cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decompositions of von Neumann lattices

We shall use the term von Neumann lattice to refer to a complete complemented modular lattice with continuous operations [Axioms I-V, I], and reserve the term continuous geometry for irreducible von Neumann lattices [Axiom VI, 11. A satisfactory decomposition theory for von Neumann lattices would give a structure theory in terms of continuous geometries and complete Boolean algebras, their centers. Von Neumann considered this problem [pp. 259263, l] and showed that a von Neumann lattice L is isomorphic to a direct product of continuous geometries iff the center of L is atomic. In [2] and [3], Israel Halperin constructed what might be called continuous direct sums of constant lattices over complete Boolean algebras. It would be nice if every von Neumann lattice were a direct product of such lattices, but this is not the case, even for measure algebra centers, as is shown by an example in Section 7. That example is constructed by using a continuously varying family of algebraic extensions of the rational numbers. The methods used in this paper are suggested by direct integral theory and are closely related to the methods used by T. Iwamura in [4] and [5] and by I. Halperin in [2] and [3]. Many of the results are additions to the results of Iwamura and Halperin. The first section begins with a method of obtaining the subdirect decompositions of Iwamura [4], [5]. The second section contains examples to show that the most obvious attempt to make a constructive theory which reverses the Iwamura decomposition is not suitable. The third section then is devoted to a more suitable construction. Section 4 deals with the behavior of centers in continuous direct sums and Sections 5, 6, and 7 are devoted to more detailed information about more specific cases: measure algebras and continuous sums of projectiv-e geometries.
FURTHER COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF TRIETHYLENE THIOPHOSPHORAMIDE AND MECHLORETHAMINE IN PATIENTS WITH MELANOMA AND HODGKIN'S DISEASE.

Abstract A comparative trial was carried out by the Eastern Cooperative Group in Solid Tumor Chemotherapy in 49 patients with melanoma and 48 patients with Hodgkin's disease with the two alkylating agents methyl-bis (β-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride (HN 2 ) and triethylene thiophosphoramide (TSPA). In patients with melanoma the response rate was 12.5 per cent for 4–29 months with TSPA and zero in the comparable group treated by HN 2 . In Hodgkin's disease the drugs were given at two dose levels, one near the maximum tolerated dose and the other at one-half of this. At the higher dose level significant tumor reduction occurred in 50 per cent of the patients for a median of 44 days with HN 2 and in 59.1 per cent of patients for a median of 36 days with TSPA. These results are not significantly different and suggest that at equal toxicity the drugs have similar antitumor effects in patients with Hodgkin's disease. At the low dose level the response rate with TSPA was only 11.1 per cent. A statistically significant difference was found between the response rate with low and with high doses of TSPA. Too few cases were studied to draw conclusions referable to HN 2 in regard to optimal dose for this drug. Evidence was obtained that for the alkylating agent TSPA the antitumor effects in patients with Hodgkin's disease are dose dependent and that there is a relationship between degree of toxicity and antitumor effects.
Phorbol ester activation of epidermal protein kinase C from tumor promotion sensitive and resistant mouse strains.

Abstract Calcium-stimulated, phospholipid dependent protein kinase C activity was found in cytosolic extracts of the epidermis of SENCAR, C 57 BL 6 and Ha ICR mice. The enzymes were partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. There were no significant differences between the 3 strains in basal protein kinase C activity. The enzymes from all 3 strains were stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the absence of calcium, but no correlation was seen between susceptibility to tumor promotion and any protein kinase C activity parameter measured.
Alcohol use and HIV disease management: the impact of individual and partner-level alcohol use among HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Alcohol use among HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals is associated with decreased adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and consequently poorer HIV treatment outcomes. This study examined the independent association of individual and partner-level alcohol use with HIV disease management among men who have sex with men (MSM) in primary partnerships. In total, 356 HIV+ MSM and their male primary partners completed a baseline visit for a longitudinal study examining the role of couple-level factors in HIV treatment. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administered to assess the individual and the partner-level alcohol use. Primary outcome variables included self-reported ART adherence, ART adherence self-efficacy, and HIV viral load. Results demonstrated that abstainers, compared to hazardous drinkers, had higher self-efficacy to integrate and persevere in HIV treatment and a lower odds of having a detectable viral load. Participants with a partner-abstainer, versus a partner-hazardous...
Tungsten Silicide Alloys for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Microwave kinetic inductance detectors are used to detect photons over a large range of wavelengths from submillimeter to X-ray. The common material requirements for this application are: high internal quality factor (Qi), high kinetic inductance fraction, long quasiparticle lifetime, and in the case of X-ray photons stopping power (i.e., dense, high atomic number materials). Superconducting tungsten silicide alloys have a tunable TC with silicon content, a high normal state resistivity, and a high density. In this work, we investigate the properties of thin films of tungsten silicide made of two different stoichiometry: WSi2 and W5Si3 with particular attention to their application to microwave kinetic inductance detectors. We present a study of the structural and transport properties of films deposited under different conditions for both stoichiometry. Quarter wavelength microwave coplanar waveguide resonators have been fabricated from films of both stoichiometry and we present measurements of the microwave properties of these films as well as quasiparticle lifetimes using X-ray photons.
Group IV photonics for the mid infrared

This paper outlines the challenges and benefits of applying silicon-based photonic techniques in the 2 to 5 μm midinfrared (MIR) wavelength range for chem.-bio-physical sensing, medical diagnostics, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, secure communications, Ladar, active imaging, and high-speed communications at 2 μm. Onchip passive and active components, mostly waveguided, will enable opto-electronic CMOS or BiCMOS integrated “circuits” for system-on-a-chip applications such as spectroscopy and lab-on-a-chip. Volume manufacture in a silicon foundry is expected to yield low-cost (or even disposable) chips with benefits in size-weight-power and ruggedness. This is “long-wavelength optoelectronic integration on silicon” which we call LIOS. Room temperature operation appears feasible, albeit with performance compromises at 4 to 5 μm. In addition to the electronics layer (which may include RF wireless), a 3-D LIOS chip can include several inter-communicating layers utilizing the photonic, plasmonic, photoniccrystal and opto-electro-mechanical technologies. The LIOS challenge can be met by (1) discovering new physics, (2) employing “new” IV and III-V alloys, (3) scaling-up and modifying telecom components, and (4) applying nonlinearoptical wavelength conversion in some cases. This paper presents proposals for MIR chip spectrometers employing frequency-comb and Ge blackbody sources. Active heterostructures employing Si, Ge, SiGe, GeSn and SiGeSn are key for laser diodes, photodetectors, LEDs, switches, amplifiers, and modulators that provide totally monolithic foundry integration, while numerous III-V semiconductor MIR devices within the InGaAsSb and InGaAsP families offer practical hybrid integration on Si PICs. Interband cascade and quantum cascade lasers on Ge waveguides are important in this context.
The murine mutation trembler-j: proof of semidominant expression by use of the linked vestigial tail marker.

Trembler-J, TrJ, is a peripheral hypomyelinating murine mutant. In intercrosses (TrJ / + x TrJ / +) there are severely affected (behaviorally and pathologically), mildly affected, and normal offspring, while back-crosses (TrJ / + x + /+) produce only mildly affected and normal offspring. We used the closely linked marker vestigial tail, vt, to test whether severely affected offspring of intercrosses (TrJ vt/ + + x TrJ vt/ + +) were TrJ / TrJ. In 5/6 intercrosses all severely affected animals were short-tailed and vice versa, while all mildly affected animals had long tails and vice versa. It is highly probable that the severely affected, mildly affected, and normal classes of intercross offspring were of TrJ / TrJ, TrJ / +, and + / + genotypes, respectively.
Characterization of external quantum efficiency and absorption efficiency in GaAs/ InGaP double heterostructures for laser cooling applications

The state of current research in laser cooling of semiconductors is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the characterization of external quantum efficiency and absorption efficiency in GaAs/InGaP double heterostuctures. New experimental results will be presented that characterize device operation as a function of laser excitation power and temperature. Optimum carrier density is obtained independently and used as a screening tool for sample quality. The crucial importance of parasitic background absorption is discussed.
Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations

Aim This study examines changes in avian community composition associated with the decline and loss of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.] resulting from chronic hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand) infestations. Location The study was conducted in a 4900-km2 study region extending from Long Island Sound northward to the southern border of Massachusetts and including the Connecticut River Valley in Connecticut, USA. Methods Bird surveys were conducted at 40 points in 12 hemlock stands varying in HWA infestation and overstory mortality levels during the avian breeding seasons of 2000 and 2001. Ten-minute, 50-m radius point counts were used to survey all birds seen or heard at each point. Overstory and understory vegetation were sampled at each point. Indicator species analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling were used to examine relationships between avian community composition and vegetation structure. Results Overstory hemlock mortality was highly correlated with avian community composition. Abundance of eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), and several woodpecker species was highest at points with >60% mortality. Black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), blackburnian warbler (Dendroica fusca), and hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) were strongly associated with intact hemlock stands that exhibit little or no mortality from HWA. Conclusions Eastern hemlock has unique structural characteristics that provide important habitat for numerous bird species in the north-eastern US. As a result, removal of hemlock by HWA has profound effects on avian communities. Black-throated green warbler, blackburnian warbler, and Acadian flycatcher are very strongly associated with hemlock forests in southern New England and appear to be particularly sensitive to hemlock removal. The hooded warbler, a species whose status is of regional concern, may actually benefit from the development of a dense hardwood seedling layer associated with high hemlock mortality.
Upregulation of Cellular Bcl-2 by the KSHV Encoded RTA Promotes Virion Production

Apoptosis of virus infected cells can restrict or dampen full blown virus propagation and this can serve as a protective mechanism against virus infection. Consequently, viruses can also delay programmed cell death by enhancing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Human Bcl-2 is expressed on the surface of the mitochondrial membrane and functions as the regulator of the delicate balance between cell survival and apoptosis. In this report, we showed that the replication and transcription activator (RTA) encoded by KSHV ORF 50, a key regulator for KSHV reactivation from latent to lytic infection, upregulates the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 in 293 cells, and TPA-induced KSHV-infected cells. Further analysis revealed that upregulation of the cellular Bcl-2 promoter by RTA is dose-dependent and acts through targeting of the CCN9GG motifs within the Bcl-2 promoter. The Bcl-2 P2 but not the P1 promoter is primarily responsive to RTA. The results of ChIP confirmed the direct interaction of RTA protein with the CCN9GG motifs. Knockdown of cellular Bcl-2 by lentivirus-delivered small hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in increased cell apoptosis and decreased virion production in KSHV-infected cells. These findings provide an insight into another mechanism by which KSHV utilizes the intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways for prolonging the survival of lytically infected host cells to allow for maximum production of virus progeny.
Industrial policy and duopolistic trade with dynamic demand

The authors study strategic trade policy in the framework of an explicit dynamic game in which home and foreign duopolists compete in a third-country market for non-competitive rents. Dynamics are introduced on the demand side by assuming demand for the product depends on past consumption of that good. The analysis demonstrates that the perfect equilibrium of the dynamic game can be replicated by a conjectural variations equilibrium, and that optimal policy requires a tax on exports.
The 1H and 31P N.M.R. spectra of phosphine in isotropic and nematic solvents

The proton and 31P N.M.R. spectra of PH3 in various isotropic and liquid crystal solvents are discussed. Geometrical data and chemical shielding anisotropies for 1H and 31P are reported. The temperature dependence of the isotropic chemical shift and its influence on the evaluation of measurements in nematic solvents is discussed.
The relationship of self-disclosure, interpersonal dependency, and life changes to loneliness in young adults.

Using a sample of 209 volunteer students between the ages of 18 and 25 from an urban university, the relationships between self-disclosure, interpersonal dependency, life changes, and loneliness were studied. Respondents completed the Jourard 40-Item Self-Disclosure Questionnaire, the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory, the Recent Life Change Questionnaire, and the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses. Hypotheses were supported predicting an inverse relationship between self-disclosure and loneliness (p less than .005) and a positive relationship between interpersonal dependency and loneliness (p less than .005). However, a positive relationship between life changes and loneliness was not supported. Data also supported the hypothesis that self-disclosure, interpersonal dependency, and life changes would account for greater variance in loneliness than any single variable alone (F(3,204 = 14.433), p less than .01). From a stepwise multiple regression analysis, self-disclosure and interpersonal dependency together accounted for 17.4 percent of the variance in loneliness. Implications for nursing practice are discussed with particular emphasis on potential strategies for preventing loneliness.
Materialized cosmology among ancient Maya commoners

Classic Maya inscriptions and iconography reveal more than just royal customs since their origins lie in traditional Maya practices. They provide a key to unlocking how commoners created their own domestic universe. To explore how commoners mapped their cosmology and recorded their history, I discuss domestic ceramic clusters based on color, placement, and association with other artifacts at the minor center of Saturday Creek, Belize. Results show that cached items served to contextualize their place in the cosmos. Commoners may not have had the written word, but they had the means to record their own history, one with which they interacted daily — under their feet, within walls, and under their roof.
Ecto-enzyme activity of human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase.

Adenosine deaminase is found primarily in the cytoplasm of many cell types. In the human erythrocyte, about 30 per cent of the total adenosine deaminase activity is membrane associated, and about two-thirds of this is inactivated by treatment of intact erythrocytes with the nonpenetrating reagent diazotized sulfanilic acid, without affecting lactate dehydrogenase, a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme. This indicates that within the cell membranes, the catalytic site of about two-thirds of the adenosine deaminase faces the external medium, i.e., ecto adenosine deaminase. Localization of adenosine deaminase activity at the cell membrane is demonstrated directly by electron microscopy by use of the substrate 6-Chloropurine ribonucleoside, which is dechlorinated by adenosine deaminase to produce Cl−, which is precipitated at its locus of formation by added Ag+, and the precipitated AgCl converted into the electron dense Ag0 upon exposure to light. From the Hydropathic Profile of the amino acid sequence of adenosine deaminase it is evident that there are two hydrophobic domains of sufficient length to span a biological membrane, and it is proposed that these domains could function to anchor the enzyme to the membrane. The importance of adenosine deaminase is indicated by the fatal immuno-deficiency which results from untreated genetic adenosine deaminase deficiency. It may be important to determine whether the amount of ecto adenosine deaminase activity is better suited to assess the clinical status of adenosine deaminase deficient patients that the currently used total cellular enzyme activity.
Minced Cartilage Techniques

Minced articular cartilage techniques are viable one-stage, off-the-shelf cartilage repair procedures for treatment of focal chondral defects in the knee. In the United States, DeNovo natural tissue (NT) is the only particulated juvenile allograft one-stage articular cartilage technique currently available that does not violate the subchondral bone. DeNovo NT is composed of 1mm 3 fragments of juvenile (donor age is less than 13 years) articular cartilage, embedded within fibrin adhesive at the time of implantation. DeNovo NT is a chondroconductive, chondroinductive, and chondrogenic product. Given that it is "minimally manipulated," it does not require US Food and Drug Administration premarket approval. DeNovo NT has been available in the United States since May 2007, and approximately 7500 cases have been performed to date. The basic science and clinical outcome literature supporting minced articular cartilage techniques in treatment of focal chondral defects of the knee is early and short term, but nonetheless promising. Juvenile cells are advantageous over adult cells in that they have a greater migration and proliferation capacity without immunogenicity. Clinical outcomes, at up to 2.5 years of follow-up, have demonstrated a significant improvement in validated cartilage outcome scores, reductions in pain, and improvements in function and activity in patients with both patellofemoral and tibiofemoral lesions treated with DeNovo NT.
Cloning and expression of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene from Penicillium chrysogenum

The isopenicillin N synthetase (IPS) gene from Penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from a recombinant bacteriophage lambda library using the Cephalosporium acremonium IPS (cIPS) gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. The protein coding region of the P. chrysogenum IPS (pIPS) gene was about 74% homologous to the cIPS gene, and the predicted amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins were about 73% homologous. Escherichia coli cells with the pIPS gene contained IPS activity whereas untransformed cells were completely devoid of this enzymatic activity. The transformed cells were also shown to contain an abundant protein accounting for about 10% of total cell protein which reacted strongly with anti-cIPS antiserum.
The Decline in U.S. Cancer Mortality from 1991 to 1995: What's behind the Numbers?

In 1996, a series of articles and news stories about cancer mortality in the United States proclaimed a "turning point in the 25-year war on cancer." While these articles and stories pointed to a recent decline in overall cancer mortality, they missed some important points about increases in specific types. They also ignored the politics behind the emphasis on smoking and diet as the main contributors to the cancer rates and the racial disparities in the U.S. data. In addition, recent articles on the decline in cancer mortality fail to note the much sharper decline in heart disease mortality. Continued efforts to reduce carcinogenic exposures at work and in the environment are needed to truly reduce the cancer burden.
A real-time distributed hash table

Currently, the North American power grid uses a centralized system to monitor and control wide-area power grid states. This centralized architecture is becoming a bottleneck as large numbers of wind and photo-voltaic (PV) generation sources require real-time monitoring and actuation to ensure sustained reliability. We have designed and implemented a distributed storage system, a real-time distributed hash table (DHT), to store and retrieve this monitoring data as a real-time service to an upper layer decentralized control system. Our real-time DHT utilizes the DHT algorithm Chord in a cyclic executive to schedule data-lookup jobs on distributed storage nodes. We formally define the pattern of the workload on our real-time DHT and use queuing theory to stochastically derive the time bound for response times of these lookup requests. We also define the quality of service (QoS) metrics of our real-time DHT as the probability that deadlines of requests can be met. We use the stochastic model to derive the QoS. An experimental evaluation on distributed nodes shows that our model is well suited to provide time bounds for requests following typical workload patterns and that a prioritized extension can increase the probability of meeting deadlines for subsequent requests.
Clinical information displays to improve ICU outcomes

Abstract Purpose In a previous study, we compared a prototype ecological display (ED) that represented physiological data in a structured pictorial format with two bar graph displays [J.A. Effken, Improving clinical decision making through ecological interfaces, Ecol. Psych. 18 (2006) 283–318]. In ED and the first bar graph display, data were grouped hierarchically based on a cognitive work analysis (CWA); in the second bar graph display they were grouped as usually collected. Treatment efficiency (i.e., percentage of time seven variables in the CWA model were in target range) improved similarly with the two displays incorporating the CWA order for intensive care unit (ICU) residents, but not for novice ICU nurses. Hypothesized reasons for this result included: insufficient practice with novel displays; use of identical histories across displays; insufficient clinical knowledge; and the variables used in the efficiency analysis, which included only one of ED's four integrated design elements. In the current study we tested these hypotheses. Methods We asked ICU nurses assigned to three knowledge groups based on intensive care and hemodynamic monitoring pretests to identify and treat oxygenation problems presented via ED and the first bar graph display (BGD) in an experimental laboratory simulation. We measured the impact of display, clinical scenario, data level, knowledge, presentation order, and practice extent on event recognition, treatment efficiency, cognitive workload, and user satisfaction. Results The two displays produced little difference in recognition speed or overall cognitive workload, but user satisfaction was greater with ED. When 12 variables were included in the analysis, treatment efficiency improved with ED; when only 7 were measured, BGD prevailed. The results suggest benefits for the kind of synthesis provided in ED, but also a potential limitation. If too many different pictorial formats are used in a display, detecting critical events may be more difficult.
Palaeontological and sedimentological effects of micro-bioherms in the Middle Silurian Massie Formation of southeastern Indiana, USA

Small build-ups composed primarily of micrite and benthic skeletal remains, termed ‘micro-bioherms’, have been recognized within Silurian strata of eastern and midcontinental United States for well over 75 years; however, previous research has focused nearly entirely on such structures within the upper Wenlock (Homerian) Waldron Shale. An undolomitized section of the lower Wenlock (Sheinwoodian) Massie Formation in Ripley County, southeastern Indiana, was studied to assess the influence of micro-bioherms on palaeoecological, taphonomical and sedimentological patterns. Increased baffling of fine-grained material by organisms composing and/or encrusting build-ups is evidenced by muddy sediment containing pascichnial traces surrounding micro-bioherms. Pelmatozoan attachment structures densely encrust micro-bioherms, but are swollen by secondary stereomic overgrowths reflecting some form of antagonistic interaction or investment in strong affixation to elevated substrates. Clusters of bumastine trilobite material occur in ‘pockets’ related to cavities within build-ups, and otherwise rare spathacalymenid trilobites, often exceptionally preserved, are found in muds in the vicinity of partially buried micro-bioherms. Coeval sections nearby are nearly unfossiliferous as result of dolomitization, but contain recognizable skeletal material in greatest abundance in micro-bioherm flank beds. The occurrence of these bodies within the Massie Formation is genetically linked to a major transgressive episode, but also reflects a mid-Silurian climatic/palaeoceanographic change.
High Level ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Predictions of Infrared Intensities

Vibrational intensities associated with the infrared spectra of H 2 O, C 2 H 2 , HCN, H 2 CO, CH 4 , and SiH 4 were theoretically predicted by applying ab initio quantum mechanical methods at seven different levels of theory. The self-consistent field, second-order Miller-Plesset perturbation method, configuration interaction with single and double excitations, double excitations coupled-cluster, quadratic configuration interaction including single and double excitations (QCISD), coupled-cluster with single and double excitations (CCSD), and CCSD with perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] levels of theory were applied. The atomic orbital basis sets employed included frozen-core double-ζ (DZ), triple-ζ (TZ), DZ plus single polarization (DZP), TZ plus double polarization (TZ2P), TZ plus triple polarization (TZ3P), TZ2P augmented with one set of higher angular momentum functions [TZ2P(f,d)], TZ2P(f,d) with one set of diffuse functions [TZ2P(f,d)+diff], TZ3P augmented with two sets of higher angular momentum functions [TZ3P(2f,2d)], [TZ3P(2f,2d)] with two sets of diffuse functions [TZ3P(2f,2d)+2diff], split valence plus polarization [6-311G(d,p) and 6-311G(3d,3p)], split valence with added polarization and diffuse functions [6-31 1++G(d,p) and 6-31 1++G(3d,3p)], Dunning's correlation consistent polarized valence [cc-pVXZ (X = 2-5)] basis sets, as well as augmented correlation consistent polarized valence [aug-cc-pVXZ (X = 2-5)] basis sets. The theoretical infrared intensities predicted at the different levels of theory for the studied molecules were compared with available experimental data. To complete the analysis, the predicted equilibrium geometries, dipole moments and harmonic vibrational frequencies were also compared with experiment. Several highly correlated types of wave functions employing extended basis sets produce intensity values in very good agreement with experiment. The best overall agreement between theory and experiment for all properties studied was obtained from highly correlated wave functions [QCISD, CCSD, CCSD(T)] combined with Dunning's correlation consistent aug-cc-pVXZ (X = 3-5) basis sets.
Homogeneity of Responses to Hues within Wexner's Mood-Tone Adjective Groups:

Wexner developed 11 groups of adjectives describing mood-tones. The adjective groups were judged to be homogeneous in meaning and have been used in studies of affective responses to hue. 96 subjects indicated the mood tone of a hue sample by rank ordering all relevant adjectives from Wexner's list of 29 adjectives. Homogeneity of Wexner's groupings was examined by determining whether subjects' second, third, or fourth ranked adjectives were from the same mood-tone group as their first ranked adjective. Several of Wexner's mood-tone groups did not appear to be homogeneous and the usefulness of using these grouped adjectives in investigations of affective responses to hues was questioned.
Spatial Population Expansion Promotes the Evolution of Cooperation in an Experimental Prisoner’s Dilemma

Cooperation is ubiquitous in nature, but explaining its existence remains a central interdisciplinary challenge. Cooperation is most difficult to explain in the Prisoner's Dilemma game, where cooperators always lose in direct competition with defectors despite increasing mean fitness. Here we demonstrate how spatial population expansion, a widespread natural phenomenon, promotes the evolution of cooperation. We engineer an experimental Prisoner's Dilemma game in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to show that, despite losing to defectors in nonexpanding conditions, cooperators increase in frequency in spatially expanding populations. Fluorescently labeled colonies show genetic demixing of cooperators and defectors, followed by increase in cooperator frequency as cooperator sectors overtake neighboring defector sectors. Together with lattice-based spatial simulations, our results suggest that spatial population expansion drives the evolution of cooperation by (1) increasing positive genetic assortment at population frontiers and (2) selecting for phenotypes maximizing local deme productivity. Spatial expansion thus creates a selective force whereby cooperator-enriched demes overtake neighboring defector-enriched demes in a "survival of the fastest." We conclude that colony growth alone can promote cooperation and prevent defection in microbes. Our results extend to other species with spatially restricted dispersal undergoing range expansion, including pathogens, invasive species, and humans.
Analysis for sulphur in coal ash

Abstract Highly precise and accurate sulphur analyses are required to establish material balance for sulphur in utility boilers where sulphur is present at low levels in the fly ashes. Sulphur determinations using the established methods depend on quantitative extraction of sulphur from some form of sample decomposition residuum. Errors from incomplete extractions can lead to results which are as much as 30% low. The total sample dissolution-X-ray fluorescence procedure developed in this study, yields results which have the precision and accuracy required for material balance calculations. Using this method, fly ash samples containing less than 1% sulphur can be determined with a relative standard deviation of about 3%. Most importantly, the new procedure eliminates the negative bias inherent in the established methods. It is important to note that the procedure is not applicable to the analysis of sulphur in coal, since the organic sulphur would escape detection. However, standard analysis procedures for the determination of sulphur in coal also have a relative standard deviation of about 3%.
Neuroendocrine control of thyroid secretion in living systems: A feedback control system model

A model of the regulation of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream of living systems is formulated and analyzed. The portion of this model defined as theregulator includes components representing the thyroid, anterior pituitary and hypothalamic organs and their intercommunicating channels, that is, the peripheral plasma and hypophysial portal circulations and certain neuro-secretory connections. The loss of hormones from the plasma in the living system associated with physiological mechanisms within the peripheral tissue space and the excretory pathways is represented in the model by a lumpedload on the regulator. The model is reduced to a system of differential equations involving eleven parameters and variables, all of which are identified with certain physiological structures and states. Five of these are currently observable by available laboratory techniques and two others are computable explicity from the equations of the model; the remaining four can be computed in the same way to within a multiplicative constant. Procedires for carrying out ten of these measurements and calculations are suggested. On the basis of the equations and parameters of the model, a discussion of the normal behavior and the response of this system to certain types of disturbances is presented. A systematic effort has been made in the development of this model to include all relevant physiological data and relationships reported in the biological literature. A summary of this literature, reflecting the views and interpretations made by the authors of this paper, is included for completeness and ease of reference.
REDUCING NUMBERS OF VEHICLE TRIPS AND VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL THROUGH CUSTOMIZED TRAVEL OPTIONS

A new application was implemented to help reduce total vehicle trips and vehicle miles of travel (VMT) by means of encouraging use of trip chaining and substitution for all types of trips. Travel diaries were provided to employees of a local YMCA for measurement of travel behavior before and after provision of customized travel suggestions. An analysis of covariance was conducted on the average contributed VMT and contributed vehicle trips, with the use of the second period results as the dependent variable. The provision of suggestions had a statistically significant effect on vehicle miles and trips contributed. Overall, it was shown that the provision of travel information would reduce VMT. Further research should be conducted in order to indicate the extent to which such information must be customized. Further research should also be conducted on the durability and sustainability of the impacts of the information.
Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management.

Objective. We sought to describe the clinical presentation of patients with retropharyngeal abscess (RPA), utility of imaging studies, and implications on management. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary-care, pediatric hospital with cases identified by a discharge diagnosis of RPA; posttraumatic RPA cases were excluded. Patients without confirmatory radiographic findings, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography (CT) were excluded. Results. Sixty-four cases involving 64 patients were studied. The median age of the patients was 36 months; 48 (75%) of the 64 patients were younger than 5 years. The most common chief complaints were neck pain (38%), fever (17%), sore throat (17%), neck mass (16%), and respiratory distress or stridor (5%). In 29 children (45%), it was noted that there was limitation of neck extension, in 23 (36.5%) torticollis, and in 8 (12.5%) limitation of neck flexion. The physical examination revealed stridor with wheezing in only 1 patient (1.5%) and wheezing in 1 other (1.5%). Twenty-seven patients (42%) underwent surgery; 37 (58%) were treated with antibiotics only. Performance of a surgical procedure was significantly associated with CT scan findings. Ten (37%) of 27 patients with defined abscess on CT scan were treated with antibiotics alone. There were no treatment failures in either the antibiotic-only group or the antibiotics-plus-surgery group. Conclusions. Children with RPA present with limitation of neck movement, especially difficulty extending their neck to look up. They rarely present with respiratory distress or stridor. CT scan is useful to distinguish patients with RPA from those with retropharyngeal cellulitis. Most patients with retropharyngeal cellulitis and some with RPA can be treated successfully without surgery.
Shape optimization in elasticity and elasto-viscoplasticity by the boundary element method

Abstract This paper is concerned with the optimal shape design of solids undergoing small-strain, small-rotation, elasto-viscoplastic deformation. Shape sensitivities for this class of problems are determined by using a direct differentiation approach (DDA) to the governing boundary element method (BEM) equations of the problem. The standard BEM and the sensitivity equations are discretized and solved numerically. Shape optimization is carried out by coupling the standard and sensitivity analyses with an optimizer. The optimization algorithm chosen here uses sequential quadratic programming to obtain the desired optimal shape of a body in an iterative manner. Numerical solutions for optimal shapes of cutouts in plates (two-dimensional plane stress) are presented. The difference between optimal shapes of solids undergoing purely elastic and elasto-viscoplastic deformation is shown clearly in these examples.
Comparison of an all-inside suture technique with traditional pull-out suture and suture anchor repair techniques for flexor digitorum profundus attachment to bone.

Purpose One goal in repairing zone 1 flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) injuries is to create a tendon-bone construct strong enough to allow early rehabilitation while minimizing morbidity. This study compares an all-inside suture repair technique biomechanically with pull-out suture and double-suture anchor repairs. Methods Repairs were performed on 30 cadaver fingers. In all-inside suture repairs (n = 8), the FDP tendon was attached to bone with two 3-0 Ethibond sutures and tied over the dorsal aspect of distal phalanx. Pull-out suture repairs (n = 8) were performed with 2-0 Prolene suture and tied over a dorsal button. There were 2 suture anchor repair groups: Arthrex Micro Corkscrew anchors preloaded with 2-0 FiberWire suture (n = 7) and Depuy Micro Mitek anchors preloaded with 3-0 Orthocord suture (n = 7). Repair constructs were tested using a servohydraulic materials testing system and loaded until the repair lost 75% of its strength. Results There were no statistically significant differences in tensile stiffness, ultimate load, or work to failure between the repairs. Failure mode was suture stretch and gap formation greater than 2 mm at the repair site for all pull-out suture repairs and for 7 of 8 all-inside suture repairs. Two of the Arthrex Micro Corkscrew repairs and 5 of the Depuy Micro Mitek repairs failed by anchor pull-out. Conclusions This cadaveric biomechanical study showed no difference in tensile stiffness, ultimate load, and work to failures between an all-inside suture repair technique for zone 1 FDP repairs and previously described pull-out suture and suture anchor repair techniques. The all-inside suture technique also has the advantages of avoiding an external button and the cost of anchors. Therefore, it should be considered as an alternative to other techniques. Clinical relevance This study introduces a new FDP reattachment technique that avoids some of the shortcomings of current techniques.
Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Management

Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe disease characterized by gland necrosis and a destructive systemic inflammatory response. Early management involves aggressive resuscitative and supportive measures. Outcomes are primarily determined by the presence of late secondary bacterial infection of the necrotic gland. Early empiric antibiotics and late surgical necrosectomy in the appropriate setting are the keys to managing these sick patients. With appropriate management, mortality can be minimized and long-term quality of life may be restored.
Optical and physical properties of primary on-road vehicle particle emissions and their implications for climate change

Optical and Physical Properties from Primary On-Road Vehicle Particle Emissions And Their Implications for Climate Change AW. Strawa a1 , TW. Kirchstetter b , AG. Hallar a,c , GA. Ban-Weiss d , JP. McLaughlin e , RA. Harley e , MM. Lunden b a NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035 b Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Atmospheric Science Dept., Berkeley, CA 94720 c currently with Desert Research Institute, Storm Peak Laboratory, Steamboat Spring, CO 80488 d University of California, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA 94720 e University of California, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Berkeley, CA 94720 Abstract During the summers of 2004 and 2006, extinction and scattering coefficients of particle emissions inside a San Francisco Bay Area roadway tunnel were measured using a combined cavity ring-down and nephelometer instrument. Particle size distributions and humidification were also measured, as well as several gas phase species. Vehicles in the tunnel traveled up a 4% grade at a speed of approximately 60 km hr -1 . The traffic situation in the tunnel allows the apportionment of emission factors between light duty gasoline vehicles and diesel trucks. Cross-section emission factors for optical properties Corresponding author email: Anthony.W.Strawa@nasa.gov; phone: +1 650 604 3437; fax: +1 650 604
A realistic approach to magnetic evolution

An improved scheme for measuring and analyzing the magnetic field of flares is presented in general outline form. The techniques employed during the last solar cycle are reviewed very briefly. The point is made that those techniques were inadequate due to fundamental limitations in the data. A realistic scheme for acquiring the necessary data is then proposed. The scheme is realistic in that it makes only those assumptions which appear to be indeed valid, and it presupposes only instrumental techniques which are presently available. It is suggested that, with this improved data, the structure and evolution of the pre-flare magnetic field can be calculated with sufficient accuracy to form the basis of theoretical models.
Modeling techniques for target detection

To better study hyperspectral imaging sensors and remote sensing system performance, different parts of the remote sensing system can be modeled. Here, a scientific overview of recent modeling techniques is presented to come up with an appropriate approach for modeling of a target detection system. In particular, this study focuses on the development in modeling of scene, sensors, and processing algorithms. Moreover, the parallelization of the detection methods is emphasized for which the process of target detection accelerates. In conclusion, an appropriate model to evaluate a target detection system can be a hybrid model in which hyperspectral sensors, radars, and local sensors have been modeled.
Regionwide sharing for status 1 liver patients--beneficial impact on waiting time and pre- and posttransplant survival.

On August 21, 1999, Region 7 of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) adopted a policy of regionwide sharing of cadaver livers for UNOS Status 1 recipients. We examined what impact this policy had at our center on their waiting times, waiting list mortality, and outcomes. From January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2002, our center listed 39 patients for an emergent (Status 1) transplant, according to the current criteria for Status 1 listing: patients (adult and pediatric) with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), hepatic artery thrombosis, or primary nonfunction early after a liver transplant, or critically ill pediatric patients with chronic liver disease. These 39 candidates were analyzed in 2 groups: those listed before regionwide sharing (Group I, n = 19) and those listed after (Group II, n = 20). Patient characteristics did not differ significantly between the 2 groups, including mean donor and recipient age, proportion of pediatric patients, and type of graft used (i.e., living or deceased donor, segmental or whole-organ). FHF was the most common cause of liver failure in both groups—74% versus 70% (P = ns). The next most common cause in both groups was hepatic artery thrombosis, followed by primary nonfunction. Most transplants used deceased donors; however, 2 of the transplants in Group I versus only 1 in Group II used living donors. Waiting list mortality (the patient death rate before a transplant could take place) was 32% in Group I versus only 5% in Group II (P = .03). The mean number of days on the waiting list was also substantially lower in Group II (2.9 days) than in Group I, (5.8 days) (P = .04). For patients who underwent a transplant, graft and patient survival rates at 6 months posttransplant were 69.2% in Group I versus 89.5% in Group II (P = .03). In conclusion, the introduction of regionwide sharing seems to have been of benefit for Status 1 patients at our center. They have a significantly lower risk of dying while waiting for a transplant and undergo one in a much shorter period of time. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:661–665.)
Iron chlorosis induced by detopping soybeans

Abstract In work elsewhere it has been shown that detopping soybean seedlings growing in soil that results in Fe deficiency can magnify the Fe deficiency in subsequent new growth. Tests then can be more sensitive for screening of progeny for resistence to Fe deficiency. The hypothesis that nitrate‐N is responsible for the chlorosis was tested. When plants are detopped, more nitrate can be available than usual for the small amount of leaf surface available. When soybean plants were grown to have low availability of nitrate‐N, new growth after detopping did not develop Fe deficiency. In contrast, plants supplied with nitrate did develop Fe deficiency.
Simulation study of wave propagation instabilities for the combustion synthesis of transition metals aluminides.

Interest in the mode of propagation of self-sustaining reactions has been motivated by the influence of the mode on the microstructure and composition of the final product. However, comprehensive studies relating the onset of the various propagation modes to the chemical and phase transformations taking place in the sample are still lacking. In the present work propagation instabilities in self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of transition metal aluminides are studied using a computer simulation approach. The results are presented for the SHS of NiAl, CoAl, TiAl, and NbAl3. Particular emphasis is made with respect to the influence of process variables and system parameters on the onset of propagation instabilities, in relation to the physicochemical processes taking place during the propagation of the combustion front.