cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in rat serum corticosterone after treatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists or antagonists.

From previous work, it appears that glutamate can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis by an interaction at either ionotopic or metabotropic (G-protein coupled) receptors. For example, (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD), a metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonist, has been shown to increase the levels of serum corticosterone in rats. The present study was undertaken to further characterize which of the mGlu receptors are substantially involved in control of the HPA axis. The group I mGlu receptor agonists, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), 1S,3R-ACPD, and 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) but not the inactive isomer 1R,3S-ACPD were found to dose-dependently increase serum corticosterone 1 h after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection in male rats. The relative potency, DHPG (EC50 = 520 nmol) > 1S,3R-ACPD (1.4 micromol) = CHPG (2.7 micromol) >> 1R,3S-ACPD (>> 3 micromol) is consistent with activation of group I (mGlu1/5) receptors. The effects of DHPG were long lasting with substantial elevations in corticosterone remaining for at least 3 h. In a similar manner, the group III mGlu receptor agonists, L-AP4 (4-phosphono-2-aminobutyric acid) and L-SOP (serine-O-phosphate), were found to increase serum corticosterone levels at 1 h. In contrast, the mGlu group II selective agonists LY354740 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and subtype-selective doses of the group II antagonist LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly elevate serum corticosterone. Given the group I agonists results, it was surprising to find that group I selective and mGlu1 selective antagonists given alone also increased serum corticosterone. As with the agonists, the rise in serum corticosterone with LY393675 (an mGlu1/5 antagonist, EC50 = 20 nmol, i.c.v.) and LY367385 (an mGlu1 antagonist, 325 nmol, i.c.v.) were dose-dependent and consistent with their relative affinity for the group I mGlu receptors. The selective mGlu5 antagonist MPEP [2-methyl-6-(phenylethylnyl)pyridine] increased serum corticosterone but only at high doses (> 30 mg/kg, i.p.). A model involving the high glutamatergic tone on GABAergic interneurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is discussed as a possible explanation for these results.
Conflicts of Interest--Moving Beyond Disclosure

Management of conflicts of interest at research universities requires balancing the benefits of faculty entrepreneurial activities with the danger that such activities could distract faculty from their primary mission and threaten free inquiry. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute has developed policies to minimize these conflicts; for example, its scientists may consult for a company or engage in uncompensated scientific collaboration with it, but not both. Implementation of such policies is best accomplished by requiring faculty to obtain pre-approval of all commercial agreements, rather than simply disclosing them after the fact.
A general population genetic theory for the evolution of developmental interactions

The development of most phenotypic traits involves complex interactions between many underlying factors, both genetic and environmental. To study the evolution of such processes, a set of mathematical relationships is derived that describe how selection acts to change the distribution of genetic variation given arbitrarily complex developmental interactions and any distribution of genetic and environmental variation. The result is illustrated by using it to derive models for the evolution of dominance and for the evolutionary consequences of asymmetry in the distribution of genetic variation.
Effects of land misallocation on capital allocations in India

Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.
TopChurn: Maximum Entropy Churn Prediction Using Topic Models Over Heterogeneous Signals

With the onset of social media and news aggregators on the Web, the newspaper industry is faced with a declining subscriber base. In order to retain customers both on-line and in print, it is therefore critical to predict and mitigate customer churn. Newspapers typically have heterogeneous sources of valuable data: circulation data, customer subscription information, news content, and search click log data. An ensemble of predictive models over multiple sources faces unique challenges -- ascertaining short-term versus long-term effects of features on churn, and determining mutual information properties across multiple data sources. We present TopChurn, a novel system that uses topic models as a means of extracting dominant features from user complaints and Web data for churn prediction. TopChurn uses a maximum entropy-based approach to identify features that are most indicative of subscribers likely to drop subscription within a specified period of time. We conduct temporal analyses to determine long-term versus short-term effects of status changes on subscriber accounts, included in our temporal models of churn; and topic and sentiment analyses on news and clicklogs, included in our Web models of churn. We then validate our insights via experiments over real data from The Columbus Dispatch, a mainstream daily newspaper, and demonstrate that our churn models significantly outperform baselines for various prediction windows.
Microclimate modification with plastic mulch.

The effects of plastic mulch on plant microclimate are reviewed with specific focus on the transfer of energy within the crop microclimate. An energy transfer accounting system (surface energy balance) is reviewed and data representing the energy balance of a mulched field are presented.
Numerical simulation of flapping wings using a panel method and a high‐order Navier–Stokes solver

SUMMARY The design of efficient flapping wings for human engineered micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) has long been an elusive goal, in part because of the large size of the design space. One strategy for overcoming this difficulty is to use a multifidelity simulation strategy that appropriately balances computation time and accuracy. We compare two models with different geometric and physical fidelity. The low-fidelity model is an inviscid doublet lattice method with infinitely thin lifting surfaces. The high-fidelity model is a high-order accurate discontinuous Galerkin Navier–Stokes solver, which uses an accurate representation of the flapping wing geometry. To compare the performance of the two methods, we consider a model flapping wing with an elliptical planform and an analytically prescribed spanwise wing twist, at size scales relevant to MAVs. Our results show that in many cases, including those with mild separation, low-fidelity simulations can accurately predict integrated forces, provide insight into the flow structure, indicate regions of likely separation, and shed light on design–relevant quantities. But for problems with significant levels of separation, higher-fidelity methods are required to capture the details of the flow field. Inevitably high-fidelity simulations are needed to establish the limits of validity of the lower fidelity simulations.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International bilateral water treaty formation

[1] A logistic model is estimated to determine factors that have influenced the formation of bilateral international water treaties over the last 60 years. Results indicate that the larger a water basin is as a percent of a country's size, the more likely the country is to form a treaty regarding its management. On the other hand, the more control over the water basin any given country has, the less likely it will be involved in a treaty. The results also support aspects of two competing theories about the role of country differences, that in some cases they serve as obstacles to treaty formation yet in other cases they encourage treaty formation to formalize management when informal arrangements are not adequate.
Moment-Based Approximations of Discrete Probability Distributions Using Rational Functions

Provost et al. (2009) introduced an approximation to discrete probability mass functions using a base density function and a polynomial function multiplier. In this article, we examine a new estimator constructed by using a rational function multiplier. The new approximation requires fewer moments to calculate, and generally performs better. Several example cases will be presented.
On the star—delta transformation in network reliability

Lehman observed that star—delta and delta—star transformation cannot always be applied to networks with perfect (unfailing) vertices so as to exactly preserve reliability, and Rosenthal and Frisque introduced imperfect vertices to make exact delta—star transformations possible. We give an explicit condition that is satisfied if and only if a network with perfect vertices can be subjected to an exact star—delta or delta—star transformation, and we discuss the introduction of imperfect faces to make exact star—delta transformations possible. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maximal realcompact spaces and measurable cardinals

Abstract Comfort and Hager investigate the notion of a maximal realcompact space and ask about the relationship to the first measurable cardinal m . A space is said to be a P ( m ) space if the intersection of fewer than m open sets is again open. They ask if each realcompact P ( m ) space is maximal realcompact. We establish that this question is undecidable.
Autoradiographic distribution of forskolin and phorbol ester binding sites in the retina

We have localized the distribution of [3H]forskolin and [3H]phorbol dibutyrate binding sites autoradiographically in the rat, monkey, and human retina. In the rat and monkey retina, forskolin binding was enriched in the inner plexiform layer, in the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors, and in the retinal pigment epithelium. In the human retina, forskolin binding sites were uniformly distributed and higher in density. Forskolin binding was also detected over the ciliary body, the ciliary epithelium, and the iris sphincter. The distribution of phorbol ester binding sites was similar in the rat, monkey, and human retina. The inner plexiform layer contained the highest density followed by the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers, and the ganglion cell layer. In the rat, phorbol ester binding was present in the iris, the ciliary body, and the ciliary epithelium. The monkey and human ciliary body also contained a low density of phorbol ester binding sites.
Ethanol Alters Alveolar Fluid Balance via Nadph Oxidase (NOX) Signaling to Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaC) in the Lung

Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with increased incidence of ICU-related morbidity and mortality, primarily from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. One explanation is that alcohol regulates epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) via oxidant signaling to promote a pro- injury environment. We used small rodent models to mimic acute and chronic alcohol consumption and tested the hypothesis that ethanol (EtOH) would affect lung fluid clearance by up-regulating ENaC activity in the lung. Fluorescence labeling of rat lung slices and in vivo mouse lung revealed an increase in ROS production in response to acute EtOH exposure. Using western blots and fluorescein-5-maleimide labeling, we conclude that EtOH exposure modifies cysteines of α-ENaC while data from single channel patch clamp analysis confirm that 0.16% EtOH increased ENaC activity in rat alveolar cells. In vivo lung fluid clearance demonstrated a latent increase in fluid clearance in mice receiving EtOH diet. Ethanol mice given a tracheal instillation of LPS demonstrated early lung fluid clearance compared to caloric control mice and C57Bl/6 mice. Standard biochemical techniques reveal that chronic EtOH consumption resulted in greater protein expression of the catalytic gp91(phox) subunit and the obligate Rac1 protein. Collectively these data suggest that chronic EtOH consumption may lead to altered regulation of ENaC, contributing to a 'pro-injury' environment in the alcohol lung.
Anatomy of the posterior lateral line system in young larvae of the zebrafish

We studied the anatomy of neuromasts, afferent sensory neurons, and efferent neurons of the midbody branch of the posterior lateral line in larvae of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio), 5 days after fertilization. This simple sensory system consists of ten or 11 neuromasts, 15-20 sensory neurons, and about nine efferent neurons. The neuromasts are typical free neuromasts and both afferent and efferent synapses are present on hair cells within them. The sensory neurons project into a single longitudinal column of neuropil in the hindbrain. The sensory terminals appear by light microscopy to contact the dorsolateral dendrite of the ipsilateral Mauthner cell. Three types of efferent neurons are present; two types in the hindbrain and one type in the diencephalon. We provide several lines of evidence that demonstrate that these central neurons are efferent to the lateral line. We conclude from this morphology that the larval system includes all of the components of the adult system and is probably functional at this early stage. We also found that larvae have all of the efferent neurons found in adult zebrafish, while the number of neuromasts and sensory neurons will increase during subsequent development.
The fine structure of a tri-lamellar body in various species of Anabaena.

A tri-lamellar body has been observed either near or adjacent to the crosswalls in 16 out of 20 different isolates ofAnabaena examined in thin sections. These bodies appear to consist of three discoid lamellae approximately 0.3 Μm in diameter. The outer lamella (closest to the plasma membrane) is separated from the middle lamella by a 12 nm space and is about 8 nm in thickness. The middle and inner lamellae, spaced about 8 nm apart, are approximately 8 nm in thickness. Electron dense granules, interpreted to be Β-granules, are associated with the inner lamella. In different species, osmiophilic lines 3 nm wide were observed. The osmiophilic lines run at right angles to the lamellae, either between the outer and middle lamellae, between the middle and inner lamellae or between all three lamellae. In some species, osmiophilic lines are absent. Up to six tri-lamellar bodies have been observed in median longitudinal sections. Pores 20 nm in diameter and 60 nm apart were observed in layer 2 of the cell wall of all the species ofAnabaena examined. All species which had tri-lamellar bodies also had wall pores closely associated with the bodies. Wall pores were also observed in four species lacking tri-lamellar bodies. The possible role of these structures is discussed.
Viscous computations using a direct solver

Laminar viscous flows over airfoils are investigated analytically, applying the flux-difference splitting scheme of Roe (1986) to solve the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. Central-difference discretization is used for the viscous terms, and a fully implicit implementation is employed to minimize the Reynolds-number effect on convergence. Results for flows at freestream Mach number 0.5 and Reynolds number 5000 over NACA0012 airfoils at angles of attack 0 and 3 deg are presented graphically and discussed in detail. Good agreement with previous calculations is obtained, with accurate reproduction of essential features despite the use of coarser meshes.
Response to Pauline Hogeweg’s review of my book, “Evolution: a view from the 21st century”

It is a great irony to be criticized in a journal with the adventurous title of ‘‘Evolutionary Intelligence’’ for using the terms ‘‘‘cognitive’, ‘sentient’ and ‘thoughtful,’’’ as Pauline Hogeweg did in her review. I myself, by the way, never used the term ‘‘thoughtful.’’ It appeared in a quotation from Barbara McClintock’s fascinating and instructive 1983 Nobel Prize lecture (the text is at http://www.nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/, and my take on it can be found at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-ashapiro/barbara-mcclintock_b_1223618.html). Pauline accuses me of using ‘‘suggestive language.’’ However, I described exactly what I meant by cognition (=action based on knowledge acquired through sensing), and Part I of the book provides precise molecular descriptions of the sensory cell systems used to acquire that knowledge by bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. I think this manner of proceeding deserves the term ‘‘explicit’’ rather than ‘‘suggestive,’’ even from someone who may disagree with the substance of my argument. Pauline also complains that my terminology does not ‘‘set a clear research agenda.’’ Her statement notwithstanding, I explained how ‘‘intelligent application of such molecular mechanisms [is today not] outside the boundaries of contemporary biology’’ (pp. 136–137). Moreover, I outlined two complementary experimental approaches to test the possibilities of heuristic guidance for genome restructurings (pp. 137–138), clearly a subject relevant to readers of this journal. When discussing why contemporary evolutionists still cling to a random error-based mutation model, despite overwhelming molecular evidence to the contrary, I argued that the real objections to a more informatic (and therefore more informed) approach to evolutionary change are philosophical (pp. 138–139). I expected that readers of ‘‘Evolutionary Intelligence’’ would appreciate learning about the molecular basis for a cognitive take on evolutionary processes. Pauline evidently shares the neo-Darwinist philosophy. At the end of her review she makes this perspective explicit: ‘‘This [i.e., existing accomplishment in evolutionary computation] is just a beginning, but it shows we are still far from understanding what the basic paradigm of ‘random mutation selection’ can do.’’ What she says is undoubtedly true, but it is also possible that other paradigms may accomplish even more. I wish she had appreciated an attempt to formulate one with greater enthusiasm.
Social and Cultural Meanings of Student Revolt: Some Informal Comparative Observations

A new middle class has emerged, composed of persons who have achieved affluence and secure status in occupations oriented to intellectual and cultural work. Families in this stratum rear children with values and character structures which are at some variance with the dominant culture. Such youth are especially sensitized to social questions, are repelled by acquisitive and nationalistic values, and strive for a vocational situation which maximizes autonomy and self-expression. This sector of the youth population has been the primary constituency for the American student movement of the 1960's. Although the situation of these youth differs from that found in other countries with significant student movements, there are important resemblances between the two. A comparative analysis of student movements suggests that their emergence is a precursor of major qualitative societal and cultural change.
Optimization of an optical array receiver for deep-space optical communication during earth-mars conjunction phase

In this article, channel modeling, optimization of an optical receiver, and link analysis of a deep-space optical communication channel between a space-craft in MSO (Mars stationary orbit) and an optical receiver deployed on Earth are presented. The simulation results show that optimization of link parameters is essential to maximize the performance of an already power-starved deep-space communication link. The calculations of achievable data rates show that optical communication can provide an order of magnitude greater bandwidth compared to the current RF technology. This paper presents the analytical results during Earth-Mars conjunction phase, which represents the worst-case channel conditions for an optical communication channel between planet Earth and Mars.
BANKING ON THE PERIPHERY: Bolivia's Financial Reforms, 1985–1996

This article examines the sequencing of financial reform in LDCs in Bolivia. Bolivia undertook a dramatic stabilization program in 1985 and, over the next decade, steadily improved the oversight and regulation of domestic banks. I explain how these reforms proceed under three democratically elected administrations who each used political pacts to ensure legislative support for their agenda. At the international level, external shocks twice precipitated deeper banking reforms, but Bolivia's underdeveloped capital markets prevented the speculative attacks observed in other cases. The Bolivian experience demonstrates the potential for financial reform in the poorest of LDCs and the need for further research in similar cases.
High-throughput staining for the evaluation of fetal skeletal development in rats and rabbits.

Typical developmental toxicity studies require the assessment of fetal skeletal development. Regulatory guidelines require the assessment of bone ossification and indicate preferences for an assessment of both ossified bone as well as cartilaginous elements. Current manual methods to process fetuses for skeletal examination, whether single or double staining, are laborious and time consuming, and ultimately extend the time before study interpretations. There is a definite need for a quick and efficient, yet reliable, procedure to generate stained fetal skeletons for analysis. A non-automated high-throughput method for single and double staining rat and rabbit fetuses for skeletal evaluations is described, which results in excellent quality specimens ready for evaluations in approximately 3 days for rats and 7 days for rabbits. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Slowing out-of-equilibrium near the QCD critical point

The QCD phase diagram may feature a critical end point at a temperature T and baryon chemical potential {mu} which is accessible in heavy-ion collisions. The universal long wavelength fluctuations which develop near this Ising critical point result in experimental signatures which can be used to find the critical point. The magnitude of the observed effects depends on how large the correlation length {xi} becomes. Because the matter created in a heavy-ion collision cools through the critical region of the phase diagram in a finite time, critical slowing down limits the growth of {xi}, preventing it from staying in equilibrium. This is the fundamental nonequilibrium effect which must be calculated in order to make quantitative predictions for experiment. We use universal nonequilibrium dynamics and phenomenologically motivated values for the necessary nonuniversal quantities to estimate how much the growth of {xi} is slowed. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Quantification of distinct molecular species of the 2-lyso metabolite of platelet-activating factor by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract The biological activity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) is comprised by a few molecular species of phosphatidylcholine which contain a fatty alcohol connected by an ether linkage to the sn -1 position of the glycerol backbone and an acetate ester at the sn -2 position. The various molecular species of PAF differ in chain length and degree of unsaturation in the fatty alcohol residue side-chain. PAF is rapidly hydrolyzed to lyso-PAF by an acetylhydrolase enzyme which is quite active in a number of cells that synthesize PAF. We describe a method for quantitation of lyso-PAF which involves conversion to its propionate derivative in the presence of an internal standard (deuterium-labelled PAF), digestion to the diglyceride with Bacillus cereus phospholipase C, conversion to the pentafluorobenzoate derivative and capillary column gas chromatographic—negative-ion methane chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis. Distinct molecular species of lyso-PAF can be individually quantitated at levels of 1 ng or less. These methods are applied to the demonstration of lyso-PAF accumulation in renal tissue from transplanted allografts undergoing acute rejection, in renal tissue from kidneys subjected to cold storage and autotransplantation, and in intestinal mucosa subjected to warm ischemia and reperfusion.
Effect of scraping on the anodic oxidation of cadmium in alkaline solutions

Abstract Voltammetric current/potential curves were measured at 3 and 30 mV/s on smooth Cd electrodes in 1 N KOH with ind without scraping of the electrode surface. The effectiveness of the scraping was judged on the basis of results obtained by voltammetry with superimposed ac current. It was found to vary with potential at constant speed of rotation of the electrode and constant force, exerted by the scraper against the surface in the region where layers of hydroxide or oxide exist on cadmium. The film that is formed between 0·02 and 0·15 V during the anodic sweep is more stable with respect to scrapping tha the film produced at more positive potentials. The rate of film removal by scraping is comparable to that of film formation at 3000 rpm during the cathodic sweep between 0·7 and 0·2 V. Film formation occurs on a fresh surface under these conditions.
Doublet splitting in even- A deformed nuclei

The doublet splittings between excited two-quasiparticle states with parallel and antiparallel angular-momentum coupling in some even-A deformed rare earth nuclei have been calculated and compared with the experimental values. The influence of the various exchange forces is investigated, and results with both finite-range and zerorange forces are presented.
WirePATH Rapid Tooling Process and Supporting Software Development

Recent developments in Computer Aided Design (CAD) have drastically reduced overall design cycle time and cost. In this paper, wirePATH, a new method for rapid direct tooling, is presented. By using specialized interactive segmentation computer software and wire electrical discharge machining (wire EDM), wirePATH can reduce manufacturing time and cost for injection molds, casting patterns, and dies. Compared to other conventional-mold making methods, wirePATH can reduce fabrication time by as much as 40 to 70%. Wirepath can use a combination of wire EDM and other processes. Our method provides a new means to produce a greater variety in products by changing only portions of the tooling. Segments allow a part of a mold to be replaced to accommodate design changes and repair. WirePATH enables new applications of wire EDM to more complex shapes by bridging the gaps between CAD, our method, wire EDM and conventional manufacturing processes.
How sensitive is the light microscope for observations on microorganisms in natural habitats

Theoretical calculations based on the depth of field of standard microscope objectives and the visual acuity of normal observors show that direct microscopy of natural samples is rarely able to reveal the presence of small microorganisms at the densities found in natural systems. Over-estimation of the importance of bacterial aggregates is also likely from an uncritical use of light microscopy.
Multiple Choice and True-False: Reliability and Validity Compared.

Methodological problems with previous comparison of multiple-choice (MC) and true-false (TF) tests include differential item improvement, nonequivalence of stimuli, and restricted range for the TF form. This paper compares reliabilities and concurrent validities of tests composed of unimproved, teacher-made items. Form equivalence was assured by using every MC option as a TF item; range was considered comparatively unrestricted since the TF test took longer to complete than the MC test. No significant differences were found in either reliability or validity even when the MC reliability was adjusted to equate testing time. These results provide support for the use of TF tests as alternatives to MC tests in objective testing and are discussed in relation to previous findings.
FPGA Implementation and Energy Cost Analysis of Two Light-Weight Involutional Block Ciphers Targeted to Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate the energy cost of the FPGA implementation of two cryptographic algorithms targeted to wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Recent trends have seen the emergence of WSNs using sensor nodes based on reconfigurable hardware, such as a field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), thereby providing flexible functionality with higher performance than classical microcontroller based sensor nodes. In our study, we investigate the hardware implementation of involutional block ciphers since the characteristics of involution enables performing encryption and decryption using the same circuit. This characteristic is particularly appropriate for a wireless sensor node which requires the function of both encryption and decryption. Further, in order to consider the suitability of a cipher for application to a wireless sensor node, which is an energy constrained device, it is most critical to consider the cost of encryption in terms of energy consumption. Hence, we choose two involutional block ciphers, KHAZAD and BSPN, and analyze their energy efficiency for FPGA implementation.
Temporal and spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Human visitations to Antarctica have increased in recent decades, raising concerns about preserving the continent's environmental quality. To understand the spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic disturbances at the largest scientific station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station, a long-term monitoring program has been implemented. Results from the first nine years (1999?2007) of monitoring are reported. Most physical disturbance of land surfaces occurred prior to 1970 during initial establishment of the station. Hydrocarbons from fuel and anthropogenic metals occur in patches of tens to hundreds of square meters in areas of fuel usage and storage. Most soil contaminant concentrations are not expected to elicit biological responses. Past disposal practices have contaminated marine sediments with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals in close proximity to the station that often exceed concentrations expected to elicit biological responses. Chemical contamination and organic enrichment reduced marine benthic ecological integrity within a few hundred meters offshore of the station. Contaminants were detected in marine benthic organisms confirming bioavailability and uptake. PCBs in sediments are similar to suspected source materials, indicating minimal microbial degradation decades after release. Anthropogenic disturbance of the marine environment is likely to persist for decades. A number of monitoring design elements, indicators and methodologies used in temperate climates were effective and provide guidance for monitoring programs elsewhere in Antarctica.
Computational fluid dynamics based assessment of discharge-water depth relationships for combined sewer overflows

This article describes a general method to assess discharge-water depth relationships for combined sewer overflow (CSO) chambers. This method is particularly suitable for: complex geometries, unavailable univoc relationship between upstream and downstream flow and complex downstream hydraulic conditions. The methodology presented in this article is based on computational fluid dynamics. Its aim is to propose a relationship between the water depths in the CSO chamber and the overflow discharge. This study focuses on the evaluation and integration of the uncertainties in the determination of the most suitable depth-overflow relationship. Uncertainties related to numerical model, boundary conditions and water depth have been taken into account in order to elaborate water depth-overflow rate relationship. This approach is illustrated through the example of the ‘Milan’ CSO of Mulhouse city, France.
LIGAND-INDUCED MOVEMENT OF LYMPHOCYTE MEMBRANE MACROMOLECULES : I. ANALYSIS BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL RADIOAUTOGRAPHY

The fate of different complexes on the membrane of thymocytes and spleen lymphocytes was studied with the use of both immunofluorescence and ultrastructural radioautography. The complexes of anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) with the surface Ig of B lymphocytes were present all around the membrane at 4 degrees C; an increase in temperature produced a rapid aggregation of the complex into a cap which was readily interiorized in vesicles. Ultrastructural details of this process were given. The movement of the complexes depended upon the amount of anti-Ig and the temperature. The complexes of anti-lymphocyte antibody with surface antigen(s) did not result in formation of a single large aggregate (or cap) unless an anti-antibody was brought into the reaction. The caps formed by this trilayered complex were not interiorized. Concanavalin A (Con A) bound to cell surface carbohydrate moieties and the complexes of Con A readily formed a cap and were interiorized. Finally, antibodies to H-2 determinants did not form in most instances a single cap aggregate even when anti-antibodies were used. With time the H-2 complexes tended to form several large aggregates with some endocytosis.
Evaluation of a pharmacokinetic hypothesis for reduced locomotor stimulation from methamphetamine and cocaine in adolescent versus adult male C57BL/6J mice

Rationale Adolescent mice display reduced locomotor stimulation to cocaine and amphetamine compared to adults, but the mechanisms are not known.
Factors influencing young adults’ attitudes and knowledge of late-life sexuality among older women

Objectives: Although sexuality is valued throughout the lifespan, older women's sexual expression can be influenced by physical, mental and social factors, including attitudes and stereotypes held by younger generations. By gaining an understanding of what influences negative attitudes toward sexuality and beliefs about sexual consent capacity, the stigma associated with sexuality in late life may be reduced. Method: Using vignette methodology in an online survey, we examined older women's health and young adults’ (N = 606; mean age = 18.86, SD = 1.42, range 17–36) general knowledge and attitudes toward aging and sexuality, personal sexual behavior, religious beliefs and perceived closeness with an older adult on attitudes towards sexual behavior and perceptions of consent capacity among older women. Results: The health status of older women proved important in determining young adults’ acceptance and perception of sexual consent capacity regarding late-life heterosexual/autoerotic and homosexual behavior...
Sampera, a new genus of Liabeae (Compositae or Asteraceae) from the northern Andes

Abstract The genus Oligactis (Kunth) Cass. is divided into two genera based on the two former subgenera and a new name was necessary for the non-typical subgenus. DNA sequence data have shown that these two groups are not sister taxa and that each is easily defined by morphological characters that include differences in the habit, position of the inflorescence, and the pubescence of the style branches. Sampera, with eight species, is named in honor of Dr. Cristian Samper, Director of the Natural History Museum, Smithsonian Institution.
Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx

We have compiled all the reported cases of smooth muscle (stromal) tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx from 1884 through 1996. Our collective data included 139 leiomyomas (LM) and 68 leiomyosarcomas (LMS); but because we did not have sufficient information for 13 cases of LM, we report on only 126; and we report on only 66 of 68 cases of LMS. The peak age of incidence was 40 to 49 years for benign tumors and 50 to 59 years for malignant lesions, with the incidence in men slightly predominating over that in women. The most common sites of LM of the oral cavity and pharynx were the lips, tongue, and hard and soft palate. The most common sites of LMS included the maxilla and mandible. More than 40% of LMs presented as an intraoral mass, and more than half were known to be present for longer than 1 year. About 10% presented with pain, difficulty chewing or swallowing, swelling, toothache or loose teeth, or a combination of these symptoms. Patients with LMS were much more likely to have obvious symptoms of shorter duration, and one-third presented with pain or swelling (or both). Other relatively common symptoms of LMS included tenderness, interference with dentures, or an intraoral mass. In this review, there were almost twice as many LMs as LMSs, which was consistent with smooth muscle tumors found in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.
Modeling effects of soil, climate, and silviculture on growth ring specific gravity of Douglas-fir on a drought-prone site in Western Washington

Because wood specific gravity (SG), also known as relative or basic density, is correlated with many physical and mechanical properties it is a widely used indicator of wood quality. Furthermore, because SG measures dry weight per unit green volume and dry wood contains about 49% carbon and 20 MJ/kg energy, SG is useful for converting tree volume to carbon and energy content equivalents. Although many studies have investigated variables affecting SG, few have developed models to predict SG at the local level from age, silvicultural treatment, and growing environment variables. This study developed a four-parameter logistic model with mixed effects to predict the specific gravity of annual growth rings (RSG) from forty six 76-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Mirb. Franco) trees sampled from a thinning and biosolids fertilization experiment on a drought-prone site in Western Washington. RSG for up to sixty rings per tree was measured with X-ray densitometry on strips taken from disks removed from the top of the first 5 m log. Inter-annual RSG was modeled using treatment variables; local temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture deficit as growing environment variables; and ring number, area, width, and radius to the ring as tree variables. Ring age, ring area, March to May mean temperature, July soil moisture deficit, and whether or not biosolids had been applied were important predictors of RSG on this site. The equation for RSG can be easily converted to carbon or energy content equations by multiplying by the dry wood carbon and energy content factors.
Concavity Assumptions in Regulatory Models and the Capital Waste Controversy

Sherman (1992, 197) concludes that “the wasteful use of capital [by a rate-of-return constrained monopolist] is motivated to avoid an inelastic region of demand.” Previous analyses of capital waste by regulated firms often employ models with concavity restrictions on the profit and production functions. Here we demonstrate that these conventional assumptions in Averch-Johnson type models require demand to be everywhere elastic, ruling out the “avoidance” motive emphasized by Sherman. Although these highly restrictive assumptions are suitable for studying inefficient input mix, they are inappropriate when considering investment in unproductive capital.
Minor Studies of Aggression: II. the Influence of Frustrations Imposed by the In-Group on Attitudes Expressed Toward Out-Groups

(1948). Minor Studies of Aggression: II. the Influence of Frustrations Imposed by the In-Group on Attitudes Expressed Toward Out-Groups. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 437-442.
Glacial advance and stagnation caused by rock avalanches

Abstract New model results show that a glacier advance caused by deposition of a rock avalanche on the ice will be followed by stagnation of the advanced ice lobe, producing distributed, hummocky deposits quite different from the single moraine ridges typically dated in paleoclimatic reconstructions. We obtain these results using a numerical flow-line glacier model with superimposed rock debris. In particular, our results imply that the single moraine ridge known as the Waiho Loop of the Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, is not the result of an advance triggered by a rock avalanche, else there would be a widespread, hummocky, glacial stagnation deposit associated with it.
The Lazy Professor's Guide to Grading: How to Increase Student Learning While Decreasing Professor Homework

ABSTRACT: The busy instructor wants to help their students learn but is often pressed for time. This article presents 6 grading techniques that help the students learn without taking a lot of time. First, not grading an assignment saves time and can still be valuable as long as the instructor carefully structures it so the students still have an incentive to complete the assignment and still learn from the assignment. Second, students can grade their own assignments and receive immediate feedback on the correct answer using commercially available scratch off sheets. Third, giving team rather than individual grades encourages peer tutoring as long as teams are carefully managed. Fourth, in-class peer grading lets students learn from each other, by reading how others did the assignment and discussing it with their team. Fifth, doing an in-class grading lecture over all of the students' assignments at once allows you to give feedback on common mistakes and is especially helpful when students are unclear on the assignment. Sixth, a grading rubric saves time writing comments and helps the students understand exactly what is expected and is the basis for their grade. These techniques can save time in grading while helping the students to learn the material better.
Neonatal liver failure

Neonatal liver failure (NLF) is a distinct and unusual clinical syndrome that requires a specialized approach to its management. This review establishes a definition of NLF and provides a literature-supported differential diagnosis. A specific approach to the diagnostic work-up of an infant with NLF based on this differential diagnosis is outlined. The role of mitochondrial-based diseases in the genesis of NLF is reviewed as well as current advances in the diagnosis and management of neonatal hemochromatosis. The unique range of diseases that cause NLF are associated with specific therapies, which are summarized.
Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in adult horses

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir administered intravenously (IV) and orally to healthy adult horses. Design: Random cross-over with an approximate 1-week washout period between trials. Setting: University veterinary medical teaching hospital. Animals: Six healthy adult research herd horses. Interventions and main results: Acyclovir was administered IV (10 mg/kg in 1 L isotonic crystalloid solution over 60 minutes) and orally (20 mg/kg) to healthy adult horses. Plasma samples were obtained and acyclovir concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Peak concentration (mean±SD) for IV acyclovir was 13.74±5.88 μg/mL at the completion of the 1-hour infusion. The half-life of the distribution phase (α) was 0.16 hours while the half-life of the elimination phase (β) was 9.6 hours. The steady-state volume of distribution was 3.93±1.21 L/kg. We were unable to measure pharmacokinetics after PO acyclovir as plasma concentrations were below the lower limits of detection in all 6 horses. Conclusions: IV administration of acyclovir to healthy adult horses achieves concentrations within the sensitivity range described for equine herpes virus-type 1. The oral bioavailability of acyclovir in horses is low and additional studies are required.
Microbial essentials at hydrothermal vents

Hot, anoxic fluids emerging from deep-sea hydrothermal vents mix suddenly with cold oxygenated sea water, providing ideal microbial niches for organisms that need limited amounts of oxygen. We have now identified and grown the first microaerophilic, thermophilic eubacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal chimney. In view of the likely abundance of this type of microenvironment in hydrothermal structures, these newly discovered thermophilic microbes could constitute a large part of the microbial populations in seafloor hydrothermal systems.
Is Mild Cognitive Impairment Prodromal for Vascular Dementia Like Alzheimer’s Disease?

Background and Purpose — Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and probably other forms of dementia. Some subtypes of vascular dementia (VaD) may possess minor neuropathological changes of AD that may contribute to cognitive impairments. It was posited that MCI, identified by criteria described here, might present as a prodrome for VaD and AD. Methods — Serial Mini-Mental State Examination was administered at 3- to 6-month intervals, and neuroimaging was performed annually. Subtle cognitive dysfunctions were weighted and measured according to MCI criteria defined here. Subjects identified with MCI were then followed up for an additional 3.88±3.01 years. Diagnoses of VaD and AD were made according to established criteria. Results — During 3.72±2.94 years of follow-up of the original normative subjects, 73 of 291 (25.1%) developed MCI. Of the 27 subjects who developed VaD, 15 (55.6%) had prodromal MCI. Of these, two thirds were subclassified as having small-vessel dementia. The remaining 12 patients with VaD (44.4%) were diagnosed directly from a cognitively normal status without preceding MCI. These were predominantly multi-infarct or strategic-infarct dementia (66.7%). An additional 35 MCI subjects (47.9%) developed AD. Both VaD and AD diagnosed after MCI prodromes manifested similar spectral domains of cognitive impairments, which included memory, during their MCI stages. Conclusions — In some VaD subtypes, particularly those caused by subcortical microvascular disease, dementia may be preceded by MCI, which has similar domains of cognitive impairment and a similar progressive course that may mimic AD.
Influence of temperature and the composition of tungstate–molybdate alloys on the morphology of their electrolytic deposits

We develop new methods aimed at control over the structures of molybdenum and tungsten coatings by changing the atmosphere over the bath and nonstationary current modes. The influence of the conditions and parameters of electrolysis (substrate material, composition of electrolytes, temperature, cathode current density, time of deposition, and the reverse mode of deposition) on the composition and structure of the coatings is investigated.