cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Dioxide-Induced Phosphatidylserine Biosynthesis and Subcellular Translocation in Cultured Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) increases phosphatidylserine (PS) content in the plasma membranes of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). We examined whether the increased PS content is associated with increased uptake of L-serine and/or biosynthesis of PS. Exposure to 5 ppm NO2 increased uptake and incorporation of exogenous L-[14C]serine into whole cells, total cellular lipids, phospholipids, and phospholipid subclasses compared to control. Incorporation of L-[14C]serine into the total lipid extracts from isolated plasma membranes, mitochondria, and microsomes from NO2-exposed cells was increased by 45, 32, and 31%, respectively (p < 0.05 for all membranes). Increased incorporation of L-[14C]serine into the total phospholipids of plasma membranes, mitochondria, and microsomes of NO2-exposed cells was increased by 31, 48, and 33%, respectively (p < 0.05 for all membranes). Incorporation of L-[14C]serine into the PS of plasma membranes and microsomes from NO2-exposed cells was increased by 63 and 89%, respectively (p < 0.05 for both membranes). The incorporation of radioactivity from L-[14C]serine into the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine contents of plasma membranes, mitochondria, and microsomes from NO2-exposed cells was also observed. Exposure of PAEC to NO2 resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the activity of PS synthase, the serine base-exchange enzyme located in the microsomes of these cells. When L-[14C]serine-prelabeled microsomes were incubated with unlabeled mitochondria from control and NO2-exposed cells, transfer of PS-derived radioactivity from microsomes to mitochondrial phospholipids was observed. These results demonstrate that exposure to NO2 increases uptake and incorporation of exogenous serine as well as intracellular biosynthesis of PS, resulting in increases in the PS content of PAEC and their plasma membranes.
Cleavage of transferrin by cyanogen bromide.

Human serum transferrin treated with CNBr and then succinylated was separable into two fractions in ww ratio of 3–4:1 by gel filtration. The larger fraction, Mr 60 000, was homogeneous and contained all the carbohydrate originally present in transferrin. It separated into at least three fragments upon reduction-alkylation and starch gel electrophoresis. The smaller fraction consisted of two components with an average Mr of 12 000, which were separable by starch gel electrophoresis. When transferrin was reduced-alkylated in addition to the CNBr cleavage and succinylation, it was separable into at least five fragments by starch gel electrophoresis. The iron-binding sites were apparently not localized in a small portion of the protein molecule. It was concluded that transferrin is not a protein consisting of two identical or nearly identical halves.
The effect of two initiator/stabilizer concentrations in a metal primer on bond strengths of a composite to a base metal alloy

Abstract This study examined the effect of three additives, amine, peroxide and stabilizer, in two concentrations in a metal primer on the adhesion between a cast metal alloy and a resin composite using a 23 factorial statistical design. The additives, benzoylperoxide (BPO) used at 1% or 2% w/w and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) at 0.5% or 1.8% w/w, are polymerization initiators. The third additive, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 0.01% or 0.03% w/w, is used as a stabilizer. BPO and BHT were dissolved in an acetone solution containing 20% of the adhesive resin pyromellitic glyceroldimethacrylate (PMGDM). DMPT was in a separate acetone solution. Equal portions of each solution were mixed and applied to a sandpaper-abraded, air-blasted nickel-chrome alloy. Bonding resin and composite were applied over the primer and stored overnight in water. Bond strengths were determined by shearing the composite from the metal at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Increasing the concentration of BPO caused a statistically significant increase in bond strength. A 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p
Theory of hydrogen diffusion in metals. Quantum isotope effects

Abstract A statistical mechanical theory of hydrogen diffusion in metals is developed. The mystery of why heavier deuterons can diffuse faster than hydrogens in Pd is resolved by computing the quantum mechanical zero-point energy associated with the confining potential perpendicular to the interstitial channel. An excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for fcc and bcc host metals.
Direct touches to clear barriers: Developmental sensitivity of a new measure of the production of ineffective responses in infancy

Current interpretation of the object retrieval task (Diamond, 1990) as an infant assessment of response inhibition requires evidence that younger infants make more ineffective attempts to retrieve toys through clear barriers. On two 30-second trials, infants (9 or 11 months of age) saw an inaccessible toy in the front or back of a clear box. The location of the infants touches corresponded with the toy's location and, on the second trial, the younger infants touched the box more. In previous research nonhuman primates with orbital-frontal, but not dorsa-lateral, lesions also made ineffective barrier touches. The current developmental decreases in barrier touches may selectively tap developmental increases in inhibitory control supported by the developing orbital-frontal cortex.
Steroid biosynthetic lesions in gonadotropin-desensitized Leydig cells.

Abstract Administration of exogenous gonadotropins to rats causes loss of LH receptors and a decrease in the maximum steroidogenic response when Leydig cells are subsequently stimulated by LH or hCG. The impaired testosterone response of desensitized Leydig cells is more evident after intravenous than after subcutaneous treatment with hCG, and is due to a partial defect in testicular 17,20 lyase activity. The enzyme defect is present in Leydig cells from animals given intravenous hCG to produce about 70% loss of LH receptors, yet is relatively small after treatment with subcutaneous hCG to produce the same degree of receptor loss, suggesting that the steroidogenic block is not only due to receptor depletion. Acute elevations of endogenous LH by single doses of LHRH caused the same changes as exogenous hCG, with marked receptor loss and reduction in testosterone responses to hCG, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and choleragen. However, pregnenolone formation (measured in the presence of cyanoketone and spironolactone to inhibit pregnenolone metabolism) was normal or increased in desensitized Leydig cells from LHRH-treated animals. Accumulation of progesterone and 170H-progesterone occurred in serum and incubated Leydig cells of desensitized animals, localizing the major steroidogenic block to the conversion of 170H-steroids to androgens. In cultures of normal rat and murine tumor Leydig cells, 17–20 lyase and 17α-hydroxylase were markedly decreased when LH receptors were lost, suggesting coordinate regulation of receptors and steroidogenic enzymes in vitro . However, the in vivo development of the steroid block was not coincident with the loss and return of LH receptors. A role of oestradiol in the gonadotropin-induced enzyme defect was suggested by acute elevations of testicular oestradiol 30 min after intravenous hCG (whereas more gradual increases occurred 4–8 h after subcutaneous hCG), and by the ability of an oestrogen antagonist (Tamoxifen) to prevent the reduction of testosterone responses caused by intravenous hCG. These results indicate that acute elevation of oestradiol production is a contributory factor in the steroidogenic lesions of LHRH- and hCG-desensitized Leydig cells in the rat testis.
Measurements and error analysis of droplet size in optically thick diesel sprays

Two measurement techniques capable of monitoring droplet sizes and number density in optically thick sprays are presented: both techniques use infrared probe beams in order to minimize the attenuation from the high number density of droplets in the spray. The first technique relies on multiple wavelength extinction from coaxial beams (wavelengths 1.06 and 9.27 μm). This method provides a line-of-sight measurement of the Sauter mean diameter for the spray. The second technique uses forward scattering from a 9.27-μm beam and 90° scattering from a 1.06-μm beam to produce size, again Sauter mean diameter, at specific locations within the spray. Simultaneous application of the two techniques to the same region of the spray has been used to cross-validate the measurements: agreement on droplet size is excellent and well within the predicted error levels. In addition to providing details of the diagnostic technique, this paper discusses potential sources of error for the measurement, namely, detector noise and calibration, size distribution effects, multiple-scattering and beam-steering considerations, droplet sphericity, optical thickness effects and a correction for optical thickness, and the effect of size distribution widths. Results for the example spray used in this work, a pressure-atomized single-hole diesel injector, indicate droplet diameters of 3 μm at 25 mm from the injector tip along the spray axis on the spray centerline, compared with 4 and 7 μm at radii 2 and 3 mm from the centerline, respectively. The diagnostic shows great promise for providing detailed information on the structure and temporal character of diesel-type sprays in a region that is relatively unexplored: the optically thick zone near the injector orifice.
The Role of Inattention on Academics, Fluid Reasoning, and Visual–Spatial Functioning in Two Subtypes of ADHD

The purpose of this study was to determine whether subtype differences and the role of inattention in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-combined type (ADHD-C) and ADHD-predominately inattentive type (ADHD-PI) and controls on measures of achievement, problem solving, and visual-spatial abilities are present. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the relation between ADHD symptoms and performance on visual-spatial-motor tasks. Children with ADHD-C and ADHD-PI and controls, all aged 8 to 16 years old, were compared on tests of achievement, fluid reasoning, and visual-motor skills. Children with ADHD-C and ADHD-PI performed significantly poorer on the mathematics calculation, written expression, fluid reasoning, and visual-motor tests compared with the controls. Inattention, but not hyperactivity or impulsivity, was found to significantly predict performance on these measures. The role of inattention on these tasks is important for understanding why children with both subtypes of ADHD experience significant academic problems even when performing in the average range on achievement tests.
Freeze-thaw behavior of a moderately halophilic bacterium as a function of salt concentration.

Abstract A moderately halophilic bacterium was studied with respect to growth and survival after freezing and thawing at various cooling and warming rates and in various sodium chloride concentrations. After freezing and thawing log phase cultures, surviving cells continued in log growth. A portion of the freeze-thaw-induced cell damage could be reversed by incubating in the medium in which the cells were grown. Viability was dependent on cooling and warming rates and salt concentration. The combination of 20 °C per min cooling, 400 °C per min warming (fastest warming rate used), and 10% salt yielded the highest survival.
Lipid profiles in pediatric thoracic transplant recipients are determined by their immunosuppressive regimens.

Background Controversy exists over the pattern of lipidemic effects from calcineurin inhibitors and prednisone. We report an extensive longitudinal study of lipid profiles in pediatric thoracic transplant recipients. Methods Serial fasting lipids of subjects from a single pediatric center, along with their immunosuppressive regimens, were examined. Groups were analyzed according to cyclosporine- or tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in addition to whether prednisone was used as adjunctive therapy. Results Of a total of 119 subjects, 85 were and remained on tacrolimus (TAC), 13 remained on cyclosporine (CSA), 4 switched from TAC to CSA, and 17 switched from CSA to TAC. The median age at transplant was 100 months, and the latest follow-up was 48 months. The CSA Group had higher lipid levels than the TAC Group, and levels changed minimally over time. At 1 year, TAC vs CSA total cholesterol was 153 vs 186 mg/dl ( p = 0.002), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was 92 vs 117 ( p = 0.09), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was 42 vs 48 ( p = NS), respectively. At the latest follow-up, the TAC vs CSA cholesterol was 143 vs 180 mg/dl ( p = 0.001), LDL was 84 vs 115 ( p = 0.001), and HDL was 42 vs 41 ( p = NS). Profiles of subjects that switched agents reflected the agent used (e.g., higher total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL while on cyclosporine). Sub-group analysis showed prednisone augmented the hyperlipidemic effects. Conclusion Hyperlipidemia is common in pediatric thoracic transplant patients and persists over time. It is more pronounced in cyclosporine subjects and is further elevated with prednisone. These findings indicate the need for close monitoring, and consideration for intervention, especially in high-risk sub-groups.
Momentum and energy balance equations for compacting sediments

Coupled energy and momentum balance equations are derived for a one-dimensional sequence of compacting sediments. These transient, nonlinear partial differential equations represent the one-dimensional equations of state for an accumulating sedimentary basin. A numerical solution is presented which provides a first-order approximation for porosity, temperature, and fluid pressures in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It seems that compaction disequilibrium is the primary mechanism for development of excess fluid pressures. Furthermore, the coupling of the equations demonstrates that temperature and pressure cannot be treated independently as may have been done in diagenetic studies. Some areas for further investigations are indicated.
Symmetric and isomorphic properties of qualitative probability structures on a finite set

Abstract A qualitative probability structure, 〈X, E ,≽〉 , where E is an algebra on the set X and ≽ is a binary relation on E , satisfies connectedness, transitivity, nontriviality, nonnegativity, and additivity. In this paper, we state and prove some isomorphic and symmetric properties of such structures.
Head-mounted display (HMD) assessment for tracked vehicles

Providing the warfighter with Head or Helmet Mounted Displays (HMDs) while in tracked vehicles provides a means to visually maintain access to systems information while in a high vibration environment. The high vibration and unique environment of military tracked and turreted vehicles impact the ability to distinctly see certain information on an HMD, especially small font size or graphics and information that requires long fixation (staring), rather than a brief or peripheral glance. The military and commercial use of HMDs was compiled from market research, market trends, and user feedback. Lessons learned from previous military and commercial use of HMD products were derived to determine the feasibility of HMDs use in the high vibration and the unique environments of tracked vehicles. The results are summarized into factors that determine HMD features which must be specified for successful implementation.
Emotion antecedents in schizophrenia

Emotion antecedents are defined as external or internal events that cause emotions in individuals. Their study brings us insight into individuals' emotion processing. Emotion antecedents have rarely been studied in schizophrenia. Thirty individuals with schizophrenia and 30 non-patient comparison subjects, matched by gender and age, related events when they felt extremely angry, disgusted, fearful, happy, sad and surprised. Each antecedent was summarized in a written sentence and 20 judges matched the antecedent with the correct emotion. The antecedents of individuals with schizophrenia were less frequently matched with their emotion than the antecedents of non-patient comparison subjects for all emotions. Moreover, error pattern analyses revealed distinct deficits for the emotion "fear". In the schizophrenia group, fear antecedents were more frequently judged as non-emotional, and non-fear antecedents were more often judged as fear antecedents when compared to the control group. A deficit in fear processing correlated with the Suspiciousness item on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Our results indicate differences in emotion processing in schizophrenia. Error pattern results are consistent with impairment in the appraisal of fear. Lower accuracy rates with schizophrenia subjects' antecedents may reflect lower emotion awareness for all emotions in schizophrenia. This study furthers the understanding of deficits in basic emotion processing in schizophrenia.
PEI-cellulose thin-layer chromatography: a highly versatile system for separating purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from nucleosides and free bases.

Abstract A simple, rapid, and highly versatile thin-layer system is described for separating purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from their respective nucleosides and free bases. This system, which employs anion-exchange chromatography on PEI-cellulose, retains both ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides at the origin and permits ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, and free bases to migrate away. Distilled water serves as the developing solvent. The ability to retain nucleotides at the origin makes PEI-cellulose ideally suited for use in the assay of nucleotide synthesizing enzymes. These enzymes include purine phosphoribosyl-transferases, purine nucleoside kinases, and pyrimidine nucleoside kinases.
Infrared and raman spectra of ReCo(CO)9 and MnCo(CO)9 in the CO stretching region

Abstract The i.r. and Raman spectra of the bimetallic carbonyls ReCo(CO)9 and MnCo(CO)9 have been examined in the CO stretching region, 2200-1800 cm−1. Tentative assignments have been made for the fundamental CO stretching modes and with the additional data from 13CO enrichment, simplified sets of CO force constants calculated. The results show that although the symmetry of the molecules is probably Cs, each half of the molecule maintains its local symmetry, e.g. C4v on the -Re(CO)5 unit, in the spectral analysis.
LkHα 101 and the Young Cluster in NGC 1579

The central region of the dark cloud L1482 is illuminated by LkHα 101, a heavily reddened (AV ≈ 10 mag) high-luminosity (≥8 × 103 L⊙) star having an unusual emission-line spectrum plus a featureless continuum. About 35 much fainter (mostly between R = 16 and >21) Hα emitters have been found in the cloud. Their color-magnitude distribution suggests a median age of about 0.5 Myr, with considerable dispersion. There are also at least five bright B-type stars in the cloud, presumably of about the same age; none show the peculiarities expected of HAeBe stars. Dereddened, their apparent V magnitudes lead to a distance of about 700 pc. Radio observations suggest that the optical object LkHα 101 is in fact a hot star surrounded by a small H II region, both inside an optically thick dust shell. The level of ionization inferred from the shape of the radio continuum corresponds to a Lyman continuum luminosity appropriate for an early B-type zero-age main-sequence star. The V - I color is consistent with a heavily reddened star of that type. However, the optical spectrum does not conform to this expectation: the absorption lines of an OB star are not detected. Also, the [O III] lines of an H II region are absent, possibly because those upper levels are collisionally deexcited at high densities. There are several distinct contributors to the optical spectrum of LkHα 101. The Hα emission line is very strong, with wings extending to about ±1700 km s-1, which could be produced by a thin overlying layer of hot electron scatterers. There is no sign of P Cygni type mass ejection. Lines of Si II are narrower, while the many Fe II lines are still narrower and are double with a splitting of about 20 km s-1. Lines of [Fe II], [O I], and [S II] are similarly sharp but are single, at the same velocity as the Fe II average. Work by Tuthill et al. allowed the inference, from K-band interferometry, that the central source is actually a small horseshoe-shaped arc about 005 (35 AU) across. A tipped annulus of that size in rotation about a 15 M⊙ star would produce double spectrum lines having about the splitting observed for Fe II. The totality of observational evidence encourages the belief that LkHα 101 is a massive star caught in an early evolutionary state.
Experimental Measurement of the Effect of Heat Flux on Local Heat Transfer Coefficient and Friction Coefficient in an Annulus

This paper describes a closed-circuit apparatus for the measurement of local heat transfer coefficients from the inner surface and overall friction coefficients for air flowing through an annulus (radius ratio 1.7). Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers from 35 000 to 170 000 for temperature ratios Ti/Tb up to 1.74. A novel type of heater bar was used in order to avoid some of the disadvantages of the more usual designs. The results were very consistent.It was found that the effect of heat flux on the heat transfer coefficient could be eliminated either by the film temperature method using a film temperature coefficient of 0.25 or by including a temperature ratio term (TiTb)-0.2 in the Nu-Re relationship. Over most of the Reynolds number range the overall friction coefficient did not vary with heat flux.
Computer simulation of Na wash-out kinetics in frog skin epidermis.

The multicompartmental frog skin epidermis model proposed in a previous paper was applied to computer simulation studies on the kinetics of the wash-out process of Na* from frog skin. Both the kinetics of loading of the model membrane with Na* from the outside to reach steady-state conditions in all internal compartments, and of the wash-out process were followed. This was done for the case when two Na+ pumps were operative, or inoperative, simulating the inhibitory effect of ouabain on active Na+ transport in frog skin. The two pumps were characterized as transmembrane Na+ flow pumps, and internal Na+ maintenance pumps which contribute but little to net inward Na+ flux. The simulation results were in good agreement, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with data in the literature on the behavior of frog skin epidermis. This analysis gives support especially to the views held by Zerahn on location and size of the active Na+ transport pool in skin epithelium. Beyond this, however, this study clearly delineates the experimental conditions under which the estimation of the Na+ transport pool by the method of measuring the wash-out rate of Na* may be successful, and under which conditions this method will fail.
Taste bud distribution in the rat pharynx and larynx.

The present study evaluated the number and distribution of taste buds in the rat pharynx and larynx using light microscopic techniques. The average number of taste buds in this region was 141.9 (S.D. = 29.4, n = 10). Pharyngeal and laryngeal taste buds could be grouped into three subpopulations: those associated with laryngeal structures (LA), the nasopharynx (NP), or the palatopharyngeal eminence (PE). Laryngeal taste buds were most numerous (mean = 103.2, S.D. = 23.6). They were observed on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis and extended caudally along the aryepiglottic folds, reaching peak density at the caudal extreme of the folds. Further caudally, when the larynx and rostral esophagus separated, taste bud density decreased sharply. Fewer taste buds were associated with the NP (mean = 31.9, S.D. = 13.7) or PE (mean = 6.8, S.D. = 4.0) and taste bud density in these subpopulations peaked at the anterior border of the nasopharyngeal hiatus. Taste buds in the rat larynx and pharynx account for 10% all taste buds in this species, a proportion similar to that accounted for by taste buds on the soft palate. Taste buds in this region appear to be ideally situated for protecting the airway during accidental aspiration of food or fluids. Most pharyngeal and laryngeal taste buds are unlikely to be involved in triggering normally occurring swallows, although they could be stimulated as the bolus is propelled from the oral cavity to the esophagus.
The Wound and the Witness: The Rhetoric of Torture, by Jennifer R. Ballengee

Focusing on four areas of ancient western culture (legal, political, erotic, and moral), Jennifer R. Ballengee's The Wound and the Witness: The Rhetoric of Torture examines the representations of t...
Defeasible Reasoning and Degrees of Justification

We can think of a defeasible reasoner in either of two ways. First, it might be a tool for use by a human operator who supplies it with premises comprising its background knowledge and premises rep...
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling in Clinical Research

Group-based trajectory models are increasingly being applied in clinical research to map the developmental course of symptoms and assess heterogeneity in response to clinical interventions. In this review, we provide a nontechnical overview of group-based trajectory and growth mixture modeling alongside a sampling of how these models have been applied in clinical research. We discuss the challenges associated with the application of both types of group-based models and propose a set of preliminary guidelines for applied researchers to follow when reporting model results. Future directions in group-based modeling applications are discussed, including the use of trajectory models to facilitate causal inference when random assignment to treatment condition is not possible.
A selection function based distributed algorithm for delay-constraint least-cost unicast routing

It is well-known that distributed delay-constrained least-cost (DCLC) unicast routing problem is NP-complete. In this paper we propose an efficient distributed algorithm, namely, selection function based DCLC (SF-DCLC), based on a novel selection function for the DCLC problem. The proposed SF-DCLC algorithm requires limited network state information at each network node and is always able to find a loop-free path satisfying the delay bound if such paths exist. Simulation study show that the SF-DCLC is not as sensitive to the delay bound and network size as some other DCLC routing algorithms, and attains very low cost-inefficiency (less than 3% to the optimal One) in various network scenarios we simulate. The most attractive feature of SF-DCLC is that SF-DCLC has very high probability to find the optimal solution or a near-optimal solution in polynomial time with low computational complexity and message complexity.
Commentary: Punishing the unpunishable--the abuse of psychiatry to confine those we love to hate.

I commend John Melville and David Naimark for their commentary in this issue of the Journal demonstrating how the guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) verdict perverts the insanity defense by encouraging jurors to find insane defendants guilty (but mentally ill) and by imposing punishment on those found GBMI that is more severe than would have been imposed on them if they had simply been found guilty. I applaud their characterization of the consequences of a GBMI verdict as “punishment,” because that is what it is, rather than some euphemistic nonequivalent, such as “treatment” or “incapacitation of the dangerous,” which it is not. They have told it like it is, not like we claim it is. I write, however, to suggest that criminal defendants found GBMI are only one group of mentally disordered individuals whom a frightened and vengeful society wrongfully punishes by confining because it deems them dangerous. There are others worth discussing.
A linear system‐free Gaussian RBF method for the Gross‐Pitaevskii equation on unbounded domains

AbstractGaussian Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation methods aretheoretically spectrally accurate. However, in applications this accu-racy is seldom realized due to the necessity of solving a very poorlyconditioned linear system in order to evaluate the methods. Recently,by using approximate cardinal functions and restricting the methodto a uniformly spaced grid (or a smooth mapping thereof), it has beenshown that the Gaussian RBF method can be formulated in a matrixfree framework that does not involve solving a linear system [1]. In thiswork we diﬀerentiate the linear system-free Gaussian (LSFG) methodand use it to solve Partial Diﬀerential Equations on unbounded do-mains that have solutions that decay rapidly and that are negligible atthe ends of the grid. As an application, we use the LSFG collocationmethod to numerically simulate Bose-Einstein Condensates. Keywords: RBF interpolation, RBF collocation for PDEs, NumericalPDEs, Bose-Einstein Condensates 1 Introduction Over the last 25 years, RBF methods have become an important tool for theinterpolation of scattered data and for solving Partial Diﬀerential Equations1
Comparison of degenerate four-wave mixing line shapes from population- and thermal-grating scattering

We report detailed measurements of transition line shapes of degenerate four-wave mixing in the A2Σ+(υ′ = 0) ← X2Π(υ″ = 0) band of nitric oxide. We compared spectra obtained under conditions in which either population or thermal gratings were significant. Under conditions in which population gratings were significant, spectral lines were narrower and had intensities that varied more rapidly with the absorption B coefficient than in spectra dominated by thermal-grating scattering. In both cases we found excellent agreement with calculations that used perturbation theory to describe the population-grating contributions and the squared absorption spectra to describe the thermal-grating contributions. Our results show that quantitative prediction of degenerate four-wave mixing spectra requires relatively detailed knowledge of the ratio of contributions from the two mechanisms.
On a sub―supersolution method for variational inequalities with Leray―Lions operators in variable exponent spaces

Abstract In this paper, we consider a sub–supersolution method for variational inequalities with Leray–Lions operators in Sobolev spaces with variable exponents. Existence and qualitative properties of solutions between sub and supersolutions are established.
Minimizing the number of sensors moved on line barriers

We study the problem of achieving maximum barrier coverage by sensors on a barrier modeled by a line segment, by moving the minimum possible number of sensors, initially placed at arbitrary positions on the line containing the barrier. We consider several cases based on whether or not complete coverage is possible, and whether non-contiguous coverage is allowed in the case when complete coverage is impossible. When the sensors have unequal transmission ranges, we show that the problem of finding a minimum-sized subset of sensors to move in order to achieve maximum contiguous or non-contiguous coverage on a finite line segment barrier is NP-complete. In contrast, if the sensors all have the same range, we give efficient algorithms to achieve maximum contiguous as well as non-contiguous coverage. For some cases, we reduce the problem to finding a maximum-hop path of a certain minimum (maximum) weight on a related graph, and solve it using dynamic programming.
The Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder within a Distressed Relationship.

An integrated systemic-psychodynamic approach to the treatment of characterological disorders within conjoint marital therapy is suggested. Spouses' personality disorders may serve a homeostatic function within the marital relationship. Thus, any effort to effect change on either the marital or individual system level must address both the individual and relationship distress. Borderline personality disorder, an extreme characterological impairment, has been considered intractible, although object relations therapists have experienced success in treating such clients. The present paper draws from object relations and systemic therapies in developing a treatment approach to marriages which include at least one borderline spouse. A case example illustrates the conceptualizations and interventions which are proposed.
Lethal and sublethal effects of selected PPCPs on the freshwater rotifer, Plationus patulus.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been reported in surface waters around the world. The continuous input of these pollutants into freshwaters and their potential effects on aquatic life are of increasing concern. The rotifer Plationus patulus, a basal member of riverine food webs, was used to test acute and chronic toxicity of 4 PPCPs (acetamidophenol, caffeine, fluoxetine, triclosan). A population from a remote site in Mexico (reference population) and one from an urbanized stretch of the Rio Grande were exposed. Acute toxicity tests show that both populations were more sensitive to fluoxetine. Chronic exposure to acetamidophenol (10 mg/L, 15 mg/L, and 20 mg/L) inhibited reference population growth, whereas Rio Grande population growth was inhibited only at 15 mg/L and 20 mg/L. Population growth was inhibited at 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L of caffeine for both populations. Chronic exposure to fluoxetine (0.020 mg/L) significantly inhibited population growth for the Rio Grande population only. Triclosan (0.05 mg/L, 0.075 mg/L, 0.10 mg/L) had the most deleterious effects, significantly reducing both populations' growth rates. Sublethal effects of chronic exposure to PPCPs included decreased egg production and increased egg detachment. A mixed exposure (6 PPCPs, environmentally relevant concentrations) did not affect population growth in either population. However, the continuous introduction of a broad suite of PPCPs to aquatic ecosystems still may present a risk to aquatic communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:913–922. © 2014 SETAC
THE JAKALTEK MAYA BLOWGUN IN MYTHOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Blowguns (or blow-guns) have been depicted on pre-Columbian pottery, mentioned in Maya myths, and are still used to hunt small game and birds in many parts of the Americas. This paper surveys the history of the blowgun in Mesoamerica and documents the manufacture and use of the blowgun in Jacaltenango, Guatemala, where it is used to hunt birds.
What makes a dead cell attractive

congestive heart failure represents the end stage of various cardiac disease etiologies, including hypertension, myocardial infarction/ischemia from atherosclerosis, viral myocarditis, valvular insufficiency, or mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins ([1][1], [10][2], [11][3]). These events
Endobronchial metastasis in a dog with sarcoma

A 3-year-old neutered male Australian Shepherd mix dog presented with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma arising from a primary tumor in the left lumbar fascia. Two separate metastases to the lungs were characterized by neoplasia within bronchiolar walls, which caused obstruction of the bronchiolar lumina and atelectasis of adjacent alveoli, a characteristic feature of endobronchial metastasis. Neoplastic cells of the primary lumbar neoplasm, metastatic pulmonary lesions, and additional widespread metastatic masses identified postmortem were similarly immunoreactive for vimentin, but non-immunoreactive for cytokeratin, cluster of differentiation 18, synaptophysin, chromogranin, and desmin. The present report describes a naturally occurring case of endobronchial metastasis in a dog.
What students say they know, feel, and do about cyber‐plagiarism and academic dishonesty? A case study

This article presents results of a case study that used self-reported paper-and pencil questionnaire by thirty-seven junior high school students with regard to their understanding of, attitudes, and behaviors toward plagiarism in the Web environment. Performance indicators used in the questionnaire were framed in the context of information literacy standards. The article identifies those areas that intervention programs should be designed on the basis of students' gaps and levels of understanding with respect to responsible uses of information in general, and especially of digital networked resources.
The construction of causal schemes: learning mechanisms at the knowledge level.

This work uses microgenetic study of classroom learning to illuminate (1) the role of pre-instructional student knowledge in the construction of normative scientific knowledge, and (2) the learning mechanisms that drive change. Three enactments of an instructional sequence designed to lead to a scientific understanding of thermal equilibration are used as data sources. Only data from a scaffolded student inquiry preceding introduction of a normative model were used. Hence, the study involves nearly autonomous student learning. In two classes, students developed stable and socially shared explanations ("causal schemes") for understanding thermal equilibration. One case resulted in a near-normative understanding, while the other resulted in a non-normative "alternative conception." The near-normative case seems to be a particularly clear example wherein the constructed causal scheme is a composition of previously documented naive conceptions. Detailed prior description of these naive elements allows a much better than usual view of the corresponding details of change during construction of the new scheme. A list of candidate mechanisms that can account for observed change is presented. The non-normative construction seems also to be a composition, albeit of a different structural form, using a different (although similar) set of naive elements. This article provides one of very few high-resolution process analyses showing the productive use of naive knowledge in learning.
Adversative conjunction choice in Russian ( no , da , odnako ): Semantic and syntactic influences on lexical selection

This article presents a multivariate analysis of adversative conjunction choice (among no, da, and odnako) in Russian, drawing implications for sentence production and semantic theory. The two main factors shown to influence conjunction choice are the types of the conjoined constituents and the semantic subtype of the adversative relation. One of the conjunctions, da, is favored when the conjoined elements are of different syntactic types and disfavored when they are of the same type, which is argued to suggest that the conjunction is chosen at a point in sentence production when the types of both of the conjoined constituents are known (Uryson, 2006). In addition, the conjunction da is heavily favored by the “preventive” adversative meaning (Sannikov, 1989:177; Serebrjanaja, 1976), as in I would go but I don't have the money. This quantitative meaning-construction association is argued to support the view that the preventive adversative is a distinct semantic subtype of adversativity (Payne, 1985; contra Foolen, 1991:84).
Systematic design of superprism-based photonic crystal demultiplexers

In this paper, design of photonic crystal demultiplexers based on superprism effect is discussed. Figures of merit for performance of these demultiplexers are defined and a systematic design procedure is presented. We consider different design schemes, based on equal angular separation between channels and equal frequency separation between channels, and find the optimum structures among conventional photonic crystal lattices for each case. Our results provide design solutions for a range of current applications.
Testing for Asymmetric Employer Learning

Recent evidence suggests that employers acquire more precise information about a worker’s productivity the more time he or she spends in the labor market. The following question arises: Is learning symmetric, that is, do all employers have the same information about workers’ productivity, or is learning asymmetric, that is, does the current employer have superior information about workers’ productivity? This article develops a learning model with endogenous mobility that nests both learning hypotheses. It then proposes new tests for asymmetric employer learning. Overall, learning appears to be mostly symmetric, except possibly when the employees involved are college graduates.
Heightening Energetic Stress Selectively Targets LKB1-Deficient Non–Small Cell Lung Cancers

Inactivation of the LKB1 tumor suppressor is a frequent event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) leading to the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and sensitivity to the metabolic stress inducer phenformin. In this study, we explored the combinatorial use of phenformin with the mTOR catalytic kinase inhibitor MLN0128 as a treatment strategy for NSCLC bearing comutations in the LKB1 and KRAS genes. NSCLC is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disease, giving rise to lung tumors of varying histologies that include adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We demonstrate that phenformin in combination with MLN0128 induced a significant therapeutic response in KRAS/LKB1-mutant human cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC that develop both adenocarcinomas and SCCs. Specifically, we found that KRAS/LKB1-mutant lung adenocarcinomas responded strongly to phenformin + MLN0128 treatment, but the response of SCCs to single or combined treatment with MLN0128 was more attenuated due to acquired resistance to mTOR inhibition through modulation of the AKT-GSK signaling axis. Combinatorial use of the mTOR inhibitor and AKT inhibitor MK2206 robustly inhibited the growth and viability of squamous lung tumors, thus providing an effective strategy to overcome resistance. Taken together, our findings define new personalized therapeutic strategies that may be rapidly translated into clinical use for the treatment of KRAS/LKB1-mutant adenocarcinomas and squamous cell tumors.
Police Body-Worn Cameras: Perceptions of Law Enforcement Leadership

Many people are enthusiastic about the potential benefits of police body-worn cameras (BWC). Despite this enthusiasm, however, there has been no research on law enforcement command staff perceptions of BWCs. Given the importance that law enforcement leadership plays in the decision to adopt and implement BWCs, it is necessary to assess their perceptions. This is the first study to measure law enforcement leadership attitudes toward BWCs. The study relies on data collected from surveys administered to command staff representing local, state and federal law enforcement agencies in a large southern county. Among the major perceptual findings are that command staff believe BWCs will impact police officers’ decisions to use force in encounters with citizens and police will be more reluctant to use necessary force in encounters with the public. Respondents also believe that use of BWCs is supported by the public because society does not trust police, media will use BWC data to embarrass police, and pressure to implement BWCs comes from the media. Perceptions of the impact of BWCs on safety, privacy, and police effectiveness are also discussed.
The Use of Data Bases and Historical Controls in Treatment Comparisons

I suspect that the main reason I was invited to contribute to this symposium was that the organizers believed it would be important to discuss the topic suggested by the title they assigned to me. They were aware that I have been an outspoken critic of the idea that data bases and historical control groups can be used reliably to compare treatments. Since I have already presented my ideas in writing several times, I will merely summarize them briefly here and refer interested readers to the list of references at the end of the contribution, where my previous papers as well as those of some other authors are listed.
Effects of the aquarium fish industry in Costa Rica on populations of the Cortez rainbow wrasse Thalassoma lucasanum

Costa Rica hosts an active industry for the collection of marine ornamental reef fish that are supplied to the international aquarium fish trade. Little is known about the effects that collection activities may be having upon target species in Costa Rica, although research elsewhere gives reason for concern. Thalassoma lucasanum (Cortez rainbow wrasse) is an important species in this fishery. Costa Rican collectors prize the vibrantly colored terminal phase T. lucasanum individuals, but also collect the less dramatic initial phase T. lucasanum. We measured the density of T. lucasanum and the length of terminal phase individuals on highly collected reefs close to a fishing village and on nearby less-collected reefs located within the Guanacaste Conservation Area. Our findings show that densities of T. lucasanum were significantly lower and that terminal phase individuals were significantly smaller on the reefs near the fishing village where collection pressure was high. These findings indicate that even moderate amounts of relatively non-destructive aquarium fish extraction can negatively affect targeted populations. We present some suggestions for the reform of the aquarium reef fish industry in Costa Rica, which we believe would improve the long-term sustainability of this fishery. En Costa Rica la extraccion de peces ornamentales de arrecife, para abastecer el mercado internacional, es una industria importante. Se sabe poco acerca del efecto de esta extraccion sobre las especies explotadas en Costa Rica, pero investigaciones realizadas en otros sitios sugieren que puede tener un impacto negativo. Thalassoma lucasanum (vieja de Cortes) es importante para esta actividad. Los vibrantes colores que presentan los individuos de T. lucasanum en su fase terminal los hace muy apreciados, aunque tambien se recolectan individuos en su fase inicial menos atractiva. Se compararon la densidad de las poblaciones de T. lucasanum y la longitud de sus individuos en fase terminal, en arrecifes cercanos a una comunidad de pescadores, donde se realiza una extraccion intensiva, y en arrecifes adyacentes dentro del Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, donde la explotacion es limitada. La densidad de T. lucasanum fue significativamente menor y los individuos en fase terminal presentaron talla menor en los arrecifes donde la presion de extraccion es mas intensa. Estos resultados indican que aun la extraccion relativamente no destructiva de peces ornamentales, en cantidades moderadas, puede afectar negativamente las poblaciones objetivo. Se sugieren algunas modificaciones a los metodos de explotacion de estas especies en Costa Rica que podrian conducir hacia la sustentabilidad de la actividad en el largo plazo.
Why Study the Basics of Economics? A Student's Perspective

This paper examines the importance of the studying the basics of economics from a student's perspective.
A Writer’s Resolutions for the New Year

This article provides suggestions on how to improve writing and grammar with a New Year's resolution twist.