cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health and wealth in Mesoamerica: findings from Salud Mesomérica 2015

Individual income and poverty are associated with poor health outcomes. The poor face unique challenges related to access, education, financial capacity, environmental effects, and other factors that threaten their health outcomes. We examined the variation in the health outcomes and health behaviors among the poorest quintile in eight countries of Mesoamerica using data from the Salud Mesomerica 2015 baseline household surveys. We used multivariable logistic regression to measure the association between delivering a child in a health facility and select household and maternal characteristics, including education and measures of wealth. Health indicators varied greatly between geographic segments. Controlling for other demographic characteristics, women with at least secondary education were more likely to have an in-facility delivery compared to women who had not attended school (OR: 3.20, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 2.56-3.99, respectively). Similarly, women from households with the highest expenditure were more likely to deliver in a health facility compared to those from the lowest expenditure households (OR 3.06, 95 % CI: 2.43-3.85). Household assets did not impact these associations. Moreover, we found that commonly-used definitions of poverty do not align with the disparities in health outcomes observed in these communities. Although poverty measured by expenditure or wealth is associated with health disparities or health outcomes, a composite indicator of health poverty based on coverage is more likely to focus attention on health problems and solutions. Our findings call for the public health community to define poverty by health coverage measures rather than income or wealth. Such a health-poverty metric is more likely to generate attention and mobilize targeted action by the health communities than our current definition of poverty.
Thermal transport properties in the normal phase of dilute 3 He- 4 He mixtures

We present steady-state measurements of the thermal diffusion ratiok T and of the heat conductivity κ for three dilute mixtures of3He in4He with concentrations 9×10−3≤X(3He)≤5×10−2 at saturated vapor pressure in the normal phase close to the superfluid transition. The data are compared with predictions by Dohm and Folk from the renormalization group (RG) theory. From auxiliary determinations of thermodynamic derivatives for these mixtures, we obtain the separation factor Ψ=−(k T /T)×(∂ρ/∂X) T,P /(∂ρ/∂T) X,P above Tλ over the range wherek T is positive. Here ρ is the mass density. From the transients of δX(t) as a function of time, we obtain an estimation for the mass diffusion coefficientD and compare the results with predictions by Dohm and Folk and with results from other experiments.
Defying stereotypes: the elusive search for a universal model of LysR-type regulation

Summary LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) compose the largest family of homologous regulators in bacteria. Considering their prevalence, it is not surprising that LTTRs control diverse metabolic functions. Arguably, the most unexpected aspect of LTTRs is the paucity of available structural information. Solubility issues are notoriously problematic, and structural studies have only recently begun to flourish. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Taylor et al. (2012) present the structure of AphB, a LysR-type regulator of virulence in Vibrio cholerae. This contribution adds significantly to the group of known full-length atomic LTTR structures, which remains small. Importantly, this report also describes an active-form variant. Small conformational changes in the effector-binding domain translate to global reorganization of the DNA-binding domain. Emerging from these results is a model of theme-and-variation among LTTRs rather than a unified regulatory scheme. Despite common structural folds, LTTRs exhibit differences in oligomerization, promoter recognition and communication with RNA polymerase. Such variation mirrors the diversity in sequence and function associated with members of this very large family.
Text Mining the EMR for Modeling and Predicting Suicidal Behavior among US Veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War

Suicide is an important public health problem and prominent among U.S. Veterans and active duty troops. Prediction of suicide and suicide attempts is problematic because these are low-frequency events and traditional clinical screening approaches have a high false positive rate. Large clinical databases extracted from electronic health records permit study of suicidal behavior in larger populations than previously possible using sampling techniques. In addition to offering structured data, text search and classification methods can identify additional risk variables. Data extracted from clinical records of 250,000 veterans were modeled using machine learning methodology. To predict suicide attempts in this population over a 10 year period. In contrast to previously reported models, our results showed high specificity and a false positive rate of 0.5%, contrasting with other studies showing false positive rates exceeding 20%. The model showed lower specificity with a true positive rate of 27% and a false negative rate of 73%. These results suggest that a machine learning approach developed with large data sets can usefully supplement current approaches to prediction of suicidal behavior.
Issues on software testing for safety-critical real-time automation systems

Software quality indicates how well the software product complies with the user requirements. The challenge in software testing is how to uncover the difficult-to-find software problems. Networked and embedded real-time automation software in safety-critical applications such as avionics software poses unique concerns about software quality due to its demanding requirements on system performance. The benefits of the rigorous software development and verification processes include both functional and nonfunctional software performance assurance. The heart of safety-critical software development lies in processes and techniques for software validation and verification. The effective software testing can ensure the software quality as well as make the developer garner, the customer kudos for the high software quality.
Abstract P6-02-03: SUMO Inhibitors affect tumorigenesis of novel breast cancer xenograft model

A novel basal breast cancer cell line IOWA-1T was derived from chemotherapy resistant locally advanced breast cancer tumor. The cells rapidly form large, skin-eroding xenografts in nude mice. The SUMO inhibitor anacardic acid (AA) effectively cleared CD44+/hi/CD24-/low cancer stem cell (CSC) population in IOWA-1T and BT-20 basal cancer cell lines and delayed tumor outgrowth of basal cancer xenografts. The effect of SUMO inhibitors to clear the CSC population was dependent upon the SUMO unconjugated form of TFAP2A (Bogachek MV et al, Cancer Cell, 2014). Herein we show that tumors that eventually form from IOWA-1T xenografts in mice treated with AA are not capable of developing secondary xenografts, confirming eradication of the CSC population by SUMO inhibitors. As further mechanistic evidence for the SUMO pathway, transient knockdown of UBC9 and PIAS1 SUMOylation enzymes repressed CD44 expression and increased tumor free and overall survival in mice inoculated with IOWA-1T xenografts. Furthermore, CD44 downregulation was demonstrated in IOWA-1T cells after treatment in vitro with UBC9 inhibitor PYR-41 and PIAS1 inhibitor NSC-207895. Overall survival of mice with IOWA-1T xenografts was increased to 43±0.5 and 39±2 days with PYR-41 and NSC-207895 i.p. injections, respectively, compared to a vehicle treated control group 33±1 days (p Citation Format: Maria V Bogachek, Jung M Park, James P De Andrade, Mikhail V Kulak, Jeffrey R White, Tong Wu, Philip M Spanheimer, George W Woodfield, Thomas B Bair, Alicia K Olivier, Ronald J Weigel. SUMO Inhibitors affect tumorigenesis of novel breast cancer xenograft model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-02-03.
Impact of cigarette smoke extract and hyperglycemic conditions on blood–brain barrier endothelial cells

Diabetes and tobacco smoking are significant public health concerns which have been shown to independently impact the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Since smoking is a risk factor for diabetes and shares some of the common pathological pathways leading to metabolic abnormalities, it is hypothesized that their combination would produce additive or synergistic BBB dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess this hypothesis and evaluate the magnitude of these effects in vitro using hCMEC/D3 cells; a well-established human BBB endothelial cell line. Monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells were exposed to hyperglycemic conditions (HG; 35 mM) or 5% soluble cigarette smoke extracts (CSE, model of mainstream smoke exposure) for 12–24 h. Cells were then harvested for subsequent biochemical analyses. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular permeability to florescent dextrans were used to assess monolayer integrity. Analysis of released factors and cytokines was carried out by ELISA. Western blot (WB) analysis/immunofluorescence of relevant molecular targets was carried out. P-gp efflux activity was measured using rhodamine 123. Immunofluorescence and WB data showed a significant ZO-1 down-regulation by HG and/or CSE over 24 h exposure. CSE in presence of HG produced a synergistic increase in release of vascular endothelial growth factor that was accompanied by decreased TEER and augmented permeability to labeled dextrans in a size-dependent manner. Moreover, CSE increased the expression of GLUT-1 and SGLT-1 in isolated membrane fractions of hCMEC/D3 cells. The effect was amplified by HG. Both, HG and CSE elicited the membrane upregulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression which however, was not paralleled by a comparable efflux activity. Interestingly, concomitant exposure to HG and CSE evoked a marked upregulation of PECAM-1 and other pro-inflammatory markers including IL-6 and -8, when compared to each condition alone. Moreover, exposure to all tested conditions amplified (to a different degree) cellular oxidative stress response denoted by increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Overall, our results have clearly shown an additive pattern in the release of angiogenic and inflammatory factors following concomitant exposure to HG and CSE. This suggests the involvement of common key modulators in BBB impairment by both CS and HG possibly through the activation of oxidative stress responses.
Urban and rural patterns in emergent pediatric transfer: a call for regionalization.

Context National groups call for the regionalization of health care, to direct patients with high-risk conditions to designated hospitals with greater capabilities. Currently there is limited information detailing the characteristics and specific needs of acutely ill and injured children who require transfer to another institution, especially in underserved rural communities. Purpose To determine the epidemiology of pediatric transfers from urban and rural emergency departments (EDs). Methods We analyzed data in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1995 to 2010. Eligible children were <18 years of age seen in a United States ED, and transferred to another hospital after initial evaluation. Findings Of all 283,232,058 pediatric ED visits, less than 0.5% resulted in a transfer, yielding a population-based estimate of 900,100 transfers nationally during this period. Urban and rural EDs showed similar transfer rates. Children transferred from rural EDs were older and more likely to arrive by emergency medical services than children transferred from urban EDs (12.1 vs 8.2 years of age, P < .01). Children from rural EDs were more than twice as likely to be transferred for a psychiatric indication (43.5% vs 19.5%, P < .01). Conclusions Emergency pediatric transfers are uncommon in the United States; transfer rates are similar in urban and rural settings. Rural children have additional obstacles to care, especially in access to emergency mental health services. Programs to study and implement regionalization of care should consider diverse patient populations and target improvement in coordination of care, transfer times, and outcomes.
Tubular biomarkers to assess progression of diabetic nephropathy

Despite aggressive management, many patients with diabetic nephropathy still develop end-stage renal disease. Accompanying tubulointerstitial damage is important in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Markers of tubular damage, such as NGAL, KIM-1, and LFABP, have been proposed for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. However, Nielsen et al. report a lack of an independent correlation between these biomarkers and glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, these markers seem to offer no improvement in the management of diabetic nephropathy.
Magnetic Anomalies and Fracture-Zone Trends in the Gulf of California

A magnetic anomaly survey in the four deep-water basins in the central and southern Gulf of California shows no obvious pattern of magnetic lineations of the type that would be produced by sea-floor spreading. It is possible that rapid sedimentation from the adjacent land masses attenuated the anomalies by impeding the acquisition of thermal remanent magnetization. Hypothetical fracture zones were generated about various published locations for the rotational pole of the Pacific and North American plates. These model fracture zones were constructed at the locations of mapped fracture zones in the gulf and show that 52°N., 76°W. suggested by C. G. Chase is an acceptable pole position for Pacific-North American plate boundary motions in the Gulf of California.
Spousal homicides in contemporary Ghana

Abstract This study added to the scant extant literature on lethal marital violence in non-Western societies through the analysis of seventy-two spousal killings that were reported in a Ghanaian daily newspaper during 1990–2005. The findings showed that husbands were five times more likely to kill a spouse as were wives and that sexual jealousy and suspicions of infidelity were the most common precipitating factor in uxoricides. Mariticides were fueled by anger towards a husband who planned to take an additional wife, or by an instrumental need to replace a husband with a new lover. Analysis of data further revealed a predominance of poor and working class victims and assailants. The crime often occurred in the common dwelling place of the couple or a jointly-owned farm, or in cases involving separation, in the wife's natal home or farm. A plethora of methods were used to perpetrate the murders, including shooting with a gun, hacking with a cutlass or machete, hitting with a blunt object, and beating with personal weapons.
Travelling waves and shocks with pressure diffusion

This article explores possible implications of putative pressure diffusion for shocks in one-dimensional travelling waves in an ideal gas. From this new hypothesis all aspects of such shocks can be calculated except shock thickness. Unlike conventional shock theory, the concept of entropy is not needed or used. Our analysis shows that temperature rises near a shock, which is of course an experimental fact; however, it also predicts that very close to a shock, density increases faster than pressure. In other words, a shock itself is cold.
Reproducibility of cerebral cortical infarction in the wistar rat after middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Although middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the rat is often used to study focal cerebral ischemia, the model of ischemia affects the size and reproducibility of infarction. The purpose of this experiment was to methodically examine different preparations to determine the optimum focal cerebral ischemia model to produce a reproducible severe ischemic injury. Eighty-two Wistar rats underwent either 1 hour, 3 hour, or permanent MCA occlusion combined with no, unilateral, or bilateral common carotid artery artery (CCA) occlusion. Three days after ischemia, the animals were prepared for tetrazolium chloride assessment of infarction size. One-hour MCA occlusion produced a coefficient of variation (CV) of 200% with an infarction volume of 20.3±10.5 mm 3 . Adding unilateral or bilateral CCA occlusion resulted in a CV of 134% and 101%, respectively. Three-hour MCA occlusion combined with bilateral CCA occlusion decreased the CV to 58% with a cortical infarction volume of 82.6±12.1 mm 3 , P 3 . These results indicate that 3-hour MCA occlusion combined with bilateral CCA occlusion provide consistently a large infarction volume after temporary focal cerebral ischemia
Relative equilibria with clusters of small masses

Relative equilibria of the Newtoniann-body problem are studied in the limiting case where some of the masses tend to zero. The small masses may form clusters. Equations for these clusters are derived and analyzed. Stability conditions for the resulting periodic orbits of then-body problem are given.
Electron acceleration by net inverse bremsstrahlung of a laser wave in a uniform magnetic field and longitudinal electric waves

Abstract The nonzero net dc (ponderomotive force) acting on high-energy beam electrons due to net inverse bremsstrahlung (the absorption by inverse bremsstrahlung minus the emission by stimulated bremsstrahlung) of the electromagnetic wave in a uniform magnetic field and longitudinal electric waves is calculated by using quantum kinetics in accordance with the correspondence principle. It is found that the ponderomotive force can be far stronger than the Lorentz force of the laser wave for an electron-energy range far beyond the free electron lasing regime.
Study of the superconducting transition of InTl alloys in the martensitic two phase region

Abstract The a.c. magnetic susceptibility measurements of T c for some InTl alloys are presented. The samples are of such composition that the f.c.t. and f.c.c. phases of the martensitic transition should co-exist near T c . A double transition, characteristic of a two phase system, is observed and the T c of the individual phases determined.
Dynamical behavior in gravitational collapse

The gravitational collapse of massive objects is studied by hydrodynamic equations. Initial configurations are constructed either using a standard polytrope or using a density distribution of the form σ αr−5, wheres is a positive index. For both cases, gravitational collapse stops due to the increase of pressure, provided some thermodynamical considerations are taken into account.
Absolute neutron cross sections for the production of the 24Na isomer from magnesium and aluminium

Abstract The cross sections for the 24 Mg(n,p) 24m Na and 27 Al (n, α) 24m Na reactions were measured using the cyclic activation technique and a high-energy resolution Ge(Li) detector. The experimentally determined values of production cross sections are σ[ 24 Mg ( n, p ) 24 m Na ] = 138±14 mb n and σ[ 27 Al ( n , α)24 m Na ] = 65±6 mb .
A fluoride-based composite electrolyte

Abstract A new composite electrolyte, made by dispersing SrO or SrS into a solid solution electrolyte containing 70% mole SrF2-30 % mole LaF3 is described. The appropriate electrochemical cells were assembled and the measured EMFs showed that this kind of composite can function satisfactorily as the electrolyte in oxygen concentration cells when SrO, or La2O3 is dispersed in the electrolyte, and in a sulfur concentration cell when SrS is the dispersed phase.
Anisotropy in spatial summation properties of human Ocular-Following Response (OFR)

Using sinusoidal gratings we show that an increase in stimulus size confined to the dimension orthogonal to the axis of motion leads to stronger Ocular Following Responses (OFRs) up to a certain optimal size. An increase beyond this optimum produces smaller responses, indicating suppressive interactions. In sharp contrast, when the stimulus growth occurs parallel to the axis of motion OFR magnitudes increase monotonically both for horizontal and vertical directions of motion. Similar results are obtained with 1D white noise patterns. However, the OFR spatial anisotropy is minimal with 2D white noise patterns, revealing a pivotal role of orientation-selective (i.e., cortical) mechanisms in mediating this phenomenon. The lack of anisotropy for 2D patterns suggests that directional signals alone are not sufficient to elicit this suppression. The OFR spatial anisotropy is potentiated if a stationary grating is presented for 600-1000ms before its motion commences, further emphasizing the importance of static orientation signals. These results suggest that the strength of cortical spatial interactions is asymmetric-i.e., larger in the direction of the ends than the flanks of an orientation-selective receptive field-which corroborates the existing neurophysiological evidence.
The crack-initiation threshold in ceramic materials subject to elastic/plastic indentation

The threshold for indentation cracking is established for a range of ceramic materials, using the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and acoustic emission. It is found that by taking into account indentation plasticity, currant theories may be successfully combined to predict threshold indentation loads and crack sizes. Threshold cracking is seen to relate to radial rather than median cracking.
Critical Theory and Organizational Sciences: A Primer

Contrasts critical theory, a collection of writings which critique dominate ideology, with traditional organizational sciences by considering six questions which illustrate their differences. Critical theory (CT) incorporates both natural and hermeneutic sciences to critique dominate perspectives in organizational sciences. Offers recent examples of CT‐oriented literature to illustrate the differences.
Rising Income Inequality in a Time of Plenty: The Influence of Micro-Justice Standards and Group Membership on Macro-Justice Perceptions

Rising income inequality in the 1990s was used to examine the links between micro- and macro-justice. Data from a sample of 119 managers and 334 union members supported our hypothesis that those who more strongly endorsed equality norms at the micro-justice level perceived macro-level income inequality as more unjust. Looking at two key subgroups, our hypothesis that union members were more likely than managers to endorse an equality norm was not supported. Yet managers were significantly more likely than union members to endorse an equity norm at the micro level, as predicted. Finally, our fourth hypothesis that the equality norm mediates the relationship between union membership and perceived injustice was not supported.
Ecogeographic isolation: a reproductive barrier between species and between cytotypes in Houstonia (Rubiaceae)

‘Ecogeographic isolation’ describes the combined role of ecology and geography as a reproductive barrier, and an important component in speciation. Evidence increasingly shows that this form of isolation is important for maintaining the genetic integrity of populations and species. Further, ecogeographic isolation can be a reproductive barrier between polyploid individuals and their diploid progenitors. New ecoinformatic methods, which includes niche modeling and associated statistical assessments of these models with spatially explicit environmental data, allow us to test if ecogeographic isolation is a contributing isolating barrier between species and between cytotypes within a species. We tested the hypothesis that ecogeographic isolation contributes to isolation of species and cytotypes within species of the plant genus Houstonia. We found that species in this group occupied significantly different niches, which suggests ecogeographic isolation is a contributing reproductive barrier. We also found that diploid and tetraploid forms of H. longifolia show some level of ecogeographic isolation, but H. purpurea diploids and tetraploids did not. Our results suggest that ecogeographic isolation plays a role in reproductive isolation between Houstonia species and between cytotypes of H. longifolia.
Ultrafast laser probing in asymmetric quantum well structures placed in transverse magnetic field

drift velocities are of the order of .25xhO6cm/s, i.e. there are significant currentsof electrons and holes, which, unfortunately tend to cancel each other. Thus, ifthe steady-state numbers of excited electrons and holes were equal, the totalcurrent would be equal to zero. Fortunately, since the intraband relaxation timesare generally longer for electrons than for holes, there would be more hot elec-trons than hot holes, and, therefore, the net current. Let us write Boltzmann's
Age at Onset of Ovarian Cancer in Women with a Strong Family History of Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Objective. To determine whether women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer develop ovarian cancer at a younger age than the general population, and to determine if the age at onset of ovarian cancer in families with multiple cases of ovarian cancer is progressively younger with successive generations. Methods. Using a large voluntary familial ovarian cancer registry, 90 probands were identified whose grandmothers had developed ovarian cancer and for whom the age at onset was known. The distribution of age at onset of ovarian cancer in the grandmothers was compared to the expected distribution based on data from the Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER) project. In addition, 131 families were identified for whom complete pedigrees were available and in whom 3 or more family members had developed ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer-free survival curves were constructed for each aggregate generation (using the probands as the reference generation) utilizing the Kaplan–Meier method. Results. Among the 90 grandmothers, 18 from families with 3 or more cases of ovarian cancer had a distribution of age of onset that was younger than expected ( P = 0.02). However, the distribution of age at onset among the 72 grandmothers from families with only 2 cases of ovarian cancer was not significantly different from that expected based on the SEER data ( P = 0.18). Among the 131 families with 3 or more cases of ovarian cancer, the probands' daughters developed ovarian cancer at a younger age than the probands ( P = 0.018), probands developed ovarian cancer at a younger age than their mothers ( P = 0.0008), and the probands' mothers developed ovarian cancer at a younger age than the probands' grandmothers ( P = 0.0038). Conclusions. Ovarian cancer patients from families with 3 or more cases of ovarian cancer tend to develop their cancer at a younger than expected age. This is consistent with the phenomenon known as anticipation.
Transient Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibition Protects Immature Primary Cortical Neurons from Oxidative Toxicity via Suppression of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Activation

Oxidative stress has been shown to underlie a diverse range of neuropathological conditions. Glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity is a well described model of oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration that relies upon the ability of extracellular glutamate to inhibit a glutamate/cystine antiporter, which results in a depletion of intracellular cysteine and the blockade of continued glutathione synthesis. Glutathione depletion leads to a gradual toxic accumulation of reactive oxygen species. We have previously determined that glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity is accompanied by a robust increase in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) member extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) and that this activation is essential for neuronal cell death. This study demonstrates that delayed ERK activation is dependent upon the activity of phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and that transient but not sustained PI3K inhibition leads to significant protection of neurons from oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we show that transient PI3K inhibition prevents the delayed activation of MEK-1, a direct activator of ERK, during oxidative stress. Thus, this study is the first to demonstrate a novel level of cross-talk between the PI3K and ERK pathways in cultured immature cortical neuronal cultures that contributes to the unfolding of a cell death program. The PI3K pathway, therefore, may serve opposing roles during the progression of oxidative stress in neurons, acting at distinct kinetic phases to either promote or limit a slowly developing program of cell death.
Altered hydrologic feedback in a warming climate introduces a “warming hole”

[2] Changes in forcing of the climate system can trigger new or altered feedback processes. We have found evidence of such a feedback in the hydrological cycle of the central U.S. that creates a regional minimum within the continentalscale pattern of warming in an enhanced greenhouse-gas climate. The effect of this particular feedback is amplified because a change is introduced into a slowly varying component of the hydrologic cycle (soil moisture) thereby extending the impact of increased summer precipitation to later months in the annual cycle. We investigated these processes using a regional climate model (RCM) to downscale contemporary and future scenario climates from a global climate model (GCM) [Johns et al., 1997] in order to project resolution-enhanced patterns of climate change for the continental U.S. Previous work has shown that the downscaled climate from this approach provides a reasonable representation of the atmosphere-hydrology linkage in this region [Pan et al., 2001a; Gutowski et al., 2003]. [3] The most notable feature in the projected climate is a local minimum of warming (hereinafter called a ‘‘warming hole’’) in the central U.S. during summer (June, July and August) (Figure 1a). The increase in daily maximum surface air temperature (dTmax) in summer at the center of the warming hole is less than 0.5 K, which is substantially less than the mean increase of about 3 K over the continental U.S. The ground temperature has an even stronger warming hole with 0.5 K cooling, rather than warming, in the center. The warming hole starts to develop in June, reaches its maximum value in September, and gradually diminishes through October and November (Figure 1b). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the processes underlying the reduced warming and to show the hole’s links to observed climate trends. 2. Methods
A field investigation into the effectiveness of reclamation equipment alternatives in reducing subsoil compaction

Abstract Excessive soil compaction resulting from reclamation activities has become a major problem for the surface mining industry when reclaiming land for agricultural use. Currently, most soil is removed and replaced by scrapers which create several severely compacted zones in the reconstructed soil column. Several surface mine operators in the Interior Basin are experimenting with various methods of either preventing or ameliorating this condition. A field study was undertaken to evaluate three subsoil reconstruction practices. The first method considered was scraper replacement of the subsoil. This is the most common practice and served as a basis of comparison for equipment alternatives. The second method considered was truck-shovel removal and replacement of subsoil. Finally, deep tillage of scraper-replaced material was also considered. Soil sampling and dry bulk density determinations were conducted on sites treated with the three methods mentioned above. The results not only confirmed earlier work which reported very high dry bulk densities for scraper-replaced material but also provided insight into the practical applications of truck-shovel combinations and deep tillage equipment in dealing with the problem of soil compaction.
Addition of Activated Carbon to Sediments to Reduce PCB Bioaccumulation by a Polychaete (Neanthes arenaceodentata) and an Amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus)

This work examines the effects of adding coke or activated carbon on the bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated sedimentfrom South Basin at Hunters Point, San Francisco Bay. We show with 28-day sediment exposure tests that PCB bioaccumulation in a polychaete (Neanthes arenaceodentata) is reduced by 82% following 1-month contact of sediment with activated carbon and by 87% following 6-months contact of sediment with activated carbon. PCB bioaccumulation in an amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus) is reduced by 70% following 1-month contact of sediment with activated carbon and by 75% after 6-months contact of sediment with activated carbon. Adding coke had a negligible effect on reducing PCB bioaccumulation, probably because of the low specific surface area and the slow kinetics of PCB diffusion intothe solid coke particles. Reductions in congener bioaccumulation with activated carbon were inversely related to congener Kow, suggesting that the efficacy of activated carbon is controlled by the mass-transfer rate of PCBs from sediment and into activated carbon. We find that reductions in aqueous PCB concentrations in equilibrium with the sediment were similar to reductions in PCB bioaccumulation. While no lethality was observed following activated carbon addition, growth rates were reduced by activated carbon for the polychaete, but not for the amphipod, suggesting the need for further study of the potential impacts of activated carbon on exposed communities. The study suggests that treatment of the biologically active layer of contaminated sediments with activated carbon may be a promising in-situ technique for reducing the bioavailability of sediment-associated PCBs and other hydrophobic organic compounds.
Relational Memory: A Daytime Nap Facilitates the Abstraction of General Concepts

It is increasingly evident that sleep strengthens memory. However, it is not clear whether sleep promotes relational memory, resultant of the integration of disparate memory traces into memory networks linked by commonalities. The present study investigates the effect of a daytime nap, immediately after learning or after a delay, on a relational memory task that requires abstraction of general concept from separately learned items. Specifically, participants learned English meanings of Chinese characters with overlapping semantic components called radicals. They were later tested on new characters sharing the same radicals and on explicitly stating the general concepts represented by the radicals. Regardless of whether the nap occurred immediately after learning or after a delay, the nap participants performed better on both tasks. The results suggest that sleep – even as brief as a nap – facilitates the reorganization of discrete memory traces into flexible relational memory networks.
Peptide pattern studies on the wild-type A protein of the tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Peptide patterns of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin plus chymotrypsin digests of the A protein of tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli are described. The results of the application of methods for the detection of arginine, lysine, tyrosine, histidine, and the sulfur-containing amino acids in the peptides of the A protein are also presented. There is good agreement between the number of peptides containing these different amino acids and the number expected on the basis of the total amino acid analysis of the A protein. The use of these procedures for the comparison of mutationally altered and wild-type A proteins is discussed.
Cookies: What do consumers know and what can they learn?

The present research investigates consumer knowledge about tracking cookies and considers the value of the information on those devices appearing in the privacy policies of two major websites. The study finds that the majority of the sample believed cookies are used to collect personally-identifiable information and that, as a result, many regularly reject or delete all cookies on their computers. Sample members also found that the material related to cookies in the privacy policies of the two sites increased their understanding of the consumer benefits from such tracking software.
Interpretation of high-spin states in /sup 145/Eu

Calculations including three-particle interactions have been performed using empirical single-particle energies and two-particle interactions. The inclusion of pairing correlations is discussed. In the framework of these calculations, the high-spin negative parity levels in /sup 145/Eu are interpreted as members of the (h/sub 11/2/d/sub 5/2//sup ts-2/)/sub J/ and (h/sub 11/2/d/sub 5/2//sup ts-1/g/sub 7/2//sup ts-1/)/sub J/ multiplets, and this interpretation is supported by the comparison of experimental and calculated E2 transition probabilities and branching ratios. The interpretation of high-spin positive parity levels of I/sup ..pi../ = 15/2/sup +/, 25/2/sup +/, and 27/2/sup +/ as members of the five quasiparticle multiplets (h/sub 11/2//sup ts2/d/sub 5/2//sup ts-3/) and (h/sub 11/2//sup ts2/d/sub 5/2//sup ts-2/g/sub 7/2//sup ts-1/) is proposed.
Preferences, beliefs, and values in negotiations concerning aid to Nicaragua

The paper argues that in the context of public choice for non-market goods, two assumptions of the simple model of the rational economic actor may not hold. The assumptions are that there is a direct connection between choice and outcome, and that preferences are not affected by the act of making a choice. Consequently, to understand people's preferences for public goods, it is important to measure their beliefs and values separately rather than simply to observe their choice behavior or to ask them what they would be willing to pay for the public good. In an example study, people's preferences for U.S. policies toward Nicaragua were measured and further analyzed into their beliefs about the effects of those policies on Nicaraguan outcomes, and their evaluations of the Nicaraguan outcomes. It was shown that the process of making a two-person choice changed the preferences, and that the separate measures or beliefs and values gave insight into the process of the change that would not have been available had only the preferences been measured. Implications for the contingent valuation method are explored and an alternative approach is proposed.
The implosive technique

Abstract A brief history of the implosion technique is followed by an illustrative case-history. A detailed description of the method is provided.
Exploring Foreign Languages and Cultures

C AN THE study of foreign languages and cultures make a significant contribution to the heterogeneous population which is today enrolled in the American high school? What approaches might be made in an endeavor to accomplish this purpose? Should the concern in a study of this kind be exclusively with language and culture per se, or might it also deal with problems of planning, guidance, evaluation, and other desirable outcomes? The experimental work which is described in the following pages represents an effort to explore these questions with two classes of freshmen in the New School' of Evanston Township High School. This experiment has been carried on for a period of three years, with classes representing a cross section of the students in Evanston Township High School, each of the classes having an enrollment of approximately thirty students. The work of General Language has centered about the study of language and living. An exploratory course, it seeks to introduce the freshman student to the reading of simple Latin, French, Spanish, and German. At the same time the student is encouraged to read extensively, through the medium of English, in the culture of the countries involved. Through a direct reading approach to the foreign language, coupled with wide readings through the medium of English, effort is made to enable the student to develop some measure of insight and understanding of the foreign culture, to perceive its contributions to our own, and where contribution has not occurred or similarity does not exist, to sense the differences existing between institutions of foreign cultures and those of our own. Hereby the student is enabled better to examine and understand the diverse institutions of his native country, which are beginning to have personal significance for him in daily life.
Cash demand, liquidation costs and capital market equilibrium under uncertainty☆

Abstract In this paper, the portfolio and the liquidity planning problems are unified and analyzed in one model. Stochastic cash demands have a significant impact on both the composition of an individual's optimal portfolio and the pricing of capital assets in market equilibrium. The derived capital asset pricing model with cash demands and liquidation costs shows that both the market price of risk and the systematic risk of an asset are affected by the aggregate cash demands and liquidity risk. The modified model does not require that all investors hold an identical risky portfolio as implied by the Sharpe-Lintner-Mossin model. Furthermore, it provides a possible explanation for the noted discrepancies between the empirical evidence and the prediction of the traditional capital asset pricing model.
The Effect of Elastic Strain on the Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Epitaxial Ferromagnetic SrRuO 3 Thin Films

We report the direct measurement of elastic strain effect on the electrical and magnetic properties of single domain epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films, using a lift-off technique. The as-grown films on vicinal (001) SrTiO3 substrates are subjected to elastic biaxial compressive strain within the plane and tensile strain normal to the plane. In contrast, the lift-off films prepared by chemical etching of SrTiO3 substrates, are completely strain free with bulk like lattice. Our measurements indicate that the elastic strain can significantly affect the electrical and magnetic properties of epitaxial ferromagnetic SrRuO3 thin films. For the strained films, the Curie temperature (Tc) was suppressed to 150K and the saturation magnetic moment (Ms) was decreased to 1.15μB/Ru atom as compared to a Tc of 160K and Ms of 1.45μB/Ru atom for the strain free films. These property changes are attributed to the structural distortion due to the elastic strain in the as-grown epitaxial thin films. Our results provide direct evidence of the crucial role of lattice strain in determining the properties of the perovskite epitaxial thin films.
Inner ear implants for experimental electrical stimulation of auditory nerve arrays

Electrode arrays chronically implanted in the inner ear are gaining increased use for experimental studies of the auditory nervous system, as well as for studies related to development of improved auditory prostheses. Commercially available electrode arrays are designed for human use and thus may be unsuitable for experimental studies, particularly in small animals. This paper describes a simple, inexpensive method for making custom electrode arrays in a variety of configurations, suitable for animals ranging from small rodents to non-human primates.
New Approaches to Acute Pancreatitis: Role of Inflammatory Mediators

Regardless of whether the initiating event is alcohol, gallstones or some other less common cause, acute pancreatitis progresses in a predictable manner eventually leading to failure of multiple unrelated organs. Very quickly following the inciting event, a local inflammatory process is initiated which results in the local production of inflammatory mediators. Virtually all patients with acute pancreatitis will experience some symptoms related to this local inflammation, with some resolving completely at this point. Most patients will go on to develop a systemic hyperinflammatory state expressed as the development of fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and mild acid-base disturbances. Although this systemic hyperinflammatory state is usually mild, occasionally it may be very severe resulting in overt distant organ failure. With a more thorough understanding of the inflammatory mediators responsible for this hyperinflammatory state, many new therapeutic approaches are on the horizon.
Mirrored selves: The influence of self-presence in a virtual world on health, appearance, and well-being

Though considerable research has investigated spatial and social presence, little research has examined the influence of self-presence in a mediated environment. The present work is an empirical study of the role of self-presence in a social virtual world on individuals' offline health, appearance, and well-being. Second Life users (N=279) completed an online questionnaire about their experiences of presence in the virtual world, the influence of their avatar on their offline appearance and health behaviors, and their level of satisfaction with the relationships they developed online. It was hypothesized that self-presence would be positively associated with avatar influence on health and appearance and that self-presence would render the influence of spatial and social presence statistically non-significant. Additionally, it was hypothesized that self-presence would be positively associated with satisfaction with relationships developed in the virtual world. Support was found for these predictions. Results suggest that self-presence is uniquely linked to the influence of the virtual self on offline health and appearance and is a significant predictor of the development of satisfying online relationships. Individual differences and potential prosocial effects of virtual worlds are also discussed.
The Role of Consistency in the Judgment of Stereotype-Relevant Behaviors

Two experiments examined the role that the consistency between a perceiver's stereotype and a target's behavior plays in the judgment of stereotype-relevant behaviors. In Experiment 1, consistency was varied through a manipulation of the objective properties of the behavior and its referent distribution. Ambiguous behaviors were assimilated to the stereotype when they were objectively consistent with the stereotype and were contrasted away from the stereotype when they were objectively inconsistent with the stereotype. In Experiment 2, perceived consistency was manipulated directly while objective consistency was held constant. Behaviors were identified either with members of random groups, with members of extended families, or with single individuals. Consistent with predictions, the tendency to assimilate ambiguous behaviors increased as expected consistency increased. These findings are discussed in light of recent work on contrast and assimilation and stereotyping.