cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Energy Supplementation of Stocker Cattle Grazing Smooth Bromegrass Pastures on Grazing and Subsequent Finishing Performance and Carcass Traits1

Grazing and subsequent finishing performance of 117 Angus stocker calves (Bos taurus; BW = 235.5 ± 1.22 kg) supplemented with 0, 0.82, or 1.64 kg/d of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) on a DM basis while grazing smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) pastures in 2002, 2003, and 2004 were evaluated. Cattle continuously grazed pastures at a stocking rate of 2 steers/ha from mid-April to early November of each year and were then finished for slaughter and collection of carcass data. Supplementation with 0.82 or 1.64 kg/d of grain sorghum resulted in 11.2% greater (P 0.05) on forage mass, finishing ADG, or DMI during the finishing phase. Cattle supplemented during the grazing phase maintained their weight advantage through the finishing phase, were heavier (P < 0.05) at slaughter, yielded heavier (P < 0.05) carcasses, and had greater (P < 0.05) overall ADG than those that received no supplement. Cattle supplemented with 0.82 kg/d of grain sorghum required less (P < 0.05) feed per unit of gain during the finishing phase than those that were previously supplemented with 1.64 kg/d. Supplementation with 1.64 kg/d of grain sorghum during the grazing phase resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) marbling score than feeding no grazing supplement. Overall ADG from the beginning of the grazing phase through the end of the finishing phase was greater (P < 0.05) for cattle that were supplemented with grain sorghum while grazing.
GIS analysis of cirques on Vestfirðir, northwest Iceland: implications for palaeoclimate

This study presents the first regional analysis of cirques on Vestfirðir, NW Iceland, using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The length, width, elevation of cirque-floor, latitude and the distance to the modern coastline (both ocean and fjord coastlines) of cirques were quantified using ArcGIS. The topographical analysis revealed a total of 100 cirques on western and northern Vestfirðir. Several additional cirques are present, but they had poorly defined toewalls, making the cirque-floor difficult to identify. Mean cirque length is 515 m and mean cirque width is 752 m. The modal orientation of the aspect of cirques is northeast, with a strong secondary mode to the northwest. Cirques at low elevations are more abundant close to the ocean, whereas cirques further from the ocean are present at high elevations. Three techniques were used to reconstruct past equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) of cirque glaciers: the cirque-floor method, the altitude-ratio method and the accumulation-area ratio method. The largest range of past ELAs is generated from the cirque-floor method with values from 40 up to 730 m. Mean past ELA values range from ∼395 to 423 m depending on the method used to reconstruct former ELAs. A strong positive relationship is observed between past ELA values and distance to the ocean demonstrating the importance of access to a moisture source for glacier survival. This relationship is stronger than the relationship between former ELAs and latitude. Based on the small size of cirque glaciers, it is likely that even minor fluctuations in the Irminger Current and the East Greenland Current influence cirque glaciation on Vestfirðir.
Using Internet Artifacts to Profile a Child Pornography Suspect

Digital evidence plays a crucial role in child pornography investigations. However, in the following case study, the authors argue that the behavioral analysis or “profiling” of digital evidence can also play a vital role in child pornography investigations. The following case study assessed the Internet Browsing History (Internet Explorer Bookmarks, Mozilla Bookmarks, and Mozilla History) from a suspected child pornography user’s computer. The suspect in this case claimed to be conducting an ad hoc law enforcement investigation. After the URLs were classified (Neutral; Adult Porn; Child Porn; Adult Dating sites; Pictures from Social Networking Profiles; Chat Sessions; Bestiality; Data Cleaning; Gay Porn), the Internet history files were statistically analyzed to determine prevalence and trends in Internet browsing. First, a frequency analysis was used to determine a baseline of online behavior. Results showed 54% ( n = 3205) of the URLs were classified as “neutral” and 38.8% ( n = 2265) of the URLs were classified as a porn website. Only 10.8% of the URLs were classified as child pornography websites. However when the IE history file was analyzed by visit, or “hit,” count, the Pictures/Profiles (31.5%) category had the highest visit count followed by Neutral (19.3%), Gay Porn (17%), and Child Porn (16.6%). When comparing the frequency of URLs to the Hit Count for each pornography type, it was noted that the accused was accessing gay porn, child porn, chat rooms, and picture profiles (i.e., from Facebook) more often than adult porn and neutral websites. The authors concluded that the suspect in this case was in fact a child pornography user and not an ad hoc investigator, and the findings from the behavioral analysis were admitted as evidence in the sentencing hearing for this case. The authors believe this case study illustrates the ability to conduct a behavioral analysis of digital evidence. More work is required to further validate the behavioral analysis process described, but the ability to infer the predilection for being a consumer of child pornography based on Internet artifacts may prove to be a powerful tool for investigators.
Steady-state analysis of voltages and currents in modular multilevel converter based on average model

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is being considered as the next generation converter among multilevel topologies and by introduction of MMC, a new era has opened to the field of medium- and high-voltage, high-power converters. Sizing the passive elements and design of the converter and its performance evaluation is thus of great importance for researchers in this area. The present paper performs a steady-state analysis of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on average model. The magnitudes and phase angles of current and voltage quantities are calculated. The equations are solved for different components of the circulating current and submodule voltage, and the resonance behavior in circulating current harmonics is investigated. Based on resonance behavior of circulating current harmonics, a guideline is given to choose the magnitude of submodule capacitance and arm inductance. A model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment in order to verify accuracy of the calculations done.
Formulation and computation of general financial equilibrium

In this paper a model of competitive financial equilibrium is introduced, which yields the optimal composition of assets and liabilities in each sector's portfolio, as well as the market clearing p...
Collaborative Technology and Dimensions of Team Cognition: Test of a Second-Order Factor Model

The purpose of this study was to explore team cognition as a multidimensional activity comprised of team learning, team reflexivity, and team mental model during project teamwork. A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the effects of two different modes of collaboration-face-to-face and technology-mediated collaboration on team cognition and its subsequent impact on task outcomes. Team cognition was represented as a second-order construct comprised of three first-order dimensions. A direct-observation rating scale used to derive measures of the first-order dimensions was shown to have strong psychometric properties. The partial least squares method was used to test a structural equation model where the second-order construct was presented as a mediator between collaboration mode and task outcomes productivity and interaction quality. As hypothesized, team cognition significantly influenced productivity and interaction quality outcomes. Further, collaboration mode significantly improved team cognition through its specific effects on the team learning, team reflexivity, and team mental model development. The main contribution of the study lies in its finding that team cognition can be viewed as a hierarchical construct that accounts for distinct yet cognition-related behaviors. This finding offers an extension to current related research models and identifies behavioral indicators that can be monitored by project managers in developing prescriptive measures aimed at promoting project success.
Enhancement of tumor development in physically-stressed mice inoculated with an oncogenic virus.

L'applicazione di un parziale bendaggio nei topi produce uno stato di fisiologica tensione caratterizzata, in parte, dall'involuzione della ghiandola del timo. Topi sottoposti a una tale tensione sono piu suscettibili allo sviluppo dei tumori quando vengono inoculati con un oncogenico virus.
Optical properties of Ge-Sb-Te chalcogenides

Abstract We have used RF sputtering to grow amorphous films of GeTe, Sb 2 Te 3 , Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 , and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 7 , and employed photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) to characterize the optical absorption in these films. The PDS technique can measure the optical band gap, the exponential ‘band tails’, and the absorption due to deep defects in these materials. The gross features of the absorption of amorphous Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 7 and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 are independent of the substrate temperature from about 290 K to 300 K. The optical band gaps (as measured at α = 10 4 cm −1 ) of amorphous Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 , and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 7 are all about 1.0 eV, although the absorption does depend slightly on the growth rate at room temperature. The band gaps of amorphous Sb 2 Te 3 and GeTe are about 0.8 and 1.0 eV, respectively, consistent with previously published results.
Diet and Movement of the Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, in a Maine Salt Marsh Assessed Using Gut Contents and Stable Isotope Analyses

Killifish are ecologically important components of salt marsh ecosystems, but no studies have determined the importance of locally produced versus allochthonous food sources on a scale of less than multiple kilometers. The goal of our study was to examine diet and movement of the killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus, collected from a Maine salt marsh to assess the importance of locally produced versus allochthonous food sources on a scale of several hundred meters. We compared the gut contents and stable isotope signatures ofF. heteroclitus from four regions along the central river of a Maine salt marsh to the distinct food sources and isotopic signatures of the region of the marsh in which they were caught.F. heteroclitus were relying on locally produced food sources even on the scale of several hundred meters. They fed daily in a small area less than 6 ha and maintained relatively strong site fidelities over the course of several months. Phytoplankton and salt marsh detritus both contributed to the high production ofF. heteroclitus; terrestrial plant detritus was not an important component of their diet. The diet and feeding patterns ofF. heteroclitus from this small Maine salt marsh were similar to the patterns found in much larger salt marshes, suggesting that locally produced organic matter is essential to the production of these ecologically important fish.
Cycles of differences of integers

Abstract Let A = ( a j ) be a k -tuple of positive integers. We define a new k -tuple A = (|a j − a j + 1 |) by taking numerical differences. If this process is repeated, eventually repetition takes place, resulting in a cycle. We show that except for constant multiples there are only a finite number of cycles. We determine explicitly those k -tuples which are in a cycle.
Methedrine as an adjunct to conditioning treatment of nocturnal enuresis in normal and institutionalized retarded subjects.

A replication of the finding that entireties who are given Methedrine as an adjunct to conditioning treatment display more rapid conditioning was attempted with both normal and retarded Ss. The drug failed to enhance conditioning in either normal or retarded Ss. Success figures of 70% for normal Ss and 50% for retarded Ss were found.
BENZOYL--GLYCINE CONJUGATION AFTER WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION.

SummaryUrinary excretion of benzoyl-glycine was increased after whole-body gamma-irradiation of rats, sheep and pigs maintained on a constant daily food intake. The increase occurred in the rat and sheep in the third and fourth week, and in the pig in the third to sixth weeks. In rats submitted to audiogenic stress there was no increased excretion of benzoyl-glycine. Creatinine excretion was not changed after whole-body irradiation or stress in the three species. Uric acid output was decreased in the rat between days 3 and 10 after irradiation or after stress, and for the pig and sheep between days 1 and 7 after irradiation. The data are indicative of changes produced by ionizing radiation in the conjugation of glycine with benzoic acid.
Quantifying flaw characteristics from IR NDE data

Work is presented which allows flaw characteristics to be quantified from the transient IR NDE signature. The goal of this effort was to accurately determine the type, size and depth of flaws revealed with IR NDE, using sonic IR as the example IR NDE technique. Typically an IR NDE experiment will result in a positive qualitative indication of a flaw such as a cold or hot spot in the image, but will not provide quantitative data thereby leaving the practitioner to make educated guesses as to the source of the signal. The technique presented here relies on comparing the transient IR signature to exact heat transfer analytical results for prototypical flaws, using the flaw characteristics as unknown fitting parameters. A nonlinear least squares algorithm is used to evaluate the fitting parameters, which then provide a direct measure of the flaw characteristics that can be mapped to the imaged surface for visual reference. The method uses temperature data for the heat transfer analysis, so radiometric calibration of the IR signal is required. The method provides quantitative data with a single thermal event (e.g. acoustic pulse or flash), as compared to phase-lock techniques that require many events. The work has been tested with numerical data but remains to be validated by experimental data, and that effort is underway. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.
Recovery Capital, Drug Policy and the Cycle of Incarceration

By some estimates, more than half of prison inmates in America have a drug or alcohol problem (Mumola and Karberg 2006). Existing models of treatment for these individuals, both inside and outside prison, have typically focused on the individual addict. These interventions often neglect the users' families and communities, and view poverty and marginalization as tangential to recovery—which is seen instead purely as an individual, internal process. This perspective defines addiction as a brain disease, and emphasizes the need of recovering addicts to learn new skills and to take personal responsibility for their actions and lives (Committee on Addictions of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 2002). These models, though a marked improvement over the idea of drug addiction as a moral failing, place an over-riding emphasis on the individual at the expense of the economic and social context.
Site‐directed mutagenesis of Klebsiella aerogenes urease: Identification of histidine residues that appear to function in nickel ligation, substrate binding, and catalysis

Comparison of six urease sequences revealed the presence of 10 conserved histidine residues (H96 in the γ subunit, H39 and H41 in β, and H134, H136, H219, H246, H312, H320, and H321 in the α subunit of the Klebsiella aerogenes enzyme). Each of these residues in K. aerogenes urease was substituted with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant proteins were purified and characterized in order to identify essential histidine residues and assign their roles. The γH96A, βH39A, βH41A, αH312A, and αH321A mutant proteins possess activities and nickel contents similar to wild-type enzyme, suggesting that these residues are not essential for substrate binding, catalysis, or metal binding. In contrast, the αH134A, αH136A, and αH246A proteins exhibit no detectable activity and possess 53%, 6%, and 21% of the nickel content of wild-type enzyme. These results are consistent with αH134, αH136, and αH246 functioning as nickel ligands. The αH219A protein is active and has nickel (∼1.9% and ∼80%, respectively, when compared to wild-type protein) but exhibits a very high Km value (1, 100 + 40 mM compared to 2.3 + 0.2 mM for the wild-type enzyme). These results are compatible with αH219 having some role in facilitating substrate binding. Finally, the αH320A protein (Km = 8.3 + 0.2 mM) only displays ∼0.003% of the wild-type enzyme activity, despite having a normal nickel content. Unlike the wild-type and αH219A ureases, this mutant protein was not inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP), consistent with αH320 being the DEP-reactive general base that facilitates catalysis.
Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in young insulin-dependent diabetic patients: relationship with control.

Plasma and lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose and haemoglobin A1c concentrations were measured in 106 patients (56 males) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (age range 2–22 years) and 36 normal volunteers (19 males) with similar age and sex distribution. The diabetic patients were further divided into three subgroups: “good”, fair and poor control, based on 24 h glycosuria and haemoglobin A1c concentrations. Total, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly increased in male patients in poor control when compared with the group in “good” control and with normal subjects. Triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride levels were also significantly increased in poorly controlled males. The most significant difference however was a decrease of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in male patients in poor control. There was a significant inverse correlation between haemoglobin A1c and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.63) and a direct correlation between haemoglobin A1c and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.35) and triglycerides (r = 0.62) in the male diabetics. The findings were similar in females. The most striking change was observed in low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which were more markedly increased in poorly controlled females than in poorly controlled males. No statistical singificant differences were found between the groups in good and fair control for any of the plasma and lipoprotein lipids studied. A significant difference however was found between the groups in poor and fair control. There was a significant correlation in females between haemoglobin A1c and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.43), haemoglobin A1c and triglycerides levels (r = 0.54) and an inverse correlation between haemoglobin A1c and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.59).
Structure and development of viruses as observed in the electron microscope. V. Western equine encephalomyelitis virus.

Stages in the development and release of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus are illustrated and described. It is suggested that precursor particles 22 mµ in diameter differentiate at template sites close to membranes bordering cytoplasmic vacuoles and that these particles either pass into the lumen of the vacuole, acquiring in the process a coat and peripheral membrane, or are dispersed in the cytoplasm and extruded through the cellular wall, emerging as viral particles on the surface. Although necrosis and dissolution of the cell with release of contents, including virus, may intervene at any stage of infection, ejection of virus from the vacuoles presumably can occur without rupture of the cell. The virus consists of a 30 mµ core separated by a zone of lesser density from a sharply defined peripheral membrane 45 to 48 mµ in diameter. Precursor particles, as well as viral particles, occasionally crystallize, the former in the cytoplasm, the latter in vacuoles and probably on the cellular surface.
Energy trends in the Japanese transportation sector

Abstract Passenger transportation in Japan, which is comprised of a high share of rail passengers and a low share of private vehicles, is considered one of the least energy-intensive transportation sectors in the industrialized countries. The thesis of this paper is that, despite low per capita energy use, when the intensities of individual modes are compared, Japanese transportation is not more energy efficient. Here, a detailed 25-year energy balance of this sector is analyzed, disaggregating fuel use within the different modes of transport as well as identifying the role of mini-cars and mini-trucks in Japanse transport activity and energy use. Changes in activity, modal structure, and modal energy intensity are separated out to describe energy-consumption trends. (Modal structure is found to be the primary factor behind the current low energy intensity of passenger transport and the high energy intensity of freight.) It is shown, through comparisons with similar data for the USA and eight European countries, that the low per capita energy use for passenger travel in Japan is related to both the low level of travel in general and the great importance of rail and bus, while there is very little difference between the structure of Japanese and European energy use for freight. The increased use of larger private cars and freight trucks continues to raise the energy intensity of the transportation sector, while air transport continues to gain shares in both sectors. Indeed, aggregate travel in Japan is more energy intensive than it is in Europe, and aggregate freight more energy intensive than in either the USA or Europe. Past improvements in energy efficiency were for the most part motivated by commercial concerns. No specific government policies to conserve transportation energy exist, and there is little evidence that policies had any effects on energy use, except, perhaps to increase energy use. The concluding discussion addresses the effects of Japanese transportation energy trends on carbon dioxide emissions.
Cognoter: theory and practice of a colab-orative tool

Cognoter is a program helps a cooperating group of people to organizing their thoughts for a presentation, e.g., a paper or talk. It is designed for use in the Colab, an experimental laboratory created at Xerox PARC to study computer support of cooperative real-time group problem-solving. Cognoter provides a multi-user interface and a structured meeting process. An annotated graph of ideas is built up by the group in three stages: brainstorming for idea generation, ordering for idea organization, and evaluation for choosing what will be finally be presented. Interesting aspects of Cognoter include direct spatial manipulation of ideas and their order relationships, support of parallel activity, and incremental progress toward a total ordering of ideas.
X-Ray Scattering in Liquid Helium-3

Preliminary measurements of scattering of CuK α X-rays (λ=1.54 A) from liquid He 3 have been made at three temperatures 0.65, 1.25, and 2.29°K. The liquid structure factor i ( s )+1 was deduced for each case. The results generally agreed with a theoretical prediction. The distribution function for the liquid is computed by using the Fourier inversion procedure. From this, the number of the nearest neighbors and the distance of closest approach of two atoms in the liquid are estimated to be about 7 atoms and 2.3 A, respectively.
Effect of subtherapeutic concentrations of tylosin on the inhibitory stringency of a mixed anaerobe continuous-flow culture of chicken microflora against Escherichia coli O157:H7.

AIMS The aim of this study was twofold: first to determine the effect of subtherapeutic concentrations of tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic used for growth promotion, on a mixed anaerobic continuous-flow fermentation culture of chicken gastrointestinal microorganisms (CCF) and secondly, to determine if these concentrations would allow persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in CCF. METHODS AND RESULTS CCF was treated with tylosin at 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 microg ml(-1). Tylosin treatment resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) decrease in total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from a mean concentration of 101 +/- 10.8 micromol ml(-1) in control cultures to 32.0 +/- 6.3 and 40.2 +/- 9.6 micromol ml(-1) in 10 and 40 microg ml(-1) treated cultures, respectively. Untreated CCF challenged with E. coli O157:H7 cleared the challenge microorganism in 7 days at a rate of 0.96 log10 CFU ml(-1) day(-1). In contrast, E. coli O157:H7 persisted in all tylosin treated cultures. CONCLUSIONS In the presence of tylosin, E. coli O157:H7 was able to persist in the CCF culture. The significant decrease in the production of VFAs may have been a contributing factor. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of low-level, growth-promoting antimicrobials may compromise the ability of normal microflora that serve as a natural host defence against infection.
Calorimetric Investigations on the Effect of Position of Functional Groups on Surfactant Adsorption

Abstract The effect of the positions of sulfonate and of methyl groups on the aromatic ring of isometrically pure alkylxylenesulfonates on their adsorption investigated in this study using microcalorimetry and electrokinetic measurements is found to be marked. It was observed that the position of the sulfonate with respect to the alkyl chain is more critical than that of the methyl groups in determining the adsorption behavior. The surfactant with the sulfonate in the para position with respect to the alkyl chain adsorbed more than that with the sulfonate in the meta position. Steric constraint to the packing of the molecules is proposed to be the main reason for the differences in the adsorption of these surfactants. Zeta potential measurements showed no difference in the charge characteristics of the surfactants. Calorimetric results suggest enthalpy to be the main driving force for adsorption at low surfactant concentrations while the adsorption is entropy driven at higher surfactant concentrations.
Novel Acyclic Derivatives of Aica-Riboside (1-(β-D-Ribopuranosyl)5-Amino-4-Imidazolecarboxamide), Potential Antiviral Agents

Abstract A synthetic approach is described to obtain from AICA-riboside acyclic analogues of 2′-deoxyribosides in which the C(2′)-C(3′) bond is cleaved and the natural configuration (E) at the anomeric C (1′)-position is retained.
Evolving Wallerian degeneration after transient retinal ischemia in mice characterized by diffusion tensor imaging.

Wallerian degeneration plays a significant role in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Tracking the progression of Wallerian degeneration may provide better understanding of the evolution of many CNS diseases. In this study, a 28-day longitudinal in vivo DTI of optic nerve (ON) and optic tract (OT) was conducted to evaluate the temporal and spatial evolution of Wallerian degeneration resulting from the transient retinal ischemia. At 3 − 28 days after ischemia, ipsilateral ON and contralateral OT showed significant reduction in axial diffusivity (32 − 40% and 21 − 29% respectively) suggestive of axonal damage. Both ON and OT showed significant increase in radial diffusivity, 200 − 290% and 58 − 65% in ON and OT respectively, at 9 − 28 days suggestive of myelin damage. Immuohistochmistry of phosphorylated neurofilament (pNF) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was performed to assess axonal and myelin integrities validating the DTI findings. Both DTI and immunohistochemistry detected that transient retinal ischemia caused more severe damage to ON than to OT. The current results suggest that axial and radial diffusivities are capable of reflecting the severity of axonal and myelin damage in mice as assessed using immunohistochemistry.
A Unique Form of Circulating Insulin in Human Islet Cell Carcinoma

ABSTRACT We have partially characterized the circulating insulin components from a patient with islet cell carcinoma. The proinsulin-like component is larger in size, less reactive by radioimmunoassay, and more reactive by bioassay than identical preparations from a non-tumor patient. The insulin component is less reactive by radioimmunoassay but otherwise indistinguishable from the non-tumor component. These unique circulating insulin components either represent a specific mutation in an individual patient or a more general heterogeneity of the insulin components in disease states.
Comparison of layer thickness as observed by Nimbus E microwave spectrometer and by radiosonde

Atmospheric layer thicknesses observed by the microwave spectrometer of the Nimbus E satellite are compared with radiosonde-derived thicknesses for selected short periods. An average 45 m rms discrepancy is found for the 100-50 kPa layer, and several sources of this discrepancy are quantified in the following way. Correlation coefficients between pairs of spectrometer observations and between pairs of radiosonde observations are each extrapolated to zero separation distance to provide measures of instrument noise. Microwave spectrometer noise is found to be 16 m rms and radiosonde noise 23 m rms. Estimates are also made of those portions of the total discrepancy which are due to different resolution of the sensors (about 15 m rms) and real spatial and temporal variation of the atmosphere between observations (about 17 m rms).
Net-centric information management challenges

The Department of Defense is making significant investments to construct systems, built upon web services and their supporting technologies, that strive to achieve the goals of net-centricity. While these technologies address several of the traditional stumbling blocks to integration and interoperability, they leave issues of information management largely unaddressed. Indeed, the broad availability of these systems exacerbates, rather than reduces, stresses on our information management capabilities. This paper discusses the enterprise-level information management infrastructure objectives for providing net-centric military capabilities and more fundamental technical challenges derived from them.
Enhancement of morphogenesis in Fundulus blastoderms by fusion and crowding in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. Doubling the mass of isolated early gastrulae of Fundulus heteroclitus by fusing two together causes a significant increase of differentiation in culture, as measured by somite number. 2. 2. If individual blastoderms are cultured under crowded conditions, a similar increase in differentiation occurs. 3. 3. Analysis of this effect, by culturing in low pCO2 and high pCO2, leads to the conclusion that increased differentiation of crowded blastoderms is due to an increase in pCO2 of the medium. This, in turn, is presumed to be due to the combined metabolic activity of the crowded blastoderms. 4. 4. In the light of this result, it is probable that increased differentiation of fused blastoderms is due to increase in intratissue level of pCO2. 5. 5. The significance of these results for the differentiation of isolated Fundulus blastoderms and for development in general is discussed.
A dopamine agonist stimulates progesterone secretion from adrenal gland.

Abstract Administration of either progesterone (P) or a dopamine agonist, Legrotrile mesylate (LM), have been shown to induce the ovulatory release of LH in rats. In order to elucidate the mode of action of dopamine agonists we studied the effects of LM on P secretion by the adrenals. A subcutaneous injection of LM, in doses which induce ovulation, stimulated adrenal P secretion in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats and in castrate male rats. Peak plasma P concentrations were found at 2 h with a gradual return to pre-injection levels at 6 hrs following LM injection. These results raise the possibility that P increments following LM administration may be responsible for inducing ovulation in young and old rats. There is considerable evidence to show that modification of hypothalamic monoamine metabolism by pharmacologic agents results in markedly altered pituitary gonadotropin secretion [1]. Lergotrile mesylate (LM), a dopamine agonist, has been shown to advance the ovulatory release of LH on proestrus and induce ovulation and cyclicity in anovulatory aged rats [2,3]. Everett [4] observed that progesterone (P) administration induced ovulation in rats rendered anovulatory under constant light and also advanced ovulation by one day if administered to 5-day cycling rats. A similar effect of LM on ovulation advancement has been noted (Clemens, personal communication). These similarities in action of P and LM on ovulation in young and aged rats, led us to speculate that LM may stimulate P secretion which in turn may elicit the discharge of ovulatory hormones. To test this hypothesis we examined the effects of LM on progesterone secretion in gonadectomized rats.
Osmotic stress triggers toxin production by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

With the increase in frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide, a better understanding of the mechanisms that influence toxin production is needed. Karenia brevis, the major HAB dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent neurotoxins, known as brevetoxins. Human health is directly impacted by blooms of K. brevis through consumption of shellfish contaminated by accumulated brevetoxins (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning) or from aerosolized brevetoxins in sea spray (reduced respiratory function); however, the reason for brevetoxin production has remained a mystery. Here we show that brevetoxin production increased dramatically in response to osmotic stress in three of the four K. brevis clones examined. By rapidly changing salinity to simulate a shift from oceanic conditions to a decreased salinity typical of coastal conditions, brevetoxin production was triggered. As a result, brevetoxin cell quota increased by >14-fold, while growth rate remained unchanged. Live images of K. brevis cells were also examined to assess changes in cell volume. In the K. brevis Wilson clone, cells responded quickly to hypoosmotic stress by increasing their brevetoxin cell quota from ∼10 to 160 pg of brevetoxin per cell, while cell volume remained stable. In contrast, the K. brevis SP1 clone, which has a consistently low brevetoxin cell quota (<1 pg per cell), was unable to balance the hypoosmotic stress, and although brevetoxin production remained low, average cell volume increased. Our findings close a critical gap in knowledge regarding mechanisms for toxin production in K. brevis by providing an explanation for toxin production in this harmful dinoflagellate.
Clinical Efficacy of Citalopram Alone or Augmented with Bupropion in Methadone-Stabilized Patients

Despite the success of opiate-agonist therapies such as methadone for the treatment of opiate addiction, treatment response is not complete. This study evaluates the efficacy of citalopram augmented with bupropion in the treatment of illicit opiate use in a methadone-stabilized population. We conducted a 12-week randomized, double-blind, outpatient clinical trial in which 60 subjects were randomized into one of three treatment groups: placebo, citalopram (40 mg/day) plus placebo, or citalopram (40 mg/day) plus bupropion (50 mg/day). The results indicate that neither citalopram nor citalopram augmented with bupropion were more effective than placebo in the treatment of opioid abuse.
Small bowel adaptation: counterregulatory effects of epidermal growth factor and somatostatin on the program of early gene expression.

Background. Small intestinal crypt cell proliferation is essential to the normal renewal of the epithelium, as well as the adaptive responses that follow resection or injury. The present studies were designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which epidermal growth factor (EGF) and somatostatin interact to regulate crypt cell proliferation. Methods. Rat crypt (IEC-6) cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus 10% fetal calf serum and treated with EGF (10 or 100 ng/ml) or somatostatin (0.5 μg/ml). Cell counts were done to examine the effects on cellular growth, and Northern blot analyses were carried out by using complementary DNA probes corresponding to various protooncogenes. Results. EGF caused a 41 % increase in cellular growth, an effect that was almost completely blocked by pretreatment (30 minutes) with somatostatin. EGF led to dramatic increases in c-fos (greater than 20-fold), c-jun (2-fold), and jun B (3-fold) gene expression at 30 minutes, consistent with the previously characterized immediate-early gene response in IEC-6 cells. Somatostatin alone had no effects on protooncogene levels, but pretreatment with somatostatin resulted in a marked inhibition (80%, p < 0.001 in all cases) of the EGF-induced increases in protooncogene expression. Conclusions. Somatostatin inhibits the EGF-induced protooncogene expression in IEC-6 cells. The somatostatin inhibition of immediate-early gene expression lends support to its role as a negative growth regulator in intestinal epithelia and indicates that its effects occur at an upstream site in the cellular growth response.
Investment payback calculator for distributed generation sources

The development of a distributed generation payback calculator that can be used for different types of energy technologies such as small wind turbines, fuel cells, microturbines, solar PV and other technologies is presented. The payback calculator takes several inputs such as technology costs, expected life of the project, capacity factor, system size, customer type, and several other relevant parameters. From these inputs, the calculator computes several different outputs including the total energy produced within a year, the rate of return, total expenses, total cash flow, and the discounted payback period in years. The calculator is embedded into a website available for public use. For the basic user, the calculator generates some of the inputs that the user may not be familiar with. For the more advanced user, the calculator allows the user to input the technical, and more detailed information that could generate a more accurate output.
Emergency Data Awareness: Sharing Under Stress

The ability to get information to and from those who need to know in a time of an emergency, during large planned event, or even for daily operations can be a challenging problem. Emergency asset and situational awareness information might be available in any number of locations and formats, and access to that information is typically embedded in vertical applications and controlled by local authorities. Based on a contract from the Department of Homeland Security to create an operational prototype for a potential national deployment, Raytheon worked with the Tampa, Florida Police Department and with the vendors of highly capable operational and planning tools to create a Web portal system that allows a user to search for data seamlessly across multiple systems and databases using a common standards-based query mechanism. The SafetyNet prototype system has characteristics similar to other regional information sharing efforts like N-DEx, the Law Enforcement National Data Exchange, although SafetyNet has a more general information focus. SafetyNet could become a source, feeding into these other systems, or a user of the aggregated data, combining Law Enforcement data with other data sources. The goal of the SafetyNet is to improve the comprehensiveness and timeliness of data to emergency responders by providing a standard universal mechanism that merges that resource data stored in the differently formatted and configured databases into a single, virtual, federated, networked system. During the requirements process, we added the note that we did not intend to displace existing systems in the Tampa Police organization.
Does evolution favor true perceptions

Does natural selection favor veridical perceptions, those that more accurately depict the objective environment? Vision researchers often claim that it does. But this claim, though influential, has not been adequately tested. In this paper we formalize the claim and a few alternatives. We then discuss the results of evolutionary games and genetic algorithms that indicate that veridical perceptions can be driven to extinction by non-veridical strategies that are tuned to fitness rather than to objective reality. This suggests that natural selection need not favor veridical perceptions, and that the effects of natural selection on perception deserve further study. We then address the question: How can an organism act effectively in an environment that it does not perceive veridically? (Acknowledgement: Brian Marion and Kyle Stevens are collaborators in this research.)
Food-elicited vocalizations in golden lion tamarins: design features for representational communication

Abstract Abstract. These studies were performed to determine whether, and what type of, information is contained in the vocalizations uttered by golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia, to 12 different foods. Information encoded may be of two general types: (1) affective: when the signal contains emotional and/or individually identifying information, or (2) representational: when the signal contains information about events external to the sender in addition to any affective information. Six tamarins were presented with all possible pairs of 12 foods. Data were collected on the food chosen and on the latency to choose. Preference hierarchies were constructed for each tamarin, and a general preference hierarchy was constructed for all the tamarins. A within-groups ANOVA indicated that the tamarins had significant preference differences. The tamarins seem to divide their food into two preference categories: preferred foods (mealworms, grapes, raisins, dried pineapple, crickets) and non-preferred foods (cooked chicken, raspberries, kiwi fruit, dried apricot, walnuts, peanuts, and sunflower seeds). The vocalization rate to the 12 foods in this study were significantly correlated with food preference scores for those foods, and there were significant differences between the vocalization rate given to preferred foods versus non-preferred foods. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) conducted on the five preferred foods revealed significant differences between the vocalizations uttered in the presence of different foods, and discriminant function analysis revealed that there was enough information in the vocalizations to correctly predict the elicitor 52% of the time, when the foods were grouped as protein, dried fruit and grape.
A review and comparison of five graphics programs for PC-DOS and MS-DOS computers

(1994). A Review and Comparison of Five Graphics Programs for PC-DOS and MS-DOS Computers. The American Statistician: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 44-51.
The Evolving Diaspora of Talent: A Perspective on Trends and Implications for Sourcing Science and Engineering Work

Abstract This perspective paper highlights the changing dynamics underlying the supply and demand for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) talent. As a global ecosystem of innovation emerges, the emerging diaspora of STEM talent networks is potentially a game changing phenomenon affecting where, by whom and how innovation activities are executed. We discuss several emerging trends, such as global sourcing, open sourcing, new on-line STEM talent markets and the shift of organizations becoming mobile workplaces, that have the potential to reshape and define the diaspora of STEM talent network, as well as the organization and conduct of the globalization of innovation. We propose future research agenda by drawing implications on the impact of the diaspora of STEM networks at the country level, company level, as well as individual level.
A NEW METHOD FOR CALCULATING CLASSICAL PERIODIC TRAJECTORIES IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Previously, the monodromy method has been widely used for calculating classical periodic trajectories for a two-dimensional Hamiltonian system, or a four-dimensional phase space. In this paper, the problem is formulated from a different point of view, involving Gaussian-elimination algorithms. Thus, we present a new method for calculating classical periodic orbits, in which each of the basic matrices is of dimension two. Two variants are obtained, one assuming that the period of the motion is fixed and the other assuming that the total energy is fixed. We emphasize the importance of calculating the periodic orbits in as small a dimensionality as possible, an advantage which has implications for generalizations of the theory and methods to outstanding many-body problems in nuclear and atomic physics. Comparisons are made between various approaches.
Core competencies in dermatopathology

Medical education has traditionally focused on imparting medical knowledge, delivering quality patient care, and teaching research methodology. Various measures of success, including standardized testing, have been developed to assess the achievement of those goals. These measures then served as documentation of the effectiveness of individual training programs. However, in 1999, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) changed the way we measure the success of medical education. They developed six core competencies for medical education and assigned the task of enforcing them to the individual Residency Review Committees. By July 2006, all accredited programs, including dermatopathology fellowships, must use measurable, competency-based objectives, and assess achievement of those objectives. Programs should also be documenting ways they are improving the evaluation process. They must be in full compliance with implementation, measurement, and assessment of the six core competencies for accreditation. The next phase required by the ACGME involves developing curriculum based on competencies as well as using resident, fellow, or graduate competency performance to assess success in preparing trainees for the practice of medicine. This manuscript discusses measurable objectives to address the core competencies for dermatopathology fellowship training as well as dermatopathology rotations in dermatology and pathology residency training.
FIB Failure analysis of memory arrays

Many modern microelectronic chips contain embedded memory arrays. A typical memory bit-cell contains several transistors. Failure of a single transistor or contact within a bit cell makes the entire bit cell inoperable. A dual-beam Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tool combines milling capability with in situ Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging, which is very useful for identifying the root cause when a physical defect is present. This paper describes the slice-and-view FIB technique for failure analysis (FA) in memory arrays. Several failure mechanisms have been identified, including missing patterns, killer particle defects, shorted and open stack vias. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)/ Scanning TEM (STEM) analysis was able to provide additional information when SEM resolution was not sufficient. Processes were adjusted appropriately leading to yield enhancement.