cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on the Technology of Intelligent Transformer

The distribution transformer is an important equipment in the distribution network,currently in the operation management of distribution transformer mainly exists problems such as difficult to timely access to the current state of information because of the location of distribution transformer scattered,;the distribution transformer overload long run;distribution transformer load variety can have great influence on the quality of distribution network power.Intelligent monitoring system of distribution transformer is mainly composed of distribution transformer monitoring terminal,communication network and the data center.Distribution transformer monitoring terminal is installed in transformer field,collected data by electrical parameters of voltage transformer and current transformer on both sides of the transformer,and then sent them to the GPRS module,the GPRS module the data through the GPRS network transmission to data center server.Measurement,metering,energy abnormal condition The terminal of distribution transformer mainly realize measurement of relative parameters,metering of electric energy,alarm of abnormal condition and,analysis and prediction of running status.
U ( 2 ) and maximal mixing of ν μ

A U(2) flavor symmetry can successfully describe charged fermion masses and mixings, and suppress SUSY FCNC processes, making it a viable candidate for a theory of flavor. We show that a direct application of this U(2) flavor symmetry automatically predicts a mixing of 45{degree} for {nu}{sub {mu}}{R_arrow}{nu}{sub s}, where {nu}{sub s} is a light, right-handed state. The introduction of an additional flavor symmetry acting on the right-handed neutrinos makes the model phenomenologically viable, explaining the solar neutrino deficit as well as the atmospheric neutrino anomaly, while giving a potential hot dark matter candidate and retaining the theory{close_quote}s predictivity in the quark sector. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Jonathan Edwards's Life of David Brainerd and the Northampton Dismissal

By the middle of the 1740s, the relationship between Jonathan Edwards and his congregation at Northampton had begun to slowly unravel. Prompted by Edwards's attempts to combat what he saw as a growing lack of spirituality, the debate became focused on the requirements for church membership and communion. Heretofore unnoticed in this debate was the role of Edwards's most popular work, the Life of Brainerd. Although the Life of Brainerd addressed broader questions such as Arminianism and enthusiasm, its central message was a real example of the normative Christian life. Edwards intended this to buttress his position on church membership but the impossible standard set forth in the Life of Brainerd instead contributed to the growing sentiment in the town for his dismissal.
Agriculture and Rural Economic Growth

The role of farm dependency and size on rural economic growth is examined with data from 2,240 nonmetropolitan U.S. counties for the period 1990–1995. A simple neoclassical model of regional economic growth is set forth with a central question relating to the role of agriculture on rural economic convergence. Traditional neoclassical theory predicts that poor rural areas should grow proportionally faster than rich areas. As interpreted in the academic literature and popular press, a preponderance of small family farms should enhance growth. Results suggest that a higher level of local dependence on production agriculture could lower growth rates.
Abstract P4-07-12: Re-introduction of tumor suppressor miR-34a harbors therapeutic efficacy in triple negative breast cancer

Place Holder Abstract Date Expected for Obtaining Final Information for Abstract: 9/14 - 10/14 Triple negative breast cancer accounts for a disproportionate share of the total breast cancer morbidity because of its aggressive behavior, increased incidence in younger women, and lack of effective targeted therapies. MicroRNAs are global regulators of survival and proliferation pathways important in cancer development and tumor maintenance. MicroRNAs function as tumor suppressors and oncogenes, and are highly dysregulated in cancer. Here, we identified miR-34a to be aberrantly lost in triple negative cancer cell lines when compared to both a luminal cancer subtype as well as normal breast cells. Re-introduction of miR-34a in triple negative cancer lines results in inhibition of cell proliferation, reactivation of senescence, and enhances sensitivity to apoptotic-inducing agents. Furthermore, intratumoral delivery of miR-34a into subcutaneously implanted tumors in nude mice delays tumor growth as compared to a scrambled control. In conclusion re-introduction of miR-34a in triple negative breast cancer promotes anti-tumorigenic phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo, and could therefore be used as a therapeutic agent to treat the disease. Citation Format: Brian D Adams, Lajos Pusztai, David L Rimm, Frank J Slack. Re-introduction of tumor suppressor miR-34a harbors therapeutic efficacy in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-12.
Beamforming based on spatial-wavelet decomposition

The paper presents a general framework for spatial wavelet processing in the context of a uniform linear array. By defining the scale in terms of the spatial sampling resolution, the spatial multi-resolution structure inherent in the array signal has an explicit representation based on the wavelet decomposition. Beamforming can then be implemented on the subband data. The new framework is applied to a real sonar target detection problem, and the traditional time-delay beamformer shows an improved computational efficiency. The efficiency gain is proportional to the number of sensors for targets near the broadside direction.
A Review of Microwave Ferrite Devices

Ferrites are used at frequencies between 100 Mc and 300,000 Mc in nonreciprocal attenuators (isolators), circulators, nonreciprocal phase shifters, power limiters, microwave switches, modulators, frequency multipliers, parametric amplifiers, sideband generators and variable attenuators and phase shifters. These applications fall into two categories: (1) unique functions such as those performed by the ferrite isolator and circulator where other types of devices are clearly inferior; (2) marginal functions such as the ferrite limiter or switch where a gas or semiconductor device would ordinarily provide superior performance. Ferrite devices of both categories have been improved recently. Those that perform the unique functions have been made to operate in new kinds of microwave systems or at higher power levels or at ultra-high frequencies or at millimeter wavelengths. Those that perform marginal functions have been adapted to work in specialized systems where they have provided higher power-handling capacity or longer lifetime or lower cost or smaller size or shorter recovery time or smaller insertion loss, but rarely more than one of these in each case.
Family Values and Traditions

Family values and traditions are a critical source of connection between Arab Americans and their culture. The literature describes traditional Arab culture as valuing kinship, large and extended family forms, patrilineality, marriage, and parent–child relationships. As Arab families faced global social change and immigrated to the United States, they often adjusted traditional value expectations in response to the values of individualism, nuclear family, egalitarian gender roles, adolescent independence, and conformity. This chapter focuses on the interaction between theoretical constructs of acculturation, collectivism, patrilineality, violence, and resilience on the one hand, and Arab family traditions on the other. Identifying how Arab family values and traditions are affected by larger social forces as well as the dominant culture in the United States may inform practitioners and policy makers about how to support and strengthen Arab American families.
Validation and genomic interrogation of the MET variant rs11762213 as a predictor of adverse outcomes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND The exonic single-nucleotide variant rs11762213 located in the MET oncogene has recently been identified as a prognostic marker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). This finding was validated with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, and the biologic implications were explored. METHODS The genotype status for rs11762213 was available for 272 patients. Paired tumor-normal data, genomic data, and clinical information were acquired from ccRCC TCGA data sets. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was analyzed with the competing risk method, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used for the analysis of the time to recurrence (TTR). Multivariate competing risk models were fitted to adjust for the validated Mayo Clinic Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis (SSIGN) score. RESULTS The variant allele of rs11762213 was detected in 10.3% of the cohort. After adjustments for the SSIGN score, the risk allele remained a significant predictor for adverse CSS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99-7.56; P < .0001) and for TTR (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.43-6.2; P = .003). The mapping of rs11762213 to regulatory regions within the genome suggested that it might affect a DNA enhancer region. RNA and protein sequencing data for MET did not reveal differences in steady-state expression with stratification by risk allele. CONCLUSIONS The exonic MET variant rs11762213 is an independent predictor of adverse CSS and TTR in ccRCC and should be integrated into clinical practice for prognostic stratification. Genomic analysis suggests that the single-nucleotide polymorphism may affect an enhancer region located in the coding region of MET. Further biological mechanistic interrogation is currently underway. Cancer 2016;122:402–410. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
“I’LL BE YOUR MIRROR, REFLECT WHAT YOU ARE”: POSTMODERN DOCUMENTATION AND THE DOWNTOWN NEW YORK SCENE FROM 1975 TO THE PRESENT

At first glance, the Velvet Underground, whose haunting ballad “I’ll Be Your Mirror, Reflect What You Are” provides my title, may not appear to have anything to do with authorization or with libraries (other than some library collections may have their recordings in the media center). 1 And yet, the Velvet Underground, and “I’ll Be Your Mirror” in particular, suggests a model for conceptualizing the process of canon building, the accreditation of literary figures and movements, and the role libraries play in both. I realize this is a peculiar statement, but there are several ways in which it is true. The . . .
The contribution of cell death to medium-released fractions of cell cultures

Cell death was estimated by prelabeling primary chick embryo skeletal muscle cell cultures with [3H]thymidine and by subsequently measuring the release of label into complete culture medium or serum-and embryo-extract-free medium for a 6 h period. Cultures of the established muscle cell line L6 and the fibroblastic cell line 3T3 were used for comparative purposes. Comparison of the nigrosin exclusion test with the thymidine release test shows that the former underestimates cell death because it measures only the instantaneously occurring cell death. The [3H]thymidine release test estimates the cumulative amount of cell death. From cumulative cell death estimates it is calculated that 12.0 and 17.8% of the3H-fucosylated medium-released fractions from primary cell cultures are the result of cell death contamination when release occurs in complete or macromolecule-free media, respectively. High speed centrifugation is shown to eliminate most contamination from cell death. Evidence is presented that the absence of macromolecules in the culture medium has little effect on the release process. Contamination of the released fraction resulting from cell death is much less in the established cell lines than in the primary cells. It is concluded that the release process can be studied in primary muscle cell cultures and especially in established cell lines if adequate precautions are taken and if corrections for cell death contamination are taken into account.
Cell lineage and developmental potential of cells in the zebrafish embryo

Abstract The zebrafish embryo is particularly well-suited for developmental studies in a vertebrate because of the small number and accessibility of its cells, its optical clarity and its rapid development to a stage where specific cell types can be recognized. Cell lineage analysis reveals considerable indeterminacy in the embryonic lineage, and there is no evidence that cell lineage restricts embryonic cell fate before the gastrula stage. However, cells in gastrula-stage embryos generate clones confined to particular tissues. This suggests that by this stage the morphogenetic behaviors, and perhaps the fates, of individual cells become developmentally programmed.
Effects of tea on hippocampal neurons

The effects of the potassium channel blockers, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and tetramethylammonium (TMA) on behavior of hippocampal CA1 neurons were studied in the in vitro slice preparation. Intracellular injections of TEA produced marked spike broadening, increased input resistance, and a prolongation of a putative slow calcium-activated afterhyperpolarization (AHP). Little effect was seen on synaptic potentials. Bursting activity induced by TEA in hippocampal neurons was qualitatively different from the epileptiform bursting induced by raising extracellular potassium concentrations or by including penicillin in the bathing medium. Effects of TMA were qualitatively similar to those of TEA, but much slower and less dramatic. The results suggested that there are at least two different potassium channels in the membranes of hippocampal CA1 neurons, and that both were important in determining normal neuronal activity. TEA appeared to preferentially block a fast, voltage-dependent potassium conductance (gk); however, it also modified the slow, calcium-activated gk. Although cell bursting activity may have resulted from blockade of a gk produced by TEA treatment, the epileptiform bursts produced by penicillin exposure appeared to be independent of this mechanism.
Bovine fibrinogen aggregates: electron microscopic observations of quasi-globular structures.

Electron microscopic observations of bovine fibrinogen preparations were made following negative staining with uranyl acetate and phosphotungstic acid. Preparations were first incubated at pH 6.6, F/2 0.3 and 0°C to develop fibrinogen aggregates at concentrations approaching equilibrium levels. The fraction of fibrinogen present as aggregates, designated the product mass fraction (Pmf), was determined by gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-1.5m. Electron micrographs of preparations with significant Pmf revealed partially closed quasi-globular structures of variable size. Fibrinogen aggregates could be dissociated by incubating preparations at 2 mg/ml, 37°C for 18h, with a resulting Pmf <0.01. In these dissociated systems, monomers were observed with no apparent aggregate forms. At intervals during the approach to equilibrium, the size distributions of aggregates present were estimated by Bio-Gel A-15m filtration. A thermodynamic analysis incorporating these and previous data led to the following model specifications. Fibrinogen aggregates develop by monomer addition, followed by periodic reactions among the constituent members of an aggregate. These intra-aggregate reactions produce a non-linear structure, most likely begin after the association of four monomers, and on the average then follow the addition of every other monomer. In this manner, quasiglobular aggregates containing up to about 28 constituent monomers may develop as equilibrium is approached.
The challenge of malaria.

The Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences points out that malaria a major disease in developing countries is expected to become even worse in the future due in part to the plasmodia becoming more and more resistant to chloroquine and the vectors becoming more and more resistant to insecticides. Further the Hardy-Weinberg equation uses heterozygous gene frequency mutations in the beta chain of hemoglobin A resulting in hemoglobin S in Africa or in the erythrocyte membrane protein band 3 in Southeast Asia to predict that mortality from malaria is likely to increase. A researcher from the US National Institutes of Health believes the best research tools to control malaria are those that focus on Plasmodium falciparum and Anopheles mosquitoes rather than just short term benefits of insecticides. The 1st priority should be continued research on an effective vaccine against the asexual erythrocytic plasmodia has much potential since it is this stage that causes disease. Even if it is only able to induce partial immunity the parasite load will be reduced thus reducing mortality. Further a vaccine that would interfere with transmission at the sporozoite or sexual stages used in combination with other forms of control could eliminate malaria in areas of moderate transmission. Another route would be focusing research efforts on those factors that either destroy or block plasmodia in the mosquito or to introduce genes for these factors into the mosquito population. Moreover identifying biochemical pathways unique to plasmodia and development of poisons specific to them presents a promising possibility. For example research can focus on understanding the structure and function of the polymerase and efflux mechanism where plasmodia transform hemoglobin into a nonpoisonous compound. Industry should join with basic scientist to limit and/or prevent malaria.
Alternative Materials to Acrylic Bone Cement for Delivery of Depot Antibiotics in Orthopaedic Infections

Acrylic bone cement has considerable laboratory and clinical data validating it as a delivery material for depot administration of antibiotics. However, an alternate material that does not require a secondary procedure for removal is desired. Many biodegradable materials have been evaluated as alternatives including protein-based materials (collagen, fibrin, thrombin, clotted blood), bone-graft, bone-graft substitutes and extenders (hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, bioglass), and synthetic polymers (polyhanhydride, polylactide, polyglycolide, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate, polyhydroxyalkanoate). Various forms and combinations of these materials have been investigated worldwide, characterizing their elution properties and performance in treating osteomyelitis in animal models. Many of these have had limited clinical evaluation. Outside the United States, some of these materials are used clinically. In the United States, none have been approved. None are commercially available for clinical use. Morselized cancellous bone and calcium sulfate are the two materials that have been used clinically in the United States on a physician-prescribed, hand-mixed, basis. Considering the limited clinical data that currently are available, the use of these materials still is experimental. Clinical application should be cautious, limiting the total antibiotic load. Until definitive data are available, a prudent dose would be no higher than one that would have acceptable toxicity risk if administered intravenously over 24 hours.
Beam-splitters for the Division-of-amplitude Photopolarimeter

Beam-splitters for the division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter (DOAP) are described. The polarization-independent beam-splitter (PIBS) makes DOAP equivalent to the rotating-analyser ellipsometer with no moving parts. If tan ψr exp (jΔr) and tan ψt, exp (jΔt) are the ratios of the complex parallel and perpendicular reflection (r) and transmission (t) coefficients of the beamsplitter, DOAP becomes a complete polarimeter, capable of measuring all four Stokes parameters of light simultaneously, if ψr p ψt p 0 or 1/2π and Δr - Δt p 0 or ±π. A simple beam-splitter which satisfies these conditions consists of a transparent (low-index) thin film on a transparent (high-index) substrate. The film thickness must not equal an integral multiple of a quarter-wave, and a high angle of incidence φ is needed for appreciable reflectance. Examples are presented of such beam-splitters made from MgF2/ZnS and ThF4/Ge film/substrate systems at φ = 70° for the 0.6328μm (He-Ne) and 10-6 μm (CO2) laser wavelengths, respectively.
Life-history studies of ferns: a consideration of perspective

Autecology of pteridophytes may be refined by defining the plant community and habitat, and phytogeographic occurrence, of the species studied. Work with Blechnum spicant in the Pacific Northwest, and with Lorinserea areolata in the Southeastern U.S.A. has uncovered autecological differences for these species across habitats differing in overstory and hydrology. Natural history observations are necessary to suggest the most appropriate hypotheses to investigate objectively. A modification of Daubenmire's Canopy-Coverage method provides a grid across which many factors may be recorded or tested in repeatable objective manner. Such an analysis was used to test the association between L. areolata life-history classes and hummocks in hardwood swamps. Contingency tables were used to disprove the null hypothesis that L. areolata was distributed randomly with regard to hummocks. Hummocks were thus ‘safe sites’ for the completion of the life-cycle of L. areolata , and additional considerations of safe sites for Lygodium japonicum and Dryopteris ludoviciana are introduced. Analysis of biomass and coverage of Onoclea sensibilis where it is very abundant suggests that it is highly susceptible to competition where it shares plots with L. areolata. The concept of the optimum habitat with regard to abundance of the taxon, frequency of the habitat-type, successful reproduction, and susceptibility to competition between similar life forms is discussed.
A microzonation method based on uniform risk spectra

A method for seismic microzonation of a large metropolitan area is examined. It utilizes information on the location of active faults and their relative levels of seismicity, the three-dimensional source to station geometry, the frequency dependent attenuation, the effects of local amplification of wave amplitudes in terms of the depth of sedimentary deposits beneath the site, and the scaling in terms of earthquake magnitude. The method presented here does not require any new or difficult steps to gather data, when compared to other microzonation procedures employed in the United States or abroad. The advantage of the method lies in its ability to properly balance different contributing factors to the seismic risk at a point, in time, space and frequency of strong ground shaking.
Silicidation of Silicon Nanowires by Platinum

The solid-state reaction between platinum and silicon nanowires grown by the vapor−liquid−solid technique was studied. The reaction product PtSi is an attractive candidate for contacts to p-type silicon nanowires due to the low barrier height of PtSi contacts to p-type Si in the planar geometry, and the formation of PtSi was the motivation for our study. Silicidation was carried out by annealing Pt on Si nanowires from 250 to 700 °C, and the reaction products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Strikingly different morphologies of the reacted nanowires were observed depending on the annealing temperature, platinum film thickness, silicon nanowire diameter, and level of unintentional oxygen contamination in the annealing furnace. Conversion to PtSi was successfully realized by annealing above 400 °C in purified N2 gas. A uniform morphology was achieved for nanowires with an appropriate combination of Si nanowire diameter and Pt film thickness to form PtSi without excess Pt or Si. Simila...
Manipulation of the HIF-Vegf pathway rescues methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-induced vascular lesions.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been shown to be specifically anti-angiogenic in piscine and mammalian model systems at concentrations that appear non-toxic in other organ systems. The mechanism by which MTBE targets developing vascular structures is unknown. A global transcriptome analysis of zebrafish embryos developmentally exposed to 0.00625–5 mM MTBE suggested that hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-regulated pathways were affected. HIF-driven angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is essential to the developing vasculature of an embryo. Three rescue studies were designed to rescue MTBE-induced vascular lesions: pooled blood in the common cardinal vein (CCV), cranial hemorrhages (CH), and abnormal intersegmental vessels (ISV), and test the hypothesis that MTBE toxicity was HIF–Vegf dependent. First, zebrafish vegf-a over-expression via plasmid injection, resulted in significantly fewer CH and ISV lesions, 46 and 35% respectively, in embryos exposed to 10 mM MTBE. Then HIF degradation was inhibited in two ways. Chemical rescue by N-oxaloylglycine significantly reduced CCV and CH lesions by 30 and 32% in 10 mM exposed embryos, and ISV lesions were reduced 24% in 5 mM exposed zebrafish. Finally, a morpholino designed to knock-down ubiquitin associated von Hippel–Lindau protein, significantly reduced CCV lesions by 35% in 10 mM exposed embryos. In addition,more » expression of some angiogenesis related genes altered by MTBE exposure were rescued. These studies demonstrated that MTBE vascular toxicity is mediated by a down regulation of HIF–Vegf driven angiogenesis. The selective toxicity of MTBE toward developing vasculature makes it a potentially useful chemical in the designing of new drugs or in elucidating roles for specific angiogenic proteins in future studies of vascular development. - Highlights: • Global gene expression of MTBE exposed zebrafish suggested altered HIF1 signaling. • Over expression of zebrafish vegf-a rescues MTBE-induced vascular lesions. • Inhibiting PHD or knocking down VHL rescues MTBE-induced vascular lesions. • HIF1-Vegf driven angiogenesis is a target for MTBE vascular toxicity.« less
A note on the dynamic adjustment of the demand for international reserves by LDC's

Abstract The dynamics of the adjustment of the demand for international reserves by LDC's is analyzed. Using a GLS procedure on pooled cross section-time series data it is showed that, contrary to previous results, the speed at which actual reserves adjust to desired reserves is very fast: in one year 95 percent of this adjustment is completed.
Pole orientation of asteroid 44 Nysa via photometric astrometry, including a discussion of the method's application and its limitations

The results of photometric astrometry, a method of determining the orientation of a rotation axis, as applied to asteroid 44 Nysa, are presented. The pole orientation of Nysa was found to be lambda(zero) = 100 deg, beta(zero) = +60 deg with an uncertainty of 10 deg. The sidereal period is 0.26755902 days + or - 0.00000006, and the rotation prograde. Refinements to, and limitations of, the application of the method of photometric astrometry are discussed. In light of the results presented herein, it is believed that all photometric astrometry pole determinations of the past should be redone.
γ-Interferon and retinoic acid synergize in inhibiting the growth of human neuroblastoma cells in nude mice

Abstract We have investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA), human recombinant gamma interferon (γ-IFN), and the association of both agents on the growth of human neuroblastoma (NB) cells in [ CD1( nu nu ) ] nude mice. Two human NB cell lines, namely LAN-5 and GI-LI-N, were previously adapted to grow in syngeneic animals for 7 consecutive passages. At the eighth passage, only animals which developed 10-mm diameter tumors within 40 days from xenograft were admitted to the study. RA and/or γ-IFN were administered subcutaneously 3–5 days per week for 3 consecutive weeks. The number of days necessary for each tumor mass to grow up to 20 mm diameter (in vivo doubling time, ivDT) was then evaluated. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in γ-IFN (P
Atmospheric turbulence and diffusion estimates derived from observations of a smoke plume

Abstract Plan view and elevation photographs of a smoke plume are used to estimate horizontal and vertical dispersion rates. Dispersion rates measured from individual photographs agree with Batchelor's theoretical analysis of relative diffusion. Dispersion rates measured from a composite of plume photographs agree with Taylor's theoretical analysis of single-particle diffusion. These dispersion rates are then used to calculate Eulerian turbulence parameters which are compared with observations made on a 60 m tower near the smoke-plume source. In addition, the Lagrangian turbulence time scale and the horizontal eddy diffusivity are estimated. The comparisons of estimated with observed parameters are good, suggesting that the smoke-plume technique for estimating atmospheric dispersion is realistic.
Boos, Bans, and other Backlash: The Consequences of Being an Activist Athlete:

Athletes today are often criticized for their aberrant and deviant behavior; however, when activist athletes act with integrity and sincerity by promoting social and political justice, they often face a hate-filled backlash of scorn and contempt. In this paper I explore the negative consequences of being an activist athlete. Using in-depth interview data and secondary accounts, I examine reactions to athletes who engaged in social or political protest. I focus specifically on athletes who have protested against war, sweatshop labor, and racism. The study of activist athletes is important to sociologists for a number of reasons: It highlights the significance of analyzing sport sociologically, it makes explicit the connection between sport and politics, it identifies some of the personal consequences to activists as a result of their protests, and it has the potential to reshape our understanding of sport as a vehicle for progressive social change.
Neuroimaging of pediatric posterior fossa tumors including review of the literature.

Conventional, anatomical MRI is an essential tool for diagnosis and evaluation of location, quality, and extent of posterior fossa tumors, but offers limited information regarding tumor grade and type. Advanced MRI techniques such as diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may improve the specific diagnosis of brain tumors in the posterior fossa in children. In this review the conventional neuroimaging findings, as well as the DWI, and DTI characteristics of common pediatric posterior fossa tumors are discussed and summarized. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:32-47. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of indium-111-labeled OC-125 monoclonal antibody in the detection of ovarian cancer

This is a preliminary study to evaluate the utility of using the monoclonal antibody (CO-125) labeled with indium-111 to image recurrences of ovarian cancer. This technique has been investigated in 23 patients with ovarian cancer and the results have been compared with blood OC-125 levels, CT scans, and findings at second-look surgery. Following infusion of 1 mg of F(ab')2 fragments (1-2 mCi 111In), quantitative SPECT and planar imaging was obtained daily for 72 hr along with analysis of serum. The nuclear medicine scans of the tumor site recurrences were technically excellent. When compared to second-look laparotomy, there were 2 true negatives, 2 false positives, 14 true positives, and 2 false negatives by nuclear imaging. CT scans correlated less well with surgery, but serum OC-125 levels correlate more closely with nuclear scans and second-look surgery. Those with multiple small metastatic implants showed a pattern of diffuse uptake which increased with time, whereas those with nodal or larger recurrences showed a more focal uptake. The combination of favorable biodistribution and positive images, especially in patients with normal antigen levels and negative CT scans, suggests a role for OC-125 monoclonal antibody imaging in their clinical management. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether nuclear scans can replace second-look surgery. If it can show that enough 111In-labeled antibody accumulates in the tumor site to justify radioimmunotherapy, then 90Y (a pure beta emitter) could be exchanged for 111In. This is potentially a method of radioimmunotherapy for recurrent ovarian carcinoma.
Further Reflections on Human‐nature Assumptions in Economics — Part II: From Homo Oeconomicus Honorabilis to Homo Oeconomus, the Good Steward

Misbegotten, misnamed, antisocial homo oeconomicus is now contrasted with the more human personae of homo oeconomicus honorabilis, the “open”/ “Semi‐economic Man” of Pantaleoni and Marshall, the still arcane homo oeconomicus humanus of Nitsch and Malina, and (most recently) the positivistic (neo‐) homo socio‐economicus of Etzioni et al., which ‐‐in turn – harks back to Smith′s Theory of 1759‐90. Showing the essential identity of modern economics and Aristotle′s oikonomikē, and recognising the ozone layer as pre‐eminent among once‐free but now very scarce resources (chrēmata ) that have to be utilised efficiently and administered prudently, the author joins forces with Herman Daly et al. in proposing an Aristotelian/Biblical homo oeconomus as a “Good Steward” in the spirit of Frigerio′s L′Economo Prudente (1629) and qualitative improvement over the being who has masqueraded as homo oeconomicus. Uniting this prudent conservator and caretaker of our natural endowment with “Homo Faber, the Subject‐creator of ...
Biofilm presence in humans with chronic suppurative otitis media.

Abstract Objective To study the presence of biofilm formation in humans with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary academic hospital. Subjects and Methods Patients undergoing middle ear surgery between July 2006 and March 2008. Tissue samples were obtained from 25 patients, of which 20 specimens were successfully processed for this study. The remaining samples were not analyzed due to sample damage or loss during preparation. Of the 20 specimens studied, 10 were harvested as the experimental group from patients with CSOM and the other 10 harvested as controls from patients undergoing otologic surgery for acoustic neuroma, cochlear implant, or routine tympanoplasty. Ages ranged from 26 to 74 years (mean 45 yrs). Male-to-female ratio was 2:3. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to identify the presence of biofilms. Live-dead staining was used to assess whether bacteria present were viable. The outcome measured was the presence of adherent biofilms on middle ear mucosa. Results Biofilms were present in six of 10 samples (60%) from the CSOM group, but only in one of 10 control samples (10%). Comparative analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (P Conclusion Biofilms were statistically more common in patients with CSOM compared with control patients.
Macrophage uptake of a lipoprotein-sequestered toxicant: A potential route of immunotoxicity

Abstract An experimental system was chosen to investigate the bioactivity of a lipoprotein-sequestered toxicant at the cellular level based on recent studies demonstrating receptor-mediated uptake of lipoproteins by macrophages. Rat peritoneal exudate cell suspensions (PEC) were exposed to DDT and lipoprotein-sequestered DDT, followed by measurement of DDT uptake, metabolism, and cellular toxicity. In vitro uptake assays demonstrated that PEC suspensions treated for 10, 20, and 30 min with 2.5 μ m lipoprotein-sequestered DDT had approximately a twofold increase over the amount of DDT associated with PEC treated with 2.5 μ m free DDT. PEC were assayed for DDT metabolites to serve as a measure of the cellular internalization of the toxicant after treatment in vitro for 18 hr with either 1.5 μ m DDT or lipoprotein-sequestered DDT. Evidence of DDT metabolism was only observed with PEC which had been treated with lipoprotein-sequestered DDT. These cells contained significantly higher amounts of DDT metabolites as compared to cells treated with unsequestered DDT (over an eightfold difference). Assays measuring macrophage phagocytic activity indicated that macrophages treated for 4.5 hr in vitro with 2.5 μ m lipoprotein-sequestered DDT showed significant inhibition in their ability to phagocytize yeast particles. These results suggest that serum lipoproteins may facilitate the cellular uptake of lipoprotein-sequestered toxicants leading to altered cellular function (phagocytosis).
Abstract 5510: Immunogenicity of the MUC1/Poly-ICLC vaccine in individuals with the history of advanced colorectal adenoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: MUC1 is aberrantly expressed in human adenocarcinomas including colon cancer. Aberrant MUC1 is also found on colorectal adenomas where it promotes malignant transformation by interacting with beta-catenin, ras and other signaling pathways. Induction of immunity against MUC1 during premalignancy may prevent adenoma recurrence and/or their progression to colon cancer. Various MUC1 vaccines, peptide and adjuvant-based, dendritic cell-based or as various viral vectors, have been tested previously in small Phase I/II trials in patients with advanced cancer and have shown low immunogenicity and limited efficacy. In the cancer microenvironment, it is difficult to determine if low immunogenicity is due to the vaccine, to self-tolerance, to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironement, previous treatments, age of the patient or all of the above. We are conducting a trial using MUC1 peptide and Poly-ICLC adjuvant vaccine in individuals who are cancer free but at high risk for developing cancer because of a recent history of advanced colorectal adenoma. Method: Patients with advanced colorectal adenoma which meets at least one of following criteria, 1) ≥ 1cm in maximal diameter, 2) with villous or tubulovillous histology, 3) with high-grade dysplasia, were vaccinated with 100μg of 100aa MUC1 peptide [H2N-(GVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPAH)5-CONH2] admixed with 500μg of Poly-ICLC (TLR-3 agonist) as adjuvant on week 0, 2, 10 and one year later. The primary objective is to evaluate the vaccine immunogenicity (anti-MUC1 IgG and T cell responses) and safety. Results: 43/65 patients have been enrolled. Among 31 patients studied to date, 16 developed anti-MUC1 IgG (52% response rate). This frequency of responders and the high levels of IgG (3-30 fold increase) have never been achieved in cancer patients. Antibody titers declined over time but could be boosted to previous or higher levels at 1 year, showing development of long-term memory. Confirmatory T cell assays are in progress. No adverse events above grade 1 have been identified, and no unanticipated adverse events have been observed. Conclusions: MUC1 poly-ICLC vaccine is highly immunogenic in this prophylactic setting without causing any significant adverse events. Recurrence of adenomas will be evaluated at year 3 and correlated with the immune response, however, a larger randomized trial will be needed to properly evaluate the clinical outcome. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5510. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5510
Comparison of the Effects of Storage in the Presence of Copper Using Laboratory vs Field Conditions on Jet Fuel Thermal Stability As Measured by the Gravimetric JFTOT

The effects of storage in the presence of copper using laboratory test conditions vs field conditions on fuel thermal stability were compared using five JP-5 fuels. Laboratory test conditions refer to accelerated storage at 90 °C/50 psig of air/24 h in the presence of soluble copper from copper(II) ethyl acetoacetate (CuEA). In contrast, field conditions refer to long-term storage at room temperature (∼20 °C) in the presence of dissolved copper from 90/10 copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) alloy for a period of approximately 6 months. Thermal stabilities were determined using the gravimetric JFTOT, which gives a quantitative measure of the total deposits formed. A copper concentration/storage effect was observed, which necessitated evaluations at similar copper concentrations. However, the source of copper appears not to be important. Instead, the main operative factor affecting the thermal stability of stored fuels appears to be the combination of long-term ambient storage and the presence of copper. Good agreement was obtained between the thermal stabilities of fuels that were stored using the specified laboratory and field conditions. These results are significant because (1) they validate the use of the specified laboratory test conditions as being realistic; (2) they support our premise that precursors that lead to thermal deposits are formed on storage in the presence of copper; and (3) they offer a rigorous method for predicting the potential thermal stabilities of jet fuels.
Molecular modeling analysis of the interaction of novel bis-cationic ligands with the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide

Abstract Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), otherwise termed ‘endotoxins’, are outer-membrane constituents of Gram-negative bacteria and play a key role in the pathogenesis of ‘septic shock’, a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. We have shown that the pharmacophore necessary for optimal recognition and neutralization of LPS by small molecules requires an interaction between two protonatable positive charges separated by a distance of ∼14 A, which corresponds to the distance between two anionic phosphates on the glycolipid component of LPS called lipid A. The in silico binding of a diverse set of compounds with bis-amino, -amidino, -guanidino, and -aminoguanidino functionalities, identified as potential lead scaffolds in a high-throughput screen, with lipid A was explored using molecular docking simulations. A weighted expression for binding affinity was trained relative to experimental ED50 measurements, attaining a correlation of R2 = 0.66. Our docking results showed that the electrostatic interaction between ligands and lipid A phosphates dominates the expression and varies little across the series, and other ligand–receptor interactions seem to play a secondary role in governing the observed variations in the relative ligand binding affinity. Further, it appears that the ligand internal energy plays the primary role in differentiating between compound binding affinities which also correlated well with experimental ED50 data (R = 0.77). Application of this strategy would be useful in the de novo design of highly active endotoxin-sequestering agents.
Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

From 1962 to 1985, 2201 patients with invasive cervical cancer were staged, evaluated, and treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. After a thorough evaluation, 25 cases (1.1%) fulfilled the histologic criteria for small cell cancer defined by Reagan and coworkers. These patients were computer-matched for age, disease stage, and lesion size to 25 patients with large cell nonkeratinizing cancer and 25 patients with keratinizing squamous cell cancer. Morphometric analyses of nuclear size and maximum nuclear diameter were performed on all cases without knowledge of cell type. Small cell cancers were characterized by a nuclear area of 160 mu 2 or less and a maximum nuclear diameter of 16.2 mu, which was significantly lower than that for large cell tumors. Thirty-three percent of the small cell carcinomas stained positively for the neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase [NSE] and chromogranin [CGR]), whereas the remainder contained only epithelial markers such as cytokeratin (CYK) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Small cell cancers were associated with a high frequency of lymph-vascular space invasion and a diminished lymphoplasmacytic response. Patients with small cell cancer had a significantly higher recurrence rate, particularly to extrapelvic sites, than the matched patients with large cell cancers, and their survival was lower. Clinical trials to determine the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of small cell cervical cancer are needed.
c(2 x 2)CO ON Ni(100): Photoemission orientation determination

Abstract Angular resolved photoemission studies of c(2 x 2)CO adsorbed on Ni(100) show that the molecule is bound to the surface with the molecular axis normal to the surface. The uncertainty of this determination is approximately 15°, which is consistent with the expected angular broadening due to vibrational modes. This is in distinct contrast to a bend of 34° proposed to explain LEED data on this system.
Nutrient limitation and stoichiometry of carnivorous plants.

: The cost-benefit model for the evolution of carnivorous plants posits a trade-off between photosynthetic costs associated with carnivorous structures and photosynthetic benefits accrued through additional nutrient acquisition. The model predicts that carnivory is expected to evolve if its marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs. Further, the model predicts that when nutrients are scarce but neither light nor water is limiting, carnivorous plants should have an energetic advantage in competition with non-carnivorous plants. Since the publication of the cost-benefit model over 20 years ago, marginal photosynthetic costs of carnivory have been demonstrated but marginal photosynthetic benefits have not. A review of published data and results of ongoing research show that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium often (co-)limit growth of carnivorous plants and that photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency is 20 - 50 % of that of non-carnivorous plants. Assessments of stoichiometric relationships among limiting nutrients, scaling of leaf mass with photosynthesis and nutrient content, and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency all suggest that carnivorous plants are at an energetic disadvantage relative to non-carnivorous plants in similar habitats. Overall, current data support some of the predictions of the cost-benefit model, fail to support others, and still others remain untested and merit future research. Rather than being an optimal solution to an adaptive problem, botanical carnivory may represent a set of limited responses constrained by both phylogenetic history and environmental stress.
Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer.

Purpose/objectives To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual. Design Randomized, controlled experiment. Setting A midwestern comprehensive cancer center. Sample 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal; 58 provided usable data. Methods Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure. Main research variables Procedural pain, state anxiety, and perceived control over pain and anxiety. Findings Contrary to hypotheses, outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction. Moreover, outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions. Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself. Conclusions The effects of music, distraction, and treatment as usual are equivocal. In addition, patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures. Implications for nursing Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences.