cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solving city and building microclimates by fast fluid dynamics with large timesteps and coarse meshes

Abstract Many urban and building microclimate problems are featured with a big computational domain and a large number of computing grids, so a fast and accurate solution by computation fluid dynamics (CFD) remains a challenge. The simulations are often only steady-state and, if there exists a transient model, the solution is often limited for a short period. For these computationally expensive simulations, large timesteps and coarse meshes (LTCM) seem preferable among users with limited computing resources, whereas many existing CFD models may not perform well for LTCM problems. This study developed a new fast fluid dynamics (FFD) model based on the semi-Lagrangian approach with high-order temporal and spatial schemes designed for LTCM problems. For large timesteps, a 2nd-order temporal scheme estimates the characteristic curve of each fluid's particle by accounting for the acceleration of the flow field. For coarse meshes, a 4th-order spatial scheme applies a backward-forward sweep technique for better accuracy in space. The performance of the proposed method is verified and validated by five benchmark cases, including a pure advection problem, forced convection in a single room, transient wind flow around a cylinder, airflow around a group of low-rise buildings, and airflow around a high-rise building. Then, we demonstrated the model for the study of the urban wind flows in a city downtown area with 2500 buildings and 35 million grids. As one of the first studies of applying FFD to urban aerodynamics, this study shows its strong potential for solving big transient problems with large timesteps and coarse meshes.
College Students with Disabilities: Factors Influencing Growth in Academic Ability and Confidence

Using large-scale longitudinal data, this study sought to examine factors influencing two important student development outcomes in students with disabilities attending 4-year colleges and universities. Informed by Astin’s Input-Environment-Outcome model and the interactional model of disability, this study investigated the effect of student characteristics (i.e., disability type, gender, mother’s education level) and environmental factors (i.e., faculty encouragement and engagement in political discussion) on the development of academic ability and intellectual confidence in students’ senior year of college. The comparison between two outcome models for students with learning disabilities and those with physical or sensory disabilities provided important educational implications. Results from the multiple regression analyses revealed that both student characteristics and environmental factors significantly affect student development, accounting for students’ academic ability and intellectual confidence upon entering college. Institutional policy implications and educational interventions for college students with disabilities were also discussed.
Spectrum of radionuclide perfusion study abnormalities in takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy (TCM) is characterized by transient apical left ventricular dysfunction precipitated by emotional or physical stress. Its presentation makes it difficult to differentiate from an acute coronary syndrome. A suggestive echocardiogram plus normal coronary angiography most often are used for diagnosis. Radionuclide perfusion study (RPS) findings in TCM, including by positron emission tomography (PET), have been poorly characterized. Intermountain Healthcare electronic medical records were searched from 2009 to 2019 for patients with a discharge diagnosis of TCM, stress CM, or takotsubo syndrome. 16 TCM patients with an RPS, including by PET in 8, were identified: 13 (81%) were women; age averaged 72 years (50-89 years); 14 had an identified stressor. TCM diagnosis was definite in 11 and probable/possible in 5. RPS was abnormal in 11, with 9 showing an apical perfusion deficit, whereas angiography in 14 showed normal coronaries in 12 and non-obstructive disease in 2. Echo ejection fraction averaged 41% (29%-60%); an apical wall motion abnormality was present in 14 (88%). Troponin elevations were noted in 14/15. The presenting ECG was abnormal is 14, frequently showing ST-T-wave abnormalities. 13 patients were discharged on a beta-blocker. Follow-up echo (in 12) showed recovered ejection fraction in 9 and recovered apical wall motion in 11. Despite having normal or non-obstructive epicardial coronary arteries on angiography, TCM patients frequently present with apical wall motion abnormalities and matching RPS perfusion defects. These findings suggest microvascular abnormalities, whose pathophysiology, temporal course, and clinical implications should be the subject of further investigation.
Superconducting magnesium diboride films with Tc \approx 24K grown by pulsed laser deposition with in-situ anneal

Thin superconducting films of magnesium diboride (MgB2) with Tc \approx 24K were prepared on various oxide substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) followed by an in-situ anneal. A systematic study of the influence of various in-situ annealing parameters shows an optimum temperature of about 600C in a background of 0.7 atm. of Ar/4%H2 for layers consisting of a mixture of magnesium and boron. Contrary to ex-situ approaches (e.g. reacting boron films with magnesium vapor at 900C), these films are processed below the decomposition temperature of MgB2. This may prove enabling in the formation of multilayers, junctions, and epitaxial films in future work. Issues related to the improvement of these films and to the possible in-situ growth of MgB2 at elevated temperature are discussed.
Bringing It All Back Home

In the end, economics is concerned with how people maximize their objectives subject to the constraints that they face. This is the case whatever the person’s setting or objectives. This chapter brings together the themes of the book under the umbrella of economic thought. It also discusses advances in the methodology that has driven economic research to new heights in recent decades. As economic thinking grows, it is important that we consider from where it has come, as well as where it may be headed next.
New Frontiers of Robo-Advising: Consumption, Saving, Debt Management, and Taxes

Traditional forms of robo-advice were targeted to help individuals make portfolio allocation decisions. Based on the balance-sheet view of households, the scope for robo-advising has been expanding to many other personal-finance choices, such as households' saving and consumption decisions, debt management, mortgage uptake, tax management, and lending. This chapter reviews existing research on these new functions of robo-advising with a special emphasis on the questions that are still open for researchers across several disciplines. We also discuss the attempts to optimize jointly all personal-finance decisions, which we label ``holistic robo-advisors.'' We conclude by assessing fruitful avenues for research and practice in finance, computer science, marketing, decision science, information systems, law, and sociology.
The Influence of Voice on Pedagogical Agent’s Persona and Recall Performance:

Despite the prevalence of computer-generated speech, few studies have investigated the direct relationship between an agent’s voice and students’ perception or recall performance. This study invest...
Viscoplastic self-consistent formulation as generalized material model for solid mechanics applications

Abstract The viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) formulation is extended into a generalized material model/code (VPSC-GMM) that can be easily called by different explicit and implicit boundary-value problem solvers, including high-performance parallel computing implementations. To that end, necessary numerical, algorithmic and programming improvements to the baseline VPSC formulation were developed, and are thoroughly presented in this work. The novel VPSC-GMM is coupled with a Lagrangian finite element (FE) hydrodynamics code, and validated by comparison with stand-alone VPSC predictions for one-element simulations of uniaxial compression and tension and simple shear. Finally, VPSC-GMM coupled with the hydrodynamics FE code is applied to simulate Taylor impact of a polycrystalline tantalum Taylor cylinder. Good agreement between the predicted deformed cylinder shape and the experimental measurement is observed. In terms of parallel computing performance, linear scaling of the computational time with the number of threads is observed.
A systematic review of event‐related potentials as outcome measures of attention bias modification

Attention bias modification (ABM) was initially developed with the goal of reducing attentional bias to threat-and subsequently anxious symptoms-in individuals with heightened anxiety. Although controversial, ABM appears to be generally effective in achieving this goal. Yet, the primary outcome measure of ABM (i.e., the reaction time-based differences score) has poor reliability and temporal resolution, which limits the inferences that can be drawn. In contrast, event-related potentials (ERPs) have superior reliability as well as temporal resolution and may therefore be better outcome measures of ABM. In this review, I systematically assess the research using ERPs as outcome measures in ABM protocols. I focus on the extent to which the ERPs modified by ABM represent earlier or later stages of information processing. In addition, I explore the extent to which ABM produces near and/or far transfer of learning effects on ERP measures. The reviewed literature suggests that ERPs are promising outcome measures of ABM. ABM modulates the effects of affective stimuli on posterior visually evoked ERPs (i.e., P1) as well as ERPs at anterior electrodes (i.e., P2, N2, and ERN). Based on the state of the field, several directions for future research are identified.
The Parent's Perspective: A Focus Group Study on Spanish Interpreter Services for Hospitalized Children.

Abstract Background The US Census confirms a rise in Spanish-speakers, many of whom have limited English proficiency (LEP) and require interpreters. Parent perceptions of interpreter services throughout hospitalization are unknown. Objective To explore Spanish-speaking LEP parents’ views regarding roles of interpreters and providers (attending, resident, or nurse) during a hospital encounter, optimal modalities of interpretation, and barriers to services. Methods Spanish-speaking LEP parents of children discharged from the hospital medicine service participated in focus groups. Sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed in Spanish, translated into English, and verified for translation accuracy. Qualitative methods were used for thematic analysis. Results Four sessions (n = 23 participants representing 15 families) were held. Parents felt the interpreter's primary role was to act as a conduit for word-for-word interpretation. They desired kind and trustworthy interpreters with medical knowledge. They saw providers as leaders of the encounter who should allot enough time for interpretation, not use Spanish unless they were fluent, and give frequent medical updates. In-person interpreters were preferred over telephone and video for their ability to convey body language and build relationships. Barriers to requesting interpreters included embarrassment and inability to directly request services, which resulted in using family members as interpreters. On family-centered rounds, parents preferred professional interpreters over bilingual providers. Conclusions Modifications are required to improve interpreter services to meet the needs of LEP families. Parents emphasized in-person interpreters’ social skills, frequent provider updates, and additional navigation support as essential components of effective care. Next steps include implementing guidelines and interventions to optimize interpreter services.
Performing the Cold War through the ‘The Best Board Game on the Planet’: The Ludic Geopolitics of Twilight Struggle

Scholarly study of the popular geopolitics of boardgames has lagged behind that of other ludic artefacts, such as toys and videogames. This article examines the boardgame Twilight Struggle as a pre...
Us-China Trade Imbalance: The Economic, Political, and Legal Implications of Chinese Currency Manipulation

This article presumes that Chinese currency manipulation has a negative impact on world markets, in particular the United States, and explores potential remedies available to U.S. policy makers. First, the history of China’s currency manipulation leading up to the present day will be examined. Then, four potential remedies to Chinese currency manipulation will be discussed in turn, including: (1) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in effect under the WTO framework; (2) the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement; (3) the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988; and (4) the Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011. While the Congressional Acts discussed offer plausible mechanisms by which the United States could confront China’s undervaluation of its currency, the effectiveness of such acts is inherently limited by their unilateral nature. On the other hand, the added leverage provided through the multilateral approach (i.e., the International Monetary fund), in which the United States acts in conjunction with other countries that are also negatively affected by China’s currency undervaluation, seems the more promising solution. This solution could be achieved through the “Geneva Consensus,” by which the World Trade Organization, with the International Monetary Fund’s guidance, would exert pressure on China to bear the burden of adjustment by recycling its surplus to deficit countries, including the United States.
Clinical Evaluation of Cefoxitin

This study reports the results of a clinical trial with Cefoxitin. Of the 28 patients treated,there were 9 urinary tract infections, 4 cases of chronic bronchitis in exacerbation, 2 cases of pneumonia, 2 cases of chest empyema,3cases of postoperative fistulas,2 cases of salmonellosis,2 cases of chronic vaginitis and one of the following: soft tissue infection,acute cholocystitis,chronic osteomyelitis and septicemia.
Relationship between cell-mediated and humoral immune attack on tumor cells: II. The role of cellular lipid metabolism and cell surface charge in the outcome of immune attack

Abstract Treatment of P815 tumor cells with adriamycin increased their sensitivity to killing by anti-P815 antibody plus C, but not by allogeneic P815-sensitized spleen cells. Conversely, mitomycin C treatment enhanced the cells' sensitivity to cell-mediated, but not antibody-C, killing. Hydrocortisone, but not epinephrine, was effective in increasing the resistance of the cells to killing by both antibody-C and cell-mediated attack systems. The ability of the tumor cells to resist antibody-C killing correlated with their ability to incorporate fatty acid into complex cellular lipid; no such correlation was found between the cellular lipid synthesis and tumor cell susceptibility to cell-mediated killing. Drug or hormone-treated tumor cells exhibited unique changes in cellular lipid synthesis and composition and in cell surface physical properties that correlated with their susceptibility to antibody-C or cell-mediated attack. Cells increased in their sensitivity to antibody-C killing exhibited a decreased cholesterol:phospholipid mole ratio. In contrast, cells rendered more sensitive to cell-mediated killing exhibited an increase in polar phospholipid content and a measurable decrease in net negative cell surface charge density. These data implicate unique chemical and/or physical properties of tumor cells to be of fundamental importance for their ability to resist either humoral or cell-mediated immunologic attack; modulation of one or another of these cellular properties results in a change in the cells' susceptibility to immune killing by antibody plus C or by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Reference citations in B. F. Skinner's verbal behavior.

This is the published version, reproduced here with permission from the publisher. This article is also available electronically from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748462/.
A dynamic view materialization scheme for sequences of query and update statements

In a data warehouse design context, a set of views is selected for materialization in order to improve the overall performance of a given workload. Typically, the workload is a set of queries and updates. In many applications, the workload statements come in a fixed order. This scenario provides additional opportunities for optimization. Further, it modifies the view selection problem to one where views are materialized dynamically during the workload statement execution and dropped later to free space and prevent unnecessary maintenance overhead. We address the problem of dynamically selecting and dropping views when the input is a sequence of statements in order to minimize their overall execution cost under a space constraint. We model the problem as a shortest path problem in directed acyclic graphs. We then provide a heuristic algorithm that combines the process of finding the candidate set of views and the process of deciding when to create and drop materialized views during the execution of the statements in the workload. Our experimental results show that our approach performs better than previous static and dynamic approaches.
Genetics and gynecologic practice.

T H E obstetrician-gynecologist in his daily responsibilities has a fundamental interest in human development. Few clinicians and scientists have a better opportunity than he to practice preventive and early corrective medicine. Applied research which leads to an understanding of the early development of human life should bring dividends in better health throughout all of life.17 The purpose -of this presentation is to demonstrate how the gynecologist may apply recent advances in genetics to his daily practice. When Barr and Bertram discovered a “nucleolar satellite” associated with the nucleolus in the neurons of adult female cats and postulated that this chromatin product was derived from the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes, a new avenue of investigation and clinical application of genetic sex differences was established. Cytogenetics measure for hydramnios or as a diagnostic procedure in erythroblastosis, examination of the cellular content for female chromatin bodies should be done as an added informative test. ParkI has further demonstrated that sex chromatin is first seen in approximately the twelfth day in the trophoblast and at about 16 days in the human embryo. Genetic sex can be determined early in life. Advances in our knowledge of hereditary blood types and acquired antigen-antibody reactions have prepared us to anticipate potential fetal and maternal hazards among incompatible Rh and ABO blood systerns.l’ G, lo, 18, 22 Mutual responsibility for the well-being of the newborn in these conditions is shared with the pediatrician, hematologist, and pathologist.
The effect of radiation pressure on the restricted three-body problem

The classical restricted three-body problem is extended to account for the effects of radiation pressure and the Poynting-Robertson effect on a particle with a surface-to-volume relation such that radiation pressure forces are nonnegligible moving in the gravitational field of two larger, orbiting bodies. The positions of the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points are found as functions of the ratio of radiational to gravitational forces. The inclusion of the Poynting-Robertson effect, however, is found to render the L4 and L5 points unstable on a time scale which is long compared to the rotation period of the two massive bodies. The results imply that space colonies with solar facing adjustable sails may be able to remain stationary at any heliocentric distance between a planet and the sun, and may provide a mechanism for producing asymmetries in the interplanetary dust cloud.
An investigation on the swimming reaction of the anemone Stomphia coccinea. II. Histological location of a reacting substance in the asteroid dermasterias imbricata

The sea anemone, Stomphia coccinea, propels itself through the water by a series of whip-like swimming motions when stimulated by the asteroid Dermasterias imbricata. It has been previously concluded that the reacting substance is located only in the coelomic fluid and in the aboral surface of this asteroid. The general histology of the body wall of Dermasterias indicates this asteroid is atypical to other asteroids. The dermis of the aboral surface is unique. This tissue has a spherule cell which is abundant, measures 28–32 μ and is not found on the lateral or oral surfaces. Histochemically the material in dermal spherules correlates well with the chemical properties of a stimulatory carbohydrate previously isolated from this tissue. It is probable that the stimulatory substance that causes Stomphia to swim is related to or identical witht his material. A prey-predator relationship for the swimming response cannot be substantiated for the specific case of Dermasterias as the stimulatory asteroid. The response can only be considered a chemoreceptive phenomenon.
Generation of 3-D finite-difference time-domain macromodels for faster simulation: Research Articles

Computing time in finite-difference time-domain can be saved by expressing a portion of the grid (macromodel) as an linear time invariant (LTI) system. The output then becomes a convolution of the input with the LTI impulse response. To achieve a constant time for the convolution, the macromodel's response is expressed as a superposition of eigenmodal frequencies. That time is reduced by discarding nonessential eigenmodes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.
Development of a Screening Instrument for Post-Traumatic Symptoms: The Sinhala Version of the Impact of Event Scale

Traumatic events in Sri Lanka, such as a decade-long civil war and the 2004 tsunami, necessitate a language specific and time-efficient screening instrument for post-traumatic symptoms. The Sinhala version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (SIES-R) was administered to 438 adult participants. Internal consistency estimates for the total SIES-R and each subscales were acceptable (α = .70). A one-week test-retest reliability (n = 54) analysis provided evidence of temporal stability. Adjusted item-to-scale reliability estimates were less supportive. Confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL indicates a three factor structure best represents the SIES-R’s underlying factor structure. Results suggest the SIES-R as appropriate for screening of post-trauma symptoms in Sinhala speaking SriLankans in an urban area.
Newborn screening for SCID: three years of experience

Over the past three years, newborn blood screening (NBS) for severe T cell lymphopenia/severe combined immunodeficiency (sTCL/SCID) using the T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay has revolutionized the early detection of infants with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) associated with T cell lymphopenia. Nonetheless, despite the comprehensive NBS protocols developed by each state, additional issues unique to screening for sTCL/SCID have surfaced, including variability in the performance of the TREC assay, diagnostic and treatment algorithms, definition of sTCL/SCID, and approach to the discovery of new genetic variants. Although NBS using the TREC assay has been highly successful, new and difficult challenges have emerged that need to be addressed to enhance our knowledge of the causes of sTCL/SCID and to optimize the detection and outcomes of affected infants.
Effect of aging on ultrasonic vocalizations and laryngeal sensorimotor neurons in rats

While decline in vocal quality is prevalent in an aging population, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms contributing to age-related dysphonia are unknown and difficult to study in humans. Development of an animal model appears critical for investigating this issue. Using an established aging rat model, we evaluated if 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in 10, 32-month-old (old) Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats differed from those in 10, 9-month-old (young adult) rats. The retrograde tracer, Cholera Toxin β, was injected to the thyroarytenoid muscle to determine if motoneuron loss in the nucleus ambiguus was associated with age. Results indicated that older rats had vocalizations with diminished acoustic complexity as demonstrated by reduced bandwidth, intensity, and peak frequency, and these changes were dependent on the type of 50-kHz vocalization. Simple calls of old rats had reduced bandwidth, peak frequency, and intensity while frequency-modulated calls of old rats had reduced bandwidth and intensity. Surprisingly, one call type, step calls, had increased duration in the aged rats. These findings reflect phonatory changes observed in older humans. We also found significant motoneuron loss in the nucleus ambiguus of aged rats, which suggests that motoneuron loss may be a contributing factor to decreased complexity and quality of ultrasonic vocalizations. These findings suggest that a rat ultrasonic phonation model may be useful for studying age-related changes in vocalization observed in humans.
Synthesis of an experimental glycolipoprotein vaccine against Lyme disease

A novel glycolipid was synthesized that corresponds to cholesteryl palmitoyl-galactopyranoside 1 found in the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. In order to fashion 1 in a conjugatable form, the palmitoyl residue was modified to include a terminal aldehydo moiety that anchored the glycolipid to aminooxypropylated serum albumin using oxime chemistry. The glycolipoprotein so obtained incorporates an average of 18 glycolipid moieties per albumin molecule. The novel glycolipoprotein constructs are soluble in water and are candidates toward developing a semisynthetic vaccine against Lyme disease.
Electrochemical Investigation of Amphiphilic Cobalt(III) Complexes and Ferrocene Derivatives in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Microemulsions

Cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry have been used to measure diffusion coefficients (D 0 ) and half-wave potentials (E 1/2 ) of a series of amphiphilic cobalt complexes and ferrocene derivatives in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/dodecane/water/1-pentanol/NaBr microemulsions. The electrochemical behavior of the cobalt(III) complexes, [Co(phen) 3 ](C1O 4 ) 3 , [Co(4,7-Me2-phen) 3 ]Cl 3 , and [Co(4,7-phen2-phen) 3 ]Cl 3 , has been compared with that of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron, Fe[C 5 (CH 3 ) 5 ] 2 (PMFc), and (ferroce-nylmethyl)trimethylammonium bromide, [C 5 H 5 FeC 5 H 4 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 ] 3 Br ([TMAFc]Br), in similar microemulsion environments. The dependence of measured D 0 and E 1/2 values on microemulsion composition has been used to provide information on the dynamic structure of the microemulsions and to examine the details of the solubilization processes involved for the different redox probes. D 0 values obtained for [Co(phen) 3 ] 3+ (4.7(±1.6) x 10 -7 cm 2 /s), [Co(4,7-Me2-phen)3]3+ (1.1(±0.2) x 10 -7 cm 2 /s), and [Co(4,7-phen 2 -phen) 3 ] 3+ (1.4 (±0.3) x 10 -7 cm 2 /s) are largely independent of microemulsion composition varying in water content from 87 to 35%. Such behavior is consistent with association of the complexes with the charged surfactant phase of the microemulsion, though the smaller D 0 values obtained with the hydrophobic methyl- and phenyl-substituted complexes suggest some partitioning into the oil phase. For PMFc and [TMAFc]Br, the dependence of D 0 values on the oil volume fractions has been related to changes in the hydrodynamic radii of the O/W droplets. Estimates of the interfacial area per surfactant head group at the droplet surface have also been made. In contrast to the cobalt(III) complexes, higher D o values are observed for PMFc (1.8 x 10 -6 cm 2 /s) and [TMAFc]Br (9.1 x 10 -7 cm 2 /s) in low water content microemulsions. Differences are discussed in terms of possible microstructures existing at these compositions. Binding constants, K 1 , and partition coefficients, K d , have also been determined for the association of TMAFc 2+ and the ferrocenium cation, Fc + , with SDS micelles from the dependence of measured D 0 values on the SDS concentration. K 1 values obtained for Fc + (120 (±5) M -1 ) and TMAFc 2+ (1180 (±240) M -1 ) are compared with values previously determined for ferrocene itself and for amphiphilic cobalt complexes.
Endogenous Factors Affecting Oxidative Stability of Beef Loin, Pork Loin, and Chicken Breast and Thigh Meats

The susceptibility of meats from different animal species (chicken breast [CB] and thigh [CT], pork [PL and beef [BL]) to lipid oxidation was studied. The amounts of TBARS in raw PL, CB, and CT did not change during a 7-d storage period. TBARS values of raw BL, however, significantly increased during 7-d storage because of high heme iron content, high lipoxygenase-like activities, and low 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Ferric ion reducing capacities (FRC) were detected in all raw meats, but their characteristics were different: storage-unstable in CB and CT and storage-stable in PL and BL. Ferric ion reducing capacities in raw CB and CT was higher than those of PL and BL, and could be related to their high oxidative stability. The TBARS values of cooked meat increased significantly with storage. The rates of TBARS increase in cooked CT and BL were significantly higher than those of cooked CB and PL after a 7-d storage. Nonheme iron content in cooked BL was higher than other meats and increased significantly after 7 d. Cooked BL had a higher amount of heat-stable FRC, which acted as a prooxidant in the presence of high free ionic irons, than other meats. Therefore, high heat-stable FRC and increased nonheme iron content in cooked BL were responsible for its high susceptibility to lipid oxidation. Despite relatively low nonheme iron and heat-stable FRC levels, cooked CT showed similar levels of TBARS to cooked BL after a 7-d storage because of its high PUFA content.
Entrepreneurial Planning in a Regulated Environment: the U.S. Federal Maritime Commission and the Maritime Industry

Entrepreneurs exploit market opportunities and innovate to achieve or maintain strategic advantage over their competitors. In the absence of government regulation, entrepreneurs are free to focus on improving satisfaction of customer wants, for example, by enhancing current goods, supplying new goods, or supplying established goods at lower cost. In a regulated market, entrepreneurs focus on satisfying regulatory authorities, for example, to earn rate increases, subsidies, or tax benefits. Economists normally conceptualize regulation as restricting entrepreneurial choice over prices charged, including general prohibitions against price discrimination, or as imposing additional costs on business enterprises through mandating actions entrepreneurial planners would not otherwise have chosen, or prohibiting actions which would have been freely chosen. This paper examines the role of a specific regulatory agency, the Federal Maritime Commission, and its regulatory oversight of the maritime shipping sector. Business strategy and public policy implications will be developed, as well as implications for the growth and development of the shipping industry. The history and nature of government intervention in the maritime sector will be reviewed. The presence of a regulatory authority at least partly substitutes a kind of bureaucratic sovereignty over the consumer sovereignty of an unregulated market. Regulated firms compete for favors from the regulatory authority, and in a regulated environment strategic advantage is directed away from entrepreneurial planners to political entrepreneurs.
The fracture strength of solids near the percolation threshold

The authors develop a relation for the fracture strength of a porous solid or random network near the percolation threshold. Near the percolation threshold the fracture strength vanishes as (p-pc)( tau +v(2-d))2/, where tau and v are the elasticity and coherence length exponent respectively and d is the fractal dimension of the percolating cluster. Employing this relation, they have determined the elasticity exponent in a recent molecular dynamic investigation to be approximately=2.
Laparoscopic Total Proctocolectomy with Creation of Ileostomy for Ulcerative Colitis: Report of Two Cases

ABSTRACT Laparoscopic techniques have recently been extended to the performance of segmental colon resections. We report two cases in which laparoscopic techniques were used to perform total proctocolectomy with ileostomy for patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Our experience encourages us that laparoscopic surgery will also prove to be of benefit for this subset of patients.
Security Analysis of Proactive Participation of Smart Buildings in Smart Grid

Demand response (DR) is an effective mechanism in improving power system efficiency and reducing energy cost for customers. However, DR processes might be vulnerable to cyber attacks from the usage of advanced metering infrastructure and wide-area network to exchange information. In this paper, we study potential attacks for a proactive demand participation scheme we recently proposed and for a conventional passive demand response scheme, particularly focusing on guideline price manipulation attacks. Our experiment results demonstrate that 1) guideline price manipulations may significantly lower the attacker's own electricity consumption cost while increasing other customers' cost, for both proactive and passive schemes; 2) such impact is less severe in the proactive scheme, i.e., the proactive demand participation scheme is more robust with respect to guideline price manipulation than the conventional DR.
Optimum truncation of a lidar transmitted beam

The problem of optical beam truncation through a transmitter aperture to maximize signal returns from a coherent lidar system is considered. For common transmitter and receiver apertures of the same size, the optimum ratio of receiver diameter to beam diameter is ~1.75 when viewing a far-field diffuse target. The beam diameter is defined as twice the radius at which the beam intensity is exp(−1) of the peak intensity.
Cascade production of power-law decay curves

Abstract The full theoretical relation is given between any assumed distribution of initial populations and the behavior of the decay curve for very long times after excitation. The observed t -3 2 relation is shown to result naturally from a simple statistical population model.
Comparative Activities of the Oxa-β-Lactam LY127935, Cefotaxime, Cefoperazone, Cefamandole, and Ticarcillin Against Multiply Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli

A total of 91 multiply resistant bacterial strains, including Klebsiella pneumoniae (32 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 strains), and Serratia marcescens (43 strains), were collected during hospital epidemics of nosocomial infection from 1975 to 1979. These strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin. Their susceptibility to three new broad-spectrum β-lactams, LY127935 (a 1-oxa-β-lactam), cefotaxime (HR 756), and cefoperazone (T 1551), was compared with the susceptibility of random strains of nine species of aerobic gram-negative bacilli collected in the same hospital in 1979. Susceptibility to cefamandole and ticarcillin was also determined. Strains of staphylococci and streptococci from that hospital and two nearby city-county hospitals were also compared for the three new cephalosporins and other effective antibiotics. The agar dilution method was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration for each antibiotic. The multiply resistant strains (minimum inhibitory concentration for gentamicin ≥ 8 μg/ml) usually were as susceptible to the three new broad-spectrum β-lactams as were non-multiply resistant strains. Both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens , including multiply resistant and non-multiply resistant strains, were most susceptible to the 1-oxa-β-lactam LY127935 and cefotaxime. P. aeruginosa (both multiply resistant and non-multiply resistant strains) were most susceptible to cefoperazone. All three new β-lactams were active against non-multiply resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., and Citrobacter spp. Providencia stuartii were most susceptible to cefotaxime and the 1-oxa-β-lactam LY127935. The three new β-lactams were all less active against staphylococci (especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) than cephalothin. Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae were very susceptible to cefotaxime and cefoperazone, though less susceptible to LY127935. None of the three new β-lactams was active against S. faecalis . All were very active against both penicillinase-positive and -negative strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae .
(F2+)A centers in lithium-doped KCl

Abstract Optical properties of the lithium (F 2 + ) A center are reported and compared to those of the sodium (F 2 + ) A and the intrinsic F 2 + centers.
Springtime for Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang: City On Stage, City As Stage

On the stages of Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, propaganda performances celebrate the regime of Kim Il-sung. On the streets of Pyongyang there are frequent patriotic parades and other displays glorifying the state leader. Author Kim explores the dynamics between Pyongyang on stage and Pyongyang as stage.
A role for HDJ-2/HSDJ in correcting subnuclear trafficking, transactivation, and transrepression defects of a glucocorticoid receptor zinc finger mutant.

All steroid receptors possess a bipartite nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) that localizes within the second zinc finger of their DNA-binding domain. Fine-structure mapping of the rat glucocorticoid receptor (rGS) NLS identified a composite signal composed of three distinct proto-NLSs that function effectively when present in unique pairs. At least one of the rGR proto-NLSs appears to influence receptor trafficking within the nucleus, as revealed by a unique nuclear staining pattern of receptors possessing a point mutation (i.e., arginine at position 496; R496), at proto-NLS, pNLS-2. Specifically, carboxyl-terminal-truncated rGRs possessing various point mutations at R496 localized within a limited number of large foci in nuclei of transiently transfected COS-1 cells. R496 mutations did not affect subnuclear targeting when present in full-length rGR, reflecting a protective effect of the receptor's ligand-binding domain that can be exerted in cis and in trans. The effects of rGR R496 mutations on subnuclear targeting were not autonomous because we also observed a coincident localization of hsp70, the 70-kDa heat shock protein, within nuclear foci that include r496 mutant receptors. The elimination of R496 mistargeting by overexpression of an hsp70 partner (i.e., the DnaJ homologue, HDJ-2/HSDJ) suggests that the hsp70/DnaJ chaperone system is mobilized to specific sites within the nucleus in response to inappropriate targeting or folding of specific mutant receptors. HDJ-2/HSDJ overexpression also corrects defective transactivation and transrepression activity of R496 mutant GRs. Thus, molecular chaperones, such as members of the hsp70 and DnaJ families, may survey the nucleus for misfolded proteins and actively participate in their refolding into biologically active conformational states.
Flow Characterization and Performance of a Powder Lubricated Slider Bearing

This paper presents a systematic development of the theory of powder lubrication with the appropriate formalism based on the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. The theory is capable of predicting flow velocity, fluctuation (pseudo-temperature), powder volume fraction, and slip velocity at the boundaries. An extensive set of parametric simulations covering granular size, surface roughness volumetric flow, load and speed are performed to gain insight into the performance of a powder lubricated thrust bearing. The results of the simulations are compared to published experimental results. Good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results attests to the capability of the model and its potential for design of powder lubricated bearings.
Effects of occlusal splint therapy on TMJ dysfunction

A study was conducted to ascertain what happens to dysfunction symptoms followed only by occlusal splint therapy. Four hundred eighty-six pantograms were made on 15 experimental patients over a period of 5 months to 1 year. Five control patients were monitored over this same period but received no occlusal therapy. The experimental patients with TMJ dysfunction were treated with occlusal splint therapy. The occlusal splints were worn until the dysfunction symptoms were reduced and the pantographic PRI scores were reproducible. The occlusal splints were than removed without occlusal adjustments and the patients were monitored pantographically. A statistical analysis was performed on the PRI scores to determine the relationship between experimental and control patients. Experimental patients had an average drop of 21.7 points during occlusal splint therapy as compared to 3.8 points for control patients. All experimental patients had an increase in the PRI score levels following the removal of the occlusal splints.
Carotid artery atherosclerosis in type-2 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects with and without symptomatic coronary artery disease (The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study)☆

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of clinical coronary artery disease (CAD). It has been suggested that diabetic subjects without clinical CAD should be treated as aggressively for cardiovascular risk factors as subjects with CAD. This would be warranted if diabetic subjects without clinical CAD would have accelerated CAD similar to that of nondiabetic subjects with symptomatic CAD. To assess this suggestion, we compared the intima-media wall thickness in the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) in 43 diabetic subjects with clinical CAD, 446 diabetic subjects without clinical CAD, 47 nondiabetic subjects with clinical CAD, and 975 nondiabetic subjects without clinical CAD (all aged 40 to 70 years) in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. All data were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, and clinical results. Both diabetes and CAD were associated with increased atherosclerosis in the CCA. Likewise, diabetes was significantly associated with increased atherosclerosis in the ICA; however, CAD was not associated with ICA intima-media wall thickness. As expected, diabetic subjects with CAD had the greatest intima-media wall thickness, whereas nondiabetic subjects without CAD had the least atherosclerosis. Subjects with diabetes but without CAD had slightly greater intima-media wall thickness than nondiabetic subjects with CAD, although these differences were not statistically significant. Thus, diabetic subjects even without CAD had extensive atherosclerosis in the carotid artery. These results support the suggestion that diabetic subjects should be treated as aggressively for cardiovascular risk factor management as subjects with pre-existing CAD.
Incubation of Cue-Induced Cigarette Craving During Abstinence in Human Smokers

Background Abstinent drug users remain at risk for relapse long after withdrawal subsides. Animal studies indicate that responses to drug-related cues not only persist but increase with abstinence, a phenomenon termed “incubation of drug craving.” It is unknown whether cue-induced craving increases, decreases, or remains constant with abstinence in humans. We investigated effects of abstinence on cue-induced craving in cigarette smokers. Methods Eighty-six non–treatment-seeking, adult smokers (≥10 cigarettes daily) were paid to abstain for 7 (Group 1), 14 (Group 2), or 35 (Groups 3 and 4) days. Abstinence was verified daily. Groups 1, 2, and 3 underwent a single cue session on the final abstinence day (7, 14, or 35). Group 4 viewed cues on Days 7, 14, and 35. Results Between and within groups, smoking-cue–induced craving increased with abstinence on some measures. Cue-induced craving was greater in Group 3 (35-day) compared with Group 1 (7-day). Within Group 4, cue-induced craving was greater at 35 than 14 days. Cue-induced craving did not decrease with abstinence on any measure. Conclusions We present initial evidence of incubation of cue-induced craving in humans. The observation that cue-induced craving increases with abstinence, even as “background” craving and withdrawal symptoms subside, might have treatment implications.
Identification of patient subgroups and risk factors for persistent breast pain following breast cancer surgery.

Abstract Study purposes were to determine the prevalence of persistent pain in the breast; characterize distinct persistent pain classes using growth mixture modeling; and evaluate for differences among these pain classes in demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics. In addition, differences in the severity of common symptoms and quality of life outcomes measured prior to surgery, among the pain classes, were evaluated. Patients (n = 398) were recruited prior to surgery and followed for 6 months. Using growth mixture modeling, patients were classified into no (31.7%), mild (43.4%), moderate (13.3%), and severe (11.6%) pain groups based on ratings of worst breast pain. Differences in a number of demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics differentiated among the pain classes. In addition, patients in the moderate and severe pain classes reported higher preoperative levels of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance than the no pain class. Findings suggest that approximately 25% of women experience significant and persistent levels of breast pain in the first 6 months following breast cancer surgery. Perspective Persistent pain is a significant problem for 25% of women following surgery for breast cancer. Severe breast pain is associated with clinically meaningful decrements in functional status and quality of life.
Defending against Internet worms using a phase space method from chaos theory

Enterprise networks are facing ever-increasing security threats from Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, worms, viruses, intrusions, Trojans, port scans, and network misuses, and thus effective monitoring approaches to quickly detect these activities are greatly needed. In this paper, we employ chaos theory and propose an interesting phase space method to detect Internet worms. An Internet worm is a self-propagating program that automatically replicates itself to vulnerable systems and spreads across the Internet. Most deployed worm-detection systems are signature-based. They look for specific byte sequences (called attack signatures) that are known to appear in the attack traffic. Conventionally, the signatures are manually identified by human experts through careful analysis of the byte sequence from captured attack traffic. We propose to embed the traffic sequence to a high-dimensional phase space using chaos theory. We have observed that the signature sequence of a specific worm will occupy specific regions in the phase space, which may be appropriately called the invariant subspace of the worm. The invariant subspace of the worm separates itself widely from the subspace of the normal traffic. This separation allows us to construct three simple metrics, each of which completely separates 100 normal traffic streams from 200 worm traffic streams, without training in the conventional sense. Therefore, the method is at least as accurate as any existing methods. More importantly, our method is much faster than existing methods, such as based on expectation maximization and hidden Markov models.