cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic approach to turbulent flame theory

Abstract A given statistically stationary field of wind-tunnel grid-generated turbulence acting as the carrier flow of a combustible species is considered. The turbulence is assumed dynamically unaffected by the chemical reaction, i.e. the heat release is taken to be small compared with the initial thermal enthalpy of the mixture. Consequently, the density may be treated as a constant. Reaction rates with explicit scalar-property dependence are used but no restriction on their functional form is imposed, i.e. linear, nonlinear or transcendental reaction rates can be exactly studied. A hierarchy of turbulent probability density functions is presented. The closure problem is discussed. The advantages of working with probabilistic equations rather than in terms of traditional moment formulations are outlined. A closure is proposed at the second order level for the joint probability density function of the scalar and fluctuating velocity equation. After some simplifying assumptions a second Damkohler number based on the diffusive time computed using the turbulence microscale and a dimensionless relaxation parameter, namely, the ratio of a turbulence relaxation time and a characteristic chemical time are seen to be the two controlling parameters. A linear reaction rate is finally chosen for possible comparison with previous results. The limit of very low turbulence intensity can be approximated by the statistically homogeneous study and is analytically solved for three different initial conditions. The general inhomogeneous case is numerically solved for different values of the two parameters mentioned above and various sets of initial scalar fluctuations and turbulence intensities. The effect of the initial scalar-fluctuating velocity correlation is also explored. The homogeneous turbulence limit is for all purposes identical to the numerical solution for turbulence intensity equal to 1%.
Is nodule size an independent predictor of thyroid malignancy

Background A decision to proceed with thyroidectomy or to perform more extensive thyroidectomy based on nodule size is controversial. It was our hypothesis that larger nodules are more likely to be malignant, and, as a result, nodule size may be useful for guiding operative decision making. Methods Data was obtained from a prospectively maintained database for patients with nodular thyroid disease evaluated from 1990 to 2007. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if there was a significant relationship between nodule size and malignancy based on final pathology. The relationship of nodule size and malignancy was further evaluated for specific diagnostic categories of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Results 1023 patients were evaluated for nodular thyroid disease and 676 underwent thyroidectomy. Mean size was 4.4 ± 2.4 cm for benign and 3.3 ± 2.2 cm for malignant nodules ( P Conclusion Increasing nodule size was not predictive of thyroid malignancy suggesting that it should not be used in lieu of FNAB for therapeutic decision making.
The Potential of Cumulative Voting To Yield Fair Representation

We prove that cumulative voting usually enables a minority population to achieve political representation corresponding to apportionment by Webster's method, which minimizes the absolute difference of per capita representation between the minority and the remaining majority population. The minority, of arbitrary size, can generally attain its `Webster-fair' share of n seats with probability greater than 75 per cent and otherwise, with probability at most 4 n/n+1 1 the minority can attain just one seat less than its Webster-fair representation. Furthermore, for two subpopulations, the potential representation yielded by cumulative voting is identical to that obtained from apportionment by Jefferson's method, and for more than two subpopulations the potential representation by cumulative voting cannot be greater than that of Jefferson apportionment. These results confirm the potential of cumulative voting to yield representation proportional or nearly proportional to population, and the results counter clai...
Wirtschaftliche Gesichtspunkte zum Steam-Cracking-Verfahren

Bei alteren Athylen-Anlagen bemuhte man sich um eine maximale Athylen-Ausbeute bei moglichst geringem Rohstoff-Einsatz. Da bei Verwendung von Naphtha und schweren Einsatzen, die in Europa uberwiegend verarbeitet werden, bis zu 45% hochbewertete Nebenprodukte anfallen, u. a. Propylen, Butadien, die BTX-Aromaten und Crackbenzin, hangen die Nettoeinsatzkosten ( = Rohstoffkosten minus Erlos aus Nebenprodukten) in hohem Mase von Ausbeute und Zusammensetzung der Nebenprodukte ab. Hierfur sind wiederum der verwendete Rohstoff und die Spaltbedingungen entscheidend wichtig. Wegen der wechselnden Marktverhaltnisse fur die Nebenprodukte ist eine Flexibilitat der Anlagen zweckmasig, die sich durch relativ geringe Mehrinvestitionen erzielen last, falls die Qualitat des Rohstoffes keinen allzugrosen Bereich umfast.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone rapidly enhances [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into phosphatidic acid in cloned GH3 cells.

Summary Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) enhanced incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into phospholipids in GH3 cells, cloned rat pituitary cells that produce prolactin. [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into phosphatidic acid was significantly increased 30 sec after TRH addition and attained a steady-state level after 2 min. In contrast, [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into phosphatidylinositol was not significantly increased until 2 min after TRH. [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were not affected. TRH had no effect on [32P]orthophosphate uptake by GH3 cells for at least 2 min, but stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux from GH3 cells within 15 sec. Since TRH enhancement of [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into phosphatidic acid was temporally associated with its effect on 45Ca2+ efflux and Ca2+ appears to be a critical intracellular regulator of prolactin release, we suggest that acidic phospholipid metabolism may be involved in TRH-induced, Ca2+-mediated prolactin secretion.
Inhibition of plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange by mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-4,1-benzothiazepin-2(3H)-one (CGP-37157) in cerebellar granule cells

In the heart, 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-4,1-benzothiazepin-2(3H)-one (CGP-37157) inhibits mitochondrial but not sarcolemmal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange. Therefore, CGP-37157 is often used as an experimental tool to study the role of mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange in Ca(2+) homeostasis in various cells, including neurons. However, neurons express several K(+)-dependent (NCKX) and/or K(+)-independent (NCX) isoforms of plasmalemmal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange not expressed in the sarcolemma. Because it has never been determined whether CGP-37157 inhibits plasmalemmal NCKX and/or NCX isoforms in neurons, we tested this possibility. As an index of NCKX and/or NCX activity, we studied Na-dependent and gramicidin-induced 45Ca(2+) accumulation in the presence and absence of K(+), respectively. In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, CGP-37157 with IC(50) of 13 microM inhibited over 70% of plasmalemmal NCX activity (P<0.01) but not NCKX activity. Our data suggest that the effects of CGP-37157 on neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis include inhibition of certain plasmalemmal NCX isoform(s). Because cerebellar granule cells robustly express NCX3 transcripts, which are not expressed in the heart, it appears that this isoform may be CGP-37157 sensitive.
India's Nuclear Doctrine and Command Structure: Implications for India and the World

In January 2003, nearly five years after openly declaring itself as a nuclear weapon state, India finalized its nuclear command structure and formalized its nuclear doctrine. This work argues that while a clear enunciation of its nuclear doctrine and command structure will enhance regional stability and assure the international community, it is at the operational level that India continues to, and will have to work harder to, achieve its nuclear policy goals. Nations base their nuclear doctrines and command structures on the assumptions of traditional nuclear deterrence theory. However, as this paper demonstrates, at the operational level, the simple coherence and elegance of nuclear deterrence theory begins to break down. This is the challenge that India faces as it tries to evolve into a “nuclear weapon state.”
Scanning mirror for optical coherence tomography using an electrostatic MEMS actuator

This paper describes a compact micromirror device for use in the scanning arm of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using an electrostatic micromachine (MEMS) actuator. Optical deflections of these MEMS mirror devices range from 18 degrees at low frequencies to more than 140 degrees near the resonant frequencies of the structures (30-60 Hz). These devices consist of gold plated silicon mirrors resting on polyimide tables that tilt on 3 μm thick torsion hinges when pulled on by the micromachine (MEMS) actuator, the integrated force array (IFA). The IFA is a thin (2.2 μm) polyimide membrane consisting of hundreds of thousands of micron scale deformable capacitors, and contracts with strains up to 20% and forces up to 13 dynes. The support structures, hinges, and actuators are fabricated from polyimide on silicon wafers using photolithography, leading to the possibility for integrated fabrication of the devices resulting in highly repeatable and inexpensive scanning arms. These devices were inserted into the scanning arm of a high speed OCT imaging system to acquire in vitro images of porcine eye and colon tissue and in vivo images of human skin at frame rates from 4-8 Hz.
What combination therapy with a statin, if any, would you recommend?

The latest recommended goals for blood lipid levels may require multiple lipid drugs. Lower doses in combination may render more efficacy and safety than highest doses of single agents. Except for isolated hypoalphalipoproteinemia (a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), therapies will start with a statin. All marketed statins are acceptable. The choice may be based on dose- efficacy and patient’s tolerability. High-potency statins (eg, atorvastatin, simvastatin, or rosuvastatin) are often chosen. Currently, generic statins, such as simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin, offer cost benefits. The choice of added agent depends on the “residual lipoprotein abnormalities” after statin therapy, efficacy, compliance issues, and cost. Approved “combined” preparations improve cost and compliance. To further lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ezetimibe is a safe, efficacious choice, pending resolution of a controversial trial’s results. Colesevelam is moderately effective and the best tolerated bile acids sequestrant. In combined dyslipidemias, extended-release niacin is the best tolerated niacin preparation; other quality-controlled immediate-release preparations have similar safety and efficacy but produce more flushing of the skin. Niacin or fenofibrate is effective in normalizing high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels persisting after statin therapy. Agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the latest guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program, American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology provide choices and indications of drug combinations.
Mathematics for engineers — III: Dimensional analysis of partial differential equations

This third and concluding part of a series presents methods of attacking certain difficult problems by applications of dimensional analysis. The articles in this series are being made available in pamphlet form and will be announced as soon as available.
Cocaine‐induced microvascular vasoconstriction but differential systemic haemodynamic responses in Yucatan versus Yorkshire varieties of swine

1. Systemic and coronary haemodynamics were measured in 6 Yorkshire swine and 6 Yucatan miniature swine under isoflurane anaesthesia to investigate the influence of cocaine following its intravenous administration at 1, 3 and 7 mg kg-1. 2. Cocaine in Yorkshire swine decreased mean arterial pressure and rate pressure product (systolic pressure x heart rate), suggesting a cardiac depressant effect, whereas cocaine in Yucatan miniature swine increased these parameters, consistent with a hyperadrenergic state. 3. Cocaine in both Yorkshire swine and Yucatan miniature swine decreased coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve, and increased coronary vascular resistance. 4. A modest generalized epicardial coronary artery constriction was observed by angiography, without evidence of focal spasm. 5. Our results confirm a marked vasoconstrictor effect of cocaine on the coronary arterial circulation, predominantly distal to the epicardial coronary arteries, but also indicate important differences in the systemic cardiovascular responses to the drug between two closely related strains of animals within the same species. Due to the similarities between the swine and human coronary arterial vasculature, we suggest that vasoconstriction in the coronary microcirculation may produce cardiac toxicity in man.
Epigenetic Gene Silencing by the SRY Protein Is Mediated by a KRAB-O Protein That Recruits the KAP1 Co-repressor Machinery

The sex determination transcription factor SRY is a cell fate-determining transcription factor that mediates testis differentiation during embryogenesis. It may function by repressing the ovarian determinant gene, RSPO1, action in the ovarian developmental pathway and activates genes, such as SOX9, important for testis differentiation at the onset of gonadogenesis. Further, altered expression of SRY and related SOX genes contribute to oncogenesis in many human cancers. Little is known of the mechanisms by which SRY regulates its target genes. Recently a KRAB domain protein (KRAB-O) that lacks a zinc finger motif has been demonstrated to interact with SRY and hypothesized to function as an adaptor molecule for SRY by tethering the KAP1-NuRD-SETDB1-HP1 silencing machinery to repress SRY targets. We have critically examined this hypothesis by reconstituting and characterizing SRY-KRAB-O-KAP1 interactions. These recombinant molecules can form a ternary complex by direct and high affinity interactions. The KRAB-O protein can simultaneously bind KAP1 and SRY in a noncompetitive but also noncooperative manner. An extensive mutagenesis analysis suggests that different surfaces on KRAB-O are utilized for these independent interactions. Transcriptional repression by SRY requires binding to KRAB-O, thus bridging to the KAP1 repression machinery. This repression machinery is recruited to SRY target promoters in chromatin templates via SRY. These results suggest that SRY has co-opted the KRAB-O protein to recruit the KAP1 repression machinery to sex determination target genes. Other KRAB domain proteins, which lack a zinc finger DNA-binding motif, may function in similar roles as adaptor proteins for epigenetic gene silencing.
A cubic relationship between air-sea CO2 exchange and wind speed

Using recent laboratory and field results we explore the possibility of a cubic relationship between gas exchange and instantaneous (or short-term) wind speed, and its impact on global air-sea fluxes. The theoretical foundation for such a dependency is based on retardation of gas transfer at low to intermediate winds by surfactants, which are ubiquitous in the world's oceans, and bubble-enhanced transfer at higher winds. The proposed cubic relationship shows a weaker dependence of gas transfer at low wind speed and a significantly stronger dependence at high wind speed than previous relationships. A long-term relationship derived from such a dependence, combined with the monthly CO2 climatology of Takahashi [1997], leads to an increase in the global annual oceanic CO2 uptake from 1.4 Gigaton C yr−1 to 2.2 Gigaton C yr−1. Although a cubic relationship fits within global bomb-14C oceanic uptake constraints, additional checks are warranted, particularly at high wind speeds where the enhancement is most pronounced.
Radiation-induced meningiomas: clinical, cytogenetic, and microarray features

Limited information exists about the clinical and biological features of radiation-induced meningiomas (RIMs), particularly those that follow high-dose therapeutic radiation. We report our experience with 20 patients with RIMs (16 following high-dose radiotherapy) treated at our institution from 1993–2006. Patients (14 female, 6 male) had intervals from first radiotherapy to RIM diagnosis of 11–63 years; 12 had at least one RIM occur at an interval of 30 years or more after initial radiotherapy. Multiple RIMs were seen in six patients, with one patient developing his six RIMs sequentially over a 22-year interval. Most RIMs could be managed surgically, either with a single extensive resection or additional resection(s). Adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery, external beam radiation, or chemotherapy were required in a minority (n = 6). Most were WHO grade I meningiomas. Complex karyotypes were found in three of four cases and abnormalities of chromosome 1p and/or LOH 1p36 were identified in five of 11 informative cases. Gene-expression microarray analysis of RIMs (n = 5) compared to non-RIMs (MEN, n = 6) and a panel of other tumors (n = 62) showed that RIM gene-expression was similar to that seen in MEN, and by clustering analysis did not separate from them. However, microarray comparative gene-expression analysis did demonstrate a few genes with significant differences in the expression level in RIM versus MEN. Of note, NF2 was under-expressed in four of five RIMs (P = 0.0065), at a similar level as measured in MEN.
Investigation of current mechanisms in a-Si:H alloy solar cells

The characteristics of a-Si:H solar cells depend on their past histories, namely, voltage and light soaking times and thermal annealing. The effect of light soaking is known to reduce cell efficiencies at the ten percent level. The details of the role of cell history on the basic current mechanisms are not well understood. The objective of this work is to identify the current mechanisms in I-V characteristics and elucidate their roles in cell stability. Commercial-grade single-junction solar cells with 0.35 cm/sup 2/ active areas and 200, 500 and 800 nm thick intrinsic layers were the focus of the investigations. The cells were characterized with light and dark I-V measurements. The effects of temperature and annealing cycles were investigated. A parametric fitting model was used to quantify four current mechanisms under forward-bias conditions, namely, shunt and series resistances, current injection and depletion. The current mechanisms under reverse-bias conditions are not understood but have been characterized. The investigations show the greatest instability under forward-bias conditions occurs in the shunt resistance mechanism.
The fractional chromatic number of triangle-free graphs with Δ ≤ 3

Let G be a triangle-free graph with maximum degree at most 3. Staton proved that the independence number of G is at least 5 14 | V ( G ) | . Heckman and Thomas conjectured that Staton's result can be strengthened into a bound on the fractional chromatic number of G , namely ? f ( G ) ? 14 5 . Recently, Hatami and Zhu proved that ? f ( G ) ? 3 - 3 64 . In this paper, we prove ? f ( G ) ? 3 - 3 43 .
Learning invariant features through topographic filter maps

Several recently-proposed architectures for high-performance object recognition are composed of two main stages: a feature extraction stage that extracts locally-invariant feature vectors from regularly spaced image patches, and a somewhat generic supervised classifier. The first stage is often composed of three main modules: (1) a bank of filters (often oriented edge detectors); (2) a non-linear transform, such as a point-wise squashing functions, quantization, or normalization; (3) a spatial pooling operation which combines the outputs of similar filters over neighboring regions. We propose a method that automatically learns such feature extractors in an unsupervised fashion by simultaneously learning the filters and the pooling units that combine multiple filter outputs together. The method automatically generates topographic maps of similar filters that extract features of orientations, scales, and positions. These similar filters are pooled together, producing locally-invariant outputs. The learned feature descriptors give comparable results as SIFT on image recognition tasks for which SIFT is well suited, and better results than SIFT on tasks for which SIFT is less well suited.
Serum type III procollagen peptide concentrations in severe chronic active hepatitis: relationship to cirrhosis and disease activity.

To analyze the correlations between the presence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular inflammation and the serum concentrations of the amino-terminal peptide of procollagen type III in chronic liver disease, we measured procollagen type III concentrations in paired serum samples from 46 patients (17 had cirrhosis) with severe chronic active hepatitis during a therapeutic treatment trial. Coded sera were analyzed for procollagen type III concentrations using both a standard and a recently described Fab radioimmunoassay to compare their relative diagnostic accuracy. Mean procollagen type III levels were elevated to the same extent in the cirrhotic and noncirrhotic groups at entry into the study. In response to immunosuppressive therapy, the initially elevated procollagen type III levels improved to normal values at remission in both groups. Qualitatively, the results were similar using either assay, but the standard assay was more sensitive for identifying the clinical stage of disease (i.e., active disease vs. disease in remission) than the Fab assay. Since both procollagen type III levels and standard liver function tests correlated well individually with the presence or absence of active disease, they also correlated with each other when both entry and remission values were considered. However, procollagen type III levels correlated poorly with indicators of inflammation (histologic grade and serum transaminase levels) during active disease. It is concluded that procollagen type III levels change in concert with standard liver function tests but do not quantitatively reflect inflammation or static measurements of hepatic fibrosis in severe chronic active hepatitis. However, these preliminary results suggest that procollagen type III can distinguish active disease from chronic active hepatitis in remission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microwave hyperthermia induced by a phased interstitial antenna array

An interstitial microwave antenna array for hyperthermia cancer treatment is investigated. The purpose is to generate both uniform and controlled nonuniform temperature distributions in biological tissue by modulating the phases of the signals applied to each antenna. The array has four antennas positioned on the corners of a 2 cm square. The distributions of absorbed power within the arrays are computed and then converted into temperature distributions through a heat conduction simulation. The temperature patterns over phantom muscle are presented in both the lateral plane (perpendicular to the antennas) and the axial plane (parallel to the antennas). It is found that by proper phase modulation of radiofrequency signals applied to each antenna, a uniform heating can be produced in the entire array volume. >
FAST PRESYNAPTIC GABAA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED CL- CONDUCTANCE IN CULTURED RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

1. Hippocampal neurones cultured from the 18-day-old embryonic rat for 3 days to 3 weeks were recorded with Cl(-)-filled patch pipettes. Spontaneous synaptic currents, which reversed at the equilibrium potential for Cl- ions (ECl) and were blocked by the GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor antagonists bicuculline or picrotoxin, were recorded in every culture. At 25 degrees C and -80 mV they decayed with a time constant > or = 20 ms that invariably increased at positive potentials. After 2 weeks, 50-75% of all neurones were GABA immunoreactive. 2. In pairs-recordings, coincident synaptic currents in both cells were either spontaneous or evoked by stimulation of one cell. In the presence of tetrodotoxin and using pipettes containing lidocaine (lignocaine) N-ethyl bromide, coincident spontaneous Cl- transients still occurred in both neurones far more frequently than expected by chance. 3. Holding the potential of one neurone at a positive value reversed the synaptic transients in that cell and, in half of the cells, increased the frequency of coincident events in both cells. 4. In neurones where depolarization increased the frequency of coinciding events and all regenerative current apparent at the soma was abolished, short depolarizing pulses occasionally evoked all-or-none, pre- and postsynaptic currents with matching transmission failures and identical delays in transmission. 5. The results suggest that the same pulse of GABA simultaneously activates GABAA receptor-coupled Cl- channels on both sides of the same synaptic cleft, producing immediate auto-transmission in the absence of collaterals or interneurones.
Experimentally induced spermatophore production and immune responses reveal a trade-off in crickets

The energetic demands of the immune system and reproduction are often high and can lead to trade-offs between these 2 lifehistory traits. In decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus, much of a male’s reproductive effort is devoted to calling, and to the synthesis of a spermatophylax, a large, gelatinous, non–sperm-containing mass forming part of the spermatophore and consumed by the female after mating. We employed a reciprocal design in which we experimentally induced an immune response in some males by injecting them with lipopolysaccharides and experimentally induced increased spermatophore production in others to determine if male G. sigillatus trade off immunity and reproduction. Immune-challenged males produced significantly smaller spermatophores, although they did not call less than controls. We also found that males that synthesized more spermatophores exhibited lower immunity. These results reveal a fundamental trade-off between immunity and reproductive effort in male G. sigillatus, specifically with respect to a male’s ability to synthesize a costly nuptial food gift. However, we found no correlation between the mass of a male’s gift and his ability to survive an acute bacterial infection; this result, coupled with the trade-off identified above, raises the possibility that the spermatophylax serves as a Zahavian handicap. Key words: crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus, immunity, life-history trade-offs, nuptial food gifts, spermatophore. [Behav Ecol]
Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in Escherichia coli 33456.

A model based on the analysis of the mechanism of enzymatic reaction was developed to characterize the rate and extent of microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium in Escherichia coli 33456. A finite reduction capacity (R[sub c]) was proposed and incorporated into the enzymatic model to regulate the toxicity effect on cells due to the oxidizing power of Cr(6). The parameter values were determined by nonlinear least-square analysis using experimental data of anaerobic cultures. The obtained parameters were then used to predict (Cr(6)) reduction in aerobic cultures along with a modification term of uncompetitive inhibition from molecular oxygen. The applicability of the developed model was demonstrated through excellent prediction of the results of batch studies conducted over range of initial Cr(6) concentrations, initial cell densities, and DO levels. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the parameters obtained using the experimental data were unique, and neither change in K[sub c], the half-velocity constant, at high initial (Cr(6)) concentrations nor change in R[sub c], the reduction capacity, at low initial (Cr(6)) concentrations was sensitive to model prediction.
Regulation of Adipocyte Development

INTRODUCTION . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . • 99 CELL CULTURE MODELS FOR ADIPOCYTE DEVELOPMENT . • • . . . . . . • . • . . . . 101 Multipotent Stem-Cell Lines . • • • . • . • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • . 101 Preadipocyte Cell Lines . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • . • . . . • • • • • . . . . . • . • . . . . . . 102 EXTERNAL MODULATORS OF PREADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION . . • • . • • . • 105 TIlE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . 106 Determination . • . • . • • • . • • . • . • . • • . . • . • . • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • 106 CelVCell Contact at Confluence . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • . 107 Induction 0/ Diff erentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . 107 Terminal Diff erentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 108 TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF ADIPOCYTE GENES DURING DIFFERENTIATION . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Trans-Acting Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . 109 Expression o/Transcription Factors During Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll8
Counter-Training in Discovery of Semantic Patterns

This paper presents a method for unsupervised discovery of semantic patterns. Semantic patterns are useful for a variety of text understanding tasks, in particular for locating events in text for information extraction. The method builds upon previously described approaches to iterative unsupervised pattern acquisition. One common characteristic of prior approaches is that the output of the algorithm is a continuous stream of patterns, with gradually degrading precision.Our method differs from the previous pattern acquisition algorithms in that it introduces competition among several scenarios simultaneously. This provides natural stopping criteria for the unsupervised learners, while maintaining good precision levels at termination. We discuss the results of experiments with several scenarios, and examine different aspects of the new procedure.
Dietary supplementation with two Lamiaceae herbs-(oregano and sage) modulates innate immunity parameters in Lumbricus terrestris.

Introduction: Lamiaceae herbs have are well known for their immunomodulatory effects, however, the mechanism by which they effect innate immune system is not clearly understood. Objective: The effect of dietary supplementation with two Lamiaceae herbs (oregano and sage) modulation of on innate immunological parameters was investigated in Lumbricus terrestris. Materials and Methods: Animals were fed (ad libitum) on herbs supplemented diet [(0.1% (w/v) and 0.5% (w/v)] for 6 days. Changes in immune competent cell counts, viability, and relative neutrophil-like cell counts were determined in response to herb treatment. Changes in nitric oxide, phagocytic activity, and respiratory burst index were also determined in response to herb treatment relative to control. Additionally, effect of herb co-treatment cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg-BW) induced immunosuppression was also evaluated. Results: Our results suggested abrogation of CP-induced immunosuppression in response to co-treatment with herbs. Significant increase in nitric oxide-mediated immune-competent cell counts, viability, and differentiation into neutrophil-like cells were observed in response to dietary supplementation with Lamiaceae herbs. Significantly higher phagocytic activity relative to control was also noted in response to dietary intake of oregano and sage. However, the respiratory burst index did not increase exponentially in response to herb treatments, suggesting a potential enhancement in pathogen recognition and antioxidant defenses. Conclusion: Lamiaceae herbs may have potential immune-modulatory properties important for human health and merits further investigation.
Decreased expression of caspase-14 in an experimental model of canine atopic dermatitis.

Alterations in skin barrier function and filaggrin expression have been reported in atopic dermatitis (AD). Caspase-14, a protease important for filaggrin processing, is decreased in human AD. Atopic Beagle dogs with skin barrier alterations have been validated as model for AD. This study aimed to investigate caspase-14 in normal and atopic Beagle dogs. Skin biopsies from non-lesional and control skin were analyzed for caspase-14 by immunofluorescence. Six images/sections were blindly scored for intensity. Data were tested with unpaired Student's t test. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Caspase-14 was decreased in atopic compared to normal skin both quantitatively (P <0.001) and qualitatively (P = 0.006; agreement = 0.93; consistency = 0.94). In conclusion, caspase-14 is decreased in this model similarly to reports in humans, highlighting the relevance of filaggrin metabolic defects in AD.
Latent Variable Modeling with Diversity-Inducing Mutual Angular Regularization.

Latent Variable Models (LVMs) are a large family of machine learning models providing a principled and effective way to extract underlying patterns, structure and knowledge from observed data. Due to the dramatic growth of volume and complexity of data, several new challenges have emerged and cannot be effectively addressed by existing LVMs: (1) How to capture long-tail patterns that carry crucial information when the popularity of patterns is distributed in a power-law fashion? (2) How to reduce model complexity and computational cost without compromising the modeling power of LVMs? (3) How to improve the interpretability and reduce the redundancy of discovered patterns? To addresses the three challenges discussed above, we develop a novel regularization technique for LVMs, which controls the geometry of the latent space during learning to enable the learned latent components of LVMs to be diverse in the sense that they are favored to be mutually different from each other, to accomplish long-tail coverage, low redundancy, and better interpretability. We propose a mutual angular regularizer (MAR) to encourage the components in LVMs to have larger mutual angles. The MAR is non-convex and non-smooth, entailing great challenges for optimization. To cope with this issue, we derive a smooth lower bound of the MAR and optimize the lower bound instead. We show that the monotonicity of the lower bound is closely aligned with the MAR to qualify the lower bound as a desirable surrogate of the MAR. Using neural network (NN) as an instance, we analyze how the MAR affects the generalization performance of NN. On two popular latent variable models --- restricted Boltzmann machine and distance metric learning, we demonstrate that MAR can effectively capture long-tail patterns, reduce model complexity without sacrificing expressivity and improve interpretability.
The Gold Standard and Guilt-Edged Insecurities: The Impeachment Crucible as Tragic Farce

At least one prize glittered. Moments after the formal acquittal of William Jefferson Clinton ended his impeachment trial, the Senate leaders of both parties presented Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist with a plaque featuring a golden gavel. Usually, majority leader Senator Trent Lott of Mississippi explained, with minority leader Senator Tom Daschle of South Dakota smiling at his side, one must preside over the Senate for a hundred hours to be awarded the golden gavel. But the Chief Justice's duty in presiding over the impeachment trial apparently was close enough for government work. Rehnquist, wearing his now-famous gold-striped robe, took the plaque and then quickly left the Senate chamber to a standing ovation from all the Senators and many of those in the public galleries.
Detection of Pancreatic Cancer–Induced Cachexia Using a Fluorescent Myoblast Reporter System and Analysis of Metabolite Abundance

The dire effects of cancer-induced cachexia undermine treatment and contribute to decreased survival rates. Therapeutic options for this syndrome are limited, and therefore efforts to identify signs of precachexia in cancer patients are necessary for early intervention. The applications of molecular and functional imaging that would enable a whole-body "holistic" approach to this problem may lead to new insights and advances for diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. Here we have developed a myoblast optical reporter system with the purpose of identifying early cachectic events. We generated a myoblast cell line expressing a dual tdTomato:GFP construct that was grafted onto the muscle of mice-bearing human pancreatic cancer xenografts to provide noninvasive live imaging of events associated with cancer-induced cachexia (i.e., weight loss). Real-time optical imaging detected a strong tdTomato fluorescent signal from skeletal muscle grafts in mice with weight losses of only 1.2% to 2.7% and tumor burdens of only approximately 79 to 170 mm(3). Weight loss in cachectic animals was also associated with a depletion of lipid, cholesterol, valine, and alanine levels, which may provide informative biomarkers of cachexia. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the utility of a reporter system that is capable of tracking tumor-induced weight loss, an early marker of cachexia. Future studies incorporating resected tissue from human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma into a reporter-carrying mouse may be able to provide a risk assessment of cachexia, with possible implications for therapeutic development.
The effect of acute protein deprivation upon erythropoiesis in rats.

1. Hemoglobin concentration, blood volume, and erythrocyte radioiron uptake were measured in rats subjected to acute protein deficiency. 2. Removal of protein from the diet was followed promptly by hemoconcentration, diminution in blood volume, and drastic reduction in erythropoiesis. These changes were reversible, after 35 days, upon addition of protein to the diet. 3. Protein intake is more essential for maintenance of normal erythropoiesis than is total caloric intake. 4. The data suggest that hemoglobin concentration within the vascular system is more important than red cell volume in regulating erythropoietic rate.
Seasonal Variation in the Adult Size of Pachydiplax Longipennis (Burmeister) (Odonata, Libellulidae)

For several years it has been apparent that adults of Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) normally exhibit a considerable range in size throughout their eight month flying season in the Gulf coast area. The extent of these variations and the reasons for them have remained unknown. A search of the literature indicates that other entomologists have noted the same phenomenon. Calvert (1893, 1901—08), Kellicott (1890), and Wright (1937) all called attention to this great size variation in Pachydiplax adults, and Wright (1943) attempted to base the reasons for it in the Gulf coastal marshes on either “the effect of the saline variation upon the nymphs or to a variation in food abundance.”
Potentials from the Isolated Forebrain and Potential Summation in the Isolated Brain of Catfish

Summary1. Rhythmic electrical potentials of from 10 to 180 μv. have been recorded from the isolated olfactory and cerebral lobes of the forebrain of catfish. The “spontaneous” potentials f rorn the 2 different regions differ in from. 2. The smooth wave contours of the central nervous system are apparently complex summed potentials of many smaller oscillatiotis.
The Historic Building in the Modernized City: The Cathedrals of Paris and Rouen in the Nineteenth Century:

Among the most ambitious and comprehensive projects for urban modernization in the nineteenth century was that of Paris where the prefect of the Department of the Seine, Baron Georges- Eugene Haussmann, under the auspices of the Second Empire of Napoleon III, engaged in a thorough-going program of demolition, street replanning, and reconstruction. Although much of the earlier fabric of Paris was destroyed, the major medieval monuments were largely preserved. This article considers the question of how preserved buildings, especially cathedrals, functioned in renovated cities and takes as its case studies Paris and Rouen. Like Paris, Rouen was a rapidly expanding economic center during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and was similarly reworked urbanistically. It too had a major medieval cathedral to be reckoned with. As this article demonstrates, the ways in which these cathedrals could and should represent the national past were the subject of considerable debate through the nineteenth century.
Lucrece’s Re-Creation

L UCRECE PRESENTS SOME SPECIAL PROBLEMS FOR MODERN READERS because it is about a chaste woman who, having been forcibly raped by the king's son, a friend and comrade of her husband, concludes that she is impure and that she must therefore kill herself. A considerable amount of critical energy has been expended in trying to determine whether Lucrece was defiled and whether she should have reacted differently. It is difficult for many readers to forgive Shakespeare and Lucrece for what they take to be the creation of a false dilemma from which the only release is self-destruction. It seems to me that Lucrece's corruption by Tarquin's act is a simple fact, accepted by Lucrece and her society and by Shakespeare and his society. If we accept that Lucrece has lost her purity, it follows that she is faced with a real moral dilemma. I believe that Lucrece resolves this dilemma successfully, in a way that simultaneously satisfies her own demands and those of her society. But however we finally judge Lucrece's resolution of her dilemma, we must be certain that we understand it as she understood it and as it is presented in the poem, and this is what many readers have failed to do.
Conclusion: Writing Greek Law

We have come to the end of the story of writing Greek law, which begins in a period of oral law in which writing played no role, and continues through the earliest use of writing in the seventh century for recording and making public legislation, into the classical and Hellenistic periods when writing was increasingly used in the administration of law and for legal documents other than laws, and ends (for us) in Ptolemaic Egypt, where writing law changes entirely. With the exception of Egypt, we have seen two trends consistently at work: the abundant use of writing for legislation, which was always publicly displayed so as to be read and used by a relatively large segment of the community, and the resistance to using writing during the judicial process. We have also noted some of the consequences of these two trends – that Greek laws have a more open texture, a broader “fringe of vagueness” (Hart 1994: 123) than modern laws, that they are generally written in ordinary, non-technical language, and that the legal professionals so prominent in most other legal systems, including lawyers, notaries, judges, and jurists, are largely absent from Greek law. All these features worked to make Greek law accessible to a relatively broad segment of the community.
Managing Complications of Open Hernia Repair

Despite advances in technical aspects of herniorraphy and in the medical optimization and management of comorbidities, complications following open hernia repair remain a persistent source of morbidity for the patient undergoing hernia repair. This chapter reviews the spectrum and management of complications following open hernia repair. In particular, we focus on surgical site occurrence, renal, pulmonary, mesh-related, and iatrogenic complications as these are more common occurrences in open hernia repair (especially those conducted with component separation methodologies). After reading this chapter, the reader should have a better understanding of the spectrum and breadth of open hernia repair complications and will be able to describe management options for each of these complications.
The Social Work of Unproductive Labor

This chapter provides a framework for understanding service work in the Victorian novel by examining political economy’s changing articulations of unproductive labor, and the relation of these articulations to the mid-nineteenth-century liberalization of finance and the expansion of the service sector. My analysis of unproductive labor builds from the work of J. G. A. Pocock for its eighteenth-century beginnings, and relies on the analysis of gentlemanly capitalism by P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins in their account of the British Empire. My discussion in this chapter thus explores how unproductive labor and the gentlemanly converge in financial services, and how this affects the appearance of other modes of services. One result of this approach is to provide a bridge between scholarly accounts of political economy from Mary Poovey, Catherine Gallagher, and Regenia Gagnier with those of masculinity and work from Tim Barringer, James Eli Adams, and Herbert Sussman. Using lenses of class and gender, my argument suggests a particularly ambivalent experience of service work during the Victorian era. In an increasingly financialized and professionalized society, services are marked by duplicity, acting socially as dependent and productive, and personally as dominated and self-constructing. The relation of body and intellect to external forces of domination is central to this ambivalence. Independence, useful skills, and professional disinterestedness mitigate the force of domination by creating or maintaining something separate from the work-relation, yet gender norms and racism place these mitigating factors out of reach for women and minorities engaged in service.
OR5 Can you predict accurate crossmatch results with HLA-DP DSA?

Aim The new kidney allocation system has increased transplant rates for highly sensitized candidates in which HLA-DP antibodies are more commonly identified. Accurate crossmatch correlations with HLA-DP donor specific antibodies (DSA) can be difficult given the low and variable expression of HLA-DP antigens and the presence of additional DSAs. Our aim was to optimize a strategy for predicting positive flow cytometric crossmatches (FCXM) in the presence of HLA-DP DSA. Methods Hypotonic dialyzed sera from 22 patients containing antibodies to HLA-DP (MFI range 1217–22,270) in the presence or absence of additional DSA were analyzed using One Lambda Single Antigen Beads. FCXMs were performed on a BD FACS Canto and a ratio >2.5 (test serum to negative control serum) was used as a positive FCXM threshold. Surface HLA expression was measured using class I and II specific monoclonal antibodies. Correlation coefficients were calculated. Results All T-FCXMs were negative. Thirteen of 23 B-FCXM were positive and 7 of 13 positive B-FCXM had HLA-DP DSA MFI >10,000 (++7; +−6; −+3; −−7; r = 0.24). Six of 13 positive B-FCXM had HLA-DP DSA MFI values 1 HLA-A; B; DR or >3 total # DSA) were detected reconciling the positive B-FCXM results. Three B-FCXM were negative despite high HLA-DP DSA levels (>10,000MFI); however, HLA class II expression on donor cells was low in 2 of 3 FCXMs. Seven B-FCXMs were negative with MFI Conclusions The breadth of HLA sensitization in patients that develop antibody to DP antigens complicates accurate crossmatch correlations when HLA-DP DSA is present(r = 0.24). High MFI values in bead based assays serve as a tool in crossmatch prediction, but the added complexity of multiple DSAs and variable expression of antigen on cells impact virtual crossmatch accuracy. There is potential for improved correlations (r = 0.60) using this multifactorial approach, but these data must be further validated using a larger dataset.
Disproportionate Suspension Rates: Understanding Policy and Practice in One State

149 Introduction 149 Purpose and Research Questions 152 Method 153 Data Collection 153 State Reports of Suspension and Expulsion 153 State Enrollment Reports 154 Student Handbooks 155 Handbook Ratings 156 Variables 157