cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separating the effects of water quality and urbanization on temperate insectivorous bats at the landscape scale

Many local scale studies have shown that bats respond to water quality degradation or urbanization in a species-specific manner. However, few have separated the effects of urbanization versus water quality degradation on bats, in single city or single watershed case studies. Across North Carolina, USA, we used the standardized North American Bat Monitoring Program mobile transect protocol to survey bat activity in 2015 and 2016 at 41 sites. We collected statewide water quality and urban land cover data to disentangle the effects of urbanization and water quality degradation on bats at the landscape scale. We found that statewide, water quality degradation and urbanization were not correlated. We found that bats responded to water quality degradation and urbanization independently at the landscape scale. Eptesicus fuscus and Lasiurus cinereus negatively responded to water quality degradation. Lasiurus borealis and Perimyotis subflavus positively responded to water quality degradation. Lasionycteris noctivagans did not respond to water quality degradation but was more active in more urbanized areas. Tadarida brasiliensis positively responded to urbanization and was less active in areas with degraded water quality. We show that bat-water quality relationships found at the local scale are evident at a landscape scale. We confirm that bats are useful bioindicators for both urbanization and water quality degradation. We suggest that water quality can be used to predict the presence of bat species of conservation concern, such as P. subflavus, in areas where it has not been studied locally.
Evolution of Virulence in Picornaviruses

The Picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand RNA viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. Picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenotypes when studied in animal models, demonstrating that key elements of pathogenesis reside in the viral genome. However, the genetics that determine the virulence phenotype of any picornavirus are poorly understood. Picornaviruses do not have virulence genes perse, but the design of the capsid and howit interacts with the virus receptor expressed on the host cell surface, specific sequences within the nontranslated regions of the viral genome, as well as coding sequences that result in different protein sequences may all have a part in determining the virulence phenotype. Virulence may be better understood as a continuum from an apparent inability to induce disease to the ability to cause severe pathogenic changes. Ultimately, the ability of a picornavirus to induce disease depends upon viral genetics and how they are modulated by the host environment.
Ubiquity: An Extensible Framework for Persistence in Container Environments

Within the last few years, containers are being used for a broad set of applications, many of which have extensive requirements in terms of persisting their state. These stateful applications are still not well supported in container-based environments due to the challenges of adding persistence support. There are many efforts being done recently to tackle these challenges but most of them are focused on one environment or one storage provider. In this paper, we present the Ubiquity framework, which provides an extensible way of provisioning persistent storage for stateful containers. Ubiquity can be used to provide different types of persistent volumes from heterogeneous providers to be consumed by heterogeneous container frameworks in a seamless manner.
Bacillus thuringiensis: Producer of Potent Insecticidal Toxins

Ishwata initially described Bacillus thuringiensis at the turn of the 19th century as the causal agent of the “sotto bacillus disease ” of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Later studies by Aoki in 1915 demonstrated that this bacterial agent produced a crystalline toxic material at sporulation. In 1911, Berliner isolated the type species Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis from the flour moth in the province of Thuringia, Germany. Following this report a series of papers demonstrated that B. thuringiensis could infect and kill a variety of lepid-opteran host insects. Until the 1970’s, all B. thuringiensis isolates were characterized as being toxic to immature insects within the order Lepidoptera. Since then, however, various B. thuringiensis subspecies have been identified which are lethal to lepidopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, and/or nematodes. At present it has been estimated that over 60,000 isolates of B. thuringiensis are being maintained in culture collections worldwide. Current programs involving the isolation and screening for B. thuringiensis by various public and private laboratories may be expected to provide new isolates active against other insect orders.
Effective Photon Hypothesis vs. Quantum Potential Theory: Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Verification

This paper will review the basic formulation of effective photon theory, the experimental results of photoemission from a laser-irradiated metal that led to the concept of effective photon, and the experiments of laser-induced gas ionization which can be interpreted with the effective photon hypothesis. Then, it will review alternate theories that infer the existence of effective photons from different premises. It will be shown that a distinct difference exists between the alternate theories, and in particular quantum potential theory, and effective photon theory. The first predict that higher-than-normal energy photons in a laser beam are a consequence of the geometrical manipulation of the beam. The latter postulates that the geometry has no effect, and that the intensity of light is the important parameter leading to the effective photons. Such difference brings testable effects and an experiment has been performed to discriminate between effective photon theory and the alternate theories. Although the results of the experiment do not rule out the alternate theories, they do, however, provide strong evidence that higher-than-normal energy photons are a light intensity rather than a beam geometry effect. Effective photon theory is then extended. Starting from some theoretical considerations based on an interacting photon model proposed by the present author in another paper in these Proceedings, the coefficients a and β v of the effective photon energy relation e = hν/[1-βνIα] for λ = 10600 A are derived. Finally, the validity of this relation in predicting the minimum intensities of light necessary to ionize the noble gases, at the foregoing wavelength, is demonstrated.
10 – Oxidants and Antioxidants in Apoptosis: Role of Bcl-2

The aim of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the role of reactive species and antioxidants in regulating apoptosis. The chapter mainly focuses on the role of the Bcl-2 family proteins in the redox regulation of apoptosis. In some cases of apoptosis, oxidation-reduction, or redox-dependent mechanisms play a central role. This opens up the opportunity to modulate apoptosis by agents that may alter the intracellular redox status, including antioxidants. At present, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the redox regulation of apoptosis remain elusive. Investigations exhibit that antioxidants may have antiapoptotic or proapoptotic properties, depending on the type of cells and the apoptosis-inducing signal involved. A trend showing that antioxidants may prevent apoptosis of healthy cells and may promote the apoptosis of diseased cells appears to be emerging. Such an observation, however, is not yet supported by reasonable mechanism-based details. A major function of the Bcl-2 family proteins is to regulate apoptosis. A strategic localization of the Bcl-2 protein inside the cell seems to be necessary to render its antiapoptotic property functional.
Cognitive Effects of Social Media Use: A Case of Older Adults

Research on the effects of social media use at older ages has largely focused on social benefits. Yet, participation in these new media forms may result in other favorable outcomes, such as improved cognitive functioning. Using a wait list-control design, this study examines the effects of social media engagement among novice adult social media users, aged 65 and older, in four cognitive domains: attention, processing speed, working memory, and inhibitory control. Baseline and multiple post-tests indicate improvement of intervention participants in inhibitory control. These findings demonstrate that the benefits of social media use at older ages extend beyond mere social engagement, and into other domains of everyday well-being.
Does Viewing a Third Molar Informed Consent Video Decrease Patients' Anxiety?

Purpose Before having impacted third molars removed, patients are frequently asked to view a brief video describing the operation and its benefits and risks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such information reduces or increases patients' anxiety level. Patients and Methods In this prospective cohort study, 100 patients presenting for consultation regarding removal of their impacted third molars completed a form asking them to grade their anxiety level before and after viewing the informational video as calm, slightly anxious, moderately anxious, or very anxious. Results Thirty-one percent reported increased anxiety after viewing the video. Only 12% showed a decrease, and in 57%, there was no change (28% were still slightly, moderately, or very anxious). Scoring of the pre- and post-viewing anxiety levels showed a statistically significant increase in anxiety after viewing. Conclusions Viewing the video increased or did not reduce the anxiety level in a significant number of patients. Therefore, it is important to complement this video with positive verbal and written reinforcement of such aspects as patient comfort, procedural safety, and adequate pain control.
Intelligent interaction interface for medical emergencies: Application to mobile hypoglycemia management

Abstract Among the widely available information technologies for remote health care, emergency care, and more specifically self-care in urgent situations (through automated, protocol-based intervention), has not been considered to date. Urgent care is particularly difficult due to the individual transient and dynamic patient context; the design-for-all approach currently being implemented does not consider the varying manifestation of physical states and cognitive disabilities. Therefore, the objective was to design and integrate into a remote health care platform, an intelligent user interface scheme that adapts in real time to the clinically urgent patient condition. The current study presents a mobile implementation, targeting diabetic hypoglycemia treatment. Continuous physiological data from medical-grade wearable sensors, and results from customized cognitive exercises evaluating the corresponding common emergency symptoms are used to define the patient state. This state feeds the adaptation rules and determines the most appropriate interaction interface delivering the intervention instructions. The designed adaptations prioritize the incorporation of multimodal interfaces (including voice and facial recognition and interactions), with the goal of augmenting patient-technology information exchange, thus providing more efficient and effective treatment delivery. This application is being validated with clinical partners in endocrinology.
Local anesthesia before intravenous cannula insertion: Recommendations for registered nurses in practice

Objective: The purposes of this project were to educate registered nurses of the intradermal, pretreatment procedure; provide education on the hospital’s current IV therapy pretreatment policy; and increase the usage of intradermal, local anesthesia for cannulation for adult patients’ comfort level. Methods: A mixed method of nonexperimental descriptive pre- and post-survey was used. The data was collected from 48 registered nurses’ pre- and post-surveys indicating descriptive analysis. The descriptive analysis identified barriers as to why registered nurses were not using pretreatment prior to IV insertion. Results: The results revealed the majority of the participants (83%) were not aware of the hospital’s IV pretreatment policy of intradermal anesthesia with Lidocaine before IV insertion prior to the DNP project. Evidence indicated inconsistency in the use of pain management strategies during these procedures. The conclusions of this project provided an important overview of the barriers to change in clinical practice for registered nurses with IV skills. Conclusions: An improvement project educational program, such as an educational video on how to preform intradermal pretreatment to an IV site prior to IV insertion and utilization of a manikin IV arm for simulation practice, was developed and recommended to a nursing IV therapy practice for registered nurses. Local anesthetic, such as intradermal, should become standard practice for registered nurses regarding pretreatment for pain control prior to intravenous insertion.
Data Base for Trout Brood Stocks

Trout culture in the United States began in the 1870s with the development of rainbow trout hatcheries. Little is known of the sources or performance characteristics of the original brood stocks. The McCloud River strain of rainbow trout was widely distributed and was probably ancestral to most current brood stocks. From 1870 to 1970, new brood stocks were established for management agencies in various ways: interhatchery transfers, introductions from natural populations, crosses between brood stocks, and selection programs that enhanced specific traits. Most brood stocks used in fishery management today have been developed within the last 25 years.
Diver Gesture Recognition using Deep Learning for Underwater Human-Robot Interaction

This paper presents a diver gesture recognition method for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to facilitate human-robot collaborative tasks. While previous methods of underwater human-robot communication required the use of expensive and bulky keyboard or joystick controls, hand gestures are becoming more popular for underwater reprogramming of AUVs because they are easier to use, faster, and cost effective. However, most of the existing datasets for the hand gesture recognition problem, were either based on unrealistic environments such as swimming pools or utilized ineffective sensor configurations. Recently, Cognitive Autonomous Driving Buddy (CADDY) dataset was released to the public which overcomes the limitations of the existing datasets. It contains the images of different diver gestures in several different and realistic underwater environments, including a set of true negatives such as divers with improper gestures or no gestures. To the best of our knowledge, this dataset has not yet been tested for gesture classification; as such, this paper presents the first benchmark results for efficient underwater human-robot interaction. In the proposed framework, a deep transfer learning approach is utilized to achieve high correct classification rate (CCR) of up to 95%. The classifier is constructed in relatively short amount of training time, while it is suitable for real-time underwater diver gesture recognition.
Nietzsche, irrationalism, and the cruel irony of Adorno and Horkheimer’s political quietude

Adorno and Horkheimer’s legacy is incomplete without reference to their infamous political quietism. To thinkers such as Habermas, this was the unfortunate consequence of their alleged evacuation of reason. Attending to the treatment of Nietzsche in Dialectic of Enlightenment illuminates the distinct irony of such charges. Here, in their most popular book, Nietzsche is presented as precisely that which they praised him for warning against elsewhere: an advocate of cruelty animated by a reactionary morality. I contend that this exaggeration is not accidental, but rather illustrative; the authors present a consciously hyperbolized version of Nietzsche in order to articulate how he made possible his own misappropriation, and to distinguish themselves sharply from Nietzsche given their disagreements about the necessity of reason. Ultimately, however, even though Adorno and Horkheimer performatively differentiate themselves from the nihilism they saw in Nietzsche, their alternative would ironically be subject to precisely the same charges of irrationalism and political aporia that they sought so desperately to avoid.
Dynamic Matrix of Timoshenko Beam Columns

This paper describes the dynamic behavior of general structural frameworks subjected to lateral time-dependent excitations and static axial loads. Different static axial loads may be applied to various members which are simultaneously subjected to lateral harmonic excitations applied as nodal forces, uniform and nonuniform loads, or foundation movements. All the matrix equations are expressed in nondimensional parameters representing various effects of rotary inertia, axial load, and shear and bending deformations. The individual parameter may be dropped when the appropriate effect is not considered. Consequently, the formulation and the computer program developed may be applied to various cases of dynamic response as bending deformation only; bending deformation and axial load; rotatory inertia, bending and shear deformations; rotatory inertia, bending and shear deformations, and axial loads; etc.
Microcomputer Systems: Architecture and Programming

Tutorial architecture assemblers information processing instructions program control subroutines data reference instructions exceptions and interrupts bus level interfaces parallel interfaces serial interfaces.
Nonlinear systems identification: autocorrelation vs. autoskewness

Sammon, Michel, and Frederick Curley. Nonlinear systems identification: autocorrelation vs. autoskewness. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 975–993, 1997.—Autocorrelation function (C 1) or autoregressive mo...
The viable, equitable and bearable in Tanzania

Abstract Using three independent case studies within Tanzania, this paper focuses on sustainability as a philosophical and theoretical construct. This paper presents a snapshot in time of three destinations undergoing economic, environmental and social changes as a result of increases in tourism. By presenting the dimensions of viable, equitable, and bearable as forms of unsustainability, the impacts of unintended consequences to tourism development are examined. By understanding the limitations within these destinations, sustainability appears to be something for which communities strive, but which may not ever be truly achievable.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE OF HUMAN SKIN FIBROBLAST CULTURES. II. KINETICS OF VARIOUS "INDUCTIONS".

Abstract Methods for kinetic investigations of the “induced” synthesis of alkaline phosphomonoesterase(s) in fibroblast cultures are presented, and the results are given for 10 of the 14 strains whose “repressed” enzyme levels were described in the accompanying paper (Martin, 1964a) . The importance of controlling the size of the initial cell inoculum (attached cells) is emphasized. The most regularly demonstrable “induction” is “self-induction”—a progressive increase in the specific activities of the alkaline phosphatase of unfed culture, presumably related to the degradation of repressor(s). Small increases in the specific activities of fed cultures are also demonstrable in some strains. “Substrate induction” (1 or 2 m M phenyl phosphate) has been observed less frequently. Intermediate degrees of induction may sometimes be produced in control cultures treated with equimolar amounts of phenol, tentatively interpreted as resulting from a variable phosphorylation of this compound. With the exception of what appears to be a minor component of induced enzyme in one strain, substrate induction never occurs in the absence of self-induction. On the basis of this observation and the finding of some enzyme activity in all “repressed” cultures, a model is proposed for the genetic control of the alkaline phosphatase synthesis observed in the systems investigated. The model incorporates only two loci: one regulatory and one structural.
Three Stories in One: The Story of Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez

Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez' is an especially rich case that intermingles three stories: one is about Julia Martinez and her family; a second features Santa Clara Pueblo itself; and a third highlights dynamics within the United States Supreme Court. Decided in 1978, the Martinez case denied Julia Martinez access to federal court to challenge a Pueblo membership ordinance treating female members who marry outside the Pueblo differently from male members who marry outside. The case has long attracted attention from feminists and human rights advocates, because they see a woman's claim of gender discrimination pitted against a Pueblo's claim of tribal sovereignty. What has been missing in all of this commentary, however, is an internal Santa Clara Pueblo viewpoint on the case. What follows is an account of these three stories in their cultural context.
Copper: Hemocyanin/Tyrosinase Models

Coupled dinuclear copper(II) centers are found in metalloenzymes such as hemocyanin (Hc), tyrosinase (Tyr), and catechol oxidase (Co), and perform functions such as dioxygen transport, o-phenol aromatic hydroxylations, and dehydrogenation of o-catechols. These enzymes all contain two-copper centers, each ligated by imidazole nitrogen ligands from histidine residues, and in their oxyforms are bridged by a μ-η2:η2-peroxo moiety. Synthetic model compounds have proven useful in elucidating a number of different aspects of the protein chemistry, such as spectroscopic and structural properties. Also, new coordination chemistry has been developed, such as a new and possibly important equilibrium form of the μ-η2:η2-peroxo- species, namely, the -bis-μ-oxo moiety. In conjunction with stopped-flow kinetic studies, new fundamental reactions involving CuI complexes and dioxygen have also been elucidated, such as the demonstration that an initial CuII-superoxo species is formed prior to -peroxo formation. Both species are enthalpically favored at low temperatures, but an unfavorable entropy term precludes the isolation of many of these complexes near room temperature. Considerable efforts are directed towards elucidation of detailed mechanistic pictures for substrate oxidations with copper–dioxygen adducts. Ortho-phenol hydroxylations proceed via an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The mechanism of Co activity is still widely debated with evidence in model systems pointing towards both proton-coupled electron transfer pathways, as well as direct hydrogen atom transfer reaction. Such mechanistic inquiries, and determining the differential reactivity of μ-η2:η2-peroxo- and -bis-μ-oxo complexes, are of continuing and future interest. Keywords: hemocyanin; tyrosinase; catechol oxidase; copper synthetic models; oxidation mechanisms; peroxo-copper complexes
Early MRI findings in High Grade Glioma

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive than computerized tomography in the detection of many intracerebral lesions; however, the significance of some MRI findings may be unclear. Over four years, nine patients, aged 40-79 years, have been encountered whose initial MRI scans were negative or had minimal abnormalities and soon thereafter had high grade glioma. Initial MRI was performed in eight patients for new-onset seizures and one patient for a focal deficit. MRI was negative in four of the patients and mildly abnormal in five of the patients (small areas of increased T2 and/or minimal enhancement). The initial diagnoses usually included inconclusive differentials of stroke and infection with neoplasm less frequently considered. Radiographic progression leading to the diagnosis of high grade glioma became evident on repeat MRI in 1-8 months with six patients showing progression within three months. All patients underwent surgery and had histologic diagnosis of glioma. Although MRI is quite sensitive, four of the initial scans were negative with reasonable quality studies. Conversely, in five of the initial scans, the tumors were detected when so small that the radiographic findings were not typically diagnostic. Glioma must be considered as a possible cause of initial seizures or new neurologic deficits in adults with normal or minimally abnormal MRI. In this group, seizures were the overwhelming hallmark of presentation. In such a clinical situation, close follow-up with short interval repeat MRI should be performed.
CCR5 Expression Levels Influence NFAT Translocation, IL-2 Production, and Subsequent Signaling Events during T Lymphocyte Activation

Ligands of CCR5, the major coreceptor of HIV-1, costimulate T lymphocyte activation. However, the full impact of CCR5 expression on T cell responses remains unknown. Here, we show that compared with CCR5+/+, T cells from CCR5−/− mice secrete lower amounts of IL-2, and a similar phenotype is observed in humans who lack CCR5 expression (CCR5-Δ32/Δ32 homozygotes) as well as after Ab-mediated blockade of CCR5 in human T cells genetically intact for CCR5 expression. Conversely, overexpression of CCR5 in human T cells results in enhanced IL-2 production. CCR5 surface levels correlate positively with IL-2 protein and mRNA abundance, suggesting that CCR5 affects IL-2 gene regulation. Signaling via CCR5 resulted in NFAT transactivation in T cells that was blocked by Abs against CCR5 agonists, suggesting a link between CCR5 and downstream pathways that influence IL-2 expression. Furthermore, murine T cells lacking CCR5 had reduced levels of intranuclear NFAT following activation. Accordingly, CCR5 expression also promoted IL-2-dependent events, including CD25 expression, STAT5 phosphorylation, and T cell proliferation. We therefore suggest that by influencing a NFAT-mediated pathway that regulates IL-2 production and IL-2-dependent events, CCR5 may play a critical role in T cell responses. In accord with our prior inferences from genetic-epidemiologic studies, such CCR5-dependent responses might constitute a viral entry-independent mechanism by which CCR5 may influence HIV-AIDS pathogenesis.
Tensions of Local and Global: South Korean Students Navigating and Maximizing US College Life

For over a decade, a particular transnational educational migration trend in Korea, known as jogi yuhak or “Early Study Abroad,” has been sending thousands of pre-college students to various parts of the globe (e.g. U.S., Canada, Australia, Singapore) with hopes that young Koreans will acquire “native-like” English and become “global elites.” Many of these students then enter U.S. universities that are built upon liberal ideals of diversity and individualism in theory, but offer in practice an indifferent climate towards racial and linguistic difference. Drawing on a two-year ethnographic study of Korean undergraduate students at the University of Illinois, the U.S. public higher education institution with the largest number of international students, the author examines interviews, observations and artifacts collected from the Korean Student Association (KSA), a registered student organization with over 100 staff members mostly with jogi yuhak experience. As the global university offers a rather unfavorable academic climate for racially and linguistically diverse students as well as heightens the failures of literacy as a way to “global elite.” It is in this context that KSA members work to build, reestablish, and preserve their identities and create conditions of respect through practices of localization : The students foster their “Koreanness” not only through Korean language use but also through institutionally rebuilding Korean social practices and networks strained by their many years abroad. Students are able to negotiate their liberal, or rather neoliberal college dreams in seemingly Korean ways of language and literacy that ultimately help them ground their identity as U.S. college students.
Cystic fibrosis. I. Fractionation of the mucociliary inhibitor from plasma.

A protein fraction present in low concentrations in plasma of cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes has been identified by its biologic activity in ciliary preparations of gills from Crassos-trea virginica, where it causes mucociliary inhibition. In the present study, mucociliary inhibition was shown to be associated with an IgG-rich fraction. The cystic fibrosis mucociliary inhibitor was obtained as a low molecular weight protein after dissociation from IgG in 5 M guanidinium chloride. Gel filtration of the dissociated ultrafiltrate fraction on Bio-Gel P-30 isolated the cystic fibrosis mucociliary inhibitor activity in a pool containing protein of 6,000 to 12,000 MW. The mucociliary inhibitor was heterogeneous upon isoelectric focusing, with inhibition demonstrated in a focused range of pH 4.6 to 6.1 and in a fraction focused near pH 9. Lectin-affinity chromatography of the low molecular weight proteins dissociated from the IgG fraction of a cystic fibrosis homozygote demonstrated that at least one molecular species of the mucociliary inhibitor contained a carbohydrate moiety, since inhibitory fractions were found both in the nonadsorbed fraction and in the fraction eluted with N-acetylglucosamine.
Protein kinase C inhibition abrogates hepatic ischemic preconditioning responses.

Introduction. A transient period of warm ischemia prior to a longer ischemic episode (ischemic preconditioning) protects the hepatic graft from cold ischemia. The mechanism for this protection is unknown, as is the role of protein kinase C in ischemic preconditioning responses. Methods. Livers from 40 kg Yorkshire pigs were harvested and subjected to 2 h of cold ischemia (n = 6) (control). Another group of harvested livers was pretreated with a 15-min ischemic period followed by 15 min of in situ perfusion with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) a protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine. Following cold ischemia, all grafts were reperfused on a perfusion circuit and the following variables evaluated: (1) hepatic graft function, (2) graft circulatory impairment, (3) hepatocellular damage, and (4) endothelial cell damage. Protein kinase C levels were also evaluated by Western blot in the cytoplasm of all grafts. Results and discussion. Ischemic preconditioned grafts demonstrate improved graft function, reduced graft circulatory impairment, and reduced endothelial cell damage as compared to cold ischemia controls. When preconditioned grafts were pretreated with chelerythrine, graft function, graft circulatory impairment, and endothelial cell damage were no different than cold ischemia controls. Ischemic preconditioned grafts demonstrated decreased levels of protein kinase C prior to cold ischemia. There was no change in protein kinase C levels in cold ischemia controls or chelerythrine-pretreated grafts prior to cold ischemia. These data indicate that modulation of protein kinase C is essential for ischemic preconditioning responses in the cold preserved hepatic graft.
The production of precariousness and implications for collective action: a reply to Emiliana Armano and Annalisa Murgia

This is a reply to:Armano, Emiliana, and Annalisa Murgia. 2013. “The precariousnesses of young knowledge workers: a subject-oriented approach.” Global Discourse. 3 (3–4): 486–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2013.865313.
Contact angles and structure/surface property relationships of immersion materials

Surface properties of materials are an important, even vital, consideration in immersion lithography. Many investigations have shown that sessile drop static contact angles are not entirely useful in the design of high performance immersion lithography surfaces. We have synthesized and characterized a broad family of "hydrophobic" materials and this paper will share information on the role of molecular structure on contact angles and hysteresis of these immersion materials. Insight into the relationship between structure and contact angles for future immersion materials will be presented.
Beyond cause and effect: some thoughts on research and practice in child psychiatric nursing.

TOPIC. A comprehensizve concqhd framework that informs about the complexity of childhood psychopathology. PURPOSE. To discuss the importance of a unifying conceptual framework and multiple partnerships in research and practice that can inform critical evmts and ejfects of intementions at various system levels in the treatment of children. SOURCES. Literature review CONCLUSIONS. The most informative research and intervention will occur by tising multiple measures and sources of information. As understanding of children and their problem in develoyment and in context grows, intmmtion research that zoill be both usefid, timely, and cost-8ectiz)e inlist iizclude cross-discipline teams of researchers and practitioners who will speak to these complexities.
Local and regional development policy in France: Of changing conditions and forms, and enduring state centrality

Since the end of World War II, local and regional development policies, and a politics around these policies, have been common to all advanced capitalist societies. However, how and why that is the...
Partitioning graphs on message-passing machines by pairwise mincut

Abstract Realizing the potential of massively parallel machines requires good solutions to the problem of mapping computations among processors so that execution is load-balanced with low inter-processor communication resulting in low execution time. This problem is typically treated as a graph partitioning problem. We develop a parallel heuristic algorithm for partitioning the vertices of a graph into many clusters so that the number of inter-cluster edges is minimized. The algorithm is designed for message-passing machines such as hypercubes. This algorithm is suitable for use with runtime approaches that have been recently developed for parallelizing unstructured scientific computations. We present a parallelization of the Kernighan-Lin heuristic that starts with an initial random multiway partition and performs pairwise improvements through application of the mincut bisection heuristic, known as Partitioning by Pairwise Mincut (PPM). A novel parallel scheme providing nearly linear speedup is developed for PPM that is optimal in terms of communication.
The Use of PC12 Cells for the Study of the Mechanism of Action of Neurotrophic Factors: Signal Transduction and Programmed Cell Death

The PC12 cell line is one of the most widely used of all neuronal cell lines. Over 2200 studies using PC12 cells have been published since the first in 1974. It is so widely used because it possesses properties that make it applicable to a wide variety of neurobiological problems. This article is a brief overview of some neurobiological issues that have been approached in recent years using the PC12 cell line and the properties of PC12 cells that have allowed their application to these problems. The intent is to provide an idea of the versatility of this line and of the types of studies that have successfully employed it. This may suggest potential approaches to solving problems in the readers own research. A major focus of this article is on the use of PC12 cells as a model for the study of neurotrophic factor signal transduction. PC12 cells have proved to be a particularly valuable model for this purpose and a significant fraction of studies using PC12 cells, particularly recent studies, have been directed toward this end.
The intestinal mucosal reflex in the unanesthetized dog

The intrinsic intestinal mucosal reflex consists of contraction of the gut above and relaxation below a stimulated point on the mucosa, decremental conduction of these changes caudally, and occasional repetition of the response one or more times at the site of stimulation. The reflex is independent of the extrinsic vagi and/or splanchnics, and is therefore due to a local mechanism. The law of the intestine is valid for responses to chemical stimulation of the small intestinal mucosa in the intact, unanesthetized dog and may well represent the basic principle underlying propulsive motility in this area.
Third-order aberrations of a prism with spherically curved surfaces.

A third-order analysis of a spherically curved prism in a converging beam shows that solutions exist that permit the beam to pass without aberration. A reflecting telescope with such a prism in front of the focus would form a high-throughput astronomical spectrometer for stellar sources. This configuration would yield diffraction-limited performance at a single wavelength. A LiF prism has been designed for a rocket telescope that will image Jupiter from 1216 to 1608 A with a spatial resolution limited by the 0.5-arcsec pixels of the detector.
Land Tenure, Archaeology, and the Ancestral Pueblo Social Landscape

Archaeology relies upon evidence of past human modification of the natural landscape in order to infer past human social dynamics on the site, local, and regional levels. Given the inferential linkages between past landscape use and social relationships, archaeology can benefit from an approach that more explicitly delineates relationships between systems of land use and land tenure, the social means through which people define and assert land use rights. This research outlines a set of methods for modeling prehistoric land tenure systems and developing a middle range theory of land tenure relationships that may assist archaeologists in their investigations of prehistoric resource access systems. Land tenure systems are complex risk-buffering strategies that are conditioned by the labor invested in food production, the size of groups holding direct access to productive lands and resources, and the temporal duration of land access rights. The role of these variables is supported by cross-cultural data from a worldwide sample of food-producing societies. The land tenure model is applied to data from the prehistoric Southwest to help explain local and regional changes in food production, settlement size, and community organization in southwest Colorado between 900 and 1300 A.D.
A monte carlo comparison of five procedures for identifying outliers in linear regression

Five procedures for detecting outliers in linear regression are compared: sequential testing of the maximum internally studentized residual or maximum externally studentized (cross-validatory) residual, Marasinghe's multistage procedure, and two procedures based on recursive residuals, calculated on adaptively-ordered observations. All of these procedures initially test a no-outliers hypothesis, and they have an underlying unity in their general approach to the outlier identification problem. Which procedure is most effective depends on the number and placement of outliers in the data. The multistage procedure is very effective in some cases, but requires prespecifying a value k, the maximum number of outliers one can then detect; the procedure can suffer severely if the chosen value for k is either larger or smaller than the number of outliers actually in the data.
A comparison of two types of information in concept identification

Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of redundant, relevant, and nonredundant, irrelevant information in concept identification. In the first experiment it was found that irrelevant information in either or both of simultaneous auditory and visual stimuli degraded performance. Redundant visual information facilitated performance but did not interact with amount of irrelevant information. Auditory redundant information had no effect on performance. In the second experiment the effect of redundancy in unorganized lists was compared to redundancy in sentences. Redundancy was facilitative in both instances and there was no difference between sentences and lists.
Turmoil at NASA, and numerous funding announcements

Since the last issue of this column six months ago, there have been many interesting program announcements, some of which have already passed deadline. We'll go over these announcements anyway, with the hope that they can get the readers better prepared for future funding opportunities. But first, we'll talk about the continuing budget battle at Congress, and the recent turmoil at NASA.
Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography

Abstract A modified method is described for a 1-mg sample multi-element semiquantitative spectrographic analysis. This method uses a direct-current arc source, carbon instead of graphite electrodes, and an 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere instead of air. Although this is a destructive method, an analysis can be made for 68 elements in all mineral and geochemical samples. Carbon electrodes have been an aid in improving the detection limits of many elements. The carbon has a greater resistance to heat conductance and develops a better tip, facilitating sample volatilization and counter balancing the cooling effect of a flow of the argon-oxygen mixture around the anode. Where such an argon-oxygen atmosphere is used instead of air, the cyanogen band lines are greatly diminished in intensity, and thus more spectral lines of analysis elements are available for use; the spectral background is also lower. The main advantage of using the carbon electrode and the 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere is the improved detection limits of 36 out of 68 elements. The detection limits remain the same for 23 elements, and are not as good for only nine elements.
Metabolism of cesium-134 in rabbits

Abstract The excretion of cesium by rabbits was increased when the potassium intake was increased. Beet pulp did not increase the total cesium excretion; however, it increased the fecal cesium and decreased the urinary cesium. Massive vitamin D 2 , parathyroid extract, and dienestrol diacetate decreased total excretion of cesium.
Effects of Tuning Sets on Free Recall of Clustered and Unclustered Word Lists.

Summary The effects of three levels of cognitive tuning (transmission, reception, and no-set) on the free recall of clustered and unclustered word lists were investigated with the use of three ratio measures: proportion of words correctly recalled, number of runs of clusters out of the number of possible runs, and number of clusters utilized over the number of words recalled. Subjects included 99 female undergraduates enrolled in an introductory psychology course. The results supported a cognitive structure as opposed to a motivational interpretation of the tuning set phenomenon. Receivers, being tuned for sorting information into broad categories, recalled a greater number of words, scored lower on the ratio of runs, and used smaller ratios of clusters to words than transmitters who tuned in cognitive structures designed to process discrete bits of information.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the polychaete tubeworm Hobsonia florida

Eight dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from Hobsonia florida, a tube-dwelling ampharetid polychaete. The identified loci were highly polymorphic, with allelic diversity ranging from six to 11 alleles. Levels of expected heterozygosity were 0.52 or greater in all cases, averaging 0.78 across the complete set of loci. Cross-species amplification was successful in three of the eight loci for one or both of the other species (Melinna cristata and Ampharete acutifrons) tested. Although these novel loci were designed for immediate utility in H. florida population-level research, these results indicate they may prove useful in studies of other related taxa.
Induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by shark 19s IgM

Plasma from unimmunized nurse sharks can mediate a reaction similar to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Normal shark plasma contains numerous natural antibodies reactive with a variety of antigens, including the target employed. Adsorption of plasma with target cells removed a significant amount of activity, suggesting involvement of antibody. Purified 19s IgM was shown to be a component of shark plasma capable of inducing cytotoxicity. These cytotoxic reactions differ from observations in homeothermic vertebrates in that shark immunoglobulin appears to bind more avidly to the effector cells than to the targets. The effector leukocytes are glass adherent, but not susceptible to carbonyl iron treatment, which clearly separates them from the phagocytic effectors of spontaneous cytotoxicity. Thus, the shark possesses leukocytes with the capability of mediating an ADCC-like reaction. These leukocytes, in concert with those mediating spontaneous cytotoxicity, could provide the shark with an effective immunosurveillance system. These data also indicate that ADCC mechanisms, with IgM as the primary effector molecule, appeared early in evolution.
Dose response of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol to the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an abundant neurotransmitter in brain. Its functional significance in humans is incompletely understood, but it may modulate activity in the hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To explore this hypothesis, we examined the effects of varying doses (0 to 0.8 μg/kg) of the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol release in healthy human subjects. We also examined anxiety, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) responses. Pentagastrin induced large (up to 520 % increase over baseline), significant and very rapid, dose-dependent elevations in ACTH and cortisol levels. Significant elevations in HR and BP were seen at all doses, without clear dose-response relationships. Anxious distress and symptom responses were also somewhat dose dependent; but hormonal responses were more robustly linked to pentagastrin dose than to these subjective measures. The HPA axis response to the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin may be a direct pharmacological effect. Further work is needed to determine the mechanisms and the physiological significance of CCK-mediated modulation of the human neuroendocrine stress axis.
JAK2 V617F in myeloid disorders: What do we know now, and where are we headed?

Activating tyrosine kinase (TK) mutations disrupt cellular proliferation and survival pathways and are increasingly recognized as a fundamental cause of human cancers. Until very recently, the only TK mutations widely observed in myeloid neoplasia were the BCR/ABL1 fusions characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia and some acute leukemias, and FLT3 activating mutations in a minority of acute myeloid leukemias. Several rare TK mutations are found in various atypical myeloproliferative disorders, but big pieces of the pathobiological puzzle were glaringly missing. In the first half of 2005, one gap was filled in: 7 studies identified the same acquired amino acid substitution (V617F) in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) TK in large numbers of patients with diverse clonal myeloid disorders. Most affected patients suffer from the classic BCR/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), especially polycythemia vera (74% of n = 506), but a subset of people with essential thrombocythemia (36% of n = 339) or myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (44% of n = 127) bear the identical mutation, as do a few individuals with myelodysplastic syndromes or an atypical myeloid disorder (7% of n = 556). This long-sought common mutation in BCR/ABL1-negative MPD raises many provocative biological and clinical questions, and demands re-evaluation of prevailing diagnostic algorithms for erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis. JAK2 V617F may provide novel molecular targets for drug therapy, and suggests other places to seek cooperating mutations or mutations associated with similar phenotypes. The story of this exciting finding will unfold rapidly in the years ahead, and ongoing developments will be important for all hematologists to understand.