cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective Dicarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins by Tandem Cyclization/Cross-Coupling and Application to the Concise Synthesis of Lignan Natural Products.

We disclose a (terpy)NiBr2-catalyzed reaction protocol that regioselectively difunctionalizes unactivated olefins with tethered alkyl halides and arylzinc reagents. The reaction shows an excellent functional group tolerance (such as ketones, esters, nitriles, and halides) and a moderate to good level of diastereoselectivity. The current cyclization/cross-coupling also tolerates molecules containing base-sensitive racemizable stereocenters, which are preserved without racemization during the reaction. This cyclization/cross-coupling provides a rapid access to (arylmethyl)carbo- and heterocyclic scaffolds, which occur widely as structural cores in various natural products and bioactive molecules. In order to show synthetic utility and generality, we have applied this new method in gram-scale quantities to the concise synthesis of six lignan natural products containing three different structural frameworks. We further conducted mechanistic investigations with radical probes and selectivity studies, which ind...
Inhibitory effects of garcinone E on fatty acid synthase

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is highly expressed in human adipocytes and cancer cells and is considered as a dual therapeutic target for obesity and cancer treatment. Garcinone E is a natural xanthone and exists in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana. In previous studies, xanthones were reported to be highly active inhibitors of FAS. In the present study, the detailed inhibitory mechanism of garcinone E on FAS was investigated. We found that garcinone E inhibited the activity of FAS in a concentration-dependent manner with a half-inhibitory concentration value of 3.3 μM. The inhibition kinetic results showed that the inhibition of FAS by garcinone E was competitive with respect to acetyl-CoA, mixed competitive and noncompetitive with respect to malonyl-CoA, and noncompetitive to NADPH. In addition, garcinone E showed irreversible inhibition on FAS, which was different from all other xanthones. Since FAS is believed to be a therapeutic target for obesity and cancer treatment, these findings suggest the clinical potential of garcinone E in the prevention and treatment of both obesity and cancer.
Expanding rights: norm innovation in the European and Inter-American courts

The stability of human rights norms is a necessary illusion. For rules to guide behavior, actors need to see them as establishing fixed standards of conduct. But rules are necessarily general and incomplete, and conduct is relentlessly particular. The collision between the two constantly triggers disputes, and disputes end up modifying the rules. As international relations become increasingly judicialized, international courts are important sites of norm development. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) have in recent decades produced important innovations in human rights norms. By interpreting and applying human rights norms, the courts necessarily fill in gaps in the law or extend it to cover new situations. This chapter explains the differing approaches and methods deployed by the ECtHR and the IACtHR in expanding human rights.
Triangulating the Marital Dyad

This and the next chapter look at how single poems and sequences triangulate a marriage on behalf of a larger social community. This chapter deals with processes of triangulation that are subjective and psychological. Sharon Olds emphasizes shame in the context of going public with the breakdown of her marriage. In Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “Sonnets from an Ungrafted Tree” the protagonist’s impending widowhood becomes a catalyst for self-distantiation. In Claudia Emerson’s Late Wife, a mid-life marriage is triangulated by emotional residue from both partners’ earlier marriages.
History of acute leukemia

The recognition of acute leukemia as a malignancy of the blood cells is usually credited to Virchow (Milestones in Leukemia Research and Therapy, The John Hopkins University Press, London, 1991) as is the term leukemia (Weisses Blut) (Neue Notizen Gebiete Natur-Heilkunde 36:151–157, 1845). The following century provided extensive details of the pathology and cytology of this disorder. But the first mention of any attempt to alter its natural history was reported in 1948 by Farber. He described temporary remissions of the disease and reported that the disease almost invariably recurred despite continuous administration of aminopterin (N Engl J Med 238:787–793, 1948). In 1949, Pearson reported cortisone-induced regressions of lymphoid tumors (Cancer 2:943–945, 1949), which was confirmed by Farber in 1950 showing remissions in childhood acute leukemia (Proceedings of the First Clinical ACTH Conference, Blakiston, Philadelphia, pp. 328–330, 1950). Following the Nobel Prize-winning research of Hitchings and Elion on the biochemistry of purine analogs (Ann NY Acad Sci 60:195–199, 1954), Burchenal reported remissions in acute leukemia with 6-mercaptopurine in 1953 (Blood 8:965–999, 1953). Despite having three unique molecules effective in inducing temporary remission in patients with acute leukemia, a careful review of the natural history of the disease was published by McMann and Foreman in 1957. They showed that for over 600 patients studied between 1943 and 1952, the median survival was approximately 6 weeks and 95% of the patients were dead by 12 months after diagnosis (Blood 12:683–693, 1957). In 1955, the largest and most authoritative group in hematology, Wintrobe’s group in Utah, reported, “It was not possible to demonstrate that the newer therapies (folic acid antagonists, ACTH, cortisone, and 6-mercaptopurine) significantly increased the total survival in these representative groups” (Blood 10:875–895, 1955). In fact, the authors recommended that these therapies not be administered to patients since they were simply prolonging the horrible clinical manifestations of a uniformly fatal disease. A lot has happened since 1955 to prove them wrong.
Tourist & guest 2000

The tourist 2000 before Christ: The man of the Hauslabjoch “Otzi”, wasn’t he a tourist? 2000 years ago, there where the apostles. Where they tourists either? But also Ovid, he was not a tourist in our sense, but was his exile on the black sea so far away from some of our touristic destinations? The tourist 2000, will he be much different, going to some exile ghetto, more voluntarily, but does he?
Precipitation reduction during Hurricane Harvey with simulated offshore wind farms

Hurricane Harvey brought to the Texas coast possibly the heaviest rain ever recorded in US history, which then caused flooding at unprecedented levels. Previous studies have shown that large arrays of hypothetical offshore wind farms can extract kinetic energy from a hurricane and thus reduce the wind and storm surge. This study quantitatively tests whether the hypothetical offshore turbines may also affect precipitation patterns. The Weather Research Forecast model is employed to model Harvey and the offshore wind farms are parameterized as elevated drag and turbulent kinetic energy sources. Model results indicate that the offshore wind farms have a strong impact on the distribution of accumulated precipitation, with an obvious decrease onshore downstream of the wind farms, and an increase in offshore areas, upstream of or within the wind farms. Compared with the control case with no wind turbines, increased horizontal wind divergence and lower vertical velocity are found where precipitation is reduced onshore, whereas increased horizontal wind convergence and higher vertical velocity occur upstream of or within the offshore wind farms. The sensitivity to the size of the offshore array, inter-turbine spacing, and the details of the wind farm parameterization are assessed. The results suggest that large arrays of offshore wind turbines can effectively protect the coast from heavy rain during hurricanes and that smart layouts with fewer turbines over smaller areas can be almost as effective as those with more turbines over larger areas.
Midlife Psychological Development

The middle years of the lifespan, ranging from approximately 40 to 60 years of age, is a time of peak performance in many psychosocial realms. Middle-aged adults often are responsible for guiding and caring for those younger and older in the family and workplace. Thus, the experience of generativity is a major focus of this period. There are a number of key changes and transitions that occur during this time, including menopause and adult children leaving home. Although the midlife crisis is commonly assumed to occur regularly in the middle years, research evidence suggests that it is not normative but tied to stable personality characteristics such as neuroticism. Although personality traits remain relatively stable, there are aspects of the self such as sense of control and gender role characteristics which may shift in the middle years. Lifestyle choices and health-promoting behaviors during the middle years can provide a preview of the quality of psychological and physical functioning during the later years of life.
Acute Decrease in Flow in the Right Middle Cerebral Artery Detected by Transcranial Doppler Following High-Intensity Transient Signals in a Patient With Carotid Artery Dissection:

We report a case of evolving multiple vascular dissections where transcranial Doppler with emboli monitoring provided evidence of hemodynamic compromise after microembolic high-intensity signals su...
RBC Transfusion Strategies in the ICU: A Concise Review.

Objectives:To critically assess available high-level clinical studies regarding RBC transfusion strategies, with a focus on hemoglobin transfusion thresholds in the ICU.Data Sources:Source data were obtained from a PubMed literature review.Study Selection:English language studies addressing RBC tran
Big Data and Cloud Computing

Big data emerged as a new paradigm to provide unprecedented content and value for Digital Earth. Big Earth data are increasing tremendously with growing heterogeneity, posing grand challenges for the data management lifecycle of storage, processing, analytics, visualization, sharing, and applications. During the same time frame, cloud computing emerged to provide crucial computing support to address these challenges. This chapter introduces Digital Earth data sources, analytical methods, and architecture for data analysis and describes how cloud computing supports big data processing in the context of Digital Earth.
Optimal power allocation for M-ary distributed detection in the presence of channel uncertainty

Abstract We consider a wireless sensor network (WSN), consisting of several sensors and a fusion center (FC), which is tasked with detecting M known signals in Gaussian noise. Sensors make M-ary decisions and transmit their digitally modulated decisions over orthogonal fading channels to the FC. Considering two coherent and non-coherent systems, we study how to distribute the total transmit power among the sensors such that J-divergence at the FC is maximized, subject to cumulative and individual transmit power constraints. To fairly compare the two systems, we consider the cost of channel estimation for coherent systems via introducing trade off between pilot and data transmission. We develop power allocation schemes and provide the optimal fusion rule for both systems. Our numerical results show that, the coherent system does not necessarily outperform the non-coherent system, when the cost of channel estimation (required transmit power for pilot) is considered. In particular, when the total transmit power is low (and the effect of channel estimation is more severe) the non-coherent system outperforms the coherent one. The proposed power allocation schemes for the coherent system allow us to reduce the total transmit power consumption up to 80%, compared with uniform power allocation.
Dipole radiation near a reflecting corner

We consider a radiating electric dipole, located near the joint of two orthogonal mirrors. The field lines of energy flow in the neighborhood of the dipole have an intriguing structure due to interference between the dipole radiation and the reflected light by the mirrors. Numerous singularities and vortices appear in the sub-wavelength region between the dipole and the surfaces. We present a method to find the locations of the vortices and singularities without regard to the details of the flow pattern. The radiation field induces a surface current density in the mirrors. The direction of the current is predominantly in the radial direction for a linear dipole, but it alternates between outgoing and incoming across singular curves. We show that the field line pattern expands with a phase velocity larger than the speed of light. For a circular dipole, there appears a spiral which runs inward. The current initially flows in along this spiral. Then the current leaves again along an outgoing spiral, which spirals inside the incoming spiral. Current can flow from one mirror to the other, and we show that the current always crosses the intersection line at a 90° angle.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Asthma Care Management Team on Patient and Process Outcomes

Background: Practice-based care coordination facilitates asthma-management knowledge and confidence, improving asthma control in vulnerable populations. A dearth of information is available regarding the efficacy of a hospital- based care coordination model for children with asthma. We sought to identify the effect an asthma care management team had on self-management quality indicators for children hospitalized for an acute asthma exacerbation. We hypothesized that children receiving care management would demonstrate increases in competence with medication administration, adherence with scheduled post discharge clinic appointments and prescribed home health visits, as well as having lower emergency room visit and hospital readmission rates, compared to those not receiving asthma care management. Methods: Demographic and outcome data were collected in two phases. Data for Phase I were collected from a retrospective review (1/1/16 — 8/1/16) of children admitted with an acute exacerbation of asthma who did not receive asthma care management. Data for Phase II were collected prospectively (1/1/17-8/1/17) for children admitted with an exacerbation of asthma and receiving care coordination by our asthma care management team (ACMT). Descriptive statistics reported demographics. Fisher9s Exact Test analyzed population characteristics and quality indicator outcomes. Wilcoxon Rank Sum analyzed resource utilization outcomes. Statistical significance was established at p Results: 210 children were hospitalized for an acute asthma exacerbation and received standardized care on the asthma pathway. Phase I, n = 121. Phase II, n = 89. Cohorts were statistically similar for: age (median = 6 years, P= 0.1), gender (P= 0.6), ethnicity (P= 0.4), and pediatric asthma score on admission (median = 3, P= 0.2). 11 children (12%) in Phase II did not receive asthma care management. Outcomes are described in Table 1. Conclusions: Hospital based asthma care coordination improved process outcomes. Although not statistically significant, resource utilization outcomes were clinically relevant.
Pediatric retransplantation of the liver: A prognostic scoring tool.

Few prognostic models have been created in children that receive liver retransplantation (rLT). We examined the SRTR database of 731 children that underwent second liver transplant between 2002 and 2018. Proportional hazards models using backward variable selection were used to identify recipient, donor, and surgical characteristics associated with survival. A simple prognostic scoring system or nomogram (ie, each risk factor was weighted on a five-point scale) was constructed based on the fitted model. Recipient age (P < .001), MELD/PELD (P < .001), recipient ventilated (P = .003), donor cause of death (P = .024), graft type (P = .045), first graft loss due to biliary tract complications (P = .048), and survival time of the first graft (P = .006) were significant predictors of retransplant survival. The bias-corrected Harrell's C-index for the multivariable model was 0.63. Survival was significantly different (P < .001) for those at low risk (0-4 points), medium risk (5-7 points), and high risk (8+ points). Survival was equivalent between low risk pediatric second transplant recipients and pediatric primary liver transplant recipients (P = .67) but significantly worse for medium- (P < .001) and high-risk (P < .001) recipients. With simple clinical characteristics, this scoring tool can modestly discriminate between those children at high risk and those children at low risk of poor outcomes after second liver transplant.
COVID-19 and water access in Sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana’s free water directive may not benefit water insecure households

COVID-19 has brought global attention to the critical role of water in managing infectious outbreaks. Although Sub-Saharan Africa could become a COVID-19 hotspot, some are optimistic that given the...
Resorbable Pins to Enhance Scaffold Retention in a Porcine Chondral Defect Model.

ObjectiveCartilage repair strategies have seen improvement in recent years, especially with the use of scaffolds that serve as a template for cartilage formation. However, current fixation strategi...
The association between Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, health access, and mental health: the role of discrimination, medical mistrust, and stigma

There are approximately 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US, including 1.3 million young adults who are eligible for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. It is unclea...
Evaluating Misclassification Effects on Single Sequential Treatment in Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) Designs

Sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) designs tailor individual treatment by re-randomizing participants to subsequent therapies based on their response to initial treatment. Misc...
Towards Ongoing Detection of Linguistic Bias on Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a critical platform for organizing and disseminating knowledge. One of the key principles of Wikipedia is neutral point of view (NPOV), so that bias is not injected into objective treatment of subject matter. As part of our research vision to develop resilient bias detection models that can self-adapt over time, we present in this paper our initial investigation of the potential of a cross-domain transfer learning approach to improve Wikipedia bias detection. The ultimate goal is to future-proof Wikipedia in the face of dynamic, evolving kinds of linguistic bias and adversarial manipulations intended to evade NPOV issues. We highlight the impact of incorporating evidence of bias from other subjectivity rich domains into further pre-training a BERT-based model, resulting in strong performance in comparison with traditional methods.
Real-world executive functioning for autistic children in school and home settings:

Executive function challenges are commonly reported in the home setting for children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (hereafter, autism), but little is known about these challenges in th...
Reducing the variability of loudspeaker preference ratings through digital equalization

It has long been recognized that loudspeaker location and room geometry are sources of variability in listeners' ratings of loudspeakers. When the intent of a listening test is to compare different loudspeakers, the effects of these variables are reduced through proper experimental design. In this manner, subtle differences in sound quality can be revealed. Unfortunately, the environments in which consumer audio products are used do not always conform with those of a controlled listening test. As a result, the sound quality delivered to the consumer may not reflect the fidelity of the audio product. This paper reports some key results of the recently completed Athena project, a collaboration between NRC and the Canadian Audio Research Consortium. The purpose of Athena was to investigate the interaction of loudspeakers and rooms and to develop a means to lessen the deleterious effects on subjective assessments
Transglutaminase 2 reprogramming of glucose metabolism in mammary epithelial cells via activation of inflammatory signaling pathways

Aberrant glucose metabolism characterized by high levels of glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, is an important hallmark of cancer. This metabolic reprogramming referred to as the Warburg effect is essential to the survival of tumor cells and provides them with substrates required for biomass generation. Molecular mechanisms responsible for this shift in glucose metabolism remain elusive. As described herein, we found that aberrant expression of the proinflammatory protein transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important regulator of the Warburg effect in mammary epithelial cells. Mechanistically, TG2 regulated metabolic reprogramming by constitutively activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which binds to the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α promoter and induces its expression even under normoxic conditions. TG2/NF-κB-induced increase in HIF-1α expression was associated with increased glucose uptake, increased lactate production and decreased oxygen consumption by mitochondria. Experimental suppression of TG2 attenuated HIF-1α expression and reversed downstream events in mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, downregulation of p65/RelA or HIF-1α expression in these cells restored normal glucose uptake, lactate production, mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic protein expression. Our results suggest that aberrant expression of TG2 is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming and facilitates metabolic alterations in epithelial cells even under normoxic conditions. A TG2-induced shift in glucose metabolism helps breast cancer cells to survive under stressful conditions and promotes their metastatic competence.
Business email classification using incremental subspace learning

We consider a new text classification task: classifying enterprise email messages into sensitive business topics. The identification of sensitive topics in email messages is important for enterprises to safeguard their critical data such as intellectual properties and trade secrets. We introduce the incremental PCA (Principal Component Analysis) to email representation, which can learn a feature subspace incrementally and effectively to reduce the feature dimensionality. Linear SVM (Support Vector Machine) is then adopted to learn the classification models. We validate our approaches with 5,000 emails extracted from the Enron Email set. Experimental results show that SVM outperforms other classification methods, and the incremental PCA produces a substantial reduction in the processing time and a slight increase in the classification accuracy compared to SVM with all the features.
Revisiting the Romeo and Juliet Effect (Driscoll, Davis, & Lipetz, 1972)

We conducted a replication and extension of Driscoll, Davis, and Lipetz’s (1972) classic longitudinal survey of the Romeo and Juliet effect, wherein they found that increases in parental interference were linked to increases in love and commitment. Using the original measures, 396 participants were followed over a 3–4 month period wherein they reported love, commitment, trust, and criticism for their partners as well as levels of perceived interference from friends and family. Participants also completed contemporary, validated measures of the same constructs similar to those often implemented in studies of social network opinion. Repeating the analyses employed by Driscoll and colleagues, we could not find evidence for the Romeo and Juliet effect. Rather, consistent with the social network effect (Felmlee, 2001), participants reporting higher levels of interference or lower levels of approval reported poorer relationship quality regardless of outcome measured. This effect was likewise evident in a meta-a...
Bare vs effective pairing forces: A microscopic finite-range interaction for Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations in coordinate space

We propose a microscopic effective interaction to treat pairing correlations in the $^{1}S_{0}$ channel. It is introduced by recasting the gap equation written in terms of the bare force into a fully equivalent pairing problem. Within this approach, the proposed interaction reproduces the pairing properties provided by the realistic AV18 force very accurately. Written in the canonical basis of the actual Bogolyubov transformation, the force takes the form of an off-shell in-medium two-body matrix in the superfluid phase multiplied by a BCS occupation number $2{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{m}$. This interaction is finite-ranged, nonlocal, total-momentum dependent, and density dependent. The factor $2{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{m}$ emerging from the recast of the gap equation provides a natural cutoff and makes zero-range approximations of the effective vertex meaningful. Performing such an approximation, the roles of the range and of the density dependence of the interaction can be disentangled. The isoscalar and isovector density dependences derived ab initio provide the pairing force with a strong predictive power when extrapolated toward the drip lines. Although finite ranged and nonlocal, the proposed interaction makes Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations of finite nuclei in coordinate space tractable. Through the two-basis method, its computational cost is of the same order as for a zero-range force.
Bridging the gap between easy generation and efficient verification of unsatisfiability proofs

Several proof formats have been used to verify refutations produced by satisfiability SAT solvers. Existing formats are either costly to check or hard to implement. This paper presents a practical approach that facilitates checking of unsatisfiability results in a time similar to proof discovery by embedding clause deletion information into clausal proofs. By exploiting this information, the proof-checking time is reduced by an order of magnitude on medium-to-hard benchmarks as compared to checking proofs using similar clausal formats. Proofs in a new format can be produced by making only minor changes to existing conflict-driven clause-learning solvers and their preprocessors, and the runtime overhead is negligible. This approach can easily be integrated into Glucose 2.1, the SAT 2012 challenge winner, and SatELite, a popular SAT-problem preprocessor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEED FOR INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT OF SS IN PSYCHOSOMATIC RESEARCH

Sunrmary.-Ss who differ significantly on relevant psychological variables may be responding to rhc experimental stimuli with distinctly different emotions. When Ss are presented with stimuli related to their anxieties, defensive reactions may preclude Es' awareness of Ss' emotional responses. If endocrines are secreted as a response to emotions and if endocrines are emotion-spec~fic, the internal secretions of different Ss may be markedly different. We suggest that an evaluation of relevant psychological characteristics may clarify Ss' behavioral and endocrinological responses. We would like to suggest that it may frequently be necessary to evaluate the core psychological characteristics of Ss in order to assess how a particular S will perceive and respond to e~rperimental stimuli. When a psychosomatic response is primarily the result of hormones secreted as a response to an aroused affect, the amount and kind of affective arousal will determine the quality of the psychosomatic response. The emotional response is a function of the individual S's predisposition to perceive and react to kinds of stimuli in a characteristic and predictable way. The explanation for psychosomatic responses is therefore likely, at least in part, to be based upon the psychological assessment of the relevant characteristics of Ss who have been placed in an experimental situation designed to evoke an emotional response. Despite the fact that E, for example, has selected stimuli that are apparently anger or pain inducing, anxious Ss are liable to perceive such stimuli as fear invoking. Or, in a more complicated example, a stimulus that E has chosen in order to evoke sexual impulses may be responded to by a sexually anxious S with anger or fear or depression rather than arousal. Sometimes, when the affect is unpleasant, S defends against the conscious awareness of the emotional experience. In this case S may present a behavioral portrait deeply at variance with the emotional experience. Ps!/chology has long since verified the hypothesis that strong and unpleasant emotions are likely to reach consciousness or emerge in behavior in distorted forms. An experiment which we recently reported (Bardwick & Behrman, in press) would have been inexplicable without-the psychological eval~~ation of each female S. Ten healthy women, including five who were friends, fo~u who were nurses, and one who was a medical secretary, served as well-paid Ss. They ranged in age from 22 to 35, were lower-middle and middle class, had at least a high school education, and nine were mothers. D~uing the first meeting between S and E, S was given a 2-hr. psychological test battery and interview. The psychological tests were scored after the conclu
Methylation of reovirus oligonucleotides in vivo and in vitro.

Reovirus-associated methylases, located in the viral core, function independently of RNA polymerase and guanylyl transferase to modify the 5′-termini of single-stranded oligonucleotides present in the virion. A previously undiscovered class of oligomers, 5′-terminated by GpppG, serve as substrate and are converted to m 7 GpppGp(Xp)n and m 7 GpppG m p(Xp)n by addition of methyl groups from S-adenosyl methionine. This reaction occurs under conditions distinct from those stimulating mRNA methylation.
Routine amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein assay: experience with 40,000 pregnancies.

Of 40,000 initial amniotic fluid samples, 0.7% had an alphafetoprotein (AFP) level ⩾ +3 standard deviations above the mean. The risk of an open neural tube defect (NTD) or other serious fetal abnormality was 61% when AFP levels measured ⩾ +3 and 87% for levels ⩾ +5 standard deviations. If the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was positive, this risk was 84% and 95% for AFP levels of ⩾ +3 and ⩾ +5 SD, respectively, and 29% and 62% for the same levels if the AChE was negative. If the second amniocentesis AFP was also ⩾ +3, the risk of an abnormality was 96%. In this series, there were 93 open neural tube defects, and all were identified. The true false-positive rate was 1 per 13,000 of the cases screened. The recurrence risk for an NTD was 1.8%, and the incidence of NTDs in women having amniocentesis only for maternal age was 1.5 per 1,000.
Long Finite Sequences

Let k be a positive integer. There is a longest finite sequence x1, ?, xn in k letters in which no consecutive block xi, ?, x2i is a subsequence of any later consecutive block xj, ?, x2j. Let n(k) be this longest length. We prove that n(1)=3, n(2)=11, and n(3) is incomprehensibly large. We give a lower bound for n(3) in terms of the familiar Ackermann hierarchy. We also give asymptotic upper and lower bounds for n(k). We view n(3) as a particularly elemental description of an incomprehensibly large integer. Related problems involving binary sequences (two letters) are also addressed. We also report on some recent computer explorations of R. Dougherty which we use to raise the lower bound for n(3).
A Closer Look at Three Measures of English Morphology

Three measures of morphology are individually explained and compared. These include the Berry-Talbott Comprehension of Grammar, the Grammatic Closure subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, and the Grammatic Completion subtest of the Test of Language Development. A discussion of each test's reliability, scoring procedures, format, and types of scores is presented. An item analysis of the specific morphological forms tested by each instrument also is provided. A major limitation, scoring guideline for speakers of nonstandard English, is discussed.
Jet spectroscopy of isoquinoline

The jet-cooled spectra of isoquinoline and an isoquinoline-methanol complex are reported. The lifetimes, dispered fluorescence and excitation spectra are all discussed in terms of excited state interactions. Methanol complexation is found to be a useful probe of excited state level structure and dynamics.
Practice makes perfect, even for breathing.

Breathing relies on a respiratory rhythm generator. A study characterizes an early emerging oscillatory group of Phox2b-expressing parafacial cells that entrain and couple with the preBotzinger Complex at the onset of fetal breathing.
Heterogeneity in endothelium-derived nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of different sized pulmonary arteries of newborn lambs.

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) plays a pivotal role in regulating pulmonary circulation. To determine whether there is a heterogeneity in EDNO-mediated responses of different sized pulmonary vessels, we studied small and large isolated pulmonary arteries of newborn lambs (diameter, 0.4-0.7 and 1.5-2.5 mm, respectively). The isometric tension of vessel rings were recorded while suspended in organ chambers filled with modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (95% O2-5% CO2, 37°C). In vessels preconstricted with norepinephrine, acetylcholine and bradykinin induced a greater relaxation of small pulmonary arteries than of large pulmonary arteries. Acetylcholine, bradykinin, and nitric oxide also induced a greater increase in cGMP content in small arteries than in large ones. The responses to acetylcholine and bradykinin were endothelium-dependent and inhibited by nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. In vessels without endothelium, the response to nitric oxide was inhibited by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. The activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase of small arteries was greater than that of large arteries under basal conditions and after stimulation with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, a nitric oxide donor. These results demonstrate that heterogeneity exists in EDNO-mediated relaxation of small and large pulmonary arteries in newborn lambs. A difference in the soluble guanylate cyclase activity of vascular smooth muscle may have contributed to this phenomenon.
Talking plainly about stuttering: Guidelines for the beginning clinician

At least part of the bewilderment of stuttering may he reduced for client and clinician alike by learning to think and speak in descriptive‐behavioral terms.
Burnout in Radiology

Burnout is a psychological syndrome that arises in the setting of prolonged work-related stress. Although its specific manifestations are highly variable, the core features of burnout include emotional exhaustion, callousness or apathy towards patients or peers, and feelings of personal inadequacy. Burnout can have profound consequences for the affected physician, his or her patients, and the health care system at large. Increased rates of substance abuse, depression, and suicide have been linked to physician burnout, as have medical errors and lapses in patient safety. Disruptive workplace behaviors, such as presenteeism (which is reduced productivity due to physical or emotional dysfunction), absenteeism (which is nonparticipation in work), high employment turnover, and early retirement also have been linked to physician burnout and depression. In this article, we review causes, preventive measures and possible solutions for physician burnout.
Calibration of a Bio-optical Model in the North River, North Carolina (Albemarle–Pamlico Sound): A Tool to Evaluate Water Quality Impacts on Seagrasses

Seagrasses are typically light limited in many turbid estuarine systems. Light attenuation is due to water and three optically active constituents (OACs): nonalgal particulates, phytoplankton, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Using radiative transfer modeling, the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of these three OACs were linked to the light attenuation coefficient, K PAR, which was measured in North River, North Carolina, by profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Seagrasses in the southern portion of Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (APES), the second largest estuary in the USA, were found to be light limited at depths ranging from 0.87 to 2 m. This corresponds to a range of K PAR from 0.54 to 2.76 m−1 measured during a 24-month monitoring program. Turbidity ranged from 2.20 to 35.55 NTU, chlorophyll a from 1.56 to 15.35 mg m−3, and CDOM absorption at 440 nm from 0.319 to 3.554 m−1. The IOP and water quality data were used to calibrate an existing bio-optical model, which predicted a maximum depth for seagrasses of 1.7 m using annual mean water quality values and a minimum light requirement of 22% surface PAR. The utility of this modeling approach for the management of seagrasses in the APES lies in the identification of which water quality component is most important in driving light attenuation and limiting seagrass depth distribution. The calibrated bio-optical model now enables researchers and managers alike to set water quality targets to achieve desired water column light requirement goals that can be used to set criteria for seagrass habitat protection in North Carolina.
Space Shuttle Main Engine real time stability analysis

The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) is a reusable, high performance, liquid rocket engine with variable thrust. The engine control system continuously monitors the engine parameters and issues propellant valve control signals in accordance with the thrust and mixture ratio commands. A real time engine simulation lab was installed at MSFC to verify flight software and to perform engine dynamic analysis. A real time engine model was developed on the AD100 computer system. This model provides sufficient fidelity on the dynamics of major engine components and yet simplified enough to be executed in real time. The hardware-in-the-loop type simulation and analysis becomes necessary as NASA is continuously improving the SSME technology, some with significant changes in the dynamics of the engine. The many issues of interfaces between new components and the engine can be better understood and be resolved prior to the firing of the engine. In this paper, the SSME real time simulation Lab at the MSFC, the SSME real time model, SSME engine and control system stability analysis, both in real time and non-real time is presented.
Inferences About Trends in Labor Force Satisfaction: A Causal-Correlational Analysis

Analysis of five simplified causal models of the time trend of labor force job satisfaction reveals a stable pattern of job attitudes for the entire post-war period. Underlying this stability are d...
Processing of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Sorghum Products Alters Procyanidin Oligomer and Polymer Distribution and Content

Sorghum procyanidins were characterized and quantified from two brown sorghum varieties and their processed products by normal phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The DP of the procyanidins was determined by thiolysis. Quantification was done by using purified oligomeric and polymeric cocoa procyanidins as external standards. Sorghum procyanidins were composed mostly of high MW (DP > 10) polymers. Significant differences were observed in levels as well as distribution of the different MW procyanidins between the sorghums. Processing of the sorghum brans into cookies and bread significantly reduced the levels of procyanidins; this effect was more pronounced in the higher MW polymers. Cookies had a higher retention of procyanidins (42−84%) than bread (13−69%). Extrusion of sorghum grain resulted in an increase in the levels of procyanidin oligomers with DP ≤ 4 and decrease in polymers with DP ≥ 6. This suggests a possible breakdown of the high MW polymers to the lower MW constituents during extrusion. P...
Performance evaluation of a reservation random access scheme for packetized wireless systems with call control and hand-off loading

We consider a packet switched wireless network where each cell's communication channel is shared among packet voice sources. In this paper, we present a method for the design and analysis of wireless cells using a reservation random access (RRA) scheme for packet access control. This scheme is integrated with a call admission control procedure. We model the state process of a single cell as a vector Markov chain. We compute the steady state distribution of the Markov chain. This result is used to calculate the packet dropping probability and the call blocking probability. By setting limits on maximum permissible levels for the call blocking probability and the packet dropping probability, we obtain the Erlang capacity of a single cell, with and without hand-off traffic. For an illustrative RRA scheme, the Erlang capacity of a single cell is shown to be about twice that attained by a comparable fixed assigned TDMA scheme. We show that a cellular network using this RRA scheme and which applies can be no blocking of hand-off calls, exhibits similar call capacity levels.
Follow-Up Motion Laboratory Analysis for Patients With Spastic Hemiplegia Due to Cerebral Palsy: Analysis of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Firing Pattern Before and After Tendon Transfer Surgery

Purpose To compare the preoperative and postoperative pattern of firing of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) in a grasp and release functional activity for children treated with an FCU to extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer for wrist flexion deformity associated with spastic hemiplegia from cerebral palsy. Methods Seven children, evaluated by a preoperative EMG video analysis and treated with an FCU to extensor carpi radialis brevis transfer, had a follow-up postoperative EMG/video motion laboratory analysis at an average follow-up of 3.5 years (range, 1.0–6.8 years). Each preoperative and postoperative EMG/video was reviewed for the task of lifting heavy cans, as described by Jebson et al. The EMG activity of the FCU was described as active or relaxed during grasp and during release. Results Preoperatively, the most common pattern was to activate the FCU during grasp and to relax the FCU during release (4 patients). Postoperatively, 6 patients activated the FCU during grasp and relaxed the FCU during release; 1 patient activated the FCU during both grasp and release. Conclusions Of the 7 patients studied, the FCU changed phase from preoperative to postoperative in only 1. This study concludes that most commonly the FCU does not predictably change phase when transferred from a position of wrist flexion to wrist extension. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Differential spatial and temporal expression of two type III intermediate filament proteins in olfactory receptor neurons

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) do not express the typical neuronal intermediate filament proteins (IFPs), the neurofilament triplet proteins. Immunocytochemical evidence shows that ORNs coexpress vimentin and peripherin but distribute them differently. Specifically, ORNs contain vimentin in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons, but not in terminals in glomeruli; peripherin is present in axons, but excluded from dendrites, cell bodies, and terminal glomeruli. In adult rats, ORN axon fascicles are variably stained with antisera for peripherin; in juvenile rats, staining of fascicles is uniform. Staining with antibody to vimentin is uniform in both adult and juvenile ORN axon fascicles. The unusual pattern of IFP expression and intracellular sorting may have implications for the unique plastic and regenerative capacities of these neurons.
Certain Non-auditory Physiological Responses to Noises

The non-auditory physiological effects of extended exposure of pilots to high intensity noise were investigated. The health records of 22 professional pilots (FAA) were examined for recorded measurements of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and glucose. These data were compared to records of the same measurements from 29 non-flying FAA personnel of the same age, social and economic status as the pilots. The yearly means for each parameter were analyzed for changes with time, within the same population, and for differences between the two study groups. Audiometric histories were tabulated and compared, and noise levels inside aircraft were determined. Although it was demonstrated that FAA pilots were exposed to high occupational noise levels there was no indication that their exposure produced any significant non-auditory physiological response.
Multiferroic bismuth ferrite based thin films

Bismuth ferrite thin films have been prepared via a modified polymerizable complex sol-gel method and deposited on SiO2/Si [100] substrates. The rhombohedral BFO phase was obtained by annealing the thin films on a hot plate at 475°C for 30 minutes. Samples annealed at 550°C for 2 hours developed the secondary phase Bi2Fe4O9 due to loss of bismuth.
Studies on Desmids and their Protoplasts

Summary Protoplasts were successfully induced in 9 species of Cosmarium , and one species each of Netrium, Closterium and Staurastrum , by the addition of 0.4M mannitol and 1% Cellulysin to defined mineral media. All formed true protoplasts as determined by osmotic fragility and lack of fluorescence following staining with 1% Calcofluor. Protoplasts were always released at the isthmus and remained viable for several days in the inducing medium. The empty cell walls of Cosmarium and Staurastrum remained intact in the inducing medium whereas those of Netrium and Closterium disintegrated as soon as the protoplasts were released.
Refusal of transfusions for cardiac surgery was not associated with shorter long-term survival

Source Citation Pattakos G, Koch CG, Brizzio ME, et al. Outcome of patients who refuse transfusion after cardiac surgery: a natural experiment with severe blood conservation. Arch Intern Med. 2012;...
A major drop in seawater 87Sr/86Sr during the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian): Links to volcanism and climate?

A large drop in seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr during the Middle Ordovician was among the most rapid in the entire Phanerozoic. New 87 Sr/ 86 Sr measurements from Nevada indicate that the rapid shift began in the Pygodus serra conodont zone of the upper Darriwilian Stage. We use a numerical model to explore the hypothesis that volcanic weathering provided the flux of nonradiogenic Sr to the oceans. A close balance between volcanic outgassing and CO 2 consumption from weathering produced steady p CO 2 levels and climate through the middle Katian, consistent with recent Ordovician paleotemperature estimates. In the late Katian, outgassing was reduced while volcanic weathering continued, and resulted in a cooling episode leading into the well-known end-Ordovician glaciation.
Brown-Séquard syndrome following removal of a cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheter after thoracic aortic surgery.

Neurological deficit remains a devastating complication of thoracic aortic surgery despite advances in methods to protect the spinal cord from ischemia. Various techniques have been used, including the combination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage and distal aortic perfusion to decrease the inci
Daylight, diet, and age-related cataract.

Blindness due to cataract continues to take a heavy toll on economic, social, and personal resources. Research into factors that may cause or prevent cataracts is of the highest priority. In this paper, the epidemiological evidence is summarized on the role of sunlight exposure and antioxidants for cataract. To date, there are consistent findings linking ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation to cataract, particularly cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities. Antioxidants are likely to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress in the lens, but the current epidemiologic data present less coherent support for this hypothesis. Difficulties in summarizing these data include different methods for assessing antioxidant status, widely varying populations, and different research designs