cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Components of Genetic Variation Associated with Second and Third Chromosome Gene Arrangements in Drosophila melanogaster

The effects of naturally occuring combinations of second and third chromosome gene arrangements of Drosophila melanogaster on two quantitative traits were partitioned into parameters of additive, dominance and interaction components of genetic variation. Development time and preadult survival of the gene arrangement genotypes were measured under four experimental conditions. Gene arrangement effects, when significant, were predominantly additive under all conditions. Experimental conditions, however, did influence gene arrangement effects. A second chromosome effect on development time was detected when amount of food or temperature was reduced, but not under optimal conditions. A third chromosome additive effect on development was observed under all experimental conditions. A consistent interaction effect between second and third chromosome gene arrangements was detected only at low temperature. Gene arrangement effects on survival were not as consistent as for development time, but also depended on experimental conditions.
A study of the ring size in the copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride by H‐NMR spectroscopy

The well-known alternating 1:2 cyclocopolymer of divinyl ether (DVE) and maleic anhydride (MA) possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antitumor. Recent research on the structure of a variety of cyclopolymers has raised a question about the ring size of this cyclocopolymer. In this article we report on an extensive spectroscopic study of its structure. By use of deuterated monomers the H-NMR peaks at δ 2.31, 3.47, 4.06, and 4.49 ppm with an area ratio of 2:1:1:1 were assigned to the hydrogens of methylenes, methines on the backbone anhydride unit, methines on the ring anhydride unit, and methines adjacent to oxygen on the cyclic ether ring, respectively. By examination of the possible isomeric structures of the bicyclic ring, the splitting of each peak group was further assigned for cis and trans disubstitutions on the anhydride unit. The splitting pattern from the 300-MHz NMR spectrum of the DVE-2,3-dideuteriomaleic anhydride (DMA) copolymer confirmed the unsymmetrical ring structure. 13C-NMR spectra were consistent with the conclusion from the H-NMR spectra. A chair-form, six-membered ring with predominantly trans geometry in the anhydride ring was assigned to the structure of DVE–MA copolymer. On the basis of little or no change in the 13C-NMR spectra of the copolymers prepared at different temperatures it was concluded that there was no significant change in structure with temperature. This led to the assignment of the energetically favored, six-membered ring structure to the copolymer prepared under these conditions. A mechanism for cyclocopolymerization, based on the HOMO–LUMO interaction of the comonomers and the intramolecular radical addition on the preoriented double bond, was proposed. This mechanism leads to the formation of the six-membered ring structure of the copolymer as the only product. A 13C-NMR study of the structure of the copolymer prepared in chloroform by Kunitake and Tsukino is being published as a companion article.
Mechanisms for regulation of intramembranous amniotic fluid (AF) absorption: gene expression of prolactin (PRL) receptor nephrin

FLUID (AF) ABSORPTION: GENE EXPRESSION OF PROLACTIN (PRL) RECEPTOR NEPHRIN FATANEH AMIDI, DAVE GAYLE, SAM WANG, MICHAEL ROSS, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Torrance, CA OBJECTIVE: Although absorption of AF across the chorioamnion (intramembranous flow) is central to AF volume regulation, little is known regarding its regulation. Nephrin-like proteins regulate transcellular protein permeability in several organs at epithelial podocytes. PRL, having watermineral hormone properties, also has a potential role in AF volume. As amnion cells have similar structures as podocytes, we postulated that Neph1 and PRL may regulate fetal chorioamnion permeability and thus influence AF volume. We sought to determine the expression of Neph1 and PRL receptor genes in rat fetal membranes and placenta. Results are compared to beta-actinmRNA levels. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats (n = 3) at gestation day 18 were anesthetized and the uterus exposed. Individual placentas and fetal chorioamnion were harvested and homogenized to isolate total RNA for mRNA determinations using real time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Fetal membranes expressed high levels of neph1 mRNA which was significantly greater than placental levels ((1.3 ± 0.3 vs 0.01 ± 0.01 AU, p = 0.03). Fetal membranes also had elevated levels of PRL receptor mRNA that were higher than placenta levels (0.21 ± 0.05 vs 0.05 ± 0.03 AU, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: These finding indicate the expression of Neph1 and PRL in fetal membranes. We postulate that Neph1 and PRL regulate fetal membrane permeability to protein and electrolytes, respectively. Alterations in expression of these genes may lead to AF volume abnormalities.
Selective Nucleic Acid Capture with Shielded Covalent Probes

Nucleic acid probes are used for diverse applications in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. In any setting, their power is limited by imperfect selectivity (binding of undesired targets) and incomplete affinity (binding is reversible, and not all desired targets bound). These difficulties are fundamental, stemming from reliance on base pairing to provide both selectivity and affinity. Shielded covalent (SC) probes eliminate the longstanding trade-off between selectivity and durable target capture, achieving selectivity via programmable base pairing and molecular conformation change, and durable target capture via activatable covalent cross-linking. In pure and mixed samples, SC probes covalently capture complementary DNA or RNA oligo targets and reject two-nucleotide mismatched targets with near-quantitative yields at room temperature, achieving discrimination ratios of 2–3 orders of magnitude. Semiquantitative studies with full-length mRNA targets demonstrate selective covalent capture comparable to that for RNA oligo targets. Single-nucleotide DNA or RNA mismatches, including nearly isoenergetic RNA wobble pairs, can be efficiently rejected with discrimination ratios of 1–2 orders of magnitude. Covalent capture yields appear consistent with the thermodynamics of probe/target hybridization, facilitating rational probe design. If desired, cross-links can be reversed to release the target after capture. In contrast to existing probe chemistries, SC probes achieve the high sequence selectivity of a structured probe, yet durably retain their targets even under denaturing conditions. This previously incompatible combination of properties suggests diverse applications based on selective and stable binding of nucleic acid targets under conditions where base-pairing is disrupted (e.g., by stringent washes in vitro or in situ, or by enzymes in vivo).
Conceptual self as normatively oriented: The suitability of past personal narrative for the study of cultural identity

A distinct conceptualization of cultural identity that is theoretically motivated by the classic taxonomies of the self developed by cultural anthropologist Irving Hallowell (1955) and cognitive psychologist Ulric Neisser (1988) is proposed. It is argued that Neisser's Conceptual Self, situated within Hallowell's Normative Orientation, affords a unique confluence of theoretical tradition that successfully transcends the problematic dualism between individual agency and cultural determinism. This Conceptual Self as Normatively Oriented is designated a cultural identity and defined as a form of conscious, reflexive and evaluative self-understanding pertaining to that facet of the self which knowingly commits itself to the shared values and practices of a particular cultural group. It is argued that past personal narrative is a privileged site for the investigation of cultural identity and its construction. The unique suitability of narrative analysis for the study of cultural identity is illustrated with an example from a Gros Ventre elder of the Fort Belknap Indian reservation in Montana.
Interaction of a kinesin-like protein with calmodulin isoforms from Arabidopsis.

Abstract In Arabidopsis and other plants there are multiple calmodulin isoforms. However, the role of these isoforms in regulating the activity of target proteins is obscure. Here, we analyzed the interaction between a kinesin-like calmodulin-binding motor protein (Reddy, A. S. N., Safadi, F., Narasimhulu, S. B., Golovkin, M., and Hu, X. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 7052–7060) and three calmodulin isoforms (calmodulin-2, -4, and -6) from Arabidopsis using different approaches. Gel mobility and fluorescence shift assays revealed that the motor binds to all calmodulin isoforms in a calcium-dependent manner. Furthermore, all calmodulin isoforms were able to activate bovine calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase. However, the concentration of calmodulin-2 required for half-maximal activation of phosphodiesterase is 2- and 6-fold lower compared with calmodulin-4 and -6, respectively. The dissociation constants of the motor to calmodulin-2, -4, and -6 are 12.8, 27.0, and 27.8 nm, respectively, indicating that calmodulin-2 has 2-fold higher affinity for the motor than calmodulin-4 and -6. Similar results were obtained using another assay that involves the binding of35S-labeled calmodulin isoforms to the motor. The binding saturation curves of the motor with calmodulin isoforms have confirmed that calmodulin-2 has 2-fold higher affinity to the motor. However, the affinity of calmodulin-4 and -6 isoforms for the motor was about the same. Based on these studies, we conclude that all calmodulin isoforms bind to the motor protein but with different affinities.
Improving on-line learning

In this dissertation, we consider techniques to improve the performance and applicability of algorithms used for on-line learning. We organize these techniques according to the assumptions they make about the generation of instances. Our first assumption is that the instances are generated by a fixed distribution. Many algorithms are designed to perform well when instances are generated by an adversary; we give two techniques to modify these algorithms to improve performance when the instances are instead generated by a distribution. We validate these techniques with extensive experiments using a wide range of real world data sets. Our second assumption is that the target concept the algorithm is attempting to learn changes over time. We give a modification of the Winnow algorithm and show it has good bounds for tracking a shifting concept when instances are generated by an adversary. We also consider the case that the instances are generated by a shifting distribution. We apply variations of the previous fixed distribution techniques and show, with real data derived experiments, that these techniques continue to significantly improve performance. Last, we assume that the labels for instances may be delayed for a number of trials. We give techniques to modify an on-line algorithm so that it has good performance even when the labels are delayed. We derive upper-bounds on the performance of these modifications and show through lower-bounds that these modifications are close to optimal.
Length-Lex Bounds Consistency for Knapsack Constraints

Recently, a new domain store for set-variables has been proposed which totally orders all values in the domain of a set-variable based on cardinality and lexicography. Traditionally, knapsack constraints have been studied with respect to the required and possible set domain representation. For this domain-store efficient filtering algorithms achieving relaxed and approximated consistency are known. In this work, we study the complexity of achieving length-lex and approximated length-lex bounds consistency. We show that these strengthened levels of consistency can still be achieved in (pseudo-)polynomial time. In addition, we devise heuristic algorithms that work efficiently in practice.
Survey of Autonomous Imaging

Images sensed by optical or acoustic imaging systems contain information that can be used for autonomous vehicle navigation and control. The merging of these technologies into one image acquisition module has great potential for vehicle control using image processing techniques. Feature extraction by edge detection and pattern recognition provide a base of high level information to be used by a vehicle controller or path planner. The bag of tricks for an autonomous vehicle imaging system is large because of complexity of the information source and the various needs A complete system will include image enhancement, data reduction, frame to frame correlation and motion detection as well as image understanding. In addition, these functions must operate in real time with available on board processing power.
Shape studies on macromolecules in aqueous and detergent solvents by transient electric birefringence

Transient electric birefringence of macromolecules is described by two exponential decay times, which are functions of two distinct rotary diffusion coefficients for their equivalent ellipsoids. The dimensions of the ellipsoid are calculated from these decay times. This method has been applied to hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins in distilled water and in anionic and nonionic detergents. BSA and human transferrin in H2O yield dimensions in agreement with published values. Helix pomatia hemocyanin (Hph) in H2O, yields dimensions that are used to calculate values for s and [η], which agree with published values. Hph has been shown to be a circular cylinder of spherical subunits. The s value for this model, calculated according to Kirkwood's theory, agrees with the measured value. This agreement in s values supports the dimensions obtained by transient birefringence. The dimensions for seven proteins (11 700–72 000 mol wt) in SDS, obtained by this method, are in agreement with values reported by Reynolds and Tanford for mol wt < 26 000. Larger proteins show flexibility by this method, evidenced by shorter lengths than those reported by Reynolds and Tanford. However, in the two ranges of molecular weight, this method yields values of protein molecular weight, in agreement with the model of Reynolds and Tanford for proteins in SDS. The membrane protein, rhodopsin, dissolved in Ammonyx LO and digitonin, yields dimensions whose axial ratio is 6.8 in both detergents. This structure supports the model for rhodopsin proposed by Wald. Finally, this method is shown to be applicable to the study of detergent micelle structure, when the micelles resemble ellipsoids are shown for Triton X-100.
Sexting, Substance Use, and Sexual Risk Behavior in Young Adults

Abstract Purpose Cell phone use has become more widespread over the past decade. Young adults are frequently early adopters of new technologies, including cell phones. Most previous research examining sexting, the act of sending sexually explicit or suggestive images via text message, has focused on the legal or social consequences of this behavior. The current study focused on the public health implications of sexting by examining associations between sexting, substance use, and sexual risk behavior in youth. Methods Young adults (N = 763) completed online questionnaires assessing demographics, cell phone use (e.g., texting, sexting), substance use, and sexual risk behaviors. Results Sexting was reported by a substantial minority of participants (44%). Compared with their nonsexting counterparts, participants who engaged in sexting were more likely to report recent substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex and sex with multiple partners. Of those who engaged in sexting, a considerable percentage (31.8%) reported having sex with a new partner for the first time after sexting with that person. In multivariate analyses, sexting was associated with high-risk sexual behavior, after accounting for demographic factors, total texting behaviors, and substance use. Conclusions Results suggest that sexting is robustly associated with high-risk sexual behavior. Many individuals exchange explicit or provocative photos with long-term sexual partners, but at least some participants in this study were incurring new sexual risks after sexting. Additional research is needed to understand the contexts in which sexting occurs, motivations for sexting, and relationship of sexting to risk behavior.
The obedience of the Son in the theology of Karl Barth and of Thomas F. Torrance

Both Thomas F. Torrance and Karl Barth speak of the obedience of the Son as a condescension of the Son to become incarnate for our sakes. Thus there is wide agreement between them with regard to both the doctrines of atonement and the Trinity. Yet, despite the fact that Barth never wavered in his rejection of subordinationism and modalism and always affirmed the freedom of God's love, he also claimed that there ‘is in God Himself an above and a below, a prius and a posterius , a superiority and a subordination’, 1 while Torrance unequivocally refused to read elements of the economy, such as the ideas of super and subordination and a before or after, back into the immanent Trinity. By comparing the thinking of Barth and Torrance on this issue, I hope to show why I think Barth illegitimately read back elements of the economy into the immanent Trinity, thus creating confusion where clarity would help us see that what God does for us in the economy is and remains an act of free grace which becomes obscured when any sort of hierarchy is introduced into the Trinity. Both theologians thoroughly agree that what God is towards us in the economy, he is eternally in himself and what he is eternally in himself, he is towards us in the economy. But, there is a difference between them over how to interpret this insight, since Barth thinks super and subordination should be ascribed to the immanent Trinity. While Torrance, like Barth, will argue that the incarnation and Christ's mediatorial activity fall ‘within the life of God’, he also insists that the incarnation cannot in any way be confused with the generation of the Son from the Father in eternity. Barth would agree; yet this important distinction becomes fuzzy when he ascribes subordination and obedience to the eternal Son as a basis for his actions ad extra . This article will develop in four sections. First, I will discuss the obedience of the Son as condescension for Torrance and Barth. Second, I will consider the implications of the Extra Calvinisticum for each theologian's view of the obedience of the Son and of the Trinity. Third, I will explore how each theologian attempts to avoid subordinationism and modalism indicating the problems which arise in Barth's thinking in connection with these views. Fourth, I will compare Torrance and Barth, showing that Torrance more consistently maintains God's freedom and love by not reading back elements of the economy into the life of the immanent Trinity.
Environmental Dimensions of Migration

Research on the environmental dimensions of human migration has made important strides in recent years. However, findings have been spread across multiple disciplines with wide-ranging methodologies and limited theoretical development. This article reviews key findings of the field and identifies future directions for sociological research. We contend that the field has moved beyond linear environmental “push” theories toward a greater integration of context, including micro-level, meso-level, and macro-level interactions. We highlight findings that migration is often a household strategy to diversify risk (new economics of labor migration theory), interacting with household composition; individual characteristics; social networks; and historical, political, and economic contexts. We highlight promising developments in the field, including the recognition that migration is a long-standing form of environmental adaptation and yet only one among many forms of adaptation. Finally, we argue that sociologists ...
Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma.

Background: Previously we showed that tourniquets were lifesaving devices in the current war. Few studies, however, describe their actual morbidity in combat casualties. The purpose of this study was to measure tourniquet use and complications. Methods: A prospective survey of casualties who required tourniquets was performed at a combat support hospital in Baghdad during 7 months in 2006. Patients were evaluated for tourniquet use, limb outcome, and morbidity. We identified potential morbidities from the literature and looked for them prospectively. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. Results: The 232 patients had 428 tourniquets applied on 309 injured limbs. The most effective tourniquets were the Emergency Medical Tourniquet (92%) and the Combat Application Tourniquet (79%). Four patients (1.7%) sustained transient nerve palsy at the level of the tourniquet, whereas six had palsies at the wound level. No association was seen between tourniquet time and morbidity. There was no apparent association of total tourniquet time and morbidity (clots, myonecrosis, rigor, pain, palsies, renal failure, amputation, and fasciotomy). No amputations resulted solely from tourniquet use. However, six (2.6%) casualties with eight preexisting traumatic amputation injuries then had completion surgical amputations and also had tourniquets on for >2 hours. The rate of limbs with fasciotomies with tourniquet time 2 hours was 36% (9 of 25, p 0.4). Conclusions: Morbidity risk was low, and there was a positive risk benefit ratio in light of the survival benefit. No limbs were lost because of tourniquet use, and tourniquet duration was not associated with increased morbidity. Education for early military tourniquet use should continue. Key Word: Tourniquet, Hemorrhage, Resuscitation, Mangled extremities, Mass casualties.
On-line correction of aberrations in particle spectrographs

A new method is presented that allows the reconstruction of trajectories and the on-line correction of residual aberrations that limit the resolution of particle spectrographs. Using a computed or fitted high order transfer map that describes the uncorrected aberrations of the spectrograph under consideration, it is possible to determine a pseudo transfer map that allows the computation of the corrected data of interest as well as the reconstructed trajectories in terms of position measurements in two planes near the focal plane. The technique is only limited by the accuracy of the position measurements and the accuracy of the transfer map. In practice the method can be expressed as an inversion of a pseudo transfer map and implemented in the differential algebraic framework. The practical application in connection with the S800 spectrograph is discussed. >
Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in vasopressin and oxytocin release.

The effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation on vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) release was evaluated using explants of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system. (+/−)-1-Aminoc...
Ultrashort-Pulse and Broadband Fiber Sourcess

Fiber lasers can produce picosecond solitons at high repetition rate or broadband femtosecond pulses for spectral slicing. Principles for achieving desired output characteristics, methods for stabilizing harmonic modelocking and recent experimental results will be presented.
Study of Co-electrospun Nafion and Polyaniline Nanofibers as Potential Catalyst Support for Fuel Cell Electrodes

Abstract Nanostructured composites of electron and proton conducting materials were fabricated via simultaneous electrospinning of Nafion and PANI solutions on a rotating collector for application as fuel cell catalyst supports. Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) was used as a carrier polymer to enhance chain entanglements and therefore the electrospinnability of both solutions. Dual nanofiber mat with a Nafion/PANI composition of 50/50 wt% was prepared. Post electrospinning annealing at 150 °C for 5 mins and densification at 500 psi was performed to enhance Nafion domain crystallinity and fiber fraction (i.e. reduce void volume), respectively. PEO was selectively removed by treatment of the electrospun mats in boiling acid solution for one hour. Conductivity of the nanofiber mats was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit was used to decouple impedance from electron and proton transfer in the composite fiber mat. The resultant dual nanofiber mat exhibited an in-plane conductivity (σ=) of 0.014 and 0.023 S/cm for electrons and protons, respectively. Through plane conductivity (σ⊥) was also studied and the dual nanofiber mat showed anisotropy for both proton and electron conductivities with (σ=)/(σ⊥) = 1.27 and 1.4, respectively. Such dual nanofiber mats with percolating phases of both electron- and proton-conductors and three dimensional through–connected inter-fiber pore structure (for gas transport) can potentially serve as excellent catalyst supports for fuel cells.
Spectral Transmittance of Thin Films with Rough Surfaces

** † The present study investigates the effect of surface roughness and partial coherence on the transmittance of thin films. Scalar scattering theory is used to account for the scattering losses in the specular direction due to rough surfaces, and then the calculated transmittance are spectrally averaged over the coherent spectral width to address partial coherence. Since a wide wavenumber range is considered, a wavenumber-dependent coherent spectral width is introduced. The coherence function, which is a measure of the degree of coherence, is also defined and extended to the study of thin films with rough surfaces. The calculated transmittance values were compared with measurement data using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. The scalar scattering theory combined with spectral averaging over the coherent spectral width could predict two noticeable feathers regarding fringe contrasts (fringe disappearing, fringe flipping) in the measured spectrum, and these features could not be achievable from scalar scattering theory alone. Furthermore, it is found that scalar scattering theory is not applicable to the surfaces whose autocorrelation length is greater than the wavelength of the incident radiation.
In Vivo Feedback Predicts Parent Behavior Change in the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention

Understanding mechanisms and active ingredients of intervention is critical to training clinicians, particularly when interventions are transported from laboratories to communities. One promising active ingredient of parenting programs is clinicians’ in vivo feedback regarding parent–child interactions. The present study examined whether a form of in vivo feedback, in the moment commenting, predicted treatment retention and parent behavior change when the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) intervention was implemented in a community setting. Observational data were collected from 78 parent–child dyads (96% mothers; M age = 29 years; 81% minority; infants’ M age = 12 months; 90% minority) across 640 sessions conducted by 9 clinicians (100% female, M age = 39; 67% minority) in Hawaii. Parental behavior was assessed with a semistructured play task before and after intervention. Clinicians’ in-the-moment feedback to parents was assessed from intervention session videos. Clinicians’ frequency and qual...
Integrin signaling, free radicals, and tyrosine kinase mediate flow constriction in isolated cerebral arteries.

Isolated, cannulated, and pressurized (100 mmHg) middle cerebral arteries from adult cats were perfused intraluminally at rates from 0 to 4 ml/min with heated and gassed physiological saline soluti...
Small Things Considered

No summer evening outdoors seems complete without a mosquito bite (or ten). While these bites are often just a nuisance, they can also serve as the point of transmission for many mosquito-borne diseases: West Nile virus, dengue virus, yellow fever virus, malaria, and the filarial nematodes that cause elephantiasis, to name a few. Efforts to control the spread of these diseases, many of which cannot be curbed by vaccination, have lately looked to the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis for help. Wolbachia naturally infect many insects including some mosquitoes, and strains have recently been developed to infect Aedes aegypti, the vector for dengue, and Anopheles gambiae, malaria's vehicle of choice. Infection by Wolbachia may limit the spread of these diseases by efficiently becoming established in insect populations, where they shorten the lifespan of their hosts or directly interfere with the pathogens the insects carry.
Smoking status and nicotine administration differentially modify hemodynamic stress reactivity in men and women.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive (OC) use on hemodynamic stress responses of women. Also, to examine gender differences in stress reactivity as a function of smoking status and acute nicotine administration. METHODS Thirty men and 46 women, differing in smoking status and OC use, were tested for cardiovascular stress responses to a variety of behavioral and physical stressors. Each was tested twice, once under a transdermal nicotine patch condition and once under a placebo patch condition. Impedance cardiography was used to estimate hemodynamic reactivity noninvasively. RESULTS In response to behavioral stressors, women smokers, irrespective of OC use or nicotine vs placebo, demonstrated significantly blunted cardiac output and heart rate reactivity to stressors, and showed significantly greater estimated total peripheral resistance (TPR) under stress relative to women nonsmokers. There were no differences in hemodynamic stress reactivity between men smokers and nonsmokers. The only significant effect involving nicotine administration on stress reactivity was seen in men where, regardless of smoking status, nicotine increased heart rate reactivity to all stressors relative to placebo responses. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that cigarette smoking may act differently in men and women to increase risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). For men, nicotine may exert pathogenic influences via increasing the magnitude of heart rate reactivity to stressors. For women, however, smoking seems to have deleterious effects on hemodynamic stress reactivity patterns, reducing myocardial but increasing TPR contributions to blood pressure responses.
Ethane and Ethylene Solubility in an Imidazolium-Based Lipidic Ionic Liquid

The solubilities of ethane and ethylene in the lipidic ionic liquid 1-(Z-octadec-9-enyl)-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide are measured at 298, 313, and 333 K from 0.1 MPa to about 2 MPa and are correlated and well reproduced with the Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky equation. Ethane is shown to have slightly higher solubility than ethylene, in agreement with results from other ionic liquids with significant nonpolar structural content, although fit Henry’s constants are the same within experimental error. Additionally, this is the first example of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid with Henry’s constants for ethane and ethylene that are below 5 MPa at room temperature. This supports the idea that these classes of solvents have “nonpolar-like” solvent properties and may be used as alternatives for reaction and separations processes that currently require volatile, nonpolar solvents, even though these species are ionic in nature. Experimental solubility data are compared to COSMO-RS predictions, which give good quali...
Prevalence of Masked Hypertension and Its Association With Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans: Results From the Jackson Heart Study

Background Studies consisting mostly of whites have shown that the prevalence of masked hypertension differs by prehypertension status. Using data from the Jackson Heart Study, an exclusively African American population‐based cohort, we evaluated the association of masked hypertension and prehypertension with left ventricular mass index and common carotid intima media thickness. Methods and Results At the baseline visit, clinic blood pressure (CBP) measurement and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed. Masked hypertension was defined as mean systolic/diastolic CBP <140/90 mm Hg and mean daytime systolic/diastolic ambulatory blood pressure ≥135/85 mm Hg. Clinic hypertension was defined as mean systolic/diastolic CBP ≥140/90 mm Hg. Normal CBP was defined as mean systolic/diastolic CBP <120/80 mm Hg and prehypertension as mean systolic/diastolic CBP 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg. The analytic sample included 909 participants. Among participants with systolic/diastolic CBP <140/90 mm Hg, the prevalence of masked hypertension and prehypertension was 27.5% and 62.4%, respectively. The prevalence of masked hypertension among those with normal CBP and prehypertension was 12.9% and 36.3%, respectively. In a fully adjusted model, which included prehypertension status and antihypertensive medication use as covariates, left ventricular mass index was 7.94 g/m2 lower among those without masked hypertension compared to participants with masked hypertension ( P <0.001). Left ventricular mass index was also 4.77 g/m2 lower among those with clinic hypertension, but this difference was not statistically significant ( P =0.068). There were no significant differences in left ventricular mass index between participants with and without masked hypertension, or clinic hypertension. Conclusions Masked hypertension was common among African Americans with prehypertension and also normal CBP, and was associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease.
Augmentation of neutrophilic granulocyte progenitors in the bone marrow of mice with tumor-induced neutrophilia: cytochemical study of in vitro colonies

Transplantation of CE mammary carcinoma into mice has been shown to produce marked neutrophilia. Previous studies in vivo indicated a significant increase in marrow neutrophil production in these mice, but regulatory mechanisms of this neutrophilia have not been well understood. In order to obtain information about neutrophil production mechanisms at the progenitor cell level, the profile of marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in mice with neutrophilia induced by this tumor was quantitatively analyzed by cytochemical staining of in vitro colonies to distinguish colonies of neutrophils (N-colony), macrophages (M-colony), and mixed cells (NM-colony). Cell cycle kinetics of progenitors were studied by in vivo administration of cytocidal drugs. The absolute number of N-colonies in a femur increased significantly and reached three times normal three to four weeks after tumor implantation. The number of NM-colonies also increased significantly by the fourth week, but the number of M-colonies was unchanged. The number of N-colonies in a femur related directly to the degree of neutrophilia. The increased number of N-colonies from the marrow of tumor-bearing mice was not attributed to a different time course of colony growth nor to a different sensitivity to CSA; instead, a significantly larger fraction of neutrophilic progenitors from the tumor-bearing mice were in active cell cycle than were those of normal mice. The day 14 tumor-bearing mouse serum demonstrated N-colony stimulating activity while the sera of normal mice and day 7 tumor-bearing mice were inhibitory for in vitro colony growth. These studies demonstrated an increase in the numbers and turnover rate of marrow neutrophilic progenitors in CE tumor-induced neutrophilia, suggesting that this tumor stimulates proliferation of these progenitors in vivo.
The Unfalsifiability of Security Claims

There is an inherent asymmetry in computer security: things can be declared insecure by observation, but not the reverse. There is no observation that allows us to declare an arbitrary system or technique secure. We show that this implies that claims of necessary conditions for security (and sucient conditions for insecurity) are unfalsifiable. This in turn implies an asymmetry in self-correction: while the claim that countermeasures are sucient is always subject to correction, the claim that they are necessary is not. Thus, the response to new information can only be to ratchet upward: newly observed or speculated attack capabilities can argue a countermeasure in, but no possible observation argues one out. Further, when justifications are unfalsifiable, deciding the relative importance of defensive measures reduces to a subjective comparison of assumptions. Relying on such claims is the source of two problems: once we go wrong we stay wrong and errors accumulate, and we have no systematic way to rank or prioritize measures.
In situ liquid cell electron microscopy of Ag-Au galvanic replacement reactions.

Galvanic replacement reactions are important as they transform nanoparticle templates into complex porous and hollow metal or alloy nanostructures with interesting properties for a variety of applications. Real-time liquid cell electron microscopy (LCEM) observations of the transformation of solid nanoparticles into hollow shell and cage bimetallic nanostructures are challenging because the high-energy electron beam strongly affects the galvanic process via species such as aqueous electrons and hydroxyl radicals generated through the radiolysis of water in the liquid cell. As a result the galvanic reactions are modified by the introduction of additional pathways that can decouple the oxidation of the nanoparticles from the reduction of the metal ion complexes in solution. Here we demonstrate that changing the pH of the solution provides an effective approach to alter the balance of radiolysis products. In situ observations of the transformation of Ag nanocubes in Au salt containing neutral and acidic aqueous solutions demonstrate that a lowering of the pH by addition of H2SO4 significantly lessens radical-induced modifications of redox reactions by avoiding the excessive reduction of metal–chloro complexes by aqueous electrons (eaq−) and making the process sufficiently slow to be observed. As a result, the different stages of galvanic replacement reactions on nanoparticles can be imaged in real-time by LCEM.
Low dose computed tomography pulmonary angiography protocol for imaging pregnant patients: Can dose reduction be achieved without reducing image quality?

Abstract Objective To assess the effect of low dose computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) on radiation dose in pregnant patients. Materials and methods An old CTPA protocol for pregnant patients was compared to a new protocol. Protocol changes included: decreased kVp; increased contrast injection rate; imaging after shallow inspiration. Patients undergoing CTPA before (phase 1 group) or after (phase 2 group) the protocol change, were assessed. Results Effective dose was lower in the phase 2 group (0.95 v 1.66 mSv; p Conclusion Low dose CTPA tailored for pregnancy reduces dose in pregnant patients.
Animal models of rheumatoid pain: experimental systems and insights

Severe chronic pain is one of the hallmarks and most debilitating manifestations of inflammatory arthritis. It represents a significant problem in the clinical management of patients with common chronic inflammatory joint conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and spondyloarthropathies. The functional links between peripheral inflammatory signals and the establishment of the neuroadaptive mechanisms acting in nociceptors and in the central nervous system in the establishment of chronic and neuropathic pain are still poorly understood, representing an area of intense study and translational priority. Several well-established inducible and spontaneous animal models are available to study the onset, progression and chronicization of inflammatory joint disease, and have been instrumental in elucidating its immunopathogenesis. However, quantitative assessment of pain in animal models is technically and conceptually challenging, and it is only in recent years that inflammatory arthritis models have begun to be utilized systematically in experimental pain studies using behavioral and neurophysiological approaches to characterize acute and chronic pain stages. This article aims primarily to provide clinical and experimental rheumatologists with an overview of current animal models of arthritis pain, and to summarize emerging findings, challenges and unanswered questions in the field.
Non-Abelian Monopoles

Topological defects in certain quantum field theories can create non-Dirac magnetic monopoles. This chapter examines the types of non-Abelian monopoles that have been described in the literature, and elucidates some of their properties and structure.
Hepatitis C Testing Increased Among Baby Boomers Following The 2012 Change To CDC Testing Recommendations

In 2012 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended routine testing for hepatitis C for people born in the period 1945–65. Until now, the recommendation’s impact on hepatitis C screening rates in the United States has not been fully understood. We used an interrupted time series with comparison group design to analyze hepatitis C screening rates in the period 2010–14 among 2.8 million commercially insured adults in the MarketScan database. Hepatitis C screening rates increased yearly between 2010 and 2014, from 1.65 to 2.59 per 100 person-years. A 49 percent increase in screening rates among people born during 1945–65 followed the release of the recommendation, but no such increase was observed among adults born after 1965. The effect among the target population was sustained, and by twenty-four months after the recommendation’s release, screening rates had increased 106 percent. We conclude that the hepatitis C testing policy change resulted in significantly increased testing among the tar...
The Auxotrophic Nature of Streptococcus uberis

Infection of the bovine mammary gland with Streptococcus uberis currently accounts for around 33% of all clinical cases of mastitis in the UK3. S. uberis can attain cell densities of 108 cfu/ml in vivo 2 in an environment were the availability of free amino acids and peptides is potentially growth limiting1. However, little is known of the physiology or biochemistry of either the nutrient requirements of S. uberis or the routes by which essential nutrients may be acquired. The ability of auxotrophic bacteria to grow in mastitic milk is enhanced by the presence of the caseinolytic enzyme plasmin6. S. uberis is also capable of activating bovine plasminogen to plasmin5.
It is like ESP without the E: An Introduction to the Speech Communication Technical Committee

Speech communication (SC) is a quintessentially human behavior. Scholars in the SC Technical Committee conduct research on three broad areas: the production of speech, the perception of speech, and the machine processing of speech. We study people across the globe and across the entire lifespan. Our work includes people with and without speech, language, and hearing impairments. This brief talk will highlight three recent projects by SC TC members that illustrate the breadth of our work. We will review research on how speech style affects memory for speech, how ultrasound can be used to measure tongue movement during speech, and how speech synthesis can be used to estimate articulatory movements from acoustic records of speech. We hope that this presentation will encourage students and new members from our society's many technical committees to learn more about how our work in the SC TC complements research and scholarship in many different fields of acoustics.Speech communication (SC) is a quintessentially human behavior. Scholars in the SC Technical Committee conduct research on three broad areas: the production of speech, the perception of speech, and the machine processing of speech. We study people across the globe and across the entire lifespan. Our work includes people with and without speech, language, and hearing impairments. This brief talk will highlight three recent projects by SC TC members that illustrate the breadth of our work. We will review research on how speech style affects memory for speech, how ultrasound can be used to measure tongue movement during speech, and how speech synthesis can be used to estimate articulatory movements from acoustic records of speech. We hope that this presentation will encourage students and new members from our society's many technical committees to learn more about how our work in the SC TC complements research and scholarship in many different fields of acoustics.
DOES THE APPARENT H-2 COMPATIBILITY REQUIREMENT FOR VIRUS-SPECIFIC T CELL-MEDIATED CYTOLYSIS REFLECT T CELL SPECIFICITY FOR “ALTERED SELF” OR PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERACTION MECHANISMS?

Abstract Virus-specific cytotoxic T cells lyse infected targets only when they are compatible at the K or D region of H-2. I region compatibility is neither sufficient nor obviously required. Experiments with H-2 K mutant Hzl and Hz 170 mice indicate that the cistron coding for the structure in the K region, which is central to the apparent restriction, is defined by the two mutants. The findings and previous results are discussed with respect to whether the “altered self” model, which proposes that T cells are specific for virus altered self markers coded in the K or D region of H-2, or the physiological interaction model best explain the experimental data including reactivity against alloantigens. The altered self concept appears to accommodate the results most easily. However, as long as direct evidence such as biochemical characterization of altered self or, alternatively, interaction structures is lacking, any arguments are based on circumstantial evidence and the issue remains open.
Performance of college athletes on the 10-item word list of SCAT5

Objectives The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5 (SCAT5) was published in 2017; however, normative performance within the college athlete population on the optional 10-item word list has not been described. This study reports normative values for immediate memory trials, total immediate memory score and delayed recall of the 10-item word list. Methods The SCAT5 was administered as part of the preparticipation medical testing to 514 collegiate student-athletes, aged 17–23 (M=19.65, SD=1.40; 64% male) prior to the 2017–2018 athletic season. Results On the SCAT5’s optional 10-item word list, with a total possible immediate memory score of 30, participants recalled an average of 20.57 (SD=3.22) words over three learning trials, with an average for trial 3 of 8.13 (SD=1.32). The average delayed memory score was 6.59 (SD=1.85). Small but significant demographic comparisons were found. Women scored higher on both immediate and delayed recall, non-native speakers scored higher on delayed recall, and Black/African-American athletes scored lower than White athletes on immediate, and lower than White and Hispanic/Latino athletes on delayed recall. Conclusion The 10-item word list on the SCAT5 eliminates the ceiling effect observed on the five-item word list of the SCAT3, therefore, increasing its clinical utility in the diagnosis of sports-related concussions. Significant demographic differences suggest use of category-specific norms for sex, native language and race/ethnicity.