohol abuse/dependence and obsessive-compulsive disorder behaviors. Conclusions These findings support the hypotheses that some “nonpenetrant” males may indeed be mildly affected carriers and that there is a broad spectrum of involvement among carrier males.
The growth of the growth point

Ever since psychology emerged as a science in the late 19th century, psychological theories have repeatedly defined themselves in oppositional contrasts: the static (e.g. Titchener's structuralism) versus dynamic (e.g. Angell's functionalism), and the holistic (e.g. gestalt psychology, Tolman's purposive behaviorism) versus analytic (e.g. Hull's S–R learning theory, modern-day information-processing). Occasionally, some brave soul (such as the Russian developmental psychologist, Vygotsky) will call attention to these oppositions and even attempt some sort of reconciliation between them; but until now, nobody has managed to do this with lasting success.
Cross-cultural comparison of clinical samples of Norwegian and Iowan women with substance-related disorders.

The purpose of this study was to compare two clinical samples of women substance abusers, one from Iowa and one from Norway, along several dimensions: “substance abuse” history, current “abuse” pattern, parental and spouse drinking history, symptoms of psychological distress, and “vulnerability” to relapse. A higher percentage of women substance abusers from Iowa were divorced and lived alone, were “vulnerable” to relapse, and reported more life problems secondary to their substance use than women from Norway. The Iowa women had used more substances in addition to alcohol than had the Norwegian women. The Norwegian women reported greater intensity of emotional distress than the women from Iowa.
IRAS SURVEY-MODE OBSERVATIONS OF PLUTO-CHARON

Abstract Radiometric observations of Pluto and its moon, Charon, by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) in 1983 marked the first detection of the system at thermal wavelengths. Reexamination of the IRAS observations prove that Pluto–Charon was detected several times during the all-sky survey in addition to the pointed observations that targeted the system. Pluto–Charon exhibits thermal lightcurve variations that can be explained by the known variation in hemispherically averaged geometric albedo with sub-Earth longitude. Changes in albedo, however, are not sufficient to explain the lower than expected fluxes observed at microwave wavelengths.
Cutaneous Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report and review

Mycobacterium kansasii infections of the skin have been described in 31 previously published cases. The median age of these patients is 43 years, and male patients are more frequently affected than female patients. Most patients (72%) with this infection have some alteration of their immune status, but disseminated infection is relatively uncommon (22%). We present the first reported case of cutaneous M. kansasii infection in a patient with previously diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. The clinical presentation is similar to that expected in lupus profundus. While the duration of treatment is long (18 months), this case demonstrates that rifampin combined with at least 2 other antibiotics can provide excellent results. Clarithromycin has demonstrated encouraging in vitro results against M. kansasii but has not yet been reported for treatment of cutaneous infections.
Density and P-wave velocity of rocks from the FAMOUS region and their implication to the structure of the oceanic crust

In the laboratory the bulk density and the compressional wave velocity as a function of varying confining pressure (0.001 to 6.0 kb) was measured for 25 samples. Nineteen of these samples were fresh, unaltered basalts and, on the basis of their mineralogy, could be separated into olivine basalt (7), plagioclase basalt (9), and pyroxene basalt (3). The basalts had textures typical of extrusive and shallow intrusive volcanics. Of particular interest during the study was the effect of varying basalt mineralogy at confining pressures representative of the estimated lithostatic confining pressure of layer 2A. At 0.5 kb confining pressure, the average compressional wave velocity is olivine basalt (7) 5.62 km/sec (σ = 0.31), plagioclase basalt (5) 5.49 km/sec (σ = 0.19), pyroxene basalt 5.45 km/sec (σ = 0.32). There is no significant difference between the velocities of the three basalt groups, thus suggesting that at 0.5-kb confining pressure the control on velocity is principally textural. The other six samples (serpentinite (3), metagabbro (1), greenstone (1), and metabasalt breccia (1)) were recovered from the escarpments of fracture zone B. These rock types and their measured compressional wave velocities are typical of rocks recovered from transform faults.
Migrational choice patterns in financial aid policy making

This study examines in-state and out-of-state choice pattern differences among students with regard to certain academic and economic variables (e.g., class standing, parental income, financial support, costs) and then examines the impact that financial aid would have upon their choice. A sample survey of 26,903 Pennsylvania public and nonpublic high school seniors illustrated the role that specific background variables play in determining locational choice. The trends and relationships that emerge provide valuable information to policy makers that can be geared to the specific economic, academic, and geographical preference characteristics of those contemplating formal studies.
The influence of the 15μ carbon‐dioxide band on the atmospheric infra‐red cooling rate

The upward and downward radiation flux and cooling rate are calculated for the 15μ band of carbon dioxide. Results are obtained for three different carbon-dioxide concentrations from the surface of the earth to 75 km, and for six frequency intervals covering the band. The infra-red absorption measurements of Cloud (1952) are used for calculations, on a high-speed electronic computer, by a method which takes account of the pressure and Doppler broadening, the overlapping of the spectral lines, and the variation of the intensity and half-width of the spectral lines with temperature and pressure. The numerical integration is performed over intervals that are never larger than 1 km and average values over layers are not used. The cooling rate for the present atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentration is greater than 1°C/day from 24 km to 70 km and is greater than 4°C/day from 38 km to 55 km. The sum of the ozone and carbon-dioxide cooling rates is greater than 4°C/day from 33 km to 57 km and agrees reasonably well with the heating due to ozone absorption. The results for different carbon-dioxide concentrations indicate that the average temperature at the surface of the earth would rise by 3.6°C if the carbon-dioxide concentration were doubled and would fall by 3.8°C if the carbon-dioxide concentration were halved, on the assumption that nothing else changed to affect the radiation balance.
Radiation induced replacement currents in a plated wire memory

We report the results of a study of the replacement currents generated in elements of a conventional plated-wire memory during irradiation by low energy (20–100 keV) photons. Measurements are analytically discussed in terms of IEMP induced-charge calculations and, for an air environment, ionized gas kinetics. It is experimentally demonstrated that the peak induced digit wire currents (per unit flux) can be reduced by at least a factor of 10 when the memory tunnel structure is filled with a dielectric oil.
Single Molecule Solvation and Its Effects on Tautomeric Equilibria in a Self-Assembled Capsule

A self-assembled cylindrical capsule provides a nanoscale environment that affects keto−enol equilibria. The equilibrium constants for encapsulated β-ketoesters show values that differ by an order of magnitude from that of the free tautomers in solution. For complexes with a single, large encapsulated guest, the inner surfaces of the capsule and the seam of the hydrogen bonds influence the equilibrium between the encapsulated keto and enol forms. For complexes of smaller β-ketoesters, the coencapsulated solvent influences the equilibria. The solvent reduces the space available and affects the positioning of the ester in the capsule.
Morphological Development and Intrinsic Reactivity for Combustion of Two Microporous Carbon Chars

Abstract In this paper, we consider the morphological development and intrinsic reactivity or two microporous carbon chars burning at conditions typical of a pulverized-fuel combustor (i.e., particle temperatures above 1300 K. and diameters below 200 μm). The model chars were chosen for their low ash and volatile matter contents to preclude the complicating effects of these components on the oxidation process. The partially oxidized samples (0 to 65% mass loss), which were collected in an entrained-flow reactor, are experimentally characterized by their total surface area, particle diameter, apparent density. pore volume distribution, and macroporous surface area. SEM photomicrographs of the external particle surface and refiected-light photomicrographs of the internal porosity of the particles are also presented. These measurements demonstrate that combustion occurs under Zone II conditions. The Thiele model of diffusion and reaction in a porous particle is used to calculate intrinsic combustion rates fr...
Laterality differences in the auditory feedback control of speech.

Proceeding from prior experimental evidence that better speech-sound identification most often occurs with right-ear presentation, an experiment was conducted to test for differences in speech prod...
Predicting protein retention time in ion-exchange chromatography based on three-dimensional protein characterization

The isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (M(W)) and aqueous two-phase partitioning coefficients of a set of model proteins were related to retention time in cation-exchange chromatography using partial least squares regression. A three-dimensional method which combined hydrophobic partitioning and two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to determine those three properties for a mixture of proteins. The regression models fit well (R(2)=0.913 and 0.873 for two resin types) considering the limited property basis, and were able to predict results for a small test set of proteins. The models showed that greater size and charge increased retention time, while the net influence of hydrophobicity depended on the base matrix type. This establishes the potential for the intended application to complex mixtures of host cell proteins.
Inclusive Vector-Meson Production in the Dual Model

The cross section for the process $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{vector}\mathrm{meson}+\mathrm{anything}$ in the central region at high energy is calculated in the dual resonance model. The model predicts that the total cross section for vector-meson production is down by about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ from scalar-meson production at zero perpendicular momenta if the masses are those of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ meson and pion. The vector meson is predicted to be polarized so that the decay "pions" tend to be emitted in the direction ${\stackrel{^}{p}}_{a}\ensuremath{-}{\stackrel{^}{p}}_{b}$ in the rest frame of the vector meson. Analytic approximations for the asymptotic dual amplitude, valid for all transverse momenta, are given for the first time.
Formic Acid-Sodium Citrate Decalcification and Butyl Alcohol Dehydration of Teeth and Bones for Sectioning in Paraffin

Oral calcified tissue, which includes extracted teeth, teeth in situ, and alveolar bone, is usually prepared for histological examination by the general method of nitric acid decalcification, ethyl alcohol dehydration, and celloidin embedding. This paper describes a different method of tissue preparation which consists of formic acid-sodium citrate decalcification, butyl alcohol dehydration, and paraffin or celloidin embedding. The technic, described here in detail, was arrived at after 10 years of experimentation. During the last 3 years of this period, approximately 500 pieces of tissue were prepared and from these some 30,000 slides. An analysis of the various problems involved in the preparation of oral calcified tissue are presented in an effort to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed technic of preparation. For purposes of clarity, the outline of the technic is followed by an analysis of each step of the method in sequence.
Numerical modeling of electrowetting processes in digital microfluidic devices

We use a three-dimensional multiphase lattice-Boltzmann model to study basic operations such as transport, merging and splitting of nanoliter water droplets actuated by electrowetting in digital microfluidic devices. In a first step, numerical and analytical predictions for the droplet transport velocity are compared and very good agreement is obtained for a wide range of contact angles. The same algorithm is employed then to study the dynamics of the splitting processes at different contact angles and different geometries of the cell. The configuration of the liquid droplet involved in a splitting process and the dependence of the splitting time on the transport velocity are also investigated and phenomenological laws describing these processes are also proposed.
Studies with hemophilus pertussis

Summary 1. Cross agglutination between B. parapertussis and H. pertussis inphase I has been shown by means of absorptive tests to be due to a common minor antigen. 2. The findings of Miller have been confirmed with respect to a generalwide incidence of parapertussis agglutinins among the general population. By means of agglutinin absorption, it has been shown that these agglutinins for B. parapertussis are specific in large measure, presumably as a result of specific infection by B. parapertussis , and are not the result of the common minor antigen which exists in both B. parapertussis and H. pertussis . Incidence of agglutinins for B. parapertussis in both children and inadults in two institutions, has been found to be lower than in the general population. In the general population, the incidence found has increased with age. 3. As a result of intensive immunization of either man or animals, the agglutinative titer versus the heterologous species is increased through the agency of the common minor antigen, but it is not known whether such agglutinins are effective in clinical cross protection against either disease. Skin testing for susceptibility to whooping cough with purified agglutinogen also stimulates production of these same agglutinins as well as those versus the major phase I antigen. 4. The use of purified agglutinogen as an intradermal reagent forstimulation of immunity, as well as in skin testing for susceptibility to whooping cough, is suggested. 5. The results of the present study suggest that only the relatively serious cases of parapertussis are diagnosed clinically and that these are similar to mild cases of whooping cough; the nature of the typical disease of parapertussis apparently is not recognized clinically in relation to the specific etiologic agent.
Room temperature polariton lasing from a single GaN nanowire microcavity

Lasing from exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensates is a subject of intense research as these ultra-low threshold light emitters have the potential of solving today's high energy consumption rate in ultrafast optical communication networks and medical diagnostics. In large bandgap semiconductors such as GaN, it is possible to observe polariton lasing at room temperature because of the large exciton binding energy and small exciton Bohr radius, providing a very large critical temperature for Bose condensation. Although polariton lasing has been demonstrated in GaN bulk1 and quantum wells2, the performance in these devices are compromised by the material quality, structural defects and large built-in polarization field. In this context, Ga(In)N nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy3 are free of extended defects, dislocations, stacking faults, have a surface recombination velocity that is two orders in magnitude less than that of GaAs and negligible polarization field that leads to an enhanced exciton oscillator strength. We demonstrate an ultra-low threshold polariton laser by using a single GaN nanowire as the active medium embedded in a dielectric microcavity. We have also studied the effect of detuning on the lasing characteristics.
Product-shuffle networks: toward reconciling shuffles and butterflies

Abstract We study product-shuffle ( PS ) networks, which are direct products of de Bruijn networks, as interconnection networks for parallel architectures. PS networks can be viewed as generalizing both butterfly-oriented networks (such as the butterfly and cube-connected cycles networks) and shuffle-oriented networks (such as the de Bruijn and shuffle-exchange networks), in the sense that • • PS networks can emulate both butterfly-oriented and shuffle-oriented networks of any size, via emulations that are work preserving , i.e., preserve the processor-time product; • • PS networks share many computationally valuable structural features of various butterfly- and shuffle-oriented networks, including pancyclicity, logarithmic diameter , and large complete binary tree subnetworks ; • • PS networks overcome certain computational deficiencies of butterfly- and shuffle-oriented networks, by containing as subnetworks moderate-size meshes and meshes of trees , networks which butterfly- and shuffle-oriented networks cannot emulate efficiently. Finally, PS networks attain their communication power at modest cost: they are 8-valent, and they enjoy VLSI layouts that consume only modestly more area than the best layouts of like-sized butterfly- and shuffle-oriented networks.
Effect of isoprenaline on I(f) current in latent pacemaker cells isolated from cat right atrium: ruptured vs. perforated patch whole-cell recording methods.

Whole-cell recording techniques were used to study the time-dependent inward current activated on hyperpolarization (If) and its response to isoprenaline in latent atrial pacemaker cells isolated from cat right atrium. To determine whether the response to isoprenaline depended on the type of recording method, we analysed If using either a standard ruptured-patch, or a nystatinperforated-patch, whole-cell recording method. All cells beat rhythmically at 35°C and exhibited normal pacemaker action potentials and If current, regardless of the recording method. With the ruptured-patch method, pacemaker action potentials ceased activity within a few minutes and If amplitude decreased “ran down” to 74% of control within 10 min of rupturing the patch. Isoprenaline (1 μM) elicited variable changes in If amplitude among different latent pacemaker cells resulting in no net change in mean current amplitude (n=6). In addition, isoprenaline failed to change the voltage dependence of the If activation curve. On the other hand, using a nystatin-perforated-patch method, pacemaker action potentials and If exhibited no significant changes over the same 10 min period. Under these conditions, isoprenaline consistently increased If in all cells studied (+90% at −80 mV; n=8), and increased the spontaneous rate of pacemaker action potentials by 58±7% (n=5). Moreover, isoprenaline elicited a significant positive shift (+11 mV) in the half-maximal activation voltage of the If activation curve (n=3). We conclude that latent atrial pacemakers consistently exhibit If current, and that isoprenaline consistently elicits an increase in If amplitude. Variabilities in the response of If to isoprenaline may result from the loss of internal constituents when using the ruptured-patch, whole-cell recording method.
Production of atrial fibrillation in dogs by thyroid administration and acetylcholine injection.

The observation of susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in the thyrotoxic patient suggests a method by which a similar condition may be produced in dogs. This has been accomplished by long-term thyroid extract feeding. Administration of acetylcholine to these dogs by intravenous injection has resulted in a high percentage (81 per cent) of atrial fibrillation.
The efficacy of response cost procedures for reducing children's noncompliance to parental instructions

Using a multiple baseline design across families, the present study examined the effectiveness of response cost when used by parents. Three mother-child dyads were observed in the home during baseline, treatment, and follow-up conditions. Mothers were taught to implement response cost procedures for children's misbehavior. Children were awarded free points at the beginning of several time periods during the day. Points were then lost contingent upon misbehavior. Children were allowed access to daily and weekly privileges for periods with minimal point loss. The results showed substantial decreases in children's noncompliance, as well as in aversive parent and child behavior across all families. In addition, all mothers indicated that response cost was a highly acceptable and satisfactory treatment.
Behaviour genetics of nest cleaning in honey bees. I. Responses of four inbred lines to disease-killed brood ☆

Abstract Eleven colonies of honey bees representing four inbred lines were tested to learn their behaviour toward American foulbrood-killed larvae and pupae in their broodnests. To set up the experiments, about 2,900 larvae were exposed to Bacillus larvae spores suspended in water, and 2,600 control larvae were treated with water alone. All brood cells were observed, daily in most cases, for about two weeks, to learn whether or not the adult bees had removed the brood contained therein. By the end of the experiment, two of the inbred lines, with a history of resistance to American foulbrood, had removed from their cells all but three individuals of the several hundred which did not survive. The two other inbred lines, with a history of susceptibility to American foulbrood, allowed hundreds of individuals dead of the disease to remain in the broodnest. Thus a striking difference in behaviour toward brood dead of American foulbrood was demonstrated.
Factors predicting the increased risk for return to the operating room in bariatric patients: a NSQIP database study

The objective of the study was to assess the risk factors associated with return to the operating room in bariatric surgery patients. Using the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Project’s participant-use file, patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass (LRYGB) and adjustable gastric band (LAGB) procedures for morbid obesity were identified. Several pre-, peri-, and postoperative variables, including 30 day morbidity and mortality, were collected. The study population was divided into two groups: patients returning to the operating room (group 1), and patients not returning to the operating room (group 2). Variables analyzed included postoperative complications, overall morbidity, and mortality. Relationships between preoperative and perioperative factors leading to the return to the operating room also were analyzed. Of 28,241 (LRYGB = 18,671, LAGB = 9,570) patients included in the study, 644 (2.3 %) patients returned to the operating room. Of the study population, 30 day mortality rate was 0.13 % (37/28,241) and morbidity was 4.1 % (1,155/28,241). Patients returning to the operating room had a higher mortality [14/644 (2.2 %) vs. 23/27,597 (0.01 %); P < 0.001], and morbidity [258/644 (40 %) vs. 897/27,579 (3.3 %); P < 0.001] compared with those who did not return to the operating room. Postoperative complications (superficial wound infection, deep surgical site infection, organ space infection, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, renal insufficiency, renal failure, septic shock, and length of stay) were significantly higher for patients who required reoperation. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the bypass operation, bleeding disorder, patients on dialysis, preoperative hematocrit, preoperative low albumin, and length of operation were associated with increased risk of return to the operating room. In the bariatric population, return to the operating room is associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality. Patients who are on dialysis, have a low preoperative serum albumin, and a history of bleeding disorders have a higher chance of return to the operating room. In addition, patients who have a long operation are at increased risk for return to the operating room. Increased awareness of these predictors will be helpful to counsel the patients before the operation.
Juggling multiple roles: Perceptions of working mothers

Abstract Performing multiple roles does not necessarily lead to the occurence of strain in everyday life. We examined the work and family factors that have been hypothesized in the research literature to influence the occurence of stress among working mothers. Results indicated that a partner's work-family spillover and dissatisfaction with child-care arrangements in the family were associated with perceived stress. Sense of control, then, was an important determinant of whether stress developed among the working mothers in our sample.
A History of Global Metal Pollution

Pollution caused by heavy metals can be traced back to the Roman Empire. In his Perspective, Nriagu considers the historical record of metal pollution and discusses results published in the same issue by Hong et al. (p. 246) in which ice core records were used to determine the quantity of copper emitted into the atmosphere by ancient smelters.
Two dynamical classes of Centaurs

Abstract The Centaurs are a transient population of small bodies in the outer Solar System whose orbits are strongly chaotic. These objects typically suffer significant changes of orbital parameters on timescales of a few thousand years, and their orbital evolution exhibits two types of behaviors described qualitatively as random walk and resonance-sticking. We have analyzed the chaotic behavior of the known Centaurs. Our analysis has revealed that the two types of chaotic evolution are quantitatively distinguishable: (1) the random walk type behavior is well described by so-called generalized diffusion in which the rms deviation of the semimajor axis grows with time t as ∼ t H , with Hurst exponent H in the range 0.22–0.95, however (2) orbital evolution dominated by intermittent resonance sticking, with sudden jumps from one mean motion resonance to another, has poorly defined H. We further find that these two types of behavior are correlated with Centaur dynamical lifetime: most Centaurs whose dynamical lifetime is less than ∼ 22 Myr exhibit generalized diffusion, whereas most Centaurs of longer dynamical lifetimes exhibit intermittent resonance sticking. We also find that Centaurs in the diffusing class are likely to evolve into Jupiter-family comets during their dynamical lifetimes, while those in the resonance-hopping class do not.
Overview of registered studies in orthodontics: Evaluation of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry

Introduction The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 made it mandatory for all phase II through IV trials regulated by this Act to be registered. After this, the National Institutes of Health created ClinicalTrials.gov, which is a registry of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants. The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of registered studies in orthodontics. Methods The ClinicalTrials.gov Web site was used to query all registered orthodontic studies. The search term used was "orthodontics." No limitations were placed for the time period. All registered studies regardless of their recruitment status, study results, and study type were selected for analysis. Results A total of 64 orthodontic studies were registered as of January 1, 2014. Of these, 52 were interventional, and 12 were observational. Close to 60% of the interventional studies and 66.7% of the observational studies had sample sizes of 50 or fewer subjects. About 21.2% of the interventional studies and 16.7% of the observational studies had sample sizes greater than 100. Only 1 study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, and the rest were funded by "other" or "industry" sources. Close to 87.7% of the interventional studies were randomized. Interventional model assignments included factorial assignment (3.9%), parallel assignments (74.5%), crossover assignment (7.8%), and single-group assignment (13.7%). Most studies were treatment oriented (80.4%). The types of masking used by the interventional studies included open label (28.9%), single blind (44.2%), and double blind (26.9%). Outcome assessors were blinded in only 6 studies. Conclusions Orthodontic studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov are dominated by small single-center studies. There are wide variations with regard to treatment allocation approaches and randomization methods in the studies. These results also indicate the need for multicenter clinical studies in orthodontics.
Current and future therapies of pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest.

Objective To review contemporary guidelines and therapies for pediatric cardiac arrest and discuss potential novel therapies.
Visualization of endothelial cell glycocalyx following histamine perfusion

Abstract Heparin-dependent staining of endothelial cell glycocalyx is described following perfusion of the rat mesenteric vasculature with histamine. Similar staining is seen following perfusion with penicillamine, a chelator of heavy metals and chemically similar to histamine. This suggests that the chelator properties of the imidazole ring of histamine may be involved in the formation of the reaction product.
The effect of band non-parabolicity of shallow donors

We have studied theoretically the effect of non-parabolicity of conduction band on the binding energies of shallow donors. The calculation is carried out in momentum space. We find that the binding energies are increased by 3 to 5 percent for shallow donors in Hg1-xCdxTe, GaAs, and InP. The discrepencies between the measured donor ionization energies in GaAs and the value from hydrogenic model are, in a substantial part, due to the non-parabolicity effect.
Elevation of blood glucose and induction of hepatic enzymes by 2-deoxyglucose in mice with hypothalamic damage caused by gold thioglucose.

2-Deoxyglukose fuhrt bei Mausen zu Blutzuckersteigerung und in der Leber zu Aktivierung der Tryptophan-Pyrrolase und Tyrosine-Transaminase bei durch Goldthioglukose verursachten hypothalamischen Schaden.
Understanding risk: a guide for the perplexed.

Over the course of the past decade, neurobiologists have become increasingly interested in concepts and models imported from economics. Terms such as “risk,” “risk aversion,” and “utility” have become commonplace in the neuroscientific literature as single-unit physiologists and human cognitive neuroscientists search for the biological correlates of economic theories of value and choice. Among neuroscientists, an incomplete understanding of these concepts has, however, led to a growing confusion that threatens to check the rapid advances in this area. Adding to the confusion, notions of risk have more recently been imported from finance, which employs quite different, although formally related, mathematical tools. Of course, the mixing of economic, financial, and neuroscientific traditions can only be beneficial in the long run, but truly understanding the conceptual machinery of each area is a prerequisite for obtaining that benefit. With that in mind, I present here an overview of economic and financial notions of risk and decision. The article begins with an overview of the classical economic approach to risk, as developed by Bernoulli. It then explains the important differences between the classical tradition and modern neoclassical economic approaches to these same concepts. Finally, I present a very brief overview of the financial tradition and its relation to the economic tradition. For novices, this should provide a reasonable introduction to concepts ranging from “risk aversion” to “risk premiums.”
Unexpected Dimensions of Informal Social Control: A View from the Philippine Sitio

This article amplifies the finding that a number of situational variables surprisingly augment the time-honored tradition of amicable settlement among Filipinos. Earlier reports emphasized cultural and personality patterns as a foundation for a preference of informal mediation of disputes and an avoidance of government agencies of control. Contemporary features, which include distinct political boundaries, unemployment, communication disability in a low-tech society, and the desire for bribery, among others, also appear to emerge as potentially meaningful variables. The findings allow for the construction of a number of propositions that predict how the situation impacts on informal social control. Field research in the relatively volatile area of northwest Mindanao, especially in isolated villages (sitios), suggests a need forfurther clarification.
Are FACES-II ‘family satisfaction’ scores valid?

It has been suggested that family satisfaction can be measured by having a person complete the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-II) twice: once as the person essentially sees the family (actual version), and once as they wish the family to be (ideal version). The discrepancy between the actual and ideal scores is contended to be a measure of satisfaction with family. Though conceptually attractive, this measurement strategy was not verified, as assessed in the present study by correlating the actual-ideal discrepancy scores with family discord (Index of Family Relations) scores. Clinical adoption of the actual-ideal discrepancy-score as a measure of family satisfaction is thus seen as premature, until more supportive evidence is demonstrated.
Evaluation of three theophylline dosing equations for use in infants up to one year of age

To develop appropriate theophylline dosage recommendations for infants≤1 year of age, we evaluated the Nassif, Hendeles, and Hatzopoulos dosing equations in 75 infants who were receiving theophylline intravenously by continuous infusion. Postnatal age ranged from 1 to 52 weeks and postconceptional age from 33 to 93.8 weeks. Using each patient's measured theophylline clearance at steady state and the dose recommended by each of the three equations, we predicted a steady-state serum theophylline concentration for the three equations. The recommended theophylline dose and resultant serum concentrations differed significantly for the three equations. The Nassif, Hendeles, and Hatzopoulos equations resulted in 78.7%, 97.3%, and 93.8%, respectively, of serum theophylline concentrations between 5 and 15 mg/L. The Hendeles and Hatzopoulos equations tended to produce concentrations between 5 and 10 mg/L in the majority of infants; the Nassif equation generally resulted in values between 10 and 20 mg/L. Four percent of the calculated serum concentrations with the Nassif equation were>20 mg/L. When a desired concentration of 10 mg/L was used in the Hatzopoulos equation, predictions of theophylline concentrations were consistently inflated. We conclude that the Hendeles equation ((0.008×Postnatal age in weeks)+0.21=mg/kg per hour or mg/kg daily=(0.2×Postnatal age in weeks)+5) is preferred when intravenous theophylline therapy for apnea and bradycardia or for asthma is initiated. Regardless of the equation used to estimate an initial theophylline dose in infants≤1 year of age, serum theophylline concentrations should be monitored within 6 to 12 hours after the start of therapy.
Microstructural characterization of inhomogeneous media

The need for microstructural characterization extends beyond defect detection and control of fabrication processes. Accurate description of the dielectric properties is required to predict the macroscopic properties of heterogeneous or composite materials and to implement materials-by-design concepts. Traditionally, light scattering has been the tool of choice because of its noninvasive character. However, many forms of condensed matter scatter light very strongly and complications due to multiple scattering seem to prevent the direct use of such investigation methods. Recent advances in the theory of multiple light scattering show that retrieval of structural information is possible in spite of an overall randomness of the scattered field. We developed the phenomenological understanding and the methodologies necessary to correlate the morphological details of the scattering centers with the measurable macroscopic properties.
Long-term outcomes of drinking: a 20-year longitudinal study of men.

Summary This paper examines long-term changes in drinking, with regard to: (a) the degree to which overall patterns of drinking have shifted or remained across a 20-year period; (b) whether these patterns vary on the basis of age; and (c) the degree to which distinct patterns of drinking may be differentially subject to mortality and/or nonresponse. Data for this investigation are from a 20-year prospective follow-up study of two general population surveys. The first of these was originally interviewed in 1964 and consists of interviews with 405 males aged 23 and older; the second, originally interviewed in 1967, consists of interviews with 786 males aged 21–59. The results indicate that while consumption was modestly associated with mortality from all causes, no significant relationship was observed between consumption and non-response. The results also indicate that as respondents aged 20 years, mean levels of alcohol consumption remained stable. This was true despite the fact that when individual respondents did change their drinking, they were more likely to decrease their consumption than increase it. These results do not support conclusion drawn from cross-sectional studies that aging modifies consumption patterns.