cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle dysmorphia, gender role stress, and sociocultural influences: an exploratory study.

Abstract Our study explored the contribution of gender role stress (GRS) and sociocultural appearance demands to symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD) in a college sample of 219 women and 154 men. For women, five GRS subscales, sociocultural appearance demands, age, and frequency of aerobic exercise predicted MD symptoms (model R2 = .33; F(8,210) = 12.81, p < .001); for men, only one GRS subscale, age, and sociocultural appearance demands predicted MD symptoms (model R2 = .40; F(3,150) = 9.52, p < .001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a small number of items explained a substantial portion of the variation, suggesting that MD may be more related to specific perceptions of pressure to attain an attractive body than to global gender role stress.
Determination of reflectance function for aluminum and stainless-steel foil surfaces

AKirchhoff-based relationship anda Rayleigh‐ Riceperturbation theory weretwo evaluated analyticalmethods used to account for the ree ectance function determination in rough metallic surfaces. These methods proved to be inconclusive at predicting ree ectance function in rough surfaces due to the inability to handle all the dependencies a rough ree ector possesses with respect to an incoming incident energy ray (intensity, magnitude, wavelength) and surface characterization (rms roughness and slope, power spectral density). Experimental determination was shown to be the best method to attain directional properties. An experimental scatterometer based on the angular discretization of the discrete ordinates or SN method was used and tested to measure surface ree ectance. Results obtained could be easily applied to radiative heat transfer calculations, radiative property determination, and surface e nish parameters in manufacturing applications.
5‐Azacytidine induced myogenesis in a differentiation defective cell line

A differentiation defective cell line variant, the T984-15, has lost the capacity to differentiate myogenically. Following treatment with the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, T984-15 cells were induced to differentiate into myogenic colonies containing fused myotubes. Myogenic colonies when cloned, maintained their ability to differentiate after prolonged culture in the absence of further 5-azacytidine treatment. These results indicate that 5-azacytidine treatment resulted in a stable alteration in the capacity of T984-15 cells to differentiate and suggests that the loss of myogenic potential may have occurred as a result of an epigenetic phenomenon rather than a somatic mutational event.
The effect of social desirability trait on self-reported dietary measures among multi-ethnic female health center employees.

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of social desirability trait, the tendency to respond in a manner consistent with societal expectations, on self-reported fruit, vegetable, and macronutrient intake. METHODS: A 61-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), 7-item fruit and vegetable screener, and a single question on combined fruit and vegetable intake were completed by 132 female employees at five health centers in eastern Massachusetts. Intake of fruit and vegetables derived from all three methods and macronutrients from the FFQ were fit as dependent variables in multiple linear regression models (overall and by race/ethnicity and education); independent variables included 3-day mean intakes derived from 24-hour recalls (24HR) and score on the 33-point Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale (the regression coefficient for which reflects its effect on estimates of dietary intake based on the comparison method relative to 24HR). RESULTS: Results are based on the 93 women with complete data and FFQ-derived caloric intake between 450 and 4500 kcal/day. In women with college education, FFQ-derived estimates of total caloric were associated with under-reporting by social desirability trait (e.g., the regression coefficient for total caloric intake was −23.6 kcal/day/point in that group versus 36.1 kcal/day/point in women with education less than college) (difference = 59.7 kcal/day/point, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.2, 106.2). Except for the single question on which women with college education tended to under-report (difference = .103 servings/day/point, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.203), there was no association of social desirability trait with self-reported fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of social desirability trait on FFQ reports of macronutrient intake appeared to differ by education, but not by ethnicity or race. The results of this study may have important implications for epidemiologic studies of diet and health in women.
α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase in Alzheimer’s Disease

Since ancient times, a creative tension has existed between two viewpoints on illness. One, associated with the Platonic physicians of the island of Cnos, looks on diseases as specific entities which can be classified like plants. From this viewpoint, the specific patient in the examining room is a more or less close copy of an idealized patient. In modern times, this view was developed with particular strength by Sydenham in London in the 1600s. The second viewpoint, associated with the Hippocratic physicians of the island of Cos, views illness as occurring when an organism can no longer remain in balance with the challenges of its environment. In modern times, this view was put forward with particular clarity by Claude Bernard in Paris in the 1800s. He emphasized that an illness occurs when living organisms cannot maintain their “milieu interne” in the face of the challenges of their environment.
Ventricular fibrillation frequency.

Background: Ventricular-fibrillation (VF) wave frequency is known to decrease with prolonged, untreated VF. VF wave frequency is used as an algorithm to identify VF in AEDs and ICDs; yet the nature of the frequency change is not appreciated. Methods: In this study, anesthetized pigs were used and VF was induced electrically. VF wave frequency was measured each second during VF for periods up to 200 sec. Defibrillation was achieved with transchest electrodes. VF wave frequency was plotted for each second during VF. In 2 animals, CPR was applied and VF wave frequency was measured. Results: In all cases VF wave frequency decreased with increasing duration of VF. At the onset of VF, the VF wave frequency ranged from 5 to 12/sec. A plot of the normalized ratio of VF wave frequency during fibrillation to the VF frequency at induction decreased to between 0.1 and 0.8 of the initial frequency. In one of the animals, VF was initiated, CPR was provided and the VF wave frequency was measured over a 200-second period. Then, the procedure was repeated without CPR. Beyond 130 seconds, the VF frequency with CPR was higher than that without CPR, indicating myocardial oxygenation. Conclusion: Those who use VF wave frequency to identify the presence of VF should be aware of the nature of the VF wave frequency decrease with the passage of time.
Optimal Sequencing of a Single Machine Subject to Precedence Constraints

Suppose n jobs are each to be processed by a single machine, subject to arbitrary given precedence constraints. Associated with each job j is a known processing time aj, and a monotone nondecreasing cost function cjt, giving the cost that is incurred by the completion of that job at time t. The problem is to find a sequence which will minimize the maximum of the incurred costs. An efficient computational procedure is given for this problem, generalizing and simplifying previous results of the present author and J. M. Moore.
Insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a disease of insulin deficiency along with insulin resistance, and the natural history is a progressive worsening of insulin secretion over time. The obvious conclusion supported by clinical experience is most patients will eventually need insulin therapy. However, there is often a reluctance on the part of many care providers to prescribe insulin because of fears of weight gain, hypoglycemia, or cardiovascular consequences, or because the patient is unwilling. Another problem is many practitioners are uncertain how to use insulin in type 2 diabetes. This review discusses the benefits of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes when it is required for optimal glycemia control. It also debunks the fears over unwanted consequences such as severe hypoglycemia and worsening of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Finally, it provides a ‘hands on‘ approach on how to start basal insulin therapy and multishot insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Reading China: How Do America's China Scholars View U.S.-China Relations and China's Future?

Almost all economic indicators show that the rise of China is all but inevitable. Many argue that it is already happening. China may rank as the second, or the third, or the fourth largest world economic power, depending on how one does the counting, after enjoying an average annual GDP growth rate of nearly 10% in the past quarter of a century (1983–2007) (National Bureau of Statistics of China). China currently has the largest foreign currency reserve in the world, reaching one trillion U.S. dollars (People's Bank of China) and China became the second largest trade country after the U.S. in 2007 (Wenweipo 2007). In fact, no discussion of world economy is adequate without talking about China. Even though the United States is currently embroiled in Iraq and the war on terror, there is no question that the rise of China is still very much in back of the minds of American foreign policy makers and political elites, especially during the current presidential campaigns. For instance, one survey of American international relations scholars reveals that while 58% of the scholars believe that the greatest strategically important region for the United States is the Middle East right now, 60% of them think it will be China and East Asia in 20 years (Peterson, Tierney, and Maliniak 2005). A public survey shows that a majority of the citizens in many developing countries think it would be a good thing if China were to become as large a military power as the United States (Pew Global Attitudes Project 2005).We would like to acknowledge the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. We also want express our gratitude to the 132 scholars who participated in our survey.
Age-Related Oxidative Stress Compromises Endosomal Proteostasis

A hallmark of aging is an imbalance between production and clearance of reactive oxygen species and increased levels of oxidatively damaged biomolecules. Herein, we demonstrate that splenic and nodal antigen-presenting cells purified from aging mice accumulate oxidatively modified proteins with side-chain carbonylation, advanced glycation end products, and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, we show that the endosomal accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins interferes with the efficient processing of exogenous antigens and degradation of macroautophagy-delivered proteins. In support of a causative role for oxidized products in the inefficient immune response, a decrease in oxidative stress improved the adaptive immune response to immunizing antigens. These findings underscore a previously unrecognized negative effect of age-dependent changes in cellular proteostasis on the immune response.
Imaging ultrathin Al2O3 films with scanning tunneling microscopy

Reproducible scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images were obtained from ultrathin Al2O3 films epitaxially grown on ReO 0001 U. Initially, the oxide films grow two-dimensionally in a layer-by-layer fashion with well-ordered surface morphologies. As the oxide film thickens to ca. 9 monolayer equivalents (MLE), the surface roughens and becomes more disordered yet still exhibits significant long-range, hexagonal periodicity as indicated by low energy electron diAraction (LEED). Because of limited conductivity, films thicker than ca. 9 MLE could not be imaged. ” 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Impact of life stage specific immune priming on invertebrate disease dynamics

The immune response of a host can have important impacts on host-pathogen interactions, but investment in immunity often changes dynamically across the life history of a host. One form of investment involves the induction of a primed immune response against previously encountered pathogens that protects the host from re-infection. In addition to providing immediate protective effects, immune priming can also provide two types of ‘delayed’ protection against pathogens: priming across life stages (ontogenic priming) and priming across generations (trans-generational priming). Consequently both types of immune priming have the potential to mediate life history variability in host–pathogen interactions, which could have important consequences for disease prevalence and dynamics as well as for the demographic structure of the host population. Here we develop a stage-structured SIRS model for an invertebrate host to explore the relative and combined impact of ontogenic priming and trans-generational priming on infection prevalence, host population size, and population age structure. Our model predicts that both types of immune priming can dramatically reduce disease prevalence at equilibrium, but their individual and combined effects on population size and age structure depend on the magnitude of tradeoffs between immune protection and reproduction as well as on the symmetry of infection parameters between life stages. This model underscores the potential importance of life-history based immune investment patterns for disease dynamics and highlights the need for wide-spread empirical estimation of parameters that represent the maintenance of immune priming in insects.
Corrections for accidental coincidences and attenuation in maximum-likelihood image reconstruction for positron-emission tomography

Reconstruction procedures that account for attenuation in forming maximum-likelihood estimates of activity distributions in positron-emission tomography are extended to include regularization constraints and accidental coincidences. A mathematical model is used for these effects. The corrections are incorporated into the iterations of an expectation-maximization algorithm for numerically producing the maximum-likelihood estimate of the distribution of radioactivity within a patient. The images reconstructed with this procedure are unbiased and exhibit lower variance than those reconstructed from precorrected data. >
Unbiased minimum-variance filtering for delayed input reconstruction

The unknown inputs in a dynamical system may represent unknown external drivers, input uncertainty, state uncertainty, or instrument faults and thus unknown-input reconstruction has several important applications. In this paper, we consider delayed state estimation and input reconstruction. That is, we develop filters that recursively use current measurements to estimate past states and reconstruct past inputs. By introducing this delay, recursive input reconstruction is viable for a potentially broader class of systems.
Compact photonic crystal superprism demultiplexers based on diffraction compensation

The superprism effect is one of unique dispersive properties of PCs that has been proposed for integrated wavelength demultiplexing. However, diffraction of separated wavelength channels has been a main drawback in such PC demultiplexers. We demonstrate in this talk new compact PC demultiplexers by combining diffraction compensation and the superprism effect with better resolution, smaller size, lower crosstalk, and less demanding requirements on the input beam compared to other proposed PC demultiplexers. PC devices demonstrated experimentally here have at least one order of magnitude better performance compared to other reported demonstrations of PC superprism-based demultiplexing.
Simulating emission and chemical evolution of coarse sea-salt particles in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model

Abstract. Chemical processing of sea-salt particles in coastal environments significantly impacts concentrations of particle components and gas-phase species and has implications for human exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen deposition to sensitive ecosystems. Emission of sea-salt particles from the coastal surf zone is known to be elevated compared to that from the open ocean. Despite the importance of sea-salt emissions and chemical processing, the US EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model has traditionally treated coarse sea-salt particles as chemically inert and has not accounted for enhanced surf-zone emissions. In this article, updates to CMAQ are described that enhance sea-salt emissions from the coastal surf zone and allow dynamic transfer of HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, and NH3 between coarse particles and the gas phase. Predictions of updated CMAQ models and the previous release version, CMAQv4.6, are evaluated using observations from three coastal sites during the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) in Tampa, FL in May 2002. Model updates improve predictions of NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, and Cl− concentrations at these sites with only a 8% increase in run time. In particular, the chemically interactive coarse particle mode dramatically improves predictions of nitrate concentration and size distributions as well as the fraction of total nitrate in the particle phase. Also, the surf-zone emission parameterization improves predictions of total sodium and chloride concentration. Results of a separate study indicate that the model updates reduce the mean absolute error of nitrate predictions at coastal CASTNET and SEARCH sites in the eastern US. Although the new model features improve performance relative to CMAQv4.6, some persistent differences exist between observations and predictions. Modeled sodium concentration is biased low and causes under-prediction of coarse particle nitrate. Also, CMAQ over-predicts geometric mean diameter and standard deviation of particle modes at the BRACE sites. These over-predictions may cause too rapid particle dry deposition and partially explain the low bias in sodium predictions. Despite these shortcomings, the updates to CMAQ enable more realistic simulations of chemical processes in environments where marine air mixes with urban pollution. The model updates described in this article are included in the public release of CMAQv4.7 ( http://www.cmaq-model.org ).
Intermarriage: The Impact and Lessons of Taglit-Birthright Israel

The focus on Jewish continuity has shifted in the last two decades, from concern with anti-semitism to anxiety over the threat of assimilation and, in particular, intermarriage. Scholars concur that the intermarriage rate has risen to about 50 percent but disagree about the significance of the phenomenon. Those in the outreach camp hold that little can be done to lower the rate of intermarriage and, instead, want the community to promote efforts to integrate non-Jewish spouses into the Jewish community. Those in the inreach camp, in contrast, hold that little can be done to increase the propensity of intermarried parents to raise Jewish children and instead promote efforts to encourage inmarriage and conversion. This paper examines the impact of Taglit-Birthright Israel (Taglit), a program that sends Diaspora Jewish young adults on fully subsidized educational tours of Israel, on intermarriage, conversion, and attitudes toward raising children as Jews. Drawing on several surveys of Taglit applicants, including participants and control groups of applicants who did not participate, the study isolates Taglit’s impact and compares Taglit’s influence to other educational interventions and background characteristics. Taglit has substantial impact on participants’ propensity to marry a Jew, increasing the odds ratio of a non-Orthodox participant being married to a Jew several fold. In addition, the program strongly increases participants’ regard for the value of raising Jewish children. The study concludes that both the intermarriage rate and the motivation of intermarried parents to raise Jewish children are highly tractable. The study points to the possibility of establishing common ground between advocates of inreach and outreach on the vital importance of Jewish education to the goal of Jewish demographic vitality.
CHIHUAHUAN RAVEN (CORVUS CRYPTOLEUCUS) REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND NEST SPACING IN THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS

Abstract We measured reproductive success of 52 Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) nests in the southern High Plains of Texas in 1999. Egg laying was initiated between 12 April and 21 June. We observed 5.2 ± 0.2 eggs (mean ± SE) per nest, 3.3 ± 0.3 hatched chicks per nest, and 2.6 ± 0.2 fledged chicks per nest. Incorporating “days at risk,” we estimated reproductive success was 36.5 ± 0.5%, and reproductive output was 1.9 fledged chicks per nesting female. Average distance from each nest to its nearest neighbor nest was 851 ± 168 m (minimum = 233 m, maximum = 8,465 m). Nest success was unrelated to nearest neighbor distance or nest height, but was correlated with clutch initiation date. The likelihood of nest failure increased by 0.9% with each passing day.
Approaches and Guidelines for Monitoring, Measuring and Evaluating Performance in Public Sector Programs

AbstractPerformance measurement and evaluation of the public sector may be seen as critical to efforts to streamline governments; gain greater efficiency, productivity and effectiveness; enhance transparency and accountability; regain public trust in governmental institutions; and contribute to a reorientation of the role and functions of government. As ideas of governance have emerged, stressing cooperation between government, the non-profit and private sectors, and indirect ways of delivering public services have been adopted, the need to measure, monitor and evaluate the use of funds, quantity and quality of services, and the meeting of standards and compliance with contracts, has become essential. Performance measures are not panaceas, and there are important limitations to their use. But even small steps may bring important results.
Democracy against development: lower-caste politics and political modernity in postcolonial India

Jeffrey Witsoe, in his textured analysis of caste and postcolonial democracy in India, recalls being seated in front of Lalu Prasad Yadav, the on-again, off-again Chief Minister of Bihar, in April ...
American Slang and American Culture

American slang is one of the language varieties in English language.This article attempts to dis- cuss American slang and American culuture from the perspective of language and culutre,and also talks about the relationship between characters of American and American mainstream culture,The study of American slang can help us achieve a better understanding of American culture and American people.
Evaluation on control effect of occupational hazards in a construction project of heavy industrial enterprise

[Objective]To identify,analyze and evaluate the occupational hazards and protective control effect in a construction project of heavy industrial enterprise,provide the basis for further control measures of occupational hazards. [Methods]By using the occupational health survey and on-site detection,the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the occupational hazards was conducted.[Results]The occupational hazards are serious in this construction project. The overall layout,production equipment,protective equipment and occupational health management are accordance with the relevant requirements basically. However,the protective measures for welding dust are difficult to implement because the welding operation points are abundant and unfixable,and distribute widely. The concentration of manganese and its inorganic compounds,carbon monoxide,benzene,welding dust,ultraviolet radiation and noise exceeded the limits in different degrees.[Conclusion]The enterprise must further strengthen the protective control of occupational hazards. It is recommended to improve the production process,increase the protection facilities on the critical control points of welding,painting and grinding,and improve the personal protection of workers.
Lack of intracellular conversion of dihydrohomofolate to tetrahydrohomofolate in leukemia cells with high levels of dihydrofolate reductase.

The uptake of tritium-labeled dihydrohomofolate was investigated with intact leukemia cells, known to be either sensitive or resistant to amethopterin. Comparable experiments were carried out with H2-folate. Chromatography to DEAE-cellulose was used to determine possible intracellular conversion of H2-homofolate to H4-homofolate, whereas microbiological assays were utilized for uptake studies of H2-folate and conversion to H4-folate. The amethopterin-resistant cells showed a higher uptake of H2-folate and a higher intracellular conversion of H2-folate to H4-folate than the sensitive cells, consistent with high H2-folate reductase activity in lysates of resistant cells. The situation with H2-homofolate was quite different. Uptake of H2-homofolate by sensitive and resistant cells was almost the same, with no detectable intracellular conversion of H2-homofolate to H4-homofolate, despite the fact that H2-homofolate is an excellent substrate of H2-folate reductase.
Preparing a child with obstructive sleep apnea for transplantation.

All of the expected outcomes have been met for A.W. Intense collaboration among the pulmonary, nutrition, transplant, nephrology teams, and A.W.'s parents have accomplished what at first seemed to be quite difficult. After months of hard work and close monitoring of A.W., he was now at the 90th percentile on the growth curve. The diligence of the dietician and A.W.'s parents provided the intended outcome. A.W. had achieved a manageable weight and could be safely transplanted. The transplant team has decided to quickly taper prednisone until A.W. is completely off of this immunosuppressive after transplantation. A.W. is more cooperative with the nasal cannula at night and it is felt he will cooperate with the CPAP mask during the post-operative period in the hospital. He would need continued evaluation of his obstructive sleep apnea due to the potential of increased weight with immunosuppression medicines. All of A.W.'s blood culture results have been negative and his left tympanic membrane has not drained nor is there evidence of infection. A.W. is finally ready for transplantation. A date was set and A.W. and his living related donor were ready to proceed.
Arthroscopic Radial Head Implant Removal and Resection

Displaced radial head fractures are treated with open reduction and internal fixation using implants. Failure of fixation may occur in the presence of comminution and in multifragmentary fractures; open surgical approaches are necessary for removal of the implants and radial head resection. Arthroscopic radial head resection has been described as a minimally invasive and effective treatment for failed radial head fracture fixation; however, periarticular adhesions and prominent implants add to the complexity and technical difficulty of the procedure. The described technique uses 3 portals for adhesiolysis, implant removal, and radial head resection. Resection is performed in stages; smaller-diameter instruments are used to gain and improve access, and larger resectors are used subsequently. Adequacy of resection is assessed arthroscopically and with biplanar imaging. The arthroscopic technique avoids the need for an open surgical approach and prevents subsequent morbidity. In addition, the rehabilitation time is shorter and patient satisfaction is high.
Including Fathers in the Picture: A Meta-Analysis of Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement.

Extant research on parental involvement in education has been conducted largely without respect to which parent is involved. The implicit assumption is that family–school relationship frameworks function similarly for fathers and mothers. Although there is a growing body of research examining fathers’ involvement in education, this assumption has not been tested. In this meta-analysis, we examined the relative strength of the association between educational involvement of fathers versus mothers and achievement of school-age children (kindergarten to 12th grade). The association of involvement with achievement over time (i.e., longitudinal studies) was stronger than for cross-sectional studies. Parental involvement in education was positively associated with student achievement and the relation between involvement and achievement was equally strong for fathers and mothers, although mothers’ mean levels of involvement were higher than fathers’. Moderator analyses across the different types of involvement suggested that school-based involvement and intellectual enrichment at home was more strongly related to achievement for mothers than for fathers, although there were no differences in mean levels of involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
FARMS: Efficient mapreduce speculation for failure recovery in short jobs

Abstract With the ever-increasing size of software and hardware components and the complexity of configurations, large-scale analytics systems face the challenge of frequent transient faults and permanent failures. As an indispensable part of big data analytics, MapReduce is equipped with a speculation mechanism to cope with run-time stragglers and failures. However, we reveal that the existing speculation mechanism has some major drawbacks that hinder its efficiency during failure recovery, which we refer to as the speculation breakdown. We use the representative implementation of MapReduce, i.e., YARN and its speculation mechanism as a case study to demonstrate that the speculation breakdown causes significant performance degradation among MapReduce jobs, especially those with shorter turnaround time. As our experiments show, a single node failure can cause a job slowdown by up to 9.2 times. In order to address the speculation breakdown, we introduce a failure-aware speculation scheme and a refined task scheduling policy. Moreover, we have conducted a comprehensive set of experiments to evaluate the performance of both single component and the whole framework. Our experimental results show that our new framework achieves dramatic performance improvement in handling with node failures compared to the original YARN.
Peritonitis in the Newborn—Current Concepts

The author provides well-detailed discussion of peritonitis in the newborn and draws the following conclusions. Prognosis for neonates with gastrointestinal perforation has considerably improved and will continue to improve. Sepsis remains the primary cause of death, with necrotizing enterocolitis the most common cause of perforation. The characteristic gastrointestinal microflora and innate immunologic deficiency of this population, particularly in the critically ill preterm neonate, require further delineation.
Abstract IA01: The proteogenomics of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts

Next generation DNA sequencing (NGS) has provided vast quantities of data on the genomic landscape of common solid malignancies yet the discovery yield in terms of new treatment approaches has been modest. At the most fundamental level this is because we still lack a deep understanding of how complex somatic changes in the cancer genome drive the cellular phenotypes associated with cancer lethality. Our recent work in breast cancer has demonstrated that discovery mass spectrometry-based proteomics of genome annotated clinical and PDX samples (“proteogenomics”) elucidates functional consequences of somatic mutations, narrows candidate nominations for driver genes within large deletions and amplified regions, and identifies potential therapeutic targets. The advantages of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) as a source of material for proteogenomics are readily evident. Larger amounts of tumor protein required for mass spectrometry can be obtained, sample ischemia can be controlled and drug perturbation studies to study drug resistance can be easily conducted. However we still have to firmly establish that the proteome of the progenitor human tumor strongly correlates with the proteomic characteristics of the tumor that eventually emerges after engrafting into immunocompromised mice. This is critical as from the genomic perspective, engraftment does represent an evolutionary bottle neck that, at least in some cases, alters tumor clonality. The discovery potential as well as limitations of PDX for the emerging area of proteogenomics will therefore be discussed. Citation Format: Matthew J. Ellis. The proteogenomics of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Patient-Derived Cancer Models: Present and Future Applications from Basic Science to the Clinic; Feb 11-14, 2016; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(16_Suppl):Abstract nr IA01.
Nonadherence to Biologic Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Biologic therapies have proven efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The clinical effectiveness of therapy is dependent in part on medication adherence, and patient non-adherence to biologic therapy is associated with increased risks of disease exacerbation and immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to assess adherence rates and risk factors for non-adherence for different biologic therapies in an IBD population. A retrospective chart review was performed on a cohort of adult IBD patients at our institution prescribed biologic medications from September 2014 to September 2015. Inclusion criteria were: adult age (≥18 yr) and treatment with a biologic medication for ≥3 months. Patients were excluded if they were transitioning care or had a dose interruption secondary to acute illness, surgery, or loss of insurance. Patient demographics and risk factors for non-adherence were assessed. For self-administered therapies, specialty pharmacies were contacted to determine the number of medication shipments each patient received. Adherence was assessed using a modified Medication Possession Ratio (# home medication deliveries or infusions completed divided by the expected # of such events). Statistical analysis was performed using 2-tailed student's T tests and Chi Square tests. One hundred seventy-five patients (mean age 40.1 yr, 61% female, 80% Crohn's) were included in the analysis. Of these patients, 37 (21%) failed to receive at least one scheduled infusion or medication shipment, and 20 (11%) failed to receive greater than 20% of their infusions or medication shipments. Biologic adherence rates were as follows: infliximab 84%, adalimumab 71%, certolizumab pegol 77%, and vedolizumab 87%. Patients receiving facility-administered therapies had significantly higher rates of adherence compared with those patients receiving self-injections (86% facility-administered versus 71% home administered, P = 0.021). Non-adherence was associated with lack of commercial insurance (30% versus 20%, P < 0.001) and was inversely associated with proximity to the medical center (mean mileage 93.6 versus 69.3, P = 0.048). Non-adherent patients were found to have higher rates of psychiatric disease (52% versus 37%), but this was not statistically significant. Non-adherence was not associated with patient age, gender, marital status, or disease activity in this patient population. The rate of biologic non-adherence was 21% in our IBD patient population, which is consistent with rates found in previous studies. Patient adherence was increased with facility-administered therapies (i.e., infliximab, vedolizumab) and commercial insurance, and an inverse relationship between proximity to the medical center and adherence was noted. Vedolizumab adherence was similar to infliximab in this patient population.
Nanodiamonds in composites: polymer chemistry and tribology

Abstract Due to their versatile properties combined with a favorable strength-to-weight ratio, polymer composites find numerous applications in industry. To further improve their performance, new matrix and reinforcing materials are required. Nanocomposites, containing fillers with particle sizes smaller than 100 nm, hold a great potential to fulfill this demand. At these small length scales, the specific surface area becomes large and polymer–filler interactions, leading to the formation of an interphase with improved properties, can dominate the properties of the composite. Tailoring the properties of the interphase allows for creating new nanocomposite materials. The small size of detonation nanodiamond particles in combination with their superior mechanical properties (diamond properties) and rich surface chemistry makes nanodiamond the superior material for reinforcing and tuning polymer matrices, where it can act through changing the properties of the interphase as well as forming a strong covalent interface with the matrix. This chapter summarizes recent developments in applications of nanodiamond in polymer composites.
Abstract #868: 1,25D3 enhances antitumor effects of cisplatin and gemcitabine in human bladder cancer model systems

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25D 3 ) has been shown to suppress tumor growth and potentiate cytotoxic agents in vitro and in vivo in a variety of cancers. Combination treatment with gemcitabine (G) and cisplatin (C) is the current standard chemotherapy regimen for bladder cancer. We hypothesized that pretreatment with 1,25D 3 could enhance the antitumor activity of GC in bladder cancer model systems. Human bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and UMUC3) express inducible vitamin D receptor. Cells were pretreated with 1,25D 3 for 24 h followed by GC for 48 h, and apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining. 1,25D 3 pretreatment resulted in a higher level of apoptosis compared with single agent or GC combination treatment; 1,25D 3 alone did not induce apoptosis in these cells. Gemcitabine, cisplatin, alone or in combination as well as GC + 1,25D 3 induced cleavage of pro-caspases 8, 9, and 3 and PARP as shown by immunoblot analysis. Substrate-based caspase activity assay showed that 1,25D 3 enhanced the activities of caspases 8, 9 and 3 in T24 cells, and the activity of caspase 9 in UMUC3 cells. In vitro clonogenic assay showed that 1,25D 3 significantly reduced the surviving fraction of T24 cells compared with either agent alone or GC combination. We demonstrated that induction of p73 by 1,25D 3 contributes to the potentiation of cisplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma cells. p73 levels in bladder cancer lines were examined by immunoblot analysis. In T24 cells, 1,25D 3 , cisplatin, or gemcitabine alone induced marked p73 accumulation, which was enhanced by the combination of GC or 1,25D 3 + GC. The induction of p73 was moderate in UMUC3 cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of p73 increased clonogenic capacity of T24 cells treated with 1,25D 3 or the combination of 1,25D 3 and GC, suggesting a role of p73 in 1,25D 3 -enhanced growth inhibitory effect. To examine whether 1,25D 3 enhances antitumor effects of GC in vivo , T24 tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with saline, 1,25D 3 , GC, or 1,25D 3 + GC. 1,25D 3 alone or GC combination caused tumor growth delay, which was further enhanced by the pretreatment with 1,25D 3 . These results indicate that 1,25D 3 potentiates GC-mediated growth inhibition in human bladder cancer models in vitro and in vivo , which involves p73 induction and apoptosis. This study was supported by NIH/NCI grants CA67267, CA95045 and CA85142. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 868.
Abstract 2374: Mixed-Lineage Kinase 3 signals through the FRA1-MMP1 axis to drive triple-negative breast cancer invasion and transendothelial migration

Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), a mitogen-activated kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), contributes to metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in part through its regulation of paxillin phosphorylation and focal adhesion turnover. However the signaling mechanisms through which MLK3 promotes invasion and metastasis are not fully understood. We found that in non-metastatic, estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells, induced MLK3 expression robustly upregulates the oncogenic transcription factor, FOS-related antigen-1 (FRA-1), as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-1 and MMP-9. MLK3-induced MMP-1 induction is abrogated by FRA-1 silencing, demonstrating that MLK3 signals through FRA-1 to control MMP-1. In complementary experiments performed in metastatic TNBC models, high levels of FRA-1 are significantly reduced upon gene silencing of MLK3 or by MLK3 disruption using the CRISPR/Cas9n approach. Furthermore, both MMP-1 and MMP-9 are decreased upon ablation of MLK3 or MLK inhibitor treatment. Reduced endothelial permeability and transendothelial migration is observed in experiments with MLK3-depleted TNBC cells compared with parental counterparts. In addition, MLK inhibitor treatment or MLK3 depletion renders TNBC cells defective in Matrigel invasion. Furthermore, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from a TNBC-bearing mouse which show an intermediate epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype display increased levels of MLK3, FRA-1, and MMP-1 compared with parental cells, supporting a role for the MLK3-FRA-1-MMP-1 signaling axis in tumor cell invasion and vascular intravasation. Consistent with the role of MMP-1 in multiple steps of metastasis, high levels of MMP-1 in breast cancer patient tumor samples are associated with increased distant metastases and poorer overall survival, particularly in TNBC. Our results demonstrating the requirement for MLK3 in controlling the FRA-1/MMP-1 axis suggest that MLK3 is a potentially effective therapeutic target for TNBC. Citation Format: Chotirat Rattanasinchai, Brandon Llewellyn, Susan E. Conrad, Kathleen A. Gallo. Mixed-Lineage Kinase 3 signals through the FRA1-MMP1 axis to drive triple-negative breast cancer invasion and transendothelial migration [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2374. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2374
The Effect of Annealing Temperature on Nickel on Reduced Graphene Oxide Catalysts on Urea Electrooxidation

Abstract The annealing temperature effects on nickel on reduced graphene oxide (Ni/rGO) catalysts for urea electrooxidation were investigated. Nickel chloride was directly reduced in an aqueous solution of graphene oxide (GO) followed by annealing under argon at 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C, respectively. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed an increase in the crystallite size of the nickel nanoparticles while the Raman spectra displayed an increase in the graphitic disorder of the reduced graphene oxide at higher annealing temperatures due to the removal of oxygen functional groups. The Ni/rGO catalysts annealed at higher temperatures displayed oxidized nickel surface characteristics from the Ni 2p X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS) due to the oxidation of the nickel from the oxygen functional groups in the graphitic lattice. In the half-cell testing, the onset potential of urea electrooxidation decreased while the urea electrooxidation currents decreased as the annealing temperature was increased. The nickel catalyst annealed at 700 °C displayed a 31% decrease in peak power density while the catalyst annealed at 300 °C displayed a 13% increase compared with the unannealed Ni/rGO catalyst in the micro direct urea/hydrogen peroxide fuel cells tests.
Research applications of ultrasonic imaging in reproductive biology.

In the short time that transrectal ultrasonic imaging of the reproductive tract has been used as a research tool, many discoveries have resulted, some of which would otherwise have escaped detection for many years. Ultrasonography provides a wide array of morphologic information without invading or disturbing the tissues. Examinations can be done repeatedly over many days, or a dynamic event (e.g., ovulation) can be monitored in its entirety by continuous observation (e.g., 30 min). Inclusion of ultrasonic examinations in experimental protocols affords the opportunity to associate changing morphology with hormonal and other functional changes. If experimental testing is expected to involve changing morphology, ultrasonic imaging should be considered. End points can be measured or ranked and therefore data can be statistically analyzed for conventional hypothesis testing. The research potential of this technology and its adaptability for computer-assisted assessment go far beyond simplistic determination of ovulation, luteal formation, and pregnancy diagnosis. It is the authors' opinion that ultrasonic imaging is a revolutionary advance in reproductive research that is destined to rival the impact of other technologic breakthroughs, including radioimmunoassay.
Enhanced Solid-State High-Harmonic Generation from a Silicon Metasurface

We report resonantly enhanced non-perturbative high-harmonic emission by more than two orders of magnitude from a Si metasurface that possesses a Fano-like resonance resulting from a classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency.
Familiäre Polyneuropathie mit Neigung zu Druckparesen

Eine Familie mit sensibler Neuropathie, Verlangsamung der sensiblen und motorischen Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit an anatomischen Engpassen und, bei alteren Probanden, mit einer Neigung zu Druckparesen wird beschrieben. Funf Familienmitglieder in zwei Generationen wurden neurologisch und neurographisch untersucht. Vier Untersuchte hatten verkleinerte Aktionspotentiale der sensiblen Fasern des N. tibialis, was als sensible Polyneuropathie der Beine gedeutet wird. Ferner bestand eine sensible und motorische Nervenleitungsverlangsamung an anatomischen Engpassen der Nerven: am Karpaltunnel (N. medianus), sulcus ulnaris des Ellbogens (N. ulnaris) und geringer am Fibulakopfchen (N. peronaeus), auch wenn dann periphere Paresen fehlten. Zwei der Untersuchten zeigten eine masig ausgepragte Neigung zu peripheren Druckparesen. Ein Familienmitglied war neurologisch und neurographisch normal. Die neurographischen Befunde werden mit histopathologischen Befunden am N. suralis der Literatur verglichen und ihre Bedeutung fur die Genese der Erkrankung diskutiert. Ein autosomal-dominanter Erbgang wird angenommen und die nosologische Einordnung bei hereditaren Polyneuropathien besprochen. Im Verlauf, neurologischen und neurographischen Befund bestehen deutliche Unterschiede zur neuralen Muskelatrophie und der in den histopathologischen Befunden ahnlichen „globular neuropathy“.
Examples of Biorthogonal Analysis

One of Thompson s original examples is famous beyond all others: the comparison of Diodon with Orthagoriscus (= Mola) in Fig. V-2. Thompson’s description of his grid pair has already been excerpted on page 70. For reanalysis, I have represented the two outlines by seven point pairs and circular arcs connecting them. The points include the mouths and the axial ends of cranial and caudal margins of the dorsal and anal fins, together with points which correspond, according to Thompson’s drawings, on each of the arcs from mouth to fins. The circular arcs pass through ordinary points approximately midway between consecutive landmark pairs in Thompson’s figure. Of course, the fins, being outside the resulting boundaries, are omitted from the computed representation.