cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as a genetic marker in crosses of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): independent assortment of a diphenol oxidase RFLP and an esterase locus.

Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a powerful tool for analyzing linkage relationships in species where few genetic markers have been described and where conduct of crosses is difficult. It also permits integration of genetic and physical (cytogenetic) data when the probes have been mapped by in situ hybridization. To illustrate the utility of the method, and because some mutations of a diphenol oxidase gene might conceivably produce the malaria refractoriness phenotype of ookinete–oocyst encapsulation, backcrosses between two inbred lines of Anopheles gambiae Giles were carried out to determine the linkage relationship between the diphenol oxidase A2 (Dox) gene and the esterase locus associated with refractoriness to Plasmodium cynomolgi NIH. The Dox alleles were a Sal I restriction fragment length polymorphism visualized by probing Southern blotted DNA from portions of individual mosquitoes with a cloned Dox gene probe. The two genes were shown to segregate independently.
Genetic and molecular control of seed dormancy

The dormancy trait is generally governed by many genes, and in a few cases these genes have been mapped to specific chromosome regions. Many genes that are differentially expressed between dormant and nondormant seeds have been isolated. Although the identities and functions of many of these genes remain obscure, others are probably involved in desiccation tolerance and maintaining longevity in dormant seeds. The use of molecular genetics and model systems now seems to present the best way forward for research on seed dormancy.
System-theoretic and algebraic aspects of the rings of stable and proper stable rational functions

Abstract A new approach in transfer-function methods for solving a variety of control-theoretic problems is to work with fractional representations over the ring of stable or proper stable rational functions of various transfer matrices. The rings of stable and proper stable rational functions are well known to be Euclidean domains. These rings differ critically from the polynomial ring by the nonuniqueness of the remainders obtained. This major difficulty in extending the idea of polynomial models of Fuhrmann to the rings of stable and causal stable rational functions is circumvented by choosing a remainder in a special form. A natural realization theory is thus developed for matrix fraction representations of transfer-function matrices over these rings. As an application of the new theory developed, linear matrix equations ( QX + RY = T and QX + YR = T ) over the rings of stable and causal stable rational functions are reduced to finite sets of linear equations over the base field.
War, Walt Whitman, and William Osler

William Osler served as Walt Whitman's physician during the 1880s. Mutual medical-literary interests might have influenced both, but they found little in common. This article analyzes Osler and Whitman's relationship and Osler's growing appreciation of Wh itman during World War I. War experience shaped both Osler's and Whitman's interactions with patients.
Age-related bone loss: lessons from the osteoporotic SAMP6 mouse model

Abstract SAMP6 mice exhibit features of skeletal aging including reduced bone mineral density (BMD), diminished rate of bone formation, fewer mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors of osteoblasts, decreased osteoblasts and increased marrow adipocytes. A decrease in the self-renewal capacity of MSCs may account for the reduced osteoblast number and bone formation. Increased activation, or overexpression, of the transcription factor PPARγ2 in SAMP6 mice may also contribute as features of the SAMP6 skeletal phenotype were reproduced by feeding the PPARγ2 ligand rosiglitazone to normal mice. Genetic mapping studies utilizing F2 progeny of SAMP6 mice mated with either SAMR1 or the related AKR/J strain identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for vertebral BMD on chromosomes 2, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, and X. Transfer of the AKR allele of the chromosome 2 QTL into SAMP6 mice by backcrossing caused a 5.0–5.4% increase in BMD, accounting for ∼50% of the BMD difference between SAMP6 and AKR/J. Studies in Scottish postmenopausal women revealed an association of the X chromosome locus with BMD, thus demonstrating the applicability of QTL mapping information derived from mice to humans. Future genetic and functional studies of SAMP6 mice should therefore provide clues as to why the production of osteoblasts is reduced during aging in mice and humans.
Closed-Loop Evaluation of an Integrated Failure Identification and Fault Tolerant Control System for a Transport Aircraft

Formal robustness analysis of aircraft control upset prevention and recovery systems could play an important role in their validation and ultimate certification. Such systems developed for failure detection, identification, and reconfiguration, as well as upset recovery, need to be evaluated over broad regions of the flight envelope or under extreme flight conditions, and should include various sources of uncertainty. To apply formal robustness analysis, formulation of linear fractional transformation (LFT) models of complex parameter-dependent systems is required, which represent system uncertainty due to parameter uncertainty and actuator faults. This paper describes a detailed LFT model formulation procedure from the nonlinear model of a transport aircraft by using a preliminary LFT modeling software tool developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, which utilizes a matrix-based computational approach. The closed-loop system is evaluated over the entire flight envelope based on the generated LFT model which can cover nonlinear dynamics. The robustness analysis results of the closed-loop fault tolerant control system of a transport aircraft are presented. A reliable flight envelope (safe flight regime) is also calculated from the robust performance analysis results, over which the closed-loop system can achieve the desired performance of command tracking and failure detection.
Ultrasensitive detection and manipulation of biomolecules

Intel's Precision Biology research effort is working to combine Intel's expertise in nanotechnology with aspects of biology and medicine to create highly sensitive instrumentation for biomolecular analysis. The ability to manipulate, detect, and identify biological molecules at ultra-low concentrations is important for applications ranging from whole-genome DNA sequencing to protein-based early disease detection. In this paper we describe our work to develop a molecular labeling system based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), to enable highly sensitive protein detection. We also present a variety of techniques our team has developed for microfluidic transport and identification of single molecules in solution.
Anharmonic elastic and phonon properties of Si

A unified framework is suggested for the discussion of anharmonic phonon coupling constants and anharmonic elastic constants in diamond-structure materials. A summary is given, within this framework, of those anharmonic constants which have previously been determined experimentally or theoretically for silicon. New local-density total-energy calculations for X-point phonons in Si are used to add to this database of known anharmonic constants. It is proposed that empirical models for interatomic potentials should be constrained to fit this database. A generalized Keating model which has been fitted in this way, with two- and three-body couplings of third and fourth order, is presented. It can be used to calculate arbitrary anharmonic phonon couplings through fourth order.
Pressure dependence of superconducting transition temperature of high-pressure metallic Te

Existing data at high pressures of Berman, Binzarov, and Kurkin show that the various metallic forms of Te have considerable variation of their superconduction temperatures, ${T}_{c}$, depending upon the phase and the pressure; the observed ${T}_{c}'\mathrm{s}$ ranged from 2.5 to 4.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K over the pressure span of 40 to 150 kbar. The present experiments, with use of a diamond-tipped apparatus with a cryogenic arrangement, have extended the pressure range to over 300 kbar. The results indicate that a new metallic phase develops in the 150-180-kbar region, which has a higher ${T}_{c}$ of about 6.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Alkylation of toluene with methanol on alumina-pillared montmorillonite Suppression of deactivation by control of the lateral spacings of pillars

Alkylation of toluene by methanol was carried out using alumina-pillared montmorillonite with different pillar populations or different lateral spacing of pillars. The main products were xylenes (80–83%) and trimethylbenzenes (15–20%). The xylene selectivity increased slightly with time on stream at the expense of the trimethylbenzene selectivity. The isomeric distribution was approximately 40, 25 and 35% foro-,m-, andp-xylene, and 22, 74 and 4% for 1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. The initial activity, i.e., toluene conversion after 30 min of reaction, was higher on montmorillonite with large pillar population than with small pillar population. The activity decreased with time on stream due to coke deposition. The rate of deactivation, evaluated from the ratio of the toluene conversion after 5 h of reaction to that after 30 min, was larger for large lateral pillar spacing than for small lateral spacing. The suppression of deactivation is understood in terms of the relative dimension of pores and coke precursors.
Expression and Characterization of Ferredoxin and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Binding Domains of the Reductase Component of Soluble Methane Monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) catalyzes the selective oxidation of methane to methanol, the first step in the primary catabolic pathway of methanotrophic bacteria. A reductase (MMOR) mediates electron transfer from NADH through its FAD and [2Fe-2S] cofactors to the dinuclear non-heme iron sites housed in a hydroxylase (MMOH). The structurally distinct [2Fe-2S], FAD, and NADH binding domains of MMOR facilitated division of the protein into its functional ferredoxin (MMOR-Fd) and FAD/NADH (MMOR-FAD) component domains. The 10.9 kDa MMOR-Fd (MMOR residues 1-98) and 27.6 kDa MMOR-FAD (MMOR residues 99-348) were expressed and purified from recombinant Escherichia coli systems. The Fd and FAD domains have absorbance spectral features identical to those of the [2Fe-2S] and flavin components, respectively, of MMOR. Redox potentials, determined by reductive titrations that included indicator dyes, for the [2Fe-2S] and FAD cofactors in the domains are as follows: -205.2 +/- 1.3 mV for [2Fe-2S](ox/red), -172.4 +/- 2.0 mV for FAD(ox/sq), and -266.4 +/- 3.5 mV for FAD(sq/hq). Kinetic and spectral properties of intermediates observed in the reaction of oxidized MMOR-FAD (FAD(ox)) with NADH at 4 degrees C were established with stopped-flow UV-visible spectroscopy. Analysis of the influence of pH on MMOR-FAD optical spectra, redox potentials, and NADH reaction kinetics afforded pK(a) values for the semiquinone (FAD(sq)) and hydroquinone (FAD(hq)) MMOR-FAD species and two protonatable groups near the flavin cofactor. Electron transfer from MMOR-FAD(hq) to oxidized MMOR-Fd is extremely slow (k = 1500 M(-1) s(-1) at 25 degrees C, compared to 90 s(-1) at 4 degrees C for internal electron transfer between cofactors in MMOR), indicating that cofactor proximity is essential for efficient interdomain electron transfer.
New approaches to population stratification in genome-wide association studies

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies are an effective approach for identifying genetic variants associated with disease risk. GWA studies can be confounded by population stratification--systematic ancestry differences between cases and controls--which has previously been addressed by methods that infer genetic ancestry. Those methods perform well in data sets in which population structure is the only kind of structure present but are inadequate in data sets that also contain family structure or cryptic relatedness. Here, we review recent progress on methods that correct for stratification while accounting for these additional complexities.
Digital Terrain Modeling and Industrial Surface Metrology: Converging Realms

Digital terrain modeling has a micro- and nanoscale counterpart in surface metrology, the numerical characterization of industrial surfaces. Instrumentation in semiconductor manufacturing and other high-technology fields can now contour surface irregularities down to the atomic scale. Surface metrology has been revolutionized by its ability to manipulate square-grid height matrices that are analogous to the digital elevation models (DEMs) used in physical geography. Because the shaping of industrial surfaces is a spatial process, the same concepts of analytical cartography that represent ground-surface form in geography evolved independently in metrology. The surface topography of manufactured components, exemplified here by automobile-engine cylinders, is routinely modeled by variogram analysis, relief shading, and most other techniques of parameterization and visualization familiar to geography. This article introduces industrial surface-metrology, examines the field in the context of terrain modeling a...
Amplification of the c-myb oncogene in a case of human acute myelogenous leukemia

Amplification is one of the mechanisms by which cellular oncogenes may be altered in their function, possibly leading to neoplastic transformation. The oncogenes c-myc, c- abl , and c-Ki-ras are amplified in several different human neoplasias. The oncogene c-myb, which is specifically expressed and regulated in hematopoietic cells, was found to be amplified in cell lines ML-1, ML-2, and ML-3, which were separately cultured from cells of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A five- to tenfold amplification was correlated with high levels of expression of normal size c-myb messenger RNA and with chromosomal abnormalities in the region 6q22 -24, where the c-myb locus is normally located. Amplification and cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in DNA's from primary and secondary cultures of ML cells, suggesting that they may have contributed to leukemogenesis. The similar AML cell lines HL-60 and ML's contain different amplified oncogenes: c-myc and c-myb, respectively. Alternative activation of structurally and possibly functionally similar oncogenes may distinguish--at the pathogenetic level--phenotypically similar tumors.
The preparation of twist-type bicrystals of silicon

A method for preparing twist-type silicon bicrystals is reported. Small silicon platelets of (100) orientation can be bonded with (100) silicon substrates. The morphology of the platelets and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the bicrystals are shown. The potential of research using these bicrystals is discussed.
Local atomic structure of KxNa(1−x)NbO3 by total x-ray diffraction

Local atomic structure of KxNa(1−x)NbO3 with 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 was studied using atomic Pair Distribution Function analysis based on x-ray diffraction. Powdered crystals were found to exhibit a re-entrant behavior by being orthorhombic ( Amm2) for x 0.63. Non-centrosymmetric structure of NaNbO3 ( Amm2) was also evident in the piezoresponse force microscopy analysis revealing the presence of the ferroelectric domains and switching behavior. Lowering of the crystallographic symmetry for 0.42 ≤ x ≤ 0.63 is discussed in terms of differences in the sizes of Na+ and K+ ions and Na–O and K–O bond lengths. Besides being a bridging phase, as suggested by the previous studies on lead-based compositions, present study suggests that lower symmetry monoclinic phase of compositionally disordered perovskite solid solutions could also be a manifestation of the difference in the sizes of constituent ions and bond lengths.
Multi-party encryption (MPE): secure communications in delay tolerant networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are a subset of delay tolerant networks (DTNs) composed of several mobile devices. These dynamic environments make conventional security algorithms unreliable; nodes located far apart from each other may not have access (available) to each other's public keys or have doubt on the validity of public-keys, making secure message exchange difficult. Furthermore, ad hoc networks are likely to be highly compromised and therefore may be untrusted. Other security methods, such as identity-based encryption and Kerberos, rely on requesting key data from a trusted third party, which can be unavailable or compromised in a DTN like environment. The purpose of this paper is to introduce two security overlay networks capable of delivering messages securely, preventing both eavesdropping and alteration of messages. The first algorithm, Chaining, uses multiple midpoints to re-encrypt the message for the destination node. The second, Fragmenting, separates the message key into pieces that are routed and secured independently from each other. Both techniques improve security in hostile environments; under test conditions, Chaining reduces the number of messages intercepted by 90 %, and Fragmenting by 83 %. This improvement has a performance trade-off, however, reducing the delivery ratio by 63 % in both algorithms.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Lepidopteran Insect β4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase with Broad Substrate Specificity, a Functional Role in Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, and a Potential Functional Role in Glycolipid Biosynthesis

A degenerate PCR approach was used to isolate a lepidopteran insect cDNA encoding a β4-galactosyl-transferase family member. The isolation and initial identification of this cDNA was based on bioinformatics, but its identification as a β4-galactosyltransferase family member was experimentally confirmed. The newly identified β4-galactosyltransferase family member had unusually broad donor and acceptor substrate specificities in vitro, as transfered galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine to carbohydrate, glycoprotein, and glycolipid acceptors. However, the enzyme preferentially utilized N-acetylgalactosamine as the donor for all three acceptors, and its derived amino acid sequence was closely related to a known N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. These data suggested that the newly isolated cDNA encodes a β4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that functions in insect cell glycoprotein biosynthesis, glycolipid biosynthesis, or both. The remainder of this study focused on the role of this enzyme in N-glycoprotein biosynthesis. The results showed that the purified enzyme transferred N-acetylgalactosamine, but no detectable galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, to a synthetic N-glycan in vitro. The structure of the reaction product was confirmed by chromatographic, mass spectroscopic, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Co-expression of the new cDNA product in insect cells with an N-glycoprotein reporter showed that it transferred N-acetylgalactosamine, but no detectable galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, to this N-glycoprotein in vivo. Confocal microscopy showed that a GFP-tagged version of the enzyme was localized in the insect cell Golgi apparatus. In summary, this study demonstrated that lepidopteran insect cells encode and express a β4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that functions in N-glycoprotein biosynthesis and perhaps in glycolipid biosynthesis, as well. The isolation and characterization of this gene and its product contribute to our basic understanding of insect protein N-glycosylation pathways and to the growing body of evidence that insects can produce glycoproteins with complex N-glycans.
Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: One disease or two?

Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have clinical features in common and are both characterized neuropathologically by the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs). We conducted a clinicopathological correlation pilot study to better understand whether PD and DLB represent two distinct nosological entities or rather exist along the spectrum of a single LB disease. A neuropathologist blinded to clinical diagnoses evaluated brains with largely pure LB pathology to determine LB distribution and frequency. Research clinicians blinded to LB distribution and frequency determined consensus clinical diagnoses. Clinical features separated cases into two groups, one having features most compatible with PD and the other with DLB. The groups were distinguishable mainly by the time course of clinical symptoms. Although the presence of neocortical LBs was more common in the group of patients with clinical features of DLB, neocortical LBs were also present in 1 member of the PD group and even in the clinically normal control subject. Thus, there appear to be two clinical syndromes, distinguished mainly by the time course of symptoms. The mechanisms responsible for the different clinical presentations are not known, and the issue of whether PD and DLB represent two distinct diseases remains unsettled.
Characterization of a Rugged, Open-Gap Flow Cell for Confocal Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis

Construction details and performance characteristics of an opengap flow cell for fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis are described. The flow cell is created by separating two pieces of capillary by a small (90 mu m) gap. The gap is surrounded with buffer and grounded, and the application of electric fields to both inlet and outlet capillaries causes the material in the inlet capillary to flow across the gap. The use of a simple confocal optical arrangement for laser-induced fluorescence detection allows straightforward application of the gap flow cell to detection in capillary electrophoresis. The signal-to-noise ratio is measured to be about a factor of 2 better than that for on-column confocal detection at nanomolar concentrations over a wide range of pinhole diameters. The detection limit for fluorescein isothiocyanate is in the low picomolar range. Detection of a simple mixture of amino acids that have been derivatized with fluorescein isothiocyanate demonstrates the stability and utility of the gap. Increased tailing is observed with the gap cell, with average asymmetry of about 1.4 near the center of the gap. Dispersion characteristics as a function of position in the gap are interpreted as dilution of the analyte as it flows across the gap. Fortunately, resolution and theoretical plates, measured by using least-squares fitting, are not significantly different from on-column separations, in spite of the tailing.
Head positioning and risk of pneumocephalus, air embolism, and hemorrhage during subthalamic deep brain stimulation surgery

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the risk of pneumocephalus, venous air embolism (VAE), and intracranial hemorrhage in subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) patients operated in the strict supine (head and body flat) position. This was a retrospective review of clinical records and brain imaging of patients who underwent STN DBS between January 2007 and June 2009 at the University of Kansas Medical Center. A total of 61 patients underwent 114 lead implantations (53 staged bilateral and 8 unilateral). No case involved a transventricular route. Intracranial air volumes ranged from 0 to 7.02 cm3 (mean 0.98 ± 1.42 cm3). Pneumocephalus volumes were highly skewed with no air present after 44 (38.6%) lead implantations, >0 to 1 cm3 in 35 (30.7%), >2 to 3 cm3 in 17 (14.9%), and >3 cm3 (average 4.97 cm3) in 9 (7.9%). There was no incidence of clinically apparent VAE or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. There was no association between age, degree of atrophy, sagittal angle of surgical approach, number of microelectrode runs (MERs), distance of gyrus from inner skull bone at the entry point, or surgical side and pneumocephalus. However, the majority of lead implantations (100 leads; 88%) required only one MER and there were minimal measurable distances between entered gyrus and adjacent bone. Our data suggest that strict supine positioning during STN DBS surgery results in minimal intracranial air and is not associated with VAE or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage when the operative method described is used.
NEIGHBORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS AND THE COPRODUCTION OF PUBLIC SERVICES

Neighborhood organizations have been active partners with cities in service provision for many years, providing an institutional structure for coordinated action to improve their neighborhood environments through coordinated resident action. Cities' needs to relieve fiscal distress are now generating even more interest in direct service delivery by community-based organizations (CBOs). Before these efforts can be substantially expanded, however, much more needs to be learned about the kinds of services amenable to CBO delivery, the kinds of CBOs willing and able to participate, and the most effective administrative arrangements for delivering the service. This paper draws on information obtained from applications for a Federal demonstration program to address these and other empirical questions regarding city and CBO arrangements for service coproduction. The analysis indicates that cities are most likely to rely on advocacy-type organizations to deliver peripheral or supplementary services which are amenable to volunteer labor rather than those which are viewed as essential public services. Cities have yet to demonstrate, on a large scale, a willingness to enter into partnerships which would give CBOs significant responsibilities for core services. For this to occur it will be necessary to support prototype demonstrations of the feasibility of the approach and to expand significantly the capacity of CBOs through technical assistance.
Circumplex models for correlation matrices

Structural models that yield circumplex inequality patterns for the elements of correlation matrices are reviewed. Particular attention is given to a stochastic process defined on the circle proposed by T. W. Anderson. It is shown that the Anderson circumplex contains the Markov Process model for a simplex as a limiting case when a parameter tends to infinity. Anderson's model is intended for correlation matrices with positive elements. A replacement for Anderson's correlation function that permits negative correlations is suggested. It is shown that the resulting model may be reparametrzed as a factor analysis model with nonlinear constraints on the factor loadings. An unrestricted factor analysis, followed by an appropriate rotation, is employed to obtain parameter estimates. These estimates may be used as initial approximations in an iterative procedure to obtain minimum discrepancy estimates. Practical applications are reported.
A First Principles Alloy Scattering Approach for Monte Carlo Hole Mobility Calculations

We present an ab-inito band-structure approach that can be applied for holes in Monte Carlo simulations of strained SiGe channel devices in order to remove the uncertainties of alloy scattering parameters along with addressing the effects of strain.
SKIN TESTING AND FOOD CHALLENGES FOR EVALUATION OF FOOD ALLERGY

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in understanding allergic reactions to foods. The predictive value of skin testing to foods is much better understood now than in the 1970s, and at least one of the in vitro diagnostic techniques may emerge as an additional aid to management (CAP-FEIA, vide infra). The double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) continues to be the only tool able to prove definitively the presence of food allergy (short of anaphylaxis); however, there remains a place for open food challenges. With the simple tools of skin tests and challenges, typical IgE-mediated food allergy can be fairly simply characterized. Unusual complaints related to foods may also be investigated by modification of these techniques. In this article, we provide a practical approach to the use of skin tests and challenges for diagnosis of food allergy. Use of these techniques should minimize patient risk both from diagnostic procedures and from inappropriately restrictive diets.
Saturation boiling of HFE-7100 from a copper surface, simulating a microelectronic chip

Abstract Experiments are performed, which investigated the effect of inclination angle, θ , on saturation pool boiling of HFE-7100 dielectric liquid from a smooth, 10×10 mm copper surface, simulating a microelectronic chip. For θ ⩽90° and surface superheats, Δ T sat >20 K, nucleate boiling heat flux decreases with increased θ , but increases with θ for Δ T sat T sat >13 K, nucleate boiling heat flux decreases with increased inclination, but at lower surface superheats the trend is inconclusive. The developed nucleate boiling correlation is within ±10% of the data and the developed correlations for critical heat flux (CHF) and the surface superheat at CHF are within ±3% and ±8% of the data, respectively. Results show that CHF decreases slowly from 24.45 W/cm 2 at 0° to 21 W/cm 2 at 90°, then decreases fast with increased θ to 4.30 W/cm 2 at 180°. The surface superheat at CHF also decreases with θ , from 31.7 K at 0° to 19.9 K at 180°. Still photographs are recorded of pool boiling at different heat fluxes and θ =0°, 30°, 60°, 90, 120°, 150° and 180°. The measured average departure bubble diameter from the photographs taken at the lowest nucleate boiling heat flux of ∼0.5 W/cm 2 and θ =0° is 0.55±0.07 mm and the calculated departure frequency is ∼100 Hz.
Implicit methods for the Navier-Stokes equations

Numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations using explicit schemes can be obtained at the expense of efficiency. Conventional implicit methods which often achieve fast convergence rates suffer high cost per iteration. A new implicit scheme based on lower-upper factorization and symmetric Gauss-Seidel relaxation offers very low cost per iteration as well as fast convergence. High efficiency is achieved by accomplishing the complete vectorizability of the algorithm on oblique planes of sweep in three dimensions.
Beneficial impact of epidural anesthesia on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy

Summary: The ideal outpatient anesthetic provides analgesia, is readily reversible, has minimal complications, and allows for a prompt hospital discharge. Iatrogenic side effects, such as nausea/vomiting and pain, however, may hamper patient recovery and delay discharge. The influence of anesthesia [general (G) versus epidural (E)] was assessed in 260 patients (G = 181, E = 79) undergoing ambulatory knee arthroscopic surgery. Patients were studied before discharge and on follow-up (24 h) to evaluate the effect of the anesthetic technique. Discharge times were shorter in the E group (159 +-- 6 min SEM E, compared with 208 +-- 8 rain SEM G), as was the incidence of pain (24.1% versus 49.7%), and nausea/vomiting (8.9% versus 32%) before discharge. Patient satisfaction was equal in the two groups. Our study shows that in select patients, epidural anesthesia is a viable alternative to general anesthesia for knee arthroscopy, offering the advantages of fewer side effects and earlier discharge times. Key Words: General anesthesia--Epid ural anesthesiaOutpatient surgery--Side effects--Discharge times.
α1-Antitrypsin with unusual behaviour

Abstract The unusual behaviour of an α 1 -antitrypsin, probably genetically determined, found in the serum of a Filipino in San Francisco is described. On starch gel electrophoresis the α 1 -antitrypsin did not show any pattern or a very weak Pi MM type pattern. However, the protein level estimated by the immunodiffusion method and the trypsin inhibitory capacity was normal.
Assessment of inversion strategies for microwave imaging of weak magnetic scatterers embedded into a biological environment

This communication deals with a recently proposed contrast enhanced microwave imaging methodology, which exploits Magnetite Nanoparticles as a contrast agent and relies on their capability to selectively reach malignant tissues as well as on their electromagnetic behavior in presence of a polarizing magnetic field. Since human tissues are non magnetic, such a microwave diagnostic tool faces cancer imaging as the reconstruction of a weak magnetic contrast hosted into an electric scenario. In this framework, the reconstruction capabilities of different inversion procedures are investigated and their robustness against uncertainties on the surrounding electric scenario and noise on data are compared.
Antepartum cervical ripening: Applying prostaglandin E2 gel in conjunction with scheduled nonstress tests in postdate pregnancies

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate whether inserting prostaglandin E 2 gel at the time of scheduled nonstress tests in patients with postdate pregnancies can decrease rates of intervention. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter pilot study enrolled women with postdate pregnancies with Bishop score ≤6 who were undergoing antepartum fetal heart rate testing. Patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either a prostaglandin E 2 intracervical gel (Prepidil) or a placebo gel after each of their scheduled nonstress tests. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the number of antepartum tests, labor inductions, or cesarean sections, the maximum oxytocin dosage, or the interval from admission to delivery in the prostaglandin E 2 gel and placebo gel groups ( n = 90). In the subset of patients with a Bishop score between 3 and 6 (63 patients), there were fewer inductions in the prostaglandin E 2 group (30% vs 55%, P CONCLUSION: Application of prostaglandin E 2 gel at the time of scheduled antepartum testing in patients with postdate pregnancies with unfavorable cervices decreased the induction rate only among patients with intermediate Bishop scores. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:453-8.)
Flow of a viscous fluid through an elastic tube with applications to blood flow.

Abstract The steady flow of a viscous fluid through an elastic tube is determined theoretically. It is assumed that Poiseuille's law holds locally and that at any location the radius of the tube is determined by the transmural pressure difference. The stress-strain curve of the tube material is assumed to be known. The flux through the tube is found as a function of inlet pressure, outlet pressure, external pressure, tube length, fluid viscosity and the elastic properties of the tube. The results are displayed graphically for the human external iliac artery. They are in good agreement with experimental steady flow measurements on rubber tubes, on venous return to the heart, and on isolated cats' lungs. The effect of tube collapse is also considered.
On the use of O2 spin-rotation lines for elevation angle calibration of atmospheric thermal emission spectra

The magnetic dipole-allowed spin-rotation lines of O2 potentially can be used for pointing calibration and confirmation of float altitude for far infrared spectra of the stratosphere obtained from balloon platforms. We demonstrate that current deficiencies in the spectroscopic database, particularly the air pressure-broadening coefficients, severely limit the capability of deriving useful pointing calibrations, and that precise pressure-broadening measurements for the transitions actually used in calibration are needed to improve this capability.
A comparative study of the effects of argon and diode laser photocoagulation on retinal oxygenation.

• Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of diode and argon laser photocoagulation (DLP and ALP) on the preretinal oxygen tension (PO2): (1) directly over photocoagulated retina and (2) in between laser lesions. • Methods: DLP or ALP was applied to avascular rabbit retina to produce grade II lesions. On the day of the oxygen measurement, a droplet of perfluorotributylamine was placed into the preretinal vitreous space over the lasered area of retina and the steady-state PO2 was measured in normoxic animals using19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To determine the PO2 directly over laser lesions, small (5μl) droplets were placed over large (≈ 4 mm X 5 mm), confluent areas of treatment (burn area ≈95% of the treated retinal surface area). To determine the PO2 in between laser lesions, a larger (10 −μl) droplet was placed over a field of scatter photocoagulation (burn area ≈ 30% of the treated retinal surface area). The theoretical basis for this approach is discussed. • Results: Untreated eyes had a preretinal PO2 of 22±9 mm Hg (mean ± SD,n=15 eyes). The preretinal PO2 was significantly higher over confluent, 12-day-old ALP or DLP lesions (51+13 mm Hg,n=8 eyes;P 0.05) over controls on post-treatment days 1, 5, 14 and 47. The only exception was in the DLP group of eyes, in which a significant increase in PO2 over untreated or ALP-treated eyes occurred on post-treatment day 5 (41±7 mm Hg,n=5 eyes;P=0.01). Over photocoagulation lesions in this study, DLP produced a greater increase in preretinal PO2 compared to control values than did ALP. • Conclusions: These results support the use of DLP as an alternative to ALP for the treatment of retinal vascular diseases in which hypoxia is suspected to play a role.
Primary giant cell tumor of soft tissue

Background: Primary giant cell tumor of soft tissue, also known as soft tissue giant cell tumor of low malignant potential, is a rare soft tissue tumor located in both superficial and deep soft tissue. Histologically, these lesions bear a close resemblance to their bony counterparts, giant cell tumor of bone, with round to spindle-shaped cells intimately admixed with uniformly scattered osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells. In 1989 in the dermatology literature, two malignant giant cell tumors of soft parts were described that filled the dermis and extended into the subcutaneous tissue. Methods: The authors report the rare occurrence of a giant cell tumor of soft tissue occurring primarily in the dermis that lacks overtly malignant features and clinically was thought to be an epidermal inclusion cyst. Results: Light microscopy revealed a non-encapsulated cellular dermal tumor containing numerous osteoclast-like giant cells. Cytologic atypia was minimal and the mitotic count averaged 2–3/10 HPF. The histologic differential diagnosis is also discussed. Conclusion: Giant cell tumor of soft tissue is a rare neoplasm of the skin, however, recognition of this tumor is important due to its behavior as a low-grade malignancy.
Helping the Noncompliant Child: An Assessment of Program Costs and Cost-Effectiveness

Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in children can lead to delinquency in adolescence and antisocial behavior in adulthood. Several evidence-based behavioral parent training (BPT) programs have been created to treat early onset DBD. This paper focuses on one such program, helping the noncompliant child (HNC), and provides detailed cost estimates from a recently completed pilot study for the HNC program. The study also assesses the average cost-effectiveness of the HNC program by combining program cost estimates with data on improvements in child participants’ disruptive behavior. The cost and effectiveness estimates are based on implementation of HNC with low-income families. Investigators developed a Microsoft Excel-based costing instrument to collect data from therapists on their time spent delivering the HNC program. The instrument was designed using an activity-based costing approach, where each therapist reported program time by family, by date, and for each skill that the family was working to master. Combining labor and non-labor costs, it is estimated that delivering the HNC program costs an average of $501 per family from a payer perspective. It also costs an average of $13 to improve the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory intensity score by 1-point for children whose families participated in the HNC pilot program. The cost of delivering the HNC program appears to compare favorably with the costs of similar BPT programs. These cost estimates are the first to be collected systematically and prospectively for HNC. Program managers may use these estimates to plan for the resources needed to fully implement HNC.
A Photographic Low Intensity Desensitization Effect

A new photographic phenomenon, a low intensity desensitization effect (“L.I.D. effect”) is described. With certain solarizable emulsions, it was found that the latent image formed by a short, high intensity exposure was destroyed by a subsequent long, low intensity exposure. If the low intensity exposure was given first, it desensitized the emulsion. Thus, in both cases the density resulting from the two exposures was lower than the density obtained by the short exposure alone. Sensitometric data on this desensitization effect are presented. Previous work relating to it is briefly reviewed, and its relation to other double-exposure effects is outlined. Substitution of x-ray exposures for the high intensity exposures show that both act in the same manner under the experimental conditions used. Practical applications of the new effect as a reversal process and for color correction in reproducing colored originals are suggested.
THE REACTION OF S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE WITH SUPEROXIDE

The nitric oxide (NO)-dependent S-nitrosation of thiols to generate S-nitrosothiols has been proposed as an important pathway for the metabolism of NO in vivo. Although it has been suggested that these S-nitrosated compounds are resistant to decomposition by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), very little information is available regarding the interaction between S-nitrosothiols and ROMs. We found that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) rapidly reacted with O−2to generate glutathione disulfide and equimolar quantities of nitrite and nitrate. The reaction was second order with respect of GSNO and first order with respect of O−2with a rate equation of −d[GSNO]/dt = 2k3[GSNO]2[O−2], where k3= 3 − 6×108M−2s−1. In addition, the reaction of GSNO with O−2generated a strong oxidant as an intermediate capable of oxidizing dihydrorhodamine in the absence of the apparent generation of NO. We conclude that O−2may act as a physiological modulator of S-nitrosation reactions by directly promoting the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols.
Incorporation of Manufacturing Process Design Into the Senior Capstone Design Course

At the University Colorado Denver, a manufacturing process design course was specifically created to raise the level of the as constructed senior design projects in the department. The manufacturing process design course creates a feed forward loop into the senior design course, while the senior design course generates a feedback loop into the process design course. Every student and student project has the opportunity to utilize CNC mills and lathes where appropriate. Specific emphasis is placed upon the interfaces from solid models to CAM models and subsequently the interface from CAM models to the machine tool. Often the construction of many senior design projects approaches the level of blacksmithing due to time constraints and lack of fabrication background. Obviously, most engineering students have neither the time nor the ability to become expert fabricators. However, the wide incorporation of CNC machining in the program allows, an opportunity to not only raise the quality of their prototypes, but also to immerse in the hands on experience of living with the ramifications of their own design decisions in manufacturing. Additionally, some of the art of fabrication is turned into the science of fabrication. The focus of this paper will be primarily on examining the effect of formal incorporation of the manufacturing process in the capstone design course.© 2011 ASME
Conformational Analysis. 21. Ethane-1,2-diol. An Electron-Diffraction Investigation, Augmented by Rotational Constants and ab Initio Calculations, of the Molecular Structure, Conformational Composition, SQM Vibrational Force Field, and Anti-Gauche Energy Difference with Implications for Internal Hydrogen Bonding

The gas-phase molecular structure and anti−gauche composition of ethane-1,2-diol (ethylene glycol) at 376 and 733 K has been analyzed from electron-diffraction data augmented by rotational constant...
Lack of positive correlation between adenyl cyclase activity and iodide transport in rat thyroids.

Adenyl cyclase activity was determined in 9000 X g pellets of thyroid homogenates from a) intact rats that received no medication vs propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment for 20 days; b) untreated hypophysectomized rats vs similar rats injected with TSH (1 U) and PTU (20 mg) daily for 3 days, and c) hypophysectomized rats which were given no TSH or a single dose (1 U) of the hormone. In experiment c), thyroids for enzyme assay were removed 10 or 30–45 min after the injection of TSH. Thyroidal iodide transport was measured by the thyroid—serum radioiodide concentration (T/S) ratio, which averaged 69 vs 219 in the intact and PTU—treated rats, 5.2 vs 185 in untreated hypophysectomized rats and those injected with TSH+ PTU, and 4.4 vs 81 and 5.2 vs 78, respectively, in 2 groups of hypophysectomized rats and similar rats treated with TSH 24 hr before they were killed. In spite of the stimulation of the thyroid by endogenous or exogenous TSH reflected by these marked rises in the T/S ratios, adenyl cyclase activity ...
Buckminsterfullerane: The Inside Story

The stereoisomers of fully reduced buckminsterfullerene C60H60 have been investigated with the molecular mechanics program MM3. Although it might be expected that chemical reduction would deliver all of the hydrogens to the outside, the symmetric structure produced in this way is predicted to be highly strained. Moving just one hydrogen to the inside is predicted to decrease the energy by 53 kilocalories (kcal) per mole. Putting additional hydrogens on the inside further lowers the predicted energy (depending on the steric relations between them). The miniimum energy isomer is predicted to have ten hydrogens inside with C1 symmetry and to have an energy 400 kcal/mol less than that of the all-outside isomer. These results suggest that a process which could achieve isomerization would produce a mixture of isomers, most of which with ten hydrogens on the inside.
Safe direct current stimulator 2: Concept and design

Essentially all neuroprostheses use alternating biphasic current pulses to stimulate neural tissue. While this method can effectively excite neurons, it is not very effective for inhibiting them. In contrast, direct current (DC) can excite, inhibit, and modulate sensitivity of neurons. However, DC stimulation is biologically unsafe because it violates safe charge injection criteria. We have previously described the concept of a safe direct current stimulator (SDCS) that overcomes this constraint. The SDCS drives DC ionic current into the tissue by switching fluid valves in phase with biphasic current pulses delivered to the metal electrodes within the device. The original prototype of this device, SDCS1, could both suppress and excite the vestibular nerve with DC stimulation delivered by the device. In the process of building the SDCS1 we identified several problems that must be addressed to further develop this technology. Consequently, we designed the SDCS2, which eliminates periodic interruptions in stimulation current flow observed in the original SDCS1 design and is small enough for head-mounted use in chronic animal studies.