cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Ultrasonic Flowmeter to Flux Measure of Cooling Water in Generator Stator

Both the principle of ultrasonic flowmeter and the characteristics of flux measure of cooling water in generator stator are introduced in this paper,and through the example,the application status and correlative matters needing attention are analyzed in detail.The results indicate that ultrasonic flowmeter is convenient,reliable,and effective in flux measure of cooling water in generator stator.
Skepticism About the External World

One way to challenge our scientific knowledge is to challenge all of our knowledge of the world around us. This chapter explores the classic philosophical problem of external world skepticism. This philosophical problem challenges whether we can know anything at all about the world outside of our own minds. In the process of examining and responding to arguments for external world skepticism important insights about the nature of scientific knowledge are revealed. One of the foremost of these insights is that knowledge in general does not require evidence that makes the believed proposition absolutely certain—beyond all possible doubt. Instead, significant, yet fallible, evidence is all that is required for knowledge, both scientific and mundane. Another insight is that the explanationist account of evidential support developed in the previous chapter helps to show that, despite initial appearances, external world skepticism is not a significant threat to our knowledge after all. We do have good evidence for believing the world is roughly the way we commonsensically take it to be.
O caso da canoa incendiada: perfis e relações de pescadores em Salvador (1853-1880)

Este artigo e uma versao modificada de parte da minha Dissertacao de Mestrado. Nele, trato dos pescadores de Salvador na segunda metade do seculo XIX, lancando mao de documentacao de fontes diversas para tentar tracar um perfil desses trabalhadores no que se refere a idade, cor, estado civil, renda, bem como aspectos de sua pratica pesqueira: tipo de embarcacao prevalecente, formas e arranjos de pesca. Usei como fio condutor do artigo a historia de Francisco Xavier de Santana, pescador da povoacao do Rio Vermelho, que por alguns anos teve que driblar uma serie de ataques e sabotagens contra ele dirigidos para nao poder fazer sua pescaria com redes. Durante a analise dos sentidos do caso, procuro articular os dados gerais sobre os pescadores com as suas praticas para entender as logicas das suas relacoes, suas conexoes politicas e redes de amizade e solidariedade.
Evaluation of Automatic Caption Segmentation

Captions are typically segmented in a way that respects grammatical boundaries and makes them more readable. However, the growth of online video content with captions generated from transcripts means that this segmentation process is often ignored. This study evaluates the effects of text segmentation on caption readability, and proposes a program to automatically segment captions using a parser. The parser-segmented captions readability is also evaluated and compared to human-segmented captions and arbitrarily- segmented captions. Results indicate segmentation influences sentence recall, though other wise little difference is found between the different kinds of captioning.
Energy-efficient architectures for timing error-tolerant processors

Architectural design decisions have traditionally been made to maximize processor efficiency during correct operation. However, due to increasing unreliability at the circuit level due to manufacturing and dynamic variations, the cost of maintaining the abstraction of flawless hardware continues to escalate. Recently, error resilience mechanisms have been proposed that allow timing errors during nominal operation and tolerate or correct the errors for an overall reduction in power and/or energy [3]. In this work, we ask whether processors should be architected differently to maximize energy efficiency given the availability of an error resilience mechanism.
Algorithms for characterizing structural variation in human genome

Until fairly recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were thought to be the main source of variation in the human genome. With the advent of high-throughput genome scanning technologies, it has been revealed that there are other forms of genomic variation beyond single base-pair substitutions. These structural alterations include insertions, deletions, inversions, translocations, tandem repeats of DNA sequences and copy number variants (CNVs). Concisely, all of these alterations are referred as structural variations. CNVs represent the segments of the genome that are polymorphic with regard to genomic copy number. Copy number polymorphisms (CNPs), which can be considered as a specific category CNVs, are defined to be copy number variants that are present, with identical boundaries (and are therefore likely identical-by-descent), in at least 1% of the human population. Tandem repeats, on the other hand, are described as serially repeated segments of the human genome which may have repeat units several hundred kilobases in size. CNVs, which have been shown to have a role in various diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Crohn’s disease, autism and schizophrenia, can be caused by various structural mutations such as duplications and deletions. In the effort to scan the entire genome of human populations, as well as individuals, for CNVs (also CNPs) and tandem repeats, SNP arrays and paired end sequence mapping data have emerged as important tools. In this thesis, we study the problem of identifying CNVs, CNPs and tandem repeats from these data sources. We first frame CNV identification as an optimization problem with an objective function that is explicitly designed so that its optimal solution is the most accurate set of CNV calls. Our method, termed COKGEN, finds the best solution using a variant of the well-known heuristic simulated annealing. Next, we present a method for identifying and genotyping common CNPs. The proposed method, POLYGON, draws strength from multiple samples to produce copy number genotypes of the samples at each CNP and fine-tune its boundaries. Finally, we present a novel graph theoretical method for determining the tandem repeats from paired-end read data obtained from massively parallel paired-end sequencing of the target genome.
Efficacy and safety of an anti-FLT3 antibody (LY3012218) in patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia.

7059 Background: LY3012218 (IMC-EB10) is a monoclonal antibody that binds FLT3 with high affinity and prevents binding of the FLT3-ligand and downstream signaling. Preclinical data using LY301228 d...
Spins in the Cavity—Cavity QED

In this chapter I will focus on the brief description of the interaction between a single cavity field mode and single or ensembles of electron spins. Starting from the simplest case of a single two level system in the cavity, I introduce a formalism to treat ensembles of spins coupling to the cavity field mode.
Diffusion of innovation and longitudinal integrated clerkships: Results of the clerkship directors in internal medicine annual survey.

Purpose: Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) are innovative educational models that emphasize medical student continuity with patients, preceptors, peers, and health systems. We characterize ...
The Culture That Wouldn’t Budge: A Case Study

Many organizational experts dream of developing a new organization from scratch, applying all of the existing knowledge there is about what makes an organization “good,” “healthy,” “effective,” and “productive.” Most new organizations start out with the intention of becoming models. Despite good intentions new organizations soon learn the realities of culture. Two common myths are soon dispelled: (1) culture is strong enough to resist all change—the fantasy that the new organization always will remain vigorous and fresh; and (2) culture change can be managed—the fantasy that the leaders of organizations will be able to successfully manage change so that the craftsmanship, and original mission, and tenets of the founders are not altered (Deal & Kennedy, 1999). As we learned earlier, once a new organization begins its lifecycle it changes continuously. Leaders and members of organizations come and go and leave their marks on the organization, but the forces of change and processes of growth or decline continually shape the organization’s future.
Protein Deprivation and Offspring Behavior

In a recent paper in which he summarized and expanded on the report of the World Food Council, Senator McGovern noted that the number of undernourished people in the world increased from about 400 million in 1970 to about 455 million in 1975 (McGovern, 1979). This increase occurred despite larger-than-average food supplies that resulted from unusually favorable weather patterns during that period. Up to one third of the world’s children die from malnutrition and disease before the age of five; 25 to 50 percent of those who survive experience severe or moderate protein-energy malnutrition.
Digestion and Absorption of Other Dietary Lipids

The small intestine absorbs a variety of important lipids present in the diet or secreted in the bile using pathways similar to those for dietary triglycerides (Chap. 7). In this chapter, the mechanisms for absorption of cholesterol, phospholipid, bile acids, and the four fat-soluble vitamins will be reviewed. Absorption of these lipids will be considered with respect to intraluminal events, mechanisms for uptake across the brush-border membrane, metabolism within the enterocyte, and intracellular transport and secretion; the emphasis will be on the unique features of each lipid compound. In addition, the hepatic uptake and metabolism of the fat-soluble vitamins will be discussed.
Systematics of Single Particle Levels

The basic assumption of nuclear shell model is that from the standpoint of any one nucleon, the forces between it and all the other nucleons can be represented by a potential well. Given the parameters of this well, the locations of all shell model states should be readily calculable. However, after many years of such calculations it has become clear that there is no simple set of well parameters that can accurately fit even a small fraction of the data. It is thus important to accumulate data on the location of these states in order to find what effects are important in determining their location. These data are also very useful since they are inputs in a great many calculations in nuclear structure theory.
Brain Markers: An Emerging Technology with Potential to Enhance Collaboration Between Pediatricians and Pharmacologically Trained Psychologists

This chapter discusses the collaboration between pediatricians and pharmacologically trained psychologists and the importance of communication between pharmacologically trained psychologists and pediatricians to help them work together. Currently, there are several states in the US where psychologists with appropriate training in psychopharmacology are able to prescribe. However, psychologists with such training who do not reside in these states can also offer valuable services to their patients when working collaboratively with the patient’s physicians. Pediatricians, in particular, often seek such consultation from specialists in many areas, especially neurology and psychiatry. Psychopharmacologically trained psychologists are an asset in these areas, as well as pain management. The role of the psychologist is essential to diagnostics, promoting patient well-being, monitoring outcomes, and aiding physicians and parents in arriving at more accurate titration, which in the long run leads to greater patient compliance, often reducing the impact of potential side effects.
Featuring People in Ads (2014 Edition)

This is a book chapter from the 2014 edition of a casebook, Advertising & Marketing Law: Cases and Materials, by Rebecca Tushnet and Eric Goldman. This chapter examines the legal issues arising from featuring people in advertisements, including publicity rights and endorsement/testimonial guidelines.
A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response

In this article, we introduce an innovative and practically promising fiber-optic sensing platform (FOSP) that we proposed and demonstrated recently. This FOSP relies on a silicon Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) attached to the fiber end, referred to as Si-FOSP in this work. The Si-FOSP generates an interferogram determined by the optical path length (OPL) of the silicon cavity. Measurand alters the OPL and thus shifts the interferogram. Due to the unique optical and thermal properties of the silicon material, this Si-FOSP exhibits an advantageous performance in terms of sensitivity and speed. Furthermore, the mature silicon fabrication industry endows the Si-FOSP with excellent reproducibility and low cost toward practical applications. Depending on the specific applications, either a low-finesse or high-finesse version will be utilized, and two different data demodulation methods will be adopted accordingly. Detailed protocols for fabricating both versions of the Si-FOSP will be provided. Three representative applications and their according results will be shown. The first one is a prototype underwater thermometer for profiling the ocean thermoclines, the second one is a flow meter to measure flow speed in the ocean, and the last one is a bolometer used for monitoring exhaust radiation from magnetically confined high-temperature plasma.
US grand strategy and the origins of the developmental state

Scholars have credited a model of state-led capitalism called the ‘developmental state’ with producing the economic miracles of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. This article examines how the develop...
Comparison Against Task Driven Artificial Neural Networks Reveals Functional Properties in Mouse Visual Cortex

Partially inspired by features of computation in visual cortex, deep neural networks compute hierarchical representations of their inputs. While these networks have been highly successful in machine learning, it is still unclear to what extent they can aid our understanding of cortical function. Several groups have developed metrics that provide a quantitative comparison between representations computed by networks and representations measured in cortex. At the same time, neuroscience is well into an unprecedented phase of large-scale data collection, as evidenced by projects such as the Allen Brain Observatory. Despite the magnitude of these efforts, in a given experiment only a fraction of units are recorded, limiting the information available about the cortical representation. Moreover, only a finite number of stimuli can be shown to an animal over the course of a realistic experiment. These limitations raise the question of how and whether metrics that compare representations of deep networks are meaningful on these data sets. Here, we empirically quantify the capabilities and limitations of these metrics due to limited image and neuron sample spaces. We find that the comparison procedure is robust to different choices of stimuli set and the level of sub-sampling that one might expect in a large scale brain survey with thousands of neurons. Using these results, we compare the representations measured in the Allen Brain Observatory in response to natural image presentations. We show that the visual cortical areas are relatively high order representations (in that they map to deeper layers of convolutional neural networks). Furthermore, we see evidence of a broad, more parallel organization rather than a sequential hierarchy, with the primary area VisP (V1) being lower order relative to the other areas.
The Silk Road (丝绸之路) and sources of Chinese medicine expansion: Part 4 – Miscellaneous texts

Medical works and histories provide a general understanding of foreign influence on Chinese medicine, but a variety of miscellaneous texts give a deeper understanding of the details of this interaction. Trade manuals, notes on foreign interactions, archeological discoveries, and religious works all fill in important details on the incorporation of foreign medicines and ideas into Chinese medicine.
Insights, implications and challenges of studying local soil knowledge for sustainable land use: a critical review

Local soil knowledge (LSK) has been recognised for its importance in sustainable soil management and agroecosystems. This paper examines peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents on LSK during 2003–2018. Research continues to be geographically focused on developing countries, but often in collaboration with researchers from developed countries. There were five key research themes: soil classification and agreement between local and scientific soil knowledge (Theme 1), value of LSK for soil management and decision-making (Theme 2), scientific approach to the incorporation of LSK (Theme 3), application of LSK for identification of and solutions to soil problems (Theme 4) and factors influencing soil knowledge development (Theme 5). Although Theme 1 continued to be a prevalent research area, confirming the importance of visible and topsoil characteristics identified by farmers, examining subsurface soil properties has garnered less research. For LSK to be thoroughly documented requires support by a pluralistic scientific assessment and greater incorporation of social science methodologies. An overarching finding from Themes 2–4 was the importance of designing national programs that incorporate LSK derived from local people and other stakeholders (e.g. scientists and policymakers) to conserve soils. Local soil maps, using LSK terminology, could broaden the appeal and use of maps by local stakeholders to support sustainable land-use planning from the field to national policy-making processes. Finally, cultural and political aspects, known to influence LSK, should be given greater consideration in further research to sustain and develop this knowledge (Theme 5).
The ties that belong: Tie formation in preservice teacher identification networks

Abstract Belonging is a fundamental human need. Despite its importance, relatively little work has explored antecedents to and outcomes of sense of belonging in teacher education programs. Grounded in theory of social networks, we explored social processes related to belonging via the development of social ties in preservice teacher identification networks. We used exponential random graph models (ERGMs) and separable temporal ERGMs (STERGMs) to explore tie formation over one academic year. Feelings of belonging, structural features, perceived similarities (homophily), and increased opportunities for interaction (propinquity) were all related to tie formation in the network.
Clinical Recognition and Treatment of Endotoxinemia

In health we co-exist with our bowel flora without harm from lipopoly-saccharide endotoxins that the gram-negative constituents of this flora produce and release. The lower intestinal tract of patients entering hospitals becomes rapidly colonized by the nosocomial gram-negative flora dominant in that environment. Green salads, faucets, the vase holding cut flowers at the bedside serve as common sources of colonization without tissue invasion. Breaking through natural barriers (indwelling arterial and venous lines, genitourinary and other catheters, mucosal ulcerations of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract), leukopenia (including granulocyto- and lymphocytopenia and depletion of monocytes-macrophages) allow for invasion of tissues and blood stream by gut flora containing also the colonizing nosocomial bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp.). Absorption of endotoxin from the compromised gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts may occur without actual bacterial invasion of the blood stream. Gram-negative bacteria invading soft tissues and blood produce and release endotoxins. These endotoxins exert diverse and most profound biological effects often cascading relentlessly toward irreversible shock and death.
Verification and Validation of SARS-CoV-2 Assay Performance on the Abbott m 2000 and Alinity m Systems.

We verified the analytical performance of the Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay on the m2000 system and compared its clinical performance to the CDC 2019-nCoV real-time PCR diagnostic panel and the Thermo Fisher TaqPath RT-PCR COVID-19 kit. We also performed a bridging study comparing the RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay with the new Abbott Alinity m SARS-CoV-2 assay. A number of standards, reference materials, and commercially available controls were used for the analytical verification to confirm the limit of detection, linearity, and reproducibility. We used nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens collected in saline for the clinical verification and bridging studies. Overall, we found 91.2% positive percent agreement (PPA; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 76.2 to 98.14%) and a 100% negative percent agreement (NPA; 95% CI = 97.97 to 100%) between the results of the RealTime SARS-CoV-2 and CDC tests with 217 NP specimens (P = 0.13). We found a PPA of 100% (95% CI = 90.26 to 100%) and an NPA of 95.15% (95% CI = 83.47 to 99.4%) between the results of the RealTime and TaqPath tests with 77 NP specimens (P = 0.24). Finally, we tested 203 NP swab specimens for SARS-CoV-2 on the m2000 on the Alinity m systems. The PPA and NPA were 92.2% (95% CI = 85.3 to 96.59%) and 92% (95% CI = 84.8 to 96.5%), respectively (P = 0.4). Although cycle number (Cn) values obtained for the concordant positive samples were highly correlated (R 2 = 0.95), the Cn values were on average 14.14 higher on the Alinity m system due to the unread cycles with the RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay.
Racial disparities in efficacy of first-line abiraterone in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

20Background: Prospective studies suggest that abiraterone (Abi) use in mCRPC is associated with improved progression-free survival in African-American (AA) patients (pts) compared to non-Hispanic ...
Underlying Medical Conditions Associated With Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Children.

Importance Information on underlying conditions and severe COVID-19 illness among children is limited. Objective To examine the risk of severe COVID-19 illness among children associated with underlying medical conditions and medical complexity. Design, setting, and participants This cross-sectional study included patients aged 18 years and younger with International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification code U07.1 (COVID-19) or B97.29 (other coronavirus) during an emergency department or inpatient encounter from March 2020 through January 2021. Data were collected from the Premier Healthcare Database Special COVID-19 Release, which included data from more than 800 US hospitals. Multivariable generalized linear models, controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, were used to estimate adjusted risk of severe COVID-19 illness associated with underlying medical conditions and medical complexity. Exposures Underlying medical conditions and medical complexity (ie, presence of complex or noncomplex chronic disease). Main outcomes and measures Hospitalization and severe illness when hospitalized (ie, combined outcome of intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death). Results Among 43 465 patients with COVID-19 aged 18 years or younger, the median (interquartile range) age was 12 (4-16) years, 22 943 (52.8%) were female patients, and 12 491 (28.7%) had underlying medical conditions. The most common diagnosed conditions were asthma (4416 [10.2%]), neurodevelopmental disorders (1690 [3.9%]), anxiety and fear-related disorders (1374 [3.2%]), depressive disorders (1209 [2.8%]), and obesity (1071 [2.5%]). The strongest risk factors for hospitalization were type 1 diabetes (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 4.60; 95% CI, 3.91-5.42) and obesity (aRR, 3.07; 95% CI, 2.66-3.54), and the strongest risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness were type 1 diabetes (aRR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.06-2.76) and cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies (aRR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.48-1.99). Prematurity was a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness among children younger than 2 years (aRR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.47-2.29). Chronic and complex chronic disease were risk factors for hospitalization, with aRRs of 2.91 (95% CI, 2.63-3.23) and 7.86 (95% CI, 6.91-8.95), respectively, as well as for severe COVID-19 illness, with aRRs of 1.95 (95% CI, 1.69-2.26) and 2.86 (95% CI, 2.47-3.32), respectively. Conclusions and relevance This cross-sectional study found a higher risk of severe COVID-19 illness among children with medical complexity and certain underlying conditions, such as type 1 diabetes, cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies, and obesity. Health care practitioners could consider the potential need for close observation and cautious clinical management of children with these conditions and COVID-19.
Squeezing and stretching Pd thin films: A high-resolution STM study of Pd/Au(111) and Pd/Cu(111) bimetallics

Abstract Pd bimetallic alloys are promising catalysts, especially for heterogeneous reactions involving hydrogen, as they exhibit increased activity and reduced demand for expensive precious metals. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we examine the structure of Pd thin films on Cu(111) and Au(111) and demonstrate compression and expansion, respectively, of the bulk Pd lattice constant in the film. The relative binding strength of H to the two surfaces, inferred via tip-induced diffusion barriers, suggests that the strain in these systems may alter adsorbate binding and corroborates well-known trends in d-band shifts calculated by the density functional theory. Modification to the topography and activity of Pd films based on the choice of substrate metal illustrates the value of bimetallic systems for designing less expensive, tunable catalysts.
Globalization and Risk: A Contingent Response for Democratic Governance

Globalization has made Americans more aware of the role that uncertainty and risk play in our lives, but responses to this awareness vary widely. The analysis examines five prominent perspectives of risk across the social science literature: Ulrich Beck in Sociology, Theodore Lowi in Political Science, Peter Bernstein in Economics, Mary Douglas in Anthropology, and the National Research Council, representing science policy. The conclusion reached is that these perspectives can provide insights into globalization and the myriad ways in which uncertainty and risk manifest themselves, but they are inadequate for developing an adequate response by the public administration community. Turning to a philosopher of science, Ian Hacking, and the philosopher Richard J. Bernstein, the article concludes that the more fallibilistic approach of pragmatists has much to offer the public administration community. It is becoming increasingly apparent that globalization is accompanied by greater uncertainty and risk. By globalization, I mean the various processes occurring in the late 20th century that increasingly entangle nation-states (and their peoples as well as sub-national governments) in the affairs and circumstances of other nation-states and people. These processes include, but are not limited to, international trade; human migration; capital flows and global financial markets; technological innovations, especially in communication and transportation that reduce distances; and in international crime.2 In combination, these processes bring diverse parts of the world closer together, making the world smaller. At the same time, they introduce greater variability into our lives, reduce predictability and increase both uncertainty and risk. For example, an economic slowdown in one part of the world can now be felt even in small towns thousands of miles away. The changing nature of risk is often associated with the German sociologist Ulrich Beck in his work Risk Society (Beck, 1992), but the relationship
Transcription by RNA Polymerase II

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is often regulated at the level of transcription of the gene (see Darnell, 1982). In order to understand viral growth, the response of cells to external stimuli, and the processes of differentiation and development, it is of importance to understand what controls the initiation of transcription at a gene. The enzyme of major interest in this regard is the eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (pol II), which is responsible for all cellular messenger RNA synthesis as well as messenger RNA synthesis from many DNA viruses and proviral forms of RNA viruses.
Modeling and performance studies of a fuel-cell powered boost converter

The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is becoming popular as an alternate power source for various applications. The paper presents a novel circuit model for a PEM fuel cell that can be used to design and analyze fuel-cell power system. The PSPICE-based model uses BJTs and LC elements available in the PSPICE library with some modification. The static and dynamic characteristics obtained through simulation are compared with experimental results obtained on a commercial fuel-cell module. The possibility of operating the fuel cell at its maximum power point is investigated. The performance of the fuel cell module when feeding a boost converter is studied through simulation and experiment and the waveforms are presented. The need for a buffer capacitor to make up for the voltage drop under transient switching operation is established.
Unguessable Atoms: A Logical Foundation for Security

We show how a type of atoms, which behave like urelements, and a new proposition that expresses the independence of a term from an atom can be added to any logical system after imposing minor restrictions on definitions and computations. Working in constructive type theory, we give rules for the independence proposition and show how cryptographic protocols can be modeled as automata exchanging atoms. This model provides a unifying framework for reasoning about security and allows us to combine a general model of computation with a simple model of acquisition of secret information. As an application, we prove a fundamental property of nonces that justifies the axioms for nonces used in the protocol composition logic (PCL) of Datta, Derek, Mitchell and Roy. The example shows that basic security properties are naturally expressed in terms of independence and the causal ordering of events. The rules and example proofs are fully implemented in the Nuprl proof development system.
Diplopia and Esophoria Induced by Medial Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation (P6.308)

OBJECTIVE: To describe esophoria caused by medial thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Tourette syndrome (TS). BACKGROUND: DBS of the thalamic centromedian/parafascicular complex (CM/Pf) ameliorates symptoms of TS. Stimulation-induced eye movement abnormalities have not been described. DESIGN/METHODS: A 44-year-old with debilitating TS since childhood that was refractory to pharmacotherapy underwent DBS, with leads (3387 Medtronic) implanted in bilateral thalamic CM-Pf region. Lead locations were left x -4.3, y -5.3, z 1.0, and right x 4.6, y -4.7, z 0.6. RESULTS: Following DBS programming, dramatic tic relief occurred, with preoperative Yale Global Tic Severity Score of 86 improving to 42 postoperatively. Final stimulation parameters were left 7.2 mA and right 6.0 mA, bilateral contact 0-3+, pulse width (PW) 90usec, 130Hz. At baseline, eye movements were full with no esophoria. He had a congenital ability to independently adduct his right eye. Monopolar review of each contact was conducted using ascending current (mA), case positive, PW 90 usec , 130 Hz, and contralateral DBS off. Patient reported dizziness and diplopia worse with left gaze. Esophoria in left gaze was induced with left or right stimulation, most severe with ventral contacts, with lower threshold for left lead (thresholds left contact 0 four mA, contact 3 six mA, right contact 0 five mA, contact 3 eight mA). The esophoria spread to central position and right gaze with higher amplitude or longer duration stimulation. No abduction defect was seen. Tic relief was best with ventral contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Thalamic DBS may influence descending supranuclear convergence pathways traveling through the medial thalamus to rostral midbrain, disinhibiting convergence neurons and causing esodeviation. Left-sided predominant esophoria that spreads to central and right gaze with increasing current from either lead suggests bilateral innervation of supranuclear convergence pathways. This case may shed light on convergence pathways and explain patients9 subjective diplopia and dizziness observed during medial thalamic stimulation. Disclosure: Dr. Changizi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cho has received personal compensation for activities with Merz Pharma, CogniMed, and US WorldMeds. Dr. Kopell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rucker has nothing to disclose.
Antiretroviral treatment for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

As the old man walked the beach at dawn, he noticed a young woman ahead of him picking up starfish and flinging them into the sea. Finally, catching up with the youth, he asked her why she was doing this. The answer was that the stranded starfish would die if left until the morning sun. "But the beach goes on for miles and there are millions of starfish," countered the old man. "How can your effort make any difference?" The young woman looked at the starfish in her hand and threw it to safety in the waves, "It makes a difference to this one," she said.
Computer-aided understanding of deformation microstructures

Abstract Using the Kodak PhotoCD™ file format, which can be viewed on either IBM PC or Macintosh computers, along with a set of stand-alone Macintosh appplications, we have developed an aid for teaching microstructural analysis in introductory through advanced structural geology courses. The PhotoCD stores digital images of 100 photomicrographs to serve as a reference atlas for research workers in the field. Each image is accompanied by a brief description of the illustrated microstructure. The collection is aimed at students and professional researchers who wish to evaluate their own microscopic samples of kinematic indicators, deformation fabrics, etc., by comparing and contrasting features. The images also serve as a useful resource for instructors who do not have access to a comprehensive teaching collection.
Synchronization and phase noise reduction in arrays of optomechanical oscillators

We demonstrate the reduction of phase noise 10 dB below the thermomechanical noise limit of individual oscillators in arrays up to seven synchronized self-sustaining optomechanical oscillators.
Design and Evaluation of a Nonverbal Communication Platform between Assistive Robots and their Users

Inevitably, assistive robotics will become integral to the everyday lives of a human population that is increasingly mobile, older, urban-centric and networked. How will we communicate with such robots, and how will they communicate with us? We make the case for a relatively "artificial" mode of nonverbal human-robot communication [NVC] to avoid unnecessary distraction for people, busily conducting their lives via human-human, natural communication. We propose that this NVC be conveyed by familiar lights and sounds, and elaborate here early experiments with our NVC platform in a rehabilitation hospital. Our NVC platform was perceived by medical staff as a desirable and expedient communication mode for human-robot interaction [HRI] in clinical settings, suggesting great promise for our mode of human-robot communication for this and other applications and environments involving intimate HRI.
Horizontal beam technique to document position of percutaneously inserted central venous catheters.

Recently, Job et al 1 reported on the ‘Incidence and identification of inadvertent lumbar vein catheterisation in the NICU’. Because potentially serious, even fatal, complications can occur when percutaneously inserted central venous catheters (PCVCs) are inadvertently placed into the ascending lumbar veins (ALVs), the authors retrospectively analysed the incidence of ALV malposition of PCVCs in their institution. Using a radiopaque contrast medium and anterior–posterior abdominal X-rays, they found that 6.5% of the catheters inserted from …
Prenatal Diagnosis of Ebstein Anomaly: A Potential Pitfall

Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital cardiac malformation characterized by varying degrees of downward displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets into the cavity of the right ventricle. 1-3 It is an uncommon congenital abnormality with a prevalence of 0.2% to 0.5% of all cardiac malformations. 4,5 It can appear at any age, from fetal life to adulthood, with a highly variable clinical course. In the fetus and neonate, a targeted echocardiogram has been proven to be reliable in differentiating the variants of Ebstein anomaly. 6,7 However, because targeted fetal echocardiography cannot be used routinely for all obstetric patients, the ability to recognize Ebstein anomaly from a routine prenatal obstetric sonographic examination is important. The 4-chamber view of the heart, a component of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine guidelines for fetal structural evaluations, is most helpful for the detection of many congenital heart defects, including Ebstein anomaly. The 4-chamber view, however, does have limitations in the diagnosis of certain cardiac malformations. We present a case of prenatal sonography in a fetus with severe Ebstein anomaly that was diagnosed by fetal echocardiography after an initial routine obstetric sonogram showed a normal-appearing 4-chamber view of the heart. However, there were certain sonographic clues on the prenatal sonogram suggesting the diagnosis of Ebstein anomaly.
An approach for reducing the programming cost of soft switches in reconfigurable WSI arrays

Discusses the cost involved in the programming of nonpermanent (soft) switching elements in an augmented interconnection network for reconfigurable two-dimensional wafer scale integration (WSI) arrays. The formulation and characterization of two different figures for evaluating the cost of switch programming are given. A new cost, referred to as the adjusted cost, is introduced for establishing a relationship between the programming process and the switching modes of the target array. Reduction in cost is achieved by two techniques: redundancy reduction given by the number of times a switch is programmed in a tree; and a relaxation technique, referred to as compression, in which each of the two cost figures is primarily considered for reduction. >
A simple evaluation methodology of Young's modulus-temperature relationship for the underfill encapsulants

FEA computer simulation has been widely used to predict the reliability issues of flip-chip (FC) packages. The validity of the simulation results strongly depends on the inputs of the involved material properties. For FC packages, Young's modulus-temperature relationship is a critical material property in predicting the package reliability during -55/spl deg/C to 125/spl deg/C thermal cycling. Traditional tensile tests can obtain the modulus at selected temperatures, but it is tedious, expensive, and cannot accurately predict the Young's modulus-temperature relationship within a wide temperature range. Thus, this paper is targeted to provide a simple but accurate methodology to obtain the Young's modulus-temperature relationship. In this paper, three commercial silica filled underfill materials were studied. A simple specimen (based on ASTM D638M) preparation method was established using a Teflon mold. A dynamic-mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to obtain the stress-strain relationship under controlled force mode, storage and loss modulus under multi-frequency mode and stress relaxation under stress relaxation mode. A simple viscoelastic model was then proposed and an empirical methodology in obtaining the Young's modulus-temperature relationship was established.
Estimation of Fitness Components in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER . I. Heterozygote Viability Indices.

We examine the assumption of "dominance" with regard to viability of the Cy and Pm marker chromosomes in D. melanogaster . This assumption is often invoked for the extraction of wild-type second chromosomes from natural populations and for the calculation of relative viability indices. Significant genotypic variances for viability are found among both Cy/+j and Pm/+i heterozygotes in California and Japanese populations. The magnitude of the Pm/+ i genotypic variance is substantially less than that of the Cy/+j heterozygotes (less than one half). Significant reciprocal effects are also found to influence Cy/+j, Pm/+i and +i/+j viabilities. We conclude that viability indices of heterozygotes based on the Curly method are biased. We suggest that viability indices in the future be expressed relative to the viability of the Cy/Pm genotype (Curly-Plum method) or possibly that of the Pm/+i genotype (Plum method).
Surface defect generation in optical materials under high fluence laser irradiation in vacuum

It is shown that irradiation of optical materials with high fluence ultraviolet laser pulses at low pressure leads to a rapid growth in the surface defect population and degradation of their performance. Experiments have been performed in nonlinear KH/sub 2/PO/sub 4/ crystal and in fused silica, and surface defect populations have been observed following a few tens of high fluence 351 nm pulses.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of some naphthalene derivatives

Abstract The chemical shifts of the ring protons of some monosubstituted naphthalenes were assigned from 250 MHz spectra, and the assignments were used to assist in the interpretation of the spectra of a number of naphthalene sulfonic acids which are commonly used as dyestuff intermediates. A table of parameters is presented which would assist in the identification of complex azo dyes that are derived from these naphthalene derivatives.
Rape Prevention With College Males The Roles of Rape Myth Acceptance, Victim Empathy, and Outcome Expectancies

This study investigated the immediate impact of a video-based prevention program developed to decrease undergraduate men’s potential to commit rape. Three video segments (rape myth acceptance, victim empathy, and outcome expectancies) were developed through expert consultation and focus groups. Evidence for the construct validity of each component was evaluated by examining change scores in a pilot study of 101 male undergraduates on measures of rape myth acceptance, victim empathy, and outcome expectancies. In the main study, 102 male undergraduates were randomly assigned to either the experimental program consisting of the video-based intervention or an equivalently long, alternate video-based program judged to contain none of the experimental elements. The experimental video produced greater immediate changes on measures of rape myth acceptance, attitudes toward interpersonal violence, adversarial sexual beliefs, attraction to sexual aggression, rape empathy, and self-efficacy ratings. Limitations of t...
Quantitative MRI using T1ρ and T2 in human osteoarthritic cartilage specimens: Correlation with biochemical measurements and histology

Abstract Purpose A direct correlation between T1ρ, T2 and quantified proteoglycan and collagen contents in human osteoarthritic cartilage has yet to be documented. We aimed to investigate the orientation effect on T1ρ and T2 values in human osteoarthritic cartilage and to quantify the correlation between T1ρ, T2 vs. biochemical composition and histology in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Materials and methods Thirty-three cartilage specimens were collected from patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty due to severe osteoarthritis and scanned with a 3T MR scanner for T1ρ and T2 quantification. Nine specimens were scanned at three different orientations with respect to the B0: 0°, 90° and 54.7°. Core punches were taken after MRI. Collagen and proteoglycan contents were quantified using biochemical assays. Histology sections were graded using Mankin scores. The correlation between imaging parameters, biochemical contents and histological scores were studied. Results Both mean T1ρ and T2 at 54.7° were significantly higher than those measured at 90° and 0°, with T1ρ showing less increase compared to T2. R1ρ (1/T1ρ) values had a significant but moderate correlation with proteoglycan contents (R=.45, P=.002), while R2 (1/T2) was not correlated with proteoglycan. No significant correlation was found between relaxation times (T1ρ or T2) and collagen contents. The T1ρ values of specimen sections with high Mankin scores were significantly higher than those with low Mankin scores (P Conclusions Quantitative MRI has a great potential to provide noninvasive imaging biomarkers for cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis.
Risk‐adjusted performance of international mutual funds

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the risk‐adjusted performance of US‐based international equity funds using objective statistical measures grounded in modern portfolio theory, and to present the results in a manner which is easily understood by the average investor.Design/methodology/approach – This study evaluates the performance of 50 large US‐based international equity funds using risk‐adjusted returns during 1994‐2003. In particular, a relatively new risk‐adjusted performance measure (M squared), first proposed by Franco Modigliani and Leah Modigliani in 1997, is used to evaluate these equity funds.Findings – The empirical results show that the funds with the highest average returns may lose their attractiveness to investors once the degree of risk embedded in the fund has been factored into the analysis. Conversely, some funds, whose average (unadjusted) returns do not stand out, may look very attractive once their low risk is factored into their performance.Research limitations/implications – I...
Natural selection, rational economic behavior, and alternative outcomes of the evolutionary process

Abstract The implicit assumption that an economic natural selection process will lead to rational behavior has been key to much of modern economic theory. However, when the process of natural selection as it would apply to economic markets is thought through, it does not necessarily lead to rational behavior, nor to behavior that appears “as if” it is rational. It is argued that (1) due to time constraints and recombination issues, evolution must rely on imitation rather than differential fitness as the primary evolutionary mechanism, and (2) imitation is a psychological process that will result in a range of systematic biases.
Effect of protease treatment on the sensitivity of tumor cells to antibody-GPC killing.

Abstract Treatment of the guinea pig hepatoma designated line-10 with a variety of proteolytic enzymes increased their sensitivity to killing by antibody and guinea pig complement. This increase in sensitivity could not be attributed to the quantity of complement-fixing antibody bound by the cells or to a direct effect on fluid phase complement. Anticomplementary material was removed from the tumor cells by proteolytic enzyme treatment but this material was not solely responsible for the observed increase in sensitivity of the cells to antibody-guinea pig complement killing.