cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Killing Corporations to Save Humans: How Corporate Personhood, Human Rights, and the Corporate Death Penalty Intersect

There is a growing sense of frustration among certain groups that the attribution of rights and responsibilities to corporations is evolving in a manner contrary to the best interests of natural persons. In the United States Supreme Court, for example, we have recently seen an expansion of corporate free speech rights (Citizens United, 2010) and religious free exercise rights (Hobby Lobby, 2014), while arguments for holding corporate actors accountable for complicity in human rights violations have been rejected (Kiobel, 2013; Jesner, 2018). One of the primary justifications for expanding corporate rights is the belief that corporate rights should essentially track the rights of the natural persons who own or manage them, which is a position often equated with the aggregate or real entity theory of corporate personhood. Meanwhile, one of the justifications for limiting corporate responsibility is a feared loss of the economic benefits that corporate status bestows on society as a whole in the form of job creation, innovation, etc. This fear of lost productivity is also prominent in discussions surrounding the “corporate death penalty.” This book chapter, forthcoming in The Hostile Takeover (U. of Toronto Press), will argue that the corporate death penalty and corporate personhood are connected in the context of corporate accountability for human rights violations because the fear of the negative consequences of corporate accountability embodied in the corporate death penalty strengthens arguments in favor of corporate personhood theories that support expanding corporate rights, while those same corporate personhood theories support limiting corporate accountability, including accountability via the corporate death penalty. Finally, a number of arguments that challenge both the pro-rights corporate personality theories and the anti-accountability fears triggered by threats of a corporate death penalty will be discussed, thus providing a reasonable starting point for activists seeking greater corporate accountability for human rights violations to challenge the current trend, at least as perceived by some, towards greater corporate rights and less corporate accountability.
Does EOR in unconventionals change the rock

Abstract Recent interest in EOR in unconventionals, typically comprised of organic and inorganics, begs the question: does the process change the rock in measurable ways? We ran a series of EOR huff-n-puff experiments to assess hydrocarbon recoveries. We varied soak times, injection pressures and number of cycles, measured what was produced, and looked at the microstructure before and after the EOR huff-n-puff process. We have documented significant changes in the pore structure, in particular, in the organic component, which leads to increased porosity and connectivity and non-monotonic cyclic recovery efficiencies.
Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey

Introduction: growth, punctuation, and human well-being Part I. Evolution and Earth Systems: 1. The court jester on the platform of life 2. Human emergences Part II. Domestication, Agriculture, and the Rise of the State: 3. Agricultural revolutions 4. The Mid-Holocene and the urban-state revolution 5. Human well-being from the Pleistocene to the rise of the state Part III. Ancient and Medieval Agrarian Societies: 6. Stasis and growth in the epoch of agrarian empires 7. Optimum and crisis in early civilization, 3000-500 BC 8. A global antiquity, 500 BC-AD 542 9. The global dark and middle ages, AD 542-AD 1350 Part IV. Into the Modern Condition: 10. Climate, demography, economy, and polity in the late medieval-early modern world, 1350-1700 11. Global transformations: atlantic origins, 1700-1870 12. Launching modern growth: 1870 to 1945 13. Growth beyond limits: 1945 to present Coda. A rough journey into an uncertain future.
Effect of Temperature on the Friction and Wear of PTFE by Atomic-Level Simulation

The tribological behavior of oriented, self-mated poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) sliding surfaces is examined as a function of temperature from 25 to 300 K. Three distinct sliding configurations are considered: sliding perpendicular to the chain alignment in both PTFE surfaces, sliding parallel to chain alignment in both PTFE surfaces and sliding parallel to the chain alignment on one surface but perpendicular to chain alignment on the other. Our simulations reveal a general trend of increasing friction coefficient with decreasing temperature for configurations where the chains are aligned in the direction of sliding or crossed. However, for conditions where the chains are aligned but the sliding motion is perpendicular to this alignment, gross deformation and athermal friction behaviors are observed. The atomic-level processes associated with these increases in friction at low temperatures are characterized.
Every which way—nanos gene regulation in echinoderms

Nanos is an essential factor of germ line success in all animals tested. This gene encodes a Zn-finger RNA-binding protein that in complex with its partner pumilio, binds to and changes the fate of several known transcripts. We summarize here the documented functions of nanos in several key organisms, and then emphasize echinoderms as a working model for how nanos expression is regulated. Nanos presence outside of the target cells is often detrimental to the animal, and in sea urchins, nanos expression appears to be regulated at every step of transcription, and post-transcriptional activity, making this gene product exciting, every which way.
The induction of dominant lethal mutations in x-irradiated Drosophila virilis oocytes.

Two stages of Drosophila virilis oocytes were used to study the induction of dominant lethal mutations: Stage 7. which is the most developed oocyte in newly emerged flies, and Stage 14, which is the mature oocyte and is present in females which have been held as virgins for five days. Stages 7 and 14 oocytes x irradiated in conditions of increased oxygen tension showed an increased frequency of dominant lethals when compared to oocytes irradiated in one atmosphere of air. Oocytes irradiated in the presence of nine atmospheres of argon, helium, or methane with one atmosphere of oxygen showed a large decrease in induced dominant lethals when compared to oocytes irradiated in one atmosphere of oxygen. This demonstrates that argon, helium, and methane have a protective effect against the induction of dominant lethal mutations. Stages 7 or 14 oocytes irradiated in the absence of oxygen showed a large decrease in the induction of dominant lethal mutations when compared to oocytes irradiated in one atmosphere of air, thus indicating that decreased oxygen in the system leads to decreased damage to the oocyte. In contrast to results in males, no increase in damage is observed in Stage 7 oocytes irradiated in onemore » or ten atmospheres of carbon monoxide. In Stage 14 oocytes irradiated in one or ten atmospheres of carbon monoxide there is much less damage than oocytes irradiated in air, but slightly more damage than oocytes irradiated in helium, methane, or argon. (auth)« less
Desensitization of Bacillus subtilis aspartokinase I to allosteric inhibition by meso-diaminopimelate allows aspartokinase I to function in amino acid biosynthesis during exponential growth.

Strains of Bacillus subtilis deficient in aspartokinases II and III are unable to grow in the absence of lysine, methionine, and threonine, although they have normal levels of aspartokinase I (J.J. Zhang, F.M. Hu, N.Y. Chen, and H. Paulus, J. Bacteriol. 172:701-708, 1990). Revertants with the ability to grow in the absence of lysine and methionine had an altered aspartokinase I, which was insensitive to feedback inhibition by meso-diaminopimelate. This suggests that inhibition by meso-diaminopimelate limits the ability of aspartokinase I to function in amino acid biosynthesis.
An extract from "Memoirs for family and friends".

ALL my life I have had this feeling that my ideas are changing, are evolving. I like to think of it as a mental growth, but for all I know it might be just the opposite. Its direct manifestation is a continual desire to see how things fit together and how all parts of biology relate to one another
Dopamine reuptake inhibition in the rostral agranular insular cortex produces antinociception

We provide evidence for an antinociceptive effect of dopamine in the rat cerebral cortex that is mediated through descending nociceptive inhibition of spinal neurons. Injection of the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR-12935 in the rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC), a cortical area that receives a dense dopaminergic projection and is involved in descending antinociception (Burkey et al.,1996), resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of formalin-induced nociceptive behavior, without any alteration of motor function. Injection of the dopamine reuptake inhibitor in the surrounding cortical areas had no effect on nociceptive behaviors. GBR-12935 also produced a reduction in noxious stimulus-induced c-fos expression in nociceptive areas of the spinal dorsal horn, suggesting that dopamine in the RAIC acts in part through descending antinociception. Electrophysiological recording from single wide dynamic range-type spinal dorsal horn neurons confirmed the descending nociceptive inhibitory effect. GBR-12935 in the RAIC significantly reduced neuronal responses evoked by noxious thermal stimulation of the skin, an effect that was reversed by local administration of the selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390. Finally, administration of SCH-23390 alone in the RAIC decreased paw withdrawal latencies from noxious heat, suggesting that dopamine acts tonically in the cortex to inhibit nociception.
Manipulation of Ploidy in Walleyes by Heat Shock and Hydrostatic Pressure Shock

Abstract We evaluated heat shocks and hydrostatic pressure shocks as methods of manipulating ploidy in walleyes Stizostedion vitreum. Hydrostatic pressure shocks of 8,000 psi (1 psi = 6.895 kPa) applied at 4 min postfertilization (i.e., time of initiation, TI) for 30 min produced 100% triploidy in eggs from 18 of 20 females, survival ranging from 50% to 80%. At a preshock incubation temperature of 11°C, heat shocks of 28–31°C applied at a TI of 1–5 min postfertilization for 25 min induced triploidy in 20–50% of the shocked eggs and resulted in embryonic survivals of 20–50%. Hydrostatic pressure shock offered several advantages over heat shock as a method of inducing triploidy in walleyes. Hydrostatic pressure shock of 9,000 psi applied at a TI of 192 min for 8 min was most effective for inducing tetraploidy in walleyes. To date, however, no walleye tetraploids have survived beyond the sac-fry stage.
Charm and beauty production at CDF

Using the data samples collected with the CDF Run II detector during 2002 and early 2003, new measurements of the production cross sections of charm and beauty hadrons at {radical}s = 1960 GeV are presented. New measurements of the cross sections of centrally produced b-hadrons and J/{psi} mesons down to zero transverse momenta have been carried out. The large charm signals made available by the silicon vertex track trigger have enabled the measurement of the cross sections of D{sup 0}, D*, D{sup {+-}}, and D{sub s} mesons.
Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep.

The duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis (C. sonorensis) was evaluated in bluetongue virus (BTV)-infected sheep and cattle by feeding laboratory-reared C. sonorensis directly on the skin of ruminants that previously were infected with BTV by insect inoculation. The intervals after infection when infectious BTV and BTV nucleic acids were present in the blood of infected cattle and sheep, respectively, were determined by virus isolation and reverse transcriptase (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The presence of BTV in vector insects that fed on the BTV-infected cattle and sheep at 7, 21, and 49 days post-infection (p.i.) was also determined by virus isolation and RT-PCR assays. BTV was isolated from the blood of infected cattle for up to 49 days p.i., whereas it was not isolated from the BTV-infected sheep after 11 days p.i. In contrast, BTV nucleic acids were detected in the blood of infected ruminants for 111-222 days p.i. The maximal duration of viraemia that was infectious to C. sonorensis was 21 days p.i. of both cattle and sheep and, with the notable exception of one sheep at 21 days p.i., only ruminants whose blood contained BTV as determined by virus isolation were able to infect C. sonorensis after oral feeding. Data from this and previous studies indicates that viraemia is transient in BTV-infected ruminants, and that the RT-nested PCR assay provides a very sensitive and conservative test for the screening of cattle and sheep for the presence of BTV.
Expression of a GALACTINOL SYNTHASE gene is positively associated with desiccation tolerance of Brassica napus seeds during development.

Abstract Desiccation tolerance of seeds is positively correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). However, RFOs’ role in desiccation tolerance is still a matter of controversy. The aim of this work was to monitor the accumulation of RFO during acquisition of desiccation tolerance in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). Rapeseeds become desiccation tolerant at 21–24 d after flowering (DAF), and the time was coincident with an accumulation of raffinose and stachyose. A gene encoding galactinol synthase (GolS; EC2.4.1.123), involved in RFO biosynthesis, was cloned and functionally characterized. Enzymatic properties of recombinant galactinol synthase were also determined. Accumulation of BnGOLS-1 mRNA in developing rapeseeds was concomitant with dry weight deposition and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance, and was concurrent with the formation of raffinose and stachyose. The physiological implications of BnGOLS-1 expression patterns in developing seeds are discussed in light of the hypothesized role of RFOs in seed desiccation tolerance.
Towards real-time detection of seizures in awake rats with GPU-accelerated diffuse optical tomography.

Abstract Background Advancement in clinically relevant studies like seizure interruption using functional neuro imaging tools has shown that specific changes in hemodynamics precede and accompany seizure onset and propagation. However, preclinical seizure experiments need to be conducted in awake animals with images reconstructed and displayed in real-time. Methods This article describes an approach that can be utilized to tackle these challenges. A subject specific head interface and restraining method was designed to allow for DOT to imaging of hemodynamic changes in unanesthetized rats during evoked acute seizures. Using CUDA programming model, the finite-element based nonlinear iterative algorithm for image reconstruction was parallelized. Results Early hemodynamic changes were monitored in real time and observed tens of seconds prior to seizure onset. Utilizing the massive parallelization offered by graphic processing units (GPU), DOT was extended to online image reconstruction within 1 s. Comparison with existing methods Pre-seizure state related hemodynamic changes were detected in awake rats. 3D monitoring of hemodynamic changes was performed in real time with our parallelized image reconstruction procedure. Conclusion Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a promising neuroimaging tool for the investigation of seizures in awake animals.
Thymidylate synthase gene polymorphism predicts response to capecitabine in advanced colorectal cancer

Thymidylate synthase is a target enzyme for chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine, its oral prodrug. The human thymidylate synthase gene promoter is polymorphic, having either double or triple repeats of a 28-bp sequence. It has previously been shown that colorectal cancer patients who are homozygous for the triple tandem repeats (L/L) have significantly higher thymidylate synthase mRNA expression than those homozygous for the double repeat variant (S/S). Capecitabine is converted to 5-fluorouracil by a sequential triple enzyme pathway, with the last step catalyzed by the tumor-associated angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase. We have recently shown that individuals with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil have a higher response rate if they are homozygous for the genotype S/S as opposed to S/L or L/L. Our hypothesis is that individuals homozygous for the double repeat variant (S/S) should have a better response to capecitabine than their counterparts with S/L or L/L. In this retrospective pilot study we assessed the thymidylate synthase polymorphic status of 24 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and determined their response to capecitabine. We found that 75% (3/4) of individuals with the S/S variant responded to capecitabine, compared to 8% (1/12) and 25% (2/8) of those with the S/L and L/L variants, respectively. Our data suggest that genotyping patients for the thymidylate synthase polymorphism would be useful in identifying patients who are more likely to respond to capecitabine treatment for advanced colorectal cancer.
DNA Amplification: Current Technologies and Applications

DNA amplification is a powerful technique that has had an immense impact on scientific research in the past 2 decades. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is still the most popular method, alternative methods of DNA amplification are constantly being developed. In addition, the extraordinary versatility of PCR has led to its use in novel ways that have opened new avenues of research. These novel methods for DNA amplification and the versatility of PCR are highlighted in DNA Amplification: Current Technologies and Applications. The 17 chapters in this book are divided into 4 sections that focus on enzymes (3 chapters), thermal cycling methods (6 chapters), isothermal methods (6 chapters), and the detection of non-DNA analytes by DNA amplification (2 chapters). Each chapter has a thorough description of methods and highly detailed protocols for applying the technique to at least 1 specific application. Several excellent chapters describe the uses of Phi29 DNA polymerase and of applications using isothermal rolling circle amplification. A chapter on multiple-displacement amplification details the isothermal amplification of total genomic DNA and should prove extremely useful for amplifying DNA in limited amounts, such as DNA from clinical samples. The final 2 chapters describe use of either real-time PCR or rolling circle amplification to detect and quantify non-DNA analytes, such as serum cytokines, with much greater sensitivity than conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. This book is not for the novice scientist, as it does not describe basic DNA amplification fundamentals; rather, it is directed at those with a solid background in molecular biology who desire knowledge of cutting-edge applications. Although many of the detailed protocols will not be applicable to certain laboratory situations, the versatility of most of the methods described will allow them to be easily adapted to other studies. Therefore, this book will be a good addition to the library of researchers in molecular biology or to molecular diagnostics laboratories planning to expand their horizon beyond standard PCR amplification techniques.
V-SAT: a visual specification and analysis tool for system-on-chip exploration

We describe V-SAT, a tool for performing design space exploration of system-on-chip (SOC) architectures. The key components of V-SAT include EXPRESSION, a language for specification of the architecture, SIMPRESS, a simulator generator for analysis/evaluation of the architecture, and the V-SAT GUI front-end for easy specification and detailed analysis. We give a brief overview of the components (EXPRESSION, SIMPRESS and GUI) and, using an example DLX architecture, demonstrate V-SAT's usefulness in exploration for an embedded SOC codesign flow by specifying and evaluating several modifications to the pipeline structure of the processor. We believe that V-SAT provides a powerful environment, both for early design space exploration, as well as for the detailed design of SOC architectures.
Modelling radiative heat transfer in packed beds

Abstract A comprehensive approach for modelling dependent radiative heat transfer in beds of large (geometric range) spherical particles is presented. Such a system of large spheres lies in the dependent range even for large porosities. We show that the dependent properties for a bed of opaque spheres can be obtained from their independent properties by scaling the optical thickness while leaving the albedo and the phase function unchanged. The scaling factor is found to depend mainly on the porosity and is almost independent of the emissivity. We show that such a simple scaling for non-opaque particles is not feasible. The transparent and semi-transparent particles are treated by allowing for the displacement across an optical thickness (because of transmission through a particle) while solving the equation of radiative transfer. When combined with the scaling approach, this results in a powerful method of solution called the dependence included discrete ordinates method (DIDOM). The results obtained from the DIDOM give good agreement with the results obtained from the Monte Carlo method.
Behavioural studies in rats treated with monosodium l-glutamate during the early stages of life

Abstract Behavioural observations were made on rats given repeated high, subneurotoxic doses of monosodium l -glutamate (MSG), or large amounts of MSG in the diet, during the early stages of life. Multiple injections of 4 g/kg MSG to neonates caused low grip strength, hypoactivity, changes of spontaneous motor activity pattern in a day, deficit of learning ability and tail mutilation. The same treatment at the infant stage resulted in only slight behavioural abnormalities at a later stage of life, or yielded nothing at all. Administration of subneurotoxic doses either by s.c. injection or forced intubation, or at high levels in a diet provided ad libitum, were without behavioural effect. Adverse behavioural effects were not induced when the brains were free from histological evidence of damage.
Mechanisms of cross-resistance to methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in an A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cell subline resistant to cisplatin

Abstract Some properties of the human ovarian carcinoma line A2780 and a subline three times more resistant than the parent line to cisplatin are compared in this report. The rates of uptake and release of cisplatin were similar in the two cell lines. Resistance to cisplatin was associated with: (a) cross-resistance to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate; (b) a 2.5-fold increase in thymidylate synthase, as measured by both enzyme activity and the capacity to complex 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate; and (c) an increase in the intracellular pools of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate. These data suggest that cross-resistance to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate in A2780 cells may be a consequence of increases in their respective target enzymes.
Spin-spin interaction and the behavior of the quarkonium potential

Abstract We assume that the quark-antiquark potential consists of two terms, one of which transforms like the time-component of a Lorentz four-vector, and the other like a Lorentz scalar. Using the fact that only the vector part contributes to the spin-spin interaction, we obtain a relation between the vector and scalar potentials.
Trimethylamine N-oxide: A novel reagent for the promotion of the retro-aldol reaction of R106-1 (LY295337)

Abstract The retro-aldol reaction of R106-1 (LY295337), 1 using trimethylamine N-oxide (TNO) facilitates the removal of the tertiary hydroxy group generating R106-sarcosine, 2 a key synthetic intermediate. The reagent is highly reproducible and provides high yields with no major side products. A side by side comparison of TNO vs. traditional bases is described.
Dehydration of the off-flavor chemical 2-methylisoborneol by the R-limonene-degrading bacteria Pseudomonas sp. strain 19-rlim and Sphingomonas sp. strain BIR2-rlima

The terpene 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), a major cause of off-flavor in farm-raised catfish and drinking water, is transformed by various different terpene-degrading bacteria. Two of these, the R-limonene-degrading strains Pseudomonas sp. 19-rlim and Sphingomonas sp. BIR2-rlima, dehydrated MIB with the formation of odorless metabolites 2-methylenebornane and 4-methylcamphene. These metabolites which have a structural resemblance to camphor, could be further transformed by camphor-degrading bacteria to more oxidized products. The bacterial dehydrations demonstrated here may have application in removing MIB where it is a problem.
Silicon in rat liver organelles: Electron probe microanalysis

Electron probe microanalysis of unfixed freeze-substituted rat liver tissue embedded in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin demonstrated the occurrence of Si as well as P, S, and Cl in the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Chemical analysis confirmed that the Si in the organelles did not originate from instrumental contaminants. This suggests that Si may be involved in the biochemistry of these subcellular organelles.
Opioid-free analgesia following total knee arthroplasty--a multimodal approach using continuous lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block, acetaminophen, and ketorolac.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Traditionally, postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been provided by neuraxial or peripheral regional techniques with supplemental administration of opioids. We report an alternative method of postoperative pain management for patients undergoing TKA in whom the use of systemic or neuraxial opioids may result in significant side effects. Case Report: A 74-year-old woman with a history of protracted nausea and vomiting after systemic and neuraxial opioid administration presented for left total knee arthroplasty. A spinal anesthetic with postoperative continuous lumbar plexus (psoas) analgesia was planned. A quadriceps motor response was elicited and a 20-gauge catheter was advanced through an 18-gauge insulated Tuohy needle into the psoas sheath. After 30 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% with 100 [mu ]g clonidine was administered through the psoas catheter, a spinal anesthetic (2 mL 0.5% bupivacaine at the L2-3 interspace) was performed. A continuous psoas infusion of 0.2% bupivacaine with 2 [mu ]g/mL clonidine at 8 mL/h was initiated in the recovery room. The psoas infusion was subsequently changed to 0.2% bupivacaine without clonidine and the rate increased to 10 mL/h. Supplemental analgesia with oral acetaminophen 1 g every 4 to 6 hours alternating with intravenous ketorolac 15 mg every 6 hours provided satisfactory analgesia, with visual analog scale (VAS) scores of 0 to 2 at rest and 3 to 4 with movement. The psoas catheter was removed 48 hours postoperatively because of prolongation of the prothrombin time. VAS scores remained 0 to 3 throughout the remainder of her hospitalization. Conclusion: A multimodal approach consisting of continuous lumbar plexus (psoas) block and nonopioid analgesics successfully provided postoperative pain relief in our patient and facilitated her physical rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:105-108.
Improving estimates of biodiversity loss

Quantifying the magnitude of human-induced biodiversity loss is a critical yet daunting challenge. Recently, species extinction rate estimates using island biogeography theory have once again been called into question. Here we highlight two of the many factors making the traditional application of this approach problematic for measuring biodiversity loss: first, the extreme assumption that native habitats are surrounded by a sea of human enterprise largely incapable of sustaining native biodiversity and, second, the sole use of species-level extinction estimates, which always underestimates the loss of biodiversity. Here we show that a wide array of taxa make human-dominated, farming countryside their home beyond the borders of native habitats. With data on native tropical birds, we show how simple species numeration masks dramatic differences between habitat types in community composition (e.g. species diversity or functional diversity). Overlooking the countryside biota, coupled with a scientific paradigm that underestimates biodiversity loss by equating it with species extinction, will only exacerbate the ongoing crisis. This is especially true given the rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture threatening countryside biotas, and a persistent limited understanding of how population extinctions and changes in community composition alter ecosystem functioning and services that support human life and wellbeing.
Standing‐wave design of tandem SMB for linear multicomponent systems

The standing-wave design was extended to achieve any desired split of mixtures containing three or more components in a single-ring and a tandem two-ring simulated moving bed (SMB). Mass-transfer effects were considered in the design for nonideal systems. The separation of a four-component mixture of glucose, xylose, acetic acid and sulfuric acid was chosen to illustrate the design method. Rate-model simulations confirmed that the standing-wave design method could guarantee high purity and high yield. If all the components in a ternary mixture need to be recovered with high purity and high yield, the easier separation should be performed in the first ring of a tandem SMB to achieve the lowest desorbent consumption and the highest product concentration. If only the intermediate component needs to be recovered in high purity, one of the impurities should be allowed to distribute between the two product ports in the first ring to achieve a lower desorbent consumption and a higher product concentration. These strategies also apply to the separation of a mixture containing more than three components.
The second potential minimum in hydrogen-bonded systems

Abstract Some features of current interest in spectroscopic investigations of hydrogen-bonded systems are reviewed. It is shown that several approaches predict double-minimum potential-energy curves for the proton of the hydrogen bond. The experimental evidence on the relative heights of the two minima is correlated with the p K a of the acid and of the conjugate acid of the base involved in the hydrogen bond. Finally, it is shown that the electronic shifts accompanying hydrogen bonding can be deduced from changes in the electronic spectra of hydrogen-bonded phenolic compounds.
Interaction of the peritoneal cavity to intraperitoneal stimulation: A peritoneal model system to monitor cellular and extracellular events in the formation of granulation tissue

The intraperitoneal injection of bacterial toxin and complete Freund's adjuvant in mice produced the classical inflammatory response. However, when allowed to continue, this process led to the formation of granulation tissue of the mesothelial surface. The initial lesion of the reaction was characterized by the deposition of a copious amount of fibrin filaments which were involved in the adhesion and aggregation of peritoneal cells into discrete cellular mounds on the peritoneal mesothelial surface. By 1 week postinjection, fibrin was markedly diminished and appeared as electron-dense precipitates upon which collagen fibrils were deposited. By 2 weeks, the amount of collagen was greatly increased; and the granular components of fibrin were markedly diminished. Coincident with the deposition of collagen fibrils, there was also a neovascularization of the cellular aggregates. This process occurred when the blood and lymphatic vessels within the submesothelial connective tissue branched and invaded the newly aggregated cellular mounds. By 1 month, the cellular aggregates had taken on the appearance of granulation tissue with foci of closely packed macrophages, fibroblasts, and a network of newly formed blood and lymphatic capillaries. This intraperitoneal stimulation provides an in vivo system in which the various cellular and extracellular events of inflammation leading to the formation of granulation tissue can be monitored.
Aftereffects from jogging

After running on a treadmill, runners who attempted to jog in place on solid ground inadvertently jogged forwards. One-legged hopping on the treadmill produced an aftereffect in the same leg, but not in the other leg. This non-transfer suggests a peripheral neural site. Judgments of velocity and slope were affected; running on a backward-moving treadmill made a stationary test treadmill seem to move forwards, and running on an uphill-sloping treadmill made a horizontal test treadmill seem to slope downhill. These aftereffects suggest an automatic gain control process.
Approximation methods for ranking risky investment alternatives

Abstract The paper develops and illustrates the application of criteria for ranking risky investment alternatives that are based on their certainly equivalent ( ce ) outcomes and determines expressions for approximating the ce outcomes by means of the central moments of their distribution. The paper develops criteria on the basis of the ce outcomes for determining a complete ranking of risky investment alternatives that can represent the choice of many — though not all — risk-averse agents.
Are we biased in our approach to treating elderly patients with heart disease

I n this issue of the Journal, Montague et al1 present data indicating that elderly patients with myocardial infarction received medications proven to reduce mortality (e.g., thrombolytic therapy, aspirin, 0 blockers and nitrates) 213 less frequently than younger patients despite similarities in a variety of clinical indexes of the extent of myocardial damage. Moreover, investigations such as exercise testing and coronary arteriography that may identify surgically remediable problems were also performed less often in elderly patients. Paradoxically, calcium antagonists and antiarrhythmic drugs, both classes of agents that do not appear to favorably affect4-6 (and perhaps even unfavorably affect) survival, were used with similar frequency in elderly and young patients. These 2 classes of agents were used more frequently overall than some agents that have been clearly demonstrated to reduce mortality or morbidity such as thrombolytic agents and fl blockers. Numerous studies (including the one by Montague et al) have demonstrated that increasing age is strongly correlated with increasing rates of mortality and morbidity (such as heart failure and stroke) in patients with myocardial infarction and with other cardiovascular conditions (such as heart failure and hypertension). The higher risk of the elderly would argue for a more aggressive approach to managing these patients. Why then are the elderly not treated more aggressively? 1. Fears of adverse reactions: Physicians often believe that most interventions produce greater adverse effects in elderly patients and that the potential for benefit is lower compared with younger patients. In the absence of controlled data on adverse effects, investigators have compared the rates of a particular adverse outcome in elderly and younger patients (instead of using untreated, age-matched or randomly selected control subjects). Often such studies have claimed that adverse effects potentially attributable to the drug occur more frequently in the elderly (implying that the haz-
Pareto optimization-based Iterative Learning Control

Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is a technique for improving the performance of processes which repeatedly perform a task defined over a finite interval. Traditional ILC is used to improve trajectory tracking across an entire cycle period. However, there exist applications (pick n' place, surveillance) in which only specific locations are of particular interest. For these applications, point-to-point ILC results in improved tracking at the selected points and enhanced controller flexibility between locations. The additional control freedom can be used to maximize the performance of additional performance metrics. Pareto optimization is a multi-objective approach in which two or more conflicting objectives exist. In this paper, the point-to-point ILC framework is reformatted into a pareto optimization-based ILC approach in which two or more performance metrics are incorporated into the controller design. The modified framework enables the controller to leverage the additional control flexibility from a point-to-point approach to maximize multiple performance objectives. Convergence and performance analysis for the novel control framework is presented. Simulation results validate the control framework and demonstrate trade-offs in the performance metrics as a function of controller design.
Microbiological and sensory characteristics of pork loin chops: Role of subcutaneous fat.

Abstract Pork loin chops with the subcutaneous fat attached, without subcutaneous fat and the subcutaneous fat that was removed from chops were packaged and stored at 4°C±1°C in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film for 0–6 days or in high-oxygen barrier (HOB) film for 0–28 days. Aerobic plate counts (APCs) of lean and fat of intact chops packaged and stored in either PVC or HOB film did not differ (P>0·05) in most comparisons. The APCs of subcutaneous fat portions that were packaged and stored separately in HOB film often were higher than those of comparable fat samples of intact chops. There was no consistent pattern of differences in the microflora of lean and fat samples. Differences in mean scores for surface discoloration, off odor and overall appearance of intact chops and chops without subcutaneous fat usually were either not significant (P>0·05) or inconsistent. Lean color scores of chops with or without subcutaneous fat did not differ except that chops with the subcutaneous fat removed were rated higher than intact chops during the early periods of storage. Fat color of subcutaneous fat packaged and stored separately in HOB film was often rated higher (slightly whiter) than that of comparable fat of intact chops.
Probing the electronic and vibrational structure of Au2Al2(-) and Au2Al2 using photoelectron spectroscopy and high resolution photoelectron imaging.

The electronic and vibrational structures of Au2Al2− and Au2Al2 have been investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), high-resolution photoelectron imaging, and theoretical calculations. Photoelectron spectra taken at high photon energies with a magnetic-bottle apparatus reveal numerous detachment transitions and a large energy gap for the neutral Au2Al2. Vibrationally resolved PE spectra are obtained using high-resolution photoelectron imaging for the ground state detachment transition of Au2Al2− at various photon energies (670.55−843.03 nm). An accurate electron affinity of 1.4438(8) eV is obtained for the Au2Al2 neutral cluster, as well as two vibrational frequencies at 57 ± 8 and 305 ± 13 cm−1. Hot bands transitions yield two vibrational frequencies for Au2Al2− at 57 ± 10 and 144 ± 12 cm−1. The obtained vibrational and electronic structure information is compared with density functional calculations, unequivocally confirming that both Au2Al2− and Au2Al2 possess C2v tetrahedral structures.
Immunochemical Studies on α-Amylase III. Immunochemical Relationships Among Amylases from Various Microorganisms

Sirishinha, Stitaya (University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y.), and Peter Z. Allen. Immunochemical studies on alpha-amylase. III. Immunochemical relationships among amylases from various microorganisms. J. Bacteriol. 90:1120-1128. 1965.-Immunochemical relationships among amylases obtained from a selected group of microorganisms were examined, and a cross-reaction was detected between the alpha-amylases of Bacillus stearothermophilus and B. subtilis. Immunodiffusion and quantitative precipitin studies, as well as cross-neutralization tests, indicate that B. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase reacts with a portion of antibody present in antisera to crystalline B. subtilis alpha-amylase. Amylases from these two species thus have some aspects of structure in common. Limited data obtained by immunodiffusion suggest that groupings which confer cross-reactivity to the B. stearothermophilus enzyme are lost after exposure to mercaptoethanol in the presence of ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, followed by treatment with iodoacetamide. With the antisera employed and within the concentration range examined, no immunochemical cross-reaction was observed among amylases from Aspergillus oryzae, B. subtilis, B. polymyxa, B. macerans, Pseudomonas saccharophila, and Euglena sanguinis. Immunoelectrophoresis of partially purified B. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase by use of antiserum to the crude enzyme, together with localization of amylase activity in immunoelectrophoretic plates, suggests that B. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase is antigenic in the rabbit.
(±)-3-Carb-oxy-2-(imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)-propanoate.

The title compound, C7H8N2O4, crystallizes as a zwitterion, with mol­ecules organized into mol­ecular sheets via carbox­yl–carboxyl­ate and N+—H⋯carboxyl­ate contacts. These sheets are constructed from translationally related mol­ecules that further link to neighboring motifs via π-stacking [centroid–centroid distance 3.504 (3) A] and weak C—H⋯O contacts.
Improvement of Surface Flatness in Face Milling by Varying the Tool Cutting Depth and Feed Rate

This paper explores two approaches to improve the flatness of face milled surfaces by modifying the tool cutting depth and feed rate based on the 3D holographic laser measurement. The tool cutting depth compensation method generates a cutting path which is the mirror image of the measured error profile to reduce the flatness errors. Issues of back-cutting and the interference due to cutter size limit the range of applicability of this approach. The feed rate is varied to match the axial force on the cutter with the local compliance of the workpiece to further improve the surface flatness. Using a flat plate workpiece and 50.8 mm diameter face milling cutter, the surface flatness can be reduced from around 15 μm without compensation to lower than 10 μm by varying tool cutting depth. Modification of feed rate further reduces the flatness errors from 10 μm to 6 μm. Automatic tool path compensation based on holographic feedback is also discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A variational approach to dynamics of flexible multibody systems

This paper presents a variational formulation of constrained dynamics of flexible multibody systems, using a vector-variational calculus approach. Body reference frames are used to define global position and orientation of individual bodies in the system, located and oriented by position of its origin and Euler parameters, respectively. Small strain linear elastic deformation of individual components, relative to their body references frames, is defined by linear combinations of deformation modes that are induced by constraint reaction forces and normal modes of vibration. A library of kinematic couplings between flexible and/or rigid bodies is defined and analyzed. Variational equations of motion for multibody systems are obtained and reduced to mixed differential-algebraic equations of motion. A space structure that must deform during deployment is analyzed, to illustrate use of the methods developed.
Soilless Media and Containers for Bell Pepper Production

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum Mill.) production in protected culture improves fruit quality and yield. Under this system, bell pepper is typically grown in soilless culture to reduce problems associated with poor physical soil properties and soilborne diseases. However, cost, variability, and growing conditions are often criteria for choosing a specific substrate. It is important to understand the physical and chemical properties of media that influence crop yield and fruit quality. The goal of this project was to determine responses of bell pepper plants grown in box, bag, and pot containers and coconut coir, pine bark, and potting mix soilless media in a 50-mesh nethouse. Media chemical and physical analysis, plant height, total marketable yield, and root dry biomass were determined. The combination of potting mix with bags, pots, or boxes increased bell pepper total marketable fruit weight, number, and plant height compared to pine bark and coconut coir.
Cooperative bimanual action

We present an experiment on cooperative bimanual action. Right-handed subjects manipulated a pair of physical objects, a tool and a target object, so that the tool would touch a target on the object @g. 1). For this task, there is a marked specialization of the hands. Performance is best when the left hand orients the target object and the right hand manipulates the tool, but is significantly reduced when these roles are reversed. This suggests that the right hand operates relative to the frame-of-reference of the left hand. Furthermore, when physical constraints guide the tool placement, this fundamentally changes the type of motor control required. The task is tremendously simplified for both hands, and reversing roles of the hands is no longer an important factor. Thus, specialization of the roles of the hands is significant only for skilled manipulation.
Psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa delivered via telemedicine

The authors are involved in an ongoing trial comparing the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with bulimia nervosa delivered via telemedicine versus delivered via an on-site therapist. The overall purpose of the study is to see if psychotherapy can be delivered effectively via telemedicine, and if such administration is acceptable to patients. This trial evolved out of growing concerns that manual-based psychotherapies for various psychiatric conditions are not widely available, particularly to people in rural areas. Some of the practical aspects of delivering psychotherapy via telemedicine are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The system AgFHFH2O at 0° and −15°

The system AgF·HF2O has been investigated at 0° and −15°. The solid phases at 0° are AgF, AgF·2H2O, AgF·4H2O, 3AgF·2HF, AgF·2HF, AgF·3HF, AgF·5HF, and 6AgF·7HF·2H2O. At −15° they are AgF, AgF·2H2O, AgF·4H2O, AgF·HF, AgF·3HF and AgF·5HF.
Identification of the sialosyl-sialosyl linkage in biosynthesized gangliosides

Abstract A technique was developed to examine the sialosyl-sialosyl linkage in the minute quantities of complex gangliosides biosynthesized in vitro. The disialoganglioside, GD3 1 , and the trisialoganglioside, GT1a, were biosynthesized as secondary products by the reaction of CMP-(4-14C)sialic acid with the glycolipid substrates, lactosyl ceramide and GM1 ganglioside, respectively. Following periodate oxidation-borohydride reduction, the intact sialic acid residue, and the susceptible sialic acid residue converted into an N-acetylheptulosaminic acid residue, were released by hydrolysis, esterified, separated, and analyzed for radioactivity. Analysis of the biosynthesized GD3 and GT1a gangliosides indicated radioactivity in both the susceptible and the nonsusceptible sialic acid residues, demonstrating that a sialosyl-(2→8)-sialosyl linkage had been synthesized. When the primary products (GM3 and GD1a, respectively) of the synthesis just described were examined, radioactivity was detected, as expected, only in the susceptible sialic acid residue. Because the N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylheptulosaminic acid derivatives formed in the reaction were identified by chromatography, the standards used for comparison were verified by g.l.c.-m.s.