cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating the interactome and the transcriptome of Drosophila

Networks of interacting genes and gene products mediate most cellular and developmental processes. High throughput screening methods combined with literature curation are identifying many of the protein-protein interactions (PPI) and protein-DNA interactions (PDI) that constitute these networks. Most of the detection methods, however, fail to identify the in vivo spatial or temporal context of the interactions. Thus, the interaction data are a composite of the individual networks that may operate in specific tissues or developmental stages. Genome-wide expression data may be useful for filtering interaction data to identify the subnetworks that operate in specific spatial or temporal contexts. Here we take advantage of the extensive interaction and expression data available for Drosophila to analyze how interaction networks may be unique to specific tissues and developmental stages. We ranked genes on a scale from ubiquitously expressed to tissue or stage specific and examined their interaction patterns. Interestingly, ubiquitously expressed genes have many more interactions among themselves than do non-ubiquitously expressed genes both in PPI and PDI networks. While the PDI network is enriched for interactions between tissue-specific transcription factors and their tissue-specific targets, a preponderance of the PDI interactions are between ubiquitous and non-ubiquitously expressed genes and proteins. In contrast to PDI, PPI networks are depleted for interactions among tissue- or stage- specific proteins, which instead interact primarily with widely expressed proteins. In light of these findings, we present an approach to filter interaction data based on gene expression levels normalized across tissues or developmental stages. We show that this filter (the percent maximum or pmax filter) can be used to identify subnetworks that function within individual tissues or developmental stages. These observations suggest that protein networks are frequently organized into hubs of widely expressed proteins to which are attached various tissue- or stage-specific proteins. This is consistent with earlier analyses of human PPI data and suggests a similar organization of interaction networks across species. This organization implies that tissue or stage specific networks can be best identified from interactome data by using filters designed to include both ubiquitously expressed and specifically expressed genes and proteins.
Sampling Fishes in Vegetated Habitats: Effects of Habitat Structure on Sampling Characteristics of the 1-m2 Throw Trap

Abstract Enclosure traps that quickly surround well-defined areas of habitat are perhaps the most widely used method for sampling fishes in vegetated habitats. However, relatively few data are available to evaluate the effects of habitat structure on sampling characteristics of enclosure traps. In this study, we determined how clearing efficiency and accuracy of 1-m2 throw traps varied across a range of environmental conditions in the Florida Everglades by sampling within enclosed areas of marsh habitat. Throw trap clearing efficiency and sampling accuracy did not differ among two widely separated locations and appeared to be unaffected by variation in water depth, canopy height, plant cover, plant stem density, and periphyton volume. Sampling accuracy averaged 63% of fishes present after correcting for clearing efficiencies. On average, 83% of the fishes present in a throw trap were recovered. Therefore, it appeared that about 17% of the missing fishes may have burrowed into the substrate or been discard...
The Effect of Pollination and Ethylene on the Colour Change of the Banner Spot of Lupinus albifrons (Bentham) Flowers

In Lupinus albifrons flowers the banner spot of the standard is initially coloured white or pale yellow. Two to three days after reaching the stage of full flower opening, this banner spot develops a pinkish blush and is deep magenta after a further 24 h. The development of this pigmentation is accelerated by exposure to ethylene in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Flowers with a pinkish banner spot produced the greatest amounts of ethylene and production was much lower in flowers which had either completed the colour change or in which the banner spot colour remained unchanged. Treatments such as stigma removal or pollination increased the rate of ethylene production. Dissection of the flowers showed that while the banner spot is changing colour there is no change in the rate of production of ethylene from the standard, i.e. from the banner spot or surrounding tissue. The major sites of production at this time are the keel and pistil. Isolated flowers withered within 2 d of removal from the plant and therefore did not show any change in the colour of the banner spot unless exposed to ethylene. The increase in banner spot pigment was about fourfold when isolated flowers were exposed to ethylene (0-24 /i\ I"1): however, the increase was less than twofold when isolated standards were exposed to ethylene (0-27 /i\ I"1). Application of silver thiosulphate (STS) to intact isolated flowers, as a 1 h pulse prior to ethylene exposure, partially prevented the pigment accumulation, whilst a continuous supply of STS reduced the ethylene-induced colour change by approx. 50%. Low concentrations of cycloheximide (CHI) (0-01 mg ml"1) reduced the accumulation of pigment in the banner spot of ethylene-treated flowers, and higher concentrations (1-0 mg ml"1) completely prevented the ethylene-induced colour change.
Primary Sources & Original Works: A DocuSerial™ Concerning Archives, Documentation, and Scholarship

Dans le cadre de ce forum special editorial sur les activites de recherche et de publication en archivistique, une etude specifique d'un journal. A travers l'evolution de la publication en serie d'abord appelee Special Collections de 1981 a 1988, apparaissent la volonte et strategie de l'editeur Haworth Press de repondre a la demande diversifiee professionnelle, scientifique et interdisciplinaire concernant les problemes des sources et documents primaires et d'archives et la recherche dans ce domaine (Archivistique, Bibliographie, historiographie,...)
Low-resistance gateless high electron mobility transistors using three-dimensional inverted pyramidal AlGaN/GaN surfaces

In this letter, three-dimensional gateless AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were demonstrated with 54% reduction in electrical resistance and 73% increase in surface area compared with conventional gateless HEMTs on planar substrates. Inverted pyramidal AlGaN/GaN surfaces were microfabricated using potassium hydroxide etched silicon with exposed (111) surfaces and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of coherent AlGaN/GaN thin films. In addition, electrical characterization of the devices showed that a combination of series and parallel connections of the highly conductive two-dimensional electron gas along the pyramidal geometry resulted in a significant reduction in electrical resistance at both room and high temperatures (up to 300 °C). This three-dimensional HEMT architecture can be leveraged to realize low-power and reliable power electronics, as well as harsh environment sensors with increased surface area.
Impact of Age on Long-Term Outcomes of Surgery for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.

Abstract Background Although malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is generally a disease associated with more advanced age, the association of age, treatment, and outcomes has not been well-characterized. We evaluated the impact of age on outcomes in patients with MPM to provide data for use in the treatment selection process for elderly patients with potentially resectable disease. Patients and Methods Overall survival (OS) of patients younger than 70 and 70 years or older with Stage I to III MPM who underwent cancer-directed surgery or nonoperative management in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2010) was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and propensity score-matched analysis. Results Cancer-directed surgery was used in 284 of 879 (32%) patients who met inclusion criteria, and was associated with improved OS in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 0.71; P = .001). Cancer-directed surgery was used much less commonly in patients 70 years and older compared with patients younger than 70 years (22% [109/497] vs. 46% [175/382]; P Conclusion Surgical treatment is associated with improved survival compared with nonoperative management for both patients younger than 70 years and patients aged 70 years or older.
A Structural Two-Sided Matching Model of Online Labor Markets

In the past decade, IT has facilitated the shift from permanent employment to need-based outsourcing and from local labor market to global online labor markets. While prior studies have examined how global frictions affect employers’ hiring decisions on online labor markets, we have limited understanding of the inter-dependence between workers and employers and the economic impact of IT-enabled globalization on matching outcomes such as the number of matched projects, freelancer wages, and project values generated from matching. This study is an attempt to fill in the gap by examining the dual roles of IT-enabled globalization, i.e., (1) in determining the formation of matches between employers and freelancers, and (2) in affecting market outcomes. From a market perspective, we take into account two-sided decision making, competition on each side, complementarities between employer and freelancer attributes, and endogenous money transfers between employers and freelancers.In our empirical analysis, we estimate a structural two-sided matching model of the online labor market from a revealed preference perspective. The estimation is based on a dataset from a major freelancing website that connects freelancers and employers from more than 200 countries. We then conduct counterfactual analysis to quantify the economic impact of IT-enabled globalization in online labor market by comparing the current scenario with a counterfactual scenario where employers can only match with freelancers from the same country. The results from our estimation suggest that employers tend to match with freelancers from the same country, and that employers from developed countries tend to match with freelancers from developing countries. The results from the counterfactual analysis suggest that IT-enabled globalization leads to more employers and freelancers with successful matches, lower average wage among matched freelancers, and higher total project values generated on the market.
Whither the Public Forum Doctrine: Has this Creature of the Courts Outlived its Usefulness?

Tracing both the development of the Public Forum Doctrine and the history of the property rights it affects, in this Article the Author argues that the doctrine currently exists as a tangled mass of precedent that is unworkable in practice. By juxtaposing the current application of the Public Forum Doctrine against a proposed approach that balances the property rights of the owner against the speech rights of the visitor to the land, the Author provides support for the position that the Public Forum Doctrine can be replaced by a more effective means of achieving a fair balance between the competing rights.Includes an Appendix: Historical Details on the Emerging Concept: Governmental Immunity Over English Land in the Anglo-Saxon and Norman Periods (pp. 735-743).
Association between the biological characteristics of HIV-1, vertical transmission of infection and clinical progression of pediatric disease.

The design of effective prophylactic measures to prevent the vertical transmission of HIV-1 and of therapies to alter the natural progression of pediatric HIV disease requires a thorough understanding of basic pathogenetic principles. Maternal viral load, the biological behavior of HIV, such as replicative capacity in different types of cells, monocyte/macrophage tropism, and the capacity of the infant's cells to support infection have all been assessed for their contribution to the risk of mother-to-child transmission. Similarly, the effects of viral load and phenotype (e.g. replicative capacity, cell tropism, syncytium-inducing capacity and the use of chemokine co-receptors) have all been investigated as parameters associated with variations in the expression of clinical disease in children. Some of the extant data are conflicting, but general principles regarding pathogenesis are beginning to emerge.
Review of Joint Coding of Channel Coding and Network Coding

Network coding technology can not only improve the throughput and transmission efficiency of the network system,but also make the load more balanced. By employing the joint coding of network coding and channel coding in the Wireless Sensor Network,it can reduce the complexity of data processing in the node and hugely promote the performance of the whole system. Based on the traditional netwok coding model,joint coding can be realized by employing the modulation in the node. Turbo codes and LDPC codes are among those best performing codes and they have some unique advantages so are preferred in the system. The result shows that under the same circumstance of bit error rate 10- 4,the signal to noise ratio can be saved by 1. 5 dB.
Optimizing the Roche LightCycler(R) for Single-Tube Multiplexed RT-PCR Assays.

The Roche Diagnostics LightCycler® (LC) Carousel-Based Systems are a single-source thermocycler capable of detecting light emissions from fluorescing molecules released during RT-PCR. This technology utilizes a single light source at 470 nm to excite fluorophores for read-out in one of three channels (530, 640 and 705 nm) for older 1.5 models and up to six channels (530, 560, 610, 640, 670, and 705nm) for the 2.0 model. The persistent challenge of LC technology is multiplexing, the ability to discriminate more than one target with different fluorophores in a single capillary tube that can be excited at the same 470-nm wavelength and read on 3 or 6 different channels without cross-talk or “bleed-over”. The most commonly employed fluorescent probe is 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM), fluorescing in channel 1 (530 nm), with bleed-over into the other channels, which is currently compensated for by surrendering valuable carousel space for extraction controls, amplification controls, and duplicate sample runs to assure the generated answer is correct. Using the 705 nm channel requires resonance transfer probes, as few fluorescent molecules exist with Stokes’ shifts wide enough to achieve detection in this channel. In 2009, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based method was developed which, when combined with TaqMan style probes, provides a linker that emits a signal that can be read in the unused third channel of the LC 1.5 [1]. This “FRET-MAN” technology works well; however, designing assays with dual probes and quenchers can be challenging. To address this challenge, Biosearch Technologies designed a probe called the Pulsar® 650, which is a fluorescent reporter dye based on a Ru (bpy)3 complex with a large Stokes shift, (λex = 460 nm, λem = 650 nm) that can be used in place of a two-dye FRET construct. Importantly, this dye is stable under oligonucleotidesynthesis conditions, strong acids, and strong bases (Biosearch Technologies, http://www.biosearchtech.com). We present here an extension of a duplexed assay originally developed for the LC 1.2 [2] to an RNA-based viral target with the inclusion of an internal control for robust quantitation. Here, the primary target was one of two strains of influenza A, chosen due to the increase of awareness of public health in recent years. The third-channel duplex probe was designed based on the human RNase P (hRP), GAPDH, 18S ribosomal RNA, β-actin, cyclophilin or gyrase [3–8]. To demonstrate the ability of duplexed detection, inclusion of the internal controls (ICs) is shown herein to function in both laboratory buffered samples and in clinical matrices. Theoretically, the second probe could instead be used as a detector for a second target organism.
Urodynamic studies in patients undergoing bladder replacement surgery.

AbstractA high incidence of nocturnal incontinence has been a problem in patients undergoing continent urinary diversion when intact bowel segments are used. Detubularization has been advocated to solve this problem. Fifteen patients underwent continent urinary diversions and 4 underwent bladder augmentation with a variety of intestinal segments. Detubularization of the right colon anastomosed to the urethra was used in the first 3 patients, all of whom experienced nocturnal incontinence. Urodynamic studies showed high pressure contractions of the intestinal pouch of 60 to 100cm. water pressure after the pouch was filled with 50 to 150cc fluid. Incorporation of an ileal patch into the detubularized segment of colon was effective in reducing these pressures to 15 to 60cm. water. This method reduced but did not eliminate the incidence of nocturnal incontinence. It is suggested that other factors may account for this problem.
SU-G-TeP1-12: Random Repainting as Mitigation for Scanned Ion Beam Interplay Effects

Purpose: Interference of dose application in scanned beam particle therapy and organ motion may lead to interplay effects with distorted dose to target volumes. Interplay effects depend on the speed and direction of the scanning beam, leading to fringed field edges (scanning parallel to organ motion direction) or over- and under-dosed regions (both directions are orthogonal). Current repainting methods can mitigate interplay effects, but are susceptible to artefacts when only a limited number of repaints are applied. In this study a random layered-repainting strategy was investigated. Methods: Mono-energetic proton beams were irradiated to a 10 ×10 cm2 scanned field at a Varian ProBeam facility. Applied dose was measured with a 2D amorphous silicon detector mounted on a motion platform (CIRS dynamic platform). Motion was considered with different cycles, directions and translations up to ±8 mm. Dose distributions were measured for a static case, regular repainting (repeated meander-like path) and random repainting. Latter was realized by randomly distributing single spot locations during irradiation for a given number of repaints. Efficiency of repainting was analyzed by comparison to the static case. A simulation tool based on treatment logs and motion information was developed to compare measurement results to expected dose distributions. Results: Regular repainting could reduce motion artefacts, but dose distortion was strongly dependent on motion direction. Random repainting with same number of repaints (N=4) showed superior results, independent of target movement direction, while introducing slight penalty on delivery times, caused by an increase of overall scanning travel distance. The simulation tool showed good agreement to measured results. Conclusion: The results demonstrate significant improvement in terms of dose conformity when layered repainting is applied in a randomized fashion. This allows for reduced target margins during treatment planning and limited number of repaints. A combination with e.g. respiratory gating is straight-forward. Authors are employees of Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy GmbH
Spectral Properties of Carbonate in Carbonate-Containing Apatites

A study of the infrared absorption spectra of carbonate — containing synthetic and biological apatites is reviewed. The implications of the results for the nature of the incorporation of the CO3 2- ion into biological apatites is discussed.
Addendum: Larin, A.; Womble, P.C.; Dobrokhotov, V. Hybrid SnO2/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Selective Detection of Ultra-Low Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Complex Backgrounds. Sensors 2016, 16, 1373.

The authors wish to make the following correction to their paper [1]:The ﬁrst author of the paper, Alexander Larin, is a Research Engineer at Vaon LLC and also agraduate student at the University of Louisville. Therefore, one more afﬁliation is added to this author:“Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA”.The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by this change.The manuscript will be updated and the original will remain online on the article webpage.
Sorbitol was as effective as lactulose in constipation in elderly men

Source Citation Lederle FA, Busch DL, Mattox KM, West MJ, Aske DM. Cost-effective treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose. Am J Med....
Interacting with the pharmaceutical industry.

The California Journal of Emergency Medicine IV:1,Jul-Oct 2003 Page 65 understanding and keeping “the enemy” close, this may lead to a new standard of partnership that will result in benefits for our patients. Note: Dr. Hayden has no relationships with any pharmaceutical or biomedical companies, has received no research funding from industry sources, and does not participate in any industry sponsored speakers bureau. INTERACTING WITH THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Stephen R. Hayden, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Program Director Emergency Medicine Residency Program, UCSD Medical Center San Diego, CA It is time to stop hiding our heads in the sand when it comes to interactions with the pharmaceutical industry! This is an issue of reality, not ideology. In an ideal world there would be no industry sponsored research and no potential for tainted research. In an ideal world there would be no need for marketing of new drugs to physicians or to the public and all the savings would be passed on to consumers. In an ideal world there would also be no crime, no disease (and no doctors), and no war; everyone would look like they just walked off the set of Baywatch, and no one would have to work unless they wanted to! The reality is that there is not enough money in all the governments or independent organizations in the world to fund the all research that is necessary, and so some funding must also come from the pharmaceutical industry. It is also reality that marketing campaigns work, whether it be to physicians or to the lay public. It is time to stop the rhetoric about conspiracy theory (what I sometimes hear people say would make a good episode for the X-Files) and get down to the business of creating a framework that will in every possible manner limit bias and maximize objectivity in conducting, reporting, and using the results of clinical trials. Whether as investigators or educators in emergency medicine, interaction with the pharmaceutical industry is inevitable. Rather than attempting to naively avoid it, we can use such interactions to enforce ethical conduct and scientific Upcoming CAL/AAEM Officers & Board of Directors Elections Call for Nominations Elections for the Cal/AAEM officers and board will be held this January 2003. 1) Open Positions will include: President, Vice President, Secretary-Treasurer 2) An additional five positions on the CAL/ AAEM Board will be made available. 3) Submit your nomination(s) by email to Calaaem@aaem.org - Simply state your name, the full name of your nominee(s). - Self-nominations are welcomed and encour- aged.. We also would appreciate a brief statement stating why you wish to nominate the candidate. Deadline for nominations: December 15, 2003 - Ballots will be mailed to all CAL/AAEM mem- bers in early January 2003. Deadline for ballot return is February 1st, 2003. - Results will be announced prior to the February 2004 CAL/AAEM Board meeting at the Annual AAEM Scientific Assembly in Miami, Florida. Assume leadership in your own CAL/AAEM. Our oatients and clinicians strongly need you! Antoine Kazzi, MD, FAAEM CAL/AAEM Executive Director
Perceived stress predicts lower physical activity in African-American boys, but not girls.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine cross-sectional relationships of psychological stress, stress coping, and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in Amer- ican-American (AA) boys and girls. METHODS A community-based sample of 139 AA adolescents (mean age 14.7 years; SD = 1.8 years; 64.7% girls; 30% obese) from Washtenaw County, Michigan was included in this analysis. Psychological stress was assessed using the Daily Stress Inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Schoolager's Coping Strategies questionnaire. Physical activity was measured objectively via accelerometry. RESULTS Compared to boys, girls participated in approximately 13 fewer minutes of MVPA (p < .001) per day and reported significantly higher levels of daily stress (p = .03) and perceived stress (p < .001). In addition, girls reported using a greater number of coping strategies (p = .01) at a greater frequency (p = .04) compared to boys. However, perceived stress significantly predicted lower levels of MVPA (p = .03) in boys only. CONCLUSIONS There are important gender differences in how AA girls perceive, experience, and cope with stress compared to AA boys. Although AA girls reported higher levels of stress and employed more coping strategies, perceived stress was associated with physical inactivity in AA boys, but not girls. Additional research is warranted to better understand the influence of stress on the choice to be physically active in AA youth.
Caseworker Recognition of Marital Separation

Current conceptualizations of the divorce process do not pay sufficient attention to the personal and therapeutic importance of separation as a phase in this process. The authors identify four type...
SP0055 Polymyalgia rheumatica new treatment (new steroid sparing agents)

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) responds well to glucocorticoids such as prednisone when given in small to medium-sized doses. But because the condition tends to persist for months or even years, adverse effects develop in most patients (Gabriel, et al . Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1873). A variety of steroid sparing drugs have been tried. One NSAID, Tenidap, showed steroid sparing efficacy but also relatively frequent adverse effects. The new Cox-2 inhibitor drugs have not been studied adequately in PMR to determine if they have a role in certain cases. Experience with cytotoxic drugs has been mainly in cases of giant cell arteritis (GCA), some of whom also had PMR. Even in GCA, cytotoxic investigations have been limited. Because of the close link between GCA and PMR it would be presumed that drugs useful for GCA would also be effective in PMR. Methotrexate has been studied most. Two recent randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies using methotrexate as a steroid sparing agent are the best work on this question to date, but gave different results. In one (Jover, et al . Ann Intern Med 2001;134:106), 33 patients completed the trial. 18 patients were given prednisone plus placebo, and 15 were given daily prednisone plus 10 mg methotrexate per week. All were followed for 24 months. The group receiving methotrexate with prednisone experienced fewer relapses (p = 0.02) and used significantly less prednisone (p = 0.004) over the study period. The second study (Hoffman, et al . In press) was also a prospective randomised double-blind study. 98 patients were enrolled. 51 received methotrexate (mean dose 15 mg per wk) plus prednisone, and 47 received placebo and prednisone. The results showed that the methotrexate group was not different from the placebo group regarding outcome and prednisone dose. The reasons for the differences between these studies is not completely clear but will be discussed. Thus, at this time there are no steroid sparing drugs that can be relied on for PMR. At this time in the practice setting we would recommend a trial of methotrexate only in patients who at very high risk of developing steroid side effects. Additional investigations with this drug and others is needed.
The NB-LRR Disease Resistance Genes of Fragaria and Rubus

Plants possess sophisticated surveillance and response systems against potential pathogens. In most cases, the genes underlying plant disease resistance encode nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. While the single gene nature of NB-LRR genes makes them widely accessible for plant improvement, the potential for rapid pathogen adaptation and, thus, reduced resistance durability is high. Few disease resistance genes of known function have been cloned in the Rosaceae but several have been mapped, with associated markers available for marker-aided selection. In strawberry, resistance to red stele root rot (Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae), anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum), and angular leaf spot (Xanthomonas fragariae) have all been the targets of genetic mapping. In Rubus, gene H conditions pubescence in raspberry is associated with resistance to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), spur blight (Didymella applanata), cane blight (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium), and cane spot (Elsinoe veneta). It is unclear whether pubescence acts as a preformed physical barrier to infection or if gene H is physically linked to NB-LRR genes conditioning the various resistances. Resistance to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus has been genetically mapped and markers associated with resistance to the aphids Amphoromphora idaei and Amphorophora agathonica, vectors of important raspberry viruses, have been identified. Candidate gene approaches including PCR-based methods for generating resistance gene fragments hold some potential for development of markers useful in strawberry and raspberry breeding. Finally, the availability of whole genome sequences from Fragaria and Rubus species enables in silico discovery of NB-LRR genes and visualization of evolutionary relationships and physical genome distribution, a focus of research in our research laboratory.
Immunopathology of Rheumatoid Synovium

The character of the immunologically stimulated chronic inflammatory infiltrate is to a considerable extent determined by nonspecific factors governing mononuclear cell traffic. The volume, composition, and distribution of this traffic is strongly dependent on an initial adhesive interaction between circulating mononuclear cells and the EC of the postcapillary venules (PCV) of the involved tissues. The emigration of lymphocytes from the PCV is preceded by binding of the lymphocytes to the endothelial lining cell. This binding is enhanced by lymphokines (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-4) and monokines (IL-1, TNF-α), secreted by perivascular inflammatory cells and acting on the EC. This enhancement may permit an initial, immunologically generated small focus of mononuclear cells to amplify itself to a larger infiltrate. Two general mechanisms appear to be operative in chronic inflammation: (1) a specific mechanism in which an antigen stimulates an immune response with an initial secretion of cytokines, and (2) a nonspecific mechanism in which the cytokines released mediate a largely nonspecific infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells. The specific mechanism may determine the site of the inflammatory response and the nature of the antibodies which may be locally synthesized. The nonspecific mechanism creates the conventional pattern of chronic inflammation observed in variable sites in a number of diseases.
Hepatic and Intestinal Transplantation at The University of Pittsburgh

The last 4 decades of this century have witnessed the evolution of liver and other organ transplantation to a high standard of care for patients with end-stage organ disease. In this chapter, we will focus on what has been accomplished at our center in: 1) defining the meaning of organ allograft acceptance and acquired tolerance; 2) improving survival after liver transplantation, with particular reference to tacrolimus, drug weaning, and disease recurrence, 3) applying lessons from liver and other organ transplantation to hepatointestinal and multivisceral transplantation and 4) assessing the feasibility of clinical xenotransplantation.
In vitro and in vivo investigations on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

It is now well established that target cell destruction can be mediated through the interaction of antibody with normal lymphoid cells as well as through the classic T-cell immunity mechanism (Cerottini and Brunner, 1974). This phenomenon, recently reviewed by Perlmann, Perlmann, and Wigzell (1972), was first described by Moller in 1965 and has received a number of designations, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated (or cellular) cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity (ADLC), cell dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (CDAMC), and lymphocyte-dependent antibody (LDA). For the purpose of this review, this immunologic reaction will be referred to as ADCC.
The Mega2R package: R tools for accessing and processing genetic data in common formats

The standalone C++ Mega2 program has been facilitating data-reformatting for linkage and association analysis programs since 2000. Support for more analysis programs has been added over time. Currently, Mega2 converts data from several different genetic data formats (including PLINK, VCF, BCF, and IMPUTE2) into the specific data requirements for over 40 commonly-used linkage and association analysis programs (including Mendel, Merlin, Morgan, SHAPEIT, ROADTRIPS, MaCH/minimac3). Recently, Mega2 has been enhanced to use a SQLite database as an intermediate data representation. Additionally, Mega2 now stores bialleleic genotype data in a highly compressed form, like that of the GenABEL R package and the PLINK binary format. Our new Mega2R package now makes it easy to load Mega2 SQLite databases directly into R as data frames. In addition, Mega2R is memory efficient, keeping its genotype data in a compressed format, portions of which are only expanded when needed. Mega2R has functions that ease the process of applying gene-based tests by looping over genes, efficiently pulling out genotypes for variants within the desired boundaries. We have also created several more functions that illustrate how to use the data frames: these permit one to run the pedgene package to carry out gene-based association tests on family data, to run the SKAT package to carry out gene-based association tests, to output the Mega2R data as a VCF file and related files (for phenotype and family data), and to convert the data frames into GenABEL format. The Mega2R package enhances GenABEL since it supports additional input data formats (such as PLINK, VCF, and IMPUTE2) not currently supported by GenABEL. The Mega2 program and the Mega2R R package are both open source and are freely available, along with extensive documentation, from https://watson.hgen.pitt.edu/register for Mega2 and https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Mega2R for Mega2R.
Hope, Denial, and Third-Party Effects.

Blumenthal-Barby and Ubel (2018) should be commended for their penetrating philosophical analysis of hope versus denial, self-deception, and unrealistic optimism in the health care context. They ce...
5.28 Waiver by Voluntary Disclosure

This article addresses waiver of the attorney-client privilege by voluntary disclosure. The central requirements of such waiver are that it be voluntary and disclose a “significant part” of the privileged communication. Selective disclosure to particular individuals or entities will generally waive the privilege as to all. However, disclosure to another person within a privilege will not result in waiver. The article concludes by discussing the effect of agreements between attorneys about waiver and pretrial orders by courts under FRE 502.
Investigation of (S)-(−)-Acidomycin: A Selective Antimycobacterial Natural Product That Inhibits Biotin Synthase

The synthesis, absolute stereochemical configuration, complete biological characterization, mechanism of action and resistance, and pharmacokinetic properties of (S)-(−)-acidomycin are described. A...
When no one is watching: evaluating the impact of body-worn cameras on use of force incidents

Outcomes associated with police body-worn cameras (BWCs) and their influence on use of force is chiefly known from large-scale implementation studies and randomised controlled trials. While these s...
Mechanism of Micelle Birth and Death.

In micellar surfactant solutions, changes in the total number of micelles are rare events that can occur by either of two mechanisms---by stepwise association and dissociation via insertion and expulsion of individual molecules or by fission and fusion of entire micelles. Molecular dynamics simulations are used here to estimate rates of these competing mechanisms in a simple model of block copolymer micelles in homopolymer solvent. This model exhibits a crossover with increasing degree of repulsion between solvent and micelle core components, from a regime dominated by association and dissociation to a regime dominated by fission and fusion.
Wanting more: A look at preclinical students' desires for increased clinical experiences and interest in mentoring young adults with chronic illness.

A growing population of children with chronic illness must transition from pediatric to adult healthcare. Medical students receive little formal training about the needs of these young patients. Strategies for educating students about how to address medical and psychosocial consequences of these conditions are needed. Interventions pairing medical students as mentors for young adults with chronic illness may provide dual benefit for both patient and student. To establish the feasibility of developing this type of program, we surveyed 165 medical students about their extra-curricular and clinical experiences as well as their interest in and expectations for a patient mentoring experience.
``Wall Viscosity'' of Magnetic Fluid Oscillations in a Strong Magnetic Field

The authors provide an estimation of the “wall viscosity” and its increment (“magneto-viscous” effect) in a thin near-wall layer of a column of magnetic fluid oscillating in the tube when a strong transverse magnetic field is applied. The calculation is performed according to the formula obtained on the basis of two different theoretical approaches and applied to the previously published experimental results of the complex measurement of oscillation frequency and saturation magnetization of the magnetic fluid. These results are commented upon, stemming from the assumed absence of the field dependence of viscosity. The estimates of “wall viscosity” “from above” and “from below” are used to calculate their contribution to the damping coefficient of oscillations.
Thomas Panagopoulos. Landscape urbanism and green infrastructure

This book is really a special issue of the peer-reviewed journal Land originally published in 2018. According to the editor’s introduction, this special issue was “to provide a set of contributions regarding the link between cities and nature” (Panagopoulos 2019, 2) plus emerging opportunities and challenges for both researchers and professionals. Besides the introduction of the special issue, there are nine separate peer reviewed papers from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia, making it an international in scope.
High scoring segment selection for pairwise whole genome sequence alignment with the maximum scoring subsequence and GPUs

Whole genome alignment programs use string matching with hash tables to identify high scoring fragments between a query and target sequence around which a full alignment is then built. A recent study comparing alignment programs showed that while evolutionary similar genomes were easy to align, divergent genomes still posed a challenge to existing methods. To fill this gap we explore the use of the maximum scoring subsequence to identify high scoring fragments. We split the query genome into several fragments and align them to the target with a previously published parallel algorithm for short read alignment. We then pass such high scoring fragments on to the LASTZ program to obtain a more complete alignment. On simulated data we obtain an average of at least 20% higher accuracy than the alignment given by LASTZ at the expense of few hours of additional runtime. Our source code is freely available at http://web.njit.edu/usman/MSGA
Terahertz lightwave control of non-equilibrium phases and collective modes in multi-band superconductors

A gauge-invariant density matrix approach is presented to describe the non-equilibrium dynamics of multiband superconductors after photo-excitation. The derived gauge-invariant Bloch equations extend the Anderson pseudo-spin precession model by fully incorporating the center-of-mass motion of Cooper pairs. We also describe lightwave propagation effects inside a superconducting film by including the self-consistent interaction of the photo-excited superconducting system with the propagating electromagnetic field inside the superconductor using Maxwell's equations.
Preserving Radio Broadcasts: Thoughts on Future Directions

The preservation of radio broadcast archives faces an uphill battle related to multiple issues, including appraisal, assessing uniqueness, format obsolescence and media degradation, and lack of ins...
The immune roadmap for understanding multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children: opportunities and challenges.

In the spring of 2020, a series of reports from Europe and the USA described clusters of children and adolescents presenting with a life-threatening, hyperinflammatory syndrome — called ‘multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children’ (MIS-C) — that was seemingly linked to prior exposure to the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In June 2020, the US National Institutes of Health convened a workshop of immunologists and clinicians to discuss emerging knowledge and identify key questions surrounding MIS-C, with a focus on innate and adaptive immunity, genetics and epigenetics. This Meeting Report describes the main findings from the workshop.
Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome): Clarification of diagnosis and treatment options through a large retrospective multicenter cohort.

OBJECTIVE Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (EMAS) is a rare childhood onset epileptic encephalopathy. There is no clear consensus for recommended treatments, and pharmacoresistance is common. To better assess the clinical phenotype, most effective treatment, and determinants of cognitive and seizure outcomes, three major pediatric epilepsy centers combined data, creating the largest cohort of patients with EMAS ever studied to date. METHODS Authors performed a retrospective chart review of patients with EMAS who received care at the authors' institutions. RESULTS A total of 166 children were identified. Global developmental delay (>1 domain) was present in 2% of children at onset and 49% during the course of the disease. Afebrile seizures occurred after the age of 2 years in 88%, generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 60%, and drop attack or myoclonic seizures in 30%. At onset, electroencephalography (EEG) found 28% normal, background slowing in 20%, and epileptiform discharges or seizures in 69%. Subsequent EEG found slowing in 62% and discharges or seizures in 90%. Response (>50% seizure reduction) to the first three antiseizure drugs (ASDs) was 26% (levetiracetam, 17%; valproic acid, 31%; other ASDs combined, 26%). Diet therapy was used as a second or third therapy in 19% and ultimately used in 57%; response was 79%, significantly greater than the first three ASDs (P = .005, χ2 ). Seizure freedom occurred in 57% and was less likely in the case of persistent global developmental delays (P < .001), seizure recorded on subsequent EEGs (P = .027), and failure to respond to diet therapy (P = .005). Development was normal in 47%, and 12% had delays in one domain, which was less likely in the case of global developmental delay after epilepsy onset (P < .001) and failure to achieve seizure freedom (P < .001). SIGNIFICANCE This large cohort of children with EMAS clarifies areas of variability in practice. Diet therapy is by far the most effective treatment; failure to respond was associated with failure to attain seizure freedom. This therapy should be used early in the treatment in EMAS. This study also identified a bidirectional link between cognitive and seizure outcomes.
Leading The Witness: Pediatric Palliative Program Improvement Through Instructional Investigation

Background: Palliative Care consultation can often be limited primarily to the practice areas of those staffing the program. In Pediatrics, this is further complicated by the difficulties of prognostication in chronically-ill children and confusion surrounding the purpose of Palliative Care in a non-terminal but seriously ill child. Quality Improvement initiatives that are limited to directive interventions, such as consult triggers or structured educational offerings, can often be viewed as invasive or presumptuous by colleagues that see palliative practice as part of their own specialty. In these circumstances, we have found …
Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission.

Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed by diffusion for widespread receptor activation on many target cells. Yet, we are only beginning to understand the specific organization of dopamine transmission in space and time. Although some roles of dopamine are mediated by slow and diffuse signalling, recent studies suggest that certain dopamine functions necessitate spatiotemporal precision. Here, we review the literature describing dopamine signalling in the striatum, including its release mechanisms and receptor organization. We then propose the domain-overlap model, in which release and receptors are arranged relative to one another in micrometre-scale structures. This architecture is different from both point-to-point synaptic transmission and the widespread organization that is often proposed for neuromodulation. It enables the activation of receptor subsets that are within micrometre-scale domains of release sites during baseline activity and broader receptor activation with domain overlap when firing is synchronized across dopamine neuron populations. This signalling structure, together with the properties of dopamine release, may explain how switches in firing modes support broad and dynamic roles for dopamine and may lead to distinct pathway modulation. Dopamine is often portrayed as a diffuse, slow neuromodulator, yet such signalling cannot explain its broad and sometimes rapid roles. Here, Liu, Goel and Kaeser review recent insights into dopamine release and receptors and present a new framework — the domain-overlap model — for dopamine signalling.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) Approach: Bedside Practical Review

The delivery of neurocritical care for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is not so much the performance of a single lifesaving act but rather the careful management of multiple medical issues that taken together can improve the morbidity and mortality of this challenging condition. Since 1980, case fatality from ICH has not decreased over time with the exception of certain regions and only 10–20% of patients who survive hospitalization currently regain functional independence (Rincon and Mayer Neurocrit Care 19(1):95–102, 2013; van Asch et al. Lancet Neurol 9(2):167–176, 2010). It is not possible to point to one specific intervention or approach that has improved outcomes, so obtaining the best possible outcomes requires management of both the specific issues to ICH as well as general principles of high-quality critical care. In this chapter, we will review the approach to ICH from the practical perspective of the bedside practitioner.