cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Alternative Medications for Chronic Pelvic Pain

Chronic pelvic pain is common, but rarely cured, thus patients seek both second opinions and alternative means of controlling their pain. Complementary and alternative medicine accounts for 11.2% of out-of-pocket medical expenditures for adults for all conditions in the United States. Although there are many treatments, rigorous testing and well-done randomized studies are lacking. Dietary changes and physical modalities such as physical therapy have often been included in the category of alternative medicine, but their use is now considered mainstream. This article concentrates on other sources of alternative and complementary medicine, such as dietary supplementation and acupuncture.
A low-power VLSI implementation for fast full-search variable block size motion estimation

Variable block size motion estimation (VBSME) is becoming the new coding technique in H.264/AVC. This article presents a low-power VLSI implementation for VBSME, which employs a fast full-search block-matching algorithm to reduce power consumption, while preserving the optimal motion vectors (MVs). The fast full-search algorithm is based on the comparison of the current minimum sum of absolute difference (SAD) to a conservative lower bound so that unnecessary SAD calculations can be eliminated. We first experimentally determine the specific conservative lower bound of SAD and then implement the fast full-search algorithm in FPGA and 0.18 µm CMOS technology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a fast full-search block-matching algorithm is explored to reduce power consumption in the context of VBSME and implemented in hardware. Experiment results show that the proposed design can save power consumption by 45% compared to conventional VBSME designs that give optimal MV based on the ful...
A Switch-Level Model and Simulator for MOS Digital Systems

The switch-level model describes the logical behavior of digital systems implemented in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technology. In this model a network consists of a set of nodes connected by transistor "switches" with each node having a state 0, 1, or X (for invalid or uninitialized), and each transistor having a state "open," "closed," or "indeterminate." Many characteristics of MOS circuits can be modeled accurately, including: ratioed, complementary, and precharged logic; dynamic and static storage; (bidirectional) pass transistors; buses; charge sharing; and sneak paths. In this paper we present a formal development of the switch-level model starting from a description of circuit behavior in terms of switch graphs. Then we describe an algorithm for a logic simulator based on the switch-level model which computes the new state of the network by solving a set of equations in a simple, discrete algebra. This algorithm has been implemented in the simulator MOSSIM II and operates at speeds approaching those of conventional logic gate simulators. By developing a formal theory of MOS logic circuits, we have achieved a greater degree of generality and accuracy than is found in other logic simulators for MOS.
Resident Identification of Learning Objectives after Performing Self-assessment based upon the ACGME Core Competencies

Background Self-assessment is increasingly being incorporated into competency evaluation in residency training. Little research has investigated the characteristics of residents’ learning objectives and action plans after self-assessment.
Picosecond measurements on the binding and release of basic ligands by excited states of Ni(II) porphyrins

Abstract Excitation with 35 ps flashes of uncomplexed Ni(II) porphyrins in a complexing (basic) solvent results in the binding of ligands in the excited state.
Outside the Panel – Race in America's Popular Imagination: Comic Strips Before and After World War II

In the wake of World War II, the unofficial cartoonist laureate of the war, Bill Mauldin, turned the focus of his comic art to life within America's borders. In a 1946 panel, he portrayed two men talking in the shadow of the United States Capitol building. The listener was clearly a slick senator ; the speaker looked to be a well-groomed tramp. His question no doubt left the senator fumbling for an answer: "Do you mean your American Way or my American Way, Senator?"1 Mauldin did not provide us with the senator's response, but it hardly matters. The tramp's question all but answers itself. The supposed post war consensus, the shared American Way, had not been achieved by unanimous consent, the tramp was suggesting, but by leaving out those who did not fit into it. The popular imagination of America might have attained a single, clean vision of the nation, but only by cropping out anything that could blur the picture. The imagined American Way would not admit it, but there were others trying to climb into the frame.
Macadamia: Cultivation and physiology∗

Abstract Macadamia, a native of the subtropical forests of eastern Australia, produces a white, creamy, highly valued kernel. Of the many Macadamia species in the family, Proteaceae, only Macadamia integrifolia the smooth shell macadamia), M. tetraphylla (the rough shell macadamia), and a few of their interspecific hybrids have commercial value. M. integrifolia is more widely grown and is a major orchard crop in Hawaii and Australia. In this review, we discuss cultural practices and physiology pertinent to modem macadamia production; included are botany, ecological requirements, nutrition and fertilization, flowering and fruit set, propagation, cultivars, and pests.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Data Surveillance

The guest editors discuss data surveillance. Proponents hope that data surveillance technology will be able to anticipate and prevent terrorist attacks, detect disease outbreaks, and allow for detailed social science research--all without the corresponding risks to personal privacy because machines, not people, perform the surveillance.
Passive scalar fluctuations with and without a mean gradient: A numerical study

We report a numerical study of a passive scalar advected by a random incompressible Gaussian velocity field. The calculations are carried out on a two-dimensional square lattice. Depending on the two dimensionless parameters in the problem, the scalar fluctuations at the center can be Gaussian, exponential, or stretched exponential. This is true not only when the passive scalar is subjected to a uniform mean gradient but also true when a new alternating boundary condition is used which results in a mean scalar profile that has a vanishing gradient in the central region.
Technology adoption and diffusion with uncertainty in a commons

We model adoption and diffusion in a commons under uncertainty about a technology’s value. Technological resource stock externalities make technology less valuable with depleted stocks, but transmit information about a new technology’s value, causing faster adoption of high-value technologies.
Morphology of structural domains in a congruently ordered L10 phase FePd alloy

Atomic ordering of a disordered fcc phase into the L1[sub 0] phase is accompanied by a reduction in point group symmetry as well as in translational symmetry (Fm[bar 3]m ---> P4/mm). The reduction in point group symmetry renders three rotational modifications (or three crystallographic variants) of the L1[sub 0] phase; in terms of spatial regions, this results in three kinds of structural domains. An important point here is that each of the structural domains is distorted along its own tetragonal axis and, thus, the L1[sub 0] single phase is an aggregate of the domains of three different distortion directions. Under this circumstance, the relative volume fraction of the variants, the habit plane between structural domains and the shape of a structural domain plate, which constitute essential features of the microstructures of the L1[sub 0] phase, can not be arbitrary, but are subject to the systematics governed by minimization of the elastic strain energy. In this report, the authors discuss a few characteristics of these morphological features, as observed in thin (<100 [mu]m) specimens of L1[sub 0] single phase Fe-Pd alloys.
Delay-constrained energy-efficient routing in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a routing strategy for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, which supports both periodic and event-based reporting applications. The energy-efficient network model in this paper consists of static sensor nodes, mobile and static supernodes. We propose an energy-efficient routing protocol that can satisfy the delay requirements of different types of data messages. Each source-sensor, with data to be transmitted to the sink, chooses the best relay supernode from the candidates in its routing table such that it meets the delay requirements. The message is transmitted to the selected relay supernode using sensor-to-sensor communication, and from there to the sink using supernode-to-supernode communication. Simulation results show that our routing protocol is energy-efficient and effectively satisfies different delay requirements.
Extended-release naltrexone for treatment of alcohol dependence in primary care

The feasibility of using extended-release injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX) to treat alcohol dependence in routine primary care settings is unknown. An open-label, observational cohort study evaluated 3-month treatment retention, patient satisfaction, and alcohol use among alcohol-dependent patients in two urban public hospital medical clinics. Adults seeking treatment were offered monthly medical management (MM) and three XR-NTX injections (380 mg, intramuscular). Physician-delivered MM emphasized alcohol abstinence, medication effects, and accessing mutual help and counseling resources. Seventy-two alcohol-dependent patients were enrolled; 90% (65 of 72) of eligible subjects received the first XR-NTX injection; 75% (49 of 65) initiating treatment received the second XR-NTX injection; 62% (40 of 65), the third. Among the 56% (n = 40) receiving three injections, median drinks per day decreased from 4.1 (95% confidence interval = 2.9-6) at baseline to 0.5 (0-1.7) during Month 3. Extended-release naltrexone delivered in a primary care MM model appears a feasible and acceptable treatment for alcohol dependence.
An RNA Structural Switch Regulates Diploid Genome Packaging by Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus

Retroviruses selectively package two copies of their RNA genomes via mechanisms that have yet to be fully deciphered. Recent studies with small fragments of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) genome suggested that selection may be mediated by an RNA switch mechanism, in which conserved UCUG elements that are sequestered by base-pairing in the monomeric RNA become exposed upon dimerization to allow binding to the cognate nucleocapsid (NC) domains of the viral Gag proteins. Here we show that a large fragment of the MoMuLV 5' untranslated region that contains all residues necessary for efficient RNA packaging (Psi(WT); residues 147-623) also exhibits a dimerization-dependent affinity for NC, with the native dimer ([Psi(WT)](2)) binding 12+/-2 NC molecules with high affinity (K(d)=17+/-7 nM) and with the monomer, stabilized by substitution of dimer-promoting loop residues with hairpin-stabilizing sequences (Psi(M)), binding 1-2 NC molecules. Identical dimer-inhibiting mutations in MoMuLV-based vectors significantly inhibit genome packaging in vivo (approximately 100-fold decrease), whereas a large deletion of nearly 200 nucleotides just upstream of the gag start codon has minimal effects. Our findings support the proposed RNA switch mechanism and further suggest that virus assembly may be initiated by a complex comprising as few as 12 Gag molecules bound to a dimeric packaging signal.
A Construction Heuristic for the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem

The Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem (SDVRP) is a relaxation of the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) where customers may be assigned to multiple routes. A new construction heuristic is developed for the SDVRP and computational results are given for thirty-two data sets from previous literature. With respect to the total travel distance, the construction heuristic compares favorably versus a column generation method and a two-phase method. In addition, the construction heuristic is computationally faster than both previous methods. This construction heuristic could be useful in developing initial solutions, very quickly, for a heuristic, algorithm, or exact procedure.
The effect of age on the wall stiffness of the human thoracic aorta: a large deformation "anisotropic" elastic analysis.

Abstract Assuming a cylindrical geometry for the thoracic aorta, passive elastic stiffness-stress relations have been obtained on the basis of a large deformation “anisotropic” elastic theory. Employing pressure-volume data obtained previously by Bader (1967) from human thoracic aortas of various age groups (29–85 yr), it is shown that the stiffness of the aortic wall material increases with age, a result in qualitative agreement with Bader's studies. Although elastic stiffness of the arterial wall increases with age, the large deformation theory, in contrast to the linear theory proposed by Bader, indicates that lumen volumes increase in such a manner so as to maintain constant operating stiffness levels with age at 100 mmHg pressure. Failure of the aorta to maintain constant level of elastic stiffness may be one cause of essential hypertension.
The first crystal and molecular structures of hydrated bis(n-perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids [H3O]+[(Rf)2PO2]− (Rf = C6F13, C7F15 or C8F17)

The first crystal and molecular structures of hydrated bis(n-perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids, [H3O]+ [(Rf)2PO2]− (Rf = C6F13, C7F15 or C8F17), have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. [H3O]+[(C6F13)2PO2]−1 and [H3O]+[(C7F15)2PO2]−2 crystallize in the triclinic space group (P) and [H3O]+[(C8F17)2PO2]−·Me2CO 3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca2(1). In each case the phosphorus atom is tetrahedral and the perfluoroalkyl chains have a zigzag planar conformation. The structures consist of infinite sheets of the perfluoroalkyl phosphinate held together by hydrogen bonding with the counter ion H3O+. In compound 3 the additional solvent molecule participates in extended donor–acceptor bonding and helps to expand the three dimensional structure. Some close contacts between two atoms of two different molecules were also observed.
Identity of the light chains from the anti-4-azonaphthalene-1-sulfonate IgG and IgM antibodies from a single rabbit.

Abstract The light and heavy chains were isolated from the specifically purified IgG and IgM antibodies anti-4-azonaphthalene-1-sulfonate of a single rabbit. The heavy and light chains from each source were mixed in equimolar amounts. The binding of 125 I-labeled 4-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonate by each recombinant and control preparation was determined concurrently by equilibrium dialysis. At a free hapten concentration of 14× 10 −6 M , the recombinants of the γ chains with the light chains from either the IgG or the IgM bound 0.96–0.99 hapten molecules per unit of 160,000 Daltons. Similarly, either light chain combined with the μ chains to give a recombinant that bound 0.52 hapten molecules per unit of 180,000 Daltons. Thus the light chains from the IgG and from the IgM were equivalent in combining with the heavy chains of either source to yield effective hapten binding activity. The light chains from both sources showed essentially identical disc electrophoresis patterns. These results suggest that the same populations of light chain genes are utilized for the synthesis of IgM and IgG antibodies directed against a single antigenic determinant, at least in the early stages of immunization in individual animals.
A bone marrow fraction enriched for granulocyte-macrophage progenitors gives rise to osteoclasts in vitro.

Studies involving bone marrow transplantation of osteopetrotic rodents have provided evidence for the lineage of the osteoclast. Recent investigations have demonstrated that isolates of bone marrow containing an enriched population of granulocyte-colony-forming cells (G-CFC) or granulocyte macrophage-colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) from normal animals cure the skeletal sclerosis and result in the formation of normal osteoclasts when transplanted into ia osteopetrotic rats. Macrophage-colony-forming cell isolates were ineffective in this transplant system. A criticism of these findings is that the microenvironment of the osteopetrotic bone and the bone marrow compartment may be unique in their ability to induce the differentiation of these stem cells into osteoclasts. To test this hypothesis, G-CFC, GM-CFC, and M-CFC were co-cultured with fetal metatarsal bones form normal animals. The CFC were isolated from normal bone marrow using FITC-labeled monoclonal antibodies directed against rat Thy 1.1 and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The isolates were evaluated in soft agar culture; granulocyte isolates generated 74% G-CFC of all colonies formed and were enhanced 30 times over unfractionated cells. Mixed isolates generated 60% GM-CFC of the colonies formed and were 12 times enhanced, while macrophage isolates were 77% M-CFC with an enhancement factor of 28. The various CFC isolates or whole mononuclear bone marrow were co-cultured with 20-day fetal rat metatarsal rudiments for 7 days and then prepared for light and electron microscopy. The number of osteoclasts generated in vitro by each isolate was determined. The G-CFC and GM-CFC isolates generated significantly more osteoclasts than found in the control cultures (p < .01), but the M-CFC isolates were ineffective in giving rise to osteoclasts. These results are equivalent to those reported in the osteopetrotic transplant system, and support the idea that the osteoclast specific cell lineage diverges from the macrophage lineage prior to the M-CFC stage.
Tumor lipids: long chain dienoic acid in sphingomyelin.

The fatty acids derived from sphingomyelin fractions of 10 rat and mouse tumors were examined quantitatively. All tumors, except a nontransplantable fibroadenoma, contained significant levels of a C-24 dienoic acid which is absent from sphingomyelin of normal tissues or present in only trace amounts. The data suggest an abnormality in the metabolism of sphingolipids of tumor cells.
Transition metal complexation of optically pure annulated cyclopentadies. Face selectivity, three-dimensional structural features, and utilization for asymmetric hydrogenation ☆

Abstract The pinene-annulated cyclopentadiene (−)-1 forms iron carbonyl and dichlorotitanium complexes from its less hindered π surface; the camphor-annulated ligand (+)-4 exhibits analogous facial selectivity. The utility of complexes 3 and 5 as asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts is evaluated.
Phylogenetic evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer of type III secretion system genes among enterobacterial plant pathogens

This study uses sequences from four genes, which are involved in the formation of the type III secretion apparatus, to determine the role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of virulence genes for the enterobacterial plant pathogens. Sequences of Erwinia, Brenneria, Pectobacterium, Dickeya and Pantoea were compared (a) with one another, (b) with sequences of enterobacterial animal pathogens, and (c) with sequences of plant pathogenic gamma and beta proteobacteria, to evaluate probable paths of lateral exchange leading to the current distribution of virulence determinants among these micro-organisms. Phylogenies were reconstructed based on hrcC, hrcR, hrcJ and hrcV gene sequences using parsimony and maximum-likelihood algorithms. Virulence gene phylogenies were also compared with several housekeeping gene loci in order to evaluate patterns of lateral versus vertical acquisition. The resulting phylogenies suggest that multiple horizontal gene transfer events have occurred both within and among the enterobacterial plant pathogens and plant pathogenic gamma and beta proteobacteria. hrcJ sequences are the most similar, exhibiting anywhere from 2 to 50 % variation at the nucleotide level, with the highest degree of variation present between plant and animal pathogen sequences. hrcV sequences are conserved among plant and animal pathogens at the N terminus. The C-terminal domain is conserved only among the enterobacterial plant pathogens, as are the hrcC and hrcR sequences. Additionally, hrcJ and hrcV sequence phylogenies suggest that at least some type III secretion system virulence genes from enterobacterial plant pathogens are related more closely to those of the genus Pseudomonas, a conclusion neither supported nor refuted by hrcC or hrcR.
On computing connected components of line segments

It is shown that given a set of n line segments, their connected components can be computed in time O(n/sup 4/3/log/sup 3/n). A bound of o(n/sup 4/3/) for this problem would imply a similar bound for detecting, for a given set of n points and n lines, whether some point lies on some of the lines. This problem, known as Hopcroft's problem, is believed to have a lower bound of /spl Omega/(n/sup 4/3/). For the special case when for each segment both endpoints fall inside the same face of the arrangement induced by the set of segments, we give an algorithm that runs in O(nlog/sup 3/n) time. >
Leadership Continuity and Change in Hmong Refugee Communities in the United States

Political violence and international migration have the potential to disrupt leadership continuity in Hmong refugee communities in the United States. At the same time, clan and village authority structures from Laos favor leadership continuity despite dramatic social change. Data on 40 Hmong leaders in ten communities are used to determine if the indigenous sources of leadership continue to determine who becomes a leader after resettlement. The majority of leaders were leaders in Southeast Asia and have close kin who were leaders, indicating leadership continuity. Whether these leaders have held few or many leadership positions in the United States, however, is not determined by prior leadership or kinship, but by factors associated with acculturation. Initial leadership status in a host society is linked to authority structures from the homeland, but social change influences subsequent leadership careers. Much less is known about international migrants' communal authority and collective decision making than the well researched topics of economic and cultural adaptation. Yet as the case of American Chinatowns illustrates, communal politics can influence the economic and cultural life of an ethnic group (Kwong, 1987). Even in the less self-contained ethnic communities established by European immigrants in the United States, leaders performed important roles as cultural brokers who mobilized compatriots on issues ranging from religiosity to United States foreign policy (Greene, 1987).
Wideband Deterministic All-Order Polarization-Mode Dispersion Generation via Pulse Shaping

We developed a wideband deterministic all-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) generator which is based on ultrafast pulse shaping techniques. We demonstrated generation of arbitrary desired PMD profiles with variable mean differential group delays ranging from 2 to 5 ps over 10-nm bandwidth.
Low-frequency noise and interface states in GaAs homojunction far-infrared detectors

Low-frequency noise characteristics of p-GaAs homojunction interfacial work-function internal photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared (FIR) detectors are reported. The noise was found to exhibit 1/f behavior related to interface states at frequencies below 1 kHz and frequency independent shot noise at higher frequencies. The noise expressions correctly predict the dark current noise behavior, and provide a means of estimating both the gain and energy distribution of the interface states. The interface state density is estimated to be in the order of 10/sup 11/ cm/sup -2/. It has been shown that the estimated gain and noise equivalent power are in good agreement with the previous results obtained via optical measurements.
An evaluation of sponge-associated amphipods from the Antarctic Peninsula

Nearshore marine benthic algal communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula harbour extremely high densities of amphipods that probably play important roles in nutrient and energy flow. This study extends our evaluation of the importance of amphipods in the nearshore Antarctic Peninsular benthic communities and focuses on sponge associations. We found a mean density of 542 amphipods per litre (L) sponge for twelve species of ecologically dominant sponges. The highest mean density (1295 amphipods per L sponge) occurred with Dendrilla membranosa Pallas. The amphipod community associated with the 12 sponges was diverse (38 species), with mean species richness values ranging from two to eight species. Mean Shannon diversity indices (H') ranged from 0.52 to 1.49. Amphipods did not appear to have obligate host relationships. Qualitative gut content analyses indicated that 12 of the 38 amphipod species were found with sponge spicules in their guts. However, only one of the amphipods, Echiniphimedia hodgsoni Walker, had considerable amounts of spicules in the gut. Organic lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of the twelve sponges were presented in alginate food disks to a sympatric omnivorous amphipod in feeding bioassays and extracts of only two sponges deterred feeding.
Square Roots Modulo p

The algorithm of Tonelli and Shanks for computing square roots modulo a prime number is the most used, and probably the fastest among the known algorithms when averaged over all prime numbers. However, for some particular prime numbers, there are other algorithms which are considerably faster.In this paper we compare the algorithm of Tonelli and Shanks with an algorithm based in quadratic field extensions due to Cipolla, and give an explicit condition on a prime number to decide which algorithm is faster. Finally, we show that there exists an infinite sequence of prime numbers for which the algorithm of Tonelli and Shanks is asymptotically worse.
Automatic assembly planning and control via potential functions

An approach to the problem of automated assembly planning and control using artificial potential functions is described. A simple class of tasks, 2D sphere assemblies, is examined. A constructive theory for the planning and control of this class of tasks is presented. Computer simulations demonstrate that the approach may provide surprisingly good performance. >
Weather Affects Grasshopper Population Dynamics in Continental Grassland Over Annual and Decadal Periods

Understanding the complex dynamics of insect herbivores requires consideration of both exogenous and endogenous factors at multiple temporal scales. This problem is difficult due to differences in population responses among closely related taxa. Increased understanding of dynamic relationships between exogenous and endogenous factors will facilitate forecasting and suggest nodes in the life cycle of economically important species susceptible to intervention by managers. This study uses an information-theoretic approach to examine the contributions of weather and density to model population densities and growth rates of nine common grasshopper species from continental U.S. grassland over 25 years. In general, grass-feeding species and total grass-feeders as a functional group were most closely associated with weather during the year before hatching. Increased variability in prior growing season precipitation was associated with increased densities of Mermiria bivittata, Opeia obscura, Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, and the grass-feeding guild. Melanoplus sanguinipes densities tended to be smaller following warm fall seasons, while Amphitoruns coloradus declined during the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation or after warmer than average winters. Population growth rate dynamics of all grouped species combinations were best explained by models including variability in precipitation during the prior year growing season. Large-scale Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) patterns were also associated with growth rate dynamics of the mixed-feeding species group. Density showed a negative relationship with population growth rates of five species. This study indicates the importance of parental and diapause environmental conditions and the utility of incorporating long-term, readily obtained decadal weather indices for forecasting grasshopper densities and identifying critical years with regard to grasshopper management—at least to the degree that the past will continue to predict the future as global climates change.
A structural approach to the enforcement of language and disjunctive constraints

This paper approaches the supervision of Petri nets with two new results that extend the area of applicability of a method known as supervision based on place invariants (SBPI). The first result deals with the enforcement of specifications expressed by Petri net languages. The second result deals with the enforcement of disjunctive constraints under certain boundedness assumptions. These are significant extensions of the SBPI, as language and disjunctive constraints are more expressive than the type of constraints considered in the past with the SBPI.
Interspecific territoriality in Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) and H. titia (Drury) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a preliminary analysis of the wing color pattern variation

In its territorial behavior, the “tricolor” form of Hetaerina titia differs markedly from both typical H. titia and H. americana. Territoriality between “tricolor” and americana males is initiated only by the latter, and affects the spatial structure of a breeding population of “tricolor” males. Territoriality between americana and typical titia is initiated by either species, and usually leads to displacement of the americana male; this has no visible effect however on the population structure of americana.H. titia and the “tricolor” form are suggested as separate species because of: (1) differences in breeding and territorial behavior (in both intra- and interspecific flights), and differential habitat selection by females for opposition. (2) existence of different and consistent female body color patterns and the breeding of these females with their specific male type. (3) the strong likelihood that the male wing color patterns are genetically governed with the implication that genes are not interchanged between titia and “tricolor”.
Early development of the neural plate, neural crest and facial region of marsupials

Marsupial mammals have a distinctive reproductive strategy. The young are born after an exceptionally short period of organogenesis and are consequently extremely altricial. Yet because they must be functionally independent in an essentially embryonic condition, the marsupial neonate exhibits a unique suite of adaptations. In particular, certain bones of the facial region, most cranial musculature and a few additional structures are accelerated in their development. In contrast, central nervous system structures, especially the forebrain, are markedly premature at birth, resembling an embryonic d 11 or 12 mouse. This review examines the developmental processes that are modified to produce these evolutionary changes. The focus is on the early development of the neural plate, neural crest and facial region in the marsupial, Monodelphis domestica, compared with patterns reported for rodents. Neural crest begins differentiation and migration at the neural plate stage, which results in large accumulations of neural crest in the facial region at an early stage of development. The early accumulation of neural crest provides the material for the accelerated development of oral and facial structures. The first arch region is massive in the early embryo, and the development of the olfactory placode and frontonasal region is advanced relative to the forebrain region. The development of the forebrain is delayed in marsupials relative to the hindbrain or facial region. These observations illustrate how development may be modified to produce evolutionary changes that distinguish taxa. Further, they suggest that development is not necessarily highly conserved, but instead may be quite plastic.
The Commerce Clause From Expansion To Extortion

The Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution gave the federal government power over foreign trade, trade with the Indian tribes and trade “among several states.” By lack of further enumeration and the passage of the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, it would be reasonable to conclude that commerce that is truly intras tate would, therefore, be within the regulatory province of the states. In fact, that was the interpretation initially reached and subsequently followed by the United States Supreme Court. But in 1942, that changed and, over the course of the following 60+ years, to date the Court has concluded, by an expansive interpretation of that federal power granted, that Congress and the federal government have virtually unbridled power to regulate not only those areas that would traditionally be considered “commerce” or “interstate commerce”, but, moreover, in areas that seemingly have nothing to do with commerce, interstate, or otherwise. This paper will trace the journey that the justices have taken down this judicial interstate highway and the methods that the federal government has employed to achieve its objectives. Hence, the subtitle of this paper: From Expansion to Extortion.
Undergraduate Curriculum In Supply Chain Management

A proposal is presented for an undergraduate curriculum in Supply Chain Management(SCM) in a typical BBA program in an AACSB accredited Business School.
“Accidental Racist”: Stumbling Through the Motions of Racial Reconciliation

This article examines country star Brad Paisley’s controversial musical dialogue with rapper LL Cool J about race. First, I compare “Accidental Racist” with “Ebony and Ivory” in light of McPhail’s notions of rhetorical coherence and complicity. Second, I interrogate Paisley’s problematic construction of racial division in light of Gresson’s work. Next, I consider how the inclusion of Cool J’s voice at least partly challenges Paisley’s southern White perspective. In light of Hatch’s theory of reconciliation, however, Paisley’s pseudo-apology proves self-serving and Cool J’s forgiveness is cheap. In the end, their contrived country/hip-hop dialogue dances to the tune of neoliberalism and fails to resonate with either of their core audiences, despite their well-meaning intentions.
Innocent BN bond substitution in anthracene derivatives

Extended azaborine heterocycles are promising biomedical and electronic materials. Herein we report the synthesis of a novel family of azaborine anthracene derivatives and their structural, electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization. We observe that the properties of these materials are remarkably similar to the parent hydrocarbons, suggesting the innocence of the CC to BN bond substitution. Our results support the prospective stability to long-term usage of extended azaborines and the feasibility of using such materials in device applications.
Effects of acute blood volume expansion on vascular resistance and reactivity in anaesthetized dogs.

1. The effects of acute volume expansion on vascular resistance and reactivity to noradrenaline and angiotensin II are reported in this study. The estimated circulating blood volume of pentobartibal-anaesthetized dogs was expanded by about 35% with equilibrated donor blood. The animals were bilaterally nephrectomized to sustain expanded volume. 2. Functional changes in vascular smooth muscle were determined in the flow controlled, vascularly isolated, denervated, perfused hind limb preparation in the same animal. 3. Systemic volume expansion per se had no immediate influence on vascular resistance. However, resistance in the hind limb, as determined by the shift of the pressure-flow curves, progressively increased 60 and 120 min after volume expansion. The changes noted after 120 min were significantly greater than those observed after 60 min. 4. The changes in vascular resistance were accompanied by potentiation of the vascular responses to noradrenaline but not to angiotensin II. Significant shifts which occurred in the noradrenaline dose-response curves were similar to those of the resistance curves. 5. in closely simulated control experiments in dogs whose kidneys were intact or had been removed, and whose blood had or had not been equilibrated with donor blood, the above-mentioned vascular changes were not observed in the absence of volume expansion. 6. It is suggested that the functional changes observed in the hind limb vasculature after volume expansion are related to the presence of a circulating substance. From the data obtained from the experimental model used in this study, it can be concluded that such a substance is not released from the kidney.
VHI-10 and SVHI-10 Differences in Singers' Self-perception of Dysphonia Severity.

Summary Objective Previous investigations of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI)-10 in clinical practice noted that specific information relevant to singers was not forthcoming. Consequently, a second index, the Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI) as well as its shortened counterpart the SVHI-10, was developed. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the differences in scores between the VHI-10 and the SVHI-10 in a group of 50 singers. Methods A retrospective chart review of 50 singers (26 women, 24 men) was performed between June 2014 and November 2014 at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York. Subjects completed both the VHI-10 and the SVHI-10 at their initial evaluation. The results from the VHI-10 and the SVHI-10 were then compared using paired t test and two-way analysis of variance. Results The SVHI-10 scores from the performers were significantly higher than those of the VHI-10 ( P P = 0.865) and confirmed a significant difference between VHI-10 and SVHI-10 ( P = 0.0003). Conclusion Whereas singers may have general complaints about their voice, they also have specific complaints that relate only to their singing voice. Finding a significant difference between the scores of the VHI-10 and the SVHI-10 suggests the importance of assessing the singer's perception of voice severity using a tool that focuses on the singing voice.
A Framework for Analyzing Sources of Variance in the Supplier -Buyer Relationship: Determining the Contribution of Buyer Planning and Supplier Performance to Total Variance

This paper presents a theoretical framework for diagnosing areas of variance concerning inventory availability in the supplier-buyer relationship. A multi-level approach is used with each level of ...
Proteolysis and Synaptic Plasticity

Proteolysis by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway functions in synaptic plasticity by regulating the amount of substrate protein at precise times and locations in neurons. In this proteolytic pathway, ubiquitin, a small protein, serves as a tag for marking the substrates for degradation by a multisubunit proteolytic complex called the proteasome. Attachment of ubiquitin to substrates and their degradation by the proteasome are highly regulated. In neurons, many substrates with a role in synaptic plasticity such as neurotransmitter receptors, protein kinases, and transcription factors are regulated by proteolysis. This chapter describes how proteolysis contributes to synaptic plasticity.
Quantification of Transfer of Salmonella from Citrus Fruits to Peel, Edible Portion, and Gloved Hands during Hand Peeling

Although studies have quantified bacterial transfer between hands and various materials, cross-contamination between the surface of fresh citrus fruit and the edible portions during hand peeling has not been reported. This study quantifies transfer of Salmonella to the edible portion of citrus fruit from a contaminated peel during hand peeling. Citrus fruits used for this study were Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) cultivars 'Valencia' and 'Navel', Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins), Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi ('Minneola' tangelo or 'Honeybell'), and C. paradisi (grapefruit) cultivar 'Marsh'. An avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 (ATCC 700720) resistant to rifampin was used for all experiments. The inoculum containing approximately 9 log CFU/mL (50 μL) was spot inoculated onto the equator, stem, or styler of each fruit and allowed to dry for 24 h. Six volunteers put on single-use latex gloves and peeled inoculated fruit. Peel, edible fruit portion, and gloves were collected and enumerated separately. Three replicates of the study were performed in which each volunteer peeled two inoculated fruit of each variety (n = 36 fruit per variety). Cross-contamination from contaminated surface of citrus fruits to edible portion or gloved hands during peeling was affected by inoculation sites. Average Salmonella transfer to the edible portion ranged from 0.16% (Valencia inoculated at the equator) to 5.41% (navel inoculated at the stem). Average Salmonella transfer to gloved hands ranged from 0.41% (grapefruit inoculated at the stem) to 8.97% (navel inoculated at the stem). Most Salmonella remained on the peel of citrus fruits. The average level of Salmonella remaining on the peel ranged from 5.37% (Minneola inoculated at the equator) to 66.3% (Satsuma inoculated at the styler). When grapefruit was inoculated, the Salmonella that remained on the peel showed a bimodal pattern in which some individuals left almost all Salmonella on the peel, while others left substantially less.
Using Questions to Improve Informed Consent Form Reading Behavior in Students

Previous research shows that students often do not read informed consent forms to understand their rights (Pederson, Neighbors, Tidwell, & Lostutter, 2011). Four hundred fifty-eight students partic...
Abstract 5628: Trilaciclib (G1T28), a CDK4/6 inhibitor, enhances the efficacy of combination chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in preclinical models

While immune checkpoint inhibitors are efficacious and lead to durable responses in patients with various cancers, only a minority of patients respond. An approach to increase the response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors is to combine them with chemotherapy in order to enhance immunogenic cell death and “prime” the immune system. However, chemotherapy itself can cause damage to various cell types of the immune system, potentially diminishing the activity of the chemotherapy/checkpoint inhibitor combination. Therefore, a targeted approach to preserve immune system function during chemotherapy would allow optimal activity of the checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Trilaciclib (G1T28), a potent and selective IV CDK4/6 inhibitor, preserves hematopoietic stem cells and enhances immune system function during chemotherapy. We and others have previously shown T lymphocytes are extremely sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibition causing a transient arrest of proliferation and protection from damage by chemotherapy. Post treatment with trilaciclib and chemotherapy, T lymphocytes are released from the transient arrest in the presence of chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death allowing better priming of an anti-tumor immune response. To evaluate the effect of trilaciclib combination treatments, MC38 tumor bearing mice were treated with trilaciclib, oxaliplatin, or anti-PD-L1 alone or in combination, and tumor size was measured during and post treatment for 100 days. Our results demonstrate that the addition of trilaciclib to an oxaliplatin/anti-PD-L1 combination (TOP) treatment significantly improves anti-tumor activity. Specifically, twice as many mice treated with TOP for 15 days had a complete response (CRs) when compared to oxaliplatin/anti-PD-L1 (OP); 6/10 CRs vs 3/10 CRs, respectively. In addition, the CRs were durable and without any evidence of recurrence at 100 days. Furthermore, TOP treatment caused a 60% increase in overall survival (OS) compared to mice treated with OP; median OS for TOP was 98 days compared to 61 days (HR, 0.53) for the OP treatment group. Assessment of ex-vivo stimulation of cytokine release from harvested splenocytes to measure T-cell activation, and evaluation of immune infiltrates and T-cell receptor repertoire within the tumors are ongoing. Taken together, we demonstrate that the short-acting IV CDK4/6 inhibitor, trilaciclib, which has been shown to preserve immune function during chemotherapy, enhances the anti-tumor activity of chemotherapy/anti-PD-L1 combination therapy. Citation Format: Jessica A. Sorrentino, Anne Y. Lai, Jay C. Strum, Patrick J. Roberts. Trilaciclib (G1T28), a CDK4/6 inhibitor, enhances the efficacy of combination chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in preclinical models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5628. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5628
Identifying Hazards and Food Safety Risks in Farmers Markets

Outcomes of survey studies on food safety practices in farmers markets and outbreaks of foodborne illnesses associated with farm stands and farmers markets illustrate the need for a better understanding of actual food handling behaviors in these environments. Observational studies have identified actual practices that may increase a consumer’s risk for foodborne illness and are consistent with risk factors for foodborne illness as identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In order to mitigate risks in farmers market environments, vendors and managers must first recognize that regardless of the size of a business, foodborne illness can result if risky food handling practices are used. They must be able to identify risky practices and strategies for controlling hazards. Practice assessment tools developed as a result of survey studies for use as self-inspections of farms and markets and tools developed for use in gathering data in observational studies in farmers markets may be useful in helping vendors and market managers identify food safety hazards and develop and implement risk mitigation strategies to enhance safety of products sold in farmers markets.
Ergebnisse der empirischen Analyse

Im Gliederungspunkt 4.3 ist ausfuhrlich darauf eingegangen worden, welche unterschiedlichen Schatzverfahren im Rahmen der Ermittlung der Pramie herangezogen werden konnen. Ausgehend von den taglichen Daten des Jahres 1980 gibt Tabelle 4 eine Auflistung der entsprechenden Ergebnisse.222 Dabei sind die Mittelwerte sowie die Standardabweichungen der Beobachtungen und der Mittelwerte angegeben. Betrachtet man zunachst die einzelnen Gruppen alleine, so ist festzustellen, das die jeweilige Art der Bereinigung keinen grosen Einflus auf die Ergebnisse hat. Das insbesondere die Verwendung des Marktmodells, welches vom theoretischen Standpunkt aus als beste Losung anzusehen ist, keinen deutlichen Vorteil bietet, kann darin begrundet sein, das die wahren Werte fur die Koeffizienten α und β nicht bekannt sind. Durch die Schatzung dieser beiden Grosen kommen Storeffekte zum Tragen, die die Ergebnisse ungunstig beeinflussen konnen und so die relative Vorteilhaftigkeit des Marktmodells zunichte machen konnen. Zusatzlich ist zu beachten, das das Marktmodell wesentlich umfangreichere Daten erfordert. Dieses Argument gilt auch fur die Bereinigung um die historische Rendite, so das das Indexverfahren einen sinnvollen Kompromis zwischen den theoretischen Anforderungen und dem okonometrischen Aufwand darstellt.