cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legality and Market Reform in Soviet-Type Economies

The classical Soviet-type system operates in the virtual absence of economic legality, which is a prerequisite to a successful transition to a market economy in the Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe. In the absence of economic legality, the leadership of these countries will not be able to implement a credible commitment to private property rights or any other effective market incentive mechanism. In addition, they will be unable to promote the growth of multilateral impersonal trade. Without legality, a shift away from central planning toward market allocation may very likely lead to economic decline, inflationary pressures, and a polarization in income distribution, which, in turn, could unleash political reaction against the reform process in general.
The isolation and characterization of plaque-forming arabinose transducing bacteriophage λ

Non-defective arabinose transducing phage, λpara, were isolated in two steps: first, Escherichia coli strains containing rare insertions of λ DNA into the arabinose C or B genes were selected; and second, these lysogens were induced and transducing phage were selected from the resulting lysates. The approximate location of the bacterial substitution on the phage and the ara gene content of the substitution were determined genetically. The precise location of the substitution was determined by electron microscopy of DNA heteroduplexes. Transducing phage, derived from the strain possessing λ inserted into the araC gene, carried part of the araC gene, the ara regulatory region, and all of the araB gene. Transducing phage, derived from eight independent strains possessing λ inserted in the same orientation and in the same position in the araB gene, carried a portion of the araB gene, the ara regulatory region and all of the araC gene. In these nine cases the ara DNA on the phage was immediately adjacent to the normal phage attachment site, indicating that the transducing phage were formed by the same type of abnormal excision which produces gal or bio transducing λ phage. The relative orientations of ara and phage genes were deduced from the topology of such excisions. One anomalous transducing phage was also characterized.
Intraoperative Detection of Cold Agglutinins During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Child

Cold agglutinins are auto-antibodies, usually of the IgM class, that are present in low titers in the blood of normal individuals. They are generally of no clinical significance in healthy patients because they are active only at extremely low temperatures (less than 10 °C). However, when present in high titers, during periods of hypothermia, they may have clinical impact. We present a child presenting for surgery for congenital heart disease, in whom blood agglutination was noted during hypothermia while on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The history of cold agglutinin disease is presented, typical clinical manifestations are discussed, and options for perioperative care including the conduct of CPB are presented. J Med Cases. 2015;6(3):109-112 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2034w
Interferon-γ Has Dual Potentials in Inhibiting or Promoting Cell Proliferation

Many cytokines have dual functions of promoting or inhibiting cell proliferation; however, the molecular mechanism of the dual functions of cytokines is not well understood. Under normal conditions, interleukin (IL)-3 is required for Ba/F3 cell proliferation, whereas interferon (IFN)-γ inhibits Ba/F3 cell proliferation. It is known that Stat1 play a major role in inhibition of cell growth in response to IFN-γ. We have examined the possibility of whether IFN-γ can act as a growth-promoting cytokine if the Stat1 function is selectively blocked. We have established variant Ba/F3 cell lines in which Stat1 function is inhibited by a dominant-negative Stat1 mutant. Intriguingly, once Stat1 function is inhibited, IFN-γ can replace IL-3 acting as an essential growth factor for cell proliferation. To understand the molecular mechanism of regulation of cell proliferation by the cytokines, the signaling pathways and gene induction by IL-3 and IFN-γ are further studied. Although IL-3 activates mitogenic-activated protein kinase and Akt kinase, IFN-γ does not. Interestingly, both IL-3 and IFN-γ induce expression of the c-Myc gene that is not dependent on the Stat1 activity. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant Myc can block IFN-γ-mediated Ba/F3 cell proliferation, suggesting that c-Myc gene induction is required for IFN-γ-mediated cell proliferation. These findings suggest that IFN-γ intrinsically and simultaneously induces specific and conflicting signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that contribute to the potential dual effects of IFN-γ in promoting or inhibiting cell proliferation.
Principles of Ocean Physics

This book is an excellent textbook for an undergraduate course in physical oceanography, and some of its chapters can also be used in a graduate introductory course. The book is clearly written from the perspective of a physicist, as the title itself declares. Therefore, it gives a different and interesting approach to physical oceanography, complementary to that of the vast majority of introductory textbooks, which are much more descriptive and phenomenologically oriented. After the introduction, with an historical review of the evolution of physical oceanography, Chapter 2 is devoted to a review of t he major forces driving the ocean's general circulation. This chapter contains well-organized and clear discussions of radiative forcing a nd of the basics of atmospheric circulation and the ocean response, both for wind-driven and thermohaline components of the circulation, on the global scale. This chapter also offers an informative section on the sea floor and its dynamics, thus enclosing the oceanic layer between its two natural boundaries, the atmosphere above and the ocean floor below.
Letter: The involvement of indirect effects in cell-killing and DNA double-strand breakage in gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12.

(1976). The Involvement of Indirect Effects in Cell-killing and DNA Double-strand Breakage in γ-irradiated Escherichia Coli K-12. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 293-296.
An Evaluation of Technologies for Identifying Acute Cardiac Ischemia in the Emergency Department: Executive Summary of a National Heart Attack Alert Program Working Group Report

Abstract [Selker HP, Zalenski RJ, Antman EM, Aufderheide TP, Bernard SA, Bonow RO, Gibler WB, Hagen MD, Johnson P, Lau J, McNutt RA, Ornato J, Schwartz JS, Scott JD, Tunick PA, Weaver WD: An evaluation of technologies for identifying acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department: Executive Summary of a National Heart Attack Alert Program Working Group report. Ann Emerg Med January 1997;29:1-12.]
Water-derived Radicals and Radiation Sensitivity of Bacteriophage T7

SummaryThe coliphage T7 was x-irradiated in the presence and absence of ethanol, an effective ·OH and ·H scavenger, in buffered suspensions saturated with N2, N2O and O2. In 10−3 × dilution of the original suspending organic medium, ethanol was protective in all three experimental conditions. In 10−5 × dilution of the original medium (equivalent to contaminant free), ethanol is also protective in all three experiments and to a greater extent; but the relative order of radiation sensitivities changes. It is concluded that, when irradiated in pure suspension, T7 phage is inactivated partly by ·OH, and that ·H and eaq− play small, if any, roles as inactivating species. Additional observations were that the ‘O2-protection’ phenomenon absent in purified suspension is observed in 10−3 M ethanol solutions; and that there is evidence that exhaustion of additives and, perhaps, build-up of products are responsible for the biphasic natures of some response lines. Also, there is evidence that radiation-induced sub-le...
Do voltage-dependent K+ channels require Ca2+? A critical test employing a heterologous expression system

Abstract Removal of Ca2+ from the solution bathing neurons is known in many cases to alter the gating properties of voltage-dependent K+ channels and to induce a large, nonselective "leak" conductance. We used a heterologous expression system to test whether the leak conductance observed in neurons is mediated by voltage-dependent K+ channels in an altered, debased conformation. Voltage-dependent K+ channels were expressed in an insect cell line infected with a recombinant baculovirus carrying the cDNA for Drosophila Shaker "A-type" K+ channels. These expressed channels respond to low Ca2+ identically to voltage-dependent K+ channels in native neuronal membranes; upon removal of external Ca2+, Shaker K+ currents disappear and are replaced by a steady, nonselective leak conductance. However, control cells devoid of Shaker channels were free of any voltage-dependent conductances and did not generate a leak when external Ca2+ was removed. These results show that Ca2+ is essential for proper function of voltage-dependent K+ channels and is required to stabilize the native conformations of these membrane proteins.
Threshold electron photoionization study of H2: Vibration–rotation states of H+2(X 2Σ+g)

The measurement of the rotational energy levels of H+2 (X 2Σ+g) for v=0–7 on ordinary hydrogen at room temperature is reported. The transitions are directly observed by means of a newly developed threshold electron analyzer which has an observed resolution (FWHM) of 0.003 eV and for which, unlike previous analyzers, the transmission probability goes identically to zero for energetic electrons. The molecular constants obtained are in agreement with values obtained via Rydberg series extrapolations and with theory. The adiabatic ionization potential of hydrogen was determined to be 124 424±9 cm−1.
The immune response during proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout: a case history.

Abstract Young-of-the-year rainbow trout clinically affected by proliferative kidney disease (PKD), a systemic protozoan infection, exhibit a massive proliferation of small lymphocytes in the posterior kidney and spleen, a decrease in erythrocyte packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and serum albumins and an increase in beta-globulins. Electronphotomicrographs of the causative agent indicate that it is engulfed within a macrophage which is surrounded by small lymphocytes. Fish having survived a clinical episode are completely refractory to subsequent infection. Their serum electrophoretic patterns are quite unremarkable.
Lunar meteorites: siderophile element contents, and implications for the composition and origin of the Moon

Data for 10 siderophile elements in all of the known lunar meteorites except for Y793274 are reported. Bulk compositional data for Ni, Ge, Cd, Re, Os, Ir, and Au were obtained from radiochemical neutron activation analysis (Warren et al., 1986). Data for Fe, Co, and Zn, and additional data for Ni, Ir, and Au were obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis (Kallemeyn et al., 1988). Except for the case of Au in Y791197, there was good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. The differences observed between the lunar-meteoritic regolith samples and central nearside highlands regolith samples are discussed.
Industry-university cooperation: a way to stem the loss of freshman engineering students

Each academic year more than 100 engineers from the Phoenix metropolitan area participate in the freshman engineering program at Arizona State University either as technical consultants or as jury members for the semester design competition. Although this program requires the use of consultants and judges, the benefits of the joint effort extend far beyond these important functions. The freshman engineers are provided an opportunity to talk to practicing engineers on a personal and informal basis and at a time when their own ideas about engineers and engineering are still very hazy. The combination of faculty and experienced engineers working together with students on a common project, with each of the participants contributing in his area of interest and specialization, has established a spirit of mutual understanding and respect.
The Use of Epidemiology in Risk Assessment: Challenges and Opportunities

ABSTRACTThe assessment of risk from environmental and occupational exposures incorporates and synthesizes data from a variety of scientific disciplines including toxicology and epidemiology. Epidemiological data have offered valuable contributions to the identification of human health hazards, estimation of human exposures, quantification of the exposure–response relation, and characterization of risks to specific target populations including sensitive populations. As with any scientific discipline, there are some uncertainties inherent in these data; however, the best human health risk assessments utilize all available information, characterizing strengths and limitations as appropriate. Human health risk assessors evaluating environmental and occupational exposures have raised concerns about the validity of using epidemiological data for risk assessment due to actual or perceived study limitations. This article highlights three concerns commonly raised during the development of human health risk assessm...
Market reaction to the formation of one-bank holding companies and the 1970 Bank Holding Company Act Amendment

Recent research by Martin and Keown (1981) published in this journal suggests that the formation of one-bank holding companies (OBHCs) is met by a positive market reaction but prompts no significant change in the process generating returns for such firms' common stock. This study investigates these same issues in light of the demonstrably important influence of the regulatory change which occurred during the period analyzed by Martin and Keown, i.e., the 1970 Amendment to the Bank Holding Company Act. Analysis provides evidence that OBHC formation prompted both a market reaction and a significant change in the return generating process of affected banks. Furthermore, this study suggests that the 1970 Bank Holding Company Act Amendment itself significantly affected the return generating process of OBHCs. This study thus attempts to provide investors, security analysts, and regulators with additional insight into the impacts of OBHC formation and the 1970 Amendment.
A model long-discontinuous-fiber filled thermoplastic melt in extensional flow

Abstract The shear cell model works for dilute fiber filled systems in extensional flow. This research investigates the suitability of the idea for highly aligned fibers in a concentrated suspension. A model fiber-filled polymer system made from nylon fibers in low-density polyethylene provided a means of controlling the material parameters. Two systems, with fiber aspect ratios of 20 and 100, containing 50% 0.5 mm fibers by volume are investigated. The thickness of the polymer layer, i.e. with fibers this size, allows bulk viscosity data to be compared with the data from the filled fluid. A weaving process created the discontinuous fiber/polyethylene preforms with high alignment of the fibers and with control of the fiber to fiber overlap. Testing the polyethylene in simple shear and extending the nylon/polyethylene provided the data needed to check the micro mechanics. A cone and plate rheometer and a capillary instrument produced the viscosity/strain rate data that characterized the specific polyethylene used in the composite. A furnace inset placed in an Instron hydraulic test machine allowed extension of the filled system at strain rates from 0.002 to 0.4 s−1. The shear experiments show that the low-density polyethylene is a simple shear-thinning melt that provides a good model fluid. The extension of the filled systems shows an increase of the apparent extensional viscosity from that of neat polyethylene. Apparent viscosity rises two to three orders of magnitude for the systems investigated. The micromechanics allowed the conversion of the extensional data from the two filled systems to the shear viscosity of the polymer surrounding the fibers. The calculated polyethylene viscosity compares well with the data from the standard rheometers. The shear cell approach may be applied to highly aligned, high fiber-volume-fraction suspensions when the viscosity of the polymer is known at the scale of the film surrounding each fiber.
Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in experimental optic neuritis.

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was used to investigate disruption of the bloodoptic nerve barrier associated with acute autoimmune demyelination. Leakage of Gd-DTPA was seen in the optic nerves and optic chiasm of adult guinea pigs sensitized for acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, but not in normal unsensitized animals. This finding occurred as early as 5 to 8 days after antigenic sensitization with the myelin emulsion and before the onset of paralysis or ataxia. Pathologic examination at this early stage of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis showed an absence of demyelination in the optic nerves and optic chiasm, although scant perivascular foci of inflammatory cells were seen. Leakage of Gd-DTPA in the optic nerve before demyelination of this white matter tract illustrates that increased permeability of the blood-optic nerve barrier is an early, if not the initial, event in autoimmune demyelination, and the optic nerve is a common site of central nervous system involvement during the initial phase of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Findings in this animal model appear comparable with the results of MRI with Gd-DTPA in patients with optic neuritis, and they suggest that disruption of the blood-optic nerve barrier is a common denominator for both disorders of primary demyelination.
Periodontal disease and risk of myocardial infarction.

As interesting and impressive as “Periodontal Disease and Risk of Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Male Physicians” [(1)][1]may be with its study of 22,037 participants, its conclusions are likely to mislead readers and block further essential research on that relationship. The
Methyl reorientation in solid 3-ethylchrysene and 3-isopropylchrysene.

Abstract We have measured the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate as a function of temperature in polycrystalline 3-ethylchrysene at nuclear magnetic resonance Larmor frequencies of 53.0 and 22.5 MHz and in polycrystalline 3-isopropylchrysene at 53.0, 22.5 and 8.50 MHz. The syntheses of these new compounds are presented. The relatively large chrysene backbone creates an ideal and unique environment for the alkyl groups such that methyl group rotation is the only motion on the nuclear magnetic resonance Larmor frequency timescale over a large temperature range. The relaxation rate data are interpreted in terms of the simplest possible dynamical model; that of random hopping for the methyl group(s), all of which are equivalent in the solid state. The barriers of 11–12 kJ mol−1 are typical for methyl groups in `isolated' ethyl and isopropyl groups.
Genitourinary anomalies in the CHARGE association.

AbstractPurpose: We identified the incidence and types of genital and urinary anomalies, and established a plan for evaluating the urinary system in the CHARGE association.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 32 patients in whom the CHARGE association was diagnosed.Results: Of the 32 patients identified 22 (69%) had genitourinary abnormalities. Genital anomalies, including micropenis, penile agenesis, hypospadias, chordee, cryptorchidism, a bifid scrotum, atresia of the uterus, cervix and vagina, and hypoplastic labia majora, labia minora and clitoris, were present in 18 patients (56%). Of the 24 patients who underwent renal ultrasound 10 (42%) were diagnosed with urinary tract anomalies including a solitary kidney, hydronephrosis, renal hypoplasia and duplex kidneys. Further evaluation revealed vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal dysraphism, nephrolithiasis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction and a nonfunctioning upper pole in both duplex kidneys.Conc...
Reply to Prof. Herman's Article on the ASTP

ELSEWHERE in the present issue of the Modern Language Journal there appears an article entitled "Comments on the Survey of Language Classes in the ASTP," by Professor Abraham Herman of the University of Michigan. As a member of the group which undertook the Survey for the Commission on Trends in Education of the Modern Language Association, I welcome this opportunity to offer a brief reply to some of Mr. Herman's observations. May I say that I come to this endeavor in no defensive or doctrinaire spirit, for it is clear that Mr. Herman's comments are not intended to be controversial, but rather skeptical, in nature. Mr. Herman is evidently altogether open-minded regarding the basic problems of language-instruction recently brought into focus by some rather sharp differences between so-called "traditional" methods and the so-called "new" Army methods. He clearly implies that he would favor any method which would yield demonstrably improved results and thus serve to advance the cause of language-learning. His skepticism stems rather from the conviction that the Survey Group failed to demonstrate the excellence of ASTP results reliably enough to warrant any substantial adaptation of the intensive, oral-aural approach to civilian language-classes. It is my purpose, therefore, to offer an opinion on the extent to which this skepticism is justified and in so doing to attempt to clarify one or two points which Mr. Herman raises in his interpretation of the Survey Group's conclusions. Mr. Herman is skeptical mainly because our claim of excellent results achieved in the ASTP is not based on precisely formulated criteria or on satisfactory proof. First, he implies the inability of any group of individuals to agree on what constitute absolute standards of excellence, particularly in speaking; second, he feels that this particular group, as far as he is able to interpret its conclusions, further invalidates its estimate by failing to differentiate sufficiently or consistently the main categories of trainees, among whom results might be expected to be relative. Regarding the first of these points, let me quote from the Survey (pp. 8-9) that "the members of the group were together for two days before starting out on their assignments, and after full discussion, drew up for their own guidance an organized chart or questionnaire covering the points about which they were expected to inform themselves." And let me add that at the conclusion of the visits, we conferred together for two more days before committing our findings to paper. It seems to me that this amount of deliberation could be assumed to have eliminated, within our group as a
Debris flows as geomorphic agents in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona

Abstract Numerous debris flows occurred in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona during the summer rainy season of 1988 in areas that were burned by a forest fire earlier in the summer. Debris flows occurred following a major forest fire in 1977 as well, suggesting a causal link between fires and debris flows. Abundant evidence of older debris flows preserved along channels and in mountain front fans indicates that debris flows have occurred repeteadly during the late Quaternary in this environment. Soil development in sequences of debris-flow deposits indicates that debris flows probably recur over time intervals of several hundred to a thousand years in individual drainage basins in the study area. Surface runoff in the steep drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains is greatly enhanced following forest fires, as the hillslopes are denuded of their vegetative cover. Water and sediment eroded from the hillslope regolith are rapidly introduced into the upper reaches of tributary channels by widespread rilling and slope wash during rainfall events. This influx of water and sediment destabilizes regolith previously accumulated in the channel, triggering debris flows that scour the channel to bedrock in the upper reaches. Following a debris flow, the scoured, trapezoidally-shaped channel gradually assumes a swale shape and the percentage of exposed bedrock declines, as material is introduced from the slopes. Debris flows do a tremendous amount of work in a very short time, however, and are the major channel-forming events. Where the tributary channels enter larger, trunk channels, the debris flows serve as the main source of very coarse sediment. The local slope and coarse particle distribution of the trunk channel depend on the competence of water flows in the channel to transport the material introduced by debris flows. Where the smaller channels drain directly to the mountain front, debris flows create extensive alluvial fans which dominate the morphology of the basin-range boundary. Time intervals between debris flows in the drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains are probably controlled by complex interactions among climate, forest fires and slope processes. Fires destroy the protective vegetation that stabilizes the upper catchment slopes and inhibits erosion. However, not every fire that burns a catchment causes debris flows, because sufficient weathered material must accumulate in the upper channel reaches to initiate a large debris flow. If such accumulation has not occurred, the material introduced to a channel following a forest fire will move only a short distance down the channel. Thus, the episodic nature of debris flows probably depends on rates of slope weathering and erosion, which are in turn controlled by climate, both directly and through vegetation and forest fires.
Simple, generalized method for analysis of traffic queue upstream of a bottleneck

An approach is generalized for enhancing a standard input-output diagram to represent graphically the time and distance that vehicles spend in a queue upstream of a bottleneck. The approach requires the construction of a curve depicting the cumulative number of vehicles to have reached the back of the queue as a function of time. The original technique, described in a previous paper, is reviewed for bottlenecks with constant capacity and for those where capacity changes once. The approach is then generalized to allow multiple changes in bottleneck capacity, and the original assumption of a triangular flow-density (q-k) relation is relaxed to one that is piecewise-linear concave. Although it is consistent with the kinematic wave theory of traffic flow, the proposed approach is simpler to apply to complex problems because it avoids the laborious construction of a time-space diagram. It allows the estimation of several measures required in the evaluation of the impacts of bottlenecks, including the (accurate...
Using LROC analysis to evaluate detection accuracy of microcalcification clusters imaged with flat-panel CT mammography

The purpose of this study is to investigate the detectability of microcalcification clusters (MCCs) using CT mammography with a flat-panel detector. Compared with conventional mammography, CT mammography can provide improved discrimination between malignant and benign cases as it can provide the radiologist with more accurate morphological information on MCCs. In this study, two aspects of MCC detection with flat-panel CT mammography were examined: (1) the minimal size of MCCs detectable with mean glandular dose (MGD) used in conventional mammography; (2) the effect of different detector pixel size on the detectability of MCCs. A realistic computer simulation modeling x-ray transport through the breast, as well as both signal and noise propagation through the flat-panel imager, was developed to investigate these questions. Microcalcifications were simulated as calcium carbonate spheres with diameters set at the levels of 125, 150 and 175 μm. Each cluster consisted of 10 spheres spread randomly in a 6×6 mm 2 region of interest (ROI) and the detector pixel size was set to 100×100, 200×200, or 300×300μm 2 . After reconstructing 100 projection sets for each case (half with signal present) with the cone-beam Feldkamp (FDK) algorithm, a localization receiver operating characteristic (LROC) study was conducted to evaluate the detectability of MCCs. Five observers chose the locations of cluster centers with correspondent confidence ratings. The average area under the LROC curve suggested that the 175 μm MCCs can be detected at a high level of confidence. Results also indicate that flat-panel detectors with pixel size of 200×200 μm 2 are appropriate for detecting small targets, such as MCCs.
Facilitated Reversible Formation of Amides from Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solutions III: Reaction of citric acid with aromatic amines

A desimple-tailed study of the rate of interaction of citrate buffers with aniline to form anilides and imides shows that the basic mechanism follows essentially that previously described. Results show in particular that the rate of anhydride formation by the polycarboxylic acid is faster than from the previously studied succinic system and probably involves both the undissociated acid and its singly charged anion. The overall equilibria and rates for the total reaction were determined and the approach to equilibria checked with an analog computer. The speed and nature of the reaction suggest that these interactions may often be responsible for loss of activity of some drugs formulated with this buffer.
Focal adhesion disassembly requires clathrin-dependent endocytosis of integrins

Cell migration requires the controlled disassembly of focal adhesions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that adhesion turnover is mediated through dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis of activated β1 integrins. Consistent with this, clathrin and the clathrin adaptors AP-2 and disabled-2 (DAB2) distribute along with dynamin 2 to adhesion sites prior to adhesion disassembly. Moreover, knockdown of either dynamin 2 or both clathrin adaptors blocks β1 integrin internalization, leading to impaired focal adhesion disassembly and cell migration. Together, these results provide important insight into the mechanisms underlying adhesion disassembly and identify novel components of the disassembly pathway.
Structure of Barite (001)− and (210)−Water Interfaces

The structures of the barite (001) and (210) cleavage surfaces were measured in contact with deionized water at 25 °C. High resolution (∼1 A) specular X-ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy were used to probe the step structures of the cleaved surfaces and the atomic structures of the barite−water interfaces including the structures of water near the barite−water interfaces. The barite (001) and (210) cleavage surfaces are characterized by large (>2500 A) domains separated by unit-cell steps (7.15 and 3.44 A steps for the (001) and (210) surfaces, respectively). This observation was unanticipated for the (001) surface in which adjacent BaSO4 layers are displaced vertically by c/2 and symmetry related through a 21 screw axis along (001). The atomic structures of the two cleavage surfaces derived by X-ray reflectivity reveal that near-surface sulfate groups exhibit significant (∼0.4 A) structural displacements, while Ba surface ion displacements are significantly smaller (∼0.07 A). Water adsorbs to ...
Local times for a class of purely discontinuous martingales

Suppose Xtis a purely discontinuous martingale. A sufficient condition for Xtto have a local time is given in terms of the local characteristics of X. An example is constructed to show that this condition is nearly optimal.
Abstract 2965: Dissecting the molecular mechanism of TLX1-mediated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia development using an in vitro immortalization model

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Inappropriate activation of the TLX1 homeobox gene (previously known as HOX11) by chromosomal translocation is a recurrent event in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Enforced expression of TLX1 in murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells using a conventional retroviral vector yields immortalized hematopoietic progenitor cell lines. Recent clinical gene therapy trials have shown that retroviral vectors can cause insertional activation of proto-oncogenes which has resulted in the development of hematopoietic clonal dominance or T-ALL-like diseases. Our lab has developed an insulated self-inactivating retroviral vector, RMSinOFB, which has been safety-modified to virtually eliminate insertional genotoxicity during transgene delivery. To observe the effect of reducing retroviral genotoxicity during TLX1 gene transfer, we subcloned the TLX1 gene into the RMSinOFB vector for ectopic expression in murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Post transduction, TLX1-expressing bone marrow cells had a growth/survival advantage, and readily gave rise to immortalized cell lines. To determine whether insertional mutagenesis played a role in TLX1-mediated immortalization, we identified the integration sites in 15 TLX1-immortalized hematopoietic cell lines by LM-PCR. No common immortalizing genes, such as Evi1 or Prdm16, were identified among the cell lines which underlines the importance of TLX1 transcriptional properties for cell immortalization. Additionally, when tested by RT-PCR no differential vector-influenced expression was observed for candidate genes nearest the integration sites compared to the cell lines lacking such insertions. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis of genes within 100-kb windows of the integration sites did not reveal overrepresentation of a particular functional group. Although several laboratories recently reported the generation of hematopoietic progenitor cell lines due to insertional mutagenesis by retroviral vector backbones, these results confirm and extend our previous findings suggesting that constitutive TLX1 expression alone is sufficient to initiate the series of events culminating in hematopoietic progenitor cell immortalization. We are currently investigating whether non insertion site-related mutations, such as inactivation of the Cdkn2a tumor suppressor locus which collaborates with TLX1 during human T-cell leukemogenesis, may contribute to the process. Investigating the molecular mechanism of TLX1-mediated cellular immortalization in our in vitro model should provide a better understanding of the early stages of TLX1-associated T-ALL development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2965.
Evidence for the Hudson River as the dominant source of sand on the US Atlantic Shelf

PREVIOUS attempts to determine the origin of sand on the US Atlantic Shelf by standard heavy mineral analysis have concluded that local rivers and coastal erosion were probable sources1. Here a new approach to determine the history of surficial sand dispersal is developed using the elemental composition of detrital Fe–Ti oxide grains (primarily ilmenite) instead of heavy mineral abundances. Sands from the entire middle Atlantic Shelf (latitude 35° N to 41° N) have been interpreted as coming from specific drainage basins1,2. More than half of the sand samples collected as far south as North Carolina can be traced to the Hudson River and other New England sources. The dominance of the Hudson River is cause for rethinking sources of shelf sediment south of New Jersey. These findings suggest that the Hudson River may have rivalled the sediment discharge of much larger rivers like the Mississippi or Amazon Rivers at least during brief glacial melting events.
Humoral Immunity to Smallpox Vaccines and Monkeypox Virus Challenge: Proteomic Assessment and Clinical Correlations

Despite the eradication of smallpox, orthopoxviruses (OPV) remain public health concerns. Efforts to develop new therapeutics and vaccines for smallpox continue through their evaluation in animal models despite limited understanding of the specific correlates of protective immunity. Recent monkeypox virus challenge studies have established the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) as a model of human systemic OPV infections. In this study, we assess the induction of humoral immunity in humans and prairie dogs receiving Dryvax, Acam2000, or Imvamune vaccine and characterize the proteomic profile of immune recognition using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), neutralization assays, and protein microarrays. We confirm anticipated similarities of antigenic protein targets of smallpox vaccine-induced responses in humans and prairie dogs and identify several differences. Subsequent monkeypox virus intranasal infection of vaccinated prairie dogs resulted in a significant boost in humoral immunity characterized by a shift in reactivity of increased intensity to a broader range of OPV proteins. This work provides evidence of similarities between the vaccine responses in prairie dogs and humans that enhance the value of the prairie dog model system as an OPV vaccination model and offers novel findings that form a framework for examining the humoral immune response induced by systemic orthopoxvirus infection.
The extraordinary phenomena of weak adsorption

A summary is provided of a variety of intriguing phenomena involving particles weakly bound to surfaces. One kind of problem involves wetting and prewetting transitions (for H2, He and Ne on alkali metals) and thus far mysterious behavior of He on an H2 substrate. A second kind involves the adsorption of atoms on the surfaces of liquid4He or3He.
Treatment, survival, and thromboembolic outcomes of thrombotic storm in children.

Objective To describe the course and management of thrombotic storm in 8 children. Study design Clinical data were collected and analyzed for consecutive children diagnosed with thrombotic storm, aged 6 months to 21 years inclusive, in the context of a single-institution prospective inception cohort study. Thrombotic storm was defined as newly diagnosed multisite venous thromboembolism (VTE) with acute thrombus progression despite conventional or higher than conventional dosing of heparin or low molecular weight heparin. All evaluations and therapies were ordered by the treating physicians in the context of clinical decision making. Results Eight of the 178 children with VTE enrolled in the cohort between March 2006 and November 2009 were diagnosed with thrombotic storm. Antiphospholipid antibodies were acutely positive in 6 children, of whom heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was confirmed by serotonin release assay in 2 and atypical in 1. One child died. Five children received a direct thrombin inhibitor, titrated to achieve normalization of markedly elevated D-dimer levels. All children were transitioned to fondaparinux or enoxaparin before receiving extended anticoagulation with warfarin. Immunomodulatory therapy was instituted in all children. During follow-up (median duration, 3 years; range, 2-6 years), 3 of the 7 surviving children experienced recurrent VTE, and 4 children had clinically significant postthrombotic syndrome. Conclusion Thrombotic storm is an infrequent but potentially fatal presentation of VTE in children. Administration of direct thrombin inhibitors and immune modulation can achieve quiescence, although long-term adverse outcomes are common.
Human-human vs. human-robot teamed investigation

Clips from an evaluation where participants, each paired with either a human or robot partner, were deployed to search a hallway for suspicious items, in a manner similar to tactics used by first responders handling bomb threats are presented. The teams used natural, verbal communication to collaborate, determine where hazards were located, and which items were suspicious. The video demonstrates that the investigations in both conditions played out in a similar manner and participants were able to complete the investigations successfully with a robot partner; however, sometimes the participants were uncertain how to interact with the robot.
Detection of structural damage from the local temporal coherence of diffuse ultrasonic signals

Permanently mounted ultrasonic transducers have the potential to interrogate large areas of a structure, and thus be effective global sensors for structural health monitoring. Recorded signals, although very sensitive to damage, are long, complex, and difficult to interpret compared to pulse echo and through transmission signals customary for nondestructive testing. These diffuse signals also are quite sensitive to environmental effects such as temperature and surface condition changes. Waveform comparison methods such as time domain differencing and spectral analysis, although effective for detecting changes, are generally unsuccessful in discriminating damage from environmental effects. This paper considers the local temporal coherence as another means of comparing two waveforms in order to provide a quantitative measure of the change in shape of a signal compared to a reference as a function of time from transmit. Experimental results show that the local temporal coherence is effective in discriminating structural damage from both temperature changes and modest changes in surface conditions; results are compared to those obtained from time domain and spectrogram differencing. The advantages of this methodology are the simplicity of the transducers, the applicability to a wide range of structures, and the straightforward signal processing.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF TRANSPERINEAL PROSTATIC BLOCK FOR TRANSURETHRAL NEEDLE ABLATION FOR BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA: THE EMORY UNIVERSITY EXPERIENCE

Purpose:: We evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and role of transperineal prostate block in providing anesthesia during minimally invasive radio frequency thermal therapy of the prostate.Materials and Methods:: A total of 38 consecutive patients undergoing transurethral needle ablation for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia were entered in this prospective study. All patients received transperineal prostatic block as the main method of anesthesia. A mixture of equal volumes of 1% lidocaine and 0.25% bupivacaine, each with epinephrine (1:100,000 concentration ratio) was used. Pain control during the instillation of transperineal prostatic block and transurethral needle ablation was assessed using a 10-point linear analog pain scale and questionnaire.Results:: Median patient age was 65.5 years (range 47 to 79), with 21% of men in the eighth decade of life. Median American Urological Association symptom score was 25.0 (range 14 to 35), bother score was 20.0 (11 to 28), quality of life score was 4....
Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Metabolism of Propionate by Escherichia coli

We have evaluated the use of [1,2-13C2]propionate for the analysis of propionic acid metabolism, based on the ability to distinguish between the methylcitrate and methylmalonate pathways. Studies using propionate-adapted Escherichia coli MG1655 cells were performed. Preservation of the 13C-13C-12C carbon skeleton in labeled alanine and alanine-containing peptides involved in cell wall recycling is indicative of the direct formation of pyruvate from propionate via the methylcitrate cycle, the enzymes of which have recently been demonstrated in E. coli. Additionally, formation of 13C-labeled formate from pyruvate by the action of pyruvate-formate lyase is also consistent with the labeling of pyruvate C-1. Carboxylation of the labeled pyruvate leads to formation of [1,2-13C2]oxaloacetate and to multiply labeled glutamate and succinate isotopomers, also consistent with the flux through the methylcitrate pathway, followed by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Additional labeling of TCA intermediates arises due to the formation of [1-13C]acetyl coenzyme A from the labeled pyruvate, formed via pyruvate-formate lyase. Labeling patterns in trehalose and glycine are also interpreted in terms of the above pathways. The information derived from the [1,2-13C2]propionate label is contrasted with information which can be derived from singly or triply labeled propionate and shown to be more useful for distinguishing the different propionate utilization pathways via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.
“A Witness First Lives the Life He Proposes:” Evangelization and the Catholic Lawyer

This essay was presented at the lecture for legal professionals in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 21, 2015. The roots of the word evangelization are, literally, in the words that mean “to bring good news.” We live in a world that craves good news and, by virtue of our Baptism, all of us – lawyers included – are called to bring good news to a world that, despite all appearances to the contrary, aches for good news and deeply yearns to know the God from whom all good news comes, and to whom all good news leads. I am convinced that there is a powerful role for us in the legal profession to play in this great task of evangelization by being joyful, hopeful witnesses to what is good, just, and simply right. Each are called to respond to the call to evangelize in our own circumstances. This essay explores, briefly, the opportunities that we may have to evangelize, or “bring good news” as lawyers, in three distinct settings: in the ways in which we educate future lawyers; in the way in which our profession is practiced; and, in the substantive law of our land itself.
Adaptive filtering enhances information transmission in visual cortex

Sensory neuroscience seeks to understand how the brain encodes natural environments. However, neural coding has largely been studied using simplified stimuli. In order to assess whether the brain’s coding strategy depends on the stimulus ensemble, we apply a new information-theoretic method that allows unbiased calculation of neural filters (receptive fields) from responses to natural scenes or other complex signals with strong multipoint correlations. In the cat primary visual cortex we compare responses to natural inputs with those to noise inputs matched for luminance and contrast. We find that neural filters adaptively change with the input ensemble so as to increase the information carried by the neural response about the filtered stimulus. Adaptation affects the spatial frequency composition of the filter, enhancing sensitivity to under-represented frequencies in agreement with optimal encoding arguments. Adaptation occurs over 40s to many minutes, longer than most previously reported forms of adaptation. The neural circuits in the brain that underlie our behaviour are well suited for processing of real-world —or natural—stimuli. These neural circuits, especially at the higher stages of neural processing, may be largely or completely unresponsive to many artificial stimulus sets used to analyse the early stages of sensory processing and, more generally, for systems analysis. Thus, natural stimuli may be necessary to study higher-level neurons. Characterizing neural responses to natural stimuli at early or intermediate stages of neural processing, such as the primary visual cortex, is a necessary step for systematic studies of higher-level neurons. Neural responses are also known to be highly nonlinear 1–3 and adaptive 4–20 , making them difficult to predict across different stimulus sets 21 . Therefore, even early in visual processing, characterizations based on simplified stimuli may not be adequate to understand responses to the natural environment. For these reasons there has been a great deal of interest in studying neural responses to complex, natural stimuli (for example, see refs 1, 21–26). However, the relationship between coding of natural and laboratory stimuli remains elusive due to the difficulty of characterizing neurons—assessing their receptive fields—from responses to natural stimuli, as we now describe. A simple and commonly used model of neural responses is the linear–nonlinear model 27,28 . In this model, the response of the neuron depends on linear filtering of the stimulus luminance values S by a receptive field L defined over some region of space and time. Mathematically, the filter output at time t is a sum over the spatial positions (x,y) and temporal delayst 0 to which the neuron’s response