cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manganese Nodule Resources in the Northeastern Equatorial Pacific

Recent publication of maps at scale 1:1,000,000 of the northeastern equatorial Pacific region showing publicly available information on the nickel plus copper content of manganese nodules has made it possible to outline the prime area between the Clarion and Clipperton fracture zones which has been the focus of several recent scientific and commercial studies. The area, defined as that in which the nodules contain more than 1.8 percent nickel plus copper, is about 2o5 million km2. The available evidence suggests that about half of it contains nodules in concentration (reported in wet weight units) greater than 5 kg/m2 and averaging 11.9 kg/m2. If we assume that 20 percent of the nodules in this area of 1.25 million km2 are recoverable, its potential recoverable resources are about 2.1 billion dry metric tons of nodules averaging about 25 percent Mn, 1.3 percent Ni, 1.0 percent Cu, 0.22 percent Co, and 0.05 percent Mo—enough to support about 27 mining operations each producing an average of 75 million metric tons of nodules over their lifetimes. Estimates based on other plausible assumptions would be higher or lower, but of the same order of magnitude. Thus it seems probable that the magnitude of the potentially recoverable nodule resources of the Clarion-Clipperton prime area—the most promising now known—is at most in the range of several tens of the average-size operations postulated.
Monetization of Oil-Gas Price Differentials

The energy sector has been one of the few bright spots in the global economy over the past five years and the unconventionals revolution is creating waves that will carry through the economy, including infrastructure and manufacturing. We acknowledge the many challenges for energy investing – beyond the traditional sub-surface risks that always present difficulties – including: Surging gas supplies have created a very weak price environment in several regions of the world; Shortages of infrastructure and take-away capacity have created bottlenecks, leading to significant market price differentials; and, A frenzy of investment activity in the upstream sector – both organic and M&A – has led to some relatively high transaction prices. The same trends behind these challenges create windows of opportunity – in both public and private markets, and at both the company and project levels. The unconventionals revolution has led to an abundance of low-cost natural gas, and sources of supply around the world growing faster than the demand or take-away capacity of their surrounding infrastructure. Coupled with high oil prices, this has created wide price gaps between gas and oil on an energy-equivalent basis. Oil is nearly six times the price of natural gas on an energy equivalent basis, and we do not see this disparity disappearing soon. Thus, many investors are looking at real asset investments to exploit the price arbitrage. This arbitrage investment activity will eventually drive a closer indexation of gas prices to oil, but we are many years away from that. We see this discontinuity creating several actionable real asset investment theses, and outline some of what we are seeing in liquids, gas, and the supply chain technology and services.
Marine electrical resistivity imaging of submarine groundwater discharge: sensitivity analysis and application in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Electrical resistivity imaging has been used in coastal settings to characterize fresh submarine groundwater discharge and the position of the freshwater/salt-water interface because of the relation of bulk electrical conductivity to pore-fluid conductivity, which in turn is a function of salinity. Interpretation of tomograms for hydrologic processes is complicated by inversion artifacts, uncertainty associated with survey geometry limitations, measurement errors, and choice of regularization method. Variation of seawater over tidal cycles poses unique challenges for inversion. The capabilities and limitations of resistivity imaging are presented for characterizing the distribution of freshwater and saltwater beneath a beach. The experimental results provide new insight into fresh submarine groundwater discharge at Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, East Falmouth, Massachusetts (USA). Tomograms from the experimental data indicate that fresh submarine groundwater discharge may shut down at high tide, whereas temperature data indicate that the discharge continues throughout the tidal cycle. Sensitivity analysis and synthetic modeling provide insight into resolving power in the presence of a time-varying saline water layer. In general, vertical electrodes and cross-hole measurements improve the inversion results regardless of the tidal level, whereas the resolution of surface arrays is more sensitive to time-varying saline water layer.
Why and How Does Pressure Unfold Proteins

This year, 2014, marks the 100th anniversary of the first publication reporting the denaturation of proteins by high hydrostatic pressure (Bridgman 1914). Since that time a large and recently increasing number of studies of pressure effects on protein stability have been published, yet the mechanism for the action of pressure on proteins remains subject to considerable debate. This review will present an overview from this author’s perspective of where this debate stands today.
Theoretical Design of Low Band Gap Conjugated Polymers through Ladders with Acetylenic Crosspieces

Building ladder polymers provides an alternative way to design intrinsically low band gap conjugated polymers. Using conventional conjugated polymers, polyacetylene, polydiacetylene and polytriacetylene as sidepieces, we propose a series of novel types of ladder polymers with conjugated acetylenic blocks (−C⋮C−)m serving as crosspieces. Periodic boundary conditions density functional calculations are performed to investigate the effect of the acetylenic cross-couplings between the two sidepieces. We predict the band gap of the acetylenic coupled (AC) ladder polymers can be reduced to less than 0.3 eV without doping, significantly reduced compared with the parent sidepiece polymers at the same theoretical level. The effect of varying the length and spacing of the crosspieces along the sidepieces is investigated in order to maximize the effect of the gap reduction. Unusual electronic and optical properties are expected from these series of ladder conjugated polymers.
Behavioural compliance to voice and print warnings

The present research examined the effect of warning modality on compliance behaviour in two laboratory experiments and a field experiment. In the laboratory experiments, subjects followed a set of printed instructions to perform a chemistry demonstration task that involved the measuring and mixing of disguised chemicals. In the first experiment, subjects were directed to wear mask and gloves by a warning presented in one of three ways: printed on the top of the instruction sheet (print-only); given aurally by the experimenter (voice-only); or given both in the printed instructions and by the experimenter (print and voice). The results showed that compliance was significantly higher when the warning was presented in both modalities compared to the print-only condition. The voice-only condition produced intermediate compliance that was not reliably different from the other two conditions. To reduce possible experimenter influence in the voice warning conditions of the first experiment, the warning was prese...
Performance of wood stud shear walls exposed to fire

This paper presents the results of seven full-scale fire resistance tests conducted on load-bearing gypsum board protected, wood stud shear wall assemblies. The experimental studies were conducted to determine the effects of placement of shear membrane and type of insulation on the fire resistance of such assemblies. Details of the results, including the temperatures and deflections measured during the fire tests, are presented. Results from the studies indicate that the placement of shear membrane and insulation type significantly influence the fire resistance of such wood stud shear wall assemblies.
A First-Principles Quantum Chemical Study of Coenzyme F430: Interplay of Skeletal Stereoisomerism and Conformation in the Stabilization of Nickel(I)

Nonlocal density functional theory calculations, with full geometry optimization, are reported for the Ni(I) and low-spin Ni(II) forms of high-fidelity models of coenzyme F430, the nickel tetracorphinoid cofactor of methylcoenzyme M reductase (MCR), and its 12,13-diepimer. The diepimer appears to exhibit the conformational characteristics of a typical hydroporphyrin in terms of a strong tendency to adopt highly ruffled conformations and short Ni(II)−N bond distances. In contrast, for native F430, the steric effects of peripheral substituents impose a potent planarizing influence on the ring system. The relative inability to ruffle implies that the N4 core of F430 cannot contract sufficiently to optimally coordinate a small low-spin Ni(II) ion. This appears to be the key factor that results in the stabilization of the larger Ni(I) and high-spin Ni(II) ions by the F430 ligand environment. The optimized Ni−N bond distances for the Ni(I)−F430 model compound are 198, 200, 203, and 214 pm and span an extremely ...
Cadmium-induced lung injury: Cell kinetics and long-term effects

Abstract The effects of exposure to CdCl2 aerosols followed by hyperoxia were studied in mouse lung. Special emphasis was placed on analysis of cell proliferation following injury. Male Balb c mice were exposed to aerosols of 4.9 μg Cd/liter for 1 hr while controls were exposed to water aerosols. Immediately after, half of each group was placed in 80% O2 for 6 days, while the rest were left in room air. Three endpoints were used to assess lung injury; measurement of hydroxyproline, [14C]thymidine incorporation into DNA, and histopathology. Parenchymal and bronchiolar labeling indices were determined following autoradiography. A 1-hr exposure to CdCl2 aerosols caused marked cell proliferation in the lung with the peak of cell labeling occurring at Day 5. In animals exposed to both CdCl2 + 80% O2, the cell labeling peak was delayed until Day 9. Cell differentiation studies showed a delay in the peak of type II epithelial cell and endothelial cell division when CdCl2 exposure was followed by the 80% O2 treatment. On Day 15 most of the labeled cells were identified as interstitial cells in both treated groups. Bronchiolar cell labeling was suppressed at the early time period in the Cd + O2 group. With time, the histologically visible lung lesions tended to resolve in animals exposed to CdCl2 or CdCl2 and 80% O2, whereas total pulmonary hydroxyproline remained at all times (3, 6, and 12 months) significantly higher in Cd-treated animals when compared to controls. It was concluded that acute lung injury by a toxic inhalant can be amplified if there is an initial delay in pulmonary cell proliferation following an acute insult.
Implications of termination for the pastoral counseling “contract”

"A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted." (Eccles. 3:2) Perhaps Koheleth was suggesting that there is a time under heaven not only for beginnings but for endings. Endings, we need to remind ourselves, can mark fulfillment, fruition, and climax. Termination in pastoral counseling as in other forms of psychotherapy suggests "there is a time to begin and a time to end." Without an understanding of termination in the pastoral counseling relationship the effectiveness of that ministry is seriously handicapped. Pastors may offer support, confrontation, concern and insight. But only to say "go into peace," or "return to your home and your people as witness to the wholeness of self you have experienced," may miss a final opportunity offered by the termination phase. A review of the literature in the pastoral counseling field indicates an almost total absence of this crucial, climactic area of the pastor's opportunity in his counseling ministry. This article is addressed to the needs of the pastor who may wish to sharpen his counseling skill at an often unnoticed but decisive point--termination. Only a beginning ROBERT L. NEWTON
Cytological effects of colchicine on the grasshopper neuroblast in vitro with special reference to the origin of the spindle

Abstract The effectiveness of colchicine in destroying or preventing the development of the spindle is determined by the concentration of the colchicine and the degree of development of the spindle at the time of exposure; the greater the concentration of colchicine, the greater will be its effectiveness in destroying the spindle or interfering with its development; the more completely the spindle is developed at the time of exposure to colchicine, the greater is the concentration of colchicine required to destroy it or prevent its further development. The series of changes in chromosome orientation that take place during the course of colchicine action, namely, approximation of centromeres, formation of “stars,” the breaking up of one “star” into several, and complete chromosome disorientation, represent successive stages in the destruction of the spindle. Destruction of the completely formed spindle is typically accompanied by the accumulation of the spindle material outside the diminishing spindle in a hyaline globule. Similarly, interference of colchicine with spindle development leads to the accumulation of the presumptive spindle material, i.e., the karyolymph, in one or more hyaline globules. It is suggested that colchicine does not destroy the spindle material but merely alters its molecular orientation, so that it comes to comprise a spherical mass with no mitotic function. Strong concentrations of colchicine cause middle and late prophase nuclei to revert to early prophase. Somewhat lower concentrations applied to late prophase nuclei occasionally delay the breakdown of the nuclear membrane without altering the rate of chromosome contraction. In greatly retarded late prophase nuclei the chromosomes lose their intranuclear orientation, which lends support to the concept that the centromeres normally maintain a fixed position within the nucleus.
Oxaliplatin-induced hepatoportal sclerosis, portal hypertension, and variceal bleeding successfully treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Introduction We report a case of rapid progression of acute oxaliplatin-induced portal hypertension and liver disease successfully treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Our patient was receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer and presented with massive variceal gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding caused by hepatoportal sclerosis, obliterated portal venules, and portal hypertension. Oxaliplatin-induced portal hypertension is uncommon, and the use of TIPS to successfully treat the sequelae of oxaliplatininduced hepatic injury with a favorable long-term prognosis has not yet been reported to our knowledge.
Cloning, expression, and characterization of chicken tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in normal and transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts

Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts (RSVCEF), when compared to normal CEF, produce elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) that exists in a form free of complexed tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). In order to ascertain whether the increased levels of TIMP-free MMP-2 in RSVCEF cultures are due to diminished expression of TIMP-2 or alterations in TIMP-2 that diminish its MMP-2 binding ability, it was necessary to clone, characterize, and express chicken TIMP-2 cDNA. The TIMP-2 cDNA was cloned from a chick embryo lambda gt11 library by RT-PCR using primers based on amino-acid sequences determined from isolated TIMP-2. The deduced amino acid sequence for chicken TIMP-2 is 81% identical to human TIMP-2; most of the sequence differences lie in the carboxyl terminal portion of chicken TIMP-2. Northern analysis of mRNA levels in CEF and RSVCEF demonstrates that TIMP-2 mRNA levels are increased in RSVCEF. However, TIMP-2 protein levels, relative to proMMP-2 levels, appear to decrease upon transformation and suggest additional control of TIMP-2 at the post-transcriptional level. Addition of recombinantly expressed TIMP-2 to RSVCEF cultures causes a disappearance of TIMP-free (TF) proMMP-2 with a corresponding increase in the TIMP-complexed (TC) proMMP-2 levels, demonstrating that TF proMMP-2 is capable of converting to TC pro-MMP-2 when free TIMP-2 is available. Surprisingly, RSVCEF cultures manifest a TIMP-2 population that is not complexed to MMP-2, despite the coexistence of TIMP-free proMMP-2. Gel-filtration analysis indicates that this uncomplexed TIMP-2 exhibits an apparent molecular weight of 50 kDa, indicating it is not free TIMP-2 and that it exists in transformed cultures in a noncovalent complex with an undefined molecule. Thus transformed cells can alter the TIMP-2/MMP-2 balance by transcriptional and post-translational modifications, yielding a population of inhibitor-free, proteolytically active MMP2.
Electrosensory avoidance of metal obstacles by the paddlefish

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula detected and avoided obstacles with an exposed metallic surface but not plastic objects. An aluminium obstacle was avoided from significantly greater minimum approach distances than were any of the other obstacles. No significant difference was detected between the plastic and plastic-covered aluminium obstacles, while control values were significantly less than for all obstacle types. Avoidance distances measured at different water conductivities were not significantly different. Fish collided frequently with the plastic and plastic-covered aluminium obstacles, and with the control site, suggesting that these obstacles were not detected by the electrosensory apparatus. The aluminium obstacle was avoided successfully in all test runs. The unambiguous avoidance behaviour elicited by the aluminium obstacle suggests that large metallic structures, such as locks and dams, have the potential to interfere with paddlefish migrations. ©2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
The US DOE program for inertial fusion energy

Abstract Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) is viewed by the US fusion community as a promising alternative and, thus, is a “proper and important component” in the restructured US fusion energy sciences program. The office of Fusion Energy Sciences in DOE continues to support Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) research and development, but with delayed plans for any major construction, due to US government budget tightening.
Determination of the conformation of nicotine and some related compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance and dipole moments

A single NMR signal for protons in the 2- and 5-positions in N-methylpyrrolidine indicates rapid inversion of the nitrogen so that the methyl group spends half of its time on each side of the molecule. A single band for protons in the 2- and 5-positions in N -methylpyrrolidine N-oxide shows that the CH 3 and the O - provide similar environments. Confirmation of this is obtained from the fact that NMR bands for comparable protons occupy nearly the same positions in N -methylpyrrolidine methiodide and N -methylpyrrolidine N -oxide. Introduction of a pyridine, or a pyridine N -oxide, ring in the 2-position causes the methyl protons and one proton on the asymmetric carbon to move upfield and all the other protons to move downfield. The upfield motion of these protons is consistent with the configuration which has the methyl group situated away from the pyridine ring. Dipole moments indicate that oscillation between two conformations is likely in ( L )-nicotine and ( L )-nicotine N -oxide, while ( L )-nicotine N -oxide and ( L )-nicotine N, N ′-dioxide appear to be fixed in one preferred conformation.
Deepening-upward Sequences in Oligocene and Lower Miocene Fan-delta Deposits, Western Santa Ynez Mountains, California

ABSTRACT Coarse, matrix-supported conglomerates, an abundant invertebrate faunal assemblage, and large vertical burrows record high-energy nearshore deposition in the Vaqueros Formation of the westernmost Santa Ynez Mountains. These strata document the effect of Late Oligocene-Early Miocene eustatic sea-level rise on fan-delta deposits of the tectonically active southern California continental margin. The Vaqueros fan-delta succession can be divided into six facies deposited in three fan-delta facies assemblages: fan-delta plain, fan-delta front, and fan-delta slope. The fan-delta-plain facies assemblage consists of inversely to normally graded, matrix-supported, boulder to pebble conglomerates. These conglomerates are angular, nonfossiliferous, and laterally persistent. The fan-delta front facies assemblage is characterized by non-graded to normally graded, sandy, cobble to pebble conglomerates and conglomeratic sandstones organized in both channelized and nonchannelized bedding units. Pectens, oysters, and shallow-water gastropods are abundant in this facies, and individual beds have sharp bases and burrowed tops. Small-scale lenticular bedding and reworked lenses of fossil mater al are common throughout. Locally, the nonchannelized units show subhorizontal bedding. Fan-delta-slope strata are dominated by extensively bioturbated, locally cross-bedded, pebbly, coarse sandstone overlain by sandstone/fossil conglomerate couplets. Pebble imbrication throughout the sequence, along with channel orientations and cross-bedding in the fan-delta-front units, record paleoflows to the east and the southeast. These facies assemblages represent deposition in a deepening-upward fan-delta system on the southern flank of the then-emergent Santa Maria basin (the paleotrench-slope break). Fan-delta-plain conglomerates record braided fluvial and intertidal deposition; fan-delta-front conglomerates and sandstones record channel-mouth and bar/spit deposition; and the fan-delta-slope sandstones record deposition in shoreface to inner-shelf environments. The sequence documents local sedimentary response during a period of regional tectonic subsidence and general eustatic sea-level rise.
Hydrophilic but not hydrophobic bile acids prevent gallbladder muscle dysfunction in acute cholecystitis

The pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis (AC) is controversial. Bile acids may be involved in the pathogenesis of AC because the hydrophobic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) reproduced in vitro the muscle dysfunction observed in AC and was prevented by the hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The present study examined the in vivo effects of UDCA or CDCA on gallbladder muscle dysfunction caused by AC. Guinea pigs were treated with placebo, UDCA, or CDCA for 2 weeks before sham operation or induction of AC by bile duct ligation (BDL) for 3 days. Pretreatment with oral UDCA prevented the defective contraction in response to agonists (acetylcholine [ACh], cholecystokinin 8 [CCK-8], and KCl) that occurs after BDL. Prostaglandin (PG) E(2)-induced contraction remained normal in the placebo and UDCA-treated groups but was impaired in the CDCA-treated group. Treatment with UDCA also prevented the expected increase in the levels of H(2)O(2), lipid peroxidation, and PGE(2) content in the placebo-treated AC group, whereas CDCA caused further increases in these oxidative stress markers. The binding capacity of PGE(2) to its receptors and the activity of catalase were reduced after treatment with CDCA. Treatment with UDCA enriched gallbladder bile acids with its conjugates and reduced the percentage of CDCA conjugates. In contrast, treatment with CDCA significantly decreased the percentage of UDCA in bile. In conclusion, oral treatment with UDCA prevents gallbladder muscle damage caused by BDL, whereas oral treatment with CDCA worsens the defective muscle contractility and the oxidative stress.
NONSHRINKING DIFFRACTION SCATTERING

ABS>Arguments suggesting that the forward peak of highenergy elastic scattering does not shrink are presented. It is shown that both p-p and e (as Fe/sup 59 -p scattering are not only consistent with, but -rather suggestive of no shrinkage. Arguments supporting no shrinkage in terms of a complex, energy- dependent effective potential are presented. A more specific model of high- energy elastic scattering is constructed that predicts no shrinkage and produces a finite (non zero) total cross section in the limit of infinite energy. (C.E.S.)
Conditional Deletion of ERK5 MAP Kinase in the Nervous System Impairs Pheromone Information Processing and Pheromone-Evoked Behaviors

ERK5 MAP kinase is highly expressed in the developing nervous system but absent in most regions of the adult brain. It has been implicated in regulating the development of the main olfactory bulb and in odor discrimination. However, whether it plays an essential role in pheromone-based behavior has not been established. Here we report that conditional deletion of the Mapk7 gene which encodes ERK5 in mice in neural stem cells impairs several pheromone-mediated behaviors including aggression and mating in male mice. These deficits were not caused by a reduction in the level of testosterone, by physical immobility, by heightened fear or anxiety, or by depression. Using mouse urine as a natural pheromone-containing solution, we provide evidence that the behavior impairment was associated with defects in the detection of closely related pheromones as well as with changes in their innate preference for pheromones related to sexual and reproductive activities. We conclude that expression of ERK5 during development is critical for pheromone response and associated animal behavior in adult mice.
Invoking Discourse-Based Contrast Sets and Resolving Syntactic Ambiguities ☆

Four self-paced reading experiments focusing on the main clause/reduced relative clause ambiguity were conducted to assess the effects of semantic focus on the resolution of syntactic ambiguities. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of the focus operator only resulted in diminished garden path effects for reduced relative clauses, controlling for definiteness of the noun phrase. Experiment 2 manipulated discourse contexts and showed that the presence of an explicit contrast set in the context sentence preceding a target sentence with focus interacted with the continuation of an ambiguous fragment as either a main clause or reduced relative. Experiment 3 showed that discourse context effects did not play a role in reading times when the target sentence did not contain a focus marker, confirming that the focus effect is the result of the joint interaction of a focus marker and discourse context. The results of Experiment 4 suggested that the semantic requirements of focus combined with a constraining discourse lead to a garden path effect with main clause continuations of ambiguous strings as compared to unambiguous strings. These results provide evidence against a garden path model of sentence processing which initially computes only a single analysis. Possible mechanisms underlying the identification of contrast sets in discourse are discussed.
Red post-starburst galaxies

Observations of nearby star-forming regions suggest that the initial mass function is deficient in low-mass stars when the ambient star formation rate is high. We investigate the consequences of a truncated initial mass function on the photometric evolution of star burst galaxies using new models of stellar population synthesis. A major prediction with respect to the case of a standard initial mass function is that the spectra of the galaxies become unusually red when the turnoff mass reaches the cutoff of the initial mass function. This red phase can last for more than 109 yr if the lower cutoff is less than 2M ⊙. The amplitude of the reddening depends only weakly on the lower cutoff but increases with the fraction of the galaxy mass involved in the starburst. Such unusually red (V — K > 3.5) post-starburst galaxies can be distinguished from galaxies reddened by dust or with abnormally high metallicities by their unusually strong 4000 A break and the presence of stellar absorption features typical of late-type giants.
Framing Journalism Education

Examining the growth, incentives, and progress of overseas campuses of major American educational institutions is an important academic pursuit. To have a complete picture, one must also consider the impact these branch campuses are having on the lives of their students. The Northwestern University in Qatar’s journalism program was invited to teach its curriculum, unalloyed, in a region that has had an alternative perception of the role of journalism in society. This essay offers personalized and informed reflection on these issues. Answers to the questions raised about overseas education become clearer when looking at the “classroom” and the associated symbolism.
Vector competence of alpine, Central Valley, and coastal mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from California for Jamestown Canyon virus

Mosquitoes collected from alpine, Central Valley, and coastal habitats in California were evaluated for their vector competence for four strains of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus. Three of the viral strains examined were isolated from alpine Aedes species collected in California, and one, the prototype JC virus, was isolated from Culiseta inornata (Williston) collected in Colorado. Alpine Aedes tahoensis Dyar, Ae. cataphylla Dyar, Ae. hexodontus Dyar, Ae. increpitus Dyar, Ae. clivis Lanzaro and Eldridge, and coastal Aedes washinoi Lanzaro and Eldridge were variably susceptible to alpine strains of JC virus. Infection rates ranged from 22 to 77%, and peroral transmission rates of the infected females ranged from 0 to 26%. The differences were related to both mosquito species and viral strain. Coastal populations of Cs. inornata, Ae. washinoi, and Ae. sierrensis (Ludlow) were incompetent vectors when fed an alpine strain of JC virus, whereas Ae. squamiger (Coquillet) and Ae. dorsalis (Meigen) were competent vectors. Peroral transmission rates following parenteral infection of females of most species were about twofold higher than those for perorally infected females. A population of Cs. inornata from the Central Valley was highly susceptible when fed an alpine strain of JCV and transmitted virus both horizontally and vertically. Alpine strains of JC virus also were transmitted vertically by Ae. tahoensis, Ae. washinoi, and Ae. squamiger following parenteral infection of females.
FGFR3 unliganded dimer stabilization by the juxtamembrane domain

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) conduct biochemical signals upon dimerization in the membrane plane. While RTKs are generally known to be activated in response to ligand binding, many of these receptors are capable of forming unliganded dimers that are likely important intermediates in the signaling process. All 58 RTKs consist of an extracellular (EC) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain, and an intracellular domain that includes a juxtamembrane (JM) sequence and a kinase domain. Here we investigate directly the effect of the JM domain on unliganded dimer stability of FGFR3, a receptor that is critically important for skeletal development. The data suggest that FGFR3 unliganded dimers are stabilized by receptor–receptor contacts that involve the JM domains. The contribution is significant, as it is similar in magnitude to the stabilizing contribution of a pathogenic mutation and the repulsive contribution of the EC domain. Furthermore, we show that the effects of the JM domain and a TM pathogenic mutation on unliganded FGFR3 dimer stability are additive. We observe that the JM-mediated dimer stabilization occurs when the JM domain is linked to FGFR3 TM domain and not simply anchored to the plasma membrane. These results point to a coordinated stabilization of the unliganded dimeric state of FGFR3 by its JM and TM domains via a mechanism that is distinctly different from the case of another well studied receptor, EGFR.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the WAIS-R: Plausibility of Models

A confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the respective viability of factor structure models for the WAIS-R standardization data. The traditional Verbal-Performance split was compared to an alternative model proposed by Gutkin, Reynolds, and Galvin (1984). The confirmatory analysis indicated that the Gutkin model provides a superior fit to the data at all age levels and for the total sample. In addition, the results from Gutkin model analyses at each age level were iterated, yielding a refinement in the respective age-specific fits of the model. Implications for test interpretation are discussed.
Animal models of perinatal asphyxia: contributions, contradictions, clinical relevance.

Animal models have contributed immensely to our understanding of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in the newborn. A number of animal models have been used, including both primate and subprimate species. Although the Rhesus monkey model has a dramatically similar pathological distribution of brain injury when compared with the human, other pathologic processes secondary to asphyxia may be more appropriately assessed in other species. The maxim that because primates are closer on the phylogenetic tree to humans than are subprimates all observations in the primate are applicable to the human is simply not true. Understanding of the neurochemical consequences of asphyxia in the past decade have arisen from experiments primarily in the neonatal rat. We have come to understand that not only is the hypoxic event of major significance, but that, once reperfused, reoxygenation causes further injury. Free-radical generation following reperfusion may be massive and may further contribute to cell membrane injury. These observations have lead to rational theoretic approaches to the treatment of hypoxic ischemic brain injury. On the other hand, prevlously used treatments such as osmotic agents and glucocorticoids would appear to be not only inefficacious but hazardous in the treatment of hypoxic ischemic brain injury. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of brain injury is yet uncertain, but there is little doubt that it plays a significant role. Although survival of the immature animal subjected to hypoxic environment is longer than in the mature animal, the central nervous system of the immature animal is more sensitive to glutamate and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated injury.
Overactive Bladder in Children. Part 2: Management

Purpose: The management of pediatric overactive bladder syndrome has relied primarily on anticholinergics and a bowel regimen. In many cases the results have been ineffective and they have frustrated many parents, patients and practitioners. We explored other treatment modalities that may be more effective than the regimens that we currently use. A thorough understanding of the causes of overactive bladder syndrome are essential to help us find the appropriate treatment for individuals.Materials and Methods: We looked at numerous treatment modalities that are being used for overactive bladder syndrome and matched them to a specific cause of overactive bladder syndrome that would be best suited to treat the problem. The treatment of constipation as a mainstay for pediatric overactive bladder syndrome was explored as well as its different options. New treatment modalities involving electrical stimulation were explored as well as botulinum A toxin injections.Results: The effectiveness of each treatment was a...
Lipid Oxidation, Volatiles, and Color Changes in Irradiated Raw Turkey Breast During Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT: Raw turkey breasts were aerobically or vacuum-packaged, irradiated with a linear accelerator, and frozen for 0, 1.5, or 3 mo. Lipid oxidation, volatiles, color values, gas production, and oxidation-reduction potential of the samples were determined. Irradiation produced off-odor volatiles associated with lipid oxidation and sulfur-volatiles; the off-odor was much higher in aerobic packaging. Volatiles increased with irradiation dose, aerobic packaging, and storage time. Irradiation increased stable pink color with both aerobic and vacuum-packaging. Irradiation increased the production of carbon monoxide (CO) and reducing property, indicating that CO-myoglobin could be responsible for the pink color. Lipid oxidation and color changes were not related in irradiated frozen turkey.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for flunixin in cattle (Bos taurus)

Frequent violation of flunixin residues in tissues from cattle has been attributed to non-compliance with the USFDA-approved route of administration and withdrawal time. However, the effect of administration route and physiological differences among animals on tissue depletion has not been determined. The objective of this work was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict plasma, liver and milk concentrations of flunixin in cattle following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration for use as a tool to determine factors that may affect the withdrawal time. The PBPK model included blood flow-limited distribution in all tissues and elimination in the liver, kidney and milk. Regeneration of parent flunixin due to enterohepatic recirculation and hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites was incorporated in the liver compartment. Values for physiological parameters were obtained from the literature, and partition coefficients for all tissues but liver and kidney were derived empirically. Liver and kidney partition coefficients and elimination parameters were estimated for 14 pharmacokinetic studies (including five crossover studies) from the literature or government sources in which flunixin was administered i.v., i.m. or s.c. Model simulations compared well with data for the matrices following all routes of administration. Influential model parameters included those that may be age or disease-dependent, such as clearance and rate of milk production. Based on the model, route of administration would not affect the estimated days to reach the tolerance concentration (0.125 mg kg(-1)) in the liver of treated cattle. The majority of USDA-reported violative residues in liver were below the upper uncertainty predictions based on estimated parameters, which suggests the need to consider variability due to disease and age in establishing withdrawal intervals for drugs used in food animals. The model predicted that extravascular routes of administration prolonged flunixin concentrations in milk, which could result in violative milk residues in treated cattle.
The Elastic Field of an Elliptic Inclusion With a Slipping Interface

En contraste avec l'interface parfaitement lie, la solution ne peut etre exprimee sous forme fermee et implique une serie infinie
Familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.

Abstract A 6-year-old boy who was clinically euthyroid was found to have a low PBI and no detectable TBG in the serum. Two brothers had absent TBG and four other relatives had low TBG. This suggests an autosomal pattern of inheritance of the gene concerned with TBG.
Morphogenesis of fetal rat duodenal villi

To study the structural features of fetal rat duodenal mucosa associated with histogenesis of villi, duodena from 15- to 19-day fetuses were examined by light and electron microscopy. The duodenal epithelium of 15- to 18-day fetuses was stratified. Distinctive junctional complexes associated with membrane-bounded vesicles and cilia-like structures were seen in the deeper epithelial layers at 15 and 16 days. Small lumina, designated "secondary lumina," lined with a variable number of microvilli developed between epithelial cells at these junctional complexes during the sixteenth through eighteenth days. Degenerative changes and exfoliation of superficial epithelial cells were obvious in 17- and 18-day fetuses. In 18-day fetuses, aggregates of mesenchyme had invaginated the basal aspect of the stratified epithelium. Concomitantly, the number of epithelial layers overlying these mesenchymal projections was decreased. In 19-day fetuses, well formed, short duodenal villi lined by a simple columnar epithelium which included goblet and endocrine cells were evident. Injection of ferritin into the main duodenal lumen of 17-day fetuses failed to reveal continuity between the main lumen and the secondary lumina. However, continuity between many secondary lumina and the main lumen was demonstrated in 18-day fetuses. Thus, major morphological features associated with villus formation in fetal rat duodenum include: (1) formation of many secondary lumina in primitive stratified epithelium, (2) eventual fusion of these lumina with the main duodenal lumen, by their continued growth coupled with exfoliation of degenerating superficial layers and (3) upward growth of mesenchyme towards the lumen as cell exfoliation and expansion of secondary lumina take place.
Evaluation of configurational entropy methods from peptide folding-unfolding simulation.

A 4-μs molecular dynamics simulation of the second β-hairpin of the B1 domain of streptococcal protein G is used to characterize the free energy surface and to evaluate different configurational entropy estimators. From the equilibrium folding−unfolding trajectory, 200 000 conformers are clustered according to their root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). The height of the free energy barrier between pairs of clusters is found to be significantly correlated with their pairwise RMSD. Relative free energies and relative configurational entropies of the clusters are determined by explicit evaluation of the partition functions of the different clusters. These entropies are used to evaluate different entropy estimators for the largest 20 clusters as well as a subensemble comprising exclusively extended conformers. It is found that the quasi-harmonic entropy estimator operating in dihedral angle space performs better than the one using Cartesian coordinates. A recent generalization of the quasi-harmonic approach tha...
Response of structures subjected to horizontal-vertical random earthquake excitations

A single-degree-of-freedom column subjected to horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations is considered. The earthquake ground accelerations are modelled by segments of stationary and nonstationary Gaussian white noise processes. The Fokker-Planck equation governing the transition probability density of the response is described and the associated second moment equations are derived. The transient and nonstationary response statistics for a range of values of parameters are obtained. A Monte-Carlo digital simulation study is also performed. The results are compared with the theoretical findings and good agreement is observed. Particular attention is given to the amplification effect of the vertical ground acceleration. It is shown that the effect of the vertical ground motion is significant when the load ratio is relatively large. Based on the presented statistical analysis, peak velocity responses for a range of natural periods are estimated. The results are compared with the combined horizontal-vertical response spectra of El Centro 1940 earthquake and reasonable agreement is obtained.
Caching multidimensional queries using chunks

Caching has been proposed (and implemented) by OLAP systems in order to reduce response times for multidimensional queries. Previous work on such caching has considered table level caching and query level caching. Table level caching is more suitable for static schemes. On the other hand, query level caching can be used in dynamic schemes, but is too coarse for “large” query results. Query level caching has the further drawback for small query results in that it is only effective when a new query is subsumed by a previously cached query. In this paper, we propose caching small regions of the multidimensional space called “chunks”. Chunk-based caching allows fine granularity caching, and allows queries to partially reuse the results of previous queries with which they overlap. To facilitate the computation of chunks required by a query but missing from the cache, we propose a new organization for relational tables, which we call a “chunked file.” Our experiments show that for workloads that exhibit query locality, chunked caching combined with the chunked file organization performs better than query level caching. An unexpected benefit of the chunked file organization is that, due to its multidimensional clustering properties, it can significantly improve the performance of queries that “miss” the cache entirely as compared to traditional file organizations.
Wavelength-selective infrared detectors

Several designs that could produce significant wavelength selectivity in micromachined microbolometers are reviewed. These frequency selective surfaces can be achieved using stacks of dielectric coated resistive sheets or by replacing the normal uniform absorbing sheet used in IR microbolometers with true microbolometers (i.e., bolometers that are much smaller than the wavelength) combined with an antenna. Here we discuss dielectric coated designs that can substantially improve the wavelength selectivity of microbolometers.
Modos de transição em perspectiva comparada

Embora a literatura sobre democratizacao tenha dedicado consideravel atencao ao conceito de modos de transicao, as tentativas de explicar as perspectivas de consolidacao democratica como consequencia do modo de transicao revelam-se inconclusivas. Revisitando esse debate, este artigo sustenta que o modo de transicao afeta o padrao de competicao entre elites, as regas institucionais elaboradas durante o periodo de transicao e a disposicao de atores-chave a aceitar ou rejeitar as novas regras do jogo. Da-se conteudo substantivo a esse argumento mediante uma comparacao inter-regional que abrange os casos da Argentina, do Brasil, do Chile, da Bulgaria, da Tchecoslovaquia, da Hungria e da Polonia.
INDUCTION OF ABNORMAL IMMUNOPOIESIS BY PERSISTENT EMBRYONIC VIRAL INFECTION

Infection of 16-hour-old chicken embryos with mumps virus produced an initial decrease of both plasma IgM and IgG in poults with delayed maturation of normal IgG synthesis. Despite hypogammaglobulinemia, specific antiviral neutralizing antibody first appeared one week after disappearance of virus from 7-day-old hatchling chicks. Intramuscular inoculation of 19-day-old chicks with heterologous erythrocytes elicited significantly (P<.01) lower titers of agglutinins in embryonically-infected birds with a delay in transition of 19S to 7S antibody. Secondary antibody surge in experimental birds was also significantly (P<.02) less than controls with continued predominance of 19S antibody. Induction of cell-mediated immunity by footpad inoculation of 46-day-old birds with diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant failed to discern suppression of T-cell function in previously infected chicks. Virus, detected in high titer throughout embryonic development, declined in the bursa of Fabricius prior to hatch. Although bursae of infected 7-day-old birds contained a slightly greater population of IgM-producing lymphoid cells than controls, distribution of IgG in bursae of experimental chicks was strikingly reduced. Consistent with persistent embryonic infection and altered bursal function, IgM alone was observed in spleens of infected chicks only.
Exact Generation of Continuous Wavelet Transforms, and Reconstruction, for Sturm-Liouville ODEs and PDEs

(determining E and the initial moment values p,,(i)),and procede to numerically integrate the coupled first order equations. For the class of wavelet functions beingconsidered, the wavelet transform,W'I', is a (finite) linear superposition of the moments and therefore triviallyobtainable. Reconstruction of the corresponding (wavefunction) solution, 'I', ensues by either using well knowndyadic wavelet reconstruction methods, or evaluating the a —