cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pulsed NMR Study of Ionic-Conduction Induced Flow Alignment in Nematic Liquid Crystals

Abstract Nematic liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropies align with the nematic director approximately parallel to a low frequency electric field due to the presence of ionic impurities. The movement of these ionic impurities produces shear in the medium. Theoretical expressions for hydrodynamic flow in the presence of shear predict that the nematic director will rotate to make a small angle with respect to the direction of shear flow. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques are used to determine both this “flow alignment angle” and to determine the molecular order and orientation as a function of time after the sudden application of an electric field.
A Pnictogen of Peculiar Posture

In 2001, Bridgeman et al. synthesized a rare species having a T-shaped phosphorus atom centering an organometallic cluster, [{Cp(OC)2Mo}2PMn(CO)4]. Our DFT and extended Huckel electronic structure calculations indicate that the T-shaped geometry results from an unusual Mo−Mn−Mo three-center, two-electron bond that “ties” back the two-center, two-electron Mo−P bonds. Additional stabilization of the planar structure arises from Mo−P π back-donation in a three-center, four-electron Mo−P−Mo π bond. We find that this compound best resembles a μ2-phosphinidene system, and we also attempt to reconcile 18- and 8-electron rule considerations with the delocalized bonding in this intriguing cluster.
A progress report on the status of a new disease of American cats: cytauxzoonosis.

Abstract A protozoon disease of domestic cats in the U.S.A. which resembled diseases of African ungulates caused by blood parasites of the family Theileridae and the genus Cytauxzoon was first described by scientists of the University of Missouri in 1976. The Plum Island Animal Disease Center of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) became involved in an effort to discover the relationship of the parasite to those of African species and to ascertain if the disease posed a threat to American livestock. More than 500 cats were infected and the disease studied experimentally by scientists of both institutions. Passage of the parasite was accomplished by parenteral administration of fresh or deep frozen blood or tissues from infected cats. With the exception of a single cat, immunized at PIADC, the experimental disease has terminated fatally about 20 days following exposure. Most cats died within 9–15 days after infection. Diagnosis of the disease is accomplished by study of blood smears, stained with Giemsa and by examination of sections from major visceral organs. Piroplasms are not always found in blood smears, but large masses of schizonts are always found in at least one of the following organs: lungs, spleen, liver or lymph nodes. Since the disease almost invariably has a fatal termination in cats, it is believed that the reservoir is in another species of animal. The new disease has now been reported from Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Georgia, with new isolations of the parasite having been made in recent months.
Long-term subjective memory function in ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors resuscitated by early defibrillation

Background: Brain injury after a cardiac arrest remains a major cause of morbidity. Programs focusing on early defibrillation have yielded improved survival of patients after hospital discharge following ventricular fibrillation (VF) out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Early defibrillation that promptly restores a circulating rhythm should decrease the hypoxic period and subsequent organ injury. Therefore this study was designed to determine if long-term memory complaints persist in VF OHCA survivors resuscitated in an early defibrillation program when compared with a healthy control population not experiencing cardiac arrest. Methods: All patients with an OHCA between November 1990 and January 2001 who received defibrillation by emergency medical services personnel in Olmsted County, MN, USA, were included. The memory function questionnaire (MFQ), a 64-item, 7-point Likert-scaled instrument to evaluate the perception of everyday memory functioning was sent to all survivors. The MFQ comprises four scales: general frequency of forgetting (rates general forgetting), retrospective functioning (compares current memory with past ability), seriousness of forgetting (rates how memory impairment impacts daily life), and mnemonics usage (measures adaptation). The MFQ is scaled so that high scores reflect less severe memory complaints. The comparison population comprised members of the Mayo Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) cohort. Quality of life was ascertained with a short form (SF)-36 survey. Results: Seventy-nine of the 200 VF OHCA patients (40%) were discharged. Twenty-two patients have died since dismissal, with an overall average length of follow-up of 4.9±3.0 years. Thirty-eight (67%) of the survivors completed the MFQ. Compared with the normal, there was a significant decrease in the general frequency of forgetting score of 144.2±37.4 versus 168.1±27.3 (P<0.001) and the seriousness of forgetting score of 84.8±26.7 versus 95.2±19.7 (P=0.004). The retrospective function-scale scores were not significantly different (18.4±6.8 versus 18.7±5.0 (P=0.74)). Younger patients (lesser than 65 years of age) reported an increase in general forgetting and the seriousness of forgetting compared with older survivors. A comparison with SF-36 scores suggested an association between general forgetting and decreased vitality (P=0.03) and the seriousness of forgetting with a decreased general health (P=0.005), mental health (P=0.009), physical functioning (P=0.02), and vitality (P=0.05). Conclusion: In a cohort of VF OHCA patients, survivors report more memory complaints in comparison with a general healthy older population. There were more long-term-memory complaints in younger patients. Patients with higher long-term quality-of-life score have fewer memory complaints.
Volume-dependent Glutamate Permeation Depends on Transmembrane Ionic Strength and Extracellular Cl−

Many mammalian cells regulate their volume by the osmotic movement of water directed by anion and cation flux. Ubiquitous volume-dependent anion currents permit cells to recover volume after swelling in response to a hypotonic environment. This study addressed competition between glutamate (Glu) and Cl− permeation in volume-activated anion currents in order to provide insight into the ionic requirements for volume regulation, volume-dependent anion channel activity and to the architecture of the channel pore. The effect of changing the intracellular molar fraction (MF) of Glu and Cl− on conductance and relative anion permeability was evaluated as a function of the extracellular permeant anion and/or the ionic strength. Relative permeability of Glu to Cl− was determined by measuring reversal potentials under defined ionic conditions. Under conditions with high (150 mM) or low (50 mM) ionic strength solutions on both sides of the membrane, Cl− was always more permeable than Glu. When a transmembrane ionic strength gradient (150 mM extracellular: 50 mM intracellular) was set to drive water into the cell, and in the presence of extracellular Cl−, Glu became up to 16-fold more permeable than Cl−. Replacement of extracellular Cl− with Glu abolished this effect. These results indicate that it is possible for Glu to move into the extracellular environment during volume-regulatory events and they support the emerging role of glutamate as a modulator of anion channel activity.
From cells to organs: building polarized tissue

How do animal cells assemble into tissues and organs? A diverse array of tissue structures and shapes can be formed by organizing groups of cells into different polarized arrangements and by coordinating their polarity in space and time. Conserved design principles underlying this diversity are emerging from studies of model organisms and tissues. We discuss how conserved polarity complexes, signalling networks, transcription factors, membrane-trafficking pathways, mechanisms for forming lumens in tubes and other hollow structures, and transitions between different types of polarity, such as between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, are used in similar and iterative manners to build all tissues.
Infectious morbidity in gynecologic cancer

Abstract A retrospective investigation of infectious morbidity in gynecologic oncology patients documented that 54 (11%) of 494 patients and 68 (6%) of 1204 patient admissions were complicated by a serious infection. The highest rate of infectious morbidity by admission was 21%, occurring in patients admitted for cancer of the vulva. The highest surgical infectious morbidity, 22%, occurred in patients admitted for cervical cancer. important factors in determining infection risk include multiple host factors, radical surgical procedures, factors inherent in the tumor itself, and additional irradiation and chemotherapy. These serious polymicrobial infections dictate intelligent selection of antimicrobials and appropriate monitoring to anticipate complications inherent in antimicrobial therapy. β-Lactamase induction, superinfection, nephrotoxicity, and necrotizing enterocolitis are documented problems in these patients.
A comparative study of the prosecution of childhood sexual abuse cases: the contributory role of pediatric Forensic Nurse Examiner (FNE) programs.

This study used a rigorous quasiexperimental design to compare prosecution outcomes for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) cases examined in a pediatric Forensic Nurse Examiner (FNE) program (the "intervention group") (n= 95) to a comparison sample of CSA cases examined by non-FNE medical professionals prior to the inception of the FNE program (the "comparison group") (n= 54). The types of cases in the intervention and comparison groups were different such that the FNE program had significantly more cases with younger victims where it was unknown or ambiguous whether they had penetration and/or fondling. Multivariate logit modeling was used to explore what factors predict legal case outcomes. Prosecution rates were significantly higher in the FNE group as opposed to the comparison group. In addition, cases with older victims who sustained penetration were the most likely to be prosecuted. Implications for forensic nursing practice are discussed. Language: en
Prolonged Hemodialysis for Severe Metformin Intoxication

Lactic acidosis is a rare and often lethal complication of metformin therapy. We describe a patient who ingested at least 52 g, and possibly more, of metformin and presented with severe lactic acidosis and acute renal failure. He was treated with prolonged hemodialysis: a 3.5 h treatment that did not result in significant clinical improvement, followed by an additional 31 h treatment. With this treatment regimen, his lactate levels gradually decreased and his clinical status improved. A metformin level drawn approximately 25 h after the initiation of the second hemodialysis treatment was still elevated at about five times the upper therapeutic limit. It is suggested that prolonged dialysis is indicated in patients with severe metformin overdose, particularly those with renal failure. In patients whose cardiovascular status permits, prolonged hemodialysis should be strongly considered.
Primary zone dynamics in a gas turbine combustor

Fluid mechanical investigations simulating the flow in the primary zone of a gas turbine combustor are presented using three generic test rigs: (1) rotating pipe yielding a swirling jet of air; (2) primary zone model with a single swirler and various primary jet configurations, operated with air; and (3) two rectangular models of a (stretched-out) annular combustor with five swirlers in the backwall and with various primary jet configurations, one operated with air and the other with water. Concentration measurements are obtained using laser sheet imaging techniques and velocity measurements using a laser Doppler velocimeter. The results show recirculation zones, intense mixing, instabilities of the interacting jets and the presence of large random vortical motions. The flowfields are shown to exhibit bimodal behavior, have asymmetries despite symmetrical geometry and inlet conditions and display strong jet/swirler and swirler/swirler interactions.
Unoccupied electronic states of ultrathin films of Co/Cu(111) and Fe/Cu(111).

Angle-resolved inverse photoemission has been used to study changes in the unoccupied electronic states for ultrathin films of Co and Fe epitaxially deposited on Cu(111). Combining inverse photoemission and photoemission measurements of the occupied valence states reveals changes in the exchange splitting of the 3d band. The exchange splitting in a 15-\AA{}-thick Co film is \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{ex}}$=1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV, a value close to that measured for bulk Co(0001), \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{ex}}$=1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV. Similar electronic structure is observed in thinner epitaxial Co films, 15 \AA{} down to 2 \AA{} thick, despite the fact that films cease to be continuous below 4 \AA{} (i.e., 2 layers). The inverse photoemission spectra for the Fe/Cu(111) films show a more complicated evolution with increasing film thickness. Above 10 \AA{}, the Fe films undergo a structural transition to the bcc(110) phase showing a 0.5-eV shift higher in energy of the uppermost minority-spin 3d band, indicative of a transition to the higher-spin-state bcc phase with an exchange splitting of 1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 eV. The lower energy of the uppermost minority-spin 3d band for the thinner films possibly indicates reduced exchange splitting in the low-spin phase of fcc Fe(111).
Scaling laws for buckling instability in monolayer networks

In this comment a power law is argued to govern the thickening of cell widths relative to their lengths in buckling monolayer networks. A scaling relation is derived for general instabilities in cellular networks, and a reply is given that questions the use of the amplitude of the buckling undulation in an already buckled wall in the Euler relation. Both treatments provided shed light on the stability/instability of wavelengths for buckling monolayer networks.
Transgenic tobacco plants that overproduce cytokinins show increased tolerance to exogenous auxin and auxin transport inhibitors

Abstract Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the Agrobacterium tumefaciens cytokinin biosynthetic ipt gene under the control of an auxin-inducible SAUR (Small Auxin-Up RNA) gene promoter were used to study interactions between exogenously applied auxins or auxin transport inhibitors and endogenously produced cytokinins. The transgenic plants used in this study had cytokinin levels about 10-fold higher than non-transformed tobacco plants. In aseptic culture, the transgenic tobacco plants exhibited increased tolerance to the toxic effects of high concentrations of exogenously applied auxins. This tolerance is exemplified by increased plant height and fresh weight in transgenic plants treated with auxin compared to similarly treated non-transformed plants. In addition to increased tolerance to exogenous auxins, the transgenic plants showed increased tolerance to applied auxin transport inhibitors.
The dual role of chromatic backgrounds in color perception.

Abstract This investigation explores the color appearance changes resulting from a continuously presented adapting field. In every experiment, an incremental mixture of red and green monochromatic lights was superimposed on top of a steady red background field. On each experimental trial the intensities of the red background and the red increment were fixed: the subject adjusted the intensity of the green light so that the incremental mixture appeared a “pure” (neither slightly reddish nor greenish) yellow. In one experiment, the increment was a steadily viewed thin annulus seen on a larger background: in another experiment the increment was identical to the background in size and retinal location but was presented as a brief ( 150 msec) flash: in the final experiment the increment was a briefly flashed thin annulus seen on a larger background. For any fixed, relatively dim background level the intensities of the red and green increments were approximately in constant ratio over a nearly 2 log unit range of test intensities. However, with more intense adapting fields the green light to red light incremental intensity ratio decreased as the test intensity was increased, with the ratio asymptoting at high test levels to an adaptation-intensity dependent value. The empirical observations reject both von Kries' Coefficient Law and the notion that only spatial (and or temporal) transients contribute to color signals. The results are consistent with a “two-process” theory where the adapting field is assumed both to contribute directly to the chromatic signal and simultaneously to alter the amplitudes (but not shapes) of the spectral sensitivity functions associated with the three receptor-types of color vision.
New conducting polymers: PF6-doped XYZ-triheterocycles based on X, Y, Z= thiophene, furan and n-methylpyrrole

Abstract A number of triheterocycles XYZ, where X, Y, Z = furan (O), thiophene (S), or N-methylpyrrole (N) were prepared, and the polymers, obtained by oxidizing them with NOPF6, were studied by four-probe DC conductivity and EPR. SSS has a conductivity of 2.4 S cm−1 at room temperature, and 0.0075 spin/triheterocycle, while SOS has a conductivity of 0.2 S cm−1 and 0.15 spins/triheterocycle; both have narrow Lorentzian EPR lineshapes. The other samples had conductivities below the measurement threshold (10−5 S cm−1). We postulate that NOPF6 overoxidized the polymers, thereby creating more bipolarons than polarons, and reducing the number of charge carriers.
Iron removal from transferrin. An experimental study.

Abstract We have studied the facilitation of iron transfer from transferrin to desferrioxamine by various anions. Most of the anions which can substitute for HCO 3 − in the ternary complex of transferrin · Fe · HCO 3 do not facilitate iron transfer; anions which do facilitate iron transfer do not necessarily form stable ternary complexes. Combinations of anions effective in transfer have a less-than-additive effect, suggesting a common reaction pathway. We suggest that the transfer of iron from transferrin to desferrioxamine involves a substitution step and a subsequent chelation step, and that the efficiency of the overall reaction is a function of both these attributes of the anion.
ANTIANGINAL MEDICAL THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE REFERRED FOR CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION

Given limited data for use of Ranolazine, an antianginal medication (AAM), following coronary revascularization for chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD), we analyzed its use after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Among 3,613,031 patients
Conserved residues in the δ subunit help the E. coli clamp loader, γ complex, target primer-template DNA for clamp assembly

The Escherichia coli clamp loader, γ complex (γ3δδ′λψ), catalyzes ATP-driven assembly of β clamps onto primer-template DNA (p/tDNA), enabling processive replication. The mechanism by which γ complex targets p/tDNA for clamp assembly is not resolved. According to previous studies, charged/polar amino acids inside the clamp loader chamber interact with the double-stranded (ds) portion of p/tDNA. We find that dsDNA, not ssDNA, can trigger a burst of ATP hydrolysis by γ complex and clamp assembly, but only at far higher concentrations than p/tDNA. Thus, contact between γ complex and dsDNA is necessary and sufficient, but not optimal, for the reaction, and additional contacts with p/tDNA likely facilitate its selection as the optimal substrate for clamp assembly. We investigated whether a conserved sequence—HRVW279QNRR—in δ subunit contributes to such interactions, since Tryptophan-279 specifically cross-links to the primer-template junction. Mutation of δ-W279 weakens γ complex binding to p/tDNA, hampering its ability to load clamps and promote proccessive DNA replication, and additional mutations in the sequence (δ-R277, δ-R283) worsen the interaction. These data reveal a novel location in the C-terminal domain of the E. coli clamp loader that contributes to DNA binding and helps define p/tDNA as the preferred substrate for the reaction.
Predicting solvent accessibility: Higher accuracy using Bayesian statistics and optimized residue substitution classes

We introduce a novel Bayesian probabilistic method for predicting the solvent accessibilities of amino acid residues in globular proteins. Using single sequence data, this method achieves prediction accuracies higher than previously published methods. Substantially improved predictions-comparable to the highest accuracies reported in the literature to date-are obtained by representing alignments of the example proteins and their homologs as strings of residue substitution classes, depending on the side chain types observed at each alignment position. These results demonstrate the applicability of this relatively simple Bayesian approach to structure prediction and illustrate the utility of the classification methodology previously developed to extract information from aligned sets of structurally related proteins.
Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents

Childhood obesity rates have risen dramatically over the past few decades. Although obesity has been linked to poorer neurocognitive functioning in adults, much less is known about this relationship in children and adolescents. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between obesity and obesity-related behaviors with neurocognitive functioning in youth. We reviewed articles from 1976 to 2013 using PsycInfo, PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. Search terms included cognitive function, neurocognitive function/performance, executive function, impulsivity, self-regulation, effortful control, cognitive control, inhibition, delayed gratification, memory, attention, language, motor, visuo-spatial, academic achievement, obesity, overweight, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, adiposity and body fat. Articles were excluded if participants had health problems known to affect cognitive functioning, the study used imaging as the only outcome measure, they were non-peer-reviewed dissertations, theses, review papers, commentaries, or they were non-English articles. Sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Overall, we found data that support a negative relationship between obesity and various aspects of neurocognitive functioning, such as executive functioning, attention, visuo-spatial performance, and motor skill. The existing literature is mixed on the effects among obesity, general cognitive functioning, language, learning, memory, and academic achievement. Executive dysfunction is associated with obesity-related behaviors, such as increased intake, disinhibited eating, and less physical activity. Physical activity is positively linked with motor skill. More longitudinal research is needed to determine the directionality of such relationships, to point towards crucial intervention time periods in the development of children, and to inform effective treatment programs.
Adaptive control of piecewise linear systems with output feedback for output tracking

This paper studies the adaptive output feedback control problem for single-input, single-output piecewise linear systems with switched parameters. By employing the knowledge of the time instant indicator functions of system parameter switching, a new controller structure parametrization is proposed for the development of a stable adaptive control scheme which is capable of reducing the modeling error in the estimation error signal used for parameter adaptive laws. This key feature is achieved by the new control scheme's ability to avoid a major parameter swapping term in the error model, with the help of indicator functions whose knowledge is available in many applications. It is shown that under the usual slow system parameter switching condition, closed-loop stability (signal boundedness) and small output tracking error in the mean square sense are achieved. Simulation results on linearized NASA GTM models are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness and performance improvement of the proposed adaptive control scheme.
Structure and energetics of antiferroelectric PbZrO 3

Structural instabilities and electronic properties of ${\mathrm{PrZrO}}_{3}$ are investigated using local-density calculations. Substantial hybridization is found in the electronic band structure, both between O 2p and Zr 4d states and between O 2p and Pb s and p states. A very strong \ensuremath{\Gamma} point phonon instability is present for the cubic perovskite structure. Relaxation, allowing only zone-center distortions, yields a large energy lowering of 0.253 eV, with bond-length changes in excess of 0.5 \AA{}. Two related R point instabilities are found, both of which involve changes in Pb-O distances. The more unstable of these involves a 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} rotation of the O octahedra, with an energy lowering of 0.20 eV per formula unit. Total-energy calculations were performed for 40 atom unit cells with orthorhombic Pba2 and Pbam space groups as reported experimentally. Energies close to but still above the related \ensuremath{\Gamma} structure were obtained with experimentally determined atomic positions. However, after relaxation of the oxygen coordinates, the antiferroelectric structure is favored by 0.02 eV per formula unit. This ordering and the small ferroelectric-antiferroelectric energy difference is in accord with the Pb(Zr,Ti)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase diagram.
Radiation-based quantitative bioimaging at the national institute of standards and technology

Building on a long history of providing physical measurements and standards for medical X rays and nuclear medicine radionuclides, the laboratory has expanded its focus to better support the extensive use of medical physics in the United States today, providing confidence in key results needed for drug and device development and marketing, therapy planning and efficacy and disease screening. In particular, to support more quantitative medical imaging, this laboratory has implemented a program to provide key measurement infrastructure to support radiation-based imaging through developing standard, benchmark phantoms, which contain radioactive sources calibrated to national measurement standards, to allow more quantitative imaging through traceable instrument calibration for clinical trials or patient management. Working closely with colleagues at the National Institutes of Health, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the Food and Drug Administration and Cornell University, this laboratory has taken the initial steps in developing phantoms, and the protocols to use them, for more accurate calibration of positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) cameras, including recently standardizing (68)Ge. X-ray measurements of the laboratory's recently developed small, resilient and inexpensive length standard phantom have shown the potential usefulness of such a "pocket" phantom for patient-based calibration of computed tomography (alone or with PET) systems. The ability to calibrate diagnostic imaging tools in a way that is traceable to national standards will lead to a more quantitative approach; both physician and patient benefit from increased accuracy in treatment planning, as well as increased safety for the patient.
Age-Specific Average Head Template for Typically Developing 6-Month-Old Infants

Due to the rapid anatomical changes that occur within the brain structure in early human development and the significant differences between infant brains and the widely used standard adult templates, it becomes increasingly important to utilize appropriate age- and population-specific average templates when analyzing infant neuroimaging data. In this study we created a new and highly detailed age-specific unbiased average head template in a standard MNI152-like infant coordinate system for healthy, typically developing 6-month-old infants by performing linear normalization, diffeomorphic normalization and iterative averaging processing on 60 subjects’ structural images. The resulting age-specific average templates in a standard MNI152-like infant coordinate system demonstrate sharper anatomical detail and clarity compared to existing infant average templates and successfully retains the average head size of the 6-month-old infant. An example usage of the average infant templates transforms magnetoencephalography (MEG) estimated activity locations from MEG’s subject-specific head coordinate space to the standard MNI152-like infant coordinate space. We also created a new atlas that reflects the true 6-month-old infant brain anatomy. Average templates and atlas are publicly available on our website (http://ilabs.washington.edu/6-m-templates-atlas).
Treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis

Intracranial stenosis accounts for 8-10% of ischemic strokes in the USA. Treatment of intracranial stenosis with extracranial-to-intracranial bypass surgery was investigated as a therapy in the 1980s, but was shown to be no better than aspirin alone. The Warfarin vs Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study found a 12% per year risk of recurrent stroke for symptomatic lesions of 50% or higher, with the majority of strokes occurring in the first year. Warfarin was no better than aspirin in the prevention of recurrent stroke and had a higher risk of serious bleeding and death. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with the highest risk of recurrent stroke included those with 70% or more stenosis and/or recent symptoms and women. Angioplasty and stenting of intracranial stenosis have been undergoing rapid evolution in technology and are emerging as a promising therapy. Current treatment recommendations include antiplatelet agents, with consideration for angioplasty alone or angioplasty and stenting in cases refractory to medical therapy.
RNA synthesis in myeloma cells synchronized by isoleucine starvation

Myeloma cells have been synchronized by isoleucine starvation. Changes in RNA synthetic rates as a result of starvation have been studied. The ability of isolated nuclei to synthesize RNA declines on starvation and increases subsequently on refeeding isoleucine. There is a coordinate drop in synthetic rate for all three polymerases both in vivo and in vitro. The chain elongation rate in vitro is the same in starved and normal cells, so the difference is in the number of active polymerases in vitro. However, the nuclei do not exactly parallel the state of the cell from which they were isolated, but the in vitro RNA synthesis increases more slowly than the in vivo RNA synthesis. There is no change in relative amounts of synthesis by the different RNA polymerases. The in vitro RNA product is similar in starved and growing cells.
A Guide to Effective Presentation Skills for Drug Information Personnel

Drug information personnel are often called upon to give presentations to inform colleagues about various profession-related topics and procedures or to defend program or budget proposals. This article provides guidelines on how drug information specialists can make their presentations most effective. The best presentations are those where it is evident that the speaker is well-prepared, thoroughly knows the needs and desires of the audience, and understands the purpose of the speaking occasion. After brainstorming for the content of the presentation, the speaker organizes the main points logically and coherently, and then gathers material, both verbal and visual, to support them. The main points and their support constitute the discussion of the presentation and comprise about 75% of the time allotted for speaking. The speaker next creates the introduction (about 15% of speaking time) to stimulate audience interest and to preview the main points. In the conclusion (about 10% of speaking time), the speake...
Subcellular Localization of Total and Activated Src Kinase in African American and Caucasian Breast Cancer

Background Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase is elevated in cancer with expression and activity correlated with cell proliferation, adhesion, survival, motility, metastasis and angiogenesis. There is limited data on Src expression and subcellular localization in breast cancer and no information about expression in racial/ethnic groups.
Analysis of modified split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic fracture test using an inertia model

A split Hopkinson pressure bar (two-bar set-up) has been modified to perform dynamic three-point bend tests to measure dynamic fracture toughness, and to understand the influences of various experimental parameters, as well as inertial effects, on the dynamic material response. Modeling and analysis of the dynamic three-point bend test, as loaded by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar, is conducted. The effects of support motion, crack propagation and plastic contact stiffness on total sample deflection are investigated. The effects of crack propagation and plastic contact stiffness on the contribution of support motion to the total sample deflection are also investigated theoretically and experimentally in this paper. Further, the effects of crack propagation and plastic contact stiffness on impactor and sample load are also addressed.
Eye on children: acute work-up for pediatric Horner's syndrome. case presentation and review of the literature.

Abstract Background Ptosis and anisocoria in a child may be subtle indications of occult pathology, and making the observation acutely in the emergency department (ED) is important in guiding patient management and treatment. Emergency physicians must evaluate patients to exclude serious or life-threatening emergencies and ensure correct disposition of patients. Horner syndrome in children may be considered congenital or acquired and may be from benign or malignant causes. When an isolated, acquired Horner syndrome is suspected in a pediatric patient, physical examination of the neck and abdomen for masses, as well as spot urine catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid, and varying degrees of imaging are recommended as part of the initial evaluation. These evaluations may be performed in the ED or may require hospitalization, depending on the suspected anatomical localization and diagnostic considerations. Case Report A 21-month-old, normally developed girl presented to the University Hospital ED with a 2-h history of right-sided eyelid drooping in the setting of a febrile illness. An eventual diagnosis of Horner syndrome from cervical lymph node compression was made on the basis of history, examination, and imaging findings. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? ED evaluations of pediatric patients differ from adults. Evaluation and work-up of Horner syndrome in children can be challenging and can require varying degrees of assessment and evaluation, depending on the diagnostic considerations. This article will address the common pathologies responsible for isolated pediatric Horner syndrome and the recommended ED evaluation.
Analysis of picosecond pulsed laser melted graphite

A Raman microprobe and TEM have been used to analyze the resolidified region of liquid carbon generated by picosecond pulse laser radiation. From the relative intensities of the zone center Raman-allowed mode for graphite at 1582cm−1 and the disorder-induced mode at 1360cm−1 , the average graphite crystallite size in the resolidified region is determined as a function of incident pulse energy density. By comparing with Rutherford backscattering spectra and Raman spectra from nanosecond pulsed laser melting experiments, additional information about the disorder depth in picosecond pulsed laser melted graphite is obtained. Comparisons of TEM micrographs for nanosecond and picosecond pulsed laser melting experiments show that the structure of the laser disordered regions in graphite are similar and exhibit similar behavior with increasing laser pulse fluence. The similarities in the resolidified regions under both irradiation schemes discourages a determination of the properties of liquid carbon after the liquid has resolidified.
Descending to the Particulars: The Palazzo, The Piazza, and Machiavelli's Republican Modes and Orders

Scholars of late have attempted to implicate Machiavelli in their various takes on republican “traditions,” but their tendentiousness obscures a clear picture of Machiavelli's own thinking. The key to understanding Machiavelli's concept of the republic, which requires new modes and orders, is his comparison of the piazza and the palazzo. Where the hyperbole and irresponsibility of the piazza retard republican development, the deliberateness and detail of the palazzo inspire an indispensable sophistication. The responsive republic recognizes elements in society capable of the palazzo mentality and adjusts authority relative to the capacities of its constituents. I show that Machiavelli's engaging account of the Ciompi Rebellion is central to understanding his republican musings.
Design and operation of a cluster-tool-based rapid thermal processing module

A cluster tool rapid thermal processing module for single wafer processing is described. The various design and actual implementation issues are discussed, together with the operational characteristics. The module is then evaluated as a low thermal budget tool for MOS gate stack formation. Film quality is electrically assessed. >
The Impact of Residual Symptoms in Major Depression

The current definition of remission from major depressive disorder does not fully take into account all aspects of patient recovery. Residual symptoms of depression are very common in patients who are classified as being in remission. Patients with residual symptoms are at increased risk of functional and interpersonal impairments, and are at high risk for recurrence of depression. This article discusses the incidence of residual symptoms of depression, as well as the risks and consequences of these symptoms, and will review the state of current treatment.
Female brown-headed cowbirds' (Molothrus ater) social assortment changes in response to male song: a potential source of public information

In many species, females' behavior appears to be influenced by that of other females, particularly regarding mate choice. Females theoretically can reduce the costs associated with independent male assessment by observing conspecifics. Studies of brown-headed cowbirds suggest that females pay attention to other females' behavior. Group-housed females modify their song preferences, whereas females housed in pairs do not. What information is available to females in a group environment? To address this question, we studied two groups of juvenile (i.e. hatch-year birds) and adult female cowbirds in a naturalistic group setting. We used a longitudinal ABA design, consecutively introducing and removing males that differed in age, amount of song production and stage of song development, to isolate the male characteristics that related to changes in female behavior. Juvenile and adult females assorted by age class when singing adult males were in the aviary, but not when singing juveniles or silent males of any age class were in the aviary. Results from playback tests confirmed that adult male song alone influenced female age class assortment. Videotape analysis from playback tests revealed that females also wing stroked in response to male song. Other females sometimes approached females who wing stroked and observed them. We hypothesize that group-level changes in social organization and individual females' responses can serve as visual signals for other individuals.
Early response of the visceral pleura following asbestos exposure: an ultrastructural study.

The acute in vivo response of the visceral pleura following intratracheal instillation of amosite asbestos was examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in the guinea pig model. Asbestos fibers were observed close to the pleura in all time periods but were never found within the pleura or subpleural regions proper. Thus, pleural changes occurred in the absence of direct fiber contact. Morphological changes in the pleural and subpleural areas were seen as early as 2 h after exposure and were associated with pathological alterations of the underlying parenchyma. The normally squamous mesothelial cells became pleomorphic in ex‐perimental animals, ranging from slightly cuboidal, to protruding “columnar‐like” cells, to more bizarre forms. While many organelles remained unaltered, an increase in vacuolizatlon in portions of the pleura indicated localized and advanced intracellular responses. Beginning at 4 h postexposure, varied numbers of particulate‐free macro‐phages we...
Molecular determinants for virulence in coxsackievirus B1 infection.

Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1), a member of the Enterovirus genusofthePicornaviridaefamily,isoneofsixCVBserotypes. Other members of this genus include coxsackievirus A, poliovirus, and echovirus serotypes. All enteroviruses have a similar genetic organization and sequence, with a positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 7,500 nucleotides (nt) attached at the 59end to the protein VPg and with a polyadenylated tract at the 39end. The viral genome is translated as a polyprotein in one long open reading frame. The entire nucleotide sequence of CVB1 has been determined (10), and an infectious cDNA clone has been prepared from a clinical isolate (11). The RNA is 7,389 nt long, with an open reading frame that extends from nt 742 to 7287. Thefirst 650ntofthegenome,inthe59untranslatedregion(UTR),are believed to play a role in viral replication and translation. CVB1 has been implicated in human cases of pleurodynia, aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and myocarditis (19). In various strains of mice, CVB1 has been used to experimentally induce diabetes mellitus (29), myocarditis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and encephalitis (20).
A study of the role of user-centered design methods in design team projects

User-centered approaches to design can guide teams toward an understanding of users and aid teams in better posing design problems. This paper investigates the role of user-centered design approaches in design process and outcome within the context of design team projects. The value of interaction with users is examined at several stages throughout the design process. The influence of user-centered design on the performance of design teams is also explored. Results suggest that the quantity of interactions with users and time spent interacting with users alone is not linked with better design outcome, but that iterative evaluation of concepts by users may be of particular value to design prototypes. Suggestions are made based on the reflections from the authors after conducting this study.
Dislocation loops in spinel crystals irradiated successively with deep and shallow ion implants

This study examines the influence of microstructural defects on irradiation damage accumulation in the oxide spinel. Single crystals of the compound MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} with surface normal [111] were irradiated under cryogenic temperature (100K) either with 50 keV Ne ions (fluence 5.0 {times} 10{sup 12}/cm{sup 2}), 400 keV Ne ions (fluence 6.7 {times} 10{sup 13}/cm{sup 2}) or successively with 400 keV Ne ions followed by 50 keV Ne ions. The projected range of 50 keV Ne ions in spinel is {approximately}50 mn (``shallow``) while the projected range of 400 keV Ne ions is {approximately}500 mn (``deep``). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine dislocation loops/defect clusters formed by the implantation process. Measurements of the dislocation loop size were made using weak-beam imaging technique on cross-sectional TEM ion-implanted specimens. Defect clusters were observed in both deep and shallow implanted specimens, while dislocation loops were observed in the shallow implanted sample that was previously irradiated by 400 keV Ne ions. Cluster size was seen to increase for shallow implants in crystals irradiated with a deep implant (size {approximately}8.5 nm) as compared to crystals treated only to a shallow implant (size {approximately}3.1 nm).
Intracellular calcium channels and their modulators

The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is an essential element in excitation–contraction coupling. Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is required for skeletal and heart muscle contraction. The inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-receptor (IP3R) plays an important function in the signal transduction of many hormones, cytokines, growth factors and antigens, and in fertilisation. Modulators of intracellular calcium channels are used for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia associated with abnormal Ca2+ transport and may be applied in the treatment of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
Vison States and Confinement Transitions of \(Z_2\) Spin Liquids on the Kagome Lattice

We present a projective symmetry group (PSG) analysis of the spinless excitations of ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids on the kagome lattice. In the simplest case, vortices carrying ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ magnetic flux (``visons'') are shown to transform under the 48 element group $\mathit{GL}(2,{\mathbb{Z}}_{3})$. Alternative exchange couplings can also lead to a second case with visons transforming under 288-element group $\mathit{GL}(2,{\mathbb{Z}}_{3})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{D}}_{3}$. We study the quantum phase transition in which visons condense into confining states with valence bond solid order. The critical field theories and confining states are classified using the vison PSGs.
Gender Differences in Smoking Following an Implicit Mood Induction

INTRODUCTION Smoking is significantly associated with negative affect, which may play an especially important role in the smoking behavior of women. The purpose of this laboratory study was to examine the role of gender in the relationship of negative mood and smoking maintenance for male and female smokers following an implicit mood induction using music. METHODS Ninety adult smokers (50% female) completed a laboratory session during which they were randomly assigned to a negative mood induction, a positive mood induction, or a neutral mood condition. Latency to smoke and number of cigarettes smoked were assessed during an ad libitumsmoking period following the mood induction. RESULTS Female smokers began smoking more quickly following the negative mood induction when compared with males. There were no gender differences in the number of cigarettes smoked or for cravings to smoke by mood condition. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated gender differences in the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior following an implicit and subtle mood manipulation. A better understanding of gender differences in smoking behavior can provide valuable information about mechanisms that maintain smoking behavior and guide treatment development to help adults quit smoking.
Influence of material removal models on the dynamics of cutting and grinding machines

This paper discusses various simple models for nonlinear coupling of two standard second- order oscillators. The coupling is based on the idea of the van der Pol equation: small- amplitude disturbances grown and large disturbances decay. This paper examines the effects of discontinuity of coupling, and of the nature and closeness of coupling. the nature of nonlinear coupling is more important in determining the qualitative nature of the dynamics of these systems than the presence or absence of discontinuities. I observe coupled oscillator behavior with either or both oscillators active. In cases where both oscillators are active I find limit cycles and probable strange attractors (chaotic motion).