cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Effects of Feeding Various Filled Milks to Dairy Calves. I. Physical Condition and Weight Gains, with Special Reference to Low-Fat Rations

Summary Various filled milks and low-fat rations were studied in an attempt to determine some of the factors responsible for the unsatisfactory gains, poor physical condition, and deaths which have been reported as occurring in calves fed rations containing highly unsaturated vegetable fat. Under the conditions of the experiment, the results of feeding corn oil filled milk to dairy calves were as follows: (a) animals appeared emaciated and unthrifty, (b) a marked diarrhea was observed, (c) an increased susceptibility to pneumonia and a high mortality rate occurred when infection was not rigidly controlled, (d) symptoms of anorexia and muscular involvement were noted, (e) poor feed utilization and unsatisfactory weight gains were obtained. Calves fed hydrogenated vegetable oil, lard, or butter oil filled milks and whole milk were not adversely affected in the above manner, except as follows: Animals receiving lard and butter oil, prepared from oxidized butter, also exhibited symptoms of muscular involvement. Supplementation of the corn oil and lard filled milk diets with high levels of tocopherol prevented the development of muscular involvement, but did not improve weight gains of calves fed corn oil. Weight gain and feed utilization data obtained on the various rations suggest that the inclusion of corn oil in the diet depresses growth in some manner. Diets containing as low as 0.10–0.15% butterfat were not detrimental to growth and physical condition of calves under the experimental conditions. A number of the animals fed several of the filled milk and low-fat rations were satisfactorily maintained on the liquid diets to 5-6 mo. of age.
Night on Earth: Mapping decadal changes of anthropogenic night light in Asia

Abstract The defense meteorological satellite program (DMSP) operational linescan system (OLS) sensors have imaged emitted light from Earth's surface since the 1970s. Temporal overlap in the missions of 5 OLS sensors allows for intercalibration of the annual composites over the past 19 years ( Elvidge et al., 2009 ). The resulting image time series captures a spatiotemporal signature of the growth and evolution of lighted human settlements and development. We use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and the temporal feature space to characterize and quantify patterns of temporal change in stable night light brightness and spatial extent since 1992. Temporal EOF analysis provides a statistical basis for representing spatially abundant temporal patterns in the image time series as uncorrelated vectors of brightness as a function of time from 1992 to 2009. The variance partition of the eigenvalue spectrum combined with temporal structure of the EOFs and spatial structure of the PCs provides a basis for distinguishing between deterministic multi-year trends and stochastic year-to-year variance. The low order EOFs and principal components (PC) space together discriminate both earlier (1990s) and later (2000s) increases and decreases in brightness. Inverse transformation of these low order dimensions reduces stochastic variance sufficiently so that tri-temporal composites depict potentially deterministic decadal trends. The most pronounced changes occur in Asia. At critical brightness threshold we find an 18% increase in the number of spatially distinct lights and an 80% increase in lighted area in southern and eastern Asia between 1992 and 2009. During this time both China and India experienced a ∼20% increase in number of lights and a ∼270% increase in lighted area – although the timing of the increase is later in China than in India. Throughout Asia a variety of different patterns of brightness increase are apparent in tri-temporal brightness composites – as well as some conspicuous areas of apparently decreasing background luminance and, in many places, intermittent light suggesting development of infrastructure rather than persistently lighted development. Vicarious validation using higher resolution Landsat imagery verifies multiple phases of urban growth in several cities as well as the consistent presence of low DN ( Small et al., 2011 ).
How strong is the evidence for mediational hypotheses of age-related memory loss? Commentary.

Background: Luszcz and Bryan review research supporting three theories of age-related memory loss: the speed hypothesis, the executive function hypothesis, and the common cause hypo
Organ-Specific Disposition of Group B Streptococci in Piglets: Evidence for a Direct Interaction with Target Cells in the Pulmonary Circulation

Despite the serious pulmonary manifestations of early onset group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis, it is not known whether the organism distributes into lung tissue and whether adverse pulmonary hemodynamic abnormalities relate to an interaction between the organism and target cells in the pulmonary vascular bed. Accordingly, this study evaluated the distribution and fate of GBS in the lung, liver, and spleen of anesthetized infant piglets and in isolated, salt solution-perfused piglet lung preparations. GBS were radiolabeled with 111Indium-oxine and infused at a dose of 10(8) organisms/kg/min for 15 min into anesthetized piglets ranging in age from 5-10 d. Forty-five min after termination of the infusion, animals were killed and specimens of lung, liver, spleen, and blood were excised and the relative deposition and viability of GBS were determined. Most of the recovered bacteria were detected in the lung (53.2 +/- 3.9%) followed by the liver (41.4 +/- 2.0%) and spleen (2.2 +/- 0.38%). GBS detected in the blood was estimated to be only 3.2 +/- 1.0% of the infused dose. Viability of GBS was least in the lung (21.4 +/- 2.6%) relative to the liver (45.7 +/- 11.2%) and spleen (83.4 +/- 19.5%). After a 60-min GBS infusion, transmission electron microscopy localized the organism within pulmonary intravascular macrophages in the lung; there was no evidence for bacterial interaction with either neutrophils or endothelial cells. In the liver, GBS was found exclusively in Kupffer cells. In isolated piglet lungs perfused at a constant flow rate with blood-free physiologic salt solution, GBS (10(6) to 10(8) organisms/mL) provoked concentration-dependent increases in pulmonary vascular resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Influence of vitamin C on the folate requirement of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, for growth, hematopoiesis, and resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection

Abstract Channel catfish were fed a semipurified basal diet containing 0, 0.4, or 4.0 mg folic acid/kg with 0, 20, or 200 mg vitamin C/kg in a factorial design in aquaria (29±2°C) for 25 weeks, and growth, survival, and hematological measurements were determined. The remaining fish were overwintered (25 weeks) in circular raceways at ambient outdoor temperature, fed the same experimental diets and challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri when the water had reached 26°C. Dietary supplementation of folic acid had no effect on any measurement except hematocrit without dietary vitamin C. When the marginal level of vitamin C (20 mg/kg) was fed, hematological measurements increased maximally with the low or high supplement of folic acid (0.4 or 4.0 mg/kg), but weight gain and RBC mean corpuscular volume (MCV) did not respond to folic acid supplementation. When the high level of vitamin C (200 mg/kg) was fed, weight gain improved and MCV decreased maximally with the highest supplement of folic acid. Fish challenged with E. ictaluri showed maximum survival and antibody production when 0.4 or 4.0 mg folic acid/kg was fed with the high level of vitamin C, but only the highest supplement of folic acid improved survival when the diet contained the marginal level of vitamin C. Simultaneous supplementation of both vitamins at the highest levels resulted in the lowest incidence of morphologically abnormal blood cells. These results indicate that the dietary concentration of vitamin C influences the response of channel catfish to different dietary levels of folic acid.
Co-axially configured supersonic jet spectrometer for submillimeter investigations of non-covalent interactions

The current status in the development of a phase and frequency stabilized co-axially configured submillimeter supersonic jet spectrometer will be described. The performance characteristics of the spectrometer will be illustrated by investigations of non-covalent interactions including van der Waals and hydrogen bonded complexes.
Senegalese Art in U.S. Schools: Transporting Contemporary African Diaspora with Decolonized Perspectives

Abstract This article investigates the ways in which global art making and cultural practices have been conveyed in U.S. schools and considers questions about how art education can engage in decolonization. This special issue's theme of Diversity, Globalization, and Education is approached through the window of visual art by examining the work of three contemporary Senegalese artists and one U.S. artist in the sociopolitical contexts of history and current events, and asserting ways in which curriculum in U.S. schools may be considered with a decolonizing lens by integrating the artists’ perspectives.
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs in Canada: Its Potential Effect on Patient-Physician Interaction

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to determine the effects of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs on the patient-physician relationship in the Canadian population. Specifically, researchers sought to discover how DTCA influences the way patients view their physicians in terms of trustworthiness and scientific knowledge, patients' comfort with the physician, patients' overall confidence in the physician, and patients' likelihood to seek out additional information. Results of a telephone survey of 165 English-speaking Canadians are reported.
High Brightness Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide Lasers and Arrays

A slab coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) is characterized. An n-type AlGaAs waveguide is used. Two distinctly different beam combination approaches are employed: wavelength beam combination (WBC) and coherent beam combination (CBC). The cavity configuration for the WBC and CBC are presented.
Radial Side (1D) Tears

The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is the key structure at the wrist that facilitates the rotation of the radius and the carpus on the distal ulnar. The radial or type 1D tears of the TFCC are uncommon, but they pose a major disruption of the articular contact between the carpus and the distal ulna. The tears can heal by arthroscopically repairing the TFCC back to the radius using sutures through bone tunnels. This procedure allows patients to return to their work and sports activities with significant recovery of strength and range of motion.
Effects of masks on reconstruction of high-frame-rate images

A set of strip masks have been developed for high frame rate imaging with steered plane wave (SPW), steered diverging beam (SDB), and limited-diffraction beam (LDB) transmissions. These masks enhance image contrasts significantly. In addition, an image mask was developed for reconstructed images. The mask allows the reconstructed images to have a similar brightness within their fields of views.
Solution of the one-dimensional electron gas on a lattice

An exact solution of the one-dimensional electron gas on a lattice is given for the special case in which two of the four coupling constants have particular values. It is shown that umklapp scattering has the same effect on the charge-density waves as backward scattering across the Fermi "surface" has on the spin-density waves and that the method of Luther and Emery can be used to solve this more general problem. For repulsive electron-electron interactions the umklapp scattering produces a gap in the charge-density wave spectrum and this appears for low-lying excitations when there is a half-filled band. The use of renormalization-group scaling to solve for general values of the coupling constants is discussed.
Redefining the Skin's Pigmentary System with a Novel Tyrosinase Assay

In mammalian skin, melanin is produced by melanocytes and transferred to epithelial cells, with the epithelial cells thought to receive pigment only and not generate it. Melanin formation requires the enzyme tyrosinase, which catalyzes multiple reactions in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. Here, we reassess cutaneous melanogenesis using tyramide-based tyrosinase assay (TTA), a simple test for tyrosinase activity in situ. In the TTA procedure, tyrosinase reacts with biotinyl tyramide, causing the substrate to deposit near the enzyme. These biotinylated deposits are then visualized with streptavidin conjugated to a fluorescent dye. In the skin and eye, TTA was highly specific for tyrosinase and served as a sensitive indicator of pigment cell distribution and status. In clinical skin samples, the assay detected pigment cell defects, such as melanocytic nevi and vitiligo, providing confirmation of medical diagnoses. In murine skin, TTA identified a new tyrosinase-positive cell type--the medullary cells of the hair--providing the first example of cutaneous epithelial cells with a melanogenic activity. Presumably, the epithelial tyrosinase originates in melanocytes and is acquired by medullary cells during pigment transfer. As tyrosinase by itself can generate pigment from tyrosine, it is likely that medullary cells produce melanin de novo. Thus, we propose that melanocytes convert medullary cells into pigment cells by transfer of the melanogenic apparatus, an unusual mechanism of differentiation that expands the skin's pigmentary system.
Unmelted meteoritic debris collected from Eltanin ejecta in Polarstern cores from expedition ANT XII/4

A total of 1.7g of unmelted meteorite particles have been recovered from FS Polarstern piston cores collected on expedition ANT XII/4 that contain ejecta from the Eltanin impact event. Most of the mass (1.2 g) is a large, single specimen that is a polymict breccia, similar in mineralogy and chemistry to howardites or the silicate fraction of mesosiderites. Most of the remaining mass is in several large individual pieces (20-75mg each) that are polymict breccias, fragments dominated by pyroxene, and an igneous rock fragment. The latter has highly fractionated REE, similar to those reported in mafic clasts from mesosiderites. Other types of specimens identified include fragments dominated by maskelynite or olivine. These pieces of the projectile probably survived impact by being blown off the back surface of the Eltanin asteroid during its impact into the Bellingshausen Sea.
The World Trade Center evacuation study: Factors associated with initiation and length of time for evacuation

SUMMARY On 11 September 2001, one of the largest workplace evacuations in the U.S. history took place. The evacuation was largely successful: an estimated 87% of all occupants in World Trade Center (WTC) Towers 1 and 2 exited in less than two hours. Evacuation times, however, were highly variable and not entirely explained by the engineering parameters of the buildings. To understand the complexity of factors that potentially influenced the evacuation time on 11 September, 2001, an interdisciplinary research study was conducted by public health scientists from the Mailman School of Public Health at the Columbia University in the New York City. Analysis of survey data collected from a sample of 1444 evacuees identified several facilitators and barriers to length of time to initiate and fully evacuate from WTC Towers 1 and 2. At the individual level, these included sociodemographic and occupational variables, health status, sensory cues, risk perception, delaying behaviors, and following a group or an emergent leader. At the organizational level, factors included emergency preparedness safety climate variables. Structural (environmental) factors included egress route barriers, poor signage, congestion, and communication system failures. Many factors identified in the study are modifiable. Therefore, these data have the potential to inform high-rise preparedness and response policies and procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Repeated Element in the Regulatory Region of the MNK Gene and Its Deletion in A Patient With Occipital Horn Syndrome

Occipital horn syndrome (OHS), an X-linked connective tissue disorder, has recently been shown to result from mutations in the Menkes disease gene (MNK), which encodes a copper-transporting ATPase. By Southern analysis we detected a small deletion in a region 5' to the MNK gene in one patient with OHS. Genomic clones from an unaffected individual were isolated and sequenced, revealing three tandem 98 bp repeats situated upstream of the reported transcription start site, and analysis of the patient's DNA showed a deletion of one of the repeats. The deletion is likely to be responsible for the disease in this patient, as it was not observed in 110 unaffected individuals analyzed, and no other mutation in the patient was detected by RT-PCR and chemical cleavage mismatch analysis or by cDNA sequence analysis. The deletion is associated with a dramatic decrease in expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene, implicating the repeat sequences in regulation of MNK expression, although a quantitative analysis of MNK mRNA from a cell line derived from the patient shows no detectable reduction. Other experiments revealed no effect on the site of transcription initiation, termination or on splicing.
Comparative in vitro activities of topical wound care products against community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Objectives: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for an increasing number of skin infections. Over-the-counter topical wound care products may play a role in the prevention of these infections, but limited data are available regarding their activity. The current study utilized a modified time‐kill design to evaluate the activity of three over-the-counter topical wound care products (benzethonium chloride/essential oils, neomycin/polymyxin B and polymyxin B/gramicidin) against four unique isolates (three USA 300 and one USA 400). Methods: All experiments were performed using commercially available formulations. Bactericidal activity was defined as a sustained 3 log10 reduction in cfu/mL from the initial inoculum. Reductions in bacterial counts between agents were determined using analysis of variance. Results: At 10 min, the reduction (mean+ +SD) in log10 cfu/mL for all strains was 2.87+1.22, 1.86+ +0.76 and 0.143+0.82 for benzethonium chloride/essential oils, neomycin/polymyxin B and polymyxin B/gramicidin, respectively. By 24 h, bactericidal activity was observed against two strains each for neomycin/polymyxin B and polymyxin B/gramicidin. Benzethonium chloride/essential oils was bactericidal against all strains by 6 h. At 24 h, all three agents were superior to controls (P < 0.05). Benzethonium chloride/essential oils was more active at 24 h than polymyxin B/gramicidin versus all four strains (P < 0.05) and more active than neomycin/polymyxin B versus three of four strains (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These topical agents demonstrated variable activity against the four strains tested. Benzethonium chloride/essential oils was more rapidly and completely active than the other agents tested.
Rank modulation hardware for flash memories

Flash has been widely used as nonvolatile memories, such as secondary or long-term persistent storage, but it has recently been adopted for solid-state drives in many mobile applications. Advances in flash technology, such as multi-level cells and error correction, have improved storage density and reliability, but these characteristics continue to be a challenge as the technology scales to smaller dimensions. Most notably, these techniques have been unable to directly deal with the failures caused by block erasures, except by spreading out the erasures across the entire memory through wear leveling. Rank modulation provides a new approach to multi-level flash memory cells; it uses the relative ranking of cell levels, instead of their absolute values. A flash memory with rank modulation based upon winner-take-all circuits is proposed, simulated, and fabricated. Using rank modulation, memory reliability and capacity is further improved.
Three‐beam K‐edge imaging of iodine using differences between fluoroscopic video images: Theoretical considerations

Our lab has previously generated selective iodine images with an image intensifier fluoroscopic system using a three‐beam K‐edge approach. Logarithmically amplified video images L i were linearly combined to yield the final image k 1 L 1+k 2 L 2+k 3 L 3. This paper discusses refinements of the K‐edge technique. A study is made of the manner in which contrast‐reducing effects such as x‐ray scatter and image intensifier veiling glare enter into the final image. If such biases can be approximated as multiplicative and independent of the x‐ray spectrum, and if the sum of the k i is zero, then the biases are canceled. Experimental data is presented which demonstrates that the inaccuracy due to such biases can be reduced by a factor as large as 10. The theorem that k 1+k 2+k 3≊0 is proven rigorously and discussed. Because the k i add to zero, the final image can be expressed as a linear combination of two of the differences between the L i . A difference‐based algorithm which reduces biases and make allowance for nonlinearities such as beam hardening is proposed and discussed.
Microdialysis coupled with an embedded systems controller and CMOS image sensor

Continuous monitoring of specific metabolite and drug levels within a patient's blood can contribute to shorter hospital stays and more successful treatment of both chronic and acute diseases. Intravenous microdialysis is an attractive technology for continuous venous blood sampling that can be used to manage tight glucose control and to sample a large variety of molecules from human blood. In combination with lab-on-a-chip architectures, microdialysis could provide continuous monitoring of important diagnostic and therapeutic substances. Unfortunately, microdialysis is inherently variable and non-transparent, i.e., errors in sampling cannot be detected and corrected in real-time. A portable microdialysis system is presented that gauges membrane diffusive capacity by using a fluorescent tracer, providing a method to track the intrinsic variability. An embedded systems controller and CMOS image sensor is used to measure and wirelessly communicate fluorescent tracer levels. The controller has the capability to generate alarms when probe performance deteriorates, making microdialysis both more accurate and robust for clinical use. The potential to integrate a microparticle-based, turbidimetric vancomycin immunoassay with microdialysis is also demonstrated by using a CMOS image sensor to detect changes in turbidity.
Effect of glutathione-S-transferase M1 and P1 genotypes on xenobiotic enhancement of allergic responses: randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study.

Summary Background Particulate pollution is associated with the occurrence of asthma and allergy. The model pollutant, diesel exhaust particles, can participate with allergens in starting and exacerbating allergic airway diseases in part by production of reactive oxygen species. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) can metabolise reactive oxygen species and detoxify xenobiotics present in diesel exhaust particles. We tested the hypothesis that null genotypes for gstm1 and gstt1, and gstp1 codon 105 variants (I105 and V105) are key regulators of the adjuvant effects of diesel exhaust particles on allergic responses. Methods Patients sensitive to the ragweed allergen were challenged intranasally with allergen alone and with allergen plus diesel exhaust particles in a randomised order at separate visits. Nasal allergen-specific IgE, histamine, interleukin 4, and interferon γ concentrations were measured before and 24 h after challenge. Findings Individuals with GSTM1 null or the GSTP1 I105 wildtype genotypes showed enhanced nasal allergic responses in the presence of diesel exhaust particles. Compared with patients with a functional GSTM1 genotype, GSTM1 null patients had a significantly larger increase in IgE (median 102·5 U/mL [range 1·0–510·5] vs 45·5 U/mL [1·5–60·6], p=0·03) and histamine (14·0 nmol/L [–0·2–24·7] vs 7·4 nmol/L [1·2–12·3], p=0·02) after diesel exhaust particles plus allergen challenge. The I105 GSTP1 genotype was associated with an increase in IgE (120·3 U/mL [6·7–510·5] vs 27·7 U/mL [–1·5–60·6], p=0·03) and histamine (13·8 nmol/L [3·1–24·7] vs 5·2nmol/L [–0·2–19·6], p=0·01) after challenge with diesel exhaust particles and allergens. The diesel exhaust particles enhancement was largest in patients with both the GSTM1 null and GSTP1 I/I genotypes. Interpretation GSTM1 and GSTP1 modify the adjuvant effect of diesel exhaust particles on allergic inflammation.
Model-driven reverse engineering

Reverse engineering is the process of comprehending software and producing a model of it at a high abstraction level, suitable for documentation, maintenance, or reengineering. But from a manager's viewpoint, there are two painful problems: 1) It's difficult or impossible to predict how much time reverse engineering will require. 2) There are no standards to evaluate the quality of the reverse engineering that the maintenance staff performs. Model-driven reverse engineering can overcome these difficulties. A model is a high-level representation of some aspect of a software system. MDRE uses the features of modeling technology but applies them differently to address the maintenance manager's problems. Our approach to MDRE uses formal specification and automatic code generation to reverse the reverse-engineering process. Models written in a formal specification language called SLANG describe both the application domain and the program being reverse engineered, and interpretations annotate the connections between the two. The ability to generate a similar version of a program gives managers a fixed target for reverse engineering. This, in turn, enables better effort prediction and quality evaluation, reducing development risk.
Convection in stellar models

Convection has two main effects of interest to stellar modelers: It changes the stratification compared to a radiative or conductive region, and it mixes the matter efficiently. This was recognized early on, and a rudimentary description of convection was soon worked out—this is the familiar mixing length formulation. This paper will compare and contrast this much used formulation with results from realistic 3D simulations of interacting convection and radiation in the surface layers of stars. Due to space limitations, this review will be concerned with convective envelopes, only.
High-speed ultrasound volumetric imaging system. II. Parallel processing and image display

For pt.I see ibid., vol.38, no.2, p.100-8 (1991). The authors describe the design, application, and evaluation of parallel processing to the high-speed volumetric ultrasound imaging system. The scanner produces images analogous to an optical camera or the human eye and supplies more information than conventional sonograms. Potential medical applications include improved anatomic visualization, tumor localization, and better assessment of cardiac function. The system uses pulse-echo phased array principles to steer a 2-D array transducer of 289 elements in a pyramidal scan format. Parallel processing in the receive mode produces 4992 scan lines at a rate of approximately 8 frames/s. Echo data for the scanned volume is presented online as projection images with depth perspective, stereoscopic pairs, or multiple tomographic images. The authors also describe the techniques developed for the online display of volumetric images on a conventional CRT oscilloscope and show preliminary volumetric images for each display mode. >
Representational strategy in the visual cortex

We generalized Daubechies' (see IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.36, no.5, p.961-1004, 1990) results on 1D wavelets to 2D, and elucidated the conditions in which a family of Gabor wavelets will provide a complete representation of an image. We found that the phase space (scale, orientation, x, y) sampling density of the striate cortical simple cells is sufficiently dense to form a tight wavelet frame. This tight frame approximates the continuous wavelet transform, and its redundancy allows high resolution information to be represented in the low-resolution firings of the simple cells. We presented some experimental results to demonstrate this idea. >
Mechanisms and Biological Roles of Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition Systems

Bacterialcontact-dependentgrowthinhibition(CDI)ismediatedbytheCdiA/CdiBfamilyof two-partner secretion proteins. CDI þ cells bind to susceptible target bacteria and deliver a toxic effector domain derived from the carboxyl terminus of CdiA (CdiA-CT). More than 60 distinct CdiA-CT sequence types have been identified, and all CDI toxins characterized thus far display RNase, DNase, or pore-forming activities. CDI systems also encode CdiI immunity proteins, which specifically bind and inactivate cognate CdiA-CT toxins to prevent autoinhibition. CDI activity appears to be limited to target cells of the same species, suggestingthatthesesystemsplayaroleincompetitionbetweencloselyrelatedbacteria.Recent workontheCDIsystemfromuropathogenicEscherichiacoli (UPEC536)hasrevealedthatits CdiA-CT toxin binds tightly to a cysteine biosynthetic enzyme (CysK) in the cytoplasm of targetcells.TheunanticipatedcomplexityintheUPECCDIpathwayraisesthepossibilitythat these systems perform other functions in addition to growth inhibition. Finally, we propose that the phenomenon of CDI is more widespread than previously appreciated. Rhs (rearrangement hotspot) systems encode toxin-immunity pairs, some of whichshare significant sequence identity with CdiA-CT/CdiI proteins. A numberof recent observations suggest that Rhs proteins mediate a distinct form of CDI.
Alteration of immune function following dietary mycotoxin exposure

Mycotoxins are a group of structurally diverse fungal secondary metabolites that elicit a wide spectrum of toxicologic effects. Of particular interest is the capacity of some mycotoxins to alter normal immune function when present in foods at levels below observable overt toxicity. Aflatoxin, patulin, citrinin, and zearalenone experimentally alter immunity, and recent evidence suggests that the immunologic effects of ochratoxin A and trichothecenes may have particular significance to human and animal health. For example, the capacity of ochratoxin A to inhibit natural killer cell activity and increase growth of transplantable tumour cells has been associated with renal and hepatic carcinomas in mice and might similarly contribute to human cancer. Impaired resistance to pathogenic microorganisms occurs after exposure to the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and vomitoxin. This may predispose food animals to infectious disease and could result in decreased productivity as well as increased animal-to-human transmission of pathogens such as Salmonella and Listeria. Vomitoxin also alters normal mucosal immune function, specifically at the level of regulation of development, differentiation, and homing of IgA-producing plasma cells. Interestingly, vomitoxin-induced enhancement of IgA production in the systemic compartment contributes to manifestations in the mouse that are highly analogous to human IgA nephropathy, the most common form of human glomerulonephritis worldwide. Over the long term, the extrapolation of mycotoxin-induced immunologic effects observed in inbred mice to actual disease in livestock and humans will require investigations that both simulate natural exposure conditions as well as improve understanding of the cellular and molecular bases for these effects among different species.
Asymptotic Normality of Poly-T Densities with Bayesian Applications.

A poiy-t density is a density wnicn is proportional to a product of at least two t-like factors, each of which is of the form where d is a positive number is an arbitrary location vector location vector and M is a symmetric semi-positive definite scale matrix. In generalM is a function of d. Such a density arises, for example, in the Bayesian analysis of a linear model with a normal error term, independent normal priors on the linear parameters and inverted-gamma priors on the variance components. A theorem about the asymptotic normality of the density as a subset of the individual d's tend to infinity is proved under very general conditions. A corollary specifically related to the Bayesian linear model is also given. Detailed results are illustrated in the familiar Bayesian multiple linear model with two variance components. The Tiao-Zellner expansion for approximating the particular poly-t form involving two proper multivariate t factors is extended to the case of two arbitrary t-like factors.
Accumulation of Organic Acids by HeLa Cells Infected with Type 4 Adenovirus.

SummaryFluids from cultures infected with type 4 adenovirus were markedly more acid than fluids from non-infected control cultures. The lowered pH of infected cultures resulted from an accumulation of lactic, pyruvic, acetic and alpha ketoglutaric acids. The acids were separated by chromatography on a celite column, and measured by colorimetric and acid-base titration technics. Confirmation of the identity of the organic acids was obtained by paper chromatography. Concomitant with the increased accumulation of acid in fluids of infected cultures, an increased utilization of glucose by cells of the virus-infected cultures occurred.
Capato, Art, and the Provision of Benefits to After-Born Children

In Astrue v. Capato ex rel B.N.C., the United State Supreme Court held that the twins conceived and born after their father’s death in that case were not entitled to Social Security benefits. While the decision might simply be thought to involve deference to an agency’s interpretation of a statute, the decision is nonetheless regrettable because the Court failed to take advantage of an opportunity to provide needed guidance on whether, why, or how Social Security benefits should be based on state intestacy laws in cases involving after-born, ART children. Such guidance would have been especially welcome considering that Congress when passing the Social Security Act did not have ART children in mind, and providing benefits to such children would have been in accord with some of the purposes behind the Act’s passage.
COMMODIFICATION AND THE FIGURE OF THE CASTRATO IN SMOLLETT'S HUMPHRY CLINKER

On 23 June 1826, Mary Shelley wrote to Charles Cowden Clarke, praising the last great castrato, Giovanni-Battista Velluti: "If he has not all the boasted energy of that vain creature man he has what is far better, a strength all his own, founded on the tenderness & sympathy he irrisistibly excites."1 Shelley's defence of Velluti is paradoxical, first, because castrati were reputed to be even more vain than men . But a second and deeper paradox resides in the strength that Shelley declares to be all Velluti' s own, since what is all his own is the response that he irresistibly arouses in others. Mary Shelley here presents a version of the opposition between man and eunuch that Peggy Kamuf has delineated in the story of Heloise and Abelard, an opposition between "boasted energy" and imaginative identification, "between the literal reduction of sexual desire to phallic potency and its figurai elevation to the beyond of the absent phallus."2 Mary Shelley uses the figure of the castrato in advancing a new model of masculinity, one based not on the full and fertile stability of phallic potency but rather on a conception of strength in which what is one's own depends wholly on others. In a novel published half a century earlier, another woman letter-writer, in this case a fictional one, likewise praises a castrato. In her letter of May 31 , Smollett's Lydia Melford writes of her visit to the pleasure gardens at Ranelagh: "There I heard the famous Tenducci, a thing from Italy It looks for all the world like a man, though they say it is not. The voice, to be sure, is neither man's nor woman's; but it is more melodious than either; and it warbled so divinely, that, while I listened, I really thought myself in paradise. "3 The terms of her praise of Tenducci's voice place Lydia Melford in a long tradition of the near deification of the castrato. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the translator of Charles Ancillon's Traite des Eunuques writes that the voice of the castrato Pauluccio "had all the Warblings and Turns of a Nightingal, but with only this difference, that it was much finer, and did not a
Coverage and connectivity in wireless networks

The limited energy resources, instability, and lacking central control in wireless networks motivates the study of connected dominating set (CDS) which serves as routing backbone to support service discovery, and area monitoring and also broadcasting. The construction of CDS involves both coverage and connectivity. We first study several problems related to coverage. Given are a set of nodes and targets in a plane, the problem Minimum Wireless Cover (MWC) seeks the fewest nodes to cover the targets. If all nodes are associated with some positive prices, the problem Cheapest Wireless Cover (CWC) seeks a cheapest set of nodes to cover the targets. If all nodes have bounded lives, the problem Max-Life Wireless Cover (MLWC) seeks a wireless coverage schedule of maximum life subject to the life constraints of individual nodes. We present a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) for MWC, and two randomized approximation algorithms for CWC and MLWC respectively. We also propose a (4+e)-approximation algorithm for the problem Minimum-Weighted Dominating Set in unit disk graphs. Meanwhile, for the connecting part, given a node-weighted connected graph and a subset of terminals, the problem Node-Weighted Steiner Tree (NWST) seeks a lightest tree connecting a given set of terminals in a node-weighted graph. We present three approximation algorithms for NWST restricted to UDGs. This dissertation also explores the applications of CDS, and develops efficient algorithms for the applications such as real-time aggregation scheduling in wireless networks. Given a set of periodic aggregation queries, each query has its own period, and the subset of source nodes containing the data, we first propose a family of efficient and effective real-time scheduling protocols that can answer every job of each query task within a relative delay under resource constraints by addressing the following tightly coupled tasks: routing, transmission plan constructions, node activity scheduling, and packet scheduling. Based on our protocol design, we further propose schedulability test schemes to efficiently and effectively test whether, for a set of queries, each query job can be finished within a finite delay.
Exciton formation and ionization revealed via ultrafast THz absorption dynamics

We demonstrate a high-sensitivity terahertz probe to study low-energy exciton dynamics and interplay of exciton and free carrier populations in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Formation, recombination, and ionization of excitons are studied from a novel perspective.
Acute Severe Aortic Regurgitation: Imaging with Pathological Correlation.

Context: Acute aortic regurgitation (AR) is an important finding associated with a wide variety of disease processes. Its timely diagnosis is of utmost importance. Delay in diagnosis could prove fatal. Case Report: We describe a case of acute severe AR that was timely diagnosed using real time three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiogram (3D TEE). Not only did it diagnose but also the images obtained by 3D TEE clearly matched with the pathologic specimen. Using this sophisticated imaging modality that is mostly available at the tertiary centers helped in the timely diagnosis, which lead to the optimal management saving his life. Conclusion: Echocardiography and especially 3D TEE can diagnose AR very accurately. Surgical intervention is the definitive treatment but medical therapy is utilized to stabilize the patient initially.
Properties of Dilute Solutions of 3 He in Liquid 4 He at Low Temperatures

Using an effective interaction or reaction matrix obtained from a modified Brueckner theory, various low-temperature properties are calculated or estimated for dilute solutions of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. The system is regarded as a low-density Fermi liquid with $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ quasiparticles created by $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. The single-particle energy spectrum is given by an effective mass, and an effective interaction between the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ quasiparticles is derived. The calculations are done for two different two-body potentials: an Yntema-Schneider potential given by Brueckner and Gammel, and a Frost-Musulin potential given by Bruch and McGee. The Landau $f$ function is estimated from the reaction matrix, and the coefficients of the expansion of the Landau $f$ function in terms of Legendre polynomials are calculated. The estimated values are in reasonably good agreement with experimental results. The exclusion-principle sum rule is also roughly satisfied by the lowest-order coefficients. Low-temperature properties, such as the compressibility, the quasiparticle effective mass or specific-heat ratio, and the magnetic susceptibility, are estimated; results are in fair agreement with experimental values. The various properties are also given as functions of the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ concentration in the solution, and the maximum solubility of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is estimated in good agreement with the experimental value. Also, transport coefficients - i. e., viscosity, thermal conductivity and spin diffusion - are estimated after identification of the reaction matrix with the scattering amplitude in the formulas developed by Abrikosov and Khalatnikov and by Hone. The agreement with experimental results is surprisingly good, considering that the results depend very much on the value chosen for the effective mass.
Locally-Optimized Covariance Kriging for Engineering Design Exploration

To alleviate computational challenges in uncertainty quantification and multidisciplinary design optimization, Kriging has gained its popularity due to its high accuracy and flexibility interpolating non-linear system responses with collected data. One of the benefits of using Kriging is the availability of expected mean square error along with a response prediction at any location of interest. However, a stationary covariance structure, as is the case with the typical Kriging methodology, used with data collected adaptively from an optimal data acquisition strategy will result in lower quality predictions across the entire sample space. In this paper, a Locally Optimized Covariance Kriging (LOC-Kriging) method is proposed to address the difficulties of building a Kriging model with unevenly distributed adaptive samples. In the proposed method, the global non-stationary covariance is approximated by constructing and aggregating multiple local stationary covariance structures. An optimization problem is formulated to find a minimum number of LOC windows and a membership weighting function is used to combine the LOC-Krigings across the entire domain. This paper will demonstrate that LOC-Kriging improves efficiency and provides more reliable predictions and estimated error bounds than a stationary covariance Kriging, especially with adaptively collected data.
The Evalution Study of the Effect for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Controlin Zhangqiu City During 1956 to 2007

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect for prevention and control of infectious diseases in Zhangqiu City from 1956 to 2007.METHODS Look through the relevant archives,organized the professional personnel investigate the finance in all levels of medical treatment units.According to the portfolio assessment through the city,township and village-level medical treatment units,calculate the economic loss in infectious diseases in-patient medical care,disability,death.RESULTS In total 52 years,we reduced the incidence of 137 645 cases,reducing 1 666 deaths,1 454 disabilities in Zhangqiu City in 1956—2007.Input and output ratio of 1:15.67,the absolute average annual output was 12 116 400 yuan.CONCLUSION Through a variety of comprehensive prevention and control measures,Zhangqiu City achieved notable social and economic benefits among 1956 to 2007.
Gel Chromatographic Properties of Human Prolactin Released from Decidua Tissue in Vitro

Human decidua tissue releases immunoactive prolactin into the medium upon incubation in vitro. The prolactin secreted is indistinguishable from pituitary prolactin in its binding and displacement characteristics, using two different antisera. By gel chromatographic criteria more than 90% of the prolactin is monomeric.
Neuronal Mechanisms and Voluntary Agency

Today, it is commonly believed neuroscience has revealed the brain to be a composition of neural mechanisms that, once activated by subpersonal causes, do everything, at least, naively thought to be done by human beings (e.g., piano playing, philosophising, decision-making, drawing conclusions from data, etc.); and/or produce all the relevant bodily changes, including neural changes, that occur whenever a human being ‘acts’, or ‘engages’ in an activity.
Community-based providers' selection of practices for children and adolescents with comorbid mental health problems

The goal of this study is to explore providers’ patterns of implementation by investigating how community mental health providers selected therapy practice modules from a flexible, modular evidence-based treatment working with youths with comorbid mental health problems. Data were obtained from 57 youths, 5–15 years old, presenting with anxiety, depressive, and/or conduct problems and their 27 providers during their participation in an effectiveness trial involving a modular evidence-based treatment. Although all youths evidenced clinically elevated symptomatology in at least two problem areas, providers targeted youths’ comorbid problems with only about half of their study cases. Practice modules indicated for youths’ comorbid problems were typically used less frequently and with less depth relative to practice modules indicated for youths’ principal clinical problem and were often transdiagnostic in nature (i.e., designed to target more than one problem area). To determine whether providers’ decisions t...
POLYGLOT: Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling with Unified Labels.

Semantic role labeling (SRL) identifies the predicate-argument structure in text with semantic labels. It plays a key role in understanding natural language. In this paper, we present POLYGLOT, a multilingual semantic role labeling system capable of semantically parsing sentences in 9 different languages from 4 different language groups. The core of POLYGLOT are SRL models for individual languages trained with automatically generated Proposition Banks (Akbik et al., 2015). The key feature of the system is that it treats the semantic labels of the English Proposition Bank as “universal semantic labels”: Given a sentence in any of the supported languages, POLYGLOT applies the corresponding SRL and predicts English PropBank frame and role annotation. The results are then visualized to facilitate the understanding of multilingual SRL with this unified semantic representation.
Glutamate transport driven by an electrochemical gradient of sodium ion in membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli B.

Membrane vesicles prepared from E. coli B strain 29–78 require Na+ for the accumulation of glutamate. Respiratory-driven transport of glutamate but not lysine is sensitive to the ionophore monensin. An artificially-imposed sodium gradient and/or membrane potential drives glutamate uptake. These results suggest that glutamate is accumulated via a Na+/glutamate symport.