cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dirac Electron in Simple Fields

The relativity wave equations for the Dirac electron are transformed in a simple manner into a symmetric canonical form. This canonical form makes readily possible the investigation of the characteristics of the solutions of these relativity equations for simple potential fields. If the potential is a polynomial of any degree in x, a continuous energy spectrum characterizes the solutions. If the potential is a polynomial of any degree in 1/x, the solutions possess a continuous energy spectrum when the energy is numerically greater than the rest-energy of the electron; values of the energy numerically less than the rest-energy are barred. When the potential is a polynomial of any degree in r, all values of the energy are allowed. For potentials which are polynomials in 1/r of degree higher than the first, the energy spectrum is again continuous. The quantization arising for the Coulomb potential is an exceptional case.
Sex differences in spatial task performance of patients with and without unilateral cerebral lesions

Abstract Two visuospatial tasks, the WAIS Block Design and the Street Gestalt Completion Test, were administered to men and women with and without unilateral cerebral lesions. These two tasks represent different categories of visuospatial functions. The Street test is a visual-perceptual gestalt task, requiring the closure of fragmented pictures, whereas Block Design is an analytical, manipulospatial task requiring rotation of spatial coordinates. For the non-brain-damaged group, the men showed a nonsignificant trend toward better Block Design performance relative to the women, whereas there was no sex-related difference in Street performance. For the brain-damaged groups, patients with right hemisphere lesions performed significantly worse than patients with left hemisphere lesions on both the Street test and Block Design, indicating that both tasks were more sensitive to right hemisphere functioning. There was, however, a significant sex × side of lesion interaction on Block Design only, with the men showing a more asymmetrical pattern of scores. These results suggest that sex differences in functional lateralization may underlie sex differences in visuospatial ability, and that sex differences in functional lateralization may be present for only certain visuospatial processes.
Characterization, dynamics, and ecological impacts of harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms on eastern Long Island, NY, USA

Abstract We report on the emergence of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in the Peconic Estuary and Shinnecock Bay, NY, USA, during 2002–2006. Blooms occurred during late summer when temperatures and salinities ranged from 20 to 25 °C and 22 to 30 ppt, respectively. Bloom patches achieved cell densities exceeding 105 ml−1 and chlorophyll a levels exceeding 100 μg l−1, while background bloom densities were typically 103–104 cells ml−1. Light, scanning electron and ultrathin-section transmission electron microscopy suggested that cells isolated from blooms displayed characteristics of C. polykrikoides and provide the first clear documentation of the fine structure for this species. Sequencing of a hypervariable region of the large subunit rDNA confirmed this finding, displaying 100% similarity to other North American C. polykrikoides strains, but a lower similarity to strains from Southeast Asia (88–90%). Bioassay experiments demonstrated that 24 h exposure to bloom waters (>5 × 104 cells ml−1) killed 100% of multiple fish species (1-week-old Cyprinodon variegates, adult Fundulus majalis, adult Menidia menidia) and 80% of adult Fundulus heteroclitus. Microscopic evaluation of the gills of moribund fish revealed epithelial proliferation with focal areas of fusion of gill lamellae, suggesting impairment of gill function (e.g. respiration, nitrogen excretion, ion balance). Lower fish mortality was observed at intermediate C. polykrikoides densities (103–104 cells ml−1), while fish survived for 48 h at cell densities below 1 × 103 cells ml−1. The inability of frozen and thawed-, or filtered (0.2 μm)-bloom water to cause fish mortality suggested that the thick polysaccharide layer associated with cell membranes and/or a toxin principle within this layer may be responsible for fish mortality. Juvenile bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) and American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) experienced elevated mortality compared to control treatments during a 9-day exposure to bloom water (∼5 × 104 cells ml−1). Surviving scallops exposed to bloom water also experienced significantly reduced growth rates. Moribund shellfish displayed hyperplasia, hemorrhaging, squamation, and apoptosis in gill and digestive tissues with gill inflammation specifically associated with areas containing C. polykrikoides cells. In summary, our results indicate C. polykrikoides blooms have become annual events on eastern Long Island and that bloom waters are capable of causing rapid mortality in multiple species of finfish and shellfish.
Numerical Quantification of Perkinsus marinus in the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) by Modern Stereology

Species of Perkinsus are responsible for high mortalities of bivalve molluscs world-wide. Techniques to accurately estimate parasites in tissues are required to improve understanding of perkinsosis. This study quantifies the number and tissue distribution of Perkinsus marinus in Crassostrea virginica by modern stereology and immunohistochemistry. Mean total number of trophozoites were (mean ± SE) 11.80 ± 3.91 million and 11.55 ± 3.88 million for the optical disector and optical fractionator methods, respectively. The mean empirical error between both stereological approaches was 3.8 ± 1.0%. Trophozoites were detected intracellularly in the following tissues: intestine (30.1%), Leydig tissue (21.3%), hemocytes (14.9%), digestive gland (11.4%), gills (6.1%), connective tissues (5.7%), gonads (4.1%), palps (2.2%), muscle (1.9%), mantle connective (0.8%), pericardium (0.7%), mantle epithelium (0.1%), and heart (0.1%). The remaining 0.6% were found extracellularly. Percentages of trophozoite stages were (mean ...
Meyer, Watson, and the dangers of behaviorism

Between 1908 and 1920 Adolf Meyer and John Watson were colleagues and quasicollaborators at Johns Hopkins University. This article investigates the relationship between the two men by focusing on three crucial episodes in the history of their association, culminating in the incident that forced Watson's departure from academic life. Throughout the article emphasis is placed on the significant differences, amounting at last to open conflict, between Meyer's functional approach in psychiatry and Watson's behaviorist doctrines.
Regulation of 1-cys peroxiredoxin expression in lung epithelial cells.

1-cys peroxiredoxin (1-cys Prx), the only member of a Prx subfamily that contains a single conserved cysteine residue, is abundant in lung. This bifunctional protein has both glutathione peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities compatible with a role both in protection against lung oxidant injury and also in lung phospholipid metabolism. Here we studied the developmental expression of 1-cys Prx in rat lungs and hormonal effects on protein expression in human and rat lung cells. There was little change in 1-cys Prx expression during the prenatal period, but a marked increase in expression immediately after birth. Enzymatic (peroxidase and phospholipase) activities increased gradually after birth and reached adult level at 7–14 postnatal days. Expression of the protein was induced in the presence of dexamethasone (Dex) in cultured human and rat lung epithelial cells and also was upregulated in neonatal rat lung in vivo. cAMP treatment had no effect on expression, although there was a modest synergistic ef...
Radar Literature Sources

This correspondence presents information on radar literature sources to augment the International Cumulative Index on Radar Systems[1]. The purpose is to provide information on languages and translations of some technical journals and to give additional journals with sources of abstracts of engineering reports and patents on radar.
Regioselective and stereoselective PPh3 substitution in the imido-capped cluster Ru3(CO)10(μ3-NPh). Electrochemical properties and X-ray diffraction structures of Ru3(CO)9(PPh3)(μ3-NPh) and Ru3(CO)8(PPh3)2(μ3-NPh)·CH2Cl2

Abstract The imido-capped cluster Ru3(CO)10(μ3-NPh) (1) reacts with PPh3 under thermal and Me3NO activation to give the corresponding phosphine-substituted clusters Ru3(CO)9(PPh3)(μ3-NPh) (2) and Ru3(CO)8(PPh3)2(μ3-NPh) (3). Both d2 and 3 have been isolated and fully characterized in solution by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and the solid-state structure of each new cluster compound has been established by X-ray diffraction analysis. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n: a=13.091(2), b=11.405(2), c=22.687(4)A3, β=99.80(1)°, V=3338(1) A3, Z=4, Dcalc=1.808 g cm−3; R=0.0399, Rw=0.0511 for 3515 observed reflections. 3, as the CH2Cl2 solvate, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 : a=9.5678(8), b=14.425(1), c=17.986(1) A α=81.692(5), β=88.078(6), γ=77.716(6)°, V=2400.1(3) A 3 , Z=2, D calc =1.640 g cm −3 ; R=0.0439, R w =0.0479 for 3570 observed reflections. The X-ray data establish the site of the first PPh3 group at an axial position in the cluster 2 while cluster 3 derives from the formal replacement of an equatorial CO group on an adjacent ruthenium center in 2 by the second PPh3 group. These results confirm the highly stereo- and regioselective ligand substitution reactivity attendant in this particular imido-capped cluster. The redox properties of 1–3 have also been explored by cyclic; voltammetry at a platinum electrode in THF solvent.
Pool boiling heat transfer to cryogenic liquids; I. Nucleate regime data and a test of some nucleate boiling correlations

Pool nucleate boiling heat transfer curves for pure nitrogen, oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride have been measured on a horizontal, flat, circular, platinum plated disk for saturation pressures ranging from 1 atm. or less to the immediate vicinity of the critical pressure for each liquid. The results have been compared with various suggested nucleate boiling correlations, and the correlations of McNelly, of Kutateladze, and of Borishanskiy-Minchenko are found to be roughly equally successful and all distinctly superior to those of Rohsenow, of Gilmour, and of Forster and his collaborators for these liquids. For oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride, boiling hysteresis of a type not previously reported was observed at intermediate and high saturation pressures on this surface.
Light Technology Augmentative Communication for Acute Care and Rehab Settings

This article will focus on light technology augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for people who have recently experienced a stroke with resulting aphasia. The role of the speech therapist and occupational therapist in evaluation, implementation, and training will be addressed. Various AAC options based on level of function will be considered and discussed. The purpose of AAC for this population and its use in family training prior to discharge, communication with staff, and therapy will be highlighted.
Peripheral neuropathy in young-old and old-old patients.

Diabetes is said to account for most cases of neuropathy in the elderly. We reviewed records of 223 young-old (65-79 years) and 77 old-old (>or=80 years) patients referred for evaluation of neuropathic symptoms over a 9-year period. We prospectively validated our findings in 102 consecutive elderly (77 young-old) patients receiving intensive evaluation for neuropathy. Diabetes was the most common cause of neuropathy (41%), but was less common in the old-old (25% versus 46%, P < 0.001). Idiopathic neuropathies were more common in the old-old (39% versus 9%, P < 0.001). Alcoholic and nutritional neuropathies were uncommon in the old-old. Electrophysiological studies showed that most patients had an axonal type of neuropathy. Sural and peroneal response amplitudes were poorly correlated with age. We obtained similar results in our prospective study. The distribution of causes of neuropathies in young-old and old-old patients, in a hospital-based sample, is age-related. Future studies need to include the old-old to better understand the nature of neuropathy in the elderly.
A multiinstitutional, concurrent chemoradiation trial of strontium‐89, estramustine, and vinblastine for hormone refractory prostate carcinoma involving bone

BACKGROUND Estramustine phosphate (EMP) and vinblastine have radiosensitizing properties and significant activity against hormone refractory prostate carcinoma. Strontium-89 is a palliative agent that acts as a selective radiation source for bone metastasis. The combination of EMP, vinblastine, and strontium-89 was developed to exploit the potential for radiosynergy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-four patients at the Brown Oncology Group affiliated hospitals were treated with oral EMP 600 mg/m2 daily on Weeks 1–4 and 7–10, vinblastine 4 mg/m2 intravenously once each week on Weeks 1–4 and 7–10, and strontium-89 2.2 MBq/kg on Day 1. Courses were repeated every 12 weeks. Response assessment was based on a change in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, correlated with change in measurable disease and bone scan appearance. RESULTS A greater than or equal to 50% decline in PSA for at least 6 weeks was observed in 21 patients (48%, 95% confidence interval, 33–62%). Median duration of response was 23 weeks (range, 6–70.8 weeks). The median survival was 13 months with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 55% and 25%, respectively. After completion of protocol therapy, a retrospective review showed that only nine patients received subsequent palliative external beam radiation after progression. CONCLUSIONS The addition of strontium-89 to the regimen of EMP and vinblastine can be delivered safely and in repeated doses, provides effective palliation, and may decrease the need for future radiation therapy. A randomized trial is necessary to quantify these effects. Cancer 2002;94:1654–60. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10437
Effect of Cu4Ti Compound Formation on the Characteristics of NbTi Accelerator Magnet Wire

High critical current density, Jc > 2500 A/mm2, and small filament diameter, d ? 3 ?m, are required in multifilamentary NbTi wire used for superconducting accelerator magnets. Wires obtained from various commercial sources had Jc's in the range 1000 to 2800 A/mm2 and d's in the range 1 to 23 pm. The filaments were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the reason for the variation in Jc. It was found that the filaments in high Jc wires had clean smooth surfaces and uniform cross section along-their lengths. Filaments in low Jc wires show formation of Cu4Ti compound particles on their surfaces and large variations in cross section. The lower critical current measured in these wires is believed to be largely due to this effect. The superconducting-normal state transition is relatively wide in these wires.
PCB destruction: A novel dehalogenation reagent

Abstract Alkali metal polyethylene glycolate complexes (APEGs) are being investigated as reagents for the in-situ decontamination of soils containing PCBs and other haloorganics in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. APEG reagents can be formulated with either an alkali metal or hydroxide and the corresponding polyglycol or polyglycol monoalkyl ethers. These alkali PEGs were found to be very reactive toward halogenated organics, particularly at elevated temperatures (ca. 60–100°C) and have been applied for decontamination of PCBs in transformer oils. The primary products were an alkali metal halide, i.e., sodium chloride in the case of PCBs and polyglycol ether aromatics. The reaction mechanism is nucleophilic substitution at the halogen-carbon bond. The reactive APEG species is theorized to be a crown ether metal coordinated structure. Previous formulation of these APEGs required reaction of the alkali metals with a desired polyethylene glycol under anhydrous conditions. These formulations were very susceptible to decomposition by water, and dehalogenation rates were likewise vastly reduced. Recent studies have shown that this is not an insurmountable problem when APEGs are formulated with the alkali metal hydroxide. This work examines the effect of APEG concentration and dilution in water and organic solvent on the dehalogenation of Aroclors 1242 and 1260 with potential application for the in-situ destruction of PCBs in soils.
Exploring the role of hand gestures in learning novel phoneme contrasts and vocabulary in a second language

Co-speech hand gestures are a type of multimodal input that has received relatively little attention in the context of second language learning. The present study explored the role that observing and producing different types of gestures plays in learning novel speech sounds and word meanings in an L2. Naive English-speakers were taught two components of Japanese—novel phonemic vowel length contrasts and vocabulary items comprised of those contrasts—in one of four different gesture conditions: Syllable Observe, Syllable Produce, Mora Observe, and Mora Produce. Half of the gestures conveyed intuitive information about syllable structure, and the other half, unintuitive information about Japanese mora structure. Within each Syllable and Mora condition, half of the participants only observed the gestures that accompanied speech during training, and the other half also produced the gestures that they observed along with the speech. The main finding was that participants across all four conditions had similar outcomes in two different types of auditory identification tasks and a vocabulary test. The results suggest that hand gestures may not be well suited for learning novel phonetic distinctions at the syllable level within a word, and thus, gesture-speech integration may break down at the lowest levels of language processing and learning.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) OF THE MAMMALIAN URINARY TRACT

SEM permits characterization of the topography and individual cell surface of the urinary tract at the ultrastructural level. We have examined the entire urinary tract of the normal monkey, and the fusion of podocyte terminal processes in aminonucleoside-nephrotic rats using SEM. The podocyte has a central perikaryal region that branches into radiating processes, which give rise to smaller terminal processes that interdigitate with terminal processes of adjacent podocytes. In the proximal convoluted tubule the epithelial cells are covered with elongated closely packed microvilli. In contrast, stub-like microvilli are seen on the cells of the large collecting tubules. Microplications and microvilli are interwoven on the surface of the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder. These cells are polyhedral in shape, variable in size, and demarcated by distinct cell boundaries. The stratified columnar epithelium of the membranous portion of the male urethra is covered with short, stubby microvilli. Partially interwoven microplications characterize the surface of the stratified squamous lining of the female urethra and the distal male urethra. The podocyte alteration in nephrotic rats is seen as a loss of the terminal process interdigitations. This study demonstrates that SEM provides data on surface topography and ultrastructural morphology that is difficult to obtain using light and transmission electron microscopy.
Epicutaneous Patch Testing: Current Trends and Controversial Topics

In the 20th century, epicutaneous patch testing has played an integral and central role in the assessment of allergic contact dermatitis and therefore in general dermatologic practice. After recent verification of the safety and accuracy of patch testing by the Food and Drug Administration, domestic distribution of testing materials has resumed for the first time in 5 years. Because of the importance of this procedure, it is timely to review current standards of epicutaneous patch testing with emphasis on proper use and interpretation, clinical applications, trends in allergic contact dermatitis, and selected controversial issues.
Voyager flight engineering preparations for Neptune encounter

Voyager 2 will make the first close observations of the planet Neptune, during the period from June 1 to October 1,1989. A number of flight engineering activities are being conducted in preparation for the encounter. This paper discusses the most significant of these activities: new image motion compensation techniques, attitude control system changes, new exposure capabilities, new data handling capabilities, radiation protection measures, and new navigation methods. In addition, the process of performing late sequence updates is discussed. An overview of the Neptune mission is also presented.
Effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors on the arachidonic acid cascade in the rabbit cornea after injury.

ABSTRACT A cryogenic lesion in the rabbit cornea that promotes the formation of arachidonic acid metabolites was used as a model to test the action of two new lipoxygenase inhibitors, TEI-8005 and TEI-8006. The action of these two inhibitors was compared with that of CBS-113A, a new dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase reactions, and with that of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a monooxygenase inhibitor and antioxidant. Injured corneas were incubated for 1 h at 36°C with l-14C-arachidonic acid. Inhibitors at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 uM were added 10 minutes prior to the addition of arachidonic acid. TEI8006 inhibited 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) at 10 uM, and both 5- and 12-HETE at 100 uM. At 100 uM, CBS-113A also had the same effect, while TEI-8005 at 100 uM induced a more selective inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. NDGA was the most potent inhibitor of lipoxygenase reactions, but was not selective. Prostaglandins were also affected differentially by the inhibitors. TEI-8006 an...
Describing the HIV/AIDS epidemic: Using HIV case data in addition to AIDS case reporting

Purpose We examined the demographic and risk characteristics of persons with HIV using traditional AIDS case reporting and the more recent system that includes HIV diagnoses without AIDS. Methods Using data from 25 states with HIV reporting of HIV/AIDS cases diagnosed from 1994 through 2001, we calculated percentage distributions, annual diagnosis rates, and estimated annual percent change (EAPC) for persons with HIV (all HIV diagnoses with or without AIDS) and persons with AIDS. Results The age at diagnosis of persons with all stages of HIV tended to be younger than that of the subset of persons with AIDS. Annual diagnosis rates decreased more among AIDS cases (men: EAPC, − 9.76; 95% CI, − 12.00, − 7.45; women: EAPC, − 3.40; 95% CI − 5.72, − 1.02) than for persons with HIV (men: EAPC, − 6.14; 95% CI, − 7.66, − 4.60; women: EAPC, − 2.99; 95% CI, − 4.15, − 1.82), except among women and black non-Hispanics, for whom the difference in the decreases in rates for both disease groups were small. Injection drug use was a more common mode of exposure for women with AIDS than for women with HIV. Conclusions The epidemiology of HIV differs for certain key population groups from that of AIDS.
Interferon induction and prostaglandin synthetase inhibition in the in vitro and in vivo manipulation of immune response expression in an animal model of bladder cancer

Abstract Since prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and interferon (IF) production during lymphocyte/macrophage-tumor cell interactions have been suggested to influence immune response expression during tumor development, we thought it of interest to manipulate the production of these substances in vitro and in vivo to see if this altered effector cell cytotoxicity in models of implantable and carcinogen-induced bladder tumors. Baseline levels of lymphocyte cytotoxicity were in general depressed in tumor-bearing animals compared to age-matched controls in the carcinogen-induced model. Addition of peritoneal macrophages to these preparations neither increased nor decreased these levels. Moreover, addition of indomethacin to these assays, or inoculation of indomethacin in vivo did not consistently alter levels of cytotoxicity from base-line. In contrast, interferon added in vitro increased splenic lymphocyte cytotoxicity in both control and tumor-bearing animals, and intraperitoneal inoculation of poly I:C, an inducer of interferon, consistently enhanced splenic lymphocyte cytotoxicity from both animal groups. The implantable tumor model was somewhat different in that indomethacin in vitro was found in selected conditions to enhance cytotoxicity by splenic lymphocytes when peritoneal macrophages were added to lymphocyte suspensions. A similar effect on splenic lymphocyte or peritoneal macrophage activity alone, however, was not observed. In vivo inoculation of indomethacin also did not appear to alter lymphocyte cytotoxicity. In this model, in vitro interferon again enhanced lymphocyte cytotoxicity while inoculation of poly I:C in vivo consistently enhanced lymphocyte activity. Surprisingly, inoculation of both indomethacin and poly I:C in vivo led to less enhancement of cytotoxicity. Taken together, it appeared that the immune response in both a carcinogen-induced and a transplantable tumor model could be enhanced by interferon induction, that attempts to regulate prostaglandin E 2 production in vivo or in vitro did not generally enhance cytotoxicity unless macrophages were present during cytotoxicity testing, and that manipulation of both substances led to less enhancement than was seen with interferon modulation alone.
Nonenzymic formation of toxic levels of methylglyoxal from glycerol and dihydroxyacetone in Ringer's phosphate suspensions of avian spermatozoa.

Abstract Several recent papers have reported evidence of methylglyoxal as an authentic intermediate of the metabolism of glycerol via a glycolytic bypass mechanism operable in a variety of bacteria. Certain mutant strains of E. coli produced bacteriocidal levels of this α-ketoaldehyde. Similar observations are now reported of lethal accumulations of methylglyoxal in Ringer's phosphate suspensions of avian spermatozoa in the presence of glycerol and/or dihydroxyacetone. Glycerol is metabolically converted to dihydroxyacetone and this triose is nonenzymically converted to methylglyoxal, the reaction being catalyzed principally by inorganic phosphate. Whether or not lethal levels of methylglyoxal accumulate in such a system depends upon a delicate dynamic balance of interacting factors involved in the formation and further conversion of this α-ketoaldehyde. The existence of two established mechanisms for conversions of glycerol to methylglyoxal in biological systems must be considered when methylglyoxal appears as a product.
Bcl-2 expression by myeloid precursors in myelodysplastic syndromes: relation to disease progression

Abstract Rationale and methods: the bcl-2 oncogene blocks apoptosis in various cell types and is expressed by normal myeloid precursors, declining with maturation. To investigate whether bcl-2 plays a role in the increase of myeloblasts in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and their progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we studied bcl-2 expression in initial (pre-therapy) bone marrow biopsies from MDS at early (refractory anemia, RA, with or without ring sideroblasts) and advanced stages (RA with excess blasts, and in transformation). Sequential biopsies were also studied to evaluate the effect of time or disease progression, including evolution to AML, or therapy with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Early myeloid precursors (EMPs), predominantly myeloblasts, were identified in paraffin sections after immunostaining; bcl-2-positive EMPs were enumerated as a percentage of all EMPs (Bcl-2%), and by their absolute frequency per ×900 microscopic field (Bcl-2 index). Findings: in initial biopsies, the Bcl-2% and Bcl-2 index in early MDS (9.9±2.6 and 1.4±0.6, respectively; mean±S.E.) were significantly lower than in advanced MDS (26.4±3.6, 4.6±1.4), but similar to controls (8.1±0.3 and 0.8±01). The Bcl-2% and Bcl-2 index in three patients with AML evolved from MDS (57.4±17.9 and 85.1±62.4) were similar to values for seven patients with de novo AML (63.0±10.0, 98.4±29.8) and significantly higher than values for other groups. Bcl-2% showed relative increments with time or disease progression (range, 21–273%; 11 of 18 sequential biopsies from six of ten MDS patients), which was not clearly altered by G-CSF therapy (four of six patients with, two of four patients without treatment). Conclusions: bcl-2 expression by EMPs (in both proportion and absolute number) correlated with initial MDS stage, progressed over time independent of G-CSF therapy, and was associated with evolution to AML. These data provide support for the hypothesis that MDS progression is related to accumulation of immature myeloid cells with increased bcl-2 expression and decreased apoptosis.
The Piratical Ethos in Streams of Language

This article conducts a discourse analysis related to intellectual property gathered from digital piracy communities. By conducting a quantitative analysis of qualitative data, it renders an account of the piratical subject by exploring what Andersson Schwarz calls “specimens of reasoning” concerning intellectual property and piracy. Varying attitudes toward intellectual property are produced from the data. The outputs of this analysis challenge mainstream articulations of piratical motivations, drawing attention to the complex and often contradictory attitudes that pirates evince with respect to intellectual property. Attention is paid to attitudes that convey support of and resistance to intellectual property on technological, social, and economic grounds.
Dynamic Consequences of Stabilization Policies Based on a Return to a Gold Standard

Abstract Prior to the 1930's rapid inflations often occurred in conjunction with wartime finance, and were commonly halted by imposing or re-imposing a gold standard. In a general equilibrium framework I study the consequences of different methods of gold resumption for the dynamic path of the economy, including the behavior of the price level and the welfare of economic agents. In particular, I examine the implications of varying (a) the length of time between the end of the war and the return to gold; (b) the par at which gold convertibility is re-established; and (c) whether or not the government accumulates gold reserves over an extended period of time before the stabilization. I show that a gradual post-war deflation, which permits resumption of gold convertibility as scheduled, can occur even if the money supply is not contracted and the government does not actively accumulate gold reserves. Furthermore, different policy choices regarding the resumption plan affect not only the speed of postwar deflation, but also the speed of the wartime inflation. In terms of welfare, I find that wartime generations unanimously prefer rapid resumption at high parity, while among postwar generations borrowers and lenders often have opposing interests, but on average they tend to benefit from delaying resumption and devaluing the currency. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E40, E50, E63, E65.
Floxed allele for conditional inactivation of the voltage‐gated sodium channel Scn8a (Nav1.6)

The sodium channel gene Scn8a encodes the channel NaV1.6, which is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. NaV1.6 is the major channel at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons. Mutant alleles of mouse Scn8a result in neurological disorders including ataxia, tremor, paralysis, and dystonia. We generated a floxed allele of Scn8a by inserting loxP sites around the first coding exon. The initial targeted allele containing the neo-cassette was a severe hypomorph. In vivo deletion of the neo-cassette by Flp recombinase produced a floxed allele that generates normal expression of NaV1.6 protein. Ubiquitous deletion of the floxed exon by Cre recombinase in ZP3-Cre transgenic mice produced the Scn8a(del) allele. The null phenotype of Scn8a(del) homozygotes confirms the in vivo inactivation of Scn8a. Conditional inactivation of the floxed allele will make it possible to circumvent the lethality that results from complete loss of Scn8a in order to investigate the physiologic role of NaV1.6 in subpopulations of neurons.
Pd catalysts for total oxidation of methane: Support effects

We prepared a series of Pd catalysts for total oxidation of methane on different supports: Al2O3, ZrO2–CeO2 and CeO2. We characterized the catalysts’ structures by XRD and their surface chemistries by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and oxidation (TPO); and measured their activities for methane oxidation in temperature programmed reaction experiments (TPRx). By fitting a kinetic model to the TPRx results, we extracted apparent activation barriers (Eapp) and pre-exponents (Aapp) for methane oxidation over each of the catalysts. Activity correlates strongly with Aapp, which we interpret as a relative measure of the density of PdO–Pd* (* is an O-vacancy) site pairs. TPR results support this view: PdO in low activity (low Aapp) catalysts, such as Pd/CeO2, is relatively resistant to reduction, meaning that formation of the Pd* partner of the site pair is difficult—and the number of site pairs that can form is low.
Image quality monitoring for enhanced precision and tool matching of CD measuring tools

Monitoring the critical dimension (CD) of integrated circuit features is important for the process control of wafer fabrication. To serve this purpose, a CD tool has to measure the CD precisely and accurately. Moreover, since in many cases there are a number of CD tools that perform the measurements, the CD result should be tool independent: the control limits are learned on one tool, and should be applicable to all. The shrink of the technology puts very tight limits on the total precision, which includes both the single tool precision and the tool-matching tolerance. In order to get the required performance, the image quality of the tool should be the best possible, yet the same on all tools. To maintain good image quality, it should be routinely tested. In this paper we present an automatic image quality utility (IQU) that allows the user to perform such tests and take corrective action without having prior image processing knowledge. Our IQU integrates three basic measures: Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) and Resolution. The SNR and CNR are calculated on images, grabbed from a calibration wafer in pre-defined areas. The resolution is calculated from an image of a specific resolution target, at high magnification. To minimize the effect of noise, our resolution measurement is calculated in the spatial domain, using information from the edge areas only. The utility calculates the edge location and direction, extracts the waveforms in the x and y directions, and computes the spatial resolution. We discuss the capabilities of this utility, and its use in improving tool performance. We demonstrate that the IQU detects even very small image quality degradations. Using the IQU results, a corrective activity of resolution, astigmatism, probe-current change, loss of detection efficiency or other can be made. The IQU was developed and tested and is currently embedded on the VeritySEM SW.
Faradic therapy of chronic vomiting in infancy: A case study

A 712-month infant hospitalized for 4 weeks was unsuccessfully treated for vomiting by thickened feeds, upright posturing, parental counseling and frequent handling and attention by the nursing staff. At this point contingent faradic therapy was instituted and resulted in an immediate suppression of vomiting and rumination with a weight gain of 2 lb in 7 days. A decrease in withdrawal and stereotyped mannerisms, and an increase in social smiling, vocalizations and attentiveness were observed. The infant was followed by home and clinic visits for 8 months after discharge. These follow-up evaluations revealed normal social and motor development.
Influence of potassium, sodium, perfusion pressure, and isoprenaline on renin release induced by acute calcium deprivation

1. These studies were conducted in isolated perfused rat kidneys to determine the influence of perfusion pressure, isoprenaline, K, and Na on renin release stimulated by acute Ca deprivation. 2. Removing Ca from the perfusion medium for 10 min stimulated renin release and reintroducing Ca returned it toward control values. 3. Lowering concentration of Ca in the perfusion medium from 5 to 0 mM increased the effectiveness of low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) and isoprenaline (2·43 μM) in stimulating renin release. 4. At higher perfusion pressure (150 mmHg), renin release was inhibited in perfusion medium containing 2·5 mM-Ca but not in medium containing no Ca. In fact, high perfusion pressure stimulated renin release when the perfusion medium was without Ca. 5. Raising concentration of K in the perfusion medium partially inhibited the renin release induced by Ca deprivation. Adding 5 mM-EGTA to Ca-deprived medium stimulated a greater rate of renin release than that of Ca-deprived medium alone. This greater renin release was also partially inhibited by raising K concentration in the perfusion medium. 6. Lowering concentration of Na in the perfusion medium from 145 to 25 mM partially inhibited the renin release induced by Ca deprivation in the presence of low perfusion pressure or isoprenaline. 7. These findings support the hypothesis that a decreased concentration of Ca in the cytoplasm of the juxtaglomerular cell stimulates renin release and increased Ca inhibits renin release. The sequence of events which leads to changes in cytoplasmic Ca might depend on the concentration of Ca in the perfusion medium, the renal perfusion pressure, the membrane potential of the juxtaglomerular cells, and Ca—Na exchange mechanisms.
Set transversality, approximating multicones, Warga derivate containers and Mordukhovich cones

Smooth and nonsmooth versions of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle can be proved using necessary conditions for set separation in terms of approximating multicones arising from generalized differentiation theories. We propose a notion of approximating multicone derived from J. Warga’s theory of derivate containers and the notion of Mordukhovich normal cone, and state and prove the corresponding set separation theorem.
Control algorithms for ankle robots: A reflection on the state-of-the-art and presentation of two novel algorithms

With computer speeds greatly increasing, hardware is no longer a hurdle in the development of controllers for wearable lower limb robots. The challenge remains in developing smart algorithms that are able to detect which task a person is about to perform and then supply the robot with the correct desired movements. This paper reflects on some existing control algorithms and then presents theory and test results of two novel concepts. The goal of this paper is to show that the two new concepts are capable of producing the correct motor profile.
Antigenic Structure, Function, and Evolution of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1

Twenty-two monoclonal antibodies directed to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) were used in competition assays to create an antigenic map of neutralization sites. Eighty-seven clinical strains isolated over 35 years from multiple geographic regions were reacted in ELISA, hemagglutinin-inhibition, and microneutralization assays with these monoclonal antibodies. Together these assays revealed 21 epitopes on five nonoverlapping antigenic sites (I, III-VI) with a sixth (II) bridging site connecting sites I, III, and IV. Only 7 (33%) of these epitopes were conserved among all isolates. Previously described HPIV-1 genotypes were associated with the presence or absence of specific antigenic sites and evidence of probable immune selection within genotypes. Two sites were present on all isolates tested (III, V), and one (VI, genotype A) has not been found for 15 years. Forty hemagglutinin-neuraminidase nucleotide sequences were analyzed in terms of homology, structure, and evolution. These data may be useful in future epidemiologic, therapeutic, or vaccine-related work.
Control of CNS neuronal excitability by estrogens via membrane-initiated signaling.

It is well known that many of the actions of 17β-estradiol (E2) in the central nervous system (CNS) are mediated via intracellular receptor/transcription factors that interact with steroid response elements on target genes. However, there is compelling evidence for membrane-associated steroid receptors for E2 in hypothalamic and other brain neurons. Indeed, we are just beginning to understand how E2 signals via membrane receptors, and how these signals impact not only membrane excitability but also gene transcription in neurons. We know that E2 can rapidly alter neuronal activity within seconds, indicating that some cellular effects can occur via membrane-delimited events. In addition, E2 can affect second messenger systems including calcium mobilization and a plethora of kinases to alter cell signaling. This review will concentrate on rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling by E2 in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, the nature of receptors involved and how they contribute to CNS functions.
Duration of fever and markers of serious bacterial infection in young febrile children.

Background : Despite the drastic change in the evaluation of the febrile young child due to the decreased inci- dence of serious bacterial infections (SBI) effected by Haemophilus infl uenza type B and pneumococcal vac- cine, there remains a small role for blood work in the evaluation of these patients. Bacterial markers including white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been studied and are widely used as predictors of SBI in febrile children. It has been suggested that CRP values should be interpreted cautiously when fever has been present 12 h, and compared. Results : One hundred and twenty-eight patients were originally enrolled. Nine patients were excluded. Seven- teen patients (14%) had SBI. One patient ( 12 h. Area under the curve (AUC) for WBC, ANC and CRP was signifi cantly larger in patients with SBI presenting with fever >12 h (0.85, 0.83, 0.92 respectively) compared to patients with SBI who presented with fever for £ 12 h (0.37, 0.42, 0.68 respectively). Conclusions : Bacterial markers studied were more predictive of SBI if the duration of fever was >12 h as shown by the AUC. CRP performed better than WBC and ANC in both scenarios.
Opportunity Cost of Type Score for Alternative Milk-to-Type Holstein Sire Selection Policies

Abstract Net present values of semen were calculated for five alternative milk-to-type score selection policies, short and long financial planning horizons, and 30 and 50% conception rates to first service for retail semen prices and real interest 3%. Data were on active Holstein AI sires whose semen was available for purchase after the January 1984 USDA Sire Summary. Objectives were to estimate opportunity costs in decreased milk income caused by intensified sire selection for type score and to determine actual proportions of total net income from PD for type implied by alternative sire selection policies. Opportunity cost of substitution of type for milk for the 20 most profitable sires accelerates rapidly near the 3:1 milk-to-type selection policy. Nearly I SD of net income from milk was sacrified to invoke the 3:1 policy instead of a milk-only sire selection policy. Substituting this one for a milk-only policy incurred a loss in equivalent milk sold today of 165kg per cow under our assumptions. Nearly 3 SD of net income from milk were sacrificed when the 1:1 milk-to-type selection policy was chosen instead of the milk-only policy. For the 20 elite sires, percentages of net income that were predicted for type exceeded by 36 to 100% the proportions signified by these policies. Practical recommendations are to evaluate carefully proportions of annual net income from milk and type score and to be cautious in intensifying selection for type to the 3:1 policy and beyond.
Self-regulation and emotion in infancy.

Infants' orienting of attention undergoes marked development in the first six months of life, and changes in attentional control appear to be related to infants' susceptibility to distress.
On the limits of infants' quantification of small object arrays

Abstract Recent work suggests that infants rely on mechanisms of object-based attention and short-term memory to represent small numbers of objects. Such work shows that infants discriminate arrays containing 1, 2, or 3 objects, but fail with arrays greater than 3 [Feigenson, L., & Carey, S. (2003). Tracking individuals via object-files: Evidence from infants' manual search. Developmental Science, 6, 568–584; Feigenson, L., Carey, S., & Hauser, M. (2002). The representations underlying infants' choice of more: Object files versus analog magnitudes. Psychological Science, 13(2), 150–156]. However, little is known about how infants represent arrays exceeding the 3-item limit of parallel representation. We explored possible formats by which infants might represent a 4-object array. Experiment 1 used a manual search paradigm to show that infants successfully discriminated between arrays of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 1 vs. 3 objects. However, infants failed to discriminate 1 vs. 4 despite the highly discriminable ratio, providing the strongest evidence to date for object-file representations underlying performance in this task. Experiment 2 replicated this dramatic failure to discriminate 1 from 4 in a second paradigm, a cracker choice task. We then showed that infants in the choice task succeeded at choosing the larger quantity with 0 vs. 4 crackers and with 1 small vs. 4 large crackers. These results suggest that while infants failed to represent 4 as “exactly 4”, “approximately 4”, “3”, or as even as “a plurality”, they did represent information about the array, including the existence of a cracker or cracker-material and the size of the individual objects in the array.
Parallel algorithms for clustering biological graphs on distributed and shared memory architectures

Graph algorithms on parallel architectures present an interesting case study for irregular applications. In this paper, we address one such irregular application - one of clustering real-world graphs constructed out of biological data using parallel computers. We present the design and evaluation of two different parallel implementations of a serial graph clustering heuristic called the Shingling heuristic, which was developed by Gibson et al. In the OpenMP shared memory implementation pClust-sm, we were able to improve both the asymptotic runtime and memory complexities of the serial implementation, and drastically reduce the time to solution from the order of several days to a few minutes on larger inputs ∼100 M edges. With the Hadoop MapReduce implementation pClust-mr, we were able to demonstrate linear scaling up to 64 cores on modest sized inputs ∼11 M edges and enhance the problem size reach by about two orders of magnitude relative to a serial implementation.