cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrastriatal spreading of biogenic amines

Abstract Biogenic amines were injected into the caudate nuclei of awake, freely moving rats through cannulae implanted 1 week previously. After injections the brains were freeze-dried and treated with formaldehyde vapors according to the method of Falck and Hillarp. Intrastriatal spreading was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Intrastriatal spread of catecholamines related directly to both concentration and osmolality of injected amine. Dopamine and norepinephrine, 1 μg in 1 μl saline, for example, were found to spread rostral-caudally mean total distances of 2.11 and 1.88 mm, respectively. Intrastriatal spreading was affected by dexamethasone and mannitol, which reduced rostral-caudal spreading of dopamine by more than 50% when administered prior to intrastriatal injection. Spreading of serotonin through brain tissue could not be determined. These data suggest that the spreading of exogenous catecholamines through cerebral tissues may occur through extracellular channels. The observed rate of spreading (about 0.5 mm/min) and electron microscopic analysis were consonant with this interpretation.
Colonization in Eastern Bolivia: Problems and Prospects

In Bolivia the related problems of increasing demographic pressures and scarcity of arable land in the highlands have led to a series of efforts to redistribute the population of this Andean nation. To the east there lies the vast and unexploited lowland territory with its promise of abundant agricultural opportunity to anyone willing to challenge the wilderness. This area has repeatedly been looked to for solutions to the countrys problems of overcrowding in the intermontane valleys and on the high plateaus. 2 methods of settlement directed and spontaneous have been recognized by the government planning agencies. Directed colonization implies the availability of outside assistance to the colonist in the form of monetary aid food tools housing and/or technical advisors. The primary index of the success or failure of a colonization project is the number of original settlers who remain. In accordance with this criteria the Organization of American States (OAS) rated 10 settlements in existence prior to 1962. The significant components of each of these various colonization efforts are analyzed further and several factors become apparent as probable determinants of the ultimate outcome of any settlement project in the Bolivian Oriente. Land productivity is a prime element influencing the stability of an agricultural colony. When areas with initial conditions of poor soil quality are chosen for colonization projects there is little hope of establishing a permanent community. Both the Huaytu and Cuatro Ojitos colonies were settled by miners who were faced with both problems of adapting to an entirely different ecological zone and having no experience in crop cultivation. The availability of markets and trade centers also has had a great impact on the longevity of settlement programs. Recruitment of colonists for directed projects is usually achieved through government propaganda and advertising campaigns in the highlands. The people are enticed into the program with promises of title to free land loans food tools and other assistance. The generally higher incidence of success among the spontaneous effort is due in large part to the commonly used method of gradual acclimation over time and the lack of dependence on outside assistance. Each organized effort to the east in the form of a planned settlement program has been faced with adversities and doomed to almost certain failure. This low incidence of success may be attributed to several factors relating to initial planning administration and social and cultural patterns of the highland immigrants. The problems to be surmounted are enormous. The Yapacani project is presented as a case study to focus on the actual quality of life experienced and the innumerable obstacles encountered by the colonist in the effort to survive.
Quantitative studies of prococoonase synthesis and accumulation during development

Abstract Methods are described for the measurement of prococoonase in galeae at levels of the order of 0.05 μg per galea or higher, and for determination of the rate of zymogen synthesis, relative to synthesis of other proteins, at levels higher than 0.01%. These methods permit a biochemical description of differentiation in the galeae. Massive synthesis of prococoonase begins sometime between stages 8 II and 9 II , accelerates during subsequent stages, and eventually declines after reaching a level of more than 66% of total protein synthesis (10 10 molecules per cell per day) on stage 14 III . Accumulation of zymogen proceeds to a level of 45 μg per galea (3 to 6 × 10 10 molecules per cell) on stage 15 III , when extrusion from the cells begins. Although the rate of synthesis of prococoonase prior to turning on cannot be estimated exactly, it is at least four orders of magnitude lower than maximal. An early processing of prococoonase has been detected, involving a change of approximately 300 daltons in the apparent molecular weight. The time course of this processing suggests that it might be implicated in the process of secretion into the storage vacuole.
Evidence for quasi‐periodic components in Dobson network total ozone records

Power spectrum analysis has been applied to the total ozone time series at each of a sample of Dobson stations with records of more than 15 years in the interval 1957 to 1981. The distributions of strongly periodic or quasiperiodic signals in these spectral estimates, for three spectral estimators and two levels of confidence, show distinct features. These appear at the previously known or suspected periods of 3.5-4.0 years, 27 months, and 21 months as well as the previously unreported period of 11.5 months. Possible geophysical implications are discussed.
Light-cone analysis of covariant superstrings

Abstract We study the non-linear superstring action with manifest spacetime Poincare and supersymmetry invariance. We find that, at least in three spacetime dimensions, appropriate light-cone gauges and field redefinitions allow the action to be transformed into the corresponding quadratic light-cone action.
Ben Jonson’s Eloquent Nonsense: The Noisy Ordeals of Heard Meanings on the Jacobean Stage (1609-14)

Ben Jonson’s avid staging of noise, aural loss, and inadequate heard meanings in Epicene (1609) and Bartholomew Fair (1614) transforms the plays into peculiar venues for studying and negotiating early modern histories and theories of auditory reception. The ordeals of hearing in each play further betray deeper concerns with the increasingly alienating nature of voiced forms of communication in Jonson’s overpopulated urban setting. This study uncovers local histories of aural failure which indicate that the plays were meant to be heard and in so doing question the very nature of hearing both in the crowded playhouses and within the extended topographic perimeter of Jacobean London.
Effects of flame temperature and burning rate on nitric oxide emission from a divided-chamber diesel engine

A correlation was developed which related the NO emission from a diesel engine to a parameter which considered the variation of both temperature and fuel-burning rate during the engine cycle. The correlation was evaluated for several engine conditions representing variations in combustion timing, overall air-fuel ratio, engine speed, intake-manifold pressure and intake-air temperature. The data were obtained from an automotive-type, divided-chamber diesel engine which had a cylindrically shaped prechamber with quartz windows. The correlation had two forms. The variable-temperature correlation (VTC) used the measured temperature as a function of crank angle as one of the input data. The constant-temperature correlation (CTC) was a simplified form of the first correlation and used the maximum measured temperature as one of the input data. The temperature was measured by a two-color method along a single line of sight coincident with the axis of the prechamber. The other input data for the correlation were the engine speed and the fuel-burning rate derived from the measured cylinder pressure. These techniques could correlate (1) the exhaust emission index of NO and (2) the normalized mass of NO formed as a function of engine crank angle during the combustion process. Both schemes gave satisfactory correlation of the exhaust NO emission. However, comparison of the normalized mass of NO as a function of crank angle during combustion with experimental data suggested that the VTC was superior. The activation temperature used for successful correlation, 38 000 K, is substantially lower than the overall activation temperature for the extended Zeldovich mechanism if O is in equilibrium with O2 existing in the post-flame gases. This observation and the sensitivity of NO emission to variations in the flame temperature suggest that most of the NO is formed in the vicinity of the flame zone via the extended Zeldovich mechanism with super-equilibrium radical concentrations.
Combined gadolinium-enhanced and fat-saturation MR imaging of renal masses.

Combined gadopentetate dimeglumine enhancement and fat-saturation (FS) spin-echo (SE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the detection and characterization of renal masses was evaluated in 43 patients with a total of 71 lesions (28 solid masses and 43 cysts). SE MR sequences compared were the following: short repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE), conventional SE, short TR/TE FS SE, long TR/TE conventional SE, gadolinium-enhanced short TR/TE conventional SE, and gadolinium-enhanced short TR/TE FS SE techniques. MR findings were compared with findings of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and with pathologic findings in all patients. The sensitivities for detection of renal masses with gadolinium-enhanced FS (71 of 71 lesions) and with gadolinium-enhanced short TR/TE conventional (65 of 71 lesions) SE sequences were significantly (P less than .01) greater than with any unenhanced (short TR/TE conventional [40 of 71 lesions], or long TR/TE [39 of 71 lesions]) SE sequence. Lesion characterization was ...
Connecting networks with VSC HVDC in Africa: Caprivi Link interconnector

The Caprivi Link HVDC Scheme in Namibia connects the AC networks of Namibia and Zambia with 950km of overhead line operating at 350kV DC. Commissioning of the 300MW monopole phase of the scheme was completed in October 2010. The scheme has been designed for a future bipole extension to 600MW. The scheme connects two presently very weak AC networks where the fault levels are in the order of the rated power of the converters. The scheme utilises Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technology and is the first scheme to use VSC technology with overhead lines. The scheme has also been designed for earth return operation. This paper provides an overview of the scheme, the AC networks that it interconnects and the features of VSC technology that are particularly suited to connecting weak AC networks. The process of selecting sites for and the design of the earth electrodes is described. Initial operating experience is also presented.
Foraminifera as an indicator of overwash deposits, Barrier Island sediment supply, and Barrier Island evolution: Folly Island, South Carolina

Abstract Micropaleontological analysis of four vibracores from back-barrier marshes of Folly Island, South Carolina, detected intervals of storm-deposited sediment. Individual washover intervals were not detectable from lithology alone, but only in conjunction with associated foraminifera. Washovers contained more modern offshore and Oligo-Miocene genera and total calcareous foraminifera than `background' marsh samples. The presence of Tertiary foraminifera in the back-barrier cores from Folly Island supports the hypothesis that much of the sediment for barrier island migration is derived from offshore. Foraminiferal analyses of back-barrier cores were also used to calculate relative bioturbation rates by the method of Officer and Lynch [Officer, C.B., Lynch, D.R., 1983. Mixing, sedimentation rates and age dating for sediment cores. Mar. Geol. 46, 261–278, eqs. 10–14]. In all cores, the current depositional environment correlated well with the expected mixing parameter ( G ): the highest mixing parameter (greatest signal attenuation) was recorded in a core from a low-marsh/creek-side environment whereas the lowest mixing parameter (least smearing of signal) was recorded in a high-marsh core.
Beyond Negativity: The Effects of Incivility on the Electorate

There is much concern among pundits and political observers that incivility undermines our electoral process. Yet we have little evidence that actually documents whether incivility has such pernicious effects. This article seeks to advance our understanding of the influence of incivility on the electorate. We argue that three dimensions are central to understanding both the perceptions and effects of different types of campaign messages: tone (negative versus positive); civility (civil versus uncivil); and focus (issue versus trait-based message content). Using an experimental manipulation on a large national sample that examines these three dimensions, we find that uncivil attacks in campaigns do not appear to be as worrisome as its detractors fear. While uncivil messages in general—and uncivil trait-based messages in particular—are usually seen by the public as being less fair, less informative, and less important than both their civil negative and positive counterparts, they are no more likely to lead to detrimental effects among the public. In fact, incivility appears to have some modest positive consequences for the political engagement of the electorate. These findings are important, since attacks and counterattacks will continue to shape the American political landscape.
The expression and metabolic activity of cytochrome P-450 isozymes in control and phenobarbital-induced primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.

Abstract The expression and activity of the phenobarbital (PB)-inducible P-450 isozymes, P-450b and P-450e, and the major 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-inducible form, P-450c, were studied in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in T1, Leibovitz L-15 (L-15), and a modification of Waymouth 752 1 (Way) media. P-450 isozymes in initially isolated hepatocytes and control and PB-treated cultures were quantitated by Western blot analysis, and activity was determined with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as substrate. Data from the Western blot analysis correlated well with the metabolic activity toward DMBA. P-450b was consistently induced by PB in hepatocytes in T1 and to a lesser extent in Way. P-450e protein was constitutive in initially isolated cells, expressed in control cultures at a reduced level, and increased or maintained by PB in all three media. DMBA metabolite formation associated with P-450b and P-450e activity was induced by PB in hepatocytes in T1 and Way and was inhibited by antibodies to P-450b. P-450c was only infrequently expressed in freshly prepared hepatocytes, but was detected in all control and PB-treated cultures although at a much higher level in T1. Thus, the amounts of P-450 isozymes, their inducibility by PB, and their activity toward DMBA were found to be dependent on the medium. We have demonstrated enzyme induction and increased activity of the major PB-inducible isozymes in hepatocytes in T1; these are also associated with a change in the control of P-450c expression leading to enhanced constitutive expression and inducibility by phenobarbital.
Facial allergic granulomatous reaction and systemic hypersensitivity associated with microneedle therapy for skin rejuvenation.

IMPORTANCE Microneedle therapy includes skin puncture with multiple micro-sized needles to promote skin rejuvenation or increase transdermal delivery of topical medications. In cosmetic practices, various cosmeceuticals are applied before microneedling to enhance the therapeutic effects. This results in intradermal tattooing of the topical product. Despite rapid increase in the use of microneedles in dermatology, there are few data about their safety. OBSERVATIONS We describe 3 women, aged 40s to 60s, who developed facial granulomas following microneedle therapy for skin rejuvenation. Two patients had undergone microinjection of the same branded topical moisturizer (Vita C Serum; Sanitas Skincare) during microneedle therapy. Biopsy in all cases showed foreign body–type granulomas. Results of tissue cultures were negative. Chest radiography and serum angiotensinconverting enzyme findings were normal. The first 2 patients had a positive patch test reaction to Vita C Serum. Initial treatment with topical and oral corticosteroids was ineffective. Therapy with doxycycline hydrochloride and minocycline hydrochloride led to partial improvement in one case and resolution in another. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Application of topical products prior to microneedling can introduce immunogenic particles into the dermis and potentiate local or systemic hypersensitivity reactions. Because the microneedle therapy system is accessible for home use, health care providers need to be aware of its potential consequences.
Ecological footprint feedback: Motivating or discouraging?

The Ecological Footprint questionnaire provides feedback about personal environmental impact, which is generally negative. An experiment examined the effect of ecological footprint feedback on pro-environmental behavior, and whether it depends on how much people base their self-esteem on environmentalism. Negative ecological footprint feedback marginally increased pro-environmental behavior of participants who based their self-esteem on environmentalism, but significantly decreased pro-environmental behavior of participants who did not base their self-esteem on environmentalism. Ecological footprint feedback seems beneficial only for people already personally invested in environmentalism.
Loci of Invariant-Azimuth and Invariant-Ellipticity Polarization States of an Optical System

The loci of polarization states for which either the ellipticity alone or the azimuth alone remains invariant upon passing through an optical system are introduced. The cartesian equations of these two loci are derived in the complex plane in which the polarization states are represented. The equations are quartic and are conveniently expressed in terms of the elements of the Jones. matrix of the optical system. As an exple the loci are determined for a system composed of a π/4 rotator followed by a quarter-wave retarder.
Architectural verification of processors using symbolic instruction graphs

High performance processor designs use techniques such as pipelining, multiple execution units, register renaming, bypass paths, and branch prediction to meet their goals. These techniques make them susceptible to design errors that are triggered only when executing complex sequences of instructions. We introduce a language called SIGL for specifying symbolic instruction graphs (SIGs) that can be used as templates for such test cases. SIGL allows specification of constraints in a high level template from which many test cases can be generated, all targeting some specific characteristic of a processor design. SIGL has been used successfully to check the conformance of various industrial processor designs to their architectural specifications. >
Semi-discrete finite element method analysis of arbitrary microstrip elements-static solution

The semi-discrete finite-element method (FEM) is applied to solve the Poisson equation for a class of microstrip structures. This numerical technique is a variant of the conventional FEM. Its name stems from the fact that finite-element approximation is implemented only along two of the Cartesian coordinates, while the solution dependence on the third is handled analytically. When applicable, this method is simpler and more economical than the conventional fully-discrete version. Convergence properties of the solution are examined, and its validity tested for a number of geometries through comparison with other solutions and published data. >
First failure time of dependent parallel systems with safety periods

Abstract In this paper we consider the time to first failure of a parallel system in which the failure and repair rates of components depend on the state of the other components as well. A back-up unit with a random lifetime is employed whenever all the components of the system are down. The system fails when all the components of the system and the back-up unit are down. The first moment, the Laplace transform and the probability distribution of the time to first failure of this system are obtained. Sufficient conditions under which this distribution has the new better than used (NBU) and an exponential limit property are given. Special cases with phase type and deterministic back-up unit lifetimes are also considered. These results extend the results of Ross and Schechtman (1979).
Regression Discontinuity Design in Gifted and Talented Education Research

This Methodological Brief introduces the reader to the regression discontinuity design (RDD), which is a method that when used correctly can yield estimates of research treatment effects that are equivalent to those obtained through randomized control trials and can therefore be used to infer causality. However, RDD does not require the random assignment of individuals to treatment and control groups, making it very attractive for applied researchers in educational settings. This Brief introduces the method, discusses applications and limitations, and illustrates an idealized example as well as some potential pitfalls and their relevance to the context of gifted education research.
Qualitative Pre-Sylamore (Devonian-Mississippian) Physiography Delineated by Onlapping Conodont Zones, Northern Arkansas

Paleophysiography recorded by an unconformity is ordinarily delineated by either isopach-mapping the overlying rocks or by tracing the present-day configuration of the buried surface. A new approach to this problem has been developed through the plotting and contouring of biostratigraphic positions of scattered samples taken from the base of a transgressive unit. The resultant map shows the relative paleoelevations of the sample localities (the younger the sample, the higher its paleophysiographic position). In order to build this kind of map, the time of transgression must be biostratigraphically subdivisible; this requirement is met by the basal Sylamore Sandstone of Arkansas and Missouri (Polygnathus varcus through Siphonodella isosticha—S. cooperi conodont zones).
An on-line fault diagnosis method for power electronic drives

This paper describes online techniques for monitoring the health of the two most sensitive components in power electronic systems, namely electrolytic filtering capacitors and controllable semiconductor switches (i.e. MOSFETs and IGBTs). The paper begins with a brief discussion of the primary failure mechanisms for these two types of components. It then presents an online technique designed to measure capacitor ESR, which is a key indicator of capacitor health. Subsequent sections address similar online approaches for tracking the on-state resistance of MOSFETs and the collector-to-emitter saturation voltage of IGBTs. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques.
A generic software framework for role-based Organic Computing systems

An Organic Computing system has the ability to autonomously (re-)organize and adapt itself. Such a system exhibits so called self-x properties (e.g. self-healing) and is therefore more dependable as e.g. some failures can be compensated. Furthermore, it is easier to maintain as it automatically configures itself and more convenient to use because of its automatic adaptation to new situations. Design and construction of Organic Computing systems are, however, challenging tasks. The Organic Design Pattern (ODP) is a design guideline to aid engineers in these tasks. This paper introduces a generic software framework that allows for easy implementation of ODP-based Organic Computing Systems. The communication and service infrastructure of the multi-agent system Jadex is leveraged to provide interaction facilities and services to the application. The concepts of ODP are provided as generic, extensible elements that can be augmented with domain-specific behavior. The dynamic behavior of an ODP system is implemented and a generic observer/controller facility is provided. A real-world case study shows the applicability of the proposed approach and the handling of the software.
Non-linear elastic thermal stress analysis with phase changes

The non-linear elastic, thermal stress analysis with temperature induced phase changes in the materials is presented. An infinite plate (or body) with a circular hole (or tunnel) is subjeeted to a thermal loading on its inner surface. The peak temperature around the hole reaches beyond the melting point of the material. The nonqinear diffusion equation is solved numerically using the finite difference method. The material properties change rapidly at temperatures where the change of crystal structures and solid-liquid transition occur. The elastic stresses induced by the transient non-homogeneous temperature distribution are calculated. The stresses change remarkably when the phase changes occur and there are residual stresses remaining in the plate after one cycle of thermal loading.
United in our Diversity

Twenty years ago, South Africa transitioned from a country shunned by the world community to one of hope and promise for a continent. As the country flipped the reigns of power from an apartheid government to an inclusive democracy, the labels that defined the country shifted - from an oppressive regime to a free and fair democratic state, from a nation of gross human injustices to a protector of human rights, from colonial rule to self-rule, from embattled to peaceful.
Cystic hepatic neoplasms: complementary roles of CT and sonography

Nine patients with cystic or necrotic hepatic neoplasms had findings on computed tomography (CT) that strongly suggested benign cystic disease of the liver. Sonography depicted the true morphology of these cystic lesions more clearly than CT, and the sonographic findings virtually excluded uncomplicated hepatic cyst as a diagnosis. Important observations were wall thickness, mural nodules, septations, and fluid-fluid levels. The potential danger in over reliance on CT attenuation values and the complementary role of sonography and CT in such cases are stressed.
Chemical applications of topology and group theory. 30. Distortions from idealized symmetrical coordination polyhedra by lifting molecular orbital degeneracies

Abstract Transition metal complexes with orbitally degenerate electronic states are geometrically unstable with respect to distortion from idealized symmetry to give structures with non-degenerate electronic states in accord with the Jahn-Teller theorem. This paper examines such distortions for metal complexes of the general type MLn (4 ≤ n ≤ 9) having open-shell electronic configurations. Such distortions can be of the following two types: (i) a classical Jahn-Teller distortion in which the topology of the polyhedron is maintained but the symmetry is lowered from a point group G to a smaller point group K where G is a subgroup of K ; (ii) distortions in which both the topology and symmetry of the polyhedron are changed, typically by diamond-square processes, from a point group G 1 to G 2 where G 2 is not necessarily a subgroup of G 1 . Certain octahedral metal complexes ML6 deviating from the favored closed-shell 18-electron rare gas electronic configuration are observed to be geometrically unstable to both types of distortions, e.g., elongation of a hyperelectronic Oh octahedron to a D4h square bipyramid in octahedral d9 Cu(II) complexes as compared with trigonal twists of hypoelectronic early transition metal dithiolates (e.g., Mo [S2C2(CF3)2]3) and hexamethyls (e.g., W(CH3)6 and Zr(CH3)62−) to give D3h or C3v trigonal prismatic complexes. Open-shell tetrahedral metal complexes may similarly be unstable to both types of distortions, e.g. elongation or compression of opposite edges of a Td tetrahedral complex ML4 to give a D2d disphenoidal complex as compared with a 90° twist of a d8 tetrahedral complex to give a D4h, square planar complex. Similar geometric instabilities of open-shell penta-coordinate metal complexes may be resolved by partial diamond-square distortions to intermediate points along the trigonal bipyramid/square pyramid continuum to remove all of the orbital degeneracies. Analogous diamond-square processes in open-shell superoctahedral complexes MLn (n = 7, 8, 9) along the pentagonal bipyramid/capped octahedron, bisdisphenoid/square antiprism, and tricapped trigonal prism/capped antiprism continua, respectively, are not sufficient to remove all degeneracies. However, neither hypoelectronic nor hyperelectronic superoctahedral metal complexes are expected to be stable.
G-protein-coupled receptor structures were not built in a day

Among the most exciting recent developments in structural biology is the structure determination of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which comprise the largest class of membrane proteins in mammalian cells and have enormous importance for disease and drug development. The GPCR structures are perhaps the most visible examples of a nascent revolution in membrane protein structure determination. Like other major milestones in science, however, such as the sequencing of the human genome, these achievements were built on a hidden foundation of technological developments. Here, we describe some of the methods that are fueling the membrane protein structure revolution and have enabled the determination of the current GPCR structures, along with new techniques that may lead to future structures.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH A VIRUS CAUSING PAPILLOMAS IN RABBITS : II. PROPERTIES OF THE COMPLEMENT-BINDING ANTIGEN PRESENT IN EXTRACTS OF THE GROWTHS: ITS RELATION TO THE VIRUS

The antigen that binds complement in the presence of sera neutralizing the Shope papilloma virus can be readily extracted from papillomas yielding infectious virus, but not from the normal skin of rabbits bearing the growths. The virus and the complement-binding antigen appear to have the same particle size, as determined by filtration, and they are thrown down together in the centrifuge. They are destroyed by the same amounts of heating and, in general, by the same changes in pH. It is possible, nevertheless, by irradiation with ultraviolet light, or by treatment with weak alkali, to render papilloma extracts non-pathogenic without diminishing their capacity to bind complement when mixed with immune serum.
Orthogonality Tests in Linear Models

This paper considers several tests of orthogonality conditions in linear models where stochastic errors may be heteroskedastic or autocorrelated. It is shown that these tests can be performed with Wald statistics obtained from simple auxiliary regressions.
Electromyographic Cross-Spectral Analysis of Antagonist Muscle Coactivation

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to compare the responses for traditional EMG amplitude measures with those from the crossspectrum approach for assessing agonist-antagonist interaction, and (2) to examine changes in the agonist-antagonist interaction for the elbow flexors and extensors with increases in movement velocity. Eighteen healthy, college-aged subjects (mean ± SD age = 21.8 ± 2.7 yrs) volunteered to perform maximal, concentric isokinetic contractions of the dominant elbow flexors and extensors at randomly ordered velocities of 60, 180, and 300 degrees/second. The subjects also performed maximal, 6-sec isometric contractions of the dominant elbow flexors and extensors at an elbow joint angle of 120 degrees between the arm and forearm. During all contractions, bipolar surface EMG signals were detected from the biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Traditional EMG amplitude (root-mean-square, RMS) measurements were made for both the agonist and antagonist muscles during each contraction. In addition, total power and mean frequency (MNF) were calculated from the agonist-antagonist muscle cross-spectrum. The results indicated that there were no velocity-related changes in traditional EMG amplitude for either the agonist or antagonist muscles. There were also velocity related changes in cross-spectral power, but not MNF, for both elbow flexion and elbow extension. Mean crossspectral power values were similar when comparing elbow flexion versus elbow extension during isometric contractions. During the dynamic contractions, however, mean cross-spectral power values were lower (relative to the isometric values) at all velocities for elbow extension, but higher at all velocities for elbow flexion. These findings suggested that the agonist-antagonist cross-spectrum approach may provide information regarding agonist-antagonist interaction that cannot be obtained from traditional EMG amplitude measurements. In addition, the agonist-antagonist interaction may be different for elbow flexion versus elbow extension.
Issues in Sexual Growth: The Sebaceous Glands and Adrenocortical Growth and Development

The cortical part of the adrenal gland is divided into three areas or zones (“zonae”); each of them produces a different steroid hormone that serves a distinct physiologic function. One of them, zona reticularis (ZR), is dedicated to the synthesis of adrenal androgens. The physiology (and pathophysiology) of the adrenal cortex is due to particular enzymes that are expressed in the different zonae; humans and other primates are unique in having infantile adrenocortical tissue that is different from that in adult life. In fetal life, very little of that compartmentalization of adrenocortical function exists; it is not until the later half of the first year of life that what we call “adult” adrenal cortex gradually occupies most of the gland. Human and primate ZR and fetal adrenal cortex (FA) produce the same steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). In these species, FA provides DHEAS to the placenta to produce estrogens necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy; the need for this “placental-fetal unit” is lost at birth and the fetal zone disappears rapidly thereafter through a process of gradual adrenocortical microhemorrhages. DHEAS levels fall rapidly after birth to appear again in detectable quantities in adrenarche, rise throughout puberty, and start to fall after the age of 40 years to very low levels in late life. Sebaceous gland physiology depends on normal adrenarche and normal adrenal androgenic steroid levels; all the five major enzymes involved in the activation and deactivation of androgens are expressed in the pilosebaceous unit (PSU). Initiation of DHEAS biosynthesis early in fetal life seems to be associated with the differentiation of hairs and sebaceous glands. It has been shown that sebaceous gland function begins before true puberty, at levels of testosterone below those ordinarily required for the initiation of pubic hair growth. This development signals adrenarche, marked by increasing production of DHEAS. The levels of DHEAS have been found to correlate with sebum production in early puberty and with the presence of acne vulgaris in prepubertal children. Practically all adolescents have at least a few open and closed comedones. Persistence of acne beyond adolescence usually implies an underlying hyperandrogenemia, and a thorough work-up to rule out possible etiologies of this condition should be performed.
The Safety “Use Case”: Co-Developing Chemical Information Management and Laboratory Safety Skills

The 2015 edition of the American Chemical Society’s Guidelines and Evaluation Procedures for Bachelor’s Degree Programs identifies six skill sets that undergraduate chemistry programs should instill in their students. In our roles as support staff for chemistry departments at two different institutions (one a Primarily Undergraduate Institution, the other a research intensive university), we have been collaboratively studying these requirements and have found significant synergies between two in particular: “Chemical Literature and Information Management Skills” and “Laboratory Safety Skills”. We believe that by integrating emerging tools in the laboratory safety field into information literacy frameworks, a strong foundation can be established for the development of all the skills called out by the ACS. This article describes this strategy and provides examples of how these concepts can be implemented in both the chemistry teaching and research laboratory settings.
Erasure Entropy

We define the erasure entropy of a collection of random variables as the sum of entropies of the individual variables conditioned on all the rest. The erasure entropy rate of a source is defined as the limit of the normalized erasure entropy. The erasure entropy measures the information content carried by each symbol knowing its context. In the setup of a source observed through an erasure channel, we offer an operational characterization of erasure entropy rate as the minimal amount of bits per erasure required to recover the erased information in the limit of small erasure probability. When we allow recovery of the erased symbols within a prescribed degree of distortion, the fundamental tradeoff is described by the erasure rate-distortion function which we characterize. When no additional encoded information is available, the erased information is reconstructed solely on the basis of its context by a denoiser. Connections between erasure entropy and discrete denoising are also explored.
Evolution of the Human Foot: Evidence from Plio-Pleistocene Hominids

The human foot serves a dual role during locomotion. It functions at times as a mobile structure and at times as a rigid lever. The human foot shows the hallmarks of an arboreal heritage wherein the foot was primarily a grasping organ. Over the course of the human career the human foot has evolved an elaborate plantar aponeurosis, strong plantar ligaments, longitudinal arches, an enlarged musculus flexor accessorius, an adducted (non-opposable) hallux, a remodeled calcaneocuboid joint, a long tarsus, and shortened toes (II to V). Comparisons of the chimpanzee and human foot allow us to reconstruct the pathway of foot evolution. Fossil foot bones of Homo habilis, dated at 1.76 million years, are remarkably like those of modern humans. Foot bones from Hadar, dated at around 3.5 million years, are remarkably chimpanzee-like, with only incipient human traits. The surprising chimpanzee-like qualities of the Hadar fossils strongly support the use of living apes as models of ancestral pongidhominid morphotypes.
SCLEROTIA OF BOLETINELLUS MERULIOIDES IN NATURE

Boletinellus merulioides forms abundant sclerotia in nature throughout its range in eastern North America. Sclerotia collected in the forest germinated to form mycelial colonies which had the same appearance and microscopic characteristics as colonies derived from sporocarps. Sclerotia which had overwintered in the forest were viable in the spring.
The Progress and Application of Nanometer Material Researches

The paper expounds the progress and application of nanometer material researches in a systematic way.
Milk drinking by the lactose intolerant. Comparison of Caucasian and Oriental adults.

Low lactose tolerance among non-white populations has been widely reported, raising the question of the use of milk in supplementary feeding programs. In this investigation, this anomaly ivas compared in Caucasians and Orientals under controlled conditions.
The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-18 in Radiation Injury

Massive radiation-induced inflammatory factors released from injured cells may cause innate and acquired immune reactions that can further result in stress response signal activity-induced local and systemic damage. IL-1 family members IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 play key roles in inflammatory and immune responses and have been recognized to have significant influences on the pathogenesis of diseases. IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 share similarities of cytokine biology, but differences exist in signaling pathways. A key component of the inflammatory reaction is the inflammasome, which is a caspase-1-containing multiprotein oligomer. Pathological stimuli such as radiation can induce inflammasome and caspase-1 activation, and subsequently cause maturation (activation) of pro-forms of IL-1 and IL-18 upon caspase-1 cleavage. This caspase-1 dependent and IL-1 and IL-18 associated cell damage is defined as pyroptosis. Activated IL-1 and IL-18 as proinflammatory cytokines drive pathology at different immune and inflammatory disorders through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. While the mechanisms of IL-1β-induced pathophysiology of diseases have been well studied, IL-18 has received less attention. The author recently reported that gamma radiation highly increased IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33 expression in mouse thymus, spleen and/or bone marrow cells; also circulating IL-18 can be used as a radiation biomarker to track radiation injury in mice, minipigs, and nonhuman primates. This mini-review focuses on the role of IL-18 in response to gamma radiation-induced injury.
The Day the World Changed? Reflections on 9/11 and U.S. National Security Strategy

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks of September 11,2001, there was a great deal of rhetoric from within the Bush administration and without claiming that the nature and scope of those attacks marked a decisive turning point and watershed in U.S. foreign and military policy and perhaps in international law. As we look back from the perspective of seven years, it is clear that a very large number of decisions regarding the use of the U.S. military, the restraints of the Geneva Convention, and the relations of the United States with its allies were indeed based on the belief that such a fundamental change had occurred and that it necessitated considerable modification in the conduct and that have historically defined the stance of the United States toward the international community. The belief in such a fundamental shift has been used to justify treatment of prisoners that would, under existing standards, be considered torture. It has underpinned an unprecedented degree of American unilateralism in its conduct of foreign policy and military affairs. And it has been cited as a rationale for fundamentally recasting the justifications for use of military force in terms of the understanding of jus ad bellum as it has evolved in international law in recent centuries.
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: Gastrointestinal Features

Cronkhite–Canada syndrome (CCS) is a sporadic, idiopathic syndrome characterized by multiple polyps in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. First documented in 1955 by Drs. Cronkhite and Canada, only about 400 cases have been reported worldwide, 75 % of which in Japan. Patients of European or Asian descent are most frequently affected, with an incidence of 1 per 1,000,000. Mean age of onset is the fifth to sixth decade with slight 3:2 predominance in men. An autoimmune process is suspected. Men are generally affected in a 2:1 ratio, with two thirds of all patients being of Japanese origin.
Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging of Cancer

Photoacoustic imaging is a complementary modality to ultrasound imaging with potential for several clinical applications, including cancer imaging. Photoacoustic contrast is derived from optical absorption by intrinsic tissue constituents such as oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, melanin, and lipid. However, the use of exogenous contrast agents, including nanoparticle-based contrast materials, allows for a wide range of cancer-specific imaging uses. Nanoparticles, including noble metal (gold, silver), carbon nanotubes, and custom mixed composition nanoparticles, are exogenous contrast agents that exhibit excellent optical absorption and can be optimized for specific cancer applications through surface targeting. Their small size enables them to not only circulate in vasculature but also extravasate to reach tumor sites. In this chapter, after an introduction to the basics of photoacoustic imaging, we present an overview of the most common nanoparticles used in photoacoustic imaging of cancer, their general synthesis methods, and applications.
More Than a Physical Burden: Women’s Mental and Emotional Work in Preventing Pregnancy

In the United States, responsibility for preventing pregnancy in heterosexual relationships disproportionately falls on women. While the biotechnological landscape of available methods may explain the assignment of the physical burden for contraception to women, this does not mean the concomitant time, attention, and stress that preventing pregnancy requires must also be primarily assumed by women. Building on work identifying health care providers as contributors to the construction of normative ideas about reproduction, this study analyzed 52 contraceptive counseling visits with women who reported they did not want future children for the construction of responsibility for the mental and emotional aspects of contraception. Offering a case of how gender inequality is (re)produced through clinical encounters, findings demonstrate that clinicians discursively constructed these responsibilities as women's and point to structural aspects of the visit itself that reify this unequal burden as normal. Results are consistent with research identifying the broader feminization of family health work in heterosexual relationships. To the extent that the distribution of the mental and emotional responsibilities of preventing pregnancy is both a product of and contributor to gender inequality, this analysis yields insight into the production-and possible deconstruction-of (reproductive) health care as a gendered social structure.
Cell Proliferation Assays: Improved Homogeneous Methods Used to Measure the Number of Cells in Culture

Over the last decade several improvements have been made in assay technology to enable miniaturiza- tion and more efficient measurement of the number of cells present in microwell plates. A variety of different methods have been optimized for convenient use in multiwell formats, making it easier to do large numbers of assays. The most significant improvement in efficiency has been the development of homoge- neous "add, mix, and measure" assay formats com- patible with robotic automation for high-throughput screening (HTS) of test compounds. Making a choice among available assay formats often depends on the preference for which marker is measured or the level of sensitivity required. Homo- geneous assays are now available to measure total cell number, viable cell number, the number of dead cells present in a population, or the number of cells under- going apoptosis. For many experimental systems the most useful information is the number of viable cells at the end of a treatment period. The parameter used most conveniently to determine the number of viable cells in culture is measurement of an indicator of active metabolism. This article describes four options for measuring cell number that are based on assaying different aspects of cellular metabolism. The example as- says chosen include ATP quantitation, tetrazolium reduction using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(4- sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS), resazurin reduction, and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity measurement. The four examples are all homogeneous methods sensitive enough to detect cell numbers typically used in automated high-throughput 96- and 384-well plate formats. The methods are equally suitable for measuring just a few samples processed manually. In addition, all of these assays have been shown to be reproducible and exhibit good Z'-factor values (Zhang et al., 1999) desirable for auto- mated HTS applications. Each assay has its own set of advantages and disadvantages that contribute to the decision of which one to choose.