cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Question of Human Animality in Heidegger

Heidegger thinks that humans enjoy openness to being, an openness that distinguishes them from all other entities, animals included. To safeguard openness to being, Heidegger denies that humans are animals. This position attracts the criticism of Derrida, who denies the difference between humans and animals and with it the human openness to being. In this paper, I argue that human difference and human animality are not mutually exclusive. Heidegger has the conceptual resources in his thought and in the history of philosophy to affirm human animality while safeguarding the human difference. A cause transforms the meaning of a condition. The case of the human hand, an animal appendage that serves our openness to being, illustrates splendidly this transformation. The human hand not only grasps things in its environment but also points things out, makes things, acts, and welcomes others in the world. Humans are animals transformed by openness to being.
Evolution of human malaria.

Comparative genomics of all known Laverania species that infect African great apes reveals interspecies gene transfer and convergent evolution, and identifies features of Plasmodium falciparum, the only human-infective species within this subgenus, that may have led to its speciation and spread globally.
Research and Teacher Learning: Taking an Inquiry Stance

In the United States, teacher education and teacher learning have been highly debated topics since the time that teacher preparation first emerged as an identifiable activity in the late 1800s. The relationship of research to teacher education and the role of research in teacher learning have been central issues in the debates almost from the beginning, particularly in disputes about what disciplines are appropriate to the study of education, what counts or should count as educational scholarship, and how evidence is or should be used to make the case for particular approaches to the professional preparation of teachers (Borrowman 1965; Lagemann 2000). Although the history of teacher education and the history of educational research have long been linked to one another, in the United States research is currently playing a more prominent role in debates than ever before. In fact in many of the most important contemporary debates about teacher quality and teacher preparation, the central focus – at least on the surface – is research itself, particularly on whether or not there is a research basis for teacher education and if so, what that research base suggests.
Giant cell myocarditis.

Background Giant cell myocarditis is a rare and frequently fatal disorder of unknown origin that is defined histopathologically as diffuse myocardial necrosis with multinucleated giant cells in the absence of sarcoidlike granulomata. The clinical and pathologic features of lymphocytic myocarditis have been described in several recent publications, but the features of idiopathic giant cell myocarditis have not been adequately addressed. Methods and results We describe five patients with idiopathic giant cell myocarditis who were seen at Stanford University over the past 10 years. In each case the onset was subacute congestive heart failure. After diagnosis each patient received immunosuppressive therapy and was evaluated for heart transplantation. Progressive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias developed in all. Three died rapidly, two of progressive heart failure and one of sudden cause. Two patients underwent orthotopic heart transplantation and are currently alive, one with disease recurrence. Pathologic studies, including endomyocardial biopsy and evaluation of postmortem or explanted material at transplantation were reviewed. The pathologic studies provided additional support that the giant cells derive from a monocytic/histiocytic lineage. Segmental wall motion abnormalities suggest giant cell myocarditis can be a focal, as well as diffuse process at certain stages of its course. This experience is compared with published cases and implications for diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Conclusions In view of the uniformly fatal nature of the disease, heart transplantation should be a serious consideration, and the patients evaluated once the diagnosis is established. Triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy should be considered at the time of diagnosis.
FUZZY RELATIONS, FUZZY GRAPHS, AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO CLUSTERING ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic terminologies and notations regarding fuzzy relations and fuzzy graphs. The the concept of similarity relation introduced by L. A. Zadeh is derivable in much the same way as equivalence relation. Moreover, through this derivation, the resolution identity is brought out quite naturally. The chapter analyzes fuzzy graphs from the connectedness viewpoint and the presents the application of results to clustering analysis and modeling of information networks. The usual graph-theoretical approaches to clustering analysis involve first obtaining a threshold graph from a fuzzy graph and then applying various techniques to obtain clusters as maximal components under different connectivity considerations. These methods have a common weakness, namely, the weight of edges are not treated fairly because any weight greater (less) than the threshold is treated as 1(0).
Evacuation of postoperative hematomas after thyroid and parathyroid surgery: An analysis of the CESQIP Database.

Background A feared complication after thyroid and parathyroid operations is postoperative hematoma that threatens the airway. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with postoperative hematoma. Methods Patients undergoing thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy were evaluated for postoperative hematoma requiring operative intervention using the database of the Collaborative Endocrine Surgery Quality Improvement Program. Associations between perioperative factors and postoperative hematoma were evaluated with bivariate methodologies and multivariable logistic regression. Results Among 19,356 patients, 60.4% underwent thyroidectomy ± lymph node dissection, 34.9% parathyroidectomy, and 4.7% concurrent thyroidectomy/parathyroidectomy. Postoperative hematoma occurred in 0.6% overall: 0.7% of thyroidectomies, 0.3% of parathyroidectomies, and 1.3% of combined thyroid/parathyroid operations (P Multivariable logistic regression determined that operative complexity, operation >1 hour, male sex, and age were independently associated with postoperative hematoma. Postoperative hematoma were associated with greater rates of other complications as well. Conclusion Large databases such as Collaborative Endocrine Surgery Quality Improvement Program are useful to evaluate rare complications. The risk of postoperative hematoma is associated with extent of operation, greater operative times, age, and male sex. These data may be beneficial in counseling patients and may serve as a benchmark for surgeons to evaluate their practices.
Student Attitudes toward an Online Graduate Career Counseling Course

Generally, graduate students in counselor education programs do not aspire to become career counselors (Lara, Kline, & Paulson, 2011). Students often complete coursework in career counseling exclusively due to graduation requirements, despite the overlap between personal and career concerns. In a replication case study, graduate students counseling (N = 24) were asked about their attitudes toward a required online career counseling course in order to investigate student perceptions about the course and the impact of an interactive and constructivist course design on initial perceptions. Students responded in writing to prompts provided at two points during the course, replicating interview questions from Lara et al. (2011). Qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo 11 software. Students did not feel competent in practicing formalized career counseling, but developed an appreciation for integrating a work lens into their practice. Implications are offered for educators to enhance student interest in work-related issues, and for boosting student engagement in online graduate coursework.
“I worry about his future!” Challenges to future planning for adult children with ASD

The aging process for parental caregivers of adult children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be complicated and filled with worry about the unknown. This qualitative phenomenological study e...
Successful MitraClip XTR for Torrential Mitral Regurgitation Secondary to Papillary Muscle Rupture as a Complication of Acute Myocardial Infarction

A 70-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension presented to an outside hospital emergency room complaining of constant chest pain and worsening shortness of breath for a week. The s...
Über Konzeption und Methodik computergestützter Simulationen

Die computergestutzte Simulation hat sich im Zuge steigender konzeptioneller und technischer Moglichkeiten zu einer zentralen Kulturtechnik herausgebildet. Neben herkommlicher Theorie und Experiment stellt sie nunmehr einen gleichberechtigten digitalen Methodenapparat zur Analyse und Vorhersage und schlieslich zur Schaffung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse dar. Die Auslagerung schwieriger Problemstellungen in die digitale Welt ermoglicht in vielen Fallen deren effiziente Losung. Umgekehrt ermoglicht Simulation die vergleichende Evaluation verschiedener Szenarien und lasst so die Bewaltigung von Optimierungsproblemen zu. Ferner erlaubt sie die Steuerung digitaler Systeme sowie deren Reaktion im Hinblick auf sensorische Dateneingaben und lasst dadurch eine adaquate Interaktion dieser Systeme mit ihrer realen Umwelt zu. Dieser Beitrag fuhrt unter konzeptionellen Gesichtspunkten in die Grundlagen computergestutzter Simulationen ein und zeigt Moglichkeiten und Grenzen des resultierenden technischen Methodenapparats auf.
Sex hormone exposure and reproductive factors in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a case–control study:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sexually dimorphic disease that for unknown reasons affects women more than men. The role of estrogens, both endogenous and exogenous, and reproductive factors in this female susceptibility is still poorly understood. It has been strongly suggested that sex hormones may influence the development and progression of the disease. We sought to determine whether sex hormone exposures and reproductive factors associate with PAH patients compared to control subjects, using a questionnaire and interview to obtain information regarding these potential risk factors. We conducted a single-center unmatched case-control study. Six hundred and thirty-four women and men with PAH, as well as 27 subjects with BMPR2 mutations but no PAH and 132 healthy population controls were enrolled from the Vanderbilt Pulmonary Hypertension Research Cohort and researchmatch.org. Questionnaires and nurse-led interviews were conducted to obtain information regarding sex hormone exposures and reproductive factors. Additional history was obtained on enrolled patients including disease severity variables and comorbidities. Responses to the questionnaires were analyzed to describe these exposures in this population as well as assess the association between disease severity variables and sex hormone exposures. Reproductive and endogenous factors that determine lifelong estrogen exposure were similar between PAH cases and controls. Patients with associated PAH were significantly more likely to be postmenopausal compared to controls. There were similar rates of "ever-use" and duration of use of oral contraceptive pills and hormone replacement therapy in patients when compared to controls. Disease severity variables were not significantly affected by any exposure after adjusting for PAH sub-group. In contrast to our hypothesis, that a greater exposure to exogenous sources of female sex hormones associates with PAH case status, we found similar rates of endogenous and exogenous sex hormone exposure between PAH patients and unmatched controls.
Chapter 16 – Ethical and Psychosocial Issues in Whole-Genome Sequencing for Newborns

Whole-exome/genome sequencing of newborns yields vast amounts of information that is often difficult to interpret. Significant ethical dilemmas arise when clinically relevant genetic information is identified, including incidental findings. These findings can relate to carrier status for a heritable condition or increased susceptibility to a medical condition. The decision whether to disclose these findings raises many ethical and legal concerns. Some algorithms to screen results and filter truly uninterpretable incidental findings from those that may have clinical significance have been developed. Major issues focus on the question of whether such testing will confer benefits to the tested children and their families. There is agreement that testing is appropriate if it confers an immediate benefit to the child. As a method, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has weaknesses such as problematic signal-to-noise ratio. On the other hand, WGS may allow difficult diagnoses in a timely way that would be impossible using other diagnostic tools. WGS can be particularly useful in situations in which a child has a complex medical condition for which conventional testing failed to yield a diagnosis. To highlight the ways in which WGS is different, this chapter contrasts it with three other types of genetic testing that were used in the past based on different technologies and deployed in various populations for different purposes: (1) mandated newborn screening programs; (2) carrier testing in populations known to be at risk for one specific disease; or (3) specimen collection for biobanking to be used in research. To ensure that personalized genomic information and genome-based health interventions are safe and effective, there is a need to study their outcomes and impact on individuals and their families and on health care providers.
Evaluating Automotive Augmented Reality Head-up Display Effects on Driver Performance and Distraction

As the automotive industry progresses towards the car of the future, we have seen increasing interest using augmented reality (AR) head-up displays (HUD) in driving. AR HUDs provide a fundamentally new driving experience in which drivers still have to respond to both the road and the information provided by the system, creating the perfect atmosphere for potentially unsafe and distracting interfaces. As we start fielding and designing for new AR HUDs displays, the complexities of interface design and its impacts on driver performance must be further understood before AR HUDs can be broadly and safely incorporated into vehicles. Nevertheless, existing methods for assessing the usefulness of computer-based user interfaces may not be sufficiently rich to measure the overall impact of AR HUD interfaces on human performance. Therefore, in my Ph.D. research, I focus on developing and testing methods to evaluate AR HUDs' effects on driver distraction and performance. My primary goal is to assess glance allocation and visual capabilities of drivers with AR HUDs and apply this knowledge to inform new methods of AR HUD assessment that account for inattentional blindness and cognitive tunneling.
Variation in the response to exercise stimulation in Drosophila: marathon runner versus sprinter genotypes.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This randomized trial compared a strategy of predischarge coronary angiography (CA) with exercise treadmill testing (ETT) in low-risk patients in the chest pain unit (CPU) to reduce repeat emergency department (ED) visits and to identify additional coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Patients with chest pain and normal electrocardiograms (ECGs) have a low likelihood of CAD and a favorable prognosis, but they often seek repeat evaluations in EDs. Remaining uncertainty regarding their symptoms and diagnosis may cause much of this recidivism. METHODS A total of 248 patients with no ischemic ECG changes triaged to a CPU were randomized to CA (n = 123) or ETT (n = 125). All patients had a probability of myocardial infarction ≤7% according to the Goldman algorithm, no biochemical evidence of infarction, the ability to exercise and no previous documented CAD. Patients were followed up for ≥1 year and surveyed regarding their chest pain self-perception and utility of the index evaluation. RESULTS Coronary angiography showed disease (≥50% stenosis) in 19% and ETT was positive in 7% of the patients (p = 0.01). During follow-up (374 ± 61 days), patients with a negative CA had fewer returns to the ED (10% vs. 30%, p = 0.0008) and hospital admissions (3% vs. 16%, p = 0.003), compared with patients with a negative/nondiagnostic ETT. The latter group was more likely to consider their pain as cardiac-related (15% vs. 7%), to be unsure about its etiology (38% vs. 26%) and to judge their evaluation as not useful (39% vs. 15%) (p CONCLUSIONS In low-risk patients in the CPU, a strategy of CA detects more CAD than ETT, reduces long-term ED and hospital utilization and yields better patient satisfaction and understanding of their condition.
Learning Fiction by Subscription: The Art and Business of Literary Advice 1884–1895

This chapter examines the rise of literary advice in Anglo-American periodical culture from 1884 to 1895. Capitalizing on a moment when fiction became both more self-consciously artistic and more potentially lucrative, literary advice of this era addressed the full range of literary practice and the attendant practical activities that made it possible. The chapter resituates the landmark “Art of Fiction” debate (1884)—an event crucially sponsored by the magazines—as the opening of an era of practical discussion that was soon after taken up in trade journals devoted specifically to authorship. The practical advice dispensed by these journals—including tools, tricks, tips, and gossip—focuses on the form of the short story, creating a loop with a form that was itself a magazine staple. This interactive looping is considered in the conclusion, where the chapter examines a systematic course in literary art offered by Atalanta, a late-Victorian “Girl’s Magazine.”
The Myth of Diffuse Ownership in the United States

This article offers evidence on the ownership concentration at a representative sample of U.S. public firms. Ninety-six percent of these firms have blockholders; these blockholders in aggregate own an average 39% of the common stock. The ownership of U.S. firms is similar to and by some measures more concentrated than the ownership of firms in other countries. These findings challenge current thinking on a number of issues, ranging from the nature of the agency conflict in domestic corporations to the relationship between ownership concentration and legal protections for investors around the world. (JEL G32, G34)
Academy Recommendations and Public Health Regulations

A recent communication (Pediatrics, 31:156, 1963) opens with a somewhat extended interpretation of comments from a previous letter of mine. If space permits, I should like to make some additional comments based principally on a few words from this same earlier letter: "Circumstances differ from one hospital to another." The whole idea of wide spacing implies that a newborn infant presents considerable infectious risk to those in neighboring cribs. The degree of this risk will depend on the management of the maternity service as a whole and should be very small in any well-conducted unit.
Older sexual minority adults and driving under the influence, 2015–2019, USA

Abstract Introduction Older lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults are often neglected in healthcare settings, despite increases in risk behaviors and substance use. The present study assessed drugged driving among older adults in the United States and investigated differences by sexual orientation. Methods The 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data were analyzed among 43,238 adults aged 50 years or older. Associations between drugged driving and demographic information were examined using weighted logistic regression models. Results An estimated 4.82% (n = 2,120) of older adults drove under the influence of alcohol in the past year, 1.33% (n = 619) drove under the influence of marijuana in the past year, and 1.48% (n = 683) drove under the influence of illicit drugs in the past year. Compared to heterosexual counterparts, individuals who identified as a sexual minority were at increased risk for driving under the influence, with individuals who identified as bisexual nearly 4 times more likely to drive under the influence of marijuana (95% CI = 2.39, 6.51) and 4.5 times more likely to drive under the influence of illicit drugs (95% CI = 2.84, 7.08) within the past year. Conclusions Older LGB adults are at increased risk for drugged driving. Harm reduction efforts and behavioral interventions are currently warranted for healthcare improvement.
Protein structure in relation to function and biosynthesis.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the protein structure in relation to function and biosynthesis. The chapter presents the outline of strategy that summarizes the approaches to sequence determination most generally followed. The sequence of individual protein chains appears to be best studied by the isolation and characterization of fragments produced by proteolytic digestion. The chapter explores the partial hydrolysis of proteins. Partial acid hydrolysis is probably useful mainly for the subsequent study of the larger peptide fragments produced by proteolysis. Sequence studies on proteins and peptides are dependent upon the isolation and characterization of residues or small groups of residues occupying definite positions in the peptide chain. The two unique residues in a peptide (except in cyclic compounds such as gramicidin) are those possessing a free amino group (the N -terminal residue) and those possessing a free α-carboxyl group (the C -terminal residue). These can be identified by suitable labeling techniques or by enzymatic methods. The determination of the nature of disulfide bridges in the insulin molecule has been described. Methods for the production and isolation of these bridges from proteins are quite empirical, and their successful application depends to a large degree on the chemical nature of the molecule under investigation. The approximate assignment of amide nitrogen to specific dicarboxylic amino acids in the sequence of a protein chain may be made on the basis of direct analyses for ammonia in hydrolyzates of peptides isolated from partial digests of such chains. This approach to the problem is a laborious one and may often not permit unequivocal assignments. The structure of individual proteins is also discussed.
Beta is Still Useful

This paper investigates whether beta can predict the expected return after controlling for the beta instability resulting from shift in the covariance structure. Such a shift is primarily due to noise investors chasing stocks with high idiosyncratic volatility. Consequently, these stocks tend to have low future returns from overpricing, and high beta because noise investors can also move the market at the same time. Indeed, we see that the beta estimate of the current period is positively related to the beta estimate and negatively related to the idiosyncratic volatility measure of the last period. More important, different from existing studies, we find that beta estimates of the current period can significantly explain the cross-sectional differences in future returns of individual stocks, when allowing for an interaction between the current idiosyncratic volatility and the beta estimates. We also show that our simple model can predict the historical expected return well. All results are robust with respect to different measures of beta and idiosyncratic volatility and subsample.
Sports injuries among children in six European union countries

Since sports participation entails the risk of injuries that account for substantial morbidity and disability, the existence of adequate epidemiological information is essential for the development of sound preventive strategies. In this study, we present data on the occurrence of sports injuries among children in six European countries, namely Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. An operational definition for sports injuries was developed, and comparable data from the European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System, an established injury surveillance system operating in 12 European union countries, were collected from the participating member states, during a 1-year period (1998). Sports injuries were examined in schools, in organised and unorganised settings, and in specific types of sports by demographics and injury descriptive variables. Sports injuries represent a quantitatively important and sufficiently serious problem in European union countries, accounting for an estimated annual number of about a quarter of a million outpatient visits in two of the participating countries, which provide national estimates. It is evident, that sport injuries are not only common but also injuries of considerable severity, since a large fraction represents fractures, while approximately 4% of the total require hospitalisation. Football and basketball among male children are, in declining order, the two sports responsible for the most frequent injuries in the European union countries, whereas gymnastics and volleyball prevail among females. The study indicates the importance of injury surveillance in describing the epidemiology of sports injuries and provides an estimate of the magnitude and the profile of sport injuries that take place annually in European union countries.
Impulsive cognitive tempo in severe and mild learning disabled children

The purpose of the study was to compare the performance of severe and mild learning disabled children to normal children on a problem-solving task. The three types of children were assessed on the Matching Familiar Figures task, which provides a measure of impulsivity during problem-solving tasks. Results indicated that on the MFF, LD children, as a group, were more impulsive than normal children, and severe LD were more impulsive than mild LD children. Impulsivity scores were correlated with reading achievement, indicating a relationship between problem-solving strategy and academic performance. Educational implications are discussed regarding the usefulness of the reflection-impulsivity dimension in the area of learning disabilities and the applicability of the MFF as a diagnostic and evaluative measure.
The Evolution of the Lunar Highlands Crust: A Complicated History

More than 30 years after the first Lunar Highlands Crust conference, lunar petrology and remote sensing experts from around the world gathered to discuss and debate the formation and evolution of the lunar highlands crust. Huge strides in orbital remote sensing have enabled researchers to put the samples gathered during the Apollo missions into a larger, global context, yet many of the original, key questions remain. What was the extent and fate of the lunar magma ocean (LMO)? What is the nature of the lower lunar crust? Do lunar sample ages still suggest that the inner solar system was subject to an increase in impact flux around 3.9 billion years ago? At the heart of these questions is the desire to understand not only the formation and evolution of the Moon but of Earth, the terrestrial planets, and the inner solar system as a whole.
Unique application of multislice computed tomography in adults with congenital heart disease

Abstract Purpose Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) form a growing population of patients requiring coronary artery assessment. In light of their increased incidence of coronary anomalies and need for reoperations, it is important to define their coronary anatomy. The purpose of this study was to define the spectrum of coronary artery anatomies and feasibility of coronary artery delineation in adults with CHD using 16- and 64-slice computed tomography angiography. Materials and methods Coronary multislice computed tomography (MSCT) examinations performed in adults with CHD between 2004 and 2005 were reviewed with institutional review board approval. Informed consent was not required. In addition to image quality, the following coronary parameters were evaluated by analysis of axial, multiplanar reformatted, and volume-rendered images: (1) relationship to great arteries, (2) ostia number and location, (3) proximal course, (4) length of vessel seen, and (5) dominance. Results Eighty-five examinations in adults with CHD adults were identified. The relationship of the great vessels, number and location of the coronary ostia, and proximal course of the coronaries could be identified in all studies. Coronary anomalies were detected in 16 (19%) subjects. The entire coronary tree was visible in 77 (91%) of subjects. Conclusions MSCT provides detailed, noninvasive assessment of complex coronary artery anatomy in adults with CHD. MSCT should be considered a useful modality in the assessment of these patients, as it does not require arterial access and provides detailed 3-dimensional anatomic information that has important implications for long-term management.
Control of homogeneous shear flow of multimode Maxwell fluids

We consider a homogeneous parallel shear flow of a multimode Maxwell fluid. This problem results in a set of ordinary differential equations for the stresses. In this system, we view the shear rate as a control and consider the problem of steering the system to a given state of stress. The objective is to steer the system from given initial stresses to a final state of stress, allowing the shear rate to vary in an arbitrary fashion. We show that this problem is related to a calculus of variations problem. For the case of two modes, we obtain a characterization of the set of achievable streses.
Generation of long‐period seiches in Table Bay, Cape Town, by barometric oscillations

Table Bay Harbor, Cape Town. South Africa, is shown to be subject to two wave phenomena resulting from seiches in Table Bay and from smaller oscillations peculiar to the harbor itself. The lower-frequency seiches of the Bay usually attain appreciable amplitudes unaccompanied by swells such as induce seiches within the harbor basins. These longer seiches are not of seismic origin but a positive correlation is established between their occurrence at Table Bay and Port Elizabeth and simultaneous barometric oscillations in the air mass overlying both centers. There is dangerously powerful fluxing of water through the entrances to harbors from this cause; the frequency of these effects at Cape Town varies from one or two to about 15 occasions per year. Specific examples emphasize the importance of the directional approach of the barometric oscillations. Southeast winds from the land, although inducing barometric oscillations as a result of standing wave formation in the lee of Table Mountain, fail to generate seiches. The suggestion is advanced that the seiches derive from the aerial commotion arising out of the coalescence of frontal depressions near the extremities of such fronts.
Initial performance of the aspect system on the Chandra Observatory: postfacto aspect reconstruction

The aspect system of the Chandra Observatory plays a key role in realizing the full potential of Chandra's X-ray optics and detectors. To achieve the highest spatial and spectral resolution (for grating observations), an accurate post-facto time history of the spacecraft attitude and internal alignment is needed. The CXC has developed a suite of tools which process sensor data from the aspect camera assembly and gyroscopes, and produce the spacecraft aspect solution. In this poster, the design of the aspect pipeline software is briefly described, followed by details of aspect system performance during the first eight months of flight. The two key metrics of aspect performance are: image reconstruction accuracy, which measures the X-ray image blurring introduced by aspect; and celestial location, which is the accuracy of detected source positions in absolute sky coordinates.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Canopy development and photosynthesis of cotton as influenced by nitrogen nutrition

Abstract Nitrogen (N) nutrition influences various important developmental and physiological processes in agricultural crops. However, the extent to which these processes are limited by N deficiency is unclear. Field experiments were conducted to document the effects of N nutrition on photosynthesis, canopy growth, and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Nitrogen deficiency limited dry matter accumulation of leaves, stems and bolls. Total dry weight of N‐deficient plants was significantly reduced by 7% at 76 days after planting (DAP) and by over 18% at 118 DAP. Leaf area index (LAI) of N‐deficient canopies was significantly decreased at 76 DAP, with an LAI at 118 DAP of 2.5 versus 3.6 for N‐sufficient plants. Single‐leaf expansion was limited by N deficiency with decreased growth rates at 5 days after leaf unfolding and reductions in individual leaf areas exceeding 25% at leaf maturity. Despite these growth limitations, photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance of upper‐canopy leaves we...
Punjabi orchard farmers: an immigrant enclave in rural California.

Examination of the adaptation patterns of Punjabi Sikh orchard farmers in rural California provides further evidence of ways in which strong ethnic enclaves help to promote rapid economic self-sufficiency among immigrant groups. The discussion emphasizes the need to consider not only the cultural traditions of group members but also the historical context of immigration and the immigrants perceptions of their particular situation. The Punjabi case indicates too how the 1965 Immigration Act with its preference for family reunification has promoted the formation of immigrant enclave. (authors)
Boredom in Recovery for Adult Substance Users With HIV/AIDS Attending an Urban Day Treatment Program

This qualitative dissertation study used grounded theory methods to explore the experience of boredom in recovery from substance use disorder with eight adults who also have HIV/AIDS. Boredom is the pervasive perception of nothingness that gives time to reflect. Boredom was revealed to be more than a seemingly harmless phenomenon that persists decades into recovery, even when meaningful occupation outside of substance use is achieved. Boredom becomes less harmful with the achievement of meaningful occupation, but it is still tenacious and deleterious. Boredom can be useful to an adult with HIV/AIDS, however. Implications for the profession's core value of meaningfulness are discussed.
The forgotten history of the single transferable vote in the United States

Douglas Amy outlines the reasons for the success, failure and renewed interest in STV in America.
Prediction of composite laminate fracture: micromechanics and progressive fracture

An investigation is described on the prediction of first-ply failure and fracture in selected composite laminates. The laminates are made from glass fibers and graphite fibers in epoxy matrices. Failure envelopes are generated for combined loading of these laminates on the basis of first-ply failure and laminate fracture. The evaluation is performed by a micromechanics-based theory and progressive fracture.
The Impact of Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) on M-Commerce Security

Abstract Mobile commerce (m-commerce) is providing commercial services that are accessible using mobile devices, typically a mobile phone. The main advantage of such services is their high availability, independent of physical location and time. Yet the move to create a wireless version of the Internet means a new set of problems. As with the existing fixed Internet, the biggest problem is security. Despite the fact that operators are announcing or rolling out Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP)-based information and transaction services, the platform has gaping security holes. Because security is the most important feature to the success of m-commerce, this paper studies the security concerns on wireless commercial Internet and presents the features and solutions of WAP to the security of electronic transactions. Most importantly, this paper intends to draw corporate executives' attention to the strong impact of WAP on m-commerce security and the associated benefits to their companies.
Episodic reductions in bottom-water currents since the last ice age

Although North Atlantic deep-water formation was greatly reduced during the last glacial maximum, bottom-water currents were as vigorous as at present. However, they were weakened during periods of North Atlantic surface freshening. A strong correlation can be seen between bottom-water-current strength and Greenland air-temperature records, thus confirming a close connection between ocean circulation and abrupt climate change. Past changes in the freshwater balance of the surface North Atlantic Ocean are thought to have influenced the rate of deep-water formation, and consequently climate1,2. Although water-mass proxies are generally consistent with an impact of freshwater input on meridional overturning circulation3, there has been little dynamic evidence to support this linkage. Here we present a 25,000 year record of variations in sediment grain size from south of Iceland, which indicates vigorous bottom-water currents during both the last glacial maximum and the Holocene period. Together with reconstructions of North Atlantic water-mass distribution, vigorous bottom currents suggest a shorter residence time of northern-source waters during the last glacial maximum, relative to the Holocene period. The most significant reductions in flow strength occur during periods that have been associated with freshening of the surface North Atlantic. The short-term deglacial oscillations in bottom current strength are closely coupled to changes in Greenland air temperature, with a minimum during the Younger Dryas cold reversal and a maximum at the time of rapid warming at the onset of the Holocene. Our results support a strong connection between ocean circulation and rapid climate change.
Head for the Hills? Rough Terrain, State Capacity, and Civil War Onset

This article expands on the conventional discourse relating rough terrain – mountainous terrain and noncontiguous territory – to civil war onset. In addition to their direct effects on the strategic and tactical logic of insurgency, I argue these factors affect state capacity, as measured by tax capacity, and exert an indirect effect through this channel. Because tax capacity proxies bureaucratic and administrative capacity as well as material resources, it conditions the decision to rebel more than military capacity per se. I find a negative relationship between mountainous terrain and to a lesser extent, noncontiguous territory, and state capacity. Subsequently, I find tax capacity is strongly and negatively associated with civil war onset, though this relationship appears only with longer than conventional temporal lags. The cumulative (direct + indirect effects mediated by state capacity) of rough terrain is roughly 45 per cent larger than its direct effect.
Organic selenium sources, selenomethionine and selenoyeast, have higher bioavailability than an inorganic selenium source, sodium selenite, in diets for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) fingerlings (average initial weight, 1.70g) were fed casein-based purified diets supplemented with 0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.20 or 0.40 mg of selenium per kg from sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3 ), selenomethionine (Se-M) or selenoyeast (Se-Y) for 9 weeks. Data for weight gain and glutathione peroxidase activity were subjected to regression analysis to determine dietary requirements and relative bioavailability for the various selenium sources. Broken-line analysis showed that minimum supplemental dietary selenium requirements as Na 2 SeO 3 , Se-M and Se-Y for weight gain were 0.28, 0.09 and 0.11 mg kg −1 , and for liver glutathione peroxidase activity were 0.17, 0.12 and 0.12 mg kg −1 diet. Relative bioavailability values of Se-M and Se-Y compared to Na 2 SeO 3 were 336 and 269% for growth, and 147 and 149% for glutathione peroxidase activity, respectively. Selenium from Se-M and Se-Y showed significantly higher rates of accumulation in liver and muscle than selenium from Na 2 SeO 3 . This study indicates that selenium allowance in diets of channel catfish can be reduced when selenomethionine or selenoyeast replaces inorganic selenium.
Valinomycin-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Accumulating evidence endorses that excessive K(+) efflux is an ionic mechanism underlying apoptosis both in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. K(+) channels play important roles in mediating the pro-apoptotic K(+) efflux. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been widely used for gene transfection experiments. These cells lack detectable endogenous voltage-gated K(+) channels. We were interested in knowing whether the absence of endogenous K(+) channels would render wild-type CHO cells more resistant to apoptotic death. We also wished to determine if direct stimulation of K(+) efflux would trigger apoptosis in these cells. Exposing CHO cells to hypoxia (1% O(2)) or to a typical apoptotic insult of serum deprivation for up to 24h did not affect cell survival. On the other hand, the K(+) ionophore valinomycin caused substantial cell death within 12h of its application. Valinomycin-treated CHO cells underwent several apoptotic events, including phosphatidylserine (PS) membrane translocation, caspase-3 activation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization during the first few hours of exposure. Reducing K(+) efflux by elevating extracellular K(+) concentrations noticeably attenuated valinomycin-induced cell death. This study reinforces a K(+) efflux-mediated apoptotic mechanism in CHO cells and may help to explain the unique feature of their higher tolerance to apoptosis.
MONETARY POLICY INDICATORS AS PREDICTORS OF STOCK RETURNS

We explore the linkage between stock return predictability and the monetary sector by examining alternative proxies for monetary policy. Using two complementary methods, we document that failure to condition on the Fed's broad policy stance causes a substantial understatement in the ability of monetary policy measures to predict returns. Industry analyses suggest that cross-industry return differences are also linked to changes in monetary conditions, as monetary policy has the strongest (weakest) relation with returns for cyclical (defensive) industries. Overall, we find that monetary conditions have a prominent and systematic relation with future stock returns, even in the presence of business conditions.
Technological change, capital accumulation, and changing trade patterns over the long term

Abstract The paper considers the long-term changes in aggregate economic performance of OECD countries in the period from 1870 to 1987. The principal hypothesis is that relative export performance is directly related to relative gains in productivity, technology, and capital intensity. It is shown that technology variables are reasonably good predictors of aggregate export performance, and the conclusion is drawn that efforts to improve a country's productivity performance are very likely to improve the country's trade performance
Calculating the solid angle for different source shapes and orientations as viewed by a detector with a cylindrical collimator

The solid angle subtended by a radiation source at a collimated detector is an important parameter for various applications involving radiation measurements. A method of calculation is described for determining the solid angle of rectangular, circular, and elliptical radiation source shapes and orientation.
A Computer-Based Learning Strategy Training Module: Development and Evaluation.

A learning strategies training module was developed which combined the strengths of computer-assisted instruction and cooperative learning. The effectiveness of this computer-assisted cooperative learning (CACL) training module was assessed. Results revealed that strategy training with this module enhanced performance on free recall tests compared to studying without an imposed strategy. Analysis of a post-experimental questionnaire supported the idea that the CACL module provided the most effective environment for learning.
Surgical resection and radiotherapy for primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma

Abstract Methods and materials : Forty-five patients were consecutively treated for primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma with surgery in combination with radiation therapy in the same institution. The median follow-up time was 53 months (7–108). Results : Seventeen (38%) patients had clear microscopic margins (R0 resection), 26 patients (58%) had gross complete surgical excision (R1 resection) and two patients (4%) had a macroscopic residual disease (R2 resection). External radiotherapy doses ranged from 40.8 to 59.4 Gy (mean and median: 49 Gy). Seventeen patients underwent intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). Moreover, 11 patients received chemotherapy. The overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival for all 45 patients were 93, 85 and 60%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year locoregional relapse-free rate for the whole group was 91, 70 and 40%, respectively. In univariate analysis, quality of surgery was the only variable to show a significant effect for overall survival ( P =0.0386) and for local control ( P =0.0059). Tumor size and tumor grade had no statistically significant effect. For the patients receiving IORT+external beam radiation therapy, no difference was observed for survival or locoregional control. The most frequent acute side effects treatment complications were radiation-induced nausea or vomiting (42%) and moderate enteritis (30%). Significant late morbidity was observed for two patients. Conclusions : This study confirms the feasibility of external postoperative radiotherapy with an acceptable level of toxicity. However, the high rate of local relapses (especially in field of radiation) does not demonstrate the usefulness of radiotherapy at the level of dose used and further preferably randomized studies should be planned.
Quantitative analysis of gentiobiose and isomaltose in admixture, and its application to the characterization of dextrins

Abstract Gentiobiose in admixture with isomaltose was selectively hydrolyzed by emulsin, and the resultant d -glucose was separated from unchanged isomaltose by thin-layer chromatography on borohydride-reduced microcellulose. The separated sugars were located, eluted, and assayed photometrically by the anthrone method. Representative, acid-modified dextrins were partially acid-hydrolyzed under conditions wherein reversion was negligible, and disaccharide formation was maximal. Inorganic salt was removed by extraction of the neutralized, evaporated hydrolyzate with N,N -dimethylformamide under anhydrous conditions, and the extract was analyzed by the above method without solvent removal. The method gives comparable results for the characterization of dextrination and is more rapid than those previously utilized.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus An Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Illnesses in a Home for Infants

Summary A report is given of an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in a home for infants in Stockholm. Respiratory syncytial (RX) virus was recovered from nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs from 13 out of 15 infants (1–13 months old). Complement fixation (CF) tests against RS antigen showed at least 4-fold rises of antibody titre in 7 out of 15 paired sera, including sera from two infants, from whom no virus was isolated. There was no rise in CF antibody titre against adenovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, mumps or herpes simplex antigens. RS virus was recovered 2 days before the onset of illness as well as 9 days afterwards. The incubation period was estimated to be from 3 to 5 days. All infants living in the home fell ill during a period from April 4 to April 30, 1964. Two-thirds of the infants had febrile nasopharyngitis with cough and one-third had symptoms and signs from the lower parts of the respiratory tract. Two infants had bronchopneumonia and two others were critically ill in bronchiolitis. All infants survived.