cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use Of Photographic Instrumentation And Motion Picture Photography In Nasa Space Programs

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) utilizes many different types of photographic instrumentation systems and motion picture cameras for recording the events that take place in support of the United States Space Programs. There are many special camera systems, used both on board the Space Shuttle and for extra vehicular activity, which are located in the crew compartment areas, shuttle cargo bay and thermal enclosure, etc. This equipment can either be operated manually or can be remotely controlled. The cameras are used for numerous purposes, including crew operations and experiments, debris analysis, payload data recording, earth viewing, CRT test and graphics recording and other documentation.
Novel compensation chemical metal polishing for low dishing and high global planarity for ultra-planar die applications in micro-optics and micro-electro-mechanical systems

Some recent micro-optical applications require die planarity on the scale of a fraction of wavelength of light. A novel chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process on a damascene structure is described for such requirements. We present an approach that decouples obtaining patterning and planarity, into separate steps, not only to better control metal dishing but also to establish a high degree of global planarity in the metal/dielectric matrix. A tungsten-on-oxide damascene structure is used for demonstration. On a damascene structure, tungsten is polished to form a pattern on the entire wafer. A controlled, uniform, partial oxide removal step, commensurate to the dishing, is then done to expose tungsten pillars. This step provides compensation for initial overpolish-dependent dishing. The exposed tungsten is finally polished to the compensated oxide level to obtain a highly planar wafer surface. Local and global planarity data measured across the wafer are presented and compared to conventional CMP. The local planarity, measured as root mean square (RMS) of deviation from local surface mean height, is measured to be 5.5±1.5 nm. This gives an eight-fold improvement and enhanced uniformity over conventional damascene on comparable structures. Global planarity is controlled to a 12 nm standard deviation with respect to the wafer surface.
Micro process design and virtualization in the service industry

In this research we deal with the design stage by introducing the micro process and interconnectivity concept as the foundation of the service component design. Service virtualization is a new area requiring our attention as in the service industry all enterprise integration and industry silos need to be consolidated and form a main route. The service grid concept will provision a transparent and highly integrated framework to provide global service infrastructure which eliminates constraints in geography and the system we use. In this research paper we introduce a conceptual service provisioning with extension to interconnectivity as the service foundation. We further explore service virtualization based on the concept we introduced and on micro process design foundation.
So who am I really? Personal identity in the age of the Internet

The Internet has become a field of dragon teeth for a person’s identity. It has made it possible for your identity to be mistaken by a credit agency, spied on by the government, foolishly exposed by yourself, pilloried by an enemy, pounded by a bully, or stolen by a criminal. These harms to one’s integrity could be inflicted in the past, but information technology has multiplied and aggravated such injuries. They have not gone unnoticed and are widely bemoaned and discussed. The government and private watchdogs are working to protect the identity of citizens though at least in the United States both the government and individuals all too often side with prosperity when it conflicts with privacy. Still, these information-technological threats to identity have been recognized and can be reasonably met through legislation, regulation, and discretion. There is another kind of danger to our identity that is more difficult to define and to meet, for it has no familiar predecessors, has no criminal aspects, and exhibits no sharp moral or cultural contours. Still that threat to our identity haunts us constantly and surfaces occasionally in conversations and the media. It makes us feel displaced, distracted, and fragmented at the very times when to all appearances we seem to be connected, busy, and energetic. At the same time, the culture of technology, and of information technology particularly, has opened up fields of diversity and contingency that invite us to comprehend our identities in newly responsible, intricate, and open-minded ways.
Stress-induced changes in gene interactions in human cells

Cells respond to variable environments by changing gene expression and gene interactions. To study how human cells response to stress, we analyzed the expression of >5000 genes in cultured B cells from nearly 100 normal individuals following endoplasmic reticulum stress and exposure to ionizing radiation. We identified thousands of genes that are induced or repressed. Then, we constructed coexpression networks and inferred interactions among genes. We used coexpression and machine learning analyses to study how genes interact with each other in response to stress. The results showed that for most genes, their interactions with each other are the same at baseline and in response to different stresses; however, a small set of genes acquired new interacting partners to engage in stress-specific responses. These genes with altered interacting partners are associated with diseases in which endoplasmic reticulum stress response or sensitivity to radiation has been implicated. Thus, our findings showed that to understand disease-specific pathways, it is important to identify not only genes that change expression levels but also those that alter interactions with other genes.
A Complete Spectrum Sensing and Sharing Model for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Using Markov Chain State Machine

an unlimited number of secondary users. It includes the sharing aspect of Cognitive Radio. Power-law distribution of node degree in scale-free networks is important for considering the traffic distribution and resource management thus we consider the effect of the topology on sensing and sharing performances. The authors demonstrate that CIF outperforms Uniform Indexing UI algorithm in Scale-Free networks while in Random networks UI performs as well as CIF.
Improving the performance of multi-hop wireless networks using frame aggregation and broadcast for TCP ACKs

As data rates supported by the physical layer increase, PHY and especially MAC overheads increasingly dominate the throughput achievable by wireless networks. A promising approach for reducing these overheads is to aggregate a number of frames together into a single transmission. The 802.11n standard uses such an approach for unicast frames. We present the design of a system that can aggregate both unicast and broadcast frames. Further, the system can classify TCP ACK segments so that they can be aggregated with TCP data flowing in the opposite direction. A novel aspect of our work is that we implement and validate our design not through simulation, but rather using our wireless node prototype, Hydra, which supports a high performance PHY based on 802.11n. Our validation shows significant improvements in throughput for each kind of aggregation we support.
Macroscopic Phase Separation Kinetics of TPPS4 J-aggregate Solutions Analyzed with Confocal Microscopy

Macroscopic Phase Separation Kinetics of TPPS4 J-aggregate Solutions Analyzed with Confocal Microscopy
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

During the past decade, gene therapy for the treatment of many inherited and acquired medical problems has become the subject of increasing focus in both the scientific litera ture and the lay press. This review examines the history and current status of gene therapy for advanced chronic periph eral and myocardial ischemia.
Differential thermal analysis of the liquidus relations in the system NaCl-H2O to 6 kbar

Abstract The liquidus relations in the system NaCl-H 2 O were investigated between 300 and 925°C and between 0.4 and 6 kbar for compositions between 27.6 and 100 mol% NaCl by high-pressure differential thermal analysis. The PT slope of the liquidus increases from 10.5°C/kbar for a composition with 27.6 mol% NaCl to 20.8°C/kbar with 90 mol% NaCl to 21.8°C/kbar with pure NaCl. The PT slope of the vapor saturation surface at the composition with 27.6 mol% NaCl is linear over the pressure range investigated and has a slope of 294°C/kbar. On the basis of the experiments the composition of the liquids along the NaCl-rich part of the three-phase assemblage halite + liquid + vapor was determined: the liquid composition varies nearly linearly to within ±0.5 wt% NaCl at temperatures above 480°C, following the expression wt% ( NaCl ) = 0.1412 T (° C ) −12.96.
Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Treatment of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has typically been focused on the management of associated conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. NAFLD associated with obesity may resolve with weight reduction, although the benefits of weight loss have been inconsistent. Appropriate control of glucose and lipid levels is always recommended, but not always effective in reversing the liver condition. Results of pilot studies evaluating ursodeoxycholic acid, gemfibrozil, betaine, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E (α -tocopherol), metformin and thiazolidinedione derivatives suggest that these medications may be of potential benefit for patients with NAFLD. These medications, however, need first to be tested in well-controlled trials with clinically relevant end-points and extended follow up. A better understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of NAFLD will help to identify the subset of patients at risk of progressing to advanced liver disease, and hence, those patients who should derive the most benefit from medical therapy.
Can we consider the Arctic Oscillation independently from the Barents Oscillation

An EOF analysis of a constructed time series mimicking the Northern Hemisphere SLP variability of the last 50 years shows that the Barents Oscillation (BO) appears as a means to represent the sudden eastward shift of the northern center of action associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) observed in the mid-seventies. This sudden shift (non-stationarity) appears in an EOF analysis as a step change in the relative phase between the principal components associated with the EOFs of the AO and BO. The results also show that an EOF analysis of a constant amplitude signal can produce artificial trends and/or amplitude changes in the principal component associated with a given mode (eg. AO) when such non-stationarities are present in the signal. In this case, different modes of variability represented by EOF's cannot be considered independently from one another. In the example presented, although the principal components are completely uncorrelated from one another, perfect correlation and anti-correlation are present in the first and second parts of the time series respectively.
Identification and Control of a Grating-Stabilized External-Cavity Diode Laser

Diode lasers have many useful properties and have found a variety of uses including CD and DVD players, barcode scanners, laser surgery, water purification, quantum-key cryptography, spectroscopic sensing, etc. Nevertheless, their intrinsic linewidth or the precision of their emitted wavelengths, is not good enough for many cutting-edge applications such as atomic interferometry or high-performance atomic clocks. Using active feedback control, we can narrow the linewidth of a diode laser by not allowing the frequency of emitted light to drift away from a reference value. Nevertheless, such feedback designs are challenging because of a lack of first principles models and difficult sensor dynamics. This brief describes our diode laser system and reports our results identifying the system using black-box techniques, validating the empirical models, and designing controllers to achieve desired performance while preserving stability and satisfying implementation constraints.
An important regulatory role for CD4+CD8αα T cells in the intestinal epithelial layer in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease

The normal immunoregulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa, despite continuous provocation by environmental antigens, are jeopardized in inflammatory bowel diseases. Although previous studies have suggested that intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes prevent spontaneous intestinal inflammation, there is limited knowledge about the characteristics of regulatory cells in the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes population. Here we show that CD4+CD8αα+ double-positive cells present in the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes population can suppress T helper 1-induced intestinal inflammation in an IL-10-dependent fashion. CD4+ T cells stimulated along the Th2 but not the Th1 lineage, when transferred to RAG-1−/− mice, acquire CD8αα expression on reaching the intestinal epithelium, and on arrival there, augment their production of IL-10. We show that a precursor CD4+ T cell after limited, but not repeated, stimulation by IL-4 is able to become a double-positive-regulatory cell on exposure to the intestinal microenvironment in mice. Both CD8αα acquisition and IL-10 production depend critically on the NF-κB-GATA-3-axis that we have previously shown is essential for differentiation to the Th2 phenotype and for the induction of airway inflammation. Our studies identify a mechanism for the generation of regulatory T cells in the intestine that may play an important role in controlling inflammatory bowel disease.
A fully abstract semantics for a functional language with logic variables

There is much interest in the declarative languages community in integrating logic variables into functional languages. The authors give a full semantic account of such a language. They present a Plotkin-style operational semantics for the language and an abstract semantics that expresses meanings as closure operators on a Scott domain. They also show that the denotational semantics is fully abstract with respect to the operational semantics. >
WAIS-R Scores as Predictors of Employment Success and Failure Among Adults with Learning Disabilities

The transition of adults with learning disabilities to successful employment is contingent upon numerous factors. Eighty-six adults (55 males and 31 females), 18 to 59 years old (mean age 26.7 years), with learning disabilities were evaluated clinically using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) (Wechsler, 1981) to determine the value of WAIS-R IQs and subtest scores in predicting successful employment. Significant relationships were identified between subjects' WAIS-R IQs and scaled scores and job success. Conclusions and recommendations were reported.
Epiglottitis in AIDS patients

Adult epiglottitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has not been previously reported. A pale, floppy epiglottis with supraglottic edema, cervical lymphadenopathy, a normal to low white blood count without a shift to the left, and rapidly progressive airway obstruction characterize this entity. In this small series of patients, conservative medical management was not successful, and aggressive airway intervention with appropriate intravenous antibiotic therapy was necessary.
Knoop Microhardness Anisotropy of Single‐Crystal Rutile

Knoop microhardness profiles were determined for singlecrystal rutile on the (100), (001), (110), and (111) for test loads from 50 to 300 g. The profiles were related to the slip systems as they determine the corresponding effective resolved shear stress (ERSS) diagrams according to the concepts advanced by Brookes and co-workers. Several previously reported slip systems were confirmed while slip on the {111} was also suggested. Cleavage of rutile on the {110} and {100} was substantiated. The load dependence of the microhardness was addressed in terms of the classical Meyer's law, P=Adn. The n values were between 1.53 and 1.77, varying with the crystallographic planes and directions. However, no obvious systematic variation was evident.
Control system specification for a cyclotron and neutron therapy facility

A comprehensive specification for the computer control system of a cyclotron and treatment facility that provides particle beams for cancer treatments for fast neutrons, production of medical isotopes, and physics experiments is discussed. The control system is described as thoroughly as is practical using standard technical English, supplemented by tables, diagrams, and algebraic equations. This specification comprises over 300 single-spaced pages. A more precise and compact specification might be achieved by making greater use of formal mathematical notations instead of English. Work has begun on a formal specification of the system, using the Z and Petri net notations. >
Effects of a Stage-Based Alcohol Preventive Intervention for Inner-City Youth

The purpose of this study was to examine first year outcomes of an alcohol preventive intervention within inner-city middle schools. Subjects consisted of 650 sixth grade students from one neighborhood inner-city school (n = 262) and one bused school (n = 388). At posttest, chi-square analyses showed that significantly fewer neighborhood intervention students initiated alcohol use, used alcohol during the past seven-day and thirty-day periods, drank heavily during the past thirty days, and drank over any period of time, compared to control students (p's, < .05). Significant group × prior alcohol consequences interaction effects were found for bused students, showing those with past alcohol consequences who received the intervention had less intentions to use alcohol and less frequent use of alcohol (p's < .05). These results suggest that a brief, stage-based preventive intervention may result in significant reductions in alcohol initiation and consumption among some inner-city youth.
Fidelity-based continuous query introspection and adaptation

In this paper, we address the fidelity of information collected from distributed, interactive, pervasive computing environments. Queries in these dynamic networks come in two forms: snapshot queries and continuous queries. The former executes through the network and returns values that satisfy the query criteria at a particular instant in time. The latter expects a result that is updated over time to reflect changes in the system. The fidelity, or quality, of the results of these queries can be significantly impacted by the unpredictability of the dynamic network; as the query is distributed and executed, changes that occur due to network and environmental dynamics can cause the query to miss potential results or to report inconsistent information. Our previous work has shown how we can provide semantically meaningful statements about the fidelity, or quality, of the result of a snapshot query in a dynamic networked environment. In this paper, we demonstrate how this fidelity can also be used to adapt a continuous query's processing to make its execution best match the conditions in the underlying dynamic environment.
Functional abstraction of logic gates for switch-level simulation

Switch-level simulation has become a common means accurate modeling of MOS circuit behavior. In this paper, the authors propose a new method for detecting logic gate implementation and accurately modeling their switch-level behavior. The functional abstraction replaces logic gate implementation in the switch-level description with an accurate high-level model which incorporates all relevant switch-level phenomena. The switch-level accuracy of the simulation is, therefore, preserved. However, since the gate implementations are modeled at a higher, more abstract level, the simulation speed is greatly increased. The functional abstraction is automatic and completely transparent to the user. Detection of a gate is determined by expressing the logic function of a transistor network in the sum-of-product notation and is not limited to a specific design style. The proposed algorithms have been implemented and tested on several large circuits, including a complete microprocessor. For this processor, 85% of all transistors were substituted with high-level models. A significant decrease in simulation time and storage requirement occurred for these circuits when gate abstraction was performed. >
Domesticating the French Fry McDonald’s and Consumerism in Moscow

This article is an ethnographic study of how Russian consumers have ‘domesticated’ McDonald’s. Specifically, I am concerned with how Russians blur the boundaries between the personal and the public, the local and the foreign, by simultaneously drawing aspects of McDonald’s into the intimate spaces of their everyday lives and personalizing the public McDonald’s experience. By engaging with recent debates about the nature of localization, I suggest that the Russian case is different because Russian consumers who are participating in nationalist-oriented consumer campaigns are including McDonald’s as an authentically Russian, and hence indigenous, product.
Marine technology as an instrumentality for peace

A further utilization of marine affairs was created two decades ago (although not foreseen as such) when the US Congress passed and the President signed the International Security Assistance Act. Known as the "Waxman Amendment" (introduced by Rep. Henry Waxman) the Act strove to encourage cooperation between Israel and her neighbors. The commonality of some of environmental problems, to both Israel and Egypt, was a natural source of encouragement toward collaboration. From October 1978 to August 1980, a small group of American, Egyptian, and Israeli oceanographers working together informally developed a series of science and technology projects that became known as "The Cooperative Marine Technology Program for the Middle East". The program was officially accepted by USAID on August 23, 1980, as the first enterprise endorsed under the Waxman Amendment (later known as "Middle East Regional Cooperation" (MERC)). Also on that date, a dozen scientists from Israel, Egypt, and the United States quietly conducted a historic meeting at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Viral infections of the liver

This chapter discusses the clinical features, prevention, and treatment of various viral infections of the liver, such as acute viral hepatitis type A, viral hepatitis type B, viral hepatitis type C, delta hepatitis, herpes simplex hepatitis, and mosquito borne viral hepatitis. It also explains the viruses that have a high degree of hepatic trophism. Acute viral hepatitis type A is an acute inflammation of the liver with varying degrees of hepatocellular necrosis caused by the enterically transmitted hepatitis A virus (HAV), a member of the picornavirus family. The hepatitis is usually benign but severity may increase with age. There are no long-term sequelae but the disease may be relapsing. Viral hepatitis type B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), a double-stranded DNA virus of the hepadnavirus family which has unique biological properties. Unlike hepatitis A virus the host immunological response may be ineffective leading to chronic infection. Transmission of HBV occurs by the parenteral route; however, as minute quantities of blood are infective it may be blood-borne via unapparent fomites. In saliva and semen viral concentrations are 100–1000 times less than in blood but both have been shown to be infective in experimental studies. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to cause the majority of cases of post-transfusion non-A non-B hepatitis and much sporadic, community acquired non-A non-B hepatitis in many parts of the world.
Multichroic TES Bolometers and Galaxy Cluster Mass Scaling Relations with the South Pole Telescope

The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a high-resolution microwave-frequency telescope designed to observe the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). To date, two cameras have been installed on the SPT to conduct two surveys of the CMB, the first in intensity only (SPT-SZ) and the second in intensity and polarization (SPTpol). A third-generation polarization-sensitive camera is currently in development (SPT-3G). This thesis describes work spanning all three instruments on the SPT. I present my work in time-reversed order, to follow the canonical narrative of instrument development, deployment, and analysis. First, the development and testing of novel 3-band multichroic Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers for the SPT-3G experiment is detailed, followed by the development and deployment of the frequency multiplexed cryogenic readout electronics for the SPTpol experiment, and concluding with the analysis of data taken by the SPT-SZ instrument. I describe the development of a Bayesian likelihood based method I developed for measuring the integrated Comptonization (Ysz) of galaxy clusters from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, and constraining galaxy cluster Ysz-mass scaling relations.
Re-Authoring Research Conversations: Beyond Epistemological Differences and toward Transformative Experience for Researchers and Educators.

Common sense and published literature both assert that education research is often dismissed by practitioners on the grounds that it is irrelevant to their work. Some have argued that this is due primarily to a mismatch of professional epistemologies. While agreeing in principle, this work draws on work in sociology (Erving Goffman) and literary theory (Mikhail Bakhtin) to argue that practitioner mistrust of research may be primarily related to differences in the presentation of self in the teaching (and research) profession and a history of research used as a tool of transgression in the authorship of the practitioner professional self. Goffman’s account of frontstage and backstage settings in the everyday presentation of self is combined with Bakhtin’s account of the ways research erases the voice of practitioners by reducing their fundamentally dialogic experiences to monologic narratives dominated by the voice of the researcher. As an alternative, I draw on the work of the research psychologist Jerome Bruner and the practicing clinical psychologist Michael White to explore ways in which practitioners might be more meaningfully engaged in the research enterprise through a process of re-narrativizing their own experiences captured as part of research. Narrative techniques that help share responsibility for authoring accounts of practice among researchers and practitioners as research participants are described leading to conclusions about the potential transformative nature of such work for both researchers and practitioners.
Water intake and activity of hypothalamoneurohypophysial system during osmotic and sodium stimulation in rats

Intrajugular infusion (200 microliters/min for 10 min) of 0.85 M NaCl or 1.7 M mannitol in conscious adult male Sprague-Dawley rats increased plasma osmolality similarly and had an additive effect when combined. Plasma Na+ concentration, however, increased with infusion of 0.85 M NaCl, decreased with 1.7 M mannitol, and was not significantly altered by the combined solution. Irrespective of changes in plasma Na+ concentration, plasma vasopressin and oxytocin concentrations were elevated to a similar degree after independent infusion of 0.85 M NaCl or 1.7 M mannitol. With the combined infusion, the change in plasma vasopressin was additive but the change in oxytocin tended to be greater. Accordingly, glucose utilization increased throughout the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system after infusion of 0.85 M NaCl and 1.7 M mannitol. With the combined infusion, however, the change in glucose utilization in the paraventricular nucleus was additive but a synergistic effect occurred in the supraoptic nucleus and neural lobe. Drinking responses were similar in all groups receiving hypertonic solutions, with no additive effect after the combined stimulus. Although our results do not completely rule out the participation of cerebrospinal fluid sodium receptors, it is more likely that osmoreceptors regulate the activity of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system and drinking behavior. Unlike the magnocellular system, however, drinking behavior seems to be negatively influenced by a stress component of the osmotic stimulation.
Cyanobacterial and algal growth on chitin as a source of nitrogen; ecological, evolutionary, and biotechnological implications

Abstract Chitin is the second-most abundant natural polymer and a waste product of the shellfish industry. We isolated more than 60 different strains of cyanobacteria and microalgae capable of using chitin as a sole source of nitrogen. Eleven axenic algal strains still retain the ability to grow on chitin and/or chitosan, and specific growth rates are comparable to rates on conventional sources of nitrogen. 16S rDNA shows that chitin utilization in phototrophs is ecologically widespread, revealing a new connection between light and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen. Most cyanobacterial strains in the UMPCCC (University of Montana Photosynthetic Chitin Culture Collection) fall into four clades: the Cyanobia, Leptolyngbyas, Oscillatorias, and Nodularias. Microalgal taxa in the collection fall into the Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Bacillariophyta, including the commercially important genera Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Haematococcus, and Dunaliella. This work shows that Chlorophyta grown on chitin have decreased chlorophyll content, and some taxa exhibit secondary carotenogenesis, the production of orange and orange-red pigments, during the late exponential and early stationary phases. Six (eukaryotic) microalgal strains tested exhibited lipid hyperaccumulation on chitin. All showed a 1.5–5-fold increase in oil content (measured as pg of oil content per cell). Lipid hyperaccumulation and secondary carotenogenesis did not require nitrogen starvation or complex treatment of the cells. Thus, microalgal growth on chitin may provide an efficient method for the production of natural pigments and algal biofuels. Finally, we show that chitin has the potential to reduce the greenhouse gas footprint for algal biomass production, making algal biofuels and bio-products more sustainable and economical. It also opens a new avenue for algal-based wastewater treatment using an insoluble form of nitrogen. This reveals a new, renewable nitrogen source for the mass cultivation of photosynthetic biomass, turning a waste product into valuable commodities.
Hybrid Rotary-Translational Energy Harvester for Multi-Axis Ambient Vibrations

A nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester is presented which can generate power from translational vibrations in two directions and rotational excitations. Commonly, vibrational energy harvesters are designed to generate power from only translational ambient oscillations in a specific direction. The assumption of uni-axial ambient vibrations is too idealistic. Not only the direction of the base excitations typically change in time but also the rotational excitations are as common in oscillating machinery as the translational vibrations. The proposed energy harvester is inspired by the Automatic Generating System in Seiko watches. The moving element is a magnetic pendulum. When the pendulum moves in response to the base excitations the magnetic tip passes over electromagnetic coils, positioned in a circular array in the stator. The relative motion of the tip magnet and the coil generates electricity. The paper presents an analytical representative model for the energy harvesting system. The dynamics and energy generation of the energy harvester in response to four different excitation configurations are studied. It is demonstrated that in response to large excitations the system commonly undergoes period doubling bifurcations and occasionally undergoes chaos. The study paves the way to optimal design of the hybrid rotary translational energy harvesters.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Small colorectal polyps. Are they worth treating

The histology of small (less than or equal to 0.5 cm.) colorectal polyps removed during total colonoscopy in 303 patients was reviewed to determine their clinical significance. There were 178 male patients and 125 females, with a median age of 64 years (range, 26 to 97 years). A total of 766 polyps were treated, 60 percent being adenomatous and 22 percent hyperplastic. Hyperplastic polyps were more common in the rectum (71 percent) while adenomas were more common in the colon (63 percent). Hyperplastic polyps in the colon were associated with adenomas in 75 percent of cases and hyperplastic rectal polyps were associated with proximal adenomas in 63 percent. There were six mixed hyperplastic/adenomatous polyps. Of the 458 adenomas, 449 were tubular, eight were tubulovillous, and one was villous. Moderate dysplasia was noted in 23 (5 percent) and severe dysplasia in four (0.9 percent). There were associated large adenomas in 84 patients. Small colonic polyps are usually adenomatous and should be destroyed. Biopsy may be important if no other neoplasm has been identified. Small rectal polyps are usually hyperplastic but may be associated with proximal adenomas. Because of the uncertain significance of hyperplastic polyps they should also be treated, and are a relative indication for total colonoscopy.
Tube Diameter of Stretched and Compressed Permanently Entangled Polymers

Entangled ring polymers behave like gels. By applying uniaxial compression and stretching to such gels initially equilibrated with molecular rebridging Monte Carlo moves, and using isoconfigurational ensemble simulations to explore the tube confinement, we studied the strain dependence of the tube contour and tube diameter. It is found that the tube contour length increases with both compression and stretching, the tube diameter increases with strain monotonically, and the strain dependences of both tube contour length and tube segment orientation are well described by the independent alignment approximation (IAA). For strains ranging between 0.5 and 2.0, fractional changes of the tube contour length and the tube diameter are less than 10%. The orientation dependence of the tube diameter is also analyzed and found to be weak. These results should prove useful for constructing theories of gel elasticity.
Heat Capacities and Related Thermal Data for Diethyl Phthalate Crystal, Glass, and Liquid to 360 °K.

Experimentally determined heat capacity values, precise to within 0.1 percent, and related thermal data are reported for quenched and annealed diethyl phthalate glasses from 10 °K to the glass transformation temperature, Tg (around 180 °K), for the liquid from Tg to 360 °K, and for the crystal from 10 °K to the melting temperature (269.9 °K). The mole fraction of liquid-soluble, solid-insoluble impurity in the sample as determined by fractional melting was 0.0012. Common thermodynamic properties calculable from the experimental data are reported. The heat capacities of the two glasses differ by more than the uncertainty of the measurements, and both lie below that of the crystal in the range from 30 to 75 °K. At low temperatures, just above 10 °K, the heat capacities of the glasses rise as much as 8 percent above that of the crystal.
Abstract 1694: Preclinical evaluation of a novel bispecific targeted toxin for the treatment of sarcomas

Introduction: EGFuPA is a bispecific ligand-targeted toxin consisting of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and urokinase (uPA) on the same molecule with truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin. The toxin was mutated to remove amino acids recognized by B-cells. EGFuPA is uniquely designed to simultaneously target EGF receptors (EGFR) and/or urokinase receptors (uPAR) on tumor cells and uPAR in the microenvironment. EGFuPA is safe and effective in laboratory animals and has excellent in vitro activity against sarcomas. Because EGFuPA crosses species platforms, an adaptive phase 1/2 study was undertaken using canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) as a model of a highly aggressive, metastatic vascular sarcoma. We hypothesized that six-month survival would exceed 50% for dogs enrolled. Canine HSA is a tumor derived from blood vessel forming cells, which can overexpress both uPAR and EGFR rendering it an excellent target for the drug. It bears similarity to human angiosarcoma. Methods: Enrollment began in November 2012. Dogs with histologically confirmed, non-metastatic stage-I or II splenic HSA were eligible after splenectomy. EGFuPA was administered intravenously for one cycle on Days 1, 3, and 5. Adjuvant doxorubicin was given according to standard of care (SOC) protocols starting seven days after the last dose of EGFuPA. Results: EGFuPA was detectable in the systemic circulation 5 minutes post-infusion with clearance by 15 minutes. The drug was well tolerated with self-limiting, reversible hypovolemia at the highest dose. Thus far, 50 μg/kg appears to be the optimal dose. When compared to a historical control group of 19 dogs treated with SOC between 2008 and 2011, median survival is significantly longer for all 16 dogs treated with EGFuPA (SRCBST group, 240 vs. 129 days, p = 0.03) and for the 10 dogs in the Optimal Dose group (MS not reached, p = 0.01). Six-month survival for the Optimal Dose group was 65%. Overall survival at 400 days was 7% for the SOC group, 32.7% for the SRCBST group, and 56% for the Optimal Dose group. Outcomes were not affected by the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions: A biologically active dose of EGFuPA was established and found to be safe in companion dogs with HSA in the minimal residual disease setting. The unique nature of its bispecific targeting and the observed significant, biologic activity warrants consideration of EGFuPA for a phase 1 study for drug-refractory sarcomas in human patients. Citation Format: Antonella Borgatti, Amber Winter, Kathleen Stuebner, Joseph Koopmeiners, Jaime F. Modiano, Daniel Vallera. Preclinical evaluation of a novel bispecific targeted toxin for the treatment of sarcomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1694. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1694
Drilling and Sample Transfer Mechanisms for Potential Missions to Venus

Increasingly, NASA is launching missions with in situ exploration objectives that are aimed at planets in the solar system with extreme ambient conditions including very high temperatures.
How does human error affect safety in anesthesia

Anesthesia morbidity and mortality, while acceptable, are not zero. Most mishaps have a multifactorial cause in which human error plays a significant part. Good design of anesthesia machines, ventilators, and monitors can prevent some, but not all, human error. Attention to the system in which the errors occur is important. Modern training with simulators is designed to reduce the frequency of human errors and to teach anesthesiologists how to deal with the consequences of such errors.
Temperature dependence of predation stress and the nutritional ecology of a generalist herbivore.

Prey at risk of predation may experience stress and respond physiologically by altering their metabolic rates. Theory predicts that such physiological changes should alter prey nutrient demands from N-rich to C-rich macronutrients and shift the balance between maintenance and growth/reproduction. Theory further suggests that for ectotherms, temperature stands to exacerbate this stress. Yet, the interactive effects of predation stress and temperature stress on diet, metabolism, and survival of ectotherms are not well known. This knowledge gap was addressed with a laboratory study in which wild juvenile grasshoppers were collected, assigned to one of three groups, and raised at three different temperatures. All grasshoppers had access to equal quantities of two diets composed of opposite carbohydrate : protein ratios. Half of the individuals in each temperature group were exposed to predation risk cues from spider predators, while the other half were kept in risk free conditions. Grasshoppers consumed more carbohydrates when exposed to predation risk, but consumption favored greater protein intake as temperature increased. Moreover, the difference in carbohydrate intake between risk cue and risk free treatments diminished as temperature increased. Furthermore, variability between individual consumption patterns both within and between treatments decreased markedly as temperature increased, suggesting that higher temperatures promote more consistent individual consumption behaviors. Grasshoppers grew faster and larger as temperature increased, which translated into higher survival rates at higher temperatures. Warmer grasshoppers also did not alter their metabolic rates in response to predation risk cues, in contrast to colder grasshoppers. Digestive efficiency increased with temperature as well -- further indicating that lower temperatures were much more stressful than higher temperatures for grasshoppers. The study shows that physiological responses of ectothermic herbivores to predation stress are highly plastic and temperature dependent, with higher temperatures promoting increased protein intake, growth, development, survival, and digestive efficiency relative to colder temperatures. These findings help to reconcile why dietary responses (proportion of protein vs. carbohydrate intake) to predation stress may vary among different prey taxa studied previously.
Comparing the Quality of Ambulatory Surgical Care for Skin Cancer in a Veterans Affairs Clinic and a Fee-For-Service Practice Using Clinical and Patient-Reported Measures

The Institute of Medicine has identified serious deficiencies in the measurement of cancer care quality, including the effects on quality of life and patient experience. Moreover, comparisons of quality in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VA) and other sites are timely now that many Veterans can choose where to seek care. To compare quality of ambulatory surgical care for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) between a VA and fee-for-service (FFS) practice, we used unique clinical and patient-reported data from a comparative effectiveness study. Patients were enrolled in 1999-2000 and followed for a median of 7.2 years. The practices differed in a few process measures (e.g., median time between biopsy and treatment was 7.5 days longer at VA) but there were no substantial or consistent differences in clinical outcomes or a broad range of patient-reported outcomes. For example, 5-year tumor recurrence rates were equally low (3.6% [2.3-5.5] at VA and 3.4% [2.3-5.1] at FFS), and similar proportions of patients reported overall satisfaction at one year (78% at VA and 80% at FFS, P = 0.69). These results suggest that the quality of care for KC can be compared comprehensively in different health care systems, and suggest that quality of care for KC was similar at a VA and FFS setting.
Richer data with personalized GEMs

Personalized genome-scale metabolic models augment clinical hepatic steatosis data and motivate treatment based on glutathione repletion.
A Semantic Workflow Approach to Web Science Analytics

Reproducibility and reuse are rapidly becoming guiding principles in publishing and sharing scientific results. In order to enhance researchers' ability to leverage existing results, many are moving in the direction of semantic workflow systems, which enable users to define and share experimental procedures as linked data on the Web. These workflows provide a powerful mechanism for reproducing experiments and thus are well-suited for Web Science tasks. In order to aid users in the process of experiment design and reproduction, we are integrating the Workflow INstance Generation and Specialization (WINGS) system with our existing Semantic Numeric Exploration Technology (SemNExT) framework. This will provide a completely open-source stack for designing in silico experiments using a combination of semantic and numeric analyses. We will explore how this system may be configured to create reproducible Web Science workflows, especially as it pertains to data federation across the Web. We are leveraging our existing tooling as we develop new approaches for automatically generating provenance for interacting with remote endpoints of heterogeneous data sources. This will support not only the aggregation of diverse and geographically-disparate data sources across the Web, but also collaborative science by allowing other users to reproduce and expand on the same results using shared workflows.
Still Life with My Grandmother’s China: Mark Doty and the Lyric Essay

Highlighting the ways in which Mark Doty’s Still Life with Oysters and Lemon provides an important example of experimental narrative structure for literary theorists and critics, Smorul offers her own history with and model of the lyric essay. The meandering narrative includes art criticism, literary criticism, philosophical musings, and autobiographical vignettes, which woven together seem to produce a lush and haunting reflection on intimacy and materialism, love and death. The traditional abstract included here is merely a content teaser and, we hope, reads ironically against the innovative critical work that follows. If you wish to read more about the process by which this author undertook writing this essay, as well as the critical stakes of its production, please see the introduction to the volume as well as the accompanying anti-abstract at the close of the chapter.
Computational approaches on stoichiometric and kinetic modeling for efficient strain design

Engineering biological systems that are capable of overproducing products of interest is the ultimate goal of any biotechnology application. To this end, stoichiometric (or steady state) and kinetic models are increasingly becoming available for a variety of organisms including prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and microbial communities. This ever-accelerating pace of such model reconstructions has also spurred the development of optimization-based strain design techniques. This chapter highlights a number of such frameworks developed in recent years in order to generate testable hypotheses (in terms of genetic interventions), thus addressing the challenges in metabolic engineering. In particular, three major methods are covered in detail including two methods for designing strains (i.e., one stoichiometric model-based and the other by integrating kinetic information into a stoichiometric model) and one method for analyzing microbial communities.