cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple ultraviolet calibration source with reference spectra and its use with the Galileo orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer

We have developed a simple compact electron impact laboratory source of UV radiation whose relative intensity as a function of wavelength has an accuracy traceable to the fundamental physical constants (transitions probabilities and excitation cross sections) for an atomic or molecular system. Using this laboratory source, calibrated optically thin vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectra have been obtained and synthetic spectral models developed for important molecular band systems of H(2) and N(2) and the n(1)P(0) Itydberg series of He. The model spectrum from H(2) represents an extension of the molecular branching ratio technique to include spectral line intensities from more than one electronic upper state. The accuracy of the model fit to the VUV spectra of H(2) and N(2) is sufficient to predict the relative spectral intensity of the electron impact source and to serve as a primary calibration standard for VUV instrumentation in the 80-230-nm wavelength range. The model is applicable to VUV instrumentation with full width at half-maximum >/= 0.4 nm. The present accuracy is 10% in the far ultraviolet (120-230 nm), 10% in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) (90-120 nm), and 20% in the EUV (80-90 nm). The n(1)P(0) Rydberg series of He has been modeled to 10% accuracy and can be considered a primary calibration standard in the EUV (52.2-58.4 nm). A calibrated optically thin spectrum of Ar has been obtained at 0.5-nm resolution and 200-eV electron impact energy to 35% accuracy without benefit of models over the EUV spectral range of 50-95 nm. The Ar spectrum expands the ultimate range of the VUV relative calibration using this source with the four gases, He, Ar, H(2), and N(2), to 50-230 nm. The calibration of the Galileo orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer for the upcoming Jupiter mission has been demonstrated and compared to results from other methods.
Spacing and distribution of bowers in Macgregor's Bowerbird (Amblyornis macgregoriae)

Bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchidae) have been described as exhibiting exploded lek mating patterns. Quantitative documentation and analysis of spatial dispersion, however, is lacking for most species despite its importance to a fundamental understanding of social organization. We studied Macgregor's Bowerbird (Amblyornis macgregoriae) in eastern New Guinea in 1980 and 1981 to quantify spatial distribution and selection of bower sites in relation to ecological and social factors. Forty-two bower sites were located in approximately 750 ha of mid-montane forest. They were linearly and regularly spaced along ridges with a mean inter-bower distance of 169±64 m SD (range 75–348 m). Statistical analysis showed males to be regularly spaced within available habitat. Discriminant analysis of seven habitat variables measured along utilized ridge lines showed that bower sites differed significantly from potentially available sites with respect to slope and width of ridge, closure of canopy, and density of saplings. Placement of bowers with respect to these factors was not correlated with inter-bower distance. Most males maintained only one bower; four (10%) maintained two bowers simultaneously. Males spent an average of 54% of daylight hours within an activity center of 15–20 m radius surrounding the bower and aggressively defended this area against conspecific males. Marauding pressure on bowers was high, and 39% of all observed mating attempts (n=18) were disrupted by neighboring males. Macgregor's Bowerbird exhibits a social system that appears to be intermediate between lek behavior and territoriality, combining the social dynamics and opportunism of the former and the uniform field of display sites and nests of the latter. We hypothesize that dispersion in this species is partly due to males buffering their display space against intruder pressure. We suggest that strict adherence to the dispersion criterion in classifying promiscuous mating systems may be inappropriate.
Effective Cost-Sharing Models in Higher Education: Insights from Low-Income Students in Australian Universities

This study examines the global trend in shifting university costs from na- tional governments to individual students and families, with a specific focus on the existing cost-sharing model in Australian higher education. The research examines the manner in which the availability of income-contingent loans (through the Higher Education Contribution Scheme, or HECS) enters into individual cost assessments and evaluative frameworks during the university exploration and search process of low- income Australian youth, and the resulting lessons that might be applied to other national contexts. Semi-structured interviews with 16 participants addressed a broad range of issues related to the development of educational aspirations, and how beliefs and attitudes about cost influenced participants' understanding and decision-making regarding tertiary enrollment and post-graduate plans. A number of discreet and related themes emerged from analysis of the interviews, including motivations for attending university; pre-university cost considerations; self-assessments of skills, abilities, and personal traits and characteristics; general financial orientation; pre-university experi- ences and influences; and the role of others including family, peers, teachers and other school staff. The author concludes that the Australian system is worthy of consideration by other nations as a possible mechanism for enhancing access to higher education for individuals who might otherwise not possess the opportunity to participate.
Ellipsis in Discourse: Implications for Linguistic Analysis by Computer, the Child's Acquisition of Language, and Semantic Theory.

This paper explores the basis for semantic interpretation of naturally occurring English discourse. Findings concerning linguistic analysis of discourse by computer and the child's language imply the necessity of distinguishing between language and the use of language. This is necessary in order to separate competence, the ability to produce novel sentences which conform to the syntactical rules of the language, from abilities with respect to language in its ordinary uses which cannot be subsumed under the acquisition of syntax. Aquisition of the language in its ordinary uses is found to be a necessary condition for the semantic interpretation of discourse. What characterizes natural discourse is the prevalence of various kinds of ellipsis. A categorization of these is made and bases of their interpretation proposed. Conditions regarding syntactic structure which are necessary and sufficient for interpretation of discourse are examined. It is proposed that the lexicon for the deep structure of a transform...
Characteristics of virtual experience in electronic commerce: A protocol analysis

This protocol analysis examines the content of virtual experience in e-commerce, as concurrently verbalized by a sample of 30 participants while interacting with four 3-D products. Thirteen different types of psychological activities were observed and classified into five characteristics of virtual experience: active process, presence, involvement, enjoyment, and affordances. As a result, virtual experience is vivid, involving, active, affective psychological states occurring in an individual interacting with 3-D computer simulations. The study anchors the position of virtual experience on the spectrum of consumer experience with design implications in e-commerce discussed.
Breast tumor copy number aberration phenotypes and genomic instability

Genomic DNA copy number aberrations are frequent in solid tumors, although the underlying causes of chromosomal instability in tumors remain obscure. Genes likely to have genomic instability phenotypes when mutated (e.g. those involved in mitosis, replication, repair, and telomeres) are rarely mutated in chromosomally unstable sporadic tumors, even though such mutations are associated with some heritable cancer prone syndromes. We applied array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to the analysis of breast tumors. The variation in the levels of genomic instability amongst tumors prompted us to investigate whether alterations in processes/genes involved in maintenance and/or manipulation of the genome were associated with particular types of genomic instability. We discriminated three breast tumor subtypes based on genomic DNA copy number alterations. The subtypes varied with respect to level of genomic instability. We find that shorter telomeres and altered telomere related gene expression are associated with amplification, implicating telomere attrition as a promoter of this type of aberration in breast cancer. On the other hand, the numbers of chromosomal alterations, particularly low level changes, are associated with altered expression of genes in other functional classes (mitosis, cell cycle, DNA replication and repair). Further, although loss of function instability phenotypes have been demonstrated for many of the genes in model systems, we observed enhanced expression of most genes in tumors, indicating that over expression, rather than deficiency underlies instability. Many of the genes associated with higher frequency of copy number aberrations are direct targets of E2F, supporting the hypothesis that deregulation of the Rb pathway is a major contributor to chromosomal instability in breast tumors. These observations are consistent with failure to find mutations in sporadic tumors in genes that have roles in maintenance or manipulation of the genome.
Regulation of CFTR by protein phosphatase 2B and protein kinase C.

The activity of the CFTR Cl– channel is dependent on its phosphorylation status set by kinases and phosphatases. We report here that protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) and protein kinase C (PKC) are potential regulators of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR). Treating CFTR-expressing 3T3 cells with either of the two specific PP2B blockers cyclosporin A (CsA, 1 μM) or deltamethrin (DM, 30 nM) caused rapid activation of CFTR in cell-attached patches. As determined by noise analysis of multi channel patches, DM- or CsA-activated CFTR displayed gating kinetics comparable to those of forskolin-activated CFTR. After activation of CFTR by blocking PP2B, CFTR still inactivated. CFTR-mediated currents were, on average, 6.1 times larger when cells were stimulated by forskolin during PP2B block compared to stimulation by forskolin alone. This suggests that, in CFTR-expressing 3T3 cells, a phosphorylation site of CFTR is regulated by cellular PKA, PP2B and another phosphatase. However, in the epithelial cell lines Calu-3 and HT-29/B6, CsA and DM had no effect on CFTR activity in both cell-attached patch-clamp and transepithelial experiments. In contrast, when exogenous PP2B was added to patches excised from 3T3 or Calu-3 cells, PKA-activated CFTR currents were quickly inactivated. This indicates that free exogenous PP2B can inactivate CFTR in patches from both cell types. We propose that in order to regulate CFTR in an intact cell, PP2B may require a selective subcellular localization to become active. When excised patches were PKC-phosphorylated, the gating kinetics of CFTR were significantly different from those of PKA-phosphorylated CFTR. Addition of PP2B also inactivated PKC-activated CFTR showing the indiscriminate dephosphorylation of different phosphorylation sites by PP2B.
Contrasting physiological responsiveness of establishing trees and a C4 grass to rainfall events, intensified summer drought, and warming in oak savanna

Climate warming and drought may alter tree establishment in savannas through differential responses of tree seedlings and grass to intermittent rainfall events. We investigated leaf gas exchange responses of dominant post oak savanna tree (Quercus stellata and Juniperus virginiana) and grass (Schizachyrium scoparium ,C 4 grass) species to summer rainfall events under an ambient and intensified summer drought scenario in factorial combination with warming (ambient, 11.5 1C) in both monoculture and tree-grass mixtures. The three species differed in drought resistance and response of leaf gas exchange to rainfall events throughout the summer. S. scoparium experienced the greatest decrease in Aarea (� 56% and � 66% under normal and intensified drought, respectively) over the summer, followed by Q. stellata (� 44%, � 64%), while J. virginiana showed increased Aarea under normal drought (113%) and a small decrease in Aarea when exposed to intensified summer drought (� 10%). Following individual rainfall events, mean increases in Aarea were 90% for S. scoparium, 26% for J. virginiana and 22% for Q. stellata. The responsiveness of Aarea of S. scoparium to rainfall events initially increased with the onset of drought, but decreased dramatically as summer drought progressed. For Q. stellata, Aarea recovery decreased as drought progressed and with warming. In contrast, J. virginiana showed minimal fluctuations in Aarea following rainfall events, in spite of declining water potential, and warming enhanced recovery. J. virginiana will likely gain an advantage over Q. stellata during establishment under future climatic scenarios. Additionally, the competitive advantage of C4 grasses may be reduced relative to trees, because grasses will likely exist below a critical water stress threshold more often in a warmer, drier climate. Recognition of unique species responses to critical global change drivers in the presence of competition will improve predictions of grass–tree interactions and tree establishment in savannas in response to climate change.
Structural and spectroscopic changes to natural nontronite induced by experimental impacts between 10 and 40 GPa

Many phyllosilicate deposits remotely detected on Mars occur within bombarded terrains. Shock metamorphism from meteor impacts alters mineral structures, producing changed mineral spectra. Thus, impacts have likely affected the spectra of remotely sensed Martian phyllosilicates. We present spectral analysis results for a natural nontronite sample before and after laboratory-generated impacts over five peak pressures between 10 and 40 GPa. We conducted a suite of spectroscopic analyses to characterize the sample's impact-induced structural and spectral changes. Nontronite becomes increasingly disordered with increasing peak impact pressure. Every infrared spectroscopic technique used showed evidence of structural changes at shock pressures above ~25 GPa. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible near-infrared region is primarily sensitive to the vibrations of metal–OH and interlayer H2O groups in the nontronite octahedral sheet. Midinfrared (MIR) spectroscopic techniques are sensitive to the vibrations of silicon and oxygen in the nontronite tetrahedral sheet. Because the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets of nontronite deform differently, impact-driven structural deformation may contribute to differences in phyllosilicate detection between remote sensing techniques sensitive to different parts of the nontronite structure. Observed spectroscopic changes also indicated that the sample's octahedral and tetrahedral sheets were structurally deformed but not completely dehydroxylated. This finding is an important distinction from previous studies of thermally altered phyllosilicates in which dehydroxylation follows dehydration in a stepwise progression preceding structural deformation. Impact alteration may thus complicate mineral-specific identifications based on the location of OH-group bands in remotely detected spectra. This is a key implication for Martian remote sensing arising from our results.
Piecewise analysis of patient survival after onset of AKI

Summary Background and objectives AKI affects approximately 2%–7% of hospitalized patients and >35% of critically ill patients. Survival after AKI may be described as having an acute phase (including an initial hyperacute component) followed by a convalescent phase, which may itself have early and late components. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Data from the Veterans Affairs/National Institutes of Health Acute Renal Failure Trial Network (ATN) study was used to model mortality risk among patients with dialysis-requiring AKI. This study assumed that the mortality hazard can be described by a piecewise log-linear function with change points. Using an average likelihood method, the authors tested for the number of change points in a piecewise log-linear hazard model. The maximum likelihood approach to locate the change point(s) was then adopted, and associated parameters and standard errors were estimated. Results There were 1124 ATN participants with follow-up to 1 year. The mortality hazard of AKI decreased over time with inflections in the rate of decrease at days 4, 42, and 148, with the sharpest change at day 42. The daily rate of decline in the log of the hazard for death was 0.220 over the first 4 days, 0.046 between day 4 and day 42, 0.017 between day 42 and day 148, and 0.003 between day 148 and day 365. Conclusions There appear to be two major phases of mortality risk after AKI: an early phase extending over the first 6 weeks and a late phase from 6 weeks to 1 year. Within the first 42 days, this can be further divided into hyperacute (days 1–4) and acute (days 4–42) phases. After 42 days, there appear to be early (days 42–148) and late (after day 148) convalescent phases. These findings may help to inform the design of AKI clinical trials and assist critical care physicians in prognostic stratification.
Effects of ketones, acetate, and glucose on in vitro immunoglobulin secretion by bovine lymphocytes.

Abstract Individual and combined effects of ketones, acetate, and glucose on IgM secretion by bovine blood lymphocytes were evaluated in vitro. Supernatants from 14-d cultures of unstimulated and mitogen- or antigen-stimulated mono-nuclear leukocytes were harvested and analyzed for total and antigen-specific IgM. Ketones, acetate, and 1,3-butanediol individually added up to 6.25m M had no effect on total IgM secreted by cells grown in medium containing 11.1m M glucose. However, butyrate at 6.25m M inhibited IgM secretion. Addition of a mixture of ketones approximating plasma levels of severely ketotic cows inhibited mitogen-induced IgM Secretion in 11.1m M glucose-supplemented cultures. Results from experiments evaluating effects of glucose concentrations on IgM secretion indicated that plasma glucose concentration associated with the ketotic state (1.66m M ), compared with normal plasma glucose concentration (3.33m M ), did not affect total or antigen-specific IgM secretion. Supplementation of cultures containing up to 3.33m M glucose with ketones, acetate, or both either had no effect or a modest stimulatory effect. These data indicate that effects of ketones and acetate on IgM secretion are dependent on the concentration of glucose in culture and suggest that changes in plasma glucose, ketone, and acetate concentrations associated with bovine ketosis do not alter IgM secretion in vivo.
Long-Term Protection against Tuberculosis following Vaccination with a Severely Attenuated Double Lysine and Pantothenate Auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We report the safety and immunogenicity of a double lysine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. The ΔlysA ΔpanCD mutant is completely attenuated in immunocompromised SCID and gamma interferon knockout mice yet induces short-term and long-term protection in immunocompetent and CD4-deficient mice following single-dose subcutaneous vaccination.
Learn on the Fly: Data-Driven Link Estimation and Routing in Sensor Network Backbones

In the context of IEEE 802.11b network testbeds, we examine the differences between unicast and broadcast link properties, and we show the inherent difficulties in precisely estimating unicast link properties via those of broadcast beacons even if we make the length and transmission rate of beacons be the same as those of data packets. To circumvent the difficulties in link estimation, we propose to estimate unicast link properties directly via data traffic itself without using periodic beacons. To this end, we design a data-driven routing protocol Learn on the Fly (LOF). LOF estimates link quality based on data traffic, and it chooses routes by way of a locally measurable metric ELD, the expected MAC latency per unit-distance to the destination. Using a realistic sensor network traffic trace and an 802.11b testbed of 195 Stargates, we experimentally compare the performance of LOF with that of existing protocols, represented by the geography-unaware ETX and the geography-based PRD. We find that LOF reduces endto-end MAC latency by a factor of 3, enhances energy efficiency by a factor up to 2.37, improves route stability by 2 orders of magnitude, and improves network throughput by a factor up to 7.78. The results demonstrate the feasibility as well as potential benefits of data-driven link estimation and routing. Keywords—sensor network, beacon-free geographic routing, data-driven link quality estimation, MAC latency, IEEE 802.11b, real time, energy, reliability
Managing a common disorder in children: Atopic dermatitis.

ung, 1999). Classic features include erythematous rash with papules, vesicles on a dry skin base, and potentially crusting, scaling, and lichenification (Peters, 2000). Approximately 50% of the infants that develop AD do so within the first year of life. Infantile eczema, which typically presents on the cheeks, commonly subsides in severity or is outgrown, but often leaves the adult with a tendency to have itchy and inflamed skin when exposed to irritants (Eigenmann, 2001). In addition, approximately 80% of patients with AD subsequently develop allergic rhinitis or asthma (Leung, 1999). Although there are some seasonal variations, atopic skin not only appears dry, but also has a genetic decreased ability for keratinocytes to bind water (Werner & Lindberg, 1985). Australian study reported results of significantly more stress in taking care of a child with moderate-severe AD than that of a child with insulin-dependent diabetes (Su et al., 1997). Disturbed or lack of sleep has also been reported due to nighttime itching (Reid & LewisJones, 1995; Wahn et al., 2001). In the U.S., AD represents some 4% of emergency room visits and the health systems of all countries are burdened with the heavy economic load of direct and indirect costs of its treatment and social morbidity (Lapidus et al., 1993).
Fast hierarchical floorplanning with congestion and timing control

We propose fresher looks into already existing hierarchical partitioning based floorplan design methods and their relevance in providing faster alternatives to conventional approaches. We modify the existing partitioning based floor-planner to handle congestion and timing. We also explore the applicability of traditional sizing theorem for combining two modules based on their sizes and interconnecting wirelength. The results show that our floorplanning approach can produce floorplans hundred times faster and at the same time achieving better quality (on average 20% better wirelength, better congestion and better timing optimization) than that of pure simulated annealing based floorplanner.
PRECESSION AND CHAOS IN THE CLASSICAL TWO-BODY PROBLEM IN A SPHERICAL UNIVERSE

We generalize the classical two-body problem from flat space to spherical space and realize much of the complexity of the classical three-body problem with only two bodies. We show analytically, by...
Determinants of Vancomycin Use in Adult Intensive Care Units in 41 United States Hospitals

We analyzed data from a prospective observational cohort study that included 108 adult intensive care units (ICUs) in 41 United States hospitals. Use of vancomycin (defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days), nosocomial infection rates, and proportion of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to methicillin (MRSA rate) were recorded from January 1996 through November 1997. The median rate of vancomycin use was lowest in coronary care ICUs and highest in general surgical ICUs. Prior approval before use of vancomycin was required in only 26 (24%) of the 108 ICUs. In a multivariate linear regression model, rates of MRSA, central line-associated bloodstream infection, and the type of ICU were independent predictors of vancomycin use. None of the vancomycin control practices was associated with lower rates of vancomycin use; however, it is important to recognize that this database was not designed to measure rates of inappropriate use. Vancomycin use is heavily determined by rates of endemic MRSA and central line-associated bloodstream infection. Efforts to reduce these rates through infection control activities should be included in hospitals' efforts to reduce vancomycin use.
A data compression algorithm for color images based on run-length coding and fractal geometry

An approach to data compression for NTSC composite video is introduced that uses run-length coding and concepts of fractal geometry adapted for color image compression. Compression is achieved by sending only the run lengths with a sign bit. A feedback mechanism is constituted by defining the encoder and decoder as finite-state machines. The edges are preserved by sending the edge information using a separate edge quantizer. The proposed system takes the characteristics of the human visual model into account. The low computational complexity of the algorithm makes it conducive to an easy real-time implementation. Good-quality reconstructed color images are obtained at 1.25 b/pixel. >
On Riemann surfaces of analytic eigenvalue functions

If y(t)=y(t;μ ,λ) is the solution of the differential equation y”+(λ +μ w(t))y=0, a≤ t≤ b, determined by the initial conditions y(a)=0, y’(a)=1, then F(μ ,λ) =y(b;μ ,λ) is an entire function of two variables. The zeros of F are the eigenpairs of a two-parameter Sturm–Liouville problem. The multi-valued solution λ (μ) of F(μ ,λ) =0 is introduced, and the connectedness of its underlying Riemann surface is investigated. The results are extensions of those previously obtained by Schafke. As an example, the Lame equation is considered.
Synthesis of Giant Modular Structures

The first of our panel discussions dealt with the total synthesis of natural products, and the second with the relation of organic synthesis to the life sciences. The panelists for the third and last discussion, Professors Lehn [Louis Pasteur University, Strasbourg], Reinhoudt [University of Twente], and Whitesides [Harvard University], with Prof. Eschenmoser [ETH Zurich] lurking in the background, will consider an even more complex subject, the synthesis of large objects composed of molecular modules.
Influence of Hypothermia on Secretory Activity of Rabbits' Appendix and on Closed Duodenal Loops.

Conclusions(1) In rabbits, hypothermia reduces rate of secretion in duodenal and appendical closed loops. Depression of secretion is reflected in failure of these loops to attain high intraluminal pressures found in normothermic control animals. (2) Local and systemic hypothermia prevented perforation of obstructed appendix or closed duodenal loop in the rabbit.
Experimental analysis of slow viscous flow using photoviscosity and bubbles

Photoelasticity in solids is a well-developed technique for stress and strain analysis. Less progress has been made in applying a similar effect, photoviscosity, to flow analysis. This paper has three objects: (1) to simplify photoviscous methods; (2) to compare velocity profiles obtained from photoviscosity with those obtained by the double-exposure bubble technique; (3) to determine the principal strain rates and the maximum shear stress from photoviscotity. The problem of slow viscous flow about a cylindrical obstacle in a rectangular channel was selected for the comparison. The fluid was a suspension of milling yellow dye in water. Strain rates and stresses averaged over the path of ligh can be obtained easily using photoviscosity. The bubble technique is shown to be a very powerful tool that permits the determination of the velocity field in three-dimensional problems.
The Development and Improvement Strategy of Logistics Industry in Gansu Province:A Study Based on Suzhou County in Jiuquan City

Suzhou county is the logistics pilot area of Jiuquan city.The development of logistics reflects the industry characteristic of Gansu Province.Based on the research of representative enterprises and the logistics parks in the region,the article summarizes the basic condition of the transportation,warehousing and distribution,commerce companies,analyzes the existing problems and gives some feasible suggestions,such as building information platform,the government functioning,improvement of the industrial structure and development of qualified personnel,to help the development of the logistics industry in Gansu Province.
Design and Simulation of Smith and Fuzzy Turning PID Controller

An improved Smith predictor is proposed.According to the shortcoming of traditional Smith prediction control relying on precise mathematic model and the difference between Smith predictor and controlled object,the Smith pure hysteresis compensation principle and Fuzzy adaptive turning PID parameter control integrated algorithm are adopted.The controller of traditional Smith prediction system is replaced by Fuzzy turning PID controller.And the method is adopted in the diameter controller of laser crystal growth system.Experiment results show that the method adopted is feasible,and the advantages of the Fuzzy PID controller and Smith predictor are combined and satisfactory control effects are gained for the laser crystal growth system with the nonlinear,great inertia,pure hysteresis and time -varied characteristics.
The effect of acute weight restoration on dietary fat preference in hospitalized patients with anorexia nervosa.

Objective Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) restrict fat intake. The Geiselman Food Preference Questionnaire-I© (FPQ) is a validated self-report instrument that yields a fat preference score (>100 = high fat preference, <100 = low fat preference). The goal of the study was to assess the utility of the FPQ in patients with AN. Specific aims: (1) to examine change in fat preference scores before and after weight restoration in hospitalized patients; and (2) to compare patients' scores before and after weight restoration to scores from healthy participants (HPs). Method The FPQ was completed by 88 patients and 115 HPs. Results Compared with HPs, patients had significantly lower fat preference scores before (74.03 ± 32.03 vs. 102.93 ± 16.89, P < 0.001) and after (81.51 ± 26.89 vs. 102.92 ± 16.89, P < 0.001) weight restoration. Fat preference scores increased with weight gain (74.03 + 32.03 vs. 81.51 + 26.89, P < 0.01) but did not normalize in AN. Discussion Acutely weight restored patients continue to endorse decreased preference for high fat foods. The FPQ may be a useful metric by which to assess improvements in diet during treatment. Further study is warranted to validate the FPQ against observed food intake in AN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:148–151)
What Does It Mean to Be a Reader? Identity and Positioning in Two High School Literacy Intervention Classes

Studies of high school literacy intervention classes have measured reading gains through standardized assessments, but few have considered the impact on students’ identities. In this embedded case ...
Computer-Aided Detection of Lung Cancer

As medical imaging technologies advance, a large number of medical images are produced which physicians/radiologists must interpret. Consequently, computer aids are becoming indispensable in physicians’ decision-making based on medical images. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has been investigated and becomes an active research area in medical imaging. CAD is defined as detection and/or diagnosis made by a radiologist/physician who takes into account the computer output as a “second opinion.” In CAD research, detection of lung cancer in thoracic imaging constitutes a major research area, because lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, including the United States, Japan, and other countries. In this chapter, CAD for the detection of lung cancer in thoracic computed tomography (CT) is overviewed with emphasis on machine learning that plays an essential role in CAD systems. Massive training artificial neural network (MTANN) technology is one of the most promising machine learning techniques in image analysis. The MTANNs have substantially improved the sensitivity and specificity of CAD systems in detection and diagnosis of lung cancer. MTANN CAD systems offer high performance in detection and diagnosis of lung cancer in CT. Thus, MTANN CAD systems would be useful for improving the diagnostic performance of radiologists/physicians in early detection of lung cancer.
Deciding on an IRA vs. IPAA for FAP

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a dominantly inherited form of cancer predisposition due to a germline mutation in the colorectal cancer gateway gene, APC. The syndrome usually presents as colorectal adenomatous polyposis of varying severity, which, if untreated, will lead to colorectal cancer at a young age. While other organs are also affected by the cancer predisposition, by far the most serious threat to life and lifestyle comes from the large bowel. This is therefore the initial focus of treatment.
Analytical modeling of effect of interlayer on effective moduli of layered graphene-polymer nanocomposites

Abstract Nanocomposites enhanced with two-dimensional, layered graphene fillers are a new class of engineering materials that exhibit superior properties and characteristics to composites with conventional fillers. However, the roles of “interlayers” in layered graphene fillers have yet to be fully explored. This paper examines the effect of interlayers on mechanical properties of layered graphene polymer composites. As an effective filler, the fundamental properties (in-plane Young’s modulus E L1 , out-of-plane Young’s modulus E L2 ; shear modulus G L12 , major Poisson’s ratio ν L12 ) of the layered graphene were computed by using the Arridge’s lamellar model. The effects of interlayers on effective moduli of layered graphene epoxy composites were examined through the Tandon-Weng model. The properties of the interlayer show noticeable impact on elastic properties of the composites, particular the out-of-plane properties (Young’s modulus E 2 and shear modulus G 12 ). The interlayer spacing is seen to have much great influence on properties of the composites. As the interlayer spacing increases from 0.34 nm to 2 nm, all elastic properties of the composites have been greatly decreased.
Using molecular diagnostic testing to personalize the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has emerged as a paradigm for modern cancer treatment (‘precision medicine’), as it highlights the importance of matching molecular defects with specific therapies. Over the past two decades, the molecular classification and diagnostic work up of GIST has been radically transformed, accompanied by the development of molecular therapies for specific subgroups of GIST. This review summarizes the developments in the field of molecular diagnosis of GIST, particularly as they relate to optimizing medical therapy.Areas covered: Based on an extensive literature search of the molecular and clinical aspects of GIST, the authors review the most important developments in this field with an emphasis on the differential diagnosis of GIST including mutation testing, therapeutic implications of each molecular subtype, and emerging technologies relevant to the field.Expert commentary: The use of molecular diagnostics to classify GI...
Transitions From Acute Care to Long-Term Care: Evaluation of the Continued Access Model:

Improving communication during transitions from acute care hospitals into long-term post-acute care (LTPAC) settings is imperative for clinical staff to have the information they need to admit and care for the patient with accurate medical information provided in an efficient way. The research goals of this study are to examine the user experience of a new data sharing method, "Continued Access," a supplement to the standard summary of care, and to evaluate staff attitudes of the model on LTPAC residents' care. Clinical staff ( n = 20) from a U.S. Midwestern LTPAC setting were interviewed to give their evaluation of the new model of data access, their concerns, and ways to improve the effectiveness of the model. Respondents reported better opportunities for quality care based on improved insight and clarity around patients' medical history, medications, and tests. Strategies for integrating Continued Access into the workflow and improving quality outcomes are discussed.
Association between prenatal psychological stress and oxidative stress during pregnancy.

Background Prenatal psychological stress during pregnancy has been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. A growing animal literature supports an association between psychological stress and oxidative stress. We assessed this relationship in pregnant women, hypothesising that psychological stress is associated with higher concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers during pregnancy. Methods Psychosocial status and stressful life events (SLE) were self-reported. 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α ) was measured as a biomarker of oxidative stress in urine samples at median 32 weeks' gestation. We examined SLEs individually (ever vs never) and in summary (any vs none) and psychosocial status as measured by individual subscales and in summary (poor vs good). Linear models estimated associations between these parameters and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α concentrations after adjusting for covariates. Results The geometric mean of 8-iso-PGF2α was significantly higher among pregnant women who were non-White, smokers, had less than a college education, higher pre-pregnancy BMI and were unmarried. Having ever had a death in the family (n = 39) during pregnancy was associated with a 22.9% increase in 8-iso-PGF2α in unadjusted models (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50, 48.8). Poor psychosocial status was associated with a 13.1% (95% CI 2.43, 25.0) greater mean 8-iso-PGF2α in unadjusted analyses. Associations were attenuated, but remained suggestive, after covariate adjustment. Conclusions These data suggest that 8-iso-PGF2α is elevated in pregnant women with who are at a sociodemographic disadvantage and who have higher psychological stress in pregnancy. Previous studies have observed that 8-iso-PGF2α levels are associated with adverse birth outcomes, oxidative stress could be a mediator in these relationships.
Assessing Behavioral Responses in Persuasive Ubiquitous Systems

Existing telehealth systems do not perform as effectively as would be expected due to their asymmetric focus on sensing and monitoring with little support or assurance to affecting or altering behaviors. Many people, especially the elderly, are resistant to change. Such resistance diminishes the efficacy of telehealth systems. Research and supportive technology for intervention and behavior alteration is urgently needed. In response, we developed the Action-based Behavior Model (ABM) that promotes persuasion and enables persuasive telehealth. However, ABM requires an assessment of user behavior responsiveness and compliance to cyber influence. There are many challenging problems that must be overcome to enable such assessment. In this paper, we propose Assess Tree (AT) as a methodology for domain specific behavior assessment under ABM. We present AT and report on preliminary validation.
Industrial Participation in Tristan Project at Kek, Japan

Industry-Laboratory collaborations played a very important role in the construction of TRISTAN electron-positron colliding beam facility, and brought this construction project to a successful completion in a scheduled time. What had motivated the collaborations, what were the important elements in the successful collaborations and how the collaborations worked will be given based on the authors experience as the TRISTAN Project Director.
Molecular cloning of the UMP synthase gene rudimentary-like from Drosophila melanogaster.

The rudimentary-like locus encodes UMP synthase, a bienzyme protein containing the last two enzyme activities of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase. This locus lies within chromosome region 9313. New mutations have been used to refine the 9313 cytogenetic map and a chromosome walk has been executed to clone DNA from this region. DNA encoding UMP synthase was identified using mixed oligonucleotides which were based on sequences derived from conserved peptide tracts of the protein in other species. cDNA clones of the embryonic UMP synthase mRNA have been isolated and used to define the extent of genomic DNA sequences which encode the transcript. The embryonic RNA is approximately 1.75 kb in length.
Direct Intuition: Strategies of Knowledge in the Phenomenology of Life, with Reference to the Philosophy of Illumination

This article presents phenomenological meta-analysis of Tymieniecka’s phenomenology of life with regard to its strategies of knowledge. The novelty of phenomenology of life consists in special orientation of direct intuition of Tymieniecka’s insight. The analysis suggests that the positioning of the direct intuition differes from philosopher to philosopher. Even though this perspective pays attention to individual differences in philosophical thinking, this view has to be distinguished from psychologism as criticized by Husserl, and rather, seen as a development of Husserl’s theory of direct intuition. A framework for such analysis can be also found in Islamic philosophies of Suhrawardi and Ibn ‘Arabi, who introduced the concepts of individual predisposition, modes of knowledge, and self-knowledge mediated by knowledge by presence. These concepts can be applied to understanding of the origins of philosophical insight. The paper examines in depth the workings of direct, or presentive, intuition in Tymieniecka’s descriptions of the phenomenal field of life, and of life per se as a dynamic object. It demonstrates the dialogical nature of interrogation, and the sentience of logos as a horizon of philosophical inquiry. Finally, the paper introduces the concept of process phenomenology, and suggests directions of future research with regard to phenomenology of imagination.
Substituent-Directed Oxidation

Oxidation of molecules which possess both a substrate site and a ligand site proceed with high selectivity. The key intermediate is a Lewis Acid — Lewis Base complex between the electrophilic oxidant and the alkene π-system. The selectivity is engendered through interaction with the ligand, which either first binds the oxidant prior to complex formation, or attacks the preformed complex to give the observed product. The synthetic utility and mechanistic implications of our work using chromium(VI), lead(IV), iodine(III) and cerium(IV) will be presented.
Comparison of Bleeding Complications between Transplenic versus Transhepatic Access of the Portal Venous System.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the incidence of bleeding complications between transplenic (TS) and transhepatic (TH) access in portal venous interventions. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of patients who underwent TS or TH access for portal venous system interventions from January 2000 to August 2017. Only procedures with clinical and laboratory follow-up were included (n = 148). Twenty-four TS procedures were performed in 22 patients, and 124 TH procedures were performed in 114 patients. The main indications were for angioplasty/stent, embolization of varices/shunt, or portal vein embolization, with no difference between the groups. Mean patient age and sex were not significantly different between the groups ( P values .445 and .682, respectively). Mean follow up was 2.3 years (range 0.1–14.2). There was no significant difference between the international normalized ratio ( P = .300) and platelets ( P = .234) before the procedure between the 2 cohorts. Results Technical success of vascular access and procedural success was achieved in 22/24 (91.6%) TS procedures and 120/124 (96.8%) TH procedures ( P = .238). There was no significant difference in bleeding complications between the 2 groups (3/24 [12.5%] TS vs 10/124 [8.1%] TH; P = .44). There was no significant difference in major bleeding complications (SIR classification ≥ C; 1/24 [4.2%] TS vs 4/124 [3.2%] TH; P = .789).There was no significant difference in the hemoglobin before or after the procedure (g/dL), with average change −1.1 g/dL (range −3.4 to +1.0) in the TS group and 1.0 g/dL (range −4.5 to +1.9) in the TH group ( P = .540). Finally, there was no significant difference in proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion after the procedure ( P = .520), with 2 (8.3%) in the TS group requiring an average of 4 units (range 2–6) and 17 (13.7%) in the TH group requiring an average of 3.5 units (range 1–26). Conclusions These data suggest no significant difference in bleeding complications between TS and TH access for portal venous interventions.
Pedestrian Detection with Simplified Depth Prediction

Though RGB Cameras, Radar and LIDARs are popular sensors for intelligent vehicle systems, real-time joint inference on their sensory outputs remains challenging. Moreover, high-resolution LIDAR is expensive both in terms of cost and computation. This paper presents a deep learning-based pedestrian detection algorithm that takes both RGB image and lower-resolution LIDAR data and returns object detections in the image as 2-D bounding boxes, plus the distances of the detected objects. The proposed network is much less expensive but comparable in accuracy to previous deep networks that combine these sensors use image-like or voxel representations of LIDAR data to directly predict 3D positions and shapes. To train this network, a new dataset was created, containing register information from low-end camera a 16-layer LIDAR, and corresponding ground truth distance values generated by estimating the position of pedestrians from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sensors and a fixed tower. The public release of this dataset is an additional contribution of this effort.
Molecular structures of (tBu)Ga(S2CNnPr2)2 and (iPrO)Ga(S2CNEt2)2 : An example of an unusual ligand pseudorotation

The molecular structures of (tBu)Ga(S2CNnPr2)2 (1) and (iPrO)Ga(S2CNEt2)2 (2) have been determined. The variation in the geometries observed for bis-dithiocarbamate compounds of gallium, (X)Ga(S2CNMe2)2 (X=Cl, iPrO, tBu) do not lie along the Berry pseudorotation pathway for the square-based pyramid to trigonal bipyramid geometrical transition. Instead, the structures appear to lie on an unusual ligand two-step, “Texas,” pseudorotation mechanism which results in a highly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Crystal data: (1) monoclinic, P21,/c, a = 9.786(1), b = 29.218(3), c = 9.452(1) A, β = 108.379(9)°, V = 2564.7(5) A3, and Z = 4. (2) Monoclinic, P21/c, a = 10.980(3), b = 15.673(4), c = 12.461(3) A, β = 97.47(2)°, V = 2126.2(9) A3 and Z = 4.
Fatigue data for laser beam powder bed fused 17-4 PH stainless steel specimens in different heat treatment and surface roughness conditions.

Abstract This article presents the data demonstrating the synergistic effect of surface roughness and heat treatment on the fatigue behavior of 17–4 PH stainless steel (SS) fabricated via laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) [1]. Two sets of specimens, in as-built and machined surface conditions, were heat treated using five different recommended procedures for 17-4 PH SS by ASTM A693. Axial fully-reversed fatigue tests (R = −1) were conducted on heat treated as-built and machined specimens. The stable hysteresis stress–strain data, as well as the maximum and minimum stress and strain values for the cycle in a log10 increment are included for all conducted fatigue experiments. In addition, fractography images are provided for selected set of specimens.
News You Can’t Use: Jon Stewart’s Daily Show Media Critiques:

Against the backdrop of continued declining public trust in media, particularly network television news, along with rising ratings and recognition for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, this research...