cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 Recursive Least Squares Signal Processing

The adaptive signal processing methods developed thus far in the text have all addressed the problem of solving the normal equations as given by (2.3.5). Implicit in this approach is that the statistical error measure of mean square prediction error is being minimized. The least mean squares (LMS) algorithm of Chapter 5 emulated the approach of the method of steepest descent for solving the normal equations, whereas the gradient lattice method of Chapter 7 used Durbin’s algorithm as a basis for computing an order-recursive solution to (2.3.5).
Nitric oxide metabolite flux during exercise in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Introduction: Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a clinically important stage in the spectrum of PAH. The pathophysiology of abnormal pulmonary vascular responses to exercise is poorly characterized. Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of vasodilation and accumulating data suggests impaired NO signaling PAH. Aims: The objective was to test the hypothesis that changes in stable NO metabolites (NOx) in blood during exercise in patients with resting or exercise-induced PAH would differ from NOx in individuals with normal exercise pulmonary arterial pressures. Patients were selected from a population referred to the MGH Cardiopulmonary Exercise Lab for invasive incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing with pulmonary and radial artery catheters. Simultaneous samples of arterial (a) and mixed venous (mv) blood at rest, peak exercise, and one hour post-exercise were obtained from 10 patients with PAH (VO2max 30 mmHg, and PVR >80 dyne s cm -5 ) and 10 controls (VO2max and Qtmax both >80% predicted). These were analyzed for [NOx] using chemiluminescence. Data are median [interquartile ranges]. Comparisons used the Mann-Whitney test. Results: NOx mv increased from rest to exercise in controls (45%, [4, 77], p=0.02), but not in PAH (0%, [-27, 15], p=0.97). NOx a increased in both groups (11% [-2, 26] v 7% [-7, 40], p=0.80). NOx flux [Qtmax × (mv – a [NOx])] in controls was greater than PAH (370% [-100, 4869] v -96% [-460, 6], p=0.04). There were no differences in [NOx] during recovery. Conclusions: Normal pulmonary vasodilation and recruitment during exercise may be dependent on NOx bioavailability in mixed venous blood.
Incorporating Educational Vocabulary in Learning Object Metadata Schemas

Educational metadata schemas are obligated to provide learning-related attributes in learning objects. The examination of current educational metadata standards found that few of them have places for incorporating educational vocabulary. Even within the educational category of metadata standards there is a lack of learning-related vocabulary for characterizing attributes that can help users identify the type of learning, objective, or context. The paper also discussed the problems with examples from a learning object taxonomy compiled by the authors.
The Deportation Threat Dynamic and Victimization of Latino Migrants: Wage Theft and Robbery

Deportations have been increasing since the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, although the number of unauthorized migrants working in the United States has increased as well. These conditions enable the deportation threat dynamic, a social mechanism which plays out between unauthorized Latino migrants and those who seek to take advantage of them and exposes the migrants to the risk of wage theft and robbery. I use mixed methods to identify and describe this social mechanism and its consequences as it operated in New Orleans, Louisiana in 2007 to 2008 after Hurricane Katrina generated a construction boom. I find that Latino migrants who sought work as day laborers were more likely to experience wage theft but were equally likely to experience criminal victimization. These crimes occur because Latino migrants were visually identifiable by unscrupulous employers and criminals who assumed they were unauthorized and therefore felt confident that the migrants would not report them to law enforcement authorities.
Against Financial Literacy Education

The dominant model of regulation in the United States for consumer credit, insurance, and investment products is disclosure and unfettered choice. As these products have become increasingly complex, consumers' inability to understand them has become increasingly apparent, and the consequences of this inability more dire. In response, policymakers have embraced financial literacy education as a necessary corollary to the disclosure model of regulation. This education is widely believed to turn consumers into "responsible" and "empowered" market players, motivated and competent to make financial decisions that increase their own welfare. The vision is of educated consumers handling their own credit, insurance, and retirement planning matters by confidently navigating the bountiful unrestricted marketplace. Although the vision is seductive, promising both a free market and increased consumer welfare, the predicate belief in the effectiveness of financial literacy education lacks empirical support. Moreover, the belief is implausible, given the velocity of change in the financial marketplace, the gulf between current consumer skills and those needed to understand today's complex non-standardized financial products, the persistence of biases in financial decisionmaking, and the disparity between educators and financial services firms in resources with which to reach consumers. Harboring this belief may be innocent, but it is not harmless; the pursuit of financial literacy poses costs that almost certainly swamp any benefits. For some consumers, financial education appears to increase confidence without improving ability, leading to worse decisions. When consumers find themselves in dire financial straits, the regulation through education model blames them for their plight, shaming them and deflecting calls for effective market regulation. Consumers generally do not serve as their own doctors and lawyers and for reasons of efficient division of labor alone, generally should not serve as their own financial experts. The search for effective financial literacy education should be replaced by a search for policies more conducive to good consumer financial outcomes.
Dressed state "engineering" with double-dark states: experimental observation of hyper-Raman transitions

Summary form only given. Dark states are coherent superpositions of metastable states in multilevel systems that can be generated by a pair of electromagnetic fields (e.g. by probe and pump fields), but are not coupled by the fields. As a rule, any perturbations of such a state are undesirable, since they result in reduction of coherence. However, it has been recently predicted that coherent perturbation of the dark state does not necessarily lead to simple destruction of coherence. In the case when a third meta-stable state coupled by a weak radio frequency (RF) field additional sharp resonances on the spectrum displaying electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT, dashed line) have been predicted. This phenomenon is a generalization of the well-known EIT concept to higher-order hyper-Raman transitions.
Is Dishonesty Contagious? An Experiment

When an individual believes that peers are predominantly untruthful in a given situation, is he/she more likely to be untruthful in that situation? We study this question in a deception experiment patterned after Gneezy (2005), finding evidence that dishonesty is indeed contagious. We argue that existing theories of other-regarding preferences are unlikely to explain this result.
Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Survival of Simian Virus 40 Functions in Human and Mouse Cells

The relative sensitivities to ultraviolet light of various simian virus 40 (SV40) functions were studied in human and mouse cells. Transformation appeared to be less ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive than either T or V antigen when all functions were compared in the same cell. However, the time course of both T- and V-antigen appearance was delayed with UV-irradiated virus, so that the survival curves of these functions changed with time. Mouse and human cells which were transformed by UV-SV40 all contained SV40 T antigen. Infectious virus could be recovered from many more transformants than would be expected from the infectivity in African green monkey kidney cells of the irradiated virus. The results suggest that human and mouse cells are capable of reactivating UV-damaged SV40.
Book Review Essay: Not Understanding the Network? A Review of Four Contemporary Works

Conan O'Brien, on his second episode as the host of The Tonight Show, debuted a segment called “Twitter Tracker,” which he introduced by explaining the recent popularity of social networking Web si...
Whole-Mount in Situ Hybridization for the Detection of RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans Embryos

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the whole-mount in situ hybridization for the detection of RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. In situ hybridization to RNA is an effective tool for the analysis of gene expression during development. This technique is particularly important for Caenorhabditis elegans, as isolation of RNA from specific tissues or developmental stages is generally not possible in this organism. The availability of the complete cell lineage and the reproducibility of cell positions from one animal to the next allow RNA expression patterns to be analyzed at the level of individual cells. A number of in situ hybridization protocols have been developed for the detection of RNA in squashed, dissected, or sectioned tissues of C. elegans. More recently, protocols using whole-mount preparations of C. elegans have also been described. By preserving the three-dimensional structure of the specimen, whole-mount preparations facilitate the identification of specific cells and the analysis of complex expression patterns. This chapter describes a protocol for detection of RNA in whole-mount C. elegans embryos. This procedure is based on protocols for Drosophila, which makes use of highly sensitive digoxigenin-labeled probes.
Relativistic effects in nuclei

In this talk, I will discuss how relativistic meson theory is developed and applied to the electromagnetic description of the two nucleon system.These techniques are being extended to the three body system, and very similar methods have been applied to nuclear matter, but I will not review this work here.Many of the experiments proposed for ELSA and CEBAF will test the ideas discussed here, but I will devote the bulk of my discussion to the theoretical ideas rather than experimental tests.
Reactivation of sarcoidosis during interferon therapy

The exacerbation of a co-existing autoimmune disease is often a concern for physicians who use immunomodulating agents for the treatment of a concomitant process. As physicians begin to treat chronic hepatitis C more often and more aggressively, this potential problem with occur more frequently. Herein we reported a case of reactivation of sarcoidosis occurring during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, and we present a literature review of other centers' experiences with this problem. Depending upon the severity of the exacerbation and the type of organ involvement, reactivation of sarcoidosis may require discontinuation of the interferon therapy, with or without the use of additional steroids. The majority of patients, however, do not require the use of steroids. Interestingly, continuation of the interferon therapy in the presence of a mild-to-moderate exacerbation of sarcoidosis may be safe in a minority of patients with noncritical organ involvement.
Phocomelia With Mandibular Hypoplasia: A New Syndrome

We have observed the association of non-thalidomide phocomelia and hypoplasia of the mandible (Pierr-Robin syndrome) in two unrelated infants. Baby boy C was born at term after a normal gestation. The mother was 29 and denied either illness or medication during pregnancy. Five months postpartum she had no glucosuria. The baby showed multiple deformities : both hands were hypoplastic with no visibly separate fingers. The right hand was more primitive than the left. X-ray revealed absence of the tubular bones of the metacarpals and phalanges bilaterally. The feet showed similar abnormalities. There was micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft soft palate and tracheomalacia. Eyes and fundi were normal. The baby expired after numerous apneic spells associated with cyanosis. Baby boy D was born at term to a 29-year-old mother who was hospitalized for schizophrenia during the pregnancy; she showed intermeittent glucosuria. The infant exhibited micrognathia, shortening of the right femur and bilateral club feet. X-rays showed the cortex of the femurs to be abnormally thick, and defects were noted in the vertebral bodies of the lower lumbar column. Ocular fundi were normal. The baby expired after a gastrostomy and repeated apneic episodes. Cytogenetic studies on both patients were normal. Our two patients, together with the previously reported two cases [PASSARGE, Lancet i : 324, 1965 ; CENTA and ROVEI, Pathologica 57 : 245, 1965] appear to represent a distinct syndrome.
Discovery of anthranilamides as a novel class of inhibitors of neurotropic alphavirus replication.

Abstract Neurotropic alphaviruses are debilitating pathogens that infect the central nervous system (CNS) and are transmitted to humans via mosquitoes. There exist no effective human vaccines against these viruses, underlining the need for effective antivirals, but no antiviral drugs are available for treating infection once the viruses have invaded the CNS. Previously, we reported the development of novel indole-2-carboxamide-based inhibitors of alphavirus replication that demonstrate significant reduction of viral titer and achieve measurable brain permeation in a pharmacokinetic mouse model. Herein we report our continued efforts to improve physicochemical properties predictive of in vivo blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability through reduction of overall molecular weight, replacing the indole core with a variety of aromatic and non-aromatic monocyclics. These studies culminated in the identification of simple anthranilamides that retain excellent potency with improved metabolic stability and significantly greater aqueous solubility. Furthermore, in a live virus study, we showed that two new compounds were capable of reducing viral titer by two orders of magnitude and that these compounds likely exert their effects through a mechanism similar to that of our indole-2-carboxamide inhibitors.
Collisionless tearing instability in magnetotail plasmas

The problem of the linear stability of collisionless tearing modes in the earth's magnetotail is revisited. It is found that the collisionless tearing mode is linearly unstable with wavelengths of the order of 10 R(E). It is shown that an important feature neglected in earlier theories is a nonzero equilibrium B(y)-field. The physics of the instability is elucidated in the context of a simple slab model and a sheared parabolic model which is representative of the magnetotail in which all three components of the magnetic field are nonzero. The dispersion equation for the instability is obtained by a boundary-layer analysis. The implications of the theory for recent observations on current disruption and diversion during substorms is discussed.
Predicting the velocity and azimuth of fragments generated by the range destruction or random failure of rocket casings and tankage

The details of a predictive analytical modeling process as well as the development of normalized relations for momentum partition as a function of SRM burn time and initial geometry are discussed in this paper. Methods for applying similar modeling techniques to liquid-tankage-over-pressure failures are also discussed. These methods have been calibrated against observed SRM ascent failures and on-orbit tankage failures. Casing-quadrant sized fragments with velocities exceeding 100 m/s resulted from Titan 34D-SRM range destruct actions at 10 sec mission elapsed time (MET). Casing-quadrant sized fragments with velocities of approximately 200 m/s resulted from STS-SRM range destruct actions at 110 sec MET. Similar sized fragments for Ariane third stage and Delta second stage tankage were predicted to have maximum velocities of 260 m/s and 480 m/s respectively. Good agreement was found between the predictions and observations for five specific events and it was concluded that the methods developed have good potential for use in predicting the fragmentation process of a number of generically similar casing and tankage systems. There are three copies in the file, one of these is loose.
Constitutive model for the shear response of Dyneema® fiber composites

Abstract Dyneema® composites exhibit remarkable mechanical performance over a wide range of quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The principal objective of the present study is to develop a constitutive model for their large-strain intralaminar shear deformation: one of the important characteristics governing dynamic performance of composite plates. To this end, tensile tests were conducted on cross-ply composite specimens in the [±45°] orientation. In parallel, an analytical model based on a binary representation of the constituent phases was developed and validated using finite element analyses. The results show that the rapid hardening in the stress–strain curve is attributable to rotations of fibers in the plastic domain. At large plastic strains (>0.1), the tests show that the composites begin to undergo dilatation: a consequence of microstructural damage. In this domain, the model predictions of the stress–strain response (neglecting damage) exceed those measured experimentally; further study is needed to ascertain the underlying damage mechanisms.
Mass sensing with optomechanical oscillation

We demonstrate the application of optomechanical oscillator (OMO) as a high-resolution mass sensor. Preliminary experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the optomechanical oscillator can function as a low-power mass sensor with sub-pg sensitivity.
Latest optical methods for industrial dimensional metrology

Applying optical methods to a simple inspection problem, such as the presence or absence of an assembly component, is likely the least restrictive of any machine vision application. The setup, alignment, and components can be made very simply by using any feature which appears different if the component of interest is present. Gaging to verify proper construction, however, can be a much more complicated task. To take advantage of the capability of machine vision and other optical technologies, some flexibility in part position, orientation, and speed of presentation may be desired. This paper will review the types of methods available from optical methods for industrial dimensional metrology. The emphasis of the discussion will be 2D and 3D gaging applications.
Electron scattering from oriented holmium

Discrepancies among experiments and theory on electron scattering from oriented holmium are partially resolved. An estimate is presented which suggests that the distorted-wave Born-approximation orientation effect calculated by Wright is too large by about a factor of 2. Distorted-wave Born approximation calculations (made with a coupled-channel program) are presented which confirm this suggestion. They agree well with the Stanford data for orientation perpendicular to the scattering plane. The previous discrepancy for orientation along the recoil-momentum direction is reduced, but is not removed. The sensitivity of these results to the charge shape is examined although a fit to the data is not made. Results are given of a complete coupled-channel calculation for the first three nuclear states. Suggestions are made for future work, and cross sections and orientation effects for energy-resolved scattering from holmium at 200 MeV are given. (AIP)
A menu of moral issues: One week in the life of The Wall Street Journal

A “menu” of twelve moral issues that seem to be common to all organizations is described and illustrated. This “menu” identifies some of the most prominent moral issues requiring individuals to decide where to draw the line between moral and immoral conduct. A review ofThe Wall Street Journal during just one week provided over sixty articles illustrating how moral issues are inherent in almost every business decision. The articles included several illustrations of stealing, lying, and fraud that are immoral, although in some cases not technically illegal. Other articles illustrated conflicts of interest, influence buying, hiding information, divulging personal information, taking unfair advantage, personal decadence, interpersonal abuse, organizational abuse, rule violations, being an accessory to unethical acts, and balancing ethical dilemmas. These illustrations are intended to help individuals identify moral issues and recognize the situations when they arise so they can avoid unwitting immoral behavior.
Photometric Geodesy of main-belt asteroids: IV. An updated analysis of lightcurves for poles, periods, and shapes

The Drummond et al. (1988) analysis of main-belt asteroids is presently extended, using three independent methods to derive poles, periods, phase functions, and triaxial ellipsoid shapes from lightcurve maxima and minima. This group of 26 asteroids is also reinvestigated with a view to the distributions of triaxial shapes and obliquity distributions. Poles weakly tend to avoid asteroid orbital planes; a rough-smooth dichotomization appears to be justified by the persistence of two solar phase angle-amplitude relations. Seven of the objects may be Jacobi ellipsoids if axial ratios are slightly exaggerated by a systematic effect of the analytical method employed.
On polarity detection schemes with non-gaussian inputs

Abstract The design of signal detectors which are optimum (in the Neyman-Pearson sense) requires a complete statistical description of the input processes. Certain non-optimum detectors, the “nonparametric detectors,” have the interesting property that their false alarm rates can be fixed for wide classes of inputs. These detectors are often easy to implement and are useful when the input statistics are not completely known. This paper treats two practical nonparametric detectors, the one-input sign detector and the two-input polarity coincidence correlator, both of which utilize only the polarity information about the input. The performance of these nonparametric detectors is evaluated for a wide class of non-gaussian input noises. Their performance is compared to that of their Neyman-Pearson counterparts designed on the assumption of gaussian stationary noises. The comparisons are based on asymptotic relative efficiency (a.r.e.). While the a.r.e. gives a close approximation to the actual relative efficiency for stationary gaussian inputs, significant differences result when considering non-gaussian inputs, particularly of the impulse type. For stationary gaussian inputs the sign detector is 64 per cent as efficient as its Neyman-Pearson counterpart, the mean detector. Under the same conditions the polarity coincidence correlator (PCC) is ,20 per cent as efficient as its Neyman-Pearson counterpart. It is demonstrated in this paper that these known results are relatively insensitive to small changes in the noise statistics. However, as the amplitude density of the noise processes become more sharply peaked and/or more asymmetrical, then the nonparametric detectors become more efficient than the Neyman-Pearson detectors designed for gaussian inputs. These types of noise processes resemble what is commonly called impulse noise.
LEAD (Pb)–CALCIUM (Ca) INTERACTIONS IN CULTURED OSTEOCLASTIC BONE CELLS (OC)

Perturbations in intracellular Ca homeostasis, produced by Pb at low concentrations, may be an unifying hypothesis to explain Pb toxicity at the cellular level. Such perturbations may place the regulation of cellular processes out of the physiological range of normal control through changes in cytosolic free Ca concentration. The present study was undertaken to characterize more fully Ca:Pb ratios in different structural compartments of OC. Bone cells, enriched for OC, were prepared by a collagenase digestion of murine calvaria. After OC grew to confluence in 7 days, intracellular Ca:Pb ratios were calculated using kinetic analyses of dual label 45Ca and 210pb washout curves by desaturation techniques that employed a validated 3 compartment model. The ratio of Ca:Pb half-times and rate constants were <4 thereby indicating similar intracellular pathways for these two metals. However, the kinetic distribution of Ca and Pb in OC was not symmetrical; the Ca:Pb ratio for two rapidly exchanging compartments was 40:1; for the most slowly exchanging compartment, which includes mitochondrial Ca and Pb, the Ca:Pb ratio was 7:1. The Ca:Pb ratios for the steady state flux across the plasma membrane was 35:1; and the ratio was 30:1 across the mitochondrial membrane. These observations reveal both similarities and differences in the intracellular homeostasis of Ca and Pb in OC. These quantitative relationships should be considered for the evaluation of Pb effects on intracellular Ca homeostasis and Ca functions in OC, other cell types and in cell-free systems.
4575 Disruption of the external anal sphincter by endorectal ultrasonography correlates with maximal squeeze tone in fecal incontinence.

Background: Prior studies have correlated sphincter anatomy as seen by ERUS with manometry in healthy patients. There is little data regarding the correlation between sphincter defects as seen by ERUS to manometry for the evaluation of fecal incontinence. Aims: To determine whether defects seen either in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) or EAS by ERUS correlated with either the basal or maximal squeeze sphincter pressures in patients with fecal incontinence. Methods: Thirty patients (20F, 10M, mean age 58.7 ± 2.8) underwent anorectal manometry using a low compliance perfusion anorectal manometry catheter (Medtronics®, Minneapolis,MN) followed by ERUS using either the Olympus GFUM20 or GFUM 130 (Olympus America, Melville, NY) for the management of fecal incontinence between 1/97 and 10/99. Basal (nl >55 mm Hg) and maximal squeeze pressures (nl >100 mm Hg) were recorded. The endosonographers were blinded to the manometric findings. Statistical analysis using unpaired t-test was performed to compare the maximal squeeze tone in intact vs. disrupted EAS by ERUS. Results: 24 patients successfully completed both the manometry and the ERUS. Defects in the EAS were seen in 7 patients. There was no difference seen in the basal pressures in patients with intact vs. those with disrupted EAS (32 ± 3.8 vs. 29.8 ± 4., p=0.7106). Patients with an intact EAS were found to have a higher maximal squeeze tone than those with a disrupted EAS (67.5 ± 9.4 vs. 29.0 ± 7.9, p=0.02).
Determinants for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase assembly within the β subunit

We used binding assays and other approaches to identify fragments of the Escherichia coli RNAP beta subunit involved in the obligatory interaction with the alpha subunit to form the stable assembly intermediate alpha2beta as well as in the interaction to recruit the beta' subunit into the alpha2beta sub-assembly. We show that two regions of evolutionarily conserved sequence near the C terminus of beta (conserved regions H and I) are central to the assembly of RNAP and likely make subunit-subunit contacts with both alpha and beta'.
Word to the Wise: Felsic & Mafic

In the description of igneous rocks (see the article on pegmatites of Tanakamiyama, Japan, this issue), two commonly used terms are felsic and mafic. These are both used to indicate the chemical co...
Cycling of O-linked β- N -acetylglucosamine on nucleocytoplasmic proteins

All animals and plants dynamically attach and remove O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at serine and threonine residues on myriad nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc cycling, which is tightly regulated by the concerted actions of two highly conserved enzymes, serves as a nutrient and stress sensor. On some proteins, O-GlcNAc competes directly with phosphate for serine/threonine residues. Glycosylation with O-GlcNAc modulates signalling, and influences protein expression, degradation and trafficking. Emerging data indicate that O-GlcNAc glycosylation has a role in the aetiology of diabetes and neurodegeneration.
Evaluation of Criteria for Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction: Study of 256 Patients with Intermittent Left Bundle Branch Block

In an attempt to elucidate the specificity and sensitivity of atypical findings during left bundle branch block (LBBB) with respect to myocardial infarction (MI), we analyzed ECGs from patients with intermittent LBBB obtained by mail solicitation of cardiologists. The group consisted of 256 patient files fulfilling the following criteria: 1) complete LBBB present on one or more 12-lead ECGs, and 2) at least one 12-lead ECG taken subsequent to a LBBB tracing exhibiting absence of LBBB (non-LBBB). The sensitivity of atypical LBBB for predicting presence of MI was 0.41, the specificity 0.64, and the accuracy 0.59. No specific atypical finding was significantly better than any other in predicting MI. We conclude that atypical findings present during LBBB are of little value in predicting the presence of MI (as diagnosed by significant Q waves present during non-LBBB conduction).
How(e) Now

The life and legacy of Irving Howe are significant not only because they represent the intellectual biography of a leading American literary-political figure of the twentieth-centuty, nor merely illuminate the historical period in which he wrote. Rather, they also bear relevance to the state of America in our own time, one in which our ideological polarization has reached extremes. This essay discusses the pertinence of Howe’s achievement for the present-day political situation, especially for the possibility that his work could contribute toward the revival of Left-liberalism in America. Just as Howe's political innocence was tested and matured into more nuanced understanding and deepened ambivalence, so might his mature work and example inspire a new generation of liberals to move beyond idealism and find a sober mix that balances principle and pragmatism.
Residual Supplier Model of Coarse Grains Trade: Comment

Bredahl and Green (BG) present a test of the residual supplier model. The purpose of this comment is to suggest that they ignore the possibility of committing a type II error when testing for causality and that their conclusions cannot be as definitive as they suggest. It should be pointed out that others, such as Granger, Sims, Pierce and Haugh, and Chow, also appear to ignore type II error as it relates to causality testing. After discussing the residual supplier hypothesis BG use the procedures suggested by Granger and Sims to test for causality between world prices, coarse grain exports, and coarse grain acreage. Specifically, they were interested in determining if U.S. exports and acreage were responsive to world prices and if competing exporters' exports and acreage were not responsive to world prices. They state: "the explanatory variables do not 'cause' the dependent variable if the coefficients of the current and lagged values of the explanatory variables are not significantly different from zero" (p. 787). I have no argument with BG up to this point. The disagreement arises in their interpretation of the results from the tests they performed. The tests they used were designed to test for the presence of a relationship, not to test for its absence-as they used it. Before pursuing this line of thought further, it is useful to review briefly the sampling theory approach to hypothesis testing.
Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy by Cathodoluminescence-Activated Excitation

The nanoscale dynamical processes of organization, complexing, and aggregation of biomolecules lie at the foundation of many critical processes in metabolism, signaling, and disease. Our understanding of these processes, particularly those occurring in crowded environments, remains limited thus far by our inability to probe small aqueous volumes optically. To generate a nanoscale optical probe for visualizing nanoscale biological dynamics, we have developed and demonstrated a new approach that combines the advantages of electron and fluorescence microscopies, namely the nanoscale focusing and fast scanning capabilities of electron microscopy and the chemical specificity and non-invasiveness of fluorescence microscopy. Our new super resolution optical imaging platform consists of a high-brightness, rapidly scannable, 20-nm optical spot in cathodoluminescent (CL) thin film generated by a low energy, tightly focused electron beam from a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Because the CL film is only 10-20 nm thick, optical excitations activated by the electron beam in the CL film can be non-radiatively transferred to adjacent fluorescently labeled molecules in an encapsulated sample volume via Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). By correlating the position of the electron beam with fluorescence from the sample, we can generate images with nanoscale resolution, high optical contrast, and fast acquisition rates. Using this approach, we have successfully imaged plasmonic metal nanoparticles with 46 nm-resolution and demonstrated high-resolution CL-activated FRET with luminescent polymer blends. By encapsulating a aqueous biological sample adjacent to the film, we anticipate imaging processes, such as DNA repair, protein aggregation, and diffusion of protein complexes on lipid membranes. We aim to achieve a spectrally-specific scanning optical microscopy with at least 20 nm lateral resolution and 10 nm axial resolution with a fast acquisition rate.
Responses of early and late onset phrenic motoneurons to lung inflation.

Abstract In anesthetized or decerebrate cats that were paralyzed and ventilated with a cycle-triggered pump, we produced changes in activity of the whole phrenic nerve and of individual phrenic motoneurons (fibers or cell in the spinal cord) by withholding lung inflation during the inspiratory (I) phase. The neurons were classified into early- and late-onset types (discharge onset less or greater than 80 msec, respectively, after whole phrenic onset). Both unit and whole phrenic activity exhibited a variety of responses to inflation (excitation, depression, or no effect); but there were no consistent differences between responses of early- and late-onset neurons. The distribution of responses was quite different from that of dorsal respiratory group (DRG) I neurons (Cohen and Feldman, 1984); in particular there was no group of phrenic neurons corresponding to the late-onset I-beta neurons (I neurons excited by inflation). We conclude that the inputs to late-onset phrenic neurons are not predominantly or exclusively from late-onset DRG neurons.
Wear and neutron activition of positioning pins in the Millstone-2 reactor

Abstract Wear and Co 60 activity were measured on three positioning pins discharged from the Millstone-2 reactor. These data were used to explicitly calculate the inventory of Co 60 released from the full complement of 26 positioning pins. Activated Co 60 is the isotope primarily responsible for the buildup of radiation fields on out-of-core surfaces. The data show positioning pin wear was a significant source of activity in this reactor.
Patient-Centered Communication to Assess and Enhance Patient Adherence to Glaucoma Medication

Topic Using an understanding of a patient's difficulty in revealing nonadherence and patient-centered communication skills to identify and address barriers to adherence to glaucoma medication regimens. Clinical Relevance In addition to cost and logistical difficulties with obtaining and administering medicine, a patient's adherence to medication is influenced by the balance between the perceived need for medication and concerns about taking medication. Methods This article is based on both the author's clinical experience and peer-reviewed research on effective doctor-patient communication and assessment and management of nonadherence. Results Three strategies have been identified that help physicians to detect and address problems with adherence: (1) a 4-step adherence assessment interview designed to detect nonadherence that decreases patient resistance to revealing nonadherence by applying a shared decision-making process and mitigating social undesirability; (2) asking open-ended questions in ask-tell-ask sequences; and (3) tailoring interventions to the patient's stage of readiness for change. Conclusions Patients conceal nonadherence because they want to be thought of by their physicians as good patients. They are driven to nonadherence by an imbalance between their perceived need for medication and their concerns about taking it. Patient-centered communication techniques can engage the patient in shared decision making about medication, thereby redefining the good patient as someone who works with his or her health care provider to address adherence barriers. Those barriers can be explored with open-ended questions designed to elicit the patient's understanding and concerns, to provide information, and to assess change in the patient's understanding and attitudes. Communication will be more effective if it is based on the patient's stage of readiness to adopt adherent self-management practices. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Nonlinear shallow-water solutions using the weak temperature gradient approximation

A form of the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation, in which the temperature tendency and advection terms are neglected in the temperature equation so that the equation reduces to a diagnostic balance between heating and vertical motion, is applied to a two-dimensional nonlinear shallow-water model with the heating (mass source) parameterized as a Newtonian relaxation on the temperature (layer thickness) towards a prescribed function of latitude and longitude, containing an isolated maximum or minimum, as in the classic linear Gill problem. In this model, temperature variations are retained in the Newtonian heating term, so that it is not a pure WTG system. It contains no free unbalanced modes, but reduces to the Gill model in the steady linear limit, so that steady solutions may be thought of as containing components corresponding to unbalanced modes in the same sense as the latter. The equations are solved numerically and are compared with full shallow-water solutions in which the WTG approximation is not made. Several external parameters are varied, including the strength, location, sign, and horizontal scale of the mass source, the Rayleigh friction coefficient, and the time scale for the relaxation on the mass field. Indices of the Walker and Hadley circulations are examined as functions of these external parameters. Differences between the WTG solutions and those from the full shallow-water system are small over most of the parameter regime studied, which includes time-dependent as well as steady solutions.
Hybridization-Based Unquenching of DNA Hairpins on Au Surfaces: Prototypical “Molecular Beacon” Biosensors

There is a keen interest in developing techniques for rapid genetic analysis that do not require labeling of an analyte. Here we demonstrate that fluorophore-tagged DNA hairpins attached to gold films can function as immobilized “molecular beacons”. Two DNA hairpins incorporating portions of the Staphlococcus aureus FemA and mecR methicillin-resistance genes were attached to a gold substrate. Upon exposure to the complement, a ∼26-fold increase in fluorescence intensity was measured corresponding to a 96 ± 5% quenching efficiency. Studies with nonspecific DNA indicate that DNA hairpins immobilized on a gold surface retain their ability to bind complementary DNA sequences selectively.
Electric-field-induced second-harmonic microscopy

Electric-field-induced second-harmonic (EFISH) generation is used as the basis for constructing a nonlinear optical microscope to image electric field distributions near metal- Si(001) junctions with sub-micron lateral resolution. Two configurations – stationary projection imaging and confocal scanning – are demonstrated and comparatively evaluated. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GTP binding protein: Properties and lack of activation by phosphorylated rhodopsin

Taking advantage of the capability of GTP binding protein to bind GTP, we purified the catalytic subunit (G alpha) of bovine rod GTP binding protein by nucleotide-affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL6B. Purified G alpha was essentially free of bound guanine nucleotide and activated by photoactivated rod membranes. Circular dichroism spectra suggested that a significant portion of the protein would be in alpha-helical conformation. No appreciable differences were detected in the circular dichroism spectra when G alpha . GDP and G alpha . GppNp were compared. The extent of G protein activation by rod membranes was reduced moderately by phosphorylation of rhodopsin during photolysis. However, if the pigment had been phosphorylated and regenerated, the ability of rhodopsin to activate G protein was markedly suppressed.
The behavioural and physiological response of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. to short-term acute hypoxia

The average rate of swimming speed and the physiological status or stress of individual Atlantic cod Gadus morhua was monitored in response to short-term acute (STA) hypoxia (i.e. partial pressure of oxygen, Po 2 , reduced from 20·9 to 4·3 kPa within 1 h at 10° C). The STA hypoxic response of Atlantic cod was associated with a large primary increase (+29%) and a large secondary decrease (-54%) in swimming speed as well as major physiological stress (e.g. plasma cortisol = 214·7 ng ml -1 and blood lactate = 2·41 mmol l -1 ).
Information, optimality and pollution control

Abstract A mechanism that provides for the efficient production of public goods suggested recently by Groves-Ledyard is reinterpreted as an efficient emissions' rights market scheme. A generalization of the Groves-Ledyard mechanism which Suchanek has shown to comprise an efficient emissions' quotas scheme is restated and then converted into an efficient emissions' charges scheme. The relationship between these schemes yields the standard duality of optimal emissions' charges and optimal emissions' quotas. This duality result is not as strong as one might believe. As an illustration, two emissions' charges schemes are presented each of which generates the charges dual to the optimal quotas given by the specified optimal emissions' quotas government but which are inefficient in general.
Wedge gastroplasty and reinforced crural repair: important components of laparoscopic giant or recurrent hiatal hernia repair.

Objective Laparoscopic repair of a giant hiatal hernia (>50% of the stomach above the diaphragm) is associated with short-term recurrence rates of 12% to 42%. Recurrent hiatal hernias often have significantly altered anatomy, making laparoscopic repair challenging. We hypothesized that increasing intra-abdominal esophageal length by means of Collis wedge gastroplasty, complete fat-pad dissection, hernia-sac excision, and primary reinforced crural repair would minimize short-term recurrence and provide adequate symptomatic relief. Methods From January 1, 2001, though May 1, 2005, 61 patients underwent laparoscopic repair of a giant or recurrent hiatal hernia with a Collis wedge gastroplasty and Nissen fundoplication. Symptomatic outcomes were assessed with a validated questionnaire (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Health-Related Quality of Life). We obtained postoperative radiographic imaging to objectively assess anatomic results at a median of 1.13 years. Results Of the 61 patients, 12 (20%) were referred to our institution after previous repairs. Operating time averaged 308 ± 103 minutes. The median hospital stay was 4 days. Postoperative complications occurred in 5 (8.2%) patients. One (1.6%) patient died of cardiac complications. Postoperatively, 52 (85%) patients completed the questionnaire with mean a Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire score of 1.15 ± 2.78 (scale, 0-45; 0=asymptomatic). Overall, 51 (98%) of the 52 respondents were satisfied with their surgical outcome. Postoperative radiographic data were available for 54 (89%) patients. We identified no recurrences at 1-month follow-up, and only 4.7% (2/42) had evidence of radiographic recurrence at 1 year or more. Conclusions Consistent use of a Collis wedge gastroplasty with reinforced crural repair minimizes short-term recurrence after minimally invasive giant hiatal hernia repair. Symptomatic results are excellent in most patients.
High-performance GaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors enabled by self-assembled nanodielectrics

High-performance GaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MISFETs) fabricated with very thin self-assembled organic nanodielectrics (SANDs), deposited from solution at room temperature, are demonstrated. A submicron gate-length depletion-mode n-channel GaAs MISFET with SAND thicknesses ranging from 5.5to16.5nm exhibit a gate leakage current density <10−5A∕cm2 at a gate bias smaller than 3V, a maximum drain current of 370mA∕mm at a forward gate bias of 2V, and a maximum intrinsic transconductance of 170mS∕mm. The importance of appropriate GaAs surface chemistry treatments on SAND/GaAs interface properties is also presented. Application of SANDs to III-V compound semiconductors affords more opportunities to manipulate the complex III-V surface chemistry with broad materials options.
A maximum allowable flaw size for debond-resistant bimaterial layers

Free-edge debonding and subsequent interface crack extension are common modes of failure in a variety of engineering applications in which bonded layers of dissimilar materials are subject to differential expansion stresses. In this study, the susceptibility to debonding of short interface edge cracks is investigated for the global plane elasticity problem of a bimaterial strip with a uniform edge load applied to the top layer (a general model of differential expansion). The goal of this study is to determine the maximum crack length L for which interface crack extension is inhibited, or more specifically, for which the singular interface normal stresses are compressive. This is equivalent to a maximum allowable flaw size, which is of interest to both designers and inspectors of bimaterial systems. The critical crack length L has been extracted from parametric finite element analyses over a wide range of bimaterial configurations using the commercial software package ABAQUS. Results indicate that the critical crack length L increases with both the relative stiffness and thickness of the contracting layer, and may represent a significant inspectable flaw size for a variety of practical bimaterial configurations.
Synergistic inhibition of carboxypeptidase A by zinc ion and imidazole.

Abstract Zinc ion in solution yields a 560-fold enhancement in the kinetic inhibition of carboxypeptidase A by the simple heterocycle imidazole, behavior attributed to formation of a ternary complex of the three species. However, the effect is partially negated by formation of less-inhibitory Zn 2+ (C 3 H 4 N 2 ) 2−4 coordination complexes, providing for the enzyme an anomalous profile of catalytic rate versus imidazole concentration.