cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Making of a Community Psychologist: Naïve Idealism, Supportive Contexts and Good Fortune

Abstract Childhood and young adult experiences during an era of significant social change are described as cultivating a personal worldview concerned with social justice and the importance of social context at the individual and collective levels. Parental support and expectations for excellence in achievement, religious beliefs grounded in personal and social responsibility, and early recognition of inequities in opportunity and resources combined to form a value base consistent with the emerging field of community psychology. Some non-traditional gender socialization propelled motivation and provided inoculation against subsequent discrimination and harassment. Strong mentoring and supportive education and work settings solidified identity as an ecologically minded, action-oriented community psychologist.
Adolescents and the importance of parental supervision

“It’s 10 pm, do you know where your children are?” This ominous public service announcement that was the catch-phrase for broadcaster Tom Gregory on New York City’s WNEW-TV in the late 1960s,1 may sound dated these days, but the importance of the message remains stronger than ever. It has been clear for years that adolescents whose parents monitor and are aware of their activities participate in fewer risky behaviors, including alcohol use.2 Monitoring is more likely to be effective when combined with an authoritative parenting style. Although the initial parenting-style research was conducted in younger children, authoritative parenting that involves high levels of warmth and support combined with firm limit setting, supervision, and open communication, also promotes healthy development in adolescents.3 These types of parenting approaches likely serve to enhance family connectedness, which occurs when the adolescent herself perceives and internalizes the warmth, love, and caring expressed … Address correspondence to Terrill Bravender MD, MPH, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, D2215, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail: tdbrave{at}umich.edu
Diversity in Classrooms: The Relationship between Deliberative and Associative Opportunities in School and Later Electoral Engagement

Previous research has found that attending racially pluralistic high schools is associated with a reduced likelihood of future electoral and civic engagement. Analysis of a national survey of 18–24 year olds after the 2012 election confirms this finding. However, certain school and family practices and extracurricular activities appear to compensate. Discussion of controversial current issues in social studies classes diminishes the negative association between attending a racially pluralistic school and electoral engagement. School-based discussion is particularly important for young people who attend pluralistic schools and who do not participate in political discussion at home. Opportunities to associate with peers who share common interests through issue-oriented groups predict electoral engagement. Considering that strong arguments can be made in favor of racial diversity in schools, it is important to compensate for the lessened electoral engagement in diverse schools by creating policies and teacher preparation resources that promote high-quality discussion of controversial issues in classrooms, and by encouraging students to participate in extracurricular groups that address political issues.
An optoelectronic nose for identification of explosives

Compact and portable methods for identification of explosives are increasingly needed for both civilian and military applications. A portable optoelectronic nose for the gas-phase identification of explosive materials is described that uses a highly cross-reactive colorimetric sensor array and a handheld scanner. The array probes a wide range of chemical reactivities using 40 chemically responsive colorimetric indicators, including pH sensors, metal-dye salts, redox-sensitive chromogenic compounds, solvatochromic dyes, and other chromogenic indicators. Sixteen separate analytes including common explosives, homemade explosives, and characteristic explosive components were differentiated into fourteen separate classes with a classification error rate of <1%. Portable colorimetric array sensing could represent an important, complementary part of the toolbox used in practical applications of explosives detection and identification.
Use of Potentiometric Fluorophores in the Measurement of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in signal transduction, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and normal aging. Net ROS release by isolated brain mitochondria derived from a mixture of neurons and glia is readily quantified using fluorescent dyes. Measuring intracellular ROS in intact neurons or glia and assigning the origin to mitochondria are far more difficult. In recent years, the proton-motive force crucial to mitochondrial function has been exploited to target a variety of compounds to the highly negative mitochondrial matrix using the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP(+)) as a "delivery" conjugate. Among these, MitoSOX Red, also called mito-hydroethidine or mito-dihydroethidium, is prevalently used for mitochondrial ROS estimation. Although the TPP(+) moiety of MitoSOX enables the manyfold accumulation of ROS-sensitive hydroethidine in the mitochondrial matrix, the membrane potential sensitivity conferred by TPP(+) creates a daunting set of challenges not often considered in the application of this dye. This chapter provides recommendations and cautionary notes on the use of potentiometric fluorescent indicators for the approximation of mitochondrial ROS in live neurons, with principles that can be extrapolated to nonneuronal cell types. It is concluded that mitochondrial membrane potential changes render accurate estimation of mitochondrial ROS using MitoSOX difficult to impossible. Consequently, knowledge of mitochondrial membrane potential is essential to the application of potentiometric fluorophores for the measurement of intramitochondrial ROS.
What is the cause of confidence inflation in the Life Events Inventory (LEI) paradigm

Briefly imagining, paraphrasing, or explaining an event causes people to increase their confidence that this event occurred during childhood-the imagination inflation effect. The mechanisms responsible for the effect were investigated with a new paradigm. In Experiment 1, event familiarity (defined as processing fluency) was varied by asking participants to rate each event once, three times, or five times. No inflation was found, indicating that familiarity does not account for the effect. In Experiment 2, richness of memory representation was manipulated by asking participants to generate zero, three, or six details. Confidence increased from the initial to the final rating in the three- and six-detail conditions, indicating that the effect is based on reality-monitoring errors. However, greater inflation in the three-detail condition than in the six-detail condition indicated that there is a boundary condition. These results were also consistent with an alternative hypothesis, the mental workload hypothesis.
Synthesis of 2,6-difluoro-N-(3-[11C]methoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine-5-yl)-3-(propylsulfonamidio)benzamide as a new potential PET agent for imaging of B-RafV600E in cancers

Abstract The authentic standard 2,6-difluoro-N-(3-methoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-yl)-3-(propylsulfonamidio)benzamide was synthesized from 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid and 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole in 9 steps with 1% overall chemical yield. Direct desmethylation of the reference standard with TMSCl/NaI gave the precursor 2,6-difluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-yl)-3-(propylsulfonamidio)benzamide for radiolabeling in 70% yield. The target tracer 2,6-difluoro-N-(3-[11C]methoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-yl)-3-(propylsulfonamidio)benzamide was prepared from the precursor with [11C]CH3OTf through O-[11C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 40–50% decay corrected radiochemical yields with 370–740 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB).
FRET-based voltage probes for confocal imaging: membrane potential oscillations throughout pancreatic islets

Insulin secretion is dependent on coordinated pancreatic islet physiology. In the present study, we found a way to overcome the limitations of cellular electrophysiology to optically determine cell...
Basolateral membrane potassium conductance is independent of sodium pump activity and membrane voltage in canine tracheal epithelium.

When secretagogues stimulate Cl secretion in canine tracheal epithelium, apical membrane Cl conductance (GaCl) increases, and then basolateral membrane K conductance (GbK) increases. Conversely, inhibition ofGaCl results in a secondary decrease inGbK. The coordination of the two membrane conductances and regulation ofGbK is critical for maintaining constant intracellular ion concentrations and transepithelial Cl secretion. The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses about the regulation ofGbK. First, we asked whetherGbK is directly linked to the activity of the Na,K-ATPase. We found that pump activity could be dissociated from K conductance. Inhibition of the Na pump with ouabain, in nonsecreting tissues led to an increase inGb. Elevation of the bathing solution K concentration produced a similar effect. Addition of ouabain to secreting tissues did not appear to alterGb. These results indicate thatGbK does not directly parallel Na pump activity. Second, we asked whether changes inGbK are voltage dependent. We prevented secretagogue-induced depolarization of the electrical potential difference across the basolateral membrane Ψb by clamping Ψb at its resting value during stimulation of Cl secretion with epinephrine. Despite maintaining Ψb constant, the typical changes in transepithelial resistance and the ratio of membrane resistances persisted. This observation indicates that depolarization is not required for the secretagogue-induced increase inGbK. In addition we examined the effect of depolarizing and hyperpolarizing Ψb by passing transepithelial current in secreting and nonsecreting epithelia. Despite depolarizing and hyperpolarizing Ψb within the physiologic range, we observed no significant changes in transepithelial resistance or the ratio of membrane resistance that would suggest a change inGbK. This observation indicates that changes in Ψb are not sufficient to alterGbK. Thus,GbK appears to be regulated by factors other than membrane voltage, or direct coupling to the Na pump.
Exponential separation and long-time correlation in collinear OCS

Abstract We demonstrate that long-time correlations exist in the intramolecar dynamics of collinear OCS and can be investigated via exponential separation of trajectories. In particular, we show how the rate of exponential separation slows down considerably when motion is trapped near islands of quasiperiodic behavior.
Alimentary tract malignancies in children.

Abstract Alimentary tract malignancies in children are unusual. From 1952 to 1996, 54 patients (55 cases) underwent surgery at The Children's Hospital, Columbus for intestinal malignancy. Their records were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.3 years (range, 1 to 17 years). There were 35 boys and 19 girls (M:F ratio, 1:8). Mean follow-up was 108 months. Laparotomy was performed in all but one child. The primary tumor sites included the colon (31 cases), small bowel (12 cases), appendix (9 cases), and stomach (3 cases). Seventy-five percent of the tumors were non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (41 cases), followed by appendiceal carcinoid (9 cases), colon adenocarcinoma (3 cases), and gastric sarcoma (2 cases). Lymphoma occurred in 28 of 31 nonappendiceal large bowel tumors and was the only tumor type seen in the small intestine. There were 21 Burkitt's, 11 lymphoblastic, 6 small cell, and 5 large cell lymphomas. There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of small bowel lymphoma after 1982 (10 of 20) in comparison with that before 1982 (2 of 21), P P
Abstract P5-17-07: Influence of bevacizumab on local-regional recurrence in triple negative breast cancer

Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises 15–20% of newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers and has been associated with an elevated risk of both local-regional recurrence (LRR) as well as distant failure. Bevacizumab (BEV) has been shown to improve pathologic complete response rates in the setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), but its effect on LRR remains undefined. This study reports the impact of adding BEV to standard breast cancer therapy in TNBC patients treated at a single institution. Methods: One hundred and eighty-five consecutive TNBC patients treated at the University of Alabama Birmingham from May 2005 to August 2010 were reviewed. Thirty-one TNBC patients treated with chemotherapy (CT) and BEV on prospective studies were matched (1:2) with 62 TNBC patients treated with CT alone, controlling for age, stage, and use of radiation (RT). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate LRR, distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS), and cohorts were compared using Cox proportional hazards models and the 2-sided log-rank test. Results: Mean age was 47 and 46 years in the cohorts with and without BEV, respectively. Stage in each cohort was as follows: 32% stage I, 61% stage II, and 7% stage III. Use of adjuvant RT was 81% in each cohort (25/31 BEV, 50/62 no BEV). BEV was delivered with NCT in 17 patients (55%) and with adjuvant CT in the remaining 14 patients (45%). Eleven patients (35%) completed an additional 1 year of maintenance therapy with BEV. LRR occurred in 2 (6%) patients treated with BEV vs. 16 (26%) treated with CT alone (HR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.06–1.07, p = 0.04). Distant recurrence occurred in 3 (10%) patients treated with BEV vs. 11 (18%) patients in the CT group HR=0.6, 95% CI 0.2–1.8, p = 0.48). There were 2 (6%) deaths in the BEV group vs. 12 (19%) in the CT alone group (HR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.13–2.3, p = 0.19). Conclusions: In a matched-pair analysis of TNBC patients, the addition of BEV to conventional breast cancer management was associated with a reduction in LRR. Further prospective study is necessary to examine the impact of BEV on local-regional control in TNBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-17-07.
Migrant Mirrors The Replication and Reinterpretation of Local and National Ideologies as Strategies of Adaptation by Foreign Immigrants in Bergamo, Italy

Based on fieldwork in Bergamo, Italy, this research examines how foreign immigrants use the dominant ideologies found in Italy to negotiate their place within the community. Historically, political culture in Italy has been characterized by the ideological polarization of society into the Communist world and the Catholic world. In the past decade, a third ideological camp has emerged to challenge the other two: localism. These divisions transcend the realm of politics into all aspects of Italian social life. Consequently, foreign immigrants need to identify and incorporate these ideologies into their lives as a strategy for survival in their new environment.
The “Rhode Island Question” on Trial: The 1844 Treason Trial of Thomas Dorr

Recent scholarship on nineteenth‐century America by historians Christian Fritz and Ronald Formisano has highlighted the importance of Thomas Wilson Dorr’s attempt at extralegal reform in Rhode Island in 1842. Coverage is given to the course of Dorr’s effort in the spring of 1842 to reform Rhode Island’s governing structure outside of prescribed legal means. However, Dorr’s 1844 treason trial in Newport, Rhode Island has surprisingly gone unexamined. Dorr was the first person in American history to be convicted of treason against a state. The murdering abolitionist John Brown would become the second fifteen years later. This article seeks to correct this trend by highlighting the importance that Dorr himself placed on the trial and his hope for an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court in order that his doctrine of the people’s sovereignty – the raison d’etat behind the Dorr Rebellion – could be vindicated.
The effect of sporulation temperature on sporal characteristics of Bacillus subtilis A.

Spores ofBacillus subtilis A were produced at different temperatures (23°–49°C) and examined for a number of sporal characteristics. Spore heat resistance increased with sporulation temperature to 45°C, with spores grown at 49°C showing a dramatic reduction in resistance. Spore crops showed biphasic thermal death curves whether enumerated on germination medium with or without calcium dipicolinate. This strain produces both rough and smooth variants. Of the spores produced at 23°C, 99% were rough, had a density of 1.305, and an average core/core + cortex volume ratio of 0.1838. At 49°C, 99% were smooth, had a density of 1.275, and an average volume ratio of 0.3098. Between these temperatures both spore types were produced. There appeared to be no direct correlation with sporulation temperature, heat resistance, and dipicolinate content. There was an increase in both the magnesium and calcium contents to 45°C with a dramatic reduction at 49°C. The 1.305 density spores had higher calcium and dipicolinate contents than the 1.275 spores, although both spore types showed biphasic thermal death curves. The mechanisms involved in determining which spore type (rough/smooth) is produced at a specific growth temperature is unknown.
Approaches for the Interpretation of Multiple Discriminant Analysis in Organizational Research

The use of plots of multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) results and the use of discriminant function rotations to improve interpretability of findings in organizational research applying MDA are examined and illustrated. A simple, innovative plotting procedure, which depicts overlaps of groups in MDA combined with the traditional depiction of differences among groups, is discussed and illustrated. An example taken from a health care administrative application is presented for illustrative purposes.
Language Policy and the Radical Left in the Philippines: The New People's Army and Its Antecedents

RESUMOLingvo-politiko kaj la radikala maldekstro en Filipinoj: La Nova Popola Armeo kaj ties antaǔulojLa nuna maldekstra ribelado en Filipinoj, kiun gvidas la Komunista Nova Popola Armeo (NPA), influas ĉiam pli kaj pli multe la politikon de la registaro. Tial ĉi tiu studo analizas la lingvo-politikon de NPA, precipe la kontraǔstaron de NPA al la angla, kaj gian historian fonon en la filipina radikala maldekstro. La analizo montras, ke la kutima vidpunkto pri la filipina lingva demando—ke la angla posedas potencan instru-mentan valoron dum la pilipina luktas por akiri simbolan kaj integrigan rolon—mal-sukcesas klarigi seninterrompan maldekstran opozicion al la angla depost la 1930aj jaroj. La aǔtoro proponas alian klarigon de la lingvopolitiko de NPA bazitan sur anali-zon de la rolo de la angla kiel favoranto de difinitaj interesoj ene de la filipina ekonomio. Oni konkludas, ke anstatatǔgo de la angla per la pilipina okazos nur en kunligo kun grandskala socia ŝanĝiĝo kaj politika perturbo.SOMMAIRELa politique des langues et l'extreme-gauche aux Philippines: La Nouvelle Armee du Peuple et ses antecedentsL'actuelle revolte de la gauche aux Philippines, menee par la Nouvelle Armee du Peuple, communiste, ne cesse de produire de l'effet sur les programmes du gouvernement. C'est ainsi que ce texte analyse la politique des langues de la NAP et en particulier l'opposition de la NAP a l'anglais; il examine egalement les antecedents historiques de l'extreme-gauche philippine. Cette analyse revele que le point de vue traditionnel du probleme des langues aux Philippines—a savoir que l'anglais est utilise comme instrument de pression politique alors que le pilipino cherche a s'assurer un role purement symbolique—n'explique pas l'opposition constante de la gauche a l'anglais, depuis les annees 30. Une seconde explication a la politique des langues de la NAP se base sur une etude du role de l'anglais dans sa capacite a favoriser des interets particuliers au sein de l'economie philippine. Par consequent, l'anglais ne sera remplace par le pilipino qu'au moyen d'importants changements sociaux accompagnes de troubles politiques.
Failure mechanisms in mission-cycled carbon/carbon composites under flexural load at room and elevated temperatures

The response of quasi-isotropic laminates of SiC coated carbon/carbon (C/C) composites under flexural load was studied. Mission-cycled as well as virgin specimens were tested to compare the thermal- and pressure-cycling effects. Variation of flexural strength and stiffness with temperature was investigated to study the load-deflection behaviour and the thermal stability of C/C composites up to 1371 °C. Increase in flexural strength and stiffness were observed with the rise in temperature. A distinct shift in failure modes from compressive to tensile was found with the mission-cycled specimens with the increase in test temperatures, while the failure mode for virgin material was found always on the tensile side. Change in the load-deflection behaviour was examined and increase in non-linearity of the stress-strain behaviour with the mission cycling was observed. Although the number of test specimens was few, Weibull characterization on the flexure data was performed to study the variation of Weibull modulii and the characteristic lives. Failed, as well as untested, specimens were C-scanned to identify the location and the extent of the damaged zone. Post-failure analyses through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed to study the damage growth and failure mechanisms. Degradation and separation of the porous matrix structure, localized damage of the reinforcing fibres in the transverse direction, complete fibre bundle failure in the mission-cycled specimens, and delamination near the loading zone were observed.
C-lysine conjugates: pH-controlled light-activated reagents for efficient double-stranded DNA cleavage with implications for cancer therapy.

Double-stranded DNA cleavage of light-activated lysine conjugates is strongly enhanced at the slightly acidic pH (<7) suitable for selective targeting of cancer cells. This enhancement stems from the presence of two amino groups of different basicities. The first amino group plays an auxiliary role by enhancing solubility and affinity to DNA, whereas the second amino group, which is positioned next to the light-activated DNA cleaver, undergoes protonation at the desired pH threshold. This protonation results in two synergetic effects which account for the increased DNA-cleaving ability at the lower pH. First, lysine conjugates show tighter binding to DNA at the lower pH, which is consistent with the anticipated higher degree of interaction between two positively charged ammonium groups with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA. Second, the unproductive pathway which quenches the excited state of the photocleaver through intramolecular electron transfer is eliminated once the donor amino group ...
Pivalate lowers litter sizes and weights in female rats independent of its effect on carnitine status.

Abstract The present study investigated whether treatment of female rats with pivalate affects their reproductive function. Therefore, two experiments with female rats were performed. The first experiment included two groups of rats which received drinking water without (control) or with 20 mmol pivalate/L. The second experiment included a control group (which received drinking water without pivalate and a diet without added carnitine) and four groups which received drinking water with 20 mmol/L pivalate and diets without or with 1, 3 or 5 g added carnitine/kg, respectively. In both experiments, rats treated with pivalate had a lower number of pups born alive and, as a consequence of this, lower litter weights than control rats (p
Addiction liability of Tryon rats: independent transmission of morphine and alcohol consumption.

Abstract Two inbred strains of Tryon rats were tested for consumption of morphine (0.5 mg/ml) and alcohol (10% w/v) solutions in both free and forced choice situations. Statistically significant differences in intake by strain were found both for morphine and alcohol. The Tryon S 3 strain consumed significantly more morphine than the S 1 strain in two of the four phases of the experiment. The Tryon S 1 strain consumed significantly more alcohol than the S 3 in two of the four phases. Factors affecting consumption of drug solutions including sex and activity level were assessed using analysis of covariance. Strain differences were apparent even when these factors were removed from the analyses. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports suggesting a common addiction liability for both morphine and alcohol in inbred strains of animals.
Paradoxical absence of aggression during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal.

Aggression, which is normally seen during withdrawal from narcotics, could not be produced in morphine-dependent rats by the administration of naloxone at doses which cause other signs of withdrawal. Apomorphine injected instead of naloxone was capable of producing aggression, without other withdrawal signs. Naturally occurring aggression (72-hr withdrawal) was enhanced by apomorphine and unaffected by naloxone.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF A STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION OF 3-ATOM Ir CLUSTERS ON Ir SURFACES

A 3-atom Ir cluster on the Ir (111) or (001) surface can assume either a 1-D chain-like or a 2-D island-like structure. On the (111), the ln(p1D/p2D) vs 1/T plot is linear where p1D and p2D represent respectively the probability of observing the cluster in the 1-D or in the 2-D structure. The 2-D structure is more stable with a lower cluster binding energy of ΔE12=−0.098±0.004 eV. On the (001), the 1-D structure is more stable with ΔE12=+0.335±0.015 eV. In addition, the plot deviates significantly from the simple linearity at low temperatures, indicating the entropy factor is temperature dependent.
Feasibility of Thermoplastic Composite Jackets for Bridge Impact Protection

The research focused on the effects of low velocity impact loading on high-strength concrete confined by a prefabricated polypropylene jacket and comparing the results with similar specimens confined by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. In order to accomplish this, both static and dynamic load tests were performed. Concrete cylinders were used for static loading. Twelve concrete cylinders were prepared for static load testing: three were plain concrete and used as control specimens, three were wrapped with one layer of unidirectional CFRP composites, and six were confined by the polypropylene jacket. The thickness of the polypropylene wrap was machined to different thicknesses; three 3 mm and three 6 mm . The cylinders were standard (D×H) 152 mm×305 mm . Cylinders were loaded to failure in uniaxial compression using a Tinius-Olsen Universal Testing Machine. Impact testing was performed using four (D×H) 152 mm×914 mm columns. The columns consisted of one control sample; one CFRP composites...
The Fisher hypothesis: examining the Canadian experience §

In this study the validity of the Fisher hypothesis is investigated for Canada under both fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. An empirically distinction is drawn between the weak and strong form of the Fisher hypothesis. The Johansen-Juselius (JJ) multivariate cointegration methodology is applied to test the weak form while the Phillips–Hansen fully modified ordinary least squares (FM-OLS) technique is used for the strong form hypothesis. The caninical correlations (JJ) methodology has the smallest bias and dispersion and hence is the best among the alternative testing procedures available. The FM-OLS procedure, on the other hand, allows for an unrestricted cointegration test correcting for both endogeneity in the data and asymptotic bias in the coefficient estimates. The Fisher hypothesis is soundly rejected.
Recovery of Adult Zebrafish Hearts for High-throughput Applications

Use of the zebrafish model system for studying development, regeneration, and disease is expanding toward use of adult hearts for cell dissociation and purification of RNA, DNA, and proteins. All of these applications demand the rapid recovery of significant numbers of zebrafish hearts to avoid gene regulatory, metabolic, and other changes that begin after death. Adult zebrafish hearts are also required for studying heart structure for a variety of mutants and for studying heart regeneration. However, the traditional zebrafish heart dissection is slow and difficult and requires specialized tools, making large-scale dissection of adult zebrafish hearts tedious. Traditional methods also harbor the risk of damaging the heart during the dissection. Here, we describe a method for dissection of adult zebrafish hearts that is fast, reproducible, and preserves heart architecture. Furthermore, this method does not require specialized tools, is painless for the zebrafish, can be performed on fresh or fixed specimens, and can be performed on zebrafish as young as one month old. The approach described expands the use of adult zebrafish for cardiovascular research.
SURFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE LORICA OF THE EUGLENOID TRACHELOMONAS AS REVEALED WITH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

The surface of Trachelomonas was examined readily with SEM at magnifications up to X 20,000 in unfixed or fixed material. Cells were placed directly on specimen holders without washing, air dried, and coated with aluminum or gold. Clones of T. grandis, T. hispida var. coronata, and T. oblonga var. punctata and three species from a natural collection showed the following features: the lorica was punctate or solid, and the surface projections, when present, consisted of minute papillae (0.1 μm), larger, often globose papillae (up to 0.8 μm), and spines which tapered to a point or which had parallel sides and ended bluntly; spines appeared hollow or solid. Pringsheim's clone of T. oblonga var. punctata, which he described as a new spineless variety, possessed short tapering spines and globose papillae. Such observations suggest that a major problem in delimiting species may be in discovering the ornamentation potential of a clone. The discovery of new features of the lorica (e.g., minute papillae and hollow projections), the clarification of shapes of surface features, and, in general, the excellent resolution at 10 times the usable magnification of light microscopy dictate a reexamination of known species with SEM. We suggest that a SEM study of the variation in the lorica surface in clonal material will lead to a recognition of polymorphism and eventually to a clearer understanding of taxonomic entities described from natural collections.
The computation of 3 F 2(1)

We present an algorithm for computing the generalized hypergeometric function with unit argument 3 F 2(1). The algorithm, based on a 3-term recursion relation, is effective for computing the analytic continuation of the function in any of its parameters. As an application, we give a new algorithm for computing the Beta function.
Evidence for processing of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides in patients with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.

In agreement with reports from other laboratories, we have shown that patients with the juvenile or late infantile forms of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL) have greatly increased levels (5-fold to 20-fold) of dolichyl pyrophosphoryl oligosaccharides in their cerebral gray matter. Oligosaccharides cont ain-ing 2 GlcNAc residues and 3 to 9 mannose residues were liberated by mild acid hydrolysis. The oligosaccharide profile given by brain tissue from 2 patients with infantil e NCL was markedly different from that of late infantile and juvenile NCL brain, with Man9GlcNAc2 as the most abundant component and decreasing amounts of Man8- Man7-and Man6GlcNAc2. By contrast, Man5GlcNAc2 was the most abundant oligosaccharide present in all juvenile NCL brain samples analyzed. Both the susceptibility of the isolated Man5GlcNAc2 to endoglucosaminidase H digestion and permethylation analysis clearly indicated that it is not an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol but has undergone catabolism, probably either in the endoplasmic reticulum or in the Golgi apparatus. Treatment of cultured skin fibroblasts for 7 days with N-methyldeoxyno-jirimycin, a potent inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum processing enzymes glucosidase I and II, resulted in an accumulation of the same Man5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol species that was elevated in juvenile NCL brain. The level in untreated fibroblasts was undetectable, suggesting that inhibition of processing glu- cosidases has interfered with the regulation and compartmentalization of lipid-linked oli-gosaccharides.
Toxicity of laromustine plus high-dose cytarabine in patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia

To the editor: We are writing to clarify the interpretation of results contained within a paper by Giles et al.[1][1] In their abstract, the authors state, “The [complete remission] CR rate was significantly higher for the laromustine/[high-dose cytarabine] HDAC group (35% vs 19%, P = .005).
Recent B2 element insertions in the mouse genome.

B2 elements are a family of short interspersed repeats that have amplified within rodent genomes. Recent mobility of only two individual B2 elements has been reported to date. We identified an additional recent B2 insertion occurring within intron 4 of the murine β-glucuronidase gene (Gus-s) of the BalbC strain of mouse by analyzing orthologous loci of a non-randomly selected B2 element. The basis of selection for the B2 element was its high level of sequence identity to the B2 consensus. The selected B2 element was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers to the unique flanking sequences from genomic DNA of several species and laboratory strains of mice. Our results demonstrated the presence of the selected B2 element only in the genome of Mus musculus BalbC strain. Cloning and sequencing of a representative sample of the products obtained confirmed the absence of the B2 element within this intron in addition to other variations in the sequence. The detection of the B2 element only ...
Two-dimensional electronic beam steering in coherently-coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

We demonstrate two-dimensional electronic beam steering using only the in-phase mode of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array. The steering is highly-controllable, and the interference visibility is typically very high.
The ischemic penumbra Operationally defined by diffusion and perfusion MRI

Background: Identifying tissue at risk for infarction is important in deciding which patients would benefit most from potentially harmful therapies and provides a way to evaluate newer therapies with regard to the amount of ischemic tissue salvaged. Objective: To operationally define and characterize cerebral tissue at risk for stroke progression. Methods: We retrospectively selected 25 patients with an acute onset of a hemispheric stroke from our database who had undergone a combination of two diffusion-weighted MRI studies and a perfusion-weighted MRI study. We applied a logistic regression model using maps of the relative mean transit time and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as well as three different maps of the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) to predict an operationally defined penumbra (region of mismatch between the diffusion lesion on day 1 and its extension 24 to 72 hours later). Results: Maps of the rCBF and initial rCBV were significant predictors for identifying penumbral tissue. Our operationally defined penumbral region was characterized by a reduction in the initial rCBV (47% of contralateral control region [CCR]), an increase (163% of CCR) in the total rCBV, and a reduction (37% of CCR) in the rCBF, whereas the operationally defined ischemic core showed a more severe reduction in the rCBF (12% of CCR) and in the initial rCBV (19% of CCR). Conclusion: These MR indexes may allow the identification and quantification of viable but ischemically threatened cerebral tissue amenable to therapeutic interventions in the hyperacute care of stroke patients.
Assessment of Digitized Library and Archives Materials: A Literature Review

Professional literature about the assessment of digital libraries reflects a growing interest in both improving the user experience and in justifying the creation of digital collections to multiple stakeholders. This article explores some of the key themes in digital library assessment literature through a review of current literature (2004–14) gathered from both scholarly and popular resources online. The majority of scholarship about digital library assessment utilizes usability testing and Web statistics for data collection, while studies about altmetrics, the reuse of digital library materials, cost benefit analysis, and the holistic evaluation of digital libraries are also present in the literature. Exploring the literature about digital library assessment allows libraries to create effective and sustainable evaluation models based on the successes and shortcomings of previously completed projects.
Fluid‐dependent shear‐wave splitting in fractured media

Azimuthal anisotropy in rocks can result from the presence of one or more sets of partially aligned fractures with orientations determined by the stress history of the rock. A shear wave propagating in an azimuthally anisotropic medium splits into two components with different polarizations if the source polarization is not aligned with the principal axes of the medium. For vertical propagation of shear waves in a horizontally layered medium containing vertical fractures, the shear-wave splitting depends on the shear compliance of the fractures, but is independent of their normal compliance. If the fractures are not perfectly vertical, the shear-wave splitting also depends on the normal compliance of the fractures. The normal compliance of a fluid-filled fracture decreases with increasing fluid bulk modulus. For dipping fractures, this results in a decrease in shear-wave splitting and an increase in shear-wave velocity with increasing fluid bulk modulus. The sensitivity of the shear-wave splitting to fluid bulk modulus depends on the interconnectivity of the fracture network, the permeability of the background medium and on whether the fracture is fully or partially saturated.
Investigating wired and wireless networks using a java-based programmable sniffer

Teaching students about networking requires laboratory investigation into network data. Such investigation requires examination of both wired and wireless network data. Most available network traffic sniffers are either too expensive or too cryptic to use. To implement network experiments in a classroom setting, we have developed NetSpy: a Java-based network sniffer that allows plug-in Java modules to analyze network data. NetSpy works with both wired and wireless networks. Modules are written by students as part of their experimentation with traffic data. This paper describes the NetSpy system and the way it can be used in a Networking clas.
Evaluation of d-amphetamine effects on the binding of dopamine D-2 receptor radioligand, 18F-fallypride in nonhuman primates using positron emission tomography.

We have investigated the ability of dopamine to compete with the binding of the high affinity dopamine D2 receptor positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand, 18 F-fallypride. In vitro dissociation of 18 F-fallypride with dopamine in rat striatal homogenates exhibited a dissociation rate, koff, of 1.76 3 10 22 min 21 while the association rate constant, kon, was found to be 5.30 3 10 8 M 21 min 21 . This resulted in a dissociation constant, KD of 33 pM for 18 F-fallypride. For in vivo studies, we investigated the effects of reserpine and d-amphetamine treatment on 18 F-fallypride in an attempt to study competition of endogenous dopamine with the radioligand at the receptor sites in rats and monkeys. PET experiments with 18 F-fallypride in two male rhesus monkeys were carried out in a PETT VI scanner. In control experiments, rapid specific uptake of 18 F-fallypride in the striata was observed (0.05-0.06% injected dose (ID)/g) while nonspecifically bound tracer cleared from other parts of the brain. Striata/cerebellum ratios for 18 F-fallypride were approximately 8 at 80 min postinjection, respectively. The monkeys received various doses (0.25to1.50mg/kg)ofd-amphetamine(AMPH)pre-andpostinjectionoftheradioligand.There wasadecreaseofspecificallybound 18 F-fallyprideaswellasevidenceofanenhancedclearance of specifically bound 18 F-fallypride after administering AMPH in the two monkeys. The dissociation rates, koff ,o f 18 F-fallypride without AMPH was ,10 24 min 21 but after 25 min preadministration of AMPH (1 mg/kg), it was 4.1 3 10 23 min 21 and after 17, 45 and 90 min postadministration of AMPH (1 mg/kg) it was 3.6 3 10 23 to 4.0 3 10 23 min 21 . Lower doses of AMPH (0.25 mg/kg) had a reduced effect on the binding of 18 F-fallypride. No effect was seen until about 30 minutes after the injection of AMPH. Studies with various doses indicated that 18 F-fallypride has a maximum response at doses of 0.75-1.50 mg/kg, with an approximately 16%/hour reduction in binding. These results indicate thatAMPH stimulated release of endogenous dopamine reduces the specific binding of 18 F-fallypride.
Integrating software engineering into an intermediate programming class

The emphasis on software engineering topics in the newest report on the second computer science class will have considerable impact on computer science education. Teaching issues arising from the incorporation of software engineering topics are discussed. Ideas for projects and group activities, together with approaches to encourage students to include ease of maintenance and user-friendly interfaces are provided.
Post-acquisition correction of MR inhomogeneities

Signal inhomogeneities in volumetric head MR scans are a major obstacle to segmentation and neuromorphometry. The fuzzy c-means (FCM) statistical clustering algorithm was extended to estimate and retrospectively correct a multiplicative inhomogeneity field in T1-weighted head MR scans. The method was tested on a mathematically simulated object and on seven whole head 3D MR scans. Once initial parameters governing operation of the algorithm were chosen for this class of images, results were obtained without intervention for individual MR studies. Post-acquisition inhomogeneity correction by extended FCM clustering improved overall image uniformity and separability of gray and white matter intensities.
Hydroxyl content of solution-precipitated calcium phosphates

A method is described for determination of the titratable hydroxide ion in calcium phosphate precipitates. The procedure requires accurate analysis of the other titratable species in the crystal lattice but is unaffected by the presence of other lattice constituents or impurities. The method was applied to precipitates that had been previously analyzed by solution thermodynamic techniques, and the results were consistent with the earlier observations. The hydroxide content of the precipitates increased with crystal maturity and with increasing pH of the precipitation medium. The hydroxide content of the amorphous phase and the immediate post-amorphous-crystalline transformation phase was shown to be nearly zero. After 3 to 4 days' maturation, the hydroxide content of precipitates prepared at pH values of 7, 8, and 9 was shown to increase to approximately 23, 40, 56% of that required for pure hydroxyapatite.
The effect of chronic ethanol on glutamate binding in human and rat brain

Quantitative autoradiographic techniques demonstrate that chronic alcohol administration causes a decrease in [3H]-glutamate binding to hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. A 14% decrease in [3H]-glutamate binding in the hippocampal CA1 region is seen both in the rat after five days of ethanol administration and in postmortem hippocampal tissues from alcoholics. In the rat, 24 hr ethanol withdrawal values are intermediate between control and alcohol binding levels. There was no significant effect of ethanol on [3H]-glutamate binding in the cortex or caudate.
New aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability, but has only recently been extensively explored from a cellular and molecular perspective. In COPD there is a chronic inflammation that leads to fixed narrowing of small airways and alveolar wall destruction (emphysema). This is characterized by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the release of multiple inflammatory mediators (lipids, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors). A high level of oxidative stress may amplify this inflammation. There is also increased elastolysis and evidence of the involvement of several elastolytic enzymes, including serine proteases, cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases. The inflammation and proteolysis observed in COPD are an amplification of the normal inflammatory response to cigarette smoke. This inflammation, in marked contrast to asthma, appears to be resistant to corticosteroids, prompting a search for novel anti-inflammato...
A preliminary open trial of nefazodone added to mood stabilizers for bipolar depression.

Abstract Background Little information exists on the use of nefazodone to treat bipolar depression. We hypothesized that nefazodone added to a standard mood stabilizer would show significant antidepressant efficacy with minimal agitation or induction of mania, by virtue of its selective 5-HT 2A blockade. Methods Thirteen DSM-IV pure depressed-phase nonpsychotic bipolar outpatients received an open-label 8-week pilot trial of flexibly dosed nefazodone (mean±SD peak dose=462.5±164.0 mg/day) with a concurrent mood stabilizer or atypical antipsychotic. Primary outcomes included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale (CGI-S). Results All subjects completed at least 4 weeks of treatment, while 9 (69%) completed the 8-week protocol. Based on last observation point, 8 (62%) had at least a 50% reduction from baseline HAM-D scores. Significant improvement from baseline was observed in both HAM-D ( z =2.05, p =.04) and CGI severity ratings ( z =2.21, p =.03). Induction of mania occurred in 1 subject (7%). No subjects manifested clinical signs of hepatic failure, and none prematurely terminated the study due to other adverse events (most common side effects included fatigue, insomnia, nausea, or headache). Limitations This was a small open-label pilot study with use of varied concomitant pharmacotherapies and no placebo comparator. Conclusions While nefazodone is seldom used in clinical practice due to concerns about rare but severe hepatotoxicity, it may represent a model for postsynaptic 5HT 2A antagonism that mechanistically could help to inform the development of future treatments for bipolar depression.