cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Multiple, Distinct Representations of the Human Body

Previous data from single-case and small group studies have suggested distinctions among structural, conceptual, and online sensorimotor representations of the human body. We developed a battery of tasks to further examine the prevalence and anatomic substrates of these body representations. The battery was administered to 70 stroke patients. Fifty-one percent of the patients were impaired relative to controls on at least one body representation measure. Further, principal components analysis of the patient data as well as direct comparisons of patient and control performance suggested a triple dissociation between measures of the 3 putative body representations. Consistent with previous distinctions between the "what" and "how" pathways, lesions of the left temporal lobe were most consistently associated with impaired performance on tasks assessing knowledge of the shape or lexical–semantic information about the body, whereas lesions of the dorsolateral frontal and parietal regions resulted in impaired performance on tasks requiring on-line coding of body posture.
Child Neurology: Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency

Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (MCADD) is an autosomal recessive inherited fatty acid oxidation disorder. In MCADD, mitochondria cannot process medium-chain fatty acids via the β-oxidation pathway because of a lack of MCAD. While patients may be asymptomatic during the prenatal or immediate postnatal periods, patients will experience decompensation due to profound hypoglycemia during fasting or illness with often rapid progression to encephalopathy, seizures, coma, or death. Newborn screening tests can identify virtually all new cases of MCADD in a cost-effective manner, often with reflex follow-up targeted mutation analysis for the 2 most common alleles. With appropriate monitoring, prevention through avoidance of fasting, and intervention during an impending crisis, patients with MCADD can survive into adulthood with no neurologic sequelae.
Reforming science education to include girls

(1995). Reforming science education to include girls. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 34, Reforming Science Education, pp. 74-79.
Mechanism of fracture in glassy polymers. II. Survey of crazing response during crack propagation in several polymers

Of nine glassy polymers so far investigated, eight yield evidence that fracture propagation involves the formation and breaking of craze material. All eight produce fracture surfaces exhibiting interference colors to one extent or another and even the colorless areas cause low angle x-ray scattering. Ranked in terms of decreasing ease of colored surface formation, these polymers are poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), polystyrene, acrylonitrile—styrene copolymer, poly-α-methylstyrene, poly(vinyl acetate), a polyhydroxy ether, and polycarbonate. Only rigid poly(vinyl chloride) has failed to show evidence of precrack craze formation.
The Confirmation and Disconfirmation of Expectancies in Computer-Mediated Communication

This research addresses three important issues regarding interpersonal expectancy effects and communication across various modalities. The phenomena of behavioral confirmation and disconfirmation were tested in an original experiment involving 148 participants using computer-mediated communication (CMC). First, this study tested a boundary condition asserted by previous theorists about whether or not confirmation and disconfirmation could occur in communication channels without nonverbal communication. Secondly, it shed light on an important causal variable of perceived malleability of interpersonal expectancies in a novel, simultaneous test of confirmation and disconfirmation. Lastly, it verified the hyperpersonal model of CMC by demonstrating behavioral confirmation, and extended the model by specifying when disconfirmation occurs online.
Do adolescent indoor tanners exhibit dependency

Background Indoor tanning is a common adolescent risk behavior that has been hypothesized to be motivated and maintained by the mood-altering effects of ultraviolet light. Objective Our purpose was to explore heretofore anecdotal reports that indoor tanning leads to dependency. Methods A telephone interview was conducted among 1275 adolescents, ages 14 to 17 years. Self-reported difficulty in quitting indoor tanning was assessed among 267 adolescents (20.9% of total) who tanned indoors more than once in the previous year in relation to age of initiation, frequency of use, and positive or negative consequences of the practice. Results Difficulty in quitting was more likely with younger age at initiation (age 13 years or younger vs ages 16 to 17; odds ratio=4.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3-14.7) and higher frequency of use ( P = .009), even after accounting for positive or negative consequences of indoor tanning and other demographic characteristics. Limitations This was a cross-sectional study design with a limited outcome measure. Conclusion Although preliminary, our findings for age at initiation and frequency of use in relation to difficulty in quitting indoor tanning are consistent with other potentially addictive behaviors taken up during adolescence.
COMPETENCY IN COMMUNITY-ORIENTED HEALTH CARE Instrument Development

To competently deal with changes in the health care system, health professionals for the future must have expanded abilities and new attitudes. Education of health professionals for community-oriented health care (COHC) is being promoted as one approach to achieve this focus. This article reports on the development and testing of the Community-Oriented Health Care Competency Scale, which measures knowledge, attitudes, and intention to practice COHC. Results of testing demonstrate adequate reliability for a new instrument: an alpha coefficient of .95 for the Knowledge subscale, .68 for the Attitude subscale, and .93 for the Intention to Practice subscale. Content validity of the instrument is based on the literature review, focus group sessions, and expert opinion. The instrument may be used to assess competency of health professions students in COHC, but continued testing is needed.
Mechanical versus biologic valves: Clicking engines or quiet electrics or hybrids?

An amusing tale is recounted about the late Dr Michael DeBakey, who supposedly took his Ferrari Dino to his mechanic for a valve repair job. On picking up the car, the mechanic said, ‘‘Dr DeBakey, I performed a much more complex operation on your car valves than you do on patients,’’ to which Dr DeBakey replied, ‘‘Try doing it while the engine is running!’’ In regard to Dr DeBakey’s reply, although it is true that the patient’s life was still ‘‘running’’ in the sense of being sustained by a heart–lung machine, the heart nonetheless was stopped. All mechanical heart valves click away noisily and need regular replenishments of warfarin to keep working, similar to cars that need oil changes. 1 Now, of course, electric and hybrid vehicles are remarkably silent, with no noisy clicking engines, and do not need the same engine oils. Furthermore, these engines deliver better torque, are more efficient, and the energy and battery packs are renewable. In an interesting parallel, modern biologic heart valves are completely silent and more energy efficient than mechanical valves, can be easily replaced, with a low risk of death (between 0.5% and 2%), and the heart does not need to be stopped in the case of valve-in-valve transcatheter valve replacement. 2 Indeed, for each of the last 5 years of isolated aortic valve replacements (n ¼ 2160), mortality was 0.6%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 0.6%, respectively (overall, 0.46%). The debate surrounding whether one should prefer a musical, noisy, oil-guzzling but reliable V12 Ferrari or V10 Lamborghini over a high-performing, governmentsubsidized, silent electric or hybrid car with a rechargeable/exchangeable battery (a car that can be hacked!) will continue for years. Hence, we return to the debate about human valve repair and mechanical versus biologic valve replacement, particularly in view of those younger patients who demand the more active lifestyle provided by a repair or biologic valve and hope to receive a transfemoral valve-in-valve transcatheter replacement when the repair or
Essential Role of Calmodulin in RyR Inhibition by Dantrolene.

Dantrolene is the first line therapy of malignant hyperthermia. Animal studies suggest that dantrolene also protects against heart failure and arrhythmias caused by spontaneous Ca2+ release. Although dantrolene inhibits Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscle preparations, its mechanism of action has remained controversial, because dantrolene does not inhibit single ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels in lipid bilayers. Here we test the hypothesis that calmodulin (CaM), a physiologic RyR binding partner that is lost during incorporation into lipid bilayers, is required for dantrolene inhibition of RyR channels. In single channel recordings (100 nM cytoplasmic [Ca2+] + 2 mM ATP), dantrolene caused inhibition of RyR1 (rabbit skeletal muscle) and RyR2 (sheep) with a maximal inhibition of Po (Emax) to 52 ± 4% of control only after adding physiologic [CaM] = 100 nM. Dantrolene inhibited RyR2 with an IC50 of 0.16 ± 0.03 µM. Mutant N98S-CaM facilitated dantrolene inhibition with an IC50 = 5.9 ± 0.3 nM. In mouse cardiomyocytes, dantrolene had no effect on cardiac Ca2+ release in the absence of CaM, but reduced Ca2+ wave frequency (IC50 = 0.42 ± 0.18 µM, Emax = 47 ± 4%) and amplitude (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.04 µM, Emax = 66 ± 4%) in the presence of 100 nM CaM. We conclude that CaM is essential for dantrolene inhibition of RyR1 and RyR2. Its absence explains why dantrolene inhibition of single RyR channels has not been previously observed.
Circulating IL-18 Binding Protein (IL-18BP) and IL-18 as Dual Biomarkers of Total-Body Irradiation in Mice

We have previously reported that circulating interleukin-18 (IL-18) can be used as a radiation biomarker in mice, minipigs and nonhuman primates. In this study, we further determined the serum levels of IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), a natural endogenous antagonist of IL-18, in CD2F1 mice 1-13 days after total-body gamma irradiation (TBI) with different doses (5-10 Gy). We compared the changes in blood lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts as well as the activation of the proapoptotic executioner caspase-3 and caspase-7, and the expression of the inflammatory factor cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in spleen cells, with the changes of IL-18BP and IL-18 in mouse serum. We also evaluated the significance, sensitivity and specificity of alterations in radiation-induced IL-18BP. IL-18 increased from day 1-13 after TBI in a dose-dependent manner that was paralleled with an increase in IL-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Rα) in irradiated mouse spleen cells. IL-18BP rapidly increased (25-63 fold) in mouse serum on day 1 after different doses of TBI. However, it returned to baseline within 3 days after 5-7 Gy doses and within 7 days after 8 Gy dose, and was unaltered thereafter. In contrast, high doses of radiation (9 and 10 Gy) significantly sustained a higher level of IL-18BP in mouse serum and later induced a second phase of increase in IL-18BP on day 9-13 after irradiation, which coincided with the onset of animal mortality. Consistent with this observation, highly activated caspase-3 and -7 in 8-10 Gy irradiated mouse spleen cells exhibited reduced or no activity 24 h after 5 Gy, although radiation induced an inflammatory response, as shown by COX-2 expression in all irradiated cells. Our data suggest that the radiation-induced differential elevation of IL-18 and IL-18BP in animal serum is a dynamic and discriminative indicator of the severity of injury after exposure to ionizing radiation. These findings support the inclusion of the dual biomarkers IL-18BP and IL-18 in the development of a multifactorial strategy for radiation dose and injury assessment.
Implications of the Affordable Care Act for education and training in professional psychology.

With the ongoing implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law No: 111–148, March 23, 2010) and its impact on the evolving health care system, this article will focus on 4 broad domains of change that the education and training community in psychology must address to ensure that the next generations of health service psychologists are prepared to not just succeed, but lead those changes in health care. Interprofessionalism, workforce analysis and development (including practice settings), finances (reimbursement, health care cost offset, and advocacy), and professional accountability (including accreditation, competency, evidence-based care, specialization, identity and self-definition, and autonomy) will be discussed. Each domain reflects demands for both affordable care and enhanced accountability in the developing health care system. Recommendations for curricular content and clinical training modifications are offered.
Chemical and physical properties of altered and sound enamel—I

Abstract Diffusely stained, otherwise normal enamel, when examined by soft X-ray showed shallow areas of low mineralization, similar in degree of radiolucency, but not penetration, to white and brown spot enamel. For every reduction in mineral volume, an equal and opposite increment of loosely bound water was found. In both normal and altered enamel, the weight loss on ashing at 900 °C, not attributable to CO 2 , appeared to be independent of mineral content as indicated by density and X-ray. However, the nitrogen portion was inversely proportional to density while the non-nitrogen portion was reciprocally related to the Ca:P ratio. It is suggested that the loss on ashing (other than CO 2 or protein) is “bound” water acting as a bridge between the protein and mineral phase. It is further postulated that the lowered CO 2 content of altered enamel reflects preferential loss of CO 2 from the surfaces of crystallites reduced in size.
Teachers as leaders: Pre-service teachers' aspirations and motivations

Abstract Teacher attrition is among the most salient problems facing education systems worldwide. Recent research has attempted to understand this phenomenon in light of teacher generational characteristics, finding that today's teachers often view teaching as a short-term endeavor, and desire influence beyond the classroom. This exploratory study attends to this issue in relation to US pre-service teachers. Findings indicate that, even before officially entering the classroom, many teachers expect to take on leadership roles—especially “hybrid” roles that keep them partly in the classroom. Based on findings presented here, we consider implications for teacher preparation and teacher career paths.
Risk Assessment of Occupational Hazards in Paper Industry in Fuyang,Zhejiang Province

[Objective] To conduct a risk assessment of occupational disease hazard in paper production in order to strengthen occupational health management in paper enterprises and protect workers' health. [Methods] Three medium or small paper enterprises in Fuyang City were enrolled in the study and evaluated for occupational exposure to harmful chemicals by a semi-quantitative method adapted from Singapore Ministry of Manpower. [Results] The risk level was 5(severe risk) for coating workers exposed to hydrogen sulphide in the paper workshop, 3(moderate risk) for loading material workers exposed to paper dust in the pulping workshop, and 2(slight risk) for defibrination workers and pulping workers exposed to hydrogen sulphide in the pulping workshop and for picking workers exposed to paper dust in the picking workshop. [Conclusion] Under current working conditions, the existing occupational hazards may advance adverse effects on the health of workers. Therefore, control measures should be taken depending on risk levels. Occupational hazard risk assessments can estimate workers' occupational health risk levels to safeguard their rights and interests.
Pediatric Hospital School Programming: An Examination of Educational Services for Students Who Are Hospitalized.

This study aimed to define the current functions and operations of hospital school programs nationwide. A 56-item survey was disseminated to hospital teachers across the country to examine perceptions about their work, programs, and professional practice. Quantitative findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics at the individual item-level. Qualitative responses were categorized for thematic review and analyzed using an inductive approach. The final sample included 88 completed surveys. Findings were classified into three broad categories: hospital school programming, hospital school teachers, and hospital school instruction. Results revealed that great variability exists across hospitals. Differences were evident in how programs were staffed, funded, and how services are allocated to patients during hospitalizations. Findings will contribute to the establishment of best practices for hospital school programs.
A polish short version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

Abstract Time perspective is usually measured by means of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). The original ZTPI contains 56 items; therefore, completing it is quite laborious. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a Polish Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (PS-ZTPI) in a total sample of 2457 adults in Poland. The construct validity of the PS-ZTPI was assessed by correlating it with two scales for measuring future negative perspective, a scale for testing positive present perspective, five basic personality dimensions, satisfaction with life and affect. Convergent and discriminant validity of the PS-ZTPI was also confirmed using a multitraits-multimethod approach in a confirmatory factor analysis framework. A series of hierarchical regression analyses confirmed the incremental validity of this inventory. Results suggest that the PS-ZTPI is a reliable and valid instrument. In the Polish sample, fatalism is not included in the basic types of time perspectives as it probably has a different nature than other time perspectives.
Personal Selling: Chicken or Egg?

Did current marketing theory grow from the practice of personal selling or is modern selling an outgrowth of marketing? To that end, the authors reviewed the history of personal selling from the period 1600 to the present by examining the available literature. Major approaches to selling and selling thought are identified. The conclusion is drawn that the relationship is reciprocal - modern selling has been molded by a combination of tradition and marketing theory.
High-Field fMRI

Summary Imaging of human brain function is possible only through a few techniques of which magnetic resonance is the safest and most widely used. The soft tissue contrast and high resolution functional maps of the human brain are making a profound contribution to our understanding of the brain function. Resolution and strength of activation signal in fMRI images depends on the static magnetic field. This fact must be fully exploited by availing the highest field fMRI scanners for neurofunctional studies. During the last decade of the last century, field strength of human imaging was raised to 8 T. As a result, today commercial 7-T MRI scanners are available for harnessing the strongest possible signal from the brain neuronal response to external stimulations. Such achievement has involved development of many ancillary technologies and overcoming of many inherent technological and scientific challenges. In this chapter, advantages and challenges of the use of high-field scanners for fMRI studies involving human subjects are discussed. Among challenges, susceptibility artifacts, relaxation rates, and RF coil designs are discussed in details.
Reconfigurable Digital Design of a Liquid State Machine for Spatio-Temporal Data

Liquid State Machine (LSM) is an adaptive computational model with rich dynamics to process continuous streams of inputs. The generalizable capability of LSM makes it a powerful intelligent engine, with very fast training capabilities. Reconfigurable hardware architectures for spatiotemporal signal processing algorithms like LSMs are energy efficient compared to the traditional Recurrent Neural Netork (RNN) and can also adapt to real-time changes without being application specific. Existing behavioral models of LSM cannot process real time data due to their hardware complexity or fixed design approach. The proposed model focuses on a simple liquid design that exploits spatial locality and is capable of processing real time data. The proposed reservoir hardware is evaluated for epileptic seizure detection with an average accuracy of 85%.
The Disingenuous Presidency: Reagan’s Veto and the “Make-My-Day” President

AbstractIn many respects, the presidential veto is an under-appreciated litmus test of presidential activism and power with respect to the legislative realm. This article offers insights on the interplay of symbols and actions in the Reagan presidency by examining the administration’s use of veto powers and veto issues, including Reagan’s veto rhetoric versus reality, veto strategies, and veto threats. These examples support the conclusion that Reagan sought to narrow the gap between presidential expectations and presidential reality that dogs the modern presidency by pursuing a unique strategy: rather than lowering expectation-inflating rhetoric, or more aggressively pursuing conventional political solutions, the administration sought to transform rhetoric into reality, cultivating a “disingenuous presidency.”
Sites of Action

A fungicide inhibits a fungus by attacking one or more sites of the cell. The inhibition can be measured through its effects on growth, sporulation, infection or decay. Often it is difficult to discern the sites primarily responsible for toxicity.
A new controller architecture for high performance, robust, and fault tolerant control

In this paper, we propose a new feedback controller architecture. The distinguished feature of our new controller architecture is that the controller design for performance and robustness can be done separately which completely overcome the conflict between performance and robustness in the traditional feedback framework. The controller architecture includes two parts: one part for performance and the other part for robustness. The controller architecture works in such a way that the feedback control system will be solely controlled by the performance controller when there is no model uncertainties and external disturbances and the robustification controller will only be active when there is model uncertainties or external disturbances.
Mouse Models of the Cornea and Lens: Understanding Ocular Disease

Publisher Summary Mouse models investigating critical functions of the cornea have led to an increased understanding of mechanisms involving the maintenance of the cornea and its role in protecting the underlying structures of the eye. Many transgenic and knockout mice exhibit phenotypes resembling human ocular disease. As such, mouse models have proven instrumental in the investigation of human ocular physiological processes and the development of disease states. Genetically modified mice have greatly increased the understanding of the mechanisms driving corneal development and disease, and these models will continue to advance eye research. An extremely important class of structural proteins in the eye is the eye crystallins located in both the cornea and the lens. Mouse models of corneal crystallins have revealed many surprising and previously unknown cellular functions of these proteins, including their role as molecular chaperones and in the maintenance and defense of eye structures. Mouse models created using transgene or targeted gene knockout strategies have been invaluable tools to probe mechanisms leading to lens abnormalities. Several features make the lens an ideal target tissue for studies of disease mechanisms. The lens is readily accessible to light and therefore to imaging instruments, so it is possible to obtain detailed information about lens structure and transparency in the living animal without the use of deep anesthesia.
Performance on a 1-week delayed recall task is associated with medial temporal lobe structures in neurologically normal older adults.

AbstractObjective: Traditional episodic memory tests employ a delayed recall length ranging from 10 to 30 min. The neurobiological process of memory consolidation extends well beyond these time intervals, however, raising the possibility that these tests might not be fully sensitive to the subtle neurocognitive changes found in early disease or age-related decline. We aimed to determine the sensitivity of a 1-week delayed recall paradigm to medial temporal lobe (MTL) structure among neurologically normal older adults. Methods: One hundred and forty functionally intact, older adults (mean age = 75.8) completed a story recall test in which participants learned to 90% criterion. Recall was tested after 30-min and 1-week. Participants also completed a standardized list learning task with a 20-min delay (n = 129) and a structural brain MRI. The MTL, including the parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and entorhinal, was our primary region of interest. Results: Controlling for age, education, gender and total int...
Pilot Evaluation of a University-Based Training in Trauma-Informed Services for Gang Intervention Workers

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a course designed to bring trauma-informed practices into community-based intervention programming for gang-involv...
Pathogenesis-related proteins and systemic resistance to blue mould and tobacco mosaic virus induced by tobacco mosaic virus, Peronospora tabacina and aspirin.

Abstract Stem injection with sporangiospores of Peronospora tabacina or inoculation of leaves with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) induced systemic protection in tobacco against blue mould and disease caused by the virus. Protection against blue mould induced by TMV was first detected 3 days after inoculation with TMV, reached a maximum after 12 days, and persisted for at least 26 days. Removal of the TMV-infected leaves at intervals after inoculation with TMV resulted in a similar time course for protection. Leaves which expanded after induction with TMV were better protected against blue mould than leaves which were expanded before induction. Protection of such plants against TMV, however, was uniform throughout the plant. Spraying leaves with 0.05 % acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) protected only the treated leaves against blue mould and TMV, whereas repeated stem injection of ASA induced systemic protection against TMV but not blue mould. SDS-PAGE of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins extracted from TMV or P. tabacina induction sites and protected uninfected leaves of induced plants indicated that the appearance of PR proteins coincided with the appearance of protection. Systemic protection against TMV induced by stem injection with ASA, however, was not associated with PR proteins. The PR proteins appeared at higher levels but were qualitatively similar in leaves which expanded after induction with TMV as compared to leaves which were expanded at the time of induction. After challenge with P. tabacina, PR proteins accumulated earlier and to higher levels in plants induced with P. tabacina or TMV than in controls. Some of the PR proteins were detected in intercellular fluids of induced plants before challenge. The pattern of PR proteins appeared qualitatively identical following induction with P. tabacina and TMV. The induction of systemic protection and PR proteins does not appear to be due to a unique component of the inducing pathogen but rather is the result of a common metabolic perturbation caused by the pathogens.
Operative therapy for sigmoid volvulus. Identification of risk factors affecting outcome.

The medical records of 54 patients treated for sigmoid volvulus from 1983 to 1987 were reviewed. Patient demographics were very similar to previously published results. Four patients (7.4 percent) underwent emergency resection for gangrene with a mortality of 75 percent. Of the 50 patients who presented without ischemia, 23 (46 percent) were managed by nonoperative detorsion while 3 (6 percent) detorsed spontaneously. Fourteen of these 26 patients received no further treatment. Nonoperative mortality was 0 percent. Celiotomy was performed on 36 patients. The type of operative procedure performed had no significant bearing on outcome. Fifteen patients underwent resection and anastomosis; two of these patients died (13 percent). Fifteen patients underwent resection and colostomy with two deaths (13 percent), and six had open detorsion alone with one death (17 percent). The two factors associated with adverse outcome after surgical intervention were patient age and history of previous volvulus. All five deaths occurred in patients older than 70 years presenting with a first episode of volvulus (N=15, mortality=33 percent). No deaths occurred among patients younger than 70 years regardless of volvulus history or among those older than 70 years who were being treated for a recurrence (P≤0.01). Patients older than 70 years with a first episode of volvulus represent a high risk if subjected to surgical intervention. Nonoperative detorsion alone should be considered for this subgroup of patients.
Dewey and the Ethics of Naturalism

In the last hundred years or so, great changes have taken place in our conception of the physical world, of man and society, as well as in our pattern of living. The theory of organic evolution, by establishing continuity between man and other living beings, has shown him to be a product of nature. Social and cultural researches, by uncovering a large variety of culture patterns, have given a clearer account of the structure of society. At the turn of the century, relativity and quantum theories provided us with a new picture of nature. Equally striking have been the changes in our mode of living. Technology and industrialization have imposed new shapes on our civilization. There has been an intense urbanization, and a consequent change in community and family life.
The Development of Strategies in the Acquisition of Symbolic Skills

The purpose of this chapter is to describe what Piaget calls a decalage in the acquisition of symbolic skills. A decalage is an invariant sequence in the development of a cognitive process. A fundamental tenet of Piaget’s theory is that a sequence of development which occurs in an earlier stage is repeated again in later stages. Bower (1979) describes, for example, the decalage in conservation of weight which first occurs in the sensori-motor stage and which is later recapitulated in the stage of concrete operations. We argue here for a decalage between the sequence of strategies in the acquisition of spoken language during the early preoperational period and the acquisition of written language which typically occurs early in the concrete operational stage.
Inter-Theoretic Criticism and the Growth of Science

This paper is intended to be a small contribution to a future comprehensive Theory of Scientific Growth. I take it that such a theory would give an idealized description of the repeating patterns of growth found within the history of science and show how these developmental patterns are different from those found in the case of theories such as witchcraft, on the one hand, and the patterns found in the growth of the ‘practical arts’, such as pottery-making, on the other. The theory would go on to explain why such patterns might be expected to produce scientific knowledge by pointing out the critical forces which are operating and the rationality of the responses to them. In short, an adequate philosophical theory in this area should not only give the kinetics of scientific growth, but also the dynamics of that process.
Optimizing HER2-Directed Therapy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

HER2-positive early breast cancer has been revolutionized by the development of HER2-directed therapy, which has significantly reduced breast cancer recurrence risk and improved overall survival. Here, we review the available treatment options for this patient population and discuss how we might individualize therapy in the future to optimize the balance of efficacy and toxicity. The addition of pertuzumab to a trastuzumab-based adjuvant regimen improves pathologic complete response rates and invasive disease-free survival (DFS). Addition of neratinib for patients with high-risk disease also contributes to improved DFS. Current data supports use of dual HER2-directed therapy in combination with chemotherapy, as well as extended HER2-directed therapy (beyond 1 year), in those with high-risk HER2-positive early breast cancer. Ongoing studies aim to identify biomarkers of response and resistance to standard approaches, as well as identify those who might benefit from a chemotherapy-free treatment paradigm.
Major Complications and 30-Day Morbidity for Single Jaw Versus Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery as Reported by NSQIP:

Objective:Acute complications in orthognathic surgery are reported in single-institution studies with small sample sizes. We aimed to analyze risk factors for acute complications using a national d...
Editorial: Reflections

As my fifth year as editor of Interfaces draws to a close, let me share some thoughts about the journal's achievements and challenges. My unmatched modesty prevents more than a casual recitation of achievements: Since its founding in 1970, Interfaces has evolved into a readable journal focusing on the practice of MS/OR around the world. It has increased its “respectability” among academics defined, perhaps, by promotion and tenure committees while continuing to address the interests of practitioners. It has also broadened its focus with less emphasis on traditional operations management-type applications and more articles from the public sector, planning, DSS, and the like.
Reducing Test Anxiety Through Mind Relaxation in Undergraduate Nursing Students

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and stress are feelings often experienced during nursing course exams. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, enhanced performance occurs at mid-levels of anxiety while low and high levels hinder optimum performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of a Tai Chi (mind relaxation) intervention on test anxiety. Approach: Test Anxiety was measured utilizing the Westside Test Anxiety Scale, Zero-to-Ten Self-Anxiety Scale, and pulse rates. Outcomes: Thirty-eight undergraduate nursing students enrolled in Health and Illness II during the fall and spring semesters participated in the study. An average of 15 students participated consistently in the Tai Chi intervention. Results demonstrated a significant difference in students’ anxiety scores before and after the Tai Chi intervention and with a post Tai Chi intervention anxiety scores reduction to a mid-level (M=4.73). CONCLUSION: This study supports Tai Chi as an effective intervention before examinations in reducing nursing students’ anxiety levels.
City-State Democracy in Sumer, Syria and Canaan-Phoenicia

Tribal democracy was carried over into the Middle Eastern City-States. The council of elders became the council of city-fathers (oligarchs whose wealth was based on commercial trade), and the warriors assembly became the citizens assembly. The war chief became the city King, with power and privileges enhanced; and the shaman became the high priests and priestesses who presided over powerful ceremonies involving fertility, death, and resurrection.
Musculoskeletal Injuries in Climbers

This article aims to review the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in climbers, risk factors leading to those injuries, and treatment and prevention strategies specific to climbers. Most chronic climbing injuries occur in the upper extremities, especially the hands, and are due to overuse. Outdoor climbing is associated with a higher rate of injury than indoor climbing, and among indoor climbing sub-disciplines, bouldering has the highest injury rate. Further research is needed to identify specific techniques or training regimens that may lead to injury, and furthermore, if changing technique during training or competition could reduce these injuries. The types and incidences of most climbing injuries are fairly well documented. Evidence-based treatment and prevention strategies for chronic climbing injuries are limited, but many injuries can be managed conservatively with rest, activity modification, and rehabilitation. More work is needed to identify modifiable risk factors for climbing injuries.
Beyond the two cultures: Democratic virtues and the case for a model of mutuality

Fifty years ago and still relevant today, C.P. Snow argued that the university is divided into two cultures, with humanities on the one side and the sciences on the other. This paper proposes a mod...
Distinct Representations of Hot Gas Dielectric Strength and Their Impact

The common practice of assuming constant pressure in the dielectric strength estimation of hot gases is compared with that assuming constant number density. The dielectric strengths of dissociated gaseous He- H2-N2 mixture and $\mathbf{SF}_{\mathbf{6}}$ are estimated at various temperatures. The compositions of the dissociated gas species at temperatures as high as 5,000 K are obtained by minimizing the Gibbs free energy assuming local chemical equilibrium. The calculated mole fractions of the dissociated gas species and electron-scattering cross section data are used for calculating the density-reduced critical electric field that represents the dielectric strength of the gas mixtures. Through this study, it is shown that the dielectric strength of hot gases depends significantly on the two assumptions, and the assumption of constant pressure results in the underestimation of dielectric strength at high temperatures compared to the assumption of constant number density.
African American College Students' Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption.

College students’ alcohol consumption remains a significant concern for colleges and universities. However, most research overwhelmingly utilizes White samples from predominantly White universities, limiting knowledge of African American students’ drinking behaviors on historically Black campuses. This study examined alcohol usage among African American college students by investigating relationships between alcohol consumption and positive and negative expectancies as well as self-efficacy. A convenience sample of 282 students was used. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) measured alcohol consumption and identified individuals whose consumption created hazardous drinking patterns. Alcohol expectancy was measured by the Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEQ), and the Spheres of Control Scale measured self-efficacy. Students in this sample tended to believe that alcohol consumption was linked with more negative than positive alcohol expectancy beliefs. Alcohol expectancies, specifically positive expectancies, appeared to play a significant role in predicting alcohol consumption. There was also a positive relationship between positive expectancies and alcohol consumption. Despite these results, our regression model was only able to account for about 20% of the variance (r2 = 0.187). These findings are important in developing prevention and intervention programs to address the pervasive and critical social ills and reduce alcohol consumption among African American college students.
Sustained release of tulobuterol from graphene oxide laden hydrogel to manage asthma.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease which is currently treated using various inhalants. However, the medication adherence with the inhalants is poor due to complex procedure to use them along wit...
How Do Age, Sex, Political Orientation, Religiosity, and Sexism Affect Perceptions of Sex Assault/Harassment Allegations?

The recent #MeToo movement empowered female sexual harassment and assault victims to publicly share their stories, using social media as the primary platform. Though the goals of the movement included de-stigmatization and support for victims, the discourse that followed often resulted in highly varied responses to reported incidents. In this study, we examined American adult (n = 512) perceptions about #MeToo and whether gender and ideological beliefs, including sexism, religiosity, and political affiliation, as well as pre-allegation likability of the alleged perpetrator, influenced respondents’ assessments of the incidents. We focused our examination on two very different, high-profile examples of sexual misconduct allegations, specifically against film producer Harvey Weinstein and comedian Aziz Ansari. We found that personal characteristics of respondents related to individuals’ negative assessments of alleged sexual assault perpetrators. Regression analyses showed that higher age and stronger beliefs that sexism exists in our culture predicted harsher judgments of Weinstein, but stronger beliefs that sexism exists in our culture, male gender, lower levels of pre-allegation favorability for Ansari, and higher levels of social religiosity predicted harsher judgments of Ansari. Practical implications of these disparate findings are discussed.
Reading identities as a developmental process: changes in Chinese-English learners from prekindergarten to kindergarten

Reading identities are the ways that a person constructs the self as a reader across contexts and time. This study explores reading identities as a developmental process in multilingual children in...
Molecular Determinants and Other Factors to Guide Selection of Patients for Hepatic Resection of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has changed significantly over the last few decades as cytotoxic and targeted chemotherapies have evolved and resection of (technically feasible) colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) has become standard of care for eligible patients. Overall, survival for metastatic CRC has considerably improved, but recurrences are common. Numerous clinical risk scores have been suggested to guide patient selection for CRLM resection, but none perfectly predict outcomes; therefore, a personalized approach to metastatic CRC treatment using genetic profiles for risk stratification and prognostication is a critically important advancement. All patients with suspected metastatic CRC should undergo genetic testing for common oncogene mutations (e.g., KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS) in addition to a triphasic CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; if hepatectomy may be entertained and there is concern about the future liver remnant (FLR), liver volumetrics should also be performed. MRI and PET are useful adjuncts for cases in which diagnosis or extent of disease is unclear. The decision to operate should be individualized and based on each patient’s condition, tumor biology, and technical resectability. Genetic profiles should be used to inform multidisciplinary meetings surrounding topics of chemotherapy and surgical resection, as well as patient discussions concerning the risks and benefits of surgery. In the end, most patients with technically resectable colorectal cancers and adequate cardiopulmonary fitness benefit from surgical resection, as it remains the only chance of long-term survival.
The impact of TiO2 nanoparticle exposure on transmembrane cholesterol transport and enhanced bacterial infectivity in HeLa cells.

Abstract We have previously shown that exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) reduces the resistance of HeLa cells to bacterial infection. Here we demonstrate that the increased infectivity is associated with enhanced asymmetry in the cholesterol distribution. We applied a live cell imaging method which uses tunable orthogonal cholesterol sensors to visualize and quantify in-situ cholesterol distribution between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane (PM). In the control culture, we found marked transbilayer asymmetry of cholesterol, with the concentration in the outer plasma membrane (OPM) being 13 ± 2-fold higher than that in the inner plasma membrane (IPM). Exposure of the culture to 0.1 mg/mL of rutile TiO2 NPs increased the asymmetry such that the concentration in the OPM was 51 ± 10 times higher, while the total cholesterol content increased only 21 ± 2%. This change in cholesterol gradient may explain the increase in bacterial infectivity in HeLa cells exposed to TiO2 NPs since many pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus used in the present study, require cholesterol for proper membrane attachment and virulence. RT-PCR indicated that exposure to TiO2 was responsible for upregulation of the ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNAs, which are responsible for the production of the cholesterol transporter proteins that facilitate cholesterol transport across cellular membranes. This was confirmed by the observation of an overall decrease in bacterial infection in ABCA1 knockout or methyl-β-cyclodextrin-treated HeLa cells, as regardless of TiO2 NP exposure. Hence rather than preventing bacterial infection, TiO2 nanoparticles upregulate genes associated with membrane cholesterol production and distribution, hence increasing infectivity. Statement of significance A great deal of work has been done regarding the toxicology of the particles, especially focusing on detrimental outcomes associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this paper we show unambiguously a very surprising result, namely the ability of these particles to enhance bacterial infection even at very small exposure levels, where none of the deleterious effects of ROS products can yet be detected. Using a new imaging technique, we are able to demonstrate, in operando, the effect of the particles on cholesterol generation and distribution in live HeLa cells. This paper also represents the first in a series where we explore other consequences of increased membrane cholesterol, due to particle exposure, which are known to have multiple other consequences on human tissue function and development.
Towards detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in human saliva: A paper-based cell-free toehold switch biosensor with a visual bioluminescent output.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the global demand for rapid, low-cost, widely distributable and point-of-care nucleic acid diagnostic technologies. Such technologies could help disrupt transmission, sustain economies and preserve health and lives during widespread infection. In contrast, conventional nucleic acid diagnostic procedures require trained personnel, complex laboratories, expensive equipment, and protracted processing times. In this work, lyophilized cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) and toehold switch riboregulators are employed to develop a promising paper-based nucleic acid diagnostic platform activated simply by the addition of saliva. First, to facilitate distribution and deployment, an economical paper support matrix is identified and a mass-producible test cassette designed with integral saliva sample receptacles. Next, CFPS is optimized in the presence of saliva using murine RNase inhibitor. Finally, original toehold switch riboregulators are engineered to express the bioluminescent reporter NanoLuc in response to SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequences present in saliva samples. The biosensor generates a visible signal in as few as seven minutes following administration of 15 μL saliva enriched with high concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequences. The estimated cost of this test is less than 0.50 USD, which could make this platform readily accessible to both the developed and developing world. While additional research is needed to decrease the limit of detection, this work represents important progress toward developing a diagnostic technology that is rapid, low-cost, distributable and deployable at the point-of-care by a layperson.