cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metastatic neuroendocrine tumour in the breast: a potential mimic of in-situ and invasive mammary carcinoma.

Perry K D, Reynolds C, Rosen D G, Edgerton M E, Albarracin C T, Gilcrease M Z, Sahin A A, Abraham S C & Wu Y (2011) Histopathology59, 619–630 Metastatic neuroendocrine tumour in the breast: a potential mimic of in-situ and invasive mammary carcinoma Aims: The aim of this study was to review the clinicopathological characteristics of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) metastasizing to the breast, in order to identify features that could be useful in distinguishing these metastatic lesions from primary breast neoplasms. Methods and results: Eighteen metastatic NETs in the breast were identified from two large hospitals over a 15-year period. Eleven (62%) tumours originated in the gastrointestinal tract, 5 (28%) originated in the lung, and the other two were of indeterminate origin. Eight (44%) cases were initially misdiagnosed as primary mammary carcinomas. In retrospect, all metastatic tumours exhibited architectural and cytological features that would suggest neuroendocrine differentiation. Immunohistochemistry can further aid in the distinction between metastatic neuroendocrine and primary mammary carcinoma. All 11 tumours from the gastrointestinal tract expressed CDX-2, 3 (60%) of five tumours from the lung expressed thyroid transcription factor-1, and only 2 (11%) of 18 showed weak oestrogen receptor positivity. Additionally, unlike primary carcinomas, the majority (82%) of metastatic NETs were negative for cytokeratin 7, and all were negative for gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 and mammoglobin. Conclusions: There is a high propensity for metastatic NETs to mimic primary breast carcinomas. Careful attention to cytological and architectural features can help to identify cases that require further immunophenotypic workup with a panel of tissue-specific antibodies. However, clinical history is paramount for optimal diagnosis.
Parameter identification for an abstract Cauchy problem by quasilinearization

A parameter identification problem is considered in the context of a linear abstract Cauchy problem with a parameter-dependent evolution operator. Conditions are investigated under which the gradient of the state with respect to a parameter possesses smoothness properties which lead to local convergence of an estimation algorithm based on quasi-linearization. Numerical results are presented concerning estimation of unknown parameters in delay-differential equations.
Diagnosis of defects in oxidative muscle metabolism by non-invasive tissue oximetry

The dynamics of oxygen delivery and utilization are examined in a variety of mitochondrial disorders during rest, exercise and post exercise. We used a non-invasive optical technique to measure the oxygen consumption in the exercising limb in normal subjects and 5 patients with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. We also examined 6 patients with MELAS and MERRF syndrome. We measured near-infrared spectra of hemoglobin in the gastrocnemius muscle during treadmill exercise. Normal subjects demonstrated a sustained deoxygenation during exercise, indicating an efficient utilization of delivered oxygen. Patients with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency demonstrated consistent oxygenation during exercise indicating an under utilization of delivered oxygen. Patients with MELAS and MERRF syndrome showed similar under utilization of oxygen during exercise. Non-invasive tissue oximetry during exercise demonstrates specific abnormalities in a variety of mitochondrial disorders, indicating abnormal oxygen utilization, and will be a useful addition to the clinical investigation of such disorders. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 7–10, 1997)
Legal and Ethical Duties of Lawyers after Sarbanes-Oxley

This article examines the legal and ethical duties of lawyers after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, focusing in particular on the application, interpretation and ambiguities of the SEC rule governing lawyers implementing Section 307 of the Act. The SEC rule is discussed in the context of lawyers’ general ethical obligations as well as legal obligations under the securities laws. The article advances three major propositions. First, it argues that the SEC’s rule is largely consistent with and reflects the pre-existing ethical and legal duties of lawyers representing an entity client. The characterization of the SEC’s rule as a fundamental change in the relationship of a lawyer to a corporate client is wrong; the change is that the SEC’s rule might prove to be a more effective deterrent than state disciplinary agencies. Second, the reporting up obligation of the SEC’s rule serves as a useful reminder to corporate lawyers that their obligation is to the entity, not its management. However, a number of major loopholes in the SEC’s rule threaten to nullify the effectiveness of the reporting up requirement. Third, the reporting out obligation (noisy withdrawal) that the SEC considered but did not adopt, is a good idea that is consistent with lawyers’ extant legal obligations and ethical obligations in most states.
Aqueous organic chemistry: 5. Diaryl ethers: diphenyl ether, 1-phenoxynaphthalene and 9-phenoxyphenanthrene

Abstract Diaryl ether model compounds, representative of thermally stable cross-links in coals, are cleaved under aquathermolysis conditions. 1-Phenoxynaphthalene and 9-phenoxyphenanthrene, although inert to thermolysis in cyclohexane, were reactive under all the aquathermolytic conditions studied. Phenol and 1-naphthol were the major products from 1-phenoxynaphthalene. 9-Phenoxyphenanthrene was more reactive and similarly yielded phenol and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene. In a reducing atmosphere (15% formic acid or 15% sodium formate) the 1-naphthol and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene products undergo slow reductive dehydroxylation. Diphenyl ether was unaffected at 315 °C under both thermolytic and aquathermolytic conditions, except in the presence of 15% aqueous sodium formate or 15% phosphoric acid where phenol was formed. These facile acid-catalysed ether cleavages of 1-phenoxynaphthalene and 9-phenoxyphenanthrene in water at 315 °C, were markedly decreased in the presence of calcium montmorillonite, CaCO3, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, KBr, MgSO4, BaSO4, Na2SO4, and inhibited by Na2CO3. The rate of reaction for cleavage of these diaryl ethers was inversely proportional to the concentration of the salts.
Water‐soluble copolymers, XXIV. Copolymers of acrylamide with N‐(1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl)‐N‐(n‐propyl)acrylamide: Solution properties

Etude en fonction de la composition, de l'addition d'electrolytes et de la concentration du polymere. Separation de phase par turbidimetrie; presence d'interactions hydrophobes intramoleculaires
Constraint Programming and Database Query Languages

The declarative programming paradigms used in constraint languages can lead to powerful extensions of Codd''s relational data model. The development of constraint database query languages from logical database query languages has many similarities with the development of constraint logic programming from logic programming, but with the additional requirements of data efficient, set-at-a-time, and bottom-up evaluation. In this overview of constraint query languages (CQLs) we first present the framework of [KKR]. The principal idea is that: ``the k-tuple (or record) data type can be generalized by a conjunction of quantifier-free constraints over k variables''''. The generalization must preserve various language properties of the relational data model, e.g., the calculus/algebra equivalence, and have time complexity polynomial in the size of the data. We next present an algebra for dense order constraints that is simpler to evaluate than the calculus described in [KKR], and we sharpen some of the related data complexity bounds. We note that CQLs are applicable to spatial databases. This is because these languages have ``spatial point set'''' as the semantics of their record data type and because existing multi-dimensional searching data structures can support I/O efficient access to sets of records. Finally, we observe that CQLs can be augmented with complex object data types, aggregate operations, and null-values, just like the relational data model. P. C. Kanellakis, G. M. Kuper, P. Z. Revesz, ``Constraint Query Languages'''', Proc. 9th ACM PODS, 1990, pp. 299-313. Full version available as Brown Univ. Tech. Rep. CS-92-50; to appear in JCSS.
Changes in the Plasma Membrane of Escherichia coli During Magnesium Starvation

The effect of Mg(++) starvation on the structure of the Escherichia coli cell membrane was studied with the freeze-etch technique. Special attention was paid to changes within the plane of the membrane, which in normal exponentially growing cells has a netlike arrangement of particles 2 to 6 nm in diameter. During Mg(++) starvation, a paracrystalline particle pattern appeared on the plasma membrane, and large areas devoid of particles were seen. Although these changes are reproducibly associated with Mg(++) starvation of the bacteria, no decrease in the Mg(++) content of the cell envelope per se was detected, even after 24 hr of Mg(++) deprivation. The structural changes caused by Mg(++) deprivation appeared to involve specific and permanent alterations in membrane development. The absence of other nutrients or divalent cations did not induce similar alterations.
Transcriptomic Studies on Liver Toxicity of Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen is widely used as a pain reliever and to reduce fever. At high doses, it can cause severe hepatotoxicity. Acetaminophen overdose has become the leading cause of acute liver failure in the US. The mechanisms for acetaminophen-induced liver injury are unclear. Transcriptomic studies can identify the changes in expression of thousands of genes when exposed to supratherapeutic doses of acetaminophen. These studies elucidated the mechanism of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and also provide insight into future development of diagnosis and treatment options for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. The following is a brief overview of some recent transcriptomic studies and gene-expression-based prediction models on liver toxicity induced by acetaminophen.
Propagation measurements at 3.5 GHz in a dense urban area

This paper presents partial results of wideband propagation channel measurements at 3.5 GHz in an urban area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results include multipath delay profile characterization and comparison of measured path loss and predictions using ITU-R and SUI models.
A spectrophotometric study of the complexing of Am3+ with aminopolyacetic acids☆

Abstract Eight aminopolyacetic acids, varying in size from iminodiacetic to tetraethylenepenta-amineheptaacetic, were studied with respect to their complexation with trivalent americium. The compositions and pH ranges of stability of 22 complexes were determined by using an absorption spectrophotometric technique. Instability constants were calculated for 13 of these complexes. The data obtained in this study were compared with published data for americium and for the lanthanides.
Adult Literacy Education and Community Development

SUMMARY This article responds to the concern that low-literate community residents often are marginalized in community development processes. They are unable to give voice to their concerns, interests and their vision for their community. Perspectives and approaches in the fields of adult literacy education and community development are explored to determine how adult literacy education might be used to further the goals of community development. While there are parallels between these two disciplines, there are also barriers to overcome if an integrated approach to dealing with community issues is realized. This article reflects an interest in advancing a comprehensive approach to community development in communities with limited economic resources, low-level literacy and limited access. It seeks to address the issue of whether adult literacy education programs have a meaningful role to play in community development. The strengths of participatory approaches such as community-based literacy, and communit...
Search for free quarks produced by 14.5-GeV/nucleon oxygen ions.

A high-sensitivity experiment was carred out to detect free quarks produced in collisions of 14.5-GeV/nucleon oxygen nuclei with a heavy target at BNL. Secondaries from the collisions were stopped in liquid-argon tanks, and charged atoms were collected electrostatically on goldcoated electrodes. The gold coatings were dissolved in a small drop of mercury, which was then tested for quarks in the San Francisco State University automated Millikan apparatus. No evidence for free fractional charge was found. The resulting upper limit is less than 1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ quarks produced per incident $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ ion at 90% C.L.
Adoption of cyanide fishing practice in Indonesia

Cyanide fishing has become a popular environmental issue in the Southeast Asia. Within a short period of time, this innovative practice has diffused throughout the fishing villages in Indonesia where the live reef fish industry occurs. Although this fishing technique poses many risks, and is illegal, the fishermen tend to ignore them. This paper describes the adoption process of cyanide fishing practice. The result indicates that the introduction of cyanide fishing favor the innovation adoption.
Interannual water vapor and energy exchange in an irrigated maize-based agroecosystem

Abstract In this paper, we present results from 4 years (May 2001–May 2005) of water and energy flux measurements made in a no-till, irrigated maize–soybean rotation system in eastern Nebraska, USA. The peak green leaf area index (LAI) reached 6.0 and 5.5 in maize (2001 and 2003, respectively) and 5.7 and 4.4 in soybean (2002 and 2004, respectively). The dependence of evapotranspiration (ET) on leaf area was consistent with previous studies. There was a nearly linear relationship between the daily ET/ET o (where ET o is the reference evapotranspiration over a grass reference crop) and LAI until a threshold LAI (between 3 and 4). Above this threshold LAI, the ET/ET o was virtually independent of LAI. The cumulative growing season (planting to harvest) evapotranspiration was 544 and 578 mm for maize, and 474 and 430 mm for soybean. The interannual variability in the growing season ET totals correlated very well with the number of days when the LAI was greater than 3. The non-growing season period (harvest to subsequent planting) contributed between 20 and 25% of the annual ET totals for both crops. The maximum canopy surface conductance ( G smax ) was 29 mm s −1 for maize in both years, 41 mm s −1 for soybean in 2002 (peak LAI = 5.7) and 36 mm s −1 for soybean in 2004 (peak LAI = 4.4). The variability in G smax was largely explained by the leaf nitrogen concentration, consistent with the literature.
2 + 1 dimensional hamiltonian U(1) lattice gauge theory at weak coupling

Abstract An improved estimate for the mass gap, the string tension and the width of the flux tube are obtained in the weak coupling limit of the d = 2 + 1 hamiltonian U(1) lattice gauge theory. The method relies on a systematic separation of the (non-perturbative) contributions generated by the periodic structure of the theory.
Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels in suckled or nonsuckled beef cows: A preliminary study.

This study was conducted to determine proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in the preoptic and hypothalamic brain regions of postpartum anestrous cows. An additional objective was to determine if calf suckling influences POMC mRNA concentration in these regions. Twenty cows were randomly assigned to suckled and nonsuckled treatment groups and slaughtered between 30 and 36 days postpartum. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were determined from blood collected every 15 minutes for 8 hours, starting 20 hours prior to slaughter. POMC mRNA levels in brain tissues were determined by dot blots. Serum LH concentrations between nonsuckled and suckled cows were 1.3 +/- 0.2 and 0.9 +/- 0.1 ng.ml(-1) (mean +/- SEM; P = 0.19), respectively. The POMC gene is expressed in the hypothalamus of postpartum anestrus cows with POMC mRNA levels higher (P<0.05) in the hypothalamus than in the preoptic region. Hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels tended (P = 0.12) to be lower in nonsuckled (14.9 +/- 3.8 ADU) than in suckled cows (23.5 +/- 3.6 ADU). Covariate analysis indicated (P = 0.10) that as mean serum LH concentrations increased, hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels decreased.
Introduction to Active Thermochemical Tables: Several “Key” Enthalpies of Formation Revisited†

The concept behind active thermochemical tables (ATcT) is presented. As opposed to traditional sequential thermochemistry, ATcT provides reliable, accurate, and internally consistent thermochemistry by utilizing the thermochemical network (TN) approach. This involves, inter alia, a statistical analysis of thermochemically relevant determinations that define the TN, made possible by redundancies in the TN, such as competing measurements and alternate network pathways that interrelate the various chemical species. The statistical analysis produces a self-consistent TN, from which the optimal thermochemical values are obtained by simultaneous solution in error-weighted space, thus allowing optimal use of all of the knowledge present in the TN. ATcT offers a number of additional features that are not present nor possible in the traditional approach. With ATcT, new knowledge can be painlessly propagated through all affected thermochemical values. ATcT also allows hypothesis testing and evaluation, as well as d...
Imaging ultrafast molecular dynamics with laser-induced electron diffraction

Molecular structures are imaged with sub-angstrom precision and exposure times of a few femtoseconds. Molecular imaging, or the determination of the positions of atoms in molecules, is an important technique in the physical, chemical and biological sciences. But going beyond mere structure determination, recent technical developments offer the tantalizing prospect of access to ultrafast snapshots of biological molecules and condensed-phase systems undergoing structural changes. One approach uses laser-ionized bursts of coherent electron wave packets to self-interrogate the parent molecular structure. Here, Blaga et al. use this laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) method to map the structural responses of oxygen and nitrogen molecules to ionization. By measuring a 0.1-angstrom displacement in the oxygen bond length occurring in a time interval of about 5 femtoseconds, the authors establish LIED as a promising approach for imaging of gas-phase molecules with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. Establishing the structure of molecules and solids has always had an essential role in physics, chemistry and biology. The methods of choice are X-ray and electron diffraction, which are routinely used to determine atomic positions with sub-angstrom spatial resolution. Although both methods are currently limited to probing dynamics on timescales longer than a picosecond, the recent development of femtosecond sources of X-ray pulses and electron beams suggests that they might soon be capable of taking ultrafast snapshots of biological molecules1,2 and condensed-phase systems3,4,5,6 undergoing structural changes. The past decade has also witnessed the emergence of an alternative imaging approach based on laser-ionized bursts of coherent electron wave packets that self-interrogate the parent molecular structure7,8,9,10,11. Here we show that this phenomenon can indeed be exploited for laser-induced electron diffraction10 (LIED), to image molecular structures with sub-angstrom precision and exposure times of a few femtoseconds. We apply the method to oxygen and nitrogen molecules, which on strong-field ionization at three mid-infrared wavelengths (1.7, 2.0 and 2.3 μm) emit photoelectrons with a momentum distribution from which we extract diffraction patterns. The long wavelength is essential for achieving atomic-scale spatial resolution, and the wavelength variation is equivalent to taking snapshots at different times. We show that the method has the sensitivity to measure a 0.1 A displacement in the oxygen bond length occurring in a time interval of ∼5 fs, which establishes LIED as a promising approach for the imaging of gas-phase molecules with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution.
Pastoral counseling for self-transcendence: The integration of psychology and theology

In the concept of self-transcendence pastoral counseling can integrate psychology and theology by seeing them as two complementary interpretations of the single radical drive of the human spirit. By moving beyond ourselves in creative understanding, realistic judgment, responsible decision, and generous love we both realize our authentic being (true self) and respond to the gospel's call to loving service of the neighbor. A psychology that understands self-realization as self-transcendence and a theology that recognizes the gospel as a call to self-transcendence require no connecting bridge or reconciliation, only the discovery of their intrinsic unity as interpretations of the same fundamental human drive for self-transcendence.
Intraoccupational Earnings Inequality: Human Capital and Institutional Determinants

Whereas most contemporary stratification research attempts to assess the relative influence of individual-level and structural explanations of inequality by focusing on individual earnings attainment processes, the present exploratory study utilizes the two theoretical perspectives to generate hypotheses explaining the distribution or structure of economic rewards within occupations. Intraoccupational earnings dispersion is examined because previous research demonstrates that total overall earnings inequality is more a function of earnings differences within than between occupations. Derived hypotheses are tested using detailed occupational data for males and females from the 1970 U.S. Census. Both human capital and institutional positions are supported, indicating that these perspectives may also be utilized to account for the dispersion or structure of earnings within occupations. Comparison of separate earnings distributions for males and females suggests some gender differences in the processes genera...
Age at flowering differentially affects vegetative and reproductive responses of a determinate annual plant to elevated carbon dioxide

Plant population and community dynamics may be altered by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations {[CO2]} through intraspecific variation in the responses of vegetative and reproductive growth. Although these responses may be regulated by age at flowering, little is known about the direct effects of age at flowering on growth responses to elevated [CO2]. In this study, we examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and age at flowering on absolute and relative allocation to vegetative and reproductive growth in the determinate, short-day species Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur). Six cohorts were planted at 5-day intervals in chambers maintained at either 365 or 730 µmol mol-1 CO2, with an 18-h photoperiod and a non-limiting nutrient supply. All plants were simultaneously induced to flower by switching the photoperiod to 12 h for 2 days, then switching back to an 18-h photoperiod for the remainder of the experiment. All plants were harvested 15 days after the onset of flowering. Total plant biomass increased 11–41% with increasing [CO2] and 45% from the youngest to the oldest cohort. Vegetative growth responses to elevated [CO2] significantly increased with increasing age at flowering, associated with increasing sink relative to source capacity. In contrast, total fruit mass decreased 32% from the youngest to the oldest cohort and was not significantly affected by CO2 supply. Relative biomass allocation to fruit decreased 47% from the youngest to the oldest cohort, reflecting decreased numbers of fruit, and 6–28% with increasing [CO2], reflecting decreased mean mass per mature fruit. Our findings suggest that elevated [CO2] may increase vegetative growth in Xanthium without increasing reproductive biomass, and that age at flowering may influence these responses through effects on source:sink balance. Further, changes in the allometric relationship between vegetative and reproductive growth associated with growth in elevated [CO2] suggest that long-term population and community-level responses to elevated [CO2] may differ substantially from predictions based on vegetative responses.
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SPAWNING OF YELLOW PERCH (Perca flavescens)1

The yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Mendota, Dane County, Wisconsin, normally spawn over a 2- to 3-week period in April to early May when the water temperature reaches 8.0 to 12.0°C. Adult fish captured and warmed from 2.5 to 9.0–13.0°C in February began spawning in the laboratory within the same 4-day period in April as did the fish in Lake Mendota. This was true regardless of whether the perch in the laboratory were under a 13.5-hour light (L)/10.5-hour dark (D) or a 10.5 L/13.5 D photoperiod. The spawning season in the laboratory, however, lasted 2 weeks longer than it did in the field. Perch captured in April spawned readily (within 7 days) in tanks under a 13.5 L/10.5 D photoperiod when the temperature was raised from 5.0 to 12.0°C. Perch also spawned under photoperiods of 18 L/6 D and 6 L/18 D when warmed from 5.0 to 12.0°C, but the predictability of spawning was decreased. Keeping fish at 5.0°C slowed but did not entirely prevent the onset of spawning. In separate tests, the proportion of females that spawned within 7 days of a 5.0 to 12.0°C temperature shift increased as the spawning season progressed. It is concluded that the onset of spawning in yellow perch depends more on the intrinsic maturational state of the gonads than on specific spring-time photoperiod-temperature cues. Temperature may exert a major influence on maturation and seems to have a modulating influence on spawning. However, rising temperature and/or temperature thresholds per se do not determine when perch spawning begins. Photoperiod may also have a modulating influence on spawning, but one that is not as important as that of temperature.
Re-Inventing Invention: Alexander Gerard and An Essay on Genius

Abstract: Historians of rhetoric and composition have agreed that the eighteenth century saw the demise of a pedagogy of invention. Bacon's scientific method and faculty psychology together led to the end of the topoi as generational devices and of rhetorical inventio . Invention, dependent on individual genius, could not be taught. However, An Essay on Genius , by eighteenth-century associationist Alexander Gerard, suggests that inventio was less abandoned than transformed. Accordingly, we need to refine our understanding of eighteenth-century thinking about composing to include the notion that rhetoricians were aware that invention was a necessary part of composing and that associationism itself included invention.
Contracting invariant intervals and convergence properties of difference equations

In this paper, we consider kth order difference equations of the form where every function is continuous and monotonic in each of its arguments. We generalize and improve upon some previous techniques to prove convergence using invariant intervals as the common theme. We apply our techniques to several different special cases of the equation above.
A validation study of the Novaco Anger inventory

Many individuals have attempted to construct tests to measure different aspects of anger. Although the Novaco Anger Inventory (NAI) was constructed over 16 years ago, viable validity research is still lacking. The Buss-Durke Hostility Inventory, three subscales of the PRF, and the Burt Scale were administered to assess the validity of the NAI. The Balanced Inventory for Desirable Responding was also used to measure the participants’ degree of socially desirable responding. With the exception of the Burt Scale, all measures were significantly correlated with the NAI. The correlation coefficients, ranging from.413 to.503, suggest a significant degree of construct validity for the NAI. Several gender effects are also reported.
Spectroscopic characterization of Eu3+-doped inorganic and alkoxide sol-gel derived fluorozirconate glass and zirconium fluoride gels

Abstract A new process for making fluoride glasses via the sol-gel route was investigated using Eu3+ fluorescence spectroscopy as a probe of the process. Both Eu3+ doped alkoxide ZBLA and zirconium fluoride gels and inorganic zirconium fluoride gels were synthesized and fluorinated with HF gas between 100 and 800°C. All gels showed changes in Eu3+ site symmetry upon drying and fluorination. The alkoxide gels darkened due to the incomplete combustion of alkoxy ligands and quenched fluorescence and decreased lifetimes. The inorganic gels were free of this problem and exhibited increasing lifetimes with increasing fluorination temperature and upper level Eu3+5DJ fluorescence never before seen in sol-gel derived materials. Thus, fluorination of inorganic gels can produce low phonon energy hosts, while transparent sol-gel fluoride glasses equivalent to conventionally prepared glasses can only be prepared by melting the fluorinated alkoxide derived gel in an oxidizing atmosphere.
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus Detected in Pigweed in Florida

Pigweeds (genus Amaranthus) are problematic weeds in crop production throughout the world and are responsible for significant yield losses in many crops (2). Members of this genus can produce hundreds of thousands of seeds per plant and are also capable of supporting populations of important crop pathogens including viruses, nematodes, fungi, and oomycetes. Thirty-one pigweed samples (tentatively identified as Amaranthus lividus L. based on leaf notch and growth habit) were collected in November and December of 2009 from a watermelon field near Immokalee, FL, previously found to contain watermelon plants infected with three whitefly-transmitted viruses: Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), and Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV). Although no obvious virus symptoms were observed on any of the pigweed plants, whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), a known vector of CYSDV, CuLCrV, and SqVYV, were observed on leaves. Consequently, replica tissue blots were made from all...
MMPI derived scales of Eysenck's factors and their relationship to anger and aggression.

This study tested the validity of three recently developed MMPI scales of Eysenck's personality factors, psychoticism, neuroticism, and extraversion. Based on Eysenck's descriptions of subjects who are at the extreme on these factors positive correlations were expected for the three derived scales and measures of anger and aggressive acting out. The expected relationships were found for the psychoticism and neuroticism factors but not for extraversion. Possible reasons for the failure of the extraversion scale to correlate positively with the anger and aggression measures were discussed.
Observations on waveforms of capillary and gravity-capillary waves

Abstract Due to extreme conditions in the field, there has not been any observational report on three-dimensional waveforms of short ocean surface waves. Three-dimensional waveforms of short wind waves can be found from integrating surface gradient image data (Zhang 1996a). Ocean surface gradient images are captured by an optical surface gradient detector mounted on a raft operating in the water offshore California (Cox and Zhang 1997). Waveforms and spatial structures of short wind waves are compared with early laboratory wind wave data (Zhang 1994, 1995). Although the large-scale wind and wave conditions are quite different, the waveforms are resoundingly similar at the small scale. It is very common, among steep short wind waves, that waves in the capillary range feature sharp troughs and flat crests. The observations show that most short waves are far less steep than the limiting waveform under weak wind conditions. Waveforms that resemble capillary-gravity solitons are observed with a close match to the form theoretically predicted for potential flows (Longuet-Higgins 1989, Vanden-Broeck and Dias 1992). Capillaries are mainly found as parasitic capillaries on the forward face of short gravity waves. The maximum wavelength in a parasitic wave train is less than a centimeter. The profiles of parasitic wave trains and longitudinal variations are shown. The phenomenon of capillary blockage (Phillips 1981) on dispersive freely traveling short waves is observed in the tank but not at sea. The short waves seen at sea propagate in all directions while waves in the tank are much more unidirectional.
Biological effects of a purified lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides gingivalis.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been purified from Bacteroides gingivalis. The purity of this LPS is evidenced on ultracentrifugation, immunoelectrophoresis, and chemical analyses. On comparison with LPS from aerobic enteric organisms, LPS from Bacteroides gingivalis exhibits minimal potency when tested for pyrogenicity in rabbits and mitogenicity in mouse spleen cells. On the other hand, purified LPS from Bacteroides gingivalis exhibits high potency in its ability to stimulate 45Ca release from prelabeled fetal rat bones and to inhibit Ca influx into osteoclast-like cells.
Bacterial communities of leachate from tire monofill disposal sites.

Abstract The disposal of used automobile tires is problematic due to the large number generated each year. Newer methods of tire disposal have been developed in which tires are shredded and used for construction materials or buried in dedicated tire monofill sites. In this study, the bacterial assemblage associated with aqueous leachate collected from tire monofill sites was examined and compared to the bacterial assemblage of reference streams. Leachate from two tire monofill sites in Ohio (USA) was collected four times during the course of one year and analyzed for total bacterial number, culturable bacterial number, and number of the bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The numbers of culturable bacteria (CFU/ml), total bacteria (cells/ml), and A. calcoaceticus (cells/ml) from the leachate at both monofill sites were generally lower or equal to numbers from the reference streams. Exceptions occurred during February when culturable bacteria at one site and total bacteria at the other site were more abundant in the leachate compared to reference streams; correspondingly the leachate temperature in February was higher than the surface waters. Culturable bacteria, total bacteria, and A. calcoaceticus numbers in the leachate ranged from 5.7 × 102–1.8 × 104, 5.3 × 105–3.8 × 106, and 9.9 × 101–1.8 × 104 respectively. Twenty isolates were selected for species identification using FAME analysis. Nine of the 17 identified isolates belonged to the genus Pseudomonas and two isolates each belonged to the Flavobacterium and Aeromonas genera. The culturable bacterial assemblage of tire leachate was found to be similar to natural surface waters.
Dealkylation of N,N-dimethylaniline with sulphur and hydrogen sulphide

Abstract N , N -Dimethylaniline successively demethylates at 425 °C in the presence of hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide or sulphur to give successively N -methylaniline and aniline. For the dealkylation reaction, the rank order of promotors is S > S  H 2 > H 2 S > H 2 S  H 2 > H 2 .
Create interactive web illustrations with google maps

The use of Google Maps to display geographic content is commonplace. Google Maps is also useful in displaying high-resolution images on the Web, allowing visitors to move, zoom and pan within the image view window. A digital image is needed, along with a Google account to obtain a Google maps Application Programming Interface (API) key, Web space to load content that can use JavaScript, a computer that can run Java and an html editing application. GMap Image Cutter software may be downloaded from the University College London Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA) site.The Image Cutter software divides a hi-resolution image into many small tiles. These tiles enable zooming to levels specified by the user during initial image cutting. An html file and a folder of image tiles are generated, usable on local systems with no further processing, but requiring a Google maps API key when posted to a Web server. Where a fully featured digital imaging library solution is impractical or unavailable, this technique enables interactive display of a high-resolution image with the familiar Google Maps controls. Though the underlying technology is complex, creating a Web illustration this way is easy, platform neutral and produces visually appealing results.
Elevated interleukin-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid of a previously delineated schizophrenia subtype.

Evidence of immune activation has occasionally, but not consistently, been reported in schizophrenia. Investigations of cytokine abnormalities in serum, and occasionally in CSF, have yielded inconsistent results, which have been difficult to resolve. In such studies, schizophrenia has been assumed to consist of a single process rather than a group of disorders. This study assesses differences in the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in two previously delineated subtypes of schizophrenics (‘delayed-responders’ (DR) (n=23) and ‘poor-responders’ (PR) (n=8)) during periods of neuroleptic-free psychotic exacerbation, and in a comparison group of normal controls (n=14). The two response subtypes were separated by subsequent treatment response (greater/less than 60% reduction of SAPS scores from baseline during 6 months of systematic treatment). The IL-6 assay, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was sensitive and reliable to detect IL-6 levels in the CSF of all subjects. CSF IL-6 was found to be significantly higher in the DR than the PR (P=0.017) and the controls (P=0.013). In addition to supporting the concept of heterogeneity in schizophrenia, this study also provides evidence that a central immune process may be occurring centrally in one subtype of schizophrenia.
Biomimetics: Flying like a fly

When biologists unravelled the principles of insect flight, they inspired a generation of engineers to build on their aerodynamic feats. Thanks to a revolution in micro-manufacturing techniques, the first robotic fly now flies.
Sociocultural Factors Influencing Online Instruction: A Latina Perspective

Home computer ownership and Internet access have become essential to education, job security and economic opportunity. The digital divide remains greatest for ethnic/racial groups placing them at a disadvantage. The purpose of the study was to gain understanding and insight into the sociocultural factors influencing the digital divide as related to Latinos as a group, specifically a group of non-traditional Latina pre-service teachers from the midwest in a required online instructional media and technology course. The following sociocultural factors (1) generational status, (2) English language ability, (3) educational attainment, (4) socioeconomic status and (5) gender identity are defined and identified in relationship to the success of these participants. Of the five sociocultural factors explored in this study, only English language ability did not appear to have any direct influence on the success of these particular students. These sociocultural factors also influenced one another, particularly as generational status influences English language ability, educational attainment, gender roles, and ultimately socioeconomic status.
Interface state generation in the Si-SiO2 system by photoinjecting electrons from an Al field plate

We observe the generation of interface states in the Si‐SiO2 system when electrons are internally photoinjected from an Al field plate and are swept through the oxide by a moderate electric field. Interface states appear immediately at 90 K. The rate of interface state generation caused by photoinjected electrons depends on the oxide thickness and the magnitude of the bias field. The generated interface state density is found to increase as Nss = AQs, where Q is the injected charge and s is generally in the range 0.5–0.7. The generation does not saturate after passage of a total charge of 0.35 C/cm2.
Basic and clinical investigations of dietary calcium in the prevention of colorectal cancer

Long-standing investigations into the role of diet in colon cancer have generally supported the notion that some aspect of dietary fats acts to promote cancer at this site. Understanding of the chemical behavior of lipids in the colon led to a hypothesis suggesting that depletion of calcium could partly explain the tumor-promoting effects of dietary fat. Calcium levels may control critical intracellular events in the course of proliferation. Lack of availability or loss of calcium may result in abnormalities in the regulation of colonic proliferation. Basic and clinical studies suggest that calcium supplementation reduces colonic proliferation implying a potential reduction in cancer risk. The current evidence supporting calcium as a cancer chemoprevention agent is reviewed.
Contribution of ionotropic glutamate receptors to acute amphetamine-stimulated preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the rat striatum in vivo.

The present study evaluated the possible role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in mediating the inducible preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA expression in the rat striatum in response to systemic administration of a psychostimulant amphetamine. A single injection of amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased PPE mRNA levels in the dorsal striatum as revealed via quantitative in situ hybridization. Pretreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or 3-((R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (10 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated the amphetamine-induced PPE mRNA expression. A similar attenuation of the amphetamine-induced PPE expression, although to a lesser extent, was also observed following pretreatment with a kainate/AMPA receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (100-200 mg/kg, i.p.). Three antagonists alone had no significant effect on basal levels of PPE mRNAs in the dorsal striatum. These data indicate that both NMDA and kainate/AMPA receptors are involved in coupling extracellular signals evoked by acute stimulant exposure to PPE mRNA expression in striatal neurons.
Abstract LB-167: Tumor cells, but not endothelial cells, mediate the eradication of primary cancers by radiation therapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Radiation therapy is frequently utilized in the clinic as curative treatment for cancers, but the contribution of endothelial cells to tumor response to radiation remains controversial. Using the two highly efficient site-specific recombinases, Cre and FlpO, we have generated primary tumors in mice with different gene mutations specifically in tumor cells and stromal cells. With this dual recombinase technology, we selectively mutated the proapoptotic gene Bax or the DNA damage response gene Atm to genetically manipulate the radiosensitivity of endothelial cells in primary soft tissue sarcomas. We found that deletion of Bax in endothelial cells did not affect tumor response to radiation, but Atm deletion increased radiation-induced death of tumor endothelial cells and prolonged tumor growth delay following a non-curative dose of radiation. However, following a curative dose of radiation, Atm deletion in endothelial cells did not affect growth delay of primary tumors and failed to increase local control. In contrast, deletion of Atm in tumor cells increased local control of primary tumors by radiation therapy. These results demonstrate that tumor cells rather than endothelial cells are the critical targets that regulate tumor eradication by radiation therapy. They also emphasize the importance of using primary models of cancer to study the role of stromal cells in tumor development and response to therapy. Citation Format: Everett J. Moding, Chang-Lung Lee, Katherine D. Castle, Patrick Oh, David G. Kirsch. Tumor cells, but not endothelial cells, mediate the eradication of primary cancers by radiation therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-167. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-167
Direct access to thermally stable and highly crystalline mesoporous transition-metal oxides with uniform pores.

Direct access to thermally stable and highly crystalline mesoporous transition-metal oxides with uniform pores
Program interventions, intrahousehold distribution and the welfare of individuals: Modelling household behavior

Abstract In this essay, the implications for the intrahousehold distribution of resources derived from economic models of household behavior that treat the household as maximizing a single welfare function are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the within-family allocation of time and food and to the effects of these resources on the schooling, earnings, and health status of individuals as they are affected by direct food-intervention and female-employment schemes and price-altering policies. Empirical applications are provided from data sets from India, Indonesia and the Philippines to illustrate the power and limitations of such models for illuminating household interventions and for placing restrictions on data.
Tyrosine synthesis in potato tuber tissue from blackspot-susceptible and resistant genotypes

Radioactively-labeled shikimic acid (14C) was incubated with potato tuber tissue disks to determine the relative rate of tyrosine synthesis in blackspot-resistant and susceptible cultivars. Tyrosine synthesis was 55% higher in the susceptible cultivar, Lemhi Russet, than the resistant clone TXA 763-5. The susceptible clone also partitioned a lower percentage of14C tyrosine into soluble protein than did the resistant genotype. The percentage of labeled free tyrosine which would be available for oxidation by polyphenyloxidase was therefore much higher in the susceptible cultivar.
Testing methods and error budge analysis of a software defined radio

Ideally a software defined radio (SDR) is designed to accept a multitude of waveforms at any carrier frequency. This paper will discuss the importance of PHY layer measurements made in both the digital and analog domains including the additive effects impairments can have on BER. The paper will consider interoperability of a SDR with respect to three different modulation formats; OFDM, CDMA, and QAM. The importance of BER budgeting and a multitude of critical measurements including EVM, CCDF, ACP, spectrum mask, constellation displays, noise figure, and phase noise will be discussed.