cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What no bedtime story means: narrative skills at home and school

"Ways of taking" from books are a part of culture and as such are more varied than current dichotomies between oral and literate traditions and relational and analytic cognitive styles would suggest. Patterns of language use related to books are studied in three literate communities in the Southeastern United States, focusing on such "literacy events" as bedtime story reading. One community, Maintown, represents mainstream, middle-class school-oriented culture; Roadville is a white mill community of Appalachian origin; the third, Trackton, is a black mill community of recent rural origin. The three communities differ strikingly in their patterns of language use and in the paths of language socialization of their children. Trackton and Roadville are as different from each other as either is from Maintown, and the differences in preschoolers' language use are reflected in three different patterns of adjustment to school. This comparative study shows the inadequacy of the prevalent dichotomy between oral and literate traditions, and points also to the inadequacy of unilinear models of child language development and dichotomies between types of cognitive styles. Study of the development of language use in relation to written materials in home and community requires a broad framework of sociocultural analysis. (Crosscultural analysis, ethnography of communication, language development, literacy, narratives.)
A parametrization of the baryon octet and decuplet masses

We construct a general parametrization of the baryon octet and decuplet mass operators including the three-body terms using the unit operator and the symmetry-breaking factors Md = diag(0, 1, 0) and Ms = diag(0, 0, 1) in conjunction with the spin operators. Our parametrization has the minimal number of operators needed to describe all the octet and decuplet masses. Investigating the likely size of the three-body terms, we find that contributions of the three-body hypercharge splittings are comparable to those from the one- and two-body isospin splittings and that contributions of the three-body isospin splitting operators are very small. We prove that, in dynamical calculations, one must go to three loops to get the three-body terms. We also find that the suggested hierarchy of sizes for terms in the most general expression for baryon masses that involve multiple factors of Md and/or Ms does not hold strictly for dynamical calculations in heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory: terms of a given order in a meson loop expansion may appear both with the expected factors of Md and Ms, and with one factor more.
VC dimension of an integrate-and-fire neuron model

We compute the VC dimension of a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model. The VC dimension quantifies the ability of a function class to partition an input pattern space, and can be considered a measure of computational capacity. In this case, the function class is the class of integrate-and-fire models generated by varying the integration time constant T and the threshold θ, the input space they partition is the space of continuous-time signals, and the binary partition is specified by whether or not the model reaches threshold at some specified time. We show that the VC dimension diverges only logarithmically with the input signal bandwidth N. We also extend this approach to arbitrary passive dendritic trees. The main contributions of this work are (1) it offers a novel treatment of computational capacity of this class of dynamic system; and (2) it provides a framework for analyzing the computational capabilities of the dynamic systems defined by networks of spiking neurons.
Riemannian Polyhedra and Liouville-Type Theorems for Harmonic Maps

This paper is a study of harmonic maps from Riemannian polyhedra to (locally) non-positively curved geodesic spaces in the sense of Alexandrov. We prove Liouville-type theorems for subharmonic functions and harmonic maps under two different assumptions on the source space. First we prove the analogue of the Schoen-Yau Theorem on a complete (smooth) pseudomanifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature. Then we study 2-parabolic admissible Riemannian polyhedra and prove some vanishing results on them.
Optimal and Sustainable Groundwater Extraction

With climate change exacerbating over-exploitation, groundwater scarcity looms as an increasingly critical issue worldwide. Minimizing the adverse effects of scarcity requires optimal as well as sustainable patterns of groundwater management. We review the many sustainable paths for groundwater extraction from a coastal aquifer and show how to find the particular sustainable path that is welfare maximizing. In some cases the optimal path converges to the maximum sustainable yield. For sufficiently convex extraction costs, the extraction path converges to an internal steady state above the level of maximum sustainable yield. We describe the challenges facing groundwater managers faced with multiple aquifers, the prospect of using recycled water, and the interdependence with watershed management. The integrated water management thus described results in less water scarcity and higher total welfare gains from groundwater use. The framework also can be applied to climate-change specifications about the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation by comparing before and after optimal management. For the case of South Oahu in Hawaii, the prospect of climate change increases the gains of integrated groundwater management.
Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts with IMP-7: evidence for a single spectrum

Spectral observation of nine recent cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reported. The average photon number spectra of all nine events are shown to be consistent with a 150-keV exponential from 100 keV to about 400 keV, and a power law of index -2.5 from 400 keV to 1100 keV. The observations also indicate an event rate of 16 in 1972 and 1973, or 8 + or - 2 per year, higher than the 5 + or - 1 per year initially reported. This corresponds to an approximately 40-percent lower effective intensity threshold, attained by using more sensitive detectors in multiple-satellite coincidence.
Aqueous compatibility of group IIIA monomers and Nb-polyoxoanions.

Heteropolyanions, [GaNb18O54]15− and [AlNb18O54]15−, have been synthesized and characterized. These represent the first examples of introducing group III elements into the heteropolyniobate family; achieved via compatible alkaline aqueous chemistry of group IIIA monomers and Nb-polyoxoanions. The open structure of the polyniobate results in expanded coordination of the tetrahedral Ga in aqueous medium.
A dynamic analysis of stock price ratios

Stock price ratios have long been used by finance practitioners as a relative value metric. A popular argument for this widespread use is that stock price ratios tend to revert to their long-run mean so that substantial deviations from historical averages could successfully be arbitraged away. In this work, we lay out the theoretical conditions for the ratio of stock prices to be a stationary process. In particular, we theoretically relate price ratio stationarity to economic mean reversion in profitability (as measured by dividends or earnings price ratios) across securities. We further test our theoretical predictions using a popular example of ‘close’ stocks.
INVESTMENT BANKING, REPUTATION, AND THE UNDERPRICING OF INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS*

This paper develops and tests two propositions. We demonstrate that there is a monotone relation between the (expected) underpricing of an initial public offering and the uncertainty of investors regarding its value. We also argue that the resulting underpricing equilibrium is enforced by investment bankers, who have reputation capital at stake. An investment banker who ‘cheats’ on this underpricing equilibrium will lose either potential investors (if it doesn’t underprice enough) or issuers (if it underprices too much), and thus forfeit the value of its reputation capital. Empirical evidence supports our propositions.
Lidocaine Elimination: Effects of Metoprolol and of Propranolol

The effects of administration of metoprolol and propranolol on lidocaine elimination were studied in six healthy young men who did not smoke. Each received three single intravenous doses of lidocaine (2.5 to 3.0 mg/kg injected over 10 min): one alone, one after 1 day pretreatment with propranolol (40 mg orally every 6 hr), and one after 1 day pretreatment with metoprolol (50 mg orally every 6 hr). Lidocaine clearance was 0.88 +/- 0.28 l X hr-1 X kg-1 before beta blockade, 0.61 +/- 0.20 l X hr-1 X kg-1 during metoprolol dosing, and 0.47 +/- 0.16 l X hr-1 X kg-1 during propranolol dosing. There was no correlation between the change in lidocaine elimination and the steady-state concentrations of metoprolol or propranolol, nor between the change in lidocaine clearance and the change in resting heart rate produced by either beta blocker. Metoprolol and propranolol reduce lidocaine elimination significantly.
The probability of transition to entrepreneurship revisited: wealth, education and age

This paper revisits the empirical relationship between the probability of transition to entrepreneurship and wealth. Given that wealth is correlated with both education and age, these observable characteristics cannot be treated as independent covariates in the estimation. Thus, I document the differences in the transition probability profile across age and education groups. The main result of this paper is that the estimated probability of transition to entrepreneurship is hump-shaped in wealth across cohorts defined by age and education. Therefore, the aggregate profile estimated by Hurst and Lusardi (J Polit Econ 112(2):319–347, 2004) is not representative at the micro level. In addition, this paper provides facts that evidence important differences between entrepreneurs and workers, as well as among entrepreneurs, across education and age.
Space Shuttle Orbiter Aerodynamic Development

This paper presents the design logic and optimization techniques that resulted in the Shuttle Orbiter aerodynamic configuration. Design requirements which are key configuration drivers are landing speed, payload center of gravity envelope, crossrange requirements, lateral-directional stability and control requirements, and flying qualities. Trade studies based on these requirements, subject to constraints on vehicle weight, establish wing, fuselage, and tail geometry, control surface size and geometry, and local contours and configuration details. Additional studies refine the configuration design in terms of wing aspect ratio, trailing edge sweep, twist, camber, forebody shaping, and vertical tail geometry.
Teleconnections, midlatitude cyclones and Aegean Sea turbulent heat flux variability on daily through decadal time scales

We analyze daily wintertime cyclone variability in the central and eastern Mediterranean during 1958-2001, and identify four distinct cyclone states, corresponding to the presence or absence of cyclones in each basin. Each cyclone state is associated with wind flows that induce characteristic patterns of cooling via turbulent (sensible and latent) heat fluxes in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Aegean Sea. The relative frequency of occurrence of each state determines the heat loss from the Aegean Sea during that winter, with largest heat losses occurring when there is a storm in the eastern but not central Mediterranean (eNOTc), and the smallest occurring when there is a storm in the central but not eastern Mediterranean (cNOTe). Time series of daily cyclone states for each winter allow us to infer Aegean Sea cooling for winters prior to 1985, the earliest year for which we have daily heat flux observations. We show that cyclone states conducive to Aegean Sea convection occurred in 1991/1992 and 1992/1993, the winters during which deep water formation was observed in the Aegean Sea, and also during the mid-1970s and the winters of 1963/1964 and 1968/1969. We find that the eNOTc cyclone state is anticorrelated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) prior to 1977/1978. After 1977/1978, the cNOTe state is anticorrelated with both the NAO and the North Caspian Pattern (NCP), showing that the area of influence of large scale atmospheric teleconnections on regional cyclone activity shifted from the eastern to the central Mediterranean during the late 1970s. A trend toward more frequent occurrence of the positive phase of the NAO produced less frequent cNOTe states since the late 1970s, increasing the number of days with strong cooling of the Aegean Sea surface waters.
Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization.

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501–625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.
Tamari lattices, forests and Thompson monoids

A connection relating Tamari lattices on symmetric groups regarded as lattices under the weak Bruhat order to the positive monoid P of Thompson group F is presented. Tamari congruence classes correspond to classes of equivalent elements in P. The two well known normal forms in P correspond to endpoints of intervals in the weak Bruhat order that determine the Tamari classes. In the monoid P these correspond to the lexicographically largest and the lexicographically smallest form, while on the level of permutations they correspond to 132-avoiding and 231-avoiding permutations. Forests appear naturally in both contexts as they are used to model both permutations and elements of the Thompson monoid. The connection is then extended to Tamari orders on partitions of ((k-1)n+2)-gons into (k+1)-gons and Thompson monoids P"k,k>=2.
Experimental studies of electroweak physics

Some experimental new Electroweak physics results measured at the LEP/SLD and the TEVATRON are discussed. The excellent accuracy achieved by the experiments still yield no significant evidence for deviation from the Standard Model predictions, or signal to physics beyond the Standard Model. The Higgs particle still has not been discovered and a low bound is given to its mass.
Field dependence and the role of visual frameworks in the perception of size.

The extent to which apparent size is relationally determined has been studied by Rock and Ebenholtz and by Wenderoth, who came to widely differing conclusions as to the magnitude of this phenomenon. In both studies, a large range of individual differences was observed. In the present study, an attempt was made to account for variations in the influence of visual contexts on the perception of size by relating them to the cognitive style dimension of field dependence/independence. In two situations, relatively field-dependent observers made size judgments which were influenced by a frame surrounding the target figure, while relatively field-independent observers tended to be less influenced by the frame, making their judgments approximate the retinal size of the target. The results suggest that assessment of the magnitude of the relational determination of apparent size must consider the cognitive style of the observers as well as situational variations.
Education, cognition, health knowledge, and health behavior

Using data from NLSY97, we analyze the impact of education on health behavior. Controlling for health knowledge does not influence the impact of education on health behavior, supporting the productive efficiency hypothesis. Accounting for cognitive ability does not significantly alter the relationship between education and health behavior. Similarly, the impact of education on health behavior is the same between those with and without a learning disability, suggesting that cognition is not likely to be a significant factor in explaining the impact of education on health behavior.
Frames and factorization of graph Laplacians

Using functions from electrical networks (graphs with resistors assigned to edges), we prove existence (with explicit formulas) of a canonical Parseval frame in the energy Hilbert space \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\) of a prescribed infinite (or finite) network. Outside degenerate cases, our Parseval frame is not an orthonormal basis. We apply our frame to prove a number of explicit results: With our Parseval frame and related closable operators in \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\) we characterize the Friedrichs extension of the \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\)-graph Laplacian. We consider infinite connected network-graphs \(G=\left(V,E\right)\), \(V\) for vertices, and \(E\) for edges. To every conductance function \(c\) on the edges \(E\) of \(G\), there is an associated pair \(\left(\mathscr{H}_{E},\Delta\right)\) where \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\) in an energy Hilbert space, and \(\Delta\left(=\Delta_{c}\right)\) is the \(c\)-Graph Laplacian; both depending on the choice of conductance function \(c\). When a conductance function is given, there is a current-induced orientation on the set of edges and an associated natural Parseval frame in \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\) consisting of dipoles. Now \(\Delta\) is a well-defined semibounded Hermitian operator in both of the Hilbert \(l^{2}\left(V\right)\) and \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\). It is known to automatically be essentially selfadjoint as an \(l^{2}\left(V\right)\)-operator, but generally not as an \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\) operator. Hence as an \(\mathscr{H}_{E}\) operator it has a Friedrichs extension. In this paper we offer two results for the Friedrichs extension: a characterization and a factorization. The latter is via \(l^{2}\left(V\right)\).
LOCATING AN OBNOXIOUS LINE AMONG PLANAR OBJECTS

Given a set P of n points in the plane such that each point has a positive weight, we study the problem of finding an obnoxious line that intersects the convex hull of P and maximizes the minimum weighted Euclidean distance to all points of P. We present an O(n2log n) time algorithm for the problem, improving the previously best-known O(n2log3 n) time solution. We also consider a variant of this problem whose input is a set of m polygons with a total of n vertices in the plane such that each polygon has a positive weight and whose goal is to locate an obnoxious line with respect to the weighted polygons. An O(mn + n log2 n log m + m2log n log2 m) time algorithm for this variant was known previously. We give an improved algorithm of O(mn + n log2 n + m2log n) time. Further, we reduce the time bound of a previous algorithm for the case of the problem with unweighted polygons from O((m2 + n log m) log n) to O(m2 + n log m).
Does herding behavior exist in Chinese stock markets

This paper examines the presence of herd formation in Chinese markets using both individual firm- and sector-level data. We analyze the behavior of return dispersions during periods of unusually large upward and downward changes in the market index. We also distinguish between the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges at the sector-level. Our findings indicate that herd formation does not exist in Chinese markets. We find that equity return dispersions are significantly higher during periods of large changes in the aggregate market index. However, comparing return dispersions for upside and downside movements of the market, we observe that return dispersions during extreme downside movements of the market are much lower than those for upside movements, indicating that stock returns behave more similarly during down markets. The findings support rational asset pricing models and market efficiency. Policy implications of the results for policymakers are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The large-scale peculiar velocity field in flat models of the universe

The inflationary universe scenario predicts a flat universe and both adiabatic and isocurvature primordial density perturbations with the Zel'dovich spectrum. The two simplest realizations, models dominated by hot or cold dark matter, seem to be in conflict with observations. Flat models with two components of mass density, where one of the components of mass density is smoothly distributed, are examined, and the large-scale peculiar velocity field for these models is computed. For the smooth component the authors consider relativistic particles, a relic cosmological term, and light strings. At present the observational situation is unsettled, but, in principle, the large-scale peculiar velocity field is a very powerful discriminator between these different models.
Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the Ni–Pr system

Abstract The Ni–Pr system is investigated via experiments and thermodynamic modeling. In the experimental part, five alloys with compositions of Ni–96 at.% Pr, Ni–85 at.% Pr, Ni3Pr, Ni5Pr and Ni–5 at.% Pr were prepared by arc melting pure Ni and Pr slugs and annealing the alloys at 500 °C for 2 weeks. The annealed alloys were then subjected to differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements. The decomposition temperatures of Ni7Pr2 (1162 °C), Ni3Pr (1029 °C), Ni2Pr (921 °C), dhcp (Pr) (780 °C), the eutectic reaction temperature of liquid ↔ fcc (Ni) + Ni5Pr (1280 °C) and the congruent melting point of Ni5Pr (1385 °C) were determined by DTA, respectively. In the modeling part, the available phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data in the Ni–Pr system were analyzed by using thermodynamic models for the Gibbs energies of individual phases. An optimal set of thermodynamic parameters was obtained using WinPhad software. The calculated phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties from the model parameters were compared to the corresponding experimental data and good agreement was obtained.
Real time quantum imaging via compressed sensing

We demonstrate quantum imaging in real time by measuring quantum noise reduction frame by frame in a moving quantum image. We obtain and reconstruct quantum images using a compressed measurement technique, demonstrating quantum compressive imaging.
Winds and mass-loss from evolved, low-gravity cool stars

Abstract We summarize results from several programs utilizing the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to study winds and mass-loss from evolved, low-gravity cool stars. We have found that: (i) the photons for thermally and fluorescently excited UV emission lines are created below the region of wind acceleration, (ii) the self-reversals in optically thick emission lines indicate an outflowing wind with mean velocities of 9–25 km/s, (iii) the profiles of optically thin emission lines indicate a mean chromospheric macroturbulence of 24–35 km/s, anisotropically distributed along the radial-tangential directions, (iv) significant emission from hot material (≈10 5 K) is seen in both non-coronal and hybrid stars to the right of the Linsky-Haisch dividing line, (v) the weakness of Fe II emission lines in the carbon stars, combined with the presence of the Fe I 2807 A feature only in carbon stars, suggests that the ionization fraction of iron is significantly lower in the outer atmospheres of carbon stars than in O-rich stars, and (vi) Fe II line profile variations indicate changes in mass-loss rate and wind opacity on a timescale of several years in two typical late-type, low-gravity stars.
Concepts and Tools for the Software Life Cycle

The tools, techniques, and aids needed to engineer, manage, and administer a large software-intensive task are themselves parts of a large software base, and are incurred only at great expense. The needs of the software life cycle in terms of such supporting tools and methodologies are highlighted. The concept of a distributed network for engineering, management, and administrative functions is outlined, and the key characteristics of localized subnets in high-communications-traffic areas of software actively are discussed. A formal, deliberate, structured, systems-engineering approach for the construction of a uniform, coordinated tool set is proposed as a means to reduce development and maintenance costs, foster adaptability, enhance reliability, and promote standardization.
Boundary Cues for 3D Object Shape Recovery

Early work in computer vision considered a host of geometric cues for both shape reconstruction and recognition. However, since then, the vision community has focused heavily on shading cues for reconstruction, and moved towards data-driven approaches for recognition. In this paper, we reconsider these perhaps overlooked "boundary" cues (such as self occlusions and folds in a surface), as well as many other established constraints for shape reconstruction. In a variety of user studies and quantitative tasks, we evaluate how well these cues inform shape reconstruction (relative to each other) in terms of both shape quality and shape recognition. Our findings suggest many new directions for future research in shape reconstruction, such as automatic boundary cue detection and relaxing assumptions in shape from shading (e.g. orthographic projection, Lambertian surfaces).
Combinatorics of q-Characters of Finite-Dimensional Representations of Quantum Affine Algebras

We study finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras using q-characters. We prove the conjectures from [FR] and derive some of their corollaries. In particular, we prove that the tensor product of fundamental representations is reducible if and only if at least one of the pairwise normalized R-matrices has a pole.
Hard and Soft Law in the Construction of Social Europe: the Role of the Open Method of Co‐ordination

Abstract: The debate over the Open Method of Co-ordination has reopened discussion of the role of ‘soft law’ in the process of European integration. This paper outlines the debate over the relative value of hard and soft law in EU social policy, explores the operation of non-binding objectives and guidelines in the European Employment Strategy, suggests a number of reasons why ‘soft law’ might be effective in this area, and explores the possibility for productive combination of hard and soft law measures.
Trimethylenemethane dianion equivalent in aqueous medium

Abstract Via an indium mediated Barbier-type reaction in aqueous medium, carbonyl compounds react with a trimethylenemethane dianion equivalent to give the corresponding diols.
LAUGHLIN-JASTROW-CORRELATED WIGNER CRYSTAL IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD

We propose a new ground state trial wavefunction for a two-dimensional Wigner crystal in a strong perpendicular magnetic field. The wavefunction includes Laughlin-Jastrow correlations between electron pairs, and may be interpreted as a crystal state of composite fermions or composite bosons. Treating the power $m$ of the Laughlin-Jastrow factor as a variational parameter, we use quantum Monte Carlo simulations to compute the energy of these new states. We find that our wavefunctions have lower energy than existing crystalline wavefunctions in the lowest Landau level. Our results are consistent with experimental observations of the filling factor at which the transition between the fractional quantum Hall liquid and the Wigner crystal occurs for electron systems. Exchange contributions to the wavefunctions are estimated quantitatively and shown to be negligible for sufficiently small filling factors.
SPIN TEMPERATURE IN NUCLEAR DOUBLE RESONANCE

A magnetic double resonance technique is described which allows the strong resonance of one nuclear species to be used to detect the much weaker resonance of a second species. Based on the proposal of Hartmann and Hahn, the new technique is experimentally simpler, and involves no critical adjustments of experimental parameters. It involves the method of adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating reference frame. The theoretical interpretation is an adaptation of Redfield's thermodynamic approach, performed in a specially chosen reference system. The technique and theory are verified quantitatively in lithium metal using the strong resonance of the 92.6% abundant ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ at 15 Mc/sec to detect the much weaker resonance of the 7.4% abundant ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ at 5.679 Mc/sec.
A General Synthesis of Pyrroles and Fused Pyrrole Systems from Ketones and Amino Acids

The lithium enolates of ketones react with BOC-α-amino aldehydes and BOC-α-amino ketones to afford aldol intermediates that cyclize under acidic conditions to yield pyrroles. The BOC-amino aldehydes and ketones are readily available from α-amino acids. The method allows incorporation of a wide variety of substituents at any of the five atoms of the pyrrole ring and is also suitable for the preparation of fused pyrrole systems.
Novel techniques in fabricating more efficient and brighter organic electroluminescent devices

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present two techniques for fabricating efficient and bright organic light emitting devices. The firsttechnique allows for an enhancement in the electron injection process. This is accomplished through inserting a layer ofLiF with appropriate thickness between the cathode and a quinacridone doped organic layer. Devices with an AIJLiF cathode demonstrated a luminance in excess of 20,000 cd/rn2 and an external quantum efficiency of 3%, which is comparable to devices with a MgI'LiF cathode. These devices show maximum luminance of 45,000 cd/rn2 prior to failure incontinuous bias operation. In the second technique, partially ionized beam deposition was utilized in the fabrication processof organic electroluminescent devices. Preliminary results indicate that devices fabricated with this technique are moreefficient and brighter than similar devices fabricated with the traditional thermal evaporation process.Keywords: displays, electroluminescence, organic light emitting devices, luminance, quantum efficiency, partially ionizedbeam.
The personality and motivations of technological entrepreneurs

Abstract Despite increasing studies of the family and career backgrounds of technological entrepreneurs, little is known of their personality and motivations. Empirical analyses carried out as part of a twenty-years research program on technology-based enterprises add to our knowledge of these entrepreneurial characteristics. From a personality perspective technical entrepreneurs are found to be more extroverted, more intuitive and more thinking-oriented than their less entrepreneurial engineering and scientific colleagues. Motivational studies show wide ranges of basic needs within the technical entrepreneur population. Most important is the clear evidence that not all technological entrepreneurs have high need-for-achievement, despite common assumptions of this particular drive. The median technical entrepreneur has moderate need for achievement, moderate need for power, and low need for affiliation. Most technical entrepreneurs seems to be fulfilling a long felt need (or at least ambition) in starting their companies, reflecting at least several years of prior general contemplation about going into their own businesses. They reveal primarily a heavy orientation toward independence, being their own boss, some reflection of a continuing search for new and bolder challenges, and considerably less focus on financial gains than might be expected.
On the Benefit of Supporting Virtual Channels in Wormhole Routers

This paper analyzes the impact of virtual channels on the performance of wormhole routing algorithms. We study wormhole routing on network in which each physical channel, i.e., communication link, can support up to B virtual channels. We show that it is possible to route any set of messages with L flits each, whose paths have congestion C and dilation D in O((L+D)C(DlogD)1/B/B) flit steps, where a flit step is the time taken to transmit B flits, i.e., one flit per virtual channel, across a physical channel. We also prove a nearly matching lower bound; i.e., for any values of C, D, B, and L, where C, D?B+1 and L=(1+?(1))D, we show how to construct a network and a set of L-flit messages whose paths have congestion C and dilation D that require ?(LCD1/B/B) flit steps to route. These upper and lower bounds imply that increasing the buffering capacity and the bandwidth of each physical channel by a factor of B can speed up a wormhole routing algorithm by a superlinear factor, i.e., a factor significantly larger than B. We also present a simple randomized wormhole routing algorithm for the butterfly network. The algorithm routes any q-relation on the inputs and outputs of an n-input butterfly in O(L(q+logn)log1/Bnloglog(qn)/B) flit steps. We present a nearly-matching lower bound that holds for a broad class of algorithms.
Is the incidence of uretero-intestinal anastomotic stricture increased in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with previous pelvic radiation?

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To present our long-term experience comparing uretero-intestinal anastomotic (UIA) stricture rates after radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with and without previous pelvic radiotherapy (pRT), as the risk of stricture is thought to be higher in patients undergoing RC and urinary diversion (UD) with a history of pRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analysed patients who had RC and UD between 1992 and 2008 by one surgical team. Patients were divided into two groups, those with (group 1) and with no (group 2) previous pRT. Relevant clinical and pathological data were entered into a database. Patients who were symptomatic and required intervention for a UIA stricture were analysed; patients with malignant strictures were excluded. RESULTS In all, 526 patients had RC by one surgical team during the study period; 65 had pRT before RC, 37 for prostate cancer, 23 for bladder cancer and the rest for other pelvic malignancies. All the patients in group 1 had an ileal conduit (IC) diversion. There were 250 IC and 211 neobladder diversions in group 2. There were 130 (12%) UIAs in group 1, vs 922 (88%) in group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in demographic profile and follow-up. The overall stricture rate for UIA was 1.3%; there were two (1.5%) UIA strictures in group 1 vs 12 (1.3%) in group 2. The mean (median, range) time to onset of the stricture was 10 (6, 2–39) months. There was no statistically significant difference in stricture rate between the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing RC with UD there was no significant difference in UIA stricture rates between those with and without previous pRT.
On the Relationship between the Optical Emission-Line and X-Ray Luminosities in Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We have explored the relationship between the [O?III] ?5007 and the 2-10 keV luminosities for a sample of broad- and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLSy1s and NLSy1s, respectively). We find that both types of Seyfert galaxies span the same range in luminosity and possess similar [O?III]/X-ray ratios. The NLSy1s are more luminous than BLSy1s when normalized to their central black hole masses, a fact attributed to higher mass accretion rates. However, we find no evidence for elevated [O?III]/X-ray ratios in NLSy1s, which would have been expected if they had excess extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) continuum emission compared to BLSy1s. Also, other studies suggest that the gas in narrow-line regions (NLRs) of NLSy1s and BLSy1s spans a similar range in ionization, contrary to what is expected if those of the former are exposed to a stronger flux of EUV radiation. The simplest interpretation is that, like BLSy1s, a large EUV bump is not present in NLSy1s. However, we show that the [O III]/X-ray ratio can be lowered as a result of absorption of the ionizing continuum by gas close to the central source, although there is no evidence that intrinsic line-of-sight absorption is more common among NLSy1s, as would be expected if there were a larger amount of circumnuclear gas. Other possible explanations include (1) anisotropic emission of the ionizing radiation; (2) higher gas densities in the NLRs of NLSy1s, resulting in lower average ionization; or (3) the presence of strong winds in the nuclei of NLSy1s that may drive off much of the gas in the NLR, resulting in lower cover fraction and weaker [O III] emission.
Publicly verifiable delegation of large polynomials and matrix computations, with applications

Outsourced computations (where a client requests a server to perform some computation on its behalf) are becoming increasingly important due to the rise of Cloud Computing and the proliferation of mobile devices. Since cloud providers may not be trusted, a crucial problem is the verification of the integrity and correctness of such computation, possibly in a public way, i.e., the result of a computation can be verified by any third party, and requires no secret key -- akin to a digital signature on a message. We present new protocols for publicly verifiable secure outsourcing of Evaluation of High Degree Polynomials and Matrix Multiplication. Compared to previously proposed solutions, ours improve in efficiency and offer security in a stronger model. The paper also discusses several practical applications of our protocols.
Running coupling effects in BFKL evolution

Abstract We resum the recently calculated second order kernel of the BFKL equation. That kernel can be viewed as the sum of a conformally invariant part and a running coupling part. The conformally invariant part leads to a corrected BFKL intercept as found earlier. The running coupling part of the kernel leads to a non-Regge term in the energy dependence of high energy hard scattering, as well as a Q 2 -dependent intercept.
Chloromethyl Sulfones from Sulfonyl Chlorides via a One‐Pot Procedure

Abstract A simplified one‐pot transformation of a diverse set of aryl‐ and heteroaryl‐sulfonyl chlorides into the corresponding chloromethyl sulfones is described.
Direct and Enantioselective Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Aldehydes

The first direct enantioselective catalytic α-chlorination of aldehydes has been accomplished. The use of enamine catalysis has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective chlorination of aldehydes to generate α-chloro aldehydes, an important chiral synthon for chemical and medicinal agent synthesis. The use of imidazolidinone 3 as the asymmetric catalyst has been found to mediate the halogenation of a large variety of aldehyde substrates with the perchlorinated quinone 1 serving as the electrophilic chlorinating reagent. A diverse spectrum of aldehyde substrates can also be accommodated in this new organocatalytic transformation. The capacity of catalyst 3 to override the inherent bias of resident stereogenicity in the chlorination of enantiopure β-chiral aldehydes is also described. Catalyst quantities of 5 mol % were generally employed in this study.
Rotational Velocities and Radii of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster

We have obtained high-dispersion spectra for a sample of 256 pre–main-sequence stars in the Orion Nebula cluster to measure their projected rotational velocities and investigate the rotational evolution and physical properties of young low-mass stars. Half the stars were chosen because they had known photometric periods and the other half were selected as a control sample of objects without known periods from the same portion of the H-R diagram. More than 90% of the spectra yielded v sin i measurements, although about 1/3 are upper limits. We find strong evidence confirming the long-held assumption that the periodic light variations of T Tauri stars are caused by rotation of spots on their surfaces. We find no statistically significant difference between the v sin i distributions of the periodic and control samples, indicating that there is no strong bias in studying the rotational properties of young stars by using periodic variables. Likewise, the classical and weak T Tauri stars exhibit v sin i distributions that are statistically the same. For stars with known period and v sin i, the mean value of sin i is significantly lower than expected for a random distribution of stellar rotation axes. This could be caused by errors in one or more of the quantities that contribute to the sin i calculation or to a real physical effect. We investigate the possible causes and find that sin i has the expected value if we increase the effective temperatures of our stars by 400–600 K. Finally, we have calculated minimum radii (R sin i) for stars with both v sin i and period, as well as average radii for objects grouped by their location in the H-R diagram. We find evidence at the 3 σ level that the radii of the stars on similar mass tracks are decreasing as the stars move closer to the zero-age main sequence.
On Scaling in Relation to Singular Spectra

This paper relates uniform α-Holder continuity, or $\alpha$-dimensionality, of spectral measures in an arbitrary interval to the Fourier transform of the measure. This is used to show that scaling exponents of exponential sums obtained from time series give local upper bounds on the degree of Holder continuity of the power spectrum of the series. The results have applications to generalized random walk, numerical detection of singular continuous spectra and to the energy growth in driven oscillators.
Confirmation of the stereostructure of (+)-cytostatin by fluorous mixture synthesis of four candidate stereoisomers

Mix and match: Four closely related candidate isomers for cytostatin have been synthesized by using the technique of fluorous mixture synthesis. Comparison of NMR, thin-layer chromatography, and optical rotation data enabled the three isomers that were not cytostatin to be identified. Thus, by a process of elimination (disproof), the isomer corresponding to cytostatin was determined, and the 4S,5S,6S,9S,10S,11S configuration confirmed. (Chemical Equation Presented). © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Distribution of counterions near discretely charged planes and rods

Realistic charged macromolecules are characterized by discrete (rather than homogeneous) charge distributions. We investigate the effects of surface charge discretization on the counterion distribution at the level of mean-field theory using a two-state model. Both planar and cylindrical geometries are considered; for the latter case, we compare our results to numerical solutions of the full Poisson-Boltzmann equation. We find that the discretization of the surface charge can cause enhanced localization of the counterions near the surface; for charged cylinders, counterion condensation can exceed Oosawa-Manning condensation.
Numerical Solutions of Supersonic and Hypersonic Laminar Compression Corner Flows

An efficient time-splitting, second-order accurate, numerical scheme is used to solve the complete Navier-Stokes equations for supersonic and hypersonic laminar flow over a two-dimensional compression corner. A fine, exponentially stretched mesh spacing is used in the region near the wall for resolving the viscous layer. Good agreement is obtained between the present computed results and experimental measurement for a Mach number of 14.1 and a Reynolds number of 1.04 x 10(exp 5) with wedge angles of 15 deg, 18 deg, and 24 deg. The details of the pressure variation across the boundary layer are given, and a correlation between the leading edge shock and the peaks in surface pressure and heat transfer is observed.
Structural Health Monitoring of Glass/Epoxy Composite Plates Using PZT and PMN-PT Transducers

The structural health monitoring of composite structures presents many challenges, ranging from sensors' reliability and sensitivity to signal processing and a robust assessment of life to failure. In this research project, sensors constructed with both PZT-4 ceramic and single-crystal PMN-PT, i.e., Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 , were investigated for structural health monitoring of composite plates. Fiberglass/epoxy specimens were manufactured with a delamination starter located in the middle of the plate, and were subjected to axial tensile fatigue at a high stress ratio. A surface-mounted PMN-PT pair and a surface-mounted PZT-4 pair were positioned on each side of the delamination starter and excited in turns at set intervals during fatigue loading. This project had two goals: (1) assess the performance of the two piezoelectric materials and (2) develop a signal processing technique based on wavelet transforms capable of detecting damage features that are independent of the transducers (being damaged concurrently to the host composite specimens) and thus can estimate life to failure of the composite specimens. Results indicate that the PMN-PT transducers may be more resilient to fatigue damage of the host structure and possibly generate less dispersive Lamb waves. However, these aspects are compounded with higher costs and manufacturing difficulties. Moreover, the proposed signal processing method shows promise in estimating impending failure in composites: It could, in principle, capture and quantify the complex wave propagation problem of dispersion, scattering, and mode conversion across a delamination front, and it will be further investigated.
Does stock market uncertainty impair the use of monetary indicators in the euro area

The relationship between monetary indicators and inflation is usually assumed to be linear, implying that looser monetary conditions always signal an increase in inflation. Recently, money growth in the euro area surged while inflation remained comparatively subdued. This seems at variance with linearity. At the same time, stock market uncertainty peaked, suggesting that part of the money growth resulted from portfolio adjustment and was hence non-inflationary. A threshold regression model is employed to verify the claim that the impact of monetary indicators on future inflation varies conditional on stock price volatility. It is shown that there is limited evidence to support this claim. On the other hand, the results indicate that stock market data may contain useful information regarding future inflation,