cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of post-fire residual stresses in Q690 welded I-sections

Abstract In this paper, the pre- and post-fire residual stresses of twenty-three welded I-shaped sections fabricated from Q690 high strength steel plates with a nominal yield strength of 690 MPa obtained experimentally are presented and discussed. The two main variables considered in the present study are the level of temperature exposure and the cooling methods used to cool the test specimens. The temperature used for the tests ranges from 300 °C to 900 °C, and two cooling methods – natural air and submersion in water – are used. In addition, the effects of different heating rates and different flange width-to-thickness ratios are also investigated. The test results show that while the level of exposed temperature (when it exceeds 300 °C) has a noticeable influence on residual stresses, the effect of flange width-to-thickness ratio is not important. Furthermore, it is found that heating rate has a very minor effect on residual stresses. However, for specimens heated to a temperature at or above 700 °C and suddenly cooled by water quenching, noticeable residual stresses are generated on the edges of the flanges and at the web-flange junctions. Using the measured data, two residual stress distribution models which take into consideration the levels of temperature exposure and types of cooling methods used are developed and proposed to represent the magnitudes and distributions of residual stresses for Q690 welded I-shaped sections before and after fire exposure. These residual stress distribution models are shown to give reasonably good results when compared with the experimentally measured data.
Anterior Segment Organ Culture Platform for Tracking Open Globe Injuries and Therapeutic Performance

Open globe injuries have poor visual outcomes, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. This is partly due to an extended delay between injury and medical intervention in rural environments and military medicine applications where ophthalmic care is not readily available. Untreated injuries are susceptible to infection after the eye has lost its watertight seal, as well as loss of tissue viability due to intraocular hypotension. Therapeutics to temporarily seal open globe injuries, if properly developed, may be able to restore intraocular pressure and prevent infection until proper ophthalmic care is possible. To facilitate product development, detailed here is the use of an anterior segment organ culture open globe injury platform for tracking therapeutic performance for at least 72 h post-injury. Porcine anterior segment tissue can be maintained in custom-designed organ culture dishes and held at physiological intraocular pressure. Puncture injuries can be created with a pneumatic-powered system capable of generating injury sizes up to 4.5 mm in diameter, similar to military-relevant injury sizes. Loss of intraocular pressure can be observed for 72 h post-injury confirming proper injury induction and loss of the eye's watertight seal. Therapeutic performance can be tracked by application to the eye after injury induction and then tracking intraocular pressure for multiple days. Further, the anterior segment injury model is applicable to widely used methods for functionally and biologically tracking anterior segment physiology, such as assessing transparency, ocular mechanics, corneal epithelium health, and tissue viability. Overall, the method described here is a necessary next step toward developing biomaterial therapeutics for temporarily sealing open globe injuries when ophthalmic care is not readily available.
Circulating miR-122 in patients with non-toxic acute acetaminophen ingestions.

Introduction: MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is a novel biomarker of liver injury and has been proposed as an early predictor of acetaminophen-associated hepatotoxicity. However, there is little data on miR-122 in patients with nontoxic acute acetaminophen ingestions.Methods: This was an observational study of patients with a history of acute acetaminophen ingestion and measured acetaminophen concentrations below the treatment nomogram and who did not receive antidotal treatment. Fold increase in miR-122 expression was measured from the remnant sample corresponding with the timed serum acetaminophen concentration used to determine need for antidotal treatment.Results: Ten patients met inclusion criteria with a four-hour acetaminophen concentration below the nomogram line (mean: 73.4 µg/mL). There was no significant difference in mean fold change of miR-122 expression between the acetaminophen exposed patients and negative controls [(0.82, IQR: 0.27, 0.77) vs (1.24, IQR: 0.54, 1.98), p = 0.33].Conclusion: miR-122 was not elevated in patients with acute acetaminophen ingestions with timed acetaminophen concentrations below the nomogram line. These data help to further characterize patterns of miR-122 in patients with acute acetaminophen exposures.
Deontic morality and control

This book addresses a dilemma concerning freedom and moral obligation (obligation, right and wrong). If determinism is true, then no one has control over one's actions. If indeterminism is true, then no one has control over their actions. But it is morally obligatory, right or wrong for one to perform some action only if one has control over it. Hence, no one ever performs an action that is morally obligatory, right or wrong. The author defends the view that this dilemma can be evaded but not in a way traditional compatibilists about freedom and moral responsibility will find congenial. For moral obligation is indeed incompatible with determinism but not with indeterminism. He concludes with an argument to the effect that, if determinism is true and no action is morally obligatory, right or wrong, then our world would be considerably morally impoverished as several sorts of moral appraisal would be unjustified.
Metal Toxicity to Sewage Organisms

The Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme inhibition is a convenient method to measure toxicity and to give insights to toxic behavior in pure culture and simple substrate conditions. A linear noncompetitive inhibition pattern is demonstrated for sewage bacteria and a linear competitive inhibition pattern for sewage fungus Geotrichum candidum. Silver and nickel are more toxic to sewage bacteria than to Geotrichum candidum and therefore the metal toxicity is believed to be connected with the overgrowth of the fungus in activated sludge processes.
Wideband MR Elastography for Viscoelasticity Model Identification

The growing clinical use of MR Elastography (MRE) requires the development of new quantitative standards for measuring tissue stiffness. Here, we examine a soft tissue mimicking phantom material (Ecoflex) over a wide frequency range (200 Hz to 7.75 kHz). The recorded data are fit to a cohort of viscoelastic models of varying complexity (integer and fractional order). This was accomplished using multiple sample sizes by employing geometric focusing of the shear wave front to compensate for the changes in wavelength and attenuation over this broad range of frequencies. The simple axisymmetric geometry and shear wave front of this experiment allows us to calculate the frequency-dependent complex-valued shear modulus of the material. The data were fit to several common models of linear viscoelasticity, including those with fractional derivative operators, and we identified the best possible matches over both a limited frequency band (often used in clinical studies) and over the entire frequency span considered. In addition to demonstrating the superior capability of the fractional order viscoelastic models, this study highlights the advantages of measuring the complex-valued shear modulus over as wide a range of frequencies as possible.
My Breast Cancer

Abstract The author, Susan Nesbit, was diagnosed with breast cancer in March 2000, and hearing the words, “Your mammography and clinical breast exam suggest that you may have cancer,” started her on a journey through the wilderness. Her wilderness included diagnostic and staging procedures and a treatment protocol of chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and more chemotherapy. Nesbit guided herself through the wilderness using several skills and foundations of occupational therapy. She used advocacy with good communication skills, prevention of potential problems, values clarification, spirituality, psychological strategies, support with empathy, teaching, and cognitive strategies. Several contextsthe cultural (e.g., valuing her new body without breasts and using mind-body techniques for healing), the physical (e.g., taking attachment objects to the hospital in a special box), the social (e.g., relating to friends, colleagues, and physicians), and the spiritual (e.g., participating in ceremonies)-influenced h...
A Geometry-aware Data Partitioning Algorithm for Parallel Quad Mesh Generation on Large-scale 2D Regions

We develop a partitioning algorithm to decompose complex 2D data into small simple subregions for effective parallel quad meshing. We formulate the partitioning problem for effective parallel quad meshing as a quadratic integer optimization problem with linear constraints. Directly solving this problem is e xpensive for large-scale data partitioning. Hence, we suggest a more effi cient two-step algorithm to obtain an approximate solution. First, we partition the region into a set of cells using L∞ Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation (CVT), then we solve a graph partitioning on the dual graph of this CVT to minimize the total partitioning boundary length, while enforcing the load balancing and each subregion’s connectivity. With this decomposition, subr egions are distributed to multiple processors for parallel quadrilat eral mesh generation. We demonstrate that our decomposition algorithm outperforms existing approaches by offering a higher-quality partitioning, and therefore, impro ved performance and quality in mesh generation. c 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 24 th International Meshing Roundtable (IMR24).
Feasibility of automated slope III and Scond analysis in children.

BACKGROUND Multiple breath washout (MBW) derived Scond is an established index of ventilation inhomogeneity. Time-consuming post hoc calculations of the expirogram's slope of alveolar phase III (SIII) and the lack of available software hampered widespread application of Scond. METHODS Seventy-two school-aged children (45 with cystic fibrosis; CF) performed 3 nitrogen MBW. We tested a new automated algorithm for Scond analysis (Scondauto ) which comprised breath selection for SIII detection, calculation and reporting of test quality. We compared Scondauto to (i) standard Scond analysis (Scondmanual ) with manual breath selection and to (ii) pragmatic Scond analysis including all breaths (Scondall ). Primary outcomes were success rate and agreement between different Scond protocols, and Scond fitting quality (linear regression R(2) ). RESULTS Average Scondauto (0.06 for CF and 0.01 for controls) was not different from Scondmanual (0.06 for CF and 0.01 for controls) and showed comparable fitting quality (R(2) 0.53 for CF and 0.13 for controls vs. R(2) 0.54 for CF and 0.13 for controls). Scondall was similar in CF and controls but with inferior fitting quality compared to Scondauto and Scondmanual . CONCLUSIONS Automated Scond calculation is feasible and produces robust results comparable to the standard manual way of Scond calculation. This algorithm provides a valid, fast and objective tool for regular use, even in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent challenges in the evaluation of fibroepithelial lesions.

Abstract Context.—The morphologic spectrum of mammary fibroepithelial lesions ranges from fibroadenoma, a common benign neoplasm, to phyllodes tumor, an uncommon lesion that can sometimes recur and metastasize. Objective.—To focus on problems encountered in the diagnostic evaluation of fibroepithelial tumors, highlighting the diagnostically relevant morphologic features and providing an update on the immunohistochemical profile and genetic alterations of these rare neoplasms. Data Sources.—A PubMed search of the English-language literature identified published reports on fibroepithelial lesions, with a special focus on phyllodes tumor. The results and conclusions of these studies form the basis of this review. Conclusions.—The distinction between fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor is usually not problematic, especially in excision specimens. In some cases, however, the diagnostic evaluation of fibroepithelial lesions can be challenging, especially if only limited material is available. Morphologic predictor...
On the Scientific and Technological Importance of Nanotribology

Nanotribology has been in existence as a recognized discipline for roughly 20 years, with the appreciation of the importance of atomistic mechanisms of tribology existing long before. In this paper, we briefly review why nanotribology is important for advancing the science of tribology in general, and we also highlight emerging applications where nanotribological research is critical.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Synthesis of Organic and Water Soluble Poly(1,4-phenylenevinylenes) Containing Carboxyl Groups: Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of 2,3-Dicarboxybarrelenes

2,3-Dicarboxybicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5,7-triene (barrelene) monomers (4a,b) were synthesized by a novel route and then polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Complete initiation of the ROMP initiator (5) and living polymerization of monomer 4b were achieved by tuning the activity of 5 with hexafluoro-tert-butanol (HFB) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The precursor polymers (6a,b) were readily converted to diester-substituted poly(1,4-phenylenevinylenes) (PPVs) (7a,b) by aromatizing the cyclohexadiene rings using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). The resulting PPVs were highly luminescent, and polymer 7b, bearing tert-butyl groups on its esters, was soluble in methylene chloride and chloroform. We found that partially oxidizing 6b so that only 80% of the polymer units are aromatized increases both the solubility and photoluminescence quantum yield of 7b. Deprotection of polymer 7b by acid-catalyzed thermolysis of the tert-butyl groups followed by treatment with aqueous base pr...
Basalt weathering and pedogenesis across an environmental gradient in the southern Cascade Range, California, USA

Abstract Basalt rocks occupy substantial land area and play a significant role in global weathering patterns and biogeochemical cycling. The objective of this research was to quantify climatic controls of weathering and pedogenic processes on basalt-derived soils across an environmental gradient on the western slope of the Casacade Range of California, USA. We hypothesized that climate controls mineral neogenesis, with cool, moist conditions favoring formation of short-range-order (SRO) materials and warm, dry conditions favoring smectite, crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides and kaolins. Four pedons were sampled across an elevation gradient (250–2500 m) having large variation in mean annual soil temperature (5–17 °C) and mean annual precipitation (750–1350 mm). The soil mineral assemblage was characterized by X-ray diffraction, selective dissolution, total elemental analysis and light microscopy. The degree of weathering and mineral assemblage exhibited a clear threshold at the permanent winter snowline (~ 1200 m). Maximum soil development was noted just below the snowline with soils dominated by kaolinite and dehydrated halloysite, crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides (48 kg m− 2), extensive loss of cations (chemical index of alteration, CIA > 95%) and clay accumulation (447 kg m− 2). In contrast, the high elevation snow-dominated pedons displayed less intense weathering (e.g., CIA
Coal flash pyrolysis: 4. Polymethylene moieties in coal macerals

Abstract An analysis for polymethylene moieties in purified coal macerals has shown the (CH 2 ) n ( where n ⩾5) content, by a liquefaction— 1 H n.m.r. method, to be highest in exinite macerals and lower in vitrinite and inertinite macerals. From any particular coal, the (CH 2 ) n content of the vitrinite was higher than the inertinite but lower than the exinite. Pyrolysis of these macerals gave ethylene yields proportional to the (CH 2 ) n content.
Hunter Rouse—His Work in Retrospect

In 1906, the year Hunter Rouse was born, hydraulic engineering was on a far slower development path than was structural engineering, the other major branch of civil engineering. The introduction of statics and solid-mechanics theories into engineering practice during the previous 2 centuries had greatly hastened the rationalization of structural engineering, while hydraulic engineering remained largely a practice of rote rules and hindsight empiricism. Hydraulic engineers of the 1700s and the 1800s had, to some extent, tried to apply basic fluid mechanics principles to the design of hydraulic structures, but had found the fluid mechanics as formulated by mathematicians like Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Jean D’Alembert, and Issac Newton to be of little practical use. Hydraulic engineering practice and fluidmechanic theories seemed disconnected. In 1906, however, fluid mechanics and hydraulic engineering were entering an era of momentous development. Emblematic of this development was the 10-min presentation by Ludwig Prandtl of Germany during the 3rd International Congress of Mathematicians, in 1904. Prandtl illuminated the consequences of two related concepts that profoundly influence fluid mechanics: the no-slip condition for fluids at rigid boundaries, and boundary layer formation for viscosity-affected flows over solid boundaries Prandtl 1905 . These physical conditions must be satisfied to properly analyze the motion of fluids with small but still appreciable viscosity, like water. Their importance had been partially recognized earlier e.g., Froude 1872 , but Prandtl’s explanations and illustrations, supported by other emerging concepts in turbulent flow and the rising use of laboratories, provided new insights clearing the path for hydraulic engineering to develop rapidly. Hunter Rouse 1906–1996 contributed significantly to these developments. Early in his career, Rouse recognized that he stood at an exciting historical conjunction of scientific concepts and engineering. Reports, papers, and photographs of Rouse and fellow young hydraulicians during the early 1900s convey a palpable sense of excitement and mission Fig. 1 . Hunter Rouse became widely admired as the researcher and educator who best championed the application of fluid mechanics theory, validated by contemporary experimentation methods, to water flow processes in hydraulic engineering. This application, commonly called hydraulics, elevated hydraulic engineering to a substantially more rational plane than it had previously occupied. Although he received numerous recognitions and awards for his work, and its impact carries on, knowledge about the full extent of his work has faded. Today he is most remembered for his books on the history of hydraulics, his lucidly written textbooks on fluid mechanics and hydraulics, and his leadership of a promi-
COMPLEXES WITH SULFUR AND SELENIUM DONORS. V. PROTON NMR AND ELECTRONIC SPECTRA OF AMINE ADDUCTS OF BIS(O,O' DICYCLOHEXYLDITHIOPHOSPHATO)NICKEL(II)

Abstract N.m.r. contact shifts are reported for a number of mono- and bis-amine adducts of bis(O,O'-dicyclohexyldithio-phosphato)nickel(II), Ni(Cyhx—dtp)2. Negative spin densities arising from [sgrave]-spin polarization on-NH-and-NH2 protons give rise to large upfield contact shifts whereas positive spin densities are found for protons on carbon atoms adjacent to nitrogen. The electronic spectra of solutions of Ni(Cyhx-dtp)2 in amines are consistent with the formation of five-co-ordinate adducts with secondary amines and six-co-ordinate trans-octahedral adducts with primary amines. Spin-delocalization mechanisms, g-values, and electronic spectra are discussed.
New Classical Least-Squares/Partial Least-Squares Hybrid Algorithm for Spectral Analyses

A new classical least-squares/partial least-squares (CLS/PLS) hybrid algorithm has been developed that demonstrates the best features of both the CLS and PLS algorithms during the analysis of spectroscopic data. By adding our recently reported prediction-augmented classical least-squares (PACLS) to the hybrid algorithm, we have the additional benefit that known or empirically derived spectral shape information can be incorporated into the hybrid algorithm to correct for the presence of unmodeled sources of spectral variation. A detailed step-by-step description of the new hybrid algorithm in calibration and prediction is presented. The powerful capabilities of the new PACLS/PLS hybrid are demonstrated for near-infrared spectra of dilute aqueous solutions containing the analytes urea, creatinine, and NaCl. The PACLS/PLS method is demonstrated to correct the detrimental effects of unmodeled solution temperature changes and spectrometer drift in the multivariate spectral calibration models. Initially, PLS and PACLS/PLS predictions of analytes from variable-temperature solution spectra were made with models based upon spectra previously taken of the samples at constant temperature. The presence of unmodeled temperature variations and system drift caused the prediction errors from these models to be inflated by more than an order of magnitude relative to the cross-validated errors from the calibrations. PLS achieved improved predictions of the variable-temperature spectra by adding spectra of a few variable-temperature samples into the original calibration data followed by recalibration. PACLS/PLS predictions were corrected for temperature variations and system drift by adding spectral differences of the same subset of samples collected under constant- and variable-temperature conditions to the PACLS prediction portion of the hybrid algorithm during either calibration or prediction. Comparisons of the prediction ability of the hybrid algorithm relative to the PLS method using the same calibration and subset information demonstrated hybrid prediction improvements that were significant at least at the 0.01 level for all three analytes. The new hybrid algorithm has widespread uses, some of which are also discussed in the paper.
Contaminated Water Production in Old Oil Fields With Downhole Water separation: Effects of Capillary Pressures and Relative Permeability Hysteresis

Industry operators using downhole water separation technology in bottom water drive reservoirs with water coning problem have employed two major approaches. One approach uses downhole hydrocyclone and pumps to separate water from oil in one co-mingled production stream. This approach involves elaborate completion design and high cost equipment. The second approach, termed “gravity segregation” uses dual completion technology with zonal isolation packer to separately produce the water and the oil and so counter the cone development at the wellbore. Both methods, currently, do not completely eliminate the problem of contaminated water production but reduces it to, perhaps, some manageable level. The growing emphasis on environmental-friendly oil production operation and increasing cost of water handling requires the production of oil-free disposable water in a simple completion design. This paper presents case studies of the pre-installation design of gravity segregation method for three fields (West Africa, Gulf Canada and Louisiana) with strong water coning problems. The study confirms that old oil fields that have suffered severe water coning exhibit a transitional saturation profile and dispersed oil-water contact. In addition, the imbibition/drainage process of water cone development and reversal induced by gravity segregation creates relative permeability hysteresis effect. The effects should be included in the pre-installation modeling. The results using numerical simulator, indicate that the combined effects of capillary transition pressures and relative permeability hysteresis are responsible for the production of contaminated water experienced with application of the gravity segregation approach in old oil fields. It also shows how to add an envelope to the well’s inflow performance window to accommodate the transition zone. Inside the envelope production of oil-free water from the bottom completion is possible with production of minimal water cut oil at the top. This uncontaminated water could be disposed while operators maximize the use of their pipeline and water separation facilities as well as improve oil recovery.
Principal Leadership Behaviors and School Achievement.

The research reviewed here was designed to identify performance- based parameters of instructional leadership and to determine whether the effects of that leadership are simi lar in secondary and elementary schools.
Real and the future of digital media

Biographical Notes Rob Glaser, founder and CEO of RealNetworks, Inc., has long been intrigued with the nexus of media, computing, communication and the Internet. Since founding Real in 1994, Glaser has played an integral role in the transformation of the Internet into the next great mass medium. In 1995 under Glaser's direction, Real introduced the groundbreaking RealAudio. Followed by, RealVideo, RealPlayer and the systems to distribute audio and video including the Helix technologies, RealNetworks has continued to innovate and bring technologies to market. Additionally in 2000, RealNetworks began offering aggregated premium content online directly to consumers in a subscription service. In 2003, RealNetworks purchased Listen.com and built the Rhapsody music service into the leading music subscription service. With the combination of technology and business systems for monetizing media, RealNetworks and Rob Glaser are at the forefront of the Internet media revolution.
Opposing effects of P2X7 and P2Y purine/pyrimidine‐preferring receptors on proliferation of astrocytes induced by fibroblast growth factor‐2: Implications for CNS development, injury, and repair

Extracellular nucleotides play important trophic roles in development and CNS injury but functions of distinct purinergic receptors and related signaling pathways have not been fully elucidated. Here we have identified opposing effects of P2X and P2Y receptors on the ability of FGF2 to induce proliferation in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes. Low concentrations of ATP enhanced DNA synthesis induced by FGF2 whereas high concentrations inhibited FGF2-induced proliferation. Comparison of concentration-response experiments with ATP and 2’,3’-O-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) indicated that the inhibitory effect was mediated by P2X7 receptors. Interestingly, activation of P2X7 receptors led to a state of reversible growth arrest, rather than cell death. Selectivity studies showed that proliferation evoked by epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor was also inhibited by P2X7 receptors, but P2X1 or P2X3 receptors did not inhibit proliferation induced by FGF2. A marker of mitosis, phosphohistone-3, was reduced by BzATP and increased by UTP, suggesting the enhancing effect of ATP on FGF2-induced proliferation was mediated by P2 purine/pyrimidine receptors. Phosphorylation of growth arrest-related protein kinases p38/MAPK and SAPK/JNK was strongly increased by BzATP but only weakly affected by UTP. We conclude that P2Y purine/pyrimidine receptors enhance proliferation induced by FGF2 in astrocytes whereas stimulation of P2X7 receptors inhibits proliferation by shifting cells to a state of reversible growth arrest which may be mediated by protein kinase signaling. These trophic actions of P2X7 and P2Y purine/pyrimidine receptors may contribute to the regulation of CNS development, adult neurogenesis and the response of astrocytes to injury.
Effects of calcium and magnesium on strontium distribution coefficients

The effects of calcium and magnesium on the distribution of strontium between a surficial sediment and simulated wastewater solutions were measured as part of an investigation to determine strontium transport properties of surficial sediment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy. Batch experimental techniques were used to determine strontium linear sorption isotherms and distribution coefficients (Kd's) using simulated wastewater solutions prepared at pH 8.0±0.1 with variable concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Strontium linear sorption isotherm Kd's ranged from 12±1 to 85±3 ml/g, increasing as the concentration of calcium and magnesium decreased. The concentration of sorbed strontium and the percentage of strontium retained by the sediment were correlated to aqueous concentrations of strontium, calcium, and magnesium. The effect of these cation concentrations on strontium sorption was quantified using multivariate least-squares regression techniques. Analysis of data from these experiments indicates that increased concentrations of calcium and magnesium in wastewater discharged to waste disposal ponds at the INEL increases the availability of strontium for transport beneath the ponds by decreasing strontium sorption to the surficial sediment.
Development of a Chromium-Free Consumable for Austenitic Stainless Steels—Part 2: Optimization of Alloy Composition Based on Corrosion Behavior

Abstract The effects of alloying elements on the corrosion properties of Ni-Cu alloy were investigated to optimize the composition of a Cr-free consumable for the welding of stainless steels. Cycli...
Porphyrin to quinone electron transfer across a depsipeptide which forms an α-helical turn

Abstract A porphyrin linked to a quinone via a three residue depsipeptide, l -proline- l -lactate- l -lactate has been used to investigate the effect of a protein folding interaction on electron transfer rates through a protein medium. Infrared analysis in the amide A (NH stretch region) demonstrates that the major conformation of the compound is an α-helical turn in CH2Cl2. A ROESY NMR experiment corroborates the presence of the α-helical turn through observation of a dαN (i,i+3) through-space contact. Time correlated single photon counting fluorescence lifetime measurements on the porphyrin in the presence and absence of the acceptor quinone indicate that electron transfer is very efficient, ket=5.6±0.3×108 s−1, in this compound. Evaluation of the electronic coupling matrix element, Hab, gives a value of 3.2±0.8 cm−1, approximately 100-fold larger than the expected value of ∼0.03 cm−1 for electron transfer along the depsipeptide backbone in the absence of any folding interactions. This result demonstrates that long-range non-covalent protein folding interactions can have profound effects on rates of electron transfer.
Desert varnish: evidence for cyclic deposition of manganese

WE have found evidence that desert-varnish coatings on rocks in the western US consist of micron-scale alternating dark and light layers that differ in manganese and iron content. We report here the first quantitative electron-microprobe analyses of desert varnish, that also show the chemical variations in these layers. In the field and laboratory we obtained new evidence that varnish covers a fresh substrate by nucleation of micron-sized patches that grow and coalesce.
Customization of Curriculum Materials in Science: Motives, Challenges, and Opportunities

Exemplary science instructors use inquiry to tailor content to student’s learning needs; traditional textbooks treat science as a set of facts and a rigid curriculum. Publishers now allow instructors to compile pieces of published and/or self-authored text to make custom textbooks. This brings numerous advantages, including the ability to produce smaller, cheaper text and added flexibility on the teaching models used. Moreover, the internet allows instructors to decentralize textbooks through easy access to educational objects such as audiovisual simulations, individual textbook chapters, and scholarly research articles. However, these new opportunities bring with them new problems. With educational materials easy to access, manipulate and duplicate, it is necessary to define intellectual property boundaries, and the need to secure documents against unlawful copying and use is paramount. Engineers are developing and enhancing information embedding technologies, including steganography, cryptography, watermarking, and fingerprinting, to label and protect intellectual property. While these are showing their utility in securing information, hackers continue to find loop holes in these protection schemes, forcing engineers to constantly assess the algorithms to make them as secure as possible. As newer technologies rise, people still question whether custom publishing is desirable. Many instructors see the process as complex, costly, and substandard in comparison to using traditional text. Publishing companies are working to improve attitudes through advertising. What lacks is peer reviewed evidence showing that custom publishing improves learning. Studies exploring the effect of custom course materials on student attitude and learning outcomes are a necessary next step.
Effects of gravity on the boiling of binary fluid mixtures

Abstract Experiments have been conducted with water/2-propanol mixtures under reduced gravity, normal gravity and high gravity in order to investigate Marangoni effects and their interaction with the gravitational effect in the pool boiling of binary mixtures. The system pressure was subatmospheric (∼ 8 kPa at lgn)and the bulk liquid temperature varied from low subcooling to near saturation. The molar concentrations of 2-propanol tested were 0.015, 0.025 and 0.1. The reduced and high gravity experiments were conducted aboard a DC-9 aircraft at NASA Lewis Research Center.Boiling curves were obtained both for high gravity (∼2 gn) and reduced gravity (∼0.01 gn), and the duration of both the high gravity and reduced gravity period was approximately 20 s per parabola. For each concentration of 2-propanol, the critical heat flux (CHF) has been determined for normal and reduced gravity conditions. The present experimental data are compared with the available predictive correlations for binary mixture boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux conditions. Comparison of boiling curves obtained from the experiment under 2-gn 1-gn and reduced gravity indicates that the boiling mechanism in these mixtures is nearly independent of gravity. The CHF values determined under reduced gravity conditions for each concentration did not change significantly from those measured under 1-gn conditions. The results also indicate that the Marangoni mechanism is strong enough in these mixtures to sustain stable nucleate boiling under reduced gravity conditions.
Using the Internet for Treasury Management

Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the use of Internet-based technologies. But how can you use them to enhance the strategic development of treasury management responsibilities—and increase your firm's financial performance? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Background and overview for KDD Cup 2002 task 1: information extraction from biomedical articles

This paper presents a background and overview for task 1 (of 2 tasks) of the KDD Challenge Cup 2002, a competition held in conjunction with the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), July 23--26, 2002. Task 1 dealt with detecting which papers, in a set of fruitfly genetics papers (texts), contained experimental results about gene products (transcripts and proteins), and also within each paper, which genes had experimental results about their products mentioned.
Gender and racial differences in smoking of long/ultra-long and king size cigarettes among U.S. adult smokers, NHANES 1999-2012.

Background Cigarette rod length as a design feature may play a specific role in harm perception and tobacco use. Internal tobacco industry documents have shown targeting of females with long/ultra-long cigarettes. This study assessed trends and differences in smoking of long/ultra-long cigarettes among U.S. smokers aged ≥20 years during 1999 through 2012.
Application of a translational research model to assess the progress of occupational safety research in the international commercial fishing industry

Abstract Translating basic science research into population-level health benefits is a challenge in all areas of public health, including occupational safety in the fishing industry. Translational research is a process for developing evidence-based interventions and implementing them in practice. The purpose of this study was to organize the literature on occupational safety in the fishing industry within the T0–T4 phases of translational research to identify areas of strength and consensus, as well as gaps for future translational research to address. A comprehensive search of the English language literature on the topic of occupational safety in the fishing industry was completed. Scientific investigations of safety problems in the fishing industry first appeared in the literature during the 1950s. The bulk of research has focused on descriptive epidemiology in the T0 phase of translational research. A positive trend in recent studies is the growing emphasis on translational research (i.e. the T1–T4 phases). These types of studies aim to move research-to-practice by investigating potential solutions to safety problems and by developing, implementing and evaluating interventions. Recommendations for future translational research include using consistent methods of injury classification and risk analysis, developing interventions targeted at specific problems in the highest-risk fisheries, and addressing the barriers and facilitators to widespread implementation of interventions. Workplace safety in the fishing industry will improve if future research concentrates on identifying and testing promising safety measures that are effective, practical and scalable. Translational research is the key to making progress toward the prevention of work-related injuries in the fishing industry.
Neutron-Scattering Study of the 38- and 54-K Phase Transitions in Deuterated Tetrathiafulvalene- Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ)

Neutron-elastic-scattering experiments performed on deuterated TTF-TCNQ single crystals reveal two structural transformations at 38 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5 K and at 54 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 K. Below 38 K, a $4\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3.4\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{b}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$ modulation relative to the underlying undistorted lattice is established. At 38 K the modulation period in the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}}$ direction becomes incommensurate and displays an abrupt decrease from its low-temperature value of $4\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}}$ and gradually decreases with increasing temperature to $2\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}}$ near 51 K.
A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF CAROTENOIDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

Abstract Partition coefficients were determined for 25 carotenoid pigments in the system petroleum ether-aqueous methanol. Based on these figures, a linear relationship was established between the M 50 value (the percentage methanol required to give a partition coefficient of 50:50) and the relative polarity of the carotenoid. This relative polarity is derived from the sum of the polarities of the individual functional groups on the molecule. These groups were assigned the following relative polarities, based on a value at 1.00 for the nonallylic hydroxyl group: nonallylic hydroxyl = 1.00, allylic hydroxyl = 0.89, keto = 0.72, acetyl ester = 0.47, 5,6-epoxide = 0.24, and 5,8-epoxide = 0.24. The relative polarity, determined before and after acetylation or acidmethanol treatment, can be used to determine the number, types, and positions of functional groups on carotenoids of unknown structure.
"Packages" of risk: implications for determining the effect of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing

As scholars and practitioners alike have drawn attention to negative effects of incarceration, researchers have increasingly considered that one of the most important collateral consequences may be the impact on the wellbeing of children. Most research on the effects of parental incarceration has focused on the father's incarceration, which is a reasonable emphasis given the much higher rates of male incarceration. Yet every jurisdiction includes a number of women incarcerated in local and state facilities, and as Turney and Wildeman (2015, this issue) note, this number has been increasing (Guerino, Harrison, and Sabol, 2011). They further underscore that similar to male incarceration, this phenomenon has become a bigger issue in the lives of poor and minority children who already face significant challenges (Wildeman, 2009). A compelling reason to focus research attention on maternal incarceration in particular is that although research clearly has established that father involvement is an important basis of variation across a range of child wellbeing outcomes (e.g., Carlson, 2006; Dyer, Day, and Harper, 2013), mothers remain "close in" if not the primary caregivers for a majority of U.S. children. Thus, it is important to determine not only whether there are aggregate effects of maternal incarceration on children, as Wildeman and Turney (2014) have explored in other recent analyses, but also how the effects can vary, as in Turney and Wildeman's current (2015) study. Language: en
Effect of retinoic acid on prostatic development

BACKGROUND AND METHODS To assess the effect of retinoids on prostatic ductal branching morphogenesis, anterior prostates from newborn rats were cultured under serum-free conditions for 6 days in the presence of testosterone (10(-8) mM) plus 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA), all-trans-retinoic acid (at-RA), or N-4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide (4-HPR). Measures of morphologic complexity were computed and compared between specimens of different treatment groups. RESULTS Prostatic ductal growth and branching were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by both 13-cis-RA and at-RA, but not by 4-HPR. This inhibitory effect of 13-cis-RA was reversible, as the prostatic ducts resumed branching and growth after removal of retinoic acid from the culture medium. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we then investigated the expression of nuclear receptor genes for retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS This showed the presence of RAR-beta and RAR-gamma in the 0-day prostate, suggesting that the effects of these retinoids on ductal morphogenesis may be via these receptors.
Cancer genes at your fingertips

Abstract Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressors edited by G. Peters and K.H. Vousden IRL Press, 1997. £29.95 hbk (xix +332 pages) ISBN 019 963 5943
Multiobjective cluster analysis for part family formations

Abstract This paper presents an efficient computerized method for forming group technology part families using a goal programming based multiobjective clustering analysis with a group technology classification and coding system. The success of group technology applications rests on the effective formation of part families and subsequent efficient retrieval of part family data for rationalization of design and manufacturing. Due to the magnitude of this task, it is necessary to use a computer. A mathematical model and computer program were developed to improve the efficiency of applying this method in practice. The proposed method was tested and proved using actual industrial data.
Distortion calibration of the MISR linear detectors

The multi-angle imaging spectro-radiometer (MISR) instrument, which is scheduled to fly on the EOS AM1 platform, contains nine refractive cameras (four different lens designs) at preselected view angles which image in the push broom mode. Each focal plane contains four charge coupled device (CCD) line arrays consisting of 1504 active pixels; each array is preceded by one of the MISR spectral filters. In order to facilitate registration of the data generated by the 36 arrays during the initial phase of the mission, the crosstrack pointing angle of each pixel in each array was measured in the laboratory at the camera subsystem level. These measurements were particularly challenging because the pixels had to be calibrated under flight conditions (in a vacuum over the temperature range 0 to 10 degrees Celsius) to an accuracy of 1/8 pixel or 2.6 micrometer. Given the first order properties of the various lenses, this requirement implies that the distortion had to be calibrated to better than 10 arcsec. This paper will discusses the hardware and software techniques utilized to accomplish this stringent calibration.
Sublimation and ice condensation in hyperarid soils: Modeling results using field data from Victoria Valley, Antarctica

[1] Most soils of the Dry Valleys of Antarctica are ice-cemented within a few decimeters of the ground surface despite the hyperarid conditions. This fact brings into question current sublimation models since they indicate that water vapor in soils is being lost at rates that would rid them of ice to at least several meters in less than a few thousand years, and yet most ice-rich soils in the Dry Valleys are much older. In this paper, we explore mechanisms that slow or may reverse ice loss from the soil to the atmosphere and incorporate them into a sublimation model that uses high-resolution climate and soil temperature data from 2002 to 2005 in Victoria Valley, where the surface is ∼10 ka old and the soil is ice-cemented 0.22 m below the surface. According to this model, ice currently sublimates 0.22 mm a−1, which corresponds to a descent of the ice cement boundary of ∼1.2 mm a−1. Water vapor condenses in the upper dry soil during the winter but is lost completely to the atmosphere during the austral summer. Some water vapor diffuses downward into the frozen soil, condensing at rates of 0.02–0.09 mm a−1. Snow cover in the summer temporarily reverses the vapor transport and reduces the annual ice loss. Hence while snow slows long-term sublimation, the dearth of data on the duration and timing of snow cover prevent us from quantifying this effect and from assessing the potential of snowmelt to offset water loss from the soil.
Effects of habitual tobacco smoking on reactive hyperemia in the human hand.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that habitual smoking of tobacco cigarettes reduces reactive hyperemia in peripheral areas of smokers who are at low risk of having atherosclerotic vascular disease. This was achieved by a cross-sectional comparison of post-occlusion hyperemia in the hand circulation of female cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in the 20- to 40-yr age range. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that sclerotic lesions are unlikely in the upper extremities of females in this age range. The right hand of a subject was maintained in a water bath at 32°C while mean blood flow velocity (V) in the radial artery was measured before and after occlusion periods of 1 and 5 min. The 5-min period elicited maximal reactive hyperemia. Following both periods of occlusion the percent increase in V was less for smokers (P < .02). Also, the absolute increase in V following 5 min of occlusion for the smokers was less than that of the nonsmokers (P ≤ .05). These results indicate that hab...