cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinol (vitamin A) inhibition of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced sister-chromatid exchanges in V79 cells and mutations in Salmonella/microsome assays

When the Chinese hamster cell line V79 and the tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were treated with the precarcinogens dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in the presence of S9 mix, a dose-dependent increase of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in V79 cells and His+ revertants in TA100 resulted. DMN was a far more efficient SCE inducer than DEN, while DEN was a more efficient inducer of His+ revertants than DMN. Retinol (Rol) effectively inhibited DMN and DEN induced SCE in V79 cells and His+ revertants in TA100. Concurrent treatment of V79 cells with Rol at various doses and one dose of DMN or DEN in the presence of S9 mix caused a significant reduction of SCE as compared to SCE induced by DMN or DEN without Rol. Rol inhibition of DMN-induced SCE was dose-dependent. Rol was less efficient in inhibiting DEN-induced SCE, and no consistent dose-dependent inhibition was observed. At all doses, Rol significantly inhibited DMN and DEN induced mutation frequencies in TA100. At the highest dose of Rol (40 micrograms/plate), the inhibition of DMN and DEN induced His+ revertants reached about 90% and 60%, respectively. The possibility that Rol exerts its antimutagenic activities by inhibiting certain forms of the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes required for activation of precarcinogens such as DMN and DEN is discussed.
Elderly migration: for sun and money.

Discussions about elderly migration and its implications for growth planning tend to neglect the role of economic forces. Our view is that cost-of-living variations among states give elderly households on fixed incomes an incentive to move that closely resembles the effects of wage opportunities on workers who migrate. To test this view, we employ a state-by-state index of cost of living for a retired couple to explore its impact on migration choices of the elderly. The effects of cost of living on migration are investigated in terms of the probability that an elderly person will move out-of-state during a five-year period and the probability that a given state will be chosen as destination once a decision has been made to migrate. The influences of cost of living at both origin and destination are strongly confirmed.
Seasonal indoor radon variations related to precipitation

Indoor radon concentrations show a strong dependence on weather. Winter tends to be associated with higher than average indoor radon, and summer with lower than average. However, in northern Virginia, the summer of 1988 was wetter than the summer of 1987. Consequently, the regional indoor radon during the summer of 1988 was about 30% higher than during the summer of 1987, and indoor radon during the summer of 1988 actually exceeded the indoor radon level of the 1987-1988 winter. 40 refs.
Distinguishing Effects on Tumor Multiplicity and Growth Rate in Chemoprevention Experiments

In some types of cancer chemoprevention experiments and short-term carcinogenicity bioassays, the data consist of the number of observed tumors per animal and the times at which these tumors were first detected. In such studies, there is interest in distinguishing between treatment effects on the number of tumors induced by a known carcinogen and treatment effects on the tumor growth rate. Since animals may die before all induced tumors reach a detectable size, separation of these effects can be difficult. This paper describes a flexible parametric model for data of this type. Under our model, the tumor detection times are realizations of a delayed Poisson process that is characterized by the age-specific tumor induction rate and a random latency interval between tumor induction and detection. The model accommodates distinct treatment and animal-specific effects on the number of induced tumors (multiplicity) and the time to tumor detection (growth rate). A Gibbs sampler is developed for estimation of the posterior distributions of the parameters. The methods are illustrated through application to data from a breast cancer chemoprevention experiment.
Multi-scale particle-in-cell plasma simulation

Abstract We describe a form of self-consistent particle-in-cell plasma simulation which is applicable to strongly inhomogeneous systems involving a wide range of space and time scales. In this multi-scale method, the plasma particles in each region of phase space are advanced using a step size appropriate to that region, as determined by accuracy considerations. While the necessity of a self-consistent field may seem to require processing of all particles in synchrony, the method overcomes that difficulty. This is accomplished by means of implicit PIC techniques, interpolating grid quantities in time to obtain the source contributions from groups of particles not advanced during the current step. For suitable problems (those in which fine space-time resolution is needed only in isolated spatial regions), most of the particles are not processed on any given step. Thus, major gains in efficiency over conventional simulations may be realized. In this paper we describe the method, and the beginnings of our investigations into its feasibility.
Fluid−Liquid and Fluid−Solid Phase Behavior of Poly(ethylene-co-hexene-1) Solutions in Sub- and Supercritical Propane, Ethylene, and Ethylene + Hexene-1

Fluid−liquid (FL) pressure and fluid−solid (FS) temperature of poly(ethylene-co-hexene-1) (EH) in sub- and supercritical propane and ethylene + hexene-1 mixtures are measured with a variable-volume...
POVERTY, URBANIZATION, AND CRIME

In an effort to evaluate the situational determinants of crime, principal components analysis was used to reduce 59 demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of 840 American cities to six independent factors: affluence, stage in life cycle, economic specialization, expenditures policy, poverty, and urbanization. When regressed upon crime rates two of these six factors, urbanization and poverty, were found to be the more important criminogenic forces. The exception to this generalization was the South, where stage in life cycle was more important than poverty in explaining crime. One reason for this exception may be that the South, though having a lower standard of living than other regions of the country, does not have the “culture of poverty” usually associated with lower income. Contrary to the assumption upon which most ecology of crime studies are based, larger cities (over 100,000 in population) are not representative of all cities. Greater association between socioeconomic variables and crime was found in larger than in smaller cities.
Seminiferous tubule cannulation (STC): a new, sensitive technique for detecting gene transfer in developing sperm.

As gene therapy vectors, strategies, and disease targets continue to expand and diversify, the likelihood that developing germ cells will be exposed to gene transfer vectors increases. Insertion of exogenous genetic material into the germ line might have devastating effects on normal development which could be heritable. Accordingly, it is important that vectors be tested for their potential to insert genes into developing gametes. Such tests are most difficult in males, where differentiating sperm are sequestered behind the blood–testis barrier. In this communication we report the development of a new technique, which we call seminiferous tubule cannulation (STC). We demonstrate that STC allows delivery of high quantities of gene therapy vector directly to spermatogenic cells without significantly disturbing the cytoarchitecture of the seminiferous tubule. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique, three promoters driving lacZ gene expression in adenovirus vectors were tested for their ability to transduce cells within the seminiferous tubule. Results indicate that the cytomegalovirus promoter, but not the Rous sarcoma virus or elongation factor 1α promoters, is active within the seminiferous tubule. Further development of this technique promises to lead to a standardized test for male germ cell transduction by gene therapy vectors.
Theorizing Politics After Camus

Theorizing has been conceived historically in illuminative and ocular metaphors, and as an activity that occurs in a fixed and privileged relation to political society that permits a panoramic perspective. These elements of light, sight, and distance, are supportable existentially and ethically in post-war, post-Holocaust world. One of the first to explore the challenges to theorizing in this era was Albert Camus. He provided phenomenological and existential investigations of the obstacles to theorizing politics in his literary works, particularly his trilogy of novels: The Stranger, The Plague, and The Fall. In this paper, I offer a reading of these novels that isolates theorizing as an activity performed not from a transcendent perceptual vantage of perfect light and vision, but from the immanent perspectives achieved in the city, among friends, or by exile.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN A TUBERCULOUS LESION AT THE SITE OF INOCULATION

Complement fixing antibody in animals injected with heat killed tubercle bacilli in oil appears earlier in the lesion at the site of injection than in the blood serum. Complement fixing antibody in an extract prepared by suspending one part by weight of tissue from the local site in five parts of saline is in general in higher concentration than in the blood, for a period of approximately 3 weeks following injection. After this time the serum may show the higher titre. The titre of antibody at the site of injection tends to increase with the quantity of heat killed bacilli injected into the skin, up to a definable maximum. No evidence was found to support the opinion that local accumulation of antibody was caused by fixation of antibody contained in the serum and produced elsewhere in the body, for extracts of lesions produced by the injection of paraffin oil, old tuberculin, and cod liver oil showed no demonstrable antibody, or at most a very low titre, even when the serum titre was high. After reinjection of heat killed tubercle bacilli in oil into rabbits with antibody in the serum, antibody did not appear in the local lesion any earlier than in normal animals similarly injected. These observations give evidence that antibody is formed in the skin at the site of injection of tubercle bacilli.
New AM-FM analysis methods for retinal image characterization

We develop new amplitude-modulated frequency-modulated (AM-FM) based methods to address some issues associated with the semantic gap between visual and mathematical features presented by retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Through the processing of simulated and real, clinical retinal images we gain an understanding of the effects of basic morphological characteristics of lesions associated with AMD. Through synthetic simulations, we discuss how histograms of the instantaneous amplitude and the instantaneous frequency magnitude, extracted from different scales, can be used to differentiate between images of different sizes and edge sharpness, while maintaining invariance with respect to rotations. We show that AM-FM features extracted from low and very-low frequency scales can clearly differentiate between retinal images containing Temporal Concentrated Drusen (TCD) and Geographic Atrophy (GA). Shape, size, distribution and edge sharpness are visual features used by ophthalmologists in identifying lesions such as drusen. We propose the use of new AM-FM derived features to quantitatively define these visual descriptions.
Effects of Geoduck (Panopea generosa Gould, 1850) Aquaculture Gear on Resident and Transient Macrofauna Communities of Puget Sound, Washington

In Washington state, commercial culture of geoducks (Panopea generosa) involves large-scale out-planting of juveniles to intertidal habitats, and installation of PVC tubes and netting to exclude predators and increase early survival. Structures associated with this nascent aquaculture method are examined to determine whether they affect patterns of use by resident and transient macrofauna. Results are summarized from regular surveys of aquaculture operations and reference beaches in 2009 to 2011 at three sites during three phases of culture: (1) pregear (-geoducks, -structure), (2) gear present (+geoducks, +structures), and (3) postgear (+geoducks, -structures). Resident macroinvertebrates (infauna and epifauna) were sampled monthly (in most cases) using coring methods at low tide during all three phases. Differences in community composition between culture plots and reference areas were examined with permutational analysis of variance and homogeneity of multivariate dispersion tests. Scuba and shoreline transect surveys were used to examine habitat use by transient fish and macroinvertebrates. Analysis of similarity and complementary nonmetric multidimensional scaling were used to compare differences between species functional groups and habitat type during different aquaculture phases. Results suggest that resident and transient macrofauna respond differently to structures associated with geoduck aquaculture. No consistent differences in the community of resident macrofauna were observed at culture plots or reference areas at the three sites during any year. Conversely, total abundance of transient fish and macroinvertebrates were more than two times greater at culture plots than reference areas when aquaculture structures were in place. Community composition differed (analysis of similarity) between culture and reference plots during the gear-present phase, but did not persist to the next farming stage (postgear). Habitat complexity associated with shellfish aquaculture may attract some structure-associated transient species observed infrequently on reference beaches, and may displace other species that typically occur in areas lacking epibenthic structure. This study provides a first look at the effects of multiple phases of geoduck farming on macrofauna, and has important implications for the management of a rapidly expanding sector of the aquaculture industry.
Does dose rate affect efficacy? The outcomes of 256 Gamma Knife surgery procedures for trigeminal neuralgia and other types of facial pain as they relate to the half-life of cobalt

Object Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is a treatment option for patients with refractory typical trigeminal neuralgia (TN), TN with atypical features, and atypical types of facial pain. The Gamma Knife’s 201 60Co sources decay with a half-life of 5.26 years. The authors examined whether the decrease in dose rate over 4.6 years between Co source replacements affected the control rates of facial pain in patients undergoing GKS. Methods The authors collected complete follow-up data on 239 of 326 GKS procedures performed in patients with facial pain. Patients were classified by their type of pain. The isocenter of a 4-mm collimator helmet was targeted at the proximal trigeminal nerve root, and the dose (80–90 Gy) was prescribed at the 100% isodose line. Patients reported the amount of pain control following radiosurgery by answering a standardized questionnaire. Eighty percent of patients experienced greater than 50% pain relief, and 56% of patients experienced complete pain relief after GKS. Neither dose rate nor...
Safe in the ’Hood: Earthquake Preparedness in Midcity Los Angeles

Is it possible to demonstrate a link between a pilot public awareness program for earthquake-related education and an increase in community safety, preparedness, and loss prevention efforts? This paper describes a pilot earthquake education, preparedness and mitigation project, the “ANNA-SCEC Earthquake Watch,” funded in part by the University of Southern California Neighborhood Outreach nonprofit corporation and Southern California Earthquake Center, a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. The yearlong project targeted residents in a neighborhood located in the heart of Los Angeles. Together they cohosted presentations by earthquake experts at monthly neighborhood association meetings, created a neighborhood earthquake response and recovery plan, learned how to start earthquake-related small businesses, and conducted a public earthquake safety fair that attracted hundreds of residents and local media coverage. They distributed published information on earthquake preparedness and leve...
Compressive sensing and filter-bank signal models

A compressible signal can often be modeled as a sum of outputs of subband filters of a synthesis filter bank. This model allows one to find compressive sampling schemes, whereby the original continuous signal can directly be acquired by sampling at a very low (sub-Nyquist) rate. This paper revisits this result from the view point of filter bank theory. This is motivated by recent work by Mishali and Eldar on the so-called Xampling techniques for compressible signals. The viewpoint presented here emphasizes the simplicity and directness of the compressive sensing idea and also places in evidence the framework which can be used to formulate optimal compressive sampling problems.1
Interfacial force sensor with force-feedback control

A novel interfacial force microscope capable of measuring the forces between two surfaces over the entire range of surface separations, up to contact, has been developed. The design is centered around a differential capacitance displacement sensor where the common capacitor plate is supported by torsion bars. A force-feedback control system balances the interfacial forces at the sensor, maintaining the common capacitor plate at its rest position. This control eliminates the instability which occurs with the conventional cantilever-based force sensors when the attractive force gradient exceeds the mechanical stiffness of the cantilever. The ability to measure interfacial forces at surface separations smaller than this instability point using the feedback control is demonstrated. >
Measurement of acoustic startle response in mice

Apparatus for measurement of acoustic startle response in mice is described. The technique utilizes a spring suspended lever, commercially available strain-gauge transducer, and polygraph. Individual startle responses are recorded as upward (flexion) and downward (extension) pen deflections, the force of either component being linearly related to the amplitude of the vertical pen deflections. The apparatus, with minor modifications, may be used to measure startle responses in larger rodents.
Drag Correlation of Drop Motion on Fibers

The objective of this article is to correlate a drag coefficient to the Reynolds number for axial motion of barrel drops on fibers. This work includes effects of vibration-induced motion of droplet...
OPPORTUNITIES AND APPROACHES FOR DOUBLING THE STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF METALLIC MATERIALS

Significant reduction in system mass is required to achieve advanced aerospace objectives such as hypersonic flight, improved fuel efficiency and low cost access to space. The general needs for metallic materials with high structural efficiency will be outlined here, and current approaches for achieving significant improvements in specific strength and stiffness will be described.
Treatment Models and Designs for Intervention Research During the Psychotic Prodrome

Recently, interventions for the psychotic prodrome have gained considerable interest. The goal of early interventions for prepsychotic, but symptomatic, individuals is to reduce disability and impairment by ameliorating subpsychotic symptoms and, potentially, preventing the progression into a full-blown psychotic disorder. However, several central questions regarding early interventions for the psychotic prodrome require clarification: Is it possible to prevent or to delay the onset of a psychotic disorder by intervening in the prodromal state? Is it possible to alter the natural course of the illness; i.e., to reduce subsequent symptom severity, relapse rates, treatment refractoriness, and/or functional disability, by treating subsyndromal symptoms? What is the relationship between treatment response of prodromal symptoms or specific symptom clusters and the prevention of disease progression or improvement of functional outcome? In the context of these questions, different treatment models and trial designs are presented, focusing on patient selection, target symptoms, interventions, control conditions, outcome measures, trial duration, and exit strategies, as well as statistical and ethical considerations. Finally, the methodology of completed and ongoing intervention trials in putative prodromal populations is discussed.
Effect of A-site cation nonstoichiometry on the properties of doped lanthanum gallate

Lanthanum gallate doped with Sr and Mg (LSGM) was synthesized using a combustion synthesis technique. The synthesized powders were sintered to high density in air, although excessively high sintering temperatures led to bloating of samples, possibly due to the volatilization of Ga2O from the perovskite structure. The electrical conductivity of sintered LSGM tended to decrease with increasing A/B cation nonstoichiometry. Under oxidizing conditions, the conductivity was almost completely ionic, but in reducing atmospheres a substantial electronic component was observed. It is likely that this electronic conduction resulted from the introduction of electronic charge carriers via the partial reduction of Ga from the trivalent to the divalent state. The flexural strength of LSGM with an A/B cation ratio of 1.00 was measured to be ∼150 MPa at room temperature; the strength decreased to ∼100 MPa at higher temperatures (600–1000°C). The fracture toughness, as measured by notched beam analysis, was ∼2.0–2.2 MPa√m at room temperature, decreasing to ∼1.0 MPa√m at 1000°C.
Culturally Competent Scholarship in Nursing Research

Purpose: To determine the degree to which research reports published in major nursing research journals reflected Meleis’s eight criteria for culturally competent scholarship. Design: Analytic review of 167 studies dealing with race, ethnicity, or culture from four nursing research journals, 1992-2000. Method: Four reviewers selected, abstracted, and scored research articles independently, in pairs, and as a group. Findings: The mean and median Meleis scores were 2.92 and 3.00 on an 8-point scale. All scores were assigned at least once. Contextuality, relevance, and communication style were most frequently present; disclosure, empowerment, and time were least frequently present. Implications for further research: Assignment of Meleis scores is feasible and useful for evaluating cultural competence of research reports.
Emulsified Milkfat Effects on Rheology of Acid-Induced Milk Gels

Reconstituted skim milk formed by a gel by acidification to < pH 5.2 and heating to 60°C. The gel compressive stress (σc) was influenced by the heating process, increased with milk-nonfat-solids (MNFS) and reached a maximum at pH 4.0. The addition of emulsified fat facilitated gelation, increase gel σc and shear modulus, and decreased gel deformability. At an equal fat concentration, emulsions containing small-sized fat globules (i.e., more globules) reinforced the gels more markedly than emulsions comprised of large globules reflecting the importance of number of globules in the gels. Electron micrographs revealed crosslinkages between fat globules and casein particles in the gel network, which may have caused reinforcement of milk gels by milkfat.
Triplex est Copia: Philip Melanchthon's Invention of the Rhetorical Figures

Philip Melanchthon9s importance for the history of Renaissance rhetoric has been reclaimed in a number of recent studies. One of his most innovative and durable legacies was in the doctrine of the figures ( schemata ), examined and evaluated in this essay. A comparison with classical theory shows that in his second rhetoric (1521) Melanchthon radically reconceived the definition and classification of the figures. The new doctrine has major implications for the theory of style ( elocutio ) and its place in the liberal arts.
Automated Nutrients Analysis for Buoys in Sea-Water and Intercalibration

The Nutrient Probe Analyser-4 (NPA-4) is an automatic chemical analyser for “in-situ” and continuous measurements, based on a new improvement of the exclusive analytical technology developed by Systea and named LFA (Loop Flow Analysis); LFA has permitted levels never reached before in analytical automation and in analyser miniaturisation. With NPA-4 probes, it is possible to analyse directly in the water up to four parameters with the same instrument, using a particular configuration of LFA technology, which allows the sequential analysis of more than one analytical method in a single analytical reactor (30 minutes for a complete 4 parameters cycle). It has been conceived to execute ammonium, nitrate-nitrite, nitrite and orthophosphate analysis at low concentration in sea water samples. The hermetic closed Loop provides full protection against background interference, a basic requirement for stable trace analysis. At the start of a cycle the loop is washed and filled with sample. The sample colour is measured for compensation. Small amounts of concentrated reagents are added and mixed with high intensity. The intensity of the colour of the reaction product is measured one or two colorimetric dual beam with silicon detector, depending on requested methods. The standard wet chemistries for nutrients analysis used in NPA-4 are the ones recommended by international standard The statistical test show that the results of automated and manual analyses agree for all the examined parameters. Precision of all four analyses is ≤ 3 % RSD. The Limit of detection of 5, 5, 2.5 and 2.5 µg/L were reported for N-NH4, N-NO3, N-NO2 and P-PO4, respectively. Multiparametric on line analyzer: it is possible to connect to a data logger with analogue and digital signals, in order to have on line simultaneous analysis of the sample. A typical application is on line analysis of seawater on an oceanographic research buoy (Max -5m). It does not require any operator.
VOLUMETRIC AND STYLISTIC REASSESSMENT OF CLASSIC MAYA SITES IN THE PETEN, RÍO BEC, CHENES, AND PUUC HILLS

This paper seeks to define and discuss the nature, size, variety, ideology, and change in the polities of three regions of the Maya Lowlands: the Greater Peten, Central Yucatan (Rio Bec/Chenes), and the Puuc Hills. Patterned variety is demonstrable on all levels of analysis and even within stylistic regions, within suggested regional states, and within sites.
Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000

Rectangular planform wings were tested at Reynolds numbers as low as 20 000 in a low turbulence wind tunnel. The lift and drag measurements on a NACA 0012 profile were compared with those for thin flat and cambered plates. For all Reynolds numbers below 70 000 the best profile was a thin plate with a 5% circular arc camber. At all turbulence levels this profile produced the greatest lift-drag ratio, and had the highest lift coefficient at all angles of attack. The 5% camber and all of the thin plates tested were relatively insensitive to either a variation in the Reynolds number, or an increase in the wind tunnel turbulence level, whereas the NACA 0012 was very seriously affected by either, at Reynolds numbers below 50 000.
Balancing cost and quality in fee-for-service versus managed care

Society has placed a totally unrealistic demand on the health care system to maximize quality while minimizing costs-without considering costs.
CONCERNING THE FORMULATION OF CHARGE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PION NUCLEON INTERACTION

Isotopic spin space (isospace) has been introduced by Heisenberg for stating his hypothesis of charge symmetry of nucleon-nucleon (N-N) interactions. The fruitfulness of the extension to charge independence is apparent through the classic work of Wigner on nuclear structure. The later discovery of the pion (π) combined with Yukawa’s famous meson exchange idea made it natural to attribute the approximate charge independence (CI) of N-N interactions to a symmetry of meson-nucleon and in particular pion-nucleon (π-N) interactions in isospace1 and to regard the physically approximate CI of the N-N system as a consequence of basic interaction symmetries involving meson-nucleon exchanges. One of the main objects of this paper is to bring out the desirability of a clear and unambiguous formulation of what is meant by CI of the π-N interaction. Since the pion is the lightest meson that can affect the N-N interaction in a major way, a satisfactory formulation of CI for the π-N interaction is also necessary for an understanding of the long-range charge independence (LRCI) of the N-N interaction.
Relationship Between Strained Silicon-Oxygen Bonds and Radiation Induced Paramagnetic Point Defects in Silicon Dioxide

We have investigated the radiation induced generation of paramagnetic point defects in high surface area sol-gel silicates containing various concentrations of the Raman active 608 cm−1 D2 “defect” band attributed to cyclic trisiloxanes (3 membered rings). Our results indicate that strained silicon-oxygen bonds due to three membered rings are the dominant E΄ (trivalent silicon center) and paramagnetic oxygen center precursors at high irradiation doses for silicates containing large concentrations of the D2 species. These results directly demonstrate that atomic level stress does play a role in the radiation damage process of silicon dioxide.
A User-Friendly Log Viewer for Storage Systems

System log files contains messages emitted from several modules within a system and carries valuable information about the system state such as device status and error conditions and also about the various tasks within the system such as program names, execution path, including function names and parameters, and the task completion status. For customers with remote support, the system collects and transmits these logs to a central enterprise repository, where these are monitored for alerts, problem forecasting, and troubleshooting. Very large log files limit the interpretability for the support engineers. For an expert, a large volume of log messages may not pose any problem; however, an inexperienced person may get flummoxed due to the presence of a large number of log messages. Often it is desired to present the log messages in a comprehensive manner where a person can view the important messages first and then go into details if required. In this article, we present a user-friendly log viewer where we first hide the unimportant or inconsequential messages from the log file. A user can then click a particular hidden view and get the details of the hided messages. Messages with low utility are considered inconsequential as their removal does not impact the end user for the aforesaid purpose such as problem forecasting or troubleshooting. We relate the utility of a message to the probability of its appearance in the due context. We present machine-learning-based techniques that computes the usefulness of individual messages in a log file. We demonstrate identification and discarding of inconsequential messages to shrink the log size to acceptable limits. We have tested this over real-world logs and observed that eliminating such low value data can reduce the log files significantly (30p to 55p), with minimal error rates (7p to 20p). When limited user feedback is available, we show modifications to the technique to learn the user intent and accordingly further reduce the error.
Meteorological Causes of a Heavy Air Pollution Process in Tianjin and Its Prediction Analyses

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and NOAA extended reconstructed sea surface temperature data,combining observed data in February 2014,the meteorological causes of a heavy air pollution process(HAPP)occurred from February 21 to 26 2014 in Tianjin and its prediction approaches were discussed. Results show that during the HAPP,the East Asian trough and winter monsoon presented weaker than normal. There existed significant southeasterly anomalies and widespread high relative humidity(RH) areas in the south of Hebei Province and weak airflow convergence and partial easterly and southern in the surface layer. Weak divergence downward airflow and southwesterly occurred in the mid-low troposphere,and simultaneous inversion layer existed during the HAPP. The above stable situations were beneficial to the transportation of water vapor(WV) and enormous pollutants from Bohai,Yellow Sea and south-central Hebei Province to Tianjin and gathering in the surface layer. Simulated results of HYSPLIT model depicted that pollutants transported from south-central Hebei Province to Tianjin in the ways of advection and weak divergence deposition. RH is merely a necessary condition to the formation of HAPP,while the concentration of numerous pollutants is a key factor. WRF-CMAQ can better simulate spatial distribution of PM_(2.5)concentration and dispersing time of HAPP and it can be used as the tool for the shortrange forecast of HAPP. During HAPP,strong sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) occurred in the south waters of Aleutian Islands in February and previous autumn,which can be seemed as a factor for the Tianjin middle-long term forecast of HAPP.
A Structural Model of Human Capital and Leverage

I study the effect of human capital on firms' leverage decisions in a structural dynamic model. Firms produce using physical capital and labor. They pay a cost per employee they hire, thus investing in human capital. In default a portion of this human capital investment is lost. The loss of human capital constitutes a significant cost of financial distress. Labor intensive firms are more heavily exposed to this cost and respond by using less leverage. Thus the model predicts a decreasing relationship between leverage and labor intensity. Consistent with this prediction, I show in the data that high labor intensity leads to significantly less use of debt. In the model a move from the lowest to the highest decile of labor intensity is accompanied by a drop in leverage of 21 percentage points, very close to the 27 percentage point drop in the data. Overall, I argue that human capital has an important effect on firm leverage and should receive more attention from capital structure researchers.
Bacterial Virus φ29 DNA-Packaging Motor and Its Potential Applications in Gene Therapy and Nanotechnology

A controllable, 30-nm imitating DNA-packaging motor was constructed. The motor is driven by six synthetic adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding RNA (packaging RNA [pRNA]) monomers, similar to the driving of a bolt with a hex nut. Conformational change and sequential action of the RNA with fivefold (viral capsid)/sixfold (pRNA hexamer) mismatch could ensure continuous rotation of the motor with ATP as energy. In the presence of ATP and magnesium, a 5-microm synthetic DNA was packaged using this motor. On average, one ATP was used to translocate two bases of DNA. The DNA-filled capsids were subsequently converted into up to 109 PFU/mL of infectious virus. The three-dimensional structures of pRNA monomer, dimer, and hexamer have been probed by photoaffinity crosslinking, chemical modification interference, cryo-atomic force microscopy, and computer modeling. The pRNA's size and shape can be controlled and manipulated at will to form stable dimers and trimers. Cryo-atomic force microscopy revealed that monomers, dimers, and trimers displayed a checkmark outline, elongated shape, and triangular structure, respectively. The motor can be turned off by gamma-S-ATP or EDTA and turned on again with the addition of ATP or magnesium, respectively. The formation of ordered structural arrays of the motor complex and its components, the retention of motor function after the 3'-end extension of the pRNA, and the ease of RNA dimer, trimer, and hexamer manipulation with desired shape and size make this RNA-containing motor a promising tool for drug and gene delivery and for use in nanodevices.
Insulin-like growth factor I preserves renal function postoperatively.

Deterioration of renal function, which can lead to postoperative renal failure, is a complication of surgery involving the suprarenal aorta and surgery involving the renal arteries. Fifty-four pati...
Portrayals of Stigmatized “Mountain English” in Southern Literature

This paper uses a comparative analysis of James Dickey’s novel Deliverance and James Still’s novel River of Earth to parse popular language ideologies concerning the Appalachian English dialect of ‘Mountain Speech.’ Deliverance portrays Appalachian natives as ignorant and violent, utilizing non-standard orthography to represent eye-dialect of Appalachian Speech; it feeds the story on stereotypes related to the popular stigmatized terms for Southerners as “Red-necks” and “hicks.” James Still’s River of Earth portrays Appalachian language and culture accurately as Still lived in Appalachia his whole life. Yet, despite these inaccuracies, Deliverance remains the more popular novel, even being turned into a movie in 1972. This paper proposes the theory that Dickey’s novel is more popular because his voice as a Southern writer lends credibility to popular stereotype, whereas Still’s combats stereotype with factual evidence garnered from his time amongst Mountain Folk.
Electrochemical oxidation to construct a nickel sulfide/oxide heterostructure with improvement of capacitance

Supercapacitors have been widely recognized as a promising device for the storage of renewable energy. Herein, a facile electrochemical oxidation strategy is described to construct a nickel sulfide/oxide heterostructure which enhances the specific areal capacitance of Ni3S2 electrodeposited on nickel foam. The resulting heterostructure electrode exhibits high areal capacitance, 65 times that of the as-prepared Ni3S2 electrode (2035 mF cm−2vs. 31 mF cm−2 at a current density of 8 mA cm−2), while still maintaining great stability, showing no performance degradation after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. Its exceptional capacitance, advanced rate capability, and superior cycling stability are attributed to the transformed composition and unique nanostructure achieved during electrochemical oxidation, which can provide a large electrochemically active surface area, fast electron/electrolyte ion transport, and robust structural stability. Such a low-cost and facile strategy can be potentially applicable to prepare many other materials for supercapacitor applications.
Translation, Universals, Mystère

In an essay appropriately entitled ‘Understanding as Translation’, Steiner considers the omnipresence of translation in the human use of language. He notices how reading Shakespeare is tantamount to translating him: the historical development of language demands a decipherment between two psychocultural contexts. Likewise, ‘The world of an Austen novel is radically linguistic: all reality is “encoded” in a distinctive idiom’1 that the reader must translate (from ciphertext to cleartext by means of some encicode) in order to understand. But translation — the assumption of an alien vision, the inhalation of an alien voice — is not peculiar to literary experience; indeed, it is co-extensive with the whole human experience of language and essential to it. One who uses language effectively is a translator, an interpreter or, to use Steiner’s polyvalent word, an interprete.
Multivariate Symmetry Models

Let Γ0 be a fixed, compact subgroup of the group Γ of orthogonal transformations on R d . A random variable x, with values in R d and distribution P, is Γ 0 -symmetric if x and γx have the same distribution for all γ ∈Γ0. In terms of P, this means P(A) = P(ΓA) for all Borel sets A and all γ ∈Γ0. Let x1,…,x n be iid random variables with values in R d . The Γ0-symmetry model asserts that the x1 have an unknown common distribution that is Γ0-symmetric. The Γ 0 -location model specifies that for some unknown η∈R d , the random variables x 1-η,…, x n-η have an unknown common distribution P which is Γ0-symmetric. This paper develops some methods of inference for these multivariate symmetry models. Unlike the one dimensional case, there are a large number of “symmetry” notions in R d ,d > 1; Section 2.3 provides a few simple, useful examples, which figure in subsequent development.
Imagining European Women

The European woman (zan-i Farangi) was the locus of gaze and erotic fantasy for many eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Persianate voy(ag)eurs of Europe. The travelers’ recounting of their self-experience provided the material for the formation of competing discourses on women of Europe. With the political hegemony of Europe, a woman’s body served as an important marker of identity and difference and as a terrain of cultural and political contestations. The eroticized depiction of European women by male travelers engendered a desire for that “heaven on earth” and its uninhibited and fairy-like residents who displayed their beauty and mingled with men. The attraction of Europe and European women figured into political contestations and conditioned the formation of new political discourses and identities. These contestations resulted in the valorization of the veil (hijab) as a visible marker of the self and the other. For Iranian modernists, viewing European women as educated and cultured, the veil became a symbol of backwardness. Its removal, in their view, was essential to the advancement of Iran and its dissociation from Arab—Islamic culture. For the counter-modernists who wanted to uphold the Islamic social and gender orders, the European woman became a scapegoat and a symbol of corruption, immorality, Westernization, and feminization of power.
A Study of 2-Iodobutane by Rotational Spectroscopy.

Rotational transitions belonging to 2-iodobutane (sec-butyl-iodide, CH3CHICH2CH3) were measured over the frequency range 5.5–16.5 GHz via jet-pulsed Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The complete nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor of iodine, χ, was obtained for the gauche (g)-, anti (a)-, and gauche′ (g′)-conformers as well as the four 13C isotopologues of the gauche species. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, quadrupole coupling constants, and nuclear spin-rotation constants were determined for each species. Changes in χ of the iodine nucleus, resulting from conformational and isotopic differences, are discussed. Isotopic substitution of g-2-iodobutane allowed for an rs structure to be determined for the carbon backbone. Additionally, isotopic substitution in conjunction with an ab initio structure allowed for a fit of various r0 structural parameters belonging to g-2-iodobutane.
Cost and culture: Factors influencing worksite physical activity across three universities.

Background Physical inactivity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Worksites provide an ideal environment for physical activity (PA) interventions. Colleges and universities are a unique work venue, with institutions of higher education of varying scope within every state of the United States and worldwide. Objective To explore the institutional influences on worksite PA across multiple universities. Participants Employees from two large, universities (Midwestern and Southern) and a mid-size, university (Midwestern) participated in exploratory research in March/April 2010 and 2013. Methods The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) methodology and the Health Belief Model (HBM) were used to assess perceived influences on employees' engagement in worksite PA. Results The findings demonstrate that university employees experienced similar factors that influence PA as employees across the different institutions. Specifically, there was an interesting relationship between opportunities for PA and lack of a supportive work culture to promote it. Conclusions Emphasis on immediate perceived threats to PA inactivity may improve the utility of the HBM for interventions within this context. Further, campus worksite interventions for employees should address barriers such as cost of campus recreation centers and administrative support for engaging in worksite PA as possible cues to action.
Representing All Women: An Analysis of Congress, Foreign Policy, and the Boundaries of Women’s Surrogate Representation

Is sisterhood global? This study investigates if women in Congress are representing women worldwide by extending their surrogate representation of American women to women in foreign countries. Cong...
Parent Perspectives on Family Involvement in Therapeutic Foster Care

There has been an increasing focus on family involvement in the treatment of children with serious emotional disorders, but it has received only limited attention in relation to out-of-home placements. I present the findings from a qualitative study of family involvement from the perspectives of parents whose children were placed in therapeutic foster care (TFC). Parents' perspectives on their involvement in placement decisions, relationships with professionals and TFC providers, practices related to family involvement, barriers to involvement, and strategies to enhance family involvement are described. Parents of children in TFC wanted to have contact with their children and to participate in decision making. They described relationships and practices that contributed to their involvement.
Usurping bacterial virulence factors as self-delivery vehicles for therapeutic use.

Type III secretion systems (T3SS) as virulence factors were initially discovered in Yersinia and are now widely recognized in many bacterial pathogens that infect animals and plants.1-3 It was obse...
Application of Chitosan in Remediation of Dyes

Chitosan is derived from Chitin, which is the exoskeleton of a crab or shrimp shell and some other crustaceans. This project explores this characteristic behavior of chitosan in the removal of dye from solution as a model for the potential application in textile industry wastewater treatment. Azure dye was used as the model dye used in the textile industry wastewater (TIW). The adsorptive characteristics of different chitosan particles sizes for Azure dye using 0.025 M acetate buffer at varying pH values were investigated. The relationship between q =(Co-Ce)/M the ratio of dye adsorbed to the mass of chitosan to the equilibrium concentration Ce was investigated for the different particle sizes.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia: keep it on your radar.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disorder of mucociliary clearance resulting in chronic oto-sinopulmonary disease. While the prevalence worldwide is estimated to be 1:10 000–1:15 000, it may be much higher in certain communities, especially where consanguinity is more prevalent. In the British South Asian community, for example, the prevalence has been estimated at 1:2450, similar to that of cystic fibrosis among caucasians.1 In Thorax , Shoemark and colleagues2 describe PCD in a highly consanguineous UK South Asian community, due to homozygous missense variants in CCDC103, usually resulting in the loss of both outer and inner dynein arms. The investigators identified 86 patients of South Asian (primarily Pakistani) descent with clinical signs and symptoms of PCD from the UK National PCD Diagnostic and Management Services. These individuals had a compatible clinical phenotype, but diagnosis was complicated by the fact that many of the standard diagnostic tests for PCD had yielded variable and frequently normal results, including nasal nitric oxide, ciliary beat frequency and ciliary ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy. Ultimately, next-generation sequencing confirmed a homozygous pathogenic variant, p.His154Pro, in CCDC103 in 16 (19%) of these 86 cases, from 12 independent families. From a clinical perspective, this report by Shoemark and colleagues2 highlights two important issues in the diagnosis of PCD. The first is that the prevalence of PCD may be higher than previously appreciated in certain populations, particularly in highly consanguineous communities. Indeed, in this report, all 16 patients with homozygous CCDC103 p.His154Pro mutations were children of consanguineous parents. While this UK South Asian PCD cohort was enriched for the CCDC103 p.His154Pro mutation, a number of other PCD-causing mutations were also present, including CCDC40 , DNAAF1 , HEATR2 , LRRC6 , ZMYND10 and RSPH4A . A high prevalence of PCD with genetic heterogeneity has similarly been …