cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CHILLING TEMPERATURE ON POSTMORTEM CHANGES, MICROBIAL LOAD AND TENDERNESS IN BEEF

Postmortem chilling temperatures of −2 and 3°C were utilized for 10 pairs of beef sides. Temperature decline during carcass chilling was characterized for the following eight locations: deep round, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus medius, adductor, longissimus (thirdfourth lumbar and twelfth-thirteenth thoracic vertebrae junctions) and triceps brachii muscles. Sarcomere length and Warner-Bratzler shear values for each of the above muscles and microbial count and shrinkage of carcass sides were determined. Temperature decline indicated that the early postmortem changes in muscle temperature vary immensely throughout the carcass. Chilling carcasses at 3°C as compared to −2°C decreased muscle shortening; however, the effect was pronounced only in the gluteus medius muscle and the longissimus at the twelfth- and thirteenth-thoracic vertebrae junction. These observations are discussed with respect to the time-temperature history of muscles during the early postmortem periods. Warner-Bratzler shear values for muscles of carcasses chilled at 3°C were equal to or lower than shear values for carcasses chilled at −2°C, but no substantial reduction of toughening was observed due to the elevated chilling treatment. Microbial growth and carcass shrinkage at 3°C were comparable to that at −2°C.
Is dissonance a factor in the relationship between sex-role orientation and attitudes towards women's roles

Research has consistently indicated a positive relationship between a feminine sex-role and anxiety, and there have been suggestions that liberal attitudes towards women are also predictive of anxiety. The present study asked if these two variables operated independently or in conjunction with each other. It was proposed that perhaps a lack of congruency between one's sex-role and one's attitude toward women was more closely related to anxiety than either characteristic taken singly. The results did not support an hypothesis of congruency. Whereas feminine women acknowledged more trait-anxiety than did masculine or androgynous women and liberal women reported more anxiety than traditional ones, these variables seemed to relate independently to anxiety rather than in conjunction with each other.
Effects of multicompressions on Al2O3 powder

Abstract Effects of multiple shock compressions on Al2O3 powder were studied. Crystallization of amorphous-like structure formed by the first shock compression was observed in the recovered material. Polygonized microstructure was produced by a second shock compression. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the polygons with 1 μm consisted of 50 nm crystallites. A formation mechanism of such polygonized structure is proposed.
A Water-Mediated and Substrate-Assisted Catalytic Mechanism for Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA Polymerase IV

DNA polymerases are enzymes responsible for the synthesis of DNA from nucleotides. Understanding their molecular fundamentals is a prerequisite for elucidating their aberrant activities in diseases such as cancer. Here we have carried out ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) studies on the nucleotidyl-transfer reaction catalyzed by the lesion-bypass DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) from Sulfolobus solfataricus, with template guanine and Watson−Crick paired dCTP as the nascent base pair. The results suggested a novel water-mediated and substrate-assisted (WMSA) mechanism: the initial proton transfer to the α-phosphate of the substrate via a bridging crystal water molecule is the rate-limiting step, the nucleotidyl-transfer step is associative with a metastable pentacovalent phosphorane intermediate, and the pyrophosphate leaving is facilitated by a highly coordinated proton relay mechanism through mediation of water which neutralizes the evolving negative charge. The conserved carboxylates, w...
Comparative analysis of sex-pheromone-response antagonists in three races of European corn borer.

Behavioral responses of males from three New York races of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), to various suspected sexpheromone-response antagonists were investigated with a flight tunnel protocol. Males from a bivoltine (Z) race and from a univoltine (Z) race utilizing a natural pheromone blend of 98∶2 (Z)-∶(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetates and males from a bivoltine (E) race utilizing a 1∶99 (Z)-∶(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratio were flown to their natural blends and to blends containing 1 % of one of the following additional compounds: Z9-12∶OAc,E9-12∶OAc,Z9-14∶OAc, andE9-14∶OAc. In each race, the added components lowered significantly the number of individuals completing the behavioral sequence. The only exception was bivoltineE males flown to a blend withE9-12∶OAc added. The number completing the sequence in this case was statistically not significantly lower than the number that completed the sequence to the standard blend. In all three races, theZ9-14∶OAc produced the most dramatic reduction in completed flights, and in the univoltineZ race, this added component was significantly more effective in reducing completed flights than any other added component. The response to the Z9-14∶OAc is understandable given recently published findings of an electrophysiological study of single sensilla in the European corn borer.
Harvest of confusion: immigration reform and California agriculture.

Agriculture was a major stumbling block to immigration reform [in the United States] largely because Congress was unwilling to assign explicit priorities to the competing goals of protecting American workers and admitting supplemental immigrant farmworkers. This article describes the Special Agricultural Worker or SAW legalization program that generated 700000 applications in California and the hypothetical calculations required to determine whether Replenishment Agricultural Workers or RAWs will be admitted to the United States to do farmwork. The paper concludes that immigration reform did not resolve the century-old debate over agricultures need for alien workers; instead SAWs and RAWs have contributed to the harvest of confusion on farm labor. (EXCERPT)
Towards the Realistic Perception of a Culture

Four objective, measurable criteria are proposed to measure the position of a culture relative to other cultures. The use of such criteria will avoid, in part, distortions of perception. While this is an initial step toward the realistic perception of a culture, it has many limitations that are discussed at the end of the paper.
Access to and Utilization of Health Services as Pathway to Racial Disparities in Serious Mental Illness

Often considered to fare better than White Americans in terms of mental health, African-Americans are nevertheless more vulnerable to chronic, persistent conditions should they become mentally ill, the literature suggests. The present study used data from the 2009 National Health Interview Survey to examine race differences in the prevalence rates of serious mental illness and race’s role in relationships among such illness and variables of (a) social status and (b) health services. Results showed that non-Hispanic Blacks’ level of reported chronic mental illness (in the past 30 days) exceeded that of non-Hispanic Whites. The results indicate that variables describing respondents’ mental health care, along with their age and alcohol consumption, affect serious mental illness differently among African-Americans compared to Whites. Implications concerning racial disparities in mental health are discussed.
A magnetoelectronic macrocell employing reconfigurable threshold logic

In this paper, we introduce a reconfigurable fabric based around a new class of circuit element: the hybrid Hall effect (HHE) magnetoelectronic device. Because they incorporate a ferromagnetic element, HHE devices are inherently non-volatile, retaining their state without a power supply. In addition, HHE devices are extremely well-suited to implementing threshold logic circuits, which allows many complex logic functions to be implemented in fewer gates than are required in systems based on AND-OR logic. We present the design of an HHE-based reconfigurable macrocell based on two-level threshold logic that can be configured on a cycle-by-cycle basis while internally storing non-volatile configuration data and computation state. The performance of this macrocell is characterized, and compared to that of competing technologies, showing that it has a significantly better power-delay product when implementing complex functions of many inputs.
Applications of a Laser Scanner to Quantify Soil Microtopography

Many transport processes on or across the soil surface boundary are controlled by surface microtopograpby, or roughness. How roughness affects the transport process depends on the length scale of the process. The most commonly used method of expressing soil surface roughness, the roughness length or random roughness, is constrained by the measurement technique and does not embody the concept of scale. The structural function, or variogram, plotted on a log-log scale was used in this study to express the surface roughness at different scales. With the aid of a laser scanner, surface topography was measured down to 0.5-mm grid spacing. Data collected from a variety of surface conditions showed that soil roughness can be quantified by a combination of fractal and Markov-Gaussian processes at different scales. Potential applications of the roughness quantification were also discussed. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 5 then click button8
Overcoming Early-Life Failure and Aging Challenges for Robust System Design

The biggest challenge in designing robust systems is to minimize the costs of error detection. Most existing error detection techniques suffer from high power and performance costs, and / or additional design complexity. Circuit failure prediction, together with CASP on-line diagnostics, enable design of robust systems that can effectively overcome reliability challenges associated with early-life failures and aging. The key attractive feature of such an approach is its significantly reduced power cost compared to traditional error detection. It also opens up new research opportunities across multiple abstraction layers (circuit, architecture, virtualization/OS, and applications) for designing optimized robust systems with respect to reliability requirements while balancing power, performance, area, and design complexity constraints. Such global optimization is essential for robust systems of the future.
Electron micrography of mineral surfaces subject to wind-blast erosion

The erosional results of two different kinds of wind-blast experiments on isometric minerals, ranging from 2 to 6 in hardness on the Mohs scale, are compared and illustrated, chiefly by electron micrography. One prolonged experiment employed only normal laboratory air. In the other experiment, silt-sized projectiles were added to the air that was blown over one of two similar fluorite specimens for a period of 50 hr during a five-month wind-blast test of the two specimens. In all cases, wind erosion occurred. However, in the second experiment, it was greatly accelerated on the test specimen which was wind-blasted by the air with the added projectiles. Also, these experiments demonstrated in detail where the aerodynamic and vorticity erosion processes concentrate to effect erosion on the shapes that were used. Although wind moves as a fluid, the interfacial flow lines along which erosion occurs form a complex reticulum. Each flow line is attracted to a center of low pressure. Such centers may be within traveling vortices along a flow line but often are at stationary points such as at vortex centers in irregularities along sharp margins where air escapes. Such vortices oriented the flow lines variously so that they merged or even transected one another, despite the use of a single wind direction. Likewise, traveling vortices along flow lines developed pit chains which show all stages of development from isolated scores and pits to fine U-shaped fluting. Thus vorticity plays a major erosive role, and wind can erode in the total absence of sand. Furthermore, aerodynamic erosion can affect every surface of an object, even the basal surface, and may even be greater on the lee face than on the windward face, and the suspended tools produce more definitive erosion than does sand grain impact. In addition, shape and size of the target, its orientation to the wind, inclination of faces, surficial texture and irregularities, and internal constitution are all important determinants of the character, locations, and rates of erosion.
Understanding, Integration, and Epistemic Value

Understanding enjoys a special kind of value, one not held by lesser epistemic states such as knowledge and true belief. I explain the value of understanding via a seemingly unrelated topic, the implausibility of veritism. Veritism holds that true belief is the sole ultimate epistemic good and all other epistemic goods derive their value from the epistemic value of true belief. Veritism entails that if you have a true belief that p, you have all the epistemic good qua p. Veritism is a plausible and widely held view; I argue that it is untenable. I argue that integration among beliefs possesses epistemic value independent from the good of true belief, and so has value veritism cannot account for. I argue further that this integration among beliefs comprises the distinctive epistemic value of understanding.
Positioning Brands against Large Competitors to Increase Sales

The authors explore the effects of having a large dominant competitor and show conditions under which focusing on a competitive threat, rather than hiding it, can actually help a brand. Through lab and field studies, the authors demonstrate that highlighting a large competitor's size and close proximity can help smaller brands rather than harm them. The results show that support for small brands goes up when faced with a competitive threat from large brands versus when they are in competition with brands that are similar to them or when consumers view them outside a competitive context. This support translates into purchase intentions, real purchases, and more favorable online reviews in a study of more than 10,000 Yelp posts. The authors argue that this “framing-the-game effect” is mediated by consumers' motivation to express their views and have an impact in the marketplace through their purchase choices.
Optical antialiasing filters based on complementary Golay codes

An optical filter that has an ideal response for removing aliasing noise from a sampled imaging system is described. The all-phase filter uses complementary Golay codes to achieve an optimum low-pass transfer function with no sidelobes. A computer model shows that the optical system has the expected performance in the ideal case, but degrades somewhat with wavelength variations and image aberrations. An experimental demonstration of the filter shows the optical transfer function performance and the response to imagery with a sampled detector.
Hadamard matrix methods in identifying differentially expressed genes from microarray experiments

Abstract Identifying differentially expressed genes is a basic objective in microarray experiments. Many statistical methods for detecting differentially expressed genes in multiple-slide experiments have been proposed. However, sometimes with limited experimental resources, only a single cDNA array or two Oligonuleotide arrays could be made or only insufficient replicated arrays could be conducted. Many current statistical models cannot be used because of the non-availability of replicated data. Simply using fold changes is also unreliable and inefficient [Chen et al. 1997. Ratio-based decisions and the quantitative analysis of cDNA microarray images. J. Biomed. Optics 2, 364–374; Newton et al. 2001. On differential variability of expression ratios: improving statistical inference about gene expression changes from microarray data. J. Comput. Biol. 8, 37–52; Pan et al. 2002. How many replicates of arrays are required to detect gene expression changes in microarray experiments? a mixture model approach. Genome Biol. 3, research0022.1-0022.10]. We propose a new method. If the log-transformed ratios for the expressed genes as well as unexpressed genes have equal variance, we use a Hadamard matrix to construct a t-test from a single array data. Basically, we test whether each doubtful gene has significantly differential expression compared to the unexpressed genes. We form some new random variables corresponding to the rows of a Hadamard matrix using the algebraic sum of gene expressions. A one-sample t-test is constructed and the p-value is calculated for each doubtful gene based on these random variables. By using any method for multiple testing, adjusted p-values could be obtained from original p-values and significance of doubtful genes can be determined. When the variance of expressed genes differs from the variance of unexpressed genes, we construct a z-statistic based on the result from application of Hadamard matrix and find the confidence interval to retain the null hypothesis. Using the interval, we determine differentially expressed genes. This method is also useful for multiple microarrays, especially when sufficient replicated data are not available for a traditional t-test. We apply our methodology to ApoAI data. The results appear to be promising. They not only confirm the early known differentially expressed genes, but also indicate more genes to be differentially expressed.
One- and two-photon induced QD-based energy transfer and the influence of multiple QD excitations.

Due to the increased use of quantum dots (QDs) in diverse laser microscopies, it is interesting to study the excitation pump power and excitation wavelength dependence of QD-based energy transfer (ET) processes. The ET in QD conjugates with phthalocyanines (Pcs) was studied with femtosecond time-resolved pump–probe spectroscopy upon one- and two-photon excitation. At the used excitation wavelengths only the QDs are excited and become the energy donors. Due to the matched spectral overlap of QD photoluminescence and Pc absorption, the ET occurs on a picosecond time scale. The ET process shows strong pump power dependence whereby an increase in excitation power results in multiple QD excitations and in shorter excited state lifetimes on the QDs due to Auger relaxation. As a result, high excitation pump power leads also to an accelerated ET to the acceptor molecules from the initially multiply excited states of the QDs. Excited state quenching studies as function of pump power suggest that ET occurs mainly from the lowest one-exciton state (n = 1) and only to a minor extent from the multiply excited states (n > 1). For the short-lived, multiply excited states the ET competes inefficiently with Auger recombinations and energy transfer efficiencies of ϕET|n=1> ≈ 20%, ϕET|n=2> ≈ 7%, ϕET|n=3> ≤ 2% were obtained. Also after two-photon excitation the ET efficiency is highest from the one-exciton state. The experimentally determined ET efficiencies were compared with theoretical ET efficiencies upon multiple excitations. In both cases the ET efficiency decreases with the increase in excitation pump power.
An experimental investigation of the double standard in the perception of international affairs

Eighty-eight male college students evaluated a Vietnam War peace proposal that was attributed to one of four sources (United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Viet Cong) or to no source. The proposal attributed to the United States was evaluated significantly higher than the same proposal attributed to North Vietnam. Enhancement of the United States' proposal contributed most to this double standard effect (i.e., the proposal attributed to the United States was judged significantly more positively than in the no source condition), but derogation of a proposal by the “enemy” was also a factor (i.e., the North Vietnam—no source differential approached statistical significance). Consistency theory predictions were partially supported. When attributed to the United States' ally, South Vietnam, the peace proposal was evaluated significantly more positively than it was in the North Vietnam condition, but the South Vietnam—Viet Cong comparison was not significant.
Phencyclidine and glycine modulate NMDA-activated high conductance cationic channels by acting at different sites

Abstract Glutamate activates high (40–50 pS) and low (5–15 pS) conductance cationic channels in outside-out patches excised from cultured cortical and cerebellar granule neurons of neonatal rats. In these neurons, the excitatory amino acid N- methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) activates mainly high conductance channels. Phencyclidine (PCP) at 2 μM selectively reduces the number of NMDA-activated channel openings, at 20 μM it reduces the channel open-time. Glycine increases the opening frequency of high conductance NMDA-activated channels. This action is counteracted by PCP. This inhibition by PCP can be eliminated by reversing the polarity of the membrane patch. However, the effect of glycine is voltage independent. These results imply different sites of action for these two modulators.
Water post-treatment without expendables — proton exchange membrane based electrolysis system

Abstract An electrochemical reactor which utilizes a proton exchange membrane (PEM) as the electrolyte is demonstrated for removal of organic and bacterial contaminants from reclaimed water. Electrochemical oxidation of organic compounds was carried out using the following procedures: (i) potentiostatic control of the anode below the potential for oxygen evolution at room temperature; (ii) galvanostatic control of the anode in the region of oxygen evolution at room temperature; and (iii) use of a regenerative electrochemical unit — a water electrolyzer/fuel cell operating in the electrolysis mode at 90°C. The rates of oxidation of the organic compounds and their current efficiencies were estimated. The oxidation of the organic carbon compounds was quite effective in the regenerative fuel cell (water electrolyzer/fuel cell) when operated in electrolyzer mode. This result thus reveals that the same electrochemical system can be used for three functions in space stations and space vehicles — hydrogen and oxygen production, electricity generation and oxidative removal of organic compounds and bacterial species from reclaimed water.
Stability of video rate control algorithms over bandwidth-limited network paths

The paper considers the stability of AIMD-based rate adaptation algorithm for video transmission over a bandwidth-limited network path. We examine the stability aspects from two angles: first, a quick relief from congestion by a faster reduction of send rate, and second, a larger limit-cycle time with a slow rate reduction in the steady-state (and hence lower rate jitter). The stability assessment also considers the loss of feedback signals from the video receiver that indicate the packet loss on data channels. We provide a management-oriented assessment of the convergence properties of video rate control system. This in turn allows an autonomic adjustment of the AIMD parameters and the system controller models for optimal performance.
Retrieval processes that produce interference in modified forced-choice recognition tests

Recognition can suffer if the retrieval cues activate more than one trace (e.g., for Flower A and Flower A′). We found evidence for two retrieval processes by examining interference effects in forcedchoice tests (e.g., Did you see Flower A or Flower A″?). Experiment 1 provided evidence of a problem in discriminating between temporally and contextually similar traces that were formed in the study phase. A competitor (Flower A′) interfered more if it was shown in the study phase rather than in the test phase. Experiments 2 and 3 found evidence for a blocking process in recognizing pairs of words (child—apple). A competitor interfered more if it was recent, shown at test rather than at study. This pattern occurred regardless of whether the competitor was similar to the target (child—orange) or dissimilar to it (child—truck). The importance of a particular retrieval process may depend on an item’s representation as well as on the retrieval cues.
Synthesis of Monoclinic and Tetragonal Chalcocite Nanoparticles by Iron-Induced Stabilization

Infrared absorbing monoclinic and tetragonal chalcocite nanoparticles were synthesized. These metastable copper sulfide phases were obtained by addition of varying amounts of iron to the reaction mixtures. Phases were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and the particles were characterized by UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis–NIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This synthesis affords monoclinic chalcocite, which is difficult to obtain in nanocrystalline form because of its ready transformation to copper-deficient djurleite. Nanoparticles of the little-studied, high-temperature-stable tetragonal chalcocite form were synthesized for the first time. These particles showed improved phase stability compared to monoclinic chalcocite, while maintaining the optical properties that made monoclinic chalcocite intensely investigated as a light absorber in photovoltaics. Together, these syntheses offer two routes toward managing an impedime...
DEMONSTRATION OF A 10-HZ FEMTOSECOND-PULSE-DRIVEN XUV LASER AT 41.8 NM IN XE IX

We report the observation of a gain of approximately $\mathrm{exp}\left(11\right)$ at 41.8 nm in 8-times-ionized xenon. This extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser is driven by a 10-Hz, 70-mJ circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulse. The laser is focused into Xe at pressures ranging from 5 to 12 torr. The laser is collisionally excited, with both the ions and electrons produced by field induced tunneling.
Pre-intervention cerebral blood volume predicts outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke

Background Pre-intervention perfusion imaging is increasingly becoming part of stroke triage. Small studies supporting imaging based patient selection have been published. The goal of this larger study was to determine if perfusion imaging could impact on functional outcomes in patients undergoing stroke interventions. Methods All patients who had undergone endovascular therapy for anterior circulation strokes over a 7 year period were retrospectively analyzed. The pre-intervention perfusion imaging was assessed for size of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow and mean transit time (MTT) abnormalities. A perfusion mismatch for irreversible versus reversible ischemia was based on CBV and MTT. Clinical outcome and mortality were based on the 90 day modified Rankin Scale. An analysis of the pre-intervention perfusion parameters was then performed to determine any impact on functional outcomes. Results 110 patients underwent endovascular therapy for anterior circulation strokes. A younger age and lower National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score were important clinical predictors of favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤2). The extent of the CBV abnormality and percentage of CBV/MTT mismatch were the strongest imaging predictors of outcome and mortality. A CBV area of 229.5 mm 2 (±290) was seen for favorable outcomes versus 968 mm 2 (±1173) for poor outcomes (p 2 (±392) in patients without mortality versus 1401.1 mm 2 (±1310) in patients with mortality (p Conclusion The extent of pre-intervention CBV abnormality is a strong predictor of functional outcomes following endovascular stroke therapy. This information can aid in patient selection and improve procedure efficacy.
Ion pumps in the cornea and their stimulation by epinephrine and cyclic-AMP.

Abstract The type and location of the ionic pumps in the cornea of the amphibian and the mammalian is described, as well as the action of epinephrine and derivatives that increase the cellular level of cyclic-AMP. The cornea of the frog transports chloride ions from aqueous to tear side by a pump located in the epithelium which can dehydrate partially opaque corneas. This mechanism is activated by epinephrine and cyclic-AMP and aminophylline. These substances increase the net flux of chloride measured with 36Cl and they do not have effect on the short circuit current in chloride free solutions. The cornea of the rabbit pumps normally sodium ions inwards by a mechanism located in the epithelium. However, at rest and especially during the action of epinephrine and Db cyclic-AMP a transport of chloride from aqueous to tear side was well described in the epithelium of the rabbit cornea. The implications of the presence of these pumps and a revision of the information leading to the characterization and localization of these pumps is included.
On Lending to Small Firms

Lending to small firms is difficult because of the problems of information asymmetry. Innovative ways to address these problems have the potential to increase credit availability to these firms. Th...
Erbia-modified electrospun titania nanofibres for selective infrared emitters

Tetraisopropyl titanate (TPT) was mixed with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the solution electrospun into nanofibres. Thermal annealing at 900 °C was used to pyrolyse the PVP, leaving nanofibres of rutile-phase titania. Erbium (III) oxide particles were also added into the solution before electrospinning, and selectively modified the near-infrared optical properties of the titania nanofibres as verified by both absorption and emission spectra. We thereby demonstrate the production of high-temperature optically functionalized nanostructures that can be used in a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion system.
Characteristics of NIFNE in Azotobacter vinelandii strains. Implications for the synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of dinitrogenase.

The products of the nifN and nifE genes of Azotobacter vinelandii function as a 200-kDa α2β2 tetramer (NIFNE) in the synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) of nitrogenase, the enzyme system required for biological nitrogen fixation. NIFNE was purified using a modification of the published protocol. Immunoblot analysis of anoxic native gels indicated that distinct forms of NIFNE accumulate in strains deficient in either NIFB (ΔnifB::kan ΔnifDK) or NIFH (ΔnifHDK). During the purification of NIFNE from the ΔnifHDK mutant, its mobility in these gels changed, becoming similar to that of NIFNE from the ΔnifB::kan ΔnifDK mutant. While NIFB activity initially co-purified with the NIFNE activity from the ΔnifHDK mutant, further purification of NIFNE activity resulted in the loss of the co-purifying NIFB activity; this loss correlated with the change in NIFNE mobility on native gels. These results suggest that the form of NIFNE accumulated in the ΔnifHDK mutant is associated with NIFB activity in crude extract but loses this association during NIFNE purification. Addition of the purified metabolic product of NIFB, termed NifB-co, to either NIFNE purified from the ΔnifHDK strain or to the NIFNE in crude extract of the ΔnifB::kan ΔnifDK strain caused a change in the mobility of NIFNE on anoxic native gels to that of the form accumulated in a ΔnifHDK mutant. These results support a model where both NifB-co and dinitrogenase reductase participate in FeMo-co synthesis through NIFNE, which serves as a scaffold for this process.
Group-I intron family in the nuclear ribosomal RNA small subunit genes of Cenococcum geophilum isolates.

A family of optional group-I introns was found near the 3′ end of the nuclear small subunit rRNA genes in 61 out of 70 isolates of the deuteromycete mycorrhizal fungusCenococcum geophilum. DNA sequence polymorphisms among the introns (termedCgSSU introns) from ten of the isolates were studied. The sequences, ranging in size from 488 to 514 nucleotides, were from 93.2% to 99.6% similar to each other. Mutations were less common in predicted base-paired regions (33% of all mutations) than in free-standing regions (67%). The introns were self-spliced in vitro and were closest to subgroup ICI according to sequence and predicted secondary structure. Group-I intron pairing regions P1 through P10, including core regions P, Q, R and S, were present in all tenCgSSU introns studied. No lengthy open reading frames were found in any of the introns, indicating that the introns do not encode a protein, and therefore may not be mobile. It is likely that a single intron entered a progenote ofC. geophilum and changed as the species evolved.
The effect of body positioning upon maximal oxygenation of patients with unilateral lung pathology

A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures cross-over design study on the effect of body position on oxygenation (SaO2) blood pressure, respiration and pulse in patients with unilateral lung pathology was conducted. Previous research strongly suggests that positioning with the healthy (unaffected) lung in the dependent lateral (down) position is related to improved oxygenation, but knowledge about whether this effect is maintained over time is lacking. The purpose of this investigation was to determine: (1) Is positioning with the unaffected lung in the dependent lateral position related to increased arterial blood saturation levels and decreased blood pressure, pulse and respiration? (2) What is the relationship between the dependent variables--oxygenation saturation levels, blood pressure, pulse and respiration--and the independent variables--body position and time in the position? Thirty-nine patients with unilateral lung pathology were positioned on their sides with the unaffected lung down, on their sides with the affected lung down, and also in semi-Fowler's position. Arterial (SaO2) blood saturation and vital signs were measured at baseline 0, 15 and 30 minutes. There was no statistically significant relationship between oxygenation level or systolic blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure, respiration and pulse did vary significantly with position.
What Abortion Counselors Want From Their Clients

Drawing on data gathered in a participant observation study of an abortion service, this paper discusses some of the responses of abortion counselors to their work. Specifically, it describes the role clients play in shaping the meaning of this work. The major findings are that the counselors prefer client “soberness,” are intolerant of client cynicism, and are angered by repeat aborters. The paper concludes by relating these findings to a consideration of responses to “dirty work” among social service workers.
Nucleolar organizer regions in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix

Background Nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) are associated with proliferative activity and ploidy in many tumors. The endocervical growth pattern of cervical adenocarcinoma renders tumor volume assessment more difficult, necessitating additional prognostic indicators. Methods Thirty-five cases of cervical adenocarcinoma were evaluated by reviewing charts and histologic sections. Nucleolar organizer regions were stained and counted manually; the mean number per cell and the percentage of cells with more than 5 AgNORs were recorded. Ploidy and S-phase fraction were determined by flow cytometry. Results Mean AgNOR counts per cell were significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (3.0) and adenosquamous carcinoma (4.3) than in benign endocervical epithelium (1.4). Grade 3 tumors had higher values (4.0) than Grade 1 lesions (2.9), and tumors with lymphovascular space involvement had higher values (3.5) than tumors without such involvement (2.7). No significant correlation was seen with regard to tumor stage or size. Flow cytometric parameters did not correlate with any of the examined parameters, although the DNA index was higher in larger tumors. Correlation between AgNOR counts and flow cytometry was significant only in Grade I tumors. Conclusions Nucleolar organizer region counts correlated better with histologic parameters of cervical adenocarcinoma than did flow cytometry. Because it is easily performed and does not require sophisticated equipment, AgNOR counts should be investigated further in a larger group of patients to determine their prognostic value.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an evaluation of treatment and management approaches by referring physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the current management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) between primary care physicians and general otolaryngologists.STUDY DESIGN: Written survey of physician practice patterns.METHODS: A multiple choice and Likert scale survey was mailed to 1306 otolaryngologists and primary care physicians in the upper midwest with respect to management of SSHL.RESULTS: A significant number of general practitioners treat SSHL independent of an otolaryngologist. General practitioners are significantly less impressed than otolaryngologists that steroids are an effective treatment (P < 0.0001). Over 98 percent of otolaryngologists use oral steroids as compared with 73 percent of general practitioners treating on their own. The vast majority of otolaryngologists start therapy with at least 60 mg of prednisone whereas lower doses and medrol dosepaks are more commonly used by general practitioners. Otolaryngologists are more likely to treat with steroids beyond one week of onset of...
A computer program to display animations within the computer graphics halo environment

Abstract This subroutine is designed to be used in any case where the user is working with a digitized image one colour per pixel, to be displayed on a CGA screen with the HALO package. The subroutine was originally designed to be used with an image block which represents the concentrations of chemicals throughout a large body of water. In this paper we explain how HALO stores a graphic screen and therefore how any screen can be created from any matrix. One additional option is that a zoom factor is included so that any part of the matrix can be displayed enlarged.
Modelling the relationship between continuous covariates and clinical events using isotonic regression

In a medical study we are often interested in graphically displaying the relationship between continuous variables and clinical events indicating disease progression. Often, it is reasonable to make the minimal assumption that the risk of progression is an arbitrary monotone function of the continuous variable. Sometimes the continuous variable is a disease marker which is recorded longitudinally, and so the goal is to provide a graphical display of the relationship between the hazard for progression and the most recent measurement of the longitudinal marker. For example, we know that for a patient with HIV infection, declining CD4 count is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infection. The goal of this paper is to extend isotonic regression techniques to failure time data with a continuous covariate, to obtain a non-parametric estimate for the hazard of disease progression as a monotonic function of the continuous variable. We propose two methods for modelling the relationship of the hazard and covariate: the first assumes that the hazard is constant over time, and the second allows the hazard to be an arbitrary function of time. These methods will be applied to graphically display the risk for an AIDS patient of an opportunistic infection as a function of CD4 count.
Homicidal Methanol Poisoning in a Child

A case of homicidal poisoning of a 21-month-old child using methanol is presented. The child was found dead in his crib during a court-ordered visit to his father's home. He reportedly was experiencing "flu-like" symptoms the day before. Routine toxicology testing of specimens taken at autopsy revealed the presence of methanol in a concentration of 0.21%, 0.23%, 0.31%, 0.28%, and 0.26% (w/v or w/w) in heart blood, venous blood, urine, vitreous humor, and gastric contents, respectively. Formic acid concentrations were 1.0 and 6.4 g/L in heart blood and urine. No other drugs or chemicals were detected in comprehensive screening. Accidental ingestion of methanol was ruled out; however, the homicide investigation was complicated by the fact that up to seven adults at three different locations had been involved in the child's care. Minimal information in the literature on the time frame for the development of symptoms of methanol intoxication in a child of this age made predicting a likely time of ingestion difficult. Discussion of the investigation and the timeline for the poisoning that was eventually established are included.
Protochlorophyllide reductase. III: Synthesis of a protochlorophyllide-dihydroflavin complex.

— A mild and efficient method of linking a dihydroflavin to the C-17 carboxylic acid side chain of protochlorophyllide, without degradation of the sensitive E ring or loss of magnesium, is described. The appended dihydroflavin was shown to quench the fluorescence of protochlorophyllide. In contrast, a dihydronicotinamide moiety was unable to effect fluorescence quenching. The relevance of these findings to a possible mechanism of action of the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase is discussed.
Dependence of optically induced magnetism on molecular electronic structure

Intense magnetic dipole scattering that has been observed recently in several transparent insulators arises nonlinearly and saturates as predicted by classical theory, but also varies with electronic structure of the medium.
The truth of religious narratives

Le probleme aborde par l'A. est celui des conflits entre les recits religieux sans oublier que les histoires sont irreductibles a des propositions. Ces recits mettent en scene des mondes, affirment des dogmes et les croyances qui s'incarnent dans ces mondes et ces dogmes entrent en conflits avec ceux d'un autre discours. La verite d'un discours religieux apparait comme une relation complexe entre trois mondes: celui projete entre le texte et l'interprete, le monde familier des auteurs et des lecteurs et le monde religieux du transcendant
Poverty functions and the aged population.

Poverty numbers have decreased in the United States over the past few decades but these statistics tend to mask trends for different demographic groups. Aged women living alone make up 95 per cent of non‐family households, and 47 per cent of these women had annual incomes of less than $10,000 and most were living at the poverty threshold in 1989. Concern about poverty among the aged is addressed from two perspectives. First, changes in the magnitude, characteristics and incidence of poverty among the aged population are reviewed. Secondly, analytical models of the severity of poverty are presented and these models are used to describe techniques that may be employed in attempting to alleviate poverty in one category of the aged poor where it seems most acute and most intractable, i.e. aged women living alone. Three poverty models are presented: (1) concentrating economic aid to those just below the poverty threshold and reducing numbers; (2) concentrating aid to those in deepest need; and (3) a sliding sc...
Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine.

To determine the extent to which influenza viruses jump between human and swine hosts, we undertook a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of pandemic A/H1N1/09 (H1N1pdm09) influenza virus genome sequence data. From this, we identified at least 49 human-to-swine transmission events that occurred globally during 2009–2011, thereby highlighting the ability of the H1N1pdm09 virus to transmit repeatedly from humans to swine, even following adaptive evolution in humans. Similarly, we identified at least 23 separate introductions of human seasonal (non-pandemic) H1 and H3 influenza viruses into swine globally since 1990. Overall, these results reveal the frequency with which swine are exposed to human influenza viruses, indicate that humans make a substantial contribution to the genetic diversity of influenza viruses in swine, and emphasize the need to improve biosecurity measures at the human–swine interface, including influenza vaccination of swine workers.
The pre-omics era: the early days of two-dimensional gels.

I present a personal view of the beginning of two-dimensional gels and unsanctioned proteomics. I was still a young graduate student in the early 1970s when I developed methods for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis that became widely used. Though the method gave us the capacity to do things that had never been done, the value of global enumeration of proteins was not appreciated, and we were still two decades away from the invention of the term proteomics. I describe a period of exploration where, by exercising our new capability, we conducted the first proteomic type expression experiments, and made unforeseen contributions to advances in biology. Detection of single-amino acid substitutions validated genetic selections in cultured cells, and revealed a regulatory system that maintains the accuracy of protein synthesis by assuring an unbiased supply of its substrates. We documented biologic control with a dynamic range >108 fold, and, in a surprising turn, we identified an approach that provided a major breakthrough in recombinant DNA technology, the ability to express cloned sequences in Escherichia coli. The challenge then and now is to use a capability for global analysis to produce new insights into fundamental aspects of biology and to drive substantive technical advances.
Behavioral Influences on Cortical Neuronal Responses to Optic Flow

Optic flow selectively activates neurons in medial superior temporal (MST) cortex. We find that many MST neurons yield larger and more selective responses when the optic flow guides a subsequent eye movement. Smaller, less selective responses are seen when optic flow is preceded by a flashed precue that guides eye movements. Selectivity can decrease by a third (32%) after a flashed precue is presented at a peripheral location as a small spot specifying the target location of the eye movement. Smaller decreases in selectivity (18%) occur when the precue is presented centrally with its shape specifying the target location. Shape precues presented centrally, but not linked to specific target locations, do not appear to alter optic flow selectivity. The effects of spatial precueing can be reversed so that the precue leads to larger and more selective optic flow responses: A flashed precue presented as a distracter before behaviorally relevant optic flow is associated with larger optic flow responses and a 45% increase in selectivity. Together, these findings show that spatial precues can decrease or increase the size and selectivity of optic flow responses depending on the associated behavioral contingencies.
Exploring Feminist Women's Body Consciousness.

In a qualitative investigation of young feminists' experience of body consciousness, 25 feminist women each participated in one of 6 focus groups examining the ways they experienced body image and negotiated cultural messages about women's appearance. Participants described their experience with objectification and its impact on their body image, sense of self, and relationships with other women. Although feminism provided an alternative way to understand cultural messages and reframe negative thoughts, this understanding did not necessarily affect aesthetic reactions. Participants experienced conflict between their feminist beliefs and their feelings about beauty ideals and their own appearance. This conflict is interpreted in terms of a mere exposure effect and existing gender/power relations. Suggestions of ways feminist psychologists can support young women's strategies for resisting negative cultural messages are provided.