cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photodetachment Imaging Study of the Vinoxide Anion

A photodetachment imaging study of the photoelectron angular distributions produced by the 354.8-nm photodetachment of the vinoxide anion, H 2 C=CHO - , is reported. The photoelectron angular distributions for both the X 2 A" ground state and X 2 A' excited state of the neutral vinoxy radicals were measured. Energy-dependent photoelectron anisotropy parameters are reported for both electronic states. Photodetachment from the HOMO of the anion (the CCO nonbonding π(a") orbital) yields ground-state vinoxy radicals and exhibits a sin 2 θ angular dependence (β (X 2 A") = -0.7 ′ 0.1) relative to the electric vector of the laser. Photodetachment from the HOMO-1 of the anion (the oxygen σ 2 p x (a') orbital) yields excited-state A 2 A' radicals and exhibits a cos 2 θ angular dependence (β (A 2 A') = 0.6 ′ 0.1) of the photoelectrons. These results are qualitatively interpreted in terms of the electronic structure of the anion-neutral system.
Evidence that Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Anorexia Depends upon Central, Rather than Peripheral, Inflammatory Signals

Systemic inflammatory stimuli cause anorexia and weight loss by disrupting the physiological regulation of energy balance. Mice lacking MyD88, an intracellular mediator of signal transduction activated by Toll-like receptor 4 or IL-1β receptors, are resistant to anorexia induced by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), despite a significant circulating cytokine response. Thus, we hypothesized that induction of a peripheral inflammatory response is insufficient to cause LPS-induced anorexia when MyD88 signaling in the central nervous system and other tissues is absent. To test this hypothesis, we used bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to determine if LPS-induced anorexia can be restored to MyD88-deficient mice by reconstituting their bone marrow with wild-type (WT) immune cells. We found that restoring WT circulating immune cells to mice lacking MyD88 conferred only a mild, short-lived anorexia in response to LPS, such that food intake was fully normalized by 20 h post injection (LPS 4.1 ± 0.5 ...
In vitro neoplastic transformation of hamster pineal cells by three oncogenic DNA viruses.

Hamster pineal cells in vitro neoplastic transformation by oncogenic DNA viruses, discussing tumor formation
Cognitively Inspired Neural Network for Recognition of Situations

The authors present a cognitively inspired mathematical learning framework called Neural Modeling Fields (NMF). They apply it to learning and recognition of situations composed of objects. NMF successfully overcomes the combinatorial complexity of associating subsets of objects with situations and demonstrates fast and reliable convergence. The implications of the current results for building multi-layered intelligent systems are also discussed.
Fuzzy clustering in cell formation with multiple attributes

An approach based on fuzzy clustering and aggregation operators is proposed to design cell formation involving multiple criteria or multiple attributes. The three most basic attributes in cell formation, namely, number of machines required, processing time, and common tools required on machines, are considered. The results are compared with the single attribute results of Chu and Hayya (1991) [27].
Continued fractions and Fourier transforms

Let FN be the set of real numbers x whose continued fraction expansion x = [a0; a1, a2,…, an,…] contains only elements ai = 1,2,…, N. Here N ≥ 2. Considerable effort, [1,3], has centred on metrical properties of FN and certain measures carried by FN. A classification of sets of measure zero, as venerable as the dimensional theory, depends on Fourier-Stieltjes transforms: a closed set E of real numbers is called an M0-set, if E carries a probability measure λ whose transform vanishes at infinity. Aside from the Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma, no purely metrical property of E can ensure that E is an M0-set. For the sets FN, however, metrical properties can be used to construct the measure λ.
Impact of urethral injury management on the treatment and outcome of concurrent pelvic fractures

Abstract Objectives. Multiple treatment options exist for concurrent posterior urethral trauma and pelvic fractures. Because of the increased risk of contamination, the surgical repair of fractures may be prohibited by suprapubic urologic catheters. To characterize the incidence and long-term outcomes of these management conflicts, we reviewed our experience with concomitant pelvic fractures and posterior urethral injuries. Methods. For a 42-month period, 61 patients with concurrent lower urinary tract and pelvic trauma, including 23 with posterior urethral injuries, were retrospectively reviewed for conflicts between urologic management and optimal treatment of the associated orthopedic injuries. Results. Of the 23 posterior urethral injuries identified, the management of 8 (35%) was noted to impact the decision regarding the management and outcome of the concurrent pelvic fractures. Although the overall difference in the length of hospitalization and period of immobilization was not statistically significant, of the 4 patients whose suprapubic catheter precluded surgical orthopedic fracture repair, 3 patients (75%) remain disabled because of chronic pelvic pain, and none of those who underwent early endoscopic realignment remain disabled because of their pelvic fracture. Conclusions. Endoscopic realignment for traumatic posterior urethral injuries associated with pelvic fractures, particularly acetabular fractures, should be attempted to avoid the increased morbidity associated with conservative management of the concurrent orthopedic injuries.
Heat Sponge: A Concept for Mass-Efficient Heat Storage

The heat sponge is a device for mass-efficient storage of heat. It was developed to be incorporated in the substructure of a re-entry vehicle to reduce thermal- protection-system requirements. The heat sponge consists of a liquid/vapor mixture contained within a number of miniature pressure vessels that can be embedded within a variety of different types of structures. As temperature is increased, pressure in the miniature pressure vessels also increases so that heat absorbed through vaporization of the liquid is spread over a relatively large temperature range. Using water as a working fluid, the heat-storage capacity of the liquid/vapor mixture is many times higher than that of typical structural materials and is well above that of common phase change materials over a temperature range of 200 F to 700 F. The use of pure ammonia as the working fluid provides a range of application between 432 deg R and 730 deg R, or the use of the more practical water-ammonia solution provides a range of application between 432 deg R and 1160 deg R or in between that of water and pure ammonia. Prototype heat sponges were fabricated and characterized. These heat sponges consisted of 1.0-inch-diameter, hollow, stainless-steel spheres with a wall thickness of 0.020 inches which had varying percentages of their interior volumes filled with water and a water-ammonia solution. An apparatus to measure the heat stored in these prototype heat sponges was designed, fabricated, and verified. The heat-storage capacity calculated from measured temperature histories is compared to numerical predictions.
Energy Transfer Kinetics and Low Energy Vibrational Structure of the Three Lowest Energy Qy-States of the Fenna−Matthews−Olson Antenna Complex

Burn wavelength (λB)-dependent nonphotochemical hole spectra are reported for the lowest energy Qy-absorption band of the Fenna−Matthews−Olson (FMO) trimer complex from Prosthecochloris aestuarii. ...
Microfuel processor for use in a miniature power supply

Abstract A microscale fuel reformer for use with a miniature fuel cell has been built and operated at efficiencies that make them attractive for use as a miniature power supply for microelectronics. The fuel reformer and the results of initial tests are discussed. The fuel processor assembly consists of two vaporizer/preheaters, a heat exchanger, a combustor, and a steam reformer. Methanol was identified as a good candidate for use in the microscale reformer. A proprietary catalyst was developed to reform methanol. The catalyst was able to process a methanol water mixture (1:1 by weight) into a hydrogen-rich stream composed of 73–74 vol% H2, 25–26 vol% CO2, and 0.6–1.2 vol% CO on a dry basis. Almost 3 mols of hydrogen per mol of methanol reacted, which approached the theoretical maximum. An integrated fuel processor that used proprietary catalyst in the reformer and catalytic combustion to provide the heat was designed and built. The reformer and combustor were each less than 5 mm3 in volume. When 100 mWe of hydrogen was produced, a thermal efficiency of 9%, or an estimated 4.5% net efficiency (including a hypothetical fuel cell), was achieved.
Cases of carbon dioxide rebreathing without significant color change in the appearance of the carbon dioxide absorbent canisters.

To the Editor: Three cases of carbon dioxide rebreathing without a significant color change in the appearance of the canisters were experienced during general anesthesia with the same model anesthesia machines; Aestiva/5 (Datex Ohmeda, Wisconsin, USA) with a fresh gas flow of 1–2 l/min. Carbon dioxide rebreathing was recognized because the inspiratory carbon dioxide baseline of the capnogram trace gradually rose. The inhalational carbon dioxide concentration decreased immediately after increasing the fresh gas flow, and rose again with decreasing the fresh gas flow. This indicates that carbon dioxide rebreathing was due to carbon dioxide accumulation in the semi-closed circuit system of the anesthesia machines. A color change in the appearance of the carbon dioxide absorbent was recognized only in the upper part of the canister (Fig. 1a). The top surface of the canister showed a significant color change limited to the middle part of it (Fig. 1b). The section image of the canister showed a significant columnar color change of the carbon dioxide absorbent along the full length of the center part of it (Fig. 1c). The observation of the canister bottom of Aestiva/5 revealed that only the center part of it had the mesh part for the exhaled gas, and the color change of the carbon dioxide absorbent seemed to accord with the mesh part of the bottom (Fig. 1d). As an experiment, when a transparent plastic partition wall was settled in the canister before filling with carbon dioxide absorbent, the columnar color change was no longer visible. This indicated that the flow of the exhaled gas was influenced by the wall in the canister. Considering these results, it is supposed that the structural characteristic of the canister bottom of the anesthesia machine; Aestiva/5, caused channeling and the inhomogeneity of the current of inhaled gas in the canister led to the columnar color change of the carbon dioxide absorbent. The role of the carbon dioxide absorbent canister becomes more important as the fresh gas flow quantity decreases. A technique of using a fresh gas flow of 1 l/min was reported first in 1952 [1]. The technique with the fresh gas flow less than 1 l/min subsequently became known as ‘‘low-flow anesthesia’’. Afterwards, a technique using a fresh gas flow of 500 ml/min was reported as ‘‘minimal flow anesthesia’’ [2]. These cases of carbon dioxide rebreathing without significant color change in the appearance of the canisters provide very important information not only for anesthesiologists, but also for all persons using anesthesia machines. When carbon dioxide rebreathing is recognized, carbon dioxide accumulation in the circuit system of the anesthesia machines should be suspected and exhaustion of the carbon dioxide absorbent should be immediately T. Yamamoto (&) Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Asklepios Klinik Sankt Augustin, Arnold-Janssen-Str. 29, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany e-mail: yamatomo270@hotmail.com; t.yamamoto@asklepios.com
Post-treatment effects of sublethal doses of dieldrin on the mosquito Aedes aegypti L

SUMMARY Sublethal doses of dieldrin were topically applied to individuals of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L., and the effects on feeding, egg laying and mortality observed. The highest dose of dieldrin (0·0075 μg./insect) stopped the feeding of 2- to 3-day-old blood-fed females. Egg laying continued up to 96 hr. after treatment but then dwindled and finally stopped. Lower doses induced diminished responses and the lowest amount of insecticide applied (0·0016 μg./insect) had no effect. Females (1–2 days old) were treated with 0·0060 μg./insect. Of the survivors, very few fed on subsequent days and only a small number of eggs were laid by them. Dieldrin apparently had no effects on the viability of the progeny from the treated adults. It is concluded that the insecticide primarily affects feeding; egg laying and longevity suffer as a consequence.
Peripheral 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) elicits drinking by stimulating 5-HT1-like serotonergic receptors in rats

Abstract Subcutaneous administration of the prototypical 5-HT 1 -like agonist, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), increased 2-h water intake by nondeprived rats (ED 50 =0.04 μ mol/kg). The 5-HT 1 agonists 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 0.04–0.32 μmol/kg) and RU 24969 (0.16 μmol/kg) did not produce drinking. The dipsogenic effect of 5-CT (0.08 μmol/kg) was prevented by the 5- HT 1 2 antagonist, methysergide (ID 50 =4 μ mol/kg), but not by 16 μmol/kg of the 5-HT 2 antagonist, ketanserin; the 5- HT 2 1 C antagonist, mianserin; or the 5-HT 3 antagonist, MDL 72222. 5-CT also increased drinking and reduced food intake when food-deprived rats were given 2-h access to mash. Methysergide (16 μmol/kg) inhibited both actions of 5-CT but an equimolar dose of the 5-HT 1 /beta adrenergic antagonist, (−)-propranolol, blocked only the drinking. The 5- HT 2 1 C antagonist, ritanserin (16 μmol/kg), altered neither ingestive action of 5-CT although, by itself, ritanserin increased mash intake. The results suggest that activating a subtype of peripheral 5-HT 1 -like receptor stimulates drinking in rats. This receptor is unlike either the 5-HT 1A or the 5-HT 1C sites found in the brain. Furthermore, the dipsogenic and anorectic actions of 5-CT occur independently.
Helping non-relatives: a role for deceit?

Abstract In birds and mammals with ‘helpers-at-the-nest’, some individuals not only feed unrelated offspring, but also compete to do so. Non-adaptive explanations for alloparental care do not predict competition for access to offspring that, in its most extreme form, can include kidnapping young from adjacent territories. A common adaptive explanation holds that allofeeding promotes a ‘social bond’, with non-relatives. This proximate hypothesis does not explain why the recipient later cooperates with or helps at the nest of its former benefactor. An extension of this hypothesis posits that, by helping to care for unrelated young, individuals may take advantage of a kin-recognition mechanism based on associations learned by nestlings while being fed. The deceived young later may offer assistance according to its perceived relatedness to the former helper. This mechanism, termed kinship deceit, may be a form of bet-hedging in cooperative breeding systems where mortality is high, where breeders can benefit from contributions by helpers, and where helpers normally assist relatives.
Working Miracles: Women's Lives in the English-speaking Caribbean

This text takes a multidisciplinary approach to the study of women and gender issues in the Caribbean. Olive Senior, using her imaginative skills as a poet, has written a readable books based on a substantial academic examination of women's lives and work in fourteen countries of the Caribbean. In addition she uses examples from literature and popular culture, adn the voices of the women themselves. Caribbean: ISER, University of the West Indies
Frustrated, but not flustered: The benefits of hierarchical approach motivation to weathering daily frustrations

Variations in the organization of personal goals are thought to be important to self-regulation, yet relevant measures and evidence is largely lacking. In two studies (total N = 217), participants were prompted to self-generate personal goals at three levels of a goal hierarchy (low, mid, and high), following which they rated all of these goals along an approach-avoidance dimension. A hierarchical approach measure was created from these ratings and this novel individual difference measure was hypothesized to predict the better self-regulation of goal frustrations in daily life. Such predictions were confirmed. For example, daily frustrations precipitated anger among those low but not high, in hierarchical approach (Study 2). The findings are important theoretically as well as from a measurement perspective.
Some determinants of entry into the chilled orange juice industry by U.S. dairies

Several authors have advanced the premise that the barriers to entry into an industry are lower for a firm if its current activities are similar to those of firms in the industry it wishes to enter. If true, the incidence of entry should be positively correlated with the degree of relatedness, ceteris paribus. In this study measures of relatedness are employed to explain entry of dairies into the chilled orange juice industry. The results suggest that relatedness, particularly with respect to packaging and processing, is an important factor in entry decisions.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae among children in Beijing, China, 1999-2000.

UNLABELLED A study on the nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenza among children was conducted in Beijing Children's Hospital from April to May 2000. The study included 292 children between 1 and 60 mo of age with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Nasopharyngeal swabs from these patients were cultured, and 105 Haemophilus influenzae strains were isolated, 3 of which were type b. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was determined using disk diffusion and E-tests and the results compared with those of isolates from children with pneumonia in 1999. The carriage rate of Haemophilus influenzae was 36.0% (105/292). It was found that 4.8% and 1.0% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin and cefaclor, respectively, and 5.7%, 16.2% and 77.1% were resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, respectively. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were uniformly active to all strains. Compared with the data from 1999, there was a significant increase in resistance to tetracycline (from 12.7% in 1999 to 16.2%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (from 40.5% in 1999 to 77.1%). CONCLUSION H. influenzae isolates from outpatients in Beijing Children's Hospital had low ampicillin resistance and were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim resistance rates increased rapidly compared with those in the 1999 data. Further surveillance investigations are important for the choice of empiric therapy of acute respiratory tract infection.
Biomechanical analysis of tension band fixation for olecranon fracture treatment

This study assessed the strength of various tension band fixation methods with wire and cable applied to simulated olecranon fractures to compare stability and potential failure or complications between the two. Transverse olecranon fractures were simulated by osteotomy. The fracture was anatomically reduced, and various tension band fixation techniques were applied with monofilament wire or multifilament cable. With a material testing machine load displacement curves were obtained and statistical relevance determined by analysis of variance. Two loading modes were tested: loading on the posterior surface of olecranon to simulate triceps pull and loading on the anterior olecranon tip to recreate a potential compressive loading on the fragment during the resistive flexion. All fixation methods were more resistant to posterior loading than to an anterior load. Individual comparative analysis for various loading conditions concluded that tension band fixation is more resilient to tensile forces exerted by the triceps than compressive forces on the anterior olecranon tip. Neither wire passage anterior to the K-wires nor the multifilament cable provided statistically significant increased stability.
Dynamics of coupled human-landscape systems

A preliminary dynamical analysis of landscapes and humans as hierarchical complex systems suggests that strong coupling between the two that spreads to become regionally or globally pervasive should be focused at multi-year to decadal time scales. At these scales, landscape dynamics is dominated by water, sediment and biological routing mediated by fluvial, oceanic, atmospheric processes and human dynamics is dominated by simplifying, profit-maximizing market forces and political action based on projection of economic effect. Also at these scales, landscapes impact humans through patterns of natural disasters and trends such as sea level rise; humans impact landscapes by the effect of economic activity and changes meant to mitigate natural disasters and longer term trends. Based on this analysis, human-landscape coupled systems can be modeled using heterogeneous agents employing prediction models to determine actions to represent the nonlinear behavior of economic and political systems and rule-based routing algorithms to represent landscape processes. A cellular model for the development of New Orleans illustrates this approach, with routing algorithms for river and hurricane-storm surge determining flood extent, five markets (home, labor, hotel, tourism and port services) connecting seven types of economic agents (home buyers/laborers, home developers, hotel owners/ employers, hotel developers, tourists, port services developer and port services owners/employers), building of levees or a river spillway by political agents and damage to homes, hotels or port services within cells determined by the passage or depth of flood waters. The model reproduces historical aspects of New Orleans economic development and levee construction and the filtering of frequent small-scale floods at the expense of large disasters.
High-Voltage Paper Electrophoresis for Characterization of Drug Metabolites

Abstract Methodology for obtaining reproducible measurements of the relative mobility of organic compounds over pH 2–12 using high-voltage paper electrophoresis is described. Use of the method for the elucidation of some structural features of simple molecules is illustrated by applying it to the characterization of metabolites of drugs excreted in the urine and bile of rats. The compounds studied included p -nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, salicylic acid, 4-nitrocatechol, probenecid, phenol red, and their metabolites.
Topological biology: A note on Rashevsky's transformation T.

In the bio-topological transformation between graphs denoted by (T (1) X) N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 173–88, 1956) considers the number of fundamental sets which (a) have only one specialized point as source (and no other sources), (b) have no points in common (are “disjoined”); he proves that this number is an invariant of the transformation. In this note we show that Rashevsky's Theorem can be extended as follows:The number of fundamental sets of the first category is an invariant of the transformation. We must, however, count the subsidiary points of the transformed graph as specialized points. We recall that fundamental sets of the first category are those whose sources consist of specialized points only (Trucco,Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 65–85, 1956). But in this modified version of the Theorem the fundamental sets may have more than one source and need not be disjoined.
Proton Addition to an Anionic Carbene Complex as a Route to Seven-Coordinate Methyl Carbonyl Complexes in Equilibrium with η2-Acyl Complexes

Proton addition to the anionic methylene carbene complex [Na][Tp'(CO) 2 W=CH 2 ] in the presence of a trapping phosphine ligand generates seven-coordinate complexes of the form Tp'(CO) 2 (PR 3 )W(CH 3 ) (PR 3 = PMe 3 , PMe 2 Ph,PMePh 2 ). The seven-coordinate phosphine complexes are in equilibrium with their CO-insertion products Tp'(CO)(PR 3 )W(η 2 -C(O)Me). The geometry of these complexes allowed us to probe the stereoselectivity of CO insertion into the W-Me bond by means of a C-13 spin-saturation transfer NMR experiment. The ΔG 3 58 value determined for the insertion reaction was 18.5 kcal/mol for the PMe 2 Ph adduct. Single-crystal structures revealed detailed solid state geometries for Tp'(CO) 2 (PMe 2 Ph)W-(CH 3 ), Tp'(CO) 2 (PMe 3 )W(CH 3 ), Tp'(CO)(PMe 3 )W(η 2 -C(O)CH 3 ), and a second isomer of Tp'-(CO) 2 (PMe 3 )W(CH 3 ). Trapping of the protonated carbene complex with phenyl acetylene yields an η 1 -acyl product.
The role of the Raman coupling coefficient in an inelastic light scattering process in amorphous solids

Abstract Although the Raman coupling coefficient is generally taken to be frequency dependent, it is formally the Fourier component of the spatial correlation function. The Raman coupling coefficient is therefore rigorously momentum (wavevector) dependent, thus describing the momentum conserving interactions occurring within an amorphous solid during an inelastic light scattering process. Analysis of the spectral distribution curves for thermally active vibrational states in amorphous materials showed the coupling coefficient to be qualitatively represented by the inclusion of an exponential decay dependence. The sum of a harmonic potential and the spatial correlation function (interaction potential) associated to the coupling coefficient is shown to yield a distorted harmonic closely resembling an asymmetric double well potential. The relevance of this combined potential is discussed with respect to relaxational mode behavior.
A Quantitative Comparison of Unipolar and Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads

Goldberger has claimed that his augmented unipolar limb leads (aV) are identical—except for a 50 per cent larger amplitude—and interchangeable with Wilson's original V leads, but this claim was not supported by quantitative evidence. The advantage of larger amplitudes explains the increasing preference for the aV leads. A quantitative comparison between V and aV leads revealed such tremendous variability of the augmentation ratio, both interindividual and between leads in the same individual, that standards obtained with V leads are not applicable to aV leads and vice versa. V leads and aV leads are not interchangeable.
Potential Precipitating Factors of the Onset of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) usually results from thrombotic coronary artery occlusion at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. The factors responsible for triggering MI are not known but conditions that increase serum catecholamines may be involved. Accordingly, the authors prospectively evaluated the presence of factors that may increase catecholamines immediately prior to MI in 186 patients. Myocardial infarction was documented by a rise in serum CK-MB. There were 149 men and 37 women, aged 57 +/- 12 (mean +/- SD) years. All patients were interviewed within 72 hours of admission concerning strenuous physical activity, emotional stress, and assumption of the upright posture immediately prior to the onset of symptoms. Seventy-five (40%) patients had one or more of these factors immediately prior to the onset of MI chest pain. Fourteen (8%) experienced acute emotional upset; 28 (15%) were involved in strenuous physical activity; and 39 (21%) had suddenly changed position. In the latter group, 18 changed from being supine for more than 1 hour to standing; three rose from supine to sitting; and 18 changed from prolonged sitting (greater than 60 minutes) to standing. The conclusion is that a potential triggering factor is present in many patients immediately prior to the onset of MI. A sudden change in position is the most frequent potential trigger, typically occurring the morning after awakening from sleep.
Bringing fly brains in line

Software for fast and accurate alignment of brain images is used to generate a partial brain atlas for Drosophila melanogaster and should enable circuit mapping.
Homologous up-regulation of the 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 receptor in rats.

Abstract This study investigates the ability of vitamin D-metabolites to regulate 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in vivo. Rats made vitamin D-deficient were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 or vehicle for 1–5 days. In treated animals, receptors for 1,25(OH)2D3 in kidney increased dramatically compared with control levels. An increase in specific binding to 220% of control was seen after 2 doses of hormone, which reached to 336% after 5 days of treatment. Intestinal receptors increased to only 130% of control levels after 5 days of treatment. In vitamin D-replete animals, the difference between control and treated groups was slightly greater when endogenously occupied sites were measured by exchange (TPCK). However, significant changes were observed only after 4 days of hormone treatment. The data indicate that homologous up-regulation of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor occurs in vivo. The difference in response in kidney and in intestine suggests differential importance of up-regulation in various organs.
Glacier‐measurements in the United States

It is doubtless known to many members of the Section of Hydrology that prior to the World War there existed an International Glacier Commission (la Commission Internationale des Glaciers) whose self-appointed task it was to gather and publish the results of all available measurements showing the annual variations in length—advance or recession—of glaciers in different parts of the world. On this Commission the United States was represented by two men who made frequent contributions to the International record.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hilar Fibrosis: An Unusual Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension

A 37-year-old man with progressive exertional dyspnea had pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary arterial and venous obstruction. An autopsy revealed that the cause of death was idiopathic pulmonary hilar fibrosis, a variant of mediastinal fibrosis. Pulmonary hilar fibrosis can mimic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, and pulmonary venous hypertension.
Manganese superoxide dismutase: effect of the ala16val polymorphism on protein, activity, and mRNA levels in human breast cancer cell lines and stably transfected mouse embryonic fibroblasts

The manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) ala16val polymorphism has been associated with various diseases including breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated levels of MnSOD protein, enzymatic activity, and mRNA with respect to MnSOD genotype in several human breast carcinoma cell lines and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), developed from the MnSOD knockout mouse, stably expressing human MnSOD-ala and MnSOD-val. In human breast cell lines, the MnSOD-ala allele was associated with increased levels of MnSOD protein and MnSOD protein per unit mRNA. In the MEF transformants, MnSOD activity correlated fairly well with MnSOD protein levels. MnSOD mRNA expression was significantly lower in MnSOD-ala versus MnSOD-val lines. MnSOD protein and activity levels were not related to MnSOD genotype in the transformed MEF, although, as observed in the human breast cell lines, the MEF human MnSOD-ala lines produced significantly more human MnSOD protein per unit mRNA than the human MnSOD-val lines. This suggests that there is more efficient production of MnSOD-ala protein compared to MnSOD-val protein. Examination of several indicators of reactive oxygen species levels, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, in wild-type MEF and in MEF expressing similar elevated amounts of MnSOD-ala or val activity did not show differences related to the levels of MnSOD protein expression. In conclusion, in both human breast carcinoma cell lines and MEF cell lines stably transfected with human MnSOD, the MnSOD-ala allele was associated with increased production of MnSOD protein per unit mRNA indicating a possible imbalance in MnSOD protein production from the MnSOD-val mRNA.
Protein metabolism during moderate exercise in cystic fibrosis patients

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that protein utilization during exercise is greater than is generally believed. Increases in sweat urea nitrogen suggest that during exercise sweat is a major vehicle for excretion of the toxic NH3 resulting from protein degradation. Cystic fibrosis is manifested by disturbances in secretions of the respiratory, digestive and sweat glands. To further investigate the importance of the sweating mechanism as a mode of urea nitrogen excretion we studied the response of five cystic fibrosis patients and five healthy controls to acute exercise in the heat. Subjects rode a cycle ergometer at (X± S.D.) 48.7 ± 3.1 % VO2 peak (approximately 1.113 1 min‐1) for 60 ± 9.6 min at 37.4±0.6°C and 33.9 ± 11.8% relative humidity. Water was provided freely. Rectal temperature, ECG (CM5), sweat (whole body washdown) and pre‐exercise and post‐exercise urine samples were measured. Both healthy and cystic fibrosis subjects had similar #OPX#PMS.E.#CP peak rectal temperatures (38.4±0.4; 38.3±0.2°...
Pervasive computing vs. cyber-physical systems: A perspective from smart environments

Rapid advancements in smartphones, wireless sensors and mobile communications have led to the development of cyber-physical systems, pervasive computing and smart environments with important applications in environmental, civilian, military, industry, and government sectors. Sensor networks and smartphones play significant roles in this context as they not only act as effective interface between physical and cyber worlds, but also bring in human social aspects. However, increasing scale and heterogeneity at all levels — users, devices, networking and computing technologies, information and services — implies a high degree of uncertainty in distributed control and operations of pervasive and cyber-physical systems, thereby posing significant challenges in providing desired information quality, assurance, and reliability for intelligent decision making. This is particularly important for critical applications like smart health care and pervasive security. This talk will examine uncertainty-driven unique challenges and opportunities in cyber-physical and pervasive computing systems and their inter-winding relationships with smart environments. The talk will be concluded with provocative thoughts, open issues and future directions of research.
Cholinergic systems in the rat brain: II. Projections to the interpeduncular nucleus.

Abstract The cholinergic innervation of the interpeduncular nucleus was investigated by use of fluorescent tracer histology in combination with choline-O-acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) pharmacohistochemistry. Following propidium iodide or Evans Blue infusion into the interpeduncular nucleus, brains were processed for co-localization of transported fluorescent label and ChAT and AChE. Control infusions of tracers were made into the ventral tegmental area. In order to delimit the course of putative cholinergic afferents to the interpeduncular nucleus from extra-habenular sources, knife cuts surrounding the habenular nuclei were performed. Somata containing propidium iodide that were highly immunoreactive for ChAT were found primarily in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, the magnocellular preoptic area, and the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus, also referred to as the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. A few such co-labeled somata were also detected in the medial septal nucleus, substantia innominata, nucleus basalis, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. A good correlation was observed between intensely-staining, AChE-containing and ChAT-positive neurons projecting to the interpeduncular nucleus from the aforementioned structures. Although the medial habenula contained numerous cells demonstrating transported label following interpeduncular infusion of fluorescent tracers, the ChAT-positivity associated with somata in that nucleus was weak compared to ChAT-like immunoreactivity in known cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and brainstem. Knife cuts that separated the habenular nuclei from the stria medullaris and neural regions lateral and posterior to those nuclei while leaving the fasciculus retroflexus intact resulted in a reduction of ChAT-like immunoreactivity in the medial habenular nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus, and interpeduncular nucleus. These data suggest 1. (1) that the cholinergic innervation of the interpeduncular nucleus derives primarily from ChAT-positive cells in the basal forebrain and dorsolateral tegmental nucleus and 2. (2) that putative cholinergic fibers having their origin in the medial habenula, if they exist, constitute a minor portion of the cholinergic input to the interpeduncular nucleus.
Obturation of The Ileum by A Jejunal Diverticular Enterolith

A case of obstruction of the distal portion of the small intestine by a concretion that had originated within a jejunal diverticulum is presented. Obstruction was relieved by removal of the calculus through an enterotomy. The patient's recovery was uncomplicated.
Differential Effect of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step II Diet on HDL Cholesterol, Its Subfractions, and Apoprotein A-I Levels in Hypercholesterolemic Women and Men After 1 Year: The beFIT Study

Abstract —We previously reported that high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreases more in hypercholesterolemic (HC) women than in HC men ingesting an National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step II diet for 6 months. We examined these subjects to determine whether the differential HDL-C reduction persists after 12 months and whether it is associated with decreased HDL 2 -C and apoprotein A-I. Subjects were screened from an industrial workforce and were defined as HC if 2 low density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements were ≥75th percentile or defined as combined hyperlipidemic (CHL) if triglycerides were also ≥75th percentile. The subjects were then taught the NCEP Step II diet in 8 weekly classes and counseled quarterly. Seventy-three HC and 92 CHL women (mean ages 43 and 44 years, respectively) and 112 HC and 106 CHL men (ages 45 and 41 years, respectively) were studied. All groups reported similar total fat (24% to 26% kcal) and saturated fat (7.1% to 7.9% kcal) intakes at 1 year. HDL-C decreased 7.6% in HC women ( P P =0.000). HDL 2 -C decreased 16.7% in HC women ( P P =0.000). In CHL women and men, HDL-C decreased 3.5% and 3.9% (both P 2 -C decreased more in women (7.1%, P P 2 -C, and apoprotein A-I levels decreased more in HC women than in HC men after following the NCEP Step II diet for 1 year, continuing a trend observed with HDL-C at 6 months. The total HDL-C and HDL 2 -C reductions narrow the baseline differences between men and women by 50%. Whether this reduction impacts women’s protection from cardiovascular disease deserves future study. Nonetheless, the results point to sex-based differences in intrahepatic glucose and fatty acid metabolism linked to alterations in HDL formation and removal.
A new real-time quantum efficiency measurement system

We have developed a new technique for measuring the quantum efficiency (QE) in solar cells in real-time using a unique, electronically controlled, full-spectrum light source. Full-spectrum QE graphs can be obtained in less than one second (as opposed to 20 minutes using traditional QE instruments). The high measurement speed is achieved by parallel processing of information from a multitude of spectral channels encoded in modulation frequency bands. The reduction in time scale makes this QE measurement technique compatible with inline production diagnostics, high-fidelity, spectral-matching cell binning, and thin-film module spatial spectral response uniformity tests. The instrument is completely solid-state with no moving parts, is robust enough for manufacturing environments, and is significantly less expensive than a traditional QE instrument.
Economic Evaluation of Pharmaco- and Behavioral Therapies for Smoking Cessation: A Critical and Systematic Review of Empirical Research

Economic evaluations are an important tool to improve our understanding of the costs and effects of health care services and to create sustainable health care systems. This article critically assesses empirical evidence from economic evaluations of pharmaco- and behavioral therapies for smoking cessation. A comprehensive literature review of PubMed and the British National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database was conducted. The search identified 15 articles on nicotinebased pharmacotherapies, 12 articles on nonnicotine based pharmacotherapies, no articles on selegiline, and 10 articles on brief counseling for smoking cessation treatment. Results show that both pharmaco- and behavioral therapies for smoking cessation are cost-effective or even cost-saving. The review highlights several shortcomings in methodology and a lack of standardization of current economic evaluations. Efforts to improve methodology will help make future studies more comparable and increase the evidence base so that such evaluations can be more useful to public health practitioners and policy makers.
Motivational Salience Amygdala Tuning From Traits, Needs, Values, and Goals

Based on a basic emotions perspective, a dominant view in psychology is that the primary function of the amygdala is to govern the emotion of fear. In this view, the amygdala is necessary for a person to feel afraid, and when amygdala activity is detected, one can infer that a person is feeling afraid or threatened. In this paper, we review current research on amygdala function that calls into question this threat-specific view and propose a more general view of amygdala functioning based on appraisal theory and psychological constructivism. Specifically, we examine the hypothesis that the amygdala is involved in processing stimulus relevance for the goals and motivations of the perceiver. Thus, although threatening stimuli are almost always considered a relevant stimulus, novel, ambiguous, and extremely positive stimuli can also be relevant for different people in different situations. Once deemed relevant, the amygdala guides processing to orchestrate an appropriate response.
Energetic and environmental impacts of corn ethanol using alternative farming methods

As biofuels are promoted to be used as additives and/or substitutes for conventional petroleum fuels, a life cycle analysis of different biofuels seems necessary. A study on the implications of different farming methods on the energetic and environmental impacts of ethanol produced from corn is presented.
Field-dependent tilt and birefringence of electroclinic liquid crystals: Theory and experiment

An unresolved issue in the theory of liquid crystals is the molecular basis of the electroclinic effect in the smectic-A phase. Recent x-ray scattering experiments suggest that, in a class of siloxane-containing liquid crystals, an electric field changes a state of disordered molecular tilt in random directions into a state of ordered tilt in one direction. To investigate this issue, we measure the optical tilt and birefringence of these liquid crystals as functions of field and temperature, and we develop a theory for the distribution of molecular orientations under a field. A comparison of theory and experiment confirms that these materials have a disordered distribution of molecular tilt directions that is aligned by an electric field, giving a large electroclinic effect. It also shows that the effective dipole moment, a key parameter in the theory, scales as a power law near the smectic-A--smectic-C transition.
Positional Reproducibility and Effects of a Rectal Balloon in Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy

Despite the increasing use of the rectal balloon in prostate cancer radiotherapy, many issues still remain to be verified objectively including its positional reproducibility and relevance to treatment morbidity. We have developed a custom rectal balloon that has a scale indicating the depth of insertion and dilates symmetrically ensuring positional reproducibility. Fifty patients with prostate cancer treated by definitive 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with rectal balloon were analyzed. Each of first five patients undergone computed tomography (CT) three times with a rectal balloon. The positional reproducibility was tested by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) from the CT-to-CT fusion images. Planning variables and clinical acute toxicities were compared between when or not applying balloon. An ICC of greater than 0.9 in all directions revealed an excellent reproducibility of the balloon. Rectal balloon improved considerably the mean dose and V(45Gy)-V(65Gy) in plan comparison, and especially in 3D-CRT the rectal volume exposed to more than 60 Gy dropped from 41.3% to 19.5%. Clinically, the balloon lowered acute toxicity, which was lowest when both the balloon and IMRT were applied simultaneously. The rectal balloon carries excellent reproducibility and reduces acute toxicity in 3D-CRT and IMRT for prostate cancer.
Characterizing human-tiger conflict in Sumatra, Indonesia: implications for conservation

Human-tiger conflict occurs in Indonesia but there is little recent information about the scope of the problem, and adequate policies are not in place to address the conflict. Published and unpublished reports of conflict between Sumatran tigers Panthera tigris sumatrae, people and their livestock were collected and analysed to characterize the extent, distribution and impact of human-tiger conflict on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. Reportedly, between 1978 and 1997, tigers killed 146 people and injured 30, and killed at least 870 livestock. Conflict was less common in protected areas and more common in intermediate disturbance areas such as multiple-use forests where tigers and people coexist. In Indonesia there is a need to develop a definition of problem tigers, a database to track conflicts, and a process to respond immediately to conflicts when they occur. Without a better understanding of human-tiger conflict and a concerted effort to proactively address the problem, future landscape-level tiger conservation and management efforts may be jeopardized.
Understanding the reaction that powers this world: Biomimetic studies of respiratory O 2 reduction by cytochrome oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is an enzyme that catalyzes efficient, selective, and fast reduction of molecular oxygen to water as a means of respiratory energy generation. The biomimetic approach provides a valuable alternative to traditional biochemical methods to unravel the structural and electronic properties of the CcO's catalytic (heme/Cu B ) site that endow the enzyme with its unique reactivity. However, the contribution of biomimetic stud- ies of CcO to our understanding of CcO's biochemistry has been complicated by the lack of convincing evidence that the reactivity of the biomimetic analogs is relevant to that of CcO. Recently reported porphyrin-based compounds are the first analogs that reproduce key as- pects of the reactivity of CcO toward O 2 . Extensive data collected with these biomimetic analogs demonstrate that the bimetallic nature of the CcO's catalytic site may be an adapta- tion to reduction of O 2 under turnover-limiting electron flux; a monometallic heme-only site appears sufficient for rapid O 2 reduction under physiologically relevant conditions of pH and electrochemical potential, provided that electron flow to the heme is not kinetically limited. These biomimetic data suggest that in CcO the distal Cu ion (Cu B ) may serve as an electron- preloading site to allow the enzyme to accumulate a sufficient number of external reducing equivalents before it even binds O 2 . This mechanism minimizes the population of enzymatic species containing partially reduced oxygen species.