cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On puns, comebacks, verbal dueling, and play languages: Speech play in Balinese verbal life

In Bali, speech play is a cultural focus. Several of the many forms of Balinese speech play are investigated – puns, comebacks and verbal dueling, and pig-latin type play languages. These are examined in the context of everyday, informal speech and conversation, verbal routines and events such as storytelling and bargaining, and the artistic and ritual performances for which Bali is famous, such as shadow puppet plays and dance dramas. Attention is paid to the role of multilingualism in Balinese speech play, especially the intersection of the various languages and language levels in constant use in Bali. The significance of speech play in Balinese culture and society is explored. (Ethnography of speaking, speech play, humor, Bali, Indonesia)
Nanostructured Biomaterials for Regeneration

Biomaterials play a pivotal role in regenerative medicine, which aims to regenerate and replace lost/dysfunctional tissues or organs. Biomaterials (scaffolds) serve as temporary 3D substrates to guide neo tissue formation and organization. It is often beneficial for a scaffolding material to mimic the characteristics of extracellular matrix (ECM) at the nanometer scale and to induce certain natural developmental or/and wound healing processes for tissue regeneration applications. This article reviews the fabrication and modification technologies for nanofibrous, nanocomposite, and nanostructured drug-delivering scaffolds. ECM-mimicking nanostructured biomaterials have been shown to actively regulate cellular responses including attachment, proliferation, differentiation and matrix deposition. Nano-scaled drug delivery systems can be successfully incorporated into a porous 3D scaffold to enhance the tissue regeneration capacity. In conclusion, nano-structured biomateials are a very exciting and rapidly expanding research area, and are providing new enabling technologies for regenerative medicine.
The International Legality of U.S. Military Cross-Border Operations from Afghanistan into Pakistan

To date, U.S. cross-border operations from Afghanistan into Pakistan have taken three forms: the use of Predator drones to target Al Qaeda fighters (although such drones may be launched solely from within Pakistan); the "hot pursuit" of militants who engaged in raids from Pakistan against U.S. and allied forces in Afghanistan, as well as the Afghan government; and the deployment of special operations forces into Pakistan as a means of striking at Al Qaeda. These types of cross-border operations clearly implicate the jus ad bellum, in that they entail one state projecting highly coercive military force into another state. Arguably Pakistan has consented to at least some of these types of cross-border operations, but that consent is poorly documented, suffers from the conflicting and diffuse sources of authority within the Pakistani government, and ultimately may not endure given the vicissitudes of Pakistani domestic politics. As such, though consent is a powerful and useful basis for supporting the legality of U.S. cross-border operations, other justifications should be considered as well. Assuming Pakistani consent is lacking, other justifications for U.S. cross-border operations must be considered. The U.N. Security Council has on several occasions addressed the legality of foreign forces in Afghanistan. Yet the Security Council's Chapter VII resolutions are best seen as either authorizing the presence of a multinational force designed to stabilize Afghanistan (without having as its mission counter-terrorism operations, let alone operations outside Afghanistan), or simply recognizing the inherent right of self-defense of the United States and its allies. The inherent right of self-defense (individual and collective) does justify U.S. cross-border operations that respond to raids by militants from Pakistan into Afghanistan, so long as the U.S. operations remain necessary and proportionate to the threat of those raids, and so long as the Afghan government consents to the presence of U.S. forces. Such self-defense would also support unilateral uses of U.S. force against Al Qaeda in Pakistan, either in the form of covert operations by special forces units or the launching of Predators from Afghanistan to strike at targets in Pakistan, so long as it can be shown that those Al Qaeda targets are ones that are supporting the cross-border raids into Pakistan, and so long as Pakistan is unwilling or unable to prevent Al Qaeda's support for those raids. A broader right of self-defense against Al Qaeda targets in Pakistan based on the attacks of 9/11, however, is far more problematic, since the requirements of necessity and proportionality likely preclude unilateral uses of force against a third state that was not implicated in those attacks.
Asthma management practices at home in young inner-city children

Information on parental asthma management practices for young children is sparse. The objective of this article is to determine if specific caregiver asthma management practices for children were associated with children's asthma morbidity. Caregivers of 100 inner-city children diagnosed with persistent asthma and participating in an ongoing asthma intervention study were enrolled and interviewed to ascertain measures of asthma morbidity, medication use, health care use (acute and primary care), and asthma management practices. Overall, asthma morbidity was high with almost two thirds of caregivers reporting their child having one or more emergency department visits within the last 6 months and 63% receiving specialty care for their asthma. Appropriate medication use was reported predominantly as albuterol and inhaled steroids (78%). However, only 42% of caregivers reported administering asthma medicines when their child starts to cough and less than half (39%) reported having an asthma action plan. There were no significant differences by asthma severity level for any asthma management practice. In conclusion, caregivers lack knowledge regarding cough as an early asthma symptom. Caregivers should be encouraged to review asthma action plans with health care providers at each medical encounter.
Early-life Malaria Exposure and Adult Outcomes: Evidence from Malaria Eradication in India

We examine the effects of exposure to malaria in early childhood on educational attainment and economic status in adulthood by exploiting geographic variation in malaria prevalence in India prior to a nationwide eradication program in the 1950s. We find that the program led to modest increases in household per capita consumption for prime age men, and the effects for men are larger than those for women in most specifications. We find no evidence of increased educational attainment for men and mixed evidence for women.
Siting of Power System Stabilizers for a Wide Range of Operating Conditions

This paper addresses the identification of critical modes in electric power systems and the effective locations of decentralized Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) for a wide range of operating conditions. First the critical modes and the suitable locations for PSSs are identified for a nominal system by checking eigenvalue ranking indices and residues corresponding to these critical modes. Then perturbations on ranking indices due to changes in operating conditions are estimated. This leads to a new set, possibly larger, of critical modes. The generators with large residues are identified as the most suitable units to be equipped with PSSs.
A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics

We develop the thermodynamic underpinnings of a two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) employ- ing saturation mass concentration (C o ) and the oxygen con- tent (O:C) to describe volatility, mixing thermodynamics, and chemical evolution of organic aerosol. The work ad- dresses a simple question: "Can we reasonably constrain organic-aerosol composition in the atmosphere based on only two measurable organic properties, volatility and the extent of oxygenation?" This is an extension of our earlier one- dimensional approach employing volatility only (C = C o , where is an activity coefficient). Using available con- straints on bulk organic-aerosol composition, we argue that one can reasonably predict the composition of organics (car- bon, oxygen and hydrogen numbers) given a location in the C o - O:C space. Further, we argue that we can constrain the activity coefficients at various locations in this space based on the O:C of the organic aerosol.
Angiopoietin 2 expression in the retina: upregulation during physiologic and pathologic neovascularization.

Vascular development in the embryo requires coordinated signaling through several endothelial cell-specific receptors; however, it is not known whether this is also required later during retinal vascular development or as part of retinal neovascularization in adults. The Tie2 receptor has been implicated in stabilization and maturation of vessels through action of an agonist ligand, angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) and an antagonistic ligand, Ang2. In this study, we have demonstrated that ang2 mRNA levels are increased in the retina during development of the deep retinal capillaries by angiogenesis and during pathologic angiogenesis in a model of ischemic retinopathy. Mice with hemizygous disruption of the ang2 gene by insertion of a promoterless beta-galactosidase (beta gal) gene behind the ang2 promoter, show constitutive beta gal staining primarily in cells along the outer border of the inner nuclear layer identified as horizontal cells by colocalization of calbindin. During development of the deep capillary bed or retinal neovascularization, other cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer, in regions of neovascularization, stain for beta gal. Thus, there is temporal and spatial correlation of Ang2 expression with developmental and pathologic angiogenesis in the retina, suggesting that it may play a role.
A Case of Capgras' Phenomenon

It has been suggested that neurological abnormalities may act in the pathogenesis of Capgras' phenomena. In this case, a schizophrenic male with Capgras' symptoms exhibited evidence of organic dysfunction suggested by the presence of abnormal neurological soft signs, an abnormal EEG, and an atypical computerised tomographic (CT) head scan. These findings suggest that organic factors may play a role in the development of Capgras' syndrome.
Elevated Temperature Properties of Sintered Magnets of (Nd,Dy)-Fe-B Modified with Cobalt and Aluminum

The effect of small aluminum additions on the temperature dependence of remanence and intrinsic coercivity in Co- and Dy-containing Nd-Fe-B was studied. Sintered magnets were prepared and demagnetization curves measured at temperatures between −50 to +200°C. Curie temperatures and irreversible flux losses in open circuit were determined. Al increases the coercivity while decreasing remanence, energy product and Curie temperature. Other unfavorable side effects are the increase in temperature coefficients of Br and, especially, MHc. Substitution of Al is not beneficial for magnets used at elevated temperature.
Putting profit into power electronic products with digital control

This paper discusses challenges and opportunities in making commercially successful power electronic products that incorporate digital control. This paper reviews some of the differences between continuous and discrete time systems and controls. The remaining sections of this article examine specific applications, opportunities, and speculations regarding digital control in power electronic systems. Basic issues of control and specifically, digital control are also discussed.
Automatic generation of control circuits in pipelined DSP architectures

Novel algorithms for synthesis of control circuits in pipelined signal processing architectures are presented. The algorithms generate appropriate latching and switching of intermediate signals for a functionally correct operation. Sufficient theory of pipelining is developed to ensure iteration independence of the registers used in control circuits of the dedicated architectures. The interprocessor control circuits are being incorporated into CAD systems for dedicated designs. Algorithms for automatic generation of all control circuits for a specified sequencing and scheduling of operations, for single and multiple clock, and for single and multiple implementation styles are presented. >
Partial Selection Query in Peer-to-Peer Databases

In this paper, we propose DBSampler, a query execution mechanism to answer "partial selection" queries in peerto- peer databases. A partial selection query is an arbitrary selection query that is satisfied with a fraction \in of the results; a universal operation with applications in database tuning, query optimization and approximate query processing in peer-to-peer databases. DBSampler is based on an epidemic dissemination algorithm. We model the epidemic dissemination as a percolation problem and by rigorous percolation analysis tune DBSampler per-query and on-thefly to answer partial queries correctly and efficiently. We verify the efficiency of DBSampler in terms of query cost and query time via extensive simulation.
Viscous flow relative to arrays of cylinders

The free-surface model, successfully employed to predict sedimentation, resistance to flow, and viscosity in assemblages of spherical particles, has been extended to the case of flow relative to cylinders. It is shown to be in good agreement with existing data on beds of fibers of various types and flow through bundles of heat-exchanger tubes for cases where it can reasonably be expected to apply. Close agreement in the dilute range with the only theoretical treatment for flow parallel to a square array of cylinders provides interesting validation of the model.
Reexamination of some Leptosphaeria and Phaeosphaeria species, Passeriniella obiones and Melanomma radicans

In connection with a cladistic study, type and other specimens of two species in Leptosphaeria (L. maculons, L. orae-maris), five species in Phaeosphaeria (P. eustoma, P. fuckelii, P. microscopica, P. sparsa P. typharum), Passeriniella obiones and Melanomma radicans were reexamined. Leptosphaeria orae-maris is transferred to Phaeosphaeria. Taxonomic placements of the other taxa are supported.
Statistical wavefunction method for highly excited vibrational states of polyatomic molecules

Abstract An approximation is proposed for calculations of average properties of high-lying vibrational states of polyatomics. The method employs a statistical model for the wavefunctions. The approximation was tested against exact, extensive numerical results for transition moment distributions in two-mode model systems. Good agreement was found.
Curative Factor Rankings for Female Incest Survivor Groups: A Summary of Three Studies

Abstract Three studies of curative factor rankings for female incest survivor groups are summarized and compared with Yalom's (1975) study. A time-limited group is compared with two studies of long-term groups.
Hipertensión arterial, mecánica arterial y otras lides

Resumen es: La hipertension arterial incide sobre las paredes de las arterias alterando su funcionalidad. La aplicacion del conocimiento de los principios de la meca...
VARIABLE RESPONSE OF BUTTERFLIES AND VEGETATION TO ELK HERBIVORY: AN EXCLOSURE EXPERIMENT IN PONDEROSA PINE AND ASPEN-MIXED CONIFER FORESTS

Abstract Herbivory by wild ungulates influences the structure and composition of plant communities, but less is known about how such changes affect species richness and abundance of insect herbivores. In Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, 1999 to 2002, we used ungulate exclosures and reference sites to measure the response of butterflies to herbivory by high numbers of elk (Cervus elaphus) in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) grassland and aspen-mixed conifer forests. At each site, we measured butterfly abundance, species richness, and selected environmental variables. Butterfly abundance and species richness significantly differed among dates in ponderosa pine-grassland sites and differed significantly for date, treatment, and date*treatment interaction in aspen-mixed conifer sites in 2001, the year of greatest butterfly abundance and richness. Environmental variables differed little between treatments in either habitat, with the exception of the distribution of aspen stem densities, which significa...
Factors Influencing Generation Y African Americans In Their Choice For College Education: An Empirical Case Study Of Fort Valley State University Students

In an effort to assist a newly appointed Public Relations Officer to determine the most effective way to promote the institution to college-bound Generation Y African-Americans we offered to conduct a survey research of our current students. The results were very revealing and have been used successfully to increase enrollment to historically high rates in the past two years. This paper is an attempt to share the research methodology and the revealing results. It recounts the research objectives, methodology including data collection and analysis and the results.
Response to Smith and Atkinson

Robin James Smith and Paul Atkinson (S&A) have prepared a lucid, succinct review of Method and Measurement in Sociology (M&M), and I welcome the opportunity to respond on this occasion of its fifti...
Spontaneous Resolution of arachnoid cysts.

The natural history of arachnoid cysts is not uniform; some cysts enlarge and some remain unchanged. A less recognized course is spontaneous resolution. A patient with an arachnoid cyst that resolved spontaneously is described, previously reported cases of 6 patients are reviewed, and possible mechanisms for resolution of the cysts are discussed.
ß-Amyloid Peptides, Aluminum and Albumin

Amyloidosis is a major pathological change that occurs during aging and to a greater extent in Alzheimer’s Disease. In amyloidosis, there is the abnormal deposition of proteins or peptides in a fibrillar form usually in the extracellular spaces1,2. All the types of amyloid fibrils share the following properties: 1) β-pleated sheet secondary structure, 2) green birefringence under polarized light after Congo red staining, and 3) a fibrillar quaternary structure with a typical electron microscopic appearance. Moreover, all amyloids share the physical property of being poorly soluble under physiological conditions. Selkoe3 and Glenner4 have hypothesized over the years that the origin of the amyloid deposits in the Alzheimer brain was from a source outside of the brain. The insolubility of the amyloid protein would indicate, as in the case of some vitamins, that a transport protein is necessary. Albumin, lipoproteins and other plasma proteins have been suggested as the β-amyloid protein transporter.
Recent Advances in NMR Expanding its Role in Rational Drug Design

The technology of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy continues to advance at a rapid pace. Recent improvements in gradient technology and the coupling of NMR to various chromatography methods will provide new opportunities in drug discovery. These opportunities include rapid high throughput screening to determine the receptor-bound conformations of small organic ligands. NMR coupled to liquid chromatography has opened a new door to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of complex mixtures including metabolites extracted from body fluids and extracts containing various natural products. This review will focus on the following four advances in NMR technology: 1) pulse-field gradient (PFG) NMR, 2) SAR (structure activity relationship) by NMR, 3) LC-NMR (liquid chromatography), and 4) application of membrane models for the study of neuropeptides. The information content available to medicinal chemists from each experiment will be discussed.
Assembling Contiguous Quaternary Carbon Atoms: Regio- and Stereoselective Rearrangements in Cobalt-Directed Radical Reactions of 1,4-Enynes

Radical coupling reactions of Co2(CO)6-complexed 1,4-enynes occur in a regio- and stereoselective fashion, providing access to 3E,7E-decadiene-1,9-diynes in excellent yields (84–99%). The formation of contiguous quaternary carbon atoms follows a tandem allylic rearrangement that projects an original reaction site gamma to the metal core. Propargyl alcohols with an α-alkenyl group as a substituent are treated with HBF4, followed by the reduction of the highly conjugated propargyl cations with zinc. The scope of the reaction is expanded to include 1,4-enyne complexes with cyclic and acyclic substituents gamma to the metal core, as well as aliphatic and aromatic substituents attached to the acetylenic termini. The alternative design includes relocation of the cation generation site—α-to-γ—prior to the reduction step, employing either the cation isolation technique with HBF4 or an in situ generation of ionic propargyl triflates with Tf2O. Retention of the reaction site in 1,3-enynes is observed in both γ-alco...
Contractures in Leg-Lengthening for Children. ( No. 1).

We examined the cause of contractures in leg-lengthening for leg-length discrepancy in children.This report reviews 37 cases of leg-length discrepancy. Sixteen cases were due to hemihypertrophy, 14 cases of hemihypotrophy, 4 cases of congenital dislocation of the hip, 2 cases of trauma and one case with slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis.Important factors related to contractures were the interval of elongation each day and the daily rate of elongation length.The longer the daily interval of elongation and the higher the daily rate of elongation length, the greater the contracture.Gait and weight-bearing with a brace early in the post-operative period is useful for avoiding contractures.* Authors Note: Do you mean that the contracture seen in each case is more severe, or do you mean the incidence of contractures increases with increasing interval and rate of elongation.
Astrocyte tissue factor controls CNS hemostasis and autoimmune inflammation

Tissue factor is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade. Formation of the TF:FVIIa complex activates both FX and FIX, with subsequent thrombin generation, fibrin deposition and activation of platelets. In addition to playing important role in hemostasis and thrombosis, TF and downstream coagulation proteases can mediate intracellular signaling via activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Maintaining hemostasis in the brain is of utmost importance: bleeding or thrombosis within this organ can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Both TF and PARs are widely expressed within the CNS, with TF expressed predominantly by astrocytes and PARs expressed in multiple cell types including astrocytes, neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes [1-4]. PARs activation can result in either neuronal survival or death and link the coagulation system with the inflammatory response. In this brief review we summarize the contribution of the coagulation system to brain hemostasis as well as to the pathophysiology of stroke and multiple sclerosis.
Perspective: A Critical Look at the Ancillary Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2: Nutrition and Cognitive Function Results in Older Individuals with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A large body of literature suggests that the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid are related to improved cognitive function across the life span. A recent report by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) group appears to contradict the general findings of others in the field. In this review, we look critically at the methods, study designs, and analysis techniques used in the larger body of literature and compare them with the recent AREDS reports.
Biaxial Stretch Improves Elastic Fiber Maturation, Collagen Arrangement, and Mechanical Properties in Engineered Arteries

Tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEVs) are typically produced using the pulsatile, uniaxial circumferential stretch to mechanically condition and strengthen the arterial grafts. Despite improvement...
Charge transport properties of bulk Ta 3 N 5 from first principles

Tantalum nitride is considered a promising material for photoelectrochemical water splitting, however, its charge transport properties remain poorly understood. We investigated polaronic and band transport in ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{5}$ using first-principles calculations. We first studied the formation of small polarons using density-functional theory (DFT) including $\mathrm{DFT}+U$ and hybrid functionals. We found that electron small polarons may occur but hole polarons are not energetically favorable. The estimated polaronic mobility for electrons is at least three orders of magnitude smaller than that measured in ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{5}$ films, suggesting that the main transport mechanism for both electrons and holes is bandlike. Since band transport is strongly affected by the carrier effective masses, and ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{5}$ is known to have large electron and hole effective masses, we also investigated whether substitutional impurities or strain may help lower the effective masses. We found a significant reduction in both electron and hole effective masses (up to 17% for electrons and 39% for holes) under applied strain, which may lead to a substantial improvement (up to 30% for electrons and 15% for holes) in the carrier mobilities.
Improved Procedures for Gram-Scale Synthesis of Galeterone 3β-Imidazole and Galeterone 3β-Pyridine Methoxylate, Potent Androgen Receptor/Mnk Degrading Agents

Galeterone (1) and its C-3 analogs are of substantial interest because of their multitarget anticancer activities, including AR and Mnk degrading activities. Here, we describe improved and efficient procedures for the gram-scale synthesis of 3β-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)-androsta-5,16-diene (galeterone 3β-imidazole, 2) and 3β-(pyridine-4-ylmethoxy)-17-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (galeterone 3β-pyridine methoxylate, 3). Whereas compound 2 was synthesized in 63% overall yield from galeterone (1) over four steps, via key intermediate, 3β-azido galeterone (8); compound 3 was synthesized in 61% overall yield from 1 in one step. This article also reports on the facile synthesis of other potential AR/Mnk degrading agents (ARDAs/MNKDAs), including galeterone 3α-imidazole (5) and galeterone 3β-amine (10), both in excellent overall yields. Notably, except for the one-step synthesis of compound 3 which required purification by flash column chromatography, none of the intermediates a...
A 18.5-fJ/step VCO-based 0–1 MASH ΔΣ ADC with digital background calibration

A scaling-friendly and energy-efficient 0–1 MASH ΔΣ ADC is proposed in this work. An 8b SAR is used as the 1st stage for coarse quantization. A ring VCO is used as the 2nd stage for fine quantization. The proposed ADC uses digital background calibration to track VCO gain variation across PVT. A 40nm CMOS prototype achieves a Walden FoM of 18.5 fJ/conv-step while operating from 1.1V supply.
Allopregnanolone induces state-dependent fear via the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Gonadal steroids and their metabolites have been shown to be important modulators of emotional behavior. Allopregnanolone (ALLO), for example, is a metabolite of progesterone that has been linked to anxiety-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. In rodents, it has been shown to reduce anxiety in a number of behavioral paradigms including Pavlovian fear conditioning. We have recently found that expression of conditioned contextual (but not auditory) freezing in rats can be suppressed by infusion of ALLO into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). To further explore the nature of this effect, we infused ALLO into the BNST of male rats prior to both conditioning and testing. We found that suppression of contextual fear occurred when the hormone was present during either conditioning or testing but not during both procedures, suggesting that ALLO acts in a state-dependent manner within the BNST. A shift in interoceptive context during testing for animals conditioned under ALLO provided further support for this mechanism of hormonal action on contextual fear. Interestingly, infusions of ALLO into the basolateral amygdala produced a state-independent suppression of both conditioned contextual and auditory freezing. Altogether, these results suggest that ALLO can influence the acquisition and expression of fear memories by both state-dependent and state-independent mechanisms.
Supporting Social Interactions with an Expressive Heart Rate Sharing Application

The present work explores the social dynamics of expressive biosignals: leveraging wearable technologies to introduce sensed physiological data as a means of clarifying the emotional or psychological processes underlying our subjective experiences. We developed an Android application that linked to a wearable heart rate sensor and allowed for the direct sharing and real-time broadcasting of users’ heart rate via text messaging. We deployed this application in a two-week field study to investigate the contextual triggers, perceptions, and consequences of users’ sharing behaviors. The study (N=13) utilized a combination of Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) and qualitative interviews to discover the situations in which users were more or less likely to share their heart rate with contacts, and the subsequent interactions that occurred after sharing. The results revealed that participants used heart rate sharing as a means to express emotions and provide daily updates, as well as simply a novel and playful form of communication. They reported a variety of communicative consequences of their sharing as well as specific logistical and psychological barriers to sharing. The implications of these results for the design of expressive biosignal sharing systems for supporting positive social interactions are discussed.
Carbon-dependent chromate toxicity mechanism in an environmental Arthrobacter isolate

Arthrobacter spp. are widespread in soil systems and well-known for their Cr(VI) reduction capabilities making them attractive candidates for in situ bioremediation efforts. Cellulose drives carbon flow in soil systems; yet, most laboratory studies evaluate Arthrobacter-Cr(VI) interactions solely with nutrient-rich media or glucose. This study aims to determine how various cellulose degradation products and biostimulation substrates influence Cr(VI) toxicity, reduction, and microbial growth of an environmental Arthrobacter sp. isolate. Laboratory culture-based studies suggest there is a carbon-dependent Cr(VI) toxicity mechanism that affects subsequent Cr(VI) reduction by strain LLW01. Strain LLW01 could only grow in the presence of, and reduce, 50 μM Cr(VI) when glucose or lactate were provided. Compared to lactate, Cr(VI) was at least 30-fold and 10-fold more toxic when ethanol or butyrate was the sole carbon source, respectively. The addition of sulfate mitigated toxicity somewhat, but had no effect on the extent of Cr(VI) reduction. Cell viability studies indicated that a small fraction of cells were viable after 8 days suggesting cell growth and subsequent Cr(VI) reduction may resume. These results suggest when designing bioremediation strategies with Arthrobacter spp. such as strain LLW01, carbon sources such as glucose and lactate should be considered over ethanol and butyrate.
Correlated Transmission and Detection of Concentration-Modulated Chemical Vapor Plumes

We present an experimental system designed to explore vapor propagation and detection limits with temporally correlated chemical plumes. By introducing a non-random temporal structure into a chemical source, we can apply correlated detection to statistically identify unique concentration-modulated patterns over meter-scale distances, at frequencies up to 100 Hz, and at concentrations at least two orders of magnitude below the nominal limit of detection of a given sensor. As an illustration of these concepts, we detect 1 ppb modulated isopropanol vapor in a >1 ppm ambient volatile organic compound background, using non-selective photoionization detectors having a nominal sensitivity of approximately 100 ppb. We aim to extend these concepts more broadly to improve the sensitivity and reliability of low-cost chemical sensor networks.
A Cross-Cultural and Historical Survey of Tobacco Use Among Various Ethnic Groups

This review of tobacco use in diverse historical and cultural contexts reveals a range of behaviors engaged in and perspectives held by members of respective ethnic groups, such as whether to consider tobacco as a medicine or as a problem. After its introduction to Western societies, many attributed tobacco with an array of medicinal uses, while condemning recreational use and identifying it as immoral. Tobacco has been used variously by respective ethnic groups at different times and places and these customs have flavored understandings of the relationships between tobacco and the body. Considerable ethnic variation exists not only in terms of tobacco use and abuse, but also with respect to pharmacogenetic factors that influences the consequences of tobacco exposure. There have also been different societal responses to the use of tobacco, including those related to the media, as well as to issues of treatment and prevention.
Relativistic Anti-Essentialism and a Four-Dimensional Lockean Ontology

Let us briefly return to the dilemma which confronts Locke if the physical objects in his ontology persist by enduring through time in their entirety. On a three-dimensional ontology, he is not just giving persistence conditions for these objects, he is giving endurance conditions for these objects. Moreover, he must be specifying either absolute or relative endurance conditions, that is, the conditions under which these objects cease enduring, absolutely, or the conditions under which these objects cease enduring only relative to a given sortal concept. Here, once more, is the dilemma: he cannot offer relative endurance conditions for particular objects without committing himself to a relativized notion of identity, which is inconsistent with his principle of individuation. And he cannot offer absolute endurance conditions for particular objects without attributing de re essential properties to these objects, which is inconsistent with the second facet of his anti-essentialism, which states that there are many, equally legitimate ways of sorting individuals into kinds.
Influence of salt marsh canopy on black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) survival and establishment at its northern latitudinal limit

As annual minimum temperatures increase due to climate change, species once constrained by minimum temperatures are expanding poleward. Avicennia germinans (black mangrove), a freeze-intolerant tree, has been expanding northward into salt marsh-grass-dominated communities. Distribution and colonization dynamics of A. germinans are crucial for understanding changes in coastal habitats and ecosystem structure and function along the Gulf of Mexico Coast (USA). We transplanted A. germinans seedlings and propagules into salt marsh plots of S. alterniflora, half of which had the canopy removed, along a latitudinal gradient that spanned locations within and outside of A. germinans’ current range limits (29°7′20″N to 30°23′41″N). Plot microclimate and transplant survival and growth were monitored for 2 years. Canopy removal resulted in lower minimum temperatures and longer cumulative freeze duration. Seedling survival was greatest at the southernmost site; however, seedling growth was reduced in plots with the canopy intact, as hypothesized. Seedling survival at northern sites was limited to plots with the S. alterniflora canopy intact. Propagules survived and established at all sites in the second year, although there was no S. alterniflora canopy effect on propagule survival and establishment. Our results illustrate the complexity of ecological interactions between herbaceous marsh species and mangroves at the species’ range limit.
On Using the Psychological Science of Implicit Bias to Advance Anti-Discrimination Law

Judges limit the protection of anti-discrimination laws to cases involving purposeful discrimination, i.e., when defendants acted in order to discriminate against the plaintiff. Social psychological evidence for “implicit bias,” however, shows that people tend to take discriminatory actions even when it is not their intent to do so. Advancing an approach to legal analysis known as behavioral realism, scholars and anti-discrimination advocates argue that the legal protections ought to be expanded to reflect the scientific evidence or a justification offered as to why this should not occur. As a prescriptive jurisprudential tool, behavioral realism has successfully spawned a rich academic literature examining the implications of implicit bias for a wide range of legal doctrine, the veracity of the assumptions supporting the doctrine, and what those assumptions may imply. And educating people about implicit bias, including lawyers and judges, persuades many of them to seek out and adopt ways to voluntarily address its effects in themselves. But, to the extent behavioral realism has been interpreted as a descriptive model suggesting that proffering psychological science will prompt meaningful change in anti-discrimination doctrine, it has thus far proven ineffective. Judges presented with the latest information about and best evidence of implicit bias generally refuse to find defendants liable for its effects. I argue that the expectation that educating judges about the psychological science of implicit bias will lead to an expansion of anti-discrimination rights is ineffective because it relies upon a model of the legal system that is jurisprudentially and psychologically simplistic. Thus, in making their case, advocates often rely too much on the science and pay too little attention to identifying and finding ways to overcome barriers other than a hypothesized judicial ignorance of implicit bias. To address the shortcoming, and encourage and lay a foundation for the next phase of research and advocacy on anti-discrimination law and psychology, I identify and discuss several additional barriers to effective use of psychological science to advance anti-discrimination law and discuss their implications for use of the science of implicit bias to drive doctrinal change.
Laboratory Computer Performance in a Digital Pathology Environment: Outcomes from a Single Institution.

Background: In an effort to provide improved user experience and system reliability at a moderate cost, our department embarked on targeted upgrades of a total of 87 computers over a period of 3 years. Upgrades came in three forms: (i) replacement of the computer with newer architecture, (ii) replacement of the computer's hard drive with a solid-state drive (SSD), or (iii) replacement of the computer with newer architecture and a SSD. Methods: We measured the impact of each form of upgrade on a set of pathology-relevant tasks that fell into three categories: standard use, whole-slide navigation, and whole-slide analysis. We used time to completion of a task as the primary variable of interest. Results: We found that for most tasks, the SSD upgrade had a greater impact than the upgrade in architecture. This effect was especially prominent for whole-slide viewing, likely due to the way in which most whole-slide viewers cached image tiles. However, other tasks, such as whole-slide image analysis, often relied less on disk input or output and were instead more sensitive to the computer architecture. Conclusions: Based on our experience, we suggest that SSD upgrades are viewed in some settings as a viable alternative to complete computer replacement and recommend that computer replacements in a digital pathology setting are accompanied by an upgrade to SSDs.
To Teach, Critique, and Compose: Representing Computers and Composition through the CIWIC/DMAC Institute

Abstract This article examines how the Computers in Writing-Intensive Classrooms (CIWIC)/Digital Media and Composition (DMAC) Institute has realized founding director Cynthia L. Selfe's commitment to prioritizing people first, then teaching, then technology. I analyze how institute curricula introduce and model pedagogies for teaching digital composing, foster networking among participants, articulate a critical stance toward technology, and encourage newcomers to enter the field as administrators and scholars (as well as teachers). I also draw on participant documents (social media posts, publications, and CVs) to investigate the uptake of these ideas. Moving forward, I suggest that in light of the institute's growing emphasis on digital composing, 1) knowledge-making should be seen as the larger frame for CIWIC/DMAC work, and 2) research should be added to the institute's existing articulation of the field in terms of people→teaching→technology.
What Are the Implications of Abdominal Pain in Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome

Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome are serious pregnancy-associated conditions with high maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In a pregnant patient greater than 20 weeks gestational age, epigastric or right upper quadrant abdominal pain can be a symptom of preeclampsia or HELLP and must be investigated fully. Temporizing treatment centers on controlling blood pressure and reducing the risk of eclampsia. Since the only definitive treatment of these conditions is delivery, early obstetric consultation is critical.
Incorporating an Eco-Informed Orientation into Family Therapy Education

This chapter explores how current approaches to family therapy education may be adapted to reflect a more eco-informed approach. Examples are provided for how educators can incorporate an eco-informed orientation into family therapy courses and supervision. This approach is presented within an interdisciplinary framework aimed at promoting greater cultural humility around ecological awareness, knowledge, and skills so that family therapy students and therapists will be better prepared to work with clinical participants in a truly systemic, hence eco-informed manner.
An introduction to Bayesian networks as assessment and decision support tools for managing coral reef ecosystem services.

Abstract Quantifying ecosystem goods and services can help evaluate policies aimed at protecting present and future generations from losing ecosystem benefits. Explicating and quantifying the relationships among risk factors, ecological structure and function, and delivery of ecosystem goods and services requires analytical methodologies that propagate uncertainties. The capabilities of Bayesian networks in generating predictions and accounting for uncertainty are explored with a focus on coral reef ecosystem service assessments. The qualitative aspects of Bayesian networks can be applied to conceptual frameworks developed for coral reef ecosystem service assessments. This is demonstrated using qualitative graphs that describe the relationships between coral reef condition endpoints and benefits from ecosystem services including property protection, recreational opportunities, fish for fisheries, and biochemical metabolites for commercial products developed from reef organisms. Bayesian networks help weigh uncertainties between management decision impacts on stressors and the corresponding delivery of ecosystem services. Quantitative capabilities for inferences are examined in hypothetical scenarios evaluating how decisions affect coral reef ecosystem services and economic benefits and resilience to episodic stress. The described methods facilitate visualizing the potential impacts on ecosystem services from alternative scenarios.
Does local culture trigger speculative investment behavior

Abstract The average investor who lives in a state with relatively higher alcohol consumption is more likely to buy and sell lottery-type stocks and to trade more often. Both of these activities entail sensation seeking; correspondingly, we find that speculative investment behavior is correlated with alcohol consumption only in states with lotteries and where a local tendency for sensation seeking behavior has not been diluted by an influx of migrants from other states where alcohol consumption is low. Most importantly, our results suggest that alcohol consumption does not per se drive a preference for investment gambles, but rather portrays the type of local culture in which the speculative investing occurs.
The Use of Intraoperative Three-Dimensional Echocardiography to Evaluate Origin of Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Regurgitant Jets

Degradation of bioprosthetic aortic valves can eventually lead to both paravalvular and intravalvular regurgitation. However, differentiating between the two may be difficult in the case of multiple lesions in close proximity or highly eccentric jets. Whereas such exact distinction may be of little procedural significance in open cardiac surgery, it is of crucial importance when approaching such lesions in the catheterization laboratory or hybrid operating room. Interventions on one lesion often have a significant effect on the other. For example, guidewires may damage new bioprosthetic valve leaflets and dislodge vascular plugs. Even more concerning is the possibility of undergoing a lengthy and risky procedure on a lesion that does not truly exist. Fortunately, the use of three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography can expand our vision beyond the single imaging plane of a standard two-dimensional examination, allowing extensive manipulation of cutting planes and a wider field of view. Regurgitant jets can thus be tracked in a way that may be otherwise impossible, better quantifying their true origins. Here the authors present a unique case of misdiagnosis after surgical aortic valve degradation, where the use of intraoperative three-dimensional echocardiography significantly altered the preoperative plan and reduced operative time.
Ultrafast switching of photonic entanglement

We present our recent development of fiber-optic technology for all-optical switching and routing of entangled photons at high speeds, with minimal loss and added in-band noise, and—most importantly—without disturbing the photons' quantum state.
Lignin chemistry of wetland soil profiles in two contrasting basins of the Louisiana Gulf coast

Abstract Recent studies indicate that loss of soil organic matter (SOM) from coastal wetlands can contribute to the hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico along the Louisiana coast. In this study, coastal marsh soil profiles of two contrasting basins were investigated for lignin composition in order to assess organic matter source and degradation status under these different wetland formations. The Atchafalaya Basin is undergoing land building whereas the Barataria Basin is experiencing land loss. Lignin monomers were extracted using alkaline CuO oxidation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization. Marsh soil profiles from the Barataria Basin showed strong lignin storage with two-fold higher lignin contents (sum of vanillyl, syringyl, and cinnamyl phenols, Λ8) than those in the Atchafalaya Basin. Source SOM inputs in the Barataria Basin were non-woody angiosperms, whereas in the Atchafalaya Basin inputs were non-woody angiosperms and some gymnosperm inputs. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that different soil environmental factors dominated the status of soil organic matter degradation. Soil pH was negatively related to the lignin degradation in the Atchafalaya Basin, whereas high total N contents inhibited lignin degradation in the Barataria Basin. Increasing electrical conductivity inhibited organic matter degradation in the low salinity wetlands of the Atchafalaya Basin, but positively influenced lignin decomposition in the higher salinity marsh soil profiles of Barataria Basin. Despite SOM in the Barataria Basin being more degraded than in the Atchafalaya, the nearly 10-fold greater amount of organic carbon (C) in the Barataria, coupled with net land loss, indicates that it is greater source of oxygen-consuming organic C, thus contributes more to the hypoxia in the Gulf.