cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Mobile Integrated Health Providers During a Flood Disaster in South Carolina (USA)

As health care systems in the United States have become pressured to provide greater value, they have embraced the adoption of innovative population health solutions. One of these initiatives utilizes prehospital personnel in the community as an extension of the traditional health care system. These programs have been labeled as Community Paramedicine (CP) and Mobile Integrated Health (MIH). While variation exists amongst these programs, generally efforts are targeted at individuals with high rates of health care utilization. By assisting with chronic disease management and addressing the social determinants of health care, these programs have been effective in decreasing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) utilization, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions for enrolled patients.The actual training, roles, and structure of these programs vary according to state oversight and community needs, and while numerous reports describe the novel role these teams play in population health, their utilization during a disaster response has not been previously described. This report describes a major flooding event in October 2015 in Columbia, South Carolina (USA). While typical disaster mitigation and response efforts were employed, it became clear during the response that the MIH providers were well-equipped to assist with unique patient and public health needs. Given their already well-established connections with various community health providers and social assistance resources, the MIH team was able to reconnect patients with lost medications and durable medical equipment, connect patients with alternative housing options, and arrange access to outpatient resources for management of chronic illness.Mobile integrated health teams are a potentially effective resource in a disaster response, given their connections with a variety of community resources along with a unique combination of training in both disease management and social determinants of health. As roles for these providers are more clearly defined and training curricula become more developed, there appears to be a unique role for these providers in mitigating morbidity and decreasing costs in the post-disaster response. Training in basic disaster response needs should be incorporated into the curricula and community disaster planning should identify how these providers may be able to benefit their local communities.Gainey CE, Brown HA, Gerard WC. Utilization of mobile integrated health providers during a flood disaster in South Carolina (USA). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):432-435.
Design of a Hand Exoskeleton for Use with Upper Limb Exoskeletons

Due to high degree of freedom and different mechanism foci, hand and arm exoskeletons are usually developed separately and seldom combined together. Hand exoskeletons are typically more complex mechanisms than arm or leg exoskeletons due to the numerous degrees of freedom encapsulated in the hand and the small anatomical structure involved. This study presents the design of a 12 DOF (6 active) reconfigurable hand exoskeleton for rehabilitation that will be installed on the upper limb exoskeletons, EXO-UL8 and BLUE SABINO. Given the mechanism architecture, a nonlinear optimization framework minimizes physical footprint while maximizing mechanism isotropy and device functionality.
Improving surface tidal accuracy through two-way nesting in a global ocean model

Abstract In global ocean simulations, forward (non-data-assimilative) tide models generally feature large sea-surface-height errors near Hudson Strait in the North Atlantic Ocean with respect to altimetry-constrained tidal solutions. These errors may be associated with tidal resonances that are not well resolved by the complex coastal-shelf bathymetry in low-resolution simulations. An online two-way nesting framework has been implemented to improve global surface tides in the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). In this framework, a high-resolution child domain, covering Hudson Strait, is coupled with a relatively low-resolution parent domain for computational efficiency. Data such as barotropic pressure and velocity are exchanged between the child and parent domains with the external coupler OASIS3-MCT. The developed nesting framework is validated with semi-idealized basin-scale model simulations. The M2 sea-surface heights show very good accuracy in the one-way and two-way nesting simulations in Hudson Strait, where large tidal elevations are observed. In addition, the mass and tidal energy flux are not adversely impacted at the nesting boundaries in the semi-idealized simulations. In a next step, the nesting framework is applied to a realistic global tide simulation. In this simulation, the resolution of the child domain (1/75°) is three times as fine as that of the parent domain (1/25°). The M2 sea-surface-height root-mean-square errors with tide gauge data and the altimetry-constrained global FES2014 and TPXO9-atlas tidal solutions are evaluated for the nesting and no-nesting solutions. The better resolved coastal bathymetry and the finer grid in the child domain improve the local tides in Hudson Strait and Bay, and the back-effect of the coastal tides induces an improvement of the barotropic tides in the open ocean of the Atlantic.
The effect of career commitment on academic success among undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students

Background: The ability of students, specifically in higher education environments, to persist is a critical determinant of academic success. Student success is especially precarious within programs of nursing, where curricula include clinical, laboratory, and didactic content. Identifying and describing the barriers and facilitators to nursing student persistence provides a blueprint to appropriately use financial and human resources as well as determine the effect student demographic variables has on desiring, attending, or benefiting from academic interventions. Methods: A descriptive study was used to examine the relationship between the independent variable of self-assessed career commitment, and the dependent variable of academic success among undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a required blended course. Results: Despite no statistical significance between career commitment and academic success, it should be noted that the failing population had a higher mean score of TTF (Tendency to Foreclose) M = 32.75 than the passing population M = 31.54, which may indicate that those students who failed may tend to prematurely commit to nursing as a career choice without a true exploration of possible career choices. The VEC (Vocational Exploration Commitment) M = 41.59 was higher in the passing population than the failures with a M = 37.50, which may indicate those that passed had explored all career options before committing to nursing as a career choice. Conclusions: The outcome of this study can guide further research concerning career commitment and career exploration interventions since the process of career commitment is a task for all college students, including those who choose nursing as they identify how they will meet their career goals. Framed by Tinto’s Theory of Student Departure, this study assessed the effect of career commitment on academic success among undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students.
The neurons that mistook a hat for a face

Despite evidence that context promotes the visual recognition of objects, decades of research have led to the pervasive notion that the object processing pathway in primate cortex consists of multiple areas that each process the intrinsic features of a few particular categories (e.g. faces, bodies, hands, objects, and scenes). Here we report that such category-selective neurons do not in fact code individual categories in isolation but are also sensitive to object relationships that reflect statistical regularities of the experienced environment. We show by direct neuronal recording that face-selective neurons respond not just to an image of a face, but also to parts of an image where contextual cues-for example a body-indicate a face ought to be, even if what is there is not a face.
The gonality of complete intersection curves

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that for a complete intersection curve C in projective space (other than a few exceptions stated below), any morphism f : C → P r satisfying deg ⁡ f ⁎ O P r ( 1 ) deg ⁡ C is obtained by projection from a linear space. In particular, we obtain bounds on the gonality of such curves and compute the gonality of general complete intersection curves. We also prove a special case of one of the well-known Cayley-Bacharach conjectures posed by Eisenbud, Green, and Harris.
Globally elite: four domains of becoming globally-oriented within elite schools

Drawing on a multi-sited global ethnography of elite schools across the world, this article explores how elite schools prepare students for an increasingly interconnected world characterised by dif...
Standard Enthalpies of Formation of Some 4d and 5d Transition Metal-Antimony Compounds by High Temperature Direct Synthesis Calorimetry

Thermoelectric materials have the potential to save energy by recycling the waste heat from many processes. These materials are under active development and consequently the understanding of the thermodynamics and phase equilibria of these systems is necessary. In this work we have performed a calorimetric investigation of some thermoelectric alloys, which do not contain toxic or extremely rare elements. The standard enthalpies of formation of some binary 4d and 5d antimony and transition metal (TM) compounds have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry. The reported results are: YSb (–124.7 ± 4.7); Y5Sb3 (–111.1 ± 3.2); Zr5Sb3 (–65.4 ± 3.2); RuSb2 (–16.8 ± 1.5); RhSb3 (–33.8 ± 2.1); Pd3Sb (–54.0 ± 2.7); Hf5Sb3 (–55.4 ± 3.0); OsSb2 (–7.4 ± 4.0); IrSb3 (–45.5 ± 2.5); PtSb2 (–53.2 ± 1.8) in kJ/mol of atoms. We compare our results with some previously published measurements and with predicted values by ab initio calculations.
Women in uniform: the opening of combat roles in state militaries

Women have historically been excluded from combat roles in state militaries. However, in recent years, women’s growing involvement in combat roles has sparked public debate. Currently, only a small...
A Rosenberg by Any Other Name: A History of Jewish Name Changing in America

“What’s in a name?” asks Juliet, of Shakespeare fame, and then continues, “That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet.” Juliet, unlike Kirsten Fermaglich, author of A Rosenber...
Encoding Frequency Constraints in Preventive Unit Commitment Using Deep Learning with Region-of-Interest Active Sampling

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, frequency response and its security are of significant concerns for reliable power system operations. Frequency-constrained unit commitment (FCUC) is proposed to address this challenge. Despite existing efforts in modeling frequency characteristics in unit commitment (UC), current strategies can only handle oversimplified low-order frequency response models and do not consider wide-range operating conditions. This paper presents a generic data-driven framework for FCUC under high renewable penetration. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are trained to predict the frequency response using real data or high-fidelity simulation data. Next, the DNN is reformulated as a set of mixed-integer linear constraints to be incorporated into the ordinary UC formulation. In the data generation phase, all possible power injections are considered, and a region-of-interest active sampling is proposed to include power injection samples with frequency nadirs closer to the UFLC threshold, which enhances the accuracy of frequency constraints in FCUC. The proposed FCUC is investigated on the IEEE 39-bus system. Then, a full-order dynamic model simulation using PSS/E verifies the effectiveness of FCUC in frequency-secure generator commitments.
Netflix series 13 reasons why as compound suicide messages: using the Galileo model for cognitive mapping and precise measurements

The Netflix series 13 Reasons Why (13RW) stirred up considerable controversy when it was first released in 2017. Although researchers across disciplines have published their work from different perspectives, results are rather mixed. The only meta-analytic review to date has identified methodological weaknesses, such as the lack of direct attribution to 13RW in aggregate studies and the biases in traditional psychological research. In this article, we contribute to the evolving scholarly investigations of 13RW by providing an alternative approach: the Galileo Model of cognitive mapping and precise measurements. We offer an overview of the Galileo theory and method, highlighting advantages of a multidimensional and non-Euclidean approach based on nearly 50 years of social scientific research. We also detail how the Galileo Model was used to study 13RW, by framing Season 1 as “compound suicide messages.” We found that self-concept was very close to 13RW main character HANNAH and SUICIDE among highly suicide-prone individuals who posted on Reddit online forums both related to 13RW and suicide watch. However, when we used the Galileo software suite and a ratio-scaled instrument with college freshmen in a quasi-experiment, we found no significant difference between viewers and non-viewers overall, although female viewers perceived themselves to be closer to SUICIDE than male viewers. The Galileo Model demonstrated its sophistication to capture and detect the nuances in understanding the complexity of suicide for different population groups and showed tremendous potential for more informative media effects evaluation and formative research to tailor compound messages with social consciousness before they reach the mass audiences.
Perinatal insurance coverage and behavioural health-related maternal mortality.

Increases in postpartum maternal deaths, including a substantial number associated with behavioural health conditions, are a public health crisis and have contributed to overall increases in matern...
Degradable Polymer Structures from Carbon Dioxide and Butadiene

The utilization of carbon dioxide as a polymer feedstock is an ongoing challenge. This report describes the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide and an olefin comonomer, 1,3-butadiene, into a pol...
Field Research in Political Science: Practices and Principles

Field research - leaving one's home institution in order to acquire data, information or insights that significantly inform one's research - remains indispensable, even in a digitally networked era. This book, the first of its kind in political science, reconsiders the design and execution of field research and explores its role in producing knowledge. First, it offers an empirical overview of fieldwork in the discipline based on a large-scale survey and extensive interviews. Good fieldwork takes diverse forms yet follows a set of common practices and principles. Second, the book demonstrates the analytic benefits of fieldwork, showing how it contributes to our understanding of politics. Finally, it provides intellectual and practical guidance, with chapters on preparing for field research, operating in the field and making analytic progress while collecting data, and on data collection techniques including archival research, interviewing, ethnography and participant observation, surveys, and field experiments.
Mapping Parallel Application Communication Topology to Rhombic Overlapping-Cluster Multiprocessors

This paper extends research into rhombic overlapping-connectivity interconnection networks into the area of parallel applications. As a foundation for a shared-memory non-uniform access bus-based multiprocessor, these interconnection networks create overlapping groups of processors, buses, and memories, forming a clustered computer architecture where the clusters overlap. This overlapping-membership characteristic is shown to be useful for matching parallel application communication topology to the architecture's bandwidth characteristics. Many parallel applications can be mapped to the architecture topology so that most or all communication is localized within an overlapping cluster, at the low latency of processor direct to cache (or memory) over a bus. The latency of communication between parallel threads does not degrade parallel performance or limit the graininess of applications. Parallel applications can execute with good speedup and scaling on a proposed architecture which is designed to obtain maximum advantage from the overlapping-cluster characteristic, and also allows dynamic workload migration without moving the instructions or data. Scalability limitations of bus-based shared-memory multiprocessors are overcome by judicious workload allocation schemes, that take advantage of the overlapping-cluster memberships. Bus-based rhombic shared-memory multiprocessors are examined in terms of parallel speedup models to explain their advantages and justify their use as a foundation for the proposed computer architecture. Interconnection bandwidth is maximized with bi-directional circular and segmented overlapping buses. Strategies for mapping parallel application communication topologies to rhombic architectures are developed. Analytical models of enhanced rhombic multiprocessor performance are developed with a unique bandwidth modeling technique, and are compared with the results of simulation.
Collaboration Enforcement and Adaptive Data Redirection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Only First-Hand Experience

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), all participating hosts are obligated to route and forward data for others to guarantee the availability of network applications and services. Most of the contemporary collaboration enforcement techniques employ reputation mechanisms for nodes to avoid and penalize malicious participants. Reputation information is updated based on complicated trust relationships among hosts and other techniques to thwart false accusation of benign nodes. The aforementioned strategy suffers from low scalability and is likely to be exploited by adversaries. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to address the aforementioned problems. With the proposed technique, no reputation information is propagated in the network and malicious nodes cannot cause false penalty to benign hosts. Misbehaving nodes are penalized and circumvented by benign nodes within their localities based on first-hand experiences. This approach significantly simplifies the collaboration enforcement process, incurs very low overhead, and is robust against various evasive behaviors. Simulations based on various system configurations demonstrate that overall network performance is greatly enhanced.
Chemotherapy only for localized Hodgkin lymphoma.

Abstract. Straus DJ (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA). Chemotherapy only for localized Hodgkin lymphoma (Review). J Intern Med 2011; 270: 197–205. Radiation therapy (RT) alone and more recently in combination with chemotherapy (combined modality therapy; CMT) has been the cornerstone of curative treatment for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) for over 40 years. Because of increasing awareness of the late morbidity and mortality associated with RT, recent treatment regimens have attempted to limit its use. Chemotherapy only has been demonstrated to be a treatment option for most patients with localized HL. Current clinical trials have targeted subgroups of such patients who may be at an increased risk of recurrence for the addition of limited RT to chemotherapy.
Non)Commutative Hopf Algebras of Trees and (Quasi)Symmetric Functions

The Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees, its dual, and the Foissy Hopf algebra of planar rooted trees are related to each other and to the well-known Hopf algebras of symmetric and quasi-symmetric functions via a pair of commutative diagrams. We show how this point of view can simplify computations in the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra and its dual, particularly for combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equations.
An Evaluation of Security and Privacy Threats for Cloud-based Applications☆

Abstract Cloud computing system provides virtual IT infrastructures with a set of resources that are shared with multi-tenant users. Data Privacy and the security are major challenges when users outsource their data to a cloud. Privacy can be violated by the cloud vendor, vendor's authorized users, other cloud users, unauthorized users, or external malicious entities. Encryption is one of the solutions to protect and maintain privacy of cloud-stored data. However, encryption methods are complex and expensive for mobile devices. In this workshop, we review major literatures and we introduce our previous study about a light-weight method for mobile clients to store data on one or multiple clouds by using pseudo-random permutation based on chaos systems. The method can be used in client mobile devices to store data in the cloud(s) without using cloud computing resources for encryption to maintain user's privacy. We consider JPEG image format as a case study to present and evaluate the proposed method. Our results show that the proposed method achieves superior compare to encryption methods, such as AES and encryption on JPEG encoders while protecting the mobile user data privacy.
Remodelling during remyelination in the peripheral nervous system.

Bonnaud-Toulze E.N. & Raine C.S. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6,279–290 Remodelling during remyelination in the peripheral nervous system Morphologic analysis of longitudinal sections of lumbar anterior root tissue from rabbits at different stages of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has revealed new information on Schwann cell behaviour during early remyelination. Some short remyelinated internodes were displaced laterally towards nodes as other internodes elongated in a stepise fashion to occupy the vacated axonal segments. This suggests that a Schwann cell possesses the ability to remodel its myelin sheath after the initial establishment of the internode. Subaxolemmal densification was found to be formed wherever pairs of Schwann cells overlapped and gap junctions were observed between young Schwann cells.
PHYSICIAN IMPAIRMENT BY SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Physician impairment by substance abuse represents a significant challenge to physicians, patients, and society as a whole. Although data is sparse, the prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug abuse among physicians is probably similar to that of the general population, while abuse of prescription drugs may be more prevalent. From a medicolegal standpoint, these issues are managed mostly at the state level and substance abuse is of increasing interest to credentialling organizations such as hospitals and managed care organizations. A variety of concrete steps can be taken to identify physicians with substance abuse problems and treatment approaches have been designed specifically for impaired physicians. With improved attention to the problem of physician impairment by substance abuse, the well-being of both physicians and their patients can be enhanced.
Whole Body Nitrogen Kinetics and Their Relationship to Growth in Short Children Treated with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

ABSTRACT: We studied the effects of growth hormone on retention of 15N-labeled amino acids in 34 short, prepubertal, growth hormone-sufficient children and three growth hormone-deficient subjects. All 34 non-growth hormone-deficient children had apparently normal circulating growth hormone molecules and no mutations were detected in the growth hormone or IGF-I genes of any subjects. Fibroblasts from 34 children responded normally when challenged with recombinant human IGF-I. During the last 72 h of a 4-d challenges with recombinant human growth hormone (16 μg/kg body wt), retention of a mixed 15N-amino acid dose varied between 5.7 and 50.5%. Whole body protein synthesis, breakdown, and net anabolism calculated from the 15N kinetics were all increased by the acute growth hormone challenge. However, no routine clinical feature or laboratory determination correlated with the nitrogen retention response. After subsequent treatment (75 μg/kg three times a week) with recombinant human growth hormone for 1 y, there was a significant increase in height velocity. but this increase was not related significantly to pretreatment variables other than inversely to pretreatment height velocity. There was a significant (p = 0.03) correlation between the change in height velocity Z score and the degree of nitrogen retention to acute challenge with growth hormone, but this correlation was too weak (r = 0.37) to be of practical value in predicting the treatment growth response in an individual child.
AN ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF AIKIDO'S THIRD TEACHING: AN INVESTIGATION OF SANKYO'""

Sankyo, one of Aikido's strongest martial art techniques for peacefully subduing an attacker, produces pain in the hand, wrist, and forearm. Specific target muscles, tendons, and ligaments are identified through an investigation of Sankyo's expert application to two anatomists and a male cadaver.
Admission predictor modeling in pediatric interhospital transport.

Objective The objective of this investigation was to determine if an existing general severity of illness measure describing pediatric emergency patients, calculated at referring hospitals, predicts the need for hospital admission and intensive care unit (ICU) admission at receiving hospitals. Methods A consecutive series of interhospital transports to an urban pediatric tertiary care hospital from other emergency departments (EDs) during a 1-year period were studied. The pediatric risk of admission score, a validated emergency department measure of severity of illness, was calculated by the transport team leader on arrival at the referring hospital using data available at that time. Outcomes examined in a logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic curves included the need for hospital admission and ICU admission. Results From 52 referring emergency departments, 1920 consecutive interhospital transport records were analyzed. Of these, 1557 (81.1%) patients were ultimately admitted to the receiving hospital, including 131 (6.8%) to the ICU. Logistic regression for hospital admission demonstrated a significant independent association with higher age, higher pediatric risk of admission, trauma diagnosis, and the lack of a pediatric inpatient service. The receiver operating characteristic curve for hospital admission [area under the curve = 0.612 (0.576, 0.647)] was not useful to determine a suitable cut point below which hospital admission was unlikely to occur. Pediatric risk of admission score performance as a predictor of ICU admission by receiver operating characteristic curve was only slightly better (area under the curve = 0.721 [0.653, 0.788]). Conclusions This form of the pediatric risk of admission score is not practical as a predictor of hospital and ICU admission among pediatric interhospital transport. Specific calibration could increase its utility for the transport population. This in turn may contribute to more effective interhospital transport triage and more efficient allocation of transport resources.
Drude Relaxation Rate in Grained Gold Nanoantennas

The effect of grain boundaries on the electron relaxation rate is significant even for large area noble metal films and more so for plasmonic nanostructures. Optical spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction show a substantial improvement in plasmon resonance quality for square-particle nanoantennas after annealing due to an enlarged grain size from 22 to 40 nm and improved grain boundaries described by the electron reflection coefficient. The electron relaxation rate due to the grains is shown to decrease by a factor of 3.2.
Multiple-frequency phased array patterns for therapeutic ultrasound

Modern transducer technology allows for the design and implementation of therapeutic arrays with relatively wide bandwidths (>50%) and low cross coupling between elements. We present results from a 3.5 MHz, 64-element prototype designed for small-animal and superficial therapeutic HIFU applications (Imasonic, Inc.) This transducer has a 58% 6-dB fractional BW average on its elements allowing for therapeutic output in the frequency range of 2.7 - 4.6 MHz. We present a simulation/experimental study to evaluate and optimize the focusing capabilities of the phased array prototype when excited by multiple-frequency components. Preliminary results have shown that multiple-frequency excitation may be beneficial in enhancing the therapeutic effects of HIFU beams. A multiple-focus pattern synthesis algorithm for arrays excited by multiple-frequency signals has been developed and tested using linear pressure field simulations. The algorithm maintains the precise phase relationship between the frequency components at each focal spot to achieve a desirable outcome. Hydrophone measurements to validate the approach show that nonlinear effects at the focal location are more prominent with the frequency mixing compared to conventional single frequency excitation. An in vitro study of lesion formation in freshly excised porcine liver was investigated.
Stabilization of arsenic- and barium-rich glass manufacturing waste

Effective solidification/stabilization (S/S) of arsenic- and barium-containing D004/D005 waste was accomplished by using a binder of cement with 40% class C fly ash and either ferrous sulfate or ferric sulfate as an additive. Addition of iron salts improves arsenic solidification/stabilization (S/S). Barium may be encapsulated within the stabilized matrix as barium sulfate. Recommended mole ratios for iron/arsenic and barium/sulfate are at least 6 and 1.2, respectively. A binder/waste ratio of 0.15 is volume efficient, but the mix design must be carefully controlled to achieve adequate S/S. In practice, the heterogeneity of waste and large-scale mix operations may preclude close control of reagent dosages, so a binder/waste ratio of 0.40 is preferable. Ferrous sulfate additive is preferable for arsenic S/S because it is effective over a wider range of mix designs and over a long-term curing period. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure results degraded with long curing time for some mix designs with ferric sulfate additive.
Professional Development for Special Education Reform: Rearticulating the Experiences of Urban Educators.

As urban districts undertake special education reform initiatives to move toward inclusive schooling arrangements, educators are challenged to reflect critically on their practices to support greater participation of all students, including those with disabilities. The authors describe the narratives of three educators who participated in a professional development opportunity offered in the context of special education reform within a large urban school district. By exploring the parameters of their practice, their professional priorities and their struggles in adopting the offerings of this professional development, the authors derive important clues to the process of change that can inform professional development for inclusive practice.
Ballistic electron motion in GaAs at room temperature

Experimental current/voltage characteristics are described for n+-n-n+ and n+-p−-n+ GaAs structures. It is evident from the results that the electron transport is mainly ballistic in nature.
Melting behavior of as-deposited and recrystallized indium nanocrystals

Abstract Melting behavior of as-deposited and recrystallized indium nanocrystals is studied using reflection high-energy electron diffraction in its transmission mode. Indium films with mean thickness ranging from 1.5 to 10 monolayers (ML) deposited on highly oriented graphite at different substrate temperatures are studied. Atomic force microscopy is used to study the crystal size and morphology of the as-deposited and recrystallized nanocrystals. As-deposited films are found to form shallow nanocrystals with a flat top surface of different shapes, while the recrystallized nanocrystals are formed in the more rounded polyhedral shape. The change in the diffraction pattern intensity with temperature is used to probe the melting of the nanocrystals. The melting point is found to be lower than that of the bulk for both types of films and extends over a temperature range due to nanocrystal size distribution. The as-deposited films show an end melting point nearly equal to that of the recrystallized films except for the 1.5-ML film which shows an end melting point ∼10 K lower than the recrystallized film. The deposition temperature is found to have a significant effect on the end melting point of as-deposited nanocrystals, while having a negligible effect on the end melting point of recrystallized nanocrystals.
Direct detection by atomic force microscopy of single bond forces associated with the rupture of discrete charge-transfer complexes.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the chemical binding force of discrete electron donor−acceptor complexes formed at the interface between proximal self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Derivatives of the well-known electron donor N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) and the electron acceptor 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) were immobilized on Au-coated AFM tips and substrates by formation of SAMs of N,N,N‘-trimethyl-N‘-(10-thiodecyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (I) and bis(10-(2-((2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene)dimalonitrile))decyl) disulfide (II), respectively. Pull-off forces between modified tips and substrates were measured under CHCl3 solvent. The mean pull-off forces associated with TMPD/TCNQ microcontacts were more than an order of magnitude larger than the pull-off forces for TMPD/TMPD and TCNQ/TCNQ microcontacts, consistent with the presence of specific charge-transfer interactions between proximal TMPD donors and TCNQ acceptors. Furthermore, histograms of pull-off forces ...
Interaction of temperature, humidity, driver preferences, and refrigerant type on air conditioning compressor usage

Recent studies have shown large increases in vehicle emissions when the air conditioner (AC) compressor is engaged. Factors that affect the compressor-on percentage can have a significant impact on vehicle emissions and can also lead to prediction errors in current emissions models if not accounted for properly. During 1996 and 1997, the University of California, Riverside, College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) conducted a vehicle activity study for the California Air Resources Board (CARB) in the Sacramento, CA, region. The vehicles were randomly selected from all registered vehicles in the region. As part of this study, ten vehicles were instrumented to collect AC compressor on/off data on a second-by-second basis in the summer of 1997. Temperature and humidity data were obtained and averaged on an hourly basis. The ten drivers were asked to complete a short survey about AC operational preferences. This paper examines the effects of temperature, humidity, refrigerant type, and driver preferences on air conditioning compressor activity. Overall, AC was in use in 69.1% of the trips monitored. The compressor was on an average of 64% of the time during the trips. The personal preference settings had a significant effect on the AC compressor-on percentage but did not interact with temperature. The refrigerant types, however, exhibited a differential response across temperature, which may necessitate separate modeling of the R12 refrigerant-equipped vehicles from the R134A-equipped vehicles. It should be noted that some older vehicles do get retrofitted with new compressors that use R134A; however, none of the vehicles in this study had been retrofitted.
Infrasound associated with the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska

[1] Infrasonic waves associated with the November 3, 2002, magnitude 7.9 earthquake in Alaska were detected by the microphone array (I53US) in Fairbanks, Alaska. The epicenter of the earthquake lay some 150 km south of the Fairbanks array. Both seismic and acoustic signals were recorded successively by the microphone array. The fault rupture of the earthquake moved east-southeast along the Denali-Totschunda system fault for approximately 294 km. The northern side of the fault moved to the east and vertically upward relative to the southern side. Displacements up to 8.8 meters were measured at various points along the fault [Eberhart-Phillps et al., 2003]. The seismic P-wave signal arrived at the array approximately 27 seconds after initiation of the rupture with a trace velocity of 5 km/sec. This was followed, some 12 minutes later, by an infrasonic wavetrain that had an average trace velocity of 0.34 km/sec and lasted about ten minutes. The azimuth of arrival of the infrasonic waves steadily moved eastward throughout the wave train apparently following the rupture's leading edge along the fault. The largest infrasonic signals, reaching over 12 Pa, came from the azimuth of the regions of largest ground motion along the fault. The source of the infrasound is taken to be the sudden local motion of the mountains in the Alaska Range along the Denali fault as they responded to the eastward-propagating fault rupture.
Electrical conduction of Co2SiO4

This paper reports measurements of electrical conductivity in Co2SiO4 as a function of temperature in the range from 780 to 1540 K and oxygen fugacity in the range from 5 × 10−8 to 2.6 × 10−5 MPa at 1540 K. From the present data and available literature data on defect concentrations in Co2SiO4, the mobility of the defect responsible for conduction is determined to be 8.6 × 10−7 m2/V-s at 1373 K. On the basis of these data and the observed dependence of conduction on oxygen fugacity, it is concluded that small polarons associated with oxidized cobalt ions is the likely mechanism controlling conduction. The mobility of small polarons in iron-bearing olivine under similar conditions is likely to be of the same order of magnitude.
Callus induction and differentiation from leaf explants of different species of the genus Beta

This study was conducted to determine the regeneration ability of beet species across all four sections of the genus Beta
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of melt‐intercalated polyethylene‐clay nanocomposites

The influence of nanoclay particles on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of intercalated polyethylene (PE) prepared by melt-compounding was investigated. It is observed that the crystallization peak temperature (Tp) of PE/clay nanocomposites is slightly but consistently higher than the neat PE at various cooling rates. The half-time (t0.5) for crystallization decreased with increase in clay content, implying the nucleating role of nanoclay particles. The nonisothermal crystallization data are analyzed using the approach of Avrami (Polymer 1971, 12, 150), Ozawa (Polym Eng Sci 1997, 37, 443), and Mo and coworkers (J Res Natl Bur Stand 1956, 57, 217), and the validity of the different kinetic models to the nonisothermal crystallization process of PE/clay nanocomposites is discussed. The approach developed by Mo and coworkers successfully explains the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PE and PE/clay nanocomposites. The activation energy for nonisothermal crystallization of neat PE and PE/clay nanocomposites is determined using the Kissinger (J Res Natl Bur Stand 1956, 57, 217) method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3809–3818, 2006
R70-4 Analysis of Algorithms for the Zero&#8211;One Programming Problem

By "zero–one programming" the authors mean linear mathematical programming with variables that can take on only the values 0 or 1. Such problems are of great practical importance—arising, for example, when optimality is sought in such contexts as airline crew scheduling, capital budgeting, disk balancing, menu planning, plant location, political apportionment, and project selection. A great deal of effort has been expended in recent years in quest of efficient algorithms, as is evident from the size of the literature that has grown up. The authors give a rather superficial review of the "implicit enumeration" portion of this literature. An attempt is made to indicate the nature of the algorithms proposed by the following authors and, in most cases, to show how their proposals relate to the framework for implicit enumeration exposited by the reviewer.1 These authors are Glass, Balas, Glover, Lawler and Bell, Geoffrion, Lemke and Spielberg, Balintfy, and Healy. A brief discussion of comparative computational experience is given, and the tentative conclusion offered that the reviewer's algorithm2 "seems to be the most promising of existing converging algorithms."
A note on the boundary conditions of toupin's strain-gradient theory

Abstract In this paper the relationship between the boundary conditions of the linear form of Toupin's straingradient theory and the boundary conditions of Mindlin's micro-structure theory is established. This relationship provides a clear physical interpretation for the external forces in the strain-gradient theory.
An ultrasensitive technique for testing the Arrhenius extrapolation assumption for thermally aged elastomers

Abstract We present a general approach for more confidently correlating accelerated aging results with aging under service conditions using the Arrhenius methodology. We first show that, as a result of complex diffusion-limited oxidation effects, time/temperature correlations may occur for some properties but not for others. To rigorously extrapolate high temperature results to low temperatures, we sought an ultrasensitive technique correlated to macroscopic degradation and capable of measurements at or near service temperatures. We achieved this objective by monitoring oxygen consumption rates at high (accelerated) temperatures, to establish the necessary correlation, and at low temperatures (down to 23 °C), to determine their temperature-dependence in the extrapolation region. Because easily measurable oxygen consumption rates of 10 −13 mol/g s correspond to decades of predicted lifetime for most elastomers, this approach increases confidence in long-term predictions and therefore provides a means of testing Arrhenius extrapolations.
A local level-set method using a hash table data structure

We present a local level-set method based on the hash table data structure, which allows the storage of only a band of grid points adjacent to the interface while providing an O(1) access to the data. We discuss the details of the construction of the hash table data structure as well as the advection and reinitialization schemes used for our implementation of the level-set method. We propose two dimensional numerical examples and compare the results to those obtained with a quadtree data structure. Our study indicates that the method is straightforward to implement but suffers from limitations that make it less efficient than the quadtree data structure.
The inter-relationship between cardiovascular function and gastro-intestinal disease

1. The literature of cardiac and gastro-intestinal relationships is reviewed and illustrative cases presented. 2. The effect of reflex vagotonia on the coronary circulation is emphasized. Other methods of how the gastro-intestinal system may adversely affect the cardiovascular system are discussed. 3. Gastro-intestinal disease may mimic cardiac disease. 4. Correction of disease within the abdomen often serves to decrease cardiac load and improve circulatory function.
In-depth analysis of handwriting curriculum and instruction in four kindergarten classrooms

The quality of handwriting curriculum and instructional practices in actual classrooms was investigated in an in-depth case study of four inner city kindergarten classrooms using quantitative and qualitative methods. The handwriting proficiency of students was also evaluated to assess the impact of the instructional practices observed. The findings suggest that even though teachers employ a number of effective strategies, there is room for improvement in implementing effective, research-approved handwriting instruction. In particular, daily, explicit instruction, writing for fluency, writing from memory, and use of self-evaluation are areas that need improvement. Results indicate that the lack of emphasis on these practices impacted the quality of teaching and learning of handwriting skills. Future research is needed on the impact of teacher training, use of an assessment tool that objectively assesses students’ handwriting, use of reading and handwriting curriculum that complement and reinforce one another, and the effectiveness of research-based strategies in practice.
DNA Barcoding Works in Practice but Not in (Neutral) Theory

Background DNA barcode differences within animal species are usually much less than differences among species, making it generally straightforward to match unknowns to a reference library. Here we aim to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms underlying this usual “barcode gap” pattern. We employ avian barcode libraries to test a central prediction of neutral theory, namely, intraspecific variation equals 2 Nµ, where N is population size and µ is mutations per site per generation. Birds are uniquely suited for this task: they have the best-known species limits, are well represented in barcode libraries, and, most critically, are the only large group with documented census population sizes. In addition, we ask if mitochondrial molecular clock measurements conform to neutral theory prediction of clock rate equals µ. Results Intraspecific COI barcode variation was uniformly low regardless of census population size (n = 142 species in 15 families). Apparent outliers reflected lumping of reproductively isolated populations or hybrid lineages. Re-analysis of a published survey of cytochrome b variation in diverse birds (n = 93 species in 39 families) further confirmed uniformly low intraspecific variation. Hybridization/gene flow among species/populations was the main limitation to DNA barcode identification. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first large study of animal mitochondrial diversity using actual census population sizes and the first to test outliers for population structure. Our finding of universally low intraspecific variation contradicts a central prediction of neutral theory and is not readily accounted for by commonly proposed ad hoc modifications. We argue that the weight of evidence–low intraspecific variation and the molecular clock–indicates neutral evolution plays a minor role in mitochondrial sequence evolution. As an alternate paradigm consistent with empirical data, we propose extreme purifying selection, including at synonymous sites, limits variation within species and continuous adaptive selection drives the molecular clock.