cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New perspectives on corruption contagion

ABSTRACTIs corruption within one country affected by corruption within another? Few studies have examined this question in detail due to the difficulty of measuring corruption and paucity of consistent data over an adequate time span. I use a cross-country panel data-set spanning 1995–2014 to examine how domestic corruption reacts to the culture of corruption amongst a country's regional neighbors. I find evidence that a reduction in regional corruption can actually lead to a worsening of corruption within a country, and vice versa. If in an open economy, regional graft lowers the level of income that a rent-seeking government can tax, a reduction in regional corruption can increase the marginal benefit of imposing a more extractive domestic policy by increasing the pool of exploitable funds. My results suggest that corruption will be an enduring institution in a more interconnected world.
PM effect size estimation for mediation analysis: a cautionary note, alternate strategy, and real data illustration

As research on mediation has grown, so too has interest in identifying ways to assess the size of indirect effects in a mediation analysis. One such estimate – the ratio of the indirect effect to t...
Nanoclusters as a new family of high temperature superconductors (Conference Presentation)

Electrons in metal clusters organize into quantum shells, akin to atomic shells in the periodic table. Such nanoparticles are referred to as “superatoms”. The electronic shell levels are highly degenerate giving rise to sharp peaks in the density of states, which can enable exceptionally strong electron pairing in certain clusters containing tens to hundreds of atoms. A spectroscopic investigation of size – resolved aluminum nanoclusters has revealed a sharp rise in the density of states near the Fermi level as the temperature decreases towards 100 K. The effect is especially prominent in the closed-shell “magic” cluster Al66 [1, 2]. The characteristics of this behavior are fully consistent with a pairing transition, implying a high temperature superconducting state with Tc < 100K. This value exceeds that of bulk aluminum by two orders of magnitude. As a new class of high-temperature superconductors, such metal nanocluster particles are promising building blocks for high-Tc materials, devices, and networks. -------------------- 1. Halder, A., Liang, A., Kresin, V. V. A novel feature in aluminum cluster photoionization spectra and possibility of electron pairing at T 100K. Nano Lett 15, 1410 – 1413 (2015) 2. Halder, A., Kresin, V. V. A transition in the density of states of metal “superatom” nanoclusters and evidence for superconducting pairing at T 100K. Phys. Rev. B 92, 214506 (2015).
Stf e o Controle Concentrado: O Direito de Manifestar e a Participação Popular

This research has the objective to present the academic community questions about the "limits of thought" and Brazilian popular participation in the realization of social rights. Specific objectives will be ask the “accusation of breach of fundamental precept” ADPF 187, June 2009 (release of events called "marijuana march", which gathered protesters in favor of drug decriminalization); Presentation of two emblematic cases of comparative law (US Supreme Court) on the right to manifest; and hues as the popular manifestations of June 2013. Empirical research will be presented in order to raise the degree of legitimacy of these demonstrations in public opinion.
The Right Tool for the Job? Ignorance, Evolution, Reflection, and the #Resistance

“Librarians are Swiss Army knives for the #Resistance,” tweeted musician and activist Neko Case on January 27, 2017, a characterization both fortifying and thought provoking for library workers everywhere. Like any tool, a knife is useless without an agent to wield it—and destructive if applied incorrectly or to the wrong material. If library workers are instruments to be plied to all manner of social ills, what are the potentialities and limits of our agency, and how can we best equip those who would put us to use? This essay works to unpack Case’s metaphor within the context of Oregon libraries, casting its gaze back to Mary Frances Isom’s early push to democratize libraries, ahead to librarian Angelica Novoa de Cordeiro’s efforts to serve immigrant populations in rural areas, and around at evolving political discourses and circumstances as well as their precursors. In many ways, the challenges Isom identified and addressed were akin to those that now confront libraries on a national scale as they contemplate means of resisting the multiphobic, and shortsighted rhetoric and policy that suffuse the contemporary political climate while adhering to the ALA’s core values of democracy, diversity, equitable access, intellectual freedom, privacy, and professionalism.
Proton-Induced Displacement Damage and Total-Ionizing-Dose Effects on Silicon-Based MEMS Resonators

The response of silicon-based microelectromechanical systems resonators to proton irradiation is determined by the combined effects of displacement damage and total ionizing dose (TID). Displacement damage (DD) can lead to carrier removal, which tends to decrease the carrier concentration, and TID leads to dopant activation and/or surface charging effects, which tend to increase the carrier concentration. These competing effects lead to changes in carrier concentration that alter Young’s modulus, and consequently the resonance frequency. For higher flux 2-MeV proton irradiation to 1014/cm2, TID effects dominate at low fluence, leading to a decrease in resonance frequency, which is offset by displacement damage effects at higher fluence. Fast recovery is observed as TID effects anneal out and DD effects remain. For lower-flux 0.8-MeV proton irradiation to $7 \times 10^{12}$ /cm2, DD effects are relatively more significant than for 2-MeV proton irradiation, and an increase in resonance frequency is observed at all fluences. Stopping and range of ions in matter calculations reinforce these conclusions.
Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy: The Science

Cancer ranks second only to heart disease as the greatest cause of mortality in the United States. Despite significant strides in diagnosis and therapeutics, clinical treatment of metastatic cancer still yields a poor prognosis. Basic science research is increasing our knowledge of the mechanisms by which chemotherapeutic and hyperthermic modalities exert their antitumor activity. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge of these treatment modalities and the basic science behind their clinical usefulness. Moreover, we identify gaps in our understanding of the basic science of these treatments. Basic science is primed to exert a substantial role in extending our therapeutic options through the clarification of current therapeutic mechanisms, as well as the generation of novel treatments.
Timing and predictors of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among unvaccinated infants in low- and middle-income countries

Delays in rotavirus vaccine schedule could improve performance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, delaying the first dose could be detrimental if infants experience severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) early in life. Our objective was to describe the timing and predictors of severe RVGE in unvaccinated children in LMICs. We analysed the placebo arms from two clinical trials (cohort 1: NCT00241644; cohort 2: NCT00362648). We estimated the rate, cumulative incidence (per 1000 infants) and age distribution of severe RVGE episodes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between baseline factors and severe RVGE. Cumulative incidence at 6 months of age was 23/1000 (95% CI 15-30) in cohort 1 and 6/1000 (95% CI 3-8) in cohort 2. Early antibiotic use (compared with no use) was associated with 2.03 (95% CI 1.18-3.48) and 1.41 (95% CI 0.80-2.51) times the rate of severe RVGE in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. The cumulative incidence of severe RVGE was low at 6 months of age, suggesting that a 4-week delay in the vaccination schedule may not result in a large number of severe RVGE episodes prior to vaccine receipt.
Peripheral Neuropathies: A Practical Approach

Do you find the evaluation of a patient presenting clinical symptoms of distal extremity numbness and weakness daunting and complex? Are you unsure of the diagnostic processes and best-practices in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy? This invaluable guide presents a practical approach to the diagnosis and successful management of patients with peripheral neuropathies. Starting with a structured series of patient queries for symptoms and examination signs, the diagnostic process emphasizes the role of electrodiagnostic tests in defining the neuropathy. Specific neuropathies are presented with their epidemiology, causative pathology, diagnostic and laboratory factors, alongside advised treatments and overall management strategies. This leading resource will assist non-neuromuscular neurologists, physiatrists, neurology and physiatry residents, and will also be useful to electromyographers, proving an ideal aid for busy clinic schedules.
Functional Imaging-Based Diagnostic Strategy: Intra-axial Brain Masses

Imaging plays an integral role in the management of brain tumors, including tumor diagnosis and classification, treatment planning, and posttreatment surveillance. Conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with gadolinium-based contrast agents on current high field clinical MR systems provide excellent anatomic and morphologic imaging of brain tumors. Anatomic MR imaging can determine the location of intracranial masses, presence of edema, mass effect, calcification, cyst formation, hemorrhage, vascularization, and contrast enhancement. Extra-axial and intra-axial brain tumors can also be discriminated quite accurately by anatomic imaging. However, the assessment of tumor type, grade, and extension, and differentiation of tumors from tumor-like conditions can be limited, potentially affecting therapeutic decision making [1, 2].
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, Part 1: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Treatment

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, idiopathic cholangiopathy that can progress to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, hepatobiliary cancer, and/or colorectal cancer. The course of PSC is often complicated by portal hypertension, symptoms of cholestasis, and recurrent bacterial cholangitis, among other conditions, with a consequent decrease in survival (median, approximately 20 years) and quality of life. The etiopathogenesis of PSC remains poorly understood, and, as such, pharmacotherapy has yet to be definitively established. Despite its rarity, PSC is the fifth leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. Although the only intervention known to extend survival of patients with PSC, LT is costly and invasive, and recurrent PSC affects approximately 30% of LT recipients. Over the past several years, owing in part to progress in the understanding of PSC, novel pharmacotherapeutics have been developed, some of which are currently in the PSC clinical trial pipeline. Here, in the first of a 2-part series, we provide a review and update of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of PSC. The second part of the series will focus on cancer risk, prevention, and surveillance of PSC.
Galanin Neurons in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Area Promote Sleep and Heat Loss in Mice

The preoptic area (POA) is necessary for sleep, but the fundamental POA circuits have remained elusive. Previous studies showed that galanin (GAL)- and GABA-producing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) express cFos after periods of increased sleep and innervate key wake-promoting regions. Although lesions in this region can produce insomnia, high frequency photostimulation of the POAGAL neurons was shown to paradoxically cause waking, not sleep. Here we report that photostimulation of VLPOGAL neurons in mice promotes sleep with low frequency stimulation (1–4 Hz), but causes conduction block and waking at frequencies above 8 Hz. Further, optogenetic inhibition reduces sleep. Chemogenetic activation of VLPOGAL neurons confirms the increase in sleep, and also reduces body temperature. In addition, chemogenetic activation of VLPOGAL neurons induces short-latency sleep in an animal model of insomnia. Collectively, these findings establish a causal role of VLPOGAL neurons in both sleep induction and heat loss.
Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring alcohol use and misuse at 22 years of age: A prospective longitudinal study

Abstract Studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is related to drinking problems during adulthood, but the level of prenatal exposure associated with young adults' quantity and frequency of alcohol use and drinking problems has not yet been established. The relation between PAE and offspring levels of alcohol use and alcohol abuse/dependency was examined in 608 22-year-olds. Mothers were recruited in early pregnancy and maternal alcohol use data were collected for each trimester of pregnancy. The offspring were assessed at multiple phases from birth to young adulthood. The average daily volume of drinking was calculated based on a self-report questionnaire developed by the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project and alcohol abuse/dependence was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-IV. Exposure to one or more drinks/day during the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly related to increased levels of drinking at 22 years of age, controlling for other predictors of alcohol use. PAE was also related to two or more symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder, but not to a full diagnosis of young adult alcohol abuse/dependence. These results indicate that individuals exposed to as little as one drink per day during gestation are at risk of higher levels of drinking and more problems with alcohol by age 22.
Unassisted Aneurysm Coil Embolization

Unassisted coiling is a safe and effective treatment strategy for both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms with favorable anatomy. Those aneurysms best suited for unassisted coiling have straightforward microcatheter access, are small or medium sized, have a narrow neck, and a high dome/neck ratio. Aneurysms with wide necks or incorporate bifurcating branches are less favorable due to the possibility of coil prolapse and thromboembolic complication. A wide selection of different microcatheter shapes and coil conformations is available to tailor the treatment to unique aneurysm anatomy. Operators should prepare for the potential need for additional microcatheters by using an appropriately sized guide catheter (usually 6 French), should dual microcatheter technique or balloon or stent assistance be required. Overall, outcomes with unassisted coiling of appropriate aneurysms are excellent, with retreatment rates approximating 15%. In this chapter, we discuss indications and contraindications for primary coiling, basic principles of catheterization, coil selection, coil deployment, and outcomes associated with unassisted aneurysm coiling.
Enhancing "Coopetition": A Model for Physical Activity Courses.

This study explored the extent to which nontraditional physical activity courses and student experiences reflect a pleasure and participation sports model. The theoretical framework for this qualitative study was based on the pleasure and participation sports model (Coakley, 2017). Data via 20 observations and 20 interviews were gathered from participants enrolled in a small liberal arts college. Tenets of the pleasure and participation model were evident, along with a sense of coopetition. College student experiences of physical activity in courses is an important area of research that could lead to increased physical activity levels. It has been demonstrated that physical activity in young adulthood can have a health-promotion effect throughout life. This research indicates that a diverse range of physical activity courses can have short- and long-term positive effects on student wellness.Subscribe to TPE
Regularized tomographic PIV for incompressible flows based on conservation of mass

Three-dimensional and three-component (3D3C) velocity measurements have long been desired to resolve the 3D spatial structures of turbulent flows. Recent advancements have demonstrated tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomo-PIV) as a powerful technique to enable such measurements. The existing tomo-PIV technique obtains 3D3C velocity field by cross-correlating two frames of 3D tomographic reconstructions of the seeding particles. A most important issue in 3D3C velocity measurement involves uncertainty, as the derivatives of the measurements are usually of ultimate interest and uncertainties are amplified when calculating derivatives. To reduce the uncertainties of 3D3C velocity measurements, this work developed a regularized tomo-PIV method. The new method was demonstrated to enhance accuracy significantly by incorporating the conservation of mass into the tomo-PIV process. The new method was demonstrated and validated both experimentally and numerically. The results illustrated that the new method was able to enhance the accuracy of 3D3C velocity measurements by 40%-50% in terms of velocity magnitude and by 0.6°-1.1° in terms of velocity orientation, compared to the existing tomo-PIV technique. These improvements brought about by the new method are expected to expand the application of tomo-PIV techniques when accuracy and quantitative 3D flow properties are required.
Real Polynomial Root-Finding by Means of Matrix and Polynomial Iterations

Frequently one seeks approximation to all r real roots of a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients, which also has nonreal roots. We split a polynomial into two factors, one of which has degree r and has r real roots. We approximate them at a low cost, and then decrease the arithmetic time of the known algorithms for this popular problem by roughly a factor of n/k, if k iterations prepare splitting. k is a small integer unless some nonreal roots lie close to the real axis, but even if there nonreal roots near the real axis, we substantially accelerate the known algorithms. We also propose a dual algorithm, operating with the associated structured matrices. At the price of minor increase of the arithmetic time, it facilitates numerical implementation. Our analysis and tests demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.
Mass Gap in U(1) Higgs-Yukawa model on a unit lattice

A non perturbative proof of the mass generation of fermions via the Higgs mechanism is given. This is done by showing exponential decay of the two point fermionic correlation function in a weakly coupled U(1) Higgs-Yukawa theory on a unit lattice in $d=4$. This decay implies that the Higgs boson, the photon and the fermion all have a non zero physical mass and the theory is said to have a mass gap.
Optical Fiber Evolution Over the Past 5 Decades

Corning’s first low loss optical fiber below 20 dB/km has revolutionized the telecommunications industry. This paper reviews optical fiber evolution over past five decades and presents new development trends in optical fibers.
Nonconvex Global Optimization of the Separable Resource Allocation Problem with Continuous Variables

New results are presented for solving the well-known nonlinear programming problem: Minimize F= ∑ fi(xi) subject to ∑ xi=r and xi ≥ 0; which has been studied over the past thirty years in numerous application areas. Whereas current solution methods are restricted to convex fi(xi), the new results allow the functions fi(xi) to be nonconvex and multimodal with any number of maxima and minima over [0, X]. Necessary conditions for the local minima of F(x1, x2,… xn) are derived. The necessary conditions for local minima are used to determine a superset M of the set of all local minima. Minimization of the objective function F over M leads to the global minimum. The results are used to solve examples which no other analytical criteria can solve.
Design of Accurate and Efficient Network Emulation Systems with Application to Inter-Planetary Networks

Many network emulators have been developed for performance evaluation of network protocols and distributed applications. While most of them specialize on some features targeted for certain applications, few of them address the overall accuracy and efficiency of a general-purpose network emulator. In this paper, we present the key elements of constructing an accurate and efficient general-purpose network emulator. We focus on the architecture of an emulator and the packet capture methods. We analyze the typical approaches a network emulator takes with emphasis on two outstanding distributed network emulators: NETShaper and EMPOWER. We present the functions we have added to NETShaper, namely zero bandwidth emulation and bit error rate emulation. Application of distributed network emulation to protocol design for inter-planetary networks is also discussed.
Policy analysis as problem solving: A flexible and evidence-based framework: Policy analysis as problem solving: A flexible and evidence-based framework, by Rachel Meltzer and Alex Schwartz, New York, NY, Routledge, 2019, 322 pp., $72.94 (paperback), ISBN 978-1138630178

Rachel Meltzer and Alex Schwartz finally offer faculty a pragmatic and accessible approach to policy analysis for our students, particularly undergraduates, in their new book Policy Analysis as Pro...
High Seeding Rates and Low Soil Nitrogen Environments Optimize Weed Suppression and Profitability in Organic No-Till Planted Soybean

No-till planting crops into rolled-crimped cover crops can improve soil health while reducing labor and fuel requirements compared with traditional tillage-based production. However, little information is available to help farmers optimize the management of organic no-till planted crops. Weed suppression, crop yield, and profitability were assessed across soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeding rates and soil nitrogen environments in an experiment conducted at two sites in central New York. Soybeans were no-till planted into rolled-crimped cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) at 0, 185,000, 371,000, 556,000, and 741,000 seeds ha-1. Three rates (0, 63, or 125 kg ha-1) of sodium nitrate (15-0-2) were applied across seeding rates to create different soil nitrogen environments. When pooled over sites, the lowest weed biomass occurred at the highest soybean density in the lowest soil nitrogen environment. An interaction was observed between soybean seeding rate and nitrogen treatments on weed communities. Soybean yield increased asymptotically with crop density and was not affected by nitrogen or site treatments. When pooled over nitrogen treatments and sites, partial returns to the soybean seeding rates were maximized at $2,238 ha-1 with 527,800 seeds ha-1. Results suggest that crop density is an important lever for optimizing weed suppression and crop yield in organic no-till soybean, and that managing for low soil nitrogen conditions may further enhance weed suppression while maintaining high yields.
Maternal microbial factors that affect the fetus and subsequent offspring

The maternal microbiome has emerged as an important area of investigation. While birth is a critical timepoint for initial colonization of the newborn, the fetus resides in the womb surrounded by multiple unique colonized niches. The maternal microbiome has recently been shown to be associated with several morbidities in offspring. Understanding the multiple bacterial niches within the pregnant woman and how they interact with the fetus in-utero can lead to novel therapies to improve the health of offspring. In this review, we provide an overview of the available literature on normal bacterial colonization within the individual niches of the pregnant woman and the known associations with outcomes in offspring, including a discussion of the controversy of in-utero colonization.
Performance-defining properties of Nb3Sn coating in SRF cavities

Nb3Sn has potential to become the material of choice for fabrication of SRF cavities. The higher critical temperature of Nb3Sn potentially allows for an increased operational temperature in SRF cavities, which could enable a simplification of the cryogenic system, leading to significant cost reduction. We present extended characterization of a Nb3Sn coated Nb cavity prepared at Cornell University. Using a combination of thermometry during cavity RF measurements, and structural and analytical characterization of the cavity cutouts, we discovered Nb3Sn coating flaws in regions that exhibit significant heating during the RF testing. Results of extended comparison of cavity cutouts with different dissipation profiles not only indicate the cause of significant Q degradation but also establish figures of merit for material qualities in relation to the quality of SRF performance.
Building toward the future in chemical and materials simulation with accessible and intelligently designed web applications

Abstract Over the last few decades, significant progress has been made in the development and use of electronic structure and other molecular simulation methods. As these methods become more mature and are able to perform larger and more complex chemical simulations, the need for improvement in scientific visualization, molecular builders, simplified input to simulation methods, and the development of new approaches and languages to describe simulations, along with workflows to carry them out, becomes more apparent. In this chapter, we describe our recent efforts in developing a prototype open-source computational tool called Arrows that combines NWChem, SQL and NoSQL databases, email, web APIs, and web applications in a way that makes molecular and materials modeling accessible to all scientists and engineers. At the same time, because of its simplified input, it provides a framework for expert users to carry out large numbers of calculations and run complex workflows.
Reconstitution of transcytosis in SLO-permeabilized MDCK cells: existence of an NSF-dependent fusion mechanism with the apical surface of MDCK cells.

Recently, it was demonstrated that delivery from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the basolateral surface of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells required N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF)-alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP)-SNAP receptor (SNARE) complexes, while delivery from the TGN to the apical surface was independent of NSF-alpha SNAP-SNARE. To determine if all traffic to the apical surface of this cell line was NSF independent, we reconstituted the transcytosis of pre-internalized IgA to the apical surface and recycling to the basolateral surface. Transcytosis and the recycling of IgA required ATP and cytosol, and both were inhibited by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of recombinant NSF. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype E, which is known to cleave the 25,000 Da synaptosomal associated protein, inhibited both transcytosis and recycling, although incompletely. We conclude that membrane traffic to a target membrane is not determined by utilizing a single molecular mechanism for fusion. Rather, a target membrane, e.g. the apical plasma membrane of MDCK cells, may use multiple molecular mechanisms to fuse with incoming vesicle.
Gene Therapy in CD4+ T Lymphocytes in SCID-hu Mice

Development of gene therapy strategies for the treatment of human T-lymphocyte disorders, including AIDS, requires an in vivo system in which transduced human hematopoietic stem cells can be used to reconstitute the T-lymphoid compartment. Combination of HIV-1 pathology and CD34+ progenitor cell transduction taking place within a relatively short time in the SCID-hu mouse provides an experimental system in which to address many of the issues that are critical to successful gene therapy approaches for AIDS but are not easily tested in clinical trials. This chapter reviews the recent progress in the use of the SCID-hu system to further one's understanding of vector transduction and expression in modeling potential therapeutic approaches in stem cells. Most anti-AIDS gene therapy strategies are based on the assumption that direct cell killing is the primary pathogenic mechanism for HIV-1 CD4+ cell destruction. One of the key issues in human gene therapy has been the development of retroviral vectors with optimal gene expression in differentiated hematopoietic cells. Gene therapy strategies aimed at inhibiting HIV infection or replication require vectors that are expressed in cells infected by HIV, the human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Absence of an immune response in SCID-hu mice has two advantages. First, viral pathogenesis can be studied in the absence of an immune response, thereby shortening the time frame for onset of disease. Second, while it is likely that introduction of a foreign protein elicits a host immune response in patients, the effects of therapeutic reagents is assessable independent of the immune response.
Newly Synthesized Calsequestrin, Destined for the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Is Contained in Early/Intermediate Golgi-derived Clathrin-coated Vesicles

We have examined the possible role of clathrin-coated vesicles (CVs) in the genesis of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in developing chick skeletal myotubes. Calsequestrin (CSQ) a luminal Ca2+ binding protein of the terminal SR cisternae, is contained within the vesicle lumen of skeletal muscle CVs in substantial amounts, approximately four molecules/CV. Employing 3-day cultures of chick skeletal myotubes we demonstrate that after a 30-min labeling with [35S]methionine and cysteine, radioactivity in CSQ remains high in the CVs 45 min later and then declines, while labeled CSQ in the SR continues to rise. No CSQ appears to be secreted. All of the CSQ in both the CVs and SR is sensitive to the activity of endoglycosidase H, and a significant fraction also binds to wheat germ agglutinin. Based on these results, we discuss the hypothesis that a selective CV-mediated pathway exists in developing skeletal muscle cells for the transport of CSQ from the early/intermediate Golgi apparatus to the SR.
What Is Law

Theorists who tackle “What is law?” usually acknowledge the difficulty of the question, then, with hardly a pause, launch into their proposed answer. Instead, focusing on three main categories of concepts of law, I examine in detail why previous attempts have failed to achieve a consensus. Several factors have contributed. One source of disagreement involves clashes among intuitions about law. Further problems are created by the narrowness of functional analysis, on which nearly all concepts of law are based. Confusion also arises because law shares basic characteristics with many social institutions, as I show drawing on insights from the philosophy of society. Theorists also typically fail to recognize two distinct orientations of law, and multiple forms of law, which singular concepts of law cannot accommodate. Finally, variability and change owing to the social-historical nature of law defeats efforts of legal philosophers to identify essential features and universally true concepts of law. At the conclusion I present a way of understanding law that emerges out of the lessons learned from past unsuccessful efforts.Here are the topic headings in the essay: Three Categories of the Concept of Law; Pivotal Role of Intuitions About Law; Over-Inclusiveness of Functionalism; Under-Inclusiveness of Functionalism; Why Functionalism Cannot Answer ‘What is Law?’; Error of Conflating ‘Rule System’ and ‘Legal System’; Law as Part of the Institutional Substrate of Society; State Law’s Two Orientations; Coexisting Multiple Legal Forms; Necessary and Essential Features Or Typical Features; Universal Application Versus Universal Truth; What is Law?
Security modeling and quantification of intrusion tolerant systems using attack-response graph

Increasing deployment of computer systems in critical applications has made study and quantifiable analysis of the security aspects of these systems an important issue. Security quantification analysis can either be done by logging large amounts of operational data and analyzing this data or by developing analytic models. First approach, though straight forward, is less desirable, since such an analysis is typically done in a post-facto manner, after the damage caused by a security breach has already occurred. The modeling approach, on the other hand, can be done in an a-priori manner and is also much less costly. Another aspect of designing secure systems that is gaining acceptance is that while preventing security attacks is an important goal. it is not always possible to be able to prevent all types of attacks, particularly since attackers are always creating newer attacks. Recent approaches to designing dependable systems suggest treating intrusion prevention as a first line of defence to be followed by building intrusion tolerence measures that do not entirely preclude the possibility of security intrusion from succeeding. Such systems take appropriate responsive measures to mitigate the adverse effects of security intrusions. In this paper, we utilize the attack and privilege graph models that have been successfully used to model the attack progression to incorporate the system's response to an attack and for verifying if the system is secure or not. The proposed model is referred to as the attack response graph. Security quantification uses a Markov chain model to compute mean time taken to reach security failed states. However, getting to the Markov chain directly is rather difficult. Instead, we first obtain the SPN from the ARG description. The reachability graph of this SPN gives the absorbing state Markov chain which in turn is used to quantify the security in terms of the mean-time-to-security-failure measure for an intrusion tolerant system. Finally, we utilize sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effects of inaccuracies in estimating the model parameters.
Nuclear systematics: II. The cradle of the nuclides

The nuclear energy surface is presented as three-dimensional (3-D) plots of mass or atomic number versus charge density versus average energy per nucleon. These plots reveal a trough or “cradle of the nuclides.” Stable and long-lived nuclides are located in the valley. Those that are radioactive or are easily destroyed by fusion or fission occupy higher positions. Separate modes of nucleosynthesis fill the cradle from different directions and produce distinct occupancy levels, i.e., different abundance patterns. The cradle can be used to estimate the properties of nuclear matter that cannot be studied in the laboratory.
Isolation and Characterization of Suppressors of Two Escherichia Coli Dnag Mutations, Dnag2903 and Parb

The dnaG gene of Escherichia coli encodes the primase protein, which synthesizes a short pRNA that is essential for the initiation of both leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis. Two temperature-sensitive mutations in the 3' end of the dnaG gene, dnaG2903 and parB, cause a defect in chromosome partitioning at the nonpermissive temperature 42°. We have characterized 24 cold-sensitive suppressor mutations of these two dnaG alleles. By genetic mapping and complementation, five different classes of suppressors have been assigned: sdgC, sdgD, sdgE, sdgG and sdgH. The genes responsible for suppression in four of the five classes have been determined. Four of the sdgC suppressor alleles are complemented by the dnaE gene, which encodes the enzymatic subunit of DNA polymerase III. The sdgE class are mutations in era, an essential GTPase of unknown function. The sdgG suppressor is likely a mutation in one of three genes: ubiC, ubiA or yjbI. The sdgH class affects rpsF, which encodes the ribosomal protein S6. Possible mechanisms of suppression by these different classes are discussed.
Crystal structure of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase at 3.3 Å resolution

The crystal structure of T7 RNA polymerase reveals a molecule organized around a cleft that can accommodate a double-stranded DNA template. A portion (approximately 45%) of the molecule displays extensive structural homology to the polymerase domain of Klenow fragment and more limited homology to the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. A comparison of the structures and sequences of these polymerases identifies structural elements that may be responsible for discriminating between ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide substrates, and RNA and DNA templates. The relative locations of the catalytic site and a specific promoter recognition residue allow the orientation of the polymerase on the template to be defined.
An Inventory and Critique of Strategy Research Using the PIMS Database

This paper surveys the body of research conducted by marketing and strategic management researchers using the PIMS database. Research questions and findings from this research are summarized. A methodological critique is offered, and its overall relevance is evaluated in terms of a recent conceptual framework suggested by Thomas and Tymon (1982).
National outcomes of laparoscopic Heller myotomy: operative complications and risk factors for adverse events

Introduction Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) has supplanted an open approach due to decreased operative morbidity. Our goal was to quantify the incidence of peri-operative complications and identify risk factors for adverse outcomes in LHM.
Quantitative representation of nonrepetitive temporal behavior

Analytical representations suitable to analyze the nonrepetitive pulse‐like temporal behavior of physical quantities are derived. The representation utilizes solutions of a linear model equation in which the temporal variation is subject to time‐dependent driving and dissipative forces. The property of solutions is described, and it is shown that such representations can provide a basis for quantitative comparisons of behaviors and a basis for physically meaningful interpretations of the results. Observations of solar flares in the soft x‐ray flux have been analyzed with this method.
Reframing the Power of Lesbian Daughters' Relationships With Mothers Through Black Feminist Thought

The present article uses Black feminist thought to recast the discussion of Black lesbians' coming out to their mothers from a dismal experience to a personal liberatory endeavor influenced by their mothers' instructions on Black womanhood. The literature usually depicts coming out in Black families as an arduous task that often is delayed or never transpires for Black lesbians. However these findings are often void of a cultural relevant analysis of lesbian identity development and Black mother–daughter bonds. The article examines how Black mothers' can be extremely influential in their daughters' decision to proclaim their lesbian identity.
A daily diary assessment of female weight stigmatization

Research focused on assessing weight stigmatization has typically been conducted using cross-sectional, retrospective designs. Such designs may impair the scientific understanding of this stigma by limiting participants’ recall of frequencies and/or details about stigmatizing events. To address this, 50 overweight/obese women were recruited from public weight forums to complete week-long daily diaries. A total of 1077 weight-stigmatizing events were reported on the Stigmatizing Situations Inventory. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to investigate potential relationships between participant-level factors and reported stigmatization. Results indicate that body mass index, education, age, daily activities, and interpersonal interactions all may impact individuals’ levels of stigmatization.
Immunocytochemical localization of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the adult rat spinal cord

A dispersed descending pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) fiber system has been demonstrated by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry in the adult rat spinal cord. fl-endorphin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) and 16K immunoreactive fibers exist in the spinal cord from cervical down to sacral level. Descending fibers running parallel in the dorsolateral and lateral funiculus send collaterals ventromedially or medially to terminate in the gray matter surrounding the central canal, where nociceptive neurons have recently been located, in addition to those nociceptive cells in the dorsal horn. After spinal transection at lower thoracic level, POMC peptide immunoreactivities disappeared below the lesion. Moreover, no POMC cell bodies were found in the spinal cord. Therefore, the descending fibers are most likely of supraspinal origin.
Methane in well water from Lake Charles, Louisiana.

The Chicot aquifer underlies all or parts of 13 parishes in Southwestern Louisiana. The uses of the aquifer include agricultural, industrial and provides nearly 100% of the potable water for the area. Southwestern Louisiana has a large natural gas industry and its associated distribution facilities. Agriculture is unique in this region in that there is extensive rice production and crawfish farming which results in large areas being seasonally flooded. Much of this coastal region consists of fresh and brackish marsh. Methane gas has been found in varying concentrations throughout the environment. Concentrations of 1.6 ppm in atmospheric samples were reported by Stauffer et al. (1985). Relatively high concentrations of dissolved methane have been reported to occur in natural ecosystems as a result of leakage of hydrocarbon deposits, and also from biogenic sources. In deep subsurface environments, such as groundwater, methanogenesis has also been reported. Often the presence of methane in these deep subsurface systems is due to waste leachate contamination. Methane can degas from groundwater and accumulate in wells or buildings thereby posing a potential explosion hazard. In addition, groundwater containing dissolved methane can serve as a primary energy source for the development of microbial communities. Gunsalus et al. (1962)more » reported substantial microbial growth at the air-water interface of a methane-supersaturated well system in which microbial oxidation of methane provided the necessary energy for microbial growth. Microbial growth within a well system could create taste and odor problems among other things that would directly affect water quality. 8 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less
The role of benefit transfer in ecosystem service valuation

The demand for timely monetary estimates of the economic value of nonmarket ecosystem goods and services has steadily increased over the last few decades. This article describes the use of benefit transfer to generate monetary value estimates of ecosystem services specifically. The article provides guidance for conducting such benefit transfers and summarizes advancements in benefit transfer methods, databases and analysis tools designed to facilitate its application.
Factors in preschool children's social problem-solving strategies for peers with and without disabilities☆

Preschool programs that include children with disabilities are becoming increasingly common. We know relatively little, however, about the effect of participation in an integrated classroom on children's understanding of disability. In the current study, normally developing preschool children's perceptions of the social competence of peers with and without disabilities were examined. Subjects were 26 children enrolled in two integrated preschool classes. Each class included six preschool children with mild-to-severe developmental disabilities. Measures of children's acceptance of their classmates and their use of different strategies for solving hypothetical social problems were obtained in individual interviews in the fall and spring of the school year. Children's suggestions of prosocial strategies for hypothetical peers with disabilities were related to changes in their perceptions of their classmates with disabilities.
A device and technique to measure the heat transfer limit of a planar heat pipe wick

Abstract Heat pipes are increasingly being utilized in applications for cooling electronics such as micro-processors. Heat pipes afford a very high heat transfer rate with only a small temperature difference between the heat source and heat sink. However, heat pipes have several operating limits, known as heat transfer limits, that can cause a severe reduction in the heat transfer rate and lead to catastrophic failure of the micro-processor. Two of these limits, known and the capillary limit and boiling limit are primarily a function of the heat pipe wick. In the present work, we developed a test apparatus and technique to determine the heat transfer limit of a planar heat pipe wick. The advantage of this apparatus and technique is a quantifiable measurement of the wick’s heat transfer limit without being confounded by other operating limit mechanisms such as the viscous or sonic limits. The apparatus and technique also yields the wick’s effective thermal conductivity. The apparatus is compatible with many of the low temperature heat pipe working fluids such as water or methanol, can be operated in any orientation with respect to the gravity vector, accounts for parasitic heat losses, provides for flow visualization studies, and is adaptable to a wide range of wick thicknesses.
Comparison of the iron proteins from the nitrogen fixation complexes of Azotobacter vinelandii, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract The molecular weights, amino acid compositions, amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences, and ion-exchange peptide maps of the cysteine-containing tryptic peptides were determined for the iron proteins from the nitrogen fixation complexes of Azotobacter vinelandii (Av2) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp2). Our results are compared to the known amino acid sequence of the iron protein from Clostridium pasteurianum (Cp2) [Tanaka, M., Haniu, M., Yasunobu, K. & Mortenson, L. E. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7093-7100]. Previous studies have shown the iron proteins to have similar enzymatic functions and spectroscopic properties. Furthermore, the DNAs coding for the iron protein from many different species cross-hybridize [Ruvkun, G. B. & Ausubel, F. M. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 191-195]. Our results indicate that the protein structures are similar yet have significant differences. The amino-terminal sequences of Av2 and Kp2 are extended compared to the amino-terminal methionine of Cp2 and may indicate a different initiation site in these proteins. The aminoterminal sequences for Av2 and Kp2 are more homologous with each other than either of these are with Cp2. The carboxyl-terminal sequences are extended in Av2(14 residues) and Kp2 (≈30 residues) compared to Cp2. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences establish that either the structural gene sizes are different in the three organisms or extensive posttranslational modification must occur in some species. Because cysteinyl residues are involved at the active site of the iron protein, a sensitive peptide mapping technique was used to compare cysteinyl peptides of the iron protein from the three species. Av2 and Kp2 have a redistribution of cysteinyl residues when compared to Cp2. Three important differences in the cysteine distributions were found, namely, residue 4 is valine and residue 148 is alanine in Cp2, but cysteinyl residues occupy these positions in Av2, whereas residue 231 is cysteine in Cp2 but alanine in Av2. The peptide mapping technique provides a method for the investigation of selective chemical modification of cysteinyl residues.