cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RNA silencing suppression mechanisms of Triticum mosaic virus P1: dsRNA binding property and mapping functional motifs

Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) is the exemplar strain of the type species of the genus Poacevirus in the family Potyviridae infecting wheat in the Great Plains region of the USA. Previously, we reported that the P1 protein of TriMV is a viral suppressor of RNA silencing. Mutational analyses of P1 showed that deletion of 55 N-terminal amino acids, and a single amino acid at the C-terminus retained its ability to suppress ssGFP-induced RNA silencing. These data suggest that the N-terminal region but not the C-terminal region of P1 is flexible for suppression of RNA silencing activity. Computational analyses revealed that TriMV P1 contains LXK/RA and zinc finger motifs at the N-terminal region and a domain containing the GW motif at the C-terminal region. Mutational analysis of TriMV P1 suggested functional roles for these motifs in suppression of RNA silencing. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with bacterially expressed P1 protein revealed that P1 binds to 180-nt and 21- and 24-nt ds-siRNAs derived from green fluorescent protein sequence. Additionally, TriMV P1 protected the 655-nt long dsRNA derived from TriMV coat protein from dicing by the human Dicer enzyme into siRNAs. Disruption of the GW motif in TriMV P1 with a W332A mutation abolished silencing suppression, pathogenicity enhancement and viability of TriMV, suggesting a functional role for the GW motif in suppression of RNA silencing.
Ultrafast optical field–ionized gases—A laboratory platform for studying kinetic plasma instabilities

Kinetic instabilities arising from anisotropic electron velocity distributions are ubiquitous in ionospheric, cosmic, and terrestrial plasmas, yet there are only a handful of experiments that purport to validate their theory. It is known that optical field ionization of atoms using ultrashort laser pulses can generate plasmas with known anisotropic electron velocity distributions. Here, we show that following the ionization but before collisions thermalize the electrons, the plasma undergoes two-stream, filamentation, and Weibel instabilities that isotropize the electron distributions. The polarization-dependent frequency and growth rates of these kinetic instabilities, measured using Thomson scattering of a probe laser, agree well with the kinetic theory and simulations. Thus, we have demonstrated an easily deployable laboratory platform for studying kinetic instabilities in plasmas.
Barriers to the Wider Use of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Narrative Review

Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV transmission was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2012. Despite correlations of decreases in new HIV infections being greatest where PrEP has been deployed, the uptake of PrEP is lagging, particularly among populations with disproportionate HIV burden. This narrative review seeks to identify individual and systemic barriers to PrEP usage in the USA. A comprehensive search of recent literature uncovered a complex array of structural, social, clinical, and behavioral barriers, including knowledge/awareness of PrEP, perception of HIV risk, stigma from healthcare providers or family/partners/friends, distrust of healthcare providers/systems, access to PrEP, costs of PrEP, and concerns around PrEP side effects/medication interactions. Importantly, these barriers may have different effects on specific populations at risk. The full potential of PrEP for HIV prevention will not be realized until these issues are addressed. Strategies to achieve this goal should include educational interventions, innovative approaches to delivery of HIV care, financial support, and destigmatization of PrEP and PrEP users. Until then, PrEP uptake will continue to be suboptimal, particularly among those who need it most.
Emerging from the Academic Pipeline: Senior Women Faculty Members.

Twenty-six women with professor rank at a large, public, research extensive university were interviewed for this study in which respondents discussed the meanings and significance associated with full professorship. Major themes included: the promotion event and the accompanying title of professor, anticipated and actual changes in their status and working conditions, and their identities, goals, and contributions as professors. Conclusions address issues such as dilemmas of senior professorship, effective participation in institutional governance, and progress of women through the faculty ranks. Women's promotion and career advancement has been the subject of extensive study and remains a central focus in feminist research and writing as well. Benjamin (1986) described a three-pronged approach to women's progress as illustrated by various tasks undertaken by those doing feminist work: "to redeem what has been devalued in women's domain, to conquer the territory that has been reserved to men, and to resolve and transcend the opposition between these spheres by reformulating the relationship between them" (p. 78). Each of these tasks has direct relevance to research on women faculty in terms of, respectively, pursuing scholarship of and about women, increasing the demographic representation of women in faculty and administrative ranks, and challenging the sociocultural assumptions and structures that allow gender discrimination to continue. The goal of this study was to ascertain the significance of professor rank and status as understood by women professors at the rather elite academic setting of a large, public, (Carnegie-classified) Research I university. In accordance with this goal, the study was theoretically framed using women's standpoint epistemology (Harding 1986, 1991) both in order to avoid reliance on men's experiences as standards or norms (Harding, 1993), and to explore the potentially silent or silenced aspects of the lives (McLaughlin & Tierney, 1993) of women who have reached professor rank. Learning more about the experiences of women who achieved success in careers and work settings typically dominated by men will shed light on problematic elements of organizational and cultural structures within which individuals' career advancement and success continue to be measured. Demographic trend studies document some improvement yet persistent clustering of women in less prestigious disciplines (Moore & Sagaria, 1991) and in lower ranks as assistant professors, instructors, and adjuncts at research universities (e.g., Simeone, 1987). Proportions of women professors at research universities continue to be much lower than at smaller and less prestigious institutions (Moore & Sagaria, 1991). Indeed, Valian's (1998) research identified a trade-off between rank and institutional prestige for women faculty, with higher rank most often Journal o/Women in Educational Leadership, Vol. I, No.3-July 2003 ISSN: 1541-6224 © 2003 Pro>Active Publications 3
Generation and control of phase-locked Bessel beams with a persistent noninterfering region

We present, to the best of our knowledge, a novel method for the generation of multiple Bessel-like (Bessel–Gauss) beams with tilted wavefronts whose optical phases can be controlled independently. In the far field multiple field-free regions develop that are persistent to interference effects and the optical phase. The extent of these field-free regions can be controlled through the tilt angle of the wavefront with a theoretical maximum resolution of 0.1 mrad. Experimentally we employ a spatial light modulator, a lens, and an axicon, each suitable for narrow-band (continuous-wave) and broadband operation. Because of the simplicity in the optical elements, the number of noninterfering Bessel-like beams can be scaled on demand for applications that require multiple sources for coherent imaging or multiple intense beams over a controllable region with the added benefit of a field-free region for detection. Here, for reasons of clarity, we characterized two beams.
Queering the Lost Child and the Politics of Failure in Lauren Beukes’s Zoo City

Lauren Beukes’s Zoo City (Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2010) is a central edifice in the ever-growing genre of South African crime fiction. A decidedly post-apartheid literary trend (though not excl...
Biomolecular Condensates: Sequence Determinants of Phase Separation, Microstructural Organization, Enzymatic Activity, and Material Properties

This perspective article highlights recent progress and emerging challenges in understanding the formation and function of membraneless organelles (MLOs). A long-term goal in the MLO field is to identify the sequence-encoded rules that dictate the formation of compositionally controlled biomolecular condensates, which cells utilize to perform a wide variety of functions. The molecular organization of the different components within a condensate can vary significantly, ranging from a homogeneous mixture to core-shell droplet structures. We provide many examples to highlight the richness of the observed behavior and potential research directions for improving our mechanistic understanding. The tunable environment within condensates can, in principle, alter enzymatic activity significantly. We examine recent examples where this was demonstrated, including applications in synthetic biology. An important question about MLOs is the role of liquid-like material properties in biological function. We discuss the need for improved quantitative characterization tools and the development of sequence-structure-dynamics relationships.
Electric demand minimization of existing district chiller plants with rigid or flexible thermal demand

Abstract Building cooling drives the peak electric demand in summer; therefore, it is an important component in energy related costs. While there have been efforts to optimize chiller(s) on individual buildings and/or district cooling systems, previous studies use simplified models for the involved components (e.g., cooling towers, pumps) that do not fully represent the actual performance of components or neglect some of the utilized components. This paper provides an open-source approach for electric demand minimization of existing district cooling systems developing data-driven performance models with as-operated data to realistically simulate district-scale heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning components. In addition, a flexible, non-linear model for the electric demand minimization of chiller plants in districts with a rigid or flexible thermal cooling demand is proposed in this study. The proposed methodologies for model development and optimization are brand-agnostic, and their capabilities are demonstrated using the Colorado School of Mines’ main chilled water plant. Our results show a daily peak electric demand reduction of up to 15.2% for the week with the highest electric demands on the Mines campus using a rigid thermal cooling demand constraint. A 5% flexibility on thermal cooling demand provides a peak electric demand reduction of up to 18.7%. The results of this study highlight the extent of benefits that could be achieved by optimizing the district-scale operation of chiller plants with and without thermal cooling demand flexibility. This demand flexibility could be achieved through flexible resources and/or district-scale demand side management as buildings have diverse primary applications.
23154 Electrical stimulation of hippocampus and amygdala produces multiple distinct responses in human ventral temporal cortex

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study characterizes interactions between human limbic circuitry and ventral temporal cortex using single pulse electrical stimulation, which may inform emerging stimulation therapies for epilepsy. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of electrical brain stimulation treatment is to modulate brain network function. However, stimulation inputs to different brain sites alter the network in a variety of ways. This study examines that variability by characterizing responses in a target region while stimulating multiple other brain sites. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We measured voltages in intracranial EEG in 6 patients who had electrodes implanted for epilepsy monitoring. We stimulated pairs of electrodes at multiple sites in the brain with a single pulse every 5 to 7 s and measured the resulting corticocortical evoked potential (CCEP) responses in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC). Using a novel clustering method, we uncovered sets of distinct canonical response shapes from the 20 to 500 ms post-stimulation period. This allowed us to group stimulation sites that evoked similar responses. We then related each group to high frequency, broadband, changes in spectral power as a reflection of local neuronal activity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that the VTC receives strong inputs specifically from the amygdala and hippocampus, both in terms of amplitude and broadband spectral power change. However, inputs from the hippocampus produced a different canonical shape than those from the amygdala. We also observed that VTC responses to inputs from the insula clustered in shape with those from the amygdala. These clustering patterns were consistent across subjects, although the actual shapes of the clusters showed variability. We further observed that some shapes were more associated with increases in overall neuronal activity than others, as reflected by broadband spectral power change. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Stimulation of connected sites may drive excitability at the target region in ways that are described by sets of full-time-course responses. By capturing their shapes, we can begin to decipher canonical input types at the circuit level. This approach might identify how stimulation inputs can be tailored to therapy while mitigating adverse effects.
Chevron and Skidmore in the Workplace: Unhappy Together

In its approach to agency deference under Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council,1 the U.S. Supreme Court often implicates the relationship between Chevron and Skidmore v. Swift & Co.2 When Chevron was decided, many judges and legal scholars anticipated that its crisp two-stage test promoting deference to agency statutory construction would occupy the field, jilting Skidmore and her older multifactor standard favoring a softer form of deference.3 Other scholars at the time saw a continuing role for Skidmore.4 And since United States v. Mead Corp.,5 the Court‘s members apart from Justice Scalia regard it as only right that when reviewing an agency‘s statutory interpretation, Chevron and Skidmore
Dynamics of twinning in natural α-quartz

Abstract Finite amplitude internal friction experiments in α-quartz are described and interpreted in terms of the theory of nonlinear anelasticity. The theory predicts a linear relationship between the driving force of the excitation and the period of the automodulation at its onset. This relation is substantiated by experiments performed with a natural α-quartz reed vibrating in flexure at resonance frequencies between 65 and 170 Hz in the temperature range of 162° and 224°C. The data suggests that Dauphine twinning in α-quartz causes the automodulation governed by an activation energy of 92 kJ mole . This activation energy characterizes short distance oxygen diffusion.
Religion and Mental Health

Religion is an organized system of beliefs, practices, and rituals designed to facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent—whether that be God, a higher power, ultimate truth, or ultimate reality—and to foster an understanding of one's relationship and responsibility to others in living together in a community. Religion includes not only attendance at religious services and involvement in religious community activities involving scripture study or prayer, but also private personal religious practices such as prayer, meditation, study of scriptures, reading inspirational literature, and private worship. Religion also includes personal religiousness, degree of religious commitment, and religious motivation, which is the extent to which religious beliefs are the object of the person's ultimate concern in life. National surveys have consistently revealed that many Americans have religious beliefs and engage in religious practices. For example, 64% of Americans report praying at least once a day, 44% report attending religious services in the last 7 days, and 84% report that religion is somewhat or very important to them (Gallup, 2005). Keywords: mental health; quality of life; religion; risk-taking behavior
New logic circuits consisting of quantum dots and CMOS

This paper provides hybrid circuits which consist of RTD based quantum dot structure and CMOS circuitry. Several Boolean logics, OR, AND, XOR, MCF (majority carrier function), and full adder are implemented using the hybrid circuits. Combining strong points of each of quantum dot structure and CMOS, the hybrid circuits represent superior characteristic in terms of power consumption, area, and propagation delay to conventional counterparts.
Heat Inactivation of Ku Autoantigen: Possible Role in Hyperthermic Radiosensitization

Heat shock prior, during, or immediately after ionizing radiation synergistically increases cell killing, a phenomenon termed hyperthermic radiosensitization. Recently, we have shown a constitutive DNA-binding factor in rodent cells that is inactivated by heat shock to be identical to Ku autoantigen. Ku, consisting of an M r 70,000 (Ku70) and an M r 86,000 (Ku80) subunit, is a heterodimeric nuclear protein and is the DNA-binding regulatory component of the mammalian DNA-dependent protein kinase DNA-PK. Recent genetic and biochemical studies indicate the involvement of Ku and DNA-PK in DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. On the basis of these findings, we propose that heat-induced loss of the DNA-binding activity of Ku may lead to hyperthermic radiosensitization. To test this hypothesis, we examined and compared the DNA-binding activity of Ku, the DNA-PK kinase activity, and hyperthermic radiosensitization in rodent cells immediately after heat shock and during post-heat shock recovery at 37°C. Our results show that the heat-induced loss of Ku-DNA binding activity correlates well with an increased radiosensitivity of the heat-shocked cells, and furthermore, the loss of synergistic interaction between heat and radiation parallels the recovery of the DNA-binding activity of Ku. On the other hand, the heat-induced decrease of DNA-PK activity did not correlate with hyperthermic radiosensitization. Our data, for the first time, provide evidence for a role of Ku protein in modulating the cellular response to combined treatments of heat shock and ionizing radiation.
X-ray Observations of Clusters of Galaxies

Because Sarazin (1986) has written a very extensive review of the x-ray emission from clusters of galaxies I have allowed myself considerable leeway in writing this review. In particular it has allowed me to be incomplete in my references and to omit certain topics. I have chosen some topics because they have been somewhat ignored in the past literature and others for which both the observational and theoretical situation is unclear. This paper is therefore quite different from the oral talk I gave at Cargese. This review is somewhat different from the usual ones in that I hope that the reader finds the observational situation to be somewhat untidy and not well explained, and that the need for future data and theory is evident
Registration in digital subtraction angiography using multiple ROI's

Describes a method for using multiple regions of interest to register the digital subtraction angiography images. For each region of interest (ROI) placed on the mask image, similarity measures are optimized to determine the best sub-pixel x and y shifts. A figure of merit is calculated for each ROI and used to determine the best pixel shift vector for the entire image. Preliminary results indicate that the method is robust. >
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists have no clinically significant effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole

Aims Voriconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent, is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450s CYP2C19 and CYP2C9, and also by CYP3A4. The aim of this open-label, placebo-controlled, randomized, three-way crossover study was to determine the effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Methods Twelve healthy male subjects received oral voriconazole 200 mg twice daily plus cimetidine 400 mg twice daily, voriconazole 200 mg twice daily plus ranitidine 150 mg twice daily, and voriconazole 200 mg twice daily plus placebo twice daily. Treatment periods were separated by at least 7 days. Results When cimetidine was administered with voriconazole, the maximum plasma voriconazole concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of voriconazole (AUCτ) was increased by 18.3%[90% confidence interval (CI) 6.0, 32.0] and 22.5% (90% CI 13.3, 32.5), respectively. Concomitant ranitidine had no significant effect on voriconazole Cmax or AUCτ. Time of Cmax (tmax) elimination half-life (t 1/2) or terminal phase rate constant (kel) for voriconazole were similar in all three treatment groups. Most adverse events were mild and transitory; two subjects were withdrawn due to adverse events. Conclusions Coadministration of the histamine H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine or ranitidine does not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in a clinically relevant manner.
Using OMIM (on-line mendelian inheritance in man) as an expert system in medical genetics

Expert systems have been used in Medicine for many years, but they are usually highly sophisticated and not well integrated into day-to-day practice. On the other hand, bibliographic databases suoh as Medline and others are easily accessible and are widely used. We report here the use of OMIM (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man), one of these bibliographic databases, as an expert system in Medical Genetics. The description of 93 syndromes was used as search-key and the diagnoses proposed by OMIM were analyzed to determine whether the correct diagnosis was among them. The proposed diagnoses were automatically ranked by OMIM from the most probable (weight = 100) to the least probable (weight = 1). OMIM suggested a total of 1538 +/− 692.2 diagnoses per search. In order to deal with a reasonable number of proposed diagnoses, we only considered the diagnoses with a weight of 50 or more. With this limit, OMIM proposed a mean of 37.0 +/− 24.6 diagnoses per case. The overall accuracy was 76%. A correct answer with a perfect weight of 100 was proposed in 29% of the cases. The diagnostic accuracy of OMIM increased linearly when weights lower than 100 were considered. When the rank alone was analyzed, the accuracy of OMIM increased very rapidly from position 1 to 5 with a subsequent almost linear increase. If one only considered the first five proposed diagnoses, the accuracy of OMIM was just above 50%. This study shows that bibliographic databases are not only restricted to the provision of references but could also be used as expert systems and are therefore of great value to medical geneticists.
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management: A Dire Need for Good Science

This issue features 2 evidence-based guidelines from the American College of Physicians on risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of pressure ulcers. The editorialist emphasizes the importance ...
Effects of ethanol on tryptophan hydroxylase activity from striate synaptosomes

Ethanol inhibits the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (5-HT) by rat striate synaptosomes in vitro in concentrations as low as 0.1 M. This effect is apparently not mediated by a decrease in the uptake of radioactive tryptophan but through a noncompetitive inhibition of the activity of the enzyme tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (EC 1.99.1.4) itself. Experiments showing: (1) a correlation between the inhibitory potencies of a number of alcohols of increasing carbon chain length and their partition coefficients, and (2) a calculable increment of binding of 0.47 kcal/mole/methylene unit in the alcohol series (which should be between 036 and 0.95 kcal/mole if the methylene unit is the source of ΔF) suggest that the inhibition may operate via a hydrophobic site on the enzyme.
Perceived Traits of Male and Female Athletes

Profiles of personality traits for male and female athletes were obtained from 133 men and 71 women raters. Traits were rated using a 7-point semantic differential with 11 bipolar items. A profile analysis showed that the profiles of the traits were distinct. There were no significant differences in the ratings by men and women raters. Male athletes were rated as more active, aggressive, competitive, dominating, controlling, instrumental, and public. Female athletes were rated as more goal-oriented, organized, and rule-governed.
Solvent extraction efficiencies of mutagenic components from diesel particles

In order to determine the efficiency of organic solvent extractions of fresh diesel-engine exhaust particles a series of Soxhlet extractions were set up using single and sequential extractions of fresh diesel particles with solvents of increasing polarities. Single extractions were carried out with methylene chloride, methanol, acetone and acetonitrile. A single filter was sequentially extracted with methylene chloride followed by methanol, acetone and acetonitrile. Methylene chloride extracted the most mutagenicity relative to the other three solvents. In addition, methylene chloride extracted 97% of the total extracted mutagenicity from a sequential series of extractions. Therefore, we conclude that of the solvents tested methylene chloride extracts the highest proportion of mutagens from fresh diesel exhaust and little mutagenicity is lost using methylene chloride as the only extraction solvent.
P-019 Preoperative embolization of intracranial tumors using Onyx

Introduction Tumor surgery in the central nervous system is often filled with complexities. Some tumors are particularly hypervascular and may pose an added level of difficulty to surgical resection; in these cases preoperative embolization may assist the surgeon in accomplishing better resection with lower surgical blood loss. With the refinement of endovascular techniques, embolization of tumors has become more efficacious and safe. Liquid embolic agents are particularly appealing, as they allow greater control and penetration into the tumor mass. In this series, the authors report their experience with patients undergoing preoperative intracranial tumor embolization with Onyx liquid embolic agent. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients undergoing preoperative intracranial tumor embolization at our institution between 2009 and 2011. Transarterial Onyx embolization was used in all cases. Results 11 patients underwent preoperative embolization in the last year: eight meningiomas and three glomus tumors. All meningiomas were embolized through the middle meningeal artery. Extensive penetration was achieved in all glomus tumors, but in none of the meningiomas. Meningioma onyx penetration was moderate in 2, mild in 3, and proximal in 2. There was one major procedure-related morbidity: optic nerve ischemia secondary to non-target embolization of the ophthalmic artery through anastomotic channels with the meningeal artery. This resulted in near-complete vision loss in the affected eye. There was no procedure-related mortality. Median estimated blood loss from subsequent surgery was 300 ml. Conclusion Preoperative embolization of central nervous system tumors with Onyx liquid embolic agent can be performed relatively safely and effectively in selected patients. The main advantage of Onyx over other embolizates is the superior control and extensive penetration that can be achieved in hyper-vascular tumors such as glomus tumors. This converts a very bloody lesion to an avascular Onyx cast that allows surgical resection with significantly reduced blood loss. Non-target vessel embolization remains the main complication. There may be a decreased risk of hemorrhagic complications when compared to particle embolization.
Emergence of pica (ingestion of non-food substances) accompanying iron deficiency anemia after gastric bypass surgery

Pica, the compulsive ingestion of non-food substances, is a common, yet less well known symptom of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Ice eating or pagophagia is one of the most common forms of pica associated with iron deficiency and IDA, and has only recently been identified among patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). This article presents additional cases of pagophagia in women which emerged after RYGBP and resolved with iron treatment. These cases, added to the literature, lead to further discussion of how healthcare providers can subtly probe patients for the presence of pica.
The weighted region problem: finding shortest paths through a weighted planar subdivision

The problem of determining shortest paths through a weighted planar polygonal subdivision with n vertices is considered. Distances are measured according to a weighted Euclidean metric: The length of a path is defined to be the weighted sum of (Euclidean) lengths of the subpaths within each region. An algorithm that constructs a (restricted) “shortest path map” with respect to a given source point is presented. The output is a partitioning of each edge of the subdivion into intervals of e-optimality, allowing an e-optimal path to be traced from the source to any query point along any edge. The algorithm runs in worst-case time O(ES) and requires O(E) space, where E is the number of “events” in our algorithm and S is the time it takes to run a numerical search procedure. In the worst case, E is bounded above by O(n4) (and we give an Ω(n4) lower bound), but it is likeky that E will be much smaller in practice. We also show that S is bounded by O(n4L), where L is the precision of the problem instance (including the number of bits in the user-specified tolerance e). Again, the value of S should be smaller in practice. The algorithm applies the “continuous Dijkstra” paradigm and exploits the fact that shortest paths obey Snell's Law of Refraction at region boundaries, a local optimaly property of shortest paths that is well known from the analogous optics model. The algorithm generalizes to the multi-source case to compute Voronoi diagrams.
Effects of photoperiod and temperature on Crambus trisectus and C. leachellus cypridalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae).

The sod webworms Crambus trisectus (Walker) and C. leachellus cypridalis Hulst were studied to determine the relative roles of temperature and photoperiod in regulating their seasonal cycles. Photoperiod was the primary factor in the induction and termination of diapause in C. trisectus . However in C. I. cypridalis , induction of diapause was dependent on the interaction between photoperiod and temperature. Both species may enter diapause in the 2nd-5th instars. High temperatures failed to induce aestivation in larvae of C. trisectus but rather decreased the time required to emerge as adults; larvae of C. I.cypridalis were unaffected by high temperatures. Diapause greatly reduced the subsequent rate of development of C. I. cypridalis but not of C. trisectus .
Clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain, heart, liver, kidney, and cancer. A quantitative approach

Clinical studies using 31P and 1H MRS with a whole body 2.0 T MRI/MRS system are described. In most cases, techniques to quantitate absolute molar concentrations of metabolites in various organs were used. In the brain, AIDS, chronic stroke, and white matter lesions were associated with alterations of brain 31P metabolites. Epilepsy was associated with increased pH in the seizure focus. In the heart, dilated cardiomyopathy was associated with increased PDE/ATP while PCr/ATP was unchanged. In the liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis were associated with diminished hepatic ATP while alcoholic hepatitis had increased pH and cirrhosis had decreased pH. This allowed differentiation of normal liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis without biopsy. In the prostate, malignancy was associated with increased PME/ATP and decreased PCr/ATP. The PME/PCr was greatly increased in malignant prostate with no overlap in normals. Other cancers outside the brain had increased PME and effective treatment was often associated with diminished PME. 1H MRS of the brain was performed using ISIS and outer volume suppression pulses for volume localization. Excellent high resolution 1H water-suppressed spectra were obtained at echo times as short as 30 ms, showing well resolved peaks for lactate, N-acetylaspartate, glutamate, choline, creatinine, and inositol. 1H MRS demonstrated that the uptake of ethanol by the brain was slower than the rise of ethanol in blood. 31P spectroscopic imaging of the brain with resolution of 2.25 x 2.25 x 2.5 cm produced metabolic images and high resolution spectra from desired regions of interest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Context of Scientific Achievement: Sex Status, Organizational Environments, and the Timing of Publication on Scholarship Outcomes

Within the sociology of science, there exists a substantial literature showing that males, on average, publish more than females. This literature directs our attention toward organizational contexts and the timing of publication as promising factors bearing on cumulative scholarship outcomes. In this inquiry, based on 2,910 persons who received doctorates in sociology between 1972 and 1976, we isolate the importance of organizational context to explain the emergent and cumulative sex differences in publication outcomes. Our findings reveal that existing scholarship differences between males and females in this cohort occur within the first six years of the doctorate and continue throughout the career as a result of different employment patterns and publication trajectories. Notably, we find support for Robert Merton's contention that context structures the display of individual merit.
Millennials and the Adoption of New Technologies in Libraries through the Diffusion of Innovations Process

Purpose – Literature on the features of new technology in libraries of every type and size is readily available, but looking at the factors playing a part in the process (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability) will bring an understanding of how Millennials integrate technology into libraries. This paper seeks to discuss some of the issues involved.Design/methodology/approach – This research focuses on Millennials and their adoption of new technologies in libraries through the process of diffusion and the stages of adoption as outlined by Everett Rogers: communication through certain channels; over time; and among members of a social system. Among these sections, Millennials as innovators and early adopters are explored, as well as the five stages of the innovation decision process.Findings – Libraries have increasingly seen technology become a quick candidate as a solution to nearly every problem existing in the field. Though rapidly suggested as an alternative, the...
Site-specific d(GpG) intrastrand cross-links formed by dinuclear platinum complexes. Bending and NMR studies.

The novel platinum drugs [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2H2N(CH2)nNH2]2+ (1,1/t,t) are currently undergoing preclinical development. The bifunctional DNA binding of these agents allows comparison with that of cisplatin [Farrell et al. (1995) Biochemistry, 34, 15480]. The major DNA lesion of cisplatin, the 1,2-d(GpG) intrastrand adduct, produces a rigid, directed bend 30−35° into the major groove of DNA. We have now completed a structural analysis of the corresponding adduct formed with the dinuclear complexes. Gel retardation assays on 15−22 bp oligonucleotides containing a central d(TG*G*T) site show that the (Pt,Pt)-intrastrand adducts result in a flexible nondirectional bend. This bend is essentially independent of chain length (n = 2, 4, 6). Chemical reactivity assays indicated a hypersensitivity of the thymine 5‘ to the adduct and an enhanced sensitivity of the 3‘-thymine to OsO4. 2D 1H NMR studies on a d(TG1G2T) adduct of [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2H2N(CH2)6NH2]2+ have delineated the structural features responsible fo...
Time-delayed vision-based DC motor control via rightmost eigenvalue assignment

A design method for time-delayed vision-based DC motor control is presented and experimentally validated. Both proportional-velocity (PV) and proportional-integral-velocity (PIV) feedback controllers are considered. When vision is used to measure the angular displacement of the motor shaft time delays arise due to image processing. Such delays must be considered in the controller design or can lead to poor performance and even instability. In this research we use right- most eigenvalue assignment, based on the Lambert W function method, to design PV and PIV controllers. Experimental results validate previous theoretical and simulation studies (18), (19). I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, the Lambert W function-based method (17) is used in experiments to design proportional-velocity (PV) and proportional-integral-velocity (PIV) controllers for the time-delayed vision-based angular position control of DC motors. In previous work (18), a simulation case study was provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the design method in terms of design convenience, robustness, and system performance. For the experimental study presented here, the design method in (18) is used for a time delay caused by image processing in the feedback loop. Many existing techniques require a completely redesigned controller to handle time delays. However, the approach based on the Lambert W function does not require one to change the control structure relative to the non-delay case. Also, the proposed method makes use of an analytical solution form, not depending on approximation or prediction, resulting in improved accuracy and robustness (18). First, an open-loop model is combined with a PV controller. The closed-loop model is converted into a system of DDEs (a matrix-vector form). Then, by using the Lambert W function approach, the rightmost eigenvalues are obtained. The PV control gains are calculated by assigning the rightmost eigen- values to desired locations in the left half-plane (LHP) of the complex plane. Subsequently, the controller is implemented and experimentally validated by using the DC motor system (see Fig. 1). Experimental results are good, but show a steady state error due to unmodeled friction effects. Consequently, a PIV controller is implemented and shown to reduce the steady state error. Vision-based control systems have received interest to due convenience and the need to mimic the human sense
Electrocardiographic features of restrictive pulmonary disease, and comparison with those of obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Electrocardiographic changes (particularly the frontal plane P vector) are highly characteristic, indeed quasidiagnostic, 1–3 of obstructive lung disease, and their incidence increases with increasing obstruction by pulmonary function test. 2 Restrictive lung disease has not been equally characterized. Therefore, we investigated 30 consecutive patients with pure restrictive parenchymal lung disease and compared them with our series 2 of 301 patients with obstructive disease, the results of which agreed with subsequent investigations. 4,5
Microsatellite analysis of sporadic flat and depressed lesions of the colon

Prior studies of molecular and genetic derangements in flat and depressed lesions of the colon have revealed lower frequencies in a number of markers commonly present in exophytic lesions. These and other differences suggest that flat lesions are driven by alternative pathways. We reviewed a database of patients who had undergone endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for flat and depressed lesions at the University of Chicago from January 2001 to April 2003. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colonic samples were retrieved from the tissue bank, and five standardized mononucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellite regions were analyzed for instability (MSI) using fluorescently labeled forward primers in nonmultiplex reactions. Sixteen patients were identified with flat or depressed lesions who had adequate tissue specimens available for MSI analysis. Of these specimens, eight were tubular adenomas, three were tubulovillous adenomas, and five were carcinomas in situ. Four of the lesions were microsatellite unstable, each at a single locus, and one lesion showed probable instability at a second locus. Eleven lesions were microsatellite stable. Aberrations in DNA repair mechanisms do not appear to significantly contribute to the molecular derangements underlying sporadic flat or depressed colonic lesions. The molecular bases that underlie the aggressive behavior of sporadic flat and depressed lesions remain to be determined, and further investigation is warranted.
Styrene in adipose tissue of nonoccupationally exposed persons

Given a styrene tissue/blood partition coefficient of ca. 39 and a relatively low perfusion rate of ca. 0.03 ml/min-g tissue, adipose tissue provides a useful physiologically damped integrative measure of environmental exposure. Styrene in the adipose tissue of nonoccupationally exposed individuals was measured for the first time. Tissue samples obtained from elective surgery patients and postmortem donors were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and found to contain 1.12 ± 1.06 (mean ± SD) ppm styrene. Using these measured tissue levels and an apparent clearance of styrene (defined as the ratio of blood clearance to adipose tissue/blood partition coefficient), environmental intake of styrene was estimated to be 2.23 mg/hr, corresponding to an inhaled concentration of 1.96 mg/m 3 (476 ppb). This value is two to three orders of magnitude higher than typical breathing zone air measurements, indicating additional undiscovered sources of styrene exposure.
Silicon doping of GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs using disilane in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Disilane is presented as a new Si source gas in the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of both GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs. The doping characteristics of disilane were studied over a wide range of growth conditions: temperature, gas phase stoichiometry, and disilane concentration in the growth ambient. Disilane exhibits several features as a doping gas which prove it superior in this application to silane, the conventional silicon source gas. Doping by means of disilane shows no dependence on growth temperature in sharp contrast to the strong temperature dependence found using silane. The decomposition reaction of disilane is very efficient, reducing the amount of dopant gas required by about two orders of magnitude at the lower growth temperatures. The doping efficiency of disilane is also independent of the aluminum content of the AlxGa1−xAs alloy layers. These results indicate that disilane may be the preferred silicon doping gas for GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs.
Estimating standardized mortality odds ratios with national mortality followback data

Proportionate mortality analyses are often used to study cause-specific mortality when population denominators are not available. The purpose of this paper is to present an extension of published proportionate mortality ratio logistic regression methods used to analyze such data. This paper describes methods used to estimate standardized mortality odds ratios (SMORs) with numerator data and the problems encountered when external standard rates are not available for all strata of interest. This paper focuses on the case where one has representative mortality followback data. These data are based on a large, representative sample of deaths from a defined population for whom numerous covariates about the decedents are collected from surviving family members. With these data, one may use logistic regression methods to generate fully standardized estimates of risk, SMORs, with numerator data. It is also possible to generate SMORs that allow for effect modification. Mortality followback data are also a more flexible data source from which one may generate substitutes for external standard mortality rate ratios to be used with previously developed SMOR methods. An application of the methods is provided using logistic regression.
An equation of state for gases and liquids

We present an equation of state that can represent within experimental error most individual sets of published PVT data for most fluids, whether in the range of vapor at moderate pressures, or compressed liquids, or gases at very high temperatures and densities, any region in fact except the vicinity of the critical point. In terms of pressure the equation is P = DRT [1 + (D/T) (c1T + c2D - 1) / (c3 + c4Tsol12 + c5D + c6D2)] where D = 1/V, the density in mole 1−1. The coefficients are readily determined by a least squares fit of the data. An additional term is sometimes needed if the D range is very wide, say several times Dc. Different fluids can be simultaneously represented over a limited range, such as the compressed liquid region, by a single reduced form of the equation in which all but three of the constants are the same for all, and these three (a reducing T, 1/c1, a reducing D, 1 / c2, and a dimensionless parameter) are characteristic of each individual fluid. The equation can also simultaneously represent many data sets for a single fluid from many labs and covering various T and D ranges. From this, a consistent representation of its thermodynamic properties can be derived.
ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHT IN COLONIAL AMERICA

These are what are called Revolution principles. They are the principles of Aristotle and Plato; of Livy and Cicero, and Sidney, Harrington and Locke; the principles of nature and eternal reason; the principles on which the whole government over us now stands. John Adams
Apatite weathering and the Phanerozoic phosphorus cycle

Despite widespread debate in the literature, there is still considerable uncertainty concerning which nutrient ultimately controls marine net ecosystem production (NEP) over geologic time. Geochemical arguments suggest that phosphorus is the culprit. The weathering of apatite, the primary phosphorus sink in Earth's exosphere, controls long-term phosphorus availability. If phosphorus is the ultimate controlling nutrient over geologic time scales, then long-term marine NEP is coupled to the release of phosphorus from apatite weathering. The most abundant apatite compositions found in nature are igneous fluorapatite and marine sedimentary carbonate fluorapatite. Sparse data exist on how these compositions dissolve under Earth's surface conditions. To demonstrate a need for these data and their application, we present a kinetic treatment of existing data, augmented by new results. We then use these results in a weathering model designed to illustrate the control exerted by temperature (via activation energy) and surface area on the phosphorus flux from apatite dissolution during the Phanerozoic. Our conclusion is that activation energy, and hence temperature, and apatite surface area are important parameters governing the phosphorus flux from apatite weathering and therefore marine NEP during Phanerozoic time.
Guanine plus cytosine content of theMycobacterium avium complex and other mycobacteria by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of deoxyribonucleotides

DNA was extracted from 12 clinical isolates of theMycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum serocomplex (including serovars 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 42A, and 43), as well as from nine reference strains of other mycobacterial species. Rapid nitrogen decompression was used to weaken the cells for subsequent DNA extraction by a modified Marmur procedure. The DNA was hydrolyzed with phosphodiesterase, and the concentration of released deoxyribonucleotides was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The data were used to calculate the mole percentage guanine plus cytosine. Values ranged from 58.6 forM. leprae to 71.5 forM. avium serovar 3. The lowest value for theM. avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum serocomplex was 66.3 forM. scrofulaceum serovar 42A. The data indicate that there is greater genetic variability for this group of organisms than is suggested by diagnostic clinical tests and seroagglutination reactions.