cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Older Age Is Not Associated with Worse Outcomes Following Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Abstract Background: Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is commonly offered after large spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as a life-saving measure. Based on limited available evidence, surgery is sometimes avoided in the elderly. The association between age and outcomes following DHC in spontaneous ICH remains largely understudied. Objective: The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of older age on outcomes of patients who undergo DHC for spontaneous ICH. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, inpatient data were obtained from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2011. Using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision designations, patients with a primary diagnosis of nontraumatic ICH who underwent DHC were identified. The primary outcome of interest was the association of age to inpatient mortality and poor outcome. Subjects were grouped by age: 18-50, 51-60, 61-70, and more than 70 years. Sample characteristics were compared across age groups using χ2 testing, and univariate and multivariate Poisson Regression was performed using a generalized equation to estimate rate ratios for primary and secondary outcomes. Results: One thousand one hundred and forty four patient cases were isolated. Death occurred in an estimated 28.9% and poor outcome in 86.4%. In multivariate Poisson regression models, there was no difference in hospital mortality or poor outcome by age group. Although younger patients were more likely to be diagnosed with herniation, total complication rate was similar between age groups. Conclusions: Our study results do not provide evidence that age independently predicts in-hospital mortality or poor outcomes. The true influence of age on outcomes is unclear, and further study is needed to determine which factors may be best in selecting candidates for DHC following spontaneous ICH.
Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements

Abstract Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder are sleep-related movement disorders. Restless legs syndrome is characterized by an urge to move the legs associated with an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, with movement bringing about relief. Restless legs syndrome is common in Parkinson's disease and often difficult to distinguish from nonspecific leg restlessness that is also common. Several other mimics of restless legs syndrome may be seen in Parkinson's disease as well. Periodic limb movements may also occur in Parkinson's disease, and when they do so in the absence of restless legs syndrome and are associated with sleep disruption and/or daytime consequences, a diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder may occur. Treatment of restless legs syndrome includes gabapentin enacarbil or dopamine agonists.
Correlation between 24-hour proteinuria and spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio in systemic light chain amyloidosis.

8549Background: Proteinuria evaluation is essential for diagnosing and monitoring of renal involvement in light chain (AL) amyloidosis. A 24 hour protein collection (24h UP) is the gold standard fo...
The role of chest computed tomography in the management of COVID-19: A review of results and recommendations.

The rapid and dramatic increase in confirmed cases of COVID-19 has led to a global pandemic. Early detection and containment are currently the most effective methods for controlling the outbreak. A...
100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Integrated Membrane Systems

Membranes fabricated from self-assembled materials are one recent example of how polymer science has been leveraged to advance membrane technology. Due to their well-defined nanostructures, the per...
Impella 5.0 Reduces Vasoactive Agents In Cardiogenic Shock

Introduction Mortality remains high in cardiogenic shock (CS) despite recent emphasis on multidisciplinary approach with early identification and initiation of mechanical circulatory support (MCS). The microaxial ventricular assist device (VAD), Impella 5.0® (Abiomed, Danvers, MA), is an acute MCS device effective in unloading the left ventricle and providing circulatory support to facilitate cardiac recovery or bridge to durable therapies. Escalation in pharmacologic support of CS with vasopressors and inotropes have been associated with increased mortality. We evaluated the impact of the early use of Impella 5.0 in CS with respect to vasoactive agent requirements and clinical outcomes. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on 14 consecutive patients in CS admitted to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between Jan. 2019 - March 2020 implanted with Impella 5.0. Hemodynamic data was collected pre-implantation and up to 72 hours post-implantation. The Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS) and an adjusted Catecholamine Equivalent (CE) score were used to quantify vasopressor and inotrope use for cardiovascular support. Results Most patients were male (86%) with a mean age of 55 ± 11.0 years. Etiologies of CS were acute myocardial infarction (29%) and decompensated heart failure (71%). Use of Impella 5.0 was associated with a reduction in RAP, mPAP, and PCWP that was apparent after 4 hours and continued up to 72 hours post-implantation (RAP: 18 [12, 23], 9 [7, 14], 12 [7, 15]; mPAP: 40 [37, 48], 29 [26, 34], 30 [25, 31]; PCWP: 32 [28, 37], 23 [15, 26], 21 [18, 23] at pre-implantation, 4, and 72 hours after implantation respectively). An immediate and sustained increase in CI, CPO, and PAPi was also demonstrated up to 72 hours (CI: 1.79 [1.38, 2.09], 2.31 [1.93, 2.83], 2.5 [2.04, 2.75]; CPO: 0.54 [0.44, 0.81], 0.8 [0.66, 1.08], 0.80 [0.69, 0.92]; PAPi: 1.26 [0.90, 1.73], 2.145 [1.32, 2.81], 2.0 [1.23, 2.57] at pre-implantation, 4, and 72 hours after implantation respectively). The mean number of vasopressor and inotropes at 72 hours were reduced from 1.92 to 1, along with a sustained reduction in the VIS and CE scores up to 72 hours (Figure 1). The burden of ventricular arrhythmias also decreased post-implantation. Survival occurred in 11 patients (78.6%), with all being discharged from the hospital. Two patients received heart transplants, six received durable LVADs, and three recovered. Conclusions Early initiation of acute MCS with Impella 5.0 in CS is associated with an improvement in hemodynamic parameters and a reduction in vasoactive agents as demonstrated by the VIS and CE score, with favorable clinical outcomes.
From Physical to Spiritual: Defining the practice of embodied sonic meditation

This article narrates my practice-based research in embodied sonic meditation, as a Digital Musical Instrument (DMI) designer, a vocalist, a composer, a media artist and a long-term meditation practitioner. I define the concept of ‘embodied sonic meditation’ in the context of electroacoustic sound art with the augmentation by music technology and human-centred design. I historically connect embodied sonic meditation to its roots in Tibetan Buddhism and several inspiring music compositional practices in the Western world from the second half of the twentieth century. I argue that physicality and spirituality are unified in an inseparable non-duality form, through sound, body and mind. I develop a methodology for embodied sonic meditation practice, built on fifteen design principles based on previous research in DMI design principles, neuroscience research in meditation, Csikszentmihalyi’s Flow Theory, and the criteria of efficiency, music subjectivity, affordance, culture constraints and meaning making. I then make reference to three proof-of-concept case studies that use a sensor-augmented body as an instrument to create sound and sonic awareness. I argue that embodied sonic meditation affords an opportunity for sound art to mediate cultures, improve people’s well-being, and better connect people to their inner peace and the outer world.
The comorbidity structure of fear, distress and compulsive disorders in an acute psychiatric sample

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), collectively referred to as compulsive disorders, have typically not been included in structural research on the internalizing spectrum due to low prevalence in community samples. The current study examined the higher-order structure of anxiety, depressive and compulsive disorders among patients in a psychiatric partial hospital program (N = 2,178). We applied confirmatory factor analysis to diagnostic data obtained at admission and compared several competing models of the comorbidity structure. A one-factor model accounted well for the co-occurrence of all the disorders. A two-factor model comprised of fear and distress factors, wherein compulsive disorders loaded on fear, also fit the data well. However, a very large factor correlation (r = 0.86) suggested limited discriminant validity of fear and distress in the sample. Alternate models that featured a distinct compulsivity factor were not viable owing to large correlations between fear and compulsive disorders. Overall, our findings indicate that a broad internalizing dimensions underlies not only anxiety and depression, but also compulsive disorders, in an acute psychiatric population. Future studies using symptom-level data are needed to replicate these results and determine the structure of internalizing disorders from the bottom up, starting with narrowly defined symptom components.
Psychological Science Is Not Race Neutral.

In their analysis in a previous issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, Roberts and colleagues argued that the editors, authors, and participants throughout subfields of psychological scien...
Intracellular imaging of metmyoglobin and oxygen using new dual purpose probe EYFP-Myoglobin-mCherry.

The biological relevance of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in signaling, metabolic regulation, and disease treatment has become abundantly clear. The dramatic change in NO/ROS processing that accompanies a changing oxygen landscape calls for new imaging tools that can provide cellular details about both [O2 ] and the production of reactive species. Myoglobin oxidation to the met state by NO/ROS is a known sensor with absorbance changes in the visible range. We previously employed Forster resonance energy transfer to read out the deoxygenation/oxygenation of myoglobin, creating the subcellular [O2 ] sensor Myoglobin-mCherry. We now add the fluorescent protein EYFP to this sensor to create a novel probe that senses both met formation, a proxy for ROS/NO exposure, and [O2 ]. Since both proteins are present in the construct, it can also relieve users from the need to measure fluorescence lifetime, making [O2 ] sensing available to a wider group of laboratories.
The isolation and characterization of dihydropteridine reductase from sheep liver.

Abstract Dihydropteridine reductase has been obtained from sheep liver in essentially homogeneous form. The enzyme exists as a dimer of molecular weight 41,000 to 42,800. The subunit molecular weight has been determined to be 21,300. In the presence of the quinonoid tautomer of either dihydrobiopterin or dihydro-6, 7-dimethylpterin, DPNH is a better substrate than TPNH. Evidence indicates that the activity of this enzyme is far greater than that of the known pterindependent hydroxylases in all tissues examined.
Comment on "Paroxetine prevents loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting brain inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease".

I read with interest the article by Chung et al. ([1][1]) describing how pretreatment with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (10 mg/d for 6 d) prevented 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine–induced neuroinflammation (increased production of reactive oxygen species and
Electric - magnetic duality, monopole condensation, and confinement in N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

Abstract We study the vacuum structure and don spectrum of N =2 supersymmetric gauge theory in four dimensions, with gauge group SU(2). The theory turns out to have remarkably rich and physical properties which can nonetheless be described precisely; exact formulas can be obtained, for instance, for electron and dyon masses and the metric on the moduli space of vacua. The description involves a version of Olive-Montonen electric-magnetic duality. The “strongly coupled” vacuum turns out to be a weakly coupled theory of monopoles, and with a suitable perturbation confinement is described by monopole condensation.
The presence of gonadotropin binding sites in the intracellular organelles of human ovaries

Abstract The nuclei (N), plasma membranes (PM), mitochondria-lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and combined (light, medium, and heavy) Golgi (G) fractions were isolated from human ovaries. The purities of these fractions were evaluated by assays of appropriate marker enzymes, which revealed that some fractions were very pure but that others had minor contamination. When tested, all of the fractions exhibited 125 I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin ( 125 I-hCG)-specific binding. This intracellular 125 I-hCG binding was not due to PM contamination because: (1) N, which had no detectable 5′-nucleotidase (5′-NE) activity, a marker for PM, exhibited 125 I-hCG-specific binding; (2) the G, which had only a fraction of the 5′-NE activity of PM, exhibited as much binding as PM; and (3) the ratios between specific 125 I-hCG binding and 5′-NE activity in other fractions were not the same as for PM. They should have been the same if PM contamination was responsible for the 125 I-hCG binding observed in other organelles. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that gonadotropin-binding sites are present in various intracellular organelles as well as in PM of human ovaries.
Sex pheromone components of the buck moth Hemileuca maia.

The sex attractant pheromone blend of Hemileuca maia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the vicinity of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, has been identified. The major component of the blend is (E10,Z12)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald), in combination with the minor components (E10,Z12)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH), and (E10,Z12)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12–16:Ac). Ratios of the compounds in extracts of female pheromone glands varied around a mean of 100:7.4:6.3. None of the three components were attractive to male moths when tested as single components. Several other compounds were tentatively identified from female pheromone gland extracts, including E10,E12–16:Ald, E10,E12–16:OH, and E10,E12–16:Ac, but addition of these components, either alone or in combination, at biologically relevant rates, did not significantly increase the attractiveness of lures. The saturated analogs, hexadecanal, hexadecanol, and hexadecyl acetate, also were identified in gland extracts, but had no apparent effect as pheromone components.
Evaluating Means for Opportunities in Open Access Publishing at a Mid-Sized Private University, Summary of a Presentation by Edward Keane

Edward Keane, formerly Periodicals Librarian at Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus, examines how teaching faculty perceive the value of Open Access (OA) publishing. His main interest is whether or not faculty are receptive to publishing in OA journals. In spring 2005, a survey was administered to faculty at Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus. Keane also documents subsequent efforts to inform faculty about OA publishing. ...
Athermal fibre cavity etalon for ultra-high-sensitivity strain sensing

An ultra-high sensitivity static strain sensor with 300 nɛ/°C thermal apparent strain has been fabricated by constructing a fibre etalon cavity of concatenated fluoride and silica fibre sections bonded to a low thermal expansion coefficient graphite composite strut tube. The athermal cavity is 30 times less temperature-sensitive than a simple fluoride or silica cavity, while retaining the same response to physical strain.
Rhythmic exercises in rehabilitation of TBI patients: a case report.

Summary Patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) often present with a multiplicity of dysfunctions making rehabilitation challenging. Patients who have taken part in studies of rehabilitation exercises that incorporated monotonous timed auditory cues (using a metronome) following cerebrovascular events demonstrated improvement in gait and motor functions. The purpose of this case report is to describe the efficacy of Rhythmic Exercises with Auditory Cues (REAC) to improve functions in a patient, years after their traumatic brain injury. Methods A single case report of a 24-year-old female patient, nine years post hemispherectomy following TBI that resulted in right hemiparesis. The patient was taught to perform REAC exercises at home. These exercises were designed to activate the body while Alternating hands and feet Bilaterally with Cross-midline movements for a short Duration while synchronizing the movements with a metronome as a Rhythm regulator. Outcome measurements included gait and functional assessment and cognitive and psychological instrument scores that were compared pre and post treatment. Clinical improvement was observed in the patient's gait pattern with reduced hip hiking motion and increased cadence. There was a decrease in spasticity in the right arm and leg with some isolated volitional movements of the hand and fingers returning. She also regained sensation in her right arm and leg. Cognitive improvement was demonstrated by increased IQ scores from 78 to 94.
The effect of familiarity on rotational transformation

Familiarity, established by preliminary reproduction training with unfamiliar dot patterns, decreased “same” reaction time in a same-different comparison task. The familiarity effect was significantly greater when the pairs of patterns were in different orientations (transformational matches), as opposed to the same orientation (exact matches). This interaction between familiarity and the type-of-match supported the hypothesis that familiarity would facilitate the mental rotation of the patterns. In addition, a significant correlation between the effects of symmetry (symmetrical vs. asymmetrical patterns) and rotation (familiar vs. rotated familiar patterns) was obtained for exact matches, replicating Hock’s (1973) findings. This evidence for individual differences in processing was the. basis for concluding that familiarity had facilitated mental rotation, and not just attention to the orientationally invariant distinctive features of the patterns.
Tandem fluorescence imaging of dynamic S-acylation and protein turnover

The functional significance and regulation of reversible S-acylation on diverse proteins remain unclear because of limited methods for efficient quantitative analysis of palmitate turnover. Here, we describe a tandem labeling and detection method to simultaneously monitor dynamic S-palmitoylation and protein turnover. By combining S-acylation and cotranslational fatty acid chemical reporters with orthogonal clickable fluorophores, dual pulse-chase analysis of Lck revealed accelerated palmitate cycling upon T-cell activation. Subsequent pharmacological perturbation of Lck palmitate turnover suggests yet uncharacterized serine hydrolases contribute to dynamic S-acylation in cells. In addition to dually fatty-acylated proteins, this tandem fluorescence imaging method can be generalized to other S-acylated proteins using azidohomoalanine as a methonine surrogate. The sensitivity and efficiency of this approach should facilitate the functional characterization of cellular factors and drugs that modulate protein S-acylation. Furthermore, diverse protein modifications could be analyzed with this tandem imaging method using other chemical reporters to investigate dynamic regulation of protein function.
Nitrogen nutrition, photosynthesis and carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizal pine

Studies examined net photosynthesis (Pn) and dry matter production of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Pinus taeda at 6 intervals over a 10-month period. Pn rates of mycorrhizal plants were consistently greater than nonmycorrhizal plants, and at 10 months were 2.1-fold greater. Partitioning of current photosynthate was examined by pulse-labelling with 14CO2 at each of the six time intervals. Mycorrhizal plants assimilated more 14CO2, allocated a greater percentage of assimilated 14C to the root systems, and lost a greater percentage of 14C by root respiration than did nonmycorrhizal plants. At 10 months, the quantity of 14CO2 respired by roots per unit root weight was 3.6-fold greater by mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Although the stimulation of photosynthesis and translocation of current photosynthate to the root system by mycorrhiza formation was consistent with the source-sink concept of sink demand, foliar N and P concentrations were also greater in mycorrhizal plants.
Higher-order calculation of the electron-pair production cross-section

The pair production cross-section is calculated to order α3Z3 for the case where the incident photon and one of the electrons have an energy much greater thanmc2. Comparison of these calculations to the experimental data of Plimpton and Hammer shows an improvement in agreement between theory and experiment of approximately a factor of l + (αZ4π/15) for low positron kinetic energies. However, for positron kinetic energies of the order of 1 MeV no improvement is obtained. In addition it is shown for large-angle emission of the positron (electron) that the Bethe-Heitler cross-section multiplied by the Coulomb factor gives the correct cross-section to lowest order in αZ.
The mouse formin (Fmn) gene: Genomic structure, novel exons, and genetic mapping

Mutations in the mouse formin (Fmn) gene, formerly known as the limb deformity (ld) gene, give rise to recessively inherited limb deformities and renal malformations or aplasia. The Fmn gene encodes many differentially processed transcripts that are expressed in both adult and embryonic tissues. To study the genomic organization of the Fmn locus, we have used Fmn probes to isolate and characterize genomic clones spanning 500 kb. Our analysis of these clones shows that the Fmn gene is composed of at least 24 exons and spans 400 kb. We have identified two novel exons that are expressed in the developing embryonic limb bud as well as adult tissues such as brain and kidney. We have also used a microsatellite polymorphism from within the Fmn gene to map it genetically to a 2.2-cM interval between D2Mit58 and D2Mit103.
You're Invited to a Party! (How To Hold a Collaborative IP-Development Session)

A successful collaborative IP-development session requires careful planning and preparation. Whether or not you come out with some good intellectual property depends on the guest list, mind-sets, and moods, but also on location, food, music, and party favors. Emma guides us, just as Martha Stewart would, in how to plan a formal session; next issue's column will tackle what happens once the guests arrive.
Characterization of dna from the rne gene of Escherichia coli: Uniqueness of the rne DNA

Summary The Hind III fragment obtained from λCh25 rne + -5H contains DNA sequences which can complement an rne (ribonuclease E) mutant of Escherichia coli . This fragment was ligated with the plasmid vector pBR322. The hybrid plasmid (pRE101) was used to transform an rne strain of E. coli . The cells carrying such a plasmid show an RNase E + phenotype. A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the rne DNA carried in pRE101 has been constructed using Alu I, Hae III, Hinf I and Hpa II restriction enzymes. The restriction enzymes Eco RI, Bam HI, Sst I and Pst I do not have cleavage sites within this DNA. Blotting experiments using this Hind III fragment of E. coli DNA, show that in the E. coli genome there is only a single rne gene. These experiments suggest that the processing ribonucleases of E. coli are not coded by a multigene family.
Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy of platinum fluoride, PtF

Abstract Two vibrational bands of an electronic transition of PtF occurring at 11 940 cm −1 and 12 496 cm −1 were recorded and analyzed. These transitions are identified as the (0,0) and (1,0) bands of an [11.9] Ω = 3/2 − X Ω = 3/2 electronic transition. Gas phase PtF was produced in a copper hollow cathode lined with platinum foil using a trace amount of SF 6 , and the spectrum was recorded at Doppler resolution by intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy. This work represents the first published spectroscopic data on PtF. Molecular constants for the ground and excited electronic states are presented.
Attenuation of near-IR light through dentin at wavelengths from 1300-1650-nm

Light scattering in dental enamel decreases markedly from the UV to the near-IR and recent studies employing near-IR transillumination and reflectance imaging including optical coherence tomography indicate that this wavelength region is ideally suited for imaging dental caries due to the high transparency of enamel. The opacity of dentin is an important factor in optimizing the contrast of demineralization in reflectance measurements. It also influences the contrast of occlusal lesions in transillumination. Light scattering in dentin is an order of magnitude larger than in enamel, it is highly anisotropic and has a different spectral light scattering dependence than enamel. The objective of this study was to measure the optical attenuation of near-IR light through dentin at near-IR wavelengths from 1300-1650-nm. In this study the collimated transmission of near-IR light through polished thin sections of dentin of 0.05 to 0.6 mm thickness was measured. Beer-Lambert plots show that the attenuation coefficients range in magnitude from 20 to 40 cm-1. Attenuation increased significantly with increasing wavelength and the increases were not entirely consistent with increased water absorption.
Characterization and properties of metallic iron nanoparticles: Spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and kinetics

There are reports that nano-sized zero-valent iron (Fe0) exhibits greater reactivity than micro-sized particles of Fe0, and it has been suggested that the higher reactivity of nano-Fe0 may impart advantages for groundwater remediation or other environmental applications. However, most of these reports are preliminary in that they leave a host of potentially significant (and often challenging) material or process variables either uncontrolled or unresolved. In an effort to better understand the reactivity of nano-Fe0, we have used a variety of complementary techniques to characterize two widely studied nano-Fe0 preparations: one synthesized by reduction of goethite with heat and H2 (FeH2) and the other by reductive precipitation with borohydride (FeBH). FeH2 is a two-phase material consisting of 40 nm α-Fe0 (made up of crystals approximately the size of the particles) and Fe3O4 particles of similar size or larger containing reduced sulfur; whereas FeBH is mostly 20−80 nm metallic Fe particles (aggregates ...
Effect of the cyanobacterial metabolite geosmin on growth of a green alga

Geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-decalol) is an odorous compound produced by some species of cyanobacteria. It was found to enhance the growth of Selenastrum 1648, a green alga. Chlorophyll a concentrations of unialgal Selenastrum cultures differed significantly in cultures (p<0.001) with different geosmin concentrations. Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest in flasks with geosmin concentrations of 480 ng/1, and lowest in flasks to which no geosmin was added. Significantly higher chlorophyll a concentrations in flasks with higher geosmin concentrations indicate that geosmin may be functioning as some kind of growth enhancer or antibiotic, possibly reducing populations of parasitic bacteria or fungi that antagonize algae.
A computer study of the formation of H3+ and its vibrational deactivation using a statistical model

Abstract The formation of H 3 + and its vibrational deactivation have been modeled using a statistical model for energy partitioning. The theory is a restricted phase space calculation which neglects conservation of angular momentum. The model is fitted to experimental data on the dissociative reactions of H 3 + with CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , and NH 3 . Interpretation of these experiments using this model allows us to infer that several collisions of H 3 + * with H 2 are required to relax the internal energy of the ion. It is also concluded that only a fraction of the reactants with enough energy to populate endothermic channels actually do so.
Analysis of U.S. freight-train derailment severity using zero-truncated negative binomial regression and quantile regression

Derailments are the most common type of freight-train accidents in the United States. Derailments cause damage to infrastructure and rolling stock, disrupt services, and may cause casualties and harm the environment. Accordingly, derailment analysis and prevention has long been a high priority in the rail industry and government. Despite the low probability of a train derailment, the potential for severe consequences justify the need to better understand the factors influencing train derailment severity. In this paper, a zero-truncated negative binomial (ZTNB) regression model is developed to estimate the conditional mean of train derailment severity. Recognizing that the mean is not the only statistic describing data distribution, a quantile regression (QR) model is also developed to estimate derailment severity at different quantiles. The two regression models together provide a better understanding of train derailment severity distribution. Results of this work can be used to estimate train derailment severity under various operational conditions and by different accident causes. This research is intended to provide insights regarding development of cost-efficient train safety policies.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF ASTROCYTES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AND THEIR RESPONSE TO FOCAL INJURY PRODUCED BY HEAVY IONIZING PARTICLES

Normal and reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of the rat have been studied with the electron microscope following focal alpha particle irradiation. The presence of glycogen and approximately 60-A fibrils identify astrocyte cytoplasm in formalin-perfused tissue. The glycogen particles facilitate the identification of small processes and subpial and perivascular end-feet. Both protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes contain cytoplasmic fibrils and should be distinguished on the basis of the configuration of their processes and their distribution. Acutely reactive astrocytes are characterized by a marked increase in the number of glycogen granules and mitochondria from the first day after irradiation. These cells later hypertrophy and accumulate lipid bodies and increased numbers of cytoplasmic fibrils. The glial "scar" consists of a greatly expanded volume of astrocyte cytoplasm filled with fibrils and displays no signs of astrocyte death, reversion to primitive forms, or extensive multiplication.
Characterization of an Intermediate in the Reduction of Acetylene by the Nitrogenase α-Gln195 MoFe Protein by Q-band EPR and 13C,1H ENDOR

Recent X-band EPR investigations of an altered nitrogenase MoFe protein for which the α-subunit His195 residue has been substituted by Gln(α-Gln195 MoFe protein) revealed that it exhibits three new S = 1/2 EPR signals when incubated under turnover conditions in the presence of acetylene (C2H2). These three signals are designated SEPR1, SEPR2, and SEPR3. We now report Q-band EPR and 13C and 1H ENDOR of the α-Gln195 MoFe protein when incubated under turnover conditions in either H2O or D2O buffers with 12C2H2, 13C2H2, or C2D2 as the substrate. ENDOR measurements from SEPR1 prepared with 13C2H2 reveal interactions with three distinct 13C nuclei, indicating that at least two C2H2-derived species are bound to the cofactor of the α-Gln195 MoFe protein under turnover conditions. Although distinct, two of these species have approximately isotropic hyperfine tensors, with hyperfine splittings of A(C1,C2) ∼ 2.4 MHz; the third has a smaller hyperfine splitting, A(C3) ≤ 0.5 MHz at g1. 1H ENDOR measurements further sh...
Study of a Vortex Augmentor for a Wind-Powered Turbine

An experimental investigation of an augmentor which employs a vortex to create a low pressure sink for the discharge of a wind-powered turbine is reported. The test model has a horizontal axis with the vortex produced by an annular cascade of stator vanes surrounding the turbine duct. The maximum value of the experimental power coefficient was only about one-third of the ideal flow limit. Furthermore, the power augmentation with this vortex pump was only slightly higher than that obtained when the stator-vane annulus was completely blocked. Thus, it is concluded that this type of vortex augmentor is ineffective.
Atorvastatin reduced major cardiovascular disease events in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Source Citation Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (...
Wireless index coding

We explore degrees of freedom (DoF) characterizations of partially connected wireless networks, especially cellular networks, with no channel state information at the transmitters (no CSIT), and show that the problem is intimately connected to the index coding problem typically considered in network coding literature, albeit with significant additional constraints imposed by the wireless setting. In other words, the degrees of freedom of cellular networks with no CSIT, is a wireless index coding problem.
Ultrastructure of chemically defined neuron systems in the dorsal horn of the monkey. II. Methionine-enkephalin immunoreactivity

Enkephalinergic axons and terminals were identified by the PAP immunohistochemical method in lamina I (marginal zone) and lamina II0 (outer substantia gelatinosa) in the dorsal horn of the monkey spinal cord. Synaptic profiles with enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (MELI) contained clear, round, vesicles, sometimes a few large granular vesicles, and usually formed asymmetrical contacts. MELI terminals forming synaptic contacts with various sizes of dendrites and with dendritic spines were the most common type of relationship found; axosomatic contacts were few. Additionally, two types of complexes were observed in which an MELI terminal formed a specialized apposition with an unlabelled terminal. The contact of often resembled a synapse and in most cases the MELI terminal was suspected to be presynaptic. One complex consisted of a MELI terminal apposing the LGV type terminal (containing large granular vesicles), which in turn was presynaptic to a dendrite. (The identify of the LGV terminal could not be determined, but it had some characteristics similar to those described for substance P terminals and for a class of primary afferents in the monkey dorsal horn). The other type of complex consisted of a MELI terminal apposing an R-type terminal (containing small, round, clear vesicles) which was in turn presynaptic to a dendrite. Often, the MELI terminal also formed a synapse onto the same dendrite. The axodendritic, axospinous and axosomatic contacts of MELI terminals in the superficial dorsal horn may produce some of the depressive postsynaptic-like effects of enkephalin iontophoresis onto dorsal horn neurons. In these cases the responses of dorsal horn neurons to both low threshold and nociceptive primary afferents is suppressed. However, the opiate receptor-dependent PAD of C-fibers observed in the dorsal horn may be mediated by the MELI complexes formed with LGV and R terminals found in lamina I.
Infrared spectroscopic studies of ethylene hydroformylation on Rh/SiO2: An investigation of the relationships between homogeneous and heterogeneous hydroformylation

Abstract An in situ IR technique combining selective sulfur poisoning was employed to study the reaction of an olefin with syngas to form an aldehyde (heterogeneous hydroformylation) on Rh/SiO 2 catalysts. In situ IR observation provides evidence for adsorbed acyl species on the Rh/SiO 2 catalyst indicating that a CO insertion step may take place on the catalyst during hydroformylation. The CO insertion step in hydroformylation appears to be less structure-sensitive than the hydrocarbon synthesis reaction of CO hydrogenation. Sulfur poisoning studies show adsorbed sulfur blocks bridge-CO sites, inhibiting the formation of hydrocarbon from syngas, enhancing the formation of carbonyl species and remaining active for ethylene hydroformylation. Hydroformylation on sulfided Rh catalyst appears to resemble homogeneous hydroformylation to a greater extent than reaction on Rh metal.
EGFR mutations and molecularly targeted therapy: a new era in the treatment of lung cancer.

Although the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib can produce dramatic and durable tumor responses, not all patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) benefit from these drugs. This Viewpoint discusses the molecular correlates of response for these agents in patients with NSCLC.
Per Capita Consumption and Growth: Comment

In a recent paper 1 J.C.H. Fei attempts to derive conclusions on efficient transitional growth towards the steady state solutions characteristic of growth models with constant technology, without assuming an intertemporal utility function. The criterion he uses is that "a feasible per capita consumption stream C* (t) is inefficient if there is another feasible per capita consumption stream G* (t) such that G* (t) > C* (t) for all t and G* (t) > C* (t) for some t." By comparing the growth path of the C.P.C.S. (constant per capita consumption standard) model and that of the Solow constant average propensity to save model, Fei concludes that for the attainment of target steady states reflecting a (rather extreme) capital assets preference 2 on the part of the community (i.e. a higher capital/labor ratio K* than that corresponding to the maximum per capita consumption solution), the Solow growth path will be inefficient. The Fei argument is illustrated in Figure I (based on Figure III in the Fei article.) With a community preference function yielding the indifference curves shown in Figure I, the optimum steady state will be point Z on the VS curve a locus of feasible steady states. The C.P.C.S. and Solow paths corresponding to this solution are also plotted in Figure I. In the transition to the steady state, with the actual capital/labor ratio increasing towards the terminal capital/labor ratio K*,, (a rightward movement in the diagram), the per capita consumption stream of the Solow model is, at every time period, less than that of the C.P.C.S. model. Therefore, by the Fei criterion, the Solow path is inefficient. Several points, however, may be raised concerning the validity of this theorem. Firstly, this conclusion is based on the use of inconsistent welfare criteria. The per capita consumption target is derived on the basis of a community utility function reflecting a strong capital assets preference while the Fei theorem on transitional growth paths is based on a welfare criteria which solely reflect per
Caloric Restriction Experience Reprograms Stress and Orexigenic Pathways and Promotes Binge Eating

Long-term weight management by dieting has a high failure rate. Pharmacological targets have focused on appetite reduction, although less is understood as to the potential contributions of the stress state during dieting in long-term behavioral modification. In a mouse model of moderate caloric restriction in which a 10-15% weight loss similar to human dieting is produced, we examined physiological and behavioral stress measures. After 3 weeks of restriction, mice showed significant increases in immobile time in a tail suspension test and stress-induced corticosterone levels. Increased stress was associated with brain region-specific alterations of corticotropin-releasing factor expression and promoter methylation, changes that were not normalized with refeeding. Similar outcomes were produced by high-fat diet withdrawal, an additional component of human dieting. In examination of long-term behavioral consequences, previously restricted mice showed a significant increase in binge eating of a palatable high-fat food during stress exposure. Orexigenic hormones, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin, were significantly elevated in response to the high-fat diet only in previously restricted mice. Furthermore, administration of the MCH receptor-1 antagonist GSK-856464 [4-(4-ethyl-5-methylsulfanyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine] significantly reduced total caloric intake in these mice during high-fat access. These results reveal reprogramming of key central pathways involved in regulating stress responsivity and orexigenic drives by moderate caloric restriction experience. In humans, such changes would be expected to reduce treatment success by promoting behaviors resulting in weight regain, and suggest that management of stress during dieting may be beneficial in long-term maintenance.
Entorhinal cortex of the rat: topographic organization of the cells of origin of the perforant path projection to the dentate gyrus.

By using three-dimensional computer reconstruction techniques and the production of two-dimensional unfolded maps, we analyzed the topographic organization of projections from the entorhinal cortex of the rat to the dentate gyrus. The retrograde tracers, Fast blue and Diamidino yellow, were injected at all septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus, and the distribution of retrogradely labeled layer II cells in the entorhinal cortex was plotted by using computer-aided microscopy systems. Discrete injections of fluorescent dyes into the dentate gyrus labeled bands of layer II neurons in the entorhinal cortex that covered approximately 45% of its surface area. Injections confined to the septal half of the dentate gyrus resulted in a band that occupied the most lateral and caudomedial portions of the entorhinal cortex. Although there were subtle changes in the density of labeled cells in this region, essentially the same region of cells was labeled after any injection into the septal half of the dentate gyrus. Injections into mid-septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus (50–75% of the distance from the septal pole) led to a distinctly different pattern of retrograde labeling. A more medial portion of the lateral entorhinal cortex and a more rostral portion of the medial entorhinal area were labeled in these cases. Another change in entorhinal labeling occurred when the injection involved the most temporal quarter of the dentate gyrus. Injections into this area led to a constrained region of entorhinal labeling that included the most medial portion of the lateral entorhinal area and the most rostral portion of the medial entorhinal area. Although the domains of cells projecting to septal, mid-septotemporal, and temporal levels of the dentate gyrus were not entirely segregated, there was relatively little overlap of the three populations of neurons. These data raise the possibility that different portions of the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit are capable of semiautonomous information processing, at least at the stage of input to the dentate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:25–48, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluvial Response to Land-Use Change in the Southern Appalachian Region: A Century of Investigation

Land-use change in the Southern Appalachian region has followed broader social and economic trends over the past century, from unregulated resource exploitation to economic development and conservation. In the early 20th century, land degradation resulting from exploitative land uses in the Southern Appalachian region provoked "corrective" conservation measures and contributed to the emergence of national and regional institutions, including national forest lands in the eastern United States and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Systematic studies of fluvial system responses to forest clearing and mining in this region began in the 1930s at the U.S. Forest Service facilities in North Carolina. Mid-century research consisted of watershed monitoring, principally in projects by the U.S. Forest Service and TVA, to compare the effects of different silvicultural and agricultural practices, while more recent studies involve a range of agencies and institutions and reflect public policies to restore water qua...
Potassium diffusion at the surface of a K2O.3SiO2 glass

Simulation par l'ordinateur avec un algorithme de Nordsieck au 5eme ordre et l'equation de Born-Mayer-Huggins
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Structure and Content of Letters of Reference.

Different expectations for structure and content in the construction of text can lead to difficulties in cross-cultural communication. This study investigates letters of reference as one type of written text that is relatively frequent in the contexts of the international academic community. Sixty-five letters of reference written by American referees and 65 letters written by referees from five Asian cultures were analyzed to discover the conventions and expectations guiding readers and writers from these backgrounds. Although there were many similarities in the two sets of texts, there were also several differences in the structure, content, and implicature employed in the letters; there is a complex interaction between the tripartite conceptual structure of the letters (the introduction, body, and closing) and the occurrence of specific elements of content and the form those elements took.
Survey of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians Regarding Use of Medrol Dosepak for Sports Injuries

Purpose: To study the use of a methylprednisolone taper (Medrol Dosepak; Pfizer, New York, NY) short-term oral corticosteroid treatment modality by sports medicine physicians; included is discussion on indications, perceived efficacy, and complications. Methods: A survey specific to Medrol Dosepak (MDP) use was mailed to all members of the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA) and the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM). Surveys were collected and data were collated and analyzed. Results: Total response rate was 41% (1,290/3,167), US response rate 43% (1,247/2,906), and international response rate 16% (43/261). Prescribing of MDP for sports injuries was significantly associated with average patient age ≤40 years (χ square; P = .001), but it was not associated with years in practice or patients seen per year. It was found that 47% of members (603/1,290) prescribe MDP. Postinjury disease was the most common indication. The most frequent complication was glucose intolerance (37%; 222/603). Of members who prescribe MDP, 8.5% (51/603) reported that they had seen 101 total cases of osteonecrosis, predominantly in the hip. Results revealed that 52% of members (672/1,290) do not prescribe MDP. The most frequent reasons for not prescribing included fear of osteonecrosis (30%; 201/672), fear of complications in general (27%; 183/672), lack of proven efficacy (27%; 180/672), and fear of malpractice (4.5%; 30/672). Of nonprescribing members (171/672), 25% had seen 500 cases of osteonecrosis, most often in the hip. Conclusions: The responding membership of AANA and AOSSM is evenly split regarding MDP use. Average patient age ≤40 years was associated with a greater likelihood that MDP would be prescribed for sports injuries. Postinjury disease is the most common indication; lack of proven efficacy and osteonecrosis are deterrents to prescription. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Haloperidol increases plasma beta endorphin-like immunoreactivity and cortisol in normal human males.

Abstract To investigate possible central dopaminergic regulation of betaendorphin-like immunoreactivity (βE-LI) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release in humans, we gave the dopamine antagonist haloperidol or placebo intravenously to twelve normal male subjects and measured βE-LI and cortisol for 120 minutes following injection. Haloperidol, but not placebo, produced significant increases in plasma βE-LI and cortisol. These findings suggest that central dopaminergic pathways such as the tuberohypophyseal system may participate in regulation of the secretion of βE and ACTH from the human pituitary.