cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE I. INFECTION OF MICE WITH MUCIN SUSPENSIONS OF THE ORGANISM

1. It has been shown that the ability of virulent S. influenzae to kill mice is enhanced by suspending the organism in mucin. 2. The occurrence of a true infection characterized by in vivo multiplication of the organism has been established. 3. The necessity for using a pure inbred strain of mice for this type of study has been confirmed. 4. The increase in mucin virulence of a strain of H. influenzae by repeated passage through mice has been shown. 5. The usefulness of this method in passive immunization studies has been demonstrated.
Quasi-TEM spectral domain approach for calculating distributed inductance and resistance of microstrip on Si-SiO2 substrate

A quasi-TEM spectral domain approach based on the vector magnetic potential equation to calculate frequency dependent distributed inductance and the associated distributed series resistance of a microstrip on Si-SiO2 substrate is presented. It is shown that the calculated frequency dependent inductance and the associated resistance are in good agreement with the results obtained from rigorous full wave solutions.
An Exploratory Study of Correlates, Onset, and Offset of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

The study of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has focused largely on identifying diagnostic correlates and the functions of this behavior; however, little is known about the broader range of factors related to NSSI. We examined a wide array of factors hypothesized to correlate with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and provided a qualitative analysis of adolescents' self-reported motivations for starting and stopping this behavior. Participants were 64 adolescents with a history of NSSI and 30 comparison adolescents without such a history matched on age, sex, and ethnicity recruited from the community and assessed during one laboratory visit. The presence of NSSI was associated with a family history of suicidal ideation, violence, and drug and alcohol abuse, but not with more general forms of psychopathology. NSSI also was associated with the presence of in utero complications, the occurrence of non-injurious repetitive behaviors during childhood, and endorsement of a homosexual or bisexual orientation. Self-injurers reported getting the idea to self-injure from peers (38%) more often than any other source, and most (78%) reported at least one reason for wanting to stop self-injury. Less than half were currently receiving treatment. This exploratory study provides new information about the correlates of NSSI that has implications for research and clinical work in this area.
Large volume gas irradiation procedure developed at The University of Texas at Austin

A large volume, in-core gas irradiation technique was developed at The University of Texas at Austin MARK II TRIGA reactor to produce a sample of 42Ar with an activity above 1 mBq. The method requires a large volume, 1.4 L, of natural Ar gas (99.6003 % 40Ar) at about 1 atm and three 12 h irradiation periods. The production of 42Ar requires a double capture to be produced from the stable 40Ar isotope. This method produced 940 kBq of 39Ar, 3.08 MBq 37Ar, 114 GBq 41Ar, and 0.311 Bq 42Ar at the end of the final irradiation period.
Design for Diversity: Evaluating the Context of Socially Mixed Neighbourhoods

It is argued that if planners are to recognize and support socially diverse neighbourhoods, it is important that they become better acquainted with both the form of diverse places, as well as the evaluation of that form. Thinking in these terms may also help planners adopt a particular language about diversity that is sensitive to the unique requirements of diverse places. A framework for evaluating the socially diverse neighbourhood from a design standpoint is suggested. Two sources are used: urban and community design that is specifically meant to create places that support social diversity; and ecological principles that are meant to improve the relationship between habitat and species diversity. This framework is applied to an evaluation of diverse areas in the city of Chicago and its surrounding suburbs. A multi-dimensional definition of diversity that includes income, race/ethnicity, age and family type is used. Forty-nine block groups satisfied the condition of being highly diverse in all four cate...
The syndrome of lung hemorrhage and nephritis is usually an ANCA-associated condition

Background: In the absence of evidence of arteritis or Wegener's granulomatosis, the syndrome of lung hemorrhage and nephritis has been commonly associated with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies. However, it has been increasingly recognized that many cases are associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). Objective: To review available clinical and pathologic findings to determine the diseases accounting for lung hemorrhage and nephritis. Methods: We studied the records of 750 patients from whom serum samples were sent to our laboratory for antiGBM antibody assays between 1981 and 1993 and found 88 patients with evidence of lung hemorrhage and nephritis. Serum samples were retested, using current methods, for anti-GBM antibodies (against noncollagenous 1 domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen) and for antibodies to proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase—the two types of ANCA of diagnostic value. Results: Of 88 patients with evidence of lung hemorrhage and nephritis, 48 had ANCAs, six had anti-GBM antibodies, and seven had both. In 48 patients with ANCAs, the pathologic findings that accounted for the pulmonary renal syndrome were pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis. Only eight had convincing evidence (during life) of Wegener's granulomatosis and only one other had documented arteritis. In 27 patients without ANCAs or anti-GBM antibodies, a variety of unrelated renal and pulmonary diseases were found. Conclusions: The largest group of patients who present with the syndrome of lung hemorrhage and nephritis have ANCAs and not anti-GBM antibodies. Appropriate tests for antibodies to proteinase 3, antibodies to myeloperoxidase, and anti-GBM antibodies provide reliable guides for making a diagnosis in patients with this pulmonary renal syndrome. (Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:440-445)
Proteoglycans in the synovial fluid of the temporomandibular joint as an indicator of changes in cartilage metabolism during primary and secondary osteoarthritis.

Abstract Purpose: The specific aim of this investigation was to assess differences between primary and secondary osteoarthritis (OA) of the temperomandibular joint (TMJ) using clinical evaluation and synovial fluid analysis for proteoglycans. Materials and Methods: Arthroscopic surgery was performed on 101 TMJs from patients with significant pain or dysfunction and who had failed to respond to treatment. Joints were assessed for primary and secondary osteoarthritis. Synovial fluid aspirates were obtained and analyzed to determine the levels of keratan sulfate (KS) epitope and a novel 3B3(−) epitope by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Fifty-four patients and 67 joints had OA diagnosed by both clinical examination and arthroscopy. Primary OA was diagnosed in 14 joints (20%), and the remaining 53 joints were regarded as having secondary OA. No differences were detected in the levels of KS in the synovial fluid from the primary and secondary OA joints. Furthermore, the 3B3(−) epitope was not detectable in the synovial fluid aspirates of any TMJ. Conclusion: Secondary OA is a common disorder of the TMJ. However, there is no apparent difference in the metabolism of the joints with primary and secondary OA as assessed by proteoglycans in the synovial fluid. The apparent absence of the 3b3(−) epitope, in contrast to its presence in OA of other major synovial joints, suggests that there are some differences between the cartilage metabolism of the TMJ and these other joints during OA.
Human mitochondrial ATP synthase: cloning cDNA for the nuclear-encoded precursor of coupling factor 6

Abstract Coupling factor 6(F6) is a component of mitochondrial ATP synthase which is required for the interactions of the catalytic and proton-translocating segments. A human fetal muscle cDNA clone encoding this protein was isolated by screening a λgt10 library with oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes. The 497-bp F6 cDNA included a 96-bp segment that delineated a presequence of 32 amino acids (aa) in the precursor protein, and 140 bp of 3 '-untranslated sequence. The remainder of the cDNA sequence coded for a mature human F6 protein of 76 aa. The deduced primary aa sequence showed 81% homology to that of bovine f6, differing in 14 aa. Almost all of these aa substitutions were conservative and comparison of the hydropathy profiles revealed a similar pattern.
Montane and piedmont chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata): Metabolic rate as a function of temperature

Die Stoffwechselraten von Froschen (Pseudacris triseriata) aus Tiefland- und Bergpopulationen wurden bei 10 ‡C und 20 ‡C bestimmt. Die beiden Populationen unterschieden sich nicht signifikant in der Stoffwechselrate bei den 2 Testtemperaturen.
Selecting optimal experiments for multiple output multilayer perceptrons

Where should a researcher conduct experiments to provide training data for a multilayer perceptron? This question is investigated, and a statistical method for selecting optimal experimental design points for multiple output multilayer perceptrons is introduced. Multiple class discrimination problems are examined using a framework in which the multilayer perceptron is viewed as a multivariate nonlinear regression model. Following a Bayesian formulation for the case where the variance-covariance matrix of the responses is unknown, a selection criterion is developed. This criterion is based on the volume of the joint confidence ellipsoid for the weights in a multilayer perceptron. An example is used to demonstrate the superiority of optimally selected design points over randomly chosen points, as well as points chosen in a grid pattern. Simplification of the basic criterion is offered through the use of Hadamard matrices to produce uncorrelated outputs.
Nerve Growth Factor Uses Ras/ERK and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Cascades to Up-regulate theN-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor 1 Promoter

Abstract We reported previously that nerve growth factor (NGF) up-regulates activity of theN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1) promoter. We have explored the pathways and nuclear targets of NGF signaling in regulating the NR1 promoter. PD98059 and wortmannin, but not rapamycin, significantly attenuated NGF-induced transcriptional activity from an NR1 promoter-luciferase construct. Coexpressing constitutively active forms of Ras, Raf, or MAPK/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) increased promoter activity dramatically. The MEK1-induced increase was largely prevented by mutations of the tandem GC boxes in the promoter. Promoter activity was also increased significantly by coexpressed GC box-binding proteins (Sp1, 3, or 4) in nonstimulated PC12 cells. Either an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 (ERK1)- or Sp1-specific antibody coprecipitated Sp1 with ERKs, and the coprecipitation was enhanced significantly by NGF treatment of PC12 cells. ERK2 also incorporated radioactivity of [γ32P]ATP into recombinant Sp1. However, ERK2-treated Sp1 and PC12 nuclear extracts or nuclear extracts from NGF-treated cells exhibited reduced binding to the promoter or a consensus GC box. Our results suggest that NGF utilizes both the Ras/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways to up-regulate NR1 promoter activity and that Sp1 is a novel substrate of NGF-activated ERKs. NGF-increased NR1 promoter activity may involve a complicated mechanism of Sp1 phosphorylation and possible transcription factor exchange.
Approaches to mitigating complexity-driven issues in commercial autoflight systems

Abstract There appears to be broad consensus in the aviation community that increased automation in the cockpit has changed the task of flying commercial aircraft. The changes have been both beneficial, through the increase of capabilities and efficiencies, and detrimental, as indicated by accidents implicating automation as a contributory factor. It is hypothesized that the constraining factor on automation design has changed from technological to human. The evolutionary growth of the automation has increased complexity which is thought to have led to the lack of a global model of the automation upon which the training material and operator feedback can be designed. Based on these analyses, three classes of complexity mitigation management techniques are explored. The first is to train pilots to understand and work within the current automation system. The second is to enhance feedback to allow more effective monitoring of aircraft systems, and to allow a reduction in the apparent order of the system to the pilot. Finally, a modified development process is suggested which explicitly considers the pilot in early design stages. It is believed that a process-oriented solution will be necessary for future automation systems. This process uses an explicit automation model as a basis for training material and for software requirement specification.
Adenosine receptors and the nucleoside transporter in human brain vasculature.

Evidence suggests that adenosine modulates neuronal and cerebral vascular functions by interacting with specific receptors on brain cells and blood vessels. Adenosine and other nucleosides are also...
Ruminal Nitrogen Degradability and Escape of Wet and Dry Distillers Grains and Wet and Dry Corn Gluten Feeds

Abstract Solubility and rate and extent of ruminal digestion of nitrogen in wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains, wet corn gluten feed, and dry corn gluten feed were evaluated in the laboratory, in situ, and in vivo. Distillers grains protein was the most insoluble in modified Burrough's mineral mix, corn gluten feed protein the least insoluble, and soybean meal protein intermediate. In the in situ trial (trial 1), nitrogen of wet and dry distillers grains and nitrogen of wet and dry corn gluten feed disappeared at similar rates, respectively. However, nitrogen disappearance rates were greater for wet and dry distillers grains. In the rumen escape trial (trial 2), wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains, wet corn gluten feed, and dry corn gluten feed were fed as supplemental protein sources and a urea control served to estimate endogenous nitrogen flow. Non-ammonia-nonbacterial nitrogen reaching the duodenum was lowest for steers fed the urea treatment (20.9 g/day). Rates were higher for wet distillers grains (64.1 g/day) and dried distillers grains (74.7 g/day) treatments compared to wet corn gluten feed (41.3 g/day) and dry corn gluten feed (32.7 g/day) treatments. Percentage protein apparently escaping rumen fermentation was greater for steers fed wet distillers grains (47%) or dried distillers grains (54%) than for those fed wet corn gluten feed (26%) or dry corn gluten feed (14%).
Biochemical studies in the evaluation and management of osteoporosis: current status and future prospects.

Objective: To examine the current status of biochemical markers of bone remodeling and to offer a perspective on their future clinical applications. Methods: We provide a comprehensive overview of ...
Engineering the properties of terahertz filters using multilayer aperture arrays

We experimentally demonstrate the ability to create additional transmission resonances in a double-layer aperture array by varying the interlayer gap spacing. In the case of periodic aperture arrays, these additional resonances are sharply peaked, while for random aperture arrays the resonances are broad. Surprisingly, these additional resonances only occur when the interlayer gap spacing is greater than half the aperture spacing on a single array. Since there is no corresponding periodicity in the random arrays, these resonances occur regardless of how small the gap spacing is made. This phenomenon can be accurately modeled only if the correct frequency-dependent complex dielectric function of a metal film perforated with subwavelength apertures is used. Using THz time-domain spectroscopy, we are able to directly obtain the complex dielectric response function from the THz experimental transmission measurements. We conclude by demonstrating several passive free-space THz filters using multilayer aperture arrays. Importantly, we show that the magnitude of the lowest order resonance can be approximately maintained, while the background transmission can be significantly suppressed leading to a significant improvement in the optical filter fidelity.
Dynamic Modeling of a Piezoelectric Actuated Fuel Injector

Abstract As engine designers look for ways to improve efficiency and reduce emissions, piezoelectric actuated fuel injectors for common rail diesel engines have shown to have improved response characteristics over solenoid actuated injectors and may allow for enhanced control of combustion through multi-pulse profiles or rate shaping. This paper summarizes the development of a simulation model for a piezoelectric fuel injector and associated driver that can be used for injector design and control system verification. The model injection rate, piezo stack voltage, and piezo stack current are compared to experimental injection rig data for two different rail pressures.
Hot spots on Io: Initial results from Galileo's near infrared mapping spectrometer

The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on Galileo has monitored the volcanic activity on Io since June 28, 1996. This paper presents preliminary analysis of NIMS thermal data for the first four orbits of the Galileo mission. NIMS has detected 18 new hot spots and 12 others which were previously known to be active. The distribution of the hot spots on Io's surface may not be random, as hot spots surround the two bright, SO2-rich regions of Bosphorus Regio and Colchis Regio. Most hot spots scan to be persistently active from orbit to orbit and 10 of those detected were active in 1979 during the Voyager encounters. We report the distribution of hot spot temperatures and find that they are consistent with silicate volcanism.
Outcome of carotid artery resection for neoplastic disease: a meta-analysis.

Purpose: To determine the neurologic morbidity and oncologic effectiveness of carotid resection in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Methods: A retrospective review of all published cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated by carotid resection was performed. Results: A major neurologic complication occurred in 17% of patients. Neurologic morbidity was not associated with the method of carotid artery reconstruction. Two-year disease-free survival was 22%. The majority of recurrences were local or regional. Comparison of survival of this group to a similarly staged control group demonstrated no significant difference in survival. Conclusion: This review of the literature suggests that elective carotid resection achieves significant local/regional control of disease and that carotid artery involvement is not a poor prognostic factor in patients with advanced head and neck cancer.
Fine-grained incremental learning and multi-feature tossing graphs to improve bug triaging

Software bugs are inevitable and bug fixing is a difficult, expensive, and lengthy process. One of the primary reasons why bug fixing takes so long is the difficulty of accurately assigning a bug to the most competent developer for that bug kind or bug class. Assigning a bug to a potential developer, also known as bug triaging, is a labor-intensive, time-consuming and fault-prone process if done manually. Moreover, bugs frequently get reassigned to multiple developers before they are resolved, a process known as bug tossing. Researchers have proposed automated techniques to facilitate bug triaging and reduce bug tossing using machine learning-based prediction and tossing graphs. While these techniques achieve good prediction accuracy for triaging and reduce tossing paths, they are vulnerable to several issues: outdated training sets, inactive developers, and imprecise, single-attribute tossing graphs. In this paper we improve triaging accuracy and reduce tossing path lengths by employing several techniques such as refined classification using additional attributes and intra-fold updates during training, a precise ranking function for recommending potential tossees in tossing graphs, and multi-feature tossing graphs. We validate our approach on two large software projects, Mozilla and Eclipse, covering 856,259 bug reports and 21 cumulative years of development. We demonstrate that our techniques can achieve up to 83.62% prediction accuracy in bug triaging. Moreover, we reduce tossing path lengths to 1.5–2 tosses for most bugs, which represents a reduction of up to 86.31% compared to original tossing paths. Our improvements have the potential to significantly reduce the bug fixing effort, especially in the context of sizable projects with large numbers of testers and developers.
Enzyme-modified proteins from corn gluten meal: preparation and functional properties

Functional properties of proteins in corn gluten meal (CGM) can be improved by enzyme hydrolysis combined with membrane technology. CGM was treated with a protease (Alcalase), resulting in 30–50% of the proteins being converted to soluble peptides. Conversions were higher when CGM was pretreated with cysteine or sulfite. Solubility and clarity of the enzyme-modified proteins were better at higher degrees of hydrolysis (DH). Higher DH increased initial foam volume but decreased foam stability. Membrane filtration of the hydrolyzed CGM reaction mixture resulted in two peptide fractions, as determined by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. Protein solubility of the membrane-permeable fraction was 90–99% compared with 8% for unmodified proteins. Larger-pore membranes improved foaming but decreased solubility and clarity. Moisture sorption at a water activity of 0.97 was 3.75 g water per gram of enzyme-modified/ultrafiltered CGM, compared with 0.2 g/g for the unmodified CGM.
Effect of High Protein (Meat) Diet on Mortality from Surgical Shock Due to Repeated Hemorrhage.

SummaryDogs given an ad libitum diet of horse meat for 3 and 5 weeks before repeated fatal hemorrhage are able to withstand a larger amount of blood loss than those on a “normal” or on a non-protein diet.
Structural and dynamic mechanisms for the function and inhibition of the M2 proton channel from influenza A virus

The M2 proton channel from influenza A virus, a prototype for a class of viral ion channels known as viroporins, conducts protons along a chain of water molecules and ionizable sidechains, including His37. Recent studies highlight a delicate interplay between protein folding, proton binding, and proton conduction through the channel. Drugs inhibit proton conduction by binding to an aqueous cavity adjacent to M2's proton-selective filter, thereby blocking access of proton to the filter, and altering the energetic landscape of the channel and the energetics of proton-binding to His37.
Consecutive Serratia marcescens infections following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Sphincter of Oddi Manometry. Gastrointest Endosc 1986;32:46-8. 3. Bilbao MK, Dotter CT, Lee TG, Katon RM. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Gastroenterology 1976;70:314-20. 4. Hamilton I, Lintott DJ, Rothwell J, Axon ATR. Acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Clin RadioI1983;34:543-6. 5. Carr-Locke DL, Gregg JA. Endoscopic manometry of pancreatic and biliary sphincter zones in man. Basal results in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 1981;26:7-15. 6. Kasugai T, Kuno N, Kizu M. Manometric endoscopic retrograde pancreaticocholangiography-technique, significance and evaluation. Am J Dig Dis 1974;19:485-502. 7. Thai A, Tansathithaya, Egner W. An experimental study of bacterial pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1956;103:459-68. 8. Cryan EMJ, Falkiner FR, Mulvihill TE, Keane CT, Keeling PWN. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cross-infection following en-
Nidovirus papain-like proteases: multifunctional enzymes with protease, deubiquitinating and deISGylating activities.

Coronaviruses and arteriviruses, members of the order Nidovirales, are positive strand RNA viruses that encode large replicase polyproteins that are processed by viral proteases to generate the nonstructural proteins which mediate viral RNA synthesis. The viral papain-like proteases (PLPs) are critical for processing the amino-terminal end of the replicase and are attractive targets for antiviral therapies. With the analysis of the papain-like protease of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), came the realization of the multifunctional nature of these enzymes. Structural and enzymatic studies revealed that SARS-CoV PLpro can act as both a protease to cleave peptide bonds and also as a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme to cleave the isopeptide bonds found in polyubiquitin chains. Furthermore, viral DUBs can also remove the protective effect of conjugated ubiquitin-like molecules such as interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Extension of these studies to other coronaviruses and arteriviruses led to the realization that viral protease/DUB activity is conserved in many family members. Overexpression studies revealed that viral protease/DUB activity can modulate or block activation of the innate immune response pathway. Importantly, mutations that alter DUB activity but not viral protease activity have been identified and arteriviruses expressing DUB mutants stimulated higher levels of acute inflammatory cytokines after infection. Further understanding of the multifunctional nature of the Nidovirus PLP/DUBs may facilitate vaccine development. Here, we review studies describing the PLPs’ enzymatic activity and their role in virus pathogenesis.
Targeting of high mobility group-14/-17 proteins in chromatin is independent of DNA sequence.

Chromosomal proteins high mobility group (HMG)-14 and HMG-17 are nucleosomal-binding proteins that unfold the chromatin fiber and enhance transcription from chromatin templates. Their intracellular organization is dynamic and related to both cell cycle and transcription. Here we examine possible mechanisms for targeting HMG-14/-17 to specific regions in chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that HMG-17 protein is not preferentially associated with chromatin regions containing transcriptionally active genes, or any type of specific DNA. We used a modification of the random amplified polymorphic DNA method to analyze DNA in various HMG-14/-17·nucleosome complexes. We found that although HMG-14 or HMG-17 proteins preferentially associate with core particles in which the DNA has a low frequency of CG dinucleotides, the genome does not contain consensus sequences that serve as specific targeting sites for the binding of either HMG-14 or HMG-17 proteins to nucleosomes. We used size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography to demonstrate that nuclei contain a large portion of HMG-17 associated with other proteins in a multiprotein complex. We suggest that these complexes regulate the dynamic organization of HMG-14/-17 in the nucleus and serve to target the proteins to specific sites in chromatin.
Surface-phonon characterization of InP, GaP and GaAs quantum dots confined in dielectric hosts

The proper combination of sequential ion implantation and thermal annealing can successfully fabricate binary semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), such as InP, GaP and GaAs QDs. Far-infrared reflectance techniques can be effectively employed to identify the species formed before and after various thermal treatments via probing molecular vibrations and surface phonons of the QDs. This technique is very useful for the characterization of an ultra-thin layer of foreign species on or in the near surface of the bulk substrate materials. In addition, this technique is non-destructive, simple and versatile. The examples given in the present report are InP and GaP QDs formed in fused silica and GaAs QDs formed in fused silica and in [0001] substrates.
TESTS OF EXCHANGE DEGENERACY BY PROCESSES RELATED BY CROSSING.

Abstract High energy scattering processes which are related by s ↔ u crossing aare shown to have the same differential cross section at a given energy if they are governed by the exchange of Regge trajectories which are exchange degenerate. Various experimental tests of this are discussed.
Identification of the factor responsible for autogenous bleaching of glycollate oxidase

Autogenous bleaching of glycollate oxidase (glycollate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.1) is characterized by a loss of absorption due to enzyme-bound FMN and the presence of a lag in the catalytic assay. The extent of bleaching varies with different preparations. The following evidence indicates that bleaching is due to the presence of sulfite in the enzyme preparation which forms a reversible complex (EFMN + Y ⇋ EFMN · Y, Y = sulfite) with enzymebound FMN. Both EFMN · Y and authentic enzyme-sulfite complex exhibit similar spectral and catalytic properties. At pH 7.0 both complexes are decomposed by agents (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, H2O2) which cause sulfite oxidation. In the absence of such agents the complexes are extremely stable at pH 7.0 even during extensive dialysis. A pronounced decrease in complex stability is observed at pH 9.0 and 25°C. Both sulfite and Y are readily removed by dialysis under these conditions. At lower temperatures both complexes exhibit an increase in stability at pH 9.0. Reversible association-dissociation is observed with EFMN · Y and EFMN · SO3 at pH 9.0, when the temperature is varied between 25 and O°C. The supernatant obtained after heat denaturation of EFMN · Y causes bleaching when mixed with EFMN, indicating that Y is present in the heat extract. A stable Bunte salt is formed by reacting sulfite with 4,4′-dithiodipyridine. Reaction of the latter with the heat extract yields a product with spectral and chromatographic properties identical to the authentic Bunte salt, indicating that the heat extract contains sulfite.
The UK, Europe and the global maritime trading system

Despite the recession in the West and the convulsive events in Eastern and Central Europe, world trade has burgeoned and will go on burgeoning particularly in the context of the recent General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). As in the past, shipping will always be an international operation requiring international rules to direct its operations and requiring responsible flag and port State enforcement to protect the marine environment, to ensure increasing standards of safety and to safeguard civilized crewing conditions. In the report ‘Challenges and Opportunities’ produced by The General Council of British Shipping and the Department of Transport some three years ago, shipping was described as a vital national asset. Regrettably, the Treasury has not viewed the industry in the same light and over the last 14 years we have witnessed the most dramatic decline in the UK merchant fleet. Merchant shipping, however, is also a significant European Union asset and critical in terms of the Union’s overall transport policy. As a major international activity the UK, in the largest trading block in the world, will ignore or fail to nourish this industry at our peril. Dependence on others to transport our cargoes and our people, about which, regrettably, shippers seem to be largely unconcerned, providing that they can procure the lowest prices regardless of how they are achieved, would be extremely dangerous for the 340 million people of the EU. We need a fleet to serve those people. We need to have a voice in international shipping affairs. And we need to exemplify high standards of seafaring and safety and to
On the origin of the tree Spondias mombin in Africa

Abstract This paper examines evidence for the origin of the tree Spondias mombin in Africa, where it is generally described as introduced from the Neotropics. Based on biogeographical, ecological, and historical evidence, this paper argues that the tree reached Africa via natural, long-distance dispersal, and should be considered an African native plant. The idea that it is introduced appeared in 1868, when it was a scientifically justifiable conclusion reflecting the limitations of nineteenth-century biogeographical knowledge. By the early twentieth century, representing Spondias mombin as a human introduction in Africa was no longer scientifically justifiable because of advances in knowledge of the African flora and plant dispersal ecology. Nonetheless, most authors continued to represent the tree as introduced, in part because such representation was consonant with dominant images of the African environment: (a) that the continent had suffered extensive deforestation in the recent past, and (b) that Africa's flora was depauperate in fruit trees prior to the coming of Europeans. Recent authors continue to describe Spondias mombin as introduced because they have not sufficiently considered the historic contexts of primary and secondary sources on Neotropical plant introductions in Africa. This paper concludes that the human role in creating the African portion of the trans-Atlantic tropical flora has been overemphasized. Natural plant dispersal across the Atlantic may be more frequent than generally accepted.
Inhibition of Membrane Lipid-independent Protein Kinase Cα Activity by Phorbol Esters, Diacylglycerols, and Bryostatin-1

Abstract The activity of membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) has previously been shown to be regulated by two discrete high and low affinity binding regions for diacylglycerols and phorbol esters (Slater, S. J., Ho, C., Kelly, M. B., Larkin, J. D., Taddeo, F. J., Yeager, M. D., and Stubbs, C. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4627–4631). PKC is also known to interact with both cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins; however, less is known concerning the mode of activation of this non-membrane form of PKC. By using the fluorescent phorbol ester, sapintoxin D (SAPD), PKCα, alone, was found to possess both low and high affinity phorbol ester-binding sites, showing that interaction with these sites does not require association with the membrane. Importantly, a fusion protein containing the isolated C1A/C1B (C1) domain of PKCα also bound SAPD with low and high affinity, indicating that the sites may be confined to this domain rather than residing elsewhere on the enzyme molecule. Both high and low affinity interactions with native PKCα were enhanced by protamine sulfate, which activates the enzyme without requiring Ca2+ or membrane lipids. However, this “non-membrane” PKC activity was inhibited by the phorbol ester 4β-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and also by the fluorescent analog, SAPD, opposite to its effect on membrane-associated PKCα. Bryostatin-1 and the soluble diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, both potent activators of membrane-associated PKC, also competed for both low and high affinity SAPD binding and inhibited protamine sulfate-induced activity. Furthermore, the inactive phorbol ester analog 4α-TPA (4α-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) also inhibited non-membrane-associated PKC. In keeping with these observations, although TPA could displace high affinity SAPD binding from both forms of the enzyme, 4α-TPA was only effective at displacing high affinity SAPD binding from non-membrane-associated PKC. 4α-TPA also displaced SAPD from the isolated C1 domain. These results show that although high and low affinity phorbol ester-binding sites are found on non-membrane-associated PKC, the phorbol ester binding properties change significantly upon association with membranes.
Breastfeeding and its alternatives among Papua New Guinea career women ‐ An issue in economic development

One of the contributions women make to household and national economies is production of breastmilk; yet exclusive breastfeeding may compete with women's other productive activities — especially ri...
Electron and hole addition energies in PbSe quantum dots

We calculate electron and hole addition energies of PbSe quantum dots using a pseudopotential configuration-interaction approach. We find that (i) the addition energies are nearly constant for the first eight carriers occupying the $S$-like shell. (ii) The charging sequence of the first eight carriers is non-Aufbau, but filling of the $P$-like single-particle states takes place only after the $S$-like states are filled. (iii) The charging spectrum shows bunching-up of all lines as the dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\text{out}}$ of the material surrounding the dot increases. At the same time, the addition energies are significantly reduced. (iv) The calculated optical gap shows a rather weak dependence on ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\text{out}}$, reflecting a cancellation between electron-hole interaction energies and surface polarization self-energies.
Delay Insensitive logic with increased fault tolerance and optimized for subthreshold operation

Biomedical and space applications require both reduced power consumption - extending the life of the battery - as well as reliable operation in harsh conditions particularly in the context of radiation or noise sources. A common approach for reducing power is to lower the supply voltage to the subthreshold regime (Vdd 1000 fC) for both supply voltages.
Friendship status and the effectiveness of peers as reinforcing agents

Abstract Performance on a marble-dropping task of 36 nursery school children was studied under two conditions. Half the Ss were given continuous attention and periodic verbal approval (“good,” “fine”) by liked peers; half were reinforced by disliked peers. Rate of marble-dropping was better maintained during the 6-minute testing period when the reinforcing agent was a disliked rather than a liked peer. Also, performance of 5-year-olds was better maintained than performance of 4-year-olds.
Self-organization of intracellular gradients during mitosis

Gradients are used in a number of biological systems to transmit spatial information over a range of distances. The best studied are morphogen gradients where information is transmitted over many cell lengths. Smaller mitotic gradients reflect the need to organize several distinct events along the length of the mitotic spindle. The intracellular gradients that characterize mitosis are emerging as important regulatory paradigms. Intracellular gradients utilize intrinsic auto-regulatory feedback loops and diffusion to establish stable regions of activity within the mitotic cytosol. We review three recently described intracellular mitotic gradients. The Ran GTP gradient with its elaborate cascade of nuclear transport receptors and cargoes is the best characterized, yet the dynamics underlying the robust gradient of Ran-GTP have received little attention. Gradients of phosphorylation have been observed on Aurora B kinase substrates both before and after anaphase onset. In both instances the phosphorylation gradient appears to result from a soluble gradient of Aurora B kinase activity. Regulatory properties that support gradient formation are highlighted. Intracellular activity gradients that regulate localized mitotic events bare several hallmarks of self-organizing biologic systems that designate spatial information during pattern formation. Intracellular pattern formation represents a new paradigm in mitotic regulation.
Pappus in the thirteenth century in the Latin west

It has traditionally been the "communis opinio doctorum" that Pappus of Alexandria's Collectio Mathematica (late 3rd century A.D.) was not known during the Latin Middle Ages and that the first translation of Pappus's magnum opus into Latin was that undertaken by Federicus Commandinus, published at Pesaro in 15881 (reprinted at Venice the same and the next year).2 Indeed, this is the conclusion one reaches after examining the standard sources on the history of medieval mathematics. Thus, to mention one instance only, Moritz Cantor in his mammoth Vorlesungen uber Geschichte der Mathematik says :
A 10-GHz CMOS quadrature LC-VCO for multirate optical applications

A 10-GHz quadrature LC-VCO (QVCO) fabricated in a 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS process for 10-Gb/s multirate optical applications is described. Bimodal oscillation behavior (or phase ambiguity) inherent to quadrature LC-VCOs is analyzed theoretically and a cascode-based coupling method is proposed which effectively eliminates bimodal oscillation. Digitally controlled capacitor arrays are used in this design to extend the tuning range of the QVCO to cover multirate operations. The QVCO achieves a jitter generation of only 32 mUI/sub pp/ at 10 GHz and a phase noise of -95 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz frequency offset with only 8 mA of current consumption in the QVCO core.
Structural relaxation within the grain boundaries of nanocrystalline Ni3Fe

Abstract Results are reported from small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and Mossbauer spectrometry measurements on four Ni3Fe materials: nanocrystalline material prepared by mechanical attrition, nanocrystalline material after an exposure to 4K, nanocrystalline material after a heat treatment of 100°C for 10 days, and a control sample composed of large crystals. Scattering from the nanocrystalline materials after thermal treatments showed changes in the intensity and the slope of both the nuclear and the magnetic scattering profiles of the SANS measurements. The Mossbauer spectra from the nanocrystalline samples showed changes in the hyperfine fields associated with grain-boundary atoms. The changes induced by cryogenic exposure and annealing at 100°C were somewhat different but were consistent with a sharper density gradient between the crystalline region and the grain-boundary region. Some grain-boundary atoms in mechanically attrited Ni3Fe are in energetically unfavourable positions, and move into new...
Insulin Receptors in Fetal Rabbit Lung Type II Cells

Insulin binding was studied in type II pneumocytes isolated from fetal rabbit lungs (27 days of gestation) and grown in monolayers in tissue culture. The mean high affinity receptor site number was 11.8 ± 1.4 × 103 (±sem)/cell, with a Kd of 0.45 ± 0.07 nm (n = 6). Low affinity sites averaged 432 ± 10.7 × 103/cell, with a Kd of 45.6 ± 11.8 nm. Incubation of the cells with 5 × 10−10 m (Bu)2cAMP (DBcAMP) and 10−3 m methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) for 18 h led to significant increases in the number of high affinity receptor sites and Kd (P = 0.025 and 0.05, respectively). Incubation of the cells with insulin (1 μg/ml) for 18 h led to a significant diminution in the mean number of high affinity sites to 3.23 ± 0.68 × 103/cell (P = 0.0025). There was no significant change in the Kd of the high affinity sites. There was also no significant change in the number or affinity of the low affinity sites. When the cells were incubated with insulin in the presence of DBcAMP (5 × 10−4 m) and MIX (10−3 m), there was a signif...
DEFINING A MEETING PLACE: MODULARITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION1

Modularity describes the general idea that biological systems at many hierarchical levels are not uniformly interconnected, but rather composed of subparts: discrete elements of the phenotype possess a degree of internal integration stronger than their external connectivity, and maintain their identity and function independent of the context in which they are embedded. The behavior or function of a module reflects the integration, not simply the sum, of its constituents; and although modules are biological individuals (Hull 1980; Roth 1991), they must also show external connectivity and interaction (an individual in isolation is not a module; Bolker 2000). We readily recognize as modules individual body parts such as bones, limbs, or segments; DNA sequences that constitute specific genes or regulatory motifs; and process modules (Gilbert and Bolker 2000) ranging from courtship displays to intercellular signal transduction pathways. Evolutionary biology relies on a working assumption that it is both feasible and biologically justifiable to view the phenotype as modular, treating different aspects (whether structures or genes) as largely dissociable entities that respond to selection in a relatively independent manner. The success of this paradigm offers strong evidence that the hypothesis of modularity accords well with biological reality. In fact, most of the analytical tools for describing the evolution of organisms rest (explicitly or otherwise) on the premise that one can delineate distinct characters (Bolker 2000). Beyond its central importance to evolutionary biology, the concept of modularity has been described as a potential meeting place for evolutionary and developmental biologists, and thus a promising bridge for interdisciplinary studies of evolutionary developmental biology (EDB or "evo-devo"; Von Dassow and Munro 1999; Bolker 2000; Gass and Bolker 2003). In support of that claim, Gerhard Schlosser and Gunter Wagner convened a workshop comprising developmental biologists studying specific model systems, evolutionary biologists interested in the origins and long-term significance of modularity, and philosophers and theorists with ideas about how to think about the concept. The resulting volume demonstrates that modularity is indeed an interesting and fruitful way to think about development, evolution and their interrelationship-and that we still have a long way to go. The diverse collection of papers also highlights the complexities of studying a concept that, while intuitively obvious, is surprisingly difficult to define in a precise and universally acceptable way.
High-Pass Two-Dimensional Ladder Network Resonators for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A novel two-dimensional ladder network resonator design is introduced for signal transmission and detection in magnetic resonance imaging. It is shown that planar structures consisting solely of inductively coupled elements have a high-pass eigenmode spectrum and exhibit eigenfunctions which can be used for magnetic resonance imaging, including quadrature operation. Two 5 times 5 element prototypes, a planar surface coil and a volume head coil, are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the design for imaging at 3.0 Tesla