cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy controlled VSC of battery storage system for seamless transition of microgrid between grid-tied and islanded mode

This paper presents seamless transiton between the grid-connected and islanded mode of microgrid. The prominenece of the seamless transition is to maintain the load voltage and frequency as well as constant power delivery during both the modes of operation of microgrid. In this paper voltage source converter (VSC) of PV generating unit operates in PQ control mode in both grid-tied and islanded operation of microgrid due to its intermittent characteristics. While VSC of battery storage system (BSS) operates in PQ control mode during grid-tied operation and in VF control mode during islanded operation of microgrid. A fuzzy logic controller has been designed for VF control during the islanded mode of operation of microgrid. The fuzzy logic controller can efficiently deal with non linearity of power system as it does not depend on the mathematical model of the system. Also the proposed fuzzy logic controller limits the switching transients as well as voltage swell and sags during the fault. The simulation results proves the optimal working of proposed control strategy in achieving the seamless transitions between the grid connected and the islanded modes of operation of microgrid.
TOWARD A BIFURCATED THEORY OF EMOTIONAL DETERRENCE

Since Hobbes (1957 [1651] and Beccaria (1963 [1764]), scholars have theorized that the emotion of fear is critical for deterrence. Nevertheless, contemporary deterrence researchers have mostly overlooked the distinction between perceived sanction risk and fear of apprehension. Whereas perceived risk is a cognitive judgment, fear involves visceral feelings of anxiety or dread. Equally important, a theory explicating the influence of deterrence on both criminal propensity and situational offending has remained elusive. We develop a theoretical model in which perceived risk and fear are distinguished at both the general and situational levels. We test this theoretical model with data from a set of survey-based experiments conducted in 2016 with a nationwide sample of adults (N = 965). We find that perceived risk and fear are empirically distinct and that perceived risk is positively related to fear at both the general and situational levels. Certain background and situational factors have indirect effects through perceived risk on fear. In turn, perceived risk has indirect effects through fear on both criminal propensity and situational intentions to offend. Fear's inclusion increases explanatory power for both criminal propensity and situational offending intentions. Fear is a stronger predictor than either self-control or prior offending of situational intentions to offend.
Scattering properties of ultrafast laser-induced refractive index shaping lenticular structures in hydrogels

We present measurements of light scatter induced by a new ultrafast laser technique being developed for laser refractive correction in transparent ophthalmic materials such as cornea, contact lenses, and/or intraocular lenses. In this new technique, called intra-tissue refractive index shaping (IRIS), a 405 nm femtosecond laser is focused and scanned below the corneal surface, inducing a spatially-varying refractive index change that corrects vision errors. In contrast with traditional laser correction techniques, such as laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), IRIS does not operate via photoablation, but rather changes the refractive index of transparent materials such as cornea and hydrogels. A concern with any laser eye correction technique is additional scatter induced by the process, which can adversely affect vision, especially at night. The goal of this investigation is to identify sources of scatter induced by IRIS and to mitigate possible effects on visual performance in ophthalmic applications. Preliminary light scattering measurements on patterns written into hydrogel showed four sources of scatter, differentiated by distinct behaviors: (1) scattering from scanned lines; (2) scattering from stitching errors, resulting from adjacent scanning fields not being aligned to one another; (3) diffraction from Fresnel zone discontinuities; and (4) long-period variations in the scans that created distinct diffraction peaks, likely due to inconsistent line spacing in the writing instrument. By knowing the nature of these different scattering errors, it will now be possible to modify and optimize the design of IRIS structures to mitigate potential deficits in visual performance in human clinical trials.
Trends in Types of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in the United States

Chapter 1 focuses on the amount of crime committed by the elderly in the United States as well as the characteristics of elderly offenders. The conceptualization of the term elderly is discussed, and examples of how the concept elderly (older) criminals has been operationalized are given. Trends in elderly crime and the major types of crimes committed by the elderly are presented. Theories of crime causation that are applicable to elderly offenders are analyzed, including social strain, anomie, disengagement, continuity, opportunity, and routine activity theories. Research on elderly crime reveals that the proportion of total crime committed by the elderly in the United States is small. However, the amount of crime committed by the elderly has increased significantly during the past decade. There has also been an expansion of the types of crimes in which the elderly are involved. The reasons for these changes are discussed.
Cholinergic Plasticity and the Meaning of Death

The selective degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in several major human brain diseases has been known now for several decades, but why these cells die is still a puzzle. Our research addressing mechanisms of selective cholinergic vulnerability is structured by a hypothesis of multiple insults, one of which is oxidative stress. In our rodent model of aging, we have obtained convincing evidence that brain oxidative stress is associated with cognitive decline. The age-related oxidative stress may be global in nature, and probably includes effects on cholinergic neurons. This chapter first describes the anatomy and physiology of several major central cholinergic populations. We then summarize how we are using multiple models and experimental approaches to address how these populations might differ with respect to their vulnerability to oxidative stress, in particular nitrosative stress. The discussion is placed within the context of recent technological developments in brain research involving microarray screening of gene expression. Several examples are given to show how these technologies can be applied to discovery of neuronal signaling pathways likely to be important in human disease conditions. Finally, we outline some of the ways we are employing these methods in studies of the vasculature of the brain to address issues in stroke biology.
Fixed and Floating Point Arithmetic; Scaling

This chapter elaborates describes fixed and floating point methods of computing and some of the arithmetic operations related to them. Fixed-point operations in a digital computer treat all sequences of digits representing arithmetic operands as though an imaginary base point were in a fixed position. Shifting operations are designed to move the digits in a register either to the right or to the left of their initial position. The CDC 1604 left shift instructions are end around or circular. The multiply integer and divide integer operations treat sequences of digits as though the binary point were at the right-hand end of the sequence. In a machine using integral fixed point operations, all arithmetic operations are carried out on integers with the base point considered to be at the right-hand end of each sequence of digits. If the sum or difference is formed in an arithmetic register of extra length, the arithmetic register may accommodate it but an ordinary storage register may not. The direct application of fixed-point arithmetic instructions to floating point machine operands will produce incorrect results.
Principles governing the integration of landmark and self-motion cues in entorhinal cortical codes for navigation

To guide navigation, the nervous system integrates multisensory self-motion and landmark information. We dissected how these inputs generate spatial representations by recording entorhinal grid, border and speed cells in mice navigating virtual environments. Manipulating the gain between the animal's locomotion and the visual scene revealed that border cells responded to landmark cues while grid and speed cells responded to combinations of locomotion, optic flow and landmark cues in a context-dependent manner, with optic flow becoming more influential when it was faster than expected. A network model explained these results by revealing a phase transition between two regimes in which grid cells remain coherent with or break away from the landmark reference frame. Moreover, during path-integration-based navigation, mice estimated their position following principles predicted by our recordings. Together, these results provide a theoretical framework for understanding how landmark and self-motion cues combine during navigation to generate spatial representations and guide behavior.
Ad Disclosure vs. Ad Recognition: How Persuasion Knowledge Influences Native Advertising Evaluation

This study investigated how ad disclosure and ad recognition predict the effectiveness of native advertising in relation to persuasion knowledge. Two experimental studies revealed that evaluation o...
Numerical solution of the electron transport equation in the upper atmosphere

Abstract A new approach for solving the electron transport equation in the upper atmosphere is derived. The problem is a very stiff boundary value problem, and to obtain an accurate numerical solution, matrix factorizations are used to decouple the fast and slow modes. A stable finite difference method is applied to each mode. This solver is applied to a simplified problem for which an exact solution exists using various versions of the boundary conditions that might arise in a natural auroral display. The numerical and exact solutions are found to agree with each other, verifying the method.
Assessing risk by analogy: a case study of us medical device risk management policy

Medical devices occupy an increasingly important place in global medical care, and yet the risk management systems that govern them are largely overlooked in academic literatures. In the US, home t...
100.67 STS Risk Score Associates With One-year Mortality in Patients Selected for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention by a Multidisciplinary Heart Team

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk scores predict mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; however, it is unknown whether these scores are associated with mortality among complex patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who are being considered for percutaneous coronary
Nanomaterials Synthesis, Applications, and Toxicity

1National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West MLK Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 2Water Supply and Water Resources Division, US EPA, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 3Water Quality Management Branch, US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NRMRL/WSWRD-MS 679, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 4The Research Center for Cancer Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanosciences and Technology of China, Tianjin Cancer Hospital & CAS, P.O. Box 918, Beijing 100049, China
Exactly solvable model for a 4 + 1 D beyond-cohomology symmetry-protected topological phase

We construct an exactly solvable commuting projector model for a ($4+1$)-dimensional ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-symmetry-protected topological phase (SPT) which is outside the cohomology classification of SPTs. The model is described by a decorated domain wall construction, with ``three-fermion'' Walker-Wang phases on the domain walls. We describe the anomalous nature of the phase in several ways. One interesting feature is that, in contrast to in-cohomology phases, the effective ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry on a ($3+1$)-dimensional boundary cannot be described by a quantum circuit and instead is a nontrivial quantum cellular automaton. A related property is that a codimension-two defect (for example, the termination of a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ domain wall at a trivial boundary) will carry nontrivial chiral central charge 4 mod 8. We also construct a gapped symmetric topologically ordered boundary state for our model, which constitutes an anomalous symmetry-enriched topological phase outside of the classification of Chen and Hermele, and define a corresponding anomaly indicator.
Planarization-Induced Activation Wavelength Red-Shift and Thermal Half-Life Acceleration in Hydrazone Photoswitches.

The optimization and modulation of the properties of photochromic compounds, such as their activation wavelengths and thermal relaxation half-lives (τ 1/2), are essential for their adaptation in various applications. In this work, we studied the effect of co-planarization of the rotary fragment of two photochromic hydrazones with the core of the molecule on their switching properties. The Z and E isomers of both compounds exhibit red-shifted absorption bands relative to their twisted versions, allowing for their photoswitching using longer wavelengths of light. Additionally, the thermal half-lives of both hydrazones are drastically shortened from hundreds of years to days.
Tuberculosis symptom screening for children and adolescents living with HIV in six high HIV/TB burden countries in Africa.

Objectives The World Health Organization recommends that children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) complete TB symptom screening at every clinical encounter, but evidence supporting this recommendation is limited. We evaluated the performance of the recommended TB symptom screening in six high burden TB/HIV countries. Design Retrospective longitudinal cohort. Methods We extracted data from electronic medical records of CALHIV receiving care from clinics in Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda from January 2014 to June 2017. We defined incident TB cases as those prescribed TB treatment within 30 days of TB diagnosis. We analyzed the most recent symptom screen preceding a TB diagnosis. In accordance with WHO guidelines, positive screens were defined as current fever, cough, poor weight gain, or recent TB contact. Odds of TB disease was modeled by screen result and age at which screening was conducted. Results 20,706 patients collectively had 316,740 clinic visits, of which 240,161 (75.8%) had documented TB symptom screens. There were 35,701 (14.9%) positive TB symptom screens, and 1212 incident TB diagnoses. Sensitivity and specificity of the TB symptom screen to diagnose TB were 61.2% (95% CI 58.4 to 64.0) and 88.8% (95% CI 88.7 to 88.9), respectively. Log odds of documented TB for positive or negative screens was statistically different only for screens conducted at ages 7 to 17. Conclusion While specificity was high, the sensitivity of the TB symptom screen to detect TB in CALHIV was low. More accurate screening approaches are needed to optimally identify TB disease in CALHIV.
Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent inactivation (CDI) of CaV channels is a critical regulatory process required for tuning the kinetics of Ca2+ entry for different cell types and physiologic responses. Calmodulin (CaM) resides on the IQ domain of the CaV carboxy-tail, such that Ca2+ binding initiates a reduction in channel open probability, manifesting as CDI. This regulatory process exerts a significant impact on Ca2+ entry and is tailored by alternative splicing. CaV1.3 and CaV1.4 feature a long-carboxy-tail splice variant that modulates CDI through a competitive mechanism. In these channels, the distal-carboxy-tail (DCT) harbors an inhibitor of CDI (ICDI) module that competitively displaces CaM from the IQ domain, thereby diminishing CDI. While this overall mechanism is now well-described, the detailed interaction loci for ICDI binding to the IQ domain is yet to be elucidated. Here, we perform alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the IQ and ICDI domains and evaluate the contribution of neighboring regions. We identify multiple critical residues within the IQ domain, ICDI and the nearby A region of the channel, which are required for high affinity IQ/ICDI binding. Importantly, disruption of this interaction commensurately diminishes ICDI function, as seen by the re-emergence of CDI in mutant channels. Furthermore, analysis of the homologous ICDI region of CaV1.2 reveals a selective effect of this channel region on CaV1.3 channels, implicating a cross-channel modulatory scheme in cells expressing both channel subtypes. In all, these findings provide new insights into a molecular rheostat that fine tunes Ca2+ entry and supports normal neuronal and cardiac function.
Measurement Challenges for Medical Image Display Devices

Visual information is a critical component in the evaluation and communication of patient medical information. As display technologies have evolved, the medical community has sought to take advantage of advances in wider color gamuts, greater display portability, and more immersive imagery. These image quality enhancements have shown improvements in the quality of healthcare through greater efficiency, higher diagnostic accuracy, added functionality, enhanced training, and better health records. However, the display technology advances typically introduce greater complexity in the image workflow and display evaluation. This paper highlights some of the optical measurement challenges created by these new display technologies and offers possible pathways to address them.
A crystal plasticity model with an atomistically informed description of grain boundary sliding for improved predictions of deformation fields

Abstract Crystal plasticity (CP) is a powerful meso-scale technique for deformation modeling in polycrystalline materials. Crystal plasticity models typically do not include an explicit description of grain boundary (GB) sliding, which could lead to inaccurate predictions of strain distributions, especially in the vicinity of GBs. In the present study, a CP model is developed that includes GB sliding as an additional deformation mechanism and models the interaction between slip and GB sliding. Atomistic simulations are used to formulate the constitutive model for GB sliding and its interaction with incident slip. The deformation fields and structure of the GBs are obtained directly from experimental characterization and are faithfully reproduced as bicrystal systems for molecular dynamics simulations. The GBs are modeled as random-type (non-coincidence, asymmetrical) boundaries as observed from experimental data. The underlying atomistic-scale mechanism for pure sliding of random GBs was found to be analogous to fluid-flow. The interaction between incident slip and a sliding GB caused local increases in stress concentration, which further led to a momentary increase in the local sliding rate. The displacement profiles at the sliding GBs computed from the CP model with sliding accommodation are 38% more accurate than the baseline CP model as quantified by the mean squared error between the simulations and experiment. These results help improve the sophistication and accuracy of deformation modeling by including physics-based descriptions for GB sliding and its interaction with slip, eventually leading to more reliable predictions of micromechanical quantities.
Preparing the Instructional Librarian: Representation of ACRL Roles and Strengths in MLS Course Descriptions

As the need for librarians to provide instruction on information literacy and other teaching topics increases, masters of library science students, in turn, need to become better prepared to provide to serve in this role. A content analysis of courses offered by American Library Association accredited masters of library science programs seeks to determine whether course titles and descriptions for instruction-based courses map to the Association of College and Research Libraries’ Roles and Strengths of Teaching Librarians document.
Energy Absorption Performance of Bio-inspired Honeycombs: Numerical and Theoretical Analysis

Energy absorption performance has been a long-pursued research topic in designing desired materials and structures subject to external dynamic loading. Inspired by natural bio-structures, herein, we develop both numerical and theoretical models to analyze the energy absorption behaviors of Weaire, Floret, and Kagome-shaped thin-walled structures. We demonstrate that these bio-inspired structures possess superior energy absorption capabilities compared to the traditional thin-walled structures, with the specific energy absorption about 44% higher than the traditional honeycomb. The developed mechanical model captures the fundamental characteristics of the bio-inspired honeycomb, and the mean crushing force in all three structures is accurately predicted. Results indicate that although the basic energy absorption and deformation mode remain the same, varied geometry design and the corresponding material distribution can further boost the energy absorption of the structure, providing a much broader design space for the next-generation impact energy absorption structures and systems.
The Dynamic Demand for Capital and Labor: Evidence from Chinese Industrial Firms

This paper employs a structural econometric approach to investigate the joint dynamic demand for capital and labor in Chinese industries from 1998-2007. First, we summarize several stylized facts on factor input adjustments, such as the mix of smooth and lumpy adjustments in capital and labor, and the interrelation in factor adjustments. Based on these facts, we then propose a dynamic model that incorporates the key features: fixed costs of installing capital and creating or discontinuing a job vacancy; convex costs aimed at capturing smooth adjustments; and inter-relational costs associated with joint adjustments in capital and labor. The structural parameters in capital and labor adjustment costs are recovered via simulated moment matching method, so the proposed dynamic model is able to reproduce the stylized facts that are directly observable from the Chinese firm-level data. Our structural estimations show: (1) firms prefer to make small adjustments in capital and labor simultaneously, and make large adjustments in two factors sequentially; (2) for both capital and labor, the convex adjustment cost is dominant comparing to the fixed cost; (3) ignoring labor adjustment costs leads to a larger bias than ignoring capital adjustment costs. The existence of joint adjustment costs indicates that reform in capital (labor) market will affect firm's demand in labor (capital) accordingly.
Leishmaniasis in the United States military veterinary patient population.

OBJECTIVE To describe the presence of Leishmania infection within the animal population receiving care from US Army Veterinary Services. ANIMALS 629 canine, feline, and equine patients of US Army Veterinary Services from 2014 to 2017. PROCEDURES Personnel at the US Army Public Health Center ran a query within the Remote Online Veterinary Record system using previously validated search terms (eg, liesh, leish, and lesh) and returned data on any patient for which the master problem list included those terms. Next, a query was run to identify all leishmaniasis testing. Records identified by queries were reviewed manually, and data were collected on patient signalment, indication for and type of testing, location of testing, and previous locations or country of the patient. RESULTS Only dogs (n = 378), not cats or horses, had been tested for leishmaniasis, 54 (14.3%) of which tested positive for Leishmania infection. More specifically, 39 of 104 (37.5%) privately owned dogs tested positive, compared with 15 of 274 (5.6%) government-owned dogs. Overall, 186 dogs had no clinical signs, 12 (6.5%) of which tested positive. Forty-four of the 54 (81%) test-positive dogs were located in or had traveled to an endemic area. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of leishmaniasis in the various subpopulations of dogs suggested the need for additional prevalence studies. Many animals travel in and out of the US, and repeated introduction of Leishmania spp could lead to this vector-borne disease becoming endemic in the US animal and human populations. Consequently, US veterinarians need to ensure proper testing and follow-up to protect one health.
Advanced Concepts in Particle and Field Theory

Uniting the usually distinct areas of particle physics and quantum field theory, gravity and general relativity, this expansive and comprehensive textbook of fundamental and theoretical physics describes the quest to consolidate the basic building blocks of nature, by journeying through contemporary discoveries in the field, and analysing elementary particles and their interactions. Designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students and abounding in worked examples and detailed derivations, as well as including historical anecdotes and philosophical and methodological perspectives, this textbook provides students with a unified understanding of all matter at the fundamental level. Topics range from gauge principles, particle decay and scattering cross-sections, the Higgs mechanism and mass generation, to spacetime geometries and supersymmetry. By combining historically separate areas of study and presenting them in a logically consistent manner, students will appreciate the underlying similarities and conceptual connections to be made in these fields.
The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on castrated postmenopausal women

Abstract Four out of five postmenopausal patients stimulated in a previous study 13 with a total dose of 50,000 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) were restimulated in the same manner from 10 to 15 months after oophorectomy. Steroidogenesis was assayed by vaginal cytology and urinary steroid assays. In two patients there was a slight insignificant shift to the right in the maturation index of the vaginal cytology, without any correlation with the urinary estrogen assays. The lack of reproducibility of the hormonal response with stimulation after oophorectomy demonstrated that HCG has no steroidogenic activity on the adrenals of oophorectomized women.
Becoming Landsick: Rethinking Sustainability in an Age of Continuous, Visible, and Irreversible Change

Most people know what it means to be seasick: When a land-dwelling human being goes out on the ocean — or out on a lake big enough to entertain significant water movement — the swell, waves, and constant motion induce nausea and vomiting. In brief — and to highlight the metaphorical import of seasickness for this Article — human beings tend not to react well to unintentional motion and change.However, human beings are also adaptable. Stay out at sea long enough, and you develop “sea legs” — that is, an ability to cope with the constant change and motion that goes with being on a ship at sail. Moreover, human beings will often carry their sea legs back on shore with them, causing landsickness. Landsickness is the inverse of traditional motion sickness, where a human body that has become used to constant motion suddenly goes back to stable land. Most people readjust fairly quickly to being back on land, but in some people landsickness persists as a more-or-less permanent condition, an affliction known as Mal de Debarquement syndrome. Researchers believe that in patients suffering from this syndrome, “the brain may be stuck believing that the rocking motion experienced at sea is normal and that being on land is disorienting.”In this climate change era, we all need to rewire ourselves into a metaphorical Mal de Debarquement syndrome — that is, into a state where we view constant change as the norm, not as an aberration to be ignored, avoided, or resisted. As a more positive formulation, we need to acquire our climate change sea legs — and this article argues, that means jettisoning mainstream notions of sustainability.
Aetiological factors and development in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea.

Objective: To examine whether maternal pregnancy complications, adverse birth events, respiratory illnesses, or developmental difficulty were increased in neurologically normal children with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and whether severity of OSA adversely affects the child's development and temperament.
Aldol Reaction – Biological and Biomimetic

In order to develop new methodology for stereospecific and catalytic aldol reactions, synthetic organic chemists are now exploring the utility of biological catalysts. There has been significant progress in this field and several efficient, selective, and predictable biological catalysts are now available for the asymmetric aldol reaction. Critical to metabolism, the aldolases catalyze in vivo aldol reactions with high chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. These enzymes are divided into four distinct areas: DHAP-dependent, pyruvate/phosphoenol pyruvate-dependent, acetaldehyde-dependent, and glycine-dependent aldolases based upon their donor dependence. Catalytic antibodies that operate via a mechanism reminiscent of a type I aldolase also have been developed. These antibodies have remarkable rate accelerations and broader substrate specificity compared to naturally occurring aldolases. However, both aldolases and catalytic antibodies share a common feature critical to their success as synthetically useful catalysts—both are capable of tolerating substrates with unprotected functional groups in aqueous solutions and give readily predictable products. This article will focus on the development of these two areas of biological aldol catalysts and discuss relevant examples as appropriate. Keywords: catalytic antibody; aldolase; stereoselective aldol reaction; retro-aldol reaction; chemoenzymatic synthesis
Interference by Trypsin in the Interaction of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Cell Cultures of Human Embryonic Intestine

The inhibitory effect of trypsin on the cytotoxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B acting with human embryonic intestine cell cultures was examined. Trypsin treatment of the cells rendered them resistant to enterotoxin for a period of 48 hr. The resistance increased proportionally with increased time of exposure of the cells to trypsin. Neither ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid nor scraping, which were used as alternate means of cell suspension, caused any resistance to the toxin. The effect is enzymatic and appears to be similar to the inhibitory action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the attachment of polioviruses and coxsackieviruses to HeLa cells.
Commutativity criteria for Banach *-algebras

Let A be a Banach *-algebra with an identity. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for A to be commutative modulo its *-radical and for A to be commutative if A has a faithful *-representation as operators on a Hilbert space.
Visualization of automotive catalytic converter internal flows

Internal flow details of a prototype dual-bed monolith converter were determined in water-flow visualization tests run on a full-scale transparent acrylic model. Using steadily flowing water seeded with a small quantity of tracer particles, fluid motion within transparent sections of the flow model was deduced from particle pathlines illuminated with a thin plane of laser light. Flow in the inlet transition separated from the diffuser walls and impinged as a constant-diameter jet on the leading face of the first monolith. Velocity profiles from streak photographs showed that the level of flow maldistribution in the first monolith was a function of Reynolds number.
Searches for new particles/phenomena at CDF

Recent results from the searches for new particles and phenomena using data collected by CDF are presented. Most results are from the data taken during 1994-95 period (Run I), but some preliminary results from the current data taking period (Run IIa) are presented as well.
Digital Neutron Radiography Using Plane Converters with Multiwire Proportional Chambers

The work described here was completed more than three years ago, and represents, in large part the PhD1) and MS2)thesis research of two of the present authors. Much of it has been reported previously elsewhere3,4). It constitutes an effort to develop and study a moderately low cost, moderate resolution, high sensitivity, on-line method for digital neutron radiography, intended for use where neutron influence was limited by source strength, or received dose. The basic imaging system consisted of a position-sensitive gas proportional chamber together with its associated imaging electronics, and a plane neutron converter. Enriched-boron, gadolinium, and polyethylene (for fast neutrons) converters wer analyzed and tested. Some work was done on digital data enhancement, and efforts to improve spatial resolution included pressurizing the proportional-chamber gas to reduce the track lengths of the neutron-interaction products.
From High School to the Noviciado: An Adolescent Linguistic Minority Student's Multilingual Journey in Writing

This five-year longitudinal case study explores a linguistic minority student's experiences learning to write during high school and in a postsecondary noviciado (novitiate) program in a bilingual Catholic institute to understand how features of an English-medium high school experience supported and/or hindered writing development and transitions to a bilingual postsecondary setting. Writing samples, interviews, and observations were analyzed using Ivaniĉ's (2004) multilayered view of language, insights from sociocultural (Moje & Lewis, 2007; Lantolf, 2000) and biliterate (Hornberger, 2002, 2003) theories of language and literacy, and Schleppegrell's (2004) genre classification of written texts. Findings suggest that the student's English-medium high school encompassed a range of oral and informal bilingual practices in support of writing, and her development and transition from secondary to postsecondary schooling was facilitated not by a match in written genres, languages, or expectations found in the two settings but by the development of L2 literacy skills during high school (facilitated by interactions with bilingual and monolingual texts and individuals) that she drew upon to cope with the new demands of her novitiate program.
A new intranasal, modified-live virus vaccine for equine H3N8 influenza

Abstract Background: Equine-2 (H3N8) influenza is the most frequent cause of infectious upper respiratory disease in horses in the USA. Conventional inactivated-virus vaccines have been largely ineffective for prevention of this disease, even following repeated doses. We developed a modified-live virus vaccine derived by cold-adaptation from a wild-type strain of equine-2 influenza virus, and demonstrated its safety and efficacy in equines. Methods: The wild-type influenza A/equine/2/Kentucky/91 virus was serially passed in embryonated eggs at temperatures reduced stepwise from 34 to 26 °C. Temperature sensitivity and stability was tested in MDCK cells. Safety and efficacy tests, including experimental challenges with wild-type viruses, were conducted in seropositive and seronegative equines. Results: Randomly selected clones from the 49th passage were temperature sensitivity (ts) with 34/39.5° infectivity ratios >104. The ts phenotype was retained through five serial passages in MDCK cells. The clone selected as vaccine candidate (P821) was further tested in equines and had the desired degree of attenuation: it successfully infected seropositive animals based on detectable virus shedding, yet induced no significant disease symptoms in seronegative animals. The candidate vaccine was tested for stability of ts phenotype through five serial horse-to-horse passages; for safety and efficacy in exercised–stressed animals; for efficacy against challenge with heterologous strains of equine-2 influenza virus; and for safety in large-scale field studies. Each of these tests was passed successfully. Efficacy following single doses was established on the basis of protection from clinical disease, as the vaccine induced little serum antibody in single-dosed animals. Conclusion: A modified-live virus vaccine for equine-2 influenza has been developed which is safe and effective in horses following a single dose administered intranasally.
Beyond attention: The role of amygdala NMDA receptors in fear conditioning

Several types of amygdala-dependent learning can be blocked by local infusion of NMDA antagonists into the amygdala. This blockade shows anatomical, pharmacological, temporal, and behavioral specificity, providing a pattern of data more consistent with a role for NMDA receptors in learning than in arousal or attention, and supporting the contention that an “LTP-like” process is a neural substrate for memory formation.
RefWorks Usage Patterns: Exploring the First Four Semesters of Use by Faculty, Graduate Students, and Undergraduates

This study explores citation management usage patterns of undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty. We analyze the temporal use of RefWorks with an eye toward informing reference services and instruction initiatives. The frequency and intensity of use allow us to glean an understanding of user groups on campus. While our findings for undergraduates and faculty conform to general assumptions, graduate students emerge as a group more similar to faculty than anticipated. Graduate students’ use of RefWorks is characterized by steady logins and large amounts of references; thus, suggesting that personalized instruction might benefit graduate students more than scheduled workshops.
Hyperfine structure in the metastable D states of atomic barium

The atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method has been used to measure the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine-structure interaction constants $A$ and $B$ for the $^{3}D_{3}$, $^{3}D_{2}$, and $^{1}D_{2}$ states of the... $(6s)(5d)$ configuration for $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}$ and $^{137}\mathrm{Ba}$. The experimental results for $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}$ are $A(^{1}D_{2})=\ensuremath{-}73.429(4)$ MHz, $B(^{1}D_{2})=+38.710(15)$ MHz, $A(^{3}D_{2})=+370.6(7)$ MHz, $B(^{3}D_{2})=+18.3(22)$ MHz, $A(^{3}D_{3})=+408.1(14)$ MHz, $B(^{3}D_{3})=+20(8)$ MHz; and for $^{137}\mathrm{Ba}$, $A(^{1}D_{2})=\ensuremath{-}82.180(3)$ MHz, $B(^{1}D_{2})=+59.564(14)$ MHz, $A(^{3}D_{2})=+413.9(9)$ MHz, $B(^{3}D_{2})=+26.8(30)$ MHz, $A(^{3}D_{3})=+455.4(16)$ MHz, $B(^{3}D_{3})=+36(9)$ MHz. A comparison is made between the value of the electric quadrupole moment of the $^{137}\mathrm{Ba}$ nucleus obtained from these results, which depend on the interaction of the $5d$ electron, and the value obtained from earlier results, which depend on the interaction of the $6p$ electron. There is a substantial difference in the values of Q($^{137}\mathrm{Ba}$) obtained from these two sets of measurements if one does not take the quadrupole shielding into account. Taking the quadrupole shielding into account markedly reduces this difference.
Electrical and thermal properties of graphite/polyaniline composites

Abstract A composite of a carbon allotrope (graphite) and an inherently conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI), has been prepared that exhibits an electrical conductivity greater than either of the two components. An almost 2-fold increase in the bulk conductivity occurs when only a small mass fraction of polyaniline exists in the composite (91% graphite/ 9% polyaniline, by mass). This increase in dc electrical conductivity is curious since in most cases a composite material will exhibit a conductivity somewhere between the two individual components, unless a modification to the electronic nature of the material occurs. In order to elucidate the fundamental electrical properties of the composite we have performed variable temperature conductivity measurements to better understand the nature of conduction in these materials. The results from these studies suggest a change in the mechanism of conduction as the amount of polyaniline is increased in the composite. Along with superior electrical properties, the composites exhibit an increase in thermal stability as compared to the graphite.
Neurocritical care education during neurology residency: AAN survey of US program directors

Objective: Limited information is available regarding the current state of neurocritical care education for neurology residents. The goal of our survey was to assess the need and current state of neurocritical care training for neurology residents. Methods: A survey instrument was developed and, with the support of the American Academy of Neurology, distributed to residency program directors of 132 accredited neurology programs in the United States in 2011. Results: A response rate of 74% (98 of 132) was achieved. A dedicated neuroscience intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) existed in 64%. Fifty-six percent of residency programs offer a dedicated rotation in the neuro-ICU, lasting 4 weeks on average. Where available, the neuro-ICU rotation was required in the vast majority (91%) of programs. Neurology residents9 exposure to the fundamental principles of neurocritical care was obtained through a variety of mechanisms. Of program directors, 37% indicated that residents would be interested in performing away rotations in a neuro-ICU. From 2005 to 2010, the number of programs sending at least one resident into a neuro-ICU fellowship increased from 14% to 35%. Conclusions: Despite the expansion of neurocritical care, large proportions of US neurology residents have limited exposure to a neuro-ICU and neurointensivists. Formal training in the principles of neurocritical care may be highly variable. The results of this survey suggest a charge to address the variability of resident education and to develop standardized curricula in neurocritical care for neurology residents.
The unfinished business of public choice

Over the past fifty years, the public choice research program has generated important insights into collective decision-making processes, especially as they operate within the political institutions of Europe and North America. Despite a half-century of progress, a great deal of unfinished business remains on the public choice research agenda. In the course of assessing the current state of the literature, as represented in the contributions to this special issue of Public Choice, this essay identifies some of the unanswered questions.
Quantum-Theory Restrictions on the General Theory of Relativity

The limitations set by the uncertainty principle on the measurement of the curvature of space are determined by passing a small test particle around a geodesic triangle. In measuring the curvature of space around a Schwarzschild-solution particle of finite size and physically realized density, it is found that the mass must be at least of the order of ${10}^{4}$ kilograms, or the curvatures cannot be measured with an accuracy equal to the order of magnitude of the terms in the defining Eqs. ${G}_{\mathrm{ik}}=0$. For mass points, the lower limit is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ g. For smaller masses, the curvatures can only be measured with less accuracy and only over large regions of space. Similar limitations apply to alternative laws of gravitation involving higher derivatives of the metric. It is concluded that in any theory which attempts to unite quantum theory with the general theory of relativity, the relation of the metric to the energy momentum tensor, ${G}_{\mathrm{ik}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{ik}}G}{2}=\ensuremath{-}K{T}_{\mathrm{ik}}$, must appear only in the large and in a statistical sense, i.e., for large regions of space and large numbers of elementary particles.
Pulse shaping and standardizing of photomultiplier signals for optimum timing information using tunnel diodes

Abstract Accurate timing signals have been derived from fast photomultiplier pulses by differentiating the photomultiplier pulse in order to produce a zero-crossing signal whose time of zero crossing is fixed over a large dynamic range of light level. Detection of the zero-crossing point is accomplished with a balanced-bridge tunnel-diode discriminator, which produces a standardized output of 100-mV amplitude, and a half-width of 4 nsec. A balanced bridge is used to prevent the zero-crossing signal from appearing at the output. For a twenty-to-one range of photomultiplier-input light level, the time shift of the output pulse may be as low as 0.5 nsec with a change in the output amplitude of less than a factor of two. When this discriminator is used with a 14-stage photomultiplier, the sensitivity is great enough to allow direct operation from single photo-electrons. The above numbers are an indication of what one can obtain with the tunnel diode and transistor combination chosen at the time of the original development almost two years ago. Since that time, particularly in the tunnel-diode field, numerous improved devices have become available. We are currently evaluating these in zero-crossing circuits. The zero-crossing photomultiplier pulse has been generated in two ways. The first method uses an overdamped LC -tuned circuit built into the base of a 6810-A photomultiplier. Here the time of zero crossing is controlled by the frequency of the LC -tuned circuit. The decay time of the scintillation plastic used and the rise time of the photomultiplier determine what this zero-crossing time should be. A clipping stub has also been used to produce the zero crossing remotely from the photomultiplier. By this method, one can control the zero-crossing time by both the length and impedance of the clipping stub.
Continuous-wave Z-scan measurement of photorefractive SBN:60

A cw-probe Z-scan technique was employed to measure the photoinduced index change in a photorefractive SBN:60 crystal. For this experiment a three-detector data-acquisition system was used to account for temporal changes in the laser. The effects of various beam parameters such as intensity, polarization, and wavelength were studied. A theoretical simulation of the Z scan based on a band-transport model of photorefractive-index variation was also developed. This model provides reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Generating Spectra from Ground-State Wave Functions: Unraveling Anharmonic Effects in the OH―·H2O Vibrational Predissociation Spectrum

An approach is described for calculating anharmonic spectra for polyatomic molecules using only the ground-state probability amplitude. The underlying theory is based on properties of harmonic oscillator wave functions and is tested for Morse oscillators with a range of anharmonicities. More extensive tests are performed with H 3 O 2 ― , using the potential and dipole surfaces of Bowman and co-workers [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 5042]. The resulting energies are compared to earlier studies that employed the same potential surface, and the agreement is shown to be very good. The vibrational spectra are calculated for both H 3 O 2 ― and D 3 O 2 ― . In the case of H 3 O 2 ― , comparisons are made with a previously reported experimental spectrum below 2000 cm ― 1 . We also report the spectrum of H 3 O 2 ― from 2400-4500 cm ―1 , which extends 500 cm ―1 above the region reported earlier, revealing several new bands. As the only fundamentals in this spectral region involve the OH stretches, the spectrum is surprisingly rich. On the basis of comparisons of the experimental and calculated spectra, assignments are proposed for several of the features in this spectral region.
Misplaced marketing Gardening, pizza, tacos, truck parts and fake jewelry: misuse and misdirection of sex in advertising

Looks at how sex has an effect on advertising, albeit that it is misused and misdirected at times. Stresses that these types of advertisements are aimed at both male and female markets, depending on the product type – though some are aimed at both sexes. Concludes that often the end does not justify the means as it is the product that is important – as this will outlive any titillating adverts – if it is any good!