cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Utility of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Discriminating Among DSM-IV ADHD Subtypes

The objective of the current study was to evaluate how the inclusion of 3 Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnostic criteria influences the external validity of the ADHD subtypes. The sample comprised 228 children (166 boys, 62 girls) ranging in age from 5-18 years who were referred to clinics for attentional, behavioral, and/or learning problems and diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD (124 Combined type, 81 Inattentive type, 23 Hyperactive-Impulsive type). Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms were obtained using the Emory Combined Rating Scale (ECRS), which assesses symptoms of the common DSM-IV childhood psychiatric disorders. Regression analyses incorporating planned comparisons were conducted to examine how the inclusion of SCT symptoms affects differences among ADHD subtypes on several external validity indicators (i.e., gender, age-of-onset, and overlapping conditions). The regression analyses did not yield any significant differences in gender ratios, mean age-The objective of the current study was to evaluate how the inclusion of 3 Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnostic criteria influences the external validity of the ADHD subtypes. The sample comprised 228 children (166 boys, 62 girls) ranging in age from 5-18 years who were referred to clinics for attentional, behavioral, and/or learning problems and diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD (124 Combined type, 81 Inattentive type, 23 Hyperactive-Impulsive type). Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms were obtained using the Emory Combined Rating Scale (ECRS), which assesses symptoms of the common DSM-IV childhood psychiatric disorders. Regression analyses incorporating planned comparisons were conducted to examine how the inclusion of SCT symptoms affects differences among ADHD subtypes on several external validity indicators (i.e., gender, age-of-onset, and overlapping conditions). The regression analyses did not yield any significant differences in gender ratios, mean age-of- onset, or overlapping externalizing or internalizing problems when the ADHD Inattentive type was subdivided into high- versus low-SCT groups. In conclusion, the current results suggest that the inclusion of parent-reported SCT symptoms in the ADHD diagnostic criteria has limited utility for isolating diagnostically meaningful subgroups of the Inattentive type or for enhancing the external validity of the ADHD subtypes in clinic-referred samples.
Von Patmos nach Bayreuth: Apokalyptik und Androgynität in Richard Wagners Parsifal

In jener “dunkeln Grotte” geistig einzukehren, in welcher der Apokalyptiker Johannes vor rund zwei Jahrtausenden seine lichtvollen Visionen empfing, und dort dem Mysterium der “nahen und doch so schwer zu fassenden” Gottheit mit Kunstlersinnen nachzuspuren; danach verlangte nicht nur Holderlin, danach strebten auch viele andere bedeutende Geister des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Von einem, vielleicht einem unvermuteten dieser asthetischen Patmos-Pilger, von Richard Wagner, soll in der vorliegenden Untersuchung die Rede sein. Wagner lies sich in seinem letztem Musikdrama Parsifal in so nachhaltiger Weise von Bildern und Ideen aus der Johannesoffenbarung inspirieren, dass sein Buhnenweihfestspiel und die Art seiner Zelebrierung im Kunsttempel von Bayreuth in vieler Hinsicht als eine Art modernen apokalyptischen Einweihungstheaters aufgefasst werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Konzeption, in welchem Wagner den Geist des antiken Mysterienwesens eine neuzeitlich-theatralische Reinkarnation erfahren lasst, spielt der ungeschlechtliche bzw. ubergeschlechtliche Held Parsifal als Signifikant eines neuen, durch asthetisch vermittelte Initiation “ganz” gewordenen Menschen eine bedeutsame Rolle. So kommt ein weiterer Begriff ins Spiel, den man nicht ohne weiteres mit Wagners opus ultimum verbindet, namlich der des Androgynen. “Apokalyptik” und “Androgynitat” verbinden sich im Parsifal auf eine Weise, in welcher das eine Begriffsfeld nicht vom andern zu trennen ist. Der Androgyn ist die theatralische Inkarnation von Wagners Vision
Oral manifestations of the Rieger syndrome: report of case

This rare, autosomal syndrome and its effects on the dentition are discussed with advice about early recognition.
Mentoring for protégé character development

As role models, mentors serve as moral exemplars to their proteges. Yet, since the mentoring literature gives scant attention to the mentor's role in protege moral education, mentors are largely unwitting participants in this process. Grounded in research from moral psychology and philosophy, this article provides guidance to mentors who want to be more intentional about the process of protege character development. Based upon a theoretical analysis, eight propositions are offered regarding ways mentors can help their proteges form character as an integrated system of motivation, emotion, knowledge and cognition through experience, reflection, and inspiration.
I am not a Crook: Effects of Denials on Perceptions of a Defendant's Guilt, Personality, and Motives

Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of a defendant's overinformative denials (i.e., denials not prompted by an accusation or specific request) in a courtroom trial. Subjects read the testimony of a defendant who either did or did not deny several negative propositions (Study I) or whose denials either were or were not in response to the prosecutor's questions (Study 2). The denials had little effect on subjects' beliefs regarding the denied propositions. However, the defendant who provided the overinformative denials was perceived as being less trustworthy, more nervous, more concerned with presenting a positive image, and more likely to believe that others believed the negative propositions. Subjects who read the testimony of this defendant also generated more negative and fewer positive thoughts, and they perceived the defendant as being more guilty. The results illustrate the importance of the conversational context for determining the pragmatic meaning of a speaker's remarks.
Revivals, damping, and coherence times of atomic wave packets in optical lattices

We present a study of the time evolution of wave packets excited in optical lattices. Our model shows that, after a sudden change of the potential well depth, a breathing oscillation is created, in agreement with recently performed experiments. We predict that this motional wave packet should subsequently collapse and revive, with a rich intermediate structure comprised of fractional revivals. Moreover, we estimate the rate of damping of the oscillations due to the interaction of the atoms with light and other experimental constraints.
Host genetic control of symbiosis in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Genes controlling nitrogen-fixing symbioses of legumes with specialized bacteria known as rhizobia are presumably the products of many millions of years of evolution. Different adaptative solutions evolved in response to the challenge of survival in highly divergent complexes of symbionts. Whereas efficiency of nitrogen fixation appears to be controlled by quantitative inheritance, genes controlling nodulation are qualitatively inherited. Genes controlling nodulation include those for non-nodulation, those that restrict certain microsymbionts, and those conditioning hypernodulation, or supernodulation. Some genes are naturally occurring polymorphisms, while others were induced or were the result of spontaneous mutations. The geographic patterns of particular alleles indicate the role of coevolution in determining symbiont specificities and compatibilities. For example, the Rj4 allele occurs with higher frequency (over 50%) among the soybean (G. max) from Southeast Asia. DNA homology studies of strains of Bradyrhizobium that nodulate soybean indicated two groups so distinct as to warrant classification as two species. Strains producing rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis occur only in Group II, now classified as B. elkanii. Unlike B. japonicum, B. elkanii strains are characterized by (1) the ability to nodulate the rjl genotype, (2) the formation of nodule-like structures on peanut, (3) a relatively high degree of ex planta nitrogenase activity, (4) distinct extracellular polysaccharide composition, (5) distinct fatty acid composition, (6) distinct antibiotic resistance profiles, and (7) low DNA homology with B. japonicum. Analysis with soybean lines near isogenic for the Rj4 versus rj4 alleles indicated that the Rj4 allele excludes a high proportion of B. elkanii strains and certain strains of B. japonicum such as strain USDA62 and three serogroup 123 strains. These groups, relatively inefficient in nitrogen fixation with soybean, tend to predominate in soybean nodules from many US soils. The Rj4 allele, the most common allelic form in the wild species, has a positive value for the host plants in protecting them from nodulation by rhizobia poorly adapted for symbiosis.
A ballistic mission to fly by Comet Halley

The paper describes the available options, ballistic trajectory opportunities, and a preliminary reference trajectory that were selected as a basis for spacecraft design studies and programmatic planning for a Halley ballistic intercept mission in 1986. The paper also presents trajectory, performance, and navigation data which support the preliminary selection.
Cyclization of ylidenemalononitriles. X. Synthesis of benzazapropellane derivatives from α-Cyano-β-chloroalkylcinnamonitriles†

The reaction of nucleophilic and non-nucleophilic bases wtih 2-carbamoyl-3-(γ-chloropropyl)-1-indenone (5) have been investigated. Condensation of γ-chlorobutyrophenone with malono-nitrile afforded α-cyano-β-(3-ehloropropyl)cinnamonitrile which was cyclized in concentrated sulfurie acid to produce 5. Two other products obtained from the cyclization reaction were 2-carbamoyl-3-(γ-ehloropropylidene)-1-indanone (4) and α-carbamoyl-β-(3-chloropropyl)cinnam-amide. Treatment of a solution of 4 in ethyl acetate with piperidine resulted in cyclization of the γ-chloropropyl side chain to give 2-carbamoyl-3-cycIopropyl-1-indanone. The same compound was obtained in improved yield by the treatment of 4 or 5 with sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction of dirnethylamine with 5 in benzene gave initial Michael addition of the amine followed by internal alkylation of the carbanion so formed to yield 3a-dimethylamino-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydro-8-oxoeyclopent[a]indene-8a(lH)earboxamide (7a). Similarly addition of ammonia, pyrrolidine, piperidine, benzenethiol, p-toluenethiol, 2-naphthalenethiol and nitromethane to the indenone I gave respective analogs of type 7. Treatment of 5 with sodium cyanide in aqueous t-butyl alcohol resulted in a similar Michael addition followed by internal alkylation. In addition, cyclization between the nitrile and the carbamoyl functions occurred in the same step to give 2-oxo-4-imino-7,8-benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]-propellan-6-one (13a). Hydrolysis of the iminopyrrolido ring in 13a to the corresponding suecin-irnide gave 2,4-dioxo-7,8-benzo-3-aza[3.3.3]propellan-6-one (13b). Reaction of 13b with methyl iodide, allyl bromide, benzyl bromide, and diethyluminoethyl chloride afforded the corresponding N-alkylated products. A similar sequence starling with δ-ehlorovalerophenone led to 5,6-fused ring systems, including a [4.3.3]propellane. 2,9-Dioxo-4-methyl-7,8-benzo-3-aza[4.3.3]propell-4-ene was obtained by the reaction of 5 with acetone in dilute alkali.
Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background & Aims: Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) are used in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease to reduce disease activity, maintain remission, prevent relapse, and lower corticosteroid dosage, but their long-term side effects remain to be studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety of AZA and 6-MP and steroid reduction in this age group. Methods: The investigators' database identified 118 patients who received either drug; 23 were excluded (single visit, noncompliance, or therapy Results: AZA or 6-MP was tolerated in 51 of 95 patients (54%) without adverse reaction; 27 of 95 (28%) experienced side effects that responded to dose reduction (23 patients) or spontaneously (4 patients), most commonly increased aminotransferase level (13.7%). Cessation of therapy was needed in 17 of 95 patients (18%), including recurrent fever (4), pancreatitis (4), gastrointestinal intolerance (4), and recurrent infections (3). Mean prednisone dose decreased from 24.3 to 8.6 mg/day. Conclusions: AZA and 6-MP were well tolerated in 82% of patients; of these, prednisone reduction occurred in 87%. However, 18% required discontinuation because of hypersensitivity or infectious side effects. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:813-821
OSTEOID OSTEOMA-OSTEOBLASTOMA

In view of the clinical and pathological similarities, osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma can be considered variants of one benign osteoblastic process. We suggest classifying these lesions according to their location in the bone, for that location determines the nature of reaction evoked. For lesions arising within compacta, we suggest the name cortical osteoblastoma (synonymous with osteoid osteoma). For lesions arising in the spongiosa, we propose the term spongious osteoblastoma (synonymous with benign osteoblastoma). A series of 24 cases is reviewed. Eleven were of the cortical type, characterized by a striking perifocal bone reaction with nidus size averaging 1.3 cm. Thirteen were classified as a spongious osteoblastoma, with slight or no perifocal bony reaction. Frequently the nidus showed calcification and a thin ring of sclerotic-appearing trabeculae. The nidus size averaged 2.5 cm. The cortical type was more frequent in the diaphysis of long bones while the spongious type was more common in the spine, metaphyses, and short bones. Cancer 33:1075-1081,1974. N 1935, JAFFE~~ DESCRIBED A NEWLY RECOGI nized bone lesion, occurring in both spongy and cortical bone, which he named “osteoid osteoma.” In 1954, Dahlin and Johnson4 called attention to an uncommon benign bone tumor that they called “giant osteoid osteoma,” involving cancellous or medullary bone, large in size and often eccentrically located within the medullary cavity. Those arising in long bones were associated with considerable cortical thickening. They remarked on the histologic similarities between this lesion and the secalled osteoid osteoma. These authors differentiated the two lesions according to size, tendency to erode through the cortex, the presence of striking bony sclerosis, and the associated histologic patterns. Jaffel3 and LichtensteinZ2 in 1956 independently proposed the term “benign osteoblastoma” for a rather vascular, osteoid- and boneforming lesion. In discussing the differential diagnosis, Jaffe stated: “There can be no doubt that the histologic tissue pattern of the benign osteoblastoma bears a certain similarity to that of the osteoid osteoma. The only
Two cases of fatal atlantoaxial distraction injury without fracture or rotation

Atlantoaxial injuries, regardless of mechanism, typically result in bony injury. We present two unusual cases of fatal traumatic C-1-C-2 distraction without associated fracture or rotation. The ligamentous anatomy, common underlying structural/medical predispositions, and the possible mechanism of injury are discussed.
Resampling dependent concordance correlation coefficients.

The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is a popular index for measuring the reproducibility of continuous variables. We examine two resampling approaches, permutation testing and the bootstrap, for conducting hypothesis tests on dependent CCCs obtained from the same sample. Resampling methods are flexible, require minimal marginal and joint distributional assumptions, and do not rely on large sample theory. However, the permutation test requires a restrictive assumption (exchangeability) which limits its applicability in this situation. Simulation results indicate that inference based on the bootstrap is valid, although type-I error rates are inflated for small sample sizes (≈30). For illustration we analyze data from a carotid stenosis screening study.
Multiple Nuclear Disintegrations Induced by 100-Mev X-Rays

Multiple nuclear disintegrations have been observed in light and heavy nuclei irradiated with high energy x-rays generated by a 100-Mev betatron. 1500 photographs taken with a 12" cloud chamber filled with air have yielded 105 single protons of energies up to 9 Mev, 7 "flag" tracks showing a proton or alpha particle and a heavy recoil nucleus, and 3 four-particle "stars," in two of which one alpha-particle, two protons, and a recoil nucleus can be identified. At least one neutron must accompany the observed particles in each multiple track to satisfy the momentum conservation law. In one star, a particle which may be of intermediate mass is observed as one of the disintegration products. No recoil protons in hydrogen were observed in 150 photographs, indicating that fast neutrons are not present in sufficient intensity to cause the observed disintegrations. Identification of residual nuclei by measurement of the half-lives of radioactivity induced in irradiated samples has revealed many multiple disintegration processes. Strong activities were observed from ($\ensuremath{\gamma},p$) and ($\ensuremath{\gamma},2n$) reactions, moderately strong activities from ($\ensuremath{\gamma},pn$), ($\ensuremath{\gamma},2p$), and ($\ensuremath{\gamma},2\mathrm{pn}$). The reactions ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$ ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}(\ensuremath{\gamma},p){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}(\ensuremath{\gamma},pn){\mathrm{Tl}}^{204}$ have been established by chemical and beta-decay evidence. Weak activities were observed which could be attributed to ($\ensuremath{\gamma},p2n$), ($\ensuremath{\gamma},3\mathrm{pn}$), and ($\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\alpha}n$) or ($\ensuremath{\gamma},2p3n$). Moderately strong activities in Al and P suggest the possibility of a nuclear process induced by quanta involving the loss of charge without change of mass.
Altered retinoid uptake and action contributes to cell survival in endometriosis

Context: Retinoic acid (RA) controls multiple biological processes via exerting opposing effects on cell survival. Retinol uptake into cells is controlled by stimulated by RA 6 (STRA6). RA is then produced from retinol in the cytosol. Partitioning of RA between the nuclear receptors RA receptor α and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor β/δ is regulated by cytosol-to-nuclear shuttling proteins cellular RA binding protein 2 (CRABP2) and fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5), which induce apoptosis or enhance survival, respectively. The roles of these mechanisms in endometrium or endometriosis remain unknown. Objective: The aim was to determine the regulation of retinoid uptake and RA action in primary stromal cells from endometrium (n = 10) or endometriosis (n = 10). Results: Progesterone receptor was necessary for high STRA6 and CRABP2 expression in endometrial stromal cells. STRA6, which was responsible for labeled retinoid uptake, was strikingly lower in endometriotic cells compared to endometrial cells. CRABP2 knockdown in endometrial cells increased survival, and FABP5 knockdown in endometriotic cells decreased survival without altering the expression of downstream nuclear retinoic acid receptor α and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor β/δ. Conclusions: In endometrial stromal cells, progesterone receptor up-regulates expression of STRA6 and CRABP2, which control retinol uptake and growth-suppressor actions of RA. In endometriotic stromal cells, decreased expression of these genes leads to decreased retinol uptake and dominant FABP5-mediated prosurvival activity.
CD47, a Ligand for the Macrophage Fusion Receptor, Participates in Macrophage Multinucleation

The macrophage fusion receptor (MFR), also called P84/BIT/SIRPalpha/SHPS-1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the superfamily of immunoglobulins. Previously, we showed that MFR expression is highly induced at the onset of fusion in macrophages, and that MFR appears to play a role in macrophage-macrophage adhesion/fusion leading to multinucleation. The recent finding that IAP/CD47 acts as a ligand for MFR led us to hypothesize that it interacts with CD47 at the onset of cell-cell fusion. CD47 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which, like MFR, belongs to the superfamily of immunoglobulins. We show that macrophages express the hemopoietic form of CD47, the expression of which is induced at the onset of fusion, but to a lower level than MFR. A glutathione S-transferase CD47 fusion protein engineered to contain the extracellular domain of CD47, binds macrophages, associates with MFR, and prevents multinucleation. CD47 and MFR associate via their amino-terminal immunoglobulin variable domain. Of the nine monoclonal antibodies raised against the extracellular domain of CD47, three block fusion, as well as MFR-CD47 interaction, whereas the others have no effect. Together, these data suggest that CD47 is involved in macrophage multinucleation by virtue of interacting with MFR during adhesion/fusion.
Simulation-based architectural design and implementation of a real-time collaborative editing system

Real-time collaborative editing systems allow multiple users to synchronously edit a shared document in a geographically-distributed environment. In order to maintain high responsiveness, a distributed copy model is used wherein each user maintains a local copy of the shared document; as a result, techniques such as Operation Transformation (OT) are employed to ensure consistency among the copies; but OT is costly with regard to computation and communication. We have previously developed a distributed architecture and associated algorithms that dynamically lock sections of a document such that users are able to retain a high level of responsiveness within the system while reducing the computation and communication costs. However, a key limitation has been locking out all contending users except one for the smallest indivisible subsection, resulting in scenarios with significant lock request failures. This study expands our work by examining how OT may be integrated into our dynamic locking algorithms such that all users are always able to edit their copy of the document while avoiding costly global messaging. We present an overview of our updated architecture and algorithms, show how they have been simulated using the DEVSJAVA package at the client and server, and then demonstrate the efficiencies achieved by our approach relative to existing OT algorithms. In scenarios featuring clustered editing, large document, and a large number of users, our system incurs up to 80% less communication cost than existing pure OT systems. Additionally, we discuss how our simulation design process has allowed us to first simulate both client and server and then begin progress to a functional implementation of both client and server technologies - better achieving an efficient implementation of our algorithms and ideas based upon our empirical simulation results.
Left anterior descending artery length and coronary atherosclerosis in apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo/stress induced cardiomyopathy)

Abstract Background A proposed etiology of apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is a spontaneously aborted anterior myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with a long "wrap around" left anterior descending artery (LAD) rather than it being a unique cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patients with ABS have a higher frequency of "wrap around" LAD. Methods A retrospective analysis of the coronary anatomy and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) by angiography was performed among 97 ABS patients, and compared to a matched control group with anterior ST-elevation MI. LAD length was graded: type 1 – does not supply the left ventricular (LV) apex, type 2 – the LAD and right coronary both supply the apex, type 3 – supplies the entire apex, and type 4 – supplies the apex and >25% of the inferior wall (wrap around). Results ABS patients had lower ejection fractions at presentation (41%±14% vs 47%±13%, p =0.001). There was no difference in the frequency of the 4 types of LAD between ABS (7%, 11%, 55%, 27%) and controls (3%, 13%, 51%, 33%), p =0.45. In ABS, there was no difference in the mean LV ejection fraction (32.7%, 38.8%, 42.9%, 41.1%, respectively, p =0.39), or wall motion score index at presentation in the 4 LAD groups. The prevalence of angiographic CAD in ABS was 84%. Conclusions ABS patients do not have a higher frequency of "wrap around" LAD. This fact, together with a greater magnitude of LV dysfunction at presentation, supports that cardiomyopathy is not due to spontaneously aborted anterior MI.
An improved method of gradient elution chromatography and its application to the separation of urinary ketosteroids.

Abstract A new method of gradient elution analysis is described in detail and its efficiency examined both theoretically and with the help of experimental data. The method has been used in particular for the routine chromatographic analysis of urinary ketosteroids. The details of the gradient are described and illustrative chromatograms shown. The possibility of applying the method in a given case is examined with special reference to the factors influencing resolution.
Correlated inter-grain switching in polycrystalline ferroelectric thin films

Ferroelectric domain switching within individual nanoscale grains of a 100 nm thick polycrystalline PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 thin film has been shown to depend on the relative crystallographic orientation of the adjacent grains. Using Piezoresponse Force Microscopy, the significance of local microstructure on the domain switching was demonstrated. Different regions within grains show different coercive fields under the same external electric field. In addition, neighboring grains also show a collective switching pattern, facilitating/suppressing switching on both sides of the grain boundaries compared to the center of the grain. These experimental observations were supported by numerical simulation demonstrating that changing the crystallographic orientation of a grain affects the switching loop of the neighboring grains. Based on both experimental and numerical simulation, the conclusion can be made that microstructural modulation of the local electric and stress field can significantly affect individual grain switching in polycrystalline thin films.
Modeling of chemical nonequilibrium effects in a charring ablator

Charring ablators remain the premium choice for space exploration missions that involve atmospheric re-entry. These type of ablative material are composed of a carbon matrix, usually made of fibers, which is then impregnated with a resin. During re-entry, the high heat flux produced by convective heating causes the material to chemically react. First, the resin pyrolyzes, and is vaporized into a gas that travels through the material, and is eventually ejected at the surface. Since the composition of the gas at the surface greatly affects the heat flux, and therefore the surface temperature, it is thus important to be able to accurately predict its composition. When the temperature becomes high enough, the surface of the ablator also vaporizes. That phenomenon is of much concern when sizing Thermal Protection Systems (TPS): for instance, if the recession is severe, the shape of the vehicle could be altered, as would be the aerodynamics properties. The research presented here demonstrates two physical models that have been integrated into a material response code that aims at predicting surface recession more accurately. First, a non-equilibrium homogeneous chemistry approach for the pyrolysis gas is presented, and results obtained using a legacy finite-rate chemistry model is reported. Although it is clear that such an approach is necessary, the lack of an appropriate chemistry model prevents that feature from giving meaningful results. Then, a volume-averaged fiber-scale oxidation model is presented, based on the one previously developed by Lachaud et al. The present model, however, solves the momentum equation as well as the energy equation. Results based on a series of experimental test cases are presented.
Coordinate transcription of variant surface glycoprotein genes and an expression site associated gene family in Trypanosoma brucei.

Summary Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes are activated either by duplicative (DA) transposition of the gene to a pre-activated expression site or by nonduplicative (NDA) activation of a previously silent telomeric gene. We have obtained a recombinant clone spanning the 5' barren region of the expression linked copy of the duplicated VSG gene 117a. By DNA sequence and hybridization analyses we have identified a pleomorphic family of 14–25 non-VSG genes that lie upstream of both DA and NDA VSG expression sites. These expression site associated genes (ESAGs) encode 1.2 kb poly(A) + mRNAs that are specifically transcribed from the active VSG expression telomere in mammalian bloodstream stages of T. brucei but, in common with VSG genes, are not transcribed in procyclic culture forms. cDNA and genomic sequences predict open reading frames that are conserved in the two ESAGs examined.
First principles determination of the structure and elasticity of hydrous ringwoodite

[1] The mechanism by which hydrogen is incorporated in ringwoodite affects the density, composition, and elasticity of the mineral, with implications on the seismic velocities of Earth's transition zone. This study uses density functional theory to calculate the structure, elasticity, and energetics of each of three possible defect mechanisms for the incorporation of hydrogen in ringwoodite. Relative energetics of the defects predict that the three defects exist in ratios of 64:10:25 for the VMg″ + 2H**, MgSi″ + 2H**, and VSi″″ + 4H**** defects, respectively. Results of a least squares fit to existing experimental data on hydrous ringwoodite produce a best fit model, including each of the three defects in ratios of 75:11:14. Therefore 51–66% of the hydrogen in hydrous ringwoodite is associated with VMg″ defects, 8–10% is associated with MgSi″ defects, and 24–41% is associated with VSi″″ defects. One wt % H2O decreases seismic wave velocities by an amount equivalent to ∼200–350 K temperature increase. The seismic parameter dlnvs/dlnvp owing to hydration is twice that owing to temperature and reduces the impedance contrast at the 520 km boundary, allowing for the separation of the effects of water and temperature in the lower transition zone.
Copyright Renewal for Libraries: Seven Steps Toward a User-Friendly Law

Copyright law is a source of a great deal of bewilderment and frustration to academic librarians. Beyond the basics of copyright protection and fair use, most librarians struggle to grasp the complexity of the law and the roadblocks it presents to access and use. This article attempts to elucidate some of those complexities by suggesting seven steps toward copyright reform that would make the law more useful for libraries. These suggestions address such issues as the predictability of the application of copyright law, specific exceptions for libraries, and ways to ensure that more copyrights remain in the hands of authors.
Cryptosporidium xiaoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in sheep (Ovis aries).

Abstract A new species, Cryptosporidium xiaoi, is described from sheep. Oocysts of C. xiaoi, previously identified as the Cryptosporidium bovis-like genotype or as C. bovis from sheep in Spain, Tunisia, United Kingdom, and the United States are recorded as such in GenBank ( EU408314 – EU408317 , EU327318 – EU327320 , EF362478 , EF514234 , DQ991389 , and EF158461 ). Oocysts obtained from naturally infected sheep were infectious for a lamb and oocysts from that lamb were infectious for three other lambs. The prepatent period for C. xiaoi in these four Cryptosporidium-naive lambs was 7–8 days and the patent period was 13–15 days. Oocysts are similar to those of C. bovis but slightly smaller, measuring 2.94–4.41 μm × 2.94–4.41 μm (mean = 3.94 μm × 3.44 μm) with a length/width shape index of 1.15 (n = 25). Oocysts of C. xioai were not infectious for BALB/c mice, Bos taurus calves, or Capra aegagrus hircus kids. Fragments of the SSU-rDNA, HSP-70, and actin genes were amplified by PCR, purified, and PCR products were sequenced. The new species was distinct from all other Cryptosporidium species as demonstrated by multi-locus analysis of the 3 unlinked loci. Based on morphological, molecular and biological data, this geographically widespread parasite found in Ovis aries is recognized as a new species and is named C. xiaoi.
Release of uranium and emission of radiation from uranium-glazed dinnerware

Samples of orange, yellow, beige, ivory and blue-green ceramic dinnerware glazed with uranium compounds have been examined. Measurements at glaze surfaces yielded exposure rates of 3.8–16 mR/h (1–4 μC/kgh) for orange glazes and rates of 0.04–1.3 mR/h (0.01–0.3 μC/kgh) for ivory beige, and yellow glazes. Whole body exposure from a shelf display of 40 orange dishes was estimated to be 0.1–0.5 mR/h (0.03–0.13 μC/kgh), or up to 50 times the room background radiation level, at a distance of 1 meter. Twenty-four hour leaching tests of orange, yellow, and ivory dishes were carried out with various concentrations of acetic and citric acids. Uranium concentrations in leachates of some orange dishes exceeded 450 mg/l. Uranium is a chemical nephrotoxin and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 0.020 mg/l. Based on this value a person consuming, 2.2 l of drinking water per day would ingest 0.31 mg of uranium per week. A person eating once a week from an orange glazed dish could easily ingest 10 or more times this amount.
Sequential extraction and analysis of phosphorus in marine sediments : Streamlining of the SEDEX procedure

We streamlined the five-step SEDEX (sedimentary extraction) procedure for characterizing sedimentary phosphorus to a four-step procedure. We combined extraction of adsorbed and oxide-associated pools into a single step, retaining steps for authigenic, detrital, and organic P. In addition, we used automated spectrophotometric flow injection analysis (FIA) to determine P concentrations, rather than traditional spectrophotometric techniques. We decreased our total extraction and analytical time from 12 d for 24 replicate samples to 5 d without sacrificing our geo-chemical\objectives, detection limits, or analytical reproducibility.
Intuition as a Basic Source of Moral Knowledge

The idea that intuition plays a basic role in moral knowledge and moral philosophy probably began in the eighteenth century. British philosophers such as Anthony Shaftsbury, Francis Hutcheson, Thomas Reid, and later David Hume talk about a “moral sense” that they place in John Locke’s theory of knowledge in terms of Lockean reflexive perceptions, while Richard Price seeks a faculty by which we obtain our ideas of right and wrong. In the twentieth century intuitionism in moral philosophy was revived by the works of G. E. Moore, H. A. Prichard, and W. D. Ross. These philosophers reject Kantian deontological ethics and utilitarianism insisting that intuition is the only source of moral knowledge. Recently, there is a renewed interest in intuition by philosophers doing meta-philosophy by reflecting on what philosophers do, and why they disagree. In this essay we plan to take some of this recent literature on intuition and apply it to moral philosophy. We will proceed by (1) defining a conception of intuition, (2) answering some skeptical challenges, (3) delimiting its target, and (4) arguing that intuition is often a source of moral knowledge.
The Physics of Forgetting: Thermodynamics of Information at IBM 1959–1982

The origin and history of Landauer’s principle is traced through the development of the thermodynamics of computation at IBM from 1959 to 1982. This development was characterized by multiple conceptual shifts: memory came to be seen not as information storage, but as delayed information transmission; information itself was seen not as a disembodied logical entity, but as participating in the physical world; and logical irreversibility was connected with physical, thermodynamic, irreversibility. These conceptual shifts were characterized by an ambivalence opposing strong metaphysical claims to practical considerations. Three sorts of practical considerations are discussed. First, these conceptual shifts engaged materials central to IBM’s business practice. Second, arguments for metaphysical certainties were made with reference to the practical functioning of typical computers. Third, arguments for metaphysical certainties were made in the context of establishing the thermodynamics of information as a sub-discipline of physics.
Territorial behavior of threespot damselfish (Eupomacentrus planifrons) increases reef algal biomass and productivity

Algal growth and damselfish (Eupomacentrus planifrons) territories were studied in two reef habitats at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Damselfish territories were contiguous in the reef flat (0 to 2.5 m), where the algal composition and biomass varied from territory to territory. In contrast, on the lower reef terrace (22 m), damselfish territories were often spatially segregated. While the algal composition of the territories was more uniform on the reef terrace, the total algal biomass was lower than in the territories on the reef flat. Damselfish are largely herbivorous, and they defend their territories against most intruding fish, including a number of herbivorous species. Areas of the reef terrace outside of damselfish territories were heavily grazed by herbivorous fishes and contained only small quantities of non-crustose algae. The reef terrace territories were characterized by a multispecific turf of algae (greens, blue-greens, and reds) covering the Acropora cervicornis framework and by the leafy, brown alga, Lobophora variegata. A rapid reduction in the biomass of brown algae and filamentous algae was noted when damselfish were permanently removed from their territories. Only calcified, encrusting algae — plants apparently somewhat undesirable as fish food sources — would be common on the terrace zone of this reef if damselfish territories were absent. Damselfish territoriality may significantly influence the dynamics of some reefs by increasing the biomass of the algal turf thereby increasing; reef productivity. Since blue-green algae, potential nitrogen fixers, occur in these algal turfs, the fish may also be indirectly affecting reef nutrition.
Clinical profiles of gross hematuria in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

There is little information on the characteristics, management, or sequelae of gross hematuria in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Therefore, we obtained detailed information regarding gross hematuria in 191 adult ADPKD subjects. Forty-two percent (N = 81) experienced at least one episode of gross hematuria. The mean age of the initial episode was 30 ± 1 years; only 10% of subjects reported the first episode before age 16. Twentythree percent of those with gross hematuria had experienced more than six occurrences. Sixty-two percent of patients with bleeding indicated a presumptive precipitating event, most commonly urinary tract infection (42% overall, 61 of females v 17% of males, P v 11 % of females, NS). In 56% of subjects, the episode persisted for 2 to 7 days. Hypertensive ADPKD subjects were more likely to have gross hematuria than normotensive subjects (48% v 30%, P v 588 ± 52 cm3, P v >5 episodes, 190 ± 30, P v 2.1 ± 0.3 mg/dL]). This association suggests that, although self-limited, cumulative episodes of gross hematuria may have an unfavorable impact on long-term renal function.
Use of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized in a spiral wound membrane reactor for the hydrolysis of milkfat

Abstract Lipase from C. rugosa was immobilized by adsorption on flat sheets made of microporous polypropylene and placed into a reactor in a spiral wound (axial-annular flow) configuration. Equations based on a Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic mechanism are used to model the effect of the water content of the feed emulsion on the rate of hydrolysis of milkfat triglycerides. The kinetic data are consistent with a mechanism which assumes that deacylation of the enzyme is the rate-limiting step of the hydrolysis reaction. The optimum pH for hydrolysis is ca. 7.0. Operation of the reactor yielded relatively high conversions at short space times, thus indicating that this type of reactor is an interesting option for use on an industrial scale for the production of lipolysed butteroil.
Heat content and evolution of cometary nuclei

Abstract In continuation of an earlier study of the influence of phase transitions on the thermal behavior of cometary nuclei, the heat flux into nuclei at various distances from the Sun before and after perihelion has been investigated for the isothermal case and for the fixed subsolar point. It turns out that this heat flux may be a large fraction of the incident solar heat input, so that the surface temperature and the associated rate of evaporation are lower than usually calculated. The effect is strongly dependent on the porosity of the nucleus. The surface temperature of the nucleus reaches a maximum after perihelion, as does the size of the coma, in agreement with several observations. The denser surface layers made either of ice or of dust may break away. An ideal, initially homogeneous and spherical nucleus cannot remain isothermal so that it must gradually develop considerable surface nonuniformities through localized phase changes, evaporation, and break-away. An explanation of the splitting of comets as far as 9 AU from the Sun is suggested in terms of heating of a CO2-rich inclusion in a nucleus.
Spatiotemporal Switch from ΔNp73 to TAp73 Isoforms during Nephrogenesis IMPACT ON DIFFERENTIATION GENE EXPRESSION

p73 is a member of the p53 gene family, which also includes p53 and p63. These proteins share sequence similarity and target genes but also have divergent roles in cancer and development. Unlike p53, transcription of the p73 gene yields multiple full-length (transactivation (TA) domain) and amino terminus-truncated (ΔN) isoforms. ΔNp73 acts in a dominant negative fashion to inhibit the actions of TAp73 and p53 on their target genes, promoting cell survival and proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. The balance between TAp73 and its negative regulator, ΔNp73, may therefore represent an important determinant of developmental cell fate. There is little if anything known regarding the developmental regulation of the p73 gene. In this study, we showed that TAp73 and ΔNp73 exhibit reciprocal spatiotemporal expression and functions during nephrogenesis. TAp73 was predominantly expressed in the differentiation domain of the renal cortex in an overlapping manner with the vasopressin-sensitive water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP-2). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the endogenous AQP-2 promoter was occupied by TAp73 in a developmentally regulated manner. Furthermore TAp73 stimulated AQP-2 promoter-driven reporter expression. TAp73 also activated the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) promoter, a developmentally regulated gene involved in regulation of sodium excretion. The transcriptional effects of TAp73 on AQP-2 and B2R were independent of p53. In marked contrast to TAp73, ΔNp73 isoforms were induced early in development and were preferentially expressed in proliferating nephron precursors. Moreover ΔNp73 was a potent repressor of B2R gene transcription. We conclude that the p73 gene is developmentally regulated during kidney organogenesis. The spatiotemporal switch from ΔNp73 to TAp73 may play an important role in the terminal differentiation program of the developing nephron.
Emergency Preparedness From the Ground Floor Up: A Local Agency Perspective

Since the aftermath of September 11, 2001, both man-made and natural events have devastated communities in the United States and around the globe. As a result, individual communities now more than ever recognize the need for emergency and disaster planning. Local community-based home care agencies both large and small must be involved in comprehensive planning—anticipating the next event. The purpose of this article is to describe the yearlong preparation of a local Visiting Nurse Association as they committed to vigorous professional development and subsequently developed the necessary protocols for their own agency. This project was conceived by the authors to serve as an independent study for academic credit for the author enrolled in a RN-MS program and to address an important goal of the home care agency's strategic plan.
Rapid-scanning computer-controlled tunable diode laser spectrometer.

A novel method for scanning and acquiring data from a tunable diode laser spectrometer is described. The beam from the diode is chopped with a tuning fork chopper, and the laser current is advanced during each dark cycle using a digital-to-analog converter. Spectra measured in this fashion show at least an order of magnitude improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over spectra measured in the conventional fashion using a lock-in amplifier, and signal drift is reduced. These improvements allow accurate line profiles to be measured and subtle changes in the diode emission modes to be monitored.
Building and Verifying a Predictive Model of Interruption Resumption

We built and evaluated a predictive model for resuming after an interruption. Two different experiments were run. The first experiment showed that people used a transactive memory process, relying on another person to keep track of where they were after being interrupted while retelling a story. A memory for goals model was built using the ACT-R/E cognitive architecture that matched the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the experiment. In a second experiment, the memory for goals model was put on an embodied robot that listened to a story being told. When the human storyteller attempted to resume the story after an interruption, the robot used the memory for goals model to determine if the person had forgotten the last thing that was said. If the model predicted that the person was having trouble remembering the last thing said, the robot offered a suggestion on where to resume. Signal detection analyses showed that the model accurately predicted when the person needed help.
Vascular surgery: a specialty in transformation with a bright future.

I am honored to stand before you as the 59 president of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS). It has been a privilege to serve as your president during a time marked by great change and significant progress, both in our field and for our society. Vascular surgery in the year 2005 is at a crossroads. Trends in demographics, workforce, technology, public opinion, and public policy will lead to more accountability and to greater autonomy at the same time. Vascular surgeons, like all physicians, will be increasingly accountable to patients, payers, and policy makers. But we will also enjoy a new level of autonomy to control our destiny as a specialty and to direct the educational paths of the generations who follow us. A new chapter in the history of vascular surgery is about to be written.