cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasmon drag in nanostructured metal and effects of spin angular momentum of plasmons

Here we review recent advances in plasmon drag studies, and describe the plasmogalvanic effects associated with absorption of spin angular momentum (SAM) of plasmons.
Metacognitive Theories Revisited

“Metacognitive theories,” an article Gregg Schraw and I published in Educational Psychology Review in 1995, has been cited in over a thousand scholarly publications. In this follow-up, dedicated to Gregg and written after his recent death, I provide a brief overview of our 1995 article and then reflect on it in four ways. First, I consider the development of the concept of metacognition prior to 1995, including its emergence and use in previous writings by each co-author. Then, I turn to the collaboration itself, including the interplay of complementary conceptions and the construction of new ideas. Third, I consider the article’s citation history and the role it has played in the subsequent literature. Finally, I discuss research on metacognition since 1995, including subsequent work on epistemic cognition by each of the co-authors.
Hidden-Model Processes for Adaptive Management Under Uncertain Climate Change

AbstractPredictions of climate change can significantly affect the optimization of measures reducing the long-term risk for assets exposed to extreme events. Although a single climate model can be ...
Understanding Basic Financial Statements

This note describes balance sheets, income statements, and statements of owners' equity and serves as an introduction to basic financial statements. Excerpt UVA-C-2335 Oct. 2, 2012 UNDERSTANDING BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), companies report their financial activities using four basic financial statements: 1. The balance sheet presents in summary form, as of a specific date, the assets owned by the company, the liabilities owed by the company to its suppliers and to lenders who have provided funds for the business, and the accumulated funds the owners of the enterprise have invested and left with the business to cover its operating needs. 2. The income statement summarizes those transactions that produced revenue for the business as a result of selling its products (or its services) during a period and those transactions that resulted in expenses for the business. The difference between aggregate revenue and aggregate expenses during a specific period is the net income (or loss) the business earned, also called profit or “the bottom line.” . . .
The long-term result of partial arthroscopic meniscectomy in a traumatic meniscus tear

Since the introduction of therapeutic arthroscopy, by Oconnor, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy or meniscus repair become the golden stander treatment of meniscus tear, whenever possible, which allow preservation of normal or near normal meniscus function to avoid or reduce the risk of osteoarthritis of the knee joint, that might develop after complete meniscus removal.This study was aimed to evaluate the long-term functional and radiological results of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.The present cross-sectional study was carried out in Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital, orthopedic department. The study included 75 patients, 54 male patients and 21 female patients, known to undergo arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for isolated traumatic meniscus tear (6-7) years ago. The age range of the examined patients was 21 to 40 years. All patients were clinically assessed, according to Tapper and Hoover knee score scale and Lysholm knee score with a radiological assessment of the knee for early degenerative changes, using Kellgren and Lawrence system.Forty-five (45) patients with the excellent result (60%), eighteen (18) patients with good results (24%), teen (10) patients with fair results (13.33%) and two (2) patients with bad results (2.66%) according to tapper and Hoover scale. According to Lysholm score, the preoperative score was 22 to 70, while at the end of follow up was (92_100). Radiological examination of 48 patients was normal (grade 0), while grade 1 in 27 patients. Partial arthroscopic meniscectomy still gives excellent to good results on long-term, in otherwise stable knee without cartilage damage.
A chemical compass.

Only now are we beginning to unravel the mechanisms behind a cell's ability to point in any direction and navigate effectively.
Les mondes authentiques et les stratégies d'authentification : Analyse duale consommateurs/distributeurs

L’objectif de cet article est d’etudier l’effet des trois composantes de la couleur dominante d’une annonce publicitaire de la presse ecrite (la tonalite, la saturation, la luminosite) et des gouts des individus vis-a-vis de cette couleur sur les croyances envers la marque. Une etude empirique a ete menee aupres de 360 personnes. Les resultats montrent que la luminosite et la saturation de la couleur ont un effet, contrairement a la tonalite. Par ailleurs, les gouts des individus vis-a-vis de la couleur ont aussi une influence sur les croyances envers la marque. Lorsqu’ils manipulent la couleur, les annonceurs devront donc aller au-dela de la tonalite pour mettre en evidence les avantages de la marque a valoriser.
Neuro-ophthalmic complications of raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and shunt malfunction

This article provides an overview of the neuro-ophthalmic complications of increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and shunt malfunction. The complications are discussed in detail, which include: visual loss, visual field defects, pupillary abnormalities, abnormal optic nerve appearance, disturbances in ocular motility, and abnormal extraocular appearance. A practical guide of neuro-ophthalmic evaluations for patients with increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, or shunting is also presented with useful tables and figures. Furthermore, treatment of these complications is explained, including local or topical management, medical treatment, and surgical interventions. It is a useful reference designed to provide neurosurgeons with important signs and symptoms of neuro-ophthalmic complications, and thus to facilitate early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of visual loss in patients with increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus.
Bias Caused By Sampling Error In Meta-analysis With Small Sample Sizes

Background Meta-analyses frequently include studies with small sample sizes. Researchers usually fail to account for sampling error in the reported within-study variances; they model the observed study-specific effect sizes with the within-study variances and treat these sample variances as if they were the true variances. However, this sampling error may be influential when sample sizes are small. This article illustrates that the sampling error may lead to substantial bias in meta-analysis results. Methods We conducted extensive simulation studies to assess the bias caused by sampling error. Meta-analyses with continuous and binary outcomes were simulated with various ranges of sample size and extents of heterogeneity. We evaluated the bias and the confidence interval coverage for five commonly-used effect sizes (i.e., the mean difference, standardized mean difference, odds ratio, risk ratio, and risk difference). Results Sampling error did not cause noticeable bias when the effect size was the mean difference, but the standardized mean difference, odds ratio, risk ratio, and risk difference suffered from this bias to different extents. The bias in the estimated overall odds ratio and risk ratio was noticeable even when each individual study had more than 50 samples under some settings. Also, Hedges’ g, which is a bias-corrected estimate of the standardized mean difference within studies, might lead to larger bias than Cohen’s d in meta-analysis results. Conclusions Cautions are needed to perform meta-analyses with small sample sizes. The reported within-study variances may not be simply treated as the true variances, and their sampling error should be fully considered in such meta-analyses.
Cherenkov Radiation‐Mediated In Situ Excitation of Discrete Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes

Lanthanide luminescence, while ideal for in vivo applications owing to sharp emission bands within the optical window, requires high-intensity, short-wavelength excitation of small organic "antenna" chromophores in the vicinity of the lanthanide complex to access excited f-orbital states through intersystem crossing. Herein, we explored Cherenkov radiation of the radioisotopes 18 F and 89 Zr as an in situ source of antenna excitation. The effective inter- and intramolecular excitation of the terbium(III) complexes of a macrocylic polyaminocarboxylate ligand (hydration number (q)=0, quantum yield (φ)=47 %) as well as its analogue functionalized to append an intramolecular Cherenkov excitation source (q=0.07, φ=63 %) was achieved. Using conventional small-animal fluorescence imaging equipment, we have determined a detection limit of 2.5 nmol of Tb(III) complex in presence of 10 μCi of 18 F or 89 Zr. Our system is the first demonstration of the optical imaging of discrete luminescent lanthanide complexes without external short-wave excitation.
Association between cannabis laws and opioid prescriptions among privately insured adults in the US

Abstract We examine the association between opioid prescription patterns in privately insured adults and changes in state cannabis laws among five age groups (18–25, 26–35 36–45, 46–55 and 56–64 years). Using the 2016 Clinformatics Data Mart, a nationwide commercial health insurance database, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of two types of opioid prescribing (>30-day and >90-day prescriptions) among all adults aged 18–64 based on the stringency of cannabis laws. We found a significant interaction between age and cannabis law on opioid prescriptions. Age-stratified multilevel multivariable analyses showed lower opioid prescription rates in the four younger age groups only in states with medical cannabis laws, when considering both >30 day and >90 day opioid use [>30 day adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.56, in 18–25, aOR = 0.67 in 26–35, aOR = 0.67 in 36–45, and aOR = 0.76 in 46–54 years; >90 day aOR = 0.56, in 18–25, aOR = 0.68 in 26–35, aOR = 0.69 in 36–45, and aOR = 0.77 in 46–54 years, P
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in the Adult

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in the adult with congenital heart disease is a general term that includes all the obstructive lesions affecting the left ventricle, aortic valve, and the aortic arch. These lesions can be caused by residual defects that were not completely addressed in childhood or by acquired conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Disparities Elimination Summer Research Experience (DESRE): An Intensive Summer Research Training Program to Promote Diversity in the Biomedical Research Workforce

The Disparities Elimination Summer Re­search Experience (DESRE) was created to provide hands-on health equity research training opportunities to undergraduate and graduate students, particularly those from backgrounds underrepresented in bio­medical research. Funded by NIH’s National Institute on Minority Health and Health Dis­parities, a total of 22 students participated in 4 annual cycles of an intensive, 6-week, full-time, residential research training program consisting of didactics, community immer­sion experiences, peer mentoring, ethics training, and hands-on health disparities research. Demand for the program was high; by the 4th year of implementation, more than 500 applications were received for the cohort’s six slots. More than half of DESRE participants came from minority-serving institutions and/or identified as a member of a minority group. Students reported a significant increase in self-reported compe­tency across all of the program’s 26 learning objectives from pre- to post-assessment. Further, the program had a 77% success rate in promoting a career in biomedical research and/or health disparities elimina­tion, including 100% of minority participants either entering a graduate program and/or entering careers focused on health equity. Key success factors and lessons learned are discussed. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(1):47-54; doi:10.18865/ed.30.1.47
Writing in the Discipline: A Writing Mentorship Program to Enhance Student Writing Skills in the Leisure Field.

Written communication skills are essential in today’s world; yet, there is a perception (real or perceived) of a decline in the writing skills of undergraduate students. There is a recognition that...
How Automated Feedback is Delivered Matters: Formative Feedback and Knowledge Transfer

This Full Research Paper investigated the correlations of automated formative feedback and student knowledge transfer in an advanced-level network course. A microservice of automated formative feedback was designed and implemented. The automated feedback was set up to address correctness and coding style along a series of milestones in finishing each of the assigned programming projects. 36 students participated in this study. Different from the concerns of prior studies that automated formative feedback may encourage trial & error and harm learning, this study identified a link between the automated formative feedback and student knowledge transfer. The results of this study confirmed positive findings from other fields on formative feedback, and call for more research on formative feedback in computing education.
Weight loss dynamics following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. An analysis of 10-year follow-up data

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) still remains the gold-standard bariatric procedure. Short-term weight loss and improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) after LRYGB are well-documented. Little data are available on long-term weight loss and continued remission of DM2 in these patients. This study reports on weight loss and remission of DM2 in 576 consecutive patients who underwent primary LRYGB between August 2001 and August 2009 with at least 10-year follow up. All patients were treated at a single institution by a single surgeon. All data were collected and entered into the database prospectively. A total of 576 patients were included in the study. Patients’ mean age was 38.2 ± 10.9 years and females represented 88.2% of patients. Patients’ ethnicity was diverse, including African Americans (44.4%), Caucasians (34.0%), Hispanics (18.1%), and 3.5% from other backgrounds. On average, there were 6.9 ± 2.7 comorbidities per patient and DM2 was initially present in 150/576 patients (26.0%). Mean preoperative weight and BMI were 132.4 ± 22.0 kg and 48.3 ± 6.7 kg/m2, respectively. Ten-year follow-up reporting rate was 145/576 (25.2%). Maximum weight loss occurred at 18 months (mean weight 83.4 ± 16.5 kg, mean BMI 30.5 ± kg/m2). At 10 years, mean weight was maintained at 94.8 ± 20.5 kg and mean BMI was 34.3 ± 6.8 kg/m2. The average weight regain between one and ten years was 8.27 kg. Among patients with preoperative DM2, continued remission of DM2 at 10 years occurred in 19/32 (59.4%) patients. LRYGB provides durable long-term weight loss, as well as successful remission of DM2 at 10 years. More long-term follow-up studies evaluating weight loss and comorbidities extending beyond the initial 10-year period are needed. Such studies are essential for projecting late outcomes of LRYGB, particularly in younger patients with life expectancy exceeding several decades.
Multi-objective optimization of low-GWP mixture composition and heat exchanger circuitry configuration for improved system performance and reduced refrigerant flammability

Abstract The recently introduced hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants, including R1234yf and R1234ze(E), have significantly lower global warming potentials (GWPs) than traditional hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants like R410A. However, prior tests show that direct drop-in of pure R1234yf or R1234ze(E) into equipment designed for R410A results in a decrease in heat exchanger capacity and the system coefficient of performance. The primary reason is the lower in-tube heat transfer performance of R1234yf and R1234ze(E) compared with that of R410A. To address this issue, previous studies have mixed the mildly flammable HFC R32 with HFOs to improve system performance, with HFC R125 also added to suppress flammability. Previous studies selected compositions based on simple cycle analyses and did not consider modifications of the heat exchanger circuitry configuration to adapt to the new refrigerants. This study presents a novel multi-objective optimization approach to design a refrigerant composition that maximizes energy efficiency within flammability and GWP limits. The approach in this work simultaneously optimizes mixture composition and heat exchanger circuitry configuration. A case study on a rooftop unit indicates that, compared with mixture-only optimization, simultaneous optimization of mixture and heat exchanger circuitry yields a 5.9% improvement in cycle efficiency and a 48.6% reduction in refrigerant flammability with a GWP of 268. Circuitry optimization using refrigerants with different temperature glides shows that the larger the temperature glide is, the larger EER improvement is obtained. The results show that zeotropic blends with a large temperature glide are more sensitive to the refrigerant circuitry than pure refrigerants and may suffer significant performance degradation with subpar heat exchanger circuitry design. The proposed optimization approach is generally applicable to mixtures with any number of components. Using this approach to design a HVAC system can yield higher system efficiency within flammability and GWP constraints.
Automatic Maasailand Boma Mapping with Deep Neural Networks

A prevalent challenge in underdeveloped countries is the mapping and accounting of certain sub-populations for public health matters. This is especially true in sub-Saharan African countries that lack specific resources and technologies. Often, international non-profit groups provide targeted support for populations' health on specific matters, such as clean water initiatives and basic health clinics. This is especially critical in various ethnic populations that are not well integrated into a country's existing public health services. In countries such as Tanzania, one such ethnic population is the Maasai people. In this paper, we demonstrate how machine learning algorithms, combined with remote sensing data, can aid non-profit health delivery organizations to map Maasailand boma homesteads in northern Tanzania. Our study area encompasses over 3900 square kilometers of Massailand, where we have manually identified 635 bomas. We have evaluated four different deep neural network architectures for their ability to recognize boma, ResNet50, Xception, Inception-ResNet-V2, and ProxylessNAS, with cross-validation F1 scores of 95.32%, 95.45%, 96.78%, and 97.28%, respectively.
Signatures Beyond Oncogenic Mutations in Cell-Free DNA Sequencing for Non-Invasive, Early Detection of Cancer

Early detection of cancer saves lives, but an effective detection strategy in public health settings requires a delicate balance - periodic screening should neither miss rapidly progressing disease nor fail to detect rare tumors at unusual locations; on the other hand, even a modest false positive rate carries risks of over-diagnosis and over-treatment of relatively indolent non-malignant disease. Genomic profiling of cell-free DNA from liquid biopsy using massively parallel sequencing is emerging as an attractive, non-invasive screening platform for sensitive detection of multiple types of cancer in a single assay. Genomic data from cell-free DNA can not only identify oncogenic mutation status, but also additional molecular signatures related to potential tissue of origin, the extent of clonal growth, and malignant disease states. Utilization of the full potential of the molecular signatures from cfDNA sequencing data can guide clinical management strategies for targeted follow-ups using imaging or molecular marker-based diagnostic platforms and treatment options.
e-Directories: Enterprise Software, Solutions, and Services

Preface Introduction Section 1: You Are Here Introduction to The Problem What Directories Are and Are Not Directories Are Everywhere The Past and Present of Directories - A Boneyard and Nursery Section 2: Enterprise Software with Directories Man-Rated, Enterprise, Good-Enough, and Dont-Care The Operating System and the Directory The Users of Directories Application Models Principles of High Availability Scaling to Fit the Need Performance Characteristics Security, or Protecting the Enterprise Lifecycle Control As Directories Grow Up Section 3: Directory Infrastructure Fundamental Directory Services Schema Fundamentals Building a Schema Directory Security Replication and Partitioning Synchronization and Metadirectories APIs and Protocols Directory Implementations Section 4: Internet and Intranet Case Studies Roaming Users with LDAP Corporate Employee Directory Personalization of the Internet Application Management Internet and Intranet Single Sign On to the Enterprise Configuration Management of a Web Farm Meta-Directory Section 5: Appendices, Annotated Bibliography, and Glossary Appendices: LDAP C API mini-reference JNDI mini-reference ADSI mini-reference Web APIs and Protocols Generic Security Services (GSS-API) and System Security Provider Interfaces (SSPI) API Summaries Access Control List (ACL) API Summary Summary of the IBM Standard Schema Pointers to Relevant Directory Standards and Information Sources Useful Attribute Types and Objectclasses CD Roadmap Annotated Bibliography Glossary About the Authors Index
Ride simulation of a nonlinear tractor–trailer combination using the improved statistical linearisation technique

A 17–degree–of–freedom ride model of a nonlinear tractor–trailer combination thst includes tyre equivalent stiffness and damping coefficient dependence of excitation frequency is developed. The improved statistical linearisation technique applicable to solving this nonlinear combination is derived. A nonlinear three–degree–of–freedom driver model, a shock absorber exponential model, a hitch free play model and a leaf spring closed exponential model as well as a tyre model that includes both nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficient and wheel hop are incorporated in the analytical technique. By comparing the calculated response values of the tractor–trailer combination considering the tyre equivalent stiffness and damping coefficient dependence of excitation frequency with the ones of the tractor–trailer combination not considering such dependence, the accuracy of the tyre model and the effectiveness of the improved statistical linearisation technique are demonstrated.
Nature of Jury Response to the Expert Witness

Communications to jurors entail not only primary content—the subject matter of the testimony—designated as the message, but also secondary content emanating from the witnesses as sources, from peripheral aspects of the message itself, and from the environment of the trial—designated as the paramessage. Interviews with jurors after a trial involving extensive expert testimony to introduce a new technology for identification evidence, popularly referred to as “voiceprinting,” found they responded mainly to the paramessage. The general implication is that when confronted with complex or confusing testimony, expert or otherwise, jurors will shift their focus to observable characteristics of the sources of the information, or to other ancillary elements of the situation, and will be guided in their response by information and inferences derived from such data.
The Toxicologist as Expert Witness

The Toxicologist as Expert Witness is a primer for toxicologists new to expert testimony and consulting. An expert toxicologist may serve in a variety of civil, criminal and regulatory capacities. The author discusses the academic credentials and personality traits that make an effective witness. The toxicologist must be familiar with legal and scientific concepts such as burden of proof, causality and risk. An expert may be retained to serve a variety of disparate functions, everything from consultation to research and investigation. Experts must be capable of explaining complex scientific issues in everyday language. Advice for effective communication during deposition and testimony is included. The witness must be prepared to have their professional judgement, academic history, publications and previous testimony scrutinized by opposing counsel and the experts that they have retained. The spectrum of legal proceedings, from deposition to trial, is described in detail so that even a novice will be completely prepared for the often adversarial legal process. Finally, the chapter addresses practical concerns such as fee structures, professional reputation, ethical obligations and marketing. Keywords: expert; testimony; burden of proof; causality; toxic tort; admissibility test; litigation; forensics
Deborah Meier, Brenda S. Engel, and Beth Taylor. Playing for Keeps: Life and Learning on a Public School Playground

Using “play” as a title keyword, an online search of the 2010 Conference program of the American Educational Research Association found only 76 paper titles out of a total of nearly 8,000 records. ...
Problems and opportunities managing invasive Bullfrogs: is there any hope?

INTRODUCTIONThe American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) is a widely introduced andinvasive anuran that is frequently blamed for population declines of indigenousspecies (Bury and Whelan 1984). Once established, Bullfrog populationsare often either difficult or impossible to eradicate depending on habitat andlandscape features (Schwalbe and Rosen 1988, Doubledee et al. 2003,Govindarajulu et al. 2005). Bullfrogs are representative of a large but neglectedsuite of non-indigenous species (NIS) that are characterized by: (1) a broadinvasion that is well established in some areas; (2) a lack of obvious economicimpacts compared to some other invasive species; and (3) a lack of reasonablyfeasible control methods. Despite demonstrated conservation concerns, invasivespeciesliketheBullfrogdonottendtoattracttheresourcesnecessarytoattemptlarge scale management because of their lack of economic impact and thedifficulty of control methods. This leaves biologists responsible for managinghabitats invaded by such species with little hope and few options for promotingthe persistence of sensitive indigenous species. With these issues in mind, weconsider the case of the Bullfrog, review management options, and suggestdirections for future research with this and similar species.Bullfrogs are among the most successful vertebrate invaders and are con-sidered by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group to be among the 100worst invaders in the world (http://www.issg.org/database/welcome). The679
Fuzzy logic best represents causation for disease process and physician behavior

We hypothesize that the mechanism of normal and pathogenic variable interactions in nature, that is, the causal process involved in disease and its treatment, is best represented by fuzzy logic (FL) rather than probability theory. The key concept is causality. In medicine, physician decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment must be based on the understanding of causal mechanisms in human physiology. The causal mechanism in nature is best measured by FL when compared to traditional probability based statistics because: 1) FL allows for the lack of constraint on variable value range when considered in the context of other variables; 2) FL does not require the separation of variables from the object of interest; 3) the fuzzy hypercube allows for generation of new variables in the context of old and for an easily visualized measure of causality; and 4) Hume showed causation cannot be directly observed and there is an irreducible element of uncertainty about what causes what. Since probability is a measure of certainty, it is less equipped to measure and describe complex causal interactions than is fuzzy logic.
Interpreting climate model projections of extreme weather events

Abstract The availability of output from climate model ensembles, such as phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), has greatly expanded information about future projections, but there is no accepted blueprint for how this data should be utilized. The multi-model average is the most commonly cited single estimate of future conditions, but higher-order moments representing the variance and skewness of the distribution of projections provide important information about uncertainty. We have analyzed a set of statistically downscaled climate model projections from the CMIP3 archive to assess extreme weather events at a level aimed to be appropriate for decision makers. Our analysis uses the distribution of 13 global climate model projections to derive the inter-model standard deviation, skewness, and percentile ranges for simulated changes in extreme heat, cold, and precipitation by the mid-21st century, based on the A1B emissions scenario. These metrics provide information on overall confidence across the entire range of projections (via the inter-model standard deviation), relative confidence in upper-end versus lower-end changes (via skewness), and quantitative uncertainty bounds (derived from bootstrapping). Over our analysis domain, which covers the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, some primary findings include: (1) greater confidence in projections of less extreme cold than more extreme heat and intense precipitation, (2) greater confidence in relatively conservative projections of extreme heat, and (3) higher spatial variability in the confidence of projected increases in heavy precipitation. In addition, we describe how a simplified bootstrapping approach can assist decision makers by estimating the probability of changes in extreme weather events based on user-defined percentile thresholds.
Impact of International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial results on treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States: Clinical article

Object The utilization of endovascular treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms is expected to change since the publication of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) in 2002. The authors performed this analysis to determine the impact of ISAT results on treatment selection for ruptured intracranial aneurysms and associated in-hospital outcomes using nationally representative data. Methods We determined the national estimates of treatments used for ruptured intracranial aneurysms and associated in-hospital outcomes, length of stay, mortality, and cost incurred using the Nationwide Inpatient Survey (NIS) data. The NIS is the largest all-payer inpatient care database in the US and contains data from 986 hospitals approximating a 20% stratified sample of US hospitals. All the variables pertaining to hospitalization were compared between 2000–2002 and 2004–2006, and in-hospital outcomes were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Results In the 3-year periods prior to and after the ISAT, ther...
IBM ARPA ASEM foundry

Summary form only given, as follows. IBM Federal Systems Company, as a prime contractor, has been awarded a $9.5 Million contract by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), entitled "Low Volume Access to High Volume Production". The objectives of the contract are the development of a design system that allows customers to enter their design into the IBM Technology Products' Foundry in Hopewell Junction, New York, at various design stages, hybrid chip interconnection technology on a single substrate, participation in the development of industry standards for both known-good-die and the CAD Framework Initiative, and to fabricate, assemble and test multichip modules (MCMs) for use in commercial and military products. The final objective of this contract is to show an order of magnitude reduction in netlist to prototype turn-around-time and non-recurring engineering costs which are consistent with the ARPA ASEM Project goals. >
Energyscale for IBM POWER6 microprocessor-based systems

With increasing processor speed and density, denser system packaging, and other technology advances, system power and heat have become important design considerations. The introduction of new technology including denser circuits, improved lithography, and higher clock speeds means that power consumption and heat generation, which are already significant problems with older systems, are significantly greater with IBM POWER6™ processor-based designs, including both standalone servers and those implemented as blades for the IBM BladeCenter® product line. In response, IBM has developed the EnergyScale™ architecture, a system-level power management implementation for POWER6 processor-based machines. The EnergyScale architecture uses the basic power control facilities of the POWER6 chip, together with additional board-level hardware, firmware, and systems software, to provide a complete power and thermal management solution. The EnergyScale architecture is performance aware, taking into account the characteristics of the executing workload to ensure that it meets the goals specified by the user while reducing power consumption. This paper introduces the EnergyScale architecture and describes its implementation in two representative platform designs: an eight-way, rack-mounted machine and a server blade. The primary focus of this paper is on the algorithms and the firmware structure used in the EnergyScale architecture, although it also provides the system design considerations needed to support performance-aware power management. In addition, it describes the extensions and modifications to power management that are necessary to span the range of POWER6 processor-based system designs.
Race in the Andes: Global Movements and Popular Ontologies

Abstract Race, long discounted in Andean ethnography as relatively unimportant, is a social fact of great salience in the Andes. This essay introduces the articles in the special issue on race in the Andes with an overview of the interrelated intellectual histories of racism in the Andes, Europe and North America, from colonial proto-racism, to the totalising theories of the 19th century, to the heterogeneous ‘neo-racism’ found in the Andes today, in which both these earlier ideas and contemporary cultural racisms are at home. It concludes with a discussion of an oppositional ideology found in some indigenous communities, in which race is somatic but not biological in origin.
Determination of the c(2 × 2) structure of sulfur on Fe{001} by low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract In the early stages of reaction with sulfur, a clean Fe{001} surface develops a c(2 × 2) superstructure. A low-energy electron diffraction analysis of this structure leads to a model in which the S atoms lie in the four-fold symmetrical sites on the Fe{001} surface, the S-Fe interplanar spacing being 1.09 ± 0.05 A and corresponding to an effective radius of 1.06 A for the chemisorbed S atoms. In contrast to Fe{001} 1 × 1-O, the first interlayer spacing of the substrate here is not significantly expanded.
Spatial and Spectral Heterogeneity in Fluorescence from Monolayers of 4-(4-(Dihexadecylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium Iodide

Far-field fluorescence of Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films of the hemicyanine dye, 4-(4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide, I, is spectrally heterogeneous, displaying bands assigned to monomer and various aggregated species in both excitation and emission. LB films of I visualized by epifluorescence microscopy were also observed to be spatially heterogeneous. Under the preparation conditions used here the morphology consists of coexisting liquid expanded (LE) and liquid condensed (LC) phases. LC domains display distinct spatial structure. They are ca. 5−20 μm in lateral size, display a multilobed shape, and are surrounded by LE phase. The characteristic aggregation behavior of these stilbazolium-based hemicyanines allowed their electronic spectra to be used to provide the contrast in fluorescence microscopy of LB films of I. Emission images thus reveal the aggregation-induced electronic structure of the molecules composing the domains. The degree of internal structure of the LC domains was ob...
The gibbs surface excess in binary miscibility gap systems

Abstract The Gibbs surface excess in the homogeneous region of the phase diagram was measured in the ethyl salicylate-diethylene glycol system and the hexane-aniline system. Both systems contain a liquid miscibility gap in their phase diagram. Surface excess was determined by measurements of surface tensions and activity coefficients for a number of solutions and by application of Gibbs' adsorption equation. It was found that the component of lower surface tension is always the surface-active species, and that its surface excess increases as solutions approach the conditions of the consolute point. The maximum surface excess does not occur directly above the consolute point, but is slightly shifted toward the component of higher surface tension. The surface excess in these systems was found to be qualitatively predicted by the two-surface-layer regular solution model. It is proposed that the degree of adsorption and micelle formation can be estimated from the position of the eutectic point on the phase diagram.
Optical measurements of absorption changes in two-layered diffusive media.

We have used Monte Carlo simulations for a two-layered diffusive medium to investigate the effect of a superficial layer on the measurement of absorption variations from optical diffuse reflectance data processed by using: (a) a multidistance, frequency-domain method based on diffusion theory for a semi-infinite homogeneous medium; (b) a differential-pathlength-factor method based on a modified Lambert–Beer law for a homogeneous medium and (c) a two-distance, partial-pathlength method based on a modified Lambert–Beer law for a two-layered medium. Methods (a) and (b) lead to a single value for the absorption variation, whereas method (c) yields absorption variations for each layer. In the simulations, the optical coefficients of the medium were representative of those of biological tissue in the near-infrared. The thickness of the first layer was in the range 0.3–1.4 cm, and the source–detector distances were in the range 1–5 cm, which is typical of near-infrared diffuse reflectance measurements in tissue. The simulations have shown that (1) method (a) is mostly sensitive to absorption changes in the underlying layer, provided that the thickness of the superficial layer is ~0.6 cm or less; (2) method (b) is significantly affected by absorption changes in the superficial layer and (3) method (c) yields the absorption changes for both layers with a relatively good accuracy of ~4% for the superficial layer and ~10% for the underlying layer (provided that the absorption changes are less than 20–30% of the baseline value). We have applied all three methods of data analysis to near-infrared data collected on the forehead of a human subject during electroconvulsive therapy. Our results suggest that the multidistance method (a) and the two-distance partial-pathlength method (c) may better decouple the contributions to the optical signals that originate in deeper tissue (brain) from those that originate in more superficial tissue layers.
Studies on room-temperature electric-field effect in ionic-liquid gated VO 2 three-terminal devices

We present a study of electrostatic gating of VO2 thin films in ionic-liquid-based electric double-layer transistor geometry. Devices were fabricated by lithographic patterning of VO2 thin films as channel on sapphire substrates, ionic liquid as gate dielectric, and Au as gate/source/drain electrode, respectively. A significant unipolar increase in channel conductance at room temperature is observed. The VO2 channel resistance decreases ∼50% at + 2 V gate bias, whereas it increases slightly under negative bias. The polarity dependence of resistance modulation suggests electrons to be a dominant carrier, which is consistent with Hall measurements. In the high-temperature metallic state of VO2, no gating effect is observed. The effect of multiple transition cycles on the channel resistance change under bias is discussed. The study contributes to on-going efforts to realize room-temperature field-effect switches with correlated oxides.
Growth Induced Alignment Of The First Neighbor Shell Of CAs In AlxGa1−xAs

We have discovered a growth-induced alignment of the Al and Ga first neighbors of CAs, acceptors in AlxGa1-xAs grown by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy. This growth induced alignment has been detected from the polarization dependence of the C atom’s vibrational absorption bands that the alignment gives rise to. The alignment of the first neighbor shell of CAs also gives rise to aligned CAs-H complexes when the C is passivated by H. This leads to polarized H-stretching absorption bands which have also been observed. The growth-induced alignment provides information which helps us to assign the complicated CAsvib rational spectrum observed in the AlxGa1-xAs alloys.
SPIE conference on nondestructive evaluation of aging infrastructure

I am pleased to welcome you to this timely and informative conference organized by The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). As Conference Chair, I am very pleased, but not at all surprised, by your interest and enthusiastic response: Over 300 participants are contributing over 210 technical papers to six topical conferences.
Pitfalls of CITES Implementation in Nepal: A Policy Gap Analysis

Implementation of policy involves multiple agencies operating at multiple levels in facilitating processes and actions to accomplish desired results. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was developed and implemented to regulate and control international wildlife trade, but violations of the agreement are widespread and growing worldwide, including in Nepal. This study attempts to understand how domestic CITES policies are translated into action and what effect actions and processes have on compliance. In doing so, this study provides insights into the implementation and enforcement pitfalls of national legislation that explain CITES violations in Nepal. Primarily, we used 26 key informants interviews to learn opinions of experts, and the grounded theory approach for further qualitative data analysis. In addition, we used Najman’s (1995) policy implementation analysis framework to explain gaps. Many interrelated variables in the content of the policy, commitment and capacity of the agencies, the roles of clients and coalitions and contextual issues were observed. Variables that emerged suggest pitfalls in the regulatory policy represented by low probability of detection, arrest and punishment. Moreover, redistributive policies in buffer zones of protected areas are needed into perpetuity to benefit locals. Also, conservation organizations’ support for building public and political salience is imperative.
Is otolith science transformative? New views on fish migration

Publications focused on fish otolith applications grew exponentially from 1981–2000 but have subsequently stabilized, suggesting maturation of otolith applications. Over the past 30 years >3,500 primary journal publications were identified prompting the question, how have otoliths fundamentally changed our understanding of fishes and their environment? Has otolith science in this way been transformative? I use Harden Jones’ 1968 Fish Migration as a benchmark of fish migration concepts prior to Pannella’s 1971 breakthrough paper on otolith microstructure. For case study species I highlight how otolith science has informed migration concepts including, (1) parent stream theory (Atlantic bluefin tuna), (2) adoptive homing (Atlantic herring), and (3) partial migration (European eel). Harden Jones’ overall conclusion that life cycle closure leads to population structure (also known as the migration triangle) is a first principle in fisheries science, but in recent years has been challenged by otolith science. In particular, a transformative discovery attributable to otoliths is that life cycles vary substantially within populations. New avenues of otolith science are now exploring the causes and consequences of this life cycle diversity, and large advances are expected through integration of otolith approaches with electronic tagging, genetics, field manipulations, and modeling that will permit migration concepts to be tested at multiple ecological scales.
DPDA's in ‘atomic normal form’ and applications to equivalence problems

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new normal form for DPDA's, the ‘Atomic Normal Form’. As an application, using also the concept of ‘address language’ due to Gorn [19, 20], we give alternate and more direct proofs of results of Courcelle [3, 4] relating recursion schemes and DPDA's. Address languages enable us to encode trees even when they are not locally finite. As a consequence, the decidability of a new class of schemes corresponding to the ‘stateless DPDA's’ of [26] is obtained.
Structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of passivated gold nanocrystallites and their assemblies

The structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of gold nanocrystallites passivated by alkylthiolate monolayers were investigated, using molecular dynamics simulations, in different environmentsas isolated gas-phase clusters, when adsorbed on a graphite surface, and when assembled into three-dimensional superlattices. The packing arrangements and densities of the monolayers passivating the facets of the core gold nanocrystallites differ from those found on extended gold surfaces, exhibiting organization into molecular bundles of preferred orientations which upon heating undergo a reversible melting transition from the ordered bundled state to a uniform intermolecular orientational distribution. The equilibrium geometries of adsorbed nanocrystallites depend on the chain length of the passivating molecules which effectively lubricate the interface between the gold core and the graphite surface conferring high surface mobility to the crystallites, involving a collective slip-diffusion mechanism. The room-tempera...
Character strengths and happiness among young children: Content analysis of parental descriptions.

Parents’ written descriptions (average length = 211 words) of children between the ages of 3 and 9 years were collected on a password-protected website (n = 680). The presence of the 24 character strengths in the VIA Classification and the level of child’s happiness were coded with content analysis. Descriptions were rich in character language (average strengths mentioned per description = 3.09), and coding was reliable. Consistent with previous research with youth and adults, the character strengths of love, zest, and hope were associated with happiness; gratitude was associated with happiness among older children. The early development of character strengths and possible ways of fostering them are discussed.
Effects of 8 weeks of balance or weight training for the independently living elderly on the outcomes of induced slips

The study was conducted to evaluate whether the balance or weight training could alter gait characteristics of elderly contributing to a reduction in the likelihood of slip-induced falls. A total of 18 elderly were evaluated for the study. The results indicated decreases in heel contact velocities and the friction demand characteristics after 8 weeks of training, although fundamental gait characteristics, such as walking velocity and step length, were not changed. The results also indicated an increase in transitional acceleration of the whole body center of mass. The number of falls after 8 weeks was reduced in training groups. These findings were found in conjunction with the improvements in knee flexor muscle and plantarflexor muscle strength. In conclusion, after training, elderly were less likely to initiate slips and more likely to recover from slips.