cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The recruitment of macrophages to the pre-ovulatory ovary (CAM4P.146)

Ovulation requires the chemotaxis of leukocytes from the spleen to the ovary. Hormonal signals that are released during the peri-ovulatory period initiate the release of specific leukocyte populations that infiltrate the ovary and facilitate the release of oocytes. We identified a specific population of monocyte that infiltrates the ovary during a specific period of time, as well as M1 and M2-like macrophage populations. Before ovulation occurs, a Ly-6hi monocyte is likely promoting inflammation and follicular rupture. The Ly-6c high monocyte infiltration will start to diminish as they differentiate into M1 macrophages to further promote inflammation. These studies will utilize a super-ovulation protocol to initiate ovulation in immature balb/c mice. Ovaries will be collected at several times post hCG injection and analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry. Oviducts will be collected from mice 20 hours after hCG administration and cumulous oocyte complexes will be collected, counted and averaged to determine ovulation rate. Studies should establish that without these subsets of monocytes and macrophages, the rate of ovulation is reduced. In this regard, in the ovary, the Ly-6c high monocytes may function as a source of M1 macrophages to initiate the inflammatory process.
Energy efficient resource allocation for D2D communication underlaying cellular networks

We consider the problem of resource sharing in Device-to-Device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks. The problem is formulated as a non-cooperative game in which mobile users, either legacy cellular users or D2D users, decide their respective transmission power over available resource blocks (RBs) with the goal of maximizing their own utility function. The key factor that distinguishes our work from the existing literature is the design of the utility function; the utility function of each user is defined as the achievable rate normalized by the power consumption, which is in [bits/sec/Joule]. Such a utility function well reflects the users' satisfaction in reality when users are mobile and subject to the availability of energy due to the finite battery capacity and limited recharging facility. The scenario where the cellular and the D2D connections share the same resources is considered, in which the interference management between cellular and D2D communications is of great importance to guarantee the performance of high-priority cellular users. The most energy efficient strategy turns out that a DUE allocates the least amount of power on the channel with the best channel gain-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (CINR) yet still achieves the highest data rate on that channel while a CUE allocates the optimal power on its assigned channel to reach the maximum energy efficiency.
Pentecostal Antitraditionalism and the Pursuit of Holiness: The Neglected Role of Tradition in Pentecostal Theological Reflection

This paper introduces the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and summarizes how each of the sources (Scripture, tradition, experience and reason) were used in the thought of John Wesley. Next, an overview is given of the developments in the radical wing of the Holiness movement during the late nineteenth century that led to many Pentecostals valuing only three of the four sources: Scripture (through the Bible Reading Method), reason (through pragmatism and Common Sense Realism), and experience (through an emphasis on encountering God through supernatural manifestations of the Holy Spirit). In particular, the role of tradition in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement is compared and contrasted with early Pentecostal responses to church tradition as a viable source for theological reflection and decision-making. The issues of women in ministry, pacifism and oneness in early Pentecostalism are examined in order to demonstrate how Pentecostals either grounded their decisions in tradition or broke with tradition in the task of theological discernment. Finally, some proposals are made concerning how Pentecostals might learn from Wesley in order to reincorporate tradition as a Spirit-empowered resource for theological reflection.
Categorization of Narrative Semantics for Use in Generative Multidocument Summarization

The generative summarization of textual stories has been one of the goals of computational narratology since attempts at full semantic NLU in the ’70s. Our NLP group has recently created several systems for multidocument news summarization, but using purely statistical methods. Between these poles, there may be an unexplored avenue where knowledge of story structure can give partial, yet useful semantic understanding to a news reader. Such knowledge can then lead to summaries more informed than those based on solely statistical means. This student paper represents work in progress on a two-module system: The first module categorizes news articles into their underlying dramatic structures; the second will attempt to use this understanding to create and execute a generative plan, concisely retelling the story to form a surface-level summary.
RNA polymerase II transcription termination is mediated specifically by protein binding to a CCAAT box sequence.

Abstract A region in the adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) containing a CCAAT consensus sequence can direct transcription termination of RNA polymerase II, a mechanism that possibly prevents transcriptional interference from upstream genes. Using a chimeric plasmid template that contains the MLP directing expression of the simian virus 40 early region, we showed that an inserted oligonucleotide containing only 13 base pairs of MLP sequences, including the CCAAT box, is capable of inducing transcription termination in an orientation-dependent, position-independent manner. Point mutations within the CCAAT-specific protein-binding site abolished this effect, while a base substitution outside of this region did not affect termination. These data suggest that termination is mediated by a CCAAT box-binding protein. Several other transcription factor-binding sites do not, however, cause termination, suggesting that this may be a relatively specific property of a CCAAT-binding protein.
Are Bioequivalents Really Equal?: Generic Substitution in the Context of Mental Illness

Generic drugs are significantly less expensive than their brand name counterparts, and the use of generic drugs has increased drastically in recent years, representing upwards of 75% of all prescriptions filled in the United States. A large amount of this increase is due to states’ adoptions of generic substitution laws, or laws that allow for the substitution of generic drug formulations in place of their brand name counterparts. Theoretically, generic drugs are just as effective as their brand name alternatives; in fact, the FDA requires that generic formulations demonstrate “bioequivalence,” meaning that they show absorption rates of active ingredients that are within a range of 80-125% of that of brand name drugs. Despite their theoretical equivalence, generic and brand name drugs can produce disparate results and side effects. This is problematic when states employ substitution schemes in which no notification of either the physician or patient is necessary for the pharmacist to substitute, and is especially problematic when these conditions are met and substitution is mandated. This problem may be exacerbated for individuals with chronic mental illness, where reduced effectiveness of generic medications can produce individually and societally detrimental outcomes and where differential side effects might interfere with already poor medication compliance rates. This Article examines the effectiveness of generic versus brand name drug formulations in terms of treating mental illness, discusses possible implications of their ∗* Jaymes Fairfax-Columbo is a J.D./Ph.D. student in the Drexel University School of Law and College of Arts and Sciences; JD expected 2019, PhD expected 2020; B.A., Swarthmore College. David DeMatteo, J.D., Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Psychology and Law at Drexel University, where he is also Director of the J.D./Ph.D. Program in Law and Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/18964 282 INDIANA HEALTH LAW REVIEW Vol. 12:1 differential effectiveness, and proposes several solutions for policy change to combat these issues.
Tyzzer's Disease of Rabbits: Isolation and Propagation of Bacillus piliformis (Tyzzer) in Embryonated Eggs

Bacillus piliformis (Tyzzer) was isolated from the liver of rabbits with Tyzzer's disease and serially passaged in embryonated hens' eggs. Weanling rabbits given the 32nd egg passage developed lesions typical of Tyzzer's disease and died. B. piliformis was reisolated from the liver of these rabbits in embryonated eggs. Outside the host cell, the motile vegetative phase appeared to be unstable, and no means was found to preserve its viability; the results of titrations were believed to be dependent upon the resistant stage or spore. The spore withstood repeated freeze and thaw and was resistant to heat treatment of 56 C for 1 hr but not 80 C for 0.5 hr. None of several antibacterial substances tested in embryonated eggs was completely inhibitory; B. piliformis was resistant to sulfamethazine and chloramphenicol. The taxonomic position of this pleomorphic, gram-negative, sporeforming, pathogenic bacterium which appears to grow only in certain cells of several species remains unresolved.
Transmission of Maize streak virus by vascular puncture inoculation with unit-length genomic DNA.

The infectivity of cloned unit-length genomes of Maize streak virus (MSV) was tested using vascular puncture inoculation (VPI). VPI of kernels with plasmid DNA (pUC19) carrying a tandem repeat of the MSV genome produced 33±8% infection. Similar plasmids carrying the unit-length MSV genome were not infectious. If the MSV genome was released from the plasmid prior to VPI, 16±4% of plants became infected. Ligation of the free linear MSV genome did not increase infectivity. The three infective inocula produced symptoms of similar severity in maize. Bioassay of systemically infected leaves indicated the virus was equally infectious regardless of inoculum. In Southern blots of bioassay plants, no differences in MSV genome restriction endonuclease sites were observed. Thus, inoculation with the free linear or circularized MSV unit-length genome produced infections similar to those with plasmids carrying tandemly repeated genomes. The infectivity of free linear MSV unit-length genomes will facilitate molecular analysis of MSV, because cloning steps are minimized.
Classification of diverse organic compounds that induce chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells.

A data set of 297 diverse organic compounds that cause varying degrees of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells is examined. Responses of an assay are categorized as clastogenic (>1...
Investigating organic matter in Fanno Creek, Oregon, Part 3 of 3: Identifying and quantifying sources of organic matter to an urban stream

The sources, transport, and characteristics of organic matter (OM) in Fanno Creek, an urban stream in northwest Oregon, were assessed and quantified using: (1) optical instruments to calculate transported loads of dissolved, particulate, and total organic carbon, (2) fluorescence spectroscopy and stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) to elucidate sources and chemical properties of OM throughout the basin, and (3) synoptic sampling to investigate seasonal and hydrologic variations in the characteristics and quantity of OM. Results from this study indicate that of the roughly 324 (±2.9%) metric tons (tonnes, t) of organic carbon exported from the basin during March 2012 to March 2013, most of the OM in Fanno Creek was dissolved (72%) and was present year-round at concentrations exceeding 3–4 milligrams of carbon per liter, whereas particulate carbon typically was mobilized and transported only by higher-flow conditions. The isotopic and fluorescence characteristics of Fanno Creek OM indicate that the carbon originates primarily from terrestrial inputs, most likely riparian vegetative biomass that enters the stream via litterfall and overland transport and then travels through the system episodically as a result of hydrologic processes. The amount of OM exported from the Fanno Creek drainage over the course of a year in this study is consistent with previous estimates of annual riparian litterfall in or near the creek. Although the creek channel is actively eroding, most bank material has too little OM for that to be a dominant source of OM to the stream. Fluorescence data revealed that the OM contains primarily humic and fulvic-like components that become less aromatic as the OM moves downstream. The most significant seasonal variation was associated with OM transported in the first storms of the autumn season (fall flush). That material was characteristically different, with a larger fraction of microbially derived OM that probably resulted from an accumulation of easy-to-mobilize and decomposing material in the streambed during previous months of summertime low-flow conditions. The first fall flush produced the highest concentrations of OM of the entire year, and the resulting load of mobilized and decomposing OM resulted in a significant oxygen demand immediately downstream in the Tualatin River.
Silica Aerogel: An Intrinsically Low Dielectric Constant Material

Silica aerogels are highly porous solids having unique morphologies in wavelength of visible which both the pores and particles have sizes less than the wavelength of visible light. This fine nanostructure modifies the normal transport mechanisms within aerogels and endows them with a variety of exceptional physical properties. For example, aerogels have the lowest measured thermal conductivity and dielectric constant for any solid material. The intrinsically low dielectric properties of silica aerogels are the direct result of the extremely high achievable porosities, which are controllable over a range from 75% to more than 99.8 %, and which result in measured dielectric constants from 2.0 to less than 1.01. This paper discusses the synthesis of silica aerogels, processing them as thin films, and characterizing their dielectric properties. Existing data and other physical characteristics of bulk aerogels (e.g., thermal stablity, thermal expansion, moisture adsorption, modulus, dielectric strength, etc.), which are useful for evaluating them as potential dielectrics for microelectronics, are also given.
Economic manufacturing quantity in a just-in-time delivery system

A just-in-time (JIT) buyer demands frequent deliveries of small lots of certain products. However, there is a perception among the suppliers that participation in a JIT delivery system is economically disadvantageous for them. To test this conjecture, a generalized inventory model is developed for a supplier who has to meet a deterministic demand at fixed intervals. The generalized total cost model developed here is found to be a piecewise convex function. A simple algorithm is developed to compute the optimal batch size. When production uptime and cycle time are each equal to an integer multiple of the shipment interval, a perfect matching of shipment size occurs, and for such a situation, the generalized model specializes to more traditional inventory models. The solution approach for such models becomes much easier. It is found that, under certain conditions, the total cost decreases linearly with reduced shipment size and the suppliers benefit from this. Economic impact of ordering and setup costs red...
Determinants of kinesin motor polarity

The kinesin motor protein family members move along microtubules with characteristic polarity. Chimeric motors containing the stalk and neck of the minus-end-directed motor, Ncd, fused to the motor domain of plus-end-directed kinesin were analyzed. The Ncd stalk and neck reversed kinesin motor polarity, but mutation of the Ncd neck reverted the chimeric motor to plus-end movement. Thus, residues or regions contributing to motor polarity must be present in both the Ncd neck and the kinesin motor core. The neck-motor junction was critical for Ncd minus-end movement; attachment of the neck to the stalk may also play a role.
A complete negationless system

A sequent calculus P, for a negationless first-order predicate logic is given. The completeness of the system with respect to a truth definition in the style of Kripke may be established classically. The system is equivalent to P2 in [7]. (To be precise, it is equivalent to P2 without the symbol % and without the axiom -> 9". These were introduced in [7], merely by way of typographical economy. Obviously a similar com? pleteness proof could be given for a system containing these.) Naturally P satisfies the same readability definition as that given for P2, and is negationless in a semantic sense, both with respect to the readability definition and to the Kripke-type definition. A syntactical non-nullity theorem is also available. From the viewpoint of pure predicate calculus, the system gives a satisfactory cha? racterization of negationless reasoning. However a system in the style of Px in [7] is generally more appropriate for the development of a negationless theory. For a particular first-order negationless theory, one naturally has in mind an in? tended interpretation if he is thinking constructively. Even if the system should be characterizable by a (finite) set of axioms or axiom schemata, it is not clear that the representation of negationless reasoning in P is entirely satisfactory. Consider r the set of (closed) axioms of the theory. Then a natural analogue to intuitionistic or classical usage would be to identify theorems of the theory with formulas A such that \-p T -> A. However not all of the sequents in the proof of r -> A in P need be negationlessly interpretable under the intended interpretation. (There exist subsystems of P which have this property.) The situation is, of course, further complicated by the fact that in negationless systems, rules are more likely to be required than axioms or axiom schemata. The development of arithmetic in A1 or A2 is an example [7]. This was the reason for proposing the more complicated Plt For the system P, the sequent r -> O is understood to mean that for any negation? less interpretation for which all the formulas of r are true, at least one of those of ? is true also; and furthermore that there exists some negationless interpretation for which all the formulas of Y are simultaneously satisfiable and for each formula of 0, one for which it is satisfiable. The fact that a concept of falsity is used in the counter-example does not of neces? sity make the counter-example negationlessly meaningless. The general argument as it is outlined here is of course, non-constructive but it is easy in some cases to think
Neurobiology of food addiction.

Purpose of reviewTo review recent work on disorders related to food use, including food addiction, and to highlight the similarities and differences between food and drugs of abuse.Recent findingsRecent work on food use disorders has demonstrated that the same neurobiological pathways that are impli
Ultra-high-frequency GaInAs/InP devices and circuits for millimeter wave application

InP-based (AlInAs/GaInAs) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have demonstrated a substantial performance improvement over GaAs-based devices. HEMTS with extrinsic over 200 GHz fmax''s over 300 GHz and extremely low noise figures with high associated gain ( 5 dB with 15 dB at 12 GHz and 5 dB with 8 dB at 60 GHz) have been achieved. HBTs have exhibited fT''s exceeding 90 GHz with fmax''s of 70 GHz. Digital and analog ICs have shown state-of-the-art performance a 25 0Hz divide by 4 a 9 GHz 8/9 dual modulus divider and a dc coupled feedback amplifier with 33 GHz bandwidth. The status of these device technologies for high performance microwave and millimeter-wave applications will be discussed.
Evidence That Ser87 of BimEL Is Phosphorylated by Akt and Regulates BimEL Apoptotic Function

Abstract Bim, the Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death, is a member of the BH3-only family of pro-apoptotic proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that the apoptotic activity of Bim can be regulated through a post-translational mechanism whereby ERK phosphorylation serves as a signal for Bim ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In this report, we investigated the signaling pathways leading to Bim phosphorylation in Ba/F3 cells, an interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent B-cell line. IL-3 stimulation induced phosphorylation of BimEL, one of the predominant isoforms of Bim expressed in cells, at multiple sites, as evidenced by the formation of at least three to four bands by Western blotting that were sensitive to phosphatase digestion. The appearance of multiple, phosphorylated species of BimEL correlated with Akt, and not ERK, activation. The PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, blocked IL-3-stimulated Akt activity and partially blocked BimEL phosphorylation. In vitro kinase assays showed that recombinant Akt could directly phosphorylate a GST-BimEL fusion protein and identified the Akt phosphorylation site in the BimEL domain as Ser87. Further, we demonstrated that cytokine stimulation promotes BimEL binding to 14-3-3 proteins. Finally, we show that mutation of Ser87 dramatically increases the apoptotic potency of BimEL. We propose that Ser87 of BimEL is an important regulatory site that is targeted by Akt to attenuate the pro-apoptotic function of BimEL, thereby promoting cell survival.
Cooperatives and the business cycle: The Israeli case☆

Abstract This paper uses data from Israel to explore the impact of changing economic conditions on the formation and dissolution of worker cooperatives. We find only mixed support for the widely held notion that cooperative formations conform to a counter-cyclical pattern. Foundings of Israeli worker cooperatives appear to respond counter-cyclically to GDP growth, but procyclically to unemployment. There is stronger evidence for countercyclicality in the dissolutions of these cooperatives, as they at least appear quite resistant to economic downturns. In general, we find that the dynamics of this population are driven less by economic conditions than by political and institutional factors.
Shear-induced Interleukin-6 Synthesis in Chondrocytes: ROLES OF E PROSTANOID (EP) 2 AND EP3 IN cAMP/PROTEIN KINASE A- AND PI3-K/Akt-DEPENDENT NF-κB ACTIVATION

Mechanical overloading of cartilage producing hydrostatic stress, tensile strain, and fluid flow can adversely affect chondrocyte function and precipitate osteoarthritis (OA). Application of high fluid shear stress to chondrocytes recapitulates the earmarks of OA, as evidenced by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, matrix degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis. Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E2, and interleukin (IL)-6 have been reported in OA cartilage in vivo, and in shear-activated chondrocytes in vitro. Although PGE2 positively regulates IL-6 synthesis in chondrocytes, the underlying signaling pathway of shear-induced IL-6 expression remains unknown. Using the human T/C-28a2 chondrocyte cell line as a model system, we demonstrate that COX-2-derived PGE2 signals via up-regulation of E prostanoid (EP) 2 and down-regulation of EP3 receptors to raise intracellular cAMP, and activate protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathways. PKA and PI3-K/Akt transactivate the NF-κB p65 subunit via phosphorylation at Ser-276 and Ser-536, respectively. Binding of p65 to the IL-6 promoter elicits IL-6 synthesis in sheared chondrocytes. Selective knockdown of EP2 or ectopic expression of EP3 blocks PKA- and PI3-K/Akt-dependent p65 activation and markedly diminishes shear-induced IL-6 expression. Similar inhibitory effects on IL-6 synthesis were observed by inhibiting PKA, PI3-K, or NF-κB using pharmacological and/or genetic interventions. Reconstructing the signaling network regulating shear-induced IL-6 expression in chondrocytes may provide insights for developing therapeutic strategies for arthritic disorders and for culturing artificial cartilage in bioreactors.
Memory for choices in Alzheimer's disease.

Despite their cognitive impairment, patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) often make important life choices. When making choices, people frequently attempt to directly compare the features of different options, rather than evaluating each option separately. Not every feature has an analogous (or alignable) feature in the other option, however. In 2005, Mather’s group found that both younger and older adults filled in such gaps when remembering, creating features in the other option to contrast with existing features. In the present study, such effects of alignability on recognition memory were not found in patients with mild AD. This finding suggests that patients with mild AD are less likely to engage in feature-by-feature comparison processes across choice options, a change that may lead them to make qualitatively different choices than healthy older adults.
Creep properties of eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder joints reinforced with mechanically incorporated Ni particles

The creep deformation behavior of eutectic Sn-3.5Ag based Ni particle rein forced composite solder joints was investigated. The Ni particle reinforced composite solder was prepared by mechanically dispersing 15 vol.% of Ni particles into eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder paste. Static-loading creep tests were carried out on solder joint specimens at 25 C, 65 C, and 105 C, representing homologous temperatures ranging from 0.6 to 0.78. A novel-design, miniature creep-testing frame was utilized in this study. Various creep parameters such as the global and localized creep strain, steady-state creep rate, onset of tertiary creep and the activation energy for creep were quantified by mapping the distorted laser ablation pattern imprinted on the solder joint prior to testing. The Ni-reinforced composite solder joint showed improved creep resistance compared to the results previously reported for eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder, Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys, and for eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder reinforced with Cu or Ag particle reinforcements. The activation energy for creep was ∼0.52 eV for Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys. The activation energies ranged from 0.55–0.64 eV for Cu, Ag, and Ni reinforced composite solder joints, respectively. Most often, creep fracture occurred closer to one side of the solder joint within the solder matrix.
Computational procedure for factorial experiments.

Computer calculations for analysis of variance continue to baffle many. This paper gives a step-by-step explanation of one common type of such analysis.
Age-Related Differences in Laterality of Cortical Activations in Swallowing

The present study examined age differences in neural lateralization patterns during swallowing and three related tasks, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ten healthy right-handed young adults (mean age = 21.7 years, SD = 2.1 years) and nine healthy elders (mean age = 70.2 years, SD = 3.9 years) were scanned in a 3-T MRI head scanner. Participants were visually cued to “prepare to swallow,” “swallow,” “tap your tongue,” and “clear your throat” in randomized order. Laterality preference for each task was examined within and between groups using region-of-interest (ROI) analyses in seven areas of the left and right primary sensorimotor and premotor cortices. Results of the within-group comparisons verified a more active role of the left premotor cortex in motor-cognitive planning of deglutition in both young and older adults and a more active role of selected areas of the right hemisphere during swallowing in young adults. Greater variability was seen during tongue tapping and throat clearing in both groups. Finally, as people age the cortical hemispheric control of swallowing seems to start becoming more symmetrical/bilateral, which may indicate neural compensatory mechanisms of the aging brain commonly seen for other motor and cognitive functions.
Generalized means-ends analysis and artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence programs in the areas of theorem proving, problem solving (including analogies), concept formation, and pattern recognition are viewed as particularizations of a generalized means-ends analysis schema. The structural similarities among the various problem solvers are stressed. Various search strategies of the problem solver are discussed.
Formative infant feeding experiences and education of NICU nurses.

Purpose To explore the formative infant feeding experiences and education of NICU nurses. Study design and methods An ethnography was undertaken over 14 months in a level IV NICU in a free standing pediatric hospital in the Northeastern U.S. Purposeful sampling was used to select informants. General informants included 114 NICU nurses who were observed and informally interviewed an average of 3.5 times. Eighteen of these served as key informants and each was formally interviewed once with an additional average of 12 observations/informal interviews. Descriptions of feeding experiences and education were coded and analyzed for recurring patterns using NUD*IST software. Findings The NICU nurses identified a norm for formula feeding during their formative experiences as children. The nurses described increased exposure to varied feeding methods during their adulthood, but breastfeeding was often associated with difficulties among their families and friends. The nurses in this study recounted minimal exposure to breastfeeding in nursing school. The nurses' personal experiences with breastfeeding were laden with strong emotional reactions intertwined with their feelings about motherhood. Clinical implications Nurses' past experiences and education must be addressed if efforts are to be made to promote breastfeeding in the NICU. Breastfeeding education programs for nurses should include reflective components to help nurses identify structural barriers and reframe any negative personal experiences.
Synthesis of 6-hydroxycembrane precursors by conformationally controlled diastereoselective [2,3] wittig ring contraction

[2,3] Wittig ring contraction of the alkoxy substituted 17-membered allylic propargylic ethers 8 and 10 gives the trans/syn products 11 and 12 as the major diastereoisomers.
Density gradients to reduce fluid instabilities in multishell inertial-confinement-fusion targets

The growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in intertial-confinement-fusion targets can be reduced if smooth density gradients are introduced at the interfaces. Keeping the total mass fixed, we consider spreading a heavy shell either continuously or in a discrete number of subshells. We calculate the rate for the fastest growing mode as a function of the fraction of mass spread and find the minima for the cases of 4, 6, and 8 subshells. The rates are reduced by 1.4-1.6. If all the mass is spread continuously into an exponential profile, we find that the rates are reduced by approximately $\sqrt{2\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\approx}2.5$.
Sub-pixel artifact detection using remote sensing

Abstract The sub-pixel spectral detectability of obsidian and ceramic artifacts against typical soil backgrounds from two study areas in the western USA was analytically evaluated to determine the usefulness of remote sensing as a tool for artifact detection [in the visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR), and/or thermal-infrared (TIR) portion of the spectrum]. In the VIS/NIR, surface concentrations of pottery needed to be 85% or greater to be detected against backgrounds of soil, rock, and vegetation. At the same wavelengths, obsidian is spectrally similar to shade and cannot be uniquely detected unless the effects of shade are independently removed. In cases where shade is not a major factor, obsidian at concentrations of 2–3% can be detected. In the TIR, pottery thresholds ranged from 12 to 48%, depending on the composition of the background. Obsidian detection thresholds ranged from 4 to 25% cover. These results indicate that surface mapping using remote sensing in the TIR has the potential to be an effective tool for prioritizing large areas for future ground surveys.
Annexin A2 system in human biology: cell surface and beyond.

Annexin A2 (A2) is a multicompartmental, multifunctional protein that orchestrates a growing spectrum of biologic processes. At the endothelial cell surface, A2 and S100A10 (p11) form a heterotetramer, which accelerates tissue plasminogen activator–dependent activation of the fibrinolytic protease, plasmin. In antiphospholipid syndrome, anti-A2 antibodies are associated with clinical thrombosis, whereas overexpression of A2 in acute promyelocytic leukemia promotes hyperfibrinolytic bleeding. A2 is upregulated in hypoxia, and mice deficient in A2 are resistant to oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization, suggesting a role for A2 in human retinal vascular proliferation. In solid malignancies, the (A2•p11)2 tetramer may promote cancer cell invasion, whereas in multiple myeloma A2 enables malignant plasmacyte growth and predicts prognosis. In the central nervous system, the p11 enables membrane insertion of serotonin receptors that govern mood. In the peripheral nervous system, p11 directs sodium channels to the plasma membrane, enabling pain perception. In cerebral cortex neurons, A2 stabilizes the microtubule-associated tau protein, which, when mutated, is associated with frontotemporal dementia. In inflammatory dendritic cells, A2 maintains late endosomal/lysosomal membrane integrity, thus modulating inflammasome activation and cytokine secretion in a model of aseptic arthritis. Together, these findings suggest an emerging, multifaceted role for A2 in human health and disease.
Decay of 13.5 h 109gPd to levels of 109Ag

Abstract The β- and γ-decay of the 13.5 h 109gPd to levels of 109Ag has been studied with the use of Ge(Li) detectors, NaI(Tl) crystals and coincidence equipment. The energies (in keV) and relative intensities of γ-rays observed are: 45(3.6), 88(8900), 104(2.2), 135(3.2), 146(2.7), 311(100), 391(2.5), 413.5(26), 415.2(23), 425(1.8), 448(2.6), 551(1.5), 558(6.2), 602(21.5), 636(27), 647 (65), 702(9.2), 707(4.5), 737(5) and 782(33). Excited states in 109Ag were observed at 88 (41 sec 109Ag), 133, 311, 415.2, 702, 724, 736, 840, 863 and 870 keV. Spin and parity assignments for most of the levels were made on the bases of log ft values and γ-ray branching ratios along with data on Coulomb excitation from previous workers. The levels at 0, 311, 415.2, 702 and 863 keV have negative parity and have previously been observed in Coulomb excitation studies. The positive-parity levels at 133 keV has high spin and is apparently the g 9 2 single-quasi-particle level. The negative-parity levels of the odd-mass silver isotopes are understandable in terms of phonons coupled with the p 1 2 single-quasi-particle. However, properties of the positive-parity levels, particularly the low-lying 7 2 + level are not well explained by current nuclear models.
Austinograea Williamsi, New Genus, New Species, a Hydrothermal Vent Crab (Decapoda: Bythograeidae) from the Mariana Back-arc Basin, Western Pacific

ABSTRACT Austinograea williamsi is described from hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Back-Arc Basin, a spreading center in the western North Pacific, at depths of 3,595-3,660 m. This is the first bythograeid crab described from the western Pacific, extending the range of the Bythograeidae approximately 12,500 km from the nearest previous collection sites along the East Pacific Rise. The species differs remarkably from all other brachyuran crabs in lacking eyes or moveable eyestalks; the possible remnant of the eyestalk is fused to the surrounding orbital region of the carapace and bears no cornea or pigment. The species is further distingushed by the coxa of the third maxilliped, which is nearly covered by the juxtaposition of the margin of the carapace with the sternum and chelipedal coxa, a character proposed herein to be of generic importance. Other characters serving to separate A. williamsi from species in the genera Bythograea and Cyanagraea arc the presence of setose fields on the subhepatic surface and on the ventral dactylar surface of the chelae in both sexes, densely setose ventral margins on the merus and basi-ischium of all walking legs, chelipeds with fingers that meet along their entire occluding margins in both sexes (i.e., do not gape), and a relatively straight male first pleopod that bears small spinules and is longer than the second pleopod. The third maxillipeds and male pleopods of Cyanagraea, previously unknown, are described from a specimen taken at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise; the pleopods are more similar to those of Austinograea than to those of Bythograea. A key to the genera of the Bythograeidae is provided.
Custom fenestration templates for endovascular repair of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms

Physician-modified endovascular grafts, with fenestrations added to accommodate major branch vessels, provide a means for endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms that are adjacent to the renal arteries. Manual measurements of vessel origin locations from computed tomography images, however, take time and can lead to errors in the positions of the fenestrations. To make the fenestration process faster and more accurate, we have developed a procedure to create custom templates that serve as patient-specific guides for graft fenestration. We use a three-dimensional printer to create a clear rigid sleeve that replicates the patient's aorta and includes holes placed precisely at the locations of the branch vessels. The sleeve is slipped over the graft, the locations of the openings are marked with a pen, and the fenestrations are created after the sleeve is removed. Custom fenestration templates can potentially save procedural costs and make minimally invasive aortic aneurysm repair available to more patients.
Tracer concentration responses and moments for measurements of laminar flow in circular tubes

Abstract Expressions are derived for the response to a tracer pulse injection into a fluid flowing with a prabolic velocity profile in cylindrical channel. Injections of finite duration and a finite monitored volume are considered, and the injection and detection are each either uniform or proportional to velocity across the channel cross section. Methods are suggested whereby yhe derived responses and their moments, for which expressions are also given, may be used in conjunction with experimental data to determine the flow rate and channel volume under laminar flow conditions. Of particular interet is the application of radioactive tracers to the measurement of blood flow. Feasibility experiments in a 3 4 -in. pipe indicate that reproducible results that approach the idealized case of uniform injection and detection can be obtained with syringe injections.
Optical time delay network for phased arrays

An optical time delay network (OTDN) for time delay steering of arrays of various sizes is being developed which features passive waveguides and micromechanical switches monolithically fabricated on silicon. Separately packaged directly modulated lasers and optical envelope detectors perform the RF and optical conversions. Recent developments in the areas of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) waveguides and micromechanical switches are presented. Broadband reactive matching circuits for commercially available directly modulated lasers and optical detectors are described which demonstrate VSWRs of less than 1.5:1 and improvement of 16 dB in overall RF/optical/RF conversion efficiency for an octave bandwidth. Finally, plans for demonstrating the operation of the time delay network in a 4 by 16 element phased array with an operating band of 2 to 4 GHz are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatial patterns of intraseasonal variability of chlorophyll and sea surface temperature in the California Current

[1] Six years of daily satellite data are used to quantify and map intraseasonal variability of chlorophyll and sea surface temperature (SST) in the California Current. We define intraseasonal variability as temporal variation remaining after removal of interannual variability and stationary seasonal cycles. Semivariograms are used to quantify the temporal structure of residual time series. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of semivariograms calculated across the region isolate dominant scales and corresponding spatial patterns of intraseasonal variability. The mode 1 EOFs for both chlorophyll and SST semivariograms indicate a dominant timescale of ∼60 days. Spatial amplitudes and patterns of intraseasonal variance derived from mode 1 suggest dominant forcing of intraseasonal variability through distortion of large scale chlorophyll and SST gradients by mesoscale circulation. Intraseasonal SST variance is greatest off southern Baja and along southern Oregon and northern California. Chlorophyll variance is greatest over the shelf and slope, with elevated values closely confined to the Baja shelf and extending farthest from shore off California and the Pacific Northwest. Intraseasonal contributions to total SST variability are strongest near upwelling centers off southern Oregon and northern California, where seasonal contributions are weak. Intraseasonal variability accounts for the majority of total chlorophyll variance in most inshore areas save for southern Baja, where seasonal cycles dominate. Contributions of higher EOF modes to semivariogram structure indicate the degree to which intraseasonal variability is shifted to shorter timescales in certain areas. Comparisons of satellite-derived SST semivariograms to those calculated from co-located and concurrent buoy SST time series show similar features.
Locally quadratic log likelihood and data-based transformations

The investigation of multi-parameter likelihood functions is simplified if the log likelihood is quadratic near the maximum, as then normal approximations to the likelihood can be accurately used to obtain quantities such as likelihood regions. This paper proposes that data-based transformations of the parameters can be employed to make the log likelihood more quadratic, and illustrates the method with one of the simplest bivariate likelihoods, the normal two-parameter likelihood.
Ocean mixed layer radiant heating and solar penetration : A global analysis

Abstract A hybrid parameterization for the determination of in-water solar fluxes is developed and applied to compute the flux of solar radiation that penetrates beyond the upper-ocean mixed layer into permanent pycnocline waters on global space and climatological timescales. The net flux of solar radiation at depth is modeled using values of the solar flux incident at the sea surface, derived from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project dataset, and in-water attenuation coefficients, determined using upper ocean chlorophyll concentration supplied by Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery. Solar radiation penetration can be a significant term (20 W m−2) in the mixed layer heat budget for tropical regions. In mid- and high-latitude regions, the annual solar flux entering permanent pycnocline waters is small (<5 W m−2). However, solar penetration in these regions is important on seasonal timescales since annual cycles in incident solar flux, upper-ocean chlorophyll concentration, and mixed layer d...
E‐CRM Web service attributes as determinants of customer satisfaction with retail Web sites

Business is moving online, not as a matter of choice, but as a matter of necessity. The use of the Internet as a channel for commerce and information presents an opportunity for business to use the Internet as a tool for customer relationship management (CRM)/(e‐CRM). Despite widespread agreement that CRM/e‐CRM has direct and/or indirect impact on customer satisfaction, sales, profit, and loyalty, the significance of e‐CRM and the various e‐CRM features in influencing customer satisfaction has not been well researched. This study attempted to uncover relationships between e‐CRM and customer satisfaction by determining the presence of e‐CRM features on retail Web sites for which we have customer satisfaction data, and determining if the amount of e‐CRM is related to customer satisfaction or which, if any, of the various features of e‐CRM are related to customer satisfaction. It was found that retailers differ in the presence of the 42 different e‐CRM features; that there is a positive relationship between the amount of e‐CRM on a Web site and customer satisfaction with the Web site; and that not all e‐CRM attributes are equal – some are related to satisfaction and some are not. There was no relationship between the level of e‐CRM on a retail Web site and sales and profit.
Effect of Two Instructional Strategies on Acquisition of a Shooting Task

Strnmary.-This study investigated the effect of two instructional strategies, (a) utilization of kinesthetic feedback and (b) prediction of knowledge of results on performance of a shooting task. 112 universiry students enrolled in the basic physical education program were assigned to one of four conditions, (a) kinesthetic feedback, (b) prediction of knowledge of results, (c) a combination of the first two conditions, and (d) a control group. Subjects received seven days of instruction with practice in the prone shooting position. The results supported the hypothesis that the group who received the two instructional strategies was significantly more effective than the control group on the given shooting task. The findings are related to how instruction should be designed for the acquisition of closed skills.
Mechanisms of association between physical functioning and breast cancer mortality: evidence from the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study.

Low physical functioning among breast cancer survivors appears to reduce survival, although the mechanisms underlying these associations are not clear. We examined inflammation as a possible biological mediator of association between low physical functioning and mortality after breast cancer. Analysis included 2,892 participants from the Women’s Healthy Eating and Living Study. All measures were collected at study baseline. Physical function was assessed by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey Physical Function subscale. Low physical function was defined as the bottom tertile of the subscale score. Inflammation was measured as serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). Cox proportional hazards modeled the associations of low physical function and the putative mediator (i.e., CRP) with all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality. There were 293 deaths during study follow up, with 243 due to breast cancer. Low physical functioning was associated with a 50 % higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.49; 95 % CI, 1.2–1.9) and a 40 % higher risk of breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.39; 95 % CI, 1.1–1.8), after adjustment for covariates. The addition of CRP did not markedly change the all-cause mortality hazard ratio attributed to low physical functioning. However, the addition of CRP modestly attenuated the breast cancer-specific mortality hazard ratio such that it was no longer statistically significant. Interventions to improve physical functioning may prevent early morbidity and mortality among breast cancer survivors. Functional status measure may be a valuable indicator of long-term health outcomes among breast cancer survivors.
Formation and Stability of Alkylthiol Monolayers on Carbon Substrates

The formation and stability of alkylthiol monolayers on amorphous carbon thin films are investigated. Alkylthiol monolayers were prepared via a two-step, wet chemical process in which the carbon surface was first halogenated and then incubated with (4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanethiol (4tBM). The 4tBM covalently attaches to the surface in a substitution reaction in which the 4tBM thiol replaces the surface halogen. Studies of the substitution mechanism showed that monolayer formation is affected by the nature of the surface-bound halogen as well as the concentration and nucleophilicity of the 4tBM sulfur atom, consistent with a bimolecular (SN2) substitution reaction mechanism. The alkylthiol monolayers are stable over a wide range of solvents, pH, and temperature conditions.