cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contraception choices in women with underlying medical conditions

Primary care physicians often prescribe contraceptives to women of reproductive age with comorbidities. Novel delivery systems (e.g., contraceptive patch, contraceptive ring, single-rod implantable device) may change traditional risk and benefit profiles in women with comorbidities. Effective contraceptive counseling requires an understanding of a woman's preferences and medical history, as well as the risks, benefits, adverse effects, and contraindications of each method. Noncontraceptive benefits of combined hormonal contraceptives, such as oral contraceptive pills, include regulated menses, decreased dysmenorrhea, and diminished premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Oral contraceptive pills may be used safely in women with a range of medical conditions, including well-controlled hypertension, uncomplicated diabetes mellitus, depression, and uncomplicated valvular heart disease. However, women older than 35 years who smoke should avoid oral contraceptive pills. Contraceptives containing estrogen, which can increase thrombotic risk, should be avoided in women with a history of venous thromboembolism, stroke, cardiovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease. Progestin-only contraceptives are recommended for women with contraindications to estrogen. Depo-Provera, a long-acting injectable contraceptive, may be preferred in women with sickle cell disease because it reduces the frequency of painful crises. Because of the interaction between antiepileptics and oral contraceptive pills, Depo-Provera may also be considered in women with epilepsy. Implanon, the single-rod implantable contraceptive device, may reduce symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Mirena, the levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine contraceptive system, is an option for women with menorrhagia, endometriosis, or chronic pelvic pain.
Etiological Pathways to Rejection Sensitivity in a High-Risk Sample:

Rejection sensitivity is associated with social–emotional maladjustment in both childhood and adulthood. However, less is known about the etiology of rejection sensitivity. The present study tests ...
Many-body theory of optical absorption in doped two-dimensional semiconductors

In this paper, we use a many-body approach to study the absorption spectra of electron-doped two-dimensional semiconductors. Optical absorption is modeled by a many-body scattering Hamiltonian which describes an exciton immersed in a Fermi sea. The interaction between electron and exciton is approximated by an effective scattering potential, and optical spectra are calculated by solving for the exciton Green's function. From this approach, the trion can be assigned as a bound state of an electron-exciton scattering process, and the doping-dependent phenomena observed in the spectra can be attributed to several many-body effects induced by the interaction with the Fermi sea. While the many-body scattering Hamiltonian cannot be solved exactly, we reduce the problem to two limiting solvable situations. The first approach approximates the full many-body problem by a simple scattering process between the electron and the exciton, with a self-energy obtained by solving a Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). An alternate approach assumes an infinite mass for the exciton, such that the many-body scattering Hamiltonian reduces to a Mahan-Nozi\'eres-De Dominicis (MND) model. The exciton Green's function can then be solved numerically exactly by a determinantal formulation, with an optical spectra that show signatures of the Fermi-edge singularity at high doping densities. The full doping dependence and temperature dependence of the exciton and trion line shapes are simulated via these two approximate approaches, with the results compared to each other and to experimental expectations.
Beach Barrier Sand Bodies

Beach and barrier island sand bodies occur along and are characteristic of wave-dominated coasts of low relief, or coasts which are characterized by sea cliffs of bedrock. The development and preservation of beach and barrier island deposits appear to be related to the relative intensity of wave processes and tidal processes along a coast line. As shown by Davies (1964), and later by Hayes (1975), coasts are classified into three groups according to tidal range (Table 3.1). Beaches and barrier islands tend to be preserved best in, and are characteristic of, microtidal coastlines, and in many instances, also of mesotidal coastlines.
Development of an in vitro intervertebral disc innervation model to screen neuroinhibitory biomaterials.

Pain originating from an intervertebral disc (discogenic pain) is a major source of chronic low back pain. Pathological innervation of the disc by pain-sensing nerve fibers is thought to be a key component of discogenic pain, so treatment with biomaterials that have the ability to inhibit neurite growth will greatly benefit novel disc therapeutics. Currently, disc therapeutic biomaterials are rarely screened for their ability to modulate nerve growth, mainly due to a lack of models to screen neuromodulation. To address this deficit, our lab has engineered a three dimensional in vitro disc innervation model that mimics the interface between primary sensory nerves and the intervertebral disc. Further, herein we have demonstrated the utility of this model to screen the efficacy of chondroitin sulfate biomaterials to inhibit nerve fiber invasion into the model disc. Biomaterials containing chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS-A) decrease neurite growth in a uniform gel and at an interface between a growth-permissive and a growth-inhibitory gel, while chondroitin-6-sulfate (CS-C) is less neuroinhibitory. This in vitro model holds great potential for screening inhibitors of nerve fiber growth to further improve intervertebral disc replacements and therapeutics. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:1016-1026, 2020.
Activation of Low-Valent, Multiply M-M Bonded Group VI Dimers toward Catalytic Olefin Metathesis via Surface Organometallic Chemistry

Olefin metathesis is a broadly employed reaction with applications that range from fine chemicals to materials and petrochemicals. The design and investigation of olefin metathesis catalysts have b...
Role of Spatial Effect in Postdisaster Housing Recovery: Case Study of Hurricane Katrina

AbstractThis study examines the influence of spatial effect and demographic characteristics on postdisaster households’ relocations at the block group level. Data for 479 block groups were collecte...
Genome-wide mapping of Piwi association with specific loci in Drosophila ovaries

Small noncoding RNA pathways have been implicated in diverse mechanisms of gene regulation. In Drosophila ovaries, Piwi binds to Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) of mostly 24-28 nucleotides (nt) and plays an important role in germline stem cell maintenance, transposon repression, and epigenetic regulation. To understand the mechanism underlying these functions, we report the application of the DamID-seq method to identify genome-wide binding sites of Piwi in Drosophila ovaries. Piwi localizes to at least 4535 euchromatic regions that are enriched with piRNA target sites. Surprisingly, the density of Piwi binding to euchromatin is much higher than in heterochromatin. Disrupting the piRNA binding of Piwi results in an overall change of the genomic binding profile, which indicates the role of piRNAs in directing Piwi to specific genomic sites. Most Piwi binding sites were either within or in the vicinity of protein-coding genes, particularly enriched near the transcriptional start and termination sites. The methylation signal near the transcriptional termination sites is significantly reduced when Piwi was mutated to become defective in piRNA binding. These observations indicate that Piwi might directly regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes, especially through regulating the 3' ends of targeted transcripts.
YBa $_{2}$ Cu $_{3}$ O $_{7-\delta }$ Single Flux Quantum Flip Flop Directly Written With a Focused Helium Ion Beam

Superconducting logic circuits based on low transition temperature ( $T_c$ ) are attractive due to their intrinsic low power consumption and high operating frequency. They have a wide variety of applications (particularly in future computing), but are difficult to use because they require cooling with liquid helium to operate. The current high $T_c$ logic circuit based on YBa $_{2}$ Cu $_{3}$ O $_{7-\delta }$ (YBCO) already has the ability to operate at a temperature above 4 K. However, this material is difficult to integrate into large-scale circuits by the traditional YBCO junction fabrication process. The limits of fabrication methods are the bottleneck stifling this material's potential for integration into logic circuits. As such, in this paper we aim to advance the state of the art in junction fabrication technology. Here we report the demonstration of a high $T_c$ superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) circuit made by a focused helium ion beam that is easily fabricated and can readily be incorporated into a large-scale integration with nano-scale junctions for future applications. An inductively coupled readout superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is employed to reduce the circuit complexity. The circuit parameters and performance are discussed.
Abstract P107: Differences In Hypercholesterolemia Prevalence Between African Americans And Whites: A Cross-sectional Study Using 2017-2018 National Health And Nutrition Examination Surveys Data

Importance: African Americans (AA) have a 20% higher risk of CVD death than Whites. Treating hypercholesterolemia (HC) is paramount in CVD primary prevention. Some evidence showed that AA have a lo...
Real-Life Problem Solving Using Critical Thinking Discussions

Location: Dewberry Hall Abstract: There is a huge market for distance education programs and fully on-line or hybrid courses, but we still face challenges encouraging students to develop critical thinking skills (Allen at al, 2013). In the Advance Health Information Systems course, which is offered as an on-line and hybrid course, we developed a “Critical thinking discussion,” which exposes students to real-life problems. A short video explains a problem given to, for example, a consultant in a company, and challenges students to come up with their own solutions. Students use facts that they have learned during the lectures to devise a solution, which they post on the class Discussion Board for consideration. They are expected to provide responses with a clear, well-formulated thesis; and support posts with appropriate rationale and citations from readings. Also, they are expected to provide responses to at least two classmates' postings. Those responses should be thoughtful, substantial, polite and more extensive than a simple "well done" or "I agree" phrase. They should consider points of agreement, disagreement, assumptions, and value judgments. They can respond to others after they submit the initial post. Also, after the initial post, they will be able to see the instructor’s solution for the same problem. There is no “correct” or “incorrect” answer, and it is their activity itself which is graded. Participants will learn how to apply similar strategies to their courses using Blackboard.
K+-lndependent Active Transport of Na+ by Na,K-ATPase

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Na+ transport by the Na, K–ATPase reconstituted into artificial phospholipid vesicles by the cholate-dialysis procedure. The Na+ uptake in the vesicles is dependent on ATP hydrolysis and is inhibited by ouabain. Experimental measurement of Na–ATPase activity gives a stoichiometry for transport of 0.5 mole Na+/mol ATP. When vesicles are equilibrated in the presence of 20 mM Kcl, ATP-dependent 22Na+ occurs with a stoichiometry of 2.9 moles Na+/mol ATP, indicating that the lower stoichiometry observed for K+-independent Na+ transport is not because of some enzyme introduced during reconstitution or equilibration. The possible explanation for this stoichiometry is that Na+ ions bind to the sites that normally bind K+, thus giving rise to either a 3 for 2 or a 3 for 3 Na+ exchange. Experimental results suggest that that the Na, K–ATPase is capable of a K+-independent, electrogenic transport of Na+ against a concentration gradient.
Activation of Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylinositol Turnover by Hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the increased turnover of phosphatidic acid and phosphoinositides observed after the interaction of hormones with plasma-membrane receptors. Certain changes in phospholipid metabolism after receptor activation involve the methyltransferase enzymes that convert phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. The increased incorporation of 32P and other precursors into phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol may be a metabolic consequence of an initial breakdown of phosphatidylinositol. The uptake of 32P into phospholipids is relatively easy to measure but difficult to interpret. In mammalian cells, it correlates very well with the ability of hormones to elevate intracellular Ca2+ and increase phosphoinositide breakdown. Macrophages are large leukocytes that can be readily collected in the peritoneal exudate several days after the injection of a foreign substance. The tripeptide formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP) stimulates the release of secretory products from cytochalasin B–treated cells. Platelets have been extensively investigated because these anucleated cells can be readily obtained from humans or experimental animals.
Damage Prognosis for Metal and Composite Aerospace Structures

It is envisioned that aerospace systems will someday be designed with automated damage prognosis technologies that are used to sense and predict the remaining life of structural components. The goal of implementing damage prognosis in an automated manner is to manage the uncertainties and high costs that are associated with current structural integrity management programs especially as new materials are adopted. This chapter reviews challenges and methods associated with estimating loads, diagnosing the damage state, and predicting the life of structural systems across multiple time and length scales. It is determined that multi-multi methods that incorporate probabilistic modeling are needed to quantify and manage statistical uncertainties in structural damage prognosis. Applications involving rotary wing and fixed wing aircraft, rocket motors, and wind turbines are highlighted. Keywords: aircraft structural integrity; damage identification; life prediction
Splicing to the Limit

We consider the result of a wet splicing procedure after the reaction has run to its completion, or limit, and we try to describe the molecules that will be present at this final stage. In language theoretic terms the splicing procedure is modeled as an H system, and the molecules that we want to consider correspond to a subset of the splicing language which we call the limit language. We give a number of examples, including one based on differential equations, and we propose a definition for the limit language. With this definition we prove that a language is regular if and only if it is the limit language of a reflexive and symmetric splicing system.
Ten Years' Experience Conducting the Aging Game Workshop: Was It Worth It?

In the Aging Game, medical students experience simulated physical, sensory, and cognitive deficits that are associated with disability from chronic diseases. Since 1994, the University of Minnesota has presented an innovative version of the Aging Game as part of the curriculum in a required clinical clerkship. The experiences conducting the Aging Game over the past decade were reviewed, focusing on the resources necessary to produce it and on its worth as an educational tool. Because many of the reusable props were obtained free as donations, start-up material costs were calculated at 530 dollars. Personnel necessary for each half-day presentation of the Aging Game included two faculty and a minimum of five nonfaculty serving as facilitators; a staff coordinator was also essential. Quantitative student evaluations (N=673) exhibited mean ratings of 1.41, 1.35, and 1.40 (1=excellent) for overall value, teaching effectiveness, and quality of a postsimulation discussion. Written student comments regarding the strengths of the Aging Game centered on three major themes: mode of learning, especially using role playing and simulating deficits (total of 192 comments); attitudinal change, specifically raising awareness and stimulating reflection on the experiences of disabled older adults (121 comments); and educational value, particularly the Aging Game's capacity for creating a memorable impression (56 comments). Despite consuming significant personnel resources, the Minnesota version of the Aging Game is an effective tool for stimulating long-lasting awareness and understanding of key issues related to aging and geriatrics.
'A Kind of Aladdin Cave': Women, Space and Text in the Western Australian Novels of E. L. Grant Watson

This paper traces the impact of Watson's experiences in Western Australia on the development of his thought, by reference to his short story 'Out There', and his novels The Partners and The Nun and the Bandit , focussing on his representation of the desert and bush landscapes as 'opposites', the opposition between male and female, between female and 'feminine' and between the civilised and primitive self.
The False Claims Act and the Policing of Promotion Claims About Drugs: A Call for Increased Transparency

The intersection of the False Claims Act with the FDA rules restricting the promotion of off-label uses of approved drugs has generated a confusing blend of public and private enforcement, primarily through settlements that provide little hard law. Many question whether this multi-billion dollar enforcement regime achieves its public policy goals. This white paper comprehensively describes how a False Claims Act case evolves, especially with regard to the relationship between the U.S. Department of Justice and the multiple interested federal and state agencies. While the traditional off-label promotion case may be waning, the white paper predicts and analyzes the next frontier of off-label enforcement – the provision of pharmacoeconomics information to pharmacy benefit managers, payers, and provider organizations. The paper draws from a thorough review of the cases, literature and numerous interviews with players in all sectors of the enforcement space, and exhaustively canvasses the challenges for all parties in reaching appropriate policy solutions. It ultimately recommends transparency, both in what is (and is not) "promotion" and in enforcement. The latter recommendations address both government sharing of information with qui tam relators when it does not assume control of a case and disclosure of the government's rationale for the remedies it seeks in negotiating settlements.
Polarization charge distribution in gapped graphene : Perturbation theory and exact diagonalization analysis

We study the distribution of vacuum polarization charge induced by a Coulomb impurity in massive graphene. By analytically computing the polarization function, we show that the charge density is distributed in space in a non-trivial fashion, and on a characteristic length-scale set by the effective Compton wavelength. The density crosses over from a logarithmic behavior below this scale, to a power law variation above it. Our results in the continuum limit are confirmed by explicit diagonalization of the corresponding tight-binding model on a finite-size lattice. Electron-electron interaction effects are also discussed.
Ecos de Marx y Malthus : el camino rocoso desde el control de la población hacia los derechos reproductivos

En este estudio enlazo debates sobre la regulacion de la fertilidad humana y el control de la poblacion con las consideraciones sobre los derechos reproductivos de la mujer. Primero, una breve discusion de antiguas rivalidades entre Thomas Robert Malthus y Karl Marx introduce el caracter profundamente politico de las consideraciones sobre reproduccion humana. A continuacion me traslado al siglo XX y muestro que ahora reencontramos a Marx y a Malthus vestidos en ropa nueva por rivales politicos que aplicaron antiguas rivalidades a nuevos conflictos politicos. Me concentro en el periodo posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando los nuevos debates sobre poblacion y derechos reproductivos estaban acompanados por los nuevos paradigmas globales de los derechos humanos –y argumento que la practica de los derechos estaba comprometida por los enfrentamientos entre politicos de derecha e izquierda– presentados durante la Guerra Fria. Apoyandome en historias de medicos y planificadores poblacionales activos en Europa y las Americas, me concentro en el estudio del caso de la planificacion familiar y los derechos reproductivos en Chile para mostrar los efectos daninos que los enfrentamientos de la Guerra Fria –las dicotomias politicas de derecha e izquierda– tuvieron en las politicas de salud y de derechos reproductivos.
“To Be Said to Have Done It Is Everything”: The Theatrical Oscar Wilde and Possibilities for the (Re)Construction of Biography

(2009). “To Be Said to Have Done It Is Everything”: The Theatrical Oscar Wilde and Possibilities for the (Re)Construction of Biography. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 15-33.
MR of the Kidneys, Liver, and Spleen in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

The magnetic resonance (MR) findings in the liver, kidneys, and spleen in eight patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) were retrospectively reviewed to determine whether characteristic features could be demonstrated. Eight patients underwent abdominal MR examinations by gradient echo sequences (seven patients), spin-echo sequences (seven patients), and inversion recovery (one patient). Signal intensities of the kidneys, liver, and spleen were visually evaluated. Autopsy and liver biopsy correlation were available in one case each. Renal signal intensity was decreased in all eight patients by either gradient-echo or T2-weighted sequences and in the single inversion recovery sequence. Hepatic signal intensity was decreased in three of eight patients on spin- and gradient-echo images. Splenic signal intensity was decreased in three of eight patients on spin- and gradient-echo images, and in two of these was manifest as focal low signal spots (Gamna-Gandy bodies). While the signal intensity in the renal cortex is typically decreased in patients with PNH, signal intensities in the liver and spleen are variable. Low signal intensity in the kidneys is due to hemosiderin deposition resulting from intravascular hemolysis, whereas low signal intensity in the liver or spleen may be due to either transfusion siderosis, or as a consequence of hepatic or portal venous thrombosis.
Myofilament incorporation and contractile function after gene transfer of cardiac troponin I Ser43/45Ala

Abstract Phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I serines 43/45 (cTnISer43/45) by protein kinase C (PKC) is associated with cardiac dysfunction and yet there is disagreement about the role this cluster plays in modulating contractile performance. The present study evaluates the impact of phospho-null Ala substitutions at Ser43/45 (cTnISer43/45Ala) on contractile performance in intact myocytes. Viral-based gene transfer of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cTnISer43/45Ala resulted in time-dependent increases in expression, with 70–80% of endogenous cTnI replaced within 4 days. Western analysis of intact and permeabilized myocytes along with immunohistochemistry showed each exogenous cTnI was incorporated into the sarcomere of myocytes. In contractile function studies, there were no differences in shortening and re-lengthening for cTnI and cTnISer43/45Ala-expressing myocytes 2 days after gene transfer. However, more extensive replacement with cTnISer43/45Ala after 4 days diminished peak shortening amplitude and accelerated re-lengthening measured as the time to 50% re-lengthening (TTR50%). A decrease in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity of tension also was observed in permeabilized myocytes expressing cTnISer43/45Ala and is consistent with accelerated re-lengthening observed in intact myocytes under basal conditions. Phosphorylation of cTnI Ser23/24 and the Ca2+ transient were not changed in these myocytes. These results demonstrate extensive sarcomere expression of cTnISer43/45Ala directly modulates myofilament function under basal conditions. In further work, the accelerated re-lengthening observed in control or cTnI-expressing myocytes treated with the PKC agonist, endothelin-1 (ET, 10 nM) was slowed in myocytes expressing cTnISer43/45Ala. This outcome may indicate Ser43/45 is targeted for phosphorylation by ET-activated PKC and/or influences transduction of this agonist-activated response.
Alternative Approaches to the Governance of Transnational Labor Recruitment

As globalization advances, the governance challenges relating to cross-border labor recruitment have also grown. Transnational companies that manage the employment-based migration process often take advantage of individuals seeking work abroad. While some states have implemented recruitment regulations, a combination of jurisdictional constraints and economic interests have limited states' capacity and political will to take action. Supplemental strategies are emerging led by international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), labor unions, and corporate trade groups. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of strategies led by each of these different types of actors and explores potential synergies among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Triple-Tuning Small Antennas for Increased Bandwidth [Antenna Designer's Notebook]

A method for designing a lossless network to triple tune an electrically small antenna is presented. This approach is based jointly upon Wheeler's definition of the reflection coefficients at the edges of the band, and upon Fano's criterion defining the maximum possible bandwidth. Examples are given for a small top-loaded antenna operated at two center frequencies, 175.5 MHz and 300 MHz, with values of Q equal to 100 and 19, respectively.
Growth and orientation of naphthalene films on Ag(111)

The growth of naphthalene films on Ag(111) was studied by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The molecular orientation of naphthalene was also calculated using the surface infrared spectroscopy selection rule. Naphthalene adsorption at 210 K is limited to a monolayer. During dosing at 150 K, naphthalene forms a metastable second layer prior to multilayer formation. TPD results suggest that the metastable second layer desorbs at a temperature about 9 K lower than the multilayer and that the second layer rearranges to become part of the multilayer as the latter forms. RAIRS results indicate that naphthalene rings in the monolayer lie parallel to the surface, whereas in the metastable layer these rings are tilted away from the surface plane.
Evaluating Low-Cloud Simulation from an Upgraded Multiscale Modeling Framework Model. Part I: Sensitivity to Spatial Resolution and Climatology

AbstractThe multiscale modeling framework, which replaces traditional cloud parameterizations with a 2D cloud-resolving model (CRM) in each atmospheric column, is a promising approach to climate modeling. The CRM component contains an advanced third-order turbulence closure, helping it to better simulate low-level clouds. In this study, two simulations are performed with 1.9° × 2.5° grid spacing but they differ in the vertical resolution. The number of model layers below 700 hPa increases from 6 in one simulation (IP-6L) to 12 in another (IP-12L) to better resolve the boundary layer. The low-cloud horizontal distribution and vertical structures in IP-12L are more realistic and its global mean is higher than in IP-6L and closer to that of CloudSat/Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) observations. The spatial patterns of tropical precipitation are significantly improved; for example, a single intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the Pacific, instead of double ITC...
Indirectly driven, high convergence inertial confinement fusion implosions.

A series of high convergence indirectly driven implosions has been done with the Nova Laser Fusion facility. These implosions were well characterized by a variety of measurements; computer models are in good agreement. The imploded fuel areal density was measured using a technique based on secondary neutron spectroscopy. At capsule convergences of 24:1, comparable to what is required for the hot spot of ignition scale capsules, these capsules achieved fuel densities of 19 g/cm[sup 3]. Independent measurements of density, burn duration, and ion temperature gave [ital n][tau][theta]=1.7[plus minus]0.9[times]10[sup 14] keV s/cm[sup 3].
Exploring molecular complexity: conical intersections and NH3 photodissociation.

The role of conical intersections in the photodissociation of the A 1A2″ state of NH3 is investigated using extended atomic basis sets and a configuration state function expansion of approximately 8.5 million terms. A previously unknown portion of the 1 1A–2 1A seam of conical intersections with only Cs symmetry is located. This portion of the seam is readily accessible from the equilibrium geometry of the A 1A2″ state. These conical intersections are expected to play a role in the competition between adiabatic and nonadiabatic pathways for NH3(A 1A2″) photodissociation.
A general model for partitioning of gases between a metal and its plasma environment

When a metal or an alloy is exposed to a pure diatomic gas such as nitrogen, the concentration of the species in the material can be predicted from Sieverts law. However, such calculations cannot be used to understand processes in which the gas phase near the metal contains excited molecules, atoms, ions, and electrons, in addition to the diatomic gases. The presence of plasma leads to species concentrations in the metal that are much higher than the values predicted by the Sieverts law. At present, there is no unified theoretical model to understand the partition of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen between a metal and its plasma environment. In this work, a theoretical model has been developed to understand the enhanced solubility of gases in metals exposed to plasma environment. The model has been applied to explain several different sets of independent experimental results available in the literature. The analysis of the data shows that the enhanced solubilities can be explained on the basis of superequilibrium concentration of atomic species near the metal surface. Both the enhanced solubilities and the maximum species concentrations predicted by the model are in good agreement with the independent experimental data for various systems.
Grating-assisted operating-point tuning for fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors

A grating-assisted operating-point tuning system was designed to dynamically stabilize the operating-point of a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor to compensate for manufacturing errors and environment perturbation induced drifts. The system uses a diffraction grating and a feedback control, functioning as a tunable bandpass optical filter, and can be used as an effective demodulation subsystem in sensor systems based on optical interferometers using a broadband light source. This demodulation method features unlimited signal detection bandwidth, high tuning speed, large tunable range, increased interference fringe contrast, and a potential of absolute optical path difference measurement. Sensitivity improvements were demonstrated with a fiber Fabry-Perot acoustic wave sensor system.
Prevalence and Incidence of Cartilage Injuries and Meniscus Tears in Patients Who Underwent Both Primary and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions

Background:Previous studies have found differences in meniscus and cartilage injury rates between groups of patients after primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLRs). This study examined a cohort of individual patients who underwent primary and subsequent revision ACLR to determine the incidence of cartilage and meniscus disease.Purpose:To describe the prevalence and incidence of meniscus and articular cartilage injuries in patients who underwent primary and then subsequent revision ACLR as well as indicate differences in the management of these injuries.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Patients who underwent primary and then revision ACLR from February 2005 to September 2011 were identified using a community-based registry. Patient and procedure characteristics were obtained, and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the study sample.Results:There were 261 patients who underwent primary and then subsequent revision ACLR during the study period. Th...
Relationships between attrition and lingual tilting in human teeth.

Associations between occlusal dental attrition and the lingual tilting of human teeth were investigated in two aboriginal California populations. A literature survey suggests lingual tilting is related geographically and temporally to the helicoidal occlusal plane in humans; if true, lingual tilting should be expected throughout the Homo osteological record. Buccal alveolar abscesses, exposed pulp chambers, extent of tooth attrition, angle of lingual tilt, and amount of overjet were observed for lingually tilted teeth. These attributes were analyzed statistically, leading to a conclusion that lingual tilting is slight and infrequent unless tooth attrition is pronounced. It is suggested that lingual tilting is due in part to masticatory stress. A feedback model considers lingual tilting as one conspicuous manifestation of a more complex "severe attrition syndrome," the initial stimulus for which may derive from heavy occlusal tooth wear. Untested possibilities should be examined- e.g., age-related changes, the impact of the helicoidal occlusal plane, and the role of masticatory forces.
Continuity of Binge and Harmful Drinking From Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood

Objective. To test the hypothesis that late adolescent drinking behavior (ages 17–20) is associated with harmful and binge drinking in early adulthood (ages 30–31). Methods. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative longitudinal data set. We used harmful and binge drinking at ages 17 to 20 to predict harmful and binge drinking at ages 30 to 31, stratifying for gender and controlling for confounders. Results. Data were available on harmful drinking at both the adolescent and the early adult age period for 3790 individuals and on binge drinking for 2387 individuals. Harmful drinking during adolescence was significantly associated with harmful drinking at ages 30 to 31 for men only. Among male adolescents, 14% of harmful drinkers continued harmful drinking at ages 30 to 31, compared with 4% of nonharmful drinkers who became harmful drinkers. In Poisson regression models, binge drinking during adolescence was associated with binge drinking at ages 30 to 31 for both men and women, generating relative risks of 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.8–3.0) and 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 2.4–4.8), respectively. Half of binge-drinking male adolescents and one third of binge-drinking female adolescents engaged in binge drinking into early adulthood, compared with 19% for non–binge-drinking male adolescents and 8% of non–binge-drinking female adolescents. Conclusions. Problem drinking during adolescence is associated with problem drinking in early adulthood. Efforts to prevent and treat adolescent problem drinking could have an impact on the progression of alcohol-related disease.
Controlling PVY in Seed: What Works and What Does Not

Potato Virus Y (PVY) has again emerged as one of the primary pests of potatoes in North America. While difficult to manage, the PVY complex has taken on a whole new level of importance with the recent emergence of the PVYN and PVYN:O strains along with the PVYO strains. Additionally, several cultivars have been released and are widely grown which express symptoms to PVY in a latent manner and show increased transmission of the virus into seed stocks. Certification schemes have long been utilized to control virus diseases. Under the current situation, however, programs have been struggling to get a handle on this problem. Specific strategies to manage this disease include the use of strict disease tolerances, roguing of infected plants, production practices such as field and/or lot isolation, manipulation of planting and killing dates, timely insecticide applications and border cropping, as well as, cultivar resistance. Use of limited generation greenhouse material has demonstrated minimal effectiveness in keeping PVY infections low within 1 to 2 years of initial field growth. Roguing has not been effective in reducing the population of PVY infected plants in latent cultivars such as Russet Norkotah. Aphid control has been largely ineffective in stopping late season infections. Planting and killing date manipulation has demonstrated some effect in controlling spread as have isolation of seed lots from infected stocks and growth of resistant cultivars. Utilizing strict tolerances has not been effective in controlling spread of PVY, especially for re-certification, but has allowed growers to maintain reasonable levels of PVY in seed stocks utilized for commercial production.
A Failure to Prohibit: New York City's Underground Bob Veal Trade

During the Progressive Era, bob veal, the meat of calves slaughtered at younger than four weeks of age, was incorrectly believed to be poisonous, and its sale was prohibited in areas across the United States. Yet a thriving underground trade persisted. This article studies bob veal's prohibition in Progressive Era New York City to understand where the meat was coming from, how it reached diners' tables, and who was eating it. I argue that bob veal's consumers, many of whom were recent immigrants and the urban poor, recognized the meat was benign. In examining the prohibition's failure, this article studies the politics of regulation and policing. For the ban's advocates, the language and assumptions of the broader pure food and public health movements were simultaneously empowering and constraining, giving reformers a political language to build institutional support for the prohibition and helping journalists sell newspapers even as this language required effacing the complexity of the bob veal trade. From the perspective of bob veal's many producers, smugglers, and consumers, this article highlights how a diffuse social power—a politics on the ground—can trump formal authority.
Complications associated with arterial catheterization in children.

Objectives:To examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with arterial catheterization complications in a large pediatric patient population in an effort to generate hypotheses for future prospective study of arterial catheter placement.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Patients d
Incidence and predictors of severe acute esophagitis and subsequent esophageal stricture in patients treated with accelerated hyperfractionated chemoradiation for limited-stage small cell lung cancer

Abstract Purpose Clinical and dosimetric predictors of severe (grade 3 or greater) acute esophageal toxicity and subsequent esophageal dilation were explored in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer treated with accelerated hyperfractionated chemoradiation. Methods and materials A total of 130 patients were identified who were treated to 45 Gy in 1.5-Gy twice-daily fractions with concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy between 2000 and 2009. Data on clinical, disease-related, and treatment-related variables were collected. Patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion or intravenous hydration because of poor oral intake were designated as having acute grade 3 esophagitis. Univariate and multivariate analyses that associated treatment characteristics with esophagitis were assessed via logistic regression, and optimal cut points were identified with recursive partitioning analysis. Results Twenty-five patients developed severe acute esophagitis, at a rate of 26% (18/69) in patients treated with earlier 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy techniques and 11.5% (7/61) in patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy techniques and omission of elective nodal irradiation. The incidence of esophageal stricture was 6% overall (8 of 128 eligible) but 26% (6/23) among those who experienced prior grade 3 acute esophagitis and 2% (2/105) among those with acute esophagitis less than or equal to grade 2. Significant multivariate predictors of acute esophagitis were mean dose and volume of esophagus receiving at least 5% to 35% of the prescribed dose (V5 to V40). Patients with V5 ≥ 74% had a 44.4% risk of severe acute esophagitis (12/27) versus 12.6% (13/103) among those with V5 Conclusions Modern radiation techniques are associated with a lower frequency of severe acute esophagitis than previous paradigms. The proportion of esophagus receiving low- to moderate-range doses (mean, V5 through V40) predicts acute esophagitis, whereas the proportion of esophagus that receives high doses (V45) predicts the development of esophageal stricture that requires dilation. Patients who develop grade 3 acute esophagitis are at significant risk for subsequent esophageal stricture, whereas those with acute esophagitis of grade 2 or less display minimal risk.
On Simultaneous Measurement of Polarization and Orbital Angular Momentum of Light

We have theoretically devised and are experimentally implementing schemes for simultaneous measurement of polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light with the aim of understanding light carrying OAM emitted by rapidly rotating astrophysical objects.
‘Looking for the perfect beat’: the power of black student protest rhetorics for academic literacy and higher education

Drawing on three modes of inquiry—personal narrative, teacher research and historical work on black student protest in higher education—this article describes the writer's experience first as a college student and then as a teacher in a classroom where a student activist shaped the social consciousness of his peers. The politics of the student activist is set in the context of a historical continuum that goes back to the black student protests of the 1950s. A distinct set of black student protest rhetorics is used to locate deep‐rooted political critiques of higher education. These rhetorics are critical for re‐imagining vernacular and discursive possibilities in the academy and encompass very different notions of language and literacy from standard tropes of academic discourse as access.
Enhancing Early Childhood Teacher Growth and Development Through Professional Development School Partnerships

The field of early childhood education has traditionally struggled to be viewed as a profession. Recent public attention on the importance of the early years in creating a foundation for later learning success has led to a focus on improving education for young children. One aspect of educational reform and renewal—Professional Development Schools—can provide an avenue for early childhood educators to grow and develop as teachers, thus providing children with higher quality early childhood experiences. This article describes the growth and development of teachers in two early childhood centers after they became Professional Development School partners with a Midwest university. The “blossoming” of a sense of professionalism among the teachers is documented and described.
Adiabatic chaos in Josephson-junction arrays.

Josephson junction arrays made up of units with slightly different parameters are studied. When four or more such units are coupled, the system exhibits global adiabatic Hamiltonian chaos. The case of four units is studied in detail numerically as well as analytically.
Potential for recombinant immunoglobulin constructs in the management of carcinoma

Background. Numerous monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have been developed and currently are being evaluated in both diagnostic and therapeutic clinical trials, Despite the major advances fostered by MoAb technology, several limitations inherent to the use of MoAb exist. For example, MoAb may not have the desired plasma pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, and they may be immunogenic, thus reducing the possibility of numerous administrations
Flavor preferences conditioned in C57BL/6 mice by intragastric carbohydrate self-infusion

Abstract This study determined the feasibility of conditioning flavor preferences in mice by self-administered intragastric (IG) nutrient infusions. Male C57BL/6J mice were surgically fitted with an IG catheter that was attached by a tether system to an infusion pump. The mice were given ad-libitum access to chow and a flavored solution 23 h/day. Drinking was monitored with a computerized lickometer system that controlled the infusion pumps. In Experiment 1, drinking one flavored solution (CS+, e.g., grape–saccharin) was paired with matched infusions of 8% maltodextrin, whereas drinking another solution (CS−, e.g., cherry–saccharin) was matched with water infusions across 6 one-bottle training days. During training, the mice drank more CS+ than CS−; this was due to an increase in bout size but not bout frequency. In subsequent two-bottle choice tests, the mice strongly preferred (91%) the CS+ to the CS−. Experiment 2 obtained a significant but less robust (71%) CS+ preference in mice trained with unsweetened CS solutions. These data indicate that mice, like rats, acquire an increased acceptance and preference for flavors paired with the postingestive actions of nutrients. Our understanding of flavor-nutrient learning can be advanced by studying this process in selected mouse strains and genetically modified animals.
The sequence of the chloroplast atpB gene and its flanking regions in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Abstract The chloroplast (cp)-encoded CF 1 ATPase β-subunit gene ( atpB ) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its flanking regions have been sequenced. The derived amino acid (aa) sequence is highly homologous to that of the β-subunit gene in Escherichia coli , bovine heart mitochondria, and higher plant cp. In contrast to all other cp genomes, the CF 1 e subunit gene ( atpE ) does not lie at the 3' end of the atpB gene but maps to a position 92 kb away in the other single-copy region. Northern blots confirm that the β subunit is not encoded as part of a dicistronic message as it is in higher plants. The region just upstream from the atpB gene in C. reinhardtii contains two small open reading frames (ORFs) and not the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase as is found in cp genomes of higher plants. No transcripts for either ORF were detected, but the codon usage in these ORFs as well as in the atpB gene follows the unique pattern of codon usage previously seen in other cp genes in C. reinhardtii .