cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxicities of mitomycin C and x rays to aerobic and hypoxic cells in vitro.

Abstract Aerobic and hypoxic EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells in exponential growth in vitro were used to study cell survival after treatment with radiation (250kV X rays) and mitomycin C in various combinations. The cytotoxicities of the two agents were found to be additive as judged by comparing dose-response curves for each agent alone with survival curves after combination therapy and by isobologram analysis. The cytotoxicities resulting from combination treatments were found to be independent of the sequence of the treatments or the interval between treatments.
Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness

A distinction is drawn between non-conscious (unexperienced), conscious (experienced), and meta-conscious (re-represented) mental processes. There is evidence for two types of dissociations between consciousness and meta-consciousness, the latter being defined as the intermittent explicit re-representation of the contents of consciousness. Temporal dissociations occur when an individual, who previously lacked meta-consciousness about the contents of consciousness, directs meta-consciousness towards those contents; for example, catching one's mind wandering during reading. Once meta-consciousness is triggered, translation dissociations can occur if the re-representation process misrepresents the original experience, such as when one verbally reflects on non-verbal experiences or takes stock of subtle or ambiguous experiences.
Dosimetric characteristics of the DRAXIMAGE model LS-1 I-125 interstitial brachytherapy source design: A Monte Carlo investigation

(Received 5 June 2001; accepted for publication 26 December 2001; published 19 March 2002) We have used Monte Carlo photon transport simulations to evaluate dosimetric characteristics of a new 125I seed, the DRAXIMAGE BrachySeed (model LS-1) source for interstitial brachytherapy and to calculate the dosimetric parameters recommended by the AAPM Task Group 43 (TG-43). To eliminate thick end welds, preformed closed-ended Ti shells are welded together near the transverse plane. The radioactivity is localized near the seed ends in order to maximize isotropy at typical prescription distances. Transmission radiography reveals that its internal components can move by as much as 200 microm under the influence of gravitational forces affecting the dose-rate constant and relative dose distribution by as much as 5% and 10%, respectively. However, the clinical dose distribution can be well represented by a weighted average of dose distributions corresponding to three different orientation-dependent internal geometry configurations. This average dose distribution agrees closely (within 1% at 1 cm) with that derived from the geometry specified by the vendor model (seed components uniformly spaced), from which the recommended relative dosimetry parameters were derived. An average dose-rate constant of 0.935 cGy h(-1) U(-1) is recommended for clinical application and values of 0.919, 0.963, and 0.920 for vertical orientation, horizontal orientation, and the vendor specified geometries, respectively. The NIST wide-angle free-air chamber realization of the air-kerma strength primary standard, SKN99, was explicitly simulated. We show that the output of Ag characteristic x rays is about half that of the model 6711 source resulting in a relative dose distribution between that of the model 6711 source and pure 125I x-ray emitters. Finally, it is demonstrated that the TG-43 point-source formalism more accurately estimates solid-angle weighted dose at small distances if one uses a radial dose function data prepared using a point-source, rather than line-source, geometry factor.
Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: delayed effects of multimodality therapy and implications for current management.

Background. The combined modalities of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have greatly improved the survival rate in childhood paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma, but the incidence of complications and late side effects is a cause for concern. Methods. We reviewed the records of 18 patients treated for paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1962 and 1989. Patients with Group I disease were treated with orchiectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and multiagent chemotherapy; more advanced cases also received radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy. Results. Sequelae included esophageal and common bile duct stricture, inguinal nerve entrapment syndrome, and small bowel obstruction. Short stature was found in all children whose spines were irradiated via para-aortic fields (34–37 Gy) prior to puberty. Two of 18 patients died from treatment complications and one from progressive disease. Conclusions. Multimodality treatment offers an excellent prognosis in paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma, but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. A discussion of therapy components and their application to disease stages suggests possible approaches to optimizing treatment for this therapy-sensitive malignancy.
The Sabbath in Fiji as Guerrilla Theatre

L'A. interprete les obstacles a la celebration du dimanche et le schisme consecutif provoque dans l'Eglise methodiste comme des representations culturelles du drame social entourant les coups d'Etat militaires de 1987 aux iles Fidji. Il met l'accent sur la tentative des methodistes schismatiques pour restaurer un christianisme neuf sur leur ile. La celebration du dimanche representee comme un theâtre de guerilla est le lieu dans lequel les methodistes ont fait l'experience de la realite sociale ainsi que d'une vision religieuse unifiee
Implementing the IEEE code of ethics

On November 18, 1977, in San Diego, the IEEE Board of Directors (BOD) heard presentations on two different proposals for setting up procedures to implement the IEEE Code of Ethics. The BOD discussed the proposals at some length and then voted 15–5 to table the matter.
Molecular interaction studies of hemostasis: fibrinogen ligand-human platelet receptor interactions.

Abstract The interactions between fibrinogen ligands and platelet receptor αIIbβ3 were studied under physiological conditions by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two linear peptide sequences in fibrinogen, RGD and HHLGGAKQ AGD V, play central roles in the regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis by facilitating adhesion and aggregation of platelets. In order to measure the interactions (i.e., debonding force), oligopeptides, GSSSGaaa, where aaa is - RGD SPA or -HHLGGAKQ AGD V, were synthesized and grafted on to the surface of AFM probe tips. The interaction forces between a peptide-modified AFM probe tip and platelet surface were determined from pN to nN levels using AFM force measurements. Our results show that the zero kinetic off-rate, Koff(0), for RGDSPA is significantly smaller than that for HHLGGAKQ AGD V, under the consideration of flexible receptor surfaces. From our analysis, the Koff(0), the single molecular binding energy Eb, and the transition state xb, were extracted from the data, and estimated to be 1.53 s−1, −2.64×10−20 J and 1.03 A for the RGD–αIIbβ3 system, and 47.58 s−1, 2.67×10−20, 1.09 A for the HHLGGAKQAGDV–αIIbβ3 system, respectively.
Electron linac based mixed-field transmutation of 129I

Abstract The goal of this work was to determine the feasibility of using electron linacs for transmutation of selective long-lived fission products (LLFPs), particularly 129I. We have designed a converter system that produces both photons and neutrons, thus creating a mixed radiation field. The strength of the field depends on electron beam energy and current, as well as the converter material and geometry. The converter was optimized to maximize transmutation rate of 129I via two channels: 129I(γ,n)128I and 129I(n,γ)130I. The optimum electron beam energy was found to be around 100 MeV. Computer simulations were benchmarked by experimental data on 133Cs (129I surrogate) photon-induced and neutron-induced transmutation rates. While further optimization of the system is necessary, we have demonstrated that accelerator-driven photonuclear reactions can be practical for 129I transmutation.
Comparison of Combined Venous and Arterial Thrombolysis with Primary Arterial Therapy Using Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective We sought to compare the safety and efficacy of combined intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis with primary IA therapy using tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke presenting within 6 hours of symptom onset. Methods We performed quasirandomization of a single institution's prospectively collected stroke database, comparing IV/IA (0.6 mg/kg IV ≤ 60 mg, followed by 0.3 mg/kg IA ≤ 30 mg) versus primary IA. Outcome measures include 90-day modified Rankin scale score, mortality, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and recanalization rates. Statistical analysis was performed using bivariate and propensity score methods. Results Of 1057 patients, 41 patients were treated with IV/IA, and 55 with IA. There was significant difference in time to treatment (mean of 151 minutes for the combined group and 261 minutes for the IA, P v 22.8 mg for IA only, P = .05). Propensity score matching yielded 25 patients in each group. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage rate was 12% in each group. Mortality was 20% in the IV/IA group versus 16% in the IA group (relative risk 1.3 [0.4-4.1], P = .7). More patients in IV/IA group had modified Rankin scale score less than or equal to 2 (odds ratio 1.6 [0.5-5.8], P = .3). Recanalization was 64% with IV/IA versus 48% with IA (odds ratio 1.9 [0.5-7.0], P = .3). Conclusion This study demonstrates that both combined IV/IA and primary IA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy is feasible and safe in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Combined IV/IA therapy may be associated with an improvement in clinical outcome without a significant increase in the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and mortality compared with IA therapy.
Correction of coagulopathy in warfarin associated cerebral hemorrhage.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Warfarin is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant. Intracranial hemorrhage is the most serious complication of anticoagulation and the anticoagulant effect of warfarin has to be urgently reversed in this situation. Traditional methods of reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin involving the use of vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma are slow and relatively ineffective and there is a need for alternative treatment approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Agents such as prothrombin complex conjugates and recombinant activated factor VII are being increasingly used to emergently correct warfarin-associated coagulopathy. Over the last decade, several small case series have suggested that these agents may lead to more rapid correction of the INR, however, improved clinical outcome is yet to be proven. A recent small prospective trial has also demonstrated the safety of a prothrombin complex conjugate and its efficacy in rapidly correcting an elevated INR in these patients. SUMMARY There is a need for well designed randomized clinical trials aimed at evaluating the efficacy of these agents in improving the outcome of patients with anticoagulant associated intracranial hemorrhage.
Using process central limit theorems in analyzing simulation output

In this article, we focus on two questions of ral importance when an estimate is desired for steady-state mean of a simulatin output once, Yi, i = 1,2...,n. This unknown meter of the system being studied is denoted.
Microscopic and crystallographic aspects of retained omega phase in shock-loaded zirconium and its formation mechanism

Abstract The α→ω phase transformation products in shock-loaded pure Zr have been investigated. A portion of the ω phase is retained as a metastable phase after the pressure release. The orientation relationship (0001)α//(101l)ω and [1010]α//[112 3]ω observed between the two phases differs from those previously reported in Zr. Based on this orientation relationship a new transformation mechanism is proposed. The defect structures observed in the retained ω phase are in good agreement with those predicted according to the new mechanism.
Perception of global climate change as a mediator of the effects of major and religious affiliation on college students’ environmentally responsible behavior

Previous research has shown a reliable association between environmental education and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). Research has also shown that aspects of religion were associated with ERB. However, the mechanisms of associations are unclear. This study builds on previous research addressing the relationship between student major, religious affiliation, and ERB in two important ways. First, we tested the role of global climate change (GCC) perceptions as a mediating variable in the relationship between major and ERB, and between religious affiliation and ERB. Second, we developed a new measure of ERB focusing on impacts to natural resources. Student major was found to be a significant predictor of participation in ERB, as was religious affiliation. Student major and religious affiliation were also found to be significant predictors of GCC perceptions. The effect of major and religious affiliation on ERB was both mediated by GCC perceptions.
General methods for the preparation of deuterium and tritium‐labelled phenethylamines and phenethanollamines: Synthesis of radioactive 6‐hydroxydopamine

A convenient synthetic method for preparation of phenethylamines and phenethanolamines labeled with deuterium or tritium has been developed. A substituted benzaldedyde is condensed with nitromethane or nitroethane and the resultant nitrostyrene is reduced with sodium borotritide or borodeuteride. Subsequent reduction of the nitro-group and removal of blocking groups yields a phenethylamine or an a-methylphenethylamine containing a tritium or deuterium in the benzylic position. Condensation of the substituted benzaldehyde with nitromethane or nitroethane at low temperature yields a nitroalcohol which is oxidized to a ketone with Jones reagent. Reduction with sodium borotritide or borodeuteride and subsequent reduation of the nitro-group and removal of blocking groups yields a phenethanolamine or α-methylphenethanolamine labeled in the bensylic position. Preparation of deutero- and/or tritio-labeled 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine (6-hydroxydopamine). α-methyl-6-hydroxydopamine, α-methyl-p-tyramine, β-phenethanolamine. 2-hydroxyphenethanolamine and α-methyl-4-benzyloxyphenethanolamine is described.
The GnRH promoter: Target of transcription factors, hormones, and signaling pathways

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is essential for normal reproductive maturation and function. We present a review of the known mechanisms of hypothalamic GnRH transcriptional control through the conserved GnRH promoter. Understanding this promoter region will allow us to comprehend better the complexities of the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis.
Stratification in a Small Town

A 5 PER CENT sample of a small town in Illinois (population 1,100) was stratified by using the subjective, reputational, and objective approaches. A rank order correlation test was made on the rankings resulting from these approaches. On the basis of the three concordances found, a fourth ranking was evolved which is offered as a model of procedure for ranking communities of this type. It was found that in using the subjective approach, respondents need to be given categories to choose from in ranking themselves.
Short-term outcome after total elbow arthroplasty in dogs with severe, naturally occurring osteoarthritis.

Objective— To evaluate limb function in client-owned dogs before and after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) for severe, naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA). Study Design— Prospective clinical evaluation comparing limb function before and after surgery. Animals— Twenty adult, large breed dogs with elbow OA. Methods— Physical, radiographic, and force platform gait examinations were performed on all dogs before surgery. TEA was performed, and examinations were repeated at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Pre- and postoperative findings were compared. Results— TEA led to a satisfactory outcome in 16 dogs. In dogs with a satisfactory outcome, function in the operated limb increased over time, with mean peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) 1 year after surgery being nearly twice the presurgical value. Serious complications encountered included infection (n = 2), luxation (n = 1), and fracture of the humeral condyle (n = 1). Conclusions— Although TEA, as presented, has significant limitations, it can be successfully performed in dogs with naturally occurring elbow OA. Improvements in technique and implant design should lead to improved prognosis. Clinical Relevance— Based on 1-year data, TEA can be successfully performed in dogs and should be considered as a treatment alternative for adult dogs with lameness from severe OA of the elbow joint.
Susceptibility of Microsomal Membranes Isolated from Bell Pepper Fruit to Peroxidative Challenge at Different Temperatures

Summary Stress response in plant tissue has been associated with lipid peroxidation via a free-radical mechanism, but the susceptibility of membrane lipids in microsomal fractions to oxidative stress has not been clearly delineated. Microsomal membranes isolated from fruit of bell pepper ( Capsicum annum L.) were subjected to five challenge conditions [Fe 2+ -ascorbate, xanthine oxidase, LOX with and without PLA 2 , and PLA 2 ] at three temperatures (6, 21, and 37 °C) and analyzed at 30-min intervals during a 2-hour incubation to determine the effect of temperature and treatment on peroxidation as measured by TBA-RS and conjugated dienes. Higher temperatures resulted in increased peroxidation in the four enzymic systems. The source of free-radical initiation was a greater factor in response of the microsomes to peroxidative stress than the effect of temperature. The results suggest that different peroxidative mechanisms occur during in vitro challenge of membranes depending on the initiating system selected, thus making comparative studies on susceptibility to peroxidative attack difficult to interpret.
Genetics of Chickpea Resistance to Five Races of Fusarium Wilt and a Concise Set of Race Differentials for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris

Sharma, K. D., Chen, W., and Muehlbauer, F. J. 2005. Genetics of chickpea resistance to five races of Fusarium wilt and a concise set of race differentials for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Plant Dis. 89:385-390. Genetics of resistance in chickpea accession WR-315 to Fusarium wilt was investigated, and a concise set of differentials was developed to identify races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. A population of 100 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross of WR-315 (resistant) and C-104 (susceptible) was used to study genetics of resistance to races 1A, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, and a population of 26 F2 plants from a cross between the same two parents was used to study inheritance of resistance to race 2. Segregations of the RILs for resistance to each of the five races suggest that single genes in WR-315 govern resistance to each of the five races. A 1:3 resistant to susceptible ratio in the F2 population indicated that resistance in WR-315 to race 2 was governed by a single recessive gene. A race-specific slow disease progress reaction was observed in chickpea line FLIP84-92C(3) to infection by race 2, a phenomenon termed as slow wilting, that is different from previously reported late wilting with respect to latent period, disease progress rate, and final disease rating. Twenty-nine germ plasm lines (27 Cicer arietinum and two C. reticulatum) including previously used differentials were evaluated for their reactions to infection by the five races. Only eight of the 29 germ plasm lines differentiated at least one of the five races based on either resistant or susceptible reactions, whereas the remaining germ plasm lines were either susceptible or resistant to all five races or differentiated them by intermediate reactions. A concise set of eight chickpea lines comprised of four genotypes and four F7 RILs with vertical resistance was developed as differentials for race identification in F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. These differential lines were characterized by early appearance of wilt symptoms, and clear and consistent disease phenotypes based on no wilt or 100% wilt incidence, which offers important improvements over previously available differential sets and provides more precise and unambiguous identification of the races.
Comparison of colonization and infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterrococcus assessed by a computerized system and active surveillance on an inpatient rehabilitation unit

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: A new computerized system which recognizes patients with a history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterrococcus (VRE) resulted in many more patients requiring contact isolation (CI) in the inpatient rehabilitation unit. Although private rooms are required for CI, patients were free to participate in group activities on the unit. The change in recognition of MRSA/VRE patients led to problems with patient access to the rehabilitation program. Our objective was to compare the computerized list of CI patients with active surveillance culturing and to assess the impact of limited use of CI to contain MRSA/VRE. METHODS: From November 2003 through March 2004, surveillance cultures from patients' anterior nares and rectum were obtained on admission and discharge from the rehabilitation unit. Patients were placed on CI only if they had an active infection with MRSA/VRE. Patients with a history of MRSA/VRE, or those currently colonized, but without active infection were not placed on CI. Hand hygiene was encouraged, and patient education about hand hygiene was provided. The number of patients with MRSA and VRE identified by the computer system was compared with surveillance cultures, and the rates of infection and colonization with MRSA/VRE were monitored. RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of MRSA/VRE patients were identified by active surveillance but lacked a history of these organisms in the computer system. Both the computer system and surveillance cultures identified 26% of MRSA/VRE patients. The computer identified 14% of patients who had negative admission cultures. There was no significant increase in MRSA/VRE infection during the study period. Twenty-three of 369 patients had negative admission cultures followed by positive discharge cultures for MRSA/VRE colonization. CONCLUSIONS: Current colonization with MRSA/VRE is more accurately identified by active surveillance than a computerized system which relies on patients' laboratory history. Restriction of CI to patients with active MRSA/VRE infection did not result in increased rates of infection with MRSA/VRE, but may have been correlated with transmission of colonization. Relaxation of CI for colonized patients appears to be a safe practice in the rehabilitation setting and allows more patients access to services.
The moduli space of Enriques surfaces and the fake monster Lie superalgebra

Abstract We show that the moduli space of complex Enriques surfaces is an affine variety with a copy of the affine line removed. We do this by using the denominator function of a generalized Kac-Moody superalgebra (associated with superstrings on a 10-dimensional torus) to construct a non-vanishing section of an ample line bundle on the moduli space.
Modeling of a Seismic Isolation Block

Abstract : In the testing of the third generation of inertial guidance components one of the unknowns that will plague the test engineer will be seismic isolation. To partially solve this problem the Guidance and Control Laboratory at the USAF Academy has a very large seismic isolation block suspended on a set of twenty pneumatic cylinders. This paper develops a model for that seismic isolation block which describes the motion of the block and the effects of pad unbalance, pneumatic cylinder damping, cylinder spacing and spring points of action on the natural frequencies, damping ratios and cross coupling of the modes of vibration.
Tuning the color emission of thin film molecular organic light emitting devices by the solid state solvation effect

Abstract We demonstrate a general method for tuning the luminescent emission spectrum of dipolar molecules by adjusting the strength of intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions using a doped guest–host molecular organic thin film system. Spectral shifting is achieved by introducing dopants that change the local electric field in the film. This `solid state solvation effect' is used to continuously tune, by up to 75 nm, the peak emission wavelength of organic light emitting devices consisting of triarylamine host materials doped with polar luminescent dyes DCM2, aluminum tris (8-hydroxyquinoline), or both. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and white emission is demonstrated with the same set of organic molecules.
SU‐GG‐J‐67: Evaluating Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a New Design of Phantom: Validation with Fast Megavoltage Fluoroscopic Imaging

Purpose: To devlope a reliable and economic phantom for motion management study and investigate its feasibility in evaluating dynamic MRI. Method and Materials: Experiments was performed using an in‐house developed phantom that consists of a platform, a low‐elastic thread and a motion phantom driven by a motor in various modes. A small cylinder object was placed on the platform as an imaging object. The design allows metallic motor to be away from the MRIscanner and thereby immunizes the interferences between them. To test its reproducibility, the phantom was setup separately for three times and imaged using fluoroscopy with the same motion mode with an amplitude of 18mm and a period of 5 seconds. An EPIDdetector was used for fluoroscopy with a high temporal resolution (8 frames/second). Because of free of distortion and fast imaging,fluoroscopy is considered as reference. After this, the phantom was tested with MRI and fluoroscopy with five different motion modes, each with a different period from 4–6 seconds and amplitude from 16–20mm. MRimages were acquired on a 1.5T GEscanner with the sequence of FIESTA, (flip angle 50°, matrix 198×128, FOV 30cm, TR 3.2ms, TE 1.0ms, slice thickness 5mm, 2.5 frames/second). Results: The reproducibility test shows consistent agreement among the three measurements. A quantitative analysis yields an average standard deviation (SD) of trajectory profiles of 0.28mm, ∼1.5% of the amplitude. Comparison between MRI and fluoroscopy for five different modes shows that the trajectory profiles by MRI are generally consistent with references. The discrepancies measured by average SDs are from 0.31–0.5mm, relatively small compared with amplitudes from 16–20mm. Conclusion: A reliable and economic motion phantom is developed and successfully used to evaluate dynamic MRI. As a general tool, the phantom can be used to assess motion management of other modalities including 4DCT and PET.
Potential for Intrinsic Bioremediation of a DNT‐Contaminated Aquifer

Microorganisms indigenous to a shallow aquifer, which underlies an explosives-contaminated site, mineralized 28% of [U-ring-{sup 14}C]2,4-dinitrotoluene to {sup 14}CO{sub 2} within 28 days under aerobic conditions. Approximately 20% of added 2,4-dinitrotoluene remained undegraded at the end of the incubation while approximately 22% and 6% were transformed to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, respectively. In aquifer microcosms containing 2,6-dinitrotoluene, approximately 67% of the substrate remained undegraded and approximately 14% was transformed to 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene. The radiolabeled study indicated that about 8% of the 2,6-dinotrotoluene was mineralized to CO{sub 2}. The demonstrated degradation and subsequent mineralization of dinitrotoluene compounds by aquifer microorganisms are consistent with the decline in dissolved dinitrotoluene concentrations observed along the general ground-water flowpath at the site. The results indicate that intrinsic bioremediation may be a viable alternative for remediating contaminated ground water at this site.
Classical fields and quantum time-evolution in the Aharonov-Bohm effect

Abstract I display, by explicit construction, an account of the Aharonov–Bohm effect that employs only locally operative electrodynamical field strengths. The terms in the account are the components of the magnetic field of the solenoid at the location of electron, and even though the total field vanishes there, the components do not. That such a construction can be carried out demonstrates at least that whatever virtues they have for understanding and constructing new field theories, gauge fields in general make no metaphysical demands, and commit us to no novel ontology. I reflect on the significance of this for our understanding of quantum time-evolution and conclude that we should think of quantized matter as interacting individually with the other matter in the systems of which it is a part.
NMR Study Suggests a Major Role for Arg111 in Maintaining the Structure and Dynamical Properties of Type II Human Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein

The solution structure of a site-directed mutant of type-II human cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABPII) with Arg111 replaced by methionine (R111M) has been determined by NMR spectroscopy...
Effect of molecular weight distribution on viscosity of polymeric fluids

Bueche's theory is modified to account for the effect of polydispersity on viscosity of polymeric fluids. Results indicate that the ratio of weight-average to number-average molecular weight, 〈Mw/Mn〉, though a common measure of polydispersity, is insufficient to account completely for the effect of polydispersity on viscosity.
Identification of a Sec4p GTPase-activating Protein (GAP) as a Novel Member of a Rab GAP Family

A yeast open reading frame sharing homology with the two known yeast Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), Gyp6p and Gyp7p, was found in a data base search. We have named the gene containing this open reading frame GYP1. Recombinant Gyp1p showed GAP activity on Sec4p, increasing both its steady-state rate and single turnover GTPase activity. Gyp1p also stimulated the GTPase activity of several other yeast Rab proteins including Ypt1p, Ypt7p, and Ypt51p but showed no GAP activity on Ypt6p and Ypt32p. Deletion of the GYP1 gene or overexpression of Gyp1p did not alter the growth rate of yeast. However, overexpression of Gyp1p was inhibitory in combination with a subset of secretory mutants including sec4-8 and several ypt1 mutants. This effect is probably due to the increase in GAP activity, which can be observed in a lysate from cells overexpressing Gyp1p. The finding that yeast Rab GAPs share homology with proteins in other species, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and human, suggests the existence of a conserved Rab GAP family.
Beyond flowering time: pleiotropic function of the maize flowering hormone florigen.

The transition from vegetative to reproductive development is a critical turning point in a plant's life cycle. It is now widely accepted that a leaf-borne signal, florigen, moves via the phloem from leaves to the shoot apical meristem to trigger its reprogramming to produce flowers.1 In part, the florigenic signal comprises a protein that belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family that is present in all living organisms but displays diverse functions. The founding floral-promoting PEBP gene in Arabidopsis is FLOWERING LOOCUS T (FT) whose functional homologs have been indentified in many flowering plants. We recently accumulated sufficient evidence to demonstrate the maize FT homolog ZCN8 has florigenic function. This task was particularly challenging due to the large number of FT-homologous genes in the maize genome. Here we show that ZCN8 function is more complex than simply regulating the floral transition. ZCN8 appears to play a pleiotropic role in the regulation of generalized growth of vegetative and reproductive tissues.
The Crucial Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Weight Management and Functional Improvement for Seniors

Exercise and daily physical activity play a critical role in weight management and are the greatest determinants of weight maintenance following weight loss. Physicians and other qualified health care professionals should provide their patients with an exercise prescription that takes into consideration the individual's previous level of activity, interests, time constraints, and physical impairments. Exercise programs for elderly patients who are obese can incorporate aerobic, flexibility, strengthening, and balance exercises and should be designed to improve function. The incorporation of lifestyle activity to a weight-loss program can be an alternative or adjunct to more structured, continuous forms of exercise. It is essential that health care professionals consistently intervene when dealing with individuals who have overweight to prevent weight progression to the level of obesity.
Synthesis and characterization of thermally rearranged (TR) polymers: effect of glass transition temperature of aromatic poly(hydroxyimide) precursors on TR process and gas permeation properties

Soluble aromatic polyimides containing ortho-positioned hydroxy groups were synthesized as precursors for thermal rearrangement (TR) to polybenzoxazoles (PBOs). Fully imidized polyimides with high-molecular-weights were afforded via a ‘one-pot’ solution imidization technique (i.e., ester-acid method). The poly(hydroxyimide)s were designed to vary in their glass transition temperatures (Tg) by carefully selecting dianhydride–bisaminophenol combinations to introduce various levels of chain rigidity. TR conversion (imide-to-benzoxazole conversion) occurred in solid-state films only under inert atmosphere and over a temperature range of 300–450 °C, depending on the chemical structure (chain rigidity) of precursors. The effect of the precursor Tg on TR conversion was studied using TGA, DSC, FTIR and gel fraction measurements. The TR conversion temperature of imide-to-benzoxazole rearrangement strongly depended on the precursor Tg. Thus, for example, the feasible TR temperature was successfully reduced by ∼100 °C by lowering the precursor Tg by using a bisphenol A type dianhydride in the polymer synthesis. Gas permeation properties of representative TR systems are also reported. The TR process significantly increased gas permeabilities while maintaining good selectivities. By correlating the TR conversion degree with gas transport properties, there appears to be an optimal TR conversion degree that can maximize both gas permeability and selectivity. Systematic studies on TR polymers derived from low Tg precursors were suggested to further explore this correlation.
Global Optimization of Adsorbate–Surface Structures While Preserving Molecular Identity

As the complexity of atomistic simulations in catalysis and surface science increases, the challenge of manually finding the lowest-energy adsorbate–surface geometries grows significantly. In the current work, a global optimization approach that preserves adsorbate identity is applied to enable the automated search for optimized binding geometries. This technique is based on the minima hopping method developed by Goedecker, but is modified to preserve the molecular identity of adsorbates by the application of a new class of Hookean constraints. These constraints are completely inactive when the adsorbate identity is preserved, but act to restore the adsorbate structure via a Hookean force when the bond length exceeds a threshold distance. Additionally, a related Hookean constraint has been developed to prevent adsorbates (particularly such adsorbates as CO and CH2O that have stable gas-phase forms) from volatilizing during the molecular dynamics portion of the minima hopping technique. This combination, referred to herein as the constrained minima hopping method, was tested for its suitability in finding the minimum-energy binding configuration for a set of 17 C x H y O z adsorbates on a stepped Cu fcc(211) surface and in all cases found the global minima in comparable or fewer steps than the previous brute force methodologies. It is expected that methods such as this will be crucial to finding low-energy states in more complex systems, such as those with high coverages of adsorbed species or in the presence of explicit solvent molecules.
The interaction of bisulfite and its free radical analog-nitroxyldisulfonate with periodic acid-oxidized lymphocytes and their effect on blastogenesis.

Summary Nitroxyldisulfonate [Fremy's salt; (KSO 3 ) 2 NO] and bisulfite (NaHSO 3 ) have abolished periodic acid (H 5 IO 6 )-induced blastogenesis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL), but only inhibited the blastogenic response of H 5 IO 6 -oxidized rat and mouse lymphocytes, as determined by the rates of nucleic acids synthesis, BrdUrd incorporation and by cell numbers in S + G 2 + M phases of the cell cycle. The viability of the intact human, rat and mouse lymphocytes remained essentially unimpaired by 30 min pulses of 1 mM Fremy's salt or bisulfite. The marked inhibition of periodic acidinduced blastogenesis, exerted by Fremy's salt and by bisulfite, was attributed to the effect of the corresponding carbonyl addition derivatives formed in situ of the oxidized cell membranes. Consequently, it is concluded that Fremy's salt like bisulfite possibly forms addition derivatives with membrane carbonyls of viable target cells.
Vibrational spectral studies of the molecular adducts of SbCl3, SbBr3, BiCl3, BiBr3, ZnCl2, CdCl2 and HgCl2 with tetramethylene sulfoxide

Abstract The complexes SbCl 3 (TMSO) 2 , SbBr 3 (TMSO) 2 , BiCl 3 (TMSO) 3 , BiBr 3 (TMSO) 3 , ZnCl 2 (TMSO) 2·5 , CdCl 2 (TMSO) 1·5 , CdCl 2 (TMSO), and HgCl 2 (TMSO) 1·5 (TMSO = tetramethylene sulfoxide) have been prepared and investigated spectroscopically. The near and far i.r. and Raman assignments for the solids are discussed with emphasis on the metal-halogen and metal-oxygen vibrations. All molecules are shown to be coordinated through the oxygen, as indicated by the ligand frequency shifts to lower frequencies. Structure considerations for the solid-state species are discussed.
Facilitating Teacher Assistance Teams: Key Questions:

This article describes a problem-solving model that principals can use to lead teacher assistance teams (TATs) in their efforts to design and implement successful interventions for students who are at risk of academic failure. Critical questions that principals should ask to successfully lead TATs through the problem-solving process are identified and discussed.
Pediatric Sports Elbow Injuries

Elbow injuries in the pediatric and adolescent population represent a spectrum of pathology that can be categorized as medial tension injuries, lateral compression injuries, and posterior shear injuries. Early and accurate diagnosis can improve outcomes for both nonoperative and operative treatments. Prevention strategies are important to help reduce the increasing incidence of elbow injuries in youth athletes.
Diagenetic changes in the elemental composition of unrecrystallized mollusk shells

Abstract The Mg, Sr, Mn, Fe, Na and K contents were determined for 230 apparently unrecrystallized mollusk shells (gastropods and bivalves) ranging in age from late Cretaceous to Holocene. Consistent differences between the Holocene and fossil shells with respect to concentrations of all these elements are attributed to postburial diagenetic changes. Fossil-Holocene shell comparisons are made on the intergeneric level, a more severe test of compositional differences than was previous work involved with few species. The observed differences re-emphasize the need for extreme caution in the use of the many geochemical tools which assume that no compositional changes have taken place prior to recrystallization of calcareous materials.
Streambank erosion associated with grazing practices in Central Kentucky

Research into the effects of cattle grazing on stream health has been well documented in the western portion of the United States, but is lacking in the east. Western researchers have estimated that 80% of the damage incurred by stream and riparian systems in these arid environments was from grazing livestock. Stream and riparian damage resulting from grazing includes alterations in watershed hydrology, changes to stream morphology, soil compaction and erosion, destruction of vegetation, and water quality impairments. The objective of this project was to provide the agricultural community with a better understanding of the impacts of cattle grazing on stream bank erosion so as to enhance current cattle production methods on farms in the humid region of the U.S. The project site, located on the University of Kentucky’s Animal Research Center, consisted of two replications of three treatments: control, selected BMPs with free access to the stream, and selected BMPs with limited access to the stream. Fifty permanent cross sections were established throughout the project site. Over a two year period, 18 surveys were conducted using conventional surveying techniques. Changes in stream cross sectional area were used to quantify soil loss or gain associated with the different treatment levels Results from this project indicated that streambank erosion can be minimized though the incorporation on a BMP system (with or without a fenced riparian area). In the absence of a protected riparian zone, grazing managers should modify their practices to minimize cattle activity (i.e. flash grazing, no grazing), and associated erosion along streambanks, during periods characterized by higher flows and/or hot humid conditions.
Use of Spelling-to-Sound Rules in Reading

The present study investigated the use of spelling-to-sound rules by second-graders, fifth-graders, and adults in the reading of novel words. Specifically, the study was concerned with the pronunciation of the vowel of monosyllabic synthetic words. Two classes of rules were studied: context-free rules, in which the pronunciation of a single-letter vowel or vowel digraph is invariant across context, and context-sensitive rules, in which the pronunciation of the vowel is dependent upon subsequent letters of the word. The performance of children and adults on the context-free stimuli indicated that beginning as well as mature readers make use of spelling-to-sound correspondence rules in the pronunciation of novel words and that the tendency to use such rules increases with age. The context-sensitive rules were not generally used; subjects tended to give the most common pronunciation for a vowel regardless of context. However, when a pronunciation other than the most common one was used for a vowel, it tended...
Becoming a Marketing Academician: A Strategic Career Planning Seminar for Doctoral Students

Marketing Ph.D. students need to know more than the literature and research methods of the discipline; they also need to know how the discipline works. This article discusses a doctoral course that facilitates the transition from doctoral student to assistant professor.
Polymers from 12 α‐hydroxymethylabiet‐7,8‐enoic acid and vinyl 12 α‐hydroxymethylabiet‐7,8‐enoate

12 α-Hydroxymethylabiet-7,8-enoic acid has been homopolymerized by melt condensation, and a partially crystalline polyester has been obtained. Vinyl 12 α-hydroxymethylabiet-7,8-enoate has been prepared from 12 α-hydroxymethylabiet-7,8-enoic acid by vinyl interchange with vinyl acetate and has been homopolymerized, copolymerized with vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, butadiene, and acrylonitrile, and terpolymerized with styrene and acrylonitrile. Polymers thus obtained have been characterized.
A Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Ocean Model. Part I: Well-Posedness and Scaling

Abstract The incompressibility and hydrostatic approximations that are traditionally used in large-scale oceanography to make the hydrodynamic equations more amenable to numerical integration result in the primitive equations. These are ill-posed in domains with open boundaries and hence not well-suited to mesoscale or regional modeling. Instead of using the hydrostatic approximation, the authors permit a greater deviation from hydrostatic balance than what exists in the ocean to obtain a system of equations that is well-posed with the specification of pointwise boundary conditions at open or solid boundaries. These equations, formulated with a free-surface boundary, model the mesoscale flow field accurately in all three-dimensions, even the vertical. It is essential to retain the vertical component of the Coriolis acceleration in the model since it is nonhydrostatic.
Mass-casualty triage: Distribution of victims to multiple hospitals using the SAVE model

Abstract During a mass casualty incident (MCI), to which one of several area hospitals should each victim be sent? These decisions depend on resource availability (both transport and care) and the survival probabilities of patients. This paper focuses on the critical time period immediately following the onset of an MCI and is concerned with how to effectively evacuate victims to the different area hospitals in order to provide the greatest good to the greatest number of patients while not overwhelming any single hospital. This resource-constrained triage problem is formulated as a mixed-integer program, which we call the S everity- A djusted V ictim E vacuation (SAVE) model. It is compared with a model in the extant literature and also against several current policies commonly used by the so-called incident commander. The experiments indicate that the SAVE model provides a marked improvement over the commonly used ad-hoc policies and an existing model. Two possible implementation strategies are discussed along with managerial conclusions.
Properties of evolutionarily stable learning rules.

Abstract Suppose a strategy for learning the optimal behaviour in repeatedly played games is genetically determined. Then the animal is engaged in a learning game as well as the repeatedly played game. Harley (1981, J. theor. Biol. 89, 611–633) considers evolutionarily stable strategies in such learning games, called evolutionarily stable (ES) learning rules. Harley's work, though significant, is limited in that he does not establish the stochastic convergence of ES learning rules. Furthermore, his study of the relative payoff sum (RPS) approximation is limited to simulation experiments. Here, the stochastic convergence of ES learning rules and the RPS approximation is established. The ES learning rules and the RPS approximation were found to converge to the same quality, the so-called matching ratio, with probability one.
Formation and regression of inappropriate nerve sprouts during trochlear nerve regeneration in Xenopus laevis.

After sectioning N IV in Xenopus laevis larvae, in addition to the regeneration of that never to the superior oblique muscle (SOM), sprouts form from N III, chiefly from the branch supplying the inferior oblique muscle (IOM). these were shown to innervate the SOM by methylene blue staining, silver and zinc iodide-osmium impregnations, and electrical stimulation of N III. The competition thus established is resolved in favor of N IV, in a way suggesting a displacement of the inappropriate sprouts by the returning N IV fibers. This hypothesis received support by two anatomical findings: a delay in the decline of N III sprouts on the SOM when the return of N IV is delayed and a significant inverse relationship between the number of N III sprouts and regenerated N IV fibers on the SOM 39 days after N IV sectioning. Degenerating N III sprouts were detected while their number was declining. The physiological studies showed a significant reduction in the function of N III sprouts tested 30–34 days after N IV sectioning as compared with larvae tested 11–15 days after sectioning, which correlated with the anatomical observations We conclude that there is a withdrawal of inappropriate nerve fibers during the resolution of competition between the regenerating N IV fibers and these sprouts from N III.