cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thiol protected platinum black and palladium black catalysts in oxidation catalysis

Platinum and palladium metals are common catalysts for formic acid wet oxidation, exhibiting high activity and good stability. However, in the presence of some reactive organic substances, even in low concentrations, they suffer severe deactivation. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of protecting metal catalysts from aggressive media by creating a tertiary structure over the active sites. The approach is based on the known principle of metal surface modification by self-assembled organic monolayer films. We have found that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) fabricated from heterocyclic thiols containing nitrogen, e.g., 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), can protect platinum and palladium black catalysts for formic acid oxidation in the presence of iminobis[methylenephosphonic acid] (IDMPA). IDMPA was chosen as a model inhibitor because it displays strong chelating properties. Catalysts protected with 6MP demonstrate higher activity and stability and have significantly lower metal leaching (up to 15 times in case of palladium black) than their unprotected counterparts. The surface structure of the catalysts and their surface composition were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM).
Some host parasite genetic interaction models.

This paper studies some models of host-parasite interaction based on genetic responses. Polymorphism is maintained both in the host population and in the parasite population. The models are motivated by a simple model of Jayakar [2]. The special feature in Jayakar’s model is that only a fraction a? of the host population interact with the parasite in each generation. The remaining 1 01 fraction of the host population do not interact with the parasite. This feature is incorporated in all our models and turns out to be crucial. The interaction of host and parasite is based on the following simple rule. Genes in the host are matched with genes in the parasite to form pairs. For example, we can let A, B be genes in the host, A’, B’ be genes in the parasite, and let A A’, B B’ be matched pairs of genes. A particular parasite is virulent on a particular host (or the host is susceptible to the parasite) if, among the genes in the host and in the parasite, there are one or more pairs of matched genes. If there are no such pairs, the parasite is avirulent on the host. To take up the above example, a parasite carrying an A’ gene is virulent on any host carrying an A gene because there is the matched pair A A’. A parasite having A’ gene but not B’ gene is avirulent on a host having B gene but not A gene because there are no matched pairs of genes. The following models exhibit two interesting properties. The first is that given the rule of interaction, polymorphism can be maintained both in the host and the parasite only when OL (the fraction of host which interact with the parasite) is small. In fact, the smaller the 01, the better the stability of the polymorphism. For a: too large, polymorphism can no longer be maintained in both the host and the parasite. The second is that as we extend the above rule for host-parasite interaction in a natural way to involve two, three and more independent loci, the stability of the systems tend to progressively improve. Thus complexity improves stability. Here is another example of the general observa-
Shape properties of the Stone-Čech compactification

Abstract In this paper it is shown that if X is a connected space which is not pesudocompact, then β X is not movable and does not have metric shape. In particular β X cannot have trivial shape. It is also shown that if X is Lindelof and KχβX − X is a continuum, then K cannot be movable or have metric shape unless it is a point.
Rainbow Solfege: new perspective for color theory and music education

The Rainbow Solfege System is an innovative, interdisciplinary music teaching method that illustrates in living color the linear and vertical energy of melodic movement and harmonic progressions: a synthesis of color, shape, sound and language. The system is rooted in proven pedagogical practice, while providing a fresh approach to educational methodology. Rainbow Solfege is based upon principles of tertian harmony and concepts of tonality in music and is analogous to color theory and shape theory in art. The pedagogy is holistic in design involving a variety of learning modes - visual, aural and kinesthetic - and is an effective learning tool for all ages and stages. Educational uses run the gamut from teaching musical concepts and color/shape theory for very young children to applications in college level music theory and analysis courses. With consistent application, particularly in early childhood, the method has potential for increasing musical, artistic and linguistic abilities for life.
Crystallization of transfer ribonucleic acids from unfractionated mixtures.

A high yield of crystals of yeast tRNA has been obtained from unfractionated preparations. It appears that many of the tRNAs in the population possess such markedly similar conformational features that they exhibit common long range order.
THE COMMERCE OF COMMEMORATION: COMMISSIONED MUZHIMING IN THE MID- TO LATE TANG

AbstractThis article examines muzhiming, primarily excavated, written between 760 and 846 that were composed on commission, i.e., at the explicit behest of another party. I argue that in commissioning muzhiming, clients wished to do more than merely create a record of the deceased or identify the tomb occupant in perpetuity; they sought in addition to titivate the posthumous reputation of the deceased as well as enhance the reputations of family and friends among the broader audience for these texts. Moreover, because commissioned texts were often regarded with skepticism, writers of commissioned muzhiming employed a variety of rhetorical tactics within their compositions—quoted speech, final words, and the careful framing of the circumstances under which they were commissioned—in attempting to convince audiences of the reliability of their accounts. Finally, I explore why, other than for compensation, writers may have been willing to compose muzhiming on commission. My contention is that writers used the...
Human milk whey proteins.

SummaryThe results of electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal and immunochemical analyses indicate that serum albumin is present in human milk whey. The immunochemical assay shows that it comprises 2.5% of this system. Proteins with the physical properties of human γ2-globulin could not be demonstrated although material showing immunological cross-reactions with such proteins is present.
The stereospecific ring protonation of diindenyliron

Abstract Reactions of protonic acids (HCl, CF3COOH) with diindenyliron give the h5-indenyl-h6-indeneiron(II) monocation, [Fe(C9H7)(C9H8)]+, which can be isolated as a hexafluorophosphate salt. Two deuterium labeling experiments, the reaction of Fe(C9H7)2 and DCl and the reaction 1,1′,3,3′-tetradeuteriobis(indenyl)iron with HCl, confirm that the products in this reaction have been formed by stereospecific addition of the proton to the indenyl ring. Because of the wealth of data on metal protonations, including data on the protonation of ferrocene at the iron atom, preference is indicated here for endo ring protonation which is proposed to occur via an intermediate protonated metal species. Protonation of Fe(C5H5)(C9H7) is also reported. Deprotonation with n-butyllithium regenerates diindenyliron. However, data on these reactions suggest preferential loss of an exo-proton, which is perhaps realistic in view of the known attack of nucleophiles on the exo position of coordinated hydrocarbon rings.
Silver sulphadiazine-poly hydroxyethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) dressing

Abstract The use of poly hydroxyethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) as a wound cover has been improved by incorporating 5 per cent silver sulphadiazine (AgSD) into the PHEMA film. After a standardized dorsal burn and infection with virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa , survival with the PHEMA dressing was no longer than in untreated controls. In contrast, after covering infected wounds with AgSD—PHEMA film 80 per cent survival was observed. The incorporation of AgSD into the PHEMA film produced an effective antimicrobial wound cover.
A time-course analysis of effects of the steroidogenesis inhibitor ketoconazole on components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of fathead minnows

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate temporal effects of the model steroidogenesis inhibitor ketoconazole (KTC) on aspects of reproductive endocrine function controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in the fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ). Ketoconazole inhibits the activity of two cytochrome P450s (CYPs) key to sex steroid production in vertebrates, CYP11a (cholesterol side chain cleavage) and CYP17 (c17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase). Sexually mature fish were exposed to water-borne KTC (30 or 300 μg/L) in a flow-through system for up to 8 d, following which animals were allowed to recover in clean water. Fish were sampled after 1, 4 and 8 d of exposure, and after 1, 8 and 16 d of recovery. A shorter-term time-course experiment also was conducted in which females were sampled on seven occasions during a 12 h KTC exposure. Ketoconazole consistently depressed ex vivo gonadal synthesis of testosterone (T) in both sexes, and 17β-estradiol (E2) in females during both exposure and recovery phases of the time-course studies. Effects on ex vivo steroidogenesis in females occurred within as little as 1 h of exposure. Plasma concentrations of T in males and E2 in females also were depressed by exposure to KTC, but these decreases did not persist to the same degree as observed for the ex vivo effects. In females, after decreases within 12 h, plasma E2 concentrations were similar to (or greater than) controls at 24 h of exposure, while in males, plasma T returned to levels comparable to controls within 1 d of cessation of KTC exposure. The discrepancy between the ex vivo and in vivo data at later stages in the test is consistent with some type of compensatory response to KTC in fish. However, we were unable to ascertain the mechanistic basis for such a response. For example, although a number of genes related to steroid synthesis ( e.g. , cyp11a , cyp17 ) were up-regulated in the gonads of both males and females during the exposure and early recovery phases of the experiment, this did not seem to account for the resurgence in plasma steroid concentrations in KTC-exposed fish. Further studies focused on metabolism and clearance of steroids might lend insights as to the effects of KTC on plasma steroid concentrations. Overall, our results demonstrate the complex, temporally dynamic nature of the vertebrate HPG system in response to chemical stressors.
An Efficient Resampling Method for Assessing Genome-Wide Statistical Significance in Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci

Assessing genome-wide statistical significance is an important and difficult problem in multipoint linkage analysis. Due to multiple tests on the same genome, the usual pointwise significance level based on the chi-square approximation is inappropriate. Permutation is widely used to determine genome-wide significance. Theoretical approximations are available for simple experimental crosses. In this article, we propose a resampling procedure to assess the significance of genome-wide QTL mapping for experimental crosses. The proposed method is computationally much less intensive than the permutation procedure (in the order of 10(2) or higher) and is applicable to complex breeding designs and sophisticated genetic models that cannot be handled by the permutation and theoretical methods. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulation studies and an application to a Drosophila backcross.
Micromechanics modeling of Haversian cortical bone properties

A finite-element micromechanics model for Haversian cortical bone tissue has been developed and studied. The model is an extension of two-dimensional micromechanics techniques for fiber-reinforced composite materials. Haversian systems, or secondary osteons, are considered to be the fiber component, and interstitial lamellar bone the matrix material. The cement line is included as an 'interphase' component along the fiber/matrix interface. The model assumes a regular repeatable spacing of the longitudinally aligned continuous fibers and is, therefore, restricted to approximating Haversian cortical bone in its present form. Haversian porosity is modeled explicitly by incorporating a hollow fiber to represent the Haversian canal. Solutions have been obtained by applying uniform macroscopic stresses to the boundaries of the repeating unit cell model. Macroscopic mechanical property predictions correspond reasonably well with the experimental data for cortical bone, but are necessarily dependent on the input properties for each constituent, which are not well established. The predicted variation in the elastic modulus with porosity is not as sensitive as that observed experimentally. Stresses within the constituents can also be modeled with this method and are demonstrated to deviate from the macroscopic applied stress levels.
A survey of US halibut IFQ holders: Market participation, attitudes, and impacts

Abstract This paper presents the results of a survey of US halibut IFQ holders exploring market participation, opinions about IFQs, and perceived fishery and community effects of IFQs. A four-step mail survey was sent to a stratified random sample of 14% of the total population of quota holders, producing a response rate of 46%, or 506 returned surveys. Survey results suggest that while there is a wide diversity of opinions and perceptions of IFQs, there are some predictable trends in the ways that different groups of fishery participants experience and respond to these programs. Gender, income, age, employment and ethnicity are linked to IFQ market behavior. Income, residency, and ethnicity are linked to attitudes about IFQs. A discriminate function analysis indicates that older individuals, individuals who make less money, and indigenous fishermen are more likely to sell quota and less likely to buy quota. Women and those who are primarily employed in fishing are more likely to be buyers of quota rather than sellers. Fishermen who identify as Alaska Native, residents of small remote fishing communities in the Gulf of Alaska, and low-income fishermen show the least support for IFQ management. Quota holders who have high incomes, do not consider their communities to be dependent on fishing, and residents of Community Development Quota communities express the most support for IFQs. Overall, 84% of survey respondents believe that IFQs are changing the fishing lifestyle; 75% state that IFQs are changing the values in fishing; and 75% perceive of IFQs as private property. A majority of surveyed IFQs holders perceive both positive and negative impacts of IFQs to fisheries and to communities. Perceived positive impacts include: improved safety; improved price; market stability; improved management; consumer benefits; environmental benefits; longer fishing season; and professionalization and stability of the fishing fleet. Perceived negative impacts include: limitations on access and barriers to entry; consolidation and job loss; inequities experienced by small boats, rural fishermen, and crew; creation of a privileged class of fishermen; negative environmental impacts; and less local participation.
The chase revisited

We revisit the standard chase procedure, studying its properties and applicability to classical database problems. We settle (in the negative) the open problem of decidability of termination of the standard chase, and we provide sufficient termination conditions which are strictly less over-conservative than the best previously known. We investigate the adequacy of the standard chase for checking query containment under constraints, constraint implication and computing certain answers in data exchange, gaining a deeper understanding by separating the algorithm from its result. We identify the properties of the chase result that are essential to the above applications, and we introduce the more general notion of F-universal model set, which supports query and constraint languages that are closed under a class F of mappings. By choosing F appropriately, we extend prior results to existential first-order queries and ∀∃-firstorder constraints. We show that the standard chase is incomplete for finding universal model sets, and we introduce the extended core chase which is complete, i.e. finds an F-universal model set when it exists. A key advantage of the new chase is that the same algorithm can be applied for all mapping classes F of interest, simply by modifying the set of constraints given as input. Even when restricted to the typical input in prior work, the new chase supports certain answer computation and containment/implication tests in strictly more cases than the incomplete standard chase.
A Brother's Love

Presents a medical certificate requesting an extension for George Washington Whitman's leave of absence in 1865 that is believed to have been written in part by Whitman.
Best practices for preschool programs: an update on inclusive settings

The trend in the curriculum design of programs for young children with developmental disabilities has been toward an approach which emphasizes everyday skills taught in regular routine activities. With the enactment of Public Law 99-457, the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), states were mandated to provide services for three-to five-year-old preschoolers with developmental disabilities.
Leptin and reproduction: a review.

Abstract Objective: To review recent advances in understanding the role of leptin in the physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction, with a focus on relevant clinical situations. Design: A MEDLINE computer search was performed to identify relevant articles. Result(s): Leptin, an adipocyte hormone important in regulating energy homeostasis, interacts with the reproductive axis at multiple sites, with stimulatory effects at the hypothalamus and pituitary and inhibitory actions at the gonads. More recently, leptin has been shown to play a role in other target reproductive organs, such as the endometrium, placenta, and mammary gland, with corresponding influences on important physiologic processes such as menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation. As a marker of whether nutritional stores are adequate, leptin may act in concert with gonadotropins and the growth hormone axis to initiate the complex process of puberty. Conditions in which nutritional status is suboptimal, such as eating disorders, exercise-induced amenorrhea, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, are associated with low serum leptin levels; and conditions with excess energy stores or metabolic disturbances, such as obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome, often have elevated serum or follicular fluid leptin levels, raising the possibility that relative leptin deficiency or resistance may be at least partly responsible for the reproductive abnormalities that occur with these conditions. Conclusion(s): Leptin may act as the critical link between adipose tissue and the reproductive system, indicating whether adequate energy reserves are present for normal reproductive function. Future interventional studies involving leptin administration are expected to further clarify this role of leptin and may provide new therapeutic options for the reproductive dysfunction associated with states of relative leptin deficiency or resistance.
Threonine deaminase: a novel activity stain on polyacrylamide gels.

With phenazine methosulfate and nitro blue tetrazolium, an activity stain for threonine deaminase has been developed. Because the deamination reaction does not involve any overall oxidation or reduction, it is proposed that one of the intermediates of the reaction, α-aminocrotonate or α-iminobutyrate, is the reducing agent. Studies with ferricyanide as the artificial electron acceptor indicate that a decarboxylation of the intermediate occurs during the dye reduction.
DECREMENT IN STROOP INTERFERENCE TIME WITH AGE

Interference time on the Stroop task was compared for 20 college and 20 elementary subjects. A decrement in interference time between groups was found and is consistent with E. Gibson's perceptual ...
Soluble RNA polymerase complex from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells

Abstract A stable, soluble poliovirus RNA-polymerase complex has been isolated from particulate structures in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells with an anionic-nonionic detergent mixture. The complex sediments in a sucrose gradient with a sedimentation constant of approximately 70 S. The isolated enzyme activity is proportional to the rate of viral RNA synthesis in vivo throughout the infectious cycle. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide during time of maximal virus replication results in a rapid fall of RNA synthesis and a proportional exponential decrease in isolated polymerase complex activity, the decay occurring with a t 1 2 = 15 min . Properties of the in vitro polymerase reaction are described. The products synthesized by the enzyme complex include RNase-resistant material sedimenting at 20 S, and RNase-sensitive material that cosediments with RNA extracted from purified virions at 35 S. A large fraction of the RNase-resistant material becomes RNase-sensitive after heating for 10 min at 45 °; the remainder requires heating at temperatures greater than 100 °. The polymerase complex has been purified approximately 85-fold. Activity is independent of exogenous polio RNA template.
Larval Connectivity and the International Management of Fisheries

Predicting the oceanic dispersal of planktonic larvae that connect scattered marine animal populations is difficult, yet crucial for management of species whose movements transcend international boundaries. Using multi-scale biophysical modeling techniques coupled with empirical estimates of larval behavior and gamete production, we predict and empirically verify spatio-temporal patterns of larval supply and describe the Caribbean-wide pattern of larval connectivity for the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), an iconic coral reef species whose commercial value approaches $1 billion USD annually. Our results provide long sought information needed for international cooperation in the management of marine resources by identifying lobster larval connectivity and dispersal pathways throughout the Caribbean. Moreover, we outline how large-scale fishery management could explicitly recognize metapopulation structure by considering larval transport dynamics and pelagic larval sanctuaries.
High performance wavelength-swept laser with mode-locking technique for optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate a Fourier-domain mode-locked wavelength-swept laser that uses a polygon-based narrowband optical scanning filter and a high-efficiency semiconductor optical amplifier. Peak and average output powers of 98 mW and 71 mW have been achieved, respectively, without an external amplifier, while the wavelength was swept continuously from 1247 nm to 1360 nm. A unidirectional wavelength sweeping rate of 7452 nm/ms (65.95 kHz repetition rate) was achieved by using a 72 facet polygon scanner with a rotation rate of 916 revolutions per second. The instantaneous linewidth of this laser is 0.09 nm, which corresponds to a coherence length of 16 mm. This laser is most suitable for optical coherence tomography applications.
Mixed micelles of short chain alkyl surfactants and bile salts in electrokinetic chromatography: Enhanced separation of corticosteroids

Abstract The separation of a complex mixture of 17 corticosteroids was investigated by mixed micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MMEKC) employing various bile salts and/or alkylsultbnates. In this study, influence of individual surfactants and mixed micelles of hydrocarbon-bile salt surfactants on retention behavior, selectivity and the size of the elution window is investigated. Retention behavior of corticosteroids in SDS and bile salt micelles is examined using linear solvation energy relationships (LSER). In addition, the effects of type of bile salt surfactant on elution patterns were investigated. It was found that separation patterns are mostly influenced by the number of hydroxyl functional groups on the steroidal backbone of the bile salts, while the type of ionic head group has little, if any, effect on the steroids separation. Comparisons between mixed micellar techniques and the inclusion of conventional modifiers to various single and binary surfactant systems were made. The addition of modifiers such as acetonitrile, urea and β-cyclodextrin to SDS surfactant systems, as well as mixed bile salt systems of sodium taurocholate and sodium glycodeoxycholate, did not improve the separation of the steroids. On the other hand, the addition of the short-chain alkylsulfonate sodium butanesulfonate to the mixture of taurocholate and glycodeoxycholate greatly improved the separation of the 17 corticosteroids and provided a baseline separation of all solutes. The effects of carbon chain length and concentration of alkylsulfonate on capacity factor, selectivity, efficiency and the size of the elution window were investigated.
Multiple sclerosis: Altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage

Glutamate excitotoxicity, recently demonstrated in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is evoked by altered glutamate homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the major regulating factors in glutamate excitotoxicity by immunohistochemistry in MS and control white matter with markers for glutamate production (glutaminase), glutamate transport (GLAST, GLT-1 and EAAT-1), glutamate metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH] and glutamine synthetase [GS]), axonal damage (SMI 32) and CNS cell types. Active MS lesions showed high-level glutaminase expression in macrophages and microglia in close proximity to dystrophic axons. Correlation between glutaminase expression and axonal damage was confirmed experimentally in animals. White matter from other inflammatory neurologic diseases displayed glutaminase reactivity, whereas normals and noninflammatory conditions showed none. All three glutamate transporters were expressed robustly, mainly on oligodendrocytes, in normal, control and MS white matter, except for GLT-1, which showed low-level expression around active MS lesions. GS and GDH were present in oligodendrocytes in normal and non-MS white matter but were absent from both active and chronic silent MS lesions, suggesting lasting metabolic impediments. Thus, imbalanced glutamate homeostasis contributes to axonal and oligodendroglial pathology in MS. Manipulation of this imbalance may have therapeutic import.
Infrared on-orbit inspection of shuttle orbiter reinforced carbon-carbon using solar heating

Thermographic nondestructive inspection techniques have been shown to provide quantitative, large area damage detection capabilities for the ground inspection of the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) used for the wing leading edge of the Shuttle orbiter. The method is non-contacting and able to inspect large areas in a relatively short inspection time. Thermal nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspections have been shown to be applicable for several applications to the Shuttle in preparation for return to flight, including for inspection of RCC panels during impact testing, and for between-flight orbiter inspections. The focus of this work is to expand the capabilities of the thermal NDE methodology to enable inspection by an astronaut during orbital conditions. The significant limitations of available resources, such as weight and power, and the impact of these limitations on the inspection technique are discussed, as well as the resultant impact on data analysis and processing algorithms. Of particular interest is the impact to the inspection technique resulting from the use of solar energy as a heat source, the effect on the measurements due to working in the vacuum of space, and the effect of changes in boundary conditions, such as radiation losses seen by the material, on the response of the RCC. The resultant effects on detectability limits are discussed.
Interfacial free energies and their temperature dependence from calorimetric studies of first order phase transitions in confined systems

Abstract The size dependence of the transition temperature and latent heat of first order phase transitions occurring in materials confined within the nanometer-sized pores of porous silica glasses have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The results of these measurements, which included systematic studies of the solid-liquid transition in water and several cyclic and normal alkanes, as well as the nematic-isotropic and smectic A-isotropic transitions in cyanobiphenyl based liquid crystals have been compared to the predictions of simple nucleation models of first order phase transitions in finite systems. Satisfactory fits to the data could only be obtained by including both the interfacial free energy and its temperature dependence in the analysis.
Effect of Implantable Defibrillator Patch Electrodes on Left Ventricular Filling

Although implantation of defibrillator patch electrodes (DP) has been shown not to impair systolic function, their influence on diastolic function has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine left ventricular filling sequentially in a group of patients before and after DP implantation. Doppler evaluation of mitral diastolic flow was used to assess left ventricular (LV) filling. Studies were performed preoperatively, after attaining hemodynamic stability postoperatively, and at subsequent follow-up (mean 9 weeks) in 13 patients. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery other than DP implantation and coronary artery bypass grafting were excluded, as were those with significant valvular heart disease. Immediately postoperatively, there was a reduction of deceleration time (0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.21 ± 0.01 sec, P < 0.05), consistent with mild impairment of LV filling, but the remaining parameters remained unchanged. At late follow-up, significant increases were recorded in time to peak filling (0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.25 ± 0.03 sec, P < 0.01), isovolumic relaxation time (0.07 ± 0.01 to 0.13 ± 0.02 sec, P < 0.005), while peak passive filling velocity decreased (1.02 ± 0.09 to 0.82 ± 0.07 m/sec, P < 0.05), all consistent with impairment of LV filling. We conclude that implantation of DP is associated with detectable impairment of LV filling at 2 months after surgery. (J Interven Cardiol 1989:2:3)
The formation of [3H]inositol phosphates in human platelets by palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid is blocked by indomethacin

The intracellular Ca2+ thresholds for platelet shape change and aggregation by A23187 and palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid were approximately 350 and 750 nM, respectively, as estimated using quin2. The similar thresholds for these two agonists imply they activate platelets through a similar mechanism. In the absence of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, both agents induce the formation of [3H]inositol phosphates, reflecting the activation of phospholipase C. This activation of phospholipase C is blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. It is suggested that platelet activation by palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid involves an initial mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ with subsequent activation of phospholipase A2; the arachidonic acid metabolites formed then stimulate phospholipase C.
Energy-Efficient Topology Control in Cooperative Ad Hoc Networks

Cooperative communication (CC) exploits space diversity through allowing multiple nodes cooperatively relay signals to the receiver so that the combined signal at the receiver can be correctly decoded. Since CC can reduce the transmission power and extend the transmission coverage, it has been considered in topology control protocols [1], [2]. However, prior research on topology control with CC only focuses on maintaining the network connectivity, minimizing the transmission power of each node, whereas ignores the energy efficiency of paths in constructed topologies. This may cause inefficient routes and hurt the overall network performance in cooperative ad hoc networks. In this paper, to address this problem, we introduce a new topology control problem: energy-efficient topology control problem with cooperative communication, and propose two topology control algorithms to build cooperative energy spanners in which the energy efficiency of individual paths are guaranteed. Both proposed algorithms can be performed in distributed and localized fashion while maintaining the globally efficient paths. Simulation results confirm the nice performance of all proposed algorithms.
Increased expression of ribosomal genes during inhibition of ribosome assembly in Escherichia coli

Abstract We have examined a prediction made from the ribosome feedback regulation model of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. This model proposes that non-translating “free” ribosomes act directly or indirectly as negative feedback inhibitors to regulate the transcription of rRNA and tRNA operons. One prediction of this model is that preferential inhibition of the assembly of ribosomes (without inhibiting macro-molecular synthesis) should lead to a deficiency of free ribosomes which should, in turn, cause a stimulation of rRNA (and tRNA) synthesis. We have examined this prediction in vivo by causing the preferential inhibition of synthesis of certain ribosomal proteins by an overproduction of the translational repressor ribosomal protein S4. In agreement with our model, we have observed a preferential stimulation of ribosomal protein messenger RNA and rRNA synthesis under these conditions. These results suggest that ribosomes in the cellular pool, rather than incomplete ribosomal particles or free rRNA, are monitored by cells to regulate the rate of rRNA synthesis, and give further support to this proposed model.
Neutral color tuning of polymer electrochromic devices using an organic dye

Herein, we present a facile, one-step method to color tune electrochromic devices (ECDs) that switch between two neutral colors via in situ electrochemical polymerization of electroactive monomers in the presence of a small molecule organic yellow dye using all commercially available materials. These devices exhibited photopic contrasts of ca. 30% without background correction when assembled on flexible PET-ITO substrates. In addition, devices exhibited switching speeds as low as 1 second, color uniformity, and stability. Large defect free ECDs of 100 cm2 were fabricated exceeding the active switch area required for goggles, lenses, and small display applications.
Mind and emotion: Children's understanding of the emotional consequences of beliefs and desires

We investigated preschool children's understanding of mind and emotion by examining their understanding that emotions such as happiness and surprise depend on the actor's desires and beliefs. We report four investigations: a study of 3-year-olds' ratings of actors' happiness and surprise, a natural language analysis of adults' use of the word surprise in conversation to a preschool child, and two studies of 3-and 4-year-olds' abilities to explain the causes of desire-dependent and belief-dependent emotional reactions, such as happiness and surprise respectively. We demonstrate that children as young as 3 years appropriately understand the relevant mental states underlying happiness, sadness, surprise and curiosity, although they misunderstand the usage of some related lexical terms, especially surprise. The findings are discussed with regard to the early development of children's understanding of emotion and their understanding of mind, including children's early understanding of the notion of belief and their ability to distinguish beliefs from desires.
Absolute positioning of an autonomous underwater vehicle using GPS and acoustic measurements

Kinematic global positioning system (GPS) positioning and underwater acoustic ranging can combine to locate an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with an accuracy of /spl plusmn/30cm (2-/spl sigma/) in the global International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000). An array of three precision transponders, separated by approximately 700 m, was established on the seafloor in 300-m-deep waters off San Diego. Each transponder's horizontal position was determined with an accuracy of /spl plusmn/8 cm (2-/spl sigma/) by measuring two-way travel times with microsecond resolution between transponders and a shipboard transducer, positioned to /spl plusmn/10 cm (2-/spl sigma/) in ITRF2000 coordinates with GPS, as the ship circled each seafloor unit. Travel times measured from AUV to ship and from AUV to transponders to ship were differenced and combined with AUV depth from a pressure gauge to estimate ITRF2000 positions of the AUV to /spl plusmn/1 m (2-/spl sigma/). Simulations show that /spl plusmn/30 cm (2-/spl sigma/) absolute positioning of the AUV can be realized by replacing the time-difference approach with directly measured two-way travel times between AUV and seafloor transponders. Submeter absolute positioning of underwater vehicles in water depths up to several thousand meters is practical. The limiting factor is knowledge of near-surface sound speed which degrades the precision to which transponders can be located in the ITRF2000 frame.
Female Urethral Reconstruction

Female urethral strictures are rare; thus, the literature describing stricture management in women is sparse. Although urethral dilation continues to be performed at a high frequency in women despite lack of proven efficacy, this procedure is used for a variety of voiding complaints other than stricture. Hence, the long-term utility of dilation and urethrotomy for urethral stricture in women is unknown. This review describes the various urethroplasty techniques used in the management of female urethral stricture. Although grafts using a dorsal approach have been shown to be feasible in women, ventral flap techniques offer good long-term outcomes with minimal morbidity. Acute and delayed management of pelvic fracture–associated urethral distraction defects in women is also described. Unlike in men, immediate urethroplasty in women should be performed once the patient is hemodynamically stable.
Hero of the Heartland: Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society, 1862-1935

Review of: Hero of the Heartland: Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society, 1862-1935. Martin, Robert F.
Aspects of Father Status and Postdivorce Father Involvement with Children

As the number of fathers living separately from their children continues to rise, scholars, policy makers, and practitioners have devoted increasing attention to levels of nonresidential father involvement with children. Attention has been paid to the degree to which fathers visit with their children, provide financial support, and participate in decision making regarding their children. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the present study explored the relationship between nonresidential father involvement and various aspects of father role enactment. Levels of participation in face-to-face visits, telephone or letter contact, and global decision making concerning children were analyzed using a hypothesized model of role enactment in relation to samples of divorced, nonresidential fathers. Strong support is offered for the relationship between father involvement with children and various factors associated with social role enactment.
Feasibility and availability of pairing departures from closely spaced parallel runways for wake avoidance

Air traffic is expected to increase more than 70 percent by the year 2025. A major challenge for supporting this type of growth is the arrival and departure capacity at major airports. There are many initiatives being developed to address the arrival capacity issue at these airports, but very few are designed to enable a corresponding increase in the departure capacity. As a part of The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) research program, a concept that could increase the departure capacity at 14 of the 35 busiest U.S. airports is being investigated.
FPGA Based System for Open, Short, and RC Impedance Measurement

This paper describes a time-based digital test system that may be used to detect opens, and shorts, as well as measure resistive and capacitive impedance of interconnect networks. The specific test implementation is customized through a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The use of an FPGA allows for reconfiguration of the test for many different interconnect verifications. The current progress of this system is demonstrated and experimental measurements are provided.
The ASCA X-Ray Spectrum of the Broad-Line Radio Galaxy Pictor A: A Simple Power Law with No Fe Kα Line

We present the X-ray spectrum of the broad-line radio galaxy Pictor A as observed by ASCA in 1996. The main objective of the observation was to detect and study the profiles of the Fe Kα lines. The motivation was the fact that the Balmer lines of this object show well-separated displaced peaks, suggesting an origin in an accretion disk. The 0.5-10 keV X-ray spectrum is described very well by a model consisting of a power law of photon index 1.77 modified by interstellar photoelectric absorption. We find evidence for neither a soft nor a hard (Compton reflection) excess. More importantly, we do not detect an Fe Kα line, in marked contrast with the spectra of typical Seyfert galaxies and other broad-line radio galaxies observed by ASCA. The 99% confidence upper limit on the equivalent width of an unresolved line at a rest energy of 6.4 keV is 100 eV, while for a broad line (FWHM ≈ 60,000 km s-1), the corresponding upper limit is 135 eV. We discuss several possible explanations for the weakness of the Fe Kα line in Pictor A paying attention to the currently available data on the properties of Fe Kα lines in other broad-line radio galaxies observed by ASCA. We speculate that the absence of a hard excess (Compton reflection) or an Fe Kα line is an indication of an accretion disk structure that is different from that of typical Seyfert galaxies, e.g., the inner disk may be an ion torus.
Myxoma of the small bowel in a 47-year-old woman with a left atrial myxoma.

Abstract Although atrial myxoma is the most common primary tumor of the heart, the synchronous occurrence of myxomas of the intestine and the heart has not been reported in the English literature. We report a case of a 47-year-old woman who presented with small bowel obstruction by a pedunculated mass that was found to be a myxoma after resection. A left atrial mass was found incidentally by a computed tomographic scan, and a diagnosis of atrial myxoma was confirmed after a second surgery. The cardiac myxoma showed classic histologic features, with tumor cells layered around vascular channels in an abundant myxoid matrix, while the small bowel lesion was less cellular. Immunohistochemical stains yielded identical results in both. No vascular involvement was noted at either site. This case supports the recommendation that a search for a cardiac lesion should be performed when a myxoma is identified at an unusual location.
Model based controller synthesis using reachability analysis that guarantees the safety of autonomous vehicles in a convoy

In this paper, an on-line model-based controller synthesis method using reachability analysis for convoying autonomous vehicles is proposed. At every time sample, the reachable occupation set of the vehicle under the physical constraints are computed. Then the maximal feasible control input sequence is obtained such that the reachable occupation set is not overlapped with the unsafe region defined by the predicted occupation set of the target vehicle. The proposed method is tested for a scenario where three vehicles are in a convoy and the fourth vehicle interferes with the formation by merging in. The simulation results show that the synthesized controller guarantees the safety of autonomous vehicles while also satisfying both state and input constraints.
The Scientific Case for Radical Behaviorism

Philosophers typically regard behaviorism as either a logical (analytical) position or a methodological position. The former holds that mental events can be analyzed as behavioral dispositions, the latter that they should be (and that those which cannot so be analyzed should not receive scientific treatment). An element common to both positions is a refusal to countenance inferred entities. Radical behaviorism, with its sweeping denial of the mental realm, might be expected to do the same, but it does not. Skinner is a philosophical realist (Meehl, 1986); he has no objection to inferred entities, so long as the evidence warrants. His objection to mentalism is not that it posits entities we cannot directly confirm (as we shall see, he posits some inferred entities himself), but that the evidence does not warrant mentalism’s type of inferred entity. There is no brief way to explain Skinner’s reasons for saying so. His argument gathers force with the development of his experimental program.
Regulation of Endothelial Cell Metabolism Just Go With the Flow

The vascular endothelium, the major interface of the vessel wall between blood and all tissues, must constantly adapt to fluctuations in environmental cues. Cellular metabolism is one mechanism that may contribute to rapid dynamic changes in cell phenotype. For example, glycolysis, one of the major forms of cellular metabolism that converts glucose to pyruvate, is required for immune cell activation, tumor cell proliferation and survival, and the phenotypic switch of endothelial cells (ECs) between quiescent and angiogenic states.1–8 ECs are exposed to a variety of stimuli, such as turbulent/disturbed shear stress and hypoxia under pathophysiological states. To maintain homeostatic control of ECs, gene expression in ECs is subjected to highly tight regulation at multiple levels, including transcriptional and epigenetic control. Exposure of vascular ECs to atheroprotective laminar shear stress promotes anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidative properties largely through inducing the expression of a cassette of transcriptional regulators, including Kruppel-like factor-2 (KLF2).9 Biomechanical stimuli also contribute to a resting quiescent state in ECs.10 However, the underlying mechanisms by which biomechanical stimuli, such as laminar shear stress, regulate cellular metabolism, including glycolysis and mitochondrial content, to maintain this resting metabolic state in ECs remains poorly understood. See accompanying article on page 137 In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Doddaballapur et al11 present elegant studies addressing the role of laminar shear stress in cellular metabolism of ECs. They report that laminar shear stress reduced EC glycolysis by regulating the expression of KLF2 and phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3), an effect that maintained the quiescent metabolic state of ECs and inhibited angiogenesis (Figure). The authors demonstrated that laminar shear stress reduced glucose uptake in ECs in a KLF2-dependent manner as supported by siRNA-mediated knockdown studies of KLF2 demonstrating complete abrogation of laminar shear stress–induced reduction of glucose uptake. …
Conditional Sampling of Oceanic Variability with Microprocessor-Controlled Instrumentation

To optimize the limited cassette tape storage capacity of remote oceanographic instruments, we are employing various "conditional sampling" schemes. These make use of the power of a microprocessor-based data logger to sample the environment "conditionally." The microprocessor examines the energy in various frequency bands (by digital techniques) and adjusts its sampling scheme to sample the appropriate frequency band. We have implemented a conditional sampling scheme on a microprocessor-based instrument and used it in several deployments on the continental shelf. Our current conditional sampling scheme and some results are presented to show the advantage of using such sophisticated sampling techniques.