cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roadmap to a more useful and usable electronic health record

Background A decade after the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, electronic health records (EHRs) largely remain poorly designed and contribute to clinician burnout. Objective The purpose of this study was to understand clinicians’ wants, needs, and perceived barriers imposed by the EHR; implement best practices in user-centered design; and create a clinician-centered EHR framework validated via a functional EHR prototype. Methods Usability evaluations were performed using a simulated patient with a complex clinical scenario. Convergent parallel mixed methods linked to action research and agile development were used to create an EHR prototype based on clinician-centered design. Prototype functionality was validated via a final usability evaluation. Results Between 2015 and 2017, 53 clinicians from 8 cardiology practices (4 academic and 4 private) participated in initial evaluations of their installed EHR. In 2019, 25 clinicians participated in final evaluations of their EHR vs our EHR prototype. Initial evaluations documented that clinicians judged the EHRs as poorly designed, scoring a mean of 47.1 on the System Usability Scale. Clinicians expressed that EHRs impeded workflow and communication and prolonged their workday. In the final evaluations, no improvement in installed EHRs was found (mean score 48.1); however, the EHR prototype was assessed as significantly more usable (mean score 77.8; P Conclusion A decade after the HITECH Act, EHRs still receive low usability scores. By applying user-centered design, an EHR prototype with improved features, functionality, and workflow integration was developed. Clinician testing of the EHR prototype demonstrated it was significantly more useful and usable to clinicians, thus identifying a framework and pathway for substantive improvement of EHR systems.
Hybrid robust and stochastic optimization for closed-loop supply chain network design using accelerated Benders decomposition

Abstract Environmental, social and economic concerns motivate the operation of closed-loop supply chain networks (CLSCN) in many industries. We propose a novel profit maximization model for CLSCN design as a mixed-integer linear program in which there is flexibility in covering the proportions of demand satisfied and returns collected based on the firm's policies. Our major contribution is to develop a novel hybrid robust-stochastic programming (HRSP) approach to simultaneously model two different types of uncertainties by including stochastic scenarios for transportation costs and polyhedral uncertainty sets for demands and returns. Transportation cost scenarios are generated using a Latin Hypercube Sampling method and scenario reduction is applied to consolidate them. An accelerated stochastic Benders decomposition algorithm is proposed for solving this model. To speed up the convergence of this algorithm, valid inequalities are introduced to improve the lower bound quality, and also a Pareto-optimal cut generation scheme is used to strengthen the Benders optimality cuts. Numerical studies are performed to verify our mathematical formulation and also demonstrate the benefits of the HRSP approach. The performance improvements achieved by the valid inequalities and Pareto-optimal cuts are demonstrated in randomly generated instances.
Rocky Bottoms: Techno‐Fallacies of an Age of Information

I am here to fight for truth, justice and the American way . —Superman 1978 This article uses a true fiction speech by Mr. Richard Rocky Bottoms to illustrate a number of background beliefs underlying contemporary perspectives on social control, borders and surveillance, and on technology more broadly. Rocky Bottoms exists only in the imagination, but the arguments he puts forth and the behavior he reflects are prevalent, and increasingly dominant, in the post-9/11 cultures of industrial nations. His speech is a composite of remarks, many of them direct quotes, that I have gathered as part of a research project on surveillance over several decades. The speech is critically analyzed in light of 38 techno-fallacies of the information age. The fallacies identified may involve empirical, logical, or value dimensions.
Teachers of Color Creating and Recreating Identities in Suburban Schools.

In this qualitative study, I explored the socialization experiences of eight teachers in two suburban high schools, and how they described their in-school identities. The findings from the study revealed how the participants constructed their identities differently for reasons that included wanting to deflect particular stereotypic images of their cultural/ethnic group or mitigating their own discomfort in revealing more private aspects of their core identities. The study offers implications for teacher education programs and the critical role that they play in preparing preservice teachers of color to work in suburban school settings, and in exposing all teacher candidates to diverse representations of teachers. Keywords: Exploratory Study, Constant Comparative Method, Teachers of Color, Suburban Schools, Identity Formation, Socialization The education field has long acknowledged the important role that teachers of color play in diversifying school faculty, mentoring and meeting the academic and social needs of minority and non-minority students, and introducing alternative pedagogies to their students because of their unique and diverse cultural and racial/ethnic backgrounds. Scholars have voiced the urgent need for the presence of teachers of color in public schools to support the projected increase in the number of minority students (Branch, 2001; Cochran-Smith; 1995; Justiz & Kameen, 1988), and they are also critical in serving as “role models” to minority students (Branch, 2001; Burant et al., 2002; Rong & Preissle, 1997), many of whom will never have a minority teacher in any of their classrooms before they graduate from high school. Moreover, teachers of color often bring to their classrooms alternative pedagogies that counter traditional notions of schooling and learning by introducing minority students to instructional practices that are “culturally relevant” (Ladson-Billings, 1994, 2000). While many in the field would agree that minority teachers are needed in our schools, a Schools and Staffing Survey conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics in 2003-2004 revealed that teachers of color only comprise 16.9% of the nation’s teaching force. According to these statistics, teachers of color work and teach in school settings where they are generally underrepresented (King, 1993). Within the literature on teachers of color that exists, the field is lacking an understanding of the experiences of these educators in predominantly European American suburban schools, and in particular, the ways in which their identities are negotiated in places where the presence of other minority teachers are few and far between. The present study contributes to the gap of knowledge that exists in the literature about the professional and socialization experiences of teachers of color who choose to teach in mainly European American suburban schools.
CONVERSION OF FUEL NITROGEN TO NO IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES

Nitrogen-free and nitrogen-doped fuels were investigated using a single-cylinder, spark-ignition engine, and gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles. The single-cylinder engine experiments showed that only NO (nitric oxide) emissions were affected by nitrogen in the fuel and that the percentage of fuel nitrogen converted to NO (PNCNO) ranged from about 5 to 100. Generally, PNCNO increased when equivalence ratio, concentration of nitrogen in the fuel, engine load, or compression ratio decreased; PNCNO also increased as the level of EGR or engine speed increased, or as spark timing was retarded from MBT. The vehicle experiments showed PNCNO to be substantially higher (about 80-90) in gasoline engines than in a diesel engine (about 35), and that equivalence ratio, fuel-nitrogen concentration and EGR affected PNCNO in a multi-cylinder gasoline engine in the same manner as in the single-cylinder engine. The above experimental results could be rationalized on the basis of a speculative mechanism which incorporated the fuel-nitrogen reactions, the Zeldovich reactions and their interactions.
Evaluating the Toxicity of Novel Zn-DTPA Tablet Formulation in Dogs and Rats

Preclinical Research The purpose of this research work is to evaluate toxicity of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid zinc trisodium salt (Zn-DTPA) tablets, a novel oral solid dosage form containing permeation enhancers in beagle dogs and Sprague Dawley rats. (Zn-DTPA) in tablet dosage form was administered once daily for 7 days to beagle dogs at low (840 mg/dog/day), mid (2520 mg/dog/day), or high (7560 mg/dog/day). On day 8, all treated and control groups were necropsied. The novel Zn-DTPA tablet formulation showed rapid absorption with the Tmax at 1 h. Plasma concentrations as high as 270 μg/mL were observed after 7 days of administration. Exposure to DTPA, based on area under the curve (AUClast) and maximum concentration (Cmax), was dose dependent but not dose proportional. No biologically relevant changes in hematology or clinical chemistry that were related to DTPA exposure were observed, and there were no changes in body weight in treated dogs compared with controls. Zn-DTPA was well tolerated, with minor toxicological effects of emesis and diarrhea, following oral tablet administration for 7 consecutive days. Based on the endpoints evaluated in this study, the maximum tolerated dose is considered to be greater than 7560 mg/dog/day (2535 μmol/kg/day, 1325 mg/kg/day), and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is considered to be approximately 1325 mg/kg/day per oral when given to male and female beagle dogs. For rats, the NOAEL was estimated to be greater than 1000 mg/kg/day when administered by oral gavage of the crushed Zn-DTPA tablets as suspension once daily (qd) to male and female Sprague Dawley rats.
A Phase I Study of Dasatinib (D) in Combination with Weekly (w) Paclitaxel (P) for Patients (Pts) with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma (MBC): Activity Despite Prior Taxane Exposure.

Background: D is an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases; BCR-ABL, SRC family (SRC, LCK, YES, FYN), c-KIT, EPHA2, and PDGFRβ. Pre-clinical data show inhibition of BC cell lines; predominantly those of “basal-like” subtype or “triple-negative” (TN) and single agent activity has been seen in refractory MBC. In pre-clinical models, the combination of D and P had antitumor activity that was significantly better than either agent alone. We designed this phase 1 trial to translate this observation.Methods: Eligibility criteria included evaluable or measurable MBC with normal hepatic, renal, and bone marrow function, and ECOG PS 0-1. Prior taxane therapy (Rx), stable brain metastases and baseline neuropathy grade (G) ≤1 were allowed. Pts with pleural or pericardial effusions were excluded. wP 80 mg/m2 was given by 1-hr IV infusion 3 weeks out of 4 (1 cycle); D was given daily by mouth, starting with 70 mg and escalating 100 mg, 120 mg and 150 mg in cohorts of 3 pts, using a standard 3+3 dose escalation scheme. Supportive medications were given per institutional policy for wP. Where possible, pts discontinued inhibitors of CYP3A4. Safety assessments occurred q2 weeks; additional hematologic toxicity was assessed weekly. Toxicities were graded per CTCAE v3.0 and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) defined accordingly. Response was assessed after cycle 2 and every 3 cycles thereafter.Results: Nine evaluable pts (8 females, 1 male) have enrolled; median age 54 (range 35-67), median PS=1 (range 0-1). 6 pts received prior adjuvant chemoRx, 7 received prior chemoRx for MBC and only 3 were taxane-naive. Pts received a median of 2 cycles (range 1-3). No dose limiting toxicity has been observed up to a daily D dose of 120 mg. The most common Rx-related toxicities have been hematologic and low G (table 1). 1 pt was admitted with G3 hypotension, urosepsis and G2 diarrhea, possibly Rx-related. Per protocol she continues on D 100mg. 5 of 6 (83%) pts treated with D ≥100mg developed diarrhea (2pts; G1, 3pts; G2). Other GI side-effects have been mild; 3pts G1 nausea, 1pt G2 vomiting. 8pts (89%) have complained of fatigue (6pts; G1, 1pt; G2, 1 pt; G3). 1pt developed G1 acneiform rash secondary to D. No pts have developed edema or effusions. 6 pts are evaluable for response; 2 stable disease and 1 partial response in a pt with TNBC who had received prior adjuvant taxane. Dose escalation continues.Conclusion: Our data show that treatment with wP and D is feasible in pts with MBC. The MTD has not yet been reached and dose escalation of D continues to the target dose of 150 mg daily. There is preliminary evidence of activity in TNBC. A phase II trial of wP and D will follow once a recommended dose level is reached. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5070.
Antifungal effects of the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of cilofungin, a 1,3-beta-glucan synthetase inhibitor, during continuous and intermittent intravenous infusions in treatment of experimental disseminated candidiasis.

Cilofungin (LY-121019) is a fungicidal cell wall-active 1,3-beta-glucan synthetase inhibitor with a short plasma half-life and saturable nonlinear plasma pharmacokinetics. To optimize the in vivo efficacy of this compound, we studied the effects of its linear and nonlinear pharmacokinetics during continuous versus intermittent intravenous infusion of cilofungin in the treatment of experimental disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits. Six groups of rabbits were studied, untreated controls (n = 32) and five cilofungin dosage regimen groups consisting of the following: 25 mg/kg of body weight intravenously twice daily (VLoINT) (n = 9); 50 mg/kg twice daily (LoINT) (n = 9); 90 mg/kg twice daily (HiINT) (n = 11); 5 mg/kg/h for 18 h/day (LoCI) (n = 7); and 10 mg/kg/h for 18 h/day (HiCI) (n = 7). All regimens achieved plasma concentrations exceeding the MIC for Candida albicans (0.25 microgram/ml). In vitro timed kill assays found that the fungicidal activity and rate of kill by cilofungin above the MIC for C. albicans was concentration dependent. At the lower dosage regimens (VLoINT, LoINT, and LoCI), cilofungin followed linear plasma pharmacokinetics, whereas at higher doses (HiCI and HiINT), nonlinear kinetics consistent with a saturated elimination pathway(s) were observed. Only HiCI and HiINT produced a 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold reduction in CFU per gram in candidiasis of the brain (P less than or equal to 0.001). HiCI and HiINT also significantly reduced infection in the choroid (P less than or equal to 0.05). All regimens, except VLoInt, significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) reduced tissue infections in lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. However, only the regimens with nonlinear saturation kinetics (HiCI and HiINT) produced a 10(6) reduction in the spleen and a > 10(5) reduction of C. albicans in the kidney and liver. A simple doubling of the dosage from LoCI to HiCI resulted in tissue concentrations that were 10 times higher and a 10(2)- to 10(4)-fold-greater antifungal effect. There was a direct correlation (r2 = 0.83) between tissue concentrations of cilofungin and antifungal activity. Thus, continuous and intermittent infusion dosage regimens that elicit nonlinear saturation plasma pharmacokinetics of cilofungin were associated with increased antifungal activity against experimental disseminated candidiasis. Images
Children Learning Logo: A Collaborative, Qualitative Study in First Grade.

Abstract Children in two first-grade classrooms were observed as they worked in pairs at the computer learning Logo within a discovery-oriented context. Data consisting of field notes, audio- and video-taped sessions, diskettes, and pupils' notebooks were collected throughout the school year as the children posed and solved graphics problems. Behavioral patterns are reported in which children initially gained control over simple commands and typing, then constructed an increasingly intricate series of steps preceding the acquisition of programming skills. Described in detail and developmental sequence are the children's behaviors related to planning, correction of errors, reflectivity, causality, and procedure-writing. Behaviors are analyzed in light of contribution of the language itself and the teaching/learning environment within the classroom.
Introduction to the fast track issue for CPAIOR 2015

The purpose of the CPAIOR Conference is to promote collaboration among researchers from Constraint Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Operations Research to produce cutting-edge research results that integrate advances from all three fields and deliver solution techniques for complex and challenging problems in the combinatorial optimization space. Papers presented at the conference undergo a rigorous review process to yield a technical program that is diverse, compelling, and relevant to practitioners as it also reports on applications whose resolution showcase hybrid techniques. The 12 edition of the International Conference was held on May 18–22, 2015 in Barcelona, Spain. The call for papers solicited submissions covering but not limited to the following topics:
Long-Wave Response of the West Florida Shelf to the Landfall of Hurricane Wilma, October 2005

Abstract Direct observations of the storm surge and the subsequent long-wave response induced by Hurricane Wilma's landfall on the West Coast of Florida on 24 October 2005 are presented. The data set consists of weeklong time series of storm surge and barometric pressure measured by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Florida Integrated Science Center. The survey area spanned more than 100 km alongshore from the landfall site northward. The USGS data were augmented with measurements at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tide gauge and Coastal Marine Automated Network (CMAN) stations. At the time of Wilma's arrival, the storm surge was minimal to the north of landfall site but was significant in the southern sector. Subsequently, it evolved into an edge wave pulse propagating northward as Wilma moved inland and the surge was no longer sustained by the wind forcing. The height of the wave pulse exceeded 1.5 m in detided sea level data. However, its magnitude was somewhat obscured in direct su...
Effect of age on renal blood flow during exercise

The present study examined the effect of age on the control of renal blood flow (RBF; PAH clearance) and renal vascular conductance (RVC=RBF/mean arterial pressure) during and after a bout of dynamic exercise in a warm environment. Six healthy fit older men (O; 67± 1 years) and 6 young men (Y; 24± 2 years) were matched for body size, adiposity, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Subjects exercised at ∼50% of V02max for 90 minutes in an environment of 30°C, 60% humidity on each of 4 consecutive days, with data collected on days 1 and 4. There was no effect of repeated days of exercise on RBF or RVC, despite a 4% expansion of blood volume in Y (<l°/o in O). On each day, resting RBF was significantly lower in O (e.g., Y=1127± 67, O=852± 114 mL/min on day 1; p<0.05). During exercise, Y decreased RBF to a significantly (p<0.05) greater extent [− 508 (− 45%) and − 365 (− 36%) mL/min on days 1 and 4, respectively] than the O [− 98 (− 12%) and − 83 (− 12%) mL/min]. RVC followed a similar pattern, decreasing by 52% and 37% during exercise for Y vs only 15% and 13% for O. The relationships between ARBF and HR and ΔRBF and plasma norepinephrine concentration were independent of age, implying similar sympathetic control during exercise. During recovery, RBF and RVC increased as expected in Y, but continued to decrease in O, falling significantly below exercise values (p<0.05). Compared to young men, fit healthy older men redistribute less blood flow away from the kidneys during dynamic exercise in the heat, an effect which appears to result from the existence of a smaller resting RBF rather than differential sympathetic control. On the other hand, chronological age seems to be associated with altered control of RBF and RVC during recovery from exercise. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 6: 293–302, 1994)
A constitutive restriction related to convexity of yield surfaces in plasticity

An implication of the work assumption of Naghdi and Trapp is established for finitely deforming elastic-plastic materials. For a special class of materials, for which the plastic strain rate is normal to the yield surface in stress space, the result ensures convexity of the latter yield surface.
Reappraisal of criteria used to predict serious bacterial illness in febrile infants less than 8 weeks of age.

Objective: To re-evaluate the Philadelphia protocol and the Rochester criteria for identifying infants at low risk for serious bacterial illness (SBI) in a new population. Methods: The authors prospectively enrolled infants 56 days of age or younger with rectal temperatures greater than 100.6°F. Physicians assigned an overall impression of sepsis and objectively scored each infant using the Infant Observation Score. Following a history and physical examination, a complete sepsis evaluation was performed. Infants were considered to have SBI if their blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or stool cultures grew pathogenic bacteria. Infants were assigned to high- and low-risk groups for SBI according to the Philadelphia protocol and the Rochester criteria by a single investigator blinded to the final culture results. The test performance parameters of the Philadelphia protocol and the Rochester criteria in this population were compared with those reported from previous validation studies. Results: One hundred eighty-one infants were assigned to risk groups using the Philadelphia protocol, and 259 infants using the Rochester criteria. In this population, the negative predictive value (NPV) of the Philadelphia protocol was 97.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 85.1% to 99.8%), compared with 99.7% in the original report, and the NPV of the Rochester criteria was 97.3% (95% CI = 90.5% to 99.2%), compared with a prior report of 98.9%. Conclusions: The Philadelphia protocol and the Rochester criteria maintained their previously reported NPVs when applied to a new population of febrile infants. These data illustrate the usefulness of retesting clinical decision rules in new populations prior to their universal acceptance.
The regional distribution of Se75-selenomethionine in the rat☆

Abstract The regional distribution of Se 75 -selenomethionine following a single intravenous administration of the radioactive amino acid analogue was studied for a 24 hour period. The label was accumulated rapidly by the rat tissues and was readily incorporated into proteins. The distribution of radioactivity in different tissues correlated well with their known protein turnover rates and patterns; the most active tissues being the pancreas, intestine, liver and kidney. A fraction of tissue and plasma protein bound radioactivity is reducible by sulfitolysis. This fraction is reduced to low levels 24 hours after the injection, except in the kidney where it is maintained at a relatively high value. A similarity was noted between the distribution of Se 75 -selenomethionine and S 35 -methionine. However, the time course shown by the 2 compounds differed. Se 75 -selenomethionine exhibited a much earlier peak of uptake by the liver, followed by a quicker release. This suggests either a smaller pool or less reutilization of Se 75 -selenomethionine. Several parameters of amino acid accretion and incorporation into protein are presented, which permit the expression of tracer uptake data on both a cell and mass bases.
Synthesis and characterization of Condensed Trimers from Cresols and p-Chlorphenol

A systematic synthesis of phenolic trimers used as oligomeric resins in photolithography is possible. The percentage of by-products was determined by gel permeation chromatography and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The by-product content could be kept low (≤12%) by means of an improved and reproduceable synthetic technique described in this paper. Some selected properties of the products, potentialities and limits of analytical investigation are discussed.
Skewed Riskscapes and Environmental Injustice: A Case Study of Metropolitan St. Louis

This article presents a case study of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) air pollution exposure risks across metropolitan St. Louis. The first section critically reviews environmental justice research and related barriers to environmental risk management. Second, the paper offers a conventional analysis of the spatial patterns of TRI facilities and their surrounding census block group demographics for metropolitan St. Louis. Third, the article describes the use of an exposure risk characterization for 319 manufacturers and their air releases of more than 126 toxic pollutants. This information could lead to more practical resolutions of urban environmental injustices. The analysis of TRIs across metropolitan St. Louis shows that minority and low-income residents were disproportionately closer to industrial pollution sources at nonrandom significance levels. Spatial concentrations of minority residents averaged nearly 40% within one kilometer of St. Louis TRI sites compared to 25% elsewhere. However, one-fifth of the region’s air pollution exposure risk over a decade was spatially concentrated among only six facilities on the southwestern border of East St. Louis. This disproportionate concentration of some of the greatest pollution risk would never be considered in most conventional environmental justice analyses. Not all pollution exposure risk is average, and the worst risks deserve more attention from environmental managers assessing and mitigating environmental injustices.
The placement of DPP-4 inhibitors in clinical practice recommendations for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Objective To review the most recent clinical data on the safety and efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and to evaluate their position in current treatment guidelines and algorithms. Methods PubMed searches were performed to identify published data regarding both the safety and efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors approved for use in the United States and clinical guidelines describing recommendations for their use. Results In the past 2 years, more than 100 publications have added clinical trial data on DPP-4 inhibitors to the medical literature. Since becoming available in 2006, these agents have demonstrated an excellent safety/tolerability profile, and as add-on to metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors may have comparable glycemic efficacy as other oral agents. As a result, DPP-4 inhibitors have assumed roles in clinical practice guidelines and treatment algorithms that are comparable to the sulfonylurea class. Advantages of DPP-4 inhibitors include an oral route of administration, a mechanism of action based on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and a low risk of hypoglycemia. The main disadvantage associated with this class is a relatively high cost. There is also less clinical experience with DPP-4 agents than classes of agents that have been in use for decades; however, long-term data on the safety and efficacy of DPP-4 agents will be available in the near future to refine their place in therapy. From 2 large clinical trials recently reported, EXAMINE and SAVOR, this class of agents does not increase overall adverse cardiovascular outcomes nor the risk of pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Conclusion Based on comparisons of nonglycemic effects such as risk of hypoglycemia, weight gain, and durability, DPP-4 inhibitors may be considered as an alternative to sulfonylureas. However, direct cost may be a determining factor in the choice of therapy. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:1050-1061)
Corrigendum to “Serial or parallel? Using depth-of-processing to examine attention allocation during reading” [Vision Res. 48 (17) (2008) 1831–1836]

The authors regret that the footnote #5 contains an error. The correct footnote should read. For example, the SWIFT model of eye-movement control (Engbert et al., 2005) can provide a qualitative account of the observed interaction between task type and number of words. However, to do so, the attention gradient must be ‘‘sharper” or more focused for the more lexically demanding tasks (e.g., rhyme-judgment),
A CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED VERSION OF THE INSECT ANTIBACTERIAL GLYCOPEPTIDE,DIPTERICIN, DISRUPTS BACTERIAL MEMBRANE INTEGRITY

Insects protect themselves against bacterial infection by secreting a battery of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Despite recent progress, important mechanistic questions, such as the precise bacterial targets, the nature of any cooperation that occurs between peptides, and the purpose of multiple peptide isoforms, remain largely unanswered. We report herein the chemical synthesis and preliminary mechanistic investigation of diptericin, an 82 residue glycopeptide that contains regions similar to two different types of antibacterial peptides. A revised, highly practical synthesis of the precursor Nα-Fmoc-Thr(Ac3-α-d-GalNAc) allowed us to produce sufficient quantities of the glycopeptide for mechanistic assays. The synthetic, full-length polypeptide proved to be active in growth inhibition assays with an IC50 of approximately 250 nM, a concentration similar to that found in the insect hemolymph. Biological analysis of diptericin fragments indicated that the main determinant of antibacterial activi...
Effect of decreased blood flow and ischemia on myocardial thallium clearance

To determine the effect of reduced coronary blood flow on myocardial thallium-201 clearance over a range of flows, miniature radiation detectors were inserted into the left ventricular apex and positioned against the anterior and posterior endocardial walls in 21 dogs. Thallium was administered intravenously and myocardial tracer activity was monitored continuously for 1 hour in both walls. A balloon occluder was then partially inflated around the left anterior descending coronary artery in 19 dogs, producing a range of anterior wall blood flow reductions as assessed by the microsphere technique. Thallium activity was monitored continuously for 3 hours in both walls. Two dogs served as control animals and had no coronary artery occlusion at 1 hour. At the end of the 4 hour experiment, the dogs were sacrificed and the hearts counted in a well counter. The 19 dogs with coronary artery stenosis were divided into three groups (mild, moderate and severe flow reduction groups) on the basis of their poststenosis anterior/posterior wall regional myocardial blood flow ratios. The two control dogs had similar thallium clearances in the anterior and posterior left ventricular walls during the 3 hour period, as assessed by the radiation detectors, and by a final anterior/posterior wall thallium ratio near unity. All three groups of dogs with coronary stenosis had comparable fractional thallium clearances from the anterior and posterior walls before and after the balloon occluder inflation. The final anterior/posterior left ventricular wall thallium ratios were not significantly different than unity for all three groups of dogs. In conclusion, after intravenous thallium administration, subsequent reductions in coronary artery blood flow do not alter the myocardial thallium clearance rate. When these data are applied to clinical exercise thallium imaging, they suggest that myocardial ischemia after the initial postexercise imaging probably will not affect the delayed images or the rate of thallium clearance as assessed by new quantitative computer programs.
Response of children immunized with menigococal group C and group A polysaccharides

To date 60 children ages 1 to 9 years have been immunized with 25 or 50 micrograms of highly purified meningococcal group-specific polysaccharide. Thirty children received the group C antigen and 30 the group A antigen by subcutaneous injection. Three immunized children developed local zones of transient erythema up to 1.8 cm. in diameter within 24 hours of injection. There were no local or systemic reactions. Humoral antibodies were measured by bactericidal, immunofluorescence, hemagglutination and quantitative radioimmunoprecipitation assays. Complete antibody studies on 50 of the children showed that all responded within 3 weeks of immunization with the production of specific IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against the C or A antigen in amounts comparable to those produced by immunized adults. Bactericidal and hemagglutinating antibodies were demonstrated. There was no advantage of the 50 microgram dose over the 25 microgram dose. Previous stuides with the meningococcal group C antigen in more than 40,000 military recruits has established the effectiveness of this immunization in preventing systemic meningococcal disease. On the basis of results of the current study, it appears that immunization of children with the meningococcal group A and C vaccines would be safe and immunologically efficacious in the age group tested.
Distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin B in discrete areas of the rat brain and spinal cord.

Abstract The distribution of immunoreactive (ir)-dynorphin B in 101 microdissected rat brain and spinal cord regions was determined using a specific radioimmunoassay. The highest concentration of dynorphin B in brain was found in the substantia nigra (1106.2 fmol/mg protein). Very high concentrations of ir-dynorphin B (> 400 fmol/mg protein) were also found in the lateral preoptic area, parabrachial nuclei and globus pallidus. Relatively high concentrations of ir-dynorphin B (250–400 fmol/mg protein) were found in 19 nuclei, including the periaqueductal gray matter, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, median eminence, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Moderate levels of the peptide (between 100 and 250 fmol/mg protein) were found in 42 brain nuclei such as the perifornical nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, medial forebrain bundle, and dorsal premamillary nucleus. Low concentrations of ir-dynorphin B (
Fish hypersensitivity: I. In vitro and oral challenge results in fish-allergic patients

The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients allergic to one fish species can safely eat other fish species. Eleven atopic, food-allergic children and young adults with histories consistent with IgE-mediated fish hypersensitivity were skin prick tested to 10 fish species. Skin prick tests (SPTs) were positive to all 10 fish in eight of the 11 patients, and the remaining three patients had at least two positive fish SPTs. Positive oral challenges occurred to only one fish in seven of the patients, to two fish species in one patient, and to three fish species in two patients. One patient did not react to any of the fish tested. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analyses were performed on raw and cooked protein extracts from nine of the 10 fish species used in SPTs. Several protein bands in the raw-fish extracts appeared to denature with cooking and form high molecular weight conglomerates. Immunoblot analyses with sera from documented fish-allergic patients demonstrated specific IgE binding to protein bands from fish to which patients were not clinically allergic, as determined by oral challenge. In ELISA-inhibition assays, the concentration of fish antigen required to achieve 50% inhibition was similar for fish to which the patients were clinically allergic as compared to fish to which they were clinically tolerant. SPT and in vitro evidence of IgE-specific cross-reactivity does not necessarily correlate with symptomatic fish allergy. In addition, these fish-hypersensitive patients were able to consume one or more other fish species without adverse allergic reactions.
Feminist Literary Theory and Advertising Research: A New “Reading” of the Text and the Consumer

Abstract This paper proposes feminist literary theory as a source of additional insights into two interrelated areas relevant to advertising research: the text and the consumer. Specifically, a variety of approaches drawn from feminist literary criticism will first be used to provide a framework for an in-depth study of a single advertisement as text: a Mr. Clean print advertisement from 1959. Second, reader-response theory will be used to generate innovative concepts about women readers of advertisements. Since feminist scholarship may be somewhat unfamiliar to advertising researchers, the paper will begin by presenting a short summary of relevant theory. Next, the theory will be applied to analysis of a single advertising specimen in a demonstration “reading.” Last, feminist reader-response criticism—the study of the influence of gender on a reader's interpretation of literature—will be examined for concepts applicable to increased understanding of how men and women consumers may respond differently to ...
Entropy Generation Minimization of Fully Developed Internal Convective Flows With Constant Heat Flux

This paper addresses the thermodynamic optimum of single-phase convective heat transfer in fully developed flow for uniform and constant heat flux. The optimal Reynolds number is obtained using the entropy generation minimization (EGM) method. Entropy generation due to viscous dissipation and heat transfer dissipation in the flow passage are summed, and then minimized with respect to Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter. For fixed mass flow rate and fixed total heat transfer rate, and the assumption of uniform heat flux, an optimal Reynolds number for laminar as well as turbulent flow is obtained. In addition, the method quantifies the flow irreversibilities. It was shown that the ratio of heat transfer dissipation to viscous dissipation at minimum entropy generation was 5:1 for laminar flow and 29:9 for turbulent flow. For laminar flow, the study compared non-circular cross-sections to the circular cross-section. The optimal Reynolds number was determined for the following cross-sections: square, equilateral triangle, and rectangle with aspect ratios of two and eight. It was shown that the rectangle with the higher aspect ratio had the smallest optimal Reynolds number, the smallest entropy generation number, and the smallest flow length.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The effect of molybdenum addition on properties of iron aluminides

The effect of the addition of up to 10 pct molybdenum on several metallurgical properties of Fe-28Al (at. pct) to which 1 pct TiB2 was added for grain refinement has been studied. It was determined that the addition of molybdenum results in a decrease in grain size, an increase in the recrystallization temperature, and an increase in the DO3 to B2 ordering transformation temperature. The solubility limit of molybdenum in the matrix of the base alloy was found to be about 6 pct. At this concentration, another 1 pct is dissolved in the TiB2 precipitates. Tensile strengths were increased slightly by adding up to 2 pct Mo, but ductility decreased, even though grain sizes were reduced. The fracture mode in tension did not change with addition of molybdenum up to 2 pct.
Writing accounting research for publication and impact

Abstract This paper suggests guidelines for writing accounting research papers that may be useful to accounting researchers who want to improve the chances that their work will be accepted by top journals and, if accepted, will have a significant impact on their field. The advice is illustrated mainly in the context of experimental research in audit judgment, but it is also applicable to other types of accounting research. Several guidelines for communicating the results of accounting research are offered, and these are broken down by the typical sections and subsections that are (or should be) included in well-written accounting research papers. While guidelines such as these cannot guarantee success (either in publication or impact), they nevertheless may provide a valuable framework for communicating and evaluating accounting research.
Large-scale motions on the sun: An overview

The history and present status of observations of large-scale velocity fields in the solar atmosphere are reviewed. Observations of the torsional oscillation and of mean meridional circulation suggest a connection of large-scale dynamics with the solar cycle. Significant problems must be solved before Doppler observations can match the precision of tracer measurements, particularly allowing for the effects of changes in line-profile asymmetries and for scattered light. Coordinated observations would establish the reliability of Doppler techniques, but Doppler measurements with precision of order 1 m/s made in a proper spatial-temporal window appear necessary for the identification of sub-global velocity fields varying with time-scales less than that of the solar cycle.
Small increases in temperature exacerbate the erosive effects of a non-native burrowing crustacean

Abstract Increases in temperature associated with global climate change are predicted to elicit drastic changes, especially to marine and freshwater ecosystems. Even small changes in water temperature (1–2 °C) may alter rates of biological activity, with concomitant effects to communities and ecosystems. The biological erosion of marine habitats and structures is a rarely considered yet important activity that is likely to be influenced by changing ocean temperatures. We conducted an experiment to test how seawater temperature affects erosion by a non-native crustacean (Sphaeroma quoianum). Aquaria were maintained at one of thirteen temperatures (7.5 °C–25.2 °C). In each aquarium, twenty isopods were encaged with an expanded polystyrene foam block (800 ml) and left to burrow. Polystyrene floats under docks are often damaged by isopods in the field. After two months, isopods created the longest burrows in the moderate seawater temperatures (13.8 °C–18.3 °C); these temperatures were 1.1–5.6 °C higher than the mean ambient temperatures whence they came. Shorter burrows were observed for the coldest (7.5 °C) and warmest seawater treatments (25.2 °C). These results indicate that increasing seawater temperatures can exacerbate the bioerosive effects of non-native S. quoianum until a threshold, after which the impacts diminish. Because ocean temperatures are predicted to increase 1.5–2.6 °C in the next 90 years, our data suggest erosion by this non-native crustacean will increase 14.7–37.6% in Coos Bay/South Slough, Oregon (where isopods were collected). However, other invaded bays on the Pacific coast of North America may also experience mean increases of biological erosion of 6.6–29.8%. Since biological activity is tightly coupled with temperature in many species, we hypothesize that the biological erosion rates of other erosive species will also increase with rising water temperatures affecting marine habitats, communities, and structures.
Congestion models with consistent conjectures

This paper demonstrates that, in situations in which a cumulative externality exists, the basic nature and extent of resource misallocation may be substantially less than we imagine. This conclusion stems from deriving consistent conjectures in a unified framework in which congestion is present. Experiments support the conclusion that, when numbers of agents are small, when there is little heterogeneity among them, and when they have the opportunity to observe each other during repeated experiment, the market allocation may be efficient.
Unintentional chronic acetaminophen poisoning during pregnancy resulting in liver transplantation.

Introduction Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used medication in pregnancy and is considered safe. Unfortunately, APAP is also among the most commonly reported agents implicated in overdoses during pregnancy. We present a unique case of a pregnant patient with fulminant hepatic failure resulting in a liver transplant from repeated supratherapeutic ingestions of APAP.
Adenosine release and changes in pial arteriolar diameter during transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

We utilized the closed cranial window technique in the anesthetized rat to determine changes in CSF concentrations of adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine and pial arteriolar diameter during transient (20 min) forebrain ischemia and reperfusion. After mock CSF under the cranial window was allowed to equilibrate with cerebral interstitial fluid, endogenous adenosine concentration was found to be 0.16 ± 0.05 μM, while inosine and hypoxanthine were 0.35 ± 0.17 and 1.23 ± 0.47 μM, respectively. The concentration of adenosine in CSF increased 4.2-fold during ischemia and 13.8-fold during the first 5 min of reperfusion. Inosine and hypoxanthine concentrations were also significantly increased during ischemia and reperfusion. After 1 h of reperfusion, CSF adenosine and inosine levels had decreased from peak values but remained significantly above preischemic values. In contrast, hypoxanthine remained at peak concentrations even after 60 min of reperfusion. Preischemic arteriolar diameter was 42.6 ± 11.3 μm and w...
The Effect of Operating Frequency in the Radiation Induced Buildup of Trapped Holes and Interface States in MOS Devices

Both n-channel and p-channel MOS transistors, fabricated with a radiation hardened 3-4 um process, were irradiated at various operating frequencies and biases. The n-channel devices showed a larger rebound effect when alternately biased 'off' and 'on' during irradiation than for the cases of being biased either 'off' or 'on' during the irradiation. The p-channel devices showed a smaller threshold voltage shift when alternately biased 'off' and 'on' during irradiation compared to devices which were biased either 'off' or 'on' during the irradiation. The contributions of trapped holes and interface states on the observed threshold voltage shifts were determined through subthreshold current measurements. This research showed the source of this alternating bias effect on the radiation response of MOS devices to be reduced hole trapping and increased interface state buildup in n-channel MOS devices. In p-channel devices, reduced hole trapping is the primary source of this effect.
An income strategy approach to the positive theory of accounting standard setting/choice

Abstract This paper is designed to provide additional evidence on the positive theory of accounting policy choice by combining individual accounting principles into firm income strategies. These strategies were the dependent variable in a probit analysis where the independent variables were size, management compensation, industry concentration ratio, systematic risk, capital intensity and the total debt to total asset ratio. The results indicate that four of these factors (size, management compensation, concentration ratio, and the total debt to total asset ratio) have a significant association with the choice of a firm's income strategy. This test provides strong evidence consistent with the positive theory of accounting standard setting/choice. We also present evidence that smaller firms and/or firms in less concentrated industries do not appear to make accounting policy choice decisions that are consistent with this theory.