cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammography phantom utilizing free-response receiver operating characteristic methodology

We have developed a mammography phantom which is designed to take advantage of the recently developed Free-Response Receiver Operating Characteristic (FROC) methodology. This observer performance methodology allows for multiple abnormalities and observer responses per image and requires both detection and correct localization for a true positive event. The phantom is composed of several Lucite slabs and a series of 30 test plates to which were affixed simulated microcalcifications, fibrils and masses. The phantom also simulated a structured background. The series was radiographed using three different techniques (30 kVp with no grid, 28 kVp and 35 kVp). These three sets of 30 images were viewed by three medical physicists and one radiologist in the FROC manner. The analysis provided an index of performance for each reader and each set. As multiple abnormalities may appear on a single image, good statistics are achieved using relatively few images. Statistical comparison of the index values indicates that, with improvements in the phantom, the combination of the phantom with FROC methodology should be capable of detecting subtle changes in image quality and may be used on a regular basis as part of a detailed quality assurance program.
Evaluation of Microchamber Geometries and Surface Conditions for Electrokinetic Driven Mixing

The paper presents numerical simulations and analysis of electrokinetic induced mixing in a microchamber in the presence of a fluctuating electric field. Two microchamber geometries are investigated; one plain and the other with strategically placed microbaffles. Both geometries are tested for two extreme surface conditions: a charged surface with induced electrokinesis and another with a neutral or passive surface. Through order of magnitude analysis and numerical experiments it is found that there is an optimal choice of nondimensional frequency and driving potential which leads to the best mixing characteristics. This is given by the relationship Reeof/f * < 5 and the condition that f * = O(1), where Reeof is the ratio of electrokinetic forces to viscous forces and f * is the nondimensional frequency. Optimal mixing is shown to occur at Reeof= 100 and f * = 30. In all cases, best mixing is found to occur when conditions are favorable for the establishment and sustainence of a rotational cell in the ch...
Radiation and Local Control in Early Invasive Breast Cancer

▪ Abstract: Local control in the breast after breast-conserving surgery and radiation for the treatment of early invasive breast carcinoma has long been viewed as important to the patient to avoid later need for mastectomy. Now several studies support the hypothesis that local control is related to and impacts upon a patient's survival as well. The factors that predict for local control with this treatment are reviewed. The recent studies that support the link between local breast failure and distant disease are also discussed. ▪
Coherent Smith-Purcell radiation as a diagnostic for subpicosecond electron bunch length

Abstract We suggest a novel technique of measuring subpicosecond electron bunch length based on coherent Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR). We predict an electron beam traversing near the surface of a grating will emit coherent SPR if the electron bunch length is less than the grating period. The coherent SPR will be emitted at large angles with respect to the beam propagation direction and its intensity will be greatly enhanced compared to incoherent SPR. By measuring the angular position of the coherent SPR peak or the ratio of its intensity relative to the incoherent SPR, we can determine the electron bunch length. This technique appears to be scaleable to femtosecond electron bunch measurements.
A Kinetic Theory for Nonanalog Monte Carlo Particle Transport Algorithms: Exponential Transform with Angular Biasing in Planar-Geometry Anisotropically Scattering Media

Abstract We show that Monte Carlo simulations of neutral particle transport in planar-geometry anisotropically scattering media, using the exponential transform with angular biasing as a variance reduction device, are governed by a new “Boltzmann Monte Carlo” (BMC) equation, which includes particle weight as an extra independent variable. The weight moments of the solution of the BMC equation determine the moments of the score and the mean number of collisions per history in the nonanalog Monte Carlo simulations. Therefore, the solution of the BMC equation predicts the variance of the score and the figure of merit in the simulation. Also, by (i) using an angular biasing function that is closely related to the “asymptotic” solution of the linear Boltzmann equation and (ii) requiring isotropic weight changes at collisions, we derive a new angular biasing scheme. Using the BMC equation, we propose a universal “safe” upper limit of the transform parameter, valid for any type of exponential transform. In numerical calculations, we demonstrate that the behavior of the Monte Carlo simulations and the performance predicted by deterministically solving the BMC equation agree well, and that the new angular biasing scheme is always advantageous.
Needs assessment: Concept and practice

The assessment of needs is perhaps the most important part of planning or evaluating any new program. Informal discussions or opinion polls are simply inadequate. Here is a more careful approach to the concept and practice of needs assessment.
Book Review: Mindy Kay Bricker (Ed.), The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Disaster: Investigating the Myth and Reality:

Mindy Kay Bricker (Ed.), The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Disaster: Investigating the Myth and Reality, by the Independent Investigation Commission on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Earthscan/Routledge, 2014, 298 pp. (ISBN: 978-0-415-71393-1 [HB, US$ 145]; 978-0-415-71396-2 [PB, US$ 39.95])
Security enhancement through multiple path transmission in ad hoc networks

We propose a novel way to further secure the data transmitted along routes of a wireless ad hoc network, after a potentially secure connection has been established between two nodes. In our method, the encryption/decryption key used is the message itself. Our approach requires that the message is split into parts (sub-messages) and that the encrypted sub-messages be transmitted along different paths (routes) which are reception disjoint.
American Politics Today: An Interview with Frances Fox Piven

Readers of New Political Science know Frances Fox Piven as the author or co-author of a series of path-breaking articles and books on the development of American social policies, political mobilization and voter turnout, and the attack on the welfare state. She is also a supporter of long standing of this journal and its sponsor, the Caucus for a New Political Science. In the last year Piven has come under attack by FOX News host Glenn Beck and other right-wing activists for ideas she developed in the 1960s with the late Richard Cloward. Beck and others have been keen to link Piven and Cloward's analysis in far-fetched ways to the economic policies of the Obama administration. In this interview Piven interprets the meaning of the right-wing attacks and discusses the state of contemporary American politics more broadly. She comments on the Obama administration's major policies and the prospects for political mobilization and offers advice for progressive scholars in the early stages of their careers.
Integration of PHEV smart charging method to hybrid wind power/battery storage system

In this paper, a stochastic model of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles' (PHEV) charging loads is developed in Matlab to investigate its impact on the power grid. In this model, two main types of PHEVs are defined: public transportation vehicles and private vehicles. Different charging time schedules, charging speeds and battery capacities are considered for each type of vehicles. The simulation results reveal that there are two obvious load peaks (at noon and in the evening), if dumb charging method (V0G) is applied. Therefore, smart charging method (V1G) is introduced to mitigate the variation of charging loads. The optimization process is based on the output data of a wind power/battery energy storage system, so as to make better use of surplus wind power. Since variations on both generation and demand sides are decreased, the stability and reliability of the whole power system could be improved dramatically.
Defects in Nickel-Base Superalloys

In the sixty years since age-hard-enable, nickel-base superalloys were first identified, the compositional and microstructural features of these high-performance metals have changed markedly—from the early Nimonic (INCO trade name) 80A (a wrought alloy of essentially four elements) to today’s family of wrought from ingot, powder metal, cast and directionally cast alloys. As a result of physical property refinements, the alloys’ characteristics can be tailor fit to specifically defined applications. With this range of possibilities available, it is necessary to consider the appearance and implications of microstructural defects—defects which have accompanied advances in processing and materials selection. As new alloys and processes are developed, industry must correspondingly commit to identifying and controlling new defects.
Wear Failure of Rigid Magnetic Recording Disks

Abstract A pin-on-disk apparatus was used to study the tribological failure of rigid disk drives, which can be described as lightly, lubricated non-metallic (mostly, ceramic-on-ceramic) sliding systems operating at low loads. The wear models proposed to explain the degradation of the disk magnetic coating, which is deposited on a metallic substrate, can be grouped into two categories; gradual abrasive or adhesive wear processes or sudden fatigue-type failures. In this paper experimental results are reported to eliminate the latter possibility, and an analytical model based on the adhesive wearof alumina particles is derived. This model, which was experimentally verified, expresses the disk life as a function of the mechanical and physical properties of disk and head materials, and the geometry of the pin-medium interface.
The 1850s Prosecution of Gerasim Fedotov for Witchcraft

The article examines a detailed case involving an accusation of witchcraft against the serf Gerasim Fedotov, which was heard before the Moscow Court of Equity in 1853. In comparison with other cases of witchcraft in the four decades between the 1820s and 1850s, the one involving Fedotov provides a window onto popular beliefs in witchcraft and sorcery intertwined with Russian Orthodox practices, the medical profession’s rationalist arguments against the power of quotidian magic, and the state’s intent on maintaining law and order without infringing upon serfowners’ rights. Ultimately, the autocratic state’s seemingly more enlightened prosecution of witchcraft as a superstition turned out to be unsuccessful in combating popular beliefs in sorcery, witchcraft, and divination.
Selective-Splitting and Cache-Maintenance Algorithms for Associative-Client Caches

We propose a number of selective-splitting and cache-maintenance algorithms to reduce the computational complexity of associative-client caches and network load. Our selective-splitting algorithms selectively split query-intersected semantic regions based on the relative region access-latency or relative region size in a semantic data caching and replacement model. Our cache-maintenance algorithms are set up for studying a variety of design issues in synchronizing associative-client caches. We analyzed the performance of our proposed algorithms in a network environment. Results from our study show that the selective-splitting algorithms reduce the number of splitting operations by 80% in most cases, and the avoidance-based maintenance algorithms outperform the detection-based maintenance algorithms not only in reducing the network traffic but also in rendering consistent performance under various experimental variances.
Send a boy - or dial it yourself? Numbering for the information society

Numbering and addressing are key features of telecommunications: without them, the Global Information Society cannot exist. As the demand for new, and more innovative, services grows and the world moves towards deregulation and competition, so the pressure on numbering space increases. This article looks at basic numbering concepts and the role played by numbering in information and telecommunication policy.
Estimation of the attenuation coefficient of the water body using polarimetric observations

The degree of polarization (DOP) of the underwater light field in oceanic waters is, as follows from the vector radiative transfer equation and has been shown experimentally for a long time [1], related to the single scattering albedo of suspended particles. The single scattering albedo, in turn, is given by the ratio of the scattering coefficient to the attenuation coefficient (or 1 - the ratio of the absorption coefficient to the attenuation coefficient). Knowledge of the single scattering albedo and of the particulate scattering matrix permits solution of the radiative transfer equation for the ocean body. This then opens up the possibility for estimation of attenuation coefficients from measurements of the Stokes components of the upwelling underwater light field which is not possible from unpolarized measurements of the remote sensing reflectance. Results of radiative transfer calculations are presented. We simulated multiple underwater polarized light fields (for the whole visible spectrum) using a vector radiative transfer code with the purpose of obtaining a parameterization of this relationship for different viewing geometries (different solar and zenith/azimuth viewing angles) and in various water conditions (i.e. various IOPs).
Variation of magnetic directions within pillow basalts

Abstract Relative directions of magnetization have been measured within individual pillow basalts collected from the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The angle between the magnetic directions was determined and is referred to as the directional difference. Although one pillow contained a directional difference of 44°, the remaining ten pillows had differences less than 14°. The maximum orientation and measurement error was 7°. Dispersion on the scale found in these fine-grained pillow basalts would not appreciably affect the magnetic anomaly pattern on the sea floor. We detected no reversals of magnetization despite the sometimes large and variable low-temperature oxidation. Comparison of directions within homogeneous segments of the pillow, viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) acquisition experiments, and alternating field (AF) demagnetization indicate a large portion of the dispersion was due to the acquisition of a viscous component in the larger grained, less oxidized portion of the pillows. Evidence from one variably weathered pillow suggests that extreme low-temperature oxidation may lead to the acquisition of a secondary component with high coercivities (20–80 mT). We could not determine whether this was a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) or a VRM acquired by single domain grains near the superparamagnetic threshold. Hysteresis properties confirmed by microscopic examination indicated that the magnetic grain size in all the pillows was at least as small as pseudo-single domain.
Fatty Acids in Total Lipid Extracts of Insecticide-Treated Boll Weevils That Survived or Died

Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, from field collections or reared in the laboratory were treated topically or by a dry-film technique with toxaphene, toxaphene + DDT, carbaryl, or azinphosmethyl. Total lipids were extracted from weevils that survived and died from this treatment and the fatty acids in the extracts were determined. Analysis of the fatty acids with gas-liquid chromatography indicated significantly higher levels of stearic, linoleic, and linolenic acids in dead weevils and higher levels of palmitic and oleic acids in the survivors.
Specificity of the N-benzoyl transferase responsible for the last step of Taxol biosynthesis

The last few steps in the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug Taxol in yew (Taxus) species are thought to involve the attachment of beta-phenylalanine to the C13-O-position of the advanced taxane diterpenoid intermediate baccatin III to yield N-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol, followed by hydroxylation on the side chain at the C2'-position to afford N-debenzoyltaxol, and finally N-benzoylation to complete the pathway. A cDNA encoding the N-benzoyl transferase that catalyzes the terminal step of the reaction sequence was previously isolated from a family of transferase clones (derived from an induced Taxus cell cDNA library) by functional characterization of the corresponding recombinant enzyme using the available surrogate substrate N-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol [K. Walker, R. Long, R. Croteau, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 9166-9171]. Semi-synthetic N-debenzoyltaxol was prepared by coupling of 7-triethylsilybaccatin III and (2R,3S)-beta-phenylisoserine protected as the N-Boc N,O-isopropylidene derivative by means of carbodiimide activation and formic acid deprotections. The selectivity of the recombinant N-transferase for N-debenzoyltaxol was evaluated, and the enzyme was shown to prefer, by a catalytic efficiency factor of two, N-debenzoyltaxol over N-debenzoyl-2'-deoxytaxol as the taxoid co-substrate in the benzoyl transfer reaction, consistent with the assembly sequence involving 2'-hydroxylation prior to N-benzoylation. Selectivity for the acyl/aroyl-CoA co-substrate was also examined, and the enzyme was shown to prefer benzoyl-CoA. Transfer from tigloyl-CoA to N-debenzoyltaxol to afford cephalomannine (Taxol B) was not observed, nor was transfer observed from hexanoyl-CoA or butanoyl-CoA to yield Taxol C or Taxol D, respectively. These results support the proposed sequence of reactions for C13-O-side chain assembly in Taxol biosynthesis, and suggest that other N-transferases are responsible for the formation of related, late pathway, N-acylated taxoids.
Psychological research on child witnesses in sexual abuse cases: Fine answers to mostly wrong questions

Past research on the accuracy of children's testimony has shown that questions' wording and interview context explain some of the variance in children's answers to questions, but does not give answers regarding children's reasons for lying when asked questions about past events. This article reviews research done on children's testimony and suggests that researchers should move beyond the domiant paradigms associated with comparison of one group of children with another on veracity and address the central issue of when and/or why children lie. Suggestions for future directions in research on children as witnesses are presented.
Plasma IL‐33 in atopic patients correlates with pro‐inflammatory cytokines and changes cholesterol transport protein expression: a surprising neutral overall impact on atherogenicity

Objective Interleukin (IL)-33 has been associated with atopic and inflammatory conditions. IL-33 may be atheroprotective inducing a Th1-to-Th2 immunologic switch. However, the role of IL-33 in cardiovascular disease remains unclear. This study examines the effect of physiological and elevated IL-33 levels in plasma from atopic patients (AP) on cholesterol metabolism in human macrophages as compared to plasma from healthy controls (HC). Methods Twenty-five AP and 25 HC were enrolled in this study. Plasma samples were analysed for levels of IL-33, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17α, IL-5 and soluble ST2. THP-1 differentiated macrophages were exposed to HC and AP plasma. Expression of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport (ABCA1, ABCG1 and 27-hydroxylase) and scavenger receptors, responsible for uptake of modified lipids (CD36, ScR-A1, CXCL16 and LOX-1), was measured using QRT-PCR and immunoblotting techniques. Results IL-33 was significantly higher in AP plasma: 106.7 ± 95 pg/mL versus HC plasma (53.4 ± 23 pg/mL). IL-33 concentration strongly correlated with levels of IFN-γ (r = 0.85), TNFα (r = 0.9) and IL-17α (r = 0.94). No significant difference was found in soluble ST2 levels. An important contrast was observed for 27-hydroxylase: normal IL-33 in AP plasma amplified 27-hydroxylase while increased IL-33 suppressed it. Expression of CD36 and SR-A1 was greater in macrophages exposed to plasma with high IL-33, while CXCL16 was higher in cells grown in the presence of plasma with normal IL-33. Conclusions Here, we demonstrate that high levels of IL-33 and a high IL-33/soluble ST2 ratio correlates with elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17α as well as IL-5, demonstrating that IL-33 has pleiotropic effects. However, elevated IL-33 did not significantly impact lipid accumulation in macrophages overall. Given the wide variety of cellular responses regulated by IL-33, further investigation with a larger sample size will allow us to clarify the threshold concentration of IL-33 that leads to optimal cholesterol balance.
Biochemical and genetic characterization of Arabidopsis flavanone 3β-hydroxylase

Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase (F3H; EC 1.14.11.9) is a 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrokaempferol, the common precursor for three major classes of 3-hydroxy flavonoids, the flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. This enzyme also competes for flux into the 3-deoxy flavonoid branch pathway in some species. F3H genes are increasingly being used, often together with genes encoding other enzymes, to engineer flavonoid synthesis in microbes and plants. Although putative F3H genes have been cloned in a large number of plant species, only a handful have been functionally characterized. Here we describe the biochemical properties of the Arabidopsis thaliana F3H (AtF3H) enzyme and confirm the activities of gene products from four other plant species previously identified as having high homology to F3H. We have also investigated the surprising "leaky" phenotype of AtF3H mutant alleles, uncovering evidence that two related flavonoid enzymes, flavonol synthase (EC 1.14.11.23) and anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.19), can partially compensate for F3H in vivo. These experiments further indicate that the absence of F3H in these lines enables the synthesis of uncommon 3-deoxy flavonoids in the Arabidopsis seed coat.
Ultra-short time resolution from energy-dependent interference of photodissociation amplitudes

Abstract Measuring the wavelength dependence of photodissociation transition amplitudes to crossing electronic states is discussed with reference to extracting time domain information. Outwards from the crossing the system evolves on one or the other state as ascertained from the electronic state of the products. One can therefore measure the phase difference for the motion on the two potentials accumulated between the Franck–Condon region and the crossing point. A computational example, the photodissociation of HI and DI, is provided. The interference varies rapidly with wavelength and provides considerable leverage for determination of ultra-short time differences. The interference exhibits a significant isotope effect.
DESCRIPTIONAL COMPLEXITY OF NFA OF DIFFERENT AMBIGUITY

In this paper, we study the tradeoffs in descriptional complexity of NFA (nondeterministic finite automata) of various amounts of ambiguity. We say that two classes of NFA are separated if one class can be exponentially more succinct in descriptional sizes than the other. New results are given for separating DFA (deterministic finite automata) from UFA (unambiguous finite automata), UFA from MDFA (DFA with multiple initial states) and UFA from FNA (finitely ambiguous NFA). We present a family of regular languages that we conjecture to be a good candidate for separating FNA from LNA (linearly ambiguous NFA).
Oogenesis in the suppressor of hairy-wing mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Nucleolar morphology and in vitro studies of RNA protein synthesis.

Cytological studies of ovaries from Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for the third chromosomal, female sterile gene, suppressor2 of Hairy-wing (su2-Hw), demonstrate that the nurse cell components of the egg chambers are primarily affected. Both chromosomes and nucleoli show qualitative and quantitative differencies from wild type. The in vitro culturing of mutant and wild type ovaries in the presence of labeled RNA and protein precursors were examined using liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. The results of the scintillation experiments showed the mutant ovary to be nearly equivalent to wild type in the synthesis of RNA, but only half as active in protein synthesis. The autoradiographic analysis revealed that during very short incubation periods, the mutant ovary was more active than wild type in the production of RNA but that the mutant RNA was unstable. The lowered protein synthesis by mutant ovaries was also apparent using autoradiography. Morphometric measurements of mutant and wild type nurse nucleoli indicate a severe reduction in su2-Hw compared to wild type. These findings suggest that the instability of mutant RNA may be due to some deficiency of the ribosomes produced in the absence of the su2-Hw+ allele. On the other hand, the autoradiographic studies using H3-uridine revealed the presence of an extranuclear label in the mutant nucleus not apparent in wild type. The possibility exists, therefore, that the unstable mutant RNA is of extranucleolar origin and thus not ribosomal. In the absence of the su2-Hw+ allele, translation occurs with poor fidelity leading to the suppression of the phenotypic effects of certain mutant genes. If the ribosomes are responsible for the instability of mutant RNA, normal ribosomes contributed by the heterozygous mother may allow the survival of homozygous mutant flies.
Correlates of Substance Use in Relation to Sexual Behavior in Black Gay and Bisexual Men: Implications for HIV Prevention

Since the onset of the AIDS epidemic, Black gay and bisexual men have been at a substantial risk for acquiring HIV. Substance use has been identified as a significant risk factor for engaging in HIV sexual risk behavior. The purpose of this formative research investigation was to examine substance use in relation to sexual behavior through differentiating users versus nonusers of alcohol and recreational drugs before or during sex in a community-based sample of 481 Black gay and bisexual men in the New York metropolitan area. Binary logistic regression results demonstrated that alcohol use before or during sex was predictive of having a primary sex partner, casual sex partner, higher income, previous sexually transmitted infection testing, and a higher number of male sex partners. Recreational drug use before or during sex was predictive of having an HIV positive status, casual sex partner, unprotected anal intercourse with a male sex partner, and being younger. These findings present significant formativ...
What is the complexity of Stieltjes integration

Abstract We study the complexity of approximating the Stieltjes integral ∫ 1 0 f ( x ) dg ( x ) for functions f having r continuous derivatives and functions g whose s th derivative has bounded variation. Let r ( n ) denote the n th minimal error attainable by approximations using at most n evaluations of f and g , and let comp( e ) denote the e -complexity (the minimal cost of computing an e -approximation). We show that r ( n )≍ n −min{ r , s +1} and that comp( e )≍ e −1/min{ r , s +1} . We also present an algorithm that computes an e -approximation at nearly minimal cost.
HINDSIGHT BIAS IN LEGAL DECISION MAKING

Jurors in the U.S. legal system face a difficult challenge; they must ignore negative outcomes, and judge the defendant's pre–outcome actions in a fair way. This method of rejudging the past while trying to ignore certain information, makes jurors vulnerable to hindsight bias. In this article I review a growing body of research that demonstrates the detrimental effects of hindsight bias on legal decision making. Topics examined include: effects of hindsight bias on judgments of legal liability and medical malpractice litigation, the relationship between the severity of the outcome and the size of the hindsight bias effect, the role of visual hindsight bias in the courtroom, and hindsight bias in experts. I end with a review of studies that have attempted to reduce or eliminate hindsight bias in the courtroom.
A voice controlled FES system for restoring hand functions in quadriplegics

A system is described that assists C5-6 quadriplegics in using their hands and wrists to perform simple tasks such as feeding, grooming, telephone operation, and computer-assisted typing. The system is actuated by the user's voice and controlled by a personal computer. Stimuli applied by surface electrodes evoke contractions of the paralyzed forearm muscles. Initially, subjects undergo a period of electrically induced exercise to combat disuse atrophy. A removable plastic cuff containing several electrode pairs located above selected motor points is then made for each patient to facilitate consistent electrode placement. A pilot study is underway to evaluate the utility and patient acceptance of the setup. >
The Rule of Law and the Legitimacy of Constitutional Democracy

Adherence to the rule of law is a necessary condition to the realization of a legitimate constitutional democracy in a pluralist polity. The concept of "the rule of law" is, like other key concepts such as "liberty" or "equality," much praised, but its meaning is much contested. Starting from the premise that legitimacy in the context of pluralism requires some form of consensus or its functional equivalent, this article examines the possible role of the rule of law, by analyzing the latter in terms of its evolution in three different traditions, namely that of the German "Rechtsstaat", the French "Etat de droit" and the Anglo-American "rule of law". Drawing on legal/constitutional jurisprudence, legal and political philosophy, and the place of judicial review, the Article deals with certain key issues and paradoxes relating to the rule of law, and concludes that the latter plays an important but insufficient role in legitimating any workable constitutional democracy.
A low temperature facility for experiments on the International Space Station

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is currently developing the Low Temperature Microgravity Physics Experiments Facility (LTMPEF), a multiple user and multiple flight facility that will provide a long duration low temperature environment on board the International Space Station. The LTMPEF will be attached to the Japanese Experiment Module (KIBO) Exposed Facility of the International Space Station with an initial flight starting in late 2005. The LTMPF is a self contained, reusable, cryogenic facility containing a 180-liter superfluid helium tank, two experimental packages, and electronics to provide experiment control and telemetry. Two distinct primary experiments will be accommodated during each mission, and secondary experiments requiring no additional hardware beyond that built for the primary experiments will also be accommodated during each mission. Detailed technical capabilities of the Facility will be presented, along with a brief description of the six science investigations currently selected to fly on the first two missions.
The effect of hypothermia "dose" on vasopressor requirements and outcome after cardiac arrest.

Objectives We evaluated the association between TH use and “dose” and cumulative vasopressor and inotrope requirement, survival, and neurologic outcome.
Despite Extensive Pollinator Sharing, Invasive Blackberry has Negligible Impacts on Reproductive Success of a Rare Native Wildflower

Abstract Plant invasions have the potential to disrupt community dynamics and impair essential ecosystem services, including the pollination of native flowers. Invaders most likely to invoke pollinator competition are characterized by conspicuous, resource-rich blooms and long flowering periods, while the natives most likely to be impacted are obligate out-crossers that are sensitive to disturbance or locally rare. We investigated the effects of a widespread showy invader of the Pacific Northwest, Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry), on an imperiled endemic wildflower, Sidalcea hendersonii. We observed pollinators, quantified pollen deposition and conducted pollen-supplementation experiments on S. hendersonii plants growing at three distances (1 m, 15 m and 50 m) from well-established blackberry patches in five adjacent field plots. Individual R. armeniacus flowers received more than three times as many total visits as S. hendersonii inflorescences; however, there was minimal overlap between the polli...
Interdisciplinary Sequencing of Aesthetic Treatment.

Abstract This article describes the concepts of treating a complex aesthetic interdisciplinary case in a traditional approach.
A Filter-based Approach for Optimizing Top-k Queries in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents an efficient approach for top-k query processing in wireless sensor networks (WSN), called FaVN-K. Our approach is similar to the FILA proposed by Wu et al. in that each sensor node is assigned with a value range called filter. What is different is that in FaVN-K virtual node is introduced to solve the problem of overlapping ranges. FaVN-K can achieve exact top-k result if all the nodes follow the filtering rules strictly. The experimental results show that FaVN-K can reduce transmission volume dramatically, which is especially important to WSN.
Serological Comparisons Among Hart Park Virus and Strains of Flanders Virus

The antigenic relationships among Hart Park (HP) virus strain AR 70, Flanders virus strain 61-7484, and other related strains were investigated. Strains AR 70 and 61-7484 were shown to be antigenically related but different from each other in neutralization, complement fixation, and double-diffusion tests. Two strains isolated in Texas and one strain each, isolated in Illinois and Florida, appeared to be closely related if not identical to Flanders virus (61-7484) and antigenically related but different from HP virus AR 70. Ten additional strains isolated in 10 different states were compared to the two prototype strains. Seven of the 10 could not be distinguished from Flanders virus, and all 10 strains were different from HP virus. The results indicate that a virus-type consisting of viruses antigenically related if not identical to Flanders virus is widely distributed within the United States, whereas HP virus is antigenically related but different from this type.
Practical Interventions to Promote Circadian Adaptation to Permanent Night Shift Work: Study 4

Scheduled bright light and darkness can phase shift the circadian clocks of night workers for complete adaptation to a night work, day sleep schedule, but few night workers would want this because it would leave them out of phase with the diurnal world on days off. This is the final study in a series designed to produce a compromise circadian phase position for permanent night shift work in which the sleepiest circadian time is delayed out of the night work period and into the first half of the day sleep episode. The target compromise phase position was a dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) of 3:00, which puts the sleepiest circadian time at ~10:00. This was predicted to improve night shift alertness and performance while permitting sufficient daytime sleep after work as well as late-night sleep on days off. In a between-subjects design, 19 healthy subjects underwent 3 simulated night shifts (23:00-7:00), 2 days off, 4 more night shifts, and 2 more days off. Subjects "worked" in the lab and slept at home. Experimental subjects received four 15-min bright light pulses during each night shift, wore dark sunglasses when outside, slept in dark bedrooms at scheduled times, and received out- door afternoon light exposure ("light brake") to keep their rhythms from delaying too far. Control subjects remained in normal room light during night shifts, wore lighter sunglasses, and had unrestricted sleep and outdoor light exposure. The final DLMO of the experimental group was 3:22 ± 2.0 h, close to the target of 3:00, and later than the control group at 23:24 ± 3.8 h. Experimental subjects slept for nearly all the permitted time in bed. Some control subjects who slept late on weekends also reached the compromise phase position and obtained more daytime sleep. Subjects who phase delayed (whether in the experimental or control group) close to the target phase per- formed better during night shifts. A compromise circadian phase position improved performance during night shifts, allowed sufficient sleep during the daytime after night shifts and during the late nighttime on days off, and can be produced by inexpensive and feasible interventions.
Work in Progress - The affordances of photo elicitation as a research and pedagogical method

This research explores the research method of photo elicitation, where participants take photos that are later used to promote conversation in interviews and focus groups, as both a research and a pedagogical tool in an engineering education context. Different methodological implementations are investigated as research methods, and its potential use as a pedagogical tool to promote active group learning in the classroom is explored. Findings from a preliminary analysis are discussed, in addition to opportunities for future research.
Understanding Judicial Hierarchy: Reversals and the Behavior of Intermediate Appellate Judges

One of the central controversies in the judicial behavior literature is the extent to which judges' ability to act according to their ideological preferences is affected by their location in the judicial hierarchy. Judges on intermediate appellate courts have different decisionmaking environments than high court judges. As a result, the goals of lower appellate court judges may differ from those of their superiors: the quest for legal accuracy may compete with the desire to pursue policy preferences. Analysis of the reversal rate of the U.S. circuit courts of appeals offers insight into the extent to which these judges balance the pressures of their own policy preferences with the desire to achieve the legally accurate result in cases they decide.
Semiconductor Nanocrystal Quantum Dot Synthesis Approaches Towards Large-Scale Industrial Production for Energy Applications

This paper reviews the experimental synthesis and engineering developments that focused on various green approaches and large-scale process production routes for quantum dots. Fundamental process engineering principles were illustrated. In relation to the small-scale hot injection method, our discussions focus on the non-injection route that could be scaled up with engineering stir-tank reactors. In addition, applications that demand to utilize quantum dots as “commodity” chemicals are discussed, including solar cells and solid-state lightings.
X chromosome reactivation in reprogramming and in development

Dramatic epigenetic changes take place during mammalian differentiation from the naive pluripotent state including the silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female cells through X chromosome inactivation. Conversely, reprogramming of somatic cells to naive pluripotency is coupled to X chromosome reactivation (XCR). Recent studies in the mouse system have shed light on the mechanisms of XCR by uncovering the timing and steps of XCR during reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), allowing the generation of testable hypotheses during embryogenesis. In contrast, analyses of the X chromosome in human iPSCs have revealed important differences between mouse and human reprogramming processes that can partially be explained by the establishment of distinct pluripotent states and impact disease modeling and the application of human pluripotent stem cells. Here, we review recent literature on XCR as a readout and determinant of reprogramming to pluripotency.
Measuring Plasticity in Confined Cu Thin Films at Different Geometries

We report quantitative measurement of plasticity in confined Cu thin films with a new micro-pillar testing protocol. Polycrystalline Cu and CrN thin films were sequentially sputter deposited onto Si (100) substrates, forming thin film assemblies in which polycrystalline Cu thin films of various thicknesses were confined between non-deforming Si and CrN. Cylindrical micro-pillars of CrN/Cu/Si were fabricated through scripted focused Ga+ ion beam milling, with the interfaces either normal to the axial direction or at a 45° inclination. The CrN/Cu/Si micro-pillars were compression loaded in the axial direction with a flat diamond punch on an instrumented nanoindenter. The axial compression loading caused extensive plasticity within the thin Cu interlayers with the interfaces in both the normal and inclined orientations, but with distinctly different responses. We show that significant plastic flow occurs within the confined Cu thin films in both normal compression and shear loading. The flow stress of the confined Cu films is dependent on the Cu layer thickness and the deformation geometry. The presently described micro-pillar testing protocol offers quantitative evaluation of the plastic response of thin metal films under different deformation geometries. The present results offer new experimental examples of scale-dependent plasticity in thin metal films, and new experimental test cases for non-local plasticity theories.
Dean Denisi Schooled by Hurricane KatrinaA Flood of Opportunity (B)

Crisis as a source of opportunity and change? How does that happen? This case describes the difficult situation the new dean of the A.B. Freeman School of Business at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, faced after Hurricane Katrina hit the city in the late summer of 2005. With a state of emergency declared statewide, in a city with only a shell of its former infrastructure intact, in a university that suffered water damage, and in a community of students and faculty scattered and separated throughout several different cities and states, how was Dean DeNisi supposed to leadlet alone implement his vision? The A case challenges students to think about how DeNisi should proceed in the immediate months to ensure both the return of current students and the survival of the business school. What would all this mean to attracting future Freeman students? The B case describes how DeNisi seized the opportunity while in a time of great crisis. The material offers a rich discussion that should evolve into the recognition that leaders who are able to frame crises as potential opportunities to make their organizations stronger will likely manage in a way that will make them more resilient and better off after the crises.
Reliability Aspects of Multicriterion Watershed Management

Risk and reliability aspects are incorporated into the multicriterion analysis of watershed management, which considers three conflicting objectives: I. to increase agricultural benefit by increasing effective precipitation, II. to decrease erosion and water pollution stemming from agricultural activities, III. to increase water yield in order to meet downstream water demand. To each of the objectives there corresponds one or more criteria such as, for objective II, sediment yield, dissolved phosphorus and other pollutants. Stochastic spatial parameters, such as soil properties and stochastic meteorological elements, influence the criterion or output functions. As a result, figures of merit (annual income, investment, P loading and yields of sediment and water) are also stochastic. The trade-off analysis considers risk of pollution versus reliability of water supplies and is performed by means of composite programming, an extension of compromise programming. The real-life example of an agricultural watershed illustrates the methodology.
Effects of reef attributes on fish assemblage similarity between artificial and natural reefs

Artificial reefs areused to enhancepopulations ofmarineorganisms, but relatively few studies havequantitatively evaluatedwhich attributes of reef structure aremost critical in determiningwhether assemblages of organismson artificial reefs are similar to those onnatural reefs. Using fivepairs of artificial andnatural reefs that spanned225 km in the SouthernCalifornia Bight,we evaluatedhowwell fish assemblages on artificial reefsmimicked those on natural reefs and which attributes of reefs best predicted assemblage structure. Along underwater visual transects, we quantified fish species richness, density, and size structure, aswell as substrate structure (rugosity and coverof substrate types), giant kelp density, and invertebrate density.Artificial reefs thatweremore similar inphysical structure tonatural reefs (low relief, low rugosity, and composedof smalltomedium-sized boulders) supported fish assemblages that were similar to those on natural reefs. Fish species richness was not significantly different between artificial and natural reefs, but density and biomass tended to be higher on average on artificial reefs, body size was slightly smaller, and assemblage structure differed between the two reef types. Generally, artificial reefs extended higher off the seabed, were made of larger boulders, had higher rugosity, harboured more invertebrates, and supported less giant kelp. At both the within-reef (transect) and whole-reef scales, fish density and biomass were positively correlated with complex substrate structure, positively correlated with invertebrate density, and negatively correlated with giant kelp abundance, which was sparse or absent onmost artificial reefs. Our results indicate that artificial reefs can support fish assemblages that are similar to those found on natural reefs if they are constructed tomatch the physical characteristics of natural reefs, or they can bemade to exceed natural reefs in some regards at the expense of other biological attributes.
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of chiral biphenyl-cholesterol gels.

The synthesis of 4-(3-cholesteroxycarbonylpropyloxy)biphenyl (BO4-chol), 4-(7-cholesteroxycarbonylheptyloxy)biphenyl (BO8-chol), and 4,4′-bis(7-cholesteroxycarbonyl heptyloxy)biphenyl (BBO8-chol) is reported. These gelators form 1% and 2% (w/w) stable gels in n-octanol. The gels formed from single cholesterol gelators (BO4-chol and BO8-chol) exhibit lower phase transition temperatures (Tg) (62–65, 68–69 °C) than the gel obtained from the bischolesterol gelator BBO8-chol (96–98 °C). All three gelators form chiral gels in n-octanol as observed by induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectroscopy. The effect of two cholesterol moieties versus one cholesterol unit linked to a biphenyl molecule by a flexible chain, and the effect of the chain length on the gelation ability of these three novel gelators was investigated by circular dichroism (CD), absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The gels obtained from BO4-chol and BO8-chol exhibit biphasic circular dichroism spectra with opposite chirality. The ICD spe...
Sintering Retardation in Catalysts

Dispersed particles have been observed to cause a reduced sintering rate in a number of materials (1–6). In particular, alumina promoted iron exhibits a retention of very high surface area in temperature and time regimes which would result in severe sintering of pure iron (1). This has been interpreted alternatively as an equilibrium fine particle size due to strain energy (1) and maintenance of particle size through a reduction in sintering kinetics (7). A third possibility, intermediate between these two, has been proposed recently (8) and will be discussed below.