cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer Coefficient and Film-Cooling Effectiveness on a Gas Turbine Blade Tip

The detailed distributions of heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness on a gas turbine blade tip were measured using a hue detection based transient liquid crystal technique. Tests were performed on a five-bladed linear cascade with blow down facility. The blade was a 2-dimensional model of a first stage gas turbine rotor blade with a profile of the GE-E3 aircraft gas turbine engine rotor blade. The Reynolds number based on cascade exit velocity and axial chord length was 1.1 × 106 and the total turning angle of the blade was 97.7°. The overall pressure ratio was 1.32 and the inlet and exit Mach number were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. The turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. The blade model was equipped with a single row of film cooling holes at both the tip portion along the camber line and near the tip region of the pressure-side. All measurements were made at the three different tip gap clearances of 1%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of blade span and the three blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Results showed that, in general, heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness increased with increasing tip gap clearance. As blowing ratio increased, heat transfer coefficient decreased, while film effectiveness increased. Results also showed that adding pressure-side coolant injection would further decrease blade tip heat transfer coefficient but increase film effectiveness.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Pubertal Timing, Peer Victimization, and Body Esteem Differentially Predict Depressive Symptoms in African American and Caucasian Girls.

This study prospectively examined pubertal timing and peer victimization as interactive predictors of depressive symptoms in a racially diverse community sample of adolescents. We also expanded on past research by assessing body esteem as a mechanism by which pubertal timing and peer victimization confer risk for depression. In all, 218 adolescents (53.4% female, 49.3% African American, 50.7% Caucasian) completed both a baseline assessment and a follow-up assessment approximately 8 months later. Early maturing Caucasian girls and late maturing African American girls experienced the greatest increases in depressive symptoms at follow-up if they experienced higher levels of peer victimization between baseline and follow-up. Furthermore, body esteem significantly mediated the relationship between pubertal timing, peer victimization, and depressive symptoms for girls of both races. The interaction of pubertal timing and peer victimization did not predict depressive symptoms for boys of either race. These results support body esteem as a mechanism that contributes to increased depression among girls in adolescence-despite a differential impact of pubertal timing for Caucasian and African American girls. Language: en
FLAGELLAR APPARATUS, EYESPOT AND BEHAVIOR OF MICROTHAMNION KUETZINGIANUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE) ZOOSPORES1,2,3

SUMMARY The flagellar apparatus of Microthamnion kuet-zingianum Naegeli differs from, that of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard in that the zoospores can autonomously orient their basal bodies for different types of swimming behavior, including forward, and backward progression with, stationary intervals. Reorientation of the basal regions of the flagella and of the basal bodies were documented by cinefilms and by stroboscopic and electron micrographs. Even when the flagella. were sheared off, the remaining stubs (containing the basal bodies) were capable of being reoriented, by the organism. Thus the mechanism of basal body reorientation cannot reside in the 9 + 2 flagellar shaft. Rather, the reorienting process involves a shortening or lengthening of the distal fiber and of the plasma membrane region overlying an anterior papilla. In their helical and spiral motions, the zoospores trace complicated, but surprisingly regular curves. Such motion might result from the inherent 3-dimensional structure and beat of the flagella. The eyespot has an invariable, highly asymmetric location within the cell in direct proximity with a specific microtubular band (MTE), but nevertheless may occur in either the anterior or posterior region of the chloroplast. Further, multiple eyespots may occur along the same side of MTE. This observation is consistent with the discovery (in Fucus sperm) that microtubules serve to align individual eyespot granules in eyespot-ontogeny. By this means the position of the eyespot within a cell could well be determined.
Improving Java performance using hardware translation

State of the art Java Virtual Machines with Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers make use of advanced compiler techniques, run-time profiling and adaptive compilation to improve performance. However, these techniques for alleviating performance bottlenecks are more effective in long running workloads, such as server applications. Short running Java programs, or client workloads, spend a large fraction of their execution time in compilation instead of useful execution when run using JIT compilers. In short running Java programs, the benefits of runtime translation do not compensate for the overhead.We propose using hardware support to perform efficient Java translation coupled with a light weight run time environment. The additional hardware performs the translation of Java bytecodes to native code, thus eliminating much of the overhead of software translation. A translate d code buffer is used to hold the translated code, enabling reuse at the byte code level. The proposed hardware can be used in any general purpose processor without degrading performance of native code. The proposed technique is extremely effective for short running client workloads. A performance improvement of 2.8 times to 7.7 times over a software interpreter is achieved. When compared to a JIT compiler all SPECjvm98 benchmarks except one show a performance improvement ranging from. 2.7 times to 5.0 times. A performance degradation (0.58 times) is observed for one benchmark which is long running. Allowing hardware translation to perform optimizations similar to JIT compilers and Java processors will execute long running programs more efficiently and provide speedups similar to that of client workloads.
A spin-orbit 21Πg ∼ 23Π2g perturbation in Na2: Hyperfine splittings, perturbation matrix elements, and electronic structure implications

A perturbation between the Na2 23Π2g v = v∗ − 11 (v∗ = 68 ± 2) and 21Πg v = 27, J = 13 and 14 levels is observed by Perturbation Facilitated Optical-Optical Double Resonance Spectroscopy. The local (J = 13) and electronic spin-orbit perturbation matrix elements, respectively, are 0.096(13) and ∼3.5 cm−1 (1σ uncertainty). The relatively large size of the interaction matrix element implies that the 23Πg and 21Πg states both have appreciable πg∗3p LCAO-MO character at short internuclear distance (the potential curves cross near R = 3.4 A). The 23Π2g v = v∗ − 11, J = 13 and 14 levels are observable by virtue of their admixed 21Πg v = 27 character (20 and ∼5%, respectively), but the resolved magnetic hyperfine splitting CJ13e= -4.73(21)MHz, CJ13f= -5.10(63)MHz CJ14f= -4032(29)MHz, CJ14e= -4.13(30)MHz reflects the mixed-Ω 23Πg character of these levels. The hfs in the 23Π2g state is very similar to that in b3Π2u (13Πu) because the hfs originates primarily from the σg3s orbital which is nominally singly occupied for both 3Π states.
Models for Counterparts

Lewis proposed to test the validity of a modal thesis by checking whether its possible-world translation is a theorem of counterpart theory. However, that criterion fails to validate many standard modal laws, thus raising doubts about the logical adequacy of the Lewisian framework. The present paper considers systems of counterpart theory of increasing strength and shows how each can be motivated by exhibiting a suitable intended model. In particular, perfect counterpart theory validates all the desired modal laws and therefore provides a way out of the logical objection. Finally, a weakening of perfect counterpart theory is put forward as a response to some metaphysical objections.
Turing patterns in CNNs. II. Equations and behaviors

For part I, see ibid., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 602-11 (Oct. 1995). The general state equations describing two-grid coupled CNNs based on the reduced Chua's circuit are derived, and the analysis of Turing pattern formation is approached from a specific point of view: spatial-eigenfunction based equation decoupling. Discrete spatial eigenfunctions for two common types of boundary conditions are presented, and the way the dynamics is influenced by the shape and position of the dispersion curve is analyzed. >
Comparative flight behavior of parasitoids Campoletis sonorensis and Microplitis croceipes

Flight behavior of parasitoids Microsplitis croceipes Cresson (Braconidae) and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Ichneumonidae) was examined in a wind tunnel. Both species exhibited odor directed, oriented flights to cotton, although flight frequency was related to variation in wind velocity or differential cotton volatile emission with changes in wind velocity, or both. Flight frequency at constant wind velocity was affected by illumination. Microplitis croceipes was attracted to the wind borne odor of Heliothis virescens (F.) frass and larvae, whereas C. sonorensis was not. Possible interaction of the wind borne odors from the habitat and host is suggested for parasitoids. Resume Comparaison des comportements de vol des parasitoides Campoletis sonorensis et Microplitis croceipes. Le comportement de vol de M. croceipes Cres. (Hym. Braconidae) et de C. sonorensis Cam. (Hym. Icheumonidae) a ete etudie en olfactometrie dans un tunnel a vent. Les femelles des deux especes, et non les mâles, ont un vol oriente par l'odeur des feuilles fraiches de coton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). La frequence d'envol est liee aux changements de vitesse du vent, aux variations d'emissions, par le cotonnier, des substances volatiles, en fonction de la vitesse du vent, ou aux deux. La frequence d'envol a vitesse de vent constante depend de l'eclairage. La frequence d'envol de C. sonorensis augmente avec des intensites lumineuses relativement fortes et diminue avec des intensites relativement faibles. L'inverse est observe avec M. croceipes. Le vent charge d'odeurs de larves ou d'extrements d'Heliothis virescens F., attire M. croceipes et non C. sonorensis. Nous suggerons une eventuelle interaction des odeurs portees par le vent et provenant de l'habitat et de l'hote.
Effect of acetazolamide on leg endurance exercise at sea level and simulated altitude.

Acetazolamide can be taken at sea level to prevent acute mountain sickness during subsequent altitude exposure. Acetazolamide causes metabolic acidosis at sea level and altitude, and increases SaO 2 (arterial oxygen saturation) at altitude. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acetazolamide impairs muscle endurance at sea level but not simulated altitude (4300 m for < 3 h). Six subjects (20 ± I years of age; mean ± S.E.M.) performed exhaustive constant work rate one-leg knee-extension exercise (25 ± 2 W) once a week for 4 weeks, twice at sea level and twice at altitude. Each week, subjects took either acetazolamide (250 mg) or placebo orally in a double-blind fashion (three times a day) for 2 days. On day 2, all exercise bouts began approx. 2.5 h after the last dose of acetazolamide or placebo. Acetazolamide caused similar acidosis (pH) in all subjects at sea level (7.43 ± 0.01 with placebo compared with 7.34 ± 0.01 with acetazolamide; P<0.05) and altitude (7.48 ± 0.03 with placebo compared with 7.37 ± 0.01 with acetazolamide; P < 0.05). However, endurance performance was impaired with acetazolamide only at sea level (48 ± 4 min with placebo compared with 36 ± 5 min with acetazolamide; P < 0.05), but not altitude (17 ± 2 min with placebo compared with 20 ± 3 min with acetazolamide; P = not significant). In conclusion, lack of impairment of endurance performance by acetazolamide compared with placebo at altitude was probably due to off-setting secondary effects resulting from acidosis, e.g. ventilatory induced increase in SaO 2 for acetazolamide compared with placebo (89 ± I compared with 86 ± I% respectively; P < 0.05), which resulted in an increased oxygen pressure gradient from capillary to exercising muscle.
Stochastic modeling of seafloor morphology: A parameterized Gaussian model

Stochastic methods of analysis are useful for quantifying ensemble properties of small-scale bathymetric features such as abyssal hills. In this paper we model the seafloor as a stationary, zero-mean, Gaussian random field completely specified by its autocovariance function. We formulate an anisotropic autocovariance function that has five free parameters describing the amplitude, anisotropic orientation and aspect ratio, characteristic length, and Hausdorff (fractal) dimension of seafloor topography. Parameters estimated from various seafloor regions by an inversion of Sea Beam data indicate that the seafloor exhibits a wide range of stochastic characteristics within the constraints of the model. Synthetic topography can be generated at arbitrary scale and resolution from the Gaussian model using a Fourier method. Color images of these synthetics are useful for illustrating the stochastic behavior of the model.
Aircraft exhaust particle measurement with multiple ground-based lidar systems

Recently NASA Langley Research Center's (LaRC) Aerosol Research Branch conducted an aircraft exhaust particle experiment involving tow ground based lidar systems and NASA's B737-100, T39 and OV10 aircraft. The experiment took place at LaRC in February and March of 1996. During flight, exhaust particles exiting the two wing-mounted engines of the B737 become quickly entrained into the aircraft's wingtip vortices. The LaRC lidar systems were used to measure the distribution and optical properties of these exhaust particles as the B737 overflew the lidar facility. Two lidar systems, located in a common facility, were utilized for this experiment. One system was a fixed zenith- viewing lidar with a 48-inch receiver and a 2J transmitter, and the second was a scanning lidar with a 14-inch receiver and a 600 mJ transmitter. Two measurement geometries were employed for the experiment. In the first geometry, the B737 flew upwind of the lidar facility and perpendicular to the ambient wind. The second design had the aircraft fly directly over the facility, and parallel to the ambient wind.Under either scenario data were acquired at 20 and 30 Hertz, by the fixed zenith and scanning system respectively, as the ambient wind carried the vortex pair across the field of view of the lidars. The two supporting aircraft were used to collect in-situ particle data and to measure atmospheric turbulence, respectively. In this paper all aspects of the experiment will be discussed including the lidar systems, the geometry of the experiment, and the aircraft used. Also, selected data obtained during the experiment will be presented.
Effects of control on choice of reward or punishment

Previous research has indicated that, in choice situations, subjects prefer control to lack of control, and also that reward is preferred over punishment. The present study utilized 64 adult human subjects who were given two concept identification tasks to solve. The problems were either solvable (S) or unsolvable (S), and subjects were given feedback in the form of pokerchip reward (C) for correct responses or noise punishment (N) for errors. Four groups were given varied combinations of problem solvability and feedback on the initial two problems: (1) S problem + C feedback and S problem + N feedback, (2) S problem + N feedback and S problem + C feedback, (3) S problem + C feedback and S problem + N feedback, (4) S problem + C feedback and S problem + N feedback. All groups were then given a third unsolvable problem and allowed to choose either chip reward or noise punishment as feedback. It was found that subjects increase their probability of choosing noise over chips when the noise has been associated with control (S problems) and chips have been associated with a lack of control (S problems). The results were interpreted in terms of the properties of the noise as a signal for the existence of an S problem.
Osteonal remodeling in response to screw implantation in canine femora.

Abstract We examined the patterns of osteonal remodeling associated with the implantation of a screw in the femoral diaphysis of four mongrel dogs. The dogs were killed at intervals ranging from 11 to 93 days after implantation, and resorption spaces and tetracycline-labeled osteons were counted as functions of postimplant time and distance from the screw. The contralateral femur was used as a control. We found that implantation of the screw initiated a sequence of remodeling activity at the screw site; numerous resorption spaces were observed after 3 weeks, followed by numerous refilling osteons at 7 weeks. When sequential sections along the shaft adjacent to the screw were examined, it appeared that the increased resorption and refilling activity subsequently migrated away from the screw site, both proximally and distally. Also, both the implanted and control femurs exhibited occasional zones along the shaft within which the numbers of labeled osteons were sharply reduced. These "extinction zones" were found to be associated with local maxima in resorption space density. We further noted that the ratio of singly to doubly labeled osteons in the experimental control femurs was high as compared with that in humans, but similar to that previously observed in the canine iliac crest.
Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Erythorbic Acid, and Uric Acid in Cured Meats by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with amperometric detection was applied to the determination of ascorbic acid (AA), erythorbic acid (EA), and uric acid (UA) in 5% meta-phosphoric acid extracts of beef bologna, beef frankfurters, bacon, and ham cured with AA or EA. AA concentrations (mg/ g meat) ranged from 0.008 in EA-cured beef frankfurters to 0.584 in AA-cured bacon. EA concentrations ranged from 0.149 in EA-cured beef frankfurters to 0.545 in EA-cured bacon. UA was quantified only in EA-cured bologna and frankfurters with 0.013 and 0.010 mg/g, respectively. Correlations of total ascorbate (AA + EA) by HPLC with fluorometric and calorimetric procedures were 0.992 and 0.988, respectively.
Bone size and density measurements in prepubertal children with Turner syndrome prior to growth hormone therapy

Summary Using computed tomography (CT), we found the decreases in bone size of vertebrae and femur, cortical bone area (CBA) of femur and bone density (BD) of vertebrae in prepubertal female with Turner syndrome (TS) compared to those of controls.
The Use and Abuse of Morality

Both morality and theories of morality play many distinctive—and sometimes apparently conflicting—functions: they identify and prohibit wrongful aggression; they chart and analyze basic duties; they present ideals for emulation; they set the terms or justice, rights and entitlements; they characterize the norms of basic decency and neighborliness. Since many of these can, in practice, come into conflict with one another, morality provides guidance for integrating priorities. Claims to morality can, however, be misused as well as used: sanctimonious self-righteousness, self-centered moral narcisism and deflecting, misleading justification all present an abusive mask of morality. In this paper, I analyze both the use and abuse of morality and offer an account of its appropriate use, as presenting multiple heuristic questions for reflection.
Tryptophan hydroxylase activity and 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells in the superior cervical ganglion of hydrocortisone-treated neonatal rats

Early postnatal glucocorticoid injections led to a large increase in the number of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)-immunoreactive small cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity in ganglia from animals treated with glucocorticoids was not significantly different from saline-injected controls. Both 5-HT immunoreactivity and TPH activity were decreased in ganglia from animals treated with glucocorticoid and the TPH inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine, but not in animals treated with 5-HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine. These results suggest that 5-HT is synthesized in the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells.
Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀×M. saxatilis ♂) in recirculated tank production

The efficacy of replacing fishmeal with petfood-grade poultry by-product (PBM) on an ideal protein basis in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass (HSB) was evaluated under production conditions in tank culture. A generic production diet (GEN) for HSB was formulated to contain 45% protein, 12% lipid and 3.7 kcal/kg. Protein in the generic diet was supplied by a mix of animal and plant sources typically used by the industry that included more than 20% select menhaden fishmeal and less than 10% PBM. A positive control diet (GEN + AA) was formulated by supplementing the generic diet with feed-grade Met and Lys to match the level of those amino acids in HSB muscle at 40% digestible protein. Substitution diets were formulated by replacing 35% or 70% of fishmeal in the GEN diet with PBM on a digestible protein basis and then supplementing with Met and Lys (designated 35PBM and 70PBM, respectively) as needed to maintain concentrations of Met and Lys equal to those in the GEN + AA diet. Diet formulation and extrusion were conducted by a commercial mill. Fish were stocked (87 g average initial weight) in three replicated production-scale recirculating culture systems. Diets were initially fed at 4% body weight·day− 1 divided into morning and evening feedings and gradually decreased to 1.5% body weight·day− 1 during the 24-week trial. The availability of indispensable amino acids (IAA) in the commercial test diets were determined in a separate trial. All test diets were replete with respect to published requirements of hybrid striped bass; however, available levels of Arg and Thr were first- and second-limiting, respectively, and His was third-limiting, in the replacement diets when compared to the IAA profile of hybrid striped bass muscle. Diet composition significantly (P < 0.05) influenced final weight, weight gain, yield, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, but did not significantly alter feed conversion and muscle ratio. Generally, fish fed the 35% replacement diet (35PBM) performed as well as fish fed the generic diet, whereas fish fed the 70PBM diet not. Fish fed the supplemented generic diet (GEN + AA) outperformed fish fed the other test diets. Results clearly demonstrate that formulation on an available amino acid basis can significantly improve the performance of current diets for HSB and that petfood-grade poultry by-product can successfully provide nearly half the protein in commercial HSB diets when substituted for fishmeal on an available amino acid basis.
Pathologic changes in rats and dogs from two-year feeding of sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate.

Abstract Feeding of sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate to weanling Osborne-Mendel rats in 2-year experiments resulted in marked enlargement of the common bile duct in a large proportion of the animals on the highest dosage of each compound, namely, 250 and 400 ppm As in the diet, respectively. These levels also caused pronounced weight depression and decreased survival. At the next lower dosages, 125 ppm As as arsenite and 250 ppm As as arsenate in the diet, enlargement of the common bile duct was also present, but was less pronounced. Survival was slightly reduced with the arsenate, and both compounds caused reduced weight, particularly in the females. Levels of 62.5, 31.25, or 15.63 ppm As as arsenite and 125, 62.5, or 31.25 ppm As as arsenate did not cause common bile duct enlargement and did not affect survival. Weight was slightly reduced in both sexes with 125 ppm As as arsenate, and in females only with 62.5 ppm As as arsenite. No carcinogenic effect of the two arsenicals in these experiments could be detected. Histologically, the enlarged common bile ducts showed hyperplasia of the glandular elements, focal necrosis, and fibrosis. Intrahepatic bile ducts were little affected. Young beagle dogs in a 2-year experiment were fed either of the arsenicals at As levels of 125, 50, 25, or 5 ppm in the diet. None of the six on the high level of arsenite survived 2 years; all lost much weight during the feeding period. Only one of six dogs on the high level of arsenate died, and this one dog lost much weight; the survivors showed some weight loss. Gross and microscopic changes in the nonsurviving dogs were essentially those of inanition. Dogs on levels of 50 ppm or less of As as either compound did not differ from the controls. For a given degree of effect in either species (dog survival and weight loss, rat survival and weight depression, and rat common bile duct enlargement), more arsenic in arsenate than in arsenite form was required.
CELL CYCLE CONTROL IN THE TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED MYOCYTE: A Platform for Myocardial Repair?

Currently available pharmaceuticals exert beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. Only cardiac transplantation, however, provides a definitive solution to the irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes in the failing heart. The limited availability of donor hearts leaves the vast majority of afflicted patients in need. The need for innovative approaches to improve care for these patients is apparent.
Commentary: is the concept of "tumor promotion" a useful paradigm?

Since the demonstration of the multistage nature of carcinogenesis in experimental work on mouse skin carcinogenesis (and subsequently on various other organ systems in other organisms), the concepts of "initiation", "promotion", and "progression" were operationally generated from empiric data. Because these early observations and concepts had no mechanistic explanations, various hypotheses have been generated to explain the unique characteristics of each phase (e.g., initiation, being irreversible, was ascribed as the result of DNA damage leading to mutagenesis; promotion, being interruptible or reversible, was believed to be caused by epigenetic mechanisms; progression, also being irreversible, was believed to be caused by genetic instability that led to mutagenic and epigenetic changes). In addition, many of the molecular, biochemical, and cellular experiments designed to investigate the mechanistic bases of these phases used technologies that did not always lead to unequivocal interpretations, and because "real-life" carcinogenesis does not mimic controlled experimental conditions of the initiation/promotion/progression experiments, many investigators believe that these concepts have lost their usefulness. In this commentary, I explain some of the confusion concerning the concept of promotion and suggest that, by understanding the limitations of many in vitro assays used to characterize mutagens, by integrating other theories of carcinogenesis (i.e., stem cell theory), and by recognizing the role of epigenetic agents, specifically, modulated gap-junctional intercellular communication, the concept of promotion can provide valuable insights into the carcinogenic process. Mol. Carcinog. 30:131--137, 2001.
Determinants of Patient Satisfaction Following Penile Prosthesis Surgery

ABSTRACT Purpose Penile prosthetic surgery is associated with satisfaction rates >90% for the general penile implant population. It is suggested that satisfaction rates may be lower in certain populations. This study was undertaken to define potential predictors of satisfaction. Methods Patients undergoing penile prosthesis surgery completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) prior to surgery, and the IIEF and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) questionnaires at least 6 months postoperatively accompanied by a Global Satisfaction Question (GSQ). Results A total of 114 patients constituted the study population. Subgroups evaluated included patients with Peyronie’s disease (PD), body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m 2 , radical prostatectomy (RP), and patient age > 70 years. The mean patient age and duration of ED were 59 ± 14 and 3.2 ± 1.9 years, respectively. All groups demonstrated statistically significant differences between pre‐ and postoperative scores for the IIEF and EDITS. Patients with PD, a history of RP, and BMI > 30 kg/m 2 had significantly lower scores on the GSQ, IIEF satisfaction domain, and EDITS compared with the general implant population. Only PD impacted negatively on the postoperative IIEF erectile function domain score. On the multivariate analysis, factors associated with ≥5‐point difference in the IIEF satisfaction domain score compared with the general implant population were PD (RR = 4.2), RP (RR = 2.2), and BMI > 30 (RR = 1.8). Conclusions These data suggest that men diagnosed with PD, BMI > 30, or previous RP undergoing penile prosthesis surgery have lower satisfaction rates than the general penile implant population. Akin‐Olugbade O, Parker M, Guhring P, and Mulhall J. Determinants of patient satisfaction following penile prosthesis surgery. J Sex Med 2006;3:743–748.
Subjective Views of Kuhn

In response to a charge of subjectivism, Kuhn in his Postscript emphasizes the importance of “values” (accuracy, simplicity, explanatory power, etc) that are shared by scientists generally. However, Kuhn adds, these values are applied differently by different scientists. By employing a comparison with partially subjective views of Carnap on confirming evidence, this paper raises questions about Kuhn's position on values by considering ways it might be interpreted as subjective and ways it may not.
FASTBUS - Details of Addressing and Bus Mastership

FASTBUS is a new high-speed data-acquisition standard under development by the Physics Community. A general overview of FASTBUS can be found in Reference 1. This paper will deal with two specific areas: addressing and bus arbitration. These two topics are unique to FASTBUS and will require some reorientation of the users relative to their CAMAC experiences.
The Interpersonal Consequences of Processing Ease Fluency as a Metacognitive Foundation for Prejudice

Existing theories of prejudice formation focus primarily on the contents of social cognition (stereotypes, emotions) as laying the foundation for interpersonal animus. However, recent studies have revealed that experiential cues associated with the process of social cognition may also fuel prejudice. In particular, fluency—the metacognitive ease or difficulty of processing a stimulus—has emerged as an important factor contributing to prejudice. Across diverse operational definitions and at various levels of analysis, fluent processing is associated with positive social evaluations whereas disfluent processing is associated with negative social evaluations. Here, we review this burgeoning literature and highlight continued knowledge gaps to guide the next wave of research on the social consequences of fluency.
Stress, Alcohol Use, and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life

The purpose of this study is to use social identity theory in order to evaluate whether alcohol use buffers the effects of stress on depressive symptoms. Two hypotheses are developed from this perspective. The first specifies that alcohol use should reduce the negative impact of events arising in social roles that are not valued highly by study participants. The second predicts that alcoholic consumption will exacerbate the effects of stressors that emerge in roles that are highly salient. Support for these propositions was obtained with data provided by a recent nationwide survey of older adults.
The Ambivalent Minority: Mexican Americans and the Voting Rights Act

In the countless conversations about U.S. immigration policy that I have had with Mexican Americans of varied backgrounds and political orientations, seldom have my interlocutors failed to remind me that “We were here first,” or that “This was our land and you stole it from us.” Even a moderate Mexican American politician like former San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros sounds the same theme in a national news magazine:It is no accident that these regions have the names they do—Los Angeles, San Francisco, Colorado, Montana.…It is a rich history that Americans have been led to believe is an immigrant story when, in fact, the people who built this area in the first place were Hispanics.
Building research capacity among people with disabilities

The full inclusion of people with disabilities in rehabilitation science and disabilities studies is necessary for growth and long-term success. Full inclusion of people with disabilities can only be accomplished through building research capacity and changing rehabilitation research paradigms. There must also be a national effort to build a rehabilitation research infrastructure with shortand long-range programs to recruit and train scientists with disabilities. The building of research capacity requires the cooperation and collaboration of federal agencies, national laboratories, universities, and advocacy organizations. Research capacity and research quality must be increased to achieve the goals expected by people with disabilities. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Successful Turnaround of a University-Owned, Community-Based, Multidisciplinary Practice Network

PURPOSE The University of Utah purchased a 100-clinician, 9-practice multi-specialty primary care network in 1998. The university projected the network to earn a profit the first year of its ownership in a market with growing capitation; however, capitation declined and the network incurred up to a $21 million operating loss per year. This case study describes the financial turnaround of the network. METHODS In 2001, the university reconfigured the practices for a fee-for-service environment while preserving the group’s multidisciplinary clinical and ancillary services. Changes included reorganization under the existing University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics system, new governance and leadership, closure of practices, creation of a billing office, new financial reporting, implementation of electronic health records, revision of physician compensation, capture of referrals, leadership and staff training, and practice reengineering. RESULTS The network as a whole became profitable in 2004–2005. Its primary care component is projected to become profitable in 2 to 3 years. The network is opening new sites strategically important to the health system. CONCLUSIONS This turnaround required commitment from senior university leaders, management with knowledge of primary care practice, retention of ancillary revenues, and management and business services specific to the network with support from other units within the university. Culture change within the group was essential. Our experience suggests that an academic health center can successfully operate a primary care network by attending to the unique needs of this challenging business. Doing so can strengthen the institution’s overall financial and clinical performance and provide an important setting for teaching and research.
Selective factors in sun-weather research

Research on the correlations between solar wind/IMF disturbances and subsequent winter troposphere vorticity changes (denoted SV) are reviewed to investigate sun-weather relationships. Uncertainties in the research attempting to link short-term solar variations and associated changes in the lower atmosphere are discussed, and it is noted that such analyses have generally not addressed either the choice of parameters or the selective factors involved in the physical relationships existing between parameters. It is suggested that the identification of a viable mechanism scenario would require a detailed multiparameter selective factor analysis, extending to the investigation of the atmospheric data as well as the solar wind/IMF parameters.
Level VI Lymph Node Dissection Does Not Decrease Radioiodine Uptake in Patients Undergoing Radioiodine Ablation for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Background In patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer, the incidence of pathologic central compartment lymph node metastases is reported to be approximately 50%. Recently level VI lymph node dissection has been advocated as a means of reducing recurrence rates in these patients, even if there are no clinically apparent nodal metastases. This study investigates whether level VI lymph node dissection decreases the percent radioiodine uptake when patients undergo radioiodine ablation.
Towards a synthetic model of the photosynthetic water oxidizing complex: [Mn3O4(O2CMe)4(bpy)2] containing the [MnIV3(μ-O)4]4+ core

The 3 MnIV title compound has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography and magnetochemistry; the complex contains a [Mn(mu-O)2Mn(mu-O)2Mn]4+ core and possesses an S = 3/2 ground state.
Annotation of phenotypic diversity: decoupling data curation and ontology curation using Phenex.

Background: Phenex (http://phenex.phenoscape.org/) is a desktop application for semantically annotating the phenotypic character matrix datasets common in evolutionary biology. Since its initial publication, we have added new features that address several major bottlenecks in the efficiency of the phenotype curation process: allowing curators during the data curation phase to provisionally request terms that are not yet available from a relevant ontology; supporting quality control against annotation guidelines to reduce later manual review and revision; and enabling the sharing of files for collaboration among curators. Results: We decoupled data annotation from ontology development by creating an Ontology Request Broker (ORB) within Phenex. Curators can use the ORB to request a provisional term for use in data annotation; the provisional term can be automatically replaced with a permanent identifier once the term is added to an ontology. We added a set of annotation consistency checks to prevent common curation errors, reducing the need for later correction. We facilitated collaborative editing by improving the reliability of Phenex when used with online folder sharing services, via file change monitoring and continual autosave. Conclusions: With the addition of these new features, and in particular the Ontology Request Broker, Phenex users have been able to focus more effectively on data annotation. Phenoscape curators using Phenex have reported a smoother annotation workflow, with much reduced interruptions from ontology maintenance and file management issues.
A Critical Evaluation of the Systematic Approach To Jury Selection

Social scientists have recently generated a great deal of publicity by their involvement in jury selection. This paper describes the components of the methodology used. Then both practical and conceptual difficulties with each component are discussed. It is noted that there is little empirical support for any of the components or for the method as a whole. Finally, some of the legal and ethical implications of the methodology are treated.
Estimating predictive values for blood pressure measurements from multivariate regression models with covariates.

Predictive values are useful in estimating the probability distribution of a ‘true’ or underlying measurement, that is, without measurement error or within-person variability. They have been applied to blood pressure data to estimate the true probability that a person is hypertensive currently, or that he/she will become hypertensive based on previous data from childhood. The current work extends these results to situations where covariates are of interest. One can use multivariate regression models to model predictive values for future levels as functions of covariates as well as current measured levels. I compare predictive value estimates obtained from these models to those obtained from ordinary linear regression and from logistic regression with use of data on childhood blood pressure from East Boston, MA. Estimates obtained using the multivariate model are preferable either in terms of bias in the estimates themselves or in terms of their variability. This is particularly true with covariates included in the model. The difference between the multivariate and ordinary regression estimates depends on the conditional reliability of future levels given current blood pressure levels and covariates. I also discuss predictive value estimates for true current level given observed level as well as covariates. These also depend on the reliability of the current measure given values of covariates.
Courting the Public: The Influence of Decision Attributes on Individuals’ Views of Court Opinions

Scholars and judges commonly maintain that courts require institutional legitimacy in order to be an effective institution of government and that such legitimacy depends on judges making legally principled, neutral decisions. Two principal ways judges can signal the neutrality of decisions are the size of the majority coalition and the treatment of precedent: opinions with larger majorities or grounded in precedent project to the public that they were decided in accordance with the rule of law and thus based on impartial decision-making criteria. We use an experimental design to test whether these two decision attributes influence attitudes toward decisions, presenting individuals with mock newspaper articles reporting on Court decisions in which we systematically vary majority coalition size and treatment of precedent. Our data show that when the Court produces a unanimous (rather than divided) decisional coalition and when it follows (rather than overrules) precedent, individuals are more likely to agre...
Movement Disorders and Sleep

This article summarizes what is currently known about sleep disturbances in several movement disorders including Parkinson disease, essential tremor, parkinsonism, dystonia, Huntington disease, myoclonus, and ataxias. There is an association between movement disorders and sleep. In some cases the prevalence of sleep disorders is much higher in patients with movement disorder, such as rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. In other cases, sleep difficulties worsen the involuntary movements. In many cases the medications used to treat patients with movement disorder disturb sleep or cause daytime sleepiness. The importance of discussing sleep issues in patients with movement disorders cannot be underestimated.
Assessing Learning With and Without Interference

Abstract. Whereas learning in every day life requires the inhibition of irrelevant information, standardized memory tests usually do not contain interfering stimuli. The present study aims at an initial evaluation of a new verbal learning paradigm that considers learning with emotionally neutral or negative interference, and learning without interference. In three learning trials, 82 healthy subjects learned three 15-item word lists derived from the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Word recall in both conditions with interference was decreased, especially in the first learning trial and regardless of emotional valence. Working memory, therefore, might be more affected by interference than learning. These first promising results indicate the usability of the new verbal paradigm for clinical purposes.
Passivity and independence

Most programming languages have certain phrases (like expressions) which only read information from the state and certain others (like commands) which write information to the state. These are called passive and active phrases respectively. Semantic models which make these distinctions have been hard to find. For instance, most semantic models have expression denotations that (temporarily) change the state. Common reasoning principles, such as the Hoare's assignment axiom, are not valid in such models. We define here a semantic model which captures the notions of "change", "absence of change" and "independent change" etc. This is done by extending the author's "linear logic model of state" with dependence/independence relations so that sequential traces give way to pomset traces. >
VarSim: a high-fidelity simulation and validation framework for high-throughput genome sequencing with cancer applications

Summary: VarSim is a framework for assessing alignment and variant calling accuracy in high-throughput genome sequencing through simulation or real data. In contrast to simulating a random mutation spectrum, it synthesizes diploid genomes with germline and somatic mutations based on a realistic model. This model leverages information such as previously reported mutations to make the synthetic genomes biologically relevant. VarSim simulates and validates a wide range of variants, including single nucleotide variants, small indels and large structural variants. It is an automated, comprehensive compute framework supporting parallel computation and multiple read simulators. Furthermore, we developed a novel map data structure to validate read alignments, a strategy to compare variants binned in size ranges and a lightweight, interactive, graphical report to visualize validation results with detailed statistics. Thus far, it is the most comprehensive validation tool for secondary analysis in next generation sequencing. Availability and implementation: Code in Java and Python along with instructions to download the reads and variants is at http://bioinform.github.io/varsim. Contact: moc.anib@dr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Restoration on a Grand Scale

Large-scale wetland reforestation and hydrologic restoration projects have been implemented worldwide though few have been well studied or monitored following restoration. Many are located in the US where laws require restoration to compensate for the loss of aquatic and wetland resources. Many projects are in coastal areas or deltas where the rate of wetland loss is great and where water and sediment are available to restore hydrology and build (wet)lands. Five examples are presented: saline tidal marshes, inland freshwater marshes, delta wetlands (2), and mangrove reforestation. Techniques range from large-scale plantings to river diversions and nearly all require reintroduction of hydrology. Large restoration projects often involve rewetting with river water (marshes of Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Yellow River Delta (China), and/or sediment (Louisiana, USA)). Some projects such as in tidal marsh restoration (Delaware Bay, USA) were intensively monitored following restoration. For others, such as mangrove reforestation in the Mekong River Delta (Vietnam), little to no monitoring was conducted.
Coping Strategies: A Psychoeducational Approach to Post-Traumatic Symptomatology

Survivors of extensive childhood abuse frequently present complicated clinical dilemmas in the inpatient setting; they experience complex post-traumatic and dissociative symptomatology, such as flashbacks and other reexperiencing phenomena, as well as intense affects and self-destructive impulses. Such patients seek recommendations of how to manage their post-traumatic symptomatology, as well as how to tolerate intense affects and maintain safety. The nursing staff at McLean Hospital's Dissociative Disorders Program have developed a psychoeducational approach that patients have found useful. Coping strategies, which the patients learn to formulate, help clients stall impulsivity and dissociative episodes through the use of healthy diversions, grounding techniques, and support networks.