cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Effects on Orthostatic Intolerance Induced by Bedrest

Effective and practical preventive procedures for postflight orthostatic intolerance are highly desirable. The current practice of attempts to expand plasma volume by ingestion of salt and fluids before reentry has proven benefits. This study evaluated alternative options using fludrocortisone (F) to expand plasma volume (PV), dextroamphetamine (Dex) to enhance norepinephrine (NE) release, and atropine (A) to reduce the effects of vagal stimulation. Seven subjects with proven post-bedrest orthostatic intolerance returned for a 7-day 6-deg head-down bedrest study. F (0.2 mg) was given at 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM the day before and 8:00 AM the day the subjects got out of bed (2 hours before standing). PV was measured before and 1 hour after the last dose of F. Dex (5 mg) and A (0.8 mg) were then taken orally 1 hour before the stand test. F expanded PV by 16 percent and caused sodium retention. Four of the 7 subjects stood for 1 hour post-bedrest and heart rate, plasma NE and plasma renin responses to standing were greatly enhanced and sustained. Although there was a narrowing of pulse pressure, the ability to overcome orthostatic intolerance with these countermeasures was largely due to vasoconstriction and sustained high heart rate.
Coinfection by Nocardia beijingensis and Nocardia arthritidis in an immunocompromised patient diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)

2 different strains of Nocardia were isolated from a lung mass in a post kidney-pancreas transplant patient through convex endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TNBA). TBNA cultures (16S rRNA gene-targeted PCR sequencing) subsequently grew Nocardia beijingensis and Nocardia arthritidis.
Immunocytochemical localization of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in the cerebellar cortex

Abstract An indirect immunocytofluorescence technique was used to examine the distribution of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in the cerebellar cortex of the pig, guinea pig, rat, mouse, cow, rabbit and sheep. Cyclooxygenase antigenicity was detected (a) in the cell bodies of Bergman glial cells in the Purkinje cell layer of the porcine, ovine and bovine cerebellar cortex; (b) in small arterioles throughout the cerebellar cortex in the sheep and cow; and (c) in the endothelial cells of large arteries in all the species examined. No cyclooxygenase-positive staining was apparent in neuronal cell bodies of granule, basket, stellate or Purkinje cells. Our results establish that prostaglandin endoperoxides can be synthesized by the arterial vasculature and at least certain glial cells in the central nervous system.
Bone marrow aspiration in children with malignant tumors

Bone marrow aspirates of 79 children with malignant solid tumors were examined. Tumor cells were found in the marrow of 21 out of 30 children with neuroblastoma, 3 of 18 with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 of 6 with osteogenic sarcoma, 1 of 8 with Ewing's sarcoma, 1 of 2 with retinoblastoma, and in none of 12 with Wilms's tumor. All children with this finding died within 6 months of it. Generally, the morphology of tumor cells in marrow is not sufficiently distinctive to allow precise identification, but when combined with other clinical data bone marrow findings are important for evaluating diagnosis and prognosis and for planning treatment.
Sub-regional timber demand analysis: Remarks and an approach for prediction

Abstract After briefly outlining various approaches and problems associated with estimating small area demand functions, a simultaneous equations approach is presented. Timber demand and supply equations are estimated for Montana by first estimating the indirect least squares form of the equations and then analytically determining the parameters of the original equations. The results indicate the ability to formulate timber demand schedules for smaller areas than had previously been the case. This should improve the accuracy of local demand estimates.
Cell-mediated immunity: The role of bacterial protein secretion

Abstract Recent studies of immunity to intracellular bacterial pathogens demonstrate the complex role of bacterial protein secretion in the activation and function of protective T lymphocytes in vivo .
Modified Peripheral Iris Fixation of a Foldable Intraocular Lens Following Phacoemulsification

In this report, we describe the case of an aphakic patient who underwent peripheral iris fixation of a foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) in the absence of capsular support. The patient suffered from traumatic cataract with partial zonular dehiscence. He received phacoemulsification, and capsular rupture occurred subsequently. After complete anterior vitrectomy, the lens capsule disappeared completely. Six months later, secondary IOL implantation was performed. A clear corneal incision was made, and a paracentesis was created to insert a folded acrylic soft IOL and a temporary supporting device. The optic of a three-piece acrylic IOL was folded along the axis of the haptics, and both the haptics were bent and quickly maneuvered into the folded furrow of the optic. A bimanual unfolding maneuver created pupillary capture of the optic for stabilization and centration of the IOL, with the haptics expanding on the back surface of the iris, and the haptics were fixated to the peripheral iris with modified McCannel suturing. Fair visual outcome without complications was noted.
Body surface Laplacian electrocardiographic mapping - A review

It is of great importance and significance to be able to noninvasively map spatially distributed cardiac electrical activity from body surface electrical recordings. The standard electrocardiographic monitoring techniques provide little spatial information regarding cardiac electrical activity. Recently, a new approach-body surface Laplacian electrocardiographic mapping-has been aggressively pursued to provide high-resolution spatial mapping of cardiac electrical activity. The fundamental innovation is the measurement of the Laplacian electrocardiogram distribution over the body surface. The body surface Laplacian electrocardiographic maps have been shown to provide enhanced ability to map multiple spatially separate cardiac bioelectric sources. This article reviews the theoretical and experimental aspects of this emerging mapping technique. First of all, the paper briefly reviews the historical development of body surface mapping and inverse solutions for mapping the distributed cardiac electrical activity. Then the paper reviews the theoretical basis of body surface Laplacian mapping and the biophysical interpretation of body surface Laplacian signals, as well as technical consideration of the Laplacian recording and instrumentation. Investigations of body surface Laplacian maps in computer models and a physical tank model, as well as physiological studies are also reviewed.
Agricultural Stakeholder Views on Climate Change: Implications for Conducting Research and Outreach

AbstractUnderstanding U.S. agricultural stakeholder views about the existence of climate change and its causes is central to developing interventions in support of adaptation and mitigation. Results from surveys conducted with six Midwestern stakeholder groups [corn producers, agricultural advisors, climatologists, extension educators, and two different cross-disciplinary teams of scientists funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture–National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA–NIFA)] reveal striking differences. Individuals representing these groups were asked in 2011/12 to “select the statement that best reflects your beliefs about climate change.” Three of five answer options included the notion that climate change is occurring but for different reasons (mostly human activities; mostly natural; more or less equally by natural and human activities). The last two options were “there is not sufficient evidence to know with certainty whether climate change is occurring or not” and “climate change is ...
A new k-ϵ eddy viscosity model for high reynolds number turbulent flows

Abstract A new k -ϵ eddy viscosity model, which consists of a new model dissipation rate equation and a new realizable eddy viscosity formulation, is proposed in this paper. The new model dissipation rate equation is based on the dynamic equation of the mean-square vorticity fluctuation at large turbulent Reynolds number. The new eddy viscosity formulation is based on the realizability constraints; the positivity of normal Reynolds stresses and the Schwarz' inequality for turbulent shear stresses. We find that the present model with a set of unified model coefficients can perform well for a variety of flows. The flows that are examined include: (i) rotating homogeneous shear flows; (ii) boundary-free shear flows including a mixing layer, planar and round jets; (iii) a channel flow, and flat plate boundary layers with and without a pressure gradient; and (iv) backward facing step separated flows. The model predictions are compared with available experimental data. The results from the standard k -ϵ eddy viscosity model are also included for comparison. It is shown that the present model is a significant improvement over the standard k -ϵ eddy viscosity model.
Ditching the Script: Moving Beyond 'Automatic Thinking' in Introductory Political Theory Courses

Political theory is a challenging field, particularly when it comes to undergraduate teaching. It simply demands independent thinking and a willingness to approach alien political ideas and concepts with a sense of intellectual generosity. Yet students within introductory political theory classes often harbor inherited notions of what the ideal political system ought to be. By extension, they may also operate with a rigid and solidified sense of the proper meaning of key ideas such as “democracy,” “capitalism,” or “justice.” This can stultify their capacity to grasp and consider alternative formulations of these concepts. Recent research within educational and cognitive psychology has documented the prevalence of “automatic thinking” or “mindlessness” as a dimension of human cognition. In many instances, these researchers have found that what appears to be thoughtful and engaged action actually draws upon pre-established and long-settled previous learning so routine and scripted that true thinking actually becomes unnecessary. In order to gain new knowledge, as well as a critical and reflexive understanding of oneself and others, recent research in this vein has strongly advocated the value of exposure to situations, ideas, and perspectives which actively destabilize and de-center their settled understandings. In order to apply these insights within our field, educators in political theory require three things: 1) empirical documentation of what pre-existing frames are widespread within the American undergraduate community, 2) a sense of why and how such understandings operate at a cognitive psychological level, and 3) a set of pedagogical strategies by which professor and student alike can cultivate the sense of fallibility necessary to actively consider new ideas, and loosen one’s attachment to previous principles and understandings. Our study is an attempt to offer these three insights.
Views from the Front lines: Observations by Chicago Lawyers About the System of Civil Discovery

This is the first in a series of articles that will report the results of a pilot effort to assess how well the system of civil discovery is working and to identify the principal problems which burden that system. The study revolves around interviews with 180 Chicago area litigators. This first essay, which synthesizes observations, insights, and complaints by interviewed attorneys, suggests that the world of civil discovery is not one monolithic whole, but consists of subworlds which exhibit clearly distinguishable features and problems. In addition to describing the principal problems which afflict the discovery system in its two major subworlds, the author reports what the interviewed lawyers suggest are the primary causes of those problems. While the litigators identify many ways in which the character of lawyering encumbers and disrupts the discovery process, they also locate much of the blame for the system's problems in the behavior of judges and the inefficiency of the judicial machinery. The interviews produced a dramatically widespread appeal to the courts to increase use of sanctions as a means of restraining discovery abuse.
Incremental database rule processing in PARADISER

Rule-based systems have been used extensively by the AI community in implementing knowledge-based expert systems. A current trend in the database community is to use rules for the purpose of providing inferential capabilities for large database applications. However, in the database context, performance of rule-program processing has proved to be a major stumbling block particularly in data-intensive and real-time applications. Similar work in the AI community has demonstrated the same problems mainly due to the predominantly sequential semantics of the underlying rule languages. In a previous paper, we presented an incremental evaluation algorithm forDatalog ⌝* programs. We show the general applicability of the incremental evaluation algorithm to a broad class ofDatalog-style rule languages with varying operational semantics, denoted byDatalog** to emphasize this generality. We present the proof of correctness of the algorithm within the Datalog** frame work, and its extension for the PARULEL rule language, a principle component of the PARADISER (PARAllel and DIStributed Environment for Rules) rule processing environment for databases. We discuss the meta-rule formalism of PARULEL and argue that it provides a means for programmable operational semantics which separates control from the base logic of a rule program. This allows the realization of a wide range of operational semantics including those of Datalog and OPS5.
The Austrian idea: An idea of nationhood in the kingdom and realms of the emperor Franz Joseph I

(1984). The Austrian idea: An idea of nationhood in the kingdom and realms of the emperor Franz Joseph I. History of European Ideas: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 293-305.
Endothelial cell protein C receptor cellular localization and trafficking: potential functional implications

Although the binding of endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) to its ligands is well characterized at the biochemical level, it remains unclear how EPCR interaction with its ligands at the cell surface impacts its cellular trafficking. We characterized the cellular localization and trafficking of EPCR in endothelial cells and a heterologous expression system. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy studies revealed that a majority of EPCR is localized on the cell surface in membrane microdomains that are positive for caveolin-1. A small fraction of EPCR is also localized intracellularly in the recycling compartment. Factor VIIa (FVIIa) or activated protein C binding to EPCR promoted the internalization of EPCR. EPCR and EPCR-bound ligands were endocytosed rapidly via a dynamin- and caveolar-dependent pathway. The endocytosed receptor-ligand complexes were accumulated in a recycling compartment before being targeted back to the cell surface. EPCR-mediated FVIIa endocytosis/recycling also resulted in transport of FVIIa from the apical to the basal side. In vivo studies in mice showed that blockade of EPCR with EPCR-blocking antibodies impaired the early phase of FVIIa clearance. Overall, our results show that FVIIa or activated protein C binding to EPCR promotes EPCR endocytosis, and EPCR-mediated endocytosis may facilitate the transcytosis of FVIIa and its clearance from the circulation.
Roll Effects on Carryover for Hypersonic Delta Fin Missiles

AnEulercodeisusedto predicthypersonicmissilee owe eldsandto determinethecarryoverfactorsfortheeffect of the body on wing lift KW(B)) and for the effect of the wing on body lift KB(W). Results are presented for Mach 4, 6, 8, and10 atanangleofattackof2 deg.Themissilehas a conical nose, a cylindrical fuselagewitha 1-deg e areangle, anddeltae ns.Both £ and+e ncone gurationsareconsidered.Resultsaregivenfor20-and30-degsemivertexangles as a function of e nspan to body radius (at e n leading edge ), S/RLE. The wing‐body carryover for £ e ns is smaller for the top set of e ns than it is for the bottom set of e ns. The value of KW((B) for the missile with £ e ns is slightly larger than it is for + e ns at Mach 8 and 10. At Mach 4 and 6, KW(B) is independent of e n cone guration. KB((W) is largerfor £ e nsthanitisfor +e ns,anditincreasesassemivertexangledecreasesfrom 30 to20deg. KB(W) generally decreasesasboth Mach numberande nspan increase. Equationsandtablesarepresented forthecarryoverfactors. Nomenclature AF = planform area of one e n (AW=2), m 2 AR = aspect ratio of wing formed by joining two e ns at their root chord AW = wing-planform area formed by two e ns joined at their root chord, m 2 CL = lift coefe cient referenced to AW CL B = lift coefe cient, body alone CL B;® = lift curve slope, body alone CL M = lift coefe cient, entire missile CLW = lift coefe cient, wing alone CLW;® = lift curve slope, wing alone FN;i = normal force on ith e n, N KB.W/ = body‐e n carryover KF.B/;i = e n‐body carryover on ith en KW.B/ = wing‐body carryover K B
Farm survival and performance under alternative financial conditions and credit policies

The impact of beginning equity, credit limits imposed by lenders, and changes in land values on farm survival, changes in equity position and farm success (measured by the probability of a positive net present value of returns) are evaluated. Whole-farm, Monte Carlo simulations for Texas part-owner and tenant rice-soybean operations were completed over the period 1984 through 1988. Results indicate that extending additional credit to part-owner and tenant operators in a high debt position (over 50%) will allow continued operation, but continued operation significantly increases the likelihood of a loss of farm equity and loan losses to agricultural lenders. Deterioration in land values increases the need for a higher equity base.
S-phase dependent forms of DNA - nuclear membrane complexes in HeLa cells.

Abstract DNA · nuclear membrane complexes were isolated from HeLa cells and examined by either zone sedimentation analysis or isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose/CsCl gradients. The data suggest that the complexes formed during the first 10 min of the S-phase remain as stable structures throughout the cell cycle. Other DNA · nuclear membrane complexes are formed at later times during replication. These later complexes appear as multiple species and the association of DNA and the nuclear membrane seems to be of a transient nature. Together, these results suggest that both the replicative origins and the replication points of the DNA are associated with the nuclear membrane. Although the complexes formed at the start of the S-phase and at later times during the S-phase appear to differ, these differences may provide them with the needed properties to serve as spatial organizers for the temporal regulation of DNA replication.
Paget's disease of the vulva

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to review our experience with Paget's disease of the vulva relative to initial examination, treatment, and oncologic outcome. Study Design: Patients who were treated for extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva at the University of South Florida were identified in our vulvar cancer database for the period 1988 through 2000. The charts were reviewed, and the data were collected regarding patient demographics, previous Paget's treatment, symptoms, surgical margin status, associated malignancies, and time to recurrence. Results: Twenty-three women with extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva were treated by the Division of Gynecologic Oncology during the 12-year period. The average patient was postmenopausal and white and had symptoms for 21 months before the diagnosis was made. A pruritic lesion was the most common symptom. Treatment included wide local excision or vulvectomy, depending on the extent of disease. Six of the 23 patients displayed invasive disease and, consequently, underwent radical resection. There were 8 recurrences that were found, on average, 30 months after the surgical procedure. Two of the 8 patients had invasive disease at their primary operation, and 1 patient had underlying invasive disease at the time of recurrence. The average follow-up time was 39 months (median, 13.5 months; range, 1-216 months). Conclusion: Delay in diagnosis did not correlate with size or extent of disease. Margin status did not change the natural course of disease. Recurrence is relatively common, and long-term monitoring is recommended, with repeat excision of symptomatic lesions. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:281-4.)
Self‐assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane films on mica

Self-assembled films of Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) have been deposited on freshly cleaved mica. A combination of argon plasma pretreatment, long adsorption times in solution, and a posttreatment at a moderate temperature (60°C) were required to form homogeneous OTS layers exhibiting good adherence to the mica. This process is more complex than the procedure required to form similar layers on glass. Advancing contact angles of water droplets ranged from 113 to 116°, with receding angles of 107 to 110°.
Discourses on Love and Europe: Italian Europeanists in the Interwar Period

AbstractThis article presents two ways of configuring the connection between Europe and love in the Italian context, embodied in two authors of the twentieth century.Giorgio Quartara (1883–1951), a marquis and lawyer, formulated this connection in terms borrowed from nineteenth-century materialism, offering an interpretation that followed Bachofen's ideas on original matriarchy, and foreseeing sexual liberation as a correlate of social revolution. However, he was very critical of the type of materialism represented by Marxism. Quartara, who drew inspiration from Masonic ideas, was engaged in the international movements for peace as well as in feminism.Leo Ferrero (1903–33) was part of the strong social and intellectual tradition represented by his family, composed of secular Jews (his maternal grandfather was Cesare Lombroso, his father Guglielmo Ferrero). Leo connected the concepts of Europe and love in a non-confessional form of Christianity that allowed him to make intercultural comparisons with other ...
The role of cell migration in the development of the embryonic chick limb bud

Experiments were done to determine if cell migration is involved in cartilage differentiation in the embryonic chick limb bud. Blocks of tissue labeled with tritiated thymidine or with S-35 sulfate were isolated surgically from early stage 22 limb buds or from the chondrogenic areas of stage 23 or stage 24 limb buds and implanted in unlabeled limb buds of embryos growing in ovo. The host embryos were allowed to develop, the limbs containing the labeled implants were fixed, and the effect of the development of the host on the implanted tissue and the effect of the implant on the development of the host was examined by autoradiography. The implanted blocks appeared to be integrated into the host limbs and to develop harmoniously with the host tissue. No evidence was obtained for any of the following events: (1) movement of cells out of the implanted block of tissue, (2) movement of host cells through the implanted block, or (3) interference by the implanted block with the normal development of the host. It is concluded that cell migration is not involved in the differentiation of cartilage in the embryonic chick limb bud.
Synthesis of a chelated core related to rubredoxin. Amino acids and peptides. XXXV.

Two protected pentapeptides corresponding to the amino acid sequences 6–10 and 38–42 of rubredoxin were synthesized and coupled to yield a decapeptide. This hybrid compound, as well as the corresponding deblocked derivative, formed soluble iron complexes, whose visual absorption colors were similar to the native protein.
Improvements to Griggs-type apparatus for mechanical testing at high pressures and temperatures

New and improved techniques and apparatus for testing the mechanical properties of materials at high pressures and temperatures are described. These include an improved Griggs-type deformation apparatus designed to operate to 5 GPa and associated servo-controlled hydraulic drive and electronics, the design of hydrostatic (molten alkali halide mixtures) pressure assemblies to measure flow stresses as low as a few MPa, the characterization of temperature gradients and friction in such assemblies, measurement of the melting curve of an alkali halide mixture used as a confining pressure medium, and the measurement of acoustic emissions.
A simple method to sequentially reveal Q-and C-bands on the same metaphase chromosomes.

The Q-C staining procedure, i.e., to treat QM stained preparations with a modified ASG method, conveniently provides Q− and C− (instead of the expected G−) bands on the same metaphase chromosomes. This procedure is especially useful for karyological study of heteroploid cells and interspecific cell hybrids in which extensive chromosomal rearrangements and complex karyotypic compositions are present. A few examples of karyological interest are reported. C-bands, which are either Q+ or Q−, can be divided into two to three subsegments in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. These subsegments are connected by a Q−/C−element. Interstitial C-bands could have originated mostly from a C-band without the kinetochore or with the“non-functional” kinetochore.“Double Minutes” are of two kinds, Q+/C+ and Q−/C+. Mechanism for the production of C-bands by the Q-C procedure is briefly discussed.
Congressional Elections in 1978: The Road to Nomination, the Road to Election

This article examines two aspects of the 1978 congressional elections. The major task undertaken involves an analysis of the type and amount of electoral competition in each of the 435 districts. H...
Cognitive function predicts 24-month weight loss success after bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Clinically significant cognitive impairment, particularly in attention/executive and memory function, is found in many patients undergoing bariatric surgery. These difficulties have previously been linked to decreased weight loss 12 months after surgery, but more protracted examination of this relationship has not yet been conducted. The present study prospectively examined the independent contribution of cognitive function to weight loss 24 months after bariatric surgery. Given the rapid rate of cognitive improvement observed after surgery, postoperative cognitive function (i.e., cognition 12 weeks after surgery, controlling for baseline cognition) was expected to predict lower body mass index (BMI) and higher percent total weight loss (%WL) at 24-month follow-up. Methods Data were collected by 3 sites of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) parent project. Fifty-seven individuals enrolled in the LABS project who were undergoing bariatric surgery completed cognitive evaluation at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 months. BMI and %WL were calculated for 24-month postoperative follow-up. Results Better cognitive function 12 weeks after surgery predicted higher %WL and lower BMI at 24 months, and specific domains of attention/executive and memory function were robustly related to decreased BMI and greater %WL at 24 months. Conclusions Results show that cognitive performance shortly after bariatric surgery predicts greater long-term %WL and lower BMI 24 months after bariatric surgery. Further work is needed to clarify the degree to which this relationship is mediated by adherence to postoperative guidelines.
Open Label Trial of Coenzyme Q10 as A Migraine Preventive

The objective was to assess the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as a preventive treatment for migraine headaches. Thirty-two patients (26 women, 6 men) with a history of episodic migraine with or without aura were treated with coenzyme Q10 at a dose of 150 mg per day. Thirty-one of 32 patients completed the study; 61.3% of patients had a greater than 50% reduction in number of days with migraine headache. The average number of days with migraine during the baseline period was 7.34 and this decreased to 2.95 after 3 months of therapy, which was a statistically significant response (P < 0.0001). Mean reduction in migraine frequency after 1 month of treatment was 13.1% and this increased to 55.3% by the end of 3 months. Mean migraine attack frequency was 4.85 during the baseline period and this decreased to 2.81 attacks by the end of the study period, which was a statistically significant response (P < 0.001). There were no side-effects noted with coenzyme Q10. From this open label investigation coenzyme Q10 appears to be a good migraine preventive. Placebo-controlled trials are now necessary to determine the true efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prevention.
Simple bone cyst of the mandible

Abstract Three cases of simple bone cyst occurring in young adults are presented. The lesions were mostly asymptomatic and healed rapidly following simple curettage. The cavities were mostly empty, without a lining membrane.
Local tissue oxygen tension-cytochrome a,a3 redox relationships in rat cerebral cortex in vivo.

Abstract Simultaneous measurements were made from rat cerebral cortex, in situ, of focal changes in both tissue oxygen tension (ptO2) and the reduction/oxidation ratio of cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome a,a3) in order to study relationships between oxygen supply and consumption in small regions of tissue. Local ptO2 was measured with polarographic microelectrodes and the redox state of cytochrome a,a3 with a dual wavelength reflectance spectrophotometer. Increased PtO2, produced by respiration of gas mixtures with elevated 02 and/or C02 content, was accompanied by increased oxidation of cytochrome a,a3. This confirms that cytochrome oxidase is not fully oxidized in focal brain tissue regions in vivo, as it is in mitochrondria isolated in vitro. Decreased ptO2 was accompanied by cytochrome a,a3 reduction. The oxidative changes of cytochrome a,a3 with increases in ptO2 were smaller than the reductive changes associated with decreases in ptO2. Curves relating cytochrome a,a3 redox state to ptO2 were qualitatively alike, regardless of the initial ptO2 value from which they were generated. Thus, the reduction level of cytochrome a,a3 varied with ptO2 on a continuum. This consistent relationship demonstrates that changes in mitochondrial redox state provide an index ofrelative changes in tissue oxygenation in intact neocortex. The results suggest also that local rates of cerebral oxidative metabolism may not always be constant with changes in local ptO2.
Interactive effects of water and nitrogen stresses on nitrogen utilization efficiency, leaf water status and yield of corn genotypes

Abstract Information on the combined effects of N and water stresses on corn (Zea mays L.) is of importance for selecting nitrogen efficient and drought tolerant genotypes. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effects of N and water stresses on N utilization efficiency (NUE), leaf water status and yield of diverse corn genotypes. Three genotypes which normally rank differently for NUE in the field, were grown to the 9‐leaf stage in the greenhouse with four N rates of 0, 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg and two water regimes (stressed for 8‐d, and unstressed). In the field experiment, four genotypes with different NUE history, were grown with N rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg/ha, and water regimes of irrigated and dryland. Maximum grain yield was obtained at different N rates for different genotypes and for different water regimes. The genotypes differed significantly in NUE as expected, but also for water use efficiency (WUE) in both experiments. Nitrogen x water regime interac...
SOIL ARSENIC EFFECTS ON CANOLA SEEDLING GROWTH AND ION UPTAKE

Elevated levels of arsenic (As) often found in soils used for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production may limit growth and yield of canola (Brassica napusL.). This study was conducted to i) determine how soil-applied As affected the shoot and root dry weights, root length density, As uptake and tissue concentration, and total water use of canola and ii) evaluate the influence of soil As on phosphorus (P) uptake by and tissue concentration of canola seedlings. An experiment was conducted in a controlled-climate chamber using three soils with histories of cotton production (Commerce silt loam, Rilla silt loam, and Sterlington silt loam) and three As application rates (0, 5, and 10 mg kg−1). Four 14-day-old canola seedlings were planted three in soils with histories of cotton production (Commerce silt loam, Rilla silt loam, and Sterlington silt loam) and three As application rates (0, 5, and 10 mg kg−1). Four 14-day-old canola seedlings were planted in 3-L pots containing 2.5 kg (oven-dry-weight basis) of ...
Utilization of the iPad to improve the informed consent process

Purpose The informed consent process is part of the legal and ethical duty of physicians to involve patients in choices about their health care. IR procedures are often poorly understood by patients and referring physicians alike. We postulated that utilization of multimedia could improve patient understanding. We elected to determine if presenting a short slide presentation on an iPad as part of the informed consent process would result in improved patient understanding and satisfaction. Materials and Methods Eight common IR procedures were identified (abscess drainage, tunneled central venous catheter placement, gastrostomy tube placement, port catheter placement, percutaneous lung biopsy, vena cava filter placement, nephrostomy tube insertion, and percutaneous biliary drainage). Informed consent was then obtained without the iPad in 100 consecutive patients undergoing these procedures. These patients completed a 2 item questionnaire asking them to indicate their understanding of the procedure and if they had their questions answered. Then, informed consent was obtained in 100 patients where a short iPad presentation was included. These patients completed a 3 item questionnaire asking them to indicate their understanding of the procedure and if they had their questions answered. The additional question asked the patient if the iPad improved their understanding of the procedure. Results Without the iPad, the average score was 9.6 (range 7-10). One of 100 patients felt that more information was needed. With the use of the iPad, the average score was 9.5 (7-10). One of 100 patients felt that more information was needed. 99 of 100 (98%) thought the iPad was useful for the consent process. Conclusion Using an iPad during the informed consent process resulted in no statistically significant difference in patient perceived understanding. However, use of the iPad was deemed helpful by almost all patients. In this study, patient understanding was self-assessed. Future studies can consider formal testing mechanisms to objectively measure patient understanding. Nonetheless, multimedia devices such as the iPad may be a reasonable complement to standard verbal and written practices in the informed consent process.
Influence of nonprotein nitrogen and protein of low rumen degradability on nitrogen flow and utilization in lactating dairy cows.

Abstract Four lactating cows, each fitted with a rumen cannula and duodenal and ileal t-cannulae, were used to measure flow and digestion of nitrogenous compounds in the digestive tract. Dietary dry matter contained 17% crude protein and 50:50 forage: concentrate. Treatments were: 1) corn silage-soybean meal; 2) corn silage-heated soybean meal; 3) ammonia-treated corn silage-soybean meal; and 4) ammonia-treated corn silage-heated soybean meal. Flow of organic matter to the duodenum was overestimated when lanthanum or chromium ethylene-diaminetetraacetate was used as an indigestible marker. This resulted in low estimates of ruminal digestion of organic matter and high estimates of nitrogen flow to the duodenum. However, calculations using lanthanum or lignin as markers yielded similar organic matter flow to ileum and feces. With acid-detergent lignin as a marker, estimates of dietary nitrogen degraded in the rumen were: corn silage-heated soybean meal, 55.0%; ammonia-treated corn silage-heated soybean meal, 58.8%; ammonia-treated corn silage-soybean meal, 63.3%; and corn silage-soybean meal, 66.0%. Digestion in the small intestine of nonammonia nitrogen was equal for all treatments suggesting that availability of heated soybean meal in the intestine was not different, although ruminal degradability tended to be lower. Feeding diets containing nonprotein nitrogen did not decrease available nitrogen at the duodenum.
Expression of α1D adrenergic receptor messenger RNA in oxytocin- and corticotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contains a number of intermingled populations of neuroendocrine cell groups involved in the hormonal stress response, including cells synthesizing corticotropin-releasing hormone and oxytocin. Ascending noradrenergic afferents to the paraventricular nucleus, acting through alpha1 adrenergic receptors, are thought to play a role in stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We have previously demonstrated that, of the three known alpha1 adrenergic receptor subtypes, messenger RNA for the alpha1D subtype is the most prominently expressed in the paraventricular nucleus. Thus, regulation of the expression of this receptor may be important in modulation of the stress response. It is currently unknown, however, which populations of stress-related neuroendocrine cells in the paraventricular nucleus express alpha1 receptors, or whether the excitatory influence of norepinephrine in stress is exerted directly on neurons expressing oxytocin or corticotropin-releasing hormone. Thus, in the present study, we used dual in situ hybridization, combining a digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe encoding the rat alpha1D adrenergic receptor with radiolabeled riboprobes for oxytocin or corticotropin-releasing hormone, to determine the degree to which these neurons in the paraventricular nucleus express alpha1D adrenergic receptors. In sections through the rostral and mid-level paraventricular nucleus, nearly all (>95%) oxytocin neurons also expressed alpha1D messenger RNA. In contrast, the populations of corticotropin-releasing hormone- and alpha1D-expressing cells overlapped only partially, with most alpha1D expression situated more laterally. A subset (37%) of the neurons expressing corticotropin-releasing hormone also expressed alpha1D messenger RNA, and these were found almost entirely within the region of overlap in the lateral aspect of the medial parvocellular region. These observations support a direct role for alpha1 receptors in regulation of oxytocin secretion. Expression of alpha1D messenger RNA in distinct subsets of cells synthesizing corticotropin-releasing hormone may also help to clarify contradictory and inconsistent observations in the literature regarding the role of norepinephrine in the stress response, and may account for a presumed stressor-specific role for norepinephrine in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Brief Communication: Shape analysis of the MT 1 proximal articular surface in fossil hominins and shod and unshod Homo

As a follow-up study to Proctor et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 135 (2008) 216-224), this study quantifies the first metatarsal proximal articular surface using three-dimensional morphometrics to test for differences in articular surface shape between habitually shod and habitually unshod humans. In addition, differences in shape between Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and Hylobates are compared to the fossil hominin specimens A. L. 333-54, Stw 562, Stw 573 ("Little Foot"), OH 8, SKX 5017, and SK 1813. No difference in surface shape was found between habitually shod and habitually unshod humans. There is a clear quantitative division in articular surface shape between humans and apes that is more pronounced than a previous study by Proctor et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 135 (2008) 216-224), due to additional landmarks present in this study. The specimen OH 8 is indistinguishable from modern Homo. The fossils A. L. 333-54, Stw 562, and Stw 573 are intermediate in shape between humans and apes. The specimens SKX 5017 and SK 1813 have a more apelike articular surface. When combined with other characteristics, this trait suggests that Paranthropus used a degree of abduction during locomotion that was much less than that in extant apes, but greater than that in Australopithecus, allowing for some small degree of grasping ability.
Pioneer magnetometer observations of the Venus bow shock

Venus has a bow shock in many respects similar to that of the Earth. The Venus bow shock was probed twice by Mariner 5, once by Mariner 10, Venera 4, and Venera 6 (refs 1–4 respectively) and repeatedly by Venera 9 and 10 (ref. 5). The Pioneer Venus orbiter is now circling Venus in a 24-h elliptical orbit which crosses the bow shock twice a day6. Here we report the somewhat surprising result that the Venus bow shock is not as strong as the terrestrial bow shock.
Reconstructing Automobility: The Making and Breaking of Modern Transportation

Automobility, the global system of human movement built around petroleumfueled cars, clearly has significant negative environmental consequences. Yet transforming this system presents a nearly overwhelming technological, cultural, and political challenge. The production of oil and cars is fundamental to modern capitalism and is a source of geopolitical power, while the consumption of these goods intimately structures the lives of billions of people worldwide. This article offers a conceptualization of the challenge presented by automobility. It argues that automobility operates according to a socially constructed logic linking gasoline, cars, and mobility to human flourishing. Using examples of industry decisions, public policy adjustments, and shifts in cultural meanings, this essay illustrates that automobility has never been inevitable, nor is its future assured. Rather, its logic has been constructed and is continually reconstructed through human agency.
High-model abundance may permit the gradual evolution of Batesian mimicry: an experimental test.

In Batesian mimicry, a harmless species (the ‘mimic’) resembles a dangerous species (the ‘model’) and is thus protected from predators. It is often assumed that the mimetic phenotype evolves from a cryptic phenotype, but it is unclear how a population can transition through intermediate phenotypes; such intermediates may receive neither the benefits of crypsis nor mimicry. Here, we ask if selection against intermediates weakens with increasing model abundance. We also ask if mimicry has evolved from cryptic phenotypes in a mimetic clade. We first present an ancestral character-state reconstruction showing that mimicry of a coral snake (Micrurus fulvius) by the scarlet kingsnake (Lampropeltis elapsoides) evolved from a cryptic phenotype. We then evaluate predation rates on intermediate phenotypes relative to cryptic and mimetic phenotypes under conditions of both high- and low-model abundances. Our results indicate that where coral snakes are rare, intermediate phenotypes are attacked more often than cryptic and mimetic phenotypes, indicating the presence of an adaptive valley. However, where coral snakes are abundant, intermediate phenotypes are not attacked more frequently, resulting in an adaptive landscape without a valley. Thus, high-model abundance may facilitate the evolution of Batesian mimicry.
Introduction to remote sensing

Remote sensing refers to the variety of techniques that have been developed for the acquisition and analysis of information about the earth. This ‘information’ is typically in the form of electromagnetic radiation that has either been reflected or emitted from the earth’s surface. Since no single instrument is capable of detecting all of this radiation, a number of different sensors have been developed, each of which acquires energy measurements in a discrete portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The distances from which these measurements are made vary greatly — from a few feet to thousands of miles. This capability has required the development of a wide range of sensor platforms. These platforms run the gamut from cherry pickers and tethered balloons to specially-designed high-altitude aircraft and earth-orbiting satellites (Fig. 1). Remote sensing acquisition techniques have become extremely complex.
A Simulation Study of a Crisis in Southern Africa

number of concerned lookers-on. Adding to the severity of the situation is the possibility of big-power involvement. With the outbreak of open hostilities in southern Africa, it is possible that the major powers would be seized by a crisis of brinkmanship. Even while failing to lead to war, such a crisis would threaten the modus vivendi which enables the big powers to regulate their conflicts and to forestall armed hostilities.
Retention of semantic, syntactic, and language information by young bilingual children *

Bilingual 5-year-olds (20) were read stories in English and Spanish. Using variants of the second sentence in each story, recognition memory was tested for semantic and syntactic information. The children were also asked to identify the language of the third sentence in each story. The data indicate that the children successfully coded and remembered sentences in terms of meaning but rapidly forgot details of syntactic form. Coding by language (Spanish or English) for the third sentence was forgotten if followed by material in the alternate language.
Treatment of non-albicans Candida vaginitis with amphotericin B vaginal suppositories.

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate whether amphotericin B vaginal suppositories would be effective in the treatment of non- albicans Candida vaginitis in women who failed conventional therapy. Study design Thirty-two patients were identified with non- albicans Candida vaginitis. These patients were treated with conventional antifungal agents. Ten patients had persistence of the non- albicans Candida infection after treatment. Amphotericin B 50-mg vaginal suppositories were given nightly for 14 days to this subgroup of treatment failures. Results Of 10 women, 8 (80%) who were treated with amphotericin B vaginally initially showed no further infection. One of the treatment successes had 2 recurrences and responded to a second course of amphotericin B but failed a third course. If this patient is considered a treatment failure, then amphotericin B vaginal suppositories were successful in 70% of patients. The medication was well tolerated and local side effects were minimal. Conclusion Amphotericin B vaginal suppositories are a viable treatment option for refractory vaginitis caused by non- albicans Candida .