cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kimono: kiosk-mobile phone knowledge sharing system

The functionality of an information kiosk can be extended by allowing it to interact with a smartphone, as demonstrated by the Kimono system, and the user interface can be greatly simplified by "associations" between pieces of information. A kiosk provides information that is relevant to a particular location and can use valuable context information, such as the fact that a user is physically standing in front of the kiosk, to tailor the display. Its graphically rich screen is suitable for presenting information to the user and has a natural input modality requiring the user to simply touch the screen. However, a kiosk lacks mobility and cannot stay with the user as he or she moves about the environment. Also, information provided by the kiosk must be remembered by the user. Finally, it is difficult to add information to the kiosk, and so the kiosk remains an information display device.All this changes when a handset, such as a PDA or smart-phone, can interact with the kiosk. The handset acts like a personalized proxy of the kiosk. It accompanies the user serving as a memory device. It is also an excellent media creation device, capable of taking pictures and recording voice memos as well as short text messages. Associating newly created content with other currently selected content makes for a simpler user interface. Content and its associations can be uploaded to a kiosk allowing others to access to it.
Densification Maps for Nano-Sized Powders

Abstract Extensive work has been done to characterize the densification mechanisms acting in conventionally-sized powder materials (particle sizes;≥1 micron) during sintering and pressure-assisted consolidation. Densification maps (Ashby HIP maps) have been developed to show the processing conditions under which particular deformation mechanisms-typically plastic yielding, power law creep and/or diffusive mass transport-are likely to be active and to predict the kinetics of these processes as a function of basic material parameters. There is a need to extend these maps to nano-scale materials in order to develop an improved understanding of deformation mechanisms and to provide a rational basis for developing cost-effective consolidation technologies. Existing densification maps predict that nano-scale powders can be densified more easily than conventionally-sized materials, primarily through surface-tension-driven diffusion. Yet this is not what has been observed in many material systems. Possible reason...
The use of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) containing a green fluorescent protein gene as a tool to evaluate resistance/tolerance of transgenic citrus plants

Abstract The T36 strain of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) expressing green fluorescent protein gene (CTV–GFP) was used to detect replication of CTV in wild-type (WT) ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange plants and those transformed with the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring a binary vector with a coat protein gene from either T36 or T30 isolate of CTV. Soil-adapted WT and transgenic plants were challenged with CTV by grafting shoots from CTV–GFP infected plants. None of the transgenic plants appeared to be able to inhibit CTV replication as CTV-associated GFP fluorescence in all of them was detected by fluorescent microscopy. For the purpose of comparison of two different methods, CTV multiplication in transgenic plants was also examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays. GFP–labeled CTV represents a useful tool for estimation of susceptibility of citrus cultivars or transgenic lines to CTV infection. This method using CTV–GFP is simpler, cheaper and less time-consuming than ELISA.
Bandgap renormalization: GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

Bandgap energy renormalization by many-body interactions has been studied in a series of n-type 8-nm-wide GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum wells using magnetoluminescence spectroscopy at 1.4K and for magnetic fields up to 30T. The 2D- carrier densities varied between 1 and 12 x 10(11) cm(-2). At the maximum 2D-carrier density, the bandgap energy difference between the doped and undoped samples was about 34 meV.
Perioperative Clinical Learning Experiences

Academic accreditation is valued by professional perioperative nurses, and it can be supported with nursing student interactions in the perioperative environment. Coherent, logically ordered educational objectives and participation in perioperative interventions facilitate student learning and can be used to meet academic accreditation standards. This article shows how nursing student learning in the perioperative setting can meet course objectives, satisfy academic accreditation criteria, and ultimately, improve patient care.
"Going Paperless": The Case for Electronic Submission of Student Work.

In 1975, Business Week published an article on “The Office of the Future.” In twenty years, predicted the head of the Xerox Corporation's Research Center, everyone would have a keyboard and monitor...
Secondary prevention of work-related upper extremity disorders: recommendations from the Annapolis conference.

Introduction: Efforts to improve the secondary prevention of work-related upper extremity (WRUE) symptoms continue to present a challenge. As with many occupational musculoskeletal pain disorders no single, direct cause-effect relationship exists among specific exposures, pathologic processes, and symptoms. The field has yet to create truly effective and efficient interventions for these problems that are based on current epidemiological and clinical knowledge. Methods: A working conference was held in Annapolis, Maryland on September 23rd and 24th, 2005 with leaders in research and application related to upper extremity disorders to address this challenge. The intent of the meeting was to review “state of the art” evidence in epidemiology and intervention research in order to develop suggestions regarding next steps in intervention research and application. On day 2 a number of stakeholders were present to discuss what they perceived as the missing pieces in both epidemiological research and applied intervention research in order to generate more effective workplace interventions. Results: The papers in this series of the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation indicate that scientifically sound progress has been made over the past decade in identifying ergonomic, workplace psychosocial, and individual factors in both the etiology and exacerbation of these symptoms/disorders. However, there is a gap between this knowledge and the development and practical implementation of comprehensive interventions for these problems. The conference also highlighted the paucity of economic analyses of the impact of these disorders as well as the economic study of the impact of intervention. Approaches for such evaluations were presented and are included in this special section of the journal. Conclusions: This series of papers and the summary of the invited group's discussions provided in this paper clearly emphasize the need for innovative ways to think about these problems and specific research topics that can help translate this knowledge into effective secondary prevention efforts.
Electron and Hydride Addition to Gold(I) Thiolate Oligomers: Implications for Gold–Thiolate Nanoparticle Growth Mechanisms

Electron and hydride addition to Au(I):SR oligomers is investigated using density functional theory. Cyclic and chain-like clusters are examined in this work. Dissociation to Au– ions and Aun(SR)n+1– chains is observed after 2–4 electrons are added to these systems. The free thiolate (SR–) is rarely produced in this work; dissociation of Au– is preferred over dissociation of SR–. Electron affinities calculated in gas phase, toluene, and water suggest that the electron addition process is unlikely, although it may be possible in polar solvents. In contrast, hydride addition to Au(I):SR oligomers yields free thiols and complexes containing Au–Au bonds, which are plausible intermediates for gold nanoparticle growth. The resulting compounds can react to form larger nanoparticles or undergo further reduction by hydride to yield additional Au–Au bonds.
The role of the sino-aortic receptors in the action of adrenaline, nor-adrenaline and acetylcholine on the cerebral cortex.

Abstract On the basis of EEG records and EEG analysis by means of an Offner analyser the following results have been obtained in cats on the role of the sino-aortic baroreceptors for the action of hypo- and hypertensive drugs: 1. 1. Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline induce the appearance of grouped (“Dial”) potentials during the hypertensive phase. This effect is reversibly abolished by small amounts of barbiturates. On analysis this action of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline is found to be associated with an increase in the slow potentials and often also with a decrease of the fast potentials in the EEG. After sino-aortic denervation this action of the two hypertensive drugs is abolished or reversed. 2. 2. Hypotensive drugs such as acetylcholine cause a cortical excitation characterized by an increase in the amplitude of the fast potentials and often also by a simultaneous decrease in the amplitude of the slow potentials. This action of acetylcholine is greatly reduced or abolished by sino-aortic denervation. 3. 3. From these experiments it is inferred that baroreceptor reflexes exert a homeostatic influence on the activity of the cerebral cortex.
A field cage for Old World primates designed to encourage natural behavior

The construction of an all-weather field cage housing Old World primates (Macaca fuscata) is described. The 40 × 40 foot enclosure includes some simulated aspects of the animals' natural environment thereby encouraging natural behavior. The animals are observed from a tower equiped with one-way glass to eliminate the animals' being aware of observers. By using prefabricated construction and adaptations of standard supplies and equipment, the cage and tower were constructed at a cost of $7,000.
On the Performance Evaluation of Variable-Dwell Time PN Acquisition Systems

The variable dwell time (VDT) acquisition algorithm has been proposed to reduce the mean acquisition time [1,2] of a PN waveform. Previous analyses pertaining to VDT systems have used either approximation methods [1-3] or simulations [4] to evaluate related system performance parameters, namely, P D , P FA and n, the mean dwell time per cell. We present two related algorithms to compute these parameters. Exact results are obtained by these algorithms. Furthermore, P FA and n can be evaluated more efficiently.
Fermi Decay of Higher Spin Particles

The explicit form for the spin projection operators introduced by Fronsdal is calculated for arbitrary spin and applied to first-order processes involving four fermions. The matrix element for the most general nonderivative interaction is found for the special case in which two of the particles have spin \textonehalf{}. The method of relating matrix elements written in different orders is extended to this case.The theory is applied to the decay of the mu meson, extending the work of Caianiello. It is found that the experimental decay spectrum can be equally well fitted by an assignment of spin \textonehalf{} or $\frac{3}{2}$. The method is then applied to the Fermi decay of hyperons. Lifetimes are calculated for decays in which the initial particle has a spin of \textonehalf{} or $\frac{3}{2}$, and the final particles all have spin \textonehalf{}. All the lifetimes are less than 2 orders of magnitude longer than the corresponding observed lifetimes for the normal mode of decay.The hypothesis of a universal Fermi interaction is extended to include fermions of arbitary spin. Under this hypothesis, the experimental muon spectrum is most closely reproduced with spin $\frac{3}{2}$. The results also indicate that the muon has the same particle-antiparticle character as an electron of the same charge.
A hierarchical neural network for human face detection

This paper summarizes a research effort in human face detection. A system to locate human faces in images, especially when used as a front-end for a human face identification system, could have many applications in the law enforcement and security professions. The approach presented here is a hybrid system using an edge-enhancing preprocessor and four back-propagation neural networks arranged in a hierarchical structure. The method proposed successfully detected faces wearing glasses and all faces in images which contained multiple faces. The results obtained are reported along with a discussion for improving the system.
Out-of-Plane MEMS Actuation Using a Scanning Electron Microscope

In the world of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) R&D efforts are expended creating new means of actuation, usually trading either force or displacement. In our scheme we pump charge into an electrically isolated conductive system with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to achieve a net force away from the substrate. Though we observe a highly dynamic response, we have approximated the force of the system with a quasi-static mechanical force sensor. The study of this actuation has focused on a spiral spring fabricated in Sandia Ultra-planar Multi-level MEMS Technology (SUMMiT-V™). Experiments show the effect of SEM beam conditions on this device, most notably finding the operation to begin at 5 keV accelerating voltage, where our Monte Carlo simulation predicts the beam will begin penetrating the 0.3 μm thick polySi. The out-of-plane motion has been measured as high as 220 μm which is approximately 2/3 of the diameter of the 2D spiral. A linear elastic model of the force sensor shows that in mechanical equilibrium the deflection is associated with an equivalent uniform pressure up to 90 Pa.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Making the Intentional Decision to Use an Effective Curriculum to Promote Children’s Learning

This study investigated the extent to which early education classrooms across Indiana implemented evidence-based practices and how well the classrooms of different types of early education programs in our state compared with one another. Evidence-based effective curricula increase children’s learning compared to those that are not effective. This article addresses the question: “Are the curricula used by the teachers effective?” The 81 participating classrooms included 28 in licensed child care centers, 27 in Head Start, and 26 in public school prekindergarten. Of the 81 classrooms, 80 teachers responded to the question: “What curriculum or curricula do you use in your classroom?” We used a three-step process to determine whether each response named a curriculum based on the Head Start definition; whether studies of the curriculum met the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) guidelines for being evidence-based; and if the WWC reviews identified the curriculum as effective in increasing children’s learning. Findings revealed that only 2 of 80 responding teachers used a curriculum determined by WWC to be effective. Other teachers used curricula that did not meet the Head Start definition, used curricula that did not meet the WWC standards for evidence, or used curricula with evidence but that were ineffective. These findings suggest that administrators and teachers should opt for a curriculum determined to be effective and to choose whether the curriculum will be math- or literacy-based since no comprehensive curriculum has been determined to be effective. A challenge for implementation is that the WWC has shown only five curricula to be effective.
Effect of soil temperature on stem sap flow, shoot gas exchange and water potential of Picea engelmannii (Parry) during snowmelt.

The effect of cold soils on stem sap flow, shoot gas exchange and water potential of Picea engelmannii (Parry) was investigated during the snowmelt period in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Shoot net photosynthetic rates were higher in young trees (1.5–1.8 m in height) growing in cold soils (<3.5° C) associated with snowpack, than trees in warm soils until about 1500 h. Higher shoot photosynthetic rates of trees in cold soils continued after snow was removed and could not be completely explained by higher visible irradiance over highly reflective snow. Following soil warming higher photosynthetic rates were evident in these trees for five days. High nutrient availability associated with snowmelt may improve shoot nutrient status leading to higher gas-exchange rates during snowmelt. Shoot conductance to water vapor was higher in trees in cold soil until midday, when declining shoot conductance led to lower intercellular CO2 concentrations. Midday through afternoon shoot water potentials of trees in cold soils were similar or higher than those of trees in warm soils and the lower afternoon shoot conductances in cold soils were not the result of lower bulk shoot water potentials. Decline in net photosynthesis of trees in cold soils at 1500 h paralleled increases in intercellular CO2 concentrations, implying a nonstomatal limitation of photosynthesis. This scenario occurred consistently in mid-afternoon following higher morning and midday photosynthesis in cold soils, suggesting a carbohydrate feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. Diurnal patterns in stem sap flow of all trees (cold and warm soils) reflected patterns of shoot conductance, although changes in stem sap flow lagged 1–3 h behind shoot conductance apparently due to stem water storage. Total daily stem sap flow was similar in trees in cold and warm soils, although diel patterns differed. The morning surge and night-time drop in sap flow commenced 1–2 h earlier in trees in cold soils. Overnight stem sap flow was lower in trees in cold soils, possibly due to higher resistance to root water uptake in cold soils, which may explain lower predawn shoot water potentials. However, midday shoot water potentials of trees in cold soils equalled or exceeded those of trees in warm soils. Higher resistance to root water uptake in P. engelmannii in cold soils was apparently overshadowed by transpirational forces and significant shoot water deficits did not develop.
Technologies for Truck Classification and Methodologies for Estimating Truck Vehicle Miles Traveled

Results are presented of a national survey of all state departments of transportation (DOTs), including Puerto Rico, about technologies used for truck classification and methodologies used for estimating truck vehicle miles traveled (VMT). More than two-thirds of state DOTs returned the survey. Procedures were found to classify trucks, to adjust truck data from short-term counts, and to calculate truck VMT. To classify trucks, most state DOTs followed FHWA's 13 categories. The products from two manufacturers, Peek Traffic and Diamond Traffic Products, with a variety of sensors, dominated the classification devices used by state DOTs. The sensor used most for short-term classification counts was the pneumatic tube. Duration and number of truck-classification counts (machine or manual) varied by state DOT. With machine classifiers, state DOTs collected short-term and continuous truck data for a variety of state highway coverage. Truck data were collected by using machine classifiers unless certain condition...
Mineralization of sugar beet and bean residues in laboratory incubations: comparison of measurements and simulations

Abstract A laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the dynamics of N release from sugar beet and bean residues incorporated into soil. The time course of N mineralization was initially described in terms of a single negative exponential function. This proved to be an unsatisfactory model to simulate the observed pattern of mineral N release. The incorporation of sugar beet leaves with a C:N ratio of around 15 resulted in a N immobilization at the outset of the incubation while the incorporation of bean leaves with a comparable C:N ratio resulted in a constant net N mineralization. The incorporation of sugar beet roots with a C:N ratio of 40 gave an increase in N mineralization in excess of the amount organic N applied. A carbon and nitrogen mineralization model was developed in which the N mineralization depended on the C mineralization, the C:N ratio of the organic material applied and the C:N ratio of the soil microbial biomass. The model simulated the N mineralization of different soils accurately when various forms of organic material, such as sugar beet leaves, bean leaves and roots, and mustard leaves, were added. The N mineralization of soil amended with sugar beet roots, however, was not satisfactorily simulated. Simulated values were much lower than measured ones. To increase the applicability of the model, further experimental evidence on some of the parameters used, such as the soil organic matter and the microbial biomass fractions, and a more dynamic microbial biomass is required.
SIMP: accurate and efficient near neighbor search in high dimensional spaces

Near neighbor search in high dimensional spaces is useful in many applications. Existing techniques solve this problem efficiently only for the approximate cases. These solutions are designed to solve r-near neighbor queries for a fixed query range or for a set of query ranges with probabilistic guarantees, and then extended for nearest neighbor queries. Solutions supporting a set of query ranges suffer from prohibitive space cost. There are many applications which are quality sensitive and need to efficiently and accurately support near neighbor queries for all query ranges. In this paper, we propose a novel indexing and querying scheme called Spatial Intersection and Metric Pruning (SIMP). It efficiently supports r-near neighbor queries in very high dimensional spaces for all query ranges with 100% quality guarantee and with practical storage costs. Our empirical studies on three real datasets having dimensions between 32 and 256 and sizes up to 10 million show a superior performance of SIMP over LSH, Multi-Probe LSH, LSB tree, and iDistance. Our scalability tests on real datasets having as many as 100 million points of dimensions up to 256 establish that SIMP scales linearly with query range, dataset dimension, and dataset size.
The influence of market structure on technological performance in the food-manufacturing industries

This paper tests the effect of firm and market structure variables on the rate of R&D investment by food processing firms. While the estimated relationship is consistent with the hypotheses of Schumpeter and Galbraith at small firm sizes and small-to-moderale concentration levels, above these critical values expected firm R&D increases at a decreasing rate with firm size and decreases with market concentration.
Low-Cost Propellant Launch to Earth Orbit from a Tethered Balloon - an Update

As previously reported [1], it may be possible to launch payloads into low-Earth orbit (LEO) at a per- kilogram cost that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than current launch systems, using only a relatively small capital investment (comparable to a single large present-day launch).11 An attractive payload would be large quantities of high-performance rocket propellant as required for the exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond. The concept is to use small mass-produced rockets that can reach orbit with modest atmospheric drag losses because they are launched from high altitude (e.g. 22 km). These small rockets launch from this altitude by being winched up a tether to a balloon. The drag losses on a rocket are strongly related to the ratio of the rocket launch mass to the mass of the atmospheric column displaced as the vehicle ascends from the launch site to orbit. By reducing the mass of this atmospheric column to a few percent of what it would be launching from sea level, the mass of the rocket can be proportionately reduced while maintaining the drag loss at an acceptably small level.
Advances in the Transition Metal (Rh, Ru)-Binap-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Compounds for Flavours and Fragrances and their Associated Sensory Properties

The variable biophysical responses to enantiomers are quite well documented in the field of medicine and human taste perception. For example, the l-form of ephedrine is effective against asthma but the d-form is not, and the d-form of aspartame tastes sweet, while the l-form bitter. Since the olfactory epithelium, like all biological tissues, is composed of bio-molecules consisting of L-amino acids and has a specific chiral environment, it should be able to distinguish one chiral molecule from its antipode. However, discussion on the olfactory differences of enantiomers has hitherto not been enthusiastic because it is difficult to obtain an enantiomerically pure material for olfactory evaluation. Furthermore, such discussions are problematical because the sense of smell is something abstract and more difficult to assess quantitatively than the other senses such as sight and sound.
Studies in cyclopolymerization. II. Relative rates of addition in the copolymerization of acrylonitrile with certain 1,4‐dienes

The copolymerizations of 3,3-dimethyl-1,4-pentadiene with acrylonitrile (system A) and divinyl sulfone with acrylonitrile (system B) were carried out, azobisisobutyronitrile being used as the initiator. The polymers obtained were soluble in dimethylformamide in every case. The infrared spectra of the polymers indicate there was little unsaturation. This evidence supports the theory of intra–intermolecular polymerization. The reactivity ratio parameters were determined for the above systems. For system A, r1 ≃ rc ≃ 0, r2 = 3.31. For system B, r1 = 0.364, r2 = 1.94, and rc = 0.067. These results further support the general copolymer composition equation derived by Barton, Butler, and Chapin. The intrinsic viscosities of the copolymers of divinyl sulfone with acrylonitrile indicate that divinyl sulfone acts as a chain transfer agent.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 regulation of interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor levels and gene expression in human T cells

Abstract 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D 3 (1,25-D 3 ) is known to inhibit DNA synthesis, immunoglobulin and lymphokine production [interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon (G-IFN), and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] by mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Recent data suggest these inhibitory effects are mediated at the gene level through inhibition of mRNA accumulation of specific lymphokines in the activated cells. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the CD8 + T cell population was less sensitive to the anti-proliferative actions of 1,25-D 3 than CD4 + T cells. The purpose of this investigation was to further assess ability of 1,25-D 3 to regulate CD4 + and CD8 + T cell functions. Initial experiments showed that 1,25-D 3 inhibited both IL-2 production and mRNA accumulation in mitogen-stimulated PBMC. However, IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression and mRNA accumulation in stimulated PBMC was not affected by 1,25-D 3 . Both FACS sorted CD4 + and CD8 + T cells expressed IL-2R equally upon stimulation and neither showed an inhibitory effect on this expression by 1,25-D 3 . Human CD4 + and CD8 + T cells showed a stimulus-specific production of IL-2. CD4 + cells stimulated with mitogen and HLA-DR positive accessory cells produced measurable levels of IL-2 that were completely inhibited by 1,25-D 3 . CD8 + T cells did not generate measurable amounts of IL-2 in this system. However, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells produced large amounts of IL-2 when stimulated with mitogen and a protein kinase C activator, phorbol mystirate acetate (PMA). Under these circumstances, both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell IL-2 production was inhibited completely by 1,25-D 3 . These data suggest that IL-2R expression in PBMCs and T cell subsets is equal and unaffected by 1,25-D 3 while IL-2 production in T cell subsets is stimulus-specific and completely inhibited by 1,25-D 3 .
Influence of cell cycle and cell movement on the distribution of intramembranous particles in contact-inhibited and transformed cells☆

Abstract Freeze fracture ultrastructure studies have shown that contact inhibited 3T3 cells contain aggregated intramembranous particles (IMP) while transformed 3T3 cells have randomly distributed IMP. The results of this study show that the aggregation of IMP in 3T3 cells is primarily related to the degree of cell contact and not significantly affected by inhibition of cell movement. Cell cycle studies do, however, show a transient disaggregation of IMP during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. These observations are interpreted to suggest that changes in membrane structure which occur during mitosis or following cell-to-cell contact may be associated with changes in membrane fluidity and the activity of membrane enzymes that appear to be critical for control of cell growth and cell division.
Replication of partitioned media streams in wireless ad hoc networks

Media streaming in wireless ad hoc networks is challenging due to the stringent resource restrictions and the decentralized architecture. To support long and high-quality streams, one viable approach is divide-and-conquer. A media stream is partitioned into segments, and then the segments are replicated in a network and served in a peer-to-peer fashion. It alleviates resource requirements on light-weight devices, improves load balancing, and provides an opportunity for fine-grain replication, among others. This paper describes a peer-to-peer service model using this approach, and in particular, studies replication strategies for the segments. We exploit topological properties of the underlying networks, and exploit correlation of streaming access. Several strategies are described and evaluated. A novel strategy uses adaptive and selective replication. It infers end-host clustering from hop-distance, and selectively replicates media segments to avoid starving any of them. Preliminary simulation study demonstrates its effectiveness in minimizing the cost to discover and retrieve media data.
Magnetic and crystallographic properties of synthetic titanomaghemite

Abstract Systematic magnetic and crystallographic studies were made on 57 titanomaghemite samples produced from sintered titanomagnetites with x values of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. Curie temperature and lattice parameter values are often significantly different from results of previous studies (Ozima and Sakamoto, 1971; Readman and O'Reilly, 1972; Nishitani, 1979), particularly for x values of 0.4 and 0.6. Other important results are: (1) Oxidation of titanomagnetite is mainly a function of temperature. Atmosphere and Ti content have little influence. (2) Progressive oxidation of homogeneous titanomaghemites can take place in the presence of a rhombohedral phase. The amount of rhombohedral phase produced during oxidation increases with increasing temperature and (less conclusively) with decreasing Ti content. (3) Saturation magnetization measurements at low temperatures show both P- and Q-type ferrimagnetic behavior in titanomaghemites, and also show the Verwey (?) transition in titanomaghemites with composition x =0.0. (4) The temperature of spinel inversion increases with degree of oxidation. Slightly oxidized samples invert near 300°C; for samples with z > 0.8 the inversion temperature is above 450°C. This last result, although neither expected nor understood, is supported by results of thermomagnetic studies on some oceanic basalts.
Solute diffusion in liquid metals

Abstract The diffusion of several solutes in liquid silver and tin is discussed in terms of the fluctuation model, the modified critical fluctuation theory and the ‘hole’ theory of liquid diffusion, assuming the solute as a point charge equal to the difference in the charge of the solute and solvent atoms. The additional coulombic interaction of the solute was calculated in terms of the Thomas-Fermi approximation. In addition, the temperature dependence of solute diffusion in liquid tin is also evaluated from the self-consistent Hartree potential around an impurity charge. The theoretical and experimental values of relative diffusivity and its temperature dependence for various solutes, Ru, Co, Au, In, Sn and Sb, in liquid silver are in good quantitative agreement. Ru and Co in liquid silver appear to diffuse with effective valences of about -2 and zero, respectively. The theoretical evaluation of solute diffusion in liquid tin provides only a qualitative agreement with the experimental data. The results ...
Post-fertilization effect of incompatibility factors in Mormoniella.

1. Females from the stocks R pe-333, R ti-277, R st-940, and R oy-2 produce few or no female offspring when mated with + males. In each case, the reciprocal cross yields the normal percentage (85%) of female offspring. 2. The females from these incompatible stocks contain active sperm within their spermathecae after mating with + males. 3. In incompatible crosses, almost all eggs laid develop into males with no evidence that female embryos or larvae fail to develop. 4. Egg maturation and fertilization normally follows a pattern similar to Habrobracon. 5. Sperm from + males enter R ti-277 eggs but form a tangled mass of chromatin instead of chromosomes. The maturation divisions of the eggs are normal, and only the chromosomes of the egg pronuclei contribute to the development of the offspring.
Theory and Experiment on the Measurement of Kinetic Rate Constants for Surfactant Exchange at an Air/Water Interface.

Abstract The paper focuses on the measurement of the rate constants for the kinetic steps of adsorption and desorption of surfactant between an air/water surface and the aqueous bulk sublayer adjacent to the surface. Kinetic constants are determined in nonequilibrium experiments in which either a clean surface is contacted with a bulk solution and surfactant diffuses toward and adsorbs onto the interface, or the area of an established monolayer in equilibrium with an underlying solution is changed, and surfactant exchanges between the surface and bulk. The dynamic tension change due to the surfactant exchange is measured, and compared to predictions of kinetic-diffusive transport models in order to infer the kinetic coefficients as well the diffusion coefficients. Model comparisons for highly surface active surfactants have resolved only the diffusion coefficient as the transport was found to be diffusion controlled; kinetic constants have only been established for less active materials such as alcohols or bolaform surfactants. In this study, we demonstrate that kinetics can be differentiated from diffusion in clean interface adsorption and re-equilibration if high bulk concentrations of the surfactant are used, or in re-equilibration, if the surface is compressed sufficiently. We first establish theoretically that mass transfer shifts from diffusion-limited to mixed as the bulk concentration increases in clean interface adsorption, or the surface compression is increased in re-equilibration. We then experimentally verify this idea by using the polyethoxylated surfactant C 12 E 6 (C 12 H 25 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 6 -OH) and by measuring dynamic surface tensions in clean interface adsorption and re-equilibration, respectively by the shape analysis of pendant bubbles. We find values of 6 × 10 −10 m 2 /s for the diffusion coefficient, and 1.4 × 10 −5 m/sec and 1.4 × 10 −4 s −1 for the adsorption and desorption rate constants, respectively, in a Frumkin kinetic formulation. While the adsorption constant is comparable to previously measured values for the less surface active surfactants, the desorption rate constant is a few orders of magnitude smaller. This indicates that the more surface active materials may have much smaller desorption rate constants than had been previously anticipated based on the studies of the less surface active materials.
Microscopic modeling of thin-film ferroelectrics: Fatigue

Abstract Ferroelectric thin-films are observed to fatigue (reduce their switched charge) as the number of switching cycles increases. A number of qualitative observations have been made. Initially there is a rapid fatigue then the switched charge roughly levels off for a large number of cycles (it decreases only logorithmically with the number of polarization reversals). During this period the time required to switch the sample decreases as the fatigue increases. The switched charge falls off precipitously as the device fails. After failure the conductivity across the sample is large and dendritic growth has been observed in failed samples. A high temperature annealing procedure in which the sample is kept within the ferroelectric phase can restore the samples to near-new condition. A model involving the diffusion and trapping of charged defects is postulated and examined. This model qualitatively explains these phenomena in terms of the dendritic growth of conducting defects near the surfaces of the samp...
Relationship Between Vascular Access Flow and Hemodynamically Significant Stenoses in Arteriovenous Grafts

Background: Vascular access dysfunction is a major source of hemodialysis patient morbidity. The NKF K/DOQI Guidelines promote access flow monitoring as the most preferred access surveillance method and have established access flow thresholds for fistulography: an absolute threshold of 600 ml/min and a dynamic threshold of flow less than 1000 ml/min that has decreased by more than 25% over 4 months. The Guidelines apply universally to accesses of different types, sizes, locations, and initial flow rates. Methods: This article studies the application of access flow guidelines with human experimental data, animal experimental data, and a mathematical model of the arteriovenous graft system. Results and conclusions: Analysis of experimental data and the mathematical model shows that a 20 to 30% and greater decrease in graft flow generally suggests the appearance of hemodynamically significant stenosis as defined by flow criteria. The model suggests that not all 50 to 60% stenoses may be hemodynamically significant or the most flow limiting. The mathematical model also suggests that positive predictive value of access surveillance may be increased for high-flow upper arm grafts by increasing the dynamic K/DOQI threshold from 1000 ml/min to 1200 ml/min.
Metadata Capital via a linked data HIVE

This paper explores medatada capital via linked open metadata vocabularies, specifically via the HIVE (Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabulary Engineering) initiative in the U.S. DataNet Federation Consortium (DFC). Formulas representing 'Capital-sigma notation' and 'Succesive growth rates' are introduced as potential means for quanitifying metadata capital. A conclusion summarizes this paper and identitifies next steps.
Demonstration of a novel low-dispersion thin-film DWDM filter for high datarate applications

Conventional thin-film filters introduce chromatic dispersion, which impairs high datarate systems. A 50 GHz filter that imparts <1 ps/nm dispersion over a 30 GHz passband was designed, built and compared to conventional filters.
Feasibility of mapping velocity flowfields in an SSME powerhead using laser anemometry techniques

Nonintrusive anemometry measurement techniques are investigated for a NASA study of steady and unsteady aerothermal flow phenomena present in three engine component flow environments in the Space Shuttle Main Engine powerhead, the: (1) high-pressure fuel turbopump preburner; (2) turbine; and (3) turnaround duct. Issues considered include identification of feasible means of optical access to the high-pressure high-temperature measurement flow regions, and measurement system compatibility with the test environment. Descriptions of the two-component LDV and Laser Two Focus measurement systems are given whose capabilities include measurements of the time-averaged values of velocity magnitude and flow direction, turbulence intensity, and velocity component correlations.
Retinoic acid signalling regulates the development of tonotopically patterned hair cells in the chicken cochlea

Precise frequency discrimination is a hallmark of auditory function in birds and mammals and is required for distinguishing similar sounding words, like 'bat,' 'cat' and 'hat.' In the cochlea, tuning and spectral separation result from longitudinal differences in basilar membrane stiffness and numerous individual gradations in sensory hair cell phenotypes, but it is unknown what patterns the phenotypes. Here we used RNA-seq to compare transcriptomes from proximal, middle and distal regions of the embryonic chicken cochlea, and found opposing longitudinal gradients of expression for retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing and degrading enzymes. In vitro experiments showed that RA is necessary and sufficient to induce the development of distal-like hair cell phenotypes and promotes expression of the actin-crosslinking proteins, Espin and Fscn2. These and other findings highlight a role for RA signalling in patterning the development of a longitudinal gradient of frequency-tuned hair cell phenotypes in the cochlea.
The Clebsch and Jacobi conditions for singular extremals

In this paper, generalizations to partially singular optimal control problems of some classical theorems are derived for the case where the Hessian matrix Huu of the hamiltonian with respect to the control variables has constant rank along extremal trajectories. A new necessary condition for optimality is derived and applied to a variant of the Goddard problem. Our main tool is the Moore-Penrose inverse of Huu
Practical considerations of critical race theory and Latino critical theory for Latino college students

Critical race theory requires the examination of institutional policies, programs, and practices that interfere with Latino students' rights and abilities to receive the best educational opportunities available within higher education. With attention to an ethic of caring and social justice, student services staff can work to undo the effects of racism on campus.
Ligand-dependent and -independent Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Recycling Regulated by Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis and Rab11

trafficking properties of TGF- receptors. In this report, it is shown that receptors undergo recycling both in the presence and absence of ligand activation, with the rates of internalization and recycling being unaffected by ligand binding. Recycling occurs as receptors are most likely internalized through clathrin-coated pits, and then returned to the plasma membrane via a rab11-dependent, rab4-independent mechanism. Together, the results suggest a mechanism wherein activated TGF- receptors are directed to a distinct endocytic pathway for down-regulation and clathrin-dependent degradation after one or more rounds of recycling.
Haloaldehyde polymers, 18. Rate of copolymerization of chloral with isocyanates

Cryotachensic copolymerization of chloral with various aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates, initiated by lithium tert-butoxide and triphenylphosphine at 0°C, was followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Information on the mobility of comonomers and solvent molecules in the polymerization mixture was obtained by measuring the line width of the signals. Relative rates of incorporation of chloral and isocyanates into the copolymer were determined, indicating that the copolymer was not uniform in structure and that the content of isocyanate units increased significantly in the final stages of copolymerization.
Reduction of the WnT inhibitor Dkk1 correlates with improved bone mechanical and morphological properties in mice

The Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway is a key regulator in bone development and bone homeostasis. Inactivating mutations in the Wnt co-receptor Low density lipoprotein Receptor related Protein 5 (LRP5) results in osteoporosis while “activating” mutations in LRP5 results in high bone mass. Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a secreted Wnt inhibitor that binds to LRP5 and LRP6 reducing their availability to form a complex with Wnt and Frizzled and resulting in unrestrained Wnt signaling. It is expected that a decrease in Dkk1 will result in an increase in Wnt activity and ultimately a high bone mass phenotype. An allelic series of Dkk1 mutant mice were generated to examine the affects of reduced Dkk1 levels on bone density, morphology, and mechanical properties.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Balanced Truncation for a Class of Stochastic Jump Linear Systems and Model Reduction for Hidden Markov Models

This paper develops a generalization of the balanced truncation algorithm applicable to a class of discrete-time stochastic jump linear systems. The approximation error, which is captured by means of the stochastic L 2 gain, is bounded from above by twice the sum of singular numbers associated to the truncated states, similar to the case of linear time-invariant systems. A two step model reduction algorithm for hidden Markov models is also developed. The first step relies on the aforementioned balanced truncation algorithm due to a topological equivalence established between hidden Markov models and a subclass of stochastic jump linear systems. In a second step the positivity constraints, which reflect the hidden Markov model structure, are enforced by solving a low dimensional optimization problem.
Clinicopathologic Implications of "Flat Epithelial Atypia" in Core Needle Biopsy Specimens of the Breast

Flat epithelial atypia (FEA) is an emerging entity of uncertain clinical significance, and outcome data are sparse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic significance of this entity for proper management. All core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens diagnosed as atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) from January 2006 to April 2008 were retrieved. H&E-stained slides of 5 levels on each case were reviewed. The differences in upstaging in subsequent excisions in the FEA and ADH group (31/189 [16.4%]) vs the pure FEA group (5/35 [14%]) and pure FEA (5/35 [14%]) vs pure ADH (5/45 [11%]) were not statistically significant. We observed that FEA evolved into ADH at the same site at an average of 3 to 4 levels. Our study concludes that there is an association of FEA with ADH on multiple levels of CNB specimens, and follow-up surgical excision findings for FEA are clinically significant.
Classes of process models and their characteristics useful for the design of manufacturing systems

The physical plant of a manufacturing system can be represented as a network of elemental processes whose basic function is to transform the technical state of materials using physical energy and human time. The authors present models of the elemental processes and show their relevance in the design of manufacturing systems. The design of these systems involves the evaluation of alternative organizations (networks) of the elemental processes for their economic performance, energy efficiency and ecological compatibility. The set of feasible technologies are selected based on constraints and opportunities available for the exchange of materials and energies between the manufacturing system and its environment. >
A new model for interprofessional collaboration at a student-run free clinic

The Case Western Reserve University Student-Run Free Clinic represents a unique model of interprofessional collaboration for medical and nursing students. This clinic operates on two Saturdays a month to provide acute medical services at the Free Medical Clinic of Greater Cleveland. We describe how this clinic promotes a sense of mutual investment and interdependence among students, who contribute to the clinic through leadership, planning and patient care. Students may also develop a broader perspective and deeper respect for their professional colleagues, which translates well to a future practice with team-based coordination of clinical services and an increasing emphasis on patient-centered care.