cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated cocaine exposure: effects on catecholamines in the nucleus accumbens septi of periadolescent animals.

Abstract Substance abuse is a major issue in today’s society, and is an issue of critical importance in the adolescent population. Research indicates that substance use is often initiated during the adolescent period, and that brain reward areas are still undergoing changes during this time. Despite this, little research has investigated the effects of repeated drug use on the reward mechanisms of periadolescent animals. For this reason, the present study examined the effects of repeated cocaine administration on the responsiveness of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAcc) to either cocaine or saline challenge. The data indicate that repeated exposure to cocaine produces temporal shifts in the dopaminergic (DAergic) activity of the NAcc, with peak activity occurring earlier. Importantly, following repeated injections of cocaine, saline injections alone elicit increases followed by a subsequent suppression in DA overflow in the NAcc. These results suggest that the context of cocaine administration produces fundamental changes in the way that neurochemical reinforcement mechanisms respond. The expectancy of the drug alone elicits reward-related activity within the NAcc, which may play a critical role in the development of addiction.
Characterization of 42 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) for use in discriminating populations

The bowhead whale was hunted extensively in the North Pacific and Atlantic. Historic abundance is estimated to have been at least 30,000 (Burns et al. 1993) in the North Pacific and 12,000 in the western North Atlantic (Hudson Bay and Davis Strait stocks; Rugh et al. 2003). By the end of commercial whaling, each population was estimated to have numbered fewer than 1000 individuals. Since “economic extinction” in the early 1900s, populations have generally rebounded, now reaching approximately 11,000 in the Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort seas (BCB) stock of the North Pacific (George et al. 2004) and conservatively estimated at 5,000 in the western North Atlantic (Dueck et al. 2007). A small population in the Sea of Okhotsk (Russia) was reduced from an estimated 3,000–6,000 to probably fewer than 500 (Endangered in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature [IUCN] Red List; IUCN 2008), and a population in the eastern North Atlantic, called the Spitsbergen stock (Critically Endangered), was reduced from >25,000 to probably fewer than 100 surviving today (Rugh et al. 2003). BCB bowhead whales remain listed as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and are currently protected from commercial hunting under International Whaling Commission treaties. Subsistence hunting continues in Alaska, Russia, and Canada with an annual permitted biological removal (PBR) set by the International Whaling Commission of 95 whales in the western Arctic (BCB and Okhotsk stocks), although
Closed-Cell Elastomeric Foams as Water-Vapor-Retardant Insulators on Cold Pipes

Closed-cell elastomeric foams are used not only as thermal insulators but also as water vapor retardants on cold surfaces. The article discusses the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning systems are protected by these materials against moisture absorption.
Electroencephalographic and temporal correlates of snoring

Continuous sleep recordings were obtained for eight reliable snorers. Although most snoring occurred during Stage 2 sleep, it was found that the tendency to snore was not significantly different for the various sleep stages. However, the greatest amount of snoring occurred at the beginning of the night.
Pronóstico tras una lesión traumática de la aorta torácica: experiencia en un centro de referencia

La rotura traumatica de la aorta toracica es una situacion potencialmente letal con un indice de mortalidad del 75-90% en el momento de la lesion. En este articulo presentamos nuestra experiencia con lesiones traumaticas de la aorta toracica y comparamos el pronostico de los pacientes con respecto a la estabilidad hemodinamica en la presentacion y el momento de la correccion quirurgica. Realizamos un analisis retrospectivo de los datos obtenidos de las historias clinicas de 30 pacientes que habian sufrido una rotura traumatica de la aorta toracica durante el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 30 de octubre de 2005. Se revisaron los datos demograficos, mecanismos de la lesion, metodo de diagnostico, localizacion, existencia de otras lesiones asociadas, estabilidad hemodinamica en el momento de la presentacion, respuesta a la reanimacion, momento de la reparacion aortica, asi como morbimortalidad resultante. Se diagnostico rotura traumatica de la aorta toracica en 30 pacientes. La lesion se localizo en la aorta ascendente en 2, en el istmo aortico en 25, y en la aorta descendente (distal al istmo) en otros 3. Las lesiones asociadas fueron: traumatismos craneales (50%), traumatismos de la columna cervical (23,3%), traumatismos pulmonares (80%), y traumatismos viscerales (63%) y de las extremidades (60%). Se certifico el fallecimiento de 7 pacientes (23%) al llegar a la sala de urgencias, 14 (47%) presentaron inestabilidad hemodinamica a la llegada, y 9 (30%) permanecieron hemodinamicamente estables. En el grupo inestable, 2 pacientes (14%) fallecieron antes de la correccion quirurgica, 11 (79%) fueron sometidos a una reparacion urgente de la aorta toracica, con una mortalidad del 46%, y otro (7%) a una reparacion diferida tras su estabilizacion inicial mediante esplenectomia por una laceracion esplenica. En el grupo estable, 3 pacientes (33%) fueron sometidos a una cirugia aortica inmediata (en 24 h), mientras que en 6 (67%) la reparacion se realizo diferida. La media del tiempo transcurrido para la reparacion en las cirugias diferidas fue de 20,85 dias (intervalo 2-53, media = 25). No se produjeron fallecimientos en este grupo. La rotura aguda traumatica de la aorta toracica es un proceso con una mortalidad extremadamente alta. La inestabilidad hemodinamica es el principal factor de riesgo de mortalidad. Diferir la reparacion es seguro y no esta asociado con un aumento del riesgo de rotura aortica en pacientes hemodinamicamente estables.
Piezoelectricity of ferroelectric perovskites from first principles

The very recent use of first-principles-derived approaches to investigate piezoelectricity in simple and complex ferroelectric perovskites has not only provided a deep microscopic understanding but also has led to the design of materials with striking electromechanical responses.
A Motion Amplifier Using an Axially Driven Buckling Beam: II. Modeling and Analysis

In this paper, the nonlinear behavior of a motion amplifier used to obtain large rotations from small linear displacements produced by a piezoelectric stack is studied. The motion amplifier uses elastic (buckling) and dynamic instabilities of an axially driven buckling beam. Since the amplifier is driving a large rotary inertia at the pinned end and the operational frequency is low compared to the resonant frequencies of the beam, the mass of the buckling beam and the dynamics of the PZT stack are neglected and the system is modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom, nonlinear system. The beam simply behaves as a nonlinear rotational spring having a prescribed displacement on the input end and a moment produced by the inertial mass acting on the output end. The moment applied to the mass is then a function of the beam end displacement and the mass rotation. The system can, thus, be modeled simply as a base-excited, spring–mass oscillator. Results of the response for an ideal beam using this reduced-order model agree with the experimental data to a high degree. Inclusion of loading and geometric imperfections show that the response is not particularly sensitive to these imperfections. Parameter studies for the ideal buckling beam amplifier were conducted to provide guidance for improving the design of the motion amplifier and finding the optimal operating conditions for different applications.
Designing A Successful HMD-Based Experience

For entertainment applications, a successful virtual experience based on a head-mounted display (HMD) needs to overcome some or all of the following problems: entering a virtual world is a jarring experience, people do not naturally turn their heads or talk to each other while wearing an HMD, putting on the equipment is hard, and people do not realize when the experience is over. In the Electric Garden at SIGGRAPH 97, we presented the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, a shared virtual environment experienced by more than 1,500 SIGGRAPH attendees. We addressed these HMD-related problems with a combination of back story, see-through HMDs, virtual characters, continuity of real and virtual objects, and the layout of the physical and virtual environments.
Absorption of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) in infants and children

Concentrations of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) were measured in blood from children who hadreceived treatment with 1% lindane lotion. Lindane was present in the blood of all patients from two to 48 hours following application. Concentrations were inversely related to weight, surface area, and were independent of the quantity of lindane applied.
Simultaneous acquisition of thermal and visible images in a scanning infrared camera

A scanning imaging system that simultaneously generates visual or near-infrared (NIR, < 2 micrometers ) and far infrared (FIR, 8 to 12 micrometers ) digitized images is described. The visible or NIR images are presentations of reflected radiation at the corresponding wavelengths. The FIR emission is calibrated with thermostated black bodies to yield a thermal image. The system was designed to produce twin images, with identical perspective and scale factor, that can be overlayed to allow unambiguous identification of the observed object and precise location of thermal features on the observed object. This system has a variety of uses, especially in clinical applications of telethermometry. The visual imaging system is designed to use the same optical scanning configuration as that which generates the thermometric data. The camera's optical scanning system is described, as are the electronics of the imaging system, including the design of the photodiode amplifier, pixel trigger generator, digitizer and the computer interface circuits. A few experimental images taken by this system are also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Renal transplantation in patients with Australia antigenemia

Summary Thirty-five of 186 recipients of renal transplants in a twenty-one month period were Australia antigen positive at the time of transplantation. The Au antigen positive group was compared with an Au antigen negative control group of recipients matched for source of kidney, age, sex, and date of transplantation. The follow-up period averaged twenty-one months post transplantation. Among twenty Au antigen positive recipients of related kidneys, there were eight rejection episodes but only two kidney losses and one death. Among twenty matched related Au antigen negative controls there were thirteen rejection episodes, no kidney losses, and two deaths. Of fifteen Au antigen positive cadaver recipients there were eighteen rejection episodes, eight kidney losses, and six deaths. Of the fifteen matched Au antigen negative recipients of cadaver kidneys, there were four rejection episodes, one kidney loss, and four deaths. In only one of the Au antigen positive recipients did clinically significant liver abnormalities develop one year after removal of the transplant, which eventually led to death from hepatitis. Au antigenemia in recipients does not seem to be associated with increased risk except perhaps in recipients of cadaver donor kidneys in whom the apparent increased risk may be coincidental.
Writing the Holocaust

Writing the Holocaust Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Daniel Langton (eds.) New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011 192 pp., US $35.00 (pbk) In this collection of ten essays, editors Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Daniel...
Invocatio and Imprecatio : the Hymn to the Greatest Kouros from Palaikastro and the oath in ancient Crete

The hymn to the Greatest Kouros from Palaikastro, Crete, has occasioned considerable debate among students of choral lyric and ancient Greek religion since its discovery in 1904. The god invoked as the greatest kouros has been identified with Zeus Diktaios in whose sanctuary at Palaikastro the hymn was discovered. The hymn as we have it is a second or third century AD copy of a late fourth or third century BC composition. As is so often the case in Cretan studies, Minoan antecedents for the cult of Zeus Diktaios at Palaikastro and for the hymn have been suggested and explored.
On the origin of mesoscale TIDs at midlatitudes

Abstract. A recent breakthrough experiment by Ogawa et al. (2009) showed that Mesoscale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (MSTIDs), a common phenomenon at midlatitudes, originate in the auroral zone as gravity waves. Curiously, however, the latter do not seem to be related to magnetic activity. These atmospheric waves are common at high latitudes (Bristow and Greenwald, 1996; Bristow et al., 1996), and we argue here that, as they propagate to lower latitudes, Joule damping reduces the gravity wave spectrum to waves suffering the weakest damping. The direction of weakest damping corresponds to the direction predicted by the Perkins instability (Perkins, 1973) for nighttime MSTIDs. The daytime features reported by Ogawa et al. (2009) are very likely due to classical gravity wave interaction with the F-region ionosphere.
Performance engineering: a must for petascale and beyond

We discuss the need for a more principled approach to the management of the performance of applications for petascale platforms and outline some initial successes, related to the Blue Waters project.
Superconductivity and rare-earth paramagnetism in Pr1.85Ce0.15CuO4

Abstract The magnetic excitation spectra, determined by inelastic neutron scattering, of the electron superconductor Pr1.85Ce0.15CuO4 are compared with those of the parent insulating compound Pr2CuO4. The observed crystal-field transitions in the superconducting material shift to slightly lower energies and are broadened significantly relative to those from the parent compound. The results are consistent with the crystal-field model calculation for the splitting of the Pr3+:3H4 ground multiplet under the scheme of intermediate coupling. High-resolution neutron spectroscopy reveals that the Ce ions in Pr1.85Ce0.15CuO4 are nonmagnetic and the Ce 4f-electrons are likely to be delocalized into the conduction band.
Industrial Policy in the United States: A Neo-Polanyian Interpretation

The conventional wisdom holds that U.S. political institutions are inhospitable to industrial policy. The authors call the conventional wisdom into question by making four claims: (1) the activities targeted by industrial policy are increasingly governed by decentralized production networks rather than markets or hierarchies, (2) “network failures” are therefore no less threatening to industrial dynamism than market or organizational failures, (3) the spatial and organizational decentralization of production have simultaneously increased the demand and broadened the support for American industrial policy, and (4) political decentralization is therefore likely to improve the functioning of industrial policies designed to combat network failures.
Simultaneous acquisition of storage phosphor and asymmetric screen-film chest images using a hybrid cassette

A hybrid cassette has been developed for simultaneous acquisition of storage phosphor and asymmetric screen-film chest images. This is important for the collection of images for Receiver Operating Characteristic studies comparing conventional radiography and computed radiography, without either increased exposure or non-identical imaging conditions. This hybrid radiographic cassette consists of a computed radiography imaging plate (in front) and an intact, high contrast variant of a commercially available asymmetric screen-film system (in the rear) with a speed of approximately 425. The high contrast, speed and efficiency of this screen-film system allow for positioning of the storage phosphor plate in the front of the cassette. As the imaging plate absorption is approximately 35%, the fast screen-film system provides high quality diagnostic images. There is minimal beam hardening, which is ameliorated by the high contrast of the asymmetric front screen. There is minimal differences in the Plexiglas step wedge phantom gray level values for CR and CR-hybrid images and in optical density values for InSightTM and InSightTM-hybrid films. The signal to noise ratio of either hybrid image, while fractionally less than their standard counterparts, is negligibly so. Only a slight modification in radiographic technique is required (10%) for use of this hybrid cassette, providing images that are virtually the same as those obtained through the standard CR and InSightTM ITC imaging methods.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A wearable ultrasonic assembly for point-of-care autonomous diagnostics of malignant growth

Clinicians generally agree that the most effective way to treat a malignant tumor within body organs is to detect it early. Currently, detection is mostly based on clinical diagnostics triggered by specific symptoms, which is often too late allowing the malignancy to reach an advanced stage. Automated high-resolution monitoring of body parts at regular intervals can be highly effective for detection of an anomalous growth - either primary or recurrence - at an early stage. In this paper, we propose a wearable, point-of-care (POC) ultrasonic imaging assembly to perform unsupervised, periodic monitoring of body parts for early detection of cancerous growths. We use ultrasound technology, which is safe, low-cost, can be easily miniaturized, and amenable for long-term, convenient, online monitoring. The proposed system is capable of providing automated high-resolution images of susceptible volumes of interest in superficial cancer-prone organs (e.g. prostate, uterus, kidney, ovary and bladder) at periodic intervals. We explore the design space for such a system encompassing transducer design parameters, power and memory requirements. Next, we study the effectiveness of such a system using both ultrasonic software simulation (with Field II) as well as experimental evaluation (with medical ultrasound transducers and phantoms). We show that the proposed POC diagnostic system can reliably detect an anomaly at a much smaller size (mostly stage 1) than typically achieved through conventional symptomatic detection.
Image edge enhancement by Bragg diffraction

We present a novel and simple optical image processing system for edge enhancement. The system consists of a single imaging lens and an acousto-optic modulator. Image edge enhancement is achieved by Bragg diffraction. Experimental and computer simulation results are given.
Prediction of spontaneous preterm birth by fetal fibronectin and uterine activity.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of fetal fibronectin and home uterine contraction assessment in predicting preterm birth (before 34 weeks) in at-risk asymptomatic women. Methods One hundred fifty women were enrolled prospectively; five were lost to follow-up, leaving 145 women available for analysis. Because patients with preterm labor before 34 weeks' gestation most commonly develop this problem after 28 weeks, the period of 26–28 weeks' gestation was selected prospectively as the first window for prediction and study analysis. Eighty-five of 145 asymptomatic women at high risk for preterm birth had both home uterine contraction assessment of 2 hours per day and one or more cervical sampling(s) for fetal fibronectin measurement at 26–28 weeks. A positive home uterine contraction assessment was defined as contractions exceeding two per hour averaged over the 2-week study interval. Positive fetal fibronectin was defined as greater than 50 ng/mL. Results Fourteen of the 85 women (16.5%) delivered before 34 weeks. Home uterine contraction assessment alone had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for preterm birth of 64, 85, 45, and 92%, respectively; fetal fibronectin alone was associated with values of 43, 89, 43, and 89%, respectively. A positive home uterine contraction assessment was associated with a relative risk (RR) for preterm birth of 5.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4–14.2), whereas a positive fetal fibronectin demonstrated an RR of 3.8 (95% CI 1.5–9.4). When both assessments were positive, all patients delivered before 34 weeks and there was an RR of 27.0 (95% CI 8.7–84.1) compared with those with both tests being negative. Only two patients with both tests negative delivered before 34 weeks (negative predictive value 96%). Conclusion Both the home uterine contraction assessment and fetal fibronectin accurately predicted preterm birth before 34 weeks. When both tests were combined, the predictive ability improved substantially.
Effect of non-Fermi liquid behavior on the temperature dependence of the amplitude of de Haas-van Alphen oscillations

We calculate the amplitudes of de Haas-van Alphen oscillations for a system of heavy fermions close to a quantum critical point (QCP). A nested Fermi surface, which consists of an electron and a hole pocket, together with the remaining interaction between the carriers after the heavy particles are formed, leads to itinerant antiferromagnetism. The order can be gradually suppressed by increasing the mismatch between the Fermi momenta, and a quantum critical point is obtained as ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, giving rise to a heavy-fermion non-Fermi liquid behavior in the specific heat, quasiparticle linewidth, and resistivity. The Lifshitz--Kosevich expression for the de Haas-van Alphen oscillations is modified by the quasiparticle self-energy. The amplitudes are considerably reduced by the interactions. The magnetic field and temperature dependence of the amplitudes shows that the effects of the QCP extend over a large $T$ interval.
The Use of Electrocautery as the Primary Ablation Modality for Malignant and Benign Airway Obstruction

Background Laser has been the main ablative modality in the airways, but a growing experience with endobronchial electrocautery suggests a comparable efficacy and safety profile. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of electrocautery as the primary heat therapy for malignant and benign airway obstruction. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing endobronchial electrocautery, alone or in combination with other airway tools, at Duke University Medical Center between April 2004 and November 2009. Data on efficacy (luminal patency, symptomatic, radiographic, or physiologic improvement) and safety (complication rate) were collected. Results Ninety-four patients underwent 117 procedures with endobronchial electrocautery for endobronchial malignant and nonmalignant disease. Endoscopic improvement was seen in 94% of cases. Seventy-one percent of patients reported symptomatic improvement. Radiographic studies demonstrated luminal improvement in 78% of patients on chest computed tomography, improved aeration on chest computed tomography and chest x-ray in 63% and 43% of patients, respectively. The rate of major complications was 0.8%, whereas minor complications occurred in 6.8% of cases. There was no perioperative mortality. Conclusions Endobronchial electrocautery is effective and safe when used as an ablative modality in malignant and benign airway obstruction and has a comparable profile to laser with the advantage of lower cost.
Nominal, verbal, and cross-categorial affixation in Korean

In this paper, I address a recent proposal by Yu-Cho and Sells (1995) to explicate the constraints on the morphosyntax of inflectional affixation in Korean based on the attribute TYPE, which in large measure coincides with the bound vs. free distinction but also diverges from it in crucial cases. The theory of TYPE offers an insightful account of a class of affixes-the cross-categorial affixes-that attach either to nominals or verbals. I suggest, however, that when a fuller range of relevant data is taken into account, constraints on inflectional affixation in Korean are better handled by the distinction between bound verbal roots vs. free nominal roots on the one hand, and that between affixes which attach to bound forms and those that combine with free forms. The alternative that is proposed overgenerates. To deal with this problem, non-morphological means of filtering overgeneration are suggested and argued to be necessary.
Simple regulatory policies in the presence of demand and cost uncertainty

We analyze the design of regulatory policy in the presence of demand uncertainty when the regulated firm has superior knowledge of its cost structure. The presence of demand uncertainty introduces important new considerations for the regulator. We show that by limiting the regulated firm's obligation to serve and by protecting the firm against stranded investment, the regulator can enhance consumer welfare relative to the case where the regulator can only set a single price for the regulated product before demand is realized.
High level sojourns for strongly dependent Gaussian processes

Let X(t), t>O, be a real, stationary Gaussian stochastic process with mean 0, variance 1, and continuous covariance function r(t). For t > 0 and u > 0, let Lt(u ) be the time spent by X(s), O<s<t, above the level u. (Since r(t) is continuous, X(t) has a measurable version so that Lt(u ) is well defined for this version.) Let u = u(t) increase to oo with t. If u(t) increases at a sufficiently slow rate, and if r(t) is nonnegative for all large t and tends to 0 at a sufficiently slow rate, then Lt(u(t)) has, upon appropriate normalization, a limiting normal distribution. Let Mt(u ) be the time spent by IX(s)], 0 < s < t , above u. Under similar conditions on u(t) but more special conditions on r(t) for t ~ 0% Mt(u(t)) has, upon appropriate normalization, a limiting distribution which is not Gaussian. The latter distribution was discovered by Rosenblatt (1961), and applied by Taqqu (1975). These results belong to the domain of limit theorems for sojourns of stationary Gaussian processes above high levels and over long time intervals. The present state of knowledge may be quickly summarized as follows: If the covariance function r(t) tends to 0 sufficiently rapidly for t--+ 0% and if u(t) is defined as (21ogt) 1/2 plus a term of lower order, then Lt(u(t)) has, after division by its expected value, a limiting distribution which is compound Poisson. This has been established under increasingly general conditions by Volkonskii and Rozanov (1961), Cramer and Leadbetter (1967), and Berman (1971) and (1979). The current paper has an entirely different set of hypotheses and conclusions. We assume, as before, that r(t)-+0 for t -+co; however, we require that this convergence take place at a sufficiently slow rate. Therefore, the parts of the process over subsets of the time parameter set which are widely separated in time are not nearly independent, so that a limiting distribution cannot be obtained by the usual imitation of the case of independence. Another major difference is that the function u(t) is assumed to increase more slowly than in the
A comparison of photographic analyses used to quantify zooxanthella density and pigment concentrations in Cnidarians

Many cnidarians exist in an obligatory mutualism with dinoflagellates commonly called zooxanthellae. When these symbioses are stressed, zooxanthella densities often decrease (i.e., bleaching), resulting in reduced host fitness or mortality. Because zooxanthellae play a prominent role in the coloration of hosts, several analyses of reflected spectra from photographic images have been developed to quantify zooxanthella densities and serve as a proxy for invasive sampling methods. To date these techniques have not been compared. In this study, global information system (GIS) tools, commonly used with aerial and satellite images, and photographs of healthy and bleached sea anemones, Aiptasia pallida (Verrill), were used to compare these image analysis methods. Zooxanthella densities and chlorophyll-a concentrations were correlated with image brightness (i.e., digital number) in: the red, green, and blue bands (RGB); the average of the three RGB bands (RGB/3); intensity and saturation bands (IHS); and using a principal components analysis (PCA) of the RGB bands. RGB brightness correlations with zooxanthella densities and chlorophyll-a concentrations were highest using the blue band, followed by green, then red. Using any one band within RGB, however, restricts comparisons to similar color morphs. RGB/3, IHS or PCA transformations enable intra and inter-specific comparisons where colors may vary. Among these transformations, PCA and intensity had higher correlations, followed by RGB/3, then saturation. RGB/3 and IHS, unlike PCA, ignore the correlations between the three RGB bands, treating each pixel independently. PCA uses these correlations, and in doing so lessens the effects of heteroscedasticity in the data. In addition, the observed reciprocal relationship of intensity and saturation may serve as a standardized criterion for bleaching. Finally, this study demonstrates that GIS has broad interdisciplinary applications for spatial and spectral analyses from the individual colony to reef scale assessments.
A Threat-Response Model of Counter-Terrorism: Implications for Information Security and Infrastructure Risks

This paper critically reviews the literature and best practices to develop and apply a qualitative model for managing terrorism threats. The research shows how risk is too complicated to be reduced to a binary system of safe and unsafe attributes. The researchers show how uncertainty can be reduced through the application of resources, by using a protection profile. The second component in the model is a damage profile, which shows how, as security increases, the additional value of more security decreases. When this relationship is adjusted for the costs of security reflected in the protection profile, the result is an equilibrium showing an economically-rationalized level of security but generally short of complete safety. The model is then simulated to show how the equilibrium is shifted by such factors as an increase in vulnerability or consequences, a more effective adversary, changed costs and advances in technology. Although an equilibrium model with known functions is useful, a number of real-world limitations prevent straightforward application of the model to calculate a security equilibrium. These limitations include discontinuous risks and distributed decision-making authority. Finally, the model is analyzed to estimate the likely effects of litigation and security mandates on counter-terrorism.
Object recognition memory is conserved in Ts1Cje, a mouse model of Down syndrome

Ts1Cje and Ts65Dn are genetic mouse models of Down syndrome (DS). Like individuals with DS, these mice exhibit various hallmarks of hippocampal pathology, and deficits in hippocampal-based, declarative learning and memory tasks. Both spatial navigation and novel object recognition, two prototypical domains of declarative memory function, have been strongly characterized in the Ts65Dn DS model. Indeed, Ts65Dn mice show navigation problems in the Morris water maze, impaired alternation in a T-maze, and deficient working and reference memory in the radial arm maze task. They, likewise, show an inability to detect object novelty over time. In contrast to the Ts65Dn model, hippocampal-dependent cognition has been less well characterized in Ts1Cje. Although Ts1Cje mice have been found to exhibit spatial difficulties in the Morris water maze and reduced spontaneous alternation, their ability to process object-based information has never been examined. Here, we report that Ts1Cje mice perform normally in short-term and long-term novel object recognition tasks. The ability of Ts1Cje mice to detect object novelty, unlike Ts65Dn, may point to differences in the extent of hippocampal pathology in the two DS mouse models.
Application of the ising model to hemoglobin

Abstract This communication discusses an equation of Thompson (1968) for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and compares it with that of Pauling (1935) . Since the interactions assumed for the king model are not analogous to those assumed to apply in hemoglobin, the use of the Ising model yields unreasonable results in that an oxygenated site sometimes favors and sometimes hinders oxygenation at another site. It is shown that with some modification in the matrix representing the interactions between binding sites, the formalism of the Ising model leads to Pauling's equation for the square model of hemoglobin.
Plant-induced spatial patterns of surface soil properties near caulescent Andean rosettes

Abstract The spatial variation of organic matter and of related pedological properties was studied in surface soils near two species of caulescent paramo rosettes in the Andes of Venezuela. Organic matter showed a distinctive pattern of concentration within small oval-shaped areas which extended both downslope and downwind from tall Coespeletia timotensis plants. The influence of wind on organic-matter distribution was noticeable in all plots, but that of slope was only significant in steeper sites. In contrast, soil areas with high organic matter extended upwind from rosettes of Espeletia semiglobulata. This discrepancy was ascribed to the vegetative, prostrate growth-form of this species, which produces many clonal rosettes along a decumbent stem. Decomposition of older clones in areas near the present rosettes may have confounded the data obtained. The spatial patterns of bulk density, soil color value, pH, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K) and P, total N, and cation-exchange capacity were closely related to those of organic matter. Regressions were also used to assess the statistical strength of the associations observed between organic matter and other soil properties. Variation of some pedological parameters was studied in four sets of paired profiles near rosettes of C. timotensis. These showed that, despite substantial changes effected by organic-matter addition to surface soils under rosettes, organic enrichment has had little or no influence on the subsoil horizons.
Spacecraft computers: state-of-the-art survey

Putting computers into spacecraft systems offers many potential advantages - which are about to increase dramatically. Most satellite equipment - antennas, solar cells, and so on represent relatively stable technologies. Onboard computing, however, is in a dynamic stage. This article surveys the state of the art. The first part covers space-qualified general-purpose (GP) flight computers. These are used mostly in US Air Force satellite systems for housekeeping functions such as attitude and velocity control, thermal management, and management of power and other resources. The survey includes newer GP flight computers that are being developed or are ready for qualification. The first section of the article concludes with a brief discussion of RAM use in spacecraft computers. The second section covers payload processing computers. The third and final section surveys related technology in spacecraft computers, including the impact of VHSIC on spacecraft computer systems and mass storage units. This impact will be critical in the future development of on-board capabilities.
A delayed transverse avulsion fracture of the superior pole of the patella after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Patella fractures following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using central one third patella-tendon autograft is a recognized although rarely reported complication of this procedure. Twelve reports of patella fractures after ACL reconstruction exist in the literature, although only half of these fractures occurred postoperatively. Two of the nonacute fractures occurred approximately 6 months postoperatively, one of them being an avulsion of the inferior pole of the patella and the other being a displaced transverse avulsion fracture of the patella. We report on a nondisplaced transverse avulsion fracture of the superior pole of the patella that occurred 1 year after ACL reconstruction despite bone grafting the defect in the patella at the time of surgery. We are unaware of any report of this kind in the literature.
Passive step-back technique

Several techniques have been advocated to clean and shape pathologically involved root canal systems. Studies have shown that most of these techniques transport the original shape of the apical portion of the root canals. This article describes a step-by-step method, Passive Step Back Technique, which uses a combination of hand and rotary instruments to clean and shape root canals.
The initial stages of the formation of holes and hillocks in thin films under equal biaxial stress

Abstract The theory of thermal grooving under stress is extended to explain the formation of holes and hillocks in very thin films undergoing thermal cycling. Previous experimental work and attempts to model holes and hillocks are first reviewed. A theoretical model based on the review is then developed to quantify the surface topological evolution at triple junctions in thin films with large columnar grains. The surface profiles are computed for various applied stresses and angles of intersecting grain boundaries, and the model is applied to describe a 120° triple junction in a Cu thin film through an annealing cycle from room temperature to 325°C. The simulation, which uses experimentally determined stress and materials property data, illustrates how this model can predict the failure of films undergoing a given thermal cycle.
Antarctic circumpolar waves: An Indication of ocean-atmosphere coupling in the extratropics

Recent observational studies have detected coherent oceanic and atmospheric Antarctic circumpolar waves (ACWs) which propagate eastward at speeds of 6–8 cm s−1 with a circumpolar wavenumber of 2. Analysis of global wind data suggests that the ACWs are not remotely forced by tropical El Nino activity through atmospheric teleconnection. Rather, a coupled instability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its overlying atmospheric motion is proposed to be responsible for the generation of the ACWs. The phase relationship among the observed oceanic and atmospheric variables supports the coupled instability theory. This study provides one clear example that extratropical ocean-atmosphere dynamical coupling is essential in generating climate variations on time scales of several years and longer.
Rayleigh linewidth in xenon near the critical point

The Rayleigh linewidth $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ of xenon was measured on the critical isochore between 0.003 and 5.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above ${T}_{c}$. In the hydrodynamic region ($q\ensuremath{\xi}l~0.2$) we find $\ensuremath{\Gamma}={q}^{2}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{0}{[\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}]}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\psi}}$ with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{0}=(6.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.21)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\psi}=0.751\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$. Our data over the entire region $0.009l~q\ensuremath{\xi}l~6.7$ agree quite well with the recent Kawasaki extended mode-mode coupling theory. However, the Kadanoff-Swift-Kawasaki result $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\psi}=\ensuremath{\nu}$ does not appear to be valid.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Polycarbonates

Hyperbranched aromatic polycarbonates were prepared by the polymerization of an A2B monomer derived from 1,1,1-tris(4‘-hydroxyphenyl)ethane. Protection of one of the three phenols of the triphenol by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group was followed by conversion of the remaining two phenolic groups to carbonylimidazolide functionalities to give the A2B monomer. Polymerization was accomplished via the anhydrous removal of the silicon protecting group and subsequent reaction of the phenoxide with a carbonylimidazolide moiety to yield the hyperbranched aryl polycarbonate bearing carbonylimidazolide chain ends. Subsequent cleavage of these end groups by reaction with methanol upon precipitation, yielded the phenol-terminated hyperbranched polycarbonate. Silylation of the phenol-terminated material with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, followed by degradation of the carbonate linkages by reaction with lithium aluminum hydride and analysis of the products by HPLC allowed for the degree of branching to be determine...
Associations between serum cholesterol levels and cerebral amyloidosis.

Importance Because deposition of cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) seems to be a key initiating event in Alzheimer disease (AD), factors associated with increased deposition are of great interest. Whether elevated serum cholesterol levels act as such a factor is unknown. Objective To investigate the association between serum cholesterol levels and cerebral Aβ during life early in the AD process. Design, Setting, and Participants A multisite, university medical center–based, cross-sectional analysis of potential associations between contemporaneously assayed total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and cerebral Aβ, measured with carbon C11–labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) positron emission tomography. Seventy-four persons (mean age, 78 years) were recruited via direct outreach in stroke clinics and community senior facilities following a protocol designed to obtain a cohort enriched for cerebrovascular disease and elevated vascular risk. Three patients had mild dementia. All others were clinically normal (n = 33) or had mild cognitive impairment (n = 38). Results Cerebral Aβ was quantified using a Global PIB Index, which averages PIB retention in cortical areas prone to amyloidosis. Statistical models that controlled for age and the apolipoprotein E e4 allele revealed independent associations among the levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, and PIB index. Higher LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels were both associated with a higher PIB index. No association was found between the total cholesterol level and PIB index. No association was found between statin use and PIB index, and controlling for cholesterol treatment in the statistical models did not alter the basic findings. Conclusions and Relevance Elevated cerebral Aβ level was associated with cholesterol fractions in a pattern analogous to that found in coronary artery disease. This finding, in living humans, is consistent with prior autopsy reports, epidemiologic findings, and animal and in vitro work, suggesting an important role for cholesterol in Aβ processing. Because cholesterol levels are modifiable, understanding their link to Aβ deposition could potentially and eventually have an effect on retarding the pathologic cascade of AD. These findings suggest that understanding the mechanisms through which serum lipids modulate Aβ could offer new approaches to slowing Aβ deposition and thus to reducing the incidence of AD.
Monitoring lipid anchor organization in cell membranes by PIE-FCCS.

This study examines the dynamic co-localization of lipid-anchored fluorescent proteins in living cells using pulsed-interleaved excitation fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (PIE-FCCS) and...
Topology Optimization for Design of Origami-Based Active Mechanisms

Origami structures morph between 2D and 3D conformations along predetermined fold lines that efficiently program the form of the structure and show potential for many engineering applications. However, the enormity of the design space and the complex relationship between origami-based geometries and engineering metrics place a severe limitation on design strategies based on intuition. The presented work proposes a systematic design method using topology optimization to distribute foldline properties within a reference crease pattern, adding or removing folds through optimization, for a mechanism design. Following the work of Schenk and Guest, foldable structures are modeled as pin-joint truss structures with additional constraints on fold, or dihedral, angles. The performance of a designed origami mechanism is evaluated in 3D by applying prescribed forces and finding displacements at set locations. The integration of the concept of origami in mechanism design thus allows for the description of designs in 2D and performance in 3D. Numerical examples indicate that origami mechanisms with desired deformations can be obtained using the proposed method. A constraint on the number of foldlines is used to simplify a design.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Phase One Pilot Study Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Predict the Histology of Radiofrequency-Ablated Renal Tissue

Abstract Introduction and Objective Recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) technology have allowed for high-resolution ex vivo spectroscopy on small, intact tissue samples. We examined the capability of 1 H magnetic resonance magic angle spinning (MR-MAS) to correctly characterize post–radiofrequency ablation (RFA) renal biopsies from human samples, compared with standard histology and cross-sectional imaging. Methods A minimum of two, 18G, percutaneous renal biopsies were obtained from ten biopsy-confirmed renal tumors at a mean 26.6 mo (range, 15–48) post-RFA. All patients were considered free of disease by computed tomography criteria. A portion of each sample was immediately frozen at −80°C for spectroscopy and the remainder used for pathological analysis. 1 H MR-MAS was performed blinded with a 14.1-tesla field strength. Prior renal biopsies from nonablated tissue were used as positive controls for the spectral analysis. Concordance between, computed tomography, histology, and MR-MAS was analyzed. All spectroscopy was processed with VNMR software. Results Histological analysis of all ten post-RFA biopsies demonstrated no cancer or viable tissue. All MR-MAS spectral peaks for each biopsy were consistent with necrosis and, more importantly, indicated an absence of small molecule metabolites characteristic of both normal and malignant renal tissue. Both MR-MAS and histology confirmed, in each case, the conventional computed tomography determination of complete ablation. Conclusions MR spectroscopy can correctly diagnose the molecular absence of disease in post-RFA tissue biopsies. This proof of principle study warrants in vivo evaluation to confirm the clinical correlates of this modality.
RELATIVISTIC MODEL OF A DAUGHTER REGGE TRAJECTORY.

A model based on ladder diagrams in a $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{3}$ theory is used to study the first daughter trajectory in the scattering of unequal-mass particles. It is found that the daughter pole moves towards the physical region less rapidly than the leading pole, and develops a smaller imaginary part at the two-particle threshold. The motion of the daughter pole is determined primarily by three-particle scattering processes. As a consequence, a model which fails to treat three-particle scattering accurately cannot give a detailed picture of the motion.