cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lectures on Linearizing Transformations of Dynamical Systems

Linearization of ordinary differential equations is investigated by transformations of the dependent and independent variables. The direct problem investigates the transformations of non-linear equations of interest in dynamics. The inverse problem establishes the totality of non-linear differential equations which are reducible to linear equations by transformations. The transformations of the independent variable relate the differentials of the old and new variables by functions of the dependent variables.
Australian mining and the economy: A general equilibrium analysis☆

Abstract The impact on the Australian mining sector of a range of economic shocks is quantified in this study. These results are based on simulations with ORANI, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Australian economy. The following economic shocks are examined in detail: a change in the real wage rate as a cost to employers; an expansion in real absorption (ie, the sum of real household consumption, real private investment and real government spending); protection for manufacturing industries; a change in the tax mix in favour of indirect taxation; additional foreign exchange earnings from, say, an expansion in the agricultural sector or from new mining developments; and a movement in the exchange rate.
The Mature Mind: The Positive Power of the Aging Brain

A renowned medical researcher offers scientific proof that the mind actually improves with age, creating tremendous potential for growth and satisfaction in the later years. "The Golden Years" are being redefined. The fastest-growing segment of the population - those beyond the age of fifty - are no longer content to simply cope with the losses of age. Mental acuity and vitality are becoming a life-long pursuit. Now, the science of the mind is catching up with the Baby Boom generation. In this landmark book, Dr Gene Cohen challenges the long-held belief that our brain power inevitably declines as we age, and shows that there are actually positive changes taking place in our minds. Based on the latest studies of the brain, as well as moving stories of men and women in the second half of life, "The Power of the Mature Mind" reveals for the first time how we can continue to grow and flourish. Cohen's groundbreaking theory - the first to elaborate on the psychology of later life - describes how the mind gives us "inner pushes" and creates new opportunities for positive change throughout adult life. He shows how we can jump-start that growth at any age and under any circumstances, fine-tuning as we go, actively building brain reserves and new possibilities.
Enhancements – Enabling Flexible Feature and Implementation Selection

To provide performance trade-offs to users, reusable component libraries typically include multiple implementation variants for each interface. This paper introduces a scalable notion of enhancements to extend interfaces with new features. Enhancements provide flexibility along two dimensions: They allow users to combine any set of features with the base interface and they allow any implementation variant of the base interface to be combined with any implementation variant of each feature. These two dimensions of flexibility are necessary for reusable libraries to remain scaleable. To address the feature flexibility problem, this paper introduces a general notion of enhancements that decouple feature implementations from the implementations of base interfaces. The paper explains an approach for realizing enhancements in standard Java and analyzes its benefits and limitations. It examines a simple mechanism to support enhancements directly in languages such as Java.
TROUBLES WITH WAGNER'S READING OF MILLIKAN

En reponse a l'article de S. J. Wagner intitule «Teleosemantics and the troubles of naturalism» («Philosophical studies», 82, 1, pp. 81-110) qui critique sa theorie du contenu mental, l'A. corrige les principales erreurs de son detracteur concernant la fonction propre des articles intentionnels, le contenu semantique des representations indicatives et l'identification du contenu des croyances
A 0.9 V 9 mW 1MSPS digitally calibrated ADC with 75 dB SFDR

A low-voltage two-stage algorithmic ADC incorporating the Opamp-Reset Switching Technique (ORST) is presented. The low-voltage digital CMOS process compatible operation is achieved without the clock boosting/bootstrapping or switched-opamp. The ADC employs a highly linear input sampling circuit at the front-end, and the digital output is calibrated using a radix-based scheme. The prototype was fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and the active die area is 1.2 mm/spl times/1.2 mm. The calibrated ADC demonstrates 75 dB SFDR at 0.9 V and 80 dB SFDR at 1.2 V. The total power consumption of the ADC is 9 mW at the clock frequency of 7 MHz (1MSPS).
Geologic constraints on crustal plateau surface histories, Venus: The lava pond and bolide impact hypotheses

[1] Venusian crustal plateau formation is hotly debated. Crustal plateaus are large (∼1500–2500 km) quasi-circular ∼0.5- to 4-km-high plateaus that host distinctive tectonic fabrics, called ribbon tessera. Debate centers on plateau support and fabric formation. Detailed geologic mapping of an ∼360,000 km2 region, eastern Ovda Regio, provides critical clues for plateau evolution. Ribbon-tessera fabrics record broadly synchronous layer contraction, extension, and flooding, as an initially strong, thin layer (<100 m) developed across Ovda. As the layer underwent ductile shortening and brittle extension, subsurface lava flooded structural lows. With progressive deformation the layer thickened, leading to formation of progressively longer-wavelength structures. Early-formed shorter-wavelength structures and lava- filled valleys were carried piggyback on longer-wavelength folds. This history indicates an extremely large strength contrast that is inconsistent with a conductive geotherm, reflecting instead the presence of a near-surface molten layer. I propose the lava-pond hypothesis: Ribbon-tessera fabrics represent progressively solidified “scum” of a huge lava pond, leading to crustal plateau formation. I further propose that individual lava ponds formed as a result of large bolide (∼20–30 km diameter) impact with ancient thin lithosphere, causing massive partial melting in the upper mantle. Melt rose buoyantly to form huge (∼1500–2000 km diameter) lava ponds, completely resurfacing the local area. In the upper mantle depleted residuum would be compositionally more buoyant and stronger than adjacent undepleted mantle. Isostatic adjustment resulted in pond uplift and plateau formation. Subsequent secular cooling could “freeze” a plateau in place, or mantle convection could strip away the residuum root, leading to plateau collapse.
The function of a recovery nursery in a large maternity hospital.

Summary 1. A Recovery Nursery to handle problems of the term infant in distress immediately after delivery has proved its value to a large maternity hospital. This nursery has been used in 13.8 per cent of term infants delivered over a period of seven and one-half months. 2. It has been found that the Recovery Nursery can function together with a Premature Nursery and the same plant can contain both. 3. The combination of the physical plant of the Premature Nursery and a Recovery Nursery will provide enough population to stabilize the nursing personnel and fill the hospital space that may be available in the small or large hospital that could not be filled adequately by either a Premature Nursery or a Recovery Nursery alone.
Cryogenic systems for spacecraft

It is noted that the use of cryogenic components on spacecraft, already quite common, will likely increase in the future. Attention is given to a number of applications including earth observation, atmospheric measurements, infrared astronomy and magnetic field measurements. These applications are discussed with regard to their cryogenic requirements. Further, four cryogenic instruments provided by the United States to be launched on spacecraft in the near future are described. Finally, other missions being planned that will use cryogenic instrumentation are also considered.
A numerical study of a mantle plume beneath the Tharsis Rise: Reconciling dynamic uplift and lithospheric support models

[1] The Tharsis Rise is an area of extensive volcanism containing the most significant long-wavelength topographic and areoid anomalies on Mars. The mechanism for supporting this large topographic expression and correlating areoid remains controversial. The two main competing ideas are dynamic support by a deep, mantle plume and a volcanically constructed lithosphere followed by lithospheric flexure. While both of these models, separately, can account for specific features of Tharsis, neither explain its entirety. Most of the support of the Tharsis topographic anomaly is best explained by a volcanic structure modifying the lithosphere. However, this raises the important question of the origin of the heat source for volcanic construction, leading to possible small-scale convection. This demonstrates that the remaining topography and areoid not accounted for in lower end-members of volcanically constructed surface loads is consistent with a deeper, mantle plume source. Our results show we can produce about 15% and 18% of the total Tharsis long-wavelength areoid and topography anomaly with a plume forming in a strong, temperature-dependent rheology. Additionally, our plume model has a 165 km thick rheological lithosphere (within the range for present-day estimates on Mars) and generates about 1% partial melting, more than sufficient to provide a heat source for recent volcanism. This implies both a model with dynamic support from a plume and a volcanically constructed lithosphere not only can coexist but offer an explanation for both the surface anomalies and heat needed for the minor amount of recent volcanic activity at Tharsis Rise.
Dry versus wet aging of beef: Retail cutting yields and consumer palatability evaluations of steaks from US Choice and US Select short loins

Paired beef short loins from US Choice (n = 48) and US Select (n = 48) carcasses were assigned to be dry or wet aged for 14, 21, 28 or 35 d. After aging, short loins were processed to determine retail yields and processing times. Upon completion of cutting tests, steaks were served to consumers to assess palatability characteristics. Retail cutting tests showed that dry-aged short loins had reduced yields and increased cutting times when compared to wet-aged short loins. Consumers were unable to determine differences between dry- and wet-aged steaks and for aging periods; however, USDA quality grade had a significant impact on consumer perception of palatability attributes.
Correlates and antecedents of nine-month infant behavior and mother-infant interaction

This study investigated the stability of infant irritability, motor activity, and sociability from the newborn period through the first nine months of life, and the relationship between mother and infant behavior over the same time period. Sixteen infants were assessed neonatally and the mother-infant pairs were observed in their homes at one, three, and nine months. The results identify mother and infant antecedents of nine-month infant behavior. Motor activity is most clearly related to newborn characteristics and least influenced by mother behavior. Fussing and crying is highly consistent from one and three to nine months, although mother behavior may contribute to this consistency. Sociability is related positively to maternal contact and responsiveness. Mother behavior at nine months is associated with both early infant and mother characteristics.
Viral hemorrhagic fever

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (e.g., monkeys and chimpanzees). The two main causes of VHF are Marburg and Ebola virus infection. Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever occur less commonly. Marburg and Ebola viruses are RNA filoviruses. Filoviruses first emerged as the cause of significant clinical outbreaks of VHF in Marburg, Germany in 1967 and later at multiple sites in Africa in 1976. Pathogenesis appears to involve initial infection of the mononuclear phagocytic system, resulting in a generalized cytopathic effect of other cell types and eventual disruption of the coagulation system, hemorrhage, and shock. The typical fulminant disease course is attributed to an immunosuppressive effect caused by the virus. Viral transmission occurs with close, personal contact and exposure to body fluids, especially in caregivers. The risk for person-to-person transmission of VHF is highest during late-stage disease. Contact with cadavers at the time of funerals is considered an independent risk factor for exposure because of the high levels of viral antigens and particles in skin tissues. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days (average 1 week). Clinical manifestations include an abrupt onset of influenza-like symptoms, sore throat, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Other common symptoms include high fever, headaches, arthralgias, myalgias, abdominal pain, asthenia, fatigue, and hiccups. A transient morbilliform rash develops and eventually desquamates by the end of the first week of illness. Other physical findings include an exudative pharyngitis and, less commonly, conjunctivitis, jaundice, and edema. Hemorrhagic complications appear as petechiae or frank bleeding from any location, but most commonly the gastrointestinal tract. Within 1 week of infection, symptoms may progress into retrosternal pain, fulminant shock, and death. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptomatology, serologic tests, and virus isolation. Isolation must be performed in a biosafety level four facility. There is no antiviral agent or vaccine for EHF. Supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Case fatality rates range from 50 to 90%.
A general dynamic spatial price equilibrium model: formulation, solution, and computational results

Abstract This paper presents a general dynamic finite horizon spatial price equilibrium model. Inventorying is allowed at both supply and demand markets and backordering is also permitted for as many time periods as dictated by the competitive equilibrium. The case of perishable commodities, where inventorying may be practicable for only one or several time periods, is handled within the model by appropriately defined feasibility conditions. Alternative variational inequality formulations are given and then exploited (akin to the work for static spatial price equilibrium problems) to construct Gauss—Seidel schemes. Computational experience for these schemes and for equilibration methods is given for a number of scenarios.
Carcinoid tumors of the duodenal cap presenting as multiple polypoid defects

Carcinoid tumors of the duodenal bulb usually present as a single polypoid mass. A case is described in which the lesion developed as multiple polypoid defects in the duodenal cap. In the proper setting, carcinoid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple polypoid lesions the first portion of the duodenum.
Resource allocation algorithms for multiuser cooperative OFDMA systems with subchannel permutation

In this paper, we investigate resource allocation for a multi-user OFDMA cooperative system. Aiming at minimizing the total transmission power under target rate constraints for each user, we propose centralized and decentralized subchannel, bit, and power allocation schemes. First, assuming knowledge of the instantaneous channel gains for all links in the entire network, centralized resource allocation algorithms with subchannel permutation, in which the subchannels are reallocated at the relay nodes, are considered. Then, a decentralized resource allocation scheme is proposed for ad hoc network. Simulation results show that significant performance gains can be achieved, especially when subchannel permutation is employed.
Graphs indecomposable with respect to the X-join

In his paper [3], Sabidussi defined the X-join of a family of graphs. This concept has also appeared in the work of Foulis and Randall on empirical logic [1,2]. In this paper, we investigate those graphs which do not have a nontrivial representation as the X-join of some family of graphs.
Modulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor of human keratinocytes by calcium ion

Human keratinocytes grown in medium containing reduced calcium concentrations (0.07 mM) have been found to show altered morphology and decreased differentiation in comparison with cells grown in medium with physiologic calcium concentrations (1–2 mM). Since such alterations could be mediated by growth factors, we measured binding of [ 125 I]epidermal growth factor (EGF). Neonatal keratinocytes were subcultured without feeder layers and grown to confluence in 1.1 mM calcium. Medium was changed and cells incubated for various periods in reduced calcium prior to binding assays. Scatchard plots of binding data showed a 5-fold increase in receptor number with no change in affinity (3 × 10 -9 M) after 4–24 h at 37°C. Maximal binding occurred at 0.02–0.04 mM calcium and decreased sharply with increasing calcium concentrations. The increase could be prevented by calcium added soon after binding began to increase but was altered less after substantial elevation had occurred, although morphologic changes at reduced calcium concentrations were reversed within several hours. Substantial increases in binding of [ 125 I]somatomedin C and [ 125 I]concanavalin A were detected, but binding of [ 125 I]pindalol, a beta-receptor ligand, was changed little. Keratinocytes at reduced calcium concentrations responded to added EGF by decreasing surface EGF receptors briskly in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion. The data suggest that keratinocytes show enhanced binding of EGF and some other cell surface ligands under conditions in which differentiation is retarded.
Experiments on Information coding in nerve impulse trains

Abstract Shannon has provided us with a quantitative measure of information flow, channel capacity , which we apply to trains of nerve pulses. It is of course necessary to consider portions of a communication system—the coder and decoder—as well as the channel. With the help of a model, two possible codes are contrasted: a simple average-frequency code (3 bits/sec) and a complex pulse interval code (100 bits/sec). Neurophysiological experiments are described on the crayfish adversive walking response to light. Dissection of this “simple” invertebrate permits quantitative study of several single units separately and simultaneously, while the animal is in physiological condition. Critical experiments yield evidence to show that the complex code is not carrying physiological signal information: the simple 3 bit/sec code is proposed as adequate for the signal transfer requirements of the animal. The additional information (97 bits/sec) not used as meaningful signal for the crayfish may be used to give the neurophysiologist information concerning the noise processes in the coding mechanism: that is, in the process of generating nerve pulses. We hope that this article demonstrates the utility of embedding classical neurophysiological techniques within a framework of engineering systems theory: in this particular case, Shannon's mathematical theory of communication.
CHL1 cooperates with PAK1–3 to regulate morphological differentiation of embryonic cortical neurons

Abstract The cell adhesion molecule close homologue of L1 (CHL1) is important for apical dendritic projection and laminar positioning of pyramidal neurons in caudal regions of the cerebral cortex. The p21-activated kinase (PAK1–3) subfamily of serine/threonine kinases has also been implicated in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and morphology. Immunofluorescence staining in mouse embryonic brain showed that PAK1–3 was expressed in embryonic cortex and colocalized with CHL1 during neuronal migration and differentiation. To investigate a cooperative function for CHL1 and PAK in pyramidal cell differentiation or migration, a dominant-negative PAK mutant (PAK1 AID) that inhibits PAK1-3 kinase activity while coexpressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter was electroporated into the lateral ventricles of wild type (WT) and CHL1 null mutant mouse embryos (E14.5), then brain slices were cultured and neurons analyzed for laminar positioning and morphology by confocal microscopy after 3 days in vitro. Expression of PAK1 AID in CHL1 mutant cortex inactivated PAK and caused embryonic cortical neurons to branch profusely in the intermediate zone (IZ) and cortical plate (CP). The number of nodes, terminals and length of leading processes/apical dendrites of CHL1 mutant embryos expressing PAK1 AID increased dramatically, compared to CHL1 mutants without PAK1 AID, or WT embryos with or without PAK1 AID. These findings suggest that CHL1 and PAK1-3 kinase cooperate, most likely in independent pathways, in regulating morphological development of the leading process/apical dendrite of embryonic cortical neurons.
A Probabilistic Analysis of the Passive–Restraint Question

The benefits and costs of automobile safety policies are compared using a methodology which explicitly quantifies the uncertainties. The policies addressed include both voluntary and compulsory manual belt usage, nondetachable passive (automatic) seat belts, and air bags. Estimates of the effectiveness and usage rates of these alternatives were obtained in the form of subjective probability distributions from eight experts. Their opinions were combined using equal weighting. The direct economic costs of the technologies were also estimated probabilistically. The number of lives saved and the net benefits of the policies were calculated probabilistically for a range of values of lifesaving. Probabilistic computations and sensitivity analysis were performed by the Demos modelling system using Monte Carlo simulation. The results are highly uncertain and quite sensitive to the value of lifesaving. Nevertheless, they imply that repeal of the passive-restraint standard is defensible according to the net-benefit criterion only if a relatively low value is assigned to lifesaving. The degree of uncertainty emphasizes the potential value of demonstration programs to obtain better information. Language: en
CHANGING PERSONAL RULES

This article examines the characteristics and types of personal rules and traditions, and illustrates how they may be maladaptive to the individual. Suggestions are given to improve methods of assessment and intervention strategies for the development of more adequate rules, by a combination of cognitive and operant approaches, which take into account both environmental consequences and feedback.
The Bureaucratization of Anthropology in AID

In an AID conferences paper prepared over three years ago ("Social Analysts & Analysis in the Near East Bureau"), there were eventual limits to the successful institutionalization of a social science concern within AID. Since that date, a number of changes affecting the way in which the Agency conducts its business have, I believe, posed new challenges to a relatively nascent social science enterprise. Many changes are a result of external pressures of fiscal austerity which have led to the attrition of needed technical personnel as well as increased difficulties in recruiting qualified talent to maintain an in-house" development capability. Other changes relate to the embeddedness of the foreign aid program within official political foreign policy, a relationship in which one can readily see the primacy of achieving the objectives of promoting short term economic and political stability. This hitter presents an intellectual challenge to the systematic process of analyzing societal change and in designing...
The silent treatment : RNAi as a defense against virus infection in mammals

RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism for sequence-specific gene silencing guided by double-stranded RNA. In plants and insects it is well established that RNAi is instrumental in the response to viral infections; whether RNAi has a similar function in mammals is under intense investigation. Recent studies to address this question have identified some unanticipated interactions between the RNAi machinery and mammalian viruses. Furthermore, introduction of virus-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into cells, thus programming the RNAi machinery to target viruses, is an effective therapeutic approach to inhibit virus replication in vitro and in animal models. Although several issues remain to be addressed, such as delivery and viral escape, these findings hold tremendous potential for the development of RNAi-based antiviral therapeutics.
Peroxidases in the genus Nicotiana.

Leaf peroxidases of 60 Nicotiana species, 19 cultivars, autopolyploids, interspecific hybrids, and amphidiploids have been compared by polyacrylamide gel block electrophoresis. At least 19 peroxidase bands, four cathodic and 15 anodic, were detected in the species which varied from two bands in N. arentsii to 12 bands in N. tabacum. Tihe cultivars of the latter species failed to reveal any intraspecific variation. Specific difference and varietal resemblance in root peroxidase bands were also observed in nine species and 20 varieties analyzed. Zymograms from autopolyploids and amphidiploids appeared to be identical to that of diploid parents, suggesting that peroxidase banding patterns are independent of ploidy levels. An additive manner of parental peroxidase bands without hybrid enzyme formation in interspecific hybrids and the failure of dissociating peroxidases into subunits lead to a hypothesis that peroxidases in Nicotiana may be controlled by multiple, dominant genes and/or codominant alleles in chromosomes of different genomes. This is in keeping with the lack of relationship between ploidy level and peroxidase banding pattern. Also, species with different chromosome numbers shared many peroxidases in common that possibly reflects a residual homology of peroxidase loci among Nicotiana species. Some species classified in different sections or subgenera but having a common geographic center of origin, showed close similarities in peroxidase zymogram. Results suggest that these species may be closely related in phylogeny, and/or geographic isolation changes the peroxidase genes through mutation and selection. Based on leaf peroxidase zymograms of F1 hybrids, a putative ancestor of N. tomentosiformis was the progenitor of N. tabacum at its inception.
Encouraging Students to Attend the National Convention.

(2005). Encouraging Students to Attend the National Convention. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 46-49.
Some selected topics in creep cavitation

The nucleation and growth of intergranular cavitation is one of the major contributors to high-temperature failure. We focus here on three developments in this area. The first is the effect of combined creep deformation and diffusive mass transport upon void growth. Second, we discuss environmental influences upon cavity growth, principally in the form of gas-producing internal reactions. Finally, we outline some of the experimental observations concerning randomness in creep cavitation and modeling efforts intended to capture some of these random effects.
Deflection and stress analysis of stiffened orthotropic skew panels under uniform transverse loading

Abstract Skew plates with different orientations behave in a manner quite different from those of rectangular plates. An analysis has been carried out for the deflections and stresses of plates with various skew angles subjected to uniformly distributed transverse loads. It has been thought that the excess deflection at the rear tip of a cantilever plate can be reduced by applying stiffeners along the length of the plate. These stiffeners can also reduce the stresses at the root drastically. The skin-stringer connections in aircraft can be treated as a problem of this type. An investigation has been carried out on the stress and deflection characteristics of stiffened parallelogramic plates with different skew angles. The numerical solution with assumed displacement function was developed using a finite element analysis. Experiments using aluminum and Scotchply composite laminates were conducted to verify the results. Cantilever and simply supported boundary conditions were included in the analysis, and an optimized angular stiffener for a particular swept-back panel was achieved.
Compound and Perpendicular Diffusion of Cosmic Rays and Random Walk of the Field Lines. I. Parallel Particle Transport Models

A Chapman-Kolmogorov equation description of compound transport of cosmic rays due to random walk of the magnetic field lines, and for a range of models for particle transport along the field, is developed. The probability distribution, Pp, for the particle propagation along the field corresponds to either (1) a ballistic or scatter-free model, (2) a parallel diffusion model, or (3) a telegrapher equation model. The probability distribution function (pdf) describing the magnetic field statistics, PFRW, is assumed to be Gaussian. These models are used to discuss features of the dropout events in the low-energy, solar cosmic-ray intensity observed by Mazur et al. We show that the Chuvilgin andPtuskintransportequationforcompounddiffusion,atsufficientlylatetimes,canbewrittenasafractionalFokkerPlanck equation, involving ordinary diffusion parallel to the mean magnetic field and compound diffusion of the particles normal to thefield. The Green’s function solution of the equation and the corresponding spatial moments of the particle transport, both parallel and perpendicular to the field, are obtained. The two-dimensional pdf for compound diffusion across the field is obtained as an inverse Laplace transform, or as a real integral. Subject headingg cosmic rays — diffusion — turbulence Online material: color figure
Effect of Price Increase of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Treatment Practices of Infantile Spasms

Intramuscular adrenocorticotropic hormone putatively constitutes the most efficacious treatment for infantile spasms. Adrenocorticotropic hormone in the United States is an “orphan drug,” made by a single manufacturer. The price of adrenocorticotropic hormone increased almost 14-fold on August 27, 2007. We sought to evaluate the impact of this price increase on treatment practices at our institution, using a retrospective chart review of all children with infantile spasms treated during 2007-2009. We identified 97 patients whose spasms were treated using antiepileptic drugs, and we determined the length of stay for those hospitalized to initiate adrenocorticotropic hormone. Patients before the price increase were more likely to have been treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone as first medication, and were hospitalized 2.2 ± 0.5 S.D. days for initiation. Patients after the price increase were more likely to have been treated initially with oral antiepileptic drugs rather than adrenocorticotropic hormone (P < 0.002). Those commencing adrenocorticotropic hormone after the price increase were hospitalized significantly longer (5.1 ± 0.6 days S.D., P < 0.001). Treatment choices need to be evidence-based, but other factors often influence them.
On the selection of magnetic states in angle‐resolved photodissociation

The information contained in magnetic‐state‐selected photodissociation differential cross sections is examined by means of a quantum mechanical time‐independent theory. Motivated by recent experimental demonstration of the possibility to select molecules with respect to their magnetic‐rovibronic state and measure the energy‐resolved angular distribution following their photofragmentation, we examine analytically and numerically the sensitivity of such angular distributions to the structure and the dynamics of the studied system. It is found that magnetic‐state‐selected cross sections contain significant information with respect to both the electronic structure (the potential energy surfaces as well as the transition dipole vector) and the reaction dynamics of photoinitiated reactions, which cannot be obtained from more averaged observable. In particular we find that such cross sections provide a mapping of the transition dipole vector which couples the ground state with the excited manifold. This feature ...
Complex elastic wave band structures in three-dimensional periodic elastic media

Abstract Propagation of elastic waves can be completely inhibited, irrespective of propagation directions, if oscillation frequencies of elastic waves fall inside elastic wave band gaps—three-dimensional frequency stop bands of elastic waves generated in three-dimensional periodic elastic materials. The three-dimensional linear vector equation of motion is transformed into a matrix eigensystem and solved numerically by the plane wave expansion method. Existence of elastic wave band gaps is theoretically demonstrated for the face centered cubic lattice structure based on isotropie materials. The example structure is spherical tungsten scatterers embedded in a polyethylene matrix. Complex elastic wave band structures were also computed for tunneling evanescent waves at symmetric points at X and L points.
A comparison of kriging with nonparametric regression methods

Abstract “Kriging” is the name of a parametric regression method used by hydrologists and mining engineers, among others. Features of the kriging approach are that it also provides an error estimate and that it can conveniently be employed also to estimate the integral of the regression function. In the present work, the kriging method is described and some of its statistical characteristics are explored. Also, some extensions of the nonparametric regression approach are made so that it too displays the kriging features. In particular, a “data driven” estimator of the expected square error is derived. Theoretical and computational comparisons of the kriging and nonparametric regressors are offered.
The Dominance of Dynamic Barlike Instabilities in the Evolution of a Massive Stellar Core Collapse That “Fizzles”

Core collapse in a massive rotating star may halt at subnuclear density if the core contains angular momentum J 1049 g cm2 s-1. An aborted collapse can lead to the formation of a rapidly rotating equilibrium object, which, because of its high electron fraction, Ye > 0.4, and high entropy per baryon, Sb/k ≈ 1-2, is secularly and dynamically stable. The further evolution of such a "fizzler" is driven by deleptonization and cooling of the hot, dense material. These processes cause the fizzler both to contract toward neutron star densities and to spin up, driving it toward instability points of the barlike modes. Using linear stability analyses to study the latter case, we find that the stability properties of fizzlers are similar to those of Maclaurin spheroids and polytropes despite the nonpolytropic nature and extreme compressibility of the fizzler equation of state. For fizzlers with the specific angular momentum distribution of the Maclaurin spheroids, secular and dynamic barlike instabilities set in at T/|W| ≈ 0.14 and 0.27, respectively, where T is the rotational kinetic energy and W is the gravitational energy of the fizzler, the same limits as found for Maclaurin spheroids. For fizzlers in which angular momentum is more concentrated toward the equator, the secular stability limits drop dramatically. For the most extreme angular momentum distribution we consider, the secular stability limit for the barlike modes falls to T/|W| ≈ 0.038, compared with T/|W| ≈ 0.09-0.10 for the most extreme polytropic cases known previously (Imamura et al.). For fixed equation-of-state parameters, the secular and dynamic stability limits occur at roughly constant mass over the range of typical fizzler central densities. Deleptonization and cooling decrease the limiting masses on timescales shorter than the growth time for secular instability. Consequently, unless an evolving fizzler reaches neutron star densities first, it will always encounter dynamic barlike instabilities before secular instabilities have time to grow. Quasi-linear analysis shows that the angular momentum loss during the early nonlinear evolution of the dynamic barlike instability is dominated by Newtonian self-interaction gravitational torques rather than by the emission of gravitational wave (GW) radiation. GW emission may dominate after the initial dynamic evolutionary phase ends. Nonlinear hydrodynamics simulations with a proper equation of state will be required to determine the ultimate outcome of such evolutions and to refine predictions of GW production by barlike instabilities.
Level of arousal during Stroop performance: Effects of speed stress and “distraction”

Heart rate and respiration were obtained during Stroop performance. Although the test is often reported to evoke strong feelings of frustration, no evidence of increased autonomic arousal was found to be associated with the color-word interference effect, and this did not change with the addition of auditory “distraction.” Increasing stimulus presentation rate increased arousal, but this was independent of color-word interference.
Allosteric Regulation of GRASP Protein-dependent Golgi Membrane Tethering by Mitotic Phosphorylation

Mitotic phosphorylation of the conserved GRASP domain of GRASP65 disrupts its self-association, leading to a loss of Golgi membrane tethering, cisternal unlinking, and Golgi breakdown. Recently, the structural basis of the GRASP self-interaction was determined, yet the mechanism by which phosphorylation disrupts this activity is unknown. Here, we present the crystal structure of a GRASP phosphomimic containing an aspartic acid substitution for a serine residue (Ser-189) that in GRASP65 is phosphorylated by PLK1, causing a block in membrane tethering and Golgi ribbon formation. The structure revealed a conformational change in the GRASP internal ligand that prevented its insertion into the PDZ binding pocket, and gel filtration assays showed that this phosphomimic mutant exhibited a significant reduction in dimer formation. Interestingly, the structure also revealed an apparent propagation of conformational change from the site of phosphorylation to the shifted ligand, and alanine substitution of two residues (Glu-145 and Ser-146) at penultimate positions in this chain rescued dimer formation by the phosphomimic. These data reveal the structural basis of the phosphoinhibition of GRASP-mediated membrane tethering and provide a mechanism for its allosteric regulation.
Calcitonin receptor expression and its regulation by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 during de novo osteoclast formation in organ cultures of fetal mouse metatarsals

Organ cultures of 15-day embryonic mouse metatarsals cultured in serumless, chemically-defined medium were used to investigate the influence of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on calcitonin receptor (CTR) expression in osteoclasts formed from in situ progenitors. CTR expression was demonstrated in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) osteoclasts and their precursors. The expression of TRAP preceded that of CTR and was first observed in cells identified as osteoclast precursors. Not all TRAP+ precursors were CTR+ and from 40 to 60% of newly formed osteoclasts lacked CTR. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased precursor numbers without affecting CTR expression, whereas both the numbers and the percentage of newly formed osteoclasts expressing CTR was increased by 1,25(OH)2D3. Grain count analysis revealed that this increased percentage of newly formed CTR+ osteoclasts were cells with low and medium levels of CTR expression. This apparent down-regulation of CTR expression in newly formed osteoclasts may help to explain the 'escape' of osteoclastic bone resorption from the inhibitory effects of calcitonin.
Direct observation of surface intermediates formed by selective oxidation of alcohols on silica-supported molybdenum oxide

The behavior of surface species, formed from the adsorption of methanol and isobutyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-propanol) on MoO 3 /SiO 2 , was studied in an oxygen-containing atmosphere by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At 250 °C, methanol adsorption resulted in the formation of surface methoxide species (CH 3 O-), whereas isobutyl alcohol adsorption resulted in surface isobutoxide species ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 O-). Kinetic studies indicated that the rate-determining step for the alcohol oxidation was the cleavage of the α-C-H bond in the alkoxide intermediates. Although the α-C is a primary carbon in the case of methanol (CH 3 OH) and a secondary carbon in the case of isobutyl alcohol ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OH), the activation energies for the rate-determining step were found to be similar. Theoretical molecular orbital calculations confirmed these experimental results by also predicting similar activation energies for both alkoxide species. During oxidation of the alkoxide species in the absence of alcohol in the gas phase, new bands were observed, which were assigned to the C=O bands of adsorbed acyl species. In the case of these species, further reaction with oxygen produced CO 2 . The acyl species are therefore likely not to be intermediates that lead to aldehyde products in alcohol oxidation.
Treatment of psoriasis. Part 1. Topical therapy and phototherapy.

Abstract New developments in the topical therapy and phototherapy of psoriasis have greatly improved our ability to safely and effectively treat this debilitating disease. Topical corticosteroids remain the most commonly prescribed agents for psoriasis, but they are frequently prescribed with other agents. Investigations of corticosteroids claiming an improved benefit/risk ratio have yielded promising results, but more work is needed. Use of anthralin and tar has declined with the availability of the noncorticosteroids calcipotriene and tazarotene. Other experimental topical therapies are in various stages of development. Broadband ultraviolet B (UVB) remains the most commonly used phototherapy light source, but many patients are being treated with a new form of ultraviolet light, narrowband UVB. Although PUVA remains one of the most effective psoriasis treatments, its use is declining because of its association with cutaneous malignancies. New radiation sources such as lasers have been added to our armamentarium of available therapies and even newer light source-based treatments are being examined. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:487-98.) Learning objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the varying topical treatments for psoriasis as well as the different modalities of phototherapy. Participants should also have a better understanding of side effects associated with each treatment, which should help in determining options for therapy.
Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period

During the nineteen sixties a group of young historians of science undertook a fresh study of Victorian science. They immersed themselves in the primary sources the voluminous public and private records and in the economic, political, and social history of the period. The result was a lively, seminal, and important reassessment of Victorian science. Surely Cannon's articles on early Victorian science, those of Rudwick, Hooykaas, and Coleman on geology, and those of R. Young's on Darwinism I have secured a permanent place in the historical studies of that period. Cannon's essays on the Cambridge intellectual network, on Herschel, on the interpretation of miracles in the 1830s, on the uniformitarian -catrastophist debate, on Darwin, are among the most stimulating and insightful articles dealing with Victorian science that have been written during the past two decades.2 Cannon has amalgamated the content of these articles into a book,Science in Culture,3 which not only addresses the subjects previously dealt with, but contains much new material on the sociology of science the formation of the British Association
Conservation of Parity in Strong Interactions

An investigation was made of the angular distribution of the gamma rays produced by the capture of slow polarized neutrons in cadmium, indium, and silver. The portion of the intensity of the transitions from the spin-one capture state of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ to the spin-zero ground state and spin-two first excited state, which is proportional to $cos\ensuremath{\theta}$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between the neutron spin and the direction of propagation of the gamma ray, was measured to be less than one part in ${10}^{3}$. From this result the conclusion is reached that the intensity of the odd-parity part of the neutron capture state is less than 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ times as large as the evenparity part, and that the parity-nonconserving part of nuclear forces is less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ times as strong as the parity-conserving part. Qualitatively similar, though weaker, conclusions were derived from the measurements on silver and indium.
Barrett's esophagus in women: demographic features and progression to high-grade dysplasia and cancer.

Background & Aims: Barrett's esophagus is traditionally considered a disease of older white men. The aims of this study were to compare the demographic features of Barrett's esophagus in men and women and to determine the prevalence and incidence of high-grade dysplasia and cancer in these patients. Methods: All patients enrolled in the Cleveland Clinic Barrett's Esophagus Registry from 1979–2002 were studied. Age, ethnicity, number of endoscopies, hiatal hernia size, length of Barrett's segment, and prevalence and incidence of high-grade dysplasia and cancer were compared between men and women. Results: There were 839 patients in the registry (628 men and 211 women). Barrett's segment length was greater in men than in women (mean, 5.06 ± 4.2 vs 4.05 ± 3.27 cm, respectively; P = .003). There were no significant differences for other parameters. There were 114 prevalence cases of high-grade dysplasia or cancer (96 men, 18 women). Women were less likely to have prevalent high-grade dysplasia or cancer than men (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–0.88; P = .015). There were 13 incidence cases of high-grade dysplasia or cancer (11 men, 2 women) during a mean follow-up of 4.72 years, which was similar in both genders with an incidence rate of 1 in 179 patient-years of follow-up for women and 1 in 91 patient-years of follow-up in men. Conclusions: Twenty-five percent of patients in our registry are women. The length of Barrett's esophagus is greater in men than in women, but other features are similar. The prevalence of high-grade dysplasia/cancer in women is approximately half that of men. Incidence rates for high-grade dysplasia/cancer are similar in men and women, although the number of cases is small.
Differential diagnoses of conjunctivitis for clinical allergist-immunologists

Objective To provide a clinical overview of the types of conjunctivitis that are encountered by practicing clinical allergist-immunologists. Data Sources Published literature in peer reviewed journals found in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database using the keywords ocular allergy and/or allergic conjunctivitis. Study Selection Studies related to ocular allergy and/or allergic conjunctivitis were selected for inclusion in this review. Results Four clinical scenarios are presented that mimic frequently encountered inflammatory disorders that present as red eyes. Conclusions The signs and symptoms associated with the various inflammatory conditions affecting the conjunctiva often overlap and need to be differentiated to maximize care for patients with conjunctivitis.