cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of oil plume dilution in Langmuir ocean circulation

Oil spills from deep-water blowouts rise through and interact with the ocean mixed layer and Langmuir turbulence, leading to considerable diversity of oil slick dilution patterns observed on the ocean surface. Certain conditions can drive oil droplet plumes to organize into distinct bands called windrows, inhibiting oil dilution. Observations of blurred or even diffused plumes are also common, but conditions under which these various dilution regimes emerge are not well understood. Here we use large eddy simulations to explain and quantify the dilution patterns and their dependence on relevant physical parameters. Two mechanisms, the downwelling and dilution due to Langmuir cells and the inhibition of dilution due to buoyancy of oil droplets, compete. This competition can be characterized by the ratio of Stokes drift to droplet rise velocity—the drift-to-buoyancy parameter, Db. We find that plume appearance and quantitative measures of relative dilution depend mainly on Db.
Sex and individual differences in cooperative nest construction of sociable weavers Philetairus socius

Complex animal societies often rely on communal resources from which all individuals in the group derive benefits. Selection should favor individuals that diminish their contribution towards these communal resources, and to increase their consumption of the resource, thus compromising the stability of these “public goods”. To begin to understand how public goods are maintained, it is useful to describe the cooperative behaviors that maintain the public good. One such public good is the communal nest in sociable weavers (Philetairus socius), which is constructed and maintained cooperatively by individual weavers in a colony. A captive colony of sociable weavers was observed for six weeks, and individuals’ level of cooperative nest construction was recorded. Individuals in the colony lived in one of six possible nests and each individual focused their nest construction behavior on their respective nest of residence. Sociable weaver males cooperated at a higher level than females, with measures of cooperation being consistent over time. These results provide the first description of cooperative nest construction in an entire colony and suggest potential mechanisms that may maintain cooperation.
Postdischarge Services for Low-Birth-weight Infants

Efforts to improve infant mortality and morbidity should focus on preventing low birth weight and improving infant care. Although preventing low birth weight is the ultimate goal, nurses also must improve the care of infants who are born with low birth weights. This article examines postdischarge care for these infants and the nurse's role in providing follow-up services. Nurses have unique opportunities to influence infant well-being directly through continued contact with families and through interventions that support infant caregivers. However, continued research is needed to provide nurses with information about how follow-up for low-birth-weight infants can be best provided.
Factors associated with self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort in video display terminal (VDT) users

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort in a population of video display terminal (VDT) operators. The data were collected via a survey administered to 373 persons who use a VDT at a corporate office site; 292 of the surveys were returned (78%). Respondents were asked to report on symptoms for six body regions, as well as job requirement information, demographic information, and a question regarding non-occupational hobbies. Six specific body regions were included: head and eyes, neck and upper back, lower back, shoulders, elbows and forearms, and hands and wrists. Descriptive information on these data was obtained through exploratory factor analysis, while logistic regression was used to estimate risk. The results indicated a statistically significant increased risk of discomfort on each of the body regions as the number of hours of keyboard use increases. Improper monitor and keyboard position were also significantly associated with head/eye and shoulder/back discomfort, respectively. These results emphasize the importance of workstation ergonomics and the need to limit the number of uninterrupted hours at the keyboard to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. Relevance to industry VDTs are ubiquitous in the workplace, even outside the office environment. Understanding risk factors for musculoskeletal discomfort among VDT users will help reduce cost associated with lost time, medical expenses and lost productivity due to improper use of VDTs in the workplace.
The role of strategic philanthropy in marketing strategy

Outlines the concept of strategic philanthropy, assesses its development and evolution, gives examples of the stakeholder focus, discusses marketing issues and addresses elements to consider in implementation. Organizations have long realized the benefits of benevolent philanthropy in supporting community, employees and the interests of investors. It has only been in recent years that organizations have formalized and integrated the philanthropic decisions with corporate citizenship and other key strategic organizational performance‐related decisions. Organizations in the twenty‐first century are increasingly concerned about managing societal issues in marketing to benefit key stakeholder interests. A new definition of strategic philanthropy is developed and contrasted with other initiatives that link marketing and society. Finally, suggestions for future research are provided.
Optimal Wheel Diameter Design for a Water-Vapor (R-718), Axial, Compressor

There is an interest to phase out environmentally harmful refrigerants (ie: HCFC-12, HCFC-22, but also HCFC-134A and other). Theoretical analysis coupled with mostly European research has proven that water-vapor (R-718) technology can be comparable to and even more efficient than other modern chiller technology using conventional refrigerants. The crucial component to succeed with water-vapor as refrigerant is the compressor. European compressor designs already introduced and commercialized have shown that with the currently available mechanics of using water-vapor, energy consumption can be reduced by as much as 20% over conventional technology utilizing refrigerants like HCFC134A. However, currently these compressor designs are physically large and the chillers can be as much as five (5) times more expensive to manufacture and install. Often for this reason they are often deemed to be insufficient. Much more reasonably priced compressors of possibly smaller size are desired now to developed water-vapor into an economically viable refrigerant, that may also be applicable for smaller cooling capacities. The presented work looks at the preliminary design considerations to determine the minimum impeller-wheel diameter with respect to the pre-determined operating parameters (ie: limiting relative critical Mach number, rotational speed, total fluid temperature, total fluid density, etc....). The results need then to be further refined in subsequent steps leading to a final design not discussed here. With the preliminary optimal impeller-wheel diameter of a water-vapor (R-718) compressor as established here, industry can easily perform a critical first step in developing a workable water-vapor (R-718) refrigeration system.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Spontaneous whisker growth on lead-free solder finishes

Spontaneous whisker growth on beta-Sn is a creep phenomenon near a surface, driven by compressive force. The compressive force is self-generated and the sample responses by growing stress-free whiskers. While a whisker grows out of a surface, it requires an oxidized surface and the oxide has to be protective. An oxide-free metal under compression in ultra-high vacuum will not grow whiskers. Due to a very limited temperature range, from room temperature to 60 °C, of spontaneous growth of Sn whiskers, a systematic study of the growth is difficult because if the temperature is lower, there is insufficient atomic diffusion and if the temperature is higher, there is no driving force because of stress relief. In this paper we review briefly the creep behavior of whisker growth on beta-Sn surfaces. We present a model of grain boundary fluid flow mechanism of growth of Sn whiskers. The agreement with experimental observation is discussed.
Possibility of enterohepatic recycling of ketoprofen in dogs.

Abstract Ketoprofen is mainly cleared by glucuronidation. The rate of glucuronidation of this compound has been demonstrated to be greater in dog than in human liver microsomes. Dog is the most common secondary nonprimate species used in drug metabolism studies in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, this study was undertaken to provide valuable information to pharmaceutical companies using dog as a model species for pharmacokinetic analyses when differences in glucuronidation occur across species for therapeutic drugs known to be extensively glucuronidated. The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen was investigated after intravenous (0.27, 0.57 and 1.10 mg/kg) and oral administration of ketoprofen (∼10 mg/100 ml) of the racemate in dogs. Serial blood samples were collected at timed intervals for 7 and 24 h following intravenous and oral administration of the dose, respectively, and concentrations in plasma were determined by a sensitive and specific HPLC method. By comparing the AUC 0−∞ following oral and intravenous administrations, ketoprofen bioavailability was ∼100%. A possibility of enterohepatic cycling of ketoprofen in dogs was proposed because of multiple peak phenomenon in the concentration–time profiles after intravenous and oral dosing was observed.
Pharmacological evaluation of the β-adrenoceptor agonist and thromboxane antagonist properties of N-substituted trimetoquinol analogues

The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist and U46619 (a thromboxane A2 agonist) antagonist properties of trimetoquinol (TMQ, I) and its optical isomers, and N-substituted TMQ analogues (methyl, II; 2-hydroxyethyl, III; cyclic sulfite N-2-chloroethyl, IV; 2-chloroethyl, V; benzyl, VI) were studied in guinea pig atria and trachea and rat aorta, respectively. All compounds gave concentration-dependent responses in atria and trachea, and the rank order of beta-adrenoceptor agonist potency was I greater than II greater than III greater than IV greater than V greater than VI. Whereas N-substitution reduced potency for beta-agonism, the beta 2/beta 1-selectivity ratio was enhanced by increasing the size of the N-substituent. All analogues possessed equal or greater (up to 41-fold more) beta 2-selectivity than I. Propranolol was a competitive antagonist of selected TMQ analogues in guinea pig trachea and atria, thus confirming the beta-adrenoceptor actions of these drugs. The optical isomers of TMQ gave a rank order of agonist potency of S(-)-TMQ greater than R(+)-TMQ, and a beta 2/beta 1-selectivity equal to or greater than racemic-TMQ. Each TMQ analogue also blocked the contractile responses of U46619 in rat aorta in a competitive manner, and the rank order of inhibition of U46619-induced contraction in rat aorta was I greater than VI greater than II = III greater than IV greater than V. N-Benzyl TMQ (VI) possessed the greatest potency for U46619 blockade and beta 2/beta 1-selectivity ratio of the N-substituted analogues. The results show that varying the N-substituents on TMQ produces compounds which retain beta 2-selectivity and give a different activity profile for beta-adrenoceptor activation vs. endoperoxide/thromboxane A2 antagonism.
Glucocorticoid receptors: ATP-dependent cycling and hormone-dependent hyperphosphorylation.

Abstract The dependence of hormone binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on cellular ATP levels led us to propose that GRs normally traverse an ATP-dependent cycle, possibly involving receptor phosphorylation, and that without ATP they accumulate in a form that cannot bind hormone. We identified such a form, the null receptor, in ATP-depleted cells. GRs are basally phosphorylated, and become hyperphosphorylated after treatment with hormone (but not RU486). In mouse receptors we have identified 7 phosphorylated sites, all in the N-terminal domain. Most are on serines and lie within a transactivation region. The time-course of hormone-induced hyperphosphorylation indicates that the primary substrates for hyperphosphorylation are the activated receptors; unliganded and hormone-liganded nonactivated receptors become hyperphosphorylated more slowly. After dissociation of hormone, most receptors appear to be recycled and reutilized in hyperphosphorylated form. From these and related observations, we have concluded that the postulated ATP-dependent cycle can be accounted for by hormone-induced or spontaneous dissociation of receptor-Hsp90 complexes, followed by reassociation of unliganded receptors with Hsp90 via an ATP-dependent reaction like that demonstrated in cell-free systems. Other steroid hormone receptors might traverse a similar cycle. Four of the 7 phosphorylated sites in the N-terminal domain are in consensus sequences for p34 cdc2 kinases important in cell cycle regulation. This observation, along with the known cell cycle-dependence of sensitivity to glucocorticoids and other evidence, point to a role for receptor phosphorylation in controlling responses to glucocorticoids through the cell cycle.
Corrections in Israel and the United States: A Comparative Analysis

The general underlying philosophical intent of corrections in both Israel and the United States is the restoration of the offender to a productive role in the community. Since the correctional intent is essentially the same, it is not surprising that the systems established to implement this aspiration are rather similar and exhibit many of the same ambiguities, weaknesses, and frustrations. The focus of the paper is on two correctional alternatives: incarceration and probation. As in America, Israel's prisons are overcrowded; most of the correctional facilities are unfit for human habitation; sanitary conditions are poor; occupational, vocational, and educational opportunities are virtually non-existent; and rehabilitation exists in name only. The recidivist rate of criminal offenders is as high in Israel as in the U.S. Various Israeli commissions in recent years have decried the prison conditions and have called for reform but, again as in the U.S., the problem has defied an acceptable solution. Israel'...
Optimal Bayesian two-phase designs

Abstract In this paper we present a Bayesian decision theoretic approach to the two-phase design problem. The solution of such sequential decision problems is usually difficult to obtain because of their reliance on preposterior analysis. In overcoming this problem, we adopt the Mont-Carlo-based approach of Muller and Parmigiani (1995) and develop optimal Bayesian designs for two-phase screening tests. A rather attractive feature of the Monte-Carlo approach is that it facilitates the preposterior analysis by replacing it with a sequence of scatter plot smoothing/regression techniques and optimization of the corresponding fitted surfaces. The method is illustrated for depression in adolescents using data from past studies.
The Teaching of Evaluation in Education.

The diversity and abundance of course materials used to teach educational evaluation reflect its varied roles and demands. A single core course cannot produce evaluation competence.
Sulbutiamine, an ‘innocent’ over the counter drug, interferes with therapeutic outcome of bipolar disorder

A case of a patient with bipolar disorder with a history of hospitalizations and addiction to sulbutiamine is presented. Sulbutiamine is a precursor of thiamine that crosses the blood–brain barrier...
The determination of the standard gibbs energies of formation of indium oxides from e.m.f. measurements using a solid oxide electrolyte technique

Electrochemical cells, employing yttria-doped thoria (YDT) and calcia-stabilized zirconia (csz) as solid-oxide electrolytes, were used to determine the standard Gibbs energies of formation of In 2 O 3 (c) and In 2 O(c). The standard Gibbs energy of In 2 O 3 (c), ΔG o (In 2 O 3 ,c,T), is given by the expression: {(−218.7 + 0.0756 T /K)±0.4} kcal th mol −1 for temperatures between 873 and 1073 K. For temperatures between 1123 and 1273 K, it is proposed that In 2 O(c) is the stable oxide, with the standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔG o (In 2 O,c, T ) given by the expression: {(−54.0 + 0.0079 T /K)±0.4} kcal th mol −1 . The standard Gibbs energy of formation of In 2 O(g), ΔG o r (In 2 O,g, T ), was calculated and was compared graphically with ΔG o r (In 2 O,c, T ) and (1/3) ΔG o r (In 2 O 3 ,c, T ) as a function of T .
The oxidation of soot and carbon monoxide in hydrocarbon diffusion flames

Abstract Quantitative OH · concentrations and primary soot particle sizes have been determined in the soot oxidation regions of axisymmetric diffusion flames burning methane, methane/butane, and methane/1-butene in air at atmospheric pressure. The total carbon flow rate was held constant in these flames while the maximum amount of soot varied by a factor of seven along the centerline. Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of OH · were placed on an absolute basis by calibration against earlier absorption results. The primary size measurements of the soot particles were made using thermophoretic sampling and transmission electron microscopy. OH · concentrations are greatly reduced in the presence of soot particles. Whereas large super-equilibrium ratios are observed in the high-temperature reaction zones in the absence of soot, the OH · concentrations approach equilibrium values when the soot loading is high. The diminished OH · concentrations are found to arise from reactions with the soot particles and only to a minor degree from lower temperatures due to soot radiation losses. Analysis of the soot oxidation rates computed from the primary particle size profiles as a function of time along the flame centerlines shows that OH · is the dominant oxidizer of soot, with O2 making only a small contribution. Higher collision efficiencies of OH · reactions with soot particles are found for the flames containing larger soot concentrations at lower temperatures. A comparison of the soot and CO oxidation rates shows that although CO is inherently more reactive than soot, the soot successfully competes with CO for OH · and hence suppresses CO oxidation for large soot concentrations.
Quinone propionic acid‐based redox‐triggered polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery: Computational analysis and in vitro evaluation

Redox-responsive polymers with pendant quinone propionic acid groups as a redox trigger were optimized by computational modeling to prepare efficient redox-triggered polymer nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery. Lipophilicities at complete reduction of redox-responsive polymers ( 80% of paclitaxel over 24 h at a simulated redox-state compared with 26.5 to 41.2% release from the control. Cell viability studies revealed that the polymer was nontoxic and the NPs could release paclitaxel to suppress breast cancer cell growth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40461.
Emergency medicine-trained physicians are proficient in the insertion of transvenous pacemakers.

Abstract Study objective The insertion and management of a temporary transvenous pacemaker can be a lifesaving procedure in the emergency department setting. We compare the success and complication rates associated with temporary transvenous pacemaker insertion between physicians trained in either emergency medicine or cardiology. Methods This was a retrospective medical record review of all patients with a billing code for temporary transvenous pacemaker insertion at our institution between July 1999 and December 2002. Patients were excluded if the temporary transvenous pacemaker was not supervised by an attending physician or was placed under fluoroscopy or if the indication for pacing was asystole. Cases were reviewed by 2 physicians certified in emergency medicine and categorized by the specialty training of the attending physician providing direct supervision. Results During the review period, 10 emergency medicine faculty and 8 cardiologists directly supervised 141 of the 158 temporary transvenous pacemaker insertions in 154 patients. Twenty-four were placed for asystole, 4 were placed under fluoroscopy, and 13 were placed without direct attending supervision, leaving a total of 117 cases (30 emergency medicine, 87 cardiology) for review. The procedure was successful 97% (95% confidence interval [CI] 90% to 100%) of the time for emergency medicine faculty and 95% (95% CI 91% to 100%) of the time for cardiology faculty. Complications were seen in 23% (95% CI 7% to 39%) of the temporary transvenous pacemakers inserted by emergency medicine attending physicians and 20% (95% CI 11% to 28%) of the temporary transvenous pacemakers inserted by cardiologists. There was no statistical difference in errors between the specialties, and no complication resulted in death or prolonged disability. Conclusion Physicians trained in emergency medicine perform temporary transvenous pacemaker insertions in the acute care setting with a proficiency similar to that of their counterparts in cardiology.
Evaluation and analysis of thrust units for power-limited propulsion systems

Velocity distribution of propellant ejection and effect on propulsion efficiency of ion engines
The Development and Application of an Energy Opinionnaire

(1980). The Development and Application of an Energy Opinionnaire. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 25-28.
Business cycle amplification with heterogeneous expectations

This paper studies the implications for business cycle dynamics of heterogeneous expectations in a stochastic growth model. The assumption of homogeneous, rational expectations is replaced with a heterogeneous expectations model where a fraction of agents hold rational expectations and the remaining fraction adopt parsimonious forecasting models that are, in equilibrium, optimal within a restricted class. Our approach nests the literature on rational expectations in business cycle models with a recent approach based on adaptive learning. We demonstrate that (i.) heterogeneous expectations can lead to substantial improvement in the internal propagation of equilibrium business cycle models and (ii.) the internal propagation depends on the degree of heterogeneity. A calibrated model with heterogeneity provides a closer fit to business cycle data than its representative agent, rational expectations counterpart.
Stuttering: Training the therapist

Abstract In order to sensitize therapists in training to the dynamics of helping others change, eight members of a graduate seminar in fluency disorders were asked to develop and maintain a program of personal behavioral change for a period of 4 wk. Their reflections on several features of this experience are discussed under the following categories: (1) Selecting the behavior for modification; (2) developing the contract; (3) motivational factors; (4) personal reflections, and (5) implications for working with stutterers.
Recent advances in natriuretic peptides in congestive heart failure

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are secreted by the heart and play important roles in the compensation of congestive heart failure with their vasodilating, natriuretic, antiproliferative, lusitropic and neurohumoral-modulating properties. Based on these beneficial properties, exogenous BNP was developed as a new treatment for congestive heart failure and approved in the US for acute decompensated heart failure. New therapeutic strategies for heart failure that are currently being investigated include chronic subcutaneous BNP administration and intermittent BNP infusions. Furthermore, strategies combining exogenous BNP with an inhibitor of the BNP-degrading enzyme neutral endopeptidase could contribute to maximising the actions of BNP and reduce the amount of exogenous BNP needed.
The Use of KBr Pressed Pellets in Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy

The practice of obtaining the infrared spectra of compounds pressed into a KBr matrix is a routine procedure in many chemical laboratories. Recently we and others have found that this technique is convenient for obtaining the near-infrared (4 000 to 13 000 cm−1) and visible (13 000 to 25 000 cm−1) electronic absorption spectra of coordination compounds. Because this method is apparently quite useful and may be of general interest to inorganic and solid-state chemists, we decided to investigate some of its qualitative and quantitative features.
Governing Civil Society: The Political Logic of NGO–State Relations Under Dictatorship

This paper attempts to take the first steps toward developing a theory of non-governmental organizations (NGO)–state relations under dictatorship. Drawing on evidence from East Asia, the author argues that dictatorships typically employ one of two strategies in attempting to govern NGOs. First, some dictatorships follow a corporatist strategy, in which business associations, development, and social welfare organizations are co-opted into the state and controlled through a variety of strategies. Second, other dictatorships pursue an exclusionary strategy in which NGOs are marginalized and replaced with state institutions. Variation in the strategy chosen may be explained by differing levels of elite competition and the type of development strategy. Single-party states tend to regulate elite conflicts better and thus often choose corporatist strategies. In personalist regimes dictators tend to fear the organizational and mobilizational potential of NGOs and thus tend to pursue exclusionary strategies. This choice, however, is conditioned by the development strategy employed, as socialist development strategies reduce the incentives to allow NGOs.
On the interpretation of AGCMs response to prescribed time‐varying SST anomalies

Recently, Bretherton and Battisti (1999) have presented an interesting interpretation of ensemble experiments with atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) whose mean successfully simulates the decadal evolution of the observed North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Using a linear model of atmosphere/ocean interaction, they plausibly argue that this hind-cast skill, as measured by lowpass correlations between observed and simulated indices, is consistent with the ocean mixed layer merely integrating stochastic surface heat flux forcing governed by the natural variability of the atmosphere. They go on to suggest, however, that predictability associated with middle-latitude SST anomalies is limited to timescales associated with the thermal inertia of the oceanic mixed layer (perhaps a year). Here, we include ocean circulation in a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model and also consider hypothetical limits in which the coupled system is highly predictable at low frequencies. We find that low pass correlations between observed and simulated NAO indices, obtained from ensembles of SST-forced AGCMs, are insensitive to the predictability of the system. Thus inferences about predictability of the atmosphere-ocean system cannot be made on the basis of this measure of the hindcast skill of atmosphere-only simulations.
Buttermilk as a Supplement to Corn Meal When Fed to Chickens

Abstract The value of milk products, such as skimmed milk and buttermilk, for poultry feeding has long been recognized. The poultryman bases their value upon the results he can obtain. During recent years scientists have made many studies of these products for the purpose of determining the nature of the constituents to which they owe their advantages as food. As a result of this work it is now known that for suitable growth the animal body demands not only a certain quantity of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and salts, but also the proper quality of protein and the correct proportion of the mineral elements. Furthermore, the ration must contain an adequate quantity of the growth-promoting substances called vitamins. Corn, widely used in poultry rations, is deficient in mineral matter and contains proteins which are considered to be of inferior quality. In fact, most grains are low in certain elements required by the . . .
The Quality of Her-2/ Neu Predictive Immunohistochemistry: Something FISHy?

The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 175,000 women will be identified in 1999 with new cases of breast cancer and approximately 43,000 will die of the disease (1). An increasing number of these cases are diagnosed at an early stage when there is no evidence of lymph node metastases. Tumor biology differs substantially among cases in such low-stage tumors, and it has become increasingly important to identify ancillary tools which allow the pathologist to reliably identify (1) Harbingers of aggressive biologic potential (early recurrence, metastases, death) and/or (2) genotypic or phenotypic features that can be linked to specific therapy based on blocking receptors or specific agents targeted to kill tumor cells.
A portable neutron spectroscope (NSPECT) for detection, imaging and identification of nuclear material

We have developed, fabricated and tested a prototype imaging neutron spectrometer designed for real-time neutron source location and identification. Real-time detection and identification is important for locating materials. These materials, specifically uranium and transuranics, emit neutrons via spontaneous or induced fission. Unlike other forms of radiation (e.g. gamma rays), penetrating neutron emission is very uncommon. The instrument detects these neutrons, constructs images of the emission pattern, and reports the neutron spectrum. The device will be useful for security and proliferation deterrence, as well as for nuclear waste characterization and monitoring. The instrument is optimized for imaging and spectroscopy in the 1-20 MeV range. The detection principle is based upon multiple elastic neutron-proton scatters in organic scintillator. Two detector panel layers are utilized. By measuring the recoil proton and scattered neutron locations and energies, the direction and energy spectrum of the incident neutrons can be determined and discrete and extended sources identified. Event reconstruction yields an image of the source and its location. The hardware is low power, low mass, and rugged. Its modular design allows the user to combine multiple units for increased sensitivity. We will report the results of laboratory testing of the instrument, including exposure to a calibrated Cf-252 source. Instrument parameters include energy and angular resolution, gamma rejection, minimum source identification distances and times, and projected effective area for a fully populated instrument.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE AVERCH‐JOHNSON EFFECT

In this paper the Averch-Johnson thesis of a capital bias in regulated firms is examined empirically. This is accomplished by estimating a system of factor demand functions using individual plant data from the electric power industry. Results obtained do not provide support for the A-J effect and it is suggested that there are a number of reasons this could have been expected a priori. finally, the implied parameters of the production function are derived and presented; the values are in line with other estimates of the production function for the electric power industry.
Early Diagnosis of Spastic Diplegia, Spastic Hemiplegia, and Quadriplegia

• A retrospective study examined early neurodevelopmental behaviors of children with spastic diplegia, spastic hemiplegia, and quadriplegia (spastic, athetoid, or mixed) who had been followed up longitudinally in a high-risk infant followup clinic. Compared with peers with normal outcomes, children with all three types of cerebral palsy had significantly lower scores on the Bayley Mental Scale at 4 months of age; children with hemiplegia and quadriplegia also scored significantly lower on the Bayley Motor Scale. On the Movement Assessment of Infants at 4 months of age, the children with hemiplegia and quadriplegia showed significantly higher risk scores than the nonhandicapped group. The Movement Assessment of Infants was more than three times as sensitive as the Bayley Motor Scale in detecting motor abnormalities in 4-month-old infants with diplegia and more than twice as sensitive in detecting early abnormalities of hemiplegia. At 1 year of age, however, the Bayley Motor Scale was extremely sensitive in picking up motor deficits in children with all three types of cerebral palsy. (AJDC. 1989;143:1356-1360)
The North American Species of Paragnetina (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

The writer considers the subfamily Perlinae to include the Perlidae which have the male subanal lobes little modified (not produced into sharp hooks), which have the tenth tergite cleft and the posterior angles of the cleft thickened and produced into forward-pointing processes or “genital hooks,” and which have three normal ocelli (Ricker, 1943). A systematic review of the subfamily is badly needed, but since the species are mostly Old World ones, it will probably be done by a student having good access to such material. However, the Old World species currently included in Perla , having rather large, simple genital hooks, seem sufficiently different from all American species that the latter should not be included in the type genus. Another fairly distinct group is Neophasganophora Lestage ( Phasganophora Klapalek), which has a single species in America. There is a considerable number of species, including the five discussed in this paper, in which the genital hooks have a large callus or shield (“Schwiele”) on the inner side. Whether all such species should be included in one genus is debatable; if so, the genus would include most or all of the species ascribed by Klapalek (1923) to Paragnetina, Tylopyge, Togoperla and Banksiella . Whether or not one inclusive genus of this extent should be recognized, the five American species seem to be best contained in a single genus. The genital hooks of all are rather short, not cleft at the tip, and have the callus well developed. They all have a median backward-pointing lobe on the male eighth tergite, though this is quite small in kansensis . In the female, all five species have the subgenital plate slightly to moderately produced, and bearing a small median notch or excavation. Variety appears in the presence or absence of a posterior extension of the male fifth tergite, excavated or bifid at the tip: this is present in media, immarginata and fumosa , but absent in kansensis and fattigi . The type species of Paragnetina also has such a process. At a subgeneric level a separation of the species lacking it from those which have it would probably be useful, but the matter should be left for a comprehensive revision of the group. Currently our five species are involved in an annoying confusion of specific and generic nomenclature.
Saint-Venant's principle for linear elastic porous materials

Toupin's version of the Saint-Venant's principle in linear elasticity is generalized to the case of linear elastic porous materials. That is, it is shown that, for a straight prismatic bar made of a linear elastic material with voids and loaded by a self-equilibrated system of forces at one end only, the internal energy stored in the portion of the bar which is beyond a distance s from the loaded end decreases exponentially with the distance s.
Treating Myofunctional Disorders: A Multiple-Baseline Study of a New Treatment Using Electropalatography

Purpose This study assessed the benefit of using electropalatography (EPG) in treatment aimed at habilitating individuals with nonspeech orofacial myofunctional disorders (NSOMD). Method The study used a multiple-baseline design across 3 female participants who were referred for an evaluation and possible treatment of their NSOMD. Treatment sessions were 30 min and provided twice weekly. Participant 1 received 8 treatments, Participant 2 received 6 treatments, and Participant 3 received 4 treatments. The patterns of sensor activation produced when participants' tongues made contact with the electropalate during saliva swallows were compared with the patterns of age-matched peers. Individualized goals were developed on the basis of these comparisons. Results Treatment was generally effective for the established goals. Of the 3 participants, 2 met all their goals, and the 3rd participant made gains across 1 of 2 goals. Participants continued to perform above baseline levels for most targeted goals during te...
Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Structure of Lithium and Sodium Ultraphosphate Glasses

Anhydrous binary phosphate glasses containing from 0 to 50 mol% Li2O or Na2O have been prepared and examined by Raman scattering spectroscopy. The unpolarized Raman spectrum of vitreous P2O5 has intense bands near 640 cm−1, attributed to the symmetric stretching mode of POP bridging oxygens, (POP)sym, between Q3 phosphate tetrahedra, and at 1390 cm−1 due to the symmetric stretch of the PO terminal oxygens, (PO)sym. With the addition of alkali oxide to P2O5, a new feature appears in the Raman spectra near 1160 cm−1 indicating the formation of Q2 phosphate tetrahedra with two bridging and two non-bridging oxygens. The increase in relative amplitude of this new (PO2)sym band with increasing modifier content is consistent with a simple depolymerization of the phosphate network. From 20 to 50 mol% alkali oxide, the position of the (PO)sym Raman band decreases by ∼ 130 cm−1 whereas the frequency of the (POP)sym band increases by ∼ 60 cm−1. These frequency shifts are the result of π-bond delocalization on Q3 species that effectively lengthens the PO terminal oxygen bond and strengthens the POP linkages with increasing alkali oxide content. The compositional dependence of the π-bond delocalization on Q3 tetrahedra is described by considering the interconnections between neighboring Q3 and Q2 tetrahedra. The onset of π-bond delocalization on Q3 species corresponds with the anomalous Tg minimum at 20 mol% alkali oxide in alkali ultraphosphate glasses. The increase in Tg between 20 and 50 mol% alkali oxide is attributed to the increased ionic interconnection of what becomes a chain-like phosphate network at higher alkali contents. Finally, the Raman spectra of several alkali ultraphosphate glasses show high frequency shoulders on the Raman bands attributed to the (PO2)sym and (PO2)asym vibrational modes. These shoulders represent the presence of strained structural units, possibly three- or four-membered rings.
Copper(II) Binding to α-Synuclein, the Parkinson’s Protein

Variations in tryptophan fluorescence intensities confirm that copper(II) interacts with α-synuclein, a protein implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Trp4 fluorescence decay kinetics measured for the F4W protein show that Cu(II) binds tightly (Kd ∼ 100 nM) near the N-terminus at pH 7. Work on a F4W/H50S mutant indicates that a histidine imidazole is not a ligand in this high-affinity site.
Examining the complex regulation and drug-induced plasticity of dopamine release and uptake using voltammetry in brain slices.

Fast scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices (slice voltammetry) has been used over the last several decades to increase substantially our understanding of the complex local regulation of dopamine release and uptake in the striatum. This technique is routinely used for the study of changes that occur in the dopamine system associated with various disease states and pharmacological treatments, and to study mechanisms of local circuitry regulation of dopamine terminal function. In the context of this Review, we compare the relative advantages of voltammetry using striatal slice preparations versus in vivo preparations, and highlight recent advances in our understanding of dopamine release and uptake in the striatum specifically from studies that use slice voltammetry in drug-naive animals and animals with a history of psychostimulant self-administration.
Academically Talented Students' Attitudes Toward Service in the Community

In this study, the authors examined participation rates in, and attitudes toward, service in community set- tings in a sample of 936 academically talented adolescents. Results indicated that about 50% of the participants par- ticipated in both classroom-sponsored and organization-sponsored service activities, with female students reporting higher rates than male students. Participation rates increased with increases in socioeconomic status, and rates in organization-sponsored activities increased across grade levels. Attitudes toward service were generally positive, with female students having more positive attitudes than male students. These findings mirror results from studies of non- identified students and suggest that differences in participation rates in service activities may be reflecting differences in economic circumstances that allow for participation. Putting the Research to Use: As service learning involves combining academic content with meaningful service in communities, there are those who believe that service learning is particularly well suited to students who are at the upper end of the academic achievement distribution and that these students have the potential to benefit from service learning to a greater extent than their less talented peers. The results of this study suggest that in many ways, academically talented students' participation in service activities is similar to that of their nonidentified peers but also raise important questions about the relationships of context for participation in service activities. Findings from this study suggest that socioeconomic status may limit options for participation in service activi- ties, both at the individual and school levels, and if this proves to be correct, this needs to be countered both by teachers and through policies at the district level.
Effect of mass and incidence angle of keV energy polyatomic projectiles in silicon sputtering

Recent experiments of bombardment of silicon targets show that keV energy polyatomic projectiles can greatly increase both the total yield and the secondary silicon ion emission, especially complex secondary ions. This effect is more pronounced for the heavy polyatomic projectiles than for light ones. To understand why the heavy projectiles increase the non-linear enhancement of the yields, molecular dynamics simulations of the bombardment of a Si(1 0 0)– (2 � 1) surface by Aln (n ¼ 1, 2) and Aun (n ¼ 1, 2) projectiles with E0 ¼ 1:5 keV/atom at the incident angles of h ¼ 0� and h ¼ 45� have been carried out. It is shown that oblique bombardment by heavy dimer projectiles at this initial energy leads to an increase of the number of trajectories with a very high yield of ejected atoms. A microscopic analysis of the events is given and also the influence of the high yield events on the energy distributions of the sputtered silicon atoms is described. � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The making of a new Europe. R.W. Seton-Watson and the last years of Austria-Hungary

(1985). The making of a new Europe. R.W. Seton-Watson and the last years of Austria-Hungary. History of European Ideas: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 90-91.
Grooming Tomorrow's Change Agents: The Role of Law Schools in Helping to Create a Just Society

Numerous authorities have lamented the fact that America’s criminal justice system is broken. To address this crisis, experts have proposed a range of policy proscriptions. But these proposals overlook a fundamental driver of this state of injustice. The criminal justice system as it now exists is defined by a value system inconsistent with justice. And many professionals responsible for administering criminal justice – politicians, judges, prosecutors, and defense counsel – have been shaped by this corrupted value system. As a result, those responsible for justice in America frequently promote unjust outcomes. If we are ever to realize meaningful reform, we must groom a generation of professionals who embrace those ideals fundamental to American justice, and work together to infuse the criminal justice system with these values. Because so many of these professionals are lawyers, our nation’s law schools must play an indispensable role in this effort. Critics have identified some significant shortcomings in legal education. Many have pointed to the failure of law schools to teach skills and values essential to the practice of law. Some have urged law schools to inspire graduates to find careers that promote the public interest. But largely overlooked is the need to equip lawyers with strategies to promote justice in broken systems. If law schools are going to fulfil their obligation to help us realize our most noble ideals, they must develop curricula designed to not only teach lawyers values and motivate them towards social justice careers; but to also arm them with tools to resist systems hostile to the principles that define us as a nation. This article discusses this challenge and examines two efforts to equip young lawyers with tools and strategies to become the change agents necessary to drive reform; one through an innovative law school curricula and the other through the training and mentoring of lawyers post law school in the crucial arena of indigent defense.
Resistance to empiric antimicrobial treatment predicts outcome in severe sepsis associated with Gram-negative bacteremia.

BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bacteria are an important cause of severe sepsis. Recent studies have demonstrated reduced susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to currently available antimicrobial agents. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with severe sepsis who were bacteremic with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, or Enterobacteriaceae from 2002 to 2007. Patients were identified by the hospital informatics database and pertinent clinical data (demographics, baseline severity of illness, source of bacteremia, and therapy) were retrieved from electronic medical records. All patients were treated with antimicrobial agents within 12 hours of having blood cultures drawn that were subsequently positive for bacterial pathogens. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 535 patients with severe sepsis and Gram-negative bacteremia were identified. Hospital mortality was 43.6%, and 82 (15.3%) patients were treated with an antimicrobial regimen to which the causative pathogen was resistant. Patients infected with a resistant pathogen had significantly greater risk of hospital mortality (63.4% vs 40.0%; P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, infection with a pathogen that was resistant to the empiric antibiotic regimen, increasing APACHE II scores, infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, healthcare-associated hospital-onset infection, mechanical ventilation, and use of vasopressors were independently associated with hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In severe sepsis attributed to Gram-negative bacteremia, initial treatment with an antibiotic regimen to which the causative pathogen is resistant was associated with increased hospital mortality. This finding suggests that rapid determination of bacterial susceptibility could influence treatment choices in patients with severe sepsis potentially improving their clinical outcomes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Emergency Aortocoronary Bypass for Impending or Extending Myocardial Infarction

Emergency coronary arteriography and aortocoronary bypass were successfully performed in three patients with preinfarction angina. Four patients with impending extension of a recent infarction died during or after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Aortocoronary bypass may improve angina and prevent infarction in selected instances of preinfarction angina. In patients with recent infarction and impending extension the risk of surgery appears to be prohibitively high.