cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Media Depth, Surface Storage Volume, and Presence of an Internal Water Storage Zone on Four Sets of Bioretention Cells in North Carolina

Bioretention is becoming a widely used stormwater control measure (SCM) to achieve stringent stormwater regulations. This field study describes research performed on two sites in eastern North Carolina, where monitoring occurred for just over two years. At each site, there were two hydrologically separate bioretention cells. After the first year of research, a design specification was altered for both cells at each study site. Analysis for all cells included: (1) an annual runoff balance and (2) a calculation of concentration and pollutant load reductions for nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and total suspended solids. The bioretention cells in Rocky Mount, NC, were designed with an internal water storage (IWS) zone. The underdrain outlet was 0.3 and 0.6 m from the surface of the media in the first and second year, respectively. This feature had a major impact on runoff volume reduction. Each cell had a different underlying soil type; one was sand and the other sandy clay loam. Out of 151 monitored rainfall events over two years, outflow only occurred in 6 and 21 events, respectively. More drainage occurred in the cell with the tighter underlying soil and when the IWS zone was shallower due to less storage volume availability. The bioretention cells in Nashville, NC, were conventionally drained. They had varying media depths (0.6-m versus 0.9-m). During construction, they were severely undersized and clogged with fine sediment. After one year, the clogging layer was removed, which nearly doubled the surface storage volume and increased the infiltration rate by almost a factor of ten. The bioretention cells pre-repair were treating nearly 65 percent of annual runoff. After the repair, an additional 25 percent of annual runoff was treated. This improved the water quality treatment, reduced peak outflow rates, and reduced the duration of high outflow rates. Both sites demonstrated the impact that changing one of the design parameters has on the overall performance. For incorporating an IWS zone, the hydrologic and water quality performance appear dependent upon underlying soils and IWS zone depth. Results from the other site highlighted the importance of properly constructing and maintaining bioretention cells.
Control optimization based on resynchronization of operations

Most approaches to control optimization use a finite state machine model, where operations are bound to conml states. However, when synthesizing circuits from a higher, more abstract level of hardware specification that supports concurrency and synchronization, these approaches may be overly restrictive. We present a strategy for optimizing control circuits based on resynchronization of operatiom such that the original specification under timing constraints is still satisfied. but with a lower control implementation cost. We use a general constraint graph model to capture the high level specification; the model supports unbounded delay operations. detailed timing constraints. and concurrency. We introduce the notion of synchronization redundancy. and formulate the optimization problem as the task of mapping operations to synchronization points. We present algorithms to find a minimal control cost implementation. Results of applying the technique within the framework of the HerculeslHebe High-level Synthesis system are presented.
Hotspot-based traceback for mobile ad hoc networks

Traceback schemes are useful to identify the source of an attack. Existing traceback systems are not suitable for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) because they rely on assumptions such as trustworthy routers and static route topology that do not hold in the ad hoc platform. In this paper, we propose a single-packet traceback solution that is extended from the hash-based traceback scheme [19] but not relying on these assumptions. In particular, our solution is fully distributed and resilient in the face of arbitrary number of collaborative adversaries.In this paper, we develop a new technique, namely Tagged Bloom Filters, as an efficient means to store additional information associated with each incoming packet. The additional information can be used to accurately recover the attack path when an attack packet is queried in a traceback session. Based on this technique, we propose several distributed schemes, collectively called Hotspot-Based Traceback schemes, to defeat attacks under different security requirements. We present the protocol design, study possible security caveats and propose the corresponding countermeasures.We present both theoretical and experimental results using ns-2 [8] simulations to show the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
Twenty years of tillage research in subarctic Alaska: I. Impact on soil strength, aggregation, roughness, and residue cover

Soil properties and surface characteristics affecting wind erosion can be manipulated through tillage and crop residue management. Little information exists, however, that describes the impact of long term tillage and residue management on soil propertiesinthesubarctic regionof theUnitedStates.Thisstudyexaminestheimpactof20yearsoftillageandresiduemanagement onabroadrangeofphysicalproperties thatgovernwinderosionprocessesonasiltloamininteriorAlaska. Astripplotexperimental design was established in 1983 and included intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk), spring disk, autumn chisel plow, and no tillage with straw either retained on or removed from the soil surface. Soil and residue properties measured after sowing barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) inMay 2004included penetration resistance, soil watercontent, shearstress,bulkdensity, randomroughness, aggregate size distribution, and residue cover and biomass. No tillage was characterized by larger aggregates, greater soil strength (penetration resistance and shear stress), wetter soil, and greater residue cover compared to all other tillage treatments. Despite crop failures the previous 2 years, crop residue management influenced residue biomass and cover, but not soil properties. Autumn chisel and spring disk appeared to be viable minimum tillage options to intensive tillage in controlling erosion. Autumn chisel and spring disk promotedgreater roughness,aggregation,and residuecover as comparedwith intensivetillage. Although notillageappeared to be the most effective management strategy for mitigating wind erosion, no tillagewas not a sustainable practice due to lack of weed control. No tillage also resulted in the formation of an organic layer on the soil surface over the past 20 years, which has important ramifications for long term crop production in the subarctic where the mean annual temperature is <0 8C. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
High tech competitiveness: comparing 29 countries with a set of three indicators

The authors report on the development of three indicators pertaining to high technology standing, emphasis, and rate of change. These indicators combine statistical data and expert opinions covering 29 countries. They show the rapid emergence of international competition in an arena formerly dominated by the United States. In particular, they provide a means to track the newly industrialized countries, including Pacific Rim and Latin American nations. >
Seasonal and diel patchiness of a Daphnia population: An acoustic analysis

Detailed information about the location and extent of zooplankton patches is fundamental to understand how abiotic and biotic forces interact to structure the spatial distribution of zooplankton. We mapped zooplankton patchiness in a Minnesota lake during spring, summer, and autumn with high-frequency (192-kHz) single-beam sonar. Conventional plankton samples of aggregations detected acoustically revealed that Daphnia pulicaria (mean body length 1.6 mm, mean target strength 2120 dB) scattered most (;63%) of the sound. Other taxa were smaller (,‰ the length of D. pulicaria) and were usually less abundant and therefore scattered much less sound than D. pulicaria. Our acoustic estimates of Daphnia concentrations illustrate extreme patchiness, with concentrations varying by as much as four orders of magnitude over vertical distances of less than 1 m. Seasonal patterns of patchiness were related to predation by rainbow trout and to abiotic factors associated with stratification. Daphnia concentrations were highest from June to October in a deep-water ‘‘refuge zone’’ where oxygen concentrations were between 3 and 5m g L 21 . These oxygen levels are suitable for Daphnia but are lower than those required by rainbow trout. Heterogeneity in Daphnia concentration along the lake’s long axis was highest in May and June, when the population resided primarily in the oxic hypolimnion during the daytime. From July to October, as oxygen concentrations declined in the hypolimnion, the population became more metalimnetic and more uniformly distributed in the horizontal dimension. A diel study of the population in October indicated that the patchiness of population also changed dramatically between day and night. During the day the population aggregated densely in a thin layer (;2 m thick) in the thermocline. After sunset the population dispersed into the epilimnion, where concentrations were ;100,000 m 23 less than they were during the day in the thermocline. Patchy spatial distributions and the low resolution of conventional sampling methods have impeded analyses of zooplankton populations. Zooplankton concentrations have been shown to vary by a factor of 1,000 within distances of meters horizontally or vertically, and the sampling resolution of conventional plankton nets and hoses is usually too coarse to identify the spatial limits of aggregations precisely (Coyle 2000). Variation in population density estimates due to sampling often cannot be distinguished from real changes of population density, and the effects of biological processes are difficult to distinguish from those of advective transport (Megard et al. 1997). Acoustic and optical plankton samplers developed during recent decades are major advances. They have very high sampling rates and spatial resolution, comparable to modern instruments (e.g., CTD profilers) used to measure environmental variables. Large numbers of plank1
Empirical evidence of the benefits of workspace awareness in software configuration management

In this paper, we present results from our empirical evaluations of a workspace awareness tool that we designed and implemented to augment the functionality of software configuration management systems. Particularly, we performed two user experiments directed at understanding the effectiveness of a workspace awareness tool in improving coordination and reducing conflicts. In the first experiment, we evaluated the tool through text-based assignments to avoid interference from the well-documented impact of individual differences among participants, as these differences are known to lessen the observable effect of proposed tools or to lead to them having no observable effect at all. This strategy of evaluating an application in a domain that is known to have less individual differences is novel and in our case particularly helpful in providing baseline quantifiable results. Upon this baseline, we performed a second experiment, with code-based assignments, to validate that the tool's beneficial effects also occur in the case of programming. Together, our results provide quantitative evidence of the benefits of workspace awareness in software configuration management, as we demonstrate that it improves coordination and conflict resolution without inducing significant overhead in monitoring awareness cues.
Mean and Turbulent Flow Downstream of a Low-Intensity Fire: Influence of Canopy and Background Atmospheric Conditions

This study examines the sensitivity of mean and turbulent flow in the planetary boundary layer and roughness sublayer to a low-intensity fire and evaluates whether the sensitivity is dependent on canopy and background atmospheric properties. The ARPS-CANOPY model, a modified version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model with a canopy parameterization, is utilized for this purpose. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate whether the ability of the fire to alter downstream wind, temperature, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and vertical heat flux differs between forested and open areas, sparse and dense forests, weak and strong background flow, and neutral and convective background stability. Analysis of all experiments shows that, in general, mean and turbulent flow both prior to and during a low-intensity fire is damped in the presence of a canopy. Greater sensitivity to the fire is found in cases with strong ambient wind speed than in cases with quiescent or weak wind speed. Furthermore, sensitivity of downstreamatmospheric conditions to the fire is shown to be strongest with a neutrally stratified background. An analysis of the TKE budget reveals that both buoyancy and wind shear contribute to TKE production duringtheperiodoftimeinwhichthefireconditionsareappliedtothemodel.Onthebasisoftheresultsofthe ARPS simulations, caution is advised when applying ARPS-simulation results to predictions of smoke transport and dispersion: smoke-model users should consider whether canopy impacts on the atmosphere are accounted for and whether neutral stratification is assumed.
Interaction of dopamine transporter gene and observed parenting behaviors on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural equation modeling approach.

Emerging evidence suggests that some individuals may be simultaneously more responsive to the effects from environmental adversity and enrichment (i.e., differential susceptibility). Given that parenting behavior and a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in the 3′untranslated region of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene are each independently associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), our goal was to evaluate the potential interactive effects of child DAT1 genotype with positive and negative parenting behaviors on childhood ADHD. We recruited an ethnically diverse sample of 150 six- to nine-year-old boys and girls with and without ADHD. Children were genotyped for a common polymorphism of the DAT1 gene, and objective counts of observed parenting behavior (i.e., negativity and praise) were obtained from a valid parent–child interaction task. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the interactive effects of DAT1 and observed parenting with a latent ADHD factor. We de...
“Don't Sell Things, Sell Effects”: Overseas Influences in New Zealand Department Stores, 1909–1956

In the years before World War II, New Zealand department stores became increasingly influenced by American ideas about salesmanship. This involved a shift away from British precepts about retailing, which discouraged initiative by sales-people and emphasized service. Stores that adopted American ideas were trying to become more competitive and began to appeal to working- and middle-class consumers. They imported the concept of “suggestion selling” and the idea of pushing complementary goods. New Zealand merchants modified American methods by relying on the use of manuals and bulletins to train salespeople and, unlike American stores, did not introduce commission payment schemes.
An optimization‐based model of iron—light—ammonium colimitation of nitrate uptake and phytoplankton growth

The ability to model ‘‘new’’ (nitrate-based) production is crucial to predicting the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle. The ability to model the distribution of high-nutrient/low-chlorophyll (HNLC) areas is particularly important in this regard. Here I draw together three elements that appear to be necessary for constructing the required model: (1) iron limitation of algal growth rates as an ultimate cause of the HNLC condition; (2) ammonium inhibition of nitrate uptake and utilization as a proximate mechanism that leads to reduced nitrate use; and (3) the dependence of both processes on algal cell size. In the model, cells are postulated to maximize their growth rates by partitioning scarce iron between nitrogen- and carbon-related demands. The effect of iron limitation is postulated to depend on cell size through surface/volume effects on uptake efficiency; this dependence on cell size in turn affects phytoplankton community structure and community-level uptake of nitrate. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated by its ability to reproduce community-level curves of nitrate uptake versus ammonium concentration from both HNLC and non-HNLC areas. The partition formalism can be incorporated directly into ecosystem models; when implemented in an ecosystem model with multiple size classes, the model should produce HNLC versus nonHNLC conditions in appropriate locations and for appropriate reasons. In particular, the model’s ability to produce iron‐light and iron‐light‐nitrogen colimitation should be useful in understanding and predicting the HNLC condition in parts of the Southern Ocean. With suitable changes to parameter values, the postulated mechanism for iron partitioning may also prove useful in modeling iron and energy partitioning in nitrogen fixers.
Estrogen Pellet Therapy in the Menopause

IN THE TREATMENT of patients with menopausal symptoms, estrogen replacement therapy has earned for itself a well-established place. The procedure of administering the hormone parenterally two or three times a week, in order to maintain a sufficient level in the tissues, has decided disadvantages; it is time-consuming for both the patient and the physician, and the frequent hypodermic injections are disagreeable. In order to circumvent the inconvenience and unpleasantness of administration, the use of the orally active estrogen, stilbestrol, has become widespread among gynecologists and practitioners. There can be no doubt of the effectiveness of stilbestrol in controlling menopausal symptoms, but its administration is often associated with undesirable side effects. We have found that 12.5 per cent of 32 patients in the dispensary, and a much higher percentage among private patients, who were treated with oral stilbestrol, were required to discontinue it because of nausea and vomiting. It has been demonstr...
Age-dependent modulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation by chronic hypoxia in ovine cranial arteries.

Although abundant evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia can induce pulmonary vascular remodeling, very little is known of the effects of chronic hypoxia on cerebrovascular structure and function,...
The Creative Unconscious, the Unknown Self, and the Haunting Melody: Notes on Reik's Theory of Inspiration

Theodor Reik writes that the cardinal distinction between his psychoanalytic approach and that of many of his contemporaries is his faith in intuition. He often derides more programmatic Freudian thinkers like Fenichel and Reich, caricaturing them as advocates of a psychoanalysis by rote in which creative insight is displaced by technical machinations. From a Reikian perspective, the heart of genuine psychoanalytic practice is the cultivation of flashes of unbidden insight. To be sure, Reik cautions that any burst of psychoanalytic intuition must eventually be tested by critical reason. However, it is the intuition itself, not its rational evaluation, which is for Reik distinctively psychoanalytic. Although Reik’s contributions have largely been forgotten by today’s psychoanalytic scholarship (Nobus, 2006), his work creatively addresses several topics that have become central in recent psychoanalytic thought. Reik, like his contemporary Sandor Ferenczi, was one of the first analysts to explore the use of countertransference as a clinical tool. Reik reformulated the analytic encounter as a dialogue between the Unconscious of the analyst and that of the patient (Arnold, 2006; Kupersmidt, 2006; Lothane, 1981; Reik, 1936, 1948). He anticipated the shift from oneperson to two-person accounts of drive and psychopathology, offering a compelling two-person theory of motivation and symptom formation (Arnold, 2006; Reik, 1925). Moreover, Reik (1933) questioned the notion of standard clinical technique, portraying analysis as a shared journey through surprises that cannot be prescribed by a preconceived plan of intervention. Reik’s best-known work is his seminal book on psychoana
An Innovative Approach to Fatigue Cracking in Elastomers

A methodology to analyze fatigue cracking in elastomers is pre sented. A fundamental equation and the basic principles of fracture mechanics are used to extract parameters characteristic of the material's resistance to cracking. These parameters are the specific energy of damage, γ*, and the dis sipative characteristic of the material, β.The basic formalism expresses the rate of crack propagation as:where dAldN is the cyclic rate of fatigue crack propagation, J is the energy release rate, and R, is the resistance moment that accounts for the amount of damage associated with the crack advance.The utilization of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated in view of experimental data generated for two different elastomers—a rubber com pound and a medically implantable polyurethane. The practical significance of the proposed methodology is apparent. It provides a basic rationale upon which the resistance to crack propagation of elastomers can be evaluated. On this basis microstructure-resistance to crack ...
Hydrogen Peroxide Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Na+-H+ Exchange in Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Reperfusion of cardiac tissue after an ischemic episode is associated with metabolic and contractile dysfunction, including reduced tension development and activation of the Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE). Oxygen-derived free radicals are key mediators of reperfusion abnormalities, although the cellular mechanisms involved have not been fully defined. In the present study, the effects of free radicals on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase function were investigated using cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Acute exposure of spontaneously beating myocytes to 50 micromol/L hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused a sustained decrease in contraction amplitude (80% of control). MAP kinase activity was measured by in-gel kinase assays and Western blot analysis. Acute exposure to H2O2 (100 micromol/L, 5 minutes) resulted in sustained MAP kinase activation that persisted for 60 minutes. Catalase, but not superoxide dismutase, completely inhibited MAP kinase activation by H2O2. Pretreatment with chelerythrine (10 micromol/L, 45 minutes), a protein kinase C inhibitor, or genistein (75 micromol/L, 45 minutes) or herbimycin A (3 micromol/L, 45 minutes), tyrosine kinase inhibitors, caused significant inhibition of H2O2-stimulated MAP kinase activity (51%, 78%, and 45%, respectively, at 20 minutes). Brief exposure to H2O2 also stimulated NHE activity. This effect was completely abolished by pretreatment with the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD 98059 (30 micromol/L, 60 minutes). These results suggest that low doses of H2O2 induce MAP kinase-dependent pathways that regulate NHE activity during reperfusion injury.
Evolution of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment for RA has changed profoundly over the past 25 years, evolving from a strategy of providing symptomatic relief, to implementation of therapeutic regimens that impact disease activity and ultimately have been shown to slow or arrest structural joint damage. Drug therapy for RA has evolved from salicylates, to NSAIDs, CSs, DMARDs, MTX, and finally to biologic response modifiers. MTX has become the initial drug of choice in most patients with RA, and some do well on MTX monotherapy without the addition of other agents. Combination regimens including MTX and other conventional DMARDs may be an effective early approach to treatment of RA. The biologic response modifiers (biologics) became available in the late 1990s, based on our understanding of the molecular mediators of synovial inflammation in RA. The first biologics inhibited TNF-a, a cytokine active in host defences against some infections and malignancies, but which also promotes inflammation and bone erosion. Inhibitors of TNF-a are mostly given with MTX, although some can be given as monotherapy. Studies consistently show that combination MTX + TNF-a inhibitor therapy leads to better outcomes than with either agent alone. Tight control strategies, employing objective measures, also lead to improved outcomes. When patients fail treatment with one or more TNF-a inhibitor + MTX, a number of other possible alternatives may be tried, including treatment with biologics having other mechanisms, such as antibodies to certain ILs, other cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Current therapy for RA is such that progression from symptom onset to significant disability is now no longer inevitable, and RA patients can anticipate comfortable and productive lives on medical therapy.
Fault-tolerant refresh power reduction of DRAMs for quasi-nonvolatile data retention

A quasi-nonvolatile memory system based on commercially available low-power dynamic random access memory (DRAM) technology is proposed and demonstrated. By applying a powerful one-shot Reed-Solomon error correction code (ECC) to the data stored in the DRAM, the refresh rate and memory system power usage can be greatly reduced while still maintaining data integrity. An adaptive refresh rate controller was developed in order to ensure robustness against the variations in data retention time due to perturbation effects such as DRAM part-to-part variations, environmental changes and data pattern sensitivity, while at the same time minimizing power usage. By checking for data failures among a small subset of data bits which are dynamically selected at the beginning of each use of the system, the state of the perturbation effects are predicted and used to adjust the refresh rate. As a result, a system was developed that provides reliability equivalent to standard DRAM systems while greatly (10-100X) reducing the refresh power. Experimental results of a test system are presented.
New directions for a junior-level projects course

A paper at FIE'95 described a new projects course for juniors. Students worked in teams of 3-4 to complete a project in one semester. The second offering of the course has added significant changes. An arbitrary grouping into teams based on a short questionnaire has replaced self-selection. This has reduced personality problems. Rather than each team doing the entire project, each team chooses a sub-project. The entire class, (7 teams), together produced a single implementation of the final project. While reducing the per-student load and cost, this led to far more realistic, industry-like coordination problems between groups. The course focus has further shifted to teaching project management and coordination. Students spent the last half of the semester also planning individual projects to be carried out over the following two semesters. The first group planning experience helps in the planning process for the individual projects.
Investigation of the Association Between the Fecal Microbiota and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: a Population-Based Case-Control Pilot Study

We investigated whether the gut microbiota differed in 48 postmenopausal breast cancer case patients, pretreatment, vs 48 control patients. Microbiota profiles in fecal DNA were determined by Illumina sequencing and taxonomy of 16S rRNA genes. Estrogens were quantified in urine. Case-control comparisons employed linear and unconditional logistic regression of microbiota α-diversity (PD_whole tree) and UniFrac analysis of β-diversity, with two-sided statistical tests. Total estrogens correlated with α-diversity in control patients (Spearman Rho = 0.37, P = .009) but not case patients (Spearman Rho = 0.04, P = .77). Compared with control patients, case patients had statistically significantly altered microbiota composition (β-diversity, P = .006) and lower α-diversity (P = .004). Adjusted for estrogens and other covariates, odds ratio of cancer was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.85) per α-diversity tertile. Differences in specific taxa were not statistically significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons. This pilot study shows that postmenopausal women with breast cancer have altered composition and estrogen-independent low diversity of their gut microbiota. Whether these affect breast cancer risk and prognosis is unknown.
Accuracy of ICD-9 Codes for Identifying Children With Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis:

Childhood sinovenous thrombosis is rare, making it difficult to study; International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9), code searches across multiple hospitals would permit the identification of large numbers of children with sinovenous thrombosis. However, the accuracy of these codes for identifying childhood sinovenous thrombosis has not been established. We performed a retrospective search of admissions records for Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis, Indiana, from January 1999 to June 2005 using ICD-9 codes 325 (cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, excluding nonpyogenic cases and cases associated with pregnancy and the puerperium), 437.6 (cerebral venous thrombosis of nonpyogenic origin), and 671.5 (cerebral venous thrombosis in pregnancy or the puerperium) in any position. During this period, there were 47042 admissions. ICD-9 code 325 identified 61 admissions on 56 children. Only 13% were of pyogenic origin. Fifty-two (92.9%) had "possible, probable, or definite" sinovenous thrombosis, but only 76.9% of those had "probable or definite" sinovenous thrombosis. Uncertainty in diagnoses stemmed from limitations in imaging and disagreement over interpretation of imaging studies. ICD-9 code 325 in the primary position identified 7 children; all had possible (n = 1), probable (n = 1), or definite (n = 5) sinovenous thrombosis. ICD-9 code 437.6 identified a single admission on a single case of probable cerebral venous thrombosis; it was unclear whether this case was "nonpyogenic." ICD-9 code 671.5 did not identify any children. ICD-9 code 325 is useful for identifying children likely to have sinovenous thrombosis, but it is not useful for differentiating pyogenic and nonpyogenic cases, and uncertainty in clinical diagnosis makes it difficult to gauge the true accuracy. Furthermore, it is important to search for the code in any position as limiting searches to the primary position misses most cases.
The Engineering of Biology and Medicine

In celebration of the 100th Anniversary of PNAS, this Special Feature summarizes the enormous progress that has been made in the engineering of biology and medicine. In 1915, PNAS published articles, such as “A comparison of methods for determining the respiratory exchange of man,” by T. M. Carpenter (1), “The lymphocyte as a factor in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer,” by J. B. Murphy and J. J. Morton (2), and “Mechanism of protection against bacterial infection,” by C. G. Bull (3). It is fascinating to look back at these early studies and see how much progress has been made in the engineering of biology and medicine. Biology and medicine have been transformed from descriptive science and art to quantitative, mechanistic understandings of function, primarily because of the elucidation of biology at the molecular level. These advancements have led to the creation of new drugs, vaccines, devices, diagnostics, and imaging agents that significantly contribute to life saving and life extension. In this Special Feature, a variety of topics are presented to highlight the current state of the art and possible future scenarios for the engineering of biology and medicine. We thank PNAS for publishing together these state-of-the art reviews, as we feel that this Special Feature will provide a useful reference for those in field—as well as those out of field—who are seeking to understand where the engineering of biology and medicine is likely to be in the future.
IJCE’s Editors: Broadening the scholarly conversation

In the inaugural issue of the International Journal of Christian Education (IJCE), Trevor Cooling and I (Smith and Cooling, 2015) described the intended scope of the journal. We aim to publish scholarly work that addresses the intersection between Christianity (its beliefs, practices, history, etc.) and education (theory and practice, various areas of curriculum, various institutional forms, etc.). We indicated in that first editorial some areas where we hope to see a continued broadening of published work in this area. One of these areas was the global reach of the conversation. In this second editorial I would like to introduce the initial editors of IJCE—I say initial because, although they represent a range of national contexts, the list is still heavily focused on the West, and we hope to expand the editorial base further as opportunity allows. The initial group of editors grows out of the traditional bases of the Journal of Christian Education (Australia) and the Journal of Education & Christian Belief (UK and US), and begins the process of expansion from there. The two journals that have merged to form IJCE had editors in three countries; the initial group of IJCE editors represents six countries, as well as a variety of denominational backgrounds. We will continue to work towards including additional regions as we are able, but hope that even this initial expansion will help lay the basis for a genuinely international scholarly conversation about Christianity and education. Here, then, is the current group of editors, with a little information about their own research interests in this field.
R-localizations of nilpotent spaces

The main purpose of this chapter is to show that, for R⊂Q, the R-completion of the preceding chapters is a localization with respect to a set of primes, and that therefore various well-known results about localizations of simply connected spaces remain valid for nilpotent spaces (i.e. spaces for which, up to homotopy, the Postnikov tower can be refined to a tower of principal fibrations).
Why Poaching Pays: A Summary of Risks and Benefits Illegal Hunters Face in Western Serengeti, Tanzania

Illegal hunting poses a considerable threat to the wildlife of Serengeti National Park and its affiliated protected areas. Techniques for successful mitigation of this threat are heavily debated. Bottom-up community-based initiatives aim to curb poaching by linking local communities with wildlife conservation. Top-down anti-poaching enforcement of protected areas seeks to maintain wildlife populations through fines and prison sentences given to arrested poachers. Poverty stands as the major driver of illegal hunting as households vie for income and sustenance. Livelihoods of illegal hunters have been augmented considerably through revenue generated from bushmeat sales. Illegal hunters use bushmeat both for supplementing household protein and for economic gain. Obtaining bushmeat carries risks in the form of personal injury, fines, and/or prison sentences, if arrested. This paper compares these costs and benefits through a summary of the monetary benefits, bodily injuries, fines, and prison sentences that ...
Malathion metabolism in larvae of resistant mosquito strains.

The conversion of the insecticide malathion (0,0-dimethyl S-(1,2-dicarboethoxy) ethyl phosphorodithioate) in vivo to its more toxic oxygen analog, malaoxon (0,0-dimethyl S-(1,2-dicarboethoxy) ethyl phosphorothiolate), has been demonstrated in insects and vertebrates (March et al. 1956; O'Brien 1957). In view of these findings it seemed worthwhile to determine whether or not malathion-resistant Culex tarsalis Coquillett larvae from Fresno County (Gjullin and Isaak 1957) converted malathion to its oxygen analog. Paper chromatography was used for this purpose.
Abstract P2-11-05: Work status and financial stability during treatment for early breast cancer: a pilot study of an ethnically diverse sample

Background: Black and Latina women have lower rates of return to work than non-Latina whites (NLW) after breast cancer treatment. We recently showed that stopping work during chemotherapy is associated with not returning to work for 5 years after treatment. Little is known about the impact of breast cancer on employment outcomes in other low-English proficiency (LEP) immigrant or minority groups. The ongoing longitudinal Breast Cancer and the Workforce study measures work status in LEP immigrants and ethnic minorities undergoing breast cancer treatment with curative intent. For this pilot, we assessed work status and financial stability during treatment. Methods: Women aged 18–64, undergoing treatment for stage I-III breast cancer, employed at diagnosis, and able to consent in English, Korean, Mandarin, or Spanish were recruited at 3 community oncology clinics and an NCI-designated cancer center. Participants enrolled any time prior to completing their last treatment (chemo, XRT, or surgery) and self-administered web surveys with in-person assistance, as needed, in their preferred language. Demographic, financial, and pre- and post-diagnosis employment characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The sample (n = 61) median age was 48 years. 20 (33%) were black, 14 (23%) NLW, 11 (18%) Latina, 8 (13%) Korean, 7 (12%) Chinese, and 1 (2%) other. 37 (61%) were foreign born, 35 (58%) had When surveyed, 25 (41%) were working full time, 11 (18%) part time and 25 (41%) not working (13% on disability, 16% on paid sick leave, 12% other). 31 (51%) changed work status – stopped working or reduced hours. Of pre-diagnosis full-time workers (n = 47), 23 (49%) changed work status – 4 (9%) to part-time, 8 (17%) sick leave, 7 (15%) disability and 4 (9%) stopped working. Of pre-diagnosis part-time workers (n = 13), 6 (46%) changed status – 2 (16%) sick leave, 1 (8%) disability and 3 (23%) stopped working. Overall, 26 (43%) had less money to spend on food since starting treatment; 31 (53%) did not have enough money to cover their needs. Discussion: In this pilot, 51% of women changed work status during breast cancer treatment. 41% stopped working, of whom almost a third did not have sick leave or disability. 43% experienced food insecurity during treatment, and 53% said they did not have enough money to cover their needs. Additional research is needed to understand the factors that disrupt work during or soon after treatment, how these factors vary for low-income and minority groups, and to better define the impact of change in work status on financial stability. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-05.
Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology

The basal ganglia are the site of dysfunction or pathology for the majority of movement disorders. They are organized in complex circuits in close association with the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex and with the brainstem. Despite the complexity of these circuits, ­specific organizing principles provide a framework for understanding their function and how ­disruption of normal function at different levels results in the characteristic movement disorders of chorea, dystonia, tics, stereotypies, and Parkinsonism.
Enzymes and Their Action on Starch

Publisher Summary One of the major advances in the last part of the twentieth century in the understanding of starch-degrading enzymes resulted from the application of modern biochemical and biophysical techniques of protein sequence analysis, chemical modification of specific amino acid groups, x-ray crystallography, recombinant DNA cloning and sequencing, and site-directed mutagenesis. These techniques, combined with the enzymological studies, have given a much more complete understanding of how the enzyme protein structure provides specificity and performs catalysis. Enzymes involved in the breakdown of starch chains are primarily of four types: those that hydrolyze (1→4) α-D-glucosidic bonds (amylases); those that hydrolyze (1→6) α-D-glucosidic bonds (isoamylases); those that transfer (1→4) α-D-glucosidic bonds (glucanosyltransferases); and branching enzymes [α-(1→4)α-(1→6) transferases]. The amylases can be divided into three classes: the endoacting α-amylases; the exoacting α-amylases; and isoamylases. The α-amylases are distinguished by two features, the formation of products that have the α-configuration at the reducing end anomeric carbon of the newly formed products and an endomechanism of attacking the starch chain at glucose residues in the interior parts of the starch chain. In the exomechanism, the enzyme binds glucose residues at the non-reducing ends of the starch chains, and frequently produces products that have the α-configuration at the anomeric carbon of the newly formed reducing end of the products. The endomechanism of α-amylases rapidly fragments starch chains into smaller chains and thereby rapidly decreases the starch–iodine–iodide blue color and the viscosity, and endoacting amylases are, therefore, sometimes called liquefying amylases.
The Berkeley synthesis project

A concentrated effort is being made to integrate the various synthesis tools available in our depart merit into a cohesive automated design environment. We report on our recent efforts and results with particular emphasis m the areas of module generation, circuit synthesis, and layout compaction.
Rolf, Malte Soviet Mass Festivals, 1917–1991 Trans. Cynthia Klohr Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press 336 pp., $28.95, ISBN 978-0822962397 Publication Date: July 2013

In this masterful monograph, the subject is the prazdnik, or celebration, as reinvented by the Soviet state between 1917 and 1941. Although the celebration is often maligned as an empty exercise by...
Lethal and sub-lethal effects of a novel sulfoximine insecticide, sulfoxaflor, against Asian citrus psyllid and its primary parasitoid under laboratory and field conditions

ABSTRACTThe Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most important international pest of citrus because it transmits the bacteria that cause huanglongbing (HLB). HLB limits citrus production globally. We evaluated the toxicity of sulfoxalor against D. citri and its parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata Waterston. Sulfoxaflor was as toxic as imidacloprid to adult D. citri. The LC50 values for sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid were 8.17 and 5.7 µg AI mL−1, respectively. The LC50 of sulfoxaflor for T. radiata adults was 3.3 times greater than for D. citri adults. Treatment with sulfoxaflor resulted in reduced oviposition, development of nymphs, and emergence of adult D. citri on plants, as compared with controls. The lowest concentration that reduced adult emergence was 0.6 µg AI mL−1. There was reduced feeding by D. citri adults on leaves treated with sulfoxaflor. The residual toxicity of sulfoxaflor was equivalent to imidacloprid. Under field conditions, formulated sulfoxaflor reduced populations of D. ...
Evaluation of parameters for treatment duration of sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

e15042 Background: In metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), there is a need for predictive indicators for treatment duration (TD) of sunitinib. Our study evaluates parameters that may be associated with TD of sunitinib. Methods: From 01/2007-12/2011, consecutive mRCC patients (pts) were reviewed. Responders (R) were defined as having either complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, while non-responders (NR) were defined as having either stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD). Long term duration (LTD) was defined as therapy with sunitinib ≥ 18 months (mos). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95CI) representing the association between TD and specific parameters were computed with Cox proportional hazard model. Results: After a median follow-up of 9.8 mos (<1 - 63.8) of 128 mRCC pts, 57 (45%) received sunitinib. Responses were CR, PR, SD, PD of 3, 13, 8 and 33 pts, respectively. LTD was observed in 9 pts (21%). H...
Plasma Glycoproteomic Study of Therapeutic Hypothermia Reveals Novel Markers Predicting Neurologic Outcome Post-cardiac Arrest

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a neuroprotective treatment post-cardiac arrest but is grossly underutilized. After TH induction, traditional biomarkers and parameters can no long predict clinical outcome due to a lack of understanding of hypothermic response. Innovative approaches to better understand the clinical effect of TH will help to prognosticate outcome and expand beneficial population. Protein glycosylation is an important extracellular post-translational modification, regulating various extracellular signaling pathways. Here, we used glycoproteomics to investigate the association of plasma glycoproteins with the prognosis of TH-treated cardiac arrest patients. Using lectin affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we identified 640 glycoproteins in the plasma of cardiac arrest patients undergoing TH treatment, of which 23 were up-regulated and 14 were down-regulated in good outcome patients as compared with poor outcome ones. Notably, two glycoproteins with antioxidant activity, ceruloplasmin (CP) and haptoglobin (HP), were found to be associated with favorable neurologic outcome. This was further supported by ELISA assay in a large patients cohort, in which glycosylated CP and HP enriched by concanavilin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectins were significantly increased in patients developing good outcome (ConA-CP: p = 0.033; ConA-HP: p = 0.04; WGA-HP: p = 0.021). Furthermore, ROC analysis demonstrated the predictive potential of ConA-CP, ConA-HP, and WGA-HP (ConA-CP: AUC = 0.732, p = 0.031; ConA-HP: AUC = 0.746, p = 0.022; WGA-HP: AUC = 0.714, p = 0.046) and combination of them improved the predictive power (AUC = 0.830, p = 0.002). Our results suggested that glycosylated CP and HP as well as other glycoproteins may play critical roles in neuroprotection and serve as sensitive prognostic markers for TH treatments.
Co-option of Hair Follicle Keratins into Amelogenesis Is Associated with the Evolution of Prismatic Enamel: A Hypothesis.

Recent discovery of hair follicle keratin 75 (KRT75) in enamel raises questions about the function of this protein in enamel and the mechanisms of its secretion. It is also not clear how this protein with a very specific and narrow expression pattern, limited to the inner root sheath of the hair follicle, became associated with enamel. We propose a hypothesis that KRT75 was co-opted by ameloblasts during the evolution of Tomes’ process and the prismatic enamel in synapsids.
Analysis of Urban Growth Pattern in Edwardsville/Glen Carbon, Illinois, Using Remote Sensing, Population Change Data, and Landscape Expansion Index

Rapid urbanization is one of the global issues. This significant social and economic phenomenon has brought about much debate in the past twenty years. Understanding its dynamics and patterns is im...
Campus Police Cooperation and Legitimacy: Extending the Procedural Justice Model

This paper extends the procedural justice model to campus policing, examining both the antecedents of legitimacy as well as the relative influence of student legitimacy evaluations on their likelih...
What Should Physicians and Chaplains Do When a Patient Believes God Wants Him to Suffer

When physicians encounter a patient who gives religious reasons for wanting to suffer, physicians should maintain their commitment to the patient's health while making room for religiously informed understandings of suffering and respecting the patient's authority to refuse medically indicated interventions. Respecting the patient can include challenging the patient's reasoning, and physicians can decline to participate in interventions that they believe contradict their professional commitments. Chaplains likewise should both support and possibly respectfully challenge a patient in instances that involve desire to suffer for religious reasons, and physicians should draw on chaplains' expertise in these situations to attend to the patient's spiritual concerns. Finally, conversations involving spiritual and existential suffering might include members of the patient's religious community when the patient is open to this option.