cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
11.4.2 Top 40 Systems Engineering Work Products From Phrase Lists and Self‐Organizing Maps

A computer-automated method using semantic web algorithms is described that ranks the best systems engineering work products on websites and corporate repositories. The process is both server-based and PC-based to automate the capture and ranking of knowledge from industry experts within The Aerospace Corporation. A virtual Process Assets Library system (vPALs) economically collects and self-organizes documents through long lists of phrases (phrase vectors) using next-generation web engines. Ranking documents implements scoring algorithms with phrase vectors in the development of 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D self-organizing maps (SOMs). vPALs is being deployed in 1) real-time decision making during launch vehicle systems testing and day-of-launch at Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg, 2) proposal technical evaluations, 3) data mining and maintenance of corporate document repositories, 4) formal design reviews with customers, and 5) web-based systems and software engineering books of knowledge. Nine websites are used in this paper to rank order the most relevant documents related to SE workproducts: NASA-PBMA FAA-ASD, FAA-IPG, SEI, SEPO-SPAWAR, SMC, DAU, STC and Aerospace's AeroLink corporate document repository.
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF GASTROENTEROLOGISTS IN COLORECTAL CANCER

A group of 73 gastroenterological specialists (36 physicians, 25 surgeons, 12 trainees) completed a detailed questionnaire on their knowledge of and attitudes to colorectal cancer. A surprising unawareness of recent developments in colorectal cancer was apparent. Although responses to individual questions varied throughout the three groups, overall knowledge and attitudes on colorectal cancer were not related to age and years since graduation, and were not different in the three groups. This study suggests failure of traditional methods of continuing medical education, and has practical implications for any screening programme designed to detect early colorectal cancer.
The influence of hypnosis on self-attitudes.

Abstract The study was designed to compare. certain self-attitudes of subjects as they might be affected by hypnosis, and to study the relationship between the depth of hypnosis and alterations in these attitudes. 48 subjects were divided into an exp. and a control group. The exp. group was further Divided into 2 subgroups, one of which received a posthypnotic suggestion of amnesia for the answem given under hypnosis, while the other received no such suggestion. All subjects were given an adaptation of the Gough Adjective Check List twice—1 week apart-in the waking state, while the exp. group took it a third time under hypnds. No significant dterations in self-attitudes occurred as a reault of hypnosis, irrespective of a suggestion of amnesia; and no significant relationship was shown between the depth of hypnosis and attitude alteration.
Binding Characteristics of Pb2+on Anion-Modified and Pristine Hydrous Oxide Surfaces Studied by Electrophoretic Mobility and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

We examine the role of coadsorbed phosphate and sulfate on the adsorption of Pb2+ at the oxide-water interface of goethite and boehmite by electrophoretic mobility (EM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Comparisons to Pb2+ adsorbed to pristine oxides are provided. Pb2+ binds as an inner-sphere complex to pristine goethite and groups into oxy-clusters on pristine boehmite under our conditions. The presence of either anion at the surface generally increases the ability of the solids to sorb Pb2+ but by different mechanisms. Adsorbed phosphate on both solids acts as a reactant to form lead phosphate surface phases that may be highly dispersed. The more mobile sulfate ion is more effectively adsorbed when Pb2+ is present, and increases Pb2+ adsorption on boehmite. Lead sulfate phases may form at the goethite surface under our conditions. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Evaluation of the direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test for identifying newborns at risk for hemolysis as determined by end-tidal carbon monoxide concentration (ETCOc); and comparison of the Coombs' test with ETCOc for detecting significant jaundice.

OBJECTIVE: First, to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) for significant hemolysis in the neonate, as referenced to end-tidal carbon monoxide, the criterion standard for estimating the rate of hemolysis; and second, to evaluate the predictive value of the two procedures for significant jaundice. DESIGN: Consecutive term newborns admitted to the nursery of an inner-city university hospital over a 15-week period. DAT screening by the Blood Bank was performed on all. End-tidal carbon monoxide levels were obtained at 12±6 and at 24±6 hours of age. Infants of nonsmoking mothers whose 12-hour exhaled carbon monoxide level was ≥95th percentile were defined as having significant hemolysis. RESULTS: n=660; DAT was positive in 23 (3.5%). Using the 12-hour end-tidal carbon monoxide ≥3.2 μl/l (≥95th percentile) as reference (n=499 nonsmokers), the sensitivity of the DAT was 38.5% (10 of 26) and specificity 98.5% (466 of 473) for the detection of significant hemolysis. The PPV of the DAT for significant hemolysis at 12 hours was 58.8% (10 of 17). For significant jaundice the PPV of end-tidal carbon monoxide was greater than that for DAT (65.4% vs 52.9%), although not statistically so (p=0.25). The negative predictive values were similar. CONCLUSION: DAT fails to identify over half of the cases of significant hemolysis that are diagnosed by end-tidal carbon monoxide. A neonate with a positive DAT has about a 59% chance of having significant hemolysis. End-tidal carbon monoxide may also provide a more sensitive index for predicting significant jaundice.
Lyapunov-based control of a base-excited structure

This study illustrates the behavior of a closed-loop vibration control system making use of electrorheological (ER) devices. Material properties of ER suspensions (primarily the yield stress, and visco-elastic properties) increase by several orders of magnitude when subjected to strong electrical fields (kV/mm). Because the electric field controls the yielding behavior of ER materials, ER devices are inherently non- linear. A Lyapunov-based controller is designed to attenuate seismically-induced structural motions. Using this controller, the control decisions are independent of the structural model, and are therefore robust to modeling errors. Structures operated according to the control rule maintain an anti- resonant condition. This is demonstrated in the time-domain and the frequency domain. A numerical study, incorporating an evolutionary model for the ER device illustrates the robustness of this control method to model uncertainties.
Characterization of the structure and expression of a highly conserved ribosomal protein gene, L9, from pea.

Abstract The eukaryotic ribosomal protein (RP) L9 is highly conserved in nature, and its gene is expressed to high levels in the actively growing tissues of pea. The transcriptional activity of the gene is highest in root, cambial and shoot meristems and immature tissues of the plant. Promoter deletion analysis using constructs employing the reporter gene gus were stably transferred into tobacco and revealed that the fully functional promoter is found in the first 316 bp upstream from the start codon. Transgenic pea plants carrying one of these constructs show that translational efficiency mirrors gene transcription; gene expression appears to be developmentally regulated at the level of transcription. The coding region of the gene shares 80% amino acid homology with Arabidopsis and 76% homology with rice. Comparisons of the gene structure to that of the human, fruit fly, yeast, and Arabidopsis homologues reveal a close relationship in both promoter structure and intron insertion sites with the Arabidopsis gene. A nucleotide sequence alignment of the pea gene with other plant RP genes revealed that a sequence, -TTAGGGTTTT-, was commonly found in the forward and/or the inverted orientation at or near the TATA boxes of the promoters of these genes and may have a role in regulating the coordinate production of the RP genes in plants.
Automated design flow for diode-based nanofabrics

We present an automated design flow for minimizing the use of diodes and switches (active devices) in design implementations on a nanofabric based on chemically self-assembled electronic nanotechnology as proposed in Goldstein and Budiu [2001]. Connectivity and logic in the nanofabric are realized using the switch and diode behaviors of molecular devices, unlike very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits where complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) gates are used. Similar to the optimization goal of reducing the number of gates in VLSI designs to minimize area, power dissipation, and delay, decreasing the number of switches and diodes used in the nanofabric can potentially minimize design implementation area and power dissipation, besides reducing the delay and signal drop between latched stages in order to improve performance. An integrated placement, topology selection, and routing approach for design implementation on the nanofabric is proposed. Note that this problem is fundamentally different from CMOS VLSI placement and routing because of the inherent routing-dependent logic realization in our target nanofabric. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported work on automated integrated placement, topology selection, and routing for diode-based nanofabrics. A practical and scalable simulated annealing-based placement and routing algorithm has been implemented. On average, the integrated placement and routing approach achieves a reduction of 12p in the number of switches and diodes used for MCNC benchmarks, compared to separate placement and routing optimization results. The maximum reduction achieved in the number of active devices using our approach is 24p, and in general, we observed that the bigger the benchmark, the larger the improvement achieved.
Adult interpretations of child behavior

This study extends an earlier study (Meyer & Sobieszek, 1972) of the effects of the sex of a child on adult interpretations of its behavior. Videotapes of two 17-month-old children were shown to a sample of 69 adults, who were asked to rate each child's behavior on a number of sex-linked adjectives. Half of the time the sex of the child was wrongly misdescribed. Results from the present study support most findings of the earlier research. Female subjects, especially those reporting high contact with children, described children as possessing fewer stereotypical characteristics of their attributed sex than did male subjects. In addition, males and females attributed more of any qualities to same-sex children and also liked same-sex children more. Males also are more confident in rating same-sex children, while females are somewhat likelier to express more confidence in their ratings of male children.
Titanium Integration With Bone, Welding, and Screw Head Destruction Complicating Hardware Removal of the Distal Radius: Report of 2 Cases

Increasingly, surgeons treat distal radius fractures with locking plate systems. Recent case reports have focused on technical insertion errors resulting in removal difficulties: poor drilling orientation or cross-threading, destruction of the screw head, and filling of the screw recess with tissue. We report 2 complications of titanium locked plate removal secondary to in vivo reactions including titanium integration with bone and mechanical binding between the titanium screw and plate. We clarify and discuss terminology relevant to implant removal, including cold-welding, galling, fretting, and anodization. Even with optimal technique, in situ reactions can complicate titanium implant removal.
Time course and temperature dependence of allethrin modulation of sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion cells

Key effects of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin, delivered to or washed out from cells at 10 or 100 μM in 0.1% DMSO, on neuronal Na+ channel currents were studied in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells under whole-cell patch clamp. Tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ channels were more responsive to allethrin than tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) Na+ channels. On application of 10 or 100 μM allethrin to cells with TTX-R Na+ channels, the Na+ tail current during repolarization developed a large slowly decaying component within 10 min. This slow tail developed multiphasically, suggesting that allethrin gains access to Na+ channels by a multiorder process. On washout (with 0.1% DMSO present), the slow tail current disappeared monophasically (exponential τ=188±44 s). Development and washout rates did not depend systematically on temperature (12°, 18°, or 27°C), but washout was slowed severely if DMSO was absent. As the duration of a depolarizing pulse was increased (range 0.32–10 ms), the amplitude of the slow component of the succeeding tail conductance first increased then decreased. Tail current amplitude had the same dependence on preceding pulse duration (at 18°) at 10 or 100 μM, consistent with allethrin modification of Na+ channels at rest before opening. At 10 μM, slow tail conductance was at maximum 40% of the peak conductance during the previous depolarization, independent of temperature; evidently, the fraction of open modified channels did not change. However, at low temperature, the tail is more prolonged, bringing more Na+ ions into a cell. In functioning neurons, this Na+ influx would cause a larger depolarizing afterpotential, a condition favoring the repetitive discharges, which are signatory of pyrethroid intoxication.
Three-dimensional culture conditions differentially affect astrocyte modulation of brain endothelial barrier function in response to transforming growth factor β1

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is regulated by dynamic interactions among cell types within the neurovascular unit, including astrocytes and endothelial cells. Co-culture models of the BBB typically involve astrocytes seeded on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces, which recent studies indicate cause astrocytes to express a phenotype similar to that of reactive astrocytes in situ. We hypothesized that the culture conditions of astrocytes would differentially affect their ability to modulate BBB function in vitro. Brain endothelial cells were grown alone or in co-culture with astrocytes. Astrocytes were grown either as conventional (2D) monolayers, or in a collagen-based gel which allows them to grow in a three-dimensional (3D) construct. Astrocytes were viable in 3D conditions, and displayed a marked reduction in their expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), suggesting reduced activation. Stimulation of astrocytes with transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and reduced expression of claudin-5 in co-cultures, whereas treatment of endothelial cells in the absence of astrocytes was without effect. The effect of TGFβ1 on TEER was significantly more pronounced in endothelial cells cultured with 3D astrocytes compared to 2D astrocytes. These results demonstrate that astrocyte culture conditions differentially affect their ability to modulate brain endothelial barrier function, and suggest a direct relationship between reactive gliosis and BBB permeability. Moreover, these studies demonstrate the potential importance of physiologically relevant culture conditions to in vitro modeling of disease processes that affect the neurovascular unit.
Emotional Labor and Crisis Response: Working on the Razor's Edge by Sharon H. Mastracci, Mary E. Guy, and Meredith A. Newman

Emotional Labor and Crisis Response: Working on the Razor's Edge. Sharon H. Mastracci, Mary E. Guy, and Meredith A. Newman. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2011, 192 pages. Cloth ISBN: 978-0-7656-2518-2;...
Prostanoids: early mediators in the secondary injury that develops after unilateral pulmonary contusion

BackgroundWe have previously shown a sequence of events after unilateral pulmonary contusion that suggests the release of blood-borne prostanoid mediators and that culminates in refractory bilateral pulmonary failure.PurposeTo determine the role of platelet-derived thromboxane and endothelial-derive
Formation of volatile chemicals from thermal degradation of less volatile coffee components: quinic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid

The less volatile constituents of coffee beans (quinic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid) were roasted under a stream of nitrogen, air, or helium. The volatile degradation compounds formed were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Caffeic acid produced the greatest amount of total volatiles. Quinic acid and chlorogenic acid produced a greater number of volatiles under the nitrogen stream than under the air stream. These results suggest that the presence of oxygen does not play an important role in the formation of volatile compounds by the heat degradation of these chemicals. 2,5-Dimethylfuran formed in relatively large amounts (59.8-2231.0 microg/g) in the samples obtained from quinic acid and chlorogenic acid but was not found in the samples from caffeic acid. Furfuryl alcohol was found in the quinic acid (259.9 microg/g) and caffeic acid (174.4 microg/g) samples roasted under a nitrogen stream but not in the chlorogenic sample. The three acids used in the present study do not contain a nitrogen atom, yet nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, pyridine, pyrrole, and pyrazines, were recovered. Phenol and its derivatives were identified in the largest quantities. The amounts of total phenols ranged from 60.6 microg/g (quinic acid under helium) to 89893.7 microg/g (caffeic acid under helium). It was proposed that phenol was formed mainly from quinic acid and that catechols were formed from caffeic acid. Formation of catechol from caffeic acid under anaerobic condition indicates that the reaction participating in catechol formation was not oxidative degradation.
Digital averaging to facilitate two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements

A problem in quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography is myocardial dropout of still frame images. This study was designed to evaluate the ability of digital averaging to overcome myocardial dropout without distorting quantitative measurements. Forty-one percent of 80 digitally averaged images were thought to be improved by five independent observers, whereas 7% showed some deterioration. Measurements obtained from processed images were statistically identical (r greater than or equal to 0.9) to those from three arithmetically averaged, unprocessed images in 60 patients. Digital averaging can improve image quality without measurement distortion and should facilitate two-dimensional echocardiographic quantitation.
Chromoblastomycosis Can Mimic Keratoacanthoma

A 59-year-old white man presented to the Dermatology Clinic at the University of Texas Medical Branch with ti verrucous nodule on the right forearm. The patient was a retired woodworker. He had polytiiyositis with pulmonary fibrosis for 5 years. Prednisone and mcthotrexate were required to control his disease. A crusted verrucous nodule 2.5 by 2.5 cm in diameter with adjacent similar-sized atrophic scars were present on the extensor surface of the right forearm (Fig. 1). This particular nodule had been present for 2 years, and its growth was characterized by a rapid onset with progressive enlargement and intermittent partial regression. The adjacent scars represented similar lesions that had spontaneously regressed. Although the patient had not worked since his illness began, he continued to actively pursue woodworking as a hobby. Histologic sections of the excised nodule revealed massive pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with prominent hyper-keratosis. Intraepidermal microabscesses were numerous and a suppurative neutropbilic infiltrate with scattered foreign body type multinucleated giant cells was present in the dermis (Fig. 2). At higher magnification, numerous light brown yeasts, approximately 10 μm in diameter (Fig. 3) were noted both within tbe giant cells and free within the dermis. Chains of yeast cells were common. These histologic findings are diagnostic of chromoblastomycosis.3
Stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray increases blood prolactin in ovariectomized rats

Abstract Systemic or intraventricular administration of opiate compounds induces not only analgesia but also the reciprocal responses of increased prolactin and decreased luteinizing hormone (LH) release. Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray (VPAG) or dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) also inhibits both pain perception and LH release. In the present experiments prolactin release in response to stimulation of the VPAG-DRN was studied in ovariectomized rats. Stimulation was delivered through chronically implanted bipolar electrodes for 2 h. Blood samples collected at 10-min intervals through an indwelling jugular cannula were assayed for prolactin by radioimmunoassay. Increased release of prolactin followed increased intensity of stimulation (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mA) in animals pretreated (10 min before initial blood sample) with saline. Naltrexone (3.7 mg/kg, i.v.) pretreatment was ineffective in antagonizing the effect of stimulation. Response to stimulation of the posterior VPAG-DRN was significantly greater than that to stimulation of more anterior VPAG-DRN loci at a current of 1.5 mA but not at 2.0 mA. Stimulation with a current of 0.5 mA was ineffective in releasing prolactin when applied to the VPAG-DRN, but when delivered to the periaqueductal gray directly lateral to the cerebral aqueduct, marked aversive and prolactin responses resulted. Taken together these data indicate that the VPAG in the region of the DRN contains a specific system capable of stimulating prolactin release and that opiate receptors are not interposed between the mesencephalic sites of activation of this pathway and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.
A self-consistent energy band study of FeO, CoO and NiO☆

Abstract Self-consistent Hartree-Fock energy bands in the Restricted Hartree-Fock limit have been calculated for FeO, CoO and NiO. In this limit the narrow metal 3-d-bands are found to lie inside the broad oxygen 2-p-band. Correlation effects are included and found to be substantial. They cause qualitative changes in the valence bands such that at the zone center the metal d-bands lie above the oxygen p-bands. The d and p bands are found to overlap slightly. These results compare well with the qualitative features seen in photo-emission by Eastman and Freeouf. In contrast the local density calculations of Mattheiss and of Collins et al. predict an energy gap between the metal 3-d band and the oxygen 2-p-band.
UTD solution for electromagnetic scattering by a circular cylinder with thin lossy coatings

A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) solution is obtained for the field exterior to a two-dimensional circular cylinder with a thin lossy dielectric coating. The solution is convenient for engineering applications due to its simple ray format. In the lit region, the geometrical optics (GO) solution consists of the direct incident ray and the reflected ray. In the shadow region, the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) uses the creeping-wave format to calculate the diffracted field. In the transition regions adjacent to the shadow boundaries, where the pure ray optical solution fails, a 'universal' transition integral is used for the UTD solution to calculate the field. Numerical values for the essential transition integral are deduced, by a heuristic approach, from alternative representations of the Green's function for a circular cylinder with coating. Numerical results obtained from the UTD solution show excellent agreement with the eigenfunction results for cylinders with thin dielectric coatings. >
Mitochondrial Metabolism Modulates Differentiation and Teratoma Formation Capacity in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Relatively little is known regarding the role of mitochondrial metabolism in stem cell biology. Here we demonstrate that mouse embryonic stem cells sorted for low and high resting mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmL and ΔΨmH) are indistinguishable morphologically and by the expression of pluripotency markers, whereas markedly differing in metabolic rates. Interestingly, ΔΨmL cells are highly efficient at in vitro mesodermal differentiation yet fail to efficiently form teratomas in vivo, whereas ΔΨmH cells behave in the opposite fashion. We further demonstrate that ΔΨm reflects the degree of overall mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reduces metabolic rate, augments differentiation, and inhibits tumor formation of the mouse embryonic stem cells with a high metabolic rate. Taken together, our results suggest a coupling between intrinsic metabolic parameters and stem cell fate that might form a basis for novel enrichment strategies and therapeutic options.
Research on discrimination and health: an exploratory study of unresolved conceptual and measurement issues

Objectives. Our goal in this study was to better understand racial and socioeconomic status (SES) variations in experiences of racial and nonracial discrimination.Methods. We used 1999 and 2000 data from the YES Health Study, which involved a community sample of 50 Black and 50 White respondents drawn from 4 neighborhoods categorized according to racial group (majority Black or majority White) and SES (≤ 150% or > 250% of the poverty line). Qualitative and quantitative analyses examined experiences of discrimination across these neighborhoods.Results. More than 90% of Blacks and Whites described the meaning of unfair treatment in terms of injustice and felt certain about the attribution of their experiences of discrimination. These experiences triggered similar emotional reactions (most frequently anger and frustration) and levels of stress across groups, and low-SES Blacks and Whites reported higher levels of discrimination than their moderate-SES counterparts.Conclusions. Experiences of discrimination w...
The elimination of small neutral molecules and fragments in mass spectra—I. Substituted salicylic acids and their derivatives†

The mass spectra of various ring-substituted salicylic acids and derivatives thereof have been examined. Fragmentation pathways for derivatives of salicylic acid; 3-NO2 salicylic acid; 5-I salicylic acid; 3-NO2, 5-I salicylic acid; and 3-NH2, 5-I salicylic acid are suggested. The major dissociations of these compounds are by elimination of the elements of neutral molecules, e.g. water, methanol, ketene (from the acetylated compounds) carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, leading to (iodo) phenoxy and (iodo) quinone type ion structures. These ions further decompose to yield the corresponding substituted cyclopentadienyl and cyclopropylium ions.
Juvenile Razorback Suckers Documented in Wetlands in the Green River, Utah

Abstract The razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) is a federally-endangered, large-bodied catostomid found in the Green River, Utah, a tributary to the Colorado River. Although populations of adults in the Green River appear to be increasing through stocking, recruitment has been minimal or nonexistent for several decades. Flows in the Green River in 2011 were the fourth highest in 66 years of records. These environmental conditions were favorable for survival of young-of-year razorback suckers. The purpose of this study was to determine if wild young-of-year razorback suckers occurred during fall 2011 in wetlands in the middle Green River; such observations had not been achieved since 1996. Fyke and trammel nets, minnow traps, and seines were used to sample 15 wetlands in the middle Green River (Flaming Gorge to Desolation Canyon). A total of 18 wild juvenile razorback suckers were captured in two of the wetlands.
Developmental shifts in the construction of verb meanings

This research focused on when and how the argument structure of verbs becomes fully established. To this end, 60 grade-schoolers were presented with 40 sentences to interpret; 16 of the sentences were ungrammatical in that the syntactic frame was inconsistent with the standard argument structure for the verb (e.g., *the tiger goes the lion). Previous work (Naigles, Gleitman, & Gleitman, 1992) indicated that preschoolers faced with ungrammatical sentences will alter the usual meaning of the verbs to fit with the novel frames (so-called Frame Compliance, also referred to as Syntactic Bootstrapping), but adults faced with the same sentences alter the syntax in favor of the usual meaning of the verb (Verb Compliance). Here we sought to document the shift in progress, to determine whether such a change is a general developmental phenomenon, or whether it could be attributed to progress within the linguistic domain in syntax and/or in the verb lexicon. In our findings, grade-school children were still adept at deducing new verb meanings from new syntactic forms; however, this productivity declined in a steady fashion with age, with a corresponding increase in Verb Compliance. Furthermore, the pattern of the decline and increase suggested that some syntactic factors, but lexical factors in particular, exerted significant influence on when and how children shifted away from Frame Compliance.
Malignant Versus Nonmalignant Bone Disease

Diagnosis of bone lesions other than fractures is difficult from radiographs alone because mixed patterns of lysis and bone proliferation are frequently observed. It is important to evaluate whether the lesion is single (monostotic) or involving multiple bones (polyostotic). Correlation of additional information such as the patient signalment, sex, geographic habitat, history, clinical findings, and prior therapy is useful to help establish the most accurate differential diagnosis. The presence of intramedullary lesions with expansile destructive pattern in the metaphyseal region of a middle-aged, large-breed dog is supportive for a diagnosis of a primary bone tumor or an aggressive mycotic osteomyelitis. Serial radiographic studies can be performed to evaluate progression. Rapid bone change tends to occur with neoplasia, whereas slower progression can occur with osteomyelitis. The location of change to the vertebrae, such as spondylitis and diskospondylitis, often helps in the understanding of the underlying disease process. Additional diagnostic procedures, such as biopsies with appropriate lesion sampling and evaluation of serum for fungal titers, should be considered to establish the diagnosis.
Depressed growth of Morris hepatomas and altered lysosomal hydrolases during altitudinal hypoxia.

SummaryThe present results indicate, therefore, that the growth of Morris hepa-tomas 5123C and 7793 was impaired by exposure of the hosts to 4500 m altitude, and that this effect involved alterations in the activities of lysosomal enzymes in both hepatomas and host livers.The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Ms. Alice Echols, Frances Baxter, Charity M. Jackson, Jean W. Lewis, and Rose-Linda Baldwin.
SCALES OF SUBJECTIVE VISCOSITY AND FLUIDITY OF GUM SOLUTIONS

Subjective viscosity and fluidity of water soluble gums were investigated as a function of apparent physical viscosity (in poises), and as a function of the method of presentation. Subjective magnitude (S) appeared to grow as a power function of viscosity (P) with S=kPn, and the exponent n averaging about + 0.4 for subjective viscosity, and -0.4 for subjective fluidity. Stimuli appeared more viscous (and less fluid) when presented in narrow-mouthed test tubes than in wide-mouthed bottles. The growth rate of subjective magnitude, indexed by n, did not change, however, suggesting that the dynamics of subjective magnitude for viscosity and fluidity are independent of the presentation procedure.
Parcel-based classification of agricultural crops via multitemporal Landsat imagery for monitoring habitat availability of western burrowing owls in the Imperial Valley agro-ecosystem

Agricultural production has a large impact upon the sustainability of wildlife populations. Certain species decline in the presence of intensive agriculture, while others thrive. Thus, quantifying changes in habitat within agricultural systems is paramount to understanding the underlying ecological mechanisms influencing species' range shifts and may facilitate the development of management strategies for sensitive wildlife species that depend on agricultural systems. Remotely sensed data can provide an efficient means to assess and monitor agricultural crop dynamics across large spatial extents. The objective of this study was to classify field-level agricultural crop types via a time series of Landsat imagery across the 3 620 000 ha agro-ecosystem in the Imperial Valley in California. The primary impetus was to generate data to characterize short-term changes in habitat for the western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), a species of concern that has an affinity for agricultural systems. The parcel-base...
Adhesion of sputter-deposited carbide films to steel substrates

Abstract A stylus scratch test was used to compare the adhesive quality of r.f. sputtered TiC and TiVC films on high speed steel substrates as a function of film thickness and deposition variables. All films were polycrystalline with an average grain size ranging between a few hundred ∢ngstroms and 1 μm depending on the film thickness which range from 1500A; to 1.4 μm. The measured adhesion was found to be related to the width of a chemically mixed film-sunstrate interfacial region which increased with increasing deposition temperature and substrate bias. The most adhesive film was deposited under conditions of the highest substrate temperature and bias used in these experiments, 300°C and −500 V d.c. respectively. The junction width was determined by Auger depth profiling to be approximately 2400 A;. A set of TiC films were also deposited on substrates at ambient temperature with no applied bias but with a sputtering gas mixture of Ar + 2% O 2 . These samples showed an increased adhesion over films which were sputtered in pure argon under identical conditions (17 mTorr pressure and 8.3 W cm −2 target power density), but the measured adhesion was still much less than that of samples which were deposited on annealed bias-sputtered substrates. All samples exhibited an aging effect, i.e. there was an initial increase in adhesion as a function of time which soon saturated.
On implementing arbitrary precision arithmetic in NIL: an exercise in data abstraction

NIL, currently under development at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science, is the "New Implementation of Lisp" intended for the latest generation of large address space computers. This system is being developed in Lisp itself (following the successful pattern of the Lisp Machine Project at MIT), and among other goals, eliminates a few internal inconsistencies that still exist in Lisp constructions. More notably, NIL introduces a "typed data" method of representing information (doing away with older schemes which group together only data of one type on a given page, and then keep a table on what is on each page) and provides to the user primitives which may introduce to the environment novel data structures that are very efficiently handled by NIL.
Academic Life at the Franchise: Faculty Culture in a Rural Two-Year Branch Campus

This case study of faculty culture focused on the dynamics of a small, rural, two-year branch campus of a large state university. It reports descriptive themes concerning the isolation and rural location of the campus, its diminutive size, faculty role perspectives, and factors related to faculty role implementation. It provides a portrait of this campus and describes how faculty fulfill their roles in such a setting.
An Efficient Algorithm for Finding Large Localizable Regions in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract In this paper, we find a novel algorithm that can identify large localizable regions within a wireless sensor network. This algorithm is based on graph rigidity. We find a new technique to annex localizable subgraphs to other localizable subgraphs, thus expanding the localization. We simulate the results on wireless sensor graphs of various topologies. Our results indicate that we are able to localize almost all nodes in wireless sensor networks of various radii. Using MDS-MAP techniques in conjuction with this algorithm, wireless sensor networks can be localized with very small number of anchor nodes.
Controlled and optimally controlled multiplexing systems : a numerical exploration

Large controlled multiplexing systems are approximated by diffusion type processes yielding a very efficient way of approximation and good numerical methods. The “limit” equations are an efficient aggregation of the original system, and provide the basis of the actual numerical approximation to the control problem. The numerical approximations have the structure of the original problem, but are generally much simpler. The control can occur in a variety of places; e.g., “leaky bucket” controllers, control of “marked cells” at the transmitter buffer, or control of the transmitter speed. From the point of view of the limit equations, those are equivalent. Various forms of the optimal control problem are explored, where the main aim is to control or balance the losses at the control with those due to buffer overflow. It is shown that much can be saved via the use of optimal controls or reasonable approximations to them. We discuss systems with one to three classes of sources, various aggregation methods and control approximation schemes. There are qualitative comparisons of various systems with and without control and a discussion of the variations of control and performance as the systems data and control bounds vary. The approach is a very useful tool for providing both qualitative and quantitative information which would be hard to get otherwise. The results have applications to various forms of the ATM and broadband integrated data networks.
Negative plant–soil feedbacks may limit persistence of an invasive tree due to rapid accumulation of soil pathogens

Soil organisms influence plant species coexistence and invasion potential. Plant–soil feedbacks occur when plants change soil community composition such that interactions with that soil community in turn may positively or negatively affect the performance of conspecifics. Theories predict and studies show that invasions may be promoted by stronger negative soil feedbacks for native compared with exotic species. We present a counter-example of a successful invader with strong negative soil feedbacks apparently caused by host-specific, pathogenic soil fungi. Using a feedback experiment in pots, we investigated whether the relative strength of plant–soil feedbacks experienced by a non-native woody invader, Sapium sebiferum, differed from several native tree species by examining their performance in soils collected near conspecifics (‘home soils’) or heterospecifics (‘away soils’) in the introduced range. Sapium seedlings, but no native seedlings, had lower survival and biomass in its home soils compared with soils of other species (‘negative feedback’). To investigate biotic agents potentially responsible for the observed negative feedbacks, we conducted two additional experiments designed to eliminate different soil taxa (‘rescue experiments’). We found that soil sterilization (pot experiment) or soil fungicide applications (pot and field experiments) restored Sapium performance in home soil thereby eliminating the negative feedbacks we observed in the original experiment. Such negative feedbacks apparently mediated by soil fungi could have important effects on persistence of this invader by limiting Sapium seedling success in Sapium dominated forests (home soils) though their weak effects in heterospecific (away) soils suggest a weak role in limiting initial establishment.
STATUS SIGNALING GAMES IN ANIMAL CONTESTS

Abstract This paper provides evolutionary game-theoretic models for the status signaling problem in animal contests. Two-stage status signaling game models are introduced and evolutionarily stable strategies and their modifications are characterized for the games. It is shown that in the stable long-run equilibria, animals must make use of signals systematically to settle the contest peacefully.
Heinz J. Giegerich (1999). Lexical strata in English: morphological causes, phonological effects . (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 89.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. ix+329.

These days, most graduate students in linguistics in the United States are not regularly exposed to the theory of Lexical Phonology and Morphology (Kiparsky 1982, Mohanan 1986). This theory – and the issues we wrestled with in it – have been largely discarded from the curriculum, replaced by the technical questions and concerns of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993, McCarthy & Prince 1993). Questions of stratal assignment, the Strict Cycle Condition and the like have been largely abandoned in favour of the minutiae of correspondence (McCarthy & Prince 1995) and sympathy (McCarthy 1999).
Optimal dissipative control of a class of discrete-time nonlinear stochastic systems with general criteria

A general formulation is presented for finite-horizon optimal control of a class of discrete-time, nonautonomous, uncertain, nonlinear stochastic systems. Full state information is assumed to be available in controller derivation and optimization is carried out for a variety of performance criteria within a common dissipative framework. This framework, for example, includes performance criteria such as H 2 , H ∞ , and various kinds of passivity properties appropriately generalized to such stochastic systems. It is shown that the results obtained in this paper include some previous ones in the literature as special cases.
Characterization of Nontoxic Liquid-Metal Alloy Galinstan for Applications in Microdevices

We have obtained interfacial properties of Galinstan, a nontoxic liquid-metal alloy, to help replace mercury in miniature devices. To prevent formation of an oxide skin that severely hinders the fluidic behavior of small Galinstan droplets and leads to inaccurate property data, we performed our experiments in a nitrogen-filled glove box. It was found that only if never exposed to oxygen levels above 1 part per million (ppm) would Galinstan droplets behave like a liquid. Two key properties were then investigated: contact angles and surface tension. Advancing and receding contact angles of Galinstan were measured from sessile droplets on various materials: for example, 146.8 and 121.5, respectively, on glass. Surface tension was measured by the pendant-drop method to be 534.6 10.7 mN/m. All the measurements were done in nitrogen at 28 with oxygen and moisture levels below 0.5 ppm. To help design droplet-based microfluidic devices, we tested the response of Galinstan to electrowetting-on-dielectric actuation.
Interaction of insecticides, entomopathogenic nematodes, and larvae of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes have been independently used to suppress corn rootworm damage in maize. We report on the mortality response of larvae of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, to the combined treatment with 1 of 3 insecticides (terbufos, fonofos, and tefluthrin) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Mexican strain). Corn rootworm mortality with combinations of the insecticides terbufos or fonofos and S. carpocapsae was typically additive for the 2 agents. Evidence of antagonism between these agents was sometimes observed. The combination of tefluthrin with S. carpocapsae frequently resulted in a synergistic response and a 24% average increase in expected mortality. The influence of the tefluthrin appears to be isolated to an effect on the rootworm larvae. Synergism also was observed when tefluthrin was combined with the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Lewiston strain). The combined use of tefluthrin with an entomopathogenic nematode may offer an integrated approach to increase the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for insect control.
The development and correlation of objective and subjective video quality measures

The authors describe a method for deriving objective measurements of video quality that agree with the human perception of video quality. The development process presented is based on three components. First, a wide-ranging library of video screens is digitized and processed. The second component involves the collection of viewer quality ratings for this same video library. This results in a set of subjective data. The final component of the process is a simultaneous statistical analysis of the subjective and objective data sets. The authors focus on the second component of the process. The facility used to gather viewer quality ratings, the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) video viewing laboratory, is described. The test methodology is presented, along with a discussion of the selection of video scenes for the tests. Plans for the integration of subjective and objective data sets are considered. >
Semiconductor Electrodes XLII . Evidence for Fermi Level Pinning from Shifts in the Flatband Potential of p‐Type Silicon in Acetonitrile Solutions with Different Redox Couples

The flatband potential, , of p‐Si electrodes in acetonitrile solutions containing various redox couples was determined by measurement of the cell impedance. was found to depend strongly on the redox potential of the solution, indicating the occurrence of Fermi level pinning. The shift of did not depend upon the nature (cationic or anionic) of the redox couples; thus it cannot be attributed to specific adsorption. The shift in was also found with redox couples (such as oxazine and benzoquinone) which have energy levels located below the middle of the gap, implying that inversion does not occur in these cases.
Is there such a thing as psychological pain? And why it matters

Medicine regards pain as a signal of physical injury to the body despite evidence contradicting the linkage and despite the exclusion of vast numbers of sufferers who experience psychological pain. By broadening our concept of pain and making it more inclusive, we would not only better accommodate the basic science of pain but also would recognize what is already appreciated by the layperson—that pain from diverse sources, physical and psychological, share an underlying felt structure.