cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relating the parton model and color dipole formulation of heavy quark hadroproduction

At high center of mass energies, hadroproduction of heavy quarks can be expressed in terms of the same color dipole cross section as low Bjorken-x deep inelastic scattering. We show analytically that, at leading order, the dipole formulation is equivalent to the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism of the conventional parton model. In phenomenological application, we employ a parametrization of the dipole cross section which also includes higher order and saturation effects, thereby going beyond the parton model. Numerical calculations in the dipole approach agree well with experimental data on open charm production over a wide range of energy. The dipole approach and the next to leading order parton model yield similar values for open charm production, but for open bottom production, the dipole approach tends to predict somewhat higher cross sections than the parton model.
The synthesis of 1,1-dichloro-3,3,5,5-tetraphenylcyclotriphosphonitrile from a linear phosphonitrile

Abstract The value of a general method for synthesizing cyclic phosphonitrile polymers from linear polymers is illustrated by the synthesis of 1,1-dichloro-3,3,5,5-tetraphenyltriphosphonitrile from (C6H5)4P2N3H4Cl and phosphorus pentachloride.
An Enlightened Madness

If one believes Foucault, the advent of insanity as a category is consonant with the birth of the Enlightenment. According to the Foucault of Madness and Civilization, the juridical judgment toward madness is first evidenced in Descartes' Meditations. It is there, in the first meditation, that Descartes dis? tinguishes between reason and madness through juridical language, language that purportedly jettisons reason beyond the absurdity of madness in what will be the establishment of clear and distinct ideas.1 But this jettisoning is not so simple in the conceptual configuration of Descartes' text. As Derrida has rightly pointed out, Descartes, in effect, never argues or accepts the distinc? tion between madness and reason, at least not in the first meditation. And, even if Descartes were to simply appropriate the distinction through the employ? ment of juridical language, in this case that strategy makes no difference for what is being conceptually argued. Much to the contrary: The inability to distinguish between reason and madness is carried over into an inability to distinguish between dreaming and waking life, and further between an evil and benevolent genius, the latter being the point at which a movement between reason and madness will have been entirely fluid. Finally, once this fluidity has been established, if such can be said, the inability to determine madness so attractive for what goes under the banner "post-modernity" is matched by an equal inability to determine reason. Now, this would seem perilous for the manner in which the Enlightenment is typically portrayed. That is, reason as the ultimate court of appeal would be as abyssal as the silence of madness to which it is more often than not set in opposition. Now, it would seem that however one might choose to characterize the "first" Enlightenment, one would have to accept certain ties to the dreams of rationality, to the dream that reason be the final court of appeal. So it would seem. But, the attempt to set reason free, even within its own limits as Kant attempts to do in his "What is Enlightenment?" ? is not necessarily bound to foundational principles, especially in the manner in which the Enlightenment is often ventriloquized. Yes, principles are employed that possess the tonality of the fundamental, principles that are absolutely necessary for philosophi? cal analysis, principles that are taken to be fundamental on the way to what grounds their veracity. But, even this does not exclude the possibility ? per
The Zermelo-Voronoi Diagram: a dynamic partition problem

We consider a Dirichlet-Voronoi like partition problem for a small airplane operating in the horizontal plane in the presence of winds that vary uniformly with time. It is shown that the problem can be interpreted as a Dynamic Voronoi Diagram problem, where the generators are not fixed, but rather they are moving targets to be reached in minimum time. The problem is solved by reducing it to a standard Voronoi Diagram by means of a time-varying coordinate transformation.
LOW ENERGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF THE GROWTH OF GaN ON 6H–SiC(0001)

The experimental possibilities and limitations of the study of the MRE growth of GaN on 6H-SiC(0001) in a low energy electron microscope are discussed. Results illustrating these possibilities and limitations are presented. We disagree with the interpretation given in a recent report on some of the results. In this paper, we present our own interpretation of the experimental data and provide the reasons why the earlier interpretation is incorrect.
Are coerced agreements involuntary

It is widely supposed that agreements made in response to coercion are entered into involuntarily for that reason. This paper argues that that supposition is false and that it has generated a good deal of avoidable confusion in the courts and among some legal commentators. Agreements entered into involuntarily of course, have no legal standing. But, on any plausible account of “coercion”, agreements entered into in response to coercion are an inevitability of social life. To prohibit them would be to prohibit many agreements we ought to and do enforce (e.g. labor agreements entered into under threat of strike). This is not to deny that agreements induced by certain uses of force or certain threats of force have and ought to have no standing. But here it is the type of force or threat that invalidates the agreement, not the use of coercion per se.
Comparison of Yellow Holocyclic and Green Anholocyclic Strains of Myzus persicae (Sulzer): Transmission of Beet Western Yellows Virus

In the Yakima Valley of Washington there are two distinct strains of the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer): a holocyclic yellow morph and an anholocyclic green morph. These two distinct color morphs were maintained for over 20 generations in the greenhouse on a number of different host plants. In tests with non-viruliferous GPA feeding on diseased sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris (L.), or hoary cress, Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., the holocyclic strain was slightly more successful in transmitting beet western yellows virus (BWYV) to an indicator plant, shepherdspurse, Capsella-bursa pastoris (L.) Medic., than the anholocyclic strain. However, viruliferous GPA of the holocyclic strain was less successful in transmitting BWYV to indicator plants after first feeding on noninfested sugarbeet or hoary cress plants (83 and 66% efficiency, respectively), whereas the anholocyclic strain was able to transmit BWYV at lesser rates (98 and 96%, respectively). These differences may have arisen because of selective factors resulting from the different winter hosts normally associated with the two populations.
Dipolar broadening of electron spin resonance lines of free radicals: Spin-trapping studies of free radicals in cigarette smoke

Abstract Electron spin resonance spectra of spin-trapped free radicals from tobacco smoke have been examined. The cigarettes studied were standard IRI research cigarettes supplied by the University of Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute. Substantial changes in the spectra were observed upon aging of the samples. Aging for several days resulted in at least two remaining long-lived spin-adducts. For the experimental configuration employed the efficiency of the spin-trapping apparatus was determined to be about 47%. Utilizing measurement of the broadening of the magnetic resonance lines as function of the amount of smoke passed through the phenyl-t-butyl nitrone spin-trapping solution, a concentration of about 1 × 1018 free radicals per cigarette puff was deduced. The method employed in this determination was tested with a number of stable free radicals in several solvents.
IN SITU UPTAKE KINETICS OF AMMONIUM AND PHOSPHATE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE RED SEAWEED GRACILARIA TIKVAHIAE1

The uptake kinetics of ammonium and phosphate by Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan were studied under field conditions. Seaweeds, pulse fed once a week for 6 h over a 4-week period, had maximum uptake rates of 19 μmol·g fwt−1·h−1 for ammonium and 0.28 μmol·g fwt−1·h−1 for phosphate. For both nutrients there was a positive linear correlation between uptake rate (v) and concentration (S) over the entire range of concentration tested. In a nutrient depletion experiment, the phosphate uptake curve determined over a wide range of concentrations consisted of two stages of saturation at low concentrations, and a linear phase at high concentrations. Ash free dry weight, chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, and protein content were higher in pulse fed plants than in control plants receiving no nutrient additions, while the reverse held true for carbohydrate contents and the C/N ratios. The C/N ratio inversely correlated with ammonium and phosphate uptake rate as well as protein and phycoerythrin content, and positively with carbohydrate content.
Cold ion beams in the low latitude boundary layer during accelerated flow events

Measurements made with the Fast Plasma Experiment on ISEE 1 and 2 reveal that accelerated beams of cold (1-30 eV for H/+/) ions are present sporadically on reconnected field lines within the low latitude boundary layer (LLBI). H(+) normally is the major constituent of these beams, but He(+) and O(+) are also occasionally detected in variable concentrations. Because of the low temperatures and the compositional makeup of these beams, the ionosphere must ultimately be the source of these ions. Observed beam speeds (between 120 and 250 km/s) are always less than that of the magnetosheath ions which penetrate into the LLBL on reconnected field lines, but both ion populations share the same E x B convective drift. Analysis reveals that reflection at the magnetopause cannot be the mechanism accelerating these ions. A more likely possibility is that the ions are accelerated primarily by the large transverse drift of recently reconnected field lines.
A covalent model for the bonding of adsorbed hydrocarbon fragments on the (111) face of platinum

A systematic molecular orbital study of the location of CHn and C-CHn (n = 1, 2, 3) species on a Pt(111) single-crystal surface has been performed by using both a cluster model and a band structure calculation within the framework of the Extended Huckel Theory (EHT). These species may be involved in the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes of hydrocarbons. The observed dependence of the adsorption site on the number of hydrogens in the CHn fragments suggests that any C-H bond breaking in CHn species must involve a change of adsorbate bonding site. The carbon is found to be located on the surface in such a way as to complete its tetravalancy. Thus, CH occupies a three-fold coordinated hollow site, CH2 a two-fold coordinated bridge site and CH3 a one-fold coordinated top site. C-CH3 is found to be perpendicular to the surface in a three-fold hollow site in agreement with experimental observations. It is also found that a displacement of C-CH2-R to a top site makes a β C-R cleavage easier.
MORPHOMETRY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, AND DIET OF ACANTHOCARPUS ALEXANDRI STIMPSON, 1871 (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT

ABSTRACT Morphometry, reproductive biology, and diet of Acanthocarpus alexandri (Brachyura, Calappidae), captured on the eastern continental shelf of North America, are described. Carapace width was significantly longer than carapace length for the size range (CW: 6–44 mm) examined. Of the nine morphometric relationships observed, five dimensions exhibited allometric growth: width of propodus for male chelipeds, length of ischio-merus for female chelipeds, length of inferior meral spine for chelipeds of both sexes, width of the abdomen, and length of vulvae for females. Sexual dimorphism was demonstrated for body depth, abdominal width, and length of inferior spine of the chelipeds. Pubertal molts for females in the 18-24 mm range of carapace width were inferred from changes in allometry of vulval length and abdominal width. These alterations were correlated with gonad development and pleopod setation. Examination of testes and vasa deferentia indicated that males mature within a comparable size range. Acanthocarpus alexandri is an opportunistic carnivore and scavenger, feeding on a variety of benthic infauna.
Gifted underachievers: Insights from the characteristics of strategic functioning associated with giftedness and achievement

Abstract Group differences according to giftedness and academic achievement were examined for the acquisition and transfer of a strategy. 101 high achieving gifted, underachieving gifted, high achieving nongifted, and average achieving nongifted middle-school students orally solved sets of verbal and figural analogies across several phases: before being trained to use a strategy (baseline), after training, at proximal transfer (analogies from the trained domain), and at distal transfer (analogies from the non-trained domain). Group differences between the two gifted classifications, two achievement groups, and four gifted classification x achievement groups, were remarkably parallel. That is, students who excel on measures of intelligence, achievement, or both, tended to exceed their peers in spontaneous strategy implementation, strategy acquisition and generalization, and the number of analogies solved. These results also suggest that deficits in strategic functioning are one source of underachievement in the gifted population.
Determination of cluster spacings in the FIM: Iridium dimers on W(110)

Abstract The field ion microscope normally does not provide a reliable indication of distances; nevertheless, by mapping out the binding sites for a single adatom and relying upon the known lattice spacings, it has in general been possible to circumvent this difficulty. Problems still remain, however, in arriving at unequivocal results for the interatomic spacings in clusters. A combination of methods, involving mapping of the exact sites at which a cluster is bound, computer-based image processing, together with diffusion measurements and observation of field effects, can usually yield concordant information about spacings, at least in clusters containing only a small number of atoms. These techniques are illustrated using as an example the spacing between atoms in Ir 2 on W(110), about which there is still considerable disagreement.
Characterization of the Two eIF4A-binding Sites on Human eIF4G-1

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G-1 (eIF4G) plays a critical role in the recruitment of mRNA to the 43 S preinitiation complex. eIF4G has two binding sites for the RNA helicase eIF4A, one in the central domain and one in the COOH-terminal domain. Recombinant eIF4G fragments that contained each of these sites separately bound eIF4A with a 1:1 stoichiometry, but fragments containing both sites bound eIF4A with a 1:2 stoichiometry. eIF3 did not interfere with eIF4A binding to the central site. Interestingly, at the same concentration of free eIF4A, more eIF4A was bound to an eIF4G fragment containing both eIF4A sites than the sum of binding to fragments containing the single sites, indicating cooperative binding. Binding of eIF4A to an immobilized fragment of eIF4G containing the COOH-terminal site was competed by a soluble eIF4G fragment containing the central site, indicating that a single eIF4A molecule cannot bind simultaneously to both sites. The association rate constant, dissociation rate constant, and dissociation equilibrium constant for each site were determined by surface plasmon resonance and found to be, respectively, 1.2 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1), 2.1 x 10(-3) s(-1), and 17 nm for the central site and 5.1 x 10(3) m(-1) s(-1), 1.7 x 10(-3) s(-1), and 330 nm for the COOH-terminal site.
Generation and detection of acoustic waveguide modes in ultrathin crystals using the transient grating technique

Abstract The generation of acoustic waveguide modes (Lamb waves) in ultrathin solids using the transient grating (TG) technique is described. The driving force due to the TG excitation is derived for a free, isotropic plate. In contrast to a bulk isotropic material in which a single wave is excited, the TG excites a number of modes with a variety of frequencies but with the same wavevector. The frequencies beat, resulting in a complex time-dependent signal. Experimental results for anthracene sublimation flakes of ≈ 1 μm thicknesses are presented. Lamb waves with frequencies that do not match the bulk frequencies are generated.
Mars Science Laboratory Heatshield Development, Implementation, and Lessons Learned

The Mars Science Laboratory is a scientific mission that placed a 900 kg rover with 10 science instruments on the surface of Mars. A key component for landing on the surface of Mars is the aeroshell, which decelerates the entry vehicle to just 1% of its initial kinetic energy at atmospheric entry. The forward portion of the aeroshell is the heatshield, which must be designed to withstand the pressure, heating, and shear stresses it experiences during the atmospheric deceleration process. The original thermal protection system chosen for the heatshield, SLA-561V, was the material used on all previous Mars aeroshells but required new qualification testing. Unfortunately, the material failed testing in the more extreme environment three months after the aeroshell and project critical design reviews. A rapid decision was required to switch to another material under test by the Orion program called phenolic impregnated carbon ablator. With 18 months left to design, fabricate, test, and deliver this new heatshi...
Prognostic and predictive markers for personalized adjuvant therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

Adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical resection in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with large tumors (>4 cm) or tumors with lymph node metastases has emerged as a standard of care. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy are modest, with a 5-year survival improvement of only 5–10%. In addition, survival rates of 25% or greater with surgery alone suggest that some patients do not need adjuvant therapy. Therefore, there is a need to develop prognostic and predictive markers to identify patients in need of adjuvant therapy and the patients likely to benefit from such therapy. Many factors have been evaluated for this purpose and some of these factors, such as visceral pleural invasion, can influence the decision to use adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most of the available data are retrospective, which limits the utility of these markers in current practice. Ongoing trials are evaluating many promising markers and may guide adjuvant therapy in the future.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of KsgA, a universally conserved RNA adenine dimethyltransferase in Escherichia coli.

The bacterial enzyme KsgA catalyzes the transfer of a total of four methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to two adjacent adenosines in 16S rRNA. These modified adenosines are universally conserved in all species of eubacteria, eukaryotes and archaebacteria studied. Recombinant KsgA from Escherichia coli was overexpressed as a His-tagged fusion protein and purified. The recombinant protein was crystallized using PEG 4000 as a precipitant. The crystals belong to space group C2 and diffract X-rays to a resolution of 1.9 A. The unit-cell parameters are a = 173.9, b = 38.4, c = 83.0 A, β = 90.0°. Structure determination using the molecular-replacement method is at the early stages of refinement.
The rate of tertiary (reparative) dentine formation in the human tooth.

Abstract In view of the increased interest in the biologic potential of the human dental pulp, the rather misleading statements concerning the rate of tertiary (reparative) dentine formation indicate the necessity of establishing some guidelines for this process. A histologic study of 108 human teeth with Class V cavities prepared by high- and low-speed methods with and without coolants was carried out. Little evidence of tertiary dentine formation was apparent prior to the thirtieth post-operative day. The rate of formation was highest initially in the 27- to 48-day interval (3.5 μ per day); it decreased markedly after the forty-eighth day of the experimental period to 0.74 μ per day; and it decreased further to 0.23 μ in the 72- to 132-day period. The average rate for the total length of the study was 1.49 μ per active day. The factor of remaining dentine thickness by itself did not appear to effect tertiary dentine production. However, operative techniques inducing considerable trauma were capable of slightly increasing the production of tertiary dentine.
Rural Development Research: Conceptualizing and Measuring Key Concepts

In a paper presented at these meetings two years ago, Back argued that "the unsatisfactory state of rural development policy reflects in part either an inadequate or inaccessible knowledge base" (p. 1125). Basically, Back was arguing that research in rural, development had not provided policy-makers with the information necessary to formulate a cohesive national rural development policy. In addition, he argued that the reason for the "knowledge gap" is the institutional arrangements for conducting rural development research.
Regional, Racial, and Gender Differences in Colorectal Cancer Screening in Middle-aged African-Americans and Whites

African-Americans have higher incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer than non-African-Americans. Early detection with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces untimely death because the test can detect abnormalities and precancerous polyps in the colon and rectum. However, African-Americans aged 50 and older continue to have low CRC screening adherence. A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey to examine trends in self-reported CRC screening by geographic region, race, and gender. African-Americans, particularly men, were less likely to have been screened for colon cancer compared to all races and genders in this study. Individuals in the south were more likely to receive CRC screening than other regions. Colon cancer education and interventions are needed among low-adherent groups to promote the benefits of early detection with CRC screening.
Alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence in adults in New York State

This objective of this study was to assess the differences by gender, age, race in the relationship between alcohol consumption and current alcohol dependence among adults in the general population. Logistic regression showed that, at levels of alcohol consumption below about six drinks per day, males have a higher probability of alcohol dependence than females, but that above about six drinks per day, females have a higher probability. Older adults are at less risk of dependence than younger drinkers; however, blacks and whites did not differ in their probability of dependence. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.
Fatal complications of virus hepatitis in two patients with agammaglobulinemia

Abstract Two patients with agammaglobulinemia who died of complications of a disease presumed to be homologous serum hepatitis are described. The occurrence of acute atrophy in one patient and typical postnecrotic cirrhosis in the other has induced critical evaluation of the concept that an autoimmune mechanism is important in the pathogenesis of either of these complications of virus hepatitis.
Life Course Outcomes on Mental and Physical Health: The Impact of Foster Care on Adulthood

Objective. We compared the prevalence rates of mental health and physical health problems between adults with histories of childhood foster care and those without.Methods. We used 2003–2005 California Health Interview Survey data (n = 70 456) to test our hypothesis that adults with childhood histories of foster care will report higher rates of mental and physical health concerns, including those that affect the ability to work, than will those without.Results. Adults with a history of childhood foster care had more than twice the odds of receiving Social Security Disability Insurance because they were unable to work owing to mental or physical health problems for the past year, even after stratifying by age and adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Conclusions. Childhood foster care may be a sentinel event, signaling the increased risk of adulthood mental and physical health problems. A mental and physical health care delivery program that includes screening and treatment and ensures...
Differential Inhibition of Transcription of DNA by Melanoma Chromosomal Proteins

Histones and 4 nuclear nonhistone protein fractions (NHP 1-4 ) were extracted from nuclei of a Cloudman mouse melanoma cell line (NCTC 3960, CCL 53) and tested for their ability to bind to DNA and influence transcription. The histones and NHP fractions showed different binding affinities for DNA, with the histones and NHP 1 exhibiting the highest affinity. The NHP fractions differentially affected both the rate of RNA synthesis and the size of RNA transcribed. NHP 1 which inhibited RNA synthesis to the greatest extent, inhibited synthesis of all sizes of RNA except for major peaks of 28S and 8S RNA and discrete minor peaks of 7S, 6S, 5S, and 4S RNA. Histones markedly enhanced the effect of NHP 1 on RNA synthesis. These results suggest that there are nonhistone proteins in Cloudman melanoma nuclei which have a high affinity for DNA and which may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Estimating the Entropic Cost of Self-Assembly of Multiparticle Hydrogen-Bonded Aggregates Based on the Cyanuric Acid·Melamine Lattice

The entropic component of the free energy of assembly for multiparticle hydrogen-bonded aggregates is analyzed using a model based on balls connected by rigid rods or flexible strings. The entropy of assembly, ΔS, is partitioned into translational, rotational, vibrational, and conformational components. While previously reported theoretical treatments of rotational and vibrational entropies for assembly are adequate, treatments of translational entropy in solution and of conformational entropyoften the two largest components of ΔSare not. This paper provides improved estimates and illustrates the methods used to obtain them. First, a model is described for translational entropy of molecules in solution (ΔStrans(sol)); this model provides physically intuitive corrections for values of ΔStrans(sol) that are based on the Sackur−Tetrode equation. This model is combined with one for rotational entropy to estimate the difference in entropy of assembly between a 4-particle aggregate and a 6-particle one. Second,...
Is the American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification Useful in Risk Stratification for Endoscopic Procedures

Background The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification is a measurement of comorbidity and a predictor of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Objective To assess the predictive ability of the ASA class for periendoscopic adverse events. Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting A total of 74 sites in the United States comprising academic, community/health maintenance organization, and Veterans Affairs/military practices affiliated with the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative (CORI) database. Patients Patients who were 18 years or older who underwent an endoscopic procedure between 2000 and 2008. Interventions EGD, colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and ERCP. Main Outcome Measurements Immediate adverse event requiring an unplanned intervention. Results A total of 1,590,648 endoscopic procedures were performed on 1,318,495 individual patients. The majority of patients were designated as ASA class I or II (I: 27%, II: 63%). An immediate adverse event occurred in 0.35% of all endoscopic procedures (n = 5596) and was proportionally highest for ERCPs (1.84%). Increasing ASA class was associated with higher prevalence and a stepwise increase in the odds ratio of serious adverse events for EGD (II: 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-1.82]; III: 3.90 [95% CI, 3.27-4.64]; IV/V: 12.02 [95% CI, 9.62-15.01]); and colonoscopy (II: 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85-1.01]; III: 1.66 [95% CI, 1.46-1.87]; IV/V: 4.93 [95% CI, 3.66-66.3]). This trend was not significant for flexible sigmoidoscopy and ERCP. Limitations Retrospective; endpoint was a surrogate for periprocedure morbidity. Conclusions ASA class is associated with increased risk of adverse events at endoscopy, particularly for EGD and colonoscopy. It is useful in endoscopic risk stratification and an important quality indicator for endoscopy.
Statistics of strange attractors by generalized cell mapping

It is proposed in this paper to use the generalized cell mapping to locate strange attractors of dynamical systems and to determine their statistical properties. The cell-to-cell mapping method is based upon the idea of replacing the state space continuum by a large collection of state space cells and of expressing the evolution of the dynamical system in terms of a cell-to-cell mapping. This leads to a Markov chain which in turn allows us to compute all the statistical properties as well as the invariant distribution. After a general discussion, the method is applied in this paper to strange attractors of a variety of systems governed either by point mappings or by differential equations. The results indicate that it is a viable, effective and attractive method. Some comments on this method in comparison with the method of direct iteration will also be made.
Adenosine receptors and cardiovascular disease

Adenosine has often been cited as a universal “retaliatory metabolite” against the destructive cellular mechanisms that are initiated during metabolic/oxidative stress. Despite this billing, clinical application of adenosine has been limited to rather specific cardiovascular indications (e.g., paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia). At least four adenosine receptor subtypes mediate the physiologic effects of adenosine, and each receptor subtype has been implicated as a target for development of agonist- and antagonist-based therapies against a wide range of disorders (cardiac arrhythmias, asthma, renal failure, and inflammation). Yet, clinical application of receptor subtype selective ligands has been very limited. The lag in clinical development of subtype selective ligands has largely been due lack of an X-ray-resolved receptor structure and concomitant production of very selective agonists and antagonists. Species and tissue differences in ligand selectivity, receptor-effector coupling, and intracellular signaling also frustrate efforts in developing subtype selective therapies despite a great deal of amino acid homology across the receptor subtypes. The adenosine subtype-1 receptor (A1) has been particularly well studied in a variety of cardiovascular pathologies and a number of selective ligands for the receptor have been developed. A1 selective ligands acting as full agonists (CVT-510) or partial agonists (CVT-2759), antagonists (BG971/CVT-124) and allosteric enhancers (PD81723) are now under preclinical scrutinys or are being developed for the clinical application in a variety of cardiovascular disorders and will be discussed herein.
Intramitochondrial glycogen deposits in hypertrophied human myocardium

Abstract Intramitochondrial glycogen deposits were present in ventricular muscle cells in 4 of 16 patients with aortic valvular disease and 5 of 16 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. The intramitochondrial glycogen deposits were located in the outer mitochondrial compartment (intracristal space) in each instance and were of the monoparticulate (β) type in seven patients; both β-glycogen and α-glycogen rosettes were present in mitochondria from the other two patients. Mitochondria containing glycogen were present in about equal frequency in hypertrophied cells with otherwise normal ultrastructure and in cells with features of degeneration. Intramitochondrial glycogen appears to be a relatively common finding in hypertrophied myocardium in a variety of cardiac conditions.
DYNAMICS OF SELF-REPLICATING PATTERNS IN REACTION DIFFUSION SYSTEMS

Recently solutions to a simple reaction diffusion system have been discovered in which localized structures (spots) make copies of themselves. In this Letter we analyze the one-dimensional analog of this process in which replication occurs until the domain is filled with a periodic array of spots. We provide a heuristic explanation of why this replication process should occur in a broad class of systems. Time dependent solutions are developed for model systems and their analytic structures investigated.
Symbolic discriminant analysis of microarray data in autoimmune disease

New laboratory technologies such as DNA microarrays have made it possible to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously in a particular cell or tissue. The challenge for genetic epidemiologists will be to develop statistical and computational methods that are able to identify subsets of gene expression variables that classify and predict clinical endpoints. Linear discriminant analysis is a popular multivariate statistical approach for classification of observations into groups. This is because the theory is well described and the method is easy to implement and interpret. However, an important limitation is that linear discriminant functions need to be prespecified. To address this limitation and the limitation of linearity, we have developed symbolic discriminant analysis (SDA) for the automatic selection of gene expression variables and discriminant functions that can take any form. In the present study, we demonstrate that SDA is capable of identifying combinations of gene expression variables that are able to classify and predict autoimmune diseases.
Fuller’s Folly, Kuhnian Paradigms, and Intelligent Design

Some of the most telling arguments against 'intelligent design' (ID), in the recent Dover Area School District 'Darwin trial', came from analyzing drafts of the school textbook, Of Pandas and People (Davis & Kenyon, 2005). The three 'astonishing points' that emerged from that analysis were: '(1) the definition for creation science in early drafts is identical to the definition of ID; (2) cognates of the word creation ... were deliberately and systematically replaced with the phrase ID; and (3) the changes occurred shortly after the Supreme Court held that creation science is religious and cannot be taught in schools.'1 As a former high school teacher, I was not surprised to find a textbook at the center of the latest controversy or that the textbook's own history is significantly intertwined with the history of the debate. I was very pleased, therefore, to see that this was also recognized by Judge John E. Jones III, who was forthright in naming 'intelligent design' as a mere re-labeling of creationism and not a scientific theory, an opinion that has been rightly seen as an important victory for the teaching of science in US schools. It has been much harder to understand how Steve Fuller, Professor of Sociology at Warwick University in England, could testify that ID was indeed a science. Tellingly, his paragraph on the Pandas textbook in the justification of his position in this journal ends with the rather disdainful dismissal that: 'In any case, my own testimony was limited to the general matter of whether IDT [Intelligent Design Theory] counts as science' (Fuller, 2006: 828). In order to demonstrate why Fuller's testimony and the arguments promoting ID or creationist school text books are more closely connected than Fuller would have us believe, I want to follow back a single phrase from the introduction of Pandas explaining its goal: '[to] present inter pretations of the data proposed by those today who hold the two alternative concepts; those with a Darwinian frame of reference, as well as those who
TU-G-110-07: Quantitative Measurement of an Iodinated Contrast Agent with Dual Energy and Spectral Breast Computed Tomography

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of quantifying an iodinated contrast agent with dual energy and spectral breast computed tomography (CT).Methods: A cylindrical Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom with a diameter of 4.5 cm was constructed using various iodine concentrations that ranged from 0.4 to 4 mg/ml. Calibrations and measurements were carried out with (1) a flat panel detector using dual kVp technique and (2) a Cadmium‐Zinc‐Telluride (CZT) photon countingdetector using a single kVp approach in a spectral CTsystem. Based on the simulation results, energies of 50 and 120 kVp were chosen for the dual kVp imaging. Energy splitting at 34 keV, which is just above the k‐edge of iodine, was used to bin photons into two images within a single energy acquisition at 50 kVp. Results: Iodinated solutions with different concentrations can be clearly identified in the dedicated iodine image obtained from both dual kVp flat panel imaging and CZT‐based spectral CT. The linear fitting of the experimental data as a function of the known values yielded slopes of 0.998 and 1.021 for the dual kVp and spectral CT techniques, respectively. This suggested that the measured iodine concentrations agreed very well with the known values. Conclusion: The experimental results suggest that both dual kVp and spectral CT can be used for quantitative decomposition of contrast‐enhanced breast imaging. Meanwhile, the CZT‐based spectral CTsystem may offer a better image quality than the comparable flat panel based dual energy CTsystem.
The action of bile salts on fluid and glucose movement by rat and hamster jejunum, in Vitro

Everted sacs of rat and hamster jejunum were used to measure, simultaneously, fluid and glucose movement in the presence of various concentrations of bile salts. Low concentrations of sodium taurocholate or glycocholate did not affect the rates of fluid absorption or transport by either rat or hamster jejunum. Under these conditions, in some cases, while glucose absorption was unaffected, glucose transport was inhibited. High concentrations of bile salts reduced fluid and glucose absorption and transport by both rat and hamster jejunum. Although the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient is completely inhibited at low concentrations of bile salts with rat jejunum, it still occurs with hamster jejunum even in the presence of high bile salt concentrations. In the absence of glucose in the incubation medium, the rates of fluid absorption by rat and hamster jejunum were greatly reduced. Under these conditions, fluid transport by rat jejunum was completely abolished, whereas fluid transport by hamster jejunum was greatly reduced, but not completely inhibited. However, addition of bile salts to the glucosefree incubation medium did produce a complete inhibition of fluid absorption and transport by both rat and hamster jejunum. Bile salts, within the concentration range used in this investigation, have no effect upon glucose utilization and lactic acid production by either rat or hamster jejunum. Sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, at the low concentration of 1 mM, reduced the ATP levels in both rat and hamster jejunal sacs. This reduction of ATP levels in whole sacs was also observed to occur in the mucosal layer in the presence of low concentrations of bile salts. A greater reduction in tissue ATP levels was observed when the bile salt concentration was increased. The amount of ATP in unincubated rat and hamster jejunum was reduced by approximately 40% when incubated in bicarbonate saline containing glucose. Tissue ATP levels were also reduced when sacs were incubated in a glucose-free medium, a greater reduction being observed in rat jejunum. In the absence of glucose, bile salts were capable of decreasing ATP levels in hamster, but not in rat jejunum. The effects of bile salts on fluid and glucose movement by rat and hamster jejunum were discussed in relation to tissue energy sources for these processes. Also, the possible role played by bile salts in regulating the transference of various substances across the intestinal wall was discussed.
On the interface instability of a cylindrical fiber embedded in a matrix

The interface evolution of a fiber embedded in a matrix is investigated for separate interfacial axial and radial sinusoidal perturbations. A new dispersion equation is derived by considering lattice diffusion in both the fiber and the matrix.
Long term radiographic changes following anterior cervical fusion

Long-term follow-up radiographs of patients with anterior cervical fusions demonstrated progressive cervical spondylosis and osteophytes at levels above and below the fusion. The findings may represent a response to altered stresses imposed by the surgery.
Hypoxic depression of PKG-mediated inhibition of serotonergic contraction in ovine carotid arteries

Chronic hypoxia attenuates soluble guanylate cyclase-induced vasorelaxation in serotonin (5-HT)-contracted ovine carotid arteries. Because protein kinase G (PKG) mediates many effects of soluble gu...
New NIST Atomic Spectra Database

A new database has been created that makes a wealth of information on spectra, energy levels, and transition probabilities for atoms and atomic ions easily available via the World Wide Web. These data will be a valuable resource for interpretation of solar and other astrophysical spectra obtained from ground-based and space observations.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Past Tense Marking by African American English–Speaking Children Reared in Poverty

Purpose This study examined past tense marking by African American English (AAE)-speaking children from low- and middle-income backgrounds to determine if poverty affects children’s marking of past...
Two Distinct Regions in a Yeast Myosin-V Tail Domain Are Required for the Movement of Different Cargoes

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae myosin-V, Myo2p, is essential for polarized growth, most likely through transport of secretory vesicles to the developing bud. Myo2p is also required for vacuole movement, a process not essential for growth. The globular region of the myosin-V COOH-terminal tail domain is proposed to bind cargo. Through random mutagenesis of this globular tail, we isolated six new single point mutants defective in vacuole inheritance, but not polarized growth. These point mutations cluster to four amino acids in an 11-amino acid span, suggesting that this region is important for vacuole movement. In addition, through characterization of myo2-ΔAflII, a deletion of amino acids 1,459–1,491, we identified a second region of the globular tail specifically required for polarized growth. Whereas this mutant does not support growth, it complements the vacuole inheritance defect in myo2-2 (G1248D) cells. Moreover, overexpression of the myo2-ΔAflII globular tail interferes with vacuole movement, but not polarized growth. These data indicate that this second region is dispensable for vacuole movement. The identification of these distinct subdomains in the cargo-binding domain suggests how myosin-Vs can move multiple cargoes. Moreover, these studies suggest that the vacuole receptor for Myo2p differs from the receptor for the essential cargo.
Actions of the testicular paracrine factor (P-Mod-S) on Sertoli cell transferrin secretion throughout pubertal development.

Peritubular cells that surround the seminiferous tubules have been shown to produce a paracrine factor, termed P-Mod-S, that has dramatic effects on Sertoli cell function in uitro and is postulated to be important in the control of testicular function. The current study was designed to determine whether P-Mod-S has the ability to regulate Sertoli cell function during pubertal development. Sertoli cells were isolated from 10-, 20-, and 35-day-old rats which correspond to the prepubertal, mid- pubertal, and late pubertal stages of development. Histochemical analysis of cultured cells isolated from each age group was performed to establish the purity of the cell populations used. Testicular transferrin production by Sertoli cells was used as a marker of cellular differentiation. Basal production of transfer- rin by the cultured cells was found to increase during the pubertal period. P-Mod-S stimulated transferrin production by Sertoli cells isolated from 10-, 20-, and 35-day-old rats. FSH appears to enhance the ability of Sertoli cells to respond to P- Mod-S with cells obtained from 10-day-old rats. Sertoli cells from 35-day-old rats were nonresponsive to regulatory agents such as FSH. P-Mod-S alone, however, significantly stimulated transferrin production by Sertoli cells from this more adult stage of development. P-Mod-S was the only individual regulatory agent tested that could stimulate transferrin production by Sertoli cells from 35-day-old rats. Results indicate that P-Mod- S has the ability to regulate Sertoli cell function throughout pubertal development. Observations suggest that P-Mod-S and FSH may act together in the prepubertal testis to promote Sertoli cell differentiation and that P-Mod-S may act in the adult testis to maintain optimal Sertoli cell function and differ- entiation. (Endocrinology 129: 353-360,1991)
An integrative health information systems approach for facilitating strategic planning in hospitals.

This paper explores the need for integrating effective information systems management into hospital strategic planning and suggests a methodology for constructing a strategic information system (SIS) development framework that is flexible enough to permit a hospital to adjust its strategies to environmental changes and to stay on course with its vision. This SIS architecture utilizes a systems perspective of strategic decision making within a hospital in two phases. Organizational analysis examines the hospital’s current position within the environment and the development of the hospital’s vision and goals. Strategic Information Systems development includes SIS goals assessment, strategic information requirements analysis (SIRA) and SIS implementation planning.
Capacity of wireless ad hoc networks with cooperative diversity: a warning on the interaction of relaying and multi-hop routing

In this paper, we first develop the system model for a wireless ad hoc network employing cooperative diversity. A simple fading relay channel is considered where the relay terminals apply the amplify-and-forward protocol. An equivalent multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) channel with multiple users is developed. Based on this model, basic rate matrix theory is applied to study the average rate regions under various transmission strategies. In particular whether relaying is beneficial is studied for cases with single hop and multi-hop routing where spatial reuse may be employed. The results indicate that cooperative diversity can provide substantial gains for cases with single hop routing. However, if optimum multi-hop routing is employed, cooperative diversity gains are small.
A Dynamic Estimation of Total Energy Demand for the Southern States

Few studies have examined in-depth the dynamics of energy consumption within regions or states in spite of the known differences in consumption patterns within nations. To adequately plan and forecast future energy needs and formulate conservation policies, states or regions need basic information such as income and price elasticities, consumption patterns, etc. Here we estimate the energy demand needs of the 16 states that belong to the Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) as a first step toward assessing future demand. A dynamic panel data framework is used to examine the long-run adjustment patterns. The preferred model shows a process of dematerialization over time. Per capita energy demand over time for the south is found to be relatively inelastic with respect to all the variables and more so for price (-0.32) than income (0.40). The level of income at which per capita energy consumption is maximized is $31,623 (in 1995 dollars). Six of the 16 states in the SSEB are found to have reached or surpassed this level of income.