cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADHD and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: conduct problems and substance use as mediators of risk.

Background: Recent studies have linked attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to elevated rates of risky sexual behavior (RSB) in adult samples. The current study tested whether ADHD symptoms were associated with RSB among adolescents, and examined comorbid conduct problems and problematic substance use as joint mediators of this association. Methods: ADHD symptoms, conduct problems (oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder symptoms), problematic alcohol use (alcohol use disorder symptoms, alcohol use frequency), problematic marijuana use (marijuana use disorder symptoms, marijuana use frequency), and RSB were assessed among an ethnically diverse cross-sectional sample of adolescents (N = 115; mean age = 14.9 years) involved in the juvenile justice system. Results: Bootstrapped mediation models revealed an initial association between ADHD symptoms and RSB that was accounted for fully by the influence of problematic alcohol and marijuana use, but not conduct problems. A follow-up multiple groups mediation analysis demonstrated that the relationship between ADHD symptoms and RSB emerged only among youth with clinically elevated conduct problems, and that problematic marijuana use fully accounted for this relationship. Hyperactive/impulsive, but not inattentive, symptoms were related to RSB, although the pattern of indirect effects was consistent with the multiple groups analysis. Conclusions: The association between ADHD and adolescent RSB is restricted to youth with elevated comorbid conduct problems and reflects the contributions of comorbid marijuana use problems, and to a lesser extent alcohol use problems. Early identification and treatment of these comorbid conditions may be important for the prevention of negative sexual health outcomes among youth with ADHD. Keywords: ADHD, adolescents, conduct problems, risky sexual behavior, substance use.
A comparison of an electron-beam-induced chemical reaction at T = 10 K and T = 300 K

An in-situ spectroscopic analysis of an electron-beam-induced chemical reaction, at T = 10 and 300 K, is reported. The results indicate that the damage cross-section at 10 K is 2.5 times smaller than at 300 K. Calculations are presented to support that electron beam heating of the sample is negligible and that the small decrease in damage is most likely due to a temperature-dependent radiation-physical process.
The limits of anchoring

Anchoring and adjustment is a pervasive bias in which decision makers are influenced by random or uninformative numbers or starting points. As a means of understanding this effect, we explore two limits on anchoring. In Experiments 1 and 2, implausibly extreme anchors had a proportionally smaller effect than anchors close to the expected value of the lotteries evaluated. In Experiments 2 and 3, anchoring occurred only if the anchor and preference judgment were expressed on the same scale. Incompatible anchors and response modes resulted in no anchoring bias. A confirmatory search mechanism is proposed to account for these results.
Characterization of peptides related to neuropeptide tyrosine and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine from the brain and gastrointestinal tract of teleost fish.

Neuropeptide Y was isolated from the brain of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua and its primary structure established as Tyr-Pro-Ile*-Lys-Pro-Glu*-Asn-Pro-Gly-Glu10-Asp-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Asp*-Glu*-Leu*-Ala-Lys*-Tyr20-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Leu-Arg-His-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Leu30-Ile-Thr-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr-CONH2. Residues denoted by an asterisk are different from the corresponding sequence of human neuropeptide Y. A structurally similar peptide was isolated from the brain of the trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Trout neuropeptide Y contains four substitutions (Ile3Val, Ala14Thr, Asp15Glu and Ser22Thr) compared with cod neuropeptide Y. A second peptide of the neuropeptide Y family was identified in the trout brain and this component was structurally similar to peptide tyrosine-tyrosine previously isolated from frog intestine (six amino acid substitutions) and identical to a peptide isolated from the pancreas of the closely related species, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho salmon). Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, with the same primary structure as the brain peptide, was also isolated from an extract of the trout stomach. The data indicate that a peptide analogous to mammalian neuropeptide Y is present in the brain of teleost fish and a peptide analogous to mammalian peptide tyrosine-tyrosine is present in brain, gastrointestinal tissue and pancreas. We speculate, therefore, that the putative gene duplication that led to pancreatic polypeptide in the higher vertebrates took place after the time of divergence of fish and tetrapods.
Intubation by Basic EMTs: Lifesaving Advance or Catastrophic Complication?

Abstract See related article, p 228. [Spaite D: Intubation by basic EMTs: Lifesaving advance or catastrophic complication? Ann Emerg Med February 1998;31: 276-277.]
A Theoretical Study of the Scavenging of O2-by NO in the Gas Phase and in Condensed Media

A mechanism describing the scavenging of O2- by NO to produce NO3- in the condensed phase is presented. In the proposed mechanism, H2O acts as an overall catalyst. However, it is oxidized temporally by ONOO- to a second intermediate complex consisting of NO2- and H2O2. This complex is subsequently rearranged to hydrated nitrate, [NO3-, H2O]. The structures of the various species in the elementary reactions are investigated by ab initio methods. The thermodynamical data in condensed media are estimated from polarized continuum calculations. Thermodynamic considerations show that the proposed mechanism is feasible. However, the estimates for the activation energies suggest that the mechanism is not of much physiological importance.
Commentary on "Treatments that work in pediatric psychology: Procedure-related pain".

that many children under the age of 6 years had difficulty mastering the skills involved in progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, and deep breathing. Consequently, modified cognitive-behavioral strategies, such as distraction, may be more appropriate for preschool children. Additional modifications may be needed for children with other special needs, such as motor or cognitive disabilities. We also know very little about the long-term outcome of cognitive-behavioral interventions for procedural pain. It is admirable that several of the studies that were cited in this review presented long-term outcome data. In actuality, however, we have only published data demonstrating continued benefits of treatment after the complete withdrawal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for a handful of children! Powers et al. (1993) documented the longest follow-up period, with three children maintaining reductions in behavioral distress for 1 to 6 months postintervention. In the remaining studies that included follow-up behavioral observations, Blount et al. (1994), Dahlquist et al. (1985), and Jay et al. (1985) documented that distress reductions maintained for one to two sessions for a total of eight children. Thus, the question of whether children actually can continue to effectively use cognitive-behavioral coping strategies for months or years following the completion of psychological treatment remains to be answered. We currently are in the process of analyzing 6to 12-month followup data from an NCI-funded longitudinal study of cognitive behavioral treatment of children receiving cancer chemotherapy. Our preliminary data suggest that virtually all children responded posiJournal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1999, pp. 153–154
The Elastic Distortion of the Flanged Inner Ring of a High Speed Cylindrical Roller Bearing

The elastic distortion of the inner ring of an experimental 3,000,000 DN roller bearing is investigated analytically. The geometry of this bearing is unusually complex and for this reason a bearing with an axially symmetric inner ring and shaft is also analyzed. Only the inner ring and shaft are considered using a two-dimensional finite element computer program which enables interference between these components to be accommodated. The results for the experimental bearing suggest that elastic distortions are modest in relation to the design clearances. However, the variation of the radial deflection of the raceway may be significant for some circumstances and the interference fit adopted between the ring and shaft appears to be questionably low.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF EXOGENOUS VITAMIN E IN THE NEWBORN

These studies were designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of vitamin E following intravenous (IV), topical (TOP) as eye drops, and intramusclar (IM) vitamin E in the newborn kitten as the animal model of retinopathy of prematurity. TOP adminstration of E had no significant effect on tissue or plasma E concentration. The mean plasma concentration of E in the control and TOP treated animals was 0.5 mg%. Plasma levels of radiolabelled E following IV adminstration (100 mg/kg) decayed in a triphasic manner: the half-life of the inital component was 2 hrs while the terminal component half-life was 86 hrs. Plasma concentration of E during the first two hrs ranged from 70-80 mg% and therapeutic E concentration of 3 mg% was not observed until 48 hrs. after IV administration. Plasma values for E following IM administration (100 mg/kg) reached a steady state level of 5-7 mg% within four hrs and was maintained for up to 120 hrs. It is concluded that the IM route of administration provides an effective method for rapid introduction and maintenance of therapeutic vitamin E levels in the plasma of the newborn.(Supported in part by NIH EY04990).
A Mathematical Model of the Kinetics of β-Amyloid Fibril Growth from the Denatured State

Spontaneous conversion of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) from soluble monomer to insoluble fibril may underlie the neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease. A complete description of Abeta self-association kinetics requires identification of the oligomeric species present and the pathway of association, as well as quantitation of rate constants and reaction order. Abeta was rendered monomeric and denatured by dissolution in 8 M urea, pH 10. "Refolding" and fibrillization were initiated by rapid dilution into phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4. The kinetics of growth were followed at three different concentrations, using size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and static light scattering. A multi-step pathway for fibril formation and growth was postulated. This pathway included 1) rapid commitment to either stable monomer/dimer or unstable intermediate, 2) cooperative association of intermediate into a multimeric "nucleus," 3) elongation of the "nucleus" into filaments via addition of intermediate, 4) lateral aggregation of filaments into fibrils, and 5) fibril elongation via end-to-end association. Differential and algebraic equations describing this kinetic pathway were derived, and model parameters were determined by fitting the data. The utility of the model for identifying toxic Abeta oligomeric specie(s) is demonstrated. The model should prove useful for designing compounds that inhibit Abeta aggregation and/or toxicity.
Rates of Soil Erosion

In his report “Decreased rates of alluvial sediment storage in the Coon Creek Basin, Wisconsin, 1975–93” (20 Aug., p. [1244][1]), Stanley W. Trimble presents the significant findings that there is a relatively constant supply of sediments released to the Mississippi River from Coon Creek and
Positive afterimage following brief high-intensity flashes.

The time course of the decay of the positive afterimage following high-intensity flashes was measured by monocular and binocular brightness matching. The comparison field luminance was adjusted by means of crossed neutral wedges driven by a reversible motor. Density of the wedges was continuously recorded and the afterimage was tracked up to seven minutes following the flashes. Flash durations of 0.24 to 1.4 msec were used with a flash luminance of 4×105 L. With a 10° monocular bipartite photometric field, the afterimage brightness 5 sec following a 3×107 td·sec flash was matched by a 105-td comparison field. Photometric matches made monocularly or binocularly with an annular afterimage, 10° o.d. and 5° i.d., concentric with a 2° centrally fixated comparison field required approximately 104 td. A 2° central afterimage matched with an annular comparison field showed no significant difference from the annular afterimage. The results for the first two minutes following the flashes for all conditions showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of the comparison field luminance and the logarithm of the time measured from the flash.
Time correlation functions and chemical reaction rates

Abstract The relation between time-dependent density correlation functions and chemical reaction rates is investigated. The case of a simple two-atom reaction in a fluid system is studied in detail. It is found that the reaction is obtainable from a three-density correlation function, taken in the long-time, long-wavelength limit. This result is analogous to the well known relation between the diffusion rate and the two-density correlation in a fluid. The present calculation is valid in an arbitrary fluid system, and is applicable in particular to reactions in a catalytic medium.
Long-period forcing of Mercury's libration in longitude

Abstract Planetary perturbations of Mercury's orbit lead to forced librations in longitude in addition to the 88-day forced libration induced by Mercury's orbital motion. The forced librations are a combination of many periods, but 5.93 and 5.66 years dominate. These two periods result from the perturbations by Jupiter and Venus respectively, and they lead to a 125-year modulation of the libration amplitude corresponding to the beat frequency. Other periods are also identified with Jupiter and Venus perturbations as well as with those of the Earth, and these and other periods in the perturbations cause several arc second fluctuations in the libration extremes. The maxima of these extremes are about 30″ above and the minima about 7″ above the superposed ∼ 60 ″ , 88-day libration during the 125-year modulation. Knowledge of the nature of the long-period forced librations is important for the interpretation of the details of Mercury's rotation state to be obtained from radar and spacecraft observations. We show that the measurement of the 88-day libration amplitude for the purposes of determining Mercury's core properties is not compromised by the additional librations, because of the latter's small amplitude and long period. If the free libration in longitude has an amplitude that is large compared with that of the forced libration, its ∼10-year period will dominate the libration spectrum with the 88-day forced libration and the long-period librations from the orbital perturbations superposed. If the free libration has an amplitude that is comparable to those of the long-period forced libration, it will be revealed by erratic amplitude, period and phase on the likely time span of a series of observations. However, a significant free libration component is not expected because of relatively rapid damping.
Understanding pain after traumatic brain injury: impact on community participation.

ABSTRACTHoffman JM, Pagulayan KF, Zawaideh N, Dikmen S, Temkin N, Bell KR: Understanding pain after traumatic brain injury: impact on community participation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:962–969.Objective:To examine the prevalence of pain 1 yr after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Effects of Protrusions on Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Microtube or Microchannel

Effects of protrusions on heat transfer in a microtube and in a two-dimensional microchannel of finite wall thickness were investigated for various shapes and sizes of the protrusion. Calculations were done for incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid with developing momentum and thermal boundary layers under uniform and discrete heating conditions. It was found that the local Nusselt number near the protrusions changes significantly with the variations of Reynolds number, height, width, and distance between protrusions, and the distribution of discrete heat sources. The results presented in the paper demonstrate that protrusions can be used advantageously for the enhancement of local heat transfer whereas the global performance may be enhanced or diminished based on the tube geometry.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
An Inquiry to Move an Underutilized Best Practice Forward: Barriers to Partnering in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry:

There is an obvious need in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry for improved project team integration through project delivery to ensure improved project outcomes. The literature reports that, among other methods, project partnering, when followed successfully, provides a great opportunity to improve project performance via improved collaboration among key project stakeholders (e.g., owner, designer, contractor) and reduce claims as a result while letting all project members stay in their traditional roles and work under any contractual framework, including design-bid-build. Despite its potential and history in the United States since the late 1980s and being classified as one of the best practices by the Construction Industry Institute in 1996, partnering continues to be underutilized. Existing research on partnering is mostly limited to public projects such as mega roadway and bridge projects. Guided by the literature, the aim of this research is to understand and report barriers to project partnering in the United States from both vertical/horizontal and public/private construction sectors. Via a comprehensive literature review, followed by a Delphi survey of partnering experts, this study systematically classified barriers to project partnering. In study results, implementation barriers to partnering during project delivery are more frequently pronounced than the barriers to its adoption. Of the top reported barriers to project partnering, the majority are cultural; project team related barriers show the greatest area of potential for improvement; and contrary to the literature, none is legislative. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by drawing attention to project delivery and management practices in the AEC industry to improve team collaboration and chances of successful implementation and adoption of integrative practices.
Semiautomatic 3D-model extraction from uncalibrated 2D-camera views

Scenes that contain every-day man-made objects often possess sets of parallel lines and orthogonal planes, the projective features of which possess enough structural information to constrain possible scene element geometries as well as a camera's intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. In particular, in a scene with three mutually orthogonal sets of parallel lines, detection of the corresponding three vanishing points of the imaged lines allows us to determine the camera's image-relative principal point and effective focal length. In this paper we introduce a new technique to solve for radial and decentering lens distortion directly from the results of vanishing point estimation, thus precluding the need for special calibration templates. This is accomplished by using an iterative method to solve for the parameters that minimize vanishing point dispersion. Dispersion here is measured as covariance of vanishing point estimation error projected on the Gaussian sphere whose origin is the estimated center of projection. Having found a complete model for each camera's intrinsic parameters, corresponding points are used in the relative orientation technique to determine the camera's extrinsic parameters as well as point-wise structure. Surfaces inherit planar geometry and extent from manually identified coplanar lines and points. View independent textures are created for each surface by finding the 2-D homographic texture transformation which corrects for planar perspective foreshortening. We utilize the local Jacobian of this transformation in two important ways: to prevent aliasing in the plane's texture space and to merge correctly texture data arising from varying sampling resolutions in multiple views.
Quantifying sediment transport across an undisturbed prairie landscape using cesium-137 and high resolution topography

Soil erosion is a global environmental problem, and anthropogenic fallout radionuclides offer a promising tool for describing and quantifying soil redistribution on decadal time scales. To date, applications of radioactive fallout to trace upland sediment transport have been developed primarily on lands disturbed by agriculture, grazing, and logging. Here we use 137Cs to characterize and quantify soil erosion at the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, an undisturbed grassland in northeastern Kansas. We report on the small scale (< 10 m) and landscape scale (10 to 1000 m) distribution of fallout 137Cs, and show significant variability in the concentrations and amounts of 137Cs in soils at our site. 137Cs soil concentrations and amounts typically vary by 10% to 30% on small scales, which most likely represents the spatial heterogeneity of the depositional processes. Landscape scale variability of soil 137Cs was significantly higher than small scale variability. Most notably, soils collected on convex (divergent) landforms had 137Cs inventories of 2500 to 3000 Bq m− 2, which is consistent with the expected atmospheric inputs to the study area during the 1950s and 1960s. Concave landforms, however, had statistically lower inventories of 1800 to 2300 Bq m− 2. The distribution of 137Cs on this undisturbed landscape contrasts significantly with distributions observed across disturbed sites, which generally have accumulations of radioactive fallout in valley bottoms. Because the upslope contributing area at each sampling point had a significant negative correlation with the soil inventory of 137Cs, we suggest that overland flow in convergent areas dominates soil erosion at Konza on time scales of decades. Very few points on our landscape had 137Cs inventories significantly above that which would be predicted from direct deposition of 137Cs on the soil surface; we conclude therefore that there is little net sediment storage on this undisturbed landscape.
Is Duplex Venous Surveillance Worthwhile after Arthroplasty

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) complicates 60% of knee and 80% of hip arthroplasties performed without prophylactic therapy. Routine postoperative duplex ultrasound surveillance has been proposed for the detection of venous thrombosis following arthroplasty. In order to determine whether surveillance represents an effective strategy to detect postoperative DVT when prophylaxis is used, surveillance duplex exams obtained after primary or revision hip or knee arthroplasty were analyzed using decision analysis techniques. DVT was suspected clinically after 95 of 738 (13%) arthroplasties, with no symptoms suggestive of DVT after the remaining 643 procedures. Surveillance duplex scans were performed within 2 weeks of 371 procedures, while no surveillance studies were performed after the remaining 272 procedures. In these asymptomatic patients only 2 (0.5%) surveillance duplex studies were positive for DVT. In contrast, 4 of 37 (11%) duplex exams and 5 of 62 (8%) contrast phlebograms performed among symptomatic patients were positive for DVT. The overall incidence of DVT after arthroplasty in the entire population was 1.4% (10/738) with no pulmonary emboli. Patient follow-up averaged 162 ± 285 days. Using the 1995 Medicare reimbursement of $163 for venous duplex, the incremental cost was $35,000 to detect 1 additional unsuspected DVT and $110,000 per additional quality-adjusted life-year gained. The low incidence of clinically significant DVT and pulmonary emboli with current prophylaxis does not justify an aggressive screening program. Decision analysis suggests that a greater incidence of DVT is required for screening to be worthwhile.
Time-dependent performance impairments produced by metrazol: amnesia or nonspecific drug effect?

Rats maintained on a 23 1/2 hr deprivation schedule were trained to obtain water and were given a convulsive dose of Metrazol following a single trial CER training. Animals which received the drug immediately after the conditioning were “amnesic” whether they had access to their 30 min home cage water 1 hr or 5 hr following the injection. Animals given the drug 4 hr following training were only “amnesic” if the home cage watering session followed but not if it preceded the Metrazol injection. The results suggest that the time of home cage water with respect to the “amnesic” treatment is an important variable in this type of paradigm. They also suggest that the drug produces time-dependent memory impairments.
Decrease in σ but no increase in striatal dopamine D4 sites in schizophrenic brains

[3H]Nemonapride differentially defines sigma and dopamine receptor sites depending upon assay conditions. In post-mortem schizophrenic brain tissues, [3H]nemonapride-labeled sigma receptor binding is decreased compared to match normal controls. No striatal dopamine D4/D4-like receptor differential was observed between the schizophrenic or control tissues, using the [3H]nemonapride minus [3H]raclopride subtraction method.
Synthetic solution manifolds for differential equations

The space of all solutions for a first-order differential equation can be regarded as a manifold, provided we generalize the traditional notion of differential manifold. We consider two such generalizations using C∞-rings and the smooth Basel topos B. Our definition enables us to define non-standard solutions such as probabilistic ones. There is a sense in which all first-order differential equations have global solutions (possibly non-standard) satisfying given initial conditions. We also prove change of variable theorems and discuss a smoothness condition.
RECIPROCAL UPPER SEMICONTINUITY AND BETTER REPLY SECURE GAMES: A COMMENT

A convex, compact, and possibly discontinuous better reply secure game has a Nash equilibrium. We introduce a very weak notion of continuity that can be used to establish that a game is better reply secure and we show that this notion of continuity is satisfied by a large class of games. THE CLASS OF BETTER REPLY SECURE GAMES was introduced by Reny (1999) who showed the existence of a pure Nash equilibrium for games in this class. Furthermore, Reny provided two conditions that, when combined, become suf- ficient for a game to be better reply secure. The first condition is payoff secu- rity, which means that given a joint strategy x, every player can find a strategy that yields almost the same payoff at x, even when the other players slightly deviate from x. The second condition is reciprocal upper semicontinuity (rusc). This condition, roughly speaking, requires the payoff of one of the players to jump up whenever the payoff of another player jumps down. We introduce the notion of weak reciprocal upper semicontinuity (wrusc), a strict weakening of rusc, and prove that a game that is wrusc and payoff secure is better reply secure, and therefore has a pure strategy Nash equilibrium.
The impact of cultural boundary spanners on global project network performance

Architecture, engineering and construction projects are becoming increasingly global. In addition to understanding cultural differences, global project managers must be aware of the effects of these differences on performance. In this paper, we empirically examine the impact of cultural boundary spanners (CBSs) on global project network performance. Past research has examined collaboration in project networks comprising organizations from multiple countries. However, including CBSs to resolve cultural differences and investigating the resulting impact on performance have received limited attention. Through quantitative analyses of project network performance and participant communications, we found that cultural boundary-spanned multi-cultural networks significantly outperformed multi-cultural networks without CBSs and performed comparably to mono-cultural networks in initial performance. Analysis of participant communications revealed that CBSs communicated significantly more than other project participa...
Using self-reported data to predict expenditures for the health care of older people

OBJECTIVES: To create and test a method for using self-reported data to predict future expenditures for the health care of older people. DESIGN: A two-stage regression model of the relationship between self-reported data and Medicare expenditures during the following year was constructed from a randomly selected (derivation) half of a cohort of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries. For the other (validation) half of the cohort, two sets of predictions of 12-month Medicare expenditures were generated, one using the new two-stage model and the other using the principal inpatient diagnostic cost group (PIP-DCG) method now used to risk-adjust capitation payments to Medicare + Choice health plans. Both sets of predictions were compared with Medicare's actual 12-month expenditures for the validation cohort. SETTING: Ramsey County, Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 70 and older (N = 13,682) who responded to a mailed survey. MEASUREMENTS: Predicted-to-observed ratio (PTOR) of Medicare expenditures. RESULTS: For the validation cohort, Medicare's actual 12-month expenditures totaled $26.5 million. The two-stage model predicted Medicare expenditures of $26.4 million (PTOR = 1.00); the PIP-DCG method predicted $31.2 million (PTOR = 1.18). Within subpopulations of healthy and ill beneficiaries, the two-stage model's predictions remained considerably more accurate than the PIP-DCG predictions. CONCLUSION: Self-reported data may predict future Medicare expenditures more accurately than administrative data about beneficiaries' demographic characteristics, and previous hospitalizations.
Effects of Stimulant Drugs on Academic Performance in Hyperactive and Learning Disabled Children

The effect of stimulant drugs upon academic performance in hyperactive (HA), learning disabled (LD), and hyperactive-learning disabled (HA-LD) children has been a matter of controversy for over a decade. Research on this topic is reviewed with attention to specific academic skills, methodological issues, relative efficacy of drug, educational, and multimodal interventions, and clinical implications. It is concluded that while stimulants may increase academic productivity, (a) the effect on standardized achievement test scores is not particularly robust; (b) individual reaction is quite variable; (c) the clinical implications for adult outcome appears to be minimal; and (d) some behavioral interventions are clearly superior. However, the number of pertinent subject, task, treatment, and setting variables is so great that a definitive answer with regard to the relationship between pharmacotherapy and academic performance is anything but close at hand.
H 2 restriction of cytolysis after immunization of minor h congenic pairs of mice

Mice of three congenic resistant lines differing from C57BL/10 at theH-3, H-13, H-7, andH-8 minor histocompatibility loci were used to immunize, and were immunized with, C57BL/10. Cytotoxic cells which were capable of causing rapid lysis of cells from the immunizing strain were generated at least one-way in all combinations tested. In order for a target to be susceptible to cytolysis, it had to carry both the sameH-2b haplotype and the same differential minor histocompatibility alleles as the immunizing strain. That is, B10.C(47N) (H-2b,H-7b) anti-C57BL/10 (H-2b,H-7a) cytotoxic cells lysed C57BL/10 targets but not B10.BR (H-2k,H-7a) targets, nor BALB.B (H-2b,H-7b) targets. Crossreactions in the cytotoxic assay suggest that theH-3, H-13 congenic pair —B10.LP and C57BL/10 —may differ in at least two more minor histocompatibility loci which have not yet been defined. Although 6 x 1066 C57BL/10 lymphoid cells primed B10.D2(57N) (H-8b) mice for a secondary in vitro cytotoxic response, a tenfold higher dose apparently made them tolerant. It is concluded that all minor histocompatibility differences can generate cytotoxic T cells which show specificity both for the minor and major histocompatibility alleles.
Implementation of a computer-based regression discrepancy model: A survey of Montana school psychologists

In 1986 Montana adopted a computer-based regression discrepancy model as a best practice for learning disability identification. State school psychologists were surveyed to investigate the model's implementation and differences between routine users and nonusers of the model. Of the respondents (N = 83), 89% reported use of the model, and 62% used the model on a regular basis. Compared with regular use, nonuse of the model was related to less agreement with regression model assumptions (p < .001), lower perception of the model's value (p < .001), greater difficulty in locating input data (p < .001), reading less documentation (p < .01), less improvement in identification skills (p < .01), and working within a larger school district (p < .01). Survey implications for acceptance of best practice procedures and computer-based regression models are discussed.
Width and brightness of auroral arcs driven by inertial Alfven waves

[1] Alfven waves with scale sizes perpendicular to the geomagnetic field of the order of an electron skin depth (λe), or electron inertial length, and larger are often observed by polar orbiting spacecraft above the aurora. Using observations from the FAST spacecraft, predictions from an MHD simulation, and theoretically derived results for the efficiency of light production from auroral electron spectra characteristic of those found in Alfven waves, the width and brightness distribution of auroral arcs driven by linear inertial Alfven waves are determined. It is shown that inertial Alfven waves can drive aurora to optical intensities as high as 100 kR over widths in the ionosphere of the order of 1 km. It is also shown that while linear inertial Alfven waves can cause auroral arcs of widths less than 100 m, it is unlikely that these waves can account for the optically observed distribution of narrow arc widths reported in the literature.
FREEDOM AS A POLITICAL IDEAL

INTRODUCTION I shall assume that a well-ordered state is one that promotes the freedom of its subjects. My question is what is the kind of freedom that the state ought to promote? This question is different from the question of what freedom is. It might be thought, for example, that freedom consists in the autonomous pursuit of valuable goals and projects, but that the state cannot directly promote this freedom. On this view, the state would not be able to make its citizens free. However, it might be able to do things that make it easier or more likely for them to be free. The freedom that the state promotes might be merely an aspect of or a condition for the freedom that really matters. A political ideal of freedom tells us what kind of freedom the state ought to promote. If the ideal is sound, and if a state successfully promotes the kind of freedom that this political ideal identifies, then the state will have done all that it can do to promote the freedom of its subjects, even if some of its subjects remain substantially unfree. My purpose in this essay is to articulate and defend a particular ideal of political freedom. This ideal holds that the state ought to promote and sustain an environment in which its subjects are best able to carry out their plans and to form new ones.
An inquiry into computer understanding

The paper examines issues connected with the choice of the best method for representing and reasoning about common sense. McDermott (1978) has shown that a direct translation of common sense reasoning into logical form leads to insurmountable difficulties. It is shown, in the present work, that if Bayesian probability is used instead of logic as the language of such reasoning, none of the technical difficulties found in using logic arise. Bayesian inference is applied to a simple example of linguistic information to illustrate the potential of this type of inference for artificial intelligence.
A comparison of calculated and experimental metal-ligand bond lengths in early transition-metal complexes using the method of partial retention of diatomic differential overlap

Abstract Basis sets are developed for PRDDO calculations on complexes of the metals Ti, V, Cr, and Mn in high oxidation states Twenty-three unique metal-ligand bond distances were optimized, with an average absolute error of 0.034 A.
Kuwento as Multicultural Pedagogy in High School Ethnic Studies

In this ethnographic study, situated in a high school's Filipino Heritage Studies in northern California, the author conceptualises kuwento (story) as a cultural and sociolinguistic practice assisting the learning of curricular material and defining participants' membership in class. Explicit in kuwento are discussions about ethnicity and culture that offer insight into relevant pedagogical strategies in multicultural classrooms. The author sheds light on the very construction of kuwento as part of larger discourses about Filipina/o American history. Included are uses of kuwento during a unit on post-Spanish-American War.
Social Studies Instruction for Students with Mild Disabilities A Progress Report

Students with mild disabilities are frequently served in the general education classroom. As the provision of educational services for these students involves the general education classroom teacher to a greater degree, more attention must be given to the specifics of what happens in the general education classroom. Social studies is a content area in which students with mild disabilities often have a significant degree of difficulty. The current study is concerned with this difficulty. Classroom teachers were surveyed concerning the specific instructional approaches used and/or modifications used with students with mild disabilities. The results of the survey are presented, along with some possible alternatives to the current provision of services for students with mild disabilities.
INFORMATION CASCADES IN THE ADOPTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

This work presents a theory of information cascades, based on the work of Bikhchandi, Hirschleifer, and Welch (1992), to explain fad-like behavior in the adoption of new technology. An information cascade occurs when an individual ignores his or her own private signal about the value of a technology and relies, instead, upon the observed actions of others. This can lead to serious problems if the observed actions in question are based on still other observed actions rather than private signals. The present research provides an operational model to assess information cascade theory and empirically tests the model in the context of the adoption of electronic commerce technologies. The results suggest that information cascades play a large role in the adoption of such technologies.
Underinsurance in the United States: An Interaction of Costs to Consumers, Benefit Design, and Access to Care

Underinsurance is most commonly defined as the state in which people with medical coverage are still exposed to financial risk. We argue that the adequacy of health insurance coverage should also be assessed in terms of the adequacy of specific benefits coverage and access to care. Underinsurance can be understood conceptually as comprising three separate domains: (a) the economic features of health insurance, (b) the benefits covered, and (c) access to health services. The literature provides ample evidence that people who are underinsured have high financial risk and face barriers in access to care similar to those who are completely uninsured. In response to the growing recognition of the problems associated with underinsurance, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 includes numerous provisions designed to limit costs to consumers, to assure a minimum set of benefits, and to enhance access to care, especially primary care.
An LMI Approach to Continuous-Time Observer Design with Stochastic Resilience

This work addresses the important problem of stochastic resilience or non-fragility of a continuous-time Luenberger observer. This is the maintenance of convergence and/or performance when the observer gain is erroneously implemented due possibly to computational errors i.e. round off errors in computing the observer gain or changes in the observer parameters during operation. The error in the observer gain is modeled in a stochastic way and a common linear matrix inequality framework is presented to address the stochastically resilient observer design problem for a variety of performance criteria. Illustrative numerical examples are given to complement the theoretical results.
The design and evaluation of a graphical display for laboratory data.

Objective Advances in healthcare information technology have provided opportunities to present data in new, more effective ways. In this study, we designed a laboratory display that features small, data-dense graphics called sparklines, which have recently been promoted as effective representations of medical data but have not been well studied. The effect of this novel display on physicians’ interpretation of data was investigated. Design Twelve physicians talked aloud as they assessed laboratory data from four patients in a pediatric intensive care unit with the graph display and with a conventional table display. Measurements Verbalizations were coded based on the abnormal values and trends identified for each lab variable. The correspondence of interpretations of variables in each display was evaluated, and patterns were investigated across participants. Assessment time was also analyzed. Results Physicians completed assessments significantly faster with the graphical display (3.6 min vs 4.4 min, p¼0.042). When compared across displays, 37% of interpretations did not match. Graphs were more useful when the visual cues in tables did not provide trend information, while slightly abnormal values were easier to identify with tables. Conclusions Data presentation format can affect how physicians interpret laboratory data. Graphic displays have several advantages over numeric displays but are not always optimal. User, task and data characteristics should be considered when designing information displays.
Pulmonary Disease Caused by Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria in Patients with Cancer

Five patients with microbiologically documented pulmonary infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (Mycobacterium fortuitum and M chelonei) in patients with malignant diseases are described. These cases occurred over a seven-year period (1976 to 1983) and were found in patients with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Colonization (40 patients) with these organisms was far more frequent than true infection (five patients). Factors predisposing to infection were (1) antineoplastic chemotherapy and (2) previous pulmonary involvement with malignant disease. Mortality in these patients was due primarily to the underlying tumor. Although pulmonary infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria in patients with cancer is relatively uncommon, it might become an important diagnostic consideration in the presence of pulmonary infiltrates, especially in patients treated with intensive chemotherapeutic regimens.
GSM and DCS SiGe BiCMOS mixer ICs with wide LO power range

GSM and DCS mixer ICs operating with the LO drive ranging from -35 dBm to -5 dBm and the supply voltage ranging from 2.4 V to 3.6 V are reported in this paper. The measured conversion gain and noise figure of the GSM mixer are 8.9 dB and 10.2 dB, respectively, and those of the DCS mixer are 8.5 dB and 10.9 dB. The GSM mixer IIP3 is 1 dBm, whereas the DCS mixer IIP3 is 4 dBm. A high-gain multistage LO driver and bias currents insensitive to supply voltage variation facilitate the mixer application for commercial mobile terminals. The GSM and DCS mixers were designed and fabricated using 0.25-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process. An integrated GSM (DCS) mixer, comprising a Gilbert core, an LO driver, a limiter, an IF buffer and bias circuits, consumes 28.5 mA from a 3-V battery. The SiGe BiCMOS mixers feature comparable IIP3, higher gain, and lower noise figure than do our previously fabricated Si BiCMOS mixers based on the same topology, and also consume 29% less power.
Reactive oxygen species mediate Na+-induced SOS1 mRNA stability in Arabidopsis

*Summary Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1), a plasma membrane Na+ /H + antiporter in Arabidopsis, is a salt tolerance determinant crucial for the maintenance of ion homeostasis in saline stress conditions. SOS1 mRNA is unstable at normal growth conditions, but its stability is substantially increased under salt stress and other ionic and dehydration stresses. In addition, H 2O2 treatment increases the stability of SOS1 mRNA. SOS1 mRNA is inherently unstable and rapidly degraded with a half-life of approximately 10 min. Rapid decay of SOS1 mRNA requires new protein synthesis. Stress-induced SOS1 mRNA stability is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidase is also involved in the upregulation of SOS1 mRNA stability, presumably through the control of extracellular ROS production. The cis-element required for SOS1 mRNA instability resides in the 500-bp region within the 2.2 kb at the 3¢ end of the SOS1 mRNA. Furthermore, mutations in the SOS1 gene render sos1 mutants more tolerant to paraquat, a non-selective herbicide causing oxidative stress, indicating that SOS1 plays negative roles in tolerance of oxidative stress. A hypothetical model for the signaling pathway involving SOS1-mediated pH changes, NADPH oxidase activation, apoplastic ROS production and downstream signaling transduction is proposed, and the biological significance of ROS-mediated induction of SOS1 mRNA stability is discussed.
Integrin subtype-dependent CD18 cleavage under shear and its influence on leukocyte-platelet binding.

Previous studies showed that exposure of neutrophils to shear stress induces cysteine protease-mediated shedding of surface CD18 integrins involved in leukocyte-platelet interactions. Based on this, we hypothesized that, under noninflamed conditions, shear-induced CD18 cleavage is a control mechanism to minimize spontaneous leukocyte-platelet binding. For this purpose, we characterized the influence of shear on CD18 surface expression and platelet binding by the different leukocyte subsets. Shear stress elicited magnitude- (between 0 and 5 dyn/cm(2)) and time-dependent reductions in CD18 surface expression. This response was integrin- and cell type-specific, with neutrophils and monocytes exhibiting Mac-1 proteolysis but lymphocytes displaying LFA-1 shedding. Correspondingly, platelet binding, through CD18-fibrinogen interactions, was also influenced by shear exposure in a leukocyte-dependent manner. After treatment with cysteine protease inhibitor E64, neutrophils, but neither monocytes nor lymphocytes, exhibited significantly (P<0.05) enhanced platelet binding and CD18 surface expression under shear. Furthermore, shear exposure significantly (P<0.05) inhibited binding of naive but not E64-treated neutrophils to fibrinogen. Combined, we provide first evidence that the CD18-cleavage responses of neutrophils to shear interfere with fibrinogen binding and platelet adhesion. These findings have implications as it relates to the efficiency of leukocyte passage through the microcirculation.
Distinction between mouse DNA polymerases α and β by tryptic peptide mapping

Results presented here and in a previous paper (Tanabe et al. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 3401--3406) indicate that mouse beta-polymerase is a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 40,000. This polypeptide has now been analyzed by tryptic peptide mapping. Comparison of the results with identical analysis of mouse alpha-polymerase reveals that the tryptic peptides derived from the two enzymes are different. These results indicate that beta-polymerase is neither a subunit of alpha-polymerase nor a proteolytic degradation product of alpha-polymerase.