cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea urchin embryo fertilization envelope: immunological evidence that soluble envelope proteins are derived from cortical granule secretions.

Abstract Although structural studies support the hypothesis that the sea urchin embryo fertilization envelope is derived from the preexisting vitelline envelope template and structural proteins secreted during the cortical reaction, biochemical evidence is minimal. We used an immunological approach to determine the subcellular origin of proteins which were extracted from the fertilization envelope. Fertilization envelopes were isolated from Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus embryos 30 min postinsemination and extracted with 6.0 M urea-0.15 M 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 10.5, for 10 min at 80°C. Extracted proteins were exhaustively dialyzed against 0.015 M 2-mercaptoethanol-0.100 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.6 and mixed with Fruend's complete adjuvant prior to injection into female New Zealand white rabbits. The antiserum which was prepared contained antibodies to six major and two minor polypeptides in the soluble fertilization envelope fraction based on two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate immunoelectrophoresis. Extracts of vitelline envelopes and extracts of unfertilized egg surfaces which are known to contain viteline envelope proteins did not form immunoprecipitates with antiserum against soluble fertilization envelope polypeptides. Extracts of isolated cortical granules and the secreted paracystalline protein fraction formed four and three immunoprecipitates, respectively, which showed complete identity with the soluble fertilization envelope polypeptides based on rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate immunoelectrophoresis of cortical granule extract and the secreted paracrystalline protein fraction showed a complex pattern of immunoprecipitates, but a major finding was that cortical granules contain a 193,000-dalton polypeptide which was not found in the paracrystalline protein fraction. These results suggest that proteolytic processing of a cortical granule precursor of the paracrystalline protein fraction occurs during fertilization and that not all of the cortical granule polypeptides are incorporated into the fertilization envelope by means of di- and trityrosine crosslinks with the vitelline envelope proteins.
Sample Length Affects the Reliability of Language Sample Measures in 3-Year-Olds: Evidence From Parent-Elicited Conversational Samples

Purpose The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which sample length affected the reliability of total number of words (TNW), number of different words (NDW), and mean length of C-un...
Case Studies in Cultural Control: John M. Roberts’s Four Southwestern Men

During the summers of 1949, 1950, and 1951, John M. Roberts collected data on the levels of knowledge that a Zuni, a Navaho, a Mormon, and a Spanish American had of their own cultures. Specifically, Roberts asked the informants about their knowledge of the topics listed in the 1945 edition of the Outline of Cultural Materials and Gifford’s list of culture elements. He then developed a scale of cultural control of information that ranged from 1 (ignorance)to 5 (personal control). We used Roberts’s scores for each of the four men for 18 areas of utilitarian cultural knowledge and 18 areas of expressive cultural knowledge to examine patterns in the informants’ knowledge of the two realms. Results indicate that the four men seemed to have better control of utilitarian than expressive topics.
1009 SELECTIVITY OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN A ZINC DEFICIENT INFANT

An infant born prematurely (25wk;720g) presented at six months with acrodermatitis enteropathica. Despite adequate dietary zinc (zn), good weight gain and a normal stooling pattern, the serum zn level was 15 ug/dl (nl range 50-150 ug/dl). Lymphocyte response to the T cell mitogen PHA was normal, but the patient was anergic, and had abnormally high numbers of circulating B cells (1,847 cells/ul;nl 115/cells/ul). The serum IgG level was 140 mg/dl and IgA level was 6 mg/dl. No significant antibody to Tetanus, and no detectable antibody to Pertussis developed after primary immunization. Zn sulphate (2mg/kg/day) rapidly reversed the clinical condition, but immunological abnormalities responded slowly. After three months of zn replacement therapy (with adequate serum zn levels), the infant remained hypogammaglobulinemic, B cells in circulation remained elevated, and the response to the B cell mitogen Pokewood (PWM) was depressed. B cells, however, did respond in vitro to the T cell independent B cell mitogen Staph aureus Cowan (SAC). Responses to allogenic lymphocytes have shown consistent improvement. Overall, the absence of antigen specific responses, the decreased expression of the T3 marker, with normal proliferative responses to PHA and SAC, but not PWM, suggests that prolonged zn deficiency produces chronic disturbances in antigen presentation and/or T cell interactions that respond only slowly to zn replacement therapy. The selectivity of these immunological defects points to those areas of the immune system that may be critically zn dependent.
Task Scheduling in Distributed Real-Time Systems

In this paper, we give a comprehensive review of a number of practical problems associated with the use of static priority scheduling. We first present a new approach to stabilize the rate-monotonic algorithm in the presence of transient processor overloads. We also present a new class of algorithms to handle aperiodic tasks which improve the response times to aperiodic tasks while guaranteeing the deadlines of periodic tasks. We then study the problem of integrated processor and data I/O scheduling. Finally we review the problem of scheduling of messages over a bus with insufficient priority levels but with multiple buffers.
Purification and properties of malate dehydrogenases from cauliflower

Abstract Two isozymes of l (−)-malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37) were separated by ion-exchange and extensively purified from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis). Each of the purified isozymes was characterized by the following criteria: molecular size, Michaelis constants for all substrates, reactivity with NAD analogs, pH optima, heat stability and electrophoretic mobility. The isozymes differ significantly only in their Km values for malate and NAD, and in their affinity for DEAE-cellulose. Their properties are similar to those of other plant and animal malate dehydrogenases, suggesting that this enzyme is evolutionarily conservative.
Phase II Clinical Experience With the Novel Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Purpose To determine the antitumor activity of the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL). Patients and Methods Patients with indolent and MCL were eligible. Bortezomib was given at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11. Patients were required to have received no more than three prior chemotherapy regimens, with at least 1 month since the prior treatment, 3 months from prior rituximab, and 7 days from prior corticosteroids; absolute neutrophil count more than 1,500/μL (500/μL if documented bone marrow involvement); and platelet count more than 50,000/μL. Results Twenty-six patients were registered, of whom 24 were assessable. Ten patients had follicular lymphoma, 11 had MCL, three had small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and two had marginal zone lymphoma. The overall response rate was 58%, with one complete remission (CR), one unconfirmed CR (CRu), and four partial remissions (PR) among patients with follicul...
What is moderate drinking? Defining "drinks" and drinking levels.

Although the benefits and risks associated with moderate drinking have gained increasing attention in recent years from both researchers and the general public, no universal definition of moderate drinking exists. Most currently used definitions are based on a certain number of drinks consumed in a specific time period. Defining a "drink," however, also is difficult because alcoholic beverages can differ substantially in their alcohol content, even within the same beverage category (e.g., beer, wine, or distilled spirits). Because international differences in drink definitions also exist, comparing studies from different countries is difficult. The development of a universal definition of moderate drinking is hampered further by variations in the way alcohol consumption levels and drinking patterns are being assessed (i.e., the survey methods and assessment modes used). Despite these problems, definitions of moderate drinking and drinking guidelines have been developed in the United States and other countries.
Extensive alternative polyadenylation during zebrafish development

The post-transcriptional fate of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) is largely dictated by their 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs), which are defined by cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) of pre-mRNAs. We used poly(A)-position profiling by sequencing (3P-seq) to map poly(A) sites at eight developmental stages and tissues in the zebrafish. Analysis of over 60 million 3P-seq reads substantially increased and improved existing 3' UTR annotations, resulting in confidently identified 3' UTRs for >79% of the annotated protein-coding genes in zebrafish. mRNAs from most zebrafish genes undergo alternative CPA, with those from more than a thousand genes using different dominant 3' UTRs at different stages. These included one of the poly(A) polymerase genes, for which alternative CPA reinforces its repression in the ovary. 3' UTRs tend to be shortest in the ovaries and longest in the brain. Isoforms with some of the shortest 3' UTRs are highly expressed in the ovary, yet absent in the maternally contributed RNAs of the embryo, perhaps because their 3' UTRs are too short to accommodate a uridine-rich motif required for stability of the maternal mRNA. At 2 h post-fertilization, thousands of unique poly(A) sites appear at locations lacking a typical polyadenylation signal, which suggests a wave of widespread cytoplasmic polyadenylation of mRNA degradation intermediates. Our insights into the identities, formation, and evolution of zebrafish 3' UTRs provide a resource for studying gene regulation during vertebrate development.
Serum Osteocalcin in Patients Taking l-Thyroxine who Have Subclinical Hyperthyroidism*

Serum osteocalcin, an index of osteoblastic activity, is increased in hyperthyroidism. Serum osteocalcin levels are negatively correlated with bone density in patients with overt hyperthyroidism. Osteocalcin levels are also elevated in patients with multinodular goiter and subclinical hyperthyroidism. We therefore measured serum osteocalcin levels in patients taking T4 to determine if they correlated with the degree of TSH suppression. Despite an upward trend in serum osteocalcin measurements with decreasing TSH concentrations, there was no significant difference in serum osteocalcin among groups of patients with normal (0.5–5.0 mu/L), mildly reduced (0.1–0.5 mU/L), or undetectable serum TSH (<0.01 mU/L). However, a weak negative correlation was seen between serum TSH and osteocalcin concentrations (r = 0.29, slope = −0.28, P < 0.05). Osteocalcin did not correlate with either serum free T4 or free T3 concentrations. Serum PTH concentrations were not different among the three patient groups. Our data sugge...
Radiographic location of the inferior cavoatrial junction in neonates and infants: correlation of bedside ultrasound-guided lower extremity PICC placement to position on postprocedural radiographs

required an increased number of ablations per case (3.0 þ/1.0 burns vs. 1.0 þ/0 burns, p-value o0.0001) and increased ablation time (12.9 þ/4.8 minutes vs. 6.0 þ/0 minutes, p-value o0.0001). Conclusion: Treatment of osteoid osteomas with RFA in the pediatric population is a safe and effective technique. While success rates were comparable to the available literature using both temperature and impedance RF electrodes, temperature systems may offer advantages in both number of ablations required and overall ablation time.
Optimal rectangle packing: initial results

Given a set of rectangles with fixed orientations, we want to find an enclosing rectangle of minimum area that contains them all with no overlap. Many simple scheduling tasks can be modelled by this NP-complete problem. We use an anytime branch-and-bound algorithm to solve the problem optimally. Our main contributions are a lower-bound on the amount of wasted space in a partial solution, based on a relaxation of the problem to one-dimensional bin packing, and a dominance condition that allows us to ignore many partial solutions. For our experiments, we choose a class of increasingly difficult square-packing problems as a simple and easily-specified benchmark. The square-packing problem of size N is to find the smallest rectangle that contains the 1x1, 2x2, etc. up to NxN square. We find optimal solutions to these problems up to size N=22. For comparison, we also find the best slicing solutions, a popular approximation algorithm. Our approach is rather general, and many of our techniques can be applied to packing non-rectangular shapes in non-rectangular enclosing regions, and higher-dimensional packing problems as well.
Vapor phase epitaxial liftoff of GaAs and silicon single crystal films

Among the technologies for integrating GaAs devices with Si VLSI chips, epitaxial liftoff (ELO) is conspicuous for maintaining the quality of the single crystal epitaxial GaAs films. Traditionally, ELO is implemented in aqueous HF solution. It would be cleaner and simpler if ELO could be implemented in a vapor process. In this article, we will present the potential improvements in the ELO process by using a vapor phase etch to undercut thin films.
Estimating the frequency of Cry1F resistance in field populations of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

BACKGROUND: Transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have suppressed European corn borer populations and reduced the pest status of this insect throughout much of the US corn belt. A major assumption of the high-dose/refuge strategy proposed for insect resistance management and Bt corn is that the frequency of resistance alleles is low so that resistant pests surviving exposure to Bt corn will be rare. RESULTS:ThefrequencyofresistancetotheCry1FBttoxinwasestimatedusingtwodifferentscreeningtoolsandcomparedwith annual susceptibility monitoring based on diagnostic bioassays and LC50 and EC50 determinations. An F1 screening approach wherefield-collectedindividualswerematedtoaresistantlaboratorystrainandprogenywereassayedtodeterminegenotype revealed that resistance alleles could be recovered even during the first year of commercially available Cry1F corn (2003). Estimates of frequency from 2003‐2005 and 2006‐2008 indicated that, although allele frequency was higher than theoretical assumptions (0.0286 and 0.0253 respectively), there was no indication that the frequency was increasing. Similar estimates in 2008 and 2009 using an F2 screening approach confirmed the presence of non-rare resistance alleles (frequency ≈0.0093 and 0.0142 for 2008 and 2009, respectively). The results of both screening methods were in general agreement with the observed mortality in diagnostic bioassays and LC50 and EC50 determinations. CONCLUSIONS:Theseresultsareconsistentwithpreviousmodelingresults,suggestingthatthehigh-dose/refugestrategythat is in place for Bt corn may be effective in delaying resistance evolution even when a relatively high frequency of resistance alleles exists. c � 2013 Society of Chemical Industry Supportinginformationmaybefoundintheonlineversionofthisarticle.
Organizing Security Patterns

Early software systems communicated in predefined ways, so they were easy to secure. However, the old ways of ensuring software systems' security and reliability are inadequate on the Internet. Although building secure systems is difficult, retrofitting existing systems to introduce security is even harder. For example, sendmail, the most popular mail transfer agent, has been plagued with security vulnerabilities ever since the Morris worm first exploited it in 1988.
Protective effects of renal ischemic preconditioning and adenosine pretreatment: role of A1 and A3receptors

Renal ischemia and reperfusion during aortic and renal transplant surgery result in ischemic-reperfusion injury. Ischemic preconditioning and adenosine infusion before ischemia protect against isch...
The dependence of craze velocity on the pressure and temperature of the environmental gas

The craze velocity was determined for poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE) in CH4 and for PCTFE, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) in N2. It was found that for temperatures near the boiling point the velocity and number of crazes depended on the relative pressure given by P exp[-(Qv/R) (TB−1 - T−1)], where P is the pressure, Qv is the heat of vaporization, and TB is the boiling point. The craze velocity was related to the coverage of the adsorbed gas. For coverages corresponding to a few monolayers the logarithm of the velocity was proportional to the relative pressure. As the temperature increases from TB, the creep rate decreases because gas desorbs with increasing temperature; the creep rate attains a minimum value at a temperature where the general process of thermally activated deformation becomes dominant.
Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia. By Stephen F. Cohen. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000. 320p. $21.95.

Both of these books seek to explain the failure or shortcom- ings of Russia's postcommunist democratic experiment. Both are critical of much of the transition literature within political science, and both identify certain features that make the prescriptions of that literature problematic within the Rus- sian and Soviet contexts. But they anchor their criticisms in contrasting explanations of the current travails. One is rooted in the importation of inappropriate models of economic and social development under Western prodding; the other points to the weakness of Russia's nascent civil society and the opportunities lost by political leaders to strengthen it. They provide opposing views not only of the causal processes underlying failed or incomplete democratization within Rus- sia but also to some extent of the purposes of the social scientific enterprise itself.
A quick guide to organizing computational biology projects.

Most bioinformatics coursework focuses on algorithms, with perhaps some components devoted to learning programming skills and learning how to use existing bioinformatics software. Unfortunately, for students who are preparing for a research career, this type of curriculum fails to address many of the day-to-day organizational challenges associated with performing computational experiments. In practice, the principles behind organizing and documenting computational experiments are often learned on the fly, and this learning is strongly influenced by personal predilections as well as by chance interactions with collaborators or colleagues. The purpose of this article is to describe one good strategy for carrying out computational experiments. I will not describe profound issues such as how to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, or draw conclusions. Rather, I will focus on relatively mundane issues such as organizing files and directories and documenting progress. These issues are important because poor organizational choices can lead to significantly slower research progress. I do not claim that the strategies I outline here are optimal. These are simply the principles and practices that I have developed over 12 years of bioinformatics research, augmented with various suggestions from other researchers with whom I have discussed these issues.
THE ETA FUNCTION AND SOME NEW ANOMALIES

Abstract The odd-dimensional parity anomaly and the induced vacuum charge in an even-dimensional space are computed in terms of the eta function of spectra geometry.
Autonomic impairment in Borderline Personality Disorder: A laboratory investigation

Recent research suggests that emotional dysfunction in psychiatric disorders can be reflected in autonomic abnormalities. The present study examines sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) before, during, and following a social stressor task. Data were obtained from an analogue sample of participants screening positive for BPD (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 28). In general, BPD participants exhibited increased sympathetic activity (indexed by Cardiac Sympathetic Index, CSI; Toichi et al., 1997) and decreased parasympathetic activity (indexed by Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, RSA) compared to controls. During the stressful task, BPD and control participants exhibited different trajectories of sympathetic activation: estimates of sympathetic activity increased for BPD participants and decreased for controls. Furthermore, BPD participants reported the task (but not baseline or recovery phases) to be more frustrating than controls. Findings are interpreted in the context of Polyvagal theory.
A categorized survey of the JIT literature

Abstract The Just-In-Time production system is considered by many (o be a solution for Western manufacturers who desperately need to improve productivity. A great number of papers dealing with Just-In-Timc have been published in conference proceedings, technical journals and other periodicals. In this paper, an extensive survey of 266 Just-In-Time articles appearing in 38 major English journals is presented. A classification of the literature is proposed. An analysis of article characteristics and apparent trends in the literature is provided.
Decoupling marine export production from new production

[1] We investigate the relationship between annually integrated new and export production for the central Californian marine upwelling system using an eddyresolving coupled physical-ecosystem-biogeochemical model. We find that when averaged over the annual cycle lateral transport leads to a substantial spatial decoupling of export from new production, with a length-scale of decoupling on the order of 300 km. The decoupling is largely caused by mean horizontal fluxes induced by persistent meso- and submesoscale circulation structures and to a lesser degree by the mean lateral offshore transport induced by Ekman transport. This indicates that the concept of numerically equal new and export production has to be used with great care, particularly in dynamic oceanic environments. Citation: Plattner, G.-K., N. Gruber, H. Frenzel, and J. C. McWilliams (2005), Decoupling marine export production from new production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11612,
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Flexibacteria

SUMMARY: The base compositions of the deoxyribonucleic acids extracted from 93 cultures of flexibacteria classified in the genera Cytophaga, Flexibacter, Microscilla, Saprospira, Herpetosiphon, Vitreoscilla and Beggiatoa have been determined. The data demonstrate that the guanine plus cytosine contents (GC values) of the representative cultures ranged from 30 to 53 %. A number of the recently proposed nomen species are shown to contain representatives with different GC values.
Expression and purification of ELP-intein-tagged target proteins in high cell density E. coli fermentation

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are useful tools that can be used to non-chromatographically purify proteins. When paired with self-cleaving inteins, they can be used as economical self-cleaving purification tags. However, ELPs and ELP-tagged target proteins have been traditionally expressed using highly enriched media in shake flask cultures, which are generally not amenable to scale-up. In this work, we describe the high cell-density expression of self-cleaving ELP-tagged targets in a supplemented minimal medium at a 2.5 liter fermentation scale, with increased yields and purity compared to traditional shake flask cultures. This demonstration of ELP expression in supplemented minimal media is juxtaposed to previous expression of ELP tags in extract-based rich media. We also describe several sets of fed-batch conditions and their impact on ELP expression and growth medium cost. By using fed batch E. coli fermentation at high cell density, ELP-intein-tagged proteins can be expressed and purified at high yield with low cost. Further, the impact of media components and fermentation design can significantly impact the overall process cost, particularly at large scale. This work thus demonstrates an important advances in the scale up of self-cleaving ELP tag-mediated processes.
Understanding the standardized uptake value, its methods, and implications for usage

The ancients relied on just their visual interpretations of bright objects in the heavens. But advancing technology led to quantifications that properly normalized stellar distances to obtain absolute magnitudes. Somewhat analogously, in PET the standardized uptake value (SUV) came to be used as a
The dehydrogenation of isopropanol on catalysts prepared by sodium borohydride reduction

Nickel catalysts reduced with sodium borohydride have been found to be active for the liquid phase dehydrogenation of isopropanol. The activity, per unit weight of catalyst, is at least as high as that of Raney nickel. Promotion of the new catalyts with small amounts of chromium has been explained by an increase in surface area. Indeed, the activity per unit surface area of the unpromoted and promoted nickel catalysts is constant over a sevenfold range of surface area.
Evaluation of Mortality of Galerucella Calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Preimaginal Life Stages and Pupal Survival at Two Wetlands in Iowa

Abstract To quantify mortality of Galerucella calmariensis L. preimaginal life stages in wetlands, which influences levels of biological control of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., we sampled G. calmariensis for 19 wk during 2004 in two Iowa wetlands. At each site, we randomly collected 15 to 19 L. salicaria stems that were either surrounded by water or not surrounded by water for a total of 30 stems per site on each sample date. At each site, partial life tables were constructed for egg, first instar, and second–third instars. Stem location (surrounded by water and not surrounded by water) did not affect mortality from egg to second–third instar, thus data were pooled to create a partial life table for each site. At Site 1, insect predators (Coccinellidae) were present on 16% of the sampled dates and at Site 2 insect predators (Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae) were present on 11% of the sampled dates. Mortality from egg to second–third instar was over 99% at both sites. Using the same L. salicaria...
The Individual Mandate as Health Care Regulation: What the Obama Administration Should Have Said in NFIB v. Sebelius

There was an argument that the Obama Administration's lawyers could have made — but didn’t — in defending Obamacare’s individual mandate against constitutional attack. That argument would have highlighted the role of comprehensive health insurance in steering individuals’ health care savings and consumption decisions. Because consumer-directed health care, which reaches its apex when individuals self insure, suffers from several known market failures and because comprehensive health insurance policies play an unusually aggressive regulatory role in attempting to correct those failures, the individual mandate could be seen as an attempt to eliminate inefficiencies in the health care market that arise from individual decisions to self-insure. This argument would done a better job than the Obama Administration's of aligning the individual mandate with existing Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause precedent, and it would have done a better job of addressing the conservative justices’ primary concerns with upholding the mandate. This Article lays out this forgone defense of the individual mandate.
Review of Clinical Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

More than 359,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur each year in the United States, with a survival rate of only 8% [1]. Improving the chances of meaningful recovery after cardiac arrest depends on a team approach from the community, first responders, emergency medical services, and hospital-based health care providers. The American Heart Association’s term “chain of survival” provides a useful metaphor, with the following 5 “links” in the chain: immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with an emphasis on chest compressions, rapid defibrillation, effective advanced life support, and integrated post–cardiac arrest care. This sidebar highlights features of the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC), which were released in 2010 [2]. This article serves as a primer to the much anticipated, updated AHA CPR/ECC guidelines that will be coming out in late 2015.
Langmuir Turbulence Parameterization in Tropical Cyclone Conditions

AbstractThe Stokes drift of surface waves significantly modifies the upper-ocean turbulence because of the Craik–Leibovich vortex force (Langmuir turbulence). Under tropical cyclones the contribution of the surface waves varies significantly depending on complex wind and wave conditions. Therefore, turbulence closure models used in ocean models need to explicitly include the sea state–dependent impacts of the Langmuir turbulence. In this study, the K-profile parameterization (KPP) first-moment turbulence closure model is modified to include the explicit Langmuir turbulence effect, and its performance is tested against equivalent large-eddy simulation (LES) experiments under tropical cyclone conditions. First, the KPP model is retuned to reproduce LES results without Langmuir turbulence to eliminate implicit Langmuir turbulence effects included in the standard KPP model. Next, the Lagrangian currents are used in place of the Eulerian currents in the KPP equations that calculate the bulk Richardson number a...
Reconstructing semi-arid wetland surface water dynamics through spectral mixture analysis of a time series of Landsat satellite images (1984–2011)

Abstract Wetlands are valuable ecosystems for maintaining biodiversity, but are vulnerable to climate change and land conversion. Despite their importance, wetland hydrology is poorly understood as few tools exist to monitor their hydrologic regime at a landscape scale. This is especially true when monitoring hydrologic change at scales below 30 m, the resolution of one Landsat pixel. To address this, we used spectral mixture analysis (SMA) of a time series of Landsat satellite imagery to reconstruct surface-water hydrographs for 750 wetlands in Douglas County, Washington State, USA, from 1984 to 2011. SMA estimates the fractional abundance of spectra representing physically meaningful materials, known as spectral endmembers, which comprise a mixed pixel, thus providing sub-pixel estimates of surface water extent. Endmembers for water and sage steppe were selected directly from each image scene in the Landsat time series, whereas endmembers for salt and wetland vegetation were derived from a mean spectral signature of selected dates spanning the 1984–2011 timeframe. This method worked well (R2 = 0.99) for even small wetlands (
An Integrated Approach to Relationship Education: Supporting Human Services Providers to Strengthen Individuals and Families:

Healthy relationship education helps ameliorate the cycle of family fragmentation. Although provided in a variety of forms, scholars support that the most efficient way of promoting healthy relationship education is through integration within human services. The National Resource Center for Healthy Marriage and Families uses a workshop approach to assist human services providers to integrate healthy relationship skills into their preexisting service delivery methods. In this study, a “for whom does it work” approach was used to identify workshop participant (N = 40) characteristics that influenced learning impact and transfer of learning. Supervisors reported greater transfer of learning. Personal and agency readiness were predictive of learning impact. Barriers to integration, as well as implications for practice and research, are discussed.
To Send or Not to Send - Learning MAC Contention

The exponential back-off mechanism, proposed for reducing MAC- layer contention in the 802.11 standard, is sub-optimal in terms of the network throughput. This back-off mechanism and its improved variants are especially inefficient under unknown dynamics such as packet arrivals and user entry/exit. In this paper, we formulate the problem of optimizing this back-off mechanism as a Markov decision process, and propose online learning algorithms to learn the optimal back-off schemes under unknown dynamics. By exploiting the fact that some components of the system dynamics (such as protocol states) are known because the users follow the common 802.11 protocol, we propose a post-decision state (PDS)- based learning algorithm to speed up the learning process. Compared to traditional Q-learning algorithms, the advantages of the proposed online learning algorithm are that 1) it exploits partial information about the system so that less information needs to be learned in comparison to other learning algorithms, and 2) it removes the necessity for action exploration which usually impedes the learning process of conventional learning algorithms (such as Q-Learning). We prove the optimality of the proposed PDS-based learning algorithm and via numerical results demonstrate the improvement over existing protocols and Q-learning in terms of throughput and convergence speed. We first address this problem from a single-user perspective and later describe the challenges involved and present new insights into the multi-user learning scenarios, especially in cases where the MDP models of the users are coupled with each other.
INTEGRATED OR DISCONNECTED

This paper is a case study of a nonprofit merger which investigates the importance of formal and informal intra-organizational networks in the process of merging two previously distinct organizatio...
Mire Development, Pool Formation and Landscape Processes on Patterned Fens in Dalarna, Central Sweden

(1) Mire development and pool formation were examined stratigraphically on patterned fens in Dalarna, central Sweden. The palaeoecological study was complemented by mapping of the surface and substratum topography, description of modern landforms, analysis of the water chemistry and diatom flora, and phytosociological study of the vegetation. (2) Forty-three releves are organized into seven noda, which separate along a moisture gradient. The major landforms include mire-margin hummocks, pine islands, ridges, flarks, mud bottoms, and open-water pools. (3) Peat cores along a 900-m transect from the base to the top of one fen slope show that the mire developed through upslope paludification. Basal radiocarbon dates decrease sequentially from 9040 + 80 years B.P. at the base of the slope to 1640 + 50 years B.P. at a point 100 m from the top of the fen. Buried forest soils and stumps of Pinus sylvestris at the base of the peat indicate that forest communities were replaced by sedge fen. (4) Pools and ridges develop through gradual differentiation of the mire surface some thousands of years following mire initiation. The basal 2 m of peat beneath a flark and adjoining ridge are identical until this differentiation began. (5) Deep pools are underlain by more than 1 m of algal gyttja, which grades downward into peat detritus and then peat. Radiocarbon-dated profiles indicate that pools initially deepen through peat degradation before the deposition of algal sediment starts. (6) The surface patterning is dynamic. The total pool area on the mire increases with time and the size, shape and orientation of individual pools may change. Pools expand through gradual submergence of marginal areas as well as through coalescence. Pool drainage may occur through coalescence of pools at different elevations, through ridge erosion, and through subsurface piping. (7) The overall development of the mires involves progressive diversification on two scales. The regional landscape increases in complexity and landform diversity as mires form and replace forest communities. On the mires, local diversification involves the development and alteration of surface features through time.
The Activity of Cyanate and Labile Carbamyl Compounds against the Pseudorabies Virus: Mode-of-Action Studies

During the course of virus chemotherapy studies Grunert et al (1966) found that 5-amino-3,4-dicyano-l-pyrazolecarboxamide (compound I), L-cysteine carbamate (compound II), and potassium cyanate provided a marked protective effect for mice infected with a lethal inoculum of pseudorabies virus. Although reproducible prophylactic activity in vivo was demonstrated, no antiviral effect was obtainable in ovo
Online discourse of masculinities in transnational football fandom: Chinese Arsenal fans’ talk around ‘gaofushuai’ and ‘diaosi’

This study examines the constructions of masculine discourse by Chinese fans of European football through online discussions. A critical discourse analysis of 50 online discussions by Chinese Arsenal fans shows how these fans use ‘gaofushuai’ and ‘diaosi’ to reproduce, contest, and racialize the dominant masculine order originally embedded in these two masculine terms. It also discovers these fans’ enactment of fluid gender identities in their self-reference to the terms during interactions. Yet the patriarchal assumption still prevails in their discursive struggles, forming football and its fandom as completely gendered practices. This complex process is seen as the negotiation between the globalized European football culture and the local cultural meanings for Chinese masculinities. It offers implications for how the cyberspace of transnational sports fandom can form a site for discursive struggles over the hegemonic masculinity in contemporary China.
Vitamin D levels in children with cystic fibrosis

Serum levels of the important hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-diOHD, calcitriol) have not been extensively evaluated in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) during the critical period of skeletal growth and development. This study was a cross-sectional, observational assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD, calcidiol) and 1,25-diOHD levels in 54 patients with CF. The patients' ages ranged from 4.9 years to 19.5 years (mean, 11.0 years). Levels were correlated with pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray scores, height and weight Z scores, skinfold percentiles, CF genotype, serum chemistries, and use of a vitamin supplement. Levels were compared with those in more than 160 other pediatric patients living in the same region, and all assays were done in the same laboratory. Despite low-normal levels of the 25-OHD precursor, there was a high prevalence of low (18%) and marginal (18%) levels of 1,25-diOHD. None of the various parameters examined correlated with either 25-OHD or 1,25-diOHD levels. The cause, clinical significance, and treatment of low levels of this important hormone in children with CF warrant further study.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty improved long-term angina status more than medical therapy in coronary artery disease.

Source Citation Henderson RA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, et al. Seven-year outcome in the RITA-2 trial: coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1161-70. 14522473
Patterns and Predictors of Mother-Adolescent Discrepancies across Family Constructs.

Parent–child discrepancies pervade the family literature; they appear in reports of relationship dynamics (e.g., conflict; Laursen et al. 1998), parent and child behaviors (e.g., monitoring; De Los Reyes et al. 2010), and individual family members’ beliefs (e.g., parental legitimate authority; Smetana 2011). Discrepancies are developmentally normative (Steinberg 2001) but also may be indicators of relationship and adjustment problems for teens (Ohannessian 2012). Because of this variation, it is important to consider the extent to which parent–child discrepancies are a function of both the dyad and the family construct considered. The present study contributed to our understanding of informant discrepancies in family relationships by considering the patterning, consistency, and correlates of mother–adolescent discrepancies across three family constructs that vary in their objectivity. Using person-centered analyses, discrepancies in adolescents’ and mothers’ ratings of parents’ right to know about teens’ activities, mothers’ knowledge of them, and positive mother–adolescents relationships were examined in 167 middle class, primarily European American mother–adolescent dyads (M teen age = 15.68 years, SD = .64, 53 % female). Each construct was best described by three profiles, one where adolescents’ standardized ratings were consistently higher than mothers’, one showing the reverse, and one revealing little disagreement. Adolescent-reported problem behavior (but not depression), behavioral and psychological control, and mothers’ wellbeing significantly predicted profile membership. Most dyads maintained consistent membership in a discrepancy profile across at least two family constructs. Results contribute to understanding the different sources of discrepancies in views of the family.
Noise pollution levels in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Abstract Patients and staff may experience adverse effects from exposure to noise. Object This study assessed noise levels in the pediatric intensive care unit and evaluated family and staff opinion of noise. Design Noise levels were recorded using a NoisePro DLX. The microphone was 1 m from the patient's head. The noise level was averaged each minute and levels above 70 and 80 dBA were recorded. The maximum, minimum, and average decibel levels were calculated and peak noise level great than 100 dBA was also recorded. A parent questionnaire concerning their evaluation of noisiness of the bedside was completed. The bedside nurse also completed a questionnaire. Results The average maximum dB for all patients was 82.2. The average minimum dB was 50.9. The average daily bedside noise level was 62.9 dBA. The average % time where the noise level was higher than 70 dBA was 2.2%. The average percent of time that the noise level was higher than 80 dBA was 0.1%. Patients experienced an average of 115 min/d where peak noise was greater than 100 dBA. The parents and staff identified the monitors as the major contribution to noise. Conclusion Patients experienced levels of noise greater than 80 dBA. Patients experience peak noise levels in excess of 100 dB during their pediatric intensive care unit stay.
Respiratory artifact: A second vital sign on the electrocardiogram

Respiratory artifact is a marker of increased work of breathing and of significant cardiopulmonary compromise.
A Replication by Any Other Name A Systematic Review of Replicative Intervention Studies

Replication research is essential to scientific knowledge. Reviews of replication studies often electronically search for replicat* as a textword, which does not identify studies that replicate previous research but do not self-identify as such. We examined whether the 83 intervention studies published in six non-categorical research journals in special education in 2013 and 2014 might be considered replications regardless of using the term replicat* by applying criteria related to (a) the stated purpose of the study and (b) comparing the findings of the study with the results of previous studies. We coded 26 intervention studies as replications. Authors of 17 of these studies reported that their findings solely agreed with the results of the original study(ies). Author overlap occurred for half of the replicative studies. The likelihood of findings being reproduced did not vary as a function of author overlap. We discuss implications and recommendations based on these findings.
Evaluation of myocardial blood flow and metabolism using positron emission tomography

In this brief review we will discuss the principles and current clinical experience of PET imaging in patients with ischemic heart disease. We will focus on the use of PET in combination with tracers of myocardial blood flow and substrate metabolism to detect coronary artery disease, define the metabolic consequences of ischemia, and identify tissue viability
Wild Westworld: The Application of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act to Social Networks’ Use of Machine-Learning Algorithms

On August 10th, 2016, a complaint filed in the Eastern District of New York formally accused Facebook of aiding the execution of terrorist attacks. The complaint depicted user-generated posts and groups promoting and directing the incitement of terrorist activities. Under section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), Interactive Service Providers (ISPs), such as Facebook, cannot be held liable for user-generated content where the ISP did not create or develop the information. However, this case stands out because it seeks to hold Facebook liable not only for the content of third parties, but also for the effect its personalized machine-learning algorithms — or “services” — have had on the ability of terrorists to orchestrate and execute attacks. By alleging that Facebook’s conduct goes beyond the mere act of publication, and includes the actual services’ effect on terrorists’ abilities to more effectively execute attacks, the complaint seeks to prevent the court from granting section 230 immunity to Facebook. This Note argues that Facebook’s services — specifically the personalization of social media pages through the use of machine-learning algorithms — constitute the “development” of content and as such do not qualify for immunity under section 230 of the CDA. Recognizing the challenge of applying a static statute to a shifting technological landscape, this Note analyzes recent jurisprudential evolutions in section 230 doctrine to revise the original analytical framework applied in early cases. This Framework is guided by congressional and public policy goals but evolves to demonstrate awareness of technological evolution and ability. It specifically tailors section 230 immunity to account for behavioral data mined for ISP use, and the effect the use of that data has on users — two issues that courts have yet to confront. This Note concludes that, under the updated section 230 framework, personalized machine-learning algorithms made effective through the collection of individualized behavioral data make ISPs co-developers of content and as such bar them from section 230 immunity.