cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmental variability of the trabecular meshwork in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

Purpose Although numerous studies have examined morphologic changes in the trabecular meshwork of glaucomatous eyes, few have systematically looked for segmental variations around the circumference of the meshwork. If segmental variations occur, studies based on random sections or on single trabeculectomy specimens may not give a complete picture of the histologic changes in glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of segmental variability in human trabecular meshwork. Methods Eyes from five normal donors and eyes from five donors with primary open-angle glaucoma were obtained at autopsy. Histologic sections of each quadrant from nine of the normal eyes and eight of the glaucomatous eyes were analyzed. Light microscopy was used to measure the length of Schlemm's canal, the thickness of the trabecular lamellae, and the area of empty space in the juxtacanalicular (JCT) region. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the thickness of the JCT and the ultrastructural components of the JCT, which were quantitated with a computerized image analysis system. Ultrastructural analysis included JCT area, area of empty space, area of empty space touching Schlemm's canal, area of solid tissue, and area of sheath and tendon material. Results Differences among quadrants were qualitative rather than quantitative, because significant variations in structure were not found within single eyes. The variability among quadrants was similar for normal and glaucomatous eyes, with a coefficient of variation of approximately 20% for most tissue components. A greater variability was found for the thickness of the JCT. The largest variability was found for the area of empty space touching Schlemm's canal: 81.4% for normal eyes and 86.5% for glaucomatous eyes. No quadrant had consistently higher or lower values of any parameter. The length of Schlemm's canal did not differ significantly between normal and glaucomatous eyes (normal: 256.6 +/- 66.0 microns, glaucomatous: 298.8 +/- 57.7 microns), nor did the mean thickness of the trabecular lamellae (normal: 4.7 +/- 0.8 microns, glaucomatous: 4.8 +/- 0.5 microns). Light microscopy underestimated the total amount of empty space in the JCT by 20% compared with electron microscopy. Conclusions Significant segmental differences were not found within single eyes in either normal or glaucomatous eyes. The magnitude of the variability of most tissue components was similar for normal and glaucomatous eyes. The most variable component was the area of empty space touching Schlemm's canal, which may represent the effective pathway for aqueous flow to enter Schlemm's canal. Future quantitative studies of the JCT should include samples from at least three quadrants per eye. Quantitative analysis of the JCT from a single quadrant, as occurs in the study of trabeculectomy specimens, may overestimate or underestimate the amount of solid tissue or empty space by 200%.
Do I take the job?: Assessing fit with the organization

Abstract Purpose A good ‘fit’ with an organization is critical to a leader's success yet when searching for a new position assessment an evaluation of many aspects may be overlooked, such as culture. This paper presents key considerations around ‘fit’ that applicants for leadership positions should consider prior to, during, and after the interview. Suggestions are provided on how to approach an evaluation of ‘fit’. Conclusion The importance of assessing individual fit with an organization prior to accepting a leadership position cannot be over-emphasized.
Graph-Constrained Sparse Construction of Longitudinal Diffusion-Weighted Infant Atlases.

Constructing longitudinal diffusion-weighted atlases of infant brains poses additional challenges due to the small brain size and the dynamic changes in the early developing brains. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework for constructing longitudinally-consistent diffusion-weighted infant atlases with improved preservation of structural details and diffusion characteristics. In particular, instead of smoothing diffusion signals by simple averaging, our approach fuses the diffusion-weighted images in a patch-wise manner using sparse representation with a graph constraint that encourages spatiotemporal consistency. Diffusion-weighted atlases across time points are jointly constructed for patches that are correlated in time and space. Compared with existing methods, including the one using sparse representation with \(l_{2,1}\) regularization, our approach generates longitudinal infant atlases with much richer and more consistent features of the developing infant brain, as shown by the experimental results.
Computed Tomographic Angiography of the Pancreas in Cats with Chronic Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Normal Cats.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy in cats. No known diagnostic test or patient characteristic at the time of diagnosis can predict likely disease course, unlike in people in whom computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is used. No published data exist regarding the CTA appearance of the pancreas in cats with DM, and thus, it is unknown what if any CTA variables should be further assessed for associations with pancreatic endocrine function. Hypothesis/objectives A significant difference in pancreatic attenuation, volume, and size will be identified between normal cats and those with chronic DM on CTA. Animals Ten healthy control cats and 15 cats with naturally occurring DM present for >12 months. Methods Prospective cross-sectional study comparing pancreatic attenuation, enhancement pattern, size, volume, pancreatic volume-to-body weight ratio (V:BW), pancreatic arterial: portal phase ratio (A:P), time-to-arterial enhancement, and time-to-peak portal enhancement on CTA between sedated healthy control cats and those with chronic DM. Results The pancreas in cats with chronic DM was significantly larger, had higher volume, higher V:BW, and shorter time-to-peak portal enhancement on CTA when compared to normal cats. Conclusions and clinical importance Peak portal enhancement time, pancreatic size, pancreatic volume, and V:BW can be used to differentiate normal sedated cats from those with chronic DM by CTA. These variables warrant further investigation to identify possible associations with endocrine function.
Modelling and Cell Growth

In this chapter, mathematical models of cell growth will be studied. It has been observed that cells can exhibit no growth (nerve cells), constant growth (bone marrow stem cells, intestinal crypt cells and epithelial cells) and variable growth (liver cells). Some cell populations just decay, like adult ovary cells which never divide but are released periodically. Section 3 contains some of these growth laws and their generalization.
Abstract 246: Incidence and Outcomes of Rearrest Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Rearrest (RA) occurs when a patient experiences cardiac arrest after successfully achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The incidence and outcomes of RA following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been estimated in limited local studies. We sought to investigate the incidence and outcomes of RA over a broad geographic area. Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. We obtained case data from EMS-treated, non-traumatic OHCA from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, a multi-site clinical research network conducting population level surveillance of OHCA in 11 cities in the US and Canada. The study cohort comprised all OHCA cases surveilled between 2006 and 2008 at ROC sites and having prehospital ROSC. We used three methods to ascertain RA incidence among these cases: direct signal analysis, indirect cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) process analysis, and emergency department arrival vital status. RA incidence was estimated as the proportion of cases with ROSC that experience RA. Regional RA estimates were compared with the Chi-Squared test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between RA and survival to hospital discharge. Results: Out of 18,937 cases of EMS-assessed OHCA captured between 2006 and 2008, 11,456 (60.5%) cases were treated by EMS and 4,396 (38.4%) had prehospital ROSC. Of these, sufficient data were available for RA ascertainment in 3,253 cases, with 568 (17.5%) experiencing RA. Regional RA incidence varied significantly from 10.2% to 21.2% (p Conclusions: In this geographically broad and inferentially conservative analysis, RA occurred on average in 1 of every 6 successfully resuscitated patients, though incidence varied significantly across 10 sites in North America. RA was found to be inversely associated with survival to hospital discharge.
Nutrient Sensing: Cellular Metabolism

The regulation of energy balance and metabolic processes critically involves circuits within the central nervous system (CNS). These circuits respond to changes in stored fuel primarily in the form of adipose tissue, but must also respond to changes in levels of available fuel. A wide range of evidence links key cellular fuel-sensing pathways as an important part of this process. Both adenosine monophosphate kinase and the mammalian Target of Rapamycin protein are regulated in the CNS by fluctuations in available fuel, and their activity can change food intake and body weight. Moreover, both appear to be important CNS mediators for hormonal signals (such as leptin) that signal levels of stored fuel. Hence these cellular fuel-sensitive pathways appear to integrate information about stored and available fuel, to regulate metabolic processes and provide novel hypotheses about the underlying etiology of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Motivations and Scope

Natural and manufactured materials generally exhibit an irreversible deformation behavior such that when an applied load is removed only a fraction of deformation is recovered. The extent of reversible deformation is called the elastic range, whereas the extent of irreversible or inelastic deformation, or yield, is the plastic range. The elastic range depends on the properties of a given material: rubber, for example, can experience very large deformation and still stay within the elastic range, whereas steel yields at a much smaller strain. The mechanisms responsible for irreversible deformation also varies from one material to another.
The Secret Sauce: How Developmental Relationships Shape the Leadership Journeys of Women Leaders in Christian Higher Education

Although women are now graduating in greater percentages then men at all degree levels—associate through doctorate—the senior-level leadership on most postsecondary campuses in the United States co...
Repeated Evolution of Herbivorous Crocodyliforms during the Age of Dinosaurs

Extinct crocodyliforms from the age of dinosaurs (Mesozoic Era) display an impressive range of skeletal morphologies, suggesting a diversity of ecological roles not found in living representatives [1-6]. In particular, unusual dental morphologies develop repeatedly through the evolutionary history of this group [2, 4-9]. Recent descriptions of fossil crocodyliforms and their unusual teeth provide the inferential basis for a wide range of feeding ecologies. However, tests of these hypotheses are hindered by the lack of directly comparable dental morphologies in living reptiles and mammals, thereby preventing an accurate ecosystem reconstruction. Here, we demonstrate, using a combination of the orientation patch count rotated method and discrete morphological features, that Mesozoic crocodyliforms exploited a much greater range of feeding ecologies than their extant relatives, including likely omnivores and herbivores. These results also indicate that crocodyliforms independently developed high-complexity dentitions a minimum of three times. Some taxa possess teeth that surpass the complexities of living herbivorous lizards and rival those of omnivorous and herbivorous mammals. This study indicates that herbivorous crocodyliforms were more common than previously thought and were present throughout the Mesozoic and on most continents. The occurrence of multiple origins of complex dentitions throughout Crocodyliformes indicates that herbivory was a beneficial dietary strategy and not a unique occurrence. Many of these crocodyliforms lived alongside omnivorous or herbivorous synapsids, illustrating an ecological partition that is not observed today.
What is A Robot Swarm: A Definition for Swarming Robotics

The swarm, a type of multi-agent system, has enjoyed a recent surge in popularity within the autonomous robotics field. Despite a variety of theoretical and simulated research work in the area of swarm theory and multi-agent artificial intelligence, the practical use of swarms remains limited. Though many limiting factors lie on the technical front, one limiting factor may be a lack of appreciation for swarm capabilities and applications as opposed to those of conventional robotics. To help address the latter limiting factor, this paper proposes a definition of a swarm in the context of autonomous robotics, describes many real-world problems that can be addressed through use of swarms, and details current applications of swarming robotic systems.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Food Insecurity in Adulthood: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

Abstract Purpose Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with food insecurity in childhood and adolescence. A growing body of research also finds ACEs are associated with deleterious health outcomes in adulthood. However, research has not investigated whether ACEs have consequences for food insecurity among young adults. The present study examines the association between individual and cumulative ACE exposure and food insecurity among young adults. Furthermore, we assess whether income, physical disability, depressive symptoms, and substance use reduces the magnitude of this association. Methods Data are from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,288). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between ACEs and food insecurity. The Karlson–Holm–Breen method was used to test for confounding effects. Results An accumulation of ACEs is associated with a higher odds of experiencing food insecurity. After adjusting for baseline control variables, being exposed to four or more ACEs was associated with a 3.4-fold increase in the odds of food insecurity in young adulthood relative to being exposed to no ACEs. Depressive symptoms, income, and drug use were found to partially reduce the magnitude of this association. Conclusions ACEs carry consequences for well-being and serve as an antecedent to food insecurity in young adulthood. Developing interventions such as expanding access to nutrition assistance programs for ACE-exposed populations may yield benefits for alleviating food insecurity and promoting greater health equity.
Is Too Much System Caution Counterproductive? Effects of Varying Sensitivity and Automation Levels in Vehicle Collision Avoidance Systems

Autonomous vehicle system performance is limited by uncertainties inherent in the driving environment and challenges in processing sensor data. Engineers thus face the design decision of biasing systems toward lower sensitivity to potential threats (more misses) or higher sensitivity (more false alarms). We explored this problem for Automatic Emergency Braking systems in Level 3 autonomous vehicles, where the driver is required to monitor the system for failures. Participants (N=48) drove through a simulated suburban environment and experienced detection misses, perfect performance, or false alarms. We found that driver vigilance was greater for less-sensitive braking systems, resulting in improved performance during a potentially fatal failure. In addition, regardless of system bias, greater levels of autonomy resulted in significantly worse driver performance. Our results demonstrate that accounting for the effects of system bias on driver vigilance and performance will be critical design considerations as vehicle autonomy levels increase.
The Basis of Peracetic Acid Inactivation Mechanisms for Rotavirus and Tulane Virus under Conditions Relevant for Vegetable Sanitation.

ABSTRACT We determined the disinfection efficacy and inactivation mechanisms of peracetic acid (PAA)-based sanitizer using pH values relevant for vegetable sanitation against rotavirus (RV) and Tulane virus (TV; a human norovirus surrogate). TV was significantly more resistant to PAA disinfection than RV: for a 2-log10 reduction of virus titer, RV required 1 mg/liter PAA for 3.5 min of exposure, while TV required 10 mg/liter PAA for 30 min. The higher resistance of TV can be explained, in part, by significantly more aggregation of TV in PAA solutions. The PAA mechanisms of virus inactivation were explored by quantifying (i) viral genome integrity and replication using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and (ii) virus-host receptor interactions using a cell-free binding assay with porcine gastric mucin conjugated with magnetic beads (PGM-MBs). We observed that PAA induced damage to both RV and TV genomes and also decreased virus-receptor interactions, with the latter suggesting that PAA damages viral proteins important for binding its host cell receptors. Importantly, the levels of genome-versus-protein damage induced by PAA were different for each virus. PAA inactivation correlated with higher levels of RV genome damage than of RV-receptor interactions. For PAA-treated TV, the opposite trends were observed. Thus, PAA inactivates each of these viruses via different molecular mechanisms. The findings presented here potentially contribute to the design of a robust sanitation strategy for RV and TV using PAA to prevent foodborne disease. IMPORTANCE In this study, we examined the inactivation mechanisms of peracetic acid (PAA), a sanitizer commonly used for postharvest vegetable washing, for two enteric viruses: Tulane virus (TV) as a human norovirus surrogate and rotavirus (RV). PAA disinfection mechanisms for RV were mainly due to genome damage. In contrast, PAA disinfection in TV was due to damage of the proteins important for binding to its host receptor. We also observed that PAA triggered aggregation of TV to a much greater extent than RV. These studies demonstrate that different viruses are inactivated via different PAA mechanisms. This information is important for designing an optimal sanitation practice for postharvest vegetable washing to minimize foodborne viral diseases.
Pore-resolved simulations of porous media combustion with conjugate heat transfer

Abstract Porous media combustion (PMC) is an active field of research with a number of potential advantages over free-flame combustors. A key contributor to these phenomena is the interphase heat exchange and heat recirculation from the products upstream to the reactants. In this paper, we present a network model that captures the conjugate heat transfer in pore-resolved 2D simulations of PMC. A series of simulations are presented with varying solid conduction and inlet velocity to isolate the role of conjugate heat transfer on the salient features of the burner, including flame stability, axial temperature profiles, and flame structure. We show that both the flame stabilization and the propagation behavior are strongly related to the conjugate heat transfer, and the flame stability regime is shifted to higher velocities as the conductivity of the solid material is increased.
The Whiteness pandemic behind the racism pandemic: Familial Whiteness socialization in Minneapolis following #GeorgeFloyd's murder.

Family socialization into the centuries-old culture of Whiteness-involving colorblindness, passivity, and fragility-perpetrates and perpetuates U.S. racism, reflecting an insidious Whiteness pandemic. As a poignant case study, this mixed methods study examined Whiteness socialization among White mothers (N = 392, M = 37.99 years, SD = 4.34) in Minneapolis, Minnesota in the month following the May 2020 police killing of unarmed Black resident, George Floyd. Using Helms' (1984, 2017) White racial identity development theory (WRID), content analyses of qualitative responses classified participants into lower versus higher levels of WRID, after which thematic analyses compared their Whiteness socialization beliefs/values, attitudes, practices, and emotions, and analyses of variance compared their demographics, multiculturalism, and psychological distress. There was strong convergence across qualitative and quantitative findings and results aligned with the WRID model. Racially silent participants (i.e., no mention of Floyd's murder or subsequent events on open-ended questions: 53%) had lower multiculturalism scores and lower psychological distress. Among mothers who were racially responsive (i.e., mentioned Floyd's murder or subsequent events: 47%), those with more advanced WRID (17%) had higher multiculturalism scores; lower ethnic group protectiveness scores; a more effective coping style featuring empathy, moral outrage, and hope; more color- and power-conscious socialization beliefs/values; and more purposeful racial socialization practices than their less advanced peers (30%). Collectively, color-evasion and power-evasion-pathogens of the Whiteness pandemic-are inexorably transmitted within families, with White parents serving as carriers to their children unless they take active preventive measures rooted in antiracism and equity-promotion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
A(DP)^2SGD: Asynchronous Decentralized Parallel Stochastic Gradient Descent with Differential Privacy.

As deep learning models are usually massive and complex, distributed learning is essential for increasing training efficiency. Moreover, in many real-world application scenarios like healthcare, distributed learning can also keep the data local and protect privacy. Recently, the asynchronous decentralized parallel stochastic gradient descent (ADPSGD) algorithm has been proposed and demonstrated to be an efficient and practical strategy where there is no central server, so that each computing node onlycommunicates with its neighbors. Although no raw data will be transmitted across different local nodes, there is still a risk of informationleak during the communication process for malicious participants to make attacks. In this paper, we present a differentially privateversion of asynchronous decentralized parallel SGD framework, or A(DP)2SGD for short, which maintains communication efficiency ofADPSGD and prevents the inference from malicious participants. Specifically, R enyi differential privacy is used to provide tighterprivacy analysis for our composite Gaussian mechanisms while the convergence rate is consistent with the non-private version.Theoretical analysis shows A(DP)2SGD also converges at the optimalO(1/T)rate as SGD. Empirically, A(DP)2SGD achievescomparable model accuracy as the differentially private version of Synchronous SGD (SSGD) but runs much faster than SSGD inheterogeneous computing environments.
Users' Continuance Participation in the Online Peer-to-peer Healthcare Community: A Text Mining Approach

The online peer-to-peer healthcare communities are known as the platform where dispersed groups of patients and their families query information, seek and offer support, and connect with others. The success of such communities relies on users’ ongoing involvement to generate benefits for both individuals and the communities. This study attempts to understand users’ continuance participation in online peer-to-peer healthcare community by classifying users’ goals of participation based on the usergenerated text contents. We proposed a rule-based classification framework to categorize users’ goals of posting contents into four categories: information seeking, experience sharing, information sharing, and social interaction. We formalize and test the relationship between users’ continuance participation and all four posting goals, and find that the first three goals have significant impact on users’ continuance participation. Our findings can help researchers and practitioners better understand users’ behavior in the online peer-to-peer healthcare community.
Education for Sustainability in Primary Mathematics Education

Four mathematics-related issues of common concern to both Australia and New Zealand all reside in the need for students: (i) to have a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts; (ii) to develop the skills they need in order to transfer mathematical understandings across varied contexts and settings; (iii) to be presented with mathematical tasks that are student-centred; and (iv) to develop an understanding of the breadth of sustainability issues that enable them to take positive action in their daily lives.
Computer programs for nucleic acids studies: Atomic coordinates of helices and their graphic display

Abstract For the purpose of calculation of NMR and other physicochemical properties of nucleic acids, a computer program in FORTRAN language has been written. This program provides the printout of the Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates of all atoms of a double-stranded helix of nucleic acid in either A, A′ or B conformation with any specified base sequence up to 50 nucleotides or longer. In addition, the interatomic distances between any two atoms or distances (with both perpendicular and parallel components) from the centers of the base rings to any atom in the helix can be calculated. This information has been used for the calculation of the ring current effects on the 1H chemical shift of two short helices. Satisfactory agreement has been found in the comparison between the present data and that obtained from model construction and from the table prepared by Arter and Schmidt [1]. The structure of the helix can also be illustrated in graphic form on a Tektronix 4006 CRT terminal. The presentation can be manipulated, such as selection, enlargement, translation and rotation.
Anhydrous nitric acid integrated absorption cross sections: 820–5300 cm−1

Abstract Fourier transform infrared absorbance measurements of small aliquots of anhydrous nitric acid were used to determine regional, integrated cross sections at 278.2, 298.22 and 323.15 K . Spectra were recorded with pressure broadened samples (1 atmosphere nitrogen), in a 20 cm path length cell at a spectral resolution of 0.112 cm −1 . Spectral regions measured include the vibrational bands: ν 1 (∼3552 cm −1 ) , ν 2 (∼1710 cm −1 ) , ν3, ν 4 (∼1320 cm −1 ) , and ν5, 2ν 9 (∼890 cm −1 ) and regions of weaker absorption between 820 and 5300 cm −1 . We observe expected changes in the distribution of rovibrational intensities with temperature, but to the accuracy of our measurements, cross-sections integrated over entire vibrational bands are independent of temperature.
Bifurcation of Relative Equilibria in the Main Problem of Artificial Satellite Theory for a Prolate Body

In this paper, we study circular orbits of the J2 problem that are confined to constant-z planes. They correspond to fixed points of the dynamics in a meridian plane. It turns out that, in the case of a prolate body, such orbits can exist that are not equatorial and branch from the equatorial one through a saddle-center bifurcation. A closed-form parametrization of these branching solutions is given and the bifurcation is studied in detail. We show both theoretically and numerically that, close to the bifurcation point, quasi-periodic orbits are created, along with two families of reversible orbits that are homoclinic to each one of them.
Total Aromatic Amino Acid Requirement, Phenylalanine Requirement and Tyrosine Replacement Value for Fingerling Channel Catfish

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the aromatic amino acid requirement, the tyrosine replacement value for phenylalanine and the phenylalanine requirement under conditions of adequate tyrosine for fingerling channel catfish. Effects of excessive dietary levels of tyrosine were also investigated. The studies were conducted utilizing casein and gelatinbased diets supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to correspond to the pattern of 24% whole egg protein. Based on 8-week growth studies, the total dietary aromatic amino acid requirement for fingerling channel catfish was approximately 1.20 +/- 0.06% (50% of the dietary protein) of which about 50% could be supplied by tyrosine. The phenylalanine requirement per se, based on growth and feed efficiency, was determined to be 0.47 +/- 0.02% and 0.49 +/- 0.02%, respectively. High dietary levels of tyrosine (up to 10%) did not adversely affect performance of fingerling channel catfish. It appears that neither serum-free phenylalanine nor serum-free tyrosine can be used to accurately predict dietary aromatic amino acid adequacy for the fingerling channel catfish.
Conduction of the dorsal digital branches of the radial nerve to the long finger

Abstract Orthodromic conduction of the radial nerve digital branches to the third digit from the anatomic snuffbox has rarely been described. This paper describes a technique for measuring conduction of the lateral and medial digital branches of the radial nerve to the third digit at a distance of 10cm from the base of the digit to the anatomic snuffbox. An evoked response from the lateral digital branch was recorded in each of the 56 nerves tested. Responses had an average latency of 2.10±.18msec. Responses from the medial digital branches of the nerve were obtained in only 55% of the 49 nerves tested. Responses had an average latency of 2.11±.21msec. When no appreciable response was recorded at the anatomic snuffbox from the medial digital branch, a response was recorded from the ulnar nerve at the volar wrist at 14cm.
Protease-Activated Receptors: Mechanisms by Which Proteases Sensitize TRPV Channels to Induce Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain

Proteolytic enzymes comprise approximately 2 percent of the human genome [1]. Given their abundance, it is not surprising that proteases have diverse biological functions, ranging from the degradation of proteins in lysosomes to the control of physiological processes such as the coagulation cascade. However, a subset of serine proteases (possessing serine residues within their catalytic sites), which may be soluble in the extracellular fluid or tethered to the plasma membrane, are signaling molecules that can specifically regulate cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These serine proteases include members of the coagulation cascade (e.g., thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa), proteases from inflammatory cells (e.g., mast cell tryptase, neutrophil cathepsin G), and proteases from epithelial tissues and neurons (e.g., trypsins). They are often generated or released during injury and inflammation, and they cleave PARs on multiple cell types, including platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, myocytes, fibroblasts, and cells of the nervous system. Activated PARs regulate many essential physiological processes, such as hemostasis, inflammation, pain, and healing. These proteases and their receptors have been implicated in human disease and are potentially important targets for therapy. Proteases and PARs participate in regulating most organ systems and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews [2, 3]. Within the central and peripheral nervous systems, proteases and PARs can control neuronal and astrocyte survival, proliferation and morphology, release of neurotransmitters, and the function and activity of ion channels, topics that have also been comprehensively reviewed [4, 5]. This chapter specifically concerns the ability of PARs to regulate TRPV channels of sensory neurons and thereby affect neurogenic inflammation and pain transmission [6, 7].
The convergence of fiscal regimes and the decline of the Tiebout effect

I have argued that the spatial convergence of per capita incomes and income distributions lead to the spatial convergence of fiscal regimes and that convergence diminishes opportunities for Tiebout-type moves in the economy. Considerable empirical evidence confirms the hypothesis. States with relatively low initial levels of taxation have had relatively higher growth rates of taxation. Low per capita income states have had higher growth rates of real per capita incomes than have had high per capita income states. The high economic growth rate states have had lower growth rates of taxation than the low income growth rate states. Spatial convergence of per capita incomes is associated with spatial convergence of fiscal regimes. Furthermore, there has been a spatial convergence in income distributions. Increased equality of income empirically is associated with increased size of the fiscal regime, confirming the public choice insight. The spatial convergence of fiscal regimes has diminished the gains from Tiebout-type moves. As such, fiscal convergence diminishes the opportunity for citizen-voters to reveal their preference for collective goods through migration. Of course, at the limit, where per capita incomes and the income distribution are invariant spatially, the spatial convergence of fiscal regimes makes the Musgrave-Samuelson problem of revealed preference for collective goods as intractable at the state and local levels as at the national level. Tiebout-type moves no longer allow escape from Leviathan.
Reconstruction and Decomposition Algorithms for Biorthogonal Multiwavelets

We construct biorthogonal multiwavelets (abbreviated to wavelets) in a weighted Hilbert space L^2(E,\rho) where E is a compact subset in \bR^d. A recursive formula for biorthogonal wavelet construction is presented. The construction of the initial wavelets is reformulated as the solution of a certain matrix completion problem. A general solution of the matrix completion problem is identified and expressed conveniently in terms of any given particular solution. Several particular solutions are proposed. Reconstruction and decomposition algorithms are developed for the biorthogonal wavelets. Special results for the univariate case E=[0,1] are obtained.
Pioneer Images of Jupiter

Pioneer 10 flew by Jupiter in December 1973 and Pioneer 11, in a more polar trajectory, one year later. We present some of the pictures of Jupiter made with the spin-scan technique by the imaging photopolarimeter. The pictures are presented here without comment as a detailed description of Jupiter together with references concerning the instrument and its results, and were published in the book, Jupiter, edited by T. Gehrels (University of Arizona Press, 1976).
Pioglitazone improvement of fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia in Mexican-American patients with Type 2 diabetes: a double tracer OGTT study.

Summary Objectives By using tracer techniques, we explored the metabolic mechanisms by which pioglitazone treatment for 16 weeks improves oral glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes when compared to subjects without diabetes. Methods In all subjects, before and after treatment, we measured rates of tissue glucose clearance (MCR), oral glucose appearance (RaO) and endogenous glucose production (EGP) during a (4-h) double tracer oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (1-14C-glucose orally and 3-3H-glucose intravenously). Basal hepatic insulin resistance index (HepIR) was calculated as EGPxFPI. β-cell function was assessed as the incremental ratio of insulin to glucose (ΔI/ΔG) during the OGTT. Results Pioglitazone decreased fasting plasma glucose concentration (10·5 ± 0·7 to 7·8 ± 0·6 mm, P < 0·0003) and HbA1c (9·7 ± 0·7 to 7·5 ± 0·5%, P < 0·003) despite increased body weight and no change in plasma insulin concentrations. This was determined by a decrease both in fasting EGP (20·0 ± 1·1 to 17·3 ± 0·8 μmol/kgffm min, P < 0·005) and HepIR (from 8194 declined by 49% to 3989, P < 0·002). During the OGTT, total glucose Ra during the 0- to 120-min time period following glucose ingestion decreased significantly because of a reduction in EGP. During the 0- to 240-min time period, pioglitazone caused only a modest increase in MCR (P < 0·07) but markedly increased ΔI/ΔG (P = 0·003). The decrease in 2h-postprandial hyperglycaemia correlated closely with the increase in ΔI/ΔG (r = −0·76, P = 0·004) and tissue clearance (r = −0·74, P = 0·006) and with the decrease in HepIR (r = 0·62, P = 0·006). Conclusions In diabetic subjects with poor glycaemic control, pioglitazone improves oral glucose tolerance mainly by enhancing the suppression of EGP and improving β-cell function.
Numerical simulation of the dynamics of turbulent boundary layers: perspectives of a transition simulator

The current and prospective capabilities of numerical simulations of turbulent boundary layers are discussed. The stringent resolution requirements for resolving instantaneous structures and dynamics (rather than just for producing statistics) are emphasized. Improvements and alternatives to the prevailing simulation methodology are proposed.
The effect of multiplicity on regiochemistry of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 3,9-dicyanophenanthrene to trans-β-methylstyrene

Abstract The title reaction is known to afford two isomeric [2 + 2] cycloadducts. It is shown that the major adduct isolated under preparative conditions, the head-to-head (HH) isomer, is the exclusive product in the triplet reaction. The singlet reaction affords both HH and its head-to-tail isomer. Rationales are presented based on synchronous (four-center) collapses to adducts from the (emissive) exciplex in the singlet process and non-synchronous collapse in the triplet. A simple method of estimating the exciplex lifetime and the equilibrium constant for its formation from the lifetime of the monomer and the aerated and deaerated Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching slopes is presented.
Concealed takings: Capture and rent-seeking in the Indian Sugar Industry

This paper has attempted to test the applicability of the Public Choice approach in explaining regulation in the Indian Sugar Industry over the 1967–82 period. A test for discriminating between Public Interest and Capture theories of regulation was developed and implemented in the context of the historical pattern of controls found in the Indian Sugar Industry. The results point toward the rejection of the Public Interest theory of regulation and are consistent with the hypothesis of the capture of regulation by the regulated industry. The importance of the various interest groups and their influence on the regulation actually enacted was also revealed by the analysis. The findings are consistent with the existence of substantial rent-seeking and other D.U.P. activity (Bhagwati, 1982) in the Indian sugar sector during the post-independence period. They point toward the substantial welfare losses suffered by consumers and the economy at large as a result of the control regime that has existed in the Indian sugar sector. Removal of such controls will more than likely increase the availability of sugar at lower prices thus increasing the welfare of consumers while reducing the extent of corruption and other rent-seeking activity that the controls have generated.
Jordan Pairs and Hopf Algebras

Abstract A (quadratic) Jordan pair is constructed from a Z -graded Hopf algebra having divided power sequences over all primitive elements and with three terms in the Z -grading of the primitive elements. The notion of a divided power representation of a Jordan pair is introduced and the universal object is shown to be a suitable Hopf algebra. This serves a replacement for the Tits–Kantor–Koecher construction.
Nature of the deoxyribonucleic acid made by isolated liver nuclei

Abstract To better study the nature of the process of deoxyribonucleotide incorporation by isolated nuclei from regenerating rat liver, improvements have been made in the assay mixture. The changes include the addition of a Ca2+ binder, ethylene glycol-bis -(2- aminoethyl ether )-N,N′- tetraacetate (EGTA), a high molecular weight compound such as dextran, and a greater concentration of buffer. The EGTA and increased buffer depress the hydrolysis of DNA during incubation of the nuclei at 37 °C. Under the new conditions, the initial rate of DNA synthesis is raised by about 3-fold. Additional evidence is given to show that the formation of DNA in vitro is by the elongation of the chains that were growing in vivo. The growing points of both strands of DNA appear to be advanced by the isolated nuclei. The approximate rates of advancement in vivo and in vitro were 1400 and 200 deoxynucleotides per min per strand, respectively.
Brain Structure in Neuropsychologically Defined Subgroups of Schizophrenia and Psychotic Bipolar Disorder

Background Neuropsychological impairment is heterogeneous in psychosis. The association of intracranial volume (ICV) and total brain volume (TBV) with cognition suggests brain structure abnormalities in psychosis will covary with the severity of cognitive impairment. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) brain structure abnormalities will be more extensive in neuropsychologically impaired psychosis patients; (2) psychosis patients with premorbid cognitive limitations will show evidence of hypoplasia (ie, smaller ICV); and (3) psychosis patients with evidence of cognitive decline will demonstrate atrophy (ie, smaller TBV, but normal ICV). Methods One hundred thirty-one individuals with psychosis and 97 healthy subjects underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing. Patients were divided into neuropsychologically normal and impaired groups. Impaired patients were further subdivided into deteriorated and compromised groups if estimated premorbid intellect was average or below average, respectively. ICV and TBV were compared across groups. Localized brain volumes were qualitatively examined using voxel-based morphometry. Results Compared to healthy subjects, neuropsychologically impaired patients exhibited smaller TBV, reduced grey matter volume in frontal, temporal, and subcortical brain regions, and widespread white matter volume loss. Neuropsychologically compromised patients had smaller ICV relative to healthy subjects, and neuropsychologically normal and deteriorated patient groups, but relatively normal TBV. Deteriorated patients exhibited smaller TBV compared to healthy subjects, but relatively normal ICV. Unexpectedly, TBV, adjusted for ICV, was reduced in neuropsychologically normal patients. Conclusions Patients with long-standing cognitive limitations exhibit evidence of early cerebral hypoplasia, whereas neuropsychologically normal and deteriorated patients show evidence of brain tissue loss consistent with progression or later cerebral dysmaturation.
Maximizing Human Capital by Developing Multicultural Competence

Multicultural competence, defined as an understanding of international business and social relations plus the attitudes, skills, and special knowledge necessary to apply it, is identified as an emerging component of human capital in the global economy. This article documents the growing demand for multicultural competence, describes the course content and advisor activities that have been recommended to develop this capacity, and comments on the limits and inherent dangers of providing multicultural exposure to everyone. The article also identfies new roles, such as that of a "culture broke<" which characterize the global economy. Academic advisors are urged to help students maximize their human capital by adding multicultural competence skills as part of their formal education. In a recent article in the NACADA Journal, I advocated a human capital approach to academic advising (Shaffer, 1997). Based on the distinction between earning a credential and getting a good education, I recommended that students be encouraged to make academic decisions, from choosing a major to investing time in cocurricular activities, by maximizing the development of their human capital. Following conventional economic analysis, I summarized investment in human capital development into five distinct types: formal education, adult education, on-the-job training, health, and geographic mobility. The following expands the focus of human capital to the emerging concept of multicultural competence.
Alternative medicine in gynecologic oncology: A case report.

A patient with Stage IIB squamous cell cancer of the cervix presented 10 days into her primary radiation therapy with neutropenic fever and diarrhea requiring hospitalization and delay in treatment. The patient's history revealed extensive use of alternative therapies including potential toxic botanicals. This case raises the possibility that a patient's use of alternative therapies may have caused toxicity and delayed primary therapy. Gynecologic oncology patients may be using alternative therapies justifying the need for incorporating this classification into the historical exam.
Structurally colored fibers in nature

Two-dimensional fibrous photonic structures are frequent in nature. Such structures come in at least three different classes: fibre bundles, cylindrical multilayers and longitudinal patterning. We propose reviewing the occurrence of fibrous photonic structures in nature and develop the physical arguments that explain the optical properties of these light-reflecting fibers, isolated or grouped in more or less dense assemblies. We will also indicate how multiscale models appropriate for those kind of structures can be approached. With appropriate adaption of the size of the structure, the arguments are applicable in the visible, near-ultraviolet, infrared radiations, and in the thermal (far infrared) regime.
Anther culture induces transposable element movement in potato

Transposon tagging is a powerful technology for studying gene function; however, somatic transposition prior to gametogenesis may result in multiple derivatives bearing the same insertion. In order to attempt to increase germinal transposition, we synthesized two novel transposon-tagging constructs. We placed the transposase gene under control of either of two microspore-specific promoters identified in Arabidopsis or Antirrhinum within the Ds element that also harbored kanamycin resistance. Both transposase and NPTII gene sequences were optimized in silico based on codon usage bias data in dicot species. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to insert the constructs into diploid potato. The transgenic plants were subjected to both anther culture and outcrossing to wild type diploid potato to observe the opportunity for transposition in either gametophytic process. Green fluorescent protein screening was not efficient but kanamycin selection was able to eliminate 94 % of wild type progenies. Transposants were recovered following anther culture of two transgenic lines whereas no transposants were found among more than 250 T1 seedlings. Anther culture provided a unique venue for the observation of the influence of gametophye specific promoters on transposition in potato.
Network Analysis in the Social Sciences

Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena.