cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant exuberant object play at home: Immense amounts of time-distributed, variable practice.

Object play yields enormous benefits for infant development. However, little is known about natural play at home where most object interactions occur. We conducted frame-by-frame video analyses of spontaneous activity in two 2-h home visits with 13-month-old crawling infants and 13-, 18-, and 23-month-old walking infants (N = 40; 21 boys; 75% White). Regardless of age, for every infant and time scale, across 10,015 object bouts, object interactions were short (median = 9.8 s) and varied (transitions among dozens of toys and non-toys) but consumed most of infants' time. We suggest that infant exuberant object play-immense amounts of brief, time-distributed, variable interactions with objects-may be conducive to learning object properties and functions, motor skill acquisition, and growth in cognitive, social, and language domains.
Stuck in the middle: Impacts of grade configuration in public schools

Abstract We examine the implications of separating students of different grade levels across schools for the purposes of educational production. Specifically, we find that moving students from elementary to middle school in 6th or 7th grade causes significant drops in academic achievement. These effects are large (about 0.15 standard deviations), present for both math and English, and persist through grade 8, the last year for which we have achievement data. The effects are similar for boys and girls, but stronger for students with low levels of initial achievement. We instrument for middle school attendance using the grade range of the school students attended in grade 3, and employ specifications that control for student fixed effects. This leaves only one potential source of bias–correlation between grade range of a student's grade 3 school and unobservable characteristics that cause decreases in achievement precisely when students are due to switch schools–which we view as highly unlikely. We find little evidence that placing public school students into middle schools during adolescence is cost-effective.
The Heaviside theory of lumped circuits and differential systems based an causality

Due to an accident of personality and history, the Laplace transform superseded the Heaviside theory of circuits and systems. The main reason was the latter's lack of rigor-even though it is more general and directly applicable. This paper shows that the Heaviside theory can be made entirely rigorous in an elementary fashion. Furthermore, it exhibits all of the calculational machinery of the Laplace transform. The Laplace transform is shown to fit into the Heaviside theory as a special tool, primarily useful in developing the idea of a spectrum. >
Detection of aliasing in image sequences using nonlinear factor analysis

In computational imaging, reconstructing a single high-reso- lution scene from multiple low-resolution aliased images is most efficient if done only over those regions where significant aliasing occurs. This paper presents a framework for detecting pixel locations exhibiting the most-prominent effects of aliasing in a sequence of subpixel-shifted images. The process employs nonlinear factor analysis of the image sequence, in which the latent variables are the relative position offsets for each image in the sequence, followed by outlier detection on the error residuals from the joint estimation process. Numerical examples illustrate the capabilities of the methodology.
Replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid During the Division Cycle of Salmonella typhimurium

The rate of thymidine incorporation into cells of Salmonella typhimurium growing in different media has been measured. In glucose-minimal medium, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication occurs during the first two-thirds of the division cycle; the final one-third of the division cycle was devoid of DNA replication. The measured doubling time of S. typhimurium in this medium is approximately 48 min, indicating that C (the time for a round of replication) and D (the time between termination and cell division) are approximately 32 and 16 min, respectively. At slower growth rates the pattern of replication is the same as glucose minimal medium. At faster growth rates the "gap" in DNA synthesis disappears. At rapid growth rates evidence for multiple forks is obtained.
There's No Reason for it; It's Just Our Policy: Why the Well-Pleaded-Complaint Rule Sabotages the Purposes of Federal Question Jurisdiction

Whatever one thinks are the purposes of having federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, the well-pleaded-complaint rule does nothing to satisfy them. The rule, most closely associated with Louisville & Nashville Ry. v. Mottley, focuses only on whether the plaintiff needs to plead some aspect of federal law in order to state a claim for relief. Cases where issues of federal law arise in the defense (or in a reply, if the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit a reply) cannot come into the federal trial courts either originally or by removal. They may ultimately receive federal adjudication from the Supreme Court, but few do. Before the triumph of certiorari over appeal jurisdiction, the rule may have been less harmful, but it operates today to keep substantial federal issues (however defined) out of the federal courts, preventing authoritative resolution of those issues.
The principles of mathematics revisited

1. The functions of logic and the problem of truth definition 2. The game of logic 3. Frege's fallacy foiled: Independence-friendly logic 4. The joys of independence: Some uses of IF logic 5. The complexities of completeness 6. Who's afraid of Alfred Tarski? Truth-definitions for IF first-order languages 7. The liar belied: negation in IF logic 8. Axiomatic set theory: Frankenstein's monster? 9. IF logic as a framework for mathematical theorizing 10. Constructivism reconstructed 11. The epistemology of mathematical objects.
The use of dermis for urethral reconstruction: Dermis as a host for regenerating epithelium: Experimental and clinical results

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that dermis acts as a viable host site for the ingrowth of indigenous epithelium. The procedure was used in seven patients with excellent results. Possible further applications of the use of dermis in reconstruction are mentioned.
Conflicting Rules of Interpretation and Construction in Multi-Jurisdictional Disputes

This paper discusses history of choice of law rules for interpreting ambiguous language and criticizes current approaches that apply foreign rules of interpretation and construction when doing so frustrates the intent of parties.
A SNP-centric database for the investigation of the human genome

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are an increasingly important tool for genetic and biomedical research. Although current genomic databases contain information on several million SNPs and are growing at a very fast rate, the true value of a SNP in this context is a function of the quality of the annotations that characterize it. Retrieving and analyzing such data for a large number of SNPs often represents a major bottleneck in the design of large-scale association studies. SNPper is a web-based application designed to facilitate the retrieval and use of human SNPs for high-throughput research purposes. It provides a rich local database generated by combining SNP data with the Human Genome sequence and with several other data sources, and offers the user a variety of querying, visualization and data export tools. In this paper we describe the structure and organization of the SNPper database, we review the available data export and visualization options, and we describe how the architecture of SNPper and its specialized data structures support high-volume SNP analysis. The rich annotation database and the powerful data manipulation and presentation facilities it offers make SNPper a very useful online resource for SNP research. Its success proves the great need for integrated and interoperable resources in the field of computational biology, and shows how such systems may play a critical role in supporting the large-scale computational analysis of our genome.
Initial tests of a 10 MW, 35 GHz phase-locked gyrotron oscillator driven by a pulseline accelerator

Summary Form only given, as follows. A 35-GHz gyroklystron experiment has been designed using a 1-MeV, 100-A, 55-ns electron beam from the VEBA pulseline accelerator. The 10-MW design uses two TE/sub 111/ bunching cavities and a TE/sub 121/ output cavity. A helix gun approach is used to generate an electron beam with a low velocity spread (<5%) at a design pitch ratio of approximately 0.75. The operation of the oscillator is described in detail. The locking signal is provided by a 20-kW K/sub a/-band magnetron and is used to drive a slotted cylindrical TE/sub 111/ bunching cavity with a Q of approximately 200. The experiment has been fabricated and cold tested. In initial experimental operation, free-running oscillation at 35 GHz has been observed at about 5-MW output power. The TE/sub 112/ mode of the bunching cavities has been observed to oscillate early in the pulse, but generally not during the voltage flattop, so that it should not interfere with the phase-locking process.< >
Comparison of two aspiration techniques of bronchoalveolar lavage in children.

Summary Background Although bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) via flexible bronchoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool, its technique is not standardized in children. Our objective was to compare two different aspiration techniques of BAL in children (continuous wall suction vs. handheld syringe suction) in regards to the percentage of fluid recovered and the odds of performing a technically acceptable procedure (i.e., >40% of volume return). Methods We conducted a review of all pediatric flexible bronchoscopies with BAL conducted at our institution over a 2-year period. To minimize the differences between groups at baseline and reduce the possibility of bias, we used one-to-one propensity score (PS) caliper matching with no replacement for statistical analyses. Results We identified 539 procedures that met pre-specified criteria. There were considerable covariate imbalances between procedures in the handheld syringe group (n = 147) and those in the continuous wall group (n = 392); however, these imbalances were substantially reduced after the PS matching. In the matched sample (n = 236), children in the handheld syringe group had ∼7% higher volume return (95% CI = 3.4–11.0, P < 0.001) from BAL and threefold higher odds (95% CI = 1.5–8.6, P = 0.002) of performing a technically acceptable procedure. Conclusions Our results suggest that handheld syringe suction offers a higher percentage of volume return from BAL and increases the odds of performing a technically acceptable procedure in children when compared to continuous wall suction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:978–984. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aerodynamic Impact of Aspect Ratio at Low Reynolds Number

An analytic study is conducted to determine the impact of aspect ratio on the efficiency of a wing at low Reynolds numbers. Viscous effects in terms of airfoil sectional behavior are simulated. The behavior of two airfoils is experimentally examined to extract parameters required for simulation. The analysis indicates that without the inclusion of airfoil pressure drag, wing efficiency increases essentially unbounded with aspect ratio. However, incorporating airfoil efficiency leads to the appearance of distinct peaks in plots of the range and endurance parameters. Low airfoil efficiency is seen to favor moderate wing aspect ratios so as to minimize the sectional pressure-drag penalty.
Federal regulation of unapproved chelation products.

Chelation products can be helpful in the treatment of metal poisoning. However, many unapproved products with unproven effectiveness and safety are marketed to consumers, frequently via the internet. This paper describes the primary responsibility of the Health Fraud and Consumer Outreach Branch of the United States Food and Drug Administration to identify and address health fraud products. Efforts to prevent direct and indirect hazards to the population’s health through regulatory actions are described.
Synthesis and three-dimensional structure of 5,5-disubstituted 2-alkoxy-1,3-dioxanes

It was established by PMR spectroscopy that a chair conformation with an axial orientation of the alkoxy substituent is the primary conformation for 5,5-disubstituted (and unsubstituted) 2-alkoxy-1,3-dioxanes. As compared with alkyl-1,3-dioxanes, 2-alkoxy-1,3-dioxanes are characterized by reversal of the chemical shifts of the axial and equatorial protons attached to C4, and C6.
Generalization of the matrix inversion lemma

A generalized form of the matrix inversion lemma is shown which allows particular forms of this lemma to be derived simply. The relationships between this direct method for solving linear matrix equations, lower-diagonal-upper decomposition, and iterative methods such as point-Jacobi and Hotelling's method are established. The generalized form is used to derive a new factorization scheme and a new matrix inversion algorithm with a high degree of parallelism.
Binding of the neurotoxin fasciculin 2 to the acetylcholinesterase peripheral site drastically reduces the association and dissociation rate constants for N-methylacridinium binding to the active site.

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) active site consists of a gorge 2 nm deep that is lined with aromatic residues. A serine residue near the base of the gorge defines an acylation site where an acyl enzyme intermediate is formed during the hydrolysis of ester substrates. Residues near the entrance to the gorge comprise a peripheral site where inhibitors like propidium and fasciculin 2, a snake neurotoxin, bind and interfere with catalysis. Like certain other cationic ligands that bind specifically to the acylation site, N-methylacridinium can still interact with the acylation site in the AChE−fasciculin 2 complex. At 310 K (37 °C), the equilibrium dissociation constant KL‘ for N-methylacridinium binding to the complex was 4.0 ± 0.7 μM, less than an order of magnitude larger than the KL = 1.0 ± 0.3 μM for N-methylacridinium interaction with human AChE in the absence of fasciculin 2. To assess whether fasciculin 2 can sterically block access of a ligand to the acylation site, thermodynamic and kinetic constant...
Effects of melatonin on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in two areas of mouse hippocampus.

Abstract We have examined the effects of melatonin on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer Collateral–CA1 and the mossy fiber–CA3 pathways in mouse hippocampus brain slices. Melatonin (0.1–1 mM) application had different actions on both the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPS) and LTP in the CA1 as compared to the CA3. In CA1, 0.1 mM melatonin blocked LTP, while 1 mM melatonin also depressed the fEPSP. In CA3, neither 0.1 nor 1 mM melatonin altered the fEPSP, whereas both concentrations only slightly reduced LTP. These results demonstrate that melatonin significantly alters synaptic transmission and LTP in the CA1 but has only modest actions in CA3.
Sonography of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to partial deficiency of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase : a case report

We report the case of a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) secondary to a partial deficiency of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This form occurs in less than 1 % of all patients with CAH. Sonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands demonstrated width and length measurements significantly above normal values. The sonographic findings are not diagnostic of the particular enzyme deficiency in CAH, and the exact etiology should be pursued with laboratory investigation.
Traits of surface water pollution under climate and land use changes: A remote sensing and hydrological modeling approach

Abstract In this paper, spatial and temporal trajectories of land cover/land use change (LCLUC) derived from Landsat data record are combined with hydrological modeling to explore the implication of vegetation dynamics on soil erosion and total suspended sediment (TSS) loading to surface rivers. The inter-annual coefficient of variation (CoV) of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used to screen the LCLUC and climate change. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is employed to identify the monthly TSS for two times interval (1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011) at subbasin levels. SWAT model is calibrated from 1991 to 2001 and validated from 2002 to 2011 at three USGS gauging sites located in the study area. The Spearman's rank correlation of annual mean TSS is used to assess the temporal trends of TSS dynamics in the subbasins in the two study periods. The spatial correlation among NDVI, LCLUC, climate change and TSS loading rate changes is quantified by using linear regression model and negative/positive trend analysis. Our results showed that higher rainfall yields contribute to higher TSS loading into surface waters. A higher inter-annual accumulated vegetation index and lower inter-annual CoV distributed over the uplands resulted in a lower TSS loading rate, while a relatively low vegetation index with larger CoV observed over lowlands resulted in a higher TSS loading rate. The TSS loading rate at the basin outlet increased with the decrease of annual NDVI due to expanding urban areas in the watershed. The results also suggested nonlinearity between the trends of TSS loading with any of a specific land cover change because of the fact that the contribution of a factor can be influenced by the effects of other factors. However, dominant factors that shape the relationship between the trend of TSS loading and specific land cover changes were detected. The change of forest showed a negative relationship while agriculture and pasture demonstrated positive relationships with TSS loading change. Our results do not show any significant causal relationship between urbanization and the TSS loading change suggesting that further investigation needs to be carried out to understand the mechanism of the impact of urban sprawl on surface water quality.
Penetrating Desire: Gender in the Field of Vision in Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg and Christian Schad's Graf St. Genois d'Anneaucourt

Reading together Thomas Mann’s novel Der Zauberberg (1924) and Christian Schad’s painting Graf St. Genois d’Anneaucourt (1927), reveals that the writer and artist mirror each other in highlighting the sexual human body and subverting bourgeois notions of gender. At a time when the gender debate revolved around the question of whether masculinity and femininity were essential qualities or social constructions, Mann and Schad presented the body as the site where the gender category could be overcome. Their renditions of the body attract a gaze – in Mann’s case, the main protagonist’s, in Schad’s, the viewer’s – striving to see underneath the surface of the skin in search of knowledge and aesthetic and sexual pleasure. The highly corporeal desire driving this gaze is gender-neutral, and consequently, categories such as homosexual, heterosexual, or androgynous that have been used to describe these works anchoring them in the traditional gender matrix, miss their true subversive potential.
Endourologic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) involves the upper tracts in approximately 2-5% of cases. These tumors are usually associated with field changes of the entire urothelium of an affected pyeloureteral unit or bladder [8]. As such, ipsilateral recurrence is high, approximately 25-40% [22], following conservative surgical resection of tumor. Consequently, the gold standard for therapy remains radical nephroureterectomy. With technological advances in instrumentation and imaging, minimally invasive techniques are now being utilized for the management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. In an attempt to decrease the morbidity of open nephroureterectomy, the laparoscopic approach has been applied to upper tract tumor management. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was first reported by Clayman et al. in 1991 [4]. The advantages of the laparoscopic approach include decreased surgical pain, shortened hospital stay, and rapid post-operative recovery [14, 21, 27, 29]. There are several instances in which nephroureterectomy may not be the best treatment option. Conservative therapy is recommended in patients with a functionally or anatomically solitary kidney, bilateral tumors, diminished overall renal function, and patients with medical comorbidity which precludes surgery. In some patients, the risk of chronic dialysis-dependent renal failure may outweigh the risk of death or disease progression from TCC (Table 1). Endourologic techniques have been developed to both diagnose and treat upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (Table 2). Retrograde diagnostic endoscopy of the upper tracts was first performed by Hugh Hampton Young in 1912 [33]. Since then, technological advances in instrumentation, permit access to most upper tract tumors with ureteroscopy. Percutaneous tumor resection has been utilized since the 1980s for conservative management of renal pelvic tumors. Percutaneous access permits passage of larger instruments for tumor resection. With both percutaneous nephroscopic access and the retrograde ureteroscopic approach, there is no upper tract tumor that is endoscopically unapproachable. In this review, we will describe the various endourologic techniques used to treat upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique will be discussed, the clinical indications for each technique will be outlined, and clinical outcomes will be examined.
Ultra-High Resolution γ-Ray Resonance in Zinc-67

WE wish to report the observation of nuclear resonance absorption (Mossbauer effect1) of the 93 keV., 9.4 µsec. γ-ray2 of zinc-67. The energy width of this line is 4.84 × 10−11 eV., and the fractional energy resolution, defined as the ratio of twice the natural line width to the γ-ray energy, is 1 part in 1015, and is 103 fold narrower than that reported3 for iron-57. By the same token, the resonance is difficult to observe, because it is easily destroyed by small-amplitude sound vibrations and broadened and weakened by nuclear electric quadruple interactions in the crystals4.
Effects of Neutral Salts in a Bench-scale Caries Model

In an earlier paper on bench-scale simulation of the caries process, it was shown that the passage of ions through ion-permselective barriers could have profound effects on the composition of the solution within the "lesion" at steady state. As indicated in earlier papers, these changes are produced by unequal rates of diffusion of Ca and PO4 ions prior to reaching steady state. Comparable effects are attributable to F ions when present. Here, we used the same two-compartment diffusion apparatus and membranes, as described in the earlier paper, to show that a neutral salt, such as NaCl, disproportionates under the influence of membrane potential. Thus, although the Na and Cl concentrations are nearly equal in the "plaque-saliva" compartment, they become very different in the "lesion" solution. An excess of Na over Cl is equivalent to the presence of the component NaOH, and an excess of Cl over Na is equivalent to the presence of HCl. With the highly permselective commercial membranes used in these experiments, the Ca/P ratio in the "lesion" solution changed from an initial value of 1.6 to a value as high as 53 or as low as 0.1 at steady state. These phenomena are relevant to the events taking place in a caries lesion and must be taken into account in devising physicochemical models of the caries process. A valid caries model, in turn, offers the possibility of identifying steps in the caries mechanism which might be blocked to prevent tooth decay.
The untruth in relativism

L'A. mesure la possibilite d'une objectivite en ethique, a travers la question de la verite de notre experience ethique. L'A. developpe une approche sophistiquee, mais coherente, du relativisme ethique. Montrant que celle-ci ne peut etre vraie, l'A. rejette le non-objectivisme comme faux. En vertu du critere de coherence, on ne peut nier la possibilite d'une objectivite ethique
Mechanisms of myocardial protection by adenosine-supplemented cardioplegia: differential response of calcium-independent protein kinase C isozymes.

Abstract Background. Adenosine-supplemented cardioplegia improves myocardial function after cardioplegic arrest. However, the underlying cellular mechanism(s) responsible for adenosine's protective actions remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that protection by adenosine-supplemented cardioplegia would be associated with selective activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes δ and ϵ. Materials and methods. Isolated rat hearts were perfused (37°C, Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate buffer) for 30 min, after which baseline functional measurements were made. This was followed by 120 min of cold cardioplegic arrest at 4°C with either St. Thomas No. 2 (ST#2), ST#2 + adenosine (100 μM, ADO) or ST#2 + ADO + 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (50 μM, SPT). Hearts were reperfused for 60 min and functional measurements made. Distribution of PKC isoforms was determined (immunoblotting) after 30 min of warm perfusion (No-CDPL) or after 30 min of perfusion followed by 15 min of cardioplegic arrest. Results. ADO prevented myocardial dysfunction after cardioplegic arrest. PKC-δ did not differ in the cytosolic fraction among groups. However, ADO prevented increases in particulate fraction PKC-δ, but elicited a significant increase in the particulate fraction PKC-ϵ, while ST#2 or SPT significantly decreased the cytosolic fraction PKC-ϵ. Both functional and cellular changes associated with ADO were receptor mediated. Conclusion. This novel, dual action of adenosine-supplemented cardioplegia on PKC isoforms may be responsible for the associated functional improvements.
MRI perfusion measurements calculated using advanced deconvolution techniques predict survival in recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab

Bevacizumab is a therapeutic drug used in treatment of recurrent glioblastoma to inhibit angiogenesis. Treatment response is often monitored through the use of perfusion MRI measures of cerebral blood volume, flow, and other pharmacokinetic parameters; however, most methods for deriving these perfusion parameters can produce errors depending on bolus kinetics. Recently, a number of new methods have been developed to overcome these challenges. In the current study we examine cerebral blood volume and blood flow characteristics in 45 recurrent glioblastoma patients before and after treatment with bevacizumab. Perfusion MRI data was processed using a standard single value decomposition (SVD) technique, two block-circulant SVD techniques, and a Bayesian estimation technique. A proportional hazards model showed that patients with a large decrease in relative blood volume (RBV) after treatment had extended overall survival (P = 0.0048). Patients with large pre-treatment relative blood flow (RBF) showed extended progression-free survival (P = 0.0216) and overall survival (P = 0.0112), and patients with a large decrease in RBF following treatment showed extended overall survival (P = 0.0049). These results provide evidence that blood volume and blood flow measurements can be used as biomarkers in patients treated with bevacizumab.
Teaching software architecture to undergraduate students: an experience report

Software architecture lies at the heart of system thinking skills for software. Teaching software architecture requires contending with the problem of how to make the learning realistic -- most systems which students can learn quickly are too simple for them to express architectural issues. We address here the ten years' history of teaching an undergraduate software architecture course, as a part of a bachelor's program in software engineering. Included are descriptions of what we perceive the realistic goals to be, of teaching software architecture at this level. We go on to analyze the successes and issues of various approaches we have taken over the years. We finish with recommendations for others who teach this same subject, either as a standalone undergraduate course or integrated into a software engineering course.
Exploratory photochemistry of alkylbromo‐ and alkylfluorodiazirines. Excited‐state hydrogen migration and carbene formation

Laser flash photolysis of a series of alklylbromo- and alkylfluorodiazirines in pentane at ambient temperature generates alkylhalocarbenes by decomposition of the diazirine excited states. The halocarbenes can be intercepted with pyridine to form ylides. The ylides absorb intensely between 350 and 400 nm and are fairly long lived (τ » 10 μs), making them convenient probes of the yield and dynamics of the carbene. The yield of the ylides increases with increasing pyridine concentration up to 1·5 M. At pyridine concentrations > 1·5 M the yield of ylide is saturated, signifying that every carbene generated in a laser pulse is captured by pyridine prior to reaction with solvent or intramolecular rearrangement. The yield of trappable carbene generated from alkylbromodiazirines closely tracks the bond dissociation energy of the CH bond adjacent to the diazirine moiety. The data indicate that the excited states of the alkylbromodiazirines suffer CH migration (or CC migration with cyclobutylbromodiazirine) and nitrogen extrusion in competition with carbene formation. The yield of trappable carbene derived from the alkylfluorodiazirines is independent of the bond dissociation energy of the adjacent CH bond. This is probably a consequence of the great thermodynamic stability of α-fluorocarbenes.
The mechanisms of phonemic paraphasia

The mechanisms involved in the production of phonemic paraphasias are considered in this paper. Initially, a taxonomy of error types is provided where it is argued that there is a significant qualitative overlap in the kinds of errors witnessed in phonemic paraphasias and in segmental slips-of-the-tongue. There is ample historical precedent for the observation of this qualitative relation between fluent paraphasic errors and the phonemic errors in normal lapsus linguae. Some researchers have played down this qualitative similarity, but it is shown that when certain non-fluent aphasic phenomena are dissociated from the fluent paraphasias, the qualitative relation between paraphasias and slips remains entirely feasible. The metaphorical nature of the entire enterprise of characterizing phonemic paraphasias is briefly outlined, and finally the mechanisms at work are analysed from three rather different viewpoints: Merrill Garrett's serial/hierarchical model of production; connectionist theory; and the phonol...
Endosonography of submucosal lesions

Endoscopic ultrasound has revolutionized the evaluation of submucosal lesions. It is the most accurate, minimally invasive modality for diagnosing submucosal lesions. Computed tomography scan and abdominal ultrasound do not provide sufficient resolution to predict the etiology of these lesions and may miss small lesions. Lesions can be characterized based on the following criteria: layer of origin, size, echogenicity, and margins. This helps in the treatment protocol selected, which include endomucosal resection, surgery, or conservative management (serial follow ups). This article discusses the role of endoscopic ultrasound in the evaluation of submucosal lesions based solely on ultrasound imaging characteristics.
Impact of land cover characterization on regional climate modeling over West Africa

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.
Aggregating high-priority landscape areas to the parcel level: An easement implementation tool

Landscape characteristics and parcel ownership information are often collected on different spatial scales leading to difficulties in implementing land use plans at the parcel level. This study provides a method for aggregating highly resolute landscape planning information to the parcel level. Our parcel prioritization model directly incorporates a Land Trust's conservation goals in the form of a compromise programming model. We then demonstrate the use of our approach for implementation decisions, including parcel selection under a budget constraint and the estimation of a total conservation budget necessary to meet specific conservation goals. We found that these cost constraints significantly alter the composition of the 'best' parcels for conservation and can also provide guidance for implementation. The model's results were integral to a local Land Trust's ability to further define and achieve their goals.
Onion Extract Gel Versus Petrolatum Emollient on New Surgical Scars: a Prospective Double-Blinded Study

METHODS Twenty-four patients with new surgical wounds at least 4cm in length were enrolled in the study. Using a randomized, double-blinded, split-scar study design, each scar was divided into two equal portions, and each half was assigned treatment with either onion extract gel or petrolatum ointment at the time of suture removal. Each product was applied three times daily for 8 weeks, and patients were evaluated at 2, 8, and 12 weeks following initiation of treatment. A follow-up phone interview was conducted at least 11 months postoperatively. RESULTS Scar halves were evaluated by blinded investigators for overall cosmetic appearance, erythema, and hypertrophy. Patients also independently rated side-specific erythema, pruritus, burning, and pain. Using the paired t-test and the Wilcoxon sign-rank test, we found no statistically significant difference (po.1) between the two treatment groups in any of the outcome variables studied. CONCLUSION Petrolatum-based topical agents constitute standard therapy in the management of postoperative wounds. In this side-by-side, randomized, double-blinded, splitscar study, the onion extract gel did not improve scar cosmesis or symptomatology when compared with a petrolatum-based ointment.
Hormonal regulation of K+-channel messenger RNA in rat myometrium during oestrus cycle and in pregnancy.

The dramatic enhancement of smooth-muscle excitability in the uterus which occurs at oestrus and at term in pregnant rats is closely related to increased blood oestrogen concentrations1–4. How oestrogen alters the electrical properties of myometrial cells is unclear, although electrical coupling between cells has been shown to increase5–9. Many examples are known of changes in cellular excitability involving modification of existing ion channels by second-messenger pathways10. Steroid hormones, in contrast, are generally thought to influence cellular processes mainly through effects on gene expression, inducing the synthesis of new proteins11–12. Previous work, using an oocyte translation system13–15, has shown that a very slowly activating, voltage-dependent K+ current can be expressed from the poly(A)+ RNA of oestrogen-treated rat uteri16. We report here that the messenger RNA species producing this channel is rapidly and reversibly induced in the presence of oestrogen, as shown by the appearance and disappearance of this mRNA during the oestrous cycle, its emergence at the end of pregnancy, and its presence or absence following hormonal treatments. These results suggest that oestrogen controls the expression of a voltage-dependent ion channel in uterine smooth muscle cells.
Payment for telephone care: from policy to practice.

To the Editor .— I read with interest the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement titled “Payment for Telephone Care.”1 It is not often that policy statements strike at the core of real problems facing rank-and-file pediatricians. Past AAP Annual Leadership Forum resolutions urged the academy to take a firm stance and deem it appropriate and …
Interaction of benzopyranone derivatives and related compounds with human concentrative nucleoside transporters 1, 2 and 3 heterologously expressed in porcine PK15 nucleoside transporter deficient cells. Structure-activity relationships and determinants of transporter affinity and selectivity.

Abstract Unlike the major equilibrative nucleoside transporters, there is a dearth of potent specific inhibitors of concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs). We investigated the interaction of benzopyranone derivatives and related compounds with human (h) CNTs in newly established PK15NTD transfectant cells stably expressing hCNT1 or hCNT2, and previously established PK15NTD/hCNT3 cells. Flavones exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against hCNT2 and hCNT3, whereas the most potent selective inhibitor of hCNT1 was a coumarin derivative. hCNT3 was the only transporter that exhibited moderate sensitivity to the chalcones tested. The most active compound was 6-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, which was hCNT3-specific with an IC 50 of 0.57 ± 0.20 μM, and over 40-fold more potent than the standard CNT inhibitor, phloridzin (IC 50 of 25 ± 3.5 μM). The SAR (Structure–Activity Relationship) shows that high potency against all three hCNTs is conferred by the presence of hydroxyl substituents at both the 7- and 8-positions of flavones and isoflavones. CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis) and CoMSIA (Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis) 3D-QSAR (three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship) modeling indicated that electrostatic and hydrophobic properties were the most influential for interactions between the flavonoids and hCNT1, while electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bond donor properties were predominate for interactions with hCNT2 and hCNT3. The 3D-QSAR results also suggested possible commonalities in hydrogen bonding interactions of flavonoids and nucleosides, suggesting similarities between the hCNT-binding sites of the two classes of compounds. We report the most potent and selective non-nucleoside CNT inhibitors to date; which may serve as research tools and/or leads for further inhibitor development.
Mastering the Art of Chain Analysis in Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Abstract Behavioral chain analyses, which are common in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments more broadly, are the primary assessment tool in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). As such, they are conducted in nearly every DBT session. Despite their importance in the treatment, very little has been written about the “how-tos” of chain analyses in DBT or how to improve therapist skill in this area. This article describes the rationale and proposed functions of chain analyses, provides details about the various components of the chain analysis, and includes common problems that arise in conducting chain analyses. A case example of a detailed chain analysis is provided.
Parametric Integer Programming Analysis: A Contraction Approach

An algorithm is presented for solving families of integer linear programming problems in which the problems are "related" by having identical objective coefficients and constraint matrix coefficients. The righthand-side constants have the form b + θd where b and d are conformable vectors and θ varies from zero to one.
The State of Addictions Education Programs: Results of a National Cross-Sectional Survey

ABSTRACT Collegiate addictions studies programs appeared some three decades ago. The numbers have grown substantially, but to date no systematic survey of those programs has been conducted to ascertain percent of programs existing at the three academic levels and types of courses offered. This article presents the results of an exploratory survey on this population that found 442 addiction programs offered in the United States. Eighteen percent of these programs are at the graduate level, 13% at the bachelor's level, and 69% at the associate's level. Of the 1,028 courses surveyed, counseling courses by far were the most cited addiction studies course offered at all academic levels with basic/introductory courses a distant second.
The one-electron oxidation product of a metallocenyl-terminated cyanine

The 1-(2,3,4,5,1',2',3',4'-octa­methyl­ferrocen-1-yl)-3-(ruth­eno­cen­yl)­allylium cation readily undergoes one-electron oxidation to a dication in which an octa­methyl­ferrocenium moiety is bridged by a vinyl­ene group to a [(η^6-fulvene)(η^5-cyclo­penta­dienyl)­ruthenium]+ moiety. In the title compound, 1-(2,3,4,5,1',2',3',4'-octa­methyl­ferrocen-1-yl)-3-(ruth­eno­cen­ylidene)prop-1-enium(2+) bis­(tetra­fluoro­borate), [Fe­Ru­(C_5H_5)(C_9H_(13))(C_(17)H_(19))]­(BF_4)_2, the C-C bond lengths in the bridge (average for two independent mol­ecules) are, starting from the ipso octa­methyl­ferrocenium carbon and ending at the exo carbon of the coordinated fulvene, 1.455 (6), 1.344 (3) and 1.449 (8) A, indicating a localized electronic structure.
Confidentiality decisions: The reasoning process of CPAS in resolving ethical dilemmas

As in other professions, such as law and medicine, accounting has a Code of Professional Conduct (Code) that members are expected to abide by. In today's legalistic society, however, the question of “what is the right thing to do,” is often confused with “what is legal?” In many instances, this may present a conflict between adhering to the Code and doing what some may perceive as proper ethical behavior. This paper examines (1) the reasoning process that CPAs use in resolving ethical issues related to confidentiality; and, (2) whether or not there is a perceived conflict in adhering to the Code and the moral values of some CPAs. The results indicate that although most CPAs sampled resolve ethical issues in accordance with the Code, such decisions do not always reflect their belief of what is morally right. Although the results are useful in understanding how some CPAs reason in making moral choices involving confidentiality decisions, care should be exercised in drawing further inferences from this study due to the limited sample size.
Martin A. Nowak and Roger Highfield. SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed

Martin A. Nowak and Roger Highfield SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed New York: Free Press, 2011. 330 pp. $27.00 ISBN 1439100187 This is a book of some im...
Repelling sandhill cranes from corn: whole-kernel experiments with captive birds

Abstract Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) are opportunistic omnivores that incorporate both waste and unharvested cereal grains (Gramineae) in their diets. Limited hunting of cranes to reduce crop damage has had questionable results, and lethal control of depredating species is increasingly contentious. Our objectives were to evaluate anthraquinone-based Flight ControlTM and methyl anthranilate-based ReJeX-iTTM AG-36 as nontoxic avian foraging repellents in separate 2-choice pen tests with captive greater sandhill cranes (G. c. tabida) fed with whole-kernel corn (Zea mays). In both tests, crane pairs consumed, respectively, 8.6 and 9.8 times more untreated than treated corn. Total corn consumption did not differ among the treatment and control groups during the 8-day experiment. Though both repellents were effective at deterring cranes from treated corn, neither has been tested on corn under field conditions.
A New Type of Zinc Sulphide Crystals

BY sublimation of zinc sulphide in an atmosphere of hydrogen, I have obtained a new kind of zinc sulphide crystals. Fig. 1 shows two different views of a beautiful sample of these crystals.
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Hydrochlorothiazide to Chlorthalidone Medication Change in Veterans With Hypertension

Abstract Background There are few data available examining the clinical impact of switching patients from hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) to chlorthalidone for blood pressure management. Objectives The goal of this study was to compare within-patient clinic blood pressure readings, serum electrolyte levels, and renal function markers before and after a medication change from HCTZ to chlorthalidone in a veteran population. Methods This was a retrospective, pre- and postmeasure, self-controlled study. Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System patients switched from HCTZ to chlorthalidone between January 1, 2001, and January 31, 2012, who had at least 1 follow-up clinic blood pressure reading recorded between 2 and 8 weeks from the date of the medication change were included in the study. Mean pre- and postmeasure values for systolic and diastolic clinic blood pressures, serum potassium, serum sodium, serum calcium, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were compared by using a 2-tailed, paired t test with a significance level (α) of 0.05. Results Of the 40 patients included in the study 95% were male, 65% were white, and the mean age was 64.9 (10.8) years. Both mean systolic (–15.8 mm Hg [95% CI, 8.9 to 22.6], P P = 0.0035) blood pressures showed statistically and clinically significant reductions after the medication change. A statistically significant decrease in mean sodium (–1.1 mmol/L [95% CI, 0.4 to 1.9], P = 0.003) and an increase in mean serum creatinine (0.06 mg/dL [95% CI, –0.09 to –0.02], P = 0.002) was observed; however, these changes may not be viewed as clinically significant by many practitioners. No statistically significant changes were observed in any of the other outcomes examined. Most patients (38 of 40) were taking at least 1 additional antihypertensive agent; 73% of patients were using ≥3 antihypertensive agents at the time of the medication change. Conclusions In patients with hypertension already taking HCTZ, switching to chlorthalidone seems to further reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressures without any clinically significant changes in renal function or electrolyte levels.
Semiclassical dynamics of the ''SLAC bag''

It is shown that the classical thin-shell states of the ''SLAC bag'' model may be described, in a strong-coupling limit, by the motions of a surface of constant surface tension upon which free quark fields propagate. Classical static and nonstatic solutions in two and three space dimensions are discussed. It is found that such objects are very easily deformed. The implications for excited state levels in and the quantum mechanics of a model of hadrons based on such states are discussed. (AIP)