cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POINTS: A Global Reference Frame Opportunity

POINTS is a space-based optical astrometric interferometer, capable of measuring the angular separation of two stars about 90° apart with 5-microarcsec (μas) nominal accuracy. During the intended ten-year mission, a repeated survey of a few hundred targets over the whole sky, including a few bright quasars, will establish a “rigid” reference grid with 0.5 μas position uncertainties. At that level, the grid will be free of regional biases and tied to the extra-Galactic frame that is our present best candidate for an inertial frame. POINTS will also determine parallaxes and annual proper motions at about the same level. Further, the planetary ephemeris frame will be tied through stellar aberration to the grid at about 300 μas. Additional targets of interest, to a limiting magnitude of greater than 20, will be observed relative to the grid, yielding determinations with uncertainties depending on the observing schedule. Measurement at the microarcsec/year level of the apparent relative velocities of quasars that are widely separated on the sky will severely test the assumption of cosmological quasar distances and may also constrain models of the early Universe.
Evaluation of Queries under Closed-World Assumption. Part II: The Hierarchical Case

This paper constitutes the second part of a paper published in the i>Journal of Automated Reasoning 18 (1997), 357–398. The minimal entailment vi>M i n has been characterized elsewhere by i>P vi>M i n p iff i>C n(i>P ∪{p}) ∩ i>G P o s ⊆ i>C n(i>P), where i>C n is the first-order consequence operation, i>P is a set of clauses (disjunctive logic program; in short: a program), p is a clause (a query), and i>G P o s is the set of positive (that is, bodiless) ground clauses. In this part, we address the problem of computational feasibility of certain iterative applications of criterion (1). In the first part of the paper we proposed a query evaluation algorithm that decided i>P vi>M i n p by what we called indefinite modeling. The query evaluation algorithm was capable of deciding the right-hand side of (1) without actually computing all ground positive consequences of i>P or i>P ∪{p}. The objective of the second part of the paper is to extend the proposed approach so that it properly captures phenomena associated with allowing negation in clauses" bodies, however, at a price of substantial complication (in particular, computing all ground positive consequences of i>P ∪{p} that are not consequences of i>P can no longer be avoided). For that purpose, we introduce the concepts of a layered program and its hierarchically minimal semantics, a special case of which covers stratified programs with semantics defined by second-order prioritized circumscription and, in the case of definite programs, perfect models. We characterize the hierarchically minimal entailment vi>H M i n in terms of iterative application of the right-hand side of criterion (1). Finally, we generalize the indefinite modeling and query evaluation algorithms presented in Part I over the layered programs, and indicate their computational advantages relative to other methods (e.g., those based on prefect model semantics). The presented approach does not require assigning different meanings to logically equivalent clauses, so it actually eliminates the need for program clauses with negation in their bodies.
LIKE TURTLES IN THEIR SHELLS?: CIVIC WITHDRAWAL AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN DIVERSE SMALL TOWNS

Robert Putnam argumentou que a diversidade etnica esta associada com o declinio do engajamento civico porque, quando enfrentada a diversidade, a reacao natural e de recuo a individualidade. Objetivos: Este artigo testa esta proposicao analisando adolescentes em cidades pequenas que sofreram “rapida diversificacao etnica”. Imigrantes e refugiados da America Latina e do Sudeste da Asia tem migrado para estas cidades pequenas e etnicamente homogeneas. Metodos: eu utilizo um estudo painel no qual adolescentes em escolas secundarias em cinco pequenas cidades foram entrevistados no inicio e final do ano academico. Conclusoes: Este artigo mostra pouca evidencia de efeitos negativos duradouros da diversidade etnica no engajamento civico. Na primeira onda, jovens de diversas cidades com niveis mais baixos de conhecimento politico e confianca do que daqueles de cidades predominantemente brancas, mas eles tambem tem niveis mais altos de participacao em atividades sociais escolares. No fim do ano estas diferencas foram diminuidas.
Organ Donation, Brain Death and the Family: Valid Informed Consent

I argue that valid informed consent is ethically required for organ donation from individuals declared dead using neurological criteria. Current policies in the U.S. do not require this and, not surprisingly, current practices inhibit the possibility of informed consent. Relevant information is withheld, opportunities to ensure understanding and appreciation are extremely limited, and the ability to make and communicate a free and voluntary decision is hindered by incomplete disclosure and other practices. Current practices should be revised to facilitate valid informed consent for organ donation.
Multiple sclerosis: additional thoughts.

In this issue of the Journal of the Neurological Sciences Dr. Charles Poser offers a personal memoir (Poser 1992) based on his pondering of the multiple sclerosis (MS) problem over the past 40 years. Poser makes several points with which most students of MS would agree wholeheartedly. Others of his views are controversial and deserve, in the Editor's estimation, the presentation of an alternative viewpoint so that the reader may make his or her own judgement..This Editorial has been written at the Editor's request to present another perspective. Poser begins with a selective review of the epidemiologic and genetic literature and concludes, not surprisingly, that genetic factors are more important than environmental ones in determining whether MS will develop or not. As has been known for some time certain HLA alleles are over-represented in the, MS population. Poser argues that within the HLA system, just as there are alleles that predispose to MS, there are others which, since they are under-represente d in the MS population, exert a protective influence. Few would quarrel with these opinions. Poser also challenges the notions, cherished by some, that latitude determines propensity to develop MS, and that MS sometimes occurs in epidemics. Both his opinions concerning these matters are soundly based and cogently argued. Poser makes a distinction between what he calls the MS trait, which he posits sets the stage for subsequent disease, and thus far undefined "factors" that permit illness to lead, as one attack foltows another, into progressive disability. The distinction between what gets MS going and what keeps it going is valuable conceptually since the two may well be different.
Exploring the Role of Amino Acid-18 of the Leucine Binding Proteins of E. coli

Abstract Two periplasmic binding proteins of E. coli, the leucine specific-binding protein (LS) and leucine-isoleucine-valine binding protein (LIV), have high similarity in their structure and function, but show different substrate specificity. A key difference between these proteins is residue 18 in the binding pocket, a tryptophan residue in the LS and a tyrosine residue in the LIV. To examine the role of this residue in binding specificity, we used fluorescence and 19F NMR to monitor ligand binding to three mutants: LSW18Y, LSW18F and LIVY18W. We observed leucine binding to all proteins. LS binds L-phenylalanine but the mutation from Trp to Tyr or Phe disallows this ligand and expands the binding repertoire to L-isoleucine and L-valine. The LIVY18W mutant still retains the ability to bind L-isoleucine and also binds L-phenylalanine.
Effect of Time and Temperature of Commercial Continuous Chilling of Fryer Chickens on Carcass Temperatures, Weight, and Bacterial Counts

Abstract LOW bacterial counts on poultry at the beginning of storage are associated with increased carcass shelf-life (Ayres et al., 1950; Ogilvy and Ayres, 1951; May et al., 1961). High standards of sanitary practice will help ensure high product quality during usual storage periods. During processing of ready-to-cook poultry, bacterial counts may be significantly influenced by chilling. Investigating the effect of standard slush-ice tank chilling on bacterial counts, Fromm (1957) found a decrease in counts during chilling, Walker and Ayres (1956) found no significant change, and Kotula et al. (1962) found significant increase. Essary et al. (1958 (1960) found a significant inverse relationship between time of tank chilling and shelf-life. Kotula et al. (1962) and Brewer et al. (1961) found that bacterial counts may decrease during chilling in continuous in-line chillers. Continuous chilling is now the most common method in large commercial processing plants. In continuous chillers, the final temperature to …
Endobronchial epithelial papilloma associated with a foreign body.

Noninvasive papillary endobronchial lesions are among the least common of pulmonary neoplasms. We describe the occurrence of a papillary squamous tumor surrounding an aspirated sunflower seed foreign body, and briefly review the subject of endobronchial papilloma. This tumor should be a red flag for the presence of a foreign body, and foreign body removal may obviate the need for thoracotomy. (Chest 1990; 97:229-30)
Resistance toPseudomonas solanacearum in potato: Infectivity titrations in relation to multiplication and spread of the pathogen

When several wilt-resistant potato clones were tested against a highly virulent strain from Mexico (No. 276) by standard stem inoculation methods, only one clone ofSolanum phureja was resistant. When different inoculum concentrations were introduced quantitatively for infectivity titrations, however, different levels of resistance were clearly defined among clones previously rated as susceptible. Linear regression was used to estimate the ED50 values (dosage required to wilt 50% of the population) for each of seven clones. These values ranged from 3 and 100 colony-forming units (CFU) for Katahdin and Russet Burbank, respectively, to 2.1 x 106 CFU for S.phureja clone 1386.15. The distribution of bacteria in stems of Russet Burbank plants inoculated with the compatible strains 276 and K-60 and the incompatible strains B1 and S-210 was very different. In all cases, incompatible bacteria were not detected 10 cm above the inoculation point in the stem, even by 12 days after inoculation, whereas compatible strains multiplied rapidly at this site by 6 days. At the inoculation site and at sites immediately adjacent to it, however, incompatible bacteria attained populations that only differed by one order of magnitude from those of compatible bacteria. Similar results were obtained when a resistant clone (MS 118.24) was inoculated with the virulent strain K-60. Thus, resistance was characterized both by reduced acropetal spread and by tolerance to large numbers of the bacterium.
Dieffenbachia: Uses, abuses and toxic constituents: A review

Abstract Dieffenbachia may well be the most toxic genus in the Araceae. Calcium oxalate crystals, a protein and a nitrogen-free compound have been implicated in the toxicity, but the available evidence is unclear. The plants have also been used as food, medicine, stimulants, and to inflict punishment.
Spin-orbit coupling in nitrite ion and nitrite salts

The absorption intensity of the3B1 ←1A1 transition of nitrite salts of the non-transition metals is markedly dependent on the metal counterion and is causative of the yellow-orange colors of the heavier-metal salts. It is assumed that spin-orbit coupling is responsible for this phenomenon; this assumption is investigated here using semi-empirical one-electron calculations and is validated. The subjects of covalent bonding in metal salts, charge transfer transitions in such systems and the Sj ← S0 electronic spectroscopy of nitrite salts are also investigated.
Effect of person. 1966.

The role of the experimenter in the behavioral study, although recognized by Darwin, Pavlov, psychiatrists and others, has not been adequately evaluated in terms of the quantitative measures of the CR. Our study in this paper concerns especially the cardiac changes induced by “Person” in normal and pathological animals—monkey, dog, cat, opossum, guinea pig and rabbit. Owing to the greater sensitivity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, these are more reliable and delicate measures than the usual somatic muscular ones. The Person can be used as an unconditional stimulus on the basis of which conditional reflexes are formed. Person has an especially pronounced effect on neurotic animals—shown often in a more pronounced way in the cardio-respiratory responses than in the more superficial behavioral ones. This Effect of Person may provide insights into the production of neurosis as well as some of the beneficial effects of therapy, e.g., the personal factor of the therapist.
Aquatic Effects of Aerial Spraying for Mosquito Control over an Urban Area

In an effort to combat West Nile Virus, planes dispersed insecticide over Sacramento, CA, treating nearly 50,000 hectares with pyrethrins and the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Widespread dispersal of insecticide over a metropolitan area, coupled with extensive pretreatment data on the area's urban creeks, provided a unique opportunity to study effects of mosquito control agents on aquatic habitats within an urban setting. There was no evidence of aquatic toxicity from the two active ingredients in the product applied. However, PBO concentrations were high enough to enhance toxicity of pyrethroids already existing in creek sediments from general urban pesticide use. PBO concentrations of 2−4 μg/L were high enough to nearly double the toxicity of sediments to the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Though the increase in toxicity was modest, it was unexpected to find environmental synergy at all. Risk assessments for mosquito control agents have focused on the active ingredients but have failed to recognize the...
α-Cells are dispensable in postnatal morphogenesis and maturation of mouse pancreatic islets

Glucagon-producing α-cells are the second-most abundant cell type in the islet. Whereas α-cells make up less than 20% of the cells in a mature mouse islet, they occupy a much larger proportion of t...
Effects of Microstructures of PVDF on Surface Adhesive Forces

This research studies the effects of microstructures of poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) on its adhesion force with the probe of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The adhesion problem is currently a bottleneck for the development of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Understanding the surface adhesion mechanisms is an important step to advance MEMS technology. In the present work, we fabricated PVDF thinfilms using spin casting and in situ corona poling methods. The microstructure was thus changed from α to the mixture of β and γ phases. Surface forces were then evaluated using an AFM. It was found that the adhesion forces between the AFM probe and the polymer surfaces were affected by microstructures. This article discusses details of our findings.
The SB -tree: an index-sequential structure for high-performance sequential access

A variant of aB-tree known as anSB-tree is introduced, with the object of offering high-performance sequential disk access for long range retrievals. The key to this efficiency is a structure that supports multi-page reads (or writes) during sequential access to any node level below the root, even following significant node splitting. In addition, theSB-tree will support a policy to ‘stripe’ successive multi-page blocks on multiple disks to achieve maximum parallelism. Compared to traditionalB-tree structures,SB-tree performance characteristics are less subject to degradation resulting from modifications entailed in growing and shrinking;SB-trees are therefore more appropriate for use in situations where frequent reorganization is not possible. A performance analysis reveals the strengths of theSB-tree by comparing its performance under various circumstances to theB+-tree and the bounded disorder (BD) file of [11]. The performance analysis formulates a new useful concept, the ‘effective depth’ of anSB- orB+-tree, defined as the expected number of pages read from disk to perform a random retrieval search given standard buffering behavior. A graph of effective depth against tree size is shown to have a scalloped appearance, reflecting the changing effectiveness of incremental additions to buffer space.
The postjunctional effects and neural release of purine compounds in the guinea-pig vas deferens.

Abstract The smooth muscle of the in vitro guinea-pig vas deferens was shown to contract upon addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophospate (AMP), the order of potency being ATP > ADP > AMP. Adenosine did not produce contraction. Pretreatment of animals with reserpine or treatment of tissues with an α-adrenoceptor blocking agent field to alter the dose-response relationship for ATP. Because ATP is both a potent contractile agent and is present in the adrenergic storage complex, evidence was fought for the role of ATP as a possible co-transmitter following neural stimulation. Tissues preincubated in 3 H-adenosine, a proceudure which results in the incorporation of label into 3 H-adenine nucleotides in the vas deferencs, release significant amounts of tritium upon transmural stimulation. Because contraction per se can contribute to the tritium overflow, experiments were conducted with bathing solution made hypertonic with sucrose (12.5%). Hypertonic solution prevented the electrically induced tissue contraction, but failed to prevent a tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of tritium from tissue preincubated with either 3 H-norepinephrine or 3 H-adenosine. Because of the known association of ATP with norepinephrine in synaptic vesicles of adrenergic nerves and in view of the present evidence of a postjunctional action of ATP as well as the release of tritiu from 3 H-adenosine-treated vasa deferentia, it seems possible that in this tissue ATP, in addition to its other functions, may serve as a co-transmitter with norepinephrine.
Recombinant collagen for animal product-free dextran microcarriers

Manufacturers of vaccines and other biologicals are under increasing pressure from regulatory agencies to develop production methods that are completely animal-component-free. In order to comply with this demand, alternative cell culture substrates to those now on the market, primarily collagen or gelatin, must be found. In this paper, we have tested a number of possible substitutes including recombinant collagen, a 100-kDa recombinant gelatin fragment and a peptide derived from a cell-binding region of type I collagen. The small 15-amino acid peptide did not support attachment of human fibroblasts in monolayer culture. The 100-kDa gelatin fragment supported cell attachment in monolayer culture, but was significantly less active than intact porcine gelatin. Recombinant type I collagen was as successful in promoting cell attachment as native collagen, and both were more effective than porcine gelatin. Based on these data, dextran microspheres were treated with the same attachment proteins--porcine gelatin, native collagen, or recombinant collagen. The same trends were observed as in monolayer culture. Concentrations of the recombinant collagen (as well as native collagen) supported cell attachment on dextran microspheres at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/cm(2). Treatment of the dextran with a low level of polyethylenimine, a cationic moiety, further enhanced attachment when used in conjunction with the low concentration of recombinant collagen. Where there was increased cell attachment, increased proliferation followed. We are confident, based on these findings, that a fully recombinant substitute could replace gelatin in current microcarrier preparations without losing the cell growth benefits provided by the native protein.
Characterization of cytoplasmic binding of dihydrotestosterone by the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, kidney, and liver of the mouse

Abstract The binding of [ 3 H]dihydrotestosterone ([ 3 H]DHT) to cellular components from prostate, seminal vesicles, kidney, and liver of the male mouse was studied using a dextran-coated charcoal method to separate bound steroid from free steroid. Optimum conditions for binding include incubating tissues from animals 3 days postcastration for 12 hr at 0°C. Separation of bound steroid from free steroid was found to be optimal when the samples were incubated with the charcoal suspension for 15 min. Two components of DHT binding were found in all tissues studied, but a higher capacity was noted in androgen target tissues such as the prostate gland. The high affinity binding was also very specific for DHT as evidenced by competition studies employing various hormones, such as estriol, corticosterone, estrone, progesterone, estradiol, cyproterone acetate, testosterone, and DHT.
Demo abstract -- Nemo: a high-fidelity noninvasive power meter system for wireless sensor networks

This demo abstract presents the design and the demonstration plan of Nemo -- a practical in situ power metering system for wireless sensor networks. Nemo features a new circuit design called shunt resistor switch that can dynamically adjust the resistance of shunt resistors based on the current load. This allows Nemo to achieve a wide dynamic current range and high measurement accuracy. Nemo transmits real-time power measurement to the host node solely through the power line, by modulating the current load and the supply voltage. This feature leads to a noninvasive, plug & play design that allows Nemo to be easily installed on existing mote platforms without physical wiring or soldering. We describe the set-up of demonstration and outline our demonstration plan.
Prenatal, perinatal, and heritable influences on cord blood immune responses

Background Maternal and perinatal environmental exposures, as well as inherited factors, may influence neonatal immune responses. Objective To determine relations of maternal and perinatal exposures to antigen-specific cord blood lymphoproliferative responses. Methods In 427 newborns from a Boston pregnancy/birth cohort, lymphoproliferative responses in cord blood mononuclear cells to stimulation with cockroach (Bla g 2), house dust mite (Der f 1), ovalbumin, and mitogen phytohemagglutinin were measured as stimulation index (SI). We used the Wilcoxon rank sum and χ 2 tests to evaluate predictors of ovalbumin SI as a continuous ranked or dichotomous outcome. We used t test and Spearman correlation for univariate testing and linear regression to evaluate predictors of natural log-transformed Bla g 2, Der f 1, and phytohemagglutinin SI. Logistic multivariate regression was applied to evaluate predictors of Bla g 2, Der f 1, and phytohemagglutinin SI dichotomized at 2 or at the median for phytohemagglutinin. Results Maternal smoking during pregnancy, inadequate or excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy, neonate black race/ethnicity (compared with white), and Apgar score less than 8 were each independently associated with increased cord blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to stimulation with Bla g 2 and/or Der f 1. Maternal history of asthma was associated only with increased lymphoproliferative response to ovalbumin stimulation. Conclusions Distinct fetal and perinatal exposures and black race/ethnicity may be associated with increased cord blood lymphoproliferative responses. The implications of these findings for future development of allergy or asthma are, as yet, unknown.
The geometric dimension of some small configurations

Recently, Jungnickel and Tonchev (Des Codes Cryptogr, doi:10.1007/s10623-012-9636-z, 2012) introduced new invariants for simple incidence structures \({\mathcal{D}}\), which admit both a coding theoretic and a geometric description. Geometrically, one considers embeddings of \({\mathcal{D}}\) into projective geometries \({\Pi} = PG(n, q)\), where an embedding means identifying the points of \({\mathcal{D}}\) with a point set V in \({\Pi}\) in such a way that every block of \({\mathcal{D}}\) is induced as the intersection of V with a suitable subspace of \({\Pi}\). Then the new invariant, the geometric dimension\({\mathrm{geomdim}_{q}\mathcal{D}}\) of \({\mathcal{D}}\), is the smallest value of n for which \({\mathcal{D}}\) may be embedded into the n-dimensional projective geometry PG(n, q). It is the aim of this paper to discuss a few additional general results regarding these invariants, and to determine them for some further examples, mainly some small configurations; this will answer some problems posed in (Des Codes Cryptogr, doi:10.1007/s10623-012-9636-z, 2012).
Interaction of structurally diverse pesticides with thehuman MDR1 gene product P-glycoprotein

Abstract P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a 170-kDa membrane-bound glycoproteinshown to efflux a wide variety of chemicals, such as chemotherapeutic agents and carcinogens. Experiments were conducted using B16/F10 murine melanoma cells transfected with the human MDR1 gene (B16/hMDR1 cells), which codes for P-gp, to determine whether this transporter may contribute to the cellular efflux of some pesticides. Thirty-eight pesticides representing several classes of compounds were evaluated for their potential to bind to P-gp, as measured by the inhibition of efflux of the P-gp substrate doxorubicin. Carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides exhibited little interaction with P-gp, while many of the organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides significantly inhibited the efflux of doxorubicin. Pesticides that significantly inhibited the efflux of doxorubicin were then assessed for P-gp-mediated efflux. One pesticide, endosulfan, exhibited slight though significant transport mediated by P-gp. Competition experiments performed with the P-glycoprotein ligand [3H]azidopine demonstrated that the P-gp inhibitory pesticides bound to P-gp. Both lipophilicity and molecular mass were major physical/chemical determinants in dictating pesticide binding to P-gp, with optimum binding occurring with compounds having a log Kow, value of 3.6–4.5 and a molecular weight of 391–490 Da. The transport substrate endosulfan possessed optimal binding characteristics. These results demonstrated that many pesticides are capable of binding to P-gp; however, binding does not infer transport.
Comparison of predictions of microsegregation in the Ni–Cr–Mo system to experimental measurements

Experimental measurements of microsegregation in six Ni-Cr-Mo alloys are compared to closed system simulations. The calculations accurately predict the segregation of molybdenum, but underpredict the primary solid fraction and tend to overpredict chromium segregation at late stages of solidification. Analysis of the data suggests that the difference between the calculations and the measurements may be caused by a delay in the nucleation of the secondary phases. Upon adjusting for this delay and using the experimentally determined partition coefficients, the model better predicts the phase fractions and segregation in the alloys.
Ventral prostate predominant l, a novel mouse gene expressed exclusively in the prostate.

BACKGROUND Despite the region-specific nature of human prostate disease, there is a paucity of information regarding the molecular basis of prostate regionalization and patterning. To elucidate genetic mechanisms that underlie prostate growth and development, we investigated differential gene expression in mouse prostate lobes. METHODS mRNA differential display analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes during development of ventral, anterior, and dorsolateral prostate lobes. Differential gene expression was confirmed by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. RESULTS A novel gene, Ventral prostate predominant1 (Vpp1) was identified. Vpp1 mRNA was evident in all lobes but accumulated predominantly in the ventral prostate, and was detected on postnatal day 7 through adulthood exclusively in the prostate gland. The steady-state level of Vpp1 mRNA decreased markedly in response to castration, suggesting androgen regulation of Vpp1 expression. Analysis of TRAMP tumors demonstrated a dramatic decrease in the level of Vpp1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The spatial distribution and early postnatal onset of Vpp1 expression is consistent with a role for this gene in prostate regionalization. The absolute prostate specificity of Vpp1 expression may allow this gene to serve as a paradigm to study the molecular basis of gene expression that is restricted exclusively to the prostate gland. Prostate 51:21–29, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
First-principles studies of the ∑5 tilt grain boundary in Ni 3 Al

The atomic and the electronic structures of the \ensuremath{\sum}5 (210) [001] tilt grain boundary in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}\mathrm{Al},$ with and without a hydrogen impurity, have been calculated using the full potential linearized-augmented plane-wave method. The strain field normal to the boundary plane and the excess grain boundary volume are calculated and compared with the results obtained using the embedded-atom method (EAM). The interlayer strain normal to the grain boundary oscillates with increasing distance from the grain boundary. The bonding charge distributions suggest that bonding in the boundary region is different from that in the bulk. Total-energy calculations show that the hydrogen impurity prefers to occupy interstitial sites on the Ni-rich grain boundary plane. Hydrogen is found to reduce the bonding charge across the boundary plane. The grain boundary energy and the Griffith cohesive energy for both the ``clean'' and H-segregated grain boundary are calculated and compared with the available EAM results. The hydrogen impurity is found to increase the grain boundary energy and reduce the Griffith cohesive energy of the boundary, which indicates that hydrogen is an embrittler of the grain boundary.
Pharmacological modulation of edema mediated by prostaglandin, serotonin and histamine.

Previous studies demonstrated that the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) reversibly inhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis and prevented the late (PG-mediated) phase of carrageenin-induced hind paw edema. This study emphasizes antagonism by CDM of the early (5HT and histamine-mediated) phase of carrageenin edema. CDM and cyproheptadine both antagonized paw edema induced by albumin (5HT and histamine-mediated) and by the direct injection of 5HT and histamine, whereas aspirin and the PG antagonist, SC-19220, were ineffective. As expected, cyproheptadine selectively reduced the early phase, whereas aspirin and SC-19220 selectively reduced the late phase of carrageenin-induced edema. These results are thus consistent with earlier studies demonstrating PG mediation of the late phase of carrageenin edema, and 5HT and histamine mediation of albumin edema and the early phase of carrageenin edema. In addition, they indicate that CDM possesses multiple acute anti-inflammatory, actions not exhibited by aspirin, by SC-19220 or by cyproheptadine alone.
Bad Theories Can Harm Victims

The conventional trauma model posits that sexual abuse of children is inevitably frightening, always carried out against the child’s will, and necessarily damaging to the child. In The Trauma Myth, psychologist Susan Clancy argues that this model is not only wrong but damaging to a large class of genuine victims. She and others have uncovered innumerable victims who did experienced abuse, but did not experience it as traumatic or and did not fully understand what was being done. These victims are unwittingly made to feel guilty since their cases do not fit with the popular theory. In the interests of minimizing harm to them, and in the name of good science, the conventional one-size-fits-all trauma model ought to be discarded.
Validation of an empathy scale in pharmacy and nursing students.

Objective. To validate an empathy scale to measure empathy in pharmacy and nursing students.Methods. A 15-item instrument comprised of the cognitive and affective empathy domains, was created. Each...
Transthoracic, Transdiaphragmatic Excision of Simultaneous Lung and Adrenal Lesions

Simultaneous adrenal and pulmonary lesions frequently present a therapeutic challenge to the thoracic surgeon. We describe 2 cases in which a transthoracic, transdiaphragmatic approach was used to establish tissue diagnosis and complete removal of gross tumor. In 1 case an intraoperative decision to perform a pneumonectomy was dictated by the tissue diagnosis of the adrenal mass, which was obtained with relative ease via this method. In both cases the morbidity of traditional approaches for adrenal operation was avoided.
The prevalence of hypothyroidism in gout

Abstract purpose: To examine the potential relationship between gout and hypothyroidism. patients and methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients with a diagnosis of monosodium urate crystal-proven gouty arthritis on joint aspiration were prospectively evaluated for hypothyroidism with an ultrasensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assay. Twenty-five patients with a diagnosis of monosodium urate crystal-proven gout were retrospectively identified from a population of 137 patients receiving uric acid-lowering medications. These patients were also screened for hypothyroidism. Age, race, sex, and weight matched patients with noninflammatory rheumatic diseases and no history of gout served as controls. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed when a TSH was greater than 6.0 μU/mL or if a history of hypothyroidism requiring replacement therapy was documented. results: The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the prospective group was significantly increased compared to controls ( P P conclusions: The prevalence of hypothyroidism is significantly increased in patients with aspirate-proven gouty arthritis. Screening for hypothyroidism with an ultrasensitive thyroid stimulating hormone assay should be considered in all patients presenting with gouty arthritis and those with a history of recurrent gouty flares.
Heating rates required for laser induced thermal desorption studies of surface reaction kinetics

Abstract Reaction and desorption are competing surface processes and their product yields are dependent upon both the surface heating rate and the kinetic parameters for reaction and desorption. Laser induced thermal desorption (LITD) is a useful probe of surface reactions because the desorption yield can often dominate the reaction yield at rapid laser induced heating rates. In this Letter, the relationship between the product yields for desorption and reaction as a function of surface heating rate was investigated numerically because an analytical equation does not exist. An empirical equation was determined that presents the functional relationship between the surface heating rate at which the product yields for reaction and desorption are 1:1 and the kinetic parameters for reaction and desorption. This equation is useful for predicting the experimental heating rates required for LITD studies of surface reaction kinetics.
Post-transcriptional control of human cytomegalovirus gene expression.

Abstract During the immediate-early, early, and late phases of human cytomegalovirus infection in human fibroblasts, transcripts accumulated, respectively, from approximately 20, 75, and 90% of the sequences on the genome. Not all of the sequences which accumulated during the immediate-early and early phases were represented on polysomes, however. Four transcripts synthesized in cycloheximide-treated cells were studied in detail. A 2.2-kb transcript (713–733 map units) represented 95% of the polysome-associated RNA in cycloheximide-treated cells and was the first to be detected on polysomes at 2 hr postinfection in untreated cells. A second, less abundant, transcript of 5.2 kb (670–733 map units) was also found on polysomes in cycloheximide-treated cells, and preliminary evidence suggested that this transcript may be spliced during processing. A 3.25-kb transcript (190–217 map units) was identified also as a minor polysome-associated species of RNA. One transcript of 4.8 kb (630–670) remained associated with the nucleus and was not processed into mRNA in cycloheximide-treated cells. Differential stability between the various transcripts was observed, the 2.2-kb transcript being the most stable. The results showed that in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells controls exist at the level of transcript accumulation, transport into the cytoplasm, preferential association with polysomes, and relative stability of RNAs.
THE RELATION OF THE PITUITARY TO BLOOD LIPIDS1

BRUN AND LING (I, 2) and Anselmino and Hoffman (3) demonstrated that B(URN)extracts(AND)of the anterior pituitary produced a ketosis in rats or rabbits which were fasting or receiving a high fat diet. That this effect was not mediated through the thyroid was indicated by Funk (4) who observed that thyroidectomizjed rats responded to AP extracts similar to normal animals and further Butts, Cutler and Deuel (5) reported little ketonuria following injections of the thyrotropic hormone. On the other hand, MacKay and Barnes (6) and Fry (7) report a lack of ketosis in adrenalectomised rats injected with a ketogenic AP extract. Mirsky (8) concluded that the adrenal gland by itself is not essential for the ketogenic activity of extracts of the AP, but rather an increase in the renal threshold for ketone bodies is responsible for the decreased ketonuria.
Comparative studies of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack and single cell

Abstract The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was investigated comparatively as a single cell and a 30-cell stack. Various types of Nafion membranes, such as Nafion 117, 115, 112 and 105, were tested as electrolyte within the single cell and at different temperatures, among which Nafion 112 gave the optimal result. The 30-cell stack was evaluated at different humidities and temperatures. The potential–current and power–current curves, both for single cell and the stack, were analyzed by computer simulation, whereby the kinetic and mass-transfer parameters were calculated. The long-term performance of the stack and the water production during long-term operation were also measured.
Circadian organization in the real world

A fruitful collaboration between behavioral and molecular biologists has produced a fascinating look at the internal circadian organization of the common vole (Fig. 1). The article by van der Veen et al. (1) published in this issue of PNAS documents the relationship between circadian rhythms in the brain and those in the liver of this small rodent, whose field behavior and unusual feeding habits have been well studied but whose molecular biology has been almost completely ignored.
Chaotic transients and multiple attractors in spin-wave experiments.

A long-lived transient form of chaos was observed by rf perpendicular pumping of spheres of yttrium iron garnet in the region of the first-order Suhl instability. The average temporal lengths of these transients as functions of pumping power were fitted by a theory involving capture of the chaotic trajectory by multiple periodic attractors.
Mecamylamine effects on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and defecation.

Recent clinical experience with Tourette syndrome (TS) patients suggests that the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (Inversine®), may be a useful adjunct to neuroleptic therapy for controlling tic symptom. This is consistent with previous preclinical findings demonstrating that mecamylamine can potentiate the cataleptic effects of neuroleptics in rats. However, these earlier preclinical studies employed high doses (1–2.5 mg/kg) of mecamylamine that may not be clinically relevant since human doses of mecamylamine used to treat TS have been much lower (0.03–0.1 mg/kg). In order to test the potential therapeutic properties of mecamylamine preclinically, we conducted catalepsy experiments in rats employing both a low and high dose of mecamylamine in combination with haloperidol. Sixty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four treatment groups (n equals; 16/group). Each rat received an injection of either saline or mecamylamine (0.1 or 3.0 mg/kg sc) followed one hour later with a second...
Collaborative distributed network system: a lightweight middleware supporting collaborative DEVS modeling

Abstract The present and future of our world, in part, depends on the effective application of problem solving techniques and tools that are able to bring together expertise from many disciplines, e.g. problems such as how world wide distribution of commodities are inherently multidisciplinary in nature. As such they demand collaborative computer-based tools that enable subject matter experts to work cooperatively while overcoming the constraints of space and time. The realization of collaborative tools can benefit greatly by relying on “out-of-the-box” higher level network interconnectivity software. In this paper, we discuss the collaborative distributed network model (CDNM). Based on this model, a lightweight middleware called collaborative distributed network system (CDNS) is implemented using Java technologies. We discuss CDNM’s architecture and the services it can provide to modeling and simulation applications built on its foundation. Furthermore, we discuss Collaborative DEVS Modeler, a collaborative modeling environment, where dispersed clients interact with one another using the services offered by the CDNS. The explicit architectural design of CDNM will facilitate its future migration into emerging middleware standards such as High Level Architecture (HLA) and CORBA.
De-protonation of (η4-isoprene)Fe(CO)3; an isoprene anion equivalent

Abstract (η 4 -Isoprene)Fe(CO) 3 can be deprotonated with lithium diisopropylamide. The resulting coordinated isoprene anion reacts with electrophiles at low temperature, but rearranges to an isomeric (η 4 -trimethylenemethane)Fe(CO) 3 anion derivative at higher temperatures.
Direct recoil oxygen ion fractions resulting from Ar+ collisions

Abstract Direct recoil of oxygen from oxidized and hydroxylated magnesium surfaces as a result of 6 keV Ar + collisions produces O − , O + , and O species. The total ion fraction at a recoil angle of 22° is ~33.5%, of which O − is 23.7% and O + is 9.8% for the oxidized surface. The O − /O + intensity ratio is extremely sensitive to the amount of hydrogen present, with the O + yield dropping to ~1% on the hydroxylated surface. These results are considered within a model for electronic transitions in ion/surface collisions which considers Auger and resonant transitions along the ion trajectory and electron promotions in the quasi-diatomic molecule of the close encounter.
Yohimbine and naloxone: effects on male rat sexual behavior.

Abstract We evaluated the effects of yohimbine (2 mg/kg) and naloxone (5 mg/kg), separately and in combination, on copulatory behavior in male rats. In Experiment 1, yohimbine evinced decrements in intromission frequency, ejaculation latency, and copulatory efficiency, whereas naloxone administration was followed by an increased ejaculation latency, and the combination of yohimbine plus naloxone was without effect. In Experiment 2, yohimbine evinced decreases in intromission frequency, ejaculation latency, copulatory efficiency in the first, but not subsequent, copulatory series, as well as a decreased latency to sexual exhaustion. Further, treatment with yohimbine alone, naloxone alone, or yohimbine plus naloxone was followed by a reduction in the number of ejaculations prior to sexual exhaustion. Thus, at the doses tested, no synergistic effects were observed for the combination of yohimbine plus naloxone.
Benign and malignant mast cell proliferations: Diagnosis and separation using a pH‐dependent toluidine blue stain in tissue section

Using a pH-adjusted toluidine blue stain (pH range, 2.5–6.5), we sequentially examined the staining pattenrs of mast cells in tissue sections taken from patients with localized or reactive mast cell lesions and benign or malignant mastocytosis syndromes. Reactive or benign lesions stained well over the entire rang eof pHs and were separated from malignant mast cell proliferations which stained poorly and with greatest intensity in the less acidic range (pH greater than 3.5). Patients with disseminated mast cell lesions but without tumor masses or leukemia had a staining pattern between that of benign and malignant lesions. Basophils stained intensely at pH 2.5, and metachromasia rapidly diminished at higher pH. The use of the pH dependent toluidine blue stain may be an adjunct in recognizing patients with mast cell lesions, predicting their prognosis, and distinguishing basophils from mast cells.
Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities. XIII. Comparison of response and recovery of host and solid tumor to cyclophosphamide and radiation.

A study of the effects of local tumor radiation alone (1500 R) and cyclophosphamide alone (150 mg/kg) on the experimental solid tumor rat hepatoma 3924 A has been completed. Cyclophosphamide was more effective in controlling tumor growth than either radiation or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (150 mg/kg) previously reported. Recovery of intestinal mucosa following cyclophosphamide (and 5-FU) occurred much earlier than recovery of bone marrow, substantiating the fact that bone marrow is the critical organ governing the time of administration of a second series of chemotherapeutic agents. The longest period of time (seven days) between delivery of radiation and administration of cyclophosphamide resulted in the most effective use of the two modalities. Results of experimental studies to date suggest that sequential combined modality therapy may be given at a time of maximum tumor growth rate that occurs following the previous treatment series. Since the time of maximum tumor growth rate occurs after recovery of the bone marrow from the previous treatment series, combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy schedules of this type should permit sequential administration of chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-FU and cyclophosphamide, at the time of enhanced tumor sensitivity and diminished host toxicity.
Magnetic Johnson Noise Constraints on Electron Electric Dipole Moment Experiments

Magnetic fields from statistical fluctuations in currents in conducting materials broaden atomic linewidths by the Zeeman effect. The constraints imposed by this broadening on the design of experiments that measure the electric dipole moment of the electron are analyzed. Contrary to the predictions of Lamoreaux [S. K. Lamoreaux, Phys. Rev. A 60, 1717 (1999)], the standard material for high-permeability magnetic shields proves to be as significant a source of broadening as is an ordinary metal. A scheme that would replace this standard material with ferrite is proposed.
Gender and community tourism dependence level

Abstract Rural Idaho residents were surveyed to determine their perceptions and attitudes about tourism. The towns represented three levels of tourism dependence: high, moderate, and low. The study goals were to assess if women and men had differing perceptions, and to determine if there were gender differences at different tourism dependence levels. Descriptive statistical analysis of individual items was followed with factor analysis, which showed no differences in gender perceptions. However, items analyzed separately exhibited some differences due to gender. While past research suggests women and men do not benefit equally from tourism, this and other perception studies show few differences. Further exploration could include in-depth interviewing, longitudinal studies, or combined efforts.