cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Direct Visualization of Block Copolymers Composed of Different Macromolecular Architectures

A novel approach toward the synthesis of block copolymers composed of architecturally different components, in this case, a nanoparticle covalently attached to a single linear coil is presented. By a synergistic combination of controlled radical polymerization, convergent dendrimer synthesis, and benzocyclobutene (BCB) cross-linking chemistry, strategies for the preparation of a variety of nanopar- ticle-coil copolymers were developed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to confirm the formation of architecturally differentiated block copolymers and enabled visualization of individual nanoparticles and their linear chain components for unambiguous characterization of the nanoparticle-coil structures. This confirmed the synthesis of the targeted nanostructure and revealed the dramatic effect that changes in macromolecular architecture can have on the morphology and assembly of these hybrid nanoparticle systems.
A Neural Network Classifier for Junk E-Mail

Most e-mail readers spend a non-trivial amount of time regularly deleting junk e-mail (spam) messages, even as an expanding volume of such e-mail occupies server storage space and consumes network bandwidth. An ongoing challenge, therefore, rests within the development and refinement of automatic classifiers that can distinguish legitimate e-mail from spam. A few published studies have examined spam detectors using Naive Bayesian approaches and large feature sets of binary attributes that determine the existence of common keywords in spam, and many commercial applications also use Naive Bayesian techniques. Spammers recognize these attempts to thwart their messages and have developed tactics to circumvent these filters, but these evasive tactics are themselves patterns that human readers can often identify quickly. Therefore, in contrast to earlier approaches, our feature set uses descriptive characteristics of words and messages similar to those that a human reader would use to identify spam. This preliminary study tests this alternative approach using a neural network (NN) classifier on a corpus of e-mail messages from one user. The results of this study are compared to previous spam detectors that have used Naive Bayesian classifiers. Also, it appears that commercial spam detectors are now beginning to use descriptive features as proposed here.
Cytoskeletal abnormalities in the failing heart: out on a LIM?

The “modern” era in our understanding of heart failure began around 1990, when unexpected results from clinical trials indicated that maladaptive growth, rather than depressed contractility, is the major cause of the poor prognosis in patients with this syndrome,1 and that the long-term benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are due to inhibition of proliferative signaling rather than vasodilation.2 The potential importance of molecular abnormalities in the failing heart was further highlighted in 1990 by the discovery that myosin heavy-chain mutations cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.3 Many additional sarcomeric protein abnormalities are now known to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,4 5 and between a quarter and a third of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies appear to be associated with familial disease.6 7 8 In contrast to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, most of the abnormal proteins thus far linked to dilated cardiomyopathy are cytoskeletal, rather than sarcomeric.9 10 The cytoskeleton, like the beams and girders in a modern building, maintains a highly organized structure within cells. Cytoskeletal proteins imbedded in the plasma membrane connect this intracellular matrix with extracellular connective tissue proteins and adjacent cells. In addition to these mechanical functions, the cytoskeleton plays a major role in communication. Cytoskeletal proteins, therefore, …
Minimalist multiple target tracking using directional sensor beams

We consider the problem of determining the paths of multiple, unpredictable moving bodies in a cluttered environment using weak detection sensors that provide simple crossing information. Each sensor is a beam that, when broken, provides the direction of the crossing (one bit) and nothing else. Using a simple network of beams, the individual paths are separated and reconstructed as well as possible, up to combinatorial information about the route taken. In this setup, simple filtering algorithms are introduced, and a low-cost hardware implementation that demonstrates the practicality of the approach is shown. The results may apply in settings such as verification of multirobot system execution, surveillance and security, and unobtrusive behavioral monitoring for wildlife and the elderly.
Discovery of Sensor Network Layout using Connectivity Information

We propose a distributed algorithm to discover and recover the layout of a large sensor network having a complex shape. As sensor network deployments grow large in size and become non-uniform, localization algorithms suffer from ``flip'' ambiguities---where a part of the network folds on top of another while keeping all edge length measurements preserved. We explore the high-order topological information in a sensor field to prevent incorrect flips and accurately recover the shape of the sensor network. We select landmarks on network boundaries with sufficient density, construct the landmark Voronoi diagram and its dual combinatorial Delaunay complex on these landmarks. The key insight is that when the landmarks are dense enough to capture the local geometric complexity, the combinatorial Delaunay complex is globally rigid and has a unique realization in the plane. An embedding by simply gluing the Delaunay triangles properly derives a faithful network layout, which consequently leads to a practical and sufficiently accurate localization algorithm. We prove the global rigidity of the combinatorial Delaunay complex in the case of a continuous geometric region. Simulation results on discrete networks show surprisingly good results, while multi-dimensional scaling and rubberband representation perform poorly or not at all in recovering the network layout. This is joint work with Sol Lederer and Yue Wang.
Epizootiology of Eustrongylides ignotus in Florida: transmission and development of larvae in intermediate hosts.

Under laboratory conditions, 2 modes of transmission of Eustrongylides ignotus (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) to fish were identified. Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) became infected after ingestion of either eggs of E. ignotus containing first-stage larvae or aquatic oligochaetes (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) containing third-stage larvae of E. ignotus. After removal from the uterus of gravid E. ignotus females and incubation for 17–28 days, depending on temperature, it was found that parasite eggs contained first-stage larvae that were infective to fish and oligochaetes. Larvae developed to the third stage in oligochaetes and were infective to fish 35–77 days postinfection (PI) and when fed to fish, developed to the fourth stage between 127 and 184 days PI. Eggs containing first-stage larvae fed directly to fish developed to the fourth stage between 84 and 105 days PI. The amount of time for development from the undifferentiated egg to the fourth-stage larva was 78–156 days shorter when fish inges...
Lobes and Functional Localization

Throughout neuroscience’s history, the localization of functions to specific parts of the brain has been one of the most contentious and widely investigated puzzles. Traces of the centuries-old Galenic placement of animal spirits in the ventricular cavities, thus assigning there the source of man’s intellect and mental functions, lasted into the seventeenth century, for reasons discussed in Chapter 1. The recognition that brain substance is the “material substrate of thought” had to emerge before real progress in localization could occur. As summarized elegantly in the translation of the historical monograph of Max Neuberger (1981), the localization of function first appeared in the Hippocratic writings, which assigned thought to the brain. In spite of the influence of Aristotle’s views (i.e., the mind resides in the heart), the Galenists, too, placed the soul in the brain and gradually transposed “soul” to intellect, or “anima rationalis.” Some 13 centuries elapsed before the great Italian Renaissance figures, Da Vinci and Vesalius, identified brain tissue, in contrast to the ventricular “cells,” as the site of thought. Localization of specific functions as a concept was envisioned by “the founding father of experimental brain physiology” (ibid., p. 8), Thomas Willis (see Chapter 4). A century later, during “Haller’s era” (1750–1770), belief in a more unitary substrate for thought was popular, to be superseded about 1830 by the ideas on localization of Gall and of Magendie. After it was established that convolutions are arranged in lobes with sulci between them, the roles of the separate eight lobes (four in each cerebral hemisphere) were gradually determined by observational and experimental studies.
Editorial Comment: Re: Results of orthotopic heart transplantation for failed palliation of hypoplastic left heart

The article by Murtuza et al. [1] from the Great Ormond Street group represents the rare retrospective study that actually informs the field in a meaningful way. It focuses on the role of heart transplantation in patients already palliated for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Sixteen HLHS patients in various stages of palliation (most after Glenn) were compared with 154 patients transplanted for cardiomyopathies (CM) during the same time period (2000–11). Survival, intensive care unit length of stay, rates of right ventricular failure and of mechanical support were similar between both groups. Since doing a heart transplant in a previously palliated child is obviously much more challenging technically (significantly longer bypass times, pulmonary artery patch plasties, presence of collaterals, etc.) than doing one in a child with CM, the first conclusion that can be drawn (one not entertained by the authors) is that the technical/surgical risk factor has been neutralized in the current era. The statement that post-transplant survival is the same for palliated single ventricle patients and for CM patients has important for clinical implications. A donated heart is a precious commodity and should be allocated with great care. The timing of the intellectual switch from ‘palliation mode’ to ‘pre-transplant mode’ in any given patient will be influenced by such a statement and comes with significant clinical consequences, such as how to counsel families or how aggressive to be with residual lesions. However, it is important to note that only 4 of 16 patients in this series had had a Fontan. This makes it more difficult to compare the present series with most other series, which have mostly been about post-Fontan transplantation [2]. The post-Fontan patient has a different risk profile from the post-Glenn patient. That risk profile is more related to the incidence of liver fibrosis and renal dysfunction that occur in so many ‘failed’ Fontan patients. This in turn has implications for when to ‘pull the trigger’ and engage in a transplantation strategy. It may be that earlier is better.
Modern Psychotherapy and Halakhic Values: An Approach Toward Consensus in Values and Practice

In this paper, I have examined in some detail a number of examples of actual and potential consensus between Jewish ethics and the practice of modern psychotherapy, psychology, and psychiatry. Moreover, I have posited specific halakhic models which represent analogies to modern psychotherapeutic principles and practices, which through analogy lend specific halakhic guidelines to modern practice. The unitary halakhic approach presented here is thus both heuristic--in that it seeks to demonstrate the ways in which psychotherapeutic processes are essentially halakhic ones--as well as practical. Through this approach, psychological theory and practice have been brought into intimate contact with the ethical requirements of the halakhically committed mental health practitioner and his or her patient, filling an inexcusable void in halakhic application to modern technology, and setting a direction for future work in this area.
Judicial Immunity for White-Collar Crime: The Ironic Demise of Civil Rico

The application of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Law (RICO) to white-collar crime has generated much controversy. In this Article, Professor Goldsmith argues that judicially imposed limitations have created virtual immunity for white-collar crime under RICO. The author reviews RICO interpretive guidelines developed by the Supreme Court, how the lower federal courts have disregarded these guidelines and restrictively rewritten RICO, and the adverse consequences for civil and criminal cases. He concludes with a call for corrective countermeasures - a return to integrity in statutory construction or congressional revitalization of RICO.
Relationship between Extracellular Proteases and the Cellulase Complex of Trichoderma Reesei

Trichoderma reesei is a fungus best known for production of an effective extracellular cellulase. When grown on cellulose, the cellulase enzyme complex normally comprises up to 90% of the extracellular proteins; minor protein components include several carbohydrases and proteases. There are several reasons for study of the Trichoderma proteases: a) proteases may be involved with the control of release of extracellular enzymes, e.g., cellulase; b) protease may have important effects on the stability and activity of the cellulase components; and c) proteases may play a role in the production of multiple forms of cellulase components.
Tr288, a rehydrin with a dehydrin twist.

The rehydrin Tr288, originally isolated from a screen for differentially expressed transcripts during rehydration of desiccated moss (Tortula ruralis), was further characterized. Steady-state mRNA levels for Tr288 increase dramatically during slow drying even though protein synthesis is completely inhibited during this process. Tr288 transcripts do not accumulate during rapid drying of moss gametophytes. Conversely, during rehydration of rapidly dried tissue Tr288 transcript levels increase several-fold, while the relatively high amount of Tr288 mRNA sequestered in slowly dried material declines with time after the addition of water. Steady-state Tr288 mRNA also increases after treatment with salt (NaCl) and elevated temperature (37 °C). Genomic Southern analysis and isolation of a genomic clone suggest the presence of a single Tr288 gene containing two introns within the T. ruralis genome. The only sequence homology detected by a BLAST search of GenBank occurred at the 3′ end of the Tr288 coding region and indicated a single copy of the K segment common to dehydrins. Computer translation of the Tr288 coding region revealed 15 copies of a protein segment (the GPN segment) that is predicted to form amphipathic α-helices.
The adoption of uniportal approach in Chile: the experience of a single surgical team from Valparaíso, Chile.

Uniportal VATS lobectomy in Chile began in 2013, in an old and small provincial hospital in Valparaiso, the main port of Chile, a few months after two thoracic surgeons had a short stay in Hospital La Coruna with the inventor of the most revolutionary technique in thoracic surgery of the last time. Four years after the first visit of Dr. Gonzalez Rivas to Chile to sharing his initial experience, and after the explosive development of this technique especially in Asia, ALAT organization invited him again to our country as a main speaker in its International Congress, focused largely in uniportal lobectomy. As expected, these thoracic surgeons could operate with their teacher, and make true the dream of any thoracic surgeon who began with a new kind of surgery: perform it in their hospital with its inventor and also their friend.
Validation of Bayesian analysis of compartmental kinetic models in medical imaging.

Abstract Introduction Kinetic compartmental analysis is frequently used to compute physiologically relevant quantitative values from time series of images. In this paper, a new approach based on Bayesian analysis to obtain information about these parameters is presented and validated. Materials and methods The closed-form of the posterior distribution of kinetic parameters is derived with a hierarchical prior to model the standard deviation of normally distributed noise. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used for numerical estimation of the posterior distribution. Computer simulations of the kinetics of F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are used to demonstrate drawing statistical inferences about kinetic parameters and to validate the theory and implementation. Additionally, point estimates of kinetic parameters and covariance of those estimates are determined using the classical non-linear least squares approach. Results and discussion Posteriors obtained using methods proposed in this work are accurate as no significant deviation from the expected shape of the posterior was found (one-sided P > 0.08). It is demonstrated that the results obtained by the standard non-linear least-square methods fail to provide accurate estimation of uncertainty for the same data set ( P Conclusions The results of this work validate new methods for a computer simulations of FDG kinetics. Results show that in situations where the classical approach fails in accurate estimation of uncertainty, Bayesian estimation provides an accurate information about the uncertainties in the parameters. Although a particular example of FDG kinetics was used in the paper, the methods can be extended for different pharmaceuticals and imaging modalities.
Mechanical reinforcement in magadiite/styrene‐butadiene rubber composites

This work investigates mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites incorporating magadiite (MGD), a synthetic layered silicate (Na2Si14O29·9H2O) with surface chemistry similar to precipitated silica used in tire tread formulations. Treatment with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) expands the MGD layers and makes the interlayer face surfaces accessible to sulfur-functional silane TESPT (Si69) and SBR, primarily during batch mixing. DMA and tensile testing of cured CMGD/SBR composites show that CTA-treated MGD (CMGD) provides substantially higher levels of mechanical reinforcement than equivalent amounts of silica. However, CMGD/SBR composites exhibit larger loss tangent values above Tg, probably due to lower SBR-SBR crosslink density resulting from interlayer trapping of sulfur released by Si69 during vulcanization. DMA and tensile testing also demonstrate Si69's critical role in forming MGD-SBR graft sites essential to mechanical reinforcement. Replacing silica with CMGD reduces composite weight without sacrificing tensile modulus, suggesting that use of CMGD in tire rubber formulations could improve vehicle energy efficiency. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 133, 44763.
Micromachined silicon acoustic delay line with improved structural stability and acoustic directivity for real-time photoacoustic tomography

Recent studies have shown that micromachined silicon acoustic delay lines can provide a promising solution to achieve real-time photoacoustic tomography without the need for complex transducer arrays and data acquisition electronics. However, as its length increases to provide longer delay time, the delay line becomes more vulnerable to structural instability due to reduced mechanical stiffness. In addition, the small cross-section area of the delay line results in a large acoustic acceptance angle and therefore poor directivity. To address these two issues, this paper reports the design, fabrication, and testing of a new silicon acoustic delay line enhanced with 3D printed polymer micro linker structures. First, mechanical deformation of the silicon acoustic delay line (with and without linker structures) under gravity was simulated by using finite element method. Second, the acoustic crosstalk and acoustic attenuation caused by the polymer micro linker structures were evaluated with both numerical simulation and ultrasound transmission testing. The result shows that the use of the polymer micro linker structures significantly improves the structural stability of the silicon acoustic delay lines without creating additional acoustic attenuation and crosstalk. In addition, a new tapered design for the input terminal of the delay line was also investigate to improve its acoustic directivity by reducing the acoustic acceptance angle. These two improvements are expected to provide an effective solution to eliminate current limitations on the achievable acoustic delay time and out-of-plane imaging resolution of micromachined silicon acoustic delay line arrays.
Technical Advances in the Measurement of Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Outcomes for those diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain poor. It has been widely established that persistent residual leukemic burden, often referred to as measurable or minimal residual disease (MRD), after induction therapy or at the time of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is highly predictive for adverse clinical outcomes and can be used to identify patients likely to experience clinically evident relapse. As a result of inherent genetic and molecular heterogeneity in AML, there is no uniform method or protocol for MRD measurement to encompass all cases. Several techniques focusing on identifying recurrent molecular and cytogenetic aberrations or leukemia-associated immunophenotypes have been described, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Modern technologies enabling the digital quantification and tracking of individual DNA or RNA molecules, next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, and high-resolution imaging capabilities are among several new avenues under development to supplement or replace the current standard of flow cytometry. In this review, we outline emerging modalities positioned to enhance MRD detection and discuss factors surrounding their integration into clinical practice.
Toward a Philosophy of Love: Pedro Ángel Palou’s Qliphoth and La profundidad de la piel

By exposing the shortcomings of contemporary theoretical debates about love when it comes to analyzing literature, Jaimes takes Octavio Paz as a backdrop for his examination of two of Palou’s novels, Qliphoth (2003) and La profundidad de la piel (2010), through the lens of the “philosophy of love” that Palou advances in his writings. This philosophy of love encompasses an aesthetic quest that incorporates language, love, and eroticism. In the end, the impossibility of love, as portrayed in Palou’s novels, is resolved—according to Jaimes—through textual complexities which search for meaning beyond the body (the material) and the narrative form, as Palou aims to transcend the story of the lovers (and of their corporeality) to present the universality of love.
An Ergonomic Analysis of Stress Caused by Maintenance and Material Loading in FDM-Based 3D Printing

The primary goal when designing fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers is functionality. While this is not inherently bad, the large number of subsystems involved in the design process causes ...
Reverse T3 or perverse T3? Still puzzling after 40 years.

Four decades after reverse T3 (3,3′5′-triiodothyronine) was discovered, its physiologic and clinical relevance remains unclear and is still being studied. But scientific uncertainty has not stopped writers in the consumer press and on the Internet from making unsubstantiated claims about this
Carbon Dioxide and the Kidney

The kidney participates in acid-base homeostasis by regulating the concentration of bicarbonate in extracellular fluid. If plasma Pco2 is maintained at a normal level by respiratory mechanisms, then the kidney will maintain plasma bicarbonate concentration in the range of 25 to 28 meq/1., despite the continual accession of metabolic acids and bases into the extracellular fluid. If plasma Pco2 is altered in either an upward or downward direction as a result of abnormal respiratory function, plasma bicarbonate concentrations will be appropriately readjusted by resetting the renal mechanisms.
The genetics of somatic mammalian cells.

New quantitative techniques have been described for rapid plating of isolated single cells from a wide variety of human tissues under conditions such that almost every cell produces a macroscopic colony. These methods make possible new kinds of studies of the growth and genetics of mammalian cells. Application of these methods to problems of growth rate analysis, cell morphology, mutant production and isolation, analysis of the action of ionzing radiations, study of virus-cell interactions, and to certain problems in clinical medicine has been indicated.
Analyzing a RAM's Accuracy

Abstract A RAM's accuracy can be evaluated in two major ways: verification and validation. The latter is time consuming but far more rigorous and meaningful. Not all RAMs have been verified, and very few have been adequately validated. Even then, validation has typically addressed only particular components of a RAM, such as whether a ranking of sites based on scores intended to predict relative levels of plant richness matches a ranking of the sites based on actual plant survey data. Whenever allowed by funding and expertise, RAM verification and validation efforts need to be increased and explicitly accounted for in the budget for a RAM.
Lung cancer screening: assessment of health literacy and readability of online educational resources.

Lung cancer screening can reduce mortality but can be a complex, multi-step process. Poor health literacy is associated with unfavorable outcomes and decreased use of preventative services, so it is important to address barriers to care through efficient and practical education. The readability of lung cancer screening materials for patients is unknown and may not be at the recommended 6th grade reading level set by the American Medical Association. Our goals were to: (1) measure the health literacy of a lung cancer screening population from an urban academic medical center, and (2) examine the readability of online educational materials for lung cancer screening. We performed a retrospective cross sectional study at a single urban academic center. Health literacy was assessed using three validated screening questions. To assess the readability of educational materials, we performed a Google search using the phrase, “What is lung cancer screening?” and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) formula was used to estimate the grade level required to understand the text. There were 404 patients who underwent lung cancer screening during the study period. The prevalence of inadequate/marginal health literacy was 26.7–38.0%. Fifty websites were reviewed and four were excluded from analysis because they were intended for medical providers. The mean FKGL for the 46 websites combined was 10.6 ± 2.2. Low health literacy was common and is likely a barrier to appropriate education for lung cancer screening. The current online educational materials regarding lung cancer screening are written above the recommended reading level set by the American Medical Association.
Crater Detection Using Unsupervised Algorithms and Convolutional Neural Networks

Craters are among the most abundant features on the surface of many planets with great importance for planetary scientists. They reveal chronology information about planets and may be used for autonomous spacecraft navigation and landing. Although numerous research efforts have been carried out in the field of crater detection, existing crater detection algorithms (CDAs) are only helpful in a limited number of applications. A promising crater detection approach involves two main steps: 1) hypothesis generation (HG) and 2) hypothesis verification (HV). During HG, potential crater locations are detected. The validity of the hypothesized crater locations is then tested in a HV step. In this context, we discuss some commonly used algorithms for HG such as highlight-shadow region detection and Hough transform as well as our novel and enhanced algorithms based on interest point detection and convex grouping. A key objective of this paper is to analyze their performance while paying special attention to how they affect the accuracy of the verification step. To deal with different size craters, we focus on multiscale HG. For HV, we have chosen convolutional neural networks which have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance in many computer vision applications. Due to the variation of test sets in the literature, it is often challenging to compare the performance of different CDAs in a fair way. In this paper, we present a comprehensive performance evaluation and comparison of CDAs. Each algorithm has been trained/tested using common data sets generated by a systematic approach.
Regulating Informational Infrastructure: Internet Platforms as the New Public Utilities

The power and influence of dominant tech platforms — Google, Facebook, and Amazon, in particular — have become a central topic of debate. In this paper, I argue that these firms are best understood as the core infrastructure of our 21st century economy and public sphere. Whether it is Google’s search, Facebook’s newsfeed, or Amazon’s retail and logistics system, these firms are increasingly integral to economic and social activity. Viewing these firms as “infrastructure” helps to better diagnose the nature of the problems posed by these Internet platforms. Doing so also, in turn, offers some novel legal and policy responses. This paper proceeds in three main parts. First, it develops this infrastructural diagnosis of the problem with Internet platforms. While much of the current debate has revolved around issues like “fake news,” and disparities of bargaining power between, for example, Amazon and publishers, the paper suggests that these clashes are actually symptomatic of a deeper problem, that these firms are effectively privately-run infrastructure. This diagnosis helps define more sharply the central legal and policy challenge posed by these firms: if the platforms themselves are effectively governors of much of our informational, economic, and political life, how then should our public policy govern these governors? The paper develops this infrastructural view of platforms by recovering and adapting an old tradition of legal thought and regulatory strategy, stemming from the “public utility tradition.” Second, the paper adapts these public utility concepts to map the precise nature of informational infrastructural power. Specifically, I identify three types of infrastructural power exercised by these Internet platforms: transmission power, gatekeeping power, and scoring power. These types of power are subtle and often hidden from view, and explain how Internet and informational platforms can often appear diffuse, decentralized, and thus unproblematic, while at the same time exercising outsized economic power. Third, the paper explores how public utility regulatory theory might be adapted to address these distinctive types of infrastructural power.
Econometrics and Entropy Theory

Developments in applied econometrics over the last thirty years have mostly utilized the parametric techniques of estimation of a model generated by economic theory or otherwise. Pagan (1987) has surveyed these developments over the period 1966–86 and shown with reference to a linear regression model $${y_t} = {x_t}\beta + {u_t}$$ (6.1) how the classical assumptions about the error structure have been relaxed and generalized. From an applied standpoint some of the following generalizations appear to be very important in terms of future developments. First of all, this specifies a linear model for the conditional mean i.e. E(yt|xt) = xtβ, if the error ut has a zero mean E(ut|xt) = 0. On writing the conditional mean model as E(y|x) = M(x) where M(x) may be a nonlinear function of x, this shows how the average values of y change with a change in the values of the vector x = (x1,x2,...,xk) containing k regressor variables. However this function M(x) is known in specific form only if either the data generating process characterized by the joint density f(y,x1,...,xk) is known or the true conditional density f(y|x) with x = (x1,...,xk) is known. Since these are rarely known, the econometricians specify a priori a linear regression model E(y|x) = x’β. Recently, nonparametric methods based on the kernel estimates of the multivariate density f(y,x1,...,xk) and the marginal density f(x1,...,xk) have been increasingly adopted. Clearly the entropy approach which uses the maximum entropy distributions which are consistent with the observed data have a great scope of application here.
Low discard survival of gray triggerfish in the southeastern US hook-and-line fishery

Abstract We estimated condition-specific survival rates of gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) using a tag-recapture approach and extrapolated these values to produce an overall discard survival estimate for the US South Atlantic recreational hook-and-line fishery. Tag return rates of fish tagged at the seafloor using SCUBA served as a reference for return rates of fish tagged at the surface. We examined the validity of gross necropsy as a proxy for survival by identifying likely causes of discard mortality. Best-condition surface-released fish (no external trauma) had an estimated mean proportional survival of 0.39 (95% confidence interval 0.28, 0.55). For gray triggerfish exhibiting visible trauma, estimated survival was 0.24 (0.10, 0.60). Floating fish had a survival rate of zero. The necropsy-based estimate of gray triggerfish lacking organ displacement closely matched the tag-based estimate of survival. Mean estimated discard survival across all depths for North Carolina was 0.35 (0.10, 0.59) and for Florida was 0.34 (0.08, 0.59). These results have implications for gray triggerfish management because our estimate of discard survival is substantially lower than previously assumed and for future discard survival research given our findings with gross necropsies.
Treatment component #1: Differential attention

Abstract Differential attention strategies including positive attention and active ignoring are described and linked to attachment and coercion theory. Child-directed play therapeutic activities and behavioral management of child behavior are described using step-by-step instructions. Practice playtime allows parents to practice their use of positive attention, which will communicate to their child the behaviors they want to see and create a warmer family environment. Strategic ignoring should be used for attention-seeking (but nondangerous) behaviors that parents want to diminish. Differential attention will magnify the power of all other discipline strategies. Problem-solving around common difficulties (e.g., extinction bursts) is conducted. Therapeutic handouts and links to online and text resources are provided.
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: updates on biology, risk stratification, and therapy.

Purpose of reviewDespite advances in therapy over the past decades, overall survival for children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not exceeded 70%. In this review, we highlight recent insights into risk stratification for patients with pediatric AML and discuss data driving current and develop
The importance of processing resolution in "ideal time-frequency segregation" of masked speech and the implications for predicting speech intelligibility

Ideal time-frequency segregation (ITFS) is a signal processing technique that may be used to estimate the energetic and informational components of speech-on-speech masking. A core assumption of ITFS is that it roughly emulates the effects of energetic masking (EM) in a speech mixture. Thus, when speech identification thresholds are measured for ITFS-processed stimuli and compared to thresholds for unprocessed stimuli, the difference can be attributed to informational masking (IM). Interpreting this difference as a direct metric of IM, however, is complicated by the fine time-frequency (T-F) resolution typically used during ITFS, which may yield target "glimpses" that are too narrow/brief to be resolved by the ear in the mixture. Estimates of IM, therefore, may be inflated because the full effects of EM are not accounted for. Here, T-F resolution was varied during ITFS to determine if/how estimates of IM depend on processing resolution. Speech identification thresholds were measured for speech and noise maskers after ITFS. Reduced frequency resolution yielded poorer thresholds for both masker types. Reduced temporal resolution did so for noise maskers only. Results suggest that processing resolution strongly influences estimates of IM and implies that current approaches to predicting masked speech intelligibility should be modified to account for IM.
The predictive value of positive and suspicious urine cytology: Are they different?

BACKGROUND Urine cytology evaluation is an effective test in the detection of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). While the guideline distinguishes the 2 categories: "positive for HGUC" (PHGUC) and "suspicious for HGUC" (SHGUC), the association between these categories with their subsequent follow-up biopsies remains unclear. This study aims to determine and compare the positive predictive value (PPV) of the specimens in PHGUC and SHGUC categories with their respective histologic diagnoses. METHODS During the period of 03/01/2008 to 07/31/2018, urine cytology cases diagnosed as PHGUC and SHGUC with subsequent bladder biopsy within 12 months were retrieved. All cases were correlated with first biopsy obtained during 12 months of cytology specimen. Biopsy result with HGUC, carcinoma in situ, or non-urothelial carcinoma diagnoses were considered as concordance. RESULTS 378 cases (229 SHGUC and 149 PHGUC) were identified from 263 patients. For the 229 SHGUC cases, the PPV was 72% (n = 166) and for the 149 PHGUC cases, the PPV was 85% (n = 127). While both categories have high PPV, they are statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Additionally, 33 cases were found to have low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC), constituting a portion of discordant results. CONCLUSION PHGUC and SHGUC categories are both associated with a high risk of malignancy, however, there is a statistically significant difference between them in our study, supporting the PSRUC guidelines of two separate categories. In instances when urine cytology is discordant with biopsy results, further investigation and clinical follow up is warranted. LGUC appears to remain a common pitfall especially in the suspicious category.
Immune regulation of cardiac fibrosis post myocardial infarction

Pathological changes resulting from myocardial infarction (MI) include extracellular matrix alterations of the left ventricle, which can lead to cardiac stiffness and impair systolic and diastolic function. The signals released from necrotic tissue initiate the immune cascade, triggering an extensive inflammatory response followed by reparative fibrosis of the infarct area. Immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, T-cells, and dendritic cells play distinct roles in orchestrating this complex pathological condition, and regulate the balance between pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic responses. This review discusses how molecular signals between fibroblasts and immune cells mutually regulate fibrosis post-MI, and outlines the emerging pharmacological targets and therapies for modulating inflammation and cardiac fibrosis associated with MI.
Tracers in neuroscience: Causation, constraints, and connectivity

This paper examines tracer techniques in neuroscience, which are used to identify neural connections in the brain and nervous system. These connections capture a type of “structural connectivity” that is expected to inform our understanding of the functional nature of these tissues (Sporns in Scholarpedia, 2007). This is due to the fact that neural connectivity constrains the flow of signal propagation, which is a type of causal process in neurons. This work explores how tracers are used to identify causal information, what standards they are expected to meet, the forms of causal information they provide, and how an analysis of these techniques contributes to the philosophical literature, in particular, the literature on mark transmission and mechanistic accounts of causation.
Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy.

Acute kidney injury in pregnancy is a public health problem and a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The incidence of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury has increased in the developed countries, theorized to be the result of an increase in pregnancies in advanced maternal age, and continues to remain higher in developing countries owing to inadequate antenatal care. While hyperemesis gravidarum is a common cause of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury during the first trimester, complications such as preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome, acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome are important causes of acute kidney injury later in the pregnancy. Diagnosis of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury can be difficult owing to lack of diagnostic criteria and overlapping clinical features between various causes. General measures to treat pregnancy-related acute kidney injury include identification of the underlying cause of kidney injury, intravenous fluid resuscitation, timely initiation of dialysis if needed, and prompt fetal delivery, if necessary. Specific treatment includes steroid and immunosuppressive therapy for glomerulonephritis; prompt delivery for severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy; and plasmapheresis and eculizumab for thrombotic microangiopathies such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Crisis simulation scenarios: Applying crisis communication lessons to an app mishap, a public health misstep, and a college athletics calamity

Crisis Communication, Advanced Public Relations.In this multiple class activity, students will (a) apply crisis communication concepts and skills to several phases of an ongoing hypothetical crisis...
Orbitally Excited Baryons in Large N_c QCD

We present a model-independent analysis of the mass spectrum of nonstrange l=1 baryons in large N_c QCD. The 1/N_c expansion is used to select and order a basis of effective operators that spans the nine observables (seven masses and two mixing angles). Comparison to the data provides support for the validity of the 1/N_c expansion, but also reveals that only a few nontrivial operators are strongly preferred. We show that our results have a consistent interpretation in a constituent quark model with pseudoscalar meson exchange interactions.
You are what you (are willing to) eat: Willingness to try new foods impacts perceptions of sexual unrestrictedness and desirability

Abstract Here, we examine the impact of one's willingness to try new foods on others' perceptions of sexual unrestrictedness and desirability as a sexual and romantic partner. Guided by insights from past research, we hypothesized that targets who are willing to try new foods would be perceived as being more desirable sexual and romantic partners (Study 1) and as being less sexually restricted (Studies 2–4) than targets who are unwilling to try new foods. Results supported this hypothesis and further indicated that this pattern is specific to willingness to try new foods, not general willingness to try new things (Study 3). Additionally, results revealed that the relationship between willingness to try new food and inferences of sexual unrestrictedness is driven by perceptions of target's relatively lower levels of sexual disgust sensitivity and not by the belief that the target is in better health or has superior immune function (Study 4). Together, these results suggest that people's willingness to try new foods may impact how they are perceived by prospective dates and mates.
T-cell-mediated rejection of the kidney in the era of donor-specific antibodies: diagnostic challenges and clinical significance.

Purpose of reviewBurgeoning literature on antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) has led to a perception that T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) is no longer a significant problem. This premise needs to be carefully appraised.Recent findingsA review of the literature indicates that TCMR remains an indepen
Distortions, Infrastructure and Labor Supply in Latin American Countries

I document differences in labor supply between a set of Latin American countries and the U.S, in the period 1990-2005. These differences are mostly explained by large differ-´ ences in female labor supply. In the U.S. the female labor force participation was 69% by 1990, while in Brazil and Mexico was 39% and 37%, respectively. Females began to participate more in the labor market of these countries when more households acquired access to basic infrastructure and when distortive policies affecting the price of household appliances were partially removed. I use a model of home production with endogenous labor force participation to account fore these facts. I conclude that the price of household appliances and access to infrastructure are quantitatively important in explaining cross-country labor supply differences.
Keynote Address 2: “Hybrid memory cube: Achieving high performance and high reliability”

This keynote presentation will explore the genesis, architecture and construction of the Hybrid Memory Cube. The presentation will open with a discussion on how both technical and market forces led to the creation of HMC. This will be followed by a dive into the Gen 2 HMC design-detailing the design goals for the device and how manufacturability was a priority from day one. 3D integration is pivotal technology for HMC. As such, it will be explored in the context of key enablers and ongoing challenges. Finally, the presentation will discuss how HMC encompasses a variety of RAS features to improve manufacturability and to ensure long term device reliability.
Metadata Extraction and Harvesting: A Comparison of Two Automatic Metadata Generation Applications

This research explores the capabilities of two Dublin Core automatic metadata generation applications, Klarity and DC-dot. The top level Web page for each resource, from a sample of 29 resources obtained from National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), was submitted to both generators. Results indicate that extraction processing algorithms can contribute to useful automatic metadata generation. Results also indicate that harvesting metadata from META tags created by humans can have a positive impact on automatic metadata generation. The study identifies several ways in which automatic metadata generation applications can be improved and highlights several important areas of research. The conclusion is that integrating extraction of harvesting methods will be the best approach to creating optimal metadata, and more research is needed to identify when to apply which method.