cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrograde intraciliary trafficking of opsin during the maintenance of cone-shaped photoreceptor outer segments of Xenopus laevis

Photoreceptor outer segments (OSs) are essential for our visual perception, and take either rod or cone forms. The cell biological basis for the formation of rods is well established; however, the mechanism of cone formation is ill characterized. While Xenopus rods are called rods, they exhibit cone-shaped OSs during the early process of development. To visualize the dynamic reorganization of disk membranes, opsin and peripherin/rds were fused to a fluorescent protein, Dendra2, and expressed in early developing rod photoreceptors, in which OSs are still cone-shaped. Dendra2 is a fluorescent protein which can be converted from green to red irreversibly, and thus allows spatiotemporal labeling of proteins. Using a photoconversion technique, we found that disk membranes are assembled at the base of cone-shaped OSs. After incorporation into disks, however, Opsin-Dendra2 was also trafficked from old to new disk membranes, consistent with the hypothesis that retrograde trafficking of membrane components contributes to the larger disk membrane observed toward the base of the cone-shaped OS. Such retrograde trafficking is cargo-specific and was not observed for peripherin/rds-Dendra2. The trafficking is unlikely mediated by diffusion, since the disk membranes have a closed configuration, as evidenced by CNGA1 labeling of the plasma membrane. Consistent with retrograde trafficking, the axoneme, which potentially mediates retrograde intraflagellar trafficking, runs through the entire axis of OSs. This study provides an insight into the role of membrane reorganization in developing photoreceptor OSs, and proves that retrograde trafficking of membrane cargoes can occur there. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3577–3589, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A single dose of milrinone facilitates separation from cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction

Milrinone is used during cardiac surgery to facilitate separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and/or to treat myocardial dysfunction in the post-bypass period. We have demonstrated, in patients with preoperative depression of systolic function undergoing aorto-coronary artery bypass surgery, sustained improvement in cardiac function after a single loading dose of milrinone 50 micrograms kg-1, administered at the end of bypass, thus significantly decreasing the need for beta-agonist therapy.
The Taiwan Dilemma: China, Japan, and the strait dynamic

Many Chinese and Japanese authorities believe Taiwan is essential to their respective states’ national security due to the island’s geographic centrality and beneficial proximity to nearby and distant sea lanes. Of further importance is Taiwan’s immediacy to territorial and resource disputes between China and Japan. This article focuses on the security concerns and strategies of both states and applies realism, its tenets of defensive and offensive realism, and neoliberalism in order to better comprehend those concerns and strategies and also provide probable solutions.
Individuals in Conflict: An Internal Family Systems Approach:

Multiple models of therapy are available in the mental health profession to help couples cope with the psychological and interpersonal difficulties associated with marriage. Internal Family Systems...
Cochlear implantation in deaf infants.

Objectives: With the application of universal newborn hearing screening programs, a large pool of newly identified deaf infants has been identified. The benefits of early intervention with cochlear implants (CI) is being explored. Mounting evidence suggests that age at implantation is a strong predictor of language outcomes. However, new behavioral procedures are needed to measure speech and language skills during infancy. Also, procedures are needed to analyze the speech input to young CI recipients. Study Design: Cohort-sequential. Methods: Thirteen infants with profound hearing loss who were implanted between the ages of 6 to 12 months of age participated in this study. Eight participated in two new behavioral methodologies: 1) the visual habituation procedure to assess their discrimination of speech sounds; 2) the preferential looking paradigm to assess their ability to learn associations between speech sounds and objects. Older implanted infants and normal-hearing infants were also tested for comparison. The pitch of mothers’ speech to infants was analyzed. Results: Patterns of looking times for the very early implanted infants were similar to those of normal hearing infants. Mothers’ speech to infants with CIs was similar in pitch to normal-hearing infants who had the same duration of experience with sounds. Conclusions: No surgical or anesthetic complications occurred in this group of infants, and the pattern of listening skill development mirrors that seen in normal-hearing infants. Mothers adjust their speech to suit the listening experience of their infants. Key Words: Cochlear implants, infants, deafness, behavioral measures. Laryngoscope, 115:1376–1380, 2005
Closing the iron gate

Ferroportin permits the uptake of dietary iron by cells of the intestinal epithelium into the circulation. Hepcidin targets ferroportin for lysosomal destruction. A recent study shows that an engineered minihepcidin reduces levels of iron in the serum and liver.
Homocysteine Binds to Human Plasma Fibronectin and Inhibits Its Interaction With Fibrin

Objective— More than 70% of circulating homocysteine is disulfide-bonded to protein, but little is known about the specific proteins that bind homocysteine and their function as a consequence of homocysteine binding. Methods and Results— When human plasma was incubated with [ 35 S]l-homocysteine, most of the homocysteine bound to albumin. However, additional homocysteine-binding proteins were detected, and 1 of them comigrated with fibronectin. Treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol removed the bound homocysteine, demonstrating the involvement of disulfide bonding. In contrast, [ 35 S]l-cysteine did not bind to fibronectin. Purified fibronectin bound ≈5 homocysteine molecules per fibronectin dimer. SDS-PAGE of a limited trypsin digestion of homocysteinylated fibronectin showed that several tryptic fragments contained [ 35 S]homocysteine. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the fragments containing bound homocysteine had localized mainly to the C-terminal region, within and adjacent to the fibrin-binding domain. Homocysteinylation of fibronectin significantly inhibited its capacity to bind fibrin by 62% ( P Conclusions— These results suggest that homocysteine may alter normal thrombosis and delay or interfere with wound healing by impairing the interaction of fibronectin with fibrin.
A Study of the Probability of Clear Line of Sight through Single-Layer Cumulus Cloud Fields in the Tropical Western Pacific

Abstract The plane-parallel horizontal (PPH) hypothesis used to approximate clouds in GCMs neglects three-dimensional cloud effects. Such effects can amount to as much as 20 W m−2 in longwave radiation. Several investigators have proposed accounting for longwave three-dimensional cloud effects by using information on the probability of clear line of sight (PCLoS) to modify the PPH approximation. This study investigates the PCLoS at the Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program’s Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) site. PCLoS is estimated for single-layer tropical marine cumulus cases for 2-h intervals using the Whole Sky Imager (WSI) observations at the Manus and Nauru sites. PCLoS estimates are compared to calculations from a set of simple PCLoS models using measured cloud field statistics as input. A summary of the PCLoS at the TWP site is presented in addition to a statistical summary of retrieved cloud field characteristics. The results are used to investigate the spatial variability of the PCLoS and...
Bacterial particle endocytosis by epithelial cells is selective and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor receptor ligands.

Bacterial pathogens use virulence strategies to invade epithelial barriers, but active processes of epithelial cells may also contribute to the endocytosis of microbial particles. To focus on the latter, we studied the uptake of fixed and fluorescently labeled bacterial particles in intestinal and bronchoepithelial cell cultures and found it to be enhanced in Caco-2BBe and NCI-H292 cells after treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha and an agonist antibody against the lymphotoxin beta receptor. Confocal fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica were readily endocytosed, although there was scant uptake of Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae particles. Endocytosed Staphylococcus was often associated with cytoplasmic claudin-4 vesicles; this was not found for Yersinia, suggesting that cytokine treatment upregulated two distinct endocytosis pathways. Interestingly, when Staphylococcus and Yersinia were coincubated with epithelial monolayers, the cells were unlikely to take up Yersinia unless they had also endocytosed large numbers of Staphylococcus particles, although the two bacteria were apparently processed in distinct compartments. Cytokine treatment induced an upregulation and redistribution of β1 integrin to the apical surface of NCI-H292 cells; consistent with this effect, treatment with anti-β1 integrin antibody blocked uptake of both Yersinia and Staphylococcus in NCI-H292 and Caco-2BBe cells. Our results suggest that capture of bacterial particles by mucosal epithelial cells is selective and that different endocytic mechanisms are enhanced by proinflammatory cytokines.
The Structure and Function of Serum Opacity Factor: A Unique Streptococcal Virulence Determinant That Targets High-Density Lipoproteins

Serum opacity factor (SOF) is a virulence determinant expressed by a variety of streptococcal and staphylococcal species including both human and animal pathogens. SOF derives its name from its ability to opacify serum where it targets and disrupts the structure of high-density lipoproteins resulting in formation of large lipid vesicles that cause the serum to become cloudy. SOF is a multifunctional protein and in addition to its opacification activity, it binds to a number of host proteins that mediate adhesion of streptococci to host cells, and it plays a role in resistance to phagocytosis in human blood. This article will provide an overview of the structure and function of SOF, its role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal infections, its vaccine potential, its prevalence and distribution in bacteria, and the molecular mechanism whereby SOF opacifies serum and how an understanding of this mechanism may lead to therapies for reducing high-cholesterol concentrations in blood, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Risk of oral food challenges.

Background Oral food challenges are essential to the diagnosis of food allergy; however, little has been reported regarding the risks of performing food challenges in children with suspected food allergy. Objective To examine the risk and reaction severity of failed oral food challenges. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on children who underwent food challenges to milk, egg, peanut, soy, and/or wheat in a university-based pediatric allergy clinic over a 7-year period. Results Of the 584 challenges completed, 253 (43%) resulted in an allergic reaction. There were 90 milk, 56 egg, 71 peanut, 21 soy, and 15 wheat failed challenges. Of patients who failed, there were 197 (78%) cutaneous, 108 (43%) gastrointestinal, 66 (26%) oral, 67 (26%) lower respiratory, and 62 (25%) upper respiratory reactions. No patients had cardiovascular symptoms. There was no difference between foods in the severity of failed challenges or the type of treatment required to reverse symptoms. All reactions were reversible with short-acting antihistamines ± epinephrine, β-agonists, and/or corticosteroids. No children required hospitalization, and there were no deaths. Conclusions There are risks associated with food challenges, and the risks are similar for each of the foods studied. Given the benefits that result from a negative challenge, these risks are reasonable when challenges are performed under the guidance of an experienced practitioner in a properly equipped setting.
A Ddc2-Rad53 fusion protein can bypass the requirements for RAD9 and MRC1 in Rad53 activation.

Activation of Rad53p by DNA damage plays an essential role in DNA damage checkpoint pathways. Rad53p activation requires coupling of Rad53p to Mec1p through a “mediator” protein, Rad9p or Mrc1p. We sought to determine whether the mediator requirement could be circumvented by making fusion proteins between the Mec1 binding partner Ddc2p and Rad53p. Ddc2-Rad53p interacted with Mec1p and other Ddc2-Rad53p molecules under basal conditions and displayed an increased oligomerization upon DNA damage. Ddc2-Rad53p was activated in a Mec1p- and Tel1p-dependent manner upon DNA damage. Expression of Ddc2-Rad53p in Δrad9 or Δrad9Δmrc1 cells increased viability on plates containing the alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate. Ddc2-Rad53p was activated at least partially by DNA damage in Δrad9Δmrc1 cells. In addition, expression of Ddc2-Rad53p in Δrad24Δrad17Δmec3 cells increased cell survival. These results reveal minimal requirements for function of a core checkpoint signaling system.
Politics, Ideology, and Legal System Reform in Northeast Asia

Legal systems throughout East Asia are in the midst of rapid and potentially fundamental change, across a range of legal fields. This paper, prepared for a conference on the potential effects of 9/11 on legal and social change in East Asia, examines East Asian legal reforms in the areas of administrative law and corporate law. These two fields, though not often studied in tandem, both respond to a pair of competing sentiments, one which can be thought of as "neo-liberal," and the other which might be termed populist/progressive. These competing sentiments are at play as East Asian legal reforms unfold, and it is as yet unclear which of them will be more fully served once the reforms take hold in society. Complicating the picture are the effects of 9/11 on America's foreign policy, as well as the effects of the "Enron" crisis in American corporate governance, both of which have shifted America's focus on East Asian law reform from where it stood at the end of the 1990s.
3 H( 3 He, n) 5 Li reaction from 14 to 26 MeV

The excitation function for the $^{3}\mathrm{H}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, n)^{5}\mathrm{Li}$ reaction is obtained for ${E}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=14\ensuremath{-}26$ MeV at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}={20}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. The result shows a broad resonance at ${E}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=20.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ MeV. The existence of such a resonance is consistent with a resonance found in the $^{3}\mathrm{H}(^{3}\mathrm{He},{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1})^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ capture reaction.
Mechanism and function of type IV secretion during infection of the human host

Bacterial pathogens employ type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) for various purposes to aid in survival and proliferation in eukaryotic hosts. One large T4SS subfamily, the conjugation systems, confers a selective advantage to the invading pathogen in clinical settings through dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. Besides their intrinsic importance as principle contributors to the emergence of multiply drug-resistant "superbugs," detailed studies of these highly tractable systems have generated important new insights into the mode of action and architectures of paradigmatic T4SSs as a foundation for future efforts aimed at suppressing T4SS machine function. Over the past decade, extensive work on the second large T4SS subfamily, the effector translocators, has identified a myriad of mechanisms employed by pathogens to subvert, subdue, or bypass cellular processes and signaling pathways of the host cell. An overarching theme in the evolution of many effectors is that of molecular mimicry. These effectors carry domains similar to those of eukaryotic proteins and exert their effects through stealthy interdigitation of cellular pathways, often with the outcome not of inducing irreversible cell damage but rather of reversibly modulating cellular functions. This article summarizes the major developments for the actively studied pathogens with an emphasis on the structural and functional diversity of the T4SSs and the emerging common themes surrounding effector function in the human host.
Management of the Wound as Therapy for Multiple Organ Failure

The wound, defined in its broadest sense, is the common beginning feature of all injured patients. Trauma surgeons have, for the past two decades, sought to influence the subsequent course of injured patients by shortening the interval between the creation of the injury (wound) and definitive therapy: by achieving early wound closure to minimize the metabolic effects of the wound and lessen the chance for bacterial infection; and by aggressive management of the complex or infected wound to minimize the opportunity for wound-related complications. In this report, I will review the available evidence that wound management can prevent, alter, or ameliorate the multiple organ failure syndrome (MSOF).
Why inconsistency is not hell: Making room for inconsistency in science

INTRODUCTION On most accounts of belief change, inconsistent belief systems are an “epistemic hell” to be avoided at all costs (see, e.g., Gardenfors 1988, p. 51). From a normative point of view, we can perhaps understand why this is the case. The underlying logic of most theories of belief change is classical, and classical logic is explosive, that is, everything follows from a contradiction. And a belief system from which everything follows should definitely be avoided. It is certainly of not much use if one wants to determine what one should believe and what one should do. In a number of works, Issac Levi challenged this way of approaching the issue. On his view, there are contexts in which inconsistent belief systems are bound to happen. This is the case, for example, of observations. According to Levi, in some contexts it is legitimate to add a doxastic proposition to a belief system with which it is inconsistent: “Making observations and coming to fully believe propositions incompatible with one's initial convictions is a case in point” (Levi 1991, p. 68). The idea is that we may inadvertently tumble into inconsistency as the result of “deploying a reliable program for routine expansion” (ibid., p. 110), that is, as the result of adding a new belief to our belief system. In other words, descriptively at least, inconsistent belief systems simply happen, and this fact needs to be accommodated.
The Effects of Financial Flexibility Demand on Corporate Financial Decisions

Financial flexibility is a firm's ability to deploy its financial resources to meet future financing needs. Flexibility-building firms' financial decisions are geared toward building up financial flexibility --- maintain low leverage by issuing equity in order to raise cash. As firms progress and start making investments, they utilize their financial resources --- flexibility-utilizing firms increase debt and use reserved cash in order to exercise investment options. As more cash flows are generated and investment opportunities diminish, firms recharge their financial flexibility by repaying debt and increasing cash using internal funds. The findings have important implications for previously documented empirical regularities.
Investigation into cratering issue at the Au/Al interface for the thermosonic flip chip process

? Lower TSFC bond power ? less damage - Damage on Si die is more sensitive to overbonding condition ? Shorter annealing time or lower annealing temperature ? demote the growth of IMC ? less damage found ? Since process time for stud bumping process is needed, lower stud bumping temperature on Al pad is suggested ? Bumping at lower temperature (120°C) can reduce the total % damage on the Al pad, comparing to 175°C bumping
The Role of Serial Testing for Heparin/PF4 Antibodies in Evolving HITT: A Unique Phenomenon of Delayed Seroconversion with Thrombosis.

In the appropriate clinical setting, a negative ELISA test for Hep/PF4 antibodies (Ab) has traditionally been considered sufficient to rule out HIT/HITT. We describe a series of 20 cases of HIT/HITT in which the ELISA at the onset of thrombocytopenia was negative despite high (6/8) “4T’s” scores (Thrombocytopenia, Timing of thrombocytopenia in relation to heparin exposure, Thrombosis, and no oTher explanation of thrombocytopenia) but showed strong seroconversion subsequently. This suggests that the negative predictive value of the ELISA test may be too low to definitively exclude HITT. We retrospectively reviewed 494 consecutive Hep/PF4 ELISA assays (sensitivity >90%) performed on 395 patients (pts). Of the 292 pts who tested negative, 73 pts underwent repeat ELISA testing due to the development of a new thrombotic event or the persistence of strong clinical suspicion of HIT/HITT. Twenty of the 73 pts (27%) were observed to have initial negative Hep/PF4 titers (mean = 0.13) at the time of thrombocytopenia but a positive assay (mean = 1.5) on follow-up testing (figure 1 right panel). All 20 pts presented with high “4T’s” scores (6 of 8) at the time of the negative ELISA and had a history of recent heparin exposure. The M:F ratio was 11:9. Eleven pts had prior cardiopulmonary bypass while six had left ventricular assist devices. Fifteen pts (75%) had >50% drop in platelet count (figure 1 left panel). Mean platelet count at the time of negative ELISA was 71x109/l (vs. baseline mean platelet count of 171x109/l) (figure 2). Fourteen of 15 pts (for which data was available) had thrombotic events (9 arterial, 5 venous). Strong seroconversion was seen in all pts (mean = 8 days after initial test) and surprisingly, it accompanied platelet recovery in 15 of 20 pts (figure 1 left panel), with mean platelet count of 136x109/l at the time of the positive ELISA (figure 2). Argatroban was used as a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) in 16/20 pts. The prognosis was poor: 10 pts (50%) succumbed with multi-system organ failure. Conclusion: We have described 20 cases of HIT/HITT with initial negative Hep/PF4 Ab titers at the time of thrombocytopenia, followed by delayed seroconversion. This observation suggests that in the proper clinical setting one isolated negative ELISA result cannot exclude evolving HIT/HITT. Follow-up testing may be informative even as the platelet count begins to recover. As HIT/HITT may have potentially fatal outcome, clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion despite a negative serology by ELISA, especially in pts with “4T’s” scores ≥ six. Empiric treatment with DTI’s may be warranted until two consecutive ELISA tests are negative.
Conduct of an international collaborative osteosarcoma trial at centers located in a developed and developing country

9527 Background: We conducted a collaborative protocol (twinning program) for newly diagnosed patients with localized osteosarcoma (OS 99) at SJCRH (sponsor) and CMH (partner site), a public tertiary-care pediatric hospital and bone tumor center in Santiago, Chile. Methods: CMH was selected as the partner site because Chile has a well developed public health system including free treatment for children with cancer. SJCRH trained and financially supported specialized personnel and provided oversight of study conduct and monitoring. The study was approved by the respective Human Subjects Protection Committees and a Data Safety Monitoring Board. Treatment comprised 12 cycles of chemotherapy (with growth factor support) given every 3 weeks for a total of 35 weeks and definitive surgery after 4 cycles of chemotherapy. Pathology studies and selected imaging studies were centrally reviewed at SJCRH. Patient costs were covered by the Chilean Ministry of Health and SJCRH except for sargramostim which was donated b...
T(O)RMC: A Tool for (ω)-Regular Model Checking

Within the context of the verification of infinite-statesystems, "(ω)-Regular model checking" is the name ofa family of techniques in which states are represented by words,sets of states by finite automata on these objects, and transitionsby finite automata operating on pairs of state encodings, i.e.finite-state transducers. If the states are encoded by finitewords, then sets of (pairs of) states can be represented byfinite-word automata. This setting can be used to represent variousclasses of infinite-state systems, [17], including parametricsystems, FIFO-queue systems, and systems manipulating integervariables (those defined in Presburger arithmetic). When the statesare encoded by infinite words, sets of (pairs of) states arerepresented by deterministic weak Buchi automata. This settingis mainly used to represent systems involving both integer and realvariables [4,6], such as linear hybrid systems with a constantderivative.
Game-theoretic question selection for tests

Conventionally, the questions on a test are assumed to be kept secret from test takers until the test. However, for tests that are taken on a large scale, particularly asynchronously, this is very hard to achieve. For example, example TOEFL iBT and driver's license test questions are easily found online. This also appears likely to become an issue for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). In this paper, we take the loss of confidentiality as a fact. Even so, not all hope is lost as the test taker can memorize only a limited set of questions' answers, and the tester can randomize which questions appear on the test. We model this as a Stackelberg game, where the tester commits to a mixed strategy and the follower responds. We provide an exponential-size linear program formulation, prove several NP-hardness results, and give efficient algorithms for special cases.
THE EXTRA-CORPOREAL EcOLOGY OF MICROSPORIDIA

The two environments of microsporidians are: (i) the intra-corporeal, formed by the tissues of the host in which these parasites grow and multiply; and (ii) the extra-corporeal, formed by all that surrounds these tissues. Whereas these two environments are intimately related and at times inseparable, I have attempted to separate them for the purpose of discussion. It would not be profitable nor even practicable to attempt to catalog all the known information that treats some aspect of the extra-corporeal ecology of microsporidians. Therefore, I have attempted to present a cohesive overview of the subject with some examples that illustrate specific points. To provide the reader with a sense of continuity, the discussion first centers around the process of dissemination and this is followed by a commentary on other facets of microsporidian life in the extra-corporeal environment. Recent reviews that relate in part to the topic at hand are those by Canning (1970) and Maddox (1973). Reviews by Putz and McLaughlin (1970) and Sindermann (1970) also contain some information that bears upon the extra-corporeal experience of spores.
Selective Permeability of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels

Advances based on experiment and theory are converging upon a structural description of the selectivity mechanism of voltage-gated calcium channels. The emerging description differs from that for potassium channels, which make use of a stiff filter lined with main chain carbonyl oxygens that snugly fit K+ ions. Instead, calcium channels use a selectivity filter composed of the side chain carboxylate oxygen atoms of a cluster of four glutamate residues (EEEE locus). These carboxylate-bearing side chains are thought to project into the aqueous lumen of the pore where they sort Ca2+ from other would-be permeant ions. The EEEE locus is evidently flexible: it can tightly bind a single Ca2+ ion in order to block Na+ flux but rearranges to accommodate multiple Ca2+ ions in order to allow high Ca2+ flux. The four glutamates are not functionally equivalent, an observation that is suspected to be important for Ca2+ passage through the selectivity filter. This chapter summarizes the experimental results that support these conclusions and the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain how calcium channels can be at once highly selective and yet readily permeated.
Summary and Comparison of Methods

Throughout the preceding four chapters, several methods have been developed for solving problems in fractional analysis; these include the pi theorem, the method of similitude, and use of the governing equations. The last method can be divided into at least two parts: use of overall governing equations and use of detailed governing differential equations with boundary conditions. In both instances, either the complete equations or only part of them may be employed. Since the use of the differential equations incorporates all features of the use of overall and algebraic governing equations, as well as additional material, it is sufficient here to compare three distinct methods: the pi theorem, the method of similitude, and use of the governing equations.
Acoustic Assessment of an End Mill for Analysis of Tool Wear

This paper investigates and analyzes the wear on an end mill cutting tool. Current tool condition monitoring systems lack efficient and effective fault prediction and diagnosis. To achieve adoption in the machining industry, condition monitoring must be accurate, non-invasive and cost effective with a longer operational lifetime of tool wear desired. The concept in this work is to associate an acoustic signature to a tool wear condition. First, the application of a Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) as a time-frequency method to the acoustic measurement that can provide more information throughout the milling operation and gives a better representation of the signal than the conventional methods. Then a support vector machine (SVM) technique is applied as a classification approach to improve condition monitoring of the tool wear. This preliminary research’s goal is to create an accurate prognostic tool to determine tool wear condition through a noninvasive means with the ability to retrofit existing mills with the developed technology. The methodology is validated by actual end mill operation of the cutting of an aluminum workpiece at various feed rates, spindle speeds, and cutting depth.
Nec verbo verbum curabis reddere fidus interpres en la traducción de la poética horaciana de Vicente Espinel

La preceptiva poetica moderna en lengua espanola no eclosiono en Espana hasta casi la mitad del siglo XVII. Sin embargo, desde ya las dos ultimas decadas del siglo XVI comienza a percibirse en Espana algunos timidos intentos por ordenar y reglamentar ese nuevo ambiente literario de influencia mayormente italiana, pero a la vez genuinamente espanol. Bajo esta atmosfera, la preceptiva poetica en espanol se configuro a partir de muchas y variadas perspectivas de comprension y aplicacion practica. Este trabajo pretende estudiar como se construyo la traduccion al espanol del Ars Poetica horaciano publicada por Vicente Espinel como colofon a su libro de poesias, Diversas rimas, en el ano 1591, texto considerado como una de las primeras traducciones completas al espanol que se conocen de la poetica horaciana.
Ascertaining the Trajectory of Wood-Based Bioenergy Development in the United States Based on Current Economic, Social, and Environmental Constructs

Wood-based bioenergy development could play a vital role in attaining energy independence, reducing carbon emissions, and ensuring rural prosperity in the United States. An understanding of policie...
Psychobiological Responses Reveal Audiovisual Noise Differentially Challenges Speech Recognition

Objectives In noisy environments, listeners benefit from both hearing and seeing a talker, demonstrating audiovisual (AV) cues enhance speech-in-noise (SIN) recognition. Here, we examined the relative contribution of auditory and visual cues to SIN perception and the strategies used by listeners to decipher speech in noise interference(s). Design Normal-hearing listeners (n = 22) performed an open-set speech recognition task while viewing audiovisual TIMIT sentences presented under different combinations of signal degradation including visual (AVn), audio (AnV), or multimodal (AnVn) noise. Acoustic and visual noises were matched in physical signal-to-noise ratio. Eyetracking monitored participants' gaze to different parts of a talker's face during SIN perception. Results As expected, behavioral performance for clean sentence recognition was better for A-only and AV compared to V-only speech. Similarly, with noise in the auditory channel (AnV and AnVn speech), performance was aided by the addition of visual cues of the talker regardless of whether the visual channel contained noise, confirming a multimodal benefit to SIN recognition. The addition of visual noise (AVn) obscuring the talker's face had little effect on speech recognition by itself. Listeners' eye gaze fixations were biased toward the eyes (decreased at the mouth) whenever the auditory channel was compromised. Fixating on the eyes was negatively associated with SIN recognition performance. Eye gazes on the mouth versus eyes of the face also depended on the gender of the talker. Conclusions Collectively, results suggest listeners (1) depend heavily on the auditory over visual channel when seeing and hearing speech and (2) alter their visual strategy from viewing the mouth to viewing the eyes of a talker with signal degradations, which negatively affects speech perception.
The Fractured World of Leonard Cohen

Looking at Leonard Cohen’s life story and song lyrics in terms of fragment and ruin, three traumas stand out: the death of his father when Cohen was nine, coping with depression, and the aftermath of the Holocaust. The concepts of the psychic crypt and the phantom effect delineated by Abraham and Torok highlight links between Cohen’s life and lyrics, between intergenerational trauma and text. The second section of the essay deals briefly with Cohen as a belated Romantic and the neglected parallels between his use of images and visual, particularly collage, art. The final sections treat the condition of the heart theme in Cohen’s lyrics in spiritual terms and in relation to social issues tracing out the implications of Cohen’s contrast between “Babylon” and “Boogie Street.”
Post-operative imaging anatomy in liver transplantation

The article describes and illustrates the surgical techniques and the post-operative imaging anatomy in liver transplantation. Special attention is paid to the variant vascular and biliary anatomy that are important for surgical planning. Considering the ever-growing number of liver transplants performed and the key role that imaging plays in the pre-operative planning and post-operative assessment, it is important for the radiologist to be familiar with the surgical techniques and the normal post-operative appearance in these patients.
A new pathway for forming acetate and synthesizing ATP during fermentation in bacteria

ABSTRACT Many bacteria and other organisms form acetate during fermentation. Forming acetate from high energy-precursors (acetyl-CoA or acetyl phosphate) is one of the few ways that fermentative bacteria generate ATP. Here we found a biochemical pathway for forming acetate and synthesizing ATP that was unknown in bacteria. We found the bacterium Cutibacterium granulosum formed acetate during fermentation of glucose. With enzymatic assays, we showed it formed acetate using a pathway involving two enzymes. The first enzyme, succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase (SCACT), forms acetate from acetyl-CoA. The second enzyme, succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), synthesizes ATP. This pathway is common in eukaryotes, but it has not been found in bacteria or other organisms. We found two related bacteria (C. acnes and Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici) also used this pathway. None used the most common pathway for forming acetate in bacteria (involving acetate kinase and phosphotransacetylase). The SCACT/SCS pathway may be used by many bacteria, not just C. granulosum and relatives. When we searched genomes for bacteria known to form acetate, we found over 1/6 encoded this pathway. These bacteria belong to 104 different species and subspecies in 12 different phyla. With this discovery, all five pathways known to form acetate and ATP during fermentation can be found in bacteria. This discovery is important to manipulating fermentation and to the evolution of biochemical pathways.
Continent-Scale Sampling Reveals Fine-Scale Turnover in a Beneficial Bug Symbiont

Many members of animal-associated microbial communities, including the gut flora, are acquired from their host's environment. While many of these communities are species rich, some true bugs (Hemiptera) in the superfamilies Lygaeoidea and Coreidae allow only ingested Burkholderia to colonize and reproduce in a large portion of the midgut. We studied the spatial structuring of Burkholderia associated with a widespread omnivorous bug genus, Jalysus (Berytidae). We sampled Wickham's stilt bug, Jalysus wickhami, across the United States and performed limited sampling of its sister species, the spined stilt bug Jalysus spinosus. We asked: (1) What Burkholderia strains are hosted by Jalysus at different locations? (2) Does host insect species, host plant species, or location influence the strain these insects acquire? (3) How does Burkholderia affect the development and reproductive fitness of J. wickhami? We found: (1) Sixty-one Burkholderia strains were present across a sample of 352 individuals, but one strain dominated, accounting for almost half of all symbiont reads. Most strains were closely related to other hemipteran Burkholderia symbionts. (2) Many individuals hosted more than one strain of Burkholderia. (3) J. wickhami and J. spinosus did not differ in the strains they hosted. (4) Insects that fed on different plant species tended to host different Burkholderia, but this accounted for only 4% of the variation in strains hosted. In contrast, the location at which an insect was collected explained 27% of the variation in symbiont strains. (5) Burkholderia confers important fitness benefits to J. wickhami. In laboratory experiments, aposymbiotic (Burkholderia-free) insects developed more slowly and laid fewer eggs than symbiotic (Burkholderia-colonized) insects. (6) In the lab, nymphs sometimes acquired Burkholderia via indirect exposure to adults, indicating that horizontal symbiont transmission can occur via adult insect-mediated enrichment of Burkholderia in the local environment - a phenomenon not previously reported in bug-Burkholderia relationships. Taken together, the results suggest that for these bugs, critical nutritional requirements are outsourced to a highly diverse and spatially structured collection of Burkholderia strains acquired from the environment and, occasionally, from conspecific adults.
Conflict of Interest in the Fyre Festival Documentaries: For Media Ethics, Cases and Controversies

It should come as no surprise that a music and arts festival dogged by scandal would lead to two separate documentaries that each raise ethical concerns. The 2017 demise of the Fyre Festival, a wou...
Dynamics of HfZrO 2 Ferroelectric Structures: Experiments and Models

We have carried out a detailed experimental study of the switching dynamics of HfZrO 2 Metal-Ferroelectric-Metal (MFM) and Metal-Ferroelectric-Insulator-Metal (MFIM) structures. In order to extract the intrinsic dynamic response, our experimental methodology has paid close attention to minimizing and calibrating all circuit and sample parasitics. In MFM structures, we have found no evidence of negative capacitance (NC) effect. A new dynamic model based on the multi-domain Preisach model describes well all observed behavior including major and minor charge-voltage loops. Our study also reveals the crucial role that parasitics play in the observed device dynamics and can explain claims of NC effects in MFM structures in the literature. In our MFIM structures, we observe clear NC behavior. We not only confirm the transient quasi-static S-like ferroelectric (FE) charge-field behavior described in the literature, but for the first time, we report a dynamic response that displays a hysteretic behavior in the NC region. A model based on the Landau-Khalatnikov (L-K) equation that incorporates FE dynamics via a phenomenological frictional resistance adequately describes the observed results when that resistance is made dependent on the direction of the voltage drive vs. time. Mitigation of this hysteretic NC behavior will be crucial for the harnessing of NC in practical MOSFETs.
SpartQA: : A Textual Question Answering Benchmark for Spatial Reasoning

This paper proposes a question-answering (QA) benchmark for spatial reasoning on natural language text which contains more realistic spatial phenomena not covered by prior work and is challenging for state-of-the-art language models (LM). We propose a distant supervision method to improve on this task. Specifically, we design grammar and reasoning rules to automatically generate a spatial description of visual scenes and corresponding QA pairs. Experiments show that further pretraining LMs on these automatically generated data significantly improves LMs' capability on spatial understanding, which in turn helps to better solve two external datasets, bAbI, and boolQ. We hope that this work can foster investigations into more sophisticated models for spatial reasoning over text.
Management of a Woman at Elevated Risk for Breast Cancer

Early breast cancer detection decreases mortality. As a result, it is imperative that primary care physicians are able to identify those individuals who are at an increased risk for breast cancer and understand how to help the patients manage that risk. Hereditary cancer syndromes in particular are dangerous and under-recognized. Various risk assessment tools are available for patients who are not at hereditary risk to help determine who may be eligible for enhanced screening or those who may benefit from preventive medication, and many imaging centers have now incorporated a form of risk assessment with associated recommendations into their reporting structure. Some patients even wish to consider risk-reducing surgery, which requires special counseling and support. All women should be risk stratified as early as possible so that those at a high risk can benefit from risk-stratified care. The management of patients at increased risk for the development of breast cancer has become increasingly challenging and nuanced with the exploding field of germline genetic testing and its implications for personalized care, and an increasing number of available options for high-quality supplemental breast imaging, particularly for the patient with dense breast tissue. This chapter aims to outline the identification and management of the high-risk patient, focusing on salient genetic and nongenetic risk factors, available options for risk management, and recommendations for risk modification for all women.
Acute Csk inhibition hinders B cell activation by constraining the PI3 kinase pathway

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling are initiated and tightly regulated by Src-family kinases (SFKs). SFKs positively regulate TCR signaling in naive T cells but have both positive and negative regulatory roles in BCR signaling in naive B cells. The proper regulation of their activities depends on the opposing actions of receptor tyrosine phosphatases CD45 and CD148 and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase Csk. Csk is a major negative regulator of SFKs. Using a PP1-analog-sensitive Csk (CskAS) system, we have previously shown that inhibition of CskAS increases SFK activity, leading to augmentation of responses to weak TCR stimuli in T cells. However, the effects of Csk inhibition in B cells were not known. In this study, we surprisingly found that inhibition of CskAS led to marked inhibition of BCR-stimulated cytoplasmic free calcium increase and Erk activation despite increased SFK activation in B cells, contrasting the effects observed in T cells. Further investigation revealed that acute CskAS inhibition suppressed BCR-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) production in B cells. Restoring PIP3 levels in B cells by CD19 cross-linking or SHIP1 deficiency eliminated the negative regulatory effect of CskAS inhibition. This reveals the critical role of Csk in maintaining an appropriate level of SFK activity and regulating PIP3 amounts as a means of compensating for SFK fluctuations to prevent inappropriate B cell activation. This regulatory mechanism controlling PIP3 amounts may also contribute to B cell anergy and self-tolerance.
"Because we missed the way that we eat at the middle of the day:" Dietary acculturation and food routines among Dominican women.

Abstract Better understanding of dietary change mechanisms among growing immigrant populations is needed in light of increased risk for diet-related chronic health conditions and inconsistent associations between acculturation and diet. This grounded theory research aimed to understand the lived experiences of interactions between food culture and social, economic, and physical environments in an immigrating population, Dominican women living in the Dominican Republic and New York City. Twenty-nine Dominican women participated in qualitative interviews about food and eating behaviors, life course experiences, and environments. Daily food and eating routines, framed by shopping for, preparation of, and consumption of ‘la comida’ or the main meal, emerged as dominant themes reflecting differences in women's economic, social, and physical environments. Routines were shaped by employment, household characteristics, and the food environment. Participating women attributed weight gain to changes in their food routines following immigration. The construction, disruption, and reconstruction of food and eating routines in response to differing economic, social, and physical environments in the sending and the receiving cultures provided new insights into the relationship between structural and cultural contexts of food and eating in an immigrant population. A food routines framework provides new insights into behavioral and weight changes with immigration.
Stress, Mattering, and Health

A central concern of social stress research is to understand the diverse psychosocial resources that condition the influence of stress exposure on health and well-being. As articulated in the stress process, positive self-conceptions are thought to act as mediators and moderators of stress, which in turn diminish the deleterious impact of stress on mental and physical health. In this regard, self-concepts such as mastery and self-esteem have consistently emerged in the literature as playing significant and powerful buffering roles against stressors. Mattering, on the other hand, despite its demonstrated efficacy in protecting against manifestations of stress, has received far less attention as a critical intervening link in the stress–health relationship. This entry provides an overview of the conceptual and methodological issues that have guided research on mattering before elaborating on findings related to mattering's role in the connection between social stress and health-related outcomes. Keywords: mattering; mental health; self-concept; social support; stress
Information analysis of linear interactions in contingency tables

The use of the minimum discrimination information (MDI) approach in studying null hypotheses of no interactions on a linear scale in contingency tables is illustrated. Quadratic approximations to the MDI statistic are shown to be related to Waid-type statistics and Neyman's modified chi-square. Follow up analyses when the null hypothesis is not satisfied are illustrated .
On-chip inductor structures: a comparative study

A comparative study of on-chip inductor structures is presented. Four inductor structures are compared for variations in geometry, modes of excitation, and substrate resistivity. An analytical SPICE-compatible distributed element compact model is also presented.