cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Past and Future Technology for Mixed Signal LSI

This paper discusses Mixed Signal LSI technology with embedded power transistors. Trends in Mixed Signal LSI technology are explained at first. Mixed signal LSI technology has proceeded with the help of fine fabrication technology and SOI technology. The BEOL transistor is a new development, which uses InGaZnO (IGZO) as its TFT channel material. The BEOL transistor is one future device which enables 3D IC and chip shrinking technology. key words: Mixed Signal LSI, BiC-DMOS, analog, power IC, InGaZnO (IGZO)
Some inequalities for matrices A such that A-I is positive definite or an M-Matrix ∗

We prove some inequalities for matrices A such that A − I is either a positive definite Hermitian matrix or an M -matrix where I stands for the identity matrix.
Home pediatric compassionate extubation: bridging intensive and palliative care.

Compassionate home extubation for pediatric patients is a topic that seldom appears in the literature and is of unknown clinical importance. However, standards in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and among pediatric critical care physicians regarding end-of-life decisions are changing, including where and when patient extubation occurs. The authors’ hospice recently consulted on an infant with spinal muscular atrophy in the PICU requiring mechanical ventilation, for whom further life-sustaining care was deemed futile. In consultation with the family, nursing staff, physicians, and the ethics committee, and following protocol guidelines, arrangements were made for this infant and his parents to be transported home. Once comfortable with his family, a small amount of lorazepam was given and the endotracheal tube removed. The infant died quietly about 20 minutes later. This case prompted the authors to review the current state of published articles covering this topic, suggest a protocol for implementing...
Molecular cloning of sequences encoding the human heat-shock proteins and their expression during hyperthermia

Plasmids containing cDNA copies of mRNAs induced in HeLa cells by heat shock have been isolated and characterized. In vitro translation of RNAs selected by hybridization to plasmid DNAs identified sequences representing the three major classes (89, 70 and 27-kDa) of heat-shock proteins (hsp) and a 60-kDa minor hsp. Plasmids with inserts specific for the 27, 60, and 70-kDa hsp each hybridize with a single discrete size class of heat-inducible mRNA. Plasmids specific for the 89-kDa protein, however, hybridize with either a 2.7- or 2.95-kb mRNA species. Both mRNAs are coordinately induced during heat shock. We show that the characteristic pattern of induction and repression of each class of hsp during sustained hyperthermia is the result of changes in the steady state level of each mRNA.
Effects of vorticity, displacement speed and curvature on heat transfer with dissipation

Abstract The method of matched asymptotic expansions has been used to analyze heat transfer with dissipation in forced convection, incompressible laminar flow on a surface with curvature. By using the well known solutions to the Falkner-Skan wedge flow and the corresponding energy equation with dissipation as the first order effects, the second order solutions to the energy equation including dissipation have been obtained. The calculated second order temperature profiles have been presented graphically as functions of the pressure gradient parameter and Prandtl number, to exhibit the effects of free-stream vorticity, displacement speed, longitudinal and transverse curvatures. The second order heat transfer, like the second order skin friction, becomes singular in adverse pressure gradients close to first order separation. Further, for the displacement speed problem and the curvature problems, other singularities occur at critical values of the pressure gradient parameter, just as for the second order skin friction. When there is no singularity, dissipation can affect heat transfer considerably, changing the Nusselt number from positive to negative, depending on the magnitude of the Eckert number. An increase of Prandtl number enhances the effects of dissipation.
t10c12-CLA maintains higher bone mineral density during aging by modulating osteoclastogenesis and bone marrow adiposity

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to positively influence calcium and bone metabolism. Earlier, we showed that CLA (equal mixture of c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA) could protect age-associated bone loss by modulating inflammatory markers and osteoclastogenesis. Since, c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA isomers differentially regulate functional parameters and gene expression in different cell types, we examined the efficacy of individual CLA isomers against age-associated bone loss using 12 months old C57BL/6 female mice fed for 6 months with 10% corn oil (CO), 9.5% CO + 0.5% c9t11-CLA, 9.5% CO + 0.5% t10c12-CLA or 9.5% CO + 0.25% c9t11-CLA + 0.25% t10c12-CLA. Mice fed a t10c12-CLA diet maintained a significantly higher bone mineral density (BMD) in femoral, tibial and lumbar regions than those fed CO and c9t11-CLA diets as measured by dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The increased BMD was accompanied by a decreased production of osteoclastogenic factors, that is, RANKL, TRAP5b, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in serum. Moreover, a significant reduction of high fat diet-induced bone marrow adiposity was observed in t10c12-CLA fed mice as compared to that of CO and c9t11-CLA fed mice, as measured by Oil-Red-O staining of bone marrow sections. In addition, a significant reduction of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorbing pit formation was observed in t10c12-CLA treated RAW 264.7 cell culture stimulated with RANKL as compared to that of c9t11-CLA and linoleic acid treated cultures. In conclusion, these findings suggest that t10c12-CLA is the most potent CLA isomer and it exerts its anti-osteoporotic effect by modulating osteoclastogenesis and bone marrow adiposity.
Some comments on the scale dependence of the hydraulic conductivity in the presence of nested heterogeneity

Under certain conditions, which are not particularly restrictive, the hydraulic and electrical conductivities of heterogeneous media can be proven to be non-increasing functions of system size. Measurements can suggest otherwise. This discrepancy may be related to scale-dependent definitions of the relevant medium (such as might be appropriate for a fractal structure), inadequate sampling, or to improper inference.
3D FDTD modeling of surface plasmons at single nanoholes in metal films

The generation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP's) at a single nanohole in a metal film is studied with the 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A fringe pattern with period of the SPP wavelength is found and explained. Results including a near-field scanning optical microscope tip are also obtained.
Use of contact prints for recording polyphenoloxidase isoenzymes separated by electrophoresis

Crude extracts of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) (E.C. 1.14.18.1) from a variety of food and plant sources were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Following electrophoresis, the gels were stained for enzyme activity using catechol and L-dopa as substrates. Contact prints were made of the enzyme stained gels 30 min after enzyme staining and on the following day. The negative images (white bands on a dark background) clearly showed the number, type, mobility and variation in enzyme staining of isoenzyme forms of PPO separated by electrophoresis. Contact prints were used to identify PPO isoenzyme forms in the leaves, stipules, roots, and stems of broad beans. This method was also used to demonstrate that a single isoenzyme form of PPO in broad bean leaves decreased with leaf age. Photographs, using professional rapid process X-ray copy film, were also taken of enzyme stained gels for comparison to contact prints. Using contact prints, permanent records of PPO isoenzyme forms can be obtained rapidly, are inexpensive, and reproduce actual gel patterns.
Computer Control of Glass Forming and Tempering

A digital computer controls the operation of a gas hearth process. The gas hearth is used to shape and temper glass templates for automotive applications. To produce a quality product, the computer regulates the temperatures and pressures throughout the lehr to obtain proper form and break pattern (i.e., temper) in the finished part. The computer also performs limit checking for the process variables, logs alarm messages, and prints lehr status reports for the operators and process engineers.
The anaphase inhibitor Pds1 binds to the APC/C-associated protein Cdc20 in a destruction box-dependent manner.

Abstract An essential aspect of progression through mitosis is the sequential degradation of key mitotic regulators in a process that is mediated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase [1]. In mitotic cells, two forms of the APC/C exist, APC/C Cdc20 and APC/C Cdh1 , which differ in their associated WD-repeat proteins (Cdc20 and Cdh1, respectively), time of activation, and substrate specificity [2, 3]. How the WD-repeat proteins contribute to APC/C's activation and substrate specificity is not clear. Many APC/C substrates contain a destruction box element that is necessary for their ubiquitination [4–6]. One such APC/C substrate, the budding yeast anaphase inhibitor Pds1 (securin), is degraded prior to anaphase initiation in a destruction box and APC/C Cdc20 -dependent manner [3, 7]. Here we find that Pds1 interacts directly with Cdc20 and that this interaction requires Pds1's destruction box. Our results suggest that Cdc20 provides a link between the substrate and the core APC/C and that the destruction box is essential for efficient Cdc20-substrate interaction. We also find that Pds1 does not interact with Cdh1. Finally, the effect of spindle assembly checkpoint activation, known to inhibit APC/C function [8], on the Pds1-Cdc20 interaction is examined.
Stylized Facts before IMF-Supported Macroeconomic Adjustment

This paper analyzes the initial economic conditions before IMF financial arrangements are adopted. Evidence from 104 IMF arrangements in 74 developing countries during 1973-91 indicates that there are important differences between the characteristics of countries about to undergo a program and those of a control group. The program group exhibits weaker balance of payments, output growth, external conditions, and fiscal and credit policies than the control group; it is also characterized by a higher degree of external indebtedness and nominal exchange rate depreciation. In the case of the rate of inflation, investment, real effective depreciation, and the growth rate of money, the two groups appear to be statistically similar.
New strategies for prevention of ischemic stroke: the LIFE study.

New strategies to lower the risk of stroke among highrisk persons are being developed. Therapies such as cholesterol-lowering medications and newer antihypertensive agents appear to complement traditional antithrombotic drugs and surgical procedures. Of particular interest is the use of the newer angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which appear to have an effect on stabilizing the vascular endothelium. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint (LIFE) reduction in hypertension study provides additional data to support the use of the ACE inhibitors to lower the risk of stroke among patients with hypertension and vascular diseases.
Anomalous voltage distribution of random resistor networks and a new model for the backbone at the percolation threshold.

We develop a new approach for studying the random resistor network by focusing on the distribution of voltage drops across each bond We introduce a simple model which provides a useful description of the percolating backbone, and which shows that the voltage distribution is log normal, with an infinite set of exponents required to describe the voltage moments. This latter prediction is verified by simulations of a resistor network on the square lattice.
The NO vibrational state distribution in the reaction O()+N2O→2NO

Abstract The vibrational distribution of NO products from the reaction O( 1 D )+N 2 O → 2NO has been measured from v =0 to v =12. The measurement was performed in a molecular beam apparatus, in which the product NO was rotationally but not vibrationally cooled. The measured NO vibrational population is found to be peaked at v =7, with average vibrational energy between 24 000 and 28 000 cm −1 , much greater than previously reported. The vibrational distribution presented in this Letter is inconsistent with the dominance of either a stripping or a statistical mechanism producing a substantial fraction of the product NO.
A stochastic neural network for resource constrained scheduling

Abstract Interest in the use of neural networks for the modeling and solution of problems of optimization, and particularly problems of combinatorics, continues to grow at a substantial pace. This new methodology has both some unique advantages as well as certain drawbacks. In this paper, we address the results obtained thus far in an ongoing research effort devoted to examination of the use of neural networks for the modeling and solution of one subclass of a particularly important category of problems: those of resource constrained scheduling. To accomplish this, the resource constrained scheduling problem of interest is first decomposed into a series of multidimensional knapsack models and an equivalent neural network model for this particular representation is established. Then, by extending the work of Hopfield and Tank, and others, we have been able to develop an approach that ultimately serves to solve the original problem—while avoiding, to a great extent, such common neural network difficulties as instability and local minima. The approach that has now been developed and evaluated is designed specifically for a certain type of resource constrained scheduling problem—where such problems are subject to sudden, dynamic changes.
Structure and activation of a heteromeric protease complex.

New drug therapies are needed for treating Mycobacteria tuberculosis infections because strains with multiple drug resistances have arisen that tolerate almost all existing antibiotics (1). Regulated protein degradation is a universal process found in all kingdoms of life and is crucial for development, virulence, and pathogenicity in many bacteria, including M. tuberculosis (2⇓–4). Regulated degradation is principally carried out by energy-dependent proteases, such as the caseinolytic peptidase P (ClpP)-dependent family of proteases (5). These proteases consist of two oligomeric components: an ATP-consuming complex that is selective for substrate engagement, unfolding, and translocation (e.g., ClpX, ClpA, ClpC), and a chambered peptidase (ClpP) with sequestered active site serines that catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis. In many bacteria, a single clpP gene encodes a single protein that assembles into a homomeric tetradecamer; however, M. tuberculosis has two ClpP orthologs that are active only in a heteromeric ClpP1P2 complex (6). Other cases of multiple ClpP paralogs have been found in the genomes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms (7), but there has been limited characterization of these heteromeric complexes at the atomic scale. In PNAS, Schmitz et al. report the crystal structure of the M. tuberculosis ClpP1P2 complex, revealing the first high-resolution structure of a heteromeric ClpP complex and demonstrating how binding partners can dramatically affect ClpP activity through allosteric changes (8). The ClpP peptidase chamber can be envisioned as a static box that simply waits for delivery of unfolded substrates by the attendant ATPase and will digest whatever is passed to it (Fig. 1). However, recent biochemical and structural studies reveal a richer communication … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: pchien{at}biochem.umass.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Methods for calculating the transonic boundary layer separation for V/STOL inlets at high incidence angles

A semi-empirical scheme for the prediction of transonic pressure distribution on the surface of V/STOL inlets at high incidence angles has been developed. The investigation is intended to improve the boundary layer calculation and separation prediction by including the effects of shock wave-boundary layer interaction into the Lewis Inlet Viscous Computer Program. Wind-tunnel results and theoretical pressure calculation for critical cases are used in constructing the transonic pressure distribution. The program, which describes the development of the boundary layer and predicts the possible flow separation, can handle the cases of inlets at high incidence angles where local supersonic region may occur in the flow.
Record/Film/Book/Interactive TV EVR as a Threshold Format

Although home video scholars often position the EVR (CBS’s Electronic Video Recording) as a failure, I argue that it is best understood as a threshold format that articulated new possibilities for ...
Motion-Dependent Fluid Force Coefficients for Tube Arrays in Crossflow

Fluidelastic instability of tube arrays in crossflow is interesting academically and important in steam generators and heat exchangers. The key elements necessary to accurately predict fluidelastic instability of tube arrays in crossflow are motion-dependent fluid force coefficients. This paper presents several series of experiments that measure motion-dependent fluid forces for various tube arrays. Fluid damping and stiffness coefficients based on the unsteady flow theory were obtained as a function of reduced flow velocity, excitation amplitude, and Reynolds number, and the characteristics of motion-dependent fluid force coefficients were applied to provide some additional insights into fluidelastic instability.
The CREATE Method Does Not Result in Greater Gains in Critical Thinking than a More Traditional Method of Analyzing the Primary Literature

Analysis of the primary literature in the undergraduate curriculum is associated with gains in student learning. In particular, the CREATE (Consider, Read, Elucidate hypotheses, Analyze and interpret the data, and Think of the next Experiment) method is associated with an increase in student critical thinking skills. We adapted the CREATE method within a required cell biology class and compared the learning gains of students using CREATE to those of students involved in less structured literature discussions. We found that while both sets of students had gains in critical thinking, students who used the CREATE method did not show significant improvement over students engaged in a more traditional method for dissecting the literature. Students also reported similar learning gains for both literature discussion methods. Our study suggests that, at least in our educational context, the CREATE method does not lead to higher learning gains than a less structured way of reading primary literature.
A stereo video coding scheme based on H.264

A stereo video coding algorithm based on H.264 is presented in this work. The main difference between the multi-view and the single-view video coding algorithm is whether a disparity vector (DV) is used or not. For stereo video, we use binocular sequences that consist of left- and right-view sequences. The left-view sequence is coded by the conventional H.264 algorithm and used as a reference image for the prediction of the right-view sequence. The right-view sequence is coded with motion vectors (MVs) and DV. To code a forward prediction (P) frame or a bi-directional prediction (B) frame of the right-view sequence, we employ 2 or 3 prediction vectors. They are forward MV, backward MV and DV. For the coding of stereo sequences with DV and forward/backward MVs, we propose new macroblock (MB) type tables and a temporal prediction structure. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm offers a higher peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) than the H.264 simulcast method.
What I wish I’d known before surgery: BRCA carriers’ perspectives after bilateral salipingo-oophorectomy

We retrospectively studied BRCA carriers with a history of prophylactic bilateral salingo-oophorectomy (PBSO) regarding: (1) their post-operative symptoms, (2) their recollection of pre-operative conversations with their health care providers regarding possible surgical side-effects and (3) what information they would have found helpful to have before surgery. Female BRCA carriers seen through the Yale Cancer Genetic Counseling Program who had PBSO were invited to participate in a questionnaire that assessed their recall of information they received pre-operatively compared with their post-operative knowledge and symptoms related to menopause, cognitive changes, loss of fertility, cancer risks, osteoporosis, heart disease, vasomotor symptoms, urogenital symptoms, sexuality and body image. The questionnaire also elicited written feedback from participants regarding their decision to have PBSO, what they wished they had known before surgery, advice for other BRCA carriers considering this surgery and advice for health care providers who counsel women about PBSO. Two hundred and ninety female BRCA carriers were invited to participate and 113 (39.0%) indicated they were interested. Of those, 99 (87.6%) returned their questionnaire and 98 (86.7%) responses were included in the analysis. The mean age at PBSO was 45.5 years (range: 32–63 years). The five most common “frequent” or “very frequent” post-surgical symptoms were: vaginal dryness (52.1%), changes in interest in sex (50.0%), sleep disturbances (46.7%), changes in sex life (43.9) and hot flashes (42.9%). The majority of women would have found it helpful to have more information regarding the impact of this surgery on their sex life (59.2%), the availability of sex counseling (57.1%) and the risk of coronary heart disease (57.1%). This study illustrates that while health care providers are discussing selected side effects of PBSO, women undergoing this surgery have other concerns that should be addressed. This information provides insights into the informational needs of BRCA carriers considering PBSO.
A BALANCING VIEW: Lifetime Channeling of Infliximab for Crohn's Disease

Infliximab is currently "indicated for reducing signs and symptoms and inducing and maintaining clinical remission in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy... and for reducing the number of draining enterocutaneous and rectovaginal fistulas and maintaining fistula closure in patients with fistulizing Crohn's disease." Drs. Lichtenstein and Loftus have debated the merits of "lifelong" therapy based on 1-yr outcomes of clinical trials in Crohn's disease, immunogenicity, safety, and health economics.
The association between a nutritional quality index and risk of chronic disease.

Background The Overall Nutritional Quality Index (ONQI) algorithm is a nutrient profiling scheme that incorporates more than 30 dietary components, and it aims to rank foods by relative healthfulness. Purpose To assess whether diets with a higher ONQI score predict lower risk of major chronic disease risk. Methods A total of 62,284 healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study and 42,382 healthy men from Health Professionals Follow-Up Study were followed from 1986 to 2006. Dietary data were collected from questionnaires at baseline. Each food was scored by the ONQI algorithm and the average ONQI score for the diet consumed by each participant was computed. Total chronic disease was defined as cardiovascular disease (CVD); cancer; diabetes; and nontrauma death. Data analysis was conducted in 2010. Results A total of 20,004 and 13,520 chronic disease events were documented in women and men, respectively. The ONQI score was inversely associated with risk of total chronic disease, CVD, diabetes, and all-cause mortality (p-trend≤0.01), but not cancer, in both cohorts. Women in the highest compared to lowest quintile of the ONQI score had a relative risk (95% CI) of 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) for chronic disease; 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) for CVD; 0.86 (0.78, 0.96) for diabetes; and 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) for all-cause mortality. Men in the highest compared to lowest quintile of the ONQI score had a relative risk of 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) for chronic disease; 0.77 (0.70, 0.85) for CVD; 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) for diabetes; and 0.89 (0.83, 0.97) for all-cause mortality. Conclusions Consumption of foods that lead to a higher score for the ONQI scoring system is associated with modestly lower risk of chronic disease and all-cause mortality.
Primordial nucleosynthesis — A window on the early universe

Abstract Big Bang Nucleosynthesis provides a unique probe of the early evolution of the Universe. By confronting the predictions of element synthesis in the standard hot big bang model with the observed abundances of the light elements, we may test the consistency of the standard model and derive valuable constraints on parameters of particle physics and cosmology.
Structure of an Electron Transfer Complex: Methylamine Dehydrogenase, Amicyanin, and Cytochrome c551i

The crystal structure of a ternary protein complex has been determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The complex is composed of three electron transfer proteins from Paracoccus denitrificans, the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase, the blue copper protein amicyanin, and the cytochrome c551i. The central region of the c551i is folded similarly to several small bacterial c-type cytochromes; there is a 45-residue extension at the amino terminus and a 25-residue extension at the carboxyl terminus. The methylamine dehydrogenase-amicyanin interface is largely hydrophobic, whereas the amicyanin-cytochrome interface is more polar, with several charged groups present on each surface. Analysis of the simplest electron transfer pathways between the redox partners points out the importance of other factors such as energetics in determining the electron transfer rates.
Predictive ability of Lukes-Collins classification for immunologic phenotypes of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an institutional series and literature review.

Abstract Tissues from 22 children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were studied pathologically and immunologically. Most children were noted to have marked (B- or T-cell) neoplasms and the Lukes-Collins classification was predictive of immunologic phenotype in cases where markers were present. Our series and a review of the literature demonstrates that most abdominal NHL are B-cell in origin and are often small noncleaved follicular center cell lymphoma (Burkitt type). Most mediastinal primary lesions are T-cell in origin and of convoluted cell morphology. A few neoplasms (often peripheral nodal) lack the characteristic surface immunoglobulin or erythrocyte rosetting properties of B- or T-cell lesions, respectively. Frequently marrow and central nervous system involvement are observed in T-cell lymphomas and are not in frequent in B cell neoplasms. Shared immunologic and clinical features between the B- or T-cell lymphomas and their leukemic counterparts support the concept that they often differ only in the stage of disease progression.
Differential effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and benzo(a)pyrene on proliferation and growth factor gene expression in human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells

Summary Benzo( a )pyrene (BaP) is a major polycyclic hydrocarbon toxicant in cigarette smoke, while 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) is the reference compound for the toxicity of halogenated aromatics. Our laboratory has previously reported that EGFR expression and hCG secretion were significantly downregulated by BaP in association with the induction of CYP1A1 in BeWo cells. This study presents evidence that TCDD markedly induced CYP1A1 expression but did not alter total cellular EGFR protein level or EGF binding. Data further showed that both TCDD and BaP affected hCG secretion, whereas only BaP significantly decreased cell proliferation. TCDD significantly increased the steady state mRNA level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-α in BeWo cells, while the mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) were unchanged by TCDD. In contrast, BaP had no significant effect on the mRNA levels of TGF-α and PAI-2, while TGF-β1 mRNA level was significantly increased. Thus, evidence from this study does not support a direct relationship between CYP1A1 induction and EGFR downregulation in BeWo cells. In addition, placental cell proliferation and endocrine function may be disrupted by environmental chemical exposure, but data also indicate that TCDD and BaP may produce placental toxicity through different mechanisms involving both AhR-dependent and AhR-independent pathways.
Calcium supplement and bone medication use in a US Medicare health maintenance organization.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of the use of calcium supplements and of prescription medications to prevent or treat osteoporosis in men and women in a large New England Medicare Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). A two-page diet, medication use and medical history questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 9000 out of 82 985 members and 2932 (32.6%) responded. Over 97% of the participants were Caucasian and 64.7% were female. The mean ages of the men and women were 74.4 ± 5.8 and 74.6 ± 6.2 years, respectively. Sixty-nine percent of the men and 59% of the women consumed two or fewer servings of dairy foods per day. Calcium supplement use was more prevalent among the women than the men (66.8% vs 24.9%, p<0.001). Men and women with higher dairy food intakes were more likely to take calcium supplements than were those with lower dairy intakes. Prescription bone medications (including bisphosphonates, raloxifene and calcitonin) were used currently by 17.5% of the women and 2.3% of the men (p<0.001). An additional 16.2% of the women currently took estrogen. Among the women, bone medication use did not change with age but estrogen use declined with increasing age. Among women age 80+ years, 15.6% used bone medications and 4.9% took estrogen. According to a national survey, more than half the US Caucasian female population over age 80 years has bone density low enough to warrant treatment under current guidelines. Based on the results of this survey, many elderly men and women may benefit from increased utilization of calcium supplements and bone-active medications.
FLOODPLAIN DELINEATION AND HOUSING SUBMARKETS: TWO CASE STUDIES

The effect of floodplain designation on the residential real estate market in two communities, Elmira, NY and Wilkes-Barre, PA, is presented. Discriminant analysis differentiates between floodplain and nonfloodplain housing, using as independent variables characteristics of the houses sold. Several varibles define submarkets, but they vary between the communities. Only selling price and lot size were significant for both communities. Distinct floodplain and nonfloodplain housing markets can be differentiated. This allows for isolation of socioeconomic and environmental variables that may contribute to the recovery of housing values following flooding or to the implementation of land use controls associated with floodplain designation.
Middleware transports in a real-time embedded environment

Embedded systems are undeniably migrating from hardware to software, and software systems are undeniably using more standard software components. Examples include the use of commercial operating systems and middleware products such as web services and CORBA. Some software developers buck the trend with custom software components in an attempt to gain a short term size or performance advantage, but with the increasing speed of processors, increasing size of memory and increasing demand for more functionality; the long-term trend is to avoid custom components when standardized components meet the need. Using standard components allows developers to reduce time to market or spend their time increasing the functionality and sophistication of their applications.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism. Deepa S. Reddy. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2006. 211 pp.
The Reaction of a Civil - Religious Hierarchy to a Factory in Guatemala

In the Western Highlands of Guatemala is a series of local Indian communities, each with its own typical costume, its particular economic specialty, its nearly endogamous population, and its position in the rotating market system. The distinctive feature of these Indian social systems is a hierarchy of interrelated civil and religious offices that regulate the public and religious life of the community. The Quichespeaking village of Cantel in the Southwest Highlands, about six miles from Quezaltenango, has a 97 percent Indian population. The villagers still wear distinctive costumes and have a civil-religious hierarchy similar in form and function to that described by Wagley in Chimaltenango and by Tax for Panajachel. For more than 50 years, they have lived in peaceful coexistence with a modern textile factory that has continuously employed about one-fourth of the adult population. But in the last decade the hierarchy has undergone major changes as a result of the local factory workers' union acting as fu...
Current Technology Use in Indiana Business Schools

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide information about the use of technology in Indiana business education classrooms. This information will enable business teacher educators, administrators, state board personnel, and business education professional organizations to evaluate current programs and to encourage and/or implement any necessary changes in preservice and inservice training opportunities. The findings indicate that approximately 25% of the teachers are not using technology at all and about 37% are integrating software programs into existing courses. Computers are not used extensively to teach business content, nor are they used to manage instruction. There was not a strong desire for additional computer-related training of any kind. The emphasis on computer applications rather than on using the computer to teach business content continues a trend identified earlier by other studies in other regions and states.
Split--pool synthesis of 1,3-dioxanes leading to arrayed stock solutions of single compounds sufficient for multiple phenotypic and protein-binding assays.

Diversity-oriented organic synthesis offers the promise of advancing chemical genetics, where small molecules are used to explore biology. While the split-pool synthetic method is theoretically the most effective approach for the production of large collections of small molecules, it has not been widely adopted due to numerous technical and analytical hurdles. We have developed a split-pool synthesis leading to an array of stock solutions of single 1,3-dioxanes. The quantities of compounds are sufficient for hundreds of phenotypic and protein-binding assays. The average concentration of these stock solutions derived from a single synthesis bead was determined to be 5.4 mM in 5 IL of DMSO. A mass spectrometric strategy to identify the structure of molecules from a split-pool synthesis was shown to be highly accurate. Individual members of the 1,3- dioxane library have activity in a variety of phenotypic and protein-binding assays. The procedure developed in this study allows many assays to be performed with compounds derived from individual synthesis beads. The synthetic compounds identified in these assays should serve as useful probes of cellular and organismal processes.
Multicriteria Design of Hybrid Power Generation Systems Based on a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Multisource hybrid power generation systems are a type of representative application of the renewables' technology. In this investigation, wind turbine generators, photovoltaic panels, and storage batteries are used to build hybrid generation systems that are optimal in terms of multiple criteria including cost, reliability, and emissions. Multicriteria design facilitates the decision maker to make more rational evaluations. In this study, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed to derive these nondominated solutions. Hybrid generation systems under different design scenarios are designed based on the proposed approach. First, a grid-linked hybrid system is designed without incoroprating system uncertainties. Then, adequacy evaluation is conducted based on probabilistic methods by accounting for equipment failures, time-dependent sources of energy, and stochastic generation/load variations. In particular, due to the unpredictability of wind speed and solar insolation as well as the random load variation, time-series models are adopted to reflect their stochastic characteristics. An adequacy evaluation procedure including time-dependent sources, is adopted. Sensitivity studies are also carried out to examine the impacts of different system parameters on the overall design performance.
Hardware support for fine-grained event-driven computation in Anton 2

Exploiting parallelism to accelerate a computation typically involves dividing it into many small tasks that can be assigned to different processing elements. An efficient execution schedule for these tasks can be difficult or impossible to determine in advance, however, if there is uncertainty as to when each task's input data will be available. Ideally, each task would run in direct response to the arrival of its input data, thus allowing the computation to proceed in a fine-grained event-driven manner. Realizing this ideal is difficult in practice, and typically requires sacrificing flexibility for performance.In Anton 2, a massively parallel special-purpose supercomputer for molecular dynamics simulations, we addressed this challenge by including a hardware block, called the dispatch unit, that provides flexible and efficient support for fine-grained event-driven computation. Its novel features include a many-to-many mapping from input data to a set of synchronization counters, and the ability to prioritize tasks based on their type. To solve the additional problem of using a fixed set of synchronization counters to track input data for a potentially large number of tasks, we created a software library that allows programmers to treat Anton 2 as an idealized machine with infinitely many synchronization counters. The dispatch unit, together with this library, made it possible to simplify our molecular dynamics software by expressing it as a collection of independent tasks, and the resulting fine-grained execution schedule improved overall performance by up to 16% relative to a coarse-grained schedule for precisely the same computation.
Numerical modeling of the Lower Mississippi River-influence of forcings on flow distribution and impact of sea level rise on the system

The Mississippi River, with one of the world's largest watersheds draining 41% of the continental U.S., is the seventh largest river in the world. The lower Mississippi River delta system along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast experiences annual coastal marsh losses between 25 and 35 square miles. The lower River is a highly complex system impacted by multiple forcings. An understanding of the hydrodynamics in this system will be important for understanding the potential outcomes of coastal restoration projects such as large-scale River diversions and for future management decisions. This study describes the development and application of a hydrodynamic model of a reach of the Lower Mississippi River from Carrolton (New Orleans) at RM 103 down to the Gulf of Mexico. The USACE Adaptive Hydraulics Model (ADH), an unstructured finite element model, is used to model the hydrodynamics. An unstructured mesh was developed for the study area, which includes detailed bathymetry and topography from the most recent available survey data. The mesh is fine enough to capture the changes in bathymetry and relies upon automated mesh refinement to capture flow details. Mississippi River stage data collected from thirteen stations between Carrolton and Port Eads for the water years between 1987 and 2008 is used in the model calibration. In addition, discharge data collected in various Lower River passes is used to examine the ability of the hydrodynamic model to properly simulate the flow distribution through different reaches and lower River passes. Steady state solutions for water surface elevations at gage locations match well with observational data and the distribution of river flow among the different sections of river channel and passes are consistent with the limited field data available. The effect of the sea level rise is most significant in the lower 20 miles of the river and it loses its effect with increasing flow rates
The Limits of Evidence Based Medicine and Its Application to Mental Health Evidence-Based Practice. (Part One)

The present article outlines the major limitations of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and through a close review demonstrates that the three component EBM process model is a pseudoscientific tool. Its “objective” component is the collection, systematic analysis, and listing of “effective” treatments applying a research hierarchy from most rigorous (systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) to least rigorous (expert opinion). Its two subjective components are the clinical judgment of helping professionals about which “evidence-based” treatment to select and the specific and unique relevant personal preferences of the potential recipients regarding treatment. This procedural mishmash provides no more rigor in choosing “best practice” than has been provided by good clinical practitioners in the past because both turn out to be subjective and authority based. The article also discusses EBM’s further methodological dilution in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) endorsed Evidence-Based Mental Health Practice (EBP) movement. In EBP, the allegedly rigorous EBM protocol is altered. Instead of systematic expert protocol-driven EBM reviews of RCTs, NIMH sanctioned expert consensus panels decide “evidence-based practices.” This further problematizes the development of best practices in mental health by converting it to a political process. The article concludes with some observations on these issues. In a second article (part two) forthcoming, assertive community treatment (ACT) is examined as an example of an EBP that fails as a scientifically effective treatment despite its EBP certification and general popularity among practitioners.
Global transcriptional upregulation in the absence of increased translation in Chlamydia during IFNγ-mediated host cell tryptophan starvation

The developmentally regulated intracellular pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae is a natural tryptophan auxotroph. These organisms survive tryptophan starvation induced by host cell activation with IFNgamma by blocking maturation to the infectious form. In most bacteria, the stringent response is induced during amino acid starvation to promote survival. However, the response of obligate intracellular pathogens, which are predicted to lack stringent responses to amino acid starvation, is poorly characterized. Chlamydial transcription and translation were analysed during IFNgamma-mediated tryptophan starvation using genomic normalization methods, and the data revealed the novel findings that: (i) global chlamydial transcription was upregulated; and (ii) protein synthesis was dramatically reduced. These results indicate a dysregulation of developmental gene expression and an uncoupling of transcription from translation. These observations represent an alternative survival strategy for host-adapted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that have lost the genes for stringent control during reductive evolution.
ACI 318-02 BEAM STRAIN LIMIT OF 0.004 VERSUS 318-99 75% BALANCED STEEL

There are several changes in the American Concrete Institute’s 318-02 building code from 1999 that have had a significant impact upon beam analysis and design. On one side of the equation, the load factors are now based on ASCE 7-98 combinations. On the other side of the equation, strength reduction factors were “adjusted to be compatible with ASCE 7-98.” Concrete sections are now classified as either tension controlled or compression controlled with a transition region between. For beams with little or no axial force, there is a limit on strain in the tension steel that replaces the previous limit resulting from a maximum allowable tension of 75% balanced. This new strain limit has some interesting ramifications for the design of new beams or the capacity of existing beams that structural engineers will need to know. There are clarifications that will probably eventually be part of the 318-02 commentary or will appear in future reinforced-concrete texts. This paper shows, through several numerical exampl...
Tetranuclear Uranium Clusters by Reductive Cleavage of 3,5-Dimethylpyrazolate

Actinide metal centers are of fundamental interest as they have electronic structures that are distinct from those of transition metals and lanthanides. Indeed, the combination of increased spin–orbit coupling relative to transition metals and enhanced ligand field effects relative to lanthanides renders modeling the magnetic behavior of actinide-containing molecules particularly challenging. Such factors have a related impact on the chemical reactivity of actinide elements, which has prompted a revival of interest in the coordination chemistry and small-molecule reactivity of uranium. Among the intriguing reactivity patterns uncovered of late are transformations for which transition metal and lanthanide analogues had not previously been identified, as well as some transformations common for transition metal or lanthanide systems, but previously thought to be impossible for actinides. Our recent investigation of the reactivity of tetravalent uranium with 3,5-dimethylpyrazolate (Me2Pz ) led to formation of an unprecedented homoleptic dimer, [{U(Me2Pz)4}2]. [3] Exposure of the dimer to traditional Lewis bases resulted in cleavage to afford mononuclear complexes, as observed for example in its reaction with THF to generate [(Me2Pz)4U(thf)]. Significantly, this reactivity was found to extend to the terminal chloride ligands of certain late transition metal complexes, enabling isolation of a series of linear chloridebridged clusters of the formula [(cyclam)M{(m-Cl)U(Me2Pz)4}2] (cyclam= 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane; M=Co, Ni, Cu, Zn). Moreover, the isostructural nature of this series facilitated a partial deconvolution of the magnetic susceptibility data, thus revealing the presence of ferromagnetic exchange interactions in the Coand Nicentered clusters. In an effort to increase the strength of the exchange coupling within such species, we undertook investigations intended to produce analogues incorporating uranium(III) in place of uranium(IV). Herein, we report the unanticipated ability of uranium(III) to reductively cleave Me2Pz , leading to a remarkable series of tetranuclear clusters incorporating the new 4-ketimidopent-2-ene-2imido (kipi ) ligand [Eq. (1)].
Private Sector Contracting and Democratic Accountability.

Public officials are increasingly contracting with the private sector for a range of educational services. With much of the focus on private sector accountability on cost-effectiveness and student ...