cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US strategic minerals: Policy options

Abstract The USA is becoming increasingly dependent on key strategic metals (such as chrome, cobalt, manganese and platinum-group metals) from politically unstable regions of the world. This dependence is the result of an inconsistent and fragmented US non-fuel minerals policy. Neglect of the US minerals industry has led to a decline in US mineral production and processing capabilities. Options for a comprehensive US non-fuel minerals policy include increased domestic production; increased substitution and recycling; a domestic stockpiling programme; and diversification of, and ensured access to, foreign sources of supply. These four options are examined and recommendations are made for increased mineral surveys of public lands, a regulatory review, domestic production of strategic minerals, tax incentives, conservation, stockpiling, and a foreign policy that will ensure security of supply.
A study of West Virginia secondary public school library media centers and library media specialists and their use of 21 st century technology tools

A Study of West Virginia Secondary Public School Library Media Centers and Library Media Specialists and Their Use of 21 st Century Technology Tools Twenty-first century learning, learning that teaches global and wellness awareness, and civic and business literacy, is essential for students to become vital, contributing members of society. In order for students to participate in an environment of 21 century learning, the attainment of 21 century skills is essential. Twenty-first century skills encourage students to collaborate, communicate, critically think, and reflect. Such skills involve the use of technology tools – 21 century tools – which include computers, Internet, production software, and communication processes. Literature establishes school library media centers as sites where students find many types of 21 century tools. Staffed by school library media specialists, school library media centers should be the hub of 21 century leaning. It therefore becomes necessary to ascertain the types of 21 century tools available in school library media centers, how confident school library media specialists are in using the tools, and how often school library media specialists help students use the tools so that effective learning can occur. This study utilized a researcher developed self-reporting mailed survey to conduct research with all 227 secondary school library media specialists in West Virginia. The study found that school library media specialists have reasonable level of access to 14 of 24 technology tools. The other 10 are absent in more than half of the West Virginia secondary school library media centers. The majority of West Virginia school library media specialists indicated they are extremely confident in using many 21 century technology tools; however they never assist students in using most of the tools. findings showed increased incidences of technology training for school library media specialists increase the presence of technology tools in school library media centers, raise the confidence level of school library media specialists in using technology tools, and increase the frequency of assisting students with technology tools.
Some aspects of poverty in Sri Lanka : 1985-90

The authors characterize poverty in Sri Lanka, using data from two recent household surveys (for 1985-86 and 1990-91). Poverty rates in 1990-91 were highest in the rural sector and lowest in the estate sector, with the urban sector in between. Between 1985-86 and 1990-91, national poverty declined modestly, almost entirely because of a fall in rural poverty (although poverty in the estate sector also declined). Agriculture, forestry, and fishing accounted for about 80 percent of the decline in national poverty. Favorable redistribution and growth in rural mean consumption accounted about equally for the decline in rural poverty. During the same period, urban poverty increased. But poverty in Sri Lanka is still largely a rural phenomenon. Nearly half the poor depend on agriculture for livelihood. Another 30 percent depend on other rural nonagricultural activities. Regional variations in poverty are fairly limited. Female-headed households are associated with greater poverty only in the urban sector. Poorer households tend to have higher dependency ratios, fewer years of schooling, lower rates of participation in the labor force, and significantly higher rates of unemployment. Direct transfer benefits from the Food Stamp Program are progressive and have a greater impact on poverty than uniform allocations from the same budget. Economic growth could reduce poverty considerably.
Presentation of atopic disease in a large cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients.

Shroff P, Mehta RS, Chinen J, Karpen SJ, Davis CM. Presentation of atopic disease in a large cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients. Abstract: Atopic disease occurs in solid organ transplant recipients with an increasingly recognized frequency. The time course for the development of these atopic diseases in liver transplantation has not been described. The objective was to characterize the atopic manifestations of children receiving chronic immunosuppression after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Chart review and follow-up questionnaire were utilized for 176 OLT pediatric recipients at a single institution for manifestations of allergic disease. Atopic disease was present in 25 (14.2%) patients. Median age at transplant was 16 months with a median follow-up of 63 months. Food allergy and non-food related atopic symptoms presented at a median of 11.5 (IQR, 6–28) and 19 (IQR, 5–41) months post-transplantation, respectively. The median age at transplant of the non-atopic children was 72 months, higher than patients with atopy (p < 0.001). Food allergy and atopic skin disease symptoms were present in 40% and 56% of cases, respectively. Asthma, allergic rhinitis, or both were found in 66% of cases. The onset of symptoms of food allergy and eczema (median, 12 months post-transplantation) preceded symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma. (median of 27 and 30 months post-transplantation, respectively). Atopy occurs in ∼14% of pediatric liver transplant recipients, with manifestations including food allergy, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma.
Variability and trends in global drought

Monthly precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) from the CRUTS3.1 data set are used to compute monthly P minus PET (PMPE) for the land areas of the globe. The percent of the global land area with annual sums of PMPE less than zero are used as an index of global drought (%drought) for 1901 through 2009. Results indicate that for the past century %drought has not changed, even though global PET and temperature (T) have increased. Although annual global PET and T have increased, annual global P also has increased and has mitigated the effects of increased PET on %drought.
Plantae Colombianae, VI: Investigationes specierum saurauiae: locus secundus

The following notes on new or otherwise interesting species of Saurauia are presented as a result of preliminary studies towards a revision of the American species of this genus.
Women's feminist consciousness, anger, and psychological distress

The goal of this study was to bring together several lines of research and theory on women's feminist consciousness from psychology, sociology, and philosophy. Past literatures had suggested bivariate links between feminist identity development and psychological distress, feminist identity and anger, feminist identity and interpersonal conflict, plus anger and psychological distress. Putting the pieces together, the authors hypothesized that anger would mediate the associations between feminist identity and distress. Path analyses using data from 191 women indicated consistent links with distress only for the revelation dimension of feminist identity attitudes. All 9 links were mediated by anger, as predicted, while holding social desirability constant. The authors encourage continued attention to both the positive and painful effects of politicized consciousness.
Serotonin and Serotonin Receptors in the Central Auditory System

Immunohistochemical and ligand-binding techniques were used to visualize the neurotransmitter serotonin and one of its receptors, the 5-HT1A subtype, in auditory nuclei of the brainstem. Serotonergic fibers and terminal endings were found in all auditory nuclei extending from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus, including the superior olivary complex and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. The density of the innervation varied between and within each nucleus. All serotonergic cell bodies were located outside the auditory nuclei. The 5-HT1A receptor subtype was found in the cochlear nucleus as well as in the inferior colliculus. With no serotonergic cell bodies present in the auditory nuclei, the present neuroanatomic and neurochemical findings support behavioral and neurophysiologic findings that the serotonergic system may modulate central auditory processing.
A Global Analysis of an Harmonically Excited Spring-Pendulum System With Internal Resonance

Abstract A non-linear system can often have multiple attractors. In this case, it is important to study the global behavior of the system by determining the global domain of attraction of each attractor. This paper is concerned with the global behavior of an harmonically excited spring-pendulum system with internal resonance. Before studying the global behavior, the local behaviors of the system around its steady state periodic solutions are examined. Two non-linearly coupled second order non-autonomous ordinary differential equations governing the spring-pendulum system are transformed into a four-dimensional autonomous system in amplitude and phase variables. Next the stability of equilibrium states of the autonomous system, corresponding to steady state periodic solutions of the non-autonomous system, is examined. When certain resonance conditions are satisfied, the spring-pendulum system has a very complex behavior including jump phenomena and Hopf bifurcation. Global domains of attraction for the spring-pendulum system are investigated when two stable steady state periodic solutions exist. The interpolated mapping method, a numerical method for determining global domains of attraction, is presented so as to be applied to systems with dimension higher than two. Then the domains of attraction for a specific set of parameter values are obtained by the method. It is shown that the interpolated mapping method can be an efficient tool for analyzing the global behaviors of higher-dimensional systems. Also examined is how the global domains of attraction evolve as the forcing frequency is varied across critical values at which jump phenomena occur. It is discovered that there exists a special plane in the four-dimensional state space which contains all the attractors. By using this plane, called the principal plane, the global domains of attraction can be discussed more effectively. Results show that knowledge of this evolution is essential to better understand the mechanism of the jump phenomena.
Seasonality in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): social facilitation by females

The extent to which social living arrangements influenced seasonal changes in physiology and behavior was examined in adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Data were collected over 20 months (encompassing two breeding seasons) from animals that were housed in three mixed-sex social configurations that varied in the number of heterosexual and isosexual social partners. For both sexes, the presence of multiple females was found to facilitate reproduction. Females housed with other females were more likely to exhibit seasonal ovarian cyclicity and tended to have higher conception rates. Social facilitation of reproduction was particularly prominent for subordinate females. The presence of same-sex companions also resulted in reduced adrenocortical output in females during the first nonbreeding season. In males, the availability of multiple females increased plasma testosterone levels, except in the presence of more dominant males. Seasonal increases in male weight coincided with increased cortisol levels and were most prominent in social groups containing multiple females. The influence of multiple females on male seasonality occurred despite the finding that male-female interactions were infrequent and, in fact, occurred less frequently when isosexual partners were available. Unexpectedly, affiliative social interactions between same-sex and opposite-sex partners occurred less frequently during the breeding season. As expected, behaviors associated with sex tended to increase during the breeding season. Very little agonism was observed during the course of the study and there was no evidence of interanimal competition for mates.
A NEW MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING CLIMATE EPISODES

When long records of climate (precipitation, temperature, stream runoff, etc.) are available, either from instrumental observations or from proxy records, the objective evaluation and comparison of climatic episodes becomes necessary. Such episodes can be quantified in terms of duration (the number of time intervals, e.g. years, the process remains continuously above or below a reference level) and magnitude (the sum of all series values for a given duration). The joint distribution of duration and magnitude is represented here by a stochastic model called BEG, for ‘bivariate distribution with exponential and geometric marginals’. The model is based on the theory of random sums, and its mathematical derivation confirms and extends previous empirical findings. Probability statements that can be obtained from the model are illustrated by applying it to a 2300-year dendroclimatic reconstruction of water-year precipitation for the eastern Sierra Nevada–western Great Basin. Using the Dust Bowl drought period as an example, the chance of a longer or greater drought is 8%. Conditional probabilities are much higher, i.e. a drought of that magnitude has a 62% chance of lasting for 11 years or longer, and a drought that lasts 11 years has a 46% chance of having an equal or greater magnitude. In addition, because of the bivariate model, we can estimate a 6% chance of witnessing a drought that is both longer and greater. Additional examples of model application are also provided. This type of information provides a way to place any climatic episode in a temporal perspective, and such numerical statements help with reaching science-based management and policy decisions. Copyright  2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Lipase immobilization on glutaraldehyde-activated nanofibrous membranes for improved enzyme stabilities and activities

Abstract Poly(vinyl alcohol- co -ethylene) (PVA- co -PE) nanofibrous membranes were successfully fabricated and activated with glutaraldehyde (GA) to interact with enzyme molecules. A lipase isolated from Candida rugosa was employed as a model biocatalyst and successfully immobilized onto the membrane surfaces via covalent bonds with the aldehyde groups. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the membranes retained uniform nanofibrous and open porous structures after the treatments. The results indicated that the increment of the initial glutaraldehyde concentration induced an increase of the enzyme loading on the membrane surfaces but a decrease in the activity of the immobilized enzyme. Under an optimum condition, the glutaraldehyde activated PVA- co -PE nanofibrous membrane reached the highest enzyme activity at 676.19 U/g of the membrane. The pH tolerance, thermal and storage stability of the immobilized lipase were significantly improved. In addition, the immobilized lipase can be easily recovered and retained at 67% of its initial activity after 10 time uses. Therefore, the glutaraldehyde activated PVA- co -PE nanofibrous membrane is a promising solid support media for enzyme immobilization, and the immobilized enzymes could have broad biocatalytic applications.
657 OUTCOME OF EMERGENCY UNCROSSMATCHED BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN CHILDREN

Transfusion of uncrossmatched blood is only done in an emergency situation because of the risk of transfusion reaction. We reviewed the records of 65 patients who received uncrossmatched blood between 1969 and 1976. Emphasis was placed on the presence of major transfusion reactions. Forty six of these patients received group specific blood. Of the 19 patients that received non type specific blood 15 were transfused with.0- blood, two with 0+ and 2 others with B-. In one patient receiving non type specific blood the cross-match was found to be incompatible after the blood had been given. Eighteen patients had been previously transfused and 30 received subsequent transfusions. No documented transfusion reaction occurred in any of the 65 patients. Pre-existing shock and bleeding diathesis made this evaluation difficult in some cases. Eight patients died within 24 hours of receiving their uncrossmatched blood, none with evidence of transfusion reaction. In life threatening situations when time will not permit compatability testing, uncrossmatched 0- or type specific blood should be used because the risk of a major transfusion reaction is minimal.
Quantum critical points of helical Fermi liquids

Following our previous work, we study the quantum phase transitions, which spontaneously develop ferromagnetic spin order in helical Fermi liquids, which breaks continuous spin-space rotation symmetry, with the application to the edge states of three-dimensional topological band insulators. With finite Fermi surface, the critical point has both $z=3$ overdamped and $z=2$ propagating quantum critical modes, and the $z=3$ mode will lead to non-Fermi-liquid behavior on the entire Fermi surface. In the ordered phase, the Goldstone mode is overdamped, unless it propagates along special directions, and quasiparticle is ill defined on most parts of the Fermi surface except for special points. Generalizations of our results to other systems with spin-orbit couplings are also discussed.
Pediatric ocular trauma and shaken infant syndrome

Ocular trauma is a leading cause of visual loss in children. Understanding the fundamentals of eye trauma evaluation and management will help decrease associated ocular morbidity and visual loss. Many eye injuries are preventable and should not be viewed as random accidents. The primary care provider can help reinforce the need for protective eyewear during activities associated with ocular trauma. When evaluating infants who may have suffered child abuse, an ocular fundus examination is essential to rule out shaken infant syndrome.
EVALUATION OF BROOD DETECTION TECHNIQUES: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING GREATER SAGE-GROUSE PRODUCTIVITY

Obtaining timely and accurate assessment of sage-grouse (Centrocercus spp.) chick survival and recruit- ment is an important component of species management and conservation. We compared the effectiveness of walking, spotlight, and pointing-dog surveys to detect radio-marked and unmarked chicks within broods of radio-marked hens in Utah. Walking surveys detected 72% of marked chicks, while spotlight and pointing-dog surveys detected 100% and 96%, respectively. We found no difference between spotlight and pointing-dog counts in number of marked and unmarked chicks detected (P = 0.57). Spotlight counts were slightly more time efficient than pointing-dog surveys. However, spotlight surveys were nocturnal searches and perceived to be more technically arduous than diurnal point- ing-dog surveys. Pointing-dog surveys may offer greater utility in terms of area searched per unit effort and an increased ability to detect unmarked hens and broods.
Sorptions on lignin, wood and celluloses. III. copper(II) and zine(II) ions

Abstract Interactions of lignin preparations obtained by enzymatic and other processes with copper(II) and zinc(II) ions were studied. The shape of adsorption isotherms depends on the provenience of lignin. Copper(II) ions are bound more strongly than zinc(II) ions. The dependence of the sorption on pH indicates that carboxylate anions may be involved in binding of copper(II) ions, whereas phenolate groups in that of zinc(II) ions. As the binding is predominantly irreversible for both ions, ion exchange is not the predominant mechanism. The effect of neutral salts on adsorption isotherms indicates changes in the tertiary structure of lignin. Some observed adsorption isotherms are simple, others are complex, indicating the presence of two adsorption sites of different accessibility. The interaction with one or two adsorption sites depends both on the nature of the lignin used and on the metal ion involved.
Convergence of an element‐partitioned subcycling algorithm for the semi‐discrete heat equation

A convergence analysis is performed for an element-partitioned subcycling algorithm for the semi-discrete heat equation. It is shown that the algorithm generally attains first-order rate-of-convergence.
Potential role of retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin accumulation in age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual impairment in developed countries. The vision loss associated with AMD is the result of degenerative changes in the central region of the retina called the macula. Maintenance of normal structure and function of the macular retina, and of the remainder of the retina as well, is critically dependent on the supporting role of the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Impairment of normal RPE functions is known to result in retinal degeneration and loss of visual function. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the retinal degeneration that characterizes AMD is secondary to age-related deterioration in RPE support functions. Like many other postmitotic cell types, the RPE accumulates autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies (lipofuscin) during senescence. In human eyes, lipofuscin comes to occupy a substantial fraction of the RPE cytoplasmic volume in the elderly. Does this lipofuscin accumulation contribute to the development of AMD? This question is a specific case of the broader question of whether lipofuscin accumulation in general is detrimental to cells. Unfortunately, definitive data do not exist to allow these questions to be answered. Although a correlation between RPE lipofuscin content and AMD has been reported, a cause-and-effect relationship between RPE lipofuscin accumulation and the development of this disease has not been established. It has been reported that a mutation in a gene encoding a photoreceptor-specific protein results in massive RPE lipofuscin accumulation and early-onset macular degeneration. However, again the accelerated RPE lipofuscin accumulation has not been shown to be the cause of the accompanying macular degeneration. The lack of a definitive link between RPE lipofuscin accumulation and AMD illustrates one of the biggest challenges remaining in lipofuscin research-determining whether lipofuscin accumulation per se has an impact on cell function.
Low pressure transurethral resection of the prostate using a suprapubic trocar.

The TUR syndrome was described by Creevy (1947) and is caused by absorption of irrigating fluid with rising intravesical pressure. To maintain low intravesical pressure and permit a clear view, the “return flow resectoscope” was developed. However, Matouschek and Wimmer (1984) showed that even when a suction pump was used with this resectoscope the return flow channel was unable to drain the returning fluids properly even if a 28 F resectoscope was used. Thus the “transurethral resection controller” was developed in order to monitor the intravesical pressures continuously when using a return flow resectoscope (Perez, unpublished data).
School Desegregation and Teenage Fertility.

The school desegregation efforts following the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision represent one of the most important social policy initiatives of the 20th century. Despite a large resea...
Diaphragmatic Eventration in Infancy and Childhood

Eventration of the diaphragm, although a relatively rare clinical entity, should be considered in all patients with respiratory distress during the neonatal period, particularly in babies born after difficult delivery by breech presentation or forceps extraction. The diagnosis can be made in the majority of spontaneously breathing patients by chest roentgenography or by fluoroscopy. The treatment initially should be supportive, including assisted ventilation if needed. If the infant cannot be weaned off the respirator after a week to ten days of respiratory support, surgical correction of the elevated diaphragm should be carried out. The results of surgical treatment in these desperately sick infants is usually most gratifying.
Evaluation of the nitrification rates of microbead and trickling filters in an intensive recirculating tilapia production facility

Abstract Downflow floating polystyrene bead (microbead) and trickling media biofilters were tested simultaneously using common influent water from a 53-m3 fish rearing tank stocked with tilapia (Oreochromis Nilotica×Aurea) at a density of 168 kg m−3. The physical characteristics of the two bio-filter media used were: (1) 1.0 mm diameter polystyrene spheres with a density of 16 kg m−3 with a specific surface area of 3936 m2 m−3 (referred to as microbeads); and (2) 5.1 cm diameter polyethylene packing material (Norpak) with a specific surface area of 164 m2 m−3. Nitrification rates increased linearly with influent total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations up to a concentration of 2.5 mg l−1 for both the microbead and trickling filters. There was no further increase in nitrification rate above 2.5 mg l−1 that was statistically significant. The trickling filter had a specific nitrification rate 7.5 times higher than the microbead filter, although volumetric nitrification rates were 3.2 times greater for the microbeads than the trickling filter. The study failed to show any relationship for either type of filter between the hydraulic loading rate and the nitrification rate at hydraulic loading rates between 469 and 1231 m3 m−2 day−1.
Regulation of a stylar transmitting tissue-specific gene in wild-type and transgenic tomato and tobacco.

We have characterized a gene, 9612, that is expressed predominantly in the styles of tomato pistils according to a tightly regulated temporal program. 9612 RNA levels were maximal in mature pistils from flowers at anthesis, with transcripts undetectable in pistils from flowers collected 5–7 days prior to anthesis. In situ localization of mRNA in tissue sections showed that expression of the gene is confined in the pistil to the outer five cell layers of the strands of transmitting tissue within the upper two-thirds of the style. The maximal levels of 9612 RNA detected in anthers and vegetative organs were more than 50-fold and 250-fold lower than the level in pistils, respectively. A homolog to the 9612 gene was detected in tobacco and was also found to be expressed predominantly in the style. The ability of the 5′ flanking region of the tomato gene to appropriately regulate expression of a heterologous coding sequence was examined in transformed tomato and tobacco plants. In contrast to results with previously described regulated genes, the 9612 promoter functions correctly in the pistils of tomato plants, but fails to direct correct expression in tobacco plants. The sequence of the 9612 cDNA includes an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 404 amino acids with a highly hydrophobic amino-terminal region that may represent a signal peptide.
Kinetic-energy, femtosecond resolved reaction dynamics. Modes of dissociation (in iodobenzene) from time-velocity correlations

We report on the use of ‘2D’ time-velocity correlations to study in real time the dynamics of reactions with multiple channels. By resolving the kinetic energy on the femtosecond time scale we are able to directly identify the direct-mode and complex-mode dissociation pathways of iodobenzene. The coherent wave packet dynamics and the nature of IVR in the benzen ring are discussed and related to the experimental observations.
INDICATIONS FOR TRACHEOSTOMY

Summary Respiratory insufficiency is a frequent complication of major abdominal and thoracic surgery, although it is difficult to recognize. Its presence can only be established by an analysis of the arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. After open-heart surgery, the patient's demands are usually increased significantly. This occurs at a time when pulmonary function is usually impaired and the energy necessary to breathe is significantly increased. Our studies in postoperative patients after open-heart surgery indicate that the work of breathing in most patients is increased many fold and in some patients may be sufficient to produce acute congestive failure. Therefore, we advocate the use of controlled ventilation leaving an oral endotracheal tube in place, to treat respiratory insufficiency or excessive and compromising work of breathing. Occasionally, such therapy must be instituted prior to definitive surgery in order to rest the patient and give the patient enough reserve to withstand a major surgical procedure. If respiratory insufficiency has not been abolished within 72 hours after surgery, we advocate that a tracheostomy be performed and that respirator treatment be continued until respiratory insufficiency is eliminated and the work of breathing no longer places an intolerable work load on the cardiovascular system.
Thucydides and Modern Realism

This paper makes two main arguments about the relationship between Thucydides, modern realism, and the key conceptual ideas they introduce to situate and explain international politics. First, Thucydides refutes the central claim underlying modern realist scholarship, that the sources of state behavior can be located not in the character of the primary political units but in the decentralized system or structure created by their interaction. Second, however, analyses that discuss Thucydides exclusively with respect to this “third-image” realism do not take into account the most important emendation made to political realism in the last half of the twentieth century, Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics . Waltz reformulates the theory of how anarchic political structures affect the behavior of their constituent units and suggests that the question posed by realism—and to be asked of Thucydides—is not whether states behave according to the Athenian thesis or consistently observe the power-political laws of nature, but whether they suffer “costs” in terms of political autonomy, security, and cultural integrity if they do not. Many scholars are therefore incorrect to assume that demonstrating the importance of non-structural factors in The Peloponnesian War severs the connection between Thucydides and structural realism. Thucydides may in fact be a realist, but not for reasons conventionally assumed.
Pyroelectric characteristics of a thin PZT (40/60) film on a platinum film for infrared sensors

Abstract Very thin films of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (40/60), 0.26 μ or less, have been prepared on Pt-coated oxidized Si substrates (Pt/Ti/SiO2Si) by a sol-gel process. These films were of high density with fine grains of about 0.2 μm and annealed in the range of 600° to 700°C in oxygen atmosphere. X-ray diffraction patterns taken on this film showed single-phase perovskite-type structure. Pyroelectric and P-E hysteresis curve measurements, as well as measurements of the dielectric constant and loss tangent versus temperature and frequency, were performed. The influence of poling treatment on the dielectric and pyroelectric properties was also investigated, as well as dielectric constants and pyroelectric properties. Dielectric constants and pyroelectric coefficients at room temperature were determined as 1300 and 840, and 68.0 and 10.3 nC/cm2. °C for the poled and unpoled PZT films, respectively. The remanent polarization was 37.8 μC/cm2, and a coercive field was 146 kV/cm at a switching voltage of...
Excitons and vacancy pairs in alkaline earth oxides

Abstract Optical absorption bands produced by deformation of single crystals of CaO and SrO are presented. These bands, which occur on the shoulder of the fundamental absorption edge appear to arise from a vacancy complex with 〈100〉 symmetry. It is suggested that the absorption arises from excitons peturbed by an anion-cation vacancy pair.
Effects of cadmium and low magnesium on cell division and calcification in the marine coccolithophorid Cricosphaera (Hymenomonas) carterae

Cadmium (Cd) added to normal media and to magnesium (Mg)-deficient media produced inhibitory effects on cell division and cell calcification in the marine coccolithophorid alga Cricosphaera (Hymenomonas) carterae. Compared with controls in normal media (with 25 mM Mg), cell growth decreased progressively with Cd at concentrations of 5–20 μM. In Mg-deficient media (with 6 mM and 0.08 mM Mg) the inhibitory effects were more pronounced with complete arrest of cell division at 20 μM Cd. The greatest Cd inhibition occurred in media with the lowest Mg concentration (0.08 mM). Cadmium (5–40 μM) also decreased recalcification (coccolith formation) in cells previoasly decalcified with CO2 with complete inhibition at 40 μM Cd. Inhibition of recalcification in various Cd concentrations (5–40 μM) was more pronounced in low-Mg medium (with 6 mM and 0.08 mM Mg) compared with normal medium (25 mM Mg). Partial or complete reversal of the inhibitory effects of Cd and low Mg media on cell division and calcification occurred following a wash and resuspension of the cells in normal control medium (25 mM Mg).
Enhanced Cardiac Thermal Dilution Analysis for Cardiac Output, Volumes, Stroke Volumes, and Regurgitation Rates — Sensitivity Analysis Using Digital Simulation

Cardiac output is measured by placing a double lumen catheter with a thermistor on the tip through the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, injecting cold saline into the right atrium, and integrating the resulting pulmonary artery temperature profile. If a similar procedure is performed with thermistors located in the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery, the resulting temperature curves are determined by the known or easily measured quantities: injectate temperature, injectate volume, heart rate, systolic time interval, body temperature, and time in the cardiac cycle at which injection begins and the unknown quantities: right atrial, right ventricular, pulmonary artery mean and stroke volumes, inflow and outflow valve regurgitation rates, and cardiac output. A digital computer program using a lumped parameter model has been developed to use these quantities to produce thermal dilution curves and optimize the fit of the model curves to the temperature curves from the thermal dilution measurement to determine the unknown quantities. The program is used to investigate the effects of measuring system time constant, heat transfer, and noise on the accuracy of these measurements. The results indicate that the method is practical.
Raman spectroscopy of benzenethiolates on nanometer-scale gold clusters

Near-infrared (1064-nm) irradiation of neat solid samples of benzenethiolate monolayer-protected gold clusters (MPCs) yields strong, well-resolved Raman spectra of the thiolate groups, comparable to those obtained for the same groups adsorbed at roughened gold electrodes. These clusters are formulated as TOAZ[AuN(SPh)M]Z-, N ≫ M and Z = 3−6, with core diameters of 1.7 and 1.5 nm, and were characterized previously by X-ray scattering, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis [Price, R. C.; Whetten, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005]. Numerous previous attempts to obtain spectra on various MPCs yielded only diffuse luminescence bands, as did benzenethiolate MPC samples of TOA2[Au44(SPh)28]2-, with 1.1-nm core diameters. The clusters are free of excess tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr) from the synthetic procedure, containing only the necessary TOA+ to maintain charge balance. In situ thermometry, using the anti-Stokes/Stokes intensity rat...
Histologic analysis of a human trigeminal nerve after failed stereotactic radiosurgery: case report.

Abstract Background Stereotactic radiosurgery is an accepted surgery to treat patients with medically intractable trigeminal neuralgia. However, little is known about the mechanism of pain relief after trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery. We report the histologic findings of a human trigeminal nerve after failed radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Case Description A 74-year-old patient presented with a 10-year history of refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Prior surgeries included an MVD and PRGR. Gamma knife radiosurgery was performed targeting the proximal trigeminal nerve using one 4-mm isocenter (maximum dose, 85 Gy). She experienced good pain relief (no pain, reduced medications) for 16 months. She had no new trigeminal deficits after this procedure. The pain recurred, and she underwent repeat gamma knife radiosurgery targeting the distal trigeminal nerve using one 4-mm isocenter (maximum dose, 70 Gy). The pain continued to escalate until she required hospitalization for pain control and hydration. Three weeks after her second radiosurgical procedure, she underwent a repeat posterior fossa exploration. During that surgery, her trigeminal nerve was partially sectioned, and a small segment of the proximal to midcisternal nerve was sent for histological examination. There was no histologic evidence of nerve damage. Conclusion This case supports the contention that trigeminal nerve injury is required to provide long lasting pain relief after trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery.
Utility of the Electroencephalogram in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

An electroencephalogram (EEG) has not been routinely utilized in the evaluation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The utility of the EEG in ADHD is unclear. A recent study in our laboratory using sleep and sleep deprivation routinely found one in four non-epileptic children evaluated for attention deficit disorder has epileptiform discharges in the EEG, more than half focal. The majority of abnormalities (97.5%) occur in sleep and sleep-deprived records compared to 7% in prior wake only records. A review of eight publications showed that laboratories using awake only as routine EEG recordings report a relatively low prevalence of epileptiform discharges, whereas the higher prevalence of epileptiform discharges is seen in those with more prolonged sleep recordings. We have determined that sleep deprivation and sleep are essential to rule out an abnormal EEG in attention deficit disorder. In patients with attention deficit disorder complicated by epilepsy, stimulant therapy is generally safe, provided seizures are controlled by antiepileptic medication. Patients with epilepsy or subclinical electrographic abnormalities not treated with anticonvulsants are at increased risk of seizures when stimulant therapy is introduced, especially extended-release methylphenidate. Apart from an increase in risk of seizures and need for caution in use of stimulants, studies show that epileptiform discharges in the electroencephalogram are linked to a better response of attention deficit to methylphenidate and a higher cognitive performance. Transient cognitive impairment related to subclinical electrographic abnormalities responds to antiepileptic medication. An EEG is important in selected cases of attention deficit disorder and is useful in choice of medication, especially in children with lack of awareness and transient cognitive impairment.
Genomic structure and expression of the mouse ESET gene encoding an ERG-associated histone methyltransferase with a SET domain.

ESET (ERG-associated protein with a SET domain, also called SETDB1) is a novel histone methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of histone H3-lysine 9 (H3-K9). Here we describe the genomic structure and expression of the mouse ESET gene that gives rise to ESET protein and its alternative splicing product. ESET is a 36-kb single copy gene and full-length ESET transcript consisting of 22 exons. The splicing variant retains only the first 12 exons and thus lacks sequences encoding the methyl CpG-binding domain and the catalytic SET domain. The U2 type conserved GT/AG consensus sequence is present at all of the splicing junctions within the ESET gene. The transcription initiation site of the ESET gene was determined by 5′-RACE experiment and by primer extension. The 5′-flanking sequence of the ESET gene does not contain the consensus TATA box. Instead, this ESET promoter region has features such as SP1-binding sites that are typical of housekeeping genes. The ESET promoter was functionally active when tested in transfection and luciferase assay. Full-length ESET transcript appears to be ubiquitously expressed. While the SET domain-deficient splicing variant is present in immortalized cell lines, it is undetectable by RT-PCR in the majority of normal mouse tissues.
Role of immunotherapy in the treatment of bladder and renal cell carcinoma.

Much remains to be learned about the immune response in human neoplasia both in a phenomenological sense and in its therapeutic possibilities. Recruitment of immune response mechanisms in the defense against cancer development and in the cure of advanced disease, though theoretically sound, remains to be proven in demonstration of both its phenomenological and clinical efficacy The most important steps in this regard will require an analysis of those mechanisms that may truly be active in human cancer. Their enhancement and effective delivery to various tumor sites, then reliable monitoring, and proof of their efficacy will be necessary to accomplish before any conclusive statement can be made as to the usefulness of immunotherapy in the treatment of genitourinary neoplasia and of human cancer in general.
Verificationists Versus Realists: The Battle Over Knowability

Verificationism is the doctrine stating that all truths are knowable. Fitch’s knowability paradox, however, demonstrates that the verificationist claim (all truths are knowable) leads to “epistemic collapse”, i.e., everything which is true is (actually) known. The aim of this article is to investigate whether or not verificationism can be saved from the effects of Fitch’s paradox. First, I will examine different strategies used to resolve Fitch’s paradox, such as Edgington’s and Kvanvig’s modal strategy, Dummett’s and Tennant’s restriction strategy, Beall’s paraconsistent strategy, and Williamson’s intuitionistic strategy. After considering these strategies I will propose a solution that remains within the scope of classical logic. This solution is based on the introduction of a truth operator. Though this solution avoids the shortcomings of the non-standard (intuitionistic) solution, it has its own problems. Truth, on this approach, is not closed under the rule of conjunction-introduction. I will conclude that verificationism is defensible, though only at a rather great expense.
A Groundwater Exposure Assessment. for Cloransulam-Methyl in the U.S. Soybean Market

A study was conducted to examine the leaching potential for cloransulam-methyl, a new soybean herbicide, in the U.S. soybean market. Expected environmental concentrations (EECs) of cloransulam-methyl in groundwater were simulated in 60 soils in the use area using the PRZM2 model executed within the PATRIOT shell using conservative soil, weather, and chemical inputs. Modeling results suggested that cloransulam-methyl is potentially mobile in coarse-textured soils with <1.5% organic matter (OM) and not mobile in finer-textured soils. The maximum predicted EEC in groundwater for the most vulnerable soil modeled was 2.7 μg L -1 (ppb), more than two orders of magnitude below the USEPA defined health level of 1000 μg L -1 , based on toxicological data. Comparison of EEC distributions in groundwater and EC 25 distributions for nontarget terrestrial plants obtained from conservative Tier 2 phytotoxicity studies suggest adequate safety, if shallow groundwater was used as a source of irrigation water on nontarget terrestrial plants. A GIS assessment of coarse textured soils with OM <1.5% and GW <1.83 m deep showed that <2, 3, and 1% of the soils in any given state in the Midwest, Eastern, or Southern soybean markets, respectively, contained soils meeting those criteria for vulnerability (based on modeling). Results of this modeling and exposure assessment are consistent with the rapid dissipation and low mobility of cloransulam-methyl observed in four terrestrial field dissipation studies conducted in the U.S. soybean market, and suggest that potential mobility of cloransulam-methyl should have no significant environmental impact.
New isomers of scandium-50 and indium-120; γ-rays in lutecium-178 decay☆

Abstract In the course of a systematic study of fast neutron activation cross-sections utilizing the Arkansas 400 kV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, several new radioactive species have been identified and γ-rays assigned in the decay of others. In addition, several unidentified new radioactivities have been observed, but not studied further. What follows below is a summary of all our available new information on these activities.
Noninvasive estimation of the left ventricular pressure waveform throughout ejection in young patients with aortic stenosis

Validation of a totally noninvasive method for estimating instantaneous left ventricular pressure and constructing a pressure waveform throughout ejection in patients with aortic stenosis is reported. In 20 patients (aged 8.75 +/- 10 years) with congenital aortic stenosis (measured peak left ventricular pressure 120 to 260 mm Hg; transvalvular gradient 18 to 165 mm Hg), transaortic valve continuous wave Doppler ultrasound, indirect carotid pulse tracing, peripheral blood pressure and measured left ventricular pressure were recorded simultaneously at cardiac catheterization. Data were entered into a microcomputer using a digitizing tablet and the instantaneous Doppler gradient was calculated and added to instantaneous aortic pressure, derived from the time-corrected and calibrated carotid pulse tracing, to estimate instantaneous left ventricular pressure. Estimated left ventricular pressure waveforms reproduced measured left ventricular pressure closely. The mean error at peak left ventricular pressure was 0.2 +/- 4.8 mm Hg (r = 0.98, p = 0.001). The average error throughout ejection was 0.9 +/- 5.1 mm Hg. The error of estimated pressure was not related to age or the severity of aortic stenosis. The Doppler peak instantaneous gradient was observed to correlate closely (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) with peak to peak gradient. With this technique, the left ventricular pressure waveform throughout ejection can be accurately estimated noninvasively in patients with aortic stenosis. This methodology enables determination of mean, total and instantaneous systolic left ventricular pressure.
Inclusion of the rate of manifold outgassing in the vacuum pumping equation

Abstract Details are presented of a calculation aimed at an optimization of the dimensions of a high vacuum pumping manifold. Not only the usual pumping speeds but also the effects of manifold outgassing are included in the calculation. Although the details shown are applicable only to the manifold under consideration, the techniques demonstrated can be used in the design of any sort of vacuum manifold in which the outgassing of the manifold plays a significant part in the pumpdown cycle of the apparatus