cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of edge field emission cold cathodes based on low work function Cu–Li alloy coatings

Vertical edge emitter arrays of thin walled (500–8000 A) hollow cylinders have been fabricated by the deposition of Cu–20 at. % Li alloy (Cu4Li) thin films on arrays of Si posts, followed by selective etching of the Si core. What remains is a hollow cylinder of Cu4Li, where the thickness of the emitting edge is determined by the deposited film thickness. Additionally, lateral edge emitters were fabricated from arrays of holes in SiO2 or Si3N4 films on flat Si surfaces. In this case, the emitting edge is formed by selectively overetching the Si beneath the hole, creating an edge from the overhang of the SiO2 (Si3N4) thin film upon which the Cu4Li alloy is deposited. The Cu4Li alloy provides a surface covered with a monolayer of Li atoms formed via Gibbsian segregation. The formation of Li–Cu atom dipoles on the surface of the alloy yields a work function lower than that of either a pure Li or Cu surface, resulting in enhanced electron emission and very low threshold fields. The alloy coating maintains a se...
Invited: Reverse engineering whole-genome networks

Inferring whole-genome networks from large number of gene expression measurements taken from a diverse set of experimental conditions, and mining such networks to extract biologically relevant knowledge, are important in developing a systems level understanding of cellular processes. Due to this importance, many network reverse engineering techniques have been developed over the past decade. However, many approaches are applied and validated on small size networks consisting of a few hundred genes, while whole-genome networks contains tens of thousands of nodes, in line with the number of genes of the underlying organism.
Duration of fertility of turkeys inseminated at different times after the onset of photostimulation

To investigate the relationship between photostimulation, ovary and oviduct weights, and oviductal sperm-storage tubule (SST) development and functional capacity, 33-week-old turkey hens were placed in four groups of 15 hens each. Each group was inseminated three times in 30 min with 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa (a total of 150 x 10(6) spermatozoa) on the day of photostimulation, or on Days 7, 14, or 21 after the onset of photostimulation (Groups A, B, C and D, respectively). From weeks 4 to 8 after photostimulation, 5 additional hens were inseminated each week and then killed 24 h later to determine ovary and oviduct weights and SST status. Regardless of ovary and oviduct weights and insemination times in relation to photostimulation, 76 of 78 hens possessed morphologically differentiated SST, and 73 of the 76 hens had some SST which contained spermatozoa. For Groups A, B, C and D, the duration of fertility was approximately 7-8 weeks. It is concluded that morphologically differentiated SST are functional in 33-week-old hens regardless of the status of the ovary and oviduct.
Quantum decision-maker theory and simulation

A quantum device simulating the human decision making process is introduced. It consists of quantum recurrent nets generating stochastic processes which represent the motor dynamics, and of classical neural nets describing the evolution of probabilities of these processes which represent the mental dynamics. The autonomy of the decision making process is achieved by a feedback from the mental to motor dynamics which changes the stochastic matrix based upon the probability distribution. This feedback replaces unavailable external information by an internal knowledge- base stored in the mental model in the form of probability distributions. As a result, the coupled motor-mental dynamics is described by a nonlinear version of Markov chains which can decrease entropy without an external source of information. Applications to common sense based decisions as well as to evolutionary games are discussed. An example exhibiting self-organization is computed using quantum computer simulation. Force on force and mutual aircraft engagements using the quantum decision maker dynamics are considered.
A laboratory evaluation of the level 1 rapid infuser (H1025) and the Belmont instrument fluid management system (FMS 2000) for rapid transfusion.

In this investigation I compared the heating capabilities, infusion rates, and air management system of the new FMS 2000 and the Level 1 infusion systems. A rollerhead pump was placed at the position of the IV bag spikes on the Level 1 disposable set and used to match the flow of the rollerhead pump of the FMS 2000. Infusate temperature was measured at 250 and 500 mL/min by using packed red blood cells (PRBC) at the infusate supply and distal end of the disposable tubing. Tubing lengths were equal for both systems. Devices were set at maximum flow while temperatures were measured as described previously. Flow was measured with a graduated cylinder and stopwatch. Air management was evaluated with a 10-mL air bolus injected proximal to the heat exchanger at maximum flow. Air passing through the system was collected and measured. At 250 mL/min, both devices provided infusate at ≥37°C. At 500 mL/min, only the FMS 2000 provided PRBC at ≥37°C. PRBC infusate temperature decreased over time with the Level 1 device. The FMS 2000 delivered PRBC at its maximum flow rate of 500 mL/min. The Level 1 attained a maximum flow of 575 mL/min of PRBC with a temperature of 32°C. Air (10 mL) was recovered from the distal tubing of the Level 1. No air was recovered from the tubing of the FMS 2000. In this laboratory investigation, the FMS 2000 performance was superior with respect to providing PRBC at physiologic temperatures (at 500 mL/min) and with respect to air detection and elimination compared with current widely used pressure-infuser technology.
Prevention of falls in the construction industry: evidence for program effectiveness.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to review the evidence for the effectiveness of different strategies to prevent falls from heights in the construction industry. Search Strategy: We used the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy to search the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, NIOSHTIC, PsycINFO and Dissertation Abstracts. The reference lists from each potentially eligible study were checked, and knowledgeable people in the field were contacted for additional leads to published reports. Selection Criteria: Studies were included if they (1) examined the effectiveness of an intervention to decrease falls from heights to construction workers, (2) included data on one of the outcomes of interest, and (3) included a comparison group. Main Results: We identified only three studies for review. An ecologic study found some evidence that regulations with enforcement may decrease falls in construction industry. Two studies on educational efforts suggested that educational programs may decrease falls but methodologic limitations restricted the conclusions that could be drawn. Conclusions: There are few data to support the effectiveness of current programs to decrease fall-related injuries in the construction industry. Rigorous evaluation of these interventions is indicated.
Educational advancement: what do associate degree students think?

Abstract The advancement of nursing education is a topic receiving much publicity and attention. Although associate degree (ADN) educators understand the need for advancement in nursing education and promote completion of advanced nursing degrees, there was a lack of information regarding barriers to ADN graduates seeking advanced degrees in nursing. The deans and directors of community colleges in Illinois surveyed current nursing students regarding barriers to further education. The results of the survey will be discussed.
The relationship of negative thoughts to pain and psychological distress

This study examines the degree to which negative thoughts during flare-ups of pain are related to pain and psychological distress in three pain populations, sickle cell disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic pain. One-hundred eighty-five subjects completed the Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain (INTRP), a pain rating scale, the Symptom Checklist 90-R, and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Factor analysis of the INTRP revealed three factors: Negative Self-Statements, Negative Social Cognitions, and Self-Blame. High scorers on Negative Self-Statements and Negative Social Cognitions reported more severe pain and psychological distress. Patients with chronic daily pain had more frequent negative thoughts during flare-ups than patients having intermittent pain secondary to sickle cell disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Data suggest that the INTRP has adequate internal consistency and construct validity, and appears to be a useful tool for assessing negative throughts in response to pain.
Treatment and Long-Term Management of Venous Thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism covers a range of conditions from deep vein thrombosis to pulmonary embolism. Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, minimize acute morbidity and mortality by preventing the extension or potentially fatal embolization of the initial thrombus, and avoid postthrombotic syndrome. Anticoagulant therapy is the mainstay of treatment, but treatment decisions and the choice of an appropriate anticoagulation agent are modified according to the predisposition for venous thromboembolism, the site and extent of thrombus, the presence or absence of symptomatic embolism, and patient's bleeding risk. Newer oral anticoagulants have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of other agents, improve patient care, and simplify and improve management.
Use of Total Detriment in Radiation Protection and Its Potential Extension to Other Hazards

Abstract Before publication of the 1977 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), radiation protection standards were based on dose limits to single organs. These dose limits were only loosely linked to the expected genetic effects in the first two generations from gonadal doses and to the risk of fatal cancer from doses to specific organs. In 1977 the ICRP recommended the use of the effective dose equivalent (EDE), which is a method of summing the doses (weighted with relative risk coefficients) to all organs and tissues, and recommended an annual limit for EDE. The EDE annual limit was based on the total fatal cancer risk to an individual, combined with risk of the total serious deleterious genetic effects in the first two generations of offspring. Since the 1977 recommendations were published, a total risk or total detriment approach has been extended to include nonfatal cancers and genetic effects for all subsequent generations (i.e., the total health detriment...
The Large-Scale Structure of the Heliospheric Current Sheet during the Ulysses Epoch

Ulysses is traversing the Sun’s polar regions for the first time a year or two before solar minimum. If the heliospheric magnetic field behaves as we expect, the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) during this stage of the sunspot cycle should be quite stable and lie nearly flat, close to the equator. The high latitude solar fields should be unipolar and nearing their maximum strength. The overlying polar coronal holes should be well developed, producing a nearly uniform high-speed solar wind. Because the Sun’s polar fields live longer than any other solar magnetic phenomenon, Ulysses will remain within a single coronal hole for an extended period and probe its structures in a unique way.
Acute Toxicity of Carbofuran to Adult and Juvenile Flathead Chubs

Cross et al. (1986) and Pfleiger and Grace (1987) reported that flathead chub (Platygobio gracilis) populations have decreased by as much as 98% over portions of their historical range. The causes of these declines are not well understood; however, degraded habitat and water quality are suspected (Lee et al. 1980). Research has indicated that portions of the Missouri River watershed in the western Dakotas are maintaining good populations of flathead chubs (e.g., Werdon 1992); however, potentially deleterious agricultural practices in these areas during the past two decades have included increases in insecticide coverage (Facemire 1993). The impacts that these chemical applications may have on healthy fish populations is a concern to agencies attempting to assess declines of native fish stocks. Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol N-methylcarbamate), an anticholinesterase carbamate, is commonly used as an insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide in agricultural practice around the world (Gupta 1994). Because of widespread carbofuran use, contamination has been found in the soil, air, food, water, and wildlife. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has found carbofuran to be highly toxic to both birds and fishes due to damaging effects on the central nervous system (EXTOXNET 1993). However, Parkin and Shelton (1992) and Anton et al. (1993) both found that carbofuran is preferred over many other insecticides because it has a low persistence in most soil types (typically <60 days), breaks down in neutral or slightly alkaline water (half-life of 1 to 8 weeks depending upon water temperature), does not bind to sediments or suspended particles, and does not bioaccumulate. In western North Dakota, carbofuran is the most broadly applied insecticide currently being utilized by farmers and ranchers for the control of grasshoppers and other insect pests (Facemire 1993). In eastern Montana and western North Dakota, carbofuran is applied multiple times with an annual application rate of 87 g per square kilometer (USGS 1997). Fish species, such as the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) have been reported to be sensitive to carbofuran, with lethal effects on fry occurring at concentration s as low as 147 ppb; however,
Airborne laser Doppler velocimeter

A CO2 laser Doppler detection system has been developed to measure remotely the true airspeed of an aircraft. The system uses a 50-W sealed-off CO2 laser in a homodyne detection system employing a collinear optical telescope, a HgCdTe detector, and a frequency tracking loop. The system was successfully flight-tested on a NASA Convair 990 research aircraft during December 1971 and June 1972. The results indicate that an airspeed measurement under clear weather conditions is feasible up to an altitude of 3000 m with an error of less than 0.5%.-
Profile: Family communication on prime‐time television

Episodes of two of the most popular family sitcoms, The Cosby Show and The Simpsons, were analyzed to determine the family communication patterns available as models for viewers. Communication in both families was affiliative rather than conflictive. Communication among the Huxtables was primarily centered on parents and children, seeking and giving information, with spouses offering little direction or support. On the other hand, communication among the Simpsons was primarily centered on parents and spouses, offering support and direction.
Acceptability of Frankfurters Made from Mechanically Deboned Turkey Frames as Affected by Formulation Changes

Abstract In a series of five experiments, the effect of type and level of fat and level of protein in frankfurters made from mechanically deboned turkey frames was determined. Series 1, 2 and 3 used chicken and pork fat and cottonseed oil at five levels (8, 13, 18, 23 and 28%), series 4 used the three fats at two levels (13 and 23%) and series 5, four levels of protein (9, 12, 15 and 18%). Evaluation methods included viscosity and stability of the raw emulsion, stability of the cooked emulsion, shear values and yields. The finished products were also examined organoleptically by a taste panel. In general, higher fat levels produced firmer frankfurters, with more viscous emulsions and higher yields. The type of fat, at equivalent levels, had little or no effect on shear values or yields but the pork fat emulsions were slightly more viscous. Taste panel scores showed little difference between frankfurters made from chicken fat and pork fat at equivalent levels, but those made from cottonseed oil were less juicy and less flavorful and therefore less acceptable. Increasing the protein level in the frankfurters increased shear values, emulsion viscosity and yields, and decreased taste panel scores for tenderness and juiciness. Flavor was unaffected. At the 9% level of protein, tenderness and juiciness scores were unacceptably high and the raw emulsion was in the range of instability (over 10% cookout).
LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF FETAL CARDIAC GROWTH AND VENTRICULAR COMPLIANCE IN WELL CONTROLLED DIABETIC MOTHERS

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy & abnormal ventricular compliance (VC) in the infant of the diabetic mother is related to poor maternal glycemic control. We prospectively evaluated cardiac growth, VC, & somatic growth in 11 normal (N) & 8 nongestational insulin dependent diabetic (D) pregnancies using tetal echo from mid gestation to term. Studies were performed at gestational age (GA) P1) 20-26 wks; P2) 27-33 wks; P3) 34-40 wks & P4) 48-72 hrs postnatally. Septal (S) wall thickness (mm) in diastole was obtained using M-mode echo (4 chamber view). Indices of right & left VC were obtained from diastolic tricuspid & mitral E & A wave time velocity integral ratios (TViE/A, MViE/A). Weight (W) in grams was estimated from biparietal diameter & abdominal circumference. Glycemic control was measured from % glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C). Placental resistance was evaluated by the Pulsatility Index (PI) from umbilical artery flow. Values are expressed as the mean ± 1 SD.
Adaptor ADAP (adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein) regulates β1 integrin clustering on mast cells

Abstract Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI) activates a tyrosine phosphorylation cascade needed for enhanced adhesion and degranulation events on mast cells. We previously identified the adaptor ADAP (otherwise known as FYB/SLAP) as a modulator of integrin-mediated adhesion of T-cells and mast cells. However, the molecular basis for the effect on β1 integrin adhesion on mast cells was unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that ADAP can promote the kinetics of β1 integrin clustering on mast cells. By contrast, the clustering of the FcϵRI receptor was unaffected by transfected ADAP, indicating that the promoting effect on clustering was selective for β1 integrins. These findings extend the modulatory effect of ADAP from β2 to β1 members of the integrin family, and provide a molecular basis for the modulatory effect of ADAP on mast cell adhesion.
Producing liquid transportation fuels from heterotrophic microalgae

Compared to autotrophic microalgae, heterotrophic microalgae have the potential for providing higher yield of biomass and lipids for biofuel production. But this cultivation mode does possess several challenges, among which cheap carbon sources, bioreactor design, and downstream processing are the major bottlenecks impeding large scale cultivations for producing biofuels in a cost-effective way. This paper reviews the most recent research and development in heterotrophic microalgae covering different carbon sources (wastewater, non-sugar materials, and lignocellulosic feedstocks), design of bioreactor, and production of liquid transportation fuels, in particular, biodiesel and bio-oils from algal biomass through biochemical or thermochemical pathways. Besides summarizing promising technologies currently available, this review also recommends future research directions that can really benefit the biofuel research community.
The condensation characteristics of antimony in the presence of an oxygen glow discharge

The condensation characteristics of antimony in the presence of an oxygen glow discharge were studied as a first step in the understanding of how to obtain high-quality antimony-doped tin oxide films deposited by activated reactive evaporation (ARE). It was found that the antimony condensation characteristics are modified by the presence of an oxygen glow discharge such that antimony condenses as an oxide at a temperature greater than 300 degrees C; at such a temperature there would be no antimony condensation if the oxygen glow discharge was not present. The oxide film produced in this way has a refractive index of around 2, an optical band gap of around 4 eV and it is amorphous. The oxide is probably Sb2O4 or Sb2O5 rather than Sb2O3, because Sb2O3 is known to be more volatile than antimony.
Interstitial fluid adenosine and sagittal sinus blood flow during bicuculline-seizures in newborn piglets.

Changes of interstitial fluid adenosine concentrations and effects of O2 supply on interstitial fluid adenosine were studied by the brain dialysis technique in the frontal cortex of newborn piglets subjected to bicuculline-induced seizures. The O2 supply was changed globally by changing MABP and locally by varying PO2 in the artificial CSF perfusing the dialysis cannula. Sagittal sinus blood flow (SSBF), cerebrovascular resistance (CVR), and CMRO2 were also examined in the same animals. Seizures increased interstitial fluid adenosine 7.9-fold (p < 0.05) when ictal MABP was maintained at preictal level and perfusate PO2 was 24 mm Hg (group 1, n = 6). Interstitial fluid adenosine increased 11.8-fold (p < 0.05) during seizures associated with moderate systemic hypotension and the low perfusate PO2 (group 2, n = 6). By contrast, seizures increased interstitial fluid adenosine three-fold (p < 0. 05) when perfusate PO2 was increased to 182 mm Hg and ictal MABP was maintained at preictal level (group 3, n = 8). ...
Classifying the metal dependence of uncharacterized nitrogenases.

Nitrogenase enzymes have evolved complex iron-sulfur (Fe-S) containing cofactors that most commonly contain molybdenum (MoFe, Nif) as a heterometal but also exist as vanadium (VFe, Vnf) and heterometal independent (Fe-only, Anf) forms. All three varieties are capable of the reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) but exhibit differences in catalytic rates and substrate specificity unique to metal type. Recently, N2 reduction activity was observed in archaeal methanotrophs and methanogens that encode for nitrogenase homologs which do not cluster phylogenetically with previously characterized nitrogenases. To gain insight into the metal cofactors of these uncharacterized nitrogenase homologs, predicted three-dimensional structures of the nitrogenase active site metal-cofactor binding subunits NifD, VnfD, and AnfD were generated and compared. Dendograms based on structural similarity indicate nitrogenase homologs cluster based on heterometal content and that uncharacterized nitrogenase D homologs cluster with NifD, providing evidence that the structure of the enzyme has evolved in response to metal utilization. Characterization of the structural environment of the nitrogenase active site revealed amino acid variations that are unique to each class of nitrogenase as defined by heterometal cofactor content; uncharacterized nitrogenases contain amino acids near the active site most similar to NifD. Together, these results suggest that uncharacterized nitrogenase homologs present in numerous anaerobic methanogens, archaeal methanotrophs, and firmicutes bind FeMo-co in their active site, and add to growing evidence that diversification of metal utilization likely occurred in an anaerobic habitat.
An R2R3‐MYB transcription factor regulates carotenoid pigmentation in Mimulus lewisii flowers

Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments that contribute to the beautiful colors and nutritive value of many flowers and fruits. The structural genes in the highly conserved carotenoid biosynthetic pathway have been well characterized in multiple plant systems, but little is known about the transcription factors that control the expression of these structural genes. By analyzing a chemically induced mutant of Mimulus lewisii through bulk segregant analysis and transgenic experiments, we have identified an R2R3-MYB, Reduced Carotenoid Pigmentation 1 (RCP1), as the first transcription factor that positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis during flower development. Loss-of-function mutations in RCP1 lead to down-regulation of all carotenoid biosynthetic genes and reduced carotenoid content in M. lewisii flowers, a phenotype recapitulated by RNA interference in the wild-type background. Overexpression of this gene in the rcp1 mutant background restores carotenoid production and, unexpectedly, results in simultaneous decrease of anthocyanin production in some transgenic lines by down-regulating the expression of an activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Identification of transcriptional regulators of carotenoid biosynthesis provides the 'toolbox' genes for understanding the molecular basis of flower color diversification in nature and for potential enhancement of carotenoid production in crop plants via genetic engineering.
Regulation and the use of "negative" results from human reproductive studies: the case of ethylene dibromide.

This paper examines the regulatory usefulness of five studies of the reproductive effects of occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide. None of the studies found a statistically significant adverse effect. Results from an epidemiologic study can find no adverse effect either because there is in fact no association between the outcome and the exposure being studied or because the study was not powerful enough to detect an association between the two. This distinction is especially important when “negative” studies are offered as evidence that a chemical is not harmful to workers. General reasons for low power in reproductive studies are discussed, and each of the studies is examined to see if the results were in fact negative and what factors were operating to affect the power of each study. Four of the studies showed potential reproductive impairments that were not large enough to be judged statistically significant by the authors. The power of all of these studies was then examined and found to be low for a number of reasons. These studies therefore do not represent evidence that ethylene dibromide is harmless; on the contrary, they may indicate the opposite. In general, when regulating potentially harmful chemicals in a low-power situation, power should be raised by raising the alpha level of the study, especially when animal data show a strong positive effect.
Race and Gender in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election: A Content Analysis of Editorial Cartoons

Previous research has suggested that news and commentary concerning political candidates can vary based on a candidate's gender or race. Race and gender were especially salient in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. A content analysis of editorial cartoons was conducted to examine patterns in content or imagery related to race and gender. Editorial cartoons that featured Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and/or John McCain and were published during the primary season were analyzed. Cartoons featuring Obama were more likely to be favorable than those featuring the other candidates; those featuring Clinton were more likely to be unfavorable. Clinton was more often presented as ugly and small in size than was Obama. Clinton was shown perpetrating violence more often than the male candidates; she was also portrayed as the recipient of particularly gruesome violence. Some cartoons featured imagery or content that relied on racial or gender stereotypes; a qualitative analysis of these cartoons is provided. Overall, findings support previous research showing the continued relevance of race and gender in media coverage of political campaigns.
A new theory of the generalized optical cross-section theorem for electromagnetic fields

The research associated to the present paper and the envisioned talk at the conference, is concerned with novel derivation procedures, interpretations, and applications of the generalized optical theorem and of its particular manifestation, the ordinary optical theorem, describing energy budget in scalar, vector, and dyadic field scattering systems of interest in direct and inverse problems in electromagnetics, acoustics and optics. Our focus is a unification of the generalized optical theorem facilitating discussion, within a unified general theory, of important effects of radiation and scattering in general nonhomogeneous propagating media, arbitrary excitation fields, and general representational domains (Green function representation, plane wave expansion, multipole expansion, and so on), among other aspects. The derived techniques are conceptually simple and rely mostly on cross flux concepts and Green's function theory. Unlike the most familiar derivations of the optical theorem, the derived methods do not make use of the stationary phase method (Jones' lemma). Particular attention is given to the full vector and dyadic version of the theory, but some results pertinent to the scalar theory are also discussed to provide a broader context applicable to a variety of partial differential equations of interest in the wave disciplines. The multipole expansion version of the full vector generalized optical theorem is derived for both scalar and vector fields. Importantly, the optical theorem is discussed in both frequency and time domains, and, in the time domain, connections to time reversal are given. Furthermore, connections of the present new results to past known results on the optical theorem and its applications, and related areas in direct and inverse problems are developed. This includes connection to and generalization to the full vector and dyadic regime of the so-called Porter-Bojarski integral equation which plays an important role in the theories of the inverse source problem and holography, as well as to the thriving field of Green's function extraction from field correlations which plays a major role in modern seismic interferometry. Due to space constraints, in this conference paper we focus on developing the new general approach to the optical theorem in the vector case, addressing among other aspects the plane wave and multipole representations. Elaboration including the topics above along with a large body of literature is left for the conference talk. Of much importance is the generalized optical theorem (for two different incident fields) which is the natural continuation of the discussion on the ordinary optical theorem given next, pertinent to a single incident field. Another topic of much interest that is left for the talk is the corresponding theory for Green's operators.
Nonlinear Optical Imaging of Individual Carbon Nanotubes with Four-Wave-Mixing Microscopy

Dual color four-wave-mixing (FWM) microscopy is used to spatially resolve the third-order optical response from individual carbon nanotubes. Good signal-to-noise is obtained from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) sitting on substrates, when the excitation beams are resonant with electronic transitions of the nanotube, by detecting the FWM response at the anti-Stokes frequency. Whereas the coherent anti-Stokes (CAS) signal is sensitive to both electronic and vibrational resonances of the material, it is shown that the signal from individual SWNTs is dominated by the electronic response. The CAS signal is strongly polarization dependent, with the highest signals found parallel with the enhanced electronic polarizibility along the long axis of the SWNT.
Nonrecursive digital filtering using cascade fast Fourier transformers

The organization of a special-purpose digital processor for performing nonrecursive digital filtering is described. The processor uses two complementary cascade fast Fourier transformers. Each transformer can simultaneously transform two independent data blocks of length N words using \log_{2} N arithmetic units and 3/2 N complex words of digital storage. Continuous filtering is achieved by sectioning the input signal, performing a fast transform on each section, multiplying by the frequency characteristics of the desired filter, and inverse transforming. The cascade organization of the processor allows processing at very high speeds. Word rates in excess of 3 MHz are possible with currently available hardware.
A survey of the cytology and synaptic organization of the insular trigeminal-cuneatus lateralis nucleus in the rat, including an identification of spinal afferent inputs.

The cytology and synaptic organization of the insular trigeminal—cuneatus lateralis (iV-Cul) nucleus was examined in the rat. In addition, the ultrastructural morphology and synaptic connectivity of anterogradely labeled spinal afferent axons terminating in iV-Cul were examined following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the cervical spinal cord. The uniformity of the ultrastructural features of iV-Cul neurons supports the presence of a homogeneous neuronal population. The most prominent feature of the iV-Cul neuropil is the presence of numerous interdigitating astrocytic processes, which extensively isolate neuronal somata and processes. iV-Cul contains a heterogeneous population of axonal endings that can be separated into three categories, depending upon whether they contain predominantly spherical-shaped agranular synaptic vesicles (R endings), predominantly pleomorphic-shaped agranular synaptic vesicles (P endings), or a heterogeneous population of dense-core vesicles (DC endings). The R...
SRAM Cell Design Protected from SEU Upsets

There have been many solutions to create a soft error immune SRAM cell. These solutions can be broken down into three categories: a) hardening, b) recovery, c) protection. Hardening techniques insert circuitry in an SRAM cell possibly duplicating the number of transistors. Recovery techniques insert current monitors in SRAMs to detect SEUs and they employ error correcting codes or redundancy to mitigate these effects. These techniques do not scale very well. Protection methods use capacitors in SRAM cells to absorb the excessive charge. Although they provide sufficient protection, they affect adversely the write time.
Parental Discipline and Abuse Potential Affects on Child Depression, Anxiety, and Attributions.

The current study investigated differences in children’s emotional functioning as a product of their parents’ reported disciplinary practices and child abuse potential. Families with no known history of abuse were recruited to ascertain whether depressogenic attributional style and depressive or anxious symptomatology was evident in children of parents who used harsher physical punishment and who had higher abuse potential. Forty-two New Zealand children ages 8–12 participated with their parents. Child-report measures of depression, anxiety, and attributional style were compared with parents’ responses on physical discipline scenarios and child abuse potential. Children’s anxiety symptoms were higher in those children whose parents obtained higher abuse potential scores and had harsher discipline practices. Children’s depressive symptoms and some components of maladaptive attributional style were also found in families with higher abuse potential. Results suggest emotional difficulties similar to those of maltreated children even without identifiable abuse.
Effect of DC-DC Converter Topologies and Operation on the Electrical Performance of Fuel Cells

Abstract An analysis of DC-DC converter-driven direct ethanol fuel cell systems is presented. The output voltage characteristics of two systems—boost-driven and buck-boost-driven systems—are compared. Experimental results show that direct ethanol fuel cells exhibit variable non-linear impedances as a function of frequency. It is shown that DC-DC converter-driven direct ethanol fuel cell systems do not exhibit a predictable output as a function of duty cycle alone, in both boost and buck-boost configurations. The analysis shows that Ni-foam anode direct ethanol fuel cell and Ni-mesh anode direct ethanol fuel cell output voltage characteristics become nearly identical at switching frequencies beyond 6 kHz.
Fourier-domain Green's function for an elastic semi-infinite solid under gravity, with applications to earthquake and volcano deformation

SUMMARY We present an analytic solution in the Fourier domain for an elastic deformation in a semi-infinite solid due to an arbitrary surface traction. We generalize the so-called Boussinesq's and Cerruti's problems to include a restoring buoyancy boundary condition at the surface. Buoyancy due to a large density contrast at the Earth's surface is an approximation to the full effect of gravity that neglects the perturbation of the gravitational potential and the change in density in the interior. Using the perturbation method, and assuming that the effect of gravity is small compared to the elastic deformation, we derive an approximation in the space domain to the Boussinesq's problem that accounts for a buoyancy boundary condition at the surface. The Fourier- and space-domain solutions are shown to be in good agreement. Numerous problems of elastostatic or quasi-static time-dependent deformation relevant to faulting in the Earth's interior (including inelastic deformation) can be modelled using equivalent body forces and surface tractions. Solving the governing equations with the elastic Green's function in the space domain can be impractical as the body force can be distributed over a large volume. We present a computationally efficient method to evaluate the elastic deformation in a 3-D half space due to the presence of an arbitrary distribution of internal forces and tractions at the surface of the half space. We first evaluate the elastic deformation in a periodic Cartesian volume in the Fourier domain, then use the analytic solutions to the generalized Boussinesq's and Cerruti's problems to satisfy the prescribed mixed boundary condition at the surface. We show some applications for magmatic intrusions and faulting. This approach can be used to solve elastostatic problems involving spatially heterogeneous elastic properties (by employing a homogenization method) and time-dependent problems such as non-linear viscoelastic relaxation, poroelastic rebound and non-steady fault creep under the assumption of spatially homogeneous elastic properties.
Effectiveness of Schema-Based Instruction for Improving Seventh-Grade Students’ Proportional Reasoning: A Randomized Experiment

Abstract This study examined the effect of schema-based instruction (SBI) on 7th-grade students’ mathematical problem-solving performance. SBI is an instructional intervention that emphasizes the role of mathematical structure in word problems and also provides students with a heuristic to self-monitor and aid problem solving. Using a pretest-intervention–posttest-retention test design, the study compared the learning outcomes for 1,163 students in 42 classrooms who were randomly assigned to treatment (SBI) or control condition. After 6 weeks of instruction, results of multilevel modeling indicated significant differences favoring the SBI condition in proportion problem solving involving ratios/rates and percents on an immediate posttest (g = 1.24) and on a 6-week retention test (g = 1.27). No significant difference between conditions was found for a test of transfer. These results demonstrate that SBI was more effective than students’ regular mathematics instruction.
Ocean drilling program sets FY 1993 schedule

At its November 28–December 1, 1990, meeting in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, the Planning Committee (PCOM) of the Ocean Drilling Program, in association with chairpersons of ODP's scientific advisory structure, has established its Program Plan for Fiscal Year 1992 (approximately mid-November 1991 through mid-January 1993). ODP is the successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project and the International Phase of Ocean Drilling, and is a consortium of countries led by the United States with a broad mandate to conduct scientific ocean drilling in the world's ocean basins. Based upon ODP's Long Range Plan (available from Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Washington, D.C.) and the scientific priorities set by ODP's thematic panels, PCOM has placed seven 56-day drilling legs on the proposed schedule, beginning with Leg 141. The new schedule is generally consistent with long-term ODP planning, which has stipulated that drilling operations will be concentrated in the eastern Pacific until late 1992, when the drill ship JOIDES Resolution will transit to the North Atlantic for operations there during calendar 1993. Each program in FY 1992 is briefly summarized below (see also Figure 1), both to alert the Earth sciences community to future opportunities for direct participation aboard the drill ship and to publicize a new ODP policy for “supplemental science” (see accompanying sidebar), which will be initiated for the period covered by legs 141–147.
Tracking with Unreliable Node Sequences

Tracking mobile targets using sensor networks is a challenging task because of the impacts of in-the-filed factors such as environment noise, sensing irregularity and etc. This paper proposes a robust tracking framework using node sequences, an ordered list extracted from unreliable sensor readings. Instead of estimating each position point separately in a movement trace, we convert the original tracking problem to the problem of finding the shortest path in a graph, which is equivalent to optimal matching of a series of node sequences. In addition to the basic design, multi- dimensional smoothing is developed to enhance tracking accuracy. Practical system deployment related issues are discussed in the paper, and the design is evaluated with both simulation and a system implementation using Pioneer III Robot and MICAz sensor nodes. In fact, tracking with node sequences provides a useful layer of abstraction, making the design framework generic and compatible with different physical sensing modalities.
Economic Development: Theories of Economic Development

To many people, a theory is a contention that is impractical or has no factual support. Someone who says that free migration to the United States may be all right in theory, but not in practice, implies that despite the merit of the idea, it would be impractical. Likewise, the statement that the idea of lower wealth taxes in India stimulating economic growth is just a theory indicates an unverified hypothesis. For the economist, however, a theory is a systematic explanation of interrelationships among economic variables, and its purpose is to explain causal relationships among these variables. Usually a theory is used not only to understand the world better but also to provide a basis for policy. Theorists cannot consider all the factors influencing economic growth in a single theory. They must determine which variables are crucial and which are irrelevant. However, reality is so complicated that a simple model may omit critical variables in the real world. And although complex mathematical models can handle a large number of variables, they have not been very successful in explaining economic development in less developed countries (LDCs).
An annotation system for VLSI design

Two areas are identified in which automatic schemes can be developed to alleviate the integration problem in developing an electronic system for CAD tools: consistency maintenance and annotation. The authors develop an annotation facility that supports annotations at different levels of details: object-level documentation, characteristics summary, and sub-object annotations. A novel sub-object annotation model called the transparency model is developed that allows arbitrary annotations to be attached to arbitrary portions of the design objects. Furthermore, this annotation facility can be used to annotate objects of various design representations. A monitor subsystem that can detect possible inconsistency between the designs and the annotations is built into the annotation system to notify users of potentially stale annotations. >
High-pressure rheology of polystyrene melts plasticized with CO2: Experimental measurement and predictive scaling relationships

A high-pressure extrusion slit die rheometer was constructed to measure the viscosity of polymer melts plasticized by liquid and supercritical CO2. A novel gas injection system was devised to accurately meter the follow of CO2 into the extruder barrel. Measurements of pressure drop, within the die, confirm the presence of a one-phase mixture and a fully developed flow during viscosity measurements. Experimental measurements of viscosity as a function of shear rate, pressure, temperature, and CO2 concentration were conducted for three commercial polystyrene melts. The CO2 was shown to be an effective plasticizer for polystyrene, lowering the viscosity of the polymer melt by as much as 80%, depending of the process conditions and CO2 concentration. Existing theories for viscoelastic scaling of polymer melts and the prediction of Tg depression by a diluent were used to develop a free volume model for predicting the effects of CO2 concentration and pressure on polymer melt rheology. The free volume model, dependent only on material parameters of the polymer melt and pure CO2, was shown to accurately collapse the experimental data onto a single master curve independent of pressure and CO2 concentration for each of the three polystyrene samples. This model constitutes a simple predictive set of equations to quantify the effects of gas-induced plasticization on molten polymer systems. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 3168–3180, 2000
Protein–protein interactions mapped by artificial proteases: where σ factors bind to RNA polymerase

Abstract Interactions between proteins are important to understand but difficult to study. Conjugating a protein to a small artificial protease endows it with the ability to cut other proteins where it binds to them. Analysing the sites cut on the target proteins leads to new understanding of the structure of each complex. The binding of σ factors to a common region on RNA polymerase provides an example.
Sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: preliminary report.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel treatment procedure, sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel, for individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS Seventeen patients (89% female; mean age, 62 years; SD, 13.6 years) with a clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome who had undergone a sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel at least 6 months before follow-up evaluation were retrospectively reviewed. At the follow-up evaluation, to ascertain previous and current symptoms as well as functional impairment, the patients filled out a hand diagram and a questionnaire. In addition, medical records were reviewed, and patients were queried regarding complications such as infection or nerve damage. Median nerve sonographic measurements and a physical evaluation were performed on a subset of 13 patients who came to the office for evaluation. RESULTS Postprocedure sonography showed that patients had a significantly smaller (P = .03) cross-sectional area of the median nerve compared to pretreatment values. In addition, patients had significantly fewer symptoms (P < .0001), less functional impairment (P = .0002), and an improved hand diagram score (P < .0001). Postprocedure patients had grip strength that was 12 lb below average (≈1 SD below) compared to grip strength norms. However, most patients (84.6%) had negative clinical diagnostic test results for carpal tunnel syndrome, and 86% said they were satisfied with the procedure. There were no procedure-related infections or nerve injuries. CONCLUSIONS Of the patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who agreed to participate in this study, most had favorable symptomatic and functional outcomes. Sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel may be an alternative option to traditional surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.