cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irritant-Induced Chronic Cough: Irritant-Induced TRPpathy

This article expands the author’s presentation at the First American Cough Conference in New York City, June 8–9, 2007. The results of a scientific literature search and application of personal research findings are included. A new hypothesis to explain irritant-induced cough as a being a dysfunction of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) cation channels located in pulmonary excitable cells is presented. The TRPV1 cation channels regulate cellular transmembrane voltage by raising intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ concentrations and depolarizing sensory nerve cells containing C-fibers. The discussion centers on the “capsaicin receptor” (TRPV1) and another important ion channel, TRPA1. The author reviews results of published scientific investigations to support his contention that neural events, initiated by TRPV1 ion channels, lead to a cascade of alterations that progress to a cough endpoint. A potential mechanism to explain chronic cough in conditions where there is repeated or severe irritant-induced airway epithelial injury (e.g., RADS) is through persistent TRPV1 channel activation (e.g., TRPV1pathy) with accumulation of inflammatory mediators, tachykinins, and the release of neurotrophins leading to persistent cough and airway inflammation. The significance of the hypothesis is that, if proven, it may provide new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic cough.
Un-contented Characters: An Education In The Shared Practices Of Democratic Engagement

How should children be educated for democratic politics in ways that do not undermine their diverse needs, ideas, and interests? The dual challenges for a democratic theory of education are, first, to protect the pluralism of the young from standardization or indoctrination by the old, and second, to protect the social cohesion of the political community from the disruptive radicalism of its youngest members. I argue that liberal theories address this challenge by imagining an education in shared values (or content) that, in the end, undermines democracy. Following Aristotle and John Dewey, I suggest that an education in shared practices of democratic engagement provides a source of commonality that also preserves plurality.
TGF-α-Induced Breakdown of Stress Fibers and Degradation of Tropomyosin in NRK Cells Is Blocked by a Proteasome Inhibitor

Abstract Treatment of NRK cells with TGF-α in the presence of serum initiates disassembly of cytoskeletal stress fibers and suppresses the synthesis of tropomyosin isoforms (TMs) 1, 2, and 3 but not TMs 4 and 5 (Cooperet al., Cancer Res.47, 4493–4500, 1987). In order to determine how the loss of tropomyosin is induced and what role it plays in cytoskeletal disruption, the turnover of tropomyosin was studied in the presence of the transforming growth factor and protease inhibitors. Cells were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine and chased in the absence or the presence of the growth factor. It was found that TMs 1, 2, and 3 are degraded at about twice the rate of TMs 4 and 5 in control cells and that the rate of degradation of TMs 1–3 is accelerated by the growth factors. Degradation of TMs in control and growth factor-treated cells is blocked by a membrane-permeable inhibitor of cysteine proteases (LLnL) that acts upon calpains and proteasomes, and the cells maintain a flattened shape with a normal complement of stress fibers. Application of inhibitors that block calpains but not proteasomes does not block TM degradation. Treatments (suspension culture or cytochalasin B) that disrupt stress fibers without application of the growth factors also accelerate TM degradation, suggesting that acceleration of TM degradation is a consequence of its release from stress fibers during their breakdown. The normally more rapid turnover of the TM isoforms 1–3 that are lost in the phenotypically transformed cells could serve to facilitate the cytoskeletal reorganization that follows the activation of signal transduction pathways by the transforming growth factors observed in this study or during other rearrangements of the cytoskeleton such as occur during cell migration or mitosis.
Biological aspects of human malignant melanoma.

A study of the clinical behavior of human malignant melanoma in 164 patients has revealed a variety of endocrine and immunologic factors which appear to play a role in the initiation and dissemination of the disease. Genetic factors could not be established to have a statistically significant role in disease development, despite apparently high incidence of malignancy in the relatives of patients with this disease. Survival in patients with various anatomic primary sites is consistently related to development of all stages of disease dissemination. This suggests the role of host factors relatively early in the disease which may play a role in determining eventual survival.
THYROTROPIN (TSH) RESPONSE TO THYROTRUPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) IN CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS WITH OBESITY

A number of abnormalities in hypothalamic pituitary functions have been reported in non-endocrine obesity. No reports are available on hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid status in children with obesity.TSH response to TRH was studied in 47 obese patients (Gr.A) (mean age 12.4±0.5 range 5.1-19.2 yrs; ♂ 25, ♀ 22) & was compared with 24 short-normal controls (Gr.B) (mean age 12.3±0.6 range 5.2-17.5 yrs; ♂ 18, ♀ 6) Mean % overweight 64.8±6.1 range 11.3-226.0.TRH test was done with IV bolus 4ug/kg/BW (maximum 250 ug) of TRH after overnight fast of 10 hrs. There was no significant difference in basal levels of T4,T3, free T4 & TSH. 34.0% of Gr.A had augmented TSH response (Peak TSH > 20uIU/ml). Mean TSH response was significantly higher in Gr.A vs Gr.B. The higher/augmented TSH response to TRH in obese children could be a evidence of hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction, of partial peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone, or of minimal thyroid insufficiency.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Endothelial Pathophysiology

Endothelial cells continuously respond to extracellular stimuli such as chemical signals produced by circulating blood elements or mechanical forces such as shear stress. Proinflammatory cytokines, mitogens, reactive oxygen species, and shear stress trigger signal molecules to initiate multiple intracellular pathways, which often converge at mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. The MAP kinase superfamily represents a burgeoning area of clinical investigation for treatment of various inflammatory and oncologic diseases and plays an essential role in mediating response to infection, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and vessel healing and remodeling through regulation of such diverse phenomena as endothelial cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and endothelial barrier function. The downstream effects of MAP kinase activation include modulation of gene expression via up-regulation of various transcription factors. In addition to these sustained effects, MAP kinases coordinate more immediate responses that affect dynamic cytoskeletal rearrangements necessary for cell migration and regulation of barrier function. This review discusses the important regulatory roles of MAP kinases in the vital physiologic functions of endothelium, focusing mainly on the role of MAP kinases in the maintenance of endothelial barrier.
Management of retropseudophakos membranes.

Summary Retropseudophakos membranes are becoming a more frequent problem. When simple discission is not successful in creating an adequate pupillary space, instruments and techniques designed for pars plana vitreous surgery provide advantages over conventional methods for dealing with selected retro-IOL membranes.
Promoting Joint Attention in Toddlers with Autism: A Parent-Mediated Developmental Model

Joint attention, a foundational nonverbal social-communicative milestone that fails to develop naturally in autism, was promoted for three toddlers with early-identified autism through a parent-mediated, developmentally grounded, researcher-guided intervention model. A multiple baseline design compared child performance across four phases of intervention: focusing on faces, turn-taking, responding to joint attention, and initiating joint attention. All toddlers improved performance and two showed repeated engagement in joint attention, supporting the effectiveness of developmentally appropriate methods that build on the parent-child relationship. A complementary qualitative analysis explored family challenges, parent resilience, and variables that may have influenced outcomes. Intervention models appropriate for toddlers with autism are needed as improved early identification efforts bring younger children into early intervention services.
Symmetry filters using optical correlation and convolution

We describe a novel method based on optical cross-correlation and autoconvolution for the selective enhancement of image components with specific symmetry. Such a symmetry filter can operate in real time by using nonlinear optical four-wave mixing. Instead of correlating with a set of preselected references, the input picture is correlated with its own rotated version, which is generated by simple optics. Any patterns that are invariant under the rotation will exhibit strong correlation signals.
Mechanical Characterization of Membranelike Biological Tissue

Experimental and analytical methods are presented which enable one to examine the local rheological properties of biological tissues which can be captured as flat sheets between matching pressure manifolds and deformed under experimentally prescribed hydrostatic loading conditions. In spite of the fact that most biological tissues, including arteries, are nonlinearly elastic when considered over wide ranges of strain, it was found that the deformation of swine and canine arterial wall specimens in the physiological range of wall strain can be approximated by an isotropic, linearily elastic membrane model. In view of this, the elastic behavior was characterized approximately by an incremental modulus over the range of 0.45 to 0.65 strain. The incremental modulus in both species was shown to increase by a factor of three along the descending thoracic aorta from the ductus scar to the celiac orifice.
Buckling under axial compression of thin-walled composite beams exhibiting extension-twist coupling

A study of the flexural buckling of single-cell extension-twist coupled beams under axial compression is presented. The analysis is based on a recently developed geometrically non-linear thin walled beam theory. The effects of direct transverse shear and the parasitic bending-transverse shear coupling as well as those of different boundary conditions and ply-angles are discussed.
Review of Structural Analysis of Historic Buildings: Restoration, Preservation, and Adaptive Reuse Applications for Architects and Engineers by J. Stanley Rabun

Structural Analysis of Historic Buildings is a 500 page compilation of technical data, calculation methods, case-study information and historical documentation on the analysis and structural evaluation of historic buildings. The book concentrates primarily on American commercial buildings built during the years from 1820 to 1940, which encompasses a significant portion of the historic building stock in the United States. Rabun provides a comprehensive look at the full range of structural issues related to historic evaluation. This includes information on early building laws and codes, design loads, material strengths, and assessment. Also covered is an analysis and review of all major types of structural systems and assemblies such as walls, columns, bearing walls, foundations, and lateral systems. Rabun has organized the book into six main chapters that make it convenient to research or reference individual components depending on the need of the reader. The chapter titles are very representative of the material discussed and are listed here for the convenience of the reader. • Chapter 1: Assessment Methodology: Material Chronology, Early Building Laws, and Loads • Chapter 2: Foundation Systems of American Historic Buildings • Chapter 3: Historic American Building Systems: Walls and Columns • Chapter 4: Historic American Floor Systems–Beams • Chapter 5: Historic American Roof Systems: Lateral Bracing of Buildings • Chapter 6: The Historic Material Assessment Also included in the book is an extensive bibliography of over 90 publications, many of them historical in their own right. This
Synthesis and Characterization of the Nitrides of Platinum and Iridium

Transition metal nitrides are of great technological and fundamental importance because of their strength and durability and because of their useful optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. We have evaluated a recently synthesized platinum nitride (PtN) that was shown to have a large bulk modulus, and we propose a structure that is isostructural with pyrite and has the stoichiometry PtN2. We have also synthesized a recoverable nitride of iridium under nearly the same conditions of pressure and temperature as PtN2. Although it has the same stoichiometry, it exhibits much lower structural symmetry. Preliminary results suggest that the bulk modulus of this material is also very large.
Optimising the design of phase II oncology trials: The importance of randomisation

Oncology trial end-points continue to receive considerable attention, as illustrated by the development and revisions to the RECIST criteria. In this article, we focus the reader away from the issue of end-points for phase II trials and towards what we believe to be an even more important issue, the fundamental need for randomisation in phase II oncology trials, ideally with blinding and dose-ranging. We present arguments to support the proposition that randomisation will enable greater clarity in the interpretation of the phase II trial results, as well as allowing for more precise estimates of the effect size and sample size requirements for definitive phase III trials. Randomisation will also reduce potential bias resulting from inter-trial variability, which inflates both type I and II errors if historical controls are utilised. In the context of a randomised blinded trial, the exact choice of end-point is less critical, although we favour end-points such as the change in tumour size or progression status at a fixed early time point (i.e. 8-12 weeks after randomisation). Although end-points based on RECIST criteria can and should be utilised in randomised phase II trials, we do not believe that revision of the RECIST criteria will result in a fundamental improvement in drug development decisions in the absence of randomised clinical trials at the phase II stage of drug development.
Activated RSC-Nucleosome Complex and Persistently Altered Form of the Nucleosome

RSC, an abundant, essential chromatin-remodeling complex, related to SWI/SNF complex, binds nucleosomes and naked DNA with comparable affinities, as shown by gel shift analysis. The RSC-nucleosome complex is converted in the presence of ATP to a slower migrating form. This activated complex exhibits greatly increased susceptibility to endo- and exonucleases but retains a full complement of histones. Activation persists in the absence of ATP, and on removal of RSC, the nucleosome is released in an altered form, with a diminished electrophoretic mobility, greater sedimentation rate, and marked instability at elevated ionic strength. The reaction is reversible in the presence of RSC and ATP, with conversion of the altered form back to the nucleosome.
Growth of 9-L and RT-9 gliosarcoma in female rats.

Published studies of 9-L and RT9 gliosarcoma have been done only in male rats and it is widely assumed that these tumors do not grow in female rats. In this study 9-L and RT 9 gliosarcoma was inoculated into the brains of male and female Fisher CD rats. The tumors grew with essentially the same incidence and survival time in both sexes, confirming that female rats can be used as well as male rats in experiments using RT9 and 9-L gliosarcomas.
Relative Reactivities of Aminoglycosides and their Synthetic Equivalents in the C-Glycosylation of Aromatics. Synthesis of the Pseudoaglycone (d-C-Glycoside) of the Benzanthrins

Abstract The pseudoaglycone of the benzanthrin antibiotics was prepared by a short sequence in which C -glycosylation of dehydrorabelomycin dimethyl ether served as the key step. The use of a 3-azido 2,3,6-trideoxy pyranose as an activated equivalent of a 3-dimethylamino 2,3,6-trideoxy sugar was demonstrated in this reaction.
A Defect-Limited Noise Model for a Charge-Coupled Device Pixel

The performance of charge-coupled device imagers at low light levels is limited by the dark current from interface states and bulk defects that act as generation sites. A model is proposed that links the capture cross-section and concentration of dominant defects with device simulation to understand the temporal and fixed-pattern noise in a pixel.
Abstractness and Continuity in the Syntactic Development of Young Children with Autism

Grammar is frequently considered to be a strength in the cognitive profile of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs); however, few studies have investigated how abstract (i.e. distinct from specific lexical items) is the grammatical knowledge of individuals with ASD. In this study, we examine the extent to which children with ASD have abstracted the transitive (SVO) frame in English. Participants in a longitudinal study of language acquisition in children with autism (17 children with ASD averaging 41 months of age, 18 TD children averaging 28 months of age) were taught two novel verbs in transitive sentences and asked (via intermodal preferential looking) whether these verbs mapped onto novel causative vs. noncausative actions. Both groups consistently mapped the verbs onto the causative actions (i.e. they engaged in syntactic bootstrapping). Moreover, the children with ASD's performance on this task was significantly and independently predicted by both vocabulary and sentence-processing measures obtained 8 months earlier. We conclude that many children with ASD are able to generalize grammatical patterns, and this ability may derive from earlier lexical and grammatical knowledge. Autism Res2011,4:422–437. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bile acid malabsorption-a consequence of terminal ileal dysfunction in protracted diarrhea of infancy

Fecal excretion of labeled bile acid ( 14 C-24-cholic acid) was distinctly increased in two infants with protracted diarrhea, whereas four patients with steatorrhea due to pancreatic or mucosal abnormalities and five patients with mild chronic diarrhea had no excess fecal loss of bile acid. The loss of 14 C-24-cholic acid in our patients with intractable diarrhea was similar to that observed in four infants who had undergone ileal resection. The ratio of mean 24-hour excretion of bile acid to that of a non-absorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, confirmed the malabsorption of bile acid in the patients with intractable diarrhea or ileal resection. These results differ significantly (p
Employer Satisfaction with Job Skills of Business College Graduates and Its Impact on Hiring Behavior

ABSTRACT This study analyzed which job-applicant skills employers perceive to be important when hiring, as well as how effective business schools are perceived to be in preparing students with these skills. A research instrument was developed to measure employers' satisfaction with 4 areas: specific skills, core skills, personal characteristics, and communication skills. The results indicate that employers want the same basic “core skills,” irrespective of their size and type of business, and that satisfaction with these core skills is the most important determinant of their inclination to hire. Recommendations for improving the effectiveness of business programs are included in the report.
The flux field in the Shaded-pole motor

THE SHADED-POLE induction motor traditionally has been built but not designed. In the present state of the art, it is more practical to build a series of trial motors with modifications to produce the desired characteristics than to design one meticulously and still miss those characteristics. This article is intended to show some of the causes of failure of the usual design procedures. The results are qualitative only, but it is hoped that they will aid designers quantitatively through the use of presently known design constants which have been obtained from experience with their own motors.
Electrons, Holes, and Traps

The statistics of recombination and of trapping of electrons and holes through traps of a single species are presented. The results of the Shockley-Read recombination theory are derived and more fully interpreted. A level of energy known as the equality level is introduced. When the Fermi level lies at this level, the four basic processes of electron capture, electron emission, hole capture, and hole emission all proceed at equal rates. Transient cases for large trap density are presented.
Platelet‐derived growth factor‐B increases colon cancer cell growth in vivo by a paracrine effect

PDGF-B released from colon tumor cells regulated tumor growth in athymic mice in a paracrine manner by inducing blood vessel formation. A positive correlation was found between expression of PDGF B-chain in cells grown in vitro and the number of factor VIII-positive blood vessels in tumors induced by three classes of colon carcinoma cell lines. Elevated expression of PDGF-B was also correlated with tumor size. Each cell line had the same mutations in the colon cancer genes APC, DCC, and p53 and had wild type c-K-ras genes (Huang et al. [1994] Oncogene, 9:3701–3706.) eliminating the possibility that any differences in tumor blood vessel formation were due to mutations and/or deletions in these genes. Colon carcinoma cells released biologically active PDGF capable of stimulating the growth of NIH3T3 cells, which was inhibited by neutralizing antisera to PDGF-AB chains. An inverse correlation was found between induction of factor VIII-positive blood vessels and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while no correlation was seen with expression of either TGFα or k-FGF. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) expression was not detected in these tumor cells. TGFβ1 was capable of inducing PDGF-B expression in the undifferentiated U9 colon carcinoma cell line, but this sensitivity was not seen in differentiated cells. In contrast, TGFβ1 inhibited VEGF expression in both undifferentiated cells and differentiated colon cancer cells. Thus, TGFβ1 has two roles in the growth of undifferentiated U9 colon carcinoma cells in vivo: direct stimulation of cell proliferation as we have showed in earlier studies, and an increase in angiogenesis by inducing PDGF-B. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Model-based principal components of correlation matrices

A model for principal components of correlation matrices is proposed. The model satisfies the correlation constraint (i.e., unit valued diagonal elements) as well as optional constraints on eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors. The model yields simplified principal components that retain both orthogonality and variance maximization properties. Inference procedures for eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and loadings on rotated or raw principal components are given. Multivariate normality is not required. A major issue in the modeling process is that the eigen-structure of the population correlation matrix can induce rank deficiencies in the submatrix of the constraint Jacobian matrix that is associated with the correlation constraint. This rank deficiency is a property of the population constraint Jacobian matrix; it is not necessarily a property of the sample Jacobian matrix evaluated at the solution to the estimating equation. Furthermore, if degenerate constraints are eliminated, then the fitted correlation matrix need not satisfy the correlation constraint. Procedures are proposed for detecting rank deficiencies, eliminating degenerate constraints, and constructing auxiliary constraints that ensure that the correlation constraint is satisfied. The procedures are illustrated on two real data sets.
Use of dried plasma spots for the quantification of iothalamate in clinical studies.

plasmashowedaregressionslopeof0.95(95%confidenceinterval=0.92–0.98,P,0.001).Bland–Altmanplotofpaired sample points (n=116) showed a bias of 24 mg/ml and limits of agreement of 238 to +30 mg/ml. The relationship between GFRs using dried plasma spots and plasma methods also showed an excellent relationship (slope of 0.95, 95% confidence interval=0.82–1.17). Bland–Altman plot of paired GFRs showed a bias of 2 ml/min, with limits of agreement of 26 to +10 ml/min. Precision was generally between 5% and 10%, and accuracy was within 5%. Conclusions Although dried blood spots are unsuitable for studies among those patients with very low hematocrit, dried plasma spots correct for this limitation, and this small pilot study shows that it is a reasonably reliable method for quantifying iothalamate and subsequently, determining GFR. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 909–914, 2013. doi: 10.2215/CJN.10471012
Associations of Workplace Aggression With Work-Related Well-Being Among Nurses in the Philippines

Objectives. We examined whether workplace aggression was associated with self-rated health and work-related injury and illness among nurses in the Philippines.Methods. Our data came from a cross-sectional survey of nurses (n = 687) in the Philippines. We assessed the associations of self-reported physical assault and verbal abuse with self-rated health, work-related injury and illness, and missed workdays with Poisson regression. Control variables included demographic and work characteristics (e.g., hours worked, work setting, shift).Results. Verbal abuse was associated with poor general health (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 3.45). Both physical assault and verbal abuse were associated with work-related injury (PR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.20; PR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.34, 2.23, respectively) and work-related illness (PR = 1.46; 95% CI = 0.99, 2.15; PR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.32, 2.14, respectively) after demographic and work characteristics were accounted for in the model. In a...
Space radiation effects and reliability considerations for the proposed Jupiter Europa Orbiter

The proposed Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) mission to explore the Jovian moon Europa poses a number of challenges. The spacecraft must operate for about seven years during the transit time to the vicinity of Jupiter, and then endure unusually high radiation levels during exploration and orbiting phases. The ability to withstand usually high total dose levels is critical for the mission, along with meeting the high reliability standards for flagship NASA missions. Reliability of new microelectronic components must be sufficiently understood to meet overall mission requirements.
Space-filling curves for image compression

This paper outlines the use of space-filling curves in transform image compression. Specifically, a space-filling Hilbert curve is used for mapping the two-dimensional image into a suitable one-dimensional representation. Compared to simple raster-scans, this topological mapping is spatially non-disruptive and tends to preserve local pixel correlations in the original two-dimensional image. Standard transform coefficient reduction and coding techniques can then be applied to the one-dimensional representation for the purposes of data compression. The advantages of the one-dimensional coding, in terms of computational cost and subjective image quality, are also discussed.
Bromcresol green assay is nonspecific for rat plasma albumin

Bromcresol green (BCG) assay has been used in microvascular studies to determine albumin in rat plasma. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that BCG overestimates rat plasma albumin partly because BCG binds to transferrin, a beta-globulin. The light absorbance of a transferrin-BCG reagent solution is shown to increase with time; appreciable binding occurs within a few seconds. Pure transferrin produced BCG assay results (P less than 0.001) that could be expressed as pseudoalbumin concentrations. Albumin and transferrin solutions of equal concentrations were mixed in equal parts; a plot of albumin concentration determined by BCG vs. actual albumin concentration had a slope greater than the expected value of 1.0 (P less than 0.001). Plasma samples were obtained from six rats and assayed for albumin. Electrophoresis yielded a plasma albumin of 2.97 +/- 0.11 g/dl, whereas BCG assay yielded a significantly (P less than 0.01) greater value of 3.58 +/- 0.07 g/dl. We conclude that BCG assay estimates of albumin-to-globulin ratio (A/G), in which G is determined from the difference between total protein and albumin, are especially subject to error.
Religious Group Cues and Citizen Policy Attitudes in the United States

The public opinion literature shows that cues about the policy positions of social groups influence citizens’ political attitudes. We assess whether cues about religious groups’ positions affect attitudes on three issues: protection of homosexuals in the workplace, improving the socio-economic conditions of African-Americans, and government-provided health insurance. We argue that such cues should shape issue attitudes and condition the impact of religious and political orientations on those attitudes. That should be especially true on issues closely connected to religion and for citizens with low levels of political awareness. We assess this argument with a survey experiment pitting pairs of religious groups on opposite sides of issues. We find that religious group cues matter primarily for cultural attitudes, among less politically-aware individuals, and for the religiously unaffiliated, Democrats, and liberals. The dominant effect is negative, moving these groups away from the positions of religious leaders and especially evangelical leaders.
Absolute and convective instability of a viscous liquid curtain in a viscous gas

The linear instability of a viscous liquid flowing in a vertical sheet sandwiched between two viscous gases bounded externally by two vertical walls is investigated. The critical Weber number below which the flow is absolutely unstable and above which the flow is convectively unstable is found to be approximately equal to one and is weakly dependent on the rest of the parameters. The Weber number is defined as We ≡ ρ1 U2 0d/S where S is the surface tension, ρ1 is the liquid density, U 0 is the centreline velocity of the liquid sheet, and d is the half-thickness of the uniform liquid sheet. The sinuous mode is found to have a greater amplification rate than the varicose mode in the convective instability regime. While absolute instability is caused by the surface tension, convective instability is caused by the amplification of disturbances near the liquid-gas interface. The surface tension, and viscosities of liquids and gases all suppress the amplification of the convectively unstable disturbances. An increase in the gravitational force or the gas density results in an enhancement of the amplification rate.
Building Inclusive School Cultures Using School-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Designing Effective Individual Support Systems for Students with Significant Disabilities

School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) is a systematic and effective approach for broadly improving student behavior across school environments. SWPBS includes data-based strategies for supp...
Temperature and Electric Field Dependence of Conduction in Low-Density Polyethylene

A traditional constant voltage conductivity test method was used to measure how the conductivity of highly insulating low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer films depends on applied electric field, repeated and prolonged electric field exposure, and sample temperature. The strength of the applied voltage was varied to determine the electric field dependence. At low electric field, the resistivity was measured from cryogenic temperatures to well above the glass transition temperature. Comparisons were made with a variety of models of the conduction mechanisms common in insulators, including transient polarization and diffusion and steady-state thermally activated hopping conductivity and variable range hopping conductivity, to determine which mechanisms were active for LDPE and to provide a better picture of its electrical behavior.
Linking hotel manager behavior with outcome measures of effectiveness

Abstract Sixty-three property managers from three different hotel firms participated in a study to determine the perceived linkage between each of seven behavioral dimensions and fourteen common outcome measures of managerial effectiveness. At least one outcome measure was strongly related to each of the behavioral dimensions, though significant differences in collective perceptions by firm were also found. Implications for integrating behavioral and outcome measures, the timing of evaluations and the matching of managerial effectiveness with a hotel firm's business strategy are discussed.
Development of a temperature mapping system for 1.3-GHz 9-cell SRF cavities

The mapping of outer wall temperature during the vertical test of a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity has been one of the most useful tools to detect bad spots of the cavity. However, few systems except a rotating-arm type one have been developed so far for 9- cell cavities. Since it will be an essential tool to identify the failure of the cavities, we started to develop a fixed- board-type temperature mapping system that will enable us to map the temperature of 9-cell cavities in a much shorter time than rotating-arm type. This paper describes the design, status of the development and preliminary tests of the design.
Device physics of an optoelectronic integrated wavelength converter

An InP-based tunable wavelength converter is investigated which monolithically combines a waveguide photodetector with a sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser diode. We employ advanced device simulation to study internal physical mechanisms and performance limitations. Our three-dimensional finite-element model self-consistently combines carrier transport, optical waveguiding, and nanoscale many-body theory to accurately account for optical transitions within the quantum wells. Good agreement with measurements is achieved. The validity of several model simplification options is discussed.
αvβ3-integrin-mediated adhesion is regulated through an AAK1L- and EHD3-dependent rapid-recycling pathway

Protein transport through the endosome is critical for maintaining proper integrin cell surface integrin distribution to support cell adhesion, motility and viability. Here we employ a live-cell imaging approach to evaluate the relationship between integrin function and transport through the early endosome. We discovered that two early endosome factors, AAK1L and EHD3, are critical for αvβ3-integrin-mediated cell adhesion in HeLa cells. siRNA-mediated depletion of either factor delays short-loop β3 integrin recycling from the early endosome back to the cell surface. Total internal reflection fluorescence-based colocalization analysis reveals that β3 integrin transits AAK1L- and EHD3-positive endosomes near the cell surface, a subcellular location consistent with a rapid-recycling role for both factors. Moreover, structure–function analysis reveals that AAK1L kinase activity, as well as its C-terminal domain, is essential for cell adhesion maintenance. Taken together, these data reveal an important role for AAK1L and EHD3 in maintaining cell viability and adhesion by promoting αvβ3 integrin rapid recycling from the early endosome.
Concluding Remarks, or Pilgrim's Progress: The Road Ahead

This has been a wonderful conference, in a beautiful setting, with many of the world's planet-seekers on hand to present their ideas, at a time when we stand technically almost ready to embark on designing space missions to search for Earth-like planets and signs of life on them. In these remarks, I wish to simply list the ‘big questions’ that face us today, and offer some personal comments on how we might address these questions. For a bit of inspiration from the past, I will close with a parallel that might be drawn between the journey that we all wish to embark upon, to search for extrasolar planets and to characterize them, and the one described by John Bunyan in his 1678 allegory, Pilgrim's Progress. A remarkable aspect of this conference has been the agreement on our common goal, to detect and characterize extrasolar planets. While it is true that various of us suscribe to different theories of how planetary systems are formed, or how to best build the telescopes that can investigate these planetary systems, nevertheless we do all believe that the next great frontier in astrophysics is the study of extrasolar planets, and in particular Earth-like planets. The topic of this conference can be phrased in terms of the following ‘big questions’. Are there Earth-like planets around nearby stars? Are these planets habitable? Do they show signs of life? These questions generate many sub-questions that we need to answer. In the following I list the questions as I see them today. I will phrase them in terms that can be easily understood by most of the public. Doubtless you will have other questions, but this is a start.
A Response to “Competing Views: A Dialogue on Response to Intervention”: Why Response to Intervention Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Identifying Students With Learning Disabilities

We respond to the comments of Batsche, Kavale, and Kovaleski (this issue), on Response To Intervention (RTI) and learning disabilities. Historically, discrepancy between IQ and achievement has been...
The GRClass visual programming system

The GRClass system, which combines graphics, relations, and classes to provide a visual interface for programming graph data structures within an object-oriented framework, is discussed. This is done by extending the object-oriented model with interobject relations. These relations are then used to directly implement the conceptual model of the graph data structures. Within the GRClass framework, data structures are objects that maintain relation tables. These relations and the objects participating in the relations constitute the form of the data structure. A graphical notation is used to specify the possible relations and to manipulate the relation graph. GRClass is implemented within the Andrew Toolkit programming environment. >
The availability and nature of physician information on the internet.

Background Although patients are commonly using the Internet to find healthcare information, the amount of personal and professional physician information and patient-generated ratings freely accessible online is unknown.
Production of an Electrolyte Beverage from Milk Permeate

Abstract The objective of this study was to prepare shelf-stable electrolyte beverages from milk permeate. The average composition of permeate was 4.59% total solids and .40% ash. Lactose was hydrolyzed (approximately 80%) with a commercial fungal lactase enzyme. Additional sweetness was provided by sucrose. The pH was reduced to 3.5 to 3.8 by the addition of citric acid. Shelfstable products were made using four processes: 1) UHT followed by aseptic filling, 2) heating of filled bottles to 85°C for 30min, 3) addition of .05% benzoate, and 4) nanopore filtration. The mineral composition of the finished product, expressed in parts per million, was calcium, 150; phosphorus, 157; magnesium, 43; potassium, 1166; sodium, 286; iron, 17; copper, 8; and zinc, 3.4. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus , and Streptococcus agalactiae grew well when they were inoculated into unacidified, hydrolyzed permeate. None of these organisms were isolated from properly processed products. A shelf-stable electrolyte beverage high in minerals was made from whole milk permeate. This beverage could be used to replace electrolytes lost from the human body. The production of a permeate beverage would help alleviate disposal problems of permeate.
Career, Family, and the Well-Being of College-Educated Women

I report on measures of life satisfaction and emotional well-being across groups of college-educated women, based on whether they have a career, a family, both, or neither. The biggest premium to life satisfaction is associated with having a family. While there is also a life satisfaction premium associated with having a career, women do not seem able to "double up" on these premiums. A qualitatively similar picture emerges from the emotional well-being data. Among college-educated women with family, those with a career spend a larger share of their day unhappy, sad, stressed and tired.
Design of Compliant Parallel Kinematic Machines

Conventional Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) suffer from poor repeatability due to backlash in various joints. Use of flexures to overcome this limitation has also been reported in the published literature. However, conventional flexures suffer from axis drift, limited range of motion and stress concentrations. We present a new method of design of Compliant PKMs (CPKMs) and using a new type of compliant joints. We employ large displacement compliant joints to construct PKMs, which exhibit sub-micron accuracy. The methodology presented in this paper allows us to synthesize a PKM for any desired number and type of kinematic degrees of freedom by employing modular construction elements. A library of constraining legs synthesized from compliant joints is used for construction of any CPKM. The paper presents a systematic approach to transforming an arbitrary 3D motions specification into a set of motions along orthogonal axes using dual vector. The method enables construction of any CPKM by using the library of standard constraining legs and active legs. The methodology is illustrated with a design example.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effects of micro- and macroscale turbulent mixing on the chemical processes in engine exhaust plumes

Abstract Turbulent mixing and chemical reactions in the near field of an engine exhaust jet plume have been investigated using a mixing model that explicitly incorporates both large- and small-scale turbulent mixing and the molecular diffusion effects. A reduced reaction mechanism that accurately reproduces results of a detailed mechanism for the lower stratosphere was used to simulate the exhaust plume dynamics of a typical high-speed civil transport aircraft. This study shows that, compared to predictions based on models that do not include small-scale mixing and/or molecular diffusion effects, 30% less O3 and 15% less NOx are depleted in the near field of the plume. This suggests that the lack of local mixing can have an inhibiting effect on ozone depletion in the near-field plume. Inclusion of heterogeneous kinetics involving the formation of nitric and sulfuric acid due to water condensation on soot particles showed that 15% of the available NOx is converted into its inactive form but has a negligibl...
Launching an Academic Career in the 1950s: Memoirs of a Journeyman Marketing Professor

This essay traces the first decade of the 40-year career of a journeyman marketing professor. The paper starts with a discussion of how the decision to enter academic life was made. The first job is described with an emphasis on the fact that the focus of the new instructor was on learning how to teach. This account is followed by a description of the professor’s second job wherein involvement with institutional service, especially curriculum matters, was emphasized. Finally, a four-year stint is described at which time the apprentice developed into a true professional by broadening his activities into the fields of research and scholarly publication. Implications for persons aspiring to careers in the field of marketing education in the 1990s are then drawn.
Spraying Leaves of Pear Nursery Trees with Urea and Copper Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Alters Tree Nitrogen Concentration without Influencing Tree Susceptibility to Phytophthora syringae

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS, defoliant, fertilizer, phosphonate, Pyrus communis SUMMARY. Recent field observations by growers suggest that increased nitrogen (N) content in nursery trees resulting from foliar sprays with urea in the autumn increases tree susceptibility to infection by Phytophthora syringae. We investigated the effects of soil N availability and spraying pear (Pyrus communis 'OHF 97') trees with combinations of urea, chelated copper ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CuEDTA), and phosphonate-containing fungicides on stem N concentration and susceptibility to infection by P. syringae. Increasing soil N availability increased susceptibility to P. syringae and increased N and amino acid concentration in stems. Spraying trees with urea in the autumn increased concentrations of N and amino acids in stems and had no significant effect on tree susceptibility when stems were inoculated with P. syringae before or after urea sprays. Spraying trees with CuEDTA decreased stem N concentrations and had no significant influence on tree susceptibility to P. syringae when stems were inoculated before or after CuEDTA sprays. These results suggest the relationship between tree susceptibility to P. syringae and tree N concentration may be specific to the form of N, delivery method, or timing of N applications. Trees had higher N concentrations in stems in November than in October and were more susceptible to P. syringae when inoculated in November, suggesting that environmental factors and increasing tree dormancy may be responsible for changes in susceptibility to the pathogen. Spraying trees with fungicides containing fosetyl-aluminum in October or November decreased tree susceptibility to P. syringae. The effects of fungicides containing fosetyl-aluminum on susceptibility were similar regardless of whether trees were sprayed or not with urea or CuEDTA, suggesting that these fungicides can be used in combination with urea or CuEDTA sprays for reducing disease severity caused by P. syringae without impacting growers' objective of increasing tree N content with urea or enhancing early defoliation with CuEDTA.
Prof. Dr. Hans P. Geering, 1942 - 2014 [Obituary]

A brief biography of Dr. Hans P. Geering is given highlighting his professional achievements. He was an associate editor-at-large (1987-1989) for IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, an associate editor (1993-1996) for IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, an IEEE Life Fellow, an Associate Fellow of AIAA, and a member of many other societies. He supervised 36 dissertations, published over 170 journal and conference articles, and wrote the book "Optimal Control with Engineering Applications" (Springer-Verlag, 2007).
The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Flamingo Aggression Examined via Internet Resources

This study sought to examine the relationship between weather and aggression in Caribbean flamingos by utilising a novel observation method. Previous research has shown evidence of increased levels...
AlGaAs/GaAs Active Optical Ridge Waveguide Switch/Modulator on a Semi-Insulating Substrate

The optical switch is one of the fundamental devices for signal routing and modulation in all optical communications systems. High-speed optical switches may be used for time-division multiplexing to utilize the high bandwidth of common single mode fibers, and as external modulators for signal encoding. Most current optical switches are passive, suffering from long coupling length(typically 0.5-1.0 cm), and losses. Active optical switches, however, can overcome these problems. They can be zero loss or they even provide gain at lengths of only a few hundred micrometers. From a practical standpoint the high frequency response and simple structure of an active optical switch are its most attractive features.