cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salad, Lard, and Everything Between: Food and Freedom in the Anthroposophical Movement

Foodways are an excellent site for tracking the interaction between Anthroposophy, the spiritual science founded by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), and other emerging spiritual traditions. Participants in practical initiatives inspired by Anthroposophy—including Waldorf schools, biodynamic farms, and Camphill intentional communities—follow various eating practices. Some choose vegetarian diets featuring whole grains and abundant vegetables, like their counterparts in the Gaian wing of the New Age movement. Others prefer the “Nourishing Traditions” approach of Sally Fallon, which rejects processed foods and celebrates traditional cuisines that use large amounts of animal fat. This diversity of foodways, paradoxically, confirms Wouter Hanegraaff’s characterization of Anthroposophy as too “clearly demarcated” to be considered a full part of the New Age movement. What demarcates the Anthroposophical approach to food is not any specific dietary choice but the persistent reminder that individual freedom is the most important requirement in a spiritual approach to food.
Endocrine disturbances in childhood obesity: growth-hormone and cortisol response to insulin induced hypoglycemia.

Growth hormone and cortisol response to insulin induced hypoglycemia has been tested in 31 obese children. In addition to an impaired growth hormone response in 9 children, a striking pattern of cortisol was found in 13 tests. The finding indicates a dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal system in some obese children. There was no relation between abnormal endocrine response and duration or degree of obesity. The observation emphasizes the difficulties of interpreting the endocrine response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
Chapter 1 Where are we in the exploration of Escherichia coli translocation pathways

Abstract The envelope of gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli is comprised of three layers, an inner or plasma membrane, an aqueous periplasmic space (with soluble proteins, membrane-derived oligosaccharide, and peptidoglycan), and an outer membrane. Considerable effort has been devoted to studying how the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that comprise each of these compartments are selectively transported to allow cell surface growth. A brief consideration of what we know of these processes, presented below, reveals that we have yet to answer, or even address, most of the significant questions in this field. There are several compelling reasons why the answers will be worth the considerable effort. The primary reason is surely our cultural drive to understand how nature functions. Such fundamental processes as selective targeting and transport of macromolecules across membranes must be conserved throughout evolution. What we learn from E. coli , with its unparalleled ease of combining biochemistry and genetics, will be applicable to other organelles and organisms, such as eukaryotic mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxi-somes, glyoxisomes, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum. A second reason is that bacteria are major pathogens, and interruption of cell surface growth is a proven strategy in the pursuit of effective antibiotics. Recently, interest has grown in producing all manner of cloned eukaryotic proteins of medical and commercial importance in bacteria and exporting them to the cell surface to facilitate their correct folding and easy isolation. This review will briefly outline our current knowledge of protein targeting and translocation, list some of the major fundamental problems that remain unsolved, and sketch some unaddressed questions that may entice new investigators into this field.
Dual TGFβ and Wnt inhibition promotes Mesp1-mediated mouse pluripotent stem cell differentiation into functional cardiomyocytes.

Efficient derivation of cardiomyocytes from mouse pluripotent stem cells has proven challenging, and existing approaches rely on expensive supplementation or extensive manipulation. Mesp1 is a transcription factor that regulates cardiovascular specification during embryo development, and its overexpression has been shown to promote cardiogenesis. Here, we utilize a doxycycline-inducible Mesp1-expressing mouse embryonic stem cell system to develop an efficient differentiation protocol to generate functional cardiomyocytes. Our cardiac differentiation method involves transient Mesp1 induction following by subsequent dual inhibition of TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways using small molecules. We discovered that whereas TGFβ inhibition promoted Mesp1-induced cardiac differentiation, Wnt inhibition was ineffective. Nevertheless, a combined inhibition of both pathways was superior to either inhibition alone in generating cardiomyocytes. These observations suggested a potential interaction between TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways in the context of Mesp1-induced cardiac differentiation. Using a step-by-step approach, we have further optimized the windows of Mesp1 induction, TGFβ inhibition and Wnt inhibition to yield a maximal cardiomyocyte output - Mesp1 was induced first, followed by dual inhibition of TGFβ and Wnt signaling. Our protocol is capable of producing approximately 50% of cardiomyocytes in 12 days, which is comparable to existing methods, and have the advantages of being technically simple and inexpensive. Moreover, cardiomyocytes thus derived are functional, displaying intrinsic contractile capacity and contraction in response to electric stimulus. Derivation of mouse cardiomyocytes without the use of growth factors or other costly supplementation provides an accessible cell source for future applications.
Wide unroofed coronary sinus and cryptogenic stroke: a case report.

Background Unroofed coronary sinus (UCS) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly in which there is complete or partial absence of the roof of the coronary sinus (CS) resulting in a communication between the right and left atria. There are four types of UCS described in the literature. While usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging, UCS can be the source of a brain abscess or paradoxical embolism. Case summary A 62-year-old gentleman presented to the emergency department with sudden onset of right-sided weakness and subsequent unresponsiveness. His brain computed tomography (CT) was consistent with left-sided stroke. Transthoracic echocardiography was remarkable for a dilated CS and an agitated saline study was suggestive of an UCS. A gated cardiac CT with coronary angiography confirmed a wide communication between the CS and left atrium. Right heart catheterization did not show evidence of left to right shunt. He had no abnormal rhythm on telemetry monitoring throughout his hospital stay. Discussion Unroofed coronary sinus is the least prevalent form of an atrial septal defect. Unroofed coronary sinus is usually asymptomatic and is diagnosed incidentally in imaging studies, however, it should be suspected in patients with cerebral emboli or evidence of left to right shunt with unexplained arterial desaturation. Transthoracic echocardiography is the most widely used imaging modality for the diagnosis of UCS but is limited in its ability to visualize the posterior cardiac structures such as the CS and pulmonary veins. Gated cardiac CT is a great diagnostic tool for UCS.
An energy-aware framework for coordinated dynamic software management in mobile computers

Energy efficiency is a very important and challenging issue for resource-constrained mobile computers. We propose a dynamic software management (DSM) framework to improve battery utilization, and avoid competition for limited energy resources from multiple applications. We have designed and implemented a DSM module in user space, independent of the operating system (OS), which explores quality-of-service (QoS) adaptation to reduce system energy and employs a priority-based preemption policy for multiple applications. It also employs energy macromodels for mobile applications to aid in this endeavor. By monitoring the energy supply and predicting energy demand at each QoS level, the DSM module is able to select the best possible trade-off between energy conservation and application QoS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first energy-aware coordinated framework utilizing adaptation of mobile applications. It honors the priority desired by the user and is portable to POSIX-compliant OSs. Our experimental results for some mobile applications (video player, speech recognizer, voice-over-IP) show that this approach can meet user-specified task-oriented goals and improve battery utilization significantly. They also show that prediction of application energy demand based on energy macro-models is a key component of this framework.
A Review of “A History of European Law”

John Austin famously defined law properly so-called as a command by a political superior to a political inferior imposing a duty and backed by a sanction. However, Paulo Grossi's new work, A Histor...
Studies of the mechanism of histidine synthesis in lactic acid bacteria.

Little is known of the mechanism of biosynthesis of histidine. The occurrence of the imidazole ring in both histidine and the purine bases suggests a relationship between these metabolites. It was early found that ingestion of histidine increased the excretion of allantoin in rats, and on this basis it was postulated that histidine might serve as a precursor of the purine bases (1, 2). More recent experiments, however, seem to exclude this possibility (3-5). The converse relationship, i.e. that the purine bases might serve as precursors of histidine, was envisaged (6), but no evidence in support of this idea was found, since rats failed to show increased growth when purine bases were added to a histidine-free ration 63. Appropriate studies with Lactobacillus arabinosus showed that under appropriate conditions histidine and purine bases showed a common effect in promoting growth. Further studies of this phenomenon with several bacteria fail to support the view that histidine functions as a precursor for synthesis of purine bases, but indicate strongly that the purine bases do serve as precursors in the synthesis of histidine. Vitamin Bs is required for synthesis of histidine in these organisms; data given below demonstrate that it is necessary for conversion of imidazolepyruvic acid to histidine.
Modelling of Nonlinear Systems Using Normal Forms

Normal form theory, a method usually reserved for bifurcation analysis, is used in this paper to obtain simple nonlinear models for dynamic processes. To use these models, one must have a priori some knowledge about the dynamics of the process of interest. Once this is known, an appropriate model which contains these dynamics can be chosen. It only remains to identify the parameters of the model and then to design a nonlinear controller. Here, two normal form models are presented - one based on a hysteresis bifurcation and the other one based on a degenerate Hopf bifurcation. It is shown, using as an example plant the nonisothermal CSTR, that this method of identification and control performs very well.
VLA supporting observations for SOLAR-A

High-resolution VLA maps at 20-cm wavelength can be used to resolve coronal loops within individual active regions and thereby reveal the coronal magnetic interaction that can trigger solar flares. These VLA maps can complement simultaneous SXT SOLAR-A observations. Simultaneous VLA and SOLAR-A observations can extend and amplify VLA results that resolve the preflare, impulsive and post-flare components of solar flares into nearby, but spatially-separated, sources. If this result is confirmed and found to be generally applicable, it will rule out previous theoretical work that confines all of these aspects of flare activity to a single coronal loop. VLA synthesis maps at 91.6-cm wavelength indicate that widely-separated active regions are apparently linked by large-scale, transequatorial magnetic loops 100 thousand to a million kilometers ( 2 to 20 arcminutes ) long. Three-second VLA snapshot maps at this wavelength suggest that energetic electrons, accelerated during a flare in one active region, can move within these global magnetic conduits at nearly the velocity of light, thereby triggering bursts along the large-scale loops or in distant active regions. The SXT telescope aboard SOLAR-A should routinely observe the entire Sun to sample these global magnetic structures. SXT or HXT SOLAR-A observations with a limited field of view within individual active regions should be compared with simultaneous, full-disk VLA observations that can connect the localized satellite results with related activity in distant regions.
The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children

The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. Gloria Ladson-Billings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1994. 187 pp.
Classification Using Bayes Averaging of Multiple, Relational Rule-based Models

We present a way of approximating the posterior probability of a rule-set model that is comprised of a set of class descriptions. Each class description, in turn, consists of a set of relational rules. The ability to compute this posterior and to learn many models from the same training set allows us to approximate the expectation that an example to be classified belongs to some class. The example is assigned to the class maximizing the expectation. By assuming a uniform prior distribution of models, the posterior of the model does not depend on the structure of the model: it only depends on how the training examples are partitioned by the rules of the rule-set model. This uniform distribution assumption allows us to compute the posterior for models containing relational and recursive rules. Our approximation to the posterior probability yields significant improvements in accuracy as measured on four relational data sets and four attribute-value data sets from the UCI repository. We also provide evidence that learning multiple models helps most in data sets in which there are many, apparently equally good rules to learn.
Embryonic maturation of epidermal Merkel cells is controlled by a redundant transcription factor network

Merkel cell–neurite complexes are located in touch-sensitive areas of the mammalian skin and are involved in recognition of the texture and shape of objects. Merkel cells are essential for these tactile discriminations, as they generate action potentials in response to touch stimuli and induce the firing of innervating afferent nerves. It has been shown that Merkel cells originate from epidermal stem cells, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their development are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed Merkel cell differentiation during development and found that it is a temporally regulated maturation process characterized by a sequential activation of Merkel cell-specific genes. We uncovered key transcription factors controlling this process and showed that the transcription factor Atoh1 is required for initial Merkel cell specification. The subsequent maturation steps of Merkel cell differentiation are controlled by cooperative function of the transcription factors Sox2 and Isl1, which physically interact and work to sustain Atoh1 expression. These findings reveal the presence of a robust transcriptional network required to produce functional Merkel cells that are required for tactile discrimination.
Gingival overgrowth in cyclosporine A treated multiple sclerosis patients.

Correlations have been reported between cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (OG) and plaque-induced gingivitis, duration of CsA therapy, and blood and tissue drug levels. We evaluated the relative importance of such factors using data from a 2-year, double-blind study of CsA therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Ninety subjects (40 taking CsA; 50 placebo) were evaluated for plaque, calculus, gingivitis, probing depths, attachment levels, and CsA levels in blood and saliva. OG was determined by a panel of 11 calibrated examiners from standardized clinical photographs taken at the end of the study. Logistic regression was used to determine which factors were associated with occurrence of OG. Four (17%) out of 23 CsA patients with CsA trough blood levels <400 ng/ml exhibited OG. In contrast, 10 (59%) out of 17 CsA patients with CsA trough blood levels a400 ng/ml were affected with OG. Logistic regression analysis resulted in odds ratios of 0.74 (P = 0.009), 17.3 (P = 0.024) and 10.1 (P = ...
Two Dimensions of Husband‐Wife Interaction*

A method of analyzing social interaction is proposed which: (a) delimits the number of categories by reference to previous work supporting a two-dimensional model of interpersonal relations, (b) uses a molar rather than molecular definition of the unit act, and (c) classifies each act on both dimensions. Data from husband-wife pairs are analyzed using this system. Patterns of both intra- and interpersonal action tendencies are noted.
Computed tomography of gastric lymphoma

The CT features in 12 patients with gastric lymphoma, four primary and eight secondary, were analyzed, correlated with other diagnostic studies, surgery, and pathologic features, and compared with the CT findings in 22 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. An abnormally thickened gastric wall (mean, 4.0 cm) was found in all patients with gastric lymphoma. Lymphomas of the stomach often involved more than one region of the stomach (83%). The contour of the outer gastric wall was smooth or lobulated in 42%, perigastric lymph adenopathy was common (58%), extension into adjacent organs was found in 42%, and 42% had lymphadenopathy at or below the renal pedicle.
Expression of FGFR3 and FGFR4 and clinical risk factors associated with progression-free survival in synovial sarcoma

Although rare, synovial sarcoma (SS) is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas affecting young adults. To investigate potential tumor markers related to synovial sarcoma prognosis, we carried out a single-institution retrospective analysis of 103 patients diagnosed with SS between 1980 and 2009. Clinical outcome data were obtained from medical records, and archived tissue samples were used to evaluate the relationship between progression-free survival (PFS) and several prognostic factors, including tumor expression of FGFR3 and FGFR4. No associations were found between PFS and gender, body mass index, tumor site, SS18-SSX translocation, or FGFR4 expression. As seen in previous studies, age at diagnosis ( 5 cm, 22% 10-year PFS; P < .0001) were associated with PFS in SS patients. In addition, in a subset of patients with available archived tumor samples taken prior to chemotherapy or radiation (n = 34), higher FGFR3 expression was associated with improved PFS (P = .030). To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of SS to date to suggest a potential clinical role for FGFR3. While small numbers make this investigation somewhat exploratory, the findings merit future investigation on a larger scale.
Limitations of Cationic Liposomes for Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery in Vivo

AbstractMuch attention has focused on cationic liposomes for delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. While these reagents demonstrate efficient delivery and potentiation of antisense oligonucleotides in vitro under serum-free conditions, then-use in vivo may be limited. This report highlights issues including serum-instability, biodistribution, and target-nonspecificity that may hinder their use for efficient nucleic acid delivery in vivo. Given the many advantages of liposomes for drug delivery, alternative liposome formulations of nucleic acid are discussed.
Restless multi-armed bandits under time-varying activation constraints for dynamic spectrum access

We consider the dynamic spectrum access problem where a cognitive user searches for transmission opportunities over a wide spectrum. We formulate the problem as a restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problem with a time varying constraint on the set of arms that can be activated at each given time. We consider the case where the channel occupancy dynamics are known, and we focus on establishing sufficient conditions on the optimality of the myopic policy.
An Approach to the Treatment of Pediatric Myocarditis

The newest treatment strategies for pediatric myocarditis have evolved from an understanding of the pathophysiology of myocyte damage. Although the initial stages of viral myocarditis apparently result from the direct cytopathic effects on the atrial and ventricular myocardium, later stages of progressive decompensation result from immune-mediated myocyte destruction common to many forms of myocarditis. Despite advances in the understanding of the role of genetics, immunologic mechanisms, and infectious causes of myocarditis, supportive therapy continues to remain the cornerstone of treatment. Presently, therapies include supportive management with anticongestive agents, antiviral medications, and therapies that attempt to interrupt the immunologic cascade. Clinical studies have yet to provide convincing evidence that the use of immunosuppressants and γ-globulin favorably alters the outcome for pediatric patients with acute myocarditis. Ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation remain as treatment options for all pediatric patients with severe myocarditis resistant to all other therapies. Although this review will focus on viral myocarditis, the supportive strategies and surgical treatment options apply to most forms of cardiomyopathy.
A fuzzy-net-based multilevel in-process surface roughness recognition system in milling operations

This paper describes a fuzzy-nets approach for a multilevel in-process surface roughness recognition (FN-M-ISRR) system, the goal of which is to predict surface roughness (R a ) under multiple cutting conditions determined by tool material, workpiece material, tool size, etc. Surface roughness was measured indirectly by extrapolation from vibration signal and cutting condition data, which were collected in real-time by an accelerometer sensor. These data were analysed and a model was constructed using a neural fuzzy system. Experimental results showed that parameters of spindle speed, feedrate, depth of cut, and vibration variables could predict surface roughness (R a ) under eight different combinations of tool and workpiece characteristics. This neural fuzzy system is shown to predict surface roughness (R a ) with 90% prediction accuracy during a milling operation.
The direct and photosensitized decomposition of alkyl azides

Abstract The products of photolysis of n-butyl, n-amyl, 4-heptyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 4-phenylbutyl, phenylmethyl, 1-phenylbutyl, 1,1-diphenylethyl, and cyclohexyl azides were determined. Reactions were carried out to 5 % completion in 0·10 molar benzene solution. The primary products of reaction are nitrogen and imines derived from hydrogen, alkyl or aryl migration to nitrogen. Corrected for the statistical factor the migratory order is H:R, 5:1; φ:H, 1:1; φ:R, 1:1. For cyclohexyl aride only α-hydrogen migration occurs. The rate of nitrogen evolution was essentially the same for all the azides studied. The product distribution is unaffected by the presence of oxygen. Efficient photosensitization was achieved using chrysene and an appropriate filter system. The product ratios were unchanged in the photosensitized decomposition compared to the direct photolysis. The results of this study are explained in terms of very shortlived singlet and triplet electronically excited azides. Evidence is summarized in favor of a closely synchronous migration of the α-substituent with the departure of molecular nitrogen from the excited azide. Conformational factors operative in the ground states of the alkyl azides may determine the migratory ratios and this possibility is discussed and evaluated.
Energy Levels and Transition Probabilities for Highly Ionized Atoms in the B i Isoelectronic Sequence

Hartree–Fock calculations have been performed for Ne vi, Al ix, Si x, S xii, Ar xiv, and Fe xxii. Spin– orbit interaction and configuration interaction, particularly (2s2 2p+2p3)2P, have been included to obtain energy levels and transition probabilities for the array (2s2 2p+2p3) → (2s2p2+2s2nl) with n = 3 and 4 and l = 0, 1, and 2.
Corporate ventures into industrial markets: Dynamics of aggressive entry☆

Abstract This article reports a study of the effect of aggressive entry by firms venturing into new industrial markets. There are three main sets of results: First , there is a significant correlation between the competitive attractiveness of the target industry and the initial share objective set by the corporation venturing into that industry. Second , the downstream share objective, set at the launch of the venture is significantly correlated with several key marketing strategy and investment strategy options made by the firm at the start of operations. Third , if most of these key strategy decisions are made under the assumption that a high share position will rapidly be achieved, their resulting performance, in terms of both market share and ROI, is superior to firms which enter with less aggressive share aspirations. These results are particularly appealing to the large established firm which has the resources and thus can both afford to absorb the cost of failure and afford to make significant front-end investments in aggressive initial marketing expenses and investments in initial plant capacity. For such firms a feasible strategy for a new venture into an industrial market could be to: if possible (but not essential) seek industries/markets to enter which are less likely to provoke rivalrous responses; set aggressive market share targets; invest aggressively in initial plant capacity; develop aggressive sales force, sales promotion, advertising, service quality, and/or pricing programs relative to competitors, as appropriate to the particular industry being entered . The reason we suggest that the programs be aggressive as appropriate is that different strategic options are likely to be more effective in one industry than another. For instance, aggressive advertising and sales promotions could be more effective for consumables, while aggressive sales calling programs and superior service delivery could be the more effective route for capital goods businesses.
The reduction of binaural interference by the temporal nonoverlap of components

Threshold interaural delays were measured for a single interaurally delayed 753‐Hz target component presented against a background of six diotic distractor components (453, 553, 653, 853, 953, and 1053 Hz). In one set of conditions, all components were gated on simultaneously, but 200‐ms after their onset the distractors were turned off for 10, 25, 50, 100, or 200 ms, then turned on again for the remainder of the 500‐ms listening interval. In a second set of conditions, the target component was present only during the temporal notch in the distractors for notch durations of 50, 100, and 200 ms. Threshold interaural delays were also measured for the target component in isolation at durations of 50, 100, 200, and 500 ms. In both sets of conditions in which the distractors were present, it was observed that a brief isolated presentation of the target reduced threshold interaural differences of time to nearly the level of thresholds for the target presented in total isolation, while thresholds were many times higher when the distractors had no temporal notch. Possible sources of binaural interference are discussed and the evidence supporting each is evaluated.
Transmembrane Architecture of a Full-Length Monospanning Cytochrome P450

Lanosterol demethylase or Cyp51 catalyzes the first committed post-cyclization step in cholesterol or ergosterol biosynthesis, making it a key clinical antifungal target. Cyp51 is a member of the cytochrome p450 superfamily of monoxygenases that catalyze key reactions in lipid biosynthesis and xenobiotic detoxification. Due to substrate hydrophobicity, many cytochrome p450s catalyze difficult surface reactions near the lipid bilayer/soluble milieu interface. Despite ample structural data, details of how cytochrome p450s orient into the membrane to perform this process are not well understood. Here, we crystallized the bitopic, membrane monospanning Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyp51 with its membrane spanning integral membrane domain. This structure identifies the transmembrane architecture of a membrane spanning cytochrome p450 for the first time, identifying the likely orientation into the lipid bilayer, and is the first structure of an enzyme with a single transmembrane domain intact. This orientation reveals a possible substrate entry channel, and a second unanticipated channel, the positioning of a key antifungal inhibitor, and numerous likely interaction points with the lipid bilayer. These findings have implications for the orientations of the 50% of integral membrane proteins that are single transmembrane spanning, for cytochrome p450 catalysis in general, and for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics.
Integer Programming Technique to Construct Statistical Tests

The problemn to be treated in this note is how to coIstruct a non-randomized most powerful statistical test (NRMPT) for H against A when the size of the test, a, is given. At a first glance the problem seemns quite simple since a probability ratio test (PRT) can easily be obtained by method suggested in many elementary texts. Rank the points according to ri = gilpi. Associate each point to the rejection region if and only if its ri is greater or equal than a given constant c where c is chosein to be small enough to exhaust a, as completely as possible. The Neyman-Pearson Fundameintal Lemima states that the PRT for H against A with the level of significance a is more powerful than any other test with the same or siiialler level of significance. However, this imlportant theorem does not imply that the NRMPT for a givensize should be PRT. This fact is not always realized. Moreover, unless the probability ftinction-s pi aind gi have simple forms, the PRT is usually differeint from the NRMPT for a given size a. The point may be illustrated by the following very simple example:
Age Grading: Implications for Physical Activity Participation Among Older Adults

Despite the well-documented and publicized benifits of participation in physical activity, recent research points to a declining involvement in physical activity with advancing age, This paper suggests that this decline may be attributable, in part, to the age grading of physical activity participation. A conceptual framework for understanding the age grading of human behavior is presente. Preliminary data are discussed that reveal that young people have clear, ageregulated social prescriptions about the exten to which people should be involved in physical activity as they grow older.
New Beltrami type solutions to continuum equations for fluidization and their stability

Abstract We present new “Beltrami” type solutions to the non-linear perturbation equations to the state of uniform fluidization, where the divergence-free particle and liquid phase disturbance velocities are co-linear and aligned with their respective curls and their spatio-temporal variation expressed in terms of the material and operating parameters of the fluidized suspension. The linear stability of a relatively simple steady uniform voidage spatially periodic base flow of this new type to a general three dimensional perturbation using Floquet method reveals that the flow supports neutral oscillations for disturbances comprised only of the fundamental modes associated with primary resonance in the Floquet system. The frequency and wavelengths of these neutral modes resemble those of the experimental voidage fluctuations in the state of turbulent liquid fluidization measured by Didwania and Homsy (1981a). For subharmonic modes, however, there is always a range of material parameters for which the base flow is unstable.
David Simpson Receives 2012 Waldo E. Smith Medal: Response

It is a great honor to accept the Waldo E. Smith Medal. I do so in the name of many and in the spirit of collaboration and cooperation that lie at the core of the AGU and the IRIS Consortium.
Fighting malicious code: an eternal struggle

Despite many years of research and significant commercial investment, the malware problem is far from being solved (or even reasonably well contained). Every week, the mainstream press publishes articles that describe yet another incident where millions of credit cards were leaked, a large company discloses that adversaries had remote access to its corporate secrets for years, and we discover a new botnet with tens of thousands of compromised machines. Clearly, this situation is not acceptable, but why isn't it getting any better?In this talk, I will discuss some of the reasons why the malware problem is fundamentally hard, and why existing defenses in industry are no longer working. I will then outline progress that researchers and industry have made over the last years, and highlight a few milestones in our struggle to keep malicious code off our computer systems. This part will not focus on advances related to the analysis of malicious code alone, but take a broader perspective. How can we prevent malicious code from getting onto our machines in the first place? How can we detect network communication between malware programs and remote control nodes? And how can we lower the benefits that attackers obtain from their compromised machines? Finally, I will point out a few areas in which I believe that we should make progress to have the most impact in our fight against malicious code.
An electronic device for detecting activity in caged rodents

An electronic device for detecting movement in small animals is described. The principle involves assessing changes in resistance between pairs of grid bars in a cage. The device is inexpensive, sensitive to movement, easy to calibrate and install, reliable across different activity arenas, and indifferent to animal size.
On Active Control of Film-Cooling Flows

A technical assessment of the potential improvements resulting from the application of active control of film cooling is discussed in this paper. Two methods of film-cooling jet excitation are theoretically evaluated. Film-cooling control through pulsation of the coolant stream mass flow rate is further examined on the basis of existing experimental and preliminary computational results. A potentially optimal range of coolant pulsation parameters are identified through theoretical and mechanistic arguments based on understanding of basic physical phenomena occurring in pulsed film-cooling flow, i.e. that of a pulsed jet in cross-flow. Guidelines for the choice of potentially optimum frequency and duty cycle windows of the controlling flow pulsations are identified, as well as the related mean and peak-to-peak blowing ratios. Evidence from existing experimental data and computations are invoked to validate these guidelines. Because of the limited experimental/computational data on this subject further work is necessary in order to fully verify the aforementioned flow-pulsing parameter ranges.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
EGFR delE709_T710insD: a rare but potentially EGFR inhibitor responsive mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Among the various somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) found in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common include inframe deletions of exon 19 (~45%) and the exon 21 L858R (~40%). Clinical trials have ascertained that the oral EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, lead to superior response rates (RRs) and progression-free survivals (PFSs) than standard chemotherapies in these NSCLCs (1;2). The reported RRs to gefitinib/erlotinib exceed 70%, with median PFSs of ~9-12months and overall survival times beyond 20-24months (1). Other less prevalent EGFR mutations, such as the exon 18 G719X (~3%) and the exon 21 L861Q (~2%) display RRs that exceed 50% and prolonged PFS in gefitinib/erlotinib-treated patients (3). EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations (~5%) are associated with preclinical and clinical resistance to gefitinib/erlotinib (4). Other less common EGFR mutations have not been completely characterized. This is the case of the exon 18 deletion/insertion mutation delE709_T710insD. Herein, we report the response to erlotinib of an EGFR delE709_T710insD mutated NSCLC, and provide a review of the literature on the pattern of response to EGFR TKIs of this mutation type.
Across-Shelf Transport on a Continental Shelf: Do Across-Shelf Winds Matter?

Abstract Wind-forced across-shelf flow on a continental shelf is often described as a two-dimensional balance between flow within a surface boundary layer generated by alongshelf winds and a compensating subsurface flow. Typically, the effects of across-shelf winds are ignored because transport in the surface Ekman layer parallel to winds is assumed zero. Recent studies, however, have shown that the traditional view of across-shelf transport breaks down in shallow waters where friction is important. In this study, a series of two-dimensional simulations is used to show that across-shelf winds can result in across-shelf velocities in the upper few meters of the water column that are similar in magnitude to those generated by alongshelf winds. This circulation has important consequences for the transport of surface-dwelling material, such as blue crab larvae off of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. The effects of both alongshelf and across-shelf winds on simulated surface dwelling tracer patches are examined. T...
Evaluation of time-dose and fractionation for 252Cf neutrons in preoperative bulky/barrel-cervix carcinoma radiotherapy.

Abstract Time-dose fractionation factors (TDF) were calculated for 252 Cf (Cf) neutron therapy versus 137 Cs for intracavitary use in the preoperative treatment of bulky/barrel-shaped Stage IB cervix cancers. The endpoint assessed was gross and microscopic tumor eradication from the hysterectomy specimen. We reviewed the data obtained in clinical trials between 1976–1987 at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. Properative photon therapy was approximately 45 Gy of whole pelvis irradiation in 5 weeks for both 137 Cs and Cf treated patients. 137 Cs implant was done after pelvic irradiation xl to a mean dose of 2104 ± 36 cGy at point A at a dose rate of 50.5 cGy/h. There were 37.5% positive specimens. Using Cf intracavitary implants, dose varied from 109 to 459 neutron cGy in 1–2 sessions. Specimens were more frequently cleared of tumor (up to 100% at appropriate dose) and showed a dose-response relationship, both by nominal dose and by TDF adjusted analysis of dose, dose-rate, number of sessions, and overall time. Limited understanding of relative biological effectiveness, schedule, effect of implants, and dose rate all made it difficult to use TDF to study neutron effects. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was estimated and showed that for Cf, RBE was a complex function of treatment variables. In the pilot clinical studies, a value of 6.0 had been assumed. The present findings of RBE for tumor destruction are larger than those assumed. Cf was effective for cervix tumor therapy and produced control without significant side effects due to the brachytherapy method used. The TDF model was of limited value in the present analysis and more information is still needed for RBE, dose-rate, and fractionation effects for Cf neutrons to develop a more sophisticated and relevant model.
Genomic organization and context of a trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein gene family.

Abstract We have defined the genomic organization and genomic context of a Trypanosoma brucei brucei gene family encoding variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs). This gene family is neither tandemly repeated nor closely linked in the genome, and is not located on small or intermediate size chromosomes. Two dispersed repeated sequence elements, RIME-ingi and the upstream repeat sequence, are linked to members of this gene family; however, the upstream repeat sequences are closely linked only to the basic copy. In other isolates of T. b. brucei this gene family appears conserved with some variation; a restriction fragment length polymorphism found among these isolates suggests the hypothesis that VSG genes may occasionally be diploid. A model accounting for both the generation of dispersed families of VSG genes, and for the interstrain variability of VSG genes, is proposed.
Biodegradability of dispersed crude oil at two different temperatures.

Laboratory experiments were initiated to study the biodegradability of oil after dispersants were applied. Two experiments were conducted, one at 20 °C and the other at 5 °C. In both experiments, only the dispersed oil fraction was investigated. Each experiment required treatment flasks containing 3.5% artificial seawater and crude oil previously dispersed by either Corexit 9500 or JD2000 at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1:25. Two different concentrations of dispersed oil were prepared, the dispersed oil then transferred to shake flasks, which were inoculated with a bacterial culture and shaken on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for several weeks. Periodically, triplicate flasks were removed and sacrificed to determine the residual oil concentration remaining at that time. Oil compositional analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to quantify the biodegradability. Dispersed oil biodegraded rapidly at 20 °C and less rapidly at 5 °C, in line with the hypothesis that the ultimate fate of dispersed oil in the sea is rapid loss by biodegradation.
An empirical method for dynamic camouflage assessment

As camouflage systems become increasingly sophisticated in their potential to conceal military personnel and precious cargo, evaluation methods need to evolve as well. This paper presents an overview of one such attempt to explore alternative methods for empirical evaluation of dynamic camouflage systems which aspire to keep pace with a soldier's movement through rapidly changing environments that are typical of urban terrain. Motivating factors are covered first, followed by a description of the Blitz Camouflage Assessment (BCA) process and results from an initial proof of concept experiment conducted in November 2006. The conclusion drawn from these results, related literature and the author's personal experience suggest that operational evaluation of personal camouflage needs to be expanded beyond its foundation in signal detection theory and embrace the challenges posed by high levels of cognitive processing.
Increased bone marrow angiogenesis in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Recent studies have shown that angiogenesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancies, apart from its well-characterized role in the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. In this study, we quantified the degree of angiogenesis in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) by measuring the microvessel density and hotspot density in bone marrow trephine biopsy sections with B-CLL involvement (n = 12) and compared it to normal bone marrow sections (n = 11). The B-CLL samples had a mean microvessel count/high power field (hpf) of 7.64 while the control samples had a mean microvessel count/hpf of 2.11 (P = 0.0001). The mean hotspot density in the B-CLL sections (14.83/hotspot) was also significantly higher (P = 0.0008) than the mean hotspot density in control bone marrow sections (7.09/hotspot). Both the microvessel density and hotspot density correlated positively with the clinical stage of the B-CLL patients. In a separate cohort of B-CLL patients, the median urine level of the angiogenic peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor (2216.5 pg/g, n = 14), was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) than the bFGF level in normal controls (1084 pg/g, n = 58). These results indicate that angiogenesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of B-CLL.
Experimental Studies of Multi-Wire Arrays on the Cobra Generator

Summary form only given. The rebuilt pulsed power generator, COBRA, capable of providing variable current pulses (e.g., 0.6-1 MA peak current; 100-150 ns rise times), is currently being used to study wire array Z-pinch implosions at Cornell University. Wire arrays constructed from four, eight, and twelve wires of aluminum, nickel, tungsten, Invar (Fe, Ni alloy), as well as other materials, have been tested. Various array diameters have also been tested, although typically 1.6 cm has been used, and the standard array height is 20 mm. The influence of the current waveform on the array implosion has been studied using X-ray imaging diagnostics with spatial and/or temporal resolution. Photodiodes such as XRD, PCD, and AXUV-HS were used with various filters to investigate a wide energy range that spanned from EUV up to 10-keV X-rays during various stages of the array implosion process. Characteristic to this research was the use of X-ray backlighting, which was employed to focus in on the explosion processes of the individual wires during an array implosion. The source of the X-ray backlighting was two, four-wire X pinches made from either aluminum or molybdenum wires. These X pinches replaced two of the four standard electron return current posts in the anode hardware setup, and were capable of providing the desired point-projection backlighting. This imaging technique made it possible to determine the expansion rates and inner structure of the various wire cores, as well as to observe the development of sausage instabilities. Additionally, a spherically bent mica crystal spectrograph and a flat KAP crystal spectrograph were used to determine plasma parameters for both the X pinches and the main wire array. Pinhole cameras were also used, and provided wide view images of the entire configuration. The images consist of a full view of the main array, with an X pinch off to either side. By using various filters with these pinhole cameras, potential problems associated with the wire contacts at the electrodes were observed. These observations have been examined to understand the influence of contact points on precursor plasma formation
Brain stimulation and retrograde amnesia in rats: a neuroanatomical approach.

Abstract Experiment 1 identified the neuroanatomical projections associated with an area of frontal cortex of rats previously shown to produce retrograde amnesia (RA) when electrically stimulated. Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer stains suggested that the frontal cortical region studied was in part motor cortex. In addition to the motor projection leaving this area, many fibers in the cerebral peduncle collateralized at the level of the substantia nigra and projected to various regions in the limbic midbrain. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of posttrial bilateral electrical stimulation of the midbrain on retention of a one-trial inhibitory avoidance response. Primary afterdischarge activity initiated in the midbrain and propagated to the cortex did not result in amnesia. Amnesia did result, however, when midbrain stimulation led to the production of both a primary afterdischarge and a subsequent spontaneous secondary afterdischarge.
On: The Donald Woods Winnicott Archives – Preliminary announcement from the Winnicott Trust

Dear Editors,In the most recent issue of International Journal of Psychoanalysis (volume 89, issue 2), I was pleased to read that ‘The Donald Woods Winnicott Archives’ are shortly to be established...
Rules, Collective Needs, and Individual Action A Case Study in a Townhouse Cooperative

An observational and survey study is undertaken to observe how members of a townhouse cooperative seek to reduce collective choice dilemmas. So long as individuals perceive that it is costless to t...