cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate change and cattle nutritional stress

Owing to the complex interactions among climate, plants, cattle grazing, and land management practices, the impacts of climate change on cattle have been hard to predict. Predicting future grassland ecosystem functioning relies on understanding how changes in climate alter the quantity of forage produced, but also forage quality. Plant protein, which is a function of plant nitrogen concentrations, and digestible energy limit the performance of herbivores when in short supply; moreover, deficiencies can be expensive to mitigate. To better understand how changes in temperature and precipitation would affect forage protein and energy availability, we analyzed over 21000 measurements of cattle fecal chemistry acquired over 14 years in the continental US. Our analysis of patterns in forage quality among ecologically defined regions revealed that increasing temperature and declining precipitation decreased dietary crude protein and digestible organic matter for regions with continental climates. Within regions, quality also declined with increased temperature; however, the effects of precipitation were mixed. Any future increases in precipitation would be unlikely to compensate for the declines in forage quality that accompany projected temperature increases. As a result, cattle are likely to experience greater nutritional stress in the future. If these geographic patterns hold as a proxy for future climates, agriculture will require increased supplemental feeds or the consequence will be a decrease in livestock growth.
ABO Discrepancy and Hemolytic Anemia Post Liver Transplant due to Passenger Lymphocyte Syndrome

Patient: 54-year-old male Chief Complaint: High fever, diarrhea, and skin rash History of Present Illness: The patient is blood type group AB, Rh(D) positive with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Due to the advanced nature of his disorder, he received a liver transplant; the donor was group B. The patient received 24 units of blood during and after surgery. Fourteen days post transplant he was discharged. Thirty one days post transplant the patient presented with the current symptoms. Hematology workup revealed pancytopenia with a critically low hemoglobin concentration. The blood bank workup revealed an ABO discrepancy and an apparent auto-anti-E antibody. (Table 1) Past Medical History: The patient has a history of diabetes mellitus. The patient had gastric bypass 25 years prior to the transplant, resulting in a weight loss of 115 pounds. One year ago the patient was diagnosed with NASH. 1. What are the patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 2. What is the nature of the ABO discrepancy? 3. What is the most likely cause of the intravascular hemolysis? 4. Is hemolytic anemia an unexpected complication of transplants? 5. What is the immunological basis for this condition? 6. What is the appropriate blood component therapy for this patient? 1. The most striking clinical findings of the patient were fever, diarrhea, and skin rash. These are indications of graft versus host disease (GVHD), a complication that is rarely seen after orthotopic liver transplantation.1 Acute GVHD occurs between 1 and 8 weeks after the transplant. Symptoms may include fever, diarrhea, and skin rash. Diarrhea is due to lymphocyte infiltration and destruction of the intestinal mucosa, leading to a loss of absorptive function.1 Pancytopenia is associated with GVHD in many cases. The neutropenia and thrombocytopenia may lead to a life-threatening infection.1 A skin biopsy of this patient was consistent with GVHD. The Hemoglobin …
The Royal Serfs (Servi Regales) of the `Ruthenian Law' and Their Origin

THE term 'Ruthenian Law' (Jus Ruthenicum or Jus Ruthenicale)l relates to the system of laws and customs prevailing among the 'Ruthenian' (Rus')2 population of Galicia at the time of her seizure by the Polish king Casimir the Great in 1349. In 1387 Galicia was formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland, but the 'Ruthenian' people were allowed, for some time, to keep their old customs intact. It was only in 1430 that the Ruthenian Law was abrogated in principle. In 1435 the Polish system of administration and courts was introduced in the country, court proceedings being now recorded in Latin instead of in Old Russian. Even after that, however, and until at least the early sixteenth century, the legal status of certain groups of the population remained the same as it had been in the time of the Ruthenian Law (tempore juris Ruthenicalis). It must be said in this connection that, owing to the devastation of Galicia by the Mongols in the thirteenth century and to a series of raids by Lithuanians, Poles, and Hungarians, plus local riots and uprisings, in the late thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century, most of the local archives perished and no documents of the 'Ruthenian' courts of the pre-Polish period have been preserved. As a result it is only for the period after 1435 that the documentary evidence for the study of social history of mediaeval Galicia becomes available. Paradoxically enough, then, most of what we know of some of the institutions of the Ruthenian Law, we know through the sources of a later period when the Ruthenian Law was officially abrogated. Generally speaking, the Polish kings of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries considered Galicia a valuable asset not only because of the natural resources of the country (fertile land, salt mines, crossing of several trade routes), but even more so because of the stronger position of the king in regard to the nobility in this newly acquired land, so much more that its acquisition was the result of the personal initiative of a king (Casimir the Great). It was but natural that the king tried to put as many social groups in the country as possible under his direct control. This explains the fact that the king lost no time in confirming his authority over the social groups which had been already in a subordinated position in regard to the former rulers of the country-the Mongols and the local Rus' princesprior to 1349. The status of these groups was not changed after 1435. Three such groups are mentioned in the records of the Galician courts of the fifteenth century: (1) The 'Hundred Men' (Homines Sbtny, that is, men belonging to the 'Hundred'); (2) The 'Horde Men' (Ordyntsy); and (3) The Homines Ka-
Generation of a 1000-word vocabulary for a pulse-excited vocoder operating as an audio response unit

The IBM 7772 Audio Response Unit provides standard digital computers with audio-response capability. Vocabulary words and/or sentences are stored in the random-access digital memories of the computer. The coded voice requires 2400 bits per second, and is reconverted into audio by the 7772 audio response unit, which is the synthesizer part of a pulse-excited channel vocoder. It will be shown that the same unit may contain several synthesizers, and thus may answer to several inquiries at the same time, thanks to a multiplexing of the coded voice in the central processing unit. The units are delivered with a 1000-word basic vocabulary in the American English language. To ensure a sufficient level of quality to the synthetic voice, special care must be paid to the vocabulary preparation. The paper will present solutions to problems encountered during vocabulary preparation, especially concerning speaker selection, recordings of words, digitization, quality improvement by software techniques, and message composition. This vocoder is being used with languages other than American English, and with male and female voices. Based on this experience, a comparison will be made between the various languages that have already been processed.
Greedy Optimization for Contiguity-Constrained Hierarchical Clustering

The discovery and construction of inherent regions in large spatial datasets is an important task for many research domains such as climate zoning, eco-region analysis, public health mapping, and political redistricting. From the perspective of cluster analysis, it requires that each cluster is geographically contiguous. This paper presents a contiguity constrained hierarchical clustering and optimization method that can partition a set of spatial objects into a hierarchy of contiguous regions while optimizing an objective function. The method consists of two steps: contiguity constrained hierarchical clustering and two-way fine-tuning. The above two steps are repeated to create a hierarchy of regions. Evaluations and comparison show that the proposed method consistently and significantly outperforms existing methods by a large margin in terms of optimizing the objective function. Moreover, the method is flexible to accommodate different objective functions and additional constraints (such as the minimum size of each region), which are useful to for various application domains.
Generalized Stauffer–Grimson background subtraction for dynamic scenes

We propose an adaptive model for backgrounds containing significant stochastic motion (e.g. water). The new model is based on a generalization of the Stauffer–Grimson background model, where each mixture component is modeled as a dynamic texture. We derive an online K-means algorithm for updating the parameters using a set of sufficient statistics of the model. Finally, we report on experimental results, which show that the proposed background model both quantitatively and qualitatively outperforms state-of-the-art methods in scenes containing significant background motions.
Cardiac Excitation: An Interactive Process of Ion Channels and Gap Junctions

Theoretical simulations were performed to study the interplay between membrane ionic currents and gap-junction coupling in determining cardiac conduction. Results demonstrate that a much slower conduction velocity can be achieved with reduced gapjunction coupling than with reduced membrane excitability. Also, uniform reduction in intercellular coupling increases spatial asymmetries of excitability and, consequently, the vulnerability to unidirectional block.
A Theory of Sonic Boom Noise Penetration Under a Wavy Ocean

Interaction of an incident sonic boom wave with a wavy ocean can profoundly influence its underwater noise propagation and affect the perceived soundpressure level far more significantly than anticipated from the flat-ocean (Sawyer) model. The theory assumes a small departure (in surface slope) from a flat ocean and takes into consideration the extremely high water-to-air density ratio, and also the higher speed of sound in water than in air. The analysis treats the time-dependent interaction with a sinusoidal surface wave train, addressing primarily the two-dimensional case in which the wavefield underwater is subsonic. Two distinctly dominant wave components, identifiable via the stationary-phase principle and confirmed by comparison with acurate numerical calculation, emerge in the sound field far below the surface. The re-enforcing mechanism implicit in the stationary phase leads to a greatly reduced singal attenuation rate, depending on the surface wave number, and is quite similar to the cylindrical spreading of discrete-tone waves. This feature renders the waviness influence an effect of the first-order importance, overwhelming the flat-surface wavefield at large depth. Dominant frequencies and sound-pressure levels at various depths for a wave-train model corresponding to a fully-developed sea state are compared with data of underwater sound produced by baleen whales. Pronounced sea-floor effects and the significant differences between space launch and aircraft sonic boom noise underwater are also delineated.
Creep-Fatigue Behavior of Microelectronic Solder Joints

Even at room temperature, solder joints exhibit both creep and fatigue behavior that is strongly dependent on solder joint configuration, the thermal environment, and the solder alloy properties. The microstructures of solder joints with up to 25 years of aging have been studied using SEM/EDS and metallographic techniques. Data are presented on grain growth and metallurgical composition versus aging time. A special non-linear finite element creep-fatigue simulation model has been developed, based on measured strain-rate hardness relationships, and used to analytically predict the effects of observed metallurgical changes and the effects of lead stiffness in solder joint creepfatigue interaction. To corroborate the analytical results, a special bi-metallic test fixture has been developed to accelerate the thermo-mechanical loading of solder joints in thermal cycling environments. Measured time-to-failure data for various electronicpackage lead configurations/stiffnesses, including gullwing and J-lead, are presented and shown to be in reasonable agreement with the analytical results.
The Extent and Effect of Employer Compliance with the Accommodations Mandates of the Americans with Disabilities Act

Using data from several waves of the National Institute on Aging's Health and Retirement Study, the author of this article evaluates whether employers have complied with the requirements of the Ame...
Fixed routes with backup vehicles for stochastic vehicle routing problems with time constraints

We propose a practical and flexible fixed routing system that preserves many of the benefits of traditional fixed routes but can be deployed in settings with medium to high variability and delivery time window constraints. The key ideas are the introduction of a new recourse strategy, in which customers are assigned to two planned routes, a primary and a backup, and recourse decisions can move customers to backup routes to regain feasibility or improve costs, and the use of sampling-based techniques to handle the presence of delivery time windows during the construction of primary and backup routes. A computational study based on real-life data demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed fixed routing system and the route construction techniques. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Comparing Fine Aggregate Angularity with Aggregate and Hot-Mix Asphalt Performance Tests

The fine aggregate angularity (FAA) was determined for 13 fine aggregate sources (angular and round) and eight aggregate blends. AASHTO T304 Methods A, B, and C as well as the Kansas Department of Transportation test procedure KT-50 were used to determine the FAA value. The direct shear test and the compacted aggregate resistance (CAR) test were also conducted to provide a more performance-based aggregate parameter for comparison. Eight different aggregate blends were used to construct eight different fine-graded 12.5-mm Superpave® hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures with similar gradation and volumetric properties. The HMA mixtures were tested in the asphalt pavement analyzer and repeated shear and frequency sweep at constant height test modes of the Superpave shear tester to evaluate their respective permanent deformation properties. Results indicate that for the fine aggregate sources used in the study, the FAA and CAR values correlated well, as did the CAR values with the angle of internal friction calcula...
Predictors of being overweight or obese in survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Background A high prevalence of obesity has been increasingly recognized in survivors of pediatric ALL. However, longitudinal patterns of weight change during and after treatment, and associated factors, are less well elucidated.
Bedside Ultrasound Maximizes Patient Satisfaction

Abstract Background Bedside ultrasound (US) is associated with improved patient satisfaction, perhaps as a consequence of improved time to diagnosis and decreased length of stay (LOS). Objectives Our study aimed to quantify the association between beside US and patient satisfaction and to assess patient attitudes toward US and perception of their interaction with the clinician performing the examination. Methods We enrolled a convenience sample of adult patients who received a bedside US. The control group had similar LOS and presenting complaints but did not have a bedside US. Both groups answered survey questions during their emergency department (ED) visit and again by telephone 1 week later. The questionnaire assessed patient perceptions and satisfaction on a 5-point Likert scale. Results Seventy patients were enrolled over 10 months. The intervention group had significantly higher scores on overall ED satisfaction (4.69 vs. 4.23; mean difference 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17–0.75), diagnostic testing (4.54 vs. 4.09; mean difference 0.46; 95% CI 0.16–0.76), and skills/abilities of the emergency physician (4.77 vs. 4.14; mean difference 0.63; 95% CI 0.29–0.96). A trend to higher scores for the intervention group persisted on follow-up survey. Conclusions Patients who had a bedside US had statistically significant higher satisfaction scores with overall ED care, diagnostic testing, and with their perception of the emergency physician. Bedside US has the potential not only to expedite care and diagnosis, but also to maximize satisfaction scores and improve the patient–physician relationship, which has increasing relevance to health care organizations and hospitals that rely on satisfaction surveys.
Why is IPO Underpricing a Global Phenomenon

We explain why initial underpricing of new issue exists globally and is not arbitraged away in an efficient market. We argue that initial underpricing is a natural by-product of liquidity-motivated ownership dispersion requirements and divergence of opinion. In our framework, as shares are widely distributed to achieve exchange listing and related liquidity creation, optimistic investors rationed at the offering will bid up the share price in the secondary market, hence generating initial underpricing. We predict that as the level of divergence of opinion about an issue increases, underpricing will increase. We develop several proxies of divergence of opinion to explain the level of initial underpricing. The empirical results strongly support the model.
High E6 Gene Expression Predicts for Distant Metastasis and Poor Survival in Patients With HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose Patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) have a favorable prognosis. As a result, de-escalation clinical trials are under way. However, approximately 10% of patients will experience distant recurrence even with standard-of-care treatment. Here, we sought to identify novel biomarkers to better risk-stratify HPV-positive patients with OPSCC. Methods and Materials Gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on HPV-positive OPSCC primary tumor specimens from patients with and without distant metastasis (DM). Results RNA-seq analysis of 39 HPV-positive OPSCC specimens revealed that patients with DM had 2-fold higher E6 gene expression levels than did patients without DM ( P =.029). This observation was confirmed in a validation cohort comprising 93 patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. The mean normalized E6 expression level in the 17 recurring primary specimens was 13 ± 2 compared with 8 ± 1 in the remaining 76 nonrecurring primaries ( P =.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis established an E6 expression level of 7.3 as a cutoff for worse recurrence-free survival (RFS). Patients from this cohort with high E6 gene expression (E6-high) (n=51, 55%) had more cancer-related deaths (23% vs 2%, P P P =.004) and cancer-specific survival (97% vs 79%, P =.007). E6-high maintained statistical significance in multivariate regression models balancing surgery, chemotherapy, nodal stage, and smoking status. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that tumors with high E6 expression were associated with P53, epidermal growth factor receptor, activating transcription factor-2, and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways. Conclusion High E6 gene expression level identifies HPV-positive OPSCC patients with 5-fold greater risk of distant disease recurrence and worse cancer-specific survival. Validation in a multi-institutional prospective clinical trial is required to assess the utility of E6 gene expression as a clinically useful prognostic biomarker.
Miscibility, Crystallinity, and Phase Development in P3HT/PCBM Solar Cells: Toward an Enlightened Understanding of Device Morphology and Stability

Rapid improvements in organic solar cell efficiency have brought these devices into the spotlight as a potential source of abundant electricity. Despite much empirical progress, fundamental underst...
Computational and photoelectron spectroscopic study of the dipole-bound anions, indole(H2O)1,2−

We report our joint computational and anion photoelectron spectroscopic study of indole-water cluster anions, indole(H2O)1,2 (-). The photoelectron spectra of both cluster anions show the characteristics of dipole-bound anions, and this is confirmed by our theoretical computations. The experimentally determined vertical electron detachment (VDE) energies for indole(H2O)1 (-) and indole(H2O)2 (-) are 144 meV and 251 meV, respectively. The corresponding theoretically determined VDE values for indole(H2O)1 (-) and indole(H2O)2 (-) are 124 meV and 255 meV, respectively. The vibrational features in the photoelectron spectra of these cluster anions are assigned as the vibrations of the water molecule.
Background on Information Theory and Coding Theory

This chapter summarizing background information assumes that the reader has some familiarity with linear algebra and basic probability. The basic model of information theory and error-correcting block codes is introduced. The basic example of the Hamming [7,4,3] code is presented in detail.
Medieval Romance After HIV and AIDS: The Aesthetics of Innocence and Naïveté and the Postmodern Novel

This article explores contemporary novels by Dennis Cooper and Umberto Eco, together with the works of medieval romance by Gottfried von Strassburg and Thomas Malory, and seeks to bridge their distances in time and context by reading them in the light of the HIV/AIDS crisis. To make such connections possible, I will frame my analysis within Mikhail Bakhtin’s and Julia Kristeva’s work on the grotesque, Douglas Crimp’s and Michael Moon’s notions on mourning and melancholia, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s ideas on shame, and Geraldine Heng’s account of the historical development of medieval romance.
Meaningful assessment of surgical expertise: Semantic labeling with data and crowds

Many surgical assessment metrics have been developed to identify and rank surgical expertise; however, some of these metrics (e.g., economy of motion) can be difficult to understand and do not coach the user on how to modify behavior. We aim to standardize assessment language by identifying key semantic labels for expertise. We chose six pairs of contrasting adjectives and associated a metric with each pair (e.g., fluid/viscous correlated to variability in angular velocity). In a user study, we measured quantitative data (e.g., limb accelerations, skin conductivity, and muscle activity), for subjects (n = 3, novice to expert) performing tasks on a robotic surgical simulator. Task and posture videos were recorded for each repetition and crowd-workers labeled the videos by selecting one word from each pair. The expert was assigned more positive words and also had better quantitative metrics for the majority of the chosen word pairs, showing feasibility for automated coaching.
Coinfection by Cetacean morbillivirus and Aspergillus fumigatus in a juvenile bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Mexico

A recently deceased juvenile male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found floating in the Gulf of Mexico, off Sand Key in Clearwater, Florida. At autopsy, we identified pneumonia and a focus of malacia in the right cerebrum. Cytologic evaluation of tissue imprints from the right cerebrum revealed fungal hyphae. Fungal cultures of the lung and brain yielded Aspergillus fumigatus, which was confirmed by amplification of a portion of the fungal nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 region sequence. Microscopic pulmonary lesions of bronchiolar epithelial cell syncytia with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions within bronchiolar epithelial cells were suggestive of Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infection. The occurrence of CeMV infection was supported by positive immunohistochemical staining for morbillivirus antigen. CeMV detection was confirmed by amplification and sequencing a portion of the morbilliviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene from lung tissue. This case provides CeMV sequence data available from the Gulf of Mexico and underscores the need for genomic sequencing across diverse host, temporospatial, and population (i.e., single animal vs. mass mortality events) scales to improve our understanding of these globally emerging pathogens.
Elevated Circulating Concentrations of Interferon-Gamma in Latent Tuberculosis Infection.

Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has been associated with increased immune activation. We assessed circulating concentrations of interferon-gamma in persons with LTBI. Methods: We used the 2011-2012 National Health Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify adults with and without LTBI by QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) results. Non-LTBI persons were 1:1 age-, gender- and race-matched to LTBI persons using propensity scores. We compared the plasma concentrations of interferon-gamma measured from the unstimulated, negative control QFT tube between LTBI and non-LTBI persons. We used Mann-Whitney tests and ordered logistic regressions for comparisons. Results: There were 430 LTBI and 430 non-LTBI matched persons included in the analysis. LTBI was associated with higher circulating concentrations of interferon-gamma (median, 3 pg/mL; IQR, 2 – 5) compared to non-LTBI (median, 2.5 pg/mL; IQR, 1.5 – 3.5), P <0.001. LTBI remained associated with higher interferon-gamma concentrations after adjusting for age, gender, race, diabetes, hypertension, tobacco use, HIV status, body mass index, lipid profile and lymphocyte count (odds ratio, 1.79, 95% CI, 1.26 – 2.53). Results remained similar when LTBI was defined by tuberculin skin testing. Conclusions: LTBI was associated with increased circulating interferon-gamma concentrations. Future studies are needed to further characterize immune activation in LTBI and its potential long-term consequences.
Role of International Organizations

This chapter explores the role of international organizations in supporting the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa. The term “international organizations” is broadly used and includes foreign government development agencies, such as USAID, international nongovernmental organizations, and development agencies, such as the World Bank, the international private sector, and international universities. Such organizations can provide support in form of financial resources, expertise, training, and benchmarking opportunities. Examples of international programs that could support the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa include the GET (Global Entrepreneurship Training) program funded by the government of South Korea and sponsored by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and the YALI (Young African Leadership Initiative) program supported by the White House.
Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII attenuates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is most commonly caused by sepsis in critically ill patients, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of sepsis-induced AKI is generally accepted to include direct inflammatory injury, endothelial cell dysfunction, and apoptosis. Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFG-E8) is a secretory glycoprotein with a known role in the enhancement of apoptotic cell clearance and regulation of inflammation. We hypothesize that administration of recombinant mouse MFG-E8 (rmMFG-E8) can protect mice from kidney injuries caused by sepsis. Methods Sepsis was induced in 8-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). rmMFG-E8 or phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle) was injected intravenously at a dosage of 20 μg/kg body weight at time of CLP ( n = 5-8 mice per group). After 20 h, serum and renal tissue were harvested for various analyses. The renal injury markers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were determined by enzymatic and chemical reactions, respectively. The gene expression analysis was carried out by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results At 20 h after CLP, serum levels of BUN and creatinine were both significantly increased in the vehicle group compared with the sham group, whereas the mice treated with rmMFG-E8 had a significant reduction in BUN and creatinine levels by 28% and 24.1%, respectively (BUN: 197.7 ± 23.6 versus 142.3 ± 20.7 mg/dL; creatinine: 0.83 ± 0.12 versus 0.63 ± 0.06 mg/dL; P P Conclusions Treatment with rmMFG-E8 reduces renal tissue injury induced by sepsis through inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine, as well as through the activation of endothelial cells. Thus, MFG-E8 may have a therapeutic potential for treating AKI induced by sepsis.
The fundraiser's journey: A developmentally informed, grounded theory analysis

Fundraisers play a vital role in the success of nonprofit organizations, yet relatively little is known about the experiences, motivations, and thought processes that inform their career choice and development. This exploratory, cross-comparative case study of 3 fundraisers addresses this gap in the literature by examining some formative influences on fundraisers' careers, their professional growth aspirations and opportunities, and how, if at all, they engage in personal philanthropy. Results suggest that fundraisers' aptitudes, skills, and abilities may influence their career choice more than a sense of connection to the nonprofit sector or organizational mission. Further, fundraisers seek opportunities to exercise leadership at the individual, organizational, and community levels. Additionally, their personal philanthropy and social embeddedness play integral roles in their professional development. Although not large enough for generalization, these results suggest the need to study fundraisers holistically, including their psychological development and social embeddedness over time. We argue for the need to move beyond traditional marketing and public relations perspectives to explain fundraising. Instead, future studies should adopt a service-dominant logic framing that considers fundraisers as part of a larger philanthropic ecosystem. We conclude with several questions to guide future studies toward this line of inquiry.
Imputation of Area-Level Covariates by Registry Linking

Abstract Social epidemiological research has long studied the impact of social determinants of place on health outcomes. Geocoding is a well-known technique for extracting such information by mapping geographical location to census tract and then extracting relevant information from tract-level databases. However, sometimes location information is unknown. This is often the case when using many of today's public databases (e.g., genomic data repositories). For some diseases such as cancer, statewide registries exist which provide a strategy for building a linking model between analysis observations and a reference sample drawn from the registry using variables in common to both. We detail this methodology and then show how to use this linking model together with classified mixed model prediction to impute area-level covariates for analysis observations. We study empirical performance via a series of simulations, and then perform predictive geocoding on colon cancer patients drawn (both analysis and reference samples) from the Florida Cancer Data Systems registry.
Mesoscale modeling of microgel mechanics and kinetics through the swelling transition

The mechanics and swelling kinetics of polymeric microgels are simulated using a mesoscale computational model based on dissipative particle dynamics. Microgels are represented by a random elastic network submerged in an explicit viscous solvent. The model is used to probe the effect of different solvent conditions on the bulk modulus of the microgels. Comparison of the simulation results through the volume phase transition reveals favorable agreement with Flory-Rehner’s theory for polymeric gels. The model is also used to examine the microgel swelling kinetics, and is found to be in good agreement with Tanaka’s theory for spherical gels. The simulations show that, during the swelling process, the microgel maintains a nearly homogeneous structure, whereas deswelling is characterized by the formation of chain bundles and network coarsening.
Dimension Quasi-polynomials of Inversive Difference Field Extensions with Weighted Translations

We consider Hilbert-type functions associated with finitely generated inversive difference field extensions and systems of algebraic difference equations in the case when the translations are assigned positive integer weights. We prove that such functions are quasi-polynomials that can be represented as alternating sums of Ehrhart quasi-polynomials of rational conic polytopes. In particular, we generalize the author’s results on difference dimension polynomials and their invariants to the case of inversive difference fields with weighted basic automorphisms.
Correlation methods in optical metrology with state-of-the-art x-ray mirrors

The development of fully coherent free electron lasers and diffraction limited storage ring x-ray sources has brought to focus the need for higher performing x-ray optics with unprecedented tolerances for surface slope and height errors and roughness. For example, the proposed beamlines for the future upgraded Advance Light Source, ALS-U, require optical elements characterized by a residual slope error of <100 nrad (root-mean-square) and height error of <1-2 nm (peak-tovalley). These are for optics with a length of up to one meter. However, the current performance of x-ray optical fabrication and metrology generally falls short of these requirements. The major limitation comes from the lack of reliable and efficient surface metrology with required accuracy and with reasonably high measurement rate, suitable for integration into the modern deterministic surface figuring processes. The major problems of current surface metrology relate to the inherent instrumental temporal drifts, systematic errors, and/or an unacceptably high cost, as in the case of interferometry with computer-generated holograms as a reference. In this paper, we discuss the experimental methods and approaches based on correlation analysis to the acquisition and processing of metrology data developed at the ALS X-Ray Optical Laboratory (XROL). Using an example of surface topography measurements of a state-of-the-art x-ray mirror performed at the XROL, we demonstrate the efficiency of combining the developed experimental correlation methods to the advanced optimal scanning strategy (AOSS) technique. This allows a significant improvement in the accuracy and capacity of the measurements via suppression of the instrumental low frequency noise, temporal drift, and systematic error in a single measurement run. Practically speaking, implementation of the AOSS technique leads to an increase of the measurement accuracy, as well as the capacity of ex situ metrology by a factor of about four. The developed method is general and applicable to a broad spectrum of high accuracy measurements.
Digital detritus: 'Error' and the logic of opacity in social media content moderation

The late 2016 case of the Facebook content moderation controversy over the infamous Vietnam-era photo, “The Terror of War,” is examined in this paper for both its specifics, as well as a mechanism to engage in a larger discussion of the politics and economics of the content moderation of user-generated content. In the context of mainstream commercial social media platforms, obfuscation and secrecy work together to form an operating logic of opacity, a term and concept introduced in this paper. The lack of clarity around platform policies, procedures and the values that inform them lead users to wildly different interpretations of the user experience on the same site, resulting in confusion in no small part by the platforms’ own design. Platforms operationalize their content moderation practices under a complex web of nebulous rules and procedural opacity, while governments and other actors clamor for tighter controls on some material, and other members of civil society demand greater freedoms for online expression. Few parties acknowledge the fact that mainstream social media platforms are already highly regulated, albeit rarely in such a way that can be satisfactory to all. The final turn in the paper connects the functions of the commercial content moderation process on social media platforms like Facebook to their output, being either the content that appears on a site, or content that is rescinded: digital detritus. While meaning and intent of user-generated content may often be imagined to be the most important factors by which content is evaluated for a site, this paper argues that its value to the platform as a potentially revenue-generating commodity is actually the key criterion and the one to which all moderation decisions are ultimately reduced. The result is commercialized online spaces that have far less to offer in terms of political and democratic challenge to the status quo and which, in fact, may serve to reify and consolidate power rather than confront it.
Abstract 14703: Cell-Free Exosomes from Human CD34+ Progenitor Cells Induce Therapeutic Angiogenesis via Targeted Delivery of Mir-126 to Endothelial Cells

In early clinical trials, human CD34+ stem cells have been shown to improve exercise tolerance in patients with myocardial ischemia and reduce amputation rates in limb ischemia. Recently, we have shown that CD34+ cells secrete membrane bound nano-vesicles called exosomes (Exo) as a major paracrine pro-angiogenic component that induces angiogenesis, independent of the cells. We hypothesize that isolated exosomes from CD34+ cells (CD34+ Exo) mimic beneficial effects of the cells and promote tissue regeneration and repair via transfer of pro-angiogenic microRNAs. Methods and Results: Therapeutic potential of CD34+ Exo isolated from the conditioned media of equal number of adult human peripheral blood-derived CD34+ cells was evaluated in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Similar to CD34+ cells, administration of cell-free CD34+ Exo induced angiogenesis and tissue repair; it significantly improved perfusion (ratio: 1.01±0.04 v 0.57±0.1, p Conclusion: CD34+ exosomes transfer the pro-angiogenic miR-126 to endothelial cells in the ischemic tissues to induce angiogenesis and ischemic tissue repair. Our study illustrates a mechanism of stem cell communication involving intercellular traffic of miRNAs via exosomes to induce functional recovery.
Speckle Patterns as Structured Illumination in Diffuse Optical Imaging

Speckle patterns projected on turbid media appear blurred due to optical diffusion. Images of projected and backscattered patterns are compared to obtain wide-band spatial frequency response, and hence the optical properties of the medium.
The Golden Gemini Spiral

In [Hestenes 1996, 247] David Hestenes eloquently and elegantly states “The insight that all multiplicative aspects of extension theory can be reduced to the single central product leads to the conclusion thatClifford Algebra is the proper completion of Grass- mann’s vision for a universal calculus.” In this paper (at the risk of being accused of spreading the MV/G virus) we provide an example to suggest that the additive aspects of extension theory must also play an important role in the completion of Grassmann’s vision.
Determination of interrogating frequencies to maximize electromagnetic backscatter from objects with material coatings

Abstract : The electromagnetic backscattering of a crosscut of a cruise missile coated by a thin homogeneous layer made of radar absorbent material is modeled using a finite element method. Based on the radar cross section and a reflection coefficient, optimization problems are formulated for evaders and interrogators leading to optimal material parameters for the coating and optimal monostatic radar operating frequencies, respectively. Optimal coating materials are constructed for several radar frequencies. Tuning only dielectric permittivity gives a narrow frequency range of high absorption while also tuning magnetic permeability widens it significantly. However the coating layers considered cannot provide substantial reduction of backscattering in the entire frequency range from 0.2 to 1.6 GHz. The computational experiments also demonstrate that the reflection coefficient based on a planar geometry can predict well the strength of radar cross section in the sector of interest.
Assessing metacognition in the classroom: Student help-seeking behavior

Abstract Introduction The study's purpose was to develop an assessment of students’ metacognitive monitoring of help-seeking behavior. Methods This study piloted an assessment of help-seeking behavior in first-year student pharmacists to answer two questions: (1) Does help-seeking behavior depend on how familiar students are with the content? and (2) When students ask for help, does their performance and metacognition differ from when they do not seek help? As part of their year-end capstone, students answered drug information questions. The drugs within these questions were chosen based on the level of emphasis during the first-year curriculum (i.e. more familiar or less familiar). For each question, students rated their confidence level for their answer's correctness and marked whether they would ask their preceptor for help. Bias scores were calculated under conditions of familiarity based on level of emphasis (more familiar vs. less familiar) and help-seeking (asked for help and did not ask for help). Results Students performed better on more familiar material (d = 1.2), with a small difference in confidence on more familiar material (d = 0.2). When students asked for help, they scored lower (d = −2.2) and reported lower confidence (d = −3.7). Students were more likely to ask for help from their preceptors on more familiar content than less familiar (odds ratio = 1.25) and less likely to ask for help when they were overconfident (odds ratio = 0.18). Conclusions Overall, students were more overconfident for less familiar material and were less likely to ask for help.
Endothelial dysfunction in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort study.

10564Background: Endothelial dysfunction, as an indicator of vascular disease in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) has not been widely studied. Methods: Markers of vascular inflammation (high sensit...
Water deficit and heat stress induced alterations in grain physico-chemical characteristics and micronutrient composition in field grown grain sorghum

Abstract The surge in sorghum-based foods as a gluten-free alternative for cereals like wheat, has directed sorghum research towards understanding and improving grain quality parameters. Since sorghum is usually grown in arid and semi-arid environments, is often prone to terminal water deficit and heat stress, inducing significant yield and quality losses. In environment 1, 24 genotypes assembled from diverse geographic locations, representing major sorghum growing regions of the world were grown in irrigated and dryland conditions. In environment 2, heat stress was imposed on the same 24 genotypes by placing custom-built field-based heat tents on already established plants, starting from booting until maturity. Water-deficit stress increased kernel hardness and total protein in grain, decreased protein digestibility, and micronutrient composition. Heat stress recorded lower total protein, protein digestibility, micronutrient composition and higher kernel hardness than control. Irrespective of the stress, larger kernels recorded higher total protein, protein digestibility and micronutrient composition, but lower total starch and kernel hardness. Almost all the measured grain micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were reduced under both stresses compared to control. Genotypes such as SC372 and RTx7000 which maintained desired grain quality parameters under stress conditions can help in incorporating quality traits into sorghum improvement programs.
Quantitative Correlation Between Magnetic Perturbation Signatures and Inclusions

A brief description of the magnetic perturbation method is presented. Quantitative results, based on extensive experimental data, are reviewed that establish a strong correlation between magnetic signatures and inclusionsand, also, fatigue crack development cycles on rod-type specimens fabricated from AISI 4340 steel. The dominant influence of "near surface" inclusions on fatigue crack development resulting in subsequent specimen fracture is established. Quantitative correlations between magnetic perturbation signatures and inclusions disclosed by metallurgical sectioning of ball bearing inner races are also presented. Endurance testing results on bearings, including several with magnetic signatures indicating inclusions, are reviewed. The significance of overall results is discussed.
Can clathrates heterogeneously nucleate ice

Methane hydrates can be preserved at ambient pressure, beyond their region of thermodynamic stability, by storing them at temperatures from 240 to 270 K. The origin of this anomalous self-preservation is the formation of an ice coating that covers the clathrate particles and prevents further loss of gas. While there have been several studies on self-preservation, the question of what is the mechanism by which ice nucleates on the decomposing clathrate hydrates has not yet been fully explained. Here, we use molecular simulations, thermodynamic analysis, and nucleation theory to investigate possible scenarios for the nucleation of ice: heterogeneous nucleation at the clathrate/vapor or clathrate/liquid interfaces and homogeneous nucleation from supercooled water. Our results indicate that clathrates cannot heterogeneously nucleate ice and that ice nucleation is due to the cooling of water at the decomposing clathrate/liquid interface, which suffices to trigger homogeneous ice nucleation. We find that the (111) face of the sII structure clathrate can bind to the (111) plane of cubic ice or the basal plane of hexagonal ice through domain matching, resulting in a weak binding that-while insufficient to promote heterogeneous ice nucleation-suffices to produce epitaxy and alignment between these crystals. We use thermodynamic relations, theory, and the contact angles of ice at the (111) sII clathrate/liquid interface to determine-for the first time-the interfacial free energy of this most favorable ice-clathrate interface, 59 ± 5 mJ/m2. We discuss the implications of our results for the feasibility of heterogeneous nucleation of gas clathrates at ice/vapor interfaces.
Grounding Current of Converter Transformer Core and Core Clamp and Its Harmonic Characteristics

The energized test of grounding current of converter transformer core and core clamp is helpful to detect the grounding fault of converter transformers. In this paper, the grounding current of core and core clamp of tens of converter transformers in a ±500 kV and ±800 kV converter station were measured and corresponding harmonic characteristics were obtained, respectively. The results showed that the grounding current of core and core clamp contain a lot of harmonics. The fundamental current is much smaller than the total grounding current as the harmonics contribute much to the total grounding current. The harmonics contained in the total grounding current of core and core clamp should be considered together with its fundamental current when condition assessment is performed for converter transformers.