cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated design data capture using relaxation techniques

A method that converts a Computer Aided Design (CAD) database description of a process control system into a frame-oriented knowledge base for an automated diagnostic control system is introduced. The system is unique in that relaxation labeling techniques borrowed from research in computer vision are used to resolve the functional composition of the diagnostic frames. The target system for the automated knowledge generation process uses frames to represent structure and function data at the component level and does not use inference rules. Failure detection is performed by constant analysis of the output functions. Diagnosis of failure is performed via functional inversion of the component transfer function represented in the component frame. Capture of the functional knowledge of a component is the most difficult task in the building of this type of knowledge base. A CAD database constructed for a particular process control system contains all the structural information required to describe the system, but little or no functional data. A functional description can be inferred in some cases from the CAD data, however, the complexity of such a system for a domain as large as process control is extensive.
Analysis of adenohypophysial blood flow in the rat by radioisotope washout: estimate of the vasomotor activity of vasopressin in the anterior pituitary.

By means of a double-exponential analysis of the decline of radioactivity in the region of the head following an intrapituitary injection of 131I, an estimate of the absolute level of adenohypophysial blood flow was obtained. In female rats weighing approximately 250 g, given 100% oxygen, adenohypophysial blood flow was approximately 4μl/min. In animals showing signs of hypoxia the flow was less than 1 μl/min, and in dead or dying animals the measured flow was zero. Lysine vasopressin injected directly into the anterior pituitary caused slight and variable reduction of adenohypophysial blood flow, but did not impair the ability of the pituitary to release ACTH. It was concluded that direct pituitary microinjection of peptides with pressor activity is a valid technique for assay of releasing factors for pituitary hormones, and that adenohypophysial vasoconstriction severe enough to interfere with the method apparently does not occur. (Endocrinology 79: 341,1966
The evolution of the World Bank's urban lending in Latin America: from sites and services to municipal reform and beyond

Abstract This paper traces the evolution of urban policies promoted by the World Bank in Latin America over the past three decades. The retrospective starts with an overview of the changing perspectives on development during the 1950s and 1960s, which eventually led to the onset of urban lending programs in the 1970s. It then analyzes the policies toward the urban sector promoted by the World Bank during the 1980s and 1990s in the context of the overall development paradigm that prevailed in the institution at the time. It concludes by outlining the generation of urban policies that is currently emerging. The analysis indicates that the evolution of the World Bank's policies has not been the result of a carefully master-minded strategy but, instead, of a myriad of factors, including conceptual shifts in the prevailing economic models, learning by doing, the influence of individuals such as McNamara, and internal and external criticisms.
A feedback control structure for on-line learning tasks☆

Abstract This paper addresses adaptive control architectures for systems that respond autonomously to changing tasks. Such systems often have many sensory and motor alternatives and behavior drawn from these produces varying quality solutions. The objective is then to ground behavior in control laws which, combined with resources, enumerate closed-loop behavioral alternatives. Use of such controllers leads to analyzable and predictable composite systems, permitting the construction of abstract behavioral models. Here, discrete event system and reinforcement learning techniques are employed to constrain the behavioral alternatives and to synthesize behavior on-line. To illustrate this, a quadruped robot learning a turning gait subject to safety and kinematic constraints is presented.
Design issues on media server scheduling for video-on-demand (VoD) services

Media server scheduling in video-on-demand (VOD) systems includes video content allocation and request migration among servers. In this paper, we present a greedy algorithm to allocate video copies to media servers. It uses a graph model and minimizes the average shortest distance among media servers at each step. To facilitate the performance analysis of the random early migration (REM) algorithm proposed in our previous work, we introduce a formal description of the media service. Based on this system formalization, we develop a state transition method to study the parameter effect on the REM performance and compare the real time performance between REM and traditional migration with early start (TMES). The analytical result shows that REM introduces smoother migrations between media servers and thus leads to less real time system load than TMES.
Receptor–ligand interactions underlying RBC invasion in Babesia

Babesiosis is a zoonosis, a disease communicable from animals to man. The rodent parasite, Babesia microti and the bovine pathogen, Babesia divergens are responsible for most of the human infections that have been reported to date, globally. From a blood safety perspective, transfusion-transmitted infections involving Babesia spp. have become increasingly problematic in the USA. Therefore, the study of this blood-borne parasite should be considered as a priority for transfusion medicine. Our purpose is to understand the invasion process of B. divergens into the human RBC, with the ultimate aim of exploiting parasite molecules found to play key roles in invasion as diagnostic and blood screening tools. The in-vitro system that we use for studying invasion of the human red cell by B. divergens permits direct exploration of the events associated with parasite invasion of the human RBC, using viable merozoites of B. divergens. Molecules on the surface of the parasite and those secreted by apical organelles function at the host/parasite interface, and we need to identify them and determine their interactions and function, if we are to define the steps in the invasion mechanism and identify new therapeutic targets. We have identified multiple parasite molecules that bind the human RBC, and we will present results on their identification, characterization and potential RBC receptors. We anticipate the study of molecular mechanisms involved in the entry of Babesia merozoites into the RBC will result in reagents for diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment and prevention of human babesiosis and assist in developing products to screen blood products.
Mechanisms of structural organizational processes as revealed by real time mechano optical behavior of PET film during sequential biaxial stretching

Abstract The main focus of this research is to identify the structural mechanisms that are responsible for changes observed in various stages of coupled mechano-optical (stress and strain optical) relationships as they are influenced by the deformation mode, level and rate. This involves in situ real time studies of the true-stress-strain-birefringence of sequential biaxially stretched PET films using a highly instrumented biaxial stretching machine and ex situ structural studies. These ex-situ studies include wide angle X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and DSC thermal analysis to examine the orientation, conformation and crystallization behaviors as well as formation of long range connectivity through physical network. The relationship between the stress and birefringence exhibited three Regimes. Regime I, linear relationship with a stress optical constant of 5.8 GPa −1 . Regime II, non-linear relationship with the establishment of chain tautness and nematic like two-dimensional order. Regime III, where the chains reach their finite extensibility.
Pitting Corrosion of Titanium The Relationship Between Pitting Potential and Competitive Anion Adsorption at the Oxide Film/Electrolyte Interface

The potential-dependent breakdown of the native oxide film ({approximately}20 {angstrom} thick) on titanium has been investigated in aqueous Br{sup {minus}} solutions and in solutions that contain a mixture of Br{sup {minus}} and anions that inhibit oxide breakdown (i.e., Cl{sup {minus}}, I{sup {minus}}, SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}, Fe(CN){sub 6}{sup 4{minus}}, and Fe(CN){sub 6}{sup 3{minus}}). The oxide film is unstable in neutral pH solutions containing only Br{sup {minus}}, resulting in the formation of stable corrosion pits at relatively low potentials ({approximately}1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl). The pitting potential, E{sub p}, is strongly dependent upon the concentration of Br{sup {minus}}, and can be modeled using a Langmuir isotherm to describe the adsorption of Br{sup {minus}} at the oxide film/electrolyte interface. Addition of a second anion inhibits oxide film breakdown, as indicated by a large positive shift in E{sub p} and a decrease in the number of stable corrosion pits. The dependence of E{sub p} on the relative concentrations of Br{sup {minus}} and the inhibitor anion is consistent with competitive adsorption of the anions. Equilibrium adsorption coefficients for I{sup {minus}}, Br{sup {minus}}, and Cl{sup {minus}} are estimated from the dependence of E{sub p} on anion concentration. The results are used to establish a physical basis formore » the anomalously low pitting potential for titanium in aqueous Br{sup {minus}} solutions.« less
Affording Meaning: Design-Oriented Research from the Humanities and Social Sciences

Author(s): Almquist, Julka; Lupton, Julia | Abstract: User studies, whether conducted through qualitative ethnographic interviews or through more clinical and behaviorist analyses of specific affordances and interfaces, have remapped design research from a study of things to a study of people. Some design researchers have even argued that without the user, design does not exist. Although this focus on users might appear to benefit the consumers of design by celebrating their personal experience and finding new ways to maximize their pleasures and productivity, critics of the user model, whose diverse ranks include Johan Redstrom, as well as Ellen Lupton, Peter Lunenfeld, and Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, have argued persuasively that user studies ultimately construe the human subject of design as a predictable bundle of reflexes and impulses that can be torqued, tuned, and tweaked in order to do the bidding—and the buying—prescribed by a consumer savvy cabal of designers, engineers, and marketers. The word “user” itself communicates the terrors of addiction as well as the triumphs of functional mastery. In a landscape of diminishing economic and natural resources, the vision of the user promoted by mainstream design research is in dire need of revision. Meanwhile, consumers themselves are striking back, not only in the form of the D.I.Y., fair labor, and green movements, but also by simply withdrawing, out of sheer economic necessity, from the relentless rhythms of getting and spending that dictate our modern “user” lifestyle.
A fast route to modify biopolymer surface: A study on polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

Abstract The objective of this work is to present the possibility of modifying surface of orthopedic biopolymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK) using a microwave assisted apatite coating technique. In spite of many of PEEK׳s significant attributes, this material lacks the ability to osseointegrate with the surrounding bone. Hence a bioactive coating is suggested. The coating process described herein exposes surface activated PEEK to a microwave irradiated concentrated biomimetic fluid for a few minutes. The resulting coating is characterized and evaluated for potential biomedical applications.
Unloading Process in Elastic-Plastic Contact of a Rough Surface With a Flat

Three dimensional elastic-plastic contact of a nominally flat rough surface and a flat is considered. The asperity level Finite Element based constitutive equations relating contact force and real contact area to the interference is used. The statistical summation of asperity interaction during unloading phase is derived in integral form. Approximate equations are found that describe in closed form contact load as a function of mean plane separation during unloading. The approximate equations provide accuracy to within 6 percent for the unload phase of the contact force.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Modulation of reciprocal and presynaptic inhibition during robotic-assisted stepping in humans

Abstract Objective To establish the modulation pattern of reciprocal inhibition and presynaptic inhibition of soleus Ia afferents during robot-assisted stepping in healthy subjects. Methods During stepping, the soleus H-reflex was conditioned by percutaneous stimulation of the ipsilateral common peroneal nerve with a single pulse at stimulation intensities that ranged from 0.9 to 1.2 TA M-wave motor thresholds across subjects. To control for movement of recording and stimulating electrodes, a supramaximal stimulus 80 ms after the conditioned and/or unconditioned H-reflexes was delivered to the posterior tibial nerve. The short (2, 3, 4 ms) and long (60–80 ms) conditioning-test intervals at which the largest amount of reflex depression was observed with the subjects seated were utilized during stepping. Stimuli were randomly dispersed across the step cycle which was divided into 16 equal bins. Results Reciprocal inhibition exerted from flexor group I afferents onto soleus motoneurons was decreased at mid-stance and increased and late-stance and throughout the swing phase. Presynaptic inhibition of soleus Ia afferents was increased at heel strike and decreased at late-stance and early swing phases. Conclusion Reciprocal inhibition between ankle antagonistic muscles and presynaptic inhibition of soleus Ia afferents are modulated in a similar pattern to that reported during walking on a treadmill with full weight bearing and without robot-assisted leg movement. Significance The activity of spinal interneuronal circuits engaged in patterned locomotor activity supports a reciprocal gait pattern during robot-assisted stepping in healthy humans.
Opiate receptors and their interactions with agonists and antagonists

Abstract Independent evidence, derived from studies of the kinetics of receptor inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents, is presented in support of a previously postulated allosteric model of the opiate receptor, in which sodium ions act as effectors. Scatchard analysis provides evidence for cooperative binding, a characteristic of allosteric systems. Both new and old evidence is cited which is consistent with the hypothesis that agonists and antagonists bind to the same receptor sites. These sites can exist in alternative conformations that differ in their relative affinities for agonists and antagonists.
Oncomir miR-125b Suppresses p14ARF to Modulate p53-Dependent and p53-Independent Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer

MicroRNAs are a class of naturally occurring small non-coding RNAs that target protein-coding mRNAs at the post-transcriptional level and regulate complex patterns of gene expression. Our previous studies demonstrated that in human prostate cancer the miRNA miR-125b is highly expressed, leading to a negative regulation of some tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we further extend our studies by showing that miR-125b represses the protein product of the ink4a/ARF locus, p14ARF, in two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP (wild type-p53) and 22Rv1 (both wild type and mutant p53), as well as in the PC-346C prostate cancer xenograft model that lentivirally overexpressed miR-125b. Our results highlight that miR-125b modulates the p53 network by hindering the down-regulation of Mdm2, thereby affecting p53 and its target genes p21 and Puma to a degree sufficient to inhibit apoptosis. Conversely, treatment of prostate cancer cells with an inhibitor of miR-125b (anti-miR-125b) resulted in increased expression of p14ARF, decreased level of Mdm2, and induction of apoptosis. In addition, overexpression of miR-125b in p53-deficient PC3 cells induced down-regulation of p14ARF, which leads to increased cell proliferation through a p53-independent manner. Thus, we conclude that miR-125b acts as an oncogene which regulates p14ARF/Mdm2 signaling, stimulating proliferation of prostate cancer cells through a p53-dependent or p53-independent function. This reinforces our belief that miR-125b has potential as a therapeutic target for the management of patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Predicting residual thermal stresses in friction stir welded metals

Abstract A sequentially coupled finite element model of the friction stir welding process has been utilized to study the residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during friction stir welding of metals. This is a two step simulation process. In the first step, the thermal history is predicted from an input torque based thermal model. The temperature history generated by the thermal model is then sequentially coupled to a mechanical model that predicts the residual thermal stresses. The model does not deal with the severe plastic deformations within the weld nugget and the thermo-mechanically affected regions, a fact that may cause modeled results to deviate from experimentally measured residual stresses. The model is three-dimensional and uses temperature dependent material and thermo-physical properties. Three different materials, AA-2024, AA-6061 and SS 304 L, have been studied.
WAIS-R marker for dementia of the Alzheimer type? An empirical and statistical induction test.

Abstract A specific WAIS subtest pattern has recently been shown to occur more frequently in cases of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) than in cases of multi-infarct dementia (Fuld, 1984; Brinkman & Braun, 1984). To date, only one study has examined the frequency of this WAIS pattern in a normal elderly sample and found it to be infrequent (Tuokko & Crocket, 1987). If replicated on a larger sample of normals, it would increase the potential of this pattern as a behavioral marker of DAT. WAIS-R scores (age-corrected) were analyzed on a sample of 149 healthy volunteers (ages 60–94) who were part of an ongoing aging study. Because only 12% of the sample revealed this WAIS pattern, its utility as a conditional marker of DAT in three different hypothetical clinical base rate settings was evaluated. Results provided cautious optimism for the application of this marker in certain clinical settings.
Rapid sequential injections of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate in vivo using a sub-kelvin, multi-sample DNP polarizer

Abstract The development of hyperpolarized technology utilizing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has enabled the rapid measurement of 13 C metabolism in vivo with very high SNR. However, with traditional DNP equipment, consecutive injections of a hyperpolarized compound in an animal have been subject to a practical minimum time between injections governed by the polarization build-up time, which is on the order of an hour for [1- 13 C]pyruvate. This has precluded the monitoring of metabolic changes occurring on a faster time scale. In this study, we demonstrated the ability to acquire in vivo dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 3D magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data in normal rats with a 5 min interval between injections of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate using a prototype, sub-Kelvin dynamic nuclear polarizer with the capability to simultaneously polarize up to 4 samples and dissolve them in rapid succession. There were minimal perturbations in the hyperpolarized spectra as a result of the multiple injections, suggesting that such an approach would not confound the investigation of metabolism occurring on this time scale. As an initial demonstration of the application of this technology and approach for monitoring rapid changes in metabolism as a result of a physiological intervention, we investigated the pharmacodynamics of the anti-cancer agent dichloroacetate (DCA), collecting hyperpolarized data before administration of DCA, 1 min after administration, and 6 min after administration. Dramatic increases in 13 C-bicarbonate were detected just 1 min (as well as 6 min) after DCA administration.
CREATING A CONSENSUS : PSYCHOLOGISTS, THE SUPREME COURT, AND SCHOOL DESEGREGATION, 1952-1955

SPSSI psychologists' involvement in the early civil rights movement in the postwar United States was epitomized by their involvement in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. This article examines how social scientists sought to maintain the persona of objective, scientific expert when asked to prepare briefs for the U.S. Supreme Court for the Brown case. The social scientists believed that only by collapsing what they saw as an artificial distinction between objectivity and advocacy could the social scientist become a social activist. This article is based on extensive research in numerous archives, including the papers of Gordon W. Allport, Kenneth B. Clark, Stuart W. Cook, David Krech, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Theodore M. Newcomb, Robert Redfield, and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
Growing Up Poor: The Family Experiences of Socially Mobile Youth in Low-Income African American Neighborhoods

The primary goal of this article is to discuss the family experiences of socially mobile adolescents in poor African American neighborhoods. Based on a review of existing qualitative studies, these...
The mechanics of stick-slip☆

Abstract Physical mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the occurrence of stick-slip motion during frictional sliding have been examined in the light of results obtained from experiments with rocks and brittle minerals. An instability caused by sudden brittle fracture of locked regions on surfaces in contact is the most likely explanation for stick-slip during dry frictional sliding of brittle rocks at room temperature. Areas requiring further study and the uncertainties in applying the results of laboratory experiments to earthquake studies are emphasized.
A report on the macroinvertebrates of the Columbia River estuary found in deposits of volcanic ash from the May 18, 1980 eruption of mount St. Helens

Following the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, up to 11.5 cm of volcanic ash was deposited in sections of the upper Columbia River estuary. A survey of the benthic infauna of this area indicates that most taxa were able to inhabit the ash, suggesting that the material is nontoxic to most groups. However, the abundance of the taxa examined was dependent on the distribution of the ash within the sediment column. Except for the oligochaetes, animal densites were reduced in areas where volcanic ash lay atop the sediment surface as compared to areas where the ash layer had been buried beneath, or mixed with sands and/or muds. The ash apparently affects the infauna through some physical means, possibly related to its fine grain size.
Evaluating and Enhancing Idiom Comprehension in Language-Disordered Students

Language-disordered children and adolescents often have difficulty comprehending idioms, a common yet complex type of figurative expression. This article discusses some of the unique properties of ...
VISUAL ACUITY AND ILLUMINATION IN DIFFERENT SPECTRAL REGIONS

The relation between visual acuity and illumination was measured in red and blue light, using a broken circle or C and a grating as test objects. The red light data fall on single continuous curves representing pure cone vision. The blue light data fall on two distinct curves with a transition at about 0.03 photons. Values below this intensity represent pure rod vision. Those immediately above represent the cooperative activity of rods and cones, and yield higher visual acuities than either. Pure cone vision in this intensity region is given by central fixation (C test object). All the rest of the values above this transition region represent pure cone vision. In blue light the rod data with the C lie about 1.5 log units lower on the intensity axis (cone scale) than they do in white light, while with the grating they lie about 1.0 log unit lower than in white light. Both the pure rod and cone data with the C test object are precisely described by one form of the stationary state equation. With the grating test object and a non-limiting pupil, the pure rod and cone data are described by another form of the same equation in which the curve is half as steep. The introduction of a small pupil, which limits maximum visual acuity, makes the relation between visual acuity and illumination appear steeper. Determinations of maximum visual acuities under a variety of conditions show that for the grating the pupil has to be larger, the longer the wavelength of the light, in order for the pupil not to be the limiting factor. Similar measurements with the C show that when intensity discrimination at the retina is experimentally made the limiting factor in resolution, visual acuity is improved by conditions designed to increase image contrast. However, intensity discrimination cannot be the limiting factor for the ordinary test object resolution because the conditions designed to improve image contrast do not improve maximum visual acuity, while those which reduce image contrast do not produce proportional reductions of visual acuity.
Methane consumption by montane soils: implications for positive and negative feedback with climatic change

We report here three years of field observations of methane uptake, averaging 1.2 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 in montane meadow soils. Surface soil moisture influenced diffusion of substrate while in deeper soil, where methane oxidation was maximum, moisture influenced both diffusion and microbial activity. Microbial oxidation of methane was maximum at an intermediate level of soil moisture, at this site at about 25% moisture by weight (50% water holding capacity). Laboratory incubations also showed inhibition below 20% moisture. These results provide in situ characterization of moisture limitation of methanotroph activity and evidence that soil drying may diminish the methane sink strength. The microbial limitation to methane consumption at low soil moisture provides a mechanism for positive feedback between methane flux and climate warming, as suggested by ice core data (Blunier et al. 1993; Chappellaz et al. 1990; Stauffer et al. 1985).
Quantitative evaluation of manufacturability and performance for ILT produced mask shapes using a single-objective function

The continuous scaling of semiconductor devices is quickly outpacing the resolution improvements of lithographic exposure tools and processes. This one-sided progression has pushed optical lithography to its limits, resulting in the use of well-known techniques such as Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAF’s), Source-Mask Optimization (SMO), and double-patterning, to name a few. These techniques, belonging to a larger category of Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET), have extended the resolution capabilities of optical lithography at the cost of increasing mask complexity, and therefore cost. One such technique, called Inverse Lithography Technique (ILT), has attracted much attention for its ability to produce the best possible theoretical mask design. ILT treats the mask design process as an inverse problem, where the known transformation from mask to wafer is carried out backwards using a rigorous mathematical approach. One practical problem in the application of ILT is the resulting contour-like mask shapes that must be “Manhattanized” (composed of straight edges and 90-deg corners) in order to produce a manufacturable mask. This conversion process inherently degrades the mask quality as it is a departure from the “optimal mask” represented by the continuously curved shapes produced by ILT. However, simpler masks composed of longer straight edges reduce the mask cost as it lowers the shot count and saves mask writing time during mask fabrication, resulting in a conflict between manufacturability and performance for ILT produced masks1,2. In this study, various commonly used metrics will be combined into an objective function to produce a single number to quantitatively measure a particular ILT solution’s ability to balance mask manufacturability and RET performance. Several metrics that relate to mask manufacturing costs (i.e. mask vertex count, ILT computation runtime) are appropriately weighted against metrics that represent RET capability (i.e. process-variation band, edge-placement-error) in order to reflect the desired practical balance. This well-defined scoring system allows direct comparison of several masks with varying degrees of complexities. Using this method, ILT masks produced with increasing mask constraints will be compared, and it will be demonstrated that using the smallest minimum width for mask shapes does not always produce the optimal solution.
The Impact of Education Reform on Music Education: Paradigm Shifts in Music Education Curriculum, Advocacy, and Philosophy from Sputnik to Race to the Top

President Obama recently described America's current economic, societal, educational, and technological circumstances as “our generation's Sputnik moment.” If history repeats itself in the twenty-first century, music educators may face a situation similar to that which developed in the 1960s concerning the impact of education reform on music education. The purpose of this article is to identify possible trends in music curriculum, advocacy, and philosophy that may have developed in response to U.S. education reform, and to identify ways in which these trends may help music educators prepare for future innovations.
Effect of cathodic polarization on failure and degradation of mechanical properties of some aluminum alloys

The effect of hydrogen on failure and mechanical properties has thus far been investigated for pure aluminum and Al-Mg, Al-Zn-Mg, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, Al-Mg-Cu, and Al-Li alloys. Up to now investigations have usually been made by a non-time-consuming test. In such experiment, total exposure is relatively short and the long-term effect of environment, e.g. build-up of hydrogen microbubbles within a thin surface layer, or a film of corrosion products, may be underestimated. Therefore, the authors decided to study the influence of hydrogen on mechanical properties and microstructure by prolonged testing under constant sustained load.
Compact, multilayer layout for butterfly fat-tree

ABSTRACT Modern VLSI processing supports a two-dimensional surface for active devices along with multiple stacked layers of interconnect. With the advent of planarization, the number of layers can be large (6 or 7 in modern designs) and more layers are feasible if the cost is justified. Using a multilayer-wiring VLSI area model, we show how a butterfly fat-tree (or fat-pyramid) with N processors can be laid out in Θ(N) active device area using Θ(log(N)) wiring layers. This result may have practical value in laying out efficient, singlechip multiprocessors and FPGAs. It may also provide a theoretical basis for the rate of layer scaling empirically seen in VLSI designs.
New Hybrid Algorithm for Transferring Multivariate Quantitative Calibrations of Intra-vendor Near-Infrared Spectrometers

A new prediction-augmented classical least-squares/partial least-squares (PACLS/PLS) hybrid algorithm is ideally suited for use in transferring multivariate calibrations between spectrometers. Spectral variations such as instrument response differences can be explicitly incorporated into the algorithm through the use of subset sample spectra collected on both spectrometers. Two current calibration transfer methods, subset recalibration and piecewise direct standardization (PDS), also utilize subset sample spectra to facilitate transfer of calibration. The three methods were applied to the transfer of quantitative multivariate calibration models for near-infrared (NIR) data of organic samples containing chlorobenzene, heptane, and toluene between a primary and three secondary spectrometers that were all the same model, called intra-vendor transfer of calibration. The hybrid PACLS/PLS method outperformed subset recalibration and provided predictions equivalent to PDS with additive background correction on the two secondary spectrometers whose instrument drift appeared to be dominated by simple linear baseline variations. One of the secondary spectrometers had complex instrument drift that was captured by repeatedly measuring the spectrum of a single repeat sample. In calculating a transfer function to correct prediction spectra, PDS assumes no instrumental drift on the secondary spectrometer. Therefore, PDS was unable to directly accommodate both the subset samples and the use of a single repeat sample to transfer and maintain a calibration on that secondary instrument. In order to implement the transfer of calibration with PDS in the presence of complex instrument drift, recalibrated PLS models that included the repeat spectra from the secondary spectrometer were used to predict the spectra transformed by PDS. The importance of correcting for drift on the secondary spectrometer during calibration transfer was illustrated by the improvements in prediction for all three methods vs. using only the instrument response differences derived from the subset sample spectra. When the effects of instrument drift were complex on the secondary spectrometer, the PACLS/PLS hybrid algorithm outperformed both PDS and subset recalibration. Through the explicit incorporation of spectral variations, due to instrument response differences and drift on the secondary spectrometer, the PACLS/PLS algorithm was successful at intra-vendor transfer of calibrations between NIR spectrometers.
Heterogeneity in mixed-valence manganites

Abstract Recent studies focus on the static and dynamic character of microscale electronic phase segregation in manganese perovskites, along with associated magnetic polaron effects. Interest in the magnetoresistance of manganese perovskites has shifted from the colossal magnetoresistance observed near the Curie temperature to low-field magnetoresistance, a micromagnetic phenomenon found in many sorts of granular material.
Involving the Board of Directors in Strategic Planning

On the surface, things haven't changed. In 1971, Professor Myles L. Mace, in his seminal study, Directors: Myth and Reality, reported that the typical board does not get involved in the establishment of objectives, strategies, and policies. Recently, more than a decade later, the author conducted a study of the boards of more than 225 U.S.‐based firms in which the majority of chairmen, contrary to what was subsequently found to be their practice, indicated that their boards are not involved in strategic planning.
A simple method for latency analysis in signal detection tasks

It proved that the difference between mean latency for incorrect responses and mean latency for correct ones in signal detection situations can be used as a measure for the separation between SN and N distributions, provided that certain plausible conditions are met. The applicability of this method to various paradigms is briefly discussed.
Recent advances in petroleum characterization by GC field ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Although mass spectrometry has been studied extensively in the past 50 years for analysis of petroleum and other fossil fuels, comprehensive characterization of total petroleum composition across a wide boiling range remains a challenge. In this work, we report our efforts in combining GC separation, field Ionization, and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC−FI-TOF HRMS) for detailed analyses of petroleum products with a carbon number range of C6−C44. GC separates hydrocarbon molecules by boiling points. FI generates intact molecular ions for both aromatic and saturate petroleum molecules eluting from the GC. The elemental compositions of these molecular ions are consequently resolved and identified by TOF HRMS with a mass resolving power up to 7000 (M/ΔMfwhm) and mass accuracy of ±3 mDa, which in turn yields chemical information (heteroatomic content, number of rings plus double bond, and carbon number) for the petroleum molecules. The ability to resolve sulfur-containing hydrocarbons is ...
Pragmatics of classifier use in Chinese discourse

The present study examines a particular syntactic phenomenon in Chinese discourse, namely complex noun phrases (CNPs), and investigates the occurrence and distribution of the various forms of such constructions. The study focuses on the presence and absence of classifier phrases that modify CNPs, and explores, from a cognitive-functional perspective, what specific functions such modifiers in CNPs serve in discourse and how their positioning in CNPs manifests our cognitive constraints underlying discourse processing. The study aims to explain (i) why, of several possible CNP constructions, one occurs more frequently in discourse than do others, and (ii) what motivates speakers and writers to choose a particular type of CNP at a certain juncture of discourse processing.
Experiments on the Low-Velocity Impact of Microspheres with Planar Surfaces

Measurements of individual normal and oblique impacts of microspheres with planar surfaces are described and analyzed. Incident velocities from ∼ 2 to 25 m/s and angles from 20° to 90° were controlled in the experiments for various combinations of microsphere and surface materials. For normal (90°) incidence, a single-component phase doppler particle analyzer system measured the incident and rebound normal velocities, particle diameter, and measurement volume crossing time. The resulting values of the kinematic coefficient of restitution revealed the effects of adhesion at lower incident velocities. In addition, the kinematic coefficient of restitution showed a direct dependency on surface material hardness. For oblique (<90°) incidence, a pulsed laser light sheet visualization technique was used to determine the particle incident and rebound, normal and tangential velocity components. The resulting impulse ratio's variation with incidence angle helped delineate between rolling and sliding impacts. The sl...
Entry of Blood-Borne Cytokines into the Central Nervous System: Effects on Cognitive Processes

Blood-borne cytokines affect many aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). One of the more dramatic effects is the induction of sickness behavior. Impairments in learning and memory are an important component of sickness behavior and are largely mediated by IL-1. Many mechanisms have been proposed by which a cytokine circulating in the blood can affect functions within the CNS. We review here the role one of those mechanisms, that of transport of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays in induction of the memory impairments of sickness behavior. We have shown that the posterior division of the septum (PDS) plays a key role in mediating the effects of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) on memory. Furthermore, this effect at the PDS is largely mediated by circulating IL-1α acting directly at the PDS which, in turn, depends on the ability of IL-1α to cross the BBB.
On the isotope dependence of the close coupling calculations for three body atomic collisions

Abstract It is shown that in the close coupling calculations, cross sections calculated for atomic collisions of different isotopes with the same target are not necessarily equal when compared at the same incident velocity.
Google Scholar duped and deduped – the aura of “robometrics”

Purpose – This purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the problems that exist with Google Scholar, particularly regarding content spam and citation spam.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides an analysis of how Google Scholar has been duped by real but manipulated documents and reference lists, as well as by fake documents and references. Details of research regarding the duping of Google Scholar is presented and a possible solution is offered.Findings – Researchers showed how easy it was to dupe Google Scholar. In one case, the researchers added invisible words to the first page of one of their conference papers (using the well‐known white letter on white screen/paper technique), and modified the content and bibliography of some of their already published papers, then posted them on the web to see if Google Scholar would bite, i.e. would improve their rank position, and increase the number of citations that the targeted papers received, and the number of papers published by the authors. Go...
Quaternary Faulting Along the Caribbean–North American Plate Boundary in Central America

(Revised version accepted May 22, 1978) ABSTRACT: Schwartz, D.P., Cluff, L.S. and Donnelly, T.W., 1979. Quaternary faulting along the Caribbean—North American plate boundary in Central America. In: C.A. Whitten, R. Green and B.K. Meade (Editors), Recent Crustal Movements, 1977. Tectonophysics, 52: 431-445. Recent detailed mapping along the Motagua fault zone and reconnaissance along the Chixoy—Polochic and Jocotan—Chamelecon fault zones provide new information regarding the nature of Quaternary deformation along the Caribbean—North American plate boundary in Central America. The southern boundary of the Motagua fault zone is defined by a major active left-slip fault that ruptured during the February 4, 1976 Guatemala earthquake. The recurrent nature of slip along the fault is dramatically demonstrated where stream terraces of the Rio El Tambor show progressive left-slip and vertical (up-to-the-north) slip. Left-slip increases from 23.7 m (youngest mappable terrace) to 58.3 m (oldest mappable terrace) and vertical slip increases from 0.6 m to 2.5 m. The oldest mappable terrace crossed by the fault appears to be younger than 40,000 years and older than 10,000 years. Reconnaissance along the Chixoy—Polochic fault zone between Chiantla and Lago de Izabal has located the traces of a previously unmapped major active left-slip fault. Geomorphic features along this fault are similar to those observed along the active trace of the Motagua fault zone. Consistent and significant features suggestive of left-slip have so far not been observed along the Guatemala section of the Jocotan—Chamelecon fault zone. In Central America, the active Caribbean—North American plate boundary is comprised of the Motagua, Chixoy—Polochic, and probably the Jocotan—Chamelecon fault zones, with each accommodating part of the slip produced at the mid-Cayman spreading center. Similarities in geomorphic expression, apparent amount of left-slip, and frequency and magnitude of historical and instrumentally recorded earthquakes between the active traces of the Motagua and Chixoy—Polochic fault zones suggest a comparable degree of activity during Quaternary time; the sense and amount of Quaternary slip on the Jocotan—Chamelecon fault zone remain uncertain, although it appears to be an active earthquake source. Uplift of major mountain ranges on the north side of each fault zone reflects the small but consistent up-to-the-north vertical component (up to 5% of the lateral component) of slip along the plate boundary. Preliminary findings, based on offset stream terraces, indicate a late Quaternary slip rate along the Caribbean—North American plate boundary of between 0.45 and 1.8 cm/yr. Age dating of offset Quaternary terraces in Guatemala will allow refinement of this rate.
Baseline Ad5 serostatus does not predict Ad5 HIV vaccine–induced expansion of adenovirus-specific CD4+ T cells

The phase 2b trial of Merck's recombinant adenovirus type 5-based HIV-1 vaccine was halted as the vaccine seemed to have increased HIV-1 acquisition in vaccine recipients who had preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector. One theory to explain these results is that the preexisting antibody response to the vector may have been a surrogate for increased vector-specific CD4+ T cells, which would have been amplified after vaccination and may have served as increased target cells during subsequent HIV-1 exposure. Daniel Barouch and his colleagues and Michael Betts and his colleagues now challenge this view. The mechanisms underlying possible increased HIV-1 acquisition in adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-seropositive subjects vaccinated with Ad5–HIV-1 vectors in the Merck STEP trial remain unclear. We find that Ad5 serostatus does not predict Ad5-specific CD4+ T cell frequency, and we did not observe durable significant differences in Ad5-specific CD4+ T cells between Ad5-seropositive and Ad5-seronegative subjects after vaccination. These findings indicate no causative role for Ad5-specific CD4+ T cells in increasing HIV-1 susceptibility in the STEP trial.
Junction temperature, spectral shift, and efficiency in GaInN-based blue and green light emitting diodes

Abstract The junction temperature of homoepitaxial green and blue GaInN/GaN quantum well light emitting diode (LED) dies is analyzed by micro-Raman, photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence mapping, and forward-voltage methods and compared to finite element simulations. Dies on GaN substrate and sapphire were analyzed under variable drive current up to 200 mA (246 A/cm2). At 100 mA, dies on bulk GaN remain as cool as 355 K (83 °C) while dies on sapphire heat up to 477 K (204 °C). The efficiency droop and spectral line shift in green LEDs with increasing current density can now be separated into electrical and thermal contributions.
Treating pediatric patients with obstructive sleep disorders: an update.

A review of recently published medical literature shows that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children can affect a child's behavior and learning. The pediatric polysomnogram remains the best diagnostic test forOSAS. Adenotonsillectomy is the principal treatment for the otherwise healthy child with OSAS. Several new techniques for adenotonsillectomy are described, and the available evidence for their use is discussed. Quality-of-life studies using standardized, validated questionnaires confirm that most children have improved quality of life after a adenotonsillectomy.
Social Intervention for Children with Language Impairment: Factors Affecting Efficacy.

Children with language impairment (LI) frequently have social difficulties that limit their inclusion in learning contexts and make it difficult for them to form positive social relationships. Intervention programs designed to enhance social communication may be warranted for many children with LI. Several factors should be considered to maximize the efficacy of these intervention programs, however. These factors include the accessibility of the language used in treatment instruction and tasks, the child's individual social goals for interaction, the focus of the treatment, and the time and intensity devoted to intervention.
Electrochemical sensing in microfluidic systems using electrogenerated chemiluminescence as a photonic reporter of redox reactions.

This paper describes a microfluidics-based sensing system that relies on electrochemical detection and electrogenerated chemiluminescent (ECL) reporting. The important result is that the ECL reporting reaction is chemically decoupled from the electrochemical sensing reaction. That is, the electrochemical sensing reaction does not participate directly in the ECL process, but because electrochemical cells require charge balance, the sensing and ECL reactions are electrically coupled. This provides a convenient and sensitive means for direct photonic readout of electrochemical reactions that do not directly participate in an ECL reaction and thus broadens the spectrum of redox compounds that can be detected by ECL. The approach can be implemented in either a two-electrode or bipolar (single-electrode) configuration. By manipulating the placement and dimensions of the conductors, the photonic response can be enhanced. The system is used to electrochemically detect benzyl viologen present in solution and repor...