cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The critical reception of Henry James : creating a master

Although some of Henry James' contemporary critics deemed him just short of a great writer, history has elevated him to indisputable preeminence in the American canon. Linda Simon chronicles and analyzes James criticism beginning with contemporary newspaper and magazine reviews and ending with current academic criticism. The story begins in the 1870s, when critics saw James' works as mirrors of American identity and sought to establish him in the nation's evolving canon. James himself worked to secure that place with his prefaces to the standard edition of his works; Simon analyzes criticism about those prefaces. She also shows how James' reputation became contested after his death: praised by some critics for psychological insight and stylistic innovation, he was dismissed by others as socially and politically irrelevant. But beginning in the 1940s, such critics as Trilling, Rahv, Leavis, and, most influentially, Leon Edel secured James' place at the forefront of the American canon. More recently, James scholarship has focused on sexuality and gender, race and morality, and the nature of consciousness; critical trends Simon also considers. This book, the only comprehensive overview of James criticism over the past 140 years, helps readers understand the paths that that criticism has taken and how scholars and critics have built upon past work. Linda Simon is Professor of English at Skidmore College and Editor-in-Chief of William James Studies. Her books include "Genuine Reality: A Life of William James", which was a "New York Times" Notable Book of 1998.
THE END OF ROUTINE SMALLPOX VACCINATION IN THE UNITED STATES

1971 was the year in which the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, the Redbook Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Territorial Health Officers agreed that the time had come to discontinue routine primary smallpox vaccination for American children. As a result of this it may also be expected that school vaccination laws presently in effect in some 28 states will soon be repealed or will not be enforced with vigor. The American pediatrician views these developments with mixed feelings, since there have been extensive and often spirited debates regarding the timing for discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination.
Principals of hemodynamic monitoring.

Background/Aims: Hemodynamic monitoring is the cornerstone of patient management in the intensive care unit. However, to be used effectively its applications and limitations need to be defined and i
'All Good Things Flow . . .': Rule of Law, Public Goods, and the Divided American Metropolis

This essay is a review of and a response to Urban Decay, Austerity, and Rule of Law, 64. Emory L.J. 1 (2014), an article written by Brent White, Simone Sepe, and Saura Masconale. Building upon an intuitively compelling social contract theory insight, the article sets out the theoretical and empirical cases for the authors’ contention that sustained investment in highly visible, essential local public goods provides crucial support for rule of law. White, Sepe, and Masconale offer their theory as a “make ‘gov’, not war” alternative to the Broken Windows Theory, which underlies order maintenance policing strategies. In the final section of the piece, the authors employ this Urban Decay Theory (UDT) to argue that the federal and state governments should fund substantial fiscal guarantees of municipal governments’ capacities to provide urban infrastructure.In this invited response, Professor Kelly welcomes the article’s introduction of the rule of law paradigm to domestic urban policy, finds fault with its selection of public goods that purportedly influence rule of law, and contends that the UDT has far greater potential than the poor support it can offer the authors’ flawed policy proposal. By conceptualizing the domestic urban policy goal as rule of law rather than order, the authors open measurements of success to go beyond crime rates and majoritarian perceptions of personal safety. Without losing the groundedness necessary for empirical investigation, rule of law can incorporate ideal aspects of lawful order that address sustainability and inclusion of minority perceptions of legitimacy. While the article does not succeed in constructing as compelling an understanding of the most salient public goods, an improved analysis of the root causes of the fiscal degradation of America’s legacy cities can unlock a potentially valuable reframing of urban, metropolitan, and regional policy debates.
Space Launch Initiative: New Capabilities, New Horizons

This paper presents NASA's Space Launch Initiative (SLI) with new capabilities and new horizons. The topics include: 1) Integrated Space Transportation Plan; 2) SLI: The Work of an Nation; 3) SLI Goals and Status; 4) Composites and Materials; and 5) SLI & DoD/USAF Collaboration. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.
Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics

Land application is an efficient and cost-effective method of sludge disposal that also recycles essential nutrients to the soil. Sludge additions can also improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, albeit at high initial or cumulative application rates. Thus, land application of sludge in the agricultural sector is responsive to the policy of U.S. EPA (40 CFR 503, 1989) of promoting beneficial use of sewage sludge. Concern about the environmental fate of toxic organic (TOs) that can occur in sludges, however, threatens routine use of the practice.
Generalized Physical Networks for Automated Model Building

We present a new knowledge representation and reasoning framework for modeling nonlinear dynamical systems. The goals of this framework are to smoothly incorporate varying levels of domain knowledge and to tailor the reasoning methods - and hence the search space -- accordingly. Our solution exploits generalized physical networks (GPN), a rneta-level representation of idealized two-terminal elements, together with a hierarchy of qualitative and quantitative analysis tools, to produce a dynamic modeling domain whose complexity naturally adapts to the amount of available information about the target system.
A cat’s cocktail party: Psychophysical, neurophysiological, and computational studies of spatial release from masking

Masked thresholds can improve substantially when a signal is spatially separatedfrom a noise masker (Saberi et al. 1991). This phenomenon, termed “spatial releasefrom masking” (SRM), may contribute to the cocktail party effect, in which alistener can hear a talker in a noisy environment. The purpose of this study is toexplore the underlying neural mechanisms of SRM.Previous psychophysical studies (Good, Gilkey, and Ball 1997) have shown thatfor high-frequency stimuli, SRM was due primarily to energetic effects related tothe head shadow, but for low-frequency stimuli, both binaural processing(presumably ITD processing) and energetic effects contributed to SRM. Therelative contributions of these two factors were not studied for broadband stimuli.Previous physiology studies have identified possible neural substrates for boththe energetic and ITD-processing components of SRM. For the energeticcomponent, our group has shown that some inferior colliculus units, “SNR units,”have masked thresholds that are predicted by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in anarrowband filter centered at the unit’s CF (Litovsky et al. 2001). For the ITDcomponent, a series of studies (e.g. Jiang, McAlpine, and Palmer 1997) shows thatITD-sensitive units can exploit the differences between the interaural phasedifference (IPD) of a tone and masker to improve the neural population maskedthresholds. These studies did not describe how the units’ masked thresholds changewhen a broadband signal and masker are placed at different azimuths.Here, we examine the contributions of energetic effects and binaural processingfor broadband and low-frequency SRM using psychophysical experiments and anidealized population of SNR units. We also show that a population of ITD-sensitiveunits in the auditory midbrain exhibits a correlate of SRM. Finally, a model of ITD-sensitive units reveals that the signal’s temporal envelope influences the single-unitmasked thresholds.To appear in the proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Hearing, to be held inDourdan, France, 24-29 August, 2003
Substrate interactions affecting motor growth cone guidance during development and regeneration

Most serious injuries of spinal nerves or roots in man and other higher vertebrates lead to permanent loss of control of skeletal muscles. In some cases this may be due to a failure of motor axons to regenerate, although even when functional neuromuscular connections are re-established, coordinated use of body and limb muscles may be absent. In both mammals and lower vertebrates, damaged motor axons usually regrow and reform functional connections with muscles, although these connections are often inappropriate. The selectivity of reinnervation is improved by maintaining alignment of the severed ends of the nerve. Thus, factors operating near the lesion site may direct regenerating motor axons into fascicles in the distal nerve stump that lead to inappropriate muscles. The identity of some of these factors is suggested by recent studies of developing systems which have shown that motor axons are directed in their growth. (a) The filopodia of their growth cones sample a limited region of the periphery. If motor growth cones extend too far from their normal pathways they establish connections with inappropriate muscles. (b) Motor growth cones normally extend into regions of embryos rich in the extracellular matrix molecule laminin, and avoid regions containing fibronectin. Moreover, motor growth cones extend on laminin but not on fibronectin substrates in vitro. In peripheral nerves, these two molecules are differentially distributed; laminin is expressed by Schwann cells in the endoneurium whereas fibronectin is expressed by fibroblasts primarily in the perineurium. These studies suggest that regenerating motor growth cones may be directed to appropriate muscles if their original fascicles within the distal nerve stump are within filopodial reach but may not be able to escape the fibronectin-rich perineurial sheath once directed into an inappropriate fascicle.
Modulation of melanogenic protein expression during the switch from eu- to pheomelanogenesis

Mammalian melanocytes can produce two basic types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin, within discrete organelles termed melanosomes. The physiological signals that regulate this switch are extrinsic to the melanocyte, and include alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and the agouti protein. Tyrosinase, encoded at the albino locus, is the enzyme essential for the synthesis of both types of melanin, but other tyrosinase-related proteins (e.g. TRP1 encoded at the brown locus and TRP2 encoded at the slaty locus) regulate eumelanogenesis catalytically at steps distal to tyrosinase (as 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase and DOPAchrome tautomerase, respectively). The silver protein is another melanosomal protein, and although it has some limited homology to the tyrosinase-related proteins, it does not have any known enzymatic function and probably serves as a structural matrix protein. The role of each of those melanosomal proteins in pheomelanogenesis, however, is still unclear. In this study, we have compared the expression and catalytic functions of those proteins in pheomelanic and eumelanic hair bulb melanocytes. There was no detectable expression of TRP1 or TRP2, or either of their enzymatic activities, in hair bulbs of lethal yellow (Ay/a) newborn mice, and tyrosinase activity was present at a reduced level compared to that found in hair bulbs of black (a/a) newborn mice. Similar results were observed in regenerating hair bulbs of adult lethal yellow mice and in hair bulbs of 5- to 7-day-old agouti mice (A/A), an age where pheomelanin is produced predominantly. Expression of the silver protein was similarly not observed in hair bulbs of the pheomelanic mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inline network encryptors - enabling Internet protocol tunneling for securing data

This paper presents an analysis of the different TNEs available to DoD, their capabilities and usability. Also, this paper examines the technical support provided by the Battle Command Battle Laboratory-Gordon (BCBL-G) and the results of the test and evaluation conducted on the general dynamics KG-235 Sectera FNE by the Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC). This evaluation includes examining the interoperability between KG-235, KG-175 and the network encryption system (NES). The paper concludes by providing a look at future INEs.
Time for New Schizophrenia Rx

Last month, the battle against four major diseases received some good news. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and 10 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies decided that instead of working ineffectively in silos, they would work together to discover therapies for Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus. This initiative—the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP)—recognizes that progress toward new therapies for common chronic diseases increasingly requires large-scale collaborative efforts that range from the need to grapple with heterogeneous polygenic disease phenotypes to the validation of biomarkers in large populations. What is disappointing is that, at least for the time being, the consortium dropped schizophrenia from its list, despite vast unmet medical need and substantial, albeit still recent, scientific advances. Was schizophrenia deemed too risky to pursue? If innovative partnerships such as the AMP are not willing to take on common and serious but otherwise neglected disorders such as schizophrenia, then the scientific community will have to find new ways of pooling intellectual and financial resources to address them.
Closure of the governing equations for immiscible, two-phase flow: A research comment

The derivation of the governing equations for immiscible, two-phase flow through porous media by Whitaker (Transport in Porous Media1, 105–125 (1986)) contains an error which is corrected in the present work. The modified equations contain terms not present in the original equations, but their presence does not cause any fundamental changes from the conclusions reached in the original work. However, these extra terms may be important in computations associated with the closure problem.
Engineering implications of closed-loop control during cardiac surgery

1 Closed loop control in cardiac surgery is a very difficult problem because of changes in patient response, substantial nonrandom external disturbances, random disturbances, and relatively long pure delays between infusion by the pump and initiation of bodily response. 2 System identification models based on real data are crucial for quantitatively describing the relationships encountered in practice. 3 A minimax approach is useful for mathematically describing the control design process as an attempt to choose a single controller capable of coping with a set of patients. It also yields computer-aided design tools. 4 Typical real controllers in complex environments like cardiac surgery contain relatively large numbers of parameters that must be specified. A computer algorithm capable of performing minimax analysis on such problems is available [4]. 5 Design of controllers for complex environments such as cardiac surgery requires the use of computeraided design tools for proper performance. The complexity of the problem and the number of possible combinations of control parameters and architecture may make less exhaustive manual simulation approaches unproductive. 6 Computer-aided design tools are extremely important because they permit much more exhaustive testing prior to application on animals and humans. They permit evaluation of literally millions of combinations of patients and controllers at computer speeds. Manual design searches cannot be done for these large problems.
Memory Performance in Older Adults Before and After Temporal Lobectomy for Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy

Little is known about the effects of epilepsy surgery on memory in older adults. The purpose of this study was to determine if older adults exhibit greater memory decline than younger adults after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Patients 55 years and older at time of surgery (23 left, 14 right ATL, range 55-66 years) were compared to patients age 25-35 years (44 left, 33 right ATL) to assess differences in preoperative to postoperative change in WMS-III index scores. Repeated-measures ANOVAs and ANCOVAs revealed that older patients did not demonstrate greater decline than younger patients across any of the memory indices. Rather, in the left ATL group, older patients showed less decline than younger patients on the Auditory Delayed Memory Index. Similarly, in the right ATL group, older patients showed less decline than younger patients on the Visual Delayed Memory Index. These patterns were also apparent in frequency of individual change. Results provide preliminary evidence that older adults who are good candidates for ATL are not at greater risk for memory decline when measured at 7 months postoperatively.
Donepezil Treatment of Vascular Dementia

Cholinergic deficits are clinicopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (DAT) and during the past decade have been the sole target for clinically effective treatments. By contrast, vascular dementia subtypes (VaD) are heterogeneous clinical syndromes, and therapeutic approaches have been directed toward control of vascular risk factors. Little attention has been paid to cholinergic deficits as a mechanism contributing to cognitive impairments in VaD as a potential target for treatment. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there are therapeutic benefits from long-term treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors among VaD patients. Ten VaD patients were diagnosed according to DSM-III-R and NINDS-AIREN criteria and classified into subtypes by neuroimaging. All were treated with titrated doses of donepezil for a mean interval of 15 months. At baseline and follow-up clinic visits, patients underwent medical and neurological examinations, as well as neuropsychological testing including Mini-Mental Status Examinations (MMSE) and Cognitive Capacity Screening Examinations (CCSE). Cognitive statuses of 10 treated patients were then compared before and after treatment. Net changes were expressed as annual MMSE score changes (DeltaMMSE/year) and annual CCSE score changes (DeltaCCSE/year). Of the 10 treated VaD patients, cognitive improvements were found when comparisons were made before and after treatment. Ten treated patients also showed greater cognitive improvements, while untreated patients showed continued cognitive decline. This study suggests that cholinergic deficits in VaD are due to neuronal ischemic damage with loss of acetylcholine and that treatment of VaD with cholinesterase inhibitors is a rational therapy.
Cracks in Materials with Hyperbolic-Sine-Law Creep Behavior

At high stress levels the creep strain rate for many materials varies as the exponential of stress while at low stress levels it varies as stress to some power. An analysis is presented for a stationary crack under antiplane shear or Mode III loading in a laterial that deforms both elastically and by hyperbolic-sine-law creep, epsilon /SUP c/ ..cap alpha.. (sinh sigma/sigma/sub 0/( /SUP n/ . The asymptotic crack-tip stress intensification is weaker and the strainrate intensification is stronger than for a power-law creeping material. The elastic stressintensity factor K /SUB III/ (for low applied loads) and the path-independent integral C are shown to be the relevant short-time (small-scale yielding) and long-time (extensive creep) loading parameters as in the power-law case.
Calculation of the Transient Response of Long Chains of Slightly Lossy Coupled Resonators

Methods of calculating and of illustrating the transient response of chains of coupled resonators are discussed. Such calculations are particularly useful in understanding the rf field behavior in linear accelerator structures, both of the drift tube and waveguide or coupled cavity types. Resonator chains are also employed in certain kinds of filters and delay lines; the methods to be discussed are applicable in these areas, as well. A frequency adjustment is presented which permits difference equations with a large time step to accurately represent the differential equations for slightly lossy coupled resonators.
Effects of Strength and Microstructure on Hydrogen-Assisted Crack Propagation in 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn Stainless Steel Forgings

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrogen on the fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms for the nitrogen-strengthened, austenitic stainless steel 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn, an alloy with potential value in high-pressure hydrogen containment components. The fracture initiation toughness and crack-growth resistance were measured before and after thermal precharging with hydrogen and as a function of crack-growth orientation and material strength. The effects of crack-growth orientation and material strength dominated over the effect of hydrogen exposure. The former two variables caused changes in fracture initiation toughness of up to 400 pct, while dissolved hydrogen resulted in only modest decreases in fracture initiation toughness of 20 to 40 pct. Coarse Z-phase (CrNbN) particles aligned in bands governed the measured fracture toughness and observed fracture mode. Fracture progressed by void nucleation and growth in the Z-phase bands, forming microcracks that ultimately linked through the remaining austenite matrix. Crack-growth orientation, material strength, and hydrogen exposure affected the nucleation and growth of voids in the Z-phase bands and the subsequent linking of microcracks. Control or elimination of the coarse, banded Z phase would likely enhance the fracture resistance of this alloy.
PREVALENCE OF BREAST-FEEDING AMONG MOTHERS WHO USED DRUGS AND/OR ALCOHOL DURING PREGNANCY: A CASE-CONTROL PILOT STUDY. 604

Personal interviews were conducted with women who used alcohol and/or drugs during pregnancy. Cases (35) were matched to controls (35) by age, sex, race, and insurance. Factors influencing the mother's decision to breast-feed were obtained.
Olanzapine and fluoxetine combination therapy for treatment-resistant depression: review of efficacy, safety, and study design issues

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a common occurrence in clinical practice. Up to 30% of patients with major depression do not respond to conventional antidepressant treatment, while a significantly greater number of patients experience only partial symptom reduction. Numerous strategies may be applied by the practicing clinician to overcome limitations in the effectiveness of antidepressant monotherapy, including combining drug treatment with evidence-supported psychotherapies, combining antidepressants (combination pharmacotherapy), and combining antidepressants with other non-antidepressant psychotropic medications (augmentation treatment). One such augmentation strategy, the combination of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (FLX), with the atypical antipsychotic drug, olanzapine (OLZ), is supported by the results of four randomized, double-blind, acute phase studies of patients who had responded inadequately to antidepressant monotherapy. In each study, the FLX/OLZ combination caused rapid reduction in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating scale scores, with two of the four studies showing significantly greater improvement than antidepressant monotherapy at study endpoint. Effects of the FLX/OLZ combination were strongest in cases where failure to respond to two antidepressants prior to randomization was established during the current depressive episode. The FLX/OLZ combination was well-tolerated; however, body weight gain and increases in prolactin were greater than that of the antidepressant monotherapy groups, and were comparable to that of OLZ monotherapy. While effective during acute-phase treatment, questions remain regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of FLX/OLZ relative to antidepressant monotherapy and other combination strategies. Efforts aimed at determining the placement of FLX/OLZ among the available options for addressing TRD are limited by lack of comparison and sequential treatment studies. Important aspects of study design and directions for future research are discussed.
Si-based 60GHz 2X Subharmonic Mixer for Multi-Gigabit Wireless Personal Area Network Application

This paper presents the design and development of a 60GHz 2times passive subharmonic mixer in a silicon-germanium (SiGe) process. Wide bandwidth operation of the mixer is indispensable for the integration of a low power wireless front-end at 59-64GHz license-free frequency band for the direct up and down conversion of multi-gigabit digital data. An anti-parallel diode pair (APDP) has been incorporated to generate the non-linearity and the ground shielded coplanar transmission lines as well as a coupled microstrip section realizes the necessary impedance matching conditions. The mixer has a measured minimum down-conversion loss of 8.3dB with a greater than 4GHz of single-sided 3-dB baseband bandwidth with a 5.5dBm local oscillator signal at 30.5GHz. An input 1dB compression point of -7dBm has been recorded. This is the first report of a 60GHz subharmonic mixer in SiGe processes that can be applicable to multi-gigabit wireless personal area network application
The Kondo effect to heavy fermions studied using the de Haas–van Alphen effect

Abstract In this paper, we briefly review some recent de Haas–van Alphen experiments on two contrasting types of heavy fermion/Kondo systems for varying concentrations x of the impurity ion, Ce or U. In both systems the Fermi surface is observed to vary continuously with x : in Ce x La 1− x B 6 , the Ce ions behave as Kondo impurities while in U x Th 1− x Be 13 they do not. In both systems, the f electrons are also found to contribute only partially to the Fermi surface volume, therefore raising questions concerning the applicability of Fermi liquid theory.
Symmetry and related properties via the maximum principle

We prove symmetry, and some related properties, of positive solutions of second order elliptic equations. Our methods employ various forms of the maximum principle, and a device of moving parallel planes to a critical position, and then showing that the solution is symmetric about the limiting plane. We treat solutions in bounded domains and in the entire space.
Presynaptic Inhibitory Terminals Are Functionally Abnormal in a Rat Model of Posttraumatic Epilepsy

Partially isolated “undercut” neocortex with intact pial circulation is a well-established model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. Results of previous experiments showed a decreased frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in layer V pyramidal (Pyr) neurons of undercuts. We further examined possible functional abnormalities in GABAergic inhibition in rat epileptogenic neocortical slices in vitro by recording whole cell monosynaptic IPSCs in layer V Pyr cells and fast-spiking (FS) GABAergic interneurons using a paired pulse paradigm. Compared with controls, IPSCs in Pyr neurons of injured slices showed increased threshold and decreased peak amplitude at threshold, decreased input/output slopes, increased failure rates, and a shift from paired pulse depression toward paired pulse facilitation (increased paired pulse ratio or PPR). Increasing [Ca2+]o from 2 to 4 mM partially reversed these abnormalities in Pyr cells of the epileptogenic tissue. IPSCs onto FS cells also had an increased PPR and failures. Blockade of GABAB receptors did not affect the paired results. These findings suggest that there are functional alterations in GABAergic presynaptic terminals onto both Pyr and FS cells in this model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis.
Tactics for the isolation of interleukin-2-induced immediate-early genes

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a 15 kDa protein secreted by antigen-activated T lymphocytes, plays a central role in the generation of an immune response. Initially characterized as a T cell growth factor, IL-2 has subsequently been found to act on all lymphoid cell types, inducing both their proliferation and functional differentiation. The effects of IL-2 are mediated by the activation of a specific cell-surface receptor (IL- 2R), which is comprised of at least three distinct proteins. Early biochemical signaling events triggered upon IL-2R activation have recently begun to be elucidated, and a number of genes have been identified which are specifically induced by IL-2. The task now at hand is to link the biochemical signaling pathways activated by IL-2 with the regulation of gene expression, and to delineate the roles of these gene products in IL-2-mediated proliferation and differentiation.
Robustness of stochastic-parameter control and estimation schemes

The effects on closed-loop system stability of modeling errors resulting from overestimating or underestimating the statistical characteristics in linear discrete-time stochastic parameter systems are investigated. Both infinite and moving horizon controllers designed using erroneous parameter characteristics, which can preserve the mean-square and almost sure boundedness of the close-loop system state, are considered. Mean-square, optimal linear, unbiased one-step predictors are shown to possess stability robustness even when designed with the wrong parameter characteristics. >
9Be NMR of beryllaboranes and other beryllium compounds

Abstract 9Be has proved to be a very observable NMR nucleus, exhibiting a range of linewidths and chemical shifts somewhat smaller than that of 11B. A selection of 9Be NMR data for beryllaboranes is correlated with data from other beryllium compounds to illustrate the analytical value of 9Be NMR in the area of beryllium chemistry.
Does Evaluation Design Impact Communication Campaign Effect Size? A Meta-Analysis

To examine how methodological choices and artifacts of evaluations influence the estimated effect size of media campaigns on health behavior, we meta-analyzed 44 mediated health campaigns. Effect sizes were largest when the posttest evaluation occurred close to the end of the campaign and utilized a one-group partition-by-exposure design. Use of a self-selected sample and greater sample attrition biased the results by inflating effect sizes. Improvements in the control community over time made it more difficult to detect intervention effect sizes. Design factors that did not result in different effect sizes included panel versus cross-sectional, behavioral versus physiological measure, and nonequivalence in the control and intervention communities at baseline. The results may be useful for evaluators and researchers who seek to understand the impact of methodological factors on the interpretation of campaign effects.
Logic cuts for processing networks with fixed charges

Abstract We show how some simple logical constraints can substantially accelerate the solution of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models for the design of chemical processing networks. These constraints are easily generated in a preprocessing stage and can be applied symbolically. They represent a new class of cuts, “logic cuts”, that cut off 0–1 solutions without changing the optimal objective function value. We establish their elementary properties and identify all possible logic cuts for the processing network problems. Preliminary computational results are presented, using OSL.
Parallel Synthesis of An Oligomeric Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxamide Library

A library of oligomeric compounds was synthesized based on the imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid scaffold along with amino acid esters and chiral diamines derived from amino acids. The final compounds incorporate nonpolar amino acids (Leu, Phe, Trp), polar amino acids (Ser, Asp, Arg), and neutral amino acids (Gly, Ala), and were designed to be useful in screening for inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Many of the protected and deprotected oligomers show evidence of conformational isomers persistent at room temperature in aqueous solution. A total of 317 final oligomers, out of 441 targeted compounds, were obtained in high analytical purity and of sufficient quantity to submit them for high-throughput screening as part of the NIH Roadmap.
The Viking Project

The Viking project launched two unmanned spacecraft to Mars in 1975 for scientific exploration with special emphasis on the search for life. Each spacecraft consisted of an orbiter and a lander. The landing sites were finally selected after the spacecraft were in orbit. Thirteen investigations were performed: three mapping experiments from the orbiter, one atmospheric investigation during the lander entry phase, eight experiments on the surface of the planet, and one using the spacecraft radio and radar systems. The experiments on the surface dealt principally with biology, chemistry, geology, and meteorology. Seventy-eight scientists have participated in the 13 teams performing these experiments. This paper is a summary of the project and an introduction to the articles that follow.
BER Performance Limitations of A FBG-Based Bi-Directional Optical Cross-Connect Due to the Grating Length and Induced Index Change of a FBG.

In this paper we present the impact of some physical parameters like grating length and induced index change of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) on the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of a bi-directional FBG based optical cross-connect (OXC) for different optical powers. This paper reveals that there is a power penalty suffered by the system due to this type of OXC. The limiting values of grating length and induced index change of a FBG for this type of system at a BER of 10-9 are determined. It is also shown that BER increases in this system as the FBG grating length and induced index change decreases.
Teacher responsibility from the teacher's perspective

Abstract The present study employed an adaptation of Lenk's six-component model of responsibility to conduct a systematic analysis of teachers’ conceptualizations of professional responsibility. A qualitative analysis of data from elementary and secondary teachers in the U.S. revealed specific categories of responsibility for each of the six components: who is responsible, for what, in view of whom, who is the judge of responsibility, according to what criteria, and in what realm of responsibility and action. Teachers’ reports indicated that responsibility has important motivational implications in terms of effort investment, persistence, and commitment to students, but can also come at a personal cost such as hard work, lack of sleep, and less family time. Implications for teachers’ professional lives are discussed.
Escherichia coli CopA N-Terminal Cys(X)2Cys Motifs Are Not Required for Copper Resistance or Transport

Escherichia coli CopA is a Cu(I)-translocating P-type ATPase that is involved in copper export and resistance. It is an orthologue of the human Menkes and Wilson disease-related proteins. Each of those two human copper pumps has six N-terminal Cys(X)2Cys sequences, but their function in transport is unclear. CopA has two N-terminal Cys(X)2Cys sequences, GLSC14GHC17 and GMSC110ASC113. The requirement of these cysteine motifs was investigated by mutagenesis of the codons for all four cysteine residues, singly and in combination. Cells of a copA deletion strain expressing genes for the mutant genes were nearly as resistant to copper as the wild type. In addition, everted membrane vesicles from cells expressing the mutant copA genes exhibited ATP-coupled accumulation of copper similar to that of the wild type. The results indicate that neither of two N-terminal Cys(X)2Cys motifs is required for either resistance or transport.
Alcoholics Anonymous and Nursing Lessons in Holism and Spiritual Care

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) is a worldwide, million-member organization that has assisted countless alcoholics to achieve sobriety through a spiritual program of recovery from alcoholism. Based on spiritual principles known as the "Twelve Steps" and "Twelve Traditions," AA has provided a model for other recovery programs such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Gamblers Anonymous (GA), and Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA). Recovery in AA appears to involve a process of self-transcendence. In recent years, nursing scholars have increasingly explored the concepts of self-transcendence and spirituality as they apply to nursing theory and practice. This article explores the roots and spiritual dimensions of 12-step recovery programs. It further explores the ways in which theoretical and clinical knowledge about the delivery of spiritual care interventions may be gained from an understanding of AA's spiritual approach to recovery.
Comparing the social support behaviors of violent and nonviolent husbands during discussions of wife personal problems

To compare the social support behaviors of violent and nonviolent husbands, we recruited four groups of couples-violent and distressed (VD); violent/nondistressed (VND); nonviolent/distressed (NVD);and nonviolent/nondistressed (NVND). Two systems were used to code couples’discussions of wives’personal problems. Using the Social Support Interaction Coding System (Bradbury & Pasch, 1994), no violent-nonviolent group differences emerged; however, as listeners, NVND husbands were the most positive and tended to be the least negative. Using a coding system designed for this study (i.e., Social Support Behavior/Affect Rating System), we confirmed the hypothesis that violent husbands would offer less social support than would nonviolent husbands. Relative to nonviolent men, violent husbands were less positive, more belligerent/domineering, more contemptuous/disgusted, and more upset by the wife's problem. Relative to NVND husbands, violent husbands displayed more anger and tension, VND husbands were more critical of their wives’problem, and VD men were more critical of the possible solutions wives offered. We discuss differences in the two coding systems relevant to the detection of violent-nonviolent group differences. Across both systems, few group differences in wife behavior emerged, suggesting that husband behavior better differentiates violent from nonviolent couples when wives are discussing personal problems.
Sympathectomy for Essential Hypertension

The successful treatment of essential hypertension remains one of the most difficult problems in medicine. Approximately 18 years have elapsed since extensive sympathectomy was first performed for essential hypertension. Extensive sympathectomy occasionally produces striking decrease in blood pressure of patients with essential hypertension; in many instances it fails to decrease blood pressure or modify the course of the disease. That which is most desired are some standards for preoperative selection of patients so that only patients who will be benefited by sympathectomy will be operated on. Unfortunately this apparently cannot be accomplished. The indications for sympathectomy remain at least partially uncertain and there is no agreement among those most experienced in the field of hypertension relative to the results of operation. There also are differences of opinion about the extensiveness of sympathectomy which is advisable. This paper indicates clearly differences of opinion among those most expe...
Response of metallic glasses Fe40Ni40P14B6 and Fe80B20 to irradiation with 800 MeV protons

Abstract Metallic glasses with compositions of Fe 40 Ni 40 P 14 B 6 and Fe 80 B 20 were irradiated in the 800 HeV proton beam at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility wnile the electrical resistance and length changes were monitored. The resistance and the length of the first alloy were both found to increase and saturate with dose to ΔR / R − 5 × 10 3 and ΔL / L − 2 × 10 −3 . For the second alloy the total dose of 1.1 × 10 19 p/cm 2 which was calculated to give roughly 0.12 dpa, was slightly less than that required for saturation. No annealing of these increases was observed for anneals from room temperature to 250°C. These results are interpreted in terms of a model in which collision cascades create small regions of increased atomic disorder which fully overlap each other at saturation.
Resins from cyclohexene oxide derivatives and fatty acids

This article describes preparation of resins as described in the title above, and the effect of concentration of the diepoxide, dimer acid, and initiator (stannous octoate). Proportion of dimer acid and diepoxide has a marked influence on hardness and tensile properties of resins. Change in tensile properties upon aging correlates very well with change in hardness. Higher proportions of dimer acid produce softer, more flexible resins. The resins have unique electrical properties at temperature up to 175°C, apparently because of the high proportion of hydrocarbon in the resin.
Presynaptic excitability changes following traumatic brain injury in the rat.

Pathological processes affecting presynaptic terminals may contribute to morbidity following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Posttraumatic widespread neuronal depolarization and elevated extracellular potassium and glutamate are predicted to alter the transduction of action potentials in terminals into reliable synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitation. Evoked responses to orthodromic single- and paired-pulse stimulation were examined in the CA1 dendritic region of hippocampal slices removed from adult rats following fluid percussion TBI. The mean duration of the extracellularly recorded presynaptic volley (PV) increased from 1.08 msec in controls to 1.54 msec in slices prepared at 1 hr postinjury. There was a time-dependent recovery of this injury effect, and PV durations at 2 and 7 days postinjury were not different from controls. In slices removed at 1 hr postinjury, the initial slopes of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were reduced to 36% of control values, and input/output plots revealed posttraumatic deficits in the transfer of excitation from pre- to postsynaptic elements. Manipulating potassium currents with 1.0 mM tetraethylammonium or elevating potassium ion concentration to 7.5 mM altered evoked responses but did not replicate the injury effects to PV duration. Paired-pulse facilitation of fEPSP slopes was significantly elevated at all postinjury survivals: 1 hr, 2 days, and 7 days. These results suggest two pathological processes with differing time courses: 1) a transient impairment of presynaptic terminal functioning affecting PV durations and the transduction of afferent activity in the terminals to reliable synaptic excitation and 2) a more protracted deficit to the plasticity mechanisms underlying paired-pulse facilitation.
Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Vascular Adrenergic Regulation of Blood Pressure in the Elderly

Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, arterial insufficiency, and atherosclerosis are common disorders in the elderly that lead to significant morbidity and mortality. One common factor to these conditions is an age-related decline in vascular beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated function and subsequent cAMP generation. Presently, there is no single cellular factor that can explain this age-related decline, and thus, the primary cause of this homeostatic imbalance is yet to be identified. However, the etiology is clearly associated with an age-related change in the ability of beta-adrenergic receptor to respond to agonist at the cellular level in the vasculature. This paper will review what is presently understood regarding the molecular and biochemical basis of age-impaired beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated signaling. A fundamental understanding of why β-AR-mediated vasorelaxation is impaired with age will provide new insights and innovative strategies for the management of multiple clinical disorders.
Medication use during pregnancy, with particular focus on prescription drugs: 1976-2008

Objective The objective of the study was to provide information on overall medication use throughout pregnancy, with particular focus on the first trimester and specific prescription medications. Study Design The study design included the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study, 1976-2008, and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2003, which together interviewed more than 30,000 women about their antenatal medication use. Results Over the last 3 decades, first-trimester use of prescription medication increased by more than 60%, and the use of 4 or more medications more than tripled. By 2008, approximately 50% of women reported taking at least 1 medication. Use of some specific medications markedly decreased or increased. Prescription medication use increased with maternal age and education, was highest for non-Hispanic whites, and varied by state. Conclusion These data reflect the widespread and growing use of medications by pregnant women and reinforce the need to study their respective fetal risks and safety.
Effects of Instrument-measuring Geometry on Colorimetric Assessments of Dental Porcelains

Recent developments in optical electronic instrumentation for color control have made the potential use of clinical photometric analysis a future possibility for dental materials selection and custom restoration design. The development of such instrumentation will require a more complete understanding of the performance of current technologies on translucent materials. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of instrument-measuring geometry on color-difference assessments made on dental porcelains. The results indicate that a high degree of correlation can exist between color-difference measurements regardless of the design of the instrument-measuring geometry. This work suggests that the development of clinically useful devices need not be restricted to more traditional integrating-sphere-type designs and that more photometrically efficient alternative designs should be explored.
Taurine and cell volume maintenance in the shark rectal gland: cellular fluxes and kinetics

Abstract Tissue slices of shark rectal gland are studied to examine the kinetics of the cellular fluxes of taurine, a major intracellular osmolyte in this organ. Maintenance of high steady-state cell taurine (50 mM) is achieved by a ouabain-sensitive active Na+-dependent uptake process and a relatively slow efflux. Uptake kinetics are described by two saturable taurine transport components (high-affinity, Km 60 μM; and low-affinity, Km 9 mM). [14C]Taurine uptake is enhanced by external Cl−1, inhibited by β-alanine and unaffected by inhibitors of the Na+/K+/2Cl− co-transport system. Two cellular efflux components of taurine are documented. Incubation of slices in p-chloromercuribenze sulfonate (1 mM) reduces taurine uptake, increases efflux of taurine and induces cell swelling. Studies of efflux in isotonic media with various cation and anion substitutions demonstrate that high-K+ markedly enhances taurine efflux irrespective of cell volume changes (i.e. membrane stretching is not involved). Moreover, iso-osmotic cell swelling induced in media containing propionate is not associated with enhanced efflux of taurine from the cells. It is suggested that external K+ exerts a specific effect on the cytoplasmic membrane to increase its permeability to taurine.
Discretized reactive loading based on switched stubs for null steering in Yagi-Uda arrays

This paper proposes a reactive loading configuration for effective null steering in Yagi-Uda array antennas. The system consists of switched transmission line stubs applied to the centers of the outermost director elements of the array. Good performance is achieved using 32 discrete susceptance values of relatively coarse resolution. Numerical simulations of the design suggest that potential null depths of 40 dB or more can be achieved across the entire sidelobe region of the testbed array.