cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional Current Flow in Semiconductor Devices†

ABSTRACT Two-dimensional current flow in transistors, controlled rectifiers and short-circuited emitter p-n-p-n devices is analysed. The variation of the current gain is included in these analyses. Non-linear differential equations describing the transverse potential gradient in the base are derived and solved. It is found that the lateral effect may be compensated or enhanced by appropriate design. Experimental results using an analogue model are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.
A nonreflexive Banach space that is uniformly nonoctahedral

An example is given of a nonreflexive Banach space\(\tilde X\) that is uniformly nonoctahedral (or uniformly non-l1(3)), in the sense that there is a λ>1 such that there is no isomorphismT ofl1(3) into\(\tilde X\) for which $$\lambda ^{ - 1} \left\| x \right\|\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \leqslant } \left\| {T(x)} \right\|\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \leqslant } \lambda \left\| x \right\|{\text{ }}if x \in l_1^{(3)}$$ .
X-ray optics for the LAMAR facility, an overview

The paper surveys the Large Area Modular Array of Reflectors (LAMAR), the concept of which is based on meeting two major requirements in X-ray astronomy, large collecting area and moderately good or better angular resolution for avoiding source confusion and imaging source fields. It is shown that the LAMAR provides the same sensitivity and signal to noise in imaging as a single large telescope having the same area and angular resolution but is a great deal less costly to develop, construct, and integrate into a space mission. Attention is also given to the LAMAR modular nature which will allow for an evolutionary development from a modest size array on Spacelab to a Shuttle launched free flyer. Finally, consideration is given to manufacturing methods which show promise of making LAMAR meet the criteria of good angular resolution, relatively low cost, and capability for fast volume production.
Nation, State and Economy: Mises’ contribution

This essay offers a review of von Mises’ classic Nation, State and Economy(1919). It focuses specifically on the contexts of liberty, the issue of language and nation.
Beyond Darwin and Dawkins: life is more than its genes

'In this book, we will be searching for generalities'. It takes a lot of courage to write a sentence like that, and these authors certainly show a lot of courage in tackling a subject that has consistently eluded any such generalities or simple explanations in the past. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin formalized a theory of how organisms evolve by the action of natural selection on their bodies and behaviors. Since he did not know any better, his formalization was based on phenotypes, not genes. He had no idea how phenotypes were created or passed on from one generation to the next. In the 20th century, the mechanism of inheritance was slowly elucidated. The idea of a gene controlling the production of a protein that became a trait, which finally became the phenotype, gradually improved to the point where evolutionists could now incorporate these new ideas into Darwin's original theory. This also led to ways of quantifying the dynamics of gene changes: the whole area of population genetics. However, in the 21st century, as our ability to study genetic regulation has improved, even these extensions of Darwin are no longer enough; hence this book.
Minor Illnesses, Temperament, and Toddler Social Functioning.

Research Findings: Minor illnesses, such as upper respiratory infections, stomachaches, and fevers, have been associated with children's decreased activity and increased irritability. This multi-method investigation of 110 day care–attending children examined whether experience with recurrent, minor illnesses and negative emotionality worked together to predict young children's social functioning. Minor illness experience was assessed via weekly health screenings conducted by nurses. Toddlers' negative emotionality and social behavior were assessed using mothers' and fathers' reports. The two dimensions of negative emotionality and minor illness experience operated in different ways to predict children's functioning. Toddlers rated as more temperamentally angry displayed less social competence, especially when they also experienced high proportions of minor illness. Temperamentally fearful children exhibited more externalizing problems when they experienced a higher frequency of illness, whereas fearfulne...
Efficient operating system scheduling for performance-asymmetric multi-core architectures

Recent research advocates asymmetric multi-core architectures, where cores in the same processor can have different performance. These architectures support single-threaded performance and multithreaded throughput at lower costs (e.g., die size and power). However, they also pose unique challenges to operating systems, which traditionally assume homogeneous hardware. This paper presents AMPS, an operating system scheduler that efficiently supports both SMP-and NUMA-style performance-asymmetric architectures. AMPS contains three components: asymmetry-aware load balancing, faster-core-first scheduling, and NUMA-aware migration. We have implemented AMPS in Linux kernel 2.6.16 and used CPU clock modulation to emulate performance asymmetry on an SMP and NUMA system. For various workloads, we show that AMPS achieves a median speedup of 1.16 with a maximum of 1.44 over stock Linux on the SMP, and a median of 1.07 with a maximum of 2.61 on the NUMA system. Our results also show that AMPS improves fairness and repeatability of application performance measurements.
Real-time Assessment of Flow Reversal in an Eccentric Arterial Stenotic Model

Plaque rupture is the leading cause of acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Plaque formation, otherwise known as stenosis, preferentially occurs in the regions of arterial bifurcation or curvatures. To date, real-time assessment of stenosis-induced flow reversal remains a clinical challenge. By interfacing microelectromechanical system (MEMS) thermal sensors with the high frequency pulsed wave (PW) Doppler ultrasound, we proposed to assess flow reversal in the presence of an eccentric stenosis. We developed a 3-D stenotic model (inner diameter of 6mm, an eccentric stenosis with a height of 2.75 mm, and width of 21 mm) simulating a superficial arterial vessel. We demonstrated that heat transfer from the sensing element (2 x 80 μm²) to the flow field peaked as a function of flow rates at the throat of the stenosis along the center/midline of arterial model, and dropped downstream from the stenosis, where flow reversal was detected by the high frequency ultrasound device at 45 MHz. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are in agreement with the ultrasound-acquired flow profiles upstream, downstream, and at the throat of the stenosis. Hence, we characterized regions of eccentric stenosis in terms of changes in heat transfer along the midline of vessel and identified points of flow reversal with high spatial and temporal resolution.
Micro-bubbles generated on electrolytic arrays and matrices and released in a water channel

The feasibility of generating mono-disperse micro-bubbles by electrolysis in tap water using micro-fabricated devices was investigated towards the development of a high-density bubbler matrix. The effect of electrode geometry and size, as well as artificial nucleation sites, was tested using single and arrays of electrode pairs. The results indicated that circular electrode node shapes (as opposed to triangular or square nodes) nucleated bubbles from the node center and exhibited fewer instances of bubble coalescence and a higher bubble detachment frequency when operated with small anode–anode and cathode–cathode spacings. Artificial nucleation sites, produced by etching the surface of the electrodes, were shown to be able to limit nucleation to one site (though in some cases, bubbles formed underneath the dielectric layer), as well as to increase current efficiency. A device with thousands of electrode pairs (a matrix of nodes) was also fabricated in order to generate a bubble cloud close to the channel wall. At a flow speed of 14 cm/s, this device demonstrated the ability to generate a bubble cloud reasonably close to the wall 20 mm from the trailing edge of the matrix of nodes, with the void fraction peaking at 1 mm from the channel wall and returning to zero at 3 mm. It yielded efficiencies greater than similar thin-wire devices, but spurious bubbles formed on the device, indicating that additional work is needed to develop this technology in a matrix format.
BILIRUBIN AND JAUNDICE IN THE MICROPREMIE

Although it has been customary to treat neonatal jaundice at lower serum bilirubin levels in low-birth weight infants than in term infants, the threshold bilirubin levels and long-term benefits for early treatment of preterm infants have not been validated. This article summarizes and evaluates existing evidence and strategies for early treatment of bilirubin in micropremies and recommends a conservative but flexible approach to early monitoring and phototherapy for jaundice in extremely low-birth weight infants.
Somatic embryogenesis from cultured leaf explants of the tropical tree Euphoria longan Stend

Summary Embryogenic callus was induced from leaflets of new vegetative flushes of mature longan (Euphoria longan Stend.) trees. Induction of embryogenic competency was dependent on the presence of auxin (2,4-D) and cytokinin (kinetin) in the growth medium (B5 with 400mg liter-1 glutamine, 60g liter-1 sucrose, 200 mg liter-1 casein hydrolysate and 1.7g liter-1 Gelrite). The optimum range of phytohormone concentrations was 0.25 - 2.0 mg liter-1 of kinetin and 2,4-D in every combination. Somatic embryos developed to maturity on B5 medium containing glutamine, casein hydrolysate, 20 g liter-1 sucrose, 10% (v/v) coconut water and 1.7 g liter-1 Gelrite. Callus initiation and somatic embryo development occurred in darkness at 25°C. Mature somatic embryos germinated normally in the light.
Firearm suicide among veterans in the general population: findings from the national violent death reporting system.

BACKGROUND: Military veterans are particularly vulnerable to suicide compared with their civilian peers. Scant attention has been devoted to the problem of firearm suicide among veterans, particularly women. The purpose of this study was to examine the rate, prevalence, and relative odds of firearm use among veteran suicide decedents in the general population. METHODS: The analyses are based on data derived from 28,534 suicide decedents from the 2003 to 2006 National Violent Death Reporting System. RESULTS: Across the age groups, male and female veterans had higher firearm suicide rates than nonveterans. Among males and females, younger veterans (18-34 years) had the highest firearm and total suicide rates. The male and female veteran suicide decedents were, respectively, 1.3 and 1.6 times more likely to use firearms relative to nonveterans after adjusting for age, marital status, race, and region of residence. CONCLUSIONS: Although violent death and the use of firearms are generally associated with men, the results reported here suggest that firearms among female veterans deserve particular attention among health professionals within and outside the veterans affairs system. In addition, the focus should not be exclusively on the Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom military cohort but also on men and women who served in earlier combat theaters, including the Gulf war, Vietnam Era, Korean Conflict, and World War II. Language: en
Drift Velocity of Electrons in Nitrogen, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon

Accurate values of electron drift-velocity in purified noble gases and nitrogen have been obtained by measuring the transit time of photoelectrons across the gap of a parallel-plate condenser. Drift velocities in pure krypton and xenon have not been measured before. The values obtained for the other gases are invariably lower than those reported by Nielsen, the discrepancy for neon being large. The sharp maximum found by English and Hanna for argon at $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}l0.1$ and tentatively ascribed by them to the Ramsauer effect was not observed in the purified gas.
Spatial/Spectral Resolution of a Galactic Bulge K3 Giant Stellar Atmosphere via Gravitational Microlensing

We present two Keck HIRES spectra (R=40,000) of a bulge K3 giant taken on successive nights during the second caustic crossing of the binary microlensing event EROS BLG-2000-5. This caustic crossing served to effectively resolve the surface of the source star: the spectrum from the second night is dominated by the limb, while the spectrum from the first night is comprised of light from a broader range of radii. To demonstrate that the spectra are adequate to resolve the differences between them, we analyze the H-alpha line. The equivalent width is ~8% smaller on the second night, and the signal-to-noise ratio per resolution element (165 and 75 on the two nights respectively) is sufficient to show that the difference is approximately constant over the ~2A (~15 resolution element) extent of the line. The sign of the difference is in the expected direction since the limb is the coolest part of the star and therefore should have the weakest H-alpha. We invite atmosphere modelers to predict the difference spectrum from the entire spectral range 5500<lambda<7900A so that these predictions can be compared to our observations.
SU‐FF‐T‐163: Development of An Inverse Optimization Package for Non‐Uniform Dose Distribution Based On Spatially Inhomogeneous Radiosensitivity

Purpose: To develop an inverse optimization algorithm that is capable of generating non‐uniform dose distribution with sub‐regional dose escalation based on spatially inhomogeneous radiosensitivity in the target, while keeping the critical structure doses as low as possible. Method and Materials: A matlab package with GUI was developed. The software system reads in structure contours, reference 3D‐dose distribution (e.g., conventional uniform dose),dose to each voxel from all beamlets, as well as the voxel radiosensitivity from biological images. This system is able to optimize beamlet weights based on sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method to achieve maximum equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for target and minimum EUD for critical structures. The beamlets were generated using a commercial planning system (XiO, CMS). The EUD was calculated based on 3D‐dose distribution and spatial radiosensitivity distribution which is extracted from biological images. Constraints that limit the doses to critical structures not to exceed the corresponding maximum for the reference plan are applied. Sample spatial radiosensitivity distributions based on physiological MRI of braintumor were used to test the developed system. DVHs and EUDs for the uniform and non‐uniform dose distributions are compared. Results: Using the newly develop system, we have generated non‐uniform 3D‐dose distributions for selected patient cases. Sub‐regional dose escalation can be as high as 30% of the uniform dose as planned conventionally. The target EUDs are found to be higher than those for the uniform dose planned ignoring the spatial inhomogeneous radiosensitivity. The EUDs for organs at risk are found to be equal or lower than those for the uniform dose plans. Conclusion: We have developed a package that is capable of generating non‐uniform dose distributions optimized for spatially inhomogeneous radiosensitivity. Sub‐regional dose escalation may lead to increased treatment effectiveness as indicated by higher EUDs. The current development will impact biological image guided radiotherapy.
CALCULUS INSIGHTS MADE POSSIBLE BY COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS: THE CHAIN RULE AND CLOSED FORM SUMS

ABSTRACT Two classroom activities designed to illuminate concepts in calculus with the aid of a computer algebra system (CAS) are outlined. The first uses the CAS to examine graphically function composition and the chain rule for differentiation; the second exploits its symbolic manipulative power to generate closed form sums of integral powers of consecutive integers.
Impact of Teen Depression on Academic, Social, and Physical Functioning

This study aimed to determine the impact of teen depression on peer, family, school, and physical functioning and the burden on parents.
Sectional Curvature Rigidity of Asymptotically Locally Hyperbolic Manifolds

This paper presents a rigidity result of real hyperbolic quotients inanalogy to Min-Oo's result in Math. Ann.285(4) (1989),527–539, but without the spin condition. In order to prove this,we use special Killing forms on the exterior form bundle. Moreover, wemake an assumption on the sectional curvature to obtain the necessaryeigenvalue estimates of the curvature endomorphism in theBochner–Weitzenbock formula of Ω k M.
Nuclear Moments of Americium-241 and 16-h Americium-242 and Analysis of the Hyperfine Fields

The nuclear moments of americium-241 and 16-h americium-242 have been directly measured by the method of triple resonance in an atomic beam. They are ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}({\mathrm{Am}}^{241})=+1.58(3)$ nm and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}({\mathrm{Am}}^{242})=+0.3808(15)$ nm, including a correction for diamagnetic shielding. On the collective model ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}({\mathrm{Am}}^{242})$ is a direct measure of the gyromagnetic ratio of the core (${g}_{R}$), and the measured value of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$ is in excellent agreement with the value ${g}_{R}=\frac{Z}{A}$. From these values for the magnetic moments and previous measurements of the hyperfine constants, values are deduced for the magnetic fields at the nucleus. It is shown that breakdown of Russell-Saunders coupling including relativistic effects gives contributions of the wrong sign to the magnetic field. Arguments are given which show that the residual effect is most probably due to core polarization.
Meridiani Planum and the global hydrology of Mars

The evaporite deposits in the Meridiani Planum region on Mars, investigated by the Opportunity rover vehicle, have been interpreted as evidence for the presence of a fluctuating water table. But there is a problem: there is no topographic basin in this region to account for the presence of evaporates in the first place. A new hydrological modelling study circumvents this difficulty by presenting a mechanism by which evaporites could have formed at Meridiani without the need for water to collect in an enclosed basin, as a result of sustained global groundwater upwelling and evaporation. The Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover found evidence for groundwater activity in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars1,2 in the form of aeolian and fluvial sediments3 composed of sulphate-rich grains. These sediments appear to have experienced diagenetic modification in the presence of a fluctuating water table3,4,5. In addition to the extensive secondary aqueous alteration, the primary grains themselves probably derive from earlier playa evaporites1,2,4. Little is known, however, about the hydrologic processes responsible for this environmental history—particularly how such extensive evaporite deposits formed in the absence of a topographic basin. Here we investigate the origin of these deposits, in the context of the global hydrology of early Mars, using numerical simulations, and demonstrate that Meridiani is one of the few regions of currently exposed ancient crust predicted to have experienced significant groundwater upwelling and evaporation. The global groundwater flow would have been driven primarily by precipitation-induced recharge and evaporative loss, with the formation of the Tharsis volcanic rise possibly playing a role through the burial of aquifers and induced global deformation. These results suggest that the deposits formed as a result of sustained groundwater upwelling and evaporation, rather than ponding within an enclosed basin. The evaporite formation coincided with a transition to more arid conditions6 that increased the relative impact of a deep-seated, global-scale hydrology on the surface evolution.
Transmission electron microscopic confirmation of the morphological predictions of the two-site model for hydroxyapatite dissolution☆

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals were dissolved under two types of solution conditions designed to produce contrasting dissolution morphologies according to the recently proposed two-site model for HAP dissolution [Fox, J. L., Higuchi, W. I., Fawzi, M. B., and Wu, M. S., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 67, 312 (1978)]. In accordance with this model, dissolution into partially saturated buffers proceeded via formation of holes in the crystals, while dissolution of comparable amounts of material into completely unsaturated buffers showed no such holes. These results show that the two dissolution sites inferred from dissolution kinetics experiments are, in fact, physically distinct sites and that dissolution from site No. 1 results in hole formation. The physical location of site No. 2 is not yet certain.
Managing perioperative hypothermia.

surrounds this thermal core. The peripheral temperature ranges between 31° and 35°C, whereas skin temperature is generally 28° to 32°C [2,4]. The peripheral shell protects the thermal core by either absorbing heat from or releasing heat to the environment. The range of core temperatures that are tolerated without triggering a thermoregulatory response is known as the interthreshold range. This range is normally 0.2°C. Within this range, no autonomic responses to cold or warmth occur. Below the hypothermia threshold, vasoconstriction is triggered, followed by shivering as the temperature decreases further. Peripheral vasoconstriction takes place in arteriovenous shunts located primarily in the fingers and toes. These are controlled by centrally mediated α1-adrenergic receptors, but the vasoconstriction triggered by local hypothermia is augmented by α2adrenergic receptors [3]. Shivering is an involuntary muscular activity that increases metabolic rate and oxygen consumption. The response to body temperatures above the hyperthermia threshold is perspiration. Reliable sites for monitoring the core temperature include the tympanic membrane, the nasopharynx, the distal esophagus, the rectum, and the pulmonary arteries. These reflect core temperature even during rapid cooling or rewarming [5]. The tympanic membrane temperature reflects that of the blood supplying the hypothalamus [6]. Measurement of temperature in the ear canal avoids the risk of tympanic membrane perforation. Esophageal probes are a popular means of temperature monitoring, and the results correlate well with tympanic membrane temperature [7]. It is important to note that the inspired air temperature affects the esophageal temperature and that the esophagus has a large temperature gradient along its length [8]. For investigative purposes, the esophageal probe is placed 12 to 16 cm distal to the best heart–lung sounds [9], but for clinical use it should be placed at the point of maximal heart sounds. Rectal probes have slow response rates and may give inaccurate readings.
Selective functionalization and spectral identification of gold nanopyramids

This paper reports the selective functionalization of gold nanopyramids and spectral identification of their orientation on a surface. Facile asymmetric functionalization of the nanopyramids with different thiol-terminated ligands was achieved by controlling the etching conditions of the nanopyramidal template. We confirmed this differential modification by attaching gold colloids to either the inner or outer surfaces of the Au nanopyramids using hybridized DNA. Significantly, we have also demonstrated that the relative orientation of the nanopyramids can be identified by measuring their scattering spectra only. This unique capability of these three-dimensional, asymmetric particles enables their orientation to be determined in condensed media without the need for direct and destructive imaging tools.
Improving mitochondrial bioenergetics under ischemic conditions increases warm ischemia tolerance in the kidney

Ischemia time during partial nephrectomy is strongly associated with acute and chronic renal injury. ATP depletion during warm ischemia inhibits ATP-dependent processes, resulting in cell swelling, cytoskeletal breakdown, and cell death. The duration of ischemia tolerated by the kidney depends on the amount of ATP that can be produced with residual substrates and oxygen in the tissue to sustain cell function. We previously reported that the rat can tolerate 30-min ischemia quite well but 45-min ischemia results in acute kidney injury and progressive interstitial fibrosis. Here, we report that pretreatment with SS-20 30 min before warm ischemia in the rat increased ischemia tolerance from 30 to 45 min. Histological examination of kidney tissues revealed that SS-20 reduced cytoskeletal breakdown and cell swelling after 45-min ischemia. Electron microscopy showed that SS-20 reduced mitochondrial matrix swelling and preserved cristae membranes, suggesting that SS-20 enhanced mitochondrial ATP synthesis under ischemic conditions. Studies with isolated kidney mitochondria showed dramatic reduction in state 3 respiration and respiratory control ratio after 45-min ischemia, and this was significantly improved by SS-20 treatment. These results suggest that SS-20 increases efficiency of the electron transport chain and improves coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. SS-20 treatment after ischemia also significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis. These new findings reveal that enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics may be an important target for improving ischemia tolerance, and SS-20 may serve well for minimizing acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease following surgical procedures such as partial nephrectomy and transplantation.
Photoaffinity labeling of the anionic sites in Caco-2 cells mediating saturable transport of hydrophilic cations ranitidine and famotidine.

The H2 antagonists, ranitidine and famotidine, exhibit saturable absorptive transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers and human intestine via a yet unidentified mechanism. A photoreactive derivative of famotidine has been synthesized and evaluated as a photoaffinity probe for the putative transporter protein(s). The probe irreversibly inhibited ranitidine transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers and irreversibly increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) after UV activation. Photoaffinity labeling was protected by a molar excess of famotidine.
Minimax centre estimation for inspection of spherical parts

Abstract A mathematical programming formulation is presented for the problem of finding the centre and radius of the sphere such that the largest distance from a sample of points to the boundary of the sphere is minimized. This problem has application in spherical parts inspection. The problem is non-convex, so necessary optimality conditions are developed and used in an exact algorithm. An heuristic technique is shown to produce very good solutions in a short time. Computational experience is included.
Kujichagulia-Uncovering the Secrets of the Heart: Group Work With African American Women on Predominantly White Campuses

Abstract Group counseling with female African American university students on a predominantly White campus is examined. An Afrocentric group approach and practical opportunities for counselor trainees and facilitators are presented.
Further contributions to the theory of cell polarity and self-regulation

In continuation of a previous study a case of self-regulating polarity is investigated, in which a metabolite neither enters nor leaves the cell, being produced in one part of it and consumed in another. Such a cell possesses a larger degree of autonomy and independence of external conditions than the previously discussed one. Application to cellular locomotion is indicated.
The house economist and the eating paradox

An important observation of the experiments of George Collier is that animals normally prefer to maintain their body weight by eating a large number of small meals each day. However, as the effort to obtain access to food increases, the animals adapt by changing to a schedule of eating a small number of large meals each day. A strong implication of this is that there is a hidden cost to eating large meals, and this is the basis of the eating paradox that states that although food is a necessary commodity, the act of ingesting it poses certain metabolic problems for animals. Experiments on cephalic insulin secretion, conditioned insulin secretion and meal feeding are discussed to make the point that the economy demonstrated by rats in Collier's paradigm is dictated in part by predictions of the eating paradox.
On the Question of Redox-Induced Haptotropic Rearrangements in the Electrochemical Reduction of η6-Triolefin Chromium Complexes Having Nonaromatic Ligands

The electrochemical reduction of two types of Cr(η6-triolefin)(CO)3 complexes has been studied by voltammetry and by electrolysis. In contrast to Cr(η6-arene)(CO)3 compounds, the bicyclic ligand in Cr(η4:η2-C9H8Ph2)(CO)3 (1a) and the fulvene-type ligand in Cr(η6-C5H4CPh2)(CO)3 (2) are nonaromatic and display two separate one-electron reductions to the nominally 19e and 20e complexes: E1/2(1) = −2.00 V and E1/2(2) = −2.20 V for 1a, E1/2(1) = −1.40 V and E1/2(2) = −2.10 V for 2 in THF/0.1 M [NBu4][PF6] (potentials vs ferrocene/ferrocenium). On the basis of the IR and ESR data of 1a- and on the redox behavior when one or more phenyl groups in 1a are replaced by a SiMe3 group, 1a- is viewed as a delocalized metal−ligand radical that is likely to retain the η4:η2 hapticity of the bicyclic ligand. In contrast, an η6/η5 haptotropic rearrangement is very fast and perhaps concomitant with the 2/2- electron-transfer process. The rearrangement lends thermodynamic stability to the monoanion 2-, manifested as an incr...
Employee development, commitment and intention to turnover: a test of ‘employability’ policies in action

Participation in three types of development activities is examined among salaried employees of a firm that significantly increased access to development after a series of layoffs in the late 1990s. Analyses of survey and archival data representing 667 employees show that on-the-job training was positively related to organisational commitment and negatively related to intention to turnover. Participation in tuition-reimbursement, which provides more general or marketable skills, was positively related to intention to turnover. However, intention to turnover was reduced after earning a degree through tuition-reimbursement if employees were subsequently promoted. Implications for an employment relationship based on ‘employability’ are discussed.
Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E and UV-damaged DNA-binding protein.

UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) is composed of two subunits, DDB1 (p127) and DDB2 (p48). Mutations in the DDB2 gene inactivate UV-DDB in individuals from complementation group E of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP-E), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by sun sensitivity, severe risk for skin cancer and defective nucleotide excision repair. UV-DDB is also deficient in many rodent tissues, exposing a shortcoming in rodent models for cancer. In vitro, UV-DDB binds to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), 6–4 photoproducts and other DNA lesions, stimulating the excision of CPDs, and to a lesser extent, of 6–4 photoproducts. In vivo, UV-DDB plays an important role in the p53-dependent response of mammalian cells to DNA damage. When cells are exposed to UV, the resulting accumulation of p53 activates DDB2 transcription, which leads to increased levels of UV-DDB. Binding of UV-DDB to CPDs targets these lesions for global genomic repair, suppressing mutations without affecting UV survival. Apparently, cells are able to survive with unrepaired CPDs because of the activity of bypass DNA polymerases. Finally, there is evidence that UV-DDB may have roles in the cell that are distinct from DNA repair.
Magnetic quadrupole lifetimes of np 5 (n+1)s J=2 states of rare gases

Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations yield lifetimes of 19.8, 32.2, 35.0, 48.2, and 84.9 s for Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn. For Ar, Kr, and Xe the experimental values are 38, 39, and 43 s. This resolves the theoretical-experimental discrepancy, where theory could be as large as twice experiment (Xe). An accurate description of the ${p}^{5}d$ basis function is essential.
Effects of 4(5)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-5(4)-carboxamide (NSC 45388) in proliferating rat tissues☆

Abstract Some effects of 4(5)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5(4)-carboxamide (DIC) on normal proliferating tissues in rats were described. DIC caused marked but transient inhibition of labeled thymidine incorporation into DNA and presumably DNA synthesis of thymus, regenerating liver, spleen and small intestine. The inhibition was reversible and its duration dose dependent. When incorporation of precursors into DNA was markedly inhibited, no consistent concomitant effect on incorporation of precursors into RNA or protein was observed. Karyorrhectic cells appeared in the intestinal crypts as well as signs of necrosis in the thymus after administration of 125 mg/kg of DIC, but no significant pathologic changes were found in the spleen or regenerating liver. The relationship between selective inhibition of DNA synthesis and cytotoxic effect was observed.
The effects of reduced resist consumption process conditions on total raw defects, line and space defects and single line open defects at the 20nm node

Reduced resist consumption (RRC) process is used to reduce chemical shot sizes by 75% or more. However, as we move to smaller technology nodes, the impurities in RRC solvents are becoming increasingly more problematic. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to reduce total defectivity via RRC process optimization. The 20nm metal layer is optimized for defect reduction at the OPL/BARC interface. This study looks at the effects of no RRC, static RRC dispense condition, dynamic RRC dispense condition, the number of RRC puddles, puddle times and post apply bake (PAB) temperatures. Overall, a 45% reduction in total raw defects is achieved over current production recipes. The reduction, however, comes at the cost of an increase in line and space defects and single line open (SLO) defects. The line and space defects increased by 62% and the SLO defects had a 40% increase.
Boas, Foucault, and the “Native Anthropologist”: Notes toward a Neo-Boasian Anthropology

This article proposes the possibility of a neo-Boasian anthropology conceived at the intersection of Foucauldian genealogy, Boasian historicism, and the epistemic rethinking of the discipline's Self/Other binary. Shifting from a perspective of posing the ethnographic object as Other toward a Boasian conception of the past as the principal site of inquiry, the piece thus advocates an anthropological project grounded in the history of the present. This conception, it is argued, can overcome several of the dilemmas currently facing the discipline, the awkward status of “native anthropology” foremost among them.
Gate-Keeping Decisions in Service Organizations: When Validity Fails

This paper presents a framework for the analysis of gate-keeping decisions in service organizations and the role of professionals in these decisions. These are decisions to accept or reject applicants for services and benefits. Two general types of decision processes are distinguished: (1) when criteria are explicit and are based upon hard evidence, and (2) when criteria allow for the exercise of judgment and their application thus results in a category of doubtful cases. Primary concern in this paper is with the norms that guide the second type of gate-keeping decisions. The acceptance or rejection of doubtful applicants is viewed as a means by which organizations adapt to their environments and maintain internal integration. Several variables are identified in an attempt to explain this process. Some implications of the patterns of gate-keeping decisions to the clients' relations to organizations and professions are also explored.
Distributed orthogonal STBC for amplify and forward cooperative network under imperfect synchronization

Most research dealing with the issue of imperfect synchronization in D-STBC cooperative networks assume that all relay nodes receive the symbols correctly while employing a decode and forward (DF) relaying protocol. It is an unrealistic assumption as detection errors at the relay nodes are inevitable. In this paper this assumption will be relaxed, and an amplify and forward (AF) protocol is used. To achieve a low complexity yet effective receiver the paper proposes a modified version of a successive interference cancellation (SIC) detector to combat the synchronization errors induced by imperfections. Our numerical simulations show that the SIC detector can mitigate the performance system degradation in just a small number of iterations.
Prevalence and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Ectasia Associated With Isolated Congenital Coronary Artery Fistula

Isolated congenital coronary artery fistula (CAF) is rare and varies with respect to size and hemodynamic significance. The prevalence of coronary artery ectasia in association with isolated congenital CAF, regardless of size, and after closure of large fistulae has not been systematically evaluated in the literature. This study aimed to characterize the demographic and echocardiographic differences between patients with large and small fistulae and to describe outcomes with respect to coronary ectasia in those who underwent closure. This is a retrospective review of an echocardiographic database that identified patients coded for CAF (1995 to 2012) and excluded those associated with complex cardiac disease and/or coronary anomalies and cardiomyopathy. Small fistulae were noted to arise mostly from the left anterior descending artery, drain into the pulmonary artery, and have a very low incidence of ectasia (n = 3 of 92), with a mean coronary artery diameter z score in these 3 patients of 3.45 ± 1.15. Larger fistulae had a female predominance, with most originating from the right coronary artery and draining into the right atrium; among the 12 patients who underwent procedural closure of large CAF, all feeding coronary arteries remained ectatic after closure, with a mean coronary artery diameter z score of 9.54 ± 5.66 after a total mean follow-up time of 3.95 ± 4.07 years. In conclusion, the occurrence of coronary dilatation justifies long-term follow-up irrespective of fistula size and successful closure of large CAF.
Experimenter instructions as a mediator in the effects of culture on mapping one's neighborhood

Abstract In study 1 children, aged 6 and 12 years from southern India and mid-west USA were asked to construct a map of the neighborhoods around their schools. Performance on map making was measured in three ways: (1) the number of features depicted; (2) cognitive maturity in map representation (using Piaget's stages) and (3) furthest point represented. Significant main effects for performance was found for cultural context. Indian children depicted more features than American children while American children had more coordinated maps and depicted features further away from their school. In the second experiment, a different sample of same aged children in the same region of the USA and India were given differing instructions about the purpose of the mapping task. It was found that children tailored their maps for the purpose for which they had to construct it. The cultural differences in Piagetian stages disappeared; Indian children continued to exhibit a more intimate knowledge of their neighborhoods while American children depicted landmarks further away.
The nematode neuropeptide, AF2 (KHEYLRF-NH2), increases voltage-activated calcium currents in Ascaris suum muscle.

Background and purpose: Resistance to all the classes of anti-nematodal drugs like the benzimidazoles, cholinergic agonists and avermectins, has now been recorded in parasites of animals and/or humans. The development of novel anthelmintics is an urgent and imperative need. Receptors of nematode neuropeptides have been suggested to be suitable target sites for novel anthelmintic drugs. Experimental approach: To investigate the effect of AF2 on calcium-currents in Ascaris suum somatic muscle cells we employed the two-micropipette current–clamp and voltage–clamp techniques and a brief application of AF2. Key results: Here we report the isolation of voltage-activated, transient, inward calcium currents. These currents are similar in characteristics to Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-2 type currents, non-L-type calcium currents. Following a 2-minute application of 1 μM AF2, there was a significant long-lasting increase in the transient inward calcium current; AF2 increased the maximum current (from −84 nA to −158 nA) by shifting the threshold in the hyperpolarising direction (V50 changed from −7.2 to −12.8 mV) and increasing the maximum conductance change from 1.91 to 2.94 μS. Conclusion and Implications: These studies demonstrate a mechanism by which AF2 increased the excitability of the neuromuscular system by modulating calcium currents in nematodes. A selective small molecule agonist of the AF2 receptor is predicted to increase the contraction and act synergistically with cholinergic anthelmintics and could counter resistance to these compounds. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 888–899; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707296
Memory and regional cerebral blood flow in mildly symptomatic Alzheimer's disease

We performed SPECT perfusion imaging and memory testing with mildly and moderately demented Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and with healthy controls. All patients had memory abnormalities, but 5 of the 21 patients had neither temporal nor parietal perfusion abnormalities, indicating that temporoparietal blood flow may be normal at a point when memory is pathologic and the clinical diagnosis of AD is possible.
Simulation of anomalous regional climate events with a variable‐resolution stretched‐grid GCM

The stretched-grid approach provides an efficient downscaling and consistent interactions between global and regional scales due to using one variable-resolution model for integrations. It is a workable alternative to the widely used nested-grid approach introduced over a decade ago as a pioneering step in regional climate modeling. A variable-resolution finite-difference GCM (general circulation model) employing a stretched grid, with enhanced resolution over the United States as the area of interest, is used for simulating two anomalous regional climate events, the U.S. summer drought of 1988 and the U.S. summer flood of 1993. The special mode of integration using a stretched-grid GCM and data assimilation system is developed which allows for imitating the nested-grid framework within a stretched-grid approach. The mode is useful for intercomparison purposes and for underlining the differences between these two approaches. The 1988 and 1993 integrations are performed for the 2 month period starting from mid-May. Regional resolutions used in most of the experiments is 60 km. The major goal and the result of the study is obtaining the efficient downscaling over the area of interest. The monthly mean prognostic regional fields for the stretched-grid integrations are remarkably close to those of the verifying analyses. Simulated precipitation patterns are successfully verified against gauge precipitation observations. The impact of finer 40 km regional resolution is investigated for the 1993 integration and an example of recovering subregional precipitation is presented. The obtained results show that the global variable-resolution stretched-grid approach is a viable candidate for regional and subregional climate studies and applications.
A Qualitative Transition in the Luteotropic Mechanism of Early Pregnancy

Secretion of progesterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone by dispersed rat luteal cells was studied as a function of the age of the corpora lutea from which the cells were derived and the gonadotropic hormone content of the perifusion medium employed. Progesterone secretion by luteal cells gradually declined during 5-h perifusion under conditions simulating tonic in vivo PRL-LH levels. Initial rates of progesterone secretion from cells obtained from the 5th and 8th days of pregnancy were double that from the 2nd day. Supplementation of tonic gonadotropin levels with a simulated PRL surge maintained initial progesterone secretion by day 5 cells. PRL withdrawal markedly reduced progesterone secretion, while supplemental LH was ineffective. Conversely, progesterone secretion from day 8 cells could be maintained undiminished with supplemental LH, but PRL was ineffective. Total deprivation of LH from day 8 cells resulted in acute decline of progesterone secretion. Luteal cell density of the corpora lutea increased...
A 2.5 year follow-up of treatment retention and reentry among opioid addicts

Two-hundred and sixty eight opioid addicts completed a 2.5 year follow-up during which we examined the psychosocial antecedents and consequences of leaving, reentering and remaining in treatment. Compared to those addicts who obtained more sustained treatment, the addicts who were only detoxified had fewer psychological problems and were more often male, black and younger. These baseline differences complicated comparisons between these minimally treated addicts and the rest, but among those who had more than minimal treatment, continuous treatment was better than intermittent treatment in controlling substance abuse and legal problems. Further analyses involved dividing the 30 months of follow-up into 6 month blocks and comparing the 6 months before, during and after leaving or reentering treatment. We found that addicts left treatment at periods of relative abstinence and good psychosocial adjustment, although they increased their alcohol abuse during the period of leaving treatment. During the 6 months after leaving, patients often returned to drug abuse and then rapidly deteriorated in social adjustment. When reentering treatment, the majority (75%) stayed for over 6 months and improved steadily in most areas. At reentry patients also had less criminal activity, less physical disability, and less opiate use suggesting a carry-over of treatment benefits, but they had more problems with their spouse and more alcohol and cocaine use than they had when first entering treatment suggesting new precipitants for reentry into treatment.
Observation and analysis of acoustic signals following the second or third front surface reflections in an acoustic microscope

In the normal mode of operation of an acoustic microscope, the properties of the sample are inferred from the time delay of the leaky Rayleigh wave signal with respect to the first specular reflection from the sample surface. In this paper, observations of similar leaky Rayleigh wave signals following the second and third front surface signals from the sample are reported. Included is a ray analysis of their origin, which identifies the second front surface as involving a Rayleigh wave in the lens and the third as involving a Rayleigh wave in the sample. It is suggested that the latter could be of significant practical interest since, for a given lens, leaky Rayleigh waves can be excited on samples with lower velocities than those following the first specular reflection.
Neurotoxicity of meperidine

Meperidine neurotoxicity manifests as shakiness, tremors, myoclonus, and seizures. It is generally seen with repeated parenteral use. We report a case of meperidine neurotoxicity from oral use by an otherwise healthy woman. The pharmacology and clinical implications are discussed.