cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-FF-I-95: Separate Water and Fat Imaging with a Novel Phase-Correction Algorithm

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of an efficient and robust 2‐point Dixon technique with a novel phase‐correction algorithm and a triple‐echo fast spin‐echo (fTED) data acquisition.Methods and Materials: An fTED pulse sequence was developed and used to collect an in vivo raw dataset on 1.5T GE whole body MRI scanner. The pulse sequence was modified from the FSE pulse sequnece by replacing each readout gradient between each 180° refocusing RF pair with three readout gradients of alternating polarity. The separation between the three readout gradients is timed so that the three corresponding raw images have a relative water and fat phase of 180°, 0, 180°, respectively. A novel phase‐correction algorithm was developed to remove phase errors and produce the water‐only and fat‐only images. The algorithm determines the phase vector direction rather than the phase value. Both the pixel intensity and precalculated phase gradients are used to guide the region growth sequence. The advantages of the algorithm include its easy implementation, computational efficiency, and robustness in the presence of pixels with large phase uncertainty. Results: Clean water and fat separation was achieved using the novel phase‐correction algorithm for all the images. Using only phase gradients for determining the growth sequence, small local regions were noted to have reversed water and fat assignment. Such processing errors were corrected when pixel intensity was included in the determination of the growth sequence. Discussion and Conclusion: We showed that both the pixel intensity and phase gradients can be incorporated in the new phase‐correction algorithm. The pulse sequence and the phase‐correction algorithm were demonstrated to be capable of producing water‐only and fat‐only images with excellent scan time efficiency and processing robustness. Acknowledgment: This work was supported by a research grant from the Susan Komen Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
Screening candidate anticancer drugs for brain tumor chemotherapy: Pharmacokinetic-driven approach for a series of (E)-N-(substituted aryl)-3-(substituted phenyl)propenamide analogues

A pharmacokinetic [PK]-driven screening process was implemented to select new agents for brain tumor chemotherapy from a series of low molecular weight anticancer agents [ON27x] that consisted of 141 compounds. The screening procedures involved a combination of in silico, in vitro and in vivo mouse studies that were cast into a pipeline of tier 1 and tier 2 failures that resulted in a final investigation of 2 analogues in brain tumor-bearing mice. Tier 1 failures included agents with a molecular weight of > 450 Da, a predicted log P (log P) of either 3.5, and a cytotoxicity IC50 value of > 2 uM. Next, 18 compounds underwent cassette dosing studies in normal mice that identified compounds with high systemic clearance, and low blood–brain barrier [BBB] penetration. These indices along with a derived parameter, referred to as the brain exposure index, comprised tier 2 failures that led to the administration of 2 compounds [ON27570, ON27740] as single agents [discrete dosing] to mice bearing intracerebral tumors. Comparison of ON27570’s resultant PK parameters to those obtained in the cassette dosing format suggested a drug-drug interaction most likely at the level of BBB transport, and prompted the use of the in vitro MDCK-MDR1 transport model to help assess the nature of the discrepancy. Overall, the approach was able to identify candidate compounds with suitable PK characteristics yet further revisions to the method, such as the use of in vitro metabolism and transport assays, may improve the PK-directed approach to identify efficacious agents for brain tumor chemotherapy.
Electron density changes in the nighttime D region due to heating by very-low-frequency transmitters

Modification of the nighttime D region electron density (N(sub e)) due to heating by very-low-frequency (VLF) transmitters is investigated theoretically using a four-species model of the ion chemistry. The effects of a 100 kW, a 265 kW, and a 1000 kW VLF transmitter are calculated for three ambient N(sub e) profiles. Results indicate that N(sub e) is reduced by up to 26% at approximately 80 km altitude over a 1000 kW transmitter.
The influence of work‐family culture and workplace relationships on work interference with family: a multilevel model

This research tested a multilevel model examining the influence of work-family culture and supportive workplace relationships on work interference with family. Web-based survey data were provided by 792 information technology employees from 10 organizations. Random coefficient modeling was used to test a path model examining the relationships between work-family culture, leader-member exchange (LMX), coworker support, and work interference with family. The direct effects of LMX and coworker support on work interference with family were significant. The indirect effect of work-family culture on work interference with family was also significant. Results demonstrate the value of work-family culture in understanding supportive supervisory and coworker relationships and work interference with family and highlight the need to employ multilevel models to understand these relationships. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of fire has limited physiological impact on old‐growth ponderosa pine in dry montane forests of north‐central Idaho

Reduced frequency of fire in historically fire-adapted ecosystems may have adverse effects on ecosystem structure, function, and resilience. Lack of fire increases stand density and promotes successional replacement of serai dominant trees by late-successional, more shade- tolerant species. These changes are thought to increase competition for limited resources among trees and to increase physiological stress of dominant, fire-adapted species. However, there has been little effort to directly investigate effects of lack of fire on the physiological status of old trees, especially in unlogged, protected forests. At four remote sites in the Selway-Bitterroot region of Idaho, we tested whether the physiological status of dominant old-growth ponderosa pine trees in repeatedly burned stands (three to four 20th- century wildfires at roughly historical fire frequency) differs from trees in paired stands not burned for at least 70 years. We hypothesized that trees in relatively unburned stands would exhibit signs of physiological stress due to increased competition for resources in higher- density stands. Needle chemistry and morphological variables, fine root production, mycorrhizal infection rates, depth of soil water resources, and recent basal area growth rates were measured as indictors of competition-induced stress. Contrary to predictions, needle carbon isotopie ratio (513C) and fine root production, variables related to water stress, were slightly higher in repeatedly burned stands driven by site-specific responses, and there were no significant biological differences between trees in repeatedly burned stands vs. stands unburned for at least 70 years in the remaining variables. Our results raise the possibility that dominant ponderosa pine trees in uneven-aged forests may be more resilient to increased stand density associated with the lack of fire than previously thought. If so, our results have implications for the management of uneven-aged, old-growth forests.
Five-axis pencil-cut planning and virtual prototyping with 5-DOF haptic interface

Abstract In this paper, techniques of 5-axis pencil-cut machining planning with a 5-DOF (degree of freedom) output haptic interface are presented. Detailed techniques of haptic rendering and tool interference avoidance are discussed for haptic-aided 5-axis pencil-cut tool path generation. Five-axis tool path planning has attracted great attention in CAD/CAM and NC machining. For efficient machining of complex surfaces, pencil-cut uses relatively smaller tools to remove the remaining material at corners or highly curved regions that are inaccessible with larger tools. As a critical problem for 5-axis pencil-cut tool path planning, the tasks of tool orientation determination and tool collision avoidance are achieved with a developed 5-DOF haptic interface. A Two-phase rendering approach is proposed for haptic rendering and force-torque feedback calculation with haptic interface. A Dexel-based volume modeling method is developed for global tool interference avoidance with surrounding components in a 5-axis machining environment. Hardware and software implementation of the haptic pencil-cut system with practical examples are also presented in this paper. The presented technique can be used for CAD/CAM, 5-axis machining planning and virtual prototyping.
Subendocardial infarction associated with ventricular hypertrophy in preterm infants with chronic lung disease

We describe three preterm neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy who incurred subendocardial infarctions, as evidenced by electrocardiographic, laboratory or autopsy findings. We propose that cardiac hypertrophy contributed to the risk for subendocardial ischemia and infarction, and suggest diligence for this complication.
Damage during perfusion procedures used to prepare whole organs for freezing

Summary If the ultimate goal of organ banks is to be realized, a simple test is needed to determine when the desired concentration of the endocryophalactic agent has reached equilibrium with the tissues of the organ to be frozen. It is also necessary to develop simple tests which will accurately reflect the biochemical status of the organ that was frozen, in order to predict the viability of the transplanted organ. The method used involves the analysis of the effluent perfusate collected before and after the freezing process. The principal organ studied was the canine kidney. Chemical methods were employed to determine the concentration of various ions and enzymes in the effluent perfusate. Osmotic pressure of the effluent was measured. During perfusion the weight gain and flow rate were recorded. The results show that: 1) the freezing point depression of the fractions of effluent perfusate is a simple test which reflects equilibrium of the endocryophalactic agent in the tissues of the organ to be stored, 2) the Na ion concentration in the effluent reflects weight gain and indicates the water shift between the tissues of the organ and the perfusate, and 3) the K and Ca ions and SGOT and LDH enzyme concentrations in the effluent indicate the damage incurred to the organ.
Munchausen syndrome presenting as hemophilia: a convenient and economical "steal" of disease and treatment

Munchausen's syndrome and Munchausen's syndrome by proxy (MSBP) can cause many conditions, including bleeding problems, seizures, failure to thrive and others. We report here an unusual case in which a mother presented to the hospital for her hemophiliac son's failure to thrive, subsequently for her own self-inflected mutilating wounds, and finally for self-induced simulation of her son's hemophiliac bleeding and arthritic complications.
Social learning treatment of child abuse

Abstract Social learning principles were applied in the treatment of two families in which episodes of child abuse had occured. The home-based intervention focused on providing parents with improved child management skills, thereby reducing the need for further corporal punishment. Results showed large reductions in aversive parent and child behaviors, and corresponding increases in the positive behavior of most family members. These were maintained over an extended follow-up. No new episodes of child abuse occured during the course of the 7 month study.
The "Hot Stroke" and Transient Vascular Occlusions

Two patients with left middle cerebral artery (MCA) distribution infarctions fulfilled the "hot stroke" criteria on sequential 99m Tc pertechnetate flow and static gamma camera studies. The radioisotopic finding of a paradoxical relative increased flow to the affected hemisphere correlated with serial angiography showing multiple MCA branch occlusions becoming patent with a vascular blush and early venous drainage. The angiographical finding of transient vascular occlusions suggests embolism. Using the present cases together with prior observations, some transient vascular occlusions can be diagnosed by finding an increase in relative radioisotopic flow to the involved hemisphere within a few days to weeks of the infarction. This finding should launch a search for a possible embolic source.
PREMATURE ADRENARCHE RESULTING FROM SYMPTOMATIC NONCLASSICAL CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

Among 25 patients (19 girls and 6 boys) with premature adrenarche, 8 were diagnosed as having mild, asymptomatic, nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OH def) based on elevated ACTH stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and decreased ratio of 17-hydroxypregnenolone (Δ5-17P)/17-OHP; 2 were suspected of having a partial adrenal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3β-HSD def) based on high responses of Δ5-17P to ACTH stimulation and elevated ratio of Δ5-17P/17-OHP. Elevated morning Δ5-17P in a 5-year-old girl with 3β-HSD def revealed diurnal variation. In all 7 patients with suspected genetic steroidogenic defects who received dexamethasone (dex), there was prompt suppression of elevated hormone levels. The remaining 15 patients with premature adrenarche did not have abnormalities in steroidogenesis, although some androgen levels were elevated and suppressed with dex, and those were classified as idiopathic. In conclusion, we propose that premature adrenarche with excessive Δ5 and Δ4 steroid production in association with partial steroid enzyme defect is probably due to late-onset, nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and this condition is probably more common than has been previously recognized.
A method for determining the age of a bloodstain

DNA allows for the unambiguous identification of the person from whom a biological sample was derived but provides little information about when the sample was deposited. This information only indicated that the biological material was deposited at the crime scene prior to the collection of evidence. The ability to determine the age of a biological sample would greatly benefit the forensic science community. If there were independent evidence that the biological sample was deposited at the time of the crime, then its age would reveal when the crime occurred. If the time of the crime were known through another means, then the age of the biological sample could potentially exclude the human source as a suspect. We have used real-time reverse transcriptase PCR to show that the ratio between different types of RNA (mRNA versus rRNA) changes over time in a linear fashion when dried human blood from eight individuals was examined over the course of 150 days. Although other approaches have been used in the past to estimate the age of a biological sample, our approach offers the following advantages: enhanced detectability of small samples, simultaneous isolation of DNA and RNA from the same sample, species-specific probes, and an increased window of usefulness.
Outreach to older adults: Matching programs to specific needs

Mental health services for older adults benefit from an outreach approach that makes both clients and providers aware of the availability and usefulness of a range of programs to address various problems. Coordination of multiple systems of care is usually required to provide the necessary complement of services needed by older adults.
Development of Homogeneity in an Al-6061 Alloy Processed by ECAP and ECAP-Conform

Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) has been established as an effective method to achieve ultrafine-grained materials and ECAP combined with the Conform process (ECAP-Conform) is considered a promising candidate to realize continuous processing by ECAP. This paper describes experiments conducted on samples of an Al-6061 alloy in order to evaluate the homogeneity development of the alloy processed by ECAP and ECAP-Conform. The samples of the Al-6061 alloy were processed by ECAP and ECAP-Conform at room temperature up to 4 passes via route BC. The microhardness measurements were recorded both in the cross-sectional planes and along the longitudinal directions of the samples. The results show the alloy obtained significant strengthening using both processes. There was reasonable plastic isotropy after 4 passes of ECAP-Conform in both the cross-sectional plane and the longitudinal direction and the alloy showed a homogeneous microhardness distribution in the cross-sectional plane after 4 passes of conventional ECAP.
Ex-Dividend Returns and the Tax Reform Act of 1986

As previously recognized, the Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced observed ex-day returns to stocks that do not attract dividend capture trading. However, by decreasing the top corporate tax rate, and decreasing the corporate dividend income deduction, the Act also reduced the return to dividend capture by U.S. corporations. The ex-day returns for stocks that had previously attracted corporate dividend capture should therefore increase. This prediction is consistent with evidence that ex-day returns increased after the Act was implemented, among low-transaction cost, high-dividend yield stocks and among low-risk, high-dividend yield stocks.
Structural Basis of Selective Cytochrome P450 Inhibition

Isoform-selective cytochrome P450 inhibitors have greatly facilitated the characterization of the catalytic specificities and pharmacological and toxicological significance of individual P450 enzymes in experimental animals and humans. Recent advances in elucidating the enzymatic determinants of P450 substrate specificity now make it possible to explore how complementary properties of inhibitors and their target enzymes dictate inhibitor selectivity. A thorough understanding of the basis of specificity should lead to the rational design of a new generation of structure-based cytochrome P450 inhibitors for use as probes and modulators of P450 function in vivo.
Early Christian Archaeology: A State of the Field

This article considers the history and trajectory of early Christian archaeology. Focusing principally on the built environment, it addresses the status of research on third-century Christian domus ecclesiae or house churches, urban topography, Christian euergetism, pagan/Christian temple conversion, monasticism and pilgrimage, parish churches, and rural Christianity. It suggests that this largely conservative field continues to wrestle with its relationship with Christian texts, and remains dominated by formalist and positivist paradigms. The expansion of the discipline into adjacent fields in recent years signals something of a shift, but more holistic studies are needed that contextualize Christian remains within their local topographic, social, ecclesiastical, and, above all, economic circumstances.
Spent Cartridges of Revolution: An Anthropological History of Namiquipa, Chihuahua

What happens to a revolutionary town after the revolution? This apparently simple question frames "Spent Cartridges of Revolution", an anthropological history of Namiquipa, Chihuahua, Mexico. Officially, the revolution of 1910-20 restored control over land and local politics to the peasantry. But Namiquipan peasants, who fought alongside Pancho Villa, have seen little progress and consider themselves mere "spent cartridges" of a struggle that benefited other classes. Daniel Nugent's approach combines an emphasis on the peasants' own perceptions of Mexican society after the revolution with an analysis of the organization and formation of state power. He shows that popular discontent in Chihuahua is motivated not only by immediate economic crises but by two centuries of struggle between the people of Northern Mexico and the government. Nugent discusses the relations of the rural class structure, ideology and the state, while analyzing the particular meanings of land, the labour process and politics for Namiquipans. Weaving long-range history, current events, and anthropological and social theory, this book challenges previous analyses of the Mexican revolution.
The urban underserved: attitudes towards gaining full access to electronic medical records

Background As the use of electronic medical records (EMRs) spreads, health-care organizations are increasingly offering patients online access to their medical records. Studies evaluating patient attitudes towards viewing elements of their records through secure, electronic patient portals have generally not included medically underserved patients or those with HIV/AIDS. The goal of this study was to gain insight into such patients' attitudes towards online access to their medical records, including their doctors' visit notes. Methods Qualitative study of four focus groups with adult patients in general adult medicine and HIV clinics at a large county hospital. Transcripts were analysed for themes using an immersion/crystallization approach. Results Patients' baseline understanding of the health record was limited. Perceived benefits of online access were improved patient understanding of health and disease, convenience, empowerment and a stronger relationship with their provider. Concerns included threats to privacy, worries about being unable to understand their record, fear that the computer would replace direct provider contact and hesitancy about potential demands on a provider's time. Patients also recommended providing online visit reminders, links to credible health information and assistance for paying bills. Conclusion Despite their initial lack of knowledge of the health record, focus group participants were overwhelmingly positive about the prospect of online access to medical records. However, they worried about potential loss of privacy and interference with the patient–provider relationship. As EMRs increasingly offer patients open access to their medical records, vulnerable patient groups will likely join others in desiring and adopting such change, but may need targeted support during times of transition.
Type 2 diabetes: fueling the surge of cardiovascular disease in women.

Objectives Upon completion of this activity, the learner will be able to: 1. Recognize and identify the interrelated risk factors that contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. 2. Formulate strategies that result in the early identification of women at risk for developing type 2 diabetes and CVD. 3. Describe intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and CVD in women. Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) Credit A total of 2 contact hours may be earned as CNE credit for reading “Type 2 Diabetes: Fueling the Surge of Cardiovascular Disease in Women” and for completing an online post‐test and participant feedback form. To take the test and complete the participant feedback form, please visit http://JournalsCNE.awhonn.org . Certificates of completion will be issued on receipt of the completed participant feedback form and processing fees. AWHONN is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. Accredited status does not imply endorsement by AWHONN or ANCC of any commercial products displayed or discussed in conjunction with an educational activity. AWHONN also holds California and Alabama BRN numbers: California CNE provider #CEP580 and Alabama #ABNP0058.
Identification of normal neurohormonal activity in mild congestive heart failure and stimulating effect of upright posture and diuretics

To characterize further the pathophysiology of the neurohormonal vasoconstrictor pathways in congestive heart failure (CHF), plasma renin activity, plasma norepinephrine, blood pressure, blood volume and renal hemodynamics were measured in 12 patients with mild to moderate CHF. In addition, the response to the gravitational stress of head-up tilt and the influence of 3 weeks of furosemide treatment as stimuli of neurohormonal activity were assessed. Supine plasma renin activity before diuretics was relatively normal at 1.94 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/hr and was significantly increased to 3.9 +/- 2.7 ng/ml/hr after diuretics. During tilt, there was a significant reflex increase in plasma renin activity both before and after diuretics. Plasma norepinephrine was also relatively normal before diuretics (325 +/- 211 pg/ml), did not increase after diuretics, but showed significant increases during tilt both before and after diuretics. Diuretic administration led to decreases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, but there was no change in body weight or total blood volume. In addition, diuretic administration did not result in any significant changes of renal blood flow (546 +/- 119 to 634 +/- 204 ml/min/1.73m2), glomerular filtration rate (81 +/- 22 to 90 +/- 27 ml/min/1.73m2) or filtration fraction (0.26 to 0.25). The present study demonstrates that the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system were not activated in the early symptomatic stages of CHF and that baroreceptor stimulation of these pathways during head-up tilt was relatively preserved. Renin secretion increased during diuretic administration, suggesting that the macula densa signal for renin release was also preserved in patients with relatively mild CHF.
Line Width Dependence of Stresses in Aluminum Interconnect

Finite-element simulations show that the thermally generated stresses in passivated aluminum-silicon lines increase rapidly with decreasing line width. The resulting tensile stresses can be several times the yield strength. This results in a high driving force for creep voids which are a significant reliability problem for narrow lines.
Sensing Asthma with Portable Devices Equipped with Ultrasensitive Sensors Based on Electrospun Nanomaterials

The use of sensors and sensing devices in breath analysis is a very recent achievement in medicine. In this study, a portable pre-industrial device capable of monitoring NO in lung exhaled in respect to the ATS/ERS guidelines was designed and manufactured. The proposed equipment, called NOESIS, involved the use of a conductive polymer doped with nanofibres of an electrospun metal oxide, and was characterised by high sensing features, low power consumption, cost-effectiveness and cheapness. The properties of the sensor and the strategies utilised to achieve such results in that device are here reported and discussed.
The effects of cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition on cholesterol efflux.

Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency or inhibition results in dramatic elevations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, but there has been concern that HDL might be dysfunctional in its ability to promote efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells or to mediate reverse cholesterol transport. Using cholesterol-loaded cultured macrophages, HDL that was isolated from subjects with homozygous CETP deficiency or who had been treated with high levels of CETP inhibitor (120 mg torcetrapib) had an increased cholesterol efflux potential when matched for unit mass of HDL in media. This correlated with the accumulation of HDL 2 species enriched in apolipoprotein E and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase. At lower levels of inhibition (60 mg torcetrapib), HDL had a similar ability to promote cholesterol efflux as pretreatment HDL but showed increased cholesterol efflux in parallel with the increase in plasma HDL concentration. Cholesterol efflux measurements appear to correlate with the finding that subjects who attained the highest levels of HDL on torcetrapib showed regression of coronary atheroma as determined by intravascular ultrasound. Although these in vitro measurements may not fully capture the in vivo complexities of HDL metabolism, they suggest that increased HDL attributable to CETP inhibition results in particles that have normal or enhanced ability to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells.
Death penalty support for special offender populations of legally convicted murderers: juveniles, the mentally retarded, and the mentally incompetent

The U.S. Supreme Court recently re-examined the constitutionality of the death penalty in the context of two of three special offender populations of murderers (juveniles, mentally retarded, and mentally incompetent). The Court reaffirmed the imposition of the death penalty for juveniles 16 and 17, while reversing itself on the mentally retarded. In reaching its decision, the Court relied on society's "evolving standards of decency." Using Likert-type items, this study is the first to have prospective jurors assess support for the death penalty for these specific offender groups. The public's support for the execution of each of the groups is then compared with existing case law. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses indicate that, as expected, the levels of support for the applicability of capital punishment to the various special offender populations are much lower than that for the general adult offender. Moreover, these findings are congruent with the holdings of the Court with one notable exception: a slight majority of respondents supported executing the mentally incompetent. Reasons for the public's apparent departure from the Supreme Court holding prohibiting the execution of mentally incompetent convicted murderers are discussed. The Court's continued role in protecting marginalized populations from "cruel and unusual punishment" is explored in the context of strong public sentiment demanding justice and finality despite changes in offenders' mental capacity.
Improving Bridging from Informatics Practice to Theory

Background: In 1962, Methods of Information in Medicine ( MIM ) began to publish papers on the methodology and scientific fundamentals of organizing, representing, and analyzing data, information, and knowledge in biomedicine and health care. Considered a companion journal, Applied Clinical Informatics ( ACI ) was launched in 2009 with a mission to establish a platform that allows sharing of knowledge between clinical medicine and health IT specialists as well as to bridge gaps between visionary design and successful and pragmatic deployment of clinical information systems. Both journals are official journals of the International Medical Informatics Association. Objectives: As a follow-up to prior work, we set out to explore congruencies and interdependencies in publications of ACI and MIM. The objectives were to describe the major topics discussed in articles published in ACI in 2014 and to determine if there was evidence that theory in 2014 MIM publications was informed by practice described in ACI publications in any year. We also set out to describe lessons learned in the context of bridging informatics practice and theory and offer opinions on how ACI editorial policies could evolve to foster and improve such bridging. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study and reviewed all articles published in ACI during the calendar year 2014 (Volume 5) for their main theme, conclusions, and key words. We then reviewed the citations of all MIM papers from 2014 to determine if there were references to ACI articles from any year. Lessons learned in the context of bridging informatics practice and theory and opinions on ACI editorial policies were developed by consensus among the two authors. Results: A total of 70 articles were published in ACI in 2014. Clinical decision support, clinical documentation, usability, Meaningful Use, health information exchange, patient portals, and clinical research informatics emerged as major themes. Only one MIM article from 2014 cited an ACI article. There are several lessons learned including the possibility that there may not be direct links between MIM theory and ACI practice articles. ACI editorial policies will continue to evolve to reflect the breadth and depth of the practice of clinical informatics and articles received for publication. Efforts to encourage bridging of informatics practice and theory may be considered by the ACI editors. Conclusions: The lack of direct links from informatics theory-based papers published in MIM in 2014 to papers published in ACI continues as was described for papers published during 2012 to 2013 in the two companion journals. Thus, there is little evidence that theory in MIM has been informed by prac-tice in ACI.
Contributions of Biofeedback Methods to the Understanding of Visceral and Central Nervous System Functions

In this final chapter I would like to explore some of the scientific issues that have emerged from experimental investigations employing biofeedback procedures as they have emerged in this symposium. Some perspective may be gained by considering the types of experimental questions that have been posed here and the general issues to which they are addressed. It is my belief that the nature of these questions has changed somewhat in the past decade, and that the field of “biofeedback research” is now more diverse and complex than it was at its inception. This results from the fact that the field is unified only at the level of method or procedure and that these methods have been used by different investigators to pursue a variety of substantive questions.
Major Issues and Obstacles in Ensuring Effective Programs

Implementing effective token economies requires more than merely selecting target behaviors, a medium of exchange to serve as the token, back-up events, and providing rules to specify the contingencies. There are many issues and obstacles that need to be addressed which underlie the efficacy of a given program. This chapter discusses major issues which pertain directly to the efficacy of the token economy, namely, training staff or other behavior-change agents to implement the contingencies, altering the contingencies for clients who do not respond to the initial token program, and utilizing economic variables to sustain or augment high levels of performance on the part of the clients.
Corporate Images Are Not Stereotypes

According to W. T. Tucker in the January, 1961, JOURNAL OF MARKETING, corporate images are stereotypes. The present author disagrees, and explains why.
Expression of rabbit C‐reactive protein in transgenic mice

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a prototypic acute phase reactant in humans and rabbits whose serum concentration can increase up to 1000-fold following an acute inflammatory stimulus. CRP binds to many phosphate ester-containing compounds including phosphorylcholine, nucleotides, chromatin and snRNP. To examine the in vivo function of this protein, we produced transgenic mice capable of significant CRP synthesis. In contrast to most other vertebrates, mice synthesize CRP in only trace amounts. The transgenic animals express rabbit CRP from either the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter (PEPCK-CRP) or the mouse metallothionein I promoter (MT-CRP). Manipulating the diet in one of the PEPCK-CRP lines led to a rise in serum CRP levels from < 5 mu g/mL to 100-200 mu g/mL over a period of 2 days. The two MT-CRP lines examined expressed CRP constitutively which could be further elevated 2-4-fold following an inflammatory stimulus. Transgenic CRP bound phosphorylcholine was pentameric, had a circulating half-life of 30-60 min and was capable of activating mouse complement when bound to a ligand. We conclude that these transgenic lines express CRP with many of the properties of authentic rabbit CRP, and that the expression of CRP can be controlled to be dependent or independent of the acute phase response.
Turnover-Adjusted Momentum and Equity Returns

I propose a turnover-adjusted momentum strategy and argue that it is more profitable and stable compared to the momentum strategy proposed by Jegadeesh and Titman (1993). Stocks are sorted by the moving standard deviation of the product of "share turnover ratio" and "returns without dividends" in the formation period. My strategy generates a significant alpha value of 0.88% and 0.80% from 1965 to 2016 when regressing the excess returns on the four-factor model by Carhart (1997) and the five-factor model by Fama and French (2014). In addition, this long-short strategy is less vulnerable to financial crises, which the original momentum strategy fails to prevent from.
Renal nerves and renal responses to volume expansion in conscious monkeys

Experiments were performed in conscious macaque monkeys to determine the effect of renal denervation on the diuresis and natriuresis of blood volume expansion. When the kidneys were innervated, expansion of estimated blood volume by 20% with 3% dextran in isotonic saline caused increases in urine flow (V), from 0.28 +/- 0.07 ml/min to a peak response of 1.08 +/- 0.20 ml/min, absolute sodium excretion (UNaV), from 30.0 +/- 11.2 to 99.8 +/- 11.7 mueq/min, and fractional sodium excretion (FENa+), from 1.24 +/- 0.51 to 3.19 +/- 0.56%. The animals then underwent bilateral renal denervation and were volume expanded a second time 6-13 days postdenervation. Under this condition, V increased from 0.32 +/- 0.05 to 0.64 +/- 0.08 ml/min, UNaV, from 22.2 +/- 4.6 to 46.2 +/- 8.0 mueq/min, and FENa+, from 0.91 +/- 0.26 to 1.92 +/- 0.41%, these increases being significantly less than when the kidneys were innervated. These results demonstrate that the renal nerves play an important role in the nonhuman primate in mediating increases in renal excretion during hypervolemia.
Exhaust Manifold Structural Optimization and Validation of a Gasoline Engine

Analyze structural defect which exist in exhaust manifold of some four cylinders gasoline engine and optimize it.Use numerical modeling simulation software to analyze exhaust back pressure(EBP) and exhaust flow's homogeneity of before and after optimization.Analysis shows that EPB and homogeneity of each cylinder are both reduced.Contrast the gasoline engines which carry original manifold and optimized manifold at table test.The result show that optimized manifold not only advance external characteristic torque but also reduce fuel consumption.Feasibility to optimize structure of exhaust manifold is validated by this table test.
Contrast and Analysis on Total Electric Field at Ground Level Under HVDC Transmission Lines by Deutsch Assumption-Based Method and Finite Element Method

HVDC power transmission is widely applied in China and the Deutsch assumption-based method and the finite element method are usually applied to calculate the total electric fields at ground level under HVDC transmission lines.The differences of the two calculation methods and the reason that may cause calculation errors by the two calculation methods are contrasted and analyzed,and the difference between calculation results of the total electric field at the ground level under the same horizontally or vertically configured HVDC transmission line,which is brought by different methods,is discussed.Discussion results show that for horizontally configured HVDC transmission line the relative difference between the maximum value of the total electric field at ground level calculated by the Deutsch assumption-based method and that calculated by the finite element method with equivalent conductor is less than 4%,however the relative difference between the former and that calculated by finite element method with bundled conductor is larger than 10%;for vertically configured HVDC transmission line,the relative difference between maximum value of the total electric field at ground level calculated by the Deutsch assumption-based method and that calculated by the finite element method with equivalent conductor is within the range from 5% to 15%,however the relative difference between the former and that calculated by finite element method with bundled conductor is usually larger than 30%.
EMERGENCE OF RESISTANCE TO GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES IN CANCER CELLS: DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES IN PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED BY GLUCOCORTICOID-SENSITIVE AND -RESISTANT MOUSE P1798 LYMPHOSARCOMA CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the emergence of resistance to glucocorticoid hormones in cancer cells and detection of differences in proteins synthesized by glucocorticoid-sensitive and resistant mouse P1798 lymphosarcoma cells. The changes in the kinds of proteins made that accompany the emergence of resistance to glucocorticoids are observed by examining individual proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By increasing the size of the first and second dimension gel systems by 2.5-fold, the resolution is approximately doubled, allowing the detection of >2000 separate protein peaks. In comparing glucocorticoid-sensitive versus glucocorticoid-resistant cells, there are at least 20 proteins whose synthetic rates differ significantly. These differences are retained through at least three tumor passages, suggesting that the changes are relatively stable. Some proteins are detectable only in the sensitive line whereas others are detectable only in the resistant line. Thus, the possibility remains open that resistance may be conferred through either an increase or a decrease in the amounts of one or more proteins. The chapter discusses the localization of the protein differences to specific subcellular compartments for determining which proteins are membrane-associated.
Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Multiple Distinct Local Alignments

A comparison of two sequences may uncover multiple regions of local similarity. While the significance of each local alignment may be evaluated independently, sometimes a combined assessment is appropriate. This paper discusses a variety of statistical and algorithmic issues that such an assessment presents.
Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Modern Heuristic Search Techniques Introduction to GAs Encoding Fitness Function Basic Operators Niching Methods Parallel Genetic Algorithms Final Comments Acknowledgments References
Medicinal versus recreational cannabis use: Patterns of cannabis use, alcohol use, and cued-arousal among veterans who screen positive for PTSD.

Abstract Introduction The present study is the first to test whether veterans who use cannabis specifically for the purposes of self-medication for their reported PTSD symptoms differ from veterans who use cannabis medicinally for other reasons, or recreationally, in terms of patterns of cannabis use, use of alcohol, and reactivity to written combat trauma reminders. Methods Assessment measures were administered online to a sample of veterans with a history of cannabis use (n = 1971). Cued arousal was assessed pre/post via a prompt about combat experiences. Hypotheses were tested using a series of Bonferroni corrected one-way analyses of variance, t -tests, bivariate and partial correlations, and a Chi-square test. Results Compared to recreational users, veterans who identify as medicinal cannabis users reported greater combat exposure ( d = 0.56), PTSD symptoms ( d = 1.02), subjective arousal when cued ( d = 0.25), and cannabis use ( d frequency = 0.40; d density = 0.42), but less alcohol use ( d = 0.28). Few differences were observed between medicinal users who reported using for PTSD versus those who reported using for other reasons. Conclusions Compared to those who use cannabis recreationally, veterans who report that they use cannabis medicinally use more cannabis and endorse significantly more symptoms of arousal following a prompt about combat trauma experiences.
Carbonate buffering and metabolic controls on carbon dioxide in rivers

Multiple processes support the significant efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from rivers and streams. Attribution of CO2 oversaturation will lead to better quantification of the freshwater carbon cycle and provide insights into the net cycling of nutrients and pollutants. CO2 production is closely related to O2 consumption because of the metabolic linkage of these gases. However, this relationship can be weakened due to dissolved inorganic carbon inputs from groundwater, carbonate buffering, calcification, and anaerobic metabolism. CO2 and O2 concentrations and other water quality parameters were analyzed in two data sets: a synoptic field study and nationwide water quality monitoring data. CO2 and O2 concentrations were strongly negatively correlated in both data sets (ρ = −0.67 and ρ = −0.63, respectively), although the correlations were weaker in high-alkalinity environments. In nearly all samples, the molar oversaturation of CO2 was a larger magnitude than molar O2 undersaturation. We used a dynamically coupled O2CO2 model to show that lags in CO2 air-water equilibration are a likely cause of this phenomenon. Lags in CO2 equilibration also impart landscape-scale differences in the behavior of CO2 between high- and low-alkalinity watersheds. Although the concept of carbonate buffering and how it creates lags in CO2 equilibration with the atmosphere is well understood, it has not been sufficiently integrated into our understanding of CO2 dynamics in freshwaters. We argue that the consideration of carbonate equilibria and its effects on CO2 dynamics are primary steps in understanding the sources and magnitude of CO2 oversaturation in rivers and streams.
StrandScript: evaluation of Illumina genotyping array design and strand correction.

Summary After the introduction of high-throughput sequencing, genotyping arrays continue to be a viable source for conducting large-scale genetic studies. Currently, Illumina is one of the largest genotyping array manufacturers. One technical issue that has always plagued the post-processing of Illumina genotyping array data is the strand definition. Against convention, Illumina uses their own definition of strand, which is inconsistent with the standard reference forward and reverse definition. This issue has been a major obstacle in the consistency of reporting, meta-analysis and correct interpretation of phenotype association results. To date, the strand issue has not been adequately addressed, prompting us to develop StrandScript, a tool that can convert all genotyping data generated from Illumina genotyping arrays to the reference forward strand. StrandScript works independently of the Illumina array version and is future proof for newer Illumina array designs. Furthermore, StrandScript can examine an Illumina genotyping array manifest file and can detect all problematic SNPs, including SNPs with wrong RS ID and SNPs with mismatched probe sequences. Here, we introduce StrandScript's design and development, and demonstrate its effectiveness using real genotyping data. Availability and Implementation https://github.com/seasky002002/Strandscript. Contact yan.guo.1@vanderbilt.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Desire, Ethics, and (Mis)Recognitions

In this chapter, I turn to observations I have made in working with sexual minority youth in public schools to show their innovations in gender and sexuality within the contingencies and disruptions of desire. Central to their task of organizing against homophobia is a collective reconsideration of the limits of gender and sexual identities, limits that they link to how their bodies are perceived by others and how the space of school seems intent on perpetuating those limits whether through bias that stabilizes their identities or through discourses of safety that stabilize their riskiness.
MicroRNA Targeted Therapy for Overcoming Drug Resistance, Reversal of EMT and Elimination of Cancer Stem Cells in Prostate and Pancreatic Cancer

Emerging evidences have demonstrated that miRNAs could directly or indirectly regulate drug resistance through modulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) characteristics. Several miRNAs including let-7, miR-15/16, miR-200, miR-34a, miR-143/145, miR-21, miR-155, miR-197, and miR-221/222 have been found to play crucial roles in the control of drug resistance, EMT, and CSCs in pancreatic and prostate cancers. Therefore, targeting these miRNAs by synthetic agents, nutraceuticals, or synthetic oligonucleotide delivery could become a promising approach for overcoming drug resistance, reversal of EMT, and elimination of CSCs, which would likely lead successful treatment of outcome in patients diagnosed with pancreatic and prostate cancers.