cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
#Stupidcancer: Exploring a Typology of Social Support and the Role of Emotional Expression in a Social Media Community

Social network sites (SNSs) like Twitter continue to attract users, many of whom turn to these spaces for social support for serious illnesses like cancer. Building on literature that explored the functionality of online spaces for health-related social support, we propose a typology that situates this type of support in an SNS-based open cancer community based on the type (informational or emotional) and the direction (expression or reception) of support. A content analysis applied the typology to a 2-year span of Twitter messages using the popular hashtag "#stupidcancer." Given that emotions form the basis for much of human communication and behavior, including aspects of social support, this content analysis also examined the relationship between emotional expression and online social support in tweets about cancer. Furthermore, this study looked at the various ways in which Twitter allows for message sharing across a user's entire network (not just among the cancer community). This work thus begins to lay the conceptual and empirical groundwork for future research testing the effects of various types of social support in open, interactive online cancer communities.
Carbon Dioxide in Developmental Processes

Although several scattered reports indicate that CO2 plays a role in developmental processes, its modes of action are poorly understood. Of these, only the most extensively studied will be discussed—sexual differentiation in coelenterates, CO2 fixation in cleaving embryos, and uterine implantation of embryos in mammals. Loomis [1957] reviewed the earlier literature, and additional reports are listed in Table 1.
Nonperiodicity of Solutions of an nth Order Equation

(1969). Nonperiodicity of Solutions of an nth Order Equation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 657-658.
The refrigerated microtome (cryostat) in a horizontal deep freeze.

The applications and advantages of the cryostat are receiving increasing recognition for the preparation of fresh frozen sections for histochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and surgical or autopsy pathology.' " With the cryostat, it is possible to prepare thin unwrinkled sections of single or multiple pieces of fresh tissue. Tissues that are very difficult to cut by means of the conventional technics for frozen section may be processed easily. This paper deals with an advance in the general principles of the frozen section and of the cryostat technic, consisting of an inclined mounting of a microtome in an open-top deep freeze. The resultant simplification of operation and drastic reduction in price may help to make such equipment more readily available and usable.
Reduced recovery of Rift Valley fever virus associated with assay of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) larval pools.

Experiments were conducted to determine if the number of uninfected mosquitoes per pool affected recovery of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. While the inclusion of as many as 100 uninfected adult male or female mosquitoes per pool did not affect recovery of virus by plaque assay employing Vero cells, the presence of as few as 5 uninfected larvae in a pool significantly reduced the infectivity titer of RVF virus recovered. This phenomenon was observed for larvae of both species tested (Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti), and for pools containing either an experimentally infected (inoculated) larva or an added constant amount of RVF virus. By inoculation of larval pools into hamsters, virus could be detected in some pools that were negative by plaque assay, but inoculation failed to detect virus from some of the pools to which 102.9 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml had been added. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was not affected by pool size but failed to detect antigen from pools to which less than 103 PFU/ml had been added. Inoculation of Toxorhynchites amboinensis was the most sensitive assay system for detection of virus in pools containing 10 or more larvae to which a RVF viral suspension had been added (RVF virus was recovered from pools that were negative by plaque assay, hamster inoculation, and ELISA). However, both ELISA and mosquito inoculation were equally efficient systems for detecting virus in pools that contained an infected larva. These findings may be important in the analysis of larvae to detect transovarial transmission.
Observation and Control of Hot Atom Damage in Ferroelectric Devices

Ferroelectric materials are the most common example of a Landau structure, defined as a system having an atom/mass moving in a double-well energy landscape. These materials have applications in memories, actuators, low power logic transistors, and so on. For a bipolar ac signal typical in most of the applications, one suspects that the repeated roller coaster shuttling of the moving atoms located microscopically at the domain walls could lead to bond dissociation, suggesting a new channel for defect generation with no classical counterpart. Here, we demonstrate that once the bipolar pulses initiate transfer of atoms between the energy pockets, the transient overshoot away from their equilibrium positions (hot atoms) leads to significant increase in defect generation. We interpret the degradation theoretically and demonstrate a set of soft-switching schemes to control the hot atom damage and to improve the device lifetime dramatically. The damage mechanism should be generic in other Landau structures, such as microelectromechanical systems, nonvolatile memories, and analogous control strategies should improve the lifetime of all such bistable devices.
Fluorescence detection and imaging of biomolecules using the micropatterned nanostructured aluminum oxide.

Micropatterns of the nanostructured aluminum oxide (NAO) with sizes from 5 to 200 μm have been successfully fabricated on the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate by simply combining a lift-off process and a one-step anodization process for the first time. The detection of fluorescent dyes and biomolecules tagged with fluorescent dyes on the NAO has been investigated and demonstrated successfully. Experiments reveal that the micropatterned NAO substrates can increase the fluorescence signals up to 2 or 3 orders of magnitude compared to the glass substrate, suggesting a possibility to significantly reduce the consumption of the biosamples for fluorescence-based sensing, imaging, and analysis. The stability of the NAO substrates for fluorescence enhancement has also been evaluated by monitoring the fluorescence signals after the fluorophores applied on the substrates for a period of time and reusing the same NAO substrates many times. It was found that this type of substrate has very good stability. Becau...
Calmodulin in Brain Tissues of Newborn Rats with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and the Therapeutic Effect of Cerebrolysin

Objective To study the relationship between calmodulin (CaM) concentrations in brain tissues of newborn rats and the pathogenesis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and the therapeutic effect of cerebrolysin on HIE. Methods Morphological and metabolic effects of cerebral ischemia were investigated in a newborn rat model of neonatal HIE. In addition, the effect of cerebrolysin (EBEWE, Austria) on acute brain hypoxic ischemia was studied. Eighty eight HIE newborn rats (48 cerebrolysin treated and 40 controls) were subjected to left cerebral artery ligation and one hour later they were placed in a hypoxic environment (8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen mixed) for two hours. Immediately afterwards, cerebrolysin ( 2.5 ml/kg body mass) was administered daily, either by intracerebroventricular infusion (i.c.v) or by intramuscular injection. CaM concentrations were determined using cyclicnucleotide dependent phosphodiesterase methods, and 15 normal rats were used as the control group. Results CaM concentrations in brain tissues increased in HIE group at different duration after hypoxic ischemia: 24 h=( 521.27 ± 46.04 ) μg/g brain tissue; 48 h=( 509.52 ± 35.98 ) μg/g brain tissue; 72 h=( 421.05 ± 31.81 ) μg/g brain tissue, compared to the control group [( 187.63 ± 54.22 ) μg/g brain tissue] (P 0.01 ). Cerebrolysin treatment groups facilitated recovery, as indicated by a decrease in CaM concentration (i.c.v group: 24 h=( 435.21 ± 56.17 ) μg/g brain tissue; 48 h=( 260.38 ± 32.43 ) μg/g brain tissue; 72 h=( 197.64 ± 19.21 ) μg/g brain tissue; i.m.group: 24 h=( 441.04 ± 30.66 ) μg/g brain tissue; 48 h=( 305.39 ± 32.99 ) μg/g brain tissue; 72 h=( 217.71 ± 52.89 ) μg/g brain tissue (P0.01). Morphological examination showed that the volume of neuron degeneration, necrosis and intercellular edema was increased in HIE groups and significantly reduced in cerebrolysin treatment groups. Conclusions CaM concentration in brain tissues is increased after hypoxic ischemic injury and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of newborn rats with HIE. Cerebrolysin is effective in protecting brain cells from further damage through its influence on cerebral CaM concentration.
Study on the Application of Modern Education Technology in Experiment Teaching

During the teaching practice of higher vocational education, experiment is one of the most important parts of teaching. The role of modern teaching technology in experiment teaching must be realized, that is,the modern teaching technology holds the top position in experiment teaching.With the modern teaching technique, we can make mini visual size experiment macroscopic, static thing dynamic, abstract knowledge visual, complicated technique concise and cost experiment simulated.
Single crystal elasticity of lawsonite

The single-crystal elastic moduli of lawsonite [CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O] were measured by Brillouin spectroscopy at ambient conditions. The Voigt-Reuss-Hill averaged aggregate elastic moduli are K S = 125(2) GPa and μ = 52(2) GPa, for the adiabatic bulk modulus and shear modulus, respectively. Our acoustic results resolve discrepancies between the bulk moduli obtained in earlier compression studies. Lawsonite has distinctive acoustic properties, being characterized by extremely high shear elastic anisotropy (74%), a high V P to V S ratio ( V P/ V S = 1.94), and a large Poisson’s ratio (σ = 0.318).
Regulation and translocation of ATP-dependent apical membrane proteins in rat liver

The bile canalicular membrane contains four specific ATP-dependent transport processes that are involved in secretion of bile acids, non-bile acid organic anions (mrp1), phospholipids (mdr2), and o...
Fast optimal clearing of capped-chain barter exchanges

Kidney exchange is a type of barter market where patients exchange willing but incompatible donors. These exchanges are conducted via cycles—where each incompatible patient-donor pair in the cycle both gives and receives a kidney—and chains, which are started by an altruist donor who does not need a kidney in return. Finding the best combination of cycles and chains is hard. The leading algorithms for this optimization problem use either branch and price—a combination of branch and bound and column generation—or constraint generation. We show a correctness error in the leading prior branch-and-price-based approach [Glorie et al. 2014]. We develop a provably correct fix to it, which also necessarily changes the algorithm's complexity, as well as other improvements to the search algorithm. Next, we compare our solver to the leading constraint-generation-based solver and to the best prior correct branch-and-price-based solver. We focus on the setting where chains have a length cap. A cap is desirable in practice since if even one edge in the chain fails, the rest of the chain fails: the cap precludes very long chains that are extremely unlikely to execute and instead causes the solution to have more parallel chains and cycles that are more likely to succeed. We work with the UNOS nationwide kidney exchange, which uses a chain cap. Algorithms from our group autonomously make the transplant plans for that exchange. On that real data and demographically-accurate generated data, our new solver scales significantly better than the prior leading approaches.
“He Wanted Me to Achieve that for Our Family and I Did, Too”: Exploring First-Generation Students’ Experiences of Turning Points During the Transition to College

ABSTRACTThis study explored the ways in which family communication facilitated support and persistence for first-generation students during the transition from high school through the first year of college with a specific focus on the first-year experience, a pivotal time when first-generation students often decide whether they will leave or stay in college. Through semistructured interviews, we identified the communication events that first-generation students perceived to be turning points in their interpersonal interactions with their family members. Seventeen participants identified a total of 121 turning points that they experienced from family members spanning from the time they had their first conversation about going to college through the first year of college. Interviews revealed three suprathemes of turning points: (a) coauthoring the dream, (b) experiencing obstacles to the dream, and (c) actualizing the dream.
The right to keep and bear arms in the Roberts Court

Like everything else in the Bill of Rights, the Second Amendment originally restrained only the new federal government. This left the states free to regulate weapons as they saw fit, just as they were free to regulate such matters as speech and religion. The Supreme Court did not invalidate a federal statute under the Second Amendment until 2008, and it was only in 2010 that a regulation adopted pursuant to state law was struck down. These two decisions — District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. City of Chicago — prompted a stream of litigation that may eventually put significant constraints on legislative efforts to regulate the possession and use of weapons. As this is written in July 2017, however, it seems more likely that the Court’s decisions will prove to have very limited practical effects. It is worth recalling the Rehnquist Court’s Commerce Clause decision in United States v. Lopez, which set off celebrations and lamentations about a federalism revolution that has yet to come about. Similarly, the Roberts Court has so far shown only that the Second Amendment does not leave governments with absolutely limitless regulatory power. This contribution to American Federalism and Public Policy (edited by Christopher P. Banks) begins with a brief sketch of the legal and historical background that set the stage for Heller and McDonald. After a description of those cases, the chapter surveys the application of the decisions by the lower courts. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the Supreme Court’s response to the case law developed by the lower courts.
Slow-crack-growth and indentation damage in calcium magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass from desert sand

Abstract Desert sand from a Middle East country was melted into calcium magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass. Its chemical composition was analyzed to be 25.2CaO-2.6MgO-8.2Al2O3-59.8SiO2-1.6Fe2O3-1.5K2O weight % using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The CMAS glass powder was hot pressed into billets. Slow-crack-growth (SCG) and indentation deformation/fracture of the CMAS glass was investigated. The SCG susceptibility parameter (n) was found to be 25 ± 3 which is within a range of n = 15–35 that has been observed in many silicate glasses and glass ceramics. A similarity in indentation hardness and toughness was found between the CMAS glass and the low-silica content (50–70%) glasses. However, an exception was that significant lateral cracking was typified in the CMAS glass, as quantified via stress analysis in the vicinity of an indent.
Estrogen Promotes Mandibular Condylar Fibrocartilage Chondrogenesis and Inhibits Degeneration via Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Female Mice

Temporomandibular joint degenerative disease (TMJ-DD) is a chronic form of TMJ disorder that specifically afflicts people over the age of 40 and targets women at a higher rate than men. Prevalence of TMJ-DD in this population suggests that estrogen loss plays a role in the disease pathogenesis. Thus, the goal of the present study was to determine the role of estrogen on chondrogenesis and homeostasis via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) during growth and maturity of the joint. Young and mature WT and ERαKO female mice were subjected to ovariectomy procedures and then given placebo or estradiol treatment. The effect of estrogen via ERα on fibrocartilage morphology, matrix production, and protease activity was assessed. In the young mice, estrogen via ERα promoted mandibular condylar fibrocartilage chondrogenesis partly by inhibiting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through upregulation of sclerostin (Sost). In the mature mice, protease activity was partly inhibited with estrogen treatment via the upregulation and activity of protease inhibitor 15 (Pi15) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2m). The results from this work provide a mechanistic understanding of estradiol on TMJ growth and homeostasis and can be utilized for development of therapeutic targets to promote regeneration and inhibit degeneration of the mandibular condylar fibrocartilage.
Cost-Effectiveness of Third-Line Therapies for Overactive Bladder

While third-line therapies for overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence are well-described in guideline statements, there is little offered in guidance when it comes to selecting a particular intervention amongst these therapies for patients. Data regarding efficacy has a body of literature that takes sides on all fronts, making efficacy of these interventions a topic of continued debate. An ever-present factor for consideration also remains—cost of therapy. This review examines current data available for cost of third-line therapies. In this body of literature regarding cost, there too remains ongoing debate, with no definitive answer. Data appears to support bladder Botox treatment being less costly in the short term (under 5 years), while sacral neuromodulation may have increased cost-effectiveness in the long-term (between 5 and 10 years). Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation may be more cost-effective than sacral neuromodulation in the long-term, but has the associated challenges of patients needing to be present in offices at regular intervals for treatment duration. The generalizability of this data is limited by cost models being conducted in different countries, with varying healthcare systems and intervention techniques. Therapies of the future, such as rechargeable technologies for sacral neuromodulation, appear to offer cost-saving opportunities that could impact therapy decision making in years to come. Rechargeable systems could significantly decrease the associated cost of sacral neuromodulation therapies. Ultimately, intangible clinical factors that influence patient care should still drive decision making and not be superseded by perceived treatment costs, especially as a definitive understanding regarding this remains elusive.
Analysis of Multiple Emission Strategies in Energy Markets

This paper considers the impacts of imposing restrictions on emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide from electric power plants. It provides impacts on electricity and fuel markets. Compliance with carbon dioxide emissions reductions is more costly than compliance with reductions in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. When carbon dioxide emissions are restricted, coal-fired generation declines and electricity prices increase.
Simulated Climate Change Effects on Year-Round Water Temperatures in Temperate Zone Lakes

A deterministic, one-dimensional model is presented to simulate daily water temperature profiles and associated ice and snow covers for dimictic and polymictic lakes of the temperate zone. The lake parameters required as model input are surface area (As), maximum depth (HMAX), and Secchi depth (zs), the latter, used as a measure of light attenuation and trophic state. The model is driven by daily weather data and operates year-round over multiple years. The model has been tested with extensive data (over 5,000 temperature points). Standard error between simulated and measured water temperatures is 1.4°C in the open water season and 0.5°C in the ice cover season. The model is applied to simulate the sensitivity of Minnesota lake water temperature characteristics to climate change. The projected climate changes due to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 are obtained from the output of the Canadian Climate Center General Circulation Model (CCC GCM) and the Goddard Institute of Space Studies General Circulation Model (GISS GCM). Simulated lake temperature characteristics have been plotted in a coordinate system with a lake geometry ratio (A s 0.25 /HMAX) on one axis and Secchi depth on the other. The lake geometry ratio expresses a lake's susceptibility to stratification. By interpolation, the sensitivity of lake temperature characteristics to changes of water depth and Secchi depth under the projected climate scenarios can therefore be obtained. Selected lake temperature characteristics simulated with past climate conditions (1961–1979) and with a projected 2 × CO2 climate scenario as input are presented herein in graphical form. The simulation results show that under the 2 × CO2 climate scenario ice formation is delayed and ice cover period is shortened. These changes cause water temperature modifications throughout the year.
IMAGE PRICING: AIRLINE COMPETITION ON THE INTERNET

Pricing and positioning are among the most important strategic decisions for every online firm in today’s competitive environment. Traditionally retailers adopt different price formats as store positioning and segmentation strategies by signaling to consumers their specific pricing structures. In particular, “everyday low price” (EDLP) has proved to be a successful strategy for vendors in physical markets in creating a “low price” image and persuading consumers that regardless of what item they buy or when they buy it, they can always expect below average prices. While managing this perception is much easier when it is costly for consumers to compare prices across geographically separated stores, the advent of electronic commerce has significantly reduced search and menu costs, allowing consumers to search multiple stores with a few mouse clicks and competitors to immediately react to any price change at the individual-product level, hence posing serious challenges to sellers adopting EDLP in electronic markets. Using a hierarchical modeling approach and 272,406 unique price observations on airline tickets obtained from seventeen U.S. carriers online, this study examines the role of price format adoption in competition in electronic markets. Specifically, this research aims to address the following questions: 1) Do self-declared EDLP airlines indeed charge stable, low prices online? 2) Is EDLP being adopted in electronic markets in the same fashion as in physical markets? 3) Do they adopt different price formats in different product categories? Our findings offer the first formal evidence of the adoption of a “hybrid” strategy of implementing different price formats in different product categories in electronic markets. Further, online EDLP airlines focus more on the “within-market” characteristics of this pricing strategy rather than the temporal characteristics, implying a diminishing role of intertemporal price consistency to EDLP in online markets. This suggests that reduction in search cost in electronic markets may have differential effects on consumers’ price elasticity along two dimensions: by making price information more accessible, consumers may focus on the comparison of “spot prices” when they perform the search. However, due to the large amounts of information available at the time of search, recall may be poor. As a result, electronic markets may increase consumers’ price sensitivity at any given point in time when they perform price comparison but have a negative effect on consumers’ intertemporal price sensitivity, suggesting that even sellers who pursue an everyday low price strategy online may find temporal price discrimination profitable.
A behavior-analytic conceptualization of the side effects of psychotropic medication.

A range of behavior—much deemed problematic by society—is treated with behavioral methods or psychotropic medications. Although the processes associated with behavioral interventions have been investigated using conceptual, experimental, and applied analyses, less is known about the behavioral processes associated with the use of psychotropic medication. Psychotropic drugs produce at least two types of effects of behavioral interest: (a) primary effects of drug action on target behaviors and (b) side effects that change the target or other behavior. Although an empirical literature exists regarding the former effects, little attention has been given to the latter topic. In this paper we offer a conceptual analysis of the side effects of psychotropic medication. We propose that the side effects of various drugs can influence behavior by functioning as motivating operations, conditional or discriminative stimuli, or by establishing new response-reinforcer relations. This conceptualization may facilitate the empirical analysis of how psychotropic drugs change behavior.
Remote sensing of surface turbulence heat flux

The ocean interacts with the atmosphere through exchanges of momentum, heat and moisture. The differential heating of the atmosphere by the ocean fuels atmospheric circulation which, in turn, drives ocean currents and redistributes the fuel. Short-term climate changes are believed to be strongly influenced by such exchanges. Locally, the ocean absorbs heat in the summer and releases it in the winter; globally, heat accumulated in the tropics is transported poleward by ocean currents. The redistribution of heat reduces the extreme temperature contrasts that otherwise would exist. The heat and moisture fluxes change both the horizontal and the vertical density gradients (baroclinicity and stability) of the atmosphere and the ocean. They, in turn, modify the wind and current shears. The moisture flux connects the energy cycle to the hydrological cycle. In the atmosphere, condensation provides not only the means for precipitation but also much of the diabatic heating. In the ocean, evaporation cools the upper layer and increases the salinity.
Using creativity in elementary school mathematics

creativity is mentioned, a person often thinks of art or music and neglects the idea that someone can also be very creative in mathematics, science, or any of the other "academic" subjects. In order to cope with the future, children need experience in formulating their own problems and developing their own solutions rather than memorizing facts from a textbook. Mathematics is too often viewed as an exact science where all the answers have been found and the student only has to learn the correct method to find them. Teachers who force their students to
Radical Jihad and Paranoid Supremacists

As an anecdote to loss and humiliation, radical Islamic militancy offers rebirth, retribution, and honor with the acceptance of tribal affiliation. To White Supremacists, White Supremacy or White Nationalism offers an America that is “Great Again,” meaning White, Christian, and a reversal of liberal values that have characterized America over the last several decades. For both Radical Jihadist Islam and White Supremacy, the percentage of people who will commit acts of extreme violence is small. But the support for their militancy, or some basic aspects of their cause, are often widely held. They, and a much broader group that supports their ideals, are propelled increasingly by internet-based propaganda that develops alternative truths that idealize a rigid alternative reality. Increasingly, these outlets are listened to and read by millions, and despite their basis in falsity and exaggeration, they become the substitute to a legitimate free press, which they call “fake news.” They begin with arguments that seem reasonable, but quickly escalate to hatred toward the outgroup, a deeply felt need to protect the tribe, and a sense of urgency to move toward militancy. Our behavioral genetics energizes talk of the “war on Islam,” and the “war on Christianity” to rapidly transform from a metaphor to a call to armed struggle and violence.
An ecoimmunological approach to disease in tortoises reveals the importance of lymphocytes

We quantified the severity of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and immunological metrics (differential white blood cell counts and bacteria‐killing ability of blood plasma) in relation to climatic variables in 20 populations of Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Prevalence and infection intensity of Mycoplasma agassizii, an etiological agent of URTD, have previously been quantified for these populations (Weitzman et al.). Immunological variables were reduced by principal component analyses and separated into cells involved in inflammation (PC1) and cellular functions mediated by lymphocytes and basophils (PC2). In population‐level models, the mean number of lymphocytes per individual was associated with mean annual number of days below freezing. Lymphocytes were also positively associated with mean infection intensity of M. agassizii. Additionally, prevalence of URTD was closely associated with PC1 (cells associated with inflammation). This suggests that at least two immunological strategies are involved in responding to M. agassizii, one that involves primarily lymphocytes and one that involves inflammatory mechanisms. Recent studies on immunology in Testudines suggest that a large proportion of lymphocytes in this taxon are similar to B‐1 lymphocytes of mammals and have phagocytic properties. Controlled experiments are needed to understand the disease mitigation of these lymphocytes in desert tortoises.
Li3N-Modified Garnet Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Operated at 40 °C

Lithium carbonate on the surface of garnet blocks Li+ conduction and causes a huge interfacial resistance between the garnet and electrode. To solve this problem, this study presents an effective strategy to reduce significantly the interfacial resistance by replacing Li2CO3 with Li ion conducting Li3N. Compared to the surface Li2CO3 on garnet, Li3N is not only a good Li+ conductor but also offers a good wettability with both the garnet surface and a lithium metal anode. In addition, the introduction of a Li3N layer not only enables a stable contact between the Li anode and garnet electrolyte but also prevents the direct reduction of garnet by Li metal over a long cycle life. As a result, a symmetric lithium cell with this Li3N-modified garnet exhibits an ultralow overpotential and stable plating/stripping cyclability without lithium dendrite growth at room temperature. Moreover, an all-solid-state Li/LiFePO4 battery with a Li3N-modified garnet also displays high cycling efficiency and stability over 300 cycles even at a temperature of 40 °C.
Phenotype-Driven Diagnostic of PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: Macrocephaly, But Neither Height nor Weight Development, Is the Important Trait in Children

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) encompasses different syndromic disorders which are associated with autosomal-dominant mutations of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN. Patients are at high risk to develop benign and malignant tumors. Macrocephaly is a diagnostic feature, but there is a paucity of data on auxological development during childhood. Growth charts for height, weight and head circumference for PHTS do not exist yet. In this study, patient data for height, weight and head circumferences (HC) were collected from repeated medical exams or prevention check-up visits starting at birth. Growth charts were generated and compared to German reference data. Standard deviation scores (SDS) of HC, height and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. We included 23 pediatric patients (8 female, 15 male) with molecular proven PTEN gene mutation. Most male patients already demonstrated macrocephaly at birth (73%), whereas only one female patient had documented congenital macrocephaly. By the age of two years all patients exhibited a head circumference above the 97th percentile. Stratified for different age groups the median HC-SDSs were between +3.3 and +5.5 in male patients and between +2.9 and +4.1 in female patients. Height, weight and BMI measurements for both sexes were mostly within the normal range. We conclude that macrocephaly, but not height, weight or BMI, is useful in the identification of PHTS patients. The increased HC in PHTS patients develops early in life and is more pronounced in males than in females, which might explain the finding of a higher percentage of male PHTS patients diagnosed during childhood.
US Hospice Structure and its Implications for the “Right to Die” Debate: An Interdisciplinary Study of the “Feeling of Being a Burden to Others”

This article is an analysis of the relationship between US hospice structure and the feeling of being a burden to others (FBO). A goal of US hospice care is to reduce the FBO. But in America, hospice is limited in its ability to do so because of the high caregiver burden it places on family members of dying people. Through a historical study, I show that this burden was excessive when the hospice system was created and has worsened over time. Through three ethnographic vignettes, I demonstrate how this burden inculcates in dying people the FBO. I then examine the bioethical implications of this finding for the existing US debate about physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The presence of FBO due to insufficient hospice care supports arguments made by PAS opponents about the social pressure placed on dying people. This finding is not itself sufficient to resolve the "right to die" debate. But it provides the ground for a compromise, across the debate, to reduce the FBO by changing US hospice structure. The resulting consensus will further the goals of both PAS proponents and opponents.
Interoperable pipelines for social cyber-security: assessing Twitter information operations during NATO Trident Juncture 2018

Social cyber-security is an emergent field defining a multidisciplinary and multimethodological approach to studying and preserving the free and open exchange of information online. This work contributes to burgeoning scholarship in this field by advocating the use of interoperable pipelines of computational tools. We demonstrate the utility of such a pipeline in a case study of Twitter information operations during the NATO Trident Juncture Exercises in 2018. By integratively utilizing tools from machine learning, natural language processing, and dynamic network analysis, we uncover significant bot activity aiming to discredit NATO targeted to key allied nations. We further show how to extend such analysis through drill-down procedures on individual influencers and influential subnetworks. We reflect on the value of interoperable pipelines for accumulating and triangulating insights that enable social cyber-security analysts to draw relevant insights across various scales of granularity.
Effect of a Novel Transition Program on Disability After Stroke: A Trial Protocol.

Importance A gap in care for stroke survivors exists at the point of transition from inpatient rehabilitation to home, when survivors encounter new environmental barriers because of the cognitive and sensorimotor sequelae of stroke. Resolving these barriers and improving independence in the community have the potential to significantly improve stroke survivors’ long-term morbidity. Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel enhanced rehabilitation transition program to reduce environmental barriers and improve daily activity performance and community participation among stroke survivors. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a phase 2b, single-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial. Participants will be randomized using a 1:1 allocation ratio, stratified by Functional Independence Measure and age, to either attentional control or the intervention. Community Participation Transition After Stroke (COMPASS) is a complex intervention that uses 2 complementary evidence-based interventions: home modifications and strategy training delivered in the home. Community participation after stroke, measured by the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include quality of life after stroke, measured by the Stroke Impact Scale, and daily activity performance and magnitude of environmental barriers in the home, both measured by the In-Home Occupational Performance Evaluation. An intention-to-treat analysis will be used. A total of 180 participants, who are 50 years or older, were independent in activities of daily living prior to stroke, and are undergoing inpatient rehabilitation following stroke with a plan to be discharged home, will be included in the study. Discussion Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United States. The COMPASS study is ongoing. To date, 99 participants have been recruited and 77 randomized, with 37 in the treatment group and 40 in the control group. Resumption of previous activities immediately after discharge can improve immediate and long-term community participation. Results from this study will fill a critical gap in stroke rehabilitation evidence by providing important information about the long-term community participation and daily activity performance among stroke survivors as well as environmental barriers in their homes. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT03485820
Comparison of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma, prolotherapy, and corticosteroid injections in rotator cuff lesions.

BACKGROUND Injections are a good alternative to conventional treatment-resistant cases with rotator cuff (RC) lesions before operation. Currently, different injection methods are used in RC lesions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of different injection methods (platelet-rich plasma [PRP], corticosteroid [COR] and prolotherapy [PRO]) in RC tendon lesions. METHODS One hundred and twenty-nine patients were divided into 4 groups as PRP, COR, PRO and the lidocaine group. Subacromial injection was applied to all groups. They were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES), and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) at 3, 12 and 24 weeks post-injection. RESULTS In the COR group in the 3rd week, VAS and WORC scores were significantly lower than the other groups (p< 0.01 and p< 0.05 respectively). In the PRP group in the 24th week, VAS and WORC scores were found to be significantly lower than the COR group (p< 0.01 and p< 0.05 respectively). In the COR group in the 3rd week the ASES score was found to be significantly higher than the PRP and PRO group (p< 0.01). CONCLUSION In patients with RC lesions, corticosteroid injection provides short-term relief for pain, function, and quality of life, while PRP injection works for long-term wellbeing. For all types of applied injections, improvement in pain, function and quality of life were observed.
Chapter 5 – Petroleum

Natural gas, when purified for commercial use, is almost entirely a single chemical compound, methane. Petroleum, however, consists of thousands of individual compounds. The classification of petroleum, and the relationship of physical properties to composition, are much more complex than for natural gas. The important topics discussed in this chapter are systems for classifying petroleum and for predicting properties on the basis of classification; and an expansion of the discussion introduced in Chapter 4 on the relationships between molecular composition and structure and the physical properties of compounds.
Marital Attitudes and Implicit Associations Tests (IAT) among Young Adults

Attitudes toward marriage have primarily been explored on the direct or explicit level through self-report measures, neglecting the potential influence of implicit attitudes. Using computer-based e...
Late Miocene to Late Pliocene (Hemphillian to Blancan) Borophagine Canids (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Idaho

While borophagine canids are known from numerous Tertiary faunas across North America, they have not been well documented from the Tertiary faunas of Idaho. Five species represented by 2 genera are now known from Idaho faunas ranging from the latest Clarendonian / earliest Hemphillian to the late Blancan. The earliest records of borophagines in Idaho are Epicyon haydeni from the early Hemphillian Star Valley fauna and Borophagus pugnator from the late Clarendonian / early Hemphillian Poison Creek Formation. Borophagus secundus is present in the late Hemphillian Chalk Hills Formation, and 2 species are present in the Blancan Glenns Ferry Formation: (1) B. hilli in the early Blancan Hagerman local fauna and (2) the terminal taxon of the subfamily, B. diversidens, in the late Blancan Grand View local fauna.
De-Escalation Mechanisms in High Technology Product Innovation

Many organizations struggle to reduce commitment to failing endeavors. While such de-escalation mechanisms have been documented and tested in information technology, accounting, psychology, and organizational behavior, little work has addressed de-escalation in innovation. This study identifies and examines the applicability of de-escalation mechanisms specifically in new product development projects. Initially, we conducted an extensive literature review to identify de-escalation mechanisms found in research across different academic disciplines. Subsequently, we conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to gather primary data. In total, using a sample of organizations that compete in high technology industries, 31 managers and engineers in 15 new product development projects that were terminated prior to completion were interviewed regarding mechanisms used to de-escalating commitment to failing new product innovation projects. Several mechanisms reportedly used for innovation projects parallel those identified in the previous literature. More importantly, the authors uncover novel and previously undocumented ways to discontinue or redirect poorly performing projects. Specifically, internal competitions, feature-level de-escalation, continual assumption assessment, benchmarking, roadmaps, and comprehensive product testing are particularly well-suited for innovation projects. These findings extend the body of extant literature on de-escalation of commitment to include innovation, notably in high-technology settings. The study also highlights that organizations may want to accept or even encourage failure, thereby increasing the efficacy of resource use. Implications for further research and practice are offered.
Shortest path network problems with stochastic arc weights

This paper presents an approach to shortest path minimization for graphs with random weights of arcs. To deal with uncertainty we use the following risk measures: Probability of Exceedance (POE), Buffered Probability of Exceedance (bPOE), Value-at-Risk (VaR), and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR). Minimization problems with POE and VaR objectives result in mixed integer linear problems (MILP) with two types of binary variables. The first type models path, and the second type calculates POE and VaR functions. Formulations with bPOE and CVaR objectives have only the first type binary variables. The bPOE and CVaR minimization problems have a smaller number of binary variables and therefore can be solved faster than problems with POE or VaR objectives. The paper suggested a heuristic algorithm for minimizing bPOE by solving several CVaR minimization problems. Case study (posted at web) numerically compares optimization times with considered risk functions.
2019 Scorecard: The Trump Effect on Future International Business Disputes

President Trump is now three-fourths through his initial term as U.S. President. Between the U.S. House of Representatives’ December 2019 decision to charge him with two articles of impeachment, which results in a referral to the Senate for further investigation and deliberation, and a looming possible bid for reelection in November 2020, many are now drawing conclusions on the true impact of the Trump Effect. This article analyzes the current landscape from the lens of international dispute resolution, focusing on three areas where the Trump Effect is particularly palpable: U.S. sanctions policy, the World Trade Organization, and the birth of the North American Free Trade Agreement’s successor, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement. Developments in each area have significant impact on the future of international business dispute resolution, earning President Trump an “A” for advancing his myopic America First protectionist policies and an “F” for freedom in international business transactions and flexibility in related dispute resolution.
An Analysis of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Wartime Pediatric Casualties.

Background Children make up a significant cohort of patients treated at combat support hospitals. Where traumatic head injury, including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), is well studied in military adults, such research is lacking regarding pediatric patients. We seek to describe the incidence and outcomes of ICH within this population. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a previously published dataset from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry for all pediatric casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan from January 2007 to January 2016. Within our dataset, we searched for casualties with an ICH. Results Of the 3439 pediatric encounters in our dataset, we identified 495 (14%) casualties that had at least 1 type of ICH. Most were between 5 and 12 years of age, male (74%), and injured by an explosive (42%). Of the casualties with ICHs, 82 had epidural (16.6%), 237 had subdural (47.9%), 153 had subarachnoid (30.9%), 157 had parenchymal bleeds (31.7%), and 239 had ICHs not otherwise specified (48.3%). In the hospital setting, the epidural group was more frequently treated with skull decompression (41%) and craniotomy with skull elevation (28%). The subdural group was more frequently treated with a craniectomy (17%) and the parenchymal group had more frequent intracranial pressure monitoring (18%). In our dataset, 22 received ketamine prehospital (4.4%) and most were discharged alive from the hospital (79%). Conclusions Within our dataset, we identified 495 cases of ICH in pediatric patients. Most survived to hospital discharge despite less than half undergoing a decompression procedure.
Dusty plasmas: from Saturn’s rings to semiconductor processing devices

Dusty plasmas are plasmas containing solid particles in the size range of about 10 nm—10 μm. The particles acquire an electrical charge by collecting electrons and ions from the plasma, or by photo...
Comparing the characteristics of EFL students’ multimodal composing and traditional monomodal writing: The case of a reading-to-write task:

Although digital multimodal composing (DMC) is receiving increasing attention in language classrooms, the extent to which it contributes to students’ writing practices is controversial. In order to...