cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additive estrogenic activities of a binary mixture of 2',4',6'-trichloro- and 2',3',4',5'-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol.

The estrogenic activity of 2',4',6'-trichloro-4-biphenylol (HO-PCB3), 2',3',4',5'-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol (HO-PCB4), and an equimolar mixture of both compounds (HO-PCB3/HO-PCB4) was investigated in the 21-day-old B6C3F1 mouse uterus, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, HepG2 cells, and in a yeast-based reporter gene assay. Treatment of the animals with 17beta-estradiol (E2) (0.02 microg/kg/day x3) resulted in increased uterine wet weight, peroxidase activity and progesterone receptor binding. Treatment with 18, 73, 183 or 366 micromol/kg (x3) doses of HO-PCB3, HO-PCB4, or HO-PCB3/HO-PCB4 (equimolar) caused a dose-dependent increase in estrogenic activity; a maximal-induced response was not observed at any dose and the activity of the mixture was additive. Binding of E2, HO-PCB3, HO-PCB4, and HO-PCB3/HO-PCB4 to the mouse uterine estrogen receptor (ER) was determined in a competitive binding assay using [3H]E2 as the radioligand. The IC50 values were 1.1 x 10(-8), 3.4 x 10(-6), 9.9 x 10(-7), and 4.25 x 10(-6) m, respectively. HO-PCB3 and HO-PCB4 maximally induced MCF-7 cell proliferation, rat creatine kinase, and human complement C3 (C3-LUC) reporter gene activity at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-6) m, and these compounds were 10(3) to 10(4) less potent than E2. The HO-PCB3/HO-PCB4 mixture was active at the high concentration (10(-5) m) and was additive for these responses. HO-PCB3 and HO-PCB4 also exhibited estrogenic activity in human HepG2 cells cotransfected with C3-LUC and an ER expression plasmid, and the estrogenic activity of the HO-PCB mixture was additive. Similar results were obtained in yeast transformed with the human ER and a double estrogen responsive element upstream of the beta-gal reporter gene. The effects of variable ER expression on the potential synergistic interactions of HO-PCB3/HO-PCB4 were investigated in HepG2 cells cotransfected with C3-LUC (405 ng/well) and variable amounts of ER expression plasmid (270, 27, 2.7, or 0.27 ng/well). The results show that as ER levels decreased, the magnitude of the induction response by E2, HO-PCB3, HO-PCB4, and HO-PCB3/HO-PCB4 also decreased. However, the activities of the HO-PCB mixture were additive at high and low levels of ER. Similar results were obtained in MDA-MB-231 cells cotransfected with C3-LUC and variable amounts of ER expression plasmid. The results of this study demonstrate that for several estrogen-responsive assays in the mouse uterus; MCF-7, HepG2, and MDA-MBA-231 human cancer cells; and a yeast based-reporter gene assay, both HO-PCB3 and HO-PCB4 exhibited estrogenic activity. The estrogenic activity of an equimolar mixture of these compounds was additive at high and low levels of ER expression.
An explicit *-product on the cotangent bundle of a Lie group

We give explicit formulas for a *-product on the cotangent bundle T*G of a Lie group G; these formulas involve on the one hand the multiplicative structure of the universal enveloping algebra U(G) of the Lie algebra G of G and on the other hand bidifferential operators analogous to the ones used by Moyal to define a *-product on IR2n.
Spreading speed and travelling wave solutions of a partially sedentary population

In this paper, we extend the population genetics model of Weinberger (1978, Asymptotic behavior of a model in population genetics. Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations and Applications (J. Chadam ed.). Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 648. New York: Springer, pp. 47-98.) to the case where a fraction of the population does not migrate after the selection process. Mathematically, we study the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to the recursion u n+1 = Q g [u n ], where Qg[u](x) = (1 - g) ∫ Rd K(x - y) f(u(y))dy + gf(u(x)), 0 < g ≤ 1. In the above definition of Qg, K is a probability density function and f behaves qualitatively like the Beverton-Holt function. Under some appropriate conditions on K and f, we show that for each unit vector ξ, ∈ R d , there exists a c*g(ξ) which has an explicit formula and is the spreading speed of Qg in the direction ξ. We also show that for each c ≥ c*g(ξ). there exists a travelling wave solution in the direction ξ which is continuous if gf'(0) ≤ 1.
Meningeal arteries in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): implications for vascular evolution in anthropoids.

The branching patterns of meningeal arteries are reported for 200 endocast hemispheres representing rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of known cranial capacity. We detect five basic patterns for the branching of the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery and its relationship with the anterior meningeal artery. These results confirm and elaborate trends published for much smaller samples that were based on direct dissections of rhesus monkey arterial patterns. The most common pattern is that in which the anterior meningeal artery dominates the blood supply above the rostral part of the middle cranial fossa. Analysis of cranial capacities reveals that presence of this pattern on both sides of endocasts is associated with increased cranial capacity. When studied in light of published reports of anatomical dissections of cranial arteries in apes and human embryological data, the anterior meningeal artery in rhesus monkeys appears to be a possible homologue of the lacrimal meningeal artery in apes and the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery in humans. This finding provides a step towards understanding cranial vasculature homologies that may be useful for accurately scoring the branching patterns of the meningeal arteries in monkeys, apes, and humans. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The continuing evolution of Lean Six Sigma

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify upcoming challenges related to the implementation of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) principles and techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on the changes needed to ensure that LSS continues to support an organization's competitiveness.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology begins with a review of the projections of business experts as they relate to the practice of LSS. Then, the ASQ Six Sigma Body of Knowledge forms the basis of a reconciliation of these changes and the methods currently employed by LSS practitioners. Finally, four main modifications to standard LSS are proposed.Findings – In total, four implications to LSS practice are defined (rigorous value definition, vigorous accounting for risk, global workforce considerations, and international regulatory concerns); specifics are offered that explain how LSS practitioners need to respond. A construct is presented illustrating how the complexity of a LSS project will be affected by the four implicat...
A study of the relationship between temperament of thoroughbred broodmares and performance of offspring.

(1952). A Study of the Relationship between Temperament of Thoroughbred Broodmares and Performance of Offspring. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 273-288.
Plasma vasopressin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass with and without profound haemodilution.

In cardiopulmonary bypass the effect on plasma vasopressin levels of the addition of whole blood to the pump priming solution was measured. Six patients (Group I) had blood added to the lactated Ringer’ solution for the prime, and six patients (Group II) had only lactated Ringer’ solution. Neither group had significant changes in plasma vasopressin levels until surgical stimulation occurred. Comparable significant elevations occurred during bypass in both groups. Greater decreases in haematocrit and urinary K+ and greater increases in urinary Na+ occurred in Group II. The degree of haemodilution does not appear to effect plasma vasopressin levels but may alter the degree of electrolyte shift.
Lazy evaluation of transactions in database systems

Existing database systems employ an \textit{eager} transaction processing scheme---that is, upon receiving a transaction request, the system executes all the operations entailed in running the transaction (which typically includes reading database records, executing user-specified transaction logic, and logging updates and writes) before reporting to the client that the transaction has completed. We introduce a \textit{lazy} transaction execution engine, in which a transaction may be considered durably completed after only partial execution, while the bulk of its operations (notably all reads from the database and all execution of transaction logic) may be deferred until an arbitrary future time, such as when a user attempts to read some element of the transaction's write-set---all without modifying the semantics of the transaction or sacrificing ACID guarantees. Lazy transactions are processed deterministically, so that the final state of the database is guaranteed to be equivalent to what the state would have been had all transactions been executed eagerly. Our prototype of a lazy transaction execution engine improves temporal locality when executing related transactions, reduces peak provisioning requirements by deferring more non-urgent work until off-peak load times, and reduces contention footprint of concurrent transactions. However, we find that certain queries suffer increased latency, and therefore lazy database systems may not be appropriate for read-latency sensitive applications. We introduce a lazy transaction execution engine, in which a transaction may be considered durably completed after only partial execution, while the bulk of its operations (notably all reads from the database and all execution of transaction logic) may be deferred until an arbitrary future time, such as when a user attempts to read some element of the transaction's write-set---all without modifying the semantics of the transaction or sacrificing ACID guarantees. Lazy transactions are processed deterministically, so that the final state of the database is guaranteed to be equivalent to what the state would have been had all transactions been executed eagerly. Our prototype of a lazy transaction execution engine improves temporal locality when executing related transactions, reduces peak provisioning requirements by deferring more non-urgent work until off-peak load times, and reduces contention footprint of concurrent transactions. However, we find that certain queries suffer increased latency, and therefore lazy database systems may not be appropriate for read-latency sensitive applications.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase‐I by the anti‐cancer drug cis‐diaminedichloroplatinum(II): what roles do polymerases play in cis‐platin‐induced cytotoxicity?

Activities of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase-I were examined in the presence of the anti-tumor drug cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) and its inactive geometric isomer trans-diaminedichloroplatinum(II). The trans-isomer did not inhibit the enzyme activity. The anti-tumor drug, on the other hand, retarded the enzyme in its ability to extend the primer strand of DNA. Two alternative mechanisms of inhibition, covalent binding of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) to the polymerase and to the template DNA, were explored. Selective preincubations of the platinum drug with the polymerase and DNA reveal that the inhibition is primarily due to covalent binding to the enzyme. The rates of inhibition were found to be first order in enzyme and zeroth order in platinum in the concentration range 0.05-3.0 mM. A mechanism that deals with the formation of an initial platinum-polymerase-I complex with a binding constant > 10(5) M(-1) followed by a further reaction to form an inhibitory complex is consistent with the kinetic data. The rate limiting first order rate constant for the formation of the inhibitory complex is comparable to that observed for the thiol coordination of peptides containing cysteine residues. Analyses of known structures and functions of catalytic domains of various polymerases point to the direction that the inhibition is perhaps due to the distortion of the DNA binding domain of the enzyme due to platinum coordination.
Massive lower GI hemorrhage in hemoductal pancreatitis.

A patient presenting with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding had angiographic demonstration of direct communication between the splenic artery and a dilated pancreatic duct caused by chronic pancreatitis. Previous reports in the literature of similar cases of hemoductal pancreatitis describe hemorrhage from splenic artery pseudoaneurysms.
Terahertz reconfigurable devices using graphene

This paper reviews the first demonstrations of broadband graphene terahertz modulators as well as recent progress on reconfigurable terahertz devices using graphene. Although atom-thick, single layer graphene is capable of efficiently tuning terahertz absorption meanwhile introducing negligible insertion loss. Recent developments in terms of transmission-mode and reflection-mode electro-absorption modulators are reviewed. Moreover, an application of these devices is presented and discussed: arrays of graphene electro-absorption modulators as electrically reconfigurable patterns for terahertz cameras.
Enhancement of LCEC Response by Use of Rectrochemically Pretreated Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Abstract A simple electrochemical pretreatment procedure has been shown to increase the selectivity of LCEC detection by lowering the required operating potential compared to that needed at conventional untreated glassy carbon. The effect of a conditioning procedure consisting of sequential application of brief positive and negative potentials to a polished glassy carbon surface was examined for a group of model LCEC analytes including p-hydroquinone, dopamine, dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), ascorbic acid, and hydrazine. The lowering of the potential required for detection of these species was greatest for the irreversibly oxidized systems which exhibit the largest overvoltage at untreated glassy carbon–natnely, NADH, ascorbic acid, and hydrazine. For these species at pretreated electrodes, comparable detector response was achieved using potentials 0.2 to 0.5 V less than that otherwise needed for optimum response. The improved performance of the electrochemically pretreated electrodes wa...
Mesenchymal stem cells are capable of homing to the bone marrow of non-human primates following systemic infusion

Abstract Objective The human bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells capable of differentiating along multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Using a non-human primate model, we sought to determine whether the systemic infusion of baboon-derived mesenchymal stem cells was associated with toxicity and whether these cells were capable of homing to and persisting within the bone marrow. Materials and Methods Five baboons ( Papio anubis ) were administered lethal irradiation followed by intravenous autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells combined with either autologous (n = 3) or allogeneic (n = 2) mesenchymal stem cells that had been expanded in culture. In four of these baboons, the mesenchymal stem cells were genetically modified with a retroviral vector encoding either the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (n = 3) or the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene (n = 1) for tracking purposes. A sixth animal received only intravenous gene marked autologous mesenchymal stem cells but no hematopoietic stem cells or conditioning irradiation. Results Following culture, baboon mesenchymal stem cells appeared morphologically as a homogeneous population of spindle-shaped cells that were identified by the monoclonal antibodies SH-3 and SH-4. These cells did not express the hematopoietic markers CD34 or CD45. Baboon mesenchymal stem cells isolated from primary culture were capable of differentiating along both adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. There was no acute or chronic toxicity associated with the intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells. In all five recipients of gene marked mesenchymal stem cells, transgene was detected in post-transplant bone marrow biopsies. In two animals receiving autologous mesenchymal stem cells, including the one non-conditioned recipient, transgene could be detected over 1 year following infusion. In one recipient of allogeneic gene marked mesenchymal stem cells, transgene was detected in the bone marrow at 76 days following infusion. Conclusion These data demonstrate that baboon mesenchymal stem cells: 1) are not associated with significant toxicity when administered intravenously, 2) are capable of homing to the bone marrow following intravenous infusion, and 3) have the capacity to establish residence within the bone marrow for an extended duration following systemic administration.
Advance directives: Do they work?

Abstract Advance directives have been widely endorsed, and empiric work has taken place that can aid clinicians in the appropriate use of validated documents. This report reviews philosophic and methodologic issues and offers practical illustrations. Despite the evidence that advance directives can work, there are serious barriers to their actual use. Therfore, these barriers are evaluated and potential solutions suggested.
Mobile robotic surveying performance for planetary surface site characterization

Robotic systems will perform mobile surveys for scientific and engineering purposes as part of future missions on lunar and planetary surfaces. With site characterization as a task objective various system configurations and surveying techniques are possible. This paper describes several examples of mobile surveying approaches using local and remote sensing configurations. A geometric measure of are a coverage performance is applied to each and relative performance in surveying a common area is characterized by expected performance trends. Performance metrics that solely express geometric aspects of the task are limited in utility as decision aids to mission operators. As such, the importance of enriching such metrics by incorporating additional attributes germane to surveying on planetary surfaces is highlighted.
Neural Regenerative Strategies Incorporating Biomolecular Axon Guidance Signals

There are currently no acceptable cures for central nervous system injuries, and damage induced large gaps in the peripheral nervous system have been challenging to bridge to restore neural functionality. Innervation by neurons is made possible by the growth cone. This dynamic structure is unique to neurons, and can directly sense physical and chemical activity in its environment, utilizing these cues to propel axons to precisely reach their targets. Guidance can occur through chemoattractive factors such as neurotrophins and netrins, chemorepulsive agents like semaphorins and slits, or contact-mediated molecules such as ephrins and those located in the extracellular matrix. The understanding of biomolecular activity during nervous system development and injury has generated new techniques and tactics for improving and restoring function to the nervous system after injury. This review will focus on the major neuronal guidance molecules and their utility in current tissue engineering and neural regenerative strategies.
Hsp90 inhibitors as novel cancer chemotherapeutic agents

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone whose association is required for the stability and function of multiple mutated, chimeric and over-expressed signaling proteins that promote the growth and/or survival of cancer cells. Hsp90 client proteins include mutated p53, Bcr-Abl, Raf-1, Akt, ErbB2 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Hsp90 inhibitors, by interacting specifically with a single molecular target, cause the destabilization and eventual degradation of Hsp90 client proteins, and they have shown promising antitumor activity in preclinical model systems. One Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-allylaminogeldanamycin (17AAG), is currently in phase I clinical trial. Because of the chemoprotective activity of several proteins that are Hsp90 clients, the combination of an Hsp90 inhibitor with a standard chemotherapeutic agent could dramatically increase the in vivo efficacy of the therapeutic agent.
A Note on Henry Timberlake's Route from Gaza to Beersheba to Hebron in 1601

Abstract The proper identification of the town that Christian travellers described as biblical Beersheba during the Crusader, Medieval, and Early Modern periods is key to understanding many pilgrim accounts, and none more so than that of Henry Timberlake. During these periods Christian pilgrim viewed Bayt Jibrīn as biblical Beersheba, not Bi'r al-Sab' as most scholars do today. Once this identification is clear it is possible to trace the likely route Timberlake followed from Gaza to Bayt Jibrīn and on to the Hebron area. Timberlake's caravan had the choice of two roads as they left Bayt Jibrīn and, in part because of the social conditions of 1601, I argue the caravan took the more northerly road to reach the Hebron area as opposed to the better known and southerly Roman Road.
Domino-CMOS barrel switch for 32-bit VLSI processors

A description is given of a full-fledged CMOS 32-bit barrel switch and its physical design. With an extensive use of domino-CMOS circuits with undecoded control signals, a high-speed, area-efficient barrel switch was designed to shift or rotate 32-bit data to the left or right by any number of bit positions between 0 and 31. Operating principles, timing requirements, gate matrix layout, and simulation and test results are discussed.
CALCIFICATION BY COCCOLITHOPHORIDS: EFFECTS OF pH AND Sr1

Cells of Coccolithus huxleyi which fail to deposit CaCO3 and form coccoliths often occur as unwanted components in cultures used for studies of calcification. Non-calcified cells generally cannot be made to recalcify, but they can be removed from cultures by treatment at elevated pH or by a method based on faster sinking of calcified cells. Lowering the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, or trace metals in the medium did not restore calcifying ability of non-calcified cells. However, addition of strontium did promote recalcification of decalcified Cricosphaera carterae grown under calcium limitation. Strontium seemed to promote coccolith attachment to cells rather than to affect calcium uptake or coccolith formation itself.
Fashion Design Industry Impressions of Current Sustainable Practices

AbstractSustainable practices in clothing have not, thus far, created a significant impact and instead continue to be largely marginalized within the fashion industry. The fashion industry continues to work in an inefficient manner that creates massive waste, exploits workers, and makes it increasingly difficult to make a substantial profit. There is wide disagreement among design environmentalists where energies must be focused to solve these problems. Many believe that consumers are primary instigators in change. Consumers do not understand any of the logistical or practical considerations of clothing design. Designers are, however, responsible for as much as 80 percent of any product that is introduced and have the ability to influence how fabric is sourced and how clothing is produced, cared for, and then discarded. This article explores professional fashion designers’ understanding and awareness of the current best practices in sustainable design. Thirty-five design professionals were surveyed about ...
Gold Nanoparticles Propulsion from Surface Fueled by Absorption of Femtosecond Laser Pulse at Their Surface Plasmon Resonance

Femtosecond laser irradiation of assembled nanoprisms on a quartz substrate at their strong absorbing surface plasmon resonance frequency causes their propulsion from the substrate. SEM and AFM show that the particles fly while keeping their prismatic shape, but they decrease in size by an amount that can be calculated assuming atomic sublimation. Several mechanisms are mentioned, but the sublimation mechanism, which rapidly builds up pressure under the particle and propels it away from substrate, is discussed in detail. From the kinetic energy given to the flying nanoparticle, an initial velocity of approximately 160 m/s ( approximately 360 miles/h) is calculated. The dependence of the observed flying mechanism on the rate of energy deposition (i.e., with nanosecond vs femtosecond laser pulses) is discussed.
Space diversity performance prediction for earth-satellite paths using radar modeling techniques

Space diversity performance is examined on the basis of radar modeling techniques. Radar-derived joint probability distributions are calculated for determining path attenuation and statistical formulation. The computational aspects of the model are discussed in terms of the data base, determining path length and converting statistics to other path angles. The results are presented in terms of prediction accuracy, predicted joint probability distributions, diversity gain, and the autocorrection function. When compared to other models, this model's rain-derived relative diversity gain shows good agreement.
Distribution of enzymes of purine metabolism in lymphocytes of horse, Equus caballus.

Abstract 1. 1. A microassay requiring as few as 2 × 10 5 cells per assay was developed for systematic analysis of 9 purine enzymes in lymphocytes from equine peripheral blood, spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow. 2. 2. The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), adenosine kinase (AK), deoxyadenosine kinase (dAK), deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), 5′-nucleotidase (5′-N), AMP deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) were measured by this microassay in lymphocytes from peripheral blood from four different breeds of horses (Arabian, Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred and Shetland Pony). There were no significant differences in the enzyme activities among the various breeds. 3. 3. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from foals exhibited enzyme activities similar to those observed for adult animals. 4. 4. All lymphoid tissue contained similar levels of activity for each kinase (AK, dAK and dCK). 5. 5. Spleen had the highest activity for ADA, PNP, 5′-N, and HGPRT. 6. 6. The lowest activity for ADA, APRT, PNP and AMP deaminase was found in thymus. 7. 7. Enzymatic activities that varied the most among the tissue were 5′-N, ADA, APRT, HGPRT and AMP deaminase.
''Don't Know'' Means ''Don't Know'': DK Responses and the Public's Level of Political Knowledge

Does the public know much more about politics than conventionally thought? A number of studies have recently argued, on various grounds, that the “don’t know” (DK) and incorrect responses to traditionally designed and scored survey knowledge items conceal a good deal of knowledge. This paper examines these claims, focusing on the prominent and influential argument that discouraging DKs would reveal a substantially more knowledgeable public. Using two experimental surveys with national random samples, we show that discouraging DKs does little to affect our picture of how much the public knows about politics. For closed-ended items, the increase in correct responses is large but mainly illusory. For open-ended items, it is genuine but minor. We close by examining the other recent evidence for a substantially more knowledgeable public, showing that it too holds little water.
Light induced stress rate effects in azobenzene liquid crystal polymer networks

Liquid crystal polymer networks exhibit a large number of field-coupled mechanical characteristics including light induced deformation, flexoelectricity, thermal shape memory, electrostriction, and chemically induced deformation. Light induced deformation has received considerable attention recently due to its unique functionality for morphing structure applications since light can be considered clean energy and electrodes and wiring are not needed for actuation. Azobenzene liquid crystals that are synthesized within a glassy liquid crystal network (LCN) in a main chain configuration are considered here under time-dependent deformation from light stimuli. A photomechanical constitutive model, coupled with viscoelasticity of the host polymer network, is developed and compared with light induced blocked stress measurements using a blue light emitting diode (LED). It is shown that the rate of change of stress in the main chain azobenzene liquid crystal is strongly dependent on the rate of change of the liquid crystal microstructure. Additional comparisons to side chain azobenzene LCNs is modeled and compared with data in the literature which illustrates the importance of viscoelastic creep of the polymer network.
Information-Centric Networking Architecture and Its Impacts

Information-centric networking (ICN) has been proposed as one of the future Internet architectures, which retrieves content by name, not by IP address. This new networking paradigm and its potential impacts on optical networks are discussed.
Nickel iron ferrite crystals using arc image furnace techniques

Abstract The results of a crystal growth study made on the spinel ferrites using the somewhat unique characteristics of an arc image furnace are reported. The particular compositions chosen for discussion are in the range of solid solutions between magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ); i.e., Ni 1- x 2+ Fe x 2+ Fe 2 3+ O 4 , 0 ≤ x − 1. A crucible free technique of growth from the molten oxides was employed in which the partial pressure of oxygen ( P O2 ) could be varied to help accommodate the phase equilibria requirements for a particular composition. A number of crystal growth experiments in the stated compositional range were carried out and chemical, X-ray, electron probe, and metallographic analysis were employed to characterize the results. Approximate values of the equilibrium partial pressures at liquidus temperatures for a range of the stated compositions were determined.
Primordial nucleosynthesis and Dirac's large numbers hypothesis

Consideration is given to the analysis of Falik (1979) which attempted to show that the cosmological model proposed by Canuto and Hsieh (1978) in which the gravitational constant varies with time contradicts observations of primordial helium. It is shown that the analysis was based on the assumptions that (1) the energy density of radiation in local thermodynamic equilibrium is approximately equal to the fourth power of the equilibrium temperature, where the product of the equilibrium temperature with the scale factor of the Robertson-Walker metric is constant, and (2) the gravitational constant is approximately equal to the inverse of the time even at early cosmological epochs. These assumptions are demonstrated to be invalid in the scale covariant theory of gravitation used to develop the model, thus negating the conclusion that the Canuto and Hsieh model excludes the primordial synthesis of helium.
Terahertz spectroscopy of water in its second triad

Abstract Terahertz absorption spectroscopy was employed to measure rotational transitions of water in its second triad 3 ν 2 , ν 1 + ν 2 and ν 3 + ν 2 . Highly excited water molecules were created with a DC discharge, which allowed observation of transitions with lower state energies up to 5939 cm−1. In the 0.5–2.0 THz region, 38 pure rotational transitions in the second triad were observed with MW accuracy for the first time. Additionally, 91 new rotational and ro-vibrational transitions within the ground state, ν 2 , and the first triad ( 2 ν 2 , ν 1 and ν 3 ) were measured with multiplier chains covering the 1.3–2.0 THz region.
Relative set theory: Strong stability

GRIST is an axiomatic framework for nonstandard set theory with many "levels of standardness." The paper establishes a number of general consequences of GRIST, in particular, a very strong form of Transfer principle. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification 26E35 (primary); 03E70, 03H05 (sec- ondary) This is the last in a series of three articles devoted to GRIST, an axiomatic presentation of nonstandard analysis with many "levels of standardness." The two previous papers, (4) and (5), will be referred to as RST and RST2, respectively. It is shown in RST that GRIST is complete over ZFC: If an extension of GRIST proves a theorem that is not provable in GRIST, then it proves a theorem in the language of ZFC that is not provable in ZFC (see Proposition 6.5). In other words, no additional principles can be added to GRIST while keeping it conservative over ZFC. Yet in mathematical applications it is sometimes awkward to argue directly from the axioms of GRIST. It is convenient to have at one's disposal other principles, provable in GRIST, but tailor-made for certain kinds of applications. A number of such consequences of GRIST is derived in RST, Section 12; see also RST2, Proposition 1.10. For applications of relative set theory see RST2 and (3, 6, 10). This paper focuses on deducing some further useful principles in GRIST. Foremost among them is Strong Stability, perhaps the ultimate generalization of Transfer. Sec- tion 1 begins with a formulation of Strong Stability. Strong Stability is then used to prove that levels represented by elements of a given set are precisely those from a finite union of singletons and closed intervals (in the ordering of levels by inclusion). Section 2 contains the proof of Strong Stability in GRIST. It relies heavily on the development of GRIST in RST. Counterexamples to some "natural" strengthenings of Strong Stability are also constructed there. Section 3 deals with some variants of Idealization and Choice that are provable in GRIST. It also presents a generalization of Robinson's Lemma due to Andreev.
Mass Communication Research at the Crossroads: Definitional Issues and Theoretical Directions for Mass and Political Communication Scholarship in an Age of Online Media

More than a dozen years ago, in a highly regarded article in this journal, Chaffee and Metzger (2001) theorized about the nature of mass communication in the digital age. The present article, building on issues raised by Chaffee and Metzger, explores the nature of mass communication in a social media era and demarcates overlapping terms, notably mass communication and mediated communication. Arguing that theory plays a key role in advancing mass communication research at a technological crossroads, the article discusses ways that three major mass communication theoretical perspectives—cultivation, agenda-setting, and uses and gratifications—can specifically be adapted to illuminate media processes and effects in the contemporary age.
Sociodemographic factors and age-related macular degeneration in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.

Purpose To assess the association of various sociodemographic factors and early and advanced (geographic atrophy, exudative) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Latinos. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study Methods The study population included Latinos (primarily Mexican-American) aged 40 years and older living in La Puente, California. Sociodemographic factors, obtained from an interviewer-administered questionnaire, included age, sex, Native American ancestry, acculturation, country of birth, employment, income, marital status, health insurance, and education level. All participants underwent complete ophthalmic examination. AMD was diagnosed from stereoscopic macular photographs. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations between sociodemographic factors and AMD. Results Gradable retinal photographs from 5875 participants were included. Mean participant age was 54.9 years, 42% were male, and 5% had Native American ancestry. Stepwise logistic regression analyses indicated that age, sex, and being born in the United States were associated with early AMD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 1.8, and 0.80, respectively). Native American ancestry was the associated with any advanced AMD and geographic atrophy (OR = 3.8 and 16.4, respectively). Family history of AMD was also associated with geographic atrophy (OR = 28.1). Acculturation was not associated with AMD. Conclusion Independent risk indicators for the various types of AMD include older age, male sex, being born outside of the United States, Native American ancestry, and a family history of AMD. These risk factors were independent of other possible behavioral factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption.
Intergenerational justice and the social discount rate

This paper applies the Harsanyi social welfare function to the problem of determining the social discount rate. It thus views the social discount question as one of justice between generations under conditions of individual uncertainty over position, rather than as one generation's paternalism or altruism for the next generation. Whether there is an accumulation of capital for future generations is shown to depend on the form of the individual (or collective) utility function. More importantly, the approach lends some insight into the kind of institutional structure which should be used to determine the social discount rate.
Dialkylbis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido]hafnium(iv); unsymmetrical dialkyl and alkyloxide derivatives

Abstract The unsymmetrical dialkylbis[bis(trimethylsily)amido]hafnium compounds of the type RR′Hf[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 where R is Me 3 CCH 2 or Me 3 SiCH 2 and R′ is Me or Et have been prepared. The alkyl-alkoxo compounds where R is Me 3 SiO and R′ is Me or Et are also described.
Time-course analysis and comparison of acute and chronic intrastriatal quinolinic acid administration on forelimb reaching deficits in the rat.

Rats were trained to use a single forelimb for a food pellet retrieval task. During baseline testing all rats exhibited >90% use of a preferred limb for the task. Following baseline, rats were subjected to chronic administration (18 day) or acute injection of quinolinic acid (QUIN) or vehicle to the striatum contralateral to the preferred limb. Rats were tested 48 h after insertion of chronic delivery probes or after acute injection and retested every 48 h over an 18-day period. Compared to vehicle, rats receiving chronic QUIN (7.6 nmol/h) exhibited an increase in the number of reach attempts required to meet task criteria. Chronic QUIN did not produce a significant change in latency to initiate the task or an increase in latency to complete the task. No rats exposed to chronic QUIN exhibited a switch in limb preference for the task. Unlike animals exposed to chronic QUIN, a significant number of animals receiving acute QUIN injections switched to exclusive use of the ipsilateral (nonpreferred) limb for the task. Quantitative histological analysis revealed no significant difference in lesion volume between acute and chronic lesion animals. These findings suggest that behavioral manifestations of histopathologically similar lesions may be vastly different depending on the methods used to produce these lesions. More specifically, the acute injection model resulted primarily in forelimb disuse, whereas the chronic model resulted in continued abnormal use of the affected limb. Understanding adaptive strategies used in these models may be particularly important when testing newly developed transgenic models of neurodegenerative diseases and the therapeutic potential of newly developed neuroprotectants.
Teacher Community in Urban Elementary Schools: The Role of Leadership and Bureaucratic Accountability

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of principal leadership and accountability policies on teachers� sense of community. This study is situated within the research and policy/practice discourse over the importance of schools developing a professional community of teachers who share common values, cooperate in support of these values, and a have sense of mutual accountability as a means of improving student achievement. However, to date, few studies have examined the effect of leadership practices and accountability policies on teacher communities, and these studies do not conceptualize and measure teacher community in line with theories of community. Additionally, there is a pervasive and mostly untested belief by advocates of teacher professionalization that top-down management, standards, and accountability policies are antithetical to teacher communities. Data for this study come from the National Center for Education Statistics� (NCES) Schools and Staffing Survey (1999-2000). A two-level multilevel regression analysis was used with a public school urban elementary (K-5) subset of the SASS data. Principal leadership has a very strong positive effect on teacher community�the strongest effect of any policy-amenable variable. Significant principal actions include: recognizing teacher effort and communicating expectations; and a principal�s direct efforts to build community among teachers. The effect of teacher classroom control and policy influence is significant, but reduced by measures of principal leadership. Teachers� use of standards is associated with a sense of community, but a somewhat limited measure of school performance-based accountability has no association.
Detoxification of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol in the cecal mucosa

Colonic bacteria liberate large quantities of the highly toxic gases hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and methanethiol (CH(3)SH). The colonic mucosa presumably has an efficient means of detoxifying these compounds, which is thought to occur through methylation of H(2)S to CH(3)SH and CH(3)SH to dimethylsulfide (CH(3)SCH(3)). We investigated this detoxification pathway by incubating rat cecal mucosal homogenates with gas containing H(2)S, CH(3)SH, or CH(3)SCH(3). Neither CH(3)SH nor CH(3)SCH(3) was produced during H(2)S catabolism, whereas catabolism of CH(3)SH liberated H(2)S but not CH(3)SCH(3). Thus, H(2)S and CH(3)SH are not detoxified by methylation to CH(3)SCH(3). Rather, CH(3)SH is demethylated to H(2)S, and H(2)S is converted to nonvolatile metabolites. HPLC analysis of the homogenate showed the metabolite to be primarily thiosulfate. Analysis of cecal venous blood obtained after intracecal instillation of H(2)(35)S revealed that virtually all absorbed H(2)S had been oxidized to thiosulfate. The oxidation rate of H(2)S by colonic mucosa was 10,000 times greater than the reported methylation rate. Conversion to thiosulfate appears to be the mechanism whereby the cecal mucosa protects itself from the injurious effects of H(2)S and CH(3)SH, and defects in this detoxification possibly could play a role in colonic diseases such as ulcerative colitis.
The effects of Δ8-THC on the EEG, reticular multiple unit activity and sleep of cats

Abstract The electroneuropharmacological effects of Δ 8 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8THC) were examined on cats chronically implanted with electrodes. The Δ8THC, when administered either intraperitoneally or intravenously, induced sedation and an enhancement of the 12 Hz burst activity. Alterations in the paradoxical sleep pattern included a trend toward fewer and longer paradoxical sleep episodes following the initial suppression of paradoxical sleep. The Δ8THC did not elicit either hypersynchrony and inappropriate behavior nor desynchrony and stereotyped behavior. This suggests that Δ8THC lacks the psychotomimetic effects of compounds such as the perception distorting psychotomimetics (e.g., LSD) and the central nervous system stimulants (e.g. methamphetamine). It is suggested that Δ8THC might have clinically useful sedative hypnotic properties.
Das Reizleitungssystem des graviden Uterus

Die histologischen und experimentellen Merkmale einer in der Ausenschicht des graviden Uterus nachgewiesenen Gewebsstruktur deuten auf eine Parallele mit dem Reizleitungssystem des Herzens hin.
Pathology and diagnosis of proliferative and ulcerative dermatitis associated with Tunga penetrans infestation in cattle

Tunga penetrans is the smallest biting flea known. In cattle, infestation by T. penetrans (tungiasis) typically affects the skin of the distal legs, udder, prepuce, and perianal area. A detailed clinical and pathologic description of bovine tungiasis, together with electron microscopy and molecular diagnostics to establish the identity of the parasite are described. Ninety percent of the cows and heifers and 80% of the bulls in a herd in northwest Argentina had proliferative and ulcerative skin lesions affecting the coronary band, interdigital space, heels, and rudimentary toes of the fore and/or rear limbs, teats, and/or prepuce. These proliferative lesions had multiple large cavities filled with hemorrhagic fluid, necrotic debris, and Tunga spp. parasites. Histologically, the skin showed diffuse papillary epithelial hyperplasia with severe orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, and it was multifocally ulcerated and inflamed. Multifocally, sections of arthropod parasites were observed embedded in the epidermis and dermis with the posterior end toward the surface. Images of wet mounts and scanning electron microscopy of the parasite showed morphologic characteristics compatible with Tunga spp. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II and the internal transcribed spacer region indicated 99% homology to published T. penetrans sequences. Tungiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for proliferative lesions in skin of cattle.
Solution of the Delta Function Model for Heliumlike Ions

A one‐dimensional Fredholm integral equation is derived for the ground state solution of the delta‐function model for two‐electron heliumlike ions. This equation is solved numerically; the perturbation series is developed through E(20) and compared with the solution of the integral equation. The series is further analyzed in terms of the singularity which determines its radius of convergence.
The Language Development Survey: a screening tool for delayed language in toddlers.

This paper reports data from four studies using the Language Development Survey (LDS), a vocabulary checklist designed for use as a screening tool for the identification of language delay in 2-year...
RNA splice site selection: evidence for a 5' leads to 3' scanning model

Human G gamma-globin genes containing tandem duplications of the donor (5') or acceptor (3') RNA splice sites of the second intervening sequence were constructed in order to ascertain the directionality of RNA splice site selection. These genes were introduced into cultured monkey cells, and their transcripts were analyzed. Transcripts of these duplication variants were spliced only at the proximal copy of the duplicated splice sites. These data are consistent with a 5' leads to 3' model of splice site selection.
Controlled pilot trial of monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis.

• Monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment was compared with placebo treatment for one year in a controlled trial of 14 patients with relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Eight patients received placebo and six patients received cyclophosphamide. The cyclophosphamide group showed a definite trend to have less frequent and less prolonged episodes than the placebo group. When each group served as their own controls, the cyclophosphamide group had a significant decrease in episodes while the placebo group did not. When the placebo group was then given cyclophosphamide, they also had a significant decrease in episodes. When all patients who were receiving cyclophosphamide were combined for analysis, the decrease in episodes was even more evident. Complications were minimal. These results suggest that monthly intravenous doses of cyclophosphamide may influence the frequency and duration of episodes of relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis.