cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal biorthogonal functions for finite discrete-time Gabor expansion

Abstract One main topic of the Gabor expansion is the selection of the analysis window and its corresponding biorthogonal synthesis window, which in most applications are both required to be concentrated in the joint time and frequency domain. In this paper, we develop an algorithm for computing optimally concentrated biorthogonal functions for the finite discrete-time Gabor expansion. The merit of this approach is demonstrated via numerical simulations.
Dynein Motility: Four Heads Are Better Than Two

Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-based motor protein that transports membranes in cells. The movement driven by a single dynein molecule in vitro is not as robust as dynein-driven movements in cells. A new study suggests that transport by multiple dyneins is more similar to cellular motions.
APPEARANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FERRITIN IN MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES IN VITRO AFTER UPTAKE OF HETEROLOGOUS ERYTHROCYTES

Mouse peritoneal macrophages have been studied in vitro after ingestion of treated rat, rabbit, or sheep erythrocytes. Under light microscopy, phagocytic vacuoles persist up to 24 h. Macrophages lose benzidine reactivity about 5 h after red cell ingestion, and they become prussian blue positive at 2 days. Ultrastructural studies show little or no ferritin in control macrophages not fed erythrocytes. In contrast, after red cell ingestion, ferritin is widely distributed in the cytoplasmic matrix and in some cytoplasmic granules by 48 h. The Golgi complex, pinocytic vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, and mitochondria do not contain ferritin. Between 2 and 4 days, ferritin in cytoplasmic granules increases, concomitant with decrease in the ferritin in the cytoplasmic matrix. Evidence is presented suggesting that ferritin in the cytoplasmic matrix is translocated into cytoplasmic granules by autophagy. Polyacrylamide gel studies on macrophages after uptake of red blood cells labeled with radioiron confirm that macrophages produce radiolabeled ferritin by 4 days.
Toward an Environmentally Sensitive Ecophilosophy for Business Management

Although values and philosophy can influence a company's environ mental management practicees, they are overlooked by managers and business scholars. In this article, a classification scheme of thr...
Flow Patterns of an Annular Viscoplastic Jet

The global flow field characteristics of a submerged annular viscoplastic jet were investigated within the steady laminar flow regime. The governing mass and momentum conservation equations, along with the Bingham rheological model, were numerically solved using a finite-difference scheme. Central and outer recirculation zones typically characterize the flow of a Newtonian annular jet. However, the performed parametric study revealed new and unique-to-viscoplastic-fluids flow features. The following flow patterns were observed and classified according to the characteristics of the central and outer recirculation zones: 1) for small yield numbers, central and outer recirculation zones exist. The extent of the outer zone and recirculation intensity of both zones were found to substantially diminish with the yield number; 2) at a high enough yield number, a stagnant, attached-to-the-wall region replaces the outer recirculation zone while a central, yet weaker one, still exists; 3) a further increase in the yield number results in the replacement of the weak central recirculation zone with a stagnant one and the elimination of flow recirculation throughout the whole flow field. The annular jet was found to decay faster and dissipate more rapidly when increasing the inner-to-outer annular nozzle diameter ratio.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Model for Establishing an International Cultural Training Experience

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe a model for establishing an international cultural training experience for dietetics and other healthcare students. Dietetics professionals are delivering food and nutrition services to clientele who are increasingly culturally diverse. Knowledge of other cultures is critical if these services are to be relevant and useful and if the tendency toward ethnocentrism is to be avoided. Among strategies available to teach dietetics students cultural concepts and food behaviors are popular travel study courses. Establishing a course outside the traditional campus classroom is highly complex, especially when done in an international setting. Using a recently completed travel study course to Belize, Central America, a model was developed which identifies steps, timelines, and resources. Initial steps include enlisting organizational support, identifying educational objectives and criteria for selecting a country for the travel study site. A minimum of two years is needed from initial planning to implementation. Resources involve two categories: 1.) course development (e.g. travel, postage, FAX, phone) and 2.) course content (e.g. books, serials, audio-visuals, people, places). The Internet and World Wide Web support both course development and content in an easily accessible, time-saving, and cost-effective manner. Educators of dietetics and other healthcare students who are interested in developing a travel study course for cultural diversity training will find this model useful.
Relative importance of Ca, N, and P in enhancing mycorrhizal activity in leucaena leucocephala grown in an oxisol subjected to simulated erosion

Abstract Pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine the combined effects of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus and the relative importance of each of these nutrients in establishing nodulated and mycorrhizal Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Var. K8 in an oxisol subjected to simulated erosion. Leucaena was grown in the soil inoculated or not with the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus aggregatum Schenck and Smith emend Koske, with or without a basal nutrient (basal) consisting of K, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, and B plus lime, N, and P (complete) or one of the latter three supplements. The extent of mycorrhizal colonization of roots as well as mycorrhizal effectiveness, as measured by pinnule P content increased when the eroded soil was amended with combinations of all the nutrients and inoculated with G. aggregatum. Similar trends were observed when symbiotic effectiveness was measured in terms of shoot P, Cu, and Zn status and dry matter yield. Nodule dry matter was also responsive to ame...
Activation of distinct second messenger systems in anterior pituitary corticotrophic tumor cells alters the phosphorylation states of both shared and distinct cytosolic proteins

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of activation of different second messenger systems on protein phosphorylation in pituitary corticotrophic tumor cells (AtT-20/D16-16). Using two-dimensional gel analysis of cytosolic extracts from AtT-20 cells, several phosphoproteins exhibited alterations in 32P incorporation in response to stimulation of the cells with either forskolin — an activator of adenylate cyclase — or 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) — a tumor promoting phorbol ester linked to protein kinase C activation. Alterations in phosphorylation levels were seen for phosphoproteins of the following apparent molecular weights and pIs: 87 kDa ( p I 4.4–4.6 ), 67 kDa ( p I 4.7–4.9 ), 43 kDa ( p I 4.8–5.0 ), 39 kDa ( p I 4.9–5.1 ), 33 kDa ( p I 4.8–5.0 ), 19.5 kDa ( p I 5.7–5.9 ), 19 kDa ( p I 5.8–6.0 ), 16 kDa ( p I 5.2–5.4 ) and 14 kDa ( p I 5.1–5.3 ). For individual phosphoproteins, 32P incorporation varied over time and was also modulated by concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the incubation medium. Treatment of the cells with forskolin led to statistically significant changes in the phosphorylation states of the 19.5 and 14 kDa proteins. Treatment of the cells with TPA also produced statistically significant changes in the 19.5 and 14 kDa proteins but, in addition, the 87 kDa, the 39 kDa and the 16 kDa phosphoproteins also exhibited significant changes. Alterations in the phosphorylation states of the 19.5 and the 14 kDa proteins were significantly correlated with alterations in β-endorphin release from the cells. The primary finding of the present study was that activation of distinct second messenger systems can lead to alterations in the phosphorylation states of both shared and distinct phosphoproteins.
Chromosomal anomalies cannot account for growth rate reduction in ultrasonicated Vicia faba root meristems

Abstract The possibility that root growth rate reduction following ultrasonication might be the result of loss of reproductive integrity in cells bearing ultrasound-induced chromosomal anomalies was considered. Root meristems of Vicia faba were ultrasonicated at a frequency of 2MHz and an intensity of 8 W/cm2 for one minute. The surviving fraction of cells, calculated from root growth rate according to the model of Hall, Lajtha and Oliver (14) was 0·58. The weighted average yield of chromosomal-anomaly-bearing cells at the first post-sonication mitosis was 0·105. Thus, the number of cells with chromosomal anomalies is only 1 4 the number needed to account for the calculated cell surviving fraction. This result suggests that root growth rate reduction following ultrasonication may be due largely to effects of the sound field on elongating cells rather than to effects on meristematic cells.
Effect of DROF Process on the Temperature Field and Roll Force

The key technology of direct rolling of free heating for bar and rod mill (DROF) was briefly introduced. Compared with the traditional process, the DROF can reduce energy consumption and emission, so as to decrease the production cost. It is very important to understand temperature field of continuous casting billet (CC-billet) to carry out the research on DROF technology. In order to reduce the loss of heat, the insulation cover is used, so it can effectively reduce the roll force and motor power. The rolling parameters, such as roll force and power, in former 4 stands of roughing mills were investigated by finite element method (FEM). The results show that the average temperature of the CC-billet after 300s from the cutting time can still be over 970°C, it can meet the need of direct rolling.
Multiobjective calibration of land surface model evapotranspiration predictions using streamflow observations and spaceborne surface radiometric temperature retrievals

[1] Physically based models of surface water and energy balance processes typically require a large number of soil and vegetation parameters as inputs. Accurate specification of these parameters is often difficult without resorting to calibration of model predictions against independent observations. Along with streamflow observations from gauging stations, spaceborne surface radiometric temperature retrievals offer the only independent observation of land surface model output commonly available at regional spatial scales (i.e., >502 km2). This analysis examines the potential benefits of incorporating spaceborne radiometric surface temperature retrievals and streamflow observations in a multiobjective calibration framework to accurately constrain regional-scale model evapotranspiration predictions. Results for the VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model over the Southern Great Plains of the United States suggest that multiobjective model calibration against radiometric skin temperatures and steamflow observations can reduce error in model monthly evapotranspiration predictions by up to 20% relative to single-objective model calibration against streamflow alone.
The origin of earthquake‐waves

Surface-waves—In the report of the California earthquake of 1906 it was shown that the transmission curve of the surface-waves did not pass through the origin but intersected the curves of the longitudinal and transverse body-waves. This suggested, what of course is evident, that the surface-waves were developed by the arrival of body-waves at the surface. There is no other way by which they could be produced, and this explanation is generally accepted (Report California Earthquake of 1906, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. No. 87, v. 2, 126–127, 1910). This idea was developed further in a paper read at the Third Pan-Pacific Congress in Tokyo in 1926. It showed that it was probable that the transverse-waves were responsible for the surface-waves, whose development might be explained as in the following paragraph.
Anatomic Correction of Dextrotransposition of the Great Arteries in a 36-Year-Old Patient

During the 1960s, the Mustard or Senning operation was the conventional palliative therapy for patients with transposition of the great arteries. Many of these patients are now adults, and the durability of the morphologic right ventricle to function as the systemic ventricle is being questioned. Surgical options for such adult patients have traditionally been limited to cardiac transplantation. More recently, an arterial switch operation with take-down of the Mustard or Senning baffles has been reported. Herein we describe the clinical course of a 36-year-old woman who underwent a successful single-stage Mustard take-down, atrial reconstruction, and arterial switch operation.
Histones in protistan evolution

The potential of comparative studies on histones for use in protistan evolution is discussed, using algal histones as specific examples. A basic premise for the importance of histones in protistan evolution is the observation that these proteins are completely absent in prokaryotes (and cytoplasmic organelles), but with few exceptions, the same five major histone types are found in all higher plants and animals. Since the histone content of the algae and other protists is not constant, some of these organisms may represent transition forms between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic modes of packaging the genetic material. Comparative studies of protistan histones may thus be of help in determining evolutionary relationships. However, several problems are encounter with protistan histones, including difficulties in isolating nuclei, proteolytic degradation, anomalous gel migration of histones, and difficulties in histone identification. Because of the above problems, and the observed variability in protistan histones, it is suggested that several criteria be employed for histone identification in protists.
ASYMMETRIC ONE-STOREY ELASTIC SYSTEMS WITH NON-LINEAR VISCOUS AND VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS: SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DAMPING SYSTEM DESIGN

Investigated is the accuracy in estimating the response of asymmetric one-storey systems with non-linear viscoelastic (VE) dampers by analysing the corresponding linear viscous system wherein all non-linear VE dampers are replaced by their energy-equivalent linear viscous dampers. The response of the corresponding linear viscous system is determined by response history analysis (RHA) and by response spectrum analysis (RSA) extended for non-classically damped systems. The flexible and stiff edge deformations and plan rotation of the corresponding linear viscous system determined by the extended RSA procedure is shown to be sufficiently accurate for design applications with errors generally between 10 and 20%. Although similar accuracy is also shown for the 'pseudo-velocity' of non-linear VE dampers, the peak force of the non-linear VE damper cannot be estimated directly from the peak damper force of the corresponding linear viscous system. A simple correction for damper force is proposed and shown to be accurate (with errors not exceeding 15%). For practical applications, an iterative linear analysis procedure is developed for determining the amplitude- and frequency-dependent supplemental damping properties of the corresponding linear viscous system and for estimating the response of asymmetric one-storey systems with non-linear VE dampers from the earthquake design (or response) spectrum. Finally, a procedure is developed for designing non-linear supplemental damping systems that satisfy given design criteria for a given design spectrum.
Lower bounds for the energy levels of the lithium atom

Abstract A recent modification of the intermediate hamiltonian method, intended to circumvent the problem associated with a low-lying continuum in the operator H 0 , has been applied to the lithium atom with a basis of discrete hydrogenic functions. The intended raising of the continuum occurs, but not to the extent that the beginning of the continuum is raised above the ground state of the atom; indications are that no basis of discrete hydrogenic eigenfunctions can accomplish this. Since these calculations were performed on the full lithium atom hamiltonian, they are not strictly comparable to those of Fox and Siglillito, in which a simplified hamiltonian was used.
Sickle-Cell Trait in Human Biological and Cultural Evolution Development of agriculture causing increased malaria is bound to gene-pool changes causing malaria reduction

The particular agricultural adaptation we have been considering is the ultimate determinant of the presence of malaria parasites in the intracellular environment of the human red blood cell. This change in the cellular environment is deleterious for normal individuals, but individuals with the sickle-cell gene are capable of changing their red-cell environment so that intense parasitism never develops. Normal individuals suffer higher mortality rates and lower fertility rates in a malarious environment than individuals with the sickle-cell trait do, so the latter contribute proportionately more people to succeeding generations.
Iron Deficiency in Monkeys Fed Diets Containing Soybean Protein.

SummaryAfter receiving purified diets containing isolated soybean protein for 2 to 7 months, young Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) became anemic. The erythrocytes were microcytic and hypochromic, serum iron concentrations were low and serum iron binding capacities were high. Iron therapy, either parenteral or oral, produced a prompt remission of anemia. Since these diets contain as much iron as other diets that are adequate in this respect, gastrointestinal absorption of Fe59 was evaluated in the presence of soybean protein and compared to Fe59 absorption in the presence of casein. Soybean protein caused a significant reduction in gastrointestinal absorption of Fe59.
Spurn Thy neighbour: Direct democracy and Swiss isolationism

In recent years, Switzerland has conspicuously distanced itself from the international community. It has rejected membership in the UN, the EEA treaty and participation in UN peacekeeping operations; and it remains outside the EU. After the year 2004, foreign freight lorries will no longer be allowed on Swiss highways. This starkly isolationist posture is not by government design; rather, these decisions are the product of Swiss direct democracy. In the past 11 years, Swiss voters have considered six ballot issues concerning international integration. In five of the six cases, they delivered a sharp rebuff to the international community and to their own government. This article examines the referendums in detail and offers several conclusions. Most importantly, a renewed linguistic cleavage between German speakers and French speakers has shaped the outcomes decisively. Also critical has been the desire of many voters to preserve a wide scope for Swiss direct democracy by rejecting binding international ag...
Composite Bloom Filters for Secure Record Linkage

The process of record linkage seeks to integrate instances that correspond to the same entity. Record linkage has traditionally been performed through the comparison of identifying field values ( e.g. , Surname ), however, when databases are maintained by disparate organizations, the disclosure of such information can breach the privacy of the corresponding individuals. Various private record linkage (PRL) methods have been developed to obscure such identifiers, but they vary widely in their ability to balance competing goals of accuracy, efficiency and security. The tokenization and hashing of field values into Bloom filters (BF) enables greater linkage accuracy and efficiency than other PRL methods, but the encodings may be compromised through frequency-based cryptanalysis. Our objective is to adapt a BF encoding technique to mitigate such attacks with minimal sacrifices in accuracy and efficiency. To accomplish these goals, we introduce a statistically-informed method to generate BF encodings that integrate bits from multiple fields, the frequencies of which are provably associated with a minimum number of fields. Our method enables a user-specified tradeoff between security and accuracy. We compare our encoding method with other techniques using a public dataset of voter registration records and demonstrate that the increases in security come with only minor losses to accuracy.
Learning places: Building dwelling thinking online

Les informations offertes par Internet ont un caractere d'immediatete et sont sorties de leur contexte et de leurs relations constitutives. Bien qu'elles soient la, elles ne sont pas dans leur environnement reel. L'auteur souligne la necessite d'un enrichissement contextuel de l'information sur le Web pour dissiper l'experience illusoire d'immediatete et de completude. Il envisage un enseignement qui developperait une sorte de conscience critique du site internet, lieu complexe et ambigu.
Scala and the Spinning Spheres

I have argued that contemporary humeans face a trilemma: either (i) give up temporal parts. (ii) deny the humean supervenience of causal relations, or (iii) deny the possibility of there being a difference between rotating and nonrotating homogeneous spheres. Mark Scala (“Homogeneous Simples”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 64, 2002) describes an interesting class of seemingly possible objects, spinning and stationary simples; and argues their possibility undermines my argument. I argue that it does not. And 1 conclude with a more general assessment of the status of objections to humeanism from the possibility of homogeneous objects in motion.
Review of “Hedge Fund Performance and Manager Skill”

Reviewed in this issue is F.R. Edwards and M.O. Caglayan, “Hedge Fund Performance and Manager Skill,” working paper, Columbia University and JPMorganChase Securities, May 2001.
Hearing Loss, Control, and Demographic Factors Influencing Hearing Aid Use Among Older Adults

Preference for non-use of hearing aids among older adults who are candidates for amplification remains to be explained. Clinical studies have examined the contribution of consumer attitudes, behaviors, and life circumstances to this phenomenon. The present study extends the interests of earlier investigators in that it examines psychological control tendencies in combination with hearing loss and demographic variables among older adults who elected to accept (adherents) or ignore (nonadherents) advice from hearing professionals to acquire and use hearing aids. One hundred thirty-one individuals participated by completing measures of hearing, hearing handicap, psychological control, depression, and ego strength. Participants were asked to provide demographic information and personal opinions regarding hearing aid use. Adherence group and gender differences were noted on measures of hearing sensitivity, psychological control, and demographic factors. Female adherents demonstrated greater hearing loss and po...
A systematic review of the use of antifibrinolytic agents in pediatric surgery and implications for craniofacial use

A systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), and tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing perioperative blood loss, risk for transfusion, and total perioperative transfusion volume in major pediatric surgery. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Reviews were searched for relevant articles published from January 1990 to January 2012. Additional studies were identified by cross-referencing citations and extracting data from recent published reviews. Data were recorded and analyzed using Cochrane's RevMan5.1 software. Thirty-four studies were included in this review of which 21 provided level 1b evidence, 11 were level 2b, and two were level 3b. As compared to control groups, antifibrinolytics reduced perioperative blood loss by standardized mean difference (SMD) of -0.70 (-0.89, -0.50; p<0.00001), total transfusion volume by SMD of -0.78 (-0.95, -0.61; p < 0.00001), and Odds Ratio (OR) for transfusion was 0.39 (0.23, 0.64; p=0.002). The OR for adverse events attributable to treatment was not statistically significant across groups (OR = 0.96; p = 0.58). Antifibrinolytics are effective in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in major pediatric surgery. TXA and EACA also appear to have reasonable side-effect profiles. Application to craniofacial surgery is promising, though further investigation is necessary.
Analytic evolution of singular distribution amplitudes in QCD

We describe a method of analytic evolution of distribution amplitudes (DAs) that have singularities, such as nonzero values at the end points of the support region, jumps at some points inside the support region and cusps. We illustrate the method by applying it to the evolution of a flat (constant) DA and antisymmetric flat DA, and then use the method for evolution of the two-photon generalized distribution amplitude. Our approach has advantages over the standard method of expansion in Gegenbauer polynomials, which requires an infinite number of terms in order to accurately reproduce functions in the vicinity of singular points, and over a straightforward iteration of an initial distribution with evolution kernel. The latter produces logarithmically divergent terms at each iteration, while in our method the logarithmic singularities are summed from the start, which immediately produces a continuous curve, with only one or two iterations needed afterwards in order to get rather precise results.
Prostaglandin E Synthases in Zebrafish

Objective— Prostaglandin E synthases (PGESs) are being explored as antiinflammtory drug targets as alternatives to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Located downstream of the cyclooxygenases, PGESs catalyze PGE2 formation, and deletion of microsomal (m)-PGES-1 abrogates inflammation. We sought to characterize the developmental expression of COX and PGES in zebrafish. Methods and Results— We cloned zebrafish cytosolic (c) and m-PGES orthologs and mapped them to syntenic regions of chromosomes 23 and 5. cPGES was widely expressed during development and was coordinately regulated with zCOX-1 in the inner ear, the pronephros, and intestine. COX-2 and mPGES-1 exhibited restricted expression, dominantly in the vasculature of the aortic arch. However, the enzymes were anatomically segregated within the vessel wall. Experiments with antisense morpholinos and with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs suggest that these genes may not be critical for development. Conclusions— mPGES-1 is developmentally coregulated with COX-2 in vasculature. Given the high fecundidity and translucency of the zebrafish, this model may afford a high throughput system for characterization of novel PGES inhibitors.
Distinct Roles of RAG1 and RAG2 in Binding the V(D)J Recombination Signal Sequences

The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins initiate V(D)J recombination by introducing double-strand breaks at the border between a recombination signal sequence (RSS) and a coding segment. To understand the distinct functions of RAG1 and RAG2 in signal recognition, we have compared the DNA binding activities of RAG1 alone and RAG1 plus RAG2 by gel retardation and footprinting analyses. RAG1 exhibits only a three- to fivefold preference for binding DNA containing an RSS over random sequence DNA. Although direct binding of RAG2 by itself was not detected, the presence of both RAG1 and RAG2 results in the formation of a RAG1-RAG2-DNA complex which is more stable and more specific than the RAG1-DNA complex and is active in V(D)J cleavage. These results suggest that biologically effective discrimination between an RSS and nonspecific sequences requires both RAG1 and RAG2. Unlike the binding of RAG1 plus RAG2, RAG1 can bind to DNA in the absence of a divalent metal ion and does not require the presence of coding flank sequence. Footprinting of the RAG1-RAG2 complex with 1,10-phenanthroline-copper and dimethyl sulfate protection reveal that both the heptamer and the nonamer are involved. The nonamer is protected, with extensive protein contacts within the minor groove. Conversely, the heptamer is rendered more accessible to chemical attack, suggesting that binding of RAG1 plus RAG2 distorts the DNA near the coding/signal border.
Dynamics of suppressor T cells: in vivo veritas.

Immunity in the absence of autoimmunity reflects “self–nonself” discrimination by the immune system. The search for mechanisms preventing autoimmunity or enabling “self” tolerance has been at the root of immunology as evidenced by ample conceptual framework, rhetoric, sophism, and
Using field programmable gate arrays to scale up the speed of holographic video computation

The generation of computer-generated holographic fringes for real-time holographic video (holovideo) display is very computation-intensive, requiring the development of such special systems as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab's "Holo-Chidi" system, which can generate and display holovideo at video rates. The Holo-Chidi system is made of two sets of cards—the set of processor cards and the set of video concentrator cards (VCCs). The processor cards are used for hologram computation, data archival/retrieval from a host system, and higher level control of the VCCs. The VCC formats compute holographic data from multiple hologram computing processor cards, converting the digital data to analog form to feed the acousto-optic modulators of the Media Lab's "MarkII" holographic display system. The generation of the holographic fringes from the 3-D numerical description of a scene takes place inside field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) resident in the processor card. These large FPGAs employ several superposition processing pipelines, all working in parallel to generate the fringes of the hologram frame. With nine processor boards, there are the equivalent of about 288 superposition "processors" generating the fringes simultaneously. A Holo-Chidi system with three VCCs has enough frame buffering capacity to hold up to 32 36-Mbyte hologram frames at a time. Precomputed holograms can also be loaded into the VCC from a host computer through the low-speed universal serial bus (USB) port.
Atomic structure of a Na + - and K + -conducting channel

The structure of a sodium- and potassium-conducting pore is detailed, with the mechanisms revealed likely to be similar to those of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels that are fundamental to important physiological processes such as vision and olfaction. Ion selectivity is one of the basic properties that define an ion channel. Most tetrameric cation channels, which include the K+, Ca2+, Na+ and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, probably share a similar overall architecture in their ion-conduction pore, but the structural details that determine ion selection are different. Although K+ channel selectivity has been well studied from a structural perspective1,2, little is known about the structure of other cation channels. Here we present crystal structures of the NaK channel from Bacillus cereus, a non-selective tetrameric cation channel, in its Na+- and K+-bound states at 2.4 A and 2.8 A resolution, respectively. The NaK channel shares high sequence homology and a similar overall structure with the bacterial KcsA K+ channel, but its selectivity filter adopts a different architecture. Unlike a K+ channel selectivity filter, which contains four equivalent K+-binding sites, the selectivity filter of the NaK channel preserves the two cation-binding sites equivalent to sites 3 and 4 of a K+ channel, whereas the region corresponding to sites 1 and 2 of a K+ channel becomes a vestibule in which ions can diffuse but not bind specifically. Functional analysis using an 86Rb flux assay shows that the NaK channel can conduct both Na+ and K+ ions. We conclude that the sequence of the NaK selectivity filter resembles that of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and its structure may represent that of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel pore.
HLA/KIR Restraint of HIV: Surviving the Fittest

Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, and more recently the killer cell immunoglobulin-like (KIR) locus has been implicated in differential responses to the virus. Genome-wide association studies have convincingly shown that the HLA class I locus is the most significant host genetic contributor to the variation in HIV control, underscoring a central role for CD8 T cells in resistance to the virus. However, both genetic and functional data indicate that part of the HLA effect on HIV is due to interactions between KIR and HLA genes, also implicating natural killer cells in defense against viral infection and viral expansion prior to initiation of an adaptive response. We review the HLA and KIR associations with HIV disease and the progress that has been made in understanding the mechanisms that explain these associations.
Vibration isolation via linear and nonlinear periodic devices

The current manuscripts deals with the design of passive mechanical filters for vibration attenuation a low frequencies. Traditionally, this has been addressed employing dissipation as the attenuation mechanism. While such strategy provides broad-frequency effectiveness, attenuation at any given frequency is modest. Mass and stiffness-modulated periodic systems, on the other hand, exploit dispersion as the attenuation mechanism and represent an alternative to dissipation-based devices. Attenuation due to dispersion may be significantly higher than what is afforded by dissipation-based systems within a design frequency rage. The proposed assemblies, however, are not easily tailored to filter lowe-frequency vibrations. To this end, embedding such periodic systems into an elastic matrix yields a high-pass mechanical filter with tunable stop bands were waves are not allowed to propagate. Significant improvements in performance moreover may be obtained if intrinsically nonlinear devices are adopted. Specifically, a strongly nonlinear medium such as ordered granular media supports a limited number of waveforms, resulting in an efficient mechanical filter. Results reported here, in fact, suggest matrix-embedded sphere chains as highly tunable mechanical filters for vibration attenuation.
Myosin VIIA, important for human auditory function, is necessary for Drosophila auditory organ development.

Background: Myosin VIIA (MyoVIIA) is an unconventional myosin necessary for vertebrate audition [1–5]. Human auditory transduction occurs in sensory hair cells with a staircase-like arrangement of apical protrusions called stereocilia. In these hair cells, MyoVIIA maintains stereocilia organization [6]. Severe mutations in the Drosophila MyoVIIA orthologue, crinkled (ck), are semi-lethal [7] and lead to deafness by disrupting antennal auditory organ (Johnston’s Organ, JO) organization [8]. ck/MyoVIIA mutations result in apical detachment of auditory transduction units (scolopidia) from the cuticle that transmits antennal vibrations as mechanical stimuli to JO. Principal Findings: Using flies expressing GFP-tagged NompA, a protein required for auditory organ organization in Drosophila, we examined the role of ck/MyoVIIA in JO development and maintenance through confocal microscopy and extracellular electrophysiology. Here we show that ck/MyoVIIA is necessary early in the developing antenna for initial apical attachment of the scolopidia to the articulating joint. ck/MyoVIIA is also necessary to maintain scolopidial attachment throughout adulthood. Moreover, in the adult JO, ck/MyoVIIA genetically interacts with the non-muscle myosin II (through its regulatory light chain protein and the myosin binding subunit of myosin II phosphatase). Such genetic interactions have not previously been observed in scolopidia. These factors are therefore candidates for modulating MyoVIIA activity in vertebrates. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that MyoVIIA plays evolutionarily conserved roles in auditory organ development and maintenance in invertebrates and vertebrates, enhancing our understanding of auditory organ development and function, as well as providing significant clues for future research.
Formation of DNA methylation patterns: nonmethylated GATC sequences in gut and pap operons

Most of the adenine residues in GATC sequences in the Escherichia coli chromosome are methylated by the enzyme deoxyadenosine methyltransferase (Dam). However, at least 20 GATC sequences remain nonmethylated throughout the cell cycle. Here we examined how the DNA methylation patterns of GATC sequences within the regulatory regions of the pyelonephritis-associated pilus (pap) operon and the glucitol utilization (gut) operon were formed. The results obtained with an in vitro methylation protection assay showed that the addition of the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) to pap DNA was sufficient to protect the two GATC sequences in the pap regulatory region, GATC-I and GATC-II, from methylation by Dam. This finding was consistent with previously published data showing that Lrp was essential for methylation protection of these DNA sites in vivo. Methylation protection also occurred at a GATC site (GATC-44.5) centered 44.5 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the gutABD operon. Two proteins, GutR and the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP), bound to DNA sites overlapping the GATC-44.5-containing region of the gutABD operon. GutR, an operon-specific repressor, was essential for methylation protection in vivo, and binding of GutR protected GATC-44.5 from methylation in vitro. In contrast, binding of CAP at a site overlapping GATC-44.5 did not protect this site from methylation. Mutational analyses indicated that gutABD gene regulation was not controlled by methylation of GATC-44.5, in contrast to regulation of Pap pilus expression, which is directly controlled by methylation of the pap GATC-I and GATC-II sites.
Sparc T4: A Dynamically Threaded Server-on-a-Chip

The Sparc T4 is the next generation of Oracle's multicore, multithreaded 64-bit Sparc server processor. It delivers significant performance improvements over its predecessor, the Sparc T3 processor. The authors describe Sparc T4's key features and detail the microarchitecture of the dynamically threaded S3 processor core, which is implemented on Sparc T4.
Simple Method of Glenoid Bone Loss Calculation Using Ipsilateral Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:Current methods for estimating glenoid bone loss in patients with chronic shoulder instability include computed tomography imaging with 3-dimensional reconstruction, specialized computer software, and imaging of the contralateral shoulder. An ideal method of glenoid measurement would require only magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the injured shoulder.Purpose:To determine whether MRI measurement of glenoid height, as well as sex, could be used to estimate glenoid width in healthy subjects with no history of shoulder instability.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Bilateral shoulder MRIs were obtained in a healthy cohort of young athletes as part of the baseline assessment in a prospective cohort study. A musculoskeletal radiologist measured glenoid height and width using the sagittal MRI cuts. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine whether demographic and MRI measurements of the glenoid could be used to estimate glenoid width.Re...
Enchondromas of the hand: factors affecting recurrence, healing, motion, and malignant transformation.

Purpose Enchondromas represent the most common primary bone tumor in the hand. Despite their frequency, a standardized treatment protocol is lacking. This study examines the outcome of surgically treated enchondromas of the hand with regard to tumor location, graft choice, and presence or absence of fracture. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 102 enchondromas in 80 patients, identified between 1991 and 2008, with a mean clinical follow-up of 38 months. We assessed the effects of age, tumor location, and graft choice on outcomes for all lesions. Patients presenting with Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome, pathologic fractures, or recurrent disease were separated for additional analysis. Results Of the 102 lesions, 62 (61%) achieved complete radiographic healing in a median time of 6 months. Full range of motion was achieved following treatment of 68 lesions (67%) in a median time of 3 months. A total of 95 lesions (93%) remained recurrence free following surgery. One case of malignant transformation occurred in a patient with Maffucci syndrome. Tumor location and graft choice did not affect healing grade, time to healing, range of motion, or recurrence rate. Age at presentation greater than 30 was associated with more rapid healing. Monocentric, nonexpanding lesions were associated with improved postoperative range of motion. Patients with a diagnosis of multiple enchondromas had a higher rate of recurrence following surgery, and patients presenting with a recurrent lesion had a higher rate of complications. Following pathologic fracture, no differences in outcomes were observed when enchondromas were treated primarily or following fracture healing. Conclusions Following surgical treatment of enchondromas in the hand, the majority of patients achieve complete bony healing and full range of motion, regardless of the graft material used. Malignant transformation is rare, and aggressive follow-up measures should be reserved for patients with a diagnosis of multiple enchondromas. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
APPROXIMATE COMPLEXITY AND FUNCTIONAL REPRESENTATION

Abstract : Results are obtained dealing with the exact and the approximate representation of a function F as a superposition, in designated formats, of functions of fewer variables. Two main cases are considered. In the classical nomographic case one seeks criteria for deciding if a function can be expressed in the form f(phi(x) + psi(y)), or as a uniform limit of such functions. The second case is also related to the solution of Hilbert's 13th problem, and deals with the format F(x) = f(phi(x)) where x lies in an n-cell I and phi is a real valued continuous function on I, and f is a function on R taking values in a chosen normed space epsilon. The use of these criteria is illustrated with several specific functions.
Dynamically reconfigurable on-chip communication architectures for multi use-case chip multiprocessor applications

The phenomenon of digital convergence and increasing application complexity today is motivating the design of chip multiprocessor (CMP) applications with multiple use cases. Most traditional on-chip communication architecture design techniques perform synthesis and optimization only for a single use-case, which may lead to sub-optimal design decisions for multi-use case applications. In this paper we present a framework to generate a dynamically reconfigurable crossbar-based on-chip communication architecture that can support multiple use-case bandwidth and latency constraints. Our framework generates on-chip communication architectures with a low cost, low power dissipation, and with minimal reconfiguration overhead. Results of applying our framework on several networking CMP applications show that our approach is able to generate a crossbar solution with significantly lower cost (2.4× to 3.8×), and lower power dissipation (1.5× to 3.1×), compared to the best previously proposed approach.
RELATION OF FISH COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN URBAN STREAMS OF THE WASATCH FRONT, UTAH

Twenty-eight sites along the Wasatch Front, north central Utah, representing the range of urban land use intensity for wadeable streams of the area, were sampled in September 2000. Fish communities were assessed by single-pass electrofishing, and physical habitat and water-quality characteristics were measured. On average, nonnative species comprised 54% of species richness and 53% of relative abundance, although only Salmo trutta and Pimephales promelas were very abundant at any 1 site. Salmo trutta and Catostomus platyrhynchus, a native species, were the most widely distributed and abundant species captured. Analysis of fish communities using nonmetric multidimensional scal- ing (NMDS) revealed a community gradient from sites dominated by Salmo trutta and Cottus species (C. bairdi, C. beldingi) to sites dominated by Catostomus platyrhynchus. Sites dominated by C. platyrhynchus were smaller in size and had less habitat cover, smaller average substrate size, higher concentrations of dissolved constituents, and higher water temperature than sites dominated by S. trutta. Sites dominated by C. platyrhynchus were located in more intensely urban- ized watersheds at lower elevations. Stream size and associated instream habitat availability appear to limit S. trutta distri- bution and abundance, while native species appear more tolerant of decreased water quality and increased water tempera- tures in more urbanized streams. Most of the study sites are affected by development of water infrastructure for human water use (e.g., dams and diversions), and this infrastructure may play a role in dispersal of species.
Resonant dielectric high-contrast gratings as spectrum splitting optical elements for ultrahigh efficiency (>50%) photovoltaics

Resonant dielectric gratings are explored as low cost spectrum-splitting optical elements in a photovoltaic device architecture that incorporates many independently connected subcells of different bandgaps for ultrahigh efficiency (>50%). Gratings can have broadband reflectivity by appropriately offsetting grating resonances. Subwavelength feature sizes suppress diffraction, and the high-refractive index of the grating layer leads to relatively angle-insensitive reflectance. Gratings can be fabricated by nanoimprint lithography, making them a scalable and economical option for photovoltaic applications. Using these gratings to create a series of dichroic filters to separate incident solar light into a series of bands which can then be coupled into independent subcells has potential for high efficiency by overcoming losses due to lack of absorption of subbandgap photons and thermalization of excited carriers which account for loss of over 40% of incident power on single-junction solar cells. Independent connection and physically separated subcells permit freer bandgap selection and relieve the current-matching constraint which limits conventional monolithic tandem multijunction cell efficiency.