cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H ∞ in the time domain: the standard problem

Classical optimal control tools make a powerful substitute for current "frequency domain" H∞ methods. Here they are used in solving the standard H∞ problem in a general time-varying setup.
Identification and characterization of E. coli type-1 pilus tip adhesion protein

The type-1 pilus of Escherichia coli is the prototype of this class of hair-like, multimeric adhesive organelles. This pilus mediates adherence to mannose-containing receptors on mucosal epithelia and other cells. The type-1 pilus, in one of several serological variants, is expressed by nearly all E. coli strains, and its promotion of colonization by pathogenic bacteria and the protective effects of purified pilus vaccines suggest that it is important as a bacterial virulence factor. Both the adhesive function and the serological variation of the type-1 pilus have been attributed to the thousand or so pilin protein monomers making up the pilus rods. This idea has been contradicted by our earlier observations on an E. coli strain expressing adhesion-defective pili. More recent genetic evidence also indicates that auxiliary pilus proteins are required for adhesive function. We report here the identification of three previously undetected integral minor proteins on the type-1 pilus, and show that one of them is the receptor-binding adhesin. This protein is antigenically conserved among strains with different pilin serotypes and is located at the pilus tip.
Systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, vasculopathies, and other connective tissue disorders in children.

The diverse disorders discussed in this review share the underlying features of multisystem involvement and vasculitis as a part of their pathophysiology. A review of morbidity seen in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus reveals the need for careful monitoring for complications secondary to treatment and infections. Current understanding of the pathophysiology and risks of developing the neonatal lupus syndrome are reviewed, with the important recognition of the association of specific maternal autoantibodies with affected offspring. A review of current management issues in the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis is discussed. Kawasaki disease, one of the most common childhood vasculitides, continues to provoke interest in the areas of accurate diagnosis, potential etiologic role of common viruses, management, and late morbidity. Interesting case reports of children with unusual features of the more rarely described disorders of Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, and Behcet's syndrome are discussed.
RESULTS OF SURGICAL REPAIR OF FULL-THICKNESS TEARS OF THE ROTATOR CUFF

Shoulder pain is often caused by pathologic conditions of the rotator cuff. Many investigators have studied the factors that influence the outcome after rotator cuff repair. This article reviews the different factors and the various methods of reporting outcome after shoulder surgery.
On the Fringes and Vague: Elementary Social Studies from Multiple Perspectives

This paper compares one state’s Grade Level Content Expectations (GLCEs) for elementary social studies with teacher candidates’ definitions of social studies and social studies textbooks. In order examine the extent to which each of the four primary subcategories of social studies (history, geography, civics, and economics) are prioritized, four sources of data were used: Michigan’s GLCEs, 190 teacher candidates’ definitions, elementary social studies textbooks, and social studies methods textbooks. Using a fully-mixed, concurrent, equal status mixed methods design (Leech & Onwuegbuzie, 2009), each of the four data sources revealed dominance toward history within the broader social studies umbrella. Despite Michigan’s mandate that history, geography, civics, and economics receive nearly equal attention in elementary social studies classrooms, economics and civics are underrepresented. With increased attention on standardized test scores and teachers’ salaries tied to those scores, it is imperative that elementary social studies teachers supplement resources in economics and civics.
Microgel, nanogel and hydrogel–hydrogel semi-IPN composites for biomedical applications: synthesis and characterization

Quaternary ammonium salt hydrogels from a cationic monomer, (3-acrylamidopropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (APTMACl), in a variety sizes such as bulk, micro- and nano- has been prepared. The synthesis of micro- and nanogels were carried out in the microenvironment of water-in-oil microemulsions using two types of surfactants, namely, L-α- phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT). Additionally, hydrogel–hydrogel composite semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) was synthesized by dispersing previously prepared micro/nanogel into neutral monomers such as acrylamide (AAm) or 2-hydroxylethyl methcarylate (HEMA) before network formation. Hydrogel swelling and pH response behaviors have been investigated for bulk gels. Morphology, structure, and size of nano-, micro- and bulk materials were explored utilizing transmission electron microcopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was confirmed with gel electrophoresis that completely charged nanogel form a strong complex with DNA.
Sleep Problems Predict and Are Predicted by Generalized Anxiety/Depression and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Objective We tested whether sleep problems co-occur with, precede, and/or follow common psychiatric disorders during childhood and adolescence. We also clarified the role of comorbidity and tested for specificity of associations among sleep problems and psychiatric disorders. Method Data came from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, a representative population sample of 1,420 children, assessed 4 to 7 times per person between ages 9 and 16 years for major Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) disorders and sleep problems. Sleep-related symptoms were removed from diagnostic criteria when applicable. Results Sleep problems during childhood and adolescence were common, with restless sleep and difficulty falling asleep being the most common symptoms. Cross-sectional analyses showed that sleep problems co-occurred with many psychiatric disorders. Longitudinal analyses revealed that sleep problems predicted increases in the prevalence of later generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and high GAD/depression symptoms, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). In turn, GAD and/or depression and ODD predicted increases in sleep problems over time. Conclusions Sleep problems both predict and are predicted by a diagnostic cluster that includes ODD, GAD, and depression. Screening children for sleep problems could offer promising opportunities for reducing the burden of mental illness during the early life course.
Acceleration of a Stratified Current over a Sloping Bottom, Driven by an Alongshelf Pressure Gradient*

Abstract An idealized theoretical model is developed for the acceleration of a two-dimensional, stratified current over a uniformly sloping bottom, driven by an imposed alongshelf pressure gradient and taking into account the effects of buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer. Both downwelling and upwelling pressure gradients are considered. For a specified pressure gradient, the model response depends primarily on the Burger number S = Nα/f, where N is the initial buoyancy frequency, α is the bottom slope, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Without stratification (S = 0), buoyancy advection is absent, and the alongshelf flow accelerates until bottom stress balances the imposed pressure gradient. The e-folding time scale to reach this steady state is the friction time, h/r, where h is the water depth and r is a linear bottom friction coefficient. With stratification (S ≠ 0), buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer produces vertical shear, which prevents the bottom stress from becoming large ...
Mathematical modelling of high-gradient magnetic separation devices

A mathematical model has been formulated to predict breakthrough characteristics in high-gradient magnetic separation devices. A theoretical analysis based on sorption theory of fixed beds was performed for a dilute, one-component system of paramagnetic particles. Theoretical breakthrough curves have been generated from analytic solution of resulting equations describing the physical situation in HGMS devices. The effect of bed length on the performance is also presented. It is possible to employ the model for qualitative comparison between experimental and predicted results. A discussion of the limitations of the proposed moedl is also given.
Life course transitions and racial and ethnic differences in smoking prevalence

This study aims to: (1) describe trajectories in the likelihood of smoking by racial or ethnic group across the transition to adulthood, (2) identify the influence of achieved socioeconomic status (SES) and the nature and timing of adult role transitions, and (3) determine the extent to which achieved SES and adult roles mediate the effects of race and ethnicity on smoking. The analyses use U.S. longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which follows a representative national sample over four waves and from ages 11-17 in 1994/95 to 26-34 in 2007/08. Growth curve models compare trajectories of smoking likelihood for white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals. While whites have higher rates of smoking than blacks and Hispanics during their teen years and 20s, blacks and Hispanics lose their advantage relative to whites as they approach and enter their 30s. American Indian/Alaska Natives show high rates of smoking at earlier ages and an increasing likelihood to smoke. Although life course transitions are influential for smoking prevalence in the overall U.S. population, SES and the nature and timing of adult role transitions account for little of the gap between whites and black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals. Racial and ethnic disparities in adult smoking are independent of SES and life transitions, pointing to explanations such as culturally specific normative environments or experiences of discrimination.
Synaptic patterns and response properties of bipolar and ganglion cells in the cat retina.

Abstract After intracellular recording, bipolar cells of the cat retina have been stained with HRP and their contacts in the outer and inner plexiform layers examined by electron microscopy. Rod bipolars and cone bipolar cb6 make invaginating, ribbon related contacts with photoreceptors, hyperpolarize in response to light, and have axons terminating in layer b of the IPL. The axon terminal of cb2 ends in layer a of the IPL and its basal contacts with cones mediate hyperpolarizing light-responses. Cone bipolar cb5 is a center-depolarizing type with an axon ending in layer b but its cone contacts are at semi-invaginating basal junctions. Except for the amacrine-contacting rod bipolar cell, all cone bipolar types synapse with both amacrine and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer. In addition cb5 contacts AII amacrine cells with large gap junctions, and is physiologically rod dominated.
Trends in drug use among American Indian students and dropouts, 1975 to 1994.

OBJECTIVES: This 20-year surveillance project tracks the trends in substance abuse among American Indian students and examines the observed patterns to discover implications for prevention and treatment. The current phase of this work includes data on drug use among Indian school dropouts. METHODS: Anonymous drug use surveys are administered annually to a nationally representative sample of 7th- to 12th-grade Indian youths residing on or near reservations. An adjustment for dropouts is made to provide estimates for the entire age cohort. RESULTS: Indian youth continue to show very high rates of drug use compared with their non-Indian peers. The trends in rates during the last 20 years parallel those of non-Indian youth. While overall drug use may be decreasing, about 20% of Indian adolescents continue to be heavily involved with drugs, a proportion that has not changed since 1980. Adjustment for school dropouts increases the estimate for the entire age cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Indian youth, particularly schoo...
Monoamine oxidase activity in bovine retina: Subcelluar distribution and drug sensitivities

Abstract The activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B in subcellular fractions of bovine retina were determined using serotonin and β-phenylethylamine, respectively, as substrates. The subcellular fractions were a P 1 fraction containing photoreceptor cell synaptosomes and a P 2 fraction enriched with small synaptosomes derived from the inner plexiform layer. MAO activities in the homogenate and P 1 fraction were similar and lower than those in the P 2 fraction for both MAO-A and -B. The activity of MAO-B was greater than that of MAO-A in all fractions, but the relative distribution of MAO-A and -B did not change in the different fractions. Studies using various MAO inhibitors showed effects which were generally similar to those seen in brain. These results provide further support for the localization of terminals of retinal monoamine-containing neurons to the inner plexiform layer and suggest that pharmacological modification of MAO activity in the retina could play an important role in retinal function via changes in monoamine metabolism.
Sex and Ethnic Differences in Use of Myocardial Revascularization Procedures in Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites: The Corpus Christi Heart Project

Age-adjusted rates of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and aortocoronary bypass surgery (ACBS) were determined for Mexican American (MA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients hospitalized for coronary heart disease. Hypotheses of equal receipt of procedures between gender and ethnic groups were tested. Following myocardial infarction (MI), women were less likely than men to receive either procedure (22 versus 32%, p < 0.01), and MA were less likely than NHW to receive PTCA (13 versus 23%, p < 0.01) but not ACBS. After adjustment for extent of disease and other potential confounders, ethnic groups differed marginally in receipt of PTCA but not ACBS, while gender differences were not significant. Although women received revascularization procedures less frequently than men, this difference did not persist after controlling for extent of coronary artery disease by angiography: therefore, these observed differences in delivery of health care services may be appropriate. Mexican Americans received PTCA, but not ACBS, less frequently than NHW. This selective ethnic difference in receipt of PTCA does not appear to be associated with the extent of disease or other medical characteristics, and may represent inappropriate bias in delivery of health care services.
The treatment of acute suppurative parotitis ininfants

Summary Four cases of acute suppurative parotitis, three of which occurred in thenewborn period, are briefly presented and their treatment with chemotherapy and x-radiation is discussed. It is our opinion that roentgen therapy is the treatment of choice in controlling the parotitis and that surgical intervention should be abandoned.
Scalling of the exclusion/extraction InSb MOSFETs

A methodology for simulation of InSb MOSFETs in standard drift-diffusion simulators is presented. Due to its low bandgap and high mobility, InSb shows promise as a material for THz active devices operating at very low voltages. Non-parabolicity, degeneracy, mobility and Auger recombination/generation are explained and modeled. Leakage current, transconductance and maximum unity current gain frequency of the exclusion/extraction MOSFET are examined and its scaling properties down to 0.15 mum are analyzed
Book Reviews Featuring a Special Essay by Susan P. Douglas

Early Explorations: Learning from the Past My passion for exploring new worlds began as a child with books and a very eclectic education. An insatiable curiosity and a penchant for asking questions led me to constantly challenge the limits of my own knowledge and seek to broaden my horizons. By the age of seven I was a voracious reader, and being very shortsighted, fat, and poor at games, I escaped the world by retreating to the apple tree with my nose in a book. From my lofty perch, I enjoyed the magical company of fictitious characters. I remember reading Alice in Wonderland and Alice Through the Looking Glass and being totally fascinated by the curiosities that Alice encountered. In particular, I was struck by the practical philosophies of the creatures she met—the White Rabbit who was always late, the Red Queen always running to stay in the same place—how all familiar today! Like many children, I enjoyed reading about travel and adventure, from fictitious accounts such as Gulliver’s Travels, Treasure Island, or Rudyard Kipling’s stories of India to the travels of Hester Stanhope in the Middle East and her encounters with the populations in these countries. I immediately resolved that I too wanted to travel when I was older. At boarding school, I had plenty of time to read. Whenever possible, I would avoid playing the mandatory afternoon games and go to read in the library, curled up in a comfortable leather chair. I set myself the task of reading through the entire fiction section from A to Z, but abandoned the project after D. Dickens proved entirely too much for me! During this time, I became particularly interested in military history and read Churchill’s History of MarlborBook Reviews
Machine Tongues XV: Three Packages for Software Sound Synthesis

The origin of the technology and methodology of modern computer music is certainly the Music V family of software sound synthesis systems developed since the late 1950s. In the “old days,” this consisted of batch computer processing of musical programs expressed in terms of instrument definitions (programs) and score note lists (input data), generating sampled sound output data to off-line storage for later performance. The noticeable rekindling of interest in programs and languages for software sound synthesis (SWSS) and software digital audio signal processing (DSP) using general-purpose computers is due to a number of factors, not least among them the dramatic increase in the power of personal workstations over the last five years. There are currently three widely-used, portable, C-language SWSS tools: (in alphabetical order) cmix (Lansky 1990), cmusic (Moore 1990), and Csound (Vercoe 1991). This article will discuss the technology of SWSS and then present and compare these three systems. It is divided into three parts; the first introduces SWSS in terms of progressive examples. Part two compares the three systems using the same two instrument/score examples written in each of them. The final section presents informal benchmark tests of the systems run on two different hardware platforms—a Sun Microsystems SPARCstation-2 IPX and a Next Computer Inc. TurboCube machine—and subjective comments on various features of the languages and programming environments of stateof-the-art SWSS software. This author’s connection with this topic is that of extensive experience with several different SWSS systems over the last 15 years, starting with MUS10 and including all three compared here: Csound (in the form of Music-11 initially) at the CMRS studio in Salzburg (Pope 1982); cmusic in the CARL environment at PCS/Cadmus computers in Munich (Pope 1986); and more recently a combination of cmix, Csound, and various vocoder software packages with user interfaces written in Smalltalk-80 at the CCRMA Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics at Stanford University (Pope
Magnetic Flux Transport on the Sun

Although most of the magnetic flux observed on the sun originates in the low-latitude sunspot belts, this flux is gradually dispersed over a much wider range of latitudes by supergranular convective motions and meridional circulation. Numerical simulations show how these transport processes interact over the 11-year sunspot cycle to produce a strong "topknot" polar field, whose existence near sunspot minimum is suggested by the observed strength of the interplanetary magnetic field and by the observed areal extent of polar coronal holes. The required rates of diffusion and flow are consistent with the decay rates of active regions and with the rotational properties of the large-scale solar magnetic field.
Inheritance of Carcass Variables when Giant Jungle Fowl and Broilers Achieve a Common Physiological Body Weight

Ten chicks each from Giant Jungle Fowl (JF), broiler breeders (BB), and the respective F1 cross between them, were reared under typical broiler management practices until they reached a market weight of approximately 1,818 g. When individual birds reached market weight they were killed by CO2 asphyxiation and variables (length and weight) associated with organ, muscle, and skeletal growth were measured. Age to market weight demonstrated parental and heterotic effects. The JF had more deboned leg muscle and less Pectoralis major muscle than BB. Abdominal fat was higher in BB and showed positive heterosis. Organ weights were consistently lower for JF than BB. Positive heterosis was observed for spleen and pancreas, and negative heterosis was indicated for heart, liver, and lung. The digestive tract generally weighed less and was shorter in length for JF than for BB. Positive heterosis was observed for proventriculus and gizzard weight, and negative heterosis was noted for duodenum and jejunum lengths. Parental line differences were observed for most bone variables, including weight and length. Parental lines differed for femur breaking strength, but not for tibiotarsus breaking strength. A large negative heterotic effect was observed for tibiotarsus bone breaking strength.
Anthropology as Key to Sustainability Science: An Interview with Charles Redman

: [sustainability, charles redman, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, education, sustainability science, curriculum development]
Determination of the standard enthalpies of formation of Pd2Ga and PdGa by high-temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of PdGa and Pd 2 Ga have been determined by high-temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at (1473 ± 2) K. The following values of Δ f H 0 in kJ (mol of atoms) −1 are reported: PdGa (−71.6 ± 2.3); Pd 2 Ga (−64.4 ± 2.0). The results are compared with reported calorimetric data and with predicted values from the semi-empirical model of Miedema et al.
Commercial two- and three-element infrared wide-field-of-view 100% coldshielded inverse telephoto lenses

Infrared 100% coldshielded systems have a fixed and inaccessible aperture stop location, with a long back focal length. Often, the back focal length of a wide field of view infrared lens is longer than its elementary focal length, like a wide angle 35 mm SLR lens. The long back focal length prevents the use of a field flattener lens near the image in order to correct for field curvature and astigmatism. A field lens is usually a key ingredient in wide field of view lenses. Some have designed long and complicated reimagers to create a second image plane for a virtual field flattener lens. An inverse telephoto lens has a long back focal length and allows for an inaccessible aperture stop. The inverse telephoto lens has at least two groups, a negative group and a positive group. The negative group increases the marginal ray height to create a longer back focal length. The positive group brings the marginal ray to focus. Using a single high index and low dispersion aspheric positive element will correct for spherical aberration and reduce axial color and the Petzval sum. A single low index and high dispersion aspheric negative element will correct for coma, axial color and Petzval sum. A low Petzval sum minimizes field curvature and astigmatism. A wide angle 010% coldshielded inverse telephoto lens can be designed with just two elements. Occasionaly in wider field of view systems or larger image plane formats a second negative aspheric is necessary to correct for distortion. Thus creating a third element. Also a diffractive element is sometimes needed to correct lateral color. The diffractive can be added to one of the single point diamond turned aspheres without adding a fourth element. For wider angle applications, a three element inverse telephoto lens will suffice.
Abstract LB-243: Discovery of single amino acid changes that confer constitutive activation of mTOR in human cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the PI3K related kinase family, plays critical roles in a variety of cellular processes including protein synthesis, growth, cell cycle and autophagy in response to growth factor, nutrient and energy conditions. Overactivation of the mTOR signaling is observed in a number of human cancer. Inhibitors of mTOR such as rapamycin and its derivatives are being evaluated in clinical trials. Despite these developments that point to the significance of mTOR in human cancer, no mutations in mTOR have so far been identified in human cancer. Here we report novel mTOR mutations identified in human cancer by mining human cancer genome database. Of 889 cancer samples mined, we identified 14 amino acid changes in mTOR. Characterization of the mTOR signaling after expressing some of these mutants led to the identification of two single amino acid changes (S2215Y and R2505P) that confer constitutive activation of mTOR as detected by the phosphorylation of S6K, 4E-BP1 and S6 under nutrient starvation conditions. The mutation directly affects mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), as the complex isolated from cells expressing the mutant mTOR after nutrient starvation still retained the activity to phosphorylate 4E-BP1 in vitro. On the other hand, we did not observe significant effects on the activity of mTORC2. The cells expressing the mTOR mutant exhibited resistance to cell size decrease by amino acid starvation and showed increased percentage of S-phase cells. The cells expressing the activated mutant were resistance to 1-butanol treatment and partially resistant to hydrogen peroxide treatment. However, they were sensitive to rapamycin. The mutations are located within the kinase domain at positions that correspond to regions where oncogenic mutations of PI3 kinase were identified. It is interesting to point out that the mTOR S2215Y mutation was identified in large intestine adenocarcinoma together with K-rasG13D mutation, while the mTOR R2505P mutation was identified in renal cell carcinoma together with CDC25A F218I mutation, raising the possibility that the mTOR mutations may cooperate with mutations in other signaling proteins. Since “we are moving into an era in which it will be possible to obtain the complete DNA sequence of large numbers of cancer genomes” (Stratton et al., Nature 458, 719), our study points to the idea that mTOR activating mutations can be identified in a wide range of human cancer yielding valuable information on the significance of mTOR in human cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-243.
A consistent very small Boolean algebra with countable automorphism group

It is consistent withZFC+¬CH that there is a Boolean algebra of cardinality ω1 whose automorphism group is countably infinite. This answers a question of McKenzie and Monk.
Two Sides of MGP Null Arterial Disease: CHONDROGENIC LESIONS DEPENDENT ON TRANSGLUTAMINASE 2 AND ELASTIN FRAGMENTATION ASSOCIATED WITH INDUCTION OF ADIPSIN

Mutations in matrix Gla protein (MGP) have been correlated with vascular calcification. In the mouse model, MGP null vascular disease presents as calcifying cartilaginous lesions and mineral deposition along elastin lamellae (elastocalcinosis). Here we examined the mechanisms underlying both of these manifestations. Genetic ablation of enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in Mgp−/− mice dramatically reduced the size of cartilaginous lesions in the aortic media, attenuated calcium accrual more than 2-fold, and doubled longevity as compared with control Mgp−/− animals. Nonetheless, the Mgp−/−;Tgm2−/− mice still died prematurely as compared with wild-type and retained the elastocalcinosis phenotype. This pathology in Mgp−/− animals was developmentally preceded by extensive fragmentation of elastic lamellae and associated with elevated serine elastase activity in aortic tissue and vascular smooth muscle cells. Systematic gene expression analysis followed by an immunoprecipitation study identified adipsin as the major elastase that is induced in the Mgp−/− vascular smooth muscle even in the TG2 null background. These results reveal a central role for TG2 in chondrogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle and implicate adipsin in elastin fragmentation and ensuing elastocalcinosis. The importance of elastin calcification in MGP null vascular disease is highlighted by significant residual vascular calcification and mortality in Mgp−/−;Tgm2−/− mice with reduced cartilaginous lesions. Our studies identify two potential therapeutic targets in vascular calcification associated with MGP dysfunction and emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to this multifaceted disorder. Background: MGP inhibits tissue calcification, but underlying mechanisms are understudied. Results: In MGP null mice, TG2 ablation prevents calcifying cartilaginous vascular lesions but does not affect elastocalcinosis and elastin fragmentation associated with increased elastase adipsin. Conclusion: MGP acts via two distinct mechanisms. Significance: Our study identifies TG2 and adipsin as potential therapeutic targets in vascular disease linked to MGP deficiency.
NEW YORK MARINE BIOMASS PROGRAM-CULTURE OF Laminaria saccharina

A marine biomass program was initiated in New York in 1980. Preliminary screening studies indicated that Laminaria saccharina L. is a good candidate for growth in seaweed/rope culturing systems. numerous laboratory tank and field raft-culture experiments have examined the relationships between growth and ambient light, temperature and nitrogen levels throughout the year. Laminaria sporophytes appear in the field during the spring and late summer. Maximum growth rate (up to 8%•day-1) occurs in the fall and spring. During the winter months, growth continues at 0.5 to l%•day-1 while temperatures range from -1 to 4°C. A rapid increase in growth rate is observed when temperatures approach 6°C in late March. Growth ceases during the summer months and mature blades erode from distal portions. Much of the field population disappears during the summer months, while plants on rafts show greater survival. During the summer months of 1983, a small-scale rope culture farm will be deployed and stocked with young Laminaria sporophytes.
Foliar injury and shoot growth in response to prolonged acidic misting ofPinus strobus seedlings

Two-yr-oldPinus strobus seedling shoots were exposed to pH 5.6, 4.6, 3.6, and 2.6 mists, nightly during a 24-wk period coinciding with the growing season. Throughout the misting period, seedlings were well-fertilized and mist water was excluded from the soil of each seedling in order to render inconsequential the higher nutritional content (NO3− and SO42−) of the more acidified mists. Foliar necrosis appeared in all plants exposed to acidity levels below pH 5.6. Injury magnitude and quantity was pH-dependent, ranging from no injury of the pH 5.6 needles to more than 50% injury of needle tissue from the pH 2.6 group. No significant differences were observed in the macroscopic growth of seedlings between the four different treatment groups. This was determined through measurements of both the seasonal increase in seedling heights and the fascicle lengths at the end of the season. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found at the microscopic level after the measurement of whole-needle transectional areas of healthy-appearing, green needle segments. Areas of component regions in these transections also did not yield statistical differences. These microscopic results combined with the fascicle length measurements lead to the conclusion that needle elongation progressed in a normal, unaffected manner despite needle injury.
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide regulation of chick tibial growth plate chondrocyte maturation requires protein kinase A.

Abstract Regulation of phenotype in chick tibial growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) by parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is facilitated via signaling through three pathways: protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca 2+ transients. To establish the underlying signaling specificity for PTHrP-regulation of chondrocyte maturation, we examined the separate involvement of each of these three pathways in the PTHrP regulation of key hallmarks of GPC phenotype: stimulation of proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis and reduction of alkaline phosphatase activity and type X collagen expression. Mimicking the PTHrP stimulation either of PKC with 1-oleoyl 2-acetyl glycerol or of a Ca 2+ pulse with 65 mM KCl did not lead to PTHrP-like effects on any of the four markers examined. Also, inhibition of PKC with myr- Ψ PKC or blockade of Ca 2+ signals with an intracellular chelator did not inhibit PTHrP action. However, PKA activation with dibutyryl cAMP mimicked PTHrP and blockade of PTHrP stimulation of PKA with H-89 inhibited the regulatory action of the factor. These data demonstrate that although activation of PKC or Ca 2+ signals is not required, the cylic AMP-dependent A kinase is required for PTHrP to regulate key hallmarks of GPC phenotype.
Experimental Performance Results of Adaptive Antenna Array System at Base and Mobile Stations in Mobile Environment

In a TDD based AAA/SDMA system, the array weights determined from up-link signals are applied to the down-link transmission because of the channel reciprocity. However, under fast fading conditions, for example due to fast moving MS, the array weights are no longer optimum for the downlink signal transmission and hence the spectral efficiency of the system degrades. In this paper, we present the down-link performance of MS with two antenna elements moving at speeds of ~5, 20 and 40 kmph in the field trial system of i-Burst, which is a wireless broadband system employing AAA and SDMA techniques. The field experiment results show that adaptive antenna processing at MS is effective in improving the mobility performance of TDD-AAA/SDMA system.
Behavior Segmentation by Boys as a Function of Aggressiveness and Prior Information

Previous research documents a hostile attribution bias by aggressive boys when considering a social situation with ambiguous cues as to the intention of the participants. The present research evaluated whether this bias extends to the manner in which boys process incoming information. Aggressiveness of boys in grades 3-6 was assessed with peer behavior nominations. In a separate session, each child viewed a videotape of 2 boys playing tag on a playground and segmented the actions using a standard behavior segmentation procedure. A critical event occurred when one of the boys fell down after being tagged, slowly got up, then resumed the game. Prior to viewing the videotape each child received one of three information conditions: benign (the boys were friends), hostile (the boys did not like one another), or neutral (no specific information about the relationship between the boys). Aggressiveness predicted change in segmentation after the critical event only in the neutral prior information condition. Thus aggressiveness, found in other research to be associated with a hostile attribution bias, also was found to be related to differences in the organization of incoming information. Language: en
Wireless Powering and the Study of RF Propagation Through Ocular Tissue for Development of Implantable Sensors

This paper evaluates RF powering techniques, and corresponding propagation through tissue, to supply wireless-energy for miniature implantable devices used to monitor physical-conditions in real-time. To improve efficiencies an impulsive powering technique is used with short duty-cycle high instantaneous-power-bursts, which biases the rectifier in its nonlinear regime while maintaining low average input-powers. The RF rectifier consists of a modified two-stage voltage multiplier which produces the necessary turn-on voltage for standard low-power CMOS systems while supplying the required current levels. The rectifier, fabricated on the TI 130 nm CMOS process, measures 215 μm × 265 μm, and is integrated with an antenna to quantify wireless performance of the power transfer. In-vivo studies performed on New Zealand white rabbits demonstrate the ability of implanted CMOS RF rectifiers to produce 1 V across a 27 kΩ load at a distance of 5 cm with a transmit-power of just over 1.5 W. Using a pulsed-powering technique, the circuit generates just under 0.9 V output with an average transmit-power of 300 mW. The effects of implantation on the propagation of RF powering waves are quantified and demonstrated to be surmountable, allowing for the ability to supply a low-power wireless sensor through a miniature rectifier IC.
Calcineurin preferentially synergizes with PKC‐θ to activate JNK and IL‐2 promoter in T lymphocytes

Costimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 is required for optimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction. These signals, which can be replaced by the pharmacological agents phorbol ester (PMA) and Ca2+ ionophore, synergistically activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) JNK. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin which blocks IL-2 induction, abrogates Ca2+-triggered synergistic JNK activation. As protein kinase C (PKC) downregulation inhibits PMA+ionophore-induced JNK activation, we examined whether a particular PKC isoform is preferentially involved in this response. We found that PKC-theta but neither PKC-alpha nor PKC-epsilon participates in JNK activation, whereas all three PKCs lead to ERK MAPK activation. PKC-theta specifically cooperates with calcineurin, and together their signals converge on (or upstream of) Rac leading to potent JNK activation. Similarly, calcineurin and PKC-theta specifically synergize to induce transcription of reporters driven by the c-jun and IL-2 promoters. PKC-theta and calcineurin are also partially responsible for the synergistic activation of JNK following TCR and CD28 ligation. Preferential cooperation between PKC-theta and calcineurin is observed in Jurkat T cells but not in HeLa cells. These results indicate that PKC isozymes have distinct biological functions and suggest that synergistic JNK activation is an important function for PKC-theta in T-cell activation.
Exposure and Reactivity to Negative Social Exchanges: A Preliminary Investigation Using Daily Diary Data

Negative social exchanges have the potential to detract from well-being in later life, but the factors that influence older adults' vulnerability to such exchanges remain poorly understood. Two dimensions of vulnerability, exposure and reactivity, were investigated using daily diary data collected at two time points from a sample of community-residing older adults (N = 129). Three categories of predictors were examined: individual characteristics, life stress, and social network characteristics. Greater exposure to negative social exchanges was related to greater life stress and to less supportive networks. Greater reactivity was related to lower self-esteem, less supportive networks, less satisfying friendships and family relationships, and surprisingly, to less life stress. Longitudinal changes in exposure and reactivity were related to changes in friendship satisfaction, the positive functions performed by the network, and health status. The findings suggest that personal characteristics and life circumstances play a role in influencing older adults' vulnerability to negative social exchanges.
Experiments on optical second-harmonic generation as a surface probe of electrodes

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) has been used as an in situ probe of potential-dependent processes occurring at the metal–electrolyte interface. Differential capacitance measurements of the charging behavior of smooth silver surfaces have been made and compared with the simultaneously monitored SHG. The results show a correlation between the electrostatics of the interface and the second-harmonic response when the electrode is polarized within the double-layer charging region. The nonlinear second-harmonic response during electrochemical film formation has been compared with the potential dependence of the linear optical properties of the surface at ω and 2ω. Optoacoustic detection methods have been employed in these studies.
Assumptions in Statistical Analyses of Sonograhy Research Data

Every statistical procedure carries with it certain assumptions that must be at least approximately true before the procedure can produce reliable, accurate results. Researchers often apply a statistical procedure to their data without checking on the validity of the assumptions of the procedure. If one or more of the assumptions of a given statistical procedure are violated, then misleading results will be produced by the procedure. It is important that those who analyze data be fully aware of the details of the statistical procedure they are using, including its companion assumptions. If one or more assumptions are violated, an alternative procedure must be used to obtain valid results.
UNICEF report Generation 2030 Africa calls upon investing in and empowering girls and young women

UNICEF’s Generation 2030 Africa report released in August 2014, focusing exclusively on Africa, provides an in-depth analysis of child demographic trends. The report highlights the marked increase that Africa population has experienced in the last few decades and the rapid population expansion that is set to continue, with its inhabitants doubling from 1.2 billion to 2.4 billion between 2015 and 2050. A factor driving Africa’s population increase is that the number of women of reproductive age has risen fivefold from 54 million in 1950 to 280 million in 2015 and is set to further increase to 407 million in 2030 and 607 million by 2050. The increasing number of women of reproductive age in Africa will lead to an increasing number of births in Africa even under the assumption of large declines in fertility levels. Adolescent fertility remains high in many African countries and it is estimated that almost one fifth of women in Africa have an unmet need for family planning. The report calls upon investing in and empowering girls and young women and on improving reproductive health of African adolescents.
A finite volume cell‐centered Lagrangian hydrodynamics approach for solids in general unstructured grids

SUMMARY A finite volume cell-centered Lagrangian hydrodynamics approach, formulated in Cartesian frame, is presented for solving elasto-plastic response of solids in general unstructured grids. Because solid materials can sustain significant shear deformation, evolution equations for stress and strain fields are solved in addition to mass, momentum, and energy conservation laws. The total stress is split into deviatoric shear stress and dilatational components. The dilatational response of the material is modeled using the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state. A predicted trial elastic deviatoric stress state is evolved assuming a pure elastic deformation in accordance with the hypo-elastic stress-strain relation. The evolution equations are advanced in time by constructing vertex velocity and corner traction force vectors using multi-dimensional Riemann solutions erected at mesh vertices. Conservation of momentum and total energy along with the increase in entropy principle are invoked for computing these quantities at the vertices. Final state of deviatoric stress is effected via radial return algorithm based on the J-2 von Mises yield condition. The scheme presented in this work is second-order accurate both in space and time. The suitability of the scheme is evinced by solving one- and two-dimensional benchmark problems both in structured grids and in unstructured grids with polygonal cells. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Functions of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 in Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Mediated Transcription and in the Regulation of Metamorphic Rate in Xenopus laevis

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) acts as a transcription coactivator for nuclear receptors through histone H4 R3 methylation. The in vivo function of PRMT1 is largely unknown. Here we investigated the role of PRMT1 in thyroid hormone (T3) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription in vivo during vertebrate development. By using intestinal remodeling during T3-dependent Xenopus laevis metamorphosis for in vivo molecular analysis, we first showed that PRMT1 expression was upregulated during metamorphosis when both TR and T3 were present. We then demonstrated a role for PRMT1 in TR-mediated transcription by showing that PRMT1 enhanced transcriptional activation by liganded TR in the frog oocyte transcription system and was recruited to the T3 response element (TRE) of the target promoter in the oocyte, as well as to endogenous TREs during frog metamorphosis. Surprisingly, we found that PRMT1 was only transiently recruited to the TREs in the target during metamorphosis and observed no PRMT1 recruitment to TREs at the climax of intestinal remodeling when both PRMT1 and T3 were at peak levels. Mechanistically, we showed that overexpression of PRMT1 enhanced TR binding to TREs both in the frog oocyte model system and during metamorphosis. More importantly, transgenic overexpression of PRMT1 enhanced gene activation in vivo and accelerated both natural and T3-induced metamorphosis. These results thus indicate that PRMT1 functions transiently as a coactivator in TR-mediated transcription by enhancing TR-TRE binding and further suggest that PRMT1 has tissue-specific roles in regulating the rate of metamorphosis.
Computer simulation of manufacturing system for exploration of human information needs and strategies in system fault diagnosis

To develop a cost-effective decision support system for system fault diagnosis, human information needs and diagnostic strategies should be investigated first. This paper presents the design of an experiment for such purpose. The experiment is carried out on the computer simulation of a manufacturing system. An abstraction hierarchy of information is used as the basis of developing the computer simulation of the manufacturing system. The abstraction hierarchy categorizes information pertaining to system function and operation into five levels, from concrete and specific to abstract and general: physical, logical, functional, conceptual, and objective. System fault events are captured on the computer simulation of the manufacturing system and presented to human subjects for fault diagnosis, information searching and decision making behavior, and performance of human subjects can be recorded on the computer for further analysis. >
Fracture Testing and Analysis of a Layered Functionally Graded Ti/TiB Beam in 3-Point Bending

This paper presents a methodology for testing and analyzing a layered functionally graded beam consisting of Ti and TiB phases. The test specimen is a single edge notch bending (SENB), with composition varying from a TiB-rich layer at the bottom to commercially pure (CP) Ti at the top. The crack front is aligned parallel to the material gradation and it grows along this direction (mode I). For this crack orientation, average R-curve behavior is investigated in order to understand the mechanics of crack growth. The beam is modeled using two-dimensional finite elements considering elastoplastic behavior. Properties of the mixed phase interlayers are approximated using a rule-of-mixtures approach, and the validity of this approach is discussed. Characteristic response quantities are investigated such as the mechanical fields, crack mouth opening displacement, and J integral.