cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D-multidetector CT angiography in the evaluation of potential donors for living donor lung transplantation.

Introduction: In living donor lung transplant, donor lobectomies from 2 donors provide right and left lower lobes for transplantation. In the past, routine evaluation of pulmonary anatomy was not performed preoperatively. Intraoperatively, surgeons were often forced to sacrifice the lingular artery or right middle lobe segmental artery to obtain an adequate arterial cuff for safe reimplantation. This study was performed to evaluate the utility of preoperative 3D-multidetector CT angiography (3D-MDCTA) as a noninvasive method of assessing pulmonary arteries to improve donor selection and surgical planning for living lung donors. Subjects and Methods: Five potential lung donors for 2 recipients were included in the study. CT scanning with 4 channel multidetector-row CT was performed, using a modified pulmonary embolism protocol. Post-processing was performed using volume rendering techniques on a commercially available workstation. Results: 3D-MDCT demonstrated that there are a number of variations in pulmonary arterial anatomy and that ideal anatomy was seldom encountered. Comparison of different donors determined which lower lobes were most favorable for transplantation. Surgery confirmed the accuracy of 3D-MDCTA. There were no pulmonary arterial complications, and no vessels were sacrificed. Conclusion: Safely explanting lower lobes from living donors for lung transplantation poses challenges not encountered in harvesting cadaveric donors or performing lobectomies for malignancy. 3D-MDCTA of pulmonary arteries can noninvasively delineate the often-complex pulmonary anatomy, which may assist in donor selection as well as reduce donor intraoperative and postoperative vascular complications.
Close proximity of a cytoplasmic loop of subunit a with c subunits of the ATP synthase from Escherichia coli

Interactions between subunit a and the c subunits of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase are thought to control proton translocation through the F(o) sector. In this study cysteine substitution mutagenesis was used to define the cytoplasmic ends of the first three transmembrane spans of subunit a, as judged by accessibility to 3-N-maleimidyl-propionyl biocytin. The cytoplasmic end of the fourth transmembrane span could not be defined in this way because of the limited extent of labeling of all residues between 186 and 206. In contrast, most of the preceding residues in that region, closer to transmembrane span 3, were labeled readily. The proximity of this region to other subunits in F(o) was tested by reacting mono-cysteine mutants with a photoactivated cross-linker. Residues 165, 169, 173, 174, 177, 178, and 182-184 could all be cross-linked to subunit c, but no sites were cross-linked to b subunits. Attempts using double mutants of subunit a to generate simultaneous cross-links to two different c subunits were unsuccessful. These results indicate that the cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane spans 3 and 4 of subunit a is in close proximity to at least one c subunit. It is likely that the more highly conserved, carboxyl-terminal region of this loop has limited surface accessibility due to protein-protein interactions. A model is presented for the interaction of subunit a with subunit c, and its implications for the mechanism of proton translocation are discussed.
Glocalization Trends: The Case of Hiplife Music in Contemporary Ghana

This paper responds to Kraidy’s (1999) proposal to communication scholars, specifically international and intercultural communication researchers, to utilize the “glocalization” concept to investigate global-local communication. This plea resonates with the views of certain international communication scholars (Straubhaar, 1991; Harindranath, 2003), who, despite acknowledging the limitations in the media imperialism thesis to analyze contemporary complex global-local communication, argues for a modification of the thesis. I deem the “glocalization” idea as such a corrective in that it allows for a holistic approach in investigating the nuanced juncture of contemporary global-local interactions. I utilize the glocalization concept to examine hiplife music, a Ghanaian reappropriation of U.S. rap music. Specifically, I investigate two Ghanaian-based discourses (verbal indirection and naming practices) that artists combine with this global music phenomenon in creating a distinct local music genre. The overall aim of this paper is to fill the research lacuna on hiplife music, as well as an attempt to demonstrate the utility of the glocalization concept.
The Patient With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in the Cardiovascular Operative Setting

m l t p a d u r n o n c IN JUNE 1981, the first clinical cases were reported that would become known as the beginning of the acquired mmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic.1 Over the past 30 years, significant progress has been made in treating patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)—the cause of AIDS. Although the initial impact and devastation of HIV/AIDS is now less than it was during the first 15 years of the epidemic, the HIV pandemic is far from over.2 In fact, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that there are more persons living with HIV/AIDS now than at any time since the epidemic began. Both the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection show no signs of abating; an estimated 1.2 million people live with HIV infection in the United States, and 56,000 new HIV infections develop annually.3 Worldwide, more than 33 million persons are living with HIV/ AIDS, with sub-Saharan Africa being the most heavily impacted region of the world.4 The development and widely adopted initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) beginning in the mid1990s has significantly altered the high mortality and morbidity associated with HIV infection.5 However, new challenges inluding medication intolerance, medication adherence, both hort-term and long-term adverse effects of medications, viral esistance to medications secondary to the rapid development f mutations, and the inability to fund and implement an rganized distribution method of drug therapy for all patients nfected with HIV worldwide continue to pose obstacles in anaging the HIV pandemic.6 Currently, the identification of ersons infected with HIV and the rapid initiation of HAART “test and treat” programs) have become a significant part of ational and international strategies for the prevention of new ases of HIV infection.7,8 The 21st century is experiencing the emergence of the “HIV baby boomer generation”—those persons who have survived the initial infection period, have initiated HAART with well-suppressed HIV replication and at least partially reconstituted immune systems, and are now living to previously unexpected ages. The estimated median survival of asymptomatic persons infected with HIV without hepatitis C and subsequently receiving HAART after diagnosis is approximately 53 years for persons diagnosed at the age of 25.9 In addition, the CDC predicts that by 2015, 50% of all HIV-infected adults will be over the age of 50 years.10 Therefore, as the number of HIV patients continues to rise nd subsequently grow older because of the efficacy of AART, patients with HIV/AIDS likely will present for urgical procedures at an increasing rate.
The triacylglycerol synthesis enzyme DGAT1 also catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerols, waxes, and retinyl esters

The final step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis is catalyzed by acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. The two known DGATs, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are encoded by unrelated genes. Although both DGAT1 and DGAT2 knockout mice have reduced tissue triacylglycerol contents, they have disparate phenotypes, prompting us to investigate whether the two enzymes have unrecognized functional differences. We now report that DGAT1 exhibits additional acyltransferase activities in vitro, including those of acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT), wax monoester and wax diester synthases, and acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT), which catalyze the synthesis of diacylglycerols, wax esters, and retinyl esters, respectively. These activities were demonstrated in in vitro assays with membranes from insect cells or homogenates from COS7 cells overexpressing DGAT1. Wax synthase and ARAT activities were also demonstrated in intact COS7 cells expressing DGAT1. Additionally, cells and tissues from DGAT1-deficient mice exhibited reduced ARAT activity, and the mice had increased levels of unesterified retinol in their livers on a high-retinol diet. Our findings indicate that DGAT1 can utilize a variety of acyl acceptors as substrates in vitro and suggest that these activities may be relevant to the in vivo functions of DGAT1.
Optimal load shedding with dynamic market modeling

Load shedding is one of the challenging problems in deregulated power systems. This paper studies the load-shedding problem with a dynamic power market model. To establish this model, the characteristic of the power market is analyzed first. Then the parameters in this model are estimated by a recursive weighted least square method. The full model is incorporated into the load shedding problem in a new industry environment. The entire problem is formulated as an optimization problem with differential equations as constraints. A discretization technique is applied to transfer the differential equation into an algebraic equation. Finally, it is solved by mathematical programming. This method is tested on a small and a large system.
The road not taken: Conflict termination and guerrillaism in the American Civil War

Abstract Irrespective our views on the rationality of our opponent's continuing to conduct operations against us, unless utterly extirpated, he retains a vote on when and how conflict will end. This is because war is about power — compelling another actor to do something he would not otherwise do, or to cease doing something he would otherwise prefer to do. In planning for conflict termination we should account for the peculiarities of opponents who may decide not to quit when we have beat them fair and square. We do not desire that they cease conventional fighting, but that they cease fighting altogether.
Conductor loss in hollow waveguides using a surface integral formulation

The power-loss method along with a surface integral formulation has been used to compute the attenuation constant in hollow waveguides of arbitrary cross-section. An E-field integral equation has been developed for the surface electric currents, and has been transformed into a matrix equation using the method of moments. An iterative technique, i.e. Muller's method has been used to obtain the relation between the propagation constant and frequency. The attenuation constants have been calculated and formulated for various waveguides and are in good agreement with published data. >
Path Analysis of Ontogenetic Data

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have long been interested in the quantitative description of growth processes (Huxley 1932; Thompson 1942; Cock 1966; Gould 1977). Mathematical expressions for individual growth trajectories are required for the analysis of a diversity of problems in biology including: (1) optimal harvesting strategies for species of economic importance, (2) evolutionary theory of life history strategies, and (3) development of gross morphology and shape. Thus, considerable effort has been expended in the search for relatively simple growth formulations and in the development of suitable curve-fitting procedures. General references on these subjects include Nair (1954), Bertalanffy (1957), Beverton and Holt (1957), Richards (1959), Fabens (1965), Paloheimo and Dickie (1965), Ricklefs (1967), Parks (1970), Pruitt et al. (1979), Majowski and Uchmanski (1980), and Lande (1985).
P36. Comparison of four tests of quadriceps strength in L3 or L4 radiculopathies

Study Design. This prospective cohort study evaluated four office tests of quadriceps strength in symptomatic adults with radiographic evidence of L3 or L4 nerve root compression. Objective. The study observed the performance of each test for its ability to detect quadriceps weakness when compared to the asymptomatic side. To determine the potential influence of radicular pain on the performance of the four tests, a control group of patients over the age of 40 with clinical and radiographic L5 or S1 radiculopathies underwent identical testing of quadriceps strength. Summary of Background Data. The L3 and L4 nerve roots innervate the quadriceps; therefore, quadriceps weakness may be a consequence of L3 or L4 radiculopathies. There are no standardized or validated methods to evaluate quadriceps strength in the clinical office setting. This may lead to inconsistent detection by clinicians of quadriceps weakness in cases of L3 or L4 radiculopathy. Methods. Thirty-three consecutive patients with L3 or L4 radiculopathies and 19 with L5 or S1 radiculopathies were studied. The four tests of quadriceps strength included: 1) single leg sit-to-stand test; 2) step-up test; 3) knee-flexed manual muscle testing; and 4) knee-extended manual muscle testing. Results from a second examiner repeating the four tests were used to calculate interrater reliability. Results. In L3 and L4 radiculopathies, unilateral quadriceps weakness was detected by the single leg sit-tostand test in 61%, by knee-flexed manual muscle testing in 42%, by step-up test in 27% and by knee-extended manual muscle testing in 9% of patients. The sit-to-stand test detected weakness in all but one case when weakness was detected by another test. All patients with L5 or S1 radiculopathies could perform the sit-to-stand test. Kappa coefficient was high for sit-to-stand test (0.85), step-up (0.83), and knee-flexed manual muscle testing (0.66), and low for knee-extended manual muscle testing (0.08). Conclusion. In L3 and L4 radiculopathies, unilateral quadriceps weakness was best detected by a single leg sit-to-stand test. Patients of similar age with radicular pain caused by L5 or S1 radiculopathies could perform this test. As the interrater reliability of the single leg sitto-stand test is high, clinicians should consider utilizing this test for assessing quadriceps strength in cases of L3 and L4 radiculopathies. [
Variation in Doppler-derived stenotic aortic valve area during ejection.

6. Pouget JM, Kelly CE, Pilz CG. Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve. Report of a case in a seventy-three year old man. Am J Catdiol 1967;19:732-4. Ito T, Engle MA, Holswade GR. Congenital insufficiency of the pulmonic valve. A rare case of neonatal heart failure. Pediatrics 19B1;2&712-8. Price BO. Isolated incompetence of the pulmonic valve. Circulation 1961;23:596-602. ShimaLaki Y, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. The natural history of isolated pulmonary valve incompetence: surgical implication. Thora; Cardiovc32:257-9: Bove EL. Kavev RW. Bvrum CJ. Sondheimer HM. Blackman MS, Thomas FD. Impre 90:50-L
The Small States in International Politics and Organization

T HE WORLD' S POPULATION of approximately three billion people is divided into about 120 political entities called states. These states vary greatly in size and power. In population they range all the way from Iceland with less than 200,000 people, to China with its 700 millions. It has long been customary to rank states in the order of their importance in world politics. States have been classified as first, second, third and even fourth-class powers. In more recent years, the terms great powers and small states or nations have been generally used. Frequently, a third category, that of middle powers, is also employed, but more generally the intermediate powers are regarded as a special group among the small states. Since World War II the term super powers has come into use. What is the test of whether a state is a small state or whether it is entitled to the rank of a Great Power? There is no easy answer to this question; no single or accurate formula that can be applied. Obviously size alone, whether of population or area, is not a conclusive test. Italy, until its defeat in the last war, was accepted as a great power, while Brazil was not, yet Brazil's population was nearly as large and its area vastly greater. India, occupying a subcontinent and with a population more than twice as large as that of the United States and double that of Russia, is not accorded the status and China with an even larger population, has been only recently and half-heartedly admitted. The test has been military power, both actual and potential. Some of the elements which determine this power, such as geographic location, manpower and natural resources, can be fairly accurately measured, but other factors, such as technical proficiency, national psychology, culture and political institutions, are qualitative and variable. Because of this, a nation's rank among the Powers is very largely determined by its actual exhibition of military strength. It
Motion of the calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal during the stance phase of walking.

The treatment of mechanically related foot disorders is often a challenge to clinicians. Sometimes this is due to the lack of information about how various segments of the foot move in relation to one another, especially during activities such as walking. The foot may be divided into three functional units: the rearfoot, the midfoot, and the first ray. Each of these units is a component of the medial longitudinal arch, which plays an important role in how the foot functions during weightbearing activities. 1
Tradeoffs in the design of efficient algorithm-based error detection schemes for hypercube multiprocessors

The authors provide an in-depth study of the various issues and tradeoffs available in algorithm-based error detection, as well as a general methodology for evaluating the schemes. They illustrate the approach on an extremely useful computation in the field of numerical linear algebra: QR factorization. They have implemented and investigated numerous ways of applying algorithm-based error detection using different system-level encoding strategies for QR factorization. Specifically, schemes based on the checksum and sum-of-squares (SOS) encoding techniques have been developed. The results of studies performed on a 16-processor Intel iPSC-2/D4/MX hypercube multiprocessor are reported. It is shown that, in general, the SOS approach gives much better coverage (85-100%) for QR factorization while maintaining low overheads (below 10%). >
Culture and Morality

Elvin Hatch. Culture and Morality. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. xi. 163 pp. $27.50 (cloth).
Evaluation of cardiac size in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema.

The accuracy and interobserver variability of roentgenographic analysis for cardiac size in patients dying with chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema were correlated with pathologic data derived from special studies. Three trained observers were able to accurately and consistently diagnose chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema and to detect cardiomegaly on the chest x-ray film. The best criteria for chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema were those of overinflation; however, none of the roentgenographic criteria usually suggested for the specific diagnosis of right ventricular or left ventricular hypertrophy were found to be reliable. The inaccuracy and interobserver variability in the detection of enlargement of specific chambers make it evident that the usual criteria are not valid and that roentgenographic appraisal of cardiac size in these patients is limited to findings of normalcy or cardiomegaly.
Effect of dietary thyroid powder on urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid and methylmalonic acid.

SummaryThe possible role of increased food and protein intake in the action of thyroid powder in increasing the excretion of formiminoglutamic acid (FlGlu) and meth-ylmalonic acid (MMA) was studied. The food intake of all animals was measured and the protein content of the diet of the control group (without thyroid powder) was increased so that the protein intake per day per kilogram of body wt was the same for the controls and for those receiving thyroid powder in the diet. The feeding of thyroid powder produced an increase in FIGlu excretion which was not related to the increase in protein intake. The excretion of MMA which was produced by thyroid powder seemed related to the increase in protein intake caused by increased food consumption. Thyroid powder feeding had no effect on MMA excretion when protein intake was equalized. These data indicate that feeding thyroid powder affects the metabolism of vitamin B12 only as it is related to folic acid. It does not produce a generalized vitamin B12 deficiency...
Designs for diagnosability and reliability in VLSI systems

Novel concepts of designs for diagnosability and reliability are defined and developed. A diagnosable design of VLSI system is presented, in which fault isolation is realized by minimal additional hardware instead of traditional software diagnostic procedures such that the computation space and time for fault isolation are saved. The presented fault-tolerant design uses online fault detection and isolation techniques, yields higher reliability with minimized hardware overhead of no more than 125% as opposed to over 200% in classical redundancy fault-tolerant designs. Using this scheme, the ability to isolate intermittent faults is a significant improvement over existing fault isolation methods because faults could be isolated right after they are detected. >
Photoperiodic Time Measurement and a Graded Response in a Cockroach

Almost exclusively, photoperiodic insects respond to a given photoperiod in one of two ways: a "long-day" response or a "short-day" response. Intermediate responses occur only at a very restricted range of photoperiods (often less than 30 min) and are generally population phenomena rather than intermediate responses of individuals. In contrast, individuals of the wood roach, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, show intermediate responses over a broad range of photoperiods. We examined the effect of constant light, constant darkness, and photoperiods ranging from 10 to 18 hr of light per 24 hr on growth rate as measured by weight gain, and found a robust photoperiodic response. Nymphs raised in photoperiods with light periods (photophases) from 0 to 12 hr gained little weight, whereas those in LD 18:6 were almost 15 times heavier. This is the first report of a photoperiodic response curve for a cockroach. Interestingly, there was a linear relationship between the duration of the photophase and weight gain over a broad range of photoperiods (LD 12:12 to LD 18:6; r2 = 0.99). Statistical analysis showed that the intermediate responses were attributable to individuals' growing at an intermediate rate. Another interesting observation was that all larval stages appeared to be capable of perceiving and responding to photoperiodic signals. The results of further experiments using non-24-hr photoperiods were consistent with the existence of a circadian component in the photoperiodic time measurement in this species.
Themes of liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation was the product of five interlocking themes. These began in 1958-1959 with canine studies of then theoretical hepatotrophic molecules in portal venous blood (Theme I) and with the contemporaneous parallel development of liver and multivisceral transplant models (Theme II). Further Theme I investigations showed that insulin was the principal, although not the only, portal hepatotrophic factor. In addition to resolving long-standing controversies about the pathophysiology of portacaval shunt, the hepatotrophic studies blazed new trails in the regulation of liver size, function, and regeneration. They also targeted inborn metabolic errors (e.g., familial hyperlipoproteinemia) whose palliation by portal diversion presaged definitive correction with liver replacement. Clinical use of the Theme II transplant models depended on multiple drug immunosuppression (Theme III, Immunology), guided by an empirical algorithm of pattern recognition and therapeutic response. Successful liver replacement was first accomplished in 1967 with azathioprine, prednisone, and antilymphoid globulin. With this regimen, the world's longest surviving liver recipient is now 40 years postoperative. Incremental improvements in survival outcome occurred (Theme IV) when azathioprine was replaced by cyclosporine (1979), which was replaced in turn by tacrolimus (1989). However, the biologic meaning of alloengraftment remained enigmatic until multilineage donor leukocyte microchimerism was discovered in 1992 in long-surviving organ recipients. Seminal mechanisms were then identified (clonal exhaustion-deletion and immune ignorance) that linked organ engraftment and the acquired tolerance of bone marrow transplantation and eventually clarified the relationship of transplantation immunology to the immunology of infections, neoplasms, and autoimmune disorders. With this insight, better strategies of immunosuppression have evolved. As liver and other kinds of organ transplantation became accepted as healthcare standards, the ethical, legal, equity, and the other humanism issues of Theme V have been resolved less conclusively than the medical-scientific problems of Themes I-IV. HEPATOLOGY 2010
Investigating the Evolution of Sleep in the Mexican Cavefish

Sleep is fundamental to animal life. In diverse animal taxa, poor sleep can potently affect cognitive abilities and health ( Cappuccio et al ., 2010 ; Rechtschaffen et al ., 1983 ; Shaw et al ., 2002 ). The near universality of sleep and the widespread interspecies variation in sleep structure, duration, and timing suggest that sleep has significant functions that vary with ecological context; however, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms driving these differences, or how genetic variation can affect the evolution of sleep ( Allada and Siegel, 2008 ; Cirelli and Tononi, 2008 ). Here, we discuss the evolution of sleep loss in the Mexican cavefish and how advances in this unique model system have shed light on the role of ecology and evolutionary history in shaping sleep requirements across animal taxa.
Oryctocephalids (Corynexochida: Trilobita) of the Lower-Middle Cambrian Boundary Interval from California and Nevada

Seven species of oryctocephalids occur in the Lower to Middle Cambrian boundary strata of the southern Great Basin. These include Oryctocephalites palmeri n. sp. and an Oryctocephalinae species from the uppermost Lower Cambrian (upper Olenellus Biozone); Oryctocephalus indicus (Reed, 1910), Microryctocara nevadensis n. gen. and n. sp., and Oryctocephalites rasettii n. sp. near the base of the Middle Cambrian (lower Plagiura Biozone); and Oryctocephalus primus Walcott, 1886, and Oryctocephalus nyensis Palmer, 1979, from slightly higher strata (upper Plagiura Biozone). Oryctocephalus and Oryctocephalites are emended based on a cladistic analysis of Oryctocephalinae Beecher, 1897.
Synthesis and Topological Trapping of Cyclic Poly(alkylene phosphates)

The zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization of 2-isopropoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (iPP) with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) generates poly(alkylene phosphate)s with molecular weights of Mn = 55000–202000 Da. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry provided clear evidence for cyclic poly(alkylene phosphate)s (poly(iPP)) for lower molecular weight fractions (m/z ≤ 3000). The cyclic topology of the higher molecular weight fractions was inferred by trapping of poly(iPP) in cross-linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels. Cross-linked HEMA hydrogels were generated in the presence of a high molecular weight (Mn = 202000 Da) poly(iPP) generated from the zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization of iPP with the NHC 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene 2. Extraction of the resulting gel with methanol for 11 days revealed that 36% of the poly(iPP) was retained in the gel, whereas a linear poly(iPP) was completely extracted under similar conditions. The retention of the poly(iPP)s in the gels is attrib...
Comparisons of urban and rural PM 10 2.5 and PM 2.5 mass concentrations and semi-volatile fractions in Northeastern Colorado

Abstract. Coarse (PM10−2.5) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter in the atmosphere adversely affect human health and influence climate. While PM2.5 is relatively well studied, less is known about the sources and fate of PM10−2.5. The Colorado Coarse Rural-Urban Sources and Health (CCRUSH) study measured PM10−2.5 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, as well as the fraction of semi-volatile material (SVM) in each size regime (SVM2.5, SVM10−2.5), from 2009 to early 2012 in Denver and comparatively rural Greeley, Colorado. Agricultural operations east of Greeley appear to have contributed to the peak PM10−2.5 concentrations there, but concentrations were generally lower in Greeley than in Denver. Traffic-influenced sites in Denver had PM10−2.5 concentrations that averaged from 14.6 to 19.7 µg m−3 and mean PM10−2.5 ∕ PM10 ratios of 0.56 to 0.70, higher than at residential sites in Denver or Greeley. PM10−2.5 concentrations were more temporally variable than PM2.5 concentrations. Concentrations of the two pollutants were not correlated. Spatial correlations of daily averaged PM10−2.5 concentrations ranged from 0.59 to 0.62 for pairs of sites in Denver and from 0.47 to 0.70 between Denver and Greeley. Compared to PM10−2.5, concentrations of PM2.5 were more correlated across sites within Denver and less correlated between Denver and Greeley. PM10−2.5 concentrations were highest during the summer and early fall, while PM2.5 and SVM2.5 concentrations peaked in winter during periodic multi-day inversions. SVM10−2.5 concentrations were low at all sites. Diurnal peaks in PM10−2.5 and PM2.5 concentrations corresponded to morning and afternoon peaks of traffic activity, and were enhanced by boundary layer dynamics. SVM2.5 concentrations peaked around noon on both weekdays and weekends. PM10−2.5 concentrations at sites located near highways generally increased with wind speeds above about 3 m s−1. Little wind speed dependence was observed for the residential sites in Denver and Greeley. The mass concentration data reported here are being used in ongoing epidemiologic studies for PM in northeastern Colorado.
Cliostomum (Lichen-Forming Ascomycotina) in North America and Europe

C. luteolum and C. vitellinum are newly described species, rare on trees with acidic bark in oceanic northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. C. luteolum is closely related to C. cirrugatum but has yellow rather than orange apothecia and an effuse, sorediate thallus. C. vitellinum has distinctive, tiny, bright yellow apothecia on a thin, sorediate thallus; it contains fumarprotocetraric acid. Apothecia are biatorine and spores are bacilliform and 1- to 3-septate. C. griffithii occurs on the east and west coasts of North America and in Europe, and C. corrugatum occurs in Europe (...)
Fluorescence-lifetime based pH sensing via multiple light scattering measurement with pH-sensitive dyes immobilized in poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres

The frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime measurement of a pH sensitive dye (C- SNAFL-1) immobilized into poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels showed the ability to perform implantable and continuous pH sensing with fluorescence life in tissue-like multiply scattering solutions.
Nest Prospecting by Common Goldeneyes

La tendance a choisir un emplacement de nid deja occupe avec succes les annees precedentes observee sur 22 ans de donnees de nidification du garrot a oeil d'or,est reliee a l'hypothese selon laquelle les femelles sont capables d'apprendre si un site est favorable ou non en visitant les nids occupes, en suivant les autres femelles jusqu'a leur nid et peut etre en detectant des debris de coquilles et de membranes dans les nids eclos
A Possible Explanation of Quantum Mechanics Behavior by a Classical Cellular Automaton Construction

The essential features of quantum mechanics behavior can be exhibited by synchro formations in a self-clocking network. This cellular automaton construction represents a model of quantum vacuum whose primary activity — creation “out of nothing” — is realized by the distributed processes of synchronization and desynchronization.
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF INTERACTION: VIEWS FROM ARTIFACT STYLE AND MATERIAL EXCHANGE IN DORSET SOCIETY

This paper discusses the role of interaction in prehistory, and the ways archaeologists have traditionally approached its study. Using two distinct data sets-artifact style and material exchange-derived from analysis of 11 Dorset (late Paleoeskimo) collections from Frobisher Bay in the Canadian Arctic, it explores the strengths and weaknesses of these methodologically distinct investigatory techniques. Each appears inadequate when used separately and in isolation, but when used in tandem they demonstrate considerable potential to yield epistemologically grounded insights into prehistoric interaction and, perhaps, changing dimensions in the symbolic use of style over time. Este trabajo discute el papel de interaccion en la prehistoria, y las maneras tradicionales en que arqueologos han abarcado su estudio. Usando dos conjuntos de datos distintos-el estilo de artifacto e intercamnbio de material-derivados del andlisis de once colecciones Paleoesquimales (Dorset) de la Bahfa de Frobisher en el Artico canadiense, este estudio explora las fortalezas y debilidades de estas metodologicamente distintas tecnicas investigativas. Cada una parece inadecuada cuando se usa separada o en aislamiento, pero cuando son usadas juntas y combinadas con informacion sobre factores relacionados como la densidad de poblacion, la mobilidad, y la necesidad de adquirir materiales no disponibles localmente, estas demuestran un potencial considerable para obtener ideas epistemologicamente solidas sobre la interaccion prehistorica. Interaction-defined here as the exchange of materials, ideas, beliefs, and information between members of different corporate groups-has played a central role in the development of human societies at all levels of complexity. Interaction provides access to materials not locally available and facilitates the exchange of information that is critical in determining the long
Relationships between 2-Year Survival, Costs, and Outcomes following Carotid Endarterectomy in Asymptomatic Patients in the Vascular Quality Initiative.

Background Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for asymptomatic patients with limited life expectancy may not be beneficial or cost-effective. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among survival, outcomes, and costs within 2 years following CEA among asymptomatic patients. Methods Prospectively collected data from 3097 patients undergoing CEA for asymptomatic disease from Vascular Quality Initiative VQI registry were linked to Medicare. Models were used to identify predictors of 2-year mortality following CEA. Patients were classified as low, medium, or high risk of death based on this model. Next, we examined costs related to cerebrovascular care, occurrence of stroke, rehospitalization, and reintervention within 2 years following CEA across risk strata. Results Overall, 2-year mortality was 6.7%. Age, diabetes, smoking, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, absence of statin use, and contralateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis were independently associated with a higher risk of death following CEA. In-hospital costs averaged $7500 among patients defined as low risk for death, and exceeded $10,800 among high risk patients. Although long-term costs related to cerebrovascular disease were 2 times higher in patients deemed high risk for death compared with low risk patents ($17,800 vs. $8800, P = 0.001), high risk of death was not independently associated with a high probability of high cost. Predictors of high cost at 2 years were severe contralateral ICA stenosis, dialysis dependence, and American Society for Anesthesia Class 4. Both statin use and CHF were protective of high cost. Conclusions Greater than 90% of patients undergoing CEA live long enough to realize the benefits of their procedure. Moreover, the long-term costs are supported by the effectiveness of this procedure at all levels of patient risk.
Development of cholinergic innervation and muscarinic receptor subtypes in piglet trachea

We studied physiological and pharmacological maturation of cholinergic innervation to tracheal smooth muscle in piglets at three ages: < 7 days, 2–3 wk, and 10 wk. Change in tracheal tension was me...
Effect of Making an Audio Recording of a Term Paper on Writing Quality

Writing-to-learn assignments engage students with a problem while they develop writing skills. It is difficult in large classes to provide training in proofreading and editing techniques. The purpose of this project was to determine if a term paper was improved after making an audio recording of a draft of the paper. Data from 2 years of papers were analyzed. In Year 2, 2 days before the final written draft was due, students submitted an audio recording of a draft of their term paper read aloud. Comparing Year 2 papers to those from an identical writing assignment from the previous year prepared without an audio recording presented an opportunity to determine the effect of making an audio recording on the quality of the written paper. Grammar, technical word use, appropriate paragraph usage, overall flow, general content, and content-animal relationship were scored from final written papers submitted by each group. Groups did not differ in overall ability, as measured by average exam scores. Submitting an audio recording was associated with improved technical word use and content but not grammar, paragraph usage, or overall flow. When written copies of the papers were compared to their corresponding audio recordings, grammar, paragraph usage, and overall flow were most often read aloud correctly even though errors remained in the written papers. Technical word use and content errors were subsequently corrected in the written papers turned in after the readings.
Teaching NeuroImages: Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration An underrecognized complication of advanced liver disease

A 42-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis presented to a neurology clinic for action tremor, attention/concentration deficits, and parkinsonism after hospitalization for alcohol withdrawal and acute alcoholic hepatitis. A brain MRI showed bilateral T1 hyperintense lesions in the globus pallidus with concomitant T2 hypointensity (figure).
Does the Technique or Pattern Matter When Injecting OnabotulinumtoxinA

OnabotulinumtoxinA (BTX-A) is a treatment option for patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) or idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) inadequately controlled with or intolerant to oral medications. The currently approved dosing is 100 U for OAB and 200 U for NDO which is commonly injected into the detrusor muscle via 20–30 trigone-sparing sites. Growing evidence suggests that the efficacy of BTX-A may be maintained with fewer injection sites, varying injection depth, and differing injection locations. This review focuses on the recent literature regarding various BTX-A injection techniques for the treatment of NDO and OAB.
Moderate-intensity blue radiation can regulate flowering, but not extension growth, of several photoperiodic ornamental crops

Abstract Lighting that creates an effective phytochrome photoequilibrium at the end of the day (day extension) or during the middle of the night (night interruption) can regulate flowering of photoperiodic ornamentals grown under short days. In addition to phytochrome regulation, blue (B) radiation can elicit cryptochrome-mediated photoperiodic responses, such as flowering and stem growth. Although B radiation at a low intensity does not influence plant development, we postulated that it could regulate flowering at a higher intensity while acting as a plant growth regulator. We grew five long-day plants [calibrachoa (Calibrachoa × hybrida), coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora), petunia (Petunia × hybrida), rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)] and two short-day plants [chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) and marigold (Tagetes erecta)] in a controlled-environment greenhouse under a 9-h short day with or without 5.5-h day-extension or 4-h night-interruption lighting from light-emitting diodes. B radiation was delivered at 0, 1 (low), 15, or 30 (moderate) μmol m−2 s−1, with or without low red (R) + white + far-red (FR) radiation. Moderate B radiation created long days in all crops as effectively as low R + white + FR radiation. Flowering of calibrachoa and petunia, but not other crops, was 2–4 d earlier when moderate B radiation was added to low R + white + FR radiation. At a sufficiently high intensity, B radiation possibly mediated these flowering responses through interactions of signaling molecules and multiple photoreceptors besides phytochromes. There were few or no morphological differences among flower-inducing treatments in most crops. We conclude that night-interruption lighting with moderate B radiation, alone and when added to low R and FR radiation, can regulate flowering, but does not inhibit extension growth, of a wide range of photoperiodic crops.
Histological aspects of the “fixed-particle” model of stone formation: animal studies

Crystallization by itself is not harmful as long as the crystals are not retained in the kidneys and are allowed to pass freely down the renal tubules to be excreted in the urine. A number of theories have been proposed, and studies performed, to determine the mechanisms involved in crystal retention within the kidneys. It has been suggested that urinary transit through the nephron is too fast for crystals to grow large enough to be retained. Thus, free particle mechanism alone cannot lead to stone formation, and there must be a mechanism for crystal fixation within the kidneys. Animal model studies suggest that crystal retention is possible through both the free- and fixed-particle mechanisms. Crystal-cell interaction leads to pathological changes which promote crystal attachment to either epithelial cells or their basement membrane. Alternatively, crystals aggregate and produce large enough particles to block the tubules particularly at sites, where urinary flow is affected because of changes in the luminal diameter of the tubule. Crystal deposits plugging the openings of the ducts of Bellini may be the result of such a phenomenon. Intratubular crystals translocating to renal interstitium may produce osteogenic changes in the epithelial or endothelial cells resulting in the formation of the Randall's plaques. Thus, fixation appears to be either through the formation of Randall's plugs, crystal plugs clogging the openings of the ducts of Bellini or sub-epithelial crystal deposits, and the Randall's plaques.
Examining what prestudy and immediate judgments of learning reveal about the bases of metamemory judgments

Abstract Across three experiments we examined the basis for participants’ judgments of learning (JOLs) – memory beliefs or fluency – by manipulating item relatedness and font size and collecting prestudy JOLs, immediate JOLs, or both types (combination) of JOLs. Experiment 3 also measured self-paced study time as an indirect measure of participants’ perceived fluency of items. All three experiments revealed higher prestudy, immediate, and combination JOLs for related, and large font items than for unrelated, or small font items. However, combination conditions suggested that prestudy and immediate JOLs are not identical. Prestudy and immediate JOLs differed both in terms of magnitude and accuracy, with higher magnitude and relative accuracy for immediate JOLs than prestudy JOLs in all three experiments, suggesting memory beliefs alone are not sufficient to accurately track memory performance. These results combine with the study time data in Experiment 3, which did not differ significantly as a function of font size, to suggest that memory beliefs influence both types of JOLs. However, as participants gained exposure to stimuli characteristics, immediate JOLs shifted more than prestudy JOLs, suggesting that the timing of immediate JOLs facilitates participants’ analysis of fluency and other item qualities that affect recall, which are then factored into participants’ immediate JOLs more so than prestudy JOLs.
Gender Differences in the Developmental Cascade From Harsh Parenting to Educational Attainment: An Evolutionary Perspective

This study utilized life history theory to test a developmental cascade model linking harsh parenting to low educational attainment. Multigroup models were examined to test for potential gender differences. The sample consisted of 1,482 adolescents followed up for 9 years starting in seventh grade (Mage = 12.74). Results supported indirect links between harsh parenting and low educational attainment through the development of extreme peer orientations, early sexual behavior, and delinquency. Among male adolescents, harsh parenting was related to the development of an extreme peer orientation, which further led to increased delinquency, and subsequently lower educational attainment. Among female adolescents, harsh parenting predicted extreme peer orientations, which increased both delinquency and early sexual behavior. Early sexual behavior further predicted lower educational attainment in female adolescents.
Origami and Kirigami Nanocomposites

The arts of origami and kirigami inspired numerous examples of macroscale hierarchical structures with high degree of reconfigurability and multiple functionalities. Extension of kirigami and origami patterning to micro-, meso-, and nanoscales enabled production of nanocomposites with unusual combination of properties, transitioning these art forms to the toolbox of materials design. Various subtractive and additive fabrication techniques applicable to nanocomposites and out-of-plane deformation of patterns enable a technological framework to negotiate often contradictory structural requirements for materials properties. Additionally, the long-searched possibility of patterned composites/parts with highly predictable set of properties/functions emerged. In this review, we discuss foldable/stretchable composites with designed mechanical properties, as exemplified by the negative Poisson’s ratio, as well as optical and electrical properties, as exemplified by the sheet conductance, photovoltage generation, ...