cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cervical cerclage for the temporary treatment of patients with placenta previa.

Cervical cerclage as a temporizing measure for the treatment of patients with placenta previa was evaluated in 25 patients admitted to the hospital for vaginal bleeding between 24-30 weeks' gestation and sonographic evidence of a placenta previa. The patients were randomly assigned to either cerclage (13) or conventional management (12). Cerclage patients had significantly better perinatal outcome, as indicated by more advanced gestational age at the time of delivery (34.9 +/- 3.0 versus 31.6 +/- 2.9 weeks; P = .02), larger birth weight (2709 +/- 511 versus 1812 +/- 506 g; P = .002), and fewer neonatal complications (two of 13 versus ten of 12 infants; P = .001). Maternal bleeding was more frequent and severe for patients in the control group. The total hospital cost was less for cerclage patients than for those receiving conventional expectant management ($9898 +/- 3943 versus $27,271 +/- 9901; P = .02). These results support the use of cervical cerclage for the treatment of patients with symptomatic placenta previa early in gestation.
Flow resistance along the rat renal tubule

The Reynolds number in the renal tubule is extremely low, consistent with laminar flow. Consequently, luminal flow can be described by the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. This equation calc...
Sustainable Olympic Development: A Proposed Benchmark for Managing Economic Outcomes

No other sporting event possesses the grandeur of the Olympics, and few other development projects demonstrate the lack of cost containment as the Olympics which leaves local residents paying the d...
Locating Multiple GPS Jammers Using Networked UAVs

Recent technologies, such as, Internet of Things and cloud services, increases the usage of small and low-cost networked unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which needs to be robust against malicious global positioning system (GPS) attacks. Due to the availability of low-cost GPS jammers in the commercial market, there has been a rising risk of multiple jammers and not just one. However, it is challenging to locate multiple jammers because the traditional jammer localization via multilateration is applicable for only a single jammer case. Also, during a jamming attack, the positioning capability of an on-board GPS receiver is compromised given its inability to track GPS signals. We propose a simultaneous localization of multiple jammers and receivers (SLMR) algorithm by analyzing the variation in the front-end signal power recorded by the GPS receivers on-board a network of UAVs. Our algorithm not only locates multiple jammers but also utilizes these malicious sources as additional navigation signals for positioning the UAVs. We design a Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density filter over a graph framework, which is optimized using a Levenberg–Marquardt minimizer. Using a simulated experimental setup, we validate the convergence and localization accuracy of our SLMR algorithm for various cases, including attacks with a single jammer, multiple jammers, and a varying number of jammers. We also demonstrate that our SLMR algorithm is able to simultaneously locate multiple jammers and UAVs, even for a larger transmitted power of the jammers.
HVEM network signaling in cancer

Somatic mutations in cancer cells may influence tumor growth, survival, or immune interactions in their microenvironment. The tumor necrosis factor receptor family member HVEM (TNFRSF14) is frequently mutated in cancers and has been attributed a tumor suppressive role in some cancer contexts. HVEM functions both as a ligand for the lymphocyte checkpoint proteins BTLA and CD160, and as a receptor that activates NF-κB signaling pathways in response to BTLA and CD160 and the TNF ligands LIGHT and LTα. BTLA functions to inhibit lymphocyte activation, but has also been ascribed a role in stimulating cell survival. CD160 functions to co-stimulate lymphocyte function, but has also been shown to activate inhibitory signaling in CD4+ T cells. Thus, the role of HVEM within diverse cancers and in regulating the immune responses to these tumors is likely context specific. Additionally, development of therapeutics that target proteins within this network of interacting proteins will require a deeper understanding of how these proteins function in a cancer-specific manner. However, the prominent role of the HVEM network in anti-cancer immune responses indicates a promising area for drug development.
Developing a Short-term, Faculty-led Sports Medicine Study Abroad Experience

Context: While sports medicine study abroad opportunities have recently increased, the literature regarding their development is non-existent in athletic training education literature and very limited in general education literature. Objective: The purpose of this manuscript is to draw upon my experience to describe the essential design elements that must be considered when planning and executing a short-term, faculty-led study abroad program. Background: Faculty-led sports medicine study abroad experiences have become more common in the last 10 years. And while a number of these educational opportunities have been offered specifically to athletic training students, there is little literature devoted to their creation. Description: I will describe how a short-term faculty-led study abroad program was developed, some of its essential elements, and other pertinent information gleaned during the experience. Clinical Advantage(s): Faculty-led sports medicine study abroad programs can provide athletic training...
Stress and the Mobility Training Process: A Literature Review:

Stress is considered to be a major problem in the mobility training process. The effects of stress, potential stress reduction techniques, factors which impact independent mobility, and suggested a...
Understanding the Economic Costs of Diabetes and Prediabetes and What We May Learn About Reducing the Health and Economic Burden of These Conditions

Over 30 million people suffered from diabetes in 2015, representing 9.4% of the entire U.S. population and 12.2% of all adults (1). One in four of these people did not know they had diabetes (1). Furthermore, in the same year, approximately 84.1 million U.S. adults—over a third of U.S. adults (33.9%)—were believed to have prediabetes, 90% of whom were also unaware of their condition (1). The high prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (6.0%) among women who gave birth in 2016 further underscores the seriousness of this epidemic (2). The burden of diabetes is not uniformly shared, varying by age, education, income, location, race/ethnicity, and other social determinants of health (SDOH) (1–6). Greater burden is evident among adults with lower educational attainment and household income than among adults of higher socioeconomic status (1,3), disparities that have widened over time (3). In 2015, compared with non-Hispanic whites (7.4%), the age-adjusted prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was higher among American Indian and Alaska Native adults (15.1%), non-Hispanic black adults (12.7%), adults of Hispanic ethnicity (12.1%), and Asian adults (8.0%) (1). The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes (4,5), prediabetes (7), and GDM (2,6) also varied by SDOH. Federal, state, and local governments—ultimately, taxpayers—bear the brunt of diabetes-related costs. For example, Medicare’s diabetes-related burden increased during recent years as the prevalence of diabetes increased (8). Updated, comprehensive information on the economic burden of diabetes-related conditions is critical for governments, employers, other health payers, and health care providers to assess opportunities for improving service delivery and, ultimately, health outcomes. Dall et al. (9) updated and expanded the American Diabetes …
The State-of-the-Art of Human–Drone Interaction: A Survey

Drones have expanded from military operations to performing a broad range of civilian applications. As drone usage increases, humans will interact with such systems more often, therefore, it is important to achieve a natural human-drone interaction. Although some knowledge can be derived from the field of human-robot interaction, drones can fly in a 3D space, which essentially changes how humans can interact with them, making human-drone interaction a field of its own. This paper is the first survey on the emerging field of human-drone interaction focusing on multi-rotor systems, providing an overview of existing literature and the current state of the art in the field. This work begins with an analysis and comparison of the drone models that are commonly used by end-users and researchers in the field of human-drone interaction. Following, the current state of the field is discussed, including the roles of humans in HDI, innovative control methods, remaining aspects of interaction, and novelty drone prototypes and applications. This paper concludes by presenting a discussion of current challenges and future work in the field of human-drone interaction.
Transient Dorsal Column Dysfunction After Extreme Cervical Deformity Correction: Report of 3 Cases.

Background Chin-on-chest kyphotic cervical deformity can be debilitating. Surgical deformity correction serves to decompress neural elements and restore lordosis. This can be achieved through multiple osteotomies with instrumentation and fusion, sometimes requiring a staged approach. Such procedures carry a high risk of neurologic injury. Here we present examples of transient neurologic dysfunction not previously reported in the common literature. Case Description The authors present 3 patients who underwent extreme cervical deformity correction for chin-on-chest deformity. Deformity correction in all cases was obtained through multiple osteotomies with multilevel cervicothoracic posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis. On postoperative examination, all 3 patients developed transient ataxia, dysmetria, and decreased proprioception in all 4 extremities—examination findings consistent with dorsal column dysfunction. All symptoms resolved within 2–3 weeks postoperatively. Conclusions Incomplete spinal cord syndromes such as posterior cord syndrome can be caused by compression or stretching of the ascending dorsal spinal tracts. Considering the large degree of correction obtained, we hypothesize the resulting shortening of the dorsal columns as the pathomechanism. Providers should be aware, and patients should be counseled preoperatively that these symptoms may occur. If these symptoms are present postoperatively, appropriate diligence is warranted with the understanding that these deficits may be transient.
Optical Response of Soda-Lime Glass Shocked to 14 GPa

To examine the potential use of soda-lime glass (SLG) as an optical window in shock wave experiments, laser interferometry (VISAR) was used to determine the window correction and the refractive index in SLG samples subjected to plane shock wave compression. Symmetric plate impact experiments were conducted at peak stresses varying between 4 and 14 GPa and laser interferometry ($${\lambda }_{0}=532 nm$$ wavelength) measurements were used to monitor the particle velocity histories at the impact surface. The higher stress experiments displayed a constant state prior to stress unloading. In contrast, the lower stress experiments (4.3 and 7.8 GPa) displayed an initial constant state followed by weakly time-dependent response prior to stress unloading. Because the actual particle velocities were independently known from the projectile velocity measurements, the window correction factor and the refractive index changes were determined over the stress range examined. Above 7.5 GPa, our window correction and refractive index results show significant differences with previously published data for the same material. Potential reasons for these differences are indicated.
Fifth year persisters: High school, college, and early career outcomes for persisting non-graduates

Abstract There is limited extant knowledge regarding academic and workforce experiences of students who remain engaged in high school, but do not graduate in the traditional four years. The current study used Multilevel modeling and descriptive statistics with statewide linked longitudinal administrative data (N = 2917) to (1) examine the student- and school-level factors related to earning a diploma during the fifth year of high school and (2) describe proximate academic and career outcomes for non-graduates and fifth year graduates. Multiple student-level factors were associated with increased likelihood of earning a diploma in the fifth year (e.g. special education eligibility, passing exit exams, higher attendance). Returning dropouts were less likely than persisters to earn a diploma in year five. In addition, the type and composition of the school a student attended affected the likelihood that a student would earn a diploma in year five. We also report population-level rates of participation in the workforce and postsecondary enrollment for fifth-year graduates and non-graduates. Fifth-year graduates outperformed non-graduates in both categories. Our findings provide insight into near term outcomes for students in a fifth-year of high school and suggest key factors that can be used for early identification and targeting services towards this under-researched and under-served population.
Beyond Student Factors: a Study of the Impact on STEM Career Attainment

Despite great institutional efforts to recruit students, including those from underrepresented groups, into the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) pipeline, the number of students choosing STEM-related careers remains low. Using data from the Educational Longitudinal Study, we estimated a two-level model of high school sophomores’ choice of STEM-related careers with gender, math self-efficacy, socioeconomic status (SES), school type, and urbanicity as predictors. Our findings show that notwithstanding the obvious private school advantage for attaining a STEM career, attainment is still lower for female students with high math self-efficacy. The gender gap persists among private and public schools regardless of students’ math self-efficacy level. Students are significantly more likely to choose a STEM-related career if they are male in a private school with high SES and math self-efficacy. School urbanicity is also a significant predictor for students having a STEM-related career. We discuss this study’s implications and future research directions.
The Influence of Local Built Environments on Social Wellbeing: a Community’s Experience with Social Isolation, Social Loneliness, and Social Belonging

Local environments play influential roles in shaping individual and population-level outcomes. Yet, most literature and public health initiatives studying the built environment emphasize its role in environmental health or physical health but fail to consider its ability to influence social wellbeing. Rooted in a social determinant of health framework, this study investigates how a community’s social wellbeing is shaped by the built environment through exploring individuals’ social relationships and social interactions, specifically regarding experiences of social isolation, social loneliness, and social belonging, and the limitations or opportunities for such interactions and connections the environment imposes. Participants were selected from three geographic neighborhood tracts representing different combinations of median income, relative environment (rural versus urban) and access to available transportation and potential sites of social interaction. Collected participant data included social isolation and social loneliness scores, perceptions regarding community context and social belonging, and demographic factors (socio-structural factors). Through ANOVA and an OLS regression, our results suggest that while local built environments influence opportunities to encourage social wellbeing, socio-structural factors, such as marital status or income, can 1) overcome barriers related to physical access or 2) create additional barriers related to social access. Rather, the intersection of the community’s built environment and socio-structural factors interact to predict social isolation or social loneliness, influence perceptions related to objective accessibility, and is a potential determinant for social wellbeing, especially for socially disadvantaged individuals or households who are unable to access opportunities or spaces outside of their community.
Free-standing silicon nitride nanobeams with an efficient fiber-chip interface for cavity QED

We present the design, fabrication and characterization of high quality factor silicon nitride nanobeam PhC cavities at visible wavelengths for coupling to diamond color centers in a cavity QED system. We demonstrate devices with a quality factor of ∼24, 000 (±250) around the zero-phonon line of the germanium-vacancy center in diamond. We also present an efficient fiber-to-waveguide coupling platform for suspended nanophotonics. By gently changing the corresponding effective indices at the fiber-waveguide interface, we achieve a coupling efficiency of ∼96% (±2%) at the cavity resonance.
In older adults with type 1 diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring reduced hypoglycemia over 6 months.

SOURCE CITATION Pratley RE, Kanapka LG, Rickels MR, et al. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in older adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323:2397-406. 32543682.
Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrasubstituted Arenes by Vicinal Functionalization of Arynes Derived from Aryl(Mes)iodonium Salts*.

Herein, the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted benzenoid rings, motifs found in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and natural products, is described.[1] In the past, the regioselective syntheses of such compounds have been a significant challenge. This work reports a method using substituted arynes derived from aryl(Mes)iodonium salts to access a range of densely functionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted benzenoid rings. Significantly, it was found that halide substituents are compatible under these conditions, enabling post-synthetic elaboration via palladium-catalyzed coupling. This concise strategy is predicated on two regioselective events: 1) ortho- deprotonation of aryl(Mes)iodonium salts to generate a substituted aryne intermediate, and 2) regioselective trapping of said arynes, thereby improving previously reported reaction conditions to generate arynes at room temperature and in shorter reaction times. Density functional theory (DFT) computations and linear free energy relationship (LFER) analysis suggest the regioselectivity of deprotonation is influenced by both proximal and distal ring substituents on the aryne precursor. A competition experiment further reveals the role of arene substituents on relative reactivity of aryl(Mes)iodoniums as aryne precursors.
Ciencias bilingües: how dual language teachers cultivate equity in dual language classrooms

The purpose of this study is to document how K-8 critically conscious, dual language, science teachers (CCDLSTs) working with bilingual learners (BLs) practice their critical consciousness via the ...
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Tranexamic acid in women undergoing caesarean delivery.

Aims Population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of tranexamic acid (TXA) have not been studied to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in pregnant women. It is unclear which TXA dose assures sufficient PPH prevention. This study investigated population PK/PD of TXA in pregnant women who underwent cesarean delivery to determine the optimal prophylactic doses of TXA for future studies. Methods We analyzed concentration (PK) and maximum lysis (PD) data from 30 pregnant women scheduled for cesarean delivery who received 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg of TXA intravenously, using population approach. Results TXA PK was best described by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination and the following parameters: clearance (between-subject variability) of 9.4 L/hr (27.7%), central volume of 10.1 L (47.4%), inter-compartmental clearance of 22.4 L/hr (66.7%), peripheral volume of 14.0 L (13.1%), and additive error of 1.4 mg/L. The relationship between TXA concentration and maximum lysis was characterized by a sigmoid Emax model with baseline lysis of 97%, maximum inhibition of 89%, IC50 of 6.0 mg/L (65.3%), hill factor of 8.5 (86.3%), and additive error of 7.3%. Simulations demonstrated that 500 mg and 650 mg of TXA maintained therapeutic targets for 30 minutes and 1 hour respectively in 90% of patients. Conclusion This is the first population PK and PD study of TXA in pregnant women undergoing cesarean delivery. Our analysis suggests that a 650 mg dose provides adequate PPH prophylaxis up to 1 hour, which is less than the currently used 1000 mg of TXA in pregnant women.
Biology of Hair

Hair, a shared feature of all mammals, plays an important role in environmental protection, sensory enhancement, temperature regulation, and debris removal. Human hair has been historically classified into three ethnic subgroups: Asian, African, and Caucasian. While these groupings are grossly unscientific and fail to recognize the complex phenotypic diversity of hair, they continue to persist in scientific literature due to ease of reader comprehension and challenges classifying hair. This chapter explores the anatomy of hair, hair follicle immune privilege, the hair cycle, hair pigmentation, the science of hair curl, and alternative ways to classify hair beyond ethnicity.
Spatio-temporal resolution improvement via weighted time-reversal

Abstract We formulate resolution enhancement as a modified Backus–Gilbert inverse problem and determine the optimal complex weights that improve focusing of waves in space and time. The optimization corrects for receiver geometry. If we accurately know the location of a control point in the subsurface we can use the corresponding optimal weights to achieve enhanced focusing in a prescribed target zone surrounding the control point. Errors in the back propagation velocity and noisy data degrade the quality of focusing. The optimal wave field shows a blow-up behavior outside the optimization area. We show different measures of resolution to estimate the compression of the focal spot. The optimized weights amplify the high frequencies, but the algorithm also improves the focusing for monochromatic waves. At all frequencies our algorithm improves the resolution of the focal spot. We also show that for a uniformly sampled line array and a homogeneous medium, the weights used to enhance resolution have a negligible imaginary part and that they are oscillatory across the array used. To fully test the robustness of our algorithm, we also consider focusing in a heterogeneous medium with embedded scatterers and an irregular receiver line, and show that in this scenario we are also able to attain focusing improvement.
Topical opioid use in dermatologic disease: A systematic review

Topical opioid formulations offer a potential solution to manage pain and decrease the use of systemic opioids. Synthesis of use and efficacy of topical opioids in dermatological conditions has not been well characterized. We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases from 1980 to February 2021. This study analyzed data from 14 articles and 263 patients on the use of topical opioids for pain related to chronic ulcers, burns, oral lichen planus, photodynamic therapy, and split-thickness skin grafts. Topical opioids included in this review were topical morphine and diamorphine. Common formulations consisted of 0.2-10 mg of opioid compounded with hydrogel or IntraSite gel. Topical opioids were variably effective in the use for pain control related to chronic ulcers and other dermatologic conditions. For example, the use of topical opioids appears to be effective in the reduction of pain related to pressure ulcers. Topical opioids were generally well tolerated. Insufficient data exist to adequately evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical opioid use in the context of nonpressure ulcers, burns, oral lichen planus, photodynamic therapy, and split-thickness skin grafts.
Mechanism of regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by asparagine in a variant mouse neuroblastoma cell line.

We have developed a clonal variant, named DF-40, from the N2a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, which has the ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.17, ODC) gene amplified. When DF-40 cells were maintained in a simple salt glucose medium (e.g. Earle's blanced salt solution), L-asparagine alone was sufficient to induce a maximal increase in ODC activity. The increase in ODC activity correlated well with an increase in the amount of ODC protein. Northern blot analysis indicated that asparagine caused a 12-15-fold increase in ODC mRNA. The half-life of ODC mRNA induced by asparagine in DF-40 cells changed from more than 8 h to about 25 min upon removal of asparagine from the culture in the presence of actinomycin D. In contrast, asparagine had little or no effect on the rate of transcription of the ODC gene. Pulse labeling of cells for 15 min with [35S]methionine showed a 90-140-fold increase in the synthesis of ODC protein after 4-8 h of incubation with asparagine. The removal of asparagine from the medium resulted in a rapid loss of ODC protein with a half-life as short as 12 min. The presence of asparagine increased the half-life of ODC protein by 3-5-fold when measured in the presence of cycloheximide. Taken together, our data show that asparagine induced ODC gene expression in DF-40 cells, primarily by post-transcriptional stabilization of ODC mRNA. In addition, asparagine specifically stimulated the synthesis and suppressed the degradation of ODC protein.
Chapter 17 Spatial price analysis

Abstract Agricultural commodities are typically produced over an extensive spatial area and are costly to transport relative to their total value. These characteristics yield a complex set of spatial price linkages which are often studied to gain insights into the performance of markets. An extensive literature has addressed a wide range of issues relating to spatial price linkages. Issues relate to market conduct and performance, regional and international trade relationships, efficiency, and developing economy market performance. This chapter reviews issues related to economic and empirical models of spatial price linkages. The relative weaknesses and merits of each approach are identified.
When observation beats doing: learning by teaching

Forty adult participants tested the hypothesis that an important aspect of learning-by-teaching is the opportunity to watch one's student perform. Participants studied a passage on the body's mechanisms for causing fever. They then completed one of four conditions. (a) Teach and then observe their student answer questions. (b) Teach and then self-study the same questions oneself. (c) Self-study and then observe a student answer questions. (d) Self-study and then self-study again. Results indicated that teaching and observing one's student led to greatest learning gains both for the questions one's student tried to answer and new questions that had not been raised. In some cases, it is better to observe than do.
Pop Psychology Diagnoses

This entry examines several prominent popular (“pop”) psychology diagnoses. Codependency, Stockholm syndrome, behavioral addictions, and eating disorder variants are reviewed, along with research supporting and questioning their diagnostic validity. Keywords: behavioral addictions; internet addiction; pop psychology; psychiatric classification; sexual addictions; pop psychology; behavioral addictions; internet addiction; sexual addictions; psychiatric classification; Stockholm syndrome; muscle dysmorphia; codependency; orthorexia
Vertebral artery pexy for microvascular decompression of the facial nerve in the treatment of hemifacial spasm.

Object Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is caused by arterial or venous compression of cranial nerve VII at its root exit zone. Traditionally, microvascular decompression of the facial nerve has been an effective treatment for posterior inferior and anterior inferior cerebellar artery as well as venous compression. The traditional technique involves Teflon felt or another construct to cushion the offending vessel from the facial nerve, or cautery and division of the offending vein. However, using this technique for severe vertebral artery (VA) compression can be ineffective and fraught with complications. The authors report the use of a new technique of VA pexy to the petrous or clival dura mater in patients with HFS attributed to a severely ectatic and tortuous VA, and detail the results in a series of patients. Methods Six patients with HFS due to VA compression underwent a retrosigmoid craniotomy, combined with a far-lateral approach in some patients. On identification of the site of VA compression, the vessel w...
Digital echo visualization and information system (DEVIS) for processing spatially-explicit fisheries acoustic data

Abstract Spatially explicit analysis of fisheries acoustic data preserves heterogeneity observed in spatial distributions of fish. A software system — Digital Echo Visualization and Information System (DEVIS) — has been developed to process digital underwater acoustic data for spatially-explicit fisheries acoustic research. This system can be used to obtain spatial and temporal distributions of fish density, fish abundance, and fish lengths for management applications and for ecological modeling. DEVIS first reads digital data, corrects the data according to the sonar equation, discriminates individual targets, and vertically and horizontally integrates the data into a two-dimensional array of mean volume backscattering strength. Individual target information (TS, spatial location) is meshed with the volume backscattering array, and representative acoustic sizes are estimated in array cells with missing target information. Estimation methods for acoustic sizes and potential biases in abundance estimates are introduced and discussed. The final output is the spatial distribution of numeric density and fish length by length classes and for all fish. Data obtained on Lake Erie in September 1994 and on Chesapeake Bay in July 1995 were processed using DEVIS and are shown graphically. Steps required to process digital data are described and how these data can be applied to fish ecology is shown.
Numerical Simulation of Wall Shear Stress and Particle-Based Hemodynamic Parameters in Pre-Cuffed and Streamlined End-to-Side Anastomoses

A number of research studies have related multiple hemodynamic parameters to the formation of distal anastomotic intimal hyperplasia (IH) at the sub-cellular, cellular, and tissue levels. Focusing on mitigating WSS-based parameters alone, several studies have suggested geometrically modified end-to-side anastomoses with the intent of improving synthetic graft patency rates. However, recent clinical trials of commercially available versions of these grafts indicate persistently high rates of failure. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that platelet-wall interactions may play a significant role in the formation of IH, which is not captured by WSS-based parameters alone. In this study, numerical simulations have been conducted to assess the potential for IH formation in conventional and geometrically modified anastomoses based on both wall shear stress (WSS) conditions and platelet-wall interactions. Sites of significant particle-wall interactions, including elevated concentrations and stasis, were identified by a near-wall residence time model, which includes factors for platelet activation and surface reactivity. Conventional, pre-cuffed, and streamlined distal end-to-side anastomoses were considered with proximal and distal arterial outflow. It was found that a pre-cuffed anastomosis, similar to the Distaflo configuration, does not offer a hemodynamic advantage over the conventional design considered with respect to the magnitude of the WSS field and the potential for platelet interactions with the vessel surface. Streamlined configurations largely consistent with venous confluences resulted in an advantageous reduction of wall shear stress gradient values; however, particle-wall interactions remained significant throughout the anastomosis. Results of this study are not intended to be directly extrapolated to surgical recommendations. However, these results highlight the difficulty associated with designing an end-to-side distal anastomosis with two-way outflow that is capable of simultaneously reducing multiple hemodynamic parameters. Further testing will be necessary to determine if the observed elevated particle-wall interactions in a pre-cuffed anastomosis provide the stimulus responsible for the reported high failure rates of these grafts.
Organic nitrates in perspective.

(1975). Organic Nitrates in Perspective. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 135-138.
Magnetic Properties of Thin Films of Electrolytic Iron

Magnetization curves and hysteresis loops for electrolytic Fe films, 26.5 to 102 m\ensuremath{\mu} thick.---Films of iron are made by electro-deposition on brass tubes. The thickness ranges from 26.5 to 102 millimicrons. Magnetization curves and hysteresis cycles are obtained by a magnetometric method. The films show increasing magnetic hardness with decreasing thickness. In a 150 gauss field the maximum intensity of magnetization reached is 1480 units for a thickness of 50 millimicrons. Thicker and thinner films are slightly less completely saturated. The coercive force, from ${H}_{\mathrm{max}}=150$, is related to the thickness as follows: ${H}_{c}=5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{6}}{(89\ensuremath{\theta}+2260)}$ where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the thickness in millimicrons. The theory of McKeehan is found adequate to explain the observed magnetic properties, which are traced to the constraint placed on the films by the cathode on which they are deposited. It is further shown that the films when demagnetized must be in a state of tension. Other considerations supporting the views cited are advanced.
Design of microbial fuel cells for practical application: a review and analysis of scale-up studies.

There has been substantial progress towards scale-up and practical application of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology in the last decade. Studies regarding this progress have been reported ranging from 1 to 1000 l, consisting of short-term laboratory-scale experiments, to long-term in situ pilot-scale investigations. Despite this fact, a successful demonstration has yet to be shown. This suggests that advances made at the milliliter-scale have not been translated, or are not transferrable, to larger scales, implying a lack of understanding on how to progress from the milliliter-scale to larger scales. This review compiles 18 separate studies, the majority of scale-up efforts (liter-scale and greater) to date, thoroughly reviewing and analyzing aspects of design in relation to performance and the potential for success. Key factors affecting the MFC performance are highlighted. A future perspective on scaling-up MFCs for practical wastewater treatment is also provided.
Testing General Relativity with Radar

We describe a test of the influence of solar gravity on the echo times of radar waves reflected from planets. By deriving a theoretical expression solely in terms of measurable quantities, we demonstrate for a simple model of planetary motion that radar determinations of interplanetary echo times will allow the predictions of general relativity to be distinguished from those of Newtonian theory. The basic idea involves estimating the unknown parameters of the planetary orbits from time-delay measurements made when the target planet is near the earth and using the measurements made when the path of the radar wave passes near the sun to distinguish the effect of solar gravity on delay.
Global noise characteristics of a laser Doppler vibrometer—II. Experiments using beam dynamics

Abstract Part I of this paper discussed the presence of ‘laser noise’ in velocity measurements taken with an SLDV system. It was theorized that these noise areas resulted from the velocity ‘drop-out’ points which are a consequence of modulations in Doppler signal amplitudes which fall below the modulation–demodulation threshold. In this paper, an experiment is presented to investigate the optimal operating range of velocities for the SLDV system. Additionally, an experiment investigating the effect of the use of a highly retroreflective surface treatment on ‘laser noise’ is also presented. In order to determine the relative extend of the ‘laser noise’ in these scans, a novel statistical value which quantifies the overall quality of the scan data is developed, presented, and exercised on experimental test data.
Advances towards readily deployable antineutrino detectors for reactor monitoring and safeguards

The large flux of neutrinos that leaves a nuclear reactor carries information about two quantities of interest for safeguards: the reactor power and fissile inventory. Our SNL/LLNL collaboration has demonstrated that antineutrino-based nuclear reactor monitoring is feasible using a relatively small cubic scale detector made of Gadolinium loaded liquid scintillator at tens of meters standoff from a commercial Pressurized Water Reactor, deployed in an underground gallery that lies directly under the containment.
Ecodevelopmental and Intrapersonal Moderators of a Family Based Preventive Intervention for Hispanic Youth: A Latent Profile Analysis

Hispanic adolescents are disproportionately affected by externalizing disorders, substance use and HIV infection. Despite these health inequities, few interventions have been found to be efficacious for this population, and even fewer studies have examined whether the effects of such interventions vary as a function of ecodevelopmental and intrapersonal risk subgroups. The aim of this study was to determine whether and to what extent the effects of Familias Unidas, an evidence-based preventive intervention, vary by ecodevelopmental and intrapersonal risk subgroups. Data from 213 Hispanic adolescents (mean age = 13.8, SD = 0.76) who were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the relative efficacy of Familias Unidas on externalizing disorders, substance use, and unprotected sexual behavior were analyzed. The results showed that Familias Unidas was efficacious over time, in terms of both externalizing disorders and substance use, for Hispanic youth with high family ecodevelopmental risk (e.g., poor parent-adolescent communication), but not with youth with moderate ecodevelopmental or low ecodevelopmental risk. The results suggest that classifying adolescents based on their family ecodevelopmental risk may be an especially effective strategy for examining moderators of family-based preventive interventions such as Familias Unidas. Moreover, these results suggest that Familias Unidas should potentially be targeted toward youth with high family ecodevelopmental risk. The utility of the methods presented in this article to other prevention scientists, including genetic, neurobiological and environmental scientists, is discussed.
Methodological and contextual factors in the Dawkins/Gould dispute over evolutionary progress

Abstract Biologists Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould have recently extended their decades-old disagreements about evolution to the issue of the nature and reality of evolutionary progress. According to Gould, ‘progress’ is a noxious notion that deserves to be expunged from evolutionary biology. In Dawkins' view, on the other hand, progress is one of the most important, pervasive and inevitable aspects of evolution. Simple appeals to ‘the evidence’ are clearly insufficient to resolve this disagreement, since it is precisely the interpretation of the evidence that is in dispute. Scientific controversies in general, and the Dawkins/Gould dispute over evolutionary progress in particular, are worth examining in some detail because doing so sheds light on the interconnected roles of methodological and contextual factors in the formation, articulation and defense of scientific claims. My aim in this paper is to clarify the structure of the Dawkins/Gould dispute by analyzing it in terms of a tri-level model of scientific controversies, involving ‘top-level’ substantive disagreements, ‘middle-level’ methodological differences, and ‘bottom-level’ differences in historical and social factors. This simple three-tiered model is sufficiently abstract to have more general applicability to other scientific controversies.
Photonic Crystal-assisted High-efficiency Photovoltaic Generation: Harvesting the Ultra-long and Ultra-short Wavelength Photons.

We propose a Photonic-Crystal, Rectenna and Quantum-dot hybrid paradigm to augment the state-of-the-art Solar-photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency by an additional 15-25% via harvesting the ultra-long (IR) as well as the ultra-short (UV) wavelength photons.
Electronic structure and Fermi surface of the HgBa2CuO4+δ superconductor: Apparent importance of the role of van Hove singularities on high Tc

Abstract The electronic structure and Fermi surface of the recently discovered HgBa 2 CuO 4+δ superconductor with T c =95 K is calculated making use of the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FLMTO) method. Similarly to the other high- T c cuprates, the main feature of the electronic structure of undoped HgBa 2 CuO 4 is a single free-electron-like-two-dimensional dpσ band crossing E F . As for the “infinite layered” compound, (Sr 1− x Ca x ) 1− y CuO 2 with T c =110 K, the Fermi surface has the shape of a rounded square, and a major van Hove saddle-point singularity (vHS) exists near E F . Drastic changes of the density of states and Fermi surface are found when the hole doping moves the Fermi energy precisely onto the vHs, which is now seen to have a strong influence on the superconducting properties of this compound. These striking results also call attention to and provide possible support for vHs based excitonic pairing mechanisms for high T c .
Simulation of the SLAC x-ray free-electron laser

The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) linac has been proposed as an electron beam source for a high power X ray FEL. Compressing the electron pulse to a sub-picosecond length yields a peak current of 2500 amps. An electron beam energy of 7 GeV would result in a radiation wavelength of 4 nm and peak optical power in the gigawatt range. In order to examine this proposal, single-mode phase space simulations are run to look at the effectiveness of electron bunching and the onset of saturation. A longitudinal multimode simulation shows coherence development and the trapped-particle instability. Transverse multimode simulations examine the effects of optical guiding and mode distortion.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lessons learned from reactive transport modeling of a low-activity waste glass disposal system

A set of reactive chemical transport calculations were conducted with the Subsurface Transport Over Reactive Multiphases (STORM) code to evaluate the long-term performance of a representative low-activity waste glass in a shallow subsurface disposal system located on the Hanford site. Two different trench designs were considered, one with four rows of small waste packages (old design), the other with three layers of larger waste packages (new design). One-dimensional (1D) simulations were carried out to 20,000yr, whereas two-dimensional (2D) simulations could only be carried out for 10,000 yr due to constraints on computational time. Both the 1D and 2D simulations predicted that the technetium release rate from the waste packages would be lower for the new trench design at times greater than 1 yr. Having fewer, larger waste packages decreases the glass surface area exposed to reaction with pore water. In the 2D simulations, water can flow around the waste packages, which causes a decrease in the water flux through the waste packages and lower release rates than predicted in the 1D simulations. This result reinforces the importance of performing multi-dimensional waste form release simulations.
Can hygroscopic expansion compensate polymerization shrinkage? Part I. Deformation of restored teeth

Abstract Objective Restorative materials exhibit contraction and expansion due to polymerization and water absorption. Each process deforms and stresses a restored tooth structure in opposite direction. This study evaluated the tooth deformations during these competing processes. Methods Large MOD cavities were prepared in 10 extracted molars. Five were restored with a hydrophobic resin composite (Filtek Supreme, 3M ESPE) and the others with a hydrophilic resin-modified glass-ionomer (Ketac Nano, 3M ESPE). The restored molars and two unrestored controls were stored in water for 24 weeks. The molars were digitized with an optical scanner at baseline, after preparation, restoration, and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks water immersion. The digitized buccal, lingual, and restoration surfaces were analyzed to determine their deformation patterns. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc tests ( p = 0.05). Results The buccal and lingual tooth surfaces moved 13–14 μm inward after restoration. After water immersion, cuspal deformation in the resin composite group gradually decreased, reversing the shrinkage deformation within four weeks. The immersed resin-modified glass ionomer group reversed shrinkage deformation within one week, and continued to expand further to 28 μm after 24 weeks. Cuspal deformations after water immersion were significantly different with the two restoratives. Restoration surfaces also expanded after water immersion, while the control teeth showed no significant deformation. Significance Polymerization shrinkage deformation was compensated by hygroscopic expansion within 4 weeks in teeth restored with a hydrophobic resin composite, while a hydrophilic restorative over-compensated polymerization shrinkage within 1 week causing tooth expansion.