cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The real numbers

To review our progress to date, we have rigorously constructed three fundamental number systems: the natural number system N, the integers Z, and the rationals Q 1. We defined the natural numbers using the five Peano axioms, and postulated that such a number system existed; this is plausible, since the natural numbers correspond to the very intuitive and fundamental notion of sequential counting. Using that number system one could then recursively define addition and multiplication, and verify that they obeyed the usual laws of algebra.
Implications of Multichromophoric Arrays in Organic Photovoltaics

A covalently linked multichromophoric array (BDP-Por) was used as the donor layer in planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with the structure ITO/BDP-Por/C60/BCP/Al (BCP = bathocuproine). BDP-Por is a platinum tetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPBP) core bonded through the phenyl groups to the meso position of four 4,4-difluoro-3,5-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) moieties. The OPV outperforms analogous OPVs that use only the PtTPBP as the donor, predominantly by producing a higher short-circuit current (JSC of 2.5 mA/cm2 vs 4.5 mA/cm2), because of the enhanced absorptivity of the multichromophoric array. The open-circuit voltages (VOC) for PtTPBP- and BDP-Por-based OPVs are both 0.65 V. The system was further investigated by preparing and testing OPVs made from an analogous system with porphyrin and BODIPY components blended into a single homogeneous donor layer that absorbs like the array. It is then found that the mixed system generates the same photocurrent as the array with a sim...
Digging In (Not Digging It): Obsessive Creatures and Sociality

The actual animals in Kafka’s stories are myriad, but in his three late stories—a dog, a badger, “mouse folk”—nonhumans are at first identifiable as animals yet distorted in the course of three equally estranging narratives. The status of the “story” itself is even in doubt in the meticulous investigations these animal narrations produce. And in a famous little fable, Kafka’s cat-and-mouse game is on full display. Animals and humans alike are trapped in a categorical and teleological thinking—proper names, behaviors, and goal-orientation—that result in compulsive talking, digging, smelling and scratching, listening and wondering. Life itself is a habit and a fractured habitus that has always already been shaped and that work and play alike are merely “fit” to.
Natural Composite Systems for Bioinspired Materials

From a relatively limited selection of base materials, nature has steered the development of truly remarkable materials. The simplest and often overlooked organisms have demonstrated the ability to manufacture multi-faceted, molecular-level hierarchical structures that combine mechanical properties rarely seen in synthetic materials. Indeed, these natural composite systems, composed of an array of intricately arranged and functionally relevant organic and inorganic substances serve as inspiration for materials design. A better understanding of these composite systems, specifically at the interface of the hetero-assemblies, would encourage faster development of environmentally friendly “green” materials with molecular level specificities.
Coagulative necrosis: A key MR feature of angioinvasive fungal otomastoiditis

Abstract There is lack of systematic reports of MR imaging characteristics of angioinvasive fungal ear infections. We present a case of angioinvasive necrotizing fungal otomastoiditis in which a confident prospective diagnosis was made on the basis of highly characteristic MRI features of coagulative tissue necrosis. The MR findings prompted urgent surgical debridement and systemic antifungal treatment in a 56-year-old neutropenic patient undergoing chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia.
TrkA is a binding partner of NPM-ALK that promotes the survival of ALK+ T-cell lymphoma.

Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-expressing (NPM-ALK+ ) T-cell lymphoma is an aggressive neoplasm that is more commonly seen in children and young adults. The pathogenesis of NPM-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma is not completely understood. Wild-type ALK is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is physiologically expressed in neural tissues during early stages of human development, which suggests that ALK may interact with neurotrophic factors. The aberrant expression of NPM-ALK results from a translocation between the ALK gene on chromosome 2p23 and the NPM gene on chromosome 5q35. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is the first neurotrophic factor attributed to non-neural functions including cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. These functions are primarily mediated through the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). The expression and role of NGF/TrkA in NPM-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma are not known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TrkA signaling is upregulated and sustains the survival of this lymphoma. Our data illustrate that TrkA and NGF are expressed in five NPM-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma cell lines and TrkA is expressed in 11 of 13 primary lymphoma tumors from patients. In addition, we found evidence to support that NPM-ALK and TrkA functionally interact. A selective TrkA inhibitor induced apoptosis and decreased cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation of NPM-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma cell lines. These effects were associated with downregulation of cell survival regulatory proteins. Similar results were also observed using specific knockdown of TrkA in NPM-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma cells by siRNA. Importantly, the inhibition of TrkA signaling was associated with antitumor effects in vivo, because tumor xenografts in mice regressed and the mice exhibited improved survival. In conclusion, TrkA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NPM-ALK+ T-cell lymphoma, and therefore, targeting TrkA signaling may represent a novel approach to eradicate this aggressive neoplasm.
CHALLENGES TO MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MARKETING POLICIES IN EGYPT

Although many studies discussed Marketing Mix from different areas like (P. Yasanallah ,et al ,2012; ‎Thomas ,2010; Gandolfo, et al. ,2009)‎ ‎but no one discussed it's relation with the political changes so this ‎paper aims to investigate the challenges to multinational companies and its impact on ‎the ‎marketing Mix ‎after ‎Egyptian Revolution.‎ In order to do so, The researcher investigated a field study taking a sample participants of 110 managers and ‎specialists from the ‎studied companies and gave them a questionnaire about the Challenges to ‎multinational companies. It was found a positive and statistically significant relationship ‎between Challenges to multinational companies and its impact on the ‎marketing Mix. So ‎multinational companies should change marketing policies according to political, Economic ‎and Legal changes‏ ‏and the regime in every country they invest in.
Swept-tone stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions: Normative data and methodological considerations.

Stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) are reflection-source emissions, and are the least familiar and perhaps most underutilized otoacoustic emission. Here, normative SFOAE data are presented from a large group of 48 young adults at probe levels from 20 to 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) across a four-octave frequency range to characterize the typical SFOAE and describe recent methodological advances that have made its measurement more efficient. In young-adult ears, SFOAE levels peaked in the low-to-mid frequencies at mean levels of ∼6–7 dB SPL while signal-to-noise ranged from 23 to 34 dB SPL and test-retest reliability was ±4 dB for 90% of the SFOAE data. On average, females had ∼2.5 dB higher SFOAE levels than males. SFOAE input/output functions showed near linear growth at low levels and a compression threshold averaging 35 dB SPL across frequency. SFOAE phase accumulated ∼32–36 cycles across four octaves on average, and showed level effects when converted to group delay: low-level probes produced longer SFOAE delays. A “break” in the normalized SFOAE delay was observed at 1.1 kHz on average, elucidating the location of the putative apical-basal transition. Technical innovations such as the concurrent sweeping of multiple frequency segments, post hoc suppressor decontamination, and a post hoc artifact-rejection technique were tested.Stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) are reflection-source emissions, and are the least familiar and perhaps most underutilized otoacoustic emission. Here, normative SFOAE data are presented from a large group of 48 young adults at probe levels from 20 to 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) across a four-octave frequency range to characterize the typical SFOAE and describe recent methodological advances that have made its measurement more efficient. In young-adult ears, SFOAE levels peaked in the low-to-mid frequencies at mean levels of ∼6–7 dB SPL while signal-to-noise ranged from 23 to 34 dB SPL and test-retest reliability was ±4 dB for 90% of the SFOAE data. On average, females had ∼2.5 dB higher SFOAE levels than males. SFOAE input/output functions showed near linear growth at low levels and a compression threshold averaging 35 dB SPL across frequency. SFOAE phase accumulated ∼32–36 cycles across four octaves on average, and showed level effects when converted to group delay: low-level probe...
Theoretical Studies of Selected Reactions in the Hydrogen-Oxygen System

For a non-collinear polyatomic molecule composed of N atoms, the potential energy surface is a parametric function of (3N-6) internal coordinates. If M calculations are required to specify the energy dependence for one coordinate, M3N-6 calculations would be required to fully specify the surface. Clearly, a full ab initio characterization of a molecular potential energy surface is only possible for systems with few atoms.
Kernspintomographie zur Darstellung laserinduzierter Prostataveränderungen durch ILK

Bei der interstitiellen Laserkoagulation(ILK) der Prostata werden im Gegensatz zu seitlich abstrahlenden Lasersystemen spezielle Lichtleiter im Adenomgewebe der Prostata plaziert (MUSCHTER, 1994). Die zielgerichtete Plazierung der Laserfaser ist dabei entweder auf endoskopisch, transurethralem Wege oder mittels perinealer Prostatapunktion unter Ultraschallkontrolle moglich.
Flashes of light and floaters: an unusual presentation of urothelial carcinoma

A 59-year-old Caucasian woman with multiple sclerosis presented with blurred vision in the right eye, floaters and flashes of light for 2 weeks. She had right-sided optic neuritis which was treated 8 years prior. There was a 20 pack-year smoking history. Examination was remarkable for right-sided temporal field loss and a palpable breast lump. Ophthalmological examination revealed right exudative retinal detachment, with ultrasonography demonstrating a choroidal mass with medium to high internal reflectivity. MRI was significant for a 14 mm intraocular metastasis (figure 1). On further questioning, the patient described haematuria. Urine cytology demonstrated large cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear borders …
Acceleration in Emerging Markets

If it is important to accelerate impact-oriented ventures in places where economies are developed and per capita incomes are high, then it is doubly important to do so in emerging markets. However, the increased need for positive entrepreneurial outcomes in emerging markets is met with amplified shortcomings in these local ecosystems. A large number of the programs identified in Chap. 3 attempt to meet these needs by accelerating early-stage ventures that operate in countries across Africa, Latin America, and Asia. However, it is not yet clear whether the accelerator model, which originated in well-developed entrepreneurial ecosystems, also works in less-developed economies. After using the World Bank classification to organize the EDP ventures into those operating in high-income countries versus emerging markets, the first analysis shows that this latter group actually comprises two sub-groups: those seeking acceleration services in their home countries and those applying to programs run in other countries. The next observations show how these two groups of emerging-market ventures and entrepreneurs differ from their high-income-country counterparts. The chapter closes by showing that the effects of acceleration are still evident, but are somewhat muted, among the two groups of emerging-market ventures.
In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Long Non-coding RNAs MALAT1 and HOTAIR in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Recent studies suggest onco-regulatory roles for two long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), MALAT1 and HOTAIR, in various malignancies; however, these lncRNAs have not been previously examined in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of gastroenteropancreatic origins (GEP-NENs). In this study, we evaluated the expressions and prognostic significance of MALAT1 and HOTAIR in 83 cases of GEP-NENs (60 grade 1, 17 grade 2, and 6 grade 3 tumors) diagnosed during the years 2005–2017. Expression levels of MALAT1 and HOTAIR were digitally quantitated in assembled tissue microarray slides labeled by chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) using InForm 1.4.0 software. We found diffuse nuclear expression of both HOTAIR and MALAT1 in all primary tumors of GEP-NENs with variable intensities. By multivariate model which adjusted for age and histologic grade, high expression of HOTAIR was associated with lower presenting T and M stages and subsequent development of metastases (P < 0.05). MALAT1 expression was associated with presenting T stage and development of metastases (P < 0.05). In summary, MALAT1 and HOTAIR are commonly expressed in GEP-NENs. High expression of either lncRNA showed grade-independent associations with clinically less aggressive disease.
Spectrum Sharing and Privacy: A Research Agenda

The role of expanding spectrum as a contributor to economic growth was highlighted in the National Broadband Plan and in the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology report entitled “Realizing the Full Potential of Government-Held Spectrum to Spur Economic Growth.” Recommendations in the PCAST report include sharing underutilized Federal spectrum and identifying 1,000 MHz of Federal spectrum to create “the first shared-use spectrum superhighways.” To realize this vision, fundamentally new spectrum access technologies will be developed; therefore, it is important to understand security and privacy implications for these possible new designs. Security and privacy become especially critical concerns in light of the increasing prospects of spectrum sharing between federal government systems and non-government systems. The likelihood of such a spectrum-sharing scenario was heightened by the Federal Communications Commission’s notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) for the 3.5 GHz band. The NPRM outlines a geo-location database-driven spectrum sharing scenario where Incumbent Users — namely, federal government, including military, users and fixed satellite service licensees — share spectrum with Secondary Users operating small-cell technologies on an unlicensed basis. Although privacy issues are critical in such a spectrum-sharing scenario, there is little research on those problems. This paper identifies privacy issues and related laws related to geo-location database driven spectrum sharing. It considers the different issues that will arise depending on the basic design choices for the spectrum sharing system; for example, either a government or private entity might maintain a spectrum-sharing database. It analyzes spectrum sharing from the viewpoint of geo location and the evolving expectation of privacy in location information. The paper identifies questions to be addressed in future spectrum sharing design, and suggests areas for increased legal attention.
PS1-61: Implementing CHESS eHealth Breast Cancer Support in Population-based Care

Background/Aims The woman who is newly diagnosed with breast cancer suddenly faces significant new needs. She must learn about her disease and its treatment, cope with emotional distress and interpersonal issues, and make decisions about her treatment, work and family obligations. To answer the need for information and support, an Interactive Cancer Communication Systems (ICCS) called CHESS has been well-researched and validated to provide these women access to integrated information for decision-making, behavior change, and emotional support.
Early Infection Risk Associated with Induction Immunosuppression after Cardiac Transplant in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose For patients with infected left ventricular support devices (LVADs) at the time of cardiac transplant, data on the risk of early infection and the effect of induction immunosuppression on post-transplant outcomes are limited. Methods In this retrospective cohort study from the UNOS database, we identified 9,294 bridge-to-transplant LVAD patients ≥18 years of age who received heart transplants between 2008 and 2018. Using propensity-scoring, 1,497 LVAD patients with device infection at the time of transplant were 1:1 matched to controls without device infection. Proportional hazards models were used to determine the effect of induction immunosuppression on outcomes including death/graft failure, infection, and acute rejection at 2 years post-transplant. Results Compared to patients without device infection, patients with infected LVADs had significantly higher rates of infection at 2 years post-transplant (22.2%, 95% CI 20.0%-24.7% versus 17.9%, 95% CI 15.8%-20.2%, P Conclusion For LVAD patients bridged to cardiac transplant, device infection at the time of transplant is a risk factor for post-transplant infection. However, it should not necessarily be considered a contraindication to receiving induction immunosuppression, which was not associated with increased incidence of adverse post-transplant outcomes.
Advection and Autocatalysis as Organizing Principles for Banded Vegetation Patterns

We motivate and analyze a simple model for the formation of banded vegetation patterns. The model incorporates a minimal number of ingredients for vegetation growth in semiarid landscapes. It allows for comprehensive analysis and sheds new light onto phenomena such as the migration of vegetation bands and the interplay between their upper and lower edges. The key ingredient is the formulation as a closed reaction–diffusion system, thus introducing a conservation law that both allows for analysis and provides ready intuition and understanding through analogies with characteristic speeds of propagation and shock waves.
People Can Improve Their Lives Through Markets

This chapter demonstrates that the market is an arena where individuals can work to improve their lives. People who live in market societies are wealthier, healthier, happier, and better connected than people who live in nonmarket societies. Additionally, these benefits are not only enjoyed by the privileged few in these communities. The least advantaged in market societies are better off than the least advantaged in nonmarket societies and may be better off than the most well-off in some nonmarket societies. This material fact, we argue, is of moral significance.
The Impact of Acoustic Clutter on Large Array Abdominal Imaging

Abdominal imaging suffers from a particularly difficult acoustic environment—targets are located deep and overlying tissue layers with varying properties generate acoustic clutter. Increasing array size can overcome the penetration and lateral resolution problems in ideal conditions, but how the impact of clutter scales with increasing array extent is unknown and may limit the benefits in vivo . Previous ex vivo experimental work showed the promise of large arrays but was technically limited to a length of 6.4 cm and to only partial sampling of the array elements. We present an extension of those studies using the Fullwave simulation tool to create a 10 cm $\times 2$ cm matrix array with full lateral element sampling. We used a numerical model of the abdomen based on the maps of tissue acoustical properties and found that propagation through the modeled abdominal layers generated on average 25.4 ns of aberration and 0.74 cm of reverberation clutter across the array extent. Growing the full aperture from 2 to 10 cm improved contrast by 8.6 dB and contrast-to-noise ratio by 22.9% in addition to significantly improving target resolution. Alternative array strategies that may be useful for implementation—mismatched aperture sizes or a swept synthetic aperture—also produced improved quality with growing aperture size. These results motivate the development of larger diagnostic imaging arrays for the purpose of high-resolution imaging in challenging environments.
Sex Differences in Management and Outcomes of Critical Limb Ischemia in the Medicare Population.

Background: Evidence about sex differences in management and outcomes of critical limb ischemia (CLI) is conflicting. Methods: We identified Fee-For-Service Medicare patients within the 5% enhanced...
Robustness of Reputation Effects under Uncertain Monitoring

I study reputation effects under uncertain monitoring. I examine a repeated game between a long-run player and a series of short-run opponents. The long-run player can either be a strategic type or a commitment type that plays the same action in every period. The modeling innovation is that the short-run player is unsure about the monitoring structure. The uncertainty about the monitoring structure introduces new challenges to reputation building because there may not be a direct relationship between the distribution of signals and the long-run player's strategy. Thus the long-run player may not have the ability to establish a reputation for commitment. I show that, when the short-run players cannot statistically distinguish commitment action from a bad action, the standard reputation results break down. I also provide sufficient conditions under which reputation effects on long-run player’s payoffs can be extended to the current framework. When the commitment payoff is the highest payoff he can get, the conditions can be relaxed.
The influence of exposure to educational science television on U.S. parents’ science explanations to their children

In the current experiment, U.S. parents (N = 141) of children between the ages of 3 and 6 watched one of three versions of a popular educational science television show. Each version varied how sci...
Efficient Management of Scratch-Pad Memories in Deep Learning Accelerators

A prevalent challenge for Deep Learning (DL) accelerators is how they are programmed to sustain utilization without impacting end-user productivity. Little prior effort has been devoted to the effective management of their on-chip Scratch-Pad Memory (SPM) across the DL operations of a Deep Neural Network (DNN). This is especially critical due to trends in complex network topologies and the emergence of eager execution. This work demonstrates that there exists up to a 5.2x performance gap in DL inference to be bridged using SPM management, on a set of image, object and language networks. We propose OnSRAM, a novel SPM management framework integrated with a DL accelerator runtime. OnSRAM has two variants, viz. OnSRAM-Static, which works on static graphs to identify data structures that should be held on-chip based on their properties, and OnSRAM-Eager, which targets an eager execution model (no graph) and uses a speculative scheme to hold/discard data structures. On a prototypical DL accelerator, OnSRAM-Static and OnSRAM-Eager achieve reductions in inference latency (batch size of 1) of 1.02-4.8 x and 1.02-3.1 x, respectively, over a baseline with no SPM management.
A meta-analysis of gRNA library screens enables an improved understanding of the impact of gRNA folding and structural stability on CRISPR-Cas9 activity

CRISPR systems are known to be inhibited by unwanted secondary structures that form within the guide RNA (gRNA). The minimum free energy of predicted secondary structures has been used in prediction algorithms. However, the types of structures as well as the degree to which a predicted structure can inhibit Cas9/gRNA activity is not well characterized. Here we perform a meta-analysis of published CRISPR-Cas9 datasets to better understand the role of secondary structures in inhibiting gRNA activity. We identify two inhibitory structures and provide estimated free energy cutoffs at which they become impactful. Further, we identify the prevalence of these structures in existing datasets. The cutoffs provided help to explain conflicting impacts of free energy values in different datasets as well as providing a guideline for future gRNA designs. HighlightsO_LIClearly define two secondary structures that inhibit CRISPR-Cas9 activity C_LIO_LIProvide free energy calculations and cutoffs at which each structure begins to inhibit activity C_LIO_LIEvaluate impact of these structures in published datasets C_LI
FLEX: fixing flaky tests in machine learning projects by updating assertion bounds

Many machine learning (ML) algorithms are inherently random – multiple executions using the same inputs may produce slightly different results each time. Randomness impacts how developers write tests that check for end-to-end quality of their implementations of these ML algorithms. In particular, selecting the proper thresholds for comparing obtained quality metrics with the reference results is a non-intuitive task, which may lead to flaky test executions. We present FLEX, the first tool for automatically fixing flaky tests due to algorithmic randomness in ML algorithms. FLEX fixes tests that use approximate assertions to compare actual and expected values that represent the quality of the outputs of ML algorithms. We present a technique for systematically identifying the acceptable bound between the actual and expected output quality that also minimizes flakiness. Our technique is based on the Peak Over Threshold method from statistical Extreme Value Theory, which estimates the tail distribution of the output values observed from several runs. Based on the tail distribution, FLEX updates the bound used in the test, or selects the number of test re-runs, based on a desired confidence level. We evaluate FLEX on a corpus of 35 tests collected from the latest versions of 21 ML projects. Overall, FLEX identifies and proposes a fix for 28 tests. We sent 19 pull requests, each fixing one test, to the developers. So far, 9 have been accepted by the developers.
A study on the nitridation of barrier liner contribution to galvanic corrosion of copper bondpad

Galvanic corrosion of copper bondpad is studied with various copper barrier liner compositions in a unbiased highly accelerated stress test (uhast) condition. It is observed that the delamination at the bimetallic interface between the barrier liner and bulk copper has a strong dependence of N/Ta ratio of the liner. The delamination mechanism is explained and attributed to the galvanic corrosion, due to the presence of electrochemical potential difference between the barrier liner and bulk copper, which is shown to be significantly suppressed by increasing the nitrogen content composition of the liner.
Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Bitter Rot of Apple in Kentucky Orchards

Multiple species of Colletotrichum can cause bitter rot disease of apple, but the identities and relative representation of the species causing the disease in Kentucky are unknown. In total, 475 Co...
The value relevance of accounting

Abstract When a story appears in the media reporting `restatements, frauds, and investigations,' how do reported dollar effects relate to value? Declines to about half the pre-event levels are observed, even when the overall market has been increasing significantly. The declines in price (cum dividend) are significantly associated with the amount of the event's effect, as reported in the media, when concurrently controlling for earnings, industry, market, and scalar (book value) effects. The Value Line evaluations of these companies' safety, financial strength, price stability, and technical ranking all deteriorate significantly post-event. Managers evaluating their accounting and controls should consider such consequences.
Business History from the Microeconomic Perspective

In recent years, economists have displayed growing interest in what goes on inside firms. Once they regarded firms as undifferentiated atoms without any internal structure worthy of study. Now, however, they have begun to develop a microeconomic analysis of firms’ internal organization — the particles that make them up, the forces that hold their components together, and the way their internal composition affects their relationship to other atoms. This development is of great potential importance to historians of business, who in recent years have also come to treat the firm in increasingly sophisticated ways. Gains from trade between the two disciplines are now really possible, and our aim in this chapter is to encourage scholars to exchange ideas. We begin by summarizing briefly developments in each field and then devote the bulk of our essay to examples that illustrate how economic theory can illuminate problems in business history and vice versa.
The blood-brain barrier and bilirubin encephalopathy.

1. The pathogenesis of bilirubin encephalopathy is multifactorial, involving the transport of bilirubin or albumin/bilirubin across the blood–brain barrier and delivering bilirubin to target neurons.
Questioning a Juvenile's Capacity for Criminal Liability in Street Gangs Post-J.D.B. v. North Carolina

This article explores how the recent groundswell of acceptance of adolescent neuroscience has manifested in United States Supreme Court cases involving juveniles, and the resultant implications for children accused of gang-related crimes and enhancements. Juvenile gang convictions proliferate, but the foundation of such prosecutions is precariously – and improperly – based. Though varied in title, predicate offenses, and penalties, most state gang legislation contains language requiring offenders to have at least a tacit understanding, or knowledge, that the group’s common purpose is to commit crimes to benefit the gang. However, this mens rea required for anti-gang statutes, combined with the inability to know, without closer analysis, whether juveniles in fact possess such mens rea, creates a conundrum: children make up a significant proportion of gang membership, but yet lack the capacity to be prosecuted under current anti-gang legislation, especially given the new parameters set forth by the United States Supreme Court.
Simulation of I.430 D-channel access protocol

The performance of ISDN systems implemented with the I.430 D-channel access protocol under a wide variety of traffic loads was evaluated. Three complementary approaches, analysis, simulation, and measurement, were used for the performance evaluation. >
From habits to actions: dorsolateral striatum lesions alter the content of learning

Actions are controlled by the expectation of an outcome, whereas habits are elicited by the prevailing stimuli, autonomous of the outcome. In this study, the dorsolateral striatum is shown to be necessary for the formation of a habit. Rats were trained to press a lever under interval schedules, which generated habitual responses in sham operated controls. These rats showed similar response rates whether or not the outcome had been independently made aversive to them In contrast, although rats with dorsolateral striatal lesions acquired the instrumental response, they refrained from responding almost completely after the goal had been devalued. Thus, damage to the dorsolateral striatum prevented habit formation, resulting in goal-directed behavior under conditions which generated habits in normal animals.
The structure of a metal-flavin complex. 10-Methylisoalloxazine silver nitrate.

A crystalline silver nitrate complex of 10-methylisoalloxazine, the aromatic moiety of flavocoenzymes, has been prepared and characterized by x-ray diffraction methods. The red crystals are monoclinic, with symmetry C2/c and unit cell constants a = 10.424 (5) (numbers in parentheses represent the standard deviation in the least significant figures quoted), b = 16.564 (8), c = 16.260 (8) A, β = 116.87 (1)°, z = 8, and ρcalc = 2.06 g per cm3. The structure has been refined to R = 6.5%, using 1432 counter-measured reflections. Each flavin binds to two distinct silver ions. A centrosymmetric square planar silver ion binds 2 flavin molecules fairly strongly through O(4) and N(5); a six-coordinate silver ion lying on a 2-fold axis binds two nitrate groups and the O(2) oxygen atoms of two flavins, and also interacts more weakly with the N(1) nitrogen atoms of the same flavins. The N(3) proton is retained by the flavin, and is hydrogenbonded to nitrate. These results suggest that at least two distinct sites exist for metal-flavin chelation in N(3)-protonated flavins and thus this compound may be a model for the metal-flavin interactions in xanthine oxidase as well as other metalloflavoproteins.
Willing Belief and the Norm of Truth

Bernard Williams has argued that, because belief aims at getting the truth right, it is a conceptual truth that we cannot directly will to believe. Manyothers have adopted Williams’ claim that believers necessarily respect truth-conducive reasons and evidence. By presenting increasingly stronger cases, I argue that, on the contrary, believers can quite consciously disregard the demand for truth-conducive reasons and evidence. The irrationality of those who would directly will to believe is not any greater than that displayed by some actual believers. So, our inability to directly will to believe is a contingent truth (at best).
Dietary Fat Alters HIV Protease Inhibitor–Induced Metabolic Changes in Mice

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI) may alter lipid metabolism in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the influence of dietary fat on the metabolic effects of PI therapy remains unknown. AKR/J mice were fed high or low fat diets and treated with the PI indinavir (IDV), nelfinavir (NFV), saquinavir (SQV) or amprenavir (APV) by subcutaneous delivery for 2 wk. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, free fatty acid, glycerol, pancreatic lipase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen and PI, and interscapular and epididymal fat weights were determined. Some metabolic effects of PI were dependent on diet. IDV- and NFV-treated mice had greater serum glucose concentration and body weight; IDV-treated mice had lower serum insulin; NFV-treated mice had greater interscapular fat mass; and SQV treated mice had lower serum triglyceride concentration than control mice fed the low but not the high fat diet. In contrast, NFV- and IDV-treated mice had greater triglyceride concentration and blood urea nitrogen, and SQV treated mice had greater serum cholesterol than control mice fed the high but not the low fat diet. The serum concentration of SQV was lower in mice fed the high fat compared with the low fat diet. Other effects were not dependent on diet. IDV- and NFV-treated mice had greater fatty acids, and IDV-treated mice had greater pancreatic lipase, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase than control mice fed either diet. APV treatment had little effect on these serum measurements. Thus, changes in dietary fat can influence some but not all of the effects of PI on metabolism. Furthermore, each PI produces different effects in vivo, indicating that various PI affect distinct metabolic pathways.
Phase Behavior and Block Sequence Effects in Lithium Perchlorate-Doped Poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) and Poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers

We compare the phase behavior of a series of lithium perchlorate-doped poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (ISO) and poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-ethylene oxide) (SIO) triblock copolymers. Complete phase diagram isopleths (fI = fS) are described for the lithium-doped ISO system and the previously reported lithium-doped SIO system. We examine the effects of block sequencing on the microstructures present in the doped SIO and ISO diagrams using small-angle X-ray scattering. Three phases were identified in the doped ISO phase diagram isopleth: two-domain lamellae (LAM2), core−shell cylinders (CSC), and three-domain lamellae (LAM3). The order−disorder transition temperatures increase dramatically upon doping and salt loadings up to [O]:[Li] concentrations of 3:1 are accomplished without macrophase separation. The increase in segregation strength in the ISO system upon doping leads to a disappearance of the more geometrically elaborate network phase in favor of the CSC phase as a result of the imbalance in...
Non-volatile memory host controller interface performance analysis in high-performance I/O systems

Emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs), such as Phase-Change Memory (PCM), Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) and Memristor, are very promising candidates for replacing NAND-Flash Solid-State Drives (SSDs) and Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) for many reasons. First, their read/write latencies are orders of magnitude faster. Second, some emerging NVMs, such as memristors, are expected to have very high densities, which allow deploying a much higher capacity without requiring increased physical space. While the percentage of the time taken for data movement over low-speed buses, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), is negligible for the overall read/write latency in HDDs, it could be dominant for emerging fast NVMs. Therefore, the trend has moved toward using very fast interconnect technologies, such as PCI Express (PCIe) which is hundreds of times faster than the traditional PCI. Accordingly, new host controller interfaces are used to communicate with I/O devices to exploit the parallelism and low-latency features of emerging NVMs through high-speed interconnects. In this paper, we investigate the system performance bottlenecks and overhead of using the standard state-of-the-art Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe), or Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface (NVMHCI) Specification [1] as representative for NVM host controller interfaces.
Living donor kidney paired donation transplantation: experience as a founding member center of the National Kidney Registry

Kidney paired donation (KPD) is a safe and effective means of transplantation for transplant candidates with willing but incompatible donors. We report our single-center experience with KPD through participation in the National Kidney Registry. Patient demographics, transplant rates, and clinical outcomes including delayed graft function (DGF), rejection, and survival were analyzed. We also review strategies employed by our center to maximize living donor transplantation through KPD. We entered 44 incompatible donor/recipient pairs into KPD from 9/2007 to 1/2011, enabling 50 transplants. Incompatibility was attributable to blood type (54.4%) and donor-specific sensitization (43.2%). Thirty-six candidates (81.8%) were transplanted after 157 d (median), enabling pre-emptive transplantation in eight patients. Fourteen candidates on the deceased donor waiting list also received transplants. More than 50% of kidneys were received from other transplant centers. DGF occurred in 6%; one-yr rejection rate was 9.1%. One-yr patient and graft survival was 98.0% and 94.8%. KPD involving participation of multiple transplant centers can provide opportunities for transplantation, with potential to expand the donor pool, minimize waiting times, and enable pre-emptive transplantation. Our experience demonstrates promising short-term outcomes; however, longer follow-up is needed to assess the impact of KPD on the shortage of organs available for transplantation.
Combined physical and psychiatric disability: A case study in movement therapy

The use of movement therapy is described in the treatment of a patient with combined physical and psychiatric problems. The patient was blind because of self-mutilation and had acute psychiatric symptomatology, including auditory hallucinations. Movement therapy in individual sessions was a critical intervention for this patient. It helped him deal rapidly with the multiple boundary problems of inside versus outside stimuli. In this case, movement therapy was a pivotal tool which facilitated growth and development. Movement therapy is, therefore, recommended to be used from the beginning of treatment for patients presenting physical and psychiatric problems.
Intraspecific Intrusion at Bald Eagle Nests

Competition for nesting territory has been shown to act as a density-dependent feedback mechanism influencing population growth rate. However, little is known about the nature of territorial interactions between established breeders and floaters. We examined territorial intrusion rates and associated behaviours at active Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus nests in the lower Chesapeake Bay in 2012 and 2013. The average intrusion rate experienced at study nests during the reproductive period was 0.28 ± 0.32 intrusions/h. Variance in intrusion rate was high and there was no apparent predictive pattern to these events. Juvenile intrusions occurred closer to the nest than adult intrusions, and breeders showed higher response rates toward adults, with 78% of adult intruders eliciting a response compared to 47% of juveniles. Breeding adults responded to intruders significantly more often and more aggressively when in the presence of their mate. Further research is necessary to broadly describe the relationship ...
a-Si alloy three-stacked solar cells with high stabilized-efficiency

Abstract a-Si alloy three-stacked solar cells have been studied to improve the stabilized efficiency of a-Si: H based solar cells. Based on the analysis by the individual characterization method of the component cells in stacked type cells, the a-Si :H middle cell was replaced with an a-SiGe :H cell. Furthermore, the optical confinement technology was improved to obtain a high-output current with thin i-layer thickness in the a-SiGe :H bottom cell. By this device design, the initial conversion efficiency was improved up to 12.4% and more than a 10% stabilized efficiency was obtained in a-SiC :H/a-SiGe :H/a-SiGe :H three-stacked cells. These cell characteristics were confirmed by measurements at the JQA Organization (the former JMI Institute).
Low-temperature constant energy synchronous luminescence spectroscopy

Abstract Constant energy synchronous luminescence spectroscopy is extended to low temperature conditions for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Low-temperature constant energy synchronous luminescence spectroscopy implements a constant energy difference between monochromators as each is scanned through the spectral region of interest. The major advantage of this development is the optimization of parameter selection used in each determination. While this investigation was performed at 77 K, theoretical considerations are extended to 4 K conditions. Application to multicomponent samples is also demonstrated.
Pay-For-Performance Schemes That Use Patient And Provider Categories Would Reduce Payment Disparities

Providers that care for disproportionate numbers of disadvantaged patients tend to perform less well than other providers on quality measures commonly used in pay-for-performance programs. This can lead to the undesired effect of redistributing resources away from providers that most need them to improve care. We present a new pay-for-performance scheme that retains the motivational aspects of standard incentive designs while avoiding undesired effects. We tested an alternative incentive payment approach that started with a standard incentive payment allocation but then “post-adjusted” provider payments using predefined patient or provider characteristics. We evaluated whether such an approach would mitigate the negative effects of redistributions of payments across provider organizations in California with disparate patient populations. The post-adjustment approach nearly doubled payments to disadvantaged provider organizations and greatly reduced payment differentials across provider organizations accor...
Position control of a brushless DC motor without velocity measurements

The paper presents a rotor position-velocity tracking controller for a brushless DC motor-load system without velocity measurement. An 'observed integrator backstepping' procedure and a nonlinear rotor velocity observer are utilised to design a nonlinear tracking controller which guarantees globally exponentially stable position-velocity tracking. The proposed controller is successfully implemented on a brushless DC motor-load system.
Abstract 1561: Guaiacol glyceryl ether, a novel agent to reduce MUC1 expression in breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose: The overexpression and loss of polarity of Mucin1 (MUC1) has been documented in aggressive breast cancer. We have identified guaifenesin as a novel treatment to reduce or eliminate MUC1 expression on human breast cancer cells. Methods: MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells were grown for 48 hours in varying concentrations of guaifenesin to determine if a dose dependent effect on MUC1 protein expression resulted with treatment. In addition, cells were also harvested, RNA isolated, reverse transcribed and PCR was performed using ABI quantitative real time PCR machine. In another set of experiments, MCF-7 cells were plated and grown for 72 hours in the absence or presence of 12.5 mM guaifenesin and the cells were harvested and stained with propidium iodine for analysis by flow cytometry. The Cell-Titer Glo assay was performed on MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells incubated for 48 hours in the presence of guaifenesin at varying concentrations and the LD50 was determined. In a final set of experiments, MCF-7 cells, incubated in the presence or absence of guaifenesin, were analyzed for their ability to migrate /proliferate in vitro by using a standard scratch assay. For in vivo studies ovarectomized female nude mice were injected with MCF-7-luciferase tagged cells into the mammary fat pad 24 hours after an estrogen pellet was implanted into the right flank. Treatment (vehicle or 400 mg/kg/daily) was initiated after 10 days and tumor growth was monitored through Kodak imaging system. Six weeks after the treatment tumors were isolated, measured and processed for immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of MUC1, TUNEL and CD31. Results: Initially, MUC1 gene expression was confirmed in MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell lines. Following confirmation, the LD50 was determined to be 12.5 mM. MUC1 gene expression was successfully decreased in a dose-dependent manner in both MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cell lines when treated with guaifenesin. When MCF-7 cells are treated with 12.5mM guaifenesin, G1 arrest occurs within 24 hours and by 72 hours, 94.2% of cells are in G1 compared to 76.2% in control (drug free) conditions. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the ability of guaifenesin treated MCF-7 cells to migrate into the scratch compared to the control (untreated) cells. In vivo studies revealed that guaifenesin significantly decreased the breast tumor weight and volume which was associated with a low expression of MUC1 in tumor sections as evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: These findings suggest that guaifenesin may provide a novel approach to inhibit breast cancer growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1561.