cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic activation of triiodothyronine production in brown adipose tissue

There are several mechanisms by which homeothermic animals increase heat production, including shivering, sympathetic nervous system activation and stimulation of thyroid hormone secretion. Studies in rats have shown that increased sympathetic activity causes increased heat production in brown adipose tissue (BAT) after cold exposure or food ingestion1–3. Acute cold exposure also increases circulating thyroid hormones4 which in turn stimulate cellular metabolism through induction5 of various enzymes. Most metabolic effects of thyroxine (T4) are thought to be due to the triiodothyronine (T3) which is produced from T4 by a process of 5′ monodeiodination. There are two enzymes responsible for this reaction6–8: type I, or propylthiouracil (PTU)-sensitive iodothyronine deiodinase (5′D-I), which is reduced in hypothyroidism, stimulated in hyperthyroidism and probably provides most of the circulating T3 in the adult rat9. Type II 5′-deiodinase (5′D-II) is characteristic of brain and pituitary, is increased by thyroidectomy, is not inhibited by PTU and provides 50–80% of the intraceUular T3 in these two tissues. Recently, 5′D-II activity was identified in interscapular BAT10. As the sympathetic nervous system influences the metabolic activation of BAT, we have studied the effects of noradrenaline and acute cold exposure on BAT 5′D-II. We report here that both noradrenaline and cold exposure increase BAT 5′D-II through α1-adrenergic receptors, whereas depletion of catecholamines with α-methyl-p-tyrosine (MPT) prevents the effect of cold but not that of noradrenaline. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system may increase T3 production in rats by stimulating BAT 5′D-II. By increasing metabolic rate, this rise in T3 would enhance the thermogenic response to sympathetic stimulation.
Numerical investigation of unstable rock failure in underground mining condition

Abstract Underground coal mining affects the stress distribution in rock mass and may induce slip failures along large existing rock discontinuities and sizable compressive failures of coal in mining faces and sidewalls. When such failures occur in an unstable and uncontrollable manner, they can be accompanied by a significant release of strain energy from the surrounding rock and potentially create coal burst events. This paper focuses on identifying failure stability of rock and rock discontinuities in terms of their manifestation as stable and unstable manner in coal mining settings. The studies use numerical modeling and consider failure stability of both rock discontinuities in slip and coal material in compression. The influence of the slip failure stability on the compressive failure stability is also investigated. The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) is used with its optional constitutive models the Continuously Yielding joint and the Mohr–Coulomb strain softening model. A laboratory scale numerical model of a double shear test setup is developed and used to assess the ability of the numerical code in detecting the stability during discontinuity slip failures. The studies performed using this model confirmed the ability of the numerical code in differentiating stable and unstable slip failures when using the failure stability criterion based on the relative stiffnesses of loading system and failing discontinuities. Using the numerical double shear test models, criteria and tools are developed for identifying the failure stabilities in larger in situ scale numerical models. The in situ scale models allowed studies of the failure stabilities of existing rock discontinuities under the influence of an advancing excavation. The results show that both stable and unstable slip failures can occur at an existing rock discontinuity depending on the post-failure characteristic of the discontinuity and the loading stiffness of the surrounding rock. The loading stiffness is observed to continuously reduce with increasing mining extent. Additional in situ models are also built to study the effect of coal seam–host rock interfaces on the failure stability of sidewalls and mining faces in coal mining settings. The results show that unstable sidewall failures may occur when a sudden de-confinement is triggered by an unstable slip failure at the coal–rock interfaces. The existence of weak regions along such interfaces can also contribute to unstable compressive failures of mining faces and sidewalls.
Probing binding determinants in center P of the cytochrome bc1 complex using novel hydroxy-naphthoquinones

Atovaquone is a substituted 2-hydroxy-naphthoquinone used therapeutically against Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) and Pneumocystis pathogens. It acts by inhibiting the cytochrome bc(1) complex via interactions with the Rieske iron-sulfur protein and cytochrome b in the ubiquinol oxidation pocket. As the targeted pathogens have developed resistance to this drug there is an urgent need for new alternatives. To better understand the determinants of inhibitor binding in the ubiquinol oxidation pocket of the bc(1) complex we synthesized a series of hydroxy-naphthoquinones bearing a methyl group on the benzene ring that is predicted to interact with the nuclear encoded Rieske iron-sulfur protein. We have also attempted to overcome the metabolic instability of a potent cytochrome bc(1) complex inhibitor, a 2-hydroxy-naphthoquinone with a branched side chain, by fluorinating the terminal methyl group. We have tested these new 2-hydroxy-naphthoquinones against yeast and bovine cytochrome bc(1) complexes to model the interaction with pathogen and human enzymes and determine parameters that affect efficacy of binding of these inhibitors. We identified a hydroxy-naphthoquinone with a trifluoromethyl function that has potential for development as an anti-fungal and anti-parasitic therapeutic.
Chemotherapy of recurrent/advanced cervical cancer : results of the Yale university PBM-PFU protocol

Abstract Chemotherapy for cervical cancer patients with recurrent and/or advanced disease has been complicated by excessive toxicity and short duration of responses, leading to little or no improvement in survival. Modification of drug scheduling and delivery of platinum, bleomycin, methotrexate, and 5-FU has resulted in a new combination regimen with little toxicity and a survival advantage for responders. PBM (platinum 80 mg/m 2 D1, bleomycin 10 u/m 2 /day D3-6, methotrexate 150 mg/m 2 D15, 22 with leucovorin) is alternated with PFU (platinum 100 mg/m 2 D1, 5-FU 1000 mg/m 2 /day D2-5) q 4 weeks for 3-6 months. The platinum, bleomycin, and 5-FU were delivered by continuous infusion. Twenty-three patients with recurrent and 17 with advanced cervical cancer are evaluable; 91% of patients with recurrent disease had received prior radiation therapy. The response rate was 30.4% in those with recurrent disease, and 41.2% in those with advanced disease, with 86 and 42.9% of responders respectively achieving a CR. Survival data were analyzed for each group separately, as well as for the combined recurrent/advanced disease group ( N = 40). The results and significance were not changed by the groupings. In the combined recurrent/advanced group, median duration of response was 10.5 months, mean 20.1, and the median overall survival was 11 months, mean 20.5 ± 3.5. There was a survival advantage accrued to the responders (median, 28 months) vs the nonresponders (10 months) ( P = 0.0005 by log rank test). Moreover, there was a significant difference in progression-free interval between responders vs nonresponders ( P = 0.0001), as well as between responders and those with stable disease ( P = 0.001). This regimen was very well tolerated and there was no significant pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, in the subset of 23 patients who had recurrent disease, 67% achieved palliation of pain. Experience with this protocol supports the continuing use of chemotherapy in the management of cervical cancer patients.
Reading the Body Politic. Feminist Criticism and Latin American Women Writers

Reading the Body Politic. Feminist Criticism and Latin American Women Writers. Amy K. Kaminsky. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. xv+ 160 pp. $13.95 (paper). ISBN 0–8166–1948–4.
Incessant long RP tachycardia: What is the mechanism?

Case presentation A 59-year-old woman with a history of palpitations and incessant narrow complex tachycardia was referred for electrophysiologic study and catheter ablation. Multipolar catheters were placed in the right atrium, His-bundle region, right ventricle, and coronary sinus (CS), with the proximal CS electrode positioned at the CS ostium. At baseline, the patient had incessant long RP tachycardia with negative P waves in the inferior and precordial leads. The tachycardia
An examination of the relationship between accountants' scores on field independence and use of and attitude toward computers

This study examined the performance of 127 accountants on the Group Embedded Figures Test and assessed the accountants' use of and attitude toward using computers to complete job-related tasks. The data support Bernardi's (1993) finding that there has been a shift over time in scores on field independence among accountants. Comparison of field-independence scores by computer use and attitudes support Bernardi's (1993) hypothesis of an association between the shift in field independence and accountant's use of and attitude toward computers.
The use of the needle-free jet injection system with buffered lidocaine device does not change intravenous placement success in children in the emergency department.

Objectives The needle-free jet injection system with buffered lidocaine (J tip) has been shown to reduce pain for intravenous (IV) line insertion, but its relationship with successful IV placement has not been well studied. This study aimed to determine if J tip use is associated with improved first-attempt IV placement success in children. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of children ages 1 to 18 years with need for emergent IV placement. Approximately 300 children were selected from each of three separate age groups: 1 to 2, 3 to 6, and 7 to 18 years. The standard treatment group (no device) included children with IV insertions from January 2009 through January 2010 with no J tip. The J tip treatment group (device) included children with IV insertions from December 2010 through December 2011 who received J tips. Successful IV placement on first attempt was the primary outcome. A chi-square test was used to compare the proportion of first-attempt success and logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of device use and patient age, sex, and race on first-attempt success. Results A total of 958 children were identified, 501 in the no-device group and 457 in the device group. The most common diagnoses were vomiting or dehydration (30.3%), trauma or burn (20.0%), and infection (15.5%). Overall, first-attempt success was 69.0% and was similar between the no-device (68.7%) and device (69.4%) groups (p = 0.81). No difference in first-attempt success with the use of the device was found in any of the age groups. Multivariate analysis found that only age of 1 to 2 years was associated with lower odds of first-attempt success when controlling for patient characteristics and device use. Conclusions The use of the J tip did not affect first-attempt success for IV placement in children.
Interaction of prolactin and gonadotropins on appetite, growth, and tail regeneration in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.

Abstract Sexually quiescent male Anolis carolinensis were treated with various combinations of prolactin (25 μg/day) and gonadotropin (1 IU PMS/day) during September. When fed ad libitum , appetite was depressed by gonadotropins, whereas prolactin enhanced food consumption up to 350% of control levels. Gonadotropins reduced the effect of prolactin. Only prolactin-treated animals gained weight, and this was accompanied by a pronounced increase in body-length. When lizards were fed a standard diet sufficient to promote growth, controls primarily fattened, whereas all prolactin-treated animals grew in snout-vent length, with a corresponding reduction in lipid deposition in the liver (abdominal fat bodies were unaffected). Gonadotropins stimulated the growth of reproductive structures but not general body growth, and they tended to reduce the effect of prolactin on the latter. Gonadotropins decreased fat deposition in fat bodies rather than in the liver. PMS also depressed growth because of a 40% increase in metabolic rates, and prolactin tended to reduce this metabolic increment. The somatotropic effect of prolactin was further indicated by its significant augmentation of the weight of regenerating tails (tail length was unaffected). Seasonal changes in the growth-promoting action of prolactin may be due to variations in gonadotropin levels associated with the testicular cycle. The augmentation of lean growth is the most persistent effect and appears to be discrete from the hormone's actions on appetite and oxygen consumption.
Necessary Steps: How Health Care Fails Older Patients, And How It Can Be Done Better

A chance meeting between an octogenarian and a geriatrician shows how the US health system focuses on medical care at the expense of older adults’ well-being.
Amorphous silica solubilities V. Predictions of solubility behavior in aqueous mixed electrolyte solutions to 300°C

Abstract Solubilities of amorphous silica in several aqueous electrolyte solutions up to 300°C (Marshall, 1980a; Chen and Marshall, 1982) fitted the Setchenow equation, log( s 0 s ) = D·m as described earlier (Marshall, 1980b) where s0 and s are molal solubilities of silica in pure water and salt solution, respectively, m is the molality of salt, and D is a proportionality constant related to the particular salt and temperature. It is now shown that, to a first approximation, the D parameters for various salts at the same temperature are additive. For instance, D(NaCl) − D(KCl) = D(NaNO3) − D(KNO3) or D(MgSO4) = D(MgCl2) + D(Na2S04) − 2D(NaCl). It also follows that ( s 0 s ) = ∑ i (D i m i ) . This additivity principle was used to estimate amorphous silica solubilities in mixed NaCl-Na2SO4, NaCl-MgCl2, NaCl-MgSO4, Na2SO4-MgCl2, Na2SO4-MgSO4, and MgCl2-MgSO4 aqueous solutions up to 300°C. The method produces results that agree reasonably well with experimental values and would be useful for predicting silica solubilities, for example, in seawater and its hydrothermal concentrates and in geothermal energy applications.
Oxidative metabolites of curcumin poison human type II topoisomerases.

The polyphenol curcumin is the principal flavor and color component of the spice turmeric. Beyond its culinary uses, curcumin is believed to positively impact human health and displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive properties. It also is in clinical trials as an anticancer agent. In aqueous solution at physiological pH, curcumin undergoes spontaneous autoxidation that is enhanced by oxidizing agents. The reaction proceeds through a series of quinone methide and other reactive intermediates to form a final dioxygenated bicyclopentadione product. Several naturally occurring polyphenols that can form quinones have been shown to act as topoisomerase II poisons (i.e., they increase levels of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage). Because several of these compounds have chemopreventive properties, we determined the effects of curcumin, its oxidative metabolites, and structurally related degradation products (vanillin, ferulic acid, and feruloylmethane) on the DNA cleavage ...
High active device density Quasi-Optical amplifier

A quasi-optical amplifier using narrow slot antenna is designed with high active device density. The natural coupling of the microstrip and slotline is exploited for power combining/dividing without any appreciable increase in circuit real-estate. Measured EIPG in the transmission mode agrees well with theoretical prediction.
Flowering phenology in Solidago altissima: adaptive strategies against temporal variation in temperature

The evolution of flowering phenology is the result of a trade-off that balances many factors, including growth, reproductive capacity, and temporal overlap with pollinators. When there is large temporal variation in temperature, particularly in the onset of frost, the optimum flowering strategy will vary from year to year. In Duluth, MN, USA, the end of the growing season can vary by more than 30 days. In this study, we observed flowering phenology and pollinator abundance on 15 genotypes of Solidago altissima in Duluth, MN. We predicted that temporal variation in temperature would lead to a range of flowering strategies in the S. altissima population; some genotypes flower early and in synchrony, some ‘hedge their bets’ by flowering over a range of dates, and others have an intermediate strategy. Our results indicate that genotypes vary in mean flowering date and duration of flowering and, for the two observed years, pollinator abundance was highest for early-flowering genotypes.
Differences in the chromatographic and mass spectral properties of 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorodiphenoquinone and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Tetrachlorodiphenoquinones have the same exact mass and elemental composition as the toxic environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. However, analysis of 3,3′-5,5′-tetrachlorodiphenoquinone showed a pronounced tendency toward chemical reduction in the mass spectrometer to the quinol compound, producing a molecular ion two mass units higher than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Distinct differences were also apparent between the mass spectral fragmentation patterns of 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachlorodiphenoquinone and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin. The 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachlorodiphenoquinone spectrum shows a successive loss of carbon monoxide, with the most prominent fragment corresponding to loss of two molecules of carbon monoxide plus chlorine. In the mass fragmentation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin carbon monoxide loss is suppressed, but loss of one molecule of carbon monoxide plus chlorine is a major fragment ion. During an alumina column clean-up procedure 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachlorodiphenoquinone did not coelute with the fraction containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. This evidence indicates that tetrachlorodiphenoquinones are unlikely to interfere with mass spectrometric determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in environmental samples.
The vacuome of the flagellate Chlamydomonas

A vacuome (‘Golgi apparatus’) consisting of small globular inclusions has been demonstrated in Chlamydomonas sp. These inclusions may be seen in the living, unstained organism; they are stainable vitally with neutral red; they have been stained vitally with neutral red and then blackened with osmic vapor under direct observation, and they have been impregnated by osmic and silver methods without previous treatment with neutral red. The reaction of these inclusions to the iodin test for starch suggests that they may play some rǒle, possibly one of storage, in the cycle of starch metabolism.
Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Nitric Oxide Synthase Increases Cerebral Blood Flow in Rats

OBJECTIVE Depletion of nitric oxide may play a role in the development of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Replenishment of nitric oxide might be a useful treatment for vasospasm. Using rats, we performed intracisternal injections of replication-defective adenovirus containing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene and determined the localization of and effect on cerebral blood flow of transgene expression. METHODS Rats underwent baseline measurement of cortical cerebral blood flow using laser Doppler flowmetry. Replication-defective adenovirus containing the Escherichia coli LacZ gene (Ad327beta-Gal, n = 2/time point) or the bovine eNOS gene (AdCD8-NOS, n = 4/time point) or physiological saline solution was injected into the cisterna magna. Cerebral blood flow was measured 1, 2, 4, 7, or 14 days later, and the animals were killed. Expression of beta-galactosidase activity from the LacZ gene was examined by histochemical staining and that of eNOS was examined by polymerase chain reaction assays of messenger ribonucleic acid. Brains were histopathologically examined for inflammation. RESULTS Beta-galactosidase activity was observed throughout the leptomeninges and in some cells in the adventitia of small subarachnoid blood vessels in the Ad327beta-Gal-injected rats. Messenger ribonucleic acid for eNOS was detected in the leptomeninges and brainstem 1 and 2 days after injection of AdCD8-NOS. Rats injected with Ad327beta-Gal or physiological saline solution exhibited decreased cerebral blood flow beginning 2 days after virus injection and lasting up to 14 days after injection. Rats injected with AdCD8-NOS developed significant transient increases in cerebral blood flow 2 days after virus injection, followed by slight decreases in blood flow. There was inflammation in the subarachnoid space of all animals; the inflammation was qualitatively worse in animals injected with Ad327beta-Gal, compared with rats injected with AdCD8-NOS or saline solution. CONCLUSION Intracisternal injection of replication-defective adenovirus containing the eNOS gene can transiently increase cerebral blood flow.
Improved virial coefficients

Abstract Second and third virial coefficients ( B and C ) for the T range from about the critical temperature to the Boyle temperature are presented for argon, carbon dioxide, ethane, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, and propane. That these virial coefficients are more reliable than those previously available is demonstrated by the ability of the new B and C by themselves to represent the equation of state of these gases in the extensive LISOK region, which is defined as the PVT region in which T versus ρ at constant K = ( Z − 1)/ ρ is observed to be linear.
Leisure as a Primary Institution

The authors argue that leisure should be considered a primary institution in advanced industrial societies. The increasingly organized nature of contemporary leisure and the prominence of leisure activities in the search for communal bonds are viewed as the primary factors contributing to the emergence of leisure as a major social institution.
Diels−Alder Reactions and the Structure of Transition States

The Featured Molecules for the November 2010 issue of JCE come from a paper by Tevye Celius (DOI: 10.1021/ed100344g) in which several interesting Diels−Alder reactions are introduced that proceed sufficiently quickly to allow for running the reactions and performing spectroscopic characterizations in a single lab period. Included in the molecule collection are PTAD (the dieneophile in the reactions), 4-phenylurazole (the starting material for the synthesis of PTAD), cycloheptatriene, norcaradiene, cyclopentadiene, and molecules 2, 3, and 4 in the Celius article.
TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN He II.

Abstract Inclusion of the contribution of thermal conduction to the heat current in He II is shown to lead to an exponential temperature falloff in the vicinity of a heated surface. Measurements of this effect for T ≲ 0.5°K appears feasible.
Eosinophiluria - A new method of detection and definition of the clinical spectrum

Eosinophiluria is considered a useful marker of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. However, recognition of eosinophiluria by Wright's staining is technically difficult, and the spectrum of disorders causing eosinophiluria is not completely defined. We have adapted Hansel's stain for the examination of urinary sediment. Whereas there was a variable uptake of Wright's stain by eosinophils in the urine, such eosinophils were readily recognized with Hansel's stain by the presence of bright red granules. The prevalence of eosinophiluria in acute interstitial nephritis was 10 of 11 patients, in acute tubular necrosis none of 30, in acute pyelonephritis none of 10, in acute cystitis 1 of 15, in postinfectious glomerulonephritis 1 of 6, in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 4 of 10, and in acute prostatitis 6 of 10. Eosinophiluria in acute interstitial nephritis was demonstrated by Hansel's stain in 10 of 11 patients but by Wright's stain in only 2 of 11 patients. We conclude that Hansel's stain substantially improves the recognition of eosinophiluria as compared with Wright's stain. Eosinophiluria is useful in distinguishing acute interstitial nephritis from acute tubular necrosis. The clinical spectrum of eosinophiluria also includes rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, acute prostatitis, and occasionally, acute cystitis or postinfectious glomerulonephritis.
Short and long range order of the morphology of silk from Latrodectus hesperus (Black Widow) as characterized by atomic force microscopy.

Abstract The surfaces of both stretched and unstretched silk threads from the cobweb weaver, Latrodectus hesperus (Black Widow) have been examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM images of cobweb scaffolding threads show both unordered and highly ordered regions. Two types of fibers within the threads were observed: thicker (∼300 nm in diameter) fibers oriented parallel to the thread axis and thinner (10–100 nm) fibrils oriented across the thread axis. While regions which lacked parallel fibers or fibrils were observed on threads at all strain values, the probability of observing fibers and/or fibrils increased with strain. High-resolution AFM images show that with increasing strain, both mean fiber and fibril diameters decrease and that fibrils align themselves more closely with the thread axis. The observation of fibers and fibrils within the cobweb threads has implications for current models of the secondary and tertiary structure and organization of spider silk.
BROWNIAN MOTION OF DISLOCATIONS IN THIN FILMS

The motion of edge dislocations in a single monolayer film of Cu on Ru(0001) was studied by time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy. The dislocations were observed to make rapid 1D random walks in the film. This dislocation motion is attributed to the equilibrium thermal exchange of atoms between the solid film and the adatom gas covering the film. These results highlight a fundamental difference between the dynamics of dislocations in thin films and the bulk, which is in principle important in understanding the mechanical properties of thin films. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Immune control of herpes simplex virus during latency

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) persists within the host in the presence of concomitant immunity by establishing a latent infection within sensory neurons. HSV-1 latency is widely viewed as a neuron-enforced quiescent state of the virus, in which a lack of viral protein synthesis prevents recognition of the infected neuron by the host immune system. On the basis of recent findings, however, we propose a more dynamic view of HSV-1 latency characterized by persistent or intermittent low-level viral gene expression in some latently infected neurons. We further propose that HSV-1-specific memory/effector CD8(+) T lymphocytes that are retained in the ganglion in close apposition to the neurons prevent full reactivation and virion formation through IFN-gamma production and an additional undefined mechanism(s).
Endoderm-secreted factor stimulates growth of embryonal carcinoma stem cells.

Stem cells of the embryonal carcinoma cell line called H6 can be induced to differnetiate to endoderm-like cells by retinoic acid (3×10−6M). We have detected a diffusible and stable factor which is secreted by H6 endoderm-like cells and stimulates the growth of H6 stem cells. The stimulation by the endoderm-like cells is considereably greater than that by mouse fibroblasts or H6 stem cells themselves. No reciprocal stimulation of endoderm-like cells by stem cells occurs. Part but not all of the stimulation might be due to extracellular matrix proteins or to insulin-like growth factor type 2, each of which also stimulates the growth of H6 stem cells. Insulin causes no such stimulation.
Simulation and design of micromixers for microfluidic devices

Passive (diffusional) mixing has been used in designing high-aspect-ratio micro-mixers for the purpose of performing Liagase Detection Reaction (LDR). The types of mixers considered are simple, cheap, and durable and can perform over a broad range of volumetric flow rates at reasonably modest pressure drops. The fluids to be mixed have a very low typical diffusion coefficient of=1.2x10 -10 m 2 /s and diffusional mixing is only effective in high-aspect-ratio micro-channels. A very modestly high aspect ratio of 6 has been considered initially because it is easily releasable using the LIGA technique. Numerical simulations of a few basic diffusional mixer configurations are going to be presented in this paper. Two variants of a Y-type mixer with contraction and several variants of a mixer employing jets in cross-flow have been simulated. The various mixers have been evaluated in terms of volumetric mixing efficiencies and maximum pressure drops. One of the mixers with jets-in-cross-flow was found to perform best.
Catecholamine potentiation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice☆☆☆

Abstract Mice were treated with slightly greater than the organ dysfunction ED50 of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) administered in oil intraperitoneally. Simultaneous treatment with epinephrine or norepinephrine in oil administered subcutaneously potentiated the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl 4 treatment. By using 14 C- dl -epinephrine and norepinephrine, it was shown that their subcutaneous administration in oil resulted in a sustained, gradual release into the blood. The hepatonecrotic effect of CCl 4 , measured by changes in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity, was potentiated by epinephrine and norepinephrine when low doses (0.01 and 0.02 ml/kg) of CCl 4 were used. Potentiation was not always demonstrated with a higher dose (0.04 ml/kg) of CCl 4 . Maximal SGPT response occurred 24 hours after treatment. Epinephrine and norepinephrine did not significantly alter the time required for the return of SGPT activity to normal levels. Catecholamine treatment 6 hours before or after CCl 4 treatment still resulted in potentiation of CCl 4 -induced elevation in SGPT. The results of histopathologic evaluation of the changes seen in the livers of mice used in the SGPT activity experiments complemented the results of the SGPT activity experiments. Epinephrine and norepinephrine did not potentiate the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver of CCl 4 -treated mice. Even at doses of CCl 4 which caused an increased hepatic triglyceride concentration (but less than maximal accumulation), there was no increase seen as a result of simultaneous norepinephrine treatment. In a time-response study, maximal hepatic triglyceride concentration occurred at or before 24 hours after treatment. At a high dose (0.04 ml/kg) of CCl 4 , epinephrine did cause a significant increase in triglyceride concentration at 2 and 48 hours after treatment, but neither epinephrine nor norepinephrine changed the maximal triglyceride accumulation or altered the return to normal levels in the liver at this dose of CCl 4 . At a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) of CCl 4 , neither epinephrine nor norepinephrine caused a significant increase in liver triglyceride concentration at any time.
Motivations for strategic alliances in the pharmaceutical/biotech industry: Some new findings

Abstract In the pharmaceutical industry, strategic alliances extend worldwide. In this exploratory empirical study of 55 large firms and 54 small firms that are parties to strategic alliances, we investigate the motivations for strategic alliances among small and large licensees and licensors. The findings show that, contrary to expectations, a third of the licensees are small firms. Small biotech firms are more likely motivated by R&D time-span reduction than larger firms seeking strategic alliances. The findings imply that the motivations for strategic alliances in this industry change with time. Unlike in the 1980s, market access was a major motivation for strategic alliances for licensors in early 1990s. Further, compared to the 1980s, the findings show that the need for risk reduction was a more important reason for strategic alliances in the early 1990s. A conclusion of this study is that the “theory of strategic behavior” and “the theory of synergy,” along with firm size and ownership of technology, are collectively able to explain strategic alliances in this industry. New propositions are offered to stimulate future investigations.
On the Optimal Choice of Measurements in Linear Quadratic Gaussian Team Problems

The problem of optimal choice of information for some simple linear quadratic gaussian team problems is considered. The unknowns to be chosen subject to constraints are the matrices involved in the linear measurements available to the decision makers. For several types of such problems, characterizations of the best choices of these matrices are given and several results illustrating the meaning of these characterizations and ways for finding the optimal choices are also presented.
Proline-rich proteins and glycoproteins: expressions of salivary gland multigene families

Our recent research interests have focused on a group of unusual proteins and glycoproteins high in proline content, or the so-called proline-rich proteins (PRPs). The PRPs are tissue-specific expressions of salivary gland multigene families. Normally PRPs are not detected or are present in very low amounts in rat, mouse and hamster salivary glands, but these unusual proteins are dramatically induced by treatment with the catecholamine isoproterenol. The structures and organizations of several PRP mRNAs and PRP genes have been determined. The amino acid sequences of all PRPs show 4 distinct regions, namely, a signal peptide, a transition region, a repeat region and a carboxyl-terminal region. Glycoproteins induced by isoproterenol treatment may be N-glycosylated or O-glycosylated. The N-glycosylated glycoprotein GP-158 from rat submandibular glands has a 12 amino acid glycopeptide which repeats possibly 49 times. Proline-rich proteins of the parotid glands of rats and mice are also greatly induced by dietary tannins. The apparent unique occurrence of PRPs in saliva suggests that one biological role is to neutralize the detrimental effects of dietary tannins and other polyphenols. The upstream regions of the mouse and hamster PRP genes contain cyclic AMP-regulated sequences as demonstrated by deletions and transient transfections. The PRP multigene family members of mouse are all located on chromosome 8.
Changes in access to homeownership during the 1970s

During the mid and late 1970s housing price inflation made the purchase of a home problematic for large numbers of Americans. This paper uses Annual Housing Survey (AHS) data from five successive years, 1974 to 1978, to analyze the extent of the affordability crisis. It outlines the changes in the size and characteristics of the stream of movers from rented to owner occupied housing which would accompany an affordability crisis and examines AHS data for evidence of these changes. The results suggest that the exclusionary effects of housing price inflation were confined to the southern and western regions of the United States. The causes for these regional differentials and their implications for housing policy are briefly explored.
Phenotypic variation during micropropagation of the chimeral Rhododendron ‘President Roosevelt’

The putative periclinal chimeraRhododendron xlimbatum ‘President Roosevelt’ was used to study the origin of shoots in vitro. Genotypic segregation readily occurred in vitro. Numerous phenotypes were observed, although most shoots were either entirely green or maintained the original variegation pattern. Derivatives of the third apical layer were rarely involved in shoot formation. A reversed chimeral form was isolated. Adventitious shoots were usually miniaturized and rapidly proliferating, but axillary shoots had thicker stems, larger leaves and proliferated more slowly. Corolla tissue produced stunted, leafy shoots; no variegated shoots were produced from floret explants. In shoot tip cultures the addition of 40μM 2iP without IBA resulted in the greatest number of shoots. Explant choice was the most critical factor for maintenance of foliar variegation.
Calculating volume changes in a swollen extremity from surface measurements

Summary Trauma, enclosed hemorrhage, venous occlusion, and burns involving an extremity may sequester so much blood, colloids, and fluids within the limb that systemic hypovolemia and shock occur. The amount of the systemic losses can be estimated by calculating the volume of the swollen extremity using surface measurements and the formula for the frustrum of a cone. The value of these mathematical calculations is illustrated in three cases of occlusion of the iliac vein.
Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated through interaction with sympathetic postganglionic neurone terminals rather than activation of primary afferent nociceptors.

In hyperalgesic states, observed commonly as a major symptom of tissue inflammation or after central or peripheral nerve injury, non-noxious stimuli produce pain and noxious stimuli are perceived as more painful than usual. The mechanisms underlying the generation of hyperalgesia are not known. In patients with causalgia (burning pain and severe hyperalgesia after a nerve injury) activation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones or application of noradrenaline to painful skin exacerbates pain and hyperalgesia1 while sympathectomy may afford complete relief2. One suggestion is that noradrenaline released from sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones increases the discharge of damaged small-diameter afferents3,4 by a direct action on the primary afferents5,6. Here we present a new model for noradrenaline-sensitive hyperalgesia and demonstrate that the site of action of noradrenaline is not on the primary afferents but rather is presynaptic on the sympathetic post-ganglionic terminals.
Importance of gas in electrodes for the glow-to-arc transition

IN an earlier work1 on the probability of glow-to-arc transitions in a low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge it was pointed out that these transitions occur in a completely random fashion and that the probability of a transition increases with an increase of pressure, cathode-current density, or glow voltage. In particular, cathode temperature was found to be very important, the transition probability being several times higher in a narrow temperature range near 425 degrees centigrade than it is at either lower or higher temperatures. The possible causes of these transitions were also investigated and the only explanation that seemed consistent with the experimental results obtained was that each transition was due to a burst of gas from the electrode surface. It was felt that even if the amount of gas given off in each burst was very small, the random appearance of these bursts from various parts of the electrode surface could explain the experimental results obtained.
The plasma membrane electrical gradient (membrane potential) in Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes

The equilibrium distribution of tetraphenylphosphonium bromide was used to measure the membrane potential in Leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes and to investigate mechanisms underlying the maintenance of membrane potential. At pH 7.0, membrane potential ranges between -90 and -113 mV. Increasing the external concentrations of hydrogen or potassium ions decreased membrane potential as did treatments with carbonylcyanide chlorophenylhydrazone or valinomycin. These observations are consistent with a membrane potential set by hydrogen and potassium ion diffusion gradients. Anaerobiosis lowered membrane potential, suggesting the involvement of ATPase(s) in maintaining membrane potential. Membrane potential was insensitive to treatment with ouabain, demonstrating the absence of a Na+/K(+)-ATPase. Treatment with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide caused a temporary hyperpolarization of the membrane suggesting the participation of a proton ATPase in the maintenance of membrane potential. Determination of the membrane potential makes it possible to quantitate the total proton motive force which is the force for active transport across the parasite membrane.
Information relationships in PROLOG programs: how do programmers comprehend functionality?

Within the context of software development, psychological complexity is a measure of the difficulty a programmer experiences when interacting with a program. To date there has been little research to investigate models of program comprehension as a basis for developing psychological complexity metrics. The purpose of this study is to identify information relationships that reflect the organization of programmers' cognitive models during the comprehension of unfamiliar PROLOG programs. An analysis of frequency and temporal ordering of subject protocols provides support for a two-model theory of PROLOG comprehension. During comprehension, programmers construct both a program model based on the detection of data structure relationships and a domain or real-world model based on the detection of function relationships.
Millimeter-Wave Spectra of the CO Dimer: Observation and Assignment of 20 New Transitions

Abstract Over 20 new millimeter-wave transitions of the 12 C 16 O dimer are measured in the 77- to 186-GHz range using a coaxial pulsed jet spectrometer. Sixteen of these are unambiguously assigned using millimeter-wave combination differences, and three are tentatively assigned using infrared data. Some new or revised assignments of previously observed transitions are also proposed. The new results serve to locate a number of levels of the dimer for the first time with “microwave” (≲0.1 MHz) accuracy. Such accuracy is important not just for its own sake, but also because it facilitates future assignments in the CO dimer spectra using precise combination differences.
Dynamic exercise imaging with an MR-compatible stationary cycle within the general electric open magnet.

Many cases of muscular ischemia do not manifest without increased metabolic demand. Hence, diagnosis of intermittent claudication often requires inducing physiologic challenge, such as by exercise. Cine phase-contrast MRI can concurrently acquire cross-sectional vascular anatomy and through-plane blood velocities, enabling blood flow rate quantification. An MR-compatible stationary cycle was designed, constructed, and tested for flow quantification in large arteries during lower-limb exercise in a General Electric Signa SP 0.5 T open magnet. The cycle demonstrated smooth cycling during image acquisition, has freewheeling capability, is adjustable for subject size and strength, and can quantify workload. A healthy 59-year-old male was imaged at the supraceliac and infrarenal levels of the abdominal aorta at rest and during exercise. An exercise workload of 47.9 W was achieved. His heart rate increased from 52 to 78 bpm, supraceliac flow increased from 1.7 to 3.7 L/min, and infrarenal flow increased from 0.4 to 3.2 L/min from rest to exercise.
Formation of a planet orbiting pulsar 1829–10 from the debris of a supernova explosion

How the 10-earth mass planet in a nearly circular 0.7 AU orbit around PSR1829 - 10 might have been created inside the young SNR is described. It is proposed that the planet formed from a rotationally supported disk of about 0.02 solar mass of heavy elements that fell back from the supernova explosion to an initial radius of about 1000 km. Viscous evolution of the disk then concentrated most of its angular momentum into a small amount of material at the disk's outer extremity: 10 earth masses at 10 exp 13 cm. Here, dust grains that had condensed and precipitated toward the midplane grew through cohesive collisions and gravitational instabilities into 100-km planetesimals which coagulated into the planet on a million-yr time scale. The presence of a more massive and more distant second planet is found to be unlikely.
The prompt γ-ray de-excitation of evaporation residues of 39K and Se

Abstract Average multiplicities 〈 M γ 〉 and average energies 〈 E γ 〉 have been measured for evaporation residues of the compound nuclei 39 K and Se produced in reactions of 107, 155 and 197 MeV 12 C projectiles with 27 Al and nat Ni target nuclei. Both quantities are found to be essentially independent of the projectile energy. For the reaction 197 MeV 12 C + 27 A1, 〈 M γ 〉 increases as a function of product atomic number. The results are interpreted in terms of the angular momentum dissipation which occurs during the particle evaporation cascade.
The Costs of Seeking Self–Esteem

Americans are deeply engaged in the pursuit of self-esteem, attempting to satisfy contingencies or criteria for what makes a person worthwhile. In this article, I examine the costs of this pursuit of self-esteem for the self, in terms of competence, relatedness, and mental health, and for others. I hypothesize that external contingencies of self-worth require validation from others and are unreliable as a basis of self-esteem, and hence are associated with greater costs. Data from a longitudinal study of an ethnically diverse sample of 642 college freshman support the view that contingencies of self-worth shape how students spend their time, and the prediction that external contingencies of self-worth, especially appearance, have high costs for stress, aggression, drug and alcohol use, and symptoms of disordered eating. The pursuit of self-esteem has become a central preoccupation in our society. Self-help books advise us how to achieve high self-esteem, child rearing guides tell us how to raise children with high self-esteem, schools devote aspects of their curriculum to raising children’s self-esteem, and most people organize their lives, in part, around seeking out or avoiding activities, situations, and people to protect, maintain, and enhance their self-esteem (Miller, 2001). In this article, I consider the costs of this pursuit. I have four goals: first, to consider what previous research
National health policy: Efficiency-equity synchretism

A new emphasis in national health policy to encourage efficiency has been born in an environment of slower economic growth and an aging population. The increased reliance on market incentives to reduce health care costs does not signal the abandonment of equity as a social objective. To the contrary, the new emphasis on efficiency is intended to provide more and better health care through the generation of savings from the use of management systems to improve productivity. Market incentives and new management systems to increase efficiency are not the antithesis of equity but tools to provide better health care to the poor and to the elderly in an environment of fiscal constraints.
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF PAPAYA

The speed of sound in papaya pulp was found to be (1.6 ± 0.3) × 104cm/s. The absorption of sound varied, approximately, as the square root of the acoustic frequency. Measurements were made to test the tolerance of papaya to high acoustic intensity. Discoloration and softening occur at 43 W/cm2 for exposures of 30s.
Complexes of Directed Trees

To every directed graph G one can associate a complex ?(G) consisting of directed subforests. This construction, suggested to us by R. Stanley, is especially important in the case of a complete double directed graph Gn, where it leads to the study of some interesting representations of the symmetric group and corresponds (via the Stanley?Reisner correspondence) to an interesting quotient ring. Our main result states that ?(Gn) is shellable, in particular, Cohen?Macaulay, which can be further translated to say that the Stanley?Reisner ring of ?(Gn) is Cohen?Macaulay. Besides that, by computing the homology groups of ?(G) for the cases when G is essentially a tree and when G is a double directed cycle, we touch upon the general question of the interaction of the combinatorial properties of a graph and the topological properties of the associated complex.