cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A topographical and cytological study of the sympathetic nervous components of the suprarenal of the chick embryo

A study was made of the development of the suprarenal gland of the chick with reference to the following points: 1) Topographical relationship of the sympathetic cell masses to the cortical cords, and to the sympathetic nervous system. 2) Cytological differentiation of the sympathetic cells. The migrating indifferent sympathetic cells, although becoming generally distributed over the medial surface of the cortical ridge, form a series of more prominent aggregations at certain definite loci. These aggregations are the rudiments of two longitudinal ganglionic chains, which develop from the sixth to the seventh day. Around and between the ganglionic rudiments the indifferent cell groups become penetrated by sympathetic fibers from the ganglionic rudiments as well as by fibers of sympathoblasts which develop from indifferent cells of the sympathetic-chromaffine complex. At the same time multipolar sympathetic cells lying between the cortical cords and processes to the tracts developing between the ganglia on the surface of the cortical ridge. Differentiation of ‘chromaffine cells’ from indifferent cells of the aggregations begins during the eighth day, after a profuse innervation of the rudiments has been established. Differentiation is evidenced by the appearance of cytoplasmic granules, and by the appearance of the ‘chromaffine reaction.’ The possible bearing of the innervation of the indifferent cell aggregations upon their differentiation and upon their penetration of the cortical bodies is discussed.
Estimates for maximal singular integrals

It is shown that maximal truncations of nonconvolution L 2 -bounded sin- gular integral operators with kernels satisfying Hormander's condition are weak type (1; 1) and L p -bounded for 1 0 Rj xj 2R jk(x)jdx <1;
Syntactic Priming, Type Frequency, and EFL Learners' Production of Wh-Questions

Previous interaction studies have reported a positive relationship between syntactic priming and English second language (L2) learners' subsequent production of wh-questions. Syntactic priming research has shown that a speaker's production of a structure during syntactic priming activities is influenced by the individual lexical items that occur in the immediate discourse context. The current study brings together these 2 lines of research to determine whether variation in the type frequency of the lexical verbs and wh-question words targeted in syntactic priming activities impacts learners' subsequent production of wh-questions. Thai English as a foreign language learners ( n = 85) met individually with a researcher for 2 20-minute sessions over a 3-week period during which they carried out pretest, priming, and posttest activities. The sessions were digitally recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed in terms of the type and number of wh-questions produced by the learners. The results indicated that syntactic priming materials that prompted learners to produce wh-questions with a wide variety of lexical verbs facilitated their subsequent production of wh-questions. The implications are discussed in terms of the role of type frequency during priming activities in L2 learners' acquisition of wh-questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The effects of polyamines and polyamine inhibitors on rat sciatic and facial nerve regeneration

The effects of exogenous polyamines and polyamine biosynthetic pathway inhibitors on regenerating nerves were examined in adult male rats following nerve transection and surgical repair. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of exogenous polyamines in promoting the functional recovery of peripheral nerves following crush or freeze injuries in the rat. In order to simulate clinical peripheral nerve surgery, we studied these effects after complete nerve transection and evaluated regeneration by counting axons. There was no statistical difference in axon number with and without polyamines and in the presence of inhibitors and inhibitors with end product addition. Our study suggests that the difference in recovery seen in previous studies is not mediated by a change in axon number.
GABAA and GABAB agonists and antagonists alter the phase-shifting effects of light when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region

GABAergic drugs have profound effects on the regulation of circadian rhythms. The present study evaluated the effects of microinjections of GABAergic drugs into the suprachiasmatic region in hamsters on phase shifts induced by light and by microinjection of a cocktail containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). The phase-advancing effects of light at circadian time (CT) 19 were significantly reduced by microinjection of GABA(A) or GABA(B) agonists into the SCN, but were not altered by microinjection of GABA(A) or GABA(B) antagonists. Microinjection of a GABA(B) agonist also reduced the phase-delaying effects of light at CT 13.5-14 while a GABA(B) antagonist increased the phase delays caused by light. Neither GABA(B) drug altered the phase delays produced by microinjection of a peptide cocktail containing VIP, PHI, GRP. These data indicate that changes in GABA(A) or GABA(B) activity within the SCN can alter the phase-shifting effects of light on circadian rhythms and support a role for GABA in gating photic input to the circadian clock.
Cochlear implant prostheses: strategies and progress.

Progress in development of elements of higher-generation cochlear implant devices is briefly summarized. Initial tests with early model devices indicate that these devices will gain wide application, as aids capable of effecting significant levels of speech recognition in the profoundly (totally) deaf.
EFFECT OF OESTRADIOL ON TURNOVER OF TYPE A MONOAMINE OXIDASE IN BRAIN

— Administration of oestrogen (oestradiol-17β or oestradiol-17β-benzoate) to ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 1–4 weeks results in an approx 30% decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the basomedial-hypothalamus (BM-Hyp) and corticomedial-amygdala (CM-Amy) but not in cerebral cortex. Further investigation shows that (1) decreased MAO activity in the BM-Hyp and CM-Amy occurs only in Type A MAO (serotonin as substrate) and does not occur in Type B MAO (phenylethylamine as substrate); (2) decreased MAO activity does not occur when a single large dose of oestrogen is given i. v. or when homogenates from oestrogen treated rats are mixed with homogenates from OVX rats suggesting that direct enzyme inhibition is not responsible for the change in activity; (3) oestrogen administration to OVX rats increases the rate constant of degradation for MAO in BM-Hyp and CM-Amy but not in cerebral cortex as determined in turnover studies using pargyline, an irreversible inhibitor of MAO. The increased rate of degradation results in shorter half lives (t 1/2) for MAO in the BM-Hyp and CM-Amy of oestrogen treated rats. In OVX rats the t 1/2 is 9.8 days in BM-Hyp and 12.7 days in CM-Amy. Oestrogen administration results in a t 1/2 of 7.6 days in BM-Hyp and 7.8 days in CM-Amy. The possible relationship between oestrogen dependent decreased MAO activity and estrogen dependent lordosis behavior is discussed.
The flowing afterglow in argon and helium: Differences in two reactor designs in application to the analysis of moisture☆

Abstract Excitation by rare gas metastables in a glow discharge afterglow is effective for the sensitive chemiluminescent detection of trace moisture. In the development of a flowing afterglow (FLAG) system for the study of effluent gases from high explosives, two approaches were taken in the design of a modular reactor. A glass reactor system with a tantalum shell hollow cathode source isolated by a Woods horn was compared to a 3 in. dia. steel reactor in which the reactor entrance port acts as the cathode. The sensitivity of both systems increases linearly with currents up to 15 mA in operation at 1 Torr argon or helium. The steel reactor provides an order of magnitude greater sensitivity for OH than the glass reactor. A continuous moisture background at 60°C over vacuum dried nitrocellulose of 0.9 nmol/gm-s (0.02 ppm) is demonstrated. With the steel system a photon count sensitivity for OH at 308.9 nm of 30000 counts/nmol in argon and 5200 counts/nmol in helium is obtained using a 0.4 nm bandpass.
The effect of temperature on the complexation of Cm(III) with nitrate in aqueous solutions

The complexation of curium(III) with nitrate was studied at different temperatures (10–85 °C) by luminescence spectroscopy. The stability constants of CmNO32+ were calculated from the luminescence emission spectra. The specific ion interaction approach (SIT) was used to obtain the stability constants of CmNO32+ at infinite dilution and variable temperatures. The complexation is weak and little effect of temperature on the complexation was observed over the temperature range 10–85 °C. Data on the luminescence lifetime indicate that each nitrate ligand replaces two water molecules from the inner coordination sphere of Cm3+, forming a bidentate inner-sphere complex with Cm3+ in aqueous solutions.
In vivo and in vitro effects of endotoxin on prostaglandin release from rat lung.

Abstract 1 The release of prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2 alpha, PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) from rat lung exposed to E. coli endotoxin, in vivo or in vitro has been studied. 2 Lung strips of endotoxin-treated rats demonstrated a preferential increase of TxA2 and PGF2 alpha and a decrease in the ratio PGI2/TxA2. 3 These data suggest that changes in the proportions of arachidonic acid metabolites might play a role in the pulmonary pathophysiology during endotoxin shock. 4 Incubation of lung strips with endotoxin in vitro failed to stimulate prostaglandin release; paradoxically, it suppressed both the spontaneous and the ionophore-induced prostaglandin release. 5 These findings suggest that the increase in prostaglandin release by the lung following endotoxin administration in vivo is probably mediated by factor(s) generated in endotoxaemia and is not due to a direct action of endotoxin on the lung tissue.
BOSE CONDENSATION OF IDEALIZED SPIN-POLARIZED ATOMIC-HYDROGEN IN EQUILIBRIUM

A model of spin-polarized hydrogen (H\ensuremath{\uparrow}) is treated in which interactions between atoms are neglected while the single-atom Zeeman and hyperfine interactions are treated exactly. These magnetic terms in the Hamiltonian are found to affect substantially the Bose-Einstein condensation and the various thermodynamic variables. Computations are discussed of the condensation temperature, condensate density, and specific heat in order to indicate how changes in magnetic field strength might be expected to affect future measurements on this quantum system.
Factors Affecting Revegetation of Carex lacustris and Carex stricta from Rhizomes

The revegetation of sedge meadows has been problematic because natural recolonization does not occur under many circumstances and because planted propagules often fail to reestablish successfully. In this study, detached rhizomes of Carex lacustris Willd. and Carex stricta Lam. were transplanted in both fall (September) and spring (May) into three experimental wetlands to determine the effects of both planting season and hydrology on survival and establishment. Each experimental wetland had the same mean water depth across 5% slopes, but one had a constant water depth (0.5 m) throughout the growing season, another fell from a mean depth of 0.75 m to 0.25 m, and a third rose from a mean depth of 0.25 m to 0.75 m. Initial rhizome survival, shoot growth, and soil characteristics were recorded over 2 years. Neither planting proved successful (6.9% versus 0.5%) for C. stricta, a tussock-forming sedge. For C. lacustris, a sedge with spreading rhizomes, spring planting had greater rhizome survival (53.2% survival) than fall planting (0.7%). Since both species initiate new shoots in the fall, they are susceptible to transplant failure during this season. The highest survival rates (71-100%) and plant production (736.0 and 494.5 g/m 2 ) for C. lacustris occurred near the water's edge in both the constant and falling basins. In the rising basin, establishment and growth of this species was high at all water depths (71-96%; 399 g/m 2 ). C. lacustris grew optimally at the same elevations where rhizome survival was greatest, suggesting that shoots are more sensitive to early-season than late-season water levels.
Hybrid sterility in meadowlarks

THE eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and western meadowlark (S. neglecta) are sibling species of songbirds in secondary contact throughout a narrow zone of sympatry in central North America1–3. Field studies suggest that specific differences in vocalisations are the principal isolating mechanism and that hybridisation is limited in extent and possibly restricted to regions of recent contact4–7. The incidence of hybridisation is difficult to determine, however, due to their similar appearance, and there is uncertainty as to the recognition of some hybrids of known parentage7. Multivariate analysis alone offers no additional resolution to the problem8. A programme to breed and hybridise meadowlarks in captivity is one approach to determining the viability and fertility of hybrids. The difficulties inherent in the technique and the time required to amass adequate samples have precluded its use among avian systematists, with the exception of those working on some game species9,10. However, I now report that between 1966 and 1978 I was successful in inducing 25 captive meadowlarks to pair and produce 44 clutches of 158 eggs. Mixed matings among non-hybrids resulted in 90% fertility, not significantly different from the 87% fertility among eggs from pure matings, whereas the fertility of eggs from pairing of hybrids was only 10%. All eggs resulting from pairing the one surviving backcross hybrid were infertile.
High spatial resolution three-dimensional mapping of vegetation spectral dynamics using computer vision

High spatial resolution three-dimensional (3D) measurements of vegetation by remote sensing are advancing ecological research and environmental management. However, substantial economic and logistical costs limit this application, especially for observing phenological dynamics in ecosystem structure and spectral traits. Here we demonstrate a new aerial remote sensing system enabling routine and inexpensive aerial 3D measurements of canopy structure and spectral attributes, with properties similar to those of LIDAR, but with RGB (red-green-blue) spectral attributes for each point, enabling high frequency observations within a single growing season. This “Ecosynth” methodology applies photogrammetric “Structure from Motion” computer vision algorithms to large sets of highly overlapping low altitude (< 130 m) aerial photographs acquired using off-the-shelf digital cameras mounted on an inexpensive (< USD$4000), lightweight (< 2 kg), hobbyist-grade unmanned aerial system (UAS). Ecosynth 3D point clouds with densities of 30–67 points m− 2 were produced using commercial computer vision software from digital photographs acquired repeatedly by UAS over three 6.25 ha (250 m × 250 m) Temperate Deciduous forest sites in Maryland USA. Ecosynth point clouds were georeferenced with a precision of 1.2–4.1 m horizontal radial root mean square error (RMSE) and 0.4–1.2 m vertical RMSE. Understory digital terrain models (DTMs) and canopy height models (CHMs) were generated from leaf-on and leaf-off point clouds using procedures commonly applied to LIDAR point clouds. At two sites, Ecosynth CHMs were strong predictors of field-measured tree heights (R2 0.63 to 0.84) and were highly correlated with a LIDAR CHM (R 0.87) acquired 4 days earlier, though Ecosynth-based estimates of aboveground biomass and carbon densities included significant errors (31–36% of field-based estimates). Repeated scanning of a 50 m × 50 m forested area at six different times across a 16 month period revealed ecologically significant dynamics in canopy color at different heights and a structural shift upward in canopy density, as demonstrated by changes in vertical height profiles of point density and relative RGB brightness. Changes in canopy relative greenness were highly correlated (R2 = 0.87) with MODIS NDVI time series for the same area and vertical differences in canopy color revealed the early green up of the dominant canopy species, Liriodendron tulipifera, strong evidence that Ecosynth time series measurements can capture vegetation structural and spectral phenological dynamics at the spatial scale of individual trees. The ability to observe canopy phenology in 3D at high temporal resolutions represents a breakthrough in forest ecology. Inexpensive user-deployed technologies for multispectral 3D scanning of vegetation at landscape scales (< 1 km2) heralds a new era of participatory remote sensing by field ecologists, community foresters and the interested public.
Building a Housewife's Paradise: Gender, Politics, and American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century

Tracey Deutsch, Building a Housewife's Paradise: Gender, Politics, and American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century (2010), 352 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, $35.00). Deutsc...
Multidisciplinary management of childhood sarcoma: time to expand

Only selected target genes are indicated. PAX–FKHR is shown in yellow/green, possible interaction partners are largely unknown (blue) and only phosphorylation (red) is indicated as an example for p...
On the structure of the folded chromosome† of Escherichia coli☆

Abstract After careful lysis of exponentially growing Escherichia coli cells, the DNA is released in a highly-folded conformation (Stonington & Pettijohn, 1971), sedimenting as an heterogeneous population of structures with sedimentation coefficients ranging from 1300 s to 2200 s. Chromosomes arrested at initiation by amino-acid starvation sediment as an homogeneous 1300 s species. The gradual bimodal decrease in sedimentation rate seen after amino-acid starvation suggests that the faster sedimenting structures in exponentially growing cells represent the folded chromosomes at more advanced stages in their replication cycle. The folded chromosomes are supercoiled, as evidenced by the biphasic response of their sedimentation rates to increasing concentrations of ethidium bromide. The 1300 s folded chromosome lined up at initiation, as well as the 1300 s to 2200 s replicating chromosomes, have about the same concentration of superhelices as previously observed for intracellular λ and SV40 DNA's, namely, about one negative superhelical turn per 400 base pairs. Kicking with DNase releases these superhelical twists and relaxes the folded chromosome to slower sedimenting forms. However, somewhere between 6 and 40 nicks per DNA strand are required before a fully “relaxed complex” is obtained; this complex sediments 40% slower than the original non-DNase-treated chromosome, but still five times faster than the corresponding unfolded DNA. It appears to have lost all of its superhelical character, since it behaves exactly like linear DNA upon ethidium bromide intercalation. A preliminary model for the folded bacterial chromosome has the DNA looped around a core , probably an RNA species. The RNA-DNA interactions stabilize the folded structure and topologically divide the chromosome into a limited number of loops . There are somewhere between 12 and 80 loops per chromosome, each with the same superhelical concentration. A single-strand nick with DNase allows free rotation of the DNA chains within a loop, eliminating the superhelices of that particular loop without affecting the superhelical content of the rest of the chromosome. The bacterial chromosome can then be seen in three distinct, well-defined conformations, (a) Compact , folded and supercoiled. (b) Relaxed and folded, with no superhelices but retaining its RNA core and DNA loops. This relaxed complex is observed after extensive nicking with DNase, or after eliminating the super-helices by ethidium bromide intercalation, (c) Unfolded chromosome a la Cairns, observed after breaking the UNA core or otherwise disrupting the stabilizing interactions.
Lipogenesis by adipose tissue: Serum stimulating effects

Abstract The in vitro incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipid by rat adipose tissue was investigated. Rabbit, dog, rat and human sera were found to greatly enhance the incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipid by adipose tissue. Evidence is presented that the factors in serum responsible for its stimulatory effect upon lipogenesis are bicarbonate, glucose and free amino acids. The results indicate that those amino acids which enter the citric acid cycle during catabolism stimulate lipogenesis while other amino acids do not. Oxalacetate and succinate have a stimulatory effect upon lipogenesis while fumarate, malate, pyruvate, citrate and a-ketoglutarate have no such effect. Cyanide essentially abolished the lipogenic activity of adipose tissue while arsenate and fluoride reduced the activity approximately 50%. Malonate by itself had no appreciable effect upon lipogenic activity and caused an actual increased incorporation of the labeled acetate into carbon dioxide. In addition, malonate seemed to augment the lipogenesis-stimulating effect of succinate.
Graded-index AR surfaces produced by ion implantation on plastic materials.

The damage tracks of high energy ions in dielectric materials can be etched until overlapping conical etch pits are obtained. If the depth of the pits is >λ/2, an effective graded-index layer with very low reflectivity is obtained. Broadband antireflection treatment achieving reflectivities of <10−4 has been applied to plastics like Lexan and Mylar.
The ionic effect on supramolecular associations in polyoxomolybdate solution

Highly soluble polyoxomolybdates (POM) and POM-based giant molecules form vesicular supramolecular structures in solution instead of existing as separated ions. In order to investigate the driving forces in this process, different metal chloride salts were added into the polyoxomolybdate solutions and showed strong ionic effects. The size of the associations was affected by the charges and concentrations of counter-ions, which indicated that the electrostatic interaction played an important role during the formation of supramolecular associations. The dependence of critical flocculation concentrations on counter-ion charges showed that the polyoxomolybdate solutions possessed some colloidal behavior due to their extraordinary large sizes.
Relative Sensitivity to Performance Cue Effects as a Criterion for Comparing Rating Scale Formats

The present study was conducted to assess the relative sensitivity of three rating scale formats (graphic, BES, & BOS) to behavior and performance cue primes. Subjects were 72 college students who rated video-taped instructor performance on the three types of rating scales. The experimental design was a 2 (Low vs. High Behavior) × 2 (Negative vs. Positive Performance Cue). The relative sensitivity of each scale was defined as the proportion of variance explained by behavior divided by the proportion of variance explained by behavior plus performance cue variance. The results indicated that in terms of sensitivity to behavioral variance the Graphic was most sensitive followed by the BES and then BOS scales.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTRUS IN CAPTIVE ELK 1)

Groups of wild cow elk were confined during the breeding season in 1954, 1955, and 1956. A bull was introduced to the cow pen each day and all behavior observed. The use of a vasectomized bull in the early part of the season permitted recurrence of estrus. The approach of estrus was not predictable by any characteristics of the bull or cow. In most instances, sexual receptivity in the cow seemed to commence abruptly. A typical manner of behavior in the sexually receptive cow was described. Copulation required an average of 4 mountings by the bull in a period which averaged 7 minutes. Postcopulatory behavior in which a vaginal discharge was voided was described. Evidence was obtained which indicated that elk may remain in heat for 17 hours. The average interval of recurrent estrus was 21.2 days. One cow apparently had 4 recurrent estrums, 3 other cows had 3 each.
Sex abuse prevention programs: offenders' attitudes about their efficacy.

Abstract Little scientific basis exists for the content of school-based programs which are intended to help children protect themselves from sexual abuse. Children are taught about protecting themselves from a stereotypical old male stranger, yet perpetrators are most frequently young, known to the victim, and use a variety of methods to gain access to children. Programs generally include concepts of body ownership, acceptable touching, good vs. bad secrets, saying no, telling, and trusting one's intuition. Seventy-two prison inmates incarcerated for child sexual abuse were surveyed to evaluate their attitudes about the effectiveness of topics intended to prevent abuse. Offenders described the ideal victim and the modus operandi they used to involve children. Inmates indicated which topics in prevention programs they believed were efficacious and which topics would have little value in preventing abuse. Responses of incestuous and nonincestuous abusers were compared. Inmates indicated that parents could help prevent child abuse and that they must be involved if programs are to be effective. Information from abusers is useful and can be incorporated into programs if the potential for prevention of abuse is to be improved
Co-ordination chemistry and membrane function with particular reference to the synapse and catecholamine transport.

Co-ordination Chemistry and Membrane Function with Particular Reference to the Synapse and Catecholamine Transport
Structural and energetic analysis of 2-aminobenzimidazole inhibitors in complex with the hepatitis C virus IRES RNA using molecular dynamics simulations

Despite the many biological functions of RNA, very few drugs have been designed or found to target RNA. Here we report the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding energy analyses on hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA in complex with highly charged 2-aminobenzimidazole inhibitors. Initial coordinates were taken from NMR and crystallography studies that had yielded different binding modes. During MD simulations, the RNA–inhibitor complex is stable in the crystal conformation but not in the NMR conformation. Additionally, we found that existing and standard MD trajectory postprocessing free energy methods, such as the MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA approaches available in AMBER, seem unsuitable to properly rank the binding energies of complexes between highly charged molecules. A better correlation with the experimental data was found using a rather simple binding enthalpy calculation based on the explicitly solvated potential energies. In anticipation of further growth in the ...
Jimmy Blue Eyes (for t. mulligan)

Abstract [Paganussi PJ: Jimmy Blue Eyes (for t. mulligan). Ann Emerg Med May 1999;33:588-589.]
Inhibition of platelet aggregation by 6-keto-PGE1; lack of an effect on cyclic GMP levels.

Abstract The effects of 6-keto-PGE 1 on aggregatory responses to arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen were studied in human platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In addition, experiments were carried out to determine if these effects correlate with changes in platelet cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. 6-Keto-PGE 1 incubated in PRP produced dose-related increases in platelet cyclic AMP levels whereas platelet cyclic GMP levels were unchanged. Control aggregations induced by AA and ADP did not alter cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels whereas control aggregations induced by collagen elevated cyclic GMP levels while cyclic AMP levels were unchanged. 6-Keto-PGE 1 produced a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by AA, ADP and collagen and this inhibition correlated with a dose-related increase in cyclic AMP levels. Since 6-keto-PGE 1 does not consistently alter cyclic GMP levels in human PRP, the present data support previous studies suggesting that 6-keto-PGE 1 produces inhibition of platelet aggregation through the stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation.
The Johnson Administration, the Shah of Iran, and the Changing Pattern of U.S.-Iranian Relations, 1965–1967: “Tired of Being Treated like a Schoolboy”

This article explores a key period in the relationship between the United States and Iran in the shadow of the Vietnam conflict and the overarching Cold War. It shows how U.S.-Iranian relations shifted considerably from early 1965—when the shah of Iran stepped up his efforts to reduce his dependence on the United States—to November 1967, when U.S. economic development assistance to Iran formally ended. The Johnson administration's overwhelming concern with the Vietnam conflict led to the neglect of potentially critical foreign policy issues and allies, but the lack of success in Vietnam simultaneously accentuated the importance of maintaining key alliance relationships, especially with Iran. The article underscores the centrality of domestic political considerations in forming and understanding foreign policy, both in the United States and in other countries. It also suggests that Third World leaders understood the nature of the Cold War and used the superpower conflict to their advantage to a much greate...
Updating Cost Effectiveness Analyses in Orthopedic Surgery: Resilience of the $50,000 per QALY Threshold

Abstract Attention is being paid in the United States (U.S.) to defining and measuring the value of interventions in healthcare. Traditionally, $50,000 per QALY gained has been the accepted “cost-effectiveness threshold” with which cost effectiveness is defined. The validity of this threshold has been called into question largely due to inexact origins; absence of inflationary adjustments and lack of consideration for high gross domestic product of the U.S. population. There is an opportunity to reassess how we interpret cost utility analyses and the ratios published therein. Orthopedic surgery has typically lagged behind other fields of medicine in self-advocacy and the adoption/implementation of health economic theory. We argue for tiered QALY thresholds of $50,000, $100,000 and $150,000 corresponding respectively to Governmental, Societal and Health systems analysis perspectives.
Why are dunkels sticky? Preschoolers infer functionality and intentional creation for artifact properties learned from generic language

Abstract Artifacts pose a potential learning problem for children because the mapping between their features and their functions is often not transparent. In solving this problem, children are likely to rely on a number of information sources (e.g., others’ actions, affordances). We argue that children’s sensitivity to nuances in the language used to describe artifacts is an important, but so far unacknowledged, piece of this puzzle. Specifically, we hypothesize that children are sensitive to whether an unfamiliar artifact’s features are highlighted using generic (e.g., “Dunkels are sticky”) or non-generic (e.g., “This dunkel is sticky”) language. Across two studies, older—but not younger—preschoolers who heard such features introduced via generic statements inferred that they are a functional part of the artifact’s design more often than children who heard the same features introduced via non-generic statements. The ability to pick up on this linguistic cue may expand considerably the amount of conceptual information about artifacts that children derive from conversations with adults.
Heterogeneous integration of InGaN and Silicon solar cells for enhanced energy harvesting

We report here enhanced solar energy harvesting using a hybrid solar cell with silicon solar cells (visible-infrared light) on bottom and an InGaN solar cell (UV light) on top. The InGaN solar cell with 30 QW periods has peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 40 % at 380 nm, an open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 2.0 V, a short circuit current (I sc ) of 0.8 mA/cm2, and fill factor of 55%. We have demonstrated that the application of an InGaN “active window” to a silicon solar cell counterbalances the encapsulation power loss typically suffered during production of a solar panel
A Matrosov Theorem for Adversarial Markov Decision Processes

Matrosov's relaxation of Lyapunov conditions for uniform global asymptotic stability in time-varying systems is extended to stochastic, set-valued discrete-time systems. Nested Matrosov functions are used to give conditions for stability that complement invariance principles for time-invariant systems. Unlike invariance principles, Matrosov functions also can be applied to general time-varying systems.
Automatic Fault Location on Distribution Networks Using Synchronized Voltage Phasor Measurement Units

Automatic fault location on the distribution system is a necessity for a resilient grid with fast service restoration after an outage. Motivated by the development of low cost synchronized voltage phasor measurement units (PMUs) for the distribution system, this paper describes how PMU data during a fault event can be used to accurately locate faults on the primary distribution system. Rather than requiring many specialized line sensors to enable fault location, the proposed approach leverages a PMU data stream that can be used for a variety of applications, making it easier to justify the investment in fault location. The accuracy of existing automatic fault location techniques are dependent either on dense deployments of line sensors or unrealistically accurate models of system loads. This paper demonstrates how synchronized voltage measurements enable sufficiently accurate fault location with relatively few instrumentation devices and relatively low fidelity system models. The IEEE 123 bus distribution feeder is examined as a test case, and the proposed algorithm is demonstrated to be robust to variations in total load and uncertainty in the response of loads to voltage sags during a sample set of varied fault conditions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Initial experience with the use of foetal/neonatal bovine acellular dermal collagen matrix (SurgiMend™) for tissue-expander breast reconstruction.

Summary Background Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is commonly used in staged breast reconstruction using tissue expanders (TEs). The literature on human ADM has reported variable outcomes, and there is a paucity of data for xenogenic sources of ADM. The aim of this study is to evaluate the early complications, risk factors and outcomes using SurgiMend™ in staged breast reconstruction. Methods An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, retrospective analysis of a single surgeon's experience was performed. From August 2009 to May 2011, 65 patients underwent staged breast reconstruction using 95 sheets of SurgiMend™. The nominal TE fill volume was 383 ± 83 cc (range 250–550), mean intra-operative fill volume was 148 ± 86 cc (range 0–350) and mean final fill volume was 413 ± 176 cc (range 100–800). The mean clinic follow-up time was 16.9 ± 8.7 months; mean age was 50.9 ± 11.7 years; and average body mass index (BMI) was 26.0 ± 5.5 kg m −2 . Correlation with risk factors and clinical outcomes were analysed. Results The incidences of postoperative complications were: haematoma 3.2%, seroma 7.5% and re-operation due to infection 2.1%. Age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension had a significant correlation with an increased overall complication rate. With respect to early complications, such as infection requiring re-operation, diabetes demonstrated a trend with an odds ratio of 11.69. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the use of SurgiMend™ is associated with low early complication rates and is well tolerated in staged breast reconstruction.
Global Aging and Declining World Interest Rates: Macroeconomic Insurance through Pension Reform in Cyprus

How will the world-wide decline in real interest rates associated with global aging affect small open economies (SOEs) with aging populations? Lower interest rates will result in higher capital-labor ratios and increased wages; higher wages, in turn, will be passed on to pension benefits, exacerbating aging-related fiscal pressures. The pass-through effect will be stronger if pensions are indexed to nominal wages rather than prices. Using an overlapping generations model, the paper illustrates the interest rates transmission mechanism and its interaction with pension indexation for the case of Cyprus. In addition, the paper evaluates the capacity of pension reforms to insure the economy against long-run movements in world interest rates. It concludes that pension reforms, particularly those that change the indexation of pensions from wages to prices, provide substantial macro-insurance and shock absorption benefits.
FINE: A Fully Informed aNd Efficient communication-induced checkpointing protocol for distributed systems

Communication-Induced Checkpointing (CIC) protocols are classified into two categories in the literature: Index-based and Model-based. In this paper, we discuss two data structures being used in these two kinds of CIC protocols, and their different roles in helping the checkpointing algorithms to enforce Z-cycle Free (ZCF) property. Then, we present our Fully Informed aNd Efficient (FINE) communication-induced checkpointing algorithm, which not only has less checkpointing overhead than the well-known Fully Informed (FI) CIC protocol proposed by Helary et al. but also has less message overhead. Performance evaluation indicates that our protocol performs better than many of the other existing CIC protocols.
Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto polystyrene

It is possible to graft vinyl monomers, such as acrylonitrile, onto polystyrene via anionic processes but not by a radical process. Both homopolymerization of the added acrylonitrile and graft copolymerization in which acrylonitrile units are added to the para position on the benzene ring in styrene occur; the conversion of acrylonitrile into polymer depends upon the time and temperature of the reaction and on the concentration of the anionic initiator, butyllithium. A constant 15–20% of the acrylonitrile is converted to graft copolymer while the remainder is homopolymerized; graft copolymer may be separated from homopolymer by selective precipitation from either N,N′-dimethylformamide or aqueous potassium thiocyanate. Treatment of the mixed graft and homopolymer with aqueous sodium hydroxide converts the nitrile into an acid salt and one may conveniently separate homopolymer from graft copolymer in this way. Each polystyrene chain is grafted with acrylonitrile units. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1275–1282, 1997
Integrated Characterization of Complex Khuff-C Carbonate Reservoir in Ghawar Field

Integration of 3D seismic analyses with petrophysical and other well data has improved the reservoir characterization and reduced the drilling risk for the Permian Khuff-C carbonate reservoir in the Uthmaniyah area of Ghawar Field. The reservoir is heterogeneous, complex and influenced by syndepositional diagenesis. The Khuff-C reservoir rocks were deposited in a peritidal setting where slight changes in sea level created local islands that were sub-areally exposed. This exposure in an extremely arid climate resulted in porosity occlusion by evaporite cements. The occurrences of these tight islands within the Khuff-C reservoir interval are sporadic and randomly distributed. Recently acquired 3D seismic data in the area, calibrated with borehole information, has permitted the prediction of these local tight Khuff-C porosity areas. Inverse modeling of amplitude was performed on the 3D seismic data using an initial acoustic impedance (velocity x density) model developed from sonic and density logs from nearby wells. The amplitude inversion technique employed on the 3D seismic volume was target oriented, iterative, and constrained by acoustic impedance computed at the wells. The initial model assigns an impedance log for every trace in the seismic volume by interpolating between the well control points. The inversion process updated the initial model to match the amplitudes for each trace in the seismic volume time window. Six deep wells were drilled based on the 3D seismic inversion results in the Uthmaniyah area of Ghawar Field. As predicted from this inversion model, wells that were located over areas of low impedance penetrated porous Khuff-C gas reservoir. Prior to the seismic modeling some of the deep gas wells drilled in the Uthmaniyah area had encountered poorly developed Khuff-C reservoir. In this reservoir study the integration of observations from various disciplines has resulted in a synergy that has reduced the ambiguity in the interpretation of results from each individual discipline. Improved characterization of the reservoir resulted in the optimization of each drilling location, -reducing the drilling risk of developing the Khuff-C reservoir. A similar approach is being applied to the Khuff-C reservoir in other areas of Ghawar Field.
De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis.

This chapter reviews current understanding of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in Bacillus subtilis,with emphasis on recent developments in understanding gene organization and regulation and on the distinctive structural features of two enzymes of the pathway. Genes for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis are found in four positions on the B. subtilis chromosome. The possible role of gene overlaps is discussed in this chapter. Addition of purine compounds to the growth medium represses the levels of enzymes involved in de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. Adenosine or guanosine repress enzyme levels in the pathway to IMP in mutants unable to interconvert adenine and guanine nucleotides, whereas synthesis of purA-encoded adenylosuccinate synthetase and guaB-encoded IMP dehydrogenase is repressed specifically by adenosine and guanosine, respectively. Limitation of the growth rate resulting from starvation for guanine nucleotides is known to initiate sporulation. Information about the enzymes in the pathway for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis from B. subtilis is limited. Judging from deduced sequence similarities to E. coli genes, most enzymes in the pathway are likely similar to those from E. coli. There are, however, distinctive features for glutamine PRPP amidotransferase a n d 5'-phosphoribosyl- Af-formylglycinamidine (FGAM) synthetase.
Transformations of Citizenship: The Case of Contemporary Europe

In The Mid-Morning Hours Of 11 September 2001, Shortly After the second Twin Tower of the World Trade Center had collapsed, amidst the fog surrounding us all – who, when, why – I heard a brief item of news on the radio. Canada had closed its airspace to all American planes still en route; since US airports were also closed for several hours on that day, these pilots would have no choice but to return to their destinations or to circle the airs in search of ‘safe haven’. This news was not repeated. Canada eventually did permit US airplanes to land and many transatlantic passengers found safety in Iceland's Reykjavik airport for a period of time, up to several days in some cases. This small incident is one among the many in recent years that have made increasingly transparent the fragility of the territorially bounded and state-centric international order. For a few brief hours, the passengers of the airplanes that could not obtain landing permission were like refugees without first admittance claims. The same logic that permits states to deny first admittance to certain refugees and asylees, and often contrary to the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees, was operative in this instance as well. Invoking national security concerns, the USA's closest neighbour could, even if briefly, follow the imperatives of sovereign statehood and close its airspace as well as landing privileges to passengers who had now become ‘refugees in orbit‘ in the heavens.
Thallium(I) halide complexes in dimethyl sulphoxide

Abstract The solubilities of thallium(I) halides and the stabilities of both cationic and anionic thallium(I) halide complexes in dimethyl sulphoxide were determined. No thallium(I) thiocyanate complexes were found in dimethyl sulphoxide.
Geological investigation of a lineated massif at the Kane Transform Fault: implications for oceanic core complexes

Recently available new perspectives on the morphology of the sea–floor near the Mid–Atlantic Ridge reveal the widespread development of dome–like massifs with lineated upper surfaces. In form and dimensions, these features resemble continental metamorphic core complexes developed in regions of large–magnitude extension, and thus may be ‘oceanic core complexes’. Excellent examples of these features occur south of the Kane Transform Fault where high–resolution geological data from side–looking sonar, deeply towed cameras, and manned submersibles are available. The geological data from two different massifs, representing somewhat different types of crustal structure, provide important constraints on the development of these oceanic core complexes. Inferences from these direct geological investigations of oceanic core complexes are a first step toward understanding the processes by which these features form in slow–spread crust. Specific relationships in these massifs and nearby areas suggest that these structures have formed over significant lengths of ridge axis (tens of kilometres) and are not necessarily confined to any specific setting with respect to morphologic segmentation patterns. In some cases they are developed in thick gabbroic crust, but elsewhere have formed in crust composed serpentinite riddled with gabbroic intrusions. Ductile stretching and thinning of these sections is recorded in extensive mylonites and shear zones. Syntectonic gabbroic intrusions are widespread and contradict the notion that the massifs develop during intervals of ‘amagmatic spreading’. Cataclastic fault zones in gabbros and serpentinites developed during uplift, cooling and hydration of the stretched crust and may have been localized as major detachment faults. Sparse diabase dikes and basaltic lavas are the latest magmatic additions to these areas. Numerous joints and steeply dipping, small–offset faults are the youngest observed structures. Across part of the top surface of one massif, small–scale faults appear to bound elongated ridges of fractured basement rocks creating the lineated terrain. Thus, the extensive lineated surfaces nearby need not reflect prolonged displacement along a continuous detachment fault surface. Geological relationships developed in the dome–like massifs along the Kane Transform Fault hint at a complex array of processes involved in the evolution of these features and raise new questions regarding their origin and analogies with continental core complexes.
Detroit-6 strain of human epithelial-like cells: virus susceptibilities.

SummaryThe susceptibility of the Detroit-6 strain of human epithelial-like cells to a selected group of viruses has been described. Whereas influenza viruses could not be propagated and did not cause cellular degeneration, poliomyelitis viruses, a Coxsackie virus, and a strain of herpes simplex virus multiplied within these cells and produced cytopaihogenic effects.
Impact of particle characterization in confounding reported particle deposition velocities

Abstract Chemical and physical particulate matter data were collected at the site of previously reported particle dry deposition velocity (vd) measurements. These data suggest the reported vd of 0.38 ±0.29cms−1 for particles of diameter 0.15–0.3μm may be less than the true value for anthropogenic particles at this Boulder Atmospheric Observatory site. A small biological particle surface-derived upflux may have reduced particle profile gradients resulting in understated vd. In addition, the present data suggest these vd values are rather site specific and that measured particle vd at other air/land interface sites may also be site specific.