cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms governing interannual variability in upper-ocean inorganic carbon system and air–sea CO2 fluxes: Physical climate and atmospheric dust

Abstract We quantify the mechanisms governing interannual variability in the global, upper-ocean inorganic carbon system using a hindcast simulation (1979–2004) of an ecosystem-biogeochemistry model forced with time-evolving atmospheric physics and dust deposition. We analyze the variability of three key, interrelated metrics—air–sea CO 2 flux, surface-water carbon dioxide partial pressure p CO 2 , and upper-ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) inventory—presenting for each metric global spatial maps of the root mean square (rms) of anomalies from a model monthly climatology. The contribution of specific driving factors is diagnosed using Taylor expansions and linear regression analysis. The major regions of variability occur in the Southern Ocean, tropical Indo-Pacific, and Northern Hemisphere temperate and subpolar latitudes. Ocean circulation is the dominant factor driving variability over most of the ocean, modulating surface dissolved inorganic carbon that in turn alters surface-water p CO 2 and air–sea CO 2 flux variability (global integrated anomaly rms of 0.34 Pg C yr −1 ). Biological export and thermal solubility effects partially damp circulation-driven p CO 2 variability in the tropics, while in the subtropics, thermal solubility contributes positively to surface-water p CO 2 and air–sea CO 2 flux variability. Gas transfer and net freshwater inputs induce variability in the air–sea CO 2 flux in some specific regions. A component of air–sea CO 2 flux variability (global integrated anomaly rms of 0.14 Pg C yr −1 ) arises from variations in biological export production induced by variations in atmospheric iron deposition downwind of dust source regions. Beginning in the mid-1990s, reduced global dust deposition generates increased air–sea CO 2 outgassing in the Southern Ocean, consistent with trends derived from atmospheric CO 2 inversions.
Effect of chemotherapy, radiation, or immunosuppression on the integrity of the intestinal anastomosis

Despite significant advances in surgical technique and perioperative care, anastomotic leak remains an uncommon yet dreaded surgical complication with potential catastrophic consequences for the patient. Other articles in this issue focus on the impact of technical factors including anastomotic technique, bowel preparation, and fecal diversion. This article delves into the effects of chemotherapy, radiation, and immunosuppression on the integrity of the intestinal anastomosis. Although large studies are conflicting regarding the overall impact of perioperative chemotherapy on the risk of anastomotic leak, the antiangiogenesis class of chemotherapy drugs, including bevacizumab, has emerged as a known risk factor. The literature is also somewhat conflicting as to whether neoadjuvant radiation is a risk factor for anastomotic leak in patients with rectal cancer. It is clear, however, that this patient population is at overall high risk for leak, and therefore the recommendation of fecal diversion is well-supported by the literature. The effects of immunosuppression on anastomotic leak have been extensively studied in the IBD and solid-organ transplant populations. Corticosteroids have been shown to increase risk of anastomotic leak in both IBD and non-IBD populations, although a clear dose- or duration-effect has not been determined. For solid-organ transplant patients, the mTOR inhibitors, including sirolimus and everolimus, have been demonstrated to significantly impair wound healing, including anastomoses in animal models, and are thus recommended to be replaced with tacrolimus for 6 weeks preoperatively.
Islam and human rights in Pakistan: A critical analysis of the positions of three contemporary women

In this analysis, Dr. Hassan emphasizes that being a Muslim means knowing that the Qur'an is the Magna Carta of human freedom and that a large part of its concern is to free human beings from the bondage of everything that prohibits or inhibits human beings from actualizing their Godgiven potential to the fullest. She analyses Farhat Hashmi's interpretation of Islam, in which taking care of the family is the primary purpose of a woman's life and wearing “hijab” is a religious mandate for Muslim women. To ignore the massive injustice and violence to which millions of women in Pakistan are subjected to is to abandon a commandment of Qur'an. She also discusses the view of human rights advocates such as Asma Jehangir, who assert that “Islam” and “human rights” are mutually exclusive. The author concludes by emphasizing the need for a new paradigm in the discourse on Islam and human rights in Pakistan in order to help building a dynamic and democratic society, a new perspective on human rights (including women...
Carbon and nitrogen responses of three old world bluestems to nitrogen fertilization or inclusion of a legume

Abstract Old world bluestems [OWB ( Bothriochloa spp.)] are introduced warm-season grass species commonly used for livestock grazing in the semi-arid Texas High Plains. Interseeding forage legumes into OWB-based pastures can reduce N fertilizer dependency because of symbiotic N 2 fixation, but little is known about their N contribution where water for irrigation is limited. A 4-year study (2007–2010) evaluated N concentration and soil particulate organic C (POC) and N (PON) of three OWB species interseeded with alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), yellow sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis Lam.), or sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) compared with 60 kg N ha −1 fertilizer and no N (control). Irrigation (maximum of 250 mm year −1 ) was applied uniformly to all treatments. Yellow sweetclover rapidly increased grass N concentration and improved the energy efficiency of forage production more than the other two legumes while N benefits from alfalfa increased over the 4 years. Carbon and N uptake reflected both forage N concentration and production benefits from interseeded legumes and N fertilization. Soil POC and PON concentration was not affected by N fertilization but was increased by interseeding yellow sweetclover. Inclusion of appropriate legumes in this semi-arid region can increase soil POC, PON, and N concentration in the associated OWB grass as much or more than typical rates of N fertilization and cost less energy at irrigation levels of about 33% ET 0 . Results have implications for both animal nutrition and the environment.
The rate of intravenous cocaine administration determines susceptibility to sensitization.

The potential for addiction is thought to be greatest when drugs of abuse reach the brain rapidly, because this produces intense subjective pleasurable effects. However, the ability of drugs to induce forms of cellular plasticity related to behavioral sensitization may also contribute to addiction. Therefore, we studied the influence of rate of intravenous cocaine delivery on its ability to induce psychomotor sensitization. In one experiment, rotational behavior in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion was used as an index of psychomotor activation, and in a second experiment, locomotor activity in neurologically intact rats was used. Rapid (5‐16 sec) intravenous infusions of cocaine induced robust psychomotor sensitization at all doses tested (0.5‐2.0 mg/kg). Treatments given over 25 sec failed to induce sensitization at all doses tested. Treatments given over 50 or 100 sec induced sensitization only at the highest dose tested. Thus, the rate of intravenous cocaine delivery has profound effects on the ability of cocaine to induce psychomotor sensitization. This suggests that the temporal dynamics of drug delivery to the brain is a critical factor in the ability of cocaine to induce forms of neuronal plasticity that may contribute to addiction.
Asymmetrical lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors

The mechanism of lineage commitment from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is not well understood. Although commitment to either the lymphoid or the myeloid lineage is popularly viewed as the first step of lineage restriction from HSCs, this model of hematopoietic differentiation has recently been challenged. The previous identification of multipotent progenitors (MPPs) that can produce lymphocytes and granulocyte/macrophages (GMs) but lacks erythroid differentiation ability suggests the existence of an alternative HSC differentiation program. Contribution to different hematopoietic lineages by these MPPs under physiological conditions, however, has not been carefully examined. In this study, we performed a refined characterization of MPPs by subfractionating three distinct subsets based on Flt3 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression. These MPP subsets differ in their ability to give rise to erythroid and GM lineage cells but are equally potent in lymphoid lineage differentiation in vivo. The developmental hierarchy of these MPP subsets demonstrates the sequential loss of erythroid and then GM differentiation potential during early hematopoiesis. Our results suggest that the first step of lineage commitment from HSCs is not simply a selection between the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage.
The Effect of Police Characteristics on Alternative Measures of Police Output

The ability of municipal police departments to affect crime is a complex issue. The selection of independent variables for such analysis has received considerable attention. Perhaps more problematic has been the selection and measurement of the dependent variable, crime. This article examines the impact offive police variables: expenditures, manpower, municipal police effort, technological innovations, and police reform. Three measures of crime are used: UCR data, arrests, and victimization reports. No clear pattern of effect or direction of relationship was observedfor the 25 cities under study.
Electron Microscopy of the Sperm Tail Results Obtained with a New Fixative

The details of a new fixation procedure using 40 per cent osmium tetroxide in carbon tetrachloride are presented. This fixative is a good general preservative, gives a higher contrast than the ordinary osmium fixatives, and may also preserve structures that are not otherwise readily revealed. Some possible reasons for the increased contrast are discussed. Micrographs of the sea urchin spermatozoa treated with the new fixative provide more detailed information on the tail structure than has heretofore been obtainable. This information is summarized in the diagrammatic text-figure. The sperm tail can no longer be regarded as having a bilateral symmetry, and thus, it is possible to assign an index number to each of the nine peripheral filaments. The nine peripheral filaments have a complex morphology, each one of them seems to be composed of two subunits that have unequal diameters. The slightly larger subunits are all found in the clockwise direction with regard to the other subunit or are all found in the counter-clockwise direction in the sectioned tail. Each of the slightly larger subunits is at intervals provided with two types of projections—referred to as the arms and the spokes—that extend in respective tangential and radial direction. The arms from one filament may be in actual contact with its neighboring filament through a complex bridge-like formation. There is a quantitative difference between the nine filaments with regard to this bridge. It is assumed that the eleven tail filaments follow straight paths. Some hypotheses on sperm movement are discussed based on this assumption and on the fact that the oscillations of an actively working sperm tail are in one plane. Probably, the nine peripheral filaments have non-equivalent functions in tail movement. In the centriole the nine peripheral filaments characteristically appear as triplets in a whorl-like arrangement. It is suggested that the inner part of this triplet is a derivation of the arms. A structural abnormality of the tail is described that is characterized by two or three complete sets of tail filaments within one cell membrane.
The Legionella IcmSW complex directly interacts with DotL to mediate translocation of adaptor-dependent substrates

Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative bacterium that replicates within human alveolar macrophages by evasion of the host endocytic pathway through the formation of a replicative vacuole. Generation of this vacuole is dependent upon the secretion of over 275 effector proteins into the host cell via the Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system (T4SS). The type IV coupling protein (T4CP) subcomplex, consisting of DotL, DotM, DotN, IcmS and IcmW, was recently defined. DotL is proposed to be the T4CP of the L. pneumophila T4SS based on its homology to known T4CPs, which function as inner-membrane receptors for substrates. As a result, DotL is hypothesized to play an integral role(s) in the L. pneumophila T4SS for the engagement and translocation of substrates. To elucidate this role, a genetic approach was taken to screen for dotL mutants that were unable to survive inside host cells. One mutant, dotLY725Stop, did not interact with the type IV adaptor proteins IcmS/IcmW (IcmSW) leading to the identification of an IcmSW-binding domain on DotL. Interestingly, the dotLY725Stop mutant was competent for export of one class of secreted effectors, the IcmSW-independent substrates, but exhibited a specific defect in secretion of IcmSW-dependent substrates. This differential secretion illustrates that DotL requires a direct interaction with the type IV adaptor proteins for the secretion of a major class of substrates. Thus, by identifying a new target for IcmSW, we have discovered that the type IV adaptors perform an additional role in the export of substrates by the L. pneumophila Dot/Icm T4SS.
Cervical lung herniation associated with upper airway obstruction

We present the case of a 6-year-old boy with reactive airway disease who developed cervical lung herniation resulting in compression of the trachea and audible stridor. This association has never been reported in the pediatric age group, and a review of the literature revealed that lung herniation is a rare condition in the pediatric population. Most patients are asymptomatic. Herniation occurs in the cervical area in approximately one fourth of patients. The diagnosis is usually made by physical examination and confirmed by radiographic studies. Treatment is seldom necessary; most patients require only education and reassurance. Surgical intervention is indicated when respiratory distress, cosmetic concerns, or progressive increase in size occur.
Parallel Problem Solving

Problem-reduction based problem solving is a technique that is used when there are multiple methods that may be used to solve a subproblem, and more important, each method may involve solving multiple subproblems consistently. We present an overview of our research in executing such problem solving computations in parallel. The traditional AND OR tree representation is shown to be inadequate for representing parallel evaluations, and REDUCE OR trees are presented as a more suitable representation that can capture more parallelism. As Logic Programming and Horn-Clause theorem proving have much in common with problem solving, the representation is useful for parallel execution in these domains also. A parallel execution scheme for logic programs is described that is based on REDUCE-OR trees. Parallel implementation of this scheme, as well as other parallel computations, is facilitated by a run time support system that allows us to run the parallel interpreter on many different shared memory and message passing machines. In problem solving, as in search, there may be multiple solutions. It is useful but difficult to minimize the time to first solution in a parallel system. We discuss several strategies that help achieve this objective. Performance of these strategies on multiprocessors and on a simulation system is also discussed.
Labor Scheduling: A Commentary

Excerpt] Labor scheduling-which involves putting the proper number of people in the right jobs at the correct time-is simple to say, but a challenge to accomplish. In the late 1990s the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly published my four-article series on labor scheduling. This commentary is intended for a wider audience than that of the earlier articles.
Web browsing performance of wireless thin-client computing

Web applications are becoming increasingly popular for mobile wireless systems. However, wireless networks can have high packet loss rates, which can degrade web browsing performance on wireless systems. An alternative approach is wireless thin-client computing, in which the web browser runs on a remote thin server with a more reliable wired connection to the Internet. A mobile client then maintains a connection to the thin server to receive display updates over the lossy wireless network. To assess the viability of this thin-client approach, we compare the web browsing performance of thin clients against fat clients that run the web browser locally in lossy wireless networks. Our results show that thin clients can operate quite effectively over lossy networks. Compared to fat clients running web browsers locally, our results show surprisingly that thin clients can be faster and more resilient on web applications over lossy wireless LANs despite having to send more data over the network. We characterize and analyze different design choices in various thin-client systems and explain why these approaches can yield superior web browsing performance in lossy wireless networks.
Linear and circular plasmid content in Borrelia burgdorferi clinical isolates.

The genome of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, is composed of a linear chromosome and more than 20 linear and circular plasmids. Typically, plasmid content analysis has been carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and confirmed by Southern hybridization. However, multiple plasmids of virtually identical sizes (e.g., lp28 and cp32) complicate the interpretation of such data. The present study was undertaken to investigate the complete plasmid complements of B. burgdorferi clinical isolates cultivated from patients from a single region where early Lyme disease is endemic. A total of 21 isolates obtained from the skin biopsy or blood samples of Lyme disease patients were examined for their complete plasmid complements by Southern hybridization and plasmid-specific PCR analysis. All clinical isolates harbored at least six of the nine previously characterized cp32s. Fourteen isolates harbored all B31-like linear plasmids, and seven isolates simultaneously lacked lp56, lp38, and some segments of lp28-1. The distinctive plasmid profile observed in these seven isolates was specific to organisms that had ribosomal spacer type 2 and pulsed-field gel type A, which implies a clonal origin for this genotype. The presence of nearly identical complements of multiple linear and circular plasmids in all of the human isolates suggests that these plasmids may be particularly necessary for infection, adaptation, and/or maintenance in the infected host.
Caches and hash trees for efficient memory integrity verification

We study the hardware cost of implementing hash-tree based verification of untrusted external memory by a high performance processor. This verification could enable applications such as certified program execution. A number of schemes are presented with different levels of integration between the on-processor L2 cache and the hash-tree machinery. Simulations show that for the best of our methods, the performance overhead is less than 25%, a significant decrease from the 10/spl times/ overhead of a naive implementation.
The Proteus Effect in Dyadic Communication Examining the Effect of Avatar Appearance in Computer-Mediated Dyadic Interaction

An original experiment explored the differing predictions of the Proteus effect (Yee & Bailenson) and behavioral compensation processes (Bond) in dyadic computer-mediated interaction. The experiment randomly assigned male dyad members to see an attractive, unattractive, or no avatar representation of his female partner, while female dyad members were assigned to see either attractive, unattractive, or no avatar representation of themselves. Results supported the hypothesized behavioral compensation effect such that both partner and naive observer reports of relational communication suggested that females who saw unattractive avatars of themselves behaved more positively toward their partners than those who saw no avatar or saw an attractive avatar. These results, their theoretical implications, and future directions are discussed.
Nutrient and Grazer-Mediated Effects on Picoplankton and Size Structure in Phytoplankton Communities

This study examines the factors which contribute to the abundance of algal picoplankton in lakes. A three-year field study of a meso-eutrophic lake was compared with observations from oligotrophic and highly eutrophic lakes in the region. Trophic state alone (oligotrophic vs. eutrophic) was not a good predictor of the importance of picoplankton; smaller cells were relatively abundant when phosphorus was limiting other phytoplankters, but also when nitrogen was in surplus. Subsequent field experiments found that picoplankton growth was stimulated by N, but not by P additions. This relationship was strongly affected by light and grazer levels. Grazers apparently mediate the effects of nutrient deficiency, and favor the growth of larger algal size classes, especially nanoplankton. The flux of P within experimental enclosures was controlled by picoplankton abundance under low nutrient conditions, but was a function of total phytoplankton biomass under P surplus.
Distributed learning via the World Wide Web through interactive modules

This year, new distributed learning tools were developed and integrated into an electrical and computer engineering course at the University of Illinois. This paper discusses the use of the World Wide Web (WWW) for the teaching of ECE291 and describes the development and implementation of new interactive software modules that automatically grade on-line homeworks, record student scores, graphically display point distributions, and manage group projects.
A-kinase anchoring proteins and neuronal signaling mechanisms

The rapid and reversible phosphorylation of proteins catalyzed by protein kinases and protein phosphatases is a well recognized mechanism of regulation in cells. This bidirectional process is a highly flexible method of influencing cellular activity in response to a variety of incoming stimuli. A physiological role for protein phosphorylation was first identified about 50 years ago while investigating the regulation of glycogen metabolism (Fischer and Krebs 1955; Sutherland 1972). In fact, many aspects of gene regulation; cell cycle control, transport, and secretion; actin remodeling; and cell adhesion are controlled by this mechanism (Krebs 1985; Hunter 1995; Pawson and Scott 1997; Cohen 2000; Goodman and Smolik 2000; Pawson and Nash 2000). The utility of protein phosphorylation as the predominant form of covalent modification of proteins in vivo is exemplified by the finding that ∼30% of intracellular proteins are phosphoproteins (Hunter 1987). Not surprisingly, the breakdown in signal transduction may be the cause or consequence of many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and Alzheimer’s (Cohen 1999). Most signaling pathways are composed of common elements. The initial signal is transduced through a receptor at the plasmamembrane (such as a G-protein coupled receptor, or a receptor tyrosine kinase or phosphatase), which results in activation of the receptor or the mobilization of receptor-associated proteins to generate some form of intracellular message. This signal is then directed throughout the cell either by the diffusion of a small soluble second messenger or the translocation of an activated enzyme. At a molecular level, phosphorylation mediates the regulation of enzymatic activities by causing allosteric conformational changes, or by directly enhancing or blocking access to enzyme catalytic sites (Johnson and Barford 1990; Barford et al. 1991; Johnson and O’Reilly 1996). More recently it has been realized that an essential feature of signaling by protein phosphorylation is the modulation of protein–protein interactions. These are mediated by a growing number of protein interaction modules including WW, SH2, PTB, 143-3, WD-40, FHA, and FF domains that may associate with their binding partners in a phosphorylation-dependent manner (Cantley et al. 1991; Pawson and Gish 1992; Pawson 1995). These protein–protein interactions generate molecular networks that drive intracellular signaling events. This fascinating topic was recently the subject of several excellent reviews (Burack and Shaw 2000; Hunter 2000; Jordan et al. 2000; Pawson and Nash 2000; Sudol and Hunter 2000). In this article we emphasize how the subcellular location of protein kinases and phosphatases provides a means to restrict where and when phosphorylation events occur. In particular, we discuss the compartmentalization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A; PKA) through its association with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs).
Feature-aided localization of ground vehicles using passive acoustic sensor arrays

Localization of moving ground targets using acoustic signals obtained by a passive sensor network, made up of acoustic sensor arrays on the ground, is a difficult problem as the signals are contaminated by wind noise and hampered by road conditions and multipath, etc., and are generally not deterministic. It becomes even more challenging when some of the vehicles are wheeled (e.g., cars) and some are tracked (e.g., tanks), and are closely spaced. In such cases the stronger acoustic signals from the tracked vehicles can mask those from the wheeled vehicles, leading to poor detection of such targets. A novel detection scheme is presented, according to which the direction of arrival (DoA) angle estimates of emitters are obtained by each sensor array using real data. The full position estimates of targets, obtained following the association of the DoA angle estimates of the same target from at least three sensor arrays, are used for target tracking. However, because of the particular challenges encountered in multiple ground vehicle scenarios, this association is not always reliable and thus, target tracking using kinematic (DoA angle) measurements only is difficult and it can lead to lost tracks. In this paper we propose a new feature-aided multidimensional assignment algorithm, to augment the existing assignment algorithms which use only kinematic measurements, to improve the association performance, especially in the case of wheeled vehicles. We present a novel frequency domain feature extraction technique by implementing a statistical characterization of the features, in order to enhance the accuracy of data association. The feature and DoA angle measurements are used simultaneously, via a joint likelihood function, in a multidimensional assignment (MDA) to localize targets.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, caveolae and the development of atherosclerosis

Early hypercholesterolaemia-induced vascular disease is characterized by an attenuated capacity for endothelial production of the antiatherogenic molecule nitric oxide (NO), which is generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). In recent studies we have determined the impact of lipoproteins on eNOS subcellular localization and action, thereby providing a causal link between cholesterol status and initial abnormalities in endothelial function. We have demonstrated that eNOS is normally targeted to cholesterol-enriched caveolae where it resides in a signalling module. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL; oxLDL) causes displacement of eNOS from caveolae by binding to endothelial cell CD36 receptors and by depleting caveolae cholesterol content, resulting in the disruption of eNOS activation. The adverse effects of oxLDL are fully prevented by high density lipoprotein (HDL) via binding to scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), which is colocalized with eNOS in endothelial caveolae. This occurs through the maintenance of caveolae cholesterol content by cholesterol ester uptake from HDL. As importantly, HDL binding to SR-BI causes robust stimulation of eNOS activity in endothelial cells, and this process is further demonstrable in isolated endothelial cell caveolae. HDL also enhances endothelium- and NO-dependent relaxation in aortae from wild-type mice, but not in aortae from homozygous null SR-BI knockout mice. Thus, lipoproteins have potent effects on eNOS function in caveolae via actions on both membrane cholesterol homeostasis and the level of activation of the enzyme. These processes may be critically involved in the earliest phases of atherogenesis, which recent studies suggest may occur during fetal life.
Semantic Reduction of Thread Interleavings in Concurrent Programs

We propose a static analysis framework for concurrent programs based on reduction of thread interleavings using sound invariants on the top of partial order techniques. Starting from a product graph that represents transactions, we iteratively refine the graph to remove statically unreachable nodes in the product graph using the results of these analyses. We use abstract interpretation to automatically derive program invariants, based on abstract domains of increasing precision. We demonstrate the benefits of this framework in an application to find data race bugs in concurrent programs, where our static analyses serve to reduce the number of false warnings captured by an initial lockset analysis. This framework also facilitates use of model checking on the remaining warnings to generate concrete error traces, where we leverage the preceding static analyses to generate small program slices and the derived invariants to improve scalability. We describe our experimental results on a suite of Linux device drivers.
Targeted 'Next-Generation' sequencing in anophthalmia and microphthalmia patients confirms SOX2, OTX2 and FOXE3 mutations

Background: Anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) is caused by mutations in several different transcription factors, but mutations in each causative gene are relatively rare, emphasizing the need for a testing approach that screens multiple genes simultaneously. We used next-generation sequencing to screen 15 A/M patients for mutations in 9 pathogenic genes to evaluate this technology for screening in A/M. Methods: We used a pooled sequencing design, together with custom single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling software. We verified predicted sequence alterations using Sanger sequencing. Results: We verified three mutations - c.542delC in SOX2, resulting in p.Pro181Argfs*22, p.Glu105X in OTX2 and p. Cys240X in FOXE3. We found several novel sequence alterations and SNPs that were likely to be non-pathogenic p.Glu42Lys in CRYBA4, p.Val201Met in FOXE3 and p.Asp291Asn in VSX2. Our analysis methodology gave one false positive result comprising a mutation in PAX6 (c.1268A > T, predicting p.X423LeuextX*15) that was not verified by Sanger sequencing. We also failed to detect one 20 base pair (bp) deletion and one 3 bp duplication in SOX2. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the power of next-generation sequencing with pooled sample groups for the rapid screening of candidate genes for A/M as we were correctly able to identify disease-causing mutations. However, next-generation sequencing was less useful for small, intragenic deletions and duplications. We did not find mutations in 10/15 patients and conclude that there is a need for further gene discovery in A/M.
Restrictive food intake as a choice--a paradigm for study.

Objective Inadequate intake and preference for low-calorie foods are salient behavioral features of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying pathological food choice have not been characterized. This study aimed to develop a new paradigm for experimentally modeling maladaptive food choice in AN. Method Individuals with AN (n = 22) and healthy controls (HC, n = 20) participated in a computer-based Food Choice Task, adapted for individuals with eating disorders. Participants first rated 43 food images (including high-fat and low-fat items) for Healthiness and Tastiness; an item rated neutral on both blocks was then selected as the Reference item. On each of 42 subsequent trials participants were asked to choose between the food item presented and the Reference item. Results The AN group was less likely to choose high-fat foods relative to HC, as evidenced both in multilevel logistic regression (z = 2.59, p = .009) and ANOVA (F(1,39) = 7.80, p = .008) analyses. Health ratings influenced choice significantly more in AN relative to HC (z = 2.7, p = .006), and were more related to Taste among AN (χ[2] = 4.10, p = .04). Additionally, taste ratings declined with duration of illness (r = −.50, p = .02). Discussion The Food Choice Task captures the preference for low-fat foods among individuals with AN. The findings suggest that the experience of tastiness changes over time and may contribute to perpetuation of illness. By providing an experimental quantitative measure of food restriction, this task opens the door to new experimental investigations into the cognitive, affective, and neural factors contributing to maladaptive food choices characteristic of AN. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:59–66)
Elemental Mercury Control by Novel Oxidant and Sorbent in an Entrained-Flow System

An entrained-flow system has been designed and constructed to simulate in-flight mercury capture by sorbents in ducts of coal-fired utility plants. The test conditions of 1.5 s residence time, 140°C temperature, 4.5 ppbv inlet Hg0 concentration, and 0–20 lb/MMacf sorbent injection rates were chosen to simulate conditions in the ducts. Novel oxidants developed in previous fixed-bed tests and novel sorbents derived from the novel oxidants were tested for their Hg0 capture in the entrained-flow system to examine the possibility of using those sorbents in a full-scale system. Darco-FGD and Darco Hg-LH served as benchmark sorbents with which mercury control capability of the novel oxidants and novel sorbents could be compared. The test results showed that the novel oxidants have remarkable Hg0 oxidation capability, and the novel sorbents showed a better performance in Hg0 removal than Darco Hg-LH.
History, Rhetoric, and Reality: Analysis of the Inclusion Debate

Issues surrounding the integration of students with disabilities into general education classrooms are explored in this article. The history of this debate is examined first by tracing the movement from mainstreaming and the least restrictive environment in 1975, to the call for a more integrated system during the 1980s under the Regular Education Initiative, and to full inclusion of all students in age-appropriate general education classrooms, with no separate special education. Next, the research investigating perceptions and attitudes about inclusion, the tenor of the general education classroom, and the preparation and ability of general education teachers to deal effectively with special education students is summarized. Finally, the dissonance between rhetoric and reality is explored. By ignoring research evidence, the inclusion debate has elevated discussion to the ideological level, where competing conflicts of vision are difficult to resolve. It is concluded that a rational solution requires the ...
Non-Work Factors and Job Satisfaction Revisited

The responses of 1473 subjects were utilized to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and extra-work satisfaction to test Wilensky's three hypothesized relationships. The current study regressed job satisfaction against the social trust of respondents, their sense of social equity, institutional confidence, and their satisfaction with government's handling of nationalproblems. These social attitudinal indices were added to factors utilized in previous research such as objective job factors, demographic variables, general life satisfaction, and their levels of social involvement. The results produced two previously unreported extra-work attitudinal contributors to job satisfaction: social trust and institutional confidence. The findings supported Wilensky's spillover theory but produced no evidence in support of Wilensky's segmentation or compensation alternatives.
New steady-hand Eye Robot with micro-force sensing for vitreoretinal surgery

In retinal microsurgery, surgeons are required to perform micron scale maneuvers while safely applying forces to the retinal tissue that are below sensory perception. Real-time characterization and precise manipulation of this delicate tissue has thus far been hindered by human limits on tool control and the lack of a surgically compatible endpoint sensing instrument. Here we present the design of a new generation, cooperatively controlled microsurgery robot with a remote center-of-motion (RCM) mechanism and an integrated custom micro-force sensing surgical hook. Utilizing the forces measured by the end effector, we correct for tool deflections and implement a micro-force guided cooperative control algorithm to actively guide the operator. Preliminary experiments have been carried out to test our new control methods on raw chicken egg inner shell membranes and to capture useful dynamic characteristics associated with delicate tissue manipulations.
In Situ Platform for Isothermal Testing of Thin-Film Mechanical Properties Using Thermal Actuators

An in situ tensile test platform has been developed to study the mechanical properties of thin-film metal specimens. The fully integrated on-chip platform loads a specimen using a thermal actuator (TA). TAs conveniently provide high forces and excellent alignment, but generate large heat that can flow to specimens and raise their temperature. In the new design, heat flow to the specimen is negligible. This attribute was achieved by introducing a thermal resistor that limits heat flow to the specimen and a heat sink that shunts the remaining heat. Tensile residual stress in the specimen was eliminated by including preinserted microgrippers. A comprehensive error analysis indicates that the strength accuracy is ±5% (one standard deviation). The platform was used to study the strength-related mechanical properties of Al/0.5 wt% Cu microtensile bars with two different thicknesses. Initial tests indicate that 0.63- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick tensile bars exhibit higher strength, a larger strain hardening coefficient, and less elongation than 1.03- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick tensile bars. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the lower ductility was due to plastic strain localization. When the tensile bar length is decreased from 200 to 70 or 50 $\mu \text{m}$ , strength increased by 40% for both thickness values. [2015-0082]
Massive open online nutrition and cooking course for improved eating behaviors and meal composition

Background Behavioral shifts in eating, favoring the increased consumption of highly processed foods over healthier, home-cooked alternatives, have led to widespread health problems. This study reports on the effectiveness of a massive open online course (MOOC), offering integrated nutrition and cooking instruction, for improving eating behaviors and meal composition among course participants.
Difficult Dialogues in Literacy (Urban) Teacher Education

As a faculty member in Literacy Studies at Ohio State University, I am invested in preparing pre-service literacy teacher education candidates and doctoral studentsv to think critically about teaching, learning, stories, and location.
She Turns Right and Her Sons Turn Left: Fesman '66 and the Spectacle of Independence

In 1966, under the patronage of President Leopold Sedar Senghor, the First World Festival of Negro Arts (FESMAN) was held in Dakar, Senegal. While this event attracted black writers and artists from across the globe for the celebration of black art, it also served as a platform of this newly independent African nation to stage its claim of sovereignty. This paper will examine the narrative of liberation that motivated this performative exercise of state power and the “Negro-African” subject found in both Senghor’s political writings and his philosophy of Negritude that this international event attempted to resuscitate. That said, my ultimate concern lies with ways this spectacle of national independence subsumed other more precarious figurations of blackness and ambivalent expressions of anticolonial desire. Reading 'The Enchanting Spectacle of Goree', which was billed as the festival’s main attraction, alongside other archival documents and cultural texts from the festival such as Ousmane Sembene’s Borom Sarret (1963) and Duke Ellington’s “La Plus Belle Africaine,” I will trace out some of the muted political imaginaries that provided the animating background for this display of black empowerment.
The Role of Diverse Strategies in Sustainable Knowledge Production

Online communities are becoming increasingly important as platforms for large-scale human cooperation. These communities allow users seeking and sharing professional skills to solve problems collaboratively. To investigate how users cooperate to complete a large number of knowledge-producing tasks, we analyze Stack Exchange, one of the largest question and answer systems in the world. We construct attention networks to model the growth of 110 communities in the Stack Exchange system and quantify individual answering strategies using the linking dynamics on attention networks. We identify two answering strategies. Strategy A aims at performing maintenance by doing simple tasks, whereas strategy B aims at investing time in doing challenging tasks. Both strategies are important: empirical evidence shows that strategy A decreases the median waiting time for answers and strategy B increases the acceptance rate of answers. In investigating the strategic persistence of users, we find that users tends to stick on the same strategy over time in a community, but switch from one strategy to the other across communities. This finding reveals the different sets of knowledge and skills between users. A balance between the population of users taking A and B strategies that approximates 2:1, is found to be optimal to the sustainable growth of communities.
Scalable SIMD-Efficient Graph Processing on GPUs

The vast computing power of GPUs makes them an attractive platform for accelerating large scale data parallel computations such as popular graph processing applications. However, the inherent irregularity and large sizes of real-world power law graphs makes effective use of GPUs a major challenge. In this paper we develop techniques that greatly enhance the performance and scalability of vertex-centric graph processing on GPUs. First, we present Warp Segmentation, a novel method that greatly enhances GPU device utilization by dynamically assigning appropriate number of SIMD threads to process a vertex with irregular-sized neighbors while employing compact CSR representation to maximize the graph size that can be kept inside the GPU global memory. Prior works can either maximize graph sizes (VWC uses the CSR representation) or device utilization (e.g., CuSha uses the CW representation, however, CW is roughly 2.5x the size of CSR). Second, we further scale graph processing to make use of multiple GPUs while proposing Vertex Refinement to address the challenge of judiciously using the limited bandwidth available for transferring data between GPUs via the PCIe bus. Vertex refinement employs parallel binary prefix sum to dynamically collect only the updated boundary vertices inside GPUs' outbox buffers for dramatically reducing inter-GPU data transfer volume. Whereas existing multi-GPU techniques (Medusa, TOTEM) perform high degree of wasteful vertex transfers. On a single GPU, our framework delivers average speedups of 1.29x to 2.80x over VWC. When scaled to multiple GPUs, our framework achieves up to 2.71x performance improvement compared to inter-GPU vertex communication schemes used by other multi-GPU techniques (i.e., Medusa, TOTEM).
Nanotoxicology: Seeing the trees for the forest

Meta-analysis of the literature on quantum dot toxicity using a machine-learning tool helps reveal hidden relationships between material properties and toxicity.
Effect of hydration on plasmonic coupling of bioconjugated gold nanoparticles immobilized on a gold film probed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)–Au film constructs were prepared using antibody–antigen interactions or a small organic cross-linker to systematically control the gap between the AuNP and Au film. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), scanning electron micrsocopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize each construct and elucidate structure–activity relationships. Interestingly, plasmonic coupling and SERS intensity were reversibly modulated with wetting/drying cycles for the protein immobilized AuNP, and this effect was attributed to changes in protein size with hydration state. This work provides insight into fundamental limitations of AuNP-enabled SERS bioassays and will facilitate rational design of novel biospecific ligands that maximize SERS sensitivity.
Concealing to reveal: The informational role of Islamic dress:

After the resurgence of headscarves throughout the Muslim world, some women adopted ‘more fundamentalist’ clothing styles, such as full-face veils, or began pietistic social movements. What explain...
RAPID MACULAR HOLE FORMATION, SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE, AND REOPENING AFTER PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR MACULA-SPARING RETINAL DETACHMENT.

Background/purpose To report a single case of macular hole (MH) opening, spontaneous closure, and reopening in the 3-month period after pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods Case report. Results A 59-year-old man with a macula-sparing RRD underwent uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade. The patient developed a FTMH 2 months postoperatively. The hole was noted to spontaneously close 3 months postoperatively, but then reopened 4 months postoperatively and required repeat pars plana vitrectomy and inner limiting membrane peel for definitive closure. The rapidity with which the MH developed after pars plana vitrectomy for macula-sparing RRD and its dynamic behavior have not been previously reported. Conclusion Full-thickness macular holes may rarely develop rapidly, spontaneous close, and reopen after pars plana vitrectomy for RRD, even in macula-sparing cases.
Does managed care permit appropriate use of psychotherapy

The author reviews the history of the development of managed care, the restrictions it has placed on psychiatric treatments, including psychotherapy, and the concerns it has raised about access to and quality of care. He discusses research studies documenting that psychotherapy is a fundamental component of psychiatric treatment and that it must be included in all health plans and organized systems of care. Several false beliefs about the use and cost of psychotherapy are considered, such as that dyadic psychotherapy is based on abreaction, a technique that Freud abandoned, and that costs for psychotherapy will skyrocket if it becomes universally accessible. Research has indicated that inappropriate limitations on psychotherapy in prepaid settings lead to poor mental health outcomes. The author emphasizes that cost-based constraints on established psychiatric treatments are not acceptable until carefully constructed scientific outcome studies demonstrate that the use of such constraints does not lead to adverse consequences.