cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Consequences of a Block in the Synthesis of 5-Keto-d-Fructose in a Mutant of Gluconobacter cerinus

A mutant of Gluconobacter cerinus var. ammoniacus, IFO 3267, has been isolated which is deficient with respect to fructose 5-dehydrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of d-fructose to 5-keto-d-fructose (5 KF). Growth of this mutant on fructose as the sole carbon source was impaired unless the culture medium was supplemented with 5 KF. Significant randomization of the 1 and 6 positions of fructose has been reported previously for the wild-type organism during growth on this ketohexose. The pattern of 3H incorporation into the C5 position of ribonucleic acid-ribose when the mutant was grown on [1-3H]fructose and [6-3H]fructose in the presence of 5 KF indicated that such randomization did not occur in this variant. The randomization observed in the wild type is, therefore, a consequence of the partial oxidation of fructose to the symmetrical 5 KF intermediate prior to its conversion to pentose. When the mutant was grown on [1-3H]fructose in the presence of unlabeled 5 KF, [5-3H]fructose appeared in the culture medium. Thus, 5 KF served as the oxidant for the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form, generated during growth on fructose.
“Knowing Their World”: Urban Choral Music Educators’ Knowledge of Context

The purpose of this collective case study was to explore how successful urban choral educators use contextual knowledge to inform pedagogical practice. With choirs in nine of a large midwestern city’s demographically varied residential neighborhoods, a children’s choir organization provided a research setting that offered a unique view of urban teachers’ contextual knowledge. The study’s ethnically diverse participants taught in multiple classrooms each week, providing opportunities to explore how the same teacher responded to more than one demographic setting. Participants relied upon knowledge of learners, knowledge of context, and personal practical knowledge to successfully navigate the urban environment. Findings were interpreted in light of Geneva Gay’s five essential elements of culturally responsive teaching to illustrate how the teachers enacted contextual knowledge through culturally responsive practice. Implications for music teacher education are discussed based on the findings.
Homocysteine-Lowering Action Is Another Potential Cardiovascular Protective Factor of Aged Garlic Extract

We investigated hypohomocysteinemic action as a cardiovascular protective property of aged garlic extract (AGE). Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in rats by feeding folate-depleted diets. Plasma folate concentrations of 5, 24, and 202 nmol/L were detected in rats fed a folate-deficient L-amino acid diet containing succinyl sulfathiazole, an AIN-93G folate-deficient diet, and an AIN-93G folate-sufficient diet, respectively. Plasma concentrations of total homocysteine were elevated to the highest level (32 micromol/L) by severe folate deficiency and to a moderate level (9 micromol/L) by mild folate deficiency, compared with the lowest level of (5 micromol/L), noted for the folate-sufficient group. The addition of AGE to the severely folate-deficient diet decreased plasma total homocysteine concentration by 30%. Hyperhomocysteinemia caused by mild folate deficiency remained unaltered by AGE supplementation. The reduction in total homocysteine of the severely folate-deficient rats was accompanied by a proportional decrease in protein-bound and free homocysteine, resulting in an unchanged protein-bound:free homocysteine ratio. AGE added to the diet did not alter plasma concentrations of other aminothiol compounds: cysteine, glutathione, and cysteinylglycine. These data, together with increased S-adenosylmethionine and decreased S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations in the liver, suggest that the hypohomocysteinemic effect of AGE most likely stems from impaired remethylation of homocysteine to methionine and enhanced transsulfuration of homocysteine to cystathionine. More importantly, in addition to its cholesterol-lowering potential, blood pressure-lowering effect, and antioxidant property, a hypohomocysteinemic action may be another important cardiovascular protective factor of AGE.
Stalling of Human Methyltransferase at Single-Strand Conformers from the Huntington's Locus☆

We describe evidence for a sequence of events in which the Human DNA(cytosine-5)methyl-transferase first methylates spontaneous single-stranded conformers (SSCs) and then stalls at the methylated site to produce a complex with the conformationally unusual DNA. This property of the enzyme is a result of its ability to respond to a general loss of symmetry at its CG recognition site. The data suggest that DNA methyltransferase, itself, may physically participate in biological processes that distinguish between DNA that is in the normal Watson-Crick paired conformation and DNA that is conformationally unusual (e.g. a hairpin loop or misassembled replication intermediate). The in vitro methylation of spontaneous SSCs from the Huntington's locus illustrates the phenomenon.
Obtaining blood cultures by venipuncture versus from central lines: impact on blood culture contamination rates and potential effect on central line-associated bloodstream infection reporting.

Objective.Reduce the frequency of contaminated blood cultures that meet National Healthcare Safety Network definitions for a central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI).Design.An observational study.Setting.A 500-bed university-affiliated hospital.Methods.A new blood culture policy discouraged drawing blood samples from central lines. Phlebotomists were reeducated regarding aseptic technique when obtaining blood samples by venipuncture. The intravenous therapy team was taught how to draw blood samples by venipuncture and served as a backup when phlebotomists were unable to obtain blood samples. A 2-nurse protocol and a special supply kit for obtaining blood samples from catheters were developed. Rates of blood culture contamination were monitored by the microbiology laboratory.Results.The proportion of blood samples obtained for culture from central lines decreased from 10.9% during January–June 2010 to 0.4% during July–December 2012 (P< .001). The proportion of blood cultures that were contaminated decreased from 84 (1.6%) of 5,274 during January–June 2010 to 21 (0.5%) of 4,245 during January–June 2012 (P< .001). Based on estimated excess hospital costs of 378,000 in 2012 when compared to 2010. In mid-2010, 3 (30%) of 10 reported CLABSIs were suspected to represent blood culture contamination compared with none of 6 CLABSIs reported from mid-November 2010 through June 2012 (P = 0.25).Conclusions.Multiple interventions resulted in a reduction in blood culture contamination rates and substantial cost savings to the hospital, and they may have reduced the number of reportable CLABSIs.
The effects of acetylcholine and of synaptic stimulation on the sensorimotor cortex of cats. I. Neuronal responses to stimulation of the reticular formation.

Abstract This study looks into the relationship between the effects of acetylcholine on single neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of cats and the synaptic transmission of impulses to these neurons from the mesencephalic reticular formation. The effects of general anesthesia on the neuronal responses to drugs and to synaptic stimulation were avoided by using ence´phale isole´preparations; because the neuronal firing in these preparations fluctuates as it does in normal cats, long periods of recording were obtained and analyzed by the computation of histograms of the distribution of action potentials. The iontophoretic application of acetylcholine from extracellular multibarreled micropipettes increased the firing rate of about one-third of 103 neurons studied and decreased it in about one-sixth of them. Repetitive electrical stimulation of the reticular formation produced unsustained, multiphasic, or sustained changes of firing in many neurons; initial excitation was more common than initial depression. Many neurons reacted by excitation to both acetylcholine and reticular stimulation, but some neurons were depressed by acetylcholine and excited by reticular stimulation, while others were excited by acetylcholine and depressed by reticular stimulation, and still other neurons were depressed by both agents. Atropine and scopolamine, which antagonized the effects of acetylcholine, also blocked the excitatory responses to reticular stimulation in some acetylcholine-excited neurons. However, the depressant effects of reticular stimulation were not antagonized by these agents. These results support the assumption that acetylcholine acts as a synaptic transmitter of the excitatory responses to reticular stimulation in some of the neurons in the sensorimotor cortex.
Continuous Local Basis Functions For Interferometric Reconstruction Of Continuous Phase Objects

Continuous local basis function (CLBF) methods have been formulated for three-dimensional reconstruction of phase objects from multidirectional interferometric data. In a method, identical CLBFs, having support only in their local domains, are employed. Three methods tested include the polynomial, the convoluted Hanning function, and the cubic B-spline. Unlike the conventional methods, they represent higher-order approximations. The polynomial and convoluted Hanning function allow relatively simple expressions. All the CLBFs can fit a constant function with proper overlaps. The methods are evaluated through computer simulation of experiments. They demonstrate comparable power of approximation. The CLBF methods show better reconstruction accuracy than the traditional methods as noise level or degree of limited data (incomplete projection and limited view angle) increases.
Quantitative determination of aldehydes and ketones in metabolic disorders

The excretion of ketones other than acetone has been described in a few reports of patients with the ketotic hyperglycinemia syndrome. Our unexpected finding of butanone, 2-and 3-pentanone in the urine of Gompertz' patient with methylcrotonylglycinuria led us to modify our gaschromatographic(GC)method to allow quantitative determination. The neutral dinitrophenylhydrazones (up to C6) are separated by isothermal GC under the following conditions: column 180 cm, 2 mm ID with Dexsil 300 3% on 100/120 Supelcoport; N2 46ml/min, 48 psi; oven215°C, injector 250°C,detector 300°C. The limit of detection is appr.100 picomoles, the FID response linear up to at least 10 nmoles injected. We have found that normal children not only excrete acetaldehyde and acetone, but also small amounts of butanone and 2-pentanone. These latter compounds and 3-pentanone are markedly increased in methylmalonic acidemia. Aldehydes and ketones in biological fluids and breath have been neglected up to now. However they might be biologically active and their increase could indicate blocks in the intermediary metabolism.
Photovoltaic charging station for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in a smart grid environment

It has been estimated that, there will be one million Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) by the end of this decade. There is a growing risk that, this proliferation in the number of PHEVs will trigger extreme surges in demand while charging them during rush hours. To mitigate this impact, a unique charging station architecture is proposed in which the rate of charging of the PHEVs is controlled in such a way that the impact of charging during peak load period is not felt on the grid. The power needed to charge the plug in hybrids comes from grid-connected photovoltaic generation or the utility or both. The three way interaction between the PV, PHEVs and the grid ensures optimal usage of available power, charging time and grid stability. The system designed to achieve the desired objective consists of a photovoltaic system, DC/DC boost converter, DC/AC bi-directional converter and DC/DC buck converter. The output of DC/DC boost converter and input of DC/AC converter share a common DC bus. A unique control strategy based on DC bus voltage sensing is proposed for the above system for efficient transfer of energy. By using the proposed control strategy, the operations of charging station can be categorized into four modes: grid-connected rectification, PV charging and grid-connected rectification, PV charging and grid-connected inversion.
The C02 Pulse Technique for Determining the Condition of Adsorbent Charcoal Beds

Activated charcoal is widely used for the purification of air. Charcoal has a large surface area (ca. 1000 square meters per gram) and acts to purify air by adsorbing gaseous pollutants on its surface. When the capacity of the surface is exhausted, the charcoal is no longer effective and must be replaced. The carbon dioxide (CO2) pulse technique, developed at NRL, is a non-destructive method by which one can determine the remaining capacity, or the residual life of a charcoal bed before it has become exhausted. A dose of CO2 is injected into the air stream ahead of the charcoal bed and is eluted through the bed. The shape of the emerging CO2 elution peak is determined by the condition of the charcoal bed. For a new, unused charcoal bed the CO2 elution peak is considerably dispersed (flattened and broadened) due to adsorption and desorption at the charcoal surface. For a partially spent bed the elution peak is dispersed to a degree proportional to the remaining capacity of the bed. For a fully spent bed th...
MEIOSIS IN VITRO: SPOROGENESIS IN CULTURED FERN PLANTS'

A B S T R A c T Sporangia containing matute, funictional spores can be induced to form on pinnae of Todea barbara sporophytes maintained in nutrient culture. Meiosis is initiated in the sporogenous cells and proceeds to completion in vitro with the formation of viable spores. Sporangial development, meiosis and the production of spores occur in plants which exhibit signs of senescence. Fertile leaves are characterized by a reduction in chlorophyll concentration and total cellular nitrogen when compared to sterile leaves. The data suggest that the process of sporogenesis may be correlated with a redtuction in metabolic activity of the leaf. THE CONDITIONS required for growth aild development of isolated plant organs, tissues and cells in sterile culture are now sufficiently understood to permit extensive analysis of vegetative reproduction (Steward, Kent, and Mapes, 1966). The successful induction of isolated plant cells to produce entire, functional organisms provides evidence that at least some of the factors required during the complex process of vegetative differentiation are known and capable of being externally controlled. However, we still possess only fragmentary information about the mechanisms regulating stages in the sexual process, particularly those concerned with meiosis and the formation of viable spores. Interest in the physiological and biochemical events associated with various stages in meiosis has provided the stimulus for studies attempting to duplicate in vitro the synchronous development of sporogenous
Thermal Characterization of Interlayer Microfluidic Cooling of Three-Dimensional IC With Non-Uniform Heat Flux

It is now widely recognized that three-dimensional (3D) system integration is a key enabling technology to achieve the processing speeds and performance needs of future microprocessor integrated circuits (ICs). To provide modular thermal management in 3D stacked ICs, interlayer microfluidic cooling scheme is adopted and analyzed in this study. The effects of cooling scheme and essential geometry variations on the routing completion and congestion of electrical interconnect are quantitatively analyzed. Also, the thermal and hydraulic performance of several two-phase refrigerants is discussed in comparison with single-phase cooling. The results show that refrigerants in two-phase flow are thermally preferred due to the higher heat transfer coefficients, and relatively constant fluid temperature throughout the microchannel. However, the large internal pressure and pressure drop act as significant limiting factors in realizing the merits of two-phase cooling. It is also concluded that integration of high performance hot-spot thermal management is a key to addressing a challenge of mass flow rate mal-distribution.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Oxidants, antioxidants and the current incurability of metastatic cancers

The vast majority of all agents used to directly kill cancer cells (ionizing radiation, most chemotherapeutic agents and some targeted therapies) work through either directly or indirectly generating reactive oxygen species that block key steps in the cell cycle. As mesenchymal cancers evolve from their epithelial cell progenitors, they almost inevitably possess much-heightened amounts of antioxidants that effectively block otherwise highly effective oxidant therapies. Also key to better understanding is why and how the anti-diabetic drug metformin (the world's most prescribed pharmaceutical product) preferentially kills oxidant-deficient mesenchymal p53− −cells. A much faster timetable should be adopted towards developing more new drugs effective against p53− − cancers.
Further examination of the relationship between the Langmuir kinetics and the Lagergren and the second-order rate models of batch adsorption

This study presents a further examination of the relationship between the Langmuir kinetics and the Lagergren (first-order) and the second-order rate models of batch adsorption. The earlier work of Liu and Shen on the transformation of the Langmuir kinetic equation to a linear combination of the Lagergren rate expression and the second-order rate expression was given a rational treatment and solutions of the transformed equation were obtained. Based on the solutions, correct relationships between the Langmuir equation and the first-order and second-order equations were established and the significance of the relationships discussed.
Effects of ovariectomy-hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy-ovariectomy-hypophysectomy on feed intake and mammary gland growth as measured by DNA.

SummaryCombined effects of OVAR-X and HYPO-X (double operations) on feed intake were studied. In addition, the effect of triple operations on mammary gland DNA was reported. While OVAR-X in addition to HYPO-X had little or no effect, OVAR-X and ADRE-X in addition to HYPO-X caused a marked initial decrease in feed intake. However, the feed intake gradually returned to the preoperative control level at longer intervals while body weight remained at a reduced level. It was suggested that the presence of 1% NaCl in the drinking water was unable to compensate for the lack of aldosterone which might have caused the initial decrease in feed intake.With DNA as a measure of mammary gland tissue, a significant involution of the duct system from the ovariectomized level was observed following HYPO-X and triple operations. Although triple operations caused a lower DNA value than that of HYPO-X alone, there was no significant difference between the two groups. This suggests that the ovaries and adrenals are of seconda...
Healthy Juvenile Sockeye Salmon Reared in Virus-Free Hatchery Water Return as Adults Infected with Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV): A Case Report and Review of Controversial Issues in the Epizootiology of IHNV

Abstract Eggs of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka were spawned from a wild broodstock each fall from 1985 to 1989. The eggs and resulting juvenile fish were incubated and reared as separate families in virus-free freshwater. Each spring of the following year smolts were released into seawater at the hatchery, when they were about 2–6 g in body weight. At spawning, the yearly prevalence (100 × number of virus-positive fish/number examined) of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in the wild broodstock ranged from 0% to 100% whereas no IHN disease or virus was ever detected in the progeny at the hatchery. A small number of adult fish from these juvenile releases first returned to the hatchery in 1990. No virus was detected in the 69 fish examined after maturation in virus-free freshwater. In 1991, a greater number of adult fish returned to the hatchery and IHNV was detected at very high titers in fish that matured in both freshwater and seawater. Virus prevalences were as high as 99% in female fi...
Ion exchange properties of a cesium ion selective titanosilicate

ABSTRACT The ion exchange properties of crystalline and amorphous phases of a sodium titanosilicate towards alkali and alkaline earth cations has been examined. Potensometric titration of the crystalline phase in the proton form, H2Ti2O3(SiO4), showed that 80% of the sodium ion sites could be occupied to pH=12 and only 25% of the exchange sites could be filled by Cs+. However, when an equal concentration of Na+ was present in the Cs+ solution, the cesium loading was reduced to 5.6% (0.47 meq/g) of the theoretical IEC. This loading is further reduced to less than 0.1 meq/g in solutions approximating the sodium content of nuclear waste solutions, i.e. 5-6M NaNO3, 1-3 M NaOH. This low capacity limits the usefulness of this exchanger to waste solutions less than 10−5-10−6 M in Cs+. The amorphous phase exhibits a very high affinity for Sr2+ but also for Ba2+ and Ca2+ in alkaline solution. These ions could serve as interferences for selective Sr2+ removal from nuclear waste solutions. Sodium titanium silicate h...
High-precision and accurate determinations of neodymium isotopic compositions at nanogram levels in natural materials by MC-ICP-MS

A comparatively simple, rapid, low-blank, high-precision and reproducible technique for Nd isotope analysis (143Nd/144Nd) of trace amounts (1–5 ng) of Nd by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) was developed and is reported here. The technique utilizes a combination of a high-sensitivity desolvator (Aridus II or APEX-IR) and high-efficiency Jet-sample/X-skimmer cones, together with high-yield pre-concentration and column chemistry, to achieve optimal conditions for Nd isotope determination in natural materials with a variety of Nd-depleted matrices. This new method was validated by analyzing a series of international reference materials (RMs), which span a wide range of the Nd isotopic composition and cover different sample matrices in order to provide a useful benchmark for future studies. The long-term precision of 143Nd/144Nd (±0.000016, 2SD) for a sample size of ca. 1.25 ng Nd is a factor of 5 better than the existing high-sensitivity MC-ICP-MS methods using <2 ng of Nd and is comparable to the best TIMS methods. Replicate analyses of the RMs, including JNdi-1 (0.512116 ± 0.000016, 2SD), AGV-1 (0.512794 ± 0.000013, 2SD), BHVO-1 (0.512992 ± 0.000015, 2SD), Nod-P-1 (0.512430 ± 0.000015, 2SD) and two sets of synthetic solutions for seawater and calcium carbonate matrices, are in excellent agreement with the published values, demonstrating the robustness of the present protocol for natural samples with different matrices. A depth profile of the seawater Nd isotopes near the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study station was also analyzed for comparison, and is identical to the reported seawater profile in this region. Applying this improved technique, we are able to generate high-precision and reproducible Nd isotope data for Nd-depleted natural materials, such as seawater, continental runoff, benthic fluxes at continental margins, and marine biogenic carbonate, which can provide pertinent and complementary information about the marine Nd cycle and past ocean circulation.
Ten years of change: the evolution of a senior seminar

ABSTRACT The senior seminar is a capstone writing intensive course with the purpose of introducing students to independent mathematical study. Topics cover material beyond what is normally covered in required courses in depth and/or breadth. Within this broad description there is leeway in the ways students cover material and in what they cover. The seminar has shown a pronounced change over time that reflects changes in program emphasis and interests of both faculty and students. * This paper is an invited paper from the Contributed Paper Session on The Undergraduate Seminar in Mathematics at the New Orleans Joint AMS/AMA Mathematics Meetings, 10–13 January 2001.
Ask, inform, or act: communication with a robotic patient before haptic action

Currently in medical education, clinical students learn how to interact with real patients via simulated patients, which are inexpressive, teleoperated robot mannequins. We obtained five simulations that used such a robot to explore verbal communication between clinical students and the robot patient, specifically if the students sought approval before performing haptic-actions. We found that in our sample, student clinicians frequently acted without seeking approval or providing information to the robot patient. We hope to further our studies in order to identify if either current training of clinical students in communication is ineffective, or if the robot patients are too nonhuman-like and inexpressive to engender appropriate communication.
Transmuting α helices and β sheets

Protein architecture involves two main secondary structural classes: α helices and β sheets. Some natural proteins alter their fold in response to changes in solution conditions or as a consequence of mutation. Here, we discuss recent attempts to induce such conformational changes by design: specifically, the motivation and success of efforts to change one protein fold into a different one in response to the ‘Paracelsus Challenge'. The results of such efforts may provide a better understanding of the processes that underlie conformational plasticity in proteins.
MAP Kinase Signaling Specificity Mediated by the LIN-1 Ets/LIN-31 WH Transcription Factor Complex during C. elegans Vulval Induction

The let-23 receptor/mpk-1 MAP kinase signaling pathway induces the vulva in C. elegans. We show that MPK-1 directly regulates both the LIN-31 winged-helix and the LIN-1 Ets transcription factors to specify the vulval cell fate. lin-31 and lin-1 act genetically downstream of mpk-1, and both proteins can be directly phosphorylated by MAP kinase. LIN-31 binds to LIN-1, and the LIN-1/LIN-31 complex inhibits vulval induction. Phosphorylation of LIN-31 by MPK-1 disrupts the LIN-1/LIN-31 complex, relieving vulval inhibition. Phosphorylated LIN-31 may also act as a transcriptional activator, promoting vulval cell fates. LIN-31 is a vulval-specific effector of MPK-1, while LIN-1 acts as a general effector. The partnership of tissue-specific and general effectors may confer specificity onto commonly used signaling pathways, creating distinct tissue-specific outcomes.
Collisionally-induced dissociation mass spectra of organic sulfate anions

The collisionally-induced dissociation mass spectra of a variety of organic sulfate ester anions are described and mechanistically rationalized. A cyclic syn-elimination pathway, analogous to that of the Cope elimination, is postulated for the commonly observed formation of bisulfate anion (HSO4−, m/z 97). Deuterium labeling experiments confirm that the proton transferred to oxygen during bisulfate elimination normally originates from the C-2 position, although examination of the spectra of polyfunctional steroids reveals that the proton abstracted may originate from more distant sites as well. Adamantyl, phenyl, and vinyl sulfate anions, which do not readily lend themselves to a cyclic syn-elimination, do not give rise to an m/z 97 ion. Instead, these sulfates undergo both heterolytic and homolytic S–O bond cleavages to yield an m/z M − 80 anion, resulting from loss of neutral SO3, as well as an ion at m/z 80, corresponding to SO3−˙, respectively. Sulfates that can give rise to a resonance stabilized radical by homolytic C–O bond fission, as exemplified by benzyl and linalyl sulfates, can be recognized by the formation of an m/z 96 (SO4−˙) ion.
Minimax-regret treatment choice with missing outcome data

I use the minimax-regret criterion to study choice between two treatments when some outcomes in the study population are unobservable and the distribution of missing data is unknown. I first assume that observable features of the study population are known and derive the treatment rule that minimizes maximum regret over all possible distributions of missing data. When no treatment is dominant, this rule allocates positive fractions of persons to both treatments. I then assume that the data are a random sample of the study population and show that in some instances, treatment rules that estimate certain point-identified population means by sample averages are finite-sample minimax regret.
Liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria proteomes are altered in pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake

Animals selected for residual feed intake (RFI) can be used as a model to elucidate molecular explanations for differences in growth efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the protein profile and posttranslational modifications of mitochondria from skeletal muscle and liver relate to feed efficiency gains in pigs divergently selected for RFI. Mitochondria were isolated from the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and the liver from pigs (n = 9 each for the high and low RFI line; BW = 95.8 kg). Mitochondria protein profile differences were determined using two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the line comparison, the β subunit of ATP synthase, heat shock protein (HSP) 60, and HSP70, were identified as being increased in mitochondria from the liver of the low RFI line (23 to 50%; P < 0.1). These differences were not observed in the other comparisons. In the LD, proteins identified as being different between RFI phenotypes included HSP70 and subunit 1 of the cytochrome bc1 complex. These data indicate that genetic selection for RFI tends to result in a consistent change in mitochondrial protein profile. In contrast, classification by phenotype demonstrates that phenotypic differences in RFI are not specifically associated with alterations of the mitochondria protein profile.
The Ontogeny of Kin Recognition in Two Species of Ground Squirrels1

SYNOPSIS. We report results of a three year comparative laboratory study of kin recognition abilities in Arctic ground squirrels ( Spermophilus parryii ) and Belding's ground squirrels ( S. beldingi ), and a field investigation of kin recognition in S. beldingi . Our laboratory work shows that in both species, preweaned pups reared together, whether they are biological siblings or cross-fostered (unrelated) nestmates, are equally aggressive in subsequent paired arena tests. Thus, pups that share a natal nest are treated like siblings. Among pups reared apart, sister-sister pairs are less aggressive in arena tests than are pairs of nonkin females, whereas relatedness does not affect male-male or male-female aggression. Thus both relatedness and rearing environment mediate recognition among female S. parryii and S. beldingi . In free-living Belding's ground squirrels at Tioga Pass, California, dam-offspring and sister-sister recognition apparently first occur at weaning, coincident with aboveground emergence of juveniles. Most intriguing (electrophoretically identified) littermate full-sisters and maternal half-sisters, which result from multiple mating by females, seem to treat each other differently despite having shared a natal nest. The full-sisters are less agonistic and more cooperative than the half-sisters. In interpreting these laboratory and field results, we explore four proximal mechanisms by which kin might be identified, including one in which recognition is based on (learned) phenotypic similarity to an individual's nestmates or itself (phenotype matching). Our data and those of several recent investigators of recognition in other taxa implicate both association with relatives and phenotype matching in the ontogeny of kin recognition.
Power and particle balance during neutral beam injection in TFTR

Abstract Detailed boundary plasma measurements on TFTR have been made during a NBI power scan in the range Ptot = 1–20 MW in the L-mode regime. The behaviour of the plasma density 〈ne〉, radiated power Pred, carbon and deuterium fluxes Γc, ΓD, and Zeff can be summarized as: (1) 〈ne〉 ∝P1/2tot, (2)Prad, Γc, ΓD ∝ Ptot, (3)Zeff ≈ constant. These results obtained during NBI heating in TFTR are very similar to recent JET observations during ICRF heating and suggest that the form of heating plays little role in the behaviour of the discharge parameters. In the case of NBI in L-mode discharges it is shown that central fuelling plays a minor role in the particle balance of the discharge. More important is the NBI role in the power balance. Both the TFTR data during NBI and the JET data during ICRH are consistent with a simple model of particle and power balance in which the particle sources originate primarily at the graphite limiter.
The effect of mean luminance on the size selectivity of identified target interneurons in the dragonfly

1. By penetrating axons in the ventral nerve cord of the dragonfly, Aeshna umbrosa, we measured the intracellular responses of target-selective visual interneurons to movement of black square ‘targets’ ranging from 1° to 32° visual angle at several levels of mean background luminance. 2. Neuronal responses, measured both in number of spikes and in the magnitude of integrated postsynaptic potentials, showed a preference for larger target size at lower mean luminance (Table 1, Figs. 1–3). The latency of postsynaptic potential (psp) and spike responses from onset of target movement increased with a decrease in mean luminance (Fig. 1). 3. A measure of mean target size preference (Eqn. 1) for one identified interneuron (MDT4) in both laboratory and outdoor lighting shows a continuous decrease of preferred size with increases of mean luminance over more than 4 orders of magnitude. 4. The time to reach the new steady state of cell response after the decrease of mean luminance was ordinarily less than 30 s, but sometimes longer (Fig. 4).
IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECOMBINASE GENE ACTIVITY IS MODULATED RECIPROCALLY BY INTERLEUKIN 7 AND CD19 IN B CELL PROGENITORS

Bone marrow stromal cells promote B cell development involving recombinase gene-directed rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. We observed that the stromal cell-derived cytokine interleukin 7 (IL-7) enhances the expression of CD19 molecules on progenitor B-lineage cells in human bone marrow samples and downregulates the expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and the recombinase-activating genes RAG-1 and RAG-2. Initiation of the TdT downregulation on the first day of treatment, CD19 upregulation during the second day, and RAG-1 and RAG-2 downmodulation during the third day implied a cascade of IL-7 effects. While CD19 ligation by divalent antibodies had no direct effect on TdT or RAG gene expression, CD19 cross-linkage complete blocked the IL-7 downregulation of RAG expression without affecting the earlier TdT response. These results suggest that signals generated through CD19 and the IL-7 receptor could modulate immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and repertoire diversification during the early stages of B cell differentiation.
Twenty years of the Journal of Vocational Behavior

Abstract The relation of the body of knowledge created by the existence of the Journal of Vocational Behavior over the last 20 years to society, the world of work, and the worker is explored. Some recollections and acknowledgments are recorded.
Cost analysis of fentanyl and remifentanil in coronary artery bypass graft surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass.

Background: Opiates such as remifentanil have the potential to reduce time to extubation (TTE), shorten length of stay (LOS) and lower hospital costs, because of a short duration of action. However, the cost of remifentanil is approximately ten times higher than longer-acting opiates like fentanyl. Objectives: The objective of this analysis was to compare TTE, LOS and total hospital costs between patients who received remifentanil and fentanyl during off-pump bypass surgery. Methods: The study was prospective and observational in design. Consecutive patients who underwent off-pump cardiac bypass surgery and received either remifentanil or fentanyl from September 1998 to August 1999 were screened for study entry. Patient bills and charges were converted to costs using hospital cost-to-charge ratios. The percent of patients' extubated in the operating room (OR), LOS and hospital costs were compared between the groups. Results: The baseline demographics (age: 66 ± 12 years mean ± SD; female 36%) and intraoperative variables were similar between the remifentanil (n=39) and fentanyl (n=20) groups. Patients given remifentanil during surgery were significantly more likely to be extubated in the OR than patients given fentanyl (15 vs. 64%; P < 0·001). Mean LOS was similar in both groups (7·3 ± 3·1 vs. 8·3 ± 2·7 days; P=0·27). Patients who received remifentanil incurred lower pulmonary function testing ($0 ± 0 vs. $34 ± 103; P=0·045), recovery room ($31 ± 40 vs. $65 ± 33; P=0·002) and lower ward costs ($3973 ± 1719 vs. $4808 ± 1794; P=0·09) than patients who received fentanyl. Anesthesia costs were higher among patients who received remifentanil ($476 ± 102 vs. $416 ± 130; P=0·06). Medical and surgical supplies, OR, intensive care unit, laboratory, respiratory therapy, pharmacy, radiology and transfusion costs were similar between the two groups. The total cost was $15 272 ± 5556 and $15 616 ± 4169 in the remifentanil and fentanyl groups, respectively (P=0·81). Conclusion: Remifentanil, when used in off-pump bypass surgery, is associated with an increased likelihood of extubation in the OR. However, LOS and total hospital costs remain unchanged.
Association of TM4SF4 with the human thiamine transporter-2 in intestinal epithelial cells.

The human thiamine transporter-2 (hTHTR-2) is involved in the intestinal absorption of thiamine. Recent studies with membrane transporters of other nutrients/substrates have shown that they have associated proteins that affect different aspects of their physiology and cell biology. Nothing is known about protein(s) that interact with hTHTR-2 in intestinal epithelial cells and influence its physiological function and/or its cell biology. The aim of this study was to identify protein partner(s) that interact with hTHTR-2 in human intestinal cells and determine the physiological/biological consequence of that interaction. The yeast split-ubiquitin two-hybrid approach was used to screen a human intestinal cDNA library. GST-pull-down and cellular co-localization approaches were used to confirm the interaction between hTHTR-2 and the associated protein(s). The effect of such an interaction on hTHTR-2 function was examined by 3H-thiamine uptake assays. Our screening results identified the human TransMembrane 4 SuperFamily 4 (TM4SF4) as a potential interactor with hTHTR-2. This interaction was confirmed by an in vitro GST-pull-down assay, and by live-cell confocal imaging of HuTu-80 cells co-expressing hTHTR-2–GFP and mCherry–TM4SF4 (the latter displayed a significant overlap of these two proteins in intracellular vesicles and at the cell membrane). Co-expression of hTHTR-2 with TM4SF4 in HuTu-80 cells led to a significant induction in thiamine uptake. In contrast, silencing TM4SF4 with gene-specific siRNA led to a significant decrease in thiamine uptake. These results show for the first time that the accessory protein TM4SF4 interacts with hTHTR-2 and influences the physiological function of the thiamine transporter.
Albert Schweitzer or Ivan Boesky? Why we should reject the dichotomy between medicine and business.

Several critics have maintained that there are some critical differences between the ethics of medicine and the ethics of business such that health care should remain as free as possible from the influence of business. In particular, it has been suggested that the core moral identity of those in medical practice, and their accompanying institutions, are not only antagonistic, but effectively opposed to their counterparts in business. This paper attempts to challenge such a sharp contrast and suggests that a reformulation, where the two are seen as fundamentally similar is both appropriate and compelling. Indeed, as we contemplate the direction of proposed comprehensive reforms in health care, such an understanding of the moral framework of medicine and business is essential.
MODTRAN5: a reformulated atmospheric band model with auxiliary species and practical multiple scattering options

The MODTRAN5(1a, in press) radiation transport (RT) model is a major advancement over earlier versions of the MODTRAN(tm) atmospheric transmittance and radiance model. New model features include (1) finer spectral resolution via the Spectrally Enhanced Resolution MODTRAN(tm) (SERTRAN) molecular band model, (2) a fully coupled treatment of auxiliary molecular species, and (3) a rapid, high fidelity multiple scattering (MS) option. The finer spectral resolution improves model accuracy especially in the mid- and long-wave infrared atmospheric windows; the auxiliary species option permits the addition of any or all of the suite of HITRAN molecular line species, along with default and user-defined profile specification; and the MS option makes feasible the calculation of Vis-NIR databases that include high-fidelity scattered radiances.
Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data. II. Gene frequency data.

The accuracies and efficiencies of three different methods of making phylogenetic trees from gene frequency data were examined by using computer simulation. The methods examined are UPGMA, Farris' (1972) method, and Tateno et al.'s (1982) modified Farris method. In the computer simulation eight species (or populations) were assumed to evolve according to a given model tree, and the evolutionary changes of allele frequencies were followed by using the infinite-allele model. At the end of the simulated evolution five genetic distance measures (Nei's standard and minimum distances, Rogers' distance, Cavalli-Sforza's fλ, and the modified Cavalli-Sforza distance) were computed for all pairs of species, and the distance matrix obtained for each distance measure was used for reconstructing a phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree obtained was then compared with the model tree. The results obtained indicate that in all tree-making methods examined the accuracies of both the topology and branch lengths of a reconstructed tree (rooted tree) are very low when the number of loci used is less than 20 but gradually increase with increasing number of loci. When the expected number of gene substitutions (M) for the shortest branch is 0.1 or more per locus and 30 or more loci are used, the topological error as measured by the distortion index (dT) is not great, but the probability of obtaining the correct topology (P) is less than 0.5 even with 60 loci. When M is as small as 0.004, P is substantially lower. In obtaining a good topology (small dT and high P) UPGMA and the modified Farris method generally show a better performance than the Farris method. The poor performance of the Farris method is observed even when Rogers' distance which obeys the triangle inequality is used. The main reason for this seems to be that the Farris method often gives overestimates of branch lengths. For estimating the expected branch lengths of the true tree UPGMA shows the best performance. For this purpose Nei's standard distance gives a better result than the others because of its linear relationship with the number of gene substitutions. Rogers' or Cavalli-Sforza's distance gives a phylogenetic tree in which the parts near the root are condensed and the other parts are elongated. It is recommended that more than 30 loci, including both polymorphic and monomorphic loci, be used for making phylogentic trees. The conclusions from this study seem to apply also to data on nucleotide differences obtained by the restriction enzyme techniques.
Creep behavior of molybdenum single crystals

The creep behavior of molybdenum single crystals oriented with a [011] direction parallel to the tensile axis was investigated over the temperature range 1200° to 1917°C (0.5 to 0.76 Tm). The activation energy for creep at applied stresses of 900 psi and 2050 psi was 108 and 105 kcal/mol, respectively. No steady state creep was observed, although the creep rate was approaching a constant value at 0.45 creep strain. The transient creep strain was fitted to a relation ϵ = ϵ0 + btm, yielding b ∝ σ3.8 at 1410°C, and 0.37 < m < 0.71, with m increasing with increasing temperature. The analysis of slip bands and Laue back reflection patterns indicated that {112}〈111〉 was the primary slip mode for [011] crystals crept at these temperatures. The slip distribution was very non-uniform, being concentrated into regularly spaced, narrow bands. The slip band spacing decreased with increasing stress.
Peripheral jets - Effect of exit geometry

tial Differential Equations, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1923. 17 Mangier, K. W., "Improper Integrals in Theoretical Aerodynamics," Rept. Aero 2424, C.P. No. 94, June 1951, Royal Aircraft Establishment. 18 Multhopp, H., "Die Berechnung der Auftriebsverteilung von Tragfluegeln," Luftf-Forschung, Vol. 15, 1938, pp. 153-169. 19 Grammel, R., Die Hydrodynamischen Grundlagen des Fluges. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1917. 20 Heaslet, M. A. and Lomax, H., "Supersonic and Transonic Small Perturbation Theory, Section D of General Theory of High Speed Aerodynamics," High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion, edited by W. R. Sears, Vol. VI, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1954, pp. 122-344. 21 Munk, M. M., "The Minimum Induced Drag of Aerofoils," Rept. 121,1921, NASA.
Uncertainties in the np interaction at medium energies.

Two recently published solutions to np scattering from 550 to 800 MeV are used to obtain the differences in predicted values for a number of selected spin observables over this very important, and presumably well measured, kinematic domain. Plots reveal differences as large as 10\char21{}20 times the measurable accuracy of these parameters exist over vast regions of energy and angle. A much greater experimental effort is clearly needed before the np amplitudes will be known. Planning for future measurements could be facilitated with the use of programs developed for this study.
Time- and VLSI-optimal Sorting on Meshes with Multiple Broadcasting

In this work, we present a time-and VLSI-optimal sorting algorithm for meshes with multiple broadcasting. Specifically, we show that for every choice of a positive integer constant c, m items \left( {n^{\frac{1} {2} + \frac{1} {{2c}}} \leqslant m \leqslant n} \right) stored in the first \left\lceil {\frac{m} {{\sqrt n }}} \right\rceil columns of a mesh with multiple broadcasting of size \sqrt {n} x \sqrt {n} can be sorted in O({\frac{m} {{\sqrt n }}}) time.
Determination of vibration parameters in moderately damped systems

The undamped natural frequency ωn and the damping ratio ζ can be determined from a plot of the free motion of the system. If the damping is light, ζ < 0.2, the logarithmic decrement can be used to determine the coefficients. Systems with moderate damping are those in the range 0.2 < ζ < 1.2. A method for determining vibration parameters for systems with moderate damping is presented here. The method is easy to apply and while it is approximate, it is extremely accurate throughout the entire range of moderate damping.