cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the chemical, optical and electrocatalytic properties of water-oxidation catalysts for use in integrated solar-fuel generators

The in situ optical properties and electrocatalytic performance of representative catalysts for the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) have been considered together to evaluate system-level effects that accompany the integration of OER catalysts into a solar-fuel device driven by a tandem-junction light absorber with a photoanode top cell, i.e., a design that requires incident light to be transmitted through the OER catalyst before reaching a semiconducting light absorber. The relationship between the overpotential and optical transmission of the catalysts determined the attainable efficiencies for integrated solar-fuel devices as well as the optimal band gaps for the photoanode in such devices. The systems investigated generally showed: (1) the OER catalysts dissolved in acid, and were less stable in buffered near-neutral pH electrolytes than in strongly alkaline electrolytes; (2) higher overpotentials were required to drive the OER at a specified current density when the catalysts were operated in contact with near-neutral pH electrolytes than strong alkaline electrolytes; (3) for some of the OER catalysts, the electrocatalytic activity and in situ absorption spectra depended strongly on the preparation method; (4) increasing the loading of the electrocatalyst reduced the overpotential and the optical transmission; (5) for the catalysts studied, the optical transmission and overpotential were generally correlated, and the trend lines did not cross, indicating that based on these factors alone, the optimal approach is to use lower loadings of highly active catalysts, rather than to use a less active but more transparent catalysts; (6) for a solar-fuel device driven by semiconductors operating at the Shockley–Queisser limit and using a continuous film of a given OER catalyst in the path of incident light, the efficiency decrease due to the reduced optical transmittance that accompanies increased OER catalyst loading can be substantially greater than any efficiency increase that might be gained through the reduction in catalytic overpotential by increasing the catalyst loading; and (7) HER catalysts possessed the same performance trade-off when the light is incident through the HER catalysts as is observed for OER catalysts when the light is incident from the OER side.
Massively Parallel Single Cell RNA-Seq of Primary Lymphomas Reveals Distinct Cellular Lineages and Diverse, Intratumoral Transcriptional States

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a generally incurable B-cell malignancy which has the potential to transform into highly aggressive lymphomas. Genomic studies indicate it is often a small subpopulation rather than the dominant population in the FL that gives rise to the more aggressive subtype.To resolve the underlying transcriptional networks of follicular B-cell lymphomas at single molecule and cell resolution, we leveraged droplet-based barcoding technology for highly parallel single cell RNA-Seq. We analyzed the transcriptomes from tens of thousands of cells derived from five primary FL tumors (average > 5,000 cells/sample). Simultaneously, we conducted multi-dimensional flow cell sorting to validate our characterizing of cellular lineages and critical expressed proteins. For each tumor, we identified multiple cellular subpopulations, matching known hematopoietic lineages. Despite some common features, such as MYC and BCLoverexpression, distinct transcriptional patterns and regulatory programs were evident among the different tumors. Within each tumor, subpopulations of malignant cell transcripts were compared to matched normal B-cells (Figure 1). Transcriptome analysis of >13,500 B-cells across 5 samples reveals sample-specific and joint clusters of B-cells. Each dot represents the t-SNE projection of a single cell9s transcriptome profile. Single cells are colored according to sample origin (control PBMC samples 1 & 2; follicular lymphoma samples 1, 2 & 3). Normal B-cells within follicular lymphoma samples cluster together with PBMC derived B-cells. Malignant B-cells cluster according to sample origin, except for the cycling tumor cells (upper left cell cluster). Malignant B-cells were characterized by expression of restricted immunoglobulin light chain type (either kappa or lambda), BCL2 expression, and CD20 expression. We show evidence for the coexistence of small, malignant subpopulations alongside the dominant FL population in the majority of tumors. These smaller subpopulations harbored several transcriptional changes that were absent from the dominant population, including upregulation of MHC class II expression, downregulation of β-2-microglobulin, and exclusive expression of chemokines (CCL22 and CCL17), that would have resulted in alteration in antigen presentation and of the T cell immune system. In addition, we characterize the transcriptomes of the infiltrating immune cell populations that are characteristic of this disease. Our findings provide an unprecedented resolution of distinct immune lineages as seen by transcriptionally characterized cellular diversity. Disclosures Levy:Kite Pharma: Consultancy; Five Prime Therapeutics: Consultancy; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Beigene: Consultancy; Corvus: Consultancy; Dynavax: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.
Visible-Light-Mediated Thiol-Ene Reactions through Organic Photoredox Catalysis.

Synthetically useful radical thiol–ene reactions can be initiated by visible-light irradiation in the presence of an organic photocatalyst, 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinum tetrafluoroborate. The key thiyl radical intermediates are generated upon quenching of the photoexcited catalyst with a variety of thiols. The success of this method requires only the use of near-stoichiometric levels of alkene coupling partners. Using these highly efficient metal-free conditions, thiol–ene reactions between carbohydrates and peptides can be accomplished in excellent yields.
Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: is there a 'right' treatment?

Purpose of reviewThis article highlights the importance of recognizing blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) in children and reviews the clinical characteristics and current therapeutic modalities.Recent findingsThe mainstay of BKC treatment remains controlling the meibomian gland inflammation and trea
Streaming Music into Renaissance Studies: The Case of L’homme armé

College-level courses devoted to Renaissance culture typically put a premium on incorporating primary sources and artifacts of a literary, art-historical, and historical nature. Yet the monuments of contemporaneous music continue to be marginalized as instructional resources, even though they are fully as worthy both from an aesthetic and from a historical standpoint. This study attempts to address that problem by invoking the tradition of early polyphonic masses on L’homme arme – a secular tune used as a unifying melody (cantus firmus) throughout settings of the five-movement liturgical cycle. Beginning by explaining the origins and significance of the putative monophonic tune, the paper then details how a series of composers utilized the song in interestingly varied ways in various mass settings. Subsequently it sketches out a context for mysticism in the liturgical-musical tradition of L’homme arme , and points to some compelling parallels with the contemporaneous art of panel painting, specifically as represented in the works of Rogier van der Weyden.
Microscale: Edaphic-Topoclimatic Differentiation

We may subdivide landscape mosaics into smaller ecosystems called sites or microecosystems. At this point, we turn our attention to the component parts of these mosaics. These are minor in the sense of geographic scale but may play a decisive role in determining the land use.
Magnetic Control of Low Pressure Diffuse Discharges

The application of crossed E and B fields in a low pressure gas discharge shifts the electron energy distribution function f(e) to lower mean energies. Monte Carlo calculations demonstrate that the dominant effect is a strong reduction in the number of high energy lectrons. The low energy part of the distribution can be influenced by the addition of an attacher which peaks at energies below the mean energy of the distribution. These changes in the electron energy distribution affect significantly the electron mobility and the ionization and attachment coefficients. The resulting variations in the discharge characteristics were observed experimentally. They are in reasonable agreement with the results generated by the computer calculations for gas mixtures containing He, SF6 and N2.
Longevity of adenovirus vector immunity in mice and its implications for vaccine efficacy

Abstract There is a high incidence of adenovirus (AdV) infection in humans due to the presence of more than 60 types of human adenoviruses (HAdVs). The majority of individuals are exposed to one or more HAdV types early in their lives, leading to the development of AdV type-specific neutralizing antibodies. Similarly, immunization or gene therapy with AdV vectors leads to immune responses to the AdV vector. This ‘vector immunity’ is a concern for AdV vector-based applications for vaccines or gene therapy, especially when the repeated administration of a vector is required. The objective of this investigation was to establish whether AdV neutralizing antibody titers decline sufficiently in a year to permit annual vaccination with the same AdV vector. Naive or human adenoviral vector group C, type 5 (HAdV-C5)-primed mice were mock-inoculated (with PBS) or inoculated i.m. with 108 PFU of either HAd-GFP [HAdV-C5 vector expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP)] to mimic the conditions for the first inoculation with an AdV vector-based vaccine. At 1, 3, 6, and 10 months post-HAd-GFP inoculation, naive- or HAdV-primed animals were vaccinated i.m. with 108 PFU of HAd-H5HA [HAdV-C5 vector expressing hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 influenza virus]. There was a significant continual decrease in vector immunity titers with time, thereby leading to significant continual increases in the levels of HA-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. In addition, significant improvement in protection efficacy against challenge with an antigenically heterologous H5N1 virus was observed in HAdV-primed animals at 6 months and onwards. These results indicate that the annual immunization with the same AdV vector may be effective due to a significant decline in vector immunity.
Evaluation of serum-free media formulations in feeder cell expansion of natural killer cells

Background & Aim Natural Killer (NK) cells are rapidly evolving as a cellular therapy due to their innate ability to kill a wide range of cancerous cells without prior sensitization and broad safety profile without concerns for causing graft-versus host disease. However, the clinical grade production of NK cell products has historically required the addition of fetal bovine or human serum, which have safety, ethical, and regulatory concerns. Serum-free media have been established for T cell activation and expansion, but little is known about serum-free media in manufacturing NK cells. Here, we sought to assess a broad range of serum-free media in supporting NK cell expansion with K562-based feeder cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. Methods, Results & Conclusion Cryopreserved expanded human peripheral blood NK cells (ePBNK) were re-stimulated at 1:1 ratio with irradiated K562 expressing mbIL21 and 4-1BBL (CSTX002) and propagated for 7 days in 6 different clinical-grade serum-free media. The three serum-free media that yielded the highest cell numbers (TexMACS, ABS011, and AIM-V/ICSR) were further compared for support of 2-week NK cell expansion starting from freshly-isolated PBNK, and the resulting ePBNK were assessed for phenotype, cytotoxicity, degranulation, and cytokine production. NK cells did not have acceptable expansion kinetics with OpTmizer, SCGM, or StemXVivo. Surprisingly, NK cells had significantly improved expansion with AIM-V/ICSR (5448-fold) compared to RPMI + FBS control (2621-fold). Additionally, the AIM-V/ICSR expanded NK cells showed increased anti-tumor cytotoxicity and TNFa secretion, and had increased expression of several NK cell activating receptors and effector molecules such as DNAM-1, NKG2D, NKp30, FasL, granzyme B, and perforin. These results indicate that the serum-free AIM-V/ICSR expansion medium can support ex vivo expansion of NK cells with high effector function and phenotype compared to the standard RPMI + FBS medium and is an effective alternative for use in adoptive NK cell therapy.
INTERPRETING ROPE CHANNELS: LIFTING, SETTING AND THE BIRTH OF GREEK MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE

The first stone ashlar blocks of Greek architecture, those of the mid-seventh-century temples at Isthmia and Corinth, pose a problem for understanding the beginnings of Greek stone construction.1 Their peculiar feature is the presence of grooves plausibly explained as a way to move the blocks with ropes. Yet scholars disagree about how these ropes would have been used, and during what stage of construction. The first excavators of the two temples suggested that the ropes would have served to lift each block into place, and were subsequently extracted from the grooves once the block had been set against its neighbour. Later scholars dismissed this theory as both inconsistent with the evidence and technically impracticable, questioning whether lifting machines were used in Greek construction as early as the mid-seventh century. Currently, the widely accepted view holds that the crane appeared in the Greek world only in the late sixth century. An alternative hypothesis is that the grooves were cut early in the construction process so that ropes could be used to manoeuvre the blocks within the quarry. However, the ‘lifting’ theory continues to have its adherents. Clarifying the significance of these parallel grooves is thus a matter of some importance to the history of Greek construction. This article reassesses the alternative theses on the basis of a new examination of the evidence, and demonstrates that the idea that the grooves served for lifting is the most plausible. Furthermore, it argues that forerunners of the crane appeared in Greece well before the late sixth century. Finally, by examining how the blocks would have been manoeuvred into place after lifting, it contends that the grooves also served the purpose of placement, with a method anticipating the Classical period's sophisticated lever technique.
Lipid-based Liquid Crystalline Films and Solutions for the Delivery of Cargo to Cells.

A major challenge in the delivery of cargo (genes and/or drugs) to cells using nanostructured vehicles is the ability to safely penetrate plasma membranes by escaping the endosome before degradatio...
Estructuras y enunciación en la novela corta moderna

This article presents and discusses that in the modern short novel there is an analogical structure while its narrative enunciation is ironic, a circumstance that causes a tension between these components of the text. In the modern novels in which the epistolary, the diary and the fragmentation are used, the analogical structure begins to retract before the intensity increases that second part of the double aesthetic effect that in this literary form Judith Leibowitz discussed. With the presence of fragmentation, the analogical structure will end up giving way to the predominance of ironic narrative enunciation. In particular, for the modern short novels of the 20th century and so far in the 21st, the fragmentary structure that may exist in them also corresponds to the dialogue of the letters with the development of the world of represented image, especially in painting and cinema, artistic disciplines so precisely in dialogue with cubism.
Customer Success Management: The next evolution in customer management practice?

Abstract Customer Success Management (CSM) has transcended from a buzzword into the latest permutation in customer management practice and accordingly deserves rigorous academic analysis. The current article aims to accelerate such analysis through three steps. First, the article examines the broader customer management literature and situates CSM in a larger tradition following Customer Relationship Management, Customer Experience design and management, and Customer Engagement. Second, the article examines the initial articulations of CSM in the literature. Third, the article draws upon goal management, stakeholder management, and learning management in hopes to provoke original research questions and management experimentation. Altogether we provide evidence that CSM forefronts the customer as the primary actor supported by the seller, rather than the seller acting upon the customer, and discuss implications for organizational design and customer facing operations.
Influence of periodic side-to-side and heaving motions on the performance of a Stirling pulse tube cryocooler

Abstract Cryocoolers can experience near-periodic heaving or side-to-side motion and acceleration in some applications, in particular on moving platforms. In this work, the effect of heaving and rolling (side-to-side movement) on a Stirling pulse tube cryocooler was experimentally studied. Periodic heaving and rolling motions with various amplitudes, and frequencies in the 0.2 to 0.8 Hz range were imposed on a test section using a motion platform. The test section represented a prototypical commercial pulse tube cryocooler (PTC). The PTC was tested at two different neutral positions, vertical with the cold end pointing down (ideal orientation) and vertical with the cold end pointing up (inverted). When the PTC was at vertical position with the cold end pointing down, heaving movement had no measurable influence on its performance. Furthermore, the rolling motion caused some fluctuation but less than 2% drop in the cooling power of the tested PTC. When the PTC was at inverted, upside-down position, it showed significantly more sensitivity to periodic motions. Heaving motion and rolling motion resulted in approximately 5% and 10% maximum drops in the cooling power, respectively. Rolling motion also caused larger fluctuation in cooling power, with amplitudes about 15% of the average cooling power. Increasing the frequency and the amplitude of the motions both had notable negative effects on the performance of the PTC.
Potential Contributions of Clinical and Community Testing in Identifying Persons with Undiagnosed HIV Infection in the United States.

Background:An estimated 166,155 individuals in the United States have undiagnosed HIV infection. We modeled the numbers of HIV-infected individuals who could be diagnosed in clinical and community ...
The Accuracy of 3D Printed Carpal Bones Generated from Cadaveric Specimens.

Background: Computer assisted three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomic models using advanced imaging haswide applications within orthopaedics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the 3D printing accuracy of carpalbones.Methods: Seven cadaveric wrists underwent CT scanning, after which select carpal bones (scaphoid, capitate, lunate,and trapezium) were dissected in toto. Dimensions including length, circumference, and volume were measured directlyfrom the cadaver bones. The CT images were converted into 3D printable stereolithography (STL) files. The STL fileswere converted into solid prints using a commercially available 3D printer. The 3D printed models’ dimensions weremeasured and compared to those of the cadaver bones. A paired t-test was performed to determine if a statisticallysignificant difference existed between the mean measurements of the cadavers and 3D printed models. The intraclasscorrelation coefficients (ICC) between the two groups were calculated to measure the degree of agreement.Results: On average, the length and circumference of the 3D printed models were within 2.3 mm and 2.2 mm,respectively, of the cadaveric bones. There was a larger discrepancy in the volume measured, which on average waswithin 0.65 cc (15.9%) of the cadaveric bones. These differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Therewas strong agreement between all measurements except the capitate’s length and lunate’s volume.Conclusion: 3D printing can add value to patient care and improve outcomes. This study demonstrates that 3D printingcan both accurately and reproducibly fabricate boney models that closely resemble the corresponding cadaveric anatomy.Level of evidence: V
Sleep in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the upper and lower motor neurons. Sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea, hypoventilation, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome are common in patients with ALS. Identification and appropriate treatment of these disorders can substantially improve the quality of life in patients with ALS. Early use of non-invasive ventilation can improve survival in these patients. Unfortunately, there is no curative treatment for ALS. However, a multidisciplinary approach for symptomatic treatment can be valuable.
Quantum Entanglement and Its Application in Quantum Communication

Since the concept of quantum entanglement was proposed, quantum entanglement has been paid more and more attention. Especially in recent years, with the interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary development of quantum informatics, the general definition, physical properties and entanglement measurement of quantum entanglement have been comprehensively and deeply studied. Due to its nonlocality, quantum entanglement has been widely used in quantum information, especially in quantum communication. In view of the application status of quantum entanglement in quantum communication, this paper presents a survey of quantum entanglement and its application in quantum communication. In this paper, 230 staff members from 15 Chinese companies involved in quantum communication are selected as the investigation samples, and the proportion of quantum entanglement in the application is obtained, which can promote the quantum communication. The capacity, speed and security of quantum entanglement and ordinary quantum in the application of quantum communication are compared. Through the analysis, it is concluded that each index of quantum entanglement is conducive to the development of quantum communication. Quantum entanglement provides a technical guarantee for the research of quantum communication.
Increasing Sociability in a Virtual World: A Serious Game for Social Anxiety Disorder

In the United States, social anxiety disorder is one of the most prevalent health challenges with psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life; however, one of the barriers to seeking treatment is the phobia itself. Therefore, one possible solution to this issue is to make exposure therapy more attractive and accessible. This paper explores the viability of gamification of treatment solutions through a serious game that affords users to access social exposure therapy to improve the at-home exercise and relapse prevention experience. We aim to simulate real-life interactions during a time when many individuals are socially isolated due to the global COVID-19 pandemic through a safe platform for gamified public speaking. Thus, we present a game designed towards assisting the reduction of the pervasiveness in social anxiety.
Recruitment, Diet Composition, and Time-Budgets of Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis) in the Teton Range.

Many ungulate populations have lost access to their traditional migration routes and seasonal ranges, resulting in rapid and severe population declines. Some ungulate populations have been able to adapt to living year-round on one seasonal range and persist despite loss of migration. However, our understanding of how ungulates adapt their habitat selection and foraging strategies in order to compensate for migration loss is poor This study investigates how a formerly migratory, now sedentary and isolated bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) population persists year-round on high-elevation summer range in the Teton Range in northwest Wyoming. We captured and GPS-collared 20 bighorn ewes throughout the Teton Range in February 2008 and an additional 8 ewes in March 2009. In 2008, ninety percent of captured ewes were pregnant, and 100% were pregnant in 2009. During summer 2008, we located and observed GPS-collared ewes, determined lamb survival, collected fecal samples for diet composition analysis, and observed time-budgets. We found that 50% oflambs survived until at least midÂ­ summer. Diet composition analysis is pending and we are waiting to combine time-budget observations with additional data that will be collected during summers 2009 and 2010. We observed differences in movement patterns between GPS-collared ewes during summer 2008, ranging from 5 km to a maximum of 15 km. At this time, six GPS-collared ewes have died (four in avalanches, one from predation, and one unknown). This study is ongoing and will be completed in 2010. Results will directly contribute to management of this non-migratory and isolated bighorn sheep population, and will shed light on how a formerly migratory ungulate population has been able to persist on highÂ­elevation range year-round.
Dynamic Output Feedback by Robust Observer and Variable Structure Control

Variable structure controllers for systems with nonlinearities can be designed in conjunction with robust observers to obtain regulation. The robust observer (of the Doyle Stein class) is designed on the basis of the nominal plant dynamics (assumed linear and minimum phase), and the estimated state is used in the variable structure controller. It is shown that the closed loop system is globally asymptoticvally stable and the desired regulation is obtained provided the nonlinear perturbation is expressed by an operator with bounded L 2 and L ? norms. Applications to the control of underwater vehicles in diving maneuvers show the effectiveness of the technique.
Endoscopy and Cohomology of a Quasi-Split U (4)

We prove asymptotic upper bounds for the L2 Betti numbers of the locally symmetric spaces associated with a quasi-split U(4). These manifolds are 8-dimensional, and we prove bounds in degrees 2 and 3, with the behavior in the other degrees being well understood. In degree 3, we conjecture that these bounds are sharp. Our main tool is the endoscopic classification of automorphic representations of U(N) by Mok.
Growth cone distribution patterns in the optic nerve of fetal monkeys: implications for mechanisms of axon guidance

The distribution of growth cones was studied in the optic nerve of monkeys during the first half of prenatal development using quantitative electron microscopic methods. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that ganglion cell growth cones extend predominantly along the surfaces of the nerve, just beneath the pia mater. A complete census of growth cones in cross sections of the nerve during the early phase of axon ingrowth, from embryonic day 39 (E39) to E41, demonstrates that growth cones are scattered within the majority of fascicles, even those located far from the surface of the nerve. By E45, growth cones are concentrated around the nasal, dorsal, and ventral edge of the optic nerve. They are less concentrated in the core and around the temporal edge. However, even as late as E49, virtually all fascicles in the nerve, whether deep or superficial, contain growth cones. Growth cones are dispersed within single fascicles and are often located far from glia. Thus, the newest fibers penetrate deep parts of the pathway and push through centers of densely packed bundles of older axons. This finding is consistent with the vagrant paths of growing axons reported in previous work on embryonic monkey optic nerve (Williams and Rakic, 1985). Our data challenge the hypotheses that growth cones extend selectively along the basal lamina, the pia mater, or glial end feet. Gradients found at later stages of development in the nerve are not due to a particular affinity of growth cones for non- neuronal substrata. The pattern we observed is much more likely to result from central-to-peripheral gradients in ganglion cell generation and possible associations between growth cones originating from the same regions of the retina.
Does cariño equal “liking”?: A theoretical approach to conceptual nonequivalence between languages

A new methodological approach to understanding the mental representation of concepts and words that represent them in the first language of bilinguals was investigated. Spanish-English bilinguals were asked to rate Spanish words on one of three dimensions: concreteness, imageability, or context-availability. Three categories of words were investigated: concrete, abstract, and emotion. Findings paralleled those reportedby Altarriba, Bauer, and Benvenuto(1999) for English wordtypes as rated by English speakers except for one dimension. While emotion words were rated as less concrete but more easily pictured than abstract words, bilinguals provided equal ratings for both word types in terms of context-availability. These findings suggest two important points: (1) concrete, abstract, and emotion words are represented in similar ways across languages in terms of concreteness and imageability; and(2) emotion words in Spanish, for Spanish-English bilinguals are more readily contextualized to a specific episode t...
Cerium phosphate in automotive exhaust catalyst poisoning

Abstract Conditions leading to cerium phosphate poisoning of both model and fully formulated automotive exhaust catalysts have been investigated. Temperatures above 700 °C favor the formation of cerium orthophosphate (CePO 4 ) as do rich engine operating conditions (i.e. excess fuel). No apparent differences were observed in the type or amount of cerium phosphate produced by impregnating ceria with Pt, Pd, or Rh. Cerium phosphate is produced both by reaction of ceria with gaseous H 3 PO 4 (P 2 O 5 ), and by reaction of ceria with other phosphorus compounds deposited on the catalyst (e.g. aluminum and zinc phosphates). These results provide the first direct evidence of a decrease in oxygen storage capacity associated with the irreversible conversion of CeO 2 to CePO 4 , thus identifying CePO 4 formation as a high-temperature mode of catalyst deactivation.
Studies of human biological variation and adaptation

Chakraborty, Ranajit, and Emoke J. E. Szathmary, eds. Diseases of Complex Etiology in Small Populations: Ethnic Differences and Research Approaches. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1985. xii + 423 pp. including chapter references and index. $49.50 cloth. Lerner, Michael. On the Nature of Human Plasticity. New York: Cambridge, 1984. xiv + 208 pp. including references and author and subject indices. $49.50 cloth. Overfield, Theresa. Biologic Variation in Health and Illness: Race, Age, and Sex Differences. Menlo Park, California: Addison‐Wesley, 1985. xiv + 178 pp. including references and index. $18.95 paper. West, John B., and Sukhamay Lahiri, eds. High Altitude and Man. Bethesda, Maryland: American Physiological Society, 1984. viii + 199 pp. including chapter references and index. $39.00 cloth.
Angular momentum decomposition of single particle states in a potential with octupole deformation

Tables of the spherical amplitudes C/sup 2/(J,..pi..) are given as a function of octupole deformation, for valence proton and neutron single particle states in the A = 225 mass region.
EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION ON PULMONARY SURFACTANT

Pilocarpine (Pc) produces decreased surface tension in lungs of fetal rabbits at 27.5 days gestation, which effect is blocked with propranolol (Ped. Res. 10:459, 1976). Fetal rabbits of the same gestation were injected with Pc or saline, killed 3 hours later and the lungs lavaged. In PC injected fetal rabbits recovered airspace phospholipid (PL) was 38μg per gram dry lung weight (± SE 3.4) compared with 23μg (± SE 2.7) in saline injected controls (p<0.001). Isoxsuprine (Ix) but not phenylephrine injected 3 hours before delivery produced decreased surface tension in lungs of fetal rabbits at 27.5 days as shown by static pressure-volume curves. The lungs of Ix injected rabbits retained 47% total lung capacity at 5cm. water pressure compared with 25% in saline injected controls (p<0.001). This effect was blocked by propranolol, but not by phenoxybenzamine or atropine. The lungs of Ix injected fetal rabbits contained 83% water compared with 89% in saline controls (p<0.001), but an increased in PL could not be demonstrated, 25μg per gram dry lung weight compared with 23μg in saline controls. Decreased tension may result from increased concentration of surfactant at the surface. However at 26.5 days PL in lavage from Ix injected fetal rabbits was 25μg per gram dry lung weight compared with 14μg in controls (p<0.001). The data are taken as further evidence that the sympathetic nervous system controls the activity of pulmonary surfactant.
Farrell cohomology of GL(n,Z)

The Tate-Farrell cohomology of GL(n,Z) with coefficients inZ/p is computed forp an odd prime andp−1 ≦n ≦ 2p−3. Its size depends on the Galois structure of the class group of the cyclotomic fieldQ(p√1) and is shown to be quite large in general.
1319 Nonmedical Out-Of-Pocket Expenses: A Hidden Consequence of Hospitalization

Purpose: To calculate the nonmedical out-of-pocketexpenses (NOOPEs) incurred by families during thehospitalization of their child following orthopaedicsurgical interventions. Background: In today's healthcare climate, increased attention is being paid to the availability, affordability, and adequacy of healthcareinsurance needed to cover necessary healthcareexpenditures. Virtually, no public or private healthplan covers the entire array of health care costs. Little attention has been placed on the magnitudeNOOPES to families. NOOPEs include costs thatare directly attributed to the family's health careneeds including travel, parental food and lodging, dependent care, diminished parental wages, andincidental expenses. Expenses exeeding 10% of afamily's income are considered to constitute familyburden. Although NOOPEs are incurred by virtuallyevery family with a hospitalized child, there virtuallyno information specifically addresses the financialand psychological impact of NOOPEs on familylife. Methods: This study uses a prospective, mixedmethod design. The sampling frame consistsfamilies (N=32) whose children are hospitalizedfor orthopaedic surgeries and is stratified (2 x 2)by admission type (planned or unplanned) andlocation of family's home (local or distant) to thefacility. Families complete an online expensediary to capture the NOOPEs they have incurred. Interviews of parents conducted upon dischargefurther illuminate diary data. Descriptive statisticsand ANOVAs for key variables are calculated. Content analysis of interview data identifies commonthemes related to family life, stressors, and copingstrategies. Results: Pending.
Compact scanning lidar systems using holographic optics

Two scanning lidar systems have been built using holographic optical elements (HOE) that function as a scanning telescope primary optic. One is a ground based lidar using a reflection HOE, and uses a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser transmitter. The other system is an airborne/ground based system that uses a transmission HOE and operates at the 1064 nm fundamental of the Nd:YAG laser. Each HOE has a focal spot on the center- line, normal to the flat disk holding the hologram, and a field of view (FOV) that points approximately 45 degrees from the normal. Rotating the disk effects a conical scan of the FOV. In both systems, the same HOE is also used to collimate and steer the transmitted laser beam. The utility of using the HOEs to save weight and size in scanning lidars is evidenced by the atmospheric backscatter data collected with these systems. They also will lower the cost of commercial systems due to the low cost of replicating HOEs and the simplified mechanical scanning systems. Development of airborne scanning lidar altimeters and other lidars and passive instruments using holographic optics are underway, including the development of a one meter diameter, space qualified holographic scanning telescope for use in the ultraviolet.
Large-Scale Photonic Integration for Advanced All-Optical Routing Functions

We review the first InP monolithic tunable optical router chip, consisting of eight wavelength converters and an 8x8 AWGR. The device integrates more than 200 functional elements and operates at 40 Gbps per port.
Selective dissemination of information (SDI): state of the art in May, 1963

Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) is a new and rapidly developing field. The concept was originally set forth by Hans Peter Luhn in 1958. As described by Luhn, one part of a larger idea, the business intelligence system, was Selective Dissemination of Information. SDI involves the use of the computer to select from a flow of new documents, those of interest to each of a number of users. This process may be thought of as the inverse of information retrieval. In information retrieval, a user precipitates a search of a file of documents. In SDI a document precipitates the search of a standing file of user interests. SDI has been called "current awareness" since the attempt is to keep the user aware of current developments. This function has been traditional with those few really excellent librarians and executive staff assistants. SDI is a mechanization of this function.
Superconductivity in LaCd2

Abstract Low temperature heat capacity and resistivity measurements indicated that LaCd 2 is a low temperature superconductor ( T c = 1.44 K). It is a conventional weak-coupling superconductor with a coupling constant λ ≈ 0.47. The electronic specific heat coefficient γ (8.0 mJ mol −1 K −2 ) and Debye temperature Θ D (186 K) were determined from heat capacity data. The covalent bonding in LaCd 2 is probably responsible for preventing the softening of the phonon spectrum, which probably accounts for the low T c value. LaCd 2 is the first superconducting intermetallic compound that has the CeCd 2 -type structure. However, compared with the lanthanum Laves phase compound superconductors, the structural difference may be insignificant in determining the superconducting properties.
Toward automated workflow analysis and visualization in clinical environments

Lapses in patient safety have been linked to unexpected perturbations in clinical workflow. The effectiveness of workflow analysis becomes critical to understanding the impact of these perturbations on patient outcome. The typical methods used for workflow analysis, such as ethnographic observations and interviewing, are limited in their ability to capture activities from different perspectives simultaneously. This limitation, coupled with the complexity and dynamic nature of clinical environments makes understanding the nuances of clinical workflow difficult. The methods proposed in this research aim to provide a quantitative means of capturing and analyzing workflow. The approach taken utilizes recordings of motion and location of clinical teams that are gathered using radio identification tags and observations. This data is used to model activities in critical care environments. The detected activities can then be replayed in 3D virtual reality environments for further analysis and training. Using this approach, the proposed system augments existing methods of workflow analysis, allowing for capture of workflow in complex and dynamic environments. The system was tested with a set of 15 simulated clinical activities that when combined represent workflow in trauma units. A mean recognition rate of 87.5% was obtained in automatically recognizing the activities.
A surface layer of altered composition can play a key role in nanoscale pattern formation induced by ion bombardment

Abstract We review and augment our recent work which demonstrates that a surface layer of altered composition can have a crucial effect on pattern formation induced by ion bombardment of a solid surface. First, we discuss a theory that explains the genesis of the strikingly regular hexagonal arrays of nanodots that can form when the binary material GaSb is bombarded at normal incidence. In the theory, the coupling between a surface layer of altered stoichiometry and the topography of the surface is the key to the observed pattern formation. For a certain range of the parameters, we find that nanodot arrays with strong short-range hexagonal order emerge spontaneously. Well-ordered arrays of nanoholes develop in another range of the parameters. A closely related theory governs the dynamics of the surface of an elemental material that is seeded with impurities during ion bombardment. If the incident impurity flux exceeds a critical value, the surface layer in which impurities are present destabilizes the surface, leading to the formation of a disordered array of nanodots.
Determinants of synaptic strength vary across an axon arbor

We used synaptophysin-pHluorin expressed in hippocampal neurons to address how functional properties of terminals, namely, evoked release, total vesicle pool size, and release fraction, vary spatia...
The (n, 2n) cross sections of 85Rb, 87Rb and 144Sm

Abstract The (n, 2n) cross sections at neutron energies between 14.9 and 17.0 MeV have been measured for 85Rb, 87Rb and 144Sm by the mixed-powder method and γ-ray detection by a Ge(Li) spectrometer. Using the 27Al(n, α)24Na reaction for monitoring, the measured cross sections were (in mb): 85 Rb ( n , 2 n ) 84( m+g ) Rb , 1125±141, 1177±148 and 1235±162 at 15.0±0.4 MeV , 16.2±0.7 MeV and 17.0±0.9 MeV, respectively ; 85 Rb ( n , 2 n ) 84 m Rb , 662±83, 688±87 and 765±99 at 15.0±0.4 MeV , 16.2±0.7 MeV and 17.0±0.9 MeV , respectively ; 87 Rb ( n , 2 n ) 86( m+g ) Rb , 1336±168 and 1301±162 at 15.0±0.4 MeV and 16.2±0.7 MeV respectively ; 144 Sm ( n , 2 n ) 143( m+g ) Sm , 1202±130, 1300±141, 1516±179 and 1514±179 at 14.9±0.3 MeV , 15.5±0.3 MeV , 16.4±0.5 MeV and 16.7±0.2 MeV, respectively . The measured values are compared with the statistical model calculations of Pearlstein.
Testing the optimality of alphabetic trees

Abstract In this paper, we consider the worst-case time complexity of constructing optimal alphabetic trees. Hu and Tucker (1971) presented an O(n log n) algorithm for this problem in the linear decision tree model. On the other hand, there are only 2Θ(n different solutions (outputs) for this problem and, so, the only obvious lower bound in the decision tree model is Ω(n). One way to resolve this disparity is to consider the complexity of testing if a given alphabetic tree is optimal (for a given sequence of weights). Using the correctness of the Hu-Tucker algorithm, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions on the weight sequence for a given tree to be optimal. These conditions are derived from the shape of the tree, level-by-level bottom-up. From this, it is easily seen that the optimality of very skewed trees (i.e. trees in which the number of nodes in each level is bounded by some constant) can be tested in linear time. We show that the optimality of well-balanced trees (i.e. trees in which the maximum difference between the levels of any two leaves is bounded by some constant) can also be tested in linear time. Finally, we consider a class of trees that is neither skewed nor well balanced, and discuss the difficulty and the issues involved in testing its optimality in linear time. It is not clear if the optimality of an arbitrary tree can be tested in linear time.
Preliminary Study of Virtual Reality and Model Simulation for Learning Laparoscopic Suturing Skills

Purpose: Repetitive practice of laparoscopic suturing and knot tying can facilitate surgeon proficiency in performing this reconstructive technique. We compared a silicone model and pelvic trainer to a virtual reality simulator in the learning of laparoscopic suturing and knot tying by laparoscopically naive medical students, and evaluated the subsequent performance of porcine laparoscopic cystorrhaphy.Materials and Methods: A total of 20 medical students underwent a 1-hour didactic session with video demonstration of laparoscopic suturing and knot tying by an expert laparoscopic surgeon. The students were randomized to a pelvic trainer (10) or virtual reality simulator (10) for a minimum of 2 hours of laparoscopic suturing and knot tying training. Within 1 week of the training session the medical students performed laparoscopic closure of a 2 cm cystotomy in a porcine model. Objective structured assessment of technical skills for laparoscopic cystorrhaphy was performed at the procedure by laparoscopic su...
Studies of Electrocardiographic Changes during Exercise (Modified Double Two-Step Test)

A method of recording electrocardiograms during the performance of a double two-step exercise test is described. Data obtained from 32 normal subjects and 54 patients are analyzed, and changes in heart rate, S-T segment, T wave and Q-T interval and the occurrence of premature beats described. Criteria for an abnormal response indicating coronary insufficiency are defined. This method retains the merits of Master's original test and in addition has several distinct advantages.
Shape forming of ceramic powders by manipulating the interparticle pair potential

Abstract New forming technologies have been developed for advanced ceramic powders by manipulating the potential between particles using either the electrostatic or the steric method. The important aspect in either case is the development of a short-range repulsive potential, which is summed with the pervasive attractive van der Waals potential to produce an interparticle pair potential characterized by a well in which particles sit at an equilibrium separation distance. This interparticle potential makes it more difficult to push the particles into contact during consolidation, and it controls the flow behavior of the consolidated body. Flow stresses in the range of 0.1 MPa impart clay-like behavior and opportunities for pressure forming. Much smaller flow stresses allow shape forming via Colloidal IsoPressing, where weakly attractive particles are forced into contact within a rubber mold to produce an elastic body that can be removed from the mold without shape distortion. In these approaches, strength degrading inclusions can be removed prior to consolidation by passing the powder, formulated as a dispersed slurry, through a filter to produce more reliable ceramic components.
Using Language Models to Identify Language Impairment in Spanish-English Bilingual Children

Children diagnosed with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) experience a delay in acquisition of certain language skills, with no evidence of hearing impediments, or other cognitive, behavioral, or overt neurological problems (Leonard, 1991; Paradis et al., 2005/6). Standardized tests, such as the Test for Early Grammatical Impairment, have shown to have great predictive value for assessing English speaking monolingual children. Diagnosing bilingual children with SLI is far more complicated due to the following factors: lack of standardized tests, lack of bilingual clinicians, and more importantly, the lack of a deep understanding of bilingualism and its implications on language disorders. In addition, bilingual children often exhibit code-switching patterns that will make the assessment task even more challenging. In this paper, we present preliminary results from using language models to help discriminating bilingual children with SLI from Typically-Developing (TD) bilingual children.
Positional occlusion of the vertebral artery: a rare cause of embolic stroke.

A young, previously healthy patient developed embolic occlusions of the posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. This patient also demonstrated positional occlusion of the left vertebral artery which may have been the etiology for his embolic stroke.