cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling and Thermal Analysis of Evacuated Flat Plate Collector in Pakistan

Energy is a key parameter for a country's development. From recent decades Pakistan is facing energy crises due to the limitation of traditional energy resources. In Pakistan, natural gas, electricity, and coal are used for domestic hot water systems and industrial process heat. Due to climate change, traditional energy resources are declining, and energy demand is increasing. To support the developmental work, increasing population, and industries, Pakistan will need energy in an abundant amount to run the system on the proper track. To solve these problems, we just need to replace traditional energy resources with renewable energy. Solar thermal collectors are sources to complete the demand for hot water on small and large scales. This paper demonstrates an evacuated flat plate collector having an area of 4 m2 and working fluid water-glycol mixture inside the tubes circulates with different mass flow rates of 0.01 to 0.1 kg/s with the help of a pump. The vacuum is created inside the collector with the help of a vacuum pump and pressure maintained less than 1 bar. Program is generated in MATLAB and simulated under design conditions of the collector with input weather data collected from meteorological high precision equipment installed at US-PCASE, NUST Islamabad, Pakistan having a latitude of 33.64° N and longitude of 72.99° E. By evacuating the enclosure convective losses from plate to cover are drastically reduced, which in turn decreases overall heat loss coefficient from 7.50 to 4.60 W/m2K. absorber temperature is also increased due to reduction of convective losses, which in turn increases fluid outlet temperature by 7 to 9 °C and also increases the efficiency of the collector by 7 % as compared to non-evacuated flat plate collectors.
Pulsed field catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation.

Abstract Catheter ablation (CA) has become the mainstay therapy for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), with pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) the most frequently used treatment strategy. Although several energy sources have been tested (including radiofrequency, cryothermal and laser), these are not devoid of safety issues and in many instances effectiveness is dependent on operator experience. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel energy source by which high-voltage electric pulses are used to create pores in the cellular membrane (i.e., electroporation), leading to cellular death. The amount of energy required to produce irreversible electroporation is highly tissue dependent. In consequence, a tailored protocol in which specific targeting of the atrial myocardium is achieved while sparing adjacent tissues is theoretically feasible, increasing the safety of the procedure. While large scale clinical trials are lacking, current clinical evidence has demonstrated significant efficacy in achieving durable PVI without ablation related adverse events.
The relationship between collaborative problem solving behaviors and solution outcomes in a game-based learning environment

Abstract Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is an essential skill for the 21st century workforce, but remains difficult to assess. Understanding how CPS skills affect CPS performance outcomes can inform CPS training, task design, feedback design, and automated assessment. We investigated CPS behaviors (individually and in co-occurring patterns) in 101 (N = 303) remote triads who collaboratively played an educational game called Physics Playground for 45-min. Team interactions consisting of open-ended speech occurring over video-conferencing with screen sharing. We coded participant's utterances relative to a CPS framework consisting of three facets (i.e., competencies such as constructing shared knowledge) manifested in 19 specific indicators (e.g., responds to other's questions/ideas). A matching technique was used to isolate the effect of CPS behaviors on CPS outcomes (quality of solution of a game level) controlling for pertinent covariates. Mixed-effects ordinal regression models indicated that proposing solution ideas and discussing results were the major predictors of CPS performance, and that team-member activities surrounding idea generation mattered. These findings highlighted the importance of both individual and collective contributions and social and cognitive skills in successful CPS outcomes.
Light Composite Fermions — An Overview

I know that Estia Eichten (in these proceedings), has already discussed one set of rules which describe massless composite fermions and the possible breaking of chiral symmetries. I would just like to spend a few minutes now discussing the status of some rules which have been proposed and also to emphasize a few points. In particular, I will discuss (a) ‘t Hooft’s anomaly conditions1 (and left-right symmetric theories), (b) ‘t Hooft’s decoupling conditions (or persistent mass hypothesis of Preskill and Weinberg2) , and (c) “tumbling”3 vs. no “tumbling.”
What use is SoTL?: Using the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning to Develop a Curriculum for First Year University History Classes

Literature pertaining to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) is growing but there are few studiesdealing with disciplinary differences. The SoTL relating to History is a recently emerging development. Butwhat use is SoTL for History if it can not be translated into improving teaching practice? This paper examinesthe process of identifying current thinking in the specific SoTL of History, especially the teaching of historicalthinking, and applying it to the development of a new history curriculum for first year students.history teaching, curriculum development, signature pedagogyI acknowledge the considerable assistance of Dr Elizabeth Noble in the research for and preparation of thisarticle. I also benefited from discussions with Dr Eric Acheson and Associate Professor Nadine McCrea.Funding for this research was obtained from the University of New England.
Anti-inflammatory bioactives in Alaskan seaweed: implications in metabolic syndrome (1045.14)

A dominant factor underlying the development of metabolic syndrome is abdominal obesity, which is associated with chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. Alaska Native populations, who suffer disproportionately high rates of obesity, have shifted away from traditional dietary foods, like seaweeds, that are a rich source of polyphenols with potential to counteract metabolic syndrome. In this work, Alaskan seaweeds Fucus distichus (FD), Saccharina latissima (SL), Saccharina groenlandica (SG), Alaria marginata (AM), Pyropia fallax (PF), and Ulva lactuca (UL) were evaluated for their potential to ameliorate symptoms of obesity-linked inflammatory pathways. High levels of phenolics were discovered in ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of AM, FD, and SG (326.8 - 557.2 μg phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE)/mg extract). Fractions of AM, FD, SG, and SL reduced nitric oxide levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages to basal levels, and assays with 3T3-L1 adipocytes demonstrated that organic fractions of AM, SL, an...
Within-network classification using local structure similarity

Within-network classification, where the goal is to classify the nodes of a partly labeled network, is a semi-supervised learning problem that has applications in several important domains like image processing, the classification of documents, and the detection of malicious activities. While most methods for this problem infer the missing labels collectively based on the hypothesis that linked or nearby nodes are likely to have the same labels, there are many types of networks for which this assumption fails, e.g., molecular graphs, trading networks, etc. In this paper, we present a collective classification method, based on relaxation labeling, that classifies entities of a network using their local structure. This method uses a marginalized similarity kernel that compares the local structure of two nodes with random walks in the network. Through experimentation on different datasets, we show our method to be more accurate than several state-of-the-art approaches for this problem.
Event Risk Covenants and Shareholder Wealth: Ethical Implications of the "Poison Put" Provision in Bonds

This paper examines the ethical implications of "poison put" provisions included in bond offerings. A number of firms are using event-risk protections in bond offerings in an effort to attract investors back into the bond market. One of the most common event-risk protections is a "poison put" provision, which allows the bondholder to "put" the bond back to the firm at par or at a premium under certain specified conditions, such as a takeover effort or a downgrading of the bond by rating agencies. While such a provision is obviously of value to the bondholders, there is a secondary effect that is not as obvious. Using such a provision helps to insure that boards of directors must put the interests of all of the stakeholders ahead of any personal interests of the board members, thus protecting the stakeholders. The use of event-risk protections helps to deter takeovers, induce bidders to negotiate with management in any takeover efforts, and avoid two-tier takeover offers. As a result, the "poison put" provisions have a positive impact on share values while simultaneously protecting the investments of bondholders. Such an impact makes the use of "poison put" provisions in bonds an ethical use of management power.
Microbial transformations of azaarenes in creosote-contaminated soil and ground water: laboratory and field studies

Azaarenes or aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are a class of compounds found in wood-preservative wastes containing creosote. The fate and movement of these compounds in contaminated aquifers is not well understood. Water-quality studies in an aquifer contaminated with creosote near Pensacola, Florida, indicated that ground water was contaminated with several azaarenes and their oxygenated and alkylated derivatives, suggesting that these oxygenated compounds may be products of microbial transformation reactions. Accordingly, laboratory studies were designed to investigate the fate of these compounds. Under aerobic conditions, soil pseudomonads isolated from creosote-contaminated soil converted quinoline to 2(lH)quinolinone that subsequently was degraded to unknown products. A methanogenic consortium isolated from an anaerobic sewage digestor, in presence of ground-water and creosote-contaminated soil, converted quinoline, isoquinoline, and 4-methylquinoline to their respective oxygenated analogs. In addition, N-, C-, and O-methylated analogs of oxygenated azaarenes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in anaerobic cultures. Under the experimental conditions, 2-methylquinoline was biorefractory. Presence of similar biotransformation products in anaerobic cultures and contaminated ground water from the Pensacola site provided further evidence that these compounds indeed were microbial transformation products. Stable isotope labeling studies indicated that the source of the oxygen atom for this hydroxylation reaction under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was water. A mechanism was proposed for this hydroxylation reaction. Whereas parent azaarenes are biodegradable in both anaerobic and aerobic zones, oxygenated and alkylated analogs are more biorefractory and, hence, persistent in anaerobic zones of contaminated aquifers.
The Rutgers Computational Grid: A Distributed Linux PC Cluster

The Rutgers Computational Grid (RCG) project is aimed at providing high throughput performance to Rutgers university faculty and students. The RCG employs dual processor PCs, with Pentium II and III processors, as computational nodes, running the Linux RedHat operating system. The Load Sharing Facility (LSF) scheduling system from Platform Computing is used for job control and monitoring. The nodes are grouped into subclusters physically located in several departments and controlled by a single master node through LSF. The hardware and software used in RCG are described. Utilization and performance issues, including parallel performance, are discussed based on the experience of the first two years of RCG operation.
Two Dogmas Revisited: Edward Irving's Christology

Two dogmas continue to die hard, despite attempts to destroy them, and it may be that they have good reason for refusing to go away. The first is that what has come to be known as ‘christology from above’ tends to produce a docetic conception of the person of Christ, or at least one in which the humanity of Jesus receives so little emphasis that it becomes little better than a cipher. If an eternal being or hypostasis – to put the matter in the almost tritheistic language that is sometimes used – takes to himself a body, can the resulting being be truly human? Does not the eternal origin inevitably call the tune, undermining the genuineness of the human actions?
Some Finite Sample Results in the Context of Two Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations

Abstract In this article, we consider a system of two “seemingly unrelated regression” equations (yi = Xiβi + ui, i = 1, 2) with , and examine some finite sample properties of β-estimators based on the unrestricted estimate S of Σ = (σij ). The estimator of β2 is shown to be identical with the direct OLS estimator b 2 obtained from Equation 2. The estimator of β1 is shown to be more efficient than b 1, the direct OLS estimator of β1 obtained from Equation 1, for moderate departures of from zero; the efficiency, moreover, is shown to increase rapidly with the sample size for any given ρ.
I-CaN-MaMa: Integrated campus network monitoring and management

A campus network provides a number of services to its stakeholders. Due to the complexity of having many services, it is often difficult to pinpoint an issue quickly. The currently available tools for monitoring a campus network are often designed for a specific piece of the network. On the other hand, systems administrators running a campus network with data centers and supporting a number of internal and external applications face several challenges with the current set of tools for monitoring and management. To fill this void, we propose the I-CaN-MaMa (Integrated Campus Network Monitoring and Management) framework. Our approach takes an integrated view that was developed in consultations with issues faced by systems administrators. We present the key components in this framework and through a brief study, we show the utility of our approach.
Spasticity management: an overview

Recent developments in therapeutic interventions for children with spasticity have complicated managerial decision making. A simplified paradigm for the pathophysiology of spasticity is presented, which emphasizes the ways in which treatment modalities disrupt hyperexcitable segmental spinal reflex arcs. Various techniques for the management of spasticity are reviewed, along with factors relevant to proper patient selection for therapeutic intervention. Potential goals for spasticity management are considered as are outcome measures for assessing the efficacy of these technologies.
Solution of the equation of radiative transfer for remote sensing over nonuniform surface reflectivity

An understanding of radiative transfer in the earth's atmosphere is a necessity for the remote sensing of surface reflectivity from satellites and aircraft. The range of the adjacency effect, which represents the effect of bright areas on the radiance above dark areas, is the main parameter that distinguishes atmospheric radiative transfer over a nonuniform surface from that over a uniform one. A radiative transfer model which expresses this range correctly is, therefore, critical for developing remote sensing methods for the case of an atmosphere over a nonuniform surface. The present investigation is concerned with the development of a new approximate solution of the radiative transfer (RT) equation. The solution is not limited to nonabsorbing atmospheres, but it will still be limited to nadir observations. The results compare favorably with Monte Carlo simulations.
OH(A2Σ+ → X2∏) yield from photodissociation of H2O2 at 106–193 nm

Abstract The absorption cross section of H 2 O 2 and the (A 2 Σ + → X 2 ∏) fluorescence cross section of the resulting OH photofragments were measured in the 106–193 nm region using synchrotron radiation. The OH(A → X) emission has a significant cross section at excitation wavelengths shorter than 172.2 nm. Absorption structure observed in the 137–165 nm region is tentatively assigned.
Effects of the intensity and frequency of electromagnetic vibrations on the microstructural refinement of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys

An experimental apparatus that uses a superconducting magnet and enables the simultaneous application of an alternating electric field with a frequency of up to 50 kHz and a magnetic field of up to 10 T was designed and assembled. Electromagnetic vibrations were induced in Al-7 wt pct Si alloy during solidification by simultaneous application of the two fields. The thorough investigation, which was carried out over wide ranges of intensity (an electromagnetic pressure range of 0 to 2.25×105 Pa) and frequency (0 to 50 kHz), clarified the effects of the two main parameters on the microstructural refinement brought about by electromagnetic vibrations. Low-intensity vibrations changed the highly columnar dendritic structure into one composed of large, equiaxed dendrites. As the intensity, and consequently, the magnetic pressure were increased, at about 0.93×105 Pa, fine isolated grains started to appear and dominated the structure as the pressure was increased further. At low frequencies, the structure was one with large, equiaxed dendrites, which disintegrated to form a fine and homogeneous structure as the frequency was increased. At about 1.5 kHz, the trend reversed and the structure gradually became a completely columnar dendritic one at frequencies higher than 10 kHz. Metallographic observations showed that the cavitation phenomenon has been a main factor behind the observed microstructural refinement. The effects of mechanical vibrations of the experimental apparatus were also investigated and found to have no contribution to the observed effects.
Geochemistry of high-potassium rocks from the mid-Tertiary Guffey volcanic center, Thirtynine Mile volcanic field, central Colorado

The Guffey volcanic center is the largest within the 2000 km{sup 2} mid-Tertiary Thirtynine Mile volcanic field of central Colorado. This study is the first to provide extensive chemical data for these alkalic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks, which present the eroded remnants of a large stratovolcano of Oligocene age. Formation of early domes and flows of latite and trachyte within the Guffey center was followed by extrusion of a thick series of basalt, trachybasalt, and shoshonite flows and lahars. Plugs, dikes, and vents ranging from basalt to rhyolite cut the thick mafic deposits, and felsic tuffs breccias chemically identical to the small rhyolitic plutons are locally preserved. Whole-rack major and trace element analyses of 80 samples, ranging almost continuously from 47% to 78% SiO{sub 2}, indicate that the rocks of the Guffey center are among the most highly enriched in K{sub 2}O (up to 6%) and rare earth elements (typically 200-300 ppm) of any volcanic rocks in Colorado. These observations, along with the relatively high concentrations of Ba and Rb and the depletion of Cr and Ni, suggest an appreciable contribution of lower crustal material to the magmas that produced the Thirtynine Mile volcanic rocks.
Inter-population variation in male mating behaviours in the sailfin mollie,Poecilia latipinna

Abstract Abstract. Male sailfin mollies show size-dependent variation in sexual behaviour. The level of variation between six north Florida populations in rates of condition-dependent behaviours was estimated and whether behavioural variation is ordered with respect to male body size distributions was determined. In five of six populations, courtship display rates increased with male length, supporting previous evidence. Several results were not consistent with those reported elsewhere. Rates of gonopodial thrusting and gonoporal nibbling were not related to male body length. Courtship display rates adjusted for male body size were not ordered with respect to male body size distributions. High adjusted courtship rates were characteristic of populations where males were predominantly large and where they were predominantly small. No consistent pattern of variation existed between populations in the relationships of the three behaviour patterns to one another. Variation between populations in size-dependent behaviour is therefore far more extensive but less patterned than previously reported. These results imply that evolution can adjust the rates of the three behaviour patterns both independently of one another and of body size, and that the direction of behavioural evolution is not likely to be constrained by covariances within any single natural population.
Mn2(CO)6(μ-CO)(μ-S2): The Simplest Disulfide of Manganese Carbonyl

The new disulfide Mn2(CO)6(μ-CO)(μ-S2), 1, has been obtained from the reaction of Mn2(CO)9(NCMe) with thiirane. Compound 1 contains two Mn(CO)3 groups joined by a Mn−Mn bond, a bridging disulfido ligand, and one bridging CO ligand. Compound 1 condenses upon reaction with CO to yield Mn4S4(CO)15, 2, but yields the tetramanganese disulfide Mn4S2(CO)15(PMe2Ph)2, 4, and SPMe2Ph in reaction with PMe2Ph.
The passivity of Type 316L stainless steel in borate buffer solution

The passivity of Type 316 SS in borate buffer solution (pH 8.35), in the steady-state, has been explored using a variety of electrochemical techniques, including potentiostatic polarization, Mott Schottky analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The study shows that the passive film is an n-type semiconductor with a donor density that is essentially independent of voltage across the passive state. The passive current density is also found to be voltage-independent, but the thickness of the barrier layer depends linearly on the applied voltage. These observations are consistent with the predictions of the Point Defect Model, noting that the point defects within the barrier layer of the passive film are metal interstitials or oxygen vacancies, or both. No evidence for p-type behavior was obtained, indicating that cation vacancies do not have a significant population density in the film compared with the two donors (cation interstitials and oxygen vacancies).
In situ monitoring and characterization of distortion during laser cladding of Inconel® 625

Abstract Laser cladding is a low heat input metal deposition process that provides lower dilution and distortion levels than comparable arc welding based processes. Even though distortion of the substrate material is significantly reduced in laser cladding, the high temperatures and rapid thermal cycles produced by the laser heat source still result in measurable distortion. This distortion is particularly concerning in repair or refurbishment applications where dimensional control is critical. The impact of multi-layer laser cladding on the amount and mode of distortion and thermal history at selected substrate locations in Inconel® 625 plates is investigated and quantified for different processing conditions and deposition patterns. In situ measurements of the longitudinal bowing and transverse angular distortion modes are made using a laser displacement sensor followed by post-process measurements. The results show that each distortion mode occurs simultaneously, causing the plate to twist in response to the deposition pattern. The selection of processing parameters also had several unexpected impacts on the magnitude and mode of distortions as well as the temperatures measured on the substrate. For example, similar substrate temperatures are observed for all processing conditions, regardless of the magnitude of the linear heat input or the length of the processing time. The addition of a second layer when using a transverse hatch pattern also shows that the transverse angular distortion mode can be minimized, unlike the case of longitudinal bowing with a longitudinal hatch pattern, which demonstrates a cumulative increase in longitudinal bowing with an additional layer. In order to account for these unexpected observations, a new metric is proposed to replace linear heat input for cladding. This new metric, clad heat, takes into account the laser power, travel speed, and hatch spacing and is shown to better predict the magnitude of cladding distortion.
Testing the promiscuity of commercial kinase inhibitors against the AGC kinase group using a split-luciferase screen.

Using a newly developed competitive binding assay dependent upon the reassembly of a split reporter protein, we have tested the promiscuity of a panel of reported kinase inhibitors against the AGC group. Many non-AGC targeted kinase inhibitors target multiple members of the AGC group. In general, structurally similar inhibitors consistently exhibited activity toward the same target as well as toward closely related kinases. The inhibition data was analyzed to test the predictive value of either using identity scores derived from residues within 6 A of the active site or identity scores derived from the entire kinase domain. The results suggest that the active site identity in certain cases may be a stronger predictor of inhibitor promiscuity. The overall results provide general guidelines for establishing inhibitor selectivity as well as for the future design of inhibitors that either target or avoid AGC kinases.
Sperm as mitogenic cofactors for HIV transmission

While studying interactions between gametes and somatic cells, we discovered that human sperm bind to HLA-DR via sperm surface structures that share antigenic epitopes with CD4. This finding has potential significance for HIV transmission, because: (i) HIV virions carry HLA-DR from infected cells; (ii) the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp160 has regions of homology with HLA-DR; and (iii) HLA-DR is a signal-transducing molecule of which the ligation triggers target-cell activation. If sperm bind to HIV by this recognition pathway, their selective binding to HLA-DR-expressing cells could deliver virus or viral antigens to muscosal cells of hematopoietic origin. For sperm not carrying virus, binding and cross-linking of HLA-DR on the same cells could trigger cell activation, thereby increasing target-cell susceptibility to HIV infection. We and others have shown that normal sperm bind to HIV in vitro, and that virus is present as nucleic acid in sperm from infected men. In the absence of virus, sperm from normal semen amplify cell activation by polyclonal mitogens or conventional antigen, and they dramatically increase the in vitro infectivity of free HIV particles. If similar events occur in the female reproductive tract after sexual contact, sperm-mediated target-cell activation may augment HIV transmission by this body fluid.
On the theory of screening for chronic diseases

SIUMMARY It is assumed that a chronic disease progresses from a pre-clinical state to a clinical state. If an individual, having pre-clinical disease, participates in an early detection programme, the disease may be detected in the pre-clinical state. The potential benefit of a screening programme is related to the lead time gained by early diagnosis. A stochastic model is developed for early detection programmes which leads to an estimate of the mean lead time as a function of observable variables. An investigation is also made of a non-progressive disease model in which individuals in a pre-clinical state may not necessarily advance to the clinical state. At the present time special diagnostic procedures are available for early detection of some chronic diseases. For example, chest X-rays have long been used to detect tuberculosis. Currently, there are many public health programmes to detect women having cancer of the uterine cervix by using Papanicolaou smears; other programmes designed to test for glaucoma and diabetes are in wide use. An especially interesting programme for early detection of breast cancer using soft tissue X-rays, mammography, is now being conducted by the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York; see Shapiro, Strax & Venet (1967). The aim of all such programmes is to detect the disease earlier than it normally would be detected, the motivation being that earlier detection may result in a cure or better prognosis. Unfortunately, with only a few exceptions we know of no chronic disease in which unambiguous evidence has been coLlected showing that early detection has resulted in significantly improved prognosis. Even in cancer of the uterine cervix, the results are not without question, because the survival rate had been increasing before the widespread introduction of the Papanicolaou smear. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss statistical considerations associated with the evaluation of such early detection programmes. Attention is confined to screening programmes where an individual is examined only once. In a future paper, we shall examine problems associated with screening programmes where an individual is examined periodically. It will be assumed that a person having a particular chronic disease can be regarded as
Magnesium induces neuronal apoptosis by suppressing excitability

In clinical obstetrics, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) use is widespread, but effects on brain development are unknown. Many agents that depress neuronal excitability increase developmental neuroapoptosis. In this study, we used dissociated cultures of rodent hippocampus to examine the effects of Mg++ on excitability and survival. Mg++-induced caspase-3-associated cell loss at clinically relevant concentrations. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques measured Mg++ effects on action potential threshold, action potential peak amplitude, spike number and changes in resting membrane potential. Mg++ depolarized action potential threshold, presumably from surface charge screening effects on voltage-gated sodium channels. Mg++ also decreased the number of action potentials in response to fixed current injection without affecting action potential peak amplitude. Surprisingly, Mg++ also depolarized neuronal resting potential in a concentration-dependent manner with a +5.2 mV shift at 10 mM. Voltage ramps suggested that Mg++ blocked a potassium conductance contributing to the resting potential. In spite of this depolarizing effect of Mg++, the net inhibitory effect of Mg++ nearly completely silenced neuronal network activity measured with multielectrode array recordings. We conclude that although Mg++ has complex effects on cellular excitability, the overall inhibitory influence of Mg++ decreases neuronal survival. Taken together with recent in vivo evidence, our results suggest that caution may be warranted in the use of Mg++ in clinical obstetrics and neonatology.
The evolutionary history of Cytochrome P450 genes in four filamentous Ascomycetes

The Cytochrome P450 system is important in fungal evolution for adapting to novel ecological niches. To elucidate the evolutionary process of cytochrome P450 genes in fungi with different life styles, we studied the patterns of gene gains and losses in the genomes of four filamentous Ascomycetes, including two saprotrophs (Aspergillus nidulans (AN) and Neurospora crassa (NC)) and two plant pathogens (Fusarium graminearum (FG) and Magnaporthe grisea (MG)). A total of 376 P450 genes were assigned to 168 families according to standard nomenclature. On average, only 1 to 2 genes per family were in each genome. To resolve conflicting results between different clustering analyses and standard family designation, a higher order relationship was formulated. 376 genes were clustered into 115 clans. Subsequently a novel approach based on parsimony was developed to build the evolutionary models. Based on these analyses, a core of 30 distinct clans of P450s was defined. The core clans experienced contraction in all four fungal lineages while new clans expanded in all with exception of NC. MG experienced more genes and clans gains compared to the other fungi. Parsimonious analyses unanimously supported one species topology for the four fungi. The four studied fungi exhibit unprecedented diversity in their P450omes in terms of coding sequence, intron-exon structures and genome locations, suggesting a complicated evolutionary history of P450s in filamentous Ascomycetes. Clan classification and a novel strategy were developed to study evolutionary history. Contraction of core clans and expansion of novel clans were identified. The exception was the NC lineage, which exhibited pure P450 gene loss.
Premelting at triple grain junctions

Abstract Recent observations by Hsieh and Balluffi suggest that melting at triple points occurs just slightly below the melting point of aluminum. In this paper the premelting is explained in terms of a macroscopic (rather than an atomistic) analysis, by assuming that the entropy of local melting at triple junctions is equal to the entropy of melting for bulk metal. The results show that melt pockets at three and higher order grain junctions can be thermodynamically stable, their size being inversely proportional to the undercooling. For aluminum this amounts to a melt size of about 4 nm for an undercooling of 1 K, in fair agreement with the observations by Hsieh and Balluffi.
Population Change in the Upper Lake States

Abstract Cartographic analysis of population change at the township level in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan between 1970 and 1980 revealed a continuation of long-term trends. Coronas of urban overspill, water-oriented resort activities, and fast rates of growth in sparsely populated areas “explained'’82.2 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.1 percent of the population increase in townships that gained ten or more persons per square mile and/or 25 percent during the decade. Larger places lost, but places of fewer than 25,000 people continued to gain population. Increased job opportunities in small towns have reduced out-migration of young people who hitherto have had to migrate to the metropolis in search of work. The retention of local young people may have rivaled in-migration as a cause of population growth.
Labial necrosis after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Uterine artery embolization is increasingly used as an alternative to myomectomy, hysterectomy, and medical treatment for the management of symptomatic leiomyomata. CASE: A woman with an 18-week-size fibroid uterus who underwent uterine artery embolization developed a 3-cm, exquisitely tender, hypopigmented, necrotic-appearing area on the right labium minus. Spontaneous resolution occurred over 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: Labial necrosis is a possible complication of uterine artery embolization and may be successfully managed with conservative therapy.
Preformulation studies II: Stability of drug substances in solid pharmaceutical systems

The stability of drug substances in solid pharmaceutical systems is discussed. Theoretical models for various situations are proposed and their practical implications are considered.
Prevalence of Eating Disorders in the Psychiatric Emergency Room

A random sample of 143 patients from a centralized psychiatric emergency service with a catchment area of one million people was studied. A two-stage interview was conducted for diagnosis of DSM-III-R eating disorders. Of those reporting active bingeing, 14.5% were men, and 22.4% were women. No cases of anorexia nervosa were discovered. Bulimia nervosa was diagnosed in 3.0% of the women and 2.6% of the men. Race and marital status were unrelated to bingeing or to any eating disorder diagnosis. Many patients never had discussed their eating behaviors before with a therapist.
The scaling of restraint and the prediction of eating

The most frequently used measure of dietary restraint in controlled experiments involving arduous dieters is the Revised Restraint Scale (Herman & Mack, 1975). To date, researchers who have used the measure in controlled experiments have created a “high” versus “low” artificial dichotomy based on a median split of scores on the scale, apparently in an attempt to apply a standard analysis of variance model. The present study replicates a basic ice cream taste test experiment. It compares study results that emerge from using the Revised Restraint Scale as an artificial dichotomy (“factor”) versus a continuous independent variable in a general linear model. Results showed that an important joint effect emerged when restraint was treated as a continuous variable, which would likely have gone undetected using standard ANOVA, and that a greater proportion of variance could be accounted for in the continuous variable model. Researchers to date may have failed to optimally outline the nature of the relationship between dietary restraint and other variables that have been of interest.
Selenate and tellurate complexes of pentavalent uranium.

Oxidation of (C5Me5)2U(N–2,6-iPr2–C6H3)(THF) with PhE–EPh yields the corresponding UV-chalcogenate complexes (C5Me5)2U(N–2,6-iPr2–C6H3)(EPh) (E = S, Se, Te) in excellent (>90%) isolated yields.
Effect of Ba on the oxidation of the Si(100) surface.

Si oxidation in the Ba/Si(110) system has been studied by Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) and low-energy electron diffraction as a function of Ba and oxygen exposure. The rate of the Si oxidation under elevated temperatures has been shown to be significantly enchanced by monolayer (ML) amounts of Ba. Under very high Ba exposures (\ensuremath{\approxeq}4 ML), the Si oxidation in the Ba/Si(100) system was, however, promoted more rapidly at room temperature than at 700 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. AES data have also shown the formation of Ba silicide after Ba exposures of g1 ML and anneal to about 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Fusion propulsion for interstellar missions.

Fusion propulsion for interstellar missions, examining requirements for detection of extra solar life
A National study of burdensome health care costs among non-elderly Americans

Background Rising health care costs and increased cost sharing have resulted in significant medical expenses for many Americans. The goal of this study was to describe the prevalence of and risk factors for burdensome health care costs among non-elderly Americans.
Errant life, molecular biology, and biopower: Canguilhem, Jacob, and Foucault.

This paper considers the theoretical circumstances that urged Michel Foucault to analyse modern societies in terms of biopower. Georges Canguilhem’s account of the relations between science and the living forms an essential starting point for Foucault’s own later explorations, though the challenges posed by the molecular revolution in biology and Francois Jacob’s history of it allowed Foucault to extend and transform Canguilhem’s philosophy of error. Using archival research into his 1955–1956 course on “Science and Error,” I show that, for Canguilhem, it is inauthentic to treat a living being as an error, even if living things are capable of making errors in the domain of knowledge. The emergent molecular biology in the 1960s posed a grave challenge, however, since it suggested that individuals could indeed be errors of genetic reproduction. The paper discusses how Canguilhem and Foucault each responded to this by examining, among other texts, their respective reviews of Jacob’s The Logic of the Living. For Canguilhem this was an opportunity to reaffirm the creativity of life in the living individual, which is not a thing to be evaluated, but the source of values. For Foucault, drawing on Jacob’s work, this was the opportunity to develop a transformed account of valuation by posing biopower as the DNA of society. Despite their disagreements, the paper examines these three authors as different iterations of a historical epistemology attuned to errancy, error, and experimentation.
Integral Representation of a Distribution Associated with a Pure Birth Process

ABSTRACT This article deals with a distribution associated with a pure birth process starting with no individuals, with birth rates λ n = λ for n = 0, 2,…, m − 1 and λ n = μ for n ≥ m. The probability mass function is expressed in terms of an integral that is very convenient for computing probabilities, moments, generating functions, and others. Using this representation, the kth factorial moments of the distribution is obtained. Some other forms of this distribution are also given.
Herpes zoster after varicella immunization

cine was licensed in the United States in 1995. The vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and highly protective against severe varicella in healthy children and adults and in certain immunocompromised patients.1-3 It was initially hoped that herpes zoster might not occur after immunization. However, Oka vaccine-type varicella-zoster virus can cause latent infection in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.4,5 We describe herpes zoster caused by vaccine strain varicella-zoster virus in a child.
No association of dynamin binding protein (DNMBP) gene SNPs and Alzheimer’s disease

A recent scan of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 10q found significant association of six correlated SNPs with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) among Japanese. We examined the SNP with the highest statistical significance (rs3740058) in a large Caucasian American case–control cohort and the remaining five SNPs in a smaller subset of cases and controls. We observed no association of statistical significance in either the total sample or the APOE*4 non-carriers for any of the SNPs.
An Analytical Approach to Rounding

(1984). An Analytical Approach to Rounding. Journal of Applied Statistics: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 12-20.
Collective States of Non-Abelian Quasiparticles in a Magnetic Field

Motivated by the physics of the Moore-Read $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ state away from half filling, we investigate collective states of non-Abelian $e/4$ quasiparticles in a magnetic field. We consider two types of collective states: incompressible liquids and Wigner crystals. In the incompressible liquid case, we construct a natural series of states which can be thought of as a non-Abelian generalization of the Laughlin states. These states are associated with a series of hierarchical states derived from the Moore-Read state\char22{}the simplest of which occur at filling fraction 8/17 and 7/13. Interestingly, we find that the hierarchical states are Abelian even though their parent state is non-Abelian. In the Wigner crystal case, we construct two candidate states. We find that they, too, are Abelian\char22{}in agreement with previous analysis.
Homology of the Lateral Eyes of Scorpiones: A Six-Ocellus Model

Scorpions possess two types of visual organs, the median and lateral eyes. Both eyes consist of simple ocelli with biconvex lenses that differ in structure and function. There is little variation in the number of median ocelli across the order. Except for a few troglomorphic species in which the median ocelli are absent, all scorpions possess a single pair. In contrast, the number of pairs of lateral ocelli varies from zero to five across Scorpiones and may vary within species. No attempt has been made to homologize lateral ocelli across the order, and their utility in scorpion systematics has been questioned, due to the variation in number. A recent study examined the number of lateral ocelli among various Asian Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 and proposed a “five-eye model” for the family. This model has not been examined more broadly within Buthidae, however, nor compared with the patterns of variation observed among other scorpion families. An eyespot, referred to as an accessory lateral eye, situated ventral or posteroventral to the lateral ocelli, has also been reported in some scorpions. Analysis of its structure suggests it serves a nonvisual function. We present the first comparative study of variation in the lateral ocelli across the order Scorpiones, based on examination of a broad range of exemplar species, representing all families, 160 genera (78%), 196 species (9%), and up to 12 individuals per species. We propose a six-ocellus model for Recent scorpions with four accessory ocelli observed in various taxa, homologize the individual ocelli, and correct erroneous counts in the recent literature. We also investigate the presence of the eyespot across scorpions and discover that it is more widespread than previously recognized. Future work should investigate the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of the lateral ocelli to test the hypotheses proposed here.
Building a statewide digital public library: A case study

This article presents the results of a study undertaken for the state library of Maryland to develop a process, identify approaches, and identify considerations for the development of a Maryland Digital Public Library (MDPL). The article provides insights into the planning, management, and implementation requirements for such an undertaking that can apply to both individual public library digitization projects as well as regional and statewide digitization efforts. The article offers a framework for creating a statewide digital public library, identifies issues, and makes recommendations that public libraries, state library agencies, and others should consider when considering the development of digital public library content and services.
Lagrangian properties of diffusion in the theory of turbulent combustion

In this paper we analyze two effects of the Lagrangian nature of turbulent transfer that are usually ignored in the theory of turbulent combustion. They are (i) nonequilibrium behavior of the turbulent diffusion coefficient, which is important for modeling of initial stage of combustion in the SI engine, and (ii) the existence of a traveling front of turbulent diffusion with finite speed, which controls the velocity of the steady state flame in strong turbulence. First we derive the parabolic diffusion equation with both the diffusion and chemical source terms expressed by Lagrangian characteristics of turbulence. We show that chemical transformation does not influence the turbulent diffusion coefficient and this result is important for combustion theories that relate the formation of the initial flame with the development of the diffusion coefficient. Second, an hyperbolic diffusion equation based on hydrodynamics is derived and we analyze relationship between velocities of the turbulent diffusion front and the speed of the steady state premixed flame. In particular, in the case of the flamelet combustion mechanism and strong turbulence, we state that the flame speed is very closed to the theoretical value of the diffusion front velocity, which is equal to the root mean square of turbulent velocity fluctuations.