cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The canary in the coal mine: Sprouts as a rapid indicator of browse impact in managed forests

Abstract Forest managers are frequently confronted with sustaining vegetation diversity and structure in landscapes experiencing high ungulate browsing pressure. Often, managers monitor browse damage and risk to plant communities using vegetation as indicators (i.e., phytoindicators). Although useful, the efficacy of traditional phytoindicators is sometimes hampered by limited distribution and abundance, variable browse susceptibility, and lagged responses. In contrast, sprouts possess traits which make them readily available and attractive to browsers, yet fairly resilient to tissue loss. Here, we experimentally evaluate whether hardwood tree stump sprouts are effective and sensitive phytoindicators of deer browse pressure. We measured sprout abundance and height in fenced and unfenced plots at 17 shelterwood harvested sites scattered across a 6500 km2 region where deer densities varied by nearly an order of magnitude. We found browsing did not alter the proportion of stumps sprouting and sprout density; however, browse pressure varied among the four most abundant species. Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum were heavily browsed, although browse pressure on A. saccharum decreased in areas with greater canopy openness. Fagus grandifolia and Prunus serotina were less preferred. Differences in palatability altered size hierarchies. Averaged across all species, browsing reduced sprout height by 39%, relative to protected sprouts. Under ambient browsing, P. serotina was 60–100% taller than other species and significantly taller than A. saccharum and F. grandifolia. However, within fences A. saccharum and A. rubrum doubled in size, relative to browsed individuals, and were as tall as P. serotina. Deer impact on sprout height within unfenced forest stands was negatively correlated with estimated deer densities (R2 = 0.46). Thus, we suggest sprout surveys can provide a measure of impact across much larger areas. Our results demonstrate that sprouts, particularly those of Acer species, offer an abundant, easily measured, and reliable indicator of browse pressure. Moreover, browse impacts on sprouts emerged before impacts were detected on seedling abundance, height, or biomass. We argue sprouts can warn of imminent browse risk to seedlings (and perhaps non-woody vegetation) and thereby allow managers to take actions to mitigate or avert losses to the regenerating seedling cohort.
A n-dimensional convex hull approach for fault detection and mitigation for high degree of freedom robots humanoid robots

This work shows a plan for error state determination, diagnosis, and mitigation using autonomic computing tools and tecniques on the Hubo robot. An n-dimensional geometric enclosure is constructed from periodic measurements of the robot's normal operating state. Similar hulls will be constructed for unique faults encountered during runtime. A mapping of these faults to applicable mitigations will be dynamically constructed and will aid in mitigation selection. The successful application of the mitigation will bring the robot back to a safe operating state.
A Dutch Slave in Asia

Reysen’s description of Struys’s perilous progress from Astrakhan to Bandar-e-‘Abbas covers more than 150 pages. The section’s detail reflects Struys’s much more vivid and precise recounting of things that befell him only a few years earlier. With it, too, the publishers responded to readers’ fascination with genuinely exotic territories. Additionally, Struys’s wanderings in Iranian territory appealed as they represented the pinnacle of sufferings that would amazingly leave him unscathed. His patient endurance resembled that of his compatriots who had collectively overcome similar profound hardships in the years prior to the book’s release.
Plato: from reality to tragedy and back

The problem with ordinary “fear” and aesthetic fear Whatever is unknown, ought not to be feared. Death is unknown. Therefore, death ought not to be feared. To reject the fear of death, Socrates adopts an agnostic position in the Apology : τὸ γάρ τοι θάνατον δeδιέναι, ὦ ἄνδρeς, οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ δοκeῖν σοφὸν eἶναι μὴ ὄντα. δοκeῖν γὰρ eἰδέναι ἐστὶν ἃ οὐκ οἶδeν. οἶδe μὲν γὰρ ουδeὶς τὸν θάνατον οὐδ᾽ eἰ τυγχάνeι τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ πάντων μέγιστον ὂν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, δeδίασι δ᾽ ὡς eὖ eἰδότeς ὅτι μέγιστον τῶν κακῶν ἐστι. ( Ap . 29a5–b1) For to fear death, Athenians, is none other than to seem that one is wise when one is not, for it means to think that one knows what he does not know. For, truly, no one knows whether death happens to be the greatest blessing of all; but men fear it as if they knew well that it is the greatest of misfortunes. After receiving the verdict of the jury and discovering that Meletus had proposed the death penalty, Socrates is allowed to propose another punishment. But he refuses to do so, and instead proposes certain rewards for himself, dismissing exile or imprisonment as alternatives to the capital punishment. In his refusal to beg the jury for mercy, Socrates further speculates on the nature of death: either it means annihilation of all senses or migration of the soul from one body to another ( Ap . 40c). In the former case, death might resemble a dreamless sleep, which comes as a blessing ( Ap . 40d–e). In the latter case, Socrates outlines no theory of the transmigration of the souls, as we might have expected judging by the original division, but sketches an ironic, imaginary encounter with dead heroes in Hades ( Ap . 41a–c), which he fancies as an entertaining rather than a terrifying place. A more assertive Socrates proposes an account of the immortality of the soul, in the Phaedo . When Cebes notes in this dialogue that people fear that the soul might disappear after death ( Phd .70a–b), a point not too dissimilar from one of the alternatives in the Apology , Socrates does not seem to agree with this possibility. Instead, he remembers “an old story” ( Phd . 70c5–6) about the eternity of the souls of the dead that must return to animate the living, which forms the so-called “cyclical” argument, Phd . 70c–72e).
Patient Safety: Perspectives on Evidence, Information, and Knowledge Transfer edited by Lorri Zipperer

Patient Safety: Perspectives on Evidence, Information, and Knowledge Transfer is an important book that examines the relationship between patient safety and evidence, information, and knowledge tra...
Laser applications in surgery.

In modern medicine, lasers are increasingly utilized for treatment of a variety of pathologies as interest in less invasive treatment modalities intensifies. The physics behind lasers allows the same basic principles to be applied to a multitude of tissue types using slight modifications of the system. Multiple laser systems have been studied within each field of medicine. The term “laser” was combined with “surgery,” “ablation,” “lithotripsy,” “cancer treatment,” “tumor ablation,” “dermatology,” “skin rejuvenation,” “lipolysis,” “cardiology,” “atrial fibrillation (AF),” and “epilepsy” during separate searches in the PubMed database. Original articles that studied the application of laser energy for these conditions were reviewed and included. A review of laser therapy is presented. Laser energy can be safely and effectively used for lithotripsy, for the treatment of various types of cancer, for a multitude of cosmetic and reconstructive procedures, and for the ablation of abnormal conductive pathways. For each of these conditions, management with lasers is comparable to, and potentially superior to, management with more traditional methods.
Bridge Flap: Cutler Beard Flap

The Cutler Beard bridge flap procedure can be used to reconstruct upper eyelid defects up to 90 % in size. The bridge flap is a two stage lid sharing procedure. In the first stage, a full thickness pedicle is transposed from the lower eyelid to the upper eyelid. The second stage entails dividing the pedicle and trimming excess tissue as needed. Tissue transferred during the first stage includes skin, muscle, and conjunctiva. The tarsus is not transferred and as a result, the lid margin may be unstable and predisposed to entropion. This can be addressed by placement of a posterior lamellar graft. After completion of the first stage of surgery, the eyelids are completely shut. This is an important consideration when operating on a patient in which the operative eye is their better (or only) seeing eye.
Comparing clear-water RAS and biofloc systems: Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production, water quality, and biofloc nutritional contributions estimated using stable isotopes

Abstract Indoor shrimp aquaculture systems can be used to produce fresh, never-frozen, quality shrimp near metropolitan seafood markets regardless of season and climate. However, questions still remain regarding what type of production system is best suited to maximize indoor production. In this project, two types of systems were compared: clear-water (CW) RAS and biofloc (BF) systems. Three, 1.36 m3 tanks were assigned to each of the two treatments; CW tanks had external settling chambers, two foam fractionators, and external biofilters, all operated continuously. BF tanks had settling chambers and one foam fractionator which were operated as needed to control solids accumulation. Shrimp weighing 0.42 g were stocked in all tanks at 250 m−3 and grown for 55 days. Ammonia and pH levels were significantly (P
Finite dimensional representations of symplectic reflection algebras associated to wreath products

In this note we refine the methods of Etingof and Montarani (Represent. Theory, 9: 457–467, 2005) in order to extend the main result of that article to a wider class of finite dimensional representations of wreath product symplectic reflection algebras.
Loading Effect on Particle Size Measurements by Inertial Sampling of Albuterol Metered Dose Inhalers

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the albuterol loading effect on particle size measurements by studying the effect of the amount of albuterol delivered, the number of puffs used, and the sampling techniques used in particle size measurement. Methods. Particle size distribution profiles for different albuterol loadings were evaluated using an 8-stage cascade impactor and a sensitive HPLC electrochemical assay method. A commercial albuterol MDI (ProventilR) and other specially prepared albuterol MDIs were used in the study. Results. As the amount of albuterol was increased, either by increasing the number of puffs or the amount delivered per puff, the measured MMAD increased. This increase was more prominent in some formulations (ProventilR) than others. Further, albuterol particles previously deposited on the valve and/or actuator didn't play a role in the observed multi-puff/loading effect. Conclusions. The collection of the least amount of aerosol in a cascade impactor provides a better estimate of MMAD, as it minimizes modifications of the collection surfaces.
Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight on the Crystallization Behavior of Indomethacin Amorphous Solid Dispersions

The influence of the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the molecular mobility and physical stability of indomethacin (IMC)–PVP solid dispersions was investigated over a wide temperature range in the supercooled state. As the polymer molecular weight increased, there was a decrease in molecular mobility as evident from the longer α-relaxation times. Inhibition of IMC crystallization also increased as a function of polymer molecular weight. The extent of H-bonding interaction between drug and polymer, quantified by ssNMR, was independent of polymer molecular weight. Over a polymer concentration range of 5–20% w/w, the temperature dependence of mobility and viscosity was reasonably similar for different grades of PVP. It was concluded that the increase in effectiveness in crystallization inhibition as a function of polymer molecular weight is due to the increased viscosity, which slows down the mobility of these systems.
British Invasions Post-Bar Mitzvah

This chapter,“British Invasions Post-Bar Mitzvah,” concludes Reading the Male Gaze by revisiting the intellectual and sexual coming-of-age narratives in the first two chapters and reflects on how the twin British invasions of the 1960s–hit songs by the Zombies, the Beatles, and the Rolling Stones, and controversial movies by the English auteurs John Schlesinger and Lindsay Anderson–shaped the author’s coming of age as a male gazer. Subheadings: London Calling; Birdwatching and Stargazing.
Radioactivity and Aerosols: An Introduction

This book deals with the subject of radioactive aerosols in the indoor and outdoor atmospheres, with due regard to the point of view of people interested in experimental aspects such as measurement and instrumentation. Since little or no preparation is assumed in the underlying subjects of radioactivity and aerosols, we provide fairly self-contained introductions to both before focusing on the combined subject of interest: radioactive aerosols.
Interest in Insects: The Role of Entomology in Environmental Education

University-based outreach programs have a long history of offering environmental education programs to local schools, but often these lessons are not evaluated for their impact on teachers and students. The impact of these outreach efforts can be influenced by many things, but the instructional delivery method can affect how students are exposed to new topics or how confident teachers feel about incorporating new concepts into the classroom. A study was conducted with a series of university entomology outreach programs using insects as a vehicle for teaching environmental education. These programs were used to assess differences between three of the most common university-based outreach delivery methods (Scientist in the Classroom, Teacher Training Workshops, and Online Curriculum) for their effect on student interest and teacher self-efficacy. Surveys administered to 20 fifth grade classrooms found that the delivery method might not be as important as simply getting insects into activities. This study found that the lessons had a significant impact on student interest in environmental and entomological topics, regardless of treatment. All students found the lessons to be more interesting, valuable, and important over the course of the year. Treatment also did not influence teacher self-efficacy, as it remained high for all teachers.
SAFER: An IoT-based perpetual safe community awareness and alerting network

Perpetual awareness systems are sensing systems characterized by continuous monitoring and ubiquitous sensing; they are essential to many safety and mission-critical applications, e.g. assisted living, healthcare and public safety. In this paper, we present SAFER, a perpetual heterogeneous IoT system; deployed in homes to detect critical events (injury, hazardous-environment) that must trigger immediate action and response. A key challenge here is the energy consumption associated with perpetual operations. We propose a novel energy-aware perpetual home IoT system where battery-operated and wall-powered IoT devices co-execute to ensure safety of occupants. We use a semantic approach that extracts activities-of-daily-living from device data to drive energy-optimized sensor activations. To validate our approach, we developed an elderly fall detection system using multi-personal and in-situ sensing devices. Using initial measurements to drive larger simulations, we show that our Cost-Function-Gradient algorithm can achieve greater than 4X reductions in energy dissipation without loss of sensing accuracy.
Performance evaluation of a DC-DC boost converter with wide bandgap power devices

Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems require fast-switching power devices that are highly efficient with low semiconductor loss under harsh environmental conditions. Silicon (Si) semiconductor devices are nearing their practical limits in meeting the ever-increasing requirements of power converters. However, wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices made from silicon carbide (SiC) are exceeding these limits. SiC power devices enable more efficient and higher performance power converters. This paper presents a non-isolated dc-dc boost converter based on SiC power devices optimized for use in PV systems. The performance of two otherwise identical converters is compared, one with a new SiC MOSFET/SiC Schottky diode, and one with a conventional Si MOSFET/Si diode. A comparison of switching characteristics and energy loss of each semiconductor device is performed at different switch currents. Converter total loss and overall efficiency are evaluated at different switching frequencies, input voltages, and output power levels. The results indicate that the SiC MOSFET/SiC Schottky diode in the converter is more efficient, performs better, and has reduced power loss compared to the Si MOSFET/Si diode.
A question of transformation: The synovial fibroblast in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease susceptibility and the prevalence of RA is greater in women than in men. RA is characterized by initial vasculitis of the joint, followed by edema, infiltration of immune and inflammatory cells into the synovium, hyperplasia of the synovial lining, formation of lymph follicles, and development of the pannus. There is progressive cartilage destruction and finally erosion of the underlying bone. Current evidence suggests that fibroblast-like synoviocytes are one of the principle cells involved in pannus formation and cartilage degradation. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes in the rheumatoid synovium have characteristics similar to transformed cells and have been shown to proliferate in an anchorage-independent manner, lack contact inhibition, and express oncogenes and cell cycle proteins indicative of transformation. In vivo models have demonstrated that fibroblast-like synoviocytes can autonomously mediate cartilage destruction. In the article by Seemayer and colleagues in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology a direct comparison is made between SV40-transformed rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes and untransformed cells. 1 These experiments challenge the paradigm that rheumatoid synoviocytes are characterized by both aggressive growth and invasiveness. Of interest, the results demonstrate that fibroblast-like synoviocytes, capable of forming the pannus and invading cartilage, have an activated phenotype and secrete high levels of matrix-degrading enzymes, but have a limited capacity to proliferate. Conversely, SV40-transformed cells rapidly proliferate, secrete lower levels of matrix-degrading enzymes, display different levels of adhesion molecules, and demonstrate limited cartilage invasion. Thus these studies reveal an important dissociation between synoviocyte proliferation and invasiveness. This article reviews the tumor-like characteristics of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and discusses the contribution of synoviocytes to the pathogenesis of RA.
The Dean's Role in Building a Positive Workplace Environment

Much of a Law School Dean’s role involves building relations amongst students, alumni, and members of the bench and the bar. Additionally, a dean must reach out to faculty and staff. While this essay focuses on building a positive work environment for professional and hourly workers, many of the same principles apply to relations with faculty and students. One essential principle is treating people the way you would want to be treated and setting a tone of professionalism and mutual respect. This essay provides insights and examples to achieve a positive work environment; including how important it is to communicate effectively with employees, listen to suggestions and criticism, discuss any changing policies to affected departments, provide special programs to staff, recognize faculty and staff achievements, and to support professional development.
Physical Variability at an East Coast United States Offshore Dumpsite

Three hydrographic stations conducted during a 1977 cruise to Deep Water Dumpsite 106 inadvertently sampled an established anti-cyclonic Gulf Stream ring both prior to and after it interacted with the Gulf Stream. Continuous STD data and discrete dissolved oxygen measurements in the ring were analyzed using temperature-salinity (T-S) and temperature-oxygen (T-O2) diagrams. These data showed good correlation with T-S and T-O2 diagrams from Gulf Stream, Sargasso and Slope Waters obtained during a cyclonic Gulf Stream ring study. Apparently, a new entrainment of Gulf Stream Water around the ring occurred within the sampling period and was manifested by increased salinity and decreased levels of dissolved oxygen. Combined satellite surveillance and at-sea measurement of temperature, salinity and oxygen provide an accurate method of describing this highly dynamic and variable region in and around Deep Water Dumpsite 106.
Wrestling with Chromosomes: The Roles of SUMO During Meiosis

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division required for the formation of haploid gametes and therefore is essential for successful sexual reproduction. Various steps are exquisitely coordinated to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis, thereby promoting the formation of haploid gametes from diploid cells. Recent studies are demonstrating that an important form of regulation during meiosis is exerted by the post-translational protein modification known as sumoylation. Here, we review and discuss the various critical steps of meiosis in which SUMO-mediated regulation has been implicated thus far. These include the maintenance of meiotic centromeric heterochromatin, meiotic DNA double-strand break repair and homologous recombination, centromeric coupling, and the assembly of a proteinaceous scaffold between homologous chromosomes known as the synaptonemal complex.
Infections Associated with Severe Open Tibial Fractures

Severe open tibial fractures are frequently complicated by infection. There is some data that external fixation of these fractures results in fewer and less serious infections than internal fixation. However, there is insufficient data in this regard to justify such a recommendation at this juncture. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a multi-center, prospective, randomized clinical trial to ascertain if there are statistically significant benefits of one fixation type versus the other for tibial fracture. Towards that end we have developed the FixIt Trial which aims to enroll 300 patients with type IIIB or “severe” type IIIA tibial fractures from 23 major civilian and military trauma centers for randomization of treatment and clinical follow-up for one year.
The Impacts of Stress on Economic Decisions

The rational choice model presumes that individuals are rational and make optimizing decisions based on available information. Theory suggests that lack of information and risk (and risk perceptions) can alter decisions from the static perfect information case, but do not necessarily result in irrational decisions. Stress is another factor that may alter our perceptions and increase cognitive loading (increase the cost) of decision-making. Here, we use an experiment to induce stress and employ a simple ultimatum bargaining game to determine whether stress impacts economic decisions. Our results indicate that those exposed to stress (psychological, uncertainty or physiological, cold pressor task) significantly lower their gains (become less aggressive in bidding) than the control group. These results suggest that stress does, in fact, change behavior and leads to “hedging” behavior that lowers overall gains but increases the probability of success.
Diagnosing and Managing Pulmonary and Right-Sided Heart Disease: Pulmonary Hypertension, Right Ventricular Outflow Pathology, and Sleep Apnea

The past two decades have seen a surge in the available data on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), with evolution of comprehensive HCM-related management strategies that have expanded the diagnostic tools and risk stratification algorithms. In addition to employing genotype-to-phenotype nosology to describe HCM, modifications to the current MOGE(S) classification for HCM based on the presence or absence of obstruction and location of hypertrophy within the morphology have been suggested. These available tools, including genetic testing, have led to a greater appreciation for at-risk patients, including susceptible family cohorts. Greater recognition is being paid to the development of pulmonary hypertension in HCM, based primarily on pathophysiology related to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In addition, there has been resurgence in the description and recognition of right ventricular outflow pathology in HCM and its associated treatment dilemma. Although slow, a trend to recognize HCM as a treatable disease with a more favorable prognosis is emerging as the sudden death risk stratification process continues to be honed with putative additions of such risk markers as obstructive sleep apnea. This chapter will focus on our current understanding of right-sided heart pathology in HCM, including an expanded debate on sleep apnea as a risk factor for sudden death and intractable symptomatology. The unique mechanistic considerations thereof will be presented.
Developing Operations Research Practitioners: United States Air Force Academy Operations Research Program

This paper describes the four practical components of the USAFA OR program at the United States Air Force Academy and explains how the program produces good practitioners of OR for the Air Force.
MENISCUS REPAIR VERSUS DEBRIDEMENT FOR MENISCAL TEARS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS – PREDICTORS FOR TREATMENT BASED ON DEMOGRAPHICS

BACKGROUND:Pediatric and adolescent patients with meniscus tears have a relatively high rate of healing after meniscus repair – up to greater than 80% in the literature. Despite this fact, many pat...
Sports Trauma: The Hip

Hip injuries are common among athletes, representing approximately 6% of all sports injuries [1]. Furthermore, hip injuries have received increased attention in recent years as a result of identification of sources of non-arthritic hip pain and damage, improved evaluation techniques, such as physical examination and imaging, as well as less morbid approaches to evaluation and management of hip problems, such as hip arthroscopy.
Detection of leukocyte antibodies by means of 1-131-labelled, purfied anti--human-blobulin antibody. Problems of nonspecific adsorption of globulin by leukocytes.

Initial studies of a quantitative method for detecting sensitization of white blood cells by antileukocyte antibodies are presented. The method entails isolating I 131 -labelled, anti—human-globulin antibody (prepared in rabbits) by adsorption and elution from insoluble antigen, globulinazobenzylcellulose. The degree of adsorption of the labelled antibody by presumably sensitized as opposed to nonsensitized leukocytes is measured by radioactive isotope counting technics. The vexing problem of nonspecific adsorption of human or rabbit globulin by leukocytes is considered, and procedures for partially circumventing this problem are set forth. Seligmann9s solution with normal rabbit serum added to a final concentration of 10 per cent appeared to be the most effective washing fluid in most instances for removing nonspecifically adsorbed globulins from leukocytes. The use of purified anti—human-globulin antibody, as opposed to whole Coombs serum, also very favorably affected the ratio between immunologically specific adsorption and nonspecific adsorption. Results of the over-all I 131 method as applied to selected positive and negative human sera are detailed.
Something I No Longer Believe: Is Internet Time Slowing Down?:

Back in 2012, I wrote an article speculating on the implications of Moore’s Law and “Internet Time” for political communication researchers (Karpf, 2012). The premise was that the Internet continue...
Vertical support use and primate origins

Adaptive scenarios of crown primate origins remain contentious due to uncertain order of acquisition and functional significance of the clade's diagnostic traits. A feature of the talus bone in the ankle, known as the posterior trochlear shelf (PTS), is well-regarded as a derived crown primate trait, but its adaptive significance has been obscured by poorly understood function. Here we propose a novel biomechanical function for the PTS and model the talus as a cam mechanism. By surveying a large sample of primates and their closest relatives, we demonstrate that the PTS is most strongly developed in extant taxa that habitually grasp vertical supports with strongly dorsiflexed feet. Tali of the earliest fossils likely to represent crown primates exhibit more strongly developed PTS cam mechanisms than extant primates. As a cam, the PTS may increase grasping efficiency in dorsiflexed foot postures by increasing the path length of the flexor fibularis tendon, and thus improve the muscle's ability to maintain flexed digits without increasing energetic demands. Comparisons are made to other passive digital flexion mechanisms suggested to exist in other vertebrates. These results provide robust anatomical evidence that the habitual vertical support use exerted a strong selective pressure during crown primate origins.
Sweetened Condensed Milk: V. Rancidity*,1

Summary 1. Rancidity here refers to that flavor resembling butyric acid. 2. Commercial samples of rancid condensed milk were found to run relatively high in acidity and in most cases to give the peroxidase test. The viscosity was higher than in normal condensed milk; in some cases the product was solid. 3. Experimental batches of condensed milk prepared under usual conditions except that a little raw milk was allowed to enter the pan while the batch was being condensed invariably became rancid. The defect was more marked, the more raw milk present. 4. The addition of unheated milk to normal condensed milk always produced rancidity, as little as 0.75 per cent being effective. This is equivalent to 0.3 per cent of the amount of whole milk from which the batch was prepared. 5. Heating whole milk to 140°F. for fifteen minutes, or 150° for an instant, was found sufficient to destroy lipolytic power. However, when sugar was present, or, where attempts were made to destroy lipase in condensed milk, a considerably higher temperature was required. 6. Milk three days old had no more power to produce rancidity than fresh milk. This is presented as a point of evidence that this power is not due to any bacteria that might be present. In further support of this contention an experiment was carried out in which cultures of all organisms isolated from raw milk failed to produce rancidity when incorporated in normal condensed milk, though the raw milk itself did have the power to do so. Cultures of organisms isolated from rancid condensed milk also failed to produce rancidity. Sterile whole milk inoculated with these and other cultures, then condensed down in the usual way did not produce rancid batches. 7. Various metallic salts and other chemicals and various mechanical treatments of milk did not cause rancidity. Its production was independent of solids or sugar content. 8. Pancreatic lipase added to condensed milk was shown to produce the rancid flavor, increase the acidity and viscosity exactly as did raw milk.
The American Dental Association Caries Classification System (ADA CCS)

The American Dental Association Caries Classification (ADA CCS) is a visual criterion developed to assist clinicians in categorizing all stages of the caries lesions. The criteria consist of 4 scores. The criteria can be used on coronal, root caries and caries around restorations. It categorizes lesions according to severity and activity. It is useful in caries detection and management.
The neural mechanisms of face processing: cells, areas, networks, and models.

Since its discovery, the face-processing network in the brain of the macaque monkey has emerged as a model system that allowed for major neural mechanisms of face recognition to be identified – with implications for object recognition at large. Populations of face cells encode faces through broad tuning curves, whose shapes change over time. Face representations differ qualitatively across faces areas, and we not only understand the global organization of these specializations, but also some of the transformations between face areas, both feed-forward and feed-back, and the computational principles behind face representations and transformations. Facial information is combined with physical features and mnemonic features in extensions of the core network, which forms an early part of the primate social brain.
Benefits and challenges of automated materials technology in industrial construction projects

The widespread adoption of automated materials locating and tracking technologies (AMLTTs) in the construction supply chain can positively impact productivity in industrial construction projects. P...
Engagement in High-Impact Practices and Its Influence on Community College Transfers’ STEM Degree Attainment

Guided by the student engagement frameworks, this study sought to identify high-impact practices that show significant relationship with the baccalaureate degree attainment in STEM among vertical t...
Allowances: Incidence in the US and Relationship to Financial Capability in Young Adulthood

This study describes the use of allowance payments by parents to children in the United States (US) and documents the association between receiving an allowance as a child and financial capability as a young adult. Based on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the majority of children in the US ages 6 to 15 receive an allowance in childhood. Allowances are a commonly used strategy by parents across many demographic and socioeconomic groups, with no strong relationship between parental income or education and parents offering an allowance. Young adults who received an allowance as children reported modestly higher levels of financial responsibility, suggesting that allowances for children and teenagers may be a useful complement to other financial development strategies for young people.
Improving the predictive accuracy of artificial neural network (ANN) approach in a mild steel turning operation

Improving and increasing metal cutting process efficiency requires an in-depth knowledge of the cutting process, as well as the development/application of an efficient modeling technique, capable of forming the core tools for planning, scheduling, and integration of the machining processes. This study evaluates the application of Levenberg Marquardt (LM) and Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) training algorithms of artificial neural networks in the modeling and prediction of metal removal rate (MRR) and average surface roughness (Ra) in the turning of cylindrical mild steel. The neural network models were trained using a set of experimental data consisting of the input parameters: cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. Based on the graphical and statistical results, the LM offered the best accuracy in terms of the model fitting, RMSE and R2 obtained. For the LM algorithms, the least RMSE values of 1.7809 × 10−1, 2.6805 × 10−1, and 1.5815 × 10−1 were obtained for the training, validation, and test data respectively, and for the SCG algorithm, least RMSE values of 1.7809 × 10−1, 2.6805 × 10−1, and 1.5815 × 10−1 were recorded. Comparing both algorithms, the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm recorded the least average in terms of the number of the epoch, and RMSE value and at the same time the best performance in terms of good fitting.
Quantitative phase imaging of thick scattering samples through a flexible fiber-optic bundle

We demonstrate a fiber-based quantitative phase imaging (QPI) system with epi-illumination to acquire tissue and cellar level structure. Our approach is based on quantitative oblique back-illumination microscopy (qOBM), which keeps the advantages of QPI—label-free and non-destructive with nanometer-scale sensitivity—while also delivering tomographic sectioning capabilities in thick scattering samples using epi-illumination. The developed system uses a simple and robust configuration consisting of a flexible fiber bundle and a GRIN lens. Here data are presented with histopathological feature analysis. This technique, with its compact setup and real-time processing algorithm, can lead to in-vivo medical diagnosis, for clinical surgery and endoscopy.
Cryoablation to improve catheter stability and ablation success in the right atrioventricular groove.

Abstract Catheter instability can limit ablation success of arrhythmia substrates at the right atrioventricular groove. We describe cases where cryoablation improved catheter stability, enabling ablation success. Methods and results Four patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) substrates at the right atrioventricular groove had radiofrequency ablation procedures limited by poor catheter contact. Cryoablation offered improved catheter stability, and all four patients achieved acute ablation success using cryoablation. Three patients had long-term success and one patient later required repeat radiofrequency ablation. Conclusions For patients with arrhythmia substrates at the right atrioventricular groove, cryoablation may be a useful adjunctive technique in cases with catheter instability.
Alkali-sensitive glycosides.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of alkali-sensitive glycosides. It presents a classification of alkali-sensitive glycosides, which may be classified into three types: (1) glycosides of phenols, (2) glycosides of enols, and (3) glycosides of alcohols substituted in the β -position by a negative group. Reducing oligosaccharides are generally stable to alkali under the mildest conditions that decompose the glycosides. The ease of degradation is apparently related to the position of the glycosidic linkage at the terminal reducing unit. The general property of acid-sensitivity of the glycosidic linkage is attributable to the sugar portion, although this property may be influenced considerably by the nature of the aglycon. The property of alkali-sensitivity is a function of the aglycon, and is only slightly affected by the sugar residue. The chapter reviews the nature of the degradative reaction of glycosides of phenols. The reaction and proposed mechanisms of alkaline degradation of oligosaccharides are reviewed in detail.
Introduction to Shape Memory Alloys

Classical materials like metals and alloys have played a significant role as structural materials for many centuries. Engineers have designed components and selected alloys by employing the classical engineering approach of understanding the macroscopic properties of the material and selecting the appropriate one to match the desired functionality based on the application. With advancements in material science and with increasing space and logistical limitations, scientists have been constantly developing high performing materials for various applications.
Aerial Photography for Water Resources Studies

The fundamentals of color and color-infrared photography are reviewed. Illustrations are presented to show the use of color and color-infrared aerial photography to study siltation and to algae growth in lakes, to map aquatic plants in lakes, to detect and monitor water pollution, and to study stream flooding.
Aspects of the Syntax of Agreement

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Part I - Agreement Restrictions 1. Quirky Agreement 2. Intricacies of Agreement in Icelandic Part II - Agreement and Agree 3. Long-Distance Agreement in Hindi: Theoretical Implications 4. Conditions on Agreement in Japanese 5. Honorification as Agreement 6. Multiplicity: Symmetries and Asymmetries Part III - Agreement and Locality 7. Agree vs. Attract: A Relativized Minimality Solution to a Proper Binding Problem 8. Conflicting C-command Requirements 9. Raising Across Experiencers Cross-Linguistically 10. The Fine Structure of Intervention in Syntax Part IV - Agreement and Interpretation 11. Scope Reconstruction and A-Movement Notes Bibliography Index
Effects of bleeder cloth impressions on the use of polar backscatter to detect porosity

The potential of ultrasonic polar backscatter measurements for detecting and characterizing porosity in composite laminates has been investigated in a number of laboratories[l–l1]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the nature of the composite’s surface on such measurements. The deleterious effects of bleeder cloth impressions, previously noted by Bar-Cohen[12], led to the hypothesis that the periodic surface features due to bleeder cloth impressions remaining after the cure process contribute significantly to the received backscattered signal, possibly masking the anisotropy of backscatter which is used to estimate porosity.
Mitochondria: Structure and Role in Respiration

Mitochondria fulfill various important roles in cellular metabolism. Of note they play a central role in cellular energy metabolism. Keywords: chemiosmotic theory; oxidative phosphorylation; citric acid cycle; ATP; transport
On the Power of Multi-Objects

In the standard ``single-object'''' model of shared-memory computing, it is assumed that a process accesses at most one shared object in each of its steps. In this paper, we consider a more powerful variant---the ``multi-object'''' model---in which each process may access *any* finite number of shared objects atomically in each of its steps. We present results that relate the synchronization power of a type in the multi-object model to its synchronization power in the single-object model. Although the types fetcha all higher level types have the same unbounded synchronization power in the multi-object model stated above. This paper identifies all possible relationships between a type''s synchronization power in the single-object model and its synchronization power in the multi-object model.
Asymmetric membranes by a two-stage gelation technique for gas separation: formation and characterization

Abstract Asymmetric gas separation membranes with dense and defect-free skin layer can be prepared by controlling the location of liquid–liquid demixing gap in a ternary phase diagram, and by controlling the residence time in the gel region. For this purpose, polymer solutions of polysulfone in NMP were immersed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) prior to transferring to a water bath. It was believed that a coating layer of PEG retards the liquid–liquid phase separation and controls the demixing of the solution. The investigations indicated that an optimum residence time in the PEG bath existed, which led to the formation of a defect-free, and consequently, a selective skin layer. The skin formation mechanism was discussed in terms of gelation and liquid–liquid phase separation. Also, nodular structure formation was interpreted in the view of spinodal decomposition and the second liquid–liquid phase separation in the water bath. In addition, Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the composition change across the interface of the precipitated phase during phase inversion process. The difference in gelation process and liquid–liquid phase separation was observed spectroscopically. The results are incorporated into a discussion of the skin formation of asymmetric membrane.
Effect of Sucrose Feeding on the Intestinal Transport of Sugars in Two Strains of Rats

The rates of intestinal transport of dietary monosaccharides and disaccharides were determined in Wistar rats and the carbohydrate-sensitive BHE rats fed either a stock diet or a 65% sucrose diet. Sucrose-fed rats of both strains generally showed large and significant increases in the rates of glucose, alpha-methylglucose, fructose, and sucrose transport. The transport of galactose, maltose, and lactose did not show consistent increases due to sucrose feeding. Although the magnitude of the increases in sugar transport due to sucrose feeding was only slightly greater in BHE rats than in Wistar rats, BHE rats tended to exhibit a greater rate of sugar trnasport when fed both strains and in the BHE rats fed the stock diet. Lipogenic enzyme activity was greatly increased as a result of sucrose feeding; however, BHE rats did not show greater levels of enzyme activity than did Wistar rats. Liver lipids were increased in both the Wistar and the BHE sucrose-fed rats and in BHE rats fed either diet.
An end‐effector based imaging proximity sensor

A two-dimensional array of small capacitive sensors detects the distance between each sensor tip and the target object. When touching the surface or operating at close distance, an image of the surface contour is obtained. Each capacitive sensor consists of a thin short lead (line capacitance) embedded in a hard ceramic substrate. The sensor array is rugged and can, due to its small size, be configured to almost any desired shape in order to examine even hard-to-reach surfaces. An electronic circuit converts the capacitance variations into voltage signals. The sensing process is controlled by a microcomputer, which addresses the sensors in serial order through a multiplexer, samples the data and linearizes them according to the calibration curve. When compared to resistive touch sensors, the capacitive sensing method offers potentially higher package density and image resolution; another advantage is the capability to detect the presence of objects while approaching, before physical contact is made. A proximity sensor array mounted on a robot end effector can determine geometrical parameters such as edges of surfaces, hole center locations, and the end effector pose (angle of alignment between end effector and target surface).
Determination of yttrium in rare earths by photon activation analysis.

Abstract The determination of yttrium in the presence of large amounts of the rare earths by the thermal neutron reaction 89 Y(n, γ) 90 Y is complicated because of frequent problems of sample self-shielding from major constituents of the sample, and the difficulty of separating 90 Y, a pure beta-emitter, from other elements which are very similar chemically. A non-destructive photon activation analysis method has been developed for this determination. Bremsstrahlung from a 35-μA beam of 35-MeV electrons induces the photonuclear reaction 89 Y(γ, n) 88 Y. Optimum sensitivity is obtained by coincidence counting of the 0.90 and 1.84 MeV gamma-rays associated with the decay of 88 Y. The detection limit is less than 1 μg of yttrium.
Eroding Boundaries, Contested Terrain

International studies is a contested domain, making the attainment of a genuinely global discipline extremely difficult. While there has been a significant broadening of the field, the American study of international relations, like that elsewhere, remains highly parochial: geographically, linguistically, methodologically, and politically. One way to overcome provincialism is to examine international relations scholarship from other parts of the world and to draw on the insights of more than one discipline. Difference lies at the heart of international studies, and we must favor approaches that entail empathetic understanding and can accommodate seemingly incompatible differences.
Teaching the Politics of Obesity: Insights into Neoliberal Embodiment and Contemporary Biopolitics

Abstract: This article reflects on the author's experiences teaching an undergraduate lecture course on the politics of obesity. The course involved a critical examination of the construction and representation of the so-called epidemic of obesity and the major causal explanations for the rise in obesity. Students were unusually discomfited by the course and invoked pedagogical concerns and instructor embodiments in expressing their reactions. Student responses demonstrate how obesity talk reflects and reinforces neoliberal rationalities of self-governance, particularly those that couple bodily control and deservingness and see fatness as weakening the health of the body politic. The course also animated many students to scrutinize more deeply their own diet and exercise practices. I argue that the intensity of reaction stems from the productive power of the discourse of obesity and considerable investment students had in their bodies as neoliberal subjects. Besides classroom observations, the data in this paper are taken from student journals.