cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing psychoanalytic representations of experience

Psychoanalytic theory is changing. Originally an intrapsychic theory, it is now as much an interpersonal theory as an intrapsychic one. From its beginnings a dynamic theory, it is now dynamic in a larger sense than that of repressed unconscious fantasy and its vicissitudes. Dynamic activities are now seen to involve a flow of goals, plans, and scenarios of life, and the dynamics of the present are seen to be as much future oriented as they are present-past oriented. Dynamic activities are seen to occur both within and between individuals, and reverberating processes continue throughout human life. Psychoanalytic theory is also moving to a new language, one that at least for now seems simpler and more direct than before. The above thoughts have been stimulated by the two cogent contributions of Joseph Sandler and Daniel Stern
Anterior chamber infiltrate in 3-month-old: rare presentation of myeloid sarcoma.

Sir, Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is an extramedullary tumour of immature myeloblasts associated with leukaemias.1 MS commonly presents after diagnosis of active leukaemia, during a recurrence, or as a blastic transformation of myelodysplastic syndrome. Rarely, MS arises de novo.2, 3 Here, we describe a case of MS presenting de novo with a white anterior chamber infiltrate.
Ultrahigh magnetic field measurements of nickel crystallite size distributions

Abstract Dispersed nickel supported on silica and alumina has been characterized with ultrahigh field magnetization measurements. A superconducting solenoid operable up to 100 kOe was used for this purpose. The samples were superparamagnetic so that the computation of crystallite size distributions from the magnetic data was possible. A computational technique was developed for this purpose and tests on model distributions carried out. Much better results were obtained than hitherto possible. The catalysts, containing 40 wt% Ni, were initially bidisperse, with both low and high radii grouped distributions. Evidence for both crystallite migration in the case of the small particles and interparticle transport for the larger radii was detected. Measured and calculated surface areas were in agreement.
Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human γ-glutamyl carboxylase

The cDNA for human gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, which accomplishes the post-translational modification required for the activity of all of the vitamin K-dependent proteins, was cloned. The enzyme is a 758-residue integral membrane protein and appears to have three transmembrane domains near its amino terminus. The hydrophilic COOH-terminal half of the carboxylase has 19.3 percent identity with soybean seed lipoxygenase. Expression of the cloned cDNA resulted in an increase in carboxylase activity in microsomes of transfected cells compared to mock-transfected cells.
A Parent-Driven, Computer-Based Vaccine Information System: Addressing Variability in Information Needs for the Varicella Vaccine

OBJECTIVE To determine the variability of parental interest in the depth of detail provided regarding vaccine information. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional, observational study in a primary care pediatric practice from September 1 to September 30, 1995. We provided each participant an opportunity to use a self-directed, computer-based information system using the varicella vaccine as a prototype. The system covered 7 topics regarding the vaccine and offered 5 stages of information, ranging from general, indisputable information at stage 1 to less common, potentially unresolved details at stage 5. Parents viewed stage 1 information for each topic. Parents would then choose to either view more stages or view the next topic. RESULTS Of 130 parents visiting the pediatric practice, 112 (86%) agreed to participate. We found substantial variability in the amount of information sought. Some parents stopped with stage 1 information (15%-45%, depending on the topic), whereas others indicated they would seek more information beyond the fifth stage (2%-14%). Overall, parents reported high satisfaction with the system. CONCLUSION Quantifiable variability exists in parents' requirements for vaccine information, and our information system addresses this issue.
Augustinian perfect being theology and the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob

All of the ingredients for what has become known as “Anselmian perfect being theology” were present already in the thought of St. Augustine. This paper develops that thesis by calling attention to various claims Augustine makes. It then asks whether there are principled reasons for determining which properties the greatest possible being has and whether an account of what contributes to greatness can settle the question whether the greatest possible being is the same as the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The paper develops Augustine’s answer to the first question by extracting several principles he endorses that generate a hierarchy of greatness. It addresses the second question by discussing the requirements of worship and of creation.
Risk of recurrence of resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients as compared with younger patients.

Purpose Half of all patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are 70 years or older at the time of diagnosis. Surgery is an option for fit elderly patients with early stage disease, but rates of disease recurrence after surgical resection are not well described. We report the outcomes in elderly patients (70 years or older) with stage I NSCLC after surgical resection. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with stage I NSCLC after surgical resection at Washington University School of Medicine-Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center from 1990 to 2000. Demographic, pathologic, treatment, and follow-up data were collected. Recurrence rates and overall survival were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to detect associations between potential prognostic factors and survival and recurrence. Results Of the 715 patients with stage I NSCLC, 286 were 70 years or older at diagnosis. In this elderly cohort, the median age was 74 years (range, 70–89 years) and 140 of them were women (49%). Lobectomy was performed in 237 patients (83%) whereas 43 patients (15%) had a wedge or segmental resection, and six patients (2%) underwent pneumonectomy. Clinical and pathologic characteristics were not statistically different between the elderly and younger cohorts, with the exception that older patients were more likely to be white (90% versus 80%, p = 0.0003) and less likely to be smokers (88% versus 95%, p = 0.019) compared with the younger cohort. With a median follow-up of 4.6 years, the overall 5-year survival rate was 52% with a 5-year recurrence rate of 24%. In comparison, the patients younger than 70 years had a 5-year survival rate of 67% ( p Conclusions Although overall survival was worse in elderly patients, estimated disease recurrence rates after resection were identical.
Investigation of structure, dynamics and function of metalloproteins with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) has emerged recently as a powerful tool for analyzing many structural and behavioral aspects of metalloproteins in great detail. In this review we discuss recent developments in the field, placing particular emphasis on the unique features of ESI MS that lend themselves to metalloprotein characterization at a variety of levels. Direct mass measurement enables the determination of protein-metal ion binding stoichiometry in solution and metalloprotein higher order structure in the case of multi-subunit proteins. MS techniques have been developed for determining the locations of metal-binding centers, metal oxidation states and reaction intermediates of metal-containing enzymes. Other ESI MS techniques are also discussed, such as protein ion charge state distributions and hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies, which can be used to measure metal binding affinities and to shed light on vital dynamic aspects of the functional properties of metalloproteins endowed by metal binding.
Gestational Exposure to Nonylphenol Causes Precocious Mammary Gland Development in Female Rat Offspring

This study examined whether or not exposure to 4-nonylphenol (NP) during late gestation affects reproductive and mammary development in the offspring of female rats. Time pregnant Long Evans rats were gavaged with NP (10 or 100 mg/kg), atrazine (ATR, 100 mg/kg), or corn oil on gestation days 15-19. The uterus weights of the NP (100 mg/kg/d)-exposed pups were higher than those of the controls but the weights of the other organs were unchanged. Delayed mammary gland (MG) development was detected in the ATR pups on PND 4 and persisted through to PND 66. The high dose NP pups had advanced lobular development of their MG on PND 22, while the glands from the low dose NP pups were no different morphologically from the controls. Immunohistochemical comparisons of the mammary sections from PND 41 demonstrated low levels of estrogen receptor (ER) staining in the control gland stroma and epithelium but higher levels in the tissue of the pups exposed to NP and ATR. ATR also elevated ER in the stroma surrounding the epithelial layer of the terminal end buds. The level of progesterone receptor (PR) staining was markedly lower in the epithelium of the 100 mg/kg NP glands vs. the control glands. However, PR was present at high levels in the epithelium of the 10 mg/kg NP glands and was even more prominent in the ATR-exposed ductal epithelium and fat cell nuclei. The level of prolactin staining was only elevated in glands containing lobule areas (NP-exposed) compared with the control levels. These results suggest that NP and ATR have opposite effects on the development of MG after gestational exposure. Exposure to them during the critical period of epithelial outgrowth altered the receptor levels of mammary progesterone and prolactin and might contribute to the differences in the mammary morphology at PND 41.
Behavioral modulation of stimulus-evoked oscillations in barrel cortex of alert rats.

Stimulus-evoked oscillations have been observed in the visual, auditory, olfactory and somatosensory systems. To further our understanding of these oscillations, it is essential to study their occurrence and behavioral modulation in alert, awake animals. Here we show that microstimulation in barrel cortex of alert rats evokes 15-18Hz oscillations that are strongly modulated by motor behavior. In freely whisking rats, we found that the power of the microstimulation-evoked oscillation in the local field potential was inversely correlated to the strength of whisking. This relationship was also present in rats performing a stimulus detection task suggesting that the effect was not due to sleep or drowsiness. Further, we present a computational model of the thalamocortical loop which recreates the observed phenomenon and predicts some of its underlying causes. These findings demonstrate that stimulus-evoked oscillations are strongly influenced by motor modulation of afferent somatosensory circuits.
Characterizing MEMS deformable mirrors for open-loop operation: High-resolution measurements of thin-plate behavior

New concepts for astronomical adaptive optics are enabled by use of micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors (DMs). Unlike traditional DMs now used in astronomical AO systems, MEMS devices are smaller, less expensive, and exhibit extraordinarily repeatable actuation. Consequently, MEMS technology allows for novel configurations, such as multi-object AO, that require open-loop control of multiple DMs. At the UCO/Lick Observatory Laboratory for Adaptive Optics we are pursuing this concept in part by creating a phaseto- voltage model for the MEMS DM. We model the surface deflection approximately by the thin-plate equation. Using this modeling technique, we have achieved open-loop control accuracy in the laboratory to ~13-30 nm surface rms in response to ~1-3 μm peak-to-valley commands, respectively. Next, high-resolution measurements of the displacement between actuator posts are compared to the homogeneous solution of the thin-plate equation, to verify the model's validity. These measurements show that the thin-plate equation seems a plausible approach to modeling deformations of the top surface down to lateral scales of a tenth actuator spacing. Finally, in order to determine the physical lower limit to which our model can be expected to be accurate, we conducted a set of hysteresis experiments with a MEMS. We detect only a sub-nanometer amount of hysteresis of 0.6±0.3 nm surface over a 160-volt loop. This complements our previous stability and position repeatability measurements, showing that MEMS DMs actuate to sub-nanometer precision and are hence controllable in open-loop.
Social behavior in stump-tailed macaques (Macaca speciosa) after lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex

This experiment observed the effects of dorsolateral frontal cortex ablations on quantified social interactions of stump-tail macaques within the context of the social behavior of a larger group. A caged group of 11 stump-tail macaques, six females and five males, was observed for 100 hours pre-operatively. Post-operatively, five operates and five sham operates matched for sex, age, and rank were observed for 110 hours. Aggression increased following surgery. The female operates ranked No. 3 and No. 5 were seen to fall to the bottom of the dominance hierarchy two months after surgery. The fall in dominance as measured by displacement behavior was found to permeate several behavioral categories including presenting, threatening, and aggression. The female operates appeared to fall in inverse relationship to their ranks. The male operates showed minimal disruptions after surgery. The length of the time between surgery and the outbreak of violence might represent the length of time required for subordinates to notice and confirm the behaviors resulting from attentional defects in the high-ranking female operates.
Hybrid infrared focal-plane signal and noise modeling

The time and expense involved in producing infrared hybrid focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) dictates that optimal designs be used. The use of accurate signal and noise models, which identify the critical focal plane design parameters, are essential in obtaining these optimal designs. We describe the methodology behind building a signal and noise model for a hybrid infrared focal plane array consisting of photodetectors coupled to silicon complementary- symmetry metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) readouts. The CMOS readout is essential in transducing the infrared photosignal to a usable voltage domain form, but introduces front-end noise in the hybrid FPA. A signal and noise model for a photodetector-readout combination that is currently used in many applications is examined in order to identify the parameters that affect performance.
ON THE SUM OF THE RECIPROCALS OF THE FERMAT NUMBERS AND RELATED IRRATIONALITIES

In (1), P. Erdos showed that the function takes on irrational values whenever z = 1/t, t = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , . . . . The method of proof uses Lambert's identity, where d(n) is the number of divisors of n; and it is shown that
Waterlow Criteria, Age and Diagnosis Identify Nutritional Risk in Pediatric Patients

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe factors that identify nutritional risk in pediatric patients. We sought to develop an improved model for a hospitalwide screening program and to determine the risk factors for malnutrition in a pediatric population by comparing the effectiveness of our current screening tool to that of Waterlow criteria. All patients (n = 645) admitted to a tertiary-care pediatric hospital during a 2-week period were screened using both tools. Information obtained by the screening tool included sex, age, diagnosis, gastrointestinal (GI) problems, appetite, albumin, hemoglobin, weight and height, with weight being the primary risk indicator due to lack of height measurements. The anthropometric values were determined from height and weight measurements using ANTHRO from the World Health Organization. The screening tool found an 11% prevalence of malnutrition (acute and/or chronic). Waterlow criteria indicated malnutrition in 44% of patients with acute and chronic malnutrition in 20% and 31% of patients, respectively. The sensitivity of the established screening tool, compared with Waterlow criteria, was 20%, and the specificity was 96%. Waterlow criteria found a greater number of patients at nutritional risk by identifying children with chronic malnutrition/linear stunting. Factors that helped identify nutritional risk were age, diagnosis and anthropometries. Information of less value in assessing nutritional risk included a history of weight loss, poor appetite, GI problems and/or albumin levels. The results of this study were used to modify the existing screening tool and to increase compliance in obtaining admission anthropometries to more accurately and efficiently identify patients at nutritional risk.
Self-disclosure patterns among adolescents.

The purpose of this research was to investigate self-disclosure behavior in the late childhood and adolescent years. 149 Ss in Grades 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were administered a modified form of Jourar...
“A House for My Mother”: Motivating Hispanic High School Students

The literature about minority education typically focuses on failure and deficits. Scant attention is paid to why some students succeed and how others can be motivated to do so. This study discovered specific teacher strategies in a college prep program for Hispanic students that effectively addressed psychosocial conditions which predict minority student failure, and motivated the students to (1) create a vision of the future, (2) redefine their image of self, and (3) build a supportive community. MOTIVATING MINORITY STUDENTS, HISPANIC HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, CLASSROOM INTERACTION, VISION OF THE FUTURE, SELF-ESTEEM
A simulation study to evaluate the feasibility of midgap workfunction metal gates in 25 nm bulk CMOS

The performance of 25 nm metallurgical channel length bulk MOSFETs with midgap workfunction metal gates has been compared with conventional polysilicon gates and bandedge workfunction metal gates. Device design using pocket halo implants was implemented to achieve the required off-state leakage specification. Highly accurate, full device simulations have been performed with a linear chain of inverters taking quantum effects into consideration. Drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) was used as an indicator of short channel effects, and the stage delay of a linear chain of inverters and the on state drive current (I/sub on/) have been identified as metrics for performance. Compared to bandedge metal gates, midgap gates suffer from lower drive currents for both NMOS and PMOS devices. On the other hand, midgap devices were comparable in their performance to N/sup +/ polysilicon gated devices and exceeded that of P/sup +/ polysilicon devices. This high performance was attributed to a lack of poly depletion in midgap metal devices and a higher degree of DIBL which resulted in a lower V/sub t/ under high drain bias providing high drive current. Conclusions have been drawn on the feasibility of using midgap metal gates to simplify process integration in future generation CMOS devices.
Digital Image Analysis for Fabric Assessment

Conventional methods of fabric inspection are tedious and require close association. In this work, digital image analysis for fabric assessment (DIAFA) is applied to modem and historic fabrics. Fabric images are divided into arrays of pixels with peak intensities distributed over gray scale ranges (histograms) and along constructed lines (line profiles). Fabric cover is measured by segmenting a histogram's B/w pixels, yarn spacing, and yarn thickness from moving point averages by calculating the breadth of a peak corresponding to an individual yarn at half the maximum peak height for a given line profile. The results show very good agreement with known values (r = 0.919, n = 30, p < 0.01). Fourier power spectra provide facile measurements of yarn parameters in close agreement with the results from line profiling. With DIAFA, a small tool kit is developed to assist in the objective analysis of the structural integrity of fabrics in the museum environment, and it could be very useful in advancing automated ...
Phylogenomic evidence supports past endosymbiosis, intracellular and horizontal gene transfer in Cryptosporidium parvum

The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is an emerging pathogen capable of causing illness in humans and other animals and death in immunocompromised individuals. No effective treatment is available and the genome sequence has recently been completed. This parasite differs from other apicomplexans in its lack of a plastid organelle, the apicoplast. Gene transfer, either intracellular from an endosymbiont/donor organelle or horizontal from another organism, can provide evidence of a previous endosymbiotic relationship and/or alter the genetic repertoire of the host organism. Given the importance of gene transfers in eukaryotic evolution and the potential implications for chemotherapy, it is important to identify the complement of transferred genes in Cryptosporidium. We have identified 31 genes of likely plastid/endosymbiont (n = 7) or prokaryotic (n = 24) origin using a phylogenomic approach. The findings support the hypothesis that Cryptosporidium evolved from a plastid-containing lineage and subsequently lost its apicoplast during evolution. Expression analyses of candidate genes of algal and eubacterial origin show that these genes are expressed and developmentally regulated during the life cycle of C. parvum. Cryptosporidium is the recipient of a large number of transferred genes, many of which are not shared by other apicomplexan parasites. Genes transferred from distant phylogenetic sources, such as eubacteria, may be potential targets for therapeutic drugs owing to their phylogenetic distance or the lack of homologs in the host. The successful integration and expression of the transferred genes in this genome has changed the genetic and metabolic repertoire of the parasite.
Environmental Implications of the Use of Fusion Power

Long-term limits to growth in energy-use will be imposed not by inability to expand supply but by the rising environmental and social costs of doing so. These costs will therefore be central issues in choosing long-term energy options. Energy from nuclear fusion, like solar energy, is not one technology but many. Some of the fusion possibilities seem likely to have very attractive environmental characteristics; others may be little better in these regards than nuclear fission.Issues in fusion-reactor design that are crucial from the environmental standpoint include: size of tritium inventory and pathways for its release; nature and configuration of materials that are subject to neutron activation; forms and quantities of the stored energy that are internal to the reactor, and the nature of potential links between fusion technology and nuclear weaponry.
Biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury

New biomarkers are needed in the clinic to distinguish drug-induced liver injury from other types of liver injuries, and to identify which specific drug is the culprit when drug-induced liver injury occurs in the setting of polypharmacy. There is also a need for new biomarkers that can be used in clinical trials to identify which new drugs in development have serious liver liabilities. When there are few alternative therapies available, biomarkers are needed to be able to identify patients susceptible to drug-induced liver injury from drugs known to have this liability. Developing and validating such biomarkers will require the establishment of well-annotated serum and urine banks from prospective clinical trials of drugs that have serious liver safety liabilities as well as those that do not.
ARM-seq: AlkB-facilitated RNA methylation sequencing reveals a complex landscape of modified tRNA fragments

High-throughput RNA sequencing has accelerated discovery of the complex regulatory roles of small RNAs, but RNAs containing modified nucleosides may escape detection when those modifications interfere with reverse transcription during RNA-seq library preparation. Here we describe AlkB-facilitated RNA methylation sequencing (ARM-seq), which uses pretreatment with Escherichia coli AlkB to demethylate N(1)-methyladenosine (m(1)A), N(3)-methylcytidine (m(3)C) and N(1)-methylguanosine (m(1)G), all commonly found in tRNAs. Comparative methylation analysis using ARM-seq provides the first detailed, transcriptome-scale map of these modifications and reveals an abundance of previously undetected, methylated small RNAs derived from tRNAs. ARM-seq demonstrates that tRNA fragments accurately recapitulate the m(1)A modification state for well-characterized yeast tRNAs and generates new predictions for a large number of human tRNAs, including tRNA precursors and mitochondrial tRNAs. Thus, ARM-seq provides broad utility for identifying previously overlooked methyl-modified RNAs, can efficiently monitor methylation state and may reveal new roles for tRNA fragments as biomarkers or signaling molecules.
Dissociable effects of the implicit and explicit memory systems on learning control of reaching

Adaptive control of reaching depends on internal models that associate states in which the limb experienced a force perturbation with motor commands that can compensate for it. Limb state can be sensed via both vision and proprioception. However, adaptation of reaching in novel dynamics results in generalization in the intrinsic coordinates of the limb, suggesting that the proprioceptive states in which the limb was perturbed dominate representation of limb state. To test this hypothesis, we considered a task where position of the hand during a reach was correlated with patterns of force perturbation. This correlation could be sensed via vision, proprioception, or both. As predicted, when the correlations could be sensed only via proprioception, learning was significantly better as compared to when the correlations could only be sensed through vision. We found that learning with visual correlations resulted in subjects who could verbally describe the patterns of perturbations but this awareness was never observed in subjects who learned the task with only proprioceptive correlations. We manipulated the relative values of the visual and proprioceptive parameters and found that the probability of becoming aware strongly depended on the correlations that subjects could visually observe. In all conditions, aware subjects demonstrated a small but significant advantage in their ability to adapt their motor commands. Proprioceptive correlations produced an internal model that strongly influenced reaching performance yet did not lead to awareness. Visual correlations strongly increased the probability of becoming aware, yet had a much smaller but still significant effect on reaching performance. Therefore, practice resulted in acquisition of both implicit and explicit internal models.
Enabling flow-based routing control in data center networks using Probe and ECMP

Data center networks often use densely interconnected topologies to provide high bandwidth for internal data exchange. In such network, it is critical to employ effective load balancing schemes so that the bandwidth resources can be fully utilized. A simple and widely adopted scheme is equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) routing, which is generally supported by commodity switches and routers. However, research shows that ECMP cannot always ensure even traffic distribution among multiple paths. Consequently, ECMP cannot guarantee optimal resource utilization. We propose a scheme to complement ECMP with per-flow reroute. The basic idea is to perform ECMP-based load balancing by default. When a congestion occurs on a certain link, we dynamically reroute one or a few big flows to alternative paths to alleviate the congestion. The main contribution of our research is to design a scheme that enables per-flow reroute without introducing any modifications to IP switches and routers. All the flow-based operations and reroute functionalities are implemented in software that are installed on end hosts and centralized controllers. We call this scheme PROBE (Probe and RerOute based on ECMP). PROBE uses a traceroute-like approach to discover alternative paths and modifies packet headers to enable flow-based reroute. We show that PROBE is a low cost, low complexity and feasible scheme that can be easily implemented in existing data center networks that consist of commodity switches and routers.
A 6.67mW sparse coding ASIC enabling on-chip learning and inference

A sparse coding ASIC is designed to learn visual receptive fields and infer the sparse representation of images for encoding, feature detection and recognition. 256 leaky integrate-and-fire neurons are connected in a 2-layer network of 2D local grids linked in a 4-stage systolic ring to reduce the communication latency. Spike collisions are kept sparse enough to be tolerated to save power. Memory is divided into a core section to support inference, and an auxiliary section that is only powered on for learning. An approximate learning tracks only significant neuron activities to save memory and power. The 3.06mm 2 65nm CMOS ASIC achieves an inference throughput of 1.24Gpixel/s at 1.0V and 310MHz, and on-chip learning can be completed in seconds. Memory supply voltage can be reduced to 440mV to exploit the soft algorithm that tolerates errors, reducing the inference power to 6.67mW for a 140Mpixel/s throughput at 35MHz.
Raman fiber laser arrays

We propose and analyze coupled fiber lasers based on Raman gain. The nonlinear phases inherent in the stimulated Raman scattering process are shown to contribute to the phase locking mechanism in the weak coupling regime.
Runtime verification with state estimation

We introduce the concept of Runtime Verification with State Estimation and show how this concept can be applied to estimate the probability that a temporal property is satisfied by a run of a program when monitoring overhead is reduced by sampling. In such situations, there may be gaps in the observed program executions, thus making accurate estimation challenging. To deal with the effects of sampling on runtime verification, we view event sequences as observation sequences of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), use an HMM model of the monitored program to "fill in" sampling-induced gaps in observation sequences, and extend the classic forward algorithm for HMM state estimation (which determines the probability of a state sequence, given an observation sequence) to compute the probability that the property is satisfied by an execution of the program. To validate our approach, we present a case study based on the mission software for a Mars rover. The results of our case study demonstrate high prediction accuracy for the probabilities computed by our algorithm. They also show that our technique is much more accurate than simply evaluating the temporal property on the given observation sequences, ignoring the gaps.
Estimates of eruption velocity and plume height from infrasonic recordings of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska

Abstract The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, began with an explosive phase comprising 13 discrete Vulcanian blasts. These events generated ash plumes reaching heights of 3–14 km. The eruption was recorded by a dense geophysical network including a pressure sensor located 3.2 km from the vent. Infrasonic signals recorded in association with the eruptions have maximum pressures ranging from 13–111 Pa. Eruption durations are estimated to range from 55–350 s. Neither of these parameters, however, correlates with eruption plume height. The pressure record, however, can be used to estimate the velocity and flux of material erupting from the vent, assuming that the sound is generated as a dipole source. Eruptive flux, in turn, is used to estimate plume height, assuming that the plume rises as a buoyant thermal. Plume heights estimated in this way correlate well with observations. Events that exhibit strongly impulsive waveforms are underestimated by the model, suggesting that flow may have been supersonic.
Periacetabular Reconstruction with a New Endoprosthesis

Reconstruction of the Type II pelvic resection is challenging. Currently available reconstructive options have inherent problems including graft and implant failure, pain, poor function, and high major complication rates. The periacetabular reconstruction (PAR) endoprosthesis was designed to be secured with internal fixation and bone cement to the remaining ilium and support a reconstructed acetabulum. This construct potentially avoids the complications of graft or hardware failure, while maintaining early mobilization, comfort, limb lengths, and function. We retrospectively reviewed 25 patients who underwent Type II pelvic resection and reconstruction with the PAR endoprosthesis, analyzing function, complications, and survivorship. The minimum followup was 13 months (mean, 29.4 months; range, 13 to 108 months). We compared the PAR data with the literature for the Mark II saddle endoprosthesis. The PAR’s average MSTS score was 20.8 (67%), major complications occurred in 14 (56%), and implant survivorship was 84% at 2 years and 60% at 5 years. The rate of failure at the ilium-saddle interface was lower and implant survivorship higher than those in the published literature for the Mark II saddle. We recommend use of the PAR endoprosthesis for reconstruction of large defects following Type II pelvic resection. The modified saddle design provides greater inherent stability, allowing for faster rehabilitation and improved longevity without increased complications and is an improvement over the currently available saddle prostheses. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective case series. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Trajectories of pain and analgesics in oncology outpatients with metastatic bone pain during participation in a psychoeducational intervention study to improve pain management

Abstract A large number of oncology patients with bone metastasis report significant and often unrelieved pain that is associated with reduced quality of life and impaired functional status. Our research team previously assessed the efficacy of a tailored self-care psychoeducational intervention to improve pain management in these patients. Samplewide analyses demonstrated improvements in pain intensity and analgesic prescriptions. However, substantial interindividual variability was observed within the intervention group. In the current paper, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to determine factors that contributed to variability in pain intensity and analgesic prescription and intake in the sample of patients who participated in the intervention. Specifically, HLM analyses identified demographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics that predicted variation in pain intensity and analgesic prescription and intake at baseline (intercepts) and over the course of the 6-week study (trajectories). Awareness of these predictors may be particularly useful for the identification of patients who would benefit most from this type of intervention. Furthermore, these findings highlight specific aspects of the intervention that may be modified in order to further improve pain management in these patients. Perspective This paper describes the application of HLM to explain interindividual variability in pain and analgesic outcomes among oncology outpatients with metastatic bone pain who participated in a psychoeducational intervention to improve pain management. Findings identify particularly responsive subgroups, areas for improvement to the intervention, and targets for future intervention.
Rectangular shipping containers

The very earliest types of shipping containers were bales and bilged casks, made to facilitate man-handling. The Industrial Revolution, and the resulting improvements in transport, the building of railways and better roads led to the development of wooden boxes and crates as the first modern shipping containers. Timber was then plentiful, and so inexpensive that wooden box makers, like most other users of wood, demanded high grades and ignored inferior material. Little consideration was given to wastage, either in forestry or in box making, and even less to questions of design to give maximum strength for minimum use of material.
A pilot plant apparatus for continuous phased culture--some observations on oxygen usage by Candida utilis during the cell cycle.

An inexpensive scale-up of the cyclone column apparatus (Can. J. Microbiol., 11, 893 (1965)) is described which is suitable for pilot plant studies on the 10 liter scale. Details of its construction and operation are given. Experimental with phased cultures of C. utilis growing in the equipment are reported during which studies of dissolved oxygen and oxygen uptake were made over the cell cycle. Changes in both oxygen parameters occurred during the cycle and were useful as monitors of the growth. Cell of C. utilis were found to be very sensitive to changes in oxygen supply during the early stages of the cell cycle.
Abstract data types for SIMD hypercube machines

The authors investigate an efficient implementation of abstract data types on single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) hypercube machines. Methods of merging distributed clients and servers to allow efficient parallel operations are presented. In particular, parallel primitives are proposed as well as normalized representation schemas for efficiently implementing various abstract data types. Since the performance of an abstract data type component can vary considerably depending on the placement of its data elements on the physical processors, mapping strategies to reduce communication costs are discussed. These abstract components can serve as building blocks for implementing other parallel components, such as parsers, constraint resolvers, and pattern recognizers. >
On the Correspondence between Short- and Long-Time-Scale Systematic Errors in CAM4/CAM5 for the Year of Tropical Convection

AbstractThe correspondence between short- and long-time-scale systematic errors in the Community Atmospheric Model, version 4 (CAM4) and version 5 (CAM5), is systematically examined. The analysis is based on the annual-mean data constructed from long-term “free running” simulations and short-range hindcasts. The hindcasts are initialized every day with the ECMWF analysis for the Year(s) of Tropical Convection. It has been found that most systematic errors, particularly those associated with moist processes, are apparent in day 2 hindcasts. These errors steadily grow with the hindcast lead time and typically saturate after five days with amplitudes comparable to the climate errors. Examples include the excessive precipitation in much of the tropics and the overestimate of net shortwave absorbed radiation in the stratocumulus cloud decks over the eastern subtropical oceans and the Southern Ocean at about 60°S. This suggests that these errors are likely the result of model parameterization errors as the larg...
Point: Pulmonary inhalation of insulin: another "brick in the wall".

The latest innovation for advancing diabetes care is not a new pharmacologic class; it represents a new “twist” on one of the oldest pharmacologic agents known for treatment of diabetes. After >80 years of clinical use and after many years of research for alternative means of delivery (including dermal, nasal, and oral approaches), insulin delivered by pulmonary inhalation is finally a clinical reality. The availability of inhaled insulin could not have come at a better time. At a time when the prevalence of diabetes is increasing at alarming rates worldwide and when the majority of individuals with diabetes have not achieved the recommended glycemic goal, new insights into the disease itself are being revealed at a rapid pace and are allowing for the development of novel approaches to better manage the disease. As such, inhaled insulin now joins the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, and synthetic analogs of amylin as the latest tools available to the clinician. However, it is somewhat surprising that despite the promise that inhaled insulin could contribute to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of diabetes, considerable concern is openly expressed regarding its routine use. There is no question about the need for insulin therapy in an individual with type 1 diabetes. The use of insulin in type 2 diabetes and, in particular, earlier in the course of management is supported by the natural history of the disease, which is characterized by progressive β-cell dysfunction. However, as a medical community, we need to do a much better job in advancing therapy in order to achieve glycemic control. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and NHANES 1999–2000 suggested, if anything, a decrease in the percentage of individuals achieving glycemic targets (1). At the same time, the percentage of …
Cytochemical analysis of calcium distribution in the superficial pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil.

The potassium pyroantimonate-osmium method was employed to determine the distribution of cations in the superficial pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil. The reaction product in the glands was presumed to be calcium following the use of both the chelator EGTA and x-ray microanalysis. A gradient of reaction product was found in the pineal with the highest concentrations occurring in and around the pineal concretions (PC). The periphery of mature PC demonstrated a heavy precipitate as did the surrounding pinealocytes. PC-associated pinealoeytes contained reaction product in many organelles, including small vesicles that appeared to be opening in the direction of the concretions. The vacuoles of the pinealocytes contained various concentrations of precipitate. The results obtained in the present investigation have led to a hypothesis on the formation of pineal concretions: (1) a pinealocyte vacuole is formed, (2) calcium is transported to the vacuole, (3) the cation content of the vacuole increases, and (4) the cations precipitate into an immature concretion. Fibrillar material and an amorphous substance located within the pinealocyte vacuole appear to form cation containing vesicles that contribute to the periphery of the developing PC, resulting in the continued growth of the concretion.
Bezout space-time precoders and equalizers for MIMO channels

The transmitter/receiver diversities in p-input-q-output multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels will play a key role in future high-rate wireless communication. The major challenge in MIMO signal recovery is the mitigation of the inevitable intersymbol interference (ISI) and interchannel interference (ICI) in multipath MIMO channels. The Bezout system theory provides a simple solution for ISI/ICI cancellation and, thus, can serve as a powerful mathematical foundation for MIMO systems. If p q and the MIMO system H(D) is left coprime, the system is perfectly recoverable via a Bezout precoder, assuming the channel information is available at the transmitter. For a robust channel design, a quantitative analysis of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optimal Bezout equalizer/precoder can be derived from the Bezout null space. Compared with the Alamouti(see IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.16, p.1451-58, Oct. 1998) space-time coding, the Bezout precoder is shown to be more appealing in slowly time-varying channels, where the feedback of the channel information induces minor overhead. The Bezout system can work well jointly with the space-time block coding (STBC). The STBC can be adopted to artificially construct a larger q'/spl times/p' (q'>p') virtual transfer function without the channel information. A necessary and sufficient condition is provided for perfect recoverability (PR) for the STBC-induced virtual MIMO systems. Based on the virtual transfer function, both channel-independent and channel-dependent precoding strategies are feasible. Via a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, the Bezout precoder can be shown to outperform the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) precoder in bit-error-rate (BER), transmission rate, and receiver implementation. The interplay of the two design parameters (N and /spl rho/) is analyzed to provide a simple guideline for an optimal configuration. The combined STBC and Bezout equalization techniques offer a broader spectrum of transceiver system configuration to achieve optimal design tradeoff among BER, transmission rate, and implementation complexity.
Feedback-Driven Interactive Learning in Dynamic Wireless Resource Management for Delay-Sensitive Users

In this paper, we study the problem of dynamic resource management for delay-sensitive users over wireless networks. We focus on a decentralized setting, where autonomous users make self-interested decisions to maximize their utility functions as evaluated based on information feedback. In this paper, two types of information feedback are discussed. One is the private information feedback between a transmitter-receiver pair. The other is the public information feedback among users (i.e., different transmitter-receiver pairs). Due to the informationally decentralized nature of the wireless network, a user cannot have complete information about the transmission actions of its interfering neighbors. However, the user can implicitly or explicitly model the transmission strategies of its major interference sources based on the information feedback. In this paper, we provide an interactive learning framework for distributed power control of delay-sensitive users over multicarrier wireless networks. Specifically, the user can adopt corresponding interactive learning schemes to explicitly model the other users' strategies if public information feedback is available or to implicitly model the impact of other users' actions on its utility if only private information is available. Based on these models, the user creates beliefs and is able to strategically adapt its decisions to maximize its utility. We determine the performance upper bounds for the user's utility when learning from private or public information feedback and investigate the cost-performance tradeoffs resulting from the information feedback gathered with different frequencies and from various users. The simulation results show that the proposed adaptive interactive learning approach significantly improves the energy efficiency of delay-sensitive users compared with schemes that perform myopic best response.
Tracking with Sleepy Sensors

We study the problem of tracking an object that is moving randomly through a dense network of wireless sensors. We assume that each sensor has a limited range for detecting the presence of the object, and that the network is sufficiently dense so that the sensors cover the area of interest. In order to conserve energy the sensors may be put into a sleep mode with a timer that determines the sleep duration. We assume that a sensor that is asleep cannot be communicated with or woken up. Thus the sleep duration needs to be determined at the time the sensor goes to sleep based on all the information available to the sensor. The objective is to track the location of the object to within the accuracy of the range of the sensor. However, having sleeping sensors in the network could result in tracking errors, and hence there is a tradeoff between the energy savings and the tracking error that results from the sleeping actions at the sensors. We consider the design of sleeping policies that optimize this tradeoff.