cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Class Action Spillover Effects on Joint Venture Partners

Firms exhibit a US$106MM average market capitalization decline when a Securities Class Action lawsuit against their joint venture partner is announced. After their partner’s lawsuit, their own probability of facing similar litigation increases from 4.12% to 7.52%. Such litigation is 1.3 times more likely for every common monitor (auditor, institutional blockholder, or analyst) non-sued venture firms share with their sued partner. Other spillovers to non-sued venture firms substantially affect their financial reporting practices, their investment policies, and their assessment by both analysts and auditors. While these venture firms are not named in their partner’s complaint, they suffer non-trivial spillover effects.
Routines Emergence and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Formation: A Co-Evolutionary Process

The concept of routines has played a crucial role in the development of theories of economic and organizational evolutionary change, however the role of routines in the entrepreneurial process has received little attention. Adopting assumptions congruent with social constructivism and evolutionary realism, this paper proposes a model by which routines emerge amongst an entrepreneurial team that is engaged in the opportunity formation process. Within this co-evolutionary model of routines emergence and opportunity formation, the role of team sensing and response is posited as a mechanism for generating internal alignment, but also as a force for environmental transformation.
Survival Outcomes in T4aN0M0 Mandibular Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated with Surgery Alone

ObjectivesTo measure disease-free, disease-specific, and overall survival among patients with T4aN0M0 mandibular gingival squamous cell carcinoma who were treated with surgery alone.Study DesignCas...
The Pragmatic Force of Making an Argument

Making arguments makes reasons apparent. Sometimes those reasons may affect audiences’ relationships to claims (e.g., accept, adhere). But an over-emphasis on audience effects encouraged by functionalist theories of argumentation distracts attention from other things that making arguments can accomplish. We advance the normative pragmatic program on argumentation through two case studies of how early advocates for women’s suffrage in the U.S. made reasons apparent in order to show that what they were doing wasn’t ridiculous. While it might be possible to identify this as a new function of argumentation, we encourage instead attention to a more important question: explaining how all the diverse uses of argument have pragmatic force.
Dimensional Assessment of Emotional Disorder Outcomes in Transdiagnostic Treatment: A Clinical Case Study

Abstract Current classification systems for mental disorders emphasize categorical assessment. In the domain of emotional disorders, this is inconsistent with a growing consensus that anxiety, depressive, and related disorders are best conceptualized as variations on shared underlying processes, chiefly heightened negative affect, and aversion to unwanted emotional experiences. Dimensional assessment of transdiagnostic emotional disorder constructs offers advantages for clinical and research applications, including increased parsimony and improved validity, yet there are drawbacks to many dimensional assessment systems for emotional disorders. The case presented in this paper illustrates the potential clinical utility of a new self-report instrument—the Multidimensional Emotional Disorders Inventory (MEDI)—which assesses nine dimensions characteristic of emotional disorders. MEDI scores for a highly comorbid patient are examined over the course of transdiagnostic emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment. At baseline, midtreatment, and posttreatment, the MEDI offered information above and beyond DSM categorical assessment, including detection of subclinical symptoms and symptom change, while remaining parsimonious. Implications for possible use as a treatment planning instrument, integration with categorical assessment, and future research directions are discussed.
CORPORATE TAX INCIDENCE: REVIEW OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ESTIMATES AND ANALYSIS

This paper identifies the major drivers of corporate tax incidence in open-economy general equilibrium models and compares estimates from four major studies. These studies vary in their elasticity ...
Host-Induced Genome Instability Rapidly Generates Phenotypic Variation across Candida albicans Strains and Ploidy States.

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans that is typically diploid yet has a highly labile genome tolerant of large-scale perturbations including chromosomal aneuploidy and loss-of-heterozygosity events. The ability to rapidly generate genetic variation is crucial for C. albicans to adapt to changing or stressful environments, like those encountered in the host. Genetic variation occurs via stress-induced mutagenesis or can be generated through its parasexual cycle, in which tetraploids arise via diploid mating or stress-induced mitotic defects and undergo nonmeiotic ploidy reduction. However, it remains largely unknown how genetic background contributes to C. albicans genome instability in vitro or in the host environment. Here, we tested how genetic background, ploidy, and the host environment impacts C. albicans genome stability. We found that host association induced both loss-of-heterozygosity events and genome size changes, regardless of genetic background or ploidy. However, the magnitude and types of genome changes varied across C. albicans strain background and ploidy state. We then assessed if host-induced genomic changes resulted in fitness consequences on growth rate and nonlethal virulence phenotypes and found that many host-derived isolates significantly changed relative to their parental strain. Interestingly, diploid host-associated C. albicans predominantly decreased host reproductive fitness, whereas tetraploid host-associated C. albicans increased host reproductive fitness. Together, these results are important for understanding how host-induced genomic changes in C. albicans alter its relationship with the host. IMPORTANCECandida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. The ability to generate genetic variation is essential for adaptation and is a strategy that C. albicans and other fungal pathogens use to change their genome size. Stressful environments, including the host, induce C. albicans genome instability. Here, we investigated how C. albicans genetic background and ploidy state impact genome instability, both in vitro and in a host environment. We show that the host environment induces genome instability, but the magnitude depends on C. albicans genetic background. Furthermore, we show that tetraploid C. albicans is highly unstable in host environments and rapidly reduces in genome size. These reductions in genome size often resulted in reduced virulence. In contrast, diploid C. albicans displayed modest host-induced genome size changes, yet these frequently resulted in increased virulence. Such studies are essential for understanding how opportunistic pathogens respond and potentially adapt to the host environment.
The Impact of Muslim Religious Accommodations on Subjective Well‐Being Among Christian Majorities and Nonattendees: Evidence from the European Social Survey, 2002–2008

Objective In this article, we examine how religious accommodations for Muslim minorities impact subjective well‐being (SWB) among Christian and nonattendee respondents in Western European countries. Methods We apply hierarchal linear modeling and fixed effects regressions on data drawn from the European Social Survey (2002–2008). Results We find that religious accommodations at the country level are negatively associated with lower SWB among both Christian and nonattendee respondents. However, the effect is substantially greater for nonattendees. Conclusion Although the threat and coalition theses are often argued as competing positions, we posit they may be complementary perspectives.
Organized anxiety: respectability politics, John Henryism, and the paradox of Black achievement

Henryism as a construct draws comparisons to what is commonly referred to as respectability politics, or the active adoption of standards rooted in whiteness as a regulatory instrument of one’s beh...
Pre-pregnancy body dissatisfaction and weight-related outcomes and behaviors during pregnancy.

To examine relationships among pre-pregnancy body dissatisfaction (BD) and gestational weight gain (GWG), and related attitudes/behaviors. Pre-pregnancy BD was self-reported in early pregnancy. Wei...
Immune Therapies for Metastatic Kidney Cancer

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignancy that has been found to be responsive to various immune therapies and immunomodulation. Historic agents such as interleukin-2 and interferon alfa demonstrated some benefit in select patients with advanced disease; however, their use has become limited due to the introduction of targeted novel immunomodulators, such as the checkpoint inhibitors. This chapter reviews the historical development and indications of immune therapies for advanced RCC. Early agents such as interleukin and interferon will be discussed, as well as the newer contemporary checkpoint inhibitors, which are becoming first-line therapies for this patient population.
Navigating the FDA Medical Device Regulatory Pathways for Pediatric Lower Limb Exoskeleton Devices

There have been significant advances in the technologies for robot-assisted lower limb rehabilitation in the past decade. However, the development of similar systems for children has been slow despite the fact that children with conditions, such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and spinal cord injury (SCI), can benefit greatly from these technologies. Robotic-assisted gait therapy (RAGT) has emerged as a way to increase gait training duration and intensity while decreasing the risk of injury to therapists. Robotic walking devices can be coupled with motion sensing, electromyography, scalp electroencephalography, or other noninvasive methods of acquiring information about the user's intent to design brain–computer interfaces (BCI) for neuromuscular rehabilitation and control of powered exoskeletons. For users with SCI, BCIs could provide a method of overground mobility closer to the natural process of the brain controlling the body's movement during walking than mobility by wheelchair. For adults, there are currently four Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lower limb exoskeletons that could be incorporated into such a BCI system, but there are no similar devices specifically designed for children, who present additional physical, neurological, and cognitive developmental challenges. The current state-of-the-art for pediatric RAGT relies on large clinical devices with high costs that limit accessibility. This can reduce the amount of therapy a child receives and slow the rehabilitation progress. In many cases, the lack of gait training can result in a reduction in the mobility, independence, and overall quality of life for children with lower limb disabilities. Thus, it is imperative to facilitate and accelerate the development of pediatric technologies for gait rehabilitation, including their regulatory path. In this article, an overview of the U.S. FDA clearance/approval process is presented. An example device has been used to navigate important questions facing device developers focused on providing lower limb rehabilitation to children in home based or other settings beyond the clinic.
An Effective Strategy to Introduce Carbon Isotopes by Simple Swaps of CO2

A novel strategy to introduce C-isotopes at the carboxylate group has been discovered. Through ‘simple' CO2 exchange under mild conditions, the C-isotope can be incorporated effectively and has been demonstrated in a variety of biologically important molecules. Also, this methodology is used to install a C–C bond when alternative electrophiles are employed.
Assessing Practice Patterns and Influential Factors for Nurse Practitioners Who Manage Chronic Pain.

Abstract Introduction Challenges exist in caring for chronic pain patients, such as preventing opioid-related adverse events, a lack of available non-pharmacologic alternatives, and limitations in prescriptive authority. Nurse practitioners are well-suited to manage chronic pain due to their holistic approach to care and growing numbers in primary care. Yet little is known about the chronic pain care given by NPs. As such, the purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of NPs who manage chronic pain, and to examine how these experiences impact NP prescribing patterns in chronic pain management. Methods We developed the 31-item NP Chronic Pain Prescribing Practices survey. We collected data from N = 128 NPs at the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) conference. Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were utilized for statistical analysis. Results NPs reported high levels of agreement with nearly all the presented challenges. MSN-prepared NPs were more likely than DNP-prepared NPs to report difficulty in managing pain (x 2 = 4.2, p = .04). There were no differences in prescription of chronic pain therapies between NPs of varying practice authority statuses. NPs in specialty care settings were more likely to utilize opioids (x 2 = 13.6, p Conclusions Our findings demonstrate significant challenges NPs face in chronic pain management. More research is needed to better understand the complexities associated with chronic pain care given by NPs in order to effectively manage chronic pain while still preventing opioid-related adverse events.
Rectifying I: three point and continuous fit of the spatial autocorrelation metric, Moran’s I, to ideal form

Interpreting spatial autocorrelation is complicated by differences in data type, spatial conformation, and contiguity definitions. Though lacking consistent meaning, Moran’s I is commonly reported, compared, and interpreted based on conceptual ideals. To provide consistent, logical, and intuitive meaning and enable broader synthetic work, a new approach to I is needed. We sought to standardize I and true it to conceptual ideals and existing intuition regarding regular correlations. We also wished to test performance of transformed metrics over a diversity of designed and empirical datasets. We developed two means to rectify I. Both fit null distributions from data permutation to a target frame of [− 1, 0, 1], followed by projection of original I into this conformation. One method used three-point registration employing the distribution median and select tail percentiles. The other directly projected all I based on theory or cumulative frequencies reflecting the distribution of regular correlations. Repeatability and sensitivity of results were examined for varied permutation replication and framing parameter choices. Empirical and designed datasets were used to compare rectified to traditional metrics. Both rectification methods improved distributional characteristics of I. Three-point registration produced overly broad distributions with discontinuous peaks. Continuous projection fit the distribution for regular correlations precisely. Diverse case studies demonstrated failings of I and the clarity gained by rectification. Rectified I enabled meaningful comparisons of spatial patterns for diverse data and landscape conditions. Preserving the intuitive value of Moran’s I while providing a theoretically sound and consistent approach for standardizing its values should foster sustained use.
In Support of Supervisory Guidance

The role and appropriateness of bank supervisory guidance is widely misunderstood. It has been argued that supervisory guidance is used in lieu of notice-and-comment rulemakings, binding banks to policies on which they had no opportunity to comment. This claim, however, misunderstand that the Federal banking agencies have wide latitude to interpret and apply the banking statutes during examinations and that guidance serves to narrow the universe of possible enforcement actions regulators may take, while also providing regulated entities predictability. This essay argues in support of bank supervisory guidance, placing it within the administrative law framework governing bank examinations. It also discusses supervisory guidance’s benefits to banks, examiners, and the public. This essay concludes by arguing that the banking agencies should not be concerned that Congress may use the Congressional Review Act to overturn their guidance.
P-117 Last days matter – a programme to help lay families look after their loved ones at home

Many people would like to die at home, but their loved ones can be nervous about looking after them fearing their own lack of clinical knowledge. Family and local health system engagement told us there was a gap in the provision of non-clinical family education. ‘Last Days Matter’ is the idea of the North Lancashire Compassionate Communities Group, who after research decided to develop their own programme that would support people without clinical expertise to look after their loved ones at home. The Group used their lay and clinical experiences to develop a three-hour programme consisting of five sessions. Each session is made up of a short film that follows the experience of John who is dying, and discussion time. Each session addresses a need that engagement had revealed; planning for the future; to care and accompany; saying goodbye, recognising the signs of dying and the new normal. We learnt that it was necessary to seek funding for professional actors and filming skills so that we could have a programme that would be professional and how important it was to seek the expertise of the patient and public for their feedback on all scripts and teaching materials. The result is a programme that is now ready to be used in local communities and has attracted the interest of North West NHS England and NHS Improvement. The programme will be made available further afield for adoption or adaption. It will support people to care for their loved ones at home by giving them the knowledge, reassurance and some of the necessary skills. Initial feedback from engagement and contributors suggests that ‘Last Days Matter’ is much needed, will be sought after and will be valued by those who need it most. It will also support palliative care staff across the health community.
The Association Between Multiparity and Adipokine Levels: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background: Multiparity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms of this relationship are unknown. Adipokines may predispose multiparous women to certain cardiomet...
The Rule of Moderation: Violence, Religion and the Politics of Restraint in Early Modern England

Why was it that whenever the Tudor-Stuart regime most loudly trumpeted its moderation, that regime was at its most vicious? This groundbreaking book argues that the ideal of moderation, so central to English history and identity, functioned as a tool of social, religious and political power. Thus The Rule of Moderation rewrites the history of early modern England, showing that many of its key developments – the via media of Anglicanism, political liberty, the development of empire and even religious toleration – were defined and defended as instances of coercive moderation, producing the 'middle way' through the forcible restraint of apparently dangerous excesses in Church, state and society. By showing that the quintessentially English quality of moderation was at heart an ideology of control, Ethan Shagan illuminates the subtle violence of English history and explains how, paradoxically, England came to represent reason, civility and moderation to a world it slowly conquered.
Suppression of Ethanol-Reinforced Behavior by Naltrexone Is Associated with Attenuation of the Ethanol-Induced Increase in Dialysate Dopamine Levels in the Nucleus Accumbens

The opiate antagonist naltrexone suppresses ethanol-reinforced behavior in animals and decreases ethanol intake in humans. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions are not well understood. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that naltrexone attenuates the rewarding properties of ethanol by interfering with ethanol-induced stimulation of dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Simultaneous measures of the effects of naltrexone on dialysate dopamine levels in the NAcc and on operant responding for oral ethanol were used. Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10-15%, w/v) in 0.2% (w/v) saccharin during daily 30 min sessions and were surgically prepared for intracranial microdialysis. Experiments began after reliable self-administration was established. Rats were injected with naltrexone (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline and 10 min later were placed inside the operant chamber for a 20 min waiting period with no ethanol available, followed by 30 min of access to ethanol. A transient rise in dialysate dopamine levels was observed during the waiting period, and this effect was not altered by naltrexone. Ethanol self-administration reliably increased dopamine levels in controls. Naltrexone significantly suppressed ethanol self-administration and prevented ethanol-induced increases in dialysate dopamine levels. Subsequent dose-effect analyses established that the latter effect was not merely a function of reduced ethanol intake but that naltrexone attenuated the efficacy of ethanol to elevate dialysate dopamine levels. These results suggest that suppression of ethanol self-administration by opiate antagonists is the result of interference with dopamine-dependent aspects of ethanol reinforcement, although possible additional effects via nondopaminergic mechanisms cannot be eliminated as a factor in opiate antagonist-induced reduction of ethanol intake.
Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria

A prominent feature of the bacterial domain is a radiation of major lineages that are defined as candidate phyla because they lack isolated representatives. Bacteria from these phyla occur in diverse environments and are thought to mediate carbon and hydrogen cycles. Genomic analyses of a few representatives suggested that metabolic limitations have prevented their cultivation. Here we reconstructed 8 complete and 789 draft genomes from bacteria representing >35 phyla and documented features that consistently distinguish these organisms from other bacteria. We infer that this group, which may comprise >15% of the bacterial domain, has shared evolutionary history, and describe it as the candidate phyla radiation (CPR). All CPR genomes are small and most lack numerous biosynthetic pathways. Owing to divergent 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences, 50-100% of organisms sampled from specific phyla would evade detection in typical cultivation-independent surveys. CPR organisms often have self-splicing introns and proteins encoded within their rRNA genes, a feature rarely reported in bacteria. Furthermore, they have unusual ribosome compositions. All are missing a ribosomal protein often absent in symbionts, and specific lineages are missing ribosomal proteins and biogenesis factors considered universal in bacteria. This implies different ribosome structures and biogenesis mechanisms, and underlines unusual biology across a large part of the bacterial domain.
The Three Epochs of the Environmental Movement

As the basis for exploring the sustainability movement in a variety of environmental arenas and places across the United States, Mazmanian and Kraft develop in this opening chapter of their book a framework that locates sustainability - historically and conceptually - as the third epoch in the modern environmental movement. Following on the regulatory and market-based epochs, sustainability can best be understood as an effort to address in a more comprehensive manner the interdependence of natural and human systems, and address the threat to the former by the latter. The three epochs are compared along a series of dimensions for problem identification, implementation philosophy, policy tools, information and data management needs, and triggering events.
Electrons in atomically thin two-dimensional crystals

Graphene, the 2-dimensional honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, was first isolated a decade ago. Here we describe advances in our understanding of the properties of electrons confined to this material of single-atom thickness. We emphasize light-matter interactions and potential device applications, from the THz to the ultraviolet. We also highlight the development of atomically thin materials beyond graphene. These advances are exemplified by progress in atomically thin semiconductors, like the transition metal dichalcogenides, which exhibit many distinctive and attractive optical properties, alone and in combination with one another, at monolayer thickness.
Kant´s concept of the transcendental object

It is argued that there is a plausible way to read Kant as consistently repudiating a two-worlds picture and upholding a de-reistic view whereby the transcendental object or thing in itself indicates only a pure concept of the understanding whose role is to govern the synthesis of any unified manifold. This reading of Kant liberates him from the well-known textual and philosophical difficulties of the two-worlds view. Furthermore, I argue that this interpretation leads to a strong idealist position as opposed to the double-aspect view of Allison and Prauss. This idealist position was basically adopted by Fichte in his Introductions to the Science of Knowledge of 1797, wherein the debunking of the thing in itself was a crucial step in his ultimate argument for the unity of theoretical and practical reason.
Not Just Whistling Dixie: The Case for Tax Whistleblowers in the States

This Article examines the successes and failures of current tax whistleblower regimes, with particular emphasis on the states. It considers and then refutes several popular arguments against permitting whistleblowers to submit tax claims, under either a state’s False Claims Act (FCA) or standalone statute, including: (i) whistleblower statutes have historically been used to uncover and prosecute fraudulent behavior, not mere noncompliance with the law; (ii) the “knowing” standard of liability under FCAs creates new liability on taxpayers in jurisdictions permitting false claims pertaining to tax; and (iii) tax law is more complex and uncertain than other areas of the law and therefore off limits to whistleblower actions. The Article also makes the positive case for tax whistleblowers. It demonstrates how informant insiders can assist outgunned tax agencies combat two persistent problems in tax administration, namely the information gap and the tax gap. At the same time, it makes specific recommendations to address widely shared concerns in the tax whistleblower arena, including (i) the proliferation of frivolous and harassing claims, (ii) unnecessary disclosure of tax return information, and (iii) creating a tax enforcement mechanism that bypasses traditional administrative procedures and expert review. In addition, the Article offers alternative tax whistleblower policies for states to consider. It concludes that a properly drafted and implemented tax whistleblower program can reinforce and improve existing tax enforcement efforts, and yield significant increases in revenue.
Viscosity of hydrous rhyolitic melts inferred from kinetic experiments, and a new viscosity model

Viscosity of hydrous silicate melts is a critical property for understanding magma transport, bubble growth, volcanic eruption, and magma fragmentation. We report new inferred viscosity for hydrous rhyolitic melt in the viscosity range of 10 9 to 10 15 Pa·s based on the kinetics of hydrous species reactions in the melt upon cooling (i.e., based on the equivalence between the glass-transition temperature and the apparent equilibrium temperature), as well as data from bubble-growth experiments. By combining viscosity data of rhyolitic melts containing from 6 ppm to about 8.0 wt% total H 2 O (both our own data and literature data), we propose the following relation for the dependence of viscosity on total H 2 O content at a given temperature and pressure: \[\frac{1}{{\eta}}\ =\ \frac{1}{{\eta}_{1}}\ +\ (\frac{1}{{\eta}_{2}}\ {-}\ \frac{1}{{\eta}_{1}})\mathit{x^{n}}\ {\approx}\ \frac{1}{{\eta}_{1}}\ +\ \frac{1}{{\eta}_{2}}\mathit{x^{n}}\] where η is viscosity and 1/η is fluidity, η 1 is the viscosity of the dry melt, x is the mole fraction of total dissolved H 2 O, n and η 2 are two fitting parameters, and η 2 can be interpreted to be the viscosity of the hypothetical melt consisting of pure H 2 O. The above simple equation appears to work well in modeling viscosity of hydrous rhyolitic melts. Using the above functional form and a weighted nonlinear regression, experimental data covering 570 to 1920 K and 0.0006 to 8.2 wt% total H 2 O are used to obtain the following non-Arrhenian model for the viscosity of Mono Crater rhyolitic melts: \[log{\eta}\ =\ {-}log{\{}exp(18.5611\ {-}\ 49584/\mathit{T})\ +\ exp[1.47517\ {-}\ (1795.5/\mathit{T})^{1.9448}]\mathit{x}^{1\ +\ (1812.2/\mathit{T})^{2}}{\}}\] where T is in K, and x is the mole fraction of total dissolved H 2 O on a single oxygen basis. The 2σ uncertainty in the above 6-parameter formula is 0.36 in terms of logη (for experimental data with errors smaller than 1 log unit), much less than uncertainties in all previous models for hydrous rhyolitic melt. We hence recommend its use for predicting the viscosity of high-SiO 2 and calc-alkaline rhyolitic melts. Our model shows that a minute H 2 O content can still affect the melt viscosity significantly, especially at low temperatures (i.e., high viscosity). For example, at 973 K, the viscosity of rhyolitic melt increases by 1.2 orders of magnitude from a melt with 0.1 wt% total H 2 O to a melt with less than 100 ppm total H 2 O. Because a nominally “dry” melt may still contain some H 2 O, such as several hundred ppm, it is critical for experimentalists to report its total H 2 O content for viscosity measurements. Some inconsistency in literature viscosity data might be attributable to small variations in H 2 O content in the samples.
Spatial regulation of Corazonin neuropeptide expression requires multiple cis-acting elements in Drosophila melanogaster.

Although most invertebrate neuropeptide-encoding genes display distinct expression patterns in the central nervous system (CNS), the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial regulation of the neuropeptide genes are largely unknown. Expression of the neuropeptide Corazonin (Crz) is limited to only 24 neurons in the larval CNS of Drosophila melanogaster, and these neurons have been categorized into three groups, namely, DL, DM, and vCrz. To identify cis-regulatory elements that control transcription of Crz in each neuronal group, reporter gene expression patterns driven by various 5′ flanking sequences of Crz were analyzed to assess their promoter activities in the CNS. We show that the 504-bp 5′ upstream sequence is the shortest promoter directing reporter activities in all Crz neurons. Further dissection of this sequence revealed two important regions responsible for group specificity: −504::−419 for DM expression and −380::−241 for DL and vCrz expression. The latter region is further subdivided into three sites (proximal, center, and distal), in which any combinations of the two are sufficient for DL expression, whereas both proximal and distal sites are required for vCrz expression. Interestingly, the TATA box does not play a role in Crz transcription in most neurons. We also show that a 434-bp 5′ upstream sequence of the D. virilis Crz gene, when introduced into the D. melanogaster genome, drives reporter expression in the DL and vCrz neurons, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms for Crz expression in at least two such neuronal groups are conserved between the two species. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1184–1195, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generating Name‐Authority Cards and Cross References Using Apple Writer II

The OCLC Name‐Authority File contains records on which local name‐authority cards and cross references can be based. The trouble used to be that the records had to be printed out, then typed manually. The advent of the M300 Workstation with its SaveScreen function allows users to save the name‐authority records to disk and manipulate them with a word processor or a database manager (see pp. 37–42, OCLC Micro, Oct. 1986). However, editing the records at the keyboard is little better than typing them manually. What is needed is a program that formats the cards automatically from the OCLC records.
The action of bovine, porcine and simian growth hormone preparations on the costochondral junction in the hypophysectomized rhesus monkey.

Hypophysectomy in the rhesus monkey results in a generalized atrophy of the costochondral junction. The administration of growth hormone preparations derived from monkey pituitary glands to hypophysectomized monkeys produced striking proliferative changes in the costochondral junction. In contrast, growth hormone preparations of bovine and porcine origin are inactive in this regard. These findings extend and strengthen the concept of species specificity with reference to the action of growth hormone. THE concept that the ineffectiveness of bovine and porcine growth hormone preparations in primates is attributable to species differences in the nature of the growth hormone molecule (1, 2) has received support from recent studies in the monkey (3, 4) and in man (5) which demonstrated that growth hormone preparations of primate origin were capable of inducing marked nitrogen retention while bovine and porcine preparations were physiologically inert in this regard.
Contribution to the theory of critical inclination of close earth satellites. 2. case of asymmetrical potential

Critical inclination of close earth satellites for case of asymmetrical potential of main body and small eccentricity - peculiar libration
Monitored Anesthesia Care Without Endotracheal Intubation Is Safe and Efficacious for Single-Balloon Enteroscopy

General endotracheal (GET) anesthesia is often used during single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE). However, there is currently limited data regarding monitored anesthesia care (MAC) without endotracheal intubation for this procedure. The aim of the study was to determine the safety and efficacy of MAC sedation during SBE and to identify risk factors for adverse events. All patients who underwent SBE and SBE-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography between June 2011 and July 2013 at a tertiary-care referral center were studied in a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. Patients received MAC anesthesia or GET. The main outcome measurements were sedation-related adverse events, diagnostic yield, and therapeutic yield. Of the 178 cases in the study, 166 cases (93 %) were performed with MAC and 12 (7 %) with GET. Intra-procedure sedation-related adverse events occurred in 17 % of cases. The most frequent event was transient hypotension requiring pharmacologic intervention in 11.8 % of procedures. In MAC cases, the diagnostic yield was 58.4 % and the therapeutic yield was 30.1 %. Anesthesia duration was strongly associated with the occurrence of a sedation-related adverse event (P = 0.005). MAC is a safe and efficacious sedation approach for most patients undergoing SBE. Sedation-related complications in SBE are uncommon, but are more frequent in longer procedures.
The imperial Japanese Navy and espionage: The Itaru Tachibana case

(1989). The imperial Japanese Navy and espionage: The Itaru Tachibana case. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 105-121.
Blood pressure, perfusion pressure, and glaucoma.

Purpose To provide a critical review of the relationships between blood pressure, ocular blood flow, and glaucoma and the potential for glaucoma treatment through modulation of ocular perfusion. Design Summaries of the pertinent literature and input from glaucoma researchers and specialists with relevant experience. Methods Review and interpretation of selected literature and the results of a 1-day group discussion involving glaucoma researchers and specialists with expertise in epidemiology, blood flow measurements, and cardiovascular physiology. Results Accurate, reproducible, and clinically relevant measurements of blood flow within the optic nerve head and associated capillary beds are not fully achievable with current methodology. Autoregulation of blood flow in the retina and optic nerve head occurs over a large range of intraocular pressures and blood pressures. Regulation of choroidal blood flow is provided by a mix of neurohumoral and local mechanisms. Vascular factors may be important in a subgroup of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, and particularly in patients with normal-tension glaucoma and evidence of vasospasm. Low ocular perfusion pressure and low blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of glaucoma in population-based studies. The physiologic nocturnal dip in blood pressure is protective against systemic end-organ damage, but its effects on glaucoma are not well elaborated or understood. Large-scale longitudinal studies would be required to evaluate the risk of glaucomatous progression in non-dippers, dippers, and extreme nocturnal blood pressure dippers. Conclusions Decreases in perfusion pressure and blood pressure have been associated with glaucoma. However, there is no evidence to support the value of increasing a patient's blood pressure as therapy for glaucoma. Such recommendations are not currently warranted, since we lack crucial information about the microvascular beds in which perfusion is important in glaucoma, and the appropriate methods to evaluate their blood flow. There are also cardiovascular safety concerns associated with treatments designed to increase ocular perfusion pressure and blood flow by increasing blood pressure, especially in elderly patients. For these reasons and with present evidence it is unlikely that safe and effective glaucoma treatments based on altering optic nerve perfusion will soon be available.
FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND INTEREST FORMATION: THE CASE OF IMPUTED INTEREST GROUPS

This paper examines an impact of federal legislation on the formation of political interests; it identifies and defines a phenomenon we have labeled imputed interest groups. The interest groups can be seen when federal legislation makes benefit packages that serve as incentives to interest formation and ties interest groups to the maintenance of these benefit packages. Identification of imputed interest groups necessitates a re-examination of subgovernments, service deliverer-recipient relationships, and policymaking in a federal system.
Fluctuations in the length of wires

Abstract Considering the age and importance of Brownian motion, it is surprising that studies of the type described in this Letter have not become commonplace, because of the unexpected results. After securing at its top end, a wire of constant cross section was suspended vertically through a furnace. To the bottom end of the wire was attached a weight whose vertical position could be continuously monitored with a capacitive sensor invented by the author. At room temperature, the changes with time in a 0.6 m length wire were typically observed to be random, and the standard deviation about the mean was approximately 5×10 −7 m (0.5 μm ). At elevated temperatures, however, it was not uncommon for the free end to execute repetitive length changes with a period of many seconds. Furthermore, the fluctuations in some of these samples showed reproducible temperature hysteresis. These unexpected results suggest cooperative phenomena involving long range ordered states of unknown origin.
Theoretical study of the application of positron-induced Auger-electron spectroscopy

The interpretation and prospective applications of the novel surface-science technique positron-induced Auger-electron spectroscopy (PAES) have been investigated theoretically by calculations of annihilation rates of surface-trapped positrons with core electrons. The positron surface state is described by the corrugated-mirror model and core-annihilation rates are calculated with use of the independent-particle model. At clean surfaces of Al, Ni, Cu, and Au, 1--5 % of surface-trapped positrons are found to annihilate with core electrons and thus give rise to Auger-electron emission. On low-Miller-index surfaces more than 80% of the core annihilations take place with electrons from the topmost layer of atoms, which demonstrates the extreme surface sensitivity of PAES. Adsorption of impurities is found to reduce the substrate Auger signals, and the intensity of Auger lines due to the adsorbate increases with increasing coverage in agreement with recent experiments by Mehl et al. The results are found to depend markedly on whether the adsorbate atoms occupy subsurface sites or chemisorption sites above the surface, demonstrating that PAES can be useful in studies of adsorbate location. The applicability of PAES to studies of alloy surfaces and surface segregation is illustrated by calculations for Cu-Au surfaces. A set of bulk positron calculations shows that most elements are expected to have strong PAES signals.
Histochemical changes in developing mouse liver after administration of phenobarbital.

The effects of phenobarbital on development of some microsomal enzymes and neutral lipid were studied in mouse liver during a period of rapid cell differentiation. Specific alterations attributable to phenobarbital were identified in developing liver and used as markers for the onset of certain aspects of cell maturation. This investigation was designed to determine (1) the earliest developmental age at which fetal liver can react to phenobarbital and (2) the nature of the alterations in developing and adult liver. Intraperitoneal injections of phenobarbital were given for three days to 14, 17 and 19 day pregnant mice. Histochemical techniques were used to localize neutral lipid and the activities of NADPH diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Total cell lipid was measured in livers from 17- and 19-day pregnant mice and livers from their fetuses. The density of reaction product for NADPH diaphorase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased while glucose-6-phosphatase decreased in adult liver. Similar changes were seen in livers from day-19 fetal animals but not in fetuses of younger ages. Neutral lipid droplets increased in size and number after phenobarbital in fetal mice of day 19 of gestation but not in mice of day 17 of gestation. It was concluded that liver from day-19 fetal mice had gained the competence, lacking in earlier ages, to respond to phenobarbital by increased production of some enzymes and neutral lipid.
Florio's Montaigne and the Tyranny of “Custome”: Appropriation, Ideology, and Early English Readership of the Essayes *

Early English readers of Michel de Montaigne (1533–92) annotated their copies of John Florio's (1553[?]–1625) translation with remarkable frequency and vehemence, creating a context within which printed appropriations of the essayist may be fruitfully examined. No topic intrigued these readers more than custom. Drawing from transcriptions of over 4,000 marginal annotations and situating the Montaignean borrowings of William Shakespeare (1564–1616), Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626), and other English writers within a culture of active reader response, this essay treats the Montaignean account of custom as a case study wherein differences between manuscript and print appropriation may be investigated. Montaigne's reception in seventeenth-century England cannot be understood without scrupulous attention to both traditions.
POLLEN-FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF BOMBUS IN RELATION TO POLLINATION OF NOTOTRIBIC FLOWERS'

Cinematographic records of the pollen-foraging behavior of six Bombus species on Linaria vulgaris, Lobelia siphilitica, and Antirrhinum majus revealed a generally uniform pattern of pollen deposition by the nototribic flowers on the frons and scutum of the foragers. A forward sweeping motion of the tarsal brushes of their middle legs removed some of this polleni which was transferred to the tibial corbicula of the hind legs. Some insects foraged in an inverted position. An analysis of 804 pollen samples from frons, scutum, and corbiculum of 331 from a total of 395 Bombus visitors, representing eight of the nine native species, on the three plants indicated a high proportion of proper pollen being collected in addition to 15 kinds of foreign pollen. The pollen-sweeping behavior of Bombus on nototribic flowers is suggested as an important means of pollen-foraging apart from its utility in insect grooming. Pollen-foraging insects are considered important pollinators of these nototribic flowers.
High Failure Rates in Required Mathematics Courses: Can a Modified Block Schedule Be Part of the Cure?

Given the diversity in public schools and the growing trend toward requiring the successful completion of Algebra I for graduation, a schedule that allows students to complete this course in different amounts of time may be one key to success.
753 RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN IN CHILDHOOD (RAP): PSYCHO-SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATION TO ACID-PEPTIC DISEASE

The social and psychological characteristics of children with RAP (RAP-pts) and the relationship of the pain to acid-peptic disease were investigated. The family background, medical history, family dynamics, life stress, and behavior problems of RAP-pts (n=31) were compared using standardized questionaires to age, sex, race matched normal controls (CONT) drawn from the schools of the patients. RAP-pts also had a physical evaluation including UGI endoscopy and a structured psychiatric interview. After evaluation, RAP-pts entered a two-month blinded, placebo-controlled (Plac) trial of cimetidine (Cime) therapy. RESULTS: RAP-pts missed more school, were more often described as unhappy, and more often had a positive family history of peptic ulcer than CONT. The Parent's version of the Child Behavior Checklist demonstrated internalizition behavior to be significantly greater among RAP-pts than CONT. They did not differ with regard to attitudes toward school, other bowel complaints, pain in other body parts, life events in the last year, family dynamics, social competence, or behavior problems. Major environmental stress was frequently observed in both groups. Endoscopic findings in RAP-pts varied from normal to erythema, thickening, and nodularity, but biopsies mere normal. The treatment trial demonstrated after 1 mo that 64% of Plac- and 88% of Cine-treated patients had >50% improvement in pain (p>0.1). Unimproved patients were given a month of Cine therapy which resulted in improvement in 4/5 Plac- and 1/2 Cime-treated patients. After 2 mo, 20/22 patients treated with Cime (with or without failing Plac) had >50% improvement in pain compared to 8/14 Plac-treated patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that internalization of anxious feelings is characteristic of RAP-pts, but other features such as school avoidance thought to be associated are not. Despite a high Plac-response rate, the response to Cime warrants further trials of its role in the symtomatic treatment of RAP.