cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional Theory: The Cultural Construction of Organizations, States, and Identities

Over the past three decades, Meyer, Jepperson, and colleagues have contributed to the development of one of the leading approaches in social theory, by analyzing the cultural frameworks that have shaped modern organizations, states, and identities. Bringing together key articles and new reflections, this volume collects the essential theoretical ideas of 'sociological neoinstitutionalism.' It clarifies the core ideas and situates them within social theory writ large. Among other topics, the authors discuss the changing nature of the “actors” that have operated within contemporary social structure. The book concludes with the evolving frameworks that have structured social activity in the post–World War II period of 'embedded liberalism,' in the more recent neoliberal period, and in an emergent post-liberal period that appears to be a radical departure.
Eliminating Input Electrolytic Bulk Capacitors in Flyback-Based Universal Chargers with a Half-Bridge Series-Stacked Buffer

Flyback converters without power factor correction (PFC) function are common as the main power conversion stage for the emerging high power (65 W) universal ac (90-240 V ac ) adapters using the power delivery capability of USB-C standard. In the conventional solution, large electrolytic capacitors are deployed after the ac line full-bridge rectifier to maintain a minimum dc-bus voltage for the flyback converters. The corresponding limited bus voltage ripple thus leads to large required capacitance. In this work, an active buffer with an additional half-bridge circuit is proposed to reduce the required capacitance and allow the use of high energy density ceramic capacitors to reduce the physical size of the needed input capacitor. The operation, control and sizing of passive components of the proposed active buffer are discussed, and a compact hardware prototype is designed and tested to validate the concept.
Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in China: An Institutional Perspective

As one of the significant carbon emissions countries, China faces enormous pressure to protect the environment. This paper discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) movements influenced by China's national and regional macro policies. This comparative study analyzes the economic growth and corresponding environmental policy changes of individual economic regions in the east, middle, and west of China. Under China's macro policies and critical policy orientations, the analysis found that the EKC of three economic regions shows different movements trends. The eastern region will first reach its peak environmental degradation level and initiate environmental improvement. The central region will second meet its turning point with further regulations and policies. Due to its backward economy, the western region has a slow pace to get to the turning point at last. This paper also predicts the future development in the environmental policies of the three regions. Using the EKC methodology, policymakers can have a long-term perspective on ameliorating environmental degradation by formulating macro policies that are more in line with national conditions, and conducive to environmental improvement. China will expect to usher in a significant turning point in the EKC in the next decade.
Etiology of Chronic Pancreatitis

At a symposium held in Marseilles, France, in 1962, a classification of pancreatitis was developed that correlated histologic and clinical features.1 By this classification, the term acute pancreatitis is reserved for an acute inflammation of the pancreas that resolves completely both clinically and histologically. The term relapsing acute pancreatitis is reserved for recurring episodes of pancreatitis that also resolve completely both clinically and histologically. The best example of acute and relapsing acute pancreatitis is the illness associated with biliary tract disease. Each episode of pancreatitis usually resolves completely, and after corrective surgery no further episodes of pancreatitis occur. Only rarely is there evidence of residual histologic damage, and on these occasions there has usually been a serious complication such as a pseudocyst or abscess. Other examples of acute and relapsing acute pancreatitis include pancreatitis associated with hyperlipidemia, medication, infectious agents, pregnancy, endoscopic procedures, operations, and structural abnormalities of the common bile duct, ampullary region, and duodenum.
Trusteeship in change : toward tribal autonomy in resource management

This book explores the evolution of Indian Affairs policies and administrative practices regarding the management of trust lands from treaty days to contemporary partnerships. A dozen scholars -- from diverse fields such as archaeology, economics, forestry, environmental studies, history, geography, and political science -- have come together to critically review past policies and practices and introduce new ideas and approaches for the future. Also includes case studies concerning the management of wildlife, forest preservation, tribal hunting laws, and other concerns endemic to the preservation and utilisation of the environment on Native American land. An excellent source for scholars in the fields of Native American and environmental studies, the book is sure to spark debate and to be an important reference book for years to come.
Corollaries of the identity

In this section we will study what happens to Fay’s identities when the 4 points a,b,c,d come together in various stages. The result will be identities involving derivatives of theta functions. First, we need some notation. For the following formulas, let a) \( \vec z \) ∈ Bg b) a,b,c,d ∈ \( \tilde X \) with distinct projections to X c) ϑ \( \left( {\vec z} \right) \) the theta function of X d) for every a ∈ X, and local coordinates t on X near a, we expand the differentials of the 1st kind: $$ \omega _i = \left( {\sum\limits_{j = 0}^\infty {v_{ij} \frac{{t^j }} {{j!}}} } \right)dt $$ and let $$ \vec v_j = \left( {v_{lj} , \cdots ,v_{gj} } \right). $$ (Note that the mapping $$ \begin{gathered} \tilde x \to \mathbb{C}^g \hfill \\ x \mapsto \int\limits_a^x {\vec \omega } \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ is given near a by $$ t \mapsto \sum\limits_{j = 0}^\infty {\vec v_j \frac{{t^{j + 1} }} {{\left( {j + 1} \right)!}}.)} $$ We let $$ D_a = constant vector field \vec v_0 \cdot \frac{\partial } {{\partial z}}\left( {i.e.,\sum {v_{0i} \frac{\partial } {{\partial z_i }}} } \right) $$ $$ D'_a = constant vector field \vec v_1 \frac{\partial } {{\partial \vec z}} $$ $$ D''_a = constant vector field \vec v_2 \frac{\partial } {{\partial \vec z}}. $$ e) We abbreviate \( \int\limits_a^b {\vec \omega } \) to \( \int\limits_a^b \cdot \)
Dynamic Stress Concentration Factors in a Plane with Circular Hole Under the Action of Impact Nonaxisymmetric Loads

By using a modified finite-difference method with respect to time and the method of Fourier series with respect to the angular variable, we solve a plane dynamic problem of the theory of elasticity on the action of nonaxisymmetric impact forces on the edges of a circular hole in the infinite plane. We compute the time dependence of the stress concentration on the hole for different Poisson’s ratios and the parameters of loading. It is shown that the action of concentrated forces on the hole can be modeled by forces parabolically distributed along the angular coordinate.
Evaluation of punch biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri.

S I N c E the recognition of carcinoma in situ of the cervix as an entity, a great amount of clinical material has been amassed to indicate that these patients can be adequately treated without resorting to irradiation. This has decreased the morbidity in these patients and has greatly diminished the discomfort of their subsequent course. Because of this and because there is still clear indication for radiation where invasion is present, the necessity for accurate diagnosis becomes apparent. For this reason, it has been customary, following biopsy diagnosis of carcinoma in situ, to perform a “cold knife” conization of the cervix to rule out possible invasion in other areas. 1-3, 5-s, 12 Over the past 3 years there has been an increasing tendency on the part of the staff gynecologists at Vanderbilt University Hospital to eliminate conization in cases where they felt representative tissue had been obtained at punch biopsy. This study is an attempt to determine whether or not the clinical decision has any rational basis. This is of great practical importance to the patient, since even extensive biopsy is an office procedure, while surgical conization necessitates hospitalization and is not without hazard.
Expression of potential defense response genes in cotton

Abstract Induction of genes needed to synthesize terpenoid compounds that have antifungal activity has previously been demonstrated to occur earlier in SBSI, a wilt resistant cotton cultivar, than in the susceptible cultivar, Rowden. In this study we have used cloned probes to test the same cultivars for induced expression of genes from other known defense response pathways. The time course of mRNA appearance was followed for up to 4 days in stele tissues of control plants and in plants inoculated with conidia of the wilt pathogen, Verticillium dahliae . Among genes that code for enzymes in the phenylpropanoid defense pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA was constitutively expressed. Levels of mRNA transcripts coding for chalcone synthase, an enzyme required for flavonoid biosynthesis, and for caffeic-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme used in synthesis of lignin, were greatly elevated in inoculated plants as compared to water treated controls. Greater and/or earlier initial response was detected in the wilt resistant cultivar than in the susceptible cultivar. Among genes coding for enzymes that can degrade fungal cell walls, equivalent levels of β-1,3 glucanase mRNA were present in both fungal and water-treated plants. Chitinase mRNA synthesis was strongly induced in inoculated plants. Levels of message continued to increase in Rowden, but diminished rapidly after 48–60 h in SBSI.
Ticlopidine‐Induced Elevated Liver Enzymes

Ticlopidine is a reasonable alternative to prevent stroke and myocardial infarction when aspirin is intolerable or ineffective. It can be limited, however, by its severe adverse effect profile. The most worrisome of these is neutropenia, although clinicians must be mindful of other adverse events that may be caused by this drug. A patient experienced elevated liver function tests probably due to ticlopidine.
Course 11 Evolutionary dynamics

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses three general types of theories to understand evolutionary dynamics. First is phenomenological theory which starts from a mapping ­­—or statistical aspect of it— between some set of genetic changes and the corresponding phenotypic changes: specifically, the effects of these on fitness in some defined set of contexts, including interactions between organisms. The second type of theory incorporates— and strives to inform— some understanding of aspects of the molecular and cellular biology: for example, evolution of signaling pathways or metabolic or regulatory networks. The third type of theory is of abstract modeling: formulation and analysis of simple models that incorporate a few essential features with the goal of developing concrete understanding of these and— especially crucial for evolution— how to extrapolate over broad ranges of parameters. Simulations also play a role in understanding evolutionary dynamics, especially for exploring different scenarios and processes. The focus of this chapter is almost exclusively phenomenological theory.
Improving outcomes in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: promising results from the Children's Oncology Group incorporating nelarabine into front-line therapy.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), classified by the World Health Organization together with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), is an uncommon disease, comprising only 15% of pediatric, and 25% of adult cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (1).
Symbolic precompilation of piecewise-linear behavioral models for efficient simulation of dual time scale systems

Dual time scale systems such as /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ modulators, switching power converters, and phase-locked loops often take an excessive amount of computation time to simulate when using a circuit simulator and do not have sufficient accuracy when simulated with more efficient methods. A significant improvement is made from previous piecewise linear simulators by the use of mixed symbolic/numeric time domain equations. A comparison of the new method is made to a SPICE (simulated program with IC emphasis) circuit simulator and to experimental measurements of a /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ modulator analog front-end. >
Generalized bi-circular projections on certain Hardy spaces

Abstract We characterize generalized bi-circular projections on the Hardy space of the torus and show that they can be represented as the average of the identity and an isometric reflection. We also show that the average of two distinct isometries on the Hardy space of the disk is a projection if and only if it is a generalized bi-circular projection.
The role of immunoprophylaxis in the reduction of disease attributable to respiratory syncytial virus.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus that infects human respiratory epithelial cells and causes annual outbreaks of respiratory tract disease among infants and young children, as well as recurrent infections throughout life. Annual outbreaks of RSV disease are attributable to first-time infection in susceptible infants, reinfection in children and adults with waning or incomplete immunity, and infection by viral genotypes with sufficient antigenic variation to avoid innate and acquired immunity. In industrialized countries, few infectious diseases have a greater effect on the health of young children than does lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV. By 2 years of age, almost all children will experience an RSV infection, and ∼50% will be infected twice.1 Results from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (a prospective, population-based surveillance program sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) define the burden of RSV disease in children younger than 5 years of age.2 An estimated 2 million children require medical care because of RSV infection, and ∼57500 children younger than 5 years are hospitalized annually. The major burden of RSV disease occurs among previously healthy infants and children whose susceptibility to severe RSV illness cannot be predicted by risk factors. Protection against RSV infection is mediated by serum antibody, secretory antibody, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and innate immune responses. A vaccine offers the greatest promise for control of RSV disease, but vaccine development has been slowed by concerns about safety (enhancement of naturally occurring disease), the limited ability of infants to mount an immune response to RSV glycoprotein antigens, and the presence of maternal neutralizing antibody, which may attenuate an active immune response. Passive immunization with either a hyperimmune globulin or a monoclonal antibody preparation has been demonstrated in randomized, placebo-controlled trials to reduce the risk of hospitalization caused by … Address correspondence to H. Cody Meissner, MD, Tufts Medical Center, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: cmeissner{at}tuftsmedicalcenter.org
Shubnikov-de Haas measurements of the 2-D electron gas in pseudomorphic In(0.1)Ga(0.9)As grown on GaAs

Shubnikov-de Hass (SdH) measurements performed on a 200 A layer of pseudomorphic In(0.10)Ga(0.90)As grown by MBE on undoped GaAs with an overlayer of Al(0.15)Ga(0.85)As are presented. These measurements were performed in magnetic fields up to 1.4 tesla at T in the range of 1.4-10 K. It was found that only one subband was populated with a density of 5.8 x 10 to the 11/cm-squared and an effective mass at the Fermi level m(asterisk) = (0.060 + or - 0.001)m(0).
The immediate effects of pictographic representation on children’s narratives:

The pictographic representation of narratives is a useful strategy for both developing language and compensating for weak writing in individual and inclusive language intervention settings. To determine the immediate effects of this strategy, 61 children, aged 7;10-9;1, were taught pictography. They then drafted and told imaginative narratives using one of three notations: writing, art drawing and pictography; and wrote ‘good copies’ of their drafts. The results showed that pictography was faster than the other two representational forms and resulted in longer oral narratives with increased temporal organization. Written good copy narratives showed no differential benefit across representational forms. Lower and higher achieving children showed similar patterns of benefits.
Local interfacial area measurement in bubbly flow

Abstract A theoretical foundation of the measurement method for the time averaged local interfacial area using a double sensor probe is presented. Experimental data are presented on the radial profiles of the void fraction, bubble velocity, bubble chord length and interfacial area concentration at various gas flow rates. In addition to these, some statistical information on turbulent motions of bubbles are presented. Each of the double sensors is checked against the global void measurement using a differential pressure. The result is very satisfactory. Furthermore, the area averaged void fraction and the interfacial area concentration obtained from the double sensor probe measurement compared very well with the photographic measurements. The results show that the double sensor probe method is accurate and reliable for the local measurements of interfacial area and void fraction in bubbly two-phase flow. Some results of the measurement of interfacial area concentration with the double sensor probe are also presented for bubbly flow at different liquid flow rates.
Effect of variable bathymetry on the amplitude of teleseismic tsunamis: A ray-tracing experiment

We apply surface wave ray-tracing techniques to tsunami propagation in an ocean of variable depth. Because tsunami velocities are proportional to the square root of the depth of the water column, the juxtaposition of oceanic plateaux and basins generates strong lateral velocity gradients, and bathymetric features can act as lenses focusing or defocusing the tsunami waves. We present a reconstruction of the tsunami wave field from the great Chilean earthquake of 1960: an order-of-magnitude computation based on the concept of ray-density provides qualitative agreement with observations at several sites in the Pacific Ocean. We also demonstrate the possibility of using “reciprocal” maps to identify tsunamigenic zones that present particular danger for a given receiving shore.
Thermochemistry of binary liquid gold alloys: The systems gold-copper and gold-silver at 1379 K

The enthalpies of mixing of the binary liquid alloys of gold with copper and silver have been measured by high temperature reaction calorimetry. The experimental results are described by the following analytical expressions which were derived by a least squares treatment of the data: Au-Cu: ΔHmix = XAuXCu(-28,821 - 2,468 XAu + 9,541 XAu 2) J mol-1 Au-Ag: ΔHmix = XAuXAg(-15,820 - 529 XAu @#@) J mol-1 The results are compared with excess Gibbs energy data from the published literature to yield approximate excess entropies of mixing. For the gold-copper system the observed parabolic dependence of the enthalpy interaction parameter on composition is well accounted for by the quasi-chemical theory.
A simultaneous treatment comparison of three expressive language training programs with a mute autistic child

A study was conducted in order to simultaneously compare the relative effectiveness of three different language training models (total communication sign training, nonverbal "sign-alone" training, and oral [vocal] training) for teaching expressive language skills to a 4 1/2-year-old mute autistic child. A single-subject, alternating-treatment (multielement) design with replication within subject was used to compare the rate of expressive word acquisition across training models. Results show the total communication model to be substantially superior to both oral and sign-alone training models, and place in question the theory of an intersensory integration disability to explain the success of sign language. Alternatively, the data suggest that the use of physical prompts combined with multisensory inputs provide a basis for the demonstrated success.
Molecular Basis for Kir6.2 Channel Inhibition by Adenine Nucleotides

KATP channels are comprised of a pore-forming protein, Kir6.x, and the sulfonylurea receptor, SURx. Interaction of adenine nucleotides with Kir6.2 positively charged amino acids such as K185 and R201 on the C-terminus causes channel closure. Substitution of these amino acids with other positively charged residues had small effects on inhibition by adenine nucleotide, while substitution with neutral or negative residues had major effects, suggesting electrostatic interactions between Kir6.2 positive charges and adenine nucleotide negative phosphate groups. Furthermore, R201 mutation decreased channel sensitivity to ATP, ADP, and AMP to a similar extent, but K185 mutation decreased primarily ATP and ADP sensitivity, leaving the AMP sensitivity relatively unaffected. Thus, channel inhibition by ATP may involve interaction of the α-phosphate with R201 and interaction of the β-phosphate with K185. In addition, decreased open probability due to rundown or sulfonylureas caused an increase in ATP sensitivity in the K185 mutant, but not in the R201 mutant. Thus, the β-phosphate may bind in a state-independent fashion to K185 to destabilize channel openings, while R201 interacts with the α-phosphate to stabilize a channel closed configuration. Substitution of R192 on the C-terminus and R50 on the N-terminus with different charged residues also affected ATP sensitivity. Based on these results a structural scheme is proposed, which includes features of other recently published models.
Why search time to find a food-storer bee accurately indicates the relative rates of nectar collecting and nectar processing in honey bee colonies

Abstract Abstract. When a honey bee laden with nectar returns to the hive, she acquires information about the balance between her colony's nectar collecting rate and its nectar processing capacity by noting the time spent searching to find a food-storer bee (who unloads and stores the forager's nectar). By modelling this search process, and experimentally testing a basic prediction of the model, search time was found to be an accurate indicator of the ratio of the two variables, with reliability guaranteed by the rules of probability. For example, if the collecting rate increases while the process capacity remains constant, then the proportion of food storers in the unloading area decreases, hence there is an automatic increase in the expected number of bees that a forager must sample before finding a food-storer bee.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Imidazole Acetic Acid Inhibitors of Activated Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor as Novel Antithrombotics

Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is an important regulator of fibrinolysis, and inhibitors of this enzyme have potential use in antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Appropriately substituted imidazole acetic acids such as 10j were found to be potent inhibitors of activated TAFI and selective versus the related carboxypeptidases CPA, CPN, and CPM but not CPB. Further, 10j accelerated clot lysis in vitro and was shown to be efficacious in a primate model of thrombosis.
Mechanism of detecting light direction in first positive phototropism in Zea mays L.

Abstract. The carotenoid content of corn seedlings was reduced by 80–90% with the herbicide SAN 9789 or by using carotenoidless mutants. This caused a decrease in ‘first positive’ phototropism by about 50% without affecting geotropism. This reduction in phototropism is attributed to the decreased light gradient across the albino shoot. Decreased screening should increase the response if a focusing mechanism is used to measure the light gradient, but should decrease the response if a screening mechanism is used. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that screening establishes the light gradient used to measure light direction in ‘first positive’ phototropism.
G-protein activation by metabotropic glutamate receptors reduces spike frequency adaptation in neocortical neurons

Intracellular recordings were obtained from neocortical brain slices of adult rats maintained in vitro. The effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor activation on spike frequency adaptation in regular spiking layer II and III neurons was determined. Putative metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as inhibitors of intracellular signaling systems, were tested. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by bath applied (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (1S,3R-ACPD; 50-200 microM) reduced the first interspike interval and increased action potential frequency at all current intensities. This effect was not blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Under these recording conditions, quisqualate (1-10 microM) similarly reduced spike frequency adaptation. Neither 1R,3S-ACPD, L-2-carboxycyclopropylglycine-I nor the putative presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, mimicked the effects of 1S,3R-ACPD or quisqualate. Bath application of the putative metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, competitively antagonized the excitatory actions of 1S,3R-ACPD. Another putative antagonist, L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate, failed to antagonize the reduction in spike frequency adaptation. Intracellular injection of guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), a non-hydrolysable analog of GTP, inhibited the postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated effects. However, the depression of synaptic transmission by 1S,3R-ACPD was not antagonized by this compound. The decrease in spike frequency adaptation by 1S,3R-ACPD was not prevented by prior exposure to the non-specific protein kinase inhibitors H-7 or H-8 (10 microM), the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 (0.25 microM) or the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (0.10 microM). These data suggest that the metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated reduction in spike adaptation requires the activation of specific G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes located on postsynaptic sites. The increase in neuronal excitability observed in the adult neocortex may be mediated either by an unidentified G-protein-coupled second messenger or via a membrane-delimited G-protein action.
Oxidative methylation of organic compounds with methane over alkali promoted MgO catalysts

The oxidative methylation of acetone, acetophenone and diphenylmethane with methane has been investigated over sodium, cesium and sodium-cesium promoted magnesia catalysts at 750°C and under normal atmospheric pressure. All these compounds do react with methane and produce their corresponding methane coupling products. The bialkali (5 mol-% Na-5 mol-% Cs) promoted MgO catalyst provided higher product yields than the individual mono-alkali promoted MgO catalysts at the same alkali content of 10 mol-%.
Model-independent measurement of off-shell effects

Abstract It is shown that polarization experiments can provide a clean method to measure off-shell effects in a model-independent way.
The effect of C(5) cytosine methylation at CpG sequences on mitomycin-DNA bonding profiles.

Abstract Recent studies have documented that cytosine C(5) methylation of CpG sequences enhances mitomycin C (1) adduction. The reports differ on the extent and uniformity of 1 modification at the nucleotide level. We have determined the bonding profiles for mitomycin monoalkylation in two DNA restriction fragments where the CpG sequences were methylated. Three mitomycin substrates were used and two different enzymatic assays employed to monitor the extent of drug modification at the individual base sites. Drug–DNA modification was accomplished with 1 and 10-decarbamoylmitomycin C (2) under reductive (Na2S2O4) conditions and with N-methyl-7-methoxyaziridinomitosene (3) under nonreductive conditions. The UvrABC incision assay permitted us to quantitate the sites of drug adduction, and the λ-exonuclease stop assay provided a qualitative estimation of drug–DNA modification consistent with the UvrABC data. We learned that C(5) cytosine methylation (m5C) enhanced the extent of overall DNA modification. Using the UvrABC endonuclease assay, we found that modification by 1 increased 2.0 and 7.4 times for the two DNA restriction fragments. Analysis of the modification sites at the nucleotide sequence level revealed that guanine (G) was the only base modified and that the overall increased level of DNA adduction was due to enhanced modification of select m5CpG* (G*=mitomycin (mitosene) adduction sites) loci compared with CpG* sites: the largest differences reached two orders of magnitude. Significantly, not all CpG* sites underwent increased drug adduction upon C(5) cytosine methylation. The effect of C(5) cytosine methylation on the drug adduction profiles was less pronounced for G* sites located within dinucleotide sequences other than CpG*. We observed that DNA methylation often led to slightly diminished adduction levels at these sites. The different m5CpG* adduction patterns provided distinctive sequence-selective bonding profiles for 1–3. We have attributed the large differences in guanine reactivity to DNA structural factors created, in part, by C(5) cytosine methylation. The significance of these findings in cancer chemotherapy is briefly discussed.
Flight Test of ASAC Aircraft Interior Noise Control System

A flight test is described in which an active structural/acoustic control system reduces turboprop induced interior noise on a Raytheon Aircraft Company 1900D airliner. Control inputs to 21 inertial force actuators were computed adaptively using a tansform domain version of the multichannel filtered-X LMS algorithm to minimize the mean square response of 32 microphones. A combinatorial search algorithm was employed to optimize placement of the force actuators on the aircraft frame. Both single frequency and multi-frequency results are presented. Reductions of up to 15 dB were obtained at the blade passage frequency (BPF) during single frequency control tests. Simultaneous reductions of the BPF and next 2 harmonics of 10 dB, 2.5 dB and 3.0 dB, are obtained in a multi-frequency test.
Roles of the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform and the Na+/H+ exchanger in sperm motility

The Na,K-ATPase generates electrochemical gradients that are used to drive the coupled transport of many ions and nutrients across the plasma membrane. The functional enzyme is comprised of an α and β subunit and families of isoforms for both subunits exist. Recent studies in this laboratory have identified a biological role for the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform in sperm motility. Here we further investigate the role of the Na,K-ATPase carrying the α4 isoform, showing again that ouabain eliminates sperm motility, and in addition, that nigericin, a H+/K+ ionophore, and monensin, a H+/Na+ ionophore, reinitiate motility. These data, along with the observation that the K+ ionophore valinomycin has no effect on the motility of ouabain-inhibited sperm, suggest that ouabain may change intracellular H+ levels in a manner that is incompatible with sperm motility. We have also localized NHE1 and NHE5, known regulators of intracellular H+ content, to the same region of the sperm as the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform. These data highlight the important role of the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform in regulating intracellular H+ levels, and provide evidence suggesting the involvement of the Na+/H+ exchanger, which is critical for maintaining normal sperm motility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 348–356, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improving the ability of peak expiratory flow rates to predict asthma

Abstract A major problem in the behavioral management of childhood asthma concerns recognition of the early signs of an impending episode. An objective measure commonly used to aid recognition of early warning signs is the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). This study examined the ability of PEFRs to predict asthma within a 12-hour period; the prediction method used was based on prior and conditional posterior probabilities. Twenty-five children with asthma recorded their PEFR twice daily, and also recorded the date and time of their asthma episodes. Conditional posterior probabilities and the ratio of hits to misses were computed for each subject at successively lower flow rates. The average improvement in predictability from the prior probability to the highest posterior probability was 491%. The ratio of hits to misses and the number of episodes predicted, however, decreased as the posterior probability increased. Selection of the PEFR at lower posterior probabilities resulted in fewer prediction errors and led to prediction of a higher number of episodes than selection of the PEFR at the highest posterior probability.
Central California studies on the degradation and movement of aldicarb residues

Abstract Studies to measure the degradation and movement of aldicarb residues in the unsaturated and saturated zone were conducted during 1984 at three central California locations. These test sites, which consist of a tomato field near Manteca and vineyards near Livingston and Fresno are representative of conditions in central California under which aldicarb residues are most likely to reach drinking-water supplies. Results indicate that aldicarb residues degrade in the unsaturated zone with a half-life of 1.5–2.0 months. In areas with shallow water tables (less than three meters deep), traces of aldicarb residues may occasionally enter the upper one to five meters of the saturated zone where they degrade before reaching deeper, potable water supplies.
High-MTF hybrid ferroelectric IRFPA

Low cost, uncooled hybrid infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA's) are in full-scale production at Raytheon Systems Company (RSC), formerly Texas Instruments Defense Systems and Electronics Group. Detectors consist of reticulated ceramic barium strontium titanate (BST) arrays of 320 X 240 pixels on 48.5 micrometer pitch. The principal performance shortcoming of the hybrid arrays has been low MTF due to thermal crosstalk between pixels. In the past two years, significant improvements have been made to increase MTF making hybrids more competitive in performance with monolithic arrays. The improvements are (1) the reduction of the thickness of the IR absorbing layer electrode that maintains electrical continuity and increases thermal isolation between pixels, (2) reduction of the electrical crosstalk from the ROIC, and (3) development of a process to increase the thermal path-length between pixels called 'elevated optical coat.' This paper describes all three activities and their efficacy. Also discussed is the uncooled IRFPA production capability at RSC.
Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastics in the far‐field

Ultrasonic welding is one of the most popular techniques for joining thermoplastics because it is fast, economical, and easily automated. In near-field ultrasonic welding, the distance between the horn and the joint interface is 6 mm or less. This study investigated the near-field ultrasonic welding of amorphous (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polystyrene) and semicrystalline (polyethylene and polypropylene) polymers. High frequency ultrasonic wave propagation and attenuation measurements were made in order to estimate the dynamic mechanical moduli of the polymers. The estimated moduli were entered into a lumped parameter model in order to predict heating rates and energy dissipation. Experimental results showed that variations in the welding pressure had little effect on energy dissipation or joint strength; Increasing the amplitude of vibration increased the energy dissipation and the weld strength. For the semicrystalline polymers, increasing the weld time improved strength up to weld times greater than 1.5 s, where strength leveled off. For the amorphous polymers, the weld strength increased with Increasing weld time up to times of 0.8 s; for longer weld times, the power required was too high, causing overloading of the welder. Monitoring of the energy dissipation and static displacement or collapse provided valuable information on weld quality.
Consistency Conditions on the Strong Interactions Implied by a Partially Conserved Axial-Vector Current

Consequences of the partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC) hypothesis are explored. A set of simple rules is derived which relate the matrix element for any strong interaction process with the matrix element for the corresponding process in which an additional zero-mass, zero-energy pion is emitted or absorbed. A generalization to include lowest order electromagnetic processes is given. A theorem is stated and proved which shows how divergence equations of the form ${\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{J}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}=D$ are modified when a minimal electromagnetic interaction is switched on.
The Crafting of Jobs and Individual Differences

This paper examines the concept of spontaneous, unsupervised changes in jobs (job crafting), in general, and the relationship of the qualities and magnitude of the changes to the individual characteristics of: cognitive ability, self-image, perceived control, and readiness to change. This study adds to what is known about individuals at work, in any level of an organization, who knowingly make unsupervised changes in their jobs. This study adds to the research base of what is called job crafting as examined in the seminal work of Wrzesniewski and Dutton (Acad Manag Rev 26(2):179–201, 2001). In this study of 107 outside salespersons we find that more than 75% report engaging in job crafting in various forms. Positive, significant correlations are found between episodes of work modification and the variables of self-image, perceived control, and readiness to change.
Catalytic formation of silanes on copper-silicon alloys

Abstract Areal rates of silane formation from CH3Cl and silicon were measured in a differential batch reactor at atmospheric pressure and 520–620 K, on three clean, nonporous, silicon-containing surfaces. These surfaces were characterized with Auger spectroscopy by transferring them directly between UHV and atmospheric pressure, without exposure to air. On pure silicon, a long induction time was seen before steady-state reaction; the main products at steady-state were HSiCl3 and CH3HSiCl2. On Cu3Si and Cu3Si containing 0.4 atm% Zn, the overall silane formation rates were an order of magnitude lower than on pure silicon. Copper catalyst, however, dramatically increased selectivity to 85% (CH3)2SiCl2, the desired product for silicone production. Copper also decreased the induction time by increasing the rate of active-site formation. Zinc promoter in Cu3Si further increased (CH3)2SiCl2 selectivity to 95% without significantly changing activity. No induction time was seen with the Zn promoter. Silicon diffusion in Cu3Si limited silane formation, and a mathematical model is presented. Reaction on Cu3Si containing Zn was not limited by diffusion. These are the first measurements of silane direct-synthesis kinetics on Cu3Si of known surface area, and they show directly that Cu3Si provides an active surface for selective formation of (CH3)2SiCl2. Rates and selectivities on the alloys were similar to those measured for higher-surface-area solids.
Political Theory in Canonical Buddhism

This article examines the canonical texts of early Buddhism and canvasses recent scholarly literature to explore whether early Buddhism contains a political theory, and if so, what it is. The article concludes that the early texts do express a normative preference for enlightened monarchy as the best form of lay government. However, it also concludes that early Buddhism saw politics as being relatively unimportant among human concerns. Further, it argues that this theory of politics should be of interest to political theorists today due to three unusual elements: its deflationary estimate of the importance of politics, its denial of the existence of the self, and its naturalistic theory of ethics.
The effects of cueing and constraint instructions on children's free recall performance

Abstract The performance of nursery school children was investigated in two experiments involving cued and constrained free recall. Under constrained instructions, subjects were required to recall items by category. Under cued instructions subjects could recall items in any order they wished but the organized nature of the lists was identified and subjects were told that they would remember more if they recalled things from the same category together. No effects of cueing instructions were obtained in either Experiment I or Experiment II. Constrained recall instructions led to enhanced recall and category clustering. However, the beneficial effects were not maintained on later trials with the same list or on a transfer list when the constraints on recall were dropped. In addition, the introduction of constrained recall instructions had identical effects whether they were introduced early or late in practice. The results were discussed in terms of the influences of variables which affect the subjects' use of retrieval strategies and the development of memory.
Predictors of Ips confusus Outbreaks During a Record Drought in Southwestern USA: Implications for Monitoring and Management

In many ecosystems the effects of disturbance can be cryptic and disturbance may vary in subtle spatiotemporal ways. For instance, we know that bark beetle outbreaks are more frequent in temperate forests during droughts; however, we have little idea about why they occur in some locations and not others. Understanding biotic and abiotic factors promoting bark beetle outbreaks can be critical to predicting and responding to pest outbreaks. Here we address the environmental factors which are associated with Ips confusus outbreaks during the 2002 widespread drought within the distribution range of pinyon pine woodlands in Arizona. We used univariate statistics to test if whether tree characteristics, other herbivores, stand properties, soil type, wind, and topography were associated with I. confusus outbreak, and logistic regression to create a predictive model for the outbreaks. We found that I. confusus attacks occur in low elevation stands on steeper slopes, where favorable winds for I. confusus dispersion occur. I. confusus select larger trees, in high density stands with understory shrubs that exhibit phenotypic traits characteristic of resistance to stem-boring moths. The model was highly accurate, and explained 95% of the variability in occurrence (98% of the absences and 95% of the presences). Accurate prediction of the impacts of disturbance allow us to anticipate, minimize or mitigate for and eventually counteract its effects, especially those affecting diversity and ecosystem function. Identification of outbreak risk areas can guide regional and national management towards the reduction of infestation risk and enhancing conservation of pinyon-juniper woodlands.
A chemical probe of the active site of anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies

Abstract A novel method for the determination of the titer of high affinity anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies has been developed. The method is based on the observation that at moderate levels of sulfite concentration ( ca . 3 × 10 −4 M ) these antibodies cause the breakdown of the highly colored complexes which are formed between trinitrobenzene derivatives and sulfite anion. The method involves a rapid spectrophotometric determination and it gives titers which are in good agreement with the results obtained by more standard techniques. Preliminary kinetic experiments using the basic principles of this sulfite titration indicate the ‘off-rates’ for these anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies may be as low as ca . 10 −4 sec −1 .
Similar hematologic changes in children receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin for otitis media.

We report the hematologic changes in 90 black children who were randomized to receive a 10-day course of either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) or amoxicillin as therapy for acute otitis media. Absolute neutrophil counts 3 developed at least once during the 23-day evaluation in 28 (57%) of the 49 children given TMP-SMZ and in 22 (54%) of the 41 who received amoxicillin. Incidence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia was negligible in both groups. Pancytopenia did not occur in any child. Absolute neutrophil counts had increased to >1500/mm 3 by the end of the study period in all of the patients but six, whose recovery required an additional 1 to 63 days. Decreased neutrophil counts in antibiotic-treated subjects remained within the range of findings for healthy black children, suggesting that a count 3 may be an inappropriate criterion for an adverse drug effect. Neither TMP-SMZ nor amoxicillin produced hematologic effects that would detract from their continued use in children with infections caused by antibiotic-susceptible organisms.
Nature of proteinase inhibitors released from soybeans during imbibition and germination

Abstract Proteinase inhibitors are released to a smaller extent from soybeans which have been pre-equilibrated to an atmosphere of high relative humidity (r.h.) compared to those equilibrated to low r.h. Seeds pre-equilibrated to high r.h. also exhibited better germination. Regardless of the states of seed hydration, both Kunitz and Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitors are released in parallel with respect to each other and to other proteins at germination times up to 100 hr. After 48 hr of germination, new forms of trypsin inhibitor appear in the leachate which react with anti-Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor antibodies. No new forms of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor were observed immunochemically during the first 100 hr of germination.
Some results on λ‐designs with two block sizes

A λ-design is a family ℬ = {B1, B2, …, Bv} of subsets of X = {1, 2, …, v} such that |Bi∩Bj| = λ for all i≠jand not all Bi are of the same size. The only known example of λ-designs (called type-1 designs) are those obtained from symmetric designs by a certain complementation procedure. Ryser [J Algebra 10 (1968), 246–261] and Woodall [Proc London Math Soc 20 (1970), 669–687] independently conjectured that all λ-designs are type-1. Let g = gcd(r − 1, r* − 1), where rand r* are the two replication numbers. Ionin and Shrikhande [J Combin Comput 22 (1996), 135–142; J Combin Theory Ser A 74 (1996), 100–114] showed that λ-designs with g = 1, 2, 3, 4 are type-1 and that the Ryser–Woodall conjecture is true for λ-designs on p + 1, 2p + 1, 3p + 1, 4p + 1 points, where pis a prime. Hein and Ionin [Codes and Designs—Proceedings of Conference honoring Prof. D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Ohio State University Mathematical Research Institute Publications, 10, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2002, pp. 145–156] proved corresponding results for g = 5 and Fiala [Codes and Designs—Proceedings of Conference honoring Prof. D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Ohio State University Mathematical Research Institute Publications, 10, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2002, pp. 109–124; Ars Combin 68 (2003), 17–32; Ars Combin, to appear] for g = 6, 7, and 8. In this article, we consider λ designs with exactly two block sizes. We show that in this case, the conjecture is true for g = 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and for g = 10, 14, 18, 22 with v≠4λ − 1. We also give two results on such λ-designs on v = 9p + 1 and 12p + 1 points, where pis a prime. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 19:95-110, 2011