cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Interaction of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5 (eIF5) with the β-Subunit of eIF2

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5) interacts with the 40 S initiation complex (40 S·mRNA· eIF3·Met-tRNAf·eIF2·GTP) and mediates hydrolysis of the bound GTP. To characterize the molecular interactions involved in eIF5 function, we have used 32P-labeled recombinant rat eIF5 as a probe in filter overlay assay to identify eIF5-interacting proteins in crude initiation factor preparations. We observed that eIF5 specifically interacted with the β subunit of initiation factor eIF2. No other initiation factors including the γ subunit of eIF2 tested positive in this assay. Furthermore, both yeast and mammalian eIF5 bind to the β subunit of either mammalian or yeast eIF2. Binding analysis with human eIF2β deletion mutants expressed inEscherichia coli identified a 22-amino acid domain, between amino acids 68 and 89, as the primary eIF5-binding region of eIF2β. These results along with our earlier observations that (a) eIF5 neither binds nor hydrolyzes free GTP or GTP bound as Met-tRNAf·eIF2·GTP ternary complex, and (b) eIF5 forms a specific complex with eIF2 suggests that the specific interaction between eIF5 and the β subunit of eIF2 may be critical for the hydrolysis of GTP during translation initiation.
Dynamic physical processes on a South Texas barrier island--Impact on construction and maintenance

North Padre Island, South Texas, is a characteristic Texas barrier island complex that is presently undergoing heavy development pressure for energy, recreational and residential uses. The island has a dynamic environment influenced by both short and long term geologic processes. Development usually recognizes the short term processes (hurricanes and storms) but does not consider long term geologic processes (aeolian transport and lagoonal wave erosion). Both natural and man induced erosion results in the loss of the beach and beachfront structures. The removal of beach sand through aerodynamically stable aeolian chutes causes serious sedimentation problems. Improper placement of dredge material alongside channels often results in rapid channel sedimentation. The interaction of man and active geologic processes appears to represent a significant threat to the financial success of island construction and development.
Cyclic synthesis of human cytomegalovirus-induced proteins in infected cells

Abstract Synthesis of most human embryo lung cellular proteins is more sensitive to inhibition by a hypertonic condition than is synthesis of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced proteins. Results using the selective suppression of host cell protein synthesis by the hypertonic condition indicate that virus-induced proteins are synthesized in a cyclic manner.
Double Dissociation in the Anatomy of Socioemotional Disinhibition and Executive Functioning in Dementia

Objective: To determine whether socioemotional disinhibition and executive dysfunction are related to dissociable patterns of brain atrophy in neurodegenerative disease. Previous studies have indicated that behavioral and cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease are linked to atrophy in different parts of the frontal lobes, but these prior studies did not establish that these relationships were specific, which would best be demonstrated by a double dissociation. Method: Subjects included 157 patients with neurodegenerative disease. A semiautomated parcellation program (Freesurfer) was used to generate regional cortical volumes from structural MRI scans. Regions of interest (ROIs) included anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Socioemotional disinhibition was measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Principal component analysis including 3 tasks of executive function (EF; verbal fluency, Stroop Interference, modified Trails) was used to generate a single-factor score to represent EF. Results: Partial correlations between ROIs, disinhibition, and EF were computed after controlling for total intracranial volume, Mini-Mental State Examination, diagnosis, age, and education. Brain regions significantly correlated with disinhibition (ACC, OFC, IFG, and temporal lobes) and EF (MFG) were entered into separate hierarchical regressions to determine which brain regions predicted disinhibition and EF. OFC was the only brain region to significantly predict disinhibition, and MFG significantly predicted EF performance. A multivariate general linear model demonstrated a significant interaction between ROIs and cognitive― behavioral functions. Conclusions: These results support a specific association between orbitofrontal areas and behavioral management as compared with dorsolateral areas and EF.
Low temperature heat capacity and magnetic studies on DyCu5

Abstract Low temperature heat capacity studies on DyCu5 revealed a λ-anomaly at 6.55 K. Evaluation of the entropy indicated that the ground state is not (2J + 1) fold degenerate. High field magnetization data yield a moment of 9.28 μB at 4.2 K and 120 kOe.
The case for a greek exclusive economic zone in the Aegean sea

Abstract This article covers the conflict between Greece and Turkey over the Aegean continental shelf and the territorial sea limits claimed by each country. It also attempts to show that the concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), as developed at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), is an appropriate instrument for resolving these disputes.
A Note on the Occurrence of Kyanite and Chloritoid in Some Metaconglomerates in Maryland

Kyanite and chloritoid occur together in two units of metaconglomerate in the Appalachian Piedmont of Maryland. Surrounding pelitic schists consist chiefly of chlorite, albite, epidote, muscovite, and quartz with chloritoid and garnet present locally; kyanite is lacking. Black graphitic slate closely associated with kyanite- and chloritoid-bearing metaconglomerate contains abundant chloritoid but no kyanite, even though it is an Al-rich rock. Differences in MgO and alkali content are sufficient to explain the presence of kyanite in the metaconglomerates and its absence from associated pelitic schists. The reducing environment in the graphitic slates may explain why kyanite is not found there but forms in the more oxidized metaconglomerates. The postulated metamorphic reaction in metaconglomerate appears to coincide with a reaction of the type in surrounding pelitic schists.
Activation of spinal group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in rats evokes local glutamate release and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors: effects of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine pretreatment

Abstract Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist ( RS )-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (( RS )-3,5-DHPG) to rats produces an immediate display of spontaneous nociceptive behaviors (SNBs) persisting for up to 10 h after injection (NeuroReport 7 (1996) 2743). The mechanisms underlying these behavioral effects are not entirely understood but may include enhanced release of glutamate within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The current experiments used microdialysis in awake moving animals to test: (1), whether i.t. ( S )-3,5-DHPG increases the local release of glutamate at doses that also induce SNBs; and (2), whether the effects on glutamate release (as well as SNBs) can be blocked by pretreatment with the mGluR5 selective antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were implanted with a microdialysis probe inserted into the i.t. space of the spinal cord (J. Neurosci. Methods 62 (1995) 43) and then tested under i.t. drug conditions (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM ( S )-3,5-DHPG) following a 2–3 day recovery period. As predicted, local application of ( S )-3,5-DHPG via the microdialysis probe increased the release of glutamate in a dose-dependent manner. Significant SNBs were also noted in the 0.1 and 1 mM groups in a manner paralleling the onset and duration of the glutamate response. Pretreatment with MPEP (55 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) blocked glutamate release to the 0.1 mM dose of ( S )-3,5-DHPG, and also decreased the proportion of animals displaying SNBs in this dose group. No effects of MPEP were seen against the higher dose of ( S )-3,5-DHPG (1 mM). These results suggest that stimulation of spinal mGluR5 leads to glutamate release within the spinal cord, a response that may in part account for the nociceptive behaviors evoked by i.t. ( S )-3,5-DHPG.
A History and Sociology of Historical Sociology

Dans cet article, l'A fait part de ses reflexions concernant la collection Remaking Modernity, consacree a la sociologie historique aux Etats-Unis, et se penche plus particulierement sur la construction sociale de la notion de modernite
High-frequency ultrasonic imaging of thickly sliced specimens

It has been reported that a mechanical scanning reflection acoustic microscope (hereinafter called simply "SAM"), using high frequency ultrasonic tone-burst waves, can form a horizontal cross-sectional image (i.e., c-scan image) showing a highly resolved cellular structure of biological tissue. However, the tissue prepared for the SAM has been mostly a thinly sectioned specimen. In this study, the SAM images of specimens thickly sectioned from the tissue were analyzed. Optical and scanning acoustic microscopies were used to evaluate tissues of human small intestine and esophagus. For preparing thin specimens, the tissue was embedded in paraffin, and substantially sectioned at 5-10μm by the microtome. For optical microscopy, the tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and affixed onto glass substrates. For scanning acoustic microscopy, two types of specimens were prepared: thinly sectioned specimens affixed on the glass substrate, wherein the specimens were deparaffinized in xylene, but not stained, and thickely sectioned specimens. Images of the thick specimens obtained with frequency at 200 MHz revealed cellular structures. The morphology was very similar to that seen in the thinly sectioned specimens with optical and scanning acoustic microscopy. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the images of biological tissue. An acoustic lens with frequency at 200 MHz permitted the imaging of surface and/or subsurface of microstructures in the thick sections of small intestine and esophagus.
Diffractive optics technology for display applications

Diffractive optics technology offers optical system designers new degrees of freedom that can be used to optimize the performance of optical systems. For example, the zone spacing of a diffractive lens can be chosen to impart focusing power as well as aspheric correction to the emerging wavefront. The surface (or blaze) profile within a given zone determines the diffraction efficiency of the element, or in other words, determines how the incident energy is distributed among the various diffraction orders. In this review, we present the fundamental properties of diffractive lens systems that can be useful for display applications. We also review briefly the application of multi-order diffractive lenses and subwavelength structured surfaces.
Computer Measurement of Particle Sizes in Electron Microscope Images

Computer image processing techniques have been applied to particle counting and sizing in electron microscope images. Distributions of particle sizes were computed for several images and compared to manually computed distributions. The results of these experiments indicate that automatic particle counting within a reasonable error and computer processing time is feasible. The significance of the results is that the tedious task of manually counting a large number of particles can be eliminated while still providing the scientist with accurate results.
An Audit Framework for Expert Systems

Expert systems moved from research laboratories to widespread use in the business world during the previous decade. Current data indicate that use will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. However, auditors have not comprehensively addressed the need for and feasibility of independent audits of these systems. This paper discusses factors that will soon create a demand for independent audits of expert systems. It then identifies a framework present in current professional standards that appears to be appropriate for proceeding with the auditing of expert systems. A hypothetical case is subsequently presented to illustrate one possibility of how measurement criteria, audit procedures and an audit report developed under these professional standards might appear. Potential practice problems and research issues are identified throughout the paper.
Characterization of mixed micellar pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic chromatography using linear solvation energy relationships.

The influence of mixed micellar systems on retention and selectivity in micellar electrokinetic chromatography is examined using linear solvation energy relationships (LSER). Systems that were investigated include mixed bile salts [sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and sodium cholate (SC)] and mixed sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-bile salt systems (e.g., SDS-SC and SDS-SDC). The retention behavior in individual and mixed micellar systems is primarily determined by size and hydrogen bond acceptor strengths of solutes. Through a comparative study of the LSER coefficients in the individual and mixed micellar systems, it was concluded that hydrogen bonding interactions have a significant effect on selectivity of these pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic chromatography. The interactive properties of the mixed micelles are different from the constituent individual micelles, however, the overall characteristics are closer to one of the bile salt micelles in the mixture even at the equimolar compositions.
NASA satellite monitoring of water clarity in Mobile Bay for nutrient criteria development

Water clarity controls the loss of sunlight reaching the underwater habitats. Because many organisms living in estuarine and coastal waters rely on photosynthesis, water clarity needs to be incorporated into protective water quality standards for these valued ecosystems. To develop the protective standards, a better understanding of causes and effects of water clarity variability at local and regional scales is needed. To that end, NASA remote sensing data are being used to monitor water clarity (measured by light attenuation) and the constituents that decrease water clarity (chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, and colored dissolved organic matter) in the estuarine and coastal systems of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The NASA measurements are intended to augment and extend temporal and spatial coverage of water clarity monitoring conducted by the Federal and State environmental agencies in the same areas. The main objective is to develop a methodology for and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing long-term (1984 to present) time series of the water clarity parameters based on combined satellite measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments deployed on the Aqua and Terra spacecraft and from the Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instruments from the Landsat 4/5 and Landsat 7 spacecraft, respectively. Aqua and Terra MODIS provide daily coverage dating from 2000, while Landsat TM/ETM+ data extend back to 1984, although with frequency of only once per 8 to 16 days. NASA Earth science research results that improved instrument calibration and data processing techniques have enabled merging the time series of observations from Landsat and MODIS. Algorithms for the retrieval of water clarity parameters from satellite data selected for this project are based on the inherent optical properties of water: absorption and scattering of light. The algorithms are refined based on comparison with field data collected during water quality monitoring in Mobile Bay, Alabama. Results of this project will support future interagency collaborative efforts to develop numeric nutrient criteria for estuarine and coastal waters in the Gulf of Mexico and will contribute to addressing the Gulf of Mexico Alliance priority issue of reducing nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems.
B-SUB: A Practical Bloom-Filter-Based Publish-Subscribe System for Human Networks

The adoption of portable wireless devices is rapidly rising. The demand for efficient communication protocols amongst these devices is pressing. In this paper, we present a content-based publish-subscribe system, called B-SUB Bloom filter-based pub-SUB system), for the networks formed by human-carried wireless devices, which are called human networks (HUNETs). A novel data structure, called Temporal Counting Bloom Filter (TCBF), is proposed to perform content based networking tasks. The TCBF’s novelty is that it is able to handle temporal operations, which are not supported in the classic Bloom filter (BF) and are crucial to the success of forwarding messages in HUNETs. B-SUB uses TCBFs to encode users’ interests and embed routing information. Using the TCBF, B-SUB can propagate interests by transmitting at most two TCBFs of dozens of bytes, which makes B-SUB space efficient. B-SUB makes forwarding decisions through querying the TCBFs, which is simple and fast. These designs make B-SUB pretty suitable for resource-constrained HUNETs. However, the TCBF has false positives, which will potentially cause useless messages to be injected into the network. The issue that arises here is how to handle its false positives in queries, and at the same time maintain its spatial efficiency as well. So, we analyze several methods for controlling the TCBF’s false positive rate. B-SUB’s viability and usefulness are verified through extensive simulation studies using real-world human contact traces.
A Ka-band HBT two-stage LNA

A Ka-band HBT two-stage LNA has been developed. This circuit is to be used in a multifunction T/R module which includes both analog and digital functions. The measured noise figure is 5 dB from 30 GHz to 34 GHz, with an associated gain of better than 7.5 dB. A single-stage LNA has also been developed. The measured noise figure is 4 dB from 33 GHz to 35 GHz with an associated gain of 4 dB. These results are the best yet reported at Ka-band for a HBT LNA. The amplifiers have been designed to minimize the noise measure.
Multilevel Theorizing about Creativity in Organizations: A Sensemaking Perspective

In this article we explore assumptions about the levels of analysis embedded in the extant literature on creativity in organizations. Uncovering and then relaxing these assumptions allow us to extend the literature with an alternative but complementary model of how creativity unfolds in complex, large-scale, and long-duration organizational projects. We build on the paradigm of sensemaking and propose a multilevel model of creativity that, as its defining feature, examines how periodic organizational crises reframe the negotiated order of belief structures about creativity.
Efficient error detection, localization, and correction for FPGA-based debugging

Simulations for modern designs are often performed on Field Programmable Gate Array technology in a functional test and debugging process known as emulation, allowing for more complex simulations than possible in software. One drawback to emulation is the lengthy time spent in the back-end CAD tools for each debugging iteration, including debugging changes and the introduction of control and observation logic. We have developed a technique that confines the re-place-and-route area to only the portions of the design affected by the introduction of the test logic and by the debugging changes. Therefore, the back-end CAD effort for error detection, localization, and correction is reduced. This benefit is achieved by partitioning the design at the physical level into independent blocks, and the test logic and design changes are localized to the affected blocks. The result is a shortened time between debugging iterations, and thus a shortened time-to-market for the design.
A combinatorial approach for detecting gene-gene interaction using multiple traits of Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 rheumatoid arthritis data

Rheumatoid arthritis is inherited in a complex manner. So far several single susceptibility genes, such as PTPN22, STAT4, and TRAF1-C5, have been identified. However, it is presumed that some genes may interact to have a significant effect on the disease, while each of them only plays a modest role. We propose a new combinatorial association test to detect the gene-gene interaction in the rheumatoid arthritis data using multiple traits: disease status, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, and immunoglobulin M. Existing gene-gene interaction tests only use the information on a single trait at a time. In this article, we propose a new multivariate combinatorial searching method that utilizes multiple traits at the same time. Multivariate combinatorial searching method is conducted by incorporating the multiple traits with various techniques of feature selection to search for a set of disease-susceptibility genes that may interact. By analyzing three panels of markers, we have identified a significant gene-gene interaction between PTPN22 and TRAF1-C5.
Effect of Dietary Cation-Anion Difference and Dietary Crude Protein on Milk Yield, Acid-Base Chemistry, and Rumen Fermentation

Abstract Eight primiparous lactating Holstein cows (47±10 d in milk) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the effect of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on milk yield and composition, acid-base chemistry, and measures of N metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 factorial in a randomized complete block design to provide 15 or 17% CP and DCAD of 25 or 50 mEq (Na + K-Cl)/100g of feed dry matter [15 or 39 mEq (Na + K)-(Cl + S)/100g of feed dry matter]. High DCAD improved dry matter intake, milk yield, and concentrations of milk fat and protein. An interaction of DCAD and CP was observed for uric acid excretion, an indicator of microbial protein yield. Uric acid excretion was higher for high DCAD than for low DCAD in low CP diets and was similar for low and high DCAD with high CP. Serum bicarbonate concentration, urinary bicarbonate excretion, blood pH, and serum Na were elevated for high DCAD compared with low DCAD. Fractional excretion of Na, K, Cl, and Ca increased for high DCAD. Blood urea N and urinary urea N were greater for high than for low CP diets. No differences due to DCAD were observed for these parameters. Results of this study suggest that, in early lactation cows, blood acid-base chemistry is altered by differences in DCAD that range between the high and low ends of the desired DCAD range. Modifications of acid-base chemistry and the corresponding changes in protein metabolism may allow for more efficient feeding of protein and better nutritional management of the lactating dairy cow.
IBM Power5 chip: a dual-core multithreaded processor

IBM introduced Power4-based systems in 2001. The Power4 design integrates two processor cores on a single chip, a shared second-level cache, a directory for an off-chip third-level cache, and the necessary circuitry to connect it to other Power4 chips to form a system. The dual-processor chip provides natural thread-level parallelism at the chip level. The Power5 is the next-generation chip in this line. One of our key goals in designing the Power5 was to maintain both binary and structural compatibility with existing Power4 systems to ensure that binaries continue executing properly and all application optimizations carry forward to newer systems. With that base requirement, we specified increased performance and other functional enhancements of server virtualization, reliability, availability, and serviceability at both chip and system levels. We describe the approach we used to improve chip-level performance.
Parental Perceptions of Help-Giving Practices and Control Appraisals in Early Intervention Programs

Sources of variations in parents' assessment of help-giving practices and perceived control appraisals were investigated. Participants included 69 parents of children, birth to age 5, with disabilities or at risk for poor developmental outcomes. Results indicated that parent and family characteristics showed no relationship to either help-giving practices or perceptions of personal control and self-efficacy. In contrast, program characteristics and help-giving practices were highly associated with the degree to which parents indicated they had control over needed services, resources, and supports. Implications for improving helping relationships are discussed.
An analysis of social media ownership litigation between organizations and PR practitioners

This article explores recent lawsuits surrounding social media ownership in the United States and United Kingdom. Because social media has become a valuable tool for public relations, many organizations now claim an ownership interest in their employees’ social media accounts. This article explores three recent cases (two in the U.S. and one in the U.K.) that involve social media ownership issues. An overview of these cases is presented, and suggestions are made for PR practitioners, agencies, and organizations.
Evidence of Oil Exchange between Oil-in-Water Emulsion Droplets Stabilized by Milk Proteins

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to monitor the crystallization of hydrocarbons in oil-in-water emulsions containing a mixture of pure n-hexadecane droplets (10 wt%) and pure octadecane droplets (10 wt%) stabilized by either whey protein isolate or casein (0.5 wt%). The phase behavior of the emulsions changed with time in a manner consistent with oil exchange between the n-hexadecane and octadecane droplets. The rate of exchange was faster for the emulsion containing whey protein isolate than the one containing casein, and increased for both emulsions when additional protein (2.5 wt%) was added to the aqueous phase. The addition of NaCl (2.5 wt%) to the aqueous phase slightly decreased the rate of oil exchange. Measurements of the droplet size distribution of the emulsions during the course of the experiments indicated that the oil exchange was not caused by droplet aggregation or Ostwald ripening. We propose that the mechanism for oil exchange is the reversible binding of hydrocarbons to protein molecules (either at a specific binding site or by incorporation into micelles), and their subsequent transport through the aqueous phase separating the droplets.
Serum-inducible expression of transfected human c-myc genes.

Abstract Activation of the c-myc proto-oncogene is implicated in the initiation or progression of many vertebrate cancers. In nontransformed cells, the expression of c-myc is induced by growth factors. Studies have indicated that such induction is effected by multiple mechanisms. To study regulation of c-myc expression, a transfection system has been developed in which introduced c-myc genes exhibit serum-responsive activity. The responsiveness assayed is not mediated by increased transcription initiation. Rather, it is effected at a point(s) between transcription and stabilization of the RNA.
Computational neuroimaging of human visual cortex.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a new neuroimaging method for probing the intact, alert, human brain. With this tool, brain activity that has been hidden can now be measured. Recent advances in measuring and understanding human neural responses underlying motion, color, and pattern perception are reviewed. In individual human brains, we can now identify the positions of several retinotopically organized visual areas; measure retinotopic organization within these areas; identify the location of a motion-sensitive region in individual brains; measure responses associated with contrast, color, and motion; and measure effects of attentional modulation on visually evoked responses. By framing experiments and analyses as questions about visual computation, these neuroimaging measurements can be coupled closely with those from other basic vision-science methods.
Pyrethroid Resistance Mediated by Enzyme Detoxification in Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) From Connecticut

In 2009, pyrethroid resistance was confirmed for seven “annual bluegrass weevil” Listronotus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adult populations from southern New England. The mechanisms responsible for conferring this resistance were unknown. In this study, topical application bioassays with bifenthrin and bifenthrin combined with synergists affecting three detoxification systems were conducted on four field-collected adult populations of L. maculicollis from Connecticut to determined whether cytochrome P450 monooxgenases (P450s), glutathione S-trans-ferases (GSTs), and/or carboxyl-esterases (COEs) mediated metabolic detoxification. Because a susceptible L. maculicollis laboratory strain does not exist, the most susceptible field-collected population (New Haven) provided a baseline against which all other populations were compared. In the population with the lowest resistance (Norwich), only detoxification by P450s was significant. Detoxification in the population with the second highest level of resistance (Stamford) involved both P450s and GSTs. Detoxification in the population with the highest level of resistance (Hartford) involved P450s, GSTs, and COEs. This study suggests that enzyme-mediated metabolic detoxification plays an important role in annual bluegrass weevil pyrethroid resistance.
Understanding seabirds at sea: why and how?

SUMMARY BALLANCE, L.T. 2007. Understanding seabirds at sea: why and how? Marine Ornithology 35: 127–135.Studies of the at-sea component of seabirds’ lives are essential to a comprehensive understanding of seabirds, simply because so many species spend the vast majority of their time at sea. At-sea data can be collected using data recorders and remotely-transmitting devices, and from ships. The latter is usually accomplished using strip transect methods, which quantify the number and species identification of birds within a pre-determined distance from a ship as it moves. A number of methodologic variations exist, but all include two critical assumptions: that the strip width is accurately maintained, and that all birds entering the strip are detected. These at-sea data provide insights at a number of ecologic scales. At-sea data provide insights into the biology of individual species including distribution, the relationship between distribution and physical and biologic characteristics of the ocean (often termed species–habitat relationships), and abundance (particularly for species that are difficult to census on colonies). At-sea data provide insights into communities, including community composition (because seabird breeding communities almost always differ from seabird feeding communities) and interspecific interactions (particularly predation, competition and commensalism). And at-sea data provide insights into oceanic ecosystems, because seabirds have attributes (easy to detect and identify; wholly dependent upon marine systems for food; highly mobile, thereby integrating ecosystems on large spatial scales) that make them important as indicator species. A host of threats, both direct and indirect, exist for seabirds at sea. Reletive to direct threats, indirect threats tend to be poorly understood and are rarely acknowledged. In particular, the dependence of seabirds on fish of high commercial value or mammals subject to incidental mortality can be a significant indirect threat that is rarely acknowledged in management of those fish and mammal species. Because of the trans-habitat and trans-boundary nature of seabirds (they breed on land, yet feed in the sea and pay no attention to arbitrary political boundaries), the structure and function of many management schemes is a poor fit with seabird conservation needs. Integrating responsibility across agencies and countries is challenging. Seabirds provide a potential role model for successful management of oceanic resources that can provide a mechanism for conservation of other trans-habitat and trans-boundary species.Key words: Seabirds at sea, strip transect methods, abundance, distribution, species-habitat relationships, community ecology, foraging ecology, ecosystem indicators, seabird conservation, indirect effects
A description of medical conditions in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A follow-up of the 1980s Utah/UCLA Autism Epidemiologic Study

This study describes medical conditions experienced by a population-based cohort of adults with autism spectrum disorder whose significant developmental concerns were apparent during childhood. As part of a 25-year outcome study of autism spectrum disorder in adulthood, medical histories were collected on 92 participants (N = 69 males) who were first ascertained as children in the mid-1980s, 11 of whom were deceased at the time of follow-up. Questionnaires queried medical symptoms, disorders, hospitalizations, surgeries, and medication use. Median age at follow-up was 36 years (range: 23.5–50.5 years), and intellectual disability co-occurred in 62%. The most common medical conditions were seizures, obesity, insomnia, and constipation. The median number of medical conditions per person was 11. Increased medical comorbidity was associated with female gender (p = 0.01) and obesity (p = 0.03), but not intellectual disability (p = 0.79). Adults in this cohort of autism spectrum disorder first ascertained in th...
A model system for the study of gene expression in the undergraduate laboratory

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, otherwise known as the "central dogma" of biology, is one of the most basic and overarching concepts in the biological sciences. Nevertheless, numerous studies have reported student misconceptions at the undergraduate level of this fundamental process of gene expression. This study reports on the efficacy of a model system for teaching gene expression in the undergraduate laboratory. A student-centered investigation of Tgfb1 gene expression in two murine melanoma cell lines was used to emphasize not only the process of gene expression but also various research methods for studying this phenomenon. Traditional RT-PCR, quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and flow cytometry-based in situ hybridization assays were employed to study expression of this immunosuppressive cytokine gene in the highly tumorigenic B16-F1 melanoma cell line and the poorly tumorigenic D5.1G4 melanoma cell line, both at the population and single-cell levels. A pre- and post-laboratory assessment instrument demonstrated the utility of this model system in enhancing student learning both of content related to gene expression and of research methods and data analysis skills. The pedagogical approach described in this study is therefore an effective way to improve the teaching and learning of gene expression at the undergraduate level. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):397-404, 2016.
Mandated Interventions with Drug-Dependent, Pregnant Women

Increased concern about the influence of pregnant women's substance use on fetal health has prompted a variety of actions, including calls for legal interventions against some pregnant women with chronic substance abuse problems. In this paper I examine the legal and social science arguments used to support and oppose these interventions. Several assumptions about the behaviors of pregnant women that are used to support the arguments are described. The types of social science research that could inform the ongoing debate about interventions with pregnant women are explored.
The North American Centropagidae Belonging to the Genera Osphranticum, Limnocalanus, and Epischura

In Article III. of this Bulletin the writer discussed theNorth American species of Diaptomua, and in the present paper, in furtherance of the same purpose, the genera Osphranticum, Limnoealanus, and Epischura are treated.
Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic pooled analysis

OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to define an overall cavernous malformation (CM) hemorrhage rate and risk factors for hemorrhage. METHODS The authors performed a systematic, pooled analysis via the PubMed database through October 2015 using the terms "cavernoma," "cavernous malformation," "natural history," "bleeding," and "hemorrhage." English-language studies providing annual rates and/or risk factors for CM hemorrhage were included. Data extraction, performed independently by the authors, included demographic data, hemorrhage rates, and hemorrhage risk factors. RESULTS Across 12 natural history studies with 1610 patients, the mean age at presentation was 42.7 years old and 52% of patients (95% CI 49%-55%) were female. Presentation modality was seizure in 30% (95% CI 25%-35%), hemorrhage in 26% (95% CI 17%-37%), incidental in 17% (95% CI 9%-31%), and focal deficits only in 16% of cases (95% CI 11%-23%). CM location was lobar in 66% (95% CI 61%-70%), brainstem in 18% (95% CI 13%-24%), deep supratentorial in 8% (95% CI 6%-10%), and cerebellar in 8% (95% CI 5%-11%). Pooling 7 studies that did not assume CM presence since birth, the annual hemorrhage rate was 2.5% per patient-year over 5081.2 patient-years of follow-up (95% CI 1.3%-5.1%). Pooling hazard ratios across 5 studies that evaluated hemorrhage risk factors, prior CM hemorrhage was a significant risk factor for hemorrhage (HR 3.73, 95% CI 1.26-11.1; p = 0.02) while younger age, female sex, deep location, size, multiplicity, and associated developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) were not. CONCLUSIONS Although limited by the heterogeneity of incorporated reports and selection bias, this study found prior hemorrhage to be a significant risk factor for CM bleeding, while age, sex, CM location, size, multiplicity, and associated DVAs were not. Future natural history studies should compound annual hemorrhage rate with prospective seizure and nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit rates.
Pynchon and Cornell Engineering Physics, 1953–54

One of the few established facts about Thomas Pynchon, based on the evidence of his four novels and six short stories, is that somewhere he learned a lot about science. But even this simple declaration immediately invites questions. Where did he learn about science? And, more important, is it science we respond to in reading his work, or the applications of science through engineering and technology? Any attempt to characterize the structure or metaphor of Pynchon's fiction as "scientific" must be shaped by answers to these questions.
The Economics of Workplace Safety

Firms differ in their abilities to reduce or eliminate work-related health hazards. In 1992 workers in construction were almost five times more likely to be injured on the job and seven times more likely to die from an industrial accident than workers in finance, insurance, and real estate.1 Additionally, within each industry some firms exhibit sterling safety records while others consistently have an exorbitant number of injuries. The extreme expense of removing or reducing many work-related health hazards prevents most companies from providing completely safe work environments. After comparing the costs of additional safety to the benefits from reduced injury rates, which include a lower wage premium necessary to attract workers from comparatively safer employment, many firms spend far less on safety than necessary to eliminate all hazards. On the other side of the market, workers must decide whether the additional wages received from relatively high risk jobs compensate for the greater likelihood of injury. Differences in attitudes regarding risk cause some workers to view a given wage premium as sufficient to outweigh the greater chance of an accident, while others view the wage premium as insufficient compensation.
College Students' Health Interests: A Comparison by Ethnicity, Gender, and other Demographic Variables

Abstract Using the social marketing principle of audience segmentation, a random sample of university undergraduate students, stratified by ethnicity, gender, year in school, and undergraduate college, was selected to respond to the College Health Interest Inventory via a telephone survey. This survey assessed level of interest (strong, some, or none) in 35 health topics. Three hundred forty-two students responded to the survey, achieving a response rate of 81.4%. A factor analysis resulted in a seven-factor solution of the 35 health topics: Sexual Health, Physical Health, Relationships, Mental Health, Environmental Health, Alternatives, and Alcohol-Related Issues. Analysis of variance found significant explanatory variables for various factors, including gender, ethnicity, year in school, political ideology, and/or religion. The findings of this study can aid college and university health educators to plan, market, and implement more responsive health education programs and services. Providing health pro...
Abstract 4952: Co-expression of pAKT and MYC is associated with aggressive disease in human prostate cancer

Introduction: AKT and MYC are amongst the most prevalent oncogenes in prostate cancer (PCa). MYC cooperates with activated AKT in pre-clinical, genetically engineered in vivo models accelerating disease progression and increasing resistance to therapy. However, the clinical relevance of phosphoAKT/MYC co-expression in human prostate tumors remains unknown. Experimental Procedures: A prospective cohort (Physicians’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study) of 578 men with PCa with a mean 13-year follow up was used. Protein expression of MYC and phosphoAKT (Serine 473) was characterized by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. pAKT and MYC expression was analyzed using the Cri Vectra/InForm multispectral analysis platform. The InForm software package was trained to segment PCa regions only (i.e., no stromal regions were included in the analysis). We used quantile normalization to adjust for the potential batch effects of protein expression staining across each of the tissue microarrays using the limma package R. The continuous score for pAKT and MYC were divided into quartiles and assigned a value of 1, 2, 3 or 4 for low (1), moderate (2 or 3) and high staining (4). Spearman correlations between pAKT, MYC and the clinico-pathological data were calculated. Results: High pAKT and High MYC were co-expressed in 10% of patients. (Quartile 4). Also 10% were negative or weakly positive for both pAKT and MYC (Quartile 1). Only 3% of the High pAKT patients had weak or no expression of MYC and 4% of High_MYC patients had Low pAKT expression. The majority of patients were distributed in the Quartiles 2 and 3 (73%). Importantly, only High pAKT and High pMYC co-expressors were associated with tumor stage (pT3 or pT4) (p = 0.03), high Gleason Score (p = 0.021) and presence of metastatic disease (p = 0.011). GEP analysis showed that the same patients exhibited up-regulation of genes involved in cell invasion/migration capacity and stromal remodeling. Conclusions: Co-expression of AKT and MYC is associated poor clinical outcome in PCa patients. Gene expression profiling suggest that concomitant activation of AKT and MYC results in the activation of pathways associated with an invasive phenotype. Citation Format: Nelma Pertega-Gomes, Svitlana Tyekucheva, Kathryn Penney, Giorgia Zadra, Lorelei A. Mucci, Massimo Loda. Co-expression of pAKT and MYC is associated with aggressive disease in human prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4952.
Dual-energy compared to single-energy CT in pediatric imaging: a phantom study for DECT clinical guidance.

Dual-energy CT technology is available on scanners from several vendors and offers significant advantages over classic single-energy CT technology in multiple clinical applications. Many studies have detailed dual-energy CT applications in adults and several have evaluated the relative radiation dose performance of dual-energy CT in adult imaging. However, little has been published on dual-energy CT imaging in the pediatric population, and the relative dose performance of dual-energy CT imaging in the pediatric population is not well described. When evaluating dual-energy CT technology for implementation into a routine clinical pediatric imaging practice, the radiation dose implications must be considered, and when comparing relative CT dose performance, image quality must also be evaluated. Therefore the purpose of this study is to develop dual-energy CT scan protocols based on our optimized single-energy scan protocols and compare the dose. We scanned the head, chest and abdomen regions of pediatric-size anthropomorphic phantoms with contrast inserts, using our optimized single-energy clinical imaging protocols on a Siemens Flash® CT scanner. We then scanned the phantoms in dual-energy mode using matching image-quality reference settings. The effective CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) of the scans was used as a surrogate for relative dose in comparing the single- and dual-energy scans. Additionally, we evaluated image quality using visual assessment and contrast-to-noise ratio. Dual-energy CT scans of the head and abdomen were dose-neutral for all three phantoms. Dual-energy CT scans of the chest showed a relative dose increase over the single-energy scan for 1- and 5-year-old child-based age-equivalent phantoms, ranging 11–20%. Quantitative analysis of image quality showed no statistically significant difference in image quality between the single-energy and dual-energy scans. There was no clinically significant difference in image quality by visual assessment. Dual-energy CT is dose-neutral in imaging the head and abdomen in children. It is not dose-neutral in chest imaging of very small children. With a better understanding of the dose consequences of converting single-energy protocols to dual-energy protocols we can begin to implement clinical dual-energy CT and utilize its unique capabilities in pediatric imaging.
Therapeutic Endoscopy Can Be Performed Safely in an Ambulatory Surgical Center: A Multicenter, Prospective Study

Background. Even amongst experienced endoscopists, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) carry a potential risk for complications. These procedures are typically performed in a hospital-based endoscopy unit with general anesthesia. Aims. The goal of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of ERCP and EUS-FNA in an ambulatory surgical center (ASC). Methods. From June to November of 2014, we prospectively enrolled consecutive subjects undergoing ERCP and/or EUS-FNA in an ASC. An anesthesiologist, who was not involved in our study group, screened all subjects prior to their scheduled procedure. In order to monitor for adverse events (AE), all subjects received a telephone call at day 1 and 30 days after procedure. Results. 375 subjects (98 inpatients and 277 from an ASC) were enrolled. In the total population, a high proportion of subjects underwent procedures for neoplasms (21 (23.3%) inpatients versus 44 (17.1%) from an ASC) and for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) (27 (27.5%) versus 48 (17.3%)) and had the American Society for Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥III (75 (76.5%) versus 140 (50.5%)) and high-risk features (17 (17.3%) versus 75 (27.1%)). Overall ERCP-related AE (10 (13.2%) versus 12 (7.5%), p = 0.2), pancreatitis (7 (9.2%) versus 11 (6.9%), p = 0.6), and hemorrhage (3.9% versus 0.6%, p = 0.25) were not different between inpatients and ASC subjects. There was also no difference between inpatients and ASC subjects' EUS-related AE (1 (4.5%) versus 4 (3.4%), p = 0.6), pancreatitis (1 (4.5%) versus 3 (2.6%), p = 0.2), and hemorrhage (0% versus 1 (0.9%), p = 0.9). Conclusions. ERCP and EUS can be performed in a higher risk population under the supervision of anesthesia in ASCs. Overall, the AE are equivalent between inpatients and ASC subjects.