cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Origins of Heavy-Tailed Delay in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

This paper provides an asymptotic analysis of the transmission delay experienced by SUs for dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks. It is shown that DSA induces only light-tailed delay if both the busy time of PU channels and the message size of SUs are light tailed. On the contrary, if either the busy time or the message size is heavy tailed, then the SUs' transmission delay is heavy tailed. For this latter case, it is proven that if one of either the busy time or the message size is light tailed and the other is regularly varying with index α, the transmission delay is regularly varying with the same index. As a consequence, the delay has an infinite mean provided α <; 1 and an infinite variance provided α <; 2. Furthermore, if both the busy time and the message size are regularly varying with different indices, then the delay tail distribution is as heavy as the one with the smaller index. Moreover, the impact of spectrum mobility and multiradio diversity on the delay performance of SUs is studied. It is shown that both spectrum mobility and multiradio diversity can greatly mitigate the heavy-tailed delay by increasing the orders of its finite moments.
Speech production mechanisms in aphasia: a delayed auditory feedback study.

Data collected from a delayed auditory feedback (DAF) study conducted by F. Boller, P. B. Vrtunski, Y. Kim, and J. L. Mack (1978, Cortex, 14, 212–226) were reanalyzed to determine if speech quality measures which were significantly affected during DAF could be operationalized and to ascertain which type of errors are responsible for the judgement. A second goal of this study was to determine if Conduction aphasics were relatively spared under conditions of DAF, as has been shown in previous studies. Twenty aphasic patients and ten controls were presented with several speech production tasks under two delay conditions and two simultaneous feedback conditions. Results indicated that only the category of vowel length produced a significant number of errors, suggesting that DAF affects articulatory implementation. Conduction aphasics showed the least effect of all the groups. These results support Wernicke's and Geschwind's model, in which Conduction aphasics have a disconnection between the sensory and motor images of words. In contrast, Broca's aphasics were the most affected group under DAF, suggesting that a major component of their disorder is phonetic in nature.
Magnetic field structure around the Crab pulsar.

LINEAR polarization observations of the Crab nebula at optical wavelengths indicate that the magnetic field is uniform in direction over a large region (about 0.5 pc) around the pulsar. Observations were made with a completely automatic sky compensated polarimeter-cum-photometer with an S20 photomultiplier and a GG13 filter. A ‘Fabri-Tek’ computer in the pulse counting mode was used to store data for each degree of rotation of the Polaroid filter during each observation and a digital magnetic tape recorder was used for permanent data storage. A ‘CDC 6400’ computer was then used for direct reduction of the magnetic tapes. A complete description of the instrument and data system will be given in a later publication. Observations were made on November 4 and 5, 1969, and on February 1 and 2, 1970, with the 84 inch telescope at Kitt Peak. Three standard stars, HI 29, HDE 253683 and HDE 251204 (ref. 1), were used to calibrate the observations and an unpolarized star was used to evaluate the instrumental polarization. All angles reported in this paper are measured from north towards east.
Mating-induced inhibition of receptivity in the female golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): III. Stimuli mediating long-term effects.

In the golden hamster, mating with an intact male results in both a reduction in receptivity shown toward a second male (short-term effect) as well as an absolute abbreviation of the receptive period (long-term effect). The present study examined the components of the mating situation responsible for the long-term effect. In experiment 1 we showed that the paradigm used to determine receptivity (i.e., brief hourly exposures to an intact male) did not affect the duration of receptivity whereas an ad lib mating early during the receptive period resulted in a 40% reduction in the length of behavioral estrus. In experiment 2 females received various types of mating stimuli, e.g., mounts from an apronned male, intromissions from a vasectomized male, a simulated copulatory plug, manually-induced lordosis, or several of these stimuli in combination. Only intromissions from an intact or vasectomized male significantly reduced the duration of behavioral estrus. Although as few as 10 intromissions from a vasectomized male were effective in significantly shortening the receptive period, higher levels of vaginocervical stimulation from a single male (experiment 3) or from additional males (experiment 4) effected significantly greater reductions in the length of behavioral estrus. Our results further demonstrated that only those females that subsequently became pseudopregnant showed significant abbreviations of behavioral estrus. The association of these two phenomena is of obvious adaptive value since it provides a mechanism to terminate a behavior once its function has been achieved.
Sensation seeking as a moderator of internet use on sexual risk taking among men who have sex with men

Recent evidence suggests an association between online sex seeking and risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), although relatively little is known about which Internet-use behaviors are related to such risk or about the processes underlying the relationship. This study tested the effects of Internet sex seeking on risk taking with sex partners met online and sought to determine whether sensation seeking directly affects or moderates those effects. Forty-five MSM completed a 28-day daily web diary of their Internet use and sexual behavior, as well as a measure of sexual sensation seeking. Intention to go online seeking sex predicted more episodes of anal sex; MSM offering men sex while online predicted their having unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Sexual sensation seeking moderated the relation between Internet-use factors and UAI. Thus, MSM who go online to meet sex partners may be important targets for HIV interventions.
Gene expression profile of endothelial cells exposed to estrogenic environmental compounds: implications to pulmonary vascular lesions.

Aims The cardiovascular system is an important target of estrogenic compounds. Considering the recent studies that question previously reported cardio-protective effects of estrogen, there is a growing concern that estrogenic environmental compounds may contribute to the pathology of vascular lesion formation.
Variation in Salt Tolerance Among Some Wheat and Triticale Genotypes

The identification of genotypes having potential salt tolerance is an effective approach to solve the problems of saline soils. Seed germination and seedling establishment are limiting factors in crop production. Seven wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and one Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmak) genotypes were evaluated for salt tolerance at emergence and early seedling growth in solution culture with NaCl salinities up to 300 mM L−1 (electrical conductivity equals 27.6 dS m−1). Seedling emergence was delayed by increasing NaCl in nutrient media. At 200 mM L−1 NaCl, the emergence percentages of wheat genotypes ranged between 68.7 % and 91.3 % after 7 days and 79.3 % and 98.7 % after 15 days. While at 300 mM L−1, the emergence percentages of the wheat genotypes were 0.0 % after 7 days. After 15 days the emergence percent ranged between 24 % and 72 %. The emergence percent of the Triticale line was 88.7 after 7 days and 89.3 after 15 days at 200 mM L−1, while it was 25.3 % and 84 % after 7 and 15 days, at 300 mM L−1, respectively. Root and shoot dry weight were greatly reduced by increasing NaCl, however, the Triticale line showed less reduction in growth compared to the wheat genotypes. K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were decreased with increasing salinity levels while Na+ content was decreased in the shoot tissues of wheat and Triticale genotypes. Zusammenfassung Variation in der Salztoleranz einiger Weizen- und Triticale-Genotypen Die Bestimmung von Genotypen mit Potential fur Salztoleranz ist ein wirkungsvoller Versuch, die Probleme versalzter Boden zu losen. Samenkeimung und Samlingsanwuchs sind limitierende Faktoren in der Pflanzenproduktion. Sieben Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.)-Genotypen und ein Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmak)-Genotyp wurden hinsichtlich der Salztoleranz zum Zeitpunkt des Auflaufens und des fruhen Samlingswachstums in Wasserkulturen mit NaCl-Versalzungen bis 300 raM l−1 mit einer elektrischen Konduktivitat von 27,6 ds m−1 untersucht. Das Samlingsauflaufen war mit zunehmender NaCl-Konzentration im Nahrmedium verzogert. Bei 200 mM 1−1 NaCl belief sich die Auflaufhaufigkeit der Weizen-genotypen auf 68,7 % und 91,3 % nach sieben Tagen sowie 79,3 % und 98,7 % nach 15 Tagen. Demgegenuber betrug die Auflaufhaufigkeit bei 300 mM 1−1 bei den Weizengenotypen 0 % nach sieben Tagen; nach 15 Tagen betrug sie 24 % und 72 %. Die Auflaufhaufigkeit der Triticale-Linie betrug bei 200 mM l−1 88,7 % nach sieben Tagen und 89,3 % nach 15 Tagen, wahrend sie sich bei 300 mM 1−1 auf 25,3 % und 84 % nach sieben bzw. 15 Tagen belief. Wurzel- und Sprostrockengewichte waren mit zunehmendem NaCl stark reduziert; die Triticale-Linie zeigte allerdings im Vergleich zu den Weizengenotypen eine geringere Reduktion im Wachstum.
Coping With Stress: The Effectiveness of Exercise and Other Techniques

(1994). Coping With Stress: The Effectiveness of Exercise and Other Techniques. Quest: Vol. 46, The Academy Papers No. 27. Physical Activity and Stress, pp. 100-119.
New Panamanian species of gesneriaceae

Eight new species are described from Panama, Besleria calycina, B. rara, Cremosperma maculatum, Drymonia folsomii, Moussonia ampla, Oerstedina suffrutescens, Paradrymonia ommata, and P. pedunculata. One of the new species is illustrated.
2 1/2D electron microscopy: Through‐focus dark‐field image shifts

A novel technique for transmission electron microscopy is described and some possible applications illustrated. The technique involves the formation of a stereo‐optic effect using a through‐focus pair of dark‐field images. While such stereo‐optic pairs do not show the spatial relationships between various objects in the specimen microstructure, they do convey information about the crystallographic relationships. It is shown that this technique, called 2 1/2D imaging, is useful in the study of precipitated phases and it facilitates clear distinction between small precipitates and other microstructural features. This is a powerful method of analysis of complex microstructures in crystallographic terms. Intended as the first report of the technique, the paper broadly discusses the possible applications of 2 1/2D imaging, giving as examples some of the elementary uses in studies of precipitation, recrystallization, deformation, and recovery processes in crystalline materials.
Radar target signal modeling and validation

The performance of a radar system is greatly affected by the elec tromagnetic scattering properties of the targets to be tracked. A key target parameter is the radar cross section, defined as an effective area that scatters incident power in the direction of the radar receiver.Two target modeling approaches used at Raytheon and their validation are described. One of the methods computes a com posite signal and equivalent cross section and glint from a num ber of discrete point scatterers. The other method, a statistical model, combines filtered and scaled noise sources from a ran dom number generator to produce the desired results.The outputs presented include plots of sample radar cross sec tion, glint and angle tracking error histories as functions of target aspect and target aspect rate. There are also comparisons of results computed by the two methods, as well as with actual flight data.
Social Interaction and Emotional Adjustment among the Blind

To test the hypothesis that the level of a blind person's adjustment to his handicap is positively related to his involvement with a group of other blind persons, 41 blind veterans attending a VA rehabilitation program for the visually handicapped were rated by the staff psychologist and the director of mobility training as satisfactorily, fairly, or poorly adjusted to their blindness. Each S completed a questionnaire concerning his choice of friends from within the program and was designated as either having or not having membership in a group. Group members did have the highest level of judged adjustment.
Application of morphological transformations to the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretic gels of biological materials

A powerful technology has recently come into existence which will have profound implications for basic biology and medicine [16]. This technology is based upon the ability to “map” proteins on 2-dimensional electrophoretic polyacrylamide gels (2D gels), and for large-scale applications is highly dependent upon the use of computerized image analysis for the interpretation of the protein patterns displayed on the gels. For readers who may not be familiar with 2D gels it seems advisable first to describe briefly some of the essential facts about these gels. Basically, a 2D gel is made by distributing the proteins of a biological material in two dimensions, the vertical dimension reflecting the molecular weight of the protein and the horizontal dimension, its isoelectric point. Figure 1 is a photograph of a 2D gel prepared in the 2D gel lab at the University of Michigan and prepared from the solubilized protein contents of a sample of human red blood cells taken from a single individual. A given protein will migrate to characteristic, if somewhat approximate, x and y coordinates on the gel. In order to visualize where the proteins have migrated they are either labelled radioactively (followed by autoradiography) or stained with silver. In either case, the pattern of the migrated proteins can be digitized into computer readable format. The amount of stain or radioactivity is a function of the amount of protein. This produces a 3dimensional grey level surface where the third dimension indicates the amount of protein which migrated to the given planar coordinates. Thus, any one protein (characterized by a distribution around certain relative molecular weight and isoelectric point determined coordinates) will form a 3-dimensional peak or spot whose volume of integrated intensities is a measure of the amount of such protein which migrated to the given region. The digitized image of a 2D gel is a visual representation of a much larger number of proteins than has ever been visualized before. Thus, there are a large number of potential applications to both basic biology and medicine. In particular, a study now under way at the University of Michigan is attempting to estimate the rate with which human genes mutate [8]. Thousands of families, consisting of a father, mother, and a child, will contribute blood samples. Gels will then be made for each family member of each of various cell types within the blood, e.g., white and red blood cells. Each family trio of gels will then be digitized to produce computer-readable images of each gel in the family. A series of morphological algorithms [lo] are applied to the gel images in order to determine the locations of all the protein spots on each of the three gels. The three lists of protein spot
MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MAGNETITE AT LOW TEMPERATURES

The low-temperature transition in magnetite, according to Verwey, is due to the ordering of the ferrous and ferric ions in the octahedral interstices of the spinel lattice. This arrangement would require a symmetry change from cubic to orthorhombic. X-ray diffraction indicates and electric conductivity and magnetization measurements confirm that the transition leads to an orthorhombic structure. An external magnetic field applied while cooling through the transition establishes a preferred orientation for the $c$ axis throughout the whole crystal. Below the transition this $c$ axis can be switched to a new direction by a strong magnetic field, a process involving a co-operative rearrangement of the ferrous ions in new sites and relatively large changes in dimensions. In stoichiometric, synthetic, single crystals the transition occurs at 119.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and is marked by an abrupt decrease in the conductivity by a factor of 90 in a temperature interval of 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. No thermal hysteresis is observed. The conductivity of a crystal cooled in a strong magnetic field is anisotropic below the transition as given by the relation $\ensuremath{\sigma}=A+B(1+{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta})$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between the $c$ axis and the direction of measurement. The ratio $\frac{B}{(A+B)}$ increases rapidly as the crystal is cooled to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, indicating a progressive increase in the long-range order. The $c$ axis is the direction of easy magnetization below the transition, and the anisotropy energy is very much larger below than above; the anisotropy constants have been determined at 85\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Collective Benefits, Exchange Interests, and Norm Enforcement

Under what conditions are norms likely to be enforced? What processes lead to the punishment of deviant behavior? While social relations are thought to be a key part of the answer, their role is not well understood. In this article I develop one approach to explaining how exchange interests contribute to norm production. I argue that when the benefits resulting from enforcement enhance the ability of individuals to engage in profitable exchange, metanorms and norms are more likely to be enforced. Predictions are tested using experimental methods and are confirmed.
POLITICS, LABOR RELATIONS, AND PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

The establishment of collective bargaining in the government service necessarily heightens the political context of public personnel administration. The personnel process becomes a more open system for decision-making and consequently subject to a greater variety of influences. Especially in the implementation of policy, the personnel specialist acting as part of the management team shares responsibility with union representatives. Generally, human resource management is characterized by more give and take bilateral relations but the areas of greatest union impact are pay and discipline policies and practices. The viability of public sector labor relations will be severely tested in the eighties as governments face the dual demand for smaller work forces and increased productivity. The outcome will have a direct bearing on the work of public personnel administrators.
Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae).

Abstract Cadmium distribution was studied in different subcellular fractions of gill and hepatopancreas tissues of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. Oysters were exposed for up to 21 days to low sublethal Cd concentrations (25 μg L−1). Gill and hepatopancreas tissues were sampled and divided into organelle fractions and cytosol by differential centrifugation. Organelle content of different fractions was verified by activities of marker enzymes, citrate synthase and acid phosphatase for mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively. In both tissue types, there was a significant accumulation of cadmium in cytosol reaching 230–350 ng mg−1 protein. Among organelles, mitochondria were the main target for Cd bioaccumulation in gills (250–300 ng mg−1 protein), whereas in hepatopancreas tissues, the highest cadmium accumulation occurred in lysosomes (90–94 ng mg−1 protein). Although 75–83% of total cadmium burden was associated with the cytosol reflecting high volume fraction of this compartment, Cd concentrations in organelle fractions reached levels that could cause dysfunction of mitochondria and lysosomes. Organ- and organelle-specific patterns of cadmium bioaccumulation support our previous in vivo studies, which showed adverse effects of cadmium exposures on mitochondrial oxidation in gills and on the lysosomal system of hepatopancreas. This may have important implications for the development of biomarkers of effect for heavy metals and for understanding the mechanisms of toxic effects of metals.
Some autonomic effects of Physalia toxin.

Abstract The toxin from Physalia nematocysts, given in sublethal doses, has been shown to depress arterial pressure, and prolong the effect of epinephrine in anesthetized rats. Its ability to contract the isolated ileum is not altered by treatment with atropine, an antihistamine, nor the ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium, which indicates a direct, non-cholinergic, non-histaminic, stimulating action on smooth muscle.
Enhancing Participation in Employment Through AAC Technologies

Despite significant challenges, there are a growing number of documented cases of employment success for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). We review recent research on employment and AAC, and discuss the results within a framework that describes what is known about the worker, the workplace, technology, and society in achieving employment success for individuals who use AAC. Information on goals for future research and technology development is also provided.
Brillouin scattering from thermal fluctuations in superionic conductors

Abstract We show how the effect of the macroscopic electric field on the coupled cage-liquid system may be included in the theory presented in our recently published article of the same title.
Epochal trace elements and evolution.

The use of some trace elements by plants and animals during the evolutionary process has resulted in epochal changes. Noteworthy is the fact that plants (but not animals) needed boron in order to grow stems and roots as they left the seas and became anchored on land. Iodine is plentiful in sea water but rare on land. Therefore, the iodination of tyrosine provided an iodine transport mechanism which allowed for the metamorphosis and the development of warm bloodedness-a great evolutionary advantage. Zinc from clay was needed for the formation of the first primitive nucleic acids and, later, the presence of zinc in the retina provide the enhanced night vision of the nocturnal predators-a natural advantage. Hence, boron, iodine and zinc can be termed epochal trace elements. Inquiry should be directed towards the possible roles of other trace elements, which may have been epochal in evolution.
Protein Kinase A Exhibits Selective Modulation of Estradiol-Dependent Transcription in Breast Cancer Cells that Is Associated with Decreased Ligand Binding, Altered Estrogen Receptor α Promoter Interaction, and Changes in Receptor Phosphorylation

Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) promotes estrogen-dependent growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells, although the mechanisms by which PKA regulates estrogen receptor (ER) function remain unclear. In this study elevation of cAMP by forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (F/I) suppressed estradiol-dependent MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell growth but not tamoxifen-resistant MCF7-LCC2 cells. Although F/I induced ligand independent activation of ERalpha, F/I also decreased estradiol-dependent reporter gene transcription. Overexpression of PKA or PKA inhibitor (PKI) demonstrated that F/I effects on repression of estradiol action occurred through the PKA pathway. 8CPT-2Me-cAMP, a selective inducer of non-PKA signaling, did not alter ER-dependent transcription. In contrast to F/I effects on reporter genes, F/I exhibited gene-specific effects on endogenous, ER-regulated genes. F/I enhanced estradiol induction of pS2 and cMyc but repressed estradiol induction of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in MCF7 cells. To explore likely mechanisms by which F/I regulated ER, experiments examined estradiol binding, Hsp90 interaction, promoter recruitment, and ERalpha phosphorylation. F/I decreased estradiol binding and increased Hsp90 association with ERalpha. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that F/I recruited ERalpha to both pS2 and cMyc promoters at earlier times than estradiol, and F/I shifted estradiol recruitment of ERalpha to earlier time points. F/I induced a unique ERalpha phosphorylation profile (increase in serine 305 and decrease in serine 118 phosphorylation) that was distinct from estradiol and estradiol + F/I. Taken together, F/I signaling through PKA selectively regulates estradiol-dependent genes in breast cancer, which is associated with reduced ligand binding and changes in promoter interaction and ERalpha phosphorylation.
Inhibition of the Growth of Murine Malignant Melanoma with Synthetic Double-stranded Ribonucleic Acid

WE wish to report a potential method for the treatment of malignant melanomas which, unlike others that have been proposed1,2, is independent of melanin content or tyrosinase activity in the tumours. The double-stranded homopolymer, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I. poly C), given parenterally, has been shown to inhibit the growth of several malignant murine tumours3,4. We sought to determine whether poly I.poly C is also active against amelanotic murine malignant melanoma.
Maximizing User Interactivity through Banner Ad Design

This research developed criteria for an online banner ad design to maximize user interactivity. The ad's design criteria were based on studies on interactivity, animation, persuasiveness of emotional and rational appeals in ads, animation, ad placement, size, and metrics. The ad was deployed and measured for effectiveness by using behavioral response metrics: click-through rates and mouse rollovers. Findings show that the ad designed according to the criteria garnered more user interaction than the other ads deployed during the same time. This has value for advertisers that need to evaluate online banner advertising design and need to make informed decisions on advertising strategy and campaigns.
Growth of CaS thin films by solid source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Using the solid source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique, we were able to grow high quality CaS films on glass substrates with Ca(tmhd) 2 and butanethiol as precursors at a reactor pressure of 76 Torr. The layers were colorless and at lower growth rates clear and specular reflective. At higher growth rates, the polycristalline nature of the layers became more obvious and the surface roughness increased. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), no incorporation of carbon or oxygen could be detected. The temperature dependence of the growth rate showed a kinetically limited growth region up to about 500 o C, followed by a temperature independent region indicating mass transport limitation. In both regions, the growth rate was dependent on the partial pressures of the Ca- and the S-precursor as well
Long-term measurement of muscle denervation and locomotor behavior in individual wild-type and ALS model mice.

The increasing number of mouse models of human degenerative and injury-related diseases that affect motor behavior raises the importance of in vivo methodologies allowing measurement of physiologic...
A method for designing configurations of nested monitoring wells near landfills

A method was devised for designing configurations of monitoring wells, consisting of vertically nested intakes in boreholes. The network-design method involves analyzing a subset of potential contaminant plumes emerging from the downgradient margin of a landfill. Plume widths are evaluated along selected equipotential lines and compared to the lengths of those lines. The method was applied to a 32-ha solid-waste landfill in Tarrant County, Texas, USA. Sixtynine potential source nodes were considered. A 15-borehole network devised by the method registered 93 detections in total, detecting all 69 model-generated plumes by at least one borehole. Based on an enumeration procedure, a minimum of 10 boreholes was needed to detect all of the model-generated plumes. However, the less conservative 10-borehole network had little capability for backup detection. An existing monitoring network of seven downgradient wells detected only 38 model-generated plumes. Results of this study illustrate a practical need for structured approaches to designing detection-based groundwater-monitoring configurations.
Prediction of Film Cooling and Heat Transfer on a Rotating Blade Platform With Stator-Rotor Purge and Discrete Film-Hole Flows in a 1-12 Turbine Stage

Numerical simulations were performed to predict the film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient distributions on a rotating blade platform with stator-rotor purge flow and downstream discrete film-hole flows in a 1-1/2 turbine stage using a Reynolds stress turbulence model together with a non-equilibrium wall function. Simulations were carried out with sliding mesh for the rotor under three rotating speeds (2000, 2550, and 3000 rpm) to investigate the effects of rotation and stator-rotor interaction on the rotor blade platform purge flow cooling and discrete-hole film cooling and heat transfer. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients were calculated using the adiabatic wall temperatures with and without coolant to examine the true coolant protection excluding the effect of turbine work process. The stator-rotor interaction strongly impacts the purge slot film cooling and heat transfer at the platform leading portion, while only slightly affects the downstream discrete-hole film cooling near the platform trailing portion. In addition, the effect of turbine work process on the film cooling effectiveness and the associated heat transfer coefficients have been reported.© 2007 ASME
A MEMS diamond hemispherical resonator

In this paper we report the fabrication of hemispherical polycrystalline diamond resonators fabricated on a novel high-temperature glass substrate. The hemispherical resonator gyroscope is one of the most accurate and rugged of the mechanical gyroscopes, and can be operated in either rate or whole-angle mode due to its high degree of symmetry. A fabrication sequence for creating extremely symmetric 3D MEMS hemispheres is presented. Mode shapes and frequencies obtained with a laser vibrometer are shown, as well as curves of Q versus pressure, and the dependence of frequency on anchor size. Fundamental mode frequency matching to <0.1% in as-fabricated devices has been achieved, which is essential to gyroscope operation in whole-angle mode.
Formation and stability of endmember illite: II. Solid equilibration experiments at 100 to 250°C and Pv,soln

A hydrothermal study was undertaken to determine the stability of endmember illite with respect to muscovite at 100–250°C. Experiments were conducted using Brazilian (BR) muscovite or San Juan (RM30a, SG4a) illite, kaolinite, or microcline and quartz or amorphous silica with an equal weight of 2 N1 KCl/HCl solution from 100–250°C and Pv,soln to determine solution compositions in equilibrium with solids. Approach to equilibrium was verified by starting with low akK+/aH+-low aH4SiO4, high ak+/aH+low aH4SiO4, and high aK+/aH+ -high aH4SiO4 solutions. Post-experiment solutions were separated from solids and analyzed for pH, mK+, and MH4SiO4. Solids were analyzed by XRD in this study; TEM investigations of the solid products of complementary experiments will be reported in a subsequent paper. Experimental data were used to construct isothermal, isobaric log aK+/aH+ vs. log aH4SiO4 diagrams 100, 150, 200, and 250°C. These data define univariant lines which represent equilibrium between micalike solubility-controlling phases and kaolinite, microcline, or diaspore. Slopes of univariant lines were used to infer the compositions of solubility-controlling phases: 0.28 ± 0.04, 0.51 ± 0.04, and 0.88 ± 0.04K/O10(OH)2. A 0.69K/010(OH)2 solubility-controlling phase may also exist but a solubility-controlling phase with a composition close to that of endmember muscovite [1.OK/O,o(OH)2] (Aja et al., 1991; Aja, 1991) was not observed. Solubility-controlling phases with compositions of 0.28, 0.51, and 0.69K/O10 (OH)2 appear to represent discrete, metas,table steps encountered in the formation of the stable phase, endmember illite (0.88K/ O10(OH)2). Mechanisms proposed for the conversion of smectite to illite based on natural occurrences fail to account for discrete, illitic solubility-controlling phases. The discrepancy between natural and experimentally-based mechanisms for the conversion of smectite to illite may, in part, reflect the different methods used to characterize IS in these studies. Bulk methods (e.g., XRD) provide a macroscopic view of the phases present in natural samples, whereas solubility experiments may be used to infer the presence of minute quantities of solubility-controlling phases that exist within bulk samples.
Proteomic Study for the Cellular Responses to Cd2+ in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Through Amino Acid-coded Mass Tagging and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cadmium (Cd2+) is one of well-known toxic heavy metal ions. To gain a global understanding how Cd2+ affects cells at the molecular level, we systematically studied the cellular response of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to Cd2+ using our integrated proteomic strategy of amino acid-coded mass tagging (AACT) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our proteome-wide investigation unequivocally identified 1133 S. pombe proteins. Of which, the AACT-based quantitative analysis revealed 106 up-regulated and 55 down-regulated proteins on the Cd2+ exposure. The most prevalent functional class in the up-regulated proteins, ∼28% of our profile, was the proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, showing a time-dependent biphasic expression pattern characteristic with rapid initial induction and later repression. Most significantly, 27 proteins functionally classified as cell rescue and defense were up-regulated for oxygen and radical detoxification, heat shock response, and other stress response. Furthermore, the large precursor sequence coverage of our AACT approach allowed us to unequivocally identify and quantitate different isozymes for glutathione S-transferase, which have close similarity in their amino acid sequence. Our quantitative dataset also showed that 80% of the up-regulated proteins found in the S. pombe response were different from those in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae response. The function of some of the key identifications was validated through biochemical assays. It is very interesting that the induction of cysteine synthase expression was not observed in our study, although it has been proven as a critical enzyme to supply free cysteines for the enhancing synthesis of Cd2+-sequestering molecules such as glutathione and phytochelatins in plants and some yeasts. Our quantitative proteomic result instead suggested that, as an alternative mechanism for the detoxification of Cd2+, S. pombe produced significantly higher level of inorganic sulfide to immobilize cellular Cd2+ as a form of CdS nanocrystallites capped with glutathione and/or phytochelatins.
Memory access dependencies in shared-memory multiprocessors

The presence of high-performance mechanisms in shared-memory multiprocessors such as private caches, the extensive pipelining of memory access, and combining networks may render a logical concurrency model complex to implement or inefficient. The problem of implementing a given logical concurrency model in such a multiprocessor is addressed. Two concurrency models are considered, and simple rules are introduced to verify that a multiprocessor architecture adheres to the models. The rules are applied to several examples of multiprocessor architectures. >
Microwave Photonics applied to fNIR based biomedical imaging

Microwave Photonics techniques are applied to functional near IR (fNIR) imaging systems, where absorption and scattering parameters of tissue is extracted using multi-wavelength spectroscopy. Clinical applications of fNIR systems to anesthesia and wound healing are also discussed.
Hook-up property for information flow secure nets

The paper addresses some of the issues related to the problem of composing secure systems to form a composite secure system. The author uses the Petri net based on information flow security model and develops several hook-up schemes for connecting secure information flow nets. He shows that it is possible to produce security composite nets from two component secure information flow nets. >
Solid‐state Equilibrium Relations in the System MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐ZrO2

Using techniques developed by Goldschmidt and lately utilized by Foster, solid-state equilibria were studied in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 ZrO2. The ternary systems MgO-Al2OrSiO2 and MgO-SiO2-ZrO2 are the only faces of this four-phase system that have beep studied extensively. Compositions in each of the four faces were heated to temperatures below their fusion point and, after they had been cooled, they were examined by X rays to identify the phases present. After solid-state equilibria had been established or verified in the four faces of the system, quaternary compositions were studied to determine the Alkemade tetrahedra.
What Can We Do to Control Childhood Obesity

This issue of The Annals focuses on child hood obesity. Obesity now affects 18 per cent of U.S. children and adolescents (Ogden et al. 2006). Among children and adolescents, as for adults, African American and Mexican American populations are disproportionately affected. Although only 25 percent of adult obesity begins in childhood, childhood-onset obesity that persists into adulthood is associ ated with more severe adult obesity than obe sity that begins in adulthood (Freedman et al. 2001). Estimates from the Bogalusa Heart Study indicate that 50 percent of adults with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40 (approximately one hundred pounds over weight) became obese before the age of eight (D. S. Freedman, unpublished data). Further more, the risk factors for adult disease are already present in childhood. For example, 60 percent of fiveto ten-year-old children have at least one additional risk factor for cardiovascu
Fundamentals and applications of microsphere resonator circuits

Microsphere resonator circuits have emerged as a technology allowing integration of cavities in all three spatial dimensions (3D) in chip-scale structures. This presentation is devoted to fabrication, optical properties and applications of mesoscale structures formed by microspheres. The “mesophotonics” properties of such structures stem from two properties of individual dielectric microspheres with dimensions comparable to the wavelength of light: (i) high quality factors of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and (ii) subwavelength dimensions of the focused spots termed “photonic nanojets”. Traditionally, the resonant optical transport properties of such structures have been described by a tight binding approximation for photonic atoms. Recently we showed that the WGM-based transport in 2D and 3D systems with disorder can be understood on the basis of analogy with a percolation theory. Along with these resonant coupling effects very interesting properties of periodical focusing of light were observed in long chains of spheres. These properties were explained due to formation of nanojet-induced modes with small propagation losses. At the device level, these studies stimulate developing designs where coupled cavities are applied to developing narrow spectral filters, delay lines, arrayed-resonator light emitting devices, tight focusing micro-probes, sensors, and compact spectrometers.
A heterogeneous processing (HP) framework for multimedia query processing

Defines a novel system based on a hierarchical computational and data abstraction model to handle multimedia queries involving face recognition, scene matching, and speech recognition. For this purpose, the system integrates the state-of-the-art research in diverse areas of the computational sciences, including parallel processing, computer vision and image processing, artificial intelligence, multimedia databases, and speech and signal processing. This system uses a heterogeneous processing framework consisting state-of-the-art image understanding and signal processing algorithms in addition to content-based retrieval techniques. These algorithms comprise of parallel coarse-grained (MIMD) symbolic and fine-grained (SIMD) numeric algorithms at various levels of this hierarchical model. >
The ability is not general, and neither are the conclusions

Stanovich & West rely for many of their conclusions on correlations of reasoning tasks with SAT scores. The conclusions they draw are suspect because the SAT is not a particularly good measure of so-called g; g is not necessarily causal, SAT scores are no arbiter of what is true, and in any case it is not suprising that reasoning tests correlate with reasoning tests.
Stick‐slip in the presence of a normal vibration

This paper presents a dynamic analysis of a contact system subjected to an applied normal vibration. The tangential motion of the system is found to exhibit stick-slip behaviour dependent on the applied vibration, even in the absence of a difference in static and kinetic friction or a negative gradient in the friction-velocity relation. The analysis leads to the development of a criterion for stick-slip in the form of an equation defined in terms of the system and input parameters. This criterion is also presented graphically and is assessed through a series of experiments. The analysis and measurements show that stick-slip occurs for a significantly wider drive velocity range when the normal vibration applied is near the natural frequency of the drive system. In addition, when stick-slip occurs in the presence of a normal vibration, the frequency of stick-slip is found to lock in to the frequency of the applied vibration.
Further Results on Iterative Approaches to the Determination of the Response of Nonclassically Damped Systems

Iterative schemes for obtaining the response of nonclassically damped dynamic systems have been shown to converge when the damping matrix possesses certain specific characteristics. This paper extends those previous results which pertain to symmetric, positive-definite damping matrices. The paper considers a more general decomposition of the damping matrix, and extends the applicability of these iterative methods to all positive definite, symmetric damping matrices. This decomposition is governed by a parameter α. Conditions on α under which convergence is guaranteed are provided. Estimates of a which yield the fastest asymptotic convergence as well as estimates of the value of this asymptotic rate of convergence are also provided.
What is the KKK a Case Of? Extreme Cases as Analytic Device

Social scientists frequently deploy extreme or rare cases as analytic devices to produce insight into broader social processes. Such a move requires that analysts understand what their object of inquiry is in fact “a case of.” Focusing on the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) as one emblematic instance of an extreme case, this article considers the stakes associated with casing decisions around rare and extreme phenomena. Interrogating how the KKK has been understood as both an object of inquiry (i.e. a case) and a signal of broader social processes (i.e. a variable), the discussion emphasizes how to view the associated literature to more reflexively examine the KKK, as well as gain more global insight into the value and cautions associated with using extreme cases to produce generalizable conclusions.
A role for matrix stiffness in the regulation of cardiac side population cell function

The mechanical properties of the local microenvironment may have important influence on the fate and function of adult tissue progenitor cells, altering the regenerative process. This is particularly critical following a myocardial infarction, in which the normal, compliant myocardial tissue is replaced with fibrotic, stiff scar tissue. In this study, we examined the effects of matrix stiffness on adult cardiac side population (CSP) progenitor cell behavior. Ovine and murine CSP cells were isolated and cultured on polydimethylsiloxane substrates, replicating the elastic moduli of normal and fibrotic myocardium. Proliferation capacity and cell cycling were increased in CSP cells cultured on the stiff substrate with an associated reduction in cardiomyogeneic differentiation and accelerated cell ageing. In addition, culture on stiff substrate stimulated upregulation of extracellular matrix and adhesion proteins gene expression in CSP cells. Collectively, we demonstrate that microenvironment properties, including matrix stiffness, play a critical role in regulating progenitor cell functions of endogenous resident CSP cells. Understanding the effects of the tissue microenvironment on resident cardiac progenitor cells is a critical step toward achieving functional cardiac regeneration.
The multidither principle in adaptive optics

Coherent optical adaptive techniques (COAT) offer promise for overcoming the deleterious effects of phase distortions experienced by optical beams propagating through distorting optics or via a turbulent and absorbing atmosphere. The theory of four classes of such systems, which employ similar multidither principles, is explored. Many modes of operating these systems are briefly reviewed and a detailed analysis of the most widely employed—a glint referencing system with sinusoidal dithers—is developed. A servo signal-to-noise analysis indicates how the optimum choice of dither magnitude depends on the system noise.
Measuring Value in Orthopaedic Surgery

Health-care expenditures currently account for 18% of the United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP)1. Some experts have suggested that an emphasis on value may be an effective strategy to bend the cost curve in health care2,3. However, the value framework is poorly understood4. Most other service industries have shared goals to unite the interest of stakeholders; in the case of health care, however, stakeholders are myriad and their goals are often conflicting5. Under this fragmented system, adopting a patient-oriented definition of value will benefit patients, payers, providers, and suppliers while ensuring the economic sustainability of the health-care system. Thus, in the current review, we have adopted the recommendation proposed by Michael Porter, a Harvard Business School professor and noted health-care policy expert, who defined value as health outcomes achieved per dollar spent6. According to Porter’s definition, value is not a nebulous concept but rather is a measurable economic ratio of outcome to cost (the “value equation”). The numerator …
Collection and Storage of an Insect Predator, Jalysus spinosus, from Tobacco Plants

Two tractor-mounted devices collected about 83,500 stilt bugs, Jalysus spinosus (Say) from ca. 25 ha of tobacco during the fall of 1972 and 1973. Due to rapid growth of microorganisms collected with the bugs, only 1% of the stilt bugs stored at 12.8°C survived 83 days. However, 19% of the stilt bugs stored in outside cages at ambient temperature survived 160 days.
Confidentiality Norms and Government Lawyers

This article addresses the confidentiality obligations of government lawyers. It examines the rather complex question of the identity of a government lawyer's client. On the specific issue of confidentiality, the article discusses how several legal doctrines impact the confidentiality duty: open government laws, statutes encouraging whistleblowing by government employees, and common law doctrines regarding the disclosure of government wrongdoing. These doctrines suggest that, as a substantive matter, government lawyers may disclose information that is subject to mandatory disclosure under freedom of information laws and information regarding government wrongdoing. But as a procedural matter, state supreme courts and governments need to establish procedures for government lawyers to follow in disclosing this information.