cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The specific interaction of chromate with the dual sulfate permease systems of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Chromate inhibits growth and eventually causes cell death in Neurospora crassa . Mutants resistant to chromate show stage-specific deficiencies in sulfate transport and parallel losses in chromate uptake. The toxicity of chromate is completely dependent upon the sulfur source provided for growth. The mutant strains are chromate-resistant when methionine is present but are very sensitive to the analog when inorganic sulfate serves as the sole sulfur source. Chromate is a competitive inhibitor of sulfate transport and the K i for inhibition (3 × 10 −5 m ) is nearly identical to the K m for chromate entry. The transport of chromate is energy dependent, inhibited by sulfate, repressed when growth occurs on methionine-supplemented media, and clearly occurs via the sulfate permease systems. The toxicity of chromate seems to include two aspects: (1) specific inhibition of sulfate transport and perhaps early assimilatory steps, and (2) general lethality due to entry and strong oxidizing activity of chromate. The chromate-resistant mutants largely exclude the analog and thus are protected from the generalized toxic effect. Tungstate and molybdate show a similar, but far weaker, inhibition of the sulfate transport systems and at higher concentrations cause a parallel inhibition of growth in all strains.
The Moral Ambiguity of the Makeup Call

If one sits in the stands for awhile at a local sporting contest, whether it is wrestling, soccer, baseball or particularly basketball, before long someone will exclaim toward a referee, “That was a makeup call. You owe us one.” Everyone knows what this means but if an eight-year old beside you hears this screamed for the first time and asks, “What does that mean?” An explanation given to her will be something like “that's when an official makes a call and immediately realizes it was a wrong call so at the first opportunity he can he makes a call against the team that has benefitted from the previous call; he is trying to even things out for his mistake.” The referee or umpire is attempting to be fair by “giving back” the call with a “makeup call.” A make-up call can be defined as the act of compensating for a questionable or bad officiating call by making a proportionally even call against the team that was aided by the first call. Usually these are immediate and obvious. They can also be conscious or su...
Radionuclide response assessment of breast cancer.

Preoperative systemic therapy with cytotoxic or biologic anticancer regimens has gained significant popularity in the management of breast cancer. Moreover, there is a worldwide paradigm shift toward an individualized approach to identify predictive surrogate markers for stratifying patients into distinct subgroups to improve outcome after neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. Although achievement of pathologic complete response constitutes the gold standard for assessing therapeutic efficacy only a minority of patients achieve a pathologic complete response. Imaging has evolved to play a crucial role in monitoring treatment effectiveness, particularly, early during therapy. There is mounting evidence that (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is a more superior metabolic imaging modality than anatomic modalities for assessment of the response during or at completion of treatment. Ultimately, the prediction of therapeutic effectiveness or survival or both by FDG-PET imaging could successfully tailor treatment and avoid unnecessary toxicities. This paper provides an overview of current use and the main indications of FDG-PET and integrated PET/computed tomography in response assessment of breast cancer as well as the future directions for the management using non–FDG-based tracers developed against specific targets.
Investments in Exploitation and Exploration Capabilities: Balance Versus Focus

Whether performance advantage accrues more to firms that balance exploitation (i.e., serving existing markets) and exploration (i.e., developing new products for future markets) or to those that focus on only one of these objectives is open to debate. To gain a better understanding of this dilemma, we employ longitudinal data from the pharmaceutical industry to examine how efficient firms are at utilizing resource investments to build exploitation and exploration capabilities. These capabilities are obtained using stochastic frontier estimation, which measures how efficiently firms use resource inputs to generate an output in a competitive landscape. We then link these capabilities to performance. We find that firms with superior exploitation capabilities have higher operating cash flow but lower firm value. In contrast, firms with superior exploration capabilities find the opposite effect. Importantly, firms that are superior in both capabilities enhance cash flow but not firm value.
Transformation of the Spectrum of a Signal in Communication between Relativistically Moving Inertial Frames

Future space exploration may involve communications between spacecraft moving at relativistic velocities. One of the significant problems associated with such communication is spectral distortion of signals which are propagated between relativistic frames. This distortion is generated by both changing propagation distances and purely relativistic electromagnetic field transformations. In this paper a linear integral transformation is formulated for relating the Fourier spectra of the source antenna excitation current and the resulting incident electric field at the receiving antenna. The kernel of the transformation is evaluated for the case of a steerable source antenna tracking on the advanced receiver position. The transformation is then applied to the case of an ideal thin-wire half-wave dipole source antenna excited by a narrowband, double-sideband modulated current. The specific distortions of spectral spreading and translation are then related to increased bandwidth and upper cutoff frequency requirements of receiving systems in relativistic applications.
A randomized multicenter trial to improve resident teaching with written feedback

Background: Residents have an important role as teachers of medical students. Purpose: This study addressed assessment of the impact of written learner feedback on resident teaching. Methods: Senior residents (N = 30) were randomized into either an experimental group receiving feedback or a control group receiving no feedback. Team members were interviewed to identify the residents’ teaching strengths and weaknesses, and rate residents on overall teaching effectiveness and on eight specific teaching characteristics. Residents received a one‐page summary of interview comments and mean rating scores for three consecutive rotations. Results: Over a 1‐year period, there was a significant difference between the mean group ratings for the teaching characteristics Establishes Rapport (p < .01) and Provides Direction and Feedback (p < .05). Overall Teaching Effectiveness tended to improve for the experimental group over the year and remain stable for the control group (p = .07). Conclusions: Written feedback to s...
Preface to the Ocean Modelling special issue on ocean eddies

This issue of Ocean Modelling gathers articles that focus on the representation and parameterization of ocean mesoscale and submesoscale phenomena in numerical simulations, as well as theoretical and observational studies that provide evaluations of simulation integrity. It is noteworthy that designating a special issue on ocean eddies is arguably unnecessary today, with ocean mesoscale and submesoscale phenomena now central for many questions posed by Ocean Modelling authors and presented in their papers. Nonetheless, there are good reasons to formally encourage documentation of these topics within one journal issue. In particular, we recently passed the 20 year anniversary of the pivotal papers by Gent and McWilliams (1990) and Greatbatch and Lamb (1990). Their papers remain a touchstone for many ongoing eddy parameterization studies today. It was partly in recognition of this anniversary that the CLIVAR Working Group for Ocean Model Development sponsored a workshop in 2009 on ocean eddies. This three day gathering at the Hadley Centre was an exciting and provocative occasion to communicate and debate the state-of-the-science, and for that matter the state-of-the-art, in ocean eddyrelated phenomena. It was furthermore at this workshop that the idea for the present special issue of Ocean Modelling was born. The web site http://www.clivar.org/organization/wgomd/meso/ meso.php contains the workshop presentations and posters. Some of that material now forms the basis for a few of the articles in the present special issue of Ocean Modelling. Ocean Modelling readers will hopefully find much of the material in this special issue of interest, if not for their immediate research agenda, then perhaps as a point of reference for cuttingedge ideas on ocean eddies in theory, numerical models, and observations. The articles offer a solid sampling of the best that the science presents for understanding and simulating the ocean, acknowledging that mesoscale and submesoscale eddy phenomena are fundamental to these tasks.
The Propensity of College Students to Modify Course Expectations and its Impact on Course Performance Information

Students' expectancy beliefs and actual course performance rating belief behaviors were investigated empirically using a longitudinal research framework. The findings clearly indicate students significantly change their. expectancy beliefs toward the course evaluative criteria. These change patterns were found to have direct impact on course performance information. Important insights are presented toward overcoming tomorrow's educational challenges of maintaining and expanding quality academic courses and programs.
Meaning and Morality in Everyday Life: Beyond “The Social Construction of …”

dispositions held by rural, working-class men who define their character in terms of country competence and masculinity. In the end, this goes a long way toward explaining why firefighters are willing to put themselves in harm's smoky path in the first place. As Desmond acutely observes in his book's devastating final chapters, the most ironic consequence of firefighters' blind belief in the myth of "the incompetent dead" is their willingness to observe its absurd corollary that firefighting presents no real danger at all, since their country competence will always save them from the fiery flames. As Donald tells Desmond: "Is it dangerous? Sure it's dangerous, if you have stupid people working with you. If you know what's going on and you have other people that know what's going on, it's actually not that dangerous" (p. 264). Firefighter George Canton agrees: "You really have to do something wrong, when you're dealing with fire, to be in a situation where it takes your life . . . There's just stuff you know to watch out for, and if you don't do it, it's gonna get you. But not that many people die on fires" (pp. 256-257). Of all the impressive accomplishments of On the Fireline its incisive organizational analysis, critique of hegemonic masculinity, and critical yet sympathetic portrait of rural working-class life perhaps its most lasting achievement remains its haunting images of these young and free spirits hardening into organization men as they develop into firefighters who increasingly fail to see the forest for the trees.
Characterization of Al2O3ZrO2 powders produced by electrohydrodynamic atomization

Abstract The roles of supercooling and alloy composition in the microstructure evolution of rapidly solidified powders have been systematically examined across the Al2O3ZrO2 binary system. Powders ranging in diameter from 10 nm to over 100 μm were produced by electrohydrodynamic atomization of Al2O3ZrO2 rods prepared by colloidal techniques. At the largest supercoolings (powders less than 1 μm), single-phase homogeneous structures, both amorphous and crystalline, may be observed across the entire phase diagram. With increasing particle size, segregation gives rise to duplex microstructures which consist of metastable alumina and monoclinic or tetragonal zirconia, or of tetragonal zirconia and glass. Coarse (greater than 10 μm) powders exhibit different morphologies in the primary phase and the eutectic constituent, with varying supercoolings and cooling rates. The trends in phase selection and segregation are examined with the aid of available information on Tg and schematic T0 curves for the different phases.
State Initiative in Learning Disabilities Illinois' Project Screen: Report 1: The SCReen Early Identification Procedure

This paper is the first in a series of four articles which represent a synopsis of a 3,500 page final report on Project SCREEN, submitted by a contractor (CPA, Inc.) to the Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, State of Illinois. This article concerns itself with the SCREEN assessment procedure which represented the core of Project SCREEN. This report is descriptive only; technical information will appear in other publications.
New heuristic solution procedures for the uniform graph partitioning problem: extensions and evaluation

Abstract The uniform graph partitioning problem can be described as partitioning the nodes of a graph into two sets of equal size to minimize the sum of the cost of arcs having end-points in different sets. This problem has important applications in VLSI design, computer compiler design, and in placement and layout problems. The problem is known to be NP-complete. In this paper we propose a new heuristic procedure for solving the graph partitioning problem. This heuristic is based on a genetic algorithm with features tailored for solving the graph partitioning problem. We also summarize a technique for obtaining good bounds for this problem, and compare and analyse the results from new as well as existing graph partitioning heuristics.
Crossing the great divide of strategic entrepreneurship: Transitioning between exploration and exploitation

Abstract Managing uncertainty effectively is perhaps one of the most significant challenges a firm's decision makers face today. Strategic entrepreneurship—defined as exploration for future sources of competitive advantage, combined with exploitation of current sources of competitive advantage—has been proposed as a means via which decision makers can manage uncertainty. In this article, we discuss the transition between exploration and exploitation activities within organizations as a vital part of strategic entrepreneurship; this transition process can involve various types of internal firm challenges. Additionally, we highlight various sources for these internal challenges and mechanisms through which firms can overcome them.
The Evolution of GIM Programming

This article traces the origins and evolution of the music programs central to the Bonny Method (also called GIM or BMGIM). These programmed, sequenced western art music selections shape the core experience of GIM, eliciting intra-, inter-, and trans-personal phenomena through a range of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic feelings, images, memories, and metaphoric fantasies. Bonny’s original programs will be described and discussed in relation to GIM, and developments in programming will demonstrate how the Bonny Method programs have been expanded, including adaptations to music programming and selection.
Procollagen Triple Helix Assembly: An Unconventional Chaperone-Assisted Folding Paradigm

Fibers composed of type I collagen triple helices form the organic scaffold of bone and many other tissues, yet the energetically preferred conformation of type I collagen at body temperature is a random coil. In fibers, the triple helix is stabilized by neighbors, but how does it fold? The observations reported here reveal surprising features that may represent a new paradigm for folding of marginally stable proteins. We find that human procollagen triple helix spontaneously folds into its native conformation at 30–34°C but not at higher temperatures, even in an environment emulating Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). ER-like molecular crowding by nonspecific proteins does not affect triple helix folding or aggregation of unfolded chains. Common ER chaperones may prevent aggregation and misfolding of procollagen C-propeptide in their traditional role of binding unfolded polypeptide chains. However, such binding only further destabilizes the triple helix. We argue that folding of the triple helix requires stabilization by preferential binding of chaperones to its folded, native conformation. Based on the triple helix folding temperature measured here and published binding constants, we deduce that HSP47 is likely to do just that. It takes over 20 HSP47 molecules to stabilize a single triple helix at body temperature. The required 50–200 µM concentration of free HSP47 is not unusual for heat-shock chaperones in ER, but it is 100 times higher than used in reported in vitro experiments, which did not reveal such stabilization.
Global sea surface temperatures and cloud clearing for aerosol optical depth estimates

Abstract Multichannel sea surface tempratures (MCSSTs) have been produced operationally on a global basis from AVHRR data since November 1981. Although the basic technique has been unchanged for over S years, refinements and modifications to handle special situations (e.g. volcanic and sandstorm aerosols) are under development and a cross-product (nonlinear) procedure for atmospheric corrections has been tested. The aerosol optical depth estimates have been made experimentally for about a year using AVHRR data from channel-1, and special cloud screening techniques have been developed to differentiate between clouds and aerosols.
Neuronal development: SAD kinases make happy axons

Summary The polarity proteins LKB1 and SAD-A/B are key regulators of axon specification in the developing cerebral cortex. Recent studies now show that this mechanism cannot be generalized to other classes of neurons: instead, SAD-A/B functions downstream of neurotrophin signaling in sensory neurons to mediate a later stage of axon development — arborization in the target field.
Reconstruction of fast-scan MR images

Several techniques have been proposed for rapidly acquiring the Fourier domain data required for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. These fast-scan techniques sample data on nonuniform grids in the Fourier space of the object. This work explores the image reconstruction errors that occur when images are reconstructed as if the data were measured on the ideal uniform grids. It is also shown how interpolation can be used to correct these reconstruction errors and produce images of acceptable image quality.
Expression of two sucrose synthetase genes in endosperm and seedling cells of maize: evidence of tissue specific polymerization of protomers

The shrunken (sh) locus on chromosome nine in maize has been considered to be endosperm specific at the biochemical and the phenotypic levels of expression. The recent evidence concerning the presence of Sh encoded transcripts in the seedling (Springer et al. 1985) led us to examine this aspect at the protein level. The results from immuno-blot analyses show that the Sh encoded sucrose synthetase-1 protein (SS-1) is indeed present in seedlings. The expression of the gene SS-1 in seedling roots is verifiable by two criteria: 1) Various sh-null mutants that lack the SS-1 protein in the developing endosperm are also devoid of this protein in seedling root extracts. Only a single band, presumably encoded by the SS-2 locus, is seen in these mutants. 2) The electrophoretic variant of the sh mutant encoding a slow migrating SS-1 protein in the endosperm exhibits a concomitantly altered pattern of SS isozymes in seedling roots. A notable feature of SS-1 and SS-2 expression is that a unique tissue specific difference between endosperm and seedling roots is retained. The Sh root extracts show a total of five SS isozymes due to protomeric interaction of the SS1-SS2 tetramers present in the same cell. Endosperm extracts of the same genotype show only SS-1 and SS-2 homomers. The lack of heteropolymers is indicative of spatial and/or temporal separation of SS-1 and SS-2 expression in the endosperm cells. We suggest that these observations provide a new dimension and a useful tool for the analysis of many sh mutants and their revertants due to various transposable elements.
Label-Free Detection of Mitochondrial Distribution in Cells by Nonresonant Raman Microspectroscopy

High spatial resolution Raman maps of fixed cells in an aqueous environment are reported. These maps were obtained by collecting individual Raman spectra via a Raman microspectrometer in a raster pattern on a 0.5-μm grid and assembling pseudocolor maps from the spectral hypercubes by multivariate methods. The Raman maps show the nucleus and the nucleoli of cells as well as subcellular organization in the cytoplasm. In particular, the distribution of mitochondria in the perinuclear region could be demonstrated by correlating distinct areas of the Raman maps with corresponding areas of fluorescence maps of the same cells after staining with mitochondria-specific labels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of label-free detection of mitochondria inside a somatic mammalian cell using Raman microspectroscopy.
Methodological issues in qualitative sport research: Participant observation among hockey players

Although reflexive descriptions of field research experiences are well represented in the literature, there are very few explicit accounts of doing fieldwork among athletes. This paper is a natural history of a participant observation study conducted among a group of minor league hockey players. Its purpose is to provide future sport ethnographers with an account of some field strategies and techniques that were successful, as well as a description of those strategies and techniques that were not. The paper is divided into four sections around which most field experiences may be coordinated: gaining entry; learning the ropes; establishing trust and rapport; and leaving the setting.
Inferences about the catalytic domain of P-type ATPases from the tertiary structures of enzymes that catalyze the same elementary reaction

The machinery to catalyze elementary reactions is conserved, and the number of solved enzyme structures is increasing exponentially. Therefore, structures of enzymes that catalyze phosphate transfer are reviewed, and a supersecondary structure connecting the Walker A sequence to another sequence containing functional amino acids is proposed as an additional signature for the active site. The new signature is used to infer the identity of the P-loop in P-type biological pumps and may be useful in predicting targets for site-directed mutagenesis in other enzymes of unknown structure like the AAA family and ABC transporters.
Tissue Damage Disrupts Developmental Progression and Ecdysteroid Biosynthesis in Drosophila

In humans, chronic inflammation, severe injury, infection and disease can result in changes in steroid hormone titers and delayed onset of puberty; however the pathway by which this occurs remains largely unknown. Similarly, in insects injury to specific tissues can result in a global developmental delay (e.g. prolonged larval/pupal stages) often associated with decreased levels of ecdysone – a steroid hormone that regulates developmental transitions in insects. We use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to examine the pathway by which tissue injury disrupts developmental progression. Imaginal disc damage inflicted early in larval development triggers developmental delays while the effects are minimized in older larvae. We find that the switch in injury response (e.g. delay/no delay) is coincident with the mid-3rd instar transition – a developmental time-point that is characterized by widespread changes in gene expression and marks the initial steps of metamorphosis. Finally, we show that developmental delays induced by tissue damage are associated with decreased expression of genes involved in ecdysteroid synthesis and signaling.
Comparison with theory of experimental values of L/K orbital electron capture ratios for allowed and first-forbidden transitions

Abstract Precision values of L/K orbital electron capture ratios available up to October 1967, are compared with recent theoretical calculations, both with and without correction for electron exchange. In the region between 13 ≦ Z ≦ 37, a comparison of experimental values of the exchange correction factor is made with theoretical values calculated by Bahcall. The results show that the experimental values for the L/K capture ratios fall somewhat below the theoretical predictions even with correction for electron exchange. This conclusion is consistent with the results for M/L orbital electron capture ratios, where the disagreement between theory and experiment is larger than that for the L/K capture ratios.
Study of plasmaspheric evolution using geosynchronous observations and global modeling

We examine the dynamics of the outer plasmasphere during a 3-day interval in February, 1992 by comparing observations from three widely-spaced geosynchronous satellites with the predictions of the Magnetospheric Specification and Forecast Model (MSFM'. For this study the MSFM was modified to include a cold, plasmaspheric population subject to the effects of corotation, convection, and ionospheric refilling. The model does a very good job of reproducing the observations; in particular, it clearly shows the formation and westward transport of duskside plasmaspheric plumes, accounting for the progressively earlier local time observations of cold ions following periods of enhanced convection. The MSFM's ability to model dynamically the evolution of the outer plasmasphere under varying solar wind conditions improves upon previous plasmaspheric models and has aided our understanding of spatially and temporally separated observations of plasmaspheric ions at geosynchronous orbit.
Rated preference and complexity for natural and urban visual material

In order (1) to study the relationship between complexity and preference for slides of the physical environment and (2) to test the hypothesis that the content of slides (in particular, whether nature or urban) will influence preference, independent of the rated complexity, 88 Ss were asked to rate 56 slides, both for preference and for complexity. Based on dimensional analyses, a nature and an urban dimension were identified. Three major results were obtained: (1) Nature scenes were greatly preferred to urban scenes (p < .001). (2) Complexity predicted preference within the nature domain (r = .69) and within the urban domain (r = .78). (3) Complexity did not account for the preference for nature over urban slides; the greatly preferred nature slides were, in fact, judged on the average less complex than the urban slides. The possibility is raised that the domain-specific character of the preference/complexity relationship found in this study may be general; that is, it may not be a special property of environmentally generated arrays.
Further Thoughts on Punishment In Organizations

In this article I supplement the preceding Arvey and Ivancevich discussion by examining punishment research in organizational settings. The review is divided into three categories: (1) cross-sectional psychometric, (2) longitudinal psychometric, and (3) laboratory and field studies. Two major conclusions emerge. First, in most studies that contrast positive and punitive leader behavior, reward behavior tends to have a much stronger effect on employee performance. Second, both longitudinal field and laboratory studies seem to support the idea that punishment tends to be more a result of employee behavior than a cause of employee behavior, More specifically, managers tend to increase punitive behavior in response to poor employee performance. I also pose several questions that should be useful in guiding future research into the effects of punishment.
Conservation management improves runoff water quality: implications for environmental sustainability in a glyphosate-resistant cotton production system.

Studies suggest that coincidental adoption of both herbicide-resistant genetically modified crops (GMC) and conservation management may be mutually complementary, but integrated conservation systems with GMCs need to be assessed to balance production goals with environmental concerns. Genetically modified glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was managed on replicated experimental plots as either no-till (NT) or minimum tillage (MT) and with either no cover (NC) or rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop (CC) from 2001 to 2007 near Stoneville, MS. Rainfall simulations in 2007 were used to evaluate water quality in runoff as influenced by management at two critical times: (i) 24 h after fertilizer application in the spring; and (ii) 24 h after tillage following crop harvest. With the exception of MT-NC in the spring (with the lowest surface plant residue coverage, 2%), runoff was higher in fall than spring. Suspended solids and turbidity in runoff were higher for tilled soil (MT) and areas with no cover crop, particularly in the fall. Tillage in the fall was the largest contributor to erosion loss. Similarly, total orthophosphate and total Kjeldahl N losses were greatest with tillage in the fall, while the lowest dissolved organic C losses in runoff were in fall with NT. Overall, NT and CC treatments reduced nutrient and solids losses. Major factors contributing to these results include recent tillage (in the fall) and coverage of the soil surface by plant residues (NT > MT, CC > NC). This study demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating cover crop and conservation tillage in reducing runoff and nutrient losses in a GMC system.
Separation and inhibitor specificity of a second unidirectional efflux route for methotrexate in L1210 cells.

Abstract L1210 cells mediate the unidirectional and energy-dependent efflux of methotrexate. Efflux occurs primarily via a system which has a high sensitivity to prostaglandin A 1 , vincristine, reserpine, verapamil, and bromosulfophthalein, but evidence has also been obtained for a second efflux component with a lower response to these inhibitors. Pretreatment of L1210 cells with low concentrations of vincristine reduces methotrexate efflux by three fold and uncovers a second efflux component with an inhibitor specificity which is distinctly different from the primary efflux route. Vincristine treatment increased by 8–20-fold the concentration required for half-maximal efflux inhibition by prostaglandin A 1 , reserpine, bromosulfophthalein, and verapamil but had no effect on inhibition by probenecid, quinidine, or carbonylcyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone. A selective block in the primary efflux system and retension of the second component was also achieved in cells exposed to low concentrations of prostaglandin A 1 or bromosulfophthalein. These results support prior conclusions that L1210 cells contain both a primary and secondary unidirectional efflux route for methotrexate. The second system has been difficult to detect and quantitate since it comprises only 25% of total unidirectional efflux and shows a relatively low response to various efflux inhibitors.
Radioimmunoassays for the vinca alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine

Abstract Radioimmunoassays for the chemotherapeutic alkaloids, vinblastine (VLB) and vincristine (VCR) were developed that could determine less than 1 pmol of each compound in the homologous hapten-antibody reaction. The anti-VCR serum bound VCR 200 times more effectively than VLB, demonstrating a high specificity in spite of the structural similarity of the drugs. Several other chemotherapeutic drugs showed no significant cross-reactivity. The assays were used to measure plasma levels of the alkaloids in rabbits treated with the drugs and to determine immunoreactive drug equivalents in extracts of the periwinkle plant following fractionation by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
Model of a raft in both leaves of an asymmetric lipid bilayer.

We present a theory of inhomogeneities in the plasma membrane, or rafts, that can exist in both leaves of the plasma membrane. We note that although neither of the major phospholipid components of the outer leaf, sphingomyelin (SM) nor phosphatidylcholine (PC), evinces a tendency to form phases characterized by nonzero curvature, one of the major components of the inner leaf, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), displays a strong tendency to do so whereas the other, phospha- tidylserine (PS), does not. Therefore, we posit that the concentration difference of PS and PE couples to height fluctuations of the plasma membrane bilayer. This brings about a microemulsion in the inner leaf. Coupling of the concentration difference between PS and PE in the inner leaf and SM and PC in the outer leaf propagates the microemulsion to that leaf as well. The characteristic size of the inhomogeneities is equal to the square-root of the ratio of the bending modulus of the bilayer to its surface tension, a size which is ~100 nm for the plasma membrane. If the coupling between leaves were to be provided by the interchange of cholesterol, then our model raft would consist of SM and cholesterol in the outer leaf and PS and cholesterol in the inner leaf floating in a sea of PC and PE in both leaves.
Integrating language and database for CAD applications

Abstract This paper focuses on some issues related to the integration of databases and programming language concepts and the usefulness of this integration for integrity maintenance. The first section explains why compilation should be independent of the database and presents some consequences of this independence. The second section shows how procedures become integral parts of the database and serve to implement automatic maintenance of designer-defined integrity by being automatically invoked upon database operations. The third section develops a particular scheme for integrity maintenance with these procedures. Finally, in the fourth section, semantic integrity is extended to system integrity and it is suggested that the scheme developed in the third section can apply to system integrity.
Genetic analysis of Chlorina mutants of durum wheat

Chlorina mutants are useful for studies of photosynthesis and as genetic markers. Three chlorophyll-deficient-durum mutants (CDd1, CDd2, and CDd6) of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) that have the chlorina phenotype have been identified. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance, chromosomal location, and allelic relationships of the CDd mutants, and to determine if the mutated locus in CDd6 was allelic to the cn-A1 locus of hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum L.). To determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of the mutant genes, the mutants were intercrossed and crossed to «Langdon» durum. The CDd6 mutant was crossed to Chlorina-1, a chlorina mutant of hexaploid wheat. Chromosomal location of the mutant genes in CDd1 and CDd6 were determined by crossing the mutants to Group 7 aneuploids of Langdon. The F 2 segregation indicated monogenic inheritance of each CDd mutation. The mutations in CDd1 and CDd2 were allelic, and dosage effects indicated that CDd6 was homoeoallelic to CDd1 and CDd2. The mutation in CDd1 was located in chromosome arm 7BL, and the mutation in CDd6 was located in chromosome arm 7AL. The mutation in CDd6 was allelic or tightly linked to the cn-A1 locus of hexaploid wheat. Because the mutations in CDd1 and CDd2 were homoeoallelic to the mutation in CDd6, CDd1, and CDd2 were probably mutations of the cn-B1 locus
Individualized patient-centered lifestyle recommendations

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? The expert system is constructed by supervised learning approach and optimization. ? The system predicts 10-year CVD risks based on cardiovascular risk information. ? The lifestyle option with the lowest CVD risk varies based on individuals. ? The system prioritizes lifestyle options based risks, limitations, and preferences. We propose a proof-of-concept machine-learning expert system that learned knowledge of lifestyle and the associated 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks from individual-level data (i.e., Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, ARIC). The expert system prioritizes lifestyle options and identifies the one that maximally reduce an individual's 10-year CVD risk by (1) using the knowledge learned from the ARIC data and (2) communicating for patient-specific cardiovascular risk information and personal limitations and preferences (as defined by variables used in this study). As a result, the optimal lifestyle is not only prioritized based on an individual's characteristics but is also relevant to personal circumstances.We also explored probable uses and tested the system in several examples using real-world scenarios and patient preferences. For example, the system identifies the most effective lifestyle activities as the starting point for an individual's behavior change, shows different levels of BMI changes and the associated CVD risk reductions to encourage weight loss, identifies whether weight loss or smoking cessation is the most urgent change for a diabetes patient, etc. Answers to the questions noted above vary based on an individual's characteristics. Our validation results from clinical trial simulations, which compared original with the optimal lifestyle using an independent dataset, show that the optimal individualized patient-centered lifestyle consistently reduced 10-year CVD risks.
Speculation on the Mechanism of Unilateral Hydrodynamic Distribution of Two Immiscible Solvent Phases in the Rotating Coil

Abstract The proposed hypothesis is based on the interplay between two force components acting on the fluid in the rotating coil. The tangential force component generates the Archimedean screw effect to move two solvent phases toward the head of the coil whereas the radial force component acts against the Archimedean force to establish a hydrostatic distribution of the two phases throughout the coil. The unilateral hydrodynamic distribution of the two phases is governed by the degree of asymmetry in the radial force field on the coil in both simple rotation and synchronous planetary motion. The present hypothesis successfully explains all the observed hydrodynamic phenomena reported in the past.
Structural and transport properties of Nafion in hydrobromic-acid solutions

Abstract Proton-exchange membranes are key solid-state ion carriers in many relevant energy technologies including flow batteries, fuel cells, and solar-fuel generators. In many of these systems, the membranes are in contact with electrolyte solutions. In this paper, we focus on the impact of different HBr, a flow-battery and exemplary acid electrolyte, external concentrations on the conductivity of Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane that is commonly used in many energy-related applications. The peak and then decrease in conductivity is correlated with measured changes in the water and HBr content within the membrane. In addition, small-angle x-ray scattering is used to probe the nanostructure to correlate how the interactions of the bromide ion with the fixed sulfonic-acid sites impact conductivity and hydrophilic domain distance. It is also shown that membrane pretreatment has a large impact on the underlying structure/function relationship. The obtained data and results are useful for delineation of optimal operating regimes for flow batteries and similar technologies as well as in understanding underlying structure/function relationships of ionomers in electrolyte solutions.
Wheat streak mosaic virus—Structural parameters for a Potyvirus

Abstract Wheat streak mosaic virus is a Tritimovirus , a member of the Potyviridae family, which includes the very large Potyvirus genus. We have examined wheat streak mosaic virus by electron microscopy and fiber diffraction from partially oriented sols, and analyzed the results to estimate the symmetry and structural parameters of the viral helix. The virions have an apparent radius of 63 ± 5 A. The viral helix has a pitch of 33.4 A ± 0.6 A. There appear to be 6.9 subunits per turn of the helix, although we cannot completely eliminate values of 5.9 or 7.9 for this parameter.
A physical description of coal mine explosions. Part II

This report is the latest in a series describing recent research on full-scale explosions of dust and gas in the Experimental Mine of the U.S. Bureau of Mines. This research is aimed at reducing the fire and explosion hazards of underground coal mining in the U.S.A. The fluid dynamics of coal dust explosions propagating through a new double entry facility (with 3 cross cuts) are described and compared with earlier findings in a single entry mine. The relation between flame speed, pressure, and dust cloud dispersion is analyzed. The internal chemical and physical structure of the complex combustion zone are examined by means of fast gas sampling of combustion products, and by measurement of dust cloud temperatures by rapid response pyrometers. These results are compared with those predicted by equilibrium theory. These zones are characterized by slow mixing and reaction progressing to equilibrium values. Further insight into the chemical and physical nature of these explosions is gained by determination of the limits of explosibility of mixtures of coal dust of different ranks with air, rock dust, and salts. Measured values are compared with values predicted by a limit thermal model which assumes propagation only by combustion of volatiles. Certain salts are shown to be somewhat more effective inhibitors than others, with a different order from that measured in small scale apparatus.
The Migration System Of Guatemala City: Spatial Inputs

In recent years population growth in Latin America has been increasingly centered in urban areas. While Latin America's total population increased approximately 32 percent between 1950 and 1960, urban areas (2,000 and over) grew by 55.7 percent; rural areas by contrast, grew by only 16.3 percent. During the same decade, some 14 million persons moved from rural to urban areas, *and the urban population increased from 39 percent of the total in 1950 to 46 percent in 1960 (Ducoff 1965). In 1960 approximately 27 milion people lived in cities with a population of over one million. If this unprecedented growth continues, there should be 16 cities with a population of over one million in the early seventies, and 26 by 1980 (Morse 1965).
Intralayer crystal structure and order-disorder transformations of graphite intercalation compounds using electron diffraction techniques☆☆☆

Abstract We have used electron diffraction through the c-face to study the intercalate ordering of graphite-alkali metals (K, Rb, Cs) and graphite-halogens (Br2, IBr, ICl). Order-disorder transformations for the in-plane structure of alkali metal and halogen intercalates have been observed by the vanishing of all superlattice diffraction spots as the sample temperature is raised. Variations of the electron diffraction patterns and of the order-disorder transformation temperatures with the intercalate species are reported. Compounds of various concentrations have been investigated, including the stage 1 graphite-alkali metals. Results obtained here are compared with structural information obtained by other techniques and by previous workers. The patterns for graphite-halogens are much more complicated than those for graphite-alkali metals. Of significance is the observation that the superlattice patterns are relatively insensitive to the intercalate concentration for compounds more dilute than stage 2 and are similar for lamellar and residue compounds. Additional superlattice patterns are observed in graphite-Br2 below 194 °C and are similar in appearance to charge-density wave superlattice patterns reported for 2H-TaSe2.
Local structural association for retrieval and recognition of signature images

Many applications require similarity retrieval of an image from a large collection of images. In such cases, image indexing becomes important for efficient organization and retrieval of images. This paper addresses this issue in the context of a database of signature images and describes a system for similarity retrieval and recognition of signature images. The proposed system uses a set of geometric and topological features to map a signature image into two strings of finite symbols. A local associative indexing scheme is then used on the strings to organize and search the signature database. The advantage of the local associative indexing is that it is tolerant of missing features and allows queries even with partial signatures. The performance of the system has been tested with promising results with a signature database of 120 signatures.
Basal follicle-stimulating hormone as a predictor of fetal aneuploidy

Objective To determine whether an elevated basal FSH concentration is an independent predictor of fetal aneuploidy, as measured in spontaneous abortions (SAB). Design Retrospective study. Setting Academic reproductive endocrinology and infertility center. Patient(s) All women with karyotypes of chorionic villi isolated from first trimester spontaneous miscarriages at the time of dilation and curettage from 1999 to 2006. The highest basal serum FSH level in the year preceding dilation and curettage was recorded. Interventions(s) Monitoring of early pregnancy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fetal karyotype. Results(s) A total of 177 spontaneous miscarriages with karyotypes (70 euploid and 107 aneuploid) were identified, of which 53% were conceived by IVF. The aneuploid cohort consisted of trisomic (87%), teraploid (9.3%), and monosomic (3.7%) gestations. Using logistic regression analysis, basal FSH was not found to be independently predictive of an aneuploid gestation in our data set. Conclusion(s) Our data do not support the hypothesis that an elevated basal FSH concentration is associated with an increase in fetal aneuploidy. Our findings suggest that the association between diminished ovarian reserve and SAB may result from nonkaryotypic factors.
The variations in length of the pterygoid process as a function of the variations of the sphenoid angle.

The variation in the length of the pterygoid process was studied as a function of the sphenoid angle. Three hundred human skulls and ten skulls of certain animals (dog, sheep, pig, ox, horse) were appropriately measured. The length of the pterygoid process (lateral plate), was measured in all instances from the point of junction between the lamina and the greater wing of the sphenoid to the midpoint of the lower margin of the lamina. The average value of this dimension in man was 34.7 mm with variations from 28.0 mm to 44.5 mm. The average value of the length of the pterygoid process was found separately in male and female skulls; in different age groups; in skulls with narrow versus wide sphenoid angle; in skulls possessing a short versus a long nasion — basion distance. In each instance the values are compared and the standard deviation ascertained. The results of measurements made in man and animals are presented in a table.
Heterogeneous High Performance Computer

This paper discusses the proven concept of marrying the computing capabilities of a cluster computer with the reconfigurability of adaptive computing systems into a 48 node heterogeneous high performance computer (HHPC) with 34 TOPS peak performance. This system has shown over two years of success supporting the Signal and Image Processing (SIP), Forces Modeling and Simulation (FMS), Computational Electromagnetics and Acoustics (CEA), and Integrated Modeling and Test Environments (IMT) communities. The HHPC supports both local and remote users. Highlights of the research efforts performed on this system, and its advancement of reconfigurable computing, since it was introduced in 2003, are discussed.