cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State of the Art on Wearable and Implantable Devices for Cardiac and Respiratory Monitoring

Ambulatory monitoring devices are enabling a new paradigm of healthcare by continuously collecting, processing, and interpreting long-term data aiming to provide reliable clinical diagnoses. These devices are becoming increasingly popular, both among healthcare practitioners and patients, for long-term continuous monitoring of cardiac diseases. Advancements in the fields of hardware technologies and software algorithms have enabled solutions that are both affordable and reliable, allowing monitoring of vulnerable populations from the comfort of their homes. These devices provide early detection of important physiological events, providing patients with timely alerts to seek medical attention. In this chapter, we aim to summarize recent developments and challenges in the area of ambulatory and remote monitoring solutions for cardiac and respiratory diagnostics. We present solutions based on wearable devices, smartphones/tablets, as well as implantable sensors. Finally, we present an overview of the limitations of current technologies, their effectiveness, and adoption by the general population, and we discuss some of the recently proposed methods that may help overcome those challenges.
Neuronal fragile X mental retardation protein activates glial insulin receptor mediated PDF-Tri neuron developmental clearance

Glia engulf and phagocytose neurons during neural circuit developmental remodeling. Disrupting this pruning process contributes to Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a leading cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder in mammals. Utilizing a Drosophila FXS model central brain circuit, we identify two glial classes responsible for Draper-dependent elimination of developmentally transient PDF-Tri neurons. We find that neuronal Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) drives insulin receptor activation in glia, promotes glial Draper engulfment receptor expression, and negatively regulates membrane-molding ESCRT-III Shrub function during PDF-Tri neuron clearance during neurodevelopment in Drosophila. In this context, we demonstrate genetic interactions between FMRP and insulin receptor signaling, FMRP and Draper, and FMRP and Shrub in PDF-Tri neuron elimination. We show that FMRP is required within neurons, not glia, for glial engulfment, indicating FMRP-dependent neuron-to-glia signaling mediates neuronal clearance. We conclude neuronal FMRP drives glial insulin receptor activation to facilitate Draper- and Shrub-dependent neuronal clearance during neurodevelopment in Drosophila. Glia are involved in remodelling of neural circuits during development. Here, the authors show that FMRP is required within neurons to activate glial insulin receptor to facilitate Draper- and Shrub-dependent neuronal clearance during neurodevelopment in Drosophila.
Spontaneous resolution rates in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction managed with massage or topical antibiotics compared with observation alone.

BACKGROUND/AIMS To determine if nasolacrimal massage or topical antibiotics are associated with higher rates of resolution compared with observation alone in a population-based cohort of infants with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). METHODS The medical records of all children <5 years diagnosed with CNLDO while residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1 January 1995 through 31 December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed for type of management and non-surgical resolution of tearing. RESULTS Among 1958 infants diagnosed and followed for CNLDO, 516 (26.4%) were merely observed, 506 (25.8%) were prescribed massage alone, 485 (24.8%) were prescribed at least one course of topical antibiotics, 397 (20.3%) were prescribed both topical antibiotics and massage, and 54 (2.8%) had no documented therapy. Non-surgical resolution, occurring in 1669 (85.2%) during a median follow-up of 3.1 months (range: 1 week-248 months), was 74.6% for the merely observed, 89.7% for those prescribed digital massage, 87.0% for those prescribed antibiotics and 90.7% for those treated with both. This comparison was significant in unadjusted (p<0.001) and multivariable comparisons (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Prescribing topical antibiotics or digital massage for infants with CNLDO in this cohort, individually or in combination, was associated with a higher rate of spontaneous resolution than observation alone.
A Practical Approach to Filtering Facepiece Respirator Decontamination and Reuse: Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation.

Prior outbreaks of respiratory viruses have demonstrated the need for adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers, particularly filtering facepiece respirators (FFR). Due to shortfalls of PPE during the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, the need for FFR decontamination and reuse (FFR-DR) strategies is paramount. This paper aims to discuss primary decontamination strategies, with an in-depth analysis of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), arriving at the decontamination strategy utilized at the Nebraska Medical Center (NMC). Review of the primary literature in regard to FFR-DR as well as a synopsis of the current protocol for FFR-DR at NMC. UVGI demonstrates effective decontamination of multiple pathogens—including several human respiratory viruses—while maintaining mask integrity and filtering capacity. UVGI was associated with degradation of strap integrity at higher doses than that utilized for decontamination or with reuse beyond 20 times. UVGI effectively decontaminates N95 FFRs without significant reduction to fit or strap integrity and can be employed as a strategy for FFR-DR in times of emergency.
Virtually Serving the Underserved: Resident Perceptions of Telemedicine Use While Training During Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Background: To adapt during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a large safety-net hospital in Atlanta, Georgia and other hospitals across the United Sates, increased telemedicine (TM) for outpatient visits. The impact on resident physicians, including minority providers, had not yet been reported. We aimed to assess how primary care residents perceived increased TM in clinics during the pandemic, and assess resident burnout. Materials and Methods: An online survey was sent to 60 internal medicine (IM) and 18 family medicine (FM) residents who used TM to treat underserved patients, from March to May 2020, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire included questions on resident demographics, satisfaction with TM, screening capability for COVID-19, effectiveness for patient education on COVID-19, impact on patient interactions and time management. Burnout was assessed with the Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: A majority (62 of 78) eligible residents (79.5%) responded to the survey. Ninety-one percent of residents agreed that TM was a secure alternative to face-to-face encounters. Seventy-nine percent used it to screen for signs/symptoms of COVID-19 and 93% provided patient education on COVID-19. Average visit length decreased by 10-20 min with TM. Post-TM, scores for overall burnout were decreased (p = 0.0003) and less residents in total exhibited burnout (p = 0.0156). Discussion and Conclusions: IM and FM residents viewed TM as an efficient way to screen for and provide education on COVID-19, as well as a secure alternative to face-to-face encounters. With increased used of TM during COVID-19, there was decreased burnout among primary care residents.
A polarizability driven ab initio molecular dynamics approach to stimulating Raman activity: Application to C 20

We describe a novel variant of the driven molecular dynamics (DMD) method derived for probing Raman active vibrations. The method is an extension of the conventional μ-DMD formulation for simulatin...
Finite-Length Timelike Paths and Kalām Cosmological Argument

Suppose one accepts the argument that past infinity is not acceptable. This does not eliminate the possibility that the beginning of time is not equivalent across objects. Along with breakdown of absolute simultaneity of events in relativity, there may even be no agreement on whether an event existed. There may be no consistent way to totally order events. In such a case, despite every object, conscious or not, having finite lifetime, there may be no single point called “the beginning,” and the universe stays as it is without requiring a cause of existence.
Differences in thermal expansion and motion ability for herringbone and face-to-face π-stacked solids

A series of aromatic organic molecules functionalized with different halogen atoms (I/ Br), motion-capable groups (olefin, azo or imine) and molecular length were designed and synthesized. The molecules self-assemble in the solid state through halogen bonding and exhibit molecular packing sustained by either herringbone or face-to-face π-stacking, two common motifs in organic semiconductor molecules. Interestingly, dynamic pedal motion is only achieved in solids with herringbone packing. On average, solids with herringbone packing exhibit larger thermal expansion within the halogen-bonded sheets due to motion occurrence and molecular twisting, whereas molecules with face-to-face π-stacking do not undergo motion or twisting. Thermal expansion along the π-stacked direction is surprisingly similar, but slightly larger for the face-to-face π-stacked solids due to larger changes in π-stacking distances with temperature changes. The results speak to the importance of crystal packing and intermolecular interaction strength when designing aromatic-based solids for organic electronics applications.
Bacterial populations in replicate marine enrichment cultures: assessing variability in abundance using 16S rRNA-based probes

Most studies of marine bacterial communities focus on functional attributes of the community, rather than on population or community structure, at least in part, because of the difficulty in enumerating individual species within complex communities. Here, we describe a study in which populations of three bacterial species were followed over time in replicate marine enrichment cultures using 16S rRNA-based oligonucleotide probes. Three identical enrichment microcosms were established with lignin-rich pulp mill waste as a sole carbon source, inoculated with coastal seawater, and transferred at two-week intervals. Population levels were assessed throughout a six-week period using species-specific 16S rRNA-based oligonucleotide probes directed toward three bacterial species that were numerically important (and culturable) members of the enrichments. Substantial differences in the population levels of each bacterial species were found among the triplicate incubations, despite the fact that the enrichments were inoculated and treated identically. Stochastic differences in the composition of the inoculum and/or ecological interactions within the enrichment replicates may have been important in determining final population levels. Functional ability, assessed as rates of degradation of a synthetic lignin preparation, were fairly similar among the three replicate enrichments (within 70%), despite the substantial differences in population levels of the representative lignin-degrading species.
Multilevel Models of Commute Times for Men and Women

The commuting time discrepancy between men and women is known as the commuting time gender gap. Empirical evidence for the gender gap seems to be conclusive. However, recent research on commuting times in San Francisco (Gossen and Purvis 2005) and Philadelphia (Weinberger 2007) suggests that the gender gap is less ubiquitous than previously thought. To test whether or not the attenuation of the gender gap is idiosyncratic to single-city analyses of commuting times, national data is used to specify three statistical models of private-vehicle commuting times for men-only, women-only, and pooled men–women subsamples from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). The first goal of this chapter is to ascertain what personal characteristics of men and women and what locational characteristics of cities have the greatest affect on private-vehicle commuting times. The second goal of this chapter is to ascertain how much of the variation in commuting times for men and women originates within cities and how much originates between cities.
Water Allocation, Climate Change, and Sustainable Peace The Israeli Proposal

Abstract Israeli-Palestinian joint water management strategies fail to account for increased water demand caused by increasing populations and potential decreases in water availability due to climate change. This study examines the impacts of population growth and climate change on the water supplies of Israelis and Palestinians under “business-as-usual” conditions as well as under the Israeli-proposed water resources division discussed in meetings parallel to those at Camp David in 2000. The analysis establishes renewable water resources by source in Israel/Palestine and presents the current sectoral trends in water consumption. From this baseline, eight scenarios are developed that describe conditions in 2000 and 2025. Several indicators are used to measure the positive and negative effects of these conditions. The indicators show that population growth and climate change will negate many of the benefits of the water resources division proposed in 2000. Furthermore, the indicators reveal extreme water r...
The Absorption Spectrum of UOCl2 in Molten Chloride Salts

Abstract The absorption spectrum of UOCl2 in molten KCl-MgCl2 salts has been measured and compared with that of the related UCl4 spectrum at temperatures up to 932°C and melt compositions of 60–40, 34–66, and 0–100 mol %, respectively, KCl-MgCl2. The species UOCl2 is an important intermediate in the conversion of UO2 to UCl4 and its spectrum provides a means of monitoring the reaction, and other similar reactions, in situ. The solubility of UOCl2 has been determined from absorption spectra and has been found to be 10 to 25 times higher than reported earlier with mole fractions as high as 0.0019 in pure MgCl2 at 932°C.
Interactions of backfill materials with cesium in a bittern brine under repository conditions

The following potential backfill materials have been studied: phillipsite, clinoptilolite, mordenite, montmorillonites, vermiculites, chlorite, kaolinite, labradorite, and shales. Each of these was hydrothermally reacted with Cs/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/, a possible cesium phase in spent fuel elements, in the presence of a bittern brine at 200/sup 0/C for two months under a confining pressure of 300 bars. Analyses of the product solutions indicated that montmorillonites, vermiculites, and zeolites fixed (as determined by resistance to K+ washing) the greatest fractions of the added cesium while other minerals, labradorite, and shales fixed only about 10% of the added cesium. For example, montmorillonite from Arizona and phillipsite from California fixed 47 and 50%, respectively, of the cesium added. X-ray diffraction analysis of the solid products revealed that cesium was fixed in the interlayers of montmorillonite as indicated by the collapse of the c-spacing from 15.5 to 12.1 A. Cesium interaction with clinoptilolite and mordenite zeolites did not result in their alteration or in any new cesium minerals as observed by x-ray diffraction. The cesium aluminosilicate mineral, pollucite, was detected only with phillipsite-cesium interactions in brine unlike in the hydrothermal interaction of these materials with Cs/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/ in deionized water where the presence ofmore » pollucite was found earlier to be pervasive. Powellite, CaMoO/sub 4/, was the only new phase found in all these interactions by x-ray diffraction which resulted from the combination of calcium from brine with molybdenum from Cs/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/. Montmorillonites among clay minerals and zeolites such as clinoptilolite and mordenite seem to be the best backfill materials in salt.« less
Aging our Way: Lessons for Living From 85 and Beyond, by Meika Loe

Aging Our Way: Lessons for Living From 85 and Beyond is a delightful book written by a sociologist/professor. It reads like a warm, “curl up by the fire” novel. This very pleasantly detailed book i...
Tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane protein from Pseudomonas solanacearum.

Abstract We have investigated a tyrosine kinase activity from Pseudomonas solanacearum, an economically important plant pathogen. In vitro incubation of membrane fractions with [gamma-32P]ATP and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an 85-kDa phosphoprotein. Phosphorylation of this protein on tyrosine residues was demonstrated by phosphoamino acid analysis of base hydrolysis products and by immunoanalysis of Western blots (immunoblots) with antiphosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody. In vitro incubation of membranes with ATP was not required for recognition by the antibody, indicating that the 85-kDa protein is phosphorylated in vivo. These results demonstrate that membranes from P. solanacearum exhibit a tyrosine kinase activity toward an endogenous membrane protein. This bacterium provides an opportunity to study the structure and function of a prokaryotic tyrosine kinase.
The synthesis of several para-substituted tropanyl benzoates

The synthesis of the p-methyl-, p-methoxy-, p-t-butyl-, p-phenyl-, p-cyano-, p-bromo-, p-chloro-and p-nitrobenzoate esters of tropine are reported. These compounds were characterized by their hmr, ir, mass spectra and analytical data.
Dispersion characteristics of open microstrip transmission lines printed on biaxially anisotropic substrates

The dyadic Green's function for an open single microstrip line and a coupled stripline, printed on a homogeneous anisotropic substrate characterized by both its biaxial permittivity and permeability tensors, is rigorously formulated in the Fourier-transformed domain. The dispersion properties of these transmission lines are examined for different material parameters and several sizes of the geometry. The numerical results show that the addition of the magnetic anisotropy to the substrate material has a significant influence on the propagation characteristics of the microstrip transmission line.
A Bayesian semiparametric model for bivariate sparse longitudinal data

Mixed-effects models have recently become popular for analyzing sparse longitudinal data that arise naturally in biological, agricultural and biomedical studies. Traditional approaches assume independent residuals over time and explain the longitudinal dependence by random effects. However, when bivariate or multivariate traits are measured longitudinally, this fundamental assumption is likely to be violated because of intertrait dependence over time. We provide a more general framework where the dependence of the observations from the same subject over time is not assumed to be explained completely by the random effects of the model. We propose a novel, mixed model-based approach and estimate the error–covariance structure nonparametrically under a generalized linear model framework. We use penalized splines to model the general effect of time, and we consider a Dirichlet process mixture of normal prior for the random-effects distribution. We analyze blood pressure data from the Framingham Heart Study where body mass index, gender and time are treated as covariates. We compare our method with traditional methods including parametric modeling of the random effects and independent residual errors over time. We conduct extensive simulation studies to investigate the practical usefulness of the proposed method. The current approach is very helpful in analyzing bivariate irregular longitudinal traits. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment and Treatment of Pain Associated with Combat‐Related Polytrauma

Due to the high rates of blast injuries sustained during operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the number of soldiers returning with massive and multiple wounds is unprecedented. While casualty survival rates have improved dramatically, the extent and impact of these wounds on soldiers' functioning pose unique challenges for their rehabilitation. Pain is highly prevalent in these individuals with polytrauma injuries and is a source of suffering, as well as an impediment to rehabilitation. However, there are a number of obstacles to effective pain treatment in this group of war-injured, including their multiple and severe injuries, the high prevalence of brain injuries, cognitive impairments and emotional distress, the prolonged and intensive rehabilitation process, and the frequent need for repeated follow-up surgeries. As a result, we believe that a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to pain treatment is required. In this article we describe the model of pain care that has evolved at the Tampa Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center, which incorporates medical, rehabilitative, cognitive-behavioral, and interventional treatments targeting pain intensity as well as pain-related impairments and coping. We include a case study illustrating some key aspects of our approach.
Global Wellposedness in the Energy Space for the Maxwell-Schrödinger System

We prove that the Maxwell-Schrodinger system in \({\mathbb{R}^{3+1}}\) is globally well-posed in the energy space. The key element of the proof is to obtain a short time wave packet parametrix for the magnetic Schrodinger equation, which leads to linear, bilinear and trilinear estimates. These, in turn, are extended to larger time scales via a bootstrap argument.
Innervation of crab-eating monkey trachealis muscle determined in vitro

Abstract Strips of smooth muscle from the cervical trachease of six adult male crab-eating monkeys (Macca fascicularis) were studied in jacketed 25 ml organ baths filled with Krebs-bicarbonate solution maintained at 37°C and gassed with 5% CO2 in oxygen. Isometric tissue tension increased in response to electrical fild stimulation (18 V, 25 Hz, 0.5 msec), norepinephrine in the presence of propranolol, acethylcholine and histamine. Atropine abolished the contractile response to electrical stimulation. Tissues that were contracted with acetylcholine or pretreated with atropine then contracted with histamine relaxed when stimulated electrically. The relaxation was unaffected by propranolol but was abolished by tetrodotoxin. Isoproterenol relaxed tissues that were contracted with histamine, but failed to relax histamine-contracted tissues that had been pretreated with propranolol. Norepinephrine did not change isometric tension on untreated tissues or tissues pretreated with phentolamine. These results demonstrate the presence of excitatory and inhibitory nerves and noninnervated β-adrenergic receptors in macaque trachealis. The excitatory nerves appear to be cholinergic. The inhibitory response to electrical stimulation is not mediated through muscarinic cholinergic or β-adrenergic receptors. The inhibitory response to electrical field stimulation was likely mediated through nonadrenergic noncholinergic nerves.
(Arene)Cr(CO) 3 Complexes: Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution

Transition metals coordinated to the pi system of arenes function as strong electron-withdrawing groups and favor nucleophilic addition to the arene to give cyclohexadienyl-metal complexes. The regioselectivity of addition is influenced in subtle and indirect ways, compared to the powerful effect on both reactivity and regioselectivity of electron-withdrawing groups attached to the sigma bond system of the arene. The intermediate cyclohexadienyl complexes can be processed in several ways, leading to several distinct synthesis methods. Useful reactivity is known for several metal systems and each is discussed for specific reaction types. The presence of a fluoro or chloro substituent on the arene allows an effective analog of classical SNAr reactivity, with a wide range of nucleophiles including simple amines, alkoxides, and carbon anions. Another general process is the addition/protonation protocol, where a hydrogen substituent on the arene is replaced by a nucleophile. This opens new questions of regioselectivity since the typical arene ligand has several hydrogens which are candidates for substitution. The formation of five- and six-membered rings by both general mechanisms are known. Less general indirect mechanisms (e.g., tele substitution) have also been defined.
Gonococcal chorioamnionitis associated with sepsis: A case report

We present a case of gonococcal chorioamnionitis in a patient with intact membranes, which has not been previously reported. Evidence suggests that the spread of bacteria was transplacental.
Characterization of Neuronal Protein Phosphatases in Aplysia californica

Biochemical properties of neuronal protein phosphatases from Aplysia californica were characterized. Dephosphorylation of phosphorylase alpha by extracts of abdominal ganglia and clusters of sensory neurons from pleural ganglia was demonstrated. Type-1 protein phosphatase (PrP-1) was identified in these extracts by the dephosphorylation of the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase and its inhibition by the protein, inhibitor-2. Type-2A protein phosphatase (PrP-2A) was demonstrated by the dephosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of phosphorylase kinase, which was insensitive to inhibitor-2. As in vertebrate tissues, only four enzymes, PrP-1 (47%), PrP-2A (42%), PrP-2B (11%), and PrP-2C (less than 1%), accounted for all the cellular protein phosphatase activity dephosphorylating phosphorylase kinase. Aplysia PrP-1 and PrP-2A were potently inhibited by okadaic acid, with PrP-1 being approximately 20-fold more sensitive than PrP-2A. By comparison, purified PrP-2A from rabbit skeletal muscle was 15- to 20-fold more sensitive to okadaic acid than PrP-1 from the same source. Only PrP-1 was associated with the particulate fractions from Aplysia neurons, whereas PrP-1 and PrP-2A, -2B, and -2C were all present in the cytosol. Extraction of the particulate PrP-1 decreased its sensitivity to okadaic acid by sixfold, suggesting that cellular factor(s) affect its sensitivity to this inhibitor. In most respects, protein phosphatases from Aplysia neurons resemble their mammalian counterparts, and their biochemical characterization sets the stage for examining the role of these enzymes in neuronal plasticity, and in learning and memory.
Depositional history of the Lagniappe Delta, northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf is characterized by superimposing deltas. One such delta, informally named Lagniappe, extends east of the Mississippi Delta from mid-shelf to the continental slope. This late Wisconsinan delta is adjacent to, but not associated with the Mississippi Delta complex: the fluvial source was probably the ancient Pearl and/or Mobile Rivers. The fluvially dominated Lagniappe Delta is characterized by complex sigmoid-oblique seismic-reflection patterns, indicating delta switching of high-energy sand-prone facies to low-energy facies. The areal distribution and sediment thickness of the delta were partially controlled by two diapirs.
COULOMETRIC TITRATION OF MICROGRAM AMOUNTS OF AMERICIUM AT THE CONDUCTING GLASS ELECTRODE.

Coulograms of Am(III) in carbonate electrolyte exhibit a well-defined wave for the Am(III)-Am(V) oxidation step at the conduction glass electrode. This wave provides the basis of a method for the quantitative titration of this element at the 30-microgram level with a precision of 1.5 percent. The method is restricted to pure solutions; corrections are required for the partial oxidation of Am(V) to Am(VI) and the reduction of Am(VI) by water.
Mitigating malicious interference via subcarrier-level radio agility in wireless networks

Malicious interference injection or jamming is one of the simplest ways to disrupt wireless communications. Prior approaches can alleviate jamming interference to a limited extent; they are especially vulnerable to a reactive jammer i.e., a jammer that injects noise upon sensing a legitimate transmission or wideband jamming. In this paper, we leverage the inherent features of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) to cope with such attacks. Specifically, via extensive experiments, we observe that the jamming signal experiences differing levels of fading across the composite sub-carriers in its transmission bandwidth. Thus, if the legitimate transmitter were to somehow exploit the relatively unaffected sub-carriers to transmit data to the receiver, it could achieve reasonable throughputs, even in the presence of the active jammer. We design and implement JIMS, a Jamming Interference Mitigation Scheme that exploits the above characteristic by overcoming key practical challenges. Via extensive testbed experiments and simulations we show that JIMS achieves a throughput restoration of up to 75% in the presence of an active jammer.
Combined Resection of Liver and Lung Metastases for Colorectal Cancer

This article evaluates the available evidence for the efficacy of combined liver and lung metastasectomy. In addition, selection criteria identifying patients most likely to benefit from this approach are discussed. Surgery offers the only possibility for prolonged survival and is occasionally curative.
The relationship between crime and private security at US shopping centers

This paper uses self-report data from the 1993 National Shopping Center Security Survey to examine the growing problem of crime at shopping centers located in the United States. Security managers from 369 shopping centers provided data on crime incidents, private security measures, and numerous shopping center demographic measures. Data are analyzed via LISREL using bivariate regression modeling. Results show that there is no direct relationship between the private security measures at the shopping center and the occurrence of property, violent, or public order crimes on the premises. Instead, private security presence is shaped by the size of the shopping center. Direct effects were also found between the incidence of crime on the premises and the size of the shopping center and the presence of various “problematic” persons (i.e., gangs and loitering groups of youth). Possible implications for shopping center security are considered.
A product diffusion model incorporating repeat purchases

Abstract A logistic-based model for forecasting the rate of product diffusion given aggregate time series data was constructed. The model differs from earlier models based on fitting the logistic to aggregate data in that it includes a submodel to separate replacement demand from first-time sales. We fit the theoretical model to data and show that forecasts will be significantly more accurate using this model instead of the logistic curve.
The Color of Fear

This auto/ethnographic performance text is my critical response to Lee Mun Wah's documentary The Color of Fear. The film records one focus group's weekend long journey to face their fears regarding racism and sexism. To create the piece, I watched the film with a group of students and noted lines of dialogue I wanted to include in my response. I share it in the hope that it will inspire more people to begin to face their own fears around issues of race and gender.
Global spline collocation in the simulation of electrochemical diffusion equations

Abstract A new and efficient spline collocation technique is described for the simulation of parabolic differential equations. The method is shown to be highly accurate and fast when coupled with appropriate integration techniques. Applications to the spectroelectrochemical absorbance response are given. Discretized equations for several mechanisms are tabulated.
Why reforms fail

Police reform is risky and hard, and efforts to innovate in policing often fall short of expectations. This chapter examines sources of resistance to change in policing. Some are internal, including opposition to reform at virtually all levels of the organization and among special units. The position of unions vis-a-vis change is highly variable, particularly if proposals do not threaten working conditions and officer safety. Politicians and other potential opponents of change lurk in the vicinity of policing, and reformers need to bring them into the process as well. The public must understand how the investment they have in policing will be enhanced, and not threatened, by reform. If new strategies require the cooperation of other service agencies (as, for example, for problem-solving policing) the heads of those bureaucracies must understand they are partners in their city's program, not victims of empire building by the police. At the top, city leaders must match the commitment of chiefs and other pol...
Components for optical communications systems: A review

Current trends in research and development of components for optical communication are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on active components for fiber-optic systems which have undergone recent major advances. Basic properties of optical fibers and recent technological improvements in splices, connectors, and source/detector-fiber couplers are presented first. This background information serves as a basis for describing recent developments in optical sources (e.g., device reliability, LED's and laser diodes) and photodetectors. Developments in both the 0.8-0.9-µm and 1.0-1.7-µm wavelength regions are covered. Also surveyed are results of research in areas of potential interest for optical communications: novel fiber-optic components, integrated optics (sources and modulators/switches), novel device fabrication methods, and integration of optical components.
Health education: results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006.

Background: School health education can effectively help reduce the prevalence of health-risk behaviors among students and have a positive influence on students’ academic performance. This article describes the characteristics of school health education policies and programs in the United States at the state, district, school, and classroom levels. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducts the School Health Policies and Programs Study every 6 years. In 2006, computer-assisted telephone interviews or self-administered mail questionnaires were completed by state education agency personnel in all 50 states plus the District of Columbia and among a nationally representative sample of districts (n = 459). Computer-assisted personal interviews were conducted with personnel in a nationally representative sample of elementary, middle, and high schools (n = 920) and with a nationally representative sample of teachers of classes covering required health instruction in elementary schools and required health education courses in middle and high schools (n = 912). Results: Most states and districts had adopted a policy stating that schools will teach at least 1 of the 14 health topics, and nearly all schools required students to receive instruction on at least 1 of these topics. However, only 6.4% of elementary schools, 20.6% of middle schools, and 35.8% of high schools required instruction on all 14 topics. In support of schools, most states and districts offered staff development for those who teach health education, although the percentage of teachers of required health instruction receiving staff development was low. Conclusions: Health education has the potential to help students maintain and improve their health, prevent disease, and reduce health-related risk behaviors. However, despite signs of progress, this potential is not being fully realized, particularly at the school level.
Aneurysmal bone cysts express vascular markers.

Abstract Recently, clonal chromosome abnormalities have been identified in the mural spindle cells in aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs), but the nature of the cystic spaces is unclear. Endothelial injury has been suggested as a mechanism of aneurysmal formation in these lesions, but few studies have surveyed vascular markers in ABCs. We stained 25 primary aneurysmal bone cysts with a variety of antibodies that stain vessels. Antibody to factor 8 stained the edge of ABC cavities in almost all cases, and antibodies to VEGF-C, GLUT-1, and smooth muscle actin stained the edge of the cavities in approximately half the cases. Antibodies to D2–40 and CD34 also stained the edge of the cavities in some cases. These results suggest that the cavities in ABCs are related to vasculature and support the theory that vascular injury may be important in the pathogenesis of ABCs.
Increased Tumor Oxygenation and Radiation Sensitivity in two Rat Tumors by A Hemoglobin-Based, Oxygen-Carrying Preparation

The rat 13762 mammary carcinoma and the rat 9L gliosarcoma were grown subcutaneously in a hind limb of female, Fisher 344 rats. The oxygen content of the tumors was determined using an Eppendorf pO2 histograph. Fifty-to-sixty oxygen measurements were made per tumor and there were 8-to-10 animals per group. The percent of pO2 readings ≤ 5 mmHg in the mammary carcinoma was 49%, this was decreased to 34% by administration of the hemoglobin preparation (8 ml/kg) and further decreased to 29% when carbogen (95% O2/5% CO2) breathing was added to administration of the hemoglobin preparation. The percent of pO2 readings ≤ 5 mmHg in the gliosarcoma was 49%, this was decreased to 24% by administration of the hemoglobin preparation and further decreased to 0% when carbogen breathing was added to administration of the hemoglobin preparation. Therapeutic response was assessed over a single-dose range of radiation therapy (10, 20 and 30 Gray). The dose modifying factor produced by the hemoglobin preparation/air was 1.6 ...
The Diary of Mary Oakley Bartine

MA R Y B A R T I N E ' s brief but lively account, written between February 24 and March 9, 1897, bridges the gap between the cultural expectations of young women of the mid-Victorian era and of our own time. As Mary enters adulthood at the beginning of the twentieth century, she is neither a dependent Victorian nor a liberated woman of our day; her experiences illustrate the continuing influence of the past along with the mitigating changes effected by the passage of time. But these considerations are not the immediate concern of the adolescent daughter of John and Margaret Bartine, who lived in the New Jersey town of Somerville in what she describes as "comfortable circumstances." Mary's diary portrays a strong involvement with school, church, a closely knit coterie of female friends, parties, and a young man named Alex—although not necessarily in that order. With a diffidence common to women who were not encouraged to be active in public life or to have their thoughts appear in print, Mary begins her essay with an apologia for its existence, and a consideration of her present status. But within these mannered and obviously polished paragraphs which disclaim any literary pretensions there lurks an expectation that it could be read by someone in the distant future:
In vivo molecular imaging.

The relatively young field of molecular imaging is focused on the visualization of molecular phenotypes in whole organisms. This is achieved using imaging systems based on radionuclides, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, or the visible-IR region of the optical spectrum. Molecularly defined contrast in these modalities is generated by exogenous probes of the endogenous proteome, or through transgenes. Examples of exogenous probes include those that are transported and trapped (glucose, nucleoside analogs), those directed against extracellular receptors (somatostatin, opioid, melanotropin), and those activated by extracellular proteases. Transgenes that have been used in molecular imaging include the above receptors, non-mammalian enzymes that trap pro-drugs (HSV-tk, yeast CD), and optical reporter proteins (luciferase, fluorescent proteins). Cutting edge technologies in this field include in vivo assays for protein-protein interactions, and in vivo assays for mRNA expression patterns. The number of degrees of freedom in designing new agents is daunting, and advancements in this field will require a significant participation from molecular and cellular biochemists.
High-resolution anamorphic SPECT imaging

We have developed a gamma-ray imaging system that combines a high-resolution silicon detector with two sets of movable, half-keel-edged copper-tungsten blades configured as crossed slits. These apertures can be positioned independently between the object and detector, producing an anamorphic image in which the axial and transaxial magnifications are not constrained to be equal. The detector is a $60~\hbox{mm}\times 60~\hbox{mm}$ , one-millimeter-thick, one-megapixel silicon double-sided strip detector with a strip pitch of $59~\mu \hbox{m}$ . The flexible nature of this system allows the application of adaptive imaging techniques. We present system details; calibration, acquisition, and reconstruction methods; and imaging results.
The Treponema pallidum tro Operon Encodes a Multiple Metal Transporter, a Zinc-dependent Transcriptional Repressor, and a Semi-autonomously Expressed Phosphoglycerate Mutase

The Treponema pallidum tro operon encodes an ABC transporter (TroABCD), a transcriptional repressor (TroR), and the essential glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (Gpm). The apparently discordant observations that the solute binding protein (TroA) binds Zn2+, whereas DNA binding by TroR in vitro is Mn2+-dependent, have generated uncertainty regarding the identities of the ligand(s) and co-repressor(s) of the permease. Moreover, this operonic structure suggests that Gpm expression, and hence glycolysis, the sole source of ATP for the bacterium, would be suspended during TroR-mediated repression. To resolve these discrepancies, we devised an experimental strategy permitting a more direct assessment of Tro operon function and regulation. We report that (i) apo-TroA has identical affinities for Zn2+ and Mn2+; (ii) the Tro transporter expressed in Escherichia coli imports Zn2+, Mn2+, and possibly iron; (iii) TroR represses transporter expression in E. coli at significantly lower concentrations of Zn2+ than of Mn2+; and (iv) TroR-mediated repression causes a disproportionately greater down-regulation of the transporter genes than of gpm. The much higher concentrations of Zn2+ than of Mn2+ in human body fluids suggests that Zn2+ is both the primary substrate and co-repressor of the permease in vivo. Our data also indicate that Gpm expression and, therefore, glycolysis would not be abrogated when T. pallidum encounters high Zn2+ levels.
Development of neurochemical and behavioral sensitivity to ethanol in long-sleep and short-sleep mice

Abstract The postnatal development of certain neurochemical correlates of CNS ethanol sensitivity was examined in the long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice. The differences in sensitivity to the motor-incoordinating and hypothermic effects of ethanol emerged during the second and third weeks of life. Prior studies have shown the sleep time differences between LS and SS mice became significant at 8–10 days of age whereas the present results established that the differences in ethanol-induced hypothermia became prominent at 12–16 days of age. Previous results from our laboratory suggested that the greater CNS ethanol behavioral sensitivity (sleep time and hypothermia) of LS mice is related to the greater ethanol-induced depression of brain monoamine synthesis in the LS line. The timing of the developmental changes in neurochemical ethanol sensitivity in LS and SS mice was found to parallel that found in the development of behavioral ethanol sensitivity as follows. Ethanol-induced decreases in in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and brain stem did not differ between LS and SS mice at postnatal day 8, but became substantially greater in LS mice between postnatal days 8 and 12, coincident with the appearance of the greater sleep times of LS mice. Likewise, ethanol-induced decreases in in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the dorsal raphe and hypothalamus, which were similar in LS and SS mice at postnatal days 8 and 12, became significantly greater in LS mice by postnatal day 16, the age at which their increased sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypothermia appeared. The coemergence during development of differences between LS and SS mice in behavioral (sleep time and hypothermia) and neurochemical (depression of monoamine synthetic activity) sensitivity to ethanol are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in the response of monoamine systems to ethanol in LS and SS contribute to their differential CNS ethanol sensitivity.
Mixmaster spacetime, Geroch's transformation, and constants of motion.

We show that for U(1)-symmetric spacetimes on ${\mathit{S}}^{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}R a constant of motion associated with the well known Geroch transformation, a functional K[${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}$], quadratic in gravitational momenta, is strictly positive in an open subset of the set of all U(1)-symmetric initial data, and therefore not weakly zero. The mixmaster initial data appear to be on the boundary of that set. We calculate the constant of motion perturbatively for the mixmaster spacetime and find it to be proportional to the minisuperspace Hamiltonian to the first order in the Misner anisotropy variables, i.e., weakly zero. Assuming that K is exactly zero for the mixmaster spacetime, we show that Geroch's transformation, when applied to the mixmaster spacetime, gives a new U(1)-symmetric solution of the vacuum Einstein equations, globally defined on ${\mathit{S}}^{2}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${\mathit{S}}^{1}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}R, which is nonhomogeneous and presumably exhibits mixmasterlike complicated dynamical behavior.
Using spatial multiple regression to identify intrinsic connectivity networks involved in working memory performance

Many researchers have noted that the functional architecture of the human brain is relatively invariant during task performance and the resting state. Indeed, intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) revealed by resting-state functional connectivity analyses are spatially similar to regions activated during cognitive tasks. This suggests that patterns of task-related activation in individual subjects may result from the engagement of one or more of these ICNs; however, this has not been tested. We used a novel analysis, spatial multiple regression, to test whether the patterns of activation during an N-back working memory task could be well described by a linear combination of ICNs delineated using Independent Components Analysis at rest. We found that across subjects, the cingulo-opercular Set Maintenance ICN, as well as right and left Frontoparietal Control ICNs, were reliably activated during working memory, while Default Mode and Visual ICNs were reliably deactivated. Further, involvement of Set Maintenance, Frontoparietal Control, and Dorsal Attention ICNs was sensitive to varying working memory load. Finally, the degree of left Frontoparietal Control network activation predicted response speed, while activation in both left Frontoparietal Control and Dorsal Attention networks predicted task accuracy. These results suggest that a close relationship between resting-state networks and task-evoked activation is functionally relevant for behavior, and that spatial multiple regression analysis is a suitable method for revealing that relationship.
Implicit timing activates the left inferior parietal cortex

Coull and Nobre (2008) suggested that tasks that employ temporal cues might be divided on the basis of whether these cues are explicitly or implicitly processed. Furthermore, they suggested that implicit timing preferentially engages the left cerebral hemisphere. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a quantitative meta-analysis of eleven neuroimaging studies of implicit timing using the activation-likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm (Turkeltaub, Eden, Jones, & Zeffiro, 2002). Our analysis revealed a single but robust cluster of activation-likelihood in the left inferior parietal cortex (supramarginal gyrus). This result is in accord with the hypothesis that the left hemisphere subserves implicit timing mechanisms. Furthermore, in conjunction with a previously reported meta-analysis of explicit timing tasks, our data support the claim that implicit and explicit timing are supported by at least partially distinct neural structures.