cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereotypy and asymmetry in mice

Mice ran in a circular runway. Number and direction of circuits were recorded. Most control mice ran about the same number of circuits in each direction. After 100/µmol/kg cocaine there were 3.5 times as many circuits and most mice ran most circuits in one direction. Some mice ran strongly in one direction after a first dose of cocaine and strongly in the other direction after a second dose. Hence, the primary influence toward unidirectional running is stereotypy rather than asymmetry.
Myosin heavy chain transitions during development functional implications for the respiratory musculature

The myosin heavy chain (MHC) exists as multiple isoforms that are encoded for by a family of genes. The respiratory musculature demonstrates muscle-specific and temporally-dependent changes in MHC isoform expression during maturation. Developmental expression of MHC isoforms correlate well with postnatal changes in actomyosin ATPase activity, specific force generation (P0/CSA), maximum unloaded velocity of shortening (V0) and and fatigue resistance. More specifically, as the expression of MHCneonatal declines and MHC2A, MHC2X, and MHC2B increase, actomyosin ATPase activity, P0/CSA, V0, and muscle fatigability increase. The increase in actomyosin ATPase activity with maturation is partially offset by a postnatal increase in oxidative capacity; however, as fatigue resistance declines with development it is apparent that the energy costs of contraction are not fully matched by an increase in energy production. Developmental transitions in smooth muscle MHC phenotype also occur although their functional importance remains unclear.
Moving Beyond the Great Recession: Innovative Programmatic and Policy Responses to Poverty

More than 50 years after Lyndon Baines Johnson’s declaration of a War on Poverty and 7 years after the official end of the Great Recession, we find that US poverty rates hover around 15% and the ga...
Bony Surgery Distal Realignment Surgery for Episodic Patellar Dislocations

A patellar dislocation is most likely a result of a number of anatomic and physiologic factors causing a failure of the extensor mechanism to deliver the patella into the femoral sulcus. The Lyon group has reported this experience in several articles [5,7,9,17–20]. In the episodic patellar dislocation (EPD) patient population, several morphological anomalies have been identified that facilitate or allow patellar dislocation [18]. The radiographic examination will detect, in more than 96% of cases, at least one of the four following features in EPD group: (1) trochlear dysplasia, (2) Patella Alta, (3) tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) >20 mm, and (4) patellar tilt >20°. The aim of the distal realignment is to correct one or two identifiable “main factors” for EPD, while the “fundamental factor,” i.e., trochlear dysplasia, itself may not be corrected. In order to lower or medialize the distal extensor mechanism, different surgical techniques have been proposed and described. They all have in common that these techniques transfer the distal insertion of the patellar tendon [3,15,16].
Der Einsatz des IBM PC’s im Finanz- und Rechnungswesen

Die nachfolgenden Ausfuhrungen zeigen Wege auf, den IBM PC im Finanz- und Rechnungswesen einzusetzen. Sie gliedern sich in die drei Teile: 1. IBM PC-Hardware und -Netze 2. Die Benutzer des IBM PC’s im Finanz- und Rechnungswesen 3. Anwendungslosungen mit dem IBM PC Finanz- und Rechnungswesen.
Mechanism of Reënforcement. IV. Adsorption of GR-S by Carbon Black

Abstract Infrared absorption analysis has been carried out to determine whether the adsorption of GR-S (co-polymer of polystyrene and polybutadiene) on carbon black is specific as to the chemical structure of the polymer. The comparison of the relative intensities of the characteristic absorption bands of the original GR-S with the ratios of the intensities of the same bands for the fraction of rubber remaining after certain fractions were specifically removed by carbon black has shown that the adsorption is not specific as to chemical structure within the limits of accuracy of infrared analysis. The particular chemical groups considered were the phenyl structure (infrared absorption at 13.20 and 14.27 microns) of polystyrene and the 1,2 (10.08 and 10.95 microns) and 1,4 (10.37 microns) addition units of butadiene.
Computational control design of a benchmark problem using physical programming

A new approach to design optimization, physical programming, has recently been developed. Physical programming allows an engineer to express design preferences explicitly for each objective of interest, e.g., settling time and control effort, in a flexible and physically meaningful manner. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of physical programming for control synthesis by solving a benchmark control problem. We implemented a physical-programming-based problem formulation where objectives for each design measure were expressed explicitly. These measures included nominal and worst-case settling time, nominal and worst-case control effort, worst-case noise amplification, and robust stability. We designed controllers of three different orders, and compared these against published controller solutions of the same order for the benchmark problem. Physical Programming Control Synthesis (PPCS) methods were used to design high performing controllers with remarkable ease, and the controllers compare quite favorably with published solutions. The successful solution of this benchmark problem using physical programming strongly suggests that PPCS will solve a variety of other control problems. (Author)
Drawing the Most Power From Low-Cost Single-Well 1-mm 2 CMOS Photovoltaic Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cells can generate 100× more power from light than other transducers can from motion, radiation, and heat. Although custom multijunction nonsilicon and multiwell complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) cells output more power, single-well process technologies cost less. Amorphous cells cost even less but output less power. However, with only a small window of light available, tiny CMOS cells output little. This brief explores and proposes open-terminal single-well CMOS PV cell configurations that output more power than competing low-cost CMOS cells in literature. Measurements with 0.35- $\mu\text{m}$ $1\times 1\text{-mm}^{2}$ single-well CMOS cells show that deeper and lighter doped junctions generate higher power than shallower junctions, and double-junction configurations output even higher power. This is why sunlight on N+ in P substrate and N well in P substrate cells outputs 6 and 98 $\mu\text{W}$ and on shorted and open-terminal P+ in N well in P substrate structures outputs 132 $\mu\text{W}$ . Opening the P+ terminal outputs even more power because P+ metal, which blocks light, is no longer necessary.
J-Integral and Crack Opening Displacement as Crack Initiation Criteria in Rubber

Abstract 1. Evaluation of ∫σdδ where σ is the net section stress and δ is the deformed crack tip diameter requires only one specimen to characterize the initiation of crack growth in unfilled and carbon-black-filled NR. 2. ∫σdδ is equal to one half of the J-integral for crack growth initiation, which is identical to the Thomas tearing energy for a blunt notch. 3. The critical J-integral for crack initiation increases linearly with carbon black content. 4. The critical crack tip radius for crack initiation is independent of carbon black content, and the required crack tip region stress increases linearly with carbon black content.
White Matter Maturation in Holoprosencephaly

White matter maturation in holoprosencephaly (HPE) was assessed by MRI scans in 47 patients (age 1 day to 16 years, median age 7 months) evaluated at the University of California, San Francisco.
Adaptive Optics and Its Military Application

Adaptive Optics(AO) can reconstruct object images that are near the diffraction limit through real time measuring and compensating the wave-front aberrations which are affected by dynamic disturbance.Based on the studies of the effect to space object imaging and statistic parameters of atmospheric turbulence,the paper presents the structure,principle,flow and characteristics of AO.Then the extensive applications of AO in laser,spaceflight,communication and medical treatment are introduced.
Glorification through Fear in 2 Enoch

This article explores the imagery of fear found in 2 Enoch and its significance for the glorious transformations that Enoch undergoes during his heavenly journey. This transition from the fallen human form to the state of the celestial citizen, achieved through fear, evokes some protological allusions, namely, the protoplasts' fear in the Garden of Eden after their fall. This article argues that the fear of the visionary thus serves as an important prerequisite for the reversal of the fallen nature of humanity and as the first step towards the restoration of its nature to the prelapsarian state.
Genetic variation in the microfibril angle of loblolly pine from two test sites

111 rec en/ \cJcrrr, \e>vrr(rl ttrrclrer have rucrri~rrrt~cl t r ~ c>ffec.t of nirc rojrbrrl er11,ylr (MFA) on ~ o o d q~rnlrt\ Hov~~rv~i, , lrttle rr>reare 11 hor I?oc~n corldr(ctt~d r(poir the ymetrt nzc2r hanrrilrr c oi1trollrilg MFA. 111 thrr \trltl~, we rrrrrrlrrzcd the Izcrrtahrlrr\~ of MFA rrr lo l~ lo l l~ prize, Plnus taeda L., crnd r r r g~nrtrc iulutron\hrpr ~'rtlz herglzt, clrcrrneter, vo l~ t r~e , ctnd ,per. ~ f r c ginvrt\ Inc rc>nlrnt ( or ri~rng rrl?rlrr~ (GCA), \l?ecr/ic coinbrrzrng uhrlrt~ (SCA), ernd SCA X block e/fec.fr riielrce~tecl that there c~re hot11 ~ c l c l z t ~ ~ ) ~ (2nd r onmcldrrrvr genc.tic ri~flueiic er on MFA Ir~clrvrtlucrl-trw, ii(~rrn\+~-\erz\c~ Ir~rit~rh~lrt) (>\trrne7t~r v~~ort' vancrble, rrrngrng jroin 0 17for ee~t-IYrtood (nizg) 4 MFA to 0 51 for r~arl\~~oocl (rrng) 20 MFA Genetre c orrelrrtronr hctccrcw MEA, rpec r f r c gr~zvrt), errzd thr growtlz tr(rrtr it'rre izon\rgr~rfrccint to l c ~ r g ~ e t r ~ ~ ~ c r t ~ d rtanrlcrrcl rrmrr. Sor~tk. J AppI For 28(4) 196-204.
Effects of selection for scrotal circumference in Limousin bulls on reproductive and growth traits of progeny

Nine pairs of Limousin bulls from nine contemporary groups were acquired, with each pair consisting of one large scrotal circumference (SC) bull and one small SC bull. Average adjusted yearling scrotal circumferences were 36.3 cm (SD 1.6 cm) and 28.5 cm (SD .9 cm) for large SC (LP) and small SC (SP) bulls, respectively. In addition to the phenotypic grouping, non-parent SC EPD were used to group bulls into high (HE, > .53 cm), average (AE), and low (LE, < -.61 cm) lines. Each bull was mated to a randomly assigned group of 15 to 20 Brangus x Hereford cows each yr for 1 to 3 yr. Birth weights, weaning and yearling weights and heights, and ultrasound measurements for backfat and ribeye measurements were taken on 407 progeny. Blood samples were collected on 210 heifer progeny when they averaged 11, 13, and 15 mo of age to determine whether they had reached puberty. When subjected to a breeding soundness exam (BSE), LP bulls scored higher (P < .01) for motility as well as total BSE score. The LP calves had heavier birth weights (P < .05) and greater testicular mass at weaning (P < .01) than SP calves. The HE and AE bull calves had greater (P < .02) testicular mass than did the LE bull calves. A greater (P < .05) percentage of HE heifers had reached puberty by the 11- and 13-mo measurements than either the AE or LE heifers. The HE heifers reached puberty at a younger age than AE (P < .01) or LE (P < .001) heifers. Selection using SC EPD was more effective than phenotypic selection in reducing age at puberty in daughters.
SHEET FORMING SIMULATION BASED ON BARLAT'S PLANAR ANISOTROPIC YIELD CRITERION

ABSTRACT Modeling of sheet metal forming processes requires an accurate description of anisotropic material behavior. However, the majority of FEM simulations still assume isotropy, even though sheet metals usually show anisotropic properties after they are fabricated by thermo-mechanical processes. There have been some efforts to include anisotropy, but most of them are limited to planar isotropy (equivalently,“through-thickness anisotropy”), and the efforts to include planar anisotropy are still rare. This paper describes the finite element (FEM) simulation results obtained using Barlat's six-component anisotropic yield function, developed recently. A cup drawing test was modeled for a 2008-T4 aluminum alloy, using this new yield function incorporated into ABAQUS. Good agreement was found between the FEM simulation and the experiment. The result shows that a better mathematic tool is now available which can be used to enhance the forming simulation of planar anisotropic metals.
Ultrasonography for Ectopic Pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy occurring outside of the uterine cavity (fundus) (Fig. 110.1).
Rawlsian Liberalism and the Privatization of Religion: Three Theological Objections Considered

Liberal political theorists are often accused of "privatizing" religion; the work of philosopher John Rawls has been especially subject to this criticism. I begin by examining what is meant by "privatization." I then consider the criticisms of Rawls advanced by Timothy Jackson, David Hollenbach, and John Langan. I argue (1) that Rawls does not privatize religion to the extent that his critics believe and (2) that criticisms of what privatization of religion Rawls does defend cannot be sustained. It is often noted that the political philosophy of liberalism emerged as a settlement to the wars of religion consequent on the Protestant Reformation; the settlement succeeded, it is said, because liberalism required that religion be "privatized" and thereby excluded from politics. Whatever the historical accuracy of these claims, contemporary liberals are often taken to task for the privatization of religion that their view is said to require. Moral theologians have been especially vocal in pressing this criticism against them. One liberal whose work has been systematically criticized on this score is John Rawls. In this paper, I want to examine three objections to Rawls's work that are prominent in recent critical literature and associated with the charge of privatization. Those objections are: 1. Christians cannot accept Rawls's theory because there are no religious grounds or arguments for the two principles of justice by which he thinks society's basic structure should be well ordered. 2. Rawls does not allow religious argument a place in political discourse even about matters less fundamental than the principles of justice. 3. Rawls privatizes religion, as the first two objections allege, because he accepts the mistaken view that religion can only prove divisive if accorded a role in politics. He thus ignores the real possibility of using religion, religious symbols, religious narratives,
Jejunal Infusion of Glucose Decreases Energy Intake to a Greater Extent than Fructose in Adult Male Rats

BACKGROUND Intestinal nutrient infusions result in variable decreases in energy intake and body weight based on nutrient type and specific intestinal infusion site. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test whether an intrajejunal fructose infusion (FRU) would lower energy intake and body weight and induce similar increases in gut hormones as those found after intrajejunal glucose infusions (GLU). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intrajejunal infusion of either an equal kilocalorie load of glucose or fructose (11.4 kcal) or saline (SAL) for 5 d while intake of a standard rodent diet was continuously recorded; body weight was measured daily. Immediately after the infusion on the final day, rats were killed and plasma was collected to measure hormones. RESULTS Daily energy intake was significantly lower in the GLU group than in the SAL group, but the FRU group did not differ from the GLU or SAL groups when the 11.4 kcal of the infusate was included as energy intake. Lower energy intake was due to smaller meal sizes during the infusion period in the GLU group than in the FRU and SAL groups; the FRU and SAL groups did not differ. The percentage of change in body weight was lower in the GLU group than in the FRU and SAL groups. Plasma glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations were greater in the GLU group than in the SAL group; the FRU group did not differ from the GLU or SAL groups. The plasma insulin concentration was greater in the FRU group than in both the GLU and SAL groups. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that glucose induces a greater decrease in energy intake and increase in GLP-1 at distal intestinal sites than fructose in rats, which may explain differential effects of these monosaccharides between studies when delivered orally or along the proximal to distal axis of the intestine.
Study of a radiation hard CMOS process under the influence of Co/sup 60/ irradiation

Test structures fabricated in the UTMC (United Technology Microelectronics Center) 1.2- mu m p-well CMOS process were irradiated by Co/sup 60/ up to 3.8 Mrad. The threshold voltage shifts, Delta V/sub t/, of the NMOS were less than 270 mV, and those of the PMOS were less than 200 mV. The transconductance and transconductance parameter, KP, decreased by about 25% and 10%, for the NMOS and PMOS, respectively. The output conductance did not change much up to 3.8 Mrad. In addition, the change in mobility did not depend on the width and length of the transistor, but Delta V/sub t /of the NMOS, after 1.7 Mrad of irradiation, is shown to depend slightly on the length of the transistor. >
Identity of Mesophilic Anaerobic Sporeformers Cultured from Recycled Cannery Cooling Water.

Chlorinated, recycled water for cooling of containers in still retorts was sampled over a 27-month period at one food processing plant. Of 274 samples taken, 28 contained mesophilic, anaerobic spores in numbers that ranged from 0.04-4.6/ml (MPN). Though all isolates were characterized as Clostridium species, 11% could not be matched with named species. Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium barati (synonyms: C. paraperfringens , C. perenne ) comprised 55% of isolates. Excepting Clostridium sticklandii , which is neither proteolytic nor saccharolytic, all isolates were saccharolytic. This contrasted with the finding of both proteolytic and saccharolytic clostridial spores in the municipal water feeding the recycle water reservoir. An apparent selection for saccharolytic strains could not be explained on the basis of published resistance of anaerobic spores to free available chlorine.
Pancharatnam–Berry Phase Manipulating Metasurface for Visible Color Hologram Based on Low Loss Silver Thin Film

This study demonstrates visible color hologram using a plasmonic metasurface. The metasurface is fabricated by perforating nanoslits in a 50 nm thick monocrystalline silver film that is ultrasmooth and has ultralow loss compared to conventional polycrystalline silver films commonly used in plasmonics. The designed plasmonic hologram is the thinnest metasurface hologram operating in transmission mode to the best of our knowledge. Holograms of three individual component colors (red, green, and blue) are demonstrated in transmission mode, and a scheme for generating polychromatic hologram is illustrated. By adjusting the slit dimensions and orientation, the phase of a visible spectrum light can be controlled, paving the way to applications of ultracompact polychromatic plasmonic metasurfaces for advanced light manipulation.
On threat modeling and mitigation of medical cyber-physical systems

Medical Cyber Physical Systems (MCPS) are life-critical networked systems of medical devices. These systems are increasingly used in hospitals to provide high-quality healthcare for patients. However, MCPS also bring concerns about security and safety and new challenges to protect patients from acts of theft or malice. In this paper, we focus our investigation on a thorough understanding of threat modeling in MCPS. We examine the roles of stakeholders and system components and sketch an abstract architecture of a MCPS to demonstrate various threat modeling options. We also discuss possible security techniques and their applicability and utility for the design of secure MCPS. This work forms a basis for understanding threatening conditions in MCPS, and embarks on promising state-of-the-art research trends for addressing MCPS security concerns.
Characterizing Power Functions by Hypervolumes of Revolution

A power function is characterized by a certain constant volume ratio associated with the surface of revolution generated by the graph of the function. We generalize this characterization to include...
Recent advances in mode-division multiplexed transmission using few-mode fibers

We review recent advances in few-mode fiber transmission. DSP complexity and mode-dependent gain (MDG) control are two key implementation issues. While DSP may be reduced by managing differential modal group dispersion (DMGD) and by using frequency-domain equalization, complexity still grows super-linearly with number of modes. MDG arises in inline amplifiers and can be controlled to a certain degree by optimizing the doping profile. The use of mode scrambling may ultimately be the most effective way of combatting both problems by enabling DMGD and MDG to grow only as the square root of distance. FMF are most likely to be deployed in data-centers that can benefit from high spatial information density. Elliptical-core FMFs is an attractive solution that behaves physically like parallel single-mode fibers.
Understanding Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Mediated Ice Recrystallization Inhibition through Ice Adsorption Measurement and pH Effects

The development of improved cryopreservative materials is necessary to enable complete recovery of living cells and tissue after frozen storage. Remarkably, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) displays some of the same cryoprotective properties as many antifreeze proteins found in cold tolerant organisms. In particular, PVA is very effective at halting the Ostwald ripening of ice, a process that mechanically damages cells and tissue. Despite the large practical importance of such a property, the mechanism by which PVA interacts with ice is poorly understood, hindering the development of improved cryoprotective materials. Herein, we quantitatively evaluated ice growth kinetics in the presence of PVA at different pH conditions and in the presence of a range of neutral salts. We demonstrated that pH, but not salt identity, alters the ability of PVA to halt ice grain coarsening. These observations are consistent with hydrogen-bonding playing a crucial role in PVA-mediated ice recrystallization inhibition. The evolution...
Population-level predictions from cannabis risk perceptions to active cannabis use prevalence in the United States, 1991–2014

Abstract Introduction A mosaic of evidence links risk perceptions with drug use in adolescence, including population summaries to guide public health campaigns, as well as subject-specific estimates on preventing an adolescent's drug use by manipulating that individual's prior risk perceptions. We re-visit these issues with a public health perspective, asking whether population-level cannabis risk perceptions of school-attending adolescents at one grade level might predict cannabis use prevalence two and four grade levels later. Methods From 1991 to 2014, each year's United States “Monitoring the Future” (MTF) study population included 8th-, 10th-, & 12th-graders. Two and four years later, statistically independent school samples of the same cohorts were drawn and assessed (n ~ 16,000/year). Population-level modeling estimated cannabis use prevalence at time “t” (12th-grade) regressed on that same cohort's cannabis risk perceptions as had been measured at time “t-4” (8th-grade) and time “t-2” (10th-grade). Results Higher cannabis risk perception levels for 10th-graders predict lower cannabis use prevalence when 10th-graders have become 12th-graders ( β =−0.12), and higher cannabis risk perception levels of 8th-graders predict lower cannabis prevalence when 8th-graders have become 10th-graders ( β = −0.27); p-values Conclusions This within-cohort across-grade population-level prediction prompts questions for drug prevention specialists, including “Would a relatively small upward shift in a local area population's appraisal of risk perceptions be followed, two years later, by reduced population prevalence of cannabis use?” Future randomized trial designs, health education, or prevention efforts focused on altering early adolescent cannabis risk perceptions might provide the most convincing and definitive evidence.
Integrated control of juvenile Ixodes scapularis parasitizing Peromyscus leucopus in residential settings in Connecticut, United States.

Abstract Lyme disease continues to be the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 330,000 human cases annually. In the eastern United States, the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, is the primary vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, is a primary reservoir host. In four residential neighborhoods in Connecticut over three years, we tested the effectiveness of different low-toxicity integrated tick management approaches to control larval and nymphal I. scapularis parasitizing P. leucopus. Combinations of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, reduction, broadcast application of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and distribution of fipronil-based rodent-targeted bait boxes were evaluated against an experimental control. Deer reduction with no other intervention likely forced juvenile I. scapularis to obtain blood meals from available reservoir hosts, resulting in increased exposure of P. leucopus to B. burgdorferi compared to control sites. The M. anisopliae/bait box and the deer reduction/M. anisopliae/bait box treatment combinations resulted in 94% and 85% reductions in larvae parasitizing P. leucopus that tested positive for B. burgdorferi, respectively, compared to control. Deer reduction alone resulted in only a 3% reduction, likely because parasitizing juvenile I. scapularis were not targeted by bait box-delivered fipronil. Unless there is community support to reduce and maintain deer at very low densities (
Generalized Knowledge Representation using Free Logic

Declarative rule-based systems can be generalized to constraint-based systems. However, although conventional constraint systems require that the set of parameters which exist in a problem be known ab initio,there are some applications in which the existence of certain parameters is dependent on conditions whose truth or falsity can only be determined dynamically. In this paper, we show how this conditional existence of parameters can be handled in a mathematically well-founded fashion by viewing a constraint network as a set of sentences in free logic. Based on these ideas, we have developed, implemented and applied to a range of applications, a constraint language in which any sentence in full first-order free logic, about a many-sorted universe of discourse which subsumes the real numbers, is a well-formed constraint.
41: Changes in plasma cytokine levels are associated with shockwave treatments in horses

The use of extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of muscular-skeletal disorder is of great concern to the horseracing industry. The use of ESWT earlier than 7 days prior to competition is banned by Pennsylvania Racing Commissions because this form of treatment produces a period of sustained analgesia that can be detrimental to the horse if the horse is allowed to compete. However, unlike drugs, ESWT cannot be detected unless associated biomarkers are determined. Little is known about the effect of ESWT on protein expressions including inflammation-associatedcytokines. In this study, we investigated alternative methods to determine if administration of ESWT to the horse had taken place. Eleven thoroughbred horses were treated with shockwave and plasma levels of ten cytokines comprising interleukine (IL) 1 beta (IL-1 β ), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, interferon gamma (IFN γ ), toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) were studied for effect of shockwave. Blood samples were collected prior to ESWT (0, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96-h) and at 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 336, and 504-h post ESWT. Plasma cytokine concentrations were determined by quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Three of ten cytokines showed significant change following ESWT, IL-6 and IL-1 β protein levels were down regulated ( p α protein expression was up-regulated ( p β density might be an effect of the short increase in its antagonist IL-1RA ( p γ and TLR2 did not show significant change although cytokines like IL-4 and IL-10 showed minor change. In addition, baseline level of those cytokines did not show significant change during the days and the week preceding ESWT, indicating that shockwave may trigger inflammatory response by affecting cytokine protein expression in the horse.
Progress in Trauma Care Through Understanding the Cell Biology of Injury

Great progress has been and is being made in trauma care. I will use the broad definition of trauma to include accidental injury, purposeful injury, and operations of an emergency or elective nature. The setting and the magnitude or dose of injury may vary, but the biologic response is similar. Much of the progress in recent years has been of an organizational and educational nature. Centers and systems have been developed so that facilities, transportation, communications, personnel, education, and training for the care of the injured and operated patient are extensive and impressive. This has been reviewed most recently by Dr. Lewis Flint in the February issue of The American Journal of Surgery [2]. Dr. Flint points out something that many know: the job of organization of trauma care in the United States is far from complete. The contributions from Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and Great Britain to these developments were reviewed by Dr. Martin Allgower in the same issue of this journal [3]. He describes particularly the early fixation of fractures, stressing the immobilization of fractures to mobilize the patient, and the development of the Unfallkrankenhaus—the Accident Hospital.
Correlation Properties of Polarization Dynamics in Quantum Dot Lasers with Optical Feedback

Dynamics of polarized states are examined for a quantum dot laser subject to polarization-rotated feedback. Correlations of different polarizations are studied by evaluating cross correlation functions.
Long-term quality of life in older patients with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND We explored if age affects quality of life (QOL) in survivors of locally advanced human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS In a cross-sectional survey of 185 patients, at least 12 months from radiation, we evaluated generic (EuroQOL-5D questionnaire [EQ-5D]) and head and neck specific (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Head and Neck 35-questions [EORTC-QLQ-H&N35]) QOL questionnaires and compared differences between younger (<65) and older (≥65) patients. RESULTS The median age was 57.0 years (range 25-77 years), and 31 patients (16.8%) were ≥65 years old. There was no significant difference in EQ-5D global QOL scores by age (P = .53). Patients ≥65 years reported more immobility (P < .01), problems with social eating (P < .0001), and coughing (P < .01). Patients ≥65 years were not more likely to ever require a gastrostomy (P = .24) but were more likely to remain gastrostomy-dependent at the time of the survey (P = .02). CONCLUSION Despite similar generic QOL, older survivors may have more mobility problems and issues with social eating compared with younger survivors deserving of further evaluation.
A Comparative Study of Nickel, Cobalt, and Iron Oxyhydroxide Anodes for the Electrochemical Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has received increasing attention as a near-market platform chemical that can potentially replace terephthalic acid in the production of commercial and high-perfor...
MICROmanagement of Runx2 Function in Skeletal Cells.

Precise and temporal expression of Runx2 and its regulatory transcriptional network is a key determinant for the intricate cellular and developmental processes in adult bone tissue formation. This review analyzes how microRNA functions to regulate this network, and how dysregulation results in bone disorders. Similar to other biologic processes, microRNA (miRNA/miR) regulation is undeniably indispensable to bone synthesis and maintenance. There exists a miRNA–RUNX2 network where RUNX2 regulates the transcription of miRs or is post-transcriptionally regulated by a class of miRs, forming a variety of miR-RUNX2 regulatory pathways which regulate osteogenesis. The current review provides insights to understand transcriptional–post-transcriptional regulatory network governed by Runx2 and osteogenic miRs, and is based largely from in vitro and in vivo studies. When taken together, this article discusses a new regulatory layer of bone tissue-specific gene expression by RUNX2 influenced via miRNA.
Influence of Metal Oxide Support Acid Sites on Cu-Catalyzed Nonoxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde

Selective ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde is an important reaction because acetaldehyde is a useful commodity chemical and can serve as a building block to produce other high-value products...
Biologic Mesh Underlay in Thoracoscopic Primary Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Confers Reduced Recurrence in Neonates: A Preliminary Report.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if utilization of biologic mesh underlay during thoracoscopic congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) primary repair (PR) results in reduc...
What’s Wrong with Temporary Protected Status and How to Fix It: Exploring a Complementary Protection Regime:

Executive SummaryTemporary Protected Status (TPS) became part of the US protection regime in 1990 to expand protection beyond what had been available under the US Refugee Act of 1980, which had lim...
Improved Transient Power Sharing of Droop Controlled Islanded Microgrids

In islanded microgrids, the excessive transient output power of inverter-based DGs limits the safe operating range and overstress the power devices. Typically, DGs need to be oversized to manage excessive transient power during sudden load/source switching. Moreover, uncontrolled transient power sharing among DGs imposes additional difficulties on the stability of their voltage and frequency profiles. Microgrids need flexible controllers to be able to settle down disturbances and mitigate their effects. This paper proposes an efficient controller that enables a flexible transient power-sharing between the DGs operating in a microgrid. Thus, it mitigates disturbances and stabilizes microgrid operations. By applying the proposed control, the DGs will have flexible responses to disturbances and transients, which, in turn, enables reliable and safe operation.
Bullying Prevalence: An Online Survey of Adolescents

Research on the prevalence of bullying behavior historically has varied greatly. This is in part due to the multiple methods and assessments used to determine prevalence. Rates of self-report bully...
METABOLIC RESPONSES TO INFLAMMATION

Critical illness causes a profound increase in the inflammatory response that subsequently leads to metabolic and neurohormonal responses. The metabolic event responses that characterise the stress response are hypermetabolism, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and increased protein turnover. Whole-body oxygen consumption and energy expenditure are generally increased in paediatric burn patients, paediatric neurotrauma patients and in neonatal sepsis, whereas in critically ill children with other diagnoses (including sepsis) the energy expenditure shows a substantial variability but in general is not increased. Dyslipidaemia is characterised by increased lipolysis and hypocholesterolaemia. This leads to increased plasma concentrations of triglycerides and free fatty acids and a decreased cholesterol content. Hyperglycaemia is very frequently seen and is associated with a worse outcome. The mechanism of hyperglycaemia seems more complicated than mere insulin resistance and there is still debate about the beneficial effects of insulin treatment in critically ill children to maintain normoglycaemia. Increased protein turnover is the result of increased hepatic protein synthesis at the cost of muscle protein. There is an increased visceral hepatic protein synthesis of acute phase proteins (eg, C-reactive protein). Recovery of the acute stress response can be expressed by the decline in C-reactive protein level, which dictates the changes in thyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor type 1 levels. In the recovery phase protein intake up to 4 g/kg per day can be necessary. Nutritional support can slow down the catabolic phase but is difficult in a highly inflammatory condition. Administration of adequate amounts of amino acids and/or insulin stimulates protein anabolism.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Time for a Paradigm Shift in Approach

Advancements in diabetes technology have improved quality of life and glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. However, a subset of children is being left behind. Those from low-income families and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) children are not experiencing these benefits of technology (1,2) and continue to be at higher risk for complications and adverse outcomes through ongoing poor glycemic control (3). As Addala et al. have demonstrated in a study reported in this issue of Diabetes Care (4), this is a serious problem in the U.S., and there has been no sign of improvement in recent years. These data should be a trigger for all of us to reflect on the factors contributing to these disparities and consider our roles in driving meaningful change. In this study, Addala et al. have compared technology use and socioeconomic status (SES) in children aged <18 years in the Type 1 Diabetes Exchange (T1DX) registry in the U.S. and the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation [DPV]) registry in Germany (4). They sought to assess disparities in diabetes outcomes in technology use and glycemic control in both populations in 2010–2012 and 2016–2018 and have shone a light on a major problem. As expected, both registries demonstrated an overall increase in technology use over an 8-year period, but the differences between those in the highest and lowest SES categories across both populations highlight the magnitude of disparities in the U.S. In 2016–2018, there was a much larger gap between those of higher and lower SES in the U.S. in comparison with Germany for insulin pump use (39% vs. <6%), continuous glucose monitor use (37.3% vs. 8.6%), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (1.3% vs. 0.3%). Of particular concern …
Statistical Mechanical Treatment of Chemical Reaction Equilibria and Sample Problem

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 9 of McQuarrie. First, we will show how to express the equilibrium constant of a gas-phase chemical reaction in terms of the partition functions of the various species participating in the chemical reaction. Second, we will discuss an interesting relation between the pressure-based and the number density-based equilibrium constants for ideal gas mixtures. Finally, we will solve Sample Problem 48.1 to calculate, at the molecular level, the equilibrium constant of a specific gas-phase chemical reaction using statistical mechanics, thereby establishing contact with material presented in Part II using thermodynamic considerations.
Alzheimer's disease-associated β-amyloid does not protect against herpes simplex virus 1 infection in the mouse brain.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating fatal neurodegenerative disease. An alternative to the amyloid cascade hypothesis is that a viral infection is key to the etiology of late-onset AD, with β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides playing a protective role. In the current study, young 5XFAD mice that overexpress mutant human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish, Florida, and London familial AD mutations were infected with one of two strains of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), 17syn+ and McKrae, at three different doses. Contrary to previous work, 5XFAD genotype failed to protect mice against HSV-1 infection. The region- and cell-specific tropisms of HSV-1 were not affected by the 5XFAD genotype, indicating that host–pathogen interactions were not altered. Seven- to ten-month-old 5XFAD animals in which extracellular Aβ aggregates were abundant showed slightly better survival rate relative to their wild-type (WT) littermates, although the difference was not statistically significant. In these 5XFAD mice, HSV-1 replication centers were partially excluded from the brain areas with high densities of Aβ aggregates. Aβ aggregates were free of HSV-1 viral particles, and the limited viral invasion to areas with a high density of Aβ aggregates was attributed to phagocytic activity of reactive microglia. In the oldest mice (12–15 months old), the survival rate did not differ between 5XFAD and WT littermates. While the current study questions the antiviral role of Aβ, it neither supports nor refutes the viral etiology hypothesis of late-onset AD.
French Books of Hours: Making an Archive of Prayer, c.1400–1600

The Book of Hours was a 'best-seller' in medieval and early modern Europe, the era's most commonly produced and owned book. This interdisciplinary study explores its increasing popularity and prestige, offering a full account of the Book of Hours as a book - how it was acquired, how it was read to guide prayer and teach literacy and what it meant to its owners as a personal possession. Based on the study of over 500 manuscripts and printed books from France, Virginia Reinburg combines a social history of the Book of Hours with an ethnography of prayer. Approaching the practice of prayer as both speech and ritual, she argues that a central part of the Book of Hours' appeal for lay people was its role as a bridge between the liturgy and the home. Reinburg describes how the Book of Hours shaped religious practice through the ways in which it was used.
Linear Time Maximally Stable Extremal Regions

In this paper we present a new algorithm for computing Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER), as invented by Matas et al. The standard algorithm makes use of a union-find data structure and takes quasi-linear time in the number of pixels. The new algorithm provides exactly identical results in true worst-case linear time. Moreover, the new algorithm uses significantly less memory and has better cache-locality, resulting in faster execution. Our CPU implementation performs twice as fast as a state-of-the-art FPGA implementation based on the standard algorithm. The new algorithm is based on a different computational ordering of the pixels, which is suggested by another immersion analogy than the one corresponding to the standard connected-component algorithm. With the new computational ordering, the pixels considered or visited at any point during computation consist of a single connected component of pixels in the image, resembling a flood-fill that adapts to the grey-level landscape. The computation only needs a priority queue of candidate pixels (the boundary of the single connected component), a single bit image masking visited pixels, and information for as many components as there are grey-levels in the image. This is substantially more compact in practice than the standard algorithm, where a large number of connected components must be considered in parallel. The new algorithm can also generate the component tree of the image in true linear time. The result shows that MSER detection is not tied to the union-find data structure, which may open more possibilities for parallelization.
Electrophysiological Evidence for a Chemotopy of Biologically Relevant Odors in the Olfactory Bulb of the Channel Catfish

Extracellular electrophysiological recordings from single olfactory bulb (OB) neurons in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, indicated that the OB is divided into different functional zones, ...
Languages in contact: The partial restructuring of vernaculars

John Holm, Languages in contact: The partial restructuring of vernaculars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 175. Hb $75.00.The title of this book immediately puts the reader in mind of Weinreich's (1953) classic of the same name, a volume which (a little surprisingly) is not mentioned in the book under review. Though this similarity of title is misleading, both books are notable for their combination of first-hand observation based on solid descriptive work and their impressively well informed accounts of further case studies which illuminate the phenomena their respective authors discuss. It will be understood by any reader who goes beyond the front cover, however, that Holm's focus in this book is more specialized than the title may suggest.
By the Breath of Their Mouth: Narratives of Resistance in Italian America / Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice

Recently, an article published in the New York Times reported that Mario Cuomo had watched The Godfather, for the first time in his life! While some of us occasionally sit through the umpteenth lat...
Role of anterior and posterior attention networks in hemispheric asymmetries during lexical decisions

The role of the left and right hemisphere was examined during semantic priming by antonyms, remote associates, and unrelated words. Targets presented directly to the left hemisphere showed an early facilitation and a late developing inhibition, while targets presented directly to the right hemisphere showed a late developing facilitation of strong and weak associations and little evidence of inhibition. When a visual cue was given prior to each target word, reaction times were facilitated equally in both visual fields and for all prime target relationships. When the priming task was combined with shadowing, reaction times generally increased and all evidence of inhibition in left hemisphere processing disappeared. This supported the idea that the inhibition found in the left hemisphere was due to its interaction with the anterior attention network.
Innovation in Catalonia: technology in its social context

At the heart of an unusual decentralized system of independent museums, each recounting a part of the whole history of industrialization in Catalonia, lies Terrassa's Museum of Science and Technolo...
"In Sickness and in Health": Patterns of Social Support and Undermining in Older Married Couples

The effects of gender, age, marital satisfaction, and physical impairment on patterns of giving and receiving social support and social undermining (e.g., personal criticism) were examined in two samples totaling 431 older married couples. In the first sample, data were collected from husbands and their wives, half of whom were long-term breast cancer (BC) survivors and half who constituted an a symptomatic, matched control group. The second sample included data from husbands and their wives who had recently been diagnosed to have breast cancer. Wives reported giving more social support to their husbands than they felt they received from them; and they reported giving more support than their husbands reported giving to them. Similarly, husbands reported receiving more social support from their wives than their wives reported receiving from them, except for the group of recently diagnosed BC. Advanced age was correlated with husbands' reports of receiving more social support, and in the two breast cancer g...