cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric facial fractures: demographics, injury patterns, and associated injuries in 772 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric craniofacial fractures are anatomically distinct from their adult counterparts, and must be managed with respect for future growth and development. These injuries must be approached as entities fundamentally different from adult craniofacial fractures. Here, we aim to provide context for practitioners managing pediatric facial fractures by augmenting presently available demographic, diagnostic and treatment data. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of demographics, diagnosis and treatment of patients under 18 years of age presenting to the emergency department of a pediatric level one trauma center between 2000 and 2005 with facial fractures. Patients were included regardless of treating specialty, treatment modality, or inpatient status. RESULTS: Seven hundred seventy-two consecutive patients met inclusion criteria. A significant majority (p Language: en
Ultralow thermal conductivity of a packed bed of crystalline nanoparticles: A theoretical study

Theoretical thermal conductivity of a packed bed of crystalline spherical nanoparticles is reported. Thermal conductivity is dominated by surface and constriction thermal resistances and surface energy of the nanoparticles. Depending on the surface energy and size of the nanoparticles, thermal conductivity of the solid phase can be smaller than the minimum thermal conductivity given by the Einstein limit. It is also shown that depending on the surface energy and size of the nanoparticles, thermal conductivity of the nanoparticle bed can be smaller than the thermal conductivity of air. The range of surface energies under which these conditions are achievable for silicon-based nanoparticle beds is reported. Finally, it is shown that nanoconstrictions are more efficient in reducing thermal conductivity than superlattices and nanowires.
Self-organization of Zr(IV) porphyrinoids on graphene oxide surfaces by axial metal coordination.

The protruding oxophilic central metal ion of ZrIV porphyrinoids facilitates axial coordination to the oxygen bearing functional groups on graphene oxide (GO) surfaces to result in new supramolecular photonic materials with high dye loading especially on edges and large defects. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with GO dispersed in tetrahydrofuran and GO films on glass. Since the ZrIV serves as a conduit, the photophysical properties of the dye sensitized GO derive from both the axially bound chromophores and the GO substrate. Self-organization of metalloporphyrinoids on GO mediated by axial coordination of group (IV) metal ions allows for direct sensitization of graphene and graphenic materials without requiring covalent chemistries with poorly conducting linkers.
Using TEM to couple transient protein distribution and release for PLGA microparticles for potential use as vaccine delivery vehicles.

In the development of tunable PLGA microparticles as vaccine delivery vehicles, it is important to understand the drug distribution within the microparticle over time as well as the long-term release of the drug during polymer degradation. This study addresses the transient 3-D drug distribution in PLGA microparticles during in vitro degradation. Specifically, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA 75:25) microparticles containing ovalbumin (OVA) as a model protein were fabricated by double-emulsion (w/o/w) method. The microparticles were incubated at 37 °C and 250 rpm in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) over a 100-day period. The in vitro polymer erosion, transient protein distribution profiles and protein release behaviors were investigated. Protein release profiles were determined via spectrophotometry using a BCA assay for the solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained for the OVA-loaded microparticles before and during degradation (0 day, 30 days and 60 days), and the corresponding 3-D constructions were developed. From the 3-D constructions, the overall protein distribution of the entire microparticle was vividly reflected. Pixel number analysis of the TEM images was used to quantify transient protein distribution. The transient protein release obtained from the TEM analysis was in good agreement with the BCA analysis. This technique provides an additional tool in helping develop polymer matrices for tunable delivery vehicles in vaccination and other drug delivery scenarios.
Clarity and Chaos: Is There a Preferred Citation Style in Business Academic Literature?

While there is no official style for business writing, the most common citation style in business research has not been determined previously. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the top scholarly business journals to determine the most commonly used citation style in business academic research. The author used the list of 452 top business journals included in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) Journal Citation Report. The results show that 69% of business journals use a publisher-dictated style, whereas of the “traditional” citation styles, 11% use the American Psychological Association style, 10% use Harvard style, 8% use Chicago style, and none use Modern Language Association style.
Chaucer's Fortune, Truth, and Gentilesse: The "Last" Unpublished Manuscript Transcriptions

IT has been two decades since George B. Pace noted that a mere four manuscripts of Chaucer's Short Poems remained unpublished: a Phillipps 11409 Truth, the Vossius 9 Truth and Fortune, and the Cambridge University Library Gg. 4. 27 (b) Gentilesse.1 In the interim, Professor Pace, in conjunction with A. I. Doyle, has transcribed the contents of a fifth manuscript, Coventry, missing twenty years ago.2 Of the original quadrivium, Pace has amplified his earlier doubt into considered belief that the Phillipps Truth is simply a ghost among catalogue entries.3 Thus, though a "new" Coventry MS must always be a possibility, the following transcriptions of the remaining triad are probably not only the last unpublished manuscript versions of the three works, but the final unpublished manuscripts of Chaucer's Short Poems. And it seems appropriate that these final transcriptions should appear at this time, since precisely a century has passed since the Chaucer Society began issuing the great Parallel Text Edition.4 To facilitate comparison with the Parallel Texts, I have followed the Chaucer Society system of line and stanza numbering in preparing these transcriptions. Although Furnivall marks questionable flourishes typographically (such as barred -h or flourished -n and -r), I have ignored typographically, as well as textually, all flourishes which seem mere adornment, benefitting in the case of the Vossius manuscript from J. A. Van Dorsten's analysis of scribal style.5 Only in retaining -ounand -aunin my Vossius readings have I needed to depart Van Dorsten to follow Furnivall, doing so, again, to facilitate Parallel Text comparison. Except for the ampersand, I have expanded scribal abbreviations, indicating the expansion with italics. Fortune and Truth: The following versions occur in Leiden University Codex Vossianus variarum linguarum, quarto 9, more popularly known as the Leiden MS, the Leiden Lydgate MS, or MS Vossius 9.6 Fred N. Robinson includes
Holographic light quark jet quenching at RHIC and LHC via the shooting strings

Abstract A new shooting string holographic model of jet quenching of light quarks in strongly coupled plasmas is presented to overcome the phenomenological incompatibilities of previous falling string holographic scenarios that emerged when confronted with the recent LHC data. This model is based on strings with finite momentum endpoints that start close to the horizon and lose energy as they approach the boundary. This framework is applied to compute the nuclear modification factor R AA of light hadrons at RHIC and LHC, showing that this model improves greatly the comparison with the recent light hadron suppression data. The effects of the Gauss–Bonnet quadratic curvature corrections to the AdS5 geometry further improve the agreement with the data.
Pattern of flux tubes in superconducting lead films

At low magnetic fields the intermediate-state structure of type I superconducting films can consist of multiquantum flux tubes arranged in an ordered or disordered configuration. We have studied the number of flux tubes in small, rectangular, lead films of 6–8 µm thickness as a function of the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the films, using a high-resolution magnetooptical method. In order to facilitate the establishment of the equilibrium flux distribution and to minimize the influence of the Gibbs free energy barrier against magnetic flux penetration, the specimens were cooled at constant field from aboveT c to 4.2 K. From the results the average flux tube diameter was calculated using flux conservation. The flux tube diameter was found to be larger by a factor of 2–3 than the value expected from the Goren-Tinkham model.
Half-life of 60Fe

Abstract The half-life of 60Fe has been measured to be T 1 2 = (1.49 ± 0.27) × 10 6 a, significantly longer than the one previous measurement of Roy and Kohman which reported a value of 3 × 105 a uncertain by a factor of 3. The present value was obtained from measurements of specific activity and radioisotope concentration in a material produced by spallation of copper with 191 MeV protons. 60Fe/Fe ratios in the range of 10−8 were measured with the Argonne FN tandem-superconducting linear accelerator system in conjunction with an Enge split-pole spectrograph. The specific activity of 60Fe in Fe was measured through the grow-in of the 1.332 MeV gamma-ray line of the 60Co daughter activity.
NADPH oxidase‐dependent reactive oxygen species are important to the early stage of CD95 engagement in hepatocytes

CD95 ligand (CD95L) triggers a rapid formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an upstream event of CD95 activation and apoptosis induction in rat hepatocytes. This ROS response was sensitive to inhibition by diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and neopterin, suggestive of an involvement of NADPH oxidases. In line with this, hepatocytes expressed mRNAs not only of the phagocyte gp91phox (Nox 2), but also of the homologs Nox 1 and 4 and Duox 1 and 2, as well as the regulatory subunit p47phox. gp91phox (Nox 2) and p47phox were also identified at the protein level in rat hepatocytes. CD95L induced within 1 min ceramide formation and serine phosphorylation of p47phox, which was sensitive to inhibitors of sphingomyelinase and protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ). These inhibitors and p47phox protein knockdown inhibited the early CD95L-induced ROS response, suggesting that ceramide and PKCζ are upstream events of the CD95Linduced Nox/Duox activation. CD95L also induced rapid activation of the Src family kinase Yes, being followed by activation of c-Src, Fyn, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK). Only Yes and JNK activation were sensitive to N-acetylcysteine, inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, PKCζ, or sphingomyelinase, indicating that the CD95L-induced ROS response is upstream of Yes and JNK but not of Fyn and c-Src activation. Activated Yes rapidly associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which became phosphorylated at Tyr845 and Tyr1173 but not at Tyr1045. Activated EGFR then triggered an AG1478-sensitive CD95-tyrosine phosphorylation, which was a signal for membrane targeting of the EGFR/CD95 complex, subsequent recruitment of Fas-associated death domain and caspase 8, and apoptosis induction. All of these events were significantly blunted by inhibitors of sphingomyelinase, PKCζ, NADPH oxidases, Yes, or EGFR-tyrosine kinase activity and after protein knockdown of either p47phox, Yes, or EGFR. The data suggest that CD95L-induced apoptosis involves a sphingomyelinase- and PKCζ-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase isoforms, which is required for Yes/EGFR/CD95 interactions as upstream events of CD95 activation. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;42:956–958.)
The politics of agenda setting in international health: child health versus adult health in developing countries.

Policy change is a political process. Political analysis is therefore necessary to understand how and why policies change. Noting that the politics of setting the international health policy agenda are poorly understood the author compares such politics with regard to child health and adult health along the following political streams: organizational symbolic economic scientific and politician politics. This approach is a modified version of Kingdons garbage can model of how public policy agendas are set. The five political streams were all found to long favor child health over adult health as an issue on the international health policy agenda. In the early 1990s however the World Bank has asserted greater influence on the agenda than before with a concerted effort to shift the focus from child health to adult health and to give greater attention to the preventive aspects of adult health in poor countries.
Peter the Fashionista?: Computer Programming Games and Gender Oriented Cultural Forms

We present a study of two games designed to help elementary and middle school students learn computer programming concepts. The first game was intended to be "gender neutral", aligning with might be described as a consensus opinion on best practices for computational learning environments. The second game, based on the cultural form of dress up dolls was deliberately designed to appeal to girls. We recruited 70 participants in an international two-phase study to investigate the relationship between games, gender, attitudes towards computer programming, and learning. Our findings suggest that while the two games were equally effective in terms of learning outcomes, there were differences in motivation between players of the two games. Specifically, participants who reported a preference for girl-oriented games were more motivated to learn about computer programming when they played a game that they perceived as designed for girls. In addition, we describe how the two games seemed to encourage different types of social activity between players in a classroom setting. Based on these results we reflect on the strategy of exclusively designing games and activities as "gender neutral", and suggest that deliberately employing cultural forms, including gendered ones, may help create a more productive experience for learners
A comparison of the stimulus effects of morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

Abstract Morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) each was used as a discriminative stimulus for rats. After the injection of drug (morphine or LSD), depression of one lever of an operant test chamber resulted in positive reinforcement according to a variable interval schedule of 15 sec (VI-15 sec). When saline was given, responses on the opposite lever were reinforced. Discriminated responding occurred when either morphine or LSD served as the discriminative stimulus. When animals which were trained to d discriminate morphine from saline were given LSD, they pressed predominantly the saline-correct lever. Similarly, LSD discrimination did not generalize to morphine. Two 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, cyproheptadine and methysergide, and one acetylcholine (Ach) antagonist, atropine, did not effect morphine or LSD discrimination. The narcotic antagonist, naloxone, blocked the stimulus effect of morphine, but did not alter LSD discrimination. These results indicate that the morphine and LSD stimuli are dissimilar and that the integrity of 5-HT or Ach nervous systems is not essential for morphine or LSD to serve as a discriminative stimulus.
Attitudes of school role groups toward learning needs of gifted students

(1985). Attitudes of school role groups toward learning needs of gifted students. Roeper Review: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 253-257.
CCD/LCD holographic recording and display

The combination of a high resolution charge-coupled device camera and a phase modulating liquid crystal array allows real-time holographic (interference) fringes to be detected and displayed. The original object may then be reconstructed optically. A modified Mach-Zehnder (Leith-Upatnieks) architecture is utilized for producing the required small object-to-reference beam angle. The hologram is updated and reconstructed at television field rates. Several analog reconstructions are presented as examples of the performance of the simple system. If the input scene is optically Fourier transformed, the system may be used to produce real-time Fourier transform matched filters. These filters can be displayed immediately in an optical correlator for pattern recognition applications.
Inheritance of isozyme variation and heterozygosity in Pinus ponderosa.

Techniques are presented to detect 23 isozyme loci in the long-lived perennial plant, ponderosa pine. Meiotically derived megagametophyte from seeds is used to examine directly the segregation of allelic variants. Approximately seven seeds were initially examined for 12 enzymes from each of 47 trees from ten stands throughout the northern Rocky Mountain region. Additional seeds were also examined from selected families to confirm the inheritance of observed electrophoretic variants at 13 polymorphic loci and to estimate linkage relationships. Significant nonrandom segregation was consistently detected for three pairs of loci: ADH-1: AAT-2, ADH-1: PGI-1, and LAP-2: 6PG-1. Preliminary estimates of population parameters reveal a relatively high average heterozygosity (H=0.123). This is partitioned into a high amount of genetic variation within local stands, with only approximately 12% of the total heterozygosity resulting from genic differences between stands.
All-sky imaging observations of mesospheric fronts in OI 557.7 nm and broadband OH airglow emissions: Analysis of frontal structure, atmospheric background conditions, and potential sourcing mechanisms

[1] All-sky imaging observations of distinct, large horizontal transient mesospheric structures with a spatial scale of ∼100 km detected in images of broadband OH and OI 557.7 nm airglow emissions were made over Clemson, South Carolina, on the night of 14-15 October 2001. We designate these structures as mesospheric fronts and present a detailed summary of this night series of observations, paying particular attention to the details of the different frontal structures, the wave-like activity seen throughout the night, and the background atmospheric conditions. These data are compared to other observations of similar mesospheric fronts found in the literature, and we seek to understand them in relation to mesospheric bores, ducted gravity waves, mesospheric wall events, and nonlinear gravity wave interactions. We find that the observed frontal characteristics and the atmospheric background structure exhibit a close resemblance to previous observations of mesospheric bores. Owing to this similarity, and supported by gravity wave ray-tracing experiments, we propose a sequence of events that generated the mesospheric fronts observed in the airglow emission. Furthermore, we note this similarity in atmospheric structure suggests a potential means of predicting the occurrence of such mesospheric phenomena.
Wenckebach periods in posterior inferior division of left bundle.

A case of right bundle branch and left anterior superior division block-bifascicular block, developing into intermittent complete heart block-trifasciular block is described. Atrial stimulation produced Wenckebach periods, Mobitz type II conduction defect, with block below the His-bundle area and at the AV node and complete heart block. His-bundle electrography documented the Wenckebach’s phenomenon as occurring below the His bundle in the only conducting fascicle, post inferior division of the left bundle. During atrial stimulation a phenomenon of concealed conduction into the infra-His conduction system was also noted. Implantation of a permanent cardiac pacemaker abolished symptoms of syncope.
Elevated temperature fatigue with hold time in a low alloy steel: A predictive correlation

An environmental fatigue interaction (EFI) correlation is developed to predict the effects of hold periods on fatigue life at elevated temperatures for 2 1/4Cr-1Mo alloy steel tested in air. The physical basis for the model encompasses effects resulting from changes in interaction solid solution hardening (ISSH) and those effects induced by the oxidizing environment. The predictions from the correlation compare very favorably with all available experimental data. It is shown that other methods commonly used to predict the effects of hold time on fatigue life are based on damage mechanisms which are not appropriate to this alloy, and thus should not be used to extrapolate the shortterm laboratory data to service conditions. The information necessary to continue the development of this EFI correlation is discussed.
Chronic sinusitis in children and adults: Role of bacteria and antimicrobial management

The nasopharynx serves as the reservoir for anaerobic bacteria as well as pathogenic bacteria that can cause respiratory infections including sinusitis. Some of these organisms possess the ability to interfere with the growth of potential pathogens and may play a role in preventing infections. Anaerobic bacteria emerge as pathogens as the infection becomes chronic. This may result from the selective pressure of antimicrobial agents that enable resistant anaerobic organisms to survive, and from the development of conditions appropriate for anaerobic growth, which include the reduction in oxygen tension and an increase in acidity within the sinus. Anaerobes were identified in chronic sinusitis in adults and children whenever techniques for their cultivation were employed. The predominant isolates were pigmented Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus spp. The choice of antimicrobial agent in chronic sinusitis should provide coverage for the usual pathogens in acute sinusitis as well as beta-lactamase-producing aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
Multi-point optical measurements of simultaneous vectors in unsteady flow—a review

Abstract Optical techniques for measuring large numbers of simultaneous velocity vectors in two- and three-dimensional regions of fluid flows are reviewed. These nonobtrusive methods provide spatial information of the type that is available from flow visualization with accuracy approaching that of single-point methods such as laser Doppler velocimetry and hot wire. The principle underlying each technique is the measurement of the simultaneous displacemen of images of many marked fluid particles. Many methods are available. These include streak photography; marker image tracking methods using photography, cinematography, holography, and video recording; line tracking methods using hydrogen bubbles and photochromic tracers; and fluorescent particle tracing. Pulsed laser methods, specifically laser speckle velocimetry and particle image velocimetry, provide high spatial resolution and good accuracy.
Induction of hostplant specificity in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

The hostplant specificity of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is not inherited but is induced. Newly hatched larvae are polyphagous and will feed on many kinds of non-hostplants although they are not able to grow on them. They become oligophagous when they are reared on solanaceous plants but remain polyphagous when reared on diet. The critical period for induction is in the first instar. The induced oligophagous behaviour can be reversed by forcing larvae to feed on diet.
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport of oxygen in carbon nanotubes.

The equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport of O2 through open-ended, hydrogen-terminated, single-walled carbon nanotubes is examined using classical molecular dynamics simulations. It is found in...
Targeting superoxide dismutase 1 to overcome cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer

Clinical drug resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy is considered a major impediment in the treatment of human ovarian cancer. Multiple pathways associated with drug resistance have been suggested by many previous studies. Over expression of several key proteins involved in DNA repair, drug transport, redox regulation, and apoptosis has been recently reported by our group using a global quantitative proteomic profiling approach. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is one of these proteins consistently over-expressed in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells as compared to their sensitive counterparts, but its precise role in drug resistance is yet to be defined. In the current study, we examined the role of SOD1 in drug resistance by inhibiting its redox activity in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells using a small-molecule inhibitor, triethylenetetramine (TETA). The effect of TETA was determined by the cell proliferation assay, clonogenic cell survival assay, and SOD1 activity assay. The inhibition of the SOD1 activity enhanced the cisplatin sensitivity in the resistant cells supporting the hypothesis that SOD1 is a key determinant of cisplatin resistance and is an exploitable target to overcome cisplatin drug resistance. SOD1 plays an important role in cisplatin resistance and modulation of its activity may overcome this resistance and ultimately lead to improved clinical outcomes.
Dominance and admissibility without priors

Abstract This note axiomatizes the incomplete preference ordering that reflects statewise dominance with respect to expected utility, as well as the according choice correspondence. The main motivation is to clarify how admissibility as understood by statisticians relates to existing axiomatizations. The answer is that it is characterized by Anscombe and Aumann’s (1963) axioms, plus symmetry ( Arrow and Hurwicz, 1972 ), less completeness. Characterizing the according choice correspondence requires relaxing the weak axiom of revealed preference.
Convergence Culture, Learning, and Participatory Youth Theatre Performance

This article discusses the contemporary idea of convergence culture as it relates to 21st century productions for and with young audiences in professional youth theatre spaces. The author posits that new forms of performativity accompany convergence culture and provide opportunities for new types of learning and engagement in professional youth theatre spaces. The article also explores the ways that spectators constantly relocate themselves between live spaces and technology spaces in their daily lives, and asserts that this migration between spaces produces a set of new aesthetic possibilities for youth theatres that are infused with ideas related to convergence.
In Vitro Characterization of a Targeted, Dye-Loaded Nanodevice for Intraoperative Tumor Delineation

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize and complete in vitro characterization of a novel, tumor-targeted nanodevice for visible intraoperative delineation of brain tumors. METHODS: The ability of dye-loaded polyacrylamide nanoparticles (NP) containing methylene blue, Coomassie blue, or indocyanine green to cause color change in the 9L glioma cell lines was evaluated. Cells were incubated with dye-loaded NPs, photographed, and analyzed colorimetrically. Confocal microscopy was used to determine subcellular localization of NPs in treated cells. RESULTS: Incubation of glioma cell lines with dye-loaded NPs resulted in clearly visible, quantifiable cell tagging in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dye-loaded NPs were observed to bind to the surface and become internalized by glioma cells. Coating the NP surface with F3, a peptide that binds to the tumor cell surface receptor nucleolin, significantly increased NP affinity for glioma cells. F3 targeting also significantly increased the rate of cell tagging by dye-loaded NPs. Finally, F3-targeted NPs demonstrated specificity for targeting various cancer cell lines based on their surface expression of cell surface nucleolin. CONCLUSION: F3-targeted dye-loaded NPs efficiently cause definitive color change in glioma cells. This report represents the first use of targeted NPs to cause a visible color change in tumor cell lines. Similar nanodevices may be used in the future to enable visible intraoperative tumor delineation during tumor resection.
Gender and Biodiversity: A New Approach to Linking Environment and Development

The 1992 Convention on Biological Conservation and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (1996) reflect the growing importance of biodiversity for environmental conservation and as a way of maintaining the genetic variety needed for plant breeding and providing new sources of medicines. More recently, agrobiodiversity has been seen as vital for food security in developing countries. This article considers the need to understand decision-making for biodiversity at the grassroots. To achieve this, gender roles, as influenced by gender divisions of labour in food production and the gendered use of different environmental spaces, have to be considered. Women's roles in seed selection and seed saving and use of wild plants for food and medicines play a major role in biodiversity conservation, but these roles are not unchanging and are increasingly influenced by global trade networks and geographical context.
In vitro activity of doripenem alone and in multi-agent combinations against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract Carbapenems are increasingly needed to treat infections caused by drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (GNB), but carbapenem resistance is increasing. We evaluated the activity of doripenem by broth microdilution against 96 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients with hospital-associated infections. All isolates were non-susceptible to doripenem, but ≥1 doripenem combination demonstrated synergy (fractional inhibitory concentration index: ≤0.5 for 2 agents, ≤0.75 for 3 agents) against 7 (15%) A. baumannii and 23 (48%) K. pneumoniae isolates; doripenem with rifampin and/or polymyxin B were most active. As doripenem has unique potential for use in prolonged infusions, suggested pharmacodynamic (PD) breakpoints range from 2–8 μg/mL; synergistic activity was found for higher proportions of XDR-GNB at higher PD breakpoints with doripenem with amikacin or with rifampin. The clinical utility of these observations requires further study, as treatment options for XDR-GNB infections are limited.
Development of an instrument to measure the cognitive structure used to understand personhood in patients.

Based on a theory of moral regard for personhood, a criterion-related instrument was developed to measure variations in the cognitive structure used to give meaning to personhood in patients. The cognitive structure, called empathetic maturity, has three hierarchical levels. It is measured indirectly through analysis of thought structure. Psychometrics were established in a sample of 41 nurses. Cronbach's alpha was .68. Construct validity was established by correlation with the Defining Issues Test at r = .51. p < .01; with age and education controlled, r = .44, p < .01.
AN IRRIGATION SCHEDULING MODEL WHICH INCORPORATES RAINFALL PREDICTIONS

In humid areas appreciable amounts of rainfall complicate irrigation scheduling. This rainfall tends to give supplemental water application a low priority. As a result irrigation may be delayed until there is not enough time to cover the crop area before some drought damage occurs. To improve the management of irrigation systems, a scheduling model has been developed. The model's water application decisions incorporate climatological records, soil-plant data, current pan evaporation and rainfall, the number of fields to be irrigated, and 5-day weather forecasts. The model updates the soil moisture conditions, predicts impending water depletion, and if supplemental water is needed both the field priority and amount to be applied is indicated for each of the next 5 days. Errors introduced through the use of forecasts and long-term pan evaporation records have been slight because of the tri-weekly updating. Also natural rains which restore the root zone to maximum water holding capacity prevent long-term bias.
Stimulation in infancy: unique effects of handling.

Abstract During the first 5 days of life newborn rats were handled, shocked, or exposed to heat stress for 3 min. Controls were not disturbed during this interval. All animals were weaned at 21 days. At 35 days, the four groups were split into thirds and were stressed by exposure to an-open field, electric shock, or heat for 3 min. They were then returned to their home cages and killed 12, 27, or 57 min later and their blood analyzed for plasma corticosterone. The group handled in infancy had a significantly smaller corticosterone response than controls and those who received shock in infancy, regardless of the nature of the stress experienced at 35 days. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that handling has certain unique features not shared by other forms of infant stimulation.
Small-angle elastic electron scattering and moments of the molecular electronic charge density.

The first-Born-approximation expression for elastic scattering by molecules in the gas phase is expanded in a power series in the momentum transfer. It is shown that this expansion can be fitted to high-energy electron scattering measurements to obtain accurate estimates of the mean-square radius of molecules. In addition, by use of information on the molecular quadrupole moment and the molecular structure, the electronic moments 〈${x}^{2}$〉 and 〈${z}^{2}$〉, and the diamagnetic susceptibility may be calculated. It also appears possible to obtain information on some of the higher electronic moments such as 〈${r}^{4}$〉. Results are given for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Changes in the microvillus cytoskeleton during rhabdom formation in the retina of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.

Changes in the microvillus cytoskeleton during the formation of the light-receptive rhabdom in the crayfish retina were examined at four structurally distinct stages. The cytoskeleton of microvilli in early rhabdoms is composed of a regularly packed bundle of 12–25 actin filaments. The polarity of S1 decorated filaments indicates that the plus end of the actin filaments is located at the microvillus tip. The hexagonal packing of filaments within the bundle, their spacing, and the presence of cross-striations along the bundle in longitudinal sections indicate the filaments are held together by cross-linking proteins. Electron microscopic observations and data from three-dimensional reconstructions of individual microvilli indicate that the filaments arise from a concentration of dense material at the tip of the microvillus and extend into the cytoplasm as a rootlet. Over the four developmental stages examined there is an increase in the number of microvilli forming the rhabdomeres and a 50% decrease in the mean cross-sectional area of individual microvilli. During this same period the number of actin filaments forming the microvillus cytoskeleton also decreases. Following this decline, microvilli of late stage rhabdoms, which are structurally similar to adults, contain only two to four filaments. These changes are discussed in relation to the three phases of growth described for stereocilia and brush border microvilli.
Repeat trigeminal nerve radiosurgery for refractory cluster headache fails to provide long-term pain relief

Objective/Background.—Medically refractory cluster headache (MRCH) is a debilitating condition that has proven resistant to many modalities. Previous reports have indicated that radiosurgery for MRCH provides little long-term pain relief, with moderate/significant morbidity. However, there have been no reports of repeated radiosurgery in this patient population. We present our findings from the first reports of repeat radiosurgery for MRCH. Methods.—Two patients with MRCH underwent repeat gamma knife radiosurgery at our institution. Each fulfilled clinical criteria for treatment, including complete resistance to pharmacotherapy, pain primarily localized to the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and psychological stability. Both patients previously received gamma knife radiosurgery (75 Gy) for MRCH with no morbidity, but no long-term improvement of pain relief (Patient 1 = 5 months, Patient 2 = 10 months) after treatment. For repeat radiosurgery, each patient received 75 Gy to the 100% isodose line delivered to the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve, and was evaluated postretreatment. Pain relief was defined as: excellent (free of MRCH with minimal/no medications), good (50% reduction of MRCH severity/frequency with medications), fair (25% reduction), or poor (less than 25% reduction). Results.—Following repeat radiosurgery, long-term pain relief was poor in both patients. Neither patient sustained any immediate morbidity following radiosurgery. Patient 2 experienced right facial numbness 4 months postretreatment, while Patient 1 experienced no morbidity. Conclusion.—Repeat radiosurgery of the trigeminal nerve fails to provide long-term pain relief for MRCH. Given the reported failures of initial and repeat radiosurgery for MRCH, trigeminal nerve radiosurgery should not be offered for MRCH.
War in the marketplace

William A. Cohen is professor of marketing and associate chairman of the marketing department at California State University, Los Angeles. Among his books are Direct Response Marketing (New York: Wiley, 1984) and Winning on the Marketing Front (New York: Wiley, 1986). He is a graduate of the United States Military Academy. The business strategist has instant access to the valuable insights that military thinkers have evolved over the centuries. The Principles of War can be applied to war in the marketplace. By concentrating their resources at the strategic center of gravity, marketers, like generals, can prevail.
Thermo-optically tunable fiber ring laser without any mechanical moving parts

A thermo-optically tunable fiber ring laser has been constructed. The laser is based on a polymer-spaced Fabry-Perot F-P etalon with a cavity length of 470-m and an ultra-low polarization-dependent loss PDL of 0.1 dB. A wavelength tuning range of 1.4 nm and a high wave- length stability of 0.02 nm have been demonstrated with- out involving any moving mechanical parts. Such a nonme- chanical tunable fiber laser structure leads to a reduced device size and allows easy device packaging due to the ultra-low PDL of the wavelength tuning element. © 2006 Soci- ety of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.2219737 Subject terms: tunable fiber laser; wavelength division multiplexing; thermo-optic; polymer-spaced Fabry-Perot etalon; polarization in- sensitive wavelength tuning; nonmechanical moving wavelength tuning.
Through My Eyes

When I received the call telling me that I had cancer, the stages of grief hit me all at once. I cycled through these stages at the speed of light, over and over, until I finally surrendered.
Magnetically-actuated, bead-enhanced silicon photonic immunosensor.

Magnetic actuation has been introduced to an optical immunosensor technology resulting in improvements in both rapidity and limit of detection for an assay quantitating low concentrations of a representative protein biomarker. For purposes of demonstration, an assay was designed for monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), a small cytokine which regulates migration and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages, and is an emerging biomarker for several diseases. The immunosensor is based on arrays of highly multiplexed silicon photonic microring resonators. A one-step sandwich immunoassay was performed and the signal was further enhanced through a tertiary recognition event between biotinylated tracer antibodies and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. By integrating a magnet under the sensor chip, magnetic beads were rapidly directed towards the sensor surface resulting in improved assay performance metrics. Notably, the time required in the bead binding step was reduced by a factor of 11 (4 vs. 45 min), leading to an overall decrease in assay time from 73 min to 32 min. The magnetically-actuated assay also lowered the limit of detection (LOD) for MCP-1 from 124 pg mL−1 down to 57 pg mL−1. In sum, the addition of magnetic actuation into bead-enhanced sandwich assays on a silicon photonic biosensor platform might facilitate improved detection of biomarkers in point-of-care diagnostics settings.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with prior myocardial infarction: angioplasty at a distance from the prior infarct zone.

Abstract Patients undergoing coronary angioplasty who have had a prior transmural myocardial infarction in the distribution of a contralateral coronary artery are considered a high-risk group because of potentially severe left ventricular dysfunction if an ischemic complication occurs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of coronary angioplasty in 28 patients with prior myocardial infarction remote from the artery undergoing dilatation. Prior myocardial infarction was defined by the presence of pathologic Q waves on ECG or segmental akinesis on ventriculography. Angioplasty was successful in 30 of 33 lesions (91%) and in 25 of 28 patients (89%). Mean stenosis diameter was reduced from 91% ± 7% to 28% ± 16%; mean translesional gradient after angioplasty was 6 ± 5 mm Hg. No patient developed severe hemodynamic deterioration from transient coronary occlusion during balloon inflation or from an acute ischemic complication. Three patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery after unsuccessful angioplasty. There were no new Q wave infarctions or deaths. The results of coronary angioplasty in patients with prior infarction were compared with those of 203 patients without prior remote infarction. Primary success and occurrence of major complications were comparable in both groups. At a mean follow-up of 12 ± 6 months, 18 of the 25 patients (72%) who underwent initially successful dilatation have remained symptom free with angioplasty alone. Therefore, coronary angioplasty is a suitable therapeutic procedure in carefully selected patients with angina pectoris and prior myocardial infarction at a distance from the site of angioplasty.
Experimental Techniques to Measure Low Molecular Weight Neurotransmitters and their Precursors and Metabolites

Most biochemical and pharmacological studies of the brain and nervous system depend to a considerable extent on analyses designed to measure levels of neurotrasmit-ters and, often, their chemical precursors and metabolites. Many analytical approaches have been employed to measure the levels of such substances in nervous system tissues and fluids. These include fluorescence methods, gas chromatography (Gc) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Gc-Ms) of suitably derivatized compounds, radioen2ymatic methods, immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay, autoradiographic methods and immunocytochemical techniques. The application of such techniques to the analysis of endogenous neurochemicals has recently been reviewed [1]. Such methods continue to find applications in neurochemical investigations but, in fact, generally suffer from one or more serious limitations. For example, procedures based upon these analytical approaches are often tedious, slow, subject to interferences and require expensive and rather complex equipment. In the early 1970s methods based on a combination of the powerful separation technique of high performance liquid chromatography (Hplc) and highly sensitive and selective thin-layer electrochemical detectors began to be adapted for the analysis of endogenous neurochemicals in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (Csf), blood, and urine [2]. Indeed, high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (Lcec) has now emerged as the method of choice for such analyses because it is very sensitive, selective and relatively inexpensive. The selectivity of the method derives not only from the separation power of modern Hplc columns but also from the fact that only compounds which can be oxidized or reduced at the potential applied to the working electrode of the detector give rise to an electrochemical response or signal.
Development of the ReaxFF reactive force field for mechanistic studies of catalytic selective oxidation processes on BiMoOx

We have developed a new reactive force field, ReaxFF, for use in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the structures and reactive dynamics of complex metal oxide catalysts. The parameters in ReaxFF are derived directly from QM and have been validated to provide reasonable accuracy for a wide variety of reactions. We report the use of ReaxFF to study the activation and conversion of propene to acrolein by various metal oxide surfaces. Using high-remperature MD-simulations on metal oxides slabs exposed to a propene gas phase we find that (1) Propene is not activated by MoO3 but it is activated by amorphous Bi2O3 to form allyl which does not get oxidized by the surface; (2) Propene is activated by Bi2Mo3O12 to form an allyl-radical and the hydrogen gets abstracted by a Mo=O bond, which is bridged via an O to a Bi-site; (3) Propene is activated over V2O5 to form an allyl, which is then selectively oxidized on the surface to form acrolein. The propene reations on V2O5 occur at lower temperatures than on Bi2O3 or Bi2Mo3O12. The results are all consistent with experimental observations, encouraging us that such investigations will enhance our mechanistic understanding of catalytic hydrocarbon oxidation sufficiently to suggest modifications for improving efficiency and/or selectivity.
Effects of Informed Item Selection on Test Performance and Anxiety for Examinees Administered a Self-Adapted Test

In self-adapted testing (SAT), examinees select difficulty levels of items administered. This study investigated three variations of prior information provided when taking a SAT: (a) No Information: Examinees selected item difficulty levels without prior information; (b) View: Examinees inspected a typical item from each difficulty level prior to the SAT; (c) Route: Examinees answered a typical item from each difficulty level and were informed prior to the SAT of the level that best matched their performance. No significant difference in test performance or level of anxiety was found as a function of providing examinees more information.