cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On modeling the aggregate response of laminated thermoelastic media

Sufficient conditions are given that determine when solutions to general boundary value problems for inhomogeneous anisotropic laminated thermoelastic media are approximated, in the average, by solution of constant coefficient equations. These appropriate constant coefficients are computed and shown to be independent of the shape of the body and the loading on the body.
Basic statistical testing, including interim analysis

Clinical trials, due to the randomization process, require statistical methods for testing key hypotheses that are straightforward and involve simple comparisons of group proportions or group means. Differences between group proportions are tested using a chi 2 statistic or a Fisher's exact test. Differences between group means are tested using a two-sample t statistic. When there are more than two groups, the F statistic is calculated. When ordinal data or data not normally distributed are analyzed, nonparametric testing is performed. A critical decision prior to analysis is the choice of the endpoint, which must be clearly defined and consistently applied. Monitoring a clinical trial is important, and may lead to interim analysis. This should be done by independent study monitors. Interim results play an important role in analyzing clinical trials; however, they create problems due to multiple testing. An early stoppage rule is frequently applied when independent interim results are obtained. The statistical methods for interim analysis are discussed.
Prominent papillary dermal edema in dermatophytosis (tinea corporis)

Background: Commonly described histologic ‘clues’ to the diagnosis of dermatophytosis include neutrophils in the stratum corneum and/or epidermis, compact orthokeratosis and identification of fungal hyphae between two zones of cornified cells. Prominent (striking) papillary dermal edema (PPDE) is not commonly reported with dermatophytosis (tinea corporis). Methods: We observed an index case in which PPDE was the salient histologic finding in lesions of tinea corporis. Fifteen additional cases of tinea corporis with PPDE were diagnosed in our dermatopathology laboratory over a 9-year period. The clinical and histologic findings were reviewed. Results: All 16 cases occurred on the extremities of women, 11 of whom had skin of color. The submitted clinical differential diagnoses varied widely, but included some of the diseases ‘classically’ associated with PPDE, as well as other blistering eruptions. In several cases, only a few dermatophyte hyphae were identified in tissue sections. Conclusions: Our case series serves as a reminder that dermatophytosis should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions with PPDE. Fungal culture may be helpful in patients whose biopsies show PPDE, negative periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains and who fail to respond to conventional anti-inflammatory therapy. This study lends support for the routine use of PAS stains in biopsies of inflammatory dermatoses. Hoss D, Berke A, Kerr P, Grant-Kels J, Murphy M. Prominent papillary dermal edema in dermatophytosis (tinea corporis).
Probing grand unification with fermion masses, neutrino oscillations and proton decay

It is noted that a set of facts points to the relevance in four dimensions of conventional supersymmetric unification based on minimally a string-unifiedG(224) symmetry, or maximallySO(10). These include: (i) the observed family structure, (ii) quantization of electric charge, (iii) meeting of the three gauge couplings, (iv) neutrino oscillations (in particular the value of δm 2(νμ−δ τ), suggested by SuperK), (v) the intricate pattern of the masses and mixings of the fermions, including the smallness ofV cb and the largeness ofθ μνμτ osc , and (vi) the need for B-L as a generator to implement baryogenesis (via leptogenesis). A concrete proposal is presented within a predictiveSO(10)/G(224) framework that successfully describes the masses and mixings of all fermions, including the neutrinos — with eight predictions, all in agreement with observation. Within this framework, a systematic study of proton decay is carried out, which (a) pays special attention to its dependence on the fermion masses, (b) limits the threshold corrections so as to preserve natural coupling unification, and (c) uses recently improved values of the matrix element and renormalization effects. Allowing for both minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and its proposed variant, the so-called extended supersymmetric standard model (ESSM), as effective low-energy the ories, the study shows that a conservative upper limit on the proton lifetime is about (l–2)× 1034 years, with ·−K+ being the dominant decay mode, and quite possibly μ+ K 0 ande +π0 being prominent. This in turn strongly suggests that an improvement in the current sensitivity by a factor of five to ten ought to reveal proton decay. For comparison, some alternatives to the conventional approach to unification pursued here are mentioned at the end.
Quantifying rat pulmonary intravascular mononuclear phagocytes.

Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) protect the host by clearing effete and foreign particulates from the circulation. The current study was designed to identify, quantify, harvest, and provide a partial functional characterization of the systemic host-defense cell located in the pulmonary microvasculature of the rat. Critical colloid doses of test particulates (monastral blue B [MBB] or polystyrene beads) were infused intra-arterially into anesthetized rats so that phagocytically active pulmonary intravascular phagocytes could be identified. Morphologic characterization of in situ phagocytes was performed using electron microscopy. The number of active phagocytes was then determined using tissue samples processed for light microscopy. Finally, sequential perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature with buffer, chelating agent, and collagenase allowed elution and preliminary functional characterization of the pulmonary intravascular mononuclear phagocyte (PIMP). Electron microscopy demonstrated that both mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils contributed to pulmonary sequestration of circulating particulates. Light microscopy showed that the microvasculature of each alveolus contained 0.50 ± 0.19 active mononuclear phagocytes and 0.14 ± 0.12 active neutrophils. A chelation/ collagenase elution technique was then used to harvest the PIMP. Histologic evaluation of the postperfusion lungs indicated that 80% of the active phagocytes were removed by the technique. In total, the elution fluids contained 2.63 ± 1.04 × 107 cells, with 1.60 ± 0.78 × 107, 0.49 ± 0.17 × 107, and 0.54 ± 0.26 × 107 of those cells being mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, respectively. Functionally, the mononuclear phagocyte population exhibited a spectrum of phagocytic activities, with 51.5 ± 19.5% of the cells being inactive, 33.9 ± 13.4% exhibiting moderate phagocytic activity, and 14.6 ± 9.8% demonstrating intensive phagocytic capacity. The current study provides the first quantified demonstration that mononuclear phagocytes are primarily responsible for sequestering blood-borne foreign particulates in the pulmonary circulation of the rat. Approximately 2 × 107 PIMP existed in the lungs of 300 gram rats. The functionally heterogeneous mononuclear phagocytes exhibited phagocytic capacities ranging from avidly phagocytic (14.6 ± 9.8% ) through moderately active (33.9 ± 13.4%) to inactive. The lung microvasculature's large pool of inactive mononuclear phagocytes may provide a recruitable mechanism to allow significant increases in clearance of circulating particulates. A resident pool of activatable mononuclear phagocytes might explain previous clinical observations of increased particulate localization in the lung microvasculature of septic patients. Anat. Rec. 252:626–636, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coded Wire Tag Insertion Sites for Small Fingerling Black Bass

Abstract Comparison of small fingerling Guadalupe bass Micropterus treculi (25–38 mm total length, TL) implanted with coded wire tags 1.1 mm long × 0.25 mm in diameter in the cheek (N = 201) and nape (N = 190) musculature yielded 89% and 94% tag retention after 5 d, respectively. Nape musculature provided a larger target area than cheek musculature, which made tagging easier. Coded wire tags were then inserted into the napes of 31,500 largemouth bass M. salmoides (32–54 mm TL) to evaluate this location for marking large numbers of small fingerlings. Tag retention did not differ between 24 and 48 h, averaging 97% with pooled data. A subsample of fish randomly selected throughout tagging retained more than 98% of their tags at 27 d and lost less than 1% between 27 d and 9 months. Tagging-induced mortality was low after 24 h (mean = 2%, SD = 1%). The tagging rate for each tagging machine ranged from 389 to 583 fish/h. Nape musculature provided a viable tagging location for marking relatively large numbers of...
Sounds exaggerate visual shape.

While perceiving speech, people see mouth shapes that are systematically associated with sounds. In particular, a vertically stretched mouth produces a /woo/ sound, whereas a horizontally stretched mouth produces a /wee/ sound. We demonstrate that hearing these speech sounds alters how we see aspect ratio, a basic visual feature that contributes to perception of 3D space, objects and faces. Hearing a /woo/ sound increases the apparent vertical elongation of a shape, whereas hearing a /wee/ sound increases the apparent horizontal elongation. We further demonstrate that these sounds influence aspect ratio coding. Viewing and adapting to a tall (or flat) shape makes a subsequently presented symmetric shape appear flat (or tall). These aspect ratio aftereffects are enhanced when associated speech sounds are presented during the adaptation period, suggesting that the sounds influence visual population coding of aspect ratio. Taken together, these results extend previous demonstrations that visual information constrains auditory perception by showing the converse – speech sounds influence visual perception of a basic geometric feature.
EFFECTS OF SOIL HETEROGENEITY ON AIRFLOW PATTERNS AND HYDROCARBON REMOVAL DURING IN SITU AIR SPARGING

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation performed to study the effect of soil heterogeneity on the removal of benzene from six different homogeneous and heterogeneous soil profiles using insitu air sparging. Air injected in homogeneous coarse sand profiles traveled in channels within a parabolic zone. Within fine gravel, injected air traveled in bubbles and was confined to a smaller zone of influence than within the sand profiles. Heterogeneous soil profiles were subjected to airflow patterns that were combinations of patterns observed in homogeneous soil profiles. When hydraulic conductivity differences between adjacent soil layers or inclusions were less than a factor of 10, air freely entered into the lower permeability soil regions. However, when differences were greater than a factor of 10, the injected air followed a path of least resistance and avoided regions of lower permeability. Regions that were subjected to high airflow were remediated rapidly as a result of efficient vapor-phase partitioning due to volatilization. Regions that were not subjected to high airflow, whether the result of locations outside of the zone of influence or airflow diversion due to permeability differences between adjacent soil layers/lenses, did not experience rapid contaminant removal and required rate-limiting diffusion for contaminant removal. Overall, the importance of determining the degree of soil heterogeneity at a given site with a detailed site investigation prior to implementing air sparging is demonstrated.
Metabolism of 1-nitro[14C]pyrene in vivo in the rat and mutagenicity of urinary metabolites

The metabolic fate of the bacterial mutagen, environmental pollutant and potential carcinogen 1-nitropyrene (NP) has been investigated in the rat. Over half of an i.p. dose (10 mg/kg) of 1-nitro[14C]pyrene was excreted within 24 h of dosing, 15% of the dose in urine and 40% in the faeces. After 96 h greater than 80% of the dose had been recovered. The urinary and fecal metabolites of NP were separated and quantitated by h.p.l.c., then identified by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (h.r.g.c./m.s.) and comparison with synthetic reference compounds, where available. Very little (less than 5%) of the dose was excreted unchanged. Urinary metabolites were all excreted in conjugate form, mainly with glucuronic acid. Among the principal metabolite fractions identified were 3-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (already known as hepatic in vitro metabolites of 1-nitropyrene) and the hitherto unreported metabolites 6-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene and 8-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene. Mutagenic activity was detected, by means of the Ames Salmonella (strain TA 98) plate incorporation assay, in the urine of rats dosed with NP. This mutagenicity, unlike that of NP itself, required exogenous metabolic activation. It was predominantly associated with 6-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene and with the nitropyrene phenols (specific mutagenicity 600 and 700 rev/nmol respectively in the presence of 0.6 mg of S9 protein per plate). The majority of the residual metabolites were polar, refractory to enzymic hydrolysis, and of low mutagenicity. The major proportion of the 14C in feces was not extractable or amenable to enzymic hydrolysis; the extractable fecal metabolites were similar in nature to those in urine.
A NOVEL INDEX OF WHOLE BODY ANTILIPOLYTIC INSULIN ACTION

Objective: Assessment of antilipolytic insulin action is important in obesity research, but extensive isotopic tracer studies are not always feasible. We evaluated whether an index of antilipolytic insulin action could be derived from readily available insulin and glycerol concentrations obtained during clamps or oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Design and Methods: We evaluated data collected from 29 subjects who had undergone a 3-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (4, 8, and 40 mU/m2/min) with infusion of [2H5]glycerol to calculate the glycerol rate of appearance (GLYRA). Exponential decay curves for GLYRA across insulin concentrations were generated for each individual and suppression of lipolysis was calculated as the insulin concentration needed to half-maximally suppress GLYRA (GLYRA EC50). Areas under the curve for glycerol (GLYAUC) and insulin (INSAUC) were calculated and their products (INSAUC × GLYAUC) were calculated as an index of insulin suppression of lipolysis. Results: The clamp index was highly correlated with GLYRA EC50 (r = 0.862, P < 0.001), as was an OGTT-derived index (r = 0.720, P < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the products of the insulin and glycerol AUC from either a clamp or an OGTT are good biomarkers of the antilipolytic action of insulin and are comparable with direct measurement by isotopic tracer methods.
The development of a standard format for accelerator data analysis

Abstract The purpose of specifying a standard file format is to facilitate the analysis of data sampied by accelerator beam-diagnostic instrumentation. The format's design needs to be flexible enough to allow storage of information from disparate diagnostic devices placed in the beam line. The goal of this project was to establish a standard file layout and syntax that can be generated and “understood” by a large set of applications running on the control and data-analysis computers at LAMPF, as well as applications on personal computers. Only one file-parsing algorithm is needed for all computing systems. Once a consensus on the file syntax has been established, it is a straightforward process to code a parser for both the control computer and PCs. This paper describes the file format and the method used to integrate the format into existing diagnostic and control software.
The Determinants Of Trading Volume Distribution: Evidence From Globally Cross-Listed Stocks

Abstract This paper documents the global trading volume distribution of cross-listed stocks and examines factors that make a host market competitive in attracting order flows between host and home markets. We hand-collect a sample of 642 cross-listed firms in 10 host countries with 771 cross-listings from 39 home countries between 1981 and 2010. We document that, for the first time, whether a host market shares the language or legal origin with the home markets has significant impact on attracting order flows. We also find that host markets are more successful in attracting trading volume when they have a higher information factor, have lower bid-ask spreads, provide better investor protection and information disclosure, and are closer to the home market. Additionally, small but mature high-tech firms with high growth rate, volatile stock returns and high foreign sales are prone to execute more trading in host markets.
Unveiling the σ-Discrepancy in Infrared-Luminous Mergers. I. Dust and Dynamics

Mergers in the local universe present a unique opportunity for studying the transformations of galaxies in detail. Presented here are recent results, based on multi-wavelength, high-resolution imaging and medium resolution spectroscopy, which demonstrate how star formation and the presence of red supergiants and/or asymptotic giant branch stars have led to a serious underestimation of the dynamical masses of infrared-bright galaxies. The dominance of a nuclear disk of young stars in the near-infrared bands, where dust obscuration does not block their signatures, can severely bias the global properties measured in a galaxy, including mass. This explains why past studies of gas-rich luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and ultraluminous infrared galaxies, which have measured dynamical masses using the 1.62 or 2.29 μm CO band heads, have found that these galaxies are forming m m* ellipticals. Moreover, merger remnants, including LIRGs, are placed on the I-band fundamental plane for the first time and appear to be virtually indistinguishable from elliptical galaxies.
NOAA National Ocean Service Remote Sensing Applications and Concept of Operations

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the primary civilian ocean agency in the United States. To meet its mission, the agency addresses coastal and ocean challenges on a daily basis focusing on issues ranging from genomics to coastal inundation. Comprised of 11 programmatic lines, NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS) has a wide-range set of inter-related challenges extending from management of estuaries and marine protected areas to operational oceanography and forecasting. To meet these challenges, remote sensing technologies play a critical role in the NOS' ability to assess, monitor, and predict changes in environmental and biogeochemical parameters which support specific applications. In this presentation, we identify NOS ocean and coastal remote sensing requirements and describe progress towards the unified concept of operations initiated in 2004. The processes used in key remote sensing applications areas are illustrated in terms of their end-to-end processing systems. Finally, we show how NOS partners with other agencies, academia, and industry to achieve its remote sensing mission most effectively.
Human adenovirus 36 decreases fatty acid oxidation and increases de novo lipogenesis in primary cultured human skeletal muscle cells by promoting Cidec/FSP27 expression.

It has been well documented that human adenovirus type 36 (Ad-36) is associated with obesity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of Ad-36 inducing obesity remains unknown. We sought to investigate the effect of Ad-36 infection on Cidec, AMPK pathway and lipid metabolism in primary cultured human skeletal muscle cells. Cidec/fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27), fatty acid oxidation, AMPK signaling and the abundance of proteins involved in lipid synthesis were determined in muscle cells infected with various doses (1.9–7.6 MOI) of Ad-36 and non-lipogenic adenovirus type 2 (Ad-2) as a negative control as well as an uninfected control. Cidec/FSP27 siRNA transfection was performed in Ad-36-infected muscle cells. Our data show that Ad-36 significantly reduced fatty acid oxidation in a dose-dependent manner (all P values are <0.01), but Ad-2 did not affect fatty acid oxidation. Ad-36 substantially increased Cidec/FSP27, ACC, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), SREBP-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase protein abundance, but significantly reduced AMPK activity, mitochondrial mass and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) abundance in comparison with control cells (all P values are <0.01). Oil Red O staining revealed that there was substantial fat accumulation in the Ad-36-infected muscle cells. Furthermore, Cidec/FSP27 siRNA transfection significantly reduced FSP27 expression and partially restored AMPK signaling, increased UCP3 and decreased SERBP 1c and perilipin proteins in Ad-36-infected muscle cells. Interestingly, neither Ad-36 nor Ad-2 affected peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ protein expression in muscle cells. This study suggests that Ad-36 induced lipid droplets in the cultured skeletal muscle cells and this process may be mediated by promoting Cidec/FSP27 expression.
Carpal-tarsal osteolysis.

A mother-daughter kindred with carpal-tarsal osteolysis and evidence of renal involvement is presented. There was a similarity between the early clinical manifestations of this syndrome and those of rheumatoid arthritis. The distinction made in previous reports between the dominantly inherited form and the sporadic form with nephropaphy is questioned.
Life-Threatening Tumor Lysis Syndrome Within 12 Hours of a Single Dose of Corticosteroid in a Patient with Lymphoma

Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency characterized by electrolyte derangements and the frequent development of acute renal failure. We describe a patient with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma in whom rapid and severe tumor lysis syndrome developed within 10 h of the administration of a single dose of corticosteroid. Our case and a review of the literature indicate that patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies given a single dose of corticosteroid may be at significant risk for rapid and life-threatening tumor lysis syndrome. We recommend that such patients receive aggressive and frequent laboratory monitoring even in the setting of appropriate prophylaxis.
Further characterization of two "DR supertypic" specificities. Additional evidence that they reside on molecules different from those carrying HLA-DR locus specificities.

Abstract Peripheral lymphocytes from a panel of individuals who had been assayed for DR specificities by the conventional cytotoxicity assay were typed for DR “supertypic” specificities, DC1 and BR4 × 7, by the radioimmunoassay. A positive and a negative population were clearly distinguished for both specificities and the strong association of the DC1 specificity with DR1, 2, and w6 was confirmed as well as the BR4 × 7 specificity with DR4 and 7. Family study also supported this strong association. Appropriate papain digestion separated molecules carrying DC1 determinant from those carrying DR2 as well as from those carrying DRw6, and separated molecules carrying BR4 × 7 from those carrying DR4. Specificity analysis of the 8th Workshop antisera by use of these separated antigen preparations showed that some anti-DC1 antisera do not possess appreciable anti-DR1, 2, or w6 activity and vice versa. The same was found for BR4 × 7 in its relationship with DR4 and 7. The existing evidence could be explained most economically by assuming a genetic model of two loci in linkage disequilibrium each coding for analogous but distinct forms of the small (beta) subunits of Ia molecules.
Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis with multidimensional GC-MS-Olfactometry

Одновременный химической и сенсорный анализ с многомерной газовой хроматографией- масс-спектрометрией-ольфактометрией (ммГХ-МС-O) объединяет классическое хроматографическое разделение с сенсорными анализами. Обученный оператор и человеческий нос используются в качестве детектора одновременно записывающего обонятельные отклики (аромаграммы) и химическое разделение (хроматограммы). Анализ хроматограмм и аромаграмм позволяет разделить соединения, имеющие запах (аромат) в очень сложных матрицах. Многомерная хроматография с переключателем Дина повышает хроматографическое разделение. В сочетании с сенсорными анализами, она позволяет изолировать и в конечном счете, идентифицировать соединения, вызывающие запах. Масс-спектрометрическое определение позволяет идентифицировать и количественно определять конкретные целевые соединения. Целью данной работы является вводный обзор одновременных химических и сенсорных анализов с использованием многомерной ГХ-МС-ольфактометрии.
Impact of Molecular Subtype on Locoregional Recurrence in Mastectomy Patients with T1–T2 Breast Cancer and 1–3 Positive Lymph Nodes

Postmastectomy radiation (PMRT) in T1–T2 tumors with 1–3 positive axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) is controversial. Impact of molecular subtype (MST) on locoregional recurrence (LRR) and PMRT benefit is uncertain. We examined the association between MST and LRR, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS), in T1–T2 tumors with 1–3 positive ALNs. From an institutional database, we identified mastectomy patients with 1–3 positive ALNs between 1995 and 2006. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, had T3–T4 tumors, or ≥4 positive ALNs were excluded. MST was defined as: hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2−(luminal A/B), HR+/HER2+(luminal HER2), HR−/HER2+(HER2), and HR−/HER2−(basal). Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to examine association between MST and LRR, RFS, and OS. This study included 884 patients (700 no PMRT, 141 PMRT): 72.8 % luminal A/B, 7.8 % luminal HER2, 6.8 % HER2, and 12.6 % basal. Median follow-up was 6.3 years; 39 LRRs occurred. Luminal A/B subtype had the smallest tumors (p = 0.03), lowest intraductal component (p = 0.01), histologic grade (p < 0.0001), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (p = 0.008), and multifocality/multicentricity (p = 0.02). On univariate analyses, there was no association between MST and LRR. MST was associated with RFS and OS; the basal and HER2 subtype had the lowest RFS (p = 0.0002) and OS (p < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, only age ≤50 years (p = 0.003) and presence of LVI (p = 0.0003) were predictive of LRR; MST was not (p = 0.38). In patients with T1–T2 breast cancer and 1–3 positive lymph nodes who did not receive PMRT, MST was not an independent predictor of LRR and may not be useful in selecting PMRT candidates in that group.
The relationship of mirror-elicited display to combat behaviors in Betta splendens.

Thirty-eight male Betta splendens were screened to identify individuals exhibiting either high or low levels of reactivity to a mirror. Fish which displayed at the mirror for short durations were matched for combat with either (a) other short-duration displayers (the Short—Short group; N = six pairs), or (b) long-duration displayers (the Long—Short group; N = seven pairs). In combat, Short—Short pairs fought less intensely than Long—Short pairs; but within Long—Short pairs, short- and long-duration displayers did not differ in combat vigor. Correlations between combat behaviors and precombat mirror display measures tended to be positive, but were mostly small and nonsignificant. Correlations with postcombat mirror displays were greater. Results imply that mirror-elicited threat behaviors provide a partial predictor of actual combat aggression in Betta .
The Outcomes of Living Kidney Donation from Medically Complex Donors: Implications for the Donor and the Recipient.

Living kidney donation is an important option for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and has im- proved life expectancy and quality for patients otherwise requiring maintenance dialysis or deceased-donor transplan- tation. Given the favorable outcomes of live donation and the shortage of organs to transplant, individuals with potentially unfavorable demographic and clinical characteristics are in- creasingly being permitted to donate kidneys. While this trend has successfully expanded the live donor pool, it has raised concerns as to which acceptance criteria are safe. This review aims to summarize the existing literature on the outcomes of transplantation from medically complex living kidney do- nors, including both donor and recipient outcomes when available.
Arsenite and Arsenate Adsorption on Ferrihydrite: Kinetics, Equilibrium, and Adsorption Envelopes

Because of its toxicity, arsenic is of considerable environmental concern. Its solubility in natural systems is strongly influenced by adsorption at iron oxide surfaces. The objective of this study was to compare the adsorption behavior of arsenite and arsenate on ferrihydrite, under carefully controlled conditions, with regard to adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and the influence of pH on adsorption. The adsorption reactions were relatively fast, with the reactions almost completed within the first few hours. At relatively high As concentrations, arsenite reacted faster than arsenate with the ferrihydrite, i.e., equilibrium was achieved sooner, but arsenate adsorption was faster at low As concentrations and low pH. Adsorp tion maxima of approximately 0.60 (0.58) and 0.25 (0.16) molAs molFe-1 were achieved for arsenite and arsenate, respectively, at pH 4.6 (pH 9.2 in parentheses). The high arsenite retention, which precludes its retention entirely as surface adsorbed species, indicates the likel...
Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Quantitation Using Directional Impedances

Impedance has been used in vascular biology to characterize the frequency dependent opposition the circulatory system presents to blood flow in response to a pulsatile pressure gradient. It has also been used to characterize diastolic function (DF) via the early, diastolic left ventricular (LV) pressure–flow relation. In a normal LV, early filling volume is accommodated primarily by wall-thinning and ascent of the mitral annulus relative to the spatially fixed apex (longitudinal chamber expansion). Simultaneously, the endocardial (transverse or short axis) dimension also increases while epicardial (transverse) external dimension remains essentially constant. To quantify these directional filling attributes, we compute longitudinal (Z L) and transverse (Z T) impedances during early rapid-filling (Doppler E-wave). Z L and Z T were calculated from 578 cardiac cycles of simultaneous transmitral flow and high fidelity LV pressure data in 17 subjects with normal LV function. Average Z L was 0.7 ± 0.4 mmHg s/cm4 and average Z T was 238 ± 316 mmHg s/cm2. Direct comparison, in the same units is achieved by computing Z T over the ≈10 cm2 cross-sectional area of LV (denoted ŽT) revealing that Z L is ≈34 times smaller than ŽT. This quantifies the physiologic preference for longitudinal LV volume accommodation. Lowest Z L and Z T values occurred in the first harmonic with monotonically increasing values with higher harmonics. We conclude that Z L and Z T characterize longitudinal and transverse chamber properties of DF and therefore, diastolic dysfunction can be viewed as a state of impedance mismatch.
Using examples and analogies to remediate misconceptions in physics: Factors influencing conceptual change

Examples are often recognized as important in teaching conceptual material, yet little research has been done concerning the best use of examples in attempts to remediate misconceptions. This study questions the effectiveness of a traditional teaching-by-example technique. Results indicate that when students hold a misconception, presenting a principle with supporting examples to show the range of application of the principle may be ineffective. Rather, it appears that examples are more effective when they help students draw on and analogically extend existing valid physical intuitions in constructing a new conceptual model of a target situation. To help students in this constructive effort, first, the examples used must be understandable and believable to the students, not simply to the teacher or textbook author. Second, even when an example is compelling to the student, it may not be seen as analogous to target problems drawing out a misconception. In that case, analogy relations may need to be explicitly developed. Third, qualitative, visualizable models may need to be developed which give mechanistic explanations for phenomena.
Maximum likelihood estimation of the kinetics of receptor-mediated adhesion.

Abstract Adhesion flow assays are commonly employed to characterize the kinetics and force-dependence of receptor–ligand interactions. As transient cellular adhesion events are often mediated by a small number of receptor–ligand complexes (tether bonds) their durations are highly variable, which in turn presents obstacles to standard methods of analysis. In this paper, we employ the stochastic approach to chemical kinetics to construct the pause time distribution. Using this distribution, we develop a robust maximum likelihood (ML) approach to the robust estimation of rate constants associated with receptor-mediated transient adhesion and their confidence intervals. We then formulate robust estimators of the parameters of models for the force-dependence of the off-rate. Lastly, we develop a robust method of elucidation of the force-dependence of the off-rate using Akaike's information criterion (AIC). Our findings conclusively demonstrate that ML estimators of adhesion kinetics are substantial improvements over more conventional approaches, and when combined with Fisher information, they may be used to objectively and reproducibly distinguish the kinetics of different receptor–ligand complexes. Software for the implementation of these methods with experimental data is publicly available as for download at http://www.laurenzi.net .
NVIS: an interactive visualization tool for neural networks

ABSTRACT This paper presents NVIS, an interactive graphical tool used to examine the weights, topology, and activations of a singleartificial neural network (ANN), as well as the genealogical relationships between members of a population of ANNs as theyevolve under an evolutionary algorithm. NVIS is unique in its depiction of nodal activation values, its usage of family treediagrams to indicate the origin of individual networks, and the degree of interactivity it allows the user while the learningprocess takes place. The authors have made use of these features to obtain insights into both the workings of single neuralnetworks and the evolutionary process, based upon which we consider NVIS to be an effective visualization tool of value todesigners, users, and students of ANNs.Keywords: neural networks, visualization, graphs, evolutionary computation 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction to Artificial Neural NetworksArtificial neural networks are models of adaptive distributed computation with roots in neurobiology. ANNs have been usedwith great success in a variety of domains to solve problems involving function approximation or classification
Teaching English though English: Exploring Anxiety in Non-native Pre-service ESL Teachers

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sources of foreign language anxiety experienced by non-native pre-service ESL teachers (NNPSET) in licensure program. 52 pre-service ESL teachers enrolled in a public university in Seoul, South Korea, participated in this study during their teaching practicum as part of requirement to pursue ESL licensure. 52 participants completed a 24-item modified survey based on Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) in order to figure out 1) which language anxiety factors would be the most influential among NNPSETs in their English practicum, and 2) which language anxiety factors strongly affect NNPSETs when they conduct micro-teaching sessions. The Principal Component and principal axis factoring tools were used to analyze the data of the survey. The results indicate that 4 major factors were found which affected NNPSETs language anxiety on the classroom situation. The most influential factor of all was clustered with Factor 1 – ‘Language anxiety on using English in the class’. And the other three factors were identified as ‘Language anxiety based on self-confidence’, ‘Language anxiety about class preparation’, and ‘Language anxiety overcome with efforts’.
B‐cell lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation, atypical cytoplasmic inclusions, and secondary leukemia in a dog

A 7-year-old male castrated Jack Russell Terrier was presented to the oncology service at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for evaluation of suspected lymphoma. The dog had several enlarged lymph nodes and moderate lymphocytosis. Aspirates of an enlarged inguinal lymph node contained a bimorphic population of large immature lymphocytes and smaller cells with plasmacytoid features. Both cell types often contained a single large cytoplasmic inclusion that varied from clear to pale pink to sky blue. Cytologic changes were interpreted as most consistent with lymphoid neoplasia. Based on the predominantly mature cell morphology and some morphologic heterogeneity, the peripheral lymphocytosis was interpreted as most likely reactive in nature. However, the immunophenotype of the cells (CD20+, CD21+, CD79a+, MUM-1+, and MHCII+) and clonality assays showed that tissue and blood lymphocytes were neoplastic B cells with clonal identity despite their different morphologic appearances. The cytoplasmic inclusions were positive with periodic acid-Schiff and were immunoreactive for IgM and IgG. By transmission electron microscopy, inclusions consisted of aberrant rough endoplasmic reticulum; a few small Russell bodies were also noted. A final diagnosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation, atypical cytoplasmic inclusions, and secondary leukemia was made. Chemotherapy was initiated, but the dog was euthanized due to severe and uncontrolled seizures 9 months after the initial diagnosis. This case extends the morphologic repertoire of canine plasmacytoid neoplasms and emphasizes their continuum with multicentric lymphoma. This case also demonstrates the need for advanced diagnostic techniques in establishing blood involvement in lymphoma in some instances.
Release of Factor VIII (Antihaemophilic Factor) from Perfused Organs and Tissues

IT has been known for many years that patients with classic haemophilia bleed because they lack a plasma factor required for normal blood coagulation. This factor, factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor) of normal plasma, has been extensively investigated, but its exact site of origin is unknown. Recent developments in organ transplantation have stimulated us to look for the specific organ source of this procoagulant. If the site of synthesis of factor VIII could be identified, permanent replacement of the deficient factor in haemophilia might be possible. In the past, a variety of experimental approaches has been used to investigate the body's mechanisms for maintaining haemostatic levels of factor VIII: organ ablation1, total body irradiation2, administration of hepatotoxins3,4, reticulo-endothelial blockade5, physical exercise6, hormone administration7, and thromboplastin injections4. Several recent investigations have suggested that the spleen may play a part in the regulation of concentrations of factor VIII in the plasma of normal individuals. Weaver et al. demonstrated that factor VIII is maintained at normal concentrations when intact normal dogs are crosscirculated with haemophilic dogs, but that the concentrations decrease if a splenectomy is first performed on the normal animals8. In humans, Libre et al.9 have observed that splenectomy abolishes the rise in factor VIII that is known to follow injection of adrenaline into normal subjects10. Pool was able to recover antihaemophilic activity in extracts of splenic tissue, but not from a variety of other tissues11.
Posterior superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: grey matter changes and clinical correlates

We report an MRI morphometric study of the posterior segment of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in twenty young male schizophrenics and their individually matched normal controls. In particular the more posterior segment of STG was examined, since it has been identified as the approximate site of Wernicke's language area and is a marker for the planum temporale, a region believed to be abnormal in schizophrenia. Total volumes and grey and white matter volumes were measured in middle and posterior STG in each hemisphere. STG grey matter volumes and percentages were significantly reduced bilaterally in both regions in schizophrenic subjects. No significant differences between patients and controls were noted in STG white matter volumes. A significant correlation was detected between delusion scores in schizophrenics and the total volume of the left dominant posterior STG. Replicating the findings of a recent study (Shenton et al., 1992), we found an inverse correlation between thought disorder scores and grey matter reduction in the left posterior STG in schizophrenia.
Pancreatic pseudocystgastrostomy with a peroral, flexible stapler: human natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery anastomoses in 2 patients (with videos).

Background Complex, symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts often must be surgically drained. Natural orifice surgery is an emerging field in which surgical procedures are performed by using an endoluminal approach through an existing body orifice. Patients and Setting Two patients at our institution, an academic, tertiary care center. Design Two patients who underwent a standard, stapled, surgical cystgastrostomy for drainage of a complex, infected pseudocyst by using a flexible stapling device are described. These procedures were performed under endoscopic observation and guidance, all transorally, without the need for laparotomy or laparoscopy. Results Both patients had a technically successful outcome, and both did well after surgery, with only mild chest pain and throat discomfort in one, and no adverse sequelae at all in the other patient. Both patients had complete resolution of their complex, debris-filled pseudocysts at 6 weeks when examined by endoscopy and at 3 months when examined by CT. Conclusions An entirely endoscopic, peroral, stapled pseudocystgastrostomy is feasible and can lead to an excellent outcome. For properly selected patients, this may be an alternative to more traditional types of surgical cystgastrostomy.
Laser ablation of polymers for high-density interconnect

Abstract Fabrication of micro-vias with a diameter of less than 100 μm in polymeric materials is a key processing technology for high-density interconnect applications. This paper discusses material properties that are relevant to laser ablation and describes several laser techniques (e.g. excimer, UV YAG and CW argon ions lasers) for micro-via fabrication in a thin-film multilayer structure for high-density interconnect applications.
A new representation for a robot grasping quality measure

When an object is held by a multi-fingered hand, the values of the contact forces can be multivalued. An objective function, when used in conjunction with the frictional and geometric constraints of the grasp, can however, give a unique set of finger force values. The selection of the objective function in determining the finger forces is dependent on the type of grasp required, the material properties of the object, and the limitations of the robot fingers. In this paper several optimization functions are studied and their merits highlighted. The paper introduces a graphical representation of the finger force values and the objective functions that enable one to select and compare various grasping configurations. The impending motion of the object at different torque and finger force values are determined by observing the normalized coefficient of friction plots.
New chicane magnet design for insertion device straights at the Advanced Light Source

A chicane magnet incorporating counter-rotating permanent magnet pairs together with trim coils has been designed for use in the Advanced Light Source (ALS) straights in conjunction with two insertion devices. In particular, this design is being developed for use in the existing beam line (BL) 4 elliptically polarizing undulator (EPU) straight and in the BL11 EPU straight, currently under design and construction. The purpose of the chicane is to provide a fixed angular separation between two successive EPU photon fans, and to correct steering perturbations resulting from EPU polarization state changes. Polarization changes occur on the time scale of one second; associated steering corrections must be accomplished in less than a second. Hysteresis associated with conventional iron core electromagnets prevents fast steering correction to the required precision. This consideration motivated the iron-free design presented here.
Eigenvalue analysis of a block Red‐Black Gauss–Seidel preconditioner applied to the Hermite collocation discretization of Poisson's equation

This article is concerned with the numerical solution of Poisson's equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions, defined on the unit square, discretized by Hermite collocation with uniform mesh. In [1], it was demonstrated that the Bi-CGSTAB method of van der Vorst [2] with block Red-Black Gauss–Seidel (RBGS) preconditioner is an efficient method to solve this problem. In this article, we derive analytic formulae for the eigenvalues that control the rate at which the Bi-CGSTAB/RBGS method converges. These formulae, which depend upon the location of the collocation points, can be utilized to determine where the collocation points should be placed in order to make the Bi-CGSTAB/RBGS method converge as quickly as possible. Furthermore, using the optimal location of the collocation points can result in significant time savings for fixed accuracy and fixed problem size. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 204–228, 2001
Inulin and sucrose distribution in tissues of vitamin E-deficient and control rabbits.

SummaryInulin and sucrose space were determined under in vivo conditions in 4 tissues of vit. E-deficient and vit. E-supplemented rabbits, and inulin space was determined in the same tissues of starved rabbits. In vit. E-deficient, but not in starved animals, a significant increase in inulin and sucrose space of skeletal muscle was found. Whether this increase reflected an actual increase of the extracellular fluid compartment or was caused by increased permeability to the saccharides, could not be established. It was concluded that if there was an actual increase of extracellular space in the dystrophic muscle, this increase was not greater than by a factor of 2. Inulin space in livers of all 3 experimental groups was very variable and in most cases much higher than average sucrose space.