cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effect of persistence on long-term trends and analyzing step changes in streamflows of the continental United States

Streamflow is a very good indicator of long-term hydroclimatic changes. From a water management perspective, the identification of gradual (trend) and abrupt (shift) changes in streamflow are important for planning purposes. This study investigated the detection of comprehensive change, gradual and abrupt, in 240 unimpaired streamflow stations, categorized according to the hydrologic regions in the continental United States. The changes in streamflow volume were analyzed for water–year, autumn, winter, spring, and summer from 1951 to 2010, a 60-year period. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test, with variations accounting for short term and long-term persistence, was used to evaluate the trends; the non-parametric change-point Pettitt test was used to evaluate the shifts. The field significance was evaluated using the Walker test. The trend results indicated increasing streamflow patterns in the majority of the eastern U.S. regions – the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Great Lakes and Texas Gulf were field significant – and dominant decreasing streamflow trends in the Pacific Northwest region. The use of different Mann–Kendall test helped in evaluating the spatial distribution of short-term and long-term persistence and their effect on trends. The Pettitt test analysis indicated that statistically significant shifts occurred during the early 1970s and late 1980s. Similar to the trend results, the Midwest as well as the central and southern U.S. had significantly increasing shifts; the Pacific Northwest, Tennessee (winter season only), and South-Atlantic Gulf (spring season only) had decreasing shifts in streamflow. The findings may assist water managers in better planning and management of water resources under climate variability and change.
Kondo effect in a nanosized particle

A magnetic impurity embedded into a metal is spin compensated into a spin singlet via the Kondo effect. The low-temperature thermodynamic properties are Fermi-liquid-like, with a small Fermi energy of the order of the Kondo temperature. In nanoscale particles, however, the conduction states have discrete energy levels and the energy spacing leads to an additional energy scale that competes with ${T}_{K}.$ We consider a small metallic sphere with a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ impurity at its center, interacting with the metallic states via a contact Kondo exchange potential. Hence only s states couple to the impurity. For equally spaced energy levels in the host, the problem is reduced to the Bethe ansatz solution of the Kondo model in a finite box. All energy levels are obtained as a function of the Kondo coupling for three and five s states interacting with the impurity. The specific heat and the susceptibility are exponentially activated at low T due to the discreteness of the energy spectrum, until a Kondo-like Fermi-liquid state is formed at intermediate temperatures. For larger systems we obtain the equations governing the ground state and lowest nonmagnetic and magnetic excitations, which determine the leading low-T activation energies. The model also represents a quantum dot in the Coulomb blockade regime as a side branch to a short quantum wire.
A Cooperative Curriculum Experience and Choice of Task Organization.

The effectiveness of a set of curricular activities and differing group experience in facilitating interdependent task structuring by seventh graders was examined. Two different sets of experimental groups were trained. In one, group members worked together on every activity; in the other, group membership changed with each activity. Following training, these groups and a set of control groups participated in a simulation for which they were asked to choose rules. As predicted, no significant differences were found in the structures selected by experimental groups and experimental groups structured the task more cooperatively than the control groups. In addition, experimental groups behaved more cooperatively as they participated in the simulation. These results suggest that curricular activities can be effective means of teaching cooperation in the classroom.
A model of proximity measurement by the teleost nucleus isthmi

Nucleus isthmi (NI) in fishes, a visually responsive structure in the midbrain, has recently been proposed as a proximity detector, estimating the distance of approaching objects based on monocular motion cues. A model, consisting of 5 layers of linear summing units, was constructed to mimic the responses of tectum and NI in sunfish. The model responds to approaching rather than retreating objects, and generates activity that rises linearly during approach, indicating proximity, in large part independently of object speed and size.
Disulfide Bonds are Allosteric Regulator of Mechanical Stability

Disulfide bonds are known to stabilize proteins against perturbations such as temperature or denaturants. Since mechanical force is the most common protein denaturant in vivo, there is increasing interest in the role that disulfide bonds have in the mechanical unfolding of proteins. For instance, disulfide bonds reduce the contour length of stretched proteins by limiting the extensibility up to the covalently linked cysteines. However very little is known about the effect of native disulfide bonds in the strength of structural clamps that determine mechanical stability.Here, we use single molecule atomic force spectroscopy to study the mechanical effects of disulfide bonding in immunoglobulin domains (Ig) that are constitutively under force.We observe that the formation of native disulfide bonds in immunoglobulin domains triggers drastic differences in the rupture forces, although the two cognate cysteines do not link together the β-strands of the mechanical clamp motif. In the case of bacterial gram-negative pilin FimH, disulfide increases the most probable unfolding force from 297 pN to 425 pN at 400nm/s. In contrast, the disulfide in the 69th immunoglobulin domain of human titin decreases the unfolding force at a pulling rate of 1200nm/s from 271 pN to 195 pN. We observe that both in titin and in the Fim pilus, the disulfide bonds are remarkably conserved along the entire stretched molecular architecture. Hence, many Igs in elastic segment of titin and in all Fim Igs are predicted to change mechanical stability depending of their oxidation state. Our results suggest that native disulfide bonds alter allosterically the transition state and modulate the internal flexibility of the stressed protein prior the breakage of its mechanical clamp motif.
Synthesis of deadlock prevention policy using Petri nets reachability graph technique

This paper proposes a subclass of generalized stochastic Petri net (GSPN) model, called TS3PR, which is modified the systems of simple sequential processes with resources (S3PR) with timed information. Based on the subclass of GSPN, a new deadlock prevention policy is developed by using reachability graph technique. The foundation of the new control policy is to manipulate all the dead states of the system nets. This study is able to change dead states into vanishing ones by additional immediate transitions. A live TS3PR model can then be obtained. It is worthwhile to notice that this study is different from adding additional control place policies in previous literature. Experimental results, indicate that our new control policy is with maximally permissive markings than conventional place-control ones. As a result, we can infer that our proposed control policy seems to be used in Petri nets deadlocked systems. To our knowledge, this is the first work that employs the additional transitions to obtain the deadlock prevention policy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Photodegradation of oxytocin and thermal stability of photoproducts

Photodegradation of oxytocin at λ = 253.7nm and λ ≥ 290nm results in the transformation of the intrachain disulfide bond into predominantly dithiohemiacetal and thioether. Especially the dithiohemiacetal is sensitive to further degradation by light and/or elevated temperature, implying that the combination of an initial photostress and a subse- quent heat stress can yield products significantly different compared with those observed under heat stress only. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:3331-3346, 2012
Two time scale decomposition and stability analysis of power systems

In this paper we consider the stability analysis of power systems by decomposition. Our approach employs the time scale property and its use in the decomposition of the large scale system into slowly coherent areas. For a composite system in the Lure form, we show that the slow coherency transformation results in slow and fast subsystems which are also in the Lure form. A weighted sum scalar Lyapunov function is formed from the slow and the fast subsystems, and stability properties of the composite system are analysed. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the method.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of O2- incorporation in the yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fuel cell

Abstract The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the YSZ fuel cell cathode is studied with Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations. Under near normal operating conditions, the coupled influences of the underlying elementary chemical steps are studied via sensitivity analysis based on the ionic current density, J. The ionic current is most sensitive to variations in the O 2 - incorporation rate into the YSZ. Consequently, the oxygen segregation-induced strong concentration gradient at the electric double layer near the cathode/YSZ interfaces is suggested to be an important intrinsic material property that has a strong impact on the performance of such electrochemical devices.
The Amazon and the Anthropocene: 13,000 years of human influence in a tropical rainforest

Abstract The vast tropical rainforest in Amazonia, once presumed a virgin wilderness vulnerable to climate forcing and inimical to indigenous cultures, is now shown by prehistoric, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric data to be almost the opposite: a human habitat resilient to environment change but much influenced by thousands of years of occupation. The earliest foragers quickly penetrated the region ca. 13,000 years cal BP, leaving traces far and wide. The first villages, ca. 4000 years cal BP later, created substantial shell-middens and disturbances in nearby forest areas. After another 4000 years cal BP in many regions, people turned to shifting horticulture, cutting and burning fields, disseminating crops, and planting trees. In the last 3000 years of prehistory, networks of populous, warring chiefdoms established nucleated centers along floodplains and trade routes, creating mound complexes, defense works, fields, orchards, and refuse heaps that greatly altered topography, soils, and vegetation. Some settlements grew to urban proportions during the last 1000 years of prehistory, leaving large earth mounds of rich black cultural refuse. Their effects altered habitats widely but not destructively in terms of resources for human use. European invaders defeated the chiefdoms, decimated their populations, and pushed survivors to the peripheries. Post-colonial states continued forced migration and deculturation and instituted destructive industries, destroying valuable timberlands, bulldozing orchards, shell mounds, anthropic forests, and archeological sites, polluting waters, and causing wide erosion and savannization. These changes threaten the integrity and continuity of the Amazon cultural ecological system and linked ecosystems beyond it.
The structure of pacifigorgiol, an ichthyotoxic sesquiterpenoid from the pacific gorgonian coral

Abstract An ichthyotoxic sesquiterpenoid of unusual structure, pacifigorgiol, has been isolated from the Pacific gorgonian caora Pacifigorgia adamsii . The structure of pacifigorgiol, with relative stereochemistry only, has been defined by a combination of spectral and x-ray crystallographic techniques.
Time domain responses of hydraulic bushing with two flow passages

Abstract Hydraulic bushings are commonly employed in vehicle suspension and body sub-frame systems to control motion, vibration, and structure-borne noise. Since literature on this topic is sparse, a controlled bushing prototype which accommodates a combination of long and short flow passages and flow restriction elements is first designed, constructed and instrumented. Step-up and step-down responses of several typical fluid-filled bushing configurations are measured along with steady harmonic time histories of transmitted force and internal pressures. To analyze the experimental results and gain physical insights into the hydraulic bushing system, lumped system models of bushings with different design features are developed, and analytical expressions of transmitted force and internal pressure responses are derived by using the convolution method. Parametric studies are also conducted to examine the effect of hydraulic element parameters. System parameters are successfully estimated for both harmonic and step responses using theory and measurements, and the dynamic force measurements are analyzed using analytical predictions. Finally, some nonlinearities of the system are also observed, and the fluid resistance of flow passage is found to be the most nonlinear element.
Maximizing integrated brightness in Touschek-dominated synchrotron light sources

Abstract We present a numerical study to maximize the integrated performance of third generation synchrotron radiation sources for cases where the beam lifetime is dominated by large-angle intrabeam (Touschek) scattering. The performance is characterized in two areas of user interest: high brightness and total flux. We study the effect on the time integral of these quantities through varying parameters such as the lifetime, vertical beam emittance, time between fills, filling time, and total beam current. The effect on topoff mode of operation in also discussed.
New vasoconstrictor, bovine peptide-B, released during blood coagulation.

THE final stage of blood coagulation, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin, is associated with the release of two acidic peptides designated A and B in the bovine system1. These peptides have been fully characterized by physico-chemical, chemical and enzyme methods, and the exact amino-acid sequence has been determined2. Laki3 has shown that the peptides released from fibrinogen affected the frog heart, and experiments carried out in this laboratory have indicated that 4 × 10−5 molar bovine peptide-B (Fig. 1) produces a slow contraction of the rabbit carotid artery strip, while in a concentration of 1.6 × 10−6 molar the peptide markedly potentiated the bradykinin-induced contraction of the isolated oestrus rat uterus. The present experiments were undertaken to ascertain whether bovine peptide-B has any vasopressor effect in vivo.
Low-dose direct fibrinolysis in peripheral vascular disease.

Abstract One hundred thirty patients underwent low-dose, catheter-directed fibrinolytic therapy for arterial and graft occlusions present for various periods of time. In 65 consecutive patients the therapeutic parameters were identical, and a careful hematologic evaluation was performed. In the subsequent 65 patients, varying doses of fibrinolytic agents were employed. Fibrinolytic therapy was found to be beneficial in a diverse group of clinical situations and in patients whose occlusions had occurred at varying lengths of time. Early study demonstrated that effective fibrinolysis can be achieved at approximately one-twentieth of the systemic level and that systemic effects could be avoided in all patients during 24-hours infusions and in many patients infused up to 96 hours. Bleeding complications occurred only in patients in whom concomitant heparinization was employed, and this was thought to be the causative factor. Therapeutic success and avoiding complications are strongly dependent on close monitoring of patients and joint decision making by the vascular surgeon and radiologist. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:718-22.)
Technology, workplace privacy and personhood

This paper traces the intellectual development of the workplace privacy construct in the course of American thinking. The role of technological development in this process is examined, particularly in regard to the information gathering/dissemination dilemmas faced by employers and employees alike. The paper concludes with some preliminary considerations toward a theory of workplace privacy.
Multibody computational biomechanical model of the upper body

In the United States alone, more than 10,000 spinal cord injuries (SCI) are reported each year. This population depends upon their upper limbs to provide a means of locomotion during completion of their activities of daily living. As a result of greater than normal usage of the upper limbs, proper propulsion mechanics are paramount in preventing injuries. Upper limb pain and pathology is common among manual wheelchair users due to the requirements placed on the arms for wheelchair locomotion. During the wheelchair rehabilitation process following an SCI, an individual is prescribed a wheelchair (WC). The use of a patient-specific computational biomechanical model of WC propulsion may help guide rehabilitation that may improve clinical instruction and patient performance. The overall goal of this study is to develop and refine a computational model that may aide in minimizing shoulder pathology.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Bimodal Analysis of Mammary Epithelial Cell Migration in Two Dimensions

Cell migration paths of mammary epithelial cells (expressing different versions of the promigratory tyrosine kinase receptor Her2/Neu) were analyzed within a bimodal framework that is a generalization of the run-and-tumble description applicable to bacterial migration. The mammalian cell trajectories were segregated into two types of alternating modes, namely, the “directional mode” (mode I, the more persistent mode, analogous to the bacterial run phase) and the “re-orientation mode” (mode II, the less persistent mode, analogous to the bacterial tumble phase). Higher resolution (more pixel information, relative to cell size) and smaller sampling intervals (time between images) were found to give a better estimate of the deduced single cell dynamics (such as directional-mode time and turn angle distribution) of the various cell types from the bimodal analysis. The bimodal analysis tool permits the deduction of short-time dynamics of cell motion such as the turn angle distributions and turn frequencies during the course of cell migration compared to standard methods of cell migration analysis. We find that the 2-h mammalian cell tracking data do not fall into the diffusive regime implying that the often-used random motility expressions for mammalian cell motion (based on assuming diffusive motion) are invalid over the time steps (fraction of minute) typically used in modeling mammalian cell migration.
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Controlled Oscillators (Panel Discussion)

The surface acoustic wave (SAW) controlled oscillator consists of a narrow band SAW delay line or resonator used as a feedback element, an amplifier with sufficient gain to overcome the insertion loss of the SAW device, and a means to couple out part of the signal. The SAW oscillator is related to the quartz crystal oscillator in that the stabilizing element is provided by the long delay time of an acoustic device. The surface wave device is also generally fabricated on quartz because of the inherent stability of this material. However, the planar technology of SAW devices allows fabrication of devices with operating frequencies up to the range of 1 to 2 GHz. Also, great flexibility is available in SAW design because either a resonator or delay line may be used. Delay line type oscillators are particularly useful for applications where frequency modulation is required since a tuning range of up to 1 percent can be achieved. In general, SAW controlled oscillators are small, simple, and rugged devices operating in the frequency range of 50 MHz to above 1 GHz.
M-ideals and quotients of subdiagonal algebras

Abstract In this paper, we study the M-ideals and quotients of subdiagonal algebras. Particular attention is given to the subdiagonal algebras A of groupoid C∗-algebras, where all groupoids are assumed to be amenable r-discrete principal with a cover by clopen G-sets. One of the major results shows that given such A and an M-ideal J in A, both J and A J are subdiagonal algebras of groupoid C∗-algebras.
Improving Safety for Teens Working in the Retail Trade Sector: Opportunities and Obstacles

Background Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined teen workers' perceptions about their work environments and the ways in which teens believe workplaces can be made safer. Methods We conducted telephone interviews (n = 117) and six focus groups (n = 49) with two separate samples of North Carolina teens who worked in the retail trade sector. Results Survey findings indicate one-fifth of teens used equipment they thought dangerous; nearly 40% always or often felt rushed at work; and about half received training on how to avoid injury. Teens in the focus groups expressed concerns about workplace physical hazards, the threat of assault, being rushed, and having little power in the work environment. They also indicated that their workplace safety training was ineffective and that child labor laws were unnecessary. Conclusions In order to be effective, interventions targeted at working teens need to address the organization of work and adolescent–manager interaction patterns. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:342–350, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resident versus attending surgeon graft patency and clinical outcomes in on- versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

Abstract Objective Controversy exists regarding ideal approaches in teaching residents complex and/or new surgical techniques in part because consequences on patient outcomes are largely unknown. This study compared patient outcomes for cases in which residents (rather than attending surgeons) performed most of the distal anastomoses as primary surgeons, during on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods This preapproved substudy of the Randomized On/Off Bypass (ROOBY) trial compared clinical outcomes and 1-year graft patency for cases in which residents versus attending surgeons were the primary operator. Comparisons were made between on-pump and off-pump techniques. Results From July 2003 through May 2007, a total of 1272 ROOBY nonemergent CABG patients were randomized at 16 Veterans Affairs centers where residents were active participants. Residents were the primary surgeon (ie, performed ≥50% of the distal anastomoses) more frequently in on-pump (77.9%) than in off-pump (67.4%) cases. Between these 2 techniques, no were found differences in baseline patient characteristics; short-term and 1-year morbidity and mortality rates were no different for residents versus attendings in CABG cases. FitzGibbon A graft patency rates were similar for resident versus attendings completed distal anastomoses for on-pump (83.0% vs 82.4%) compared with off-pump (77.2% vs 76.6%) procedures. Conclusions In the ROOBY trial, short-term and 1-year patient outcomes and graft patency rates did not differ between resident and attending surgeons, demonstrating that with appropriate patient selection and resident supervision, residents can perform advanced, novel surgical techniques with outcomes similar to those of attending surgeons.
The Droplike Nature of Rain and Its Invariant Statistical Properties

This study looks for statistically invariant properties of the sequences of inter-drop time intervals and drop diameters. The authors provide evidence that these invariant properties have the following characteristics: 1) large inter-drop time intervals (*10 s) separate drops of small diameter (&0.6 mm); 2) the rainfall phenomenon has two phases: a quiescent phase, whose contribution to the total cumulated flux is virtually null, and an active, nonquiescent, phase that is responsible for the bulk of the precipitated volume; 3) the probability density function of inter-drop time intervals has a power-law-scaling regime in the range of ;1 min and ;3 h); and 4) once the moving average and moving standard deviation are removed from the sequence of drop diameters, an invariant shape emerges for the probability density function of drop diameters during active phases.
High-frequency seismic wave propagation in western South America along the continental margin, in the Nazca plate and across the Altiplano

Summary. High-frequency shear waves (0.5–2 Hz) recorded at regional distances at WWSSN stations in western South America are classified according to their apparent velocity and frequency/amplitude character. For propagation paths crossing any given region, the observations are abundant and consistent. Sn is not observed at distances beyond about 15.5° along paths in the eastern part of the relatively young (Eocene) oceanic Nazca plate. This observation does not appear to be related to any specific tectonic or structural feature along the propagation paths. In contrast, Sn is observed at distances beyond about 25° in the older (Jurassic–Cretaceous) parts of the western Pacific and western Atlantic oceanic plates and to distances of over 40° in continental shield regions. One interpretation of these and other data is that the maximum distance over which Sn is observed increased with the thickness of the lithosphere. The disappearance of Sn in the Nazca plane is quite sharp, occurring between 15 and 16°. Such a phenomenon cannot be explained by simple attenuation mechanisms. Lateral variations in Sn propagation occur beneath the Altiplano, a high plateau in the central Andes. Two types of seismograms imply inefficient Sn propagation: one shows no Sn, implying an average low-Q along the path; the other has a complex ringing character suggesting a large amount of scattering along the path. Sn is also observed to propagate efficiently across some parts of the Altiplano, which would usually imply high-Q material in the mantle wedge that separates the South American plate from the descending Nazca plate. However, because the dip of the descending Nazca plate beneath the Altiplano is only about 30°, it is possible that these Sn waves are actually refracted along the descending plate instead of travelling mainly through the mantle wedge. Sn has a velocity of about 4.5 km/s along western South America. Sn travelling in the oceanic Nazca plate converts efficiently into Lg travelling in the continental crust where the crust thickens beneath the Andes. No reverse Lg to Sn conversion is observed. Lateral variations in Lg propagation appear to be related to the orientation of the path relative to the structural trend of the Andes rather than to anomalous regions in the continental crust. It appears that Lg propagates efficiently only when the direction of propagation is approximately parallel to the strike of the Andes.
Preinduction of heat shock proteins protects cardiac and hepatic functions following trauma and hemorrhage.

Although studies have shown that induction of the heat shock proteins (HSPs), such as HSP-70, has various beneficial effects after ischemia-reperfusion, it remains unknown whether prior induction of HSP-70 has any salutary effects on cardiovascular and hepatocellular functions after trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation. Male rats were exposed to heat stress (41°C, 15 min) and then allowed to recover for 24 h at room temperature (21°C). The rats then underwent laparotomy (i.e., trauma induced) and were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of the maximal shed blood volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate. Animals were then resuscitated with four times the volume of shed blood with Ringer lactate over 60 min. The maximal rate of the left ventricular pressure increase or decrease was measured up to 4 h after resuscitation. Cardiac output, hepatocellular function, plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at 4 h after resuscitation. Cardiac and hepatic tissue were examined for HSP-70 by Western blot analysis. Left ventricular performance, cardiac output, and hepatocellular function decreased significantly following trauma-hemorrhage. Plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were also significantly increased. However, prior heat stress attenuated cardiovascular and hepatocellular dysfunction, decreased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines following trauma-hemorrhage, and was associated with an increased abundance of HSP-70 in the heart and liver. Our data, therefore, suggest that preinduction of HSP-70 protects cardiovascular and hepatocellular functions following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation.
ACTION AND IMAGINATION IN THE FORMATION OF IMAGES

This study is an examination of the effects of motoric enactment on children's use of imagery. Piaget and Inhelder (1971) showed that imagery is deeply rooted in children's thinking. In a typical experiment, they presented children an array of blocks, then removed the objects asking the children to judge either how they looked when first seen or how they would look if some blocks were moved. Children younger than seven years had difficulty with such judgments, while older children were more successful. More recently, Kosslyn, Margolis, Barrett, and Goldknopf (1990) confirmed that, while younger children could maintain an image, older children were better at image scanning, rotation, and transformation tasks. It is less well known that Piaget and Inhelder also pointed out that images often seem driven by motoric action. They proposed that specific action, while imagining, directly influences the formation and functioning of an image. Recent work by Reiser, Garing, and Young (1994) indcated that preschool children, while wallung, can imagine spatial orientation but without rnotoric accompaniment performance was poor. Reiser, Guth, and Hill (1986) reported similar effects of motoric action on imagery tasks with adult subjects. The relationship between motoric action and imagery has been well documented in studies of memory for verbal material. Studies using the paired associate learning paradigm have shown that across age groups children can use imagery strategies involving actual or anticipated actions to improve performance (Bender & Levin, 1976; Varley, Levin, Severson, & Wolff, 1974). Engelkamp (1991) showed that the enactment of a relationship within a pair
e‐VALUE‐ation

The phenomenologist is both a participant observer and a judge who ultimately uses his values, clinical experience, and emotional reactions as valid data in evaluating the worth of a program.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : IV. THE EFFECT OF ETHER ON THE RESPIRATION OF WHEAT.

These experiments show that 7.3 and 3.65 per cent ether solutions cause an increase in respiration followed by a decrease. The results agree with those of Haas on Laminaria, of Gustafson on higher fungi, and of Mrs. Brooks on bacteria. They do not agree with the theory of Verworn that anesthesia is a kind of asphyxia and that it decreases respiration.
Targeting Sirtuin-1 in Huntington’s disease: Rationale and Current Status

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by a trinucleotide repeat mutation in the huntingtin gene that results in an increased number of glutamine residues in the N terminus of huntingtin protein. Mutant huntingtin leads to progressive impairment of motor function, cognitive dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric disturbance. There are no disease-modifying treatments available. During the past decade, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) has been the focus of intense investigation and discussion because it regulates longevity in multiple organisms and has shown beneficial effects in a variety of models of neurodegenerative disorders. Studies in different animal models provide convincing evidence that SIRT1 protects neurons in mouse models of HD as well as in Caenorhabditis elegans, although controversial results were reported in a fly model. Indeed, many connections exist between the deacetylation function of SIRT1 and its role in neuroprotection. As a result, pharmacological interventions targeting SIRT1 might become promising strategies to combat HD. This review summarizes recent progress in SIRT1 research, with a focus on the specificity of this protein as a potential therapeutic target for HD, as well as existing challenges for developing SIRT1 modulators for clinical use.
A possible role for generally adaptive features in mate selection and sexual stimulation.

Summary.-Any trait that is advantageous in the normal business of living will make its possessor a more advantageous mate, thus providing selection pressure favoring the trait of preferring to mate with an individual having such traits. In many cases such a feature will have contributed to radiation into a new niche. It will also distinguish a newly evolved species from its ancestral species, providing a basis for reproductive isolation. Consequently recently evolved generally adaptive features are likely to be sexually stimulating or attended to in mate selection. Therefore, there is a good possibility that there are some biologically based mating preferences and sexual responses in humans that are expressed in most cultures. Mate selection is a major biological event. Its outcome is a substantial determinant of the individual's return on his whole reproductive investment. The mate chosen must be of the same species and of the opposite sex. It is selectively advantageous if it is also an individual with traits that lead to a relatively large contribution to the succeeding generation's gene pool. A gd deal of theoretical and empirical effort has been devoted to the mechanisms by which mate selection occurs. Most studies of courtship, reproductive isolating mechanisms, and type I1 (female whim) sexual selection have the discovery of the proximate and ultimate determinants of mate choice as a major goal. This goal has been achieved in many cases. We know in detail many species-specific insect attractants (Wilson, 1970), some species-specific fiddler crab claw-waving displays (Salmon, 1967), and which male sage grouse are selected for breeding by the females (Wiley, 1973) to cite only a few examples. Yet we have few general principles for predicting which features will be important in mate selection or for understanding their origin. The goal of this paper is to develop one such principle and to argue that this principle helps to organize part of our limited knowledge of mate preference and sexual stimulation in humans.
Targeting androgen receptor and JunD interaction for prevention of prostate cancer progression.

BACKGROUND Multiple studies show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Previously, we reported an induction of Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyl Transferase (SSAT) by androgen-activated androgen receptor (AR)-JunD protein complex that leads to over-production of ROS in PCa cells. In our current research, we identify small molecules that specifically block AR-JunD in this ROS-generating metabolic pathway.
The Corrosive Constitutionalism of Edward S. Corwin

By the professional standards of today's academic world, Edward Samuel Corwin was an anomaly. Born in 1878, he earned his Ph.D. in history at the University of Pennsylvania. He became a professor of politics at Princeton University and later president of the American Political Science Association. And at the time of his death in 1963, Corwin was one of the ten authorities on the Constitution and constitutional law most frequently cited in the opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States. Few scholars have ever crossed over into so many academic disciplines with such obvious success. But Edward Corwin was not simply a scholar silently scribbling in his study; he was a public man as well. As his last graduate student at Princeton, Clinton Rossiter, once put it, Corwin "changed the minds of men in seats of power in Washington as in the seats of learning around the country."' Indeed, it is not too much to say, as Rossiter said, that "American constitutional law-not just the law taught by professors, but the law
Robust sensor localization algorithm in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks

Wireless ad-hoc sensor networks are being developed to collect data across the area of deployment. To stamp the collected data and facilitate communication protocols, it is necessary to identify the location of each sensor. Most existing localization algorithms make use of trilateration or multilateration based on range measurements obtained from RSSI, TOA, TDOA and AoA. In the paper, we first study some situations that most existing sensor localization methods fail to perform well. An example of such situations is when the topology of a sensor network is anisotropic. We propose a distributed sensor localization method with estimation-comparison-correction paradigm to address these conditions. In detail, multidimensional scaling (MDS) technique is applied to recover a series of local maps for adjacent sensors in two (or three) dimensional space. The maps along the route from an anchor to another anchor are stitched together to estimate the sensors' physical locations. Then, the estimated anchor locations are compared with the anchors' physical locations for correction, and estimated sensor locations are corrected at the same time to approximate their physical locations. By iterative estimation, comparison, and correction, the method reduces sensor localization errors caused by anisotropic network topology and complex terrain, which were seldom addressed in previous research.
An approach for identifying and predicting economic recessions in real-time using time–frequency functional models

Identifying periods of recession and expansion is a challenging topic of ongoing interest with important economic and monetary policy implications. Given the current state of the global economy, significant attention has recently been devoted to identifying and forecasting economic recessions. Consequently, we introduce a novel class of Bayesian hierarchical probit models that take advantage of dimension-reduced time–frequency representations of various market indices. The approach we propose can be viewed as a Bayesian mixed frequency data regression model, as it relates high-frequency daily data observed over several quarters to a binary quarterly response indicating recession or expansion. More specifically, our model directly incorporates time–frequency representations of the entire high-dimensional non-stationary time series of daily log returns, over several quarters, as a regressor in a predictive model, while quantifying various sources of uncertainty. The necessary dimension reduction is achieved by treating the time–frequency representation (spectrogram) as an “image” and finding its empirical orthogonal functions. Subsequently, further dimension reduction is accomplished through the use of stochastic search variable selection. Overall, our dimension reduction approach provides an extremely powerful tool for feature extraction, yielding an interpretable image of features that predict recessions. The effectiveness of our model is demonstrated through out-of-sample identification (nowcasting) and multistep-ahead prediction (forecasting) of economic recessions. In fact, our results provide greater than 85% and 80% out-of-sample forecasting accuracy for recessions and expansions respectively, even three quarters ahead. Finally, we illustrate the utility and added value of including time–frequency information from the NASDAQ index when identifying and predicting recessions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic analysis of circadian clocks.

The goals of this review are twofold. The opening section introduces the tools and concepts of the genetic approach to understanding circadian rhythms. The following sections review the pertinent literature with an emphasis on those studies and approaches that appear most likely to lead to new answers to old questions concerning the mechanism(s) of circadian rhythmicity. This survey has been made somewhat simpler due the series of excellent reviews on clocks that have appeared over the past five years (35, 36, 38, 39, 42,63,64,65,66,67,68,84,96, 107, 1 18,153, 183, 184, 189). The length of this list reflects, in part, both a maturing of the genetics and molecular genetics of circadian clocks as a field, and an increasing interest and appreciation of the strengths of genetics in offering a different set of tools and a different way of thinking about the problems that circadian biologists have been considering for several decades.
Radiolabeled RGD peptides move beyond cancer: PET imaging of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction.

The arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) cell adhesion motif was discovered in fibronectin by Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti 20 years ago ([1][1]). Shortly thereafter, Smith and Cheresh ([2][2]) identified the vitronectin receptor, or αvβ3 integrin, as one of the adhesion molecules recognizing this
Regulation of interferon production by human monocytes: requirements for priming for lipopolysaccharide-induced production

Macrophages are uniquely responsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for activation of a number of host defense functions and production of bioactive mediators. One potentially important mediator produced by LPS-stimulated macrophages is interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). In contrast to murine observations, we have observed that freshly isolated human monocytes, purified by counter-current centrifugal elutriation, do not produce interferon in response to LPS. This is not due to a lack of response to LPS, as assessed by the induction of other monokines, or to an incapacity for IFN production, since IFN was inducible by poly-I,C treatment of monocytes in the absence of any other exogenous stimulus. However, human monocytes can be primed for the production of IFN in response to LPS if they are cultured in the presence of either granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The IFN secreted is of the alpha subtype. Monocytes primed with GM-CSF or IFN-gamma also maintained LPS responses for production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1). M-CSF did not prime monocytes for LPS-induced IFN production, although it did enhance production of TNF-alpha and promoted monocyte survival. Northern analysis indicated that the induction of IFN-alpha by LPS was regulated primarily at the mRNA level. The highly regulated production of IFN-alpha by monocytes/macrophages has important implications for autocrine action of interferons in the activation and differentiation of these cells.
Relationships Among Gambling Industries

In Part I of the book we examined the theoretical ways in which casinos could generate economic growth. We also found empirical evidence that suggests casinos do, in fact, have a positive growth effect at the state level. Also in Part I, however, we examined some of the criticisms of casinos. One key argument is that casinos expand at the expense of other industries. This is the so-called “substitution effect.” In Chap. 17 we addressed this issue with respect to non-gambling industries. However, the analysis covered only one market (Detroit) and only for commercial real estate values. There have been several other studies in the literature to examine the impact of casinos on property values, as cited in Chap. 17.
Pricing a Callable Leveraged Constant Maturity Swap Spread Note

A callable leveraged constant maturity swap (CMS) spread note allows the holder to benefit from future changes in the spread between two swap interest rates. The issues retains the right to call the note at pre-specified times in the future. The note is priced via Monte Carlo simulation using the current term structure of interest rates and at-the-money implied swaption volatilities.
Young patient with wrist pain.

scan were ordered. The white blood cell scan was negative and the three-phase bone scan is shown below (Fig. 2, 3 and 4, marker indicates the right side). Blood flow and blood pool images showed no significant abnormalities. On delayed images there was a small focus of markedly increased tracer uptake, surrounded by a larger area of increased, but less intense uptake, in the medial portion of the distal end of the left radius. A CT scan (Fig. 5) showed a focal area of sclerosis with radiolucent center in the distal left radius corresponding to the bone scan lesion. The lesion was resected and pathology exam confirmed the diagnosis.
Prevalence of Obesity of Primary and High School Students in Yibin City From 2001 to 2006

Objective To study the obesity occurrence and trend of students from Grade 1 to grade 12 in the urban area of Yibin city.Method Based on 219 831 students' health inspection information from grade 1 to grade 12 in Yibin city from 2001 to 2006,evaluation on students' weights were made in accordance with '2000 Chinese Children and Adolescents Height Weighted Weights Criteria'.Results The result showed that the average obesity rate of elementary school students in urban area of Yibin was 3.86%.Boys had absolutely higher rate than that of girls.In comparison,primaxy school kids had higher obesity rate than that of middle school students.Conclusion Therefore,primary and high school students in the urban area of Yibin has lower obesity rate as compared with students in Beijing(9.7%)and Chongqing(12.59%).However,the problem of obesity that occurring in lower age students should arouse government's attention.Also,the department concrned should take positive measures to,control related factors,and to decrease primary and middle school students' obesity rate.