cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing views of women in society, 1975

Ernestine Friedl. Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1975. xi + 148 pp. Illustrations, map, references, and relevant case studies. $3.50 (paper). M. Kay Martin and Barbara Voorhies. The Female of the Species. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1975. x + 432 pp. Tables, figures, illustrations, references, and index. $15.00 (cloth), $6.50 (paper). Evelyn Reed. Woman's Evolution: From Matriarchal Clan to Patriarchal Family. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975. xviii + 491 pp. Glossary, Bibliography, and index. $15. (cloth), $4.95 (paper).
The hemodynamic response to pulmonary embolism in patients without prior cardiopulmonary disease

Abstract The hemodynamic status of 20 patients free of prior cardiopulmonary disease was related to the degree of pulmonary embolic obstruction estimated by selective pulmonary angiography. Angiographic estimation of obstruction ranged from 13 to 68 percent. Systemic arterial hypoxemia occurred in virtually all patients (95 percent) including those with only 13 percent obstruction, thus suggesting that angiographically detectable emboli virtually do not occur without producing systemic hypoxemia. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was increased in 14 patients (70 percent) and was consistently increased when obstruction exceeded 30 percent. Elevation of the level of mean right atrial pressure was found in 10 patients (50 percent) and was usually associated with obstruction in excess of 35 percent and mean pulmonary arterial pressure in excess of 30 mm Hg. Good correlation was observed between mean pulmonary arterial pressure and angiographic estimation of obstruction (P
Studies on the intercalated disk of rat left ventricular myocardial cells.

Intercalated disks of rat left ventricular myocardial cells were studied electron microscopically by stereological and serial section techniques. Gap junctions at the transverse cell boundary transect the cells and are arranged in two mutually perpendicular planes. These planes lie above and beside the myofibrillar insertions and parallel to the direction of myofibrillar pull; this arrangement minimizes distortion of the gap junctional surface during contraction. Because of extensive folding, the membrane area at the disk is about 9-fold greater than that of a flat surface; 0.10–0.13 of this surface consists of gap junction. These figures are independent of the contractile state. There is less folding in small (36 g) than in larger (> 200 g) animals. The large surface:volume ratio for extracellular spaces lined by nongap junctional membrane suggests that the transverse boundary may contribute a significant membrane capacitance and be the site of local ion accumulations.
Queering the museum: challenging heteronormative space in Bechdel's Fun Home

In this paper I argue that Allison Bechdel's memoir/graphic novel Fun Home challenges heteronormative notions of sexuality by using the graphic novel genre as a museum-like space to present gay and lesbian culture. Bechdel uses the subjectivity of memoir to subjectify the museum-like space of her book, which challenges Frederic Jameson's heteronormative notion that postmodern space is highly objectified and without subjective possibilities. I use queer theorists, notably Judith Halberstam, to counter Jameson's notions of heteronormative, objective postmodern theory and offer a critique that postmodern space can also be a site for queer counterpublics, or a place for counter-cultural and subjective activity that challenges hetero-norms, or ingrained cultural norms aligned along patriarchic dictation. Finally, I argue that Bechdel's national bestseller gives voice to the usually suppressed gay and lesbian cultural experience, and that through the graphic novel and memoir genres, a large and popular audience...
Importance of elevated plasma homocysteine levels as a risk factor for atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death and disability in the Western world, and an important risk factor for it may be an elevated level of the plasma amino acid homocysteine. The biochemical characteristics of homocysteine, along with historical, laboratory, and clinical evidence for its pathologic role in atherosclerosis, are reviewed. Possible therapies for reducing elevated homocysteine levels and the possible impact of therapy in atherosclerosis are examined.
Analytical solutions and numerical procedures for minimum-weight Michell structures

A power-series method developed for plane-strain slip-line field theory is applied to the construction of minimum-weight Michell frameworks. The relationship between the space and force diagrams is defined as a basis for weight calculations. Analytical solutions obtained by the method are shown to agree with known solutions that were obtained through virtual displacement calculations. Framework boundary conditions are investigated, and matrix operators used in slip-line field theory are shown to apply to the force-free straight framework boundary-value problem. The matrix operator method is used to illustrate the transition from circular arc-based to cycloid-based Michell solutions. Finally, an example is given in the use of the method for evaluation of support boundary conditions.
Second‐rate Stories? Changing Approaches to the Anglo‐Saxon Chronicle

This essay analyzes broad trends in scholarship on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Examining the major contributions to the field, the author argues that a change may be observed from a more isolative situation (in which separate scholarly strands examined textual history, literary worth, and political import) concentrated on questions of origin and intent, to the more interdisciplinary focus of contemporary studies, for which readership and continuation are the primary concerns. The essay concludes by suggesting that future study of the Chronicle will be concentrated on the later manuscripts; its nature as a composite text; the manuscript contexts; and the text as narrative.
The Large Landslides since the Last Glacial Age in and around Mt. Funagata and Izumigatake Volcanoes, Northeastern Japan

Mt. Funagata and Izumigatake are strato volcanoes which had mostly developed during the Early and the Middle Pleistocene and then have been mainly denudated by large landslides. In this paper the author reports landslide types which occur in and around volcano, occurence condition and age of landslides in this area, and relationship between occurence age and regional historical development of landforms.The results are summerized as follows.In this area there are two types of landslide. One is a large scale and block-glide type, and the other is comparatively small scale and formed by sliding of thick lava bed and so on. And the former one has also two types. One is remaining its original geological structure uncrushed through process of divide, and the other is crushing its original structure and forming a microlandform, such as pressure ridge. In every case, caprock structure is obserbed. It is thought that one of the factors which results in differences of landslide process and landform in this area is characteristics of caprock, such as variety and thickness of rocks.Concerning the occurence age of large landslide in this area, the primary activity is estimated about 30, 000-40, 000yr. B. P. and secondary one is about 20, 000-30, 000yr. B. P.. After 10, 000yr. B. P., a considerable large one occured. During 30, 000-40, 000yr. B. P., the latest valleyfilling was replaced by downcutting in river terraces of mountain area of Tohoku district. And large landslide can easily be expected to occur because of change of base level of erosion resulting from violent downwards erosion in midstream and upstream at that time.
Management Briefs: An Anchor System for Periodic Retrieval of Current Meters from Fixed Locations

Abstract An inexpensive anchor system was designed and used at numerous sites in the forebay of John Day Dam for the purpose of charting river currents during outmigration of juvenile salmonids. This system allowed for the removal of a current meter from the water for periodic maintenance and data retrieval while the anchor remained in a stationary position on the bottom. The anchor system functioned satisfactorily during the 2-year study.
Ancient, giant rockslides, Sinking Creek Mountain, southern Appalachians, Virginia

Giant rockslides and slumps are recognized over a large part of the east limb of the Sinking Creek anticline, a southern Appalachian fold. The slides are among the largest such features known in the Appalachians and are found within 15 km of the active Giles County, Virginia, seismic zone. The zone of rockslides, identified by anomalous topography and geologic structures, is about 25 km long and 1.0 km wide. Downslope transport, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 km, of at least 100 million m 3 of Silurian sandstones and shales can be identified. During sliding, bedding within individual blocks, as much as 5.0 km long, has undergone 30° to 90° rotation about a horizontal axis. The displaced masses have undergone extensive erosion and dissection and may be only remnants of previously more extensive slides. Secondary features associated with the rockslides include breakaway scarps, slope reversals, sag ponds, and slide breccias. The recognition of these features, which might be mistaken for remnants of an Alleghanian thrust sheet, suggests that examination of similar settings throughout the southern and central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province might disclose additional examples of large ancient rockslides.
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR IS NOT ALTERED IN CONTENT OR FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS IN THE FETAL LUNG. 295

EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR IS NOT ALTERED IN CONTENT OR FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS IN THE FETAL LUNG. 295
Variance plus bias optimal response surface designs with qualitative factors applied to stem choice modeling

This paper explores the issue of model misspecification, or bias, in the context of response surface design problems involving quantitative and qualitative factors. New designs are proposed specifically to address bias and compared with five types of alternatives ranging from types of composite to D-optimal designs using four criteria including D-efficiency and measured accuracy on test problems. Findings include that certain designs from the literature are expected to cause prediction errors that practitioners would likely find unacceptable. A case study relating to the selection of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics majors by college students confirms that the expected substantial improvements in prediction accuracy using the proposed designs can be realized in relevant situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMULATION OF A CLASS OF NON-NORMAL RANDOM PROCESSES

Abstract This study addresses the simulation of a class of non-normal processes based on measured samples and sample characteristics of the system input and output. The class of non-normal processes considered here concerns environmental loads, such as wind and wave loads, and associated structural responses. First, static transformation techniques are used to perform simulations of the underlying Gaussian time or autocorrelation sample. An optimization procedure is employed to overcome errors associated with a truncated Hermite polynomial transformation. This method is able to produce simulations which closely match the sample process histogram, power spectral density, and central moments through fourth order. However, it does not retain the specific structure of the phase relationship between frequency components, demonstrated by the inability to match higher order spectra. A Volterra series up to second order with analytical kernels is employed to demonstrate the bispectral matching made possible with memory models. A neural network system identification model is employed for simulation of output when measured system input is available, and also demonstrates the ability to match higher order spectral characteristics.
Design and validation of a platform robot for determination of ankle impedance during ambulation

In order to provide natural, biomimetic control to recently developed powered ankle prostheses, we must characterize the impedance of the ankle during ambulation tasks. To this end, a platform robot was developed that can apply an angular perturbation to the ankle during ambulation and simultaneously acquire ground reaction force data. In this study, we detail the design of the platform robot and characterize the impedance of the ankle during quiet standing. Subjects were perturbed by a 3° dorsiflexive ramp perturbation with a length of 150 ms. The impedance was defined parametrically, using a second order model to map joint angle to the torque response. The torque was determined using the inverted pendulum assumption, and impedance was identified by the least squares best estimate, yielding an average damping coefficient of 0.03±0.01 Nms/° and an average stiffness coefficient of 3.1±1.2 Nm/°. The estimates obtained by the proposed platform robot compare favorably to those published in the literature. Future work will investigate the impedance of the ankle during ambulation for powered prosthesis controller development.
Growth and application of large spherical bubbles using reactive gases

Abstract Under certain conditions, bubbles composed of reactive gases may be placed in liquids. When the gases are ignited, the bubbles will rapidly grow, producing large bubbles (up to almost 3 cm in diameter) that can be essentially spherical prior to and during the growth phase, even in normal gravity. Experiments and analyses regarding this type of bubble growth are presented in this paper. It is suggested that this method of bubble growth provides unique opportunities to study phenomena associated with rapid growth of bubbles in liquids, for example growth of bubbles in droplets burning in microgravity and bubble growth during microgravity pool boiling.
A content analysis of written behavior management programs

A method is described for assessing the elements of individual behavior management programs. The content analysis, consisting of 24 items covering the general categories of behavior specification, objectives, program procedures, data collection, and quality assurance, was applied to 141 written behavior programs of two large institutions from different regions of the United States. These data can be utilized readily to establish a data base for program evaluation at both the individual and institutional levels. In addition, to provide a measure of validity, the items included in the content analysis were rated by experts in the treatment of severe behavior disorders. General strengths and weaknesses of the programs, and of the content analysis itself, are discussed in light of their implications for program implementation and evaluation.
Anti-geometric diffusion for adaptive thresholding and fast segmentation

We utilize an anisotropic diffusion model, which we call the anti-geometric heat flow, for adaptive thresholding of bimodal images and for segmentation of more general greyscale images. In a departure from most anisotropic diffusion techniques, we select the local diffusion direction that smears edges in the image rather than seeking to preserve them. In this manner, we are able rapidly to detect and discriminate between entire image regions that lie near, but on opposite sides of, a prominent edge. The detection of such regions occurs during the diffusion process rather than afterward, thereby side-stepping the most notorious problem associated with diffusion methods, namely, when diffusion should stop. We initially outline a procedure for adaptive thresholding, but ultimately show how this model may be used in a region splitting procedure which, when combined with energy based region merging procedures, provides a general framework for image segmentation. We discuss a fast implementation of one such framework and demonstrate its effectiveness in segmenting medical, military, and scene imagery.
Walt Whitman and Expansionary Idealism

Most literary criticisms of Calamus, often read as Walt Whitman’s most obvious display of homoeroticism, bring readers to a rather shallow conclusion — the restorative, transcendental power of personal, visceral connections that bridge the gaps between human beings dwarfs any inner turmoil resulting from uncertainties of life and pretenses of society. This shoddy analysis runs a delicate acknowledgement of homosexual love though the core vein of Whitman’s work. Brian J. Rizzo, a sophomore in the Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science, argues that these readings are myopic and limit Whitman to the realm of theory, failing to acknowledge the true purpose of his writing. Rizzo continues, maintaing that Whitman dismisses society’s narrow schemas of Americanism and homosexuality, renounces the singularity of these terms, and seeks to transition from American exclusivity to American inclusivity. Embarking on a rhetorical examination and eventual redefinition of the very terms Americanism and homosexuality, Walt Whitman expands America into a society where there are multiple normalities — both of sexuality and of personhood — as modes of human existence.
Forecasting Replacement of Telephone Stationary Batteries

This paper reviews Newfoundland Telephone's program for determining the condition and remaining service lives of telephone stationary batteries. Results of tests performed on stationary batteries in service in a telecommunications environment are presented and analyzed. Methods used to obtain these data combine conventional test techniques with a new method for measuring the extent of positive plate growth within a cell. This method has been presented previously as a laboratory technique and the full scale field application of the method within this company is considered unique. Emphasis of the testing program has focused on those cells which are near to yielding the manufacturer's rated service lives, but whose favourable operating conditions point to further years of service. The paper further describes the establishment of a data base on which the service characteristics of telephone stationary cells can be compared and predicted.
When is neuroimaging appropriate in children with headaches

Determination of the appropriateness of imaging is made based on the frequency, pattern, family history and associated seizure or neurological findings (Table 1). These guidelines reinforce the primary importance of careful acquisition of the medical history and performance of a thorough examination, including a detailed neurological examination. Among children at risk for brain lesions based on these signs and symptoms, neuroimaging with either MR imaging or CT is valuable in combination with close clinical follow-up. What is the cost-effectiveness of neuroimaging in patients with headaches?
Orientation-On-Demand Thin Films: Curing of Liquid Crystalline Networks in ac Electric Fields

Electric fields have been used in the processing of thin film, liquid crystal thermosets to produce cured network structures selectively oriented either parallel or perpendicular to a film substrate. Orientation, which depends on both the liquid crystal nature of the thermosets and their dielectric anisotropy, is selected by varying the frequency of the alternating electric field and is locked into a robust network structure by a cross-linking reaction that takes place concurrent with orientation. Structural changes and orientation during the curing reaction were measured in real time with synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Diffraction studies show that, before curing in a modest electric field of 1 volt per micrometer, reorientation can be induced by changing, for example, from a high-frequency (>1000 hertz) to a low-frequency (<50 hertz) electric field, which causes a 90-degree flip in the molecular orientation.
Performance of a microsphere plate electron multiplier in APFIM applications

Abstract The microsphere plate (MSP) is a recently introduced electron multiplier, that is comparable in principle of operation to the well-known microchannel plate. The performance of a MSP detector has been evaluated for field ion imaging and single atom detection in time-of-flight atom probe mass spectrometry. The image performance of a MSP is not sufficient for obtaining high-quality field ion images, due to the lack of spatial resolution as well as the granularity observed in the images. Gain, pulse height resolution, and temporal resolution obtained from one double thickness MSP are sufficient for use in a time-of-flight single atom sensitivity detector. The detection efficiency was estimated to be ∼42% for ions in the energy range between 10 and 40 keV. The operation of the MSP detector was successfully demonstrated in a typical atom probe application.
Some interesting topics related to defocus aberration

Using the defocus aberration we design a pinhole camera. We discuss the axial irradiance of a beam focused with a small Fresnel number and show some results that appear contrary to expectations. We also consider two-point resolution with some interesting results. Article not available.
Effect of rapidity of phase separation on the efficiency of cell fractionation by partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems.

Partitioning in two-polymer aqueous phase systems is an established method for the separation, purification and characterization of biomaterials. Because of the relatively slow settling rates of these phases, a consequence of the slight difference in density between them, effort has been directed to speeding up phase separation by various means (e.g., the development of a thin-layer countercurrent distribution apparatus). This has resulted in the more rapid processing of materials. Unlike soluble materials, biological particulates (e.g., cells) generally partition between one of the bulk phases and the interface. The mechanism of cell partitioning involves cell-specific adsorption to droplets of one phase suspended in the other, subsequent to phase mixing, and the delivery of adsorbed cells to the bulk interface as the droplets settle. In this communication we show, using erythrocytes as a model, that speeding up phase separation is counterproductive when partitioning cells and results in reduced efficiency of their separation or subfractionation. The most likely reason for this result is that increasing the speed of phase settling removes the droplets of one phase suspended in the other more rapidly than cells can attach to them, thereby interfering with the mechanism whereby cells partition.
A device for extracting clarified soil solutions without filter paper

Abstract The design and construction of a centrifugal soil solution extracting device are described. The device can be rapidly constructed out of inexpensive, readily available materials. The unit does not require filter paper, thus avoiding the problems of filter paper contamination, breakage, and clogging. The unit disassembles easily, permitting rapid removal of the soil and easy cleaning of the parts. It is best suited for sandy soils and well‐structured soils with low amounts of of 2:1 clays, but under some circumstances may prove suitable for soils with high clay contents. The unit described holds approximately 50 cm3 of soil, and can easily be modified to hold larger volumes of soil. The unit has been tested using field‐moist soils, but may be modified to extract soil solutions under lower moisture tensions by using miscible and immiscible displacement techniques. A skilled technician can extract solutions at a rate of eight samples per hour using eight extraction units and a centrifuge with four cups.
Pediatric surgical emergencies in the setting of a natural disaster: Experiences from the 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India.

Abstract Background/Purpose: On January 26, 2001, a 7.9 Richter earthquake struck the Indian state of Gujarat. Over the next 6 days, the International Red Cross set up a mobile hospital in the city of Bhuj, near the epicenter. The authors describe all surgeries on children treated there during the first 4 weeks of operation. The evolution of presenting injuries is noted, the types of surgery required are classified and an effective disaster relief team composition and strategy are proposed. Methods: Total casualties were estimated at 30,000, with 250,000 people injured. Of 1,142 inpatients treated at Nor-Finn hospital during the first 4 weeks, approximately 300 (25%) were ≤17 years old. Of these, the authors report on the 62 who underwent surgery. Demographic data collected includes (where possible) age, date of presentation, injury, and surgery performed. Injuries are classified as orthopedic, soft tissue, burns, or miscellaneous. Injuries are grouped in 4 weekly time periods beginning February 1 when the hospital opened. Results: Children's ages were evenly distributed. Children required surgery less often than adults. Of children needing surgery, 42% needed orthopedic attention, 42% had soft tissue trauma, 10% had burns, and 6% had miscellaneous injuries. During the hospital's first week, operations were predominantly orthopedic. During the second week, orthopedic and soft tissue injuries occurred at similar frequency. In weeks 3 and 4, soft tissue and burn surgeries were prevalent. Conclusions: More than 25% of patients requiring hospitalization were children, of whom greater than 20% needed surgery. The operations fell into 4 categories: orthopedic, soft tissue injuries, burns, and miscellaneous. There was an immediate need for orthopedic and general surgery skills followed by a delayed need for plastic surgery skills. J Pediatr Surg 38:663-667. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
On estimating the tensile strength of an adhesive plastic layer of arbitrary simply connected contour

Abstract Two approaches for finding three-dimensional kinematically admissible velocity fields in a flat layer of an ideal rigid–plastic material subjected to tension (compression) are proposed. The layer is assumed to have a simply connected but otherwise arbitrary in-plane cross section. The kinematically admissible velocity fields are based on a uniform strain rate field appropriate for a layer without friction and on such a field combined with the asymptotic behavior required of a real velocity field near a velocity discontinuity surface (surface with maximum shear stress). Both of these kinematically admissible velocity fields are used to determine upper bounds on the limit load for layers with quite general yield criteria. Using these limit load solutions, an approach is proposed for estimating the distribution of tensile stresses on the symmetry plane of the layer and, in particular, the value of maximum tensile stress. The latter is of importance for understanding fracture within the layer. A practical application of this analysis is estimation of the strength of adhesive joints. Numerical calculations are made for an elliptical layer with the Mises yield criterion and for a circular layer with the Tresca yield criterion. The results compare very favorably with available slip line solutions for plane strain and axial symmetry.
Service-based situational awareness on the Semantic Web

This research was focused on Endsley's [1] second-level situational awareness (understanding) as it applies to service-oriented information technology environments in the context of the Semantic Web. Specifically, this research addressed the problem of developing accurate situational assessments related to the status or health of IT services especially composite, dynamic IT services, when some of Endsley's [1] first level (perceived) information is inaccurate or incomplete. This research resulted in a Web Ontology Language for Services (OWL-S) and Probabilistic OWL (PR-OWL2) based ontology and an associated Multi-Entity Bayesian Network which are flexible and highly effective in calculating situational assessments through the propagation of posterior probabilities using Bayesian logic. This research (1) identifies sufficient information required for effective situational awareness reasoning, (2) specifies the predicates and semantics necessary to represent service components and dependencies, (3) applies Multi-Entity Bayesian Network to reason with situational awareness information, (4) ensures the correctness and consistency of the situational awareness ontology, and (5) accurately estimates posterior probabilities consistent with situational awareness information.
Quantitative characterization reveals three types of dry-sensitive corneal afferents: pattern of discharge, receptive field, and thermal and chemical sensitivity.

This study reveals that the cold-sensitive (CS) + dry-sensitive (DS) corneal afferents reported in a previous study consist of two types: 1) low threshold (LT)-CS + DS neurons with <1°C cooling sen...
The multiple nature of concentrated interactions in second-gradient dissipative liquids

It is well known that second-gradient continuum mechanical theories allow for the appearance of concentrated stresses along the edges of piecewise smooth material surfaces, but this is not the sole example of concentrated interaction. Two additional kinds of concentrated interaction are shown to take place in some second-gradient incompressible dissipative fluids: the adherence to one-dimensional immersed bodies and the capability of sustaining concentrated external body forces. These three phenomena turn out to be distinct and independent. This feature is explicitly discussed in two benchmark problems, and the different mathematical origins of each concentrated interaction are explained.
Mechanism of resilin elasticity

Resilin is a polymeric elastic protein that is important for the flight and jumping of insects. Here, the structure-function relationships of Drosophila resilin are investigated, and a mechanical model is proposed to account for its elasticity.
Clearing up common misconceptions of currency portfolios

Recent interest has centered on the use of an asset dominated in a basket of currencies instead of a single currency. The reason for this is derived from the reduction in the variance by diversifying assets into more than one currency. As tong as the currencies included in the basket are not perfectly correlated, the risk of holding that basket (as measured by variance) is reduced. The risk can be lessened to a larger extent if the correlation coefficients between the currencies included in the portfolio are small or negative. This diversification concept was applied when the Standard Drawing Rights (SDR's) were developed to be a substitute for the dollar as the reserve asset of central banks. In effect, the SDR's allow foreign countries to hold a reserve asset which has less volatility than the dollar as a medium for managed floating. This concept has also been examined for use in the international capital markets to reduce exchange rate risk. For the same reason, OPEC leaders have studied the possibility of substituting a basket of currencies for the dollar as apricing mechanism for oil.They have planned to implement this idea by the end of 1980. With the development of international finance, the forward market has been a means to hedge against exchange rate risk. Critics of currency-portfollo theory may suggest that the forward market will allow international money managers to cover themselves at no additional cost when holding an asset representing a single currency. However, there are extra costs to hedging. First, a transaction fee is associated with forward purchases of currency. Also, the act of hedging against long term exchange rate risk requires a long term forward market which is not available. There is some question as to how effective the forward market would be in reducing risk when holding ten or 20 year bonds denominated in one currency. With regard to OPEC's pricing of oil the same argument follows. Critics suggest that those OPEC countries accepting dollars for oil could stabilize their import purchasing power through buying other currencies forward with dollars. As the dollars are received, they would be delivered in return for other currencies at a given exchange rate agreed upon in the past. Although this insulates OPEC countries for short term periods from dollar depreciation against foreign currencies, it provides no long term security. Second, OPEC desires to avoid variable transaction fees associated with the persistent forward trading of dollars for other currencies. To summarize, some uses of currency portfolios have been mentioned. Certain misconceptions have developed resulting in the misunderstanding that hedging can be substituted instead of a basket of currencies for the given situations. Hedging techniques, though valuable, require transaction costs and maturity constraints and are therefore not perfect substitutes for currency portfolio implementation.
Friction dependence on growth conditions in epitaxial films.

In investigating the growth kinetics of epitaxial films in situ by force microscopy, we have observed several instances where the lateral force contrast on the growing monolayer exhibits a strong dependence on the driving force for growth (i.e., solute concentration). We present results for three epitaxial growth systems in aqueous solutions: CaSO3 on CaCO3, PbSO4 on BaSO4, and BaSO3 on BaSO4. In each system, material grown at higher solute concentrations exhibits a friction higher than that of material grown at lower concentrations. These observations suggest a link between defect density and friction contrast in growing epitaxial films. An additional time-dependent behavior is observed in the CaSO3/CaCO3 system, indicating an annealing process.
New barium-induced surface reconstructions on Si(111)

Abstract The growth of Ba on Si(111)7 × 7 at room temperature proceeds in a layer-by-layer fashion up to at least two full layers. Upon subsequent annealing, four new sub-monolayer surface reconstructions can be identified. The (3 × 1), (5 × 1) and (2 × 8) reconstructions are formed at absolute coverages not larger than 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65 monolayer (ML), respectively. A (√3 × √3)R30° reconstruction co-exists with each of these phases and possibly comprises a pseudo-centered orthorhombic BaSi 2 (100) layer. Epitaxial BaSi 2 is formed under supersaturation conditions at substrate temperatures near 600°C.
Mentoring marginality: the role of informal mentors in the lives of socially disadvantaged adolescents

Educational attainment is a key predictor of potential contact with the criminal justice system. A growing body of literature implicates social background and parental incarceration as factors that...
Echocardiogram in Ebstein's Anomaly with Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome, Type B

The echocardiographic features of Ebstein's anomaly include a large anterior chamber, paradoxic ventricular septal motion (type B), increased velocity and amplitude of anterior tricuspid leaflet (ATL) motion, and delayed closure of the ATL. This delayed closure has been thought to be secondary to right bundle-branch block (RBBB). We have studied two patients by simultaneous echocardiography and phonocardiography. The findings in both patients were similar. One patient had RBBB and therefore resembles the previously reported patients. However, the other patient had W-P-W preexcitation syndrome, type B, and is reported here in more detail. The ATL closure of this patient was markedly delayed in spite of right ventricular preexcitation. This finding gives further insight into the altered pathophysiology in Ebstein's anomaly and implies that the delayed ATL closure is probably not due to RBBB and may be a specific feature of this anomaly.
Neural Networks for Model Matching and Perceptual Organization

We introduce an optimization approach for solving problems in computer vision that involve multiple levels of abstraction. Our objective functions include compositional and specialization hierarchies. We cast vision problems as inexact graph matching problems, formulate graph matching in terms of constrained optimization, and use analog neural networks to perform the optimization. The method is applicable to perceptual grouping and model matching. Preliminary experimental results are shown.
TU-C-BRE-05: Clinical Implications of AAA Commissioning Errors and Ability of Common Commissioning ' Credentialing Procedures to Detect Them

Purpose: To test the ability of the TG-119 commissioning process and RPC credentialing to detect errors in the commissioning process for a commercial Treatment Planning System (TPS). Methods: We introduced commissioning errors into the commissioning process for the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) within the Eclipse TPS. We included errors in Dosimetric Leaf Gap (DLG), electron contamination, flattening filter material, and beam profile measurement with an inappropriately large farmer chamber (simulated using sliding window smoothing of profiles). We then evaluated the clinical impact of these errors on clinical intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans (head and neck, low and intermediate risk prostate, mesothelioma, and scalp) by looking at PTV D99, and mean and max OAR dose. Finally, for errors with substantial clinical impact we determined sensitivity of the RPC IMRT film analysis at the midpoint between PTV and OAR using a 4mm distance to agreement metric, and of a 7% TLD dose comparison. We also determined sensitivity of the 3 dose planes of the TG-119 C-shape IMRT phantom using gamma criteria of 3% 3mm. Results: The largest clinical impact came from large changes in the DLG with a change of 1mm resulting in up to a 5% change in the primary PTV D99. This resulted in a discrepancy in the RPC TLDs in the PTVs and OARs of 7.1% and 13.6% respectively, which would have resulted in detection. While use of incorrect flattening filter caused only subtle errors ( 6%). Conclusion: The AAA commissioning process within the Eclipse TPS is surprisingly robust to user error. When errors do occur, the RPC and TG-119 commissioning credentialing criteria are effective at detecting them; however OAR TLDs are the most sensitive despite the RPC currently excluding them from analysis.
Technological Change and Economies of Scale in U.S. Poultry Processing

This article uses a unique data set provided by the Census Bureau and a translog cost function to empirically examine technological change in the U.S. poultry industry. Results reveal substantial scale economies that show no evidence of diminishing with plant size and that are much greater than those realized in cattle and hog slaughter. Findings suggest that consolidation is likely to continue, particularly if demand growth diminishes, and that controlling for plant product mix is critical to accurate cost estimates.
A Novel Graduate Course Takes a Systematic Approach to Teaching Digital System Timing

A new graduate-level computer engineering course takes a systematic and comprehensive approach to teaching digital system timing. The course addresses practical aspects of timing analysis and design for clocked synchronous systems, multiple-clock systems, and asynchronous, or clockless, systems. The course aims to prepare graduates to solve real-world timing problems. The course syllabus is online at www.csee.ogi.edu/class/ee572.
The ``Hoare Logic'' of CSP, and All That

Generalized Hoare logic is a formal logical system for deriving invariance properties of programs. It provides a uniform way to describe a variety of methods for reasoning about concurrent programs, including noninterference, satisfaction, and cooperation proofs. The authors describe a simple meta-rule of the generalized Hoare logic-the decomposition principle-show how all these methods can be derived using it. 19 references.
Selective attention to lexical tones recruits left dorsal frontoparietal network

Phonological processing activates a posterior superior region of inferior prefrontal cortex, but questions still remain about the relationship between phonology and this particular region. In this fMRI experiment, subjects were asked to match an intrasyllabic unit (Chinese tones) in an experimental condition vs. whole syllables in a control condition. The only difference between conditions is mediated by focus of attention, either to a subpart (i.e. tone) of the syllable or to the whole syllable itself. Phonetic extraction of Chinese tones reveals a dorsal frontoparietal network in the LH that engages selective attention and internal guidance, two mediational components that are not restricted to phonological processing.
Light Weight Space Leaping using Ray Coherence

We present a space leaping technique for accelerating volume rendering with very low space and run-time complexity. Our technique exploits the ray coherence during ray casting by using the distance a ray traverses in empty space to leap its neighboring rays. Our technique works with parallel as well as perspective volume rendering, does not require any pre-processing or 3D data structures, and is independent of the transfer function. Being an image-space technique, it is independent of the complexity of the data being rendered. It can be used to accelerate both time-coherent and non coherent animation sequences.
Understanding the behavior and performance of non-blocking communications in MPI

The behavior and performance of MPI non-blocking message passing operations are sensitive to implementation specifics as they are heavily dependant on available system level buffers. In this paper we investigate the behavior of non-blocking communication primitives provided by popular MPI implementations and propose strategies for these primitives than can reduce processor synchronization overheads. We also demonstrate the improvements in the performance of a parallel Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement (SAMR) application using these strategies.
Peak of Desire: Activating the Mating Goal Changes Life-Stage Preferences Across Living Kinds

In three studies, we explored the existence of an evolved sensitivity to the peak that would be consistent with the evolutionary origins of many basic human preferences. Activating the evolved motive of mating activates related adaptive mechanisms, including a general sensitivity to cues of growth and decay associated with determining mate value in human courtship. These studies show that priming the mating goal also activates an evaluative bias that influences how people evaluate cues of growth. Specifically, living kinds that are immature or past their prime are devalued, whereas living kinds that are at their peak become increasingly valued. Study 1 establishes this goal-driven effect for human stimuli indirectly related to the mating goal. Studies 2 and 3 establish that the evaluative bias produced by the activated mating goal extends to living kinds, but not artifacts.
Cerulein upregulates ICAM-1 in pancreatic acinar cells, which mediates neutrophil adhesion to these cells.

Neutrophil infiltration into the pancreas is a key event in pancreatitis. Here we show that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which regulates neutrophil adhesion, is present on rat pancre...
DISPERSAL PER RECRUIT: AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY IN MARINE RESERVE NETWORKS

Marine reserves are an increasingly important tool for the management of marine ecosystems around the world. However, the effects of proposed marine reserve configurations on sustainability and yield of populations are typically not estimated because of the computational intensity of direct simulation and uncertainty in larval dispersal and density-dependent recruitment. Here we develop a method for efficiently assessing a marine reserve configuration for persistence and yield of a population with sedentary adults and dispersing larvae. The method extends the familiar sustainability criteria of individual replacement for single populations based on eggs-per-recruit (EPR) to spatially distributed populations with sedentary adults, a dispersing larval phase, and limited carrying capacity in the settlement–recruit relationship. We refer to this approach as dispersal-per-recruit (DPR). In some cases, a single DPR calculation, based on the assumption that post-settlement habitat is saturated (i.e., at maximum ...
HR 1613: A Slowly Rotating A Dwarf Spectroscopic Binary with Solar Abundances

From two sets of radial velocities we have obtained the orbital elements of HR 1613. This single-lined binary has an orbital period of 8.11128 days and a nearly circular orbit. The primary has an A9 V spectral type and a v sin i value of 11 km s-1, while the unseen secondary is likely a K or M dwarf. Spectral classifications and spectrum synthesis analysis indicate that the abundances of the primary are normal. We reject the possibility that the primary of HR 1613 is seen nearly pole-on and instead argue that its rotational inclination is at least 20°, resulting in an equatorial rotational velocity of 30 km s-1 or less. Slowly rotating A stars almost always have spectrum peculiarities, being classified as either Ap or Am stars, but HR 1613, with its essentially solar abundances, appears to be an exception.
ΔNp73, a dominant-negative inhibitor of wild-type p53 and TAp73, is up-regulated in human tumors

p73 has significant homology to p53. However, tumor-associated up-regulation of p73 and genetic data from human tumors and p73-deficient mice exclude a classical Knudson-type tumor suppressor role. We report that the human TP73 gene generates an NH2 terminally truncated isoform. ΔNp73 derives from an alternative promoter in intron 3 and lacks the transactivation domain of full-length TAp73. ΔNp73 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, but not in normal tissues. ΔNp73 acts as a potent transdominant inhibitor of wild-type p53 and transactivation-competent TAp73. ΔNp73 efficiently counteracts transactivation function, apoptosis, and growth suppression mediated by wild-type p53 and TAp73, and confers drug resistance to wild-type p53 harboring tumor cells. Conversely, down-regulation of endogenous ΔNp73 levels by antisense methods alleviates its suppressive action and enhances p53- and TAp73-mediated apoptosis. ΔNp73 is complexed with wild-type p53, as demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation from cultured cells and primary tumors. Thus, ΔNp73 mediates a novel inactivation mechanism of p53 and TAp73 via a dominant-negative family network. Deregulated expression of ΔNp73 can bestow oncogenic activity upon the TP73 gene by functionally inactivating the suppressor action of p53 and TAp73. This trait might be selected for in human cancers.
Telephone consultation for a "managed care" population.

Summary Health care reform efforts created an opportunity for our emergency department to develop a formal program for answering calls related to the managed care plan after normal business hours, to communicate information to primary care providers, and to strengthen the way in which we provide general medical advice for the community.
Controversies in the Surgical Management of Melanoma

The surgical management of melanoma has evolved over the last several decades based on the published results and long-term follow up of several randomized clinical trials. While management of primary, localized melanoma is generally established, the management of clinically-positive metastasis, recurrent disease or distant melanoma is less clear. Controversies regarding the current surgical management of melanoma remain including the utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy for thin/thick melanoma, the role of completion lymphadenectomy for micrometastatic disease, and the indication for metastectomy for distant disease in the era of targeted therapy, as well as many others. Some of these concerns are being addressed in clinical trials while others remain unanswered. This review addresses these concepts and several others which represent current surgical controversies in the management of melanoma.