cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of mechanical activation of guinea-pig airway afferent neurons by amiloride analogues

1. The aim of this study was to investigate a role for Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaCs) in the mechanical activation of low-threshold vagal afferent nerve terminals in the guinea-pig trachea/bronchus. 2. Using extracellular single-unit recording techniques, we found that the ENaC blocker amiloride, and its analogues dimethylamiloride and benzamil caused a reduction in the mechanical activation of guinea-pig airway afferent fibres. 3. Amiloride and it analogues also reduced the sensitivity of afferent fibres to electrical stimulation such that greater stimulation voltages were required to induce action potentials from their peripheral terminals within the trachea/bronchus. 4. The relative potencies of these compounds for inhibiting electrical excitability of afferent nerves were similar to that observed for inhibition of mechanical stimulation (dimethylamiloride approximately benzamil > amiloride). This rank order of potency is incompatible with the known rank order of potency for blockade of ENaCs (benzamil > amiloride >> dimethylamiloride). 5. As voltage-gated sodium channels play an important role in determining the electrical excitability of neurons, we used whole-cell patch recordings of nodose neuron cell bodies to investigate the possibility that amiloride analogues caused blockade of these channels. At the concentration required to inhibit mechanical activation of vagal nodose afferent fibres (100 microM), benzamil caused significant inhibition of voltage-gated sodium currents in neuronal cell bodies acutely isolated from guinea-pig nodose ganglia. 6. Combined, our findings suggest that amiloride and its analogues did not selectively block mechanotransduction in airway afferent neurons, but rather they reduced neuronal excitability, possibly by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium currents.
Cutting through the Noise: The Mechanics of Intracellular Transport

Intracellular transport of organelles and proteins is driven by multiple ATP-dependent processes. Recently in Cell, Guo et al. (2014) developed a technique, force-spectrum microscopy, to measure intracellular forces and demonstrate that large motion of cellular components can be produced by random ATP-dependent fluctuations within the cytoplasm.
Seismic stratigraphic record of transpression and uplift on the Romanche transform margin, offshore Ghana

Abstract Recently, available multi-channel seismic reflection data from offshore Ghana have been reprocessed to probe the eastern Romanche Fracture Zone (RFZ) of the Equatorial Atlantic and the sedimentary basins of the paleotransform margin. The RFZ terminates landward in a submarine canyon, up to 2 km deep and >50 km wide, variably filled with submarine fans and projects landward into a Neoproterozoic dextral shear zone. By contrast, the RFZ to the southwest is represented by an ENE submarine escarpment juxtaposing continental and oceanic crusts. Three major sedimentary sequences representing pre-, syn- and post-rift strata have been identified from the seismic profiles and calibrated with chronostratigraphic data from oil exploration wells. The pre-rift sequence consists largely of Paleozoic strata ranging in age from Devonian to Carboniferous. The overlying syn-rift sequence, which was deposited during the intracontinental shearing stage, consists of Aptian to Albian silicilastic strata with distinct continental facies. The seismic sections provide some of the clearest images yet of: (i) folding associated with transform displacement, and (ii) southwest increasing subaerial erosion and stratal discordance. We attribute lateral variation in erosion to crustal thickening associated with folding and to transient thermal effect of ridge-transform interaction which is predicted to produce westward increasing uplift on this margin.
Loading of calcium and strontium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum in rat ventricular muscle.

Previous work suggests that strontium ions (Sr(2+)) are less effective than calcium ions (Ca(2+)) at supporting excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in cardiac muscle. We therefore tested whether this was due to differences in the uptake and release of Ca(2+)and Sr(2+)by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of rat ventricular trabeculae and myocytes at 22-24 degrees C. In permeabilized trabeculae, isometric contractions activated by exposure to Ca(2+)- and Sr(2+)-containing solutions produced similar maximal force, but were four times more sensitive to Ca(2+)than to Sr(2+). The rate of loading and maximal SR capacity for caffeine-releasable Ca(2+)and Sr(2+)were similar. In isolated, voltage-clamped ventricular myocytes, the SR content was measured as Na(+)-Ca(2+)exchange current during caffeine-induced SR cation releases. The SR Ca(2+)load reached a steady maximum during a train of voltage clamp depolarizations. A similar maximal Sr(2+)load was not observed, suggesting that the SR capacity for Sr(2+)exceeds that for Ca(2+). Therefore, the relative inability of Sr(2+)to support cardiac EC coupling appears not to be due to failure of the SR to sequester Sr(2+). Instead, increases in cytosolic [Sr(2+)] seem to poorly activate Sr(2+)release from the SR.
Efficient modification of RNA by porphyrin cation photochemistry: monitoring the folding of coaxially stacked RNA helices in tRNA(Phe) and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rev response element RNA.

Coaxially stacked RNA helices are a determinant of RNA tertiary structure, but their presence is rarely detected using conventional chemical modification methods. In this report we describe a porphyrin ion photoreaction that enables one to monitor RNA stacking interactions and the folding of coaxially stacked RNA helices. The porphyrin cations meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine, meso-tetrakis(para-N-trimethylanilinium)porphine, and meso-tetrakis(2-N-methylpyridyl)porphine were used to characterize tRNAPhe and the human immunodeficiency virus type-I Rev response element RNA. Nucleosides at the bases of contiguous RNA helices in each RNA are efficiently modified by the porphyrin cations following irradiation of porphyrin−RNA mixtures. These photomodifications are markedly reduced for RNA equilibrated in ionic buffers that lead to enhanced stabilization of coaxially stacked helices. The porphyrin cation photoreaction specifically modifies G18, G20, and G34 in the tRNA folding produced by Mg(II). These ...
Fixed-point design of generalised comb filters: a statistical approach

This study is concerned with the problem of designing computationally efficient generalised comb (GC) filters. Basically, GC filters are anti-aliasing filters that guarantee superior performance in terms of selectivity and quantisation noise rejection compared to classical comb filters, when used as decimation filters in multistage architectures. Upon employing a partial polyphase (PP) architecture proposed in a companion study, the authors develop a sensitivity analysis in order to investigate the effects of the coefficients' quantisation on the frequency response of the designed filters. The authors show that the sensitivity of the filter response to errors in the coefficients is dependent on the particular split of the decimation factor between the two sub-filters constituting the PP architecture. The sensitivity analysis is then used for developing a fixed-point implementation of a sample filter from the class of GC filters, used as reference filter throughout the study. Finally, the authors present computer simulations in order to evaluate the performance of the designed fixed-point filters.
The Structural Injustice of Forced Migration and the Failings of Normative Theory

AbstractI propose to criticize two strands of argument—contractarian and utilitarian—that liberals have put forth in defense of economic coercion, based on the notion of justifiable paternalism. To illustrate my argument, I appeal to the example of forced labor migration, driven by the exigencies of market forces. In particular, the forced migration of a special subset of unemployed workers lacking other means of subsistence (economic refugees) cannot be redeemed paternalistically as freedom or welfare enhancing in the long run. Further, contractarian and utilitarian approaches are normatively incapable of appreciating this fact because the kinds of reasons that they adduce for justifying the long-term freedom-enhancing consequences of forced migration are not ones that would be acceptable to the migrants themselves. I conclude that only a discourse ethical approach, which mandates direct, empathetic communication between would-be migrants and members of potential host communities, captures the full range of reasons that would be acceptable to both migrants and members of these communities. These reasons—appealing both to agency-enhancing communal attachments as well as to agency-enhancing freedom of choice—fully reveals the extent to which a global capitalist system composed of relatively closed national communities coerces the world’s poorest migrants.
Taxonomy of inventory policies for supply‐chain effectiveness

The concept of taxonomy is applied to inventory management in a supply‐chain using the example of the US textile industry. Through classification and standardisation of issues related to inventory management problems, it is shown how inventory models and techniques can be generalised across diverse application environments represented by autonomous business entities that form the supply‐chain. Three generic models that implement inventory decision rules to address constant (or level), time varying (or chase), and mixed demand patterns associated with stock keeping unit (SKU) categories are proposed. Applications of these inventory models to a textile supply‐chain are discussed.
Selberg's symmetry formula

Abstract This article discusses the structure of Selberg's elementary proof of his ‘Symmetry Formula’ ([7]) in terms of analytic number theory. In particular, we use a measure-theoretic framework to examine how each step of the elementary argument encodes analytic information about σ( s ) and related functions.
Pharmacological Characterization of Isolated Human Prostate

ABSTRACTPurpose: Human prostate contains α-1 adrenergic, cholinergic and nonadrenergic noncholinergic neuroreceptors. Using agonistic and antagonistic agents at these neuroreceptors we studied the resultant contractile responses in isolated human prostate.Materials and Methods: Human prostate tissue was obtained at prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia in 37 adult male patients. Tissues were suspended in tissue bath chambers connected to force displacement transducers. Specimens were subjected to agonist induced contractions, the first always being norepinephrine (NE). Specimens were pretreated with antagonist (adrenergic, cholinergic, nonadrenergic noncholinergic or none if control), followed by contraction with a second agonist (NE or other). Contractile tensions were recorded on a polygraph and then statistically analyzed.Results: The order of highest to lowest agonist induced tensile forces was NE, dopamine, acetylcholine, bethanechol, histamine and serotonin. Excitatory concentration EC50 va...
Deep x-ray lithography for micromechanics

Extensions of the German LIGA process have brought about fabrication capability suitable for cost effective production of precision engineered components. The process attributes allow fabrication of mechanical components which are not capable of being made via conventional subtractive machining methods. Two process improvements have been responsible for this extended capability which involve the areas of thick photoresist application and planarization via precision lapping. Application of low-stress x-ray photoresist has been achieved using room temperature solvent bonding of a preformed photoresist sheet. Precision diamond lapping and polishing has provided a flexible process for the planarization of a wide variety of electroplated metals in the presence of photoresist. Exposure results from the 2.5 GeV National Synchrotron Light Source storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory have shown that structural heights of several millimeter and above are possible. The process capabilities are also well suited for microactuator fabrication. Linear and rotational magnetic microactuators have been constructed which use coil winding technology with LIGA fabricated coil forms. Actuator output forces of 1 milliNewton have been obtained with power dissipation on the order of milliWatts. A rotational microdynamometer system which is capable of measuring torque-speed data is also discussed.
Marked anterior displacement of the trachea and larynx from an esophageal obturator airway (EOA

A 67-year-old man suffering cardiopulmonary arrest had an apparently uneventful placement of an esophageal obturator airway (EOA ® ) by a well-trained ambulance crew. Subsequent clinical evaluation showed ventilation to be marginal. Attempts to insert an endotracheal tube were unsuccessful because the larynx could not be visualized. A subsequent postmortem examination showed that the EOA ® tube was kinked and bent back on itself so that the distal (balloon) end lay underneath the larynx, displacing it anteriorly.
Catheter-free 120W lithium triborate (LBO) laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy (PVP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Introduction and Objective We evaluate the safety and efficacy of catheter-free LBO laser PVP for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods We prospectively evaluated our initial LBO laser PVP experience and the need for urethral catheterization. Results Seventy consecutive patients were identified. 49 (70%) were discharged without (C−) and 21 (30%) were discharged with (C+) a urethral catheter. There were no significant differences in pre-operative parameters, including age (C−: 65±10 vs. C+: 69±9 years), AUASS (C−: 22±6 vs. C+: 21±6), Qmax (C−: 10±4 vs. C+: 8±3 ml/second), PVR (C−: 62±105 vs. C+: 57±82 ml) and prostate volume (C−: 65±35 vs. C+: 86±53 ml). There were no significant differences in laser time and energy usage. AUASS, Qmax and PVR values showed significant improvement within each group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between the two groups. All were outpatient procedures. 2/70 (2.9%) patients required catheter reinsertion in C+. The overall incidence of adverse events was low and did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions Our experience suggests that catheter-free LBO laser PVP is safe and effective for the treatment of LUTS secondary to BPH. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:529–534, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Production of Phage-neutralizing Activity in vitro by Cells derived from Burkitt's Lymphoma

THE production of antibodies after exposure to antigens in vitro has been reported1–4 to occur with immune competent cells from nonimmunized animals, but antibody production in response to specific antigens does not seem to have been observed with cultured cells of established human lines. We have now exposed cells of the human lymphoblastoid line P3-J (“Jijoye”), taken from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, to Coliphage T2 in vitro, and have found that the exposed cells appear to produce a factor capable of neutralizing the phage, probably an antibody. Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) cell lines5 No. 41 and No. 212, derived from human osteosarcoma and mesothelioma, respectively, produced no such factor.
Effects of Riparian Forest Removal on Fish Assemblages in Southern Appalachian Streams

Deforestation of riparian zones is known to influence the numbers and kinds of organisms that inhabit adjoining streams, but little quantitative information is available on how much deforestation must occur before the biota isaffected. We sampled fishes and stream habitats in 12 stream segments downstream from deforested but vegetated riparian patches 0-5.3 km long, all downslope from watersheds with at least 95% forest cover. We found an overall decrease in fish abundance with increasing length of nonforested ri- parian patch; sculpins, benthic minnows, and darters decreased, and sunfishes and water-column minnows increased in numbers. Introduced species were more common downstream from longer riparian patches. Habitat diversity decreased and riffles became filled with fine sediments as upstream patch length increased. Length of upstream nonforested patch and substrate particle size were much stronger predictors of fish occur- rence than riparian patch width. Faunal characteristics and physical features of the stream changed in direct proportion to the gradient of riparian disturbance, but the abundance of several species underwent pro- nounced change at particular threshold patch lengths. These results suggest that riparian forest removal leads to shifts in the structure of stream fish assemblages due to (1) decreases in fish species that do not guard hid- den eggs or that are dependent on swift, shallow water that flows over relatively sediment-free substrates, or (2) increases in fishes that guard their young in pebble or pit nests or that live in slower, deeper water. When watershed development is anticipated or planned, limited clearing of riparian trees may cause minor distur- bance to the fish assemblage, but streams in even a heavily forested watershed with vegetated riparian buff- ers cannot tolerate disruption of riparian-zone trees over much more than 1 km in length. Riparian buffer length and area should be given stronger consideration in stream protection and restoration plans.
Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Abstract Objective To share our experience on clinical presentation and management of patients diagnosed with Hashimoto's Encephalopathy (HE) at Vanderbilt Medical Center between 1999 and 2012. Background HE is a rare disorder characterized by encephalopathy and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, elevated antithyroid antibodies, the absence of infection or structural abnormalities in the CNS, and a response to treatment with steroids. The relationship between thyroid antibodies and encephalopathy has remained unresolved. Design/Methods Retrospective chart review. Results We identified 13 patients who met the criteria for the diagnosis of HE. The median age was 49 years (range, 2–66) and all except one were women. Encephalopathy in the form of altered mental status, stroke-like symptoms or seizures, with prompt resolution of symptoms upon receiving steroids, was the commonest presentation, seen in 7 patients. The second commonest presentation was subacute progressive decrease in cognitive function, which reversed within days to weeks after steroid therapy, seen in 4 patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was available in 12 patients and was abnormal in 8, showing nonspecific cerebral dysfunction in all 8 and epileptiform activity in 3. Treatment consisted of steroids in the acute phase for 12 of 13 patients with rapid improvement in symptoms. Maintenance therapy was rituximab in 7 patients, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in 7, azathioprine in 4, mycophenolate mofetil in 3, and methotrexate in 1 (some patients received sequential therapy with different agents). There was complete or near complete resolution of symptoms in 12 of the 13 patients. Conclusions We present a cohort of patients in whom CNS dysfunction was associated with elevated antithyroid antibodies and reversal of disease followed immunomodulatory therapies.
Negative pressure in the early universe and its effect on cosmological evolution

For various reasons the description of matter in terms of a negative pressure (or state of tension) may be a realistic possibility in the early universe. The effect of such a state of decompression on the evolution of the scale factor in a homogeneous and isotropic universe admitting energy-dependent bulk viscosity is briefly discussed.
Separation stress of nursery school infants and toddlers graduating to new classes

The play behaviors and sleep patterns of 12 infants (15 months) and 20 toddlers (24 months) were observed during the first and fourth week of the month preceding and following their graduation to new nursery classes. Observations were made and activity level was monitored during free play, sleep state changes were recorded during naptime and parents completed questionnaires on behavioral, sleep, eating, toileting, and illness changes during this transition. As compared to baseline, observations during the week preceding graduation and the week following graduation to a new class revealed greater amounts of fussing, verbal interaction, physical contact (both affectionate and aggressive), wandering, and fantasy play. Activity level was elevated and absenteeism more frequent. Latency to sleep was longer, more crying occurred preparatory to sleep and a lesser percentage of nap time was spent sleeping. The infants as compared to the toddlers were less agitated just prior to graduation, but more agitated during the first week in their new class. Those infants/toddlers who moved to a new class with a close friend appeared to be less affected by the transfer than those who did not move with a close friend.
Fourier descriptors for computer graphics

The two dimensional coding of contours by Fourier descriptors which have been used extensively in shape discrimination and pattern recognition in the past is extended into three dimensions so as to enhance the ability to geometrically transform surfaces in Euclidean space. A set of Fourier descriptors are used as a specific example of a linear transform for arbitrary closed shape contours in three dimensional Cartesian space which enhance data compression compared to computer graphics storage algorithms utilizing raw data. The Fourier descriptors can also be used for three dimensional graphical reconstruction of objects represented by data sets depicting consecutive contours or collections of quadrilaterals in space. These descriptors maintain linearity, thus they can be utilized for geometric transformations of these data sets, which may not be possible with non-linear data compression such as Huffman coding. Thus geometric transformations, such as those utilized in computer aided design (CAD) systems, of such contour data sets can be performed with less computation and storage requirements in the linear transform space than current techniques that transform data in the data space. >
Longus, Antiphon, and the topography of Lesbos

Since Daphnis and Chloe is a work of fiction, modern criticism has paid little attention to the topographical details of Lesbos which Longus scatters through his work. Today a preoccupation with biographical or topographical realism in literature is out of fashion, and Longus's world has in any case been described, by one of his most percipient modern critics, as ‘ un monde des plus irreels ’. Yet just as Longus's women reveal a striking blend of fictional romance and social realism, so the background to his narrative, however much adorned with items of baroque fancy, nevertheless remains solidly based on the geography and ecology of Lesbos itself. The cave of the Nymphs, with its grotto, its spring, and its clutter of statues, may derive from the pastoral property-closet; but Longus's description of Mytilene agrees with those given by Strabo and Pausanias, and many other details—the trailing vines, the wine, the flourishing orchards, the prevalence of hares for hunting—suggest familiarity with the terrain. The description in the proem of the grove of the Nymphs, thick with flowers and trees and watered by a single spring, at once calls to mind the site of the great temple at Mesa, in the Kalloni plain. Most striking of all, since often used as evidence for Longus's ignorance of Lesbos, is his vivid description of a heavy snowfall, much at odds with later travellers' accounts of the climate's perennial mildness. But in the winter of 1964, when I was living on the island, snow lay three feet deep in the chestnut forest above Aghiassos, while Methymna was icebound, with frozen taps and sub-zero temperatures, for ten days, so that all the eucalyptus trees outside the schoolhouse died. The worst winter in living memory was that of 1953/4; the mountains are frequently snowbound. Longus, like Alcaeus, who also describes such conditions, knew what he was talking about.
Synthesis of Novel Electro-catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising power sources for stand-alone utility and electric vehicle applications. Platinum (Pt) catalyst is used for both fuel and air electrodes in PEMFCs. However, carbon monoxide (CO) contamination of H2 greatly affects electrocatalysts used at the anode of PEMFCs and decreases cell performance. The irreversible poisoning of the anode can occur, even in CO concentrations as low as a few parts per million (ppm). In this work, we synthesized several novel electrocatalysts (Pt/C, Pt/Ru/C, Pt/Mo/C, Pt/Ir, and Pt/Ru/Mo) for PEMFCs. These catalysts were tested for CO tolerance in the H2/air fuel cell, using CO concentrations in the H2 fuel that varies from 10 to 100 ppm. The performance of the electrodes was evaluated by determining the cell potential against current density. The effects of catalyst composition and electrode film preparation method on the performance of PEM fuel cell were also studied. It was found that at 70°C and 3.5-atm pr...
Abstract A79: Genome‐wide RNAi screen for tetraploid‐specific lethality in cancer cells

Cancer cells are often genetically unstable, resulting in aneuploid genomes. The consequences of aneuploidy are poorly understood, but have been suggested to play roles in tumor aggressiveness, chemotherapy resistance, and metastasis. One important route to an aneuploid genome may be through doubling of the genome, leading to unstable tetraploid cells. Many cell division errors are ultimately manifest as a failure of cytokinesis. Especially in cells defective in p53 function, tetraploid cells proliferate, but generate both high rates of whole chromosome aneuploidy and defects in the maintenance of chromosome structural integrity. Our laboratory has demonstrated that, in p53‐primary cells, tetraploidy promotes tumor development and the resulting tumors display markedly abnormal genomes (Fujiwara T. et al. Nature 2005, 437: 1043). It is now known that several human cancer‐mutations — e.g. Rb loss or loss of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor — also predispose cytokinesis failure and tetraploidy. These findings highlight a need to understand in detail the physiological changes that accompany tetraploidy. To gain a comprehensive understanding of physiological alterations associated with tetraploidy in cancer cells, we have established tetraploid cell lines derived from a near diploid human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. Using these paired tetraploid and diploid cell lines, we have performed a genome‐wide RNAi screen to identify genes whose knock down selectively affect the viability of either diploids or tetraploid cells. We are currently validating the result of our ploidy‐specific lethality screen and we would like to update our progress at this conference. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A79.
Pseudoaneurysm and Intracardiac Fistula Caused by an Infected Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stent

A 54-year-old man with end-stage renal disease presented with chest pain. Five months before presentation the patient had a right-foot cellulitis that was treated with amoxicillin clavulanate. Two weeks later, the patient suffered an inferior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction that required immediate percutaneous coronary intervention with paclitaxel-eluting stents (Taxus, Boston Scientific, Natick, Mass) in the proximal and mid-right coronary artery (RCA). Over the next 4 months, the patient had recurrent fevers and grew Staphylococcus aureus on repeat blood cultures. The source of infection was attributed to recurrent infected dialysis catheters. The patient had 3 catheter replacements and was treated with intravenous vancomycin and oral rifampin. On examination, the patient had a continuous murmur along the right sternal border and an elevated troponin I level of 2.45 …
Optical levitation and manipulation of stuck particles with pulsed optical tweezers.

We report on optical levitation and manipulation of microscopic particles that are stuck on a glass surface with pulsed optical tweezers. An infrared pulse laser at 1.06??m was used to generate a large gradient force (up to 10?9?N) within a short duration (?45??s) that overcomes the adhesive interaction between the particles and the glass surface. Then a low-power continuous-wave diode laser at 785?nm was used to capture and manipulate the levitated particle. We have demonstrated that both stuck dielectric and biological micrometer-sized particles, including polystyrene beads, yeast cells, and Bacillus cereus bacteria, can be levitated and manipulated with this technique. We measured the single-pulse levitation efficiency for 2.0??m polystyrene beads as a function of the pulse energy and of the axial displacement from the stuck particle to the pulsed laser focus, which was as high as 88%.
Effects of Semantic and Acoustic Relatedness on Free Recall in a Between-Subjects Design:

The primary objective of the present study was to examine the degree to which acoustic relatedness of list items influences the organization and amount of S's free recall. In a previous srudy by the present invesrigator ( Forrester & King, 1971), this problem was approached by presenting Ss with a mixed list including semantically related, acoustically related, and unrelated words. The results were that recall was significantly better for semantically related items than for either of the other rwo components of the list. Recall of acoustically related words, or: the other hand, was not significantly different from recall of unrelated items. In addition to the aforementioned results, a significant amount of semantic clustering was found in the study, but there was no clustering via the acoustic dimension. The failure to find significant acoustic clustering by Forrester and King (1971) is at variance with the findings of Bousfield and Wicklund (1969). Since the latter investigators presented Ss with a single list of acoustically relared words (as opposed to the mixed list of Forrester and King), the difference in results could be due to differences in experimental design. The present study was therefore conducted to determine the replicabiliry of the Forrester-King results in the context of a berween-Ss design. Method.-A total of 36 introductory psychology students at the State University of New York at Oswego were Ss. None had participated in any previous verbal-learning experimena. Three iodependect groups were formed (n = 12) by means of a randomized schedule sheet and S's order of appearance in the laboratory. The groups differed only in terms of the learning materials presented to them (viz., semantically related, acoustically related, or unrelated words). Three different 12-word lists were used to fulfill the requirements of the experimental design. All words had Thorndike-Lorge frequencies of A or AA with the three lists equated for frequency. Th: list of semantically related words consisted of four categorical sets of items with three words per category. These items were selected from the Battig and Montague (1969) cctegory norms. The list of acoustically related words also consisted of four sets of items with three acoustically related words per set. Formal similarity among acoustically related items was minimized to avoid coofounding of these two factors. The specific words used in the study may be found in Forrester and King (1971). Irems were presented on a Stowe memory drum at the rate of 1.5 sec. per item. Presentation order was randomized, subject to the restriction that no two words from a given semantic or acoustic category ap,pear in successive input positions. Each S received three alternate-study-and-recall trials with a different randomization of the list on each trial. One min. was allowed for written free recall following each presentation of the list.
Extended Gutzwiller approximation for inhomogeneous systems

The generalization of the Gutzwiller approximation to inhomogeneous systems is considered, with extra spin-and-site-dependent fugacity factors included. It is found that the inclusion of fugacity factors reconciles the seemingly contradictory choices of Gutzwiller factors used in the literature. Moreover, from the derivation of the Gutzwiller factors, it is shown that the Gutzwiller approximation breaks the rotational symmetry of the trial wave functions and that different components of the spin-spin interaction need to be renormalized differently under the approximation. Various schemes to restore the rotational symmetry are discussed and are compared with results from variational Monte Carlo calculations for the two-dimensional square-lattice antiferromagnet. Results along different paths within the full parameter space, which correspond to different choices of fugacity factors in the literature, are also compared.
Down-regulation of a calmodulin-related gene during transformation of human mammary epithelial cells.

Abstract A human cDNA library obtained from cultured normal mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) was searched by subtractive hybridization for genes whose decrease in expression might be relevant to epithelial transformation. One clone identified by this procedure corresponded to a 1.4-kilobase mRNA, designated NB-1, whose expression was decreased greater than 50-fold in HMECs tumorigenically transformed in vitro after exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and Kirsten sarcoma virus. Sequence analysis of NB-1 cDNA revealed an open reading frame with a high degree of homology to calmodulin. NB-1 expression could be demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction amplification in normal breast, prostate, cervix, and epidermal tissues. The presence of NB-1 transcripts was variable in primary breast carcinoma tissues and undetectable in tumor-derived cell lines of breast, prostate, or other origins. NB-1 mRNA expression could be down-regulated in cultured HMECs by exposure to reconstituted extracellular matrix material, while exposure to transforming growth factor type beta increased its relative abundance. The protein encoded by NB-1 may have Ca2+ binding properties and perform functions similar to those of authentic calmodulin. Its possible roles in differentiation and/or suppression of tumorigenicity in epithelial tissues remain to be examined.
Calibrating Raman Spectrometers Using a Neon Lamp

The convenience of using a neon lamp for the calibration of Raman spectrometers is well established. Loader presents a tabulation of wavelength (A) in air, frequency (cm−1) in vacuum, and apparent Raman shift (cm−1) in vacuum (table 3, pp. 23–24 in Ref. 1). Strommen and Nakamoto present a tabulation of wavelength (A) in air and wavenumber (cm−1) in air (table 3.4, pp. 69–70 in Ref. 2). Both tabulations are based on the measured wavelength (A) for neon in standard air reported by Burns, Adams, and Longwell and contain 87 wavelengths for neon that are appropriate for calibration of Raman spectrometers utilizing the 488.0-nm line of an argon-ion laser. Craig and Levin offer the alternative of using the plasma lines of the laser itself for calibrating Raman spectrometers that utilize an argon-ion laser by merely detuning the laser. The tabulation of Craig and Levin includes sufficient data for calibration with respect to both the 488.0-nm and the 514.5-nm lines of the argon-ion laser. However, it may not always be convenient or desirable to remove or bypass optical elements in the system that eliminate the plasma lines of the argon-ion laser in order to use these lines for calibration after detuning the laser. For the benefit of those who need to calibrate their Raman spectrometer with respect to both the 488.0-nm and the 514.5-nm lines of the argon-ion laser and prefer to use the emission lines of a neon spectral calibration lamp rather than the plasma lines of the detuned laser, we expand the tabulation of Strommen and Nakamoto to include the needed 26 additional lines from the work of Burns, Adams, and Longwell. In addition, we briefly describe a procedure for the calibration of our Raman spectrometer with respect to the 514.5-nm line of the argon-ion laser.
Mannitol and oligosaccharides as new criteria for determining cold tolerance in sugarcane varieties

Sugarcane can be very susceptible to damage by freezes. Freeze-deteriorated cane can cause problems in processing and sometimes leads to a factory shut-down. This study was undertaken during the 2000/2001 harvest season to assess the cold tolerance performance of six commercial sugarcane varieties and to establish new and more sensitive criteria to measure cold tolerance. Two varieties CP 70-321 and CP 79-318, with known cold tolerance, were planted in the study as controls. The other varieties included LHo 83-153, LCP 85-384, HoCP 85-845 and HoCP 91-555. Freezing temperatures occurred on 20 December 2000 when the min. field temperature was � 4.4 � C, and again on 21 December, 30 December through 5 January 2001, 9–10 January and 20–21 January. The lowest field temperature recorded was � 5.6 � C on 4 January. Freezing conditions prevailed for 8–15 h during each freeze incident. Stalks of all varieties were frozen to the ground following the initial freeze, with freeze cracks evident only after the 4 January freeze. For this study, samples were taken on the date of the first freeze, 20 December, and subsequently again at 7, 14, 22 and 30 days after the first freeze. Criteria used to measure overall stalk cold-tolerance included changes in pH, Brix, dextran (ASI-II method), sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations. Mannitol, ethanol and the oligosaccharides, palatinose, leucrose, isomaltotriose and 1-kestose, were simultaneuously measured using IC-IPAD. Marked differences were observed in most criteria for all varieties, particularly 22 and 30 days after the first freeze. Mannitol was strongly correlated (r 2 =0.84) with dextran, confirming its use as an indicator for cane dextran deterioration. In comparison, ethanol was only weakly correlated (r 2 =0.55) with dextran and did not always predict cane dextran deterioration. Iso maltotriose was the most sensitive oligosaccharide indicator of freeze deterioration, although both leucrose and palatinose could be used to confirm whether severe dextran formation ( >1500 ppm/Brix) has occurred in cane. Isomaltotriose was strongly correlated (r 2 =0.89) with dextran and pH (r 2 =� 0.83);pH was also a strong indicator of both dextran (r 2 =� 0.85) and mannitol (r 2 =� 0.92) formation. Four of the varieties, CP 79-318, LCP 85-384, HoCP 85-845 and HoCP 91-555, were shown to be susceptible to other sources of microbial and enzymic deterioration as well as dextran deterioration from Leuconostoc bacteria, especially 30 days after the first freeze. This was indicated by increased glucose/fructose ratios, ethanol formation, changes in 1-kestose concentration, and further sucrose losses. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
The large‐scale energy budget of the Arctic

[1] This paper synthesizes a variety of atmospheric and oceanic data to examine the large-scale energy budget of the Arctic. Assessment of the atmospheric budget relies primarily on the ERA-40 reanalysis. The seasonal cycles of vertically integrated atmospheric energy storage and the convergence of energy transport from ERA-40, as evaluated for the polar cap (defined by the 70°N latitude circle), in general compare well with realizations from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis over the period 1979–2001. However, shortcomings in top of atmosphere radiation, as compared to satellite data, and the net surface flux, contribute to large energy budget residuals in ERA-40. The seasonal cycle of atmospheric energy storage is strongly modulated by the net surface flux, which is also the primary driver of seasonal changes in heat storage within the Arctic Ocean. Averaged for an Arctic Ocean domain, the July net surface flux from ERA-40 of −100 W m−2 (i.e., into the ocean), associated with sea ice melt and oceanic sensible heat gain, exceeds the atmospheric energy transport convergence of 91 W m−2. During winter (for which budget residuals are large), oceanic sensible heat loss and sea ice growth yield an upward surface flux of 50–60 W m−2, complemented with an atmospheric energy convergence of 80–90 W m−2 to provide a net radiation loss to space of 175–180 W m−2.
p53 controls prostate-derived factor/macrophage inhibitory cytokine/NSAID-activated gene expression in response to cell density, DNA damage and hypoxia through diverse mechanisms.

The p53 tumor suppressor modulates cellular response to stress through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Elucidation of the downstream targets of p53 following cell stress will aid in our understanding of the pathways involved in cellular adaptation to stressful stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that the TGF-β superfamily member, and putative tumor suppressor, prostate-derived factor (PDF)/NSAID-activated gene (NAG)-1/macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC)-1 is induced in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells following treatment with the DNA-damaging agent, doxorubicin, culture under hypoxic conditions and by the hypoxia mimetic, cobalt chloride. Additionally, PDF expression was induced by increasing cell density. Expression of dominant negative p53 in LNCaP cells blocked induction of PDF mRNA and protein demonstrating the requirement for functional p53 in PDF induction by these stimuli. DNA damage and hypoxia resulted in increased p53 protein accumulation indicating that PDF expression may be controlled by cellular levels of p53. We also show the requirement for de novo protein synthesis in PDF induction by hypoxia and DNA damage. Increased PDF mRNA stability in response to hypoxia and cobalt chloride, but not doxorubicin, indicates that p53-dependent induction of PDF expression occurs via diverse mechanisms. Thus, PDF may represent a novel target of p53 in response to cell stress.
Self-similar asymptotics for linear and nonlinear diffusion equations

The long-time asymptotic solutions of initial value problems for the heat equation and the nonlinear porous medium equation are self-similar spreading solutions. The symmetries of the governing equations yield three-parameter families of these solutions given in terms of their mass, center of mass, and variance. Unlike the mass and center of mass, the variance, or “time-shift,” of a solution is not a conserved quantity for the nonlinear problem. We derive an optimal linear estimate of the long-time variance. Newman's Lyapunov functional is used to produce a maximum entropy time-shift estimate. Results are applied to nonlinear merging and time-dependent, inhomogeneously forced diffusion problems.
Diachronic viscosity increase in waxy crude oils

Abstract During the study of paraffin wax deposition from crude oil in flow lines, it was observed that after exposure to air the viscosity of the oil increased continuously with time. The cause of this diachronic viscosity change has been investigated and evidence is presented to show that, for the crude oil used in this study, it is primarily due to the evaporation of lighter ends. Infrared spectroscopy was used to ascertain the type of changes that occurred in the oil under two conditions, oxidation and evaporation. The oil used came from the cretaceous Dakota reservoir in the Fourteen Mile field in Wyoming. The Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS), Gas Chromatograph–Flame Ionization Detector (GC–FID) analysis and other relevant property data pertaining to the oil are also presented.
Inhibition of dietary atherosclerosis in rabbits by norethynodrel.

Summary Norethynodrel administered to rabbits reduces the atherogenicity of a cholesterol diet in part through its effect on serum cholesterol. There is an increase of the aortic acid mucopolysaccharides of the treated animals, an observation which contradicts the theory that such accumulations predispose to the occurrence and localization of lipid deposits.
Hydrolysis of the soluble fluorescent molecule carboxyumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide by E. coli beta-glucuronidase as applied in a rugged, in situ optical sensor.

Abstract Techniques utilizing β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity as an indicator of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) presence use labeled glucuronides to produce optical signals. Carboxyumbelliferyl-β- d -glucuronide (CUGlcU) is a fluorescent labeled glucuronide that is soluble and highly fluorescent at natural water pHs and temperatures and, therefore, may be an ideal reagent for use in an in situ optical sensor. This paper reports for the first time the Michaelis–Menten kinetic parameters for the binding of E. coli GUS with CUGlcU as K m = 910 μM, V max = 41.0 μM min −1 , V max / K m 45.0 μmol L −1 min −1 , the optimal pH as 6.5 ± 1.0, optimal temperature as 38 °C, and the Gibb's free energy of activation as 61.40 kJ mol −1 . Additionally, it was found CUGlcU hydrolysis is not significantly affected by heavy solvents suggesting proton transfer and solvent addition that occur during hydrolysis are not limiting steps. Comparison studies were made with the more common fluorescent molecule methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucuronide (MUGlcU). Experiments showed GUS preferentially binds to MUGlcU in comparison to CUGlcU. CUGlcU was also demonstrated in a prototype optical sensor for the detection of E. coli. Initial bench testing of the sensor produced detection of low concentrations of E. coli (1.00 × 10 3 CFU/100 mL) in 230 ± 15.1 min and high concentrations (1.05 × 10 5 CFU/100 mL) in 8.00 ± 1.01 min.
Noble Natio and Modern Nation: The Czech Case

Czech nationalism differs in one important respect from its Polish and Hungarian counterparts: the Czech nation did not have a “national” aristocracy. As a result, so the conventional wisdom goes, when the modern Czech nationalist movement emerged, even its leading elites were only a few generations removed from the countryside, giving it a supposedly more egalitarian and bourgeois coloring. This affected its ideology and political program, and by extension, helped account for the relative stability of the interwar Czechoslovak democracy, the most successful of the “successor states.”