cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bound cardiolipin is essential for cytochrome c oxidase proton translocation.

The proton pumping activity of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is completely inhibited when all of the cardiolipin (CL) is removed from the enzyme to produce monomeric CcO containing only 11 subunits. Only dimeric enzyme containing all 13 subunits and 2–4 cardiolipin per CcO monomer exhibits a “normal” proton translocating stoichiometry of ∼1.0 H+ per/e− when reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. These fully active proteoliposomes have high respiratory control ratios (RCR = 7–15) with 75–85% of the CcO oriented with the cytochrome c binding sites exposed to the external medium. In contrast, reconstitution of CL-free CcO results in low respiratory control ratios (RCR < 5) with the enzyme randomly oriented in the vesicles, i.e., ∼50 percent oriented with the cytochrome c binding site exposed on the outside of the vesicle. Addition of exogenous CL to the CL-free enzyme completely restores electron transport activity, but restoration of proton pumping activity does not occur. This is true whether CL is added to CL-free CcO prior to reconstitution into phospholipid vesicles, or whether CL is included in the phospholipid mixture that is used to form the vesicles. Another consequence of CL removal is the inability of the 11-subunit, CL-free enzyme to dimerize upon exposure to either cholate or the cholate/PC/PE/CL mixture used during proteoliposome formation (monomeric, 13-subunit, CL-containing CcO completely dimerizes under these conditions). Therefore, a major difference between reconstitution of CL-free and CL-containing CcO is the incorporation of monomeric, rather than dimeric CcO into the vesicles. We conclude that bound CL is necessary for proper insertion of CcO into phospholipid vesicles and normal proton translocation.
The effect of vitamin C on antigen-induced bronchospasm☆☆☆

Abstract The effect of vitamin C pretreatment in preventing ragweed-induced bronchospasm was evaluated in 6 ragweed-sensitive asthmatics studied in a double-blind randomized fashion. These patients received either lactose capsules or 500 mg of ascorbic acid and were studied out of season. Antigen dose-response curves were determined prior to the administration of lactose or ascorbic acid in each individual subject and subsequently after administration of ascorbic acid or lactose. Both PD 20 FEV 1 (provocation dose necessary for a 20% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and PD 35 SGaw (provocation dose necessary for a 35% reduction in specific airways conductance) were determined. In none of the six patients was there a change in baseline FEV 1 (p > 0.70) nor the overall average baseline specific airways conductance (p > 0.90). Additionally, no statistically significant difference (p > 0.60) was noted between log PD 35 SGaw vitamin C day and lactose day. Likewise, no statistically significant difference (p > 0.60) was evident when comparing log PD 20 FEV 1 lactose and ascorbic acid days. Vitamin C (500 mg) has no protective effect against ragweed antigen-induced bronchospasm.
DOCUMENT DETECTION OVERVIEW

The goal of the document detection half of the TIPSTER project was to significantly advance the state of the art in effective document detection from large, real-world document collections. This document detection needed to be used in both the routing environment (static queries against a constant stream of new data) and the adhoc environment (new queries against archival data). An additional requirement was that the algorithms for these tasks be as domain and language independent as possible. To demonstrate language independence, the project was done both in Japanese and English. To demonstrate domain independence, the test collection was selected to cover many different subject areas and different document structures.
Global nuclear-structure calculations

Abstract The revival of interest in nuclear ground-state octupole deformations that occurred in the 1980's was stimulated by observations in 1980 of particularly large deviations between calculated and experimental masses in the Ra region, in a global calculation of nuclear ground-state masses. By minimizing the total potential energy with respect to octupole shape degrees of freedom in addition to ϵ 2 and ϵ 4 used originally, a vastly improved agreement between calculated and experimental masses was obtained. To study the global behaviour and interrelationships between other nuclear properties, we calculate nuclear ground-state masses, spins, pairing gaps and β-decay half-lives and compare the results to experimental quantities. The calculations are based on the macroscopic-microscopic approach, with the microscopic contributions calculated in a folded-Yukawa single-particle potential.
Requirement for a signal sequence in biological expression of the v-sis oncogene

The protein encoded by the simian sarcoma virus oncogene (v-sis) contains a signal sequence, derived from the envelope gene of the parental retrovirus, which is required for transformation. Removal of the proposed signal sequence was correlated with loss of biological activity. This activity was restored to inactive deletion mutants by fusion with the coding region for a heterologous signal sequence. Biological activity of v-sis was also abolished by either a small deletion within the coding region of the signal sequence or by a point mutation introduced by site-directed mutagenesis.
Still a Lot to Lose: The Role of Controlled Vocabulary in Keyword Searching

In their 2005 study, Gross and Taylor found that more than a third of records retrieved by keyword searches would be lost without subject headings. A review of the literature since then shows that numerous studies, in various disciplines, have found that a quarter to a third of records returned in a keyword search would be lost without controlled vocabulary. Other writers, though, have continued to suggest that controlled vocabulary be discontinued. Addressing criticisms of the Gross/Taylor study, this study replicates the search process in the same online catalog, but after the addition of automated enriched metadata such as tables of contents and summaries. The proportion of results that would be lost remains high.
CFD simulations of wave–current-body interactions including greenwater and wet deck slamming

Abstract A numerical method for the solution of unsteady Navier–Stokes equations has been employed in conjunction with an interface-preserving level-set method for the simulation of greenwater effect on offshore structures and ships. In this method, the free surface flows are modeled as immiscible air–water two-phase flows and the free surface itself is represented by the zero level-set function. The Navier–Stokes equations for both the water and air flows are formulated in moving curvilinear coordinate system and discretized using the finite-analytic method on a non-staggered multi-block grid system. Large eddy simulation (LES) approach is used with Smagorinsky model to account for the effects of turbulence induced by violent free surface motions. A chimera domain decomposition approach is implemented using overlapping, embedding, or matching grids to facilitate the simulation of complex flow around practical configurations. The overset grid system also greatly simplified the simulation of arbitrary translational and rotational motions among various computational blocks. Calculations were performed first for dam-breaking flow and free jet problems involving violent free surface motions. The level-set Navier–Stokes method was then employed for the simulation of slamming of a hemisphere, greenwater on offshore structure and ships, and wet deck slamming of an X-Craft in pitch and heave motions. The numerical results clearly demonstrated the capability of the level-set method to deal with violent free surface flows involving breaking waves, water droplets, trapped air bubbles, and wave–current-body interactions.
Excretion of uric acid and allantoin by rats depleted of liver xanthine oxidase.

SummaryThe depletion of liver xanthine oxidase by feeding adult or weanling rats a purified 8% casein diet did not interfere with the formation and excretion of normal amounts of uric acid and allantoin. Addition of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene to the diet was also without effect on this excretion. The loss of liver xanthine oxidase that occurred on a purified diet took place in the absence of any significant changes in fat or glycogen content of the organ.
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay of Mycotoxins: A Review

Immunoassays are routinely used in the screening of commodities and foods for fungal toxins (mycotoxins). Demands to increase speed and lower costs have lead to continued improvements in such assays. Because many reported mycotoxins are low molecular weight (below 1 kDa), immunoassays for their detection have generally been constructed in competitive heterogeneous formats. An exception is fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), a homogeneous format that does not require the separation of bound and free labels (tracer). The potential for rapid, solution phase, immunoassays has been realized in the development of FPIA for many of the major groups of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, group B trichothecenes (primarily deoxynivalenol), ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. This review describes the basic principles of FPIA and summarizes recent research in this area with regard to mycotoxins.
Maternal and Fetal Plasma Levels of 3-Methylhistidine in Pregnant Nonhuman Primates

Available data indicate little reutilization of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) in the rat and man. These data led to the use of urinary 3-MH excretion as a measure of muscle protein catabolism in those animal species. However, 3-MH excretion does not accurately measure protein catabolism in the sheep, pig, and rabbit. This is due, at least in part, to the fact that renal amino acid (AA) transport systems reabsorb 3-MH from the glomerular filtrate. The monkey differs from man in that its plasms contains significant quantities of 3-MH, suggesting an active renal transport system for this AA. The present study measured maternal and fetal plasma 3-MH levels in 33 pregnant rhesus monkeys to determine whether the nonhuman primate placenta contained transport sites concentrating this AA to the fetal plasma. Mean fetal plasma 3-MH concentrations were 16.4 ± 6.71 μmol/100 ml, while maternal levels were 9.45 ± 3.69 μmol/100 ml. The fetal to maternal gradient was maintained between 1.6 to 1.7 during the course of maternal...
A Mathematical Approach to Automatic Configuration of Machining Fixtures: Analysis and Synthesis

A mathematical theory for automatic configuration of machining fixtures for prismatic parts is developed. The following functions of fixtures are analyzed: deterministic workpiece location, clamping stability, and total restraint. The synthesis of fixtures includes the determination of locating and clamping points son workpiece surface and the determination of clamping forces. The theory deals with the general case of 3-dimensional parts, polygon support, and multiple machining operations
Bisphosphonates and BMU birth rate

In his essay about stopping anti-resorptive therapy, Seeman [1] states that anti-resorptive medications "reduce the birth rate of BMUs". I do not think this is correct. A BMU travels along the surface of the bone, or drills through the cortical bone, for a long time, 2–8 months. At any particular spot on the bone surface, the BMU is active for about 3 months. If medications merely reduced the birth rate of BMUs, then there would be a gradual decrease in bone resorption that would last for months until a steady state low level was reached, and an even longer rate of decline in the bone formation rates. What is seen, however, is a rapid decrease in bone resorption in a few weeks and a decrease in the bone formation rate that lasts about as long as the formation period before reaching a lower plateau level. This timing is more consistent with an action that reduces the ability of the osteoclasts to resorb bone [2]. For bisphosphonates, this is also consistent with the mechanism of action on the molecular level, which is to inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, thereby stopping resorption, whether it is occurring early in the formation of a BMU or as the BMU is progressing along its course. Once bisphosphonates have been given, the factors that initiate BMUs (micro-trauma, for example) are still present, but without functioning osteoclasts the frustrated BMU will not be able to resorb bone or to travel along the surface; without bone resorption, there will be no bone formation either. This accounts for the decreased bone formation as well as the accumulation of microdamage that is seen on biopsies of patients on long-term treatment [3].
Apoptosis and restriction of G(1)/S cell cycle by fenretinide in Burkitt's lymphoma mutu I cell line accessed with bcl-6 down-regulation.

Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid with cancer chemopreventative potential and clinically manageable side effects, compared to the prototype retinoid, all-trans retinoic acid (RA). 4-HPR has been shown to modulate cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in a variety of human tumor cell types, but its effects on B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL-B) have not been explored. Treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma Mutu I cells with 3 microM 4-HPR is accompanied by growth arrest, induction of apoptosis, and restricted progression of the cell cycle at the G(1)/S checkpoint. We also observed that 4-HPR elicited a reduced expression of bcl-6 in these cells, which supports the proposed role of bcl-6 as an anti-apoptotic gene. While 4-HPR treatment had no effect on total Rb gene expression, it significantly reduced the state of hyperphosphorylation of Rb, resulting in the predominant existence of Rb in the underphosphorylated state.
Autocrine regulation of steroidogenic function of Leydig cells by transforming growth factor-α

Abstract We have determined the effects of LH on the expression of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) system in rat Leydig cells and investigated its role in steroidogenesis. LH and TGFα/epidermal growth factor (EGF) significantly increased the levels of TGFα mRNA and protein, and the levels of EGFR protein in immature rat Leydig cells (ILC). Treatment with TGFα or EGF for 24 h resulted in significant increase in androgen production in ILC. The increase in androgen production in response to TGFα was associated with increased mRNA levels of SR-BI, steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450scc but not of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and P450c17. TGFα also caused a marked increase in the levels StAR protein in ILC. EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) blocked the effects of TGFα while MEK-inhibitor (PD98059) potentiated TGFα or LH effects on steroidogenesis. A PKA inhibitor (H89) blocked both TGFα and LH effects on steroidogenesis. We conclude that TGFα plays an autocrine role in LH dependent development and function of Leydig cells.
Evaluation of fiber-optic error rates using a normalizing transform

A new approximate technique for evaluating performance of digital fiber-optic systems employing an avalanche photodiode receiver is presented. The essence of the new technique is a point transformation, the normalizing transform, which converts the signal-dependent noise associated with photodetection and avalanche gain fluctuations into signal-independent noise. The new technique is as simple as a Gaussian approximation yet is more accurate.
Nonlinear wave mechanics and particulate self-focusing

A previous model for treating electromagnetic nonlinear wave systems is examined in the context of wave mechanics. It is shown that nonlinear wave mechanics implies harmonic generation of new quasiparticle wave functions, which are absent in linear systems. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of pair (and higher order ensembles) coherence of the interacting particles. The implications are far-reaching, and the present approach might contribute toward a common basis for diverse physical phenomena involving nonlinearity. An intimate relationship connecting coherence, nonlocal interaction, and nonlinearity has been previously noticed in the physics of superconductivity. It is shown here that all these ingredients are consistently contained in the present formalism. The present theory may contribute to elucidate a controversial theory proposed by Panarella, who claims to have measured high-energy photons due to high-intensity laser radiation, which cannot be predicted on the basis of linear quantum theory. Panarella explains the new phenomena by stipulating a nonlinear intensity-dependent photon energy. It is argued here that nonlinearity, manifested in the presence of high intensity, may give rise to high- and low-energy photons, the so-called “effective” and “tired” photons, respectively. However, the present explanation does not involve ad hoc assumptions regarding the foundations of quantum theory. In analogy with the electrodynamic model, the present theory leads to particulate self-focusing in high-density streams of particles. Since such particulate beams are currently under consideration in connection with fusion reactions, this might be of future interest.
Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in optic neuropathies.

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after intravenous administration of the paramagnetic agent gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (GdDTPA), showed enhancement of the optic nerve in 7 of 13 patients with acute optic neuritis. Four of these patients had Gd-DTPA enhancement of the intracranial optic nerve and two had involvement of the optic nerve at the orbital apex, ipsilateral to the eye with visual loss. Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement of both intracranial optic nerves was seen in one of two patients with bilateral retrobulbar neuritis. Two patients with acute radiation-induced optic neuropathy also had Gd-DTPA enhancement of the intracranial optic nerve. The authors recommend MRI with Gd-DTPA as the neuro-diagnostic procedure of choice for visualization of increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier in acute optic neuritis and radiation-induced optic neuropathy.
Brain vascular and hydrodynamic physiology

Protecting the brain in vulnerable infants undergoing surgery is a central aspect of perioperative care. Understanding the link between blood flow, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption leads to a more informed approach to bedside care. In some cases, we need to consider how high we can let the partial pressure of carbon dioxide go before we have concerns about risk of increased cerebral blood volume and change in intracranial hydrodynamics. Alternatively, in almost all such cases, we have to address the question of how low can we let the blood pressure drop before we should be concerned about brain perfusion. This review provides a basic understanding of brain bioenergetics, hemodynamics, hydrodynamics, autoregulation, and vascular homeostasis to changes in blood gases, which is fundamental to our thinking about bedside care and monitoring.
Systematic approach for determination of equilibrium atomic surface structure

Despite the increasing importance of atomic-scale surface characterization, the state of the art in automating the prediction of atomic surface structure lags behind recent advances in bulk structure prediction. In this paper we present an approach whereby poorly characterized equilibrium surface structure can be systematically determined via a two-step process and apply this approach to the GaAs(001) surface. First we demonstrate that trends in complex surface structure are reducible to a small set of basic structural rules which can then be used to efficiently generate many likely surface reconstruction prototypes. Second we use first-principles energy calculations to screen for low-energy prototypes and apply the cluster expansion formalism to explore the effect of configurational excitations at surface sites capable of low-energy species substitution. Using this method, we generate a database of all likely reconstruction prototypes for the group-V-rich III-V (001) surface, which is then used to obtain the GaAs(001) reconstruction phase diagram from first principles. We also identify a class of $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3)$ reconstructions that is nearly stable on pure GaAs and is likely important in kinetically limited growth regimes and on strain-stabilized III-V alloy surfaces.
Broadband 2.5-6μm frequency comb source for dual-comb molecular spectroscopy

Absorption spectroscopy with frequency combs in the molecular fingerprint portion of the spectrum (2-10 μm) has great potential for trace molecular detection and in particular for such applications as monitoring of the atmosphere and medical breath analysis. Especially attractive is dual-comb Fourier transform spectroscopy where full advantage is taken of temporal and spatial coherence of frequency combs as well as of their broadband nature. The promise is high speed, broad spectral coverage, superior sensitivity, high spectral resolution, and the possibility of absolute frequency calibration of molecular resonances. Here we report a system suitable for performing dual-comb spectroscopy in the range of 2.5-6 μm and beyond. Broadband mid-IR frequency combs are obtained via a doubly-resonant near-degenerate synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on orientation-patterned GaAs (OP-GaAs) pumped by a femtosecond Tm-fiber laser at 2-μm wavelength. Low pump threshold (7 mW), high coherence, and broad instantaneous spectral coverage make this system extremely promising for spectroscopic studies.
M-LISP: a representation-independent dialect of LISP with reduction semantics

In this paper we introduce M-LISP, a dialect of LISP designed with an eye toward reconciling LISP's metalinguistic power with the structural style of operational semantics advocated by Plotkin [28]. We begin by reviewing the original definition of LISP [20] in an attempt to clarify the source of its metalinguistic power. We find that it arises from a problematic clause in this definition. We then define the abstract syntax and operational semantics of M-LISP, essentially a hybrid of M-expression LISP and Scheme. Next, we tie the operational semantics to the corresponding equational logic. As usual, provable equality in the logic implies operational equality.Having established this framework we then extend M-LISP with the metalinguistic eval and reify operators (the latter is a nonstrict operator that converts its argument to its metalanguage representation). These operators encapsulate the matalinguistic representation conversions that occur globally in S-expression LISP. We show that the naive versions of these operators render LISP's equational logic inconsistent. On the positive side, we show that a naturally restricted form of the eval operator is confluent and therefore a conservative extension of M-LISP. Unfortunately, we must weaken the logic considerably to obtain a consistent theory of reification.
Renal Artery Angioplasty: Techniques and Early Results

The experience of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in 101 patients (117 arteries) is reviewed along with the techniques and theoretical mechanisms for artery dilatation. The complication rate is low and PTA should be the initial procedure in the “surgical” treatment of renal artery stenosis. Long-term follow-up is not available, but should be similar to that of customary surgical repair.
A CLADISTIC APPROACH TO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE "BRYOPHYTES"

The importance of a cladistic approach in reconstructing the phylogeny of bryophytes is discussed and illustrated by an analysis of the major groups of bryophytes with respect to the tracheophytes and the green algae. The cladistic analysis, using 51 characters taken from the literature, gives the following tentative results: (1) the embryophytes as a whole are monophyletic; (2) the bryophytes (sensu lato) are paraphyletic; (3) the mosses share a more recent common ancestor with the tracheophytes than do the liverworts or hornworts; (4) the hornworts appear to share a more recent common ancestor with the moss-tracheophyte lineage than with the liverworts; however, the existence of several homoplasies makes this placement more problematical; (5) the origin of alternation of generations in the embryophytes, based on out-group comparison with their oogamous, haplontic, algal sister groups, was by progressive elaboration of the primitively epiphytic sporophyte generation; and (6) the presence of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) can best be interpreted as a synapomorphy of the moss-tracheophyte clade, and tracheids (xylem with ornamented walls) as a synapomorphy of the tracheophytes; therefore, the prevailing designation of “vascular plants” for the tracheophytes alone is inaccurate.
Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices and contaminant burdens of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) at three hazardous waste sites near Houston, Texas, USA

Male cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were studied at three industrial waste sites near Houston, Texas, to determine whether various morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices provided evidence of contaminant exposure and toxic insult. Only modest changes were detected in cotton rats residing at waste sites compared with reference sites. No single parameter was consistently altered, except hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration which was lower (p < 0·05) at two waste sites, and tended to be lower (p = 0·11) at a third waste site. Elevated petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations were detected in rats at one waste site, but contaminant burdens of rats from the other sites were unremarkable. Unlike rats captured in summer, those trapped in winter exhibited hepatocellular hypertrophy and up to a 65% increase in liver: body weight ratio, cytochrome P-450 concentration, and activities of aniline hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and glutathione S-transferase. Although genotoxicity has been previously documented in cotton rats residing at two of the waste sites, biomarkers in the present study provided little evidence of exposure and damage.
ACCURACY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR ESTIMATING INTRAMEDULLARY OSTEOSARCOMA EXTENT IN PRE‐OPERATIVE PLANNING OF CANINE LIMB‐SALVAGE PROCEDURES

The objective of this work was to compare the accuracy of radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for estimating appendicular osteosarcoma margins. The accuracy of computed tomography (CT) and bone scintigraphy was also assessed when these studies were available. Eight dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma underwent radiographic and MRI of affected limbs. In addition, bone scintigraphy was performed in six dogs and CT examination was performed in five dogs. Two observers jointly measured tumor length on all imaging studies. Correlative gross and histologic evaluation of all affected limbs was performed to determine tumor extent as measured from the nearest articular surface. Results from imaging studies were compared to gross and microscopic morphometry findings to determine the accuracy of each modality for determining tumor boundaries. MRI images were accurate with a mean overestimation of actual tumor length of 3 +/- 13%. T1-weighted non-contrast images were superior in identifying intramedullary tumor margins in most instances whereas contrast-enhanced images provided supplemental information in two dogs. Lateromedial and craniocaudal radiographs overestimated tumor length by 17 +/- 28% and 4 +/- 26%, respectively. Scintigraphy and CT overestimated tumor margins by 14 +/- 28% and 27 +/- 36%, respectively. MRI appears to be an accurate diagnostic imaging modality in determining intramedullary osteosarcoma boundaries. MRI should be considered as part of a pre-operative assessment of appendicular osteosarcoma, particularly when a limb-sparing procedure is contemplated.
Broadband Non-Uniform Fin-Line Couplers at Millimetre-Wave Frequencies

Analysis and design of broadband fin-line couplers using non-uniform slot spacing is described. Preliminary results, both analytical and experimental, show the viability of these types of couplers at millimetre-wave frequencies.
Evidence That the α-Effects in Methyl Transfers from Aryldimethylsulfonium Salts Correlate with Single-Electron-Transfer Characteristics

The ability of the anions of N-methylbenzohydroxamic acids to demonstrate the α-effect in methyl transfers from aryldimethylsulfonium salts correlates with the ability of these salts to demonstrate single-electron (SET) character in electrochemical experiments.
Effects of Trade Barriers on U.S. and World Apple Markets

Regional apple demand and supply parameters using Bayesian estimation were utilized to develop a spatial equilibrium model for the world apple market. A baseline scenario with existing tariffs was developed; a reduced tariff and free trade scenarios were simulated. Comparison of these scenarios with the baseline shows that apple trade is significantly greater under trade liberalization. China increases its exports by 174% under free trade and replaces France as the largest exporter. U.S. exports increased by about 140% to all regions except to Canada and Southeast Asia. Results confirm the importance of transportation costs and the interlinkages of prices in the world market in determining the trade flows. Nous avons utilise des parametres regionaux de l'offre et de la demande de pomme, determines a l'aide d'une estimation bayesienne, pour elaborer un modele d'equilibre spatial du marche mondial de la pomme. Nous avons elabore un scenario de base utilisant des tarifs douaniers existants et nous avons simule des scenarios utilisant des tarifs douaniers reduits et le libre-echange. Une comparaison de ces scenarios avec le scenario de base montre que le commerce de la pomme est significativement plus important dans un contexte de liberalisation des echanges. La Chine augmente ses exportations de 174 p. 100 dans un contexte de libre-echange et detrone la France en tant que premier exportateur mondial. Les exportations des Etats-Unis augmentent d'environ 140 p. 100 dans toutes les regions sauf au Canada et en Asie du Sud-Est. Les resultats confirment l'importance des couts de transport et des liens entre les prix sur le marche mondial dans la determination du flux des echanges commerciaux.
Encapsidated Conformation of Bacteriophage T7 DNA

The structural organization of encapsidated T7 DNA was investigated by cryo-electron microscopy and image processing. A tail-deletion mutant was found to present two preferred views of phage heads: views along the axis through the capsid vertex where the connector protein resides and via which DNA is packaged; and side views perpendicular to this axis. The resulting images reveal striking patterns of concentric rings in axial views, and punctate arrays in side views. As corroborated by computer modeling, these data establish that the T7 chromosome is spooled around this axis in approximately six coaxial shells in a quasi-crystalline packing, possibly guided by the core complex on the inner surface of the connector.
Surveys of apple‐grass aphid on apple in southern England, 1965–76

SUMMARY Surveys of oviparae of the apple-grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum(Wlk.), were made in southern England in each autumn from 1965 to 1976 inclusive. Resuhs varied considerably between years; greatest numbers were recorded in 1966 and 1969 and smallest numbers in 1972. The numbers of oviparae were compared with the numbers of gynoparae caught from mid-September to the end of October in the traps operated by the Rothamsted Insect Survey. The correlation was sufficiently good for the latter to be used to forecast the hkely abundance of these aphids on fruit trusses in the following spring. The autumn surveys of oviparae were, therefore, discontinued. In Kent the numbers of oviparae were positively correlated with rainfall in the previous July and August.
Wireless sensor networks for health monitoring

We propose a platform for health monitoring using wireless sensor networks. Our platform is a new architecture called CustoMed that will reduce the customization and reconfiguration time for medical systems that use reconfigurable embedded systems. This architecture is a network enabled system that supports various wearable sensors and contains on-board general computing capabilities for executing individually tailored event detection, alerts, and network communication with various medical informatics services. The customization of such system with a large number of "med nodes" is extremely fast even by non-engineering staff. In this paper, we present the architecture of such device along with experimental analysis that evaluates the performance of such system.
Rewiring for watermarking digital circuits

A resynthesis method to protect firm cores or circuit netlist representations is presented. The design is protected by embedding a watermark by rewiring the circuit with one or more redundancy addition/removal steps. There is no or negligible area or timing overhead and existing test sets may be presented. We analyze several attack strategies and we experimentally demonstrate that the proof of authorship is guaranteed with very high probability for ISCAS'85 and ITC'99 benchmarks.
Evaluation of computed tomography in the detection of pulmonary metastases: a prospective study.

Conventional linear x-ray tomography is often used to search for pulmonary metastases but tends to underestimate extent of disease when compared with operative findings. In a prospective study, operative findings were correlated with computed axial tomography and conventional linear tomography performed on 25 patients with a history of extrathoracic malignancy and pulmonary nodules. Computed tomography detected 69 nodules of which 31 proved to be metastases. Conventional linear tomography detected 38 nodules of which 25 were metastases. Of the 54 resected nodules measuring >3 mm, computed tomography detected 42; whereas conventional tomography detected 32. Only six of the 31 additional nodules (20%) detected by computed tomography and not by conventional tomography proved to be metastases. These results suggest that computed tomography is more sensitive than conventional tomography in detecting small pulmonary nodules; however, there is diminished specificity in identifying metastatic nodules. Cancer 43:913–916, 1979.
The Measurement of Psychopathy: Dimensional and Taxometric Approaches

This article extends the debate over personality disorders as dimensional or taxonic phenomena to the study of psychopathy and relates this issue to questions surrounding whether behaviors or personality traits best represent psychopathy. Proponents of dimensional measurements of psychopathy consider personality traits to be important constructs of psychopathy, whereas proponents of taxometric measurements consider behaviors to be important characteristics of psychopathy. After a brief introduction to the measurement of psychopathy, taxometric and dimensional measurement techniques are explained, their assumptions addressed, and their strengths and weaknesses discussed. Empirical evidence for each technique is then critiqued, and methodological problems are described. It is argued that methodological problems of existing studies largely preclude conclusions regarding whether psychopathy is dimensional or taxonic. Suggestions for future research are provided to address some of these methodological limitations. This review informs readers about each measurement approach and identifies problems regarding the dimensional or taxonic measurement of psychopathy.
AKAP MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Compartmentalization of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is achieved through association with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). AKAPs are a group of structurally diverse proteins with the common function of binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA and confining the holoenzyme to discrete locations within the cell. This mode of regulation ensures that PKA is exposed to isolated cAMP gradients, which allows for efficient catalytic activation and accurate substrate selection. Several AKAPs coordinate multiple members of signaling cascades, effectively assembling upstream activators and downstream effectors within the same macromolecular complex. Consequently, AKAPs may serve as points of integration for numerous signaling pathways. This review details the most recent advances in our understanding of the various biological functions dependent upon AKAP-anchored signaling complexes.
Application of Evolutionary Algorithms to Small Jet Arrays for Flow Control

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in conjunction with an evolutionary search algorithm like a genetic algorithm (GA) potentially offers a more efficient and robust optimization method for current flow control designs. As the parameter space under investigation increases in complexity, the performa nce of evolutionary search algorithms should remain high and become increasingly effective compared to gradient-based methods. Based on previous work optimizing a two-jet system, this paper evaluates the performance of the EARND genetic algorithm on small arrays of blowing and suction jets on a NACA 0012 airfoil. In addition to the flow control resul ts, emphasis is placed on the development of an efficient algorithm and efficient CFD computatio n to address the high computational costs associated with these problems. Possible tech niques for reducing the computational cost are examined and the prospects for the evaluat ion of larger arrays are assessed in light of preliminary simulations of a four jet array.
Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 16. Characterization of a striking intergeneric hybrid (Lampornis clemenciae × Calypte anna) from Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona

ABSTRACT A hummingbird specimen from Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona, represents a hybrid of Lampornis clemenciae (Blue-throated Hummingbird) × Calypte anna (Anna's Hummingbird). The specimen, which constitutes the only verified instance of hybridization between a species in the “mountain gem” group of hummingbirds and a species in the “bee” group, exhibits a blended mosaic of plumage characters of the parental species.
Quantifying Streamflow Forecast Skill Elasticity to Initial Condition and Climate Prediction Skill

AbstractWater resources management decisions commonly depend on monthly to seasonal streamflow forecasts, among other kinds of information. The skill of such predictions derives from the ability to estimate a watershed’s initial moisture and energy conditions and to forecast future weather and climate. These sources of predictability are investigated in an idealized (i.e., perfect model) experiment using calibrated hydrologic simulation models for 424 watersheds that span the continental United States. Prior work in this area also followed an ensemble-based strategy for attributing streamflow forecast uncertainty, but focused only on two end points representing zero and perfect information about future forcings and initial conditions. This study extends the prior approach to characterize the influence of varying levels of uncertainty in each area on streamflow prediction uncertainty. The sensitivities enable the calculation of flow forecast skill elasticities (i.e., derivatives) relative to skill in eithe...
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Induced Pulmonary Fibrogenesis

Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly being incorporated into a variety of technologies and applications due to their unique properties. In particular, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) hold great promise for many different industries. MWCNTs are made of carbon and have a cylindrical structure which can be synthesized with diameters in the nanometer-sized range and variable lengths into the micron range. MWCNTs have unique properties allowing for high electrical and thermal conductance, high tensile strength, low weight, and the ability to be manufactured with a variety of physicochemical properties and to undergo numerous surface modifications. Along with their vast potential, there is growing concern regarding human exposure and the possibility for adverse health effects. The primary route of human exposure to MWCNT is through inhalation in both occupational and environmental settings. Based on a commonality of properties including high aspect ratio and biopersistence within the lung, there is concern of asbestos-like toxicity following inhalation of MWCNTs. To date there has been sufficient toxicological evaluation in cell culture and animal models establishing the fibrogenic potential of MWCNTs. This chapter summarizes our current understanding regarding MWCNT-induced pulmonary fibrosis specifically examining current occupational human exposure levels, pulmonary deposition, susceptibility, and mechanisms of MWCNT-induced fibrogenesis. Further gaps in our current knowledge and likely areas of future study are highlighted throughout.
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in humans at a glance

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an mRNA quality-control mechanism that typifies all eukaryotes examined to date. NMD surveys newly synthesized mRNAs and degrades those that harbor a premature termination codon (PTC), thereby preventing the production of truncated proteins that could result in disease in humans. This is evident from dominantly inherited diseases that are due to PTC-containing mRNAs that escape NMD. Although many cellular NMD targets derive from mistakes made during, for example, pre-mRNA splicing and, possibly, transcription initiation, NMD also targets ∼10% of normal physiological mRNAs so as to promote an appropriate cellular response to changing environmental milieus, including those that induce apoptosis, maturation or differentiation. Over the past ∼35 years, a central goal in the NMD field has been to understand how cells discriminate mRNAs that are targeted by NMD from those that are not. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we review progress made towards this goal, focusing on human studies and the role of the key NMD factor up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1).
Can Couple Level Attachment Mediate the Influence of Depressive Symptoms on Health

ABSTRACTThis study examined whether couple attachment behaviors, as measured by the BARE (Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement Scale), can mediate the influence of depressive symptoms on health for men and women. Data were gathered from the Relate Institute (www.relateinstitute.com) from 797 couples who were in a romantic relationship. Results showed depressive symptoms negatively predict daily eating habits and activity level and positively predicted total health problems and healthcare utilization for both females and males. For partners, female depression negatively predicated both male physical activity and total health problems, and also positively predicted healthcare utilization for men. Results also suggest that attachment behaviors mediated the association between depressive symptoms and total health problems. Findings are discussed from both a clinical and systemic perspective. It may be that fostering secure attachment behaviors in romantic relationships would be a helpful tool f...
Status of the Tokamak Physics Experiment

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) is planned to develop the scientific basis for an economically competitive and continuously operating tokamak fusion power source. It has been designed to have steady-state operating capability, sufficient performance to produce reactor-like plasma configurations, and a flexible set of steady-state plasma controls. Active plasma control (e.g., current profile control, shape and position control, passive and active MHD mode stabilization, and toroidal rotation control) is a key to achieving steady state tokamak operating conditions with enhanced beta and confinement, efficient current drive, high purity, and high reliability. Inductive scenarios and steady-state operating modes with current-drive have been studied to determine the system requirements for access and maintenance of advanced steady-state modes. Industry contractors have begun detailed engineering design of the superconducting magnets, vacuum vessel, and plasma-facing components. 8 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Modification of persistent responses in medial prefrontal cortex during learning in trace eyeblink conditioning

Persistent spiking in response to a discrete stimulus is considered to reflect the active maintenance of a memory for that stimulus until a behavioral response is made. This response pattern has been reported in learning paradigms that impose a temporal gap between stimulus presentation and behavioral response, including trace eyeblink conditioning. However, it is unknown whether persistent responses are acquired as a function of learning or simply represent an already existing category of response type. This fundamental question was addressed by recording single-unit activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rabbits during the initial learning phase of trace eyeblink conditioning. Persistent responses to the tone conditioned stimulus were observed in the mPFC during the very first training sessions. Further analysis revealed that most cells with persistent responses showed this pattern during the very first training trial, before animals had experienced paired training. However, persistent cells showed reliable decreases in response magnitude over the first training session, which were not observed on the second day of training or for sessions in which learning criterion was met. This modification of response magnitude was specific to persistent responses and was not observed for cells showing phasic tone-evoked responses. The data suggest that persistent responses to discrete stimuli do not require learning but that the ongoing robustness of such responses over the course of training is modified as a result of experience. Putative mechanisms for this modification are discussed, including changes in cellular or network properties, neuromodulatory tone, and/or the synaptic efficacy of tone-associated inputs.
A Study of Student Reaction to Teaching Parallel and Distributed Computer Topics using a Web Portal

We established a cluster computing lab at a minority serving institution to enhance education with experiential learning mode. The lab provides computing resources that support undergraduate computer science curriculum. The computing resources of the cluster are managed by a job distribution system, which allows users to upload, compile, and run their C++ or Java programs. The job distribution system evenly distributes the submitted jobs to the computing nodes of the cluster using the round robin algorithm. A case study of using this platform to teach parallel and distributed computing topics in the operating system course is presented, with the evaluation of the teaching effectiveness.
A Novel Data Utilization and Control Strategy for Wireless Structural Control Systems with TDMA Network

Wireless control systems have advantages of flexible installation, rapid deployment, low maintenance cost and low power consumption compared to wired control system. The attractive features of wireless system as well as the rapid development of wireless sensor hardware, software and middleware make wireless control a promising field. However, there are also issues associated with wireless control systems such as network induced delay and data loss. These effects can seriously affect the control performances and may even cause instabilities in the systems. In this paper, a novel data utilization and control strategy is proposed for wireless control system with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) network. The proposed strategy utilizes the maximum throughput of TDMA network and is evaluated using a wireless control and monitoring simulator (WCMS) for benchmark active mass driver (AMD) control system. The WCMS consists of realistic structural control components and network components. The structural control components are built in Simulink (Matlab) and network components are built in wireless network simulation tool – TOSSIM. The proposed strategy is shown to be effective in controlling the AMD system with TDMA network induced delay and data loss impact.