cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sinhala diglossia: Discrete or continuous variation?

Sociolinguists disagree on how to characterize diglossia with respect to the structural relatedness of the H(igh) and L(ow) varieties: Ferguson 1959, 1991 holds that H and L should be distinct but related varieties of language, while others maintain that a continuum model is more appropriate. Both discrete models (Gair 1968, 1992) and continuum models (De Silva 1974, 1979) have been proposed for Sinhala, as spoken in Sri Lanka. In this article, I employ a computer-generated multidimensional graph of relations between varieties of Sinhala to show that the distribution of H and L grammatical features in a sample of naturally occurring texts supports the discrete H and L model more than the continuum model. A rigorous characterization of diglossia as a distinct type of language situation is proposed, based on the notion “functional diasystem.” (Diglossia, Sinhala, Sri Lanka, diasystem, hybridization, continuum, South Asia, standardization)
Tissue physiology and pathology of aromatase

Aromatase is expressed in multiple tissues, indicating a crucial role for locally produced oestrogens in the differentiation, regulation and normal function of several organs and processes. This review is an overview of the role of aromatase in different tissues under normal physiological conditions and its contribution to the development of some oestrogen-related pathologies.
Evidence for metabolic compartmentation in Escherichia coli.

The incorporation into amino acids in protein of 14C from (a) glycerol and maltose, and (b) galactose and lactose, alone and in competition, has been measured in Escherichia coli during aerobic growth. Glycerol and maltose contributed carbon equally to growth and to amino acids whose precursors are tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, but unequally to amino acids derived from glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycolytic compartmentalisation has been suggested and the possible nature of this is briefly discussed. Lactose and galactose complemented one another as growth substrates. Free galactose, and galactose from lactose hydrolysis, contributed unequally to some amino acids, as did the glucose and galactose moieties when lactose was the sole substrate. A simple compartmented model of the cell has been adduced to explain these results. These data are in accord with an earlier suggestion of metabolic channelling of the oxidative carbohydrate pathways in E. coli.
Comparative study of ZnS thin films deposited by CBD and ALD as a buffer layer for CIGS solar cell

Alternative deposition methods and materials are of interest for the fabrication of thin film solar cells since they offer potential enhancements for either low cost, high speed or high efficiency but also because they can help in better understanding the underlying physical and chemical processes that could lead to the next generation of solar cells. Structural and optical properties of ZnS and CdS films deposited by either chemical bath deposition (CBD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) were studied. More specifically, ex-situ measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry as well as transmission and reflection measurements were performed, allowing for the analysis of the growth processes as a function of deposition parameters. These measurements also allowed for a parameterization of the dielectric functions of ZnS and the evolution of its grain size and band gap as a function of thickness.
P008 HCV infection induces a unique hepatic innate immune response associated with robust production of type III interferons

Introduction Polymorphisms in the IL28B gene have been associated with clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV), indicating a role for type III interferons (IFNs) in HCV infection. Little is known about the function of type III IFNs in intrinsic antiviral innate immunity. Methods We used in vivo and in vitro models to characterize the role of the type III IFNs in HCV infection and analyzed gene expression in liver biopsy samples from HCV-infected chimpanzees and patients. Messenger RNA and protein expression were studied in HCV-infected hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Results HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes induced production of chemokines and type III IFNs, including interleukin (IL)-28, and led to expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Chimpanzees infected with HCV showed rapid induction of hepatic type III IFN, associated with up-regulation of ISGs and minimal induction of type I IFNs. In liver biopsy specimens from HCV-infected patients, hepatic expression of IL-28 correlated with levels of ISGs but not of type I IFNs. HCV infection produced extensive changes with gene expression in addition to ISGs in primary human hepatocytes. The induction of type III IFNs is regulated by IFN regulatory factor 3 and nuclear factor κ B. Type III IFNs up-regulate ISGs with a different kinetic profile than type 1 IFNs and induce a distinct set of genes, which might account for their functional differences. Conclusion HCV infection results predominantly in induction of type III IFNs in livers of humans and chimpanzees; the level of induction correlates with hepatic levels of ISGs. These findings might account for the association among IL-28, level of ISGs, and recovery from HCV infection and provide a therapeutic strategy for patients who do not respond to IFN therapy.
Polymerization of silicate anions in solutions at low concentrations

Adsorption of tetrahedral-forming ions, such as silicates and phosphates, is considered to be the main cause of retention of these anions on the surfaces of hydrated Al- and Fe-oxides. The importance of this retention in natural and man-caused phenomena has been the subject of many investigations. When adsorption studies are conducted, the role of the surface and the charges developed on it by the potentially determining ions tend to be emphasized, while the nature of the sorbate is rarely considered or investigated. Nevertheless, the excluded or equilibrium solution is the seminal source of information in the formulation of adsorption mechanisms or models. The ionic species present in the equilibrium solution are practically always taken for granted, that is, from data previously published. They are thought to be a simple function of solution pH, without further analysis of ionic speciation changes that occur during the sorption process. Here, we provide direct experimental evidence, using an advanced and sensitive spectroscopic technique, laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), that aqueous equilibrium silicate solutions at low concentrations contain polymeric and/or other anionic complexes and not just monomeric species. These low concentrations are similar to those used in most previous sorption experiments on Fe- and Al-sesquioxides and on tropical acidic soils. Our findings clearly indicate that any mechanisms and models that are proposed to describe anion sorption on sesquioxides should consider that silicates, and probably some other tetrahedral-forming anions, are not present in solution solely as monomeric ionic species as most investigators have assumed1–11. Irregularities in fitting experimental data to models previously reported prompted this research2–4,6,12.
NMR observations of 13C-enriched coenzyme B12 bound to the ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii.

The 13 C NMR resonance and one-bond 1 H- 13 C coupling constants of coenzyme B 12 enriched in 13 C in the cobalt-bound carbon have been observed in the complex of the coenzyme with the B 12 -dependent ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii. Neither the 13 C NMR chemical shift nor the 1 H- 13 C coupling constants are significantly altered by binding of the coenzyme to the enzyme. The results suggest that ground-state Co-C bond distortion is not utilized by this enzyme to activate coenzyme B 12 for C-Co bond homolysis.
The role of relative function ceramic typologies in Bronze Age settlement analysis

Summary: Given the importance of the site of Myrtos to the definition of village living patterns in the Early Minoan period, and the current state of disagreement as to the nature of the social system actually in place at Myrtos, a new investigation into the matter is warranted. In order to carry out that investigation, the possibility of constructing and utilizing a typology of relative function from the available ceramics is examined, and the results applied to an analysis of the living pattern at the site, along with a review of prior attempts at artifact-distribution and architectural-design analysis. It is suggested that the social pattern and population level at Myrtos during the EM II period was closer to Warren's original communal model than more recent theories of independent nuclear families, as there is clear evidence for an intra-site communal storage and distribution pattern.
Abstract IA19: New therapeutic strategies for lymphomas inspired by functional and structural genomics

Abstract Seeking an unbiased method to discover therapeutic targets in cancer, we developed a loss-of-function genetic screen using genomic-scale libraries of small hairpin RNAs that mediate RNA interference. These “Achilles heel” screens are designed to reveal genes essential for cancer cell proliferation and survival. In a parallel structural genomics approach, we are using RNA-seq to globally identify somatic mutations and other structural abnormalities in cancer. RNA-seq also provides an unprecedented view of gene expression that provides more accurate quantitative data than traditional microarray approaches. The intersection of the RNA interference and RNA-seq data sets has helped us to discover novel pathogenetic pathways that control the proliferation and survival of the aggressive lymphoma subtypes. The malignant phenotype is seen as an aberrant regulatory network that includes oncogene-induced microRNAs, deregulated transcription factors and aberrant signaling from cell surface receptors. This view suggests several therapeutic opportunities using targeted agents that might initially augment and eventually supplant the more toxic chemotherapeutic regimens used to treat these cancers today. Citation Format: Louis M. Staudt. New therapeutic strategies for lymphomas inspired by functional and structural genomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMATION BANDS.

A theoretical justification is proposed for a mechanism for producing deformation bands in crystals. It is based on the interaction of dislocation loops that originate from randomly distributed sources. In materials without cross-slip, screw-locks (that is, locking of screw dislocations) will occur. In crystals where deformation takes place in single slip, such as zinc, the model should be valid. In materials with easy cross slip, however, screw-locks will not persist. Instead, the screw components will annihilate one another, to give the configuration proposed by Mott. In crystals where deformation takes place in multiple slip, another mechanism may nevertheless enter, namely, intersecting slip planes may create collinear sources which on further deformation may produce a band-like structure. Es wird eine theoretische Rechtfertigung fur einen Mechanismus zur Erzeugung von Deformations-bandern vorgeschlagen. Er beruht auf der Wechselwirkung von Versetzungsschleifen, die aus einer Zufallsverteilung der Quellen entstehen. In Materialien ohne leichte Quergleitung ruft ein solcher Mechanismus eine Art Schraubensicherung (“screw-lock”) hervor. In Kristallen, in denen die Deformation durch Einfachgleitung erfolgt, z. B. in Zink, sollte das Modell gultig sein. In Materialien mit leichter Quergleitung sind die screw-locks nicht stabil. Hier vernichten sich die Schrauben-komponenten gegenseitig, um die von Mott vorgeschlagene Struktur herbeizufuhren. In Kristallen jedoch, in denen die Deformation durch Vielfachgleitung vor sich geht, wirkt ein anderer Mechanismus: sich schneidende Gleitebenen konnen kollineare Quellen erzeugen, die durch weitere Deformation eine neue bandartige Struktur produzieren.
Some remarks concerning coupledND−1 equations

Some related questions in coupled reactions are studied. An extension of the Omnes’ function for multi-channel processes is obtained, which reduces to the Fredholm determinant of the integral equations for the nonrelativistic case. It is especially suited towards obtaining a Levinson theorem for coupled cases. Next, assuming that the input is symmetric, a proof is given to show that the scattering matrix, fromND−1 equations, is symmetric and independent of the subtraction points when n2 different subtractions are chosen for an n-channel problem. Lastly, an approximate first-order scattering matrix is obtained, which is symmetric as well as subtraction-point-independent.
Randomization as a strategy for sellers during price discrimination, and impact on bidders' privacy

A previous paper demonstrates that if a seller always uses auction bids to later price discriminate against losing bidders, his revenue decreases dramatically. In this paper, we examine whether the seller obtains an advantage if he randomizes his strategy -- that is, if he does not use privacy-infringing information all the time, but only with probability ?;. Using both Bayesian techniques and genetic algorithm experiments, we determine optimal strategies for bidders and sellers in a two stage game: Stage I is a first price auction used to elicit information on a bidder's valuation; Stage II is, with probability ?;, a price discrimination offer, and, a fixed price offer P; else. Our results show that the seller does not benefit from randomized price discrimination. Further, low valuation bidders benefit more from the seller's use of privacy-infringing information than do the high valuation ones, as they may wish to signal that they cannot afford a high second-stage offer. To our knowledge, our use of genetic algorithm simulations is unique in the privacy literature.
Adoption Subsidies and Placement Outcomes for Children in Foster Care

More than 400,000 children in the United States are currently in foster care, many of whom are at risk for long-lasting emotional and health problems. The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 provided federal funds for monthly adoption subsidies designed to promote adoptions of special-needs children and children in foster care. Using data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting Systems, I find that the number of adoptions increases when children become subsidy-eligible, and that most of the increase is from adoptions by foster parents. Conditional on adoption, subsidy eligibility decreases time spent in foster care.
Overcoming Obstacles to Become a Baby Friendly Hospital

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Achieving Baby Friendly designation is supported by the following: Healthy People 's 2020 objective to increase exclusive breastfeeding of mothers during the early postpartum period, the February 2012 American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendation that mothers exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first 6 months after birth; and the Joint Commission's perinatal core measure for exclusive breastfeeding while in the hospital. Proposed Change To implement Baby Friendly Initiatives and continue to revise practices to meet updated guidelines to maintain Baby Friendly designation. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Baby Friendly components can be met with resistance from staff and physicians. Baby Friendly requires that staff reverse ideas, such as sending infants to the nursery so that mothers can sleep, offering supplementation of formula until lactation is established, using pacifiers to satisfy suckling, and keeping mothers and healthy infants apart during medical procedures. Becoming Baby Friendly often demands a change in practice toward family‐centered care. The program teaches breastfeeding skills to mothers, supports skin‐to‐skin contact after birth, promotes rooming‐in as standard of care for healthy infants, and offers breastfeeding resources upon discharge. Myths and obstacles of Baby Friendly practice can present obstacles to implementation. The most common myths are that mothers will not have a choice in how to feed their infant, hospital cost will increase significantly, and the requirement of staff education will be difficult to meet. Obstacles to meeting the Baby Friendly goals include supplying consistent information to parents and staff regarding breastfeeding, keeping moms and infants together with rooming‐in as standard of care, and changing practice to meet skin‐to‐skin contact requirements. Customer satisfaction measured before and after implementation of Baby Friendly practices to the question “I learned how to feed my baby properly” demonstrated a significant increase. This same result is reflected in the perinatal care core measure of exclusive breastfeeding. Implications for Nursing Practice Many changes to current practice were implemented to meet the Baby Friendly Initiative guidelines. Though these were initially perceived as obstacles, they are now part of every day practice and have not only increased patient satisfaction, but have increased nursing satisfaction as well.
Integrated logistics planning for the air and space expeditionary force

The shift to a US Air Force structured for expeditionary operations has presented the Air Force with a number of challenges in planning, executing, and support operations involving resources such as munitions, fuel, engines, avionics, and war reserve material. In an expeditionary world, the logistics support processes must be capable of responding to rapidly deployed forces, either by deploying along with the fighting units or by connecting support processes in permanent locations to the remote forces. In this paper, we present a general approach for reshaping logistics processes to meet Air Force expeditionary operational goals. We develop capability-based logistics models consisting of rules and algorithms that compute process timelines and requirements for material, equipment, and personnel. We use both optimization and heuristic techniques to formulate a location–allocation solution that can further refine the process.
Tailoring an intervention to the context and system redesign related to the intervention: A case study of implementing shared medical appointments for diabetes

Incorporating shared medical appointments (SMAs) or group visits into clinical practice to improve care and increase efficiency has become a popular intervention, but the processes to implement and sustain them have not been well described. The purpose of this study was to describe the process of implementation of SMAs in the local context of a primary care clinic over time. The setting was a primary care clinic of an urban academic medical center of the Veterans Health Administration. We performed an in-depth case analysis utilizing both an innovations framework and a nested systems framework approach. This analysis helped organize and summarize implementation and sustainability issues, specifically: the pre-SMA local context; the processes of tailoring and implementation of the intervention; and the evolution and sustainability of the intervention and its context. Both the improvement intervention and the local context co-adapted and evolved during implementation, ensuring sustainability. The most important promoting factors were the formation of a core team committed to quality and improvement, and the clinic leadership that was supported strongly by the team members. Tailoring had to also take into account key innovation-hindering factors, including limited resources (such as space), potential to alter longstanding patient-provider relationships, and organizational silos (disconnected groups) with core team members reporting to different supervisors. Although interventions must be designed to meet the needs of the sites in which they are implemented, specific guidance tailored to the practice environment was lacking. SMAs require complex changes that impact on care routines, collaborations, and various organizational levels. Although the SMA was not envisioned originally as a form of system redesign that would alter the context in which it was implemented, it became clear that tailoring the intervention alone would not ensure sustainability, and therefore adjustments to the system were required. The innovation necessitated reconfiguring some aspects of the primary care clinic itself and other services from which the patients and the team were derived. In addition, the relationships among different parts of the system were altered.
SSRL beam line wunder: Design and planning

Abstract The results of a design study and current planning are presented for a soft X-ray Synchrotron Radiation Beam Line utilizing a permanent magnet undulator insertion on SPEAR at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Modeling studies have shown that significant advantages can be obtained in the desired energy range 10–1000 eV using such a device rather than a bending magnet. The parameters which achieve this energy range best characterize the device as between a wiggler and an undulator. We have named this device a wunder and are pursuing its implementation. Relative to a bending magnet, one gains approximately two orders of magnitude of useful flux and in addition, the horizontal beam divergence is reduced by approximately one order of magnitude. The various aspects of the project are reviewed, including expected input power from the wunder, strategies for cooling the optical components, and the beam transport and LOCUST monochromator design.
The reaction between ethyl and molecular oxygen II: Further analysis

The present investigation is a rather substantial extension and elaboration of our previous work on the same reaction. In this article we accomplish four primary objectives: 1. We show quantitatively how sensitive the high-temperature rate coefficient k(T) is to E02, the threshold energy of the transition state for direct molecular elimination of HO2 from ethylperoxy radical (C2H5O2), thus deducing a value of E02=−3.0 kcal/mol (measured from reactants). 2. We derive the result that k0(T) ≈ k′∞(T) in the high-temperature regime, where k0(T) is the zero-pressure rate coefficient, and k′∞(T) is the infinite-pressure rate coefficient for the bimolecular channel. 3. Most importantly, we discuss the three different regimes of the reaction (low-temperature, transition, and high-temperature) in terms of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of G, the transition matrix of the master equation. The transition regime is shown to be a region of avoided crossing between the two chemically significant eigenvalue curves in which the thermal rate coefficient k (T ,p) jumps from one eigenvalue to the other. This jump is accompanied by a “mixing” of the corresponding eigenvectors, through which both eigenvectors deplete the reactant. The onset of the high-temperature regime is triggered by reaching the “stabilization limit” of the ethylperoxy adduct, a limit that is induced by a shift in equilibrium of the stabilization reaction. Our identification of the prompt and secondary HO2 formed by the reaction with these eigenvalue/eigenvector pairs leads to good agreement between theory and the experiments of Clifford et al. (J Phys Chem A 2000, 104, 11549–11560). 4. Lastly, we describe the master equation results in terms of a set of elementary reactions and phenomenological rate coefficients. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 732–740, 2001
A Geometrical Simulation System of Ball End Finish Milling Process and Its Application for the Prediction of Surface Micro Features

Finish milling with a ball end mill is a key process in manufacturing high-precision and complex workpieces, such as dies and molds. Because of the complexity of the milling process, it is difficult to evaluate the microcharacteristics of machined surfaces real time, which necessitates the simulation of the process. In this area, the existing related simulation researches mainly focus on scallop height evaluation, but few have presented a whole picture of the microcharacteristics of milled surfaces. This paper develops a comprehensive simulation system based on a Z-map model for predicting surface topographic features and roughness formed in the finish milling process and studies the effect of machining parameters. The adoption of the discretization concept of the tool's cutting motion makes it possible to dynamically track the cutting tool-workpiece interaction with the tool movement and to describe the cutting edges-workpiece discrete cutting interaction more realistically and, therefore, the microcharacteristics of the machined surfaces more accurately. Also, the effects of the cutting tool run-out and wear are incorporated into the developed model through modifying the tool center motion and the cutting-edge shape, respectively. As a fundamental study, the tool-swept envelope has been simulated. The developed simulation system is applied to thoroughly study the surface features formed by the 2.5-axis finish milling process. The application for general three-axis machining is discussed. Additionally, this paper studies the effect of the tool inclination, which is the most common characteristic in 3+2- or five-axis milling processes, on the machined surface features. Experiments are carried out to study the milling process and to verify the simulation results. The difference between the simulated and experimental results is discussed, and the reason behind the difference is explored.
Recurrent Sudden Death

“Sudden death” need not be lethal. There are an increasing number of survivors. The report in this issue (page 259) by Schaffer and Cobb on the fate of a special group of survivors of out-of-hospit...
Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America

This definitive history of American women uncovers women's lives in their domestic intimacies and their public crusades from our nation's beginnings to the Eighties.
More on the costs of racial exclusion: Race and violent crime in New York City, 1980-1990

Abstract Neighborhood social organization theorists argue that the race-violence relationship is a spurious artifact of the differential exposure of Blacks to the community conditions that foster violence. The subculture of violence theory, in contrast, argues that values legitimizing violence are internalized, and therefore continue to influence behavior regardless of the contextual environment. In statistical terms, the former view implies an interaction between race and community contexts, while the latter does not. As a means to shed light on this debate, I test for interactions between race and structural disadvantage using data on New York City neighborhoods within a pooled 1980–1990 time series framework. The results show that the race-violence relationship varies significantly with structural contexts; it is, therefore, difficult to attribute the results solely to a subculture of violence indigenous to the Black community. Rather, the analysis demonstrates that as disadvantage and race become ecologically concentrated, so does race and violence.
Leading the charge to virtual meetings.

In her letter “Travel trade-offs for scientists” (10 December 2010, p. [1476][1]), I. C. Burke wrote that science organizations should lead the charge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from travel and that scientists should demonstrate a different way of doing business that doesn't contribute so substantially to climate change. These suggestions are right on the mark. The NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) is pioneering the use of collaborative tools for virtual communication—i.e., meetings and scientific data analysis across distance. The NAI hosted two Workshops Without Walls during 2010 ([ 1 ][2], [ 2 ][3]), which drew together hundreds of researchers from around the globe for scientific exchange, with no travel required. The integration of high-definition videoconferencing and online meeting software allowed attendees to participate in the workshops with just a computer and an Internet connection. Surveys by the NAI after both Workshops Without Walls showed that 98% of 175 respondents would attend another one, although some noted that they missed the social interaction of in-person meetings ([ 1 ][2], [ 2 ][3]). One NAI survey respondent wrote, “The energy, money, and time saving of this method of scientific communication is spectacular. I believe it should be encouraged and expanded.” ![Figure][1] CREDIT: THINKSTOCK A majority of NAI survey respondents participated in at least part of the workshops from their office or home. Others gathered in videoconferencing facilities at their institutions. Some moved freely between home, office, or conference room, catching talks most relevant to their research from wherever they happened to be. Experience has shown that holding meetings 4 hours per day over several days helps accommodate people in different time zones, as does recording and posting the talks in almost real time. Virtual meetings are just the beginning. Emerging technologies such as 3-dimensional immersive environments to share, visualize, and analyze data sets across distance are enabling virtual workspaces for science and the potential for further savings of time, money, and natural resources. 1. [↵][4]1. D. Scalice , “NASA Astrobiology Institute hosts science ‘Workshop Without Walls,’” NASA Astrobiology Institute, 19 March 2010 ( ). 2. [↵][5]1. W. Dolci , “NAI hosts second Workshop Without Walls,” NASA Astrobiology Institute, 29 November 2010 ( ). [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
Recognition Memory and the Human Hippocampus

The capacity for declarative memory depends on the hippocampal region and adjacent cortex within the medial temporal lobe. One of the most widely studied examples of declarative memory is the capacity to recognize recently encountered material as familiar, but uncertainty remains about whether intact recognition memory depends on the hippocampal region itself and, if so, what the nature of the hippocampal contribution might be. Seven patients with bilateral damage thought to be limited primarily to the hippocampal region were impaired on three standard tests of recognition memory. In addition, the patients were impaired to a similar extent at Remembering and Knowing, measures of the two processes thought to support recognition performance: the ability to remember the learning episode (episodic recollection) and the capacity for judging items as familiar (familiarity).
“Spin-orbit deformation” in inelastic scattering of protons at medium energies☆

Abstract Distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations for medium-energy proton inelastic scattering to collective states, which use microscopic, spin-dependent optical potentials that properly describe proton elastic analyzing powers, show that inclusion of the deformation or collectivity of the spin-orbit term in the inelastic transition matrix element has an important effect on predictions for the available inelastic angular distributions and analyzing powers.
PUPILLARY ATTRIBUTIONS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS TO HAPPY AND ANGRY FACES

As evidence for an hypothesis that pupil size plays an important role in nonverbal communication, Hess (1975) has reported that adults draw in appropriately sized pupils on his happy and angry faces task. However, he did not report a statistical test of his data. In this study, we replicated Hess' research and found congruent with his hypothesis that college students (n = 223) draw in significantly larger pupils on the happy face.
Characteristic Impedance of Integrated Circuit Bond Wires (Short Paper)

In microwave circuit analysis, bond wires are frequently modeled as lumped elements or sections of microstrip. These models are insufficient since part of the wire is suspended above the substrate. This paper shows numerical results that provide the line impedance and effective dielectric constant for a round wire above a grounded dielectric substrate.
Modeling the effect of mesoscale randomness on concrete fracture

Abstract The random mesostructure of concrete has an important influence on the reliability and failure properties of the material. The objective of the proposed model is to create an efficient link between the mesostructure and the mechanical and damage behavior of concrete and related strain-softening materials. Three theoretical techniques comprise the model: cohesive debonding, the moving-window generalized method of cells, and a strain-softening finite element model. The model is calibrated with direct tension experiments geared towards isolating the mechanical behavior of the aggregate–mortar interface. The model makes a good prediction for the mechanical behavior of concrete in tension, particularly when randomness in the cohesive interface properties is taken into consideration.
Role of Small Oligomers on the Amyloidogenic Aggregation Free-Energy Landscape

Abstract We combine atomic-force-microscopy particle-size-distribution measurements with earlier measurements on 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate, thioflavin T, and dynamic light scattering to develop a quantitative kinetic model for the aggregation of β-lactoglobulin into amyloid. We directly compare our simulations to the population distributions provided by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. We combine species in the simulation according to structural type for comparison with fluorescence fingerprint results. The kinetic model of amyloidogenesis leads to an aggregation free-energy landscape. We define the roles of and propose a classification scheme for different oligomeric species based on their location in the aggregation free-energy landscape. We relate the different types of oligomers to the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the toxic oligomer hypothesis for amyloid-related diseases. We discuss existing kinetic mechanisms in terms of the different types of oligomers. We provide a possible resolution to the toxic oligomer–amyloid coincidence.
Short-chain alcohols promote an early stage of membrane hemifusion.

Hemifusion, the linkage of contacting lipid monolayers of two membranes before the opening of a fusion pore, is hypothesized to proceed through the formation of a stalk intermediate, a local and strongly bent connection between membranes. When the monolayers' propensity to bend does not support the stalk (e.g., as it is when lysophosphatidylcholine is added), hemifusion is inhibited. In contrast, short-chain alcohols, reported to affect monolayer bending in a manner similar to that of lysophosphatidylcholine, were here found to promote hemifusion between fluorescently labeled liposomes and planar lipid bilayers. Single hemifusion events were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Methanol or ethanol (1.2-1.6 w/w %) added to the same compartment of the planar bilayer chamber as liposomes caused a 5-50 times increase in the number of hemifusion events. Alcohol-induced hemifusion was inhibited by lysophosphatidylcholine. Promotion of membrane hemifusion by short-chain alcohol was also observed for cell-cell fusion mediated by influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). Alcohol promoted a fusion stage subsequent to the low pH-dependent activation of HA. We propose that binding of short-chain alcohol to the surface of membranes promotes hemifusion by facilitating the transient breakage of the continuity of each of the contacting monolayers, which is required for their subsequent merger in the stalk intermediate.
Observations On the Molt Cycle and Growth of the Crab, Podophthalmus Vigil (Fabricius) 1) (Decapoda, Portunidae )

Nous avons etudie, chez le crabe Podophthalmus vigil, la duree des periodes de mue chez les animaux vivant au laboratoire, et avons cherche la relation entre la temperature et les constituants chimiques de l'eau de mer d'une part, et la population de crabes traversant la periode en dehors de l'intermue pris dans la meme eau d'autre part; nous avons constate que la temperature de l'eau exerce une grande influence sur l'abondance de crabes traversant cette periode. Nous avons suivi les changements de poids des crabes qui traversent le cycle de mue; le poids moyen pris entre deux stades C4 successifs etait de 34% environ. Nous avons examine l'influence de la grandeur de l'individu sur le grandissement subi a chaque periode de mue. A chaque periode, le pourcentage moyen de l'augmentation en largeur et en longueur a ete respectivement de 18.05% et de 16.78%. La grandeur du crabe au debut de la periode ne paraissait pas avoir affecte le pourcentage d'augmentation en largeur.
Extension of the Petrov-Galerkin Time-Domain Algorithm for Dispersive Media

The extension of an implicit, high-order, Petrov-Galerkin, time-domain, finite-element method for application to dispersive materials is derived and implemented. The resulting scheme does not require additional source terms to be added to Maxwell's curl equations. While the emphasis of this research is the continued development of the Petrov-Galerkin algorithm for electromagnetic applications, the current formulation can also be used in a discontinuous-Galerkin scheme.
Big brothers and little sisters? Sex selection and birth order

Should you be allowed to choose the sex of your child? Even before the advent of modern reproductive technologies, people have expressed interest in producing a child of a specific sex, trying everything from herbal treatments to sexual positions that have been claimed to produce a male or female child. Modern technologies such as flow cytometry make this a realistic possibility but what might the consequences be? In India and China, a preference for male offspring has led (via abortion) to a significant sex-ratio imbalance in those populations. Do other countries express strong preferences for male or female offspring? This article will address the possible birth order implications. Will we live in a world of first-born boys and second-born girls?
Influence of race and ethnicity on alternative medicine as a self-treatment preference for common medical conditions in a population of multi-ethnic urban elderly

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is prevalent among elderly individuals. While race and ethnicity may influence the choice of CAM, it is uncertain how this influence affects an individual's choice of CAM or conventional medicine. Furthermore, it is unclear whether this choice of CAM or conventional medicine might vary for different medical conditions. A survey of CAM use was performed on a convenience sample of 338 multi-ethnic urban elderly subjects who attended clinic at two large university-affiliated hospitals over 2 years. The survey asked about individual CAM therapies used, and whether subjects would prefer conventional (prescription or over-the-counter) or CAM (herbal or other) treatment for three different medical conditions: colds, insomnia, and back pain. Hispanic ethnicity and female gender were the best predictors of CAM use. Blacks were more likely than whites to utilize CAM. Hispanics were more likely to choose herbal medications to self-treat colds and insomnia than whites or blacks, or low-back pain than whites. More Hispanics chose herbal medications to treat insomnia than over-the-counter or prescription medications.
Fast Walsh transform data-compression algorithm: e.c.g. applications.

The feasibility of using a fast Walsh transform algorithm to implement a real-time microprocessor-based e.c.g. data-compression system was studied. Using the mean square error between the original and reconstructed e.c.g. signals as a measure of the utility of the reconstructed signals, the limit to which an e.c.g. signal could be compressed and still yield an acceptable reconstruction was determined. The possibility of enhancing the quality of the reconstructed signals using linear filtering techniques was also investigated.
An Experimental Investigation of Skill, Rule, and Knowledge-Based Performance under Noise Conditions

An important aspect of soldier effectiveness is the ability to perform multiple tasks in the face of stress. It has likewise been found that performance on a secondary task degrades when multiple tasks are being performed simultaneously and that the presence of stress is associated with general decrements in performance. Consequently, it is important to understand how the presence of stress impacts complex task performance in the military domain. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of noise on multiple task performance, subjective workload, and subjective dimensions of stress framed within the skill — rule — and knowledge based trichotomization.
Mo1413 Accuracy of Ex Vivo Imaging of the Liver and Pancreas Using a High Resolution Microendoscope (HRME)

uncinate process (1). Cytology results on initial FNA were reported as benign in 15(71.4%), cellular atypia in 2(9.5%), inadequate in 3(14.3%), and suspicious in 1(4.8%). Among patients with non-cystic lesions (13), malignancy was confirmed in 9/13(69.2%) cases including adenocarcinoma (7), lymphoma (1), and pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (1). One patient had negative cytology on repeat EUS-FNA but was confirmed to have adenocarcinoma on CT-FNA. 3/14 patients with noncystic lesion were confirmed to have benign etiologies on repeat EUSFNA, including chronic pancreatitis in 2 with no evidence of malignancy at a follow up of 30.7 and 10.9 months respectively; and an indeterminate biliary stricture in 1, which resolved on clinical follow up of 20.2 months. In patients with cystic lesions of pancreas (8), IPMN was confirmed in 2, MCN in 1, serous cystadenoma in 3, and no significant pathology in 2 cases. One case of IPMN was found to have dysplasia on repeat EUS-FNA. All other lesions were determined to have benign course based on a median follow up of 51.0 months (13.3-85). Repeat EUS altered clinical decision making in 9/13(69.2%) cases with non-cystic lesions as compared to 0/8 cases with cystic lesions (p-value 0.01; Fisher’s exact test). The diagnostic accuracy of repeat EUS-FNA in identifying malignancy or a potentially malignant lesion was 90.9%. Conclusion: Repeat EUSFNA alters clinical decision making in majority of non-cystic lesions of pancreas. However, repeat EUS-FNA may not be as helpful in cases of cystic lesions in this setting.
A New Explicit Time-Domain Finite-Element Method Based on Element-Level Decomposition

A new explicit time-domain finite-element method (TDFEM), which is fundamentally different from traditional explicit TDFEM formulations for solving Maxwell's equations, is introduced. This new explicit TDFEM is derived from a recently developed TDFEM domain-decomposition algorithm by extending domain decomposition to the element level. This method solves dual-field second-order wave equations and computes the electric and magnetic fields in a leapfrog fashion. With the element-level decomposition, no global system matrix has to be assembled and solved as required in the implicit TDFEM, and each element is related to its neighboring elements in an explicit manner. Hence, the computational complexity of the method is reduced to only O(N) for both computer memory and CPU time. A hybrid explicit/implicit scheme is also proposed to alleviate a major disadvantage of the proposed explicit TDFEM formulation. In addition, the convergence behavior of the corresponding higher order algorithms and the stability issues are discussed
Preparation and polymerization of the two isomeric (chloromethyl)oxetanes

2-(Chloromethyl)oxetane was prepared in 8% overall yield from 2-propen-1-ol by protection of the alcohol with dihydropyran, epoxidation, ring expansion with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide, acid deprotection, and chlorination with triphenylphosphine in CCl_4. 3-(Chloromethyl)oxetane was prepared in 22% overall yield by hydroboration-oxidation of 3-chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene followed by base-catalyzed cyclization. Each of the oxetanes was converted to the corresponding elastomeric homopolymer by treatment with a triethylaluminum–acetylacetone–water mixture. Poly[2-(chloromethyl)oxetane] was found to be similar to polyepichlorophydrin in reactivity toward benzoate ion, whereas poly[3-(chloromethyl)oxetane] is more reactive by a factor of 2.
The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor: An X-Ray Video-Fluoroscopic CT Scanner for Dynamic Volume Imaging of Moving Organs

The trend in development of X-ray computed tomography systems over the past decade has been toward faster and faster scanners, with comcomitant improvement in image quality. The preliminary results from the DSR scanner suggest the advent of two new, powerful dimensions in X-ray computed tomography?high temporal resolution and synchronous volume scanning. That is, true stop-action, full three-dimensional imaging at a high repetition rate is possible with CT scanners. Such capabilities promise to make possible new basic investigative and clinical studies of the structural-to-functional relationships of moving organ systems like the heart and lungs, and of the circulation in any organ of the body. Current state-of-the-art CT technology holds promise of exciting new clinical and research capabilities, such as quantitative analysis of regional blood flow and perfusion, simultaneous measurement of physiologic function and anatomic structure, and differential diagnosis of disease based on determination of tissue composition in any organ or region of the body, with a sensitivity and specificity not possible before.
The cellular origin for malignant glioma and prospects for clinical advancements

Glioma remains incurable despite great advancements in medicine. Targeting the cell of origin for gliomas could bring great hope for patients. However, as a collection of diverse diseases, each subtype of glioma could derive from a distinct cell of origin. To resolve such a complex problem, one must use multiple research approaches to gain deep insights. Here we review current evidence regarding the cell of origin from clinical observations, whole-genome molecular pathology and glioma animal models. We conclude that neural stem cells, glial progenitors (including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells) and astrocytes could all serve as cells of origin for gliomas, and that cells incurring initial mutations (cells of mutation) might not transform, while their progeny cells could instead transform and act as cells of origin. Further studies with multidisciplinary approaches are needed to link each subtype to a particular cell of origin, and to develop effective therapies that target the signaling network within these cells.
Platinum-Maghemite Core−Shell Nanoparticles Using a Sequential Synthesis

Pt@Fe2O3 core−shell nanoparticles have been made using a sequential synthetic method. Platinum nanoparticles were synthesized via reduction of platinum acetylacetonate in octyl ether, and layers of iron oxide were subsequently deposited on the surface of Pt nanoparticles through thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl. The core−shell nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Thickness of the shell can be controlled by changing concentrations of the reactants and the reaction conditions. These Pt@Fe2O3 core−shell nanoparticles could have potential applications in catalysis and as precursors for making property-tunable magnetic nanoparticles, thin films, and nanocomposites.