cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Paid Labor and Relationships with Parents: Early Work‐Family Linkages

Earnings represent an important mechanism by which changes occur in the adolescent-parent relationship. The present study examines adolescent earnings and multiple dimensions of relationships with parents by drawing on 4 waves of data from the Iowa Youth and Families Project. Dynamic models based on the multiple perspectives of adolescent and parent are estimated with hierarchical equations. Between the seventh and tenth grades, rural adolescent earnings and nonleisure spending are related to time spent with the family, less parental monitoring, and more sharing of advice within the family. Earnings and nonleisure spending have positive associations with the affective quality of the adolescent-parent relationship. These results are discussed in terms of the multifaceted dimensions of adolescent work experiences and their implications for the life course.
Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.
Determinants of Male Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Response to Sound: Efficacy and Considerations for Use of Sound Traps in the Field

Understanding the mating competitiveness of male mosquitoes in field settings is essential to programs relying on the mass release of modified male mosquitoes, yet studies on male ecology have been hampered by the lack of a convenient trapping method. An existing promising method makes use of the innate attraction of males to female flight tones. Here, we present laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments on the efficacy of sound traps for the collection of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes polynesiensis Marks, and laboratory experiments with Ae. aegypti on the effects of male age, size, and mating status on responsiveness to a range of frequencies. Age and mating status influenced the overall responsiveness to sound, whereas male size did not. There were no interactions between these factors and sound frequency. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap modified to produce a tone of 465 Hz collected 76.2% of Ae. aegypti males in laboratory cages, and 49.7% of males in a greenhouse enclosure. In two sets of experiments in laboratory cages, 50.8 and 46.5% of male Ae. polynesiensis were captured with a trap producing a tone of 440 Hz. In the field, CDC miniature light traps or BG-Sentinel traps fitted with a portable speaker producing tones of 440 or 465 Hz captured significantly more male Ae. polynesiensis when placed near a male swarm than did traps that did not produce sound. When the trap was placed at a distance of 16.5 m from the nearest swarm, there was no significant difference in the number of males caught between control and sound-producing traps. The numbers of Ae. aegypti males captured were low under all circumstances in the field.
Synthesis of deoxycytidine-5'-phosphate deaminase in Escherichia coli infected by T2 bacteriophage.

Abstract Deoxycytidylic deaminase (dCMP deaminase) was found in Escherichia coli after infection with T2 bacteriophage. This enzyme could not be detected in uninfected cells but appears 3–5 min. after infection. Enzyme synthesis could be stopped at any stage by addition of chloramphenicol (20 μg./ml.) to the medium. The enzyme activity reached a maximum approximately 12 min. after infection and declined thereafter. Ultraviolet irradiation of the phage prior to infection resulted in only little loss in the capacity to induce the synthesis of dCMP deaminase under conditions where the replication of the phage was strongly impaired.
Effects of contrasting diets and temperatures on reproduction and prey consumption by Proprioseiopsis asetus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Proprioseiopsis asetus (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a relatively unknown predacious mite with potential as a biological control agent of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). In this study, the developmental rate and other biological parameters of P. asetus were investigated. Development of P. asetus was temperature dependent from 10 to 40 degrees C. Nonlinear models were fitted to development rate (1/time) data from egg to adult and by sex to estimate development times. The model of Sharpe and De Michele (1977) best fits the developmental data. The shortest development time on cattail (Typha latifolia (L.)) pollen occurred at 35 degrees C for all stages except for the egg stage, for which it was longer. The optimum development time at 35 degrees C is above the temperature optimum of most phytoseiid mites. Fecundity increased when P. asetus mated more than once. Males were needed at all times for maximum oviposition, although their consumption was negligible. Oviposition, prey killed (Franklinella occidentalis or T. urticae) and longevity of P. asetus females were recorded in the presence of males. Egg production increased with number of prey killed and P. asetus has the characteristics of successful predators of thrips.
On the measurement of impurity atom distributions by the differential capacitance technique

In a recent paper, 1 it was shown that the profile inferred from differential capacitance measurement 2–5 of semiconductor junctions is not that of the impurity atom distribution but, instead, that of the majority carrier distribution. For this reason, conventional differential capacitance measurements can be used to evaluate the impurity atom distribution only in charge neutral semiconductor material (where the majority carrier density equals the density of ionized impurity atoms). This requirement of charge neutrality limits the applicability of this measurement technique to semiconductor material containing a minimum impurity atom density of about 10 16 atoms/cm 3 .
Studies on thrombopoiesis

An extract of fresh normal human plasma was shown to contain a factor capable of inducing platelet formation in rats. This thrombopoietic factor, which is labile on storage, was markedly deficient in the plasma of a child with chronic congenital thrombocytopenic purpura who responded repeatedly to infusions of normal human plasma. Plasmas of children with acquired idiopathic thrombocytic purpura (ITP) contained normal amounts of thrombopoietic factor. However, 10 of 20 children with acute ITP responded to infusions of large amounts of normal human plasma, thus suggesting that platelet formation in man may be stimulated by excesses of the thrombopoietic factor.
EISENSTEIN AND POINCARÉ SERIES ON SL(3,R)

This work continues the ideas presented in the author's book, The Universality of the Radon Transform (Oxford, 2003), which deals with the group SL(2,R). The complication that arises for G = SL(3,R) comes from the fact that there are now two fundamental representations. This has the consequence that the wave operator, which plays a central role in our work on SL(2,R) is replaced by an overdetermined system of partial differential equations. The analog of the wave operator is defined using an MN invariant orbit of G acting on the direct sum of the symmetric squares of the fundamental representations. The relation of orbits, or, in general, of any algebraic variety, to a system of partial differential equations comes via the Fundamental Principle, which shows how Fourier transforms of functions or measures on an algebraic variety correspond to solutions of the system of partial differential equations defined by the equations of the variety. In particular, we can start with the sum T of the delta functions of the orbit of the group Γ = SL(2,Z) on the light cone. We then take its Fourier transform, using a suitable quadratic form. We then decompose the Fourier transform under the commuting group of G. In this way, we obtain a Γ invariant distribution which has a natural restriction to the orbit G/K, which is the symmetric space of G. This restriction is (essentially) the nonanalytic Eisenstein series. We can compute the periods of the Eisenstein series over various orbits of subgroups of G by means of the Euclidean Planchere formula. A more complicated form of these ideas is needed to define Poincare series.
Poleward-Propagating Intraseasonal Monsoon Disturbances in an Intermediate-Complexity Axisymmetric Model

Abstract A model of intermediate complexity based on quasi-equilibrium theory—a version of the quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model with a prognostic atmospheric boundary layer, as well as two free-tropospheric modes in momentum, and one each in moisture and temperature—is used in a zonally symmetric aquaplanet configuration to simulate aspects of the South Asian monsoon and its variability. Key qualitative features of both the mean state and the 30–60-day mode of the intraseasonal variability are simulated satisfactorily. The model has two limit cycles of similar period and structure that can account for this mode. Both feature northward propagation of the tropical convergence zone from 5°S to 25°N with a period of about 50 days. The dynamics of the oscillations are investigated. The system reaches a Hopf bifurcation when the asymmetry of the sea surface temperature (SST) forcing is increased. Beyond the bifurcation, the mean flow is linearly unstable, and the one linearly unstable mode is simila...
Some order-disorder considerations in living systems

Order and disorder in biological systems are considered quantitatively in terms of information and entropy. After discussing the factors contributing to the information content of a living cell, a calculation is made of this parameter. The value for a typical bacterial cell is 4.6×1010 bits. This value is compared with an experimental value of the heat of growth and entropy production ofE. Coli. A discussion of methods of improving the calculation is also presented.
Lack of association of dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms with ADHD subtypes in a population sample of twins

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable syndrome of childhood characterized by problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A variety of case control and family-based transmission distortion genetic studies of ADHD have focused on the possible involvement of polymorphisms of the DRD4 receptor gene. The majority of studies have examined the association of variously defined ADHD with an exon 3 polymorphism containing a variable number of imperfect 48 base pair repeats. Recently, McCracken et al. [2000: Mol Psych 5:531–536] reported an association of the DSM-IV primarily inattentive ADHD subtype with a 5′ 120 base pair repeat polymorphism in the DRD4 gene. In this report, we test for the possible association of these two polymorphisms with population-derived samples of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Furthermore, we extend previous studies by testing for associations with ADHD subtypes derived from latent-class analysis of interview responses. In contrast to most, but not all, previous studies, we failed to demonstrate any significant association of the exon 3 7-repeat allele with ADHD. Nor did we replicate the association of the 5′120 base pair repeat polymorphism. We do find a significant association of the exon 3 3-repeat allele with a novel talkative/impulsive latent-class–defined subtype of ADHD. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A survey of patterns of physician hygiene in ophthalmology clinic patient encounters.

Purpose This study examined physician hygiene patterns in the eye clinic of a major medical center to assess compliance with recommended practice patterns to avoid nosocomial infection during patient encounters. Methods One hundred ophthalmology resident-patient encounters were observed anonymously by the authors. Examining physicians were evaluated in handwashing between patients, cleaning and disinfecting of tonometer tips after each use, and recapping of diagnostic drop bottles after each use. Results Physicians washed their hands 74% of the time between patient encounters. The surfaces of tonometer tips were disinfected with an alcohol pad 100% of the time. Diagnostic drop bottles were recapped 57% of the time after each use. Conclusions There is ample clinical evidence in the ophthalmic literature that practitioners' hands and tonometer tips can be vectors for transmission of nosocomial infection and that vigorous handwashing and disinfection of instruments can decrease the rates of transmission. Sometimes, however, physicians neglect to follow these simple and effective steps. We suggest posting visual educational materials in examination rooms as a reminder to ophthalmology residents and clinic personnel to adhere to these precautions, benefiting doctors and patients.
Towards a bioinformatics of patterning: a computational approach to understanding regulative morphogenesis

The mechanisms underlying the regenerative abilities of certain model species are of central importance to the basic understanding of pattern formation. Complex organisms such as planaria and salamanders exhibit an exceptional capacity to regenerate complete body regions and organs from amputated pieces. However, despite the outstanding bottom-up efforts of molecular biologists and bioinformatics focused at the level of gene sequence, no comprehensive mechanistic model exists that can account for more than one or two aspects of regeneration. The development of computational approaches that help scientists identify constructive models of pattern regulation is held back by the lack of both flexible morphological representations and a repository for the experimental procedures and their results (altered pattern formation). No formal representation or computational tools exist to efficiently store, search, or mine the available knowledge from regenerative experiments, inhibiting fundamental insights from this huge dataset. To overcome these problems, we present here a new class of ontology to encode formally and unambiguously a very wide range of possible morphologies, manipulations, and experiments. This formalism will pave the way for top-down approaches for the discovery of comprehensive models of regeneration. We chose the planarian regeneration dataset to illustrate a proof-of-principle of this novel bioinformatics of shape; we developed a software tool to facilitate the formalization and mining of the planarian experimental knowledge, and cured a database containing all of the experiments from the principal publications on planarian regeneration. These resources are freely available for the regeneration community and will readily assist researchers in identifying specific functional data in planarian experiments. More importantly, these applications illustrate the presented framework for formalizing knowledge about functional perturbations of morphogenesis, which is widely applicable to numerous model systems beyond regenerating planaria, and can be extended to many aspects of functional developmental, regenerative, and evolutionary biology.
Changing Bureaucracy and Social Power In a Chicago Ukrainian Parish

In 1898 two Ukrainian immigrant families settled in a prairie section of Chicago known as Burnside. They were soon followed by friends and relatives who in time established a church around which, along with other associations, there developed an ethnic community (in both an ecological and interest sense) of several hundred families. The church possesses a singular feature in its adherence to the Eastern Rite. Almost without exception, the supporters and members of the church had been peasants in Europe who after their arrival in the United States came to Chicago where they became industrial workers and unskilled day-laborers. Their changed economic position, along with other factors contributing towards "assimilation" of American culture, vastly altered not only the roles of church and priest in their daily lives, but their attitudes towards religious phenomena. Moreover, it also altered the structure and functions of the church as an association.
Dunhuang Gazetteers of the Tang Period

AbstractThe collection of Dunhuang manuscripts discovered in the beginning of the twentieth century contains several gazetteers about the Dunhuang region itself. During the Han to late Tang dynasty, the period covered by these gazetteers, Dunhuang was a western frontier consisting mainly of a few remote oases surrounded by expansive desert. Our analysis of the geographical and historical descriptions found in these rare fragments reveals that the overabundance of water once seriously threatened the livelihood of its residents while the availability of drinkable spring water and irrigation projects may have led to the prosperity of the region. This prosperity was manifested by active commerce with Central Asia through the Silk Road and the establishment of courier stations. These gazetteers are important because they supplement the accepted standard histories with more accurate accounts of historical events than previously available. Of particular interest is a one-sheet fragment that is likely the earlies...
Perceptions of job title: Interior decorator, interior designer and building designer or architect

265 university students were asked to rank their perceptions of interior decorators, interior designers, and building designers or architects after reading a brief summary of the applicable professional's education. Similar to other research conducted in this area, a majority of these students ranked interior decorators and interior designers as more similar to one another while interior designers and building designers or architects were more dissimilar.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of cycloheptatriene

Abstract The vibrational frequencies and corresponding normal mode assignments of cycloheptatriene are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of 13 types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (C–H stretch, C C stretch, C–C stretch, in-plane C C–H bend, out-of-plane C C–H bend, C C–C bend, C–C–C bend, CH 2 scissors, CH 2 rock, CH 2 twist, CH 2 wag, and ring torsion). Theoretical infrared and Raman intensities are reported. The molecular orbitals and bonding of cycloheptatriene are examined.
Collaborative work on evaluation of ovarian toxicity. 4) Effects of fertility study of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide in female rats.

As part of a collaborative project, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), an ovarian toxicant, was intraperitoneally administered to female Sprague-Dawley rats at 0, 5, 20 or 80 mg/kg from 2 weeks prior to mating to Day 7 of gestation. At necropsy, the number of implanted embryos, rate of implantation decreased and the rate of preimplantation loss showed an increasing tendency in the 80 mg/kg group. As for organ weight, decreases in absolute and relative ovary weight were observed in the 80 mg/kg group. Histopathologically, the ovaries showed a decrease in number of small follicles at 80 mg/kg.
Metallic minerals, thermal histories and parent bodies of some xenolithic, ordinary chondrite meteorites

The metal grains were investigated in the hosts and lithic fragments of various petrologic types in four xenolithic chondrites using reflected-light microscopy and electron-probe analysis. The kamacite, taenite, tetrataenite, and troilite in Weston and Fayetteville have many textures; on a Wood plot of the central Ni content vs dimensions, the taenite content shows scatter if metal grains had cooled at rates of 10-1000 and 1-100 K/Myr through 700 K. In contrast, metallic minerals in Bhola and Mezo-Madaras have uniform textures and plot coherently, indicating cooling rates of 0.1 and 1 K/Myr, respectively, in the 700-600 K range. It is concluded that the host and xenoliths in these chondrites were cooled slowly after compaction; their clasts underwent peak metamorphic temperatures and slow cooling through 700 K in different environments.
Shame, guilt, and anger in college students exposed to abusive family environments

The relationship between an abusive environment within the family and proneness to shame, guilt, anger, and hostility in college students revealed that greater exposure to emotional abusiveness was significantly related to higher shame, overt and covert hostility, and expressed and unexpressed anger. Greater exposure to physical abusiveness was significantly related to overt hostility and a tendency to experience anger without a specific provoking situation. Women reported higher shame and guilt, whereas men reported higher levels of overt hostility and expressed anger. Shame proneness was related to covert hostility and unexpressed anger for both men and women. However, guilt proneness was not related to exposure to family abusiveness or, with one exception, to the anger and hostility variables. Implications for therapy with adult survivors of child abuse are discussed.
Courtship and female mate selection in a marine isopod crustacean Paracerceis sculpta

Abstract Females are semelparous in Paracerceis sculpta, a harem polygynous isopod that breeds in intertidal sponges in the northern Gulf of California. Reproductive females locate males established in spongocoels, and initiate courtship, which involves oral contact of males by females, and lifting and shaking of females by males. Despite this apparent assessment, females do not discriminate among males that differ by 10% in body length, by 30 days in age, or that lack appendages used in courtship. In most cases, females pair with the first male they encounter. Males, moreover, show no reluctance to pair with any female that approaches their spongocoel. Females as well as males are attracted to spongocoels occupied by multiple gravid females. Males attempt to control such sites, and body size confers an advantage in spongocoel takeover. Predation risks incurred by females while searching for spongocoels may favour individuals responding to chemical cues that reliably indicate breeding site quality, e.g. those emanating from established breeding aggregations. That sponges containing gravid females attract unmated females may explain why males attempt to monopolize these sites.
Extending a matroid by a cocircuit

Our main result describes how to extend a matroid so that its ground set is a modular hyperplane of the larger matroid. This result yields a new way to view Dowling lattices and new results about line-closed geometries. We complement these topics by showing that line-closure gives simple geometric proofs of the (mostly known) basic results about Dowling lattices. We pursue the topic of line-closure further by showing how to construct some line-closed geometries that are not supersolvable.
Underwater life support based on immobilized oxygen carriers

One of the primary problems that hinders humans in their efforts to explore and develop the ocean realms is the lack of a ready supply of oxygen. Practical methods have not yet been devised for using the vast amount of oxygen dissolved in ocean waters for human life support in an undersea environment. Fish and other water-breathing animals have solved this problem by utilizing hemoglobin as a molecular oxygen pump. To achieve a similar oxygen extraction capability, we have explored various methods of oxygen extraction that are based on immobilized forms of hemoglobin. Improved methods for immobilizing hemoglobin or other oxygen carrying molecules and a method for extracting the available dissolved oxygen from natural waters and other fluids are described. The techniques that have been developed allow for immobilization of oxygen carriers at high concentration in a state where they are capable of reversible oxygen binding, and also allow for regeneration of the carrier in the event of oxidation of the oxygen-binding site.
Immunogenetics of collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

CIA can be viewed as a multifactorial animal model of experimentally-induced autoimmunity that is targeted to joint tissues and under multiple gene control. Thus, although induction of CIA requires immune reactivity to type II collagen, a high immune response to type II collagen is not pathognomonic of CIA, indicating that determinant specificity is of crucial importance. Also, both RT1-linked and non-RT1-linked gene directed functions are involved in the final clinical response to immunization with type II collagen. RT1-linked control is likely exerted at the level of Class II (Ia) molecules (as it is in mice) with inherent selectivity of arthritogenic vs non-arthritogenic epitopes for presentation to the immune response system; non-RT1-linked control may reflect genes controlling T-cell receptors, immunoglobulin subtypes or complement components. There is also evidence that the effects of potentially pathological anti-collagen autoimmunity may in some strains be muted or even obviated by other non-RT1 gene controlled traits that are not directly related to the immune system. These general conclusions are in close accord with those of other investigators who have carefully conducted extensive and in-depth studies of the immunogenetics of CIA in mice. CIA is obviously not an exact model of any one of the more common rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. In fact, it is more closely analogous to polychondritis and some of the other sero-negative connective tissue diseases. However, CIA remains an extremely useful model in attempts to understand the genetic and environmental factors which influence a specific and definable autoimmune process--anti-collagen reactivity. In turn, autoimmunity to collagen, and to other autoantigens, is a contributing or complicating aspect of most of the diverse human rheumatic disease syndromes which have been identified to date. The characteristics of the CIA model in rats which have been discussed in this article, i.e., genetically controlled variations in incidence, severity, rate of progression and expression of clinical disease, are also characteristic of the human rheumatic disease patient population. Likewise, the probable contribution of multiple genes to these syndromes is recognized. Continued investigation of the CIA model can be expected to yield important information that can be used to better understand its human counterparts.
Adolescent Females' Attraction to Male Adolescent Bullies and Victims of Bullying

Abstract This study assessed adolescent females' self-reported attraction and interest in dating adolescent male bullies and victims of bullying. Thirty-six 9th and 10th grade female adolescents (mean age = 15 years; 69.2% White; 30.8% Non-white) from a city high school in the Mid-Atlantic United States examined three photographs and listened to a verbal account portraying two adolescent males in an episode of physical and verbal bullying. Participants were significantly more likely to be attracted and interested in dating a male victim of bullying than a male bully.
The influence of risk-taking propensity on bargaining behavior.

This study investigated experimentally the effects of risk-taking propensity on bargaining behavior under varying information conditions. Risk-taking propensity failed to explain subjects' bargaining successes (profits), but it did influence their initial asking level and their willingness to yield from this level. The degree of influence was moderated by the amount of information in the bargaining channel. Results suggested that the less the information the greater the impact of risk-taking propensity on bargaining behavior.
Structure and chromosomal DNA binding of the SWIRM domain

The evolutionarily conserved Swi3p, Rsc8p and Moira (SWIRM) domain is found in many chromosomal proteins involved in chromatin modifications or remodeling. Here we report the three-dimensional solution structure of the SWIRM domain from the human transcriptional adaptor ADA2α. The structure reveals a five-helix bundle consisting of two helix-turn-helix motifs connected by a central long helix, reminiscent of the histone fold. Using structural and biochemical analyses, we showed that the SWIRM domains of human ADA2α and SMARC2 bind to double-stranded and nucleosomal DNA, and we identified amino acid residues required for this function. We demonstrated that the ADA2α SWIRM domain is colocalized with lysine-acetylated histone H3 in the cell nucleus and that it potentiates the ACF remodeling activity by enhancing accessibility of nucleosomal linker DNA bound to histone H1. These data suggest a functional role of the SWIRM domain in chromatin remodeling.
The existence of regular orbits for nilpotent groups

Consider the following situation. Suppose R a CR where R is an r-group and C is a cyclic group of order qe; where r and q are distinct primes. Let k be a finite field of characteristic p and suppose V is a faithful, irreducible k[CR ] module. This situation has been widely studied. When p = q it is similar to the situation occurring in the proof of Theorem B of Hall and Higman [9]. When p # q it is similar to the situation occurring in the corresponding theorem of Shult [ 131. In this paper a generalization of this situation is considered. Suppose G 4 AG where G is a solvable group, A is nilpotent and (IA /, ] G]) = 1. Again we assume V is a faithful, irreducible k[AG] module. Two related questions arise in the study of this situation.
Foveated wavelet image quality index

The human visual system (HVS) is highly non-uniform in sampling, coding, processing and understanding. The spatial resolution of the HVS is highest around the point of fixation (foveation point) and decreases rapidly with increasing eccentricity. Currently, most image quality measurement methods are designed for uniform resolution images. These methods do not correlate well with the perceived foveated image quality. Wavelet analysis delivers a convenient way to simultaneously examine localized spatial as well as frequency information. We developed a new image quality metric called foveated wavelet image quality index (FWQI) in the wavelet transform domain. FWQI considers multiple factors of the HVS, including the spatial variance of the contrast sensitivity function, the spatial variance of the local visual cut-off frequency, the variance of human visual sensitivity in different wavelet subbands, and the influence of the viewing distance on the display resolution and the HVS features. FWQI can be employed for foveated region of interest (ROI) image coding and quality enhancement. We show its effectiveness by using it as a guide for optimal bit assignment of an embedded foveated image coding system. The coding system demonstrates very good coding performance and scalability in terms of foveated objective as well as subjective quality measurement.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks from the Scripps atmospheric oxygen flask sampling network

Measurements of atmospheric O2/N2 ratio and CO2 concentration are presented over the period 1989‐2003 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography global flask sampling network. A formal framework is described for making optimal use of these data to estimate global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks. For the 10-yr period from 1990 to 2000, the oceanic and land biotic sinks are estimated to be 1.9 ± 0.6 and 1.2 ± 0.8 Pg C yr −1 , respectively, while for the 10-yr period from 1993 to 2003, the sinks are estimated to be 2.2 ± 0.6 and 0.5 ± 0.7 Pg C yr−1, respectively. These estimates, which are also compared with earlier results, make allowance for oceanic O2 and N2 outgassing based on observed changes in ocean heat content and estimates of the relative outgassing per unit warming. For example, for the 1993‐2003 period we estimate outgassing of 0.45 × 10 14 mol O2 yr −1 and 0.20 × 10 14 mol N2 yr −1 , which results in a correction of 0.5 Pg C yr −1 on the oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks. The basis for this oceanic outgassing correction is reviewed in the context of recent model estimates. The main contributions to the uncertainty in the global sinks averages are from the estimates for oceanic outgassing and the estimates for fossil fuel combustion. The oceanic sink of 2.2 Pg C yr −1 for 1993‐2003 is consistent, within the uncertainties, with the integrated accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean since 1800 as recently estimated from oceanic observations, assuming the oceanic sink varied over time as predicted by a box-diffusion model.
Hollow Spherical Nucleic Acids for Intracellular Gene Regulation Based upon Biocompatible Silica Shells

Cellular transfection of nucleic acids is necessary for regulating gene expression through antisense or RNAi pathways. The development of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs, originally gold nanoparticles functionalized with synthetic oligonucleotides) has resulted in a powerful set of constructs that are able to efficiently transfect cells and regulate gene expression without the use of auxiliary cationic cocarriers. The gold core in such structures is primarily used as a template to arrange the nucleic acids into a densely packed and highly oriented form. In this work, we have developed methodology for coating the gold particle with a shell of silica, modifying the silica with a layer of oligonucleotides, and subsequently oxidatively dissolving the gold core with I2. The resulting hollow silica-based SNAs exhibit cooperative binding behavior with respect to complementary oligonucleotides and cellular uptake properties comparable to their gold-core SNA counterparts. Importantly, they exhibit no cytotoxicity an...
Regulation of the isoforms of metallothionein.

The objective of this research was to study the regulation of hepatic MT-I and MT-II in rats. Induction of MTs following Cd, Zn, and glucocorticoid treatments was studied in adult rats and the ontogeny of MTs was evaluated in developing rats. The isoforms were quantitated by anion-exchange HPLC and their respective mRNAs were evaluated by Northern blot hybridization with mouse cRNA probes. In untreated adult rat liver, MT-II was more abundant than MT-I. Cd treatment increased MT-I and MT-II to similar concentrations. Low dosages of Zn increased MT-II levels three times higher than MT-I levels, whereas higher dosages increased the isoforms to similar levels, whereas higher dosages increased the isoforms to similar levels. Differences in the degradation of Zn-induced MTs were observed: apparent half-lives for MT-I and MT-II were 12.2 and 21.9 h, respectively. MT-II was the predominant glucocorticoid-inducible isoform. MT-I and MT-II mRNAs increased coordinately after glucocorticoid treatment, but MT-II mRNA was more abundant than MT-I mRNA. In immature rats, MT-I and MT-II were first detected in fetal liver on gestation day 18 and increased to maximum hepatic concentrations during the first week postpartum. Thereafter, MT levels decreased, reaching adult levels by 35 d. In contrast, MT mRNAs reached maximal levels during late gestation that were maintained throughout the first three weeks postpartum. Discoordination between MT mRNA and protein levels is suggestive of translational control of MTs in developing rats. In summary, MT-II is more abundant than MT-I in untreated rats and in rats treated with glucocorticoids or low dosages of zinc. In addition to transcriptional regulations of MTs, translational control of MTs may be important in regulating hepatic MT concentrations, particularly in developing rats, and differences in the degradation of MT-I and MT-II may influence tissue concentrations of the isoforms.
From Visible Light-Emitting Diodes to Large-Scale III–V Photonic Integrated Circuits

The discovery of the visible light-emitting diode (LED) 50 years ago by Holonyak and Bevacqua and the associated demonstration of the viability of the III-V semiconductor alloy created a foundational basis for the field of optoelectronics. Key advances which enabled the progression from the first visible LED to today's III-V photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are described. Furthermore, the current state-of-the-art 500-Gb/s and 1-Tb/s large-scale InP transmitter and receiver PICs and their essential role in the optical communications networks are reviewed.
Studies on the Effects of Estimator Selection in Robust Parameter Design under Asymmetric Conditions

The primary goal of robust parameter design (RPD) is to determine the optimum operating conditions that achieve process performance targets while minimizing variability in the results. To achieve this goal, typical approaches to RPD problems use ordinary least squares methods to obtain response functions for the mean and variance by assuming that the experimental data follow a normal distribution and are relatively free of contaminants or outliers. Consequently, the most common estimators used in the initial tier of estimation are the sample mean and sample variance, as they are very good estimators when these assumptions hold. However, it is often the case that such assumed conditions do not exist in practice; notably, that inherent asymmetry pervades system outputs. If unaccounted for, such conditions can affect results tremendously by causing the quality of the estimates obtained using the sample mean and standard deviation to deteriorate. Focusing on asymmetric conditions, this paper examines several highly efficient estimators as alternatives to the sample mean and standard deviation. We then incorporate these estimators into RPD modeling and optimization approaches to ascertain which estimators tend to yield better solutions when skewness exists. Monte Carlo simulation and numerical studies are used to substantiate and compare the performance of the proposed methods with the traditional approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
After Corporatism A Comparison of the Role of Medical Professionals and Social Workers in the Dutch Welfare State

This article compares the emerging role of professional groups in two areas of welfare policy in the Netherlands. The focus is on the role of medical professionals in Dutch disability programs and of social workers in the area of public assistance. The study shows that medical professionals have come to replace the labor and capital interests formerly engaged in disability policy-making. In the area of social work, professional social work agencies have superceded religious charity organizations that found their basis for policy influence in a “pillarized” society. The argument presented is that a policy shift accounts for this change in what formerly were corporatist policy institutions. The policy shift results from a change in the nature of welfare policy debate from fundamental discussions of the rights basis of welfare programs toward technical discussions of how best to make the programs operate. An examination of retrenchment debates in the 1980s shows that professionals remain important actors in ...
Stress proteins: their role in the normal central nervous system and in disease states, especially multiple sclerosis

The terms “heat-shock proteins” (hsp) and “stress proteins” will be used interchangeably in this chapter. While the more accurate term is stress proteins, hsp is used more commonly. Hsp are families of proteins present in almost all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are classified according to their molecular mass and range in size from 17 kDa, to more than 100 kDa. They are essential for normal cell functions and are expressed both constitutively and in increased amounts when cells are stressed in a variety of ways. One of the major functions of all hsp is the transport of peptides from one intracellular compartment to another. Such transport, often called “chaperoning”, can occur during both synthetic and catabolic processes. Examples of stresses that increase expression of hsp are heat, viral infections, anoxia, and exposure to certain cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma. There are excellent reviews on hsp [34, 45, 47].
Pastoral care and AIDS: Assessing the stress and satisfaction from caring for persons with AIDS

Members from religious communities in New York City (17 men, 8 women) who volunteer pastoral care to persons with AIDS completed and returned through the mail the (AIDS) Caregiver Scale and the Attitudes toward AIDS Scale. Results indicated that satisfaction from providing care was related to pastoral training, an understanding of the spiritual nature of death, and a positive attitude toward persons with AIDS. Self-reported stress from providing care was inversely related to pastoral training to deal with death. The pastoral volunteers also reported greater satisfaction and lower stress from caregiving than volunteer “buddies” from upstate New York.
Decreased density, but not number, of N-methyl-D-aspartate, glycine and phencyclidine binding sites in hippocampus of senescent rats.

Abstract Aging is associated with reduced rates of kindling and spatial learning. Blockade of N-methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptors in young animals produces effects similar to those of aging. These findings raise the possibility that age-dependent reduction in neuronal plasticity are the consequences of decreased NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. Conceivably this reduction could be due to an alteration in the NMDA receptor itself. To test this idea we quantified ligand binding to 3 distinct sites on the NMDA receptor/channel complex in hippocampal memebranes prepared from 3- and 24-month-old Fischer-344 rats. The binding parameters of the NMDA, glycine and non-competitive anatagonist (A.K.A. phencyclidine) sites on the NMDA receptor/channel complex were examined using [3H]3-(2carboxypiperazin-4yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ([3H]CPP), [3H]glycine and [3H] N-(1-[2-thiennyl]cyclohexyl)3,4-piperidine ([3H]TCP), respectively. Aging produced no change in the affinity or stoichiometry ofthe binding sites. Aging was associated with a 30%reduction in the density of each of the 3 binding sites (when expressed as sites/mg membrane protein). However, this reduction in receptor density was the consequence of increased protein content in the hippocampus of aged animals, not a reduction in the number of binding sites. These findings suggest that a selective alteration in the NMDA receptor/channel complex itself does not account for the age-dependent reductions in neuronal plasticity.
Axioms for bundle transfers and traces

In topology it is often profitable to characterize the algebraic invariants of spaces or morphisms by axioms. Of course, the most basic examples along these lines are the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms for homology and cohomology [EiS], and in many cases there are axiomatic characterizations for more refined algebraic structures that exist in homology and cohomology. For example, axioms for the Steenrod cohomology operations appear in [EpS], and axioms for various sorts of transfers known in the nineteen sixties were described in unpublished work of J. M. Boardman [Bo]. In this paper we shall describe axioms for the bundle transfers considered by the first named author and D. H. Gottlieb in [BG2–3] and from a different perspective by A. Dold, M. Clapp and D. Puppe in [Cl, D1–3, DP]. Previous work of F. Roush [Rou] and L. G. Lewis [L] describes axioms for the special case of finite coverings and bundles whose fibers are compact Lie groups that act smoothly on the fibers; another axiomatic characterization of finite covering transfers appears in [BeS, Sect. 13]. The characterization in this paper is valid for topological fiber bundles for which the fibers and the bases are finite-dimensional compact ANR’s and finite CW complexes respectively. We shall also describe axioms for the homomorphisms in generalized homology and cohomology theories that are determined by bundle transfers.
Arterial blood gas derived variables as estimates of intrapulmonary shunt in critically ill children.

Oxygen transport data, prospectively collected from 52 critically ill children, were analyzed to determine whether any derived variable accurately estimated intrapulmonary shunt (Qsp/Qt). Arterial hemoglobin saturation was more closely correlated with Qsp/Qt than was PaO2, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, arterial mixed venous oxygen difference (C[a-v]O2), arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio, and the ratio of PaO2 to inspired oxygen (FIO2) (r = 0.8, p less than .0001). When C(a-v)O2 was normal, hemoglobin saturation became a very accurate (r = 0.96) assessment of Qsp/Qt. We conclude that various arterial blood gas derived variables do not accurately reflect Qsp/Qt in critically ill children. In these patients, a pulmonary artery catheter is needed to accurately assess intrapulmonary shunt.
Bridging the gaps on arms control

(1997). Bridging the gaps on arms control. Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 18, ARMS CONTROL New Approoaches to Theory and Policy, pp. 1-24.
A Very High Frequency DC–DC Converter Based on a Class ${\bm \Phi}_{\bm 2}$ Resonant Inverter

This paper introduces a new dc-dc converter suitable for operation at very high frequencies (VHF) under on-off control. The converter power stage is based on a resonant inverter (the Φ2 inverter) providing low switch voltage stress and fast settling time compared to other resonant topologies. A new multistage resonant gate driver suited for driving large, high-voltage RF Mosfet at VHF frequencies is also introduced. Experimental results are presented from a prototype dc-dc converter operating at 30 MHz at input voltages up to 200 V and power levels above 200 W under closed-loop control. These results demonstrate the high performance achievable with the proposed design.
In-situ atomic-scale observation of irradiation-induced void formation

The formation of voids in an irradiated material significantly degrades its physical and mechanical properties. Void nucleation and growth involve discrete atomic-scale processes that, unfortunately, are not yet well understood due to the lack of direct experimental examination. Here we report an in-situ atomic-scale observation of the nucleation and growth of voids in hexagonal close-packed magnesium under electron irradiation. The voids are found to first grow into a plate-like shape, followed by a gradual transition to a nearly equiaxial geometry. Using atomistic simulations, we show that the initial growth in length is controlled by slow nucleation kinetics of vacancy layers on basal facets and anisotropic vacancy diffusivity. The subsequent thickness growth is driven by thermodynamics to reduce surface energy. These experiments represent unprecedented resolution and characterization of void nucleation and growth under irradiation, and might help with understanding the irradiation damage of other hexagonal close-packed materials.