cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health rights for women in the age of AIDS

Gender inequality continues to fuel the 20-year old HIV/AIDS epidemic in many countries. In sub-Saharan Africa the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that the prevalence of HIV in men and women are 10.1 and 12.2 million respectively. In view of this Zena Stein and colleagues concerted their attention towards the particular problems of women and AIDS. Since the efforts of Zena and others in the late 1980s women have clearly been the focus of much work on HIV/AIDS. Health educators and community activists have concentrated on women for education about prevention. In spite of this the 1:1 prevalence sex ratio of women to men found at the outset has now risen to as high as 3:1 in the 15-29 age groups. In this perspective many concerned health leaders are calling the attention to men as those generally wielding greater power in heterosexual relationships. It has been shown that an appropriate address to the HIV/AIDS epidemic requires understanding evolving visions of gender and sexuality among women in southern Africa. Moreover the evidence of mens flexibility such as change their images of masculinity; helping with child care and limited their sexual partners also suggests hopeful directions for HIV/AIDS prevention. Finally but of considerable importance are responses to the threat of HIV/AIDS in which communities adapt collective strategies locally and social movements may grow in broader scale and thus transform the available options for prevention and treatment.
Antibodies against fetal brain in sera of mothers with autistic children

Serum antibodies in 100 mothers of children with autistic disorder (MCAD) were compared to 100 age-matched mothers with unaffected children (MUC) using as antigenic substrates human and rodent fetal and adult brain tissues, GFAP, and MBP. MCAD had significantly more individuals with Western immunoblot bands at 36 kDa in human fetal and rodent embryonic brain tissue. The density of bands was greater in fetal brain at 61 kDa. MCAD plus developmental regression had greater reactivity against human fetal brain at 36 and 39 kDa. Data support a possible complex association between genetic/metabolic/environmental factors and the placental transfer of maternal antibodies in autism.
How to Build a Better Mousetrap: Introduction to the Special Issue on Methodology and Design

tains information about the results of research, this issue highlights the process of research. That is, how does a scientist ask a question and collect data that will allow us to begin to understand the answer to a question? The complexity of the issues raised by these articles serves as a reminder of our exponential growth as a scientific field. The call for articles on methodology and design elicited a wide range of work focusing on issues ranging from complex statistical procedures to the need to report basic demographic information. In general, the work selected after peer review for inclusion in this special issue may be classified into three broad categories: (1) design and methodological issues, (2) novel approaches to research, and (3) contemporary statistical strategies. The reader should note that this categorization provides a broad overview and that the articles commonly contain ideas relevant to multiple domains, as well as common themes across domains.
Loss-Constrained Minimum Cost Flow under Arc Failure Uncertainty with Applications in Risk-Aware Kidney Exchange

In this article, we study a Stochastic Minimum Cost Flow (SMCF) problem under arc failure uncertainty, where an arc flow solution may correspond to multiple path flow representations. We assume that the failure of an arc will cause flow losses on all paths using that arc, and for any path carrying positive flows, the failure of any arc on the path will lose all flows carried by the path. We formulate two SMCF variants to minimize the cost of arc flows, while respectively restricting the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) of random path flow losses due to uncertain arc failure (reflected as network topological changes). We formulate a linear program to compute possible losses, yielding a mixed-integer programming formulation of SMCF-VaR and a linear programming formulation of SMCF-CVaR. We present a kidney exchange problem under uncertain match failure as an application and use the two SMCF models to maximize the utility/social welfare of pairing kidneys subject to constrained risk of...
Thermochemistry, bond energies and internal rotor barriers of methyl sulfinic acid, methyl sulfinic acid ester and their radicals

Sulfur–Oxygen containing hydrocarbons are formed in oxidation of sulfides and thiols in the atmosphere, on aerosols and in combustion processes. Understanding their thermochemical properties is important to evaluate their formation and transformation paths. Structures, thermochemical properties, bond energies, and internal rotor potentials of methyl sulfinic acid CH3S(O)OH, its methyl ester CH3S(O)OCH3 and radicals corresponding to loss of a hydrogen atom have been studied. Gas phase standard enthalpies of formation and bond energies were calculated using B3LYP/6-311G (2d, p) individual and CBS-QB3 composite methods employing work reactions to further improve accuracy of the . Molecular structures, vibration frequencies, and internal rotor potentials were calculated. Enthalpies of the parent molecules CH3S(O)OH and CH3S(O)OCH3 are evaluated as −77.4 and −72.7 kcal mol−1 at the CBSQB3 level; Enthalpies of radicals C•H2S(O)OH, CH3S•(O)2, C•H2S(O)OCH3 and CH3S(O)OC•H2 (CBS-QB3) are −25.7, −52.3, −22.8, and −26.8 kcal mol−1, respectively. The CH3C(O)O—H bond dissociation energy is of 77.1 kcal mol−1. Two of the intermediate radicals are unstable and rapidly dissociate. The CH3S(O)O. radical obtained from the parent CH3S(O)OH dissociates into methyl radical () plus SO2 with endothermicity (ΔHrxn) of only 16.2 kcal mol−1. The CH3S(O)OC•H2 radical dissociates into CH3S•=O and CH2=O with little or no barrier and an exothermicity of −19.9 kcal mol−1. DFT and the Complete Basis Set-QB3 enthalpy values are in close agreement; this accord is attributed to use of isodesmic work reactions for the analysis and suggests this combination of B3LYP/work reaction approach is acceptable for larger molecules. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tire contact stresses and their effects on instability rutting of asphalt mixture pavements: Three-dimensional finite element analysis

Instability rutting generally occurs within the top 2 in. of the asphalt layer when the structural properties of the asphalt concrete are inadequate to resist the stresses imposed on it. Several researchers have presented observations in attempts to explain instability rutting, but a clear identification of the mechanism does not exist. Stresses in the asphalt layer caused by measured tire interface stresses were analyzed in three dimensions by using finite elements to identify possible mechanisms for instability rutting. The analysis showed that radial tires produce high near-surface shear stresses at low confinements, which are not predicted with traditional uniform vertical loading conditions, in the region where instability rutting is known to occur. The resulting shear stresses tend to be shallower than for the uniformly loaded case, and they are focused in areas where instability rutting has been observed. The observed stress states imply that the characterization of instability rutting requires tes...
Career and college planning needs of ninth graders - as reported by ninth graders.

Few researchers have asked students directly about what they know and need to know regarding college and career planning. Given the critical choices made early in high school, ninth graders (n = 222) were surveyed regarding their educational and career plans and the resources they were using in their decision-making. Overall results as well as differences by ethnicity, gender, and parent education group are reported. Results indicated a discrepancy between plans and accurate information about college costs and availability.
Prospective Prediction of Alternative High School Graduation Status at Emerging Adulthood1

Most studies that examine the prediction of graduation status among teens have examined those who attend regular high schools. The present study reports the prediction of high school graduation status 5 years later among 646 youth who attended alternative (continuation) high schools at baseline. Those youth at baseline who: (a) reported less intention to use soft drugs (cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana) during the next year; (b) suffered relatively few drug-related consequences during the last year; (c) were relatively less likely to have carried a weapon (knife or gun) in the last year; (d) reported feeling relatively hopeful about the future; and (e) were older were more likely to self-report having graduated continuation high school 5 years later. These results suggest that the consequences of drug use, not drug use per se, other illegal behavior, and a sense of well-being are important predictors of graduation among groups of high-risk teens. Problem behavior and resiliency theories are offered as potential explanations of these findings.
The Role of Talk in Small Writing Groups: Building Declarative and Procedural Knowledge for Basic Writers

Through the use of a case study, this article explores the role of talk in underpre- pared students' acquisition of academic discourse. Conversation analysis as a linguistic frame- work is used to examine the interactions of students participating in a small writing group. Tracing the progress of one student's paper, I explore how students' participation in small writing groups allows them, in Faerch and Kasper's terms, to build declarative knowledge and negotiate strategies they can apply to their procedural knowledge of writing. The small writing groups, led by a teaching assistant, provide underprepared students with exposure to the practices and values of the academic discourse community. A systematic look at how students' talk is structured and what topics they focus on offers important insights to instructors into aspects of student writers' learning processes and suggests additional pedagogical approaches.
A cellular-level approach to predicting resting energy expenditure across the adult years

BACKGROUND We previously derived a whole-body resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction model by using organ and tissue mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging combined with assumed stable, specific resting metabolic rates of individual organs and tissues. Although the model predicted REE well in young persons, it overpredicted REE by approximately 11% in elderly adults. This overprediction may occur because of a decline in the fraction of organs and tissues as cell mass with aging. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop a cellular-level REE prediction model that would be applicable across the adult age span. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that REE can be predicted from a combination of organ and tissue mass, the specific resting metabolic rates of individual organs and tissues, and the cellular fraction of fat-free mass. DESIGN Fifty-four healthy subjects aged 23-88 y had REE, organ and tissue mass, body cell mass, and fat-free mass measured by indirect calorimetry, magnetic resonance imaging, whole-body (40)K counting, and dual-energy X-ray absoptiometry, respectively. RESULTS REE predicted by the cellular-level model was highly correlated with measured REE (r = 0.92, P < 0.001). The mean difference between measured REE (x+/- SD: 1487 +/- 294 kcal/d) and predicted REE (1501 +/- 300 kcal/d) for the whole group was not significant, and the difference between predicted and measured REE was not associated with age (r = 0.009, NS). CONCLUSION The present approach establishes an REE-body composition link with the use of a model at the cellular level. The combination of 2 aging-related factors (ie, decline in both the mass and the cellular fraction of organs and tissues) may account for the lower REE observed in elderly adults.
Assessing the load matching capability of photovoltaics for US utilities based upon satellite-derived insolation data

The load matching capability of photovoltaic (PV) power generation is estimated for 20 electric utilities in the continental US. Load matching is determined experimentally by analyzing the interaction between the load requirements of each utility and the output of locally-sited PV plants. PV output is simulated using site/time specific hourly insolation data inferred from geostationary satellite-based remote cloud cover measurement. As quantified with four independent benchmarks, PV load matching capability is found to be substantial for several utilities. A well defined relationship is observed between a utility's summer-to-winter peak load ratio (SWP ratio) and the load matching capability for that utility. Many of the highest load matching occurrences are found in locations not traditionally targeted for solar energy development, namely: the central US and the Mid-Atlantic seaboard. >
Social System Accounts Based on Behavior Settings: Some Next Steps

According to Barker and Wright (1955, p. 9), “behavior settings are prominent units of extra-individual behavior identified with a high degree of agreement by independent observers… They are features of the phenomenal worlds of both laymen and scientists, and a description of the community in terms of behavior settings corresponds to common experience.”
Person Re-Identification with Discriminatively Trained Viewpoint Invariant Dictionaries

This paper introduces a new approach to address the person re-identification problem in cameras with non-overlapping fields of view. Unlike previous approaches that learn Mahalanobis-like distance metrics in some transformed feature space, we propose to learn a dictionary that is capable of discriminatively and sparsely encoding features representing different people. Our approach directly addresses two key challenges in person re-identification: viewpoint variations and discriminability. First, to tackle viewpoint and associated appearance changes, we learn a single dictionary to represent both gallery and probe images in the training phase. We then discriminatively train the dictionary by enforcing explicit constraints on the associated sparse representations of the feature vectors. In the testing phase, we re-identify a probe image by simply determining the gallery image that has the closest sparse representation to that of the probe image in the Euclidean sense. Extensive performance evaluations on three publicly available multi-shot re-identification datasets demonstrate the advantages of our algorithm over several state-of-the-art dictionary learning, temporal sequence matching, and spatial appearance and metric learning based techniques.
Embryology for Urologists

The embryology of the genito-urinary tract is fascinating and is an integral part of our daily practice. As practitioners of our “art” we generally do not think of the underlying embryological development until we see a problem. In fact, as clinicians and surgeons in both our adult and pediatric practice, we often, if not daily, hear about, see in consultation, care for, or operate on patients with problems that have an embryological anomalous basis. Unfortunately, most of us were glad when “embryology” was behind us and while we generally know how to correct the problem we do not really recall how or why it occurred.
Prototypes and system test stands for the Phase 1 upgrade of the CMS pixel detector

Abstract The CMS pixel phase-1 upgrade project replaces the current pixel detector with an upgraded system with faster readout electronics during the extended year-end technical stop of 2016/2017. New electronics prototypes for the system have been developed, and tests in a realistic environment for a comprehensive evaluation are needed. A full readout test stand with either the same hardware as used in the current CMS pixel detector or the latest prototypes of upgrade electronics has been built. The setup enables the observation and investigation of a jitter increase in the data line associated with trigger rate increases. This effect is due to the way in which the clock and trigger distribution is implemented in CMS. A new prototype of the electronics with a PLL based on a voltage controlled quartz crystal oscillator (QPLL), which works as jitter filter, in the clock distribution path was produced. With the test stand, it was confirmed that the jitter increase is not seen with the prototype, and also good performance was confirmed at the expected detector operation temperature (−20 °C).
Two-dimensional single-pixel imaging by cascaded orthogonal line spatial modulation

Two-dimensional (2D) images are taken using a single-pixel detector by temporally multiplexing spatial frequency projections from orthogonal, time varying spatial line modulation gratings. Unique temporal frequencies are applied to each point in 2D space, applying a continuous spread of frequencies to one dimension, and an offset frequency applied to each line in the orthogonal dimension. The object contrast information can then be recovered from the electronic spectrum of the single pixel, and through simple processing be reformed into a spatial image.
Making Local Information More Accessible: A Diary Study of Information Channel Selection of Mobile Users

The mobile Web has been a dominant channel for mobile users to fulfill information needs. Mobile users, however, also use other information channels such as the environment and personal sources. Through a 14-week exploratory diary study with ten mobile users, we found uncertainty with the accessibility of target information in an information channel to be a significant barrier for mobile users in using that channel to address an information need. This barrier is especially apparent when the information to be sought is for an upcoming activity or plan. In addition, we found that local infrastructural information such as information of services, resources, and directions within a specific point of interest was often perceived inaccessible or difficult to access on the Web, resulting in mobile users often preferring to use other information channels to obtain the information. We provide an explanation of the impact of such uncertainty using the cognitive maps framework from environmental cognition, and provide design implications on how Ubicomp systems can make local infrastructural information more accessible to mobile users.
Investigation of safety management in daytime out-patient surgical operation with 5965 children

Out-patient surgical operation means to do selective operation for children who do not stay at hospital. From August 2001 to August 2003,we have done 5 965 operations for children patients in our daytime out-patient surgical operation center. By means of enhancing the standardized management of hospital infection,safety consciousness,safety control and "five preventive"-that is to prevent getting the wrong patients,prevent the children falling down from bed;prevent getting the wrong operation position;prevent using wrong medicine; prevent sewing needle,gauze leaving inside patients' body.This practice prevented the occurrence of all kinds of accidents,and the safety of all the children perioperatively.Prevented the unguarded thought because of simple operation and big workload.
Nerve-root injection: a method for evaluating the etiology of sciatica.

Injections of Pantopaque into nerve roots are valuable as a method for evaluating sciatica, particularly in those patients with recurrent sciatica following multiple diagnostic procedures (myelograms, discograms, and electromyograms), following multiple operations on the back, or when the etiology of the sciactica cannot be determined by standard methods. Successful localization of the involved nerve root is accomplished by introduction of a needle into a nerve-root sleeve under roentgenographic control, after which 1 per cent lidocaine (Xylocaine) is used as a nerve block. If the Xylocaine injection eliminates the sciatica, surgical exploration of the nerve root is then carried out. In a series of twenty-two patients with complicated back problems who were seen with sciatica as the major symptom, evaluation by this method permitted precise diagnosis of the level and side of the lesion in eighteen patients, and appropriate surgical treatment in sixteen.
Engaging with Death Online: An Analysis of Systems that Support Legacy-Making, Bereavement, and Remembrance

Death is an inevitable part of life, but digital systems have been slow to address the complex issues that arise when a person passes away. As digital systems have become an increasingly important part people's lives, so too have these systems begun to play a role in a number of practices related to death, such as legacy-making, bereavement, and remembrance. In this paper, we conduct a survey of seventy-five digital systems designed to support these practices. Building on prior work, we analyzed these systems to derive findings that articulate how digital technologies reflect how people think about and engage with death. Based on these findings, we generated strategies designed to help system designers grapple with the complex needs that result from navigating death online.
Selection of the Optimal Cord Blood Unit

Over 30,000 umbilical cord blood transplants have been performed since the first umbilical cord blood transplant in France in 1988. Outcomes have improved with a better understanding of the importance of cell dose and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching. The selection of the appropriate umbilical cord blood unit is more challenging than choosing bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell donors. In this section, we review the data on cell dose and HLA typing, including high resolution typing, killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) matching, HLA C matching, and HLA antibodies. We also analyze the importance of cord blood banking factors, ABO match, and racial/ethnic matching. Finally, we discuss the challenges of the future in cord blood selection.
Diaphragmatic force and substrate response to resistive loaded breathing in the piglet

Inspiratory resistive loaded (IRL) breathing results in hypoventilation and diaphragmatic fatigue in the piglet. We studied the effects of 6 h of IRL on ten 1-mo-old piglets. The load was adjusted to increase spontaneously generated transdiaphragmatic pressure five to six times baseline. Six 1-mo-old piglets acted as controls and were identically instrumented but were not subjected to IRL. Measurements of ventilation, blood gases and pH, diaphragmatic electromyogram, force-frequency curve, blood flow, and end-expiratory lung volume were obtained hourly. Diaphragmatic muscle samples were obtained after 6 h for determination of ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and glycogen levels. No changes occurred in the control animals. IRL resulted in a significant decrease in ventilation, an increase in diaphragmatic EMG, onset of abdominal expiratory muscle activity, and a fall in end-expiratory lung volume by 1 h. The force-frequency curve adjusted for lung volume change fell by 20% at all frequencies of stimulation at 1 h and by 40% at 6 h. Blood flow to the costal and crural diaphragm increased by 51 and 141%, respectively. No differences were noted in ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, or glycogen between control and IRL animals. It is concluded that submaximal spontaneous contractions of the piglet diaphragm over a 6-h period cause a substantial decrease in its maximal force-generating capacity that is not related to substrate depletion.
Diagnosis and treatment of superficial bladder cancer: an update.

It is expected that approximately 50,500 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in 1995. In addition, approximately 10,000 people are expected to die of this disease during the year. An 11% increase in incidence observed from 1957 to 1987 was accompanied by a 19.4% decrease in the death rate in American males. This rate change may be attributable to stage migration to more localized disease as well as increased survival owing to improved treatment. Transurethral resection is standard first-line treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Intravesical therapy with cytotoxic agents or immunomodulators has become an important element in the management of patients with superficial bladder cancer at risk for disease recurrence and progression. Study results confirm the efficacy of both mitomycin and bacille Calmette-Guerin when administered intravesically. Comparative studies of these two agents are warranted to further clarify their respective roles in the prophylaxis of recurrences of superficial bladder cancer. Studies should enroll large numbers of patients, particularly those with high-grade lesions at significant risk of recurrence and progression. Current research involves evaluation methods of optimizing the efficacy of intravesical chemotherapy. High drug concentrations, hyperthermia, and combination modalities are a few new avenues being studied. In addition, new drugs like bropirimine, interferons, mycobacteria-associated antigens, and keyhole-limpet hemocyanin are being explored.
A History of Sockeye Salmon Research, Karluk River System, Alaska, 1880–2010. By Richard Gard and Richard Lee Bottorff

Over 130 years of research on Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Karluk River and Lake system on Kodiak Island, Alaska, is presented by authors Richard Gard and Richard Bottorff in this schol...
Equivalence and test-retest reproducibility of conventional and extended-high-frequency audiometric thresholds obtained using pure-tone and narrow-band-noise stimuli.

Objectives: Extended high-frequency (EHF) audiometry is useful for evaluating ototoxic exposures and may relate to speech recognition, localisation and hearing aid benefit. There is a need to deter...
Enhancing critical thinking using team-based learning

ABSTRACTThis study examines students’ perceptions of the development of academic and critical thinking skills in college, with a specific focus on team-based learning (TBL), an active learning strategy designed to increase student interaction and engagement. Six hundred and fifty students in five different courses were surveyed at the beginning of the semester about the extent to which they felt the typical college course enhances various academic and critical thinking skills. These responses were compared to their responses after a semester of TBL regarding the extent to which the TBL environment enhanced these same skills. Students expressed significantly greater improvement in critical thinking skills in a TBL environment in comparison to typical courses for most of the skills assessed and greater improvement in all of these skills in comparison to lecture-based courses. These results held for every demographic subgroup examined, including males, females, freshman, sophomores, juniors and seniors, as w...
PRACTICE: VALUE CREATION FOR GLOBAL PROCUREMENT COMPETITIVENESS

With the purpose of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of their production systems, world class producers are focusing more and more on their procurement processes. This paper gives an overview of current industry practices in the procurement area, as well as gives a prescription for successful procurement activities. Five options are given that present practices that add value, going beyond just cost reduction, to the procurement process. These five options are strategic in nature and are focused on elevating managerial thought towards the procurement function. Not all solutions to the sourcing decisions can be found domestically. Today’s global business environment requires that companies become global when sourcing for their companies. This global perspective is highlighted in part through an explanation and example of Chinese business culture called guanxi.
Regulation of the cell cycle by the ubiquitin pathway.

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is a major mechanism of regulation of cellular processes in which speed, specificity and timing are critical. Degradation of key substrates by the ubiquitin pathway controls cell cycle progression, circadian rhythms, cell fate commitment in development, signal transduction pathways, and immune responses (see Hochstrasser 1995 for review).
Simulation of Micropelletization Mechanisms in Polymer Melt – Air Systems

Abstract This paper presents a series of simulation approaches to model the mechanisms associated with the flow and breakup of a polymer melt in a new micropelletization technique. This has proven to be an alternative way of producing micropellets and powders with physical properties demanded in polymer processes such as sintering, rotomolding, injection molding, and extrusion. The new technique involves extruding a polymer melt strand through a capillary and stretching it with a stream of hot air, causing the formation of Rayleigh disturbances that lead to breakup of the strand into small particles. Experimental work has demonstrated that the viscoelastic response of the extruded thread influences the breakup process, affecting the final shape and size distribution of the particles. This work presents simulation results for the melt flow behavior that reproduces what has been observed experimentally during the breakup stage. A free surface viscoelastic solver, implemented in the OpenFOAM computational fl...
La música detrás de las palabras: Fortunata y Jacinta, ‘Oficio de tinieblas’ y Réquiem por un campesino español

Este articulo examina las multiples funciones de la musica en tres obras narrativas: primero, en Fortunata y Jacinta de Benito Perez Galdos, durante la escena de la uncion de Mauricia que coloca po...
[Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Ningbo during 1988 - 2007].

Objective To study the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in high epidemic areas. Methods Reported data on typhoid and paratyphoid fever during 1988- 2007 in Ningbo were analyzed epidemiologically. Shellfish from the market was collected for laboratory testing and ,Salmonella typhi strains collected from the patients were also studied. Results Number of reported cases on both typhoid and paratyphoid fever was 19 404 with 7 deaths, from 1988 to 2007. The annual mean incidence was 17.68 per one hundred thousand with the fatality rate as 0.36 per thousand. Most cases were among adults aged 20-50 years and an obvious regional distribution was observed with high incidence seen in winter and spring. Since 1990s, the advantage strain had changed from Salmonella typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A. Etiologic studies showed that raw Anadara subcrenata and oyster were the main risk factors. One Salmonella paratyphi A strain was detected in both Anadara subcrenata and oysters collected from the market, which contained TEM-1 drug resistance gene. PFGE genotyping showed that PFGE-X2 was the strain which causing pandemic in Ningbo. Conclusion Eating contaminated raw shellfish like oysters and hairy clams was the primary risk factor, responsible for the outbreaks. Salmonella paratyphi A was the advantages pandemic strain in Ningbo. Strategies as supervision on personal hygiene and health education should be strengthened. Key words: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever; Epidemiological characteristics; Risk factor; Shellfish seafood
Further Advancing the Field of School Mental Health

We are pleased to bring to you this second edition of the Handbook of School Mental Health, with each of us involved in careers that emphasize bringing effective programs and services to promote students’ positive behavior, health, mental health, and academic success in the most universal setting, “where they are,” in schools. We have all been deeply involved in training, practice, research, and policy in the emerging and increasingly prominent school mental health (SMH) field, as well as in efforts to interconnect work occurring in each of these four realms of action.
Human CPA1 mutation causes digestive enzyme misfolding and chronic pancreatitis in mice

Objective Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, which often develops in the background of genetic susceptibility. Recently, loss-of-function mutations in CPA1, which encodes the digestive enzyme carboxypeptidase A1, were described in sporadic early onset cases and in hereditary pancreatitis. Mutation-induced misfolding of CPA1 and associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was suggested as potential disease mechanism; however, in vivo evidence has been lacking. The objective of the present study was to create a mouse model that recapitulates features of CPA1-associated chronic pancreatitis. Design We knocked-in the most frequently occurring p.N256K human CPA1 mutation to the mouse Cpa1 locus. Mutant mice were characterised with respect to pancreas pathology and ER stress and compared with C57BL/6N and CPA1 null control mice. Results In the CPA1 N256K mutant mice, we observed hallmarks of chronic pancreatitis that included progressive acinar cell atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis and acinar-ductal metaplasia. In contrast, similarly to the C57BL/6N mice, the CPA1 null control strain exhibited no signs of pancreatic disease. Mutation p.N256K induced misfolding of mouse CPA1 and resulted in elevated expression of ER stress markers Hspa5 (BiP) and Ddit3 (CHOP) both in cell culture and mutant mice. Conclusion The results offer categorical evidence that CPA1 mutations elicit enzyme misfolding and cause chronic pancreatitis via an ER stress-related mechanism.
On Private Lossy Function Computation

In this paper, the problem of lossy function computation with secrecy and privacy constraints is considered. The considered model consists of two legitimate terminals Alice and Bob, and an eavesdropper Eve. Under a certain distortion constraint, Bob would like to compute a function of two distributed source sequences observed at Bob and Alice respectively. To assist the function computing at Bob's side, Alice is allowed to transmit messages to Bob while satisfying two conditions: 1) the information leakage about Alice's source sequence to Bob is limited, which is denoted as privacy constraint; and 2) Eve will not learn too much information about the Alice's source sequence, which is denoted as secrecy constraint. Under this model, we study the relationship among message rate, privacy constraint, secrecy constraint and the function distortion level. We fully characterized the achievable region of these parameters.
Impact of Preeclampsia on Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Women With Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

Background— Preeclampsia is a risk factor for the development of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), but it is unknown whether preeclampsia impacts clinical or left ventricular (LV) functional outcomes. This study sought to assess clinical and functional outcomes in women with PPCM complicated by preeclampsia. Methods and Results— This retrospective cohort study included women diagnosed with PPCM delivering at Barnes-Jewish Hospital between 2004 to 2014. The primary outcome was one-year event-free survival rate for the combined end point of death and hospital readmission. The secondary outcome was recovery of LV ejection fraction. Seventeen of 39 women (44%) with PPCM had preeclampsia. The groups had similar mean LV ejection fraction at diagnosis (29.6 with versus 27.3 without preeclampsia; P =0.5). Women with preeclampsia had smaller mean LV end-diastolic diameters (5.2 versus 6.0 cm; P =0.001), greater relative wall thickness (0.41 versus 0.35 mm Hg; P =0.009), and lower incidence of eccentric remodeling (12% versus 48%; P =0.03). Clinical follow-up was available for 32 women; 5 died of cardiovascular complications within 1 year of diagnosis (4/15 with versus 1/17 without preeclampsia; P =0.16). In time to event analysis, patients with preeclampsia had worse event-free survival during 1-year follow-up ( P =0.047). Echocardiographic follow-up was available in 10 survivors with and 16 without preeclampsia. LV ejection fraction recovered in 80% of survivors with versus 25% without preeclampsia ( P =0.014). Conclusions— PPCM with concomitant preeclampsia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and different patterns of LV remodeling and recovery of LV function when compared with patients with PPCM that is not complicated by preeclampsia.
Near-Linear Time Insertion-Deletion Codes and (1+$\varepsilon$)-Approximating Edit Distance via Indexing

We introduce fast-decodable indexing schemes for edit distance which can be used to speed up edit distance computations to near-linear time if one of the strings is indexed by an indexing string $I$. In particular, for every length $n$ and every $\varepsilon >0$, one can in near linear time construct a string $I \in \Sigma'^n$ with $|\Sigma'| = O_{\varepsilon}(1)$, such that, indexing any string $S \in \Sigma^n$, symbol-by-symbol, with $I$ results in a string $S' \in \Sigma''^n$ where $\Sigma'' = \Sigma \times \Sigma'$ for which edit distance computations are easy, i.e., one can compute a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation of the edit distance between $S'$ and any other string in $O(n \text{poly}(\log n))$ time. Our indexing schemes can be used to improve the decoding complexity of state-of-the-art error correcting codes for insertions and deletions. In particular, they lead to near-linear time decoding algorithms for the insertion-deletion codes of [Haeupler, Shahrasbi; STOC `17] and faster decoding algorithms for list-decodable insertion-deletion codes of [Haeupler, Shahrasbi, Sudan; ICALP `18]. Interestingly, the latter codes are a crucial ingredient in the construction of fast-decodable indexing schemes.
Aided Optimal Search: Data-Driven Target Pursuit from On-Demand Delayed Binary Observations

We consider the following search problem: an autonomous robot (the searcher) needs to locate and reach a target moving in a field scattered with Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS). The searcher has very limited information about the target: (i) it has an initial distribution (the prior) describing the probability of the target being at a given location at the initial time, and (ii) it can interrogate nearby sensors; each sensor records a binary measurement, describing whether or not the target passed in the proximity of the sensor at some point in time. Then the goal for the searcher is to estimate the trajectory of the target, and plan a maneuver that allows reducing the uncertainty about the current target state. We refer to this problem as aided optimal search, in that the search process is aided by an external infrastructure (the ground sensors). The paper adopts a Dynamic Data-Driven Appplications Systems (DDDAS) paradigm, in which the data collected by the searcher is used to update the belief on the trajectory of the target, and the searcher actively steers the measurement process to improve its knowledge about the location of the target. In particular, we make two main contributions. The first regards the target trajectory estimation. We show how to perform optimal Bayesian inference from binary measurements using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). One of the main insights is that parameterizing the GMM in the information filter (inverse covariance) form allows huge computational savings: the information matrix of each mixture component is a very sparse (block-tridiagonal) matrix, which allows us to deal with a GMM with thousands of components in a fraction of a second. The second contribution regards planning: we propose a Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) approach to plan the optimal searcher path, which minimizes the uncertainty about the position of the target. The key idea here is the use of sampling to decouple the complexity of the MIP from the length of the trajectory of the target. We demonstrate the proposed strategy in extensive simulations, reporting statistics about success rate and computational time for different scenarios and target motion models. The proposed search strategy largely outperforms greedy strategies (e.g., visiting the most likely target position).
To Switch or Not to Switch? The Influence of School Choice and Labor Market Segmentation on Teachers’ Job Searches:

Informal and institutional barriers may limit teacher movement between charter schools and traditional public schools (TPSs). However, we know little about how teachers choose schools in areas with...
Generalized Inverse as a Weight Matrix

In several textbooks, the least-squares solutions are given with generalized matrices, but usually the weight matrix is assumed to be a positive definite matrix especially when weight matrix has of...
Peridynamic homogenization of microstructures with orthotropic constituents in a finite element framework

Abstract This study presents a peridynamic approach for performing homogenization of complex material microstructures by using the current element technology of ANSYS. The constituent materials can be orthotropic and arbitrary in number. The periodic boundary conditions are applied in a natural way without any constraint conditions. The construction of peridynamic governing equations and modeling procedure do not require any User Programmable Features (UPF) of ANSYS. The numerical results concern the verification of this approach by comparison with those reported in the literature, and its capability in the presence of matrix cracks and debonds along the fiber–matrix interface.
Outcomes Among Minority Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in a Safety-net Health Care System

Abstract Background Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes continue to improve, but they vary significantly by race and ethnicity. We hypothesize that these disparities arise from unequal access to care. Materials and Methods The Harris Health System (HHS) is an integrated health delivery network that provides medical care to the underserved, predominantly minority population of Harris County, Texas. As the largest HHS facility and an affiliate of Baylor College of Medicine’s Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ben Taub Hospital (BTH) delivers cancer care through multidisciplinary subspecialty that prioritize access to care, adherence to evidence-based clinical pathways, integration of supportive services, and mitigation of financial toxicity. We performed a retrospective analysis of minority patients diagnosed with and treated for metastatic CRC at BTH between January 2010 and December 2012. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared with survival curves from randomized control trials reported during that time period. Results We identified 103 patients; 40% were black, 49% were Hispanic, and 12% were Asian or Middle Eastern. Thirty-five percent reported a language other than English as their preferred language. Seventy-four percent of patients with documented coverage status were uninsured. Eighty-four percent of patients received standard chemotherapy with a clinician-reported response rate of 63%. Overall survival for BTH patients undergoing chemotherapy was superior to that of subjects enrolled in the CRYSTAL (Cetuximab Combined with Irinotecan in First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer) trial (median, 24.0 vs. 19.9 months; P = .014). Conclusion HHS provides a health delivery infrastructure through which minority patients with socioeconomic challenges experience clinical outcomes comparable with highly selected patients enrolled in randomized control trials. Efforts to resolve CRC disparities should focus on improving access of at-risk populations to high-quality comprehensive cancer care.
How does inequality affect our sense of moral obligation

Tomasello's novel and insightful theory of obligation explains why we sometimes sense an obligation to treat each other equally, but he has not yet explained why human morality also allows and enables much inequality in wealth and power. Ullman-Margalit's (1977) account of norms of partiality suggested a different source and kind of norms that might help to fill out Tomasello's picture.
The case for refugee physicians: Forced migration of International Medical Graduates in the 21st century.

Abstract In this paper we propose a new category of International Medical Graduates (IMGs) who are forced to leave their home countries: “refugee physicians.” In US social science scholarship, IMGs are divided into US citizen IMG (USIMG) and non-US citizen IMG (non-USIMG). For purposes of US medical licensure qualifications and recordkeeping, US- and non-USIMGs are lumped together. These categorizations are too blunt to demonstrate important differences among non-USIMGs. The category of “refugee physicians” distinguishes non-USIMGs who are forced to flee their homelands from other IMGs. We define and develop this category based on qualitative in-depth interviews conducted in 2019 with 28 non-USIMGs who fled to the US within the past 15 years. Using narrative analysis, we constructed “flight biographies,” storied chronological events and experiences, for each physician. The flight biographies highlight the medical and political contexts in which they were forced to flee and are situated in the US. Two representative cases demonstrate how and why lumping refugee physicians together with other IMGs obscures the constraints and challenges that set them apart from the other IMG categories. First, the term refugee physician focuses attention on how physicians are located among forcibly displaced people worldwide, including their distinct relationships to their home countries, transit countries in which some of them seek sanctuary, and the US, where some requested asylum and others have been resettled. Second, because refugee is an umbrella term that blends categories of law, policy, social science, and everyday usage it encompasses a wide variety of lived experiences along a continuum of compulsion to leave. Finally, refugee physician illuminates the group's distinct relationship to medical licensure and brings into focus structural barriers that impede their goal of gaining a US medical license.
Vortex Breakdown as a Catastrophe

By studying swirling viscous jets, we develop a new explanation of vortex breakdown, show how solution non-uniqueness appears through cusp and fold catastrophes as the Reynolds number Re increases, and obtain analytical solutions for Re → ∞. Although inviscid theories also involve fold catastrophe, they have a strong limitation: the dependence of the head H and circulation Гd on stream function ψ is undetermined inside a recirculatory zone. Analytical continuation and stagnation zone models used to resolve this indeterminacy appear inadequate for swirling jets: H(ψ) and Гd(ψ), which we obtain here by the inviscid limit, differ from those based on the inviscid theories. We therefore suggest a new model consistent with the limiting transition. Also, we analyze turbulent vortex breakdown with a conical wake which has been recently observed at large Re.
Theory in a Transdisciplinary Mode: the Rhetoric of Inquiry and Digital Humanities

The sciences and humanities have long been regarded as discrete intellectual cultures, separated by a sharp epistemic divide. Recently, however, turns toward "transdisciplinarity" have intimated the growing importance of overcoming disciplinary boundaries. The Rhetoric of Inquiry and digital humanities are two transdisciplinary projects that have attempted, respectively, to bring humanistic inquiry to the sciences, and to bring scientific inquiry to the humanities. This paper attempts to trace the parallel genealogies of both projects in an attempt to theorize some common traits of theory in a transdisciplinary mode. I suggest that articulating these projects with one another enables us to suppose that building transdisciplinary theory will entail a heightened reflexivity concerned with questions about scope, methods, and epistemic values.