cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in cellulose grafting chemistry utilizing Barton ester intermediates and nitroxide mediation

Esters or carbonates of N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione (Barton esters) were appended to either carboxymethyl or hydroxypropyl cellulose. Irradiation of the cellulose bound Barton esters in monomer initiated free radical graft copolymerization with minimal concomitant homopolymerization. Grafting of styrene to carboxymethyl cellulose was accompanied by backbone cleavage. The hydroxypropyl spacer group minimized backbone degradation; styrene, acylamide and N-isopropyl acrylamide could be grafted to hydroxypropyl cellulose in tetrahydrofuran solution. Treatment of Barton carbonate modified hydroxypropyl cellulose with styrene in the presence of TEMPO afforded corresponding TEMPO adducts, which can be used to promote the controlled radical graft polymerization of styrene. Grafts were analyzed independently after hydrolysis of the cellulose backbone.
The effect of temperature shifts on the budding cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract 1. 1. Inocula of yeast cultures, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 25.8, in the stationary phase were diluted with fresh medium and immediately exposed to a temperature cycle treatment lasting 6 hr. In each cycle the cells were kept at the optimum temperature (33 °C) for 25 min, followed by the temperature shock of 5 min at 49.5 °C. At the commencement of the treatment 90 per cent of the cells were single. After the elapse of 3 hr, however, the cells began to bud (only one bud per cell) and by the end of the treatment the buds had grown to the size of the parent. The result is the formation of paired, enlarged cells. 2. 2. These paired cells appear, cytologically speaking, to be blocked in the same stage of their development. However, upon release from the treatment they do not proceed synchronously to cleavage or budding, as, for example, paired cells produced by X-irradiation (2.85 Kr/hr) [28]. For convenience, we refer to the temperature induced paired cells as pseudosynchronized cells (P-S). The P-S cells show a lag period of three hours at the end of the treatment, followed by a gradually increasing budding and fission activity similar to freshly inoculated normal cells. 3. 3. Biochemical analyses were performed on three stages: the logarithmic phase (growth and division), stationary phase (negligible growth and division), and at the end of the heat treatment (P-S cells, growth without division). 4. 4. An almost 50 per cent reduction in the amounts of RNA, and DNA (per dry weight) was found in the P-S cells when compared to normal log cells. Acid soluble sulfhydryl increased (during the treatment) by about 40 per cent. However, the concentration of sulfhydryl in the stationary phase cells has tripled over the log cell values. The glycogen content was found to be rather constant. 5. 5. Acid soluble labile phosphates and polyphosphates (ppt. at pH 2.5 and 4.5) approximately double during the temperature treatment. Acid insoluble polyphosphates in the stationary phase cells are only about 2 3 of the amount found in the exponentially growing cells and could not be detected at all in the P-S cells. 6. 6. Sedimentation of ribosomal particles isolated from cells of the three stages was studied. One peak (80 S) was found in both stationary and P-S cells, but at a lower concentration in the former. A second ribosomal peak (60 S) was present in the log cells. 7. 7. Biochemical data are discussed in the light of the results reported on paired, enlarged yeast cells produced by irradiation and by chemical blocking agents.
Design of a low-power wireless structural monitoring system for collaborative computational algorithms

In this study, a new wireless sensing unit for operation within an automated Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system is proposed, designed and validated. The design of the wireless sensing unit emphasizes minimization of its power consumption characteristics to ensure it is suited for long-term field deployment in civil structures. The wireless modem integrated with the unit has a long communication range that permits wireless sensors to be spaced over 100m apart. A multi-channel high-resolution analog-to-digital converter is included within each sensing unit to provide flexibility for high-fidelity data collection. A key feature of the wireless sensing unit design is the inclusion of a sophisticated computing core that is capable of locally executing engineering algorithms in real-time. As part of the embedded software, a novel communication protocol is written that can accomplish low-latency communications for accurate time synchronization between spatially distributed wireless sensors. To illustrate the capabilities of the wireless monitoring platform, including the execution of extensive computational tasks, a prototype system is fabricated and tested in the laboratory and field. As part of validating the system performance in the field, the vertical acceleration response of the Geumdang Bridge under traffic loading is measured by 14 wireless sensing unit prototypes.
Response: magnon-exchange pairing and superconductivity.

A recent suggestion by G. Chen and W. A. Goddard (1) for electron pairing in high temperature superconducting oxides reintroduced the concept of magnon exchange as a replacement for the standard Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) phonon exchange (2). This suggestion received considerable attention because [on the basis of microscopic calculations (1, 3) for small clusters] it provided precise estimates of the various superconducting transition temperatures T_c in the cuprate ceramics and calculated an upper bound T^(max)_c = 232 K. We show that, within the Chen-Goddard mechanism, the estimates of T_c are incorrect because Chen and Goddard use an equation for T_c appropriate only for weak coupling and that their T^(max)_c is spurious, as there is no upper bound when the correct expression is used.
A biconnected set in the plane

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to raise again the question of B. Knaster and C. Kuratowski as to whether there exists a biconnected set in the plane without a dispersion point. Assuming that Martin's Axiom holds, an example of such a space is constructed which has the additional property of being widely connected.
Deformed single-particle levels in the boson-fermion model.

Deformed single-particle levels are derived from a boson-fermion Hamiltonian in which the odd fermion occupies several {ital j} orbits. The geometric-oriented approach applied to {sup 169}Tm clarified the role of algebraic interactions and provides an intuitive interpretation and guidance to numerical calculations in deformed nuclei.
Directions in Connectionist Research: Tractable Computations Without Syntactically Structured Representations

Should connectionists abandon the quest for tractably computable cognitive transition functions while retaining syntactically structured mental representations? We argue, in opposition to Horgan, that it should not. We argue that the case against tractably computable functions, based upon the claimed isotropic and Quinean character of cognition, fails since cognition is not as isotropic and Quinean as Fodor and Horgan contend. Moreover, we illustrate how current research in both connectionism and cognitive neuroscience suggests that tractability can be preserved through division of overall computations into modular sub-processes, each of which is tractable. As to syntactically structured representations, we argue that they are unneeded for most cognitive tasks organisms confront, and that when they are needed, they may be provided by external representational media such as natural language. Moreover, we note that increasingly cognitive linguistics has become the ally of connectionism and that the research program of cognitive linguistics suggests that abilities to use natural languages may be developed without requiring syntactically structured mental representations to exist prior to natural language.
Photochemical Reactions of Oxygen Atoms with Toluene, m-Xylene, p-Xylene, and Mesitylene: An Infrared Matrix Isolation Investigation

The photolysis of toluene/ozone, m-xylene/ozone, p-xylene/ozone, and mesitylene/ozone mixtures in argon matrices at 12 K with UV light of λ ≥ 280 nm leads to products with ketene functionalities. The identification of the molecular structures of these products is based on deuterium isotopic shifts and agreement with density functional calculations. Other products from the toluene/O atom reaction include methylphenol and benzyl alcohol; phenols are also formed from the reaction of xylenes with O atoms and from the reaction of mesitylene with O atoms.
The sorption of thorium (IV) and uranium (VI) to hematite in the presence of natural organic matter

Abstract In most aquatic systems, natural organic acids constitute an important pool of trace-metal binding ligands. The effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on metal ion sorption to mineral surfaces is a complex function of the environment in which the mineral and ions reside, as well as the source, molecular weight distribution and composition of the NOM. In spite of the well-acknowledged importance of NOM in affecting metal-ion speciation and the widely-established use of surface complexation models to predict the behavior of metal ions in heterogeneous systems, little work has been reported on efforts to incorporate NOM into surface complexation models. In this paper we present experimental results for two such ternary (metal ion/metal oxide/NOM) systems, detailing: (1) U(VI)/Suwannee river humic acid (HA)/hematite; and (2) Th(IV)/marine colloidal material (COM)/hematite. Our objective is to describe overall ternary system behavior through the construction of a model composed of ‘binary’ subsystems (e.g. HA/hematite). In all cases, however, the postulation of ternary surface complexes is required to satisfactorily simulate ternary system behavior. We also describe the simulation of HA and COM as a suite of monoprotic acids with fixed pKa values. This approach allows for the simultaneous simulation of both solution and surface reactions of NOM within a consistent chemical framework.
Description of the oöcysts of Eimeria arnyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa : Eimeriidae) from the eastern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus arnyi (Serpentes : Colubridae)

Coccidian oocysts recovered from the faeces of eastern ringneck snakes, Diadophis punctatus arnyi, from Kansas, USA were found to represent a previously unreported eimerian. Oocysts of Eimeria arnyi n. sp. are subspherical, 16.9×15.1 (15–18.5×13.5–16) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall and a shape-index (length/width) of 1.1 (1.1–1.3). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent but a large polar granule is present. The sporocysts are elongate, 13.2×6.9 (12–14.5×6.5–7) μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies and a shape-index of 1.9 (1.7–2.3). Each sporozoite contains one to two anterior and a single posterior refractile bodies. Sporulation was exogenous and complete within four days at 23°C.
Magnetic domains in thin epitaxial Co/Au(111) films.

The formation of magnetic domains in thin epitaxial Co/Au(111) films is investigated. Three-monolayer films are shown to decay into out-of-plane domains of micron size. We find a smooth transition from out-of-plane to in-plane magnetization at a crossover thickness of 4.5 layers and determine that the domain size depends linearly on film thickness below crossover.
The 21-aminosteroid U-74389G reduces cerebral superoxide anion concentration following fluid percussion injury of the brain

ABSTRACT We examined the effects of the 21-aminosteroid antioxidant U-74389G (16-desmethyl-tirilazad) on the concentration of extracellular Superoxide anion following fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) measured by a cytochrome c–coated electrode and on local cerebral perfusion (CBFld) measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). U-74389G in a dose of 3 mg/kg reduced Superoxide anion concentrations 60 min after TBI significantly but had no significant effect on CBFld. These results indicate that reduction of CBF after TBI can be dissociated from Superoxide anion production. Persistent ischemia may limit neuroprotection efficacy and may contribute to divergent outcome results in clinical and animal trials using agents to modify reactive oxygen species.
Diluent diffusion in polymer‐diluent systems near Tg: Migration of phthalic esters from PVC to water

A new mathematical model is presented for the description of certain types of diluent diffusion (migration) through diluent–polymer systems. The model describes anomalous diluent transport into a container of finite volume, and it incorporates mass transfer limitations at the polymer/extractant interface. The extractant is assumed to diffuse slowly or negligibly into the polymer. The model is applied to experimental data obtained with two plasticizers, di(2-ethyl-n-hexyl) phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate, migrating from poly(viny1 chloride) to water.
The effects of hyperketonemia on glutamate and glutamine metabolism in developing rat brain.

— The effect of increased exposure to ketone bodies in the developing rat brain suggest that intrauterine and postnatal hyperketonemia lead to an altered metabolism of glutamine and glutamate. It is postulated that this effect is related to the delayed development of glutaminase (l-glutamine amido-hydrolase EC 3.5.1.2) and glutamate dehydrogenase (l-glutamate: NAD oxidoreductase EC 1.4.1.2). The specific activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutaminase and glutamine synthetase (l-glutamate: ammonia ligase EC 6.3.1.2) in the brains of newborn rats increased during early development. A positive correlation was observed between the specific activity of glutaminase and the concentration of glutamate in the brain as well as between the concentrations of blood and brain glutamine and glutamate in both control and hyperketonemic pups. This indicates a different degree of permeability and metabolism for glutamine and glutamate in the brain during the neonatal period, as compared to adulthood. In hyperketonemic pups, glutamine and glutamate metabolism were found to differ from that in control animals. The concentrations of glutamate were higher, and glutamine lower, in both the blood and brain as compared to that in controls. The concentrations of α-ketoglutarate were also lower in their brain. In the brains of hyperketonemic and control pups, the concentration of malate was the same. During the first 3 weeks of life the increase of spec. act. of GDH and glutaminase was found to be suppressed in the brains of hyperketonemic pups. However, the spec. act. of glutamine synthetase was similar to that of the control pups.
Posaconazole Salvage Treatment for Invasive Fungal Infection

Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Posaconazole is a second generation triazole with a broad spectrum, and it may be suitable for salvage antifungal treatment although posaconazole is not usually considered to be as first-line antifungal therapy for IFI. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of posaconazole salvage treatment for IFI. We conducted a retrospective review of patients with salvage antifungal treatment with posaconazole for IFI at our institution between December 2007 and July 2012. A total of ten patients received posaconazole salvage IFI. Etiology of IFI was consisting of mucormycosis (four patients), Paecilomyces variotii (one patient), and unspecified IFI etiology (five patients). Causes of posaconazole treatment were following; intolerance of previous antifungal therapy in five patients, refractory IFI on previous antifungal therapy in four patients, and both intolerance of previous antifungal therapy and refractory IFI on previous antifungal therapy in one patient. Duration of posaconazole salvage treatment ranged from 15 to 355 days with median 47 days. The overall successful posaconazole salvage treatment response rate was 80.0 % (8 of 10 patients). There were three patients who died during the study period. However, only one death was attributed to the progression of IFI. Two patients discontinued posaconazole due to adverse events. Posaconazole salvage treatment was effective antifungal therapy for IFI. Further studies are needed to define the optimal therapeutic strategy.
Plastic deformation of ceramic materials

Abstract The complexity of the characters of ceramic materials enhances difficulties of evaluating the effect of various parameters on the plastic behavior of the materials. Grain- and grain-boundary processes contribute to plastic strain. The factors of greatest uncertainty are the nature and effect of the grain boundaries and adjoining regions, and of the pores. Equally important is the need of a science of ceramic processing so that specimens with designed characters (microstructures) can be fabricated for controlled mechanical-behavior studies.
The Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Derivatives in Chick Diets

Abstract INTRODUCTION RIEDEL, Barber and Hays (1949) were apparently the first to report beneficial results from the addition of quaternary ammonium compounds to chick diets. These workers added a mixture of two alkyl ammonium chlorides to chick diets at a level of approximately 23 mg. per pound of diet and observed growth improvements of 10.0 and 14.9 percent to 4 weeks of age in two experiments. Ely (1951) conducted a series of experiments with a variety of surface-active products and reported consistent growth-promotion in chicks, especially during the period of 4 to 8 weeks. However, most investigators have been unable to demonstrate consistent beneficial results using these products. Stern and McGinnis (1953) obtained no growth improvement as the result of dietary additions of quaternary ammonium compounds and an alkyl aryl sulfonate, compounds which Ely and Schott (1952) reported as possessing marked growth-promoting properties. The difference may be, as Stern has suggested, …
Convergence and Speed of the Sinc Basis Moment Method

A method for applying the fast Fourier t ransform to the convolutions arising in the internal field equations of the sinc basis moment method diffraction tomography algorithm is described. Exactly e quivalent results are obtained, whil redu ing the order of those computations from n f to n s log n for an nxn reconstruction. As originally derived, the sinc ba is moment method has an order of computation of ns for an nxn reconstruction. To reduce this order, spatial convolutions in the internal field equations were performed by a somewhat unusual application of the FFT. Specifically, if f $1 and f 41lnc represent, respectively, the total and incident ultrasonic fields evaluated at pixel 1 due to a transmitter at 1 ocati on $ , is the object function evaluated at pixel j, ',id Clj are coefficients resulting from the s inc basis expansions and integrations (Johnson and Tracy, 1983),
The origin of cosmic rays: some astrophysical problems

The origin and acceleration of cosmic particles are discussed. Particles can either be ejected from stellar atmospheres, in stellar explosions, or from gaseous nebulae. Stellar explosions are characterized by sudden large increases in lurninosity, and in some cases by measurements on the Doppler shifts of spectral features which show that material is moving rapidly out from the seat of the explosion. Supernovae, novae, and flares all appear to be different iypes of stellar explosions. Supernovae have long been proposed as prirnary sources of cosmic rays. A theory under which primary particles could be produced is proposed. According to this theory, supernovae are the source of neutron-rich isotopes of the heavy elements and of uranium and thorium and the trans-uraniurn elements. They are synthesized when a base material is subfected very rapidly to an extremely large neutron flux. The acceleration mechanism inside galaxies and extragalactic acceleration mechanisras are discussed. (A.C.)
Diet and Lifestyle Interventions in Active Surveillance Patients with Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer

Active Surveillance (AS) is a viable, alternative option for patients who are diagnosed with favorable prognostic risk prostate cancer, and who are willing to undergo conservative, expectant management until treatment is warranted due to progression of the disease. Lifestyle interventions in patients who choose AS is an emerging area of research, and several studies are ongoing with results pending. New intervention studies will increase our knowledge of the etiology of prostate cancer and help determine whether dietary factors can influence prostate carcinogenesis after diagnosis in AS patients. The considerable amount of epidemiologic and experimental data relating components of the diet with prostate cancer risk suggest that diet or lifestyle interventions could potentially lengthen the period of active surveillance before treatment management is necessary, and further research is warranted to study the direct effects on secondary clinical outcomes.
DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF RELATIVE MOTION IN AN UNSTABLE ORBIT

We study the relative dynamics and control of two spacecraft orbiting in close proximity in an unstable halo orbit. The understanding of a pair of such spacecraft is immediately extendable to the understanding of a constellation of such spacecraft. This is an issue of current interest given plans for spacebased interferometric telescopes and the attractiveness of placing such systems in orbits about the Lj libration point. The paper focuses on the specification of control laws to stabilize the relative motion, and analyzes the relative dynamics and fuel consumption of the spacecraft. A brief discussion of the relative orbit determination is also given.
Battered and abused: Analysis of trauma at Grasshopper Pueblo (AD 1275–1400)

Abstract Increasing violence and inter-group conflict in the American Southwest is prevalent into the 13th and 14th centuries AD. In the northern Mogollon region during this time period, the site of Grasshopper Pueblo experienced a shift in social organization as population movements occurred in response to regional stressors. The skeletal remains of 187 adult individuals from the site are analyzed for nonlethal and lethal trauma, musculoskeletal stress markers, and pathology as indicators of changing social dynamics. Nonlethal, healed trauma is present in all adult age groups and both sexes. Approximately one-third ( n = 63) of the population has healed cranial depression fractures. Females and males are fairly equal in the proportion of cranial injuries incurred; however more females are injured overall when post-cranial injuries are added. Musculoskeletal stress markers do not differ substantially among age groups or between sexes. Heavy musculature development is also similar for groups with and without cranial depression fractures. The results of this study suggest that interpersonal violence was ubiquitous within the pueblo and may have escalated as the community grew in size. Immigrants from other parts of the Southwest may have sought refuge at Grasshopper only to find that the community was experiencing its own social stress.
Phyletic Evolution in Modern Birds of the Patagonian Forests

The Nothofagus forests of Patagonia have been isolated from other South American forests at least since before the Pliocene, and several kinds of evidence suggest that there has been little or no opportunity for speciation among the bird populations, especially the endemic ones, within the forest region.
On the Role of Snow Cover in Depressing Air Temperature

Abstract This study empirically examines the role of snow depth on the depression of air temperature after controlling for effect of temperature changes above the boundary layer. In addition, this study examines the role of cloud cover, solar elevation angle, and maximum snow-covered albedo on the temperature depression due to snow cover. The work uses a new dataset of daily, gridded snow depth, snowfall, and maximum and minimum temperatures for North America from 1960 to 2000 in conjunction with 850-hPa temperature data for the same period from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, version 1. The 850-hPa temperatures are used as a control to remove the effect of temperature changes above the boundary layer on surface air temperatures. Findings from an analysis of variance demonstrate that snow cover can result in daily maximum (minimum) temperature depressions on average of 4.5°C (2.6°C) for snow depths greater than 10 cm over the grasslands of central North America, but temperature depressions average only 1.2°C (1...
The “pocket” method of onlay bone grafting

There are several problems in bone grafting around the face. The first is that unless an intraoral approach is used, there is an external scar, which can be unsightly. The second is that resorption of the bone graft may occur. The third is that even with good pressure, hematoma may develop. In order to overcome some of these objections, a method of pocket bone grafting has been developed. From a remote area, hidden within the hairline or within the lower fornix of the eyelid, or using a previous scar, or with a buccal sulcus approach, a subperiosteal tunnel is elevated leading to a subperiosteal pocket overlying the defect. Through the subperiosteal tunnel, cancellous bone, or skull bone chips can be introduced and packed into the pocket until it is possibly some-what overfilled. A small suction drain can then be placed to drain any hematoma; it is then possible to manipulate the bone graft from the outside to give the desired contours. In the short term, this has been successful in that there has been no scarring. We have drained a significant amount of blood from the grafted areas in the first 48 h, and so far in the short-term follow-up, resorption has not been a problem, but this latter finding requires further study.
Microstructure and Pore Structure of Impact-Compacted Clays

The microstructures of impact-compacted kaolinite and illite clays, after drying, were investigated by pore size-distribution measurements, X-ray orientation determinations, and scanning electron microscopy. Clays compacted on the dry side of the optimum moisture content exhibited a domain structure with adjacent domains largely separated by micrometer-size interdomain voids; clays compacted at or above the optimum moisture content showed a more nearly massive structure, large interdomain voids being absent. Parallel orientation was observed within domains, but neighboring domains were generally tilted with respect to each other. In kaolinite compacted on the wet side of optimum, regions of local parallel orientation could be identified at high magnification as domain units. A significant volume of 200 A–800 A dia. pores in this clay was identified with spaces observed between the kaolinite plates within domains, for samples compacted both on the wet and dry sides of optimum. The subdomain structure was tentatively classified as “intergrown” in character. (001)/(020), (002)/(020), (001)/(060), and (002)/(060) orientation indices were calculated for the compacted kaolinite and compared with analogous measurements for fully-random and fully-oriented specimens of the same clay. The results indicated only a small degree of preferential orientation normal to the axis of compaction, with little difference between samples compacted either wet or dry of optimum. These results were consistent with scanning electron microscope interpretations, which suggested that the domains did not appear to orient themselves significantly under the influence of the compaction employed.
Xp Microdeletion Syndrome Characterized by Pathognomonic Linear Skin Defects on the Head and Neck

We describe a new case of a rare syndrome characterized by ocular abnormalities and pathognomonic linear skin defects. This syndrome is the result of an unbalanced translocation resulting in a deletion of the distal end of the short arm of the X chromosome. We report the thirteenth case and review the clinical and cytogenetic aspects of this disorder. In addition we discuss new findings pertaining to the histopathology of the skin lesions.
Strict Liability: A Comment

WITHIN the last year there have appeared several major articles' that, while otherwise extremely diverse, share a strong preference (in one case implicit) for using the principle of "strict liability" to resolve legal conflicts over resource use.2 I shall argue in this comment that the authors of these articles fail to make a convincing case for strict liability, primarily because they do not analyze the economic consequences of the principle correctly.
Universal Semantic Communication

Is it possible for two intelligent beings to communicate meaningfully, without any common language or background? This question has interest on its own, but is especially relevant in the context of modern computational infrastructures where an increase in the diversity of computers is making the task of inter-computer interaction increasingly burdensome. Computers spend a substantial amount of time updating their software to increase their knowledge of other computing devices. In turn, for any pair of communicating devices, one has to design software that enables the two to talk to each other. Is it possible instead to let the two computing entities use their intelligence (universality as computers) to learn each others' behavior and attain a common understanding? What is 'common understanding?' We explore this question in this paper. To formalize this problem, we suggest that one should study the 'goal of communication:' why are the two entities interacting with each other, and what do they hope to gain by it? We propose that by considering this question explicitly, one can make progress on the question of universal communication. We start by considering a computational setting for the problem where the goal of one of the interacting players is to gain some computational wisdom from the other player. We show that if the second player is "sufficiently" helpful and powerful, then the first player can gain significant computational power (deciding PSPACE complete languages). Our work highlights some of the definitional issues underlying the task of formalizing universal communication, but also suggests some interesting phenomena and highlights potential tools that may be used for such communication.
Esophageal obstruction due to food impaction treated with caroid solution.

Summary A case of esophageal obstruction due to impaction of meat is reported. This was successfully treated by swallowing a 5% solution of Caroid in small amounts at frequent intervals.
Parallel display of objects represented by linear octrees

The storage, display, and manipulation of three dimensional volumetric information requires large amounts of computing resources, both in terms of memory, and processing power. Most existing serial algorithms that display 3-D objects on a 2-D screen are found to be too slow to process the large amounts of volume data in a reasonable time. Hence, one way to increase the performance of the display algorithm is to process individual volume elements (voxels) in parallel. The first part of this paper presents a brief over view of the linear octree data structure which represents 3-D objects by an eight-way branching tree, while the second part focusses on the parallel display of such objects. We have shown that, for an object represented by a linear octree and enclosed in a 2/sup nspl times/2/sup nspl times/2/sup n/ universe, the maximum number of voxels that can be processed in parallel is 3/sup n/, and the maximum number of time steps required to display such an object is 4/sup n/. This paper presents a set of formulae which identify the processing element (PE) as well as the time step in which a given linear octree node is processed. Similarly, a procedure which determines the locational code of a linear octree node which must be processed by a given PE, at some specific time step, is presented, along with a strategy for determining whether a PE is active or idle. >
Positive psychological determinants of treatment adherence among primary care patients.

Background: Patient adherence to medical treatment recommendations can affect disease prognosis, and may be beneficially or deleteriously influenced by psychological factors. Aim: We examined the relationships between both adaptive and maladaptive psychological factors and treatment adherence among a sample of primary care patients. Methods: One hundred and one rural, primary care patients completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised, Trait Hope Scale, Future Orientation Scale, NEO-FFI Personality Inventory (measuring positive and negative affect), and Medical Outcomes Study General Adherence Scale. Findings: In independent models, positive affect, optimism, hope, and future orientation were beneficially associated with treatment adherence, whereas pessimism and negative affect were negatively related to adherence. In multivariate models, only negative affect, optimism and hope remained significant and, in a comparative model, trait hope was most robustly associated with treatment adherence. Implications: Therapeutically, addressing negative emotions and expectancies, while simultaneously bolstering motivational and goal-directed attributes, may improve adherence to treatment regimens.
Terahertz/optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells

The modulation of the optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells at THz frequencies is explored theoretically. The modulation occurs via coherent optical/THz mixing since the modulation frequency can well exceed the optical dephasing rate.
Retail health marketing: evaluating consumers' choice for healthier foods.

Abstract This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic and demographic variables, nutrition and health related factors, attitudes, and use of nutritional labels on consumers' choice for healthier food products. Seven equations are estimated representing different food types: luncheon meat, milk, cheese, ice cream, salad dressing, dessert, and meats. The results generally indicate that individuals who are less likely to choose a healthier alternative of a food product include: blacks, younger individuals, males, those with smaller households, smokers, those who take less exercise, those who are not on a special diet, those who are less aware about the linkage between diet and disease, those who put more importance on taste when food shopping, and those who less frequently use nutrition panels and labels that describe health benefits on food packages.
Familial occurrence of esophageal atresia with and without tracheoesophagel fistula: report of two unusual kindreds.

We describe 2 unique kindreds with familial occurrence of esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and reviewed the literature on familial EA+/-TEF. EA+/-TEF appears to be causally heterogeneous with evidence pointing to the existence of non-genetic developmental and multifactorial forms. The literature suggests that the parents of a single affected child should be given an empiric recurrent risk between ½ and 2%, rising to 20% if more than one sib is affected. The empiric risk of an affected child born to an affected parent is 3–4%. Empiric risk figures are useful in counseling families at the present time; however, the 2 kindreds presented here raise the possibility of autosomal dominant transmission in certain families. A third generation of affected offspring, or additional family reports should help to clarify this issue in the future.
Hydrological and meteorological observations at Lake Tuborg, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada 1

Abstract Hydrological and meteorological observations at Lake Tuborg, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada in 1995 are used to investigate contemporary water and sediment transport processes. Here we describe a new environmental data set for the High Arctic, where such data are scarce. The studied watershed (∼460 km2) ranges in elevation between 63 and ∼1900 m asl and is 88% covered by a lobe of the Agassiz Ice Cap. Streamflow and sediment transport were strongly associated with snowmelt runoff, whereas the direct influence of summer precipitation events was negligible. Snowmelt was primarily controlled by synoptic‐scale climatic processes. Two high‐magnitude pulses of meltwater and slush contributed a significant portion of the measured suspended sediment load to Lake Tuborg. Such events may be associated each year with snowmelt along the Agassiz Ice Cap margin. Additional years of data collection are needed to define the annual and inter‐annual variability of the sediment delivery system, particularly with...
Increased nonoxidative glycolysis despite continued fatty acid uptake during demand-induced myocardial ischemia

During stress, patients with coronary artery disease frequently fail to increase coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption (MV˙o 2) in response to a greater demand for oxygen, resulting in “d...
The mechanical moduli of lamellar semicrystalline polymers

Bounds on the elastic constants are derived for semicrystalline polymers whose local morphology is lamellar. Local response matrices (stiffness and compliance) are formulated in three dimensions that simultaneously incorporate uniform in-plane strain and additive forces from layer to layer of crystalline and amorphous phases and uniform stress and additive displacements normal to the lamellar surfaces. Spatial averaging of the stiffness and compliance matrices under the assumption of axially symmetric orientation gives the upper and lower bounds on the longitudinal and transverse tensile moduli and the axial and transverse shear moduli as functions of the separate phase elastic constants, the volume percent crystallinity, and the moments of the orientation 〈cos2θ〉 and 〈cos4θ〉. The bounds are much tighter than the Voight upper and Reuss lower bounds that do not recognize phase geometry. Using the known crystal elastic constants of polyethylene, sample calculations on isotropic unoriented materials show that the divergence of bounds at high crystallinity necessitated by the extreme crystal anisotropy shows up only at very high crystallinity. At low temperature the bounds are tight enough to specify G1, the amorphous modulus, from the measured G and the known crystal elastic constants. At higher temperatures and lower G, the bounds are not tight enough for this purpose but the shear modulus versus crystallinity and temperature data are well fitted by the lamellar lower bound using a temperature-dependent, crystallinity-independent G1.
Beifahrerairbag im Dach

Neue Gestaltungsfreiheiten fuer das Fahrzeuginnenraumdesign koennen erreicht werden, wenn das Modul des Beifahrerairbags nicht laenger in der Instrumententafel verstaut werden muss. Davon kann auch das Design zukuenftiger und gewichtsoptimierter Elektro- und Hybridfahrzeuge profitieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat TRW in seinen Technologiezentren im spanischen Valladolid, in Alfdorf, Deutschland, und Detroit, USA, nach alternativen Platzierungen fuer den Beifahrerairbag gesucht und schliesslich den ersten Dachairbag entwickelt. Es besteht hauptsaechlich aus einem Luftsack, einem Gasgenerator sowie einem Gasdiffusionskanal, die in einem Gehaeuse ueber der Windschutzscheibe am oder unter dem Dachhimmel untergebracht werden. Fuer verschiedene Fahrzeugarchitekturen und Ausfuehrungswuensche der Fahrzeughersteller stehen bereits diverse alternative Bauformen zur Auswahl. In verschiedenen Testreihen mit Schlittenanlagen und Computersimulationen wurde das endgueltige Design des Dachairbags optimiert, um dieselben Rueckhaltefunktionen wie von herkoemmlichen Beifahrerairbags zu erzielen. Die Ergebnisse der Schlittentests zeigen, dass das Modul alle Anforderungen europaeischer Vorschriften erfuellt (dynamische Evaluierung von ECE-R21 und ECE-R94) und voraussichtlich sehr gute Bewertungen im Euro-NCAP-Rating erzielen wird. Das neuartige Design ist Gegenstand mehrerer Patentanmeldungen und bereits erteilter Patente.
Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Stroke in Late Pregnancy With Intra-Arterial Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Background and Purpose— The most common presentation of ischemic stroke related to pregnancy is arterial occlusion, occurring during the third trimester or postpartum. The authors present the first successful administration of intra-arterial cerebral tissue plasminogen activator to treat an embolic cerebral vascular accident in a 37-week parturient resulting in complete recovery of neurological function. Methods— The patient presented with left hemiplegia, left-sided neglect, and aphasia. Right internal carotid artery cerebral angiogram showed occlusion of the mid-M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). After 15 mg of tissue plasminogen activator was administered via intra-arterial route, there was greatly improved retrograde flow through the posterior communication artery and the MCA territory. Results— A reduction in size of the MCA occlusion was noted with improvement of antegrade flow through the MCA. Three days after the procedure, the patient was induced successfully and delivered a healthy ...
Implementing Work Systems across the School Day: Increasing Engagement in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

ABSTRACT Work systems provide visual information and organization for students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and assist in increasing on-task behavior and productivity while simultaneously decreasing adult prompting. Work systems are a core component of the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children comprehensive treatment model for individuals with ASD. Work systems are used in school settings to facilitate student understanding of adult expectations, promote task completion, help with organizational skills, sequencing abilities, and increase flexibility. Work systems also support skill generalization and have been implemented successfully across school and work settings. The authors provide a review of the research supporting the use of work systems, a rationale for implementation and a description of implementation steps, and examples of application with students across age ranges and ability levels.
Comparison of strains produced by titanium and poly D, L-lactide Acid plating systems to in vitro forces.

Purpose To determine if a specific resorbable plating system provides similar fixation, in terms of strain distribution under load, to a titanium system when the Champy technique is applied for the treatment of a mandibular angle fracture. Materials and Methods A formalin-fixed cadaver mandible was harvested just before the study. A bicortical osteotomy was then made using a diamond disc extending in an oblique direction in the area of the angle. It was then passively fixated with a 4-hole 2.0-mm miniplate. Two stacked rosette strain gauges were bonded to the mandible on either side of the fracture. Each rosette had 3 strain gauges arranged in specific degrees relative to each other. The mandible was then placed on a dynanometer and 30 lb loads were delivered on the ipsilateral molar. Static resistance was placed in the condylar neck region to simulate the glenoid fossa. Loading was repeated 10 times with a period of 3 minutes between loads. Measurements were recorded for each strain gauge after loads were in place for 30 seconds. The same process was repeated using a 4-hole 2.1-mm resorbable miniplate. The strains were then used to calculate the maximum and minimum strains for each rosette. Hooke’s law was used to calculate the principal stresses. Results Differences were observed between the strain gauges for each individual plating system. There was variability within the resorbable plate measurements as shown by the standard deviation. Using the REML ANOVA test, a significant difference was found between the 2 materials. Conclusion In this in vitro study, there were significant biomechanical differences observed between a 2.0-mm titanium miniplate and a 2.1-mm resorbable miniplate when used to treat a mandibular angle fracture following Champy’s principles. Based on our finding, both systems cannot be used interchangeably for the treatment of mandibular angle fractures under the same clinical conditions.
User Evaluation of a Dynamic Arm Orthosis for People With Neuromuscular Disorders

This paper presents the results of an online survey conducted with users of a functional upper extremity orthosis called the Wilmington Robotic EXoskeleton (WREX). The WREX is a passive anti-gravity arm orthosis that allows people with neuromuscular disabilities to move their arms in three dimensions. The paper also describes the design of a novel lightweight 3-D printed WREX used for ambulatory children. Three different versions of the WREX are now offered to patients. Two can be mounted on a wheelchair and one to a body jacket for ambulatory patients. An online user survey with 55 patients was conducted to determine the benefits of the various WREXs. The survey asked ten questions related to upper extremity function with and without the WREX as well as subjective impressions of the device. Results show a statistically significant improvement in arm function for everyday tasks with the WREX.
An Examination Of The Support For Changes In CPE Regulations For Accountants

This paper investigates the relationship between perceptions of effectiveness of mandatory continuing professional education (CPE) programs and what support, if any, there is for changes in those regulations. A survey of North Carolina Certified Public Accountants was conducted to determine which of three components of CPE effectiveness was most important and the degree of support for nine possible changes which would either increase the rigor of the regulations or relax the standards.
Python as a first programming language

The Python programming language has been around since its development by Guido van Rossum around 1991. One of the main features of the language is code readability (sometimes described as "executable pseudocode"). Python is an interactive programming language, using dynamic typing. It is also a hybrid language, supporting the imperative, object-oriented and functional programming paradigms. Although used as a scripting language, it is also used for the development of full-scale programs.
Nitrogen partitioning in apple as affected by timing and tree growth habit

SummaryNine year old standard-(Std) ‘Topred Delicious’ and spur-type ‘Redspur Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 7A (M.7A) rootstocks were fertilized with ground-applied ammonium nitrate or foliarly-applied urea depleted in 15N on various dates. The treatments consisted of a ground application in spring (March) (SG), a pre-harvest ground application in August (PHG), a foliar spray in fall (September) (FF), or a combination of each of the last two treatments with SG (SG/PHG and SG/FF). All trees received a total of 120 g N each with the exception of FF trees, which received half the dose. Labelled N from the SG application was allocated preferentially to the fruit, leaves, shoots, and branches and to a lesser extent to the roots. Leaves on young shoots had higher concentrations of 15N label than those on older shoots or spurs, indicating an increasing dependence of the tree on soil N from spring to summer. The amount of N allocated to above-ground tissues decreased as the season pro...
Development of Fault-Tolerant Flight Control Laws for the WVU YF-22 Model Aircraft

The purpose of this paper is to present the design and the testing through numerical simulation and actual flight of a fault-tolerant control scheme. The design of the scheme is based on non-linear dynamic inversion augmented with artificial neural networks for the WVU YF-22 model aircraft. The adaptive flight controller is designed and tested through simulation using Matlab and Simulink. A single flight condition is considered and a neural network is used to compensate for inversion errors and changes in aircraft dynamics, including actuator failures. A minimal Real Time Application Interface Linux distribution was created using BusyBox. The Simulink Real Time Workshop environment was used to generate C code to be run on the WVU-YF22 customized on-board computer. Flight testing results performed at nominal flight and under actuator failure conditions show the potential of the control scheme to achieve adequate stability and desirable handling qualities.