cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning in an invasive and a native predatory crab

The invasion of the green crab Carcinus maenas in the northeastern U.S. and its competition with the native blue crab Callinectes sapidus and other native crustaceans has been well-documented and researched. Various reasons for the invader’s success against native crabs have been examined (juvenile predation, food source flexibility, etc.), but another possibility is a difference in the learning ability of invasive versus native crab species. In this study, the learning ability of C. maenas and C. sapidus was tested by their increased speed in locating hidden food over successive days. The data suggest that C. maenas possesses a learning ability significantly greater than that of C. sapidus, which may partially contribute to its success.
Glacial rebound and relative sea levels in Europe from tide-gauge records

Abstract Relative sea levels recorded by tide gauges during the past century in northern Europe are dominated by isostatic readjustment of the land following the latest deglaciation of Scandinavia and Scotland. Maximum relative uplift of the land is centered near the northern Gulf of Bothnia (at a rate of 6–7 mm/yr), with a smaller secondary maximum over Scotland (also at a rate of 6–7 mm/yr). Although there probably is a relaxing peripheral bulge surrounding the regions of maximum uplift, such a former bulge is poorly defined by coastal tide gauges; in the North Sea evidence for sinking of a former peripheral bulge of glacial origin is complicated by post-Carboniferous basin deepening with sediment loading and possible rejuvenation associated with glaciation. Other data (gravity, radiocarbon, geomorphology) support the interpretation that glacial isostasy controls the structure of relative sea-level change. Included in this pattern of relative rise of land is a eustatic signal that biases the estimates of glacial rebound. Such a eustatic signal could not be isolated from the isostatic signal using the present data, but glacial isostasy clearly is a major control for relative sea levels of the region. Absence of significant higher frequency (2–50 yr) cycles in mean annual sea levels of northern Europe reflects the complex hydrologic/oceanographic forces to which sea levels must respond. Whereas other coastal regions show significant higher frequency peaks in the energy spectra of relative sea levels, the many marginal seas in northern Europe preclude a clear relation between hydrologic/oceanographic forcing and relative sea levels, although this relation must exist on a more local scale.
Limiting masses of solutions of the Einstein-Yang/Mills equations

Abstract The first main result of this paper is that the masses of any sequence of distinct, globally defined, spherically symmetric solutions of the SU(2) Einstein-Yang/Mills equations (i.e., particle-like solutions) converge to 2. In addition, if one considers black-hole solutions of these equations, defined for r > ϱ, where ϱ is the radius of the black-hole (the event horizon), then it is shown that the masses of any sequence of distinct black-hole solutions converge to ϱ + 1 ϱ if ϱ > 1, and to 2, if ϱ ≤ 1.
Every Breath You Take, Every Move You Make

Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape Our Lives and Landscapes, by Gregg Mitman, Yale University Press, 2007, xv + 312 pp., $32.00 cloth, $18.00 paper. It is hardly news to point out that illnesses,...
Model of coordination for multilayer protection switching

Networks add recovery to deliver reliable service between a source and destination. Reliable service is an uninterrupted data transfer between nodes, even if certain links or nodes are faulty. Recovery processes in multilayer networks might operate at the same time when faults propagate between layers during a common-cause failure. We propose an architectural model, that represents point-to-point networks as a grid, where the decisions of recovery can be represented as the replacement of ports. Since a connection is a path through the grid, we can easily determine if multiple connections are repaired. Repairing connections is the goal of multilayer recovery, even if they are repaired at different layers. Since the operations of recovery are the result of preplanned provisioning, a model-checking algorithm could be implemented to check for conflicts in the provisioning. As a first step, this paper decouples the protocols for implementing the actions of recovery from an actual resource-based model. Therefore, no signaling between nodes is treated. Since the provisioning of recovery processes will create decisions of recovery after a catastrophic common-cause failure, we can map the configurations that satisfy goals into provisioning commands sent to recovery processes.
Aviation human factors research in U.S. universities: Potential contributions to national needs

Universities can and should make vital contributions to national needs in aviation human factors. However, to guide and utilize university research effectively we must understand what types of expertise and facilities universities can bring to bear on aviation problems. We should be aware of where relevant research is already underway and where untapped potential exists. How does the character of research in universities differ from and complement research in government and industry laboratories? What conditions would encourage universities to focus on national priorities and would promote high quality, relevant research? This paper attempts to address these issues. It is based on a survey conducted by the author, which included site visits to several universities, telephone interviews with faculty members at other universities, and a search of the aviation human factors research literature.
Boundary regularity for a family of overdetermined problems for the Helmholtz equation

If a nonconstant solution u of the Helmholtz equation exists on a bounded domain with u satisfying overdetermined boundary conditions (u and its normal derivative both required to be constant on the boundary), then under certain assumptions the boundary of the domain is proved to be real-analytic. Under weaker assumptions, if a real-analytic portion of the boundary has a real-analytic extension, then that extension must also be part of the boundary. Also, an explicit formula for u is given and a condition (which does not involve u) is given for a bounded domain to have such a solution u defined on it. Both of these last results involve acoustic single- and double-layer potentials.
Considering metabolic issues when initiating HIV therapy

Patients with HIV infection and their clinicians are increasingly considering the risk of metabolic complications when choosing HIV therapies. Fear of the potential metabolic consequences of antiretroviral agents may lead some to delay HIV therapy and threaten medication adherence once treatment is initiated. Until recently, there has been limited objective study of the relative contributions of specific antiretrovirals and particular combinations of these drugs to dyslipidemia and body fat changes; in lieu of data, unsupported perceptions regarding the links between therapies and these metabolic complications have predominated. Over the past year, a number of comparative clinical trials have clarified the association between exposure to antiretrovirals and lipid and fat disorders and, in some cases, have yielded results that challenge our perceptions regarding the causes of these complications.
The Solubility of the Chloromethanes in Water

There are more than 150 papers that report on the solubility of the four chloromethanes in water. Volume 62 of the Solubility Data Series compiles and evaluates the papers concerned with the liquid–liquid solubility of the chloromethanes with water. A similar evaluation has not been carried out for the vapor–liquid solubility at a partial pressure up to the saturation vapor pressure of the four chloromethanes. This paper uses the liquid–liquid evaluated solubility values to calculate vapor–liquid Henry’s constants. They are compared with a compilation of Henry’s constants with good agreements between the calculated constants and the median of the compiled constants. It is believed that the calculated constants are a reliable set of values to use for the vapor–liquid solubility of the chloromethanes in water.
Fuzzy Logic Inference Neural Networks

Fuzzy Logic has gained increased attention as a methodology for managing uncertainty in a rule-based structure. In a fuzzy logic inference system, more rules can fire at any given time than in a crisp expert system and since the propositions are modelled as possibility distributions, there is a considerable computation load on the inference engine. In this paper, two neural network structures are proposed as a means of performing fuzzy logic inference. In the first structure, the knowledge of the rule (i.e., the antecedent and consequent clauses) are explicitly encoded in the weights of the net, whereas the second network in trained by example. Both theoretical properties and simulation results of these structures are included.
Protestant Christian Volunteers in Community Social Service Programs: What Motivates, Challenges, and Sustains Their Service

This article presents findings from a research project exploring the motivations of 25 volunteers from Protestant Christian congregations involved in community service programs. These volunteers are motivated primarily as their way of responding to God and to the needs of others. As they serve, beneficial relationships with others and other personal benefits become motivations for their continuing service. Their motivations help them sustain their service in the face of the challenges created by volunteering. This article concludes with implications for social service administrators who seek to recruit, train, and sustain the involvement of these volunteers and their congregations, including understanding and connecting with volunteers' religious world views.
The informed consent dilemma: an empirical approach.

Summary When considering the overall costs and benefits involved in an experiment involving deception, psychologists should estimate empirically whether Ss would consent to participate if they could be informed. A risk-benefit model suggests that Ss elect to participate on the basis of their perception of the stress involved and the benefit derived. Male and female introductory psychology students at Colorado State University (N = 150) indicated which of a list of physically and psychologically stressful experimental procedures they would be willing to undergo when they expected one of two levels of personal or societal benefits or when no benefit statement was made. Counter to the model, benefits had no effect on the amount of stress Ss would accept. There were no sex differences for physically stressful procedures. Males showed more tolerance of some psychologically stressful procedures. Correlations between group paper and pencil ratings of stress in another study and the percentage accepting a procedu...
The science, engineering and business of cyber security

I will use the rare opportunity of this keynote talk to give my perspective on the general state and future prospects for cyber security, and the consequences of this perspective with respect to cyber security research and education. The ambiguous status of computer science in modern academia has persisted through the thirty plus years of my career. Does it belong in the College of Science or the College of Engineering? How about the College of Business? Is it worthy of a separate College of its own? I believe this ambiguity is a manifestation of the fundamental difference between computer science relative to traditional sciences and engineering disciplines. The forces of science, engineering and business come together and reconcile in a particularly unique way in computer science, and within computer science cyber security brings additional peculiarities to this reconciliation.My outlook on cyber security is generally optimistic. I believe at the consumer level market and social forces will drive developed societies to a relatively low assurance of security and privacy analogous to the current state of internet security. The large-scale adoption of internet services across diverse global populations is one indicator that the average consumer is reasonably comfortable with the collateral risks. But nothing is automatic, so social organization will be required to compensate for the intrusions of big government and big business which may turn out to be the much bigger problem than big crime. At the same time I share the concern of many senior national security officials and thought leaders on the increasingly grave threat of cyberwar and cyberterrorism. The US Department of Defense has publicly recognized cyberspace as a man-made domain on par with land, sea, air and space within which wars will be conducted and facilitated. Many other nations and militaries are preparing offensive and defensive cyber capabilities.My talk will elaborate on these notions and seek to glean some lessons for cyber security researchers.
A 36GHz/mw single-phase prescaler using implication logic in 0.13μm CMOS

This paper presents a non-Boolean digital logic technique used in the design of a high-speed and low-power frequency prescaler. Maximum achievable frequency input of prescalers is limited by the number of devices connected in cascade to the high-speed signal path. In this work, a reduced number of devices is obtained in the prescaler by realizing implication logic operators with a single-phase digital-based flip-flop. The prescaler is implemented in 0.13μm CMOS with a 1.2V supply. A measured efficiency of 36GHz per mW is achieved which represents 3X power consumption reduction compared to prior art in the same technology node, and the highest efficiency reported.
Relativistic two-fluid model of nucleus-nucleus collisions

To take into account the expected partial transparency of nuclei during collisions at high energy, we introduce a two-fluid dynamical model, in which coupled relativistic equations of motion are solved for separate target and projectile nuclear fluids. At low relative velocities the target and projectile fluids merge, in which case the conventional one-fluid dynamical model is recovered. For given nuclear equation of state and initial conditions, the equations of motion are solved as functions of time for the nucleon number density, momentum density, energy density, pressure, and velocity for each fluid. In spatial dimensions by means of a relativistic generalization of a standard particle-in-cell finite-difference computing method for multiphase fluid-dynamics problems. For each of several impact parameters, the velocity distribution at some large time is converted to an energy and angular distribution for the expanding matter. Integration of these results over impact parameter then gives d/sup 2/sigma/dEd..cap omega... For /sup 20/Ne + /sup 238/U at laboratory bombarding energies per nucleon of 250 MeV, 400 MeV, and 2.1 GeV, as well as for /sup 4/He + /sup 238/U at a laboratory bombarding energy per nucleon of 400 MeV, we compare calculated and experimental energy spectra for outgoing charged particles at severalmore » angles. The calculations reproduce correctly the experimental slopes at each angle, as well as the overall decrease in the experimental cross section when going from forward to backward angles. However, for /sup 20/Ne + /sup 238/U at laboratory bombarding energies per nucleon of 250 and 400 MeV, the calculated values at 30/sup 0/ are only one-third the experimental values. Also, for /sup 4/He + /sup 238/U at a laboratory bombarding energy per nucleon of 400 MeV, the calculated values at all angles are substantially smaller than the experimental values. We deduce results for /sup 238/U + /sup 238/U at laboratory bombarding energies per nucleon of 250 MeV and 2.1 GeV.« less
Fishing-related ocular trauma in the Pacific Northwest: hook, line and sinker

Traumatic injuries are a worldwide major cause of blindness and ocular morbidity. We report a series of four cases of fishing-related ocular trauma from the Pacific Northwest demonstrating the varied presentation and visual consequences of these injuries, including open and closed globe injuries, retained foreign bodies and retinal and subretinal hemorrhage. More efforts are needed to increase awareness and use of preventative measures.
Identification of a CD20-, FcepsilonRIbeta-, and HTm4-related gene family: sixteen new MS4A family members expressed in human and mouse.

CD20, high-affinity IgE receptor beta chain (FcepsilonRIbeta), and HTm4 are structurally related cell-surface proteins expressed by hematopoietic cells. In the current study, 16 novel human and mouse genes that encode new members of this nascent protein family were identified. All family members had at least four potential membrane-spanning domains, with N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains. This family was therefore named the membrane-spanning 4A gene family, with at least 12 subgroups (MS4A1 through MS4A12) currently representing at least 21 distinct human and mouse proteins. Each family member had unique patterns of expression among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. Four of the 6 human MS4A genes identified in this study mapped to chromosome 11q12-q13.1 along with CD20, FcepsilonRIbeta, and HTm4. Thus, like CD20 and FcepsilonRIbeta, the other MS4A family members are likely to be components of oligomeric cell surface complexes that serve diverse signal transduction functions.
Numerical solution to the Navier-Stokes equations for laminar natural convection about a horizontal isothermal circular cylinder

Abstract Laminar natural-convection heat transfer from a horizontal isothermal cylinder is studied by solving the Navier-Stokes and energy equations using an elliptic numerical procedure. Results are obtained for 100 ≤ Ra ≤ 107. The flow approaches natural convection from a line heat source as Ra → 0 and laminar boundary-layer flow as Ra → ∞. Boundary-layer solutions do not adequately describe the flow and heat transfer at low or moderate values of Ra because of the neglect of curvature effects and the breakdown of the boundary-layer assumptions in the region of the plume. Good agreement with experimental results is achieved.
GABA and glutamate fluxes in developing nerve endings.

Abstract Radiolabeled GABA and glutamate transport into 7 day, 14 day and adult cortical nerve ending preparations was examined. Transport was measured at several Na + concentrations, 19, 27, 43 and 121 mM, and at two temperatures, 15 and 30°C. K m and V max values were calculated for all experimental conditions by means of Wilkinson (1961) analysis. A comparison of the day 14 and adult data shows higher K m values at all Na + concentrations on day 14 for both GABA and glutamate transport. In addition, the temperature dependence of transport was attenuated in the day 14 preparation. Finally, the specificity of GABA transport, as measured by the use of the transport inhibitors β-alanine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, was not different between the day 14 and adult preparations. Overall, it is concluded that both GABA and glutamate transport into day 14 nerve endings behave as if “adult” transporter molecules were existing in a more fluid lipid environment, which is the situation found in synaptic membranes prepared from day 14 nerve endings (Hitzemann and Johnson, 1983). Glutamate and GABA transport into 7 day nerve endings is complex and shows marked differences from the day 14 and adult data. Day 7 GABA transport was significantly more sensitive to β-alanine inhibition. Day 7 transport was more sensitive to Na + manipulation and the temperature dependent kinetics show unique Na + effects not seen in the day 14 or adult preparations. For example, at 19 mM Na + , 7 day glutamate transport was more temperature dependent than adult transport but as the Na + concentration was increased the reverse was true. The opposite situation for temperature-Na + effects was seen for GABA transport. Finally, no Ca +2 -dependent component of GABA release could be found in 7 day nerve endings while a significant component was found at day 14. Overall, it is concluded that both glutamate and GABA fluxes in 7 day nerve endings differ both qualitatively from that seen in both day 14 and adult nerve endings.
A Diurnal Animation of Thermal Images from a Day–Night Pair

Abstract Interpretation of thermal images is often complicated because the physical property information is contained in both the spatial and temporal variations of the data and thermal models are necessary to extract and display this information. A linearized radiative transfer solution to the surface flux has been used to derive a function that is invariant with respect to thermal inertia. This relationship makes it possible to predict the temperature variation at any time in the diurnal cycle using only two distinct measurements (e.g., noon and midnight). An animation can then be constructed from a pair of day–night images to view both the spatial and temporal temperature changes throughout the diurnal cycle. A more complete solution for the invariant function, using the method of Laplace transforms and based on the linearized solution, was introduced. These results indicate that the linear model does not provide a sufficiently accurate estimate. Using standard conditions (latitude 30°, solar declination 0°, acquisition times at noon and midnight), this new relationship was used to predict temperature throughout the diurnal cycle to an rms error of 0.2°C, which is close to the system noise of most thermal scanners. The method was further extended to include the primary effects of topographic slope with similar accuracy. The temperature was computed at 48 equally spaced times in the diurnal cycle with this algorithm using a co-registered day and night TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) data pair (330 pixels, 450 lines) acquired of the Carlin, Nevada, area and a co-registered DEM (Digital Elevation Model). (Any reader can view the results by downloading the animation file from an identified ftp site.) The results illustrate the power of animation to display subtle temporal and spatial temperature changes, which can provide clues to structural controls and material property differences. This `visual change' approach could significantly increase the use of thermal data for environmental, hazard, and resource studies.
An N-terminal polybasic domain and cell surface localization are required for mutant prion protein toxicity.

There is evidence that alterations in the normal physiological activity of PrPC contribute to prion-induced neurotoxicity. This mechanism has been difficult to investigate, however, because the normal function of PrPC has remained obscure, and there are no assays available to measure it. We recently reported that cells expressing PrP deleted for residues 105–125 exhibit spontaneous ionic currents and hypersensitivity to certain classes of cationic drugs. Here, we utilize cell culture assays based on these two phenomena to test how changes in PrP sequence and/or cellular localization affect the functional activity of the protein. We report that the toxic activity of Δ105–125 PrP requires localization to the plasma membrane and depends on the presence of a polybasic amino acid segment at the N terminus of PrP. Several different deletions spanning the central region as well as three disease-associated point mutations also confer toxic activity on PrP. The sequence domains identified in our study are also critical for PrPSc formation, suggesting that common structural features may govern both the functional activity of PrPC and its conversion to PrPSc.
Proximal tubular epithelial hyperplasia in patients with chronic glomerular proteinuria.

Proximal tubular epithelial hyperplasia in patients with chronic glomerular proteinuria. Background Proteinuria is known to affect the proximal tubular epithelial structure and function. The present study tested the hypothesis that chronic proteinuria leads to hyperplasia of proximal tubular epithelium. Methods This hypothesis was tested by morphometric analysis of the renal biopsy specimens in two groups of patients. Group A ( N = 15) was composed of patients with chronic glomerular proteinuria who, for clinical indications, underwent renal biopsy of their native kidneys on two separate occasions. The proteinuria was sustained during the first and second renal biopsies in all but two of the patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome who experienced transient remission. Group B ( N = 10) was composed of patients with little or no proteinuria who underwent renal biopsy because of unexplained hematuria and whose renal biopsy showed only thin glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. Results In Group A, the mean number of epithelial cell nuclei per proximal tubule cross-section increased significantly from the first to the second renal biopsy (11.0 ± 2.7 vs. 13.0 ± 2.2, P = 0.005, paired t -test). Also, those with severe proteinuria showed proximal tubules with reactive epithelium (large pale nuclei with a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio) and marked hyperplasia (double and triple layers of epithelium). Such changes were not seen in group B renal biopsies. Compared with group A biopsies, group B biopsies showed a lower mean value for proximal tubular epithelial cell nuclei per tubular cross-section ( P = 0.056) and a higher mean proximal tubular volume ( P = 0.049). As a consequence, the mean number of nuclei per relative tubular volume was significantly greater in group A compared with group B (0.55 ± 0.14 vs. 0.40 ± 0.06, P = 0.003, by Wilcoxon rank sum). Conclusions Chronic heavy proteinuria is associated with hyperplasia of proximal tubular epithelium and contraction of proximal tubular volume. These events may impair glomerular filtration and represent another mechanism of progression of renal disease.
Recent Advances in Aircraft Tachometer Design

A discussion of recent developments in magnetic-drag-type aircraft tachometer equipment. Wartime demands for increased temperature range, instrument durability, and compactness have led to certain revisions and new design features. The results of these recent developments are outlined in this paper.
Reliability Analysis and Customized Preventive Maintenance Policies for Stents With Stochastic Dependent Competing Risk Processes

The rapid advancement of biomedical implant devices has raised new challenges to the failure analysis and reliability study of such new technologies. Based on the physics-of-failure study of stents, we develop a probabilistic reliability model that considers the stochastic processes presumed to describe two failure-generating processes, as well as the statistical interdependence between them due to exposure to the same external shock process. Different activity levels of patients may result in different levels of shocks and shock damages. Our new reliability models take into account the different effects from the shock process, and the statistical dependence between two failure processes for different patient groups. Based on the respective reliability models, customized maintenance strategies are then developed for different patient groups, with the aim to minimize the impact of unforeseen failures. A numerical example using data from literature is presented to illustrate the derived reliability and maintenance procedures. The results indicate the difference between the inspection timetables for patients with different activity levels. The reliability and maintenance models developed in this paper can facilitate continued advancement of implant devices, and provide fundamentally new perspectives on the application of reliability concepts to evolving medical devices.
Unbiased examination of changes in plasma membrane proteins in drug resistant cancer cells.

In this study, an unbiased examination is made of the abundance changes between proteins found in the basolateral plasma membranes of a drug susceptible parental MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and a...
ANTI-ARABIC PREJUDICE IN "MIDDLETOWN" '

Summary.-This study explored factors related to anti-Arabic prejudice by surveying a random sample of 418 people from "Middletown" (Muncie, Indiana). AntiArabic prejudice was high in the fall of 1990. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, as in other studies of prejudice, low education and high authoritarianism had the strongest independent relations with this type of prejudice. However, being Protestant, vs Catholic, was independently related to anti-Arabic prejudice, Protestants being more prejudiced than Catholics. Also, an interaction obtained between race -and religious fundamentalism. Specifically, white fundamentalists were more prejudiced than white nonfundamentalists, but black fundamentalists were much less preiudiced than black -. nonfundamentalists. Other analyses supported the realistic conflict theory of prejudice by providing some support for the idea that those who saw Arabs as an economic threat were more prejudiced. The results are discussed. Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm against Iraq by the U.S. military forces in the Middle East during the fall and winter of 1990-1991 again focused the attention of Americans on Arabs and the Muslim religion. The concern of the study reported here is on the prejudice and possible discrimination this new conflict between the United States and an Arab nation may have generated toward Arabs in America.
Kinetics of [18F]1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a potential probe for the glutathione detoxification system, in perfused working rat heart

[18F]1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB), a substrate for the detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase, was prepared by 18F-Cl exchange. It was administered as a rapid bolus in the perfused working rat heart and the kinetics of the label were followed by external coincidence detection and by analysis of the coronary effluents and tissue homogenates. The data suggest that part of the extracted tracer was released, part was dehalogenated and part was reversibly incorporated into a large tissue pool of FDNB that was not a substrate for defluorination. The rates of the specific processes, estimated from the residue data, may be sensitive to changes in the glutathione detoxification system and therefore applicable to investigation of the compromised myocardium.
Carrier mobility in the presence of dislocations

The influence of dislocations upon carrier mobility and diffusivity is studied through measurements of the electrical conductance of single crystals of olivine during creep deformation in the temperature range 1610-1725 K, under controlled oxygen fugacity and under uniaxial stresses of 60 to 140 MPa. The results presented indicate that under the conditions examined here the generation and movement of dislocations and other defects associated with plastic deformation does not significantly affect the carrier concentration in olivine. One possible explanation of this conclusion may be that dislocation climb in our creep experiments is controlled by the diffusion of electrically neutral defects. In addition, the results indicate that the mobility of the defect responsible for conduction is not significantly perturbed by dislocation effects or that these effects do not exist.
Gene Therapy of Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Using Lentiviral Vectors With Human CD11b and CD18 Promoters Driving Canine CD18 Expression

To identify cellular promoters in a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector that might be beneficial in treating children with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1), we tested lentiviral vectors with human CD11 and CD18 leukocyte integrin proximal promoter elements directing expression of canine CD18 in animals with canine LAD (CLAD). Lentiviral vectors with either the human CD11b (637 bp) proximal promoter or the human CD18 (1,060 bp) proximal promoter resulted in the highest percentages of CD18+ CLAD CD34+ cells in vitro. Subsequently, two CLAD dogs were infused with autologous CD34+ cells transduced with the hCD11b (637 bp)-cCD18 vector, and two CLAD dogs were infused with autologous CD34+ cells transduced with the hCD18 (1,060 bp)-cCD18 vector. Each dog received a nonmyeloablative dose of 200 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) before the infusion of transduced cells. The two CLAD dogs treated with the hCD18 (1,060 bp)-cCD18 vector, and one of the two dogs treated with the hCD11b (637 bp)-cCD18 vector, had reversal of the CLAD phenotype. These studies using endogenous leukocyte integrin proximal promoters represent an important step in the development of gene therapy for children with LAD-1.
Hyperventilation Syndrome: A Frequent Cause of Chest Pain

Chest pain is frequently a prominent symptom of the hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) and must be distinguished from angina pectoris due to coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAHD). The association between hyperventilation and chest pain may be apparent if psychoneurotic traits or anxiety are present. Many patients with HVS are not overtly anxious or neurotic, but in the great majority, a careful history and physical examination will indicate whether chest pain is due to HVS or CAHD. The failure to make this clinical differentia] diagnosis, which often leads to unnecessary coronary angiography, should not be as frequent as generally experienced. Fifteen of 95 consecutive patients had chest pain and additional typical HVS symptoms. Reassurance and detailed explanation about the cause of the chest pain gave significant relief, so that all patients were less symptomatic 24 to 44 months later, and none had developed new signs or symptoms to suggest that symptomatic CAHD had been overlooked. The risk and expense of coronary angiography was avoided.
Improving the resolution of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry by exploiting the correlation between ion position and velocity

By taking into account the correlation between the positions and velocities of desorbed ions in the source region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and by including this relationship in the equations used to determine spacefocusing conditions, it is predicted that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectral resolution can be improved significantly. Experiments involving MALDI of two proteins, insulin and ubiquitin, demonstrate the validity of this concept. Adduct formation does not limit mass spectral resolution in these two cases.
Image segmentation using fuzzy homogeneity criterion

Abstract The approach proposed here is using fuzzy homogeneity vectors and the fuzzy cooccurrence matrix to segment images. Homogeneity vectors could be used to represent the homogeneous feature between a pixel and its neighbors, and the degree of homogeneity could be determined by using a fuzzy membership function. Combining the homogeneity vectors and the fuzzy membership function, we could extract the feature of an image which determines the fuzzy region width. With the fuzzy region width, we could use the fuzzy cooccurrence matrix to measure the fuzzy geometry properties of an image, which is the fuzzy entropy values that can be employed for determinine the thresholds to segment images. The advantages of this approach are as follows. First, homogeneity vectors take account of the spatial gray-tone dependence; thus, using homogeneity vectors has a better noise tolerance. Second, from the extracted feature, the fuzzy region width could be determined automatically. Third, because the fuzzy region width is decided by the feature of the image, it could be adjusted according to the nature of the image. Fourth, the dimension of the fuzzy cooccurrence matrix representing the image is significantly decreased, but the properties of images are faithfully preserved. A large number of experiments have been carried out on different kinds of images, and good results have been achieved by the proposed method. This method will have wide application in image processing.
Genomic Analysis of Four Human Metapneumovirus Prototypes

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness in children. We determined the complete genome sequence of four strains of HMPV representing each of the four lineages. These sequences were compared with published HMPV genome sequences. Most genes were conserved between the genetic lineages (79.5-99.6%), though nucleotide diversity was greater than amino acid diversity, suggesting functional constraints on mutation. However, the SH and G open reading frames were more variable (mean 76.4% and 59.0% aa identity, respectively), with mostly nonsynonymous changes, suggesting selective pressure on the SH and G proteins. Gene-start regions were largely conserved between genes and viruses, while gene-end sequences were conserved between viruses but not between genes. The SH-G and G-L intergenic regions were extremely long (∼200 nt) and have no defined function, yet were highly conserved within major groups. These findings highlight broadly conserved regions of the HMPV genome and suggest unidentified biological roles for SH and G.
A New High Temperature Fiber

Nomex® has found extensive application in protective clothing and high temperature industrial uses because of the excellent flame resistance, chemical and high temperature inertness of the fiber. Protection from flame by Nomex is a result of unique fiber and fabric behavior, which produces a thick protective char on exposure to flame. In certain catastrophic exposures (e.g., total immersion in burning fuel in a lightweight garment) char formation does not occur, and protection beyond that offered by Nomex is desired. Fiber and fabric properties required to meet this new level of performance have been defined, and laboratory tests to simulate the exposure conditions have been formulated. A new high temperature fiber (HT-4) has been developed to meet these new requirements while retaining satisfactory textile performance.
Theoretical characterization of selected regions of the ground state potential surface of N2H2

The results of CASSCF/multireference contracted CI calculations with large atomic natural orbital basis sets are presented for selected regions of the N2H2 potential surface. The calculations focused on the addition of an H atom to HN2. This process involves four channels. Approach of the H atom along the HN bond leads to N2 + H2 with no barrier (H abstraction), while approach of the H atom to the other three positions leads to trans-HNNH, cis-HNNH, and NNH2, which are stable minima. These calculations provide the most accurate energetics for these three stable species obtained to date. Combining the results of these calculations with previous results for HN2 provides accurate thermochemical data on these important molecules.
Major depression: the importance of clinical characteristics and treatment response to prognosis.

Background: This article analyzed data from the intervention arm of a large treatment trial to demonstrate the importance of clinical severity, course, comorbidity, and treatment response in patient prognosis. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from a large primary care-based geriatric depression treatment trial that analyzes outcomes from the measurement-based stepped-care intervention arm (N=871 patients) to determine: whether increasing severity levels of depression at baseline were linked with other factors associated with poor depression outcomes such as double depression, anxiety, medical disorders, and high levels of neuroticism and pain; and whether patients with increasing levels of depressive severity would have more intervention visits and treatment trials based on a stepped-care algorithm, but would be less likely to reach remission and have a greater likelihood of re-emerging depression in the year after intervention. Results: Increasing levels of depression severity were a robust predictor of lack of remission and were associated with other clinical variables that have been associated with lack of remission in earlier studies such as double depression, anxiety, medical comorbidity, high neuroticism levels, and chronic pain. Patients with higher levels of severity received significantly more intervention visits, more months of antidepressant treatment and more antidepressant trials, but had fewer depression-free days during the 12-month intervention and in the postintervention year. Conclusion: Patients with higher levels of depression severity had worse clinical outcomes despite receiving greater intensity of treatment. A new classification of depression is proposed based on clinical severity, course of illness and treatment experience. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Size, grain type and mineralogical relationships in recent marine calcareous beach sands

Abstract Ten samples of Recent marine carbonate beach sands from the Florida Keys, Bahamas, Virgin Islands and Bermuda were analyzed for sorting parameters, grain genesis, and gross mineralogy. These sands are similar to other beach sands reported in the literature in their tendency toward negative skewness and leptokurtosis. Molluscan fragments are the major grain type in most samples, followed in importance by Halimeda. A decrease in molluscan fragments and an increase in “unknown” material with decreasing size are the only major trends found in grain type. Grain identification was hampered, increasingly in the finer classes, by recrystallization (or micritization) and infilling of intragranular cavities either by lime mud or crystal growth. X-ray diffraction revealed no trend in aragonite content with decreasing size in the sand range. A positive correlation between aragonite content and molluscan fragments plus Halimeda exists. An increase in high-magnesium calcite with decreasing size was noted and is due to increase in foraminifers and coralline algae. No trend in MgCO3 content of low-Mg or high-Mg calcite with size was found. The influence of the juxtaposed sublittoral biota is great, and along with processes at work in the intertidal zone tends to homogenize the beach sands even when they are from different parts of a large subtropical geographic area.
A mechanical analog for the double sine-Gordon equation

Abstract A mechanical analog for the double sine-Gordon equation is proposed and used to analyze solitary solutions for arbitrary parameter values. The extension of this analog to other equations of the multiple sine-Gordon class is also considered.
Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-(+)-carnitine and analogs

Abstract A general asymmetric route to enantiomerically pure (S)-(+)-carnitine and analogs has been investigated that involves monoaddition of organometallic reagents to the lactone carbonyl group of ( 5R,6S )-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5,6-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4 H -1,4-oxazin-2-one and Lewis acid promoted stereoselective allylation of the resulting hemiacetals. The diastereomerically pure allyl oxazines thus obtained were readily converted into enantiomerically pure ( S )-(+)-carnitine and two substituted analogs.
Some reactions of divalent nickel and platinum halide complexes with disodium hexacyanobutenediide

Abstract Reactions of ethanolic disodium hexacyanobutenediide with the complexes L2MCl2 (M = Ni, L2 = 2,2′-bipyridyl, o-phenanthroline, or 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ethane; M = Pt, L = triphenylphosphine or triphenylarsine) give products of stoichiometry L2MC4(CN)6; the nature of these products is discussed.
Atypical ringed sideroblasts in association with trisomy 19 and myelodysplasia

Clonal abnormalities are identified by standard cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells in 40–50% of individuals with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia/refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, a distinctive hematologic illness which is also classified as a form of myelodysplasia. Certain recurring chromosomal abnormalities, including 5q-, 7q-, 20q-, and trisomy 8, are the most frequent examples. Isolated trisomy 19 as a sole clonal aberration in this disorder is a rare event. The case presented here, and which demonstrated 30% involvement of bone marrow cells with trisomy 19, as quantified by fluorescent in situ hybridization studies, appears to represent only the fifth reported instance of such association. An atypical feature in this case was the unique histological appearance of the excessive cytoplasmic mitochondrial-associated iron deposition present in 30% of the bone marrow erythroid precursors as large chunks of Prussian blue-staining material rather than the individual, punctuate, multiple iron granules typically evident in refractory sideroblastic anemias.
Influence of the ionosphere on the altitude of discrete auroral arcs

The altitude of the maximum luminosity of single, discrete auroral arcs was measured by photometric triangulation from two stations (College and Fort Yukon, Alaska) located 226km apart on nearly the same magnetic meridian. The average height of the evening aurora decreases smoothly with increasing solar depression angle (sda) from 160km near 12° sda to 100km after 18° sda. The average height remains constant until around 12° sda in the morning. This diurnal variation is similar to that of the electron density in the F region of the ionosphere. Thus, the behavior is consistent with the concept that the mean auroral electron energy increases as the ionospheric conductivity decreases due to ionospheric recombination in the evening twilight. However, the mean electron energy decreases in magnitude at dawn when the solar ionizing radiation returns and the electron density in the F region increases. The magnetospheric acceleration mechanism associated with discrete auroral arcs thus appears to be inversely proportional to the ionospheric conductivity, because the time variation of the acceleration mechanism coincides with the local F region electron density and not with any obvious magnetospheric process. Previous auroral altitude observations, using similar triangulation methods, showed that the altitude of discrete auroral arcs increases as a function of latitude. When these data are corrected for the twilight effect, the dependence of altitude on latitude disappears. Thus, the average altitude of discrete auroral arcs and, by inference the magnetospheric auroral electron acceleration mechanism, is significantly influenced by the initial ionospheric conductance.
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier as the primary effect of CNS irradiation.

Abstract The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is believed to be unique in organ microcirculation due to the ‘tight junctions’ which exist between endothelial ceps and, some argue, the additional functional components represented by the perivascular boundary of neuroglial cells; these selectively exclude proteins and drugs from the brain parenchyma. This study was designed to examine the effects of irradiation on the BBB and determine the impact of the altered pathophysiology on the production of central nervous system (CNS) late effects such as demyelination, gliosis and necrosis. Rats, irradiated at 60 Gy, were serially sacrificed at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Magnetic resonance image analysis (MRI) was obtained prior to sacrifice with selected animals from each group. The remaining animals underwent horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) perfusion at the time of sacrifice. The serial studies showed a detectable disruption of the BBB at 2 weeks post-irradiation and this was manifested as discrete leakage; late injury seen at 24 weeks indicated diffuse vasculature leakage, severe loss of the capillary network, cortical atrophy and white matter necrosis. Reversal or repair of radiation injury was seen between 6 and 12 weeks, indicating a bimodal peak in events. Blood-brain barrier disruption is an early, readily recognizable pathophysiological event occurring after radiation injury, is detectable in vivo/in vitro by MRI and HRP studies, and appears to precede white matter necrosis. Dose response studies over a wide range of doses, utilizing both external and interstitial irradiation, are in progress along with correlative histopathologic and ultrastructural studies.