cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite as a weathering product of chlorite in a soil

Regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite (1:1) is found as a weathering product of chlorite in a Highfield channery silt loam soil profile in Adams County, Pennsylvania. The parent rock is greenstone, a metamorphosed basalt, composed of chlorite, epidote, alibite and ilmenite. Greenstone fragments in the soil are found with different degrees of chlorite alteration to chlorite-vermiculite. Most prominant development is in the fine silt separate of the soil. X-ray examination revealed that d(001)=28.5 A for magnesium saturated, air dry material; d(001)=28.5 A for magnesium saturated, ethylene glycol solvated material; and d(001)=24.3 A for potassium saturated, air dry material. Cation exchange capacity is estimated to be 85 me/100 grams. It is suggested that the parent chlorite is a 2-layer polytype with different degrees of bonding of alternate brucite interlayers. When subjected to a leaching environment, the more weakly bonded interlayers are preferentially removed.
Concentration fluctuations and segmental relaxation in miscible polymer blends

Mechanical measurements in the glass transition zone were carried out on a series of polydienes to study the effect of chemical structure on the segmental relaxation. The breadth of the glass transition dispersion in the mechanical spectrum increased with increasing concentration of pendant vinyl groups on the main chain. The broader relaxations exhibited stronger temperature dependences. Both observations are consistent with the compling model of relaxation. Enhanced intermolecular coupling arises due to steric interferences among the vinyl moieties, and the coupling model predicts that more cooperative relaxations will be both broader and more temperature sensitive. In miscible blends the glass transition dispersion is further broadened due the distribution of local environments engendered by concentration fluctuations. The coupling model is extended to consider the effect of concentration fluctuations on the local variation in the degree of intermolecular cooperativity. The shape of the relaxation spectra of miscible blends in the glass transition zone, as well as both composition and temperature dependencies of the dispersion, are markedly influenced by the concentration fluctuations specific to miscible blends. Application of the model to two blends is demonstrated to successfully describe the prominent features of the measurements.
The HIV-1 assembly machine.

HIV-1 like all retroviruses is released by budding from the host cells surface and thereby acquires a plasma membrane-derived lipid envelope that provides a tight seal and shields the virus from the environment. Budding also offers a non-lytic pathway for virus egress and thus has the advantage that the infected cell remains viable and can continue to produce progeny virions. HIV-1 particle assembly and budding are directed by the Gag polyprotein the precursor for the internal structural components of the mature virion which are matrix (MA) capsid (CA) nucleocapsid (NC) and p6. The Gag polyprotein coordinates the late stages of the replication cycle by bringing together all the building blocks of the virion and is sufficient to organize the efficient assembly and release of virus-like particles even when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. Initially the polymerization of Gag polyproteins leads to the formation of an immature particle with a relatively stable spherical shell underneath the virion envelope. However for the virion to become infectious a maturation step is required that results in a suitably metastable capsid that can be disassembled within a target cell to release the viral genome. For maturation to occur the Gag polyprotein must be cleaved by the viral protease which triggers a large-scale rearrangement of the cleavage products within the assembled particle and a dramatic structural transition from a spherical to a conical capsid [1-4]. (excerpt)
Paramagnetic-Resonance Spectrum of W 5 + in Rutile (Ti O 2 )

The paramagnetic-resonance spectrum of ${\mathrm{W}}^{5+}$ substitutional in Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ was measured and analyzed. Both hyperfine lines and superhyperfine lines are observed. In the superhyperfine spectrum there is one group of relatively weak lines that is probably due to "forbidden" transitions. The $g$ factors are: ${g}_{c}=1.4431$, ${g}_{1\overline{1}0}=1.5944$, ${g}_{110}=1.4725$. The hyperfine coupling constants are ${A}_{c}=63.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${A}_{1\overline{1}0}=92.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${A}_{110}=40.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
“Nobody Knows the Trouble I See”; or, “By and By I'm Gonna Lay Down My Heavy Load”

It is time for society to reckon with the fallacy of turning our heroes and heroines into godlike inhuman figures. Martin Luther King, Jr., needs to become through our work as historians the human being he was. He needs to be shared as a member of a community. As a man who did brilliantly with the greatest challenge facing him, he also often operated ordinarily, and at times disappointed others and probably himself. There is no Martin Luther King, Jr., whom we can understand outside of the Movement, which was created by hundreds and thousands of us, and for which he gave his life. It is from within this activist community that one can grasp the range of this great voice of our century, an African-American man, the first in the history of the United States of America to be honored with a federal holiday, an observance celebrating the struggle against racism where peace and love became major strategic instruments of change. The present revelation and discussion about King's performance as a researcher/ writer in graduate school present an unusual and uncomfortable lesson for our culture as we near the end of the twentieth century. We have an opportunity to allow the complexity of a personality and the consistencies and unevenness of an exalted life to be part of the common knowledge held by the general public. This knowledge can have general widespread currency along with the honor and celebration that bring the person to our attention in the first place. I think all of us already know somewhere inside ourselves that those in human history who carry the mantle of being outstanding are also always flawed. However, popular and academic chroniclers have a way of reshaping reality so that the warts and pimples get smoothed off. This is especially true when events of history are tailored for consumption by the broader public. It is as if without a cleaning up of the life, we seem to believe that the work of a person will not be able to travel through history. This process of making history clean does a disservice to those who study and celebrate history.
Quantitative evaluation of the sensitivity of library-based Raman spectral correlation methods.

Library-based Raman spectral correlation methods are widely used in surveillance applications in multiple areas including the pharmaceutical industry, where Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in v...
Ethnic Diversity and Support for Redistributive Social Policies

Scholars and public figures have drawn attention to lower social spending in more ethnically diverse countries, and explicitly or implicitly claimed that this resulted from a lack of public support for more generous social-spending policies in more diverse countries—despite the lack of empirical evidence on the topic. Such arguments ultimately hinge on how diversity is related to attitudes about distribution. However, empirical studies of the relationship between social-spending attitudes and diversity in cross-national perspective are scarce and limited in geographic scope, and have yielded inconsistent results. Through a study of individual-level attitudes in 91 countries in this paper, I explore the relationship between ethnic diversity and actual attitudes about social spending using two different cross-national public opinion data sets, and multiple approaches to measuring diversity. The results of 48 regression models show that ethnic diversity itself is not negatively related, and may even be positively related, to support for redistributive social spending, which challenges the prevailing assumption about the divisiveness of ethnic diversity. There is one exception—support for redistribution may be lower when there have been large increases in the size of the immigrant population in a country, but only in countries in which economic inequality is particularly acute.
Cost-effectiveness evaluation on comprehensive control measures carrying out in schistosomiasis endemic areas with regard to different layers of administrative villages stratified by infection situation of human and domestic animals II Correlation analysis

Objective To investigate the correlations between inputs and costs and endemic situation of schistosomiasis in inner embankment,so as to provide the references for the strategy optimization of schistosomiasis control. Methods Jiangling County was selected as the study field. The correlation and regression analyses were applied to analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2013. The methods of two-stages least squares and path analysis were applied to analyze the impacts between costs and inputs and endemic situation of schistosomiasis. Results The adjusted infection rate of population,number of bovines and Oncomelania hupensis snail areas reduced by 77.42%,76.34% and 19.43%,respectively in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2013. The correlations between the infection rate of snails and the population positive rates of blood and fecal exams,and the infection rate of bovines were significant(all P 0.05);and there was a significant linear regression between the infection rates of snails and bovines(P 0.05). There were statistically significant regressions between inputs at different levels and the population positive rates of blood and fecal exams,and the infection rates of bovines and snails,as well as between the costs and the population positive rate of fecal exams and the infection rates of bovines and snails(all P 0.05),whereas there was no statistically significant regression between the costs and the population positive rate by blood exams(P 0.05). The inputs at county level had an impact on the population positive rate of blood exams;the costs of comprehensive treatment had an impact on the population positive rate of fecal exams;the costs of human labor and measures for exams and treatments had an impact on the infection rate of bovines;the inputs at national level and the costs of measures for exams and treatments had an impact on the infection rate of snails(all P 0.05). Conclusion The inputs and costs of schistosomiasis control were related to the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2013;therefore,it is necessary to develop a comprehensive surveillance system as substitute for the current indexes on schistosomiasis control.
Stem cell-derived liver cells for drug testing and disease modeling

Differences between animals and humans in liver pathways now necessitate the use of in vitro models of the human liver for several applications such as drug screening. However, isolated primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are a limited resource for building such models given shortages of donor organs. In contrast, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be propagated nearly indefinitely and differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro using soluble factors inspired from liver development. Additionally, iPSCs can be generated from patients with specific genetic backgrounds to study genotype-phenotype relationships. While current protocols to differentiate hESCs and iPSCs into human hepatocyte-like cells (hESC-HHs and iPSC-HHs) still need improvement to yield cells functionally similar to the adult liver, proof-of-concept studies have already shown utility of these cells in drug development and modeling liver diseases such as α1-antitrypsin deficiency, hepatitis B/C viral infections, and malaria. Here, we present an overview of hESC-HH and iPSC-HH culture platforms that have been utilized for the aforementioned applications. We also discuss the use of semiconductor-driven microfabrication tools to precisely control the microenvironment around these cells to enable higher and longer-term liver functions in vitro. Finally, we discuss areas for improvement in creating next generation stem cell-derived liver models. In the future, stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells could provide a sustainable cell source for high-throughput drug screening, enabling better mechanistic understanding of human liver diseases for the development of more efficacious and safer therapeutics, and personalized cell-based therapies in the clinic.
Broader Impacts of Women in Crystallography

Women made many early and outstanding contributions to X-ray crystallography at a time when they were excluded from most other branches of physical science. The etiology of this bright spot in the social evolution of science is sought in early childhood education, especially the Froebel kindergarten that was rooted in symmetry and lattice building exercises. This connection is explored through the formative educational experiences of eight crystallographers that are compared with those of eight astronomers. Associations with Froebel’s pedagogy are ubiquitous in the biographies of the crystallographers and wholly absent in the biographies of astronomers. Creating a more democratic scientific enterprise requires understanding the mechanisms for increasing the participation of members of unrepresented genders and ethnicities. Some of these mechanisms may be found in history. One of the crystallographers profiled, Isabel Ellie Knaggs (1893–1981), made a major contribution to the X-ray analysis of organic comp...
Trans-Imperial Networks in the Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy: The Rio de Janeiro-Montevideo Connection, 1778–1805

The late eighteenth century brought deep changes to the Atlantic World. Imperial competition, warfare, revolutions and a general increase in transatlantic commerce changed the balance of power among European empires and their overseas territories. The Spanish empire in particular faced multiple challenges, especially intermittent warfare and economic crises, which many historians regard as having paved the way for the Spanish American independence movements after 1808. Warfare in Europe and in the Atlantic weakened Spain's economy and its control over trade and administration in its American territories. Military conflicts in the 1790s and 1800s disrupted the commercial routes connecting the Peninsula and the colonies, forcing the opening of the colonial economies to foreign agents. Because of the perils faced by Spanish vessels crossing the Atlantic, the Castilian crown allowed colonial merchants to trade directly with foreign neutral nations. Apart from legal commerce, contraband trade also flourished.
The Aortic Translocation (Nikaidoh) Procedure

The Nikaidoh procedure was introduced for the management of patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonary stenosis (PS). The technique has proven especially useful in the subset of patients with anatomic variables that complicate the performance of a Rastelli repair, which include: an inlet, distant or restrictive VSD, a hypoplastic right ventricle, and a straddling atrioventricular valve.
Analysis of T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (TCL1) Oncoprotein Interacting Proteins by Immunoprecipitation and Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

TCL1 is a proto-oncogene whose deregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of T- and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. TCL1 expression is predominantly observed in developing B lymphocytes, whereas its overexpression in T cells is associated with mature T-cell lymphoproliferation in transgenic mice. Although recent studies indicate that dysregulated expression of TCL1 is important in mature B-cell transformation, very little is currently known about the function or interactions of TCL1, specifically in the B-cell context. In this study, we hypothesized that identification of proteins that interact with TCL1 may facilitate our understanding of the functional properties of TCL1. Proteomic analysis provides an opportunity to carry out functional studies of protein-protein interactions and characterization of functional interactomes. Using a functional proteomic approach, we determined the identity of proteins that interact with TCL1 by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-TCL1 antibody followed by liquid chromatography (LC), electrospray ionization (ESI) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Immunoprecipitates of the TCL1 expressing SUDHL-16 B-cell lymphoma derived cell line were compared to that of hyperimmune rabbit immunoglobulin and a cell line that does not express TCL1 (SUDHL-1) by 1-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Silver-stained protein bands from both immunocomplexes were excised and analyzed by ESI-LC-MS/MS. Proteins which were unique to the TCL1 immunocomplex included transcription factors (Jun B), phosphatases (protein phosphatase 2), ubiquitin-associated proteins (ubiquitin activating enzyme), cell adhesion proteins (ADP ribosylation factor 3) and proteins associated with apoptosis regulation (peroxidoxin 1 and scaffold attachment factor). Analysis of subcellular fractions demonstrated that TCL1 and complexes were localized to both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Importantly, known TCL1 interactors such as histone 3 were uniquely identified in the TCL1 complex. Proteins identified by MS were confirmed by western blotting and reciprocal immunoprecipitation. This study reveals novel TCL1 interactors and indicates that the protein may exert diverse cellular effects impacting apoptosis, cell survival, cytoskeletal organization and cell adhesion. Our interactome analysis provides unique insights into the cellular function of TCL1, a protein whose deregulation is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of hematopoietic neoplasms.
Moral Disengagement about Cyberbullying and Parental Monitoring: Effects on Traditional Bullying and Victimization via Cyberbullying Involvement.

The indirect effects of moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring on traditional victimization and bullying via cyberbullying involvement were examined in a diverse sample of 800 youth in Grades 3 to 8. After controlling for grade and gender, moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had an indirect effect on traditional victimization and bullying through cyberbullying involvement. Moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had a direct effect on traditional bullying. Results suggest that moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring affect cyberbullying involvement and additionally impact experiences beyond the cyber context.
Small Molecules: Controlling Cell Fate and Function

Regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary science that aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. Interest in small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine is increasing. This chapter discusses the in vitro and in vivo applications of small molecules in regenerative medicine. These include in vitro regulating pluripotent stem cell and adult stem cell production and differentiation, in vivo modulation of adult stem cells and differentiated cells, and changing cell fate to restore the missing cells. The potential challenges for small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine are also discussed.
Advantages and disadvantages of physiological assessment for next generation control room design

We propose using non-obtrusive physiological assessment (e.g., eye tracking,) to assess human information processing errors (e.g., loss of vigilance) and limitations (e.g., workload) for advanced energy systems early in the design process. This physiological approach for assessing risk will circumvent many limitations of current risk methodologies such as subjective rating (e.g., rater’s biases) and performance modeling (e.g., risk assessment is scripted and is based upon the individual modeler’s judgment). Key uses will be to evaluate (early in the design process) novel control room equipment and configurations as well as newly developed automated systems that will inevitably place a high information load on operators. The physiological risk assessment tool will allow better precision in pinpointing problematic design issues and will provide a “real-time” assessment of risk. Furthermore, this physiological approach would extend the state-of-the-art of human reliability methods from a “static” measure to more “dynamic.” This paper will discuss a broad range of the current popular online performance gauges as well as its advantages and disadvantages for use in next generation control room.
Sit Down and Play: A Preventive Primary Care-Based Program to Enhance Parenting Practices

The primary care office offers an ideal setting to encourage parenting behaviors that promote early childhood development. We conducted a pilot study to establish feasibility and acceptability of Sit Down and Play (SDP), a brief primary care-based program to facilitate positive parenting behaviors through take-home play activities. A prospective 1-month study was conducted in an urban primary care clinic. SDP was administered to 30 caregivers of 6-12 month old children while they waited for their well-child appointment. Caregivers completed baseline and 4-week follow-up surveys. Open-ended interview questions regarding acceptability and usefulness of SDP were administered and analyzed using content analysis. Parenting practices related to child development were measured with standardized measures and changes analyzed using paired t-test and linear mixed effects models. Most caregivers were mothers (90%) and non-white (97%); the majority of children received Medicaid (87%). There were significant increases in parental reports of practices related to child development (p<0.001), including families who reported low incomes (i.e. <$25,000) and received a high-school education or less (p=0.001). Four main themes emerged from the open-ended interview data: 1) importance of play, 2) noticing a change in their child, 3) reinforcing existing positive parenting behaviors, and 4) satisfaction with the program. This preliminary study suggests that SDP is a feasible and potentially beneficial program that can be delivered during pediatric well-child visits. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of SDP on parenting behaviors and developmental outcomes.
Prediction of Injuries and Injury Types in Army Basic Training, Infantry, Armor, and Cavalry Trainees Using a Common Fitness Screen.

Context: Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) are among the most important challenges facing our military. They influence career success and directly affect military readiness. Several methods of screen...
Predicting Hypertension Among Children With Incident Elevated Blood Pressure

Abstract Objective To develop a model to predict hypertension risk among children with incident elevated blood pressure (BP); to test the external validity of the model. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 3 organizations: Kaiser Permanente Colorado was the model derivation site; HealthPartners of Minnesota and Kaiser Permanente Northern California served as external validation sites. During study years 2006 through 2012, all children aged 3 through 17 years with incident elevated BP in an outpatient setting were identified. The predictor variables were demographic and clinical characteristics collected during routine care. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to predict subsequent hypertension, and diagnostic statistics were used to assess model performance. Results Among 5598 subjects at the derivation site with incident elevated BP, 160 (2.9%) developed hypertension during the study period. Eight characteristics were used to predict hypertension risk: age, sex, race, BP preceding incident elevated BP, body mass index percentile, systolic BP percentile, diastolic BP percentile, and clinical setting of the incident elevated BP. At the derivation site, the model discriminated well between those at higher versus lower risk of hypertension (c-statistic = 0.77). At external validation sites, the observed risk of hypertension was higher than the predicted risk, and the model showed poor discrimination (c-statistic ranged from 0.64 to 0.67). Conclusions Among children with incident elevated BP, a risk model demonstrated good internal validity with respect to predicting subsequent hypertension. However, the risk model did not perform well at 2 external validation sites, which might limit transportability to other settings.
Genomic biomarker in sickle cell disease

In this issue of Blood , Desai et al validated the association of transcriptomic profiles in mononuclear cells with poor outcomes in 3 cohorts of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). 1
Calcareous Nannofossils and Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene Biostratigraphy Louisiana Continental Shelf

The vertical distributions of calcareous nannofossils and pertinent planktonic foraminifers within the late Neogene strata of the Louisiana Continental Shelf were studied and compared with that in other areas including the type section of the Pleistocene in southern Italy. Thirty-two species of nannofossils from twenty genera arc identified and illustrated from sidewall core samples taken from four wells drilled in the Ship Shoal Area, offshore Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. Though the ranges of nine of these species are considered stratigraphically significant, only the extinction of Discoaster brouweri Tan Sin Hok and the approximate first appearance of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica Boudreaux and Hay are recognized as useful stratigraphic criteria for delineating the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary in this area. A new formation, the Terrebonne Shale, is described from the basal Pleistocene section on the Louisiana Continental Shelf. Other results include: 1) delineation of a phylogenetic series extending from Coccolithus doronicoides Black and Barnes in the middle Pliocene section to Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) in the Holocene; 2) recognition of the co-occurrence of Ceratolithus cristatus (Kamptner) and Ceratolithus rugosus Bukry and Bramlette in the earliest Pleistocene sediments; 3) extension of the geologic range of Gephyrocapsa protohuxleyi McIntyre and Cricolithus jonesi Cohen back to the early Pleistocene; 4) the first reported fossil record of Homozygosphaera wettsteni (Kamptner) and Calyptrosphaera oblonga Lohmann; and, 5) generic reassignment of Coccolithus productus (Kamptner), n. comb., and Cristallolithus macroporus (Deflandre), n. comb.
Reply to Hettinger: Hydrophobic unnatural base pairs and the expansion of the genetic alphabet.

We have recently reported the successful creation of a semisynthetic organism that has an expanded genetic alphabet by virtue of the retention on a plasmid of either the d NaM -d 5SICS or d NaM -d TPT3 unnatural base pair (UBP), the latter of which can be retained at natural-like levels with the use of a Cas9 editing system (1, 2). Despite these demonstrations that a cell can retain a UBP in its DNA, Hettinger (3) now concludes that such hydrophobic UBPs are not suitable for the expansion of the genetic alphabet. Hettinger cites Hirao and Kimoto (4), who note that self-pairing may be a … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: floyd{at}scripps.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Addictive Behaviors.

Abstract Drug addiction is a complex disorder that is characterized by compulsivity to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake of the drug, and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. The transition from casual drug use to dependence is mediated by changes in reward and brain stress functions and has been linked to a shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement. The recruitment of brain stress systems mediates the negative emotional state produced by dependence that drives drug seeking through negative reinforcement mechanisms, defined as the “dark side” of addiction. In this chapter we focus on behavioral and cellular neuropharmacological studies that have implicated brain stress systems (i.e., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) in the transition to addiction and the predominant brain regions involved. We also discuss the implication of CRF recruitment in compulsive eating disorders.
From state diagrams to sequence diagrams: a requirements acquisition approach

ABSTRACTMultiple-viewed requirements modeling allows modelers to focus on different aspects of a system’s requirements and express them in appropriate modeling notations. As a result, the requireme...
Studies on the non-parietal component of gastric secretion in humans: Part II. Present Concept of the “Alkaline Constituent” of the Gastric Juice

Summary The data adduced in Part I of this paper together with the evidence previously collected by the authors indicate that in man the "non-parietal component" of the gastric juice is not a uniformly constituted "alkaline constituent", i.e. a functional and specific entity secreted mainly for the purpose of diluting and buffering the parietal acid secretion of the stomach. The calculation of the acid-binding capacity of the gastric mucous substances dissolved in the gastric juice and its correlation with the organically bound chlorides and the combined acidity of the gastric juice have indicated a limited role of the nondialyzable components of gastric mucin in the binding of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach of humans. According to evidence in the literature and our own studies at least four different non-parietal component secretions can be distinguished with a reasonable degree of probability in the human stomach, the mixture of which with the parietal secretion forms the gastric juice: 1) peptic glandular secretion from the chief cells of gastric glands, containing mainly pepsin and some electrolytes; 2) mucoid glandular secretion from the mucoid cells of the neck of fundal glands, containing neutral chlorides and the "glandular mucoprotein"; according to the recent evidence presented elsewhere by the authors this mucoprotein carries Castle's intrinsic hematopoietic factor, or is intimately related to it; 3) mucous secretion from cardiac and pyloric glands, containing unidentified mucous substances, bicarbonates and possibly gastrin from pyloric glandular elements; 4) mucous secretion from columnar cells of the surface epithelium, comprising surface epithelium mucus, its dissolution and degradation product-gastric mucoproteose, desquamated epithelial cells, calcium salts, bicarbonates and phosphates, and probably also neutral chlorides and lysozyme. The "non-parietal component" of gastric secretion, therefore, is not a specific secretory entity which may be compared or opposed to the "parietal component" of the gastric juice. It is rather a mixture of at least four component secretions, each of which is more or less complex in composition, but strictly defined in respect to its cellular source in the gastric mucosa, the mechanism by which its secretion is governed, as well as to its physiological significance.
Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis From Topiramate Therapy in Children With Epilepsy.

Introduction Adults treated with topiramate may develop nephrolithiasis, but its frequency in children on topiramate is unknown. Topiramate inhibits renal carbonic anhydrase, which can lead to renal tubular acidosis and hypercalciuria. We studied 40 consecutive children who initiated topiramate therapy for seizures between January 1997 and February 2003, followed for a mean of 36 months. Methods Serum electrolytes, urinary calcium/creatinine ratios, and renal ultrasonography were performed before topiramate and every 6 months thereafter. Results Four children developed nephrolithiasis and/or nephrocalcinosis, which resolved on discontinuation of topiramate. In 40 patients, the mean urinary calcium/creatinine ratio increased over time (P 0.21) were compared with the 14 children with baseline normal urinary calcium excretion. A greater increase in urinary calcium/creatinine ratios occurred in hypercalciuric children (P < 0.001) and a greater decrease in serum bicarbonate levels occurred in the hypercalciuric children (P < 0.05) compared with children with baseline normal calcium excretion. Greater urinary calcium excretion was associated with increasing doses of topiramate (P = 0.039). Conclusion Our study shows that long-term therapy with topiramate in children is associated with persistent hypercalciuria and metabolic acidosis, which can lead to nephrocalcinosis and/or nephrolithiasis. All children initiating topiramate therapy should have baseline and follow-up urinary calcium/creatinine studies, serum electrolytes, and periodic renal ultrasonography, if the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio increases to a level above normal for age.
Policy recommendations for a transition to sustainable mobility based on historical diffusion dynamics of transport systems

Abstract Emerging transportation technologies have the potential to surmount carbon lock-in and enable a transition to environmentally sustainable mobility. Promising options include biofuels; hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles; hydrogen fuel cell vehicles; maglev trains; and the Hyperloop. To varying degrees, widespread adoption of these technologies is complicated by the chicken-and-egg problem of infrastructure provision. Consumers are unlikely to adopt a technology in the absence of supporting infrastructure, but infrastructure provision is unprofitable without a critical mass of adopters. To derive policy recommendations for overcoming this problem, this study analyzes historical data on the diffusion dynamics of transport systems in the United States. The methodology systematically compares the relative timing of diffusion processes for infrastructure, vehicles, and travel. A striking regularity observed across transport systems is that the diffusion of infrastructure precedes the adoption of vehicles, which precedes the expansion of travel. On the chicken-and-egg conundrum, findings thus support the view that infrastructure comes first. The analysis leads to three salient policy recommendations: support adequate infrastructure provision early in the technology life cycle, target suitable niche markets to maximize the impact of infrastructure investment, and leverage distributed technologies to reduce overall infrastructure requirements.
HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MYCOTOXINS IN FOODSTUFFS

ABSTRACT High-pressure liquid chromatography, with its high efficiency small particle silica gel columns, has proven extremely useful in quantitative separation and analysis of several mycotoxins. As need arises, the list of mycotoxins adaptable to this technology will undoubtedly grow. Ease of adaptation will be greatly facilitated by several factors illustrated in the experiments reported in this paper: the use of thin–]ayer Chromatographie information in the development of solvent systems; the ability to substitute solvents where the solvent system specified for a particular separation is not available; and the use of a detector with selectability to optimize detection of a particular substance or group of substances.
The Vesico-Psoas Hitch as an Adjunct to Megaureter Repair in Childhood

AbstractThe vesico-psoas hitch usually has been advocated for the management of lower ureteral injuries or failed ureteroneocystostomies when there is inadequate ureteral length. Since 1966 we have used this technique in 36 children with obstructed megaureters. There has been no postoperative obstruction and reflux has been prevented in all but 1 case. The vesico-psoas hitch has proved to be an important adjunct in the repair of the obstructed megaureter, since it allows the construction of a long intravesical ureter, thus avoiding reflux, and locates the new ureteral hiatus in the bladder at a fixed point so that ureteral kinking and obstruction are prevented.
Fast Algorithms and Architectures for Signal/Image Processing and Understanding in Intelligent Automation Systems

Abstract Fast algorithms and architectures covering new and old classes of Fourier-like transforms convolutions, Toeplitz-like matrices, their eigen-values, eigenvectors and their inversions as well as their applications in real-time signal/image processing and understanding are discussed. The decomposition of transforms into preprocessing and postprocessing leads to new concepts of signal/image processing and understanding. This approach also suits well with coarse and fine sensing of Signals and their processing with microcomputers and VLSI chips built into the sensor itself.
Negotiating the Goal of Museum Inquiry: How Families Engineer and Experiment

Children have many opportunities to learn about science before they start studying science in school. From an early age, children engage in deep conversation with parents and build their own theories for understanding how the world works (e.g., Callanan & Jipson, 2001, Designing for science: Implications from everyday, classroom, and professional settings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Callanan & Oakes, 1992, Cognitive Development, 7, 213-233). As children grow, they frequently have opportunities to visit zoos, botanical gardens, parks, science centers, and museums with their parents. According to Resnick (1987, Educational Researcher, 16, 13-20), learning in these informal settings depends on more than the individual cognition, pure thought, and symbol manipulation. Informal settings highlight more socio-cultural processes such as shared cognition, tool manipulation, contextualized reasoning, and situation-specific competencies (Schauble, Beane, Coates, Martin, & Sterling, 1996, Innovations in learning: New environments for education, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). Families in informal settings engage continuously in a negotiation about who is directing the activity, what the activity is about, and what content there is to be learned (Falk & Dierking, 2001, Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning. Lanham, NY: Altamira Press; Swartz & Crowley, 2004, Visitor Studies, 7(2), 1-15). In this chapter we present a study about the impact that different learning goals have upon the ways families interact and what children may learn from an informal learning environment.
The School Bully: Assessing the Problem, Developing Interventions, and Future Research Directions

A growing concern exists among educators regarding the prevalence and impact of bullying behavior in the public schools. This behavior has serious repercussions for school climate and school safety in general. In addition, strong indicators suggest bullying behavior appears to be a precursor for community violence. Studies indicate that educators are not fully aware of the prevalence or the seriousness of bullying behavior in schools. A need exists to assess systematically the extent to which bullying behavior may be present in a given school. The critical features of several bullying assessment instruments were examined. In response to the growing concern regarding bullying, a large number of programs designed to address bullying are emerging. However, it is recommended that before selecting a program three criteria should be considered: the program (a) is supported by research; (b) is based on sound behavioral principles; and (c) emphasizes teaching prosocial behavior to replace bullying behavior.
Heavy metals and neuroimmunomodulation in Mytilus edulis.

Immunocytes of mussels are the chief immune defense in these organisms. When an immunocyte becomes activated there is a conspicuous change in its morphology (i.e., from round to amoeboid) that can be quantified using image analytical tools. Active immunocytes will typically show larger perimeters and areas and a smaller shape factor. Immunocytes exposed to heavy metals become inactive (Cd, Hg and Pb) thus with smaller perimeters (e.g., Pb2+ 2 ppm: P = 69.72 micron) and areas (e.g., Pb2+ 2 ppm: A = 270 micron2) and larger shape factors (Pb2 2 ppm: SF = 0.65) than the unexposed control cells (alpha = 0.05). Xenobiotics may also interfere with neuroimmunomodulation processes such as nitric oxide (NO) release. The release of NO is catalyzed by a calcium dependent constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS). Presently, we are exploring the effects of heavy metals and other pollutants on cNOS activity, measured as real time NO release, in immunocytes and pedal ganglia from M. edulis. Preliminary results suggest that immunocytes exposed to Pb2+ (5 ppm) cause NO release and does not seem to inhibit further NO release in the presence of morphine. The possible implications of NO mediated Pb2+ neurotoxicity are also explored.
Effect of a simulated tactical occupation task on physiological strain index, stress and inflammation.

Background. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological strain index (PSI) along with specific immune system markers in response to a simulated firefighting occupation workload. Methods. Ten hea...
Workplace Incivility Ruins my Sleep and Yours: the Costs of Being in a Work-Linked Relationship

Workplace incivility (i.e., rudeness and disrespect) is a pervasive problem that impacts a number of important employee workplace outcomes. This study expands past research on outcomes of experienced incivility by proposing a spillover-crossover model in which experienced incivility is associated with negative work rumination outside of work as well as insomnia symptoms (i.e., spillover). We further propose that rumination in one employee is also linked to insomnia symptoms in the employee’s partner (i.e., crossover). The moderating effect of being work-linked (working in the same organization or occupation as one’s partner) was also investigated. We tested the hypothesized Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model in the context of dual-earner couples (N = 305). To test moderation effects, we conducted a multi-group analysis by comparing our hypothesized model across work-linked and non-linked couples. Our results support the spillover effect, suggesting that experienced incivility is linked to employee insomnia symptoms through rumination. However, the crossover effect was only found among work-linked couples. By connecting the sleep and workplace incivility literatures, our findings support a dyadic model in which workplace incivility, as an interpersonal stressor, is linked to employee as well as partner insomnia through negative work rumination. Interventions aimed at alleviating negative work rumination may help reduce work-home spillover as well as crossover, particularly for work-linked, dual-earner couples.
Time to Resolution of Microscopic Hematuria after Robotic Radical Prostatectomy

AbstractIntroduction:We established a timeline for the resolution of microscopic hematuria after robotic radical prostatectomy and related diagnoses after surgery.Methods:A retrospective chart revi...
Engineering Instructors on Writing: Perceptions, Practices, and Needs

Background: With communication skills deemed increasingly important for engineering graduates, we wanted to understand how writing is currently included in engineering classes, what challenges are caused by including writing in such classes, and what resources would be most useful to help engineering instructors more easily include writing in engineering classes. Literature review: Writing is a necessary skill for engineering graduates and has received increased attention in engineering classes. However, despite many instructors’ beliefs that writing is an important skill for engineers, it is not typically taught in a systematic and comprehensive way across the engineering curriculum. Research questions: 1. What perceptions of writing, and specifically writing in engineering, do engineering instructors hold? 2. To what extent do engineering instructors report incorporation of writing activities and assignments in their classes? 3. What barriers do engineering instructors perceive as inhibiting the inclusion of more writing in engineering courses? 4. What resources do engineering instructors desire to expand and improve the inclusion of writing in engineering courses? Research methods: A survey was completed by engineering instructional staff (n = 190 respondents, 10.7% response rate) from seven institutions as well as by some members of the Big10+ Engineering Deans Mailing List. Instructors were asked about their general perceptions about writing in engineering and were also asked to consider the most recent engineering course that they taught and reflect on how they included (or did not include) writing in their course. Findings and conclusions: As expected, we found that most engineering instructional staff agree that writing skills are very important in engineering. Yet, we found that constraints on time and resources kept instructors from including more writing in their courses. This paper concludes with a discussion of our efforts to develop resources, such as rubrics, graded writing examples, and strategies for developing writing prompts, to help instructors include more writing in their engineering courses .
Last Words in Volume 14:1

Marchnd notes 'the proportion of literacy is shockingly low among the total number of those going to college." He attributes this to "the great influx into the colleges of students whose main interest is in technical training or in the social and business prestige of a college degree, rather than in a truly liberal education, makes the university no longer the best measure of literacy in the community. The book stores and the libraries are better barometers of the reading public."
Processing of extracted olive oil pomace residue by hydrothermal or dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis in a biorefinery context

Abstract In this work, a residue from olive oil industry, i.e., extracted dry olive pomace (EOP) is studied for valorization into fermentable sugars and other added-value compounds. EOP processing is based on a first water extraction step at 100 °C during 30 min, followed by Liquid Hot Water (170,190 °C and 210 °C) or dilute acid (DA) pretreatment [same temperatures in sulfuric acid 1% and 2% (w/v)], and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) at laboratory scale using commercial enzymes. The results show that the water-extraction step allows extracting valuable compounds as mannitol and phenols that can contribute significantly to EOP valorization. The pretreatments tested are found to be effective to fractionate EOP biomass and facilitate sugar by EH, although DA performs comparatively better, providing the maximum overall process yield considering both glucose and xylose sugars (85 and 62% of sugar content in raw EOP) at 170 °C and 2% acid.