cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress, Cortisol, and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescent Males: An Examination in the Context of Multisystemic Therapy

Stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation have been associated with externalizing behavior in adolescence, but few studies have examined these factors in a treatment context. This study investigated the relationship between stress, cortisol, and externalizing behavior among 120 adolescent males (mean age = 15) receiving Multisystemic Therapy (MST). To examine the differential relationship of cortisol with various types of stressors, self-report measures assessed lifetime stress, current episodic stress, and daily hassles. Morning and afternoon cortisol samples were collected to examine whether the relationship between stress and treatment outcome depended on the youth’s biological stress levels. Regression analyses indicated that awakening cortisol levels moderated the relationship between daily hassles and externalizing behaviors at post-treatment. More specifically, higher levels of daily hassles predicted worse outcomes only among adolescents with high levels of morning cortisol. In addition, lifetime stressors and afternoon measures of cortisol interacted to predict changes in caretaker reports of externalizing problems and youth arrests following treatment; lifetime stressors were positively associated with externalizing behavior when adolescents had low levels of afternoon cortisol. Implications for theory and future directions for evidence-based treatment are discussed.
The algebra of flat currents for the string on AdS5 ? S5 in the light-cone gauge

We continue the program initiated in [41] and calculate the algebra of the flat currents for the string on AdS5 × S5 background in the light-cone gauge with κ symmetry fixed. We find that the algebra has a closed form and that the non-ultralocal terms come with a weight factor e(σ) that depends on the radial AdS5 coordinate. Based on results in two-dimensional sigma models coupled to gravity via the dilaton field, this suggests that the algebra of transition matrices in the present case is likely to be unambigous.
Why buy what you can get for free? The effect of foreign direct investment on state patent rates

Abstract Research has shown that foreign direct investment (FDI) encourages economic growth at the state level. We also know that knowledge spillovers, measured via patent counts, contribute to economic growth. Using an instrumental variable approach, this paper demonstrates that FDI increases patent rates in US states, thereby providing a link for the mechanism through which FDI impacts growth. Moreover, we find that FDI in neighboring states has just as strong an impact on patent rates, giving further credence to the notion that knowledge can spill across state borders.
Malignant melanoma metastatic to the upper gastrointestinal tract: Endoscopic and radiologic correlations, form and evolution of lesions, and value of directed biopsy in diagnosis

Malignant melanoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by endoscopic and radiographic examinations in 13 patients. Lesions involved esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in varying degrees and forms. Radiography was un reveal ing in 4 patients and less definitive in the remainder. Directed endoscopic biopsies were positive in 11 of 12 patients. A precise histologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions may be valuable in (1) staging patients with metastatic melanoma, (2) evaluating complications such as bleeding, perforation, or obstruction, and (3) as markers in the follow-up of treatment regimens. Endoscopy, in preference to radiography, is essential in accomplishing these aims.
On the precession of a resonant cylinder

A fluid contained in a rotating cylinder has an inertial mode which is excited by forced precession of the container. Wood's (1965, 1966) early work specifically excluded resonance phenomena. Recently McEwan (1970) has discussed resonance phenomena for strong amplitude of excitation, corresponding to rapid precession in this work.In this paper the magnitude of the resonant response for small precession rate is precisely calculated by matching the Ekman layer suction to the precessional forces. The procedure is to find the resonant mode v1, compute its boundary layers, , and the associated Ekman layer suction. The second-order problem has a solvability condition which is satisfied by matching the Ekman layer suction to the precession.
Distinguishable live erythroid and myeloid cells in β-globin ECFP x lysozyme EGFP mice

We previously described a mouse line that contains green myelomonocytic cells due to the knock-in of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) into the lysozyme M gene.1 We have now created a transgenic line with fluorescent erythroid cells using a β-globin locus control region driving the enhanced cyan fluorescence protein (ECFP) gene. These mice exhibit cyan fluorescent cells specifically in the erythroid compartment and in megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors. Crossing the animals with lysozyme EGFP mice yielded a line in which live erythroid and myeloid cells can readily be distinguished by fluorescence microscopy and by fluorescence-activated cell-sorter scanner. This cross allowed unambiguous identification of unstained mixed erythroid-myeloid colonies for the first time. The new mouse lines should become useful tools to dissect the branching between erythroid and myelomonocytic cells during in vitro differentiation of definitive multipotent progenitors.
Factors Regulating Neurogenesis and Programmed Cell Death in Mouse Olfactory Epitheliuma

To identify factors regulating neurogenesis and programmed cell death in mouse olfactory epithelium (OE), and to determine the mechanisms by which these factors act, we have studied mouse OE using two major experimental paradigms: tissue culture of embryonic OE and cell types isolated from it; and ablation of the olfactory bulb ('bulbectomy') of adult mice, a procedure that induces programmed cell death of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNS) and a subsequent surge of neurogenesis in the OE in vivo. Such experiments have been used to characterize the cellular stages in the ORN lineage, leading to the realization that there are at least two distinct stages of proliferating neuronal progenitor cells interposed between the ORN and the stem cell that ultimately gives rise to it. The identification of a number of different factors that act to regulate proliferation and survival of ORNs and progenitor cells suggests that these multiple cell stages may each serve as a control point at which neuron number in the OE is regulated. Our recent studies of neuronal colony-forming progenitors (putative stem cells) of the OE suggest that even these cells, at the earliest stage in the ORN lineage so far identified, are subject to such regulation: if colony-forming progenitors are cultured in the presence of a large excess of differentiated ORNs, then the production of new neurons by progenitors is dramatically inhibited. This result suggests that differentiated ORNs produce a signal that feeds back to inhibit neurogenesis by their own progenitors, and provides a possible explanation for the observation that ORN death, consequent to bulbectomy, results in increased neurogenesis in the OE in vivo: death of ORNs may release neuronal progenitor cells from this inhibitory signal, produced by the differentiated ORNs that lie near them in the OE. Our current experiments are directed toward identifying the molecular basis of this inhibitory signal, and the cellular mechanism(s) by which it acts.
Heat and oxygen exchange in the rete mirabile of the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus

Abstract 1. 1. In order to achieve muscle temperatures which may be in excess of 15°C above the surroundings, the vascular heat exchange system in the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, is required to operate with efficiencies approaching 99%. 2. 2. With this high efficiency of heat exchange, it is expected that some oxygen as well as heat will be exchanged between the arterial and venous blood. 3. 3. Bluefin tuna hemoglobin shows a reverse temperature dependence for oxygenation which would reduce such oxygen loss from the arterial blood. 4. 4. The molecular mechanism for this effect entails an enhanced temperature dependence of the allosteric parameter L which outweighs normal temperature dependence of the intrinsic heme affinities.
Membrane localization, Caveolin-3 association and rapid actions of vitamin D receptor in cardiac myocytes.

Abstract The active form of vitamin D, 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), mediates both genomic and rapid non-genomic actions in heart cells. We have previously shown that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is located in the t-tubular structure of cardiomyocytes. Here we show that VDR specifically interacts with Caveolin-3 in the t-tubules and sarcolemma of adult rat cardiac myocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation studies using VDR antibodies revealed that Caveolin-3 specifically co-precipitates with the VDR and similarly the VDR is co-precipitated with Caveolin-3 antibody. Confocal immuno-fluorescence microscopy analysis also showed co-localization of VDR and Caveolin-3 in t-tubules and sarcolemma. The non-genomic effects of the functional VDR were studied in electrically stimulated myocytes isolated from adult rat hearts. Sarcomere shortening and re-lengthening were measured in 1,25(OH)2D3 treated cardiac myocytes. A 1 nM treatment decreased peak shortening within minutes, suggesting a rapid effect through the membrane-bound VDR. This novel finding of the interaction between VDR and Caveolin-3 is fundamentally important in understanding 1,25(OH)2D3 signal transduction in heart cells and provides further evidence that VDR plays a role in regulation of heart structure and function.
Using participation in public school “family science night” programs as a component in the preparation of preservice elementary teachers

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the use of public school/university collaborative “family science night” programs as a component in the preparation of preservice elementary teachers. Collaboratives were established between universities and public elementary schools in southern California and central Texas. Family night programs were conducted in the evening hours in the cafeterias of the participating schools. Each family night session was facilitated by a science educator from the participating university who was assisted by university students from the school's teacher preparation program. The university students were placed in cooperative groups with elementary students and their parents during hands-on activities. Qualitative data were collected by the facilitators using direct observation, intake surveys, parent/child exit surveys, university students' journals, and formal and informal interviews. Data were analyzed and compared to determine the effects of participation in the sessions on the various individuals involved. The programs in both states were rated as exceptional by the parents and elementary students. The university students at all sites reported learning about science concepts and science teaching strategies, as well as general pedagogical and psychological concepts. Much of this learning was thought to be associated with the general social nature of the events. Modeling, an important source of “social cognitive learning,” was concluded to have played an important role in the preservice teachers' development of a more positive self-efficacy toward both science and science teaching. The preservice educators also indicated that the sessions provided them with invaluable opportunities to interact with parents, and to learn about families. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy

How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy. Maurice Bloch. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. + 205 pp., notes, references, index.
Observations on the connectivity of the parvicellular reticular formation with respect to a vomiting center

The intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRF) that have been demonstrated by fiber degeneration studies and studied by more recently introduced horseradish peroxidase retrograde cell labeling are reviewed in an attempt to delimit the connectivity of the region in the PCRF where electrical stimulation produced emesis. Evidence is presented that certain specific functional subdivisions in PCRF such as the salivatory nuclei and the cells which give rise to the vestibular efferent projections can be delimited. An attempt is made to differentiate the sources of brain stem afferent connections with the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the vagal nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus complex. The literature bearing on the histochemistry of the brain stem is reviewed in a search for clues to possible unique histo- or immunochemical cytological subdivisions in the parvicellular reticular formation.
Mitral valve infective endocarditis: benefit of early operation and aggressive use of repair.

Background In-hospital mortality rates for left-sided infective endocarditis (IE) exceed 20%. We investigated the outcomes of an aggressive approach to mitral valve IE that emphasizes early surgical intervention and preferential performance of mitral valve repair. Methods We reviewed 89 consecutive operations in 87 patients for native mitral valve IE at a single institution from 2002 to 2007. Operations occurred promptly after completion of preoperative studies. Independent risk factors for death were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Results Mitral valve repair was accomplished in 56 of 89 patients (63%). Perioperative mortality was 4.4% (n = 4). Survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 89.9% (80 of 89) and 82.0% (73 of 90). There was a survival benefit for repair vs replacement at 1 (p = 0.03) and 5 years (p = 0.0017). Repair vs replacement (odds ratio [OR], 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06 to 0.72), diabetes (OR, 4.43; 95% CI, 1.18 to 16.66), and renal failure (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.3 to 12.91) were independent risk factors for late mortality. Among 59 patients with active IE, preoperative head computed tomography (CT) showed 29 (49%) had abnormalities, including 12 (41%) with intracerebral hemorrhage. The median interval was 4 days from admission to operation. The rate of permanent postoperative stroke was 1.1% (1 of 89). Conclusions These results support early surgical therapy for mitral valve IE. Head CT abnormalities do not warrant delay of operation. Mitral valve repair was associated with a long-term survival advantage compared with valve replacement.
Inpatient mortality after orthopaedic surgery

Adequate comorbidity risk adjustment is central for reliable outcome prediction and provider performance evaluation. The two most commonly employed risk-adjustment methods in orthopaedic surgery were not originally validated in this patient population. We sought (1) to develop a single numeric comorbidity score for predicting inpatient mortality in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery by combining and reweighting the conditions included in the Charlson and Elixhauser measures, and to compare its predictive performance to each of the separate component scores. We also (2) evaluated the new score separately for spine surgery, adult reconstruction, hip fracture, and musculoskeletal oncology admissions. Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for the years 1990 through 2007 were obtained. A comorbidity score for predicting inpatient mortality was developed by combining conditions from the Charlson and Elixhauser measures. Weights were derived from a random sample of 80 % of the cohort (n = 26,454,972), and the predictive ability of the new score was internally validated on the remaining 20 % (n = 6,739,169). Performance of scores was assessed and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) derived from multivariable logistic regression models. The new combined comorbidity score (AUC = 0.858, 95 % CI 0.856–0.859) performed 58 % better than the Charlson score (AUC = 0.794, 95 % CI 0.792–0.796) and 12 % better than the Elixhauser score (AUC = 0.845, 95 % CI 0.844–0.847). Of the seven conditions that received the highest weights in the new combined score, only three of them were included in both the Charlson and the Elixhauser indices. The new combined score achieved higher discriminatory power for all orthopaedic admission subgroups. A single numeric comorbidity score combining conditions from the Charlson and Elixhauser models provided better discrimination of inpatient mortality than either of its constituent scores. Future research should test this score in other populations and data settings.
NORMAL MODES IN A CONTINUUM MODEL OF VOCAL FOLD TISSUES

The Ritz method is used to calculate eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies in a continuum model of the vocal folds. The investigation represents a rectification and extension of previous studies, emphasizing the indispensability of utilizing natural boundary conditions when computing the characteristic modes of a system. Concurring with previous assertions, two of the lower‐order eigenmodes are theorized to play a major role in facilitating self‐oscillation of the folds during phonation. One mode, related to vertical phasing, is shown to have a more direct control over glottal convergence/divergence than indicated in previous calculations. Unlike lumped element models, the continuum model predicts that the eigenfrequencies of the two modes are closely spaced over an extensive range of tissue sizes and stiffnesses. This finding may help explain why the two modes entrain so naturally over a wide range of phonatory adjustments in human phonation.
Al/Hg - mediated reductive dimerisation of 3-methoxycarbonyl-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran

Aluminium amalgam - mediated reductive dimerisation of 3-methoxycarbonyl-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran produced two sets of diastereomeric bichromones coupled through 2,2' and 2,4'- positions; the latter set of diastereomers underwent diastereoconvergent dehydration to produce Z-3,3'-dimethoxycabonyl-3H-2,4'-bi[1-benzopyran-2-ylidene]-4-one.
Supplétion et récurrence des thèmes pronominaux nostratiques

In this paper, it is shown that most of the language families claimed to derive from a common Nostratic protolanguage exhibit complex pronominal systems characterized by intricate patterns of recurrence and suppletion in the personal, demonstrative and possibly interrogative pronominal stems. The analysis proposed here, employing the strict principles of the comparative method, shows that these patterns are probably not due to coincidence but rather represent a new argument in favor of the Nostratic hypothesis.
QUANTITATIVE NUCLEAR CYSTOGRAPHY DOES NOT PREDICT OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

AbstractPurpose: Quantitative nuclear cystography has been advocated as a tool for determining the prognosis in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. We reviewed our data on this technique to assess its usefulness for predicting the outcome in this population.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients with primary reflux in whom findings were positive on at least 2 nuclear cystograms at our institution between 1992 and 1997. Patients followed at least 3 years were stratified according to outcome. Unfavorable prognostic criteria included bladder volume at reflux onset 60% or less of total bladder capacity and calculated volume of reflux 2% or greater of bladder capacity.Results: Of the 107 patients in our study 63 were followed for 3 years or longer, and reflux resolved in 17, was repaired in 24 and persisted in 22. Mean patient age at latest followup, duration of followup and number of cystograms did not significantly differ among groups. Intermittent reflux in 3...
A.C. temperature measurement of changes in heat capacity of beryllium in a magnetic field

Abstract Quantum oscillations in the heat capacity of beryllium have been observed using an a.c. temperature technique.
Exosome complex and erythropoiesis.

In this issue of Blood , McIver et al demonstrate that components of the exosome complex are endogenous suppressors of erythroid maturation, revealing a new and novel regulatory mechanism for erythroid development.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Schematic model of GATA1/Foxo3-exosome complex network.
Ancestral Processes with Selection

Abstract In this paper, we show how to construct the genealogy of a sample of genes for a large class of models with selection and mutation. Each gene corresponds to a single locus at which there is no recombination. The genealogy of the sample is embedded in a graph which we call the ancestral selection graph . This graph contains all the information about the ancestry; it is the analogue of Kingman's coalescent process which arises in the case with no selection. The ancestral selection graph can be easily simulated and we outline an algorithm for simulating samples. The main goal is to analyze the ancestral selection graph and to compare it to Kingman's coalescent process. In the case of no mutation, we find that the distribution of the time to the most recent common ancestor does not depend on the selection coefficient and hence is the same as in the neutral case. When the mutation rate is positive, we give a procedure for computing the probability that two individuals in a sample are identical by descent and the Laplace transform of the time to the most recent common ancestor of a sample of two individuals; we evaluate the first two terms of their respective power series in terms of the selection coefficient. The probability of identity by descent depends on both the selection coefficient and the mutation rate and is different from the analogous expression in the neutral case. The Laplace transform does not have a linear correction term in the selection coefficient. We also provide a recursion formula that can be used to approximate the probability of a given sample by simulating backwards along the sample paths of the ancestral selection graph, a technique developed by Griffiths and Tavare (1994).
Mobile e-Medicine: Reengineering, Telemedicine and the Art of War

This paper discusses the rationale used by the Department of Defense (DoD) to adapt the principles of e-commerce to telemedicine, to meet increasing global crises, and to find ways to more effectiv...
Human Metapneumovirus and Human Bocavirus in Children

Several new viruses have recently been described in children, including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV). hMPV has been established as a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children, often second only to respiratory syncytial virus as a cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Diagnostic tools have been developed for the clinician and effective treatment and prevention strategies are being investigated. HBoV was more recently identified. Although it was initially identified in the airway of children, high rates of codetection of other viral pathogens and detection of the virus in the stool have raised questions about the true role of HBoV as a cause of respiratory infections. A focus on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic techniques for hMPV and HBoV is presented.
Bridging the Information Transfer Gap

The ability to determine, a priori, how well an interface design meets the information needs of a user?that is, to `bridge the information transfer gap??is a critical component of any intelligent interface design system. Yet most current approaches either sidestep the problem of computationally measuring `goodness of fit? by compiling design knowledge into a set of pattern matching rules or, at best, use a very limited set of parameters in scoring. We describe a formal representation for capturing the information needs associated with user tasks and the information conveying capabilities of interface elements. A multifaceted scoring technique, using this representation, is presented for assessing a design's goodness of fit against current user requirements. The hallmarks of this approach are the explicit representation of the goals of good user interface design, evaluation of a proposed design against these goals and a computational approach to performing tradeoffs among these goals when incompatible. Finally, we report on the implementation and user acceptance of this design in an adaptive interface application for military attack/scout helicopters.
Further investigations of mutagenic cholesterol preparations

The previously demonstrated mutagenicity of naturally air-aged (autoxidized) USP cholesterol in test strains of Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed. In contrast, autoxidized brassicasterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, ergosterol, lanosterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol were non-mutagenic in the same assay, and 38 individual cholesterol derivatives, including many cholesterol autoxidation products, were also non-mutagenic. The mutagenic species from mutagenic cholesterol preparations were shown to be neutral steroids that are very much more polar than the cholesterol autoxidation products so far identified. High-performance liquid chromatography resolved mutagenic cholesterol preparations into several mutagenic and non-mutagenic fractions. The chemical nature of the mutagens is suggested as involving oxidation of the sterol B-ring and of the side-chain.
Quantification of chemical weathering rates across an actively eroding hillslope

Abstract Chemical weathering rates for landscapes are difficult to quantify because the timescales over which weathering occurs are often unknown. In this study, we use timescales defined by prior cosmogenic nuclide analyses and a suite of geochemical measurements to calculate weathering rates in saprolite and soil and to determine how these rates vary across an eroding hillslope. We also estimate the relative contributions of solute and erosional mass loss to landscape lowering. Analyses were conducted on a soil-mantled hillslope developed on a granodiorite pluton in southern NSW, Australia. Mass loss in solution accounts for 35% to 55% of the total mass loss from the hillslope. Saprolite close to the soil–saprolite boundary is less weathered at the ridge than at distance from the ridge. The calculated flux of silica from the saprolite is 5 tons km − 2 yr − 1 and does not vary with distance from the ridge or overlying soil thickness. The assumption of steady state, but spatially variable erosion rates with a temporally constant thickness of soil and saprolite allows us to calculate the downslope variation in the rate of solute losses. Soil silica weathering rates initially increase from ∼12 tons km − 2 yr − 1 at the ridge crest to ∼20 tons km − 2 yr − 1 on the convex region of the hillslope, and then decrease to 13 tons km − 2 yr − 1 by the time soils have been transported 45–50 m. Soils closer to the surface are more weathered than deeper soils. This geochemical stratification suggests that the soil column does not become thoroughly vertically mixed as soils move down slope. Dependence of solute loss on transport distance may explain the previously noted discrepancy between the observed soil thickness and that predicted based on curvature. Variation of solute loss with transport distance may also contribute to the linear dependence of soil thickness on distance from the ridge.
Osteoclastic superoxide production and bone resorption: Stimulation and inhibition by modulators of NADPH oxidase

Production of superoxide radicals by osteoclasts is necessary for normal bone degradation. White blood cell superoxide, needed for bacterial killing, is produced by activated NADPH oxidase. Since osteoclasts and white blood cells share a common hematopoietic origin, we initiated experiments to test the hypothesis that superoxide radicals at the osteoclast-bone interface are produced by NADPH oxidase. Diphenyl iodonium (IDP), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, blocked superoxide generation and decreased osteoclastic bone resorption in cultures of calvarial explants from normal mice. Interferon (IFN) gamma, a stimulant of NADPH oxidase activity, increased superoxide production and bone resorption in cultures of calvarial explants from osteopetrotic (microphthalmic) mice. IDP blocked the stimulatory effects of IFN in this bone resorption model. These data suggest that osteoclastic superoxide is produced by NADPH oxidase.
Delta-Function Fermi Gas with Two-Spin Deviates

The problem of one-dimensional particles interacting via a delta-function potential has been a useful model for the many-body problem. While it can be solved for bosons, it has so far not been solved for fermions except for the special cases of either all spins parallel or all but one spin parallel. The full difficulty of the problem first manifests itself when two spins are down (i.e., S=½N − 2), and this we solve here. We are confident that our method can be extended to the general problem.
Purification and characterization of the lipid A disaccharide synthase (LpxB) from Escherichia coli, a peripheral membrane protein.

Escherichia coli LpxB, an inverting glycosyl transferase of the GT-B superfamily and a member of CAZy database family 19, catalyzes the fifth step of lipid A biosynthesis: UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine + 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate → 2′,3′-diacylglucosamine-(β,1′-6)-2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate + UDP. LpxB is a target for the development of new antibiotics, but no member of family 19, which consists entirely of LpxB orthologues, has been characterized mechanistically or structurally. Here, we have purified E. coli and Haemophilus influenzae LpxB to near homogeneity on a 10−100 mg scale using protease-cleavable His10-tagged constructs. E. coli LpxB activity is dependent upon the bulk surface concentration of its substrates in a mixed micelle assay system, suggesting that catalysis occurs at the membrane interface. E. coli LpxB (Mr ∼ 43 kDa) sediments with membranes at low salt concentrations but is largely solubilized with buffers of high ionic strength. It purifies with 1.6−3.5 mol of phospholipid/...
Mouse cursor movement and eye tracking data as an indicator of pathologists' attention when viewing digital whole slide images

Context: Digital pathology has the potential to dramatically alter the way pathologists work, yet little is known about pathologists' viewing behavior while interpreting digital whole slide images. While tracking pathologist eye movements when viewing digital slides may be the most direct method of capturing pathologists' viewing strategies, this technique is cumbersome and technically challenging to use in remote settings. Tracking pathologist mouse cursor movements may serve as a practical method of studying digital slide interpretation, and mouse cursor data may illuminate pathologists' viewing strategies and time expenditures in their interpretive workflow. Aims: To evaluate the utility of mouse cursor movement data, in addition to eye-tracking data, in studying pathologists' attention and viewing behavior. Settings and Design: Pathologists (N = 7) viewed 10 digital whole slide images of breast tissue that were selected using a random stratified sampling technique to include a range of breast pathology diagnoses (benign/atypia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive breast cancer). A panel of three expert breast pathologists established a consensus diagnosis for each case using a modified Delphi approach. Materials and Methods: Participants' foveal vision was tracked using SensoMotoric Instruments RED 60 Hz eye-tracking system. Mouse cursor movement was tracked using a custom MATLAB script. Statistical Analysis Used: Data on eye-gaze and mouse cursor position were gathered at fixed intervals and analyzed using distance comparisons and regression analyses by slide diagnosis and pathologist expertise. Pathologists' accuracy (defined as percent agreement with the expert consensus diagnoses) and efficiency (accuracy and speed) were also analyzed. Results: Mean viewing time per slide was 75.2 seconds (SD = 38.42). Accuracy (percent agreement with expert consensus) by diagnosis type was: 83% (benign/atypia); 48% (carcinoma in situ); and 93% (invasive). Spatial coupling was close between eye-gaze and mouse cursor positions (highest frequency ∆x was 4.00px (SD = 16.10), and ∆y was 37.50px (SD = 28.08)). Mouse cursor position moderately predicted eye gaze patterns (Rx = 0.33 and Ry = 0.21). Conclusions: Data detailing mouse cursor movements may be a useful addition to future studies of pathologists' accuracy and efficiency when using digital pathology.
How to search history

This paper considers the problem of granting a dynamic data structure the capability of remembering the situation it held at previous times. We present a new scheme for recording a history of h updates over an ordered set S of n objects, which allows fast neighbor computation at any time in the history. The novelty of the method is to allow the set S to be only partially ordered with respect to queries and the time measure to be multi-dimensional. The generality of the method makes it useful for a number of problems in 3-dimensional geometry. For example, we are able to give fast algorithms for locating a point in a 3-dimensional complex, using linear space, or for finding which of n given points is closest to a query plane. Using a simpler, yet conceptually similar technique, we show that with O ( n 2 ) preprocessing, it is possible to determine in O (log 2 n ) time which of n given points in E 3 is closest to an arbitrary query point.
STEROID METABOLISM: ESTROGENS AND PHENOLASES1

A PREVIOUS PAPER (1) we reported that mushroom laccase oxidized estrogens in a 20 to 26.6‰ alcohol solution, whereas both mushroom and potato tyrosinase failed to do so. We employed alcoholic solutions because of the relative insolu-bility in water of estradiol, estrone, and estriol. The ineffectiveness of the tyrosinases used might be attributable to their great sensitivity to alcohol (2), although control experiments with catechol in alcoholic solution showed no marked inactivation of the tyrosinase. The estrogenic substrates are, however, oxidized much more slowly than catechol. This difference in oxidation rate, and the presence of an induction period, might allow for an alcohol effect upon the tyrosinases sufficient to block a possible oxidation. Accordingly Dr. William H. Pearlman prepared for us 4 completely watersoluble estrogen derivatives: estriol succinate, estrone carboxymethoxime, estradiol succinate and estradiol phthalate3. All of these could be dissolved stoichometrically by 0.01 M NaOH an...
Market-Focused Strategic Flexibility: Conceptual Advances and an Integrative Model

This article develops the concept of market-focused strategic flexibility. It begins with a review of the historical perspectives of strategic flexibility. To support the conceptualization, the authors offer a theoretical schema that considers market-focused strategic flexibility as conceptually rooted in capabilities theory, resource-based views of the firm, and options. With the conceptualization in place, the authors propose an integrative model that explicates the mediating role of market-focused strategic flexibility in marketing strategy frameworks. Propositions are developed relating market-driven and driving orientations to market-focused strategic flexibility with consideration for how turbulent macro environments modify the relationship. In addition, the authors offer propositions regarding outcomes of market-focused strategic flexibility under conditions of macro environmental turbulence.
Using the Q-connectivity method to study frequency of interaction with multiple peer triads: do preschoolers' peer group interactions at school relate to academic skills?

A new social network method shows that young children vary in their abilities to interact with multiple peer groups and to maintain group interactions over time. Learning how to competently sustain group interactions is an important developmental task for preschoolers and is associated with enhanced school readiness, particularly for girls.
Public evaluations of police performance: an analysis across three levels of policing

Research focussing on US citizen attitudes of police has concentrated on city policing agencies, neglecting varying attitudes toward county and state police. Attempts to fill this void by testing the effects of individual and contextual variables on citizen evaluations and police performance across city, county and state levels using data collected from a state in the western USA. Finds differences in evaluations depending on age, gender, initiation of contact and previous experience. Discusses the implications of these results and suggests topics for further research.
Gut-liver axis and sensing microbes.

‘Detoxification’ of gut-derived toxins and microbial products from gut-derived microbes is a major role of the liver. While the full repertoire of gut-derived microbial products that reach the liver in health and disease is yet to be explored, the levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacteria, is increased in the portal and/or systemic circulation in several types of chronic liver diseases. Increased gut permeability and LPS play a role in alcoholic liver disease where alcohol impairs the gut epithelial integrity through alterations in tight junction proteins. In addition, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is also associated with increased serum LPS levels and activation of the pro-inflammatory cascade plays a central role in disease progression. Microbial danger signals are recognized by pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Increasing evidence suggests that TLR4-mediated signaling via the MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent pathways may play different roles in liver diseases associated with increased LPS exposure of the liver as a result of gut permeability. For example, we showed that in alcoholic liver disease, the MyD88-independent, IRF3-dependent TLR4 cascade plays a role in steatosis and inflammation. Our recent data demonstrate that chronic alcohol exposure in the liver leads to sensitization of Kupffer cells to LPS via a mechanism involving upregulation of microRNA-155 in Kupffer cells. Thus, understanding the cell-specific recognition and intracellular signaling events in sensing gut-derived microbes will help to achieve an optimal balance in the gut-liver axis and ameliorate liver diseases.
Calming children's television fears: Mr. Rogers vs. The incredible hulk

An experiment examined the effectiveness of two intervention strategies to reduce children's fear of the television series The Incredible Hulk, in which a mild‐mannered character (David) transforms into the monstrous Hulk. The Identity tape emphasized the similar positive motivations of David and the Hulk. The Visual Cues tape showed an actor being made‐up to look like the Hulk. Both tapes reduced fear (relative to a control condition) during the post‐transformation segment that featured the Hulk. Additional measures (ratings of the characters, explanations of the transformation) were used to evaluate several possible reasons for the success of the interventions.
Uterine Alkaline Phosphatase: Effect of Actinomycin D and Histones

The effects of intrauterine application of actinomycin D and calf thymus histones on the akaline phosphatase activity and histological changes of the uteri of castrated rats stimulated with 17β-estradiol were studied. The uterine phosphatase activity induced with 17β-estradiol was suppressed nearly to the level of castrated rats at high doses of actinomycin D (6 μg/horn). Although the epithelial cells were completely denuded, histochemical localization of phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the blood vessels, glandular epithelium and stroma. Lower doses of actinomycin D inhibited the height of the epithelial cells induced by 17β- estradiol and an unexplained rise in the phosphatase activity above the control level was observed. Calf thymus histones administered into the uterine cavity incited an acute inflammatory reaction and did not inhibit the increase in uterine alkaline phosphatase induced by 17β- estradiol. (Endocrinology 82: 1069, 1968)
Findings in Asymptomatic HIV Infected Patients Undergoing Chest Computed Tomography Testing: Implications for Lung Cancer Screening

Background HIV-infected persons have a two-fold to five-fold increased unadjusted risk of lung cancer. In the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), computed tomography (CT) screening was associated with a reduction in lung cancer mortality among high-risk smokers. These results may not generalize to HIV-infected persons, particularly if they are more likely to have false-positive chest CT findings. Methods We utilized data including standardized chest CT scans from 160 HIV infected and 139 uninfected Veterans enrolled between 2009 and 2012 in the multicenter Examinations of HIV Associated Lung Emphysema (EXHALE) Study. Abnormal CT findings were abstracted from clinical interpretations of the scans and classified as positive by NLST criteria vs. other findings. Clinical evaluations and diagnoses that ensued were abstracted from the medical record. Results There was no significant difference by HIV in the proportion of CT scans classified as positive by NLST criteria (29% of HIV infected and 24% of HIV uninfected, P=0.3). However, HIV-infected participants with CD4 cell counts less than 200 cells/μl had significantly higher odds of positive scans, a finding that persisted in multivariable analysis. Evaluations triggered by abnormal CT scans were also similar in HIV-infected and uninfected participants (all P>0.05). Conclusion HIV status was not associated with an increased risk of abnormal findings on CT or increased rates of follow-up testing in clinically stable outpatients with CD4 cell count more than 200. These data reflect favorably on the balance of benefits and harms associated with lung cancer screening for HIV-infected smokers with less severe immunodeficiency.
Transition from split streamlines to dip-coating during Langmuir–Blodgett film deposition

Abstract Mono-molecular films of arachidic acid were deposited on glass slides using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. The liquid subphases were dilute solutions of ZnSO 4 at different pH. Glass slides were treated to create contact angles ( θ ) ranging from approximately 15° for clean glass slides, to contact angles greater than 120° for slides treated with ferric stearate. Intermediate contact angles were created by immersing slides in solutions of Sigmacote ® of varying concentration. Very small contact angles, θ ≈0° were obtained with clean glass slides at high pH values. LB deposition data and transfer ratios (TR) were recorded for up-stroke and down-stroke operation. During upstroke, TR increase with decreasing contact angles reaching a maximum TR close to 100% when the receding contact angle is approximately 15–20°. This is typical of the split-ejection flow pattern found during up-stroke. For very small contact angles, i.e. less than 10°, TR suddenly become zero indicating a transition to a dip-coating flow pattern. During down-stroke operation, TR is zero or negative for small contact angles, reaching a maximum TR approximately 100% for contact angles larger than 120°.
Joint purification of mangano and cuprozinc superoxide dismutases from a single source--a simplified method.

Abstract Preliminary studies which raised questions as to the efficacy of ammonium sulfate precipitation in separating mangano from cuprozinc superoxide dismutase and the adequacy of cyanide sensitivity in monitoring such separation led to the use of electrophoresis with activity and protein staining to monitor purification. This, together with exploitation of the differing isoelectric points of the two enzymes permitting separate elution from the same DE-52 column, led to a simplified method for purification of these enzymes using the same starting material and common purification steps initially. The specific activity was 2900 and 3200 units/mg protein and yields were 18 and 20% for mangano and cuprozine superoxide dismutase, respectively.
Protein translation, 2007

Translation of RNA to protein is essential for life. It should perhaps not be surprising, therefore, that appropriate regulation of translation plays a key role in determining longevity. This Hot Topic article discusses papers published in the last year related to the importance of translation and its regulation by signaling through the target of rapamycin kinase, in modulating aging and age-associated diseases.
A new ALS model for dilute polymer solutions in flows with strong shear components

Ghosh et al. (J Rheol 46:1057–1089, 2002) developed a new model for dilute polymer solutions in flows with strong extensional components. The model based on introducing an adaptive length scale (ALS) as an internal variable was developed to reproduce the fine-scale physics of the Kramers chain. The ALS model describes the polymer molecule as a set of identical segments in which each segment represents a fragment of the polymer that is short enough so that it can sample its entire configuration space on the time scale of an imposed deformation and therefore stretch reversibly. As the molecule unravels, the number of the segments decreases, but the maximum length of each segment increases, so that the constant maximum contour length of the molecule is preserved. Though the single-segment-based ALS model accounts for the orientability of the polymer molecules, it cannot describe the internal motions of the molecules due to the lack of internal nodes. Hence, in this work we consider the more realistic chain (multi-segments) model composed of Nseg springs connected linearly. The model presented in this work is an extension of the ALS model developed by Ghosh et al. (J Rheol 46:1057–1089, 2002). We demonstrate that the ALS varies with the flow strength. Specifically, it is found that as the flow strength increases, the ALS decreases. This implies that as the flow strength increases, the polymer molecule is required to divide into finer and finer segments such that each segment can locally equilibrate with the imposed flow. However, there is a critical number of such subdivisions beyond which further subdivision of the polymer molecule is not required to capture the polymer dynamics for a given flow strength. Both shear viscosity and first normal stress coefficient predictions from ALS model show shear thinning behavior with Weissenberg number. In weak flows, the ALS model and the finitely extensible non-linear elastic model exhibit the same behavior.
Synthetic peptides and anti-peptide antibodies as probes to study interdomain interactions involved in virus assembly: the envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1).

Abstract Synthetic peptides and anti-peptide antibodies have been widely used as probes to map B- and T-cell epitopes on proteins. Such probes also have the potential to delineate contact sites involved generally in protein-protein interactions or in association of domains within a protein. We applied peptide/anti-peptide probes to define: (1) regions on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 involved in the association between these two glycoproteins; and (2) sites on gp120/gp41, essential for the association of HIV-1 with the CD4 cell receptor. Results of this examination suggested the following: (1) two segments on gpl20, encompassing residues (102–126) and (425–452), contribute to the binding site for CD4 and are expected to be juxtaposed in the folded gp120 chain; (2) portions of immunodominant gpl20 and gp41 epitopes, encompassing residues (303–338) and (579–611), respectively, appeared to be involved in the gpl20-gp41 association, as suggested by direct binding studies and by the limited accessibility of these epitopes on HIV-1 virions: other portions of gp120 also appeared to contribute to the association between these two glycoproteins; (3) there is a partial overlap between gp41 and CD4 binding sites on gp120; (4) the fusion domain and a segment (637–666) of gp41 are not accessible to antibodies after oligomerization of gp41; and (5) the gp120-gp41 association was blocked by aurintricarboxylic acid, suggesting the possibility of developing antiviral compounds interfering with HIV-1 assembly.