cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delta opioid receptors are involved in morphine-induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in SK-N-SH cells

Abstract Opioids play an important role in the regulation of lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). In the present study, we attempted to find out the subtype of opioid receptors involved in the inhibitory effect of morphine on LHRH. Experiments were conducted on SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells that express both μ and δ opioid receptors, LHRH mRNA, and release the LHRH peptide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to measure the levels of LHRH. LHRH level was decreased by 1000 μM of morphine regardless of the duration of exposure or differentiation status of the SK-N-SH cells and was not reversed by naloxone. Selective antagonism of μ opioid receptors, but not δ opioid receptors, allowed lower concentrations (1–100 μM) of morphine to inhibit LHRH. The results of this study imply that (1) δ opioid receptors may mediate the inhibitory effect of lower concentrations of morphine on LHRH levels in SK-N-SH cells, and (2) inhibition of LHRH level by high concentrations of morphine may involve systems other than opioid receptors.
The Impact of Diseases on the Importation of Animals and Animal Products

For decades the veterinary services of the United States and other nations protected their livestock and poultry industries from the ravages of introduced animal diseases by rigorous import restrictions. This policy of zero risk frequently translated to no or reduced trade in animals and animal products or dramatic trade inequities. However, GATT articles enforced by the WTO require that imported products be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods with regard to animal health restrictions. Under authority from the WTO, the OIE establishes recommendations and guidelines for the regulation of trade in animals and products of animal origin through the OIE International Animal Health Code, sets animal health standards, and reports global animal health situations and statuses. Diseases often have a dramatic impact on the animal agricultural industries of a nation--disease outbreaks may be deleterious to the competitiveness of the products of one nation but offer opportunities for others. The potential dangers of lax vigilance, insufficient scientifically valid data, inadequate SPS measures, and errors in assessing risk can turn the heady experience of seemingly unlimited growth in international markets and demand for one's products into a catastrophic return to reality. The experience of the United Kingdom and countries of Europe with bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a case in point. It is estimated that the cost of the outbreak of this disease to the economy of the UK has been more than $3 billion. Responses of their trading partners, including the US, to this outbreak were abrupt and restrictive. Although the decision was controversial, the US stopped importation of live cattle from the UK in the late 1980's and subsequently, in 1997, importation of all products of ruminant origin was stopped from all countries of Europe. The transmission of the disease to continental Europe and the disclosure that the pathogen was associated with a fatal human illness, rocked consumer confidence in the safety of the UK beef supply, brought down the ruling political party in the UK, and forced major changes in the beef industry.
A continuum limit for non-dominated sorting

Non-dominated sorting is an important combinatorial problem in multi-objective optimization, which is ubiquitous in many fields of science and engineering. In this paper, we overview the results of some recent work by the authors on a continuum limit for non-dominated sorting. In particular, we have discovered that in the (random) large sample size limit, the non-dominated fronts converge almost surely to the level sets of a function that satisfies a Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equation (PDE). We show how this PDE can be used to design a fast, potentially sublinear, approximate non-dominated sorting algorithm, and we show the results of applying the algorithm to real data from an anomaly detection problem.
Robot trajectory control: robust outer loop design using a linear controller

Trajectory control of robotic manipulators is investigated using a robust linear control law. For a system with unknown but bounded parameters, we implement an inverse dynamics control scheme that consists of a linearizing control (inner loop) based on a nominal system, and a robust linear feedback control (outer loop) based on the uncertainty bounds. The control is robust in the sense that the system practically tracks (i.e., follows arbitrarily close to) the desired trajectory of position vs. time for any uncertainty within the allowed range.
Microsensor and microactuator applications of thin films

Abstract Thin solid films are utilized as both structural and transducing elements in silicon microsensors and microactuators. Micromechanical structures can be made by selectively etching sacrificial layers from a multilayer sandwich of patyerned thin films. This paper reviews this emerging area of thin film applications and discusses selected recent developments, including resonant structures and electrostatic micrometers. Thin film mechanical properties, such as residual stress, Young's modulus, fracture strength, and friction, and must be carefully studied to enable the successful design of these devices.
Low levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neocortex resected from presumed seizure foci in epileptic patients

The concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI) was determined by radioimmunoassay in neocortical tissue resected from 20 patients with pharmacologically intractable complex partial seizures. Most resections included either the anterior temporal pole neocortex (15 cases) or cingulate gyrus neocortex (3 cases). The concentration of SS-LI was lowest in cortical tissue immediately adjacent to cortical tumors. Preoperative electrical recordings suggested that this tissue was the seizure focus. In vitro recordings showed that this tissue also exhibited abnormal hyperexcitable synaptic responses. Higher levels of SS-LI, similar to normal values previously reported in human cortex, were present in non-focal temporal neocortical tissue (resected from patients in whom the seizure focus was in the ipsilateral hippocampus) in which no hyperexcitable synaptic activity was present in vitro. The functional loss of inhibitory transmitters suggested by the low SS-LI levels might provide a theoretical basis for the hyperexcitability observed in vivo and in vitro.
The Effects of Perceived Status and Linguistic Diversity Upon Judgments of Speaker Attributes and Message Effectiveness

Summary It has been shown previously that high linguistic diversity positively affects listeners' judgments of speaker attributes and message effectiveness. Diversity refers to the degree of lexical and syntactic redundancy in a message. In the present study it was predicted that listeners' initial perceptions of a speaker's status would influence their judgments of high- and low-diversity messages. Ss were 46 male and female undergraduates at The University of Iowa. Three competing predictions were offered, and the results supported a status-attribution explanation. A high-status speaker was rated especially positively when he delivered a high-diversity message and especially negatively when he delivered a low-diversity message. High- and low-diversity messages did not differ in their evaluative consequences for a low-status speaker; in this case both message types produced ratings that fell between the relatively positive or negative ratings given to the high-status speaker.
In vitro regulation of chicken thyrotropes.

Abstract The results of morphological studies of the avian pituitary [ Mikami (1958) , J. Fac. Agr. Iwate Univ. , 3 , 473–545; Tixier-Vidal et al. (1967) , C. R. Acad. Sci. , 264 , 1739–1742, (1968) Z. Zellforsch. , 92 , 610–635] and of the avian pituitary portal system [ Vitums et al. (1964) , Z. Zellforsch. , 64 , 541–569; Sharp and Follett (1968) , J. Anat. , 104 , 227–232] suggest that releasing hormones from the rostral hypothalamus may be transported to the rostral pars distalis and those from the caudal hypothalamus to the caudal pars distalis . Physiological studies of the avian hypothalamus [ Egge and Chiasson (1963) , Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. , 3 , 346–361; Gehrmann (1967) PhD dissertation, The University of Arizona; Egge et al. (1975) , Poultry Sci. , 54 , 1628–1630] and of the avian pituitary [ Radke and Chiasson, (1974) , J. Endocrinol. , 60 , 187–188] suggest that TRH is produced in the rostral hypothalamus (and is therefore transported only to the rostral pars distalis ) but that TSH is produced in both lobes of the pars distalis . The present in vitro study was initiated to resolve this apparent conflict between these various studies and to determine the mechanisms controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of the chicken. Control incubated portions had a considerably higher content of TSH than did in vivo glands. This was interpreted to be due to the lack of thyroid hormone inhibition. Gland portions incubated with T 4 had a reduced amount of TSH in both portions. Glands incubated with TRH usually had a higher mean level of TSH in the rostral lobe but the caudal lobe was unchanged. It was concluded that thyrotropes responding to circulating levels of thyroid hormone were distributed throughout both lobes of the gland but thyrotropes responding to hypothalamic TRH were only in the rostral lobe.
Photon dynamics in coherently coupled optical resonators

The temporal response of coupled resonators is investigated using a linear systems analysis and coupled mode theory. Damped Rabi oscillations, slow and fast light, and coherent photon transfer techniques are demonstrated in these systems.
Integrated inventory control with recovery and disposal

This paper deals with a cooperative process between the vendor and the buyer in an integrated production inventory model. The buyer inspects all the arriving items and returns all of the defective items to the vendor. The vendor recycles every defective item; all recoverable items are repaired and then sold to the third-party buyers. In this paper, the first scenario discussed, the vendor has a superior bargaining power over the buyer, and in the second, the buyer has a better bargaining power. For each scenario, a method is used for finding an optimal strategy. Furthermore, in the leader–follower cooperative game, we develop three algorithmic procedures to find the minimum expected annual total cost for each model. Simultaneously, we optimise the order quantity of the buyer, the length of lead time of the buyer, the size of shipments from the vendor to the buyer and the numbers of shipments per production run from the vendor to the buyer for this integrated inventory model. Finally, the expected annual t...
Skills and knowledge needed by the CME professional in the twenty‐first century

Attendees at the 19th Annual Alliance for Continuing Medical Education (ACME) meeting in February 1994 were asked to respond to a survey identifying skills and characteristics needed by the continuing medical education (CME) professionals of the twenty-first century. Ninety-one attendees responded, representing an estimated response rate of 15%. Respondents identified educational skills, particularly those related to educational technology, and self-directed learning as key skills needed by CME professionals of the future. In addition, management skills related to quality improvement were identified as important. These findings have many implications for curricular development and education of CME professionals.
Roles of Transforming Growth Factor-α and Epidermal Growth Factor in Chick Limb Development

Abstract We have examined the distribution of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and the chicken EGF receptor (c -erbB ), in embryonic chick limbs. Prior to limb budding, TGF-α is present in prospective limb-forming mesoderm and in prospective apical ectodermal ridge (AER)-forming ectoderm, but is not detected in non-limb-forming flank mesoderm or ectoderm, nor in presumptive non-AER-forming limb ectoderm, suggesting possible roles in initial limb formation and AER induction. Consistent with this possibility, TGF-α is present in the mesoderm of the wing buds of the amelic chick mutants limbless and wingless , which form and bud normally, but is absent from limbless and wingless ectoderm, which fails to form an AER. TGF-α and EGF are present in the AER of the developing limb, and TGF-α, EGF, and c- erbB are present in the underlying subridge mesoderm, suggesting possible roles in reciprocal AER/subridge mesoderm interactions required for limb outgrowth. We found that exogenous TGF-α and EGF can promote the outgrowth of limb mesoderm in the absence of the AER in vitro and can also promote the outgrowth of limbless and wingless wing bud explants. EGF is present in ventral but not dorsal limb ectoderm, suggesting a role for EGF in specification of ventral ectoderm. TGF-α and EGF are not detected in the differentiating cartilaginous elements or muscle primordia of the limb, suggesting that cessation of TGF-α and EGF expression may be required for cartilage and muscle formation. We have found that exogenous TGF-α and EGF inhibit chondrogenesis and myogenesis of limb mesenchyme in vitro. Together these results indicate that signaling through the EGF receptor via endogenous TGF-α and EGF may be important for initial limb formation, AER induction, outgrowth of limb mesoderm, and regulation of limb chondrogenic and myogenic differentiation.
Nitric oxide, nitrotyrosine, and nitric oxide modulators in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Nitric oxide (NO), a simple free-radical gas, elicits a diverse range of physiologic and pathophysiologic effects, and plays an important role in pulmonary diseases. Nitrosative stress and nitration of proteins in airway epithelium may be responsible for steroid resistance in asthma and their ineffectiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), supporting the potential role of future therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating NO synthesis in asthma and COPD. In this article, we review the potential role of NO modulators (NO synthase inhibitors and NO donors), which, if given on a regular basis, may have clinical benefit in asthma and COPD.
Brain and Skeletal Muscle Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Schizophrenia

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been studied in postmortem brain specimens from chronic schizophrenics and comparison groups by various laboratories. There is no evidence for decreased MAO activity in the brains of the schizophrenic patients, but many possible sources of error in postmortem studies make the conclusions of these studies less than definitive. However, since almost complete inhibition of brain MAO activity appears necessary before it has any functional significance, reduced brain MAO activity is unlikely to have any significance for the pathogenesis of psychosis. Brain and platelet MAO activities in man have been found not to be significantly correlated with each other. There is some evidence neuroleptic drugs may inhibit human brain MAO activity in vitro, but indirect evidence from spinal fluid and postmortem studies is not consistent with this. Decreased MAO activity has been found in the skeletal muscle of various types of psychotic patients compared to normal controls. This suggests decreased MAO activity in peripheral tissues may be a nonspecific marker for vulnerability to the development of psychopathology.
MYC Cofactors: Molecular Switches Controlling Diverse Biological Outcomes

The transcription factor MYC has fundamental roles in proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and stem cell pluripotency. Over the last 30 years extensive information has been gathered on the numerous cofactors that interact with MYC and the target genes that are regulated by MYC as a means of understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling its diverse roles. Despite significant advances and perhaps because the amount of information learned about MYC is overwhelming, there has been little consensus on the molecular functions of MYC that mediate its critical biological roles. In this perspective, the major MYC cofactors that regulate the various transcriptional activities of MYC, including canonical and noncanonical transactivation and transcriptional repression, will be reviewed and a model of how these transcriptional mechanisms control MYC-mediated proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis will be presented. The basis of the model is that a variety of cofactors form dynamic MYC transcriptional complexes that can switch the molecular and biological functions of MYC to yield a diverse range of outcomes in a cell-type- and context-dependent fashion.
Color graphics for remote teaching

A system for preparation and manipulation of color graphics video frames is described. The system commands are designed for use by a class instructor (who is not a computer science person) in preparation and delivery of lectures to a remote site. The system can provide the types of images, overlays, and coloring that could be drawn using transparency sheets and color pens, or that could prepared as 35 mm technical slides (not photographs, but text and diagrams). The hardware consists of standardly available input, display, and output components. Several hardware alternatives are noted so that cost and capability tradeoffs can be compared. Communication between the instructor's site and the remote class site uses standard telephone lines for transmission of participants' voices and for digital graphics commands and compressed image data. The system software is yet in experimental form. It is in BASIC, but in modular form. While none of the individual components or graphics concepts in this system is in itself dramatically new, the integrated system demonstrates an important advancement in state-of-the-art for remote instruction.
Hypothyroidism and the maturation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis

Rats were made hypothyroid by feeding .25% thiouracil in a semipurified casein diet to mothers from the first day of pregnancy through lactation. At 15 days of age, concentrations of adrenal and serum corticosterone were comparable in euthyroid and hypothyroid young, suggesting a basal ACTH release. Ether stress, however, failed to elicit an increased synthesis and release of corticosterone in the hypothyroid rat, but was effective in the euthyroid animal. Exogenous ACTH, on the other hand, did induce corticosterone synthesis and release in hypothyroid and euthyroid rats, indicating a functional adrenal gland. Thus, neonatal hypothyroidism appears to influence the hypothalamus. The retarded maturation of this axis may play a role in behavioral deficiencies seen in hypothyroid animals.
Properties of Rossby Waves in the North Atlantic Estimated from Satellite Data

This study uses satellite observations of sea surface height (SSH) to detect westward-propagating anomalies, presumably baroclinic Rossby waves, in the North Atlantic and to estimate their period, wavelength, amplitude, and phase speed. Detection involved a nonlinear fit of the theoretical dispersion relation for Rossby waves to the time‐longitude spectrum at a given latitude. Estimates of period, wavelength, and phase speed resulted directly from the detection process. Based on these, a filter was designed and applied to extract the Rossby wave signal from the data. This allowed a mapping of the spatial variability of the Rossby wave amplitude for the North Atlantic. Results showed the familiar larger speed of observed Rossby waves relative to that expected from theory, with the largest differences occurring at shorter periods. The data also show that the dominant Rossby waves, those with periods that are less than annual, propagated with almost uniform speed in the western part of the North Atlantic between 308 and 408N. In agreement with previous studies, the amplitude of the Rossby wave field was higher in the western part of the North Atlantic than in the eastern part. This is often attributed to the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. By contrast, this study, through an analysis of the wave spatial structure, suggests that the source of the baroclinic Rossby waves at midlatitudes in the western North Atlantic is located southeast of the Grand Banks where the Gulf Stream and the deep western boundary current interact with the Newfoundland Ridge. The spatial structure of the waves in the eastern North Atlantic is consistent with the formation of these waves along the basin’s eastern boundary.
Oscillographic Study of Electron Transfer by Yellow ferment and by Cytochrome C during Muscular Contraction

Lohmann (1936) pointed out in a recent review that ultimately the energy for the contractile process of muscles is derived in preference from the combustion of carbohydrate. The term “combustion of carbohydrate”, until recently difficult to define, can now be precisely described. According to Warburg (1935; 1936), its basic feature is the transfer of electrons (or hydrogen atoms ) from hexosephosphate to the pyridine ring of the aerobic co-ferment triphosphopyridine nucleotide, and to the anaerobic co-ferment diphosphopyridine nucleotide (co-zymase). These nucleotides transfer the electrons to yellow ferment (flavoprotein), and also to cytochrome c (Theorell, 1936).
Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron-deficiency anemia.

Ten women with iron-deficiency anemia, 8 with depleted iron stores (nonanemic), and 12 control women, all of similar body fatness, were exposed to a 28 degrees C water bath to test the hypothesis that iron-deficiency anemia impairs thermoregulatory performance. The anemic women had lower rectal temperatures than did control women (36.0 +/- 0.2 vs 36.2 +/- 0.1 degree C, respectively, P = 0.001) and a lower rate of oxygen consumption (5.28 +/- 0.26 vs 5.99 +/- 0.29 mL.min-1.kg body wt-1, respectively, P = 0.04) at 100 min of cold exposure. Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.002) lower in anemic than in control women at baseline and during cold exposure. Responses of iron-depleted subjects were similar to those of control subjects. Iron supplementation corrected the anemia, significantly (P = 0.03) improved rectal temperature at 100 min, and partially normalized plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. Plasma catecholamines were unaffected by iron status. This experiment demonstrates a functional consequence of iron-deficiency anemia in the balance of heat production and loss and suggests that thyroid-hormone metabolism may be responsible.
A new post-traumatic headache syndrome; clinical and therapeutic observations.

SYNOPSIS Clinical and therapeutic observations are described in seven patients with a new form of post-traumatic headache. Unilateral fronto-temporal vasodilatory headaches occurred associated with ipsilateral mydriasis and facial hyperhidrosis followed by partial ptosis and meiosis. Pharmacologic studies showed partial sympathetic denervation of the affected pupil during headache-free intervals. There was no evidence of generalized autonomic dysfunction. Anterior neck injury occurred in all patients. The third neuronal sympathetic pathway appears partially damaged in the neck and probably is the cause of this dysautonomic headache. The patients responded to treatment with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, but not to ergotamine.
Environment and Health Research in China: The State of the Field*

In the context of this symposium, this article reviews social science research in the emerging field of environment and health in China, with a particular focus on the impacts of pollution. It begins with a discussion of the particular nature of China's environment-related health problems, distinguishing the different challenges presented by diseases of poverty, affluence and transition. It then reviews recent developments in policy and civil society with regard to environment and health, and the extent to which work in the social sciences has advanced our knowledge of these and of state–society interactions. The article concludes with some reflections on the need for and challenges of interdisciplinary and international collaboration in this area.
Thermal evolution of Pluto and implications for surface tectonics and a subsurface ocean

Abstract Determining whether or not Pluto possesses, or once possessed, a subsurface ocean is crucial to understanding its astrobiological potential. In this study we use a 3D convection model to investigate Pluto’s thermal and spin evolution, and the present-day observational consequences of different evolutionary pathways. We test the sensitivity of our model results to different initial temperature profiles, initial spin periods, silicate potassium concentrations and ice reference viscosities. The ice reference viscosity is the primary factor controlling whether or not an ocean develops and whether that ocean survives to the present day. In most of our models present-day Pluto consists of a convective ice shell without an ocean. However if the reference viscosity is higher than 5 × 10 15 Pa s, the shell will be conductive and an ocean should be present. For the nominal potassium concentration the present-day ocean and conductive shell thickness are both about 165 km; in conductive cases an ocean will be present unless the potassium content of the silicate mantle is less than 10% of its nominal value. If Pluto never developed an ocean, predominantly extensional surface tectonics should result, and a fossil rotational bulge will be present. For the cases which possess, or once possessed, an ocean, no fossil bulge should exist. A present-day ocean implies that compressional surface stresses should dominate, perhaps with minor recent extension. An ocean that formed and then re-froze should result in a roughly equal balance between (older) compressional and (younger) extensional features. These predictions may be tested by the New Horizons mission.
Introduction of foreign genes into tissues of living mice by DNA-coated microprojectiles.

Foreign genes were expressed in liver and skin cells of live mice by using a new apparatus to accelerate DNA-coated microprojectiles into tissues. After introduction of a plasmid in which the firefly luciferase gene was controlled by the human beta-actin promoter, luciferase activity was detectable for up to 14 days in mouse tissues (skin and liver). In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that microprojectiles penetrated through multiple cell layers without evidence of tissue injury and that 10-20% of the cells in the bombarded area expressed the foreign gene. An advantage of the new design is that internal organs, such as liver, can be transfected without subjecting the tissue to a vacuum. This procedure potentially is applicable to a wide variety of tissues and cell types for studies of transcriptional control elements and for expression of foreign proteins in intact animals.
A self-test and self-diagnosis architecture for boards using boundary scans

The authors present a low-cost self-test and self-diagnosis architecture for locating both defective chips and bad interconnects on a printed-circuit board. It is assumed that the boundary scan method developed by the Joint Task Action Group (JTAG) is applied to all chips on the board. To achieve high fault coverage, the proposed method uses pseudorandom patterns from a cellular automaton to locate defective chips, and walking sequences to locate bad interconnects. It is shown that the effectiveness of this method depends on the type of circuits to be tested. >
Temperature-dependent Model for Sorghum Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Spring Emergence

A temperature-dependent, two-component model, based on constant-temperature development data, was formulated which described the emergence of overwintered sorghum midges, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) in the field. The first model component used a poikilotherm rate equation to predict emergence rates as a function of temperature. The second component distributed emerging adults over normalized time using a temperature-independent cumulative Weibull distribution. When coupled, components formed a temperature-dependent simulation model which described the spring emergence of overwintered midges from 1979 to 1982. The model tended to predict emergence before it actually occurred in the field. This discrepancy was corrected by incorporating a 1.27-cm precipitation delay factor which modified predicted rates to reflect the retarding effects of rainfall on daily emergence. Once precipitation delay was incorporated, the model very accurately predicted adult emergence during all 4 years.
Development of a combined pure rotational and vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering system.

A combined pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (PRCARS) and vibrational CARS (VCARS) system has been developed. In this system two beams, a broadband beam centered at 607 nm and the frequency-doubled Nd:YAG output at 532 nm is used to generate the PRCARS signal. A second 532 nm beam is used along with the other two beams to simultaneously generate the N2 VCARS signal using a standard phase-matching scheme.
Practical Implementation of Krylov Subspace Spectral Methods

Krylov subspace spectral methods have been shown to be high-order accurate in time and more stable than explicit time-stepping methods, but also more difficult to implement efficiently. This paper describes how these methods can be fashioned into practical solvers by exploiting the simple structure of differential operators Numerical results concerning accuracy and efficiency are presented for parabolic problems in one and two space dimensions.
Getting close to the action elicits better memories

![Figure][1] Insight from Jason Cyster Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies against rapidly evolving viruses is a “holy grail” of current vaccine research. A study in this issue reveals that it’s not just the properties of the immunogen that matter, but also the anatomical
Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Poroelastic Inclusions: With Application to Underground Energy-Related Problems

Understanding the stress change in a reservoir generated by fluid production/injection is important for field development purposes. In this paper, we provide the Eshelby solution for stress and strain distribution inside and outside of an anisotropic poroelastic inhomogeneity due to pore pressure changes inside the inhomogeneity. The term anisotropic inhomogeneity refers to an inhomogeneity with anisotropic poroelastic constants. Some graphical results for strain and stress ratios for different material properties and geometries are presented as well. Anisotropy in elastic properties has been studied extensively in the last century; however, anisotropy in poroelastic properties, despite its potential significant impact in different engineering problems, has not been explored thoroughly. The results show how neglecting the effect of anisotropic poroelastic properties may result in large differences in calculated stresses. Due to the authors' primary interest in geomechanical problems, the discussions and examples are chosen for applications involving fluid withdrawal/injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Magnesium ring device to restore function of a transected anterior cruciate ligament in the goat stifle joint

A bioresorbable, mono-crystalline magnesium (Mg) ring device and suture implantation technique were designed to connect the ends of a transected anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to restabilize the knee and load the ACL to prevent disuse atrophy of its insertion sites and facilitate its healing. To test its application, cadaveric goat stifle joints were evaluated using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system in three states: Intact, ACL-deficient, and after Mg ring repair, at 30°, 60°, and 90° of joint flexion. Under a 67-N anterior tibial load simulating that used in clinical examinations, the corresponding anterior tibial translation (ATT) and in-situ forces in the ACL and medial meniscus for 0 and 100 N of axial compression were obtained and compared with a control group treated with suture repair. In all cases, Mg ring repair reduced the ATT by over 50% compared to the ACL-deficient joint, and in-situ forces in the ACL and medial meniscus were restored to near normal levels, showing significant improvement over suture repair. These findings suggest that Mg ring repair could successfully stabilize the joint and load the ACL immediately after surgery, laying the framework for future in vivo studies to assess its utility for ACL healing. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2001-2008, 2016.
Design Methods to Create Frozen Sonic Booms via Lobe Balancing using Aircraft Components

This study explores how to freeze a sonic boom. A frozen sonic boom is dened as one that does not develop into an N-wave because its shape has stopped changing. First, atmospheric freezing is discussed. As a sonic boom propagates to the ground the age variable which quanties the nonlinear distortion approaches an asymptotic limit. If it reaches this limit, the sonic boom will stop distorting and be frozen in its current shape. Data is presented that shows for an aircraft cruising at 51,000 feet at Mach 1.7, the age variable is still 24% away from this limit. Thus, the sonic boom continues to distort all the way to the ground and is not frozen by the atmosphere. A second way to freeze a sonic boom is through balancing lobes in the Whitham F-function. This technique is investigated by using software based on modied linear theory. A design is sent to the software where it is transformed into an F-function, which is then propagated to the ground using geometric acoustics. Key performance parameters, such as lift, drag, and static margin are also calculated. This computer code is used to design a lobe balanced supersonic business jet using aircraft components. The lobe balanced aircraft produces a 24% reduction in the overpressure at the price of 13% reduction in the lift-to-drag ratio. Although the reduction in this ratio is undesirable, this study demonstrates that lobe balancing can reduce the maximum over pressure using aircraft components and warrants further detailed investigation.
Microstructural Observations and Mechanical Behavior of Pb-Sn Solder on Copper Plates

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Pb-Sn solder joining Cu plates were studied. Yticrostructural observations were made on both the bulk Pb-Sn solder and on the interface between the solder and Cu plates. Pb-Sn solder has a two-phase microstructure in which the Pb-rich phase is the weaker. β-Sn precipitates in the Pb-rich phase were characterized in TEM. Intermetallic phases (Cu6 Sn5 and Cu3Sn) that form during the reaction of molten Pb-Sn solder with Cu were investigated. Solder joints were tested to fracture in both shear and tensile configurations. The mechanical properties and fracture surface characteristics are reported.
Hosts of Rhipicephalus Sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Northern Mississippi, USA

A total of 741 mammals representing 15 species were examined for brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus , infestations from February 1976 through July 1977 in 3 localities in Marshall County, Mississippi. Of 8641 R. sanguineus removed from these animals, 30.3%, 28.9% and 40.8% were larvae, nymphs and adults, respectively. This tick infested 61.5%, 34.6% and 1.3% of the domestic, hunting and stray dogs, respectively. Of 14 noncanine species examined, only Hispid Cotton Rats ( Sigmodon hispidus ) (1.3%) and House Mice ( Mus musculus ) (1.3%) were infested by R. sanguineus .
Investigation on Status of Patients in STD Clinic in Futian District of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To understand the epidemic features of STD in Futian District of Shenzhen City,to explore the relationship between sex,age,native place,some behavioral factors and the incidence of STD,and provide scientific evidence for developing control measures.[Methods] Questionnaire was adopted to conduct survey on patients in STD clinics of 7 general hospitals in Futian District of Shenzhen City.[Results]Significant difference existed between STDs and condom use(χ2=7.76,P0.05),the difference of STD incidence between genders was significant(χ2=10.22,P0.05),the incidence of male was significantly higher than that of female.[Conclusion]Dirty sex is the risk factors of STD.Disease control departments should make full use of various forms of media and health resources in local areas to carry out various forms of propaganda and education so that people can have the knowledge of AIDS and STD prevention,and to carry out behavioral intervention in high-risk groups to increase condom use.
Fixation of the central nervous system by perfusion with aldehydes and its effect on the extracellular space as seen by electron microscopy.

Rat brains fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and prepared for electron microscopy under certain conditions showed an abundance of very closely apposed or completely fused surface membranes in some areas. This apparent lack of extracellular space was most consistently observed in the lateral geniculate body and the superior colliculus and less consistently in the cerebellum and parietal cortex. Lowering the temperature of the perfusate from body temperature (38-39 °C) to room temperature (19-20 °C) and/or lowering the pressure at which it was delivered (from 140 to 70 cm of water) led to the appearance of more extracellular space. A striking change in the amount of extracellular space was observed when ethanol was used for dehydrating the samples instead of acetone. When ethanol was employed a space of approximately 100 A was seen between most cellular elements, whereas acetone dehydration led to an abundance of closely apposed or fused surface membranes. It is suggested that if glutaraldehyde acts by cross-linking proteins in apposing membranes, this reaction is more effectively completed in the presence of acetone and that this may be due to depolymerization of glutaraldehyde by the solvent. It is also suggested that the variation in the amount of extracellular space seen in brains fixed by perfusion with aldehydes may reflect real differences in distances between membranes at the time of fixation.
Disorders of the Eyelids in the Elderly

Elderly persons are subject to degenerative disorders of the eyelids, such as baggy eyelids, herniation of orbital fat, and either outward or inward relaxation of the lid margin. Surgical repair may be necessary to provide functional vision or to correct cosmetic deformity. Careful observation and diagnosis are mandatory in both malignant and nonmalignant tumors of the eyelids. Malignant tumors should, of course, be excised.
Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Two Bodies Across an Intermittent Contact

An Improvised Explosive Device models as an outer buffer layer and an inner layer of surrogate material. It is hypothesized that the area in contact between these layers and pressure across this area determines in large part the transmission of vibration energy from the outer layer to the inner layer. Even if these layers of material display linear elastic behavior separately, the combined vibration properties of the coupled bodies will exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior. To study these interactions, a two-dimensional numerical finite element plate model is developed of the buffer layer and the interface is represented as a random array of transverse springs simulating the stiffness of the inner layer beneath the buffer layer. Natural frequencies and corresponding modal deflection shapes are calculated and shown to change depending on the nodes connected by these springs. Modal experiments are performed with a polycarbonate sheet resting on a polymeric plate. Experiments for low and high amplitude impulsive forcing functions demonstrate nonlinear vibration behavior in the two coupled bodies and that this nonlinear behavior is a function of the location of the forcing function as well as the location of the sensor that is used to measure the outer layer’s response.
A three-dimensional analysis of the endolymph drainage system in Ménière disease.

Objectives/Hypothesis To measure the volume of the endolymph drainage system in temporal bone specimens with Meniere disease, as compared with specimens with endolymphatic hydrops without vestibular symptoms and with nondiseased specimens Study Design Comparative human temporal bone analysis. Methods We generated three-dimensional models of the vestibular aqueduct, endolymphatic sinus and duct, and intratemporal portion of the endolymphatic sac and calculated the volume of those structures. We also measured the internal and external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct, as well as the opening (if present) of the utriculoendolymphatic (Bast's) valve and compared the measurements in our three study groups. Results The volume of the vestibular aqueduct and of the endolymphatic sinus, duct, and intratemporal endolymphatic sac was significantly lower in the Meniere disease group than in the endolymphatic hydrops group (P <.05). The external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct was also smaller in the Meniere disease group. Bast's valve was open only in some specimens in the Meniere disease group. Conclusions In temporal bones with Meniere disease, the volume of the vestibular aqueduct, endolymphatic duct, and intratemporal endolymphatic sac was lower, and the external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct was smaller as compared with bones from donors who had endolymphatic hydrops without vestibular symptoms and with nondiseased bones. The open status of the Bast's valve in the Meniere disease group could be secondary to higher retrograde endolymph pressures caused by smaller drainage systems. These anatomic findings could correlate with the reason that some patients with hydrops develop clinical symptoms, whereas others do not. Level of Evidence N/A Laryngoscope, 127:E170–E175, 2017
Forging Solid-State Qubit Design Principles in a Molecular Furnace

The realization of quantum information processing would disrupt the status quo in the realm of computation; the extraordinary power of a hypothetical quantum computer motivates significant research efforts toward creating such a device. One promising route to enable quantum information processing involves employing electronic spins as the elementary unit of information, known as a qubit. Within this paradigm, paramagnetic defect sites in solid-state materials demonstrate appreciable promise, and recent developments in paramagnetic molecular coordination complexes illustrate an encouraging trajectory. While solid-state systems exhibit long spin coherence lifetimes, rational control of their properties remains challenging. Effecting synthetic control over qubit design prompted the study of tunable molecular species to develop design principles for spin coherence lifetimes. The challenge now lies in extending those molecular design principles to target new solid-state architectures that could enable device-s...
Multiply ionized carbon plasmas with index of refraction greater than one

Fordecadestheanalysisofinterferometryhavereliedontheapproximationthattheindexofrefractioninplasmasisdue solelytothefreeelectrons.Thisgeneralassumptionmakestheindexofrefractionalwayslessthanone.However,recent softx-raylaserinterferometryexperimentswithAluminumplasmasatwavelengthsof14.7nmand13.9nmhaveshown fringes that bend the opposite direction than would be expected when using that approximation. Analysis of the data demonstrated that this effect is due to bound electrons that contribute significantly to the index of refraction of multiply ionized plasmas, and that this should be encountered in other plasmas at different wavelengths. Recent studies of Silver and Tin plasmas using a 46.9 nm probe beam generated by a Ne-like Ar capillary discharge soft-ray laser identified plasmas with an index of refraction greater than one, as was predicted by computer calculations. In this paper we present newinterferometricresultsobtainedwithCarbonplasmasat46.9nmprobewavelengththatclearlyshowplasmaregions with an index of refraction greater than one. Computations suggest that in this case the phenomenon is due to the dominantcontributionofboundelectronsfromdoublyionizedcarbonionstotheindexofrefraction.Theresultsreaffirm that bound electrons can strongly influence the index of refraction of numerous plasmas over a broad range of soft x-ray wavelengths.
Translesion DNA Synthesis in Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

The genomic landscape of cancer is one marred by instability, but the mechanisms that underlie these alterations are multi-faceted and remain a topic of intense research. Cellular responses to DNA damage and/or replication stress can affect genome stability in tumors and influence the response of patients to therapy. In addition to direct repair, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) is an element of genomic maintenance programs that contributes to the etiology of several types of cancer. DDT mechanisms primarily act to resolve replication stress, and this can influence the effectiveness of genotoxic drugs. Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is an important component of DDT that facilitates direct bypass of DNA adducts and other barriers to replication. The central role of TLS in the bypass of drug-induced DNA lesions, the promotion of tumor heterogeneity, and the involvement of these enzymes in the maintenance of the cancer stem cell (CSC) niche presents an opportunity to leverage inhibition of TLS as a way of improvi...