cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cross-layer framework for designing and optimizing deeply-scaled FinFET-based SRAM cells under process variations

A cross-layer framework (spanning device and circuit levels) is presented for designing robust and energy-efficient SRAM cells, made of deeply-scaled FinFET devices. In particular, 7nm FinFET devices are designed and simulated by using Synopsys TCAD tool suite, Sentaurus. Next, 6T and 8T SRAM cells, which are composed of these devices, are designed and optimized. To enhance the cell stability and reduce leakage energy consumption, the dual (i.e., front and back) gate control feature of FinFETs is exploited. This is, however, done without requiring any external signal to drive the back gates of the FinFET devices. Subsequently, the effect of process variations on the aforesaid SRAMs is investigated and steps are presented to protect the cells against these variations. More precisely, the SRAM cells are first designed to minimize the expected energy consumption (per clock cycle) subject to the non-destructive read and successful write requirements under worst-case process corner conditions. These SRAM cells, which are overly pessimistic, are then refined by selectively adjusting some transistor sizes, which in turn reduces the expected energy consumption while ensuring that the parametric yield of the cells remains above some prespecified threshold. To do this efficiently, an analytical method for estimating the yield of SRAM cells under process variations is also presented and integrated in the refinement procedure. A dual-gate controlled 6T SRAM cell operating at 324mV (in the near-threshold supply regime) is finally presented as a high-yield and energy-efficient memory cell in the 7nm FinFET technology.
Adolescent risk taking under stressed and nonstressed conditions: conservative, calculating, and impulsive types.

Abstract Purpose Adolescent risk taking may result from heightened susceptibility to environmental cues, particularly emotion and potential rewards. This study evaluated the impact of social stress on adolescent risk taking, accounting for individual differences in risk taking under nonstressed conditions. Methods Eighty-nine older adolescents completed a computerized risk-taking and decision-making battery at baseline. At follow-up, participants were randomized to a control condition, which repeated this battery, or an experimental condition, which included a social and cognitive stressor before the battery. Baseline risk-taking data were cluster-analyzed to create groups of adolescents with similar risk-taking tendencies. The degree to which these risk-taking tendencies predicted risk taking by stress condition was assessed at follow-up. Results Participants in the stress condition took more risks than those in the no-stress condition. However, differences in risk taking under stress were related to baseline risk-taking tendencies. We observed three types of risk-takers: conservative, calculated, and impulsive. Impulsives were less accurate and planful under stress; calculated risk takers took fewer risks; and conservatives engaged in low risk taking regardless of stress. Conclusions As a group, adolescents are more likely to take risks in "hot cognitive" than in "cold cognitive" situations. However, there is significant variability in adolescents' behavioral responses to stress related to trait-level risk-taking tendencies.
Comparison of tryptic peptide maps of eight isoperoxidases from tobacco tissue cultures.

Abstract Eight isoperoxidases from tobacco suspension culture WR-132 (termed C n , C 3 , C 4 , A c , and A f ) and tobacco callus culture W-38 (termed A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 ) have been subjected to trypsin digestion followed by peptide mapping. The peptide maps of isoperoxidases A f and A 3 are identical. All other isoperoxidases do not appear to be dramatically dissimilar in certain portions of their sequence, since many matching peptides have been found when various isoperoxidases are cross-compared. However, only two, and possibly three, highly homologous peptides are present in all of the isoperoxidases.
Shearing Deformation in Partial Areal Arrays: Analytical Results

Simple, closed-form expressions, based on elasticity theory, are derived for determining the location and magnitude of the maximum shearing displacement in a partial areal array of solder joints. Both uniform and nonuniform thermal loadings are considered, as is the heterogeneity of the component, which often arises due to different values of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and elastic properties among the module’s constituent materials. The model is based on the following assumptions: (a) the square geometry of the array and component may be replaced with an equivalent axisymmetric geometry; and (b) the stiffness of the solder joints is negligible with respect to that of the component and substrate. The “soft joint” assumption corresponds to low-modulus solders or to thermal excursions occurring at high temperatures or low frequencies, for which significant stress relaxation occurs in the solder. For arrays exhibiting higher stiffness characteristics, the model yields conservative estimates of shearing displacement. Results indicate that, unlike homogeneous-component models under uniform temperature changes, the critical joints are not necessarily at the outer corners of the array. Other candidate locations predicted by the model (and observed in experimental and numerical studies) include the inner corner joints and any joints positioned beneath the die corners. The analytical results, also presented graphically, are found to depend on only three dimensionless parameters: the ratio of inner to outer array dimension, the ratio of die size to outer array dimension, and a “mismatch parameter,” which depends on the material, geometry, and loading characteristics of the problem. The results can be used to quickly determine the location and magnitude of peak shearing displacement in the array, possibly minimizing or eliminating the need to perform expensive and time-consuming finite element macroanalyses on entire assemblies involving hundreds of joints. Thus, the analyst may proceed directly to a detailed finite element microanalysis of the critical joint for fatigue life estimation, using the calculated shearing displacement as a required boundary condition in the finite element model.
Sample size, confidence, and optimality: Reinterpretation of a previous study

In a recent article it was concluded that S’s confidence in a decision and his tendency to make the optimal decision decrease with increasing sample size. It is shown here that this conclusion is incorrect since it is based on an improper definition of likelihood. When likelihood is properly defined, the same data show that S’s confidence and tendency to optimize increase with increasing sample size.
Developing competencies for training practitioners in evidence-based cancer control.

Background. Competency-based education allows public health departments to better develop a workforce aimed at conducting evidence-based control cancer. Methods. A 2-phased competency development process was conducted that systematically obtained input from practitioners in health departments and trainers in academe and community agencies (n=60). Results. Among the 26 competencies developed, 10 were rated at the beginner level, 12 were intermediate, and 4 were advanced. Community-level input competencies were seen as beginner level, whereas policy-related competencies were rated as advanced. Conclusion. Although adaptation to various audiences is needed, these competencies provide a foundation on which to build practitioner-focused training programs.
Right-sided aortic arch.

Abstract A case of a right-sided aortic arch is presented with angiocardiographic confirmation of the exact type of right-sided arch present.
A model of the prevalence and incidence of low vision and blindness among adults in the U.S.

Population-based vision screening studies of the prevalence rate of low vision and blindness in the U.S. are reviewed to evaluate the sources of disagreement among studies. The major reasons that studies disagree on prevalence rate estimates are differences in best-corrected visual acuity criteria for low vision and differences in the age range of the oldest age category. When corrections are made for these differences, the results of all prevalence rate studies, except the Mud Creek Valley Study, fit the same prevalence rate vs. age function. The greater prevalence rate of low vision and blindness for each age category that was observed in the Mud Creek Valley Study can be attributed to the higher prevalence rate of cataract associated with a paucity of health care services in the Mud Creek Valley population. The time-derivative of the prevalence rate vs. age function fit to the data provided an estimate of the annual incidence rate of low vision and blindness vs. age. The estimated annual incidence agreed with estimates from unpublished 8-year incidence data of the Baltimore Eye Survey. The incidence rate of low vision and blindness for Americans aged 40 to 60 years is higher among blacks than among whites. For Americans greater than age 60 years, the incidence rate for whites exceeds that for blacks. This observation probably reflects the different natural histories of glaucoma, a leading cause of low vision and blindness among black Americans, and age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of low vision and blindness among white Americans. Using the age-dependent models of prevalence rate of low vision and blindness for white and black populations, an estimated 1.5 million Americans over age 45 years have a best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye that is < or = 20/70. Based on the incidence rate estimates, approximately 240,000 new cases of low vision and blindness occur each year. With the aging of the U.S. population, that number is expected to double over the next 25 years.
The frequency of sexual intercourse during pregnancy.

Reports of day-by-day sexual activity for the previous week were collected from a total community sample of over 900 pregnant and nonpregnant Thai women of childbearing age during a fertility survey in 1967–1968. About 13% of the women were pregnant. Examination of the women's intercourse frequencies at various stages of pregnancy revealed a downward trend as pregnancy progressed. However, a difference between the mean frequency for age-matched, nonmenstruating, nonpregnant women and that during any stage of pregnancy was not statistically significant at the p =0.05 level (t test, two-tailed) until the seventh month. Much individual variation existed among the women. Complete abstinence from intercourse during the previous week reached a peak of 72.7% in the ninth month. The increase in abstinence with the progression of pregnancy appeared linear. The importance of these data lies in two methodological facts: they were collected from a total population sample and are therefore unbiased by sample selection; the women were not asked to report their “average” frequencies for some time period in the past. Reports of behavior on each day of only the preceding week were the basis for the conclusion. Although the women are from a different culture, lay and professional advice concerning intercourse during pregnancy is similar to that in the United States. Because intercourse may be discouraged, particularly in the third trimester, it is difficult to attribute the observation of the gradual decline in frequency to a “physiological” reason. This tempting hypothesis, however, is worthy of further study.
Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Pain Management

Pain is a serious health care problem and there is growing evidence to support the use of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral interventions for pain management. This article reviews clinical techniques and methods of cognitive hypnotherapy for pain management. Current research with emphasis given to randomized, controlled trials is presented and the efficacy of hypnotherapy for pain management is discussed. Evidence for cognitive hypnotherapy in the treatment in chronic pain, cancer, osteoarthritis, sickle cell disease, temporomandibular disorder, fibromyalgia, non-cardiac chest pain, and disability related chronic pains are identified. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed in light of the accumulating evidence in support of the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive hypnotherapy for pain management.
SU-E-T-394: Comparison of Planned Dose Distribution Vs. Delivered Dose Distribution for Both IMRT and Proton Therapy Using Weekly Repeat 4DCT Data Sets.

Purpose: To evaluate treatment deviations and the impact of treatment modality in the presence of breathing motion and anatomical changes during the course of lungcancerradiotherapy.Methods: Two non‐small cell lungcancer patients were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial to compare IMRT and proton therapy. To rigorously evaluate the impact of motion and anatomical changes, we used a ‘5D’ dose accumulation approach to sum dose distributions from phase‐to‐phase and week‐to‐week to the reference (end‐expiration) phase of the original planning 4DCT data set. Six to eight weekly 4DCT data sets that consisted of 10 breathing phases were acquired during the treatment course. The original plan was re‐calculated for each phase and deformably mapped to the reference phase to compare the ‘delivered’ dose distribution with the planned dose distribution of both the IMRT plan and the proton plan for each patient. DVHs derived from delivereddose distribution were compared to that from the planned dose distribution. Results: The delivereddose showed 3% and 2% increase in the dose to the CTV for IMRT and proton plan respectively. Target coverage remained acceptable despite tumor shrinkage from 29% to 49%. The doses to normal structures, such as lung and heart, increased more in the proton plan than in the IMRT plan. The V20 of the total lung volume increased by 4% and 6% from the delivereddose compared to the planned dose for IMRT and proton plan, respectively. Conclusions: The results showed sufficient target coverage was maintained for both modalities. Increases in lungdose were observed in both modalities, but more in the proton arm, perhaps due to weight loss and tumor shrinkage. Adaptive proton therapy strategy is recommended to minimize normal tissue doses. Supported in part by NCI P01 CA021239‐29A1
Role of the Tau Gene Region Chromosome Inversion in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Degeneration, and Related Disorders

Background An inverted region on chromosome 17 has been previously linked to many Pick complex diseases. Due to the inversion, an exact causal locus has been difficult to identify, but the microtubule-associated protein tau gene is a likely candidate gene for its involvement in these diseases with tau inclusion. Objective To search for variants that confer susceptibility to 4 tauopathies and clinically related disorders. Design Genomewide association study. Setting University research laboratory. Participants A total of 231 samples were genotyped from an unrelated white population of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), frontotemporal dementia, and frontotemporal dementia with amyotrophy. Unaffected individuals from the same population were used as controls. Main Outcome Measures The results from an inverted region of chromosome 17 that contains the MAPT gene. Genotypes of cases and controls were compared using a Fisher exact test on a marker-by-marker basis. Haplotypes were determined by visually inspecting genotypes. Results Comparing any particular disease and controls, the association was constant across the inverted chromosome segment. Significant associations were seen for PSP and PSP combined with CBD. Of the 2 haplotypes seen in the region, H1 was overrepresented in PSP and CBD cases compared with controls. Conclusions As expected, the markers are highly correlated and the association is seen across the entire region, which makes it difficult to narrow down a disease-causing variant or even a possible candidate gene. However, considering the pathologic abnormalities of these diseases and the involvement of tau mutations seen in familial forms, the MAPT gene represents the most likely cause driving the association.
Cotransmission of divergent relapsing fever spirochetes by artificially infected Ornithodoros hermsi

The soft tick Ornithodoros hermsi, which ranges in specific arboreal zones of western North America, acts as a vector for the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii. Two genomic groups (genomic group I [GGI] and GGII) of B. hermsii are differentiated by multilocus sequence typing yet are codistributed in much of the vector's range. To test whether the tick vector can be infected via immersion, noninfected, colony-derived O. hermsi larvae were exposed to reduced-humidity conditions before immersion in culture suspensions of several GGI and GGII isolates. We tested for spirochetes in ticks by immunofluorescence microscopy and in mouse blood by quantitative PCR of the vtp locus to differentiate spirochete genotypes. The immersed larval ticks were capable of spirochete transmission to mice at the first nymphal feeding. Tick infection with mixed cultures of isolates DAH (vtp-6) (GGI) and MTW-2 (vtp-5) (GGII) resulted in ticks that caused spirochetemias in mice consisting of MTW-2 or both DAH and MTW-2. These findings show that this soft tick species can acquire B. hermsii by immersion in spirochete suspensions, that GGI and GGII isolates can coinfect the tick vector by this method, and that these spirochetes can be cotransmitted to a rodent host.
The Cultural Perspective in Nursing Education

"Mr. F. makes me nervous. He looks at me in such an intense way. I've heard that in his country men and women don't touch each other unless they are married. I don't want to encourage him so I only do what's necessary and leave his room."
Characterizing the impedance mismatch at the output of a terahertz parallel-plate waveguide

We study the impedance mismatch for terahertz waves propagating in a parallel-plate waveguide via the TEM mode. The impedance mismatch is found to depend strongly on the plate separation.
Pharmacokinetics of Heparin V: In Vivo and In Vitro Factors Affecting the Relationship Between Concentration and Anticoagulant Effect of Heparin in Rat Plasma

There are appreciable interindividual variations in rats of baseline activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and of the anticoagulant effect of heparin added to plasma (as reflected by the slope of the regression line describing the essentially linear relationship between ln APTT and heparin concentration). Determination of baseline APTT and slope value on two occasions, 7 days apart, in the same rats revealed that (unlike in humans) these characteristics were subject also to considerable intraindividual variation. To explore the possible reasons for the observed variability, the effect of citrate concentration (acid citrate solution is used as a blood anticoagulant in the collection of plasma), calcium concentration (in the recalcifying solution used to initiate coagulation), and plasma incubation time (for activating the coagulation system) was determined. All three variables had pronounced effects on the anticoagulant response to heparin. Since rat erythrocytes are almost totally impermeable to citrate, hematocrit is a determinant of plasma citrate concentration when acid citrate solution is added in constant proportion to rat blood. Accordingly, inter- and intraindividual differences in baseline APTT and slope values were measured in another experiment in which the citrate solution to plasma (rather than blood) volume ratio was held constant and blood samples were obtained 30 days apart to permit the return of hematocrit values to normal. Intraindividual variation of the coagulation characteristics was appreciably decreased under these conditions. There are important differences between rats and humans with respect to the effect of citrate concentration and plasma incubation time on baseline APTT and on the anticoagulant action of heparin, as well as with respect to the relationship between these two characteristics.
Thermal Residual Limb Manikin to Test Novel Cooling Technologies for Prosthetic Sockets

Heat and perspiration inside the prosthesis cause discomfort and adherence problems for lower limb amputees. To bench test new prosthetic socket interventions, we developed a thermal residual limb manikin (TRLM) and used it to compare two novel cooling technologies: (1) a vacuum pump which provides ventilation across the skin (FLOW) and (2) a liquid cooling sleeve (SLEEVE). Power to maintain TRLM core temperature was measured to indicate cooling effectiveness. Power increased by 7% and 8% after 90 minutes of convective cooling and evaporative cooling, respectively, with the FLOW system. Power increased by 28% with the SLEEVE system.
A localized current field hyperthermia system for use with 192-iridium interstitial implants.

The efficacy of localized current field (LCF) hyperthermia as an adjunct to 192Ir interstitial implantation of tumors is currently under investigation. In this article, we describe an experimental LCF system suitable for such investigations, and discuss some of the physical and biological parameters pertinent to its design and safe operation.
Symmetric spline weighting for charge and current density in particle simulation

Abstract A general method for computing charge and current density source terms for Maxwell's equations from particles weighted to a mesh is described. The method presented here eliminates the need for correction factors often applied in curvilinear coordinates to compensate for errors at the edge of the system, and applied in the interior as well for nonuniform meshes. Generality is achieved by weighting volume elements using a spline symmetric to that by which particle charge and current are weighted to the mesh. The method presented has a number of desirable properties, including conservation of charge, preservation of a uniform distribution, and generality on nonuniform meshes with arbitrary particle–mesh interpolation schemes. The method recovers the exact answer in the limit of mesh sizes approaching zero.
Cytogenetic studies of adipose tissue tumors. II. Recurrent reciprocal translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) in myxoid liposarcomas

Detailed chromosome studies, briefly reported previously, from short-term cultures of tumor cells from myxoid liposarcomas are reported. A common reciprocal translocation, t(12;16)(q13;p11), was found in three cases and a complex t(1;12;16)(p11;q13;p11) in the fourth one. This nonrandom primary change, not described before in solid tumors, could characterize the myxoid form of liposarcoma. The involvement of a closely located breakpoint on chromosome #12 in a reciprocal t(3;12)(q28;q14) described in a lipoma in the previous article of this series, suggests a common basis in the biological process of proliferation of tumors sharing a common histogenesis.
Alkaline phosphatase isozymes: recent progress

The past few years have witnessed the reports of significant new events in alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes. The cloning of the relevant genes and their nucleotide sequencing have all been accomplished. As a group, the genes for the intestinal, germ cell and placental isozymes have considerable sequence similarity; it is noteworthy that they occupy vicinal positions on chromosome 2, while the tissue unspecific AP gene is located on chromosome 1. The latter makes evolutionary lineage and instances of coordinate expression understandable. Another new development is the demonstration of a phosphatidyl inositol glycan tail on the C-terminus of these chromosome-2 AP genes. This is the major membrane insertion mechanism for AP, which is a cell surface membrane enzyme. This information may be helpful in understanding the phenomenon of the depletion of intestinal mucosal AP during fat absorption. Finally, a discussion has been focussed on recent studies on seminoma and AP, including immunodetection and immunoradiotherapy.
Alloy Shrinkage Factors for the Investment Casting Process

This study deals with the experimental measurements and numerical predictions of alloy shrinkage factors (SFs) related to the investment casting process. The dimensions of the A356 aluminum alloy casting were determined from the numerical simulation results of solidification, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and deformation phenomena. The investment casting process was carried out using wax patterns of unfilled wax and shell molds that were made of fused silica with a zircon prime coat. The dimensions of the die tooling, wax pattern, and casting were measured, in order to determine the actual tooling allowances. Several numerical simulations were carried out, to assess the level of accuracy for the casting shrinkage. The solid fraction threshold, at which the transition from the fluid dynamics to the solid dynamics occurs, was found to be important in predicting shrinkage factors (SFs). It was found that accurate predictions were obtained for all measured dimensions when the shell mold was considered a deformable material.
Production and processing of siRNA precursor transcripts from the highly repetitive maize genome.

Mutations affecting the maintenance of heritable epigenetic states in maize identify multiple RNA–directed DNA methylation (RdDM) factors including RMR1, a novel member of a plant-specific clade of Snf2-related proteins. Here we show that RMR1 is necessary for the accumulation of a majority of 24 nt small RNAs, including those derived from Long-Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, the most common repetitive feature in the maize genome. A genetic analysis of DNA transposon repression indicates that RMR1 acts upstream of the RNA–dependent RNA polymerase, RDR2 (MOP1). Surprisingly, we show that non-polyadenylated transcripts from a sampling of LTR retrotransposons are lost in both rmr1 and rdr2 mutants. In contrast, plants deficient for RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV) function show an increase in polyadenylated LTR RNA transcripts. These findings support a model in which Pol IV functions independently of the small RNA accumulation facilitated by RMR1 and RDR2 and support that a loss of Pol IV leads to RNA Polymerase II–based transcription. Additionally, the lack of changes in general genome homeostasis in rmr1 mutants, despite the global loss of 24 nt small RNAs, challenges the perceived roles of siRNAs in maintaining functional heterochromatin in the genomes of outcrossing grass species.
The Number of Feynman Diagrams

The Feynman-Dyson formulation of a perturbation expansion for quantum field theory allows one to give a general combinatorial treatment to the Feynman diagrams involved. A very simple analysis for the total number of such diagrams, $T(n, \ensuremath{\epsilon}, \ensuremath{\rho})$, in quantum electrodynamics, leads to: $T(n, \ensuremath{\epsilon}, \ensuremath{\rho})=\frac{{(n!)}^{2}}{{(\ensuremath{\epsilon}!)}^{2}(n\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon})!}.\frac{n!}{\ensuremath{\rho}![\frac{1}{2}(n\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho})]!{2}^{\frac{1}{2}(n\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho})}},$ in which $n$ is the order of the perturbation and $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ are the number of external electron and photon lines, respectively. The first factor is the number of different diagrams using only the electron lines and the second is that for the photon lines. In this total set of diagrams are many undesired ones; these are removed by means of generating functions. Relations which these functions satisfy are obtained, and from them one may readily find the exact numbers of diagrams desired, for not too large $n$. The generating functions are also used to find the asymptotic dependence on $n$, and it is found that this dependence is essentially unaffected by removing any specific type of graph. The sign alternations of the matrix elements in quantum electrodynamics are also considered in terms of similar generating functions. The generalization of the analysis to other types of interactions is also discussed.
Significance of thyroid tissue in lymph nodes associated with carcinoma of the head, neck or lung

Thyroid carcinoma was found unexpectedly in the thyroid gland or lymph nodes, at autopsy or in the surgical material removed from 22 patients with carcinoma of the head or neck region, or of the lung. Of 120 patients who had wide-field laryngectomy for squamous carcinoma of the head or neck, 6 (5%) had carcinoma in the portion of the thyroid gland removed at laryngectomy. Twenty of the 22 patients had mixed papillary and follicular or pure follicular thyroid carcinoma in the thyroid gland or lymph nodes and 2 had the solid type with amyloid stroma. Carcinoma was demonstrated in the thyroid glands of 15 of the 22 patients. Only a portion of the gland or none at all was removed from the other 7 patients and no primary carcinoma was demonstrated. Carcinoma was discovered, however, in every case in which the whole thyroid gland was available for study. Histologically, the metastases of mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma varied from predominantly papillary to predominantly follicular. The smaller the metastases, the more prominent were the follicles and the more normal was their appearance. From our observations, we believe that any thyroid tissue found in a lymph node represents metastatic thyroid cancer.
Energetics of Madden‐Julian oscillations in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (NCAR CAM3)

[1] This study analyzes the tropical intraseasonal variability and associated Madden-Julian oscillations (MJO) simulated in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate Model CAM3 using two versions of the Zhang-McFarlane convection scheme. The results are compared with those from the Xie-Arkin observations and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis. It is shown that modifications to the convection scheme in the model lead to substantial enhancement of the intraseasonal variability and MJO. The spatial scale of the precipitation anomalies associated with intraseasonal variability and MJO is also in better agreement with the Xie-Arkin observations and ECMWF reanalysis. By contrast the intraseasonal variability and MJO in the CAM3 are weak. The analysis of the energetics of intraseasonal variability shows that perturbation kinetic energy (PKE) and its sources and sinks through conversion from potential energy and mean flow and generation from wave energy flux are too strong in the modified CAM3 and too weak in the CAM3 when compared with the reanalysis. It also shows that different mechanisms are responsible for the PKE production in different locations. In convectively active regions, conversion from potential energy and vertical transport are important to the maintenance of the upper troposphere PKE; in convectively suppressed regions, horizontal wave energy flux convergence and barotropic conversion are important. The interaction between convection and large-scale circulation plays an important role in the maintenance of intraseasonal variability and MJO through PKE conversion from potential energy generated by convective heating.
Ensemble 1-Year predictions of Arctic sea ice for the spring and summer of 2008

[1] Ensemble predictions of arctic sea ice in spring and summer 2008 have been carried out using an ice-ocean model. The ensemble is constructed by using atmospheric forcing from 2001 to 2007 and the September 2007 ice and ocean conditions estimated by the model. The prediction results show that the record low ice cover and the unusually warm ocean surface waters in summer 2007 lead to a substantial reduction in ice thickness in 2008. Up to 1.2 m ice thickness reduction is predicted in a large area of the Canada Basin in both spring and summer of 2008, leading to extraordinarily thin ice in summer 2008. There is a 50% chance that both the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage will be nearly ice free in September 2008. It is not likely there will be another precipitous decline in arctic sea ice extent such as seen in 2007, unless a new atmospheric forcing regime, significantly different from the recent past, occurs.
Introduction to the computing surveys' electronic symposium on object-oriented application frameworks

Frameworks are specialized for a narrow range of applications; each model of interaction is domain-specific, e.g., designed to solve a narrow set of problems. Frameworks evolve over long periods of time. A framework is more than a class hierarchy. It is a miniature application complete with a dynamic as well as a static structure. It is a generic application and can be reused as the basis for many other applications. This topic has captured a great deal of attention in recent years, since frameworks leverage, in practical terms, capital-intensive software investment through reuse, and higher-level application programming interfaces, so that applications can be developed many times faster. Despite dramatic increases in computing power, the design and implementation of complex software remains hard. Moreover, the growing heterogeneity of hardware/ software architectures and diversity of operating system and communication platforms make it difficult to reuse existing algorithms, detailed designs, interfaces, or implementations directly. The emerging focus on object-oriented enterprise and application frameworks (OOAFs) in the OO community offers software developers both a new vehicle for reuse and a way of capturing the essence of successful architectures, components, policies, services, and programming mechanisms. By providing reusable skeletons on which to build new applications, frameworks can save countless hours and thousands (even millions) of dollars in development costs. Currently, OOAFs are a very important issue for the software industry and academia because software systems are becoming increasingly complex. I believe that OOAFs will be at the core of the technology of the twenty-first century.
Collective increase of first impression bias

We propose a simple model of first impression bias (FIB), where agents tend to ignore features which contradict their initial view. We consider a population of agents which are all in contact with a media, communicating randomly chosen features of an object. In some cases, we observe on simulations that FIB is significantly more frequent when the agents interact with each other than when they are only in contact with the media. We design an analytical aggregated model of the global agent-based model behavior, which helps to explain the higher number of FIB due to the interactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Refined Asymptotic Estimates for Conformal Scalar Curvature Equation via Moving Sphere Method

Abstract In this paper, we use the so-called moving sphere method to give local estimates of a positive singular solution u near its singular set Z of the conformal scalar curvature equation Δu+K(x)u (n+2)/(n−2) =0 inΩ\Z, u>0 and u∈C 2 in Ω\Z , where Ω⊃ B 2 is an open bounded subset of R n , n ⩾3, K ( x ) is a continuous function defined on Ω and Z is a compact subset of Ω with Newtonian capacity zero. Under some flatness assumptions on K we show that u ( x ) d ( x , Z ) ( n −2)/2 ⩽ C .
The case that the world has reached limits: More precisely that current throughput growth in the global economy cannot be sustained

Mahatma Gandhi [when asked if, after independence, India would attain British standards of living] "⋯. it took Britain half the resources of the planet to achieve its prosperity; how many planets will a country like India require⋯.?"
The fine structural localization of glutamate decarboxylase in synaptic terminals of rodent cerebellum

Abstract Glutamic acid decar☐ylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the putative neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been localized by peroxidase labeling antibody techniques at the light and electron microscopic levels in rodent cerebellum. Specific anti-GAD peroxidase product was highly localized in certain synaptic terminals in close association with the membranes of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria but not within these organelles. GAD-positive terminals were seen on the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Other positive terminals were presumed Golgi type II endings of synaptic glomeruli in the granular layer. Positive terminals were also seen in the molecular layer, including presumed basket cell endings which contained product on smooth membrane cisternae in the preterminal axon as well as around synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. These observations correlate well with a large body of evidence that certain synaptic connections in the cerebellum are inhibitory and that many, if not all, of the presynaptic components of these connections may use GABA as their neurotransmitter.
Numerical invariants and projective modules

In a recent paper [9], Fr6hlich gives criteria in terms of numerical invariants to insure the projectivity of modules of an order in a commutative separable algebra over the quotient field of a Dedekind domain. More precisely, Frijhlich first defines a numerical invariant, the module index (see [8] for the definition), and then considers the following context: let A be a Dedekind domain, K its quotient field, 2 a finite dimensional commutative separable K-algebra, r the unique maximal A-order in Z and A any other A-order of Z. Now if M is a A-module such that M @A K E LY’), for an integer I, then M is A-projective if and only if [FM : M] = [r : A]’ (I’M is taken to denote the smallest r-module containing M, and [P : Q] is the notation for the module index of A-lattices P and Q). For purposes of reference we call this result “Friihlich’s theorem.” The object of this paper is to extend and give analogues to FrBhlich’s results for the case that Z is a finite dimensional separable K-algebra. It will be seen, however, that in the fairly simple case of a finite dimensional matrix algebra over the quotient field of a (complete) discrete rank one valuation rank, no direct analogue of either the necessity or the sufficiency of Fr6hlich’s theorem can be given. Nevertheless, for any finite dimensional central simple algebra Z over the quotient field of a complete discrete rank one valuation ring, we can give results similar to those of Frijhlich for some special types of A-orders in 2. Further, we shall show that Fr6hlich’s results extend almost entirely when Z is a central division K-algebra and the base ring A is a complete discrete rank one valuation ring. FrGhlich also gave a criteria to determine the projectivity of fractional ideals I in A such that I BA K E 2. This can be stated as: I is A-projective
Group I mGluR-dependent epileptogenesis

Group I metabotopic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can initiate protein synthesis-dependent intracellular signaling processes that can result in enhanced expression of ictal-length discharges. Studies reveal that the fragile X syndrome phenotype is mediated by excessive mGiuR-driven protein synthesis. Defective endogenous regulation of mGluR effects may thus enhance patient susceptibility to epileptogenesis. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Eddies Masquerade as Planetary Waves

The advent of satellite-based remote sensing of ocean color in the late 1970s ( 1 ) provided the first largescale views of chlorophyll distributions in the upper ocean. These distributions are a proxy for the biomass of phytoplankton, which drive oceanic productivity. More recently, ocean color measurements have been combined with satellite data on sea-surface height (SSH) and other physical properties of the ocean to elucidate the processes that regulate primary production in the sea. On page 328 of this issue, Chelton et al. ( 2 ) further advance this field by showing that ocean eddies exert a strong influence on near-surface chlorophyll.
Risk assessment and biological mechanisms: lessons learned, future opportunities.

Abstract During the past decade, texicological research has been dominated by two themes: investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of action of toxicants and studies to provide information to support improved assessments of human health risks. The conduct of mechanistic investigations was given an early impetus by advances in biochemistry and cell biology and, more recently, by related advances in molecular biology. Research to provide information for improved human health risk assessments was stimulated by the 1983 NAS/NRC report that provided a codified structure for conducting risk assessments. At first glance, it would appear that the two themes are closely related and, indeed, should represent parts of a joined theme. However, examination of the toxicology/risk assessment literature of the past decade indicates that this has not been the case. Reports of mechanistic studies infrequently indicate how the information can be used to provide improved estimates of human risk from exposure to toxicants. If reference is made, it is usually qualitative in nature. Neither is examination of the risk assessment literature reassuring. Mechanistic studies may be cited; however, the final step of the process, risk characterization, is usually dominated by the use of default options grounded in conservative interpretations of generic scientific knowledge. Two examples are reviewed that stand out as illustrations of how mechanistic information can be used to make a difference in risk assessments: (1) consideration of the α2u-globulin-mediated mechanism for evaluating male rat data for relevance in assessing human risks of renal cancer and (2) the use of DNA-protein cross-links as an internal dose metric in cross-species extrapolation of nasal cancer risks from inhaled formaldehyde. This paper reviews past experience on these topics and suggests a strategy for increasing the use of mechanistic information in risk assessments. A key component of the strategy is to use the risk assessment process to identify research needs/opportunities that, if addressed, will reduce the use of default options, thereby reducing the uncertainties in risk assessments. Another component of the strategy is to identify a few chemicals anticipated to exert their effect via different mechanisms and whose mechanisms of dosimetry and disease pathogenesis can be investigated in-depth within a risk assessment framework; this identification will create prototype approaches as alternatives to the use of default options that have major impact on the outcome of the risk assessment process.
Unsatisfactory weight loss after vertical banded gastroplasty: is conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass successful?

Background In 1991, the National Institutes of Health sanctioned 2 operations for treatment of morbid obesity: vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Long-term results with VBG are disappointing. We wondered whether patients who had “adapted” to the VBG anatomy and had regained weight would lose weight after conversion to RYGB. Methods We reviewed data on patients undergoing conversion of VBG to RGYB. Results Fifty-four patients (mean body mass index [BMI] of 46 kg/m2 [range, 36-66]) underwent standard (48 patients) or distal (malabsorptive) (6 patients) RYGB. There were no perioperative deaths; postoperative morbidity delaying discharge occurred in 7 patients (13%). Follow-up (complete in 51 patients, x ¯ = 6.1 years) was obtained by mail questionnaires and patient contact. Mean BMI decreased to 35 kg/m2 (range, 22-47), and 59% of the patients with >1 year follow-up had a BMI Conclusions Conversion of VBG to RYGB is safe and provides weight loss, improved quality of life, and reversal of weight related comorbidities.
Redistribution of implanted chlorine in SiO 2 films on silicon during subsequent oxidation

The high temperature redistribution of chlorine implanted in both wet and dry thermal SiO2 films grown on Si has been studied. Profiles of Cl volume concentration vs. depth in the oxide film were determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Such concentration profiles were measured before and after heat treatment in a variety of oxidizing ambients (re-oxidation). The redistribution of implanted Cl (i.e., changes in the measured Cl profiles) varied critically with the concentration of water vapor in the re-oxidation ambient. This result is explained via a model for replacement of immobile Cl species by reaction with mobile water or oxygen molecules within the oxide film. This result also gives important information on the processes determining Cl distributions in thermal SiO2 films grown in O2/HC1 mixtures.
The Antiproliferative and Differentiative Activities of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Are Potentiated by Epidermal Growth Factor and Attenuated by Insulin in Cultured Human Keratinocytes

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) is a potent inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation, as well as a stimulator of epidermal terminal differentiation. In the present studies, we investigated the influence of epidernial growth factor (EGE) and insulin on the antiproliferative and differentiation activities of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Our results indicate the following: (1) EGE caused a dramatic potentiation of the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -induced inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner; (2) insulin acted antagonistically on the EGF-dependent potentiation of the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -induced antiproliferative activity; (3) transforming growth factor-α potentiated 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -induced antiproliferative activity similar to EGF; (4) the EGF effect was not dependent upon 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 receptor mRNA up-regulation; and (5) removal of insulin from medium supplemented with growth factors significantly potentiated the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -induced inhibition on the number of basal cells and the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -dependent cornified envelope formation. In conclusion, the antiproliferative activity of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in cultured normal human keratinocytes is greatly enhanced by EGF or transforming growth factor-α and reduced by insulin. Insulin also inhibits 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -induced terminal differentiation of cultured normal human keratinocytes.
A family income distribution model for regional (Massachusetts) policy analysis

Abstract An earned family income distribution model for Massachussets is described. This model could be estimated and used for other national or subnational regions for which the micro data required to generate earned family income distribution at working period rates are available. The model is distinguished by its explicit inclusion of male- and female-headed families without earnings and by its attention to employment structure, labor market conditions, and wage acceleration. There is presented a policy simulation that shows the effects on earned family income distribution of cutting the Massachusetts corporate profits tax and offsetting the lost revenue with a luxury goods sales tax.
Flexible camera calibration by viewing a plane from unknown orientations

Proposes a flexible new technique to easily calibrate a camera. It only requires the camera to observe a planar pattern shown at a few (at least two) different orientations. Either the camera or the planar pattern can be freely moved. The motion need not be known. Radial lens distortion is modeled. The proposed procedure consists of a closed-form solution followed by a nonlinear refinement based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Both computer simulation and real data have been used to test the proposed technique, and very good results have been obtained. Compared with classical techniques which use expensive equipment, such as two or three orthogonal planes, the proposed technique is easy to use and flexible. It advances 3D computer vision one step from laboratory environments to real-world use. The corresponding software is available from the author's Web page ( ).