cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Neonatal Hospitalization on Families during the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic.

Objective Limited data are available regarding family and financial well-being among parents whose infants were hospitalized during the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The study objective was to evaluate the family and financial well-being of parents whose infants were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during COVID-19. Study Design Parents were recruited for this online, cross-sectional survey via support groups on social media. Data collection was completed between May 18, 2020 and July 31, 2020. The final sample consisted of 178 parents, who had an infant hospitalized in an NICU between February 1, 2020 and July 31, 2020. The primary outcomes were impact on family life and financial stability, as measured by the Impact on Family scale, an instrument that evaluates changes to family life as a result of infant or childhood illness. Results Of the 178 parent respondents, 173 (97%) were mothers, 107 (59.4%) were non-Hispanic White, and 127 (69.5%) of the infants were born prematurely. Parents reported significant family impact and greater financial difficulty. Extremely premature infants, lower household income, parent mental health, and lower parental confidence were predictive of greater impacts on family life. Conclusion Parents reported significant family and financial impacts during their infant's hospitalization amid COVID-19. Further studies are needed to guide clinical practice and inform family-supportive resources that can mitigate consequences to family well-being. Key Points
Examining the immediate effects of COVID-19 on residential and commercial burglaries in Michigan: An interrupted time-series analysis

Abstract Purpose Research assessing the relationship between COVID-19 lockdown restrictions and crime is growing. Attention to the nuances of burglary and intra-state variation in lockdown restrictions has received less attention. The current study contributes to this ongoing body of research by investigating the relationship between COVID-19 lockdown restrictions and burglary across four cities in Michigan. Method We use an interrupted time-series design to analyze weekly counts of residential and non-residential burglary from 2018 to 2020 in four Michigan cities: Detroit, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Lansing. Results Findings demonstrate that the relationship between the lockdown and weekly counts of burglary vary by the type of burglary and the city being analyzed. Residential burglaries in half of the sampled cities declined during the Michigan lockdown order. Commercial burglaries increased during the lockdown order in only one of the four cities examined. Conclusions City-wide crime trends following lockdown orders during the pandemic are not shared equally and vary according to the type of burglary under examination. In studying the effects of COVID-19 on crime, researchers should account for crime- and city-specific dynamics which may influence crime trends. Further, practitioners and policymakers should consider the impact of similar lockdown orders on burglary trends during public health emergencies.
Remote Sensing of Volcanoes at Low and High Spatial Resolution: A Historical Perspective and Future Opportunities

Traditionally, monitoring Earth's active volcanoes with a cadence that is useful for informing decision makers has been the domain of low spatial, but high temporal, resolution systems. The recent proliferation and maturation of CubeSat and small satellite technologies, combined with increased opportunity (and affordability) of getting to space, will mean that volcanologists will increasingly have access to data acquired specifically for the purposes of studying active volcanism from orbit. In this presentation, the historical
The Public Square Has Eyes (or Cameras): Anonymous Speech Under the First and Fourth Amendment in the Age of Facial Recognition

Facial recognition technology (FRT) and systems, once a futuristic fantasy, are more prevalent than ever, and show no signs of stopping. And while this technology has its upsides, it brings to mind the notion of an omnipresent being that can see us and track us at any time. FRTs encroach on the First Amendment’s right to anonymous speech by revealing the identity of speakers and chilling their speech. Yet First Amendment doctrine does not provide much solace, since the right to anonymous speech regulates the government’s ability to force disclosure of a speaker’s identity, rather than prevent it from collecting publicly available facial data. The right to anonymous speech also clashes with private actors’ right to collect and disseminate information, which provides an avenue for private actors to destroy anonymity. And private actors’ First Amendment rights allow them to collect and develop FRT that they can use in private spaces. In addition to the inadequacy of the right to anonymous speech, litigating FRTs’ impacts on the right to anonymous speech is likely to face significant barriers in court. Specifically, plaintiffs will find it hard to show that they have been affected by these systems, and that their speech has been chilled, giving them no standing. And courts’ deference to issues of crime control and national security might justify an encroachment on the right to anonymous speech. Finally, the right to collect and disseminate information by private parties is a serious barrier to challenging privately operated FRTs, and provides the government an additional avenue for gathering facial data and tracking individuals. A better approach to remedying the issues caused by FRT is prophylactic legislation. This legislation can regulate the government’s use of FRT, private actors’ implementation of FRT, and the very creation of FRTs themselves.
Parallel processing algorithms for the finite difference solution to the Navier-Stokes equations

Numerical solutions involving finite difference representations of the equations governing fluid flow, heat conduction, and diffusion processes (including neutron diffusion) usually consist of solving large sparse matrix equations. These matrix equations can be recast into M smaller coupled matrix equations amenable to solution by using M multiple computer processors operating in parallel. A special form of the fluids equations commonly used in nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulic analysis, i.e., one-dimensional flow in closed loop geometry is emphasized. Parallel algorithms for solving these equations are developed and evaluated in terms of computational speed against conventional solutions on a serial machine. Timing studies are performed to assess the efficiency of these methods and to determine the optimum number of parallel processors for these applications.
Dynamic Black-Box Performance Model Estimation for Self-Tuning Regulators

Methods for automatically managing the performance of computing services must estimate a performance model of that service. This paper explores properties that are necessary for performance model estimation of black-box computer systems when used together with adaptive feedback loops. It shows that the standard method of least-squares estimation often gives rise to models that make the control loop perform the opposite action of what is desired. This produces large oscillations and bad tracking performance. The paper evaluates what combination of input and output data provides models with the best properties for the control loop. Plus, it proposes three extensions to the controller that makes it perform well, even when the model estimated would have degraded performance. Our proposed techniques are evaluated with an adaptive controller that provides latency targets for workloads on black-box computer services under a variety of conditions. The techniques are evaluated on two systems: a three-tier e-commerce site and a Web server. Experimental results show that our best estimation approach improves the ability of the controller to meet the latency goals significantly. Previously oscillating workload latencies are with our techniques smooth around the latency targets
The potential of clofarabine in MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

MLL-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in infants is the most difficult-to-treat type of childhood ALL, displaying a chemotherapy-resistant phenotype, and unique histone modifications, gene expression signatures and DNA methylation patterns. MLL-rearranged infant ALL responds remarkably well to nucleoside analogue drugs in vitro, such as cytarabine and cladribine, and to the demethylating agents decitabine and zebularine as measured by cytotoxicity assays. These observations led to the inclusion of cytarabine into the treatment regimens currently used for infants with ALL. However, survival chances for infants with MLL-rearranged ALL do still not exceed 30-40%. Here we explored the in vitro potential of the novel nucleoside analogue clofarabine for MLL-rearranged infant ALL. Therefore we used both cell line models as well as primary patient cells. Compared with other nucleoside analogues, clofarabine effectively targeted primary MLL-rearranged infant ALL cells at the lowest concentrations, with median LC50 values of ∼25 nM. Interestingly, clofarabine displayed synergistic cytotoxic effects in combination with cytarabine. Furthermore, at concentrations of 5-10 nM clofarabine induced demethylation of the promoter region of the tumour suppressor gene FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad), a gene typically hypermethylated in MLL-rearranged ALL. Demethylation of the FHIT promoter region was accompanied by subtle re-expression of this gene both at the mRNA and protein level. We conclude that clofarabine is an interesting candidate for further studies in MLL-rearranged ALL in infants.
A Traveling-Wave Forward Coupler Design for a New Accelerating Mode in a Silicon Woodpile Accelerator

Silicon woodpile photonic crystals provide a base structure that can be used to build a 3-D dielectric waveguide system for high-gradient laser-driven acceleration. A new woodpile waveguide design that hosts a phase synchronous centrally confined accelerating mode is proposed. Comparing with previously discovered silicon woodpile accelerating modes, this mode shows advantages in terms of better electron beam loading and higher achievable acceleration gradient. Several traveling-wave coupler design schemes developed for multicell RF cavity accelerators are adapted to the woodpile power coupler design for this new accelerating mode. Design of a forward coupled highly efficient silicon woodpile accelerator is achieved. Simulation shows high efficiency of over 75% of the drive laser power coupled to this fundamental accelerating mode, with less than 15% backward wave scattering. The estimated acceleration gradient, when the coupler structure is driven at the damage threshold fluence of silicon at its operating 1.506-μm wavelength, can reach 185 MV/m. A 17-layer woodpile waveguide structure was successfully fabricated, and the measured bandgap is in excellent agreement with simulation.
Photoinduced electron transfer in α-helical polypeptides: dependence on conformation and electron donor–acceptor distance

Long distance electron transfer in proteins is a multiple-pathway process whose kinetics is modulated by the dynamics of flexible peptide chains. Such complexity can be observed even in relatively simple systems, e.g. donor–bridge–acceptor, where the bridge is a polypeptide α-helix. We have investigated a series of 24-residue helical polypeptides that exist as monomers in water–alcohol media. The principal chromophore and electron acceptor, a pyrene moiety, is connected to the N-terminus via a flexible linker. The electron donor, a tryptophan residue, was placed various distances away from the pyrene-labeled terminus. Time-resolved emission spectroscopy, associated with the fluorescent pendant, pyrene, was employed to study the photoinduced electron-transfer kinetics for the polypeptide analogs. Mechanisms involving only through-bond pathways could not account for the pattern of measured fast charge-separation rates. When the electron donor was placed far enough from the acceptor (i.e. at least six residues apart), a decrease in the electron-transfer rates with the donor–acceptor distance was observed. The emission decays for polypeptides with the electron donor exhibited complex behavior and could not be fit using a single-exponential function. For the treatment of the time-resolved data, a multi-exponential model was developed that is based on the assumption of a Gaussian distribution of the classical electronic coupling β values among the conformers responsible for the observed electron-transfer processes. This approach proved to be informative because, in addition to the mean values of the electron-transfer rate constants, the widths of the distributions of these rates illustrate the size of the conformational space explored by the flexible chains that provide pathways for electron transfer.
ORAL FLUID THERAPY OF APACHE CHILDREN WITH ACUTE INFECTIOUS DIARRHŒA

Abstract 52 Apache children with acute diarrhœa of diverse aetiology were successfully treated with two types of oral glucose/electrolyte solutions. One solution, containing glucose and electrolytes in water, was used principally for rehydration and replacement of large volumes of fluid-loss; the other, a commercial formula ('Pregestamil', Mead-Johnson) containing casein hydrolysates, medium-chain triglycerides, electrolytes, and glucose, was used mainly for maintenance and replacement of small losses of diarrhœal fluid. 3·0 litres of intravenous fluid was used compared with 66 litres in a similar group of patients treated in hospital the previous summer. Early and uncomplicated feeding of children with diarrhoea, with the minimum of intravenous fluids, is desirable, especially in areas where diarrhœa is endemic and undernutrition common; this can be attained with oral fluids.
Optical and electrical experiments at some transition-metal oxide foil-electrolyte interfaces†

Abstract Metal oxide layers formed from transition-metal foils oxidized by heating in air have been examined for their photoelectrolytic response. The metals examined are Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, and Pt. Weak photoeffects are observed for oxide layers of all of these metals. Sizable light-dependent oxygen gas evolution rates are found in Ti and also in W oxides. The spectral dependence of the oxygen response in these compounds is investigated, and interpretation is given of these experiments.
Effect of host infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum on the reproductive capacity of Aedes aegypti

Abstract Aedes aegypti feeding on chickens infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum take less blood and lay fewer eggs than those feeding on uninfected hosts. Both activities show an inverse correlation with the degree of parasitemia. Mosquitoes feeding on infected chickens ingest blood in amounts directly proportional to the length of time spent on the hosts, whereas there is no relationship between host contact and blood meal size for mosquitoes feeding on uninfected hosts. Feeding and probing choice experiments demonstrate that infected chickens are less attractive to Aedes aegypti than uninfected chickens.
CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING AND THE U. S. ECONOMY: A VIEWPOINT

During the past decade Wall Street practitioners devised various methods for converting undervalued corporate shares into instant wealth. Their tactics, however, have had highly negative consequences for a number of companies. Many companies have, in fact, restructured with substantial debt with severe operational consequences. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasoning behind such a boom in the hostile takeover activities. It will discuss the importance and implications of restructuring, causes for corporate hostile takeovers and the defense strategies that effectively resist external acquisition.
Effects of alternative seasonal adjustment procedures on monetary policy — comment

and both d,, <, respectively, reported in table 1 as model l-4, and addresses this subject. Such results, although not definitive, illustrate Granger’s3 proposal to rank methods of seasonal adjustment for one criterion, and suggest that, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squares, rp is significantly superior to I$‘. The functional form of the noise model for all four transfer functions was found to be the same. Since the sum of squares of model 1 (8.1004), which uses
Size-dependent variation of nodal properties in myelinated nerve

Although the physiological properties of myelinated nerve fibres, such as action potential duration, are known to vary with fibre size1,2, there has been little systematic examination of whether their biophysical properties show a similar variation (for example, in ionic conductance). Rather, differences have been identified between fibres on the basis of species3–6, or on whether the fibres are sensory or motor7,8. We report here the results of a comparison of amphibian (Rana pipiens) fibres of different sizes. Surprisingly, only the largest fibres (16–20 µm), usually selected for voltage-clamp study, had the large outward potassium currents described initially by Dodge and Franken-hauser9. Small fibres (9–11 µm) had little or no potassium conductance, and fibres of intermediate diameter had properties graded between these two extremes. This gradual loss of potassium conductance in fibres of decreasing size seemed to be due to the progressive electrical concealment of the potassium channels beneath the paranodal myelin. Thus brief treatment with the demyelinating agent lysophosphatidyl choline10,11 induced a large potassium conductance in the smaller fibres, but had little effect on the ionic currents of large fibres. We conclude that the biophysical properties of myelinated nerve fibres can vary with fibre size.
Market microstructure and corporate finance

Abstract This article provides a brief overview of the importance of market microstructure research and identifies existing areas of research that focus on links between microstructure and corporate finance. Each of the special issue articles is then summarized with particular attention given to the research contribution of the article and to the links explored between microstructure and corporate finance.
Is polycystic ovary syndrome another risk factor for venous thromboembolism? United States, 2003–2008

Objective We sought to determine prevalence and likelihood of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Study Design We performed a cross-sectional analysis using Thomson Reuters MarketScan Commercial databases for the years 2003 through 2008. The association between VTE and PCOS among women aged 18-45 years was assessed using age-stratified multivariable logistic regression models. Results Prevalence of VTE per 100,000 was 374.2 for PCOS women and 193.8 for women without PCOS. Compared with women without PCOS, those with PCOS were more likely to have VTE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 18-24 years, 3.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.61–4.08; aOR 25-34 years, 2.39; 95% CI, 2.12–2.70; aOR 35-45 years, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.84–2.38). A protective association (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.73–0.98) with oral contraceptive use was noted for PCOS women. Conclusion PCOS might be a predisposing condition for VTE, particularly among women aged 18-24 years. Oral contraceptive use might be protective.
Sources Informing Undergraduate College Student Perceptions of Psychologists

Background It is difficult for the public to identify differences between psychologists and other types of mental health professionals. Understanding the sources of perceptions is important for the psychology profession in maintaining an accurate public image and in determining appropriate venues for helping the public to distinguish psychologists from other HSPs.
Thermodynamic Model for the Prediction of Contact Angles of Oil Droplets on Solid Surfaces in SDS Solutions

The attachment of a droplet of oil to a solid surface in the presence of an aqueous surfactant solution may be quantified by contact angle measurements. A classical thermodynamic model has been developed to predict this characteristic contact angle. The model minimizes the Gibbs free energy for a system that includes five mass-transfer actions: micellization of surfactant monomer in aqueous solution, adsorption of surfactant at the solid–solution interface, adsorption of surfactant at the oil–solution interface, adsorption of the oil at the solid surface, and adsorption of water at the solid surface. Limitations in the model include empirical values for the energy of steric/restrictive interactions in micellization and the interfacial free-energy term for adsorption of surfactant at the oil–solution interface. In addition, the free energies for adsorption of water, oil, and surfactant at the solid surface are adjustable parameters. The model has been validated by comparison with experimental values of con...
A multivariate analysis of an experimental design involving a complete set of latin squares

A model for an experimental design involving a complete set of Latin squares for testing the homogeneity of treatment effects was constructed and analyzed by Gourlay. In his analysis, however, if one or both of the preliminaryF-tests are significant, the analysis cannot differentiate. He then suggests the use of a less desirable test which is biased and has fewer degrees of freedom, regardless of the number of replications (the d.f. cannot be increased by increasing the replications). Further, when heterogeneity of variance occurs, Gourlay's test procedures are in general invalid. The present paper reviews Gourlay's analysis and proposes a modified test procedure.
Identification of functional insulin‐like growth factor‐II/mannose‐6‐phosphate receptors in isolated bone cells

The role of the IGF-II/cation independent mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor in the transduction of cellular effects evoked by IGF-II has been extensively debated in the literature. Many reports suggest that IGF-II transduces its effects through the IGF-I receptor, while others show that IGF-II utilizes the type II receptor to affect cellular activity. This study (1) verifies the presence of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in rat calvarial osteoblasts, and (2) evaluates the ability of the receptor to initiate intracellular single. Using conventional receptor binding assays, it was found that osteoblasts bind IGF-II with high affinity. Scatchard analyses indicated that there are 5.08 × 104 IGF-II/M6P receptor per osteoblast with a Kd near (2.0 nM). The receptor protein was further identified by cross-linking with 125I-IGF-II. Northern analysis was used to identify an mRNA transcript for the IGF-II/M6P receptor protein. To examine if the IGF-II/M6P receptor can initiate second messenger signals, the ability of IGF-II to evoke Ca2+ transients was evaluated. Osteoblasts pretreated with IGF-I did not lose their ability to respond to IGF-II. Further, a polyclonal antibody against the rat IGF-II/M6P receptor (R-II-PAB1) (1) was able to evoke its own Ca2+ response, and (2) was able to block the generation of Ca2+ transients caused by IGF-II. The data in this report show that the osteoblastic Ca2+ response to IGF-II appears to be caused by an intracellular release of Ca2+ which is mediated by the IGF-II/M6P receptor making it possible to envision how the receptor may be an important modulator of osteoblast mediated osteogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A correlational analysis of tracking behavior

This study reveals the usefulness of multiple correlation techniques in estimating the relative importance of different aspects of a tracking task in the operator's tracking behavior. The technique is applied to a compensatory tracking task with a position control.
Picosecond measurements of optical nonlinearities in King's complex and synthesized analogues

We have measured the photodynamics of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in solutions of cyclopentadienyliron carbonyl tetramer (King's complex) using picosecond pump-probe techniques. Similar preliminary measurements in solutions of synthesized variations of the King's complex indicate that the excited state transition responsible for the observed RSA is most likely a second d-d transition within the metal core of the molecule. On time scales of hundreds of picoseconds, the observed RSA in the King's complex is well characterized by a three-level rate-equation, singlet-state absorption model, where the excited-state cross section is greater than that of the ground state. On nanosecond timescales and at fluences above 200 mJ.cm-2, however, we observe the onset of a response that is consistent with a thermally induced scattering process. Further evidence of this scattering is provided by angularly-resolved measurements of the transmitted and back-scattered signals for nanosecond excitation. When the King's complex is incorporated in a solid host negligible scatter was observed and the response is completely described by the singlet parameters extracted from the picosecond measurements. The observation of, scatter from solution, together with a time- resolved decay to the ground state that is rapid (approximately 120 ps) and largely nonradiative in this molecule, indicate that solutions of King's complex may provide a mechanism for efficiently generating thermal nonlinearities on a subnanosecond timescale.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Group contribution analysis of the damping behavior of homopolymers, statistical copolymers, and interpenetrating polymer networks based on acrylic, vinyl, and styrenic mers

Abstract : The integral of the loss modulus versus temperature plots in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature (loss area, LA) was characterized for various homopolymers, statistical copolymers and interpenetrating polymer networks, (IPN's), based on acrylics, vinyls, and styrenic mers. The quantity LA was found to be a molecular characteristic, governed by the structure of the individual mers. The Loss area of both IPN's and statistical copolymers obeys an additive relation of the component polymers. A group contribution analysis for LA was developed, in which each moiety contributes a specific value to LA. A table derived via this group contribution analysis permits the prediction of LA values. The results show that backbone motions and the moieties attached directly to the backbone contribute the most to the damping peak, and that long side chains act as diluents. Keywords: Methacrylic, Molecular weight, Infrared spectroscopy, Crosslinking(Chemistry), Polystyrene, Mechanical spectroscopy.
355 RECOMMENDED AMIKACIN DOSES IN NEWBORNS OFTEN PRODUCE EXCESSIVE SERUM LEVELS

Emergence of a multiply drug resistant Enterobacter cloacae during a 7 week period in 1980 resulted in serious systemic disease in 4 infants and a high colonization rate in other infants in a newborn intensive care unit. Amikacin was employed as the aminoglycoside of choice in the initial treatment of suspected sepsis until the organism disappeared from the unit. Peak and trough serum amikacin levels were available in 18 infants. Recommended doses (7.5-10mg/kg loading; 15mg/kg bid IV) were given to 5 infants 1000gm infants (p = NS). These data show that surprisingly excessive blood levels of amikacin are likely in infants < 1000gm and may also occur in larger infants using currently recommended dosage schedules (J. Pediatr. 91:358, 1977). These unexpected findings emphasize the need to monitor drug levels and individualize therapy in very low birthweight infants.
Traits of Effective Teachers

(2006). Traits of Effective Teachers. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 23-29.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide for Treating Saprolegniasis in Channel Catfish

Abstract Hatchery-reared fish and their eggs are commonly afflicted with saprolegniasis, a fungal disease that can cause significant losses in production. Fish culturists need safe and effective fungicides to minimize losses and meet production demands. The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide was evaluated for preventing or controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Saprolegniasis was systematically induced in channel catfish so various therapies could be evaluated in a controlled laboratory environment. Both prophylactic and therapeutic hydrogen peroxide bath treatments of 50, 100, and 150 μL/L for 1 h were administered every other day for seven total treatments. All untreated positive control fish died of saprolegniasis during the prophylactic and therapeutic tests. Hydrogen peroxide treatments of 150 μL/L were harmful (relative to lower concentrations) to test fish and resulted in 73–95% mortality. Mortality was attributed to a combination of abrasion, temper...
Analyzing the validity of GalR1 and GalR2 antibodies using knockout mice

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of cell surface receptors and are the major drug targets for the treatment of various human diseases. The lack of sensitive and selective antibodies capable of recognizing endogenous GPCRs, however, hampers the progress of research on this class of receptors. GalR1 through GalR3, GPCRs for the neuropeptide galanin, are potential drug targets for seizure, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and anxiety, as well as pain and metabolic syndrome; therefore, determining the cellular and subcellular localization of galanin receptors is of high interest. Several Antibodies raised against galanin receptors are currently available from commercial or academic sources. We have tested several antibodies to GalR1 and GalR2 on tissues from respective knockout mice. Unexpectedly, the immunoreactivity patterns are the same in wild-type and in knockout mice, suggesting that current GalR1 and GalR2 antibodies, under standard immunodetection conditions, might not be suitable for mapping the receptors. These findings argue for taking precaution when using antibodies to galanin receptors.
40Ar39Ar dating of glauconites: Measured 39Ar recoil loss from well-crystallized specimens

Abstract Nine glauconite samples with relatively high K concentrations and which appear to be well crystallized using normal X-ray diffraction techniques have been studied using the 40 Ar 39 Ar method. The glauconite 40 Ar 39 Ar apparent ages exceed their KAr, RbSr and, in most cases, stratigraphic ages by substantial amounts. 40 Ar 39 Ar release spectra sometimes yield plateaus but these apparent ages have no geological significance. The results indicate that 39Ar is lost by recoil from mineral grains during neutron irradiation, consistent with previously reported observations. The amount of 39Ar loss was measured by isotope dilution for four samples and varied from 29% to 17%. In contrast, radiogenic 40Ar is quantitatively retained during irradiation. The very fine blades which make up glauconite grains yield the mineral susceptible to large amounts of 39Ar loss and unsuitable for 40 Ar 39 Ar dating.
Scarpa Fascia or Rectus Fascia in Abdominoplasty Flap Elevation: A Prospective Clinical Trial

Postoperative seroma formation remains the most frequent complication after full abdominoplasty. This study aimed to evaluate postoperatively the formation of a minor seroma when the superficial fascia is used for preparation. The study enrolled 50 patients who underwent a full abdominoplasty with umbilicus transposition between February 2008 and February 2010. The patients were alternated to the scarpa group or the rectus group. The two groups differed in terms of postoperative seroma formation and amount of average drain output. Scarpa fascia preservation seems to reduce postoperative seroma formation. The mechanism of the decreased fluid collection is not clear and needs further investigation.
Cell volume density alterations within the stria vascularis after administration of a hyperosmotic agent

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an intravenous injection of a hyperosmotic agent (mannitol) on the volume density (Vv) of the primary components of the stria vascularis (SV). Chinchillas received either a 2.0 g/kg injection of mannitol or an equal volume of saline as a control. At 1, 10 and 60 min after the injection, the right cochleas were fixed with osmium tetroxide and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. At a distance of 70% from the cochlear apex, the complete radial area of the SV was photographed and stereologically analyzed. Additional animals received mannitol or bumetanide for the purpose of measuring serum osmolality and the endocochlear potential (EP). The present results showed elevation of serum osmolality after mannitol but not after bumetanide and depression of the + EP after bumetanide but not after mannitol. Vv alterations of SV components after mannitol were similar to those Vv changes observed in a previous study, after bumetanide. After treatment with either diuretic, the Vv of the marginal cells decreased and the Vv of the intermediate cells and intercellular spaces increased. We conclude that since the Vv alterations of the SV components are so similar after both diuretics, none of these alterations is a morphological correlate of a depressed + EP which was observed after bumetanide. A model of the action of mannitol on the SV is proposed.
Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: An update

Studies in Western countries have suggested an increasing incidence of nephrolithiasis (NL) in the latter part of the 20th century. Therefore, we updated NL epidemiology data for the Rochester population over the years 1970–2000. All Rochester residents with any diagnostic code that could be linked to NL in the years of 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 were identified, and the records reviewed to determine if they met the criteria for a symptomatic kidney stone as defined in a previous Rochester, MN study. Age-adjusted incidence (±s.e.) of new onset symptomatic stone disease for men was 155.1 (±28.5) and 105.0 (±16.8) per 100 000 per year in 1970 and 2000, respectively. For women, the corresponding rates were 43.2 (±14.0) and 68.4 (±12.3) per 100 000 per year, respectively. On average, rates for women increased by about 1.9% per year ( P =0.064), whereas rates for men declined by 1.7% per year ( P =0.019). The overall man to woman ratio decreased from 3.1 to 1.3 during the 30 years ( P =0.006). Incident stone rates were highest for men aged 60–69 years, whereas for women, they plateaued after age 30. Therefore, since 1970 overall NL incidence rates in Rochester have remained relatively flat. However, NL rates for men have declined, whereas rates for women appear to be increasing. The reasons remain to be determined.
Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).

A data set consisting of twenty-eight anatomical characters scored for twenty-eight terminal taxa representing the world fauna of Signiphoridae was analysed using parsimony and compatibility methods. The Coccophaginae (Aphelinidae) and the Azotinae (Aphelinidae) were used as outgroups to establish polarity of character state changes. Relationships of Signiphoridae to other Chalcidoidea are discussed. Several multistate characters were treated in the parsimony analyses either as unordered or as ordered into transformation series using additive binary coding, which in some cases drastically reduced the number of equally parsimonious solutions. Monophyly of Signiphoridae is supported by seven synapomorphies. Four genera, Chartocerus, Thysanus, Clytina and Signiphora, are recognized within Signiphoridae based on synapomorphies. Rozanoviella syn.n. and Kerrichiella syn.n. are synonymized under Signiphora. Species of Signiphora are further assigned to four species groups, three of which are demonstrably monophyletic. Nine species or subspecies are transferred to Chartocerus from Signiphora (australicus comb.n., australiensis comb.n., australiensis orbiculatus comb.n., beethoveni comb.n., corvinus comb.n., funeralis comb.n., reticulata comb.n., ruskini comb.n., thusanoides comb.n.), one species to Thysanus from Signiphora (melancholicus comb.n.), and one species to Signiphora from Kerrichiella (coleoptratus comb.n.). A key to genera of Signiphoridae and species groups of Signiphora is presented. A diagnosis, relevant nomenclatural history, and a list of included species are given for each genus and species group, and the biology and distribution of each is summarized.
Impact dynamics with applications to solid particle erosion

Abstract A reformulation and solution is presented of the equations of impulse and momentum for an arbitrarily shaped rigid body striking a flat massive surface. The model makes use of the classical coefficient of restitution, e , and tangential coefficient, μ. The latter is defined as the ratio of the tangential to normal impulse components. It is shown that a distinction between μ and friction coefficients, f , is necessary for a proper interpretation of impact data. The expression of impact energy loss is placed into a particularly convenient form. Comparisons are made of this impact model to others from the field of solid particle erosion and wear.
Segmentation and disruption of the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the Gulf of California

Analysis of new multibeam bathymetry and all available magnetic data shows that the 340 km-long crest of the East Pacific Rise between Rivera and Tamayo transforms contains segments of both the Pacific-Rivera and the Pacific-North America plate boundaries. Another Pacific-North America spreading segment (“Alarcon Rise”) extends 60 km further north to the Mexican continental margin. The Pacific-North America-Rivera triple junction is now of the RRR type, located on the risecrest 60 km south of Tamayo transform. Slow North America-Rivera rifting has ruptured the young lithosphere accreted to the east flank of the rise, and extends across the adjacent turbidite plain to the vicinity of the North America-Rivera Euler pole, which is located on the plate boundary. The present absolute motion of the Rivera microplate is an anticlockwise spin at 4° m.y.−1 around a pole located near its southeast corner; its motion has recently changed as the driving forces applied to its margins have changed, especially with the evolution of the southern margin from a broad shear zone between Rivera and Mathematician microplates to a long Pacific-Rivera transform. Pleistocene rotations in spreading direction, by as much as 15° on the Pacific-Rivera boundary, have segmented the East Pacific Rise into a staircase of en echelon spreading axes, which overlap at lengthening and migrating nontransform offsets. The spreading segments vary greatly in risecrest geomorphology, including the full range of structural types found on other rises with intermediate spreading rates: axial rift valleys, split shield volcanoes, and axial ridges. Most offsets between the segments have migrated southward, but within the past 1 m.y. the largest of them (with 14–27 km of lateral displacement) have shown “dueling” behavior, with short-lived reversals in migration direction. Migration involves propagation of a spreading axis into abyssal hill terrain, which is deformed and uplifted while it occupies the broad shear zones between overlapping spreading axes. Tectonic rotation of the deformed crust occurs by bookshelf faulting, which generates teleseismically recorded strike-slip earthquakes. When reversals of migration direction occur, plateaus of rotated crust are shed onto the rise flanks.
Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support in pregnant and postpartum adolescents.

Objective: To assess prospectively the incidence and course of depressive symptoms among pregnant and postpartum adolescents and explore the roles of stress and social support as influencing factors. Methods: Pregnant teenagers attending a comprehensive adolescent pregnancy and parenting program were enrolled during their third trimester of pregnancy and followed up through 4 months post partum. Depressive symptoms and social support were measured with validated, self-administered instruments during the third trimester and at 2 and 4 months post partum. Stress was measured during the prenatal and postpartum periods. Results: Study participants (N=125) were predominantly black (93%) and were aged 12 to 18 years. Completed assessments were obtained from 114 subjects at 2 months post partum and 108 at 4 months. Forty-two percent had significant depressive symptoms in the third trimester, with 36% and 32% having scores that indicated depression at 2 and 4 months post partum. Stress levels increased significantly from the third trimester to the postpartum period (P Conclusions: Results indicate that depressive symptoms are common among pregnant teenagers and postpartum adolescents. Stress and social support appear to be important mediators. Identifying those teenagers with high stress and conflict and low levels of support will help identify those who are at particular risk for depressive symptoms. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:64-69)
Self-consistent kinetic calculations of helium rf glow discharges

A theoretical study of low-pressure helium rf glow-discharge plasmas is presented. The numerical scheme provides a fully kinetic description of the electrons and singly charged He ions in one spatial dimension and predicts the electric fields present in a mutually consistent fashion. The results have implications for a variety of discharge geometries and gases. Realistic, detailed cross sections for He are used. Both the numerical algorithm and physical processes are discussed. Unlike previous theoretical studies, we find a low average electron energy (1 eV) in the central bulk region and a weak bulk field (\ensuremath{\approxeq}2 V/cm peak amplitude) that is out of phase with the strong sheath fields. The discussion emphasizes quantities that can be readily measured in order to facilitate comparison with experiment. Metastable-atom production rates are used as source terms in a diffusion-reaction model to predict metastable-atom densities. Multistep ionization due to metastable-atom--metastable-atom collisions is shown to be important for some of the conditions studied. The pressure dependence of the ion distribution at the electrode is studied. Some common approximations used in modeling discharges are examined for both suitability and possible improvement.
Stories in History: Cultural Narratives in Recent Works in European History

STORYTELLING, or in academic parlance "narrative," has returned to the historical discipline with a vengeance. The current "revival of narrative" was prophesied some seventeen years ago in an article of that title by Lawrence Stone, who accurately predicted the end of the hegemony of structural, material-determinist, and quantitative approaches to history.' Stone's famous piece was somewhat confusing as to what form this revival was going to take, and understandably so, given the many different guises "narrative" in history has indeed adopted since the late 1970s. The return of narrative has influenced, for instance, metahistorical reflections on historical writing by the likes of Hayden White.2 The rise of "microhistory" has given social historians license to recount the lives of the humble and obscure, in a form attractive to undergraduates and lay readers, at the same time as biographies of monarchs and military leaders have fallen out of fashion.3 Stories are currently being used to illuminate intimate, even unconscious, levels of past lives under the
Ethnicity and ethnic groups in America: The view from Harvard

The author presents a critique of the "Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups". In particular the definitions and concepts of ethnicity and ethnic groups used are discussed. (ANNOTATION)
Mechanics of nectar feeding in the orchid bee Euglossa imperialis: pressure, viscosity and flow.

The orchid bee Euglossa imperialis sucks nectars through a slender proboscis. I tested how nectar properties influence this suction pressure and whether ambient air pressure sets the upper limit for suction feeding. Nectar intake rate was measured as a function of sucrose concentration (5-75% w/w), nectar viscosity (2-80 mPa s), and ambient pressure (101-40 kPa). Intake rate declines from about 1.2 μl s-1 to 0.003 μl s-1 as sucrose concentration increases from 15% to 65% sucrose. When sucrose concentration is held at 25% while viscosity increases from 2 to 80 mPa s, intake rate declines. When viscosity is held at 10.2 mPa s (the viscosity of 50% sucrose) while sucrose concentration increases from 5% to 50%, intake rate remains constant. Intake rate was limited by a reduction in ambient pressure at all nectar concentrations. Assuming a rigid proboscis, the Hagen-Poiseuille equation suggests that suction pressure increases with viscosity from 10 kPa at 5% sucrose to 45 kPa at 65% sucrose. However, because intake rate declined by the same fraction under hypobaria (40 kPa) at all sucrose concentrations, the euglossine bee proboscis may be better described as a collapsible tube: expanding or collapsing depending on the flow rate, the pressure gradient along the proboscis, and circumferential forces imposed by the proboscis walls.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF CYANOACETYLENE AT 193.3 NM

Cyanoacetylene (CA) is an important minor constituent in the Titan atmosphere and is present in the interstellar medium. The absorption cross section of CA has been measured in the region from 190 ...
The Influence of Growth Factors on Turkey Embryonic Myoblasts and Satellite Cells in Vitro

The influence of growth factors on the proliferation and differentiation of clonal-derived embryonic myoblasts and satellite cells was examined in hormonally controlled serum-free media. Although insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II each stimulated proliferation of both cell types, IGF-II was the more potent mitogen for embryonic myoblasts (P ⩽ 0.05). Exogenously added IGFs also stimulated differentiation of embryonic myoblasts (P ⩽ 0.05) but did not influence the differentiation of satellite cells (P ⩾ 0.05). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was required for proliferation of either cell type to occur. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB acted synergistically with IGF-I and FGF to stimulate proliferation. Unlike human muscle cells, neither avian satellite cells nor embryonic myoblasts responded to epidermal growth factor. The influence of IGFs and insulin on IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) release from myogenic cells was also examined. Both cell types secreted a major binding protein of 34 kDa and a second protein of 36 kDa. Satellite cells secreted a prominent IGFBP at 30.8 kDa, while embryonic myoblasts secreted higher molecular weight forms of 37 and 41 kDa. Highest IGFBP release was seen when cells from either type were administered IGF-II. Equimolar levels of IGF-I or insulin stimulated IGFBP release, however, at levels lower than that induced by IGF-II. Release of IGFBP was nearly undetectable in the presence of cycloheximide (50 μg/ml), suggesting that protein synthesis was necessary for IGFBP release.