cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Comparison of 18F-Fluorocholine PET and 99mTc-Sestamibi Scans in Identifying Parathyroid Adenomas: A Metaanalysis.

Background: Hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder caused by one or more hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. Current imaging consisting of ultrasound and 99mTc-Sestamibi (sestamibi) is imprecise, making localization difficult. 18F-Fluorocholine (FCH) Positron Emission Tomorography (PET) has recently shown promise in pre-surgical localization of parathyroid adenomas. The primary aim of this study is to summarize the sensitivities and specificities of studies using FCH PET to localize hyperparathyroidism. A secondary aim is to summarize a subset of studies in which sestamibi scans were also used, and to compare the performance of the two modalities. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Twenty studies were included for quantitative assessment in our meta-analysis. A random effect model and a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model was used to summarize the sensitivity of FCH PET in detecting abnormal parathyroid adenomas. We used the same methodology to assess sensitivity of sestamibi, as a comparison to FCH PET. Results: FCH PET had a high sensitivity for the detection of abnormal parathyroid adenomas 0.97 (0.96-0.98). In the subpopulation where both FCH and sestamibi were reported, FCH also had a higher sensitivity of 0.96 (0.94-0.98), compared with 0.54 (0.29-0.79) for sestamibi (p<0.001). Conclusion: FCH PET demonstrates high localization accuracy in patients with hyperparathyroidism. This meta-analysis supports the use of FCH in patients with hyperparathyroidism over sestamibi.
“More Religion in Education and More Education in Religion”: Liberal Progressivism and the Educational “Common Faith,” 1917-1940:

Background/ContextEducational historians have given a great deal of attention to the early-twentieth-century growth, development, and implementation of liberal progressive educational theories and ...
Reconfigurable narrow open-slot LTE MIMO antennas for metal-rimmed smartphone applications

This paper presents a ‘reconfigurable narrow open-slot LTE MIMO antennas for metal-rimmed smartphone applications,’ which consist of two structurally identical L-shaped slot antennas combined with ...
Claviculectomy for exposure and redo repair of expanding, recurrent right subclavian aneurysm.

Abstract Subclavian artery aneurysms (SAAs) are rare, and their repair can be technically complex. We have reported the redo repair of a large, expanding, right SAA after primary repair consisting of total aortic arch replacement with bilateral subclavian artery ligation and bypass. The redo repair used claviculectomy to facilitate exposure, ligation of the right deep cervical and internal thoracic arteries from within the aneurysm sac, and revision of the previous axillary artery bypass that had thrombosed owing to the mass effect of the expanding SAA. Claviculectomy can facilitate repair of large SAAs that are poorly suited to more routine exposure approaches, with acceptable risk and functional outcomes.
Digitally saving face: An experimental investigation of cross-cultural differences in the use of emoticons and emoji

Abstract Across three experiments we examined cross-cultural differences in the use of emoticons (Experiment 1) and emoji (Experiments 2 and 3) when sending text messages. In all experiments, participants wrote text messages to another person based on different hypothetical situations (varying in valence or face-threat). We assume that digital CMC cues can serve a face-management function. Hence, based on the assumption that East Asians, relative to Americans, tend to be more concerned with face-management, we expected East Asians to use more emoji and emoticons than Americans, especially in threatening situations. Our results supported our hypotheses: East Asians used significantly more CMC cues overall, and displayed greater situational sensitivity (i.e., used more situationally-congruent CMC cues). Moreover, there were significant, positive correlations between emoji use and scores on collectivism and interdependent self-construal. The preference for emoji use by East Asians does not appear to be a function of poorer English language proficiency; in Experiment 3 there was a significant positive correlation between ESL proficiency and emoji use. We discuss these findings in the context of past cross-cultural communication research as well as politeness theory and face-negotiation theory.
Equivalence between Nonlinear Differential and Difference Equation Models Using Kernel Invariance Methods

Actual modeling studies are based on discrete-time (sampled) data and yield discrete-time models, although the actual physiological processes may occur in continuous time. In the case of nonlinear parametric models (i.e., differential or difference equations), the physiological interpretation of the estimated model parameters may change considerably between discrete-time and continuous-time representations. Thus, methods for defining the equivalence between nonlinear parametric models in continuous-time (differential equations) and discrete-time (difference equations) are critically needed to assist in model interpretation. This paper presents the “kernel invariance method”, which is a conceptual extension of the “impulse invariance method” in linear system modeling. This method uses as a canonical representation the general Volterra model form of nonlinear systems and requires that the sampled continuous-time kernels (corresponding to the differential equation) be identical to the discrete-time kernels (corresponding to the equivalent difference equation). The actual implementation of this method may become unwieldy in the general case, but it appears to be tractable in certain cases of low-order nonlinear systems. Two illustrative examples of a quadratic system are presented that make use of 1st-order and 2nd-order kernel invariance.
13C-nuclear magnetic resonance-spectral studies of labeled glycophorins.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance-spectral studies of labeled glycophorins. The family of glycophorins comprises the predominant, transmembrane sialoglycoproteins found in the human, erythocyte membrane. This glycoprotein family is known to consist of glycophorins A, B, and C, which had earlier been identified as periodic acid-Schiff reagent (PAS) bands 1, 2, and 3, respectively on the basis of their sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis patterns. The chapter examines the possible role that the lysine residues, N-terminal amino acid residues, and carbohydrate residues may play in the display of the MN blood-group determinants by glycophorins AM, AN, and BN. Assuming that the N-terminal amino acid in each of these glycoproteins plays a prominent role in the display of the MN blood-group determinant, 13C labels were placed on the N-terminal amino acid residues of the glycoproteins. As a result of the work, a number of conclusions are drawn concerning the display of the MN blood-group determinants. It is indicated that a portion of the glycoprotein, not near the N-terminus (possibly lysine residues), may influence the structure about the N-terminus. The titration studies of the various glycopeptides indicated that the carbohydrate residues, especially D-Gal and D-GalNAc, appear to influence the structure around the N-terminus significantly.
Tm/sup 3+/ spectroscopy and amplifier performance of antimony silicate glasses

Summary form only given. Antimony silicates are surprisingly good hosts for Tm/sup 3+/ for 14 xx applications. Compositional dependencies of thulium spectroscopy and 14 xx emission lifetimes will be reviewed, and the performance of Tm-doped antimony silicate gain media will be discussed.
Radiation Effects in Fission and Fusion Reactors

Since the prediction of “Wigner disease” [1] and the subsequent observation of anisotropic growth of the graphite used in the Chicago Pile, the effects of radiation on materials has been an important technological concern. The broad field of radiation effects impacts many critical advanced technologies, ranging from semiconductor processing to severe materials degradation in nuclear reactor environments. Radiation effects also occur in many natural environments, ranging from deep space to inside the Earth’s crust. As selected examples that involve many basic phenomena that cross-cut and illustrate the broader impacts of radiation exposure on materials, this article focuses on modeling microstructural changes in iron-based ferritic alloys under high-energy neutron irradiation relevant to light water fission reactor pressure vessels. We also touch briefly on radiation effects in structural alloys for fusion reactor first wall and blanket structures; in this case the focus is on modeling the evolution of self-interstitial atom clusters and dislocation loops. Note, since even the narrower topic of structural materials for nuclear energy applications encompass a vast literature dating from 1942, the references included in this article are primarily limited to these two narrower subjects. Thus, the references cited here are presented as examples, rather than comprehensive bibliographies. However, the interested reader is referred to proceedings of continuing symposia series that have been sponsored by several organizations, several monographs [2, 3, 4] and key journals (e.g., Journal of Nuclear Materials, Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids).
Using mutant mice to study the role of voltage-gated calcium channels in the retina.

Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are critical to numerous cellular functions including synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release. Mutations in individual subunits of VGCCs are known to result in a wide array of neurological disorders including episodic ataxia, epilepsy, and migraines. The characterization of these disorders has focused on channel function within the brain. However, a defect in the retina-specific a1F subunit of an L-type VGCC results is a loss of visual sensitivity or the incomplete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2). Based on the electroretinographic phenotype of these patients this channel type is localized to the axon terminal of photoreceptor cells and results in a loss of signal transmission from photoreceptors to bipolar cells. A mouse with a deletion of thes2subunit of VGCCs in the central nervous system was recently shown to have a similar phenotype as CSNB2 patients. The identification of the role of VGCCs in this disorder highlights the potential association of other VGCC mutations with retinal disorders. The study of the role of these channels in normal retinal function may also be elucidated by the characterization of retinal structure and visual function in the numerous knockout, transgenic, and naturally occurring mouse mutants currently available.
DNA hybridization to compare species compositions of natural bacterioplankton assemblages.

Little is known about the species composition and variability of natural bacterial communities, mostly because conventional identification requires pure cultures, but less than 1% of active natural bacteria are cultivable. This problem was circumvented by comparing species compositions via hybridization of total DNA of natural bacterioplankton communities for the estimation of the fraction of DNA in common between two samples (similarity). DNA probes that were labeled with 35S by nick translation were hybridized to filter-bound DNA in a reciprocal fashion; similarities (in percent) were calculated by normalizing the values to self-hybridizations. In tests with DNA mixtures of pure cultures, the experimentally observed similarities agreed with expectations. However, reciprocal similarities (probe and target reversed) were often asymmetric, unlike those of DNA from single strains. This was due to the relative complexity and G + C content of DNA, which provided a means to interpret the asymmetry that was occasionally observed in natural samples. Natural bacteria were collected by filtration from Long Island Sound (LIS), N.Y., the Caribbean and Sargasso seas, and a coral reef lagoon near Bermuda. The samples showed similarities of less than 10 to 95%. The LIS and Sargasso and Caribbean sea samples were 20 to 50% similar to each other. The coral reef sample was less than 10% similar to the others, indicating its unique composition. Seasonality was also observed; an LIS sample obtained in the autumn was 40% similar to two LIS samples obtained in the summer; these latter two samples were 95% similar. We concluded that total DNA hybridization is a rapid, simple, and unbiased method for investigating the variation of bacterioplankton species composition over time and space, avoiding the need of culturing.
Assistive device use and mobility-related factors among adults aged≥65years.

Abstract Introduction Examining how assistive device (cane, walker) use relates to other mobility factors can provide insight into older adults' future mobility needs. Methods Data come from the Second Injury Control and Risk Survey, Phase 2 (ICARIS2-P2), conducted from March 2007 to May 2008. Prevalence estimates were calculated for older adults (aged ≥ 65) and multivariable logistic regression was used to explore associations between assistive device use and mobility-related characteristics. Result Compared with non-users, assistive device users were more likely to report a recent fall (AOR 12.0; 95% CI 4.9–29.3), limit walking outside due to concerns about falling (AOR 7.1; 95% CI 2.6–19.1), be unable to walk outside for 10 min without resting (AOR 3.3; 95% CI 1.1–9.3), and be no longer driving (AOR 6.7; 95% CI 2.0–22.3). Conclusion Assistive device users have limited mobility and an increased risk for fall injury compared with non-users. Practical Application Effective fall prevention interventions, and innovative transportation options, are needed to protect the mobility of this high-risk group.
Why Does Involvement in Voluntary Associations Promote Trust? Examining the Role of Network Diversity

Scholars argue that trust is fundamental to maintaining a healthy society, and consequently, recent evidence that trust may be declining in the United States has generated an interest in the determinants of trust. According to the social capital literature, particularly the work of Robert Putnam, involvement in voluntary associations influences the development of generalized trust. One way in which organizational participation is thought to foster trust is through creating more diverse, or bridging, social networks. However, scarcely any research has empirically examined this mechanism. Using data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, I test whether network diversity (ties to persons from different social backgrounds) accounts for some of the influence of organizational involvement on trust. The results suggest that the influence of involvement in multiple associations on trust is largely mediated by its influence on network diversity. In addition, while recent research observes that some predictors of trust vary by race and ethnicity, I find no differences in these relationships across non-Hispanic white, African American, and Latino respondents.
Attack and defensive behaviour in the albino rat

Abstract Attack of dominant colony males of an albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) strain, on introduced strangers, produced a non-random distribution of bites, with ventral trunk virtually never bitten. Also, vibrissae-contact of attacker and defender interfered with bites to the defender's head and upper back. The specific agonistic reactions of attacking and defending rats appeared to involve strategies based on these limitations on attack: defenders utilized ‘boxing’ and lying ‘on-the-back’ behaviour, which interposed ventral trunk and vibrissae between attacker and defender. In turn, the ‘lateral display’ permitted attackers to circumvent the defender's behaviour. Limitations on attack therefore appeared to underlie the specific agonistic behaviour of both attacking and defending rats.
History's Attic: Artifacts, Museums, and Historical Rupture in Gustav Freytag's Die verlorene Handschrift

In the past decade, scholars have directed their attention to best-selling author Gustav Freytag's lesser-known role as a cultural historian. Although these recent scholars have focused on how Freytag has traced through German history the intangibles of character and thought to secure a sense of historical roots within the country's new identity as a unified national state, the author broadens this scope by investigating whether his frequent yet overlooked focus on tangible artifacts achieves this same sense of continuity. In doing so, the author offers evidence that Freytag uses the physical strictures of historical objects to illustrate that the past is not as accessible as previously thought, a situation that makes "interpreters" of the past such as himself necessary.
Plasmon-Waveguide Resonance Studies of Ligand Binding to the Human β2-Adrenergic Receptor†

Plasmon-waveguide resonance (PWR) spectroscopy is an optical technique that can be used to probe the molecular interactions occurring within anisotropic proteolipid membranes in real time without requiring molecular labeling. This method directly monitors mass density, conformation, and molecular orientation changes occurring in such systems and allows determination of protein−ligand binding constants and binding kinetics. In the present study, PWR has been used to monitor the incorporation of the human β2-adrenergic receptor into a solid-supported egg phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer and to follow the binding of full agonists (isoproterenol, epinephrine), a partial agonist (dobutamine), an antagonist (alprenolol), and an inverse agonist (ICI-118,551) to the receptor. The combination of differences in binding kinetics and the PWR spectral changes point to the occurrence of multiple conformations that are characteristic of the type of ligand, reflecting differences in the receptor structural states produc...
Modified radiative transfer theory for a two‐layer random medium

Modified radiative transfer (MRT) equations appropriate for electromagnetic wave propagation in bounded random media are derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation with the ladder approximation and the Dyson equation with the nonlinear approximation. The MRT equations are then solved with the first-order renormalization approximation to obtain analytical results for the backscattering cross sections of a two-layer random medium with arbitrary three-dimensional correlation functions. The coherent effects of the MRT theory are illustrated and comparisons are made with backscattering cross sections obtained with the first Born approximation to the wave equation.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor degradation pathways

We know where cellular proteins come from, but know very little about where they go. This is a fairly accurate generalization, since a great deal of emphasis has been placed on understanding the synthesis of proteins, the regulation of their synthesis, and if appropriate, their posttranslational modification, assembly into complexes, and insertion into membranes. In contrast, very little attention has been paid to the details of protein turnover—cellular proteins only have a limited lifetime and are somehow degraded to be replaced by new copies, but how? This generalization is certainly applicable to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors. In summary, it seems that under resting conditions, IP3 receptors are slowly disposed of in a nonspecific manner that may involve trafficking to lysosomes, whereas activated IP3 receptors are rapidly and selectively degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:126–135. doi: 10.1002/wmts.4 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The effects of timolol on cataract extraction and intraocular pressure.

We studied the effect of timolol on post-operative intraocular pressures (IOPs) in a control and experimental group of 30 eyes, each in patients who had uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extractions, most with iris clip lenses. Closure of the eye in each case was with three 6-0 silk sutures preplaced in a morticed incision. Six control eyes had IOP increases of 6 mm Hg or more within 24 hours of surgery. One patient treated with timolol had an IOP increase of 6 mm Hg or more. The differences in IOP between the control and experimental groups were statistically significant at the .01 level. The pressure lowering ability of timolol appears to be prophylactic as well as therapeutic. It is well suited for pseudophakic eyes as pressure reduction is not associated with pupillary alterations.
State Actions for Personnel Evaluation

This article is an analysis four major policy issues associated with state actions for personnel evaluation from 1983 to 1992 and provides descriptive information about state policy actions taken during those years. Twenty states enacted their first requirements for performance evaluation, and states assumed new roles for program development, implementation, and staff development. Twenty-nine states passed legislation for performance pay programs, but only five programs remained viable by 1992. States generally avoided the issue of teacher tenure when enacting legislation for teacher evaluation. Thirty-eight states enacted 67 changes in legislation prescribing specific requirements for personnel evaluation. During the early part of the reform movement, state actions focused on accountability; toward the end of the reform movement states actions relinquished control and returned responsibility for evaluation to local school districts. Legislation varied across the states in the purpose for evaluation: improvement, continuing employment, and performance pay. The study found a positive relationship (0.48) between state control over personnel evaluation and state funding of education.
Current concepts on pulmonary host defense mechanisms in children

The respiratory tract is exposed continuously to noxious agents, microbial organisms, particles, and allergens. It has therefore evolved both innate and specific defense mechanisms. The innate host defense mechanisms include components such as collectins, beta-defensins, lactoferrin, and complement, all of which have an important role in modulating the immune response. Immune protection of the lungs by specific antibody is reviewed. The airways are protected by alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, and their origins, regulation, functions, and antimicrobial activity are summarized. Antimicrobial peptides and immune-modulating peptides are likely to have a significant therapeutic role for infection and inflammation in the respiratory tract.
Technology Complementing Military Behavioral Health Efforts at Tripler Army Medical Center

The purpose of this article is to provide a short narrative on the ways that behavioral health professionals and their patients are currently benefitting from the use of technology. Examples stem from applications of technology to patients/research participants at the Tripler Army Medical Center. The paper also discusses how current use of this technology has made it possible to serve individuals in their own cultural environment, providing a cost-effective means of providing mental health services.
Pullorum Disease in Poults

Abstract THE potential economic importance of pullorum disease in poults is indicated by several brief reports of outbreaks in widely separated geographical locations. The recent expansion in turkey raising and the widespread tendency to depend upon custom hatcheries, especially those hatching chicks, add to the potential danger. Since the recent report of Brunett (1930), which amply reviews the salient features of the reports of Hewitt (1928), Hendrickson, Dalling, Mason, Gordon (1929), and Emmel (1929), another outbreak has been noted by Devolt and Gow (1930). The latter workers characterized the sick poults as having “drawn-in” necks and showing a “bunched-up” appearance. The feathers were rough and the wings drooped. Some showed a diarrhea. Autopsy revealed both an hepatitis and an enteritis. The liver was enlarged and streaked with alternate bands of congestion and degeneration. The blood vessels of the duodenal wall were “highly injected” and the inner surface was reddened. It was . . .
Outage performance for amplify-and-forward channels with an unauthenticated relay

We investigate a relay network where the source can potentially utilize an unauthenticated amplify-and-forward (AF) relay to augment its direct transmission of a confidential message to the destination. Since the relay is unauthenticated, it is desirable to protect the confidential data from it while simultaneously making use of it to increase the reliability of the transmission. We study the likelihood of achieving simultaneously secure and reliable message transmission via the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the relay network. We first characterize the SOP for three different schemes: direct transmission, conventional AF relaying, and cooperative jamming. Subsequently, an asymptotic analysis is conducted to determine the optimal policies for different power budgets and channel gains. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical predictions of the preferred transmission policies from a secrecy outage perspective.
Astronomy: into the heart of darkness.

The Milky Way, like other galaxies, is thought to harbour a black hole at its centre. The remarkable observation of a star in close orbit around the Galactic Centre is the first firm evidence that this is so.
The serum growth-hormone response to hypoglycemia in dwarfism.

The serum growth-hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia has been measured in control subjects and patients with dwarfism of various causes. The normal response has been defined and applied to the assessment of growth-hormone function in patients with growth retardation. Definitive evaluation of growth-hormone responsiveness was possible in 58 of 59 patients with dwarfism.
Grand unification, gravitational waves, and the cosmic microwave background anisotropy

We reexamine the stochastic gravitational wave background resulting from inflation and its effect on the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). Measurement by the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite of a CMBR quadrupole anisotropy places an upper limit on the vacuum energy during inflation of \ensuremath{\approxeq}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ GeV. Gravitational waves from inflation could produce the entire observed signal if the vacuum energy during inflation was as small as 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ GeV at the 95% confidence level. This coincides with recent estimates of grand unification scales inferred from renormalization-group arguments, for Supersymmetric grand unified theories. Further tests of this possibility are examined, based on analyzing the energy density associated with gravitational waves from inflation.
Conformal frames and field equations in a conformal theory of ǵravitation

Some aspects of the field equations of the conformal theory of gravitation put forward by Hoyle and Narlikar are studied. The field equations are conformally invariant and one can use a particular conformal frame to simplify the equations, since all conformal frames are regarded as physically equivalent. However, some conformal frames may be unsuitable in some regions of space-time, and with the use of such a frame one may get an unphysical solution. The use of conformal frames and the difficulties involved are illustrated by considering a given physical situation in two different conformal frames. The physical situation is that of two isolated particles. A static solution for this situation is obtained in both frames, and it is shown that a property that is quite unphysical in one frame transforms into a physically reasonable property in the other.
Making a case for employer-enforced individual mandates

Prologue: The Clinton administrations approach to ensuring universal health insurance coverage has triggered a chorus of complaints from a variety of quarters. Among those critics who take exception to the administration's approach are economists such as Mark Pauly, who argue that there is a better way to deal with financing coverage for currently uninsured workers. In this paper Pauly argues that a special form of an individual mandate for insurance coverage will achieve the same policy objective but raise fewer employer hackles, be less unfair and distortive, help voters know what they are selecting, and assure an equal level of coverage with no more administrative hassle. As President Clinton articulated in a speech before the National Governors' Association in the summer of 1993, Americans need to realize that “health care is not something paid for by the tooth fairy, that we should all be acutely aware of the cost each of us imposes on it.” Pauly's proposal for an employer-enforced individual mandate...
Processing and hydrolytic degradation of aromatic, ortho-substituted Polyanhydrides

Polyanhydrides containing 1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane, abbreviated poly(p-CPP), are currently being used as controlled-release devices for the treatment of brain cancer. These polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible and release pharmaceuticals in a controlled fashion. However, polyanhydrides have an important drawback: The polymers themselves are highly insoluble in both organic solvents and water and have high melting temperatures, rendering them difficult to process into fibers and/or films. Previously, we synthesized polymers that overcame the solubility and, thus, processing problems associated with poly(p-CPP). In this report, we describe the mechanical properties and hydrolytic degradation characteristics of these newly developed polyanhydrides. After formation of films by either compression-molding or solvent-casting, the polymer surfaces were examined by SEM. Mechanical studies were also performed on the compression-molded samples. Compression-molded samples were sterilized by γ-irradiation and then examined by GPC for changes in their polymer structure. Lastly, the polymers and the degradation media were evaluated by TGA, DSC, GPC, and HPLC to gain a better understanding of the degradation process.
Descartes's Virtue Theory

What is the function of Cartesian virtue within the motivational and cognitive economy of the soul? In this paper I show that Cartesian virtue is a higher-order motivational disposition. Central to the interpretation I defend is Descartes’s view that the will can govern an individual’s attention. An exercise of this capacity, I argue, is a higher-order operation. Because Cartesian virtue is a resolution to focus attention on what reason deems worthy of consideration, it should therefore be understood as a higher-order disposition. To lay the groundwork for this interpretation, I examine Descartes’s theory of motivation. An examination of the sources of Cartesian motivation yields two important points for my reading: (1) that the will is not completely unconstrained in its operations and (2) that there are three sources of motivation: intellectual clarity, the will, and the passions. I show that virtue strengthens the will’s natural disposition toward intellectual clarity, thereby enabling the will to withstand the occasionally harmful sway of the passions. By strengthening the will’s disposition toward clarity, virtue at the same time safeguards the will’s freedom, enables an individual to will what seems best, and, as a result, ensures the individual’s happiness. It carries this out, I contend, insofar as it is a higher-order motivational disposition, a disposition exercised by the person of generosity.
Covariantly second-quantized string

The closed string is second-quantized using BRST invariance. By studying spin-2 sectors of the closed and open strings, it is found that the naive classical string field is insufficient to describe the covariant classical theory. The necessary additional classical fields are contained in the BRST-quantized quantum field.
Effects of dopamine on anaerobic metabolism and ciliary activity in bivalve gills.

Abstract 1. Manometric measurements show that 1 × 10−4 M dopamine (DA) stimulates the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in the gills of Modiolus demissus, Mytilus edulis, and Modiolus modiolus. 2. The stimulation of glycolysis in M. demissus gill is mimicked, to a lesser extent, by l -dopa. 3. Dopamine, in concentrations from 1 × 10−7 M to 10−4 M, inhibits lateral ciliary activity, measured stroboscopically, in M. demissus gill. 4. Dopamine and l -dopa (1 × 10−4 M) completely, but reversibly, stop metachronal wave activity in M. demissus. 5. Crawling rates of Modiolus and Mytilus gill pieces are stimulated by dopamine (1 × 10−4 M), apparently by stimulation of frontal ciliary activity.
Seizures temporally associated with nitrous oxide administration for pediatric procedural sedation

Nitrous oxide is an inhaled agent commonly used by dental staff to provide anxiolysis and analgesia for dental procedures and by anesthesia personnel as an adjunct to more potent general anesthetic gases. More recently, nitrous oxide has been used to provide sedation/analgesia for a variety of medical procedures in children outside of the operating room, including lumbar puncture, laceration repair, fracture reduction, and urologic imaging. We report 3 cases of clinical seizure activity associated with nitrous oxide administration for pediatric procedural sedation. Although temporally related, no causality is established. Review of the medical and dental literature confirm the rarity of these events.
Plastic deformation mechanisms in poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene) [ABS]

Thin films of two poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) [ABS] resins have been strained in tension, and the ensuing deformation has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy. To enhance contrast of the rubber particles, some of the specimens were stained with OsO4. Films containing only solid rubber particles 0.1 μm in diameter show little tendency for crazing. Instead, cavitation of the rubber particles occurs, together with localized shear deformation between the particles along a direction nearly normal to the tensile axis. For specimens containing a mixture of the same small particles plus larger (1.5μm diameter) particles containing glassy occlusions, some crazing does occur. Crazes tend to nucleate at the larger particles only. When crazes encounter the smaller particles these cavitate without appearing to impede or otherwise affect the craze growth. The occluded particles also show significant cavitation, with voids forming at their centres at sufficiently high levels of strain. These voids do not seem to lead to rapid craze break-down and crack propagation. In commercial ABS, which typically has both large and small rubber particles, both crazing, nucleated by the large particles, and shear deformation, encouraged by the cavitation of small rubber particles, can be expected to make important contributions to the toughness of the polymer.
Relationship between fabrication parameters and structural characteristics of sintered lithium orthosilicate

Lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) powder was synthesized by the solid-state reaction of lithium oxide with amorphous silica, and the effects of fabrication parameters on the structural characteristics of the product were investigated. Processing considerations such as milling media, drying technique, calcination time and temperature, pressing behavior, sintering time and temperatures, and impurity concentration were addressed. The initial powder particle size was observed to be important in achieving high sintered density, with densities as high as 98% TD achieved with a particle size of approximately 1 μm.
Reflection through Narrative: The Power of Narrative Inquiry in Early Childhood Teacher Education.

This article discusses the value of narrative for conceptualizing and promoting teacher research and inquiry in early childhood teacher education. The article provides an overview of essential forms and functions of narrative, paying particular attention to the contributions of narrative inquiry, which is a research framework rarely applied to early childhood education. In this discussion, we provide illustrative examples of our teaching and research with early childhood teacher researchers applying elements of narrative at the graduate level. These narrative-in-action examples are drawn from the second author's inquiry collaboration with teachers in the rural Midwest and the first author's teaching of an MA level course on narrative inquiry and memoir in a metropolitan area in northern California.
Polyanilines: In situ induced conductivity and applications thereof

Abstract In the last few years, considerable interest has been focused on the polyanilines. This class of polymers undergo doping with cationic reagents most commonly protonic acids. The doping techniques commonly used have involved reaction of the polymer with external solutions of the dopant. In this paper, we introduce novel techniques for inducing the conductivity in situ in the polyanilines thereby climinating the need for external wet solutions. These methods allow the direct processing of the conducting form of the polyaniline and simplify the development of polyaniline blends. In addition, we will describe several applications of the polyaniline in the area of lithography. This will include the use of the polymer as a discharge layer for electron-beam lithography. E-beam lithography is capable of submicron resolution and has very accurate level to level pattern overlay; however, this precise registration is limited by charging of the imaging resist. We find that various conducting polyanilines can successfully prevent charging during e-beam patterning of resists, i.e. no pattern distortions are observed as compared to the case where a conducting material is not incorporated. The use of polyanilines as removable discharge layers for high resolution inspection and dimensional measurement of x-ray and optical masks by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) will also be presented.
Effects of Chronic Epileptic Foci on Control of Pyramidal Tract Neurons in Monkeys

Five Macaca mulatta monkeys were operantly conditioned to control the firing patterns of single precentral pyramidal tract neurons. The accuracy with which the monkeys could control normal PTNs from within the focus was significantly poorer than PTNs from contralateral, homotopic cortex. In comparison to nonepileptic monkeys, there was no significant difference in the accuracy with which PTNs from cortex contralateral to interictal foci were controlled. By contrast, comparison of the time necessary to gain accurate control over individual PTNs from contralateral cortex showed the epileptic monkeys to be significantly encumbered when compared to nonepileptic monkeys. These data suggest that interictal foci produce "noise" in remote regions of brain that are involved in an operant task requiring a high degree of discrimination.
The current status of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells.

Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells may provide a novel treatment for a number of congenital hematologic and immunologic diseases. Retroviral vectors are currently the most effective gene transfer system, but they have significant limitations. New approaches using other vector systems, stem
Effect of copper based preservatives treatment of the properties of southern pine LVL

Abstract This work reports the effect of copper based preservatives treatment namely copper azole (CA-B), micronized copper azole (MicroCA) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ-C) on the physical and mechanical properties of southern pine laminated veneer lumber (LVL) bonded with cross-linked thermoplastic PVAc (XPVAc) or thermoset phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. Three treatment procedures, pre-dip treatment of veneers, vacuum-pressure treatment of LVL and post-dip treatment of LVL were used for treatments. The preservatives retention of non-pressure treated veneers and LVL vary from 0.67 to 1.9 kg/m 3 while the retentions for samples pressure treated vary from 4.0 to 9.6 kg/m 3 also similar to retention for ground contact applications for solid wood. Density, water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), hardness, tensile shear strength, wood failure and delaminations were evaluated and no significant reduction due to treatments was observed, suggesting that such process can be used to treat LVL and therefore increase the service life of such products against biological deterioration.
One step time propagation method for systems with time-dependent Hamiltonians

Abstract A one step time propagation method for systems with time-dependent Hamiltonians is proposed. The essential feature of the method is the use of a smallest grid with only two points to represent the physical time coordinate. The method is in principle the most efficient possible among those based on an extended Hilbert space formalism. The efficiency is gained in sacrificing unphysical information contained in the vectors of an extended Hilbert space. The method is implemented and tested using an one-dimensional model system. The Chebyshev implementation of the method is found of capable of longer than 10 ns time propagation.
Natural anti-carbohydrate IgM in mice: dependence on age and strain

Natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies in humans play a key role in natural immunity and in recognition of allogeneic and xenogeneic antigens. Presumably, natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies in mice have similar functions; but these antibodies have not been extensively characterized. An assay was developed and used to screen for anti-carbohydrate IgM in the serum of BDF-1 mice. Among the natural anti-carbohydrate IgM identified, anti-βGlcNAc IgM were the most abundant. Anti-βGlcNAc IgG was not detected. Levels of anti-βGlcNAc IgM were very low in 3-week-old BDF-1 mice and increased until 5 to 7 months of age. Levels of serum anti-βGlcNAc IgM similar to those in BDF-1 mice were found in the serum of some strains related to the BDF-1 strain (DBA and C57BL/6) and in BDF mice lacking the galactosyl transferase gene. However, in two strains unrelated to the BDF-1 strain (FVB and SJL), levels of anti-βGlcNAc IgM were less than one-tenth of those found in BDF-1 mice. These results provide considerable insight into the effect of age on the production of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies in mice and indicate that production of those antibodies is strongly dependent on the strain of mouse. These studies will help in future development of murine models for studying the biological and medical roles of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies.
Sex Differences in Stress Generation: An Examination of Sociotropy/Autonomy, Stress, and Depressive Symptoms

Hammen (1991) proposed that both individual characteristics and depressive symptomatology may explain the stress generation process, in which individuals contribute, in part, to a more stressful environment for themselves. Nonetheless, research has not teased apart the impact of vulnerability factors and depressive symptomatology on this process. Ninety-nine college students, selected to be variable on personality vulnerabilities of sociotropy and autonomy, were followed for 6 weeks. Weekly depressive symptoms and stressful life events that were likely caused in part by the individual (dependent stress) were assessed. Multilevel modeling results indicated that prior-week depressive symptoms significantly predicted current-week dependent interpersonal stress levels. A significant sex-by-sociotropy effect emerged such that being female and scoring high on sociotropy predicted higher levels of dependent interpersonal stress. This interpersonal stress generation effect for women partially mediated the relationship between sociotropy and depressive symptoms.
Vetoes Overridable by Simple Majorities

Conventional wisdom has it that the absolute (purely negative) veto is ineffective when overridable by a simple majority. That is flatly false. The examples that prove this surprising fact are themselves surprisingly ordinary yet oddly resistant to direct observation. They reveal virtues of a neglected institutional design.
The present status of our knowledge of the sub-species of anopheles maculipennis

Abstract The six varieties of A. maculipennis, as identified by their eggs, are each to be found in a number of different areas which are widely separated geographically. Within its own climatic range, the presence of a given sub-species is determined by the orohydrographical conditions of the area, or more particularly, the character of the surface water which the insect requires for oviposition. No observations as yet suggest that an environment or micro-environment suited to the adult of either sex can determine the presence or prevalence of any subspecies. It has not been shown that individuals laying the same kind of egg vary significantly in physiology or behaviour, even if they come from different regions. Our surveys of new zones proceed, therefore, on the assumption that the egg type will serve to identify the sub-species, which is broadly homogeneous throughout its range, in spite of adaptations to local conditions. Such modifications are apt to be quantitative (as in duration of sexual repose in winter, or range of micro-climatic tolerance) rather than qualitative and genotypic. The biological differences between sub-species are such as apparently to preclude hybridization in nature and while cross-mating has occurred in the laboratory, successive hybrid generations have never been obtained. The sub-species differ also in the frequency and regularity with which they bite man under the present conditions of rural life, and since this determines the amount of malaria transmission, some races are more consistent vectors than others. Thus, maculzpennis (typicus) and melanoon have little contact with man, labranchiae and elutus are continually penetrating into houses in relatively large numbers wherever these races occur, while messeae and atroparvus are easily deviated by domestic animals but overflow into human habitations in search of food under various circumstances, among which are a disproportionate density of anophelines, a scarcity of animals, or the stimulus of certain physical conditions, such as temperature, humidity, etc. Under identical conditions the various sub-species behave quite differently, being drawn by diverse instincts into different environments and to different hosts. This in general explains their separate roles in the spread of malaria, but whether a given sub-species becomes a vector or not in a given locality depends also on a complex of local conditions, which may in one place lead it into continual contact with man, or in another restrict it to animals to such a degree as to render malaria transmission highly improbable. The range of adaptation of labranchiae and elutus is so wide, however, that there is no region in which either is known to be effectively deviated by domestic animals.
High altitude aircraft remote sensing during the 1988 Yellowstone national park wildfires

An overview is presented of the effects of the wildfires that occurred in the Yellowstone National Park during 1988 and the techniques employed to combat these fires with the use of remote sensing. The fire management team utilized King-Air and Merlin aircraft flying night missions with a thermal IR line-scanning system. NASA-Ames Research Center assisted with an ER-2 high altitude aircraft with the ability to down-link active data from the aircraft via a teledetection system. The ER-2 was equipped with a multispectral Thematic Mapper Simulator scanner and the resultant map data and video imagery was provided to the fire command personnel for field evaluation and fire suppression activities. This type of information proved very valuable to the fire control management personnel and to the continuing ecological research goals of NASA-Ames scientists analyzing the effects of burn type and severity on ecosystem recovery and development.