cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiaxial fatigue life evaluation of tubular adhesively bonded joints

Abstract The only viable method for joining plastic tubes and composite shafts is by bonding them adhesively. These structures are often subjected to complex cyclic loadings. Failure of these tubular joints not only depends on the applied loads, but also depends on the tube geometry, material properties of adhesive and tubes, and defects in the joint. The shear stress distribution in the tubular joints is obtained for joints under axial and torsional loadings using the shear lag model. Under axial loading the adhesive is assumed to carry only shear stress and adherend to carry only axial load. However, the model considers the variation of the shear stress across the adhesive thickness. The effect of a void on the maximum shear stress is obtained. A nondimensional θa parameter is defined and it is shown that the shear stress distribution not only depends on the value of θa but it also depends on cross sectional geometry of the tubes. For tubes with equal cross sectional area, the shear stress distribution along the bonded area is almost symmetric. For tubular joints with θa equal or greater than 6.7, a centrally symmetrical annular void with a size of at least 50% of the overlap length has little effect on the maximum shear stress and thus the failure load. The shear stress under torsional loading is obtained by assuming the adhesive to shear in the circumferential direction only and neglecting its other deformations. The tubes are assumed to shear in the axial direction. The analysis considers the variation of the shear stress across the adhesive thickness. As in the case of axial loading, a new nondimensional parameter, θt for tubes under torsion is defined. The results show that the shear stress in the bonded area not only depends on the 0, value, but also depends on the polar moment of inertia, J1 and J2, of the tubes. The effect of annular voids on the shear stress distribution is evaluated for different void sizes and θt values. The failure locus of adhesively bonded tubular specimens under axial, torsional and combined axial and torsional loadings is obtained. Based on these results a damage model for the tubular joints under combined axial and torsional cyclic loading is proposed. It is shown that this model can predict the fatigue life of the tubular joints reasonably well.
Pieces on our craft: using the Bush doctrine as a teaching tool

We face many tasks as teachers of international studies. As with all teaching, this includes getting students to think critically and be able to analyze change. In addition, we must help our students develop the skills necessary to be a member of the citizenry (both nationally and globally). The promulgation last fall of President Bush’s “National Security Strategy of the United States,” or Bush Doctrine, provides an opportunity to pursue such challenges. It represents the most fundamental restatement of U.S. national security policy since NSC-68 and a significant change in direction and tone (although how much of a shift is currently up for debate). It is also a key public document that citizens need to understand to make important decisions in their public lives as citizens. In this essay, I will reflect on my experience using the Bush Doctrine in my teaching activities in the weeks after it appeared. I used it in three different contexts, all with somewhat different goals. The first was in …
Counterfactual Thinking in the Jury Room

There may be no more intense group task experience than serving as a decision-making juror on a death penalty case, where a group of strangers is asked to decide whether another person should live or die. Using the deliberation transcripts from the ABC News documentary In the Jury Room, the double homicide trial of State of Ohio v. Mark Ducic was examined to learn more about communication during a jury’s decision-making process. Counterfactual thinking involves the creation of fictional narratives (concerning past events or anticipated future events) about how an outcome might have been (or might still be) different. Decisional regret theory was used to assess if high salience of the evidence and verdict would produce counterfactual thinking for individual jurors and subsequent shared counterfactual talk during deliberations, as well as anticipatory regret for the decisional choices. Results found exemplars of shared counterfactual talk in both the guilt—innocence phase of deliberations and the sentencing...
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion for an arbitrary monochromatic pump beam

Signal-idler photon-pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion are considered for the case of an arbitrary monochromatic pump beam. It is shown that the quantum correlations between the signal and idler photons allow them to be mirror images of each other. A simple and very intuitive imaging formula is derived to describe this effect. In contrast to a conventional mirror, the down-conversion crystal acts as a volume reflector whose characteristics can be controlled by the spatial profile of the pump beam. For a very narrow pump beam the signal-idler photon-pairs suffer an effective aperture effect that reduces their momentum correlations in a prescribed manner.
A case study for petascale applications in astrophysics: simulating gamma-ray bursts

Petascale computing will allow astrophysicists to investigate astrophysical objects, systems, and events that cannot be studied by current observational means and that were previously excluded from computational study by sheer lack of CPU power and appropriate codes. Here we present a pragmatic case study, focussing on the simulation of gamma-ray bursts as a science driver for petascale computing. We estimate the computational requirements for such simulations and delineate in what way petascale and peta-grid computing can be utilized in this context.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Induces Twig Volatiles of Eastern Hemlock in a Forest Setting

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive species causing high mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L) Carriere) in the forests of eastern North America. Recent findings revealed that sapling eastern hemlocks artificially infested with hemlock woolly adelgid in a plantation setting responded to the insect with an array of induced resin volatile changes. Here we determine if eastern hemlocks growing beneath a forest canopy respond to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation with the same patterns of constitutive and inducible volatile resin production as those plantation specimens. We inoculated previously uninfested branches of mature and immature hemlocks in a central New England forest with hemlock woolly adelgid. We then sampled twig tissue of infested and uninfested trees in late spring, early summer, and mid-autumn, after known intervals of adelgid activity when an induced response might be expected. We identified and quantified resin volatiles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Constitutive levels of total monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and combined resin volatiles were all several-fold more abundant in forest trees than those previously measured in a plantation setting, pointing to further study of the influence of site factors on hemlock volatile production. Hemlock woolly adelgid infestation induced an array of changes in eastern hemlock's volatile profile, including many-fold increases in benzyl alcohol and methyl salicylate accumulation. Despite differences in constitutive concentrations of volatiles between the two sites, our findings verify that hemlock woolly adelgid elicits patterns of resin volatile induction in forest-grown eastern hemlocks quite similar to those previously observed in plantation grown trees.
Inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields in osteoblast-like models is dependent on cell differentiation

Electromagnetic fields have been used to augment the healing of fractures because of its ability to increase new bone formation. The mechanism of how electromagnetic fields can promote new bone formation is unknown, although the interaction of electromagnetic fields with components of the plasma membrane of cells has been hypothesized to occur in bone cells. Gap junctions occur among bone forming cells, the osteoblasts, and have been hypothesized to play a role in new bone formation. Thus it was investigated whether extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields alter gap junction intercellular communication in the pre-osteoblastic model, MC3T3-E1, and the well-differentiated osteoblastic model, ROS 17/2.8. ELF magnetic field exposure systems were designed to be used for an inverted microscope stage and for a tissue culture incubator. Using these systems, it was found that magnetic fields over a frequency range from 30 to 120 Hz and field intensities up to 12.5 G dose dependently decreased gap junction intercellular communication in MC3T3-E1 cells during their proliferative phase of development. The total amount of connexin 43 protein and the distribution of connexin 43 gap junction protein between cytoplasmic and plasma membrane pools were unaltered by treatment with ELF magnetic fields. Cytosolic calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) which can inhibit gap junction communication, was not altered by magnetic field exposure. Identical exposure conditions did not affect gap junction communication in the ROS 17/2.8 cell line and when MC3T3-E1 cells were more differentiated. Thus ELF magnetic fields may affect only less differentiated or pre-osteoblasts and not fully differentiated osteoblasts. Consequently, electromagnetic fields may aid in the repair of bone by effects exerted only on osteoprogenitor or pre-osteoblasts.
Experiences with anaerobic digestion of wheat starch processing waste

Abstract An anaerobic digester for the treatment of soluble wheat starch has been running for over 10 years. The experiences gained during this period are reported. The initial design encountered problems associated with holding o optimum biomass concentrations. A series of experiments were carried out using additions of buffer and various solids separation processes. An ultra-filtration plant was installed in 1980. Further difficulties were encountered as the load increased and resulted in an excess of volatile acids. A new digester was installed in 1982 making four digesters in all. The ultrafiltration plant is c connected to each digester in turn for 24 h and the plant ran well, with stable conditions for the next 4 years. Further increase in load from the factory during 1985 necessitated a fifth digester and experiments were carried out on a two-stage system to see if it was possible to update the existing system without reconstruction. These promising results are discussed. It is concluded that anaerobic digestion has been successful, saving over £100k p.a. whilst producing £30k p.a. worth of useable energy.
Circadian sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide depends on the functional status of the CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation complex

The circadian clock controls many aspects of mammalian physiology, including responses to cancer therapy. We find that wild-type and circadian mutant mice demonstrate striking differences in their response to the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CY). While the sensitivity of wild-type mice varies greatly, depending on the time of drug administration, Clock mutant and Bmal1 knockout mice are highly sensitive to treatment at all times tested. On the contrary, mice with loss-of-function mutations in Cryptochrome (Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double knockouts) were more resistant to CY compared with their wild-type littermates. Thus, both time-of-day and allelic-dependent variations in response to chemotherapy correlate with the functional status of the circadian CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation complex. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma concentration of different CY metabolites shows that, in contrast to the traditional view, circadian variations in drug sensitivity cannot be attributed to the changes in the rates of CY metabolic activation and/or detoxification. At the same time, mice of different circadian genotypes demonstrate significant differences in B cell responses to toxic CY metabolites: B cell survival/recovery rate was directly correlated with the in vivo drug sensitivity. Based on these results, we propose that the CLOCK/BMAL1 transcriptional complex affects the lethality of chemotherapeutic agents by modulating the survival of the target cells necessary for the viability of the organism.
Transport properties of n-type ultrananocrystalline diamond films

We investigate transport properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films for a broad range of temperatures. Addition of nitrogen during plasma-assisted growth increases the conductivity of ultrananocrystalline diamond films by several orders of magnitude. We show that films produced at low concentration of nitrogen in the plasma are very resistive and electron transport occurs via a variable range hopping mechanism while in films produced at high nitrogen concentration the electron states become delocalized and the transport properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films can be described using the Boltzmann formalism. We discuss the critical concentration of carriers at which the metal to insulator transition in ultrananocrystalline diamond films occurs and compare our results with available experimental data.
Pilgrims, Fieldworkers, and Secret Agents: Buryat Buddhologists and the History of an Eurasian Imaginary

This article looks at the pre-Revolutionary history of Buryats' engagement with greater Eurasia, drawing on the legacies of the long underappreciated Russian Buddhological school and exploring the intellectual and political context of its emergence in the late nineteenth century. Exploring the role of Russian Orientalists and political figures such as the Orientalists V.P. Vasil'ev and Prince E.E. Ukhtomskii, and taking a close look at the fieldwork of the first Russian-trained indigenous Buryat Buddhologists G.Ts. Tsybikov and B.B. Baradiin, I demonstrate that this ultimately Eurasianist school of Buddhology was borne out of conflicting sentiments towards Russia's cosmopolitanism, statehood, and imperial destiny in Asia, as well as representations of indigenous peoples of southern Siberia. As a conclusion, I map the emergent forms of what I call 'Asian Eurasianism', linking it to contemporary cultural debates in Buryatia. I suggest that the term offers us a better way to understand the many ways by which many non-Russians position themselves in relation to the vast Eurasian continent.
Developmental aspects of sucrose-induced obesity in rats

Abstract Daily caloric intakes and body weights were measured from weaning to 70 days of age in male Sprague-Dawley rats given access to either a standard laboratory diet and water, or the standard diet, a 32% sucrose solution and water. Lee index of obesity ( 3 body weight / naso-anal length) and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at 46, 57, and 70 days of age. Animals were sacrificed at 70 days, and body composition analyses were performed. Animals given access to the sucrose solution consumed significantly more calories per day than animals given only the standard diet. Sucrose animals took approximately 50 to 60% of their daily caloric intake from the sugar solution. Despite the greater caloric intakes of the sucrose animals, sucrose and control animals did not differ in body weight. While there were no differences in body weights between the two groups, the Lee Index of obesity was significantly greater in the sucrose animals than in controls as early as 46 days of age. Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in sucrose animals than in controls at both 46 and 57 days of age. Direct determinations of body compositions when animals were 70 days of age revealed that animals with access to sucrose had significantly greater percentages of body fat and lower percentages of body protein than controls.
The effects of testosterone treatment in Klinefelter's syndrome

The effects of 7 months of testosterone therapy in 5 male patients with Klinefelter's syndrome are presented. Physical features, bone age, adrenal function, and behavioral characteristics were evaluated for a period of one year. The values of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-ketosteroids, and pregnanetriol were normal throughout the study; however, significant reduction of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to ACTH was observed at the end of the treatment period. Bone age advanced in all the subjects. Gynecomastia decreased with therapy and recurred after cessation of it. Coincidental with the maturation of secondary sex characteristics and acquisition of a masculine physique, behavior was observed to become more assertive and goal directed. Testosterone therapy may be more appropriate during adolescence than in the preor postadolescent periods.
CD9 up-regulation on CD34+ cells with ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate does not improve homing in NSG mice

To the editor: Leung et al demonstrated the potential importance of the tetraspanin CD9[1][1] in regulating migration, adhesion, and homing of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.[2][2] Using a neutralizing antibody to CD9 they inhibited marrow and splenic
The differential validity of teacher ratings of inattention/overactivity and aggression.

The ability of school-based measures of child behavior to predict differentially the IOWA Conners teacher rating scale Inattention/Overactivity (IO) and Aggression (A) factors was evaluated in a sample of 71 school-aged boys. Multiple measures and multiple methods of assessment were utilized to provide a comprehensive assessment of social and academic behavior. These included direct observations of children in the classroom and on the playground, examination of the organization of children's desks, measures of academic performance, peer nominations of popularity and rejection, and sociometric ratings using the Pupil Evaluation Inventory. Despite moderately high correlations between the teacher rating factors (r = .60), considerable evidence was provided for differential validity on measures of academic performance, peer rating measures, and measures of disruptive or inappropriate classroom and playground behavior. These differences between IO and A factors indicated that the factors were logically independent in important ways, supporting prior work validating separate hyperactivity and aggression dimensions.
Extracellular Domain Mutations in EGFR Occur Uniquely in Glioblastoma and Favor Ligand-independent Formation of the Active State

Previous work has shown that these mutations promote tumor growth and ligand-independent EGFR signaling.2 To explore how extracellular missense mutations cause these phenotypes, structural and experimental models of four common extracellular point mutations, A289V, R108K, T263P, and G598V, were generated. Comparison with the wild-type protein suggests that these point mutations promote formation of an elongated, dimerization-ready conformation of the extracellular domain of EGFR in the absence of ligand. Conclusions
Induction of human T-cell tolerance to porcine xenoantigens through mixed hematopoietic chimerism

Xenotransplantation from pigs could provide a potential solution to the severe shortage of allogeneic donor organs. Because xenogeneic tissues are subject to vigorous immune rejection, tolerance induction is likely to be essential to the success of clinical xenotransplantation. Here we explore the possibility of inducing human T-cell tolerance to porcine xenografts through mixed chimerism. We previously showed that NOD/SCID-Tg mice expressing porcine cytokine transgenes permit the induction of durable porcine hematopoietic chimerism. In this study we achieved human T-cell development in these mice by engrafting human fetal thymus/liver tissues. In porcine hematopoietic chimeras, human thymus grafts were populated with porcine class II(high) cells in addition to human cells, and human T cells were tolerant of the porcine hematopoietic donor as measured by mixed lymphocyte reaction assay and skin grafting. This study proves the principle that porcine chimerism induces tolerance of xenoreactive human T cells.
Effect of prostaglandin El, E2 or indomethacin on serum parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the rat

Abstract Infusion of 100 or 200 ng/min of Prostaglandin El (PGEl) or of 100 ng/min of PGE2 increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the rat. These infusions, however, had no significant effect on serum calcitonin (CT). Administration of 10 mg/kg of indomethacin for 3 days had no significant effect on basal serum PTH, CT or Calcium (Ca). EDTA infusion increased serum PTH to a similar degree in the vehicle- or indomethacin-treated rats. Therefore, endogenous prostaglandins do not appear to play a role in the secretion of PTH or CT.
Synergistic effects of amyloid-beta and wild-type human tau on dendritic spine loss in a floxed double transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease

Synapse number is the best indicator of cognitive impairment In Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the respective contributions of Aβ and tau, particularly human wild-type tau, to synapse loss remain undefined. Here, we sought to elucidate the Aβ-dependent changes in wild-type human tau that trigger synapse loss and cognitive decline in AD by generating two novel transgenic mouse models. The first overexpresses floxed human APP with Swedish and London mutations under the thy1 promoter, and recapitulates important features of early AD, including accumulation of soluble Aβ and oligomers, but no plaque formation. Transgene excision via Cre-recombinase reverses cognitive decline, even at 18-months of age. Secondly, we generated a human wild-type tau-overexpressing mouse. Crossing of the two animals accelerates cognitive impairment, causes enhanced accumulation and aggregation of tau, and results in reduction of dendritic spines compared to single transgenic hTau or hAPP mice. These results suggest that Aβ-dependent acceleration of wild-type human tau pathology is a critical component of the lasting changes to dendritic spines and cognitive impairment found in AD.
Characterization of mouse nuclear and mitochondrial mutants with increased resistance to cytochrome b inhibitors.

A series of mouse lines with increased resistance to respiratory inhibitors which block electron transport through the protonmotive cytochrome bof complex III have been isolated in this laboratory. We describe here the isolation of a mutant with increased resistance to HQNO (2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide) whose phenotype is due to a nuclear mutation. At the cellular level, there is a severe reduction in respiration with the residual oxygen consumption being resistant to inhibitors of both ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome oxidase. At the mitochondrial level, there was a severe derangement in NADH oxidase activity. Electron transport through the succinate oxidase span of the respiratory chain and its coupling to oxidative phosphorylation are also reduced in this nuclear mutant but not to the same extent. It is concluded that the primary defect in the mutant lies within a nuclear gene encoding a component of complex I (NADH-ubiquinol oxidoreductase). In addition, further biochemical characterization of the mitochondrially inherited inhibitor-resistant mutants has demonstrated that they also show significant reductions in the efficiency of energy transduction and in the rate of cytochrome belectron transport.
Juvenal Iii 29-40 and 152-9

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that two passages in Juvenal's Third Satire, verses 29-40 and 152-9, are integrally related and derive much of their meaning from each other. Both loci make reference to Roman spectacles and have as their common theme the injustice of the acquiring of great wealth and high social position by men of base origin who have, directly or indirectly, made their mark through reprehensible activities. In addition, there exist interdependent nuances of meaning that become apparent only when one knows that the figures of the praeco and of the iuvenis, as they appear in these passages, have double interpietations.
Psychotherapy as a rhetoric for secular grace

The rhetoric of psychotherapy is largely overlooked by scholars. The author explores the relationship between psychotherapy, religion, and rhetoric. Rhetoric is defined, pertinent literature is reviewed, and psychotherapy is viewed as a response to a rhetorical situation by using three rhetorical strategies.
The mean curvature cohomology class for foliations and the infinitesimal geometry of the leaves

Abstract For a transversely oriented foliation on an oriented Riemannian manifold, an evaluation of the exterior derivative of the mean curvature one-form on basic transverse fields is recalled (2). This formula has rich geometric properties which reside in the (basic) cohomology class of the mean curvature one-form provided it is closed. These properties are explored. In the case the foliation is bundle-like, additional pleasant geometric properties obtain.
A specific, photolabile and irreversible antagonist (L662,025) of the PAF-receptor.

Abstract PAF (0.2 μM) induced maximal platelet aggregation in human PRP and [ 3 H]-PAF (1 – 5 nM) binding to platelet membrane preparations had Kd value of 3.8 nM and B max of 200 fmoles/mg of protein. Without UV irradiation, a synthetic azido tetrahydrofuran derivative L662,025 was a reversible and competitive PAF-receptor antagonist with IC 50 values of 5.6 ± 0.3 μM (platelet aggregation) and 1.0 ± 0.25 μM (receptor binding). Photolysis of L662,025 in the presence of PRP produced an irreversible inhibition of platelet aggregation and specific binding of [ 3 H]-PAF (1 nM). L662,025 did not affect collagen- or ADP-induced human platelet aggregation before or after photolysis. It is a new probe that can be used to identify and characterize the PAF-receptor.
Individual and combined effects of Trichosirocalus horridus and Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on musk thistle

Field experiments were conducted in Northeast Kansas under conditions of limited plant competition to evaluate the individual and combined impact of the imported weevils Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich and Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) on the introduced weed, musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.). No effects on seed production occurred when low larval densities of T. horridus (<20 per plant) fed in rosettes, with or without the later-arriving, head-feeding weevil, R. conicus, present. In contrast, under high T. horridus larval densities (66 per plant), production of flower heads was reduced compared to uninfested plants. This indirect effect resulted in a 30% loss in viable seed per plant (with R. conicus present). Plant survival was not affected by T. horridus within the range of larval densities tested. R. conicus, when present alone, reduced viable seed by approximately 45%, whereas high densities of both weevils reduced viable seed by 59%. Thus, under conditions of low plant competition, neither weevil substantially limited seed production by musk thistle. This suggests the need for a multi-faceted management program for musk thistle involving additional forms of stress, such as interspecific plant competition.
Relativistic radiationless transitions in atoms

The perturbing interaction appropriate for the Dirac-Fock formalism is used to formulate relativistic radiationless transitions. The transition rate between two jj-coupled many-electron configurations is expressed as a linear combination of radial integrals, suitable for numerical computation. The correlation and relaxation effects and the generalisation of the present work are discussed briefly.
A simple and sensitive erythroblast scoring system to identify fetal cells in maternal blood.

Objectives Nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) of fetal origin appear to have distinguishable characteristics from that of maternal NRBCs in both nuclear morphology and properties of hemoglobin staining. However, these differences have yet to be quantified. Our aim was to develop an erythroblast scoring system using four distinct phenotypic parameters (nuclear roundness, nuclear morphology, gamma hemoglobin staining intensity, and peripheral brightness of the stained cytoplasm) to address this issue. Methods NRBCs were isolated from four maternal blood samples by density gradient separation, CD15/45 depletion, and gamma hemoglobin positive selection after elective termination of a trisomy 21 male fetus (47,XY,+21). All cells were deposited onto microscope slides and every NRBC was analyzed according to the scoring system. Each of the four individual parameters was given a value from 0 to 3 points and a combined score was obtained for each cell (range 0–12). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using X- and Y-specific probes was performed to determine, on the basis of interphase karyotype, whether the cell was maternal or fetal. Results The majority of maternal NRBCs were found to have a combined score of 6 or less (103/117) and the majority of fetal NRBCs were found to have a score of 7 or greater (43/53). The proportion of cells that were identified correctly as fetal increased with each ascending category of combined score. For example, 5.7% of NRBCs with a combined score of 5 points or less were found to be fetal, whereas 19.2% of NRBCs with a combined score of 6 points were fetal. At combined scores of 11 and 12 points, 100% of NRBCs were found to be fetal. Conclusion Fetal NRBCs have characteristic morphology and a gamma hemoglobin staining appearance that makes them distinguishable from maternal NRBCs. The scoring system presented here is a simple and sensitive method to distinguish fetal NRBCs from adult cells in maternal blood. This system may have clinical utility for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis as well as applications for basic research into the developmental biology of NRBCs. In addition, these defined parameters may serve as computational classifiers for the automated detection of fetal cells in maternal blood. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrically independent subcircuits for a seven-junction spectrum splitting photovoltaic module

An electrical system that facilitates independent electrical connection of subcells with different bandgaps is required in order to optimally extract two-terminal power generated by spectrum-splitting photovoltaics. We have designed such a system for a seven subcell spectrum-splitting module using commercially available electrical components. Modified detailed balance modeling of the subcells coupled with HSPICE circuit simulation results in 87.5% power-weighted average subcell-to-grid electrical efficiency. Additional analysis indicates electrical efficiencies in excess of 95% are possible with custom power conditioning components and appropriately designed contacts.
Making Sense of Sexual Harassment Law

L'A. cherche le sens philosophique de la loi americaine a l'encontre du harcelement sexuel. L'A. examine les diverses theories qui sont a l'origine de cette loi, theories qui sommeillaient en Amerique du Nord depuis deux decades. Il s'appuie sur les differents codes civils edites depuis 1964. Il retrace la reflexion de la societe a ce sujet dans son evolution chronologique. L'A. constate les consequences d'une telle loi sur le statut de la femme dans la societe moderne comparativement a celui des hommes
By Jove!! Why Do Alternative Mating Tactics Assume So Many Different Forms?

Tremendous diversity exists in the form of alternative mating tactics (AMTs) employed by males of many species. We develop a general framework in which to view alternatives that vary in (i) their frequency in the population, (ii) their fitness value with respect to the primary tactics, (iii) the extent to which the alternative tactic is site-fixed and (iv) the intrinsic ability of males to change tactics. The frequency and fitness value of alternatives should be influenced by Resource Holding Potential (RHP), which generally varies with age, size, and perhaps energy reserves. AMTs should be unequal in fitness value when RHP increases at an accelerating rate with age. “Subordinate AMTs” can result when various factors favor males attempting to reproduce before reaching the age with maximum RHP. An asymptotic relationship between age and RHP should result in most males in a population having essentially equal RHP. Several ways exist for males to partition the set of mating opportunities between two or more “equal AMTs.” Transient tactics may occur if (i) resources for females and territorial males differ and do not covary positively in their distribution, or (ii) local areas are so attractive to females that males effectively cannot defend them. We suggest Levins' (1968) “fitness set” analysis as a useful model predicting whether a male should specialize on a single tactic, or partition its effort between the two tactics.
Cognitive Ability-Demand Gap Analysis With Latent Response Models

A better understanding of human cognitive ability-demand gap (ADG) is critical in designing assistive technology solution that is accurate and adaptive over a wide range of human-agent interaction. The main goal is to design systems that can adapt with the user's abilities and needs over a range of cognitive tasks. It will also enable the system to provide feedback consistent with the situation. However, the latent structure and relationship between human ability to respond to cognitive task (demand on human by the agent) remains unknown. Robust modeling of cognitive ADG will be a paradigm shift from the current trends in assistive technology design. The key idea is to estimate the gap, based on human-agent cognitive task interaction. In particular, latent response model was adopted to quantify the gap. First, we used one parameter Rasch model and extended Rasch model (rating scale model, partial credit model) with dichotomous and polytomous responses, respectively. Residues between expected and observed ability scores were considered as gap parameter in case of dichotomous response. In extended Rasch modeling, response latitudes are considered as an indicator of the gap. Additionally, we performed model fitting, standard error measurement, kernel density estimation, and differential item functioning to test the suitability of Rasch model. Empirical analyses on a number of data set show that proposed analytical method can model the cognitive ADG from dichotomous and polytomous responses. In dichotomous case, the model better fits for mixed responses (combination of easy, medium, and hard) data set rather than monotonic (e.g., only easy) data. Results show that Rasch model can be reliably used to estimate cognitive gap with different cognitive task types.
Case-control study of lung cancer risk from residential radon exposure in Worcester county, Massachusetts.

Abstract—A study of lung cancer risk from residential radon exposure and its radioactive progeny was performed with 200 cases (58% male, 42% female) and 397 controls matched on age and sex, all from the same health maintenance organization. Emphasis was placed on accurate and extensive year-long dos
LAPAROSCOPIC SKILLS TRAINING USING A WEBCAM TRAINER

ABSTRACTPurpose: Many sophisticated and expensive trainers have been developed to assist surgeons in learning basic laparoscopic skills. We developed an inexpensive trainer and evaluated its effectiveness.Materials and Methods: The webcam laparoscopic training device is composed of a webcam, cardboard box, desk lamp and home computer. This homemade trainer was evaluated against 2 commercially available systems, namely the video Pelvitrainer (Karl Storz Endoscopy, Culver City, California) and the dual mirror Simuview (Simulab Corp., Seattle, Washington). The Pelvitrainer consists of a fiberglass box, single lens optic laparoscope, fiberoptic light source, endoscopic camera and video monitor, while the Simuview trainer uses 2 offset, facing mirrors and an uncovered plastic box. A total of 42 participants without prior laparoscopic training were enrolled in the study and asked to execute 2 tasks, that is peg transfer and pattern cutting. Participants were randomly assigned to 6 groups with each group represe...
When opposites don’t attract

The concept of sexual segregation has gained prominence in recent years, particularly in the literature on social ungulates [1–5]. It derives from the common observation that adult males and females tend to aggregate assortatively or, more formally, tend to be found in same-sex groups more often than is predicted by chance. Over the past decade, Kathreen Ruckstuhl and Peter Neuhaus have been instrumental in documenting this pattern and establishing a formal, conceptual framework for assessing its prevalence and functional significance [4,5].
Anti-Tumor Effects of GBS Toxin are Caused by Induction of a Targeted Inflammatory Reaction

Group B Streptococcus is a major pathogen in hospital nurseries in the United States affecting 10,000 neonates each year with the mortality rate of approximately 15%. GBS pneumonia, often called early onset disease, presents with signs of sepsis, granulocytopenia, and respiratory distress and is characterized by pulmonary hypertension and increased vascular permeability and proteinaceous pulmonary edema. After treatment with antibiotic, the neonate is cured of the infection but the symptoms of early onset disease persist which suggests the involvement of an extracellular toxin similar to gram-negative endotoxin shock. These observations led us to analyze both bacteria and media components which could be responsible for the induction of respiratory distress in the neonate.
Cell Communication, Calcium Ion, and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

The hypothesis advanced in this article requires further validation. Undoubtedly it will require modification as our knowledge of biochemical control increases. Nevertheless, it should prove useful in focusing attention on the apparent similarity in the response of a large number of specific cell types to particular stimuli. Emphasis has been placed on a few common and apparently key elements in these responses. It is recognized that other factors are undoubtedly involved. Specifically, the changes in membrane potentials indicate the likelihood of widespread changes in the properties of the cell membrane, for example, changes in Na(+) and K(+) transport and distribution. These aspects of cellular responses may eventually prove to be of equal or greater importance than those common aspects of the system already identified.
Punishment in Organizations: A Review, Propositions, and Research Suggestions

The topic of punishment has received essentially no attention from organizational researchers. Our purpose in this paper is to review issues and questions concerning punishment, to review existing research to delimit variables that influence the effectiveness of punishment, and to discuss research issues associated with the study of punishment in organizational contexts.
Active Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Sensors Using Laguerre Expansion and Signal Separation

This paper presents an active noise cancellation technique that utilizes an accelerometry measurement to recover corrupted wearable health monitoring signals. The technique presented here requires no calibration for each patient and is computationally efficient. Also, a method of determining when the desired signal is correlated with the motion reference is presented with a means of partial signal recovery. The Laguerre basis function provides robustness against calibration as well as improvement in computational efficiency, and symmetric decorrelation accommodates the management of correlated signals. Experimentation shows that the system can produce up to an 85% reduction in wearable sensor error for accelerations up to 2G
Evaluation of Garden State Parkway alternate bus routing operational field test

This paper describes the testing and evaluation efforts of an operational filed test, namely the Garden Stare Alternate Bus Routing System. Individual tests, the data collection and analysis work to perform these tests, and the test results are also described. Finally, conclusions based on the test results are drawn.
Use of surface passivation ledges and local negative feedback to reduce amplitude modulation noise in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

It is shown that the use of surface passivation ledges and local negative feedback with an unbypassed emitter resistance reduce the AM noise of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's). The simultaneous use of both techniques improves the AM noise by 9 dB at 100 Hz offset. The correspondence between reductions in baseband noise and AM noise are described. >
The Consequences of Race for Police Officers' Responses to Criminal Suspects

The current work examined police officers' decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS: A Model System for Plant Biology

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has had an illustrious history for more than 100 years, dating to Beijerinck's description of the mosaic disease of tobacco as a contagium vivum fluidum and the modern usage of the word "virus." Since then, TMV has been acknowledged as a preferred didactic model and a symbolic model to illuminate the essential features that define a virus. TMV additionally emerged as a prototypic model to investigate the biology of host plants, namely tobacco. TMV also exemplifies how a model system furthers novel, and often unexpected, developments in biology and virology. Today, TMV is used as a tool to study host-pathogen interactions and cellular trafficking, and as a technology to express valuable pharmaceutical proteins in tobacco. The history of TMV illustrates how pragmatic strategies to control an economically important disease of tobacco have had unexpected and transforming effects across platforms that impinge on plant health and public health.
Epidemiologic risk factors for periodontal attachment loss among adults in the United States.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify variables related to periodontal loss of attachment (LOA). Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of a nationally representative sample of 12,325 US adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. The analyses used survey multinomial logistic regression to account for the complex survey design. Results: The adjusted odds ratio for a mean LOA of 3 mm or more associated with current smoking was 18.55 (95% CI 9.44–36.45) among 20–49-year olds. Among those aged 50 years or more, the odds ratio for a mean LOA of 4 mm or more was 25.64 (13.04–50.40). Prior smoking, untreated decayed surfaces (on both person and site levels), and male gender were also associated with LOA. There was no excess risk observed among non-Hispanic blacks or Mexican-Americans. The adjusted population attributable fractions due to current smoking were 60% for persons aged 20–49 with the worst 10% of LOA (1.58 mm or more), and 47% for those aged 50 plus (LOA of 3.39 mm or more). Conclusion: These results support earlier findings regarding the central role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of periodontal loss of attachment, a role due in large part to the substantial relationship between smoking and severe periodontal disease.
The homology of MSpin

The mod two homology of MSpin, the Spin-cobordism Thom spectrum, has a rich algebraic structure. We will describe it explicitly as a comodule algebra, and give some applications to the ring structure of the Spin-cobordism ring.
Obesogens, stem cells and the developmental programming of obesity

development, endocrine disrupters, environmental factors, epigenetics, fish < animal models, hormone receptors, mouse < animal models, obesity, phthalates, sex hormones Summary Obesogens are chemicals that directly or indirectly lead to increased fat accu- mulation and obesity. Obesogens have the potential to disrupt multiple meta- bolic signalling pathways in the developing organism that can result in permanent changes in adult physiology. Prenatal or perinatal exposure to obes- ogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals has been shown to predispose an organ- ism to store more fat from the beginning of its life. For example, excess oestrogen or cortisol exposure in the womb or during early life resulted in an increased susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life. This review focuses on the effects of environmental chemicals, such as the model obesogen, tributyltin (TBT), on the development of obesity. We discuss evi- dence linking the obesogenic effects of TBT with its ability to activate the per- oxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and stimulate adipogenesis. We also discuss how TBT and other environmental obesogens may lead to epigenetic changes that predispose exposed individuals to subsequent weight gain and obesity. This suggests that humans, who have been exposed to obesogenic chemicals during sensitive windows of development, might be pre-programmed to store increased amounts of fat, resulting in a lifelong struggle to maintain a healthy weight and exacerbating the deleterious effects of poor diet and inadequate exercise.
Stability and natural frequencies of a weakened Timoshenko beam-column with generalized end conditions under constant axial load

Abstract The stability and free vibration analyses of a Timoshenko beam-column with generalized end conditions (i.e., with semi-rigid flexural connections and lateral bracings at both ends) subjected to constant axial load (tension or compression), and weakened by a cracked section along its span are presented. The magnitude and location of the weakened section are both arbitrary and independent of each other. The magnitude of the crack is modeled as an intermediate flexural connection of zero length producing a member with two-segments with rotational discontinuity at the weakened section but of identical lateral deflection. The proposed model offers the option of considering the beneficial effects of an additional lateral bracing located at the weakened section to alleviate the detrimental effects of the rotational discontinuity on the stability and natural frequencies of the whole beam-column. The proposed model includes the following coupling effects: (1) shear and bending deformations along the member's span; (2) the translational and rotational masses of the member uniformly distributed along its span; (3) constant axial load (tension or compression) applied at both ends; and (4) the shear forces along the member induced by the applied axial load as the beam-column deforms according to two different approaches: proportional to the bending rotation or to the total slope of the member axis. A flowchart is included that shows the steps necessary to carry out the stability and free vibration analyses. Finally, to show the validity and simplicity of the proposed method and equations five comprehensive examples are presented using the two approaches of the induced shear force and the obtained results are compared to those calculated by other analytical methods including the finite element method.