cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diphenhydramine has Similar Interspecies Net Active Influx at the Blood–Brain Barrier

In rats, oxycodone, diphenhydramine, and (4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-benzyl)-methylamine (CE- 157119) undergo net active influx at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on significantly greater interstitial fluid compound concentrations (CISF) than unbound plasma compound concentrations (Cp,u). Oxycodone and diphenhydramine have CISF:Cp,u of 3.0 and 5.5, respectively, while CE-157119 has an unbound brain compound concentration (Cb,u):Cp,u of 3.90; Cb,u is a high-confidence CISF surrogate. However, only CE-157119 has published dog and nonhuman primate (nhp) neuropharmacokinetics, which show similar Cb,u:Cp,u (4.61 and 2.04, respectively) as rats. Thus, diphenhydramine underwent identical interspecies neuropharmacokinetics studies to determine if its net active BBB influx in rats replicated in dogs and/or nhp. The single-dose-derived rat Cb,u:Cp,u (3.90) was consistent with prior steady-state- derived CISF:Cp,u and similar to those in dogs (4.88) and nhp (4.51-5.00). All large animal interneurocompartmental ratios were ≤1.8-fold different than their rat values, implying that diphenhydramine has constant and substantial Cb,u-favoring disequilibria in these mammals. Accordingly, the applied Cb,u-forecasting methodology accurately predicted (estimated mean (95% confidence interval) of 0.84 (0.68, 1.05)) Cb,u from each measured Cp,u in large animals. The collective datasets suggest these Cb,u-preferring asymmetries are mediated by a species-independent BBB active uptake system whose identification, full characterization, and structure-activity relationships should be prioritized for potential exploitation. C � 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:1557-1562,
Restricted associates as cues in free recall

Subjects were given a single study trial on a list of 30 nouns with a descriptive adjective adjacent to each noun (NA list) with instructions to remember the noun. AN lists as well as control lists (A only and N only) were also used. Following unaided recall the appropriate list of cue words (A for N; N for A) was given to stimulate additional recall. Cues were quite ineffective unless they occurred on the study trial adjacent to the word to be remembered. A true cueing effect was found for the NA and AN lists indicating that the memory for the target word included its associated noun or adjective.
An analytical framework and data system for analyzing megavariate biological data in cancer

An analytical framework and data system for analyzing megavariate biological data in cancer
Evolution of equatorial ionospheric bubbles during a large auroral electrojet index increase in the recovery phase of a magnetic storm

[1] We present a model and observations of the evolution of equatorial ionospheric bubbles during a large auroral electrojet (AE) index increase in the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm. Using a three-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulation model, we find, for the 19–21 October 1998 storm, that the equatorial bubble evolution is different during storm time as compared to quiet time conditions. We have found that the storm time vertical drift in conjunction with reduced off-equatorial E region shorting is the primary mechanism that distinguishes the large AE increase recovery phase storm time evolution from the quiet time case. Comparison of the simulation model with ground-based storm time radar observations is made.
Relative Value of Different Types of Overcurrent Protection for Distribution Circuits

LINE sectionalizing in the main feeder and individual protection at branch-line junctions offers a practical solution to the problem of service interruption caused by overcurrent faults on distribution lines. Actual operating data have shown that as high as 96 per cent of all consumer minutes outage (minutes of outage per consumer per year) are caused by faults out beyond the substation, with 85 to 90 per cent of the outage time resulting from faults occurring on the primary lines. These faults are divided between those which persist so as to require servicing by a line crew (permanent faults) and those which are temporary, so that they cause a negligible momentary opening of the circuit or a momentary collapse of the voltage.1 Operating experience shows that the percentage of temporary faults varies from 15 to 85 per cent of the total,2 depending on local conditions and the amount spent on such things as tree trimming and pulling up slack.
Synthesizing sequential register-based computation with biochemistry

This paper presents a compilation strategy and a toolkit for biochemical reactions that perform sequential arithmetic computation on protein quantities, analogous to register-based computation in digital systems. From a Verilog-like input specification file, we generate biochemical reactions that produce output quantities as a function of input quantities, performing operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Sequential operations are implemented by transferring quantities between protein types, based on a clocking mechanism. Synthesis first is performed at a conceptual level, in terms of abstract biochemical reactions — a task analogous to technology-independent logic synthesis in circuit design. Then the results are mapped onto specific biochemical reactions, selected from libraries — a task analogous to technology mapping in circuit design. Our method targets the universal DNA substrate developed by Erik Win-free's group at Caltech as the experimental chassis. We demonstrate the algorithm on the synthesis of a variety of standard sequential functions: signal processing functions (FIR filters and IIR filters), vector multiplication, integration and differentiation. The designs are validated through transient stochastic simulation of the chemical kinetics.
Majority of age-3 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lake Ontario were wild from 1992 to 2005, based on scale pattern analysis

ABSTRACT Stocking of hatchery-raised Chinook salmon has been the principal tool utilized by fishery managers for controlling alewives in Lake Ontario and elsewhere in the Great Lakes. Stocked Chinook salmon are also often viewed by anglers as the principal source of maintaining catch rates. Stocking levels are often controversial and set with limited information about the relative contribution of wild fish to lake-wide populations. Recent research documenting large numbers of age-0 fish in tributaries suggested that wild reproduction was increasing and greater than previously thought. Estimating the contribution of wild Chinook salmon is imperative for successful management of this economically important recreational fishery. To differentiate wild from hatchery-derived Chinook salmon, we developed and validated a classification rule from scale pattern analysis of known-origin fish that was based on the area of the scale focus and the distance between the scale focus and the first circulus. We used this te...
Estimation of multiple specific growth rates: Experimental validation

The experimental validation of on-line estimation of multiple specific growth rates for the bakers' yeast fed-batch process is presented. Pole placement based parameter estimation combined with an asymptotic biomass observer constitute the basic algorithm. The full process model being ill-conditioned for estimation using the available measured state variables, the use of two partial models related to two different states of the process is suggested. An alternating procedure between two sets of estimation algorithms designed from the partial models is proposed. The performance of the alternating procedure is validated both with simulated and experimental data. The accuracy of the estimates of the three specific growth rates involved in this process is verified according to two criteria based on the respiratory quotient and on the evaluation of the ethanol production/consumption rate.
Centers for Independent Living in Support of Transition

Centers for Independent Living (CILs) have long been in the business of providing a variety of community-based support services to people with disabilities. The provision of transition services to youth and young adults, however, has for the most part been the responsibility of regional school systems and, to some extent, of other state rehabilitative service agencies. In the last few years, CILs have played an increasing role in the provision of transition services through the development and implementation of CIL-specific programs and services and as part of collaborative, multidisciplinary, community-based transition teams. Because of their unique administrative and operational organization, CILs have begun to play an integral role in the support of youth and young adults in transition. As a result, local, state, and federal agencies are continuing to determine the short- and long-term role of ClLs in support of transition.
Women's trust in and use of information sources in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

Background Frequent shifts in expert opinion over whether or not women should use hormone therapy (HT) or another menopausal treatment have left women in a difficult position; they must determine where they can obtain trustworthy menopause information. In this study, conducted 10–12 months after the Women's Health Initiative study first published results, we identified sources women use for information about menopause treatments, identified how trust-related dimensions (trustworthiness, knowledge, helpfulness, bias, and vested interest) influenced use of these sources, and determined how these trust dimensions varied with women's HT use status. Methods A total of 765 women >45 and Results Women ranked physicians significantly higher than pharmacists and other HCP for trustworthiness, helpfulness, and knowledgeability. Perceived bias, knowledgeability, and helpfulness showed the strongest influence on trust in physician as well as nonpharmacist HCP. Menopause stage, HT use status, and helpfulness influenced use of physician for information. Helpfulness and knowledgeability influenced trust in the pharmacist, whereas actual use was predicated on having used HT, trust, and helpfulness. Conclusions Women who had never used HT trusted HCP less. HCP have important roles in providing menopause information to perimenopausal women. HCP may need to reach out and initiate these important discussions with their patients.
Train-spotting: building classifiers for microarrays

The problem of extracting spots from DNA microarrays is a problem of considerable scientific and economic utility. In this paper we introduce a new approach based on a scale-space analysis of the image. We augment this with a machine learning system that guides an operator by classifying spots into those that require further attention and those that are already segmented correctly. We compare conventional k-nearest neighbor techniques with generalized linear models and multilayer perceptrons using confidence intervals and McNemar's test.
A projector-camera system for creating a display with water drops

Various non-traditional media, such as water drops, mist, and fire, have been used to create vibrant two and three dimensional displays. Usually such displays require a great deal of design and engineering. In this work, we show a computer vision based approach to easily calibrate and learn the properties of a three-dimensional water drop display, using a few pieces of off-the-shelf hardware. Our setup consists of a camera, projector, laser plane, and water drop generator. Based on the geometric calibration between the hardware, a user can “paint” the drops from the point of view of the camera, causing the projector to illuminate them with the correct color at the correct time. We first demonstrate an algorithm for the case where no drop occludes another from the point of view of either camera or projector. If there is no occlusion, the system can be trained once, and the projector plays a precomputed movie. We then show our work toward a display with real rain. In real time, our system tracks and predicts the future location of hundreds of drops per second, then projects rays to hit or miss each drop.
Genome‐wide epigenetic and proteomic analysis reveals altered Notch signaling in EPC dysfunction

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells that participate in tube formation in vitro and vessel formation in vivo. EPC transplantation, as a therapeutic approach in cardiovascular diseases, has produced mixed results likely due to underlying disease states and environmental factors affecting EPC function. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which a high-salt diet impairs EPC function. The number of endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+, VEGFR2+, CD133+, and c-Kit+) was decreased in the bone marrow of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-salt diet (HSD; 4% NaCl) as compared to SD rats on a normal-salt diet (NSD; 0.4% NaCl). NSD EPCs augmented endothelial cell tube formation in vitro, whereas HSD EPCs did not. NSD EPCs were a potent therapeutic restoring electrical stimulation-induced angiogenesis in vivo. HSD EPCs were not able to restore angiogenesis in vivo. EPC DNA methylation was analyzed by reduced representative bisulfite sequencing and membrane proteins were analyzed using high accuracy liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Differentially methylated genes and differentially abundant membrane proteins measured between the NSD and HSD EPCs, revealed a total of 886 gene-protein sets where reciprocal methylation and expression occurred. Based on stringent criteria, Notch4 was found to be hypermethylated in HSD EPCs and had corresponding decrease in protein expression. Suppression of Notch4 protein expression in EPCs using siRNA confirmed a role for Notch4 in EPC-mediated angiogenesis, suggesting Notch4 suppression as a mechanism by which high-salt diet inhibits EPC-mediated angiogenesis.
Assessment of Anovulation in Eumenorrheic Women: Comparison of Ovulation Detection Algorithms

Objective To compare previously used algorithms to identify anovulatory menstrual cycles in women self-reporting regular menses. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Western New York. Patient(s) Two hundred fifty-nine healthy, regularly menstruating women followed for one (n = 9) or two (n = 250) menstrual cycles (2005–2007). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Prevalence of sporadic anovulatory cycles identified using 11 previously defined algorithms that use E 2 , P, and LH concentrations. Result(s) Algorithms based on serum LH, E 2 , and P levels detected a prevalence of anovulation across the study period of 5.5%–12.8% (concordant classification for 91.7%–97.4% of cycles). The prevalence of anovulatory cycles varied from 3.4% to 18.6% using algorithms based on urinary LH alone or with the primary E 2 metabolite, estrone-3-glucuronide, levels. Conclusion(s) The prevalence of anovulatory cycles among healthy women varied by algorithm. Mid-cycle LH surge urine-based algorithms used in over-the-counter fertility monitors tended to classify a higher proportion of anovulatory cycles compared with luteal-phase P serum-based algorithms. Our study demonstrates that algorithms based on the LH surge, or in conjunction with estrone-3-glucuronide, potentially estimate a higher percentage of anovulatory episodes. Addition of measurements of postovulatory serum P or urine pregnanediol may aid in detecting ovulation.
Review: Engaging Patients as Vigilant Partners in Safety A Systematic Review

Several initiatives promote patient involvement in error prevention, but little is known about its feasibility and effectiveness. A systematic review was conducted on the evidence of patients' attitudes toward engagement in error prevention and the effectiveness of efforts to increase patient participation. Database searches yielded 3,840 candidate articles, of which 21 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patients share a positive attitude about engaging in their safety at a general level, but their intentions and actual behaviors vary considerably. Studies applied theories of planned behavior and indicate that self-efficacy, preventability of incidents, and effectiveness of actions seem to be central to patients' intention to engage in error prevention. Rigorous evaluations of major educational campaigns are lacking. Interventions embedded within clinical settings have been effective to some extent. Evidence suggests that involvement in safety may be successful if interventions promote complex behavioral change and are sensitively implemented in health care settings.
A monolithic preamplifier-shaper for measurement of energy loss and transition radiation

A custom monolithic circuit has been developed for the Time Expansion Chamber (TEC) of the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). This detector identifies particles by sampling their ionization energy loss (dE/dx) over a 3 cm drift space and by detecting associated transition radiation (TR) photons. The requirement of being simultaneously sensitive to dE/dx and TR events requires a dual-gain system. We have developed a compact solution featuring an octal preamplifier/shaper (P/S) IC with a split gain stage. The circuit, fabricated in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS process, incorporates a trans-impedance preamplifier and a 70 ns unipolar CR-RC/sup 4/ shaper with ion tail compensation and active DC offset cancellation. Digitally selectable gain, peaking time, and tail cancellation as well as channel-by-channel charge injection and disable can be configured in the system via a 3-wire interface. The 3.5/spl times/4.5 mm/sup 2/ die is packaged in a fine pitch 64-pin PQFP. Equivalent input noise is less than 1500 rms electrons at a power dissipation of 30 mW per channel. On a sample of 2400 chips, the DC offset was 2.3/spl plusmn/3 mV rms without trimming. A chamber-mounted TEC-PS Printed Circuit Board (PCB) houses four P/S chips, on-board calibration circuit, and 64 analog differential line drivers which transmit the shaped pulses to crate-mounted flash ADCs 7 m apart. An RS-422 link provides digital configuration downloading and read back, and supplies the calibration strobe. The 24.6 cm/spl times/9.5 cm board dissipates 8.5 W.
Unique teichoic acid isolated from the cell walls of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Teichoic acid antigen extracted from cell walls of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to have the unique structure of glycerolphosphate, with N-acetyl-d-galactosamine as the immunodominant substituent.
Optimizing cardiovascular and chemopreventive benefits of aspirin: what role for the proton-pump inhibitors?

Aspirin has been studied as a means of primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. In those with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a metaanalysis of six trials involving 6300 patients found that the use of low-dose aspirin (£ 325 mg/day) reduced all-cause mortality by 18%, the number of strokes by 20%, myocardial infarction by 30% and other vascular events by 30%. 1 The benefits of aspirin in those without a history of CVD have not been as clear 2 with its use in these individuals remaining controversial. The role of aspirin as a potential chemopreventive agent for colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers continues to evolve, supported by the results of epidemiological observations and randomized-controlled studies. 3‐5
MYC/MAX control ERK signaling and pluripotency by regulation of dual-specificity phosphatases 2 and 7

Suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling is an absolute requirement for the maintenance of murine pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) and requires the MYC-binding partner MAX. In this study, we define a mechanism for this by showing that MYC/MAX complexes suppress ERK activity by transcriptionally regulating two members of the dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family. DUSPs function by binding and then inactivating ERK1,2 by dephosphorylating residues required for catalytic activity. MYC/MAX complexes achieve this by binding the promoters of DUSP2 and DUSP7, leading to their transcriptional activation, resulting in the attenuation of ERK activity. In the absence of MYC, ectopic DUSP2,7 expression severely delays differentiation, while loss of DUSP2,7 ectopically activates ERK, resulting in loss of pluripotency. These findings elucidate a novel regulatory role for MYC in PSC maintenance involving the stimulation of phosphatases that directly inhibit the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Moreover, it provides a mechanism for how leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/ STAT3 signaling reaches across to the MAPK/ERK pathway through MYC and MAX to sustain pluripotency.
Categorizing sound for the establishment of source characteristics

An appropriate categorization of orthogonal parameters of namrally produced (not electronically synthesized) sound based on correlations between producer characteristics and parameters of the received signal can speed the unambiguous identification of the sources of received sounds. Orthogonal parameters of the received signal are the frequency content of its carrier, the amplitude of its envelope and time dependent variations of both. Natural sound sources are objects or cavities or fluids stimulated by modulating devices or rotating devices, or by rapid changes in temperature or pressure. In this paper, we attempt to relate the modulating device and its uansmiaing operand to unique distinguishing chancteristics of the resulting sounds, and to categorize received sound characteristics in a way which permits unambiguous identification of the source.
Collaboration in the Borderlands: The Malpai Borderlands Group

After 10 years of efforts to preserve the open spaces and way of life of the Borderlands Region, the Malpai Borderlands Group is now internationally recognized as an outstanding example of collaborative planning and management of large landscapes. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v28i3_allen
Inflation Adjustments Affecting Individual Taxpayers in 2008

Without inflation adjustments to key portions of the tax system, individuals would be faced with an erosion of their purchasing power. In 1985 Congress implemented an indexation procedure to adjust various income tax components, including the tax rate schedules, standard deduction, and personal and dependency exemptions. Although suspended by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, indexation resumed in 1989 and now applies to many items in the tax system. In this article, Young discusses 2008 inflation adjustments to portions of the individual tax system that are tied to a Consumer Price Index year ending in August. Items adjusted by this indexation procedure include the tax rate schedules; standard deductions; exemptions (and related phaseout); the overall limit on itemized deductions; the annual gift tax exclusion; and some computational elements related to the unearned income of minor children, the child credit, the earned income tax credit, adoption expenses, educational savings bonds, education credits, education loan interest, qualified transportation fringe benefits, medical savings accounts (Archer MSAs), health savings accounts, long-term care insurance premiums, long-term care insurance benefits, and the section 179 expense election.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive lymphadenopathy in acute-phase chronic granulocytic leukemia.

A patient who had Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia had generalized lymphadenopathy. The lymph node biopsy revealed blast cells with small numbers of eosinophilic myelocytes indicative of granulocytic differentiation. In addition, the blast cells were found to have Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome and extremely high levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). The patient’s peripheral blood and bone marrow reverted to the chronic phase, and the lymphadenopathy disappeared on two occasions with vincristine and prednisone therapy. The extramedullary proliferation of blastic chronic granulocytic leukemia, therefore, seems to share the histologic, cytogenetic, biochemical, and cherhotherapeutic sensitivity features of the basic disease process. TdT assay of enlarged lymph nodes in acute-phase chronic granulocytic leukemia might be used to identify the patients responsive to vincristine and prednisone, despite the granulocytic histologic features of their lymph nodes.
A New Species of Bat of the Genus Melonycteris from the Solomon Islands

A species of macroglossine bat from the Solomon Islands, Melonycteris aurantius , is described and named as new. Comparison of morphological features of this species with those of two species to which it is closely related ( M. woodfordi and M. melanops ) is presented. Evidence for synonymy of the name Nesonycteris with Melonycteris is discussed.
Towards an appreciation of fern edaphic niche requirements

This assessment of selected literature on pteridophyte edaphic adaptation is presented in three parts: (1) pH and general soil nutrient background, (2) growth responses to specific inorganic ions and frond mineral content, and (3) collected works on Pteridium aquilinum edaphic adaptations. In this report, a case is made for the overriding effect of both soil pH and inorganic ion content in determining pteridophyte occurrence. Recommendations are made for more field and laboratory co-ordinated studies, especially as they pertain to the determination of species-specific amplitudes of adaptation, and for the initiation of physiological and metabolic investigations into the basis of these edaphic adaptations.
Observation Services Linked With an Urgent Care Center in the Absence of an Emergency Department: An Innovative Mechanism to Initiate Efficient Health Care Delivery in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster.

OBJECTIVE: The emergency department (ED) of NYU Langone Medical Center was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy, contributing to a public health disaster in New York City. We evaluated hospital-based acute care provided through the establishment of an urgent care center with an associated ED-run observation service (EDOS) that operated in the absence of an ED during this disaster. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients placed in an EDOS following a visit to an urgent care center during the 18 months of ED closure. We reviewed diagnoses, clinical protocols, selection criteria, and performance metrics. RESULTS: Of 55,723 urgent care center visits, 15,498 patients were hospitalized, and 3167 of all hospitalized patients (20.4%) were placed in the EDOS. A total of 2660 EDOS patients (84%) were discharged from the EDOS. The 8 most frequently utilized clinical protocols accounted for 76% of the EDOS volume. CONCLUSIONS: A diverse group of patients presenting to an urgent care center following the destruction of an ED by natural disaster can be cared for in an EDOS, regardless of association with a physical ED. An urgent care center with an associated EDOS can be implemented to provide patient care in a disaster situation. This may be useful when existing ED or hospital resources are compromised. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 6). Language: en
Evidence-based medicine for medical students: introducing EBM in a primary care rotation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) seeks to improve patients' lives by applying the best available evidence to decisions affecting health outcomes. Since medical students often do not appreciate the value of an evidence-based approach to medicine when they enter third-year clinical training, a curriculum was developed introducing third-year students to the practice of EBM during a primary care clinical rotation. METHODS: Twenty-seven students over 4 rotations participated in the series of 6 hour-long seminars, and 8 items from a 27-item questionnaire were used to measure the impact on students' self reported understanding and use of EBM. RESULTS: Responses to questionnaires given before and after completion of the curriculum documented improved self-reported understanding of EBM and improved self-reported comfort with critical appraisal. CONCLUSIONS: A seminar series introducing EBM in a primary care rotation improved students' familiarity with and receptivity to use of EBM.
Introduction to Power Electronics and Motor Control

This chapter contains sections titled: Concept of DC Motor Control Concept of AC Induction Motor Control Semiconductor Switches Rectifi ers Inverters Flexible AC Transmission DC-to-DC Converters Application Examples ]]>
Spectrum engineering for reconstructive spectrometry

We demonstrate a novel method spectrometry using etalons on a CCD camera. This prototype enables compact, high resolution, and high efficiency spectrometry with no moving parts.
Cognitive Effects of PHT and CBZ After Brain Trauma

The effects of prophylactic anticonvulsant use of phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on the cognitive and emotional status of a total of 80 brain trauma patients are compared and reported from the Division of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurology, St Louis University School of Medicine and School of Public Health.
Perspectives on the mathematics of biological patterning and morphogenesis

Abstract A central question in developmental biology is how size and position are determined. The genetic code carries instructions on how to control these properties in order to regulate the pattern and morphology of structures in the developing organism. Transcription and protein translation mechanisms implement these instructions. However, this cannot happen without some manner of sampling of epigenetic information on the current patterns and morphological forms of structures in the organism. Any rigorous description of space- and time-varying patterns and morphological forms reduces to one among various classes of spatio-temporal partial differential equations. Reaction-transport equations represent one such class. Starting from simple Fickian diffusion, the incorporation of reaction, phase segregation and advection terms can represent many of the patterns seen in the animal and plant kingdoms. Morphological form, requiring the development of three-dimensional structure, also can be represented by these equations of mass transport, albeit to a limited degree. The recognition that physical forces play controlling roles in shaping tissues leads to the conclusion that (nonlinear) elasticity governs the development of morphological form. In this setting, inhomogeneous growth drives the elasticity problem. The combination of reaction-transport equations with those of elasto-growth makes accessible a potentially unlimited spectrum of patterning and morphogenetic phenomena in developmental biology. This perspective communication is a survey of the partial differential equations of mathematical physics that have been proposed to govern patterning and morphogenesis in developmental biology. Several numerical examples are included to illustrate these equations and the corresponding physics, with the intention of providing physical insight wherever possible.
The minimum volume of pleural fluid required to diagnose malignant pleural effusion: A retrospective study

Background: Pleural fluid cytology is a quick and accurate method to diagnose malignant pleural effusions. The optimal volume of fluid for cytological analysis has not yet been identified, and clinical recommendation based on some published clinical experiences has been to send large volumes of fluid for cytological analysis. A quality improvement initiative at our institution was conducted to determine the volume of fluid sufficient for a diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. Materials and Methods: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All pleural fluid specimens that were divided into three volumes (25 mL, 50 mL, and 150 mL) and sent for cytological examination were reviewed. Results: A total of 74 samples from 60 individual patients were evaluable. Thirty-six patients (60%) had a previous diagnosis of malignancy. Of the 74 specimens, 26 (35.1%) were positive for malignancy. The detection rate for malignant pleural effusion by cytology for 25 mL, 50 mL, and 150 mL were 88.5%, 96.2%, and 100.0%, respectively ( P = 0.16). Two specimens that were negative in the 25 mL samples turned out to be positive in the 50 mL and 150 mL samples. One specimen was negative in the 25 mL and 50 mL samples but positive in the 150 mL sample. Conclusions: Our study did not show any statistically significant difference in the detection of malignant effusion in the 25 mL, 50 mL, and 150 mL group.
Positure in Plato's Laws: An Introduction to Figuration on Civic Education.

Purpose: The aim of the research was to determine the benefits of applying the new Figuration philosophy of dance, based in part on Plato, to civic education. Design/methodology: A close phenomenological reading of Plato’s The Laws, with a strategic focus on its account of the concept of posture. Findings: Plato considers posture to be central to dance education, which in turn is central to civic education, as suggested by concrete analyses of dance based on posture. Research limitations: Further studies on this subject are required in order to achieve a more nuanced and balanced account of the concepts of posture articulated by other philosophers and theorists. Practical implications: More resources must be allocated to dance and dance education, in the interest of fostering civic education, and the political virtue that results therefrom.
Neuroimaging of White Matter Injury: A Multimodal Approach to Vascular Disease

Neuroimaging has advanced greatly since the initial introduction of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These new modalities enabled clinicians and researchers to observe changes in normal and pathological white matter that could only be seen at autopsy. While greatly enhancing our understanding in multiple sclerosis and cerebrovascular diseases, these modalities have also raised important questions about the normal changes that occur in white matter with aging. CT has limited application in white matter because of the lack of resolution. On the contrary, MRI provides exquisite images of white matter pathology, including information on the state of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) with paramagnetic contrast agents. Many diseases produce similar changes on the MRI, and these pathological changes overlap with normal aging. More sophisticated methods are now available to distinguish underlying pathology, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) to show neurochemistry, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to define white matter fiber tract integrity, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCEMRI) to study vascular permeability. While each of these novel methods taken alone provides limited information, the combination of multiple modalities gives a more complete picture of the state of the white matter. These new methods, which are still at an early research stage, should shortly enter into clinical diagnosis of white matter diseases. This review focuses on the impact of neuroimaging in acute and chronic cerebrovascular diseases, particularly on their role in acute stroke and chronic vascular disease associated with cognitive decline.
Abuse and Discipline: The Creation of Moral Community in Domestic Violence Groups on the Wai'anae Coast (Hawai'i)

This article discusses the creation of moral community in two self-help groups on the Wai'anae Coast of O'ahu in the state of Hawai'i. One is a women's domestic violence group and the other a men's anger management group. Both groups use freely constructed narratives from the participants as the foundation for establishing rules of conduct and standards of the "good person." In each case, facilitators bring the lessons and the doctrine of a state agency to informal proceedings. The article argues that out of the intersection of participant interpretations of experiences and state-sanctioned forms of discipline come the lineaments of a moral community. In self-help groups, residents of the predominantly Hawaiian Wai'anae Coast confront a discourse whose references to "wrong" do not accord with customary discourse about making things right. The development of "moral community," then, involves a continual negotiation between apparently distant representations of proper conduct, ethical behavior, and the virtuous self.
Spatial scale mediates the effects of biodiversity on marine primary producers

Most studies evaluating the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning are conducted at a single location, limiting our understanding of how diversity-function relationships may change when measured across different spatial scales. We conducted a species-removal experiment at three sites nested in each of three regions along the rocky intertidal coastline of the Gulf of Maine, USA, to evaluate the potential for scale-dependent effects of species loss on the biomass of intertidal seaweed assemblages. We randomly assigned 50 plots in the mid-intertidal zone at each site to one of five treatments (n = 10 plots each): an unmanipulated control, a polyculture plot that contained our three target seaweed species, and three monoculture plots. We manipulated diversity by removing all non-target species from monoculture and polyculture plots, then removing additional biomass from polyculture plots, proportionate to species' relative abundances, so that the average amount removed from monoculture and polyculture plots was equivalent at each site. At the largest spatial scale, all sites considered together, after accounting for region and site nested within region seaweed diversity had consistent, positive effects on seaweed cover. Diverse polyculture plots always had higher cover than was predicted by the average performance of the component seaweed species and usually had higher cover than even the best-performing component species. Diversity effects weakened and became less consistent at smaller spatial scales, so that at the scale of individual sites, diverse polycultures only performed better than the average of monocultures ~40% of the time. Hence, our results indicate that weak and/or inconsistent biodiversity effects at the level of individual sites may scale up to stronger, more consistent effects at larger spatial scales. Quantitative summaries of biodiversity experiments conducted at the scale of individual sites do not capture this spatial aspect of biodiversity effects and may therefore underestimate the functional consequences of biodiversity loss.
Endovascular Management of Emergent Thoracic Aortic Pathologies

The introduction of thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) in 2005 facilitated a minimally invasive treatment alternative for complex thoracic aortic pathologies. Symptomatic descending thoracic aortic aneurysm, complicated Stanford type B aortic dissections, and traumatic aortic transections are emergent pathologies that are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and a risk of postoperative paraplegia following conventional open reconstruction via thoracotomy and graft replacement. This chapter describes three emergent cases involving the descending thoracic aorta managed endovascularly. We also describe the adjunctive use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assure accurate aortic measurements and precise TEVAR endoprosthesis placement. TEVAR technology has allowed us to develop rapid and minimally invasive treatment alternatives for these devastating aortic injuries.
Managing Digital Cultural Objects: Analysis, Discovery and Retrieval, Edited by Allen Foster and Pauline Rafferty [book review]

As digital initiatives in galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAMs) have moved beyond simple projects presenting scanned representations of photographs and other two-dimensional objects, the need for resources on a more diverse array of digitization and digital humanities projects has become more and more apparent. Allen Foster and Pauline Rafferty have made a significant contribution addressing this need with Managing Digital Cultural Objects: Analysis, Discovery, and Retrieval, published by Facet Publishing in the United Kingdom and ALA-Neal-Schuman in the United States. This review is based on the U.K. version; the U.S. release has a different cover and a different layout, though the content seems to be identical.
SELF-EFFICACY AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES ON EXERCISE ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN OF KLANG VALLEY

Objective: The present study aims to explore the effects of self-efficacy and behavioral changes on exercise that impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of middle - aged Malaysian women. Methods: A questionnaire-based data collection was performed from October 2013 to March 2014 in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Analysis of data was performed by SPSS (vs . 21.0) after reco r ding body mass index, general health, physical health status, self-efficacy , and self-awareness associated with HRQoL. Correlation between the parameters was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients , and the reliability test was conducted using Cronbach ’s alpha (α). Results are mentioned as significant when p-values are found to be <0.05. Results: Findings of the study indicate though women of Klang Valley suffer from few health problems, they prefer exercise to maintain their HRQoL. It has been observed that self-efficacy and behavioral changes for exercise related QoL are affected by several factors, such as education, monthly income, marital status , and even ethnicity. Among 736 respondents, only 304 made a change in their exercise regime , and the level of change is about 58.4% had made small increase and followed by 41.3%. Women with higher self-efficacy (50.35%) made changes by taking up exercise to have a healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: This study portrays that women of Klang V alley, Malaysia , are inflicted with quite a good self-efficacy to exercise, which impacts their HRQoL.
Microbiota replacement therapies: innovation in gastrointestinal care.

There has been an increasing interest in the association between human disease and altered gut microbiota, and therapeutics to modulate microbiota to treat disease. Healthy human gastrointestinal microbiota is highly diverse and rich, and harbors between 500 and 2,000 species. Diseases associated with dysbiotic microbiota include antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile infection, multidrug-resistant organisms, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, neuropsychiatric diseases, and systemic autoimmune diseases. Microbiota replacement therapies have shown immense promise in treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection and are being studied for other indications. Microbiota replacement therapies for indications other than C. difficile infection should be performed only in research settings. There is an immense need for standardized microbiota replacement therapies for C. difficile infection. Studies are needed to elucidate long-term safety and adverse events from these therapies.
Mrs. Miniver's Girls: Plucky Girls in Hidden Figures, The Zookeeper's Wife, Their Finest, and Colossal

Four recent movies, Hidden Figures, The Zookeeper's Wife, Their Finest, and Colossal exemplify a new cultural version of the movie heroine. This version combines feminism with commitment to solving an overwhelming problem. These heroines, thus, display the character virtues of Wonder Woman and Mrs. Miniver. This new version reflects changing concerns about the cultural understanding of women and a new direction for women moviemakers.
Mini-Pterional Craniotomy for Resection of Parasellar Meningiomas.

Background Surgical resection of parasellar meningiomas is a challenging operation that traditionally has been performed with a large pterional or orbitozygomatic craniotomy. In this study, we report patient outcomes and detail our surgical approach when resecting these tumors with a smaller, less invasive “mini-pterional” craniotomy. Methods We performed a retrospective review on all patients undergoing a mini-pterional craniotomy for resection of parasellar meningiomas from 2012 to 2016. We describe the technical aspects of the mini-pterional craniotomy and provide the outcomes of patients who received an operation with this approach. Results Twenty-four patients were treated with a mini-pterional craniotomy for resection of parasellar meningiomas. Median tumor volume was 6.2 cm3. Twenty-two of 24 (92%) patients had a World Health Organization grade I meningioma, and 2 of 24 (8%) patients had a World Health Organization grade II meningioma. Tumors were located at the medial sphenoid wing (60%), anterior clinoid (24%) and spheno-cavernous junction (12%). Nineteen of 24 (79%) patients had a Simpson Grade I resection and 5 of 24 (21%) a Simpson Grade IV resection. Median length of the operations was 242 minutes. Neurosurgical complications occurred in 2 patients who had a surgical-site infection and cerebrospinal fluid leak; one of these patients also developed postoperative hydrocephalus. In this series, no deaths, parenchymal contusions, or repeat operations occurred. Conclusions The mini-pterional craniotomy can be used to resect parasellar meningiomas with good results and a low complication profile. This approach provides an efficacious method of resecting these tumors without sacrificing Simpson grade or patient safety.
Linkages between poverty and income inequality of urban–rural sector: a time series analysis of India’s urban-based aspirations from 1951 to 1994

This study examines the impact of urban and rural development on poverty and inequality in India before economic reform. The methodology comprises two dimensions. Modern time series methods are use...
Nocturnal Penile Rigidity Measured by the Snap-Gauge Band

Abstract Nocturnal penile tumescence is used commonly to evaluate erectile dysfunction. However, this test is not equivalent to erection since it measures circumferential change only rather than the crucial variable of penile rigidity. We present a new concept in the measurement of penile rigidity the capability of a patient during sleep to break a band furnished with pre-set snap-gauges with different release-force constants applied around the penile shaft. The snap-gauge band was tested simultaneously with the recording of nocturnal penile tumescence measuring penile rigidity rather than tumescence.
Intermittency, Irreproducibility, and the Main Physical Effects in Cold Fusion

In this paper heterogeneous nucleation of D{sub 2} bubbles at the surface of the cathode is suggested as the cause of difficulties encountered in the reproduction of electrolytic cold fusion experiments. In some experiments, active nucleation centers are present only intermittently leading to a temporary increase in the chemical potential of deuterium in the cathode up to the homogeneous nucleation limit, which is {approximately}1.2 eV higher. The increase effective mass of electrons, expressed in the electronic specific heat and in the De Haas Van Alphen effect, is considered as a possible cause of cold nuclear fusion, along with the stronger heavy fermion effects directly observed at low temperatures, but localizability of these states remains a problem. Breakdown of the charge invariance of internucleonic forces at very low center-of-mass energies of the order of 1 eV applicable to this form of (non-{mu}-mesonic) cold fusion, leads to preferential tunneling of neutrons into nearby deuterons, which is suggested as an explanation for the conspicuous absence of neutrons and {sup 3}He.
A Model of Molecular Visualization

We argue that molecular visualization is a process that includes constructing a mental model. Current qualitative research has shown that participants working on a mental molecular visualization/rotation task invoke components of a mental model. Four of the components are static representations: referents, relations, results, and rules/syntax. The fifth component is dynamic: operation. Two examples of operation are visualization and rotation. Participants used the constructed mental models as mental tools to complete the task. This conceptualization of mental model construction constitutes a theory of learning.