cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Christianness of Othello

,ozr R ANY critics of Othello have stressed the Christianness of it, and certainly they have much ground. Shakespeare wrote for a Christian audience, was himself Christian by rearing, and gave his play a Christian setting. Many of its speeches are Christian in ring and signification, as when Othello tells Desdemona to pray, since "I would not kill thy unprepared spirit" (V. ii. 31). Biblical echoes appear too; Iago's "I am not what I am" seems a parody of "I am that I am", and Othello's telling himself as he stands over the sleeping Desdemona that his "sorrow's heavenly. / It strikes where it doth love" (V. ii. 20) suggests "Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth." Such biblical allusion, says Roy W. Battenhouse, is "important as signaling a dimension by which to read the play." Even so it is, he thinks, "less significant than biblical analogue", which he and others find in profusion. Thus Joseph A. Bryant, Jr., explains that "Othello in this play reflects . . . the office of God and ... Cassio . . . is Shakespeare's figure of Adam." Desdemona is the spotless victim (Christ) that Iago (Satan, of course) causes Othello to slay in consequence of Cassio's fall. Irving Ribner holds a similar position: "Desdemona, the audience knows, stands for mercy and forgiveness. . . . She is a reflection of Christ, who must die at the hands of man, but out of whose death may spring man's redemption." John Vyvyan thinks it important for understanding Othello that ". . . the life of Judas ... might have been Shakespeare's paradigm of tragedy.... '" Plainly these views may have substance, since Othello is Christian in a sense. But whether its Christianness will bear the full statement that some critics make of it seems open to much question. Especially we must ask how Battenhouse's Christian "dimension by which to read the play" relates to the imitation. What action is Othello an imitation of according to interpretation by the Christian "dimension"? Adam's? Judas'? Everyman's? Does reading by the Christian "dimension" ratify for the world of the play the Christian revelation? A crucial point here is that a play may confirm' to the audience a particular kind of ulti-
Measurement of monoterpene hydrocarbon levels in vapor phase surrounding single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.: Pinaceae) understory litter.

A headspace air-sampling experiment was performed in the laboratory to determine the identity and concentrations of monoterpene hydrocarbons that could be attained in the vapor phase surrounding single-leaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.) understory litter using controlled air collection conditions at a simulated field temperature of 37.8°C. The total monoterpene hydrocarbon content in 21 sequential samples of air collected from a sealed glass carboy packed with 1.44 kg of single-leaf pinyon litter equivalent to a bulk density of 0.15 g/cm3 averaged 3.56 ± 1.04 mg/liter. The monoterpenesα-pinene and camphene were present in the vapor phase at the highest concentrations, averaging 2.40±0.64 and 0.68±0.22 mg/ liter, respectively. Myrcene,β-pinene, 3-carene,β-phellandrene, andγ-terpinene were all present at average concentrations below 0.30 mg/liter. The first two traps of the sequential air samples yielded the highest concentrations for the monoterpene hydrocarbons; however, the average total levels were relatively stable throughout the remaining 19 traps. Therefore, the data indicate that these hydrocarbons volatilize from the source pinyon litter and maintain an equilibrium in the vapor phase. Although this analysis was conducted using an artificial system, combined with results from our previous studies, mounting evidence indicates that monoterpene hydrocarbons present in the vapor phase of the single-leaf pinyon understory may be toxic to a variety of native plant species and thus further implicates allelopathy as a significant contributor to the observed patterning of associated vegetation in these forests.
Gene Expression Profiles of Inflammatory Myopathies

The simultaneous expression of 10,000 genes was measured, using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays, in muscle specimens from 45 patients with various myopathies (dystrophy, congenital myopathy, and inflammatory myopathy) examined at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Effective Hamiltonians for Resonance Interaction Dynamics and Interdisciplinary Analogies

Abstract Resonance interactions of oscillators are responsible for fundamental effects in different areas of physics and classical mechanics. The resonance between any two oscillators/modes destroys their individuality by generating a new effective oscillator of energy flow between the two parent oscillators, which is known as beating. In particular, the fundamental character of such energy exchange oscillators is revealed by the fact of their exact integrability in many physically reasonable cases. The present work illustrates such a standpoint on elastic oscillators, discrete liquid sloshing models, and ‘macroscopic’ quantum dynamics related to Josephson's effects. In the case of elastic oscillations, a strongly nonlinear conservative oscillator describing the dynamics of energy partition between two identical linearly coupled oscillators with polynomial restoring force characteristics is analyzed.
Group pharmacotherapy for withdrawn schizophrenic patients.

A method is described in which regressed schizophrenic patients on maintenance doses of neuroleptics receive their prescriptions in a group setting. Guided by the therapist, they learn to experienc...
A null model for cortical representations with grandmothers galore

ABSTRACTThere has been extensive discussion in the literature about the extent to which cortical representations can be described as localist or distributed. Here, we discuss a simple null model that encompasses a family of related architectures describing the transformation of signals throughout the parts of the visual system involved in object recognition. This family of models constitutes a rigorous first approximation to explain the neurophysiological properties of ventral visual cortex. This null model contains both distributed and local representations throughout the entire hierarchy of computations and the responses of individual units are meaningful and interpretable when encoding is adequately defined for each computational stage.
The importance of male body size on sperm uptake and usage, and female fecundity in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Background Adult mosquito density is a critical factor in the transmission of arboviruses by container Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Female fecundity drives population growth, and therefore contributes to adult mosquito density. Previous studies have focused on female body size as the major determinant of fecundity, paying little attention to male condition. In this study, we examined the effects of male body size on the abundance of sperm in spermatheca, depletion of sperm over time, and female fecundity.
Urinary Catheter Management for Nonurologists: A Resident Driven Educational Initiative

Abstract Introduction Prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection relies on timely catheter removal and care of indwelling catheters. Educational and quality improvement initiatives to prevent catheter associated urinary tract infection should address the basics of urinary catheter placement and management. Internal medicine residents are an appropriate target for these efforts and they may lack formal training in these issues. We developed a resident driven orientation session that covers basic Foley catheter management principles called the TIPS (Troubleshooting, Indications and Practice Sessions) program. Methods Urology residents at our institution were queried on common consultations for urinary catheter related issues. The incoming intern internal medicine class at our institution completed a pre-TIPS survey that evaluated their baseline urological experience and knowledge. A 1-hour didactic session led by urology residents was followed by hands-on directed practice with mannequins. The web based survey was repeated 1 month later. Results Of the total of 60 residents 54 (90%) completed the initial survey. In medical school 38 of 54 residents (70%) had never rotated in urology. Upon repeating the survey at 1 month the response rate was 34 of 60 residents (57%). The proportion of residents confident in their ability to troubleshoot catheter problems increased from 50% to 88% (p Conclusions A focused educational session about common urological catheter management scenarios resulted in improved internal medicine resident confidence in catheter troubleshooting and knowledge of basic urinary catheter placement indications. These educational sessions may be a method to improve nonurology resident education and awareness of common urological issues.
Cystectomy for Neurogenic Bladder

Patients with a myriad of neurologic conditions can develop urinary symptoms as a result of impaired bladder function. Conservative management options for neurogenic bladder (NGB) may include catheterization and medical therapy. However, refractory individuals may require more aggressive intervention such as onabotulinumtoxinA injections or bladder augmentation. As a last resort, urinary diversion may be indicated for end-stage lower urinary tract dysfunction secondary to NGB. Urinary diversion may be performed with or without cystectomy. However, leaving the defunctionalized bladder in situ may lead to pyocystis, secondary carcinoma, or pain. As a result, there has been an increasing trend to perform a concomitant cystectomy at the time of urinary diversion. While this eliminates the sequelae of the retained bladder, performing a cystectomy at the time of urinary diversion can also increase the morbidity of the procedure.
Review Article: Is There a Role for Antifibrotics in the Treatment of Urological Disease? A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Introduction The discovery of biological targets in the fibrosis pathway has led to the advent of many potential therapies for fibrotic diseases. During the last 2 decades an increasing number of large, randomized studies on antifibrotic medications in urology have evaluated its efficacy, safety and long-term outcomes. Although there are many established therapeutics with antifibrotic properties, we focused on the 6 antifibrotic agents that are most currently relevant to the field of urology, including clostridial collagenase histolyticum, mitomycin C, halofuginone, triamcinolone acetonide, verapamil and interferon. We evaluate and summarize the existing published literature on these antifibrotic drugs with a particular emphasis on their safety and efficacy in urological diseases. Methods Using the MEDLINE® database, Cochrane Library Central Search, Web of Science and Google Scholar we reviewed all published articles from 1976 to 2016 using the search terms antifibrotics and urology. The literature was searched for pharmaceuticals with antifibrotic properties and efficacy in urological disease, and the 6 most extensively researched drugs were documented. These antifibrotic drugs were then individually reviewed using the databases previously mentioned, and the safety, efficacy and long-term outcomes of each drug were analyzed and summarized. Results Our search yielded 63 peer reviewed publications on the use of antifibrotic agents in the field of urology. Clostridial collagenase histolyticum has been studied the most thoroughly in this group, with 19 articles and Food and Drug Administration approval for use in Peyronie’s disease. The majority of the publications was prospective or randomized controlled studies. Mitomycin C and triamcinolone acetonide can reduce urethral stricture recurrence at a mean followup period of 1 to 2 years and mitomycin C has been effective in curing recurrent bladder neck contractures. Halofuginone and verapamil have shown efficacy for Peyronie’s disease and urethral stricture. Conclusions This systematic review summarizes the existing literature on the use of antifibrotic drugs for urological disease. Safety, efficacy and long-term outcomes for each drug are evaluated for various disease types and current recommendations for use are reviewed. This systematic review also details the potential therapeutic roles of several antifibrotic medications for treating common urological conditions and diseases, showing that they can be important, useful and effective additions to the urologist’s armamentarium.
The association of pre-operative body pain diagram scores with pain outcomes following total knee arthroplasty

Summary Objective Approximately 20% of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) recipients have suboptimal pain relief. We evaluated the association between pre-surgical widespread body pain and incomplete pain relief following TKA. Method This prospective analysis included 241 patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing unilateral TKA who completed questionnaires preoperatively and up to 12 months post-operatively. Questionnaires included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain scale and a body pain diagram. We derived the number of non-index painful body regions from the diagram. We used Poisson regression to determine the association between painful body regions identified preoperatively and both WOMAC pain at follow-up and improvement in pain as defined by the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Results Mean subject age was 66 years (SD 9), and 61% were females. Adjusting for age, sex, co-morbid conditions, baseline pain, pain catastrophizing, and mental health, we found that more widespread body pain was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting 12-month WOMAC pain score >15 (relative risk [RR] per painful body region 1.39, 95% CI 1.18–1.63) and a greater likelihood of failing to achieve the MCID (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.16–1.86).). Pain catastrophizing was an independent predictor of persistent pain and failure to improve by the MCID (RR 3.57, 95% CI 1.73–7.31). Conclusions Pre-operative widespread pain was associated with greater pain at 12-months and failure to reach the MCID. Widespread pain as captured by the pain diagram, along with the pain catastrophizing score, may help identify persons with suboptimal TKA outcome.
Abstract 545: Redox-Sensitive Regulation of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Bone marrow failure is a group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders that affect one or more lineages of blood cells. Hematopoietic progenitor cells are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress. ROS impair the self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow and cause bone marrow failure. Glutaredoxin (Grx) is an antioxidant enzyme important for many cellular processes such as resistance against oxidative stress, DNA synthesis, sulfur assimilation, apoptosis, and cellular differentiation. However, the role of Grx in hematopoietic progenitor cells remains unknown. We study the role of Grx in hematopoietic progenitor cells using Grx KO mice as the model system. Bone marrow cells were isolated from 9-10 weeks old wild type and Grx KO mice and the ratio of KSL cells, total blood count and p38 activation was studied. Our results showed no significant difference on the ratio of KSL cells between wild type and Grx KO mice in basal condition. There is also no significant difference in the numbers of red blood cells, lymphocytes, white blood cells and platelet in basal condition between wild type mice and Grx KO. Interestingly, upon hydrogen peroxide treatment, there is higher level of p38 activation in Grx KO mice compared to wild type mice. Our results suggest that Grx is involved in redox-sensitive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Grx may play a regulatory role in the prevention of bone marrow failure.
New Speech Related Features in GSM

This section introduces and describes the three most recent speech related features which have been, or are being, introduced into GSM; the Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR), Tandem Free Operation (TFO), and the Adaptive Multi-rate Codec (AMR).
Partisan Judicial Speech and Recusal Procedure

Associate Professor Appleby has written a thoughtful comment criticising the Supreme Court’s self-recusal procedure.1 She and I are in complete agreement that permitting a potentially biased judge ...
The Quest for Regulating the Global Diamond Trade

Campaign efforts by NGOs initially put conflict diamonds on the global radar screen in the late 1990s. In response, the Kimberley Process (KP), a negotiation forum between states, NGOs, and industry, was formed to discuss possible solutions to curb the trade in conflict diamonds. Less than three years later, a voluntary, global certification named the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was adopted. The KPCS regulates the trade of rough diamonds by certifying all legitimate diamonds. This paper outlines the problem of conflict diamonds, how a global campaign raised awareness about the issue, and how the process of solution building unfolded in the KP. My analysis focuses on the diverse set of actors (NGOs, states, and industry) and their changing interactions over the course of the campaign and global regulation efforts. I conclude with several key lessons that capture important elements observed in this case study.
Evaluation of a novel cryoablation system: in vivo testing in a chronic porcine model.

OBJECTIVE Cryoablation is commonly used at present in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there have been few studies examining the efficacy of the commonly used ablation devices. This report compares the efficacy of two cryoprobes in creating transmural endocardial lesions on the beating heart in a porcine model for chronic AF. METHODS In six Hanford miniature swine, the right atrial appendage and the inferior vena cava were isolated using a bipolar radiofrequency clamp to create areas of known conduction block. A connecting ablation line was performed endocardially via a purse string with the novel malleable 10-cm Cryo1 probe for 2 minutes at -40°C. Additional ablation lines were created with the Cryo1 and the 3.5-cm 3011 Maze Linear probe on the right and the left atrial wall. Epicardial activation mapping was performed before and immediately after ablation as well as 14 days postoperatively. Histologic examination was performed 14 days postoperatively. RESULTS Transmural lesions were confirmed in 83/84 cross-sections (99%) for the Cryo1 probe and in 40/41 cross-sections (98%) for the 3011 Maze Linear probe. There was no difference between the devices in lesion width (mean ± SD, Cryo1, 10.7 ± 3.5 mm; 3011, 10.0 ± 3.9 mm; P = 0.31), lesion depth (Cryo1, 4.5 ± 1.7 mm; 3011, 4.6 ± 1.5 mm; P = 0.74), or atrial wall thickness (Cryo1, 4.5 ± 1.8 mm; 3011, 4.7 ± 1.7 mm; P = 0.74). There was a conduction delay across the right atrial ablation line (20 ± 2 milliseconds vs 51 ± 8 milliseconds, P < 0.001) that remained unchanged at 14 days (51 ± 8 milliseconds vs 52 ± 10 milliseconds, P = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS The Cryo1 probe created transmural lesions on the beating heart, resulting in sustained conduction delay. Both probes had a similar performance in lesion geometry in this chronic animal model.
Modeling the single and multiple scattering properties of soot-laden mineral dust aerosols

Fractal particle morphologies are employed to study the light scattering properties of soot-laden mineral dust aerosols. The applicability of these models is assessed in comparison with measurements and other numerical studies. To quantify the dust-soot mixing effects on the single and multiple scattering properties, a parameterization of the effective bulk properties is developed. Based on the parameterized bulk properties, polarized one-dimensional radiative transfer simulations are performed. The results indicate that small uncertainties in conjunction with soot contamination parameters may lead to large uncertainties in both forward and inverse modeling involving mineral dust contaminated with soot.
Familie der Picornaviren (Enteroviren- und Rhinoviren-Gruppe)

Die Picornaviridae sind kleine, Ather-resistente Viren, die RNS als Genom besitzen. Ihre als Einzelstrang vorliegende Nucleinsaure besitzt ein Molekulargewicht von 2−2,8 × 106 und macht etwa 30% der Partikelmasse aus. Das Nucleocapsid besitzt eine kubische Symmetrie, eine Hullmembran, essentielle Lipide und Kohlenhydrate fehlen; der Durchmesser betragt 20–30 nm. Die Virusreifung findet im Cytoplasma der Zelle statt. Zu dieser Famiue gehoren 2 Genera: Enterovirus und Rhinovirus.
Geometric Separation in $$\mathbb {R}^3$$

The geometric separation problem, initially posed by Donoho and Kutyniok (Commun Pure Appl Math 66:1–47, 2013), aims to separate a distribution containing a non-trivial superposition of point and curvilinear singularities into its distinct geometric constituents. The solution proposed in Donoho and Kutyniok (2013) considers expansions with respect to a combined wavelet-curvelet dictionary and applies an $$\ell ^1$$ -norm minimization over the expansion coefficients to achieve separation asymptotically at fine scales. However, the original proof of this result uses a heavy machinery relying on sparse representations of Fourier integral operators which does not extend directly to the 3D setting. In this paper, we extend the geometric separation result to the 3D setting using a novel and simpler argument which relies in part on techniques developed by the authors for the shearlet-based analysis of curvilinear edges. Our new result also yields a significantly simpler proof of the original 2D geometric separation problem and extends a prior result by the authors which was limited to piecewise linear singularities.
(Short Paper) PieceWork: Generalized Outsourcing Control for Proofs of Work

Most prominent cryptocurrencies utilize proof of work (PoW) to secure their operation, yet PoW suffers from two key undesirable properties. First, the work done is generally wasted, not useful for anything but the gleaned security of the cryptocurrency. Second, PoW is naturally outsourceable, leading to inegalitarian concentration of power in the hands of few so-called pools that command large portions of the system’s computation power.
Police Officers’ and Victim Advocates’ Perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program:

This study is a preliminary assessment of police officers’ and victim advocates’ experiences with and perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP), a program involving the collaboration between police departments and domestic violence (DV) agencies designed to prevent fatal and serious DV. Participants included 168 officers from 22 police departments and 63 advocates from 10 DV agencies. Results from online surveys indicated that officers and advocates had favorable perceptions of one another. Officers found the LAP to be less effective as a tool to deal with DV cases than advocates. Analysis of qualitative data revealed that officers and advocates identified a number of positive by-products of the LAP, but officers cited more negative by-products than advocates. Recommendations for policy and future research are provided.
Optimal strategies for monitoring irrigation water quality

Abstract The quality of irrigation water drawn from surface water sources varies greatly. This is particularly true for waters that are subject to intermittent contamination events such as runoff from rainfall or direct entry of livestock upstream of use. Such pollution in irrigation systems increases the risk of food crop contamination and require adoption of best monitoring practices. Therefore, this study aimed to define optimal strategies for monitoring irrigation water quality. Following the analysis of 1357 irrigation water samples for Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and physical and chemical parameters, the following key irrigation water collection approaches are suggested: 1) explore up to 950 m upstream to ensure no major contamination or outfalls exists; 2) collect samples before 12:00 p.m. local time; 3) collect samples at the surface of the water at any point across the canal where safe access is available; and 4) composite five samples and perform a single E. coli assay. These recommendations comprehensively consider the results as well as sampling costs, personnel effort, and current scientific knowledge of water quality characterization. These strategies will help to better characterize risks from microbial pathogen contamination in irrigation waters in the Southwest United States and aid in risk reduction practices for agricultural water use in regions with similar water quality, climate, and canal construction.
Requirements for What Endpoint

In Chapter 2, we noted that calcium was a threshold nutrient and we introduced the term “minimum daily requirement” (MDR), defined as the intake just sufficient to get an individual up to the bone retention threshold, i.e., the point at which no further increase in bone mass will occur despite further increases in calcium intake. The concept of an MDR has been largely abandoned for many other nutrients, but it remains apt for calcium, as Fig. 1 in Chapter 2 shows graphically.
Integration of Reaction Kinetics Theory and Gene Expression Programming to Infer Reaction Mechanism

Mechanistic mathematical models of biomolecular systems have been used to describe biological phenomena in the hope that one day these models may be used to enhance our fundamental understanding of these phenomena, as well as to optimize and engineer biological systems. An evolutionary algorithm capable of formulating mass action kinetic models of biological systems from time series data sets was developed for a system of n-species. The strategy involved using a gene expression programming (GEP) based approach and heuristics based on chemical kinetic theory. The resulting algorithm was successfully validated by recapitulating a nonlinear model of viral dynamics using only a “noisy” set of time series data. While the system analyzed for this proof-of-principle study was relatively small, the approach presented here is easily parallelizable making it amenable for use with larger systems. Additionally, greater efficiencies may potentially be realized by further taking advantage of the problem domain along with future breakthroughs in computing power and algorithmic advances.
Detection of misfolded rhodopsin aggregates in cells by Förster resonance energy transfer

Rhodopsin is the light receptor in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina that plays a central role in phototransduction and rod photoreceptor cell health. Rhodopsin mutations are the leading known cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, a retinal degenerative disease. A majority of rhodopsin mutations cause misfolding and aggregation of the apoprotein opsin. The nature of aggregates formed by misfolded rhodopsin mutants and the associated cell toxicity is poorly understood. Misfolding rhodopsin mutants have been characterized biochemically, and categorized as either partial or complete misfolding mutants. This classification is incomplete and does not provide sufficient information to fully understand rhodopsin aggregation, disease pathogenesis, and evaluate therapeutic strategies. To better understand the aggregation of misfolded rhodopsin mutants, a Forster resonance energy transfer assay has been developed to monitor the aggregation of fluorescently tagged mutant rhodopsins expressed in live cells.
Bayesian Network Modeling of Airport Runway Incursion Occurring Processes for Predictive Accident Control

This paper examines how runway incursion, one of the major risks in aviation system, arise and propagate during communications and operations necessary for air traffic control. Runway incursions (RIs) refer to incorrect presences of aircraft in protected areas designated for landing and take-off of aircraft. RIs can significantly jeopardize the runway safety. Communication errors between air traffic controllers and pilots are major causes of RIs. How to quantify the probabilistic dependence between contextual factors (airport layout, time of the day, etc.) and communication errors that lead to RIs is thus important for real-time alarming and accident prevention. This study presents a Bayesian Network (BN) modeling approach with a focus on modeling the communication errors causing RIs during aircraft take-offs and how different factors contribute to the accidents according to the information from the aviation accident reports. Major findings indicate that the proposed approach can predict the accident occurrences based on the risk knowledge of anomalies captured in the BN produced by the proposed approach. In practice, the proposed approach has the potential for establishing automated and preventive safety management in aviation systems.
Acoustic droplet vaporization with microfluidic droplets results in dissolved oxygen scavenging

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the ultrasound-mediated phase transitioning of liquid perfluoropentane (PFP) droplets into gas microbubbles resulting in dissolved oxygen scavenging from the surrounding fluid. The objective of this study was to determine how droplet diameter influences oxygen scavenging. Droplets of 12 μm and 6 μm diameters were manufactured using a microfluidic system, which were diluted in saline to obtain concentrations of 0.48 Χ 10-3 Â± 0.12 Χ 10-3 ml/ml and 1.11 Χ 10-3 Â± 0.13 Χ 10-3ml/ml, respectively. Samples were pumped through a 37 °C flow phantom at 10 ml/min. A 5 MHz transducer insonified droplets at 5 MPa for 20 cycles with a 500 Hz repetition frequency. Oxygen partial pressure (Po2) was measured with a distal sensor. Samples of 12 μm and 6 μm droplets had an average volume-weighted transition efficiency of 5.8% ± 4.5% and 5.3% ± 4.6%, respectively. The initial Po2 was 169 ± 7 mmHg for all samples. ADV with 12 μm and 6 μm droplets reduced the Po2 to 113 ± 21 mmHg and 101 ± 9 mmHg, respectively. An oxygen scavenging model based on the PFP phase transitioned volume yielded a final Po2 of 121 ± 27 mmHg for 12 μm droplets and 106 ± 29 mmHg for 6 μm droplets. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the experimentally measured and modeled Po2 values after ADV.
Who is Guilty and What to Do? Popular Opinion and Public Discourse of Corruption in Russian Higher Education

Corruption in higher education in Russia is a growing problem. This paper considers scholarly and popular discourse in Russia around this corruption and the discussion examines its context within the overall corruptness of the society and reflects on measures of comprehensive educational reform. Drawing upon a theoretical framework linking popular opinion and public discourse, discussion in the scholarly and popular press between 1998 and 2011 is analyzed, and the themes of the discourse are traced. Results focus on the reasons for corruption in the higher education sector, as well as on current and potential ways to tackle corruption, including the newly introduced standardized testing. Even though the national test will not solve the problem of corruption in education, its full scale, country-wide implementation at this point appears to be inevitable.
Application of Combinatorial Test (CT) Algorithm for Protocol and Hardware Feature Validation

Combinatorial Testing (CT) algorithms are widely used in software testing to detect failures triggered by interactions of parameters in software validation with a test suite generated by some sampling mechanisms that can be applied to Design Under Test (DUT). Combinatorial testing is focused on identifying errors and faults that occur due to the interaction of different parameters of software concurrently. When there is a product that processes multiple variables that may interact with each other, combinatorial testing is used. In combinatorial testing the task is to verify that different combinations of variables are handled correctly by the system and identify minimum tests that can provide the same coverage as running the entire regression suite. In this paper we apply CT algorithms to hardware feature and protocol validation as the focus is on reducing number of tests and achieving the same coverage using multiple parameters combinations instead of testing all combinations. Besides test time and coverage there are other advantages-power savings, compact test suite that can be given to customers to enable their end applications. Applying CT algorithms to hardware validation requires some flow and constraint changes to effectively validate the flows. Two examples for CT algorithm include low power validation and product testing for modem validation.
The corporation as a category in private law

In this chapter, we examine the conceptualization of the corporation in private law, focusing particularly on categorization functions served by the corporate form. We argue that corporations are conceptualized as a distinctive kind of legal actor, their legal agency being constituted by private and public law alike. We explain the essentials of the corporate form, so understood, and outline the internal and external categorization functions that it performs in private law. Throughout, we emphasize that private law has ensured the legal and practical efficacy of the corporate form by adapting for exigencies generated by the artificial personality of corporations. We conclude with some observations about the challenges corporations present to general private law theory, including the work of corrective justice and civil recourse theorists. Amongst other things, we explain why leading theories of private law need to be significantly amended to account for the legal nature and moral status of corporations.
Strain-Promoted Oxidation of Methylenecyclopropane Derivatives using N-Hydroxyphthalimide and Molecular Oxygen in the Dark

The hydroperoxidation of alkylidenecyclopropanes and other strained alkenes using an N-hydroxylamine and molecular oxygen occurred in the absence of catalyst, initiator, or light. The oxidation rea...
International Relations Theory and International Courts and Tribunals

International relations (IR) scholars in political science have historically paid little attention to international courts and tribunals, which were seen through the prevailing realist lens as being of little or no importance in global politics. In recent decades, however, IR scholars have taken up the study of international courts, applying a distinctive set of theoretical lenses to questions about the design, behavior, and independence, and viability of these courts. The aim of this paper is to examine the four core traditions of IR theory as applied to ICTs, and to identify the value-added insights as well as the lacunae of this research. The paper first explores four great traditions in international relations theorizing about international adjudication, focusing in turn on realism, institutionalism, liberalism, and constructivism. Building on this theoretical basis, it identifies four substantive, value-added contributions of political science to the study of international adjudication, which I organize under the rubrics of institutional design, the behavior of litigants, judicial behavior and independence, and the dynamic evolution of international adjudication systems over time, including both positive feedbacks and progressive development as well as negative feedbacks and backlash. A brief final section concludes.
Electron spectro-microscopy of 2D materials

Miniaturization of electronic devices and progress in surface science demand novel, powerful microscopy methods for material characterization on a length scale of only a few atomic distances. This paper discusses application of the combined x-ray photoelectron microscopy / low-energy electron microscopy (XPEEM/LEEM) system to studying of the structural, electronic and chemical properties of surfaces at nanometer scale. Several examples are given, focusing on the comprehensive spectro-microscopic investigations of 2D structures, including epitaxially grown films as well as exfoliated, μm-size thin flakes of 2D van der Waals materials. Benefitting from the high brilliance of the synchrotron, and utilizing its capabilities for in-situ sample preparation and treatment, the XPEEM/LEEM is a powerful tool for comprehensive characterization of static and dynamic properties of surfaces and interfaces, and it is particularly suited for comprehensive investigation of 2D materials, down to single monolayers.
Using Sermons to Study Religions’ Influence on Political Behavior:

The effects of religion on political behavior are difficult to study for a number of reasons. One difficulty is that “religion” is not a singular entity and is thus unlikely to have a unidirectiona...
Breath biomarkers of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection: a pilot study

COVID-19 control efforts have been hampered by transmission from pre-symptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV2. Prolonged asymptomatic respiratory viral shedding in children has been described and may be another important reservoir for ongoing transmission. The primary diagnostic approach to identify SARS-CoV2 infection relies on qPCR of specific viral sequences from respiratory samples, which is expensive, uncomfortable, relatively slow, and susceptible to false-negative results. A rapid non-invasive method to detect mild or asymptomatic infection would have a major impact on public health campaigns to control COVID-19. We hypothesize that candidate biomarkers characterize the exhaled breath of children with SARS-CoV2 infection. To test this hypothesis, we enrolled SARS-CoV-2-infected and -uninfected children admitted to a major pediatric academic medical center and analyzed their breath volatile composition. Targeted volatiles analysis revealed that six volatile organic compounds increased significantly in SARS-CoV-2-infected children. Three aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, and heptanal) drew special attention as candidate biomarkers, because viral infections have previously been shown to induce aldehyde production. Together, these biomarkers demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 66.6% specificity. Our work provides a solid framework upon which to build a future "breathalyzer" test for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.
Smart textiles for personalized thermoregulation

Thermoregulation has substantial implications for human health. Traditional central space heating and cooling systems are less efficient due to wasted energy spent on the entire building and ignore individual thermophysiological comfort. Emerging textiles based on innovations in materials chemistry and physics, nanoscience, and nanotechnology have now facilitated thermoregulation in a far more personalized and energy-saving manner. In this tutorial review, we discuss the latest technological advances in thermoregulatory textiles. First, we outline the basic mechanisms behind the physiological chemistry processes for both internal and external thermoregulation in the human body. Then, we systematically elaborate on typical smart passive and active thermoregulatory textiles considering current working mechanisms, materials engineering towards practical applications. In light of burgeoning commercial trends, we offer important insights into green chemistry for the sustainable development of smart thermoregulatory textiles. Prospectively, we propose an autonomous textile thermoregulation system that could intelligently provide personalized thermophysiological comfort in a self-adaptive manner in the era of Internet of Things (IoT). The discussion of interdisciplinary interactions of energy, environmental science, and nanotechnology in this review will further promote development of the thermoregulatory textile field in both academia and industry, ultimately realizing personalized thermoregulation and a sustainable energy future.
Chapter 9 β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers as Therapeutic Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the role of β-adrenergic receptor blockers as therapeutic agents. The first β-blocker to be effective in the treatment of angina pectoris was pronethalol. Now, this drug has become one of the most widely investigated and widely used β-blocking agents. At the same time, β-blockers are being considered as anti-anginal agents; other therapeutic uses in cardiovascular diseases are also being considered in this chapter. β-blockers are also considered for use in treatment of myocardial infarction. The first clinical trial of propranololin myocardial infarction has demonstrated that β-blockers can reduce mortality in this patient population. In addition to propranolol, two new β-blockers have now been approved for use in man in the U.S. Metoprolol has been approved for use in hypertension and timolol has been approved for use in glaucoma. In other parts of the world, there are at least 17 β-blockers available for use. By definition, all β-blockers block β-adrenergic receptors. It is this action that is responsible for their efficacy in various clinical conditions. In addition to claimed benefit in asthmatic patients, cardioselective β-blockers are proposed to offer an advantage over non-selective ones in patients with peripheral circulatory insufficiency. The prolongation of the insulin-induced hypoglycemia that is observed with β-blockers is reported to be less with cardioselective β-blockers. In addition, the hypertensive response that occurs secondarily to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the presence of β-blockade has been reported to be less severe with cardioselective than with non-selective β-blockers. In addition to their now accepted efficacy in angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and hypertension, other disease states characterized by excess sympathetic activity, such as thyrotoxicosis, have been treated with β-blockers. β-Blockers have also been reported to be useful drugs in the treatment of migraine attacks, anxiety, and tremor. β-blockers are advocated for use in conditions such as schizophrenia and mania.
Interacting Weakly Nonlinear Hyperbolic and Dispersive Waves

Weakly nonlinear wave interactions are resonant or nonresonant. The linearized dispersion relation of the wave motion determines the resonant interactions. Resonant interactions cause significant changes in the wave-field. The evolution of the wave-field is determined using weakly nonlinear asymptotics. Quadratically nonlinear resonant interactions of dispersive waves satisfy the three wave resonance condition. The wave amplitudes solve the three wave resonant interaction equations. The phase velocity of hyperbolic waves is independent of frequency. As a result, hyperbolic waves participate in many resonant interactions. The amplitude of a single hyperbolic wave satisfies the inviscid Burgers equation. Harmonic resonance causes wave-form distortion and shock formation. The amplitudes of several interacting hyperbolic waves solve a system of integro-differential equations. The interaction of three oblique hyperbolic planar waves can generate a countably infinite family of new waves. Weak resonance of nonplanar hyperbolic waves also generates infinitely many new waves.
Methodological issues in conducting community-based health and social services research among urban Black and African American LGBT populations.

Abstract Health and social service utilization experiences of disenfranchised groups have recently gained renewed public attention. Reducing and eliminating racial disparities in health care has become a major national agenda. While a fairly substantial literature on Black and African American health outcomes and social service utilization does exist, and may help to influence interventions to reduce disparities, there is no comparable literature for Black and African American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons. In this article the author examines factors affecting research with urban Black and African American LGBT populations. A brief case study is included that demonstrates the viability of the recommended research methods and discusses the possible negative consequences of deviating from these methodological suggestions.
Assay strategies for identification of therapeutic leads that target protein trafficking

Receptors, enzymes, and ion channels are traditional targets of therapeutic development. A common strategy is to target these proteins with agents that either activate or suppress their activity with ligands or substrates that occupy orthosteric sites or have allosteric interactions. An alternative approach involves regulation of protein trafficking. In principle, this approach enables 'rescue' of misfolded and misrouted mutant proteins to restore function, 'shipwrecking' of undesirable proteins by targeting them for destruction, and regulation of levels of partially expressed wild type (WT) proteins at their functional sites of action. Here, we present drug discovery strategies that identify 'pharmacoperones', which are small molecules that serve as molecular templates and cause otherwise misfolded mutant proteins to fold and route correctly.
Automatically tuning parallel and parallelized programs

In today's multicore era, parallelization of serial code is essential in order to exploit the architectures' performance potential. Parallelization, especially of legacy code, however, proves to be a challenge as manual efforts must either be directed towards algorithmic modifications or towards analysis of computationally intensive sections of code for the best possible parallel performance, both of which are difficult and time-consuming. Automatic parallelization uses sophisticated compile-time techniques in order to identify parallelism in serial programs, thus reducing the burden on the program developer. Similar sophistication is needed to improve the performance of hand-parallelized programs. A key difficulty is that optimizing compilers are generally unable to estimate the performance of an application or even a program section at compile-time, and so the task of performance improvement invariably rests with the developer. Automatic tuning uses static analysis and runtime performance metrics to determine the best possible compile-time approach for optimal application performance. This paper describes an offline tuning approach that uses a source-to-source parallelizing compiler, Cetus, and a tuning framework to tune parallel application performance. The implementation uses an existing, generic tuning algorithm called Combined Elimination to study the effect of serializing parallelizable loops based on measured whole program execution time, and provides a combination of parallel loops as an outcome that ensures to equal or improve performance of the original program. We evaluated our algorithm on a suite of hand-parallelized C benchmarks from the SPEC OMP2001 and NAS Parallel benchmarks and provide two sets of results. The first ignores hand-parallelized loops and only tunes application performance based on Cetus-parallelized loops. The second set of results considers the tuning of additional parallelism in hand-parallelized code. We show that our implementation always performs near-equal or better than serial code while tuning only Cetus-parallelized loops and equal to or better than hand-parallelized code while tuning additional parallelism.