cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Collisionality and Radiative Cooling on the Interactions Between Supersonic Plasma Flows

We present a study on the effects of different collision and radiative cooling rates on the interactions of counter-streaming plasma jets produced by opposed conical wire arrays on the ~200 kA GenASIS driver.1 Since ion-ion mean free path scales with jet velocity $(\mathrm{v}_{\text{jet}}\ ^{4})$ , atomic mass (A2), and ionization (Z-4), while cooling scales with atomic number, changing the material of the wire arrays can dramatically alter the collisionality and the radiative cooling rates of the jets. This enabled production of collisional, poorly cooled environments using C, weakly collisional and increasingly strongly cooled interactions using Al and Cu, and strongly cooled, effectively collisionless plasmas using W.
Particle Collection Mechanisms Pertinent to Granular Bed Filtration

Flow fields and particle collection mechanisms in the maximum penetration regime are reviewed. Simple equations are introduced for predicting the size of the aerosol particles that most effectively penetrate a granular bed, and the corresponding minimum collection efficiency. Influences of filter operating velocity and granule size are also discussed. The results show that the most penetrating particle size for a granular bed filter exists as a result of either the Brownian diffusion mechanism combined with gravitation or Brownian diffusion with the interceptional mechanism.
Silicon Carbide Fiber-Reinforced Silicon Nitride Composites

The fabrication and thermo-mechanical properties of SiC monofilament- and SiC fiber tow-reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride matrix composites (SiC/RBSN) and fully dense SiC monofilament-reinforced silicon nitride matrix composites (SiC/Si3N4) have been reviewed. The SiC/RBSN composites display high strength and toughness, and low thermal conductivity in the as-fabricated condition, but are susceptible to internal oxidation and mechanical property degradation in the intermediate temperature range from 400 to 1100°C. The internal oxidation problem can be avoided by applying functionally graded oxidation resistant coatings on external surfaces of the composite. On the other hand, the fully dense SiC/Si3N4 composites fabricated by using SiC monofilaments and pressure assisted sintering methods display moderate strength and limited strain capability beyond matrix cracking stress. Advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications of SiC fiber-reinforced silicon nitride matrix composites fabricated using various fiber types and processing methods are discussed.
Symposium: Perspectives on Fundamental Rights in South Asia - Guest Editor's Preface

This symposium issue of the Drexel Law Review marks the anticipated launch of a proposed new section on Law and South Asian Studies of the Association of American Law Schools, including several contributions that were initially presented during a session of the proposed section at AALS Annual Meeting for 2010. The proposed AALS section comes at a moment of heightened interest in the region among lawyers, policymakers, and the public at large in the United States, and is part of a rapidly growing constellation of scholarly initiatives on law in South Asia that have emerged internationally in recent years. In the symposium, Marc Galanter, Shylashri Shankar, Elisabeth Wickeri, Payal Shah, Sehla Ashai, and Arpan Banerjee offer a range of perspectives touching on the subject of fundamental rights in South Asia.“India,” Vijay Prashad has noted, first “came to America by mistake,” in the course of Columbus’s encounter with North America. Today, individuals from the United States, including lawyers, policymakers, and scholars, are going to countries throughout South Asia rather more intentionally and in large numbers, but genuine learning and insight will remain the product of mistakes and accidental “discoveries” without concerted efforts at meaningful political, cultural, and social dialogue by both individuals and institutions. With the establishment of the proposed AALS Law and South Asian Studies section, we can look forward to another forum for such engagement with the region taking its place among those that have emerged in recent years.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is a method for determining the elemental composition of the several outermost atomic layers of materials. The surface layers often have a composition that is quite different from the bulk material due to contamination, oxidation, or processing. In AES, a specimen is probed with an energetic electron beam with an energy fixed between 3 and 30 keV, resulting in the ejection of core-level electrons from atoms. The resulting vacancy in a core level can be filled by an outer-level electron, with the excess energy being used to emit either an x-ray (electron probe microanalysis) or another electron from the atom (AES). This emitted electron is called an Auger electron. AES is a surface-sensitive technique due to the strong inelastic scattering of low-energy electrons traveling within specimens. Auger electrons from only the outermost several atomic layers are emitted from the specimen without energy loss, and contribute to the Auger peak intensities in a spectrum. The Auger electron kinetic energies are characteristic of the emitting atoms, and the measurement of their energies is used to identify the elements that produce them. The concentrations of elements detected can be determined from the intensities of the Auger peaks. Variation of composition with depth can be determined by depth profiling, which is usually accomplished by removing atomic layers by sputtering with inert gas ions and monitoring the Auger signals from the newly created surfaces. For most elements, the detection limit with AES is between 0.1 and 1 at.%. Keywords: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES); scanning Auger microscopy (SAM); surface analysis; surface chemistry; thin film; depth profiling
Drinfeld modular forms modulo $\mathfrak{p}$

The classical theory of "modular forms modulo l" was developed by Serre and Swinnerton-Dyer in the early 1970's. Their results revealed the important role that the quasi-modular form E 2 , Ramanujan's Θ-operator, and the filtration of a modular form would subsequently play in applications of their theory. Here we obtain the analog of their results in the Drinfeld modular form setting.
Theory and research in social psychology

What do these three dramas of daily life have in common? Each of them highlights the enormous significance of personal relationships in people’s lives. Stephen gave up a valued award because of his deep attachment to his family. Donna made a promise to her father that dictated the course of her life. Rich’s anger over his friends’ deceit moved him to a dramatic but costly action. Whether friendship, love, self-protection, or simply attempts to live in today’s complex society, relationships with others are central to our existence.
ORBit: an adaptive data shaping technique for robust wireless video clip communication

With the introduction of the low-bitrate video compression standard, MPEG-4, and high bandwidth wireless technologies such as 3G Wireless and WLAN, video communication over wireless channels will soon become a widespread and often used technology. However, video communication generally requires stable and well-known communication conditions, while wireless conditions can vary quickly and dramatically. In this paper, we focus on a specific type of video, video clips, and propose a method, Out-of-oRder Buffering (ORBit), which helps to maintain a high quality of received video under widely varying wireless conditions. We introduce an algorithm which judiciously selects information to buffer which will help improve the video quality of the entire video clip. Our results show a significant increase (up to 5 dB) in received video quality by using ORBit to achieve robust video clip communication. We also demonstrate that the proposed scheme imposes only a marginal computational overhead on the wireless handheld, thus making the approach feasible for typically CPU-constrained wireless handhelds.
An object-oriented prototype for a geophysical database

Database management systems (DBMSs) are being used in a wide variety of domains to handle many types of data. Scientific data pose a special challenge to DBMSs due to their volume and complex nature. The object-oriented model has many additional capabilities over the relational model that enables the database designer to capture the semantics of the data better. The paper describes the process of re-engineering a part of a relational database to an object-oriented database. The transformation of the relational schema to an object-oriented schema, the implementation of the new schema using an object-oriented DBMS, and a user interface for the new database are described. >
Exogenous Nucleotides Alter the Proliferation, Differentiation and Apoptosis of Human Small Intestinal Epithelium

The turnover of intestinal epithelial cells is a finely regulated process extending from undifferentiated crypt stem cells to terminally differentiated villus cells. The final phase of this maturation process is apoptosis and extrusion. Recent studies have shown that programmed cell death (PCD) occurs not only in senescent cells and in rapidly developing tissues but also in response to cellular stress preventing damaged cells from entering uncontrolled proliferation without repair. This study examined the role of exogenous nucleotides on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in organ cultures of human fetal small intestine. The addition of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), a putative stress reactant, to the culture media resulted in the suppression of crypt cell proliferation followed by the restoration of differentiation and the induction of apoptosis across a broad range of villus epithelium when compared with controls without added nucleotide. In contrast, the addition to cytidine monophosphate (CMP) to the culture media did not increase apoptosis, despite the nucleotide being taken up by the fetal small intestine in a similar dose- and time-dependent manner to AMP. Furthermore, Bax mRNA, an apoptosis-inducer gene, was increased with addition of AMP, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis may be channeled through the p53 pathway. These results suggest that a specific exogenous nucleotide, AMP, may have an important role in controlling the dynamic balance of cellular turnover in the developing human small intestine.
Sex determination of germ cells in Drosophila.

Many lines of evidence indicate that in Drosophila the mechanism for establishing the sex of the female germline is different from that acting in somatic cells. In the soma Sxl has an embryonic determinative role and is required throughout the life of female flies; in germ cells its expression begins only in the larval ovary. Both the mechanism for activating Sxl and the genes controlled by Sxl are different in the germline. A number of genes have been identified that are essential either for survival (e.g. ovo, otu) or differentiation (snf, Sxl, fl(2)d, bgcn) of female germ cells. ovo is required during embryogenesis for survival of pole cells. Genetic interactions with dominant alleles of ovo and/or Sxl indicate that otu, Sxl, snf and fl(2)d act in the same pathway as does ovo. bgcn differs in that neither ovo nor SxlD mutations affect the bgcn phenotype even though XX bgcn germ cells enter the male pathway. bgcn causes sterility in both sexes. Although the germline defect is cell autonomous in mosaic gonads, bgcn is also required in the somatic tissue for maintaining oogenesis of wild-type germ cells. Several dominant suppressors of bgcn have been identified and some have properties similar to Suppressors of variegation, suggesting that chromatin structure is critical for proper germ cell sex determination.
Food Webs, Competition Graphs, Competition-Common Enemy Graphs, and Niche Graphs

This paper surveys the recent work on competition graphs of food webs and some new graphs related to competition graphs, namely, competition-common enemy graphs and niche graphs. Also investigated are digraphs having interval competition graphs, and a partial solution to this problem for a class of (i, j)-competition graphs is given. Several open problems related to these graphs as well as generalized competition graphs are mentioned.
The 4–5 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event: Observed Microphysics and Comparisons with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Abstract This paper highlights the observed and simulated microphysical evolution of a moderate orographic rainfall event over the central Oregon Cascade Range during 4–5 December 2001 of the Second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2). Airborne in situ measurements illustrate the spatial variations in ice crystal distributions and amounts over the windward Cascades and within some convective cells. The in situ microphysical observations, ground radars, and surface observations are compared with four bulk microphysical parameterizations (BMPs) within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Those WRF BMP schemes that overpredict surface precipitation along the Cascade windward slopes are shown to have too rapid graupel (rimed snow) fallout. Most BMP schemes overpredict snow in the maximum snow depositional growth region aloft, which results in excessive precipitation spillover into the immediate lee of the Cascades. Meanwhile, the...
Hadamard transform visible Raman spectrometry

The successful application of LC-SLM Hadamard transform spectrometry as a simultaneous multiwavelength detection system to Raman spectroscopy is presented. Multiplexed Raman data are obtained with the use of an Ar+ laser lasing at 514.5 nm and a room-temperature silicon photodiode. A conventional 90° scattering geometry is employed for measurements. It is demonstrated that the LC-SLM Hadamard transform Raman spectrometer possesses the capability of performing spectral subtraction and the ability to obtain depolarization ratios of Raman bands, and can function as a selectively tunable optical filter for both Rayleigh line rejection and optical band notching. It is also demonstrated that, for the Hadamard transform Raman experiment, the silicon photodiode used as the detector produces spectra with slightly better signal-to-noise ratios than those obtained with the photomultiplier tube (PMT) used as the detector, although the PMT shows an increase in sensitivity.
Technology mapping for FPGAs with embedded memory blocks

Modern field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provide embedded memory blocks (EMBs) to be used as on-chip memories. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using EMBs to implement logic functions when they are not used as on-chip memory. We propose a general technology mapping problem for FPGAs with EMBs for area and delay minimization and develop an efficient algorithm based on the concepts of Maximum Fanout Free Cone (MFFC) [3] and Maximum Fanout Free Subgraph (MFFS) [7], named EMB_Pack, which minimizes the area after or before technology mapping by using EMBs while maintaining the circuit delay. We have tested EMB_Pack on MCNC benchmarks on Altera's FLEX10K device family [1]. The experimental results show that compared with the original mapped circuits generated from CutMap [5] without using EMBs, EMB_Pack as postprocessing can further reduce up to 10% of the area on the mapped circuits while maintaining the layout delay by making efficient use of available EMB resources. Compared with CutMap-e without using EMBs, EMB_Pack as pre-mapping processing followed by CutMap-e can reduce 6% of the area while maintaining the circuit optimal delay.
Resection of the Liver and Inferior Vena Cava for Hepatic Malignancy

Background Involvement of the IVC has traditionally been considered a relative contraindication to resection for advanced tumors of the liver. Combined resection of the liver and IVC for malignancy can be performed safely and results in long-term survival in select patients. Study Design Sixty patients undergoing hepatic and IVC resection by the primary author from 1996 to 2012 were reviewed. Median age was 52 years. Resections were carried out for cholangiocarcinoma (n = 26), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 16), colorectal metastases (n = 13), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n = 2), hepatoblastoma (n = 2), and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1). Resections performed included 27 right and 5 left trisegmentectomies and 25 right and 3 left lobectomies, including the caudate lobe. Ex vivo procedures were performed in 6 patients using veno–venous bypass and the other 54 procedures were performed using varying degrees of vascular isolation. In situ cold perfusion of the liver was used in 8 patients. The IVC was reconstructed using a tube graft (n = 38) primarily (n = 8) or with patches (n = 14). Results There were 5 perioperative deaths (8%). Three patients died of liver failure, 1 patient died of pulmonary hemorrhage, and 1 patient died of massive pulmonary embolism. Nine patients had evidence of postoperative liver failure that resolved with supportive management. Three patients required temporary dialysis. With a median follow-up of 31 months, 14 patients have died of recurrent malignancy between 22 and 44 months, and an additional 4 patients are alive with disease at 16 to 33 months. Actuarial 1- and 5-year survival rates were 89% and 35%, respectively. Conclusions Inferior vena cava involvement by malignancy does not obviate liver resection. The procedure's increased risk is balanced by the possible benefits, given the lack of alternative curative approaches.
Intravascular ultrasound assessment of the presence of vascular remodeling in diseased human saphenous vein bypass grafts.

Remodeling occurs in diseased human coronary arteries; however, reports of remodeling in diseased autologous saphenous vein bypass graft (SVG) stenoses are inconsistent. Preintervention intravascular ultrasound and quantitative coronary angiography were used to study 104 SVG stenoses in 93 consecutive patients. Lesion site and proximal and distal reference segment measurements included vein graft, external elastic membrane, lumen, wall (vein graft minus lumen), and plaque (external elastic membrane minus lumen) areas. Three indexes of remodeling were assessed: (1) lesion site SVG (or external elastic membrane) area was compared with the average reference segment, (2) SVG area was correlated with the wall area and external elastic membrane area was correlated with the plaque area, and (3) the impact of excess plaque accumulation (at the stenosis compared with the reference segment) on lumen compromise was calculated. Overall, the ratio of lesion/reference vein graft area was 1.07 +/- 0.25; however, 23 lesions were classified as negative remodeling (ratio 1.1). Reference segment vein graft area correlated with wall area (r = 0.906, p <0.0001), and external elastic membrane area correlated with plaque area (r = 0.703, p <0.0001). Similarly, lesion site vein graft area correlated with wall area (r = 0.978, p <0.0001), and external elastic membrane area correlated with plaque area (r = 0.961, p <0.0001). The regression line relating delta lumen area to delta wall area was y = -0.22 x - 6.2 (r = 0.451, p <0.0001) and the regression line relating delta lumen to delta plaque area was y = -0.47 x - 4.5 (r = 0.572, p <0.0001). (A slope of 0 would indicate perfect positive remodeling and a slope of 1.0 no positive remodeling.) Diseased SVGs undergo positive and negative remodeling similar to native coronary arteries.
A Sperm Enzyme That Disperses the Corona Radiata and Its Inhibition by Decapacitation Factor

Acrosome extracts obtained by treatment of ejaculated rabbit and human sperm with detergents contain an enzyme which disperses the corona radiata of the rabbit ovum. The enzyme was designated corona penetrating enzyme, CPE. The effects of the extracts on the corona was not due to hyaluronidase or a trypsin-like enzyme (TLE) which are also associated with the sperm acrosome. CPE activity is destroyed by boiling. The enzyme is unstable at 4 or -20 C but is stable at -70 C or in the lyophilized form. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of acrosomal preparations showed two protein components, only one possessing CPE activity. The fraction containing CPE was shown by disc electrophoresis to consist of two protein bands. This component dispersed the corona much faster than the crude acrosomal preparations. Although no TLE activity was present in the crude acrosomal extracts, TLE activity was found in the active CPE fraction after DEAE chromatography. This fraction removed the zona as well as the corona. Soybean trypsin inhibitor prevented the removal of the zona but not the corona by this preparation. Seminal plasma and partially purified decapacitation factor (DF), a substance from seminal plasma that renders sperm incapable of penetrating ova, inhibited CPE activity but not hyaluronidase or TLE. Acid-inactivated DF and uterine fluids did not inhibit CPE.
Immunocytochemical mapping of endomorphin-2-immunoreactivity in rat brain.

Abstract Endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH 2 ) is a novel endogenous opioid with high affinity and selectivity for the μ-opioid receptor. Immunocytochemical studies have located this peptide in spinal cord, brainstem and selected brain regions. However, there are disagreements regarding its distribution between published reports. Furthermore, the distributions reported for the endomorphins resemble that of neuropeptide FF, suggesting that some of the previous findings might be due to cross-reactivity with the latter substance. In the present study, the distribution of endomorphin-2-immunoreactivity (ir) was examined throughout the entire rat brain using an affinity-purified antiserum that appeared not to cross-react with neuropeptide FF. Endomorphin-2-ir cell somata were most prominent in the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Endomorphin-2-ir varicose fibers were observed in such areas as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the septal nuclei, the periaqueductal gray, the locus coeruleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the NTS, and the substantia gelatinosa of the medulla. More modest immunoreactivity was seen in substantia nigra, nucleus raphe magnus, the ventral tegmental area, the pontine nuclei and the amygdala. Fibers were also observed in the ventral cerebellum. Of note was the negligible immunoreactivity in the striatum, a region known to express high levels of μ-opioid receptors. Thus, endomorphin-2-ir was widely, but not uniformly, distributed throughout the central nervous system and was associated largely, but not exclusively, with regions expressing μ-opioid receptors. Based on its distribution, it may have a role in the control of neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and respiratory functions, and mood, feeding, sexual behavior and pain.
Tuning the Mechanical Properties of SWNT/Nylon 6,10 Composites with Flexible Spacers at the Interface

We have prepared nylon 6,10 nanocomposites using functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes and our interfacial in situ polycondensation method. The specific functional groups -(CH2)nCOCl [n = 4 and 9] on the sidewalls of SWNT were designed to covalently link nanotubes to the nylon matrix via alkyl segments. The composites with functionalized SWNT show significant improvements in tensile modulus, strength, and toughness relative to nylon and nylon modified with non-functionalized SWNT. The alkyl linkages at the SWNT/nylon 6,10 interface contribute significantly to improving the toughness of the composites.
Galerkin Generalized Least Squares finite element methods for time-harmonic structural acoustics

Galerkin Generalized Least Squares (GGLS) finite element methods are developed and implemented for modeling the response of fluid-loaded structures. A general formalism for the application of this methodology to problems in structural acoustics (the vibration of an elastic structure in contact with an acoustic medium) is presented. A consistent approach for the development and implementation of the design parameters inherent to the GGLS methods for coupled problems is given. This general methodology is then applied to an exterior problem of a fluid-loaded Reissner-Mindlin plate. Complex wave-number dispersion analysis and numerical experiments demonstrate clearly the reduction of storage requirements and solution time of the new GGLS methods over standard discretization techniques.
Ventilation considerations for the removal of biological nanoparticles generated during drilling processes

The paper analyses ventilation system design considerations with respect to biological nanoparticle emissions for medical drilling applications into teeth and bones. The study evaluates several characteristics of a commercial laminar flow ventilation system to determine the effects of medical worker exposure in the breathing zone with and without the ventilation system.
Abstract 1701: Elevated DNA adducts detected in human breast tumors than normal tissues from mammoplasty

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States. The etiology of the majority of human breast cancers is unknown. Elevated levels of estrogen and exposure to environmental carcinogens have been suggested to be involved in human breast cancer development. Several studies have also provided evidence of the potential role of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in breast cancer etiology. Identification of DNA adducts and monitoring change in DNA adduct profiles/burden in normal and cancer tissue may provide clues for risk of breast cancer. In this study, we detected and compared the levels of a wide range of polar to lipophilic adducts in tumor (n= 23) and adjacent normal tissue (n= 30) from breast cancer patients with normal tissue (n=124) from mammoplasty using a 32P-postlabeling adductomics. Adducts were classified into polar (P-1, P-2a and P2b or 8-oxodG) and lipophilic (L-1) in descending order of their polarities. Our results indicated significantly elevated total DNA adduct levels in tumor and adjacent normal tissue of breast cancer patients compared to normal tissues from mammoplasty. The levels of most polar adducts (P-1) were not significantly different among the tumor, adjacent and normal breast tissue. However, relatively lesser polar adducts, i.e., P-2a, P-2b (8-oxodG) and L-1 adducts were significantly higher in tumor and adjacent normal tissues of breast cancer patients compared with normal tissues from mammoplasty. Thus, there is a clear trend of adduct accumulation in the breast tissues of cancer patients that could have acted as a precursor event in carcinogenesis process. Therefore, elevated oxidative DNA adducts such as 8-oxodG can be a possible biomarker for early detection of breast cancer risk and subjects with high DNA adduct load may potentially be at higher risk for cancer development, and could be stratified for chemopreventive intervention. (Supported from CA-90892 and Agnes Brown Duggan Endowment) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1701.
Known knowns and known unknowns: risks associated with combination antithrombotic therapy

Background: Use of antiplatelet therapy in combination with oral anticoagulants remains controversial. The purpose of this article is to review current consensus recommendations for antithrombotic therapy, to evaluate risks for bleeding among patients taking combination antithrombotic therapy, and lastly to review single-center data from Kaiser Permanente Colorado detailing clinical outcomes associated with combination therapy. Methods: This was a retrospective, longitudinal pharmacoepidemiologic review. Adult patients receiving warfarin managed by a clinical pharmacy service who had documented antiplatelet (aspirin, clopidogrel, and/or dipyridamole) use (combination therapy cohort) or non-use (monotherapy cohort) were identified as of September 30, 2005. Utilizing integrated, electronic medical records, anticoagulation-related adverse events (death, hemorrhage, thrombosis) and coronary events were identified during a six-month follow-up (October 2005 through March 2006). Proportions of events were compared between cohorts. Independent associations between the cohorts and the outcomes were assessed with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Results: Data from 2,560 monotherapy and 1,623 combination therapy patients were analyzed. Patients in the combination therapy cohort were more likely to have had anticoagulation-related hemorrhages (4.2% vs. 2.0%, unadjusted p<0.001). With adjustment, combined warfarin and antiplatelet use was independently associated with hemorrhagic (OR=2.75; 95% Cl 1.44, 5.28) but not coronary (OR=0.99; 95% Cl 0.37, 2.62) events. Conclusions: At the population level, the hemorrhagic risk associated with warfarin therapy combined with antiplatelet therapy appears to outweigh the benefits. These findings suggest that clinicians carefully consider risks and benefits when prescribing antiplatelet therapy for patients taking warfarin who do not meet evidence-based criteria for that approach.
Parallelism in seismic computing

This paper describes a vectorized and parallelized implementation of a two-dimensional pseudo-spectral seismic elastic model and of a (frequency-domain) seismic migration algorithm on the (tightly-coupled) vector multiprocessor IBM 3090 VF. Performance data of alternative parallel implementations on an LCAP (loosely coupled system of array processors FPS 164) are also given.
Extraterrestrial Flux of Potentially Prebiotic C, N, and P to the Early Earth

With growing evidence for a heavy bombardment period ending 4–3.8 billion years ago, meteorites and comets may have been an important source of prebiotic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus on the early Earth. Life may have originated shortly after the late-heavy bombardment, when concentrations of organic compounds and reactive phosphorus were enough to “kick life into gear”. This work quantifies the sources of potentially prebiotic, extraterrestrial C, N, and P and correlates these fluxes with a comparison to total Ir fluxes, and estimates the effect of atmosphere on the survival of material. We find (1) that carbonaceous chondrites were not a good source of organic compounds, but interplanetary dust particles provided a constant, steady flux of organic compounds to the surface of the Earth, (2) extraterrestrial metallic material was much more abundant on the early Earth, and delivered reactive P in the form of phosphide minerals to the Earth’s surface, and (3) large impacts provided substantial local enrichments of potentially prebiotic reagents. These results help elucidate the potential role of extraterrestrial matter in the origin of life.
Psychiatry clerkship directors : Who they are, what they do, and what they think

We mailed questionnaires to ascertain biographic, academic and attitudinal data about psychiatry clerkship directors in the U.S. The average director is 46 years old, has been in academic medicine for 13 years, and has directed the clerkship for 5.9 years. Most are associate or full professors and hold one or more additional administrative positions, most often director of medical student education in psychiatry. Most view their role as fulfilling and want to direct the clerkship for the rest of their careers. However, most also perceive that their medical school does not provide enough support, that faculty don't teach enough, and that the current economic climate impedes learning. Unless medical student education is supported under managed care, the quality of clerkships and job satisfaction for clerkship directors will decline.
Body images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African-American and white college women.

Previous research indicates a lower prevalence of eating disorders within black than white populations. The purpose of this investigation was to examine multiple facets of body image and eating behaviors among 104 African-American and white female college students. Four primary domains assessed in this study were: (a) body-image attitudes, (b) body-image perceptions, (c) weight concerns and eating behaviors, and (d) judgments of the thinness-fatness of varying body sizes. As hypothesized, black females held more favorable bodyimage attitudes than whites, on both global and weight-related body-image affects, cognitions, and behaviors. Moreover, compared with whites, black women held body-size ideals that were less thin and more congruent with their current perceived size. Evidence from the novel Perceptions of Fatness Procedure indicates that black women held less strict criteria for perceiving body fatness. Whites reported more frequent eating restraint and sub-clinical eating dyscontrol. Results are discussed in the context of cultural and developmental influences on the body images of African-American and white women in Western society. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of fecal diversion in colorectal anastomotic failure: Where are we now?

Abstract The value of a diverting ostomy after low colorectal anastomosis continues to be a controversial subject in the literature. Sphincter salvage surgery has increased in recent years, and the role of prophylactic diversion continues to evolve. The authors sought to provide an evidence-based review of current recommendations for use of a diverting stoma in the setting of a low pelvic anastomosis. A search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane database was performed. Abstracts were evaluated for relevance. Selected articles were then reviewed in detail, including references. Recommendations were then drafted based on evidence and conclusions in the selected articles. A total of 100 articles were identified, of which 54 were included for complete analysis, including 2 meta-analyses. A diverting ostomy lowers clinical anastomotic leak rate and need for re-operation as a consequence of a leak by 30–70%. Small non-randomized studies have suggested that a diverting ostomy can be selectively omitted in some low-risk patients with good results. The morbidity associated with diverting ostomies is not inconsequential and includes risk for readmission and increased odds of renal failure. This risk must be balanced against that of anastomotic leak. The current data suggests that a diverting ostomy does not prevent anastomotic leak but can significantly limit the clinical sequelae and need for re-operation. The creation of a diverting stoma is not without morbidity and as such should be selectively performed in high-risk colorectal anastomosis that meets specific criteria.
The ARBAC97 model for role-based administration of roles

In role-based access control (RBAC), permissions are associated with roles' and users are made members of roles, thereby acquiring the roles; permissions. RBAC's motivation is to simplify administration of authorizations. An appealing possibility is to use RBAC itself to manage RBAC, to further provide administrative convenience and scalability, especially in decentralizing administrative authority, responsibility, and chores. This paper describes the motivation, intuition, and formal definition of a new role-based model for RBAC administration. This model is called ARBAC97 (administrative RBAC '97) and has three components: URA97 (user-role assignment '97), RPA97 (permission-role assignment '97), and RRA97 (role-role assignment '97) dealing with different aspects of RBAC administration. URA97, PRA97, and an outline of RRA97 were defined in 1997, hence the designation given to the entire model. RRA97 was completed in 1998. ARBAC97 is described completely in this paper for the first time. We also discusses possible extensions of ARBAC97.
The Effects of Scaling and Well and Substrate Contact Placement on Single Event Latchup in Bulk CMOS Technology

TCAD simulations are performed to examine the effects of scaling, well and substrate contact spacing, and supply voltage ( Vdd) on the vulnerability of devices to single-event latchup in bulk CMOS from 65-nm to 250-nm technologies. The effects of substrate depth are also shown to play a role in the sensitivity.
Temperature distributions and thermal response in humans. I. Simulations of various modes of whole-body hyperthermia in normal subjects.

The necessity for a mathematical model of human heat transfer as an aid in determining the clinical effectiveness of whole‐body hyperthermia technique is brought out. A 45‐compartment lumped parameter model of the human thermal system is developed. The model accounts for changes in metabolism, blood flow, and other physiological mechanisms during hyperthermia. Simulations of the model’s projected temperature distributions and responses to six clinical whole‐body techniques are investigated.
δ-expansion method for nonlinear stochastic differential equations describing wave propagation in a random medium.

We apply the $\ensuremath{\delta}$-expansion method to nonlinear stochastic differential equations describing wave propagation in a random medium. In particular, we focus our attention on a model describing a nonlinear wave propagating in a turbulent atmosphere which has random variations in the refractive index (we take these variations to be stochastic). The method allows us to construct much more reasonable perturbation solutions with relatively few terms (compared to standard ``small-parameter'' perturbation methods) due to more accurate linearization used in constructing the initial approximation. We demonstrate that the method allows one to compute effective wave numbers more precisely than other methods applied to the problem in the literature. The method also picks up on the stochastic damping of the solutions quickly, holding all of the relevant data in the initial term. These properties allow for both a qualitative and a quantitative construction of physically meaningful solutions. In particular, we show that the method allows one to retain higher-order harmonics which are hard to capture with standard perturbation methods based on small parameters.
How business intelligence works when analytics meet guanxi

Mainland China is an emerging market for business intelligence (BI). However, Chinese senior manager's ingrained guanxi-based decision making practices are considered the largest obstacle of the BI system diffusion to local enterprises. In the current research, we perform a comparison between business intelligence-based decision making philosophies (i.e., business analytics) and guanxi-based decision making philosophies in four dimensions: 1) the key player dimension; 2) the business practice dimension; 3) the time orientation dimension; 4) the performance measurement dimension. After the comparative study, we offer several propositions to practitioners in order to find the possibilities of introducing business analytics to Chinese enterprises that have been strongly influenced by guanxi networks.
Nitric oxide as a putative messenger molecule in the crayfish olfactory midbrain.

Abstract NADPH-d histochemistry was used to investigate presumptive nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons in the crayfish olfactory midbrain. Three anatomically different types of local olfactory interneurons exhibiting NADPH-d activity were observed: two pairs of large interneurons as well as positively stained globuli cells. Branches derived from the large interneurons were confined to the ipsilateral olfactory lobe and accessory lobe, but only a few branches innervated the olfactory lobe glomeruli. Local field potential recordings on the olfactory lobe showed that administration of SNP or SIN-1 (10−4 M) into the brain had reversible inhibitory effects on electrically-evoked responses of unidentified neuronal cell populations.
The optimal size of a storage facility

The appropriate size for a piece of fixed capital equipment (measured in units of capacity) depends on the anticipated demand for its services and on its cost. Using several models developed in the study of optimal inventory policy we derive the contribution to cost reduction that additional storage space makes under each of these models. Comparison of the sum of the discounted benefits (ie., reduced operating cost) with construction costs for additional storage space then yields the optimal size of the storage facility.
Military Education: Models from Antiquity.

The Greek city-states, in the centuries before the Macedonian conquest of 338 B.C., and the Roman Republic, from its founding (traditionally, 509 B.C.) to the assassination of Julius Caesar (44 B.C.), both hold a special place in the Western imagination. They are the distant ancestors of the West and its civic tradition. Democracy, elections, oratory, and the idea of freedom itself all come from Greece and Rome. Yet, in one way, we are very different from the ancients. They put military training at the heart of their educational system. We have increasingly marginalized military education. Americans have gone from colonial militias to Minute Men to citizen-soldiers to, in some cases, ROTCfree college campuses. Meanwhile, professional historians leave relatively little room at the table for military history. Often connected to opposition to the Vietnam War, the demilitarization of American education reflects a deeper process. World War I soured the West on war. World War II offered a sobering reminder of the limits of pacifism, but the lesson was soon forgotten. Some argued that the cure was worse than the disease, because to study war was to Acad. Quest. (2008) 21:52–61 DOI 10.1007/s12129-008-9046-x
The use of prostaglandin E1 in peripartum patients with asthma

Objective Prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) is commonly used in obstetric practice for labor induction and cervical ripening and in treating postpartum hemorrhage; however, its use in pregnant asthmatic patients has not been studied to date. The package insert states there is an unknown causal side effect for dyspnea and bronchospasm. Other pharmacological publications have stated that bronchoconstriction may occur with the use of PGE 1 . The study objective was to examine peripartum pregnant asthmatic patients who received prostaglandin E 1. Study Design Every patient who was administered PGE 1 from January 2010 through December 2013 was prospectively recorded. The charts were retrospectively reviewed. Peripartum patients with asthma were identified and further analyzed for any evidence of an asthma exacerbation following administration of the drug. Results A total of 234 of 2629 patients (8.9%) who received PGE 1 were identified as having asthma. None of the patients had any evidence of an asthma exacerbation (0 of 234; 95% confidence interval, 0–0.017). Of the 234 patients, 104 (44%) had active asthma and were receiving daily medication, and the remaining 130 patients had a medical history of asthma for which they used an inhaler on an as-needed basis. A total of 98 patients (42%) received greater than 400 μg of total dose. A post hoc statistical assessment was performed, and the study was sufficiently powered to detect any clinically meaningful increase in asthma exacerbation with PGE 1 usage, if such a risk existed. Conclusion Based on the 95% confidence interval of these data, the maximum risk for an asthma exacerbation following the use of prostaglandin E 1 is less than 2%. Although all medications administered to asthmatic patients in the peripartum period should be carefully selected, this information supports the use of prostaglandin E 1 in obstetric patients with asthma, if clinically indicated.
Mixed donor-acceptor molecular heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications. I. Material properties

In this and the following paper (Parts I and II, respectively), we discuss the properties of mixed donor-acceptor organic thin films and their application to organic solar cells. In Part I, we present a study of the material properties of mixed donor-acceptor thin films. Through optical absorption, x-ray diffraction, microscopy, and charge transport measurements, we determine the relationships among film microstructure, mixing ratio, and charge conduction in mixtures of two organic molecular species. We find that mixed layers of the molecular pair of 1:1 (by weight) copper phthalocyanine in C60 have electron and hole mobilities reduced by more than one order of magnitude compared to corresponding films of pure composition. In Part II, we demonstrate that the performance of organic hybrid planar-mixed heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on a mixed donor-acceptor molecular layer sandwiched between the donor and acceptor layers of homogeneous composition can have improved performance over conventional pl...
Effect of time of inoculation with potato leafroll virus on development of net necrosis and stem-end browning in potato tubers

The Green Mountain cultivar was used in field tests to determine the effects of inoculating potato plants at various times with the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) on development of internal necrosis of tuber tissue. Viruliferous apterae of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were placed on each stem in all hills to be inoculated in each 3.0 m single-row plot. Planting and inoculation dates were varied in all field experiments and, in one, several vine-killing dates were also included. All harvested tubers were stored for approximately four months at 10°C to enhance development of internal necrosis prior to examination. Similar but smaller greenhouse studies involving both apterous and alate green peach aphids were also conducted using Green Mountain, Irish Cobbler, and Russet Burbank cultivars. All results showed that as inoculation was delayed relative to plant development, more net necrosis (NN) occurred. Conversely, when plants were inoculated early, stem-end browning (SEB) rather than NN predominated. A high percentage of naturally occurring SEB tubers (cv. Russet Burbank) were found by ELISA to contain PLRV. Plants produced by these tubers only rarely developed leafroll symptoms. These findings suggest a previously unsuspected causal relationship between SEB and PLRV. Implications of this apparent relationship on the epidemiology of potato leafroll in Maine are discussed.
Exploring the rationales for ERP and SCM integration

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) and supply‐chain management (SCM) have been growing in popularity across various industries. New initiatives in resources planning, electronic commerce and extended supply chain drive the trend among corporations towards integrating strategic business applications. ERP systems assist enterprises in automating and integrating corporate cross‐functions such as inventory control, procurement, distribution, finance and project management. Through information sharing, SCM enables supply‐chain partners to work in close coordination to facilitate supplier‐customer interactions and minimize transaction cost. This research examines these two important concepts in terms of their evolution, functions and current development and further explores the rationales for their integration by analyzing the problems of ERP and presenting the solutions of SCM. This study is concluded with the imminent development of SCM and EPR systems and the industrial trend toward their integration.