cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Silicon Anodes for Durable and HighEnergy Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Carbonaceous materials have dominated lithium-ion battery anodes since their discovery in 1972. Materials and design challenges have prevented the move to silicon-based anodes, despite their significantly higher specific energies. Morphological design motifs have focused on minimizing the structural instabilities that arise during lithium insertion and removal, which are themselves the subject of numerous articles and reviews. This review focuses on surface modification techniques that have been developed to minimize volume expansion, stabilize the surface of silicon against electrical isolation following pulverization, and improve the electronic and ionic conductivities of silicon anodes during operation and cycling.
Biochemical and morphometric studies of heart, liver and skeletal muscle from the hibernating, arousing and aroused big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus

Heart, liver, pectoralis major, and plasma of hibernating, arousing and aroused bats were studied. The activities of four mitochondrial enzymes and three morphometric parameters of mitochondria did not change in the heart. Mitochondrial enzyme activities in the liver and pectoralis major did not change. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme content in heart, liver and pectoralis major did not change. Heart lipid content determined morphometrically decreased transiently after 30 min arousal from hibernation. Plasma free fatty acid concentration increased significantly by 7.5 min and peaked at 15 min after arousal from hibernation. Concentrations of heart free fatty acids, triglycerides, glycerol, and cholesterol and liver triglycerides did not change.
Dimebon Inhibits Calcium-Induced Swelling of Rat Brain Mitochondria But Does Not Alter Calcium Retention or Cytochrome C Release

Dimebon was originally introduced as an antihistamine and subsequently investigated as a possible therapeutic for a variety of disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. One putative mechanism underlying the neuroprotective properties of Dimebon is inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition, based on the observation that Dimebon inhibited the swelling of rat liver mitochondria induced by calcium and other agents that induce permeability transition. Because liver and brain mitochondria differ substantially in their properties and response to conditions associated with opening of the permeability transition pore, we sought to determine whether Dimebon inhibited permeability transition in brain mitochondria. Dimebon reduced calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling but did not enhance the calcium retention capacity or impair calcium-induced cytochrome C release from non-synaptic mitochondria isolated from rat brain cerebral cortex. These findings indicate that Dimebon does not inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition, induced by excessive calcium uptake, in brain mitochondria.
Negotiating a national memory: the British Empire & Commonwealth Museum

Abstract The British Empire & Commonwealth Museum is an attempt to grapple with Britain's history of imperialism and colonialism. The contents of the museum seek to address both the feeling of pride toward empire and the honest acknowledgement of empire's brutality. Expressing these two sides of Britain's imperialism at the same time makes the museum a site of contested identity. This article examines the ways in which the ambiguity of the museum is a reflection of the ambiguity of Britain's national identity and discusses how the museum's move from Bristol to London may increase the potential for a more reflective dialogue about Britain's history.
WASTE MINIMIZATION IN THE LOS ALAMOS MEDICAL RADIOISOTOPE PROGRAM

Since the mid-1970s the Los Alamos Medical Radioisotope Program has been irradiating target materials to produce and recover radioisotopes for applications in medicine, environmental science, biology, physics, materials research, and other disciplines where radiotracers find utility. By necessity, the chemical processing of targets and the isolation of radioisotopes generates radioactive waste materials. In recent years there have been federal mandates requiring us to discontinue the use of hazardous materials and to minimize radioactive waste volumes. As a result, substantial waste reduction measures have been introduced at the irradiation facility, in processing approaches, and even in the ways the product isotopes are supplied to users.
Teaching Developmental Anatomy of the Genital System to VM1 Students at the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA

Developmental anatomy is integrated with gross anatomy. It consists of 12 lectures and is divided into body systems. The development of each system is correlated to its adult structures and species differences. The urinary and genital systems are developmentally and anatomically associated and originate together from the intermediate mesoderm. The urethra forms from the distal part of the urogenital sinus. Starting with the gonadogenesis, and continuing with the duct systems and external genitalia, the lectures are focused on the male and then on the female structures. At the end, the anomalies of the genital organs are exposed in detail, with suggestions for students, specialists and breeders to prevent and treat teratological conditions. The gonadogenesis is first presented in the indifferent stage. The differential stage is explained for the testis and then for the ovary. The genital duct system is exposed in the indifferent stage. The differential stage for the male includes the formation of the efferent ductules, the epididymal duct and the ductus deferens, while in the female, the focus is on the formation of the uterine tubes, uterus (including the horns, the body and the cervix), and the vagina. The indifferent stage of external genitalia is a complex stage, which originates from the mesodermal swellings adjacent to the cloacal membrane. In the male, the differential stage includes the formation of penis and penile urethra. In the female the genital tubercle forms the clitoris, the urethral folds form the labia, while the genital swellings degenerate. The hermaphroditism, gonadal dysplasia, the cryptorchidism, the persistent vestigial structures, and the penischisis (hypospadias and epispadias) as anomalies of the genital system conclude the lecture.
Monitoring Postnatal Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Standards for growth of premature infants have often been based on in utero growth rates even though infants born prematurely do not exhibit in utero growth patterns after birth. These growth charts do not allow for daily recording of data and are prone to error in recording data as a function of postmenstrual age. Other growth curves based on observations in preterm infants do not extend beyond 40 to 105 days of age, although these infants are often hospitalized for longer periods of time. To address these practical limitations of available growth charts, we devised a method of plotting growth parameters in the neonatal intensive care unit on the basis of previously published standards of growth and estimates of expected growth. Compared with previously published curves, the monitoring system we present offers the following advantages: (1) weight tracking based on postnatal age and head circumference and length tracking based on postmenstrual age; (2) daily recording of weight for 168 days; and (3) recor...
Adaptive universal fault tolerant cellular logic arrays

This paper presents adaptive universal fault-tolerant logic arrays which have cellular structures, low numbers of input-output terminals, and are thus compatible with large scale integration technology. These cellular arrays can implement fault-tolerant digital systems capable of adapting on-line to realize any logic function on a given number of variables. The same simple adaptation algorithm employed to realize either a completely specified or an incompletely specified logic function is also used for dynamic error correction (on-line repair). The adaptive fault-tolerant cellular arrays are based on a proposed redundant decomposition of a switching function. A two-rail scheme of such arrays is shown to be capable of both error detection and dynamic error correction through adaptation. A comparison is carried out, which indicates that the reliability of the two-rail scheme is better than that of TMR schemes, for a comparable cost in hardware.
Method to determine when open treatment of condylar process fractures is not necessary.

Purpose The purpose of the present study is to report an intraoperative method of determining which condylar process fractures of the mandible do not require open reduction and internal fixation. Patients and Methods A total of 332 patients with unilateral extracapsular fractures of the mandibular condylar process were retrospectively studied. After any other mandibular fractures had undergone open reduction and internal fixation, the maxillomandibular fixation was released and the occlusion checked to determine whether deviation of the mandible was present toward the side of the condylar fracture. In addition, digital posteriorly directed force was applied to the chin to determine how easily the mandible would deviate. Those cases in which the mandible dropped posteriorly toward the side of fracture, creating a malocclusion (“drop-back”), were treated either closed or by open reduction, according to several factors. Those whose mandibles either did not deviate toward the side of fracture or those in whom the mandible could be pushed posteriorly on the side of fracture but readily regained a midline position on release of pressure (nondrop-back) were treated closed. Displacement of the condylar process was examined using pretreatment Towne's and panoramic radiographs. The relationship between the intraoperative drop-back results and the pretreatment level and displacement of the condylar process fractures was statistically assessed. Results Of the 332 fractures, 105 were in the nondrop-back group and 227 were in the drop-back group. The only demographic difference between the 2 groups was the displacement of the condylar process, which was greater in the drop-back group. All patients in the nondrop-back group, except for 1, had good occlusal and functional outcomes, with minimal need for interarch elastic guidance. Conclusions Determining which patients would not benefit from open reduction and internal fixation can be assessed clinically during surgery more reliably than using preoperative imaging studies.
Line-spring analysis of surface flawed plates and shells using deformation theory

The line-spring model is an efficient tool introduced by Rice and Levy [1] for the approximate analysis of surface flaws in plates and shells. A finite element implementation of the linear elastic line-spring was reported by Parks et al. [2]. The stress intensity factors obtained using this model were in close agreement to those calculated through three-dimensional continuum finite element solutions. Extensions of the model to elastic-plastic crack analysis have been undertaken by Parks and co-workers [3, 6, 7] using the incremental theory of plasticity. The deformation theory of plasticity is employed in the current formulation, and a Ramberg-Osgood description of the material is assumed. Further, we make use of the asymptotic results obtained by Shih and Hutchinson [4] for a small ligament subject to an arbitrary combination of tension and bending. An effective crack depth is taken into account in the elastic part of the current line-spring model. Numerical solutions are presented for a number of 3-D structural problems with surface cracks. Comparisons of the model's predictions with relevant continuum solutions are presented. Finally, we report observations regarding the shift of the loading axis with increasing loads. This phenomenon plays an important role in the discussion of HRR-dominance and the possible use of the J-integral as the single parameter for the characterization of crack tip fields.
The ubiquity of hydrocarbons in nature: aliphatic hydrocarbons in dust samples

Abstract Aliphatic hydrocarbons ranging from C13 to C33 have been identified in dust. Isoprenoids and other isomeric alkanes have also been detected in some of the dust samples. The widespread occurrence of dust particles makes them a potential contaminant of extraterrestrial and geochemical specimens being analyzed for organic compounds.
Next best step and expert recommendation for collaborative processes in it service management

IT service management processes are people intensive and collaborative by nature. There is an emerging trend in IT service management applications, moving away from rigid process orchestration to the leveraging of collaboration technologies. An interesting consequence is that staff can collaboratively define customized and ad-hoc step flows, consisting of the sequence of activities necessary to handle each particular case. Capturing and sharing the knowledge of how previous similar cases have been resolved becomes useful in recommending what steps to take and what experts to consult to handle a new case effectively. We present an approach and a tool that analyzes previous IT case resolutions in order to recommend the best next steps to handle a new case, including recommendations on the experts to invite to help with resolution of the case. Our early evaluation results indicate that this approach shows significant improvement for making recommendations over using only process models discovered from log traces.
Quest for an advanced image standard: a report from the trenches

The advancement of science thrives on futuristic imagery. Such images can be abstractly n-dimensional and physically multimodal. They frequently consist of very large quantities of pixels that must be sub-sampled at multiple resolutions. Because there does not exist even one generic image standard for their long-term preservation and interoperations, researchers have no other option than to devise their own. Consequently, each scientific community maintains non-optimal and divergent pixel protocols for reasons of haste, convenience, performance and sometimes archiving, putting an unnecessary burden on future stewardship. Over the last five years, a number of distinct bio-imaging communities began discussing the need for a common pixel storage standard, which has also attracted the interest of astrophysicists, astronomers, and geographic information scientists. Such an advanced image design should build upon existing standards, particularly the Hierarchical Data Format (HDF5), the Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) framework, and the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). HDF5 is a de-facto standard in use in many fields of science and engineering because of its superlative features such as high computational performance, extensible multimodal multi-dimensional data designs, self-documentation, reliable open source software support, and archiving that is amenable to OAIS. The de-jure MPEG standard offers excellent methods for video compression, content description, intellectual property management, and multimedia interoperability. The integration of these venerable standards offers the best strategy to satisfy the immediate and long-term needs for an essential coin-of-the-realm for pixels. Described in this paper is an outline of issues that should be considered in an advanced scientific image standard.
Age-related valence-based reversal in recruitment of medial prefrontal cortex on a visual search task

Previous behavioral research has revealed a positivity effect that occurs with aging, with older adults focusing more on positive information and less on negative emotional stimuli as compared to young adults. Questions have been raised as to whether this effect exists in the rapid detection of information or whether it operates only at later stages of processing. In the present study, we used eye-tracking and neuroimaging methodologies to examine whether the two age groups accomplished the detection of emotional information on a visual search task using the same mechanisms. Eye-tracking results revealed no significant age differences in detection or viewing time of emotional targets as a function of valence. Despite their general similarity in task performance, neuroimaging results revealed an age-related valence-based reversal in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activity, with detection of negative compared to positive targets activating the MPFC more for younger adults, and detection of positive compared to negative targets activating the MPFC more for older adults. These results suggest that age-related valence reversals in neural activity can exist even on tasks that require only relatively automatic processing of emotional information.
Policy Influence and Private Returns from Lobbying in the Energy Sector

In this article, I quantify the extent to which lobbying expenditures by firms affect policy enactment. To achieve this end, I construct a novel dataset containing all federal energy legislation and lobbying activities by the energy sector during the 110th Congress. I then develop and estimate a game-theoretic model where heterogeneous players choose lobbying expenditures to affect the probability that a policy is enacted. I find that the effect of lobbying expenditures on a policy's equilibrium enactment probability to be statistically significant but very small. Nonetheless, the average returns from lobbying expenditures are estimated to be over 130%.
Advances in the dataflow computational model

The dataflow program graph execution model, or dataflow for short, is an alternative to the stored-program (von Neumann) execution model. Because it relies on a graph representation of programs, the strengths of the dataflow model are very much the complements of those of the stored-program one. In the last thirty or so years since it was proposed, the dataflow model of computation has been used and developed in very many areas of computing research: from programming languages to processor design, and from signal processing to reconfigurable computing. This paper is a review of the current state-of-the-art in the applications of the dataflow model of computation. It focuses on three areas: multithreaded computing, signal processing and reconfigurable computing. ” 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Epiphysiodesis for limb length discrepancy: a comparison of two methods

A retrospective review of 42 patients from 1999 to 2008 with at least 1-year follow-up was performed. The type and location of epiphysiodesis, average operative time and hospital stay, complications, timing and the final limb length discrepancy (LLD) were recorded. Computer tomography scanograms and mechanical axis view with grids were done to assess LLD. Twenty-six patients underwent Canale type epiphysiodesis compared with 14 receiving Metaizeau screw epiphysiodesis. The average operation time for Canale type was 42 and 45 min for screw epiphysiodesis. In the Canale group, there was a mean reduction in 2.5 cm in LLD from 3.7 to 1.2 cm over an average follow-up of 2.1 years. There were 4 minor and 2 major complications with a 92 % success rate defined as achieving the desired discrepancy correction. In the screw epiphysiodesis group, the mean change was 1.8 cm from 3.2 to 1.4 cm, over 2.2 years with 2 minor and 2 major complications and a success rate of 85 %. Percutaneous epiphysiodesis by any method is a reliable, minimally invasive method with minimal morbidity and an acceptable complication rate when compared to a corrective osteotomy or an open Phemister-type epiphysiodesis. This study has led to our preference for the Canale method, which in our hands has fewer complications and is more successful at reaching the desired discrepancy correction.
MADM gives new insights into gliomagenesis

In their recent paper, Liu et al. (2011) make use of an elegant genetic mouse model to study the formation of malignant brain tumors. Their findings add strong support to the growing body of evidence from several labs showing that some gliomas arise from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). They also provide new insights, and raise new questions, regarding where, when, and how malignant gliomas form.
An Interacting Stochastic Models Approach for the Performance Evaluation of DSRC Vehicular Safety Communication

In this paper, an analytic model is proposed for the performance evaluation of vehicular safety related services in the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) system on highways. The generation and service of safety messages in each vehicle is modeled by a generalized M/G/1 queue. The overall model is a set of interacting M/G/1 queues, one queue for each vehicle. The interaction is that the server is shared as it is the contention medium. To make the model scalable, we use semi-Markov process (SMP) model to capture the shared server's behavior from one tagged vehicle's perspective, where the medium contention and back off behavior for this vehicle and influences from other vehicles are considered. Furthermore, this SMP interacts with the tagged vehicle's own M/G/1 queue through fixed-point iteration. The proof for the existence, uniqueness and convergence of the fixed point is provided. Based on the fixed-point solution, performance indices including mean transmission delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and packet reception ratio (PRR) are derived. Analytic-numeric results are verified through extensive simulations under various network parameters. Compared with the existing models, the proposed SMP model facilitates the impact analysis of hidden terminal problem on the PDR and PRR computation in a more precise manner.
Large introns in relation to alternative splicing and gene evolution: a case study of Drosophila bruno-3

Alternative splicing (AS) of maturing mRNA can generate structurally and functionally distinct transcripts from the same gene. Recent bioinformatic analyses of available genome databases inferred a positive correlation between intron length and AS. To study the interplay between intron length and AS empirically and in more detail, we analyzed the diversity of alternatively spliced transcripts (ASTs) in the Drosophila RNA-binding Bruno-3 (Bru-3) gene. This gene was known to encode thirteen exons separated by introns of diverse sizes, ranging from 71 to 41,973 nucleotides in D. melanogaster. Although Bru-3' s structure is expected to be conducive to AS, only two ASTs of this gene were previously described. Cloning of RT-PCR products of the entire ORF from four species representing three diverged Drosophila lineages provided an evolutionary perspective, high sensitivity, and long-range contiguity of splice choices currently unattainable by high-throughput methods. Consequently, we identified three new exons, a new exon fragment and thirty-three previously unknown ASTs of Bru-3. All exon-skipping events in the gene were mapped to the exons surrounded by introns of at least 800 nucleotides, whereas exons split by introns of less than 250 nucleotides were always spliced contiguously in mRNA. Cases of exon loss and creation during Bru-3 evolution in Drosophila were also localized within large introns. Notably, we identified a true de novo exon gain: exon 8 was created along the lineage of the obscura group from intronic sequence between cryptic splice sites conserved among all Drosophila species surveyed. Exon 8 was included in mature mRNA by the species representing all the major branches of the obscura group. To our knowledge, the origin of exon 8 is the first documented case of exonization of intronic sequence outside vertebrates. We found that large introns can promote AS via exon-skipping and exon turnover during evolution likely due to frequent errors in their removal from maturing mRNA. Large introns could be a reservoir of genetic diversity, because they have a greater number of mutable sites than short introns. Taken together, gene structure can constrain and/or promote gene evolution.
Managing international migration in developing countries.

IOM’s research project on emigration dynamics in developing countries, launched in 1993, brought together teams of researchers in four regions of the developing world: Sub-Saharan Africa; South Asia; the Arab region; and Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The article reports the findings of team members as reported to, and discussed by, 180 participants, including those from 57 governments, at IOM’s twelfth Migration Seminar held in Geneva during April 1997. The research had been carried out under a common conceptual framework which addressed emigration dynamics through changing economic, demographic, political and ecological circumstances in each country or subregion; the role of networks already established between persons in sending and receiving countries; and the nature of entry restrictions imposed by receiving countries. A central objective of the research was to try and measure interaction between the variables in specific country and subregional situations and, as far as possible, provide results that could assist policy makers in both developing and developed countries. This objective had been facilitated by workshops held in each region during 1995–96 comprising researchers, officials and policy makers. Although economic, demographic, political and ecological circumstances varied considerably between countries in the four regions, conference delegates agreed that the approach adopted by the researchers, including contact with officials and policy makers, had provided new insights into the emigration dynamics process. Recommendations made during conference discussions included the need to establish an effective system of migration information exchange between and across regions; that on the basis of results achieved so far research on emigration dynamics should be continued and broadened; and that there should be sustained dialogue between policy makers, officials, researchers and NGOs.
Islam for the indentured Indian: a Muslim missionary in colonial South Africa

Tracing the migration of Muslims from India to South Africa's Natal colony in the late nineteenth century, the article focuses on the missionary activities of Ghulam Muhammad "Sufi Sahib" (d. 1329/ 1911). Placing Ghulam Muhammad in a new religious marketplace of competing religions, and versions thereof, the article examines the strategies through which he successfully established his form of Islam among Natal's indentured and merchant Muslim classes and used the fabric of religion to bind together a distinctly "Muslim" community from the heterogeneous individuals and groups brought from India by commerce and the plantation economy. As a founder of shrines no less than madrasas, Ghulam Muhammad demonstrated the ways in which a customary Islam of holy men, festivities and hagiographies flourished and responded to the demands and opportunities of modernity. Building on the popular appeal of customary piety, Ghulam Muhammad consolidated his success by providing a range of social services (education, healthcare, burial) for the Indian poor of Natal, to create an effective public platform for the norms of Shari'a in South Africa.
Abuse victimization in childhood or adolescence and risk of food addiction in adult women

Objective Child abuse appears to increase obesity risk in adulthood, but the mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the association between child abuse victimization and food addiction, a measure of stress-related overeating, in 57,321 adult participants in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Design and Methods The NHSII ascertained physical and sexual child abuse histories in 2001 and current food addiction in 2009. Food addiction was defined as ≥3 clinically significant symptoms on a modified version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Confounder-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using modified Poisson regression. Results Over 8% of the sample reported severe physical abuse in childhood, while 5.3% reported severe sexual abuse. Eight percent met the criteria for food addiction. Women with food addiction were 6 U of BMI heavier than women without food addiction. Severe physical and severe sexual abuse were associated with roughly 90% increases in food addiction risk (physical abuse RR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.76, 2.09; sexual abuse RR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.69, 2.05). The RR for combined severe physical abuse and sexual abuse was 2.40 (95% CI: 2.16, 2.67). Conclusions A history of child abuse is strongly associated with food addiction in this population.
Lymphocyte proliferation in Peyer's patches of Giardia muris-infected mice

Gastrointestinal immune events in giardiasis are important in controlling infection. In this study, Peyer's patch lymphocytes from mice infected with Giardia muris developed specific, proliferative responses to G. muris antigen. This proliferation correlated with clearance of infection. Further understanding of the gut immune response will be helpful in developing immunoprophylactic strategies in the control of giardiasis.
Hierarchical reinforcement learning and decision making for intelligent machines

A methodology for performance improvement of intelligent machines based on hierarchical reinforcement learning is introduced. Machine decision making and learning are based on a cost function which includes reliability and a computational cost of algorithms at the three levels of the hierarchy proposed by Saridis. Despite this particular formalization, the methodology intends to be sufficiently general to encompass different types of architectures and applications. Novel contributions of this work include the definition of a cost function combining reliability and complexity, recursively improved through feedback, a hierarchical reinforcement learning and decision making algorithm which uses that cost function, and a methodology supported on information-based complexity for joint measure of algorithm cost and reliability. Results of simulations show the application of the formalism to intelligent robotic systems. >
Complexities of androgen action

Abstract Androgens mediate a wide range of processes during embryogenesis and in the adult. In mammals, the principal androgens are testosterone and its 5α-reduced metabolite, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Although these androgenic hormones are diverse in character, it is believed that their effects are mediated via the protein products of a single androgen receptor gene encoded on the X-chromosome. A great deal of information has now accumulated pertaining to the mechanisms by which nuclear receptors, such as the androgen receptor, modulate the activity of responsive genes. The studies have demonstrated the participation of a number of ancillary proteins in modulating activation or repression by nuclear receptors. In addition to studies focused on the mechanisms of nuclear receptor function, additional work has illuminated the mechanism by which androgens are metabolized in selected tissues. This information provides a perspective on the number of levels of complexity by which differential gene regulation by androgens may occur in different tissues and in different cell types. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:S87-94.)
Attire, an influence on perceptions of counselors' characteristics.

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial impressions formed by 86 clients of counselors based on the counselors' attire. Clients' perceptions of counselors' selected characteristics of caring, authenticity, competentness, and trustworthiness were assessed. In addition, clients reported their willingness to see a counselor based on their initial impression of the counselor's attire. Analysis showed that most of the clients preferred a moderate style of dress (neither too formal nor too casual) for both male and female counselors. A strong positive association was found between the counselors' attire and the clients' perception of the four selected characteristics of counselors. People are influenced by many factors when they make the decision to seek professional counseling. Once they begin therapy, 30% to 60% will terminate within the first six months before therapy is completed (Lorian, 1978). Hubble and Gelso (1978) stated that the initial or early phase of counseling is crucial in establishing good rapport between counselor and client. If the counselor is not successful in engaging the client during this phase, then the client probably will stop seeing the counselor and not get the help needed. Gass (1984) suggested that clients often drop out of therapy as the initial impression formed is that the counselor is untrustworthy or incompetent. The purpose of this study was to examine one variable that may affect clients' perceptions of counselors-that of attire. Does a certain type of attire lead the client to perceive the therapist as more trustworthy, competent, caring, or empathetic? There is evidence in the literature that attire affects clients' perceptions of counselors. Matkin, Riggar, and Puckett (1984) reported that counselors, themselves, recognize a need for more concern about what they wear. Impression-formation theory provided the theoretical basis for the present study. Ths theory postulates that clothing has a definite influence on the characteristics one attributes to the people one meets (Ryan, 1966). For example, clothing or attire worn by a person influences others' perceptions about the wearer's characteristics of age, sociueconomic status, groups with which the person is identified, occupation, personality traits, values, attitudes, and intelligence. In a survey of college students, Hamid (1978) found
Thrasymachus and His Attachment to Justice

Socrates defends justice against the attack mounted by Thrasymachus in Plato’s Republic , but it isn’t easy to say what the defense consists of. A careful reading shows that Thrasymachus himself is deeply though unselfconsciously attached to justice. Thrasymachus admires skillful artisans and thinks that devoting oneself to one’s art makes one a good man, worthy of good things. He feels that the skillful and unjust deserve to get the better of the artless and weak, which is to say he unselfconsciously believes in a form of distributive justice. Moreover, his surprising attachment to justice resembles and casts light on the attachment to justice that most people feel.
Renal blood flow autoregulation: what are the contributions for nitric oxide or superoxide to modulate the myogenic response?

the maintenance of a constant renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in the face of physiological changes and pathological states is essential for proper fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. This phenomenon has been named renal autoregulation and is comprised of two major mechanisms, the
Barriers and facilitators of nurses’ use of clinical practice guidelines: An integrative review

Abstract Background Preventable harm continues to be one of the leading causes of patient death. Each year about 400,000 patients die from sepsis, hospital acquired infections, venous thromboembolism, and pulmonary embolism. However, as shown in the recent reduction in hospital acquired infections, the number of deaths could be reduced if healthcare providers used evidence-based therapies, which are often included in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to appraise and synthesize the current literature on barriers to and facilitators in the use of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) by registered nurses. Design Whittemore and Knafl integrative review methodology was used. Primary quantitative and qualitative studies about the nurses' use of CPGs and published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and August 2015 were included. Methods The Critical Skills Appraisal Program (CASP) was used to critically appraise the quality of sixteen selected quantitative and qualitative studies. Results Internal factors were attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge whereas format and usability of CPGs, resources, leadership, and organizational culture were external factors influencing CPG use. Conclusion Given each barrier and facilitator, interventions and policies can be designed to increase nurses' use of CPGs to deliver more evidence based therapy. In order to improve the use of CPGs and to ensure high quality care for all patients, nurses must actively participate in development, implementation, and maintenance of CPGs.
Raman Characterization of InSb/GaAs Grown by Metalorganic Magnetron Sputtering

The new technique of metalorganic magnetron sputtering (MOMS) produces high-quality (100) epitaxial InSb films on (100) GaAs substrates, despite the large 14.6% lattice mismatch between InSb and GaAs. We have used Raman scattering to examine MOMS-grown InSb films of thicknesses 0.17 - 2.67 µm, and commercial bulk InSb. We observe the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon peak, and the second order 2LO peak, which is enhanced by outgoing resonance with the E1 + Δ1, gap of InSb. The half-widths and intensities of these bands are related to sample quality as a function of film thickness and to the role of biaxial stress in the InSb film.
The Beauty (and the Beast) of Free Markets

Fire is an amazing innovation. It keeps us warm, gives us light, allows us to sustain ourselves, and makes our food safer to eat. It can also do damage if used improperly. Fire can be mishandled and it can be used as a weapon by and against us. We have learned from experience to understand and respect fire, which allows us to protect ourselves from its misuse.
Rethinking Refinancing of Equity Offering——from the theoretical perspective

In recent years,much attention has been paid to the issue of refinancing in the theoretical and practical world.The increasingly strong refinancing practice of the Chinese listed companies has aroused even more the enthusiasm of the theoretical circles.Many scholars have done studies on how to refinance equity offering for the Chinese listed companies from diverse perspectives.The paper starts from the relevant concept,analyzes how to refinance equity offerings for the listed companies from the theoretical perspective,makes comments about refinancing theory from five angles.Then it introduces choices of SEO both supporting rights offering and supporting placement.In the end,in light of the characteristics of capital markets and actual situation of listed companies in China,it presents suitable theories which will guide the practice.
Improved Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of an Aptamer Ribosomal Toxin Conjugate.

Delivery of toxins, such as the ricin A chain, Pseudomonas exotoxin, and gelonin, using antibodies has had some success in inducing specific toxicity in cancer treatments. However, these antibody-toxin conjugates, called immunotoxins, can be bulky, difficult to express, and may induce an immune response upon in vivo administration. We previously reported delivery of a recombinant variant of gelonin (rGel) by the full-length prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) binding aptamer, A9, to potentially circumvent some of these problems. Here, we report a streamlined approach to generating aptamer-rGel conjugates utilizing a chemically synthesized minimized form of the A9 aptamer. Unlike the full-length A9 aptamer, this minimized variant can be chemically synthesized with a 5′ terminal thiol. This facilitates the large scale synthesis and generation of aptamer toxin conjugates linked by a reducible disulfide linkage. Using this approach, we generated aptamer-toxin conjugates and evaluated their binding speci...
Exploring Race, Culture, and Family in the Identities of Mixed Heritage Students

Family plays an integral role in racial and cultural socialization, yet how mixed heritage students understand the concepts of race and culture in relation to family is unclear. This qualitative study explored the interplay of race, culture, and family in the identity constructions of 25 mixed heritage students. Findings suggest the centrality of culture to identity and that family provides limited sources of racial and cultural knowledge useful for navigating monoracial environments.
Proposing Special Issues for the Adolescent Research Review

Special issues already are being developed for the Adolescent Research Review, and we hope to support more. To that end, this editorial highlights the Editor’s expectations about special issues. The general conclusion that potential editors hopefully will reach from this brief editorial is that the Editor is committed to assisting potential editors and authors. That desire includes flexibility in the special issue topics, editors’ responsibilities, and the timing of production. That flexibility, however, is couched in important limitations, all of which center on the need for all articles to make original, substantive, and important contributions to the developmental understanding of adolescence. This editorial details the important parameters that Special Issue Editors can expect as they think through whether and how to develop special issues.
A validated model of passive skeletal muscle to predict force and intramuscular pressure

The passive properties of skeletal muscle are often overlooked in muscle studies, yet they play a key role in tissue function in vivo. Studies analyzing and modeling muscle passive properties, while not uncommon, have never investigated the role of fluid content within the tissue. Additionally, intramuscular pressure (IMP) has been shown to correlate with muscle force in vivo and could be used to predict muscle force in the clinic. In this study, a novel model of skeletal muscle was developed and validated to predict both muscle stress and IMP under passive conditions for the New Zealand White Rabbit tibialis anterior. This model is the first to include fluid content within the tissue and uses whole muscle geometry. A nonlinear optimization scheme was highly effective at fitting model stress output to experimental stress data (normalized mean square error or NMSE fit value of 0.993) and validation showed very good agreement to experimental data (NMSE fit values of 0.955 and 0.860 for IMP and stress, respectively). While future work to include muscle activation would broaden the physiological application of this model, the passive implementation could be used to guide surgeries where passive muscle is stretched.
Spinal cord anatomy, pain, and spinal cord stimulation mechanisms

ABSTRACT The effectiveness and mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation described in literature rely on a proper understanding of spinal cord anatomy and pain theory. In this article we provide an overview of relevant spinal cord anatomy, pain mechanisms, and theories of pain perception. This includes the gate control theory that is the foundation for spinal cord stimulation as a treatment for chronic pain. Thereafter, we describe the different mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation. Specifically, there are considerations in anatomy, electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and neurophysiology of the central nervous system that play a role in how spinal cord stimulation modulates the pain “gate” system.
Heat capacities of supercritical fluids via Grand Canonical ensemble simulations

In this work, suitable mathematical relationships to compute isobaric heat capacities from molecular simulations in the Grand Canonical (GC) ensemble are derived and tested via Monte Carlo methods. Using atomistic classical force fields, the residual isobaric heat capacities of pure carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and pure methanol (MeOH) were obtained at supercritical conditions (with critical properties estimated from a finite-size scaling analysis). The total isobaric heat capacity was determined by combining the residual isobaric heat capacity obtained from molecular simulations with the ideal gas contributions obtained from experimental correlations. Isobaric heat capacities generated from both GC and Isothermal–Isobaric ensemble simulations were compared to predictions from accurate equations of state (EOS)s for CO 2 and MeOH at corresponding reduced temperatures and pressures. Isobaric heat capacities calculated from both ensembles were in good agreement with those obtained from the Span and Wagner EOS for CO 2 and the IUPAC EOS for MeOH. For comparable computation times, simulations run in the GC ensemble generate results with significantly lower statistical uncertainty than those run in the Isothermal–Isobaric ensemble.
Use of Brillouin Zone Folding in Magnetooptics

Magnetooptical experiments are extremely important for the determination of the electronic (or lattice mode) structures of materials. For a number of these solids, the application of magnetooptical experiments is based on the use of the zone folding technique. This approach is well known for good metals where the free-electron dispersion relation (\( E\left( {\vec k} \right)\) = ħ2k2/2m*) is folded into a Brillouin zone appropriate to the crystal symmetry. The effect of the periodic potential is then treated in perturbation theory in the context of the zone-folded representation.
A randomized trial to implement practice recommendations: design and methods of the Dementia Care Study.

Abstract The objective of the Dementia Care Study was to design, implement, and evaluate, in a randomized controlled trial a multi-faceted, specialty-society sponsored intervention to encourage neurologists' adoption of practice recommendations. Eligible participants were 417 neurologists in six regions in New York State (NYS) who were identified through the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Membership Database and the NYS Physician Masterfile. An Advisory Panel of experts on dementia, neurologists who were local opinion leaders, and local representatives of the Alzheimer's Association guided the development of the intervention. The intervention included six components: (1) a mailing of six practice recommendations in a course of continuing medical education (CME) sponsored by the AAN; (2) a mailing of supplementary, practice-based tools; (3) follow-up mailings reinforcing the recommendations; (4) an invitation to an AAN-sponsored seminar; (5) endorsement by opinion leaders; and (6) specialty-society sponsorship and endorsement. The primary outcome measure was neurologists' decision-making, as assessed through a mailed survey that used detailed clinical scenarios. Intervention and control neurologists received the survey six months after the intervention, and a baseline group received it three months prior to the intervention. To evaluate the concordance of responses to scenarios with actual processes of care, we reviewed medical records in one study region. Secondary outcome measures included number of patient referrals received by the local Alzheimer's Associations and by the Association's National Safe Return Program. The specialty society, the opinion leaders, the dementia experts, local advocacy groups, and the study investigators achieved a high degree of collaboration. Specialty societies can integrate within their educational programs the capability to design and evaluate the impact of novel strategies to encourage the adoption of practice recommendations that are linked to improved quality of care. Control Clin Trials 1999;20:369–385