cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of intravenous or oral sodium chlorate administration on the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli in sheep.

The effect of gavage or intravenous (i.v.) administration of sodium chlorate salts on the fecal shedding of generic Escherichia coli in wether lambs was studied. To this end, 9 lambs (27 ± 2.5 kg) were administered 150 mg NaClO3/kg BW by gavage or i.v. infusion in a crossover design with saline-dosed controls. The crossover design allowed each animal to receive each treatment during 1 of 3 trial periods, resulting in 9 observations for each treatment. Immediately before and subsequent to dosing, jugular blood and rectal fecal samples were collected at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 36 h. Endpoints measured were fecal generic E. coli concentrations, blood packed cell volume (PCV), blood methemoglobin concentration, and serum and fecal sodium chlorate concentrations. Sodium chlorate had no effects (P > 0.05) on blood PVC or methemoglobin. Fecal generic E. coli concentrations were decreased (P 0.05). At 8 h, serum chlorate concentrations of gavaged lambs were greater (P < 0.05) than in i.v.-dosed lambs. Serum chlorate data are consistent with earlier studies indicating very rapid transfer of orally dosed chlorate to systemic circulation, and fecal chlorate data are consistent with earlier data showing the excretion of low to marginal concentrations of sodium chlorate in orally dosed animals. Efficacy of sodium chlorate at reducing fecal E. coli concentrations after i.v. infusion suggests that low concentrations of chlorate in gastrointestinal contents, delivered by biliary excretion, intestinal cell sloughing, or simple diffusion, are effective at reducing fecal E. coli levels. Alternatively, chlorate could be eliciting systemic effects that influence fecal E. coli populations.
Barbara A Kennedy (1972) ‘Bankfull’ discharge and meander forms. Area 4(3): 209–212

Kennedy's (1972) short, but classic, paper examines the validity of the concept of ‘bankfull’ as the channel-forming discharge and how that may apply to underfit streams. She argues that the 1.5 ye...
Cardiovascular disease in women: challenge of the middle years.

Abstract: Although heart disease remains the primary cause of death among women of all races and ethnic groups in the United States, many women are still unaware of these facts. Health care providers may also not be aware. Lack of awareness among providers may limit or delay the education and intervention to prevent future cardiovascular disease for women in their middle years. In addition, the metabolic syndrome may develop in these years of a woman's life because of today's lifestyle issues and the reported increases in obesity. The appearance of the metabolic syndrome already places a woman in a precarious position for the development of risk factors such as frank hypertension and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome presents an opportunity for providers to enhance surveillance and to educate their patients in the prevention of future events. Complications of pregnancy may also foreshadow the development of hypertension as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Some investigators consider pregnancy as an excursion into the metabolic syndrome and as a failed “stress test,” if complications such as gestational diabetes or preeclampsia develop. The emergence of those complications may give a more recognized prediction of future cardiovascular events. All primary care providers, including obstetricians and gynecologists, need to be alert as to the follow-up of these women, and incorporate continued vigilance within the standard office visit including waist measurement, annual lipid measurement, glucose monitoring, blood pressure assessment, and intense education and referrals when needed.
Spatial Separation of Sexes in Rock and Willow Ptarmigan in Winter

THIS paper reports information on spatial separation of the sexes in both Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) and Willow Ptarmigan (L. lagopus) in winter in Alaska. The data include observations of the autumnal movement of female Rock Ptarmigan from alpine breeding areas to wintering ranges below timberline, observations of the reverse movement in spring, and results of examinations of specimens taken in winter. I first noticed segregation of sexes in ptarmigan in 1959 while collecting winter specimens incidental to research for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Most data were obtained in central Alaska from 1959 through 1963.
The Double Standard in Environmental Science

My experience suggested to me that ideology, not sound environmental science, has established a significant grip on the top scientific press. This article attempts to portray the emotionalism, exaggeration, and even ideological viciousness - qualities that to me define extremism - that have invaded the field of environmental science. It also considers the different standards of evidence required for pessimistic, as opposed to optimistic, views on environmental problems. As a backdrop, I will use my own specialty, soil erosion.
Outcome after second stem cell transplantation for relapsed multiple myeloma

8118 Background: Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) improves survival and remains the standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed myeloma considered eligible for transplant. However...
422 CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE IMAGING: A NOVEL QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR TRACKING MURINE SKELETAL METASTASIS IN VIVO

Introduction Skeletal metastases models typically use parameters such as radiographic analysis, tumor volume, tumor weight, and histological analysis to assess tumor burden. With the exception of radiographic analysis, each of these parameters requires sacrifice of the animal - an undesirable practice both for the numerous animals required as well as the necessary termination of study of the particular animal. We hypothesized that bioluminescence imaging would offer a novel, sensitive, non-invasive means to follow the progression of tumors in vivo. A cooled charge coupled device (CCD) camera captures photons emitted from the enzyme luciferase after exposure to its substrate, luciferin, and integrates them over a period of time. Materials and Methods The luciferase gene was delivered to human osteolytic prostate cancer (PC-3) cells through in vitro retroviral gene therapy. To determine in vitro correlation, increasing numbers of luciferase expressing PC-3 cells were placed in a 96 well culture plate. At 24 hours, the cells were lysed and a luciferase assay was performed. A correlation coefficient was determined by linear regression. To induce bone lesions in SCID mice, 1 × 105 cells of luciferase expressing PC-3 cells were implanted into the proximal tibias of 8 week old mice. A 3 mm medial parapatellar incision was made, and cells were injected with a 27 1/2 ga needle. Radiographs and CCD images were obtained every 10 days. Photons emitted from PC-3 cells were collected and integrated. Images were obtained by superimposing gray-scale photographic images and luciferase color images. Tumor alone was compared to two different tumor suppression treatments previously shown to be effective for treating osteolytic prostate cancer. Animals were sacrificed at 50 days. Results A correlation of R2 = 0.95 was found between luciferase activity and cell number in vitro. CCD imaging detected an increase in signal intensity at 10 days, whereas radiographs were unable to detect a lesion until 20 days. Tumor suppression was so significant in one treatment that no lesion was detectable on radiograph, though tumor progression could still be followed with CCD imaging. Conclusion CCD imaging is a novel, safe and effective means to follow tumor progression in vivo in a skeletal metastasis model. It was more sensitive than radiograph for showing small lesions, and it was able to demonstrate the effectiveness of two previously validated treatments of osteolytic prostate cancer lesions more effectively than conventional radiographs.
ED pharmacist monitoring of provider antibiotic selection aids appropriate treatment for outpatient UTI

Abstract Objective We sought to determine whether an emergency department (ED) pharmacist could aid in the monitoring and correction of inappropriate empiric antibiotic selection for urinary tract infections in an outpatient ED population. Methods Urine cultures with greater than 100 000 CFU/mL bacteria from the University of Utah Emergency Department over 1 year (October 2011-Sept 2012) were identified using our electronic medical record system. Per ED protocol, an ED pharmacist reviews all cultures and performs a chart review of patient symptoms, diagnosis, and discharge antibiotics to determine whether the treatment was appropriate. A retrospective review of this process was performed to identify how often inappropriate treatment was recognized and intervened on by an ED pharmacist. Results Of the 180 cultures included, a total of 42 (23%) of empiric discharge treatments were considered inappropriate and required intervention. In 35 (83%) of 42 patients, the ED pharmacist was able to contact the patient and make appropriate changes; the remaining 7 patients were unable to be contacted, and no change could be made in their treatment. Conclusion A chart review of all urine cultures with greater than 100 000 CFU/mL performed by an ED pharmacist helped identify inappropriate treatment in 23% of patients discharged to home with the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Of these patients who had received inappropriate treatment, an ED pharmacist was able to intervene in 83% of cases. These data highlight the role of ED pharmacists in improving patient care after discharge.
USING SOIL AND FOUNDATION STRUCTURES AS HEAT COLLECTOR AND THERMAL STORAGE IN SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present paper is to look at the possibilities of utilizing the surrounding ground soil and existing foundations of a building structure as a heat collector and storage element in a solar energy system. The paper covers the (1) mechanism of soil-heat interaction, (2) factors affecting soil thermal properties and (3) illustrates concepts in the design of a simple soil thermal storage unit.
Modelling cross-species feed intake responses to thermal stress.

The objectives of the current study were to compare and model feed intake responses to ambient temperature across species and to assess opportunities to use cross-species (CS) data to parameterize models when species-specific (SS) data were limited. Literature searches were conducted to identify studies reporting intake during thermal stress compared with thermoneutral (TN) conditions. The resulting data set comprised 614 treatment means from 108 studies on livestock responses to thermal stress. An analysis of variance was conducted with the CS data set to identify the effects of species, temperature and species by temperature interactions on intake as (fractional feed intake; FFI). Four models were derived from the CS data set and root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE) and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) of these models were compared with models of the same form derived from SS data sets. Models used explanatory variables for (1) duration of exposure; (2) mean temperature; (3) minimum and maximum temperatures; or (4) difference between minimum and maximum temperatures. An additional model accounting for temperature and stage of production was derived from the SS data. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the species by temperature interaction did not have a significant effect on FFI. Across species, intake decreased with temperature. Notably, all species demonstrated a constant decrease in intake across the TN zone indicating the previous assumption of constant intake during thermoneutrality may be not fully valid. When compared on a SS basis, SS-derived models had marginally lower RMSPE and higher CCC when compared with models derived from the CS data sets. The model fit with production data had the lowest RMSPE and highest CCC within the study. When compared over temperature ranges with minimal data available in some species (e.g., cold stress), using CS models often resulted in decreased RMSPE and improved CCC when compared with SS models. Although fitting models based on SS data allows for incorporating unique covariates, like level of production, fitting responses based on CS data can help to improve model estimates when knowledge gaps exist.
Sea Ice Summer Camp: Bringing Together Sea Ice Modelers and Observers to Advance Polar Science

AbstractArctic sea ice has undergone significant change with large reductions in thickness and areal extent over the historical record. Numerical models project sea ice loss to continue for the foreseeable future, with the possibility of September ice-free conditions later this century. Understanding the mechanisms behind ice loss and its consequences for the larger Arctic and global systems is important if we are to anticipate and plan for the future. Meeting this challenge requires the collective and collaborative insights of scientists investigating the system from numerous perspectives. One impediment to progress has been a disconnect between the observational and modeling research communities. Advancing the science requires enhanced integration between these communities and more collaborative approaches to understanding Arctic sea ice loss. This paper discusses a successful effort to further these aims: a weeklong sea ice summer camp held in Barrow, Alaska (now known as Utqiaġvik), in May 2016. The c...
Nonhuman primates as models for the discovery and development of radiation countermeasures.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Despite significant scientific advances over the past six decades toward the development of safe and effective radiation countermeasures for humans using animal models, only two pharmaceutical agents have been approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS). Additional research efforts are needed to further develop large animal models for improving the prediction of clinical safety and effectiveness of radiation countermeasures for ARS and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) in humans.Area covered: The authors review the suitability of animal models for the development of radiation countermeasures for ARS following the FDA Animal Rule with a special focus on nonhuman primate (NHP) models of ARS. There are seven centers in the United States currently conducting studies with irradiated NHPs, with the majority of studies being conducted with rhesus monkeys.Expert opinion: The NHP model is considered the g...
Introduction to the Special Issue on HRI Education

We are happy to present this Special Issue on Education in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) to the community. As HRI has matured as a field, it is also becoming an increasingly popular educational topic and resource at all levels of instruction, from elementary through graduate programs. While several excellent review articles for the field exist, there is no textbook or recognized curriculum in HRI. The interdisciplinary nature of the field presents students and instructors with opportunities for building on diverse perspectives from design, engineering, computer science, and the social sciences and humanities, as well as challenges in presenting and working with material from such a broad array of disciplines. The authors in this special issue discuss their experiences with and strategies for designing HRI curricula and teaching HRI to students of diverse backgrounds and skill sets. We hope this special issue will inspire many more courses, summer schools, and educational outreach activities in HRI. We also hope that it sparks more discussions about diverse approaches to and necessary standards for HRI curricula.
Maternal Roles and Adolescent Depression: Conditions and Processes of Influence

This article explores the implications of maternal roles for adolescent depression by developing a theoretical model linking the gendered ideologies and work and family roles of mothers to the depression of their adolescent children. The model posits that incongruity between mothers' roles and their ideologies concerning maternal roles results in maternal distress, which influences their parenting in ways that ultimately affect adolescent depression. We test this model using data from the National Survey of Children and covariance structure analysis. The results support the theoretical arguments, demonstrating that incongruity between mothers' roles and ideologies influences family processes in ways relevant for understanding the depression of adolescents.
Sleep Disorders and Melatonin

Melatonin is an endogenously produced neurohormone that plays a key role in the signaling of daily rhythms and the coordination of these rhythms with the external world. It serves as a marker of darkness and also modulates circadian phase, or timing, through feedback mechanisms on the intrinsic circadian rhythm generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin and its metabolites can be readily measured in plasma, saliva, and urine. Measurement of melatonin profiles, particularly, the timing of the sharp rise in melatonin levels during the biological night, can be used to assess circadian phase which is useful in the diagnosis of sleep/circadian pathology as well as determining the optimal timing of treatment. Therapeutically, melatonin can be used to manipulate circadian phase and promote sleep in a circadian rhythm-dependent fashion. Randomized trials have demonstrated that exogenous melatonin can be of benefit in a number of sleep disease states including delayed sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, jet lag, and insomnia.
Finding Representative Association Rules from Large Rule Collections.

One of the most well-studied problems in data mining is computing association rules from large transactional databases. Often, the rule collections extracted from existing datamining methods can be far too large to be carefully examined and understood by the data analysts. In this paper, we address exactly this issue of overwhelmingly large rule collections by introducing and studying the following problem: Given a large collection R of association rules we want to pick a subset of them S ⊆ R that best represents the original collection R as well as the dataset from which R was extracted. We first quantify the notion of the goodness of a ruleset using two very simple and intuitive definitions. Based on these definitions we then formally define and study the corresponding optimization problems of picking the best ruleset S ⊆ R. We propose algorithms for solving these problems and present experiments to show that our algorithms work well for real datasets and lead to large reduction in the size of the original rule collec-
The Global Crisis and Poverty

In this study, we examine the impact of the 2008-2009 Global Crisis on poverty rates across the globe. Our results are mixed. We find that, after the crisis, there was a marginally significant increase in the number of the poorest group of people (living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005 international prices) across the world. However, we do not find any significant increase in the number of people in the other low-income categories (living on less than $2, $2.50, $4, or $5). Although we do not find any significant increase in the poverty headcount ratios (the percentage of poor people in the population living on less than $1.25, $2, $2.50, $4, or $5), our results show that, interestingly, there has been a significant decrease in the national poverty headcount ratios (percentage of people living below the national poverty line which is based on estimates from household surveys) after the crisis. Overall, we suggest policymakers to focus on the poorest group of people during these hard times since this group is affected the most.
Transitory phase transformations during {101¯2} twinning in titanium

Abstract 10 1 ¯ 2 " open=" 10 1 ¯ 1 ¯ twinning presents a variety of properties that entirely depart from the classical twinning behavior. In this work, deformation of a single crystal Ti under uniaxial compression perpendicular to the c-axis was investigated by using atomistic simulations. Very interesting phase transformations between body centered cubic (BCC), hexagonal close-packed (HCP), face centered cubic (FCC) structures were observed. These phase transformations are only transitory. Before twin nucleation, H C P p a r e n t → B C C transformation occurred. The lattice transformation can be described as: ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) P → ( 110 ) B C C , and ( 0002 ) P → ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) B C C . Then the BCC phase transformed to HCP which satisfies 10 1 ¯ 2 " open=" 10 1 ¯ 1 ¯ twin relationship with the HCP parent. This transformation is accomplished by atomic shuffles and no shear is involved. After the BCC phase was entirely transformed, the deformation was dominated by twin growth. At the twin boundary (TB), a FCC phase was present, separating the parent from the twin. The FCC structure was transformed from the HCP parent. This transformation is also transitory and involves both shear and shuffle. Shuffling transforms the double-layered ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) P plane of parent into a close-packed ( 111 ) F C C plane, and then a shear with a Burgers vector of half a Shockley partial dislocation on the ( 111 ) F C C plane generates the correct FCC structure. It was observed that the formation of FCC phase at the TB hinders twin growth. But as the strain increases, the FCC phase transformed to the HCP twin and this process involves Shockley partials on the interface. Strain accommodation was analyzed to explain the formation of the FCC phase at the TB. These transitory phase transformations during deformation twinning further corroborate that 10 1 ¯ 2 " open=" 10 1 ¯ 1 ¯ twinning completely departs from the classical twinning behavior.
Institute for Justice Clinic on Entrepreneurship: A Real World Model in Stimulating Private Enterprise in the Inner City

In three years, the Institute for Justice (IJ) Clinic on Entrepreneurship located at the University of Chicago Law School grew from little more than an abstract idea of two enterprising University of Chicago law students returning from an Institute for Justice summer conference to what it became – a fully operational public interest law firm in a law school setting.
Large eddy simulations of floating offshore wind turbine wakes with coupled platform motion

The growing prospect for large farms of floating offshore wind turbines requires a better understanding of wake effects for floating turbines, particularly the differences when compared to fixed-bottom turbine wakes. The increased range of motion of floating platforms can influence wake characteristics, affecting downstream turbines. In this work, large eddy simulations with an actuator line model are used to study downstream wake characteristics of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine mounted on the OC3-UMaine spar platform for several different metocean conditions. The simulations are carried out in the Simulator fOr Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA) coupled with OpenFAST for the platform and turbine motion. The downstream wake characteristics of the floating platform are compared to equivalent fixed-bottom cases for different wind speeds, wave heights, wind-wave alignments, and turbine yaw angles. Overall, the differences in wake shape between floating and fixed platforms are associated with mean platform displacements, while differences in turbulence are associated with time-varying platform motion. However, these observed wake differences between fixed and floating platforms are small, especially for higher wind speeds and lower wave heights.
Intraperitoneal delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of peritoneal metastases: current challenges and how to overcome them

Introduction: Peritoneal metastases of cancer remain a major cause of an adverse outcome and death following surgical treatment of malignancies that occur within the abdomen and pelvis. The administration of a chemotherapy solution directly into the peritoneal space has been used to improve the survival in this group of patients.Areas covered: Relevant manuscripts from my own publications and identified through Medline and PubMed were reviewed if they concerned neoadjuvant intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy (NIPS), hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC), normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (NIPEC). The pharmacologic information that will impact on the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy administration was also reviewed.Expert opinion: The four major technologies for obtaining peritoneal access of cancer chemotherapy to peritoneal metastases were studied. The differences in distribution of chemotherapy solution, in selection of chemotherapy agents to be delivered, and variations in delivery systems were presented and critically analyzed. The most obvious benefits of combined cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been demonstrated with appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Continued efforts with new intraperitoneal chemotherapy agents and methods of drug delivery continue for ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer.
Indigenous Knowledge and Storytelling in the Owens Valley, California, for Manzanar National Historic Site: Two American Indian Examples

The author presented a version of this paper at the 57th Annual Meeting of The Society for Applied Anthropology in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on April 23, 1998. The paper concentrates on a unit of the ...
The Effect of Vanadate, Phosphate, Fluoride Compounds on the Aqueous Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 in Dilute Chloride Solutions.

The anodic polarization response of magnesium alloy AZ31 was first characterized during exposure to aerated 0.1 M NaCl solutions with millimolar additions of NaVO3, Na3PO4, Na2HPO4, NaF and various pairings to assess their ability to inhibit corrosion kinetics and retard localized corrosion. Each of the candidate inhibitors reduced the corrosion rate of the alloy to some degree. A Na3PO4–NaVO3 pair produced a good inhibiting effect decreasing the corrosion rate to about 10−7 A/cm2, which was two orders of magnitude lower than the uninhibited control case. A Bliss Independence assessment indicated that this inhibitor pair acted synergistically. A Na2HPO4–NaVO3 pair reduced the corrosion rate to 10−6 A/cm2 but was not assessed to be acting synergistically. The NaVO3–NaF pair did not reduce the corrosion rate significantly compared to the control case and was an antagonistic pairing. SEM imaging showed film formation due to exposure, which appears to be the origin of the observed inhibition. The resistance to localized corrosion was assessed as the difference in the breakdown potential and the corrosion potential, with larger values indicating a lower probability of localized corrosion during free corrosion exposures. The effects of the inhibitors on this characteristic were mixed, but each of the inhibitor pairs yielded potential differences in excess of 100 mV. A conceptual conversion coating process based on a mixture of vanadate and phosphate compounds were demonstrated. A fluoride-bearing formulation produced coatings whose total impedance was increased by a factor of two compared to an uncoated control. A fluoride-free formulation produced coatings whose corrosion resistance was increased by more than a factor of three.
P600 Mycoplasma genitalium positivity rates in the us

Background Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) has been associated with nongonococcal urethritis among men and cervictis among women. Infection with MG has been linked to increase risk of HIV infection and potentially with adverse reporductive health outcomes. We currently have limited data regarding the positivity rates for this organism in different locations in the U.S. Typically, chlamydia, gonorrhea and trichomoas rates are highest in the Deep South compared to ther regions of the country, but we do know if this is the case for MG. We took advantage of a multi-site, MG-focused clinical study being conducted in the US to assess the positivity rates, a reflection of prevalence from a convenience sample, at different collection sites. Methods Symptomatic men and women were recruited from 8 sites in the US. Sites were located in the Deep South (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) and other regions (California, Connecticut, Indiana, and Maryland). Participants reporting dysuria, abnorma discharge, genital itching/pain, pelvic pain, or pain/bleeding during intercourse were considered symptomatic. MG status was determined by a combination of resulkts from MG assays since. Results 24/173 (13.9%) men and 21/219 (11.0%) women were MG-infected. The positivy rates were 13/129 (10.1%) an 11/44 (25.0%) for men recruited in the Deep South and other regions, respectively (p=0.013). Among women the rates were 21/184 (11.4%) and 3/35 (8.57%) (p=0.624). Conclusion While the sample size is small since the study is ongoing, it is interesring to note that the majority of participants have been enrolled in Deep South and these positivity estimates are likely fairly robust. This is an important lesson given the desparity in described MG rates around the world. Rates have been reported to be high among symptomatic men in Western Europe and Australia, but lower in other settings. Investigation into the causes for differential distribution may be important to designing appropriate control strategies. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Scholarly productivity of faculty in primary care roles related to tenure versus non-tenure tracks.

Increasing the number of primary care physicians is critical to overcoming the shortage of healthcare providers. Primary care physicians are increasingly called upon to address not only medical concerns but also behavioral health needs and social determinants of health which requires ongoing research and innovation. This paper evaluated scholarly productivity of faculty in tenure versus non-tenure tracks in primary care roles, defined as family medicine, internal medicine, internal medicine/pediatrics and pediatrics. The study included physician faculty in the clinical departments of Brody School of Medicine serving between the 2014–2015 and 2018–2019 academic years. Department, track, and rank at the beginning of each academic year (e.g., 2014–2015) were correlated with having any publications in the following calendar year (e.g., 2015), as determined from a search of the Scopus database. A total of 1620 observations and 542 unique faculty were included in the analysis. As of 2018–2019, 19% percent of primary care faculty were either tenured or on tenure track, as compared to 41% of faculty in other departments (p < 0.001). Primary care departments were also disproportionately staffed by junior faculty (60% as compared to 48% in other departments; p = 0.087). The proportion of faculty with any publications was significantly higher for faculty on the tenure track compared to those not on the tenure track (34% vs. 14%, p < 0.001). Academic productivity was lower among non-tenure-track physician faculty, as measured by publication in peer-reviewed journals. This was exacerbated among faculty in primary care departments, who were also more likely to hold non-tenure-track appointments. The loss of tenure-track positions disproportionately impacts scholarly activity in primary care and may be limiting progress in care-oriented research. Findings suggest that providing non-tenure faculty the time and resources to be involved in research, in addition to their clinical work, as well as access to research collaborators and mentors can promote scholarly activity among this group.
BlankIt library debloating: getting what you want instead of cutting what you don’t

Modern software systems make extensive use of libraries derived from C and C++. Because of the lack of memory safety in these languages, however, the libraries may suffer from vulnerabilities, which can expose the applications to potential attacks. For example, a very large number of return-oriented programming gadgets exist in glibc that allow stitching together semantically valid but malicious Turing-complete and -incomplete programs. While CVEs get discovered and often patched and remedied, such gadgets serve as building blocks of future undiscovered attacks, opening an ever-growing set of possibilities for generating malicious programs. Thus, significant reduction in the quantity and expressiveness (utility) of such gadgets for libraries is an important problem. In this work, we propose a new approach for handling an application’s library functions that focuses on the principle of “getting only what you want.” This is a significant departure from the current approaches that focus on “cutting what is unwanted.” Our approach focuses on activating/deactivating library functions on demand in order to reduce the dynamically linked code surface, so that the possibilities of constructing malicious programs diminishes substantially. The key idea is to load only the set of library functions that will be used at each library call site within the application at runtime. This approach of demand-driven loading relies on an input-aware oracle that predicts a near-exact set of library functions needed at a given call site during the execution. The predicted functions are loaded just in time and unloaded on return. We present a decision-tree based predictor, which acts as an oracle, and an optimized runtime system, which works directly with library binaries like GNU libc and libstdc++. We show that on average, the proposed scheme cuts the exposed code surface of libraries by 97.2%, reduces ROP gadgets present in linked libraries by 97.9%, achieves a prediction accuracy in most cases of at least 97%, and adds a runtime overhead of 18% on all libraries (16% for glibc, 2% for others) across all benchmarks of SPEC 2006. Further, we demonstrate BlankIt on two real-world applications, sshd and nginx, with a high amount of debloating and low overheads.
Clinical and Radiographic Features of Giant Cell Arteritis With Intracranial Involvement.

Objective Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a large-vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its branches. Extracranial branches of the carotid artery are frequently affected; however, intracranial involvement in GCA is rare. Methods A retrospective medical record review was performed to identify all patients with intracranial GCA (IC-GCA) from January 1996 through May 2018. Results Nine patients with IC-GCA were included (78% male; mean age, 72.1 years [SD: 7.9]). All patients met ACR criteria for GCA. The median time from onset of GCA to intracranial involvement was 0.6 months (interquartile range: 0.1-5.1). All patients had neurologic symptoms, 89% had an ischemic cerebrovascular event. Transient or permanent vision loss was frequent (56% of patients). IC-GCA was diagnosed by cranial imaging in all nine patients. Intracranial vasculitis most commonly affected the internal carotid artery (100%), followed by the vertebral artery (67%), posterior cerebral artery (67%), middle cerebral artery (44%), anterior cerebral artery (33%), and posterior inferior cerebral artery (11%). Intracranial vessel stenosis was present in 89%, occlusion in 33%, wall thickening in 33%, and dilation in 11%. All patients received glucocorticoids. Additional therapeutic agents included cyclophosphamide (67%) and tocilizumab (22%). Despite treatment, five patients had rapid deterioration and mortality. Comparing IC-GCA patient survival to the expected rates from the US population, the standardized mortality ratio (95% CI) for IC-GCA was 58.1 (18.9-135.6). Conclusion Although rare, IC-GCA is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It occurs predominantly in men and presents with ischemic cerebrovascular events. Current treatment strategies appear to be of limited efficacy for IC-GCA.
Beautiful resistance: Testimonio art, youth organizing, and collective desahogo

As a former youth worker and community organizer of over 20 years, I have inhabited multiple roles in movement building at various stages of my own development. This experience has given me a uniqu...
An Explicitly Adaptive Management Approach: The Optimum Basin Management Program and a Peace Agreement

Although the controversy of the 1990s focused on the identity and composition of the watermaster, the broader issues were about the overall approach to managing the basin. From 1998 through 2000, the parties and other stakeholders in Chino Basin forged a new management program – the Optimum Basin Management Program (OBMP) – and negotiated a “Peace Agreement” that provided a framework for how they would implement it. It was the launch of an adaptive groundwater management approach in Chino Basin. The OBMP and Peace Agreement embodied a more active approach to managing water levels, basin replenishment, the reuse of treated wastewater, the improvement of water quality, and redressing land subsidence. It would require an intensive data gathering and analysis effort, actions on multiple issues – some simultaneously, some sequentially – and continual monitoring, feedback, and adjustment.
Towards functional dual-slope imaging: methods to design, evaluate, and construct a source-detector array

We have recently introduced a Dual-Slope (DS) method implemented with Frequency-Domain (FD) NearInfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS). Its chief advantages are a preferential sensitivity to deeper tissue and the suppression of instrumental artifacts. Thus-far, the work using the DS method has focused on local measurements of tissue hemodynamics. The next step in the development of DS is the measurement of spatially resolved absorption changes of tissue in vivo. To achieve this, we designed a DS imaging array for applications on human tissue. We utilized this array to measure maps of absolute optical properties in human skeletal muscle, and muscle hemodynamics during venous occlusion. In each case, spatial maps were created. The maps of baseline absolute optical properties showed higher scattering in connective tissue and higher absorption in muscle tissue. The analysis of hemodynamics found a greater blood accumulation during venous occlusion in muscle. Overall, muscle hemodynamics were shown to be spatially variable over a large area, suggesting the importance of imaging (as opposed to single-location) measurements. The preliminary data on human subjects with this new DS imaging array pave the way for applications in functional NIRS (fNIRS) for mapping brain activation.
Mortality From Drug Overdoses, Homicides, Unintentional Injuries, Motor Vehicle Crashes, and Suicides During the Pandemic, March-August 2020.

This study uses national death certificate data to characterize trends in death and excess mortality from drug overdoses, homicides, unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes, and suicide during the first 6 months of the pandemic in the US.
DNA Methylation in Babies Born to Nonsmoking Mothers Exposed to Secondhand Smoke during Pregnancy: An Epigenome-Wide Association Study.

Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is related to altered DNA methylation in infant umbilical cord blood. The extent to which low levels of smoke exposure among nonsmoking pregnant women ...
Role of information and communication technology in economic progress and increasing demand for renewable energy: evidence from China and India

This paper intends to know the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the economic progress and renewable energy consumptions in two Asian economic giants namely India and Chin...
Mexican immigrant parents’ hopes for their children and parenting strategies in different immigration climates

In the present article, we explore the hopes that immigrant parents of Mexican origin have for their children and the strategies they employ to foster such hopes in light of immigration status, immigration climate, and transnational lived experiences. We conducted six focus groups with 42 immigrant parents of Mexican origin living in Arizona and Texas to explore their hopes and strategies used to foster hopes. Parents, the majority of whom were mothers, defined hopes in terms of what they can provide to their children, including (a) a better life through education and economic opportunities, (b) a strong moral and civic upbringing, and (c) safety from neighborhood crime and hostile immigrant climates. Parents fostered these hopes through the strategies of using self as example, parental involvement and monitoring, self-sacrifice, and family unity. Mothers of unauthorized immigration status raising children in a harsh immigration climate also avoided undue public exposure to ensure their children's safety, a task that was difficult for fathers as breadwinners. Immigration status and climate influenced parents' ability to provide opportunities for their children to pursue educational and career opportunities. We discuss parents' hopes and parenting strategies in the context of different immigration climates, highlight emerging gender differences, and provide recommendations for research and practice.
A FOIA for Facebook: Meaningful Transparency for Online Platforms

Transparency has become the watchword solution for a range of social challenges, including related to content moderation and platform power. Obtaining accurate information about how platforms operate is a gatekeeping problem, which is essential to meaningful accountability and engagement with these new power structures. However, different stakeholders have vastly different ideas of what robust transparency should look like, depending on their area of focus. The platforms, for their part, have their own understanding of transparency, which is influenced by a natural drive to manage public perceptions. This paper argues for a model of platform transparency based on better practice standards from global freedom of information or right to information systems. The paper argues that moves by platforms to assume responsibility over the truth or falsity of the content they host and amplify justifies a shift in how we understand their obligations of transparency and accountability, away from traditional self-reporting structures and towards a quasi-governmental standard where data is “open by default.” This change in posture includes creating a mechanism to process information requests from the public, to accommodate the diverse needs of different stakeholders. The paper also suggests establishing a specialized quasi-independent entity (a “Facebook Transparency Board”) which could play a role analogous to an information commission, including overseeing disclosure decisions and acting as a broader champion of organizational transparency. Although these changes represent a significant conceptual shift, they are not entirely unprecedented among private sector entities whose role includes a significant public function, and the paper notes a number of examples, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers’ Documentary Information Disclosure Policy, which could serve as a model for the platforms to follow.
Interactions of 3-Aminopyridine Adenine Dinucleotide with Dehydrogenases

Abstract NAD was converted chemically to 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide through the Hofmann hypobromite reaction and the resulting dinucleotide was purified by means of ion exchange chromatography. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric properties of the analog were studied. The 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide was shown to be a competitive inhibitor in reactions catalyzed by seven NAD(P)-dependent enzymes. The 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide was diazotized with the use of nitrous acid. The diazotized derivative was shown to be a site-specific inactivator of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Diazotized 3-amino-1-methylpyridinium chloride was prepared and shown to be less effective in the inactivation of this enzyme.
Cancer Pain Management: Safe and Effective Use of Opioids

Pain remains a serious consequence of cancer and its treatment. Although significant advances have been made in providing effective cancer pain control, barriers persist. Lack of knowledge, limited time, financial restrictions, and diminished availability of necessary medications serve as significant obstacles. Safe and effective opioid use in a patient with cancer requires skill to overcome these challenges. Understanding the mechanism of action, along with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, of opioids will lead to appropriate selection, dosing, and titration of these agents. Rotation from one opioid or route to another is an essential proficiency for oncologists. As opioid-related adverse effects often occur, the oncology team must be expert in preventing and managing constipation, nausea, sedation, and neurotoxicities. An emerging concern is overtreatment-the excessive and prolonged use of opioids in patients when these agents may produce more harm than benefit. This can occur when opioids are used inappropriately to treat comorbid psychologic issues such as anxiety and depression. Recognizing risk factors for overuse along with key components of universal precautions will promote safe use of these medications, supporting adherence and preventing diversion, thereby protecting the patient, the prescriber, and the community. Because substance use disorders are not rare in the oncology setting, attention must be given to the balance of providing analgesia while limiting harm. Caring for patients with substance misuse requires compassionate, multidisciplinary care, with input from supportive oncology/palliative care as well as addiction specialists.
Traditional Gaelic Bagpiping, 1745-1945

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: John G. Gibson Year: 1998 Pages: xviii + 406 Publisher: NMS Publishing Limited Prices: $24.95
Trade Promotions: Issues and Findings

While trade promotions overall command over half of the total money spent on advertising and promotion, research on trade promotions is limited. This article brings together important findings in the trade promotion literature and summarize what we know about trade promotions. Findings in eight areas of trade promotions are discussed. Keywords: trade promotions; effectiveness; slotting fees; channel efficiency
Imaging kinase: connexin43 interactions using phosphorylation activity biosensors and phospho-specific antibodies (802.2)

Connexin43 (Cx43) is a ubiquitous gap junction protein with widespread tissue expression, serving important functions in cell homeostasis and signaling. The C-terminus of Cx43 contains multiple phosphorylation sites and protein binding domains that are involved in regulation of connexin trafficking and channel gating. Several kinases phosphorylate Cx43 (Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, Akt (also known as Protein Kinase B), Src, CK1, MAPK) at specific serines or tyrosines. We used kinase biosensors,for dynamic readouts of function, and combined it with image analysis to obtain spatial information. We fused a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporter for PKC delta activity, delta C kinase activity reporter (dCKAR) to the C-terminus of Cx43 (Cx43-dCKAR) and expressed it in Cos7 cells. Similarly, we genetically appended an activity reporter for Protein Kinase A (AKAR-CR) to Cx43 and expressed it in Cos7 cells. Time lapse imaging of stimulated PKC resulted in phosphorylation ...