cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Multifunctional roles in neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity.

One of the most important mechanisms for regulating neuronal functions is through second messenger cascades that control protein kinases and the subsequent phosphorylation of substrate proteins. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II) is the most abundant protein kinase in mammalian brain tissues, and the α-subunit of this kinase is the major protein and enzymatic molecule of synaptic junctions in many brain regions. CaM-kinase II regulates itself through a complex autophosphorylation mechanism whereby it becomes calcium-independent following its initial activation. This property has implicated CaM-kinase II as a potential molecular switch at central nervous system (CNS) synapses. Recent studies have suggested that CaM-kinase II is involved in many diverse phenomena such as epilepsy, sensory deprivation, ischemia, synapse formation, synaptic transmission, long-term potentiation, learning, and memory. During brain development, the expression of CaM-kinase II at both protein and mRNA levels coincides with the active periods of synapse formation and, therefore, factors regulating the genes encoding kinase subunits may play a role in the cell-to-cell recognition events that underlie neuronal differentiation and the establishment of mature synaptic functions. Recent findings have demonstrated that the mRNA encoding the α-subunit of CaM-kinase II is localized in neuronal dendrites. Current speculation suggests that the localized translation of dendritic mRNAs encoding specific synaptic proteins may be responsible for producing synapse-specific changes associated with the processing, storage, and retrieval of information in neural networks.
Comparison of collisional activation spectra of some positive ions produced both by charge reversal of negative ions and by decomposition of positive ions

The charge reversal collision induced decomposition mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrum of allyl anion has been compared with the collision induced dissociation mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrum of allyl cation and found to be identical except for the presence of +2 ions formed by charge stripping in the spectrum of the [C3H5]+ ion. Likewise, the collision induced dissociation mass analyzed ion kinetic energy charge reversal spectrum of [CH3Se]− has been compared with the collision induced dissociation mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrum of [CH3Se]+ and found to be identical. A study of the pressure dependence of the collision induced dissociation mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrum of [C3H5]+ and [C3H5]− showed increasing fragmentation with increasing collision gas pressure, and suggests that a greater mean number of collisions converts more energy to internal modes in the collision induced dissociation mass analyzed ion kinetic energy experiment even at low pressures.
Aortic Regurgitation Associated with Ventricular Septal Defect: Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic Observations

Ventricular septal defect is sometimes associated with aortic regurgitation. In this report, an echocardiogram demonstrating dramatic prolapse of the noncoronary cusp into the left ventricular outflow tract and ventricular septal defect in a patient with Down's syndrome and ventricular septal defect, confirmed by angiographic studies, is presented. The echocardiogram supports the concept of anatomic lack of support of the aortic ring due to a deficient septum and hemodynamically significant flow of blood to the right ventricle through the ventricular septal defect, resulting in trauma to aortic cusps and prolapse.
Bi-dimensional drift chambers at fermilab

Abstract Bi-dimensional drift chambers up to 2 m × 1.5 m size using flexible printed circuit balanced delay lines are built. The delay line has good transmission characteristics with 85 Ω impedance and good longitudinal coordinate resolution with geometrical and constructional advantages.
Prolonged administration studies with chlorpropamide

Abstract In prolonged feeding studies extending more than two years, rats consumed chlorpropamide in quantities up to 500 mg/kg without evidencing any hematologic or histologic aberrations. Drug levels of 250 mg/kg and above did cause a decrease in growth rate. A canine oral tolerance study conducted for more than a year at doses up to 150 mg/kg per day did not produce any adverse effects on biochemical, hematologic, gross anatomical, or microscopic findings. Repeated oral administrations to monkeys for eleven months did not cause any abnormalities.
The crystal and molecular structure of diiodotetrakis(pyridine)nickel(II) [Nipy4I2]

Abstract The crystal structure of diiodotetrakis(pyridine)nickel (II), [Nipy 4 I 2 ] has been determined accurately by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray analysis. The orthorhombic cell of space group Pbcn has a = 9.678(4) A, b = 16.077(6) A, and c = 14.004(4) A, with four molecules per unit cell (density = 1.88 g/cm 3 experimental, and 1.92 g/cm 3 calculated). The structural refinement was terminated at R = 0.042. The molecule was found to have the geometric trans configuration, and this supports electronic spectroscopic conclusions. The nickel atom is surrounded by the four nitrogen atoms of pyridine molecules so that the group (NiN 4 ) defines a plane. The four nitrogen atoms deviate but slightly from defininig a square. The INiI moiety is nearly linear so that any one NiI) vector deviates only slightly (∼2) from being perpendicular to the (NiN 4 ) plane. The average NiN distance in [Nipy 4 I 2 ] is the largest (2.127(7) A) such bond length yet observed for high-spin Ni II -pyridine complexes. Regarding the pyridine ring, the average CC bond distances of coordinated pyridine are found to be shorter than those of the free pyridine molecule. It is also interesting that the two planes of each pair of trans pyridine molecules are found to be staggered (∼90°) whereas both eclipsed and staggered configurations were previously reported for other, but somewhat related molecules. Each of the four pyridine molecules has a pitch angle of ca. 45° with respect to the near-C 4 axis along NiI. The pyridine molecules also define a four-blade propeller, since this “C 4 ” axis brings one pyridine molecule nearly into coincidence with the others. The structural relationships of [Nipy 4 I 2 ] are also compared with those of other metal-pyridine complexes.
An Examination of Strategic Practices in Online Retailing

ABSTRACT Online sales growth has far outpaced that of traditional retail channels and increasing competition heightens the importance of effective online practices. This empirical research first considers website design-based strategies in three strategic areas–convenience, experiential/relationship, and trust–that may enhance the marketing effectiveness of online retailers by helping to satisfy online customer needs and wants. Next, focusing on the three strategic areas, a comprehensive content analysis of site design elements in 285 retail sites supporting online transactions is described. Analysis of variance is used to examine how online site strategies differ depending on online retailer size (small, medium, and large), type (pure play and brick-and-click), and across 12 different retail categories, while also controlling for length of online experience. Results indicate significant strategy differences in the usage of convenience/efficiency and experiential/relationship strategies by size, a signifi...
Use of sample size for estimating efficacy of a vaccine against an infectious disease.

Objective To determine the sample size necessary to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine in a population. Procedure An equation was coded into a computer spreadsheet to compare the traditional sample size calculation with that needed when evaluating the efficacy of a vaccine applied in a population. Results The traditional approach used to conservatively estimate sample size necessary to detect a given difference in group proportions potentially greatly underestimates the number of animals needed for vaccine efficacy (VE) trials. In VE trials, it is necessary to estimate the effect of population-level vaccination prior to estimating sample size. In VE trials, as incidence proportion in the population or herd decreases or VE decreases, necessary sample size increases. Conclusions and clinical relevance In designing a clinical or field trial, such as one to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine against an infectious disease in a population, one needs to approach sample size calculations in a nontraditional manner. The proportion of the population vaccinated, disease transmission dynamics, and VE will affect the incidence in the nonvaccinated and vaccinated groups and, hence, sample size. Thus, estimation of the effect of the vaccination on the population must be made prior to calculating sample size. Otherwise, sample size and the power to identify VE will be insufficient.
Thomas Hodgkin: social activist.

Thomas Hodgkin's discovery of a lymph gland disorder is merely one event in a life of unusually varied public activities in the social reform and humanitarian movements of the mid-19th century. He wrote pamphlets on medical care for the working-class poor, public health, housing, sanitation, and the relief of cold, hunger, and unemployment. Hodgkin wrote about the problems arising from urban renewal and suburban development. His contributions to geographic explorations, anthropology, ethnology, and foreign affairs are virtually unknown today. Hodgkin's opposition to slavery and the slave trade involved him in the development of settlements in Africa for freed slaves and disputes with the abolitionists in America. He fought for social justice and human rights for native populations being oppressed by British foreign policy in South Africa and New Zealand. His criticism of the exploitation of Indians by the Hudson's Bay Company's fur trade contributed to a professional conflict in the highly politicized environment of Guy's Hospital and blocked advancement of his medical career. Closer to home he advocated reform of medical education and practice and sponsored adult education programs. As a member of its Senate, he helped in establishing London University, the first nonsectarian institution of higher learning in England. He lectured to working people on the means of preserving and promoting health and advocated prepaid medical care for the working poor. Concerned about unequal distribution of medical care, he opposed medical contracts to the lowest bidder and price-determined government plans for health care. He consistently maintained that the basic problems of the poor were not medical but socioeconomic. Since charity leaves nothing behind in exchange, Hodgkin was certain that greater benefits would result if charitable money was used to provide jobs. He denounced the evils of tobacco, practices of trade unions, and barbarous prize fights. On a trip to Jerusalem with Sir Moses Montefiore in 1866, Hodgkin contracted dysentery and died. He is buried in a protestant cemetery in Jaffa. His epitaph is fitting: "Nothing human was alien to him."
Early Cardiac Allograft Rejection Is Independent of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow

Abstract Noninvasive telemetric monitoring of canine heterotopic cardiac allograft unipolar peak-to-peak amplitude (UPPA) has permitted prospective surveillance for rejection; moreover, this technique is able to reliably detect rejection before the development of histologic evidence of myocyte necrosis. This study was performed to determine whether early cardiac allograft rejection and the accompanying decline in allograft UPPA were associated with alterations in regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF). Seven heterotopic, intrathoracic canine cardiac transplantations were performed using triple-drug immunosuppression. Native hearts and allografts were instrumented with right ventricular and left ventricular epicardial screw-in electrodes connected to subcutaneous telemeters. Daily measurement of native and graft UPPA was performed; using radioactive microspheres, native and graft RMBF were determined during the control period and when UPPA had declined by 15%, 30%, and 45%. Graft histologic status was determined by endomyocardial biopsy at the time of RMBF determination. Mean duration of the study was 19.7 ± 3.9 days. Rejection was documented in all animals. The UPPA was stable in native hearts; UPPA declined in the allografts after the onset of rejection. A biphasic change in allograft blood flow was seen. Initially RMBF increased as UPPA declined; a 30% to 45% reduction in UPPA was associated with a 41% increase in RMBF ( p = 0.028 versus allograft control). Subsequently, a significant decline in blood flow was observed for reductions in UPPA greater than 45% (0.68 ± 0.44 versus 1.07 ± 0.47 mL · g −1 · min −1 for a 30% to 45% decline in UPPA; p = 0.007). The results of this study indicate that the initial stage of cardiac allograft rejection is not associated with a decline in RMBF. Moreover, the fall in UPPA that occurs with early rejection must be due to electrophysiologic factors that are independent of RMBF.
Complementary and alternative medicine research and cooperative groups: can it happen?

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions to ameliorate cancer- and treatment-related toxicities is gaining increasing attention among clinical investigators. The National Cancer Institute supports a number of clinical studies, both descriptive and interventional, of CAM interventions across the cancer trajectory, from prevention through diagnosis and treatment, survivorship, and end of life. This report highlights the unique challenges that clinical investigators face when designing and implementing CAM clinical trials through the cooperative groups. This report focuses on 2 CAM trials that opened and accrued participants in the Children’s Oncology Group. One trial is aimed at preventing or reducing mucositis and the other at preventing chemotherapy- induced nausea and vomiting.
The coming of age of physical synthesis

Physical synthesis, the integration of logic synthesis with physical design information, was born in the mid to late 1990s, which means it is about to enter its teenage years. Today, physical synthesis tools are a major part of the EDA industry, accounting for hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. This work looks at how technology and design trends have affected physical synthesis over the last decade and also how physical synthesis will continue to evolve on its way to adulthood.
Endocrine regulation of neurotransmitter transporters

Aminergic signalling in the CNS is terminated by clearance of neurotransmitters from the synapse via high affinity transporter molecules in the presynaptic membrane. Relatively recent sequence identification of these molecules has now permitted the initiation of studies of regulation of transporter function at the cellular and systems levels. In vitro studies provide evidence that the transporters for dopamine, serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be substrates for regulation by protein kinase C and protein kinase A signalling. Changes in energy balance and metabolic status, such as starvation, result in major shifts in hormonal output. It is now recognized that metabolic hormones such as insulin or the adrenal steroids can have significant acute and chronic effects on several aspects of CNS function. Data from this laboratory and others now provide evidence that insulin and adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones may regulate the synthesis and activity of the transporters. Future studies should permit elucidation of the cellular basis for endocrine regulation of neurotransmitter clearance, and thus, the role of endocrines in the maintenance of normal CNS aminergic signalling. The potential relevance of transporter regulation for the ketogenic diet is discussed.
Punitive sentiment as an anti-free rider psychological device.

Those who contribute to a public good sometimes experience punitive sentiments toward others. But is the system that produces these sentiments an adaptation and, if so, which collective action problem was it designed to solve? Prior results from experimental economics show that acts of free riding are sometimes punished, that punishment deters free riding, and that the risk or actuality of punishment recruits higher levels of cooperation in a joint effort. This suggests that one function of punitive sentiments could be to recruit labor for collective actions. However, adaptations designed to cause participation in collective actions could not have evolved unless there were some mechanism that protected those who participated from having lower fitness than nonparticipating free riders. Therefore, a second possible function of punishment could be to eliminate or reverse fitness differentials that favor free rider designs over participant designs. To map the computational structure of this motivational adaptation (and hence identify its specific function) requires data that relate an individual’s circumstances to his or her desire to punish. Herein, we report such data. The results indicate that the computational system that regulates one’s level of punitive sentiment in collective action contexts is functionally specialized for removing the fitness advantage enjoyed by free riders rather than for labor recruitment or other functions. Results also support the hypothesis that a separate pro-reward motivational system exists that appears designed to handle the problem of labor recruitment. Rational choice counterexplanations for punitive sentiments were considered but eliminated on the basis of the evidence. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Receiver characterization using periodic small-signal analysis

Periodic small-signal analysis is a recently developed approach for AC and noise analysis of linear periodically-varying circuits. This paper presents several new approaches to characterizing the transfer functions, noise, and distortion of communication circuits using this new technique. A receiver is used as an example, but the techniques presented are applicable to a wide variety of circuits, including mixers, samplers, sample-and-holds, chopper-stabilized amplifiers, multipliers and switched-capacitor filters.
Presolar silicate and oxide abundances and compositions in the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Adelaide and the K chondrite Kakangari: The effects of secondary processing

Although it has been suggested that the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Adelaide and the K chondrite Kakangari could be considered highly primitive, our study of their presolar grain abundances shows that both have experienced more secondary processing than other primitive chondrites with high presolar grain abundances. Presolar grains are rare in Kakangari and are present in reduced abundances in Adelaide (approximately 70 ppm for O-anomalous grains). Thermal annealing has led to widespread crystallization of their fine- grained matrices, and accounts for the partial to complete destruction of presolar grains. In addition, presolar silicates in Adelaide show elevated Fe abundances and Fe-rich rims indicative of infiltration of Fe into the grains from the surrounding matrix. This process probably also took place during annealing, most likely in the solar nebula, in a region with an enhanced dust-to-gas ratio. The most primitive meteorites, with the highest presolar grain abundances, appear to be those whose matrices contain abundant amorphous material that has escaped any significant thermal or aqueous alteration.
Henry VII and Sanctuary

The association of the early Tudors with the elimination of ecclesiastical prerogatives and immunities has achieved a conspicuous respectability. Most attention is lavished justifiably upon Henry VIII, but the plural is stubborn. Henry VII has been paired with his more combative son, and his reign (1485–1509) is commonly credited as an important phase in the evolution of anticlerical prohibitions. Scholars seem convinced that he and his council “attacked” sanctuary and that the privilege's abridgment was something of a rehearsal for the English Reformation. But it is still possible, and not wholly unprecedented, to challenge the familiar view and to ask whether policies appraised as “notable encroachments” were either notable or, in fact, encroachments. After a sketch of the practice of sanctuary and a synoptical review of the thinking that led to sanctuary's destruction, we can return to Henry VII's council and courts and reevaluate earliest Tudor policy as an illustration of certain late medieval transformations of the abiding coalition between crown and church.
Outflow of Matter in the Chromosphere of α Orionis

The spectrum of α Orionis is composite and consist of three components: 1) a photospheric spectrum characterized by symmetric absorption lines more or less typical of the spectrum of an M2 supergiant, except for their very great widths; 2) a shell spectrum consisting of P Cygni-type profiles of neutral and singly-ionized metallic lines of very low excitation potential; and 3) asymmetric absorption lines, including Hα, Hβ, FeI lines of intermediate excitation potential and the infrared triplet of Ca+, which appear to be formed in a relatively warm layer, probably an extended chromosphere.
A Commonly Recognized Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Nef Epitope Presented to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes of Indian-Origin Rhesus Monkeys by the Prevalent Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Allele Mamu-A*02

The ability to monitor vaccine-elicited CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)- and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus monkeys has been limited by our knowledge of viral epitopes predictably presented to those lymphocytes by common rhesus monkey MHC class I alleles. We now define an SIV and SHIV Nef CTL epitope (YTSGPGIRY) that is presented to CD8+ T lymphocytes by the common rhesus monkey MHC class I molecule Mamu-A*02. All seven infected Mamu-A*02+ monkeys evaluated demonstrated this response, and peptide-stimulated interferon gamma Elispot assays indicated that the response represents a large proportion of the entire CD8+ T-lymphocyte SIV- or SHIV-specific immune response of these animals. Knowledge of this epitope and MHC class I allele substantially increases the number of available rhesus monkeys that can be used for testing prototype HIV vaccines in this important animal model.
Comparison of life-stage-dependent internal dosimetry for bisphenol A, ethinyl estradiol, a reference estrogen, and endogenous estradiol to test an estrogenic mode of action in Sprague Dawley rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) was administered by gavage (2.5-300,000 g/kg body weight (bw)/day) to pregnant Sprague Dawley dams, newborn pups, and continuing into adulthood. Aglycone (i.e., un- conjugated and active) and conjugated (i.e., inactive) BPA were evaluated by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ES/MS/MS) in serum to better interpret tox- icological endpoints measured in the study. Ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 0.5 and 5 g/kg bw/day) and the endogenous hormones, 17- estradiol (E2) and testosterone, were similarly evaluated. Mean BPA aglycone levels in vehicle and nacontrol rat serum (0.02- 0.5 ng/ml) indicated sample processing artifact, consistent with literature reports of a propensity for postexposure blood contam- ination by BPA. Direct measurements of BPA-glucuronide in ve- hicle and nacontrol serum (2-10nM) indicated unintentional exposure and metabolism at levels similar to those produced by 2.5 g/kg bw/day BPA (7-10nM), despite careful attention to poten- tial BPA inputs (diet, drinking water, vehicle, cages, bedding, and dust) and rigorous dosing solution certification and delivery. The source of this exposure could not be identified, but interpretation of the toxicological effects, observed only at the highest BPA doses, was not compromised. Internal exposures to BPA and EE2 agly- cones were highest in young rats. When maximal serum concen- trations from the two highest BPA doses and both EE2 doses were compared with concurrent levels of endogenous E2, the ER bind- ing equivalents were similar to or above those of endogenous E2 in male and female rats of all ages tested. Such evaluations of estro- genic internal dosimetry and comprehensive evaluation of contam- ination impact should aid in extrapolating risks from human BPA exposures.
The bushmeat boom and bust in West and Central Africa

Poor soils and high rainfall mean that the high productivity of the forests, an assumption that drives the development of the forest zone, is an illusion. The potential of the forests to produce meat, from wild or domestic herbivores, is limited. Growing human populations and shrinking forests accelerate pressures on forest resources faster than national statistics indicate. A simulation model demonstrates the effects of growing hunting pressure on one monkey and two duiker species. A version of this model that includes random variation shows that large harvests can be obtained for many years, but that a population collapse can happen suddenly; there is no period of gradually declining harvests. The accelerating hunting pressure in a zone of low productivity, shrinking habitat for monkeys and antelopes, the dynamics of non-linear systems, and natural environmental variation that affects reproduction and survival will lead to a collapse of hunted populations across the forest zone. We are now seeing the bushmeat boom and soon we will see the bushmeat bust.
Co-morbidity adjustment for functional outcomes in community-dwelling older adults:

Objective: To characterize relationships between self-reported co-morbidity and functional outcomes in community-dwelling older adults, and to assess whether the impact of co-morbidity persists even after adjustment for baseline functional status.Design: Prospective observational study. We examined associations between self-reported co-morbidity at baseline and functional outcomes at one year, with and without adjustment for baseline functional status.Setting: Outpatient clinics at a managed care and a Veterans Affairs site.Subjects: Four hundred and ”fty-seven community-dwelling older adults representing a broad spectrum of overall health status.Main outcome measures: (a) New basic ADL (activities of daily living) problem during follow-up; (b) 10-point decline in the physical function index of the MOS-36 (MOS-PFI).Results: Co-morbidity was associated with adverse functional outcomes in bivariable analyses. After adjustment for age and baseline functional status, an accumulated co-morbidity score provided...
Scapular Taping in the Treatment of Anterior Shoulder Impingement

The purpose of this case report is to describe how taping designed to promote proximal scapular stability was used in conjuction with other physical therapy interventions to manage a patient with anterior shoulder impingement. The taping technique is described in detail. The evaluation and treatment of a patient with an 8-month history of shoulder pain are described as an example of when this type of taping procedure may be indicated. This case report demonstrates that a patient was able to return to all of his regular overhead sports activites without pain following scapular taping used in combination with a home exercise program. Presumably, the improved resting position of the scapula corrected faulty scapulothoracic joint movements.
Sources of Nutrients and Fecal Indicator Bacteria to Nearshore Waters on the North Shore of Kaua`i (Hawai`i, USA)

Water quality monitoring in Hanalei Bay, Kaua`i (Hawai`i, USA) has documented intermittent high concentrations of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silica, and ammonium) and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB, i.e., enterococci and Escherichia coli) in nearshore waters and spurred concern that contaminated groundwater might be discharging into the bay. The present study sought to identify and track sources of nutrients and FIB to four beaches in Hanalei Bay and one beach outside the bay, together representing a wide range of land uses. 223Ra and 224Ra activity, salinity, nutrient and FIB concentrations were measured in samples from the coastal aquifer, the nearshore ocean, springs, the Hanalei River, and smaller streams. In addition, FIB concentrations in beach sands were measured at each site, and the enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene assay was used to investigate whether the observed FIB originated from a human source. Nutrient concentrations in groundwater were significantly higher than in nearshore water, inversely correlated to salinity, and highly site specific, indicating local controls on groundwater quality. Fluxes of groundwater into Hanalei Bay were calculated using a mass-balance approach and represented at least 2–10% of river discharges. However, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) may provide 2.7 times as much nitrate + nitrite to Hanalei Bay as does the Hanalei River. It may also provide significant fluxes of phosphate and ammonium, comprising 15% and 20% of Hanalei River inputs, respectively. SGD-derived silica inputs to the bay comprised less than 3% of Hanalei River inputs. FIB concentrations in groundwater were typically lower than those in nearshore water, suggesting that significant FIB inputs from SGD are unlikely. Positive esp gene assays suggested that some enterococci in environmental samples were of human fecal origin. Identifying how nutrients and FIB enter nearshore waters will help environmental managers address pressing water quality issues, including exceedances of the state Enterococcus water quality standard and nutrient loading to coral reefs.
Object Lessons and Ethnographic Displays: Museum Exhibitions and the Making of American Anthropology

In the early nineteenth century, many private, well-to-do persons collected rocks, minerals, fossils, insects, skeletons, animal skins, Indian artifacts, and so on, for their aesthetic appeal or mystical connotations. Their fragmentary and miscellaneous collections incited wonder and admiration in those privileged to see them while communicating a narrative of the prestige, esoteric knowledge, and adventurous spirit of the collector. Referring to aesthetic and mystical, rather than scientific criteria, collectors juxtaposed a seemingly incongruous hodge-podge of objects in their cabinets—armadillos and ostrich eggs, quartz crystals and rattlesnake rattles, for example. These collectors sought to celebrate the stability of their belief systems through the commonly understood marginality of the strange freaks and curiosities that sparked their imaginations. The rare, abnormal, bizarre, and the old were especially valued.
Comparison of Headbob Displays in Gray-Dewlapped and Red-Dewlapped Populations of Green Anoles (Anolis carolinensis)

Abstract: Green Anoles (Anolis carolinensis) are comprised of red-dewlapped (RD) forms that are found throughout the southeastern USA and a gray-dewlapped (GD) form that is restricted to southwest Florida. Prior research has shown that RD A. carolinensis produce headbob displays of three distinct types that differ primarily in their temporal patterns. Based on known morphological, physiological, and genetic differences between GD and RD populations, we hypothesized that these populations also would differ in headbob display structure. To test this hypothesis we quantified 440 displays from 39 males (24 GD and 15 RD) and assigned displays to type using numerical decision criteria. Although comparison of the same display types between GD and RD males revealed differences in the durations of several homologous display units (i.e., bobs or interbob pauses), only one unit differed following statistical correction for multiple comparisons. By taking into account all display variation in both populations simult...
Living Into the Story: Agency and Coherence in a Longitudinal Study of Narrative Identity Development and Mental Health Over the Course of Psychotherapy

Narrative identity is the internalized, evolving story of the self that each person crafts to provide his or her life with a sense of purpose and unity. A proliferation of empirical research studies focused on narrative identity have explored its relationship with psychological well-being. The present study is the first prospective, multiwave longitudinal investigation to examine short-term personality change via an emphasis on narrative identity as it relates to mental health. Forty-seven adults wrote rich personal narratives prior to beginning psychotherapy and after every session over 12 assessment points while concurrently completing a measure of mental health. Narratives were coded for the themes of agency and coherence, which capture the dual aims of narrative identity: purpose and unity. By applying in- depth thematic coding to the stories of participants, the present study produced 47 case studies of intraindividual personality development and mental health. By employing multilevel modeling with the entire set of nearly 600 narratives, the present study also identified robust trends of individual differences in narrative changes as they related to improvements in mental health. Results indicated that, across participants, the theme of agency, but not coherence, increased over the course of time. In addition, increases in agency were related to improvements in participants’ mental health. Finally, lagged growth curve models revealed that changes in the theme of agency occurred prior to the associated improvements in mental health. This finding remained consistent across a variety of individual-difference variables including demographics, personality traits, and ego development.
Distribution System Reliability Evaluation Using Enhanced Samples in a Monte Carlo Approach

This letter revisits the calculation of distribution system reliability indices using Monte Carlo simulation. The concept of enhanced samples is introduced in order to reduce calculation time. A bootstrap and compensation method is also presented. These methods are found to enhance accuracy and reduce calculation speed for distribution system reliability calculations.
Effects of Temperature and Moisture Variables on Brown Rust Epidemics in Sugarcane

Epidemics of brown rust in sugarcane, caused by Puccinia melanocephala, vary in severity between seasons. Natural epidemics were studied to determine the effects of temperature and moisture variables on epidemic onset, severity and decline. Variables were monitored with disease severity in two cultivars, each grown at a different location in Louisiana. Maximum daily temperature was the variable most correlated with seasonal epidemic development and decline. Disease severity was high during 2009 and low during 2010. This contrast allowed evaluation of the effects of conducive and limiting environmental conditions on severity. Lower severity resulted from a combination of unfavourable temperature and leaf wetness conditions that delayed onset then reduced the rate of disease increase. An accumulation of 23–25 days with leaf wetness periods of at least 7 h after the daily minimum temperature exceeded 17°C preceded the onset of disease on young leaves in both severe and mild epidemics. Severe epidemics in both cultivars declined once maximum ambient daily temperature was 32°C or higher. Low and high limiting temperatures determined the initiation and decline of an epidemic, respectively, under Louisiana climatic conditions. The availability of leaf wetness was then an important determinant of disease severity during the epidemic.
The Stability of Orthorhombic and Monoclinic‐Layered LiMnO2

they are difficult to synthesize in the layered α-NaFeO 2 structure which is common to LiCoO 2 and LiNiO2. When synthesized under equilibrium conditions, LiMnO 2 forms an orthorhombic structure with space group Pmmn.2-4 A tetragonal structure can also be formed by synthesizing an LiMn 2O4 spinel and further lithiating it up to composition Li 2Mn2O4. 5 Recently, metastable layered LiMnO2 with space group C2/m has been made through ion exchange processes starting from the layered α-NaMnO 2 precursor. 6,7 In addition, partial substitution of Mn by Cr8 and Al 9 have been shown to stabilize the layered structure. The orthorhombic form of LiMnO 2 is particularly intriguing. It is found only for LiMnO 2, 3 β-NaMnO2, 3 and a metastable form of LiFeO 2. 10,11 Most other LiMO2 compounds with M close to Mn (except for Fe) in the periodic table form the layered α-NaFeO 2 structure. Besides its scientific interest, understanding the uncommon stability of the orthorhombic structure may be of practical interest in designing layered lithium-manganese oxides which form in different structures. In this paper we discuss the physical mechanism that stabilizes orthorhombic LiMnO 2 over layered LiMnO2 and discuss how the latter may be stabilized by a judicious choice of dopants.
Literature mining of protein-residue associations with graph rules learned through distant supervision

We propose a method for automatic extraction of protein-specific residue mentions from the biomedical literature. The method searches text for mentions of amino acids at specific sequence positions and attempts to correctly associate each mention with a protein also named in the text. The methods presented in this work will enable improved protein functional site extraction from articles, ultimately supporting protein function prediction. Our method made use of linguistic patterns for identifying the amino acid residue mentions in text. Further, we applied an automated graph-based method to learn syntactic patterns corresponding to protein-residue pairs mentioned in the text. We finally present an approach to automated construction of relevant training and test data using the distant supervision model. The performance of the method was assessed by extracting protein-residue relations from a new automatically generated test set of sentences containing high confidence examples found using distant supervision. It achieved a F-measure of 0.84 on automatically created silver corpus and 0.79 on a manually annotated gold data set for this task, outperforming previous methods. The primary contributions of this work are to (1) demonstrate the effectiveness of distant supervision for automatic creation of training data for protein-residue relation extraction, substantially reducing the effort and time involved in manual annotation of a data set and (2) show that the graph-based relation extraction approach we used generalizes well to the problem of protein-residue association extraction. This work paves the way towards effective extraction of protein functional residues from the literature.
Lens capsule structure assessed with atomic force microscopy

Purpose: To image the ultrastructure of the anterior lens capsule at the nanoscale level using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods: Experiments were performed on anterior lens capsules maintained in their in situ location surrounding the lens from six human cadavers (donor age range: 44–88 years), four cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis age range: 4.83–8.92 years), and seven pigs (<6 months). Hydration of all samples was maintained using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Whole lenses were removed from the eye and placed anterior side up in agarose gel before gel hardening where only the posterior half of the lens was contained within the gel. After the gel hardened, the Petri dish was filled with DMEM until the point where the intact lens was fully submerged. AFM was used to image the anterior lens surface in contact mode. An integrated analysis program was used to calculate the interfibrillar spacing, fiber diameter, and surface roughness of the samples. Results: The AFM images depict a highly ordered fibrous structure at the surface of the lens capsule in all three spe cies. The interfibrillar spacing for the porcine, cynomolgus monkey, and human lens capsules was 0.68±0.25, 1.80±0.39, and 1.08±0.25 μm, respectively. In the primate, interfibrillar spacing significantly decreased linearly as a function of age. The fiber diameters ranged from 50 to 950 nm. Comparison of the root mean square (RMS) and average deviation demonstrate that the surface of the porcine lens capsule is the smoothest, and that the human and cynomolgus monkey capsules are significantly rougher. Conclusions: AFM was successful in providing high-resolution images of the nanostructure of the lens capsule samples. Species-dependent differences were observed in the overall structure and surface roughness.
HIV/AIDS and human resources

One reason why HIV/AIDS is a for-midable foe is its capacity to attack the body’s immune cells. Life-prolonging antiretroviral drugs are efﬁcacious be-cause they can block viral assault on the host’s defence system. We are beginning to recognize that, parallel to biological action, the HIV/AIDS pandemic also attacks the human capacity and social defence systems. By destroying the fabric of health systems, the spread and impact of the epidemic is hugely augmented.In a recent report from the Joint Learning Initiative (JLI), over 100 global health leaders called HIV/AIDS a “triple threat” to human resources for health (1, 2). Firstly, HIV/AIDS increases the burden of disease, thus imposing heavier workloads. Work volume and complex-ity also escalate as new technology such as antiretroviral therapy is introduced. Secondly, HIV/AIDS decimates the workforce by subjecting health workers to the risk of viral contamination. Some African countries may lose as much as 20% of their workforce to HIV/AIDS in coming years (3). Thirdly, health workers have to cope with the psycho-logical stress of administering palliative care. Unable to heal their patients, over-worked terminal care workers feel utterly powerless and suffer from low morale, burn-out and absenteeism. In the hardest hit countries, this triple threat is overwhelming a workforce already depleted by chronic underinvestment and decimated by out-migration of highly skilled professionals.Adequacy of the workforce has emerged as “the single most serious obstacle for national treatment plans” (4). The JLI offered three key recom-mendations: mobilizing the workforce, building health systems, and strength-ening the knowledge base. Rapid mobilization is an imperative because of severe worker shortages. JLI analyses showed that sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated 600 000 doctors, nurses and midwives, needs at least one million additional skilled workers to even begin
Domestic Effects of the Foreign Activities of U.S. Multinationals

Do firms investing abroad simultaneously reduce their domestic activity? This paper analyzes the relationship between the domestic and foreign operations of American manufacturing firms between 1982 and 2004 by instrumenting for changes in foreign operations with GDP growth rates of the foreign countries in which they invest. Estimates produced using this instrument indicate that 10% greater foreign investment is associated with 2.6% greater domestic investment, and 10% greater foreign employee compensation is associated with 3.7% greater domestic employee compensation. These results do not support the popular notion that expansions abroad reduce a firm's domestic activity, instead suggesting the opposite.
The effect of metacomprehension judgment task on comprehension monitoring and metacognitive accuracy

The authors investigated differences in the processes underlying two types of metacomprehension judgments: judgments of difficulty and predictions of performance (JOD vs. POP). An experiment was conducted to assess whether these two types of judgments aligned with different types of processing cues, and whether their accuracy correlated with different factors such as sensitivity to processing ease and reading ability. Participants (n = 72) read an extended text about brain structure and after each sentence made either a JOD or POP. Results suggested that JODs and POPs were made based on different sets of cues because different factors correlated with the accuracy of metacomprehension judgments. JOD accuracy correlated with sensitivity to processing ease and POP accuracy most strongly correlated with reading ability. Engaging in different metacomprehension judgments during reading may alter the information sources to which a reader attends and which factors influence metacognitive accuracy.
Feasibility of measuring the nonlinear index of refraction by third-order frequency mixing

An original frequency-mixing technique is described which conveniently measures the third-order optical susceptibility of any transparent material. Results are presented for χ1111(3)(-ω3, ω1, ω1, -ω2) in a number of materials. These measurements permit estimates of the nonlinear index n2.
Managing conflict from the middle

This chapter outlines the middle manager's role in relation to common sources of conflict within student affairs.
Embodied negotiations: identity, space and livelihood after trade zones in the Dominican Republic

In this article, I analyze socio-spatial processes of subject-making at the center of the restructuring of export industries. To do so, I develop the concept of ‘embodied negotiations’ to explain the spatial and corporeal experience of trade zone workers reproduced as migrants with the collapse of garment exports in the Dominican Republic. Drawing on ethnographic research, I examine ‘rural return’ as both a livelihood strategy and a discourse shaped by inter-related gender and racial ideologies of labor as well as the uneven transnationalization of rural and urban localities. I show how the negotiation of social position by subjects marked by race, gender and class is always also a negotiation of spatial position in and between localities structured through raced, gendered and class relations. Men's efforts to remain in urban areas as a form of social ‘whitening’ are compared to women's resistance to rural return as an attempt to stay in circulation as paid labor. Overall, I argue that feminist research o...
The Cataract Blindness Challenge Innovations Case Discussion: Aravind Eye Care System)

world,” accompanied by a prize of Euro 1 million, was given in 2007 to the Aravind Eye Hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India. They could not have made a better choice. Aravind Eye Hospitals are the highest volume cataract surgery facility in the world. Their five hospitals examined over 2.3 million people and performed over 270,000 surgeries in 2006. Aravind is not only the highest volume cataract surgery system in the world but also a trendsetter that has lifted the quality of cataract surgery in India and set a new paradigm for delivering high volume, high-quality surgery to the poor in a self sustaining manner. The founding genius was a spiritual guru for all who now work in international eye care. Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy, affectionately known by family and friends as “Dr. V,” passed away at age 87 in July 2006. He was born in 1918 in a poor farming village. There was no school in his village. After tending the water buffalo in the mornings, he would walk more than three miles to school every day. When a school finally came to his community, there were no writing materials and the students learned to write with sticks in the sand on the floor of their thatched roofed schoolroom. Despite these obstacles, the brilliant young Venkataswamy earned a scholarship to Stanley Medical College in Madras. Because of three cousins who died during childbirth, he chose to specialize in obstetrics. In his final year of training Dr. V was stricken with a severe form of rheumatoid arthritis. The young Venkataswamy was hospitalized for nearly two years. Agonized by constant, severe, physical pain he watched helplessly as his fingers twisted and deformed to the point where he knew he would be unable to work as an obstetrician, delivering babies. He sought spiritual solace through the philosoGeoffrey Tabin