cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Effect of transducer position and ground plane configuration on image quality in MR-guided focused ultrasound therapies.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of a focused ultrasound transducer position and ground plane configuration on magnetic resonance image quality. Methods The effect of transducer position with respect to the MRI B0 field and the radiofrequency receive coils was evaluated in a breast-specific MRgFUS system with an integrated RF phased-array coil. Image signal-to-noise ratio was evaluated at different transducer locations. The effect of ultrasound transducer ground plane configuration was evaluated using a replica transducer with 12 ground plane configurations. All evaluations were performed at 3 Tesla. Results Both transducer position and ground plane configuration were found to have a considerable effect on overall image SNR. A 67% increase in SNR was achieved by positioning the transducer face perpendicular to the B0 field. A 25% increase in SNR was achieved by segmenting the replica transducer ground plane from one continuous plane to nine individual segments. Conclusions Advances in focused ultrasound hardware allow for integrated radiofrequency MRI coils as well as adjustable transducer positioning. The placement of the ultrasound transducer with respect to both the magnetic field and RF coils can have a considerable effect on image SNR and the resulting MR images that are used for MR-guided focused ultrasound treatment planning, monitoring and assessment.
A high resolution UV absorption spectrum of supernova ejecta in SN1006

We report a high resolution, far-ultraviolet, STIS E140M spectrum of the strong, broad Si II, III, and IV features produced by the ejecta of SN1006 seen in absorption against the background Schweizer-Middleditch star. The spectrum confirms the extreme sharpness of the red edge of the redshifted Si II 1260 A feature, supporting the idea that this edge represents the location of the reverse shock moving into the freely expanding ejecta. The expansion velocity of ejecta at the reverse shock is measured to be 7026 +-3(relative) +-10(absolute) km/s. If the shock model is correct, then the expansion velocity should be decreasing at the observable rate of 2.7 +-0.1 km/s per year. The pre-shock velocity, post-shock velocity, and post-shock velocity dispersion are all measured from the Si II 1260 A feature, and consistency of these velocities with the shock jump conditions implies that there is little or no electron heating in this fast (2680 km/s) Si-rich shock.
Antibody Responses after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine.

Antibody Responses after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Reported results of immunization with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine have focused on two doses given to seronegative persons. In a small study invol...
An Offset-Cancelling Discrete-Time Analog Computer for Solving 1-D Wave Equations

This article describes a single-chip analog computer for solving 1-D wave equations. The chip uses switched-capacitor (SC)-based fully differential analog circuits to build a discrete-time but continuous-valued finite difference solver with spatially programmable wave velocity, selectable boundary conditions, and arbitrary input excitation waveforms. Correlated double sampling (CDS) and auto-zero techniques are utilized to minimize the offset and low-frequency noise of the op-amps. Built-in third-order $\Delta $ - $\Sigma $ modulators allow the analog solution to be easily read out by a digital processor. The design was realized in TSMC 180-nm CMOS and has an active area of 3.596 mm $\times3.131$ mm. The solver consumes 560 mW while providing a dynamic range (DR) of 41 dB and a computational bandwidth of either 2.5 MHz (if limited by the analog core) or 0.25 MHz (if limited by the on-chip modulators). Normalized mean squared solution errors for a typical problem (uniform medium with radiation boundary condition) range from 0.3% to 2% (−25 to −17 dB). Measured simulation times are $21\times $ , $5\times $ , and $1.3\times $ faster than CUDA-C code running on a modern GPU (NVIDIA GTX 1080 Ti) and MATLAB or C code running on an 8-core CPU (Intel Xeon Silver 4110 at 2.10 GHz), respectively.
Using browser-based software to teach acoustic theory of speech production

I will demonstrate how I use browser-based software authored by Mark Huckvale to promote active learning of the acoustic theory of speech production. Students create the complex glottal tone using ESynth, filter the glottal tone with various vocal tract filters with ESystem, explore the impact of vocal tract shapes on formants using VTDemo, and examine their own vowel formants with ESection.
The effect of short radiation treatment breaks on chemo-radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancers

Background Numerous studies and guidelines suggest an outcome detriment from radiation treatment breaks (rTBs) and the need for compensatory dosing in patients with head and neck cancer. Methods In a consecutive cohort of 521 patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), we investigated the impact of rTBs and prolongation of overall treatment time (OTT) on OS, DFS, LRC, and cancer recurrence using competing risk and multivariate analyses. Results Neither OTT prolongation by ≤2 days nor rTBs of ≤3 days were associated with detriments to clinical outcomes. Consecutive breaks of ≥3 days were also not significantly associated with detriment to clinical outcomes. There was significantly increased competing mortality in those with longer breaks. Conclusions In OPSCC patients treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy, there is no significant association between disease failure and total rTBs of ≤3 consecutive or scattered days. Further investigation is needed for longer breaks.
Partnered decision support: Parental perspectives of completing a pre-visit pediatric asthma questionnaire via the patient portal.

BACKGROUND Collection of patient-reported data has been demonstrated to improve asthma outcomes. One method to collect information is through the electronic patient portal. In practice, patient portal use in pediatrics and, specifically for asthma management, has had low uptake. OBJECTIVE To understand parental/caregiver experience of pediatric asthma care management, and perceptions of the use of patient portal questionnaires before the clinic visit. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with caregivers of children 5-11 years old with asthma in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health System. We included patient portal "users" (n = 20) and "non-users" (n = 5). Interview questions were developed based on clinic visit workflow with a focus on perceived usefulness and ease of use to complete pediatric asthma questionnaires in the patient portal before the visit. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and codes were generated from themes using constant comparative analysis. RESULTS We identified eight themes related to caregiver-physician communication, perception of portal questionnaires, facilitators, and barriers to portal questionnaire use. A salient finding was that caregivers considered the portal questionnaire as a tool to be integrated into the visit to facilitate a conversation about their child's asthma. Caregiver portal-based questionnaire use was more likely if the ongoing data entered was accessible to caregivers to track and update, and if caregivers were reassured the clinicians would use questionnaire responses during the visit. CONCLUSION Caregivers of children with asthma are more likely to complete a patient portal intake questionnaire before the visit if they trust their responses will be used during the visit to inform care.
Functional Relations Between Dorsal Medullary Inspiratory Neurons and Phrenic Motoneurons

In a recent review on neurogenesis of respiratory rhythm (Cohen 1979), I reached the conclusion that very little is known on the subject. Therefore, in the present paper I shall confine myself to a limited aspect of the system, namely, the transmission of rhythmic respiratory output from medullary inspiratory (I) neurons to phrenic (phr) motoneurons.
Localization of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques.

Abstract Despite the fact that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted primarily by sexual contact, the biology of the sexual transmission of HIV is poorly understood. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can be transmitted to female rhesus macaques by placing cell-free virus into the vaginal canal, and SIV can be isolated from the vaginal secretions of infected rhesus macaques. The authors examined the genital tracts from 16 chronically infected female rhesus macaques and localized SIV-infected cells using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. SIV-infected cells were found in the genital tract of 13 of the 16 animals examined, and in most cases the SIV-infected cells were located in the submucosa of the cervix and vagina. However, SIV-infected cells were also found in the vaginal epithelium. SIV-infected cells were more common in sites of inflammation than in normal areas. These findings suggest that SIV gains access to genital tract secretions from the cervix and vaginal epithelium.
Controlling for Landform Age When Determining the Settlement History of the Kuril Islands

Archaeological investigations of settlement patterns in dynamic landscapes can be strongly biased by the evolution of the Earth's surface. The Kuril Island volcanic arc exemplifies such a dynamic landscape, where landscape-modifying geological forces were active during settlement, including sea-level changes, tectonic emergence, volcanic eruptive processes, coastal aggradation, and dune formation. With all these ongoing processes, in this paper we seek to understand how new landscape formation in the Holocene might bias archaeological interpretations of human settlement in the Kurils. Resolving this issue is fundamental to any interpretation of human settlement history derived from the distribution and age of archaeological sites from the region. On the basis of a comparison of landform ages and earliest archaeological occupation ages on those landforms, we conclude that landform creation did not significantly bias our aggregate archaeological evidence for earliest settlement. Some sections of the archipelago have larger proportions of landform creation dates closer to archaeological evidence of settlement and undoubtedly some archaeological sites have been lost to geomorphic processes. However, comparisons between regions reveal comparable archaeological establishment patterns irrespective of geomorphic antiquity.
An Enhanced Compressed Sensing-Based Interference-Resistant Receiver for LTE Systems

This paper proposes a novel interference-resistant receiver for wideband long-term evolution (LTE) system which employs orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for the downlink. In case the received spectrum is underutilized, compressed sensing (CS) enables us to operate at a sub-Nyquist sampling rate for lower device cost, higher data transmission rate and faster spectrum sensing speed. To improve the receiver performance under a mutually interfering and noisy environments, a resource block (RB)-detection based iterative interference cancellation algorithm for LTE OFDMA signals is presented. Active RBs are blindly detected in order to improve performance of the proposed CS-based receiver. Specifically, the RBs of active users are estimated by minimum mean square error (MMSE) and those of interference users are estimated via &#8467;1- norm minimization in a semi-blind manner, both in compressive signal domain. By canceling the interferences directly from compressive measurements iteratively, the proposed algorithm improves the estimates of both the desired and interfering signals. Simulation results indicate that such an interference-resistant receiver yields significant gains in bit error rate at low sampling rates.
DECOMPOSING WELFARE CHANGES IN THE GTAP MODEL

This paper develops a complete decomposition of the change in global welfare in the GTAP model. In particular, this money metric change is broken down into component parts, each of which relates to a quantity change interacting with a distortion in the model. This enables the user to assess, for example, how much of the gains from trade reform are attributable to a given commodity and/or a given region. The commodity and region specific changes in allocative efficiency can be further decomposed by transaction/tax instrument. We find that this greatly facilitates the presentation and analysis of results from GTAP. We motivate the derivation of this decomposition with the case of a one region, three commodity, analogue to the GTAP model. This permits us to focus on purely allocative efficiency effects (no terms of the trade changes). Extension to the multiregion model adds the prospect of terms of trade effects on regional EV, and the multiregion decomposition isolates the contribution of tradable price changes to regional welfare. This is demonstrated in a 3 region, 3 commodity example. Finally, we offer a more complete decomposition which takes into account the impact of changes in endowments and technology on regional welfare. This revised (2001) version introduces a number of important changes to the original (1996) paper. In particular, we build on the new final demand structure for GTAP proposed by McDougall (2001). This includes explicit recognition of changes in the marginal utility of income, as well as a per capita decomposition. We also take account of version 5.0 changes in the standard GTAP model, including the introduction of multiple international margins commodities.
Flow Analysis of Large Triangular Weir

Accurate streamflow records are difficult to get on unstable alluvial channels. V-notch weirs have often been used to stabilize the ratings of streamflow stations in such areas. The first three parts of the article show the theoretical development and interaction of weir flow, submergence, and unsteady flow. Two different equations are derived. One equation assumes that a continuous record of the average velocity of approach is available. The other equation uses the rate of change of stage to approximate the effects of unsteady flow situations on weir flow and does not require a velocity. The fitting is described of the equation derived by theoretical analysis to a set of field measurements. The theoretical equations are then simplified as much as possible. The equations thus derived are more accurate than conventional weir flow equations. Results of the experiment show: (1) that if the weir rating is based upon both the static and velocity heads, the effect of submergence is one of a superposition of flows; and (2) that the rate of change of stage does not fully define unsteady flow.
Evidence for the reversibility of cellular DNA lesion induced by mammalian topoisomerase II poisons

Like many intercalative antitumor drugs, the nonintercalative antitumor drug epipodophyllotoxin VM-26 (teniposide) induces topoisomerase II-linked DNA breaks as revealed by cell lysis with a strong protein denaturant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or alkali. We show that the majority of topoisomerase II-linked DNA breaks reflect the formation of reversible topoisomerase II-DNA cleavable complexes in drug-treated cells by demonstrating the reversibility of this unusual type of DNA damage at elevated temperatures (e.g. 65 °C).
High performance Li-ion sulfur batteries enabled by intercalation chemistry

The unstable interface of lithium metal in high energy density Li sulfur (Li–S) batteries raises concerns of poor cycling, low efficiency and safety issues, which may be addressed by using intercalation types of anode. Herein, a new prototype of Li-ion sulfur battery with high performance has been demonstrated by coupling a graphite anode with a sulfur cathode (2 mA h cm−2) after successfully addressing the interface issue of graphite in an ether based electrolyte.
Same course, different goals: Examining the personal goals of men and women in a project-based engineering environment

The learning goals of students are not only essential for personal guidance, but they also provide educators insight into individual approaches to learning and student self-perceptions. In this study, the learning goals of students in an introductory project-based materials science course were analyzed to determine differences by gender. Student goals were coded according to their inference of different learning domains-cognitive, social, affective, and psychomotor — as well as their level of complexity within these domains. Cognitive goals were similar for women and men, while differences by gender appeared in the social, affective, and psychomotor domains. In the social domain, women were more concerned with teamwork and peer learning, while men were focused on confidence in presentations. In the affective and psychomotor domains, the issue of low self-efficacy for some women arose, while men were more eager to express their enthusiasm for the course projects.
Optics, the eye, and the brain

Optics began as a visual science, and the eye was the original optical instrument. Students of physiological optics, together with their clinical colleagues, were concerned mainly with the normal and pathological functioning of the eye as a receptor organ. In recent years, however, exciting developments have changed all that. Optics has taken off in many directions that have little immediate relation to the eye, such as x-ray astronomy, lasers, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. Vision research, in turn, has gone far beyond its sole preoccupation with the optics of the eye. Most exciting are new discoveries about the visual pathways and the specialization of individual brain cells for the processing of line orientation, stereoscopic depth, spatial frequency, motion, and color. Comparative studies reveal the functional architecture of the brain together with the genetically and chemically programmed cellular development that lays the groundwork for later modification by the visual environment. Stimulated by this neurophysiological progress, and by newly available optical concepts and techniques, visual scientists have greatly expanded their research beyond the traditional topics of physiological optics and color.
Put-Call Parity and Arbitrage Bounds for Options on Grain Futures

Many arbitrage opportunities have become available for market participants since the inception of trading in options. Central to many of these is the put-call parity relationship. If this condition is violated, arbitrage profits could be earned. This paper examines arbitrage possibilities between put and call options on grain futures using two different tests. One is a test of market efficiency over the duration of trading, and the other evaluates arbitrage bounds on individual trading days. In general, the results suggest that the options markets on grain futures are not completely efficient. However, violations varied substantially across contracts and through time.
Using MEMS-based preconcentrators to identify iron catalyzed lipid oxidation products in breath

This paper introduces, for the first time, divinylbenzene (DVB) packed microfabricated preconcentrators (µPCs) for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in breath. The 7 mm × 7 mm × 0.35 mm microcavity performance was compared to commercial solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers commonly used in extraction and concentration of analytes in breath. The device successfully concentrated lipid oxidation products in human breath and allowed for gas chromatography analysis that distinguished control breath from treated breath produced after the subject was dosed with iron to stimulate production of lipid oxidation products that are often used as biomarkers for disease. The µPC was superior to SPME fibers incorporating the same adsorbent material and was able to detect standard compounds loaded at nanomolar (nM) concentrations.
MALDI linear-field reflectron TOF post-source decay analysis of underivatized oligosaccharides: Determination of glycosidic linkages and anomeric configurations using anion attachment

Six different anionic species (fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and acetate) are tested for their abilities to form anionic adducts with neutral oligosaccharides that are detectable by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Fluoride and acetate cannot form anionic adducts with the oligosaccharides in significant yields. However, bromide, iodide, and nitrate anionic adducts consistently appear in higher abundances relative to [M-H]−, just like the highly stable chloride adducts. Post-source decay (PSD) decompositions of Br−, I−, and NO3− adducts of oligosaccharides provide no structural information, i.e., they yield the respective anions as the main product ions. However, determination of linkage types is achieved by analysis of structurally-informative diagnostic peaks offered by negative ion PSD spectra of chloride adducts of oligosaccharides, whereas the relative peak intensities of pairs of diagnostic fragment ions allow differentiation of anomeric configurations of glycosidic bonds. Thus, simultaneous identification of the linkage types and anomeric configurations of glycosidic bonds is achieved. Our data indicate that negative ion PSD fragmentation patterns of chloride adducts of oligosaccharides are mainly determined by the linkage types. Correlation may exist between the linkage positions and fragmentation mechanisms and/or steric requirements for both cross-ring and glycosidic bond fragmentations. PSD of the chloride adducts of saccharides containing a terminal Glcα1–2Fru linkage also yields chlorine-containing fragment ions which appear to be specifically diagnostic for a fructose linked at the 2-position on the reducing end. This also allows differentiation from saccharides with a 1–1 linked pyranose on the same position.
Tensor-based morphometry as a neuroimaging biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study of 676 AD, MCI, and normal subjects

Abstract In one of the largest brain MRI studies to date, we used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to create 3D maps of structural atrophy in 676 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy elderly controls, scanned as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Using inverse-consistent 3D non-linear elastic image registration, we warped 676 individual brain MRI volumes to a population mean geometric template. Jacobian determinant maps were created, revealing the 3D profile of local volumetric expansion and compression. We compared the anatomical distribution of atrophy in 165 AD patients (age: 75.6 ± 7.6 years), 330 MCI subjects (74.8 ± 7.5), and 181 controls (75.9 ± 5.1). Brain atrophy in selected regions-of-interest was correlated with clinical measurements – the sum-of-boxes clinical dementia rating (CDR-SB), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), and the logical memory test scores – at voxel level followed by correction for multiple comparisons. Baseline temporal lobe atrophy correlated with current cognitive performance, future cognitive decline, and conversion from MCI to AD over the following year; it predicted future decline even in healthy subjects. Over half of the AD and MCI subjects carried the ApoE4 (apolipoprotein E4) gene, which increases risk for AD; they showed greater hippocampal and temporal lobe deficits than non-carriers. ApoE2 gene carriers – 1/6 of the normal group – showed reduced ventricular expansion, suggesting a protective effect. As an automated image analysis technique, TBM reveals 3D correlations between neuroimaging markers, genes, and future clinical changes, and is highly efficient for large-scale MRI studies.
Saving Milk Through Masculinity: Public Health Officers and Pure Milk, 1880–1930

Abstract In the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, milk was considered both the perfect food and a vector for many diseases. Given this dichotomy, the protection of the milk supply became one of the most important jobs of urban public health officers. In taking on this task, male public health officers took control of a substance that, because of its association with women and child-rearing, was considered feminine. This paper follows the promotion and protection of milk by public health departments and officials during the period 1880–1930 and the importance of masculinity in shaping this history. Masculinity affected milk protection in two major ways. First, male public health officers partially appropriated a task formerly often performed by women. Second, in order to protect milk, it was separated from its female origins through technology and regulation.
Helping scientists reconnect their datasets

It seems inevitable that the datasets associated with a research project proliferate over time: collaborators may extend datasets with new measurements and new attributes, new experimental runs result in new files with similar structures, and subsets of data are extracted for independent analysis. As these "residual" datasets begin to accrete over time, scientists can lose track of the derivation history that connects them, complicating data sharing, provenance tracking, and scientific reproducibility. In this paper, focusing on data in spreadsheets, we consider how observable relationships between two datasets can help scientists recall their original derivation connection. For instance, if dataset A is wholly contained in dataset B, B may be a more recent version of A and should be preferred when archiving or publishing.We articulate a space of relevant relationships, develop a set of algorithms for efficient discovery of these relationships, and organize these algorithms into a new system called ReConnect to assist scientists in relationship discovery. Our evaluation shows that existing approaches that rely on flagging differences between two spreadsheets are impractical for many relationship-discovery tasks, and a user study shows that ReConnect can improve scientists' ability to detect useful relationships and subsequently identify the best dataset for a given task.
Linear Programming Based Genetic Algorithm for the Unequal Area Facility Layout Problem

The facility layout problem (FLP) is generally defined as locating a set of departments in a facility with a given dimension. In this paper, a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA)/linear programming (LP) approach is proposed to solve the FLP on the continuous plane with unequal area departments. This version of the FLP is very difficult to solve optimally due to the large number of binary decision variables in mixed integer programming (MIP) models as well as the lack of tight lower bounds. In this paper, a new encoding scheme, called the location/shape representation, is developed to represent layouts in a GA. This encoding scheme represents relative department positions in the facility based on the centroids and orientations of departments. Once relative department positions are set by the GA, actual department locations and shapes are determined by solving an LP problem. Finally, the output of the LP solution is incorporated into the encoding scheme of the GA. Numerical results are provided for test problems ...
Changes in the Expression of Stimulus Selection: Blocking Represents Selective Memory Retrieval Rather Than Selective Associations

Abstract Initial studies reporting changes in the expression of stimulus selection as a function of the length of the interval between training and testing have been restricted to the conditioned taste aversion procedure. The present study examined the influence of the length of retention interval on the stimulus selection phenomenon of blocking when external cues were used as conditioned stimuli and suppression of activity served as the measure of conditioning. Similar to findings in flavor aversion conditioning, the expression of blocking was dependent on the length of the interval between training and testing. The results indicate that blocking, like overshadowing, does not necessarily represent a failure in acquisition, but rather suggest an explanation of certain instances of blocking in terms of changes in the relative retrievability of learned associations over time.
Addendum to the lattice dynamics of γ -Ce

Inelastic neutron scattering techniques have been used to study the temperature dependence of the dispersion curves of ..gamma..-Ce. We find that the frequencies of all but the T (111), branches exhibit normal temperature dependence. Close to the zone boundary the frequencies of the T(111) branch, on the other hand, decrease with decreasing temperature, and at room temperature this branch exhibits a dip at the zone boundary. This anomalous behavior may be related to the fcc..-->..dhcp phase transition.
Stages in Cancer Development: Opportunities for Thresholds

It has now been established that many factors can influence the development of cancer in animal models. Epidemiologic studies support the concept of a similar situation in human populations with particular emphasis on lifestyle. Types of cancer which appear to be excellent candidates for such influences are colon, breast and lung. In the case of each there are antecedent (pre-neoplastic) changes in morphology of focal areas in the organ or tissue and a lag time varying from a few years to decades. It seems logical that thresholds do exist in some such cases and that if a threshold is not exceeded for whatever substance or condition may be primary to the cardnogenesis process, the atypical cellular alterations may regress or at most remain static. Furthermore, factors associated with lifestyle, including diet, can likely determine whether or not the progress toward malignancy is initiated, inhibited, or enhanced in a given organ or tissue. A number of factors or conditions which may relate to inhibiting or...
Kinematic couplings for precision fixturing—Part I: Formulation of design parameters

Abstract A closed form analysis for the design of a three-groove kinematic coupling is developed and used to design a 356 mm (14 in) diameter kinematic coupling with 28.6 mm (1– 1 8 in) diameter balls and 45 kN (10 000 lbf) preload. When the coupling is subjected to cutting loads in the order of 75 N (17 lbf), the resulting wall thickness errors in a 254 mm (10 in) diameter hemispherical part are: (1) a 0.36 μm (14 μin) error from the cutting force, and (2) a 0.89 μm (35 μin) error with a 2% preload error. If ceramic balls and grooves are used, fretting corrosion of the coupling interface can be avoided and the coupling can operate in a corrosive environment. The kinematic design is unaffected by film contamination and does not require an extensive wear-in period. Preliminary experiments show the coupling to be repeatable to ± 0.25 μm ( ± 10 μin).
Comments on the sensitivity of lanthanide-induced shifts to the metal substrate distance

Abstract The agreement between calculated and measured lanthanide induced shifts for the 2:1 pyridine (py), 4-picoline (4-pic) and 3,5-lutidine (3,5-lut) adducts of Eu(thd) 3 at both ambient and low temperatures using the full two-term dipolar shift equation has been examined as a function of LnN distance. It is found that the agreement factor is of limited sensitivity as a function of the LnN distance. These results question the validity of LnS distances determined exclusively using the single term McConnell-Robertson equation for calculating LIS.
Interdigitated-electrode-based mems-scale piezoelectric energy harvester modeling and optimization using finite element method

This paper presents a novel optimization method for interdigitated electrode (IDE)-based, cantilever-type piezoelectric energy harvesters at microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scale. A new two-stage approach based on the finite element method is proposed to examine the performance of such devices. First, detailed electrostatic poling simulations are presented. The results of these poling orientation simulations are used while calculating electrical energy and conversion efficiency in response to a constant external force. The proposed approach is used to find the optimum piezoelectric material thickness and IDE geometry for a cantilever beam which is constructed on top of a 4-μm Si structural layer and a 1-μm SiO2 isolation layer. Cantilever and IDE lengths are fixed at 320 μm and 240 μm, respectively, whereas the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thickness, IDE finger widths, and number of finger pairs are varied. Maximum output energy of 0.37 pJ for a 15-μN force is obtained at a PZT thickness of 0.6 μm and an IDE consisting of 12 finger pairs. This energy is reduced to 1.5 fJ for 5 μm PZT thickness with 2 electrode finger pairs, which shows that device geometry has a significant impact on device performance. The proposed method presents an accurate framework for the rapid design and performance prediction of novel piezoelectric energy harvester structures.
Interocular transfer of a luminous flux discrimination in the rabbit

Abstract Six normally reared rabbits were trained monocularly on a luminous flux discrimination and tested for interocular transfer. While none of the animals showed complete transfer, all but one required fewer trials to relearn the task with the second eye. The performance of one subject monocularly deprived from birth did not differ from the normals. The results are compared with findings of interocular transfer in other vertebrate species. The visual behavior of the rabbit in its natural habitat as it relates to laboratory tests for interocular transfer is also discussed.
Signal-Perturbation Model for Achievement of Optimal Position Transfer Characteristic

Improved position detection involving a one-dimensional photosensor array has been shown to be possible by applying a high-frequency perturbation signal to a normalized target image. A general analytical model which describes the receptor system with respect to receptor element threshold, perturbation amplitude (peak), and the deadspace between elements is presented. Functional-approximation theory is applied to determine necessary and sufficient conditions on the system parameters that optimize (Chebyshev) the system position transfer characteristic with respect to one that is linear.
Abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma: role of early aggressive surgery.

Current surgical teaching advocates debulking of the abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma to decrease tumor burden and improve survival. The records of 16 children who had Burkitt's lymphoma were reviewed. Eleven of these children presented with abdominal tumors. Five of these 11 patients are long-term survivors and six have died. Three of the tumors were primarily resected; two were in patients who became long-term survivors. One resection was complicated by acute renal failure, leading to the early demise of the patient. Four tumors were debulked; only one of these was in a long-term survivor. Acute renal failure also complicated the hospital course in one of these children. Finally, four patients underwent initial incisional biopsies and plans were made for subsequent resection of any residual tumor 6 weeks later. Two of these children survived and two have died. The results of this pilot study do not confirm that there is a clear advantage to aggressive operative cytoreduction. Although this approach decreases the total tumor burden, it may also impose severe metabolic complications and postpone the administration of chemotherapy. There results do suggest the need for a multi-institutional review of the surgical management of abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma.
A borehole sonde using neutron activation technique

A simulated borehole sonde has been assembled, with an aluminium casing of 70 cm in length and 12 cm in inner diameter. It contains a 5 Ci Pu−Be source with a neutron yield of about 5.45·106+10% n·cm−2·s−1, a shadow shield, and a Hp Ge detector of 15% efficiency and 2 keV FWHM for the 1.33 MeV line of60Co. Evaluations of the assembly through the dependence of thermal neutron flux on water content, matrix composition and borehole configuration have been performed. Accordingly, thermal neutron flux distributions have been measured around the sonde and inside the ore in both the simulated dry and water filled borehole. From these measurements one could estimate that the effective moderating thickness of water is about 4 cm, while the volume matrix of the ore to be investigated by this assembly is a slab of about 8 cm width and a height of about 15 cm. It also follows that the uranium-thorium ore analysis method described in this work may become important as a field neutron activation technique.
Mass Political Support in Sweden: Retesting a Political‐Economic Model

This paper tests a model of mass political support for Sweden, 1967–1974. The model is composed of two economic variables (the Consumer Price Index and assessments of the short-run employment situation) and two non-economic variables (media criticism of government and media pessimism). The model performs very well, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the variance in the popularity of the governing party, the Social Democrats. The most impressive showing is made by the unemployment variable, but the Consumer Price Index and media criticism also make important contributions. Concluding discussion centers on the implications of these findings for our understanding of Swedish politics and for the validity of political-economic models of mass political support.
John Cholmley on the Bankside

Because we know almost nothing about John Cholmley, Philip Henslowe’s financial partner in the building of the Rose playhouse, imaginative hypotheses have moved in to fill the void. In this essay I argue that Cholmley can indeed be found in the records, and that he was both more and less important to Henslowe than has previously been claimed. In the first section I offer what documentary records I’ve been able to find, accompanied by archeological information from the Museum of London. In the second section, I propose a hypothetical – and therefore fictional – narrative that takes the evidence from the first section into account in addressing the puzzles surrounding the 1587 Deed of Partnership between Cholmley and Henslowe, a document that has been until now all we have known of Cholmley.
Do Bonus Payments Help Enhance Salesforce Retention

Our primary aim in this research is to examine if the existence of a bonus component in the sales compensation structure can enhance salesforce retention. We also study the impact of total sales compensation, relative to industry norms, on salesforce retention. We find that bonus payments do enhance salesforce retention among firms whose total compensation is above industry average but not among firms whose total compensation is below industry average. Further, we also examine the role of sales training, non-financial motivational tools, and length of the selling cycle on salesforce retention.
Elusive equality: desegregation and resegregation in Norfolk’s public schools

Throughout its history, the United States has systematically violated its claims of equality. Racial discrimination was written into its constitution and its laws and practised freely when not lega...
An experimental study of the Cache-and-Forward network architecture in multi-hop wireless scenarios

The Cache-and-Forward (CNF) protocol architecture was proposed to support efficient mobile content delivery services in the future Internet. In contrast to the TCP/IP protocol stack which is based upon the assumption of reliable end-to-end path through the network, the CNF architecture considers varying access link speed/quality and periods of disconnection as inherent properties of the network. Routers in a CNF network are built with large memory space for in-network caching and temporary storage to support transient disconnections due to mobility or link quality variation. Content delivery through the network follows a hop-by-hop transport method in which files move as single entities from one router to the next rather than as end-to-end packet streams. A novel storage aware routing protocol (STAR) is proposed to efficiently support mobile and wireless end-users through the use of a two-dimensional metric that takes into account both short-term and long-term path quality in making forwarding and storage decisions. A reliable link layer provides per hop file transfer reliability. This paper provides an outline of the three basic protocol components of CNF i.e., transport, routing and link layers and describes a proof-of-concept implementation of the protocol stack on the ORBIT testbed. Performance evaluation results in multi-hop wireless scenarios with lossy link conditions show 66% improvement in wireless network throughput compared to TCP and 60% lower packet loss rate when compared to UDP.
Dubautia carrii and D. hanaulaensis, New Species of the Hawaiian Silversword Alliance (Compositae, Madiinae) from Moloka'i and Maui

Abstract Dubautia carrii B. G. Baldwin & Friar and D. hanaulaensis B. G. Baldwin are new species in Dubautia Gaudich. sect. Railliardia (Gaudich.) G. D. Carr (Compositae, Madiinae) of the Hawaiian silversword alliance that were previously treated within the circumscription of D. linearis (Gaudich.) D. D. Keck subsp. opposita (Sherff) G. D. Carr. The two species are allopatric, with D. carrii in mesic to wet shrubland and forest on eastern Moloka‘i and D. hanaulaensis in mesic shrubland and forest on southern West Maui. Although closely resembling D. linearis subsp. linearis and D. linearis subsp. hillebrandii (H. Mann) G. D. Carr in habit and capitulescence characteristics, D. carrii and D. hanaulaensis differ from both subspecies of D. linearis in the sense adopted here by having consistently opposite (rather than variable) phyllotaxy and toothed (rather than entire) leaf apices, and by occurring in mesic or wet (rather than mostly dry) habitats. Dubautia carrii and D. hanaulaensis are highly similar mor...
Colour Doppler Ultrasound of the Penis

Because it is a superficial structure, the penis is ideally suited to ultrasound imaging. A number of disease processes, including Peyronie's disease, penile fractures and penile tumours, are clearly visualized with ultrasound. An assessment of priapism can also be made using spectral Doppler waveform technology. Furthermore, dynamic assessment of cavernosal arterial changes after pharmaco-stimulation allows diagnosis of arterial and venogenic causes for impotence. This pictorial review illustrates the range of diseases encountered with ultrasound of the penis.
Phylogenetic analysis among the families of the Cyclophyllidea (Eucestoda) based on comparative morphology, with new hypotheses for co-evolution in vertebrates.

Phylogenetic analysis of the families of the Cyclophyllidea based on comparative morphology revealed support for monophyly of the order. Four equal length trees (CI = 0.71) resulted from analysis of 42 binary and multistate characters. Major conclusions are the following: (1) a basal position for the arostellate groups, with Mesocestoididae + Nematotaeniidae representing the basal subclade; (2) polyphyly for the Anoplocephalidae with sister-group associations postulated respectively for Anoplocephalinae + Thysanosomatinae and Linstowiinae + Inermicapsiferinae; (3) recognition within the rostellate cyclophyllideans of taeniid, dilepidid and davaineid subclades and the Dipylidiidae; (4) designation of Metadilepididae + Paruterinidae as sister taxa; (5) monophyly for the Davaineidae with all inclusive subfamilies; and (6) a close relationship for the Hymenolepididae and acoleate cyclophyllideans. Monophyly for such classically defined groups as the Mesocestoididae, Taeniidae and Davaineidae is corroborated. Polyphyly of the Dilepididae sensu lato, with independence of the Dipylidiidae, Dilepididae sensu Bona (1994), the Metadilepididae + Paruterinidae, and the Gryporhynchidae is confirmed. As presented these constitute testable hypotheses for monophyly and relationships among the families of the Cyclophyllidea. Initial diversification of the cyclophyllideans occurred in mammalian hosts and three independent events of colonisation of avian taxa are postulated. Origins of the cyclophyllideans extend into the Mesozoic or earlier, with extant taxa representing lineages that were persistent across the extinction event that defines the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
Mechanisms for Antifoaming Action in Aqueous Systems by Hydrophobic Particles and Insoluble Liquids

Abstract The antifoaming of aqueous surfactant solutions by mixtures of nonpolar oils and hydrophobic solid particles was investigated and a new mechanism was suggested. According to this mechanism, the antifoam drops containing the particles flow from the lamellae of a static foam into its plateau borders and get trapped there. The trapped oil drops enter the bubble surfaces and form lenses because the pseudoemulsion films, i.e., the aqueous films between the antifoam drops and the gas phase, are destabilized by the solid particles. On further foam drainage these lenses get trapped in the thinning plateau borders and form a bridge whereby the hydrophobic particles destabilize the film between the lens and the opposite surface of the plateau border. The driving force of the antifoaming action is the capillary pressure in the plateau borders of foam. Antifoaming by oil alone is much less effective because the process is controlled by the instability of the pseudoemulsion film and, without hydrophobic particles, this film is stable. The hydrophobic particles alone are less effective than the mixture because the particles alone penetrate less into the aqueous phase than the oil + solid lenses. For high efficiency, the antifoam drops must be large enough because smaller drops are less likely to get trapped in the plateau borders. The effect of oil viscosity, the presence of solid particles in the oil, and the antifoam deactivation process on the antifoam drop size and activity are discussed.
Least-Cost and Most Efficient Channel Cross Sections

It has been a long-standing concern to decide if a channel should be designed to have the highest hydraulic efficiency or the least cost. In this study, a large amount of channel construction costs were reviewed and analyzed to derive the channel construction cost function as the sum of the costs for the land acquisition of the channel's alignment, lining material for the channel's cross section, and earth excavation for the channel's depth. Case studies conducted in this technical note indicate that the differences between the least-cost and most efficient cross sections are closely related to the channel lining to land acquisition cost ratio. When the lining to land unit cost ratio vanishes, the difference between these two cross sections is diminished. As revealed by the cost data, the least-cost channel section tends to be deeper if the land cost is much higher than the lining cost. This trade-off was incorporated into the normalized equation to provide direct solutions to the least-cost channel cross section. The normalization of the least-cost equations allows this approach to be transferred to other regions when the local cost data are available.
Identifying MIS research issues using a research framework

Abstract A research framework is important in identifying the research areas of a discipline. A comprehensive framework is proposed to identify the MIS research issues: a 5 x 5 matrix; it has MIS core activities as one dimension and MIS allied fields as the other. The previously proposed frameworks are mapped into this. Some example research hypotheses are made using the framework, and it is used to determine the areas with inadequate research. The statistics for each of the 25 cells for the period 1979–1987 are obtained using Dialog, a computer-aided aided database. A regression analysis is used to find the growth of each cell of the matrix: most is done in the technological issues of system design and construction. The areas with the least research effort are economic aspects of MIS use/effect, economical aspects of information system operation, and quantitative analysis in MIS management.