cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Selected U.S. Ethanol Production and Use Pathways in 2022

Projected life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and net energy value (NEV) of high-ethanol blend fuel (E85) used to propel a passenger car in the United States are evaluated using attributional life cycle assessment. Input data represent national-average conditions projected to 2022 for ethanol produced from corn grain, corn stover, wheat straw, switchgrass, and forest residues. Three conversion technologies are assessed: advanced dry mill (corn grain), biochemical (switchgrass, corn stover, wheat straw), and thermochemical (forest residues). A reference case is compared against results from Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. For this case, one kilometer traveled on E85 from the feedstock-to-ethanol pathways evaluated has 43%−57% lower GHG emissions than a car operated on conventional U.S. gasoline (base year 2005). Differences in NEV cluster by conversion technology rather than by feedstock. The reference case estimates of GHG and NEV skew to the tails of the estimated frequency distributions. Though ...
Acquisitions, Shareholder Wealth and the Lodging Sector: 1980‐1990

Examines the shareholder wealth effects of acquisitions in the lodging sector during the 1980s. Using the event study method, estimates the size of additional wealth accruing to shareholders of hotel companies arising from an acquisition. Over a 61‐day period surrounding the announcement of an acquisition, shareholders of target hotel companies earned, on average, 31.5 per cent additional returns.
Chromatography of fatty acids and related substances

IN rrs MOST broad definition, chromatography is a method of separation based upon differences in concentration of molecules in or on the mobile and non-mobile phases of a flowing system. The mobile phase may be gaseous or liquid, the non-mobile phase may be liquid or solid. The number of possible experimental arrangements for effecting chromatographic separ~ tions is infinite, and the technique in its present state of development ia largely empirical. However, the method since its first use by Tsw~rT has found an ever increasing range of application both for separations and for quantitative analysis of difficultly separable substances of a wide variety. The theory and practice of chromatography has been summarized in several major publications. STa~X~ 1 and ZECH~EISTF~ and CHOL~OKY s have summarized the developmental literature on chromatography. In a subsequent book, ZECHMEISTER 3 has summarized the advances made in chromatography from 1938 to 1947. CAssrvY~ has recently treated the subject from the more theoretical aspect, and for a discussion of the principles involved in chromatography and a treatment of the effects of numerous variables upon adsorption and separation, the reader is referred to this latter volume. Although chromatography is a routine tool in separations and analyses in some fields, it has not generally reached that stage of development in its application ~ lipid separations. At prc~ent it is largely a research tool rather than a routine method in fat and oil chemistry. The attempts t o use this method in fat chemistry have been summarized in several reviews s-#. Recent developments indicate an expanded usefulness of the method, and it now appears that micro methods based upon various types of chromatography ~ l l soon place very effective tools in the hands of the lipid chemist. The chromatographic techniques thus far developed for use in lipid separations fall into five general classes. Elution analysis (classical chromatography), frontal analysis, displacement analysis, partition chromatography and paper partition chromatography will be discussed each in turn. The author has restricted himself in the present treatment to fats, oils, f a t ty acids and other lipids of biological importance, with the exception of the steroids and carotenoids.
Polymer‐driven crystallization

Obtaining well-diffracting crystals of macromolecules remains a significant barrier to structure determination. Here we propose and test a new approach to crystallization, in which the crystallization target is fused to a polymerizing protein module, so that polymer formation drives crystallization of the target. We test the approach using a polymerization module called 2TEL, which consists of two tandem sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains from the protein translocation Ets leukemia (TEL). The 2TEL module is engineered to polymerize as the pH is lowered, which allows the subtle modulation of polymerization needed for crystal formation. We show that the 2TEL module can drive the crystallization of 11 soluble proteins, including three that resisted prior crystallization attempts. In addition, the 2TEL module crystallizes in the presence of various detergents, suggesting that it might facilitate membrane protein crystallization. The crystal structures of two fusion proteins show that the TELSAM polymer is responsible for the majority of contacts in the crystal lattice. The results suggest that biological polymers could be designed as crystallization modules.
Cloud Feedback: A Stabilizing Effect for the Early Earth?

The effect of variations in cloud cover, optical properties, and fractional distribution with altitude on the mean surface temperature of a model of the early earth has been investigated. In all cases examined, cloud-climate feedbacks result in temperatures greater than those in models with no cloud feedbacks. If the model of hydrospheric feedback effects is correct, then cloud feedbacks are as important to the climate as changes in solar luminosity and atmospheric composition during the earth's atmospheric evolution. In particular, the early earth need not become completely ice-covered if strong negative cloud feedbacks occur. However, until a proper understanding of cloud feedbacks is available, conclusions regarding conditions in the early atmosphere must remain in doubt.
INELASTIC COLLISIONS AND THE MOLIERE THEORY OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING

The effect of inelastic collisions is often introduced in the Moli\`ere theory by replacing ${Z}^{2}$ with $Z(Z+1)$. It is pointed out that this procedure relies on the implied incorrect assumption that elastic and inelastic collisions have the same small-angle cut-off. Taking into account separately the cut-off of inelastic collisions, the Moli\`ere theory is shown to require the following modifications: (a) For incident electrons, replace ${Z}^{2}$ with $Z(Z+1)$ and increase the Moli\`ere $b$ by ${(Z+1)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{ln}[0.160{Z}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{3}}(1+\frac{3.33Z{e}^{2}}{\mathrm{hv}})]\ensuremath{-}{u}_{\mathrm{in}}}$, where $\ensuremath{-}{u}_{\mathrm{in}}$ is defined as an integral over the incoherent scattering function whose value is about 5. (b) For incident heavy particles, leave ${Z}^{2}$ unaltered but increase $b$ by ${Z}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{ln}[1130{Z}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{4}{3}}{(\frac{{c}^{2}}{{v}^{2}}\ensuremath{-}1)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}]\ensuremath{-}{u}_{\mathrm{in}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\frac{{v}^{2}}{{c}^{2}}}$.
Outdoor Adventure Education: Applying Transformative Learning Theory to Understanding Instrumental Learning and Personal Growth in Environmental Education

We conducted a qualitative study of the experiences of 23 Outdoor Adventure Education (OAE) participants to determine what participants found significant about their course and to what course elements they attributed this significance. Participants experienced personal transformations, which they attributed to spending extended time in pristine nature, separation of the course from normal life, the community that formed among course participants, and the intensity and challenge of the course. Whereas outcomes related to personal growth, as opposed to changes in environmental behaviors (instrumental learning), are consistent with participant motivations for joining OAE courses and with most course activities, transformative learning theory suggests ways in which courses might integrate personal growth with instrumental learning to better foster environmental behaviors post-course.
The Environment of Wartime Migration: Labor Transfers from the Brazilian Northeast to the Amazon During World War II

Subsequent to the Japanese invasion of the Malayan peninsula in February 1942 which severed access to traditional latex markets, the United States subsidized mass labor transfers from the Brazilian Northeast to the Amazon forest to increase rubber output. The regime of Getulio Vargas, which favored Northeastern migration as a geopolitical measure to occupy the frontier and as a safety valve for the drought-stricken backlands, promised protective measures and financial gain to workers. Whereas postwar revisionist scholarship has tended to view migrants as stupefied by drought and duped by regime propaganda, this essay argues that labor flows to the Amazon must be understood in the context of broader historical patterns of Northeastern migration to the Amazon; the socioeconomic inequalities of the Northeast and the differential impact of drought on its peasantry; state policies to manage social crisis; wartime dislocations and opportunities; and the gendered and generational norms inflecting Northeastern migration. Enveloping populations at the margins of the Brazilian nation-state and Allied military theaters, Northeastern wartime migration to the Amazon reveals the interplay and tensions among local, national, and global factors that shape “personal” decisions and historical outcomes.
Assessment of pain associated with medical abortion

Lower abdominal pains and cramps are known side effects of medical abortion and they often cause significant distress. Although there has been considerable improvement in abortion care programs around the world pain management has remained a significant challenge. Women are often treated with no pain relief or receive inadequate pain control. Reported reasons for not providing effective pain relief are lack of availability of drugs and inadequate training and/or skills of providers. Other possible factors are lack of proper pain assessment and understanding the factors that may influence it. The aim of this work was to assess the reported severity of the pain associated with medical abortion and the possible related factors. (excerpt)
Learning to Discover Political Activism in the Twitterverse

When analysing social media conversations, in search of the public opinion about an unfolding political event that is being discussed in real-time (e.g., presidential debates, major speeches, etc.), it is important to distinguish between two groups of participants: political activists and the general public. To address this problem, we propose a supervised machine-learning approach, which uses inexpensively acquired labeled data from mono-thematic Twitter accounts to learn a binary classifier for the labels “political activist” and “general public”. While the classifier has a 92 % accuracy on individual tweets, when applied to the last 200 tweets from accounts of a set of 1000 Twitter users, it classifies accounts with a 97 % accuracy. Our work demonstrates that machine learning algorithms can play a critical role in improving the quality of social media analytics and understanding, whose importance is increasing as social media adoption becomes widespread.
Extensions of Counterion Condensation Theory. 2. Cell Model and Osmotic Pressure of DNA

In a previous paper, counterion condensation theory was extended by invoking a new alternative auxiliary assumption in order to treat isolated polyions with alternative geometries (beyond a line charge) at finite salt concentrations. Now this theory is further extended to treat a cell model and the osmotic pressures of relatively concentrated DNA solutions in equilibrium with bathing solutions of different salt concentration. Results of the present theory are compared with recently published experimental data of Raspaud et al. and with theoretical calculations of Hansen et al., who combined zero-salt solutions of the nonlinear Poisson−Boltzmann equation for a uniformly charged cylinder with the Donnan approximation. Surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data is observed, especially at the higher DNA concentrations. Agreement with the calculations of Hansen et al. is also rather good at the higher DNA concentrations, but at lower DNA concentrations the results of Hansen et al. fall significantl...
Cyclic strain localization in ion beam microalloyed nickel

During cyclic deformation, many metals exhibit localization of plastic strain in persistent slip bands (psbs) (1). Fatigue cracks may initiate where the psbs intersect the surface. Numerous studies have established that the emergence of psb features at the surface can be significantly suppressed by the use of surface modification techniques such as ion beam microalloying (2,3). The modifications may alter the strength, elastic modulus, stacking fault energy, and residual stress state of the surface (4). As a result, the properties of the surface region can differ significantly from the properties of the subsurface. Even though the evolution of surface psb features can be significantly affected by a surface modification, the question remains as to the effect of a surface modification on bulk cyclic deformation mechanisms. Prior studies have concentrated on the effects of the modifications on cyclic hardening. The results of these studies have been inconclusive. Studies on copper single crystals indicated in one case (5) that ion beam surface modifications increased cyclic flow stress, while in another case (6) no change in cyclic flow stress was observed. Similar work on polycrystals has been somewhat mixed with one study (7) indicating that surface modifications decrease cyclic flow stress and another study (8) reporting that surface modifications had no effect on cyclic flow stress.
Electron difference densities and chemical bonding

In view of recent advances in X-ray technology it may be possible to deduce information regarding chemical bonding from experimentally determined electron densities. The construction of difference density maps represents a possible intermediate step in attaining this goal, but unresolved questions exist regarding appropriate definitions and interpretations of such maps. To shed light on these problems, theoretical difference densities are determined by ab-initio calculations for the molecules H2, He2, Li2, Be2, N2 and F2 at various internuclear distances. An examination of these difference density maps shows that the identification of those features of molecular electronic densities which are related to chemical bonding requires a judicious construction and a careful analysis of difference densities between molecules and their constituent atoms. Chemically relevant deformations can be small compared to density differences between different components of degenerate atomic groundstates and, consequently, chemical information can be swamped when difference densities are formed with spherically averaged atoms. To avoid such artifacts, oriented unaveraged atomic states must be subtracted for the formation of meaningful Chemical Difference Densities. The latter are explainable by means of a partitioning in terms of contributions from non-bonded inner shells, from lone pairs and from sigma and pi bonding shells. Such partitionings can be obtained through decompositions in terms of natural orbitals from correlated wavefunctions. Canonical SCF orbitals prove to be considerably less effective. Internuclear distances are found to have a great influence upon difference densities regardless of the attractive or repulsive nature of the interactions.
Invertibility of linear time-invariant dynamical systems

The question of inverting linear time-invariant dynamical systems has been of interest to control engineers for many years. An example of the nonstate-variable approach and application of this concept is the very well known work of Bode and Shannon in 1950. With the integration of state-variable descriptions and techniques into systems problems, the question has recently reappeared in a somewhat more complicated guise. Basically, the problem of inverting such dynamical systems is to determine the existence of the inverse, its properties, and its construction in terms of the matrices which characterize its state description. The first general study of existence appears to be due indirectly to Brockett and Mesarovic in 1965, and the first general construction seems to have been proposed by Youla and Dorato in 1966. Neither of these works was intended to develop a substantial insight into the properties of the inverse. The present work introduces the concept of the inherent integration associated with a dynamical system, i.e., the number of integrations which no inverse dynamical system can remove unless ideal differentiators are introduced. The existence of the inverse is discussed in terms of a determination of the inherent integration, and the construction which realizes this minimum number of integrations is given. The existence tests introduced are at worst one-half as complex as that of Brockett and Mesarovic and the construction offers a substantial improvement in conceptual simplicity over that of Youla and Dorato. The results are made possible by recognizing an essential equivalence with an associated problem in real sequential circuits and appear to be applicable to related problems in sensitivity, estimation, and game theory.
Carbon nutrition and respiration of Pisolithus tinctorius

Three isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius originating from different localities grew more poorly on selected carbon sources than did non-mycorrhizal fungi. The carbon utilization pattern did not change significantly with changes in composition on the basal medium or inoculum preparation, but did change with culture medium pH and addition of small amounts of glucose. An initial pH between 4 and 5 enhanced growth on disaccharides. Glucose supplementation allowed some growth on sucrose, fructose, and cellulose. Unexpectedly, respiratory activity was not necessarily accompanied by growth. Free [ 14 C]fructose was rapidly respired to CO 2 but was not used for growth. Respiration of fructose-and glucose-labelled sucrose demonstrated that glucose was readily oxidized to CO 2 while much less of the fructose was oxidized. Washed mycelium nevertheless assimilated free fructose for at least 7 h with some carbon appearing in ether and hot water extractables and in residual mycelium, as well as in two successive acid hydrolysates of residual mycelium. Endogenous respiration was inhibited by certain concentrations of glucose and total respiration was only slightly higher than endogenous respiration. Nutrition may play a role in restricting growth of P. tinctorius in roots to the ectomycorrhizal form. The nutritional unavailability of cellulose, the photosynthate sucrose, fructose, pectin and pectin constituents for growth severely restricts the supply of utilizable carbon sources. Respiration of sucrose and fructose without growth would scavenge out these potential sources of inducer glucose and thus prevent induction for growth on cellulose, sucrose, and fructose and would provide energy for maintenance of the mycelium. The rapid metabolism of cellobiose would similarly prevent accumulation of inducer glucose and provide energy for maintenance.
Donor characterization in ZnO by thermally stimulated luminescence

Low temperature thermo-luminescence (TL) has been applied to measurements of the ionization energy of donors in ZnO. Three hydrogen-related donors were characterized with ionization energies of 36, 47, and 55 meV—values that are in complete agreement with previous reports. The donor types can be “switched” by relevant thermal treatments. This work shows that TL can be used to measure the donor energies in luminescent semiconductors in general. This approach can be particularly useful for thin-film investigations when the results of Hall-effect measurements are obscured by contributions from conductive interfaces or substrates.
Temporal patterns in plasma luteinizing hormone concentration in ovariectomized rats during different times of the day.

Rats were kept in a room with the lights on from 0500–1900 hr and bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) 4–6 weeks prior to experimentation. Forty OVX animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each and decapitated at 0800, 1100, 1500 or 1800 hr. Radioimmunoassay revealed no significant differences in mean serum LH concentrations between any of the groups. A cannula was placed in the right atrium of the heart in 30 additional OVX rats 4 hr prior to taking 10 blood samples at 5-min intervals. The same rats were bled 10 more times at 5-min intervals later the same day or on the following morning. Rats were either bled between 0800–0845 and 1500–1545, 1500–1545 and 0800–0845, 1100–1145 and 1800–1845 or 1800–1845 and 1100–1145 hr. Plasma LH concentrations in all 30 rats exhibited characteristic pulsatile patterns fluctuating within particular ranges of values for each individual rat during both collection periods. Eight other cannulated OVX rats were bled at 10-min intervals from 1200–1800 hr. Pulsatile patterns...
Fortuitous formation of [(LiCl)6{(Me2NCH2C8H5N)3P}2]: an amine-ligated hexameric lithium chloride aggregate

Abstract Deprotonation of gramine with nBuLi and subsequent reaction with PCl3 yielded [(LiCl)6{(Me2NCH2C8H5N)3P}2] (2). Compound 2 was characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 31P) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure of 2 reveals a novel hexameric lithium chloride aggregate ligated on each of two hexagonal faces by three dimethylamino groups from the intended product, tris{(3-dimethylamino-methyl)indolyl}phosphine. Crystal data for 2 · 3CH2Cl2: C36H45Cl9Li3N6P, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.732(4) A, b = 22.251(6) A, c = 16.815(5) A, β = 108.233(5)°, V = 4525(2) A3, Z = 4, Dcalc = 1.369 g/cm3.
Quantum mechanical algorithms for the nonabelian hidden subgroup problem

We provide positive and negative results concerning the “standard method” of identifying a hidden subgroup of a nonabelian group using a quantum computer.
Fractionation by molecular weight of organic substances in Georgia coastal water1

Ultrafiltration membranes were used to separate organic substances in Georgia coastal water into fractions to which approximate molecular weight (MW) ranges could be assigned. Salt marsh water contained high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon between 1,000 and 30,000 MW, as well as high concentrations of dissolved carbohydrate in all MW classes. Concentrations of dissolved carbohydrate in offshore waters were low, and in some MW fractions ( especially those >30,009 MW) carbohydrate was at times undetectable. Absorbances at 254 mn by MW fractions roughly paralleled concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. Most of the color of marsh, sound, nearshore, and offshore waters, once the particles were removed, was due to substances between 1,000 and 30,000 MW. All organic material in seawater that passes through a filter with a 0.8-p or 0.45-p pore size has commonly been considered dissolved. Recently attempts have been made to fractionate what should be termed filter-passing (rather than dissolved) organic substances. Ogura ( 1970) showed that some organic material in the East China Sea that passed a 0.45,~ poresize filter was retained by a 0.1-p pore-size filter, indicating the existence of particles lOO,OOO-MW
The Role of Melodic and Rhythmic Accents in Musical Structure

Two experiments investigated the perception of melodic and rhythmic accents in musical patterns. Musiclike patterns were created in which recurring melodic and/or rhythmic accents marked higher order periods that, when both accents were present, could differ in terms of period and/or phase according to the construct of joint accent structure (M. R. Jones, 1987). Listeners were asked to indicate the location of accents in these patterns by tapping to tone onsets. Each experiment pursued two main questions. First, are accents, as manipulated, salient to listeners? Second, do listeners track higher order time spans formed by melodic and rhythmic accents in a way that shows a sensitivity to interrelationships between melody and rhythm? Results supported affirmative answers to these questions in analyses of tapping locations and time spans between taps, respectively. Furthermore, results suggested that accents function as temporal landmarks that listeners can use when tracking the time structure of musical patterns, and that the complexity of this time structure arises from higher order time spans marked by different types of accents.
Prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medically ill patients: Update and practical approach.

Purpose Major updates in the medical literature for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in medically ill patients are reviewed. A suggested approach for risk assessment is provided along with a brief review of chemical prophylaxis use in special populations of the hospitalized medically ill. Summary Despite new and updated guidelines, the assessment of risk for both thrombosis and bleeding in medical patients continues to lack valid standardization. Pharmacologic prophylaxis with traditional low-dose anticoagulants remains the cornerstone for preventing thrombotic events in this population, but a recent randomized controlled study questioned the clinical impact of this strategy. Currently, there is no gold standard method for determining patient eligibility for pharmacologic prophylaxis for VTE. A suggested approach is to return to the pivotal studies demonstrating benefit to assist in identifying select at-risk patients. However, many populations were under-represented in these studies, including the morbidly obese, patients with chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis, and patients with chronic liver disease. Incorporation of evidence for special populations to augment the original studies is required. Until risk-assessment models become validated, along with outcomes data supporting clinical decision-making using such tools, clinician judgment will likely remain the standard of care. Conclusion The use of study enrollment criteria and patient demographics, including special population considerations, can provide guidance for risk determination and allow for an evidence-based approach to identifying eligible patients for prophylaxis.
Oxidation of some oxidation-reduction systems by oxygen at high pressures.

Abstract Nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (glutathione, cysteine, coenzyme A) were rapidly oxidized by oxygen, the rate of oxidation being proportional to the oxygen pressure. The -SH groups of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase were also oxidized by oxygen at high pressure, and the enzyme activity was inhibited. The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, of hemoglobin, and of dihydrodiphosphopyridine nucleotide was not affected by oxygen at high pressure. It is postulated that the harmful effects of oxygen are due mainly to the oxidation of the -SH groups which are necessary for the cell activities.
Fanon’s postcolonial cosmopolitanism:

While early theory and research on cosmopolitanism have been criticized for their European focus, a number of works have incorporated non-Eurocentric perspectives. This article contributes to this ...
Balancing reliability and utilization in dynamic spectrum access

Future wireless networks will dynamically access spectrum to maximize its utilization. Conventional design of dynamic spectrum access focuses on maximizing spectrum utilization, but faces the problem of degraded reliability due to unregulated demands and access behaviors. Without providing proper reliability guarantee, dynamic spectrum access is unacceptable to many infrastructure networks and services. In this paper, we propose SPARTA, a new architecture for dynamic spectrum access that balances access reliability and spectrum utilization. SPARTA includes two complementary techniques: proactive admission control performed by a central entity to determine the set of wireless nodes to be supported with only statistical information of their spectrum demands, and online adaptation performed by admitted wireless nodes to adjust their instantaneous spectrum usage to time-varying demand. Using both theoretical analysis and simulation, we show that SPARTA fulfills the reliability requirements while dynamically multiplexing spectrum demands to improve utilization. Compared to conventional solutions, SPARTA improves spectrum utilization by 80%-200%. Finally, SPARTA also allows service providers to explore the tradeoff between utilization and reliability to make the best use of the spectrum. To our best knowledge, our work is the first to identify and address such a tradeoff.
Development of a statistical method for eliminating improbable wind aliases in scatterometer wind retrieval

Wind velocities over the ocean can be estimated using measurements from spaceborne scatterometers by inverting the geophysical model function (GMF) which relates normalized backscatter to wind velocity. Current estimation procedures employ maximum-likelihood techniques. Unfortunately, there are several local maxima of the maximum-likelihood function. As a result, several (2-6) wind estimates are returned as possible solutions at each wind vector cell. An ambiguity-removal step is required to determine a wind field. In this paper, we develop a statistical test to distinguish among the maxima of a maximum likelihood equation, and apply it to wind estimation. An upper bound is derived on the probability of error if a lower likelihood wind estimate is discarded. This bound is used to eliminate improbable wind solutions. Using this procedure we show that for most ERS-1 wind vector cells the number of wind estimates can be reduced to two. This reduces the complexity of the ambiguity-removal step while at the same time increasing the confidence in the entire retrieved wind field.
An adaptive high-speed lossy data compression

An adaptive method for lossy data compression and the associated VLSI architecture have been developed. This scheme does not require a-priori knowledge of the source statistics and codebook training. The codebook is generated on the fly and is constantly updated to capture local textual features of data. The algorithm is proven to reach rate distortion function for memoryless sources. The authors also propose a computing architecture which consists of a vector quantizer and an encoded-data generator. By using this method, a high-speed VLSI processor with good local adaptivity, less complexity and fair compression ratio can be achieved. >
A New Manifestation and Treatment Alternative for Heparin-Induced Thrombosis

We treated a coronary artery bypass patient whose postoperative course was complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and resultant pulmonary artery and saphenous vein graft thromboses. The pulmonary thromboemboli were found first, and pulmonary blood flow was restored with intravenously administered tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). A short time later, the vein grafts were found to be occluded, and we subsequently performed multivessel percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) using tPA as an adjuvant to oral warfarin sodium therapy with excellent results. We conclude that heparin-induced thromboses in the pulmonary arteries are amenable to thrombolytic therapy, including tPA, whereas this regimen appears to have little effect on saphenous vein grafts. We also found that a combination of warfarin and thrombolytic therapy is an alternative regimen for heparinintolerant patients who require PTCA.
INCORPORATING INHERITANCE AND FEATURE STRUCTURES INTO A LOGIC GRAMMAR FORMALISM

Hassan Ait-kaci introduced the ψ-term, an informational structure resembling feature-based functional structures but which also includes taxonomic inheritance (Ait-Kaci, 1984). We describe ψ-terms and how they have been incorporated into the Logic Grammar formalism. The result, which we call Inheritance Grammar, is a proper superset of DCG and includes many features of PATR-II. Its taxonomic reasoning facilitates semantic type-class reasoning during grammatical analysis.
Fidaxomicin: A Macrocyclic Antibiotic for the Management of Clostridium difficile Infection

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.Data Sources:Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–January 2010) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–January 2010) using the terms OPT-80, difimicin, PAR-101, fidaxomicin, tiacumicin, lipiarmycin, and Clostridium difficile. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles published in English that were identified from the data sources were evaluated and pertinent information was included.Data Synthesis:Fidaxomicin is an 18-membered macrocyclic antibiotic with activity against gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes, including C. difficile. Microbiologic studies comparing in vitro activity of fidaxomicin with that of metronidazole and vancomycin have shown good activity against all strains of C. difficile tested; however, minimum inhibitory concentrations were consistently lower for fidaxomici...
Implementation of simulated human grasping for manufacturing tasks

We describe an implementation of the simulation of human grasping for manufacturing tasks using a realistic human figure with a high-level behavioral control interface. Grasping simulations can then inform the manufacturer as to requirements on human grasping in manufacturing environments. We further describe the integration of a reach planner with grasping to provide simulation of reaching and grasping tasks. The simulation of human grasping proceeds from work in cognitive science, psychology, and robotics, in which human grasping is described as a primarily tactile activity. Information about target geometry is derived from contact with the object to be grasped, and the simulation is driven by this collision information. Reaching and grasping have been integrated to provide more automated control of the simulation of grasping. A motion planning approach controls human arm movement: given a position in 3D space, the reaching algorithm automatically computes a collision-free and strength-feasible motion sequence to move the hand to the desired position. If a tool is held in the hand, the collision of the tool with the environment can also be avoided.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rate of convergence in evolutionary computation

The broad field of evolutionary computation (EC)-including genetic algorithms as a special case-has attracted much attention in the last several decades. Many bold claims have been made about the effectiveness of various EC algorithms. These claims have centered on the efficiency, robustness, and ease of implementation of EC approaches. Unfortunately, there seems to be little theory to support such claims. One key step to formally evaluating or substantiating such claims is to establish rigorous results on the rate of convergence of EC algorithms. This paper presents a computable rate of convergence for a class of ECs that includes the standard genetic algorithm as a special case.
Shock and Awe: Interpretations of the Events of September 11

Scholars have usually understood the problem of democratic consolidation in terms of the creation of mechanisms that make possible the avoidance of populist excesses, polarized conflicts, or authoritarian corporatist inclusion that undermined free politics in much of postwar Latin America. This article makes the case that, under contemporary liberal economic conditions, the nature of the challenge for democratization has changed in important ways. Earlier problems of polarization had their roots in the long-present statist patterns of economic organization. By contrast, under free-market conditions, democratic consolidation faces a largely distinct set of challenges: the underarticulation of societal interests, pervasive social atomization, and socially uneven political quiescence founded in collective action problems. These can combine to undermine the efficacy of democratic representation and, consequently, regime legitimacy. The article utilizes data from the Latin American region since the 1970s on development, economic reform, and individual and collective political participation to show the effects of a changing state-economy relationship on the consolidation of democratic politics.
Nasal-Ocular Reflexes and Their Role in the Management of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis With Intranasal Steroids

Allergic rhinitis is a common disorder and involves the reaction to environmental allergens with resultant nasal and eye symptoms. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of the eye symptoms in allergic conjunctivitis include a direct effect on the eye by deposited allergen and indirect effects related to the deposition of allergen in the nasal mucosa. One of these proposed mechanisms is the existence of a nasal-ocular reflex whereby the nasal allergic reaction leads to an afferent reflex response, the efferent limb of which results in eye symptoms. Among the treatments available for allergic rhinitis, intranasal steroids are most efficacious for nasal symptoms and have also shown sizeable efficacy related to eye symptoms. We speculated that the effect of intranasal steroids on eye symptoms in allergic rhinitis was related to their inhibition of the nasal-ocular reflex and present data previously generated from our laboratory to support this assumption in a nasal challenge model.
Pathologic Aspects of Atypical Pneumonias: (Interstitial Pneumonitis)

The interstitial pneumonitis due to a variety of etiologic agents and circumstances has been commented upon to emphasize certain aspects not commonly stressed, namely, the common hyperplasia and metaplasia of alveolar and bronchiolar lining cells, and the tendency in many cases to progress to interstitial fibrosis. The changes which often cause cyanosis to be a prominent clinical feature would merit a separate complete and full discussion. One may speculate as to whether the present prevalence of atypical pneumonia may lead in the future to an increased clinical incidence of (1) effects of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, and (2) pulmonary tumors resulting from stimulation of bronchiolar and alveolar lining cells. Only time will give the answer.
On Mann–Whitney tests for comparing sojourn time distributions when the transition times are right censored

We consider the problem of comparing sojourn time distributions of a transient state in a general multistate system in two samples (groups) when the transition times are right censored. Using the reweighting principle, a two-sample Mann–Whitney type of $$U$$ -statistic is constructed that compares only the uncensored sojourn times from the two distributions. A second Mann–Whitney type of statistic is also constructed using a different reweighting that allows for comparisons when one of the two sojourn times is either uncensored or singly censored. Both these statistics are asymptotically unbiased, asymptotically normally distributed and reduce to the standard Mann–Whitney statistic when there is no censoring. A test of equality of sojourn time distributions in two independent samples is constructed by symmetrizing the second statistic. The testing methodology is illustrated using a data set on kidney disease patients.
Faith Pinnacle Moments: Stress, Miraculous Experiences, and Life Satisfaction in Young Adulthood

Religious beliefs often persist among unaffiliated young adults, and certain beliefs about God have been shown to support subjective well-being. Yet we know much less about the persistence or psychological impact of religious experiences, specifically miracles from God. I conceive of such experiences as faith pinnacle moments which express and reinvigorate the individual's reciprocal bond with God, frequently occur in response to certain types of stress, and support well-being by solidifying one's sense of that bond. My results show that net of institutional religiosity, young adults who experience stress from traumas are more likely to report miracles. This suggests that these reports often refer to healings or similar interventions. Stress from family breakups, however, is negatively correlated with miracles, presumably since these disruptions damage the bond with God due to the established connection between parental relationships and perceived relationship with God. Finally, miracles are positively correlated with life satisfaction and partially protect against the negative effects of stress on life satisfaction.
Lymphogranuloma Venereum II. Characterization of Some Recently Isolated Strains

Five Bedsonia (Chlamydia) isolates from lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) patients were tested for inclusion type, sulfonamide sensitivity, and mouse virulence. Two matched the classical description of LGV agents. Two were not virulent for mice by the intracerebral route, therefore fitting the description for trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis agents. One was highly virulent for mice and sulfonamide-resistant, and produced inclusions that did not stain with iodine, all characteristics generally associated with avian bedsoniae. A sixth isolate could not be adequately tested due to poor infective yields. Because of this variety of properties within the Bedsonia group, the term LGV might more appropriately be reserved for clinical disease rather than to describe a particular bedsonial agent.
The Relations between Polymer Structure and Properties in Urethans

Abstract Sufficient data are available from studies of urethan foams and elastomers to draw semiquantitative conclusions regarding the effect of any gross structural change on most polymer properties. These relationships apply to other areas of application as well, e.g., coatings, adhesives and sealants. Future research may be expected to provide more reliable control of the many reactions involved in preparing urethans, thus better control over structure. Similarly a more quantitative and extensive knowledge of polymer properties may be expected. The result of these combined efforts will be a more precise knowledge of structure-property relationships and an improved ability to produce polymers having the properties desired for a wide range of applications.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Convective Entrainment in Linearly and Discretely Stratified Fluids

Regimes of convective entrainment in linearly and discretely stratified fluids are investigated by means of a high-resolution LES in conjunction with relevant data from atmospheric, laboratory, numerical, and analytical studies of penetrative convection. Relationships between parameters of entrainment in the discretely stratified fluid are shown to be rather different to their counterparts in the case of equilibrium entrainment in the linearly stratified fluid.
OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS FOLLOWING LEGG-CALVÉ-PERTHES' DISEASE

A case of osteochondritis dissecans complicating Legg-Calve-Perthes9 disease is reported. Despite four years of conservative treatment in an ischial-bearing caliper a part of the fragmented femoral head failed to unite with the rest of the epiphysis and has persisted as an intra-articular loose body. Freehafer (1960) listed the indications for surgical removal of this fragment in such cases: 1) persisting symptoms; 2) dislocation of the loose fragment into the joint with secondary arthritic changes inevitable; 3) a mechanical block to movement of the hip. Since our patient had a relatively symptomless hip with a full range of movement, surgical removal of the loose body was not advised. The prognosis for this hip is nevertheless guarded, and surgery can be reserved for the above indications or for reconstructive procedures should they be required in the future.
Is Skynet the Answer? Rules for Autonomous Cyber Response Capabilities

You awake to the soft sounds of your favorite music growing louder as you listen. The lights slowly begin to brighten. You can already smell the coffee wafting into your bedroom through the climate control system. As you stretch and stand up, rubbing the sleep from your eyes, your T.V. turns to your favorite news channel. You can hear the shower start as you lay out your clothes for the day. After breakfast, you get into your car. You speak the command, “work” and your car begins the drive while you read the latest news feed being projected onto your glasses. When the car stops at a red light, you glance out the window. Overhead you see an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) silently glide past, checking on traffic ahead. Your smart phone beeps, alerting you to your tasks that await you at work. You review the tasks and discover one of your clients has been hacked – again. You see the computer system at work has decided during the night to trace the source of the hack and attempted to disable the offending bot. You hope it made the right decision and found the right culprit. If not, it may be a long day. This scenario may sound far-fetched, part of some imagined future, but the year is 2013 and the time is now.
Measurement and resource allocation problems in data streaming systems

In a data streaming system, each component consumes one or several streams of data on the fly and produces one or several streams of data for other components. The entire Internet can be viewed as a giant data streaming system. Other examples include real-time exploratory data mining and high performance transaction processing. In this thesis we study several measurement and resource allocation problems of data streaming systems. Measuring quantities associated with one or several data streams is often challenging because the sheer volume of data makes it impractical to store the streams in memory or ship them across the network. A data streaming algorithm processes a long stream of data in one pass using a small working memory (called a sketch). Estimation queries can then be answered from one or more such sketches. An important task is to analyze the performance guarantee of such algorithms. In this thesis we describe a tail bound problem that often occurs in data streaming algorithms, and we present a technique for solving it using majorization and convex ordering theories. We present two algorithms that utilize our technique. The first is to store a large array of counters in DRAM while achieving the update speed of SRAM. The second is to detect global icebergs across distributed data streams. Resource allocation decisions are important for the performance of a data streaming system. The processing graph of a data streaming system forms a fork and join network. The underlying data processing tasks consists of a rich set of semantics that include synchronous and asynchronous data fork and data join. The different types of semantics and processing requirements introduce complex interdependence between various data streams within the network. We study the distributed resource allocation problem in such systems with the goal of achieving the maximum total utility of output streams. For networks with only synchronous fork and join semantics, we present several decentralized iterative algorithms using primal and dual based optimization techniques. For general networks with both synchronous and asynchronous fork and join semantics, we present a novel modeling framework to formulate the resource allocation problem, and present a shadow-queue based decentralized iterative algorithm to solve the resource allocation problem. We show that all the algorithms guarantee optimality and demonstrate through simulation that they can adapt quickly to dynamically changing environments.