cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of anisoles on clay and pillared clay surfaces

Pillared bentonites were found to be efficient catalysts for the O-methyl bond cleavage of anisoles (e.g., m-methylanisole, guaiacol, and creosol) under very mild, static conditions (150"C, a few hours, inert atmosphere). The O-methyl bond cleavage led to phenolic products. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and solid-state ~3C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques used to probe '3C- labeled anisoles revealed that dealkylation and transalkylation reactions occurred to a large extent, and that conversion was efficient at > 95% after two days. Ortho- and para-isomers were observed exclusively, without any evidence of recta-substitution. Volatile products were determined by mass spectrometry to be '3CH3OH and ('3CH3)20. Magic-angle spinning 13C NMR experiments showed that the molecules were fairly mobile in the clay micropores prior to catalysis. After catalysis, cross-polarization NMR showed that molecular motion had decreased markedly. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of the colored complexes suggested some quinone formation. The trend of clay reactivity was found to be: pillared bentonite >> acid-washed montmorillonite > untreated bentonite > pillared fluorhectorite -~ untreated fluorhectorite. Key Wortls--Anisoles, Bentonite, Catalysis, Fluorhectorite, Montmorillonite, Nuclear magnetic reso- nance, Pillared clay, Quinones.
A Study of Factorization and a Measurement of CP Violation

We report on a study of the decay {bar B}{sup 0} {yields} D*{sup +} {omega}{pi}{sup -} with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B-factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Based on a sample of 232 million B{sup 0}{bar B}{sup 0} decays collected between 1999 and 2004, we measure the branching fraction {Beta}({bar B}{sup 0} {yields} D*{sup +} {omega}{pi}{sup -}) = (2.88 {+-} 0.21(stat.) {+-} 0.31(syst.)) x 10{sup -3}. We study the invariant mass spectrum of the {omega}{pi}{sup -} system in this decay. This spectrum is in good agreement with expectations based on factorization and the measured spectrum in {tau}{sup -} {yields} {omega}{pi}{sup -} {nu}{sub {tau}}. We also measure the polarization of the D*{sup +} as a function of the {omega}{pi}{sup -} mass. In the mass region 1.1 to 1.9 GeV we measure the fraction of longitudinal polarization of the D*{sup +} to be {Lambda}{sub L}/{Lambda} = 0.654 {+-} 0.042(stat.) {+-} 0.016(syst.). This is in agreement with the expectations from heavy-quark effective theory and factorization assuming that the decay proceeds as {bar B}{sup 0} {yields} D*{sup +} {rho}(1450){sup -}, {rho}(1450){sup -} {yields} {omega}{pi}{sup -}. Furthermore, we present the results on the time-dependent CP asymmetry in neutral B meson decays tomore » the CP eigenstate J/{psi}K{sub L}. The measurements use a data sample of about 88 million {Upsilon}(4S) {yields} B{bar B} decays collected between 1999 and 2002 with the BABAR detector. We study events in which one neutral B meson is fully reconstructed in the J/{psi}K{sub L} final state and the other B meson is determined to be either a B{sup 0} or a {bar B}{sup 0} from its decay products. The amplitude of the CP asymmetry, which in the Standard Model is proportional to sin 2{beta}, is derived from the decay-time distributions in such events. We measure sin 2{beta} = 0.723 {+-} 0.158(stat.) {+-} 0.086(syst.), which is consistent with Standard Model expectations.« less
The hypergeometric connectivity hypothesis: divergent performance of brain circuits with different synaptic connectivity distributions.

The development of connectivity among brain networks (e.g., thalamocortical, cortico-thalamic, cortico-cortical) proceeds via a combination of axon and dendrite growth followed by a later process of synaptic pruning [Purves, D., Lichtman, J.W., 1980. Elimination of synapses in the developing nervous system. Science, 210, 153-157; Oppenheim, R.W., 1991. Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 14(1), 453-501.; Oppenheim, R., Qin-Wei Y., Prevette D., Yan Q., 1992. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues developing avian motoneurons from cell death. Nature, 360, 755-757]. Sparse synaptic distribution (i.e., the low probability (<0.1) of contact among neurons; [Braitenberg, V., Schuz, A., 1998. Cortex: Statistics and geometry of neuronal connectivity: Springer Berlin.] can conform to any of a range of connectivity patterns with different distributional characteristics; and different distribution patterns can yield networks with very different functional properties. We rigorously investigate a range of different connectivity characteristics, and show that different synaptic distributions can substantially affect the functional capabilities of the resulting networks. In particular, we provide formal measures of information loss in transmission from one set of neurons to another as a function of synaptic distribution, and show a set of empirical cases with different information-theoretic utility. We characterize the trade-offs among utility and costs, and their dependence on different classes of developmental strategies by which axons from one cell group are "assigned" to synapses on dendrites from a target cell group. It is shown that hypergeometric distributions minimize a range of measured costs, compared to competing synaptic distributions. It is also found that the divergent performance among differently organized brain circuits expands with brain size, rendering the effects increasingly consequential for big brains. In summary, we propose that the characteristics of hypergeometric connectivity provide a coherent explanatory hypothesis of a range of developmental and anatomical data.
Effect of Fasting on Glycogen Body Stability in the Mature Chicken

Abstract The influence of fasting on the stability of the glycogen body was investigated in a single study using White Leghorn hens. Four days without feeding had almost completely depleted the glycogen stores. However, 8 days of fasting were needed to observe a depression in glycogen body weight. Refeeding for 43 hrs. after 8 days of fasting had no effect on weight of the glycogen body or its glycogen stores.
Estimating Species Trees Using Multiple-Allele DNA Sequence Data

Abstract Several techniques, such as concatenation and consensus methods, are available for combining data from multiple loci to produce a single statement of phylogenetic relationships. However, when multiple alleles are sampled from individual species, it becomes more challenging to estimate relationships at the level of species, either because concatenation becomes inappropriate due to conflicts among individual gene trees, or because the species from which multiple alleles have been sampled may not form monophyletic groups in the estimated tree. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model to reconstruct species trees from multipleallele, multilocus sequence data, building on a recently proposed method for estimating species trees from single allele multilocus data. A two-step Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is adopted to estimate the posterior distribution of the species tree. The model is applied to estimate the posterior distribution of species trees for two multiple-allele datasets—yeast (Sa...
Practical aspects of Pt/Ir effluent splitters for multidetector GC and pneumatic solute switching

Practical details are given to produce low dead volume Pt/Ir to glass connections and a variety of components for effluent splitting and pneumatic solute switching. It is shown that the column effluents from a glass capillary column can be split in any desired ratio and maintained constant, regardless of column flow rate. Bandbroadening in the splitter remains negligible even for very low flow rates. A complex pneumatic system to be used for heartcutting with two glass capillary columns is shown.
Design and evaluation of an optical CPU-DRAM interconnect

We present OCDIMM (Optically Connected DIMM), a CPU-DRAM interface that uses multiwavelength optical interconnects. We show that OCDIMM is more scalable and offers higher bandwidth and lower latency than FBDIMM (Fully-Buffered DIMM), a state-of-the-art electrical alternative. Though OCDIMM is more power efficient than FBDIMM, we show that ultimately the total power consumption in the memory subsystem is a key impediment to scalability and thus to achieving truly balanced computing systems in the terascale era.
NOD-LRR PROTEINS: Role in Host-Microbial Interactions and Inflammatory Disease

▪ Abstract Nods are cytosolic proteins that contain a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). These proteins include key regulators of apoptosis and pathogen resistance in mammals and plants. A large number of Nods contain leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), hence referred to as NOD-LRR proteins. Genetic variation in several NOD-LRR proteins, including human Nod2, Cryopyrin, and CIITA, as well as mouse Naip5, is associated with inflammatory disease or increased susceptibility to microbial infections. Nod1, Nod2, Cryopyrin, and Ipaf have been implicated in protective immune responses against pathogens. Together with Toll-like receptors, Nod1 and Nod2 appear to play important roles in innate and acquired immunity as sensors of bacterial components. Specifically, Nod1 and Nod2 participate in the signaling events triggered by host recognition of specific motifs in bacterial peptidoglycan and, upon activation, induce the production of proinflammatory mediators. Naip5 is involved in host resistance to Legione...
Investigation of High School Credit and Placement for Summer Coursework Taken outside of Local Schools.

This study examined how local schools responded to students’ outside-of-school summer courses, particularly regarding the awarding of credit and appropriate placement. It involved 262 middle and high school administrators of students who had attended a gifted summer program at a local university. Survey data showed the critical influence of the school’s policies on granting credit for outside-of-school coursework and institutional accreditation on the school’s responses. For high schools, territory or administrative issues such as the school’s own policy on credit, prior notice of a student’s participation in the program, sharing outside-of-school course syllabi with school officials in advance, the type of course, and accreditation of the summer program were crucial in decisions regarding the awarding of credit. For middle schools, the school’s own evaluation of a student’s mastery of the course content, prior notice of the student’s participation in the program, and the student’s performance in the outs...
Dual beta process priors for latent cluster discovery in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by airflow limitation usually associated with an inflammatory response to noxious particles, such as cigarette smoke. COPD is currently the third leading cause of death in the United States and is the only leading cause of death that is increasing in prevalence. It also represents an enormous financial burden to society, costing tens of billions of dollars annually in the U.S. It is widely accepted by the medical community that COPD is a heterogeneous disease, with substantial evidence indicating that genetic variation contributes to varying levels of disease susceptibility. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to predict health decline and develop targeted treatments for better patient care. Although researchers have made several attempts to discover disease subtypes, results have been inconclusive, in part because standard clustering methods have not properly dealt with disease manifestations that may worsen with increased exposure. In this paper we introduce a transformative way of looking at the COPD subtyping task. Specifically, we model the relationship between risk factors (such as age and smoke exposure) and manifestations of disease severity using Gaussian Processes, which allow us to represent so-called "disease trajectories". We also posit that individuals can be associated with multiple disease types (latent clusters), which we assume are influenced by genetics. Furthermore, we predict that only subsets of the numerous disease-related quantitative features are useful for describing each latent subtype. We model these associations using two separate beta process priors, and we describe a variational inference approach to discover the most probable latent cluster assignments. Results are validated with associations to genetic markers.
Polymer microring resonator for sensitive and broadband ultrasound detection

Polymer microring resonator has been developed as highly sensitive ultrasound detector with broadband response. The platform is attractive for high-resolution ultrasound imaging by providing more scalable sensor element without sacrificing the performance as well as simpler interconnect.
Oscillations of shear flow along a slotted plate: small- and large-scale structures

Shear flow along a slotted plate can give rise to highly coherent, small-scale oscillations within each slot; the dimensionless frequency is an order of magnitude lower than the frequency of the classical Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Within a given slot, the unsteady development of a swirl pattern, as well as the flow into and out of the slot, is compatible with the evolution of a large-scale structure, which shows increased agglomeration of vorticity along the surface of the plate. Moreover, the streamwise phase shift of the unsteady flow rates through the slots is in accord with the phase shift of the velocity fluctuation of the downstream propagating disturbance along either side of the plate. This phase shift is associated with development of the large-scale structure, and corresponds to a dimensionless frequency that scales on the plate length, as verified by experiments over ranges of length and inflow velocity. The value of this dimensionless frequency is close to that in the absence of the slotted plate i.e. the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the free shear layer.
Down-regulation of Gfi-1 expression by TGF-β is important for differentiation of Th17 and CD103+ inducible regulatory T cells

Growth factor independent 1 (Gfi-1), a transcriptional repressor, is transiently induced during T cell activation. Interleukin (IL) 4 further induces Gfi-1, resulting in optimal Th2 cell expansion. We report a second important function of Gfi-1 in CD4 T cells: prevention of alternative differentiation by Th2 cells, and inhibition of differentiation of naive CD4 T cells to either Th17 or inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cells. In Gfi1−/− Th2 cells, the Rorc, Il23r, and Cd103 loci showed histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation modifications that were lacking in wild-type Th2 cells, implying that Gfi-1 is critical for epigenetic regulation of Th17 and iTreg cell–related genes in Th2 cells. Enforced Gfi-1 expression inhibited IL-17 production and iTreg cell differentiation. Furthermore, a key inducer of both Th17 and iTreg cell differentiation, transforming growth factor β, repressed Gfi-1 expression, implying a reciprocal negative regulation of CD4 T cell fate determination. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed direct binding of the Gfi-1–lysine-specific demethylase 1 repressive complex to the intergenic region of Il17a/Il17f loci and to intron 1 of Cd103. T cell–specific Gfi1 conditional knockout mice displayed a striking delay in the onset of experimental allergic encephalitis correlated with a dramatic increase of Foxp3+CD103+ CD4 T cells. Thus, Gfi-1 plays a critical role both in enhancing Th2 cell expansion and in repressing induction of Th17 and CD103+ iTreg cells.
Getting in control of your control flow with control-data isolation

Computer security has become a central focus in the information age. Though enormous effort has been expended on ensuring secure computation, software exploitation remains a serious threat. The software attack surface provides many avenues for hijacking; however, most exploits ultimately rely on the successful execution of a control-flow attack. This pervasive diversion of control flow is made possible by the pollution of control flow structure with attacker-injected runtime data. Many control-flow attacks persist because the root of the problem remains: runtime data is allowed to enter the program counter. In this paper, we propose a novel approach: Control-Data Isolation. Our approach provides protection by going to the root of the problem and removing all of the operations that inject runtime data into program control. While previous work relies on CFG edge checking and labeling, these techniques remain vulnerable to attacks such as heap spray, read, or GOT attacks and in some cases suffer high overheads. Rather than addressing control-flow attacks by layering additional complexity, our work takes a subtractive approach; subtracting the primary cause of contemporary control-flow attacks. We demonstrate that control-data isolation can assure the integrity of the programmer's CFG at runtime, while incurring average performance overheads of less than 7% for a wide range of benchmarks.
A new approach to the optimal modeling of sound propagation in the random ocean

Consideration is given to an optimal modeling problem for the general horizontally stratified ocean, which is assumed to be a random inhomogeneous medium. The random acoustic wave velocity potential p=p(x, y, z) in the ocean is described by the stochastic Helmholtz equation Delta p+k/sup 2/p=0, where Delta is the standard Laplacian partial differential operator, and k=k(x, y, z) is the random wave number. Because of the random and inhomogeneous nature of the ocean, not only the amplitude and phase fluctuations of the sound wave but also its scattering have to be taken into account in the mathematical modeling of the random wave propagation. In this consideration, p is decomposed as p=p/sub 0/+p/sub s/, where p/sub 0/ is the deterministic component (the unperturbed part) of the velocity potential (which can be determined by some existing techniques) and p/sub s/ is the random component created essentially by a perturbation. A novel method for obtaining an optimal estimate of p/sub s/ is proposed. It is based on a PDL/sub g/-spline theory and technique developed by the authors, so that p can be determined optimally and efficiently for the purpose of applications. >
Two-photon triple ionization of Li

A time-dependent close-coupling method is used to calculate the two-photon triple ionization of Li. Our method combines approaches previously used for two-photon double ionization of two-electron atoms with approaches that have been used for single-photon triple ionization of three-electron atoms. At a photon energy of 115.0 eV the three outgoing electrons share an energy of 31.4 eV. We explore the energy and angle differential cross sections of the three outgoing electrons and compare and contrast these distributions with those arising from single-photon triple ionization of Li.
Design of an Adaptive Singularity-Free Control Moment Gyroscope (ASCMG) Cluster for Spacecraft Attitude Control

Spacecraft attitude control using an Adaptive Singularity-free Control Moment Gyroscope (ASCMG) cluster design for internal actuation is presented. A complete dynamics model is derived using the principles of variational mechanics, relaxing some common assumptions made in prior literature on control moment gyroscopes. These assumptions include perfect axisymmetry of the rotor and gimbal structures, and perfect alignment of the centers of mass of the gimbal and the rotor. The resulting dynamics display complex nonlinear coupling between the internal degrees of freedom associated with the CMG and the spacecraft base body’s rotational degrees of freedom in the absence of these assumptions. This dynamics model is further generalized to include the effects of multiple CMGs placed in the spacecraft bus, and sufficient conditions for non-singular CMG cluster configurations are obtained. General ideas on control of the angular momentum of the spacecraft using changes in the momentum variables of a finite number of CMGs, are provided. A control scheme using a finite number of CMGs in the absence of external torques and when the total angular momentum of the spacecraft is zero, is presented. The dynamics model of the spacecraft with a finite number of CMGs is then simplified under the assumption that the rotor is axisymmetric, in which case it is shown that singularities are avoided. As an example, the case of three CMGs with axisymmetric rotors, placed in a tetrahedron configuration inside the spacecraft, is considered. The control scheme is then numerically implemented using a geometric variational integrator and the results confirm the singularity-free property and high control authority of the ASCMG cluster. Moreover, as rotor misalignments are addressed in the dynamics model, the ASCMG cluster can adapt to them without requiring hardware changes.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Structural Identification for Mobile Sensing with Missing Observations

AbstractThere are many occasions in structural health monitoring (SHM) on which collected data sets contain missing observations. Such instances may occur as a result of failed communications or packet losses in a wireless sensor network or as a result of sensing and sampling methods—for example, mobile sensing. By implementing modified expectation and maximization steps, structural identification using expectation maximization (STRIDE) is capable of processing data in these circumstances and is the first modal identification technique to formally accept data with missing observations. This paper presents the STRIDE algorithm, a statistical perspective of missing data, and new STRIDE equations that account for missing observations. Expectation step (E-step) equations are given explicitly for both partially observed time steps and those not fully observed. The maximization step (M-step) provides state-space parameter updates in terms of available observations and missing-data state-variable statistics. Thi...
I should not recommend it to you even if you will like it: the ethics of recommender systems

In this paper, we extend the current research in the recommendation system community by showing that users did attach ethical consideration to items. In an experiment N = 111 that manipulated several moral factors regarding the potentially harmful content in movies, books, and games, users were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of recommending these items to teenagers and adult couples. Results agreed with previous studies in that gender plays a key role in making moral judgment, especially regarding the ethical appropriateness of an item. The pilot study further identifies degrees of aversion regarding the appeal of these elements in media for ethical recommendations. Based on the study, we propose a user-initiated ethical recommender system to help users pick up morally appropriate items during the post-recommendation process. We believe that the ethical appropriateness of items perceived by end users could predict the trust and credibility of the system.
Cultural Participation and Postcoloniality: A U.S. Case Study

The chapter discusses ways of imagining cultural authority. Part I outlines Samuel Fleischacker's liberal theory that cultures are “authoritative traditions” posited for coherent moral action. Part II evaluates this proposal through an examination of the writings of two U.S. Latino theologians, Roberto S. Goizueta and Ada Mara Isasi-Diaz. They articulate a practice of culture neglected by Fleischacker but constitutive of the (marginalized) cultural authority of U.S. Latinos, namely ‘mestizaje’: belonging to several cultures and not fully to any. Attending to ‘mestizaje’, the hidden prejudices of liberal egalitarianism can be addressed constructively for the sake of enhanced cultural participation.
Reconstructing Lenin: An Intellectual Biography

It is no easy task that Tamas Krausz has set himself in Reconstructing Lenin. However, the editor of Eszmelet (the only Marxist theoretical and political quarterly in Hungary) demonstrates himself ...
Physiological Unmasking of New Glutamatergic Pathways in the Dentate Gyrus of Hippocampal Slices From Kainate-Induced Epileptic Rats

Patrylo, Peter R. and F. Edward Dudek. Physiological unmasking of new glutamatergic pathways in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal slices from kainate-induced epileptic rats. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 418...
Pseudois nayaur and Pseudois schaeferi

Ovis nayaur Hodgson, 1833:135. Type locality Tibetan frontier of Nepal (=Kachar region, Nepal). Ovis nahoor Hodgson, 1835:107. Emendation of nayaur. Ovis burrhel Blyth, 1840:67. Type locality "Boorendo Pass, Nepal" (=Barinda Pass, near Mt. Jumnotri, E of Simla, Nepal). Ovis nahura Gray, 1843:170. Emendation of nahoor. Ovis barhal Hodgson, 1846:342. Emendation of burrhel. Ovis burhel Gray, 1863:13. Emendation of burrhel.
Determination of Strawberry Nutrient Optimum Ranges through Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Analysis

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) leaf blade and petiole optimum nutrient ranges were developed through tissue sampling in 53 commercial strawberry (Fragaria ·ananassa) fields in the coastal valleys of central California in 2010 and 2011. All fields were in an annual production system using the day-neutral cultivar Albion. Leaf blades and petioles were sampled five times from early flowering through the fruit harvest period. Data on soil nutrient availability and grower fertilization practices were also collected. DRIS analysis was used to develop nutrient optimum ranges based on nutrient concentrations observed in nutritionally balanced, high-yield fields. Blade nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations declined from the vegetative stage until the main harvest period, and stabilized thereafter. Blade calcium (Ca), boron (B), and iron (Fe) increased over time while magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) decreased. The blade N optimum range was lower than previously published sufficiency ranges during the fruit harvest period, and the Zn optimum range was lower throughout the season. Other nutrients were in general agreement with previously established sufficiency ranges with the exception of Ca, Mn, and Fe, which were higher. Petiole nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) was highly variable among high-yield fields, was not correlated with soil NO3-N at any growth stage, and was therefore of limited value as an indicator of crop N status. Comparison of soil nutrient availability with grower fertilization practices suggested that significant improvement in fertilizer management was possible.
Analysis of Synchronization Standards for Packet Switched Networks

Synchronizing signals for ground link transmission is an important issue in packet-switched networks.Traditional synchronization methods,which are mature in circuit-switched networks,are not applicable to packet-switched networks.Although 1588v2 is used to solve the synchronization problem in mobile backhaul networks,more standards need to be considered in light of increased network complexity and rising requirements of equipment clocks.This paper discusses current synchronization methods and gives some views on the application of packet synchronization.
Data Collection with Bounded-Sized Messages in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we study the data collection problem in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) adopting the two interference models: The graph model and the more realistic physical interference model known as Signal-to-Interference-Noise-Ratio (SINR). The main issue of the problem is to compute schedules with the minimum number of timeslots, that is, to compute the minimum latency schedules, such that data from every node can be collected without any collision or interference to a sink node. While existing works studied the problem with unit-sized and unbounded-sized message models, we investigate the problem with the bounded-sized message model, and introduce a constant factor approximation algorithm. To the best known of our knowledge, our result is the first result of the data collection problem with bounded-sized model in both interference models.
Clinical value of monophasic action potentials

The method of monophasic action potential (MAP) recording has experienced a significant surge in interest since the introduction of the contact electrode, which in contrast to the suction electrode, allows the safe and simple use of this technique in the clinical electrophysiology laboratory. MAP recording not only provide for a more precise determination of local activation, but most importantly, permit direct measurement of myocardial repolarization and action potential duration (APD), respectively. This had led to new insights into the cycle-length-dependence of the human APD, both in response to single extrastimuli and to steady-state heart rate changes. An advancement of the contact electrode catheter design now permits simultaneous pacing and MAP recording, and thereby, simultaneous determinations of APD and effective refractory periods (EPP) at the same endocardial site in the human heart. MAP recordings have demonstrated significant usefulness in the direct monitoring of antiarrhythmic drug effects, both in terms of dosage control and in the direct measurement of antiarrhythmic drug effects on the relationship between ERP and APD (ERP/ARD-ratio). Because MAP recordings reflect the local cellular electrophysiology, they also provide a more sensitive and precise index of myocardial ischemia than conventional ECG recordings. This can be utilized to assess the success of revascularizing procedures directly during or after the intervention. Recently, MAP recordings helped to discover early after-depolarizations in patients with "torsade de pointes", providing a possible explanation for the mechanism of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia in man.
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM AND WELFARE ECONOMICS

This chapter focuses on general equilibrium and welfare economics. The traditional definition of economics usually involves the “efficient allocation of resources.” This allocation process is carried out through decisions concerning production and consumption. The efficiency propositions concerning consumption in a general equilibrium context are similar to those of the Pareto criteria for efficiency in production. A consumption point along a production frontier is considered efficient if moving to another point makes at least one person better off, without making another worse off. All points along a production frontier are efficient as far as production is concerned, but not all points are efficient from the point of view of utility to consumers. To analyze the implications of efficiency in consumption, the chapter uses the Edgeworth-Bowley diagram. Welfare economics deals with the optimal allocation of resources in an economic society using a set of propositions suggested for the maximization of societal utility or welfare. As a society consists of many individuals, and usually no two are alike, it is very difficult to arrive at a societal utility function.
"Is This Food Healthy?": The Contextual Influence of Prior Foods on Healthiness Perceptions

"Is This Food Healthy?": The Contextual Influence of Prior Foods on Healthiness Perceptions
Unifying Ancient and Modern Geometries Through Octonions

We show the first unified description of some of the oldest known geometries such as the Pappus' theorem with more modern ones like Desargues' theorem, Monge's theorem and Ceva's theorem, through octonions, the highest normed division algebra in eight dimensions. We also show important applications in hadronic physics, giving a full description of the algebra of color applicable to quark physics, and comment on further applications.
Giving voice: mobile communication, disability, and inequality

Disabled people are frequently denied voices in the decisions which impact our lives, whether literally because they do not vocalize speech or figuratively through ongoing disenfranchisement. In Gi...
Water Hammer in PVC and Reinforced Plastic Pipe

An experimental program of measuring water-hammer wave velocities and pressure increments was undertaken to determine how well classical water-hammer theory predicts these quantities in pipe made of polyvinyl chloride and reinforced plastic. The tests were conducted with 4-in. and 6-in. (100-mm and 150-mm) pipes both unburied and buried in a well-compacted fine-grained material. Electronic measurement equipment which was capable of responding to rapidly changing pressure was used to collect the water-hammer data. The experimental data were found to agree reasonably well in most cases with the theoretical calculations. Burying the pipe has a relatively minor effect on the wave velocity and the pressure increments.
Mothers, father(s), daughter: Svetlana Aleksievich and The Unwomanly Face of War

This article explores Soviet traditions of documentary prose and in particular Aleksievich’s variant of that genre, focusing on U voiny – ne zhenskoe litso (Unwomanly Face of War). The changing nat...
Sulfated Liposaccharides Inspired by Telomerase Inhibitor Axinelloside A

Abstract Sulfated liposaccharides are known inhibitors of telomerase and here we describe the synthesis of a series of sulfated liposaccharides inspired by the natural product axinelloside A, reported to act as an inhibitor of human telomerase. We established a robust and scalable synthetic route to galactosyl liposaccharides capitalizing on a series of regioselective acylation reactions with 2-decenoic acid and imidazolium sulfate esters.
Evidence of repeated long-distance movements by lake charr Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Huron

Movements and dispersal distances of acoustically-tagged adult lake charr Salvelinus namaycush were estimated based on detections at acoustic receivers in Lake Huron during 2010–2014. Most lake charr were detected only at receivers proximate to their release location or were not detected at all, but 3–9% of tagged lake charr were detected at receivers located over 100 km from their release location. Several fish made extensive repeated migrations within the lake, some at the scale of the entire main basin. Our observations show that some lake charr individuals repeat a similar pattern each year of moving long distances, and some fish were observed to show annual fidelity to presumed foraging sites in the spring at a spatial scale of approximately 200 km. Our telemetry-based estimates were minimum estimates of dispersal, as the placement of receivers within Lake Huron was not optimal for detection of lake charr and did not cover the majority of the lake. Further study of long-distance movement in lake charr is necessary to fully understand the implications of this behavior to lake charr ecology, population dynamics, and management in the Great Lakes.
Detachment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to variations in nutrient supply

Growth and detachment rates of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were measured to determine if nutrient depletion causes detachment of attached cells. A glass parallel plate, continuous observation flow cell placed on a phase contrast microscope was used to monitor bacterial behaviour on the surface under defined flow and mass transfer conditions. Shear stress was held constant at 3 N m -2 . Images were taken every 15 minutes, and digital image analysis was used to quantify specific growth, detachment and accumulation rates for the attached organisms. An observable parameter proportional to the nutrient depletion at the surface was used to determine the effect of nutrient depletion on detachment rates. Increases in the depletion parameter corresponded with increases in detachment rate after the cells were rod, but the depletion parameter was not scaleable between different experiments. These experiments showed that as nutrients were depleted, detachment increased. If the detachment mechanism postulated in this work is more universal and applicable to other microbial species, new methods of detachment control through dynamic changes of nutrient supply might be devised.
Energy Futures: Strategies for the U.S.A.

The recent history of U.S. energy policy does not reveal a consistent strategy behind our actions, There are many reasons for this, but outstanding is the fact that no clear popular view has emerged to support a comprehensive strategy for dealing with the mixed aspects of the U.S. energy problem.
Fuzzy clustering in group technology

Abstract Fuzzy clusters have been applied successfully to the various problems of pattern recognition. In this work, fuzzy clusters will be used to form part families and machines cells in a group technology emvironment. Based on the multivariate attribute vector established for each part type, a fuzzy clustering analysis will be carried out. This attribute vector was established by considering all the aspects of particular design features, manufacturing characteristics and the materials used. After proper weighting, a dissimilarity measure is obtained. The fuzzy C-means algorithm is then used to obtain the cluster iteratively.
Well That Was Unexpected: Effect of Intimacy and Commitment on Responses to an Interpersonal Expectancy Violation

This investigation explored the effect an individual’s level of relational commitment and intimacy has on his or her perceptions of and responses to a positive or negative expectancy violation performed by their dating partner. One hundred-ninety undergraduates were randomly assigned to read 1 of 4 scenarios depicting a situation involving their dating partner committing either a positive/negative expectancy violation. Participants were asked to assess the situation in terms of the nature of the expectancy violation (positive/negative), violation severity, and level of unexpectedness. Moreover, they were asked the extent to which they were willing to talk about the situation with the other person. Results found that perceived intensity of violations varied depending on both the nature of the expectancy violation and commitment/intimacy level. Highly committed/intimate respondents reported greater willingness to discuss negative expectancy violations with the other person than less committed/intimate respondents, but reported lower likelihood in using negativity as their strategy. Less committed/intimate respondents reported greater willingness to discuss positive expectancy violations compared to their highly committed/intimate counterparts.
Multiple Dissociations Between Comorbid Depression and Anxiety on Reward and Punishment Processing: Evidence From Computationally Informed EEG

In this report, we provide the first evidence that mood and anxiety dimensions are associated with unique aspects of EEG responses to reward and punishment, respectively. We reanalyzed data from our prior publication of a categorical depiction of depression to address more sophisticated dimensional hypotheses. Highly symptomatic depressed individuals (N = 46) completed a probabilistic learning task with concurrent EEG. Measures of anxiety and depression symptomatology were significantly correlated with each other; however, only anxiety predicted better avoidance learning due to a tighter coupling of negative prediction error signaling with punishment-specific EEG features. In contrast, depression predicted a smaller reward-related EEG feature, but this did not affect prediction error coupling or the ability to learn from reward. We suggest that this reward-related alteration reflects motivational or hedonic aspects of reward and not a diminishment in the ability to represent the information content of reinforcements. These findings compel further research into the domain-specific neural systems underlying dimensional aspects of psychiatric disease.
Circadian clock protein Rev-erbα regulates neuroinflammation

Circadian dysfunction is a common attribute of many neurodegenerative diseases, most of which are associated with neuroinflammation. Circadian rhythm dysfunction has been associated with inflammation in the periphery, but the role of the core clock in neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that Rev-erbα, a nuclear receptor and circadian clock component, is a mediator of microglial activation and neuroinflammation. We observed time-of-day oscillation in microglial immunoreactivity in the hippocampus, which was disrupted in Rev-erbα-/- mice. Rev-erbα deletion caused spontaneous microglial activation in the hippocampus and increased expression of proinflammatory transcripts, as well as secondary astrogliosis. Transcriptomic analysis of hippocampus from Rev-erbα-/- mice revealed a predominant inflammatory phenotype and suggested dysregulated NF-κB signaling. Primary Rev-erbα-/- microglia exhibited proinflammatory phenotypes and increased basal NF-κB activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Rev-erbα physically interacts with the promoter regions of several NF-κB-related genes in primary microglia. Loss of Rev-erbα in primary astrocytes had no effect on basal activation but did potentiate the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo, Rev-erbα-/- mice exhibited enhanced hippocampal neuroinflammatory responses to peripheral LPS injection, while pharmacologic activation of Rev-erbs with the small molecule agonist SR9009 suppressed LPS-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation. Rev-erbα deletion influenced neuronal health, as conditioned media from Rev-erbα-deficient primary glial cultures exacerbated oxidative damage in cultured neurons. Rev-erbα-/- mice also exhibited significantly altered cortical resting-state functional connectivity, similar to that observed in neurodegenerative models. Our results reveal Rev-erbα as a pharmacologically accessible link between the circadian clock and neuroinflammation.
Spectrum Trading with Secondary Users’ Privacy Preservation

As described in Sect. 1.2, spectrum trading benefits both SUs and PUs, while it poses great challenges to maximize PUs’ revenue, since SUs’ demands are uncertain and individual SU’s traffic portfolio contains private information. In this chapter, we propose a data-driven spectrum trading scheme which maximizes PUs’ revenue and preserves SUs’ demand differential privacy. Briefly, we introduce a novel network architecture consisting of the PSP, the SSP and the STED. Under the proposed architecture, PSP aggregates available spectrum from PUs, and sells the spectrum to SSP at fixed wholesale price, directly to SUs at spot price, or both. The PSP has to accurately estimate SUs’ demands. To estimate SUs’ demand, the STED exploits data-driven approach to choose sampled SUs to construct the reference distribution of SUs’ demands, and utilizes reference distribution to estimate the demand distribution of all SUs. Moreover, the STED adds noises to preserve the demand differential privacy of sampled SUs before it answers the demand estimation queries from the PSP. With the estimated SUs’ demand, we formulate the revenue maximization problem into a risk-averse optimization, develop feasible solutions, and verify its effectiveness through both theoretical proof and simulations.
Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids

Overexpression of fibrous tissue results in formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Normal apoptosis of fibroblasts is lacking in such abnormal scars. Chest wall scars and scars crossing the joints have more chances to be hypertrophic. This also leads to joint contractures.
Broadening the View: Taking up a Translanguaging Pedagogy with All Language–Minoritized Students

This chapter revisits a question posed by Garcia (NYS TESOL J 1(1):2–10, 2014): what does a shift to translanguaging English mean for TESOL? To address this question, this chapter applies a translanguaging lens to the teaching of English, in the TESOL classroom and beyond. We first lay out the theoretical perspectives of a translanguaging approach, which include a series of paradigm shifts, ranging from a reimagining of English as a named language (Otheguy R, Garcia O, Reid W, Applied Linguistics Review 6(3):281–307, 2015; Appl Linguist Rev. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2018-0020, 2018) to a “re-seeing” of language-minoritized students as speakers and writers who use their agency to shape “English” in creative and critical (Li Wei, J Pragmat 43:1222–1235, 2011) ways. Our chapter draws on examples from a high school English Language Arts classroom made up of bilingual students as well as those traditionally viewed as monolingual, namely African American students. We describe how one teacher enacted a translanguaging pedagogy (Garcia O, Johnson S, Seltzer K, The translanguaging classroom. Leveraging student bilingualism for learning. Caslon, Philadelphia, 2017) by (1) embracing a translanguaging stance regarding the “acquisition” of English, (2) centering her translanguaging design around texts that challenge monoglossic “native speaker” and “standard language” expectations and engage students in critical discussions about English itself, and (3) making translanguaging shifts that destabilize the role of the English teacher as linguistic expert.
Robust, remeltable and remarkably simple to prepare biomass–sulfur composites

Lignocellulosic biomass holds a tremendous opportunity for transformation into carbon-negative materials, yet the expense of separating biomass into its cellulose and lignin components remains a primary economic barrier to biomass utilization. Herein is reported a simple procedure to convert several biomass-derived materials into robust, recyclable composites through their reaction with elemental sulfur by inverse vulcanization, a process in which olefins are crosslinked by sulfur chains. In an effort to understand the chemistry and the parameters leading to the strength of these composites, sulfur was reacted with four biomass-derivative comonomers: (1) unmodified peanut shell powder, (2) allyl peanut shells, (3) ‘mock’ allyl peanut shells (a mixture containing independently-prepared allyl cellulose and allyl lignin), or (4) peanut shells that have been defatted by extraction of peanut oil. The reactions of these materials with sulfur produce the biomass–sulfur composites PSx, APSx, mAPSx and dfPSx, respectively, where x = wt% sulfur in the monomer feed. The influence of biomass : sulfur ratio was assessed for PSx and APSx. Thermal/mechanical properties of composites were evaluated for comparison to commercial materials. Remarkably, unmodified peanut shell flour can simply be heated with elemental sulfur to produce composites having flexural/compressive strengths exceeding those of Portland cement, an effect traced to the presence of olefin-bearing peanut oil in the peanut shells. When allylated peanut shells are used in this process, a composite having twice the compressive strength of Portland cement is attained.
Partisan Alignment Increases Voter Turnout: Evidence from Redistricting

Partisan gerrymandering and polarization have created an electoral landscape where Americans increasingly reside in congressional districts dominated by one party. Are individuals more likely to vote when their partisanship aligns with the partisan composition of the district? Leveraging nationwide voter file data and the redistricting process, we present causal evidence on this question via a longitudinal analysis of individual-level political participation. Tracking turnout before and after a redistricting cycle, where the boundaries of congressional districts change, we observe what happens when registrants experience a shock to the partisan composition of their district. We find turnout increases for individuals assigned to districts aligned with their partisanship as compared to individuals in misaligned districts, consistent with voters deriving expressive benefits from voting for the winning party. By demonstrating how districting influences political participation, our findings suggest a new implication of partisan gerrymandering that may clash with other democratic goals.
Compensation and Composition: Does Strategic Compensation Affect Workforce Composition?

Theory suggests that strategic compensation can not only serve as a powerful motivational incentive to increase worker performance, but also improve the composition of the workforce through the att...