cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The continuum eclipse of PSR 1957 + 20

Observations of the eclipsing of the millisecond pulsar PSR 1957 + 20 as a continuum source at wavelengths of 20 and 90 cm are reported. The average 90-cm continuum flux density of the pulsar is found to drop dramatically during pulsed eclipse. In contrast, the neutron star remains visible as a 20-cm continuum source throughout most of the pulsed eclipse, although there is no evidence for a brief loss of signal immediately preceeding conjunction. The 20-cm pulsed eclipse of PSR 1957 + 20 is therefore predominantly caused by the loss of coherent pulsations rather than the diminution of the average radio flux density. It is inferred from these observations that the density of the ionized component of the eclipsing wind does not substantially exceed 10 exp 9 cu cm, except perhaps in a limited region directly preceeding the companion. Radio, optical, and IR observations indicate that the size of the companion to PSR 1957 + 20 may approach that of its Roche lobe, which could explain the apparent ease with which the pulsar ablates its companion as well as the low plasma density of the observed evaporate.
Experimental determination of the Landau Fermi-liquid-theory parameters: Spin waves in rabidium

This paper presents the results of a study made on spin waves in high-purity rubidium foils at cryogenic temperatures (\ensuremath{\approx} 1.4 K). The measurements were made using the microwave-transmission technique at $X$-band microwave frequencies and represent an extension of previous measurements in sodium and potassium. From a comparison of the data with theoretical line-shape formulas based on the Landau Fermi-liquid theory, we deduce values of the first three Legendre coefficients of the spin-dependent part of the Landau interaction function. The values are ${B}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, ${B}_{1}=+0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$, and ${B}_{2}=\ensuremath{-}0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. The errors are not independent, and the consequent relationships between the coefficients consistent with our measurements are presented in detail. A discussion of the particular experimental difficulties encountered and their implications for the analysis is given. We include an analysis of a simple model that exhibits the essential features of spin-wave behavior in itinerant interacting electron systems.
The convergence of the block cyclic projection with an overrelaxation parameter for compressed sensing based tomography

The convergence of the block cyclic projection for compressed sensing based tomography (BCPCS) algorithm had been proven recently in the case of underrelaxation parameter λ ? ( 0 , 1 ] . In this paper, we prove its convergence with overrelaxation parameter λ ? ( 1 , 2 ) . As a result, the convergence of the other two algorithms (BCAVCS and BDROPCS) with overrelaxation parameter λ ? ( 1 , 2 ) in a special case is derived. Experiments are given to demonstrate the convergence behavior of the BCPCS algorithm with different values of λ .
A review of the effects of iron redox cycles on smectite properties

Abstract The oxidation state of Fe in soils is one of the few properties that can be altered in situ and is known to have a large effect on chemical and physical properties. Understanding this phenomenon enables the possible manipulation or management of the soil in such a way as to maximize the benefit of such changes in properties. The effects of redox cycles, however, are less understood because most studies have focused only on a single reduction event. The purpose of this report is to review the current state of knowledge of the effects of redox cycles on clay and soil behavior, with the hope that this background will encourage further investigations of these processes. Evidence clearly indicates that the means by which reduction of Fe in clay minerals occurs significantly influences the potential reversibility of the process.
Change in the magnetic properties of bituminous coal intruded by an igneous dike, Dutch Creek Mine, Pitkin County, Colorado

Abstract Magnetization measurements have been made on natural coke–coal samples collected at various distances from a felsic porphyry dike in a coal seam in Dutch Creek Mine, Colorado to help characterize the nature and distribution of the iron-bearing phases. The magnetization passes through a maximum at the coke-to-coal transition about 31 cm from the dike contact. The magnetic measurements support the geochemical data indicating that magmatic fluids along with a high-temperature gas pulse moved into the coal bed. Interaction of the magmatic fluids with the coal diminished the reducing power of the thermal gas pulse from the dike to a point about 24 cm into the coal. The hot reducing gas penetrated further and produced a high temperature (∼400–525°C) zone (at about 31 cm) just ahead of the magmatic fluids. Metallic iron found in this zone is the principal cause of the observed high magnetization. Beyond this zone, the temperature was too low to alter the coal significantly.
A retina-like model for motion detection

A model is presented for motion detection based on the anatomy and physiology of biological retinas. This model is capable of handling realistic images at rates of up to 5 per minute on a workstation. It is fully interactive with the user. The code was written so as to be extendable and modular. The authors describe the model and point out analogies to biological retinas. The model tracks better than thresholding algorithms followed by Kalman filtering. Its implementation in VLSI is conceptually straightforward. The need to develop better performance measures is outlined. >
Interacting with image hierarchies for fast and accurate object segmentation

Object definition is an increasingly important area of medical image research. Accurate and fairly rapid object definition is essential for measuring the size and, perhaps more importantly, the change in size of anatomical objects such as kidneys and tumors. Rapid and fairly accurate object definition is essential for 3D real-time visualization including both surgery planning and Radiation oncology treatment planning. One approach to object definition involves the use of 3D image hierarchies, such as Eberly's Ridge Flow. However, the image hierarchy segmentation approach requires user interaction in selecting regions and subtrees. Further, visualizing and comprehending the anatomy and the selected portions of the hierarchy can be problematic. In this paper we will describe the Magic Crayon tool which allows a user to define rapidly and accurately various anatomical objects by interacting with image hierarchies such as those generated with Eberly's Ridge Flow algorithm as well as other 3D image hierarchies. Preliminary results suggest that fairly complex anatomical objects can be segmented in under a minute with sufficient accuracy for 3D surgery planning, 3D radiation oncology treatment planning, and similar applications. Potential modifications to the approach for improved accuracy are summarized.
Observatory ends scientific investigations

The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-3), which was instrumental in the discovery of the first suspected black hole, wound up its scientific investigation at the end of 1980. Spacecraft science operations were terminated after 8½ years of operation. Named Copernicus, OAO-3 performed consistently beyond design specifications and 7½ years beyond project requirements. Its performance profile, according to the NASA-Goddard engineers and scientists, was ‘astonishing.’ While formal scientific investigations were ended December 31, a series of engineering tests are still being made until February 15. At that time, all contact with the spacecraft will end. Project engineers are uncertain whether Copernicus will orient itself permanently toward the sun, begin a permanent orbital tumbling action, or a variation of both.
Cell culture of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes II. Sulfated proteoglycan synthesis

Abstract Rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes were grown in vitro under culture conditions previously shown to foster growth of this cell type. Regardless of the culture regimen employed, the cells synthesized sulfated proteoglycans which could be differentiated by their solubility when dialyzed against water. The water soluble proteoglycans (WSPG) were monomeric in nature and could be separated into sub-types based on their hydrodynamic size when analyzed by gel-filtration chromatography. The water insoluble proteoglycans (WIPG) appeared to represent hyaluronic acid-dependent aggregates of the larger of the two WSPG. The proteoglycans contained approximately 87% chondroitin sulfate and 5% dermatan sulfate. Keratan sulfate could not be detected. Addition of ascorbate to the culture medium did not change the amount or the hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycan aggregates but did alter the quantity of the larger WSPG monomer synthesized depending upon the culture regimen used. Thus, these cells are capable of expressing their differentiated phenotype is short-term monolayer cell culture.
The effect of order on the low cycle fatigue response of Cu3Au single crystals

Abstract Fully ordered and disordered Cu 3 Au single crystals were cycled to fracture in tension-compression under strain control over a wide range of fatigue life. The fully ordered crystals exhibited an initial rapid fatigue hardening followed by softening. The disordered crystals showed continuous fatigue hardening until fracture. Fatigue hardening is interpreted by the unidirectional hardening concepts and softening by disordering. For both fully ordered and disordered crystals, deformation bands developed during fatigue hardening for all strain amplitudes investigated. Fatigue cracks were observed to initiate at the intersection of slip bands and deformation bands and then propagate along the deformation band boundaries. Order had little effect on the fracture mode and both fully ordered and disordered crystals showed ductile fracture features.
Task-aware search assistant

When users search the web, their goal is to accomplish something, which we call a search task. Previous studies have observed an average of 2.6–3.3 queries per search task [2, 3, 4] and Jones and Klinkner [2] found 16% of tasks were revisited over a three-day span of Yahoo! logs. These statistics suggest that a task-aware search assistant may aid users in continuing previous search tasks as well as new ones. There are several existing tools that are related or similar in nature to a task-aware search assistant, the most basic of which are built-in browser histories and extensions that make them easier to navigate. Both Google and Bing provide search histories over their respective services. However, these lack a task-oriented view of searches. The most closely related work that we are aware of is Yahoo’s Search Pad, which attempts to automatically identify that a user is conducting research (e.g., planning a vacation). It then notifies the user and begins tracking queries and result clicks in an interface, to which the user can add and remove content. Two drawbacks are its lack of support for non-research tasks and its restriction to Yahoo! search only. Our approach to aiding users during search—both for new and continuing tasks—is to present them with an easy to use sidebar implemented as a browser extension. The interface consists of a collapsible sidebar in the browser with multiple panes that can be paged through using streamlined navigation buttons. The primary pane displays three key groupings: (1) a list of the most recent search tasks, (2) a list of related queries entered in the past, and (3) a list of related tasks conducted in the past. Note that a task consists of a cluster of queries and visited documents. This primary
Lung transplantation in infancy

Abstract Purpose: Neonates and infants have an unusual spectrum of end stage pulmonary diseases distinguishing them from other patients undergoing bilateral lung transplant (BLT). This study was undertaken to review a single institutional experience with BLT in infants 1 year of age or less. Procedures: A retrospective review was performed of pediatric patients who underwent BLT between January 1990 and September 2002. Results: A total of 207 children under the age 18 years underwent primary BLT, 34 (16.4%) of which were infants. Major disease entities prompting BLT included pulmonary hypertension of varying etiologies (n=13), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (n=11), and infantile interstitial pneumonitis (n=5). Prior to transplant, 10 patients were on ECMO and 27 were on mechanical ventilatory support. Median wait list time was 22 days (2–15 days), median age at transplant was 127 days (36 days–1 year) and median weight was 5.2 kg (3.2–11.8 kg). Median length of ventilatory support post-transplant was 16.5 days (2–89 days) and median hospital stay was 20 days (4–79 days). Hospital mortality of 24% (8/34). Acute rejection was rare with an average of only 0.2 episodes per patient despite routine surveillance biopsies. One and 5-year survivals were 70% and 53% respectively with a mean follow-up time of 4 years. Freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) at 1 and 5 years was 92% and 78% compared to 80% and 43% in the other 173 lung transplants performed during this interval (p=0.02). Two retransplants were performed both within 6 months of primary transplant, one of whom is a long-term survivor. Conclusions: Acceptable mortality and long term survival can be achieved in infants undergoing BLT. As incidence of BO is significantly decreased in this patient population, avoidance of factors contributing to early mortality should lead to long-term survival that supersedes that seen in older patients undergoing BLT.
Localization of the activation gate of a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel.

Ion channels open and close in response to changes in transmembrane voltage or ligand concentration. Recent studies show that K+ channels possess two gates, one at the intracellular end of the pore and the other at the selectivity filter. In this study we determined the location of the activation gate in a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) by examining the open/closed state dependence of the rate of modification by intracellular methanethiosulfonate ethyltrimethylammonium (MTSET) of pore-lining cysteines engineered in the S6 segments of the α1 subunit of P/Q type Ca2+ channels. We found that positions above the putative membrane/cytoplasm interface, including two positions below the corresponding S6 bundle crossing in K+ channels, showed pronounced state-dependent accessibility to internal MTSET, reacting ∼1,000-fold faster with MTSET in the open state than in the closed state. In contrast, a position at or below the putative membrane/cytoplasm interface was modified equally rapidly in both the open and closed states. Our results suggest that the S6 helices of the α1 subunit of VGCCs undergo conformation changes during gating and the activation gate is located at the intracellular end of the pore.
Accounting For Polarization In Electrooptical Systems

For the majority of optical systems it is typically assumed that the transmitted wavefront has uniform (or Gaussian) amplitude and constant polarization state. This is the default assumption of geometrical optics. This paper considers methods suitable for analyzing systems where this assumption is not valid. Such methods of polarization analysis include polarization ray tracing and polarization aberration theory. Definitions of the basic classes of polarization phenomena and a review of the Jones calculus are included to form a basis for the discussion.
Influence of Aquifer Heterogeneity on Contaminant Transport at the Hanford Site

Aquifer heterogeneities defined by mapping and correlating lithofacies derived from existing geologic and borehole geophysical data at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Site (south–central Washington) were compared to tritium migration trends within the unconfined aquifer. Lithofacies percentage maps proved useful in defining large–scale (on the order of miles) tritium migration pathways at Hanford but were not sufficiently detailed to serve as unambiguous predictors of these pathways. Results suggest that: (1) incorporation of geologic parameters more closely related to hydraulic properties (e.g., quantified grain size and sorting, degree of cementation, packing arrangement, sedimentary structures, and grain shape), and (2) conscientious integration of all hydrogeologic data at the Hanford Site (and elsewhere) will allow definition of three-dimensional aquifer elements termed “hydrofacies” and enhance reliable prediction of contaminant migration pathways. Strict reliance on standard fluvial models in the evaluation of lithofacies at Hanford is not appropriate for predicting plume migration because of the complex depositional and erosional history of the sediments comprising the unconfined aquifer. Use of “hydrofacies” ultimately may serve as the appropriate conceptual framework for predicting plume migration.
Robust adaptive output feedback control of nonlinear systems without persistence of excitation

Abstract We consider a recent method for adaptive output feedback control of nonlinear systems. The method deals with a single-input-single-output minimum phase nonlinear system represented by an n th-order differential equation. A Lyapunovbased design that employs parameter projection, control saturation, and a high-gain observer has been shown to achieve semiglobal tracking. One drawback of that recent result is that tracking error convergence is shown under a persistence of excitation condition, which is uncommon in traditional adaptive control results where persistence of excitation is needed to show parameter convergence but not tracking error convergence. In this paper, we prove tracking error convergence without persistence of excitation. We then proceed to provide two other extensions. First, we show that the adaptive controller is robust with respect to sufficiently small bounded disturbance. Second, by adding a robustifying control component, we show that the controller is robust for a wide class of, not-necessarily-small, bounded disturbance, provided an upper bound on the disturbance is known.
Gear Condition Monitoring and Classification Using Wireless Sensor Networks

Current research in wireless sensor networks has chiefly focused on environmental monitoring applications. Wireless sensors are emerging as viable instrumentation techniques for industrial applications because of their flexibility, non-intrusive operation, safety and their low cost, low power characteristics. We describe a prototype gear condition monitoring system incorporating wireless sensors. Measurements of strain on gear teeth, vibration and temperature were undertaken using strain gage, accelerometer, and thermistors, respectively. The sensors interface to a sensor board that is connected to a microprocessor and a radio. Gear faults diagnosis using conventional classification techniques such as principle component analysis (PCA), Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Nearest-Neighbor Rule (NNR) is studied in this paper. Two sets of vibration data, one set of strain data, and three sets of temperature data are used to classify a running gear under normal condition and a running gear with simulated crack teeth. Feature level data fusion is used to test the classification performance of simple but less effective features to study the fusion effects. The results show high performance of strain features, high quality of the classifier and obvious fusion effect which increases the classification performance.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Electron transfer from sodium to oriented nitromethane, CH3NO2: probing the spatial extent of unoccupied orbitals.

Beams of sodium atoms with energies of a few eV are crossed with a beam of oriented CH3NO2 molecules to study the effect of collision energy and orientation on electron transfer. The electron transfer produces Na+ ions and free electrons, parent negative ions (CH3NO2-), and fragmentation ions NO2- and O- in proportions that depend on the collision energy. The steric asymmetry is very small or zero and suggests that production of all of the ions is favored by sideways attack with respect to the permanent dipole along the C−N axis. In these experiments, the electron appears to be transferred into the 2B1 state of the anion comprising mainly the π*NO LUMO, producing a valence-bound state rather than a dipole-bound state.
Rationale for Including Recovery as Part of the Educational Agenda

In recent years, adolescent and young adult alcohol and drug use hasgarnered attention from scholars, legislators, parents, and the media. Thereis disagreement as to w hether substance abuse by this population is indecline or as problematic as ever.T he side one tak es depends upon whichdata is used and how that data are interpreted. W hile the extent of theissue for adolescents and young adults is in dispute, the existence of prob-lem drug use among this group is not. In 2005, 2.1 m illion youths in theUnited S tates aged 12 to 17 (8.3% of this population) met the DSM-IV(American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnostic criteria for a sub-stance use disorder N that is, dependence on or abuse of alcohol or il-licit drugs (Substance A buse and M ental H ealth Services Administration,2006). M ore than 918,000 U.S. colle ge students can be diagnosed as alco-hol dependent, and on an average campus of 30,000 students, nearly 9,500meet the criteria for substance use disorders (Harris, 2006).F or good reason, there has been extensi ve literature de voted to pre-venting young people from developing an alcohol or drug problem, earlyidentiÞcation and assessment of those w ho are developing a problem, andevidenced-based interv entions and treatment for those w ho are exhibit-ing problem use or dependence. The case can be made that investmentin pre vention and early identiÞcation programs can beneÞt everybodywho listens to the m essage. Some may choose never to drink alcoholor use drugs, others w illlearn to do so responsibly , and for those w ho do
c-Abl mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin regulates LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction and lung injury

Paxillin is phosphorylated at multiple residues; however, the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in endothelial barrier dysfunction and acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. We used siRNA and site-specific nonphosphorylable mutants of paxillin to abrogate the function of paxillin to determine its role in lung endothelial permeability and ALI. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs) resulted in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin at Y31 and Y118 with no significant change in Y181 and significant barrier dysfunction. Knockdown of paxillin with siRNA attenuated LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and destabilization of VE-cadherin. LPS-induced paxillin phosphorylation at Y31 and Y118 was mediated by c-Abl tyrosine kinase, but not by Src and focal adhesion kinase. c-Abl siRNA significantly reduced LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Transfection of HLMVECs with paxillin Y31F, Y118F, and Y31/118F double mutants mitigated LPS-induced barrier dysfunction and VE-cadherin destabilization. In vivo, the c-Abl inhibitor AG957 attenuated LPS-induced pulmonary permeability in mice. Together, these results suggest that c-Abl mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin at Y31 and Y118 regulates LPS-mediated pulmonary vascular permeability and injury.
An assessment of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS10) with a U.S. public accounting sample

Abstract Utilizing a convenience sample of 305 professional staff from seven public accounting firms, this study examined: a) the factor structure of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS10; Cohen & Williamson, 1988); b) the invariance of its factor structure; c) the scale's reliability; and, d) its convergent and divergent validity. Our analyses support a structure with two primary factors, (General Distress and Ability-to-Cope), which load on a single second order factor, Perceived Stress, regardless of gender. Spearman–Brown reliability coefficients, item-total correlations, and coefficient alphas each supported the reliability of the items loading on the full scale as well as on each of the two primary factors. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence in support of the PSS10 as a perceived stress measure for accounting professionals. However, more research is warranted to investigate the efficacy of a reduced six-item version of the instrument.
Altered gene expression patterns in MCF-7 cells induced by the urban dust particulate complex mixture standard reference material 1649a.

Human exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) occur in complex mixtures. Here, gene expression patterns were investigated using standard reference material (SRM) 1649a (urban dust). MCF-7 cells were exposed to SRM 1649a alone or SRM 1649a with either benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) or dibenzo[ a,l ]pyrene (DBP) for 24 hours. Global analyses of the gene expression data revealed alterations of 41 RNA transcripts with at least 2-fold change (signal log ratio ≤ −1 or ≥ 1) in response to SRM 1649a exposure. Increase in expression of cytochrome P 450 ( CYP ) genes was observed in response to BP exposure ( CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 ; signal log ratio of 4.7 and 2.5, respectively). An additive induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was observed with cotreatment of SRM 1649a and BP. On the contrary, no change in gene expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was observed when the cells were exposed to DBP. Furthermore, to study the effect of complex PAH mixtures on the metabolic activation of carcinogenic PAH to DNA-binding derivatives and to relate this with gene expression studies, PAH-DNA adduct formation was determined. SRM 1649a decreased the total level of BP-DNA adducts in comparison with BP alone. No significant difference in adduct levels was observed in response to either DBP alone or in combination with SRM 1649a. These results provide a transcriptional signature for chemical carcinogen exposure; in addition, they suggest a major factor in carcinogenic activity of PAH within complex mixtures is their ability to promote or inhibit the activation of carcinogenic PAH by the induction of CYP enzymes.
The effects of service on multichannel retailers ' brand equity

Purpose – This research aims to provide insight on the interactive effects of service quality and e-service quality on perceptions of retailer brand equity and also extend and test the efficacy of Baker ' s service environment typology in both offline and online service experiences. Design/methodology/approach – A within-subjects, simulated shopping experience immerses consumers in both offline and online shopping environments and, subsequently, consumers are surveyed regarding both offline and online quality as well as aggregated evaluations of retailer brand equity. Findings – Results demonstrate that consumer perceptions of offline and online service quality have a positive effect on retailer brand equity and service quality and e-service quality interact, such that e-service quality has a stronger effect on brand equity offline quality is low. The results also support the application of offline service environment frameworks for online retailing. Research limitations/implications – The results demonst...
Fluidic Jet Impingement-Analytical Solution and Novel Physical Characteristic

THE chief obstacle to the solution of liquid jet problems is the fact that free surface locations are not known a priori. So total force at an impingement surface can be related to gross flow quantities, but pressure and velocity variations in the impingement zone are not deducible theoretically. Inspection of the integral equations expressing the standard conservation conditions of fluid mechanics has furnished, by an inductive argument, an acceptable asymptotic formula for splash thickness resulting from oblique impingement of a circular jet on a flat surface. A novel physical feature is the occurrence of a dry zone when the impingement angle is less than π/3.
Alphabet SOUP: A framework for approximate energy minimization

Many problems in computer vision can be modeled using conditional Markov random fields (CRF). Since finding the maximum a posteriori (MAP) solution in such models is NP-hard, much attention in recent years has been placed on finding good approximate solutions. In particular, graph-cut based algorithms, such as a-expansion, are tremendously successful at solving problems with regular potentials. However, for arbitrary energy functions, message passing algorithms, such as max-product belief propagation, are still the only resort. In this paper we describe a general framework for finding approximate MAP solutions of arbitrary energy functions. Our algorithm (called Alphabet SOUP for Sequential Optimization for Unrestricted Potentials) performs a search over variable assignments by iteratively solving subproblems over a reduced state-space. We provide a theoretical guarantee on the quality of the solution when the inner loop of our algorithm is solved exactly. We show that this approach greatly improves the efficiency of inference and achieves lower energy solutions for a broad range of vision problems.
Trace element distribution in the superficial deposits of Northern Derbyshire, England

In an area of marginal farming, trace element distribution associated with lead, fluorite and baryte mineralization is important to the farmer because of the high infertility rate of the livestock and contamination of plant produce leading to the subsequent failure of the farming economy. Therefore sampling of superficial sediments was undertaken over the mineralized Carboniferous Limestone of North Derbyshire above the medieval lead and the modern fluorite workings. Twenty-seven elements were analyzed using emission spectrophotometry and subsequently compared with the geochemistry of the underlying bedrock. Discrepancies which occur are attributed to the glacial and periglacial action during the Wolstonian and Devensian glacial episodes.
SU-FF-T-378: Radiation Transport Software for Medical Physics Studies

Purpose: To present a summary of radiationtransportsoftware for medical physics applications. Method and Materials: The RadiationSafety Information Computational Center (RSICC), a center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), is the Department of Energy software center for radiationtransport and safetysoftware. The center houses over 1600 software packages and nuclear cross section data of importance to nuclear science applications. The different software packages have been applied to the following topics: • Dosimetry calculations for radiation therapy • Treatment planning in radiation oncology • Design of photon and secondary neutron shielding for therapy rooms • Evaluating and estimating patient and staff radiationdose • Electron beam transport and energy deposition • Secondary neutron and gamma transport and energy deposition • Cancer brachytherapy dosimetry • Medicaldiagnosticimaging applications, including SPECT, PET, and x‐ray imaging • Error evaluations for accelerator particle delivery systems • Modalities of treatment and exploration of alternatives • Licensing and safety analysis for medicalradiation facilities • Medicaldiagnostics and therapy Examples of software in the RSICC collection include MCNP/MCNPX, ITS, ANISN, TORT, EGS4, PARTISN, SERA, and PENELOPE. There are other software packages (not available through RSICC), which have been applied to the above topics ‐ for example, PENTRAN, A3MCNP, ATTILA, COMET, EGSnrc, TransMED, EVENT, FLUKA, PEREGRINE. Results: Studies on selected software is presented, particularly on the above applications. Conclusion: As the field of medical physics advances, computer software technology continues on the road to improvement and efficiency. Conflict of Interest: Work was supported by the Department of Energy under contract DE‐AC05‐00OR22725.
Variance Components Analysis in Heritability Studies

Abstract THE relatively recent introduction of statistical methods in the analysis of problems concerned with the inheritance of quantitative traits has made the literature on the subject somewhat foreboding to those unfamiliar with the techniques involved. If practical applications of these investigations are to be made, some effort must be spent in bridging the gap between the theoretical investigators and the people who are in a position to make use of their results. It is the intent of this paper to present in detail a method of estimating heritability which is applicable to many of the heritability problems confronting poultry geneticists. Lerner (1950) has indicated in general the procedure to be used in the analysis of variance components, but a considerable knowledge of statistics is required to carry through the analysis correctly. The analysis would be quite simple, if the subclass numbers were equal, but this usually is not the case, …
Urothelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in Young Patients: A Clinicopathologic Study of 59 Cases

Context.—Urothelial tumors are rare in young patients. Because of their rarity, the natural history of the disease in young patients remains poorly understood. Objective.—To understand the pathologic and clinical features of urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in young patients. Design.—We identified 59 young patients with urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder treated at our institution and analyzed the tumors' pathologic features and the patients' clinical outcomes. Results.—All patients were 30 years or younger, with a mean age of 23.5 years (range, 4–30). Thirty-eight patients (64%) were male, and 21 (36%) were female. Most tumors were noninvasive, papillary urothelial tumors (49 of 59; 83%), including papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (7 of 49; 14%), low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (38 of 49; 78%), and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (4 of 49; 8%). Only a few (n = 10) of the urothelial tumors were invasive, invading the lamina propria (n = 5; 50%), ...
Error-prevention scheme for protecting three-qubit quantum information

Abstract We present an error-prevention scheme for protecting three-qubit quantum information against decoherence. The scheme exhibits manifestation of the quantum Zeno effect. We show that a six-qubit error prevention code can be applied to protect three-qubit information against general errors and that a four-qubit encoding is sufficient for preventing three-qubit information from phase damping.
The antipyretic activity of certain fluorine-substituted benzoates

Of the fluorobenzoates studied, sodium o-fluorobenzoate and 2,4-difluorobenzoate elicit effective antipyretic action in rats. The antipyresis did not prevail in the rabbit. Sodium o-fluorobenzoate and 2,4-difluorobenzoate are less potent as antipyretics than sodium salicylate; however, they are less toxic. The LD50 in rats of sodium salicylate is 650 mg/kg. Sodium o-fluorobenzoate and sodium 2,4-difluorobenzoate did not kill at a level of 2000 and 2500 mg/kg, respectively. It is of interest that sodium o-fluorobenzoate and 2,4-difluorobenzoate also elicit analgesis action in mice as evidenced by the antiwrithing test.
Sugar transport in fat cells: Effects of mechanical agitation, cell-bound insulin, and temperature

Abstract The effects of several factors that affect the sugar transport activity in rat epididymal fat cells were studied. The transport activity was assessed semiquantitatively by measuring the uptake of 3-O-methyl- d -glucose by the oil-flotation method. The transport activity was stimulated by mechanical agitation, such as centrifugation of cells. This effect was transient. When agitated cells were incubated at 37 °C with gentle shaking, their transport activity declined. The decline was often facilitated by the addition of glucose or pyruvate. Presumably some cell preparations were low in the source of metabolic energy that was required for this recovery process. When cells were exposed to a high concentration of insulin, washed, and suspended in fresh buffer, the effect of insulin (plus that of mechanical agitation) declined after a certain lag period. The length of this period was a function of the initial insulin concentration. The incubation temperature had different effects on the basal and plus-insulin activities. The basal activity at 25 °C was higher than that at 37 °C, while the plus-insulin activity was lower at 25 °C than at 37 °C.
Hysteresis-Based Control of a Single-Phase Multilevel Flying Capacitor Active Rectifier

The deployment of a single-phase, multilevel flying capacitor converter as a 1.5-kW active rectifier is discussed in this paper. The challenges associated with this approach include providing unity power factor, regulating the dc output voltage, and maintaining balanced voltages across the flying capacitors. In such applications, the input current is usually controlled via a reference-frame-based control approach. Here, a different approach, which is based on the hysteresis current-mode control scheme, is applied. The simulation and experimental results for both reference-frame-based and hysteresis-based controllers are presented and compared. The results show that the hysteresis-based method exhibits a tighter regulation of the input current and offers easier hardware implementation.
Prime Factor DFT parallel processor using wafer scale integration

A high speed, flexible, simple and regular Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Array Processor architecture based on the Prime Factor Algorithm (PFA) is presented in this paper. The array processor is based only on one type of VLSI cell and can compute an N point DFT in N clock cycles throughput when N is a composit number of prime numbers. The high throughput rate is achieved with only a small number of cells. With a special indexing scheme presented in this paper, this processor can use shift registers as the system memory so that minimum global control and addressing is achieved. This array processor architecture is also highly tolerant to both semiconductor processing yield and processor defects during run time. Thus, it can be manufactured in large quantity with VLSI technology on a single wafer and used in hazardus environments With these advantages, it is very attractive to satellite, military and commercial applications.
Hoyle's Role in B2FH.

In July 2007, the Nuclear Astrophysics 19572007 Conference ([1][1]) commemorated the 50th anniversary of the publication of Synthesis of the elements in stars, by Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle (referred to by the shorthand B2FH) ([2][2]). In response, D. D. Clayton (Hoyle's equation,
Dynamics of polyethylene melts studied by Monte Carlo simulations on a high coordination lattice

A detailed comparison is made between the experiment, prior simulations by other groups, and our simulation based on a newly designed dynamic Monte Carlo algorithm, on the dynamics of polyethylene (PE) melts. The new algorithm, namely, noncross random two-bead move has been developed on a high coordination lattice (the 2nnd lattice) for studying the dynamics of realistic polymers. The chain length (molecular weight) in our simulation ranges from C40 (562 Da) to C324 (4538 Da). The effects of finite chain length have been confirmed and significant non-Gaussian statistics evidently results in nonstandard static and dynamic properties of short PE chains. The diffusion coefficients scale with molecular weight (M) to the −1.7 power for short chains and −2.2 for longer chains, which coincides very well with experimental results. No pure Rouse scaling in diffusion has been observed. The transitional molecular weight to the entanglement regime is around 1500 Da. The detailed mean square displacements of middle bead (g1) are presented for several chain lengths. The reptation-like slowdown can be clearly observed only above M ∼ 2400 Da. The slope 0.25 predicted by the theory for the intermediate regime is missing; instead a slope close to 0.4 appears, indicating that additional relaxation mechanism exists in this transitional region. The relaxation times extracted by fitting the autocorrelation function of end-to-end vectors with reptation model scale with M to 2.5 for long chains, which seemingly conflicts with the scaling of diffusion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2556–2571, 2006
Conformational Analysis of o-Phenylenes: Helical Oligomers with Frayed Ends

The o-phenylenes represent a fundamental class of conjugated polymers that, unlike the isomeric p-phenylenes, should exhibit rich conformational behavior. Recently, we reported the synthesis and characterization of a series of o-phenylene oligomers featuring unusual electronic properties, including surprisingly long-range delocalization as measured by UV−vis spectroscopy and hypsochromic shifts in fluorescence maxima with increasing length. To rationalize these properties, we hypothesized that the oligomers predominantly assume a stacked helical conformation in solution. This assertion, however, was supported by only indirect evidence. Here we present a thorough investigation of the conformational behavior of this series of o-phenylenes by dynamic NMR spectroscopy and computational chemistry. EXSY experiments, in combination with other two-dimensional NMR techniques, provided full 1H chemical shift assignments for at least the two most prevalent conformers for each member of the series (hexamer to dodecam...
Magnetic properties of nanoscale Sm0.25Zr0.75Fe3 produced by mechanical alloying

Abstract Mechanical alloying of Sm, Zr, and Fe with the composition of Sm 0.25 Zr 0.75 Fe 3 was studied as a function of milling time up to 20 h using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer spectroscopy, and magnetometry. In XRD, initial crystalline Bragg reflections due to Sm, Zr, and Fe changed to a single broad maximum after 20 h milling, and in Mossbauer spectroscopy, the initial sextet changed to a broad singlet. These results and the temperature and magnetic-field dependent studies of the 20 h milled sample showed the material to be a superparamagnet with considerable mechanical strains and a wide particle-size distribution with average particle size of about 33 A and blocking temperature of about 220 K. Comparison of these results with those in mechanically alloyed SmFe 3 shows that Zr accelerates the rate of mechanical synthesis.
Constrained Optimal Design of Columns Against Buckling

The buckling loads of straight, simply supported columns, loaded by axial thrust are maximized, subject to the restriction that the available volume of structural material is specified. In addition, a constraint is placed upon the maximum allowable prebuckling stress. Analytic solutions are presented for a variety of different cross-sectional geometries.
Ewald construction and resolution function for rocking‐curve small‐angle neutron scattering experiments

A geometrical Ewald construction for small-angle neutron scattering experiments from line-like objects with a preferential orientation of the lines, such as flux-line lattices in type-II superconductors, is described. The Ewald construction offers a straightforward way to interpret rocking-curve experiments. It allows calculation of the resolution function in rocking-curve measurements. The resolution function for a given instrumental geometry can be readily computed by performing two numerical integrations.
Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes

Lithium transition metal phosphates have become of great interest as storage cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries because of their high energy density, low raw materials cost, environmental friendliness and safety. Their key limitation has been extremely low electronic conductivity, until now believed to be intrinsic to this family of compounds. Here we show that controlled cation non-stoichiometry combined with solid-solution doping by metals supervalent to Li+ increases the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 by a factor of approximately 10(8). The resulting materials show near-theoretical energy density at low charge/discharge rates, and retain significant capacity with little polarization at rates as high as 6,000 mA x g(-1). In a conventional cell design, they may allow development of lithium batteries with the highest power density yet.
Block Copolymer Thin Films Above and Below the Order-Disorder Transition Temperature

Symmetric diblock copolymers undergo a disorder to order transition below a microphase separation transition temperature. In this temperature range the structure is characterized by alternating lamellae of thickness L. In thin film geometries, the lamellae are oriented normal to the substrate if there is a preferential interaction between either of the block constituents and the substrate/copolymer or copolymer/vacuum interfaces. Depending on the relation between the film thickness and L, the topography of the film might comprise of holes, islands or spinodal-like structures. We show that in a polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer of molecular weight 20, 000 g/mol, above the microphase separation transition temperature, the topography of the film depends on the thickness. A heirarchy of bicontinuous patterns and holes is observed with increasing film thickness for films thinner than 35 nm.
Increased calf production in cattle selected for twin ovulations.

The effects of increasing fetal numbers and their distribution between the left and right uterine horns on calf survival, calf BW at birth and weaning, gestation length, dystocia, and calf sex ratio were evalu- ated for single (n = 1,587), twin (n = 2,440), and triplet calves (n = 147) born to primiparous and multiparous females in the Twinner population at the US Meat Ani- mal Research Center between 1994 and 2004. Cattle were distributed equally between the spring and fall breeding seasons. Fetal number and distribution in utero were determined by real-time ultrasonography at 40 to 70 d postbreeding. For cows and heifers combined, number of calves per parturition increased from 1.34 in 1994 to 1.56 in 2004. Gestation length was 6.8 d shorter (P < 0.01) for twins compared with singles (277.5 ± 0.2 vs. 284.3 ± 0.2 d) and 12.7 d shorter for triplets (271.6 ± 0.8 d). Survival and BW of individual calves at birth decreased (P < 0.01) but total calf BW per dam increased (P < 0.01) as fetal number increased from single to triplet births. Twins resulting from bilateral twin ovulations had increased (P < 0.01) survival and BW at birth, a longer (P < 0.01) gestation length, and
Performance projection of HPC applications using SPEC CFP2006 benchmarks

Performance projections of High Performance Computing (HPC) applications onto various hardware platforms are important for hardware vendors and HPC users. The projections aid hardware vendors in the design of future systems, enable them to compare the application performance across different existing and future systems, and help HPC users with system procurement and application refinements. In this paper, we present a method for projecting the node level performance of HPC applications using published data of industry standard benchmarks, the SPEC CFP2006, and hardware performance counter data from one base machine. In particular, we project performance of eight HPC applications onto four systems, utilizing processors from different vendors, using data from one base machine, the IBM p575. The projected performance of the eight applications was within 7.2% average difference with respect to measured runtimes for IBM POWER6 systems and standard deviation of 5.3%. For two Intel based systems with different micro-architecture and Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) than the base machine, the average projection difference to measured runtimes was 10.5% with standard deviation of 8.2%.