cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dislocation and Grain Derived Theory for Kinematic Metrics of Finite Deformation to Replace Existing Elastic-Plastic Phenomenological Metrics

Most existing continuum kinematic metrics used for correlating experimental data sets from finite deformation tests are traceable to a two reference state configuration analysis proposed primarily by Lee[1]; namely, a deformed elastic-plastic back to an idealized zero stress plastic state. These analyses admit that material discontinuities would exist in arriving at a virtual state of zero residual stress, however, the elastic-plastic deformation process is considered a mathematically continuous spatial function process. Hence, atomic length scale metrics are not analytically introduced because of the continuity requirements of the embedded deformation function space. This is not a valid physical description given that the microscopic dislocation mechanism for the non-recoverable kinematics of crystal material deformations creates discontinuities between atomic planes of grains in a material sample. In addition, the mathematical structure of current continuum kinematic metrics is deterministic. This is also not physically realistic in describing materials’ responses that are dependent on intrinsic metallic grain characteristics. This follows since an ensemble of material specimens have a randomness for the physical numbers per unit material volume per unit species volume for both dislocation density and grain lattice structure density function characteristics. These random functions are best described as classical probability density functions in a spatial, time, and species variable domain. A stochastic description for dislocation density in solids has been developed, and explicitly introduced in a finite deformational functional[2]. This finite deformational functional will be extended to include an explicit dependence on a stochastic grain lattice structure density function. Finally, analyses of this dislocation-grain deformational functional provide stochastic kinematic metrics for void or microcrack-type opening deformations at grain boundaries that contain length scale measures based on the physical attributes of both dislocations and grains.
Does Acupuncture Treatment Affect Utilization of Other Hospital Services at an Urban Safety-Net Hospital?

Abstract Background: Little is known regarding the interaction between acupuncture and biomedical healthcare among vulnerable patient populations. In particular, the association between acupuncture and total cost of healthcare has not been characterized. Methods: Total hospital system visits and associated charges were retrospectively reviewed among patients who received acupuncture at a large safety-net hospital system from 2007 to 2014. Inclusion criteria were Medicare or Medicaid insurance coverage, older than age 18 years, and one or more onsite acupuncture appointments. Patients were stratified into five groups based on the number of acupuncture visits: 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, or 13–15 treatments. The total number of biomedical hospital visits and total associated charges were compared 6 months before and 6 months after initiation of acupuncture. Results: A total of 329 patients met our inclusion criteria. Although not statistically significant, there appeared to be an association between acupuncture t...
Badgrlz? Exploring Sex Differences in Cyberbullying Behaviors:

Research on bullying suggests that traditional bullying is gendered such that males participate in physical acts while females engage in relational attacks, but the nature of the relationship between gender and cyberbullying is less defined. Because the Internet is an ideal environment for the relational forms of bullying favored by females, we hypothesize that females engage in more cyberbullying than males. We also hypothesize that there are gender differences in predictors of cyberbullying and cybervictimization. In order to better understand these gender dynamics, we examine self-reported bullying and victimization experiences in a sample of 3,867 middle school students in a northeastern state. Contrary to recent findings, our results show support for the gendered nature of cyberbullying and suggest that females engage in more cyberbullying than males. We also find gender variation in predictors of cybervictimization. We discuss the implication of these findings, especially in light of prevention and ...
Assessing the impact of payment method and practice setting on German physicians' practice patterns.

This project determined the impact that a physician's practice setting and reimbursement method has on his or her practice behavior. Multivariate regressions that controlled for physician, patient, and practice characteristics were conducted. The primary data source was a questionnaire that sampled
Effects of Analgesic Use on Inflammation and Hematology in a Murine Model of Venous Thrombosis

Venous thrombosis (VT) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Surgical animal models are crucial in studies investigating the pathogenesis of this disease and evaluating VT therapies. Because inflammation is critical to both the development and resolution of VT, analgesic medications have the potential to adversely affect multiple parameters of interest in VT research. The objective of this study was to determine how several common analgesics affect key variables in a murine ligation model of deep vein thrombosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to receive either local (bupivacaine) or systemic parenteral analgesia (buprenorphine, tramadol, or carprofen) or 0.9% NaCl (control). All mice underwent laparotomy and ligation of the inferior vena cava, and treatment was continued until euthanasia at 6 or 48 h after surgery. Analysis of harvested tissues and blood included: hematology, thrombus weight, serum and vein-wall cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL10, TNFα), soluble P-selectin, and vein-wall leukocyte infiltration. Compared with 0.9% NaCl, all of the analgesics affected multiple parameters important to VT research. Carprofen and tramadol affected the most parameters and should not be used in murine models of VT. Although they affected fewer parameters, a single dose of bupivacaine increased thrombus weight at 6 h, and buprenorphine was associated with reduced vein wall macrophages at 48 h. Although we cannot recommend the use of any of the evaluated analgesic dosages in this mouse model of VT, buprenorphine merits additional investigation to ensure the highest level of laboratory animal care and welfare.
Principal Component Analysis and Genetic Distance Analysis on Main Quantitative Characteristics of Maize Inbred Lines

In this paper,the main quantitative characteristics of bred or introduced 29 maize inbred lines were analyzed to principal component and genetic distance by Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results indicated that 29 inbred lines were divided into 8 groups,and genetic distance could reflect the actual genetic divergence among the investigated inbred lines. The results can also provide the basis for the scientific parental combination. According to the results of genetic distance,six inbred lines were selected for use by breeding.
Brush Biopsy and Culture of Airway Epithelial Cells: β-Adrenergic Receptor System Function

Stimulation by catecholamine agonists of the β-adrenergic coupled adenylyl cyclase (βAR-AC) system, expressed on human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (ECs), elicits a variety of cellular responses that favorably affect airway function, the intensity of the inflammatory reaction, and even the integrity of the epithelial lining (1-6). For example, β-agonist-stimulated production of second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), enhances salt and water exchange (2), ciliary beating (3), mucus secretion by goblet cells (1,4), proliferation of airway ECs (5), and protection against free radical induced injury (6).
Subepithelial Hematoma of the Renal Pelvis (Antopol–Goldman Lesion): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

AbstractA 45-year-old woman presented with gross hematuria and pain in the right flank. Blood was found in the right renal pelvis with bleeding from the lower pole of the kidney. Partial nephrectomy revealed hematomas in and about the pelvis and calices, confirming the diagnosis of Antopol-Goldman lesion. The cause of the lesion remains uncertain, although renal trauma superimposed on a hyperplastic pelvic capillary network, secondary to analgesic abuse, is suspected.
Optimizing health while aging with developmental disabilities

Optimum health in aging adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) requires a healthcare workforce familiar with general principles of geriatric medicine integrated with specific knowledge about what diseases commonly occur in this population and how they manifest. Aging adults with IDD are at risk for undiagnosed disease, excessive pharmacotherapy, and inadequate preventive health care based on underestimation of life expectancy. This chapter provides a clinical framework for optimizing the health care of aging adults with IDD.
Leadership as Personal Capital

Perhaps, you are reading this book because you are beginning a new administrative or leadership post, or you are merely contemplating one. While we believe the material will benefit you in those pursuits, we also believe that the insights and behaviors that contribute to successful executive leadership are, in fact, the same as those that ensure a productive work life and personal life in general. Your leadership capabilities could be viewed as personal capital, the increase of which can enrich all pursuits.
TRPV4 Enhances Cardiomyocyte Calcium Transients and Cardiac Contractility Following Hypoosmotic Stress and Ischemia-Reperfusion

The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channel family plays an important role in cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis, particularly in diseased states. Here, we test the hypothesis that the osmotically-activated TRP Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel enhances cardiomyocyte calcium transients in the aged heart following hypoosmotic stress. Expression of TRPV4 was low in cardiomyocytes of Young (3-6 month) mice, but significantly increased in cardiomyocytes of Aged (24-26 month) mice. In cardiomyocytes of Aged, hypoosmotic stress (250 mOsm) induced an increase in calcium transient amplitude (F/F0:3.6±0.1 hypoosmotic versus 2.9±0.2 isosmotic, P<0.05). This effect was prevented by the TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047 (1 μM, F/F0:2.9±0.1 hypoosmotic) and was absent in cardiomyocytes of Young mice (F/F0:3.2±0.1 hypoosmotic versus 2.9±0.2 isosmotic). However, cardiomyocytes of Young mice with cardiac-specific TRPV4 Overexpression exhibited enhanced calcium transient amplitude following hypoosmotic stress (F/F0:3.5±0.2 hypoosmotic versus 2.4±0.1 isosmotic, P<0.05) that was prevented by HC067047 (F/F0:2.6±0.1 hypoosmotic). Ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury is a pathological scenario associated with pronounced osmotic stress on cardiomyocytes. We therefore monitored left-ventricular pressure development in Langendorff-perfused hearts of Young, Aged, Young TRPV4 Overexpressor, and Aged TRPV4 knock-out mice subjected to 45 minute global ischemia followed by reperfusion. Prior to ischemia, all hearts exhibited similar contractility (dP/dtMax range: 1934±206 to 2226±62 mmHg/s). Following I-R, hearts of Aged mice exhibited enhanced contractile performance (dP/dtMax: 2770±180 mmHg/s) versus hearts of Aged TRPV4 knock-out mice (dP/dtMax: 1400±300 mmHg/s, P<0.05). Similarly, hearts of Young TRPV4 Overexpressor mice exhibited enhanced contractile performance (dP/dtMax: 2750±180 mmHg/s) versus hearts of Young mice (dP/dtMax: 1650±260 mmHg/s, P<0.05). In conclusion, TRPV4 enhances calcium transients following hypoosmotic stress and contributes to hypercontractility following I-R. Our findings have potential clinical implications in the treatment of elderly populations at increased risk of myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury.
Unified Program Design: Organizing Existing Programming Models, Delivery Options, and Curriculum.

A persistent problem in the field of gifted education has been the lack of categorization and delineation of gifted programming options. To address this issue, we propose Unified Program Design as ...
An Empirical Investigation of the Rationales for Integrated Risk-Management Behavior

We develop a comprehensive empirical specification that treats risk-management and risk-taking as integrated facets of a financial intermediary’s risk profile. Three main results emerge from a sample of 518 U.S. bank holding companies during 1991–2000: (1) The corporate risk-management theories most consistently supported are those related to financial distress costs and debt holder-related agency costs (with weaker support for the rationales related to managerial contracting costs, firm size, and hedge substitutes); (2) the asymmetric information theory for managing risk is not supported by our sample; (3) a conventional linear model of risk-management adequately explains cross-sectional and time-series variation in the sample. The model’s findings are robust to alternate definitions of the independent variables, major changes in bank regulation, firm-specific fixed effects, nonlinearities and interactions between the independent variables, as well as firm-specific controls for other key risks related to credit quality and operating efficiency.
Assessing Exhaustiveness of Stochastic Sampling for Integrative Modeling of Macromolecular Structures.

Modeling of macromolecular structures involves structural sampling guided by a scoring function, resulting in an ensemble of good-scoring models. By necessity, the sampling is often stochastic, and must be exhaustive at a precision sufficient for accurate modeling and assessment of model uncertainty. Therefore, the very first step in analyzing the ensemble is an estimation of the highest precision at which the sampling is exhaustive. Here, we present an objective and automated method for this task. As a proxy for sampling exhaustiveness, we evaluate whether two independently and stochastically generated sets of models are sufficiently similar. The protocol includes testing 1) convergence of the model score, 2) whether model scores for the two samples were drawn from the same parent distribution, 3) whether each structural cluster includes models from each sample proportionally to its size, and 4) whether there is sufficient structural similarity between the two model samples in each cluster. The evaluation also provides the sampling precision, defined as the smallest clustering threshold that satisfies the third, most stringent test. We validate the protocol with the aid of enumerated good-scoring models for five illustrative cases of binary protein complexes. Passing the proposed four tests is necessary, but not sufficient for thorough sampling. The protocol is general in nature and can be applied to the stochastic sampling of any set of models, not just structural models. In addition, the tests can be used to stop stochastic sampling as soon as exhaustiveness at desired precision is reached, thereby improving sampling efficiency; they may also help in selecting a model representation that is sufficiently detailed to be informative, yet also sufficiently coarse for sampling to be exhaustive.
Renewed optimism and spatial mobility: Legal consciousness of Latino Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals recipients and their families in Los Angeles:

In 2012, President Obama signed Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), an executive action that provided deportation relief, a temporary work permit, and driver licenses for almost 800,000 undocumented immigrants who grew up in the US. Drawing on 100 in-depth interviews in Los Angeles, this article documents DACA’s consequences for the legal consciousness of DACA recipients and their families in the period of 2013–2016. Although the Trump Administration chose to phase out the program in 2017, evidence shows that DACA temporarily benefited families in seemingly mundane but cumulative and powerful ways. State-issued IDs and work permits led to many more opportunities to achieve their goals, experience spatial mobility, and establish greater family independence through interdependence. Together, and even though DACA targeted only single members of families, these experiences shifted entire families’ legal consciousness toward a stronger sense of pride and belonging in the United States.
Energy Harvesting in Synthetic Dendrimer Materials

In the past two and a half decades, dendrimers have emerged as a distinct branch ofmacromolecular chemistry. Tailoring of dendrimer structure yields precise placement of chromophoresthat can serve as energy harvesters, mimicking photosynthesis. The unique architecture afforded bydendrimers allows for multiple energy harvesters that can transfer their energy to a single core,which is important for optoelectronic applications such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).This review emphasizes the energy transfer characteristics that these dendrimers provide rather thentheir synthesis.
Synthesis and PI3 Kinase Inhibition Activity of Some Novel Trisubstituted Morpholinopyrimidines

A number of new substituted morpholinopyrimidines were prepared utilizing sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution and cross-coupling reactions. One of the disubstituted pyrimidines was converted into two trisubstituted compounds which were screened as PI3K inhibitors relative to the well-characterized PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474, and were found to be 1.5–3-times more potent. A leucine linker was attached to the most active inhibitor since it would remain on any peptide-containing prodrug after cleavage by prostate-specific antigen, and it did not prevent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation and hence the inhibition of PI3K by the modified inhibitor.
Middle Eastern Feminisms: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Turkish and the Iranian Experience

ABSTRACTThe aim of this essay is to give voice to the distinct types of feminist consciousnesses in dominantly Muslim societies, which have been mostly ignored or marginalized by Western and Wester...
Effectiveness of Harmonic Filters of AC Arc Furnaces at Uneasy Mode of Operation

Harmonic filters are commonly installed on the primary side of the furnace transformer. Thus, it is exposed for harmonics generated in the furnace. They contribute to extra energy loss. Possibility of harmonic filtering directly at the furnace terminals is investigated in the paper. Harmonic filters used for reduction of the current distortion of ultra-high power ac arc furnaces operate at fast varying parameters. On the other side, the filter can be built practically only as a fixed parameters device. It means that the filter cannot be well matched to the furnace. The paper investigates this effectiveness in an uneasy mode of an arc furnace operation. This enables to draw some qualitative conclusions on possibilities of by resonant harmonic filters. The results in the paper are drawn from modeling of a reference furnace in a few states which can occur in uneasy mode of the furnace operation, i.e., in unbalanced state, operation with only two arcs and with one unidirectional arc.
Tierra Natal: Athanasius’s Desert as Mestiza Homeland

This chapter examines Athanasius of Alexandria’s well-known hagiography of the first desert saint, Antony. By looking closely at the text—and in particular the description of the ever-growing desert imagined by Athanasius—I suggest some touchstones of borderland space that demonstrate this desert to be a borderland. In Anzalduan terms, the ascetics of Athanasius’s desert give a sense of communal identity. In this way, identity as a stable category of individuality is undermined and so is the notion of solitary holiness. It is the community of ascetics that are the supporting characters of Antony’s Life and it is the community that contributes to the construction of Christian subjectivity. In the end, Athanasius has described the desert as a homeland, or better said, a tierra natal—a land that gives birth to something new. What is new, is a mestiza identity—the desert ascetic.
Setting, Age, and Intensity Influence Responses to Exercise in Young Endurance Runners.

We investigated the effects of exercise setting (indoor treadmill vs. outdoor trail), age (17 middle school, 18 high school, and 13 college participants), and level of exertion (Borg Ratings of Per...
Genetics and epigenetics of allergy.

Purpose of review Allergic diseases are prototypic examples for gene × environment-wide interactions. This review considers the current evidence for genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in allergic diseases and highlights barriers and facilitators for the implementation of these novel tools both for research and clinical practice. Recent findings The value of whole-genome sequencing studies and the use of polygenic risk score analysis in homogeneous well characterized populations are currently being tested. Epigenetic mechanisms are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders, especially through mediating the effects of the environmental factors, well recognized risk modifiers. There is emerging evidence for the immune-modulatory role of probiotics through epigenetic changes. Direct or indirect targeting of epigenetic mechanisms affect expression of the genes favouring the development of allergic diseases and can improve tissue biology. The ability to specifically edit the epigenome, especially using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, holds the promise of enhancing understanding of how epigenetic modifications function and enabling manipulation of cell phenotype for research or therapeutic purposes. Summary Additional research in the role of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in relation to allergic diseases' endotypes is needed. An international project characterizing the human epigenome in relation to allergic diseases is warranted.
Optimal QoS-Driven Power Allocation for Energy Harvesting Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks Using FBC

In the last few decades, the statistical delay- bounded quality-of-service (QoS) technique has been proposed and investigated to support the delay-bounded 5G multimedia wireless services In addition, the energy harvesting (EH) based systems, which enable the mobile devices to harvest energy from various external sources, have been designed to address the energy scarcity problem. Researchers have recently integrated EH based systems with short-packet communications for their potential benefits of small payloads and low latency to support reliable multimedia data transmissions. Under the short delay requirements for the low-latency 5G multimedia wireless services, it is not ideal to apply the traditional Shannon capacity for modeling the data rate under the error-rate bounded in the non- asymptotic regime. Accordingly, researchers have developed the finite wireless data transmission rate in the non-asymptotic regime. However, it is challenging to determine the convexity of the effective-capacity maximization problem subject to the statistical delay-bounded and error-rate bounded QoS constraints due to the complexity of analyzing the maximization problem in the non- asymptotic regime. To overcome these challenges, we design the EH based cross- layer optimization scheme in supporting the statistical delay-bounded and error-rate bounded QoS requirements in the finite blocklength regime in the following steps. First, we characterize the EH based system models under finite blocklength coding (FBC). Second, we derive and analyze the convexity of the /spl epsilon/-effective capacity maximization problem for our proposed EH scheme in the finite blocklength regime. Finally, we conduct several simulation evaluations which validate our proposed EH scheme under the statistical delaybounded and error-rate bounded QoS constraints in the finite blocklength regime.
Frequency-Specific Optogenetic Deep Brain Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus Improves Parkinsonian Motor Behaviors

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective therapy for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neural elements mediating symptom relief are unclear. A previous study concluded that direct optogenetic activation of STN neurons was neither necessary nor sufficient for relief of parkinsonian symptoms. However, the kinetics of the channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) used for cell-specific activation are too slow to follow the high rates required for effective DBS, and thus the contribution of activation of STN neurons to the therapeutic effects of DBS remains unclear. We quantified the behavioral and neuronal effects of optogenetic STN DBS in female rats following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion using an ultrafast opsin (Chronos). Optogenetic STN DBS at 130 pulses per second (pps) reduced pathologic circling and ameliorated deficits in forelimb stepping similarly to electrical DBS, while optogenetic STN DBS with ChR2 did not produce behavioral effects. As with electrical DBS, optogenetic STN DBS exhibited a strong dependence on stimulation rate; high rates produced symptom relief while low rates were ineffective. High-rate optogenetic DBS generated both increases and decreases in firing rates of single neurons in STN, globus pallidus externa (GPe), and substantia nigra pars reticular (SNr), and disrupted β band oscillatory activity in STN and SNr. High-rate optogenetic STN DBS can indeed ameliorate parkinsonian motor symptoms through reduction of abnormal oscillatory activity in the STN-associated neural circuit, and these results highlight that the kinetic properties of opsins have a strong influence on the effects of optogenetic stimulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whether STN local cells contribute to the therapeutic effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. We re-examined the role of STN local cells in mediating the symptom-relieving effects of STN DBS using cell type-specific optogenetic stimulation with a much faster opsin, Chronos. Direct optogenetic stimulation of STN neurons was effective in treating the symptoms of parkinsonism in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat. These results highlight that the kinetic properties of opsins can have a strong influence on the effects of optogenetic activation/inhibition and must be considered when employing optogenetic to study high-rate neural stimulation.
Unexpected Source and Transport of Iron from the Deep Peru Margin

Iron is the most important micronutrient in the ocean, but the nature and magnitude of its sources and sinks to the ocean are poorly constrained. Here we assess our understanding of the sources and...
Reply: Efficiency in DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: The Real Benefit of Computed Tomographic Angiography Imaging.

BACKGROUND In deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction, many surgeons use preoperative imaging for perforator mapping as a method to plan the operation, reduce operative times, and potentially limit morbidity. This study compared operative times for specific portions of DIEP flap harvest with and without preoperative computed tomographic angiography imaging. METHODS Two patient groups undergoing DIEP flap breast reconstruction were studied prospectively. In the experimental group, the harvesting surgeon was blinded to the preoperative computed tomographic angiography scan; in the control group, the harvesting surgeon assessed the scan preoperatively. Times for initial perforator identification, perforator selection, flap harvest time, and total procedure times were compared. Perforator choice was evaluated. Correlation of perforator choice preoperatively and intraoperatively was also performed. RESULTS Times were recorded in 60 DIEP flaps (27 blinded and 33 unblinded). The nonblinded group was more efficient in all categories: time to first perforator identification (28.6 minutes versus 17.8 minutes; p < 0.0001), time to perforator decision-making (23.1 minutes versus 5.6 minutes; p < 0.0001), time to flap harvest (128 minutes versus 80 minutes; p < 0.0001), and total operative time (417 minutes versus 353 minutes; p < 0.001). Perforator location was not different between groups. Blinded intraoperative decisions correlated with preoperative imaging in 74 percent of flaps. More perforators were included in the blinded flaps compared to the nonblinded flaps (2.3 versus 1.4; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Use of preoperative computed tomographic angiography leads to decreased operative times, specifically with regard to perforator identification and perforator selection. Without preoperative computed tomographic angiography, surgeons included more perforators in the flaps. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, II.
Recent advances and future trends in foot and ankle arthroscopy

Foot and ankle arthroscopy (AA) has evolved slowly since its first descriptions over 40 years ago but today stands as a reliable and well-established part of the foot and ankle surgeons’ armamentarium. Modern technological advances in instrumentation, imaging, and biological reconstructive materials have helped push the boundaries of what is doable with this treatment modality. This article explores the origins and applications of foot and AA. It also takes a look at what is coming ahead in this exciting sphere of foot and ankle surgery.
What Nature, Politics and Policy Demand of the Chesapeake Bay and Its Food System

By the middle of the twentieth Century the Chesapeake Bay showed clear signs of declining water quality and attendant depletion of seafood harvests. The loss of water quality traced directly to excessive nutrients released into the Bay by industrial agriculture, and poorly functioning wastewater treatment plants. Overuse of artificial fertilizers and drainage from unregulated concentrated animal feeding operations polluted the Bay, resulting in cultural eutrophication that displaced oxygen-loving species from their habitats. Citizen organizations pressed the state and Federal governments to tackle the problem. The creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, and passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972, as well as other legislation led to a coordinated Federal and state response that gave rise to the Chesapeake Bay Program. A series of Chesapeake Bay Agreements, beginning in 1983, developed the infrastructure for investigating problems in the Bay, articulating solutions to those problems, and setting in motion actions to restore the health of the ecosystem. The Chesapeake Bay Program and a host of citizen groups have successfully worked to improve the health of the Bay, with much reaming to be done. Reforms in the food system, including reductions in chemical agriculture, adopting soil-conserving organic techniques, and turning away from animal-based foods show promise in helping to recover the Bay. Recovery efforts for the Chesapeake serve as a model for other estuaries facing similar problems.
Building a tRNA thermometer to estimate microbial adaptation to temperature

Because ambient temperature affects biochemical reactions, organisms living in extreme temperature conditions adapt protein composition and structure to maintain biochemical functions. While it is not feasible to experimentally determine optimal growth temperature (OGT) for every known microbial species, organisms adapted to different temperatures have measurable differences in DNA, RNA and protein composition that allow OGT prediction from genome sequence alone. In this study, we built a 'tRNA thermometer' model using tRNA sequence to predict OGT. We used sequences from 100 archaea and 683 bacteria species as input to train two Convolutional Neural Network models. The first pairs individual tRNA sequences from different species to predict which comes from a more thermophilic organism, with accuracy ranging from 0.538 to 0.992. The second uses the complete set of tRNAs in a species to predict optimal growth temperature, achieving a maximum ${r^2}$ of 0.86; comparable with other prediction accuracies in the literature despite a significant reduction in the quantity of input data. This model improves on previous OGT prediction models by providing a model with minimum input data requirements, removing laborious feature extraction and data preprocessing steps and widening the scope of valid downstream analyses.
Influence of Hormones on Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation

The association of more severe atherosclerosis with conditions of impaired insulin regulation as well as the generally protective effect of estrogen on atherogenesis have been described (Lundbaek, 1953; Oliver and Boyd, 1955; Bryfogle, 1957; Stamler, 1963). Since proliferation of medial and intimai smooth muscle cells is one of the key events in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, we undertook to study the proliferative response of these cells to insulin and estrogen in vitro. Both of these hormones have been extensively studied as to their effect on the growth of tissue culture cells in general.
Wire-arc additive manufacturing and post-heat treatment optimization on microstructure and mechanical properties of Grade 91 steel

Abstract Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of Grade 91 steel (P91) is demonstrated for the first time. This alloy has been widely used in pressure vessel components of thermal and nuclear power plants. The post-WAAM heat treatment process is critical to the anisotropy elimination and property improvement, which is designed and optimized with the help of the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)-based thermodynamic modeling in this work. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-built and post-heat-treated WAAM P91 steel are studied. The results show that the as-built P91 steel fabricated by WAAM has a much higher strength than traditional wrought material, with an ultra-fine and high-density dislocation embedded martensite lath and quantities of δ-ferrite. The heterogeneous structure resulting from the WAAM process is removed after homogenization at 1200°C for 2 h. The microstructure is optimized with the very fine martensite lath and rational prior austenite grain size (PAGS). The segregated MX observed in the matrix of the as-built material is dissolved back to the matrix during homogenization, which is beneficial to the dispersive precipitation of M23C6 and MX in the grain boundaries and matrix during the following aging. By optimizing homogenization (1200°C for 2 h) and aging (760°C for 2 h) heat treatments, the WAAM P91 steel demonstrates excellent mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength of 774 MPa, yield strength of 686 MPa and ductility of 19.4%, which far surpasses the mechanical properties of standard wrought P91 steel used in the industry. The strengthening mechanism is elucidated to be the synergistic effect of MX and M23C6 precipitation.
Freedom of the Database: Auditing Access to Structured Data

As government operations at all levels have become increasingly computerized, records of those activities have moved from paper to databases. Yet there has been little empirical research about the public’s ability to access such records in practice. This study uses field research to assess how 44 public universities respond to records requests of varying complexity for structured data. Sampled universities produced responsive structured data without a fee in slightly more than a quarter of requests, meaning the vast majority of requests failed to yield the information sought in a structured format and for free.
Lipoprotein Apheresis

Lipoprotein apheresis is an extracorporeal therapy whereby apo B-containing lipoproteins (LDL, vLDL, and Lp(a)) are selectively removed from the plasma of a patient. It is a variation of plasma exchange, which non-selectively removes all plasma proteins. Lipoprotein apheresis is most commonly used to treat patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, but is also often used for other hyperlipidemic patients, including those with elevated Lp(a), to limit and/or reverse the atherosclerotic complications of high cholesterol. Herein, we provide an overview of lipoprotein apheresis including indications, techniques, efficacy, and adverse events, as well as guidelines and other considerations important for selection of patients for this therapy.
Invariants of piecewise-linear knots

We study numerical and polynomial invariants of piecewise-linear knots, with the goal of better understanding the space of all knots and links. For knots with small numbers of edges we are able to find limits on polynomial or Vassiliev invariants sufficient to determine an exact list of realizable knots. We thus obtain the minimal edge number for all knots with six or fewer crossings. For example, the only knot requiring exactly seven edges is the figure-8 knot.
Comparative Aspects of Certain Cancers

Descriptions of the relative frequency, age distribution, site, histological appearance, and spread of tumors of man and lower animals are numerous. Many of the sources of information detail wide differences among species. To collect all the specific details of this information in one publication would amount to an encyclopedic task. I have therefore selected a few examples of common human neoplasms of specific sites and compared them with neoplasms of similar sites in other species. These are tumors of the lung, liver, mammary gland, and soft tissues, and, because of their recent appearance in employees of the plastics industry, malignant hemangioendotheliomas induced by exposure to vinyl chloride. While there are some similarities, there are many differences among species. A point of view that many writers on comparative oncology have adopted is to overemphasize the resemblance between neoplasms of lower animals, particularly rodents, and those of man. A stated aim of these authors has been to adopt, whenever possible, the classification and terminology proposed by the WHO International Reference Centers for the histological classification of human tumors. To stress the resemblances without pointing up the differences in structural appearances and known behavior is likely to mislead investigators to believe that many animal tumors are suitable models for the human tumors. What are needed are a series of workshops and studies by collaborative committees. These would bring together pathologists with their slides and their clinical, biological, and behavioral data in order to confer and to work out acceptable definitions of cancer types in different species of lower animals.
Observing Reading Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities: A Synthesis:

This article synthesizes previous research studies examining reading instruction for students with learning disabilities (LD) through classroom observation methods. An extensive search of the resea...
Immune responses to hapten-lipopolysaccharide conjugates: 1. Modulation of in vivo antibody responses to the polysaccharide

Abstract The immune responses of mice to various lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and hapten-LPS conjugates were compared. We found that some strains of mice ( A J and BALB/c) produced equivalent amounts of anti-LPS antibody after the injection of either LPS or hapten-LPS conjugates. In contrast, however, other strains of mice (C57BL/6J, C3H/St, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, and Swiss) produced fewer anti-LPS-antibody-secreting cells after stimulation with hapten-LPS conjugates than did mice injected with unsubstituted LPS. The covalent coupling of hapten to LPS changed neither the mitogenic capacity nor the antigenicity of the LPS. The differences in the magnitude of antibody responses to hapten-LPS and LPS in these latter strains of mice occurred in the absence of mature T lymphocytes and was restricted to the primary immune response. Furthermore, these differential responder mice (C57BL/6J) did produce anti-LPS antibody when primed with LPS before challenge with the hapten-LPS conjugate. These data are discussed with respect to both the modulatory capacity of the hapten-LPS in the regulation of the primary immune response to LPS and the biochemical and structural requirements of the hapten-LPS conjugate for immunogenicity.
Transitory Cataracts in Children With Diabetes Mellitus

One of the most common visual complaints seen ill diabetes is transitory refractive changes. This abnormality affects all age groups equally1 and has been reported in 6% to 34% of patients.2,3 Diabetic myopia is associated with marked hyperglycemia, whereas hyperopia usually develops as the blood sugar level returns to normal in response to therapy.4 The "true" diabetic cataract is now a rare cause of blurred vision in children and young adults with diabetes.5 Very few instances of transitory cataracts, however, have been documented, and those observed are found primarily in the ophthalmological literature. For these reasons, we are reporting in the pediatric literature two new cases of transitory cataracts.
Anti-Rust Antitrust

The identification of genes that confer durable, multipathogen resistance may help breeders overcome devastating wheat fungal diseases.
Computation of noncentral f probabilities: a computer program

Abstract Methods of computing the noncentral F probabilities for integer degrees of freedom are proposed. A computer program is developed which calculates the noncentral F probability for a desired accuracy. This program is written in FORTRAN and can be easily converted to any computer supporting ANSI 77 Standard. Some comparisons are made.
A self-organizing architecture for traffic management

In this paper we discuss the use of self-organizing architectures for traffic management systems. We briefly introduce Soteria, a multi-layered, integrated, infrastructure for traffic safety enhancement and congestion reduction. We highlight Soteria's use of micro- and macro-level models and its hybrid top-down/bottom-up strategy for traffic management. We then present a generic architecture that can be used to develop simulation systems for real world self-organizing systems. Lastly, we describe how this generic architecture can be instantiated to create the architecture of Matisse, a tailor made distributed simulation system for Soteria.
Investments Toward Sustainable Development

Environmental goals cannot be attained without also addressing poverty; similarly, addressing poverty is essential for improving the environment; both need additional resources, particularly in developing nations.
Accelerated probabilistic inference of RNA structure evolution

Pairwise stochastic context-free grammars (Pair SCFGs) are powerful tools for evolutionary analysis of RNA, including simultaneous RNA sequence alignment and secondary structure prediction, but the associated algorithms are intensive in both CPU and memory usage. The same problem is faced by other RNA alignment-and-folding algorithms based on Sankoff's 1985 algorithm. It is therefore desirable to constrain such algorithms, by pre-processing the sequences and using this first pass to limit the range of structures and/or alignments that can be considered. We demonstrate how flexible classes of constraint can be imposed, greatly reducing the computational costs while maintaining a high quality of structural homology prediction. Any score-attributed context-free grammar (e.g. energy-based scoring schemes, or conditionally normalized Pair SCFGs) is amenable to this treatment. It is now possible to combine independent structural and alignment constraints of unprecedented general flexibility in Pair SCFG alignment algorithms. We outline several applications to the bioinformatics of RNA sequence and structure, including Waterman-Eggert N-best alignments and progressive multiple alignment. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm on test examples from the RFAM database. A program, Stemloc, that implements these algorithms for efficient RNA sequence alignment and structure prediction is available under the GNU General Public License.
Perspectives on Security, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation: Views from the United States and South Africa

U.S. Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Center on Contemporary Conflict (CCC), Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC)
Analyzing the interaction patterns in a faceted search interface

Since the adoption of faceted search in a small number of academic libraries in 2006, faceted search interfaces have gained popularity in academic and public libraries. This article clarifies whether faceted search improves the interactions between searchers and library catalogs and sheds light on ways that facets are used during a library search. To study searchers' behaviors in natural situations, we collected from the servers a data set with more than 1.5 million useful search logs. Logs were parsed, statistically analyzed, and manually studied using visualization tools to gain a general understanding of how facets are used in the search process. A user experiment with 24 subjects was conducted to further understand contextual information, such as the searchers' motivations and perceptions. The results indicate that most searchers were able to understand the concept of facets naturally and easily. The faceted search was not able to shorten the search time but was able to improve the search accuracy. Facets were used more for open-ended tasks and difficult tasks that require more effort to learn, investigate, and explore. Overall, the results weaved a detailed "story" about the ways that people use facets and the ways that facets help people use library catalogs.
Goddesses, Priestesses, and Sisters: Mind, Gender, and Power in the Monarchic Tradition of the Ryukyus

Goddesses, Priestesses, and Sisters: Mind, Gender, and Power in the Monarchic Tradition of the Ryukyus. Arne Rokkum. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1998. xi. 281 pp., photographs, illustrations, appendix, glossary, anbibliography, index.
Tip‐bias induced surface modification on gold surfaces

SUMMARY We have observed drastic modification of gold surfaces at tip biases above a threshold value. These modifications were observed only on surfaces which are not atomically flat and only with negative tip bias. We tentatively attribute these surface modifications to formation of Taylor cones.
Boojums all the way through : communicating science in a prosaic age

Preface Part I. Reflections on the Pursuit of Physics: 1. E. pluribus boojum: the physicist as neologist 2. Commencement address 3. One of the great physicists ... and great characters 4. My life with Landeau 5. What's wrong with this lagrangean? 6. What's wrong with this library? 7. What's wrong with this prose? 8. What's wrong with these equations? 9. What's wrong with these prizes? Part II. The Quantum Theory: 10. Quantum mysteries for anyone 11. Can you help your team tonight by watching on TV? 12. Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the quantum 13. A bolt from the blue: The Eistein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox 14. The philosophical writings of Neils Bohr 15. The great quantum muddle 16. What's wrong with this pillow? Part III. Relativity: 17. Cruel nature: a relativistic tragicomedy 18. The amazing many coloured relativity engine 19. Relativistic addition of velocities directly from the constancy of the velocity of light 20. Relativity without light 21. E = Mc2 (written with M. J. Feigenbaum) Part IV Mathematical Musings: 22. Logarithms! 23. Stirling's formula! 24. Pi in the sky 25. Variational principles in dynamics and quantum theory 26. Special functions: a group theoretic approach.