cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydromagnetic observations in the solar wind

Experiments are conducted in the solar wind to determine the velocity distribution function of the plasma which is a function of time, space, and the species of particles studied. As has been pointed out (Vasyliunas, 1969) the length scale of the instruments used is so much less than any of the characteristic lengths of the plasma, that these instruments are just devices for the analysis and measurement of charged particle beams, and do not exploit directly any of the cooperative properties of the plasma. What is done is to determine the numbers of particles (dn)/(dv) dv in various differential regions of velocity space by counting them, and then either to fit to an assumed function, or use these values of differential density to approximate the unknown function. There are thus two problems which have been fully discussed by Vasyliunas: (a) The conversion of observed particle counts to values of (dn)/(dv) dv (the unfolding problem), which requires a good knowledge of the characteristics of the instrument; and (b) The approximation to the distribution function.
Skeletons of the Little-Known Palawan Monitor, Varanus palawanensis (Squamata: Varanidae)

Abstract Varanus (Soterosaurus) monitors recently received increased scrutiny from herpetologists, resulting in identification of previously unrecognized morphologic and genetic diversity. These advances rendered Varanus salvator salvator as one of the most narrowly distributed monitors, because most populations are reassigned to existing or newly identified species. No diagnostic skeletal characters are known for those species. Two skeletonized specimens of the recently named Varanus palawanensis are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, but are labeled V. salvator. Here, I offer some observations on those skeletons, make comparisons with some other Varanus(Soterosaurus) monitors, and update the diagnosis of the species with some probable osteological autapomorphies. Varanus palawanensis differs from other Varanus (Soterosaurus) in possessing a unique combination of character states. The premaxilla extends to the level of the frontal, the frontal and parietal lack dermal sculp...
Proton motive force may regulate cell wall-associated enzymes of Bacillus subtilis.

Bacterial metabolism excretes protons during normal metabolic processes. The protons may be recycled by chemiosmosis, diffuse through the wall into the medium, or bind to cell surface constituents. Calculations by Koch (J. Theor. Biol. 120:73-84, 1986) have suggested that the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria may serve as a reservoir of protons during growth and metabolism, causing the wall to have a relatively low pH. That the cell wall may possess a pH lower than the surrounding medium has now been tested in Bacillus subtilis by several independent experiments. When cultures of B. subtilis were treated with the proton conductors azide and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, the cells bound larger amounts of positively charged probes, including the chromium (Cr3+) and uranyl (UO2(2+) ions and were readily agglutinated by cationized ferritin. In contrast, the same proton conductors caused a decrease in the binding of the negatively charged probe chromate (CrO4(2-)). Finally, when levansucrase was induced in cultures by the addition of sucrose, the enzyme was inactive as it traversed the wall during the first 0.7 to 1.0 generation of growth. The composite interpretation of the foregoing observations suggests that the wall is positively charged during metabolism, thereby decreasing its ability to complex with cations while increasing its ability to bind with anions. This may be one reason why some enzymes, such as autolysins, are unable to hydrolyze their substrata until they reach the wall periphery or are in the medium. Images
ReF7 and ReOF5 as fluoride ion donors

Abstract Salts containing the ReF6+ ion have been prepared by one-electron oxidation of ReF6 using KrF+ salts. The compounds ReF6+MF6− (M = Au, Sb) are of moderate stability, tending to decompose to ReF7 and the corresponding pentafluoride. This gives rise to isolated ReF7 and MF5 molecules within the ionic lattice, whose presence is demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. Interaction of ReF6 and PtF6 produced not the salt ReF6+PtF6− (1), but rather the deep red (PtF5)4 when PtF6 was present in excess, and PtF4 when ReF6 was in excess. ReF6 and IrF6 appear to be in equilibrium with ReF7 and (IrF5)4, possibly via an ionic intermediate ReF6+(IrF6·xIrF5)−. The salts ReOF4+MF6− (M = As, Au, Sb) have been characterized. In contrast to the behaviour of IOF5 and IF7, ReOF5 is a better fluoride ion donor than ReF7.
Unique location of the phycobiliprotein light-harvesting pigment in the cryptophyceae

The cryptophyte algae, or cryptomonads, comprise a small algal group with a unique photosynthetic apparatus. Both a chlorophyll a/c2 light-harvesting complex and a phycobiliprotein antenna (which can be either phycoerythrin or phycocyanin) are present, with the phycobiliprotein playing the major role in harvesting light for photosynthesis. Longstanding circumstantial evidence suggested that, in cryptophytes, the phycobiliprotein is located in the intrathylakoid space (thylakoid lumen) rather than on the outer surface of the thylakoid as part of a phycobilisome as in other algae. We used immunogold labeling to show conclusively that 1) the phycoerythrin (PE) of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas lens Pascher and Ruttner is located within the intrathylakoid space, 2) the PE is not exclusively bound to the thylakoid membrane but instead is distributed across the thylakoid lumen and 3) a fraction of this PE is tightly associated with the thylakoid membrane. The thylakoids are not everted to compensate for this unusual arrangement. The location of the major light-harvesting pigment on the “wrong” side of the otherwise very normal photo-synthetic membrane is unexpected, unique to the cryptophytes, and, remarkably, does not impair the photosynthetic abilities of this organism. A model is presented which incorporates these results -with previous information to give a complete structural picture of the cryptophyte light-harvesting apparatus.
Testing single dose moxifloxacin and ibutilide as positive controls for detecting QTC prolongation in healthy subjects

The ability to detect drug-induced changes in the QTc interval has become critical in drug development. Inclusion of a positive control can assure a study's ability to detect this effect. At weekly intervals, in a single blind randomized, crossover study, we administered either moxifloxacin 400 mg orally, ibutilide 0.002 mg/kg IV over 10 min, or placebo (infusion and tablets) to 23 healthy male and female subjects. Thirty-eight 12-lead ECGs were obtained on each treatment day. Subjects tolerated the treatments well and no clinically significant arrhythmias were detected on telemetry. Initial data analysis has focused on the machine-measured QT intervals with the Fridericia correction for heart rate. Using a time-matched analysis, the mean QTc change (95% CI) 4-11 hours after the moxifloxacin dose was 5.9 msec (2.0, 9.8). The QTc interval was elevated from 7–30 min after the start of the ibutilide infusion with a mean QTc change (95% CI) of 11.3 msec (3.9, 18.7). Cardiac intervals were also hand-measured by a cardiologist, and these values will be compared to the machine-measured values. Our preliminary data analysis shows that single-dose active controls (ibutilide or moxifloxacin) are not associated with a substantial proarrhythmic risk ( 5 msec) prolongation of the QTc interval. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P47–P47; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.177
Factors affecting healthcare costs in manufacturing

Numerous reviews were conducted on healthcare cost items and the factors that affect them. These reviews were not comprehensive enough to capture the entire objective and did not include the elements of an evidence-based approach. This research presents a quality assessment designed to provide some possible solutions to the increasing effects of healthcare costs among manufacturing companies. The objective of this research is to develop a model that measures direct or insured costs and expands on the work by Paez et al. (2005) in which an estimation of uninsured costs was made. Published articles were obtained using a search of electronic databases and bibliographies of identified articles. The quality assessment of each article was conducted using a predetermined set of criteria. Seven articles satisfied the inclusion criteria adopted for this research. Although real-life study setups and data collection activities exist, many articles lacked healthcare cost categorization. The findings do not include the relationship between factors and the cost of items. Results from the examples used in the automotive and chemical industries helped obtain an estimate of insurance and property damage costs. There appears to be a need for a model that represents the relationship between healthcare cost items and the leading factors. It could make it possible to control and greatly reduce the leading healthcare cost factors. A complete model containing both insured and uninsured costs was developed by combining the models. It built upon the concept of severity introduced by Paez et al. and applied the concept to include insured costs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SPEAKING OF STRATEGY

Inkpen and Choudhury's (1995) attempt to plug the gap in strategic thinking posed by the absence of strategy inadvertently raises an existential question about the being of strategy as it is now known. The present paper highlights this implication and calls attention to the importance of the theory advanced by their classification of strategic absence or the absence of strategy.
Treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS): demographic and clinical characteristics.

ABSTRACT Objective: We examined baseline demographic and clinical profiles of youths enrolled from 2001 to 2006 in the publicly funded multicenter, randomized controlled trial Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Method: Youths (8-19 years) with schizophrenia (SZ) and schizoaffective disorder were recruited at four academic sites. Diagnosis was made via structured and clinical interviews. Assessments of psychiatric symptoms and social and global functioning were included. Results: A total of 119 youths were enrolled. The mean age at illness onset was 11.1 ± 3.5 years. Patients with SZ and schizoaffective disorder had similar ratings on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale. The overall level of functioning was similar in the two groups. A comparison to published reports of adults with SZ indicates that these youths may have more severe symptoms based on results of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. Conclusions: This is one of the largest samples of youths with SZ spectrum disorders studied to date and the largest assessment of youths with schizoaffective disorder. High rates of symptoms and general psychopathology were noted. There was a substantial degree of social and functional impairment. The symptom profiles are consistent with, but more severe than, those reported in the adult literature.
Personalized Chemotherapy Profiling Using Cancer Cell Lines from Selectable Mice

Purpose: High-throughput chemosensitivity testing of low-passage cancer cell lines can be used to prioritize agents for personalized chemotherapy. However, generating cell lines from primary cancers is difficult because contaminating stromal cells overgrow the malignant cells. Experimental Design: We produced a series of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) -null immunodeficient mice. During growth of human cancers in these mice, hprt -null murine stromal cells replace their human counterparts. Results: Pancreatic and ovarian cancers explanted from these mice were grown in selection media to produce pure human cancer cell lines. We screened one cell line with a 3,131-drug panel and identified 77 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs with activity, and two novel drugs to which the cell line was uniquely sensitive. Xenografts of this carcinoma were selectively responsive to both drugs. Conclusion: Chemotherapy can be personalized using patient-specific cell lines derived in biochemically selectable mice. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1139–46. ©2012 AACR .
Dermatology, 50 years ago.

In 1935, just before the age of 23,I became a junior intern at the University of Michigan Hospital in Ann Arbor. My 3-year appointment (and that of Dr David G. Welton, my opposite number) was with Professor Udo J. Wile, head of the Department of Dermatology, with whom I was to spend the last 2 months of the rotating internship. In our undergraduate course in pharmacology, we had learned virtually nothing that was of practical use in patient care. I recall seeking (and getting!) advice from head nurses on the wards regarding drug selections and dosages for sedatives, analgesics, and narcotics! On the dermatology service we spent the first year in the outpatient clinic, where, like preceptees, we would examine each patient, guess at the diagnosis, take a history to improve or confirm it, then call Dr Wile, who would come in and make his own instant diagnosis, which was
Peer‐group dependence in salary benchmarking: a statistical model

Although salary benchmarking is widely used to help set compensation, there has been a lack of attention to the statistical implications of this practice on compensation patterns of peer institutions. We adapt some empirical tools from spatial econometrics to analyze compensation decisions exhibiting peer-group dependence, and apply the methods to compensation of administrators in Texas nursing facilities. We find evidence that this leads to dependence of administrators pay on average pay of administrators in ‘peer’ facilities, defined here as those having similar outlays on nursing services. This leads to a situation where changes in facility characteristics, such as the occupancy rate and the revenue received from Medicaid and from private-pay residents, impact compensation of own-institution administrators as well as that of administrators from other peer facilities. Our peer-group model appears applicable to other areas of organizational, regulatory and behavioral research and can easily be implemented using publicly available software. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closed-Form Solution to Rate Equations for an F + H 2 Laser Oscillator

Chemical lasers pumped by the reaction of atomic fluorine with molecular hydrogen emit power from rotation–vibration transitions of excited HF with upper levels as high as v = 3. Collisional processes compete with stimulated emission for the energy of the excited HF. A simplified analysis is presented here for intensity, energy, and chemical efficiency of a class of such lasers. Results are obtained in closed form. A comparison with more exact computer solutions establishes the validity of the analysis despite its simplifications. A comprehensive parametric study examines the relative importance of initial conditions, optical cavity parameters, and rate coefficients for pumping and deactivation reactions.
Applications of a superconducting detector for measurements of the magnetic field associated with cellular currents in in vitro brain preparations

Sensors based on SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) are now increasingly being used to study the magnetic evoked field (MEF) produced by neural activity in the brain. The authors have explored possible applications of this superconducting sensor as a noninvasive tool for directly monitoring currents produced by neural activity. Results from their studies on the isolated turtle cerebellum show that it is possible to measure the MEF associated with neuronal currents in an active tissue of less than 10 mm at a distance of 6 cm or more. The MEF was directly related to intraneuronal currents in magnitude and temporal waveform. The magnetic technique seems suitable for monitoring not only rapidly varying currents, by also DC and slowly varying currents that are present during such pathophysiological events as spreading depression that is believed to underlie migraine. >
Response to Ralph Hancock

O nce again, Ralph Hancock has placed me in his debt by devoting himself to a further reading of my work. It is a unique pleasure to respond as best I can to his probing and thoughtful analysis. I am acutely aware that an author presents only one side of a conversation, for a book is a ping that recedes endlessly into the deep unless it receives an answering echo in return. It is a particular joy, therefore, to have made contact with the author of another book embarked on a similar, if distinctly separate, course. The only suitable response is to place oneself in the position of the other from whom the invitation of a response has emerged. Contact may be signaled by means of the sonar echo, but it occurs only in the meeting of minds toward which the reverberation leads. It is in this sense that I frame my response not so much as an answer to what Ralph has said about me, but rather as an answer to what Ralph has said about himself. We are partners in a dialogue, and each must take account of the other if the enterprise is to be upheld. We take responsibility for one another. So, just as Ralph has found something of himself in what I have written (otherwise he would scarcely have issued the invitation), I must read what I have found of myself in him. In this way, I hope to have discharged the debt of a response in part and, at the same time, satisfied the expectation of providing an answer to what Ralph has raised in objection to what I have said. The mode is mutual understanding rather than mutual defense. Besides, what purpose could defense serve when we have each pledged our allegiance to truth? Our strategy must rather be to circle ever more concentrically on the goal toward which our individual searches have been directed. In this way, we can hope to gain a far fuller apprehension of the truth than our separate efforts might attain. There is no doubt, for example, that Ralph has raised questions about my work that have not arisen quite so clearly before. He, in turn, has been led to initiate such a conver-
Using the Best Interests Standard to decide whether to test children for untreatable, late-onset genetic diseases.

A new analysis of the Best Interests Standard is given and applied to the controversy about testing children for untreatable, severe late-onset genetic diseases, such as Huntington's disease or Alzheimer's disease. A professional consensus recommends against such predictive testing, because it is not in children's best interest. Critics disagree. The Best Interests Standard can be a powerful way to resolve such disputes. This paper begins by analyzing its meaning into three necessary and jointly sufficient conditions showing it: is an “umbrella” standard, used differently in different contexts, has objective and subjective features, is more than people's intuitions about how to rank potential benefits and risks in deciding for others but also includes evidence, established rights, duties and thresholds of acceptable care, and can have different professional, medical, moral and legal uses, as in this dispute. Using this standard, support is given for the professional consensus based on concerns about discr...
Quantification of Symbiotically Fixed Nitrogen in Soil Surrounding Alfalfa Roots and Nodules

Symbiotically fixed nitrogen (SFN) can be transferred from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to intercropped nonlegumes and succeeding crops. Our objective was to quantify deposition of SFN from alfalfa roots and nodules to surrounding soil and to assess its significance in comparison to reported estimates of legume-nonlegume N transfer. We quantified net loss of SFN to rhizosphere soil (i.e. rhizodeposition) at the end of one growing season under field and greenhouse conditions, using the 15 N isotope dilution technique in soil that had been labeled with 15 N 8 yr before initiation of the experiments. Saranac' and Ineffective Saranac' alfalfa were transplanted in the field into paired 0.75-by 1.0-m microplots. In the greenhouse study these two alfalfas were grown separately in 15-cm diam. by 90-cm long polyvinylchloride tubes, four plants per tube []
Determinants of postmolt size in the lobster Homarus americanus. III: Scute density

Summary The effects of eyestalk ablation, cheliped amputation, and rearing conditions on molt increment and scute density were studied in larvae of the lobster Homarus americanus. Eyestalk-ablated larvae had higher percentage increases in carapace length (ZCL) but lower scute densities (SDs) in the molts to third and fourth stage. Cheliped amputation decreased ZCL but not SD. Third stage larvae raised in a circulating seawater system and fed a diet of adult brine shrimp resulted in higher ZCLs but normal SDs compared with those raised in a static system fed a diet of brine shrimp nauplii. We conclude that the growth-promoting effect of eyestalk ablation was mainly a result of the increased surface area of epicuticle produced by each epidermal cell and that the postmolt size of intact larvae was predetermined mainly by the number of epidermal cells present before molt.
Pulmonary contraindications, indications and MELD exceptions for liver transplantation: A contemporary view and look forward

Pulmonary concerns in liver transplant candidates have intraoperative and outcome implications. Evolving MELD exception policies address transplant priority for problems such as hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, and hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia. Other pulmonary issues such as refractory hepatic hydrothorax, advanced chronic obstructive lung disease (including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency) and indeterminate pulmonary nodules may affect liver transplant consideration. Herein, we discuss current pulmonary-related contraindications, indications and MELD exception policies for liver transplantation, suggesting future considerations.
Comparison of resistance to protein adsorption and stability of thin films derived from α-hepta-(ethylene glycol) methyl ω-undecenyl ether on HSi(111) and HSi(100) surfaces

Oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated thin films were prepared by photo-induced hydrosilylation of alpha-hepta-(ethylene glycol) methyl omega-undecenyl ether (EG(7)) on hydrogen-terminated silicon (111) and (100) surfaces. Their resistance to protein adsorption, and stabilities (from hours to days) under a wide variety of conditions, such as air, water, biological buffer, acid, and base, were investigated using contact-angle goniometry and ellipsometry techniques. Results indicated higher stability of the films chemisorbed on Si(111) than on Si(100). Furthermore, micron-sized patterns were fabricated on the films via AFM anodization lithography. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that various proteins including fibrinogen, avidin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) predominately adsorbed onto the patterns, but not the rest of the film surfaces.
Intrinsic and total system performance evaluation for a newly developed Solid State X-ray Image Intensifier (SSXII) detector.

The new Solid State X-ray Image Intensifier (SSXII) is a high-resolution, high-sensitivity, real-time region-ofinterest (ROI) x-ray imaging detector. Evaluations were made of both standard linear systems metrics (MTF, DQE) and total system performance with generalized linear systems metrics (GMTF, GDQE) including scatter and geometric un-sharpness for simulated clinical conditions. The SSXII is based on a 1k x 1k EMCCD sensor coupled to a 300 μm thick CsI(Tl) phosphor through a 2.88:1 fiber optic taper resulting in a 37 μm effective pixel size and an effective 3.7 cm x 3.7 cm square field-of-view (FOV). Standard methods were used to calculate MTF, NNPS and DQE. Generalized metrics were calculated and compared for three different magnifications (1.03, 1.11 and 1.2) and three different focal spots (0.3 mm, 0.5 mm and 0.8 mm) for a scatter fraction of 0.28. For an RQA5 spectrum, at 5 cycles/mm the MTF was found to be 0.06 and DQE was 0.04, while the DQE(0) was 0.60. Focal spot un-sharpness and scatter significantly degrades the GMTF and GDQE performance of the detector. A low frequency drop is caused by scatter and is almost independent of focal spot size and magnification. The degradation for middle range frequencies is caused by geometric un-sharpness and increases with focal spot size and magnification. This degradation was least in the case of the small focal spot and almost independent of magnification. In spite of this degradation, the high resolution SSXII with a small FOV may have a significant impact on ROI image-guided neuro-interventions since it demonstrates far better performance than standard current detectors.
Simulating Scale-Dependent Solute Transport in Soils with the Fractional Advective–Dispersive Equation

Solute dispersivity defined from the classical advective-dispersive equation (ADE) was found to increase as the length of a soil column or the soil depth increased. The heterogeneity of soil is a physical reason for this scale dependence. Such transport can be described assuming that the random movement of solute particles belongs to the family of so-called Levy motions. Recently a differential solute transport equation was derived for Levy motions using fractional derivatives to describe advective dispersion. Our objective was to test applicability of the fractional ADE, or FADE, to solute transport in soils and to compare results of FADE and ADE applications. The one-dimensional FADE with symmetrical dispersion included two parameters: the fractional dispersion coefficient and the order of fractional differentiation α, 0 ≤ α ≤ 2. The FADE reduces to the ADE when the parameter α ≤ 2. Analytical solutions of the FADE and the ADE were fitted to the data from experiments on Cl transport in sand, in structured clay soil, and in columns made of soil aggregates. The FADE simulated scale effects and tails on the breakthrough curves (BTCs) better than, or as well as, the ADE. The fractional dispersion coefficient did not depend on the distance. In the clay soil column, the parameter α did not change significantly when the flow rate changed provided the degree of saturation changed only slightly. With the FADE, the scale effects are reflected by the order of the fractional derivative, and the fractional dispersion coefficient needs to he found at only one scale.
Clinical Practice Guideline: Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Adult Trauma and Critical Care

proved by the EAST Board of Directors, the Board of Regents of the ACCM and the Council of SCCM. Results: Key recommendations are listed by category, including (A) Indications for RBC transfusion in the general critically ill patient; (B) RBC transfusion in sepsis; (C) RBC transfusion in patients at risk for or with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome; (D) RBC transfusion in patients with neurologic injury and diseases; (E) RBC transfusion risks; (F) Alternatives to RBC transfusion; and (G) Strategies to reduce RBC transfusion. Conclusions: Evidence-based recommendations regarding the use of RBC transfusion in adult trauma and critical care will provide important information to critical care practitioners. (Crit Care Med 2009; 37:3124‐3157)
Binocular summation of visually evoked responses to pattern stimuli in humans

Abstract Monocularly and binocularly evoked cortical responses were obtained to diffuse and line patterned (between-line distances of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60′ subtense) light flashes presented at 1–5 Hz. The patterns were presented with a haploscope to either corresponding or non-corresponding (line orientation rotated 90° for one eye) retinal points. Five human subjects between 22 and 31 yr of age, all with normal visual acuity, participated in the experiment. Three components of the averaged evoked response were found to be particularly sensitive to the experimental conditions. Components occurring approximately 110 and 155 msec after stimulation indicated greater binocular summation to patterned (particularly patterns with between-line distances of 10′) as compared to diffuse light flashes. Correspondence of retinal points had little influence on these two components. A third component with positive polarity, occurring about 210 msec after stimulation, indicated binocular summation, but only when corresponding retinal points were stimulated. The amplitude of this component was approximately the same for both monocular and binocular stimuli when the patterns were presented to noncorresponding retinal points. The evoked potential data were related to the phenomena of binocular summation and suppression as indicated by perceptual data in the present study and single unit activity measured at various levels of animal visual systems.
The DNA sequence on bacteriophage G4 recognized by the Escherichia coli B restriction enzyme.

Abstract Bacteriophage G4 possesses a single Eco B site located in the overlap between restriction fragments Hin fI-12 and Hae III-6. The sequence 5′-T-G-A … 8N … T-G-C-T occurs once in this segment and nowhere else in the DNA sequence of G4. Four independent G4 mutants that were not restricted by Escherichia coli B possessed the sequence 5′-T-G-A … 8N … T-G-C-C. The common sequence shared by the previously mapped Eco B sites on φXsB1, simian virus 40, f1, and fd DNAs is 5′-T-G-A … 8N … T-G-C-T … 9N … T. However, the sequence in the region of the G4 Eco B site contains an A instead of the final T conserved in these other examples. When the G4 Eco B site is aligned with the other Eco B sites, there are no conserved residues within 50 bases of the common sequence, 5′-T-G-A … 8N … T-G-C-T, except for those seven residues. The analysis of the Eco B site on G4 provides further evidence that only those seven bases are recognized by the E. coli B restriction enzyme.
Comparative readability of ten introductory cobol textbooks

Abstract The comparative readability of ten introductory COBOL textbooks is analyzed. A program to derive the Flesch Reading Ease Index is used as the measure of text readability. This formula estimates readability based upon sentence length (number of words) and word length (number of syllables). Thirty text samples of approx. 100 words each are systematically selected from each textbook. Results showed all textbooks to be categorized as “difficult” or “fairly difficult” reading. Mean reading grade levels ranged from grade 11.0 to 13.9. The COBOL text by Van Tassel was found to have the highest readability index while Shelly and Cashman's had the lowest. This study shows the feasibility of using readability indexes for introductory COBOL textbooks and provides readability measures for them. These results can be used by teachers in the selection process and publishers in focusing on important dimensions of readability
Evaluation of findings during re-exploration for obstructive ileus after radical cystectomy and ileal-loop urinary diversion: insight into potential technical improvements

Authors from Greece evaluated their experience of findings during re-exploration for small bowel obstruction after radical cystectomy. They found several abnormalities, more particularly unexpected, to account for this, and drew some conclusions as to the operative technique that might help to prevent them. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively evaluate the findings during re-exploration for obstructive ileus after radical cystectomy (RC) and ileal conduit diversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS During a 12-year period, 434 patients who had RC and ileal conduit diversion were retrospectively evaluated for the diagnosis of early (≤30 days after RC) or late abdominal re-exploration. The operative reports of patients requiring a second abdominal procedure were reviewed, evaluating in particular the reason for small bowel obstruction (SBO). In addition, the type of entero-enteric anastomosis and the retroperitonealization of the uretero-enteric anastomosis were compared between patients who required abdominal re-exploration for SBO and those who did not. RESULTS Abdominal re-exploration for SBO was necessary for 14 (3.2%) and 32 (7.3%) patients in the early and late postoperative period, respectively. The most common reasons for SBO were anastomotic malfunction (1.4%) and malignant recurrence (2.8%). Adhesions were the second most common cause leading to ileus in both periods (1.1% and 2.3%, respectively). When there was no retroperitonealization of the uretero-enteric anastomosis, SBO occurred more often both early and late (P = 0.06). Early anastomotic malfunction leading to SBO was more common (but not statistically significant, P = 0.06) when the entero-enteric anastomosis was hand-sutured end-to-end. CONCLUSIONS Anastomotic malfunction, bowel adhesions and internal hernias are responsible for SBO early after surgery. The above reasons, in addition to malignant recurrence, are the most common reasons for SBO in the late postoperative period.
Hold time closure for subthreshold circuits using a two-phase, latch based timing method

This paper presents an ultra low power (ULP) solution to hold time closure for subthreshold circuits across PVT variation and mismatch using a two-phase, latch based timing method. We show that compared to conventional hold buffering, our solution saves up to 37% (at 6σ yield) in energy per operation and allows for post tapeout hold time correction. Replacing registers with latches also permits time borrowing, which we show can save up to 47% (6σ yield) when used for setup time closure.
French Colonial Education

By 1944, after eight decades of French colonial control, only a small percentage of eligible students in Cambodia attended French schools. Several scholars argue on the basis of such evidence that the French purposefully restricted education for Cambodians in order first to achieve and then to maintain power in the colony. This article examines educational development in Cambodia during the French colonial period and concludes that the lack of Cambodian educational participation stemmed from Cambodian resistance, rather than French planning. French educational reforms sought to understand Cambodian resistance, to overcome it, and to draw Cambodians into schools dedicated to the training of colonial civil servants.
The effects of noise and speech on cognitive task performance.

In the present study, which is based on Loeb's 1986 analysis, we used five levels of noise that varied in intermittency and meaningfulness, crossed with sex of subject and time of day. Memory tasks that differed in their reliance upon long-term, short-term free recall, and sequential short-term memory were used as dependent variables. A total of 160 subjects, 20 per block, participated in the 2 x 2 x 5 (Sexes x Time of Day x Noise Conditions) experimental design. Results support the prediction that white noise enhances performance on tasks with sequential short-term memory demands (anagrams: p < .05; random letter generation: p < .002). We found complex interactions by sex of subject, time of day, and type of noise for those tasks that placed a heavy demand on short-term working memory, i.e., complex sorting (Noise x Sex, p < .05) and random letter generation (Sex x Noise x Time of Day, p < .05). The predicted effects for anagrams were not supported. These results call into question previous generalizations about the effects of noise on performance (Broadbent, 1978; Dornic, Sarnelid, Larson, Svensson, & Fernaeus, 1982; Poulton, 1977), alternative interpretations are presented.
Chemoprevention of mammary tumorigenesis by a combined regimen of selenium and vitamin A

Mammary tumorigenesis induced in rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was markedly suppressed by combined dietary supplementation with sodium selenite and retinyl acetate; final tumor yield was reduced to 8% of control as compared with 51% and 36%, respectively, for selenium and retinyl acetate alone. A continuous intake of both agents was necessary to sustain the chemopreventive effect.
2,6-Diphenylphenyl-Based Organometallic Compounds of Gallium†

(2,6-Diphenylphenyl)lithium−bis(diethyl ether), Ph2C6H3Li·2Et2O (I), was synthesized by reaction of n-butyllithium with 2,6-diphenyl-1-iodobenzene in diethyl ether. Reaction of I with group 13 metal halides, MX3 (M = Ga, X = Cl, I; M = In, X = Cl), affords bis(2,6-diphenylphenyl)gallium iodide, (Ph2C6H3)2GaI (II), bis(2,6-diphenylphenyl)indium chloride, (Ph2C6H3)2InCl (III), and bis(diethyl ether)lithium trichloro-2,6-diphenylphenylgallate, [Li·2Et2O][Ph2C6H3GaCl3] (IV). Reaction of (2,4,6-triphenylphenyl)lithium with GaCl3 gives (diethyl ether)lithium trichloro(2,4,6-triphenylphenyl)gallate, [Li·Et2O][Ph3C6H2GaCl3] (V). The group 13 metal aryls were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The neutral lithium aryl (I) and arylgallium halide species (II) exhibit trigonal-planar coordination, while the coordination of the gallium atoms in anions IV and V assume distorted-tetrahedral conformations.
Methadone in New Orleans: patients, problems and police.

(1970). Methadone in New Orleans: Patients, Problems and Police. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 465-487.
Potent mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B4 by 9-ethynylphenanthrene: implications for allosteric modulation of cytochrome P450 catalysis.

The mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) by 9-ethynylphenanthrene (9EP) has been investigated. The partition ratio and kinact are 0.2 and 0.25 min–1, respectively. Intriguingly, the inactivation exhibits sigmoidal kinetics with a Hill coefficient of 2.5 and an S50 of 4.5 μM indicative of homotropic cooperativity. Enzyme inactivation led to an increase in mass of the apo-CYP2B4 by 218 Da as determined by electrospray ionization liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, consistent with covalent protein modification. The modified CYP2B4 was purified to homogeneity and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure showed that 9EP is covalently attached to Oγ of Thr 302 via an ester bond, which is consistent with the increased mass of the protein. The presence of the bulky phenanthrenyl ring resulted in inward rotations of Phe 297 and Phe 206, leading to a compact active site. Thus, binding of another molecule of 9EP in the active site is prohibited. However, resul...
Ethics and Ontology in Deep Brain Stimulation

Rapid advancements in the fields of neurology and neuroscience over the past decade have enabled unprecedented progress toward the development of brain-modulating technologies and therapeutics. Cen...
Substituent effects in pentacenes: gaining control over HOMO-LUMO gaps and photooxidative resistances

A combined experimental and computational study of a series of substituted pentacenes including halogenated, phenylated, silylethynylated and thiolated derivatives is presented. Experimental studies include the synthesis and characterization of six new and six known pentacene derivatives and a kinetic study of each derivative under identical photooxidative conditions. Structures, HOMO−LUMO energies and associated gaps were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G**//PM3 level while optical and electrochemical HOMO−LUMO gaps were measured experimentally. The combined results provide for the first time a quantitative assessment of HOMO−LUMO gaps and photooxidative resistances for a large series of pentacene derivatives as a function of substituents. The persistence of each pentacene derivative is impacted by a combination of steric resistance and electronic effects as well as the positional location of each substituent. Silylethynyl-substituted pentacenes like TIPS-pentacene possess small HOMO−LUMO gaps but are not ...
An established preadipose cell line and its differentiation in culture II. Factors affecting the adipose conversion

When cells of the established preadipose line 3T3-L1 enter a resting state, they accumulate triglyceride and convert to adipose cells. The adipose conversion is brought about by a large increase in the rate of triglyceride synthesis, as measured by the incorporation rate of labeled palmitate, acetate, and glucose. In a resting 3T3 subline which dose not undergo the adipose conversion, the rate of triglyceride synthesis from these precursors is very low, and similar to that of growing 3T3-L1 cells, before their adipose conversion begins. If 3T3-L1 cells incorporate bromodeoxyuridine during growth, triglyceride synthesis does not increase when the cells reach a stationary state, and triglycerides do not accumulate. As would be expected from their known actions on tissue adipose cells, lipogenic and lipolytic hormones and drugs affect the rate of synthesis and accumulation of triglyceride by 3T3-L1 cells, but in contrast to bromodeoxyuridine, these modulating agents do not seem to affect the proportion of cells which undergoes the adipose conversion. Insulin markedly increases the rate of synthesis and accumulation of triglyceride by fatty 3T3-L1 cells, and produces a related increase in cell protein content. Of 20 randomly selected clones isolated from the original 3T3 stock, 19 are able to convert to adipose cells. The probability of such a conversion varies greatly among the different clones, in most cases being much lower than for 3T3-L1; but once the conversion takes place, the adipose cells produced from all of the 19 clones appear similar. The adipose conversion would seem to depend on an on-off switch, which is on with a different probability in different clones. This probability is quasistably inherited by the clonal progeny.
Obstructive Parotitis From Extraorally Introduced Foreign Body in the Stensen Duct

A rare phenomenon, the extraoral traumatic penetration of a foreign body into the lumen of the parotid duct, is described. The ensuing obstructive symptomatology and its diagnostic approach and therapy are reviewed.
Populating the Water World: Exploring Data Aspirations of Water Experts

This article argues for the systematic, coordinated, and ongoing collection of primary data on humans, spanning beliefs, perceptions, behaviors, and institutions, alongside data about the water environments in which people are embedded. Such an enterprise would not only advance water science and related policy and management decisions, but also generate basic insights into human cognition, decision making, and institutional development. Input from a convenience sample of water scientists and managers suggests that natural scientists and engineers have less experience with social data than social scientists with natural system data, both groups have strong interest in human dimensions of water science, and there are disciplinary differences in data priorities.
Observations of industrial sulfur flows - Implications for Io

A study of industrial liquid sulfur flows at about 130 C yields information on the thermal and rheological characteristics of the sulfur encountered in Io's volcanic activity. As the local sulfur flow cools and/or the local flow rate decreases, the formation of a crust over much of the surface does not prevent a continuation of flow underneath. Subsequent rapid development of a durable crust implies the formation of extensive crusts on Ionian sulfur flows, significantly reducing heat loss and extending flow length. It is suggested on the basis of the present laboratory results that the colors of proposed sulfur flows on Io may correlate with neither the temperature nor the inferred rheological properties attributed to the colors.
A conformationally preorganized universal solid support for efficient oligonucleotide synthesis.

A novel, conformationally preorganized nonnucleosidic universal solid support for oligonucleotide synthesis was developed. The solid support featured two chemically equivalent hydroxy groups locked in syn-periplanar orientation and orthogonally protected with 4,4‘-dimethoxytrityl and acetyl groups. The solid support was extensively tested in the preparation of oligonucleotides and their phosphorothioate analogues containing 2‘-deoxy, 2‘-O-methyl, and 2‘-O-methoxyethylnucleoside residues at the 3‘-terminus. Upon completion of oligonucleotide chain assembly, the support-bound oligonucleotide material was treated with concentrated ammonium hydroxide, which removed the O-acetyl protection. The deprotected hydroxy group then effected the transesterification of a phosphate linkage between the solid support and the 3‘-terminal nucleoside residue to result in a facile release of the oligonucleotide to solution. The kinetics of the release process was studied in a continuous flow of concentrated aqueous ammonium h...
Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding coffee bean α-galactosidase

Abstract Purified coffee bean α-galactosidase (αGal) has been used for removing terminal α-galactose residues from the glycoconjugates at the red cell surface, in studies of blood group conversion. Here, we report the isolation and sequence of the full-length clone for coffee bean αGal by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. The cDNA clone (1.4 kb) contains a single open reading frame which encodes a protein of 378 amino acids (aa). Its authenticity is confirmed by perfect alignment of aa sequences obtained from purified coffee bean αGal, and by immune reaction with the antibody raised against the enzyme. Furthermore, the protein produced in insect cells shows enzymatic activity towards a synthetic αGal substrate, p -nitro-phenyl- α -galactopyranoside.
Potential barrier effects in two-photon ionization processes

Potential barriers in the effective radial potential experienced by a photoexcited electron are shown to result in dramatic, resonancelike effects in two-photon ionization processes. In a two-photon ionization process, such potential barriers may affect not only the final state of the electron (as in ordinary photoionization), but also the intermediate-state electron wave packet corresponding to the absorption of one photon. We illustrate these effects for the generalized two-photon cross sections for ionization of Ar and Xe within a single-active-electron, central-potential model.
E. coli-Derived L-Asparaginase Retains Enzymatic and Cytotoxic Activity In Vitro for Canine and Feline Lymphoma after Cold Storage

Background. L-asparaginase is effective in treating canine and feline lymphoma, however chemotherapy poses a significant financial cost to veterinary clients, limiting therapy for many pets. Single dose vials result in significant drug wastage, and drug shortages limit consistent availability for pets. Hypothesis. E. coli-derived asparaginase retains enzymatic and antineoplastic activity in canine and feline lymphoma cells after cold storage. Methods. E. coli-derived asparaginase was cold-stored: refrigeration (7–14 days) and freezing (14 days–six months, one to three freeze/thaw cycles). Enzymatic activity of asparaginase was measured via a modified asparagine assay. Effects of cold-stored asparaginase on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were measured in feline (MYA-1, F1B) and canine (17–71, OSW) lymphoma cells. Results. Cold-stored E. coli-derived asparaginase retains antineoplastic activity in all four cell lines tested. Cold-stored E. coli-derived L-asparaginase depletes asparagine and retains enzymatic activity. Duration of refrigeration, duration of freezing, and number of freeze-thaw cycles have minimal effect on asparaginase enzyme activity. Conclusions and Clinical Importance. This study establishes a scientific basis for long-term cold storage of reconstituted E. coli-derived asparaginase that may result in better utilization of limited drug resources and improve financial feasibility of E. coli-derived asparaginase as a therapeutic option for pets with lymphoma.