cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old foundations for a logic of perception

Perception is a species of judgment. So far as logic goes, there is nothing very special about perception. Of course, there is plenty that is intriguing about perception, and puzzling. But so far as logic goes perception is just a kind of knowing and believing. And the logic which governs our ascrip tions of knowledge and belief to things is pretty much a matter of book keeping. It is mainly a matter of keeping the references and concepts of those of us who are scribes, recording the occurrences of psychical happen ings, distinct from those of the agents to whom we ascribe mental events. It is of course part of the bookkeeping to recognize that scribes are also agents, and, often enough, conversely as well. Current fashion construes the logic of propositional knowledge and belief as a modal logic.1 It is a logic of modalities which are relativized to agents and certain occasions, expressing what the agents on certain occasions then believe or know. If perception is a species of judgment, then the logic of perception is but a species of this more general modal logic of knowledge and belief. We say that a psychical agent indeed sees, or, other times, perhaps merely thinks he sees, that his surroundings are thus and so. For perception, thus, we ascribe knowledge or belief to the agent in a suitably qualified way; e.g., he knows, sees, that this. Or he believes, thinks he hears, that that. We ascribe knowledge or belief in a suitably qualified way, as sensuous knowledge or belief. Perceptions are visual or tactual, auditory or olfactory, instances of propositional knowledge or belief. Accordingly, perceptual knowledge or belief is but a certain kind of knowledge or belief, qualified by reference to the manner in which it is attained.
Components and program analyses

Model checking has been applied quite successfully to hardware verification and shows promise for software verification. The key obstacle is the well-known state explosion problem. This report describes work done by the investigator under NSF support, in particular grants CCR 980-4736 and CCR 941-5496, to ameliorate state explosion.
Vanadium(I) Chloride and Lithium Vanadium(I) Dihydride as Epimetallating Reagents for Unsaturated Organic Substrates: Constitution and Mode of Reaction†‡

Subvalent vanadium(I) salts, of empirical formulas, VCl, vanadium(I) chloride and LiVH2, lithium vanadium(I) dihydride, can be conveniently prepared in THF solution, starting at –78 °C, by treating either VCl3 or VCl4 with an appropriate number of equivalents of nBuLi. As judged by the stability of solutions or solid samples of LiVH2, the preparation of LiVH2 from VCl4 is the preferred method. Individual physical characterization of solid samples of VCl or of LiVH2, admixed with their LiCl by-product, was carried out after removal of all volatiles in vacuo and by the following measurements: 1) gasometric protolysis with glacial acetic acid and measurement of the H2 evolved in the oxidation of VI to VII; 2) infrared spectroscopic search for V–H bands; and 3) examination for unpaired electrons by EPR activity. Such measurements applied to VCl lend strong support for a VI oxidation state but only probable evidence for paramagnetism and for the association of VCl units. Similar measurements applied to LiVH2 give unambiguous gasometric and IR evidence favoring the LiVH2 stoichiometry and the biradical nature of the VH2 anion with a linear array of H–V–H atoms. Chemical characterization of both VCl and LiVH2 toward individual organic substrates, such as olefins, ketones, epoxides and organic halides, yielded convincing evidence that organic radical mechanisms are involved, both for the proven biradical, LiVH2, as well as for the diamagnetic VCl. Finally, the question of why LiVH2 prepared from VCl4 is more stable than the LiVH2 obtained from VCl3 is addressed in terms of the actual coordination sphere of the VH2 anion in THF solution and in the solid state. Preliminary studies comparing the reactivities of LiVH2 and LiCrH2 toward organic substrates indicate that LiVH2 is the distinctly more moderate and usefully selective reductant. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
SYNTHESES AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SOME NOVEL PORPHYRIN-PYROPHEOPHORBIDE DIMERS AND TRIMERS WITH FIXED DISTANCES

Abstract Syntheses and spectroscopic properties of pyropheophorbide-porphyrin dimers and a bis-pyropheophorbide-porphyrin trimer are described. Fluorescence spectroscopic data of the oligomers reveal that the macrocycles in the systems are only weakly coupled . © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Reconstitution of the B. subtilis Replisome with 13 Proteins Including Two Distinct Replicases

Summary We have expressed and purified 13 proteins predicted to be required for B. subtilis DNA replication. When combined with a circular DNA template with a 5′ unpaired flap, these proteins reconstitute replication of both the leading and lagging strands at the physiological rate. Consistent with the in vivo requirement for two DNA polymerase III replicases for B. subtilis chromosomal replication, both PolC and DnaE are required for reconstitution of the replication fork in vitro. Leading strand synthesis requires PolC plus ten proteins; lagging strand synthesis additionally requires primase and DnaE. DnaE does not serve as the lagging strand replicase, like DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotes, but instead functions like eukaryotic DNA polymerase α, adding a stretch of deoxynucleotides to the RNA primer before handoff to PolC. Primase equilibrates with the fork prior to synthesis of each Okazaki fragment, and its concentration controls the frequency of initiation and Okazaki fragment size.
Evading conceptual self-annihilation: Some implications of Albert Bandura's theory of the self-system for the status of psychology

Abstract There are two cognitive revolutions occuring in psychology. The first in the fields of perception, memory, language and thought uses information processing and computer models of cognition. The second in learning theory and behavioral therapy uses folk psychological concepts of cognition. To test the philosophical compatibility of these cognitive revolutions I examine the implications of Albert Bandura's theory of the self-system for the disputed question of the status of folk psychology. I argue that if the theory of the self-system is correct, then strong eliminative materialist claims about the falsity of folk psychology are disconfirmed, functionalist homunculi hypotheses need modification, and certain constraints are imposed on neurophysiological accounts of the self. Thus I conclude that the cognitive revolution in learning theory and behavior therapy is making its own distinctive contribution to the new philosophical psychology emerging from the cognitive revolution in psychology as a whole.
Illustrating a revolution: an unrecognized contribution to the golden era of cerebral localization.

The late 19th century witnessed a remarkable growth of knowledge concerning the functions of the brain. The excitability of the cerebral cortex was first reported by Gustav Fritsch (18381927) and E...
A high-resolution lead /scintillating fiber electromagnetic calorimeter

Abstract Electromagnetic calorimeter modules based on a uniform array of plastic scintillating fibers embedded in a lead alloy have been built and tested. Techniques have been developed to assemble large volumes of this composite material and to machine it into the tapered trapezoidal modules appropriate for modern, hermetically-sealed calorimeters with pointing geometry. Using this technique, a 300-element array of such modules has been built and instrumented. Prototypes and subsets of the larger array have been tested in electron and photon beams ranging in energy from 0.035 to 5.0 GeV. Improvements in fiber characteristics, assembly procedures, and geometrical optimization have led to substantial performance gains over previous similar detectors. The average resolution of these detectors is determined to be σ/E ≈ 6.3%/√E (GeV). The techniques of fabrication and the detector tests are described.
The SPANX gene family of cancer/testis-specific antigens: Rapid evolution and amplification in African great apes and hominids

Human sperm protein associated with the nucleus on the X chromosome (SPANX) genes comprise a gene family with five known members (SPANX-A1, -A2, -B, -C, and -D), encoding cancer/testis-specific antigens that are potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. These highly similar paralogous genes cluster on the X chromosome at Xq27. We isolated and sequenced primate genomic clones homologous to human SPANX. Analysis of these clones and search of the human genome sequence revealed an uncharacterized group of genes, SPANX-N, which are present in all primates as well as in mouse and rat. In humans, four SPANX-N genes comprise a series of tandem duplicates at Xq27; a fifth member of this subfamily is located at Xp11. Similarly to SPANX-A/D, human SPANX-N genes are expressed in normal testis and some melanoma cell lines; testis-specific expression of SPANX is also conserved in mouse. Analysis of the taxonomic distribution of the long and short forms of the intron indicates that SPANX-N is the ancestral form, from which the SPANX-A/D subfamily evolved in the common ancestor of the hominoid lineage. Strikingly, the coding sequences of the SPANX genes evolved much faster than the intron and the 5′ untranslated region. There is a strong correlation between the rates of evolution of synonymous and nonsynonymous codon positions, both of which are accelerated 2-fold or more compared to the noncoding sequences. Thus, evolution of the SPANX family appears to have involved positive selection that affected not only the protein sequence but also the synonymous sites in the coding sequence.
Research article: non-explanatory equilibria: An extremely simple game with (mostly) unattainable fixed points

Equilibrium analysis pervades mathematical social science. This paper calls into question the explanatory significance of equilibrium by offering an extremely simple game, most of whose equilibria are unattainable in principle from any of its initial conditions. Moreover, the number of computation steps required to reach those (few) equilibria that are attainable is shown to grow exponentially with the number of players--making long-run equilibrium a poor predictor of the game's observed state. The paper also poses a number of combinatorially challenging problems raised by the game. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The empty bin : A data structure for spatial search of time-varying data

An extension of the classic bin data structure with linked list storage is proposed and tested. This ‘empty-bin’ data structure is particularly well suited for problems where spatial search is required for items that: (a) do not change significantly in numbers; (b) have similar size; and (c) move a fraction of the bin size in every timestep. This ‘empty-bin’ data structure can be updated and rebalanced efficiently on shared-memory parallel machines. Several examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed data structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Control of Blood Glucose: The Diabetic Patient or the Machine?

In this issue of Science Translational Medicine , El-Khatib et al . describe a “closed-loop” bihormonal artificial pancreas, designed to avert episodes of low blood sugar in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. We discuss the benefits and challenges of therapy directed at tight control of blood glucose and ask whether this and similar technological breakthroughs can address as yet unanswered questions in the biology of diabetes.
Effect of initial Al contamination on ultrathin gate oxides

As the feature size of ultralarge scale integrated circuits shrinks, the thickness of gate oxide decreases and its control becomes important. We have investigated the effect of Al contamination on the oxidation kinetics and the dielectric breakdown for ultrathin oxides. The presence of as little as of Al at silicon wafer surfaces accelerates the growth rate of thin (<30 A) oxides. The increase in the oxidation rate in the presence or Al results from the decrease in activation energy for the surface reaction constant. It is suggested that the enhanced surface reactivity is due to the spontaneous oxidation and autocatalytic effect of Al. We conclude that retardation of the oxidation rate for thick oxides is due to the decrease in diffusion of oxygen through the Al‐residing oxide, since Al mainly exists in the top layer of the oxide. Dielectric breakdown characteristics were performed on metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors as a function of Al concentration in prediffusion clean solution. Dielectric breakdown fields of the ultrathin oxides were large in spite of Al contamination, and we could not observe any significant differences among the Al‐contaminated wafers. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Using PNA and LNA as Handles for Tethering Single DNA Molecules

Single-molecule manipulation (SMM) instruments, such as the optical trap or magnetic tweezer, require a means to immobilize the studied biomolecule on a solid substrate. In the case of DNA, this is accomplished by adding moieties, e.g. biotin, using enzymatic labeling; however, this strategy introduces extra steps in the processing of the sample, and makes direct application of SMM to DNA/protein interactions and chromatin structure difficult. Here, we develop a novel tethering strategy based on the properties of the nucleic acid analogs (NAAs) peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and locked nucleic acid (LNA). PNA and LNA are known to stably bind to double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner, either through triplex formation or strand-invasion. Using a magnetic tweezer, we explore the ability of biotinylated NAAs to immobilize a DNA molecule in a sequence-specific fashion, and to remain bound under applied force. Our results indicate that both LNA and PNA can tether a DNA molecule and withstand mechanical force, but that PNA suffers from non-specific binding, particularly to DNA extremities. We discuss rules for the optimal design of NAA probes for single-molecule experiments.
Endometriosis: current concepts and therapy

Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. The clinical picture is extremely pleiomorphic, which can make the diagnosis difficult. Despite 70 years of theories and experimentation, the cause is not clear, and it is likely that more than one mechanism is at work in most patients. Both medical and surgical treatments are available. In each case, the woman and her physician should formulate a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses the primary complaint as well as the patient's reproductive desires.
An effect of neutral collisions on the excitation threshold of electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves

Laboratory experiments using a sodium plasma are reported that demonstrate a robustness of electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves in the presence of elevated neutral-helium pressure. It is found that the excitation threshold decreases with neutral pressure, and that, in the presence of a transverse localized electric field, the waves are able to tolerate much higher collisionality than previously believed. When the ion-neutral collision frequency and ion gyrofrequency are comparable, the excitation threshold is significantly smaller than its collisionless value.
Complex geometry, unification, and quantum gravity. I. The geometry of elementary particles

The Poincare group is replaced byU(3, 2), the pseudounitary extension of the de Sitter groupSO(3, 2), as internal and space-time symmetries are combined in a geometric setting which invalidates the no-go theorems. A new model of elementary particles as vertical vectors on the principal fiber bundleU(3, 2) →U(3, 2)/U(3, 1)×U(1) is introduced and their interactions via Lie bracket analyzed. The model accounts for the four known superselection rules: spin, electric charge, baryon number, and lepton number.
The Work in Gold as Spiritual Journey in Camara Laye's the African Child

Of all the different kinds of work my father performed, none fascinated me so much as his skill with gold. No other occupation was so noble, no other needed such a delicate touch; and moreover, this sort of work was always a kind of festival: it was a real festival that broke the monotony of ordinary working days (The African Child, p 22).
A constitutive model for the anisotropic elastic–plastic deformation of paper and paperboard

Abstract A three-dimensional, anisotropic constitutive model is presented to model the in-plane elastic–plastic deformation of paper and paperboard. The proposed initial yield surface is directly constructed from internal state variables comprising the yield strengths measured in various loading directions and the corresponding ratios of plastic strain components. An associated flow rule is used to model the plastic flow of the material. Anisotropic strain hardening of yield strengths is introduced to model the evolution in the yield surface with strain. A procedure for identifying the needed material properties is provided. The constitutive model is found to capture major features of the highly anisotropic elastic–plastic behavior of paper and paperboard. Furthermore, with material properties fitted to experimental data in one set of loading directions, the model predicts the behavior of other loading states well.
The Farber-Landing lecture: pediatric pathology--the clinician's "open sesame" and its importance in pediatric cardiology and cardiovascular surgery.

ABSTRACT The Farber-Landing Lecture: 1. Why Is Pediatric Pathology So Important for Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery? Accurate Diagnosis and Successful Treatment 2. Who Discovered the Cardiovascular System? Aristotle (384–322 bc) 3. Who Discovered the Circulation of Blood? Andrea Cesalpino (1571) 4. Who Discovered Evolution and Natural Selection? Empedocles (495–435 bc)
Social drive or arousal: A test of two theories of social isolation

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to further explore the social drive versus arousal explanations of the increased effectiveness of social reinforcers following isolation on a conditioning task. Ninety-six children, an even number from both the middle class and lower class, were used as S s in a 2 (Reinforcers) × 2 (Social Class) × 2 ( E s) × 2 (Sex) × 2 (Isolation or No Isolation) design. Results indicated that the Social Drive Model predicted the behavior of middle class S s, but neither the Social Drive Model nor the Arousal Hypothesis were accurate in their predictions of the behavior of lower class S s.
An Approach to Community Outreach Practice in the 21st Century

This article presents the findings of a study about knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about AIDS held by older Hispanic adults. Members of the convenience sample provided responses that identify con...
The origin of malaria: mixed messages from genetic diversity.

Over the past 35 years, the incidence of malaria has increased 2–3-fold. At present, it affects 300–500 million people and causes about 1 million deaths, primarily in Africa. The continuing upsurge has come from a coincidence of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, global climate change and continuing poverty and political instability. An analogous rapid increase in malaria might have taken place about 10,000 years ago. Patterns of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA support this model, but variation in nuclear genes gives an ambiguous message. Resolving these discrepancies has implications for the evolution of drug resistance and vaccine evasion.
Small science: high stakes.

In his Editorial “The end of ‘small science’?” (28 September, p. [1583][1]), B. Alberts perceptively highlights the threat of erosion in support for small, fundamental investigations on which a deeper understanding of the complexity of biological phenomena rests. There are other potentially
Equality of educational opportunity, reexamined

Abstract This paper reexamines the approach used to examine equality of educational opportunity in the United States. It indicates some of the technical problems and how they might be overcome in future work, and some alternative approaches to those taken in the research. It points out the fundamental problems that arise in the very formulation of the problem, that is the concept of equality of educational opportunity itself. It suggests that inequalities which exist lie more in the lack of intensity of impact of educational institutions than in their differential quality.
Involucrin-Like Proteins in Non-Primates

A monoclonal and two polyclonal antibodies to human involucrin were used to look for involucrin epitopes in other species. All antibodies react strongly with the same proteins of monkey, and both polyclonal antibodies react with specific proteins of cow and dog. One of the polyclonal antibodies also reacts with proteins of sheep, guinea pig, rat, and finback whale. The immunoreactive proteins from cow and dog could be purified using a procedure developed for human involucrin. The reaction with the purified dog protein could be blocked by purified human involucrin. The results suggest that involucrin-like proteins have a wider species distribution than originally appreciated.
Pharmaceutical formulation analysis using room temperature phosphorescence

The large-scale production of tablets and capsules requires the presence of a variety of additives to complement the active ingredient, enhance the physical appearance of the dosage form, improve the stability of the formulation, or to assist the drug’s biological distribution [l]. These supposedly inert additives must be considered when assay procedures are established for the quality control of manufactured formulations. The widespread availability of generic brands of drugs, formulated using a variety of diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants and other adjuvants, requires that specific procedures be developed for the quantitation of active ingredients in dosage forms. Current official procedures for analysing drugs in pharmaceutical formulations can be rather cumbersome [2]. As a result, pharmaceutical manufacturers are evaluating high-performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopic methods such as luminescence techniques, as selective alternative methods of analysis for quality control. In this report, room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is examined for the analysis of a variety of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. While room temperature phosphorescence has been shown to be analytically useful, real sample applications have been limited [3,4]. RTP is at least as sensitive as absorption spectrophotometry, but its greater spectral selectivity implies that physical separations are not always necessary.
A Comparison of Segment Retention Criteria for Finite Mixture Logit Models

Abstract Despite the widespread application of finite mixture models in marketing research, the decision of how many segments to retain in the models is an important unresolved issue. Almost all applications of the models in marketing rely on segment retention criteria such as Akaike’s information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, consistent Akaike’s information criterion, and information complexity to determine the number of latent segments to retain. Because these applications employ real-world data in which the true number of segments is unknown, it is not clear whether these criteria are effective. Retaining the true number of segments is crucial because many product design and marketing decisions depend on it. The purpose of this extensive simulation study is to determine how well commonly used segment retention criteria perform in the context of simulated multinomial choice data, as obtained from supermarket scanner panels, in which the true number of segments is known. The authors find tha...
The determination of triosephosphate isomerase.

Abstract The difference in rate of formation of the chromogenic 2,4-dinitrophenylosazone derivatives of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate permits accurate measurement of the two triose phosphates in a mixture by means of carefully timed chromogen development reactions. This principle provides a convenient method for the assay of triosephosphate isomerase. The rate of conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate is measured by determination of the [glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate]/[dihydroxyacetone phosphate] ratio and total [alkali-labile phosphorus] in filtrates from which can be calculated glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate disappearance.
An investigation of the correlation between hormonal levels in males and mood, behavior and physical discomfort.

This research examined both inter- and intrasubject correlations between LH, FSH, and plasma testosterone and various measures of behavior, affect, and physical discomfort. Five males between the ages of 22 and 28 participated in the research which took place three times a week over a 10-week period. The data revealed a number of significant intersubject correlations between the various hormones and both behavioral and affective measures. In particular, central nervous system motor functioning was observed to improve with increases in LH and to worsen with increases in FSH and T. Positive affect also was positively correlated with LH and negatively correlated with FSH and T. Three separate stepwise multiple-regression equations were also computed with the hormones acting as the respective dependent variables and the behavioral, affect, and physical discomfort variables as the predictors. The obtained R2 ranged from a low of 0.21 for LH to a high of 0.55 for FSH. The findings of this study support the existence of both affect- and behavior-endocrine relationships across individuals, but indicate that there may be no consistent pattern within individuals.
A nonlinear multi-objective model of dynamic cell formation

The real advantage of dynamic cellular manufacturing system is the ability to operate under dynamic conditions required by todaypsilas production characters of short product life cycle, high production variety, unpredictable demand, and short delivery time, where the product mix and demand in each period is different. This paper addresses dynamic cell formation problem, and presents three major objectives for obtaining successful dynamic cell formation. Meanwhile, a nonlinear multi-objective mathematical model of dynamic cell formation is proposed, and the model comprises utilization rate of machines capacity, number of exceptional parts and other practical problems. The proposed model is verified by the commercial solver CPLEX software under a modest instance and computational results are reported.
ASHRAE Standard 62: tobacco industry’s influence over national ventilation standards

Objective: To describe the role of the tobacco industry in the development of ventilation standards for indoor air quality by influencing the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Methods: Review of tobacco industry documents available on the internet between January 2001 and March 2002. Search terms included "ASHRAE", "ventilation", "minutes", "memo", and the names of key players and organisations as identified in the initial searches. Analysis of ASHRAE and other relevant documents publicly available and the personal files of a Standard 62 committee member; interviews of a selected number of ASHRAE players; observation of an ASHRAE meeting. Results: The tobacco industry has been involved in the development of ventilation standards for over 20 years. It has successfully influenced the standard and continues to attempt to change the standard from a smoke-free framework into an "accommodation" framework. The industry acts directly and through consultants and allies. The major health groups have been largely absent and the health interests have been poorly represented in standard development. While concentrated in the USA, ASHRAE standards are adopted worldwide. Conclusion: The tobacco industry determined that allowing smoking in ventilation standards for indoor air quality was a high priority and dedicated significant human and financial resources to ensure that its interests were represented. The health groups, until recently, have largely ignored the policy implications for tobacco control of standard development. This situation is changing, but unless health groups maintain high visibility within ASHRAE, the tobacco industry may succeed in creating a standard that ignores the dangers of secondhand smoke.
Method Variance in Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Research: Effects on Correlations, Path Coefficients, and Hypothesis Testing

Abstract This research simulates the effects of method variance on correlations, standardized regression (path) coefficients, and squared multiple correlation coefficients. The results show that method variance can have extreme effects on these measures of association, depending on assumptions made about the nature of the method factors. The analysis also indicated that method variance can have strong effects on the probability of obtaining significant findings in the absence of true relationships. The link between findings of the present study and current developments on method variance in organizational behavior and human resources management research is discussed.
Asymptotics of maximum likelihood estimator in a two-phase linear regression model

This paper considers two-phase random design linear regression models with arbitrary error densities and where the regression function has a /xed jump at the true change-point. It obtains the consistency and the limiting distributions of maximum likelihood estimators of the underlying parameters in these models. The left end point of the maximizing interval with respect to the change point, herein called the maximum likelihood estimator ˆ rn of the change-point parameter r, is shown to be n-consistent and the underlying likelihood process, as a process in the standardized change-point parameter, is shown to converge weakly to a compound Poisson process. This process obtains maximum over a bounded interval and n (ˆ rn − r) converges weakly to the left end point of this interval. These results are di2erent from those available in the literature for the case of the two-phase linear regression models when jump sizes tend to zero as n tends to in/nity. c
Assessment of Eagle Ford Shale Oil and Gas Resources

The Eagle Ford play in south Texas is currently one of the hottest plays in the United States. In 2012, the average Eagle Ford rig count (269 rigs) was 15% of the total US rig count. Assessment of the oil and gas resources and their associated uncertainties in the early stages is critical for optimal development. The objectives of my research were to develop a probabilistic methodology that can reliably quantify the reserves and resources uncertainties in unconventional oil and gas plays, and to assess Eagle Ford shale oil and gas reserves, contingent resources, and prospective resources. I first developed a Bayesian methodology to generate probabilistic decline curves using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) that can quantify the reserves and resources uncertainties in unconventional oil and gas plays. I then divided the Eagle Ford play from the Sligo Shelf Margin to the San Macros Arch into 8 different production regions based on fluid type, performance and geology. I used a combination of the Duong model switching to the Arps model with b = 0.3 at the minimum decline rate to model the linear flow to boundary-dominated flow behavior often observed in shale plays. Cumulative production after 20 years predicted from Monte Carlo simulation combined with reservoir simulation was used as prior information in the Bayesian decline-curve methodology. Probabilistic type decline curves for oil and gas were then generated for all production regions. The wells were aggregated probabilistically within each production region and arithmetically between production regions. The total oil reserves and resources range from a P_(90) of 5.3 to P_(10) of 28.7 billion barrels of oil (BBO), with a P_(50) of 11.7 BBO; the total gas reserves and resources range from a P_(90) of 53.4 to P_(10) of 313.5 trillion cubic feet (TCF), with a P_(50) of 121.7 TCF. These reserves and resources estimates are much higher than the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s 2011 recoverable resource estimates of 3.35 BBO and 21 TCF. The results of this study provide a critical update on the reserves and resources estimates and their associated uncertainties for the Eagle Ford shale formation of South Texas.
A school-university collaboration for preparing teachers of students with visual impairments : linking the university and a state residential school.

To address calls for restructuring and reform in the mid 1980's, educators proposed joining schools and universities in collaborative partnerships to improve education. Little attention has been given in the educational reform literature, however, to the field of teacher education for teachers of students with blindness or low vision. Reform efforts in this field have been directed at redefining the relationship between universities and state residential schools. In this paper, the authors examine the identification of partners and the establishment of partnerships for teacher preparation, and the resulting lessons learned from developing a school-university collaboration between a state residential school for students who are blind or who have low vision and a university teacher preparation program for the teachers of these students. The authors follow the progress of this residential school-university collaboration through its stages and analyze the implications of the lessons learned for all teacher ed...
Image compression using vector quantization and artificial neural networks

Among the artificial neural networks, the Kohonen self-organizing feature maps (KSFM) are used for designing a codebook for vector quantization (VQ). Previous studies with KSFM showed difficulties of coding such as edge representing vectors in a codebook, and management of unused codebook entries (nodes). The authors examine problems with the KSFM and propose another coding technique to overcome such difficulties. One postprocessing approach to overcoming the unused nodes problem and classified versions of the KSFM are presented and compared with the LBG algorithm. Several experimental results are presented with KSFM to achieve coding efficiency. The classified KSFM has an advantage over general VQs, especially in terms of computational complexity. >
Electronic Structures for (Si)m (GaP)n Superlattices

This paper reports on a tight-binding calculation of the band structures of the Si-GaP superlattice (SL) systems with emphasis on the results of the band gap properties. This calculation finds that the SLs grown onto the [110] or [111] oriented substrate do not produce direct gap materials. On the other hand, some of the [001] oriented SLs become direct gap materials when either an interface (IF) state is created at the P and Si IF, or a confined state in the Si occurs with only Ga and Si atoms forming all the IF.
Experimental fetal transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiegraphy utilizing intravascular ultrasound technology

Fetal transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography by utilizing ultrasound technology permits accurate definition of cardiac anatomy in fetal sheep. Because fetal transesophageal echocardiography is less invasive than intracardiac echocardiography, it has the potential to serve as a monitoring tool for currently developed open and fetoscopic fetal cardiac interventions.
In search of a unified model of language contact

Much previous research has pointed to the need for a unified framework for language contact phenomena – one that would include social factors and motivations, structural factors and linguistic constraints, and psycholinguistic factors involved in processes of language processing and production. While Contact Linguistics has devoted a great deal of attention to the structural properties of contact phenomena and their sources in the input languages, the field has made much less progress in attending to Weinreich's observation that language contact can best be understood only “in a broad psychological and socio-cultural setting” (Weinreich, 1953, p. 4). There have been some attempts to establish links between the disciplines that investigate language contact, for example, the psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic (Walters, 2005), and the linguistic and psycholinguistic (Myers-Scotton 2002, Winford 2009, among others). Yet, so far, no one has come close to achieving the kind of integrative, multi-disciplinary framework that Weinreich envisaged. Muysken's paper is therefore a welcome reminder of the need for such a framework, and the complexity of the task involved in constructing it, if indeed it can be accomplished. The introduction to the paper outlines a very ambitious objective – “to explore the possibility of unifying these fields, all different approaches to language contact, creating a single framework within which it is possible to link results from different subfields” (Section 1.1).
Fatigue effects in muscular control

A muscular control model is examined in order to determine possible fatigue effects on the monosynaptic reflex. The muscle dynamics and neural spindle receptors are represented in standard fashion as 4-element viscoelastic models. A theoretical derivation of the afferent spindle output is given. This afferent information from the muscle-spindle and delay effects are incorporated into the feedback loop. Fatigue effects upon system performance and stability are illustrated by means of numerical simulations. >
Local and hemispheric dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation, annular patterns and the zonal index

In this paper we discuss the atmospheric dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the zonal index, and annular patterns of variability (also known as annular modes). Our goal is to give a unified treatment of these related phenomena, to make explicit how they are connected and how they differ, and to illustrate their dynamics with the aid of an idealized primitive equation model. Our focus is on tropospheric dynamics. We first show that the structure of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the NAO and annular modes follows, at least in part, from the structure of the baroclinic zone. Given a single baroclinic zone, and concomitantly a single eddy-driven jet, the meridional structure of the EOFs follows from the nature of the jet variability, and if the jet variability is constrained to conserve zonal momentum then the observed structure of the EOF can be explained with a simple model. In the zonal direction, if the baroclinic zone is statistically uniform then so is the first EOF, even though there may be little correlation of any dynamical fields in that direction. If the baroclinic activity is zonally concentrated, then so is the first EOF. Thus, at the simplest order of description, the NAO is a consequence of the presence of an Atlantic storm track; the strong statement of this would be that the NAO is the variability of the Atlantic storm track. The positive phase of the NAO corresponds to eddy momentum fluxes (themselves a consequence of wave breaking) that push the eddy-driven jet polewards, separating it distinctly from the subtropical jet. The negative phase of the NAO is characterized by an equatorial shift and, sometimes, a weakening of the eddy fluxes and no separation between sub-tropical and eddy-driven jets. Variations in the zonal index (a measure of the zonally averaged zonal flow) also occur as a consequence of such activity, although the changes occurring are not necessarily synchronous at different longitudes, and the presence of annular modes (i.e., the associated patterns of variability) does not necessarily indicate zonally symmetric dynamics. The NAO, is not, however, a consequence of purely local dynamics, for the storm tracks depend for their existenceonpatternsoftopographicandthermalforcingofnearhemisphericextent.TheAtlanticstormtrack in particular is a consequence of the presence of the Rocky mountains, the temperature contrast between the coldcontinentandwarmocean,andthelingeringpresenceofthePacificstormtrack.Thepreciserelationship between the NAO and the storm tracks remains to be determined, as do a number of aspects of storm track
Family members' perceptions of communications in late stage cancer.

A study of patterns of communications in families with a terminal cancer patient being treated at three urban institutions revealed that many first-order relatives (spouses, children, siblings) of patients did not have a communication link to the physician, especially if direct communication was not established at the time of diagnosis. Family members were frequently critical of the way information was communicated, yet relied upon the physician's interpretation of the patient's status to form their own opinion of the patient's future. Intra-familial communications regarding illness and dying were frequently discordant and guarded, leading to perceptions that the patient was withdrawing, and fostering a reliance upon the hospital for terminal care. More than half of the family members were uncomfortable visiting the patient in the hospital, experiencing feelings of helplessness, or sensing helplessness in the patients. Bearing the patient's pain was seen as particularly difficult.
The Anatomy of a Data Citation: Discovery, Reuse, and Credit

INTRODUCTION Data citation should be a necessary corollary of data publication and reuse. Many researchers are reluctant to share their data, yet they are increasingly encouraged to do just that. Reward structures must be in place to encourage data publication, and citation is the appropriate tool for scholarly acknowledgment. Data citation also allows for the identification, retrieval, replication, and verification of data underlying published studies. METHODS This study examines author behavior and sources of instruction in disciplinary and cultural norms for writing style and citation via a content analysis of journal articles, author instructions, style manuals, and data publishers. Instances of data citation are benchmarked against a Data Citation Adequacy Index. RESULTS Roughly half of journals point toward a style manual that addresses data citation, but the majority of journal articles failed to include an adequate citation to data used in secondary analysis studies. DISCUSSION Full citation of data is not currently a normative behavior in scholarly writing. Multiplicity of data types and lack of awareness regarding existing standards contribute to the problem. CONCLUSION Citations for data must be promoted as an essential component of data publication, sharing, and reuse. Despite confounding factors, librarians and information professionals are well-positioned and should persist in advancing data citation as a normative practice across domains. Doing so promotes a value proposition for data sharing and secondary research broadly, thereby accelerating the pace of scientific research.
Arbitrary Social Norms Influence Sex Differences in Romantic Selectivity

Men tend to be less selective than women when evaluating and pursuing potential romantic partners. The present experiment employed speed-dating procedures to test a novel explanation for this sex difference: The mere act of physically approaching a potential romantic partner (vs. being approached), a behavior that is more characteristic of men than of women, increases one's attraction to that partner. This hypothesis was supported in a sample of speed daters (N = 350) who attended a heterosexual event where either men (eight events) or women (seven events) rotated from one partner to the next while members of the other sex remained seated. Rotators were significantly less selective than were sitters, which meant that the tendency for men to be less selective than women at events where men rotated disappeared at events where women rotated. These effects were mediated by increased self-confidence among rotators relative to sitters.
Primary melanoma of the skin and cutaneous melanomatous metastases: comparative histologic features and immunophenotypes.

Through careful clinicopathologic correlation, we identified 37 metastatic melanomas in the skin, all of which had intraepidermal components. These were compared with 43 microscopically similar primary
Statistical learning and analysis for unconstrained face recognition and analysis

Summary form only given. Although face recognition has been actively studied during the nineties, the state-of-the-art recognition systems perform poorly when confronted with unconstrained scenarios such as illumination and pose variations, surveillance video, etc. In this talk, I address these challenges by introducing approaches to recognizing human faces under illumination and pose variations and from video sequences, using statistical learning and analysis techniques. I also talk about how to estimate age from the face image.
Subword permutation instructions for two-dimensional multimedia processing in MicroSIMD architectures

MicroSIMD architectures incorporating subword parallelism are very efficient for application-specific media processors as well as for fast multimedia information processing in general-purpose processors. This paper addresses the unsolved problem of the need to permute the subwords packed in registers for maximum parallelism performance, especially for two-dimensional (2-D) multimedia algorithms. We propose a new systematic approach for identifying the fundamental data rearrangement needs in current and future 2-D pixel processing programs based on the hierarchical decomposition of frames and objects into atomic 2-D structures. We define new subword permutation instructions, Check, Excheck, Exchange, and Permset that achieve these data rearrangements across multiple registers. We also define an alphabet of subword permutation primitives, including these new instructions and the Mix instruction defined for PA-RISC MAX-2 and IA-64, which supports the data rearrangement needs of 2D frames and objects. We show the sufficiency and efficiency of this alphabet for achieving all possible permutations of hierarchical 2-D blocks.
Binary Decision Diagrams: From Abstract Representations to Physical Implementations

The Binary Decision Diagram ( BDD ) has established its place as a modelling technique for digital systems. The paper shows that further significant benefits can be realized by implementing BDDs as custom or semi-custom integrated circuits. Benefits include efficient use of silicon area and improved simulation. A well-known example is given of a traffic light controller previously implemented by a PLA. The BDD layout is regular, compact and lends itself to automatic generation. A sample worst-case circuit simulation is included.
Glass Transition and Infrared Spectra of Low‐Alkali, Anhydrous Lithium Phosphate Glasses

Anhydrous glasses in the series xLi2O + (1 - x)P2O5 have been prepared and characterized in the range 0 ≤x≤ 0.5. FT-IR spectroscopy and glass transition temperature measurements have been used to explore the structure and a key physical property of the low-alkali phosphate glasses. The structure of v-P2O5 is proposed to consist of a 3-D network of trigonally connected tetrahedra decorated with a P=O unit. Contrary to what has long been proposed for these glasses, the addition of alkali degrades the 3-D network through the generation of nonbridging oxygens rather than strengthen the network through the proposed alkali ion bridging. The Tg of v-P2O5 is ∼653 K and decreases some 130 K with the addition of 10 mol% Li2O. Tg then reaches a minimum value at 20 mol% Li2O and increases with further Li2O additions. The increase in Tg, even though the fraction of nonbridging oxygens is still increasing, is interpreted in terms of an increasing entanglement of long-chain PO2 groups in the glass. Such a structural transition from a 3-D network of interconnected PO4 groups for P2O5 to a 1-D chain structure for LiPO3 is one of the first examples of the importance of intermediate-range order in governing the properties of glass.