cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing pronounced droughts in the southwestern United States: seasonality and effects of warmer temperatures.

Abstract Higher temperatures increase the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere and can lead to greater atmospheric demand for evapotranspiration, especially during warmer seasons of the year. Increases in precipitation or atmospheric humidity ameliorate this enhanced demand, whereas decreases exacerbate it. In the southwestern United States (Southwest), this means the greatest changes in evapotranspirational demand resulting from higher temperatures could occur during the hot–dry foresummer and hot–wet monsoon. Here seasonal differences in surface climate observations are examined to determine how temperature and moisture conditions affected evapotranspirational demand during the pronounced Southwest droughts of the 1950s and 2000s, the latter likely influenced by warmer temperatures now attributed mostly to the buildup of greenhouse gases. In the hot–dry foresummer during the 2000s drought, much of the Southwest experienced significantly warmer temperatures that largely drove greater evapotranspir...
The 1-200 keV X-Ray Spectrum of NGC 2992 and NGC 3081

The Seyfert 2 galaxies NGC 2992 and NGC 3081 have been observed by INTEGRAL and Swift. We report the results and a comparison of the spectrum above 10 keV based on INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI, Swift/BAT, and BeppoSAX/PDS. A spectrum can be extracted in the X-ray energy band ranging from 1 up to 200 keV. Although NGC 2992 shows a complex spectrum below 10 keV, the hard tail observed by various missions exhibits a slope of Γ = 2, independent of the flux level during the observation. No cut-off is detectable up to the detection limit around 200 keV. In addition, NGC 3081 is detected in the INTEGRAL and Swift observation and also shows an unbroken Γ = 1.8 spectrum up to 150 keV. These two Seyfert galaxies give further evidence that a high-energy cut-off in the hard X-ray spectra is often located at energies EC 100 keV. In NGC 2992 a constant spectral shape is observed over a hard X-ray luminosity variation by a factor of 11. This might indicate that the physical conditions of the emitting hot plasma are constant, while the amount of plasma varies, due to long-term flaring activity.
Mesoporous materials in sensing: morphology and functionality at the meso-interface.

Mesoporous materials are finding increasing utility in sensing applications. These applications can benefit from a surface area that may exceed 1,000 m2 g−1 and fast diffusion of analytes through a porous structure. This article reviews recent developments in mesoporous materials-based sensing and provides examples of the impact of different surface functionality, pore structure, and macro-morphology in an attempt to illustrate the contribution of these factors to the selectivity and sensitivity of a sensor response. The materials discussed include ordered mesoporous silicates synthesized with surfactants, hard templated ordered mesoporous carbons, and metal oxides with porous textures which have been applied to advantage in various detection schemes. Chemical functionalization of mesoporous materials through silane grafting, co-condensation, and adsorption are also addressed.
Correlations between the scanning tunneling microscopy imaged configurations and the electronic structure on stepped Si(111)-( 7x7) surfaces

We have observed the dependence of the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaged atom intensity within the $(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ unit cell on stepped Si(111) as a function of the tunneling voltage. Pronounced differences from the corresponding atom intensity on the flat surface are observed for the contrast of atoms on the low versus the high side of the step and for the contrast between the faulted versus unfaulted subcells of the $(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ structure. These differences can be accounted for by changes in the electronic structure within the $(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ subcells adjacent to the step. Calculations of the local density of states and the STM images using a tight-binding method are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Prognostic factors for survival in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database

Abstract Background The current study aims to determine cause-specific survival in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma while reporting risk factors for decreased survival out to 10 years. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database was used to identify all patients diagnosed with high-grade osteosarcoma from 1991 to 2010. Patient, tumor, and county-level socioeconomic measures were analyzed to determine prognostic factors for survival. Results Cause-specific 10-year survival for patients with local/regional disease at the time of diagnosis was 65.8%, compared to 24.0% for patients with metastatic disease. Multivariate analysis revealed metastatic disease at presentation, age ≥ 60 years, male sex, axial location, and size ≥ 10 cm as independent risk factors for decreased cause-specific survival at 10 years. Patients with the lowest socioeconomic status had a disproportionate frequency of metastatic disease and large tumors at presentation as compared to more affluent patients. Conclusions Patients with high-grade osteosarcoma have decreased cause-specific survival at 10 years when metastatic at diagnosis, patient age ≥ 60 years, male sex, axial tumor location, and tumors measuring ≥ 10 cm. Patients living in low socioeconomic counties present more frequently with metastatic disease and large tumors. Public health efforts should focus on identifying patients with osteosarcoma prior to metastasis.
Automated Procedure for Extraction of Metolachlor from Soil

Methods for extraction of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] from soil are tedious and time-consuming. Existing robotic stations were adapted to provide an automated multistep method of metolachlor extraction from soil. The method was examined using a fine-loamy, mixed Udic Haploboroll. Duration of equilibration (0-4 h), initial soil pH (5.0-7.1), temperature of evaporation (24, 35, and 50°C), and gas used for perfusion (air or N 2 ) were examined. Extraction efficiency was unaffected by duration of equilibration or initial soil pH. A temperature by perfusion gas interaction affected percent recovery. At 24°C, N 2 provided a small but measurable advantage in recovery, 71.1-74.2%. At 35°C, a clear advantage in recovery, 50.5-69.8%, was obtained using compressed air. At 50°C, recovery, which averaged only about 38%, was unaffected by perfusion gas. Relative recovery was unaffected by incubation time in 90% methanol over a 4-h range. Relative to the current extraction method, the serialized robotic method increased sample output by 267%. Relative costs of extraction were also compared. Hazardous waste generation was decreased by about 67%, and reagent cost was decreased by >75% using the robotic method.
Interaction of serum albumin with normal and sickle hemoglobins.

Abstract The stability of oxyhemoglobin S during mechanical shaking was enhanced by the addition of human serum albumin. The stabilizing effect was maximum when the concentration of serum albumin approached that of oxyhemoglobin, suggesting a molecular level interaction between them. The effects of serum albumin on oxyhemoglobin A were essentially similar to those on oxyhemoglobin S. Deoxy- and methemoglobins were also stabilized by serum albumin. The addition of human serum albumin to a solution containing sickle cell oxyhemoglobin slowly formed a compound which had an absorbance peak at 620 nm. After purification by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, this compound was identified as methemalbumin. Comparison of the rates of formation of methemalbumin from hemoglobin with various ligand states and human serum albumin showed that the rate of formation from hemichrome was much faster than from met-, oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. About 60% of the heme was transferred from hemichrome to albumin when the mixture was kept standing at room temperature for 5 min. in contrast to only 5% from methemoglobin. This result suggests that hemichrome, rather than methemoglobin, is the intermediate in the formation of methemalbumin from oxyhemoglobin and human serum albumin. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the rate of formation of methemalbumin was faster at alkaline pH values than at acid pH values. Serum albumin from various animal sources showed different stabilizing effects. The formation of methemalbumin from these animal albumins was far less than that from human albumin.
Responsibilities of children in Latino immigrant homes

Using survey and observational data, children's contributions to households in a Mexican immigrant community in Chicago are examined. Children provide essential help to their families, including translating, interpreting, and caring for siblings. These daily life activities shape possibilities for learning and development.
Enhanced decision feedback equalization

The author describes a detection technique, enhanced decision feedback equalization (EDFE), which is well matched to the magnetic recording channel. EDFE involves a combination of both decision feedback equalization (DFE) and look-ahead detection. The implementation of EDFE is similar to that of DFE. The sampled transition response factors into (1+D/4)/(1-D/2), suggesting that the required response can be formed by some pulse slimming and slight phase adjustment, 1+D/4, followed by a single-pole RC characteristic at some 11% of the clock rate which will produce the exponential tail, 1/(1-D/2). Evaluation of the asymptotic SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) shows that EDFE is better than or comparable to several other detectors on a Lorenzian channel. The look-ahead feature which distinguishes EDFE from conventional DFE is responsible for a performance improvement approaching 1 dB. At very high density and at very low density, the performance of EDFE is less attractive. The performance of EDFE at PW50=2.5T is comparable to that of EPRML (extended class IV partial response maximum-likelihood detection), and EDFE is much easier to implement. >
Site of potential operating microscope light-induced phototoxicity on the human retina during temporal approach eye surgery.

Abstract Objective To determine the site of focal illumination on the retina of phakic human cadaver eyes from an operating microscope positioned for temporal approach eye surgery. Design Experimental study. Methods A Zeiss OPMI-6SFR operating microscope (Zeiss Humphrey Systems, Dublin, CA) was positioned over two phakic human cadaver eyes to measure the site of the focal illumination on the retina by directly observing the illumination on the posterior scleral surface of the globe. External localization of the foveola was made by direct observation using scleral indentation and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Various combinations of microscope angulation and field of view were analyzed. Main outcome measures Distance of focal illumination from the operating room microscope relative to the foveola was measured. Results The diameter of the "hot spot" of focal illumination on the retina was 4.0 mm. With the eye positioned straight ahead and the level operating room microscope positioned for temporal approach eye surgery, the center of retinal illumination was 0.9 and 1.4 mm nasal relative to the foveola when the microscope field of view was centered over the cornea and temporal limbus, respectively. With the microscope angled 5, 10, 15, and 20° temporally (oculars tilted toward surgeon), the center of the illumination was displaced nasal to the foveola by 1.1, 1.5, 3.8, and 5.1 mm, respectively, when the field of view was centered over the cornea and 1.5, 2.6, 4.7, and 6.0 mm, respectively, nasal to the foveola when centered over the temporal limbus. Conclusions Retinal illumination from an operating microscope positioned for temporal approach eye surgery has the potential for light-induced injury to the fovea. Angulation of the operating microscope by up to 10° temporally when the microscope field of view was centered over the cornea and up to 5° temporally when centered over the temporal limbus was not adequate to displace the focal illumination off the foveola when the eye was in the straight-ahead position. Tilting the operating microscope 15° or more temporally when centered on the pupil and 10° or more when centered over the temporal limbus should safely displace the retinal light exposure away from the fovea during temporal approach surgery. Suggestions for reducing the risk of iatrogenic phototoxicity are reviewed.
Self-modeling as an intervention to reduce disruptive classroom behavior

This study employed a multiple baseline design across individuals with a follow-up to examine self-modeling as a treatment for disruptive behavior in 4 school-aged males with social and emotional disorders. Self-modeling is defined as the positive change in behavior that results from viewing oneself on edited videotapes that depict only exemplary behavior. The students viewed two 5-minute edited videotapes of themselves behaving appropriately in the classroom on 6 occasions over a 2-week period. After viewing the intervention videotapes, all students evidenced a substantial reduction in disruptive behavior. To differing degrees, the students maintained their treatment gains at follow-up.
Factors Predictive of Airflow Obstruction Among Veterans with Presumed Empirical Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD

BACKGROUND Despite guideline recommendations, patients suspected of having COPD often are treated empirically instead of undergoing spirometry to confirm airflow obstruction (AFO). Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential to provide high-quality, value-oriented care. We sought to identify predictors associated with AFO among patients with and treated for COPD prior to performance of confirmatory spirometry. METHODS We identified a cohort of veterans with spirometry performed at Pacific Northwest Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers between 2003 and 2007. We included only patients with empirically diagnosed COPD in the 2 years prior to spirometry who were also taking inhaled medication to treat COPD in the 1 year prior to spirometry. We used relative risk regression analysis to identify predictors of AFO. RESULTS Among patients empirically treated for COPD (N = 3, 209), 62% had AFO. Risk factors such as older age, prior smoking status, and underweight status were associated with AFO on spirometry. In contrast, comorbidities often associated with somatic symptoms were associated with absence of AFO and included congestive heart failure, depression, diabetes, obesity, and sleep apnea. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidities associated with somatic complaints of dyspnea were associated with a lower risk of having airflow limitations, suggesting that empirical diagnosis and treatment of COPD may lead to inappropriate treatment of individuals who do not have AFO.
13C NMR Relaxation Studies of RNA Base and Ribose Nuclei Reveal a Complex Pattern of Motions in the RNA Binding Site for Human U1A Protein

The widespread importance of induced fit and order–disorder transition in RNA recognition by proteins and small molecules makes it imperative that RNA motional properties are characterized quantitatively. Until now, however, very few studies have been dedicated to the systematic characterization of RNA motion and to their changes upon protein or small-molecule binding. The U1A protein–RNA complexes provide some of the best-studied examples of the role of RNA motional changes upon protein binding. Here, we report 13C NMR relaxation studies of base and ribose dynamics for the RNA internal loop target of human U1A protein located within the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the mRNA coding for U1A itself. We also report the semi-quantitative analysis of both fast (nano- to picosecond) and intermediate (micro- to millisecond) motions for this paradigmatic RNA system. We measure 13C T1, T1ρ and heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) for sugar and base nuclei, as well as the power dependence of T1ρ at 500 MHz and 750 MHz, and analyze these results using the model-free formalism. The results provide a much clearer picture of the type of motions experienced by this RNA in the absence of the protein than was provided by the analysis of the structure based solely on NOEs and scalar couplings. They define a model where the RNA internal loop region ”breathes” on a micro- to millisecond timescale with respect to the double-helical regions. Superimposed on this slower motion, the residues at the very tip of the loop undergo faster (nano- to picosecond) motions. We hypothesize that these motions allow the RNA to sample multiple conformations so that the protein can select a structure within the ensemble that optimizes intermolecular contacts.
On the convergence of the conjugate gradient method for singular capacitance matrix equations from the Neumann problem of the Poisson equation

It is shown analytically in this work that the conjugate gradient method is an efficient means of solving the singular capacitance matrix equations arising from the Neumann problem of the Poisson equation. The total operation count of the algorithm does not exceed constant timesN 2logN(N=1/h) for any bounded domain with sufficiently smooth boundary.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule and anterior nasal passages

Abstract Purpose: This retrospective review of nasal vestibule and anterior nasal cavity squamous cell carcinomas correlates clinical presentation, methods of treatment, and histologic differentiation with outcome. Patlents and Materlals: Epidemiologic data, patient history, and physical findings for 25 cases are presented. Cigarette usage was prevalent in this group, as it is in most series of patients with epithelial tumors of head and neck locations. Treatment was surgery alone (n = 10), irradiation (n = 4), or combined therapy (n = 11). Results: Combined surgery and postoperative irradiation yielded better recurrence-free survival than either treatment used alone. Concluslons: Although the series studied was small and the selection criteria for treatment were not uniform, this retrospective study supports wide surgical resection combined with postoperative irradiation as the preferred treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule with extension to adjacent areas. However, tratment should be individualized to provide the greatest chance for cure while preserving nasal form and function as far as is possible in each patient.
Rearrangement ions—I: Mass spectrum of thionylaniline-1-13C

Recent publications1,2 concerning the mechanism for the electron-impact induced loss of carbon monoxide from the molecular ion of thionylaniline have led to an examination of thionylaniline-1-13C. The results show that the C-1 carbon atom is not lost in this process, but only suggest the loss of the C-2 carbon atom.
Gas—liquid chromatography of volatile metal halides

Abstract The literature on the gas chromatography of volatile metal compounds is reviewed. Results are reported for the gas—liquid chromatography of tin(IV) chloride, titanium(IV) chloride, niobium(V) chloride, and tantalum(V) chloride on n-octadecane, squalane, silicone oil, paraffin wax, and Apiezon grease at 100°, 150°, and 200°. Results indicate normal alkanes to be the best partitioners and that branched alkanes lead to reaction on the column. Suggestions are made concerning anhydrous conditions in handling samples, sample prevaporization, and the use of temperature programming.
AN IMPROVED FLOW ANALYSIS NETWORK (FAN) METHOD FOR IRREGULAR GEOMETRIES

The flow analysis network (FAN) method developed in earlier work, for simulating the isothermal flow of a generalized Newtonian fluid in a narrow-gap region has been refined to better account for irregularly shaped flow boundaries. The resulting equation, which involves only pressure as an unknown, is solved by successive relaxation; the velocity distribution is then back calculated from pressure values. For Newtonian fluids, overrelaxation with a relaxation factor of 1.75 gives the fastest numerical convergence. For power-law fluids, it is suggested that one start with the associated Newtonian solution and then use under-relaxation with a relaxation factor equal to the power-law index. The FAN solutions for two test problems compared very well with analytical and finite element solutions. The rubber flow in a cavity was analyzed using the FAN program. Compared to a Newtonian fluid, a shear-thinning fluid gave a larger velocity variation across the flow channel exit due to a stronger dependence of velocity on pressure gradient. Through iterations, the output ratio and velocity uniformity were improved without causing too long residence time.
Tactics used when searching for digital video

In a world increasingly using multimedia materials, it is important for us to understand how people search databases for videos, and how the medium of the object in the collection may provide a context for those search behaviors. Specifically, this paper is concerned with the moves and tactics that 36 people used while conducting 141 searches of a video retrieval system. Transaction logs captured the participants' search strategies; each search move was coded and the data were examined for maximal repeating patterns (MRPs). Thirteen different search patterns (i.e., tactics) were used by the study participants; the tactics were mainly characterized by (1) the addition of concepts, resulting in a decrease in the size of the results set, and (2) frequent display and browsing of the search results. To explore the possibility that the multimedia character of the materials in the collection might affect people's search behaviors, these results are compared to results from an earlier study of search tactics used when searching a textual/factual database.
The dynamics of the aurora—II Westward traveling surges

Westward traveling surge auroral substorm characteristics and geomagnetic and ionospheric effects as observed near College, Alaska
6-Methylthioguanylic acid, a metabolite of 6-thioguanine

Abstract Human epidermoid carcinoma (H. Ep. No. 2) cells, grown in culture in the presence of 6-thioguanine- 35 S or methionine[methyl- 14 C] plus unlabeled 6-thioguanine, contained a previously undescribed metabolite that was characterized by Chromatographic and electrophoretic migration and by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis as 6-methylthioguanylic acid. Two other nucleotides present in these cells had the properties expected of the di- and triphosphates of 6-methylthioguanosine. In contrast to previously reported results with 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleotide and its S-methyl derivative, 6-methylthioguanylic acid was inferior to 6-thioguanylic acid as an inhibitor of PP-ribose-P amidotransferase. Thus, the methylated derivatives of 6-thioguanylic acid probably do not contribute significantly to the marked inhibition of purine synthesis de novo produced in mammalian cells by 6-thioguanine
Spectroscopic Characterization of the Cu(II) Sites in the Fet3 Protein, the Multinuclear Copper Oxidase from Yeast Required for High-Affinity Iron Uptake

The ferroxidase activity of Cp is postulated to explain the link between copper and iron metabolism in mammals in that Cp catalyzes the conversion of ferrous to ferric iron in the plasma after the binding of the Fe(III) to transferrin.5 Clearing free iron from the circulation by this ceruloplasmin-dependent mechanism appears essential to iron homeostasis in humans. This is indicated, for example, by the severe neural degeneration and increased lipid peroxidation which can be linked to the lack of circulating, active ceruloplasmin.6 A new member of this group of copper oxidases has recently been suggested by sequence homology and enzymic activity. This is the Fet3 protein from the yeast Saccharomyces cereVisiae.7 DNA sequence analysis of the FET3 gene strongly suggests that the encoded protein has one each of the three types of Cu(II) sites found in each of the members of this enzyme class: one type 1, or blue Cu(II); one type 2, or nonblue Cu(II); and one type 3 binuclear cluster of two strongly antiferromagnetically coupled and therefore EPR-silent Cu(II) atoms.1,8 Sequence and biochemical analyses indicate that Fet3 is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a single, C-terminal membrane-spanning domain.7 In addition, Fet3 catalyzes the reaction shown in eq 1.9 The significance of this reaction to yeast biology is that Fet3 is absolutely required for high-affinity iron uptake in this organism.7,10 The essentiality of the ferroxidase reaction to yeast iron metabolism lends support for the role of Cp and its ferroxidase activity in human iron homeostasis. Here we provide the spectral evidence which for the first time shows that Fet3 is a multinuclear Cu(II) protein and thus is a structural as well as functional homologue of Cp.
Single-cell persistent activity in anterodorsal thalamus

The anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus contains a high percentage of head-direction cells whose activities are correlated with an animal's directional heading in the horizontal plane. The firing of head-direction cells could involve self-sustaining reverberating activity in a recurrent network, but the thalamus by itself lacks strong excitatory recurrent synaptic connections to sustain tonic reverberating activity. Here we examined whether a single thalamic neuron could sustain its own activity without synaptic input by recording from individual neurons from anterodorsal thalamus in brain slices with synaptic blockers. We found that the rebound firing induced by hyperpolarizing pulses often decayed slowly so that a thalamic neuron could keep on firing for many minutes after stimulation. The hyperpolarization-induced persistent firing rate was graded under repeated current injections, and could be enhanced by serotonin. The effect of depolarizing pulses was much weaker and only slightly accelerated the decay of the hyperpolarization-induced persistent firing. Our finding provides the first direct evidence for single-cell persistent activity in the thalamus, supporting the notion that cellular mechanisms at the slow time scale of minutes might potentially contribute to the operations of the head-direction system.
Long-term adjustment of early-stage ovarian cancer survivors

The objectives of this study were to describe the quality of life (QOL), consequences of treatment, complementary therapy use, and factors correlating with psychologic state in 58 survivors of early-stage ovarian cancer since little is known about the QOL of early-stage ovarian cancer survivors. Survivors were interviewed using standardized measures to assess physical, psychologic, social, and sexual functioning; impact of cancer on socioeconomic status; and complementary therapy use. Survivors reported good physical QOL scores and few unmet needs. However, menopausal symptoms and negative impact on sexuality were reported. Less than 10% of survivors reported either an interest in sex or were sexually active. Psychologic assessment yielded a subset of 26% of patients with scores suggestive of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 40% of survivors scored below the norm on the Mental Health Inventory-17 Survey. One third of patients required treatment for family/personal problems and took antianxiety medications. About 56% of survivors reported fear of cancer recurrence and 59% reported anxiety when their CA125 is tested. Better mental health was significantly related to less fatigue (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy [FACT]-fatigue, r = 0.61, P 0.001), and greater social support (MOS Social Support Survey, r = 0.41, P < 0.01). Early-stage ovarian cancer survivors had few physical complaints and unmet needs, but psychologic distress was evident in a subset of survivors; the majority of survivors reported sexual dysfunction. These results indicate the need for intervention and improved distress screening in the early-stage ovarian cancer population.
The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on stimulation-evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine (NE) from rat hypothalamic and cerebral cortical slices

The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on stimulation-evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) in rat hypothalamic and cerebral cortical slices were investigated. NPY inhibits the stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NE from hypothalamic, but not from cerebral cortical slices. NPY potentiates the inhibition of [3H]NE release by the α2-agonist UK 14,304 in the hypothalamic slices. The blockade of α2-adrenoceptors by RX 781094 diminishes the inhibitory effects of NPY. These results suggest that in the hypothalamic slices the action of NPY might be in part mediated by the α2-adrenoceptors.
HCV NS5A Inhibitors in Development

NS5A protein plays a key role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Daclatasvir (DCV, BMS-790052) is a first-in-class inhibitor of the HCV NS5A replication complex with potent antiviral activity but a low barrier to resistance. DCV as triple therapy in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin resulted in a high rate of early virologic response in treatment-naive patients with genotype 1 infection; as quadruple therapy in combination with asunaprevir (BMS-650032, NS3 protease inhibitor), pegylated interferon, and ribavirin, it resulted in a high rate of sustained virologic response in genotype 1 prior null responders.
A Study of Lapping and Polishing Damage in Single‐Crystal CdTe

The surfaces of single‐crystal specimens subjected to lapping and polishing operations were studied. Optical microscopy was used to establish that lapping with an abrasive creates damage principally in the form of microcracks extending below the surface. The depth of damage was similar to that reported for single‐crystal Si and was 50 μm from and 15 μm from . Polished surfaces were studied using a dislocation revealing etchant. Lapping‐induced microcracks could be removed by sufficient polishing with an abrasive, but the specimen always possessed a surface layer of very high dislocation density, with the average depth of the dislocations being a function of abrasive particle size. The maximum dislocation depths were found to be 9 μm from a polishing abrasive and 3 μm from . The correlation of this surface layer of high dislocation density with the frequently reported "amorphous" or "Beilby" surface layer was demonstrated. It was shown that during the formation of this layer, small microcracks and surface defects could be covered and rendered invisible by a lateral movement of material along the specimen surface. A chemical polishing technique employing a bromine‐methanol solution was shown to be capable of creating damage‐free surfaces.
Quantitation of menstrual blood loss — Further evaluation of the alkaline hematin method

Abstract Investigation of reliability and practicality of a method for measuring menstrual blood loss was required for research into the problem of uterine hemorrhage caused by intrauterine contraceptive devices. The method selected for evaluation was the photometric alkaline hematin procedure. Our studies of this technic indicate a sensitivity to less than 0.1 ml of blood, within-batch precision of 5% or less (2 C.V.), and an accuracy of measuring human menstrual blood from most types of sanitary devices generally within ± 5%. The method appears to be specific for menstrual blood and independent of other materials in genital fluids. Menstrual discharge may be stored for at lease one month prior to determination without alteration of results. The procedure, once optimized for our purposes, was found to be very practical. Using this technic, blood loss was measured during 15 menstrual periods in 6 subjects. The results were consistent with the available literature which indicates that maximum normal menstrual blood flow is between 60 and 80 ml, and the mean is near 30 ml. Variation of measured flow between consecutive menstrual cycles in some individuals (both normal and menorrhagic) reveals the necessity for repeated measurements to properly assess average blood flow in certain cases.
Adolescent fatherhood: Developmental perils and potentials

Both adolescence and parenthood are developmental phases that induce regression and psychosocial vulnerability as part of the preparation for progressive identity consolidation. What happens when these phases converge in the lives of young men? In this article, the author employs a psychodynamic conceptual framework to explicate the unique developmental dilemmas of adolescent fatherhood. Resulting formulations are intended to assist clinicians in designing interventions that minimize the regressive perils and maximize the progressive potentials of this untimely convergence of life transitions.
Patterns of wind flow and aeolian deposition on a parabolic dune on the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan

Abstract Sand deposition and patterns of wind flow were studied on Green Mountain Beach (GMB) dune, a large Lake Michigan coastal dune that is transitional between a trough blowout and a fully-developed parabolic dune. Deposition pins were used to study the amount and pattern of aeolian sand deposition on the lee slopes of GMB dune over 20 months. In the late fall and winter, sand supported by ice between the grains accumulated on the upper- to mid-slopes, and became over-steepened (38°). During measurement periods containing two major storms with wind gusts up to 25 m/s, a total of 44% of the deposition on the lee slope occurred, compared to an average of 9% for comparable time periods between storms. Sand was delivered by mass movement to the lower slopes during the spring thaw. Very little sand was deposited on lee slopes during the summer. Maximum sand deposition occurred near the dune axis, oriented southwest–northeast, and then decreased rapidly along the limbs. Maximum sand transport and dune migration were oriented towards the northeast despite the dominant regional winds during the fall and winter being from the west and northwest. Arrays of anemometers and wind vanes were used to study airflow patterns within GMB dune on five different days. These studies indicate that steering of winds in the deflation area of the dune may be responsible for the northeasterly sediment transport. They also suggest, however, that the ability of the dune to steer winds, and thus, control the direction of sand transport and deposition, decreases when the angle between the oncoming winds and the dune axis is too great.
Towards energy resolution at the statistical limit from a negative ion time projection chamber

Abstract We make a proof-of-principle demonstration that improved energy resolution can be obtained in a negative-ion time projection chamber, by individually counting each electron produced by ionizing radiation.
Registration of medical images by coincident bit counting

In this paper a new similarity measure based on the number of coincident bits in multi-channel images is presented. The similarity criterion incorporated in the image registration algorithm uses a coincident bit counting (CBC) method to obtain the number of matching bits between the frames of interest. The CBC method not only performs favorably compared with traditional techniques but also renders simpler implementation in conventional computing machines. An image registration algorithm which incorporates the CBC criterion is also proposed to determine the translational motion among sequences of images. Some experimental studies using low-contrast coronary images from a digital angiographic sequence have been performed. The results compare favorably with those obtained by using other nonparametric methods. Applications for this algorithm include digital angiography and mammography. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in duration of reproductive phases and lagged phenological response to experimental climate warming

Background : Climate manipulation experiments have found lagged responses in biomass and community composition. Aims : To look for lagged responses of flowering phenology and effects on duration of reproductive phases. Methods: Treatment and post-treatment year phenological data from 12 species in a 1-year step warming and double precipitation experiment was examined. Results: Changes in phenology due to the previous year's warming were in the opposite direction to those observed during the treatment year. Six species responded to warming in 2004, delaying flowering 6.2 days and fruiting 7.9 days. Unlike 2003, no species advanced flowering phenology in 2004. Delays resulted from a soil moisture deficit in formerly warmed plots that lasted 3 months or more after warming ended. Increased precipitation altered phenology in one species but did not affect duration of reproductive phases. While 10 of 11 responsive species entered bud phase earlier under warming than in controls in 2003, in only two species show...
Lysine carboxylation: unveiling a spontaneous post-translational modification.

The carboxylation of lysine residues is a post-translational modification (PTM) that plays a critical role in the catalytic mechanisms of several important enzymes. It occurs spontaneously under certain physicochemical conditions, but is difficult to detect experimentally. Its full impact is unknown. In this work, the signature microenvironment of lysine-carboxylation sites has been characterized. In addition, a computational method called Predictor of Lysine Carboxyl­ation (PreLysCar) for the detection of lysine carboxylation in proteins with available three-dimensional structures has been developed. The likely prevalence of lysine carboxylation in the proteome was assessed through large-scale computations. The results suggest that about 1.3% of large proteins may contain a carboxylated lysine residue. This unexpected prevalence of lysine carboxylation implies an enrichment of reactions in which it may play functional roles. The results also suggest that by switching enzymes on and off under appropriate physicochemical conditions spontaneous PTMs may serve as an important and widely used efficient biological machinery for regulation.
Mental Health Counselors’ Use of the Transtheoretical Model in Interprofessional Collaboration

Interprofessional collaboration allows mental health counselors to effect social change to their full potential, offer improved services to clients, and increase access to employment opportunities (Myers, Sweeney, & White, 2002). The principles and techniques found in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) (DiClemente, Schlundt, & Gemmell, 2004) can afford mental health counselors a roadmap to succeed in interprofessional collaboration where they can demonstrate the profession’s commitment to prevention, development, and strength-based holistic approaches to concerns.
Diagnosis and incidence of fetal parvovirus infection in an autopsy series: II. DNA amplification.

This study evaluates the practical utility of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic method for intrauterine fetal parvovirus infection in cases of hydrops fetalis. Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed fetal tissues from cases of hydrops fetalis were assessed for parvovirus B19 by histology and PCR in conjunction with 32P hybridization. Of 673 fetal and neonatal autopsies performed at Women and Infants′ Hospital for the years 1985 through 1990, 32 cases were determined to have hydrops fetalis, of which five were positive for parvovirus infection by both histology and the PCR. PCR was not used in seven (22%) of the 32 hydrops cases because 1 µg of DNA was not available for study. Histology was as sensitive as PCR in detecting parvovirus B19 in fetal autopsy tissues from cases of hydrops fetalis, and could be used reliably in each case to diagnose parvovirus infection. In our hands, histology is as sensitive as PCR and less labor-intensive. We would reserve PCR for cases without inclusions and wit...
IDENTICAL PEPTIDES RECOGNIZED BY MHC CLASS I- AND II-RESTRICTED T CELLS

Previous data from many groups show that both class I and class II-restricted T cells recognize short synthetic peptides in the context of their respective MHC molecules (9-18), all of the peptides described to date are restricted to only a single class of MHC molecules; however, structural homology between the class I and II MHC molecules and the use of similar TCRs by class I and II-restricted T cells suggest that antigen recognition mechanisms are similar in both systems. To directly compare antigen recognition in the two systems, we analyzed peptides for the ability to function in both a class I and II-restricted system and found that seven of seven individual peptides tested stimulate both class I and II-restricted T cell responses. In addition, two of the peptides can function in different species stimulating both human class I and murine class II T cell responses. Thus, the process of T cell recognition of antigen in the context of MHC molecules was highly conserved in evolution not only between the class I and class II MHC systems, but also between the murine and human species.
Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation Data

In this paper, we describe the GPS radio occultation (RO) inversion process currently used at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC). We then evaluate the accuracy of RO refractivity soundings of the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and SACC (Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-C) missions processed by CDAAC software, using data primarily from the month of December 2001. Our results show that RO soundings have the highest accuracy from about 5 km to 25 km. In this region of the atmosphere, the observational errors (which include both measurement and representativeness errors) are generally in the range of 0.3% to 0.5% in refractivity. The observational errors in the tropical lower troposphere increase toward the surface, and reach @3% in the bottom few kilometers of the atmosphere. The RO observational errors also increase above 25 km, particularly over the higher latitudes of the winter hemisphere. These error estimates are, in general, larger than earlier theoretical predictions. The larger observational errors in the lower tropical troposphere are attributed to the complicated structure of humidity, superrefraction and receiver tracking errors. The larger errors above 25 km are related to observational noise (mainly, uncalibrated ionospheric effects) and the use of ancillary data for noise reduction through an optimization procedure. We demonstrate that RO errors above 25 km can be substantially reduced by selecting only low-noise occultations. Our results show that RO soundings have smaller observational errors of refractivity than radiosondes when compared to analyses and short-term forecasts, even in the tropical lower troposphere. This difference is most likely related to the larger representativeness errors associated with the radiosonde, which provides in situ (point) measurements. The RO observational errors are found to be comparable with or smaller than 12-hour forecast errors of the NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) Aviation (AVN) model, except in the tropical lower troposphere below 3 km. This suggests that RO observations will improve global weather analysis and prediction. It is anticipated that with the use of an advanced signal tracking technique (open-loop tracking) in future missions, such as COSMIC, the accuracy of RO soundings can be further improved.
Determination of the Secretion Rate of Aldosterone in Normal Man by Use of 7-H3-d-Aldosterone and Acid Hydrolysis of Urine*

ABSTRACT A method for measurement of the secretion rate of aldosterone is described. Urine is collected for 24 hours after injection of 1 μC (0.05 μg) of 7-H3-d-aldosterone. Aldosterone, extracted after acidification to pH 1, is purified. The specific activity of aldosterone diacetate is measured by fluorometry and counting of radioactive fractions appearing from the final partition column. In 10 normal subjects taking ordinary diets, the secretion rate of aldosterone ranged between 40 and 180 μg per 24 hours (mean, 109 μg). Higher values were obtained in a patient with hypertension and hypokalemia due to adrenal adenoma, in a patient with cirrhosis of the liver, and in 2 patients with idiopathic edema (diminished intake of sodium). Approximately 10% of the secreted aldosterone was excreted in the urine of normal subjects as a metabolite which releases free aldosterone at pH 1. The labeled aldosterone actually recovered after the first chromatogram averaged just above 6% of the injected dose, amounting to...
Some Effects of Varying the Structure of a Topic on College Students' Writing

Incoming freshmen are typically required to write essays which are then holistically rated to determine composition course placement. These placement essays vary not only in topic, but also in the ...
In search of a simple visual vocabulary

Visual languages are more complex than we would like. We introduce a small but powerful visual vocabulary for a visual programming environment that is simple, yet expressive enough to represent the structure of programs and program executions. This vocabulary is not based on any existing textual language. It was designed for the purpose of visually representing and understanding programs and their executions.
Predicting Ends Down From Small Lot Spinning Tests1

The Poisson frequency function was used to translate the end breakage rate of 35 and 75, 1000 spindles hr, into a series of critical values which would be used to judge spinning performance in small lot spinning tests for various numbers of spindles used. The critical values for various numbers of spindles used were determined graphically from the cumulative frequency of Poisson distribution.A graph of these critical values for various numbers of spindles for the two levels of end-breakage has been constructed for a rapid evaluation of spinning performance.
Model for unfolding laundry using interactive perception

We present an algorithm for automatically unfolding a piece of clothing. A piece of laundry is pulled in different directions at various points of the cloth in order to flatten the laundry. The features of the cloth are extracted and calculated to determine a valid location and orientation in which to interact with it. The features include the peak region, corner locations, and continuity / discontinuity of the cloth. In this paper we present a two-stage algorithm, introducing a novel solution to the unfolding / flattening problem using interactive perception. Simulations using 3D simulation software, and experiments with robot hardware demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to flatten pieces of laundry using different starting configurations. These results show that, at most, the algorithm flattens out a piece of cloth from 11.1% to 95.6% of the canonical configuration.