cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the novel glycopeptide opioid agonist MMP-2200 in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the consequence of dopaminergic denervation is an imbalance in the activity of the direct and indirect striatofugal pathways, which include potentially important changes in opioid peptide expression and/or activity. The systemic administration of a novel glycosylated opioid peptide MMP-2200 (a.k.a. lactomorphin) was shown to have potent effects in two standard models of PD: 1) amphetamine-induced rotations in the hemi-Parkinsonian 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rat and 2) locomotion in the reserpine-treated rat. MMP-2200, an opioid mu and delta receptor agonist, reduced amphetamine-induced rotations in severely-lesioned hemi-Parkinsonian rats; this effect was fully blocked by naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist. The selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole only partially blocked the effect of MMP-2200. MMP-2200 alone did not induce rotations. This effect was also observed in a mild progressive rat 6-OHDA-lesion model. In animals treated with reserpine, profound akinesia was induced that was reversed with apomorphine. There was a prominent overshoot in animals that received apomorphine compared to non-reserpine treated animals, reflecting the well described phenomenon of dopamine supersensitivity indicating that apomorphine not only reversed akinesia but also induced hyper-kinesia. The opioid peptide MMP-2200 blocked the apomorphine-induced hyper-kinesia. This effect of MMP-2200 was prevented by pre-administration of naloxone. MMP-2200 had no effect in preventing the reserpine-induced akinesia, nor did it affect locomotion in control animals. Taken together, the results from these two models are consistent with the glycopeptide opioid agonist MMP-2200 having a potent effect on movements related to dopaminergic hyper-stimulation following striatal dopamine depletion that are best explained by a reduction in the downstream effects of dopamine agonists in these models.
Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: a meta-analysis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy (T&A) for treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese children.Data Sources: PubMed and Ovid databases.Review Methods: A meta-analysis of studies that reported sleep parameters in obese children with OSA before and after T&A. Data were analyzed using the random effects model. Statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05.Results: Data from four studies that included 110 children were analyzed. The mean sample size was 27.5 (range, 18–33). The mean body mass index z score was 2.81. The mean pre- and postoperative apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 29.4 (range, 22.2–34.3) and 10.3 (range, 6.0–12.2), respectively. The weighted mean difference between pre- and postoperative AHI was a significant reduction of 18.3 events per hour (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.2–25.5). The mean pre- and postoperative oxygen saturation nadir was 78.4 percent (range, 73.9%-81.1%) and 85.7 percent (range, 83.6%-89.9%), respectively. The weigh...
Circulation of slopewater

Abstract The recently conducted Mid-Atlantic Slope and Rise (MASAR) experiment yielded much new information on the structure and behavior of slopewater, the water mass occupying the upper “Slope Sea”, a narrow band of ocean between the Gulf Stream and the continental shelf from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks. The results of this experiment, combined with earlier evidence, have been used to construct a new empirical schema of slopewater circulation. Key features are: (1) inflow of Coastal Labrador Sea Water (CLSW) across the Grand Banks at the rate of 4 × 106 m3 s−1, and isopycnal advection from the Gulf Stream thermocline at the rate of 6 × 106 m3 s−1, the total draining eastward; (2) a closed cyclonic gyre in the western Slope Sea, transporting approximately 3 × 106 m3 s−1 along the New Jersey coast southward; and (3) seasonal formation of a pycnostad by convective overturn and its flushing in approximately 6 months. Some of the CLSW inflow retroflects and turns eastward following entry into the Slope Sea, but a significant fraction flows westward along the coast and rounds the western gyre before draining eastward. The circulation just described reaches to an approximate depth of 500 m. Deeper layers move through the Slope Sea southwestward. The layers of the Gulf Stream thermocline in contact with slopewater along isopycnals encompass the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) core, as well as the nutrient maximum and oxygen minimum layers. Shoreward advection of these layers and seasonal overturn to 200 m establish conditions favoring productivity in the upper slopewater, as well as on the shelf.
External Environmental Factors Regulating Imaginal Diapause in Hypera brunneipennis

All developmental stages of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), appear to be equally sensitive to diapause-inducing long photoperiods. The critical photoperiod for diapause induction in this weevil appears to be between 10 and 12-h photophase. The optimum temperature for diapause development appears to be between 20 and 25°C.
Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Capacity of Carbon Nanotube Bundles

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been thoroughly documented to demonstrate superior heat transfer properties. It has also been determined that these properties decrease substantially as overall dimensions increase from the nanoscale to the microscale. Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and finite element analysis, the influence of both internal and external thermal boundary resistance effects on the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of single walled carbon nanotube bundles were investigated. Comparisons were made between accepted property values for single CNTs and for CNT bundles. Also, energy transfer between varying sized bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and a surrounding pressure-driven Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid were calculated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Asymmetric Losses in Directional Couplers; Effects on Sagnac and Mach Zehnder Fiber Interferometers

During the last few years the sensitivities of fiber optic Sagnac gyroscopes and Mach Zehnder interferometer sensors have improved significantly. Part of this improvement is due to replacement of bulk devices with integrated optic and fiber optic devices.1 Guided wave devices reduce errors resulting from component motion and surface reflections. They allow compactness and offer a well defined optical path. One of the most commonly utilized guided wave devices is the evanescent wave directional coupler. This device can be used to split or combine guided optical waves and thus rgpl aces the bulk optic beam splitter. Veuions of directional couplers have been fabricated from optical fiber 4,;) and from integrated optical waveguides4.
History of physical and/or sexual abuse and current suicidality in college women

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between a history of physical and/or sexual abuse and current suicidality in college-age women. It was hypothesized that abuse history would significantly predict level of suicidality. A secondary hypothesis was that abuse status would predict attitudes about life and death. METHOD: Female college students (n = 707) were screened for histories of childhood (before age 15) and adulthood (after age 15) contact sexual abuse and physical abuse sequelae. Ninety-five women reported a history of childhood sexual abuse, 116 adult sexual abuse, 104 child physical abuse, and 55 adult physical abuse. Participants completed measures of attitudes about life and death and current suicidal ideation. RESULTS: Child physical abuse and child sexual abuse accounted for variance in current suicidal ideation. Adult sexual abuse explained variance in positive attitudes about life. Adult physical abuse, adult sexual abuse, and child sexual abuse accounted for variance in negative attitudes about life. Finally, child sexual abuse and adult sexual abuse accounted for variance in fear of death. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed assessment of female college students' abuse histories should facilitate understanding of their level of suicide risk. Patterns of attitudes about life and death may also be informative. Language: en
Chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine potentiate the action of adenosine on rat cerebral cortical neurons.

Abstract 1. The effect of chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine on adenosine-evoked depressions of the spontaneous firing of rat cerebral cortical neurons has been studied. 2. When applied by iontophoresis from multiple barrelled micropipettes, in amounts that did not affect neuronal firing rates, both substances enhanced the depressant actions of adenosine. Trifluoperazine did not enhance the depressant actions of the uptake resistant analog, adenosine 5′-N-ethylcarboxamide. 3. Intravenously administered chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine (1 mg/kg) enhanced the depressant actions of iontophoretically applied adenosine. 4. Caffeine antagonized the depressant effect on the firing of cortical neurons observed with larger applications of trifluoperazine. 5. These findings support the conclusion, drawn from previous studies on the effects of phenothiazines on the uptake of adenosine by brain synaptosomes, that inhibition of adenosine uptake and potentiation of the actions of endogenously released adenosine may be a significant factor in the generation of the central actions of the phenothiazines.
Targeted Expression of a Protease-resistant IGFBP-4 Mutant in Smooth Muscle of Transgenic Mice Results in IGFBP-4 Stabilization and Smooth Muscle Hypotrophy

Abstract The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4), the most abundant IGF-binding protein produced by rodent smooth muscle cells (SMC), is degraded by specific protease(s) potentially releasing IGF-I for local bioactivity. IGFBP-4 protease(s) recognizes basic residues within the midregion of the molecule. We constructed a mutant IGFBP-4 with the cleavage domain substitution 119-KHMAKVRDRSKMK-133 to 119-AAMAAVADASAMA-133. Myc-tagged native and IGFBP-4.7A retained equivalent IGF-I binding affinity. Whereas native IGFBP-4 was cleaved by SMC-conditioned medium, IGFBP-4.7A was completely resistant to proteolysis. To explore the function of the protease-resistant IGFBP-4 in vivo, expression of the mutant and native proteins was targeted to SMC of transgenic mice by means of a smooth muscle α-actin promoter. Transgene expression was confined to SMC-rich tissues in all lines. Bladder and aortic immunoreactive IGFBP-4/transgene mRNA ratios in SMP8-BP4.7A mice were increased by 2- to 4-fold relative to SMP8-BP4 mice, indicating that the IGFBP-4.7A protein was stabilized in vivo. SMP8-BP4.7A mice had lower aortic, bladder, and stomach weight and intestinal length relative to SMP8-BP4 counterparts matched for protein expression by Western blotting. Thus, IGFBP-4.7A results in greater growth inhibition than equivalent levels of native IGFBP-4 in vivo, demonstrating a role for IGFBP-4 proteolysis in the regulation of IGF-I action.
In vivo antisense antagonism of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the suprachiasmatic nuclei causes aging-like changes in the estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone and prolactin surges

In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) regulate the timing of LH surges. Recent evidence suggests that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an abundantly expressed neuropeptide of the SCN, communicates time of day information from the SCN to GnRH neurons. VIP levels in the SCN decrease with age and may be responsible for alterations in LH surges that become apparent in middle-aged rats. We wished to determine whether suppression of VIP synthesis, through antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) directed at the SCN, results in 1) selective suppression of VIP levels in the SCN and 2) aging-like changes in the secretion of LH and PRL. To test the specificity of antisense oligo treatment, rats were ovariectomized and treated with estradiol. Antisense or control random oligos were infused into the peri-SCN region through stereotaxically placed bilateral cannulas. Beginning at lights off, rats were maintained in constant dim red illumination throughout the remainder of the experiment. They were killed at speci...
Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking

The present study shows that for a personally relevant counterattitudinal issue, a highly credible source can alter persuasibility by increasing a subject's message-relevant thinking. Previous failures to show this effect were probably due to the highly thoughtful nature of typical research subjects, when confronted with involving issues. In the present study, field-dependent and field-independent subjects heard convincing or refutable counterattitudinal speeches given by sources of high or low credibility. Results indicated that subjects who are typically low in differentiation of stimuli (field-dependent subjects) showed differential persuasion to strong and weak arguments only when they were presented by a highly credible source. For subjects who are typically high in propensity to differentiate stimuli (field-independent subjects), the arguments were differentially persuasive for both high and low credible sources. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing source credibility can enhance message-relevant thought for subjects who typically do not scrutinize message content.
Fourier analysis and automated measurement of cell and fiber angular orientation distributions

Abstract This paper studies the application of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to predict angular orientation distributions from images of fibers and cells. Angular distributions of fibers in composites define their material properties. In biological tissues, cell and fiber orientation distributions are important since they define their mechanical properties and function. We developed a filtering scheme for the DFT to predict angular distributions accurately. The errors involved in this DFT technique and their sources were quantified through Monte Carlo simulation of computer-generated images. The knowledge of these errors allows one to verify the suitability of the method for a particular application. We found that the DFT method is most accurate for slender fibers, and propose a means to minimize errors by optimizing parameters. This method was applied to predict orientation distribution of cells and actin fibers in bio-artificial tissue constructs.
Microfluidics closes in on point-of-care assays.

An integrated microfluidic device enables rapid detection of protein biomarkers in patient samples.
The Utilization of 3D and 4D Technology in Fetal Neurosonology

This article discusses the clinical use of three-dimensional technology while performing a fetal neuroscan. This technique allows us to better define the spatial relationship of brain structures and possible malformations. The varieties of display modes and the infinite number of different planes that can be generated facilitate the diagnostic process. Additional values of this technology include an off-line analysis of the volume by the sonographer or sonologist to obtain the necessary planes, as well as an electronic transmittal for an off-site expert to provide a second opinion consultation. This modality requires a short acquisition time, allowing high patient through-put and increased patient satisfaction. In addition, it is an excellent teaching tool and provides valuable information to consulting such experts as pediatric surgeons, plastic surgeons, neonatologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons.
A Survey of the Emergency Department Population and Their Interest in Preventive Health Education

OBJECTIVE: To determine which preventive health information the emergency department (ED) population (patients and visitors) would be most interested in having available to them while they spend time in the waiting area. METHODS: This was a prospective survey of consecutive adults seated in the ED waiting area during a representative week on predetermined shifts. The survey asked them to indicate whether they would be interested in obtaining information about the following preventive health issues: breast cancer, prostate cancer, smoking, obesity, stress reduction, exercise programs, alcohol/drugs, HIV, blood pressure screening, immunizations, referrals to primary care physicians, Pap smears, car safety, smoke detectors, domestic and youth violence, depression, gun safety, and safe sex. RESULTS: Of the 1284 subjects approached, 878 (68%) made up the study group (56% female, mean age = 44 years, 60% white); 406 refused. The information people were most interested in obtaining was the following: 52% of the respondents were interested in referral to stress reduction programs, 51% in information about exercise programs, 42% in blood pressure screening, 40% in information about breast cancer screening, 33% in depression information/screening, 33% in prostate cancer screening, 26% in immunization against pneumococcus, 24% in immunization against tetanus, 26% in smoking cessation programs, and 26% in safe driving information. Women were most interested in breast cancer screening (64%); and men, in prostate cancer screening (55%). CONCLUSIONS: Of the 878 subjects in the study group, 96% were interested in obtaining information about one or more preventive health issues. An opportunity exists to respond to this interest by providing material for public health education in the waiting area of EDs. Language: en
Shaped pulses for quantum computing

Quantum computers based on pulsed microwave operations are inherently sensitive to the pulse amplitude and detuning between the quantum bit and the microwave frequency. Designing techniques that can compensate both errors simultaneously have been challenging. Here we present a technique that achieves this goal by extending known numerical optimization schemes to obtain amplitude modulated microwave pulses robust against a large detuning range, and combining them with composite pulse techniques that are insensitive to amplitude errors.
Paracellular Leakage of Lipoprotein Lipase Across the Mammary Epithelium of the Goat

The ability of lipoprotein lipase to move across the mammary epithelium by a paracellular route was investigated. Five goats were milked hourly to activate the paracellular pathway. Three goats responded to hourly milking with a fivefold increase in milk lipoprotein lipase activity as compared with nonresponding goats. Massage of the mammary gland was necessary in the two nonresponding goats too cause increased lipoprotein lipase activity in milk. Oxytocin treatment during hourly milking also increased enzyme activity in milk from a nonresponding goat. Activation of the paracellular pathway by hourly milking increased milk sodium and protein and decreased potassium and lactose concentrations. After a 12-h milking interval, lipoprotein lipase activity was distributed primarily in the serum (48%) and cream (40%) fractions and, to a lesser extent, in the casein (12%) fraction. Hourly milking increased enzyme activity distributed in the serum fraction (62%), whereas enzyme activity associated with the cream (32%) and casein (6%) fractions decreased. Possible mechanisms for the origin of lipoprotein lipase in milk are discussed.
Effect of pH concentration on the transport of naphthalene in saturated aquifer media

Abstract Sorption is one of the primary mechanisms for retarding the movement of organic contaminants in groundwater. Sorption of hydrophobic compounds such as toluene, naphthalene, and DDT is generally assumed to be linearly proportional to solution phase concentration. In the present research naphthalene was chosen as a model compound. Batch adsorption was studied from 0.01 to 1.00 mgL−1. Transport of naphthalene through a specially designed soil column apparatus was studied from 5 to 9 pH and from 0.025 to 2.0 mgL−1 initial concentration. All transport data could be modeled using a single pH-modified Freundlich isotherm: q = 2.71(1 − σΔpH)C0.81 r = 0.9999 where q (μg g−1 is the amount of contaminant sorbed on the soil per g of soil, C is the contaminant concentration in the flowing water, σ is a correction factor and ΔpH = pH − 7. The exponent agrees with the batch data to within one percent and the partition coefficient is within a factor of two. The implications of these results to environmental transport modelling are discussed.
From Rag Trade to Real Estate in New York´s Garment Center: Remaking the Labor Landscape in a Global City.

During the 1980s, New York City enjoyed a spectacular economic renaissance fuelled by the influx of unprecedented amounts of international finance capital. This renaissance stimulated the conversion into office and residential space of many lofts traditionally used for light manufacturing. Increasing numbers of loft conversions in the city's Manhattan Garment Center district provoked growing conflicts between developers and landlords wishing to cash in on the conversion wave, and garment producers worried about being displaced. Under pressure from the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), the City Planning Commission set up a Special Garment Center District in 1987 to help preserve floorspace for garment manufacture and related activities. The paper examines how the ILGWU sought to protect garment employment through a conscious defense of the historical geography of the built environment. Based on these observations, the paper argues for developing a closer understanding of the links betwe...
Observations of the modification of the microclimate at a leading edge

Temperature profiles observed over a heavily irrigated grass field in the midst of dry surroundings show continuous modification up to the maximum height of measurement (5 m) even at a distance of 200 m from the leading edge. Considerable variation of eddy fluxes in the vertical is demonstrated. The surface fluxes are found to undergo gradual adjustment. These observations illustrate that a site of considerable extent is required for micrometeorological and agricultural studies before horizontal uniformity can be assumed.
Influence of deflection on a fold-to-fault progression : field evidence from near Marietta, South Carolina

Abstract Four periods of deformation (D1–D4) are recognized in the Lion Park Road borrow pit near Marietta, South Carolina. Although each period is characterized by distinct structures, D3 produced two structural styles (D3a, D3b) resulting from layer-parallel shortening. D3a is characterized by detachment folding at the tip of an underlying thrust. D3b is a fold-to-fault progression that was localized by east-dipping, quartz-filled gash fractures. The fold-to-fault progression demonstrates the influence of a mechanical anisotropy on ramp development. The early stages of D3b were formed by deflection of northwest-directed, layer-parallel shortening and active, down-section propagation of folds and thrusts. Following connection with a splay of basal detachment, later D3b stages resulted from up-section movement that produced kink folding and a throughgoing thrust. This up-section movement deformed and modified the geometries of older, down-section structures. Detailed mesoscopic field observations, integrated with a combination of current thrust fault models, are used to interpret the D3b fold-to-fault progression.
Comparison of focal trough dimensions and form by resolution measurements in panoramic radiography

Panoramic focal trough dimensions affect both the number of patient structures seen in radiographs and the margin of error possible when positioning a patient to take a radiograph. This study compares the dimensions, or size, and position, or form, of the focal troughs of four machines by resolution measurements. There is a continued need for technicians to position the patient's anterior teeth accurately in the zones of sharpness of these machines, but the widths of the sharpness zones show an increase in dimensions over older panoramic machines.
Reduction in lipid oxidation by incorporation of encapsulated sodium tripolyphosphate in ground turkey

Abstract Ground turkey, with 1% NaCl, was incorporated with no sodium tripolyphosphate (control, nSTP), unencapsulated STP (uSTP; 0.3% or 0.5%), encapsulated STP (eSTP; 0.3% or 0.5% active, phosphate basis), or a blend (0.3% uSTP plus 0.2% eSTP). Encapsulate (hydrogenated vegetable oil) was designed to melt at 74 °C. Treatments were stored (4, 24 h at 3 °C) before being cooked to two different endpoints (EPT; 74, 79 °C) followed by post-cooked storage (0, 5, 10 days). An improvement of 77% (0.3% eSTP) and 80% (0.5% eSTP) in the reduction of TBARS was found in comparison to corresponding uSTP. The blend produced a 62% improvement compared to uSTP (0.5%) while maintaining cook yield. CIE a* values were highest at both EPT and post-cooked storage times beyond 0 day for eSTP. Meat manufacturing procedures that entail a delayed thermal processing step will benefit by an improvement in lipid oxidation control through the use of encapsulated phosphates.
Measurements on a shock wave generated by a solar flare

Shock waves generated by intense solar flares may be driven by a large amount of ejected mass, about 5 x 10 to the 16th g, and the total energy involved may be of the order of 10 to the 32nd erg. The shocks may have initial velocities of the order of 2,000 km/s and, in their exodus through the corona, may be accompanied by fast-moving optical transients, the emission of highly characteristic radio signatures and the acceleration of particles to quasi-relativistic velocities. Here, a review is presented of data on a high-velocity shock generated by a flare on 18 August 1979, 1400 UT, and comments are provided on some previously deduced velocities for the shock. Attention is given to a model, based on current computer programs to account for the overall characteristics of the shock as it propagated through the corona and the interplanetary plasma.
Survival following a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.

Context Survival following a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) is important information for health planners, caregivers, patients, and their families. Objectives To estimate the duration of survival following a diagnosis of AD and to determine the effect of AD on life span. Design, Setting, and Participants Follow-up of participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who were older than 55 years (January 1, 1985-September 30, 1999). Main Outcome Measures Survival duration. Results The median survival time following a diagnosis of AD depended strongly on the patient's age at diagnosis. The median survival times ranged from 8.3 years for persons diagnosed as having AD at age 65 years to 3.4 years for persons diagnosed as having AD at age 90 years. There were no significant differences between men and women in survival after having a diagnosis of AD. Diagnoses of AD at ages 65 and 90 years were associated with approximately a 67% and 39% reduction in median life span, respectively. Conclusions The effect of a diagnosis of AD on life span depends crucially on the age of the person when AD is diagnosed. Caregivers, patients, and their families could plan on a median life span as long as 7 to 10 years for patients whose conditions are diagnosed when they are in their 60s and early 70s, to only about 3 years or less for patients whose conditions are diagnosed when they are in their 90s.
The Lamont-Doherty earth observatory oral history project : A preliminary report

The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1999. As part of" the effort to preserve the history of this important earth science research institute, senior Lamont administrators conceived an ambitious oral history project. Now complete, these oral histories present a useful resource for those studying the history of the earth sciences, environmental history, social and institutional history, disciplinary development, technological change, internationalism in the sciences, and patronage. This article summarizes certain preliminary conclusions reached during the course of this project.
Hydrodissection in Extracapsular Cataract Extraction

A combination of techniques has been developed using hydrodissection of the various layers of the cataractous lens to allow removal of the lens contents with greater gentleness and safety. These provide gentle separation of the tissues with softening and fluffing of the cortex. The techniques and their limitations have been studied in eye bank eyes, and are demonstrated.
The In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Oil Combinations

The in vitro antibacterial activity of thirty-five volatile oils, five fixed oils, five infused oils, and ninety-five combinations of these oils was ascertained using the filter paper disk method. The oils and oil combinations were tested against five bacteria. Eucalyptus, cinnamon, and origanum red exhibited the greatest antibacterial activity while the volatile oils of cedar wood and myrrh as well as all of the fixed and infused oils were found to possess no activity. The Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptibleto the volatile oils than the Gram-negative. Of the ninety-six combinations of oils only three were found to exhibit greater antibacterial activity as compared with each oil used separately. The three combinations of volatile oils which showed this enhancement of antibacterial activity were: eucalyptus-cinnamondwarf pine needle, eucalyptus-cinnamon-juniper berries, and eucalyptus-cinnamonniaouli. When fixed or infused oils were added to volatile oils the antibacterial activity of the latter was markedly diminished.
The history of synthetic testosterone.

The era of increasingly sophisticated hormonal treatments led to the synthesis of testosterone in 1935 the primary male hormone produced by the testicles. Since the 1940s countless athletes and bodybuilders have taken testosterone and its primary derivatives to increase muscle mass and to intensify training. In the past 25 years this practice has been maintained by a $1 billion international black market. Scientists are investigating reported short-term side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids such as increased aggression impaired liver function and reproductive problems. The discovery of testosterone was preceded by a long history of organ use for medicinal purposes based on the principle of similia similibus (treating an organ with itself) dating back to ancient times. Two Austrian researchers (Oskar Zoth and Fritz Pregl) in 1923 were the first to study whether a testicular extract could increase muscle strength and improve athletic performance. Other researchers and experimenters included the Russian chemist Alexander von Poehl (spermine and oxygen transport in 1891) the American Leo L. Stanley (testicle transplantation in 1918) the French-Russian Serge Voronoff (monkey gland transplants during the 1920s) Adolf Butenandt (derived androsterone from urine in 1931) Karoly Gyula David and Ernst Laqueur (isolation of crystalline testosterone in 1935) and Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein (artificial preparation of testosterone in 1935). By 1937 clinical trials in humans employed injections of testosterone propionate as well as oral doses of methyl testosterone. Treatment of women with testosterone has been used for hormone-dependent breast tumors as well as for intensifying the female libido but side effects also appeared (husky voice hair growth). The discovery in the 1940s that testosterone could facilitate the growth of muscle tissue led to its increasing use by West Coast bodybuilders and later by other athletes. An estimated 1 million people take steroids in the US. Clinical uses include hypogonadism growth stimulation in puberty treatment of trauma male fertility regulation and retardation of the aging process.
Ecology of Insect Swarms. II. Occurrence of Swarms of Anarete Sp. under different Field Conditions (Cecidomyiida, Diptera)

Many insects are known to form swarms. For some species, the source of attraction for swarm formation (Gibson 1945; Hill 1947; Nielsen and Greve 1950; Nielsen and Nielsen 1953; Frohme 1955), the elevation and the size of swarms (Knab 1906; Marshall 1938), and the physical conditions favorable for swarming (Shute 1930; Gibson 1942; Muirhead-Thompson 1948; Fontaine et al. 1957; Nielsen and Haeger 1960) have been reported. Most studies have been incidental and descriptive. The paucity of systematic and quantitative results could be attributed to the difficulty in counting the usually large number of individuals present in a swarm, the crepuscular habit of most of the species studied, and the sporadic occurrence of swarms of most insects. Anarete sp. (near felt Pritchard), a little known species of midge, has several characteristics which make it suitable material for quantitative studies of swarming behavior. These characteristics are: (a) the insect is a diurnal species and forms swarms in the daytime, (b) it could be induced to swarm above a definite marker, (c) it swarms normally less than 2 in. above the marker, and (d) a swarm seldom has more than 50 individuals, and in most cases fewer than 20. Some effects of the marker on the swarming behavior of this insect have been reported in an earlier paper (Chiang 1961). This study is concerned with the effects of 3 physical factors, namely, the hour of day, temperature, and lighting.
The airspace is habitat

A preconception concerning habitat persists and has gone unrecognized since use of the term first entered the lexicon of ecological and evolutionary biology many decades ago. Specifically, land and water are considered habitats, while the airspace is not. This might at first seem a reasonable, if unintended, demarcation, since years of education and personal experience as well as limits to perception predispose a traditional view of habitat. Nevertheless, the airspace satisfies the definition and functional role of a habitat, and its recognition as habitat may have implications for policy where expanding anthropogenic development of airspace could impact the conservation of species and subject parts of the airspace to formalized legal protection.
Characterization of Ion Implanted Silicon by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Cross Section Transmission Electron Microscopy

This paper deals with the application of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and cross-section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), to the characterization of damaged surface layers in ion implanted Si single crystal. Si samples of 2–6Ω·cm resistivity and orientation were implanted with 28 Si + ions in the dose range of 1.0 × 10 16 –1.5 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 using ion energies of 100 and 200 keV. Ion current densities were varied from 6 to 200 μA/cm 2 . Depth profiles of the implanted samples were evaluated from the spectroscopic ellipsometry data. These calculated profiles were compared with the TEM micrographs of the cross sections of the samples. Excellent agreement is obtained between the two characterization techniques. The characteristics of the depth profiles of the samples, as established by the two techniques, is shown to be the result of annealing occuring during implantation.
Ulnocarpal abutment after wrist arthrodesis.

We report three patients aged from 22 to 34 years, in whom ulnocarpal abutment developed after wrist arthrodesis. Two were treated by excision of the triquetrum and one by excision of the pisiform. The three patients were seen after wrist fusion because of ulnar wrist pain on forearm rotation, which was relieved by excision of a carpal bone. Two patients had had wrist arthrodesis because of wrist pain resulting from degenerative arthritis and silicone synovitis resulting from silicone rubber replacement of the lunate as treatment for Kienbock's disease. One patient had had a wrist arthrodesis to treat degenerative arthritis after an intra-articular distal radius fracture. The arthrodeses were all done with an A. O. plate and iliac crest bone graft. One patient gained forearm rotation after the excision of the carpal bone and none of the patients lost rotation. The average follow-up was 16 months.
Some applications of a computer program for quantitative spectrochemical analysis

In the general application of the X-ray spectrographic method, it is often difficult to obtain standards which closely approximate the unknown being analysed. One of the possible ways around this problem is to utilise a matrix correction procedure which does not, in principle, require large numbers of standard samples. One such method has been described by Birks and Criss and this paper describes the application of their program at the University of Florida where a wide variety of samples are encountered. Also discussed in the paper is the basis of the so-called ‘Fundamental Parameter’ method which has provided the means of analysing with great accuracy certain binary and tertiary alloys. It seems that the method holds considerable promise for the analysis of ore deposits and the prediction of inter-element effects.
SOLVENT INFLUENCES ON THE SINGLET QUENCHING OF CHLOROPHYLL a BY 2, 5-DIMETHYL-p-BENZOQUINONE

— The quenching of chlorophyll a excited singlet states by 2.5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone has been investigated in solvents of varying viscosity and polarity. The observed singlet lifetimes showed little variation in several hydrocarbon solvents. Stern-Volmer constant K depends on the viscosity of the solvent, although cyclic and straight-chain hydrocarbons behave somewhat differently. The decrease of the K values with increase of viscosity suggests that the quenching mechanism is at least partly dynamic, although there is evidence for static quenching as well. The influence of solvent polarity on the K values was found to be insignificant, which is consistent with a very short-lived ion pair intermediate formed by electron-transfer quenching.
Nonlinear convection with variable coefficient of thermal expansion

The problem of nonlinear convection in a horizontal layer of fluid with variable coefficient of thermal expansion is considered. It is found that square cells transport always more heat than two-dimensional rolls and that rolls are always unstable. Variable coefficient of thermal expansion can strongly affect the critical Rayleigh number and the horizontal scale of the motion. Subcritical instabilities can exist which are associated with either hexagon pattern convection or square pattern convection. Particular forms of the coefficient thermal expansion are essential to determine the preferred flow patterns which could be of the forms of squares or hexagons with either upward of downward motion at the cells' centers.
A Search for Short-Timescale Microvariability in Active Galactic Nuclei in the Ultraviolet

We observed four AGNs (the type-1 Seyfert systems 3C249.1, NGC 6814 and Mrk 205, and the BL Lac object 3C371) using the High Speed Photometer on the Hubble Space Telescope to search for short timescale microvariability in the W. Continuous observations of 3 0 0 0 s duration were obtained for each system on several consecutive HST orbits using a 1 s sample time in a 1400 - 3000 2 bandpass. variability > 0.3 % (0 . 003 mag) was detected in any AGN on timescales shorter than 1500 s. The distribution of photon arrival times observed from each source was consistent with Poisson statistics. Because of HST optical problems, the limit on photometric variability at longer timescales is less precise. These results restrict models of supermassive black holes as the central engine of an AGN and the diskoseismology oscillations of any accretion disk around such a black hole.
The Role of Targeted Agents in Adjuvant Therapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

The recent survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage non-small cell lung cancer provides optimism for the future success of targeted therapy in this setting. It is important that we begin to explore molecularly targeted agents in the adjuvant arena, but how best to accomplish this in the face of these new findings presents a challenge. Criteria for selecting promising targeted therapies and optimal trial designs to evaluate them expeditiously in the adjuvant setting are clearly needed.
Examination of dislocation structures near crack tip region of B2 NiAl alloys

The structure and distribution of dislocations in the region of crack tips and crack edges have been examined in single crystal stoichiometric B2 NiAl using electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI). ECCI, which allows examination of near surface substructural crystalline defects in bulk specimens, has been carried out for undeformed as well as in-situ deformed 4-point bend specimens. Images of dislocations at crack tips and along the crack fracture surfaces have been studied. Observations have been correlated with variations in thermal treatment corresponding with brittle and toughened conditions. A higher dislocation density was observed over a larger region in front of crack tips for the toughened materials as compared to brittle material.
CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL COURT INVOLVEMENT FOR CHILD VICTIMS

Despite concerns being routinely raised about psychological consequences for child victims of participation in criminal proceedings, empirical research remains limited, and findings have not been integrated within a well-established set of theoretical principles. In the current review, we describe extant research concerning the links between child victims’ involvement in criminal prosecutions and subsequent outcomes, particularly in the domains of mental health and legal attitudes. Findings reveal that, although some facets of children’s legal experiences, such as testifying repeatedly, are associated with adverse outcomes, this is largely the case only under certain circumstances—numerous factors interact to influence consequences of legal involvement. Further, although young children are often quite vulnerable when exposed to negative experiences generally, older children and adolescents may actually be more adversely affected by some features of legal involvement. Overall, the research highlights the complex interplay between children’s legal experiences and children’s development in shaping their reactions to legal involvement and suggests ways to facilitate their participation in the legal process while maintaining fair judicial procedures for the accused.
Stability and performance of pseudo-Bayesian controlled CSMA-CD

The pseudo-Bayesian method for dynamic control of carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA-CD) is examined and shown to be stable. It is also shown that Monte Carlo simulations closely match analytic results for throughput and throughput delay. The close correspondence of the throughput-delay simulation data to analytic results for optimal performance from J.S. Meditch and C.A. Lea (1983) is significant because the latter are based on a known backlog, whereas the pseudo-Bayesian algorithm requires only an estimate. The throughput-delay results are optimum in the sense that the delay is the smallest possible for a given throughput. >
Open combinatorial problems in computational molecular biology

In the last few years theoretical computer scientists have found new challenges in computational molecular biology. We discuss recent advances and present some open combinatorial problems in different areas of computational molecular biology such as genome rearrangements, DNA physical mapping, DNA sequencing and sequence comparison. >
Temporal factors in target selection with saccadic eye movements

Decision times involved in selecting visual targets with saccadic eye movements in rhesus monkeys were studied for three tasks in which single targets, paired targets with varied asynchronies, and multiple targets requiring a discrimination were presented. Probability of target choice in the paired-target task was strongly influenced by target luminance and size as specified by the temporal offset required to yield equal probability choice. Among the animals tested, reaction times for target selection in the paired-target task took 12-47 ms longer, and in the discrimination task 17-70 ms longer than for generating saccades to single targets, thereby reflecting the decision times involved. The results provide information about the time-course of decisions involved in selecting visual targets with saccadic eye movements.
Evaluative devices as a narrative tool for enacting relational complexity: A window into implicit meaning in adolescents’ narratives

In the present article, I explore how urban youth use narrating for self-presentation as they relate to diverse contexts and audiences. Diverse narrative genres employed in this study were used as a socio-cognitive tool for looking into enactments of relational complexity — a skill of adjusting one’s communications to audiences and contexts. Thirteen adolescents were asked to narrate about the most important aspects of their lives, using two different genres and addressing two different audiences. I explored youth’s systematically varied use of psychological state expressions, as they navigated through different genres and audiences. As adolescents narrate either about the negative experiences or for the imagined peer audience, their narrating involves more cognitive than affective expressions. This indicates that systematic changes take place in narrating as a socio-cognitive process when there is a need for more intense work around issues, either to figure out what is happening, or to try to present oneself in the best light to salient others.
Effect of battery capacity on the performance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies of the future. They differ from hybrid electric vehicles due to their ability to draw electric power from the utility grid. The proper choice of energy storage system with respect to cost and capacity is one of the main design challenges of such vehicles. This paper presents an investigation on the effects of the battery capacity on the fuel economy of a series powertrain PHEV. The simulations are done using the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) software package.
Visualization of rotation fields

We define a rotation field by extending the notion of a vector field to rotations. A vector field has a vector as a value at each point of its domain; a rotation field has a rotation as a value at each point of its domain. Rotation fields result from mapping the orientation error of tracking systems. We build upon previous methods for the visualization of vector fields, tensor fields and rotations at a point, to visualize a rotation field resulting from calibration of a commonly-used magnetic tracking system.
Coats' disease, evaluation of management

Abstract Forty-one patients representing 43 eyes with retinal telangiectasia and subretinal exudates (Coats' Disease) were managed between 1966 and 1980. Thirty-three eyes in 31 patients between 4 and 45 years of age had an average of two quadrants involved with telangiectasia. Of four untreated eyes, three deteriorated and one stabilized. In contrast, of 29 eyes treated with cryotherapy or photocoagulation, eight deteriorated, 15 stabilized, and six improved. Ten patients in the series were under 4 years of age and had more severe disease than older patients. On the average three quadrants were involved with telangiectasia and subretinal exudate. Three untreated eyes rapidly progressed to total retinal detachment with glaucoma. The seven treated children required frequent assessment and repeated treatment. Of these, one stabilized but had no light perception, and the remaining six improved. The authors stress that the disease can be controlled with aggressive treatment. Their treatment methods are described.