cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Returns to Different Shopping Strategies

This paper investigates five alternative shopping strategies for acquiring various shopping goods. Both transportation costs and time requirements are examined. The alternative strategies that are examined are based upon random search, minimum travel search, perceived low price, telephone search, and combinations of the above.
Reflections on women and psychiatry.

Dr. Hales is the Director of the Division of Education at the American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, Virginia. Address correspondence to Dr. Hales, 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1825, Arlington, VA 22209; dhales@psych.org (E-mail). Copyright 2004 Academic Psychiatry. I’m pleased to have been invited to comment on this special issue of Academic Psychiatry onwomen in academic psychiatry. I found my appreciation of the articles enriched with reflection on overarching trends in the experiences of women in this country over the past several decades. The historian Gary Wills captured the nature of the changing status of women with these words in the New York Review of Books:
On the relationship of ultrastructural and cytochemical features to color in mammalian skeletal muscle

The semitendinosus muscle of the albino rat is divided grossly into two clearly distinguishable parallel longitudinal bands, one red (anterior) and the other white (posterior). By using mitochondrial content as a criterion for distinguishing fiber types, it is demonstrated that the red portion of the muscle is composed predominantly of red (52%) and intermediate (40%) fibers, while the white portion consists primarily of white fibers (82%). Red fibers have the smallest and white fibers have the largest average diameter. Ultrastructural characteristics of the three fiber types resemble closely those previously described for the rat diaphragm. Red fibers are rich in large mitochondria with abundant cristae, and possess the widest Z lines. In red fibers, the H-band region of the sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of an elaborate network of narrow tubules. In white fibers, mitochondria are smaller, less numerous, and have fewer cristae; Z lines are about half as wide as in red fibers. In the H-band region of the sarcoplasmic reticulum there is a more compact arrangement of broad more or less parallel tubules. Intermediate fibers are similar to red fibers except that their diameters are larger; mitochondria are somewhat smaller and cristae are less abundant; the width of the Z lines is close to that of white fibers. The consistent difference in Z line width establishes this dimension as an important criterion for distinguishing fiber types and facilitates ultrastructural identification, especially of the intermediate fiber.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen XVIII. Eine neue Methode zur Knüpfung von PCP‐Bindungen (Darstellung von Di‐, Tri‐ und Tetra‐tertiären‐Phosphinen)

Tertiary phosphines containing dialkylaminomethylgroups condense readily at elevated temperature (∼ 160°) with compounds containing a PH bond, with the formation of PCP bonds according to the general equation: .
Role of benzo[α]pyrene in generation of clustered DNA damage in human breast tissue

Complex DNA damage may manifest in double-strand breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB, bistranded, oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs). Although the carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) has been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations and transformation of mammary cells, it is not known whether this compound engenders clustered DNA damage. Normal primary breast tissue-derived cells were treated with B[α]P, and the levels of DNA lesions, chromosomal aberrations, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. DNA from cells treated with 2 and 8 µM B[α]P exhibited increases of 3- and 4-fold in APE1 (p < 0.001), 11- and 19-fold in Endo III (p < 0.001), and 8- and 15-fold in hOGG1 (p < 0.001) OCDLs, respectively, compared to the 0 µM B[α]P-treated (control) group. Mammary cells treated with 8 µM B[α]P produced 0.12 aberrations per cell (p < 0.05) and there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.91) between the levels of OCDLs and those of chromosomal aberrations. Finally, TAC was decreased by 25% (p < 0.02), whereas ROS production increased by 2-fold (p < 0.02) in cells treated with 8 μM B[α]P compared to the control group. In conclusion, oxidatively induced clustered DNA damage mediated through differential expression of APE1, reduced TAC, and increased ROS may play a significant role in the chemically induced transformation of normal primary mammary cells.
Runx2 Protein Represses Axin2 Expression in Osteoblasts and Is Required for Craniosynostosis in Axin2-deficient Mice

Runx2 and Axin2 regulate craniofacial development and skeletal maintenance. Runx2 is essential for calvarial bone development, as Runx2 haploinsufficiency causes cleidocranial dysplasia. In contrast, Axin2-deficient mice develop craniosynostosis because of high β-catenin activity. Axin2 levels are elevated in Runx2−/− calvarial cells, and Runx2 represses transcription of Axin2 mRNA, suggesting a direct relationship between these factors in vivo. Here we demonstrate that Runx2 binds several regions of the Axin2 promoter and that Runx2-mediated repression of Axin2 transcription depends on Hdac3. To determine whether Runx2 contributes to the etiology of Axin2 deficiency-induced craniosynostosis, we generated Axin2−/−:Runx2+/− mice. These double mutant mice had longer skulls than Axin2−/− mice, indicating that Runx2 haploinsufficiency rescued the craniosynostosis phenotype of Axin2−/− mice. Together, these studies identify a key mechanistic pathway for regulating intramembranous bone development within the skull that involves Runx2- and Hdac3-mediated suppression of Axin2 to prevent the untimely closure of the calvarial sutures.
Acute rhegmatogenous retinal detachment immediately following laser in situ keratomileusis

We report a case of acute rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery in a highly myopic patient. Fourteen hours postoperatively, the uncorrected visual acuity was counting fingers in the left eye. Slitlamp examination revealed significant anterior chamber reaction with fibrin-like material. Fundus examination revealed 2 inferior retinal horseshoe tears associated with an RD. Preoperative fundus examination with scleral depression may detect predisposing retinal lesions in highly myopic patients. Further study is required to evaluate the relationship between LASIK, acute postoperative RRD, and predisposing factors.
Son of Carterfone: Network Neutrality or Regulation?

Ending network neutrality would benefit ISPs at the expense of Internet vendors, but would probably disadvantage users in general and could pose risks for privacy and innovation.
Modeling Frost Layer Growth: A Physical Approach

The frost growth process in low temperature air-coolers of a refrigeration system is described by a complex set of partial differential equations which do not lend themselves to direct analytical solution. Although various forms of lumped and distributed models have been developed, they are often difficult to work with because of their complexity. Recent numerical solution schemes, either for the governing equations themselves or for simplified approximations of them, have been growing in popularity as computing power increases. Such solution schemes can yield excellent results when compared to experiments, but the time required to construct and solve them is great and good computing resources are needed.Owing to the difficulty in using both approximate and numerical solutions, there is a continuing demand for correlations that are capable of predicting frost layer thickness with reasonable accuracy over a wide range of conditions. Many correlations have been presented, but have not met with good results outside narrow ranges of conditions specific to certain types of experimental apparatuses. It is thus desirable to obtain a more general correlation based on the consideration of the physical behavior during frost growth as opposed to the pure regression fits common to most current correlations. The correlation detailed herein is presented as a potential solution, as care has been given to account for the physical behavior of the frost layer during growth.A particular functional form is chosen to mimic the solutions to other physical processes that exhibit similar behavior, such as the velocity profile in growing boundary layers and transient heat conduction. Significant parameters during frost growth are included in the form of dimensionless variables and placed in the correlation according to their overall influence on the growth process. Remaining variances in the growth profile, resulting from the impossibility of capturing exact behavior with a correlation, are accounted for by strategic inclusion of experimental coefficients.The correlation is developed based on transient frost thickness data obtained using high accuracy visual methods for validation. The model is then extended to include data from many different sources, which allows for the coverage of wider ranges of conditions and eliminates design specifics of the apparatus as a factor in prediction. The tradeoff for such generality is a slight reduction in accuracy over the narrower range of experimental conditions used initially. Results show that the correlation is able to match frost growth trends with good accuracy across a wide spectrum of conditions. Results compare favorably with the predictions of other correlations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Spasmolytic action of dolophine (amidone).

SummaryIsolated strips of rabbit intestine and rat and rabbit uteri respond with spasmolysis when treated with “dolophine” and demerol when spasm is induced with furmethide or Methergine. The ratio of spasmolytic concentration is approximately 1:1 although rabbit uteri required slightly more dolophine than demerol for spasmolysis.
Quantifying nanoscale order in amorphous materials: simulating fluctuation electron microscopy of amorphous silicon

Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) is explicitly sensitive to 3- and 4-body atomic correlation functions in amorphous materials; this is sufficient to establish the existence of structural order on the nanoscale, even when the radial distribution function extracted from diffraction data appears entirely amorphous. However, it remains a formidable challenge to invert the FEM data into a quantitative model of the structure. Here, we quantify the FEM method for a-Si by forward simulating the FEM data from a family of high quality atomistic models. Using a modified WWW method, we construct computational models that contain 10–40 vol% of topologically crystalline grains, 1–3 nm in diameter, in an amorphous matrix and calculate the FEM signal, which consists of the statistical variance V (k) of the dark-field image as a function of scattering vector k. We show that V (k) is a complex function of the size and volume fraction of the ordered regions present in the amorphous matrix. However, the ratio of the variance peaks as a function of k affords the size of the ordered regions; and the magnitude of the variance affords a semi-quantitative measure of the volume fraction. We have also compared models that contain various amounts of strain in the ordered regions. This analysis shows that the amount of strain in realistic models is sufficient to mute variance peaks at high k. We conclude with a comparison between the model results and experimental data.
Multi-objective model-based control for an automotive catalyst

Abstract A model-based feedforward/feedback air fuel ratio controller that optimizes the oxygen storage capacity of the three-way catalyst in automotive emission control systems is presented. This work incorporates a simplified dynamic catalyst model that describes the physical behavior of oxygen chemisorption and reversible deactivation in the catalyst system. A novel aspect of this work is the use of the oxygen storage capability of the catalyst not only to minimize vehicle emissions but also to optimize engine performance and fuel economy during transient engine demand. The feedback/feedforward controller is a nonlinear model predictive controller that incorporates catalyst, engine air fuel ratio controller, and fuel system models to determine the optimal air fuel ratio target trajectory. Feedback is provided by a nonlinear moving horizon estimation strategy for the determination of the oxygen storage level of the catalyst based on air fuel ratio sensors.
Schwannoma (neurilemmoma) in the floor of the mouth: Presentation of two cases

Abstract Schwannomas, also known as neurilemmomas, are uncommon neoplasms, derived from Schwann cells of the nerve sheath. Although rare in the oral cavity, Schwannomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intraoral masses. Floor of mouth tumors are especially unusual, and in this site, the main differential diagnosis is a minor salivary gland neoplasm. This article presents two cases of Schwannoma in this locale.
Allozyme variation among natural populations of Holopedium gibberum (Crustacea; Cladocera)

SUMMARY 1 Holopedium gibberum, from twenty lakes in Rhode Island and Maine, were examined for allozyme variation at five loci to determine the pattern and degree of generic variation among sites and the genetic structure within individual lakes. 2 There were significant differences in allele frequencies among sites. Most populations were fixed for a particular allele at each locus. Only five lakes had polymorphic populations. 3 Polymorphic populations showed significant deviation from expected Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies. In each case, there was an excess of homozygotes. 4 Two lakes were examined for intra-lake allele frequency differences. In one lake there were no differences. The other lake exhibited significant allele frequency differences between stations at the north and south ends of the lake. 5 Populations were examined for the frequency distribution of composite genotypes over three loci. Most populations were dominated by one or two genotypes. 6 The results suggest sporadic sexual recruitment and a high degree of genetic isolation among these populations of H. gibberum. In these respects they resemble the permanent pond populations of Daphnia magna examined by Hebert (1974a).
Tornadic Time-Series Detection Using Eigen Analysis and a Machine Intelligence-Based Approach

The research Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler locally operated by the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, OK, has the unique capability of collecting massive volumes of Level I time-series data over many hours, which provides a rich environment for evaluating our new postprocessing algorithms. In this letter, an approach of identifying tornado vortices in Doppler spectra is proposed and investigated using eigen analysis, cluster estimation, and fuzzy logic technique.
Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on interleukin-2-dependent T cell growth.

Cellular membranes, in addition to serving as structural constituents of cells, also provide precursors for a number of chemical messengers involved in intracellular signal transduction. This includes the eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and diacylglycerol, and activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Changes induced in the fatty acid profile of lymphocytes can influence vital metabolic processes in cells. Such changes, independent of the function of fatty acids as prostaglandin and leukotriene precursors, can alter the development and regulation of immune responses. In this report we study the effects of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on proliferation and signal transduction in the interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent murine T cell line CTL.L-2. Culture of CTL.L-2 cells in the presence of specific PUFA resulted in their incorporation into the cellular phospholipids. IL-2-induced proliferation of CTL.L-2 cells was markedly suppressed in a dosedependent fashion by incubation in media supplemented with dihomogam malinolenic acid (DGLA, an n-6 PUFA). Incubation with arachidonic acid (an n-6 PUFA) slightly inhibited proliferation, while eicosapentaenoic acid (an n-3 PUFA) had no effect. Neither indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) nor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA, a lipoxygenase inhibitor) reversed the effect of DGLA. In contrast, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (a phorbol ester and activator of PKC), blocked, in a dose-dependent manner, the antiproliferative effect of DGLA. This study presents evidence that PUFA alter signal transduction in cells in a manner which is separate from their function as eicosanoid precursors. The botanical lipidderived DGLA has a potent suppressive effect on IL-2-driven T cell proliferation and may alter signal transduction by modification of second messenger or PKC activity.
Household Adjustment to Earthquake Hazard A Review of Research

Data from 23 studies confirm theoretical predictions that households’ adoption of earthquake hazard adjustments is correlated with their perceptions of the hazard and alternative adjustments, demog...
A Roman Iron Cautery from Verulamium

combine the deified, dead Augusti with the reigning Augustus. This conclusion conflicts with the evident assumption of AE that dedications to the imperial numen or numina relate only to the living emperor or emperors hence the objection to Aug(ustorum) on the grounds that Aug. has only a single G. It is true that the cult of the numen/numina of the living emperor/s is relatively common in Britain, where it belongs exclusively to the third century, but even in this province dedications to the numina of living and dead Augusti combined are slightly more numerous. In Tres Galliae and the Germanies the numen of the living emperor is poorly attested and the bulk of inscriptions of this kind pertain to the totality of emperors.11 In light of these considerations the expansion numinibus Aug(ustorum) given by Hassall and Tomlin should surely be retained and AE, 1977, 506 modified accordingly. The plural Aug(ustorum) is justified by the plural numinibus and must be understood to group the deified dead with the living emperor. As for the comment of AE on the note to RIB 152, I draw attention to my earlier discussion of the difficulties this raises.12
Electrochemical Deposition of a New n-Doping Polymer Based on Bis(thienyl)isopyrazole

A novel donor-acceptor polymer based on thiophene and isopyrazole has been prepared for use in n-doping applications. Nonpolymerizable monomer radical cations appear to be the predominant oxidation product, resulting in a need for extended cycling to produce adequate quantities of polymer for characterization. The electrochemical behavior of the polymer films produced is strongly dependent upon the conditions applied during electrodeposition and on the solvent used during cycling of the films. Cycling to reductive potentials during oxidative polymerization in acetonitrile was necessary to produce a polymer film capable of n-doping, likely resulting from a need to establish pathways for cation migration. The neutral polymer undergoes oxidation to the p-doped form at ca. 2000 mV vs Ag/Ag + in propylene carbonate and reduces back to neutral at ca. 0 mV. Conversion of the neutral polymer to its n-doped form involves reductions at -700 and -1300 mV, with reoxidation at -800 and -200 mV to return to the neutral form of the polymer.
Modeling foreshortening in stereo vision using local spatial frequency

Many aspects of the real world continue to plague stereo matching systems. One of these is perspective foreshortening, an effect that occurs when a surface is viewed at a sharp angle. Because each stereo camera has a slightly different view, the image of the surface is more compressed and occupies a smaller area in one view. These effects cause problems because most stereo methods compare similarly sized regions (using the same-sized windows in both images), tacitly assuming that objects occupy the same extents in both images. Clearly this condition is violated by perspective foreshortening. We show how to overcome this problem using a local spatial frequency representation. A simple geometric analysis leads to an elegant solution in the frequency domain which, when applied to a Gabor filter-based stereo system, increases the system's maximum matchable surface angle from 30 degrees to over 75 degrees.
The case for hypoglycaemia as a proarrhythmic event: basic and clinical evidence

Recent clinical studies show that hypoglycaemia is associated with increased risk of death, especially in patients with coronary artery disease or acute myocardial infarction. This paper reviews data from cellular and clinical research supporting the hypothesis that acute hypoglycaemia increases the risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and death in patients with diabetes by generating the two classic abnormalities responsible for the proarrhythmic effect of medications, i.e. QT prolongation and Ca2+ overload. Acute hypoglycaemia causes QT prolongation and the risk of ventricular tachycardia by directly suppressing K+ currents activated during repolarisation, a proarrhythmic effect of many medications. Since diabetes itself, myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, autonomic neuropathy and congestive heart failure also cause QT prolongation, the arrhythmogenic effect of hypoglycaemia is likely to be greatest in patients with pre-existent cardiac disease and diabetes. Furthermore, the catecholamine surge during hypoglycaemia raises intracellular Ca2+, thereby increasing the risk of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation by the same mechanism as that activated by sympathomimetic inotropic agents and digoxin. Diabetes itself may sensitise myocardium to the arrhythmogenic effect of Ca2+ overload. In humans, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) also lengthens action potential duration and causes further QT prolongation. Finally, both hypoglycaemia and the catecholamine response acutely lower serum K+, which leads to QT prolongation and Ca2+ loading. Thus, hypoglycaemia and the subsequent catecholamine surge provoke multiple, interactive, synergistic responses that are known to be proarrhythmic when associated with medications and other electrolyte abnormalities. Patients with diabetes and pre-existing cardiac disease may therefore have increased risk of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation during hypoglycaemic episodes.
Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SI-SECM) of Photoelectrochemistry at a W/Mo-BiVO4 Semiconductor Electrode: Quantification of Hydroxyl Radicals during Water Oxidation

Reaction kinetics and surface coverage of water oxidation intermediates at a W/Mo-BiVO4 photoanode were studied using surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SI-SECM). Adsorbed hydroxyl radicals (OH•) were produced during water oxidation at the semiconductor surface under UV–visible irradiation and were subsequently electrochemically titrated by tip-generated reductant without irradiation. The IrCl62–/3– redox couple was used to determine the surface concentration of OH• in acidic solution. On W/Mo-BiVO4, ∼6% of the absorbed photons generate surface OH• with a coverage of 5.8 mC cm–2. Less than 1% of the irradiated photons were eventually used for water oxidation under high intensity irradiation (∼1 W cm–2) at the photoanode. Assuming that the primary decay mechanism of the adsorbed OH• on W/Mo-BiVO4 is dimerization to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the rate constant was determined to be 4 × 103 mol–1 m2 s–1. A faster decay rate of OH• was observed in the presence of excess methanol ...
SIZE, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF THE PLANKTONIC LARVAE OF POMATOMUS SALTATRIX (PISCES: POMATOMIDAE)

A variety of hypotheses have been proposed regarding the processes that regulate survival of the planktonic life history stages of marine organisms. Several of these hypotheses have been grouped under a general, “growth–mortality” hypothesis, which postulates that larger (a “bigger-is-better” mechanism), faster growing (a “growth-rate” mechanism), and faster developing (a “stage-duration” mechanism) individuals have a higher probability of survival. Using the otolith record of age, size, and ontogeny, these three mechanisms of the “growth–mortality” hypothesis were tested for the larval and pelagic juvenile stages of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Pisces: Pomatomidae), a moderate-sized, coastal, pelagic, marine fish. Individuals that were larger-at-age were found to have a higher probability of survival, supporting the “bigger-is-better” mechanism. Faster growing individuals were also found to have a higher probability of survival, agreeing with the prediction of the “growth-rate” mechanism. Equivocal evidence was found with regard to the “stage-duration” mechanism. These results suggest that in pelagic ecosystems, larger and faster growing larvae have a higher probability of survival. Given the observed directional selection acting on larval size and growth, several potential mechanisms that maintain variable larval size and growth are addressed. Finally, the growth-related processes examined in this study are discussed in the context of the physical aspects of pelagic ecosystems that may also affect larval survival.
Chronology of warm-core ring 82B

The chronology presently derived from satellite thermal imagery to describe the formation and life history of the warm core ring 82B furnishes insight into a classification of features and discrete events associated with Gulf Stream warm core rings; these events are thereby put in a broader spatial and temporal context. The interactions of the ring with surrounding waters are noteworthy, and the existence of vortex-vortex interactions is shown to be a significant cause of local water advection through streamer activity. Acoustic velocity profiling and drifter trajectories have been used to corroborate hydrographic features of the ring and its environs.
The Effects of Situated Learning Through a Community Partnership in a Teacher Preparation Program

This article examines the value of using an alternative approach to college course instruction in an off-campus location, an agency for individuals with developmental disabilities. The situated learning model is an alternative to the traditional college course instructional approach for preservice teachers. This model immerses students in the actual setting where they can practice the skills and apply the concepts emphasized in the curriculum. Through a partnership between the college, the community agency, and a public school, graduate students in the special education program developed and implemented a life-skills curriculum for individuals with developmental disabilities, at the same time learning essential principles of delivering instruction. The school-aged students who participated in the study were from a racially mixed urban school district, while the adult clients from the community agency attended the program at the end of their community-based workday. Based on the results of surveys and focus group discussions, participants in the study indicated that the situated learning model of instruction in a community setting better prepared them in the acquisition and application of their teaching skills, and built their competence in developing educational programs for individuals with disabilities.
Optical interconnects in systems

Future enhancement of system performance will decreasingly rely on reduction in transistor dimensions. Rather, performance gains will increasingly come from improved hardware and software architectures and emerging technologies such as optical interconnects, which provide a new design space for system designers. It is possible that hybrid optoelectronic interconnects may revolutionize system implementation in the next decade.
A Micro-Process Analysis of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy's Mechanism of Change

Abstract This study sought to clarify the micro-process of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) by using the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale (FAPRS) to code every client and therapist turn of speech over the course of successful treatment of an individual meeting diagnostic criteria for depression and histrionic personality disorder. Treatment consisted of cognitive behavioral therapy alone followed by the addition of FAP techniques in a unique A / A + B design. In-session client behavior improved following the shift to FAP techniques, and micro-process data suggested that client behavior was effectively shaped by in-vivo FAP procedures. These results support FAP's purported mechanisms of change and highlight the advantages of utilizing molecular coding systems to explore these mechanisms.
Influence of Parathyroid Hormone and the Kidney on Maintenance of Blood Calcium Concentration in the Golden Hamster

The effect of parathyroid extract (PTE) on the renal excretion of calcium was investigated in hamsters fasted 48 hr prior to experimentation. During a 7-hr period following parathyroidectomy, the time course relationships between serum calcium concentration and urinary excretion of calcium were determined. During this period, serum calcium concentration, relative to controls, fell 6.8 mg/100 ml and was associated with a temporally-similar increase in urine calcium excretion (3.5 mg). Comparisons between the estimated loss of extracellular fluid calcium and gain in urinary excretion of calcium from controls indicated that, at any time measured, 100% of the calcium lost from extracellular fluid could be accounted for by the gain in urinary calcium excretion. A single dose of PTH, injected iv immediately following parathyroidectomy, maintained normal blood and urine calcium levels for 3 hr, after which changes progressively occurred in each of these parameters. Pretreatment of parathyroid-intact hamsters wit...
Aiming at a General Routing Strategy

A general method for automatic routing, based on a channel splitting approach, is presented. A weighted graph depicting multilayer partitions and allowing expected channel occupancy estimation is introduced. Problems and algorithms related to the detailed routing phase are briefly reviewed.
Multirate DSP models for gene detection

Digital filtering techniques such as the sliding window DFT and IIR anti-notch filters can be used as tools to identify the protein coding region in a DNA sequence. A multirate DSP model that emulates a complex anti-notch digital filter has been recently introduced. It was shown through simulations that this specific model is most effective in generating the so-called DNA spectrum when compared to previous digital filtering approaches. The improvement in performance is however offset by a higher computational cost. In this paper, we propose a new and efficient IIR implementation of this complex filtering process that does not sacrifice performance. The new implementation uses real causal stable IIR filters and removes the background noise in the DNA spectrum by a simple averaging operation. A mathematical analysis of the newly proposed scheme is also presented.
Continuous change: a help desk motto

The University of Idaho Help Desk started in October 1992 in a basement room with one full-time employee, two part-time student workers, and a Manager, Joyce Davidson. Their task was to provide staff, faculty, and students with assistance using email, connecting to the new Banner system, using the modem pool, and acquiring how-to documents for common lab applications. Jump forward 20 years and the UI Help Desk mission has grown and changed in ways that were unimagined in the beginning. New products and technologies create an ever changing support landscape, and customer needs and expectations continue to outstrip the resources we can provide. Challenges such as new facilities and locations, increasing customer base, wireless and wired networks, mobile devices, VPN, print servers, Exchange support, shared-drive permissions, student computer lab assistance, best-effort assistance on unsupported applications, and web technology assistance, as well as staff development and recruiting, are all part of everyday business. In this paper, Joyce Davidson, the original Help Desk manager, and Darren Kearney, the current manager, will review the history of the Help Desk and illustrate how far this critical service has come and where it may go. While we don't believe it is possible to clearly predict where emerging trends will take us, we will discuss how we approach these trends to help chart a course for the Help Desk going forward.
Selective Ablation of Ppp1cc Gene in Testicular Germ Cells Causes Oligo-Teratozoospermia and Infertility in Mice

The four isoforms of serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1), derived from three genes, are among the most conserved proteins known. The Ppp1cc gene encodes two alternatively spliced variants, PP1 gamma1 (PPP1CC1) and PP1 gamma2 (PPP1CC2). Global deletion of the Ppp1cc gene, which causes loss of both isoforms, results in male infertility due to impaired spermatogenesis. This phenotype was assumed to be due to the loss of PPP1CC2, which is abundant in testis. While PPP1CC2 is predominant, other PP1 isoforms are also expressed in testis. Given the significant homology between the four PP1 isoforms, the lack of compensation by the other PP1 isoforms for loss of one, only in testis, is surprising. Here we document, for the first time, expression patterns of the PP1 isoforms in postnatal developing and adult mouse testis. The timing and sites of testis expression of PPP1CC1 and PPP1CC2 in testis are nonoverlapping. PPP1CC2 is the only one of the four PP1 isoforms not detected in sertoli cells and spermatogonia. Conversely, PPP1CC2 may be the only PP1 isoform expressed in postmeiotic germ cells. Deletion of the Ppp1cc gene in germ cells at the differentiated spermatogonia stage of development and beyond in Stra8 promoter-driven Cre transgenic mice results in oligo-terato-asthenozoospermia and male infertility, thus phenocopying global Ppp1cc null (−/−) mice. Taken together, these results confirm that spermatogenic defects observed in the global Ppp1cc knockout mice and in mice expressing low levels of PPP1CC2 in testis are due to compromised functions of PPP1CC2 in meiotic and postmeiotic germ cells.
Skeletal muscle ultrastructure and function in statin-tolerant individuals.

Introduction Statins have well-known benefits on cardiovascular mortality, though up to 15% of patients experience side effects. With guidelines from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Diabetes Association expected to double the number of statin users, the overall incidence of myalgia and myopathy will increase. Methods We evaluated skeletal muscle structure and contractile function at the molecular, cellular, and whole tissue levels in 12 statin tolerant and 12 control subjects. Results Myosin isoform expression, fiber type distributions, single fiber maximal Ca2+-activated tension, and whole muscle contractile force were similar between groups. No differences were observed in myosin-actin cross-bridge kinetics in myosin heavy chain I or IIA fibers. Conclusions We found no evidence for statin-induced changes in muscle morphology at the molecular, cellular, or whole tissue levels. Collectively, our data show that chronic statin therapy in healthy asymptomatic individuals does not promote deleterious myofilament structural or functional adaptations. Muscle Nerve 53: 242–251, 2016
Bioethics in Islamic Thought

This article gives an overview of Islamic ethical thought and its relationship to bioethical issues. It argues that Islamic bioethics can be viewed both as a cumulative tradition building on the Islamic ethical resources and as an ongoing discourse that captures the effort to understand and implement Islamic moral precepts pertaining to a wide range of issues including the beginning and end of human life, treatment of the human body, and proper attitudes towards the environment. After a brief introduction on the term ‘bioethics’ and its history, the article is divided into three main sections exploring the foundations of Islamic (bio)ethics, the evolution and development of medical ethics in the Islamic tradition, and the main challenges confronting contemporary Islamic bioethical discourses.
Benefits of concurrent syringe exchange and substance abuse treatment participation

Participation in syringe exchange programs (SEPs) is associated with many individual and public health benefits but may have little impact on reducing drug use without concurrent treatment engagement. This study evaluated rates of drug use, other risk behaviors, and illegal activities in newly registered SEP participants (N = 240) enrolled versus not enrolled in substance abuse treatment over a 4-month observation window and examined the effect of days in treatment on these outcomes. After controlling for baseline differences, SEP registrants enrolled in treatment (n = 113) reported less days of opioid and cocaine use, injection drug use, illegal activities, and incarceration than those not enrolled in treatment (n = 127). For those enrolled in treatment, days of treatment was strongly correlated with each of these outcomes. These findings provide good evidence for a dose-response effect of treatment in syringe exchangers and suggest that substance abuse treatment significantly expands the harm reduction benefits of SEP participation.
Exploring spatial distributions of larval yellow perch Perca flavescens, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and their prey in relation to wind.

The objectives of the present study were to determine if spatial differences existed between zooplankton, larval yellow perch Perca flavescens and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (<13 mm total length, LT) in Pelican Lake (332 ha), NE, U.S.A. It was hypothesized that wind could act as a transport mechanism for larval fishes in this shallow lake, because strong winds are common at this geographic location. Potential spatial differences were explored, relating to zooplankton densities, size structure and densities of larval P. flavescens and L. macrochirus. Density differences (east v. west side of the lake) were detected for small- (two occasions), medium- (two occasions) and large-sized (one occasion) L. macrochirus larvae. No density differences were detected for small P. flavescens larvae; however, densities of medium- and large-sized P. flavescens were each higher on the west side of the lake on two occasions. There was no evidence that larval P. flavescens and L. macrochirus distributions were related to wind because they were not associated with large wind events. Likewise, large wind event days did not result in any detectable spatial differences of larval P. flavescens and L. macrochirus densities. There appeared to be no spatial mismatch between larval densities and associated prey in the years examined. Thus, wind was not apparently an influential mechanism for zooplankton and larval P. flavescens and L. macrochirus transport within Pelican Lake, and spatial differences in density may instead be related to vegetation and habitat complexities or spawning locations within this shallow lake.
Variations and extension of the convex–concave procedure

We investigate the convex–concave procedure, a local heuristic that utilizes the tools of convex optimization to find local optima of difference of convex (DC) programming problems. The class of DC problems includes many difficult problems such as the traveling salesman problem. We extend the standard procedure in two major ways and describe several variations. First, we allow for the algorithm to be initialized without a feasible point. Second, we generalize the algorithm to include vector inequalities. We then present several examples to demonstrate these algorithms.
The Price Bundling of Services: A Normative Framework:

As product lines have broadened in many industries (particularly service industries), the use of mixed price bundling has increased. In mixed price bundling, a firm offers its customers the choice ...
Laser Crystallized Polysilicon Thin Films and Applications

Pulsed excimer-laser crystallization of amorphous silicon on non-crystalline substrates is an important processing technique for large-area polycrystalline silicon films and devices. Interest stems, in large part, from proposals to use polycrystalline silicon on glass in large-area electronic applications, such as flat-panel active matrix displays and two-dimensional imaging systems. The polycrystalline silicon is envisioned to increase the functionality and reduce costs over the current circuits that use amorphous silicon. Also, it is found that laser-crystallized polycrystalline silicon exhibits some interesting materials properties, such as a sharp peak in the average grain size with large lateral grain growth as a function of excimer laser energy density. The average grain size increases with increasing laser fluence and peaks on the order of several microns or two orders of magnitude larger than the film thickness. The grain size then decreases with further increases in laser fluence. This peak in grain size is accompanied by a similar peak in the Hall electron mobility. This is a significant relationship for devices since the grain structure has a substantial influence on electrical properties. But to the detriment of device parameters, this large lateral grain growth occurs over a very narrow range of laser fluences and is accompanied by a corresponding peak in the surface roughness of the films. These relationships between laser processing conditions, materials properties, and device parameters force a compromise between large grain size for high mobility and homogeneity of material for uniformity of device characteristics. A window does exist in process parameter space where good-quality devices with uniform characteristics have been obtained. In addition, these attributes have been achieved under conditions that yield good polycrystalline silicon and good amorphous silicon devices on the same wafer within a mm of one another, allowing for hybrid polycrystalline and amorphous silicon circuits.
Induction of growth arrest and apoptosis by MNNG is associated with up-regulation of Cdk inhibitor p21 and down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression

1129 SDX-105 (bendamustine) is an anti-tumor agent with demonstrated clinical activity in the treatment of hematological malignancies, including those refractory to conventional DNA-damaging agents. SDX-105 has three sub-structural elements: a 2-chloroethylamine alkylating group (in common with the nitrogen mustard family), a benzimidazole ring, and a butyric acid side-chain. The multi-faceted structure of SDX-105 may contribute to its unique anti-neoplastic activity profile and distinguish it from conventional alkylators. Experimental evidence supporting a unique mechanism of action for SDX-105 include: (1) Identification by gene expression profile analysis (Affymetrix GeneChip) signature genes that are regulated by SDX-105, but not by chlorambucil and the cyclophosphamide active metabolite (phosphoramide mustard); (2) Demonstration that SDX-105, unlike cyclophosphamide, produces DNA damage repaired via base-excision repair (BER) rather than alkylguanine transferase mechanisms. Specifically, the cytotoxic activity of cyclophosphamide, but not SDX-105, was increased when the drug was used in combination with O6-Benzylguanine, an inhibitor of O6-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (O6-AGT), in NHL cell lines expressing high levels of 06-AGT; (3) Demosntration that cellular drug penetration and cytotoxicity of SDX-105, as opposed to melphalan, was not affected by inhibition of aminoacid transport system using 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) and, additionally, was not influenced by exposing the cells at low temperature (4°C). These results suggest that cell entry of SDX-105 is mediated via passive diffusion; (4) Lack of activity profile correlation between SDX-105 and other drugs present in the NCI-DTP database. Using the NCI human tumor 60 cell lines panel by COMPARE algorithm identified no other drugs that displayed a significant (>0.7) match in activity profile with SDX-105. This lack of correlation with SDX-105 is compelling considering that most nitrogen mustard compounds tested by COMPARE analysis display very high correlation coefficients (>0.8) with each other. In summary, these results suggest that SDX-105 has a unique profile of activity divergent from that of other common nitrogen mustard drugs.
A case of very slowly progressed pneumonic consolidation

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is originated from the periphery of the lung and can be mistaken for lobar pneumonia or atypical pneumonia clinically and at gross examination. Recently the authors experienced a 67-year-old woman who had slowly progressed pulmonary lesions for four years. At first, she visited this hospital for intermittent chest pain four years before. And she visited other hospitals for the same problem and had a series of evaluation including two times of biopsy but did not have any conclusive diagnosis. With aggravation of chest pain, she was referred to this hospital again and the lesion was reexamined and confirmed as bronchioloalveolar carcinoma by ultrasonography-guided needle biopsy. Being performed left lower lobectomy, she kept good condition without any complication.
Using Art-Based Strategies in Group-Based Counselor Supervision

ABSTRACTIn addition to course work and experiential learning experiences, a vital aspect to counselor training is clinical supervision. Supervision acts as a mediator bridging the gap between theory and practice. Using creative interventions has been increasing in clinical work and may be beneficial to be used more in training counseling students. One way to incorporate creative and expressive techniques into a counseling program is to use art-based strategies in clinical group supervision. Research and clinical experiences are discussed.
Political Attention and Government Stimulation of the Economy

After considering the effect of the fluctuation of the level of unemployment on electoral results, the author analyses the relation between the former and legislation programs, particularly in the U.S.A. Attention is drawn to the anomaly in framing such programs and an explanation supplied in terms of cybernetics.