cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of concurrent substance use among prescription stimulant misusers: Results from the national survey on drug use and health

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e202–e284 e245 Patterns of concurrent substance use among prescription stimulant misusers: Results from the national survey on drug use and health Lian-Yu Chen1, R. Crum1,2,3, Christopher N. Kaufmann1, Silvia S. Martins4, Eric C. Strain2, R. Mojtabai1,2 1 Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States 3 Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States 4 Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States Aims: To examine patterns of concurrent substance use among adults who used prescription stimulants non-medically. Methods: We used latent class analysis (LCA) to examine patterns of past-year problematic substance (i.e. had any criteria of abuse or dependence) in a sample of 6244 adult participants of NSDUH 2006–2011 who reported past-year non-medical use of prescription stimulants. Multivariate latent regression was used to determine the association of socio-demographics, mental health and deviant behavior characteristics with the latent classes. Results: A four-class model had the best model fit. The largest class was comprised of individuals with low probabilities of any problematic substance use (low substance users, 49.1%); the smallest class was comprised of individuals with high probabilities of problematic use of multiple drugs and alcohol (polysubstance users, 5.3%). A third class was comprised of those who were problematic users of all types of prescription drugs (prescription drug users, 11.8%). A fourth class included participants with high probabilities of problematic alcohol and marijuana use (33.8%). Regression results showed that prescription drug users and polysubstance usersweremore likely to report past-yearmental health problems, deviant behaviors, and mental or substance treatment use, while alcohol/marijuana users reported more deviant behaviors andsubstance treatmentuse, compared to lowsubstanceusers. Conclusions: Nonmedical users of prescription stimulants are a heterogeneous group, with a large subgroup rarely having any substance problems. These sub-groups have distinct patterns of mental health comorbidity, behavior problems and service use, which can offer implications for prevention and treatment of nonmedical stimulant use. Financial support: DA023186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.132 Statistical assessment for abuse deterrent formulation in clinical abuse potential studies
Prenatal and postnatal changes in the content and species of ferritin in rat liver

The iron and ferritin content of rat liver and the species of ferritin present were examined from 4 days before to 3 weeks after birth. 1. Total iron and ferritin iron accumulated rapidly during the last days of gestation and from the second postnatal day underwent a steady depletion. 2. The amount of iron deposited before birth in the liver of each pup varied inversely with litter size and could be increased moderately by injection of iron into the mother before mating. 3. Intraperitoneal injection of iron 1 day after birth doubled the concentration of total iron, ferritin iron and ferritin protein in the liver over the next 24h, but at 3 weeks after birth it raised the very low concentrations of iron and ferritin severalfold. 4. As shown by electrophoretic migration, ferritin and dissociated ferritin subunits prepared from the livers of rats from 4 days before to 3 weeks after birth differed from those of adult liver ferritin and were indistinguishable from those of adult kidney and spleen ferritin. Treatment with iron at 3 weeks of age induced formation of a ferritin with electrophoretic properties resembling those of adult liver. It is concluded that iron given at this stage of development may activate the genetic cistron for adult liver ferritin.
Trade, Environment and Economic Development

One of the open questions arising out of the international economic dimensions of environmental management is its implications for the developing countries. These nations, encompassing two-thirds of the world’s population, are faced with a host of serious problems and conflicting policy priorities — over-population, hunger and malnutrition, unemployment and underemployment, illiteracy, rural—urban imbalance and chronic poverty — many of which can only be solved by economic growth in the conventional sense. They require the absorption of larger proportions of the labour force in productive employment and increased efficiency in the use of scarce productive resources. Hence, one would hardly be surprised if, within the social welfare function that faces them, ecological questions generally assume a subordinate role for policy planners in developing countries.
An adolescent’s perspective on adolescent smoking

In an effort to replace the thousands of adult smokers who die every day from tobacco use, tobacco companies are aiming intensive advertising campaigns at adolescents worldwide. A particular target of these companies is adolescent girls in both developed and developing countries. Adolescents are also the key target of counter-marketing attempts by public health professionals whose aim is to discourage smoking uptake. While the tobacco companies have been hugely successful in their marketing efforts, public health professional all over the world often miss their target, and the rates of adolescent smoking are stable in many countries and are increasing in others. Public health campaigns have been largely misdirected and ineffective.
Depression and Suicide

This chapter reviews the literature concerning the pathophysiology of major depression and suicidal behavior. A distinction is made between the pathophysiology of mood disorders and the predisposition or diathesis for suicidal behavior. A stress diathesis model of suicidal behavior and mood disorders is reviewed. Etiological factors are genetic and early life adversity for both disorders, and gene–environment interactions that operate through epigenetic mechanisms to modify trophic and apoptotic pathways and mold neural circuitry. The resultant biological and psychosocial factors related to the pathogenesis of major depression and suicidal behavior are described. An emerging resiliency model is discussed, outlining factors that have been shown to be protective against the development of psychopathology and suicidal behavior.
Anticoagulation in Cardiovascular Diseases

With the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease amongst the aging population as well as the expanding indications for the use of oral anticoagulants, physicians are more likely to encounter patients on these medications in the inpatient and outpatient settings. To provide appropriate care for these patients, physicians must understand the pharmacology of the available oral anticoagulants, the clinical indication for anticoagulation, and the appropriate preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative management of these patients. While short-term anticoagulation is often times achieved with the use of intravenous or subcutaneous heparin, chronic anticoagulation is achieved with warfarin or other newer novel anticoagulants (NOAC). Due to the different pharmacologic properties, each of the anticoagulants provides varying challenges and limitations in the clinical setting. Patient with cardiovascular disease have numerous indications for requiring chronic anticoagulant therapy including atrial fibrillation/flutter, prosthetic heart valves, significant heart failure including those requiring mechanical assist devices, and thromboembolic disease. Understanding the clinical indication necessitating the use of oral anticoagulation as well as the specific pharmacology of these agents is essential to providing adequate care to these patients. This chapter provides an in-depth review of the numerous anticoagulant strategies available, the indications for prescribing these therapies, as well as the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative management of patients on these medications.
Induction of Electrical Currents

Michael Faraday (1791–1867) was born in Newington Butts, which is now part of London. He had little formal education beyond day school as a young boy. Yet from a position as apprentice to a bookbinder at the age of 14, Faraday would become the Superintendent and Director of the laboratory at the Royal Institution, where his careful experimental work on electro-magnetism laid the foundation for Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light. Faraday’s most significant discovery, and the topic of the reading selection below, was presented initially in his address to the Royal Society on November 24, 1831. Herein, he describes his attempts to obtain “electricity from ordinary magnetism.” The lecture begins with a brief reminder of how bodies held in electrical “tension”—we would say they have an electrical potential, or voltage, difference—induce an electrical polarization in nearby materials. Before proceeding, he explains how his work was inspired, at least in part, by Arago’s recently observed magnetic phenomena and by Ampere’s “beautiful theory” of magnets.
The Relationship Between Student Demographics and Student Engagement with Online Library Instruction Modules

Objective – To investigate whether there are any demographic trends affecting student engagement with online library instruction which might have implications for practice, the authors designed a case study to examine the relationship between student demographic characteristics and engagement with online library instruction modules in English 102 courses at a single university. Methods – The authors recruited 181 students from English 102 (ENG 102), a research-based composition course, to participate in the study. ENG 102 instructors asked all participants to complete an online library instruction module embedded in the university’s course management system, either before in-person library instruction or in lieu of face-to-face library instruction. No external incentive was provided for online module completion. The research team measured levels of student engagement by recording the amount of time students spent on each page of the online module. In collaboration with the Office of Institutional Research, the authors then pulled demographic data on each participant using the university’s student information system. Pearson chi-square tests were performed to determine whether there were any notable associations between levels of student engagement and student age, grade point average, gender, and race/ethnicity. Results – Observable trends tied age and higher grade point average to higher levels of engagement with online instruction. There was additionally a slight trend linking female participants to higher levels of engagement than their male peers. In the category of race/ethnicity, the two largest subgroups, Hispanic and Caucasian students, exhibited similar levels of engagement. Conclusions – The authors conclude that there may be demographic implications for practice in designing online library instruction programs, especially when considering student age and academic performance indicators. They also conclude that, owing to this case study’s limited sample size, further study is warranted to investigate these conclusions, and to further examine the possible impact of gender and race/ethnicity on engagement with online library instruction modules.
A Causal Inference Model Explains Perception of the McGurk Effect and Other Incongruent Audiovisual Speech

Audiovisual speech integration combines information from auditory speech (talker's voice) and visual speech (talker's mouth movements) to improve perceptual accuracy. However, if the auditory and visual speech emanate from different talkers, integration decreases accuracy. Therefore, a key step in audiovisual speech perception is deciding whether auditory and visual speech have the same source, a process known as causal inference. A well-known illusion, the McGurk Effect, consists of incongruent audiovisual syllables, such as auditory "ba" + visual "ga" (AbaVga), that are integrated to produce a fused percept ("da"). This illusion raises two fundamental questions: first, given the incongruence between the auditory and visual syllables in the McGurk stimulus, why are they integrated; and second, why does the McGurk effect not occur for other, very similar syllables (e.g., AgaVba). We describe a simplified model of causal inference in multisensory speech perception (CIMS) that predicts the perception of arbitrary combinations of auditory and visual speech. We applied this model to behavioral data collected from 60 subjects perceiving both McGurk and non-McGurk incongruent speech stimuli. The CIMS model successfully predicted both the audiovisual integration observed for McGurk stimuli and the lack of integration observed for non-McGurk stimuli. An identical model without causal inference failed to accurately predict perception for either form of incongruent speech. The CIMS model uses causal inference to provide a computational framework for studying how the brain performs one of its most important tasks, integrating auditory and visual speech cues to allow us to communicate with others.
Endoscopic Treatment of High-Grade Dysplasia and Early Esophageal Cancer.

Background The emergence of novel endoscopic modalities has challenged the role of surgery for patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or early esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Number and Severity of Type 2 Diabetes among Family Members Are Associated with Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors.

Aim: A binary measurement of T2D has been found not to influence behaviors. We aimed to examine the influence other measures of family history such as number of relatives, genetic closeness of relatives and severity of Type 2 Diabetes of family members on nutrition and physical activity behaviors among college students. Methods: Students across four colleges in Texas were sampled. Multiple linear regression models, controlling for covariates were used to model results. Cross-sectional data were used. Results: More number of relatives with T2D was associated with vegetable consumption (β= .131, p=.007) and exercise (β=.129, p=.037). Having relatives with severe T2D was associated with vegetable consumption (β= .157, p=.002) and exercise (β=106, p=.027). Closer genetic relationship with someone with T2D was associated with increased vegetable consumption (β= .107, p=.023) and exercise (β=.096, p=.047). Conclusions: It is likely that the severe complications that may accompany the relatives T2D or having an immediate family member living with T2D may in fact motivate other family members without T2D to modify their attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about T2D thus encourage health protective behaviors.
Intermediate-Temperature SOFC Electrolytes

The electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC’s) must be stable in both reducing and oxidizing environments and have sufficient ionic, as well as low electronic, conductivity at the operation temperature. Present SOFC’s have extensively used stabilized zirconia, especially yttria stabilized zirconia, as the electrolyte. However, oxide ion conductors, such as doped ceria and perovskite-type oxides, have also been proposed as the electrolyte materials for SOFC’s, especially for reduced-temperature of operation (600°C to 800°C), now known as intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC).
Exposure to a community-wide campaign is associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior among Hispanic adults on the Texas-Mexico border

Despite evidence for the use of community-wide campaigns to promote physical activity, few evaluations of community–wide campaigns in Hispanic communities exist. This study assessed the associations of exposure to a community-wide campaign with physical activity and sedentary behavior among Hispanic adults living on the Texas-Mexico border. The intervention, Tu Salud iSi Cuenta! (Your Health Matters!; TSSC), included a newsletter, community health worker discussion, TV and radio segments, which were conducted from 2005 to 2010. We matched an intervention (N = 399) and a control community (N = 400) on demographics and used a cross-sectional assessment in 2010 with randomly sampled adults from both communities. We collected exposure to the campaign, as well as physical activity and sedentary behavior with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. We conducted bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of TSSC exposure and its components with meeting moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) guidelines and exhibiting excessive sedentary behavior, controlling for covariates. As compared to the control community, the intervention community has 3 times the odds of meeting MVPA guidelines (Adjusted OR [AOR] = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.85–4.88, p < .05) and 2 times lower odds of excessive sedentary behavior ((AOR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.30–0.70, p < .05). Exposure in the intervention group to any component was associated with five times the odds of meeting MVPA guidelines (AOR = 5.10, 95% CI 2.88–9.03, p < .001) and 3 times lower odds of excessive sedentary behavior (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.17–0.60, p < .001), compared with those unexposed in the control community. Exposure to newsletters, CHW discussions and TV segments were associated with significantly lower odds of excessive sedentary behavior and higher odds of meeting MVPA guidelines. Exposure to radio segments was only associated with a significantly higher odds of meeting MVPA guidelines (AOR = 4.21, 95% CI = 1.17–15.09). This study provides some evidence of the association of community-wide campaigns and its components in Hispanic communities with higher levels of MVPA and lower levels of excessive sedentary behavior. NCT00788879 Date: November 11, 2008.
Task integration for connectome-based prediction via canonical correlation analysis

Generating models from functional connectivity data that predict behavioral measures holds great clinical potential. While the majority of the literature has focused on using only connectivity data from a single source, there is ample evidence that different cognitive conditions amplify individual differences in functional connectivity in a distinct, complementary manner. In this work, we introduce a computational model, labeled multidimensional Connectome-based Predictive Modeling (mCPM), that combines connectivity matrices collected from different task conditions in order to improve behavioral prediction by using complementary information found in different cognitive tasks. As proof of concept, we apply our algorithm to data from the Human Connectome Project. Using data from seven different tasks, mCPM generated models that better predicted fluid intelligence than models generated from any single task. Our results suggest that prediction of behavior can be improved by including multiple task conditions in computational models, that different tasks provide complementary information for prediction, and that mCPM provides a principal method for modeling such data.
Black bear marking behaviour at rub trees during the breeding season in northern California

We studied the marking behaviour of American black bears ( Ursus americanus) during the breeding season 2013. Six remote video cameras captured 529 trapping nights. We collected behaviour, sex, and age class of bears rubbing on trees. Marking events ( N = 31 ) were observed between 26 April and 27 July with a median of 12 June. The majority (96%) of marking events were performed diurnally. All bears we could accurately identify to sex were males ( N = 16 ) and 29 of 31 marking bears were adults. The most frequent use of contact with substrate was bipedal marking followed by pede marking, quadrupedal marking. Bears used their back, neck, head, and cheeks in nearly 90% of observations while scratching and biting occurred in less than a third of observations. We documented the novel behaviour ‘groin marking’. This study suggests rub trees are locations for chemical communication through a variety of marking techniques in forested environments.
A New Paradigm for On-Line Management of Communication Networks with Multiplicative Feedback Control

We describe the use of Stochastic Flow Models (SFMs) for control and optimization (rather than performance analysis) of computer networks. After reviewing earlier work applying Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis (IPA) to SFMs without feedback or with additive feedback, we consider systems operating with a multiplicative feedback control mechanism. Using IPA, we derive gradient estimators for loss and throughput related performance metrics with respect to a feedback gain parameter and show their unbiasedness. We also illustrate the use of these estimators in network control by combining them with standard gradient-based stochastic approximation schemes and providing several simulation-based examples.
Comparison of the Mutagenic Responses of Lung-Derived and Skin-Derived Human Diploid Fibroblast Populations

We have established a series of pairs of lung- and skin-derived fibroblast cultures from human embryonic tissues. Each pair of skin and lung populations was established simultaneously from the same individual using carefully controlled, identical conditions. These paired populations provide a unique opportunity to study differences between normal diploid fibroblast populations from skin and lung without the confusion of genetic differences between donors. They also permit the study of differences among individuals without the confusion of variables such as different ages of donors, different biopsy sites, different conditions for initiating cell populations, and different cell population doubling levels. Our goals have been (1) to analyze the variance in cell killing and mutability among normal individuals in the human population and (2) to analyze the variance in mutability between fibroblast cultures derived from two different human tissues.
Adenosine Coronary Vasodilation During Hypoxia Depends on Adrenergic Receptor Activation

The adenosine hypothesis of coronary control was investigated during steady-state hypoxia by making measurements of coronary venous and epicardial well adenosine concentrations in adrenergically intact dogs and animals with α- and β- receptor blockade. The unexpected result was that a role for adenosine coronary vasodilation during hypoxia could only be found when adrenergic receptors were intact, but not during adrenergic blockade.
Eosinophil Granule Major Basic Protein Inhibition of Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing

Purpose. Human eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) was studied in an established organ culture model for rat corneal epithelial wound healing to elucidate further the role of the protein in vernal keratopathy. Methods. Epithelial migration rates were tested for five MBP concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 Mg/ml MBP). Results. Significantly less epithelial migration than control (P < 0.05) was observed in all tested groups. Histologic examination revealed abnormally heaped-up leading epithelial edges in all test groups compared to the normal tapered edges in all controls. Immunofluorescence disclosed MBP deposition on deepithelialized cornea. Conclusions. These results suggest that MBP may contribute to vernal corneal ulcerations by inhibiting corneal epithelial migration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:3051-3056. A he pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for vernal keratopathy remain enigmatic. Suggested contributory factors include abrasion from giant papillae of the upper lid and toxicity from inflammatory products in the tear film. Eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) has previously been advanced as an inflammatory product of putative pathogenetic importance; the protein has been identified in conjunctiva, 1 tear film, 2 contact lenses, 3 and corneal ulcers 4 of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The cytotoxic effects of MBP are well documented 5 ; MBP has been identified at sites of lung tissue injury in people with asthma 6 and adversely affects organ-cultured respiratory epithelium. 78
Medieval Lives c. 1000-1292: The World of the Beaugency Family

Medieval Lives c. 1000–1292: The World of the Beaugency Family is a gateway into Europe during the Central Middle Ages. Through charting the lives of the Beaugency family, this book delves into the history of Western Europe and explores the impact of the changes and events of the period on those who experienced them. The Central Middle Ages were years of profound transformation, and through the two centuries in which they lived the Beaugency family experienced many of the key developments that have characterized the period, such as the launch of the crusades and the emergence of the commercial economy. By following the lives of the family, this book instills a deeper understanding of the significance that human experience has on our ability to truly comprehend the crucial historical events of the age. It personalizes the history of the Middle Ages and provides students with a unique insight into the culture of the period. Containing maps, genealogical tables, over thirty images, a large collection of previously unpublished archival sources used throughout the book, and accompanied by a companion website with interactive features, Medieval Lives c. 1000–1292: The World of the Beaugency Family is a portal into the lives of the Beaugency family and an ideal introduction to the Central Middle Ages.
Deep learning for image-based weed detection in turfgrass

Abstract Precision spraying of herbicides can significantly reduce herbicide use. The detection system is the critical component within smart sprayers that is used to detect target weeds and make spraying decisions. In this work, we report several deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) models that are exceptionally accurate at detecting weeds in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. VGGNet achieved high F1 score values (>0.95) and out-performed GoogLeNet for detection of dollar weed (Hydrocotyle spp.), old world diamond-flower (Hedyotis cormybosa L. Lam.), and Florida pusley (Richardia scabra L.) in actively growing bermudagrass. A single VGGNet model reliably detected these summer annual broadleaf weeds in bermudagrass across different mowing heights and surface conditions. DetectNet was the most successful DCNN architecture for detection of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) or Poa annua growing with various broadleaf weeds in dormant bermudagrass. DetectNet exhibited an excellent performance for detection of weeds while growing in dormant bermudagrass, with F1 scores >0.99. Based on the high level of performance, we conclude that DCNN-based weed recognition can be an effective decision system in the machine vision subsystem of a precision herbicide applicator for weed control in bermudagrass turfgrasses.
Cebulantin, a Cryptic Lanthipeptide Antibiotic Uncovered Using Bioactivity‐Coupled HiTES

The majority of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters in bacteria are silent under standard laboratory growth conditions, making it challenging to uncover any antibiotics that they may encode. Herein, bioactivity assays are combined with high-throughput elicitor screening (HiTES) to access cryptic, bioactive metabolites. Application of this strategy in Saccharopolyspora cebuensis, with inhibition of Escherichia coli growth as a read-out, led to the identification of a novel lanthipeptide, cebulantin. Extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis allowed the elucidation of the structure of cebulantin. Subsequent bioactivity assays revealed it to be an antibiotic selective for Gram-negative bacteria, especially against Vibrio species. This approach, referred to as bioactivity-HiTES, has the potential to uncover cryptic metabolites with desired biological activities that are hidden in microbial genomes.
The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War. By Benn Steil. (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2018. Pp. xii, 608. $35.00.)

In American national memory, the Marshall Plan occupies almost cult‐like status. It symbolizes the virtuous Cold War that existed before the United States' reputation and belief in victory culture ...
Methanesulfonic acid-based electrode-decoupled vanadium–cerium redox flow battery exhibits significantly improved capacity and cycle life

An electrode-decoupled V–Ce redox flow battery (ED-RFB) was developed with 40% greater theoretical volumetric capacity and a 30% enhancement in practical volumetric capacity was demonstrated. The use of methanesulfonic acid supported V and Ce electrolytes and a highly permselective polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer anion exchange separator enabled a >95% reduction in capacity fade compared to standard H2SO4 supported V–Ce ED-RFBs. The methanesulfonic acid supported V and Ce electrolytes was examined using the Marcus–Hush kinetic formulation and the presence of strongly solvated cations was shown to reduce capacity fade by cation cross-over. The ED-RFB maintained nearly 100% coulombic efficiency (CE) and ca. 70% energy efficiency (EE) (at a 50 mA cm−2 galvanostatic charge/discharge current) over 100 cycles. The EE ranged from 85% at 25 mA cm−2 to 50% at 100 mA cm−2. The separator was highly acid stable with no changes in its FT-IR spectra and ionic conductivity before and after cycling. Thus, a V–Ce ED-RFB with long life, excellent rate capability and stability is demonstrated. The use of CH3SO3H, a “green” chemical with low toxicity and easy effluent treatment, facilitates scale-up and grid-scale deployment.
Microbial Degradation of Biphenyl and Its Derivatives

Publisher Summary The role of microorganisms in maintaining steady-state concentrations of environmental chemicals is well established and these activities constitute the basis for the cycle of carbon in nature. However, the widespread, recalcitrant, and bioaccumulating nature of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) presents a major environmental problem. Research to optimize the breakdown of PCBs has been directed firstly at the isolation of species especially competent in the removal of a spectrum of Aroclor components, and secondly, at the bringing together of pathway segments with a view to constructing an organism that can use PCBs as sole carbon source. Electron acceptors are usually limiting in anaerobic environments, so that a selection pressure is exerted by PCB contamination in river sediments. The microbial population adapts to the Aroclor present and to achieve optimal dehalogenation, one should look at sites contaminated by this mixture for suitable experimental inocula. Competition with existing microorganisms for space and nutrients is a limiting factor for all new inoculants, even for soil biphenyl degraders provided with biphenyl.
Applying to Orthopaedic Residency and Matching Rates: Analysis and Review of the Past 25 Years.

BACKGROUND The competitiveness of orthopaedics and recent changes in the residency application process have resulted in increased costs to both applicants and programs. Our purpose was to investigate changes in the orthopaedic residency application process between 1992 and 2017. Also, we aimed to determine an ideal number of applications that each student can submit without jeopardizing his or her probability of matching into an orthopaedic residency slot while concurrently reducing the excessive number of applications that are received by program selection committees. METHODS Retrospective data from both the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) and the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) were collected and analyzed for changes in the characteristics of applications, applicants, and programs over the study period. Using these data, the probability of matching into orthopaedics through the years was calculated and compared in order to propose an ideal number of applications for a medical student to submit to match into an orthopaedic residency. RESULTS Over the study period of 25 years, there has been an increase in the number of residency positions offered and a decrease in the number of applicants per offered position among U.S. senior medical students. Nonetheless, the average number of submitted applications per applicant significantly increased from 1992 to 2017, from 28 to 80 applications (p < 0.001). As a result, the overall costs to apply and review applications also have increased. There was no association between the increased number of submitted applications and the match rate. Our analysis showed that 50 applications per student offer is the most effective option without compromising the overall applicant match rate. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we suggest encouraging students to limit the number of applications that they submit. This limit could reduce the cost for both applicants and programs while likely maintaining the current match rate and competitiveness of the specialty.
Postoperative spine infections

Abstract Postoperative spine infections can be a devastating complication with significant consequences for a patient. Focus should be placed on prevention, early diagnosis, and successful treatment strategies. Surgeons should maintain a high index of suspicion and initiate proper diagnostic workup and evaluation when concerned for a possible infection. This article will provide a global review of postoperative spine infection including incidence by surgical approach, specific risk factors, common presentations, diagnostic workup, prevention strategies, and both nonsurgical and surgical management.
A discrete-forcing immersed boundary method for turbulent-flow simulations:

For numerical simulations of ship hydrodynamics in high Reynolds number, near-wall grids with high quality are essential to accurately predict the flow field and shear stress. This article proposes...
Conclusion: Interpretation and the New Cinephilia

Interpretive criticism was born out of the post-War French cinephilia most commonly associated with Cahiers du Cinema. Although the Cahiers critics were not themselves all that interested in the interpretation of individual films—more given to looking through the individual work, first to the oeuvre and finally to the artistic sensibility and moral/philosophical preoccupations of the auteur who produced it—their methods did lay the groundwork for the development of a more fully fledged interpretive criticism. As is well known the cinephilia of the 50s and early 60s was largely put into abeyance in the late 60s and early 70s, displaced by a hermeneutics of suspicion and a focus on theory. Starting in the late 90s, however, fatigue with theory ushered in a New Cinephilia. And although much of the New Cinephilia, like the old, focuses on affect, rather than meaning, and although cinephilia has mostly been theorized in opposition to interpretation, the tension between the two isn’t necessary. With a little nudging, the New Cinephilia might serve to sponsor the channeling of more energy and resources into the production of engaged and engaging readings of films.
Do Internal or External Characteristics More Reliably Predict Burnout in Resident Physicians: A Multi-institutional Study.

INTRODUCTION Surgical residents have been shown to experience high rates of burnout. Whether this is influenced predominately by intrinsic characteristics, external factors, or is multifactorial has not been well studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between these elements and burnout. We hypothesized that residents with higher emotional intelligence scores, greater resilience and mindfulness, and better work environments would experience lower rates of burnout. METHODS General surgery residents at 7 sites in the US were invited to complete an electronic survey in 2019 that included the 2-item Maslach Burnout Inventory, Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale, Revised Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale, 2-Item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and Job Resources scale of the Job Demands-Resources Questionnaire. Individual constructs were assessed for association with burnout, using multivariable logistic regression models. Residents’ scores were evaluated in aggregate, in groups according to demographic characteristics, and by site. RESULTS Of 284 residents, 164 completed the survey (response rate 58%). A total of 71% of respondents were at high risk for burnout, with sites ranging from 57% to 85% (p = 0.49). Burnout rates demonstrated no significant difference across gender, PGY level, and respondent age. On bivariate model, no demographic variables were found to be associated with burnout, but the internal characteristics of emotional intelligence, resilience and mindfulness, and the external characteristics of work engagement and job resources were each found to be protective against burnout (p CONCLUSIONS A majority of residents at multiple institutions were at high risk for burnout during the study period. Improved work engagement and job resources were found to be more strongly associated with decreased burnout rates when compared to internal characteristics. Although surgical residents appear to already be highly engaged in their work, programs should continue to explore ways to increase job resources, and further research should be aimed at elucidating the mediating effect of internal characteristics on these external factors.
Towards a better understanding of yawed turbine wake for efficient wake steering in tidal arrays

Abstract Tidal stream turbines (TST) deployed in open-water energetic sites are often unintentionally at yaw to the incoming flow that causes performance degradation and deflection of the wake. Wake steering is a popular concept in wind arrays where the upstream turbine is operated intentionally at yaw to steer the wake away from a downstream turbine. To explore such arrangements for TST arrays, a synergistic experimental and numerical campaign was undertaken to characterize a TST performance and wake deflection subjected to ±15° yawed inflow. The near-wake characterization study was performed using complementary acoustic Doppler velocimetry measurements and 3D computational fluid dynamics. The experiments show a ∼10% reduction in the maximum power coefficient. In the near field, the deflected wake morphed into an elliptical shape due to the formation of two counter-rotating vortices. The wake deflection results in enhanced momentum transfer and dissipation, leading to accelerated energy recovery. When the upstream turbine is yawed, available kinetic energy in the flow for the downstream turbine is at least 50% higher with the turbine array in a staggered configuration compared to the inline configuration. Our results provide guidance in reducing the cross-stream and downstream spacing between turbine units in an array.
State-Level Policy Stigma and Non-Prescribed Hormones Use among Trans Populations in the United States: A Mediational Analysis of Insurance and Anticipated Stigma.

BACKGROUND Medical gender affirmation (i.e., hormone use) is one-way transgender (trans) people affirm their gender and has been associated with health benefits. However, trans people face stigmatization when accessing gender-affirming healthcare, which leads some to use non-prescribed hormones (NPHs) that increase their risk for poor health. PURPOSE We examined whether healthcare policy stigma, as measured by state-level trans-specific policies, was associated with NPHs use and tested mediational paths that might explain these associations. Because stigmatizing healthcare policies prevent trans people from participation in healthcare systems and allow for discrimination by healthcare providers, we hypothesized that healthcare policy stigma would be associated with NPHs use by operating through three main pathways: skipping care due to anticipated stigma in healthcare settings, skipping care due to cost, and being uninsured. METHODS We conducted analyses using data from the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. The analytic sample included trans adults using hormones (N = 11,994). We fit a multinomial structural equation model to examine associations. RESULTS Among trans adults using hormones, we found that healthcare policy stigma was positively associated with NPHs use and operated through insurance coverage and anticipating stigma in healthcare settings. The effect sizes on key predictor variables varied significantly between those who use supplemental NPHs and those who only use NPHs suggesting the need to treat NPHs use as distinct from those who use supplemental NPHs. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights the importance of healthcare policy stigma in understanding health inequities among trans people in the USA, specifically NPHs use.
DNA Damage Response in Glioblastoma: Mechanism for Treatment Resistance and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.

ABSTRACT Glioblastoma (GBM) is an intrinsically treatment-resistant tumor and has been shown to upregulate DNA damage response (DDR) components after treatment. DNA damage response signaling mediates treatment resistance by promoting cell cycle arrest in order to allow for DNA damage repair and avoid mitotic catastrophe. Therefore, targeting the DDR pathway is an attractive strategy to combat treatment resistance in GBM. In this review, we discuss the different DDR pathways and then summarize the current preclinical evidence for DDR inhibitors in GBM, as well as completed and ongoing clinical trials.
Evaluation of the Quick Wee method of inducing faster clean catch urine collection in pre-continent infants: a randomized controlled trial.

The acquisition of non-contaminated urine samples in pre-continent infants remains a challenge. The Quick Wee method uses bladder stimulation to induce voiding. A previous randomized trial showed a higher rate of voiding within 5 minutes using this method. We evaluated this method in an Irish hospital providing secondary care. A non-blinded, randomized, controlled trial was carried out. Eligible infants were between 1 and 12 months of age, who required urine sampling as part of clinical care. Participants were randomly allocated to receive the intervention (Quick Wee Method—supra-pubic stimulation with cold saline) or the control (usual care—clean catch with no bladder stimulation) for 5 min. Primary outcome was voiding of urine within 5 min. A total of 140 infants were included in this study (73 in intervention group; 67 in control group). Baseline characteristics were similar. 25% in the intervention group passed urine in the 5-min trial period compared with 18% in the control group [P = 0.4, absolute difference 7% (95% confidence interval: − 7% to + 20%)]. The Quick Wee method is a simple and inexpensive intervention that did not show a statistically significant increase in urine samples obtained in pre-continent infants.
The Best Value IT Industry

The IT industry has struggled with performance in the last 10 years. Tools, processes, and techniques have been developed in attempts to improve performance. Three of the most recent proposed solutions which have shown previous results of success include decreasing the size of projects, using agile project management, and using the best value approach. This paper will focus on differentiating between the three approaches and introduces the latest solution, the best value approach. After analyzing the three approaches, the paper proposes that the best value approach is the only one that requires the utilization of expertise. Using a case study of Schuberg Philis, the paper proposes that the Schuberg Philis model uses the agile approach but has most of the characteristics of the best value approach. In the course of the study and analysis, the Schuberg Philis company has moved from the agile approach to the Best Value approach.
LAKE TEMPERATURE AND ICE COVER REGIMES IN THE ALASKAN SUBARCTIC AND ARCTIC: INTEGRATED MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING, AND MODELING

Arp, C.D., B.M. Jones, M. Whitman, A. Larsen, and F.E. Urban, 2010. Lake Temperature and Ice Cover Regimes in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic: Integrated Monitoring, Remote Sensing, and Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 777-791. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00451.x Abstract: Lake surface regimes are fundamental attributes of lake ecosystems and their interaction with the land and atmosphere. High latitudes may be particularly sensitive to climate change, however, adequate baselines for these lakes are often lacking. In this study, we couple monitoring, remote sensing, and modeling techniques to generate baseline datasets of lake surface temperature and ice cover in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic. No detectable trends were observed during this study period, but a number of interesting patterns were noted among lakes and between regions. The largest Arctic lake was relatively unresponsive to air temperature, while the largest Subarctic lake was very responsive likely because it is fed by glacial runoff. Mean late summer water temperatures were higher than air temperatures with differences ranging from 1.7 to 5.4°C in Subarctic lakes and from 2.4 to 3.2°C in Arctic lakes. The warmest mean summer water temperature in both regions was in 2004, with the exception of Subarctic glacially fed lake that was highest in 2005. Ice-out timing had high coherence within regions and years, typically occurring in late May in Subarctic and in early-July in Arctic lakes. Ice-on timing was more dependent on lake size and depth, often varying among lakes within a region. Such analyses provide an important baseline of lake surface regimes at a time when there is increasing interest in high-latitude water ecosystems and resources during an uncertain climate future.
A Salmonella protein antagonizes Rac-1 and Cdc42 to mediate host-cell recovery after bacterial invasion

An essential feature of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella spp. is its ability to enter cells that are normally non-phagocytic, such as those of the intestinal epithelium1. The bacterium achieves entry by delivering effector proteins into the host-cell cytosol by means of a specialized protein-secretion system (termed type III), which causes reorganization of the cell's actin cytoskeleton and ruffling of its membrane2,3,4. One of the bacterial effectors that stimulates these cellular responses is SopE, which acts as a guanyl-nucleotide-exchange factor on Rho GTPase proteins such as Cdc42 and Rac (ref. 5). As the actin-cytoskeleton reorganization induced by Salmonella is reversible and short-lived, infected cells regain their normal architecture after bacterial internalization6,7. We show here that the S. Typhimurium effector protein SptP, which is delivered to the host-cell cytosol by the type-III secretion system, is directly responsible for the reversal of the actin cytoskeletal changes induced by the bacterium. SptP exerts this function by acting as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac-1 and Cdc42.
Crystallographic studies on L-asparaginase from Proteus vulgaris. I. Preliminary crystal data.

Abstract The monoclinic crystals of l-asparaginase (l-asparagine amidohyrdolase, EC 3.5.1.1) from Proteus vulgaris have the following cell dimensions; a = 69.3 A, b = 125.6 A, c = 101.4 A, β = 97° 20'. The space group is either P21 or P2. There is 1 tetramer molecule of molecular weight 120,000 in an asymmetric unit. Each tetramer molecule possesses at least one molecular diad.