cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of air/mist cooling in a conjugate, 3-D gas turbine vane with internal passage and external film cooling

Abstract This paper describes a numerical investigation to study the effect of injecting mist (tiny water droplets, micrometers in size) into the cooling airstream to cool down gas turbine vanes. In this study, the conjugate heat transfer method is employed which consists of the simulation of the air/mist fluid flow inside and outside the vanes as well as the heat conduction through the vane body. The complete 3-D vane with internal cooling passages and external film cooling holes on the surface is simulated in a rotational periodic sector. The discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate and track the evaporation and movement of the tiny water droplets. The effects of different parameters such as the mist/air ratio (10–20%) and the mist droplets size (20–50 µm) on mist cooling enhancement are investigated. The results show that by using a mist/air ratio of 10%, 15%, and 20% with 20 μm droplets size, on the pressure side, a maximum wall temperature reduction of 250 K, 340 K, and 450 K respectively can be achieved. On the suction side, the corresponding maximum wall temperature reductions are 160 K, 260 K, and 360 K, respectively. Using larger droplets of 50 µm did not achieve better cooling enhancement because the droplets were rushed far away from the surface by the acceleration through the film cooling holes. Using the uniform droplet size distribution provides noticeably better cooling enhancement in the first 40% of the vane's height (from the shroud) than the non-uniform droplet size distribution (Rosin-Rammler Distribution) does.
Oregon pharmacists' intention to prescribe under HB2397.

Abstract Background In 2017, Oregon passed legislation that authorized pharmacists to autonomously prescribe specified medications or devices that were included on the Formulary and Protocol Compendia (FPC). Factors that impact pharmacists’ intention to prescribe from the FPC are not currently known. Objectives Identify factors that influence pharmacists' intention to prescribe. Methods The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) served as the framework. Three focus groups were conducted with Oregon pharmacists between May and June 2019 to elicit salient beliefs about prescribing related to TPB constructs, including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived obligation. Two investigators conducted a qualitative content analysis and reached agreement on names of categories during consensus meetings. A codebook was created after analysis of the first focus group and used to guide the remaining analysis. Participants reported background information and awareness of prescribing rules via a questionnaire; descriptive statistics were used to report background information and the prescribing awareness summary score. Results Thirteen participants had 14.1 ± 10.8 years of pharmacist experience. Most earned a Doctor of Pharmacy degree (84.6%) and worked in a community pharmacy setting (61.5%). The mean score on the awareness assessment was 6.3 ± 0.9 (7 = highest awareness). The majority (76.9%) had previous prescribing experience. Attitudes were found to be shaped by behavioral beliefs related to the impact of pharmacist prescribing on patient-centered care and on practice transformation. Normative beliefs were primarily driven by outside groups past experiences with pharmacists and pharmacies. Control beliefs included the following categories: operational readiness; the relationships between comfort, competence, and confidence; and Board of Pharmacy requirements. Conclusions TPB was useful for exploring pharmacists’ beliefs related to their intention to prescribe using the FPC. Determining the relative importance of these factors in a broader population will enable stakeholders to develop interventions to improve uptake of prescribing via the FPC.
News Media Presentations of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs): A Content Analysis of Newspaper and Television News Coverage in South Korea

Our content analysis of newspaper and television news stories in South Korea examines the quantity and nature of news about novel heated tobacco products (HTPs), which heat instead of burn tobacco and that manufacturers claim are less harmful than cigarettes. The amount of news coverage peaked when the government introduced new regulations, suggesting that HTP news was driven largely by new policies. Indeed, HTPs were more likely to be presented as a policy rather than a health issue. When it comes to news sources, government agencies and HTP manufacturers were referenced most often in the news. As for benefits of HTPs, news stories focused on reduced harm, greater social acceptability, and convenience, while discussions of drawbacks included potentially being equally or more harmful than cigarettes, the possibility of extensive future regulations, and HTPs' unknown health effects. Findings suggested that certain journalistic practices, such as relying heavily on established routine sources, focusing on the stories that could attract large audiences, and representing the perspectives of the publishers and the primary audiences, might have affected the nature of HTP discourse.
Atiyah classes and the essential obstructions in deforming a singular $$G_{2}$$ G 2 -instanton

When the rank of the bundle is $$\ge 2$$ , in a certain sense, we found an essential obstruction for the gluing construction of $$G_{2}$$ -instantons with 1-dimensional singularities. It involves the Atiyah classes generated by contracting a vector in $$\mathbb {C}^{3}$$ with the curvature. Intuitively speaking, the gluing does not work if the tangent connection at a component of the 1-dimensional singular locus is not the twisted Fubini-Study connection on a twisted tangent bundle of $$\mathbb {P}^{2}$$ . Particularly, it fails if the rank of the bundle is $$\ge 3$$ .
Polarization Studies Involving Neutrons

Perhaps the first questions about the scientific program of this conference were “Why should there be a separate talk again about neutron polarization phenomena? Can’t this work be assimilated into the rest of the presentations?” In fact, to a small degree neutron results have appeared here occasionally in the review papers but typically the poorer accuracy of neutron data places such results into a category of lesser significance than charged particle studies of similar phenomena. Although a similar situation existed prior to the advent of intense polarized-ion sources, the gap between the quality of much of the charged particle data and neutron data has widened since that point in time. However, the understanding of certain aspects of nuclear interactions must be approached through neutron experiments and it is data related to this special role that the present paper is intended to cover. The approach that I will take is to review 1) reasons why neutron experiments are so difficult to perform, 2) new approaches that are being pursued in conventional neutron polarization studies, 3) some recent scattering results, 4) recent reaction experiments, 5) new sources of polarized neutrons, and lastly, 6) polarized-beam polarized-target results of unique interpretation. Because of time limitations only highlights of the last few years will be touched upon in most cases. Furthermore the presentation will be restricted to energies below 50 MeV and the topics of neutron inelastic scattering, spin flip, and n-p and n-d triple scattering studies will not be mentioned here.
Nonperturbative approach to full Mott behavior

Though most fermionic Mott insulators order at low temperatures, ordering is ancillary to their insulating behavior. Our emphasis here is on disentangling ordering from the intrinsic strongly correlated physics of a doped half-filled band. To this end, we focus on the two-dimensional Hubbard model. Because the charge gap arises from on-site correlations, we have been refining the nonperturbative approach of Matsumoto and Mancini [Phys. Rev. B 55, 2095 (1997)] which incorporates local physics. Crucial to this method is a self-consistent two-site dynamical cluster expansion which builds in the nearest-neighbor energy scale J. At half-filling, we find that the spectral function possesses a gap of order U and is devoid of any coherent quasiparticle peaks although ordering or charge fractionalization are absent. At low temperatures, local antiferromagnetic correlations emerge. In the doped case, we find that the Fermi surface exceeds the Luttinger volume. The breakdown of Luttinger's theorem in the underdoped regime is traced both to the dynamically generated Mott gap as well to a nonvanishing of the imaginary part of the self-energy at the Fermi level. Spectral weight transfer across the Mott gap also emerges as a ubiquitous feature of a doped Mott insulator and suggests that high- and low-energy scales are inseparable. Additionally in the underdoped regime, we find that a pseudogap exists in the single-particle density of states as well as in the heat capacity. The pseudogap (which is set by the energy scale ${t}^{2}/U)$ is argued to be a ubiquitous feature of a lightly doped Mott state and simply represents the fact that hole transport involves double occupancy. In analogy with the Mott gap and antiferromagnetism, we propose that ordering may also accompany the formation of a pseudogap. We suggest a current pattern within a one-band model that preserves translational but breaks time-reversal symmetry along the canonical x and y axes but not along $x=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}y$ that is consistent with the experimental observations. Finally, we show that the Hall coefficient in a doped Mott insulator must change sign at a doping level $xl1/3.$ The sign change is tied to a termination of strong correlation physics in the doped Mott state.
Adaptation Properties of Intracellularly Recorded Gekko Photoreceptor Potentials

Over the past century, a comprehensive description of the phenomena of visual adaptation in vertebrates has been achieved. More recently, much interest has focused on the identification of the cellular locus of visual adaptation and on the basic mechanisms of this phenomenon. Striking advances in the first problem have been made within the past few years. The adaptation properties of retinal extracellular field potentials and of single units throughout the retina have been studied by electrophysiology, and the evidence strongly suggested that the photoreceptors themselves are the primary site of the basic aspects of visual adaptation (1–5). This expectation has been confirmed now with studies on the isolated extracellular receptor potential (6, 7) as well as through intracellular recording from single photoreceptors (8, 9). The latter technique has been developed so that now it is possible to obtain stable recordings from single receptors for periods of time of 30 to 60 minutes and to perform long-duration adaptation experiments.
Designing an online learning environment for new elementary science teachers: supports for learning to teach

Elementary teachers have a tremendous impact on their students' future learning. Yet because of the high demands put on them, elementary teachers often demonstrate weak subject matter knowledge in science (Anderson & Mitchener, 1994) and lack confidence in teaching science (Cochran & Jones, 1998). Likewise, prospective and new science teachers face many challenges, including that they may hold little pedagogical content knowledge (van Driel, Verloop, & de Vos, 1998). Thus new elementary science teachers need support, and it is critical to understand how best to provide that support. In our extended white paper (available at http://www.umich.edu/~betsyd) we present a design narrative describing CASES (Curriculum Access System for Elementary Science; available at http://cases.soe.umich.edu). CASES, a technology-mediated learning environment supporting new elementary science teachers as they learn to teach inquiry-oriented science more effectively, incorporates inquiry-oriented unit plans that are intended to be educative for teachers, as well as a personal online journal and an online teacher community discussion space. CASES is grounded in three main design principles that we present here.
Hume's philosophy of the self

Hume's philosophy of the self / , Hume's philosophy of the self / , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Fluorescence and Circular Dichroism of Bence-Jones Proteins at High Temperature

Abstract The conformation of the native and high temperature forms of two κ and two λ Bence-Jones proteins have been examined by fluorescence and circular dichroism at pH values where the proteins do not precipitate, i.e. pH 6.5 and 4.0 in 0.01 m NaCl. Tryptophanyl fluorescence is completely quenched (Q l 0.002) and strongly quenched (Q ∼ 0.01) in the κ and λ proteins, respectively. For both classes of proteins, tryptophanyl fluorescence is normalized at pH 6.5 between 55 and 65°. At pH 4.0, only the λ proteins showed a significant downward shift of their thermal transition curves. Bence-Jones proteins undergo corresponding thermal transitions when observed by circular dichroism in the region of the peptide chromophore. In the 200- to 215-nm region, the negative ellipticity of both classes of proteins increases, whereas, between 215- to 240-nm only the κ proteins increase. Analysis of the high temperature circular dichroic spectra of the κ proteins suggests that about one-third of the peptide bonds are in β structures, and very few if any are in α helices. The markedly greater precipitability observed for the κ compared with the λ proteins may be related to the enhancement in β structure in the κ proteins at high temperatures.
Penetration-Induced Pore Pressure Magnitudes – Methods to Determine Transport Parameters from Terrestrial and Marine Penetrometer Testing

Abstract New approaches are developed to use peak penetration-induced pore pressure magnitudes to index profiles of in situ permeability. These methods potentially enable permeability profiles to be determined from continuous sounding by cone penetrometers, and from freefalling marine penetrometers that self-embed into seafloor sediments. Solutions are developed for the unsteady and partially-drained, fluid pressure field that develops around a volumetric dislocation that represents a penetrometer either advanced at constant rate, or decelerating as it self-embeds after freefall. Inertial effects are ignored. These solutions provide a consistent framework to view the penetration process, and enable penetration-induced pore pressures to be represented in non-dimensional form, and related to conventional sounding indices inclusive of tip resistance, Qi friction factor, Fr and pore pressure ratio, Bq, among others. These relationships are used to define permeability magnitudes in the intermediate range where response is partially drained.
Topical Drug Delivery from Thin Applications: Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Results

Stainless-steel templates of various thicknesses (75, 200, 800, and 1600 µm) were used to apply propylene glycol/water gels containing methyl or propyl p-aminobenzoates to silicone rubber membranes, and drug delivery was studied with the use of the Bronaugh diffusion cell under conditions in which the drug was initially in thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the application and membrane. Theoretical diffusion profiles were generated with the use of a model which assumes that diffusional gradients exist within the application. To use the model equation, previously derived for the initial condition in which the drug is in thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the application and membrane, drug diffusivity in both the application and the membrane and the drug's membrane/ vehicle partition coefficient were independently determined. In general, agreement between experimental and theoretical results was within 25%.
Nutrition and genetics.

Readers of Postgraduate Medicine will recall that in the article which introduced this series in January 1959 we said, “The introduction of longer duration in nutritional problems re-emphasizes the fact, known by experienced physicians since Hippocrates, that to understand how a given disease affects a given patient one must consider not only the disease agent but also the patient's individual constitution. Recent trends emphasize the importance of studying the interaction of the constitutional and nutritional factors.”Few research scientists have done work as fundamental in this field as that of Professor Fenton. His work on differential nutritional requirements of various strains of mice, conducted at Yale University in the 1940s, encouraged the more enlightened nutritionists to think of nutrition not as the discipline concerned with diet and its physiologic effects but, more accurately, as that branch of physiology concerned with the interaction between the nutritional environment and the genetic const...
Nature and History of the Organic Compounds in Comets: An Astrophysical View

The chemical similarities between comets, carbonaceous chondrites, and interstellar molecules and grains are reviewed first. The evolution of frosty interstellar grains is then followed during the collapse of a molecular cloud fragment and the subsequent formation of the Solar System. The paradigm clarifies the probable origin of the two populations of comets of different symmetry (the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt) and implies an exogenous origin for all carbon and water on Earth. This origin is explained by the orbital diffusion of planetesimals that is required by the growth of protoplanets.
Properties of the iron-sulfur center in the 25-kilodalton subunit of the proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase of Paracoccus denitrificans

The 25-kDa subunit of the proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-1) of Paracoccus denitrificans has been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. EPR studies of the reduced recombinant protein indicated that the expressed subunit contains a single [2Fe-2S] cluster (Yano, T., Sled', V. D., Ohnishi, T., and Yagi, T. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 494-499). In this report, the electronic, magnetic, and vibrational properties of the [2Fe-2S]2+,+ center have been investigated by the combination of absorption, circular dichroism, variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, electron paramagnetic resonance, and resonance Raman spectroscopies and compared with a range of simple [2Fe-2S]-containing proteins. The results are consistent with coordination by two cysteinyl residues at both the reducible and nonreducible iron sites and reveal a striking similarity between the properties of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in the P. denitrificans NDH-1 25-kDa subunit and those of the subclass of ferredoxin-type [2Fe-2S] centers typified by Clostridium pasteurianum 2Fe ferredoxin. The four cyteines residues involved in cluster ligation in these proteins have been tentatively identified based on sequence homology considerations.
Retention of young general practitioners entering the NHS from 1991-1992.

BACKGROUND: The supply of general practitioners (GPs) in the National Health Service (NHS) is dynamic and there are fears that there will be an inadequate number of doctors to meet the needs of the NHS. There are particular concerns about changes in the career trajectory of young GPs and what they mean for overall supply. AIM: To identify predictors of retention among young, new entrant GPs entering the NHS between 1 October 1991 and 1 October 1992. METHOD: Two-year retention rates of young (35 years of age or less) new entrant GPs have been modelled using a multilevel logit model. Retention is defined as young, new entrant GPs remaining in their initial health authority for two years or more. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-two (13.0%) members of the study group left general practice within two years of entry (i.e. were not retained). Sex (females had lower retention [95% CI = 0.43-0.75]), practice size (young GPs in larger practices had higher retention [95% CI = 1.10-1.29]), and belonging to a practice in one of 16 Greater London Health Authorities (which had lower retention [95% CI = 0.39-0.82]) were identified as major predictors of retention. Deprivation, measured at the individual GP patient list level, had a very slight association with retention (P = 0.097; 95% CI = 1.00-1.02). Deprivation measured at the health authority level (95% CI = 0.99-1.01) was not found to be a statistically significant predictor of retention (P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: None of the statistically significant predictors of retention suggest any policy panacea to end this phenomenon. The challenge for policy is to learn to deal with the dynamic nature of the GP workforce with a non-crisis mentality.
Influence of harvest timing and storage interval on rabbitbrush seed germination, emergence, and viability

Rubber rabbitbrush ( Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird [Asteraceae]) has potential for use in water-conserving landscapes, but poor seedling emergence can be a problem for nursery production. We evaluated the effects of 1) harvest timing (stage of inflorescence maturity); and 2) duration of storage interval on seed viability, emergence, and germination for 6 geographically diverse populations. Stage of inflorescence maturity (harvest timing) had a statistically significant (P
Attention Modulates the Responses of Simple Cells in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex

Spatial attention has long been postulated to act as a spotlight that increases the salience of visual stimuli at the attended location. We examined the effects of attention on the receptive fields of simple cells in primary visual cortex (V1) by training macaque monkeys to perform a task with two modes. In the attended mode, the stimuli relevant to the animal's task overlay the receptive field of the neuron being recorded. In the unattended mode, the animal was cued to attend to stimuli outside the receptive field of that neuron. The relevant stimulus, a colored pixel, was briefly presented within a white-noise stimulus, a flickering grid of black and white pixels. The receptive fields of the neurons were mapped by correlating spikes with the white-noise stimulus in both attended and unattended modes. We found that attention could cause significant modulation of the visually evoked response despite an absence of significant effects on the overall firing rates. On further examination of the relationship between the strength of the visual stimulation and the firing rate, we found that attention appears to cause multiplicative scaling of the visually evoked responses of simple cells, demonstrating that attention reaches back to the initial stages of visual cortical processing.
Comparison of pesticide and particulate recoveries with the vacuum and dislodgeable surface pesticide residue techniques.

The dislodgeable and vacuum surface residue techniques were compared for the quantity of pesticide residue and quantity and quality of particulate matter removed from ‘Valencia’ orange leaves. Data trends for dislodgeable and vacuum parathion and paraoxon residues were correlated at r⪖0.95 for both emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations.
Suicide by Cop

Abstract Study objective: "Suicide by cop" is a term used by law enforcement officers to describe an incident in which a suicidal individual intentionally engages in life-threatening and criminal behavior with a lethal weapon or what appears to be a lethal weapon toward law enforcement officers or civilians to specifically provoke officers to shoot the suicidal individual in self-defense or to protect civilians. The objective of this study was to investigate the phenomenon that some individuals attempt or commit suicide by intentionally provoking law enforcement officers to shoot them. Methods: We reviewed all files of officer-involved shootings investigated by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department from 1987 to 1997. Cases met the following criteria: (1) evidence of the individual's suicidal intent, (2) evidence they specifically wanted officers to shoot them, (3) evidence they possessed a lethal weapon or what appeared to be a lethal weapon, and (4) evidence they intentionally escalated the encounter and provoked officers to shoot them. Results: Suicide by cop accounted for 11% (n=46) of all officer-involved shootings and 13% of all officer-involved justifiable homicides. Ages of suicidal individuals ranged from 18 to 54 years; 98% were male. Forty-eight percent of weapons possessed by suicidal individuals were firearms, 17% replica firearms. The median time from arrival of officers at the scene to the time of the shooting was 15 minutes with 70% of shootings occurring within 30 minutes of arrival of officers. Thirty-nine percent of cases involved domestic violence. Fifty-four percent of suicidal individuals sustained fatal gunshot wounds. All deaths were classified by the coroner as homicides, as opposed to suicides. Conclusion: Suicide by cop is an actual form of suicide. The most appropriate term for this phenomenon is law enforcement–forced-assisted suicide. Law enforcement agencies may be able to develop strategies for early recognition and handling of law enforcement–forced-assisted suicide (suicide by cop). Health care providers involved in the evaluation of potentially suicidal individuals and in the resuscitation of officer-involved shootings should be aware of law enforcement–forced-assisted suicide as a form of suicide. [Hutson HR, Anglin D, Yarbrough J, Hardaway K, Russell M, Strote J, Canter M, Blum B: Suicide by cop. Ann Emerg Med December 1998;32:665-669.]
Purification and characterization of serine transhydroxy-methylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Serine transhydroxymethylase (serine:tetrahydrofolate 5, 10-transhydroxymethylase, (EC 2.1.2.1) was purified 180–200-fold from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The isolated enzyme is very labile, but can be stabilized by storage in 30% (v/v) glycerol. It has a molecular weight of 180 000–200 000, and the activity is stimulated by divalent and monovalent cations. Purified serine transhydroxymethylase has an absolute requirement for tetrahydrofolic acid and pyridoxal phosphate for activity. The apparent Michaelis constants are 2.5 · 10 −4 M for tetrahydrofolic acid, 1.1 · 10 −4 M for pyridoxal phosphate, and 7.0 · 10 −4 M for l -serine.
Peptide mapping of collagen chains using CNBr cleavage of proteins within polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A peptide mapping technique is described which uses a two dimensional format to display CNBr peptides of collagen chains. Biosynthetically-labeled products from 250,000 cells are analyzed in each map by a rapid procedure which does not require preliminary purification steps. Proteins trapped within polyacrylamide gels are digested with CNBr under conditions where diffusion of radiolabeled peptides from gels is negligible, and the reaction products are recovered quantitatively by electroelution. Peptide maps of pro α chains, α chains, and TC A chains cleaved with mammalian collagenase are presented with the identification of specific fragments. This method is useful for the analysis of structural abnormalities in collagen proteins from patients with certain genetic disorders, examination of collagenous proteins produced by primary cultures which exhibit phenotypic switching, and identification of new collagen types.
Dynamic Analysis of Consumer Response to Marketing Strategies

This paper develops a methodology for modeling consumer response that integrates previous research in stochastic brand selection, diffusion of innovation, test market analysis, and new product design. The methodology makes it practical to extend brand selection models to include diffusion phenomena such as awareness, trial, and information flow. Purchase timing and brand selection are interdependent and both phenomena depend jointly on managerial controls such as advertising, coupons, price-off promotion, product positioning, and consumer characteristics. Within this general structure, we provide practical estimation procedures a least squares approximation to the maximum likelihood estimates to determine the parameters which link managerial controls to consumer response. Closed form solutions are derived for cumulative awareness, cumulative trial, penetration, expected sales, and purchases due to promotion-all as a function of time. We also provide simplified expressions for equilibrium t â ∞ market share. Tradeoffs among complexity of the diffusion process, number of managerial variables, nonstationarity, complexity of purchase timing, consumer segmentation, and sample size are made explicit so that the marketing scientist can customize his analyses to the managerial problems that he faces. The effects of sample size, data interval frequency, and collinearity in the explanatory variables are investigated with simulations based on a five-state consumer response process which depends on 8-10 marketing variables. The paper closes with a brief description of the application and predictive test of a consumer response model based on the methodology.
Uptake of proline by renal brushborder vesicles: A mathematical analysis

Abstract A mathematical model for amino acid uptake by membrane vesicles is described which includes two components, a Na + dependent and a Na + independent system. Uptake in the model is a function of both initial external Na + and amino acid concentrations. Sodium dependence of amino acid transport in the model is manifested by changing affinity constants for amino acid uptake under different Na + concentrations. The differing affinities for influx and efflux caused by increasing internal Na + concentrations with time during transport incubations result in an “overshoot” for amino acid accumulation. For inwardly directed Na + gradients, the model predicts the dependence of the occurrence of the overshoot on initial external substrate concentration and the dependence of the height of the overshoot on initial external Na + concentration. This model has been used to describe experimental data on proline uptake by rat renal brushborder membrane vesicles.
Triplet Photophysics Of Polystyrene With And Without Selected Terminating Substituents

Polystyrene molecules selectively terminated with an acetophenone-like (AC) group at one end and a naphthyl group at the opposite end have been prepared and their triplet photophysics investigated. Photoexcitation of solid films of these polymers using a nitrogen laser (337 nm) yields phosphorescence bands attributable to the AC group and the naphthalene group. Using 337 nm excitation and viewing the emission at 0.1 msec after the excitation pulse, a broad phosphorescence band overlaps the AC signal. At longer delay times the typical structured AC emissions emerges if the sample temperature is at 77 K but at ambient temperature the broad band persists. Apparently the AC emission is inhomogeneously broadened with an inhomogeneous band width large enough so that spectral diffusion can occur at 77 K. Luminescence decay kinetics provide information about possible modes of energy transfer from initially excited AC species to the naphthyl group. 6 refs., 3 figs.
Activation of ionic currents in Xenopus oocytes by corticotropin-releasing peptides.

Abstract Oocytes of the African frog Xenopus laevis are shown by electrophysiological methods to possess receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and cholecystokinin (CCK). Oocytes surrounded by their follicular cell envelope responded to CRF or AVP with an outward hyperpolarizing current. This current was mediated by an increased conductance of K + ions. Pretreatment with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin or with the cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) potentiated the responses to these peptides indicating that the cAMP second messenger system may mediate the responses. Oocytes stripped of the follicular envelope, which cannot generate cAMP-dependent K + currents, did not respond to either CRF or AVP. Oocytes exposed to CCK responded with an inward depolarizing current. This current was carried by an increased conductance to Cl − ions. Removal of the follicular cell layer did not affect the response to CCK. The shape, time course, and reversal potential of the Cl − current suggest that CCK acts through the phosphatidylinositol pathway.
Taking the long view of medical records preservation and archives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an argument for taking the long view of the retention and preservation of inactive medical records. Design/methodology/approach – Using the theoretical framework of Actor-Network Theory, the author examines medical records, and especially mental health records, as actants that participate in the classification and treatment of patients, and in the development of psychiatry and mental hospitals as social institutions. Findings – The varied and profound roles of medical records demonstrate the ability for records to have multiple “lives” that can touch many individuals beyond a single human lifetime. Practical implications – As the current and future custodians of historical medical record collections, information professionals are in a position to be greater advocates for the increased preservation of and mindful access to these materials. Social implications – Medical records have potential to be cultural heritage documents, especially for emergent communi...
The effects of pressure on the isothermal fluid behavior of bituminous coals

Abstract An investigation into the effects of pressure (helium gas) on the isothermal fluid behavior includes: (1) the effect of pressure on the rate of melting and coking as evidenced by the rate constants k(melt) and k(coke); (2) the effect of pressure on the energies of activation of melting and coking; (3) the effects of pressure on the characteristic times; (4) the effects of pressure on the maximum isothermal fluidity. Results from the effects of pressure on k(melt) revealed that it was generally the high total sulfur, low nitrogen, low reactives/mineral matter ratio, medium rank coals which show the greatest increase in k(melt), whereas the highest rank coals show the least decrease in k(coke). The energies of activation of melting and coking were not significantly affected by pressure. The investigation also reveals increases or decreases in the respective times of softening, maximum fluidity, resolidification and total time of fluid behavior under isothermal pressurized conditions. There appears the possibility that these shifts may be rank dependent. Additionally, the lower rank coals show the largest relative increase in their fluidities when subjected to pressure. Empirical relationships were derived in order to quantitatively predict the maximum isothermal fluidity for most (fluid) coals at a given pressure.
Risk and the Female Offender: An Analysis of Classification and Supervision Issues

Risk is a defining feature of punishment in the United States. This is evidenced by the profusion of actuarial risk assessment instruments, now entering their 4th generation. Although the literature on risk assessment specific to female offenders is growing, certain questions remain unresolved. In particular, it is still largely unknown how gender might influence classification and supervision for offenders under community supervision. This study reports findings from a survey of community corrections officers. The perceived level of risk, the decision to override a classification score, and the perceived importance of risk and need factors are discussed.
Cole-Cole law for critical dynamics in glass-forming liquids.

Within the mode-coupling theory (MCT) for glassy dynamics, the asymptotic low-frequency expansions for the dynamical susceptibilities at critical points are compared to the expansions for the dynamic moduli; this shows that the convergence properties of the two expansions can be quite different. In some parameter regions, the leading-order expansion formula for the modulus describes the solutions of the MCT equations of motion outside the transient regime successfully; at the same time, the leading- and next-to-leading-order expansion formulas for the susceptibility fail. In these cases, one can derive a Cole-Cole law for the susceptibilities; and this law accounts for the dynamics for frequencies below the band of microscopic excitations and above the high-frequency part of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ peak. It is shown that this scenario explains the optical-Kerr-effect data measured for salol and benzophenone (BZP). For BZP it is inferred that the depolarized light-scattering spectra exhibit a wing for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ peak within the Gigahertz band. This wing results from the crossover of the von Schweidler law part of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ peak to the high-frequency part of the Cole-Cole peak; and this crossover can be described quantitatively by the leading-order formulas of MCT for the modulus.
Childhood immunization reporting laws in the United States: current status.

Abstract Context Immunization Information Systems (IIS), or registries, were developed to improve effectiveness and efficiency in immunization services. Complex laws that govern IIS and immunization records are developed at the state-level, interact with each other, and may impact utility for all immunization stakeholders. As states develop Health Information Exchange laws they may also interact with IIS laws. Objectives To provide immunization stakeholders an overview of the laws applicable to healthcare providers and health departments. Comparisons are provided to illustrate the trends since the previous studies. Methods IIS relevant statutes, regulations and ordinances of jurisdictions (states, large cities) of 56 “Grantees” receiving funding under the 317b Public Health Service Act were identified via legal databases then systematically reviewed for authorization, reporting and consent requirements. Key provisions were coded and mapped according to 131 variables. Results Including subsections, 984 laws across Grantees relate to immunization records, falling under many administrative sections of state and city government. Most Grantees have more than one law that addresses immunization records reporting, exchange and privacy protections. Not all of these laws are in alignment, but there is a trend toward increased Grantee IIS authorizing laws, mandated reporting and implied consent provisions. Of the 56 Grantees, 37 (66%) had IIS authorizing laws, and 46 (82%) had laws addressing healthcare provider and vital statistics reporting. However, much variation remains, even within the provisions of these laws. The coding instrument received 93.7% agreement and a K -α of 0.791. Conclusions The trend toward laws that encourage participation should continue to improve functionality and value, but inconsistencies among laws should be addressed, both across jurisdictions within states and between different states. They may impair the value of the information that is collected. Greater uniformity could improve the overall usefulness of IIS.
An atypical 3′‐controller element mediates low‐level transcription of the p6 subgenomic mRNA of Citrus tristeza virus

SUMMARY Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has within the 3'-half of the genome ten open reading frames (ORFs) that are expressed through a series of 3'-coterminal subgenomic (sg) messenger (m)RNAs that, in general, function as monocistronic mRNAs with only the 5'-most ORF translated. Yet only nine sg mRNAs have been detected, suggesting that ORF 3, which is predicted to encode a small hydrophobic protein of approximately 6 kDa (p6), might be expressed in some other manner, perhaps from a functionally dicistronic sg mRNA. However, when we positioned the p6 gene near the 3'-terminus of a minimal CTV replicon to amplify greatly the level of production of the putative sg mRNA, we found a minimal level of a p6 mRNA, thus providing evidence for a separate mRNA for each 3' ORF. The 5' termini of the sg mRNAs and the cis-acting elements (controller elements-CEs) that regulate the production of the p6 gene and the adjacent HSP70h (heat shock protein 70 homologue) were located further upstream of the ORFs compared with the other CTV CEs. Both preferentially initiated synthesis with an adenylate, as has been shown for the more highly expressed 3' genes; but in contrast, the p6 sg mRNA occasionally initiated with a guanylate. Although the nucleotide sequences and the computer-predicted secondary structures of the HSP70h CE were similar to those previously described for other 3' CEs, those of the p6 CE were quite different, suggesting that CE strength is related to proximity to an ideal CE conformation. The lack of similarity between different CTV CEs led us to examine how well the CTV replicase complex could initiate sg mRNAs from CEs from different members of the family Closteroviridae. We found that the CTV replicase complex efficiently initiated production of sgRNAs from the p6 and HSP70h CEs from Beet yellows virus, with the HSP70h CE initiating at the same nucleotide as within the homologous virus, indicating that the mode of recognition of the CEs is similar. However, CEs from a more distantly related member of the Closteroviridae, Lettuce infectious yellows virus, did not function to produce sg mRNAs in CTV.
Fairy Tale Elements in Jane Eyre

Comparaison du roman de C. Bronte et des contes de fee sur le plan de la structure de l'intrigue: dans le premier se retrouve l'un des schemas classiques des seconds: le voyage cyclique.
Sister chromatid exchange in the centromere and centromeric area.

Central and peripheral sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were evaluated separately in human phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes after culture for 72 h in 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) containing medium. At the same time, the length of chromosome No. 1 was measured in 10 metaphases per case and the mean value taken as a representative parameter for the contraction of chromosomes. The statistical analysis of regression revealed a close relationship between the percentage of SCE observed in the centromere and the contraction state of chromosomes (P≤0.01). A statistically significant increase of central exchanges was seen in more condensed chromosomes, due to the difficulty in differentiating clearly between centric and pericentric exchanges. Consequently, if exchanges in the centromere are omitted from evaluation, this would lead to spuriously low SCE rates in more contracted chromosomes. In order to exclude the variable factor of chromosome contraction in SCE studies, we highly recommend inclusion of counts of central exchanges. Results obtained on chromosomes with twisted chromatids, a situation which tends to stimulate SCE, should be omitted.
Docosahexaenoyl chains isomerize on the sub-nanosecond time scale.

The dynamics of docosahexaenoyl acyl chains (DHA) in 18:0-22:6n3-PC bilayers were studied by 13C MAS NMR relaxation measurements. A Lipari−Szabo-type analysis yielded site-specific correlation times of DHA chain isomerization and C−H bond order parameters. It is concluded that DHA chains perform rapid isomerization with correlation times from 80 ps near the carbonyl group to 8 ps near the terminal methyl group. Spin−lattice relaxation rates remained unaltered after rhodopsin incorporation into the bilayers, indicating that the majority of lipids maintain their rapid chain isomerization in the presence of the protein. However, spin−spin relaxation rates revealed that rhodopsin increased motional correlation times of slow collective DHA motions.
Reframing the "Field"

Cette etude epistemologique se propose de restructurer le cadre et le champ d'action de l'anthropologie de l'education et ensuite de definir le role des institutions et leur position a l'encontre de la recherche en education.
A generalized algorithm for blind channel identification with linear redundant precoders

It is well known that redundant filter bank precoders can be used for blind identification as well as equalization of FIR channels. Several algorithms have been proposed in the literature exploiting trailing zeros in the transmitter. In this paper we propose a generalized algorithm of which the previous algorithms are special cases. By carefully choosing system parameters, we can jointly optimize the system performance and computational complexity. Both time domain and frequency domain approaches of channel identification algorithms are proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the previous ones when the parameters are optimally chosen, especially in time-varying channel environments. A new concept of generalized signal richness for vector signals is introduced of which several properties are studied.
On Wiener-Hopf equations

Abstract A method due to Ambarzumian and Chandrasekhar is generalized to apply to a large class of integral equations of the Wiener-Hopf type. There seem to be two main advantages of the method: (a) many properties of solutions can be obtained in an elementary way; (b) the Wiener-Hopf factorization can be replaced by a nonlinear equation which is often particularly suited for numerical evaluation.
Cancer-induced cytolysis of normal bone marrow cells.

MOST investigations of the invasive process of cancer have involved microscopic studies of tumour spread after injection of cancer cells into experimental animals1–4. Attempts to investigate tumour invasiveness using organ or parabiotic cultures have met with limited success5–7. We have evaluated tumour-mediated cytolysis of normal rat marrow cells using suspension cultures containing Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells and 59Fe-labelled rat bone marrow cells. This mixed cell culture system seems to provide a promising approach to the further understanding of cancer invasiveness.
A study on the degradation of polylactic acid in the presence of phosphonium ionic liquids

Abstract In this overview study, two ionic liquids (IL) with different anions (decanoate, tetrafluoroborate) but with the same phosphonium-based cation that showed promising plasticizing/lubricating behavior in polylactic acid (PLA) were screened for their effects on the polymer degradation under thermomechanical, thermo-oxidative (at 160 °C), hydrolytic (100% humidity, 60 °C), conditions, and during soil immersion. Depending on the particular medium and conditions used, degradation was followed by changes in molecular weight, melt viscosity, sample weight and appearance, morphology, crystallinity, acid number, and pH. The effects of the IL containing a decanoate anion were more pronounced on lubrication and also on degradation as evidenced by reduced melt viscosities and accelerated thermomechanical, isothermal, hydrolytic, and soil degradation. The IL containing the tetrafluoroborate anion showed higher thermal stability compared with the IL containing decanoate anion as also confirmed from thermal degradation rate constants which were calculated from random chain scission statistics. Accelerated hydrolytic degradation was observed in PLA containing the tetrafluoroborate based IL but to a lesser extent than the decanoate based IL. The catalytic role of the decanoate anion in hydrolytic degradation was confirmed through experiments with model compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data on the materials exposed to soil degradation provided evidence that the initially amorphous polymer attained a certain degree of crystallinity as a result of the significant MW reduction.