cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Linear Algebra

Many of the linear algebra operations and algorithms possible on optical matrix-vector processors are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the use of direct solutions and their realization on systolic optical processors. As an example, implicit and explicit solutions to partial differential equations are considered. The matrix-decomposition required is found to be the major operation recommended for optical realization (since digital systems can easily solve the simplified matrix-vector problem that results). The pipelining and flow of data and operations are noted to be key issues in the realization of any algorithm on an optical systolic array processor. A realization of the direct solution by Householder OR decomposition is provided as a specific case study.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Holographic optical system design using Super-Oslo

It is becoming more common to include HOE's in an optical system. This imposes some important problems for optical designers. In this paper, we will mainly discuss analyses and evaluations of an optical system which contains general HOE's and only describe briefly the generation of the HOE. A general HOE can be defined as a hologram whose object beam can assume any arbitrary wavefront. The general approach, by all known commercial softwares, is to model the required hologram being formed with simple spherical waves. The wavefront of the object wave is then modified by a phase function represented by a high order polynomials. The coefficients are then optimize to achieve the required results. This is adequate for most applications. If the required hologram does not resemble simple spherical waves nor has the symmetry, a large number of terms may be needed for an accurate representation. Our approach is to use exact ray-tracing to represent a general hologram. This was carried out with a commercial software, Super-Oslo, which, by the way, has not yet incorporated the phase modification feature. Since the Super Oslo can accommodate multiple configurations and also since it has the Star Command Language (SCL), we can either use a separate configuration or dynamically change the main configuration to define the hologram. The hologram itself is a user defined surface for which you can write your own program. Therefore the definition of the hologram can include any optical surfaces which can be handled by the software. The hologram can also be on any surface as long as you can write the program for it. The system design, analysis and evaluation can then be run by the SCL. We will use the Holographic Optical Head (HOH) as our example. The HOH includes two spherical lenses and two holograms.
Hematopoietic repopulation after intestinal shielding from x-irradiation.

THE two methods most commonly used to produce repopulation after irradiation are: (1) exogenous colonization, or “grafting”, by the injection of healthy haematopoietic tissue into a heavily irradiated recipient1–3; (2) endogenous colonization accomplished by the shielding of haematopoietic tissue4,5. In comparing these two techniques, Porteous and Lajtha6 concluded that, after radiation, exocolonization—involving considerable cellular handling—gives a different pattern of recovery from that observed with endocolonization.
Proton core excitation in the ground state of 18O

Abstract A distorted wave analysis of the 18 O( 3 He, d) 19 F reaction using deformed-well wave functions yields rather large core-excitation admixtures in the ground state of 18 O.
Development of a Three-Dimensional Model for the Darrieus Rotor and Its Wake

A computational procedure suitable for simulating the flowfield, performance, and interference of a curvedbladed, three-dimensional Darrieus wind turbine is presented. The rotor blades are modeled as time-averaged sources in the steady, laminar momentum equations solved on a Cartesian grid. As an illustration of the potential of the method, terrain and generator box influence on the behavior of the turbine are simulated in a uniform freestream wind. The generator box of the turbine is modeled as a solid cube and viscous no-slip boundary conditions are prescribed on the generator box and the ground plane. The influence of the terrain on the flowfield of the turbine is considered for two hypothetical, two-dimensional ridge-lines. Computed turbine performance, such as the power coefficient and the normal force coefficient, are compared with results from Sandia field tests and a theoretical method based on stream-tube momentum balance for a stand-alone turbine. Quantitative differences in the performance of the Sandia 17-m turbine with and without the hypothetical terrains are discussed. Qualitative behavior of the flowfield under the influence of the ground plane is also presented with the help of velocity vector plots and path lines.
A study of the hypothalamic pulse-generating mechanism responsible for LH release: electrical stimulation of the medial basal hypothalamus in the ovariectomized guinea pig.

Abstract In order to examine the neurophysiological properties of the hypothalamus responsible for the pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone (LH) the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of the ovariectomized adult female guine pig was stimulated electrically through an implanted electrode and LH release was monitored as an indication of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) release. Electrical stimulation (ES) consisting of monophasic square wave pulses with 0.5 ms pulse duration was applied for 2 min at 60, 40, 20, or 10 min intervals. Current intensity (80, 200, 500 μA) and frequency (8, 50, 100 Hz) were varied to determine the parameters of ES which resulted in an LH pulse with amplitude similar to that of a pulse induced by the endogenous pulse-generating mechanism. Blood samples were collected at 5 or 10 min intervals through an indwelling catheter, and LH was measured by RIA. Results are as follows: (1) spontaneous LH release in animals without ES was pulsatile with a frequency of approximately 32 min; (2) ES induced LH release; if applied during the trough or ascending phase of a spontaneous LH pulse, ES induced an LH pulse 99% of the time, whereas ES induced an LH pulse only 33% of the time if applied during the peak or descending phase of an endogenous LH pulse; (3) the amplitude of LH release induced by ES was related to the number of coulombs applied to the MBH: greater current intensity or greater frequency resulted in an LH pulse with higher amplitude and longer interpulse interval; (4) repeated application of ES at 20 min intervals or longer resulted in an LH response, whereas ES at 10 min intervals did not consistently elicit an LH response. Since the pituitary responded to LHRH challenges at 10 min intervals, the limitation in responding to frequent ES (10 min intervals) occurred at the neural component rather than at the pituitary gland. These results suggest that (i) depolarization of the MBH results in increases in the amplitude of LH release accompanied with increases in interpulse interval of LH release, and (ii) the pulse-generating mechanism responsible for LH release appears to be maximally effective when it is stimulated at intervals between 20 and 40 min, approximating the endogenous rhythmicity of LH release.
The iDUDE Framework for Grayscale Image Denoising

We present an extension of the discrete universal denoiser DUDE, specialized for the denoising of grayscale images. The original DUDE is a low-complexity algorithm aimed at recovering discrete sequences corrupted by discrete memoryless noise of known statistical characteristics. It is universal, in the sense of asymptotically achieving, without access to any information on the statistics of the clean sequence, the same performance as the best denoiser that does have access to such information. The DUDE, however, is not effective on grayscale images of practical size. The difficulty lies in the fact that one of the DUDE's key components is the determination of conditional empirical probability distributions of image samples, given the sample values in their neighborhood. When the alphabet is relatively large (as is the case with grayscale images), even for a small-sized neighborhood, the required distributions would be estimated from a large collection of sparse statistics, resulting in poor estimates that would not enable effective denoising. The present work enhances the basic DUDE scheme by incorporating statistical modeling tools that have proven successful in addressing similar issues in lossless image compression. Instantiations of the enhanced framework, which is referred to as iDUDE, are described for examples of additive and nonadditive noise. The resulting denoisers significantly surpass the state of the art in the case of salt and pepper (S&P) and -ary symmetric noise, and perform well for Gaussian noise.
Screening strategies for achiral supercritical fluid chromatography employing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-like parameters

A thorough evaluation of 5 μm bare silica from two major vendors for achiral supercritical fluid chromatography of polar analytes has been carried out. Columns were the same dimension, and a virgin column was reserved for each modifier-mixture combination. Three mixtures were prepared and chromatographically separated via a gradient of methanol-modified CO(2) that incorporated 5% (w/w) water as a neutral additive. Mixture (A) invoked both trifluoroacetic acid and water as additives. Mixture (B) utilized isopropyl amine and water; while mixture (C) employed either ammonium acetate and water as additives or only water. Regardless of the mixture components and mobile phase composition, duplicate separations with superior selectivity and excellent peak resolution were observed on five analysis days over a 15-day period. Subsequent removal of water (i.e. primary additive) from each of the mobile phases led to lower selectivity for early eluting components but excellent peak resolution prevailed for later eluting peaks during a later 5-day testing period with only the secondary additive. The re-introduction of 5% water into the mobile phase (after allowing the bare silica columns that were used with no water to sit for 30 days) slowly yielded the original separation after approximately five injections. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-like mechanism for SFC whereby analyte partitions between water absorbed on the silica and water in the mobile phase is proposed. The general utility of this experimental approach with bare silica was subsequently demonstrated by single injection of ten drug-like compounds with each of the four mobile phases that previously were utilized with the three model compound mixtures. In each case, sharp peaks were observed for each drug-like compound regardless of the additive although retention times varied with the additive employed.
Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua

A Social and Political Overview Guatemala Guatemala: The Revolution That Failed Guatemala: A Grim, Complex War Guatemala: Coups and Elections Guatemala Analysis: The More Things Change El Salvador El Salvador: 50 Years of Solitude El Salvador: The Junta de Chompipes and Afterward El Salvador: The Time of Troubles El Salvador Analysis: Contradictions and Ambiguities Honduras Honduras: The Essential Banana Republic Honduras: From Coup to Election Honduras: The Eye of the Storm Honduras Analysis: Illusion of Progress Nicaragua Nicaragua: The Somoza Era Nicaragua: The Red and the Black Nicaragua Besieged Nicaragua Analysis: The Paradoxical Revolution Conclusions: Arms and the Land Appendix Bibliography Index
The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion.

The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions.
Why no cognitive body image feature such as overvaluation of shape/weight in the binge eating disorder diagnosis?

Binge-eating disorder (BED), a research category in the DSM-IV, has been proposed as a formal diagnosis in the DSM-5 (www.dsm5.org). BED is defined by recurrent binge eating (eating unusually large quantities of food in a discrete period accompanied by feelings of loss of control), binge-eating episodes are associated with at least 3 of 5 behavioral indicators (e.g., eating much more rapidly than usual), marked distress about the binge eating, and the absence of inappropriate weight-compensatory behaviors that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa (BN). The Eating Disorder Work Group’s proposal for DSM-5, in addition to making BED a formal diagnosis, revised the binge-eating frequency and duration stipulations to once weekly on average for past three months. This specific revision regarding frequency/duration of binge-eating follows empirical evidence (1) and is intended to parallel more closely the duration (as well as the new frequency) criteria for binge eating for the diagnosis of BN. Unlike the criteria for binge eating in the BN diagnosis, the DSM-IV criteria for BED require the presence of 3 of 5 “behavioral indicators” for binge eating and the presence of “marked distress.” The DSM-5 proposal for BED retains both the “behavioral indicators” and the “marked distress” criterion requirements; both requirements received empirical support in one study each (2,3) although they do not parallel the structure or requirements for defining binge eating for the diagnosis of BN. In sharp contrast to other formal eating disorder diagnoses – BN and anorexia nervosa (AN) – the diagnosis of BED does not include a cognitive criterion pertaining to body image. DSM-IV and the current proposal for DSM5 criteria for BN require the presence of “undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation” (referred to here as overvaluation of shape/weight). The undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation is one specific example for meeting a cognitive criterion reflecting a disturbance in body image for the diagnosis of AN. This paper addresses issues regarding the importance of the overvaluation of shape/weight in BED (4). Emerging research indicates that this specific cognitive feature is important for clinicians working with patients with BED to assess and consider during treatment formulation. Emerging research also suggests that further revision to the proposed DSM5 criteria for BED seems indicated in order to include this cognitive construct pertaining to body image. The absence of a cognitive criterion or feature reflecting a disturbance in body image for the diagnosis of BED casts this specific eating-disorder diagnosis merely as a behavioral overeating construct. The other eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in both eating behavior and in how the body is evaluated.
56 PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF α-THALASSEMIA IN GREECE

The prevalence and molecular basis of α-thalassemia in Greece was studied. To estimate the prevalence of α-thalassemia, 227 cord blood samples were examined by haematological and gene mapping techniques. Amongst the 227 newborns, 16(7.05%) α-thalassemia 2(-α3-7/αα) and 2(0.88%) α-thalassemia 1 (--Med/αα and -(α)20.5;αα) heterozygotes were found. One individual was a double heterozygote for α-thalassemia 2 and a dysfunctional α-gene arrangement [-α3.7/(α)?]. These results give an overall incidence for α-thalassemia in the Greek population of 8.4%. Gene mapping in 16 Greek individuals with HbH disease showed that eight had the genotype --Med/-α3.7, four tne genotype -(α)20.5/-α3.7 three the genotype --Med/ααT and one the genotype ααT/ααT. These results demonstrate a wide diversity of molecular abnormalities of α-thalassemia in Greece which explains the observed heterogeneity of clinical phenotype.
Identification of the 11,14,15- and 11,12,15-Trihydroxyeicosatrienoic Acids as Endothelium-derived Relaxing Factors of Rabbit Aorta

A number of endothelium-derived relaxing factors have been identified including nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Previous work showed that in rabbit aortic endothelial cells, arachidonic acid was metabolized by a lipoxygenase to vasodilatory eicosanoids. The identity was determined by the present study. Aortic homogenates were incubated in the presence of [U-14C]arachidonic acid, [U-14C]arachidonic acid plus 15-lipoxygenase (soybean lipoxidase), or [U-14C]15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) and analyzed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Under both experimental conditions, there was a radioactive metabolite that migrated at 17.5–18.5 min on RP-HPLC. When the metabolite was isolated from aortic homogenates, it relaxed precontracted aortas in a concentration-dependent manner. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the derivatized metabolite indicated the presence of two products; 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (THETA) and 11,14,15-THETA. A variety of chemical modifications of the metabolite supported these structures and confirmed the presence of a carboxyl group, double bonds, and hydroxyl groups. With the combination of 15-lipoxygenase, arachidonic acid, and aortic homogenate, an additional major radioactive peak was observed. This fraction was analyzed by GC/MS. The mass spectrum was consistent with this peak, containing both the 11-hydroxy-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11-H-14,15-EETA) and 15-H-11,12-EETA. The hydroxyepoxyeicosatrienoic acid (HEETA) fraction also relaxed precontracted rabbit aorta. Microsomes derived from rabbit aortas also synthesized 11,12,15- and 11,14,15-THETAs from 15-HPETE, and pretreatment with the cyctochrome P450 inhibitor, miconazole, blocked the formation of these products. The present studies suggest that arachidonic acid is metabolized by 15-lipoxygenase to 15-HPETE, which undergoes an enzymatic rearrangement to 11-H-14,15-EETA and 15-H-11,12-EETA. Hydrolysis of the epoxy group results in the formation of 11,14,15- and 11,12,15-THETA, which relaxed rabbit aorta. Thus, the 15-series THETAs join prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as new members of the family of endothelium-derived relaxing factors.
Syntheses and structures of Ta2(WO2)0.87H0.26(PO4)4 and Ta2(MoO2)(PO4)4

Tantalum hydrogen phosphate, {beta}-TaH(PO{sub 4}){sub 2}, has a three-dimensional structure that is stable to remarkably high temperature ({approx}600 deg. C) presumably due to the presence of strong hydrogen bonds. Impedance measurements indicate a low conductivity, 2.0 x 10{sup -6} S/cm at 200 deg. C in 5% H{sub 2}. In further studies aimed at enhancing the conductivity by aliovalent doping, we have investigated systematically the synthesis of compounds in the TaH(PO{sub 4}){sub 2}-W{sub 2}P{sub 2}O{sub 11} system at 380 deg. C. As a result, a new phase, Ta{sub 2}(WO{sub 2}){sub 0.87}H{sub 0.26}(PO{sub 4}){sub 4}, was identified and subsequently the molybdenum analog Ta{sub 2}(MoO{sub 2})(PO{sub 4}){sub 4} was also prepared. The structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structures of Ta{sub 2}(WO{sub 2}){sub 0.87}H{sub 0.26}(PO{sub 4}){sub 4} and Ta{sub 2}(MoO{sub 2})(PO{sub 4}){sub 4} can be formally derived from the structure of {beta}-TaH(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} by the replacement of two P-OH protons with an MO{sub 2}{sup 2+} (M = Mo and W) group together with a change in the orientation of some phosphate tetrahedra.
Surgical and pharmacological suppression of glucocorticoids prevents the enhancement of morphine conditioned place preference by uncontrollable stress in rats

Stress and one of the physiological components of most stress responses, glucocorticoid hormones (CORT), are known to influence the rewarding effects of a number of drugs of abuse. We have previously shown that an acute uncontrollable stressor (inescapable shock, IS) potentiates the rewarding effects of morphine using conditioned place preference (CPP). The following experiments were conducted to determine the role of CORT in this process. First, the CORT response to 3.0 mg/kg morphine was measured in male Sprague–Dawley rats 24 h following exposure to IS. Second, we determined the effect of adrenalectomy (ADX) on the IS-potentiated CPP to morphine. Finally, we used the temporary CORT synthesis inhibitors metyrapone and aminoglutethimide to determine the necessity of CORT rises during either IS or morphine administration on the potentiated CPP response. Prior IS significantly potentiated the CORT response to morphine. ADX significantly blocked the potentiated CPP to morphine produced by previous IS. However, CORT inhibition during IS had no effect on the IS potentiation of morphine CPP, whereas inhibition during morphine administration completely blocked this potentiation. The results indicate that the CORT response to morphine is enhanced in rats that were previously exposed to an uncontrollable stressor, and that this response to the drug, not the stressor, is necessary for the stress-enhanced potentiation of morphine CPP.
Visualizing features and tracking their evolution

We describe basic algorithms to extract coherent amorphous regions (features or objects) from 2 and 3D scalar and vector fields and then track them in a series of consecutive time steps. We use a combination of techniques from computer vision, image processing, computer graphics, and computational geometry and apply them to data sets from computational fluid dynamics. We demonstrate how these techniques can reduce visual clutter and provide the first step to quantifying observable phenomena. These results can be generalized to other disciplines with continuous time-dependent scalar (and vector) fields. >
Qualitative Receptor Defects in Families with Androgen Resistance: Failure of Stabilization of the Fibroblast Cytosol Androgen Receptor*

We describe a new method for detecting the presence of a qualitatively abnormal androgen receptor in skin fibroblasts cultured from patients with androgen resistance. Preparation of normal fibroblast cytosol in the presence of sodium molybdate results in stabilization of a 7–8S dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex on sucrose density gradients. Patients with testicular feminization previously identified as having a qualitatively abnormal androgen receptor, as determined by thermolability of monolayer binding, were shown to have failure of stabilization of the cytosol receptor by molybdate. In light of this, we designed a study to see whether this technique might identify previously unrecognized instances of a qualitatively abnormal androgen receptor. Comparison of the thermolability of monolayer binding and molybdate stabilization of cytosol receptor was thus undertaken in 35 families with androgen resistance due to putative disorders of the androgen receptor. The patients included individuals from 15 fami...
Gender-related differences in xenobiotic metabolism.

This review will focus on the possible mechanisms for such differences, will briefly review the current state of the literature as it relates to humans, and will make recommendations for future research
CD40, but Not CD154, Expression on B Cells Is Necessary for Optimal Primary B Cell Responses

CD40 is an important costimulatory molecule for B cells as well as dendritic cells, monocytes, and other APCs. The ligand for CD40, CD154, is expressed on activated T cells, NK cells, mast cells, basophils, and even activated B cells. Although both CD40(-/-) and CD154(-/-) mice have impaired ability to isotype switch, form germinal centers, make memory B cells, and produce Ab, it is not entirely clear whether these defects are intrinsic to B cells, to other APCs, or to T cells. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we investigated whether CD40 or CD154 must be expressed on B cells for optimal B cell responses in vivo. We demonstrate that CD40 expression on B cells is required for the generation of germinal centers, isotype switching, and sustained Ab production, even when other APCs express CD40. In contrast, the expression of CD154 on B cells is not required for the generation of germinal centers, isotype switching, or sustained Ab production. In fact, B cell responses are completely normal when CD154 expression is limited exclusively to Ag-specific T cells. These results suggest that the interaction of CD154 expressed by activated CD4 T cells with CD40 expressed by B cells is the primary pathway necessary to achieve B cell activation and differentiation and that CD154 expression on B cells does not noticeably facilitate B cell activation and differentiation.
Flood routing based on diffusion wave equation using mixing cell method

A one-dimensional non-linear diffusion wave equation is derived from the Saint Venant equations with neglect of the inertia terms. This non-linear equation has no general analytical solution. Numerical schemes are therefore employed to discretize the space and time axes and convert the differential equation to difference form. In this study, the mixing cell method is used to convert the diffusion wave equation to difference form, in which the difference term can be eliminated by selecting an optimal space step size Δx when time step size Δt is given. When the time step size Δt → 0, the space step size Δx = Q/(2S 0 BC k ) where Q is discharge, S 0 is bed slope, B is channel width and C k is kinematic wave celerity, which is the same as the characteristic length proposed by Kalinin and Milyukov. The results of application to two cases show that the mixing cell and linear channel flow routing methods produce hydrographs that are in agreement with the observed flood hydrographs.
Direct Trajectory Optimization Using a Variable Low-Order Adaptive Pseudospectral Method

A variable-order adaptive pseudospectral method is presented for solving optimal control problems. The method developed in this paper adjusts both themesh spacing and the degree of the polynomial on eachmesh interval until a specified error tolerance is satisfied. In regions of relatively high curvature, convergence is achieved by refining the mesh, while in regions of relatively low curvature, convergence is achieved by increasing the degree of the polynomial. An efficient iterativemethod is then described for accurately solving a general nonlinear optimal control problem. Using four examples, the adaptive pseudospectral method described in this paper is shown to be more efficient than either a global pseudospectral method or a fixed-order method.
The effects of consumer control on the delivery of services.

A confluence of historical, social and political forces has resulted in the emergence of increased pressure for community control over human resources, particularly in urban areas. This paper explores a comprehensive mental health center's shift from institutional to consumer regulation, and the impact of that transition upon the delivery of services.
Memory for Category Information Is Idealized Through Contrast With Competing Options

We suggest that human category formation relies on contrastive learning mechanisms that seek to reduce prediction error. In keeping with this view, manipulating category contrast leads to systematic distortions in people's memory for category information. Simply by changing the basis of comparison (i.e., the available response options), we can systematically distort people's perceptions of novel, energy-source, and political categories. Our proposal explains perceived variations in category members' typicality, including cases in which average items are judged as highly typical and cases in which extreme or ideal members are judged as highly typical of the category. Although straightforward, our account spans findings from studies in goal-derived, cross-cultural, and object-based categorization and suggests ways in which society's perception of key issues is distorted by political discourse.
SPINAL CORD MECHANISMS MEDIATING BEHAVIORAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY NEUROKININ-1 TACHYKININ RECEPTOR ACTIVATION IN THE ROSTRAL VENTROMEDIAL MEDULLA

Abstract Hyperalgesia in animal injury models is linked to activation of descending raphespinal modulatory circuits originating in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). A neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist microinjected into the RVM before or after inflammation produced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) resulted in an attenuation of thermal hyperalgesia. A transient (acute) or a continuous infusion of Substance P (SP) microinjected into the RVM of non-inflamed animals led to similar pain hypersensitivity. Intrathecal pretreatment or post-treatment of a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (Y-25130 or ondansetron) blocked the SP-induced hyperalgesia. The SP-induced hyperalgesia was both GABA A and NMDA receptor-dependent after pre- and post-treatment with selective antagonists at the spinal level. A microinjection of SP into the RVM also led to increased NMDA NR1 receptor subunit phosphorylation in spinal cord tissue. The GABA A receptor-mediated hyperalgesia involved a shift in the anionic gradient in dorsal horn nociceptive neurons and an increase in phosphorylated NKCC1 protein (isoform of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter). Following a low dose of SP infused into the RVM, intrathecal muscimol (GABA A agonist) increased SP-induced thermal hyperalgesia, phosphorylated NKCC1 protein expression, and NMDA NR1 subunit phosphorylation in the spinal cord. The thermal hyperalgesia was blocked by intrathecal gabazine, the GABA A receptor antagonist, and MK-801, the NMDA receptor channel blocker. These findings indicate that NK-1 receptors in the RVM are involved in SP-induced thermal hyperalgesia, this hyperalgesia is 5-HT3-receptor dependent at the spinal level, and involves the functional interaction of spinal GABA A and NMDA receptors.
An Application of the Socioegocentric Model to Information-Sharing Discussions: In Search of Group-Level Communication Influences:

Hewes’s socioegocentric model is applied to discussion data from an information-sharing task. The primary question is whether discussion data display psychological (individual-level) or interactional (group-level) associations among contributions. Two studies are described. The first used a card sort task to group the 42 items from the choose-the-best-candidate task. The second study used the groupings from the first task to code information-based contributions to discussion. Results indicated that participants reliably group the items into valence-based categories and that there were valence-based associations between items contributed to discussion. However, the associations were at the individual level of analysis—there were no group-level effects for information sharing. However, other features of the discussions did have group-level effects, and we argue for a better understanding of information sharing in terms of the comments that frame information-based contributions to interaction.
The effect of preinjury sleep difficulties on neurocognitive impairment and symptoms after sport-related concussion

Background:Researchers have reported that sleep duration is positively related to baseline neurocognitive performance. However, researchers have yet to examine the effect of preinjury sleep difficulties on postconcussion impairments.Purpose:To compare neurocognitive impairment and symptoms of athletes with preinjury sleep difficulties to those without after a sport-related concussion (SRC).Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:The sample included 348 adolescent and adult athletes (age, mean ± SD, 17.43 ± 2.34 years) with a diagnosed SRC. The sample was divided into 2 groups: (1) 34 (10%) participants with preinjury sleep difficulties (sleeping less as well as having trouble falling asleep; SLEEP SX) and (2) 231 (66%) participants without preinjury sleep difficulties (CONTROL). The remaining 84 (24%) participants with minimal sleep difficulties (1 symptom) were excluded. Participants completed the Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) and Postconcussion Symptom S...
CYPSI: a structure-based interface for cytochrome P450s and ligands in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily enables terrestrial plants to adapt to harsh environments. CYPs are key enzymes involved in a wide range of metabolic pathways. It is particularly useful to be able to analyse the three-dimensional (3D) structure when investigating the interactions between CYPs and their substrates. However, only two plant CYP structures have been resolved. In addition, no currently available databases contain structural information on plant CYPs and ligands. Fortunately, the 3D structure of CYPs is highly conserved and this has made it possible to obtain structural information from template-based modelling (TBM). The CYP Structure Interface (CYPSI) is a platform for CYP studies. CYPSI integrated the 3D structures for 266 A. thaliana CYPs predicted by three TBM methods: BMCD, which we developed specifically for CYP TBM; and two well-known web-servers, MUSTER and I-TASSER. After careful template selection and optimization, the models built by BMCD were accurate enough for practical application, which we demonstrated using a docking example aimed at searching for the CYPs responsible for ABA 8′-hydroxylation. CYPSI also provides extensive resources for A. thaliana CYP structure and function studies, including 400 PDB entries for solved CYPs, 48 metabolic pathways associated with A. thaliana CYPs, 232 reported CYP ligands and 18 A. thaliana CYPs docked with ligands (61 complexes in total). In addition, CYPSI also includes the ability to search for similar sequences and chemicals. CYPSI provides comprehensive structure and function information for A. thaliana CYPs, which should facilitate investigations into the interactions between CYPs and their substrates. CYPSI has a user-friendly interface, which is available at http://bioinfo.cau.edu.cn/CYPSI .
Rehabilitating Criminal Selves: Gendered Strategies in Community Corrections

As the community corrections system has moved away from a focus on rehabilitation, it has been suggested that criminal offenders are no longer understood psychologically, but rather as rational actors for whom criminality is a choice. Rehabilitative efforts thus aim to guide these choices. Utilizing mixed methodology that draws on observational, interview, and case note data collected within the probation/parole system of a western U.S. state, I suggest that both officers’ conceptualizations of the criminal self and the rehabilitative strategies they use are gendered. I find that officers view the male criminal self as flawed or underdeveloped and the female as permeable and amorphous, that is, lacking firm boundaries. In response to these constructions, officers aim to rehabilitate men largely by encouraging economic roles and responsibilities, while for women, rehabilitation aims to solidify boundaries: discouraging relationship formation and containing emotions. The differences identified point to ways...
The influence of mobility of dissolved hydrogen on the elastic response of a metal

The general principles of the mechanics of materials are used to describe the effect of interstitial mobile hydrogen on the linear elastic behavior of metals and alloys. The linear field equations reveal that during transient hydrogen diffusion the Laplacian of the hydrostatic stress is related to the Laplacian of the hydrogen concentration in the lattice, and it is not zero, as has often been assumed in calculations involving stress-driven diffusion of hydrogen under plane strain conditions. When the hydrogen reaches equilibrium with the local stress and diffusion terminates, the linear elastic constitutive response of the solid accounting for the hydrogen effect can be described by the standard Hooke's law of infinitesimal elasticity in which the stiffness moduli are termed moduli at fixed solute chemical potential and are calculated in terms of the moduli at fixed solute composition, the nominal hydrogen concentration, and the material parameters of the system. These moduli at fixed solute chemical potential can be viewed as the counterparts of those characterizing the drained deformation at constant pressure of fluid-infiltrated porous geomaterials, or the adiabatic deformation of thermoelastic materials. Next the linear transient field equations are solved in the case of a dislocation and a line force in an infinite medium under plane strain conditions by using analytic function theory. The range of validity of the solution to the linear field equations for an isolated edge dislocation is investigated for specific materials. Lastly, the implications of the constitutive behavior of the hydrogen-metal binary system on the fracture and dislocation behavior are discussed when the hydrogen is in equilibrium with local stress.
Anesthetic Depth and Mask Ventilation in the Prone Position

Spine surgery in the prone position can provide unique challenges. We describe the anesthetic management of a patient undergoing spine surgery with sensory and motor evoked potentials and the management of an airway emergency in the prone position.
Toxicants and Environmental Health: A Psychological Issue

It is widely accepted that physical and psychological health are interconnected and interdependent. Although human well-being and survival depends on the natural environment, environmental health is often treated as separate and distinct. A review of the literature reveals significant associations between various industrial, consumer, and household chemicals and psychological and physiological ailments such as developmental disabilities, mental health issues, neurological impairments, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. Given that the health of humans is inextricably connected with the health of other species and the planet itself, psychologists and other health professionals play a critical role in addressing the risks associated with toxic exposures.
Crossed beam reactions of methylidyne [CH(X2Π)] with D2-acetylene [C2D2(X1Σg(+))] and of D1-methylidyne [CD(X2Π)] with acetylene [C2H2(X1Σg(+))].

The crossed molecular beam reactions of ground state methylidyne, CH(X2Π), with D2-acetylene, C2D2(X1Σg+), and of D1-methylidyne, CD(X2Π), with acetylene, C2H2(X1Σg+), were conducted under single collision conditions at a collision energy of 17 kJ mol−1. Four competing reaction channels were identified in each system following atomic ‘hydrogen’ (H/D) and molecular ‘hydrogen’ (H2/D2/HD) losses. The reaction dynamics were found to be indirect via complex formation and were initiated by two barrierless-addition pathways of methylidyne/D1-methylidyne to one and to both carbon atoms of the D2-acetylene/acetylene reactant yielding HCCDCD/DCCHCH and c-C3D2H/c-C3H2D collision complexes, respectively. The latter decomposed via atomic hydrogen/deuterium ejection to form the thermodynamically most stable cyclopropenylidene species (c-C3H2, c-C3D2, c-C3DH). On the other hand, the HCCDCD/DCCHCH adducts underwent hydrogen/deuterium shifts to form the propargyl radicals (HDCCCD, D2CCCH; HDCCCH, H2CCCD) followed by molecular ‘hydrogen’ losses within the rotational plane of the decomposing complex yielding l-C3H/l-C3D. Quantitatively, our crossed beam studies suggest a dominating atomic compared to molecular ‘hydrogen’ loss with fractions of 81 ± 23% vs. 19 ± 10% for the CD/C2H2 and 87 ± 30% vs. 13 ± 4% for the CH/C2D2 systems. The role of these reactions in the formation of interstellar isomers of C3H2 and C3H is also discussed.
Live‐Cell Quantitative Imaging of Proteome Degradation by Stimulated Raman Scattering

Protein degradation is a regulatory process essential to cell viability and its dysfunction is implicated in many diseases, such as aging and neurodegeneration. In this report, stimulated Raman scattering microscopy coupled with metabolic labeling with (13)C-phenylalanine is used to visualize protein degradation in living cells with subcellular resolution. We choose the ring breathing modes of endogenous (12)C-phenylalanine and incorporated (13)C-phenylalanine as protein markers for the original and nascent proteomes, respectively, and the decay of the former wasquantified through (12)C/((12)C+(13)C) ratio maps. We demonstrate time-dependent imaging of proteomic degradation in mammalian cells under steady-state conditions and various perturbations, including oxidative stress, cell differentiation, and huntingtin protein aggregation.
Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine supplementation on muscle carnosine, body composition and exercise performance in recreationally active females

The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term and chronic effects of β-ALA supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on body composition, aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance, and muscle carnosine and creatine levels in college-aged recreationally active females. Thirty-two females were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner into one of four supplementation groups: β-ALA only (BA, n = 8), creatine only (CRE, n = 8), β-ALA and creatine combined (BAC, n = 9) and placebo (PLA, n = 7). Participants supplemented for four weeks included a loading phase for the creatine for week 1 of 0.3 g/kg of body weight and a maintenance phase for weeks 2–4 of 0.1 g/kg of body weight, with or without a continuous dose of β-ALA of 0.1 g/kg of body weight with doses rounded to the nearest 800 mg capsule providing an average of 6.1 ± 0.7 g/day of β-ALA. Participants reported for testing at baseline, day 7 and day 28. Testing sessions consisted of obtaining a resting muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis, body composition measurements, performing a graded exercise test on the cycle ergometer for VO2peak with lactate threshold determination, and multiple Wingate anaerobic capacity tests. Although mean changes were consistent with prior studies and large effect sizes were noted, no significant differences were observed among groups in changes in muscle carnosine levels (BA 35.3 ± 45; BAC 42.5 ± 99; CRE 0.72 ± 27; PLA 13.9 ± 44%, p = 0.59). Similarly, although changes in muscle phosphagen levels after one week of supplementation were consistent with prior reports and large effect sizes were seen, no statistically significant effects were observed among groups in changes in muscle phosphagen levels and the impact of CRE supplementation appeared to diminish during the maintenance phase. Additionally, significant time × group × Wingate interactions were observed among groups for repeated sprint peak power normalized to bodyweight (p = 0.02) and rate of fatigue (p = 0.04). Results of the present study did not reveal any consistent additive benefits of BA and CRE supplementation in recreationally active women.
Sphingosine Kinase 2 Is Required for Modulation of Lymphocyte Traffic by FTY720

Immunotherapeutic drugs that mimic sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) disrupt lymphocyte trafficking and cause T helper and T effector cells to be retained in secondary lymphoid tissue and away from sites of inflammation. The prototypical therapeutic agent, 2-alkyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediol (FTY720), stimulates S1P signaling pathways only after it is phosphorylated by one or more unknown kinases. We generated sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) null mice to demonstrate that this kinase is responsible for FTY720 phosphorylation and thereby its subsequent actions on the immune system. Both systemic and lymphocyte-localized sources of SPHK2 contributed to FTY720 induced lymphopenia. Although FTY720 was selectively activated in vivo by SPHK2, other S1P pro-drugs can be phosphorylated to cause lymphopenia through the action of additional sphingosine kinases. Our results emphasize the importance of SPHK2 expression in both lymphocytes and other tissues for immune modulation and drug metabolism.
An empirical explanation of the flash-lag effect

When a flash of light is presented in physical alignment with a moving object, the flash is perceived to lag behind the position of the object. This phenomenon, known as the flash-lag effect, has been of particular interest to vision scientists because of the challenge it presents to understanding how the visual system generates perceptions of objects in motion. Although various explanations have been offered, the significance of this effect remains a matter of debate. Here, we show that: (i) contrary to previous reports based on limited data, the flash-lag effect is an increasing nonlinear function of image speed; and (ii) this function is accurately predicted by the frequency of occurrence of image speeds generated by the perspective transformation of moving objects. These results support the conclusion that perceptions of the relative position of a moving object are determined by accumulated experience with image speeds, in this way allowing for visual behavior in response to real-world sources whose speeds and positions cannot be perceived directly.
Planned reactor and beam experiments on Neutrino Oscillations

Abstract Current and future neutrino oscillation experiments are discussed with an emphasis on those that will measure or further limit the neutrino oscillation parameter θ 13 . Some ν e disappearance experiments are being planned at nuclear reactors, and more ambitious ν μ → ν e appearance experiments are being planned using accelerator beams.
Earthquake Response of a Yielding Structures

The hysteresis law governing a class of yielding structures suitable for earthquake response studies is presented. This class includes the linear, the elastoplastic, and the bilinear hysteretic structures, in addition to a general yielding structure presented in a previous study. From an examination of the equation of motion for one degree of freedom structures of this type, it is found that it is the ratio of the earthquake acceleration strength to the yield level of the structure that measures the relative magnitude of the excitation. A typical yielding structure is subjected to an ensemble of artificial earthquakes. The results include averages and ranges of values of displacement spectra, energy input spectra, relative quantities of energy dissipated by yielding and viscous damping, and permanent set. The application of the results to the analysis of earthquake response is illustrated by examples.