cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-Wide Band Circulators for STAR Communications through Sequentially Switched Delayed Lines towards low losses

Increasing requirements of RF systems necessitate more robust and scalable wireless communications especially as the radio spectrum becomes much more occupied. A solution to this bandwidth predicament is an often-known technique utilizing simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) components and systems. Such STAR systems implementation is difficult due to the high RF transmit power levels which leak into the receiver system, producing strong interference. Conventionally, circulators are used, but often do not provide enough isolation to sufficiently improve receiver sensitivity with a co-located transmitter and are bulky.
Whi5 and Stb1 define redundant pathways through which the G1 cyclin Cln3 promotes cell division

In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, commitment to cell division, Start, is promoted by a trio of G1 cyclins, Cln1, Cln2, and Cln3, that activate the CDK kinase Cdc28. The active kinases somehow activate two transcription factors, SBF and MBF, leading to induction of about 100 genes for budding, DNA synthesis, and other early cell cycle processes. Activation of the transcription factors is opposed by a repressive protein called Whi5, and also by a second repressive protein called Stb1. Both Whi5 and Stb1 contain many potential sites for phosphorylation by CDK kinase, and is thought that relief of transcriptional repression involves the phosphorylation of Whi5 and Stb1 by CDK. Phosphorylation site mutants have been studied for Whi5, but not for Stb1. Here, we create phosphorylation site mutants of Stb1, and combine them with site mutants of Whi5. We find that the G1 cyclin Cln3 activates cell cycle transcription effectively when at least one of these proteins has its phosphorylation sites. However, when both Whi5 and Stb1 simultaneously lack all consensus phosphorylation sites, Cln3 is unable, or almost unable, to induce any gene expression, or any advancement of Start. Thus the G1 cyclin signaling pathway to Start has a requirement for CDK phosphorylation sites on either Whi5 or Stb1.
The Impact of Flame Burn Injuries on Patients Who Sustain Mild Injuries From Motor Vehicle Crashes.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in patient outcomes between motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims with an ISS < 15 and those with a similar ISS and a flame burn injury. METHODS Data for patients involved in a MVC with a GCS ≥12 and an ISS < 15 with and without flame burn injury were reviewed from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank between 2007 and 2017. International Classification of Diseases-9 and -10 revisions and External Injury Codes were used to identify patients who were divided into MVC only (Group 1) and MVC with additional flame burn injury (Group 2). In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome whereas secondary outcomes included ICU admission, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, sepsis, deep vein thrombosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia. Simple linear regression was used in the form of odds ratios to investigate risk factors for mortality and secondary outcomes. RESULTS The mean LOS and ICU LOS were longer in Group 2 (5.9 vs 4.0 days, p-value <0.001, and 1.2 vs 0.6 days, p-value <0.001, respectively), with more patients being admitted to the ICU as well (22.9% vs 17.3%, p-value <0.001). Also, there were significantly higher rates of pneumonia (0.8% vs 0.5%, p-value 0.0014), deep vein thrombosis (0.6% vs 0.4%, p-value 0.028), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (0.5% vs 0.3%, p-value 0.004) in Group 2. Patients in Group 1 were older and more likely had hypertension, congestive heart failure, and COPD. There was no significant difference in mortality between Groups by odds ratios (OR 0.85, p-value 0.743) or raw percentages (0.3% vs 0.3%, p-value = 0.874). CONCLUSION MVC victims with mild injuries who also sustain a burn injury are more likely to require admission to the ICU regardless of their comorbidities and more likely to develop respiratory complications, especially pneumonia and an increase in ICU and hospital LOS.
A method of obstetric analgesia and anesthesia.

Abstract A safe, simple, efficient method of obstetric analgesia and anesthesia has been described, using some new synthetic drugs. The large factor of safety of Demerol in combination with scopolamine and Intracaine offers a procedure without any of the hazards of the more common types of anesthesia, particularly when the services of a professional anesthetist are not available. The simplicity of this technique is apparent when an elementary knowledge of the anatomy of the perineum is acquired. It is effective when the nerves are blocked and allows most minor procedures, including outlet forceps delivery and repair.
ORBIT Measurements framework and library (OML): motivations, implementation and features

In this paper we present ORBIT measurement framework and library (OML), which is a distributed software framework enabling real-time collection of data in a large distributed environment. The success of a multiuser distributed testbed facility depends largely on the ease of use, remote access as well as on the ease of collecting useful measurements from experimental runs. OML provides a flexible and dynamic way in which data is collected and made available for realtime access to the experimenters. Application programmers can use simple interfaces provided to transfer measurements and other performance data to a central repository. This paper focuses on the motivation, requirements, design, implementation and real world usage of OML that is designed to provide a scalable, controllable and easy to use mechanism for experimenters to collect useful results from the experiments conducted on the ORBIT testbed.
A house divided: Feminism and object relations theory

Abstract The appropriation and use of object relations theory by feminists is a subject of debate among feminists. Many believe that feminist object relations “gender” theory represents a contribution to feminism, while others argue that object relations theory is too flawed to be of value. Rather than merely indulging as partisans in this debate, feminist theorists need to investigate the complexities of it. This essay presents prominent arguments on both sides of the debate in an attempt to clarify an inchoate dialogue. It concludes by suggesting that critiques of feminist object relations theory, while offering many incisive criticisms, do not necessarily invalidate its usefulness for feminists.
Growth processes induced by estrogenic hormones in the uterus of the mouse.

In former investigations we have studied the growth processes which take place in the mammary gland (1) and in the vagina and cervix (2) of mice under the influence of estrogenic hormones, and the conditions under which these processes become cancerous. The investigations recorded here extend this analysis to the uterus of the mouse. By uterus, we understand that part of the vaginal-cervical-uterine tract which begins approximately at the point of bifurcation. In earlier studies on the guinea-pig, it was pointed out (3) that the cervix may be divided into three parts: a vaginal, an intermediate, and a uterine part. The condition is similar in the mouse, although in this animal the division is perhaps not quite so definite as in the guinea-pig. Also there exists in the mouse a transition zone between cervix proper and uterus, in which the tissue has essentially the structure of the uterus but still retains some cervical characteristics, namely, a somewhat greater tendency to the production of low squamous epithelium than is present in the uterus proper. Thus there may be found here an area in which are uterine glands covered by low squamous rather than by cylindrical epithelium; furthermore, there may develop in this area glandular cysts which are filled with hyaline nucleated cells instead of with a diffuse gelatinous material, such as is usually encountered in uterine cysts. In this transition zone the cysts may be lined entirely or partially with a low squamous epithelium.
Abstract T P338: Time is of the Essence: A Nurse-Based Intervention to Improve Door to Needle Times

Background: For acute ischemic stroke, the chance of improved recovery is directly impacted by the length of time from symptom onset to administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV t-PA). Despite the importance of rapid treatment, stroke centers struggle with achieving consistent door to needle times of less than 60 minutes. In an effort to improve efficiency, we implemented a change in our response to the acute stroke patient by adding a dedicated stroke nurse and Nursing Flow Sheet that focuses on critical benchmarks (e.g., door to CT time) prior to treatment. We collected data on patients treated with IV t-PA pre- and post-intervention to determine if our process increased the number of patients receiving t-PA in less than 60 minutes. Methods: 137 patients (n=77 pre, 60 post) who were treated with IV t-PA between 2009-2013 were included in analysis. Student’s t-tests and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare door to needle times pre- and post-intervention. Additional data were collected regarding: patient demographics, admission characteristics (e.g., day of the week), stroke severity, medical comorbidities, and other barriers to t-PA administration (e.g., need for antihypertensives or additional imaging). Results: With implementation, the mean time to treatment only decreased from 82 to 78 minutes (p=0.58); however, the percentage of patients successfully treated within 60 minutes of arrival improved from 26% to 58% (p=0.003). NIH Stroke Scale severity and need for additional imaging (i.e., CTA of the chest) were associated with increased time to treatment. Conclusion: The use of a dedicated stroke nurse and Nursing Flow Sheet as part of the acute stroke assessment reduces door to needle times and significantly increases the proportion of patients treated with IV tPA within 60 minutes from hospital arrival.
Cavity-waveguide interaction in photonic crystals

We demonstrate coupling between two photonic crystal cavities via a row defect waveguide. A coupled mode theory is then introduced to better describe cavity waveguide coupling near the waveguide band edge.
Advances in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Computer Vision

The foundations of two- and three-dimensional image correlation, as well as recent developments, are described in detail. The versatility and robustness of these methods are illustrated through application examples from diverse areas including fracture mechanics, biomechanics, constitutive property measurement in complex materials, model verification for large, flawed structures and nondestructive evaluation. A detailed description of experimental and data-reduction procedures is presented for the application of the two-dimensional image-correlation method to thin-sheet mixed-mode I/II fracture studies, local crack-closure measurements using optical microscopy and the measurement of constitutive properties. Application examples using three-dimensional image correlation include profiling of components for reverse engineering and manufacturing and the measurement of full-field surface deformation during wide cracked panel tensile tests for verification of buckling and crack-growth models. Results from nearly sixteen years of use have demonstrated that both two-dimensional and three-dimensional image-correlation methods are robust and accurate tools for deformation measurements in a variety of applications. The range of uses for the two-and three-dimensional image-correlation methods is growing rapidly as scientists and engineers begin to understand their true capabilities.
Building Self-Consistent Triaxial Galaxy Models Using Schwarzschild's Method

We use Schwarzschild's orbit superposition method to build self-consistent models of elliptical galaxies with scale-free potentials. Our exhaustive study of all physical shapes and central densities for galaxies with scale-free potentials establishes a relationship between the presence of chaos and self-consistency. The extent and the onset of chaos is studied by varying parameters of the model which are believed to be its inducers, such as the steepness of the central density cusp, flatness and triaxiality. We show that gravitational scattering of the central density cusp plays a dominant role in restricting the shapes of elliptical galaxies.
An in vitro evaluation of microleakage in class I preparations using 5th, 6th and 7th generation composite bonding agents.

The intent of this study was to evaluate microleakage of newer generations of dentinal bonding systems of Class I restorations filled with the same resin based composites. Eighty extracted human premolar and molar teeth were randomly assigned to four groups for bonding: the 5th generation bonding system (Optibond Solo), the 6th generation bonding system (Prompt-L-Pop) and the 7th generation bonding system (iBond), and a control group that was used with no dentinal bonding system. Cavities were prepared 3mm in width, 2mm in depth and 2mm in length. Margins of the cavities were chamfered using a high-speed hand piece with water spray and a #1/2 round diamond bur. The cavities were restored with resin based composites after the application of the dentinal bonding systems according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Upon drying of the teeth, two coats of nail varnish were applied covering the surface of the tooth, excluding the tooth-restoration interface. Samples were thermocycled and immersed in methy...
Evaluation of opioid receptor subtype antagonist effects in the ventral tegmental area upon food intake under deprivation, glucoprivic and palatable conditions

Opioid receptor subtype antagonists differentially alter food intake under deprivation (24 h), glucoprivic (2-deoxy-D-glucose, 500 mg/kg, i.p.) or palatable (10% sucrose) conditions with mu (beta-funaltrexamine) and kappa (nor-binaltorphamine), but not delta1 ([D-Ala2,Leu5,Cys6]enkephalin) opioid antagonists reducing each form of intake following ventricular microinjection. Both mu and kappa opioid antagonists microinjected into either the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus or the nucleus accumbens reduce intake under deprivation and glucoprivic conditions. Palatable intake is reduced by both antagonists in the paraventricular nucleus, but only mu antagonists are active in the accumbens. Food intake is stimulated by mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid agonists microinjected into the ventral tegmental area. The present study examined whether food intake under either deprivation, glucoprivic or palatable conditions was altered by bilateral administration of general (naltrexone), mu, kappa, delta1 or delta2 (naltrindole isothiocyanate) opioid antagonists into the ventral tegmental area. Deprivation (24 h)-induced feeding was significantly reduced by high (50 microg), but not lower (10-20 microg) doses of naltrexone (21%), and by delta2 (4 microg, 19%) antagonism in the ventral tegmental area. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (500 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced hyperphagia was significantly reduced by high (50 microg), but not lower (20 microg) doses of naltrexone (64%), and by delta2 (4 microg, 27%) antagonism in the ventral tegmental area. Sucrose (10%) intake was significantly reduced by naltrexone (20-50 microg, 25-39%) and delta2 (4 microg, 25%) antagonism in the ventral tegmental area. Neither mu, kappa nor delta1 antagonists were effective in reducing any form of intake following microinjection into the ventral tegmental area. These data indicate that the ventral tegmental area plays a relatively minor role in the elicitation of these forms of food intake, and that delta2, rather than mu, kappa or delta1 opioid receptors appear responsible for mediation of these forms of intake by this nucleus.
An absorption-line blackbody distribution function for efficient calculation of total gas radiative transfer

Abstract An absorption-line blackbody distribution function for H2O which provides an efficient means for total radiative transfer calculations is presented. The function eliminates the need to specify a path-length required by current narrow and wide band models since the basic radiative property is the locally defined absorption coefficient. This allows the model to be used with arbitrary solution methods of the radiative transfer equation which requires the absorption coefficient as input. A simple mathematical correlation is presented for use in computer algorithms. A few sample calculations of total emissivity as well as numerical solutions to the radiative transfer equation with the use of the distribution function are performed. The model shows good agreement with Hottel's total emissivity data. There is also very good agreement between the model and computationally intensive line-by-line calculations in isothermal media of uniform composition. The function may also be used for approximate calculations in non-uniform media.
The Jewish Community of Salonika: The End of a Long History

Salonika, Greece’s second-largest city, does not often attract the world’s attention. Neither its scenic setting at the head of a natural bay across which, on clear days, one can discern the outlin...
Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance Absorption by Trivalent Neodymium Ions in Single Crystals of Lanthanum Trichloride and Lanthanum Ethyl Sulphate in Zero Magnetic Field

Measurements of magnetic-dipole transition frequencies of $^{143,145}\mathrm{Nd}^{3+}$ occurring substitutionally for ${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ in La${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ were made for the first time in the absence of an external magnetic field. The sensitive [${10}^{13}$ spins/ (Mc/sec linewidth)], versatile, cavity-type, variable-frequency (1000-4600 Mc/sec) spectrometer developed for these experiments is described. Measurements of magnetic-dipole transition frequencies of $^{143,145}\mathrm{Nd}^{+3}$ in La${({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}9${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O made at low field by Bleaney were repeated at zero magnetic field. The results are summarized in terms of a least-squares best fit of the spin Hamiltonian $H=A{S}_{z}{I}_{z}+B({S}_{x}{I}_{x}+{S}_{y}{I}_{y})+P[{{I}_{z}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}I(I+1)]$ to the data. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters are independent of temperature between 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Theoretical interpretation of the spin-Hamiltonian parameters yielded $\frac{^{143}\ensuremath{\mu}_{N}}{^{145}\ensuremath{\mu}_{N}}=1.60892\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00010$, $^{143}g_{n}〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉=(11.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and $^{143}\ensuremath{\mu}_{N}=(1.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)$ nm for the La${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ crystal; and $\frac{^{143}\ensuremath{\mu}_{N}}{^{145}\ensuremath{\mu}_{N}}=1.60886\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00029$, $^{143}g_{n}〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉=(11.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $^{143}\ensuremath{\mu}_{N}=(1.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)$ nm for the La ${({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}9${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O crystal assuming $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉=(36.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The close agreement of ${g}_{n}〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ for the two crystals implies that $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ is independent of the host for these two crystals.
Application of a simple power law for transport ratio with bimodal distributions of spherical grains under oscillatory forcing

Abstract Morphodynamic models of coastal evolution require relatively simple parameterizations of sediment transport for application over larger scales. Calantoni and Thaxton (2008) [6] presented a transport parameterization for bimodal distributions of coarse quartz grains derived from detailed boundary layer simulations for sheet flow and near sheet flow conditions. The simulation results, valid over a range of wave forcing conditions and large- to small-grain diameter ratios, were successfully parameterized with a simple power law that allows for the prediction of the transport rates of each size fraction. Here, we have applied the simple power law to a two-dimensional cellular automaton to simulate sheet flow transport. Model results are validated with experiments performed in the small oscillating flow tunnel (S-OFT) at the Naval Research Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, MS, in which sheet flow transport was generated with a bed composed of a bimodal distribution of non-cohesive grains. The work presented suggests that, under the conditions specified, algorithms that incorporate the power law may correctly reproduce laboratory bed surface measurements of bimodal sheet flow transport while inherently incorporating vertical mixing by size.
Gene Expression Profiling and Outcome Prediction in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract Gene expression profiling with microarrays has provided new insights into the molecular biology of tumors can that underlie differences in responses to therapy and patient outcomes. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, gene expression profiling has revealed at least 2 diseases that are strikingly different in their response to chemotherapy and the inhibition of critical oncogenic pathways. In follicular lymphoma, gene expression profiling showed that the host immune response to tumors is an important determinant of outcome and can strongly predict survival at the time of diagnosis. The application of immunologic therapies that modify the host immune response could have a major effect on survival in patients with follicular lymphoma. Thus, the application of gene expression profiling in non-Hodgkin lymphoma provides important prognostic information at the time of diagnosis and can be translated into therapeutic options that improve patient outcomes.
Familial Mahaim Syndrome

We describe the occurrence of Mahaim syndrome in a mother and her son. The occurrence of such a rare disorder in two members of a family is noteworthy, has not been reported before, and suggests the possibility of genetic transmission. A genetic transmission of supraventricular tachycardia has been described only in rare cases for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. No such data is available for the Mahaim syndrome.
The presence of a serotonin uptake inhibitor alters pharmacological manipulations of serotonin release

The present study investigated the effects of the presence of the serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram in the perfusion medium on pharmacological manipulations which increased and decreased striatal serotonin release using in vivo microdialysis. A high performance liquid chromatography detection system equipped with a microbore column was used which reduced the detection limit to 0.5 fmol serotonin/5 μl sample and enabled basal striatal serotonin release to be measured without the addition of a serotonin uptake inhibitor to the perfusion medium. Although serotonin uptake inhibitors have frequently been used to enhance the serotonin content of dialysate samples, the effects of the presence of serotonin uptake inhibitors on pharmacological manipulations which increased and decreased the release of serotonin have not yet been characterized. Serotonin release was reduced by the systemic administration of the 5-HTIA receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Although 5-HT release was reduced by 8-OH-DPAT after the addition of citalopram, the 5-HTIA receptor agonist did not reduce absolute levels of extracellular serotonin below basal values of serotonin measured in the absence of citalopram. In addition, citalopram dramatically prevented the four-fold increase in the release of serotonin produced by the systemic administration of the serotonin-releasing agent fenfluramine. The blockade of fenfluramine's effects by citalopram supports the hypothesis that transport of fenfluramine into serotonergic neurons is necessary to increase serotonin release. This study demonstrates that the use of an HPLC detection system equipped with a microbore column can reliably measure basal serotonin release using in vivo microdialysis. Evaluation of the effects of the addition of citalopram to the perfusion medium suggests that the response to pharmacological manipulations of serotonin release may be substantially altered by the presence of an uptake inhibitor.
Undergraduate Software Engineering at RIT: Past, Present, and Future

The undergraduate software engineering degree program at the Rochester Institute of Technology has encountered numerous challenges in developing a curriculum that bridges the gap between what computer science graduates know and can do versus what is expected of them in the workplace.
Binder Jetting: A Novel Solid Oxide Fuel-Cell Fabrication Process and Evaluation

With an ever-growing concern to find a more efficient and less polluting means of producing electricity, fuel cells have constantly been of great interest. Fuel cells electrochemically convert chemical energy directly into electricity and heat without resorting to combustion/mechanical cycling. This article studies the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which is a high-temperature (100°C to 1000°C) ceramic cell made from all solid-state components and can operate under a wide range of fuel sources such as hydrogen, methanol, gasoline, diesel, and gasified coal. Traditionally, SOFCs are fabricated using processes such as tape casting, calendaring, extrusion, and warm pressing for substrate support, followed by screen printing, slurry coating, spray techniques, vapor deposition, and sputter techniques, which have limited control in substrate microstructure. In this article, the feasibility of engineering the porosity and configuration of an SOFC via an additive manufacturing (AM) method known as binder jet printing was explored. The anode, cathode and oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte layers were fabricated through AM sequentially as a complete fuel cell unit. The cell performance was measured in two modes: (I) as an electrolytic oxygen pump and (II) as a galvanic electricity generator using hydrogen gas as the fuel. An analysis on influence of porosity was performed through SEM studies and permeability testing. An additional study on fuel cell material composition was conducted to verify the effects of binder jetting through SEM–EDS. Electrical discharge of the AM fabricated SOFC and nonlinearity of permeability tests show that, with additional work, the porosity of the cell can be modified for optimal performance at operating flow and temperature conditions.
Terahertz Quantum Well Devices and their Potential for Free Space Communication

We report on our development of both detectors and lasers in the terahertz (THz) region. For detection, we focus on the approach based on the extension of the celebrated quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs); whereas the quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) provide the source. We show our preliminary demonstration of free space communication using our detectors and lasers. An all photonic THz communication link operating at 3.8 THz using a QCL and quantum well photodetector has been demonstrated. The link consists of a quantum cascade laser transmitter and a quantum well photodetector receiver. The link was used to transmit audio through two meters of room air. Carrier strength at the photodetector was 100 times above the noise level measured. THz free space communication may be of interest in satellite based systems.
Overlap and exchange effects in beta decay

The change in nuclear charge by one unit in beta decay causes initial and final atomic states to overlap imperfectly. The effect of this imperfect overlap on the shape of allowed electron and positron emission spectra is calculated. The calculated change in the spectrum shape can be simulated by including the average excitation energy of the final atom in the energy balance. The inhibition, due to imperfect atomic overlap, of electron-capture rates, as well as total electron and positron-emission rates, is also determined. In all known cases, imperfect atomic overlap increases beta-decay lifetimes by at most a few percent and usually by an amount less than a few tenths of one percent. Antisymmetrization between decay and bound atomic electrons, in conjunction with the change in nuclear charge, gives rise to exchange effects in electron emission and electron capture. Due to exchange terms, the usual allowed electron spectrum is multiplied by a quantity that is of the order of 1-2Z-1 for energies less than the binding energy of a K electron in the initial atom. This exchange correction is negligible for higher energies of the emitted continuum electron. A simple approximate formula is derived that predicts the effect of exchange on L to K capture ratios; this formula predicts a 22% increase over the usual theoretical value for the L to K ratio of Ar37. The Ar37 prediction is in excellent agreement with recent experiments and with a more complicated calculation by Odiot and Daudel. Exchange effects change total electron emission and electron capture rates by at most a few percent.
Case Studies of Gravity Waves Associated with Isolated Tornadic Storms on 13 January 1976.

Penetrative convection, thunderstorms, squall lines, etc., all generate atmospheric gravity waves which can be observed by a ground-based ionospheric Doppler sounder array. Sources of these waves can be determined from reverse ray tracing computations. Case studies of gravity waves associated with isolated tornadic storms on January 13, 1976 were summarized to establish the minimum data sampling time required for correct spectral analysis and ray tracing computations. It was concluded that the data sampling time can be reduced to two to three times the wave period while still obtaining a reasonably good power spectral density. It was also demonstrated that the data sampling time can be reduced to two to three times the time delay of the wave arrival between two station pairs while still obtaining a justifiably good cross-spectral analysis. Computed source locations of the observed gravity waves are compared with conventional and satellite meteorological data.
Anomalous rate dependence of the preconditioned response of soft tissue during load controlled deformation

It has been observed in load controlled laboratory tests of myocardium and skin that the tissues can exhibit a decrease in nonlinear stiffness with an increase in loading rate: the faster a test is performed, the more compliant is the preconditioned material behavior. This response seems to conflict with what is generally expected of soft tissues based on stretch or strain controlled tests, in which an increased rate of deformation results in a stiffer material response. It is hypothesized that this anomalous behavior has not been observed previously due to the small number of cyclic load controlled mechanical characterization tests that are geared specifically towards viscoelastic tissue response. The goal of this paper is to examine the preconditioned response of soft tissue to load controlled deformation using nonlinear viscoelastic material models including quasi-linear viscoelasticity, and to determine under what conditions this anomalous behavior becomes apparent. Results from this study suggest that this behavior is a true phenomenon unique to load controlled deformations that results from the interplay of nonlinear effects and creep behavior. These results call for increased attention to experimental parameters when testing and modeling nonlinear viscoelastic material behavior.
Comparison of the refractive index structure constant prediction using radiosonde data to in-situ thermosonde measurements

Inter-comparisons between in-situ thermosonde measurements of atmospheric scintillations and the estimates of the models based on the radiosonde data are presented here. The thermosondes, which provide in situ measurement of optical turbulence by measuring temperature variance, give very high spatio-temporal resolution of the refractive index structure constant profiles C2 n (z) at about 7.5 m vertical height resolution. Only a few studies have been conducted to compare the scintillation estimates based on the radiosonde data and in-situ measurements using an accurate thermosonde system.
Changes in direct payments after 2013 in the Czech agrarian sector

The Common Agricultural Policy is the oldest common policy of the European Union and its influence covers a wide range of social life issues, covering the agricultural production itself as well as the fields of rural development, employment, environmental protection and others. The aim of this paper is to review the development of the CAP subsidy policy and its possible scenarios after 2013. For the analysis, a sample of Czech farms was selected (920 farms) in 2004-2011. The first part of this paper describes the development of subsidies in 2004-2011 and their impact on the profitability of enterprises. It includes a prediction of a possible new system of the direct payments for 2014. These calculations are set out in two variants: a) simplified flat rate per hectare; b) combined payment based on the Regulation of the European Parliament and Council Regulation 2011/0286 (EC, 2011b).
Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among the Jomon people of central Japan. X. Peopling of the Pacific

The high rate of crown caries (8.6%; 119/1,377 teeth) and other oral pathologies in 101 central Japan Middle to Late Jomon Period (ca. 1000 B.C.) crania indicate a level of carbohydrate consumption consistent with an agriculture hypothesis. Because Jomon dental crown and root morphology shows strong resemblances with past and present Southeast Asians, but not with ancient Chinese or modern Japanese, Jomon agriculture could be of great antiquity in the isolated Japanese islands. These dental data and other assembled facts suggest that ancestral Jomonese might have carried to Japan a cariogenic cultigen such as taro before the end of the Pleistocene from tropical Sundaland by way of the now-submerged east Asian continental shelf.
Identification of parameters in nonlinear boundary-value problems

This paper presents a method for identification of parameters in nonlinear boundary-value problems. The successive approximations technique proposed uses the theory of Lagrange multipliers and the Newton-Raphson method. This method does not require storage of functions and is quadratically convergent. Numerical results are presented.
Manipulation of C60 molecules on Cu(111) surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope

molecules out from their stable adsorption sites at Cu(111) steps, trap them into nanometer-sized Cu vacancy sites formed with the tip, or reposition them one-by-one along a Cu step under complete control.
Is ‘forward’ the same as ‘plus’?…and other adventures in SNP allele nomenclature

This work was supported in part by the following National Institutes of Health grants: GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG004446); GARNET Coordinating Center (U01 HG005157); Center for Inherited Disease Research (U01HG004438, NIH contract numbers HHSN268200782096C and HHSN268201100011I); and Broad Center for Genotyping and Analysis (U01HG04424).
Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation Without Reversal of Warfarin Therapy

The study evaluated all patients undergoing permanent pacemaker and ICD implantation over a 4-year period to determine if anticoagulated patients required normalization of coagulation factors in the periprocedural period. The study included 1,025 (597 men, 428 women, age 24-100 years, mean 72 years) consecutive patients who underwent device implantation using mostly a percutaneous subclavian approach. The procedures were performed without reversal of anticoagulation in 470 patients with INRs >or= 1.5 at the time of the procedure (mean INR 2.6 +/- 1.0, range 1.5-7.5). The complication rate in the anticoagulated group was similar to those in patients with a normal INR. Routine normalization of coagulation factors prior to pacemaker/ICD placement may not be necessary.
Localized propagation modes guided by shear discontinuities in photonic crystals

We propose and analyze shear discontinuities as a new type of defect in photonic crystals. This defect can support guided modes with minimum group velocity dispersion (GVD) and maximum bandwidth, provided that the shear shift equals half the lattice constant. A mode gap emerges when the shear shift is different than half the lattice constant. The shear shift can be used to tune the bandwidth, group velocity, and group velocity dispersion (GVD) of the guided mode. The necessary condition for the existence of guided modes along the shear plane is discussed.
Content analysis methods for conducting research in social and administrative pharmacy.

Abstract Background Content analysis is a research technique used to systematically collect and analyze the makeup and exchange of communication through various visual, auditory, and print media. It has been used in health care to study communications to audiences using a broad range of media. Objective The purpose of this article is to introduce the methodology of content analysis and suggest some recommendations for its use. Methods A review of steps used in content analysis are provided and illustrated using 2 examples of pharmacy advertising research to highlight major ideas, delineate problems faced when using the methodology, and describe how issues were resolved. Results The quality of content analysis studies depends on using clear definitions of study constructs, explicit sampling methods, systematic analysis and reporting of data, and inferences that incorporate current research evidence. Transparent methods that permit reproducibility of results are essential. Conclusions Ultimately, good content analysis depends on the skill, competence, diligence, and integrity of trained researchers.
Using the SI units

SI surpasses previous metric systems in coherence, simplicity, distinction between force and mass, choice of units, and uniformity of usage. Coherence eliminates conversion factors, other than powers of ten, within the system. Through simplification, only seven base units, two supplementary units, seventeen named derived units, and sixteen prefixes are needed to describe the entire system. Promotion of the newton as a unit of force and retention of the kilogram for mass clarifies the difference between the two quantities. New units are: pascal for pressure, siemens for electric conductance, and mole for amount of a substance. International agreement minimizes proliferation of specialized units or usage. Adopted conventions include spelling, abbreviations, style, and usage, as well as definitions for the units. Toleranceg, rounding of numbers, and elimination of the comma in multidigit numbers assume new significance. Conversion to SI offers a unique opportunity to reduce the number of sizes of many products. Several schemes for metric modularism have been developed for this purpose. In changing from conventional tip SI units, the key idea is “think metric” rather than use dual dimensioning.
Comparative effectiveness of chlorine and chlorine dioxide biocide regimes for biofouling control

The effectiveness of chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in controlling biofouling of 304L stainless steel heat exchanger tubing was compared using an experimental trough system. Three combinations of dose and contact time were evaluated. Chlorination coupled with a dispersant was also tested. Three criteria were used to assess the degree of fouling; organic carbon and dry weight of the fouling material accumulated on metal specimens and the visual appearance of this material on the specimens. These parameters correlated well with one another and therefore, collectively provided an effective means of evaluating biocide efficacy. Metal specimens in all troughs receiving biocide treatment were much less fouled than those in the trough receiving no biocide. Continuous application of Cl2 at about 0.15 ppm was more effective than four 15-min 1 ppm Cl2 applications per day. Both of these treatment regimes were more effective than a dose of about 1 ppm for 1 h day−1. Use of a dispersant in combination with Cl2 showed no significant reduction in the amount of biofouling material accumulation, although a difference in the texture of this material was observed. Unlike the Cl2 results, low-level continuous ClO2 treatment at 0.15 ppm resulted in biofouling similar to that when 1 ppm of ClO2 was used for 1 h day−1. Overall, ClO2 was significantly (P < 0.05) more effective in controlling biofouling than Cl2.
Comparison of non-diglyceride- and diglyceride-based assays for pancreatic lipase activity.

Pancreatic lipase is produced and stored in pancreatic acinar cells, and is normally secreted into the duct system. In disorders that cause pancreatic damage, pancreatic lipase enters the circulation, and serum lipase activity becomes useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of pancreatitis. During the last decade, many lipase assays have used the Imamura method, in which a series of enzymatic reactions utilizing a diglyceride substrate leads to the formation of a colorimetrically detected product. Historically, this method has been prone to significant interference from various substances, including glycerol itself. In the light of these limitations, we evaluated an automated enzymatic rate assay that uses a non-diglyceride-based, pancreatic lipase-specific substrate. Precision, linearity, and potential interference were assessed, and when compared to the Imamura method, the non-diglyceride-based assay exhibited a slope of 0.475, y-intercept of 15.89, r-value of 0.9516, and Sy,x of 12.96. Similar results were also observed when the two assays were compared using samples with markedly elevated creatinine levels. Between-day coefficients of variance (CVs) ranged from 5.0% to 5.5%, which compared well with the diglyceride-based method, and linearity spanned a range of 3–156 U/L. Evaluation of over 2,000 patient results collected during a 6-month period suggested that the manufacturer’s upper reference limit of 51 U/L may be too conservative. No significant interference was identified with bilirubin, triglyceride, or glycerol itself, and significant interference from hemoglobin was observed only at concentrations of 116 mg/dL or greater. As a result, the non-diglyceride-based method provides an acceptable alternative for the routine laboratory measurement of lipase activity. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:52–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selenium desorption from Ca‐Kaolinite

Abstract Toxic selenium (Se) concentrations were found recently in shallow groundwater in the west side of the San Joaquin Valley in California. The objective of the present work was to evaluate whether excessive leaching, variations in pH, and the presence of competing ions may contribute to Se solubilization and accumulation in the drainage water. Selenium desorption from a Ca‐Kaolinite suspension deviated considerably from the corresponding adsorption isotherm. Raising the suspension pH from 5.6 to 8.7 resulted in the release of all the Se present in the system into the solution phase. Decreasing the pH from 5.6 to 3.6, reduced Se and Se concentrations in the solution by a factor of 3 and 2, respectively. When adding P at a 10:1 P‐to‐total Se molar ratio, Se and Se concentrations in the solution increased from 1.5 to 2.3 and from 2.4 to 2.6 pM, respectivley. Sulfate ions at the same, or higher, molar ratios had no apparent effect on Se solubilization.
Effects of high frequency oscillatory ventilation compared to conventional ventilation upon pulmonary vascular prostanoid production in neonatal piglets.

In order to investigate the possibility that high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFO) might preferentially stimulate intrapulmonary prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis thereby decreasing pulmonary vascular smooth muscle tone, we determined pulmonary prostacyclin and thromboxane production in neonatal piglets ventilated by conventional means and by HFO (8 Hz). There was no detectable release of prostacyclin or thromboxane into blood passing through the lungs (i.e., pulmonary arterial concentrations were greater than aortic concentrations) during ventilation by conventional means or during HFO. Furthermore, there were no differences between the two modes of ventilation in cardiac output, systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance, or pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia/hypercapnia. We conclude that HFO does not stimulate pulmonary prostacyclin production and does not affect pulmonary vascular resistance or the pulmonary vasoconstriction associated with alveolar hypoxia/hypercapnia when compared to conventional ventilation in anesthetized newborn piglets.
Efficient Separation of Dolaproine Stereoisomers by Optimization of a Three Component Chromatographic Solvent System

Abstract A solvent system composed of n-hexane-chloroform-acetone was selected (by TLC) for resolving a difficult to separate mixture of protected dolaproine stereoisomers. A set of points representing solvent ratios was generated by an application of statistical methods. From thin layer chromatography data semifinal solvent ratios were selected. By applying simplex optimization, the solvent ratio was found to be 32.3 : 53.4 : 14.3 respectively for the preceding solvent system.
The purification of vaccinia virus from cell cultures.

Abstract Vaccinia virus has been grown in HeLa cell suspension and purified by fluorocarbon treatment. Cellular material was digested by nucleases and by trypsin, and the virus was finally purified by density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride. Infected cells have been grown in the presence of uridine-2-C 14 and a coincidence of counts per minute, OD 260 , and plaque-forming units has been obtained in the density gradient. Hydrolysis showed that purified virus contained less than 0.2% by weight of RNA as calculated from the presence of uracil-2-C 14 .
Pediatricians' screening urinalysis practices.

Objective To determine pediatricians' routine screening urinalysis practices. Study design This was a survey of a nationally representative sample of pediatricians practicing in the U.S. regarding their screening urinalysis practices in childhood. Results Of the 1502 pediatricians sampled, 653 eligible subjects participated, for an estimated response rate of 49.5%. The vast majority of participants (78%) routinely screen asymptomatic children with urinalysis in at least 1 age group. Pediatricians' screening urinalysis practice varies based on age group: 9% screen during infancy ( Conclusions Many pediatricians routinely conduct screening urinalysis during childhood, frequently at ages not recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics.