cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical and physical effects of processing fats and oils

Soybean oil is processed for a variety of food uses, salad/cooking oil, margarine and shortening. Crude soybean oil is composed mainly of triglycerides but also contains measurable amounts of minor constituents that may have beneficial or detrimental effects on oil characteristics. The nature of these minor constituents, the role they play in oil stability or deterioration and their fate during processing are subjects of this review. Iodine value, fatty acid composition, solid fat index and congeal point are chemical and physical characteristics of oil that are affected by the hydrogenation process. Techniques and effects of degumming, alkali refining, bleaching, hydrogenation, winterization and deodorization are discussed. Utilization or disposal of by-products or wastes from each processing step is reviewed.
The Complexity of Two-Point Boundary-Value Problems with Analytic Data

Previous work on the complexity of elliptic boundary-value problems Lu = f assumed that class F of problem elements f was the unit ball of a Sobolev space. In this paper, we assume that F consists of analytic functions. To be specific, we consider the ?-complexity of a model two-point boundary-value problem ?u? + u = f in I = (?1, 1) with natural boundary conditions u?(?1) = u?(1) = 0, and the class F consists of analytic functions f bounded by 1 on a disk of radius ? ? 1 centered at the origin. We find that if ? > 1, then the ?-complexity is ?(ln(??1)) as ? ? 0, and there is a finite element p-method (in the sense of Babu?ka) whose cost is optimal to within a constant factor. If ? = 1, we find that the ?-complexity is ?(ln2(??1)) as ? ? 0, and there is a finite element (h, p)-method whose cost is optimal to within a constant factor.
Stability of magnetically insulated electron flow

The stability of magnetically insulated electron flow is studied for wavelengths longer than gyrolengths and frequencies lower than gyrofrequencies. This is done by using a general theory that allows for a distribution of electrons of different canonical momentum and total energy. The stability theory leads to a set of integro-differential equations for the eigenfunctions of the potentials. The integral portion of the equations relates positions across the flow that are connected by the finite size of the electron orbits. A general stability criterion is found. The stability of the flow is determined by the distribution of the electrons in canonical-momentum--total-energy space. The criterion can be stated roughly as depending upon whether the distribution function increases or decreases with drift velocity. If it increases, the flow is unstable.
Hyperelliptic surfaces of general type with k2<4χ

If a minimal surface S of genral type with a hyperelliptic pencil satisfies K2<f(χ), where f(x) is a function asymptotic to 4x, then S has a pencil of hyperelliptic curves of bounded genus, with a bound depending only upon the ratio of K2 to χ. The Albanese map of S factors through the fibration corresponding to this pencil.
Evidence of the rich flammability limit for pulverized Pittsburgh seam coal-air mixtures

Abstract Evidence for a rich flammability limit is presented for pulverized Pittsburgh seam coal (36% volatiles, 56.1% fixed carbon, 50 μm mass mean particle diameter). Experiments were conducted in a large (0.3 m diam by 4.5 m long) horizontal tube that generated a vertical dust concentration gradient for the rich mixtures. Horizontally propagating steady state flames were observed only in regions where the concentration was below 1.5 kg/m 3 . When the location where the dust concentration exceeded 1.5 kg/m 3 was varied, the edge of the visible flame front moved accordingly. This is interpreted as evidence for a rich limit of 1.5 kg/m 3 for this coal.
Outcomes after preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography and biopsy in patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy.

Background This retrospective cohort study analyzes the potential risks associated with preoperative fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy guided by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy. Methods Excluding 204 patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis and those with previous pancreatic resections, 230 consecutive patients with primary pancreatic neoplasms underwent elective distal pancreatectomy between 2002 and 2009. The most common indications were adenocarcinoma (28%), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN; 20%), and endocrine neoplasms (17%). Two-way statistical comparisons were performed between patients who did (EUS+) or did not (EUS−) undergo preoperative EUS-FNA. Results Distal pancreatectomy was performed open in 118 patients (56%) and laparoscopically in 102 patients (44%). No differences were observed in age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, operative time, or blood loss between the EUS+ (n = 179) and EUS− (n = 51) groups. Splenectomy was performed in 162 patients (70%) and was more common in the EUS+ group. With the exception of adenocarcinoma (n = 57 [32%] EUS+ vs n = 6 [12%] EUS−; P Conclusion Preoperative EUS-FNA is not associated with adverse perioperative or long-term outcomes in patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy for solid neoplasms of the pancreas. The potentially detrimental long-term impact of preoperative EUS-FNA in patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma was not observed, but will require additional study.
VARIATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS AS AN AID TO DESIGN QUALITY ASSURANCE

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N THE function of the quality specialist in design quality is not clearly understood. He obviously does not exist to duplicate the work of the designer by double checking, since he is unlikely to bring more expertise to the role than the designer. Nor can he perform the role of policeman, checking that design procedures are adhered to, since the pressures such a technique would produce are likely to hinder rather than help the achievement of design quality. He can, under the chairmanship of the designer, assist in design review; he can also help with reliability prediction and analysis. This paper proposes a further role which though limited in its aim could considerably contribute to design quality. In any complex design, achievement of the fully defined requirement in the first off or early units is unlikely. Errors of a critical or non-critical nature will be discovered and changes will be required to correct the errors. These errors may be of significance to the customer or not. I f not they may still be of significance in production, where cost of verification or failure may be excessive. Usually the errors will manifest themselves as measured values not falling within the specified tolerance. They may be due to a mean value being offset from the specified nominal or (more usually) a variation in excess of the design specification. For the purpose of this paper both types will be referred to as exhibiting excessive variation since their effect is the same--a reading or readings outside tolerance. There are methods by which the variation of all design parameters can be analysed to locate excessive variation even when no reading has yet been found outside tolerance. Whatever the way in which the conclusion has been arrived at that excessive variation exists, this paper concerns itself with the correct location of the source of variation in an optimized series of tests. The source having been correctly located it is left to the designer to propose a solution. This paper then concerns itself with an optimized test procedure to give a high confidence that the proposed solution is effective. All this leads to a minimum cost high confidence modification to correct "first time" errors located in new designs. The paper includes the design, and results of practical experiments actually performed in a complex industrial environment. It concentrates attention on streamlining the well-established work of mathematical statisticians and thereby selling their work to the manager and designer in industry as a powerful aid which has hitherto been severely under-employed.
Differential inflation with short and long CS-US intervals: Evidence of a nonassociative process in long-delay taste avoidance

Three experiments were performed to investigate the learning process underlying the phenome­ non of long-delay taste conditioning. An associative model views taste avoidance as due to a condi­ tioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) associative structure, despite the long interval in­ terposed between the flavor and illness. A nonassociative account of this avoidance behavior posits that avoidance stems from the interaction of two nonassociative processes: habituation of neopho­ bic avoidance to a novel taste, and the poison-induced dishabituation of this process. A postcondi­ tioning inflation manipulation was used to discriminate between these two views. It has been demon­ strated that enhanced responding with a US inflation manipulation depends, in part, on a previously conditioned association. Therefore, if long-delay taste avoidance arises from nonassociative pro­ cesses, an inflation manipulation should not affect conditional responding. Experiment 1 demon­ strated a delay of reinforcement effect, enhanced avoidance of saccharin in the immediate/inflation group, and no effect of inflation in the delay group and sham controls. Experiment 2 revealed that this differential effect of inflation is not due to absolute differences in the strength of the avoidance response. In Experiment 3, we investigated a potential associative learning mechanism that could ac­ count for the differential inflation effect. Together, the present results support the various predic­ tions of a nonassociative account of long-delay taste avoidance. Garcia, Ervin, and Koelling (1966) reported that rats demonstrate substantial avoidance ofa novel taste paired with illness despite a long delay between these events. Like other conditioning preparations, taste aversions show a delay of reinforcement effect; increases in the taste-poison interval result in reduced avoidance. How­ ever, considerable avoidance is observed following de­ lays ofhours between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) (Garcia et al., 1966; Re­ vusky, 1968; Smith & Roll, 1967). Typically, a delay in the order of seconds or minutes is sufficient to attenuate learning in other conditioning paradigms (see, e.g., Mackintosh, 1983). This unique feature of taste aver­ sions led to the development ofseveral theories that pos­ tulate a specialized associative mechanism in the taste conditioning system that can accommodate long CS-US intervals (Garcia et al., 1966; Garcia, McGowen, & Green, 1972; Rozin & Kalat, 1971).
Immunolocalization of monoclonal antibody-defined extracellular matrix antigens in human brain tumors.

The extracellular matrix is involved in many aspects of tumor cell biology, including tumor invasion and metastasis. 2A6 and 81C6 are murine monoclonal antibodies that identify glioma-mesenchymal extracellular matrix antigens. The 81C6 antigen is a high molecular weight glycoprotein composed of Mr 230,000 subunits. The expression of 2A6 antigen, 81C6 glycoprotein, fibronectin (FN), and laminin (LN) was examined immunohistochemically in ten malignant gliomas (MG) and four medulloblastomas (MBT). 2A6 and 81C6 were expressed in similar patterns by the neoplastic neuroepithelial cells in 9/10 MG and 1/4 MBT. The staining was typically diffuse and amorphous, without visualization of distinct cell bodies or processes. Less frequently, antigen was detected within tumor cell cytoplasm. In most tumors the staining was greatest in the perivascular regions. In two MG, 2A6 and 81 C6 were expressed only by a subpopulation of neoplastic cells. Although intense staining was also associated with hyperplastic vascular and mesenchymal cells, many small and medium size blood vessels stained weakly or not at all. In contrast, FN and LN were expressed uniformly and intensely in the tumor vasculature, but were not expressed by neoplastic neuroepithelial cells. The 2A6 antigen and 81C6 glycoprotein are immunohistochemically distinct from FN and LN. These monoclonal antibody-defined antigens are heterogeneously expressed by neoplastic neuroepithelial cells and hyperplastic vascular-mesenchymal elements in MG and MBT. The 2A6 and 81C6 monoclonal antibodies will be useful reagents in the investigation of the extracellular matrix of malignant neuroepithelial neoplasms.
Stability Analysis of Reservation-Based Scheduling Policies in Wireless Networks

A major challenge in wireless networks is the ability to maximize the throughput. High throughput in a wireless network requires a relatively low complex scheduling policy with a provable efficiency ratio, which is a measure of the performance of the policy in terms of throughput and stability. For most scheduling policies that achieve provable ratios, at the onset of every frame, a selection is made of a subset of links to transmit data in the immediately following frame. In this paper, we propose a policy that allows links to transmit data in any future frame by means of frame reservations. The new, reservation-based distributed scheduling approach will improve the capacity of the system and provide greater throughput. First, we create a framework to analyze the stability of reservation-based scheduling systems. Then, to demonstrate its efficacy, we propose a reservation-based distributed scheduling policy for IEEE 802.16 mesh networks and use the new framework to find sufficient conditions for the stability of the network under this policy, i.e., we find a lower bound for its efficiency ratio. Finally, by means of simulation, we validate the mathematical analysis and compare the performance of our policy with nonreservation-based policies.
Stepwise formation of a SMAD activity gradient during dorsal-ventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo

Genetic evidence suggests that the Drosophila ectoderm is patterned by a spatial gradient of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Here we compare patterns of two related cellular responses, both signal-dependent phosphorylation of the BMP-regulated R-SMAD, MAD, and signal-dependent changes in levels and sub-cellular distribution of the co-SMAD Medea. Our data demonstrate that nuclear accumulation of the co-SMAD Medea requires a BMP signal during blastoderm and gastrula stages. During this period, nuclear co-SMAD responses occur in three distinct patterns. At the end of blastoderm, a broad dorsal domain of weak SMAD response is detected. During early gastrulation, this domain narrows to a thin stripe of strong SMAD response at the dorsal midline. SMAD response levels continue to rise in the dorsal midline region during gastrulation, and flanking plateaus of weak responses are detected in dorsolateral cells. Thus, the thresholds for gene expression responses are implicit in the levels of SMAD responses during gastrulation. Both BMP ligands, DPP and Screw, are required for nuclear co-SMAD responses during these stages. The BMP antagonist Short gastrulation (SOG) is required to elevate peak responses at the dorsal midline as well as to depress responses in dorsolateral cells. The midline SMAD response gradient can form in embryos with reduced dpp gene dosage, but the peak level is reduced. These data support a model in which weak BMP activity during blastoderm defines the boundary between ventral neurogenic ectoderm and dorsal ectoderm. Subsequently, BMP activity creates a step gradient of SMAD responses that patterns the amnioserosa and dorsomedial ectoderm.
The Role of the Pericardium in Conditioning the Effects of Physical Training

More work needs to be done on the extent to which the pericardium can modulate the cardiovascular response to exercise and the mechanisms whereby this modulation is brought about. Studies are needed to differentiate the effects of the pericardium on the cardiovascular exercise response, comparing trained with untrained subjects. Evidence is accumulating that exercise training in patients with heart failure improves not only the performance of exercising muscles, but also has some beneficial effects on central hemodynamics. The extent to which these beneficial effects can be attributed to conditioning the pericardium remains speculative.
Atomic and magnetic ordering in Fe3−xVxSi alloys

Abstract Alloys of composition Fe 3− x V x Si with x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.90 and 1.00 were studied by neutron diffraction to obtain site distributions and information on magnetic ordering. Vanadium atoms were found to substitute almost completely on the Fe site with 8Fe near neighbors, with little evidence for other types of disorder. Ferromagnetic scattering was observed for x = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 in an amount consistent with the observed magnetization, but the sample with x = 0.90 showed no evidence of magnetic ordering down to 4K.
Mesoscopic modeling of crack arrestor delamination in Al–Li: primary crack shielding and {T}-stress effect

This work explores the effects of grain orientation and T-stress on crack-front shielding and delamination cracking in modern aluminum–lithium alloys. In the crack-arrestor configuration of interest here, a primary crack extends through the grain thickness while triggering delaminations over susceptible grain boundaries that lie normal to the plane of the primary crack. A three-dimensional, small-scale-yielding framework that employs a gradient-enhanced, crystal plasticity material model reveals key features of the strain/stress fields in a simulation of pancake-shaped grains with alternating orientation near a primary crack front. The alternating grain configurations exhibit a soft/stiff behavior and alternating out-of-plane, L–T shear stress—effects observed in recently-published experiments completed by the authors and others on various Al–Li alloys. Both texture effects contribute to highly localized driving forces for delamination cracking while concurrently shielding the primary crack. Moreover, texture does not act to shield the arrestor delamination planes, thereby favoring arrestor delamination development over primary crack growth. A compressive T-stress further enhances shielding of the primary crack—a result which aids in understanding marked differences in observed fracture behavior of tested M(T) and C(T) specimens of Al–Li alloys.
Low Reynolds number modeling of turbulent flows with and without wall transpiration

A full Reynolds-stress closure that is capable of describing the flow all the way to the wall is formulated. The closure is based on the conventional high Reynolds number form of the redistribution model, the inclusion of molecular diffusion, and a modified dissipation model to account for viscous effects near a wall. Two dissipation models are investigated along with two gradient diffusion and two redistribution models. Their respective effects on the calculated flow properties are assessed by comparing them with the data of fully developed turbulent flows and a developing pipe flow with wall transpiration. The near-wall behavior is very well predicted; however, the wall correction to the redistribution modeling is found to have little effect on the calculated results. The overall behavior of the fully developed turbulent flows is best described by a nonisotropic gradient diffusion model, a return-to-isotropy redistribution model, and a dissipation model that accounts for viscous behavior near a wall. This same closure also gives the best prediction of the axial pressure drop behavior along a pipe with a uniform wall suction. Furthermore, the near-wall behavior of such a flow is very well predicted by this closure.
NADPH-dependent enzyme-catalyzed reduction of aldophosphamide, the pivotal metabolite of cyclophosphamide

Abstract One of the metabolites found in the urine of mammals given the prodrug cyclophosphamide is alcophosphamide, an alcohol. It is most probably generated from cyclophosphamide via aldophosphamide, an aldehyde which otherwise can directly give rise to phosphoramide mustard; the latter effects the cytotoxic action of cyclophosphamide and other oxasaphosphorizes. It has already been demonstrated that horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of aldophosphamide to alcophosphamide. Herein, we report that aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase purified from human placenta also catalyze this reaction. The Km values for aldose reductase- and aldehyde reductase-catalyzed reduction of aldophosphamide to alcophosphamide were 0.15 and 1.6 mM, respectively. Aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase accounted for 94 and 6%, respectively, of total placental pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzyme-catalyzed aldophosphamide (160 μM) reduction. Aldose reductase-catalyzed reduction of aldophosphamide appeared to be noncompetitively inhibited by sorbinil; the Ki value was 0.4 μM. The in vivo significance of these observations is uncertain but could be of some magnitude since alcophosphamide is known to be only weakly cytotoxic.
Additivity of k X-ray yield of chlorine in CHClF2, CCl2F2, C2Cl2F4, and CCl3F

Abstract The additivity of the K X-ray yield of chlorine in CHClF2, CCl2F2, C2Cl2F4, and CCl3F is demonstrated experimentally. Any chemical or molecular environment effect on the total K X-ray yield is less than 2% for the chlorine bearing molecules studied. The K X-ray yield of argon is also reported and the ratio of the yield of argon to chlorine is in good agreement with the theory of photoionization and measurements of fluorescence yield.
The Development and Validation of a Numerical Model for Non-Homogenous Sheet Heating During Thermoforming Processes

The most common method of heating polymer sheet for thermoforming is radiative heating. In this paper, the radiative heating of opaque thermoplastic sheet has been studied by using a comprehensive numerical modeling approach. The evolution of sheet temperature upon heating, both at the surface and through the thickness was computed assuming one-dimensional transient heat conduction with radiative and conductive boundary conditions. The net-radiation method has been used to compute the total radiative heat on the thermoplastic sheet. Several complex and yet practical sheet heating cases are presented and discussed, and the utility of the newly developed modeling capability is demonstrated.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Theory of Electrostatic Fields in the Ionosphere at Equatorial Latitudes

The properties of the elongated electrostatic fields that are required to provide the coupling mechanism in the dynamo-motor concept of the E and F regions of the ionosphere are examined theoretically for the conditions that prevail in equatorial latitudes. The analysis is developed for an electrostatic field of arbitrary horizontal scale in a horizontally stratified partly ionized gas subject to an imposed magnetic field having the form of a parabolic arch over the equator. The anisotropic character and continuous variation with height of the conductivity are retained throughout , and numerical solutions are determined for the attenuation of the electric field with distance along the field line. The results are similar qualitatively to those found previously upon analysis of the corresponding problem for middle latitudes, but the attenuation of the electrostatic field with height is considerably greater. It develops, in particular, that the coupling between E and F regions is very small for fields having horizontal wavelengths of a few kilometers. It follows that the dynamo-motor concept could not be used to account for the presence of irregularities of this scale. On the other hand, it is found that almost all the attenuation occurs at heights near that of the E region. If an electrostatic field having a horizontal wavelength of a few kilometers could be produced at heights of, say 200 km or greater, it follows that it would be very elongated and extend with little change in amplitude from hemisphere to hemisphere. The results also indicate that effective coupling could be achieved for fields having horizontal wavelengths of the order of tens of kilometers, but the assumptions introduced to simplify the analysis may impair the quantitative reliability of the results for fields of this scale.
Health Care Reform and the Need for Comparative-Effectiveness Research

Health care reform will eventually pit the goal of expanding health insurance coverage against strong pressure to reduce the growth in health care costs. If left to measures in the proposed reform legislation, cost containment will be driven primarily by marketplace incentives, programmatic initiatives, and organizational changes that would partially offset the costs of expanding coverage.1 These proposed economic policy changes and incentives, however, are not guaranteed to lead either to individual clinical decisions that will be in patients' best interests or to enhancement of the public's health. Rather, these forces are relatively blunt instruments that might nudge the health . . .
Attitudes of Higher Education Faculty toward Distance Education: A National Survey.

Abstract Although distance education is growing in importance in the United States, little research has focused on the attitudes of American college and university teachers toward college‐level distance education and toward the use of specific media in distance education provision. The attitudes of both participating and nonparticipating faculty toward distance education need further examination, since teaching innovations cannot succeed without their support. This study examines the receptivity to college‐credit distance education of faculty members in two‐ and four‐year higher education institutions. The research questions focused on general receptivity to distance education, the relationship between professional characteristics and attitude toward distance education, the connection between previous distance education experiences/ familiarity and receptivity, and on attitudes toward different distance education media and methods.
Ultrastructure of the apex of the rabbit graafian follicle during the ovulatory process.

The fine structure of the graafian follicle has been examined in an attempt to elucidate some of the structural changes which occur during ovulation. The protruding apexes of mature follicles were cut from the ovaries of both mated and unmated estrous rabbits. The tissue was oriented so that sections showed full-wall thickness in the region of expected rupture. Approximately 8 hr after mating (about 2 hr before rupture) the tissue began a progressive phase of disintegration in the general area where the stigma normally develops. Follicles estimated to be within minutes of rupture had, at most, only fragmentary remnants of the granulosa, and the fibrous outer layers of the wall had thinned to less than 1/5 their width in follicles from unmated estrous rabbits. Not only was there a separation of cells, but also the collagen fibrils of the prerupture follicles appeared appreciably sparse in comparison to precoital control follicles. The cells dissociated in a manner which supports the idea that there is an a...
Returns to investments in information: can investments reduce bad purchase experiences of consumers?

A maximum likelihood probit analysis was used to examine the impact of stock of information, specific information sources, research, value of time, and demographic characteristics on the probability of having a bad purchase experience over the past 12 months. Results indicated that age and degree of social contacts, all representing stock of information, were significantly related to the probability of having a bad purchase experience. Using sales persons' advice as a source of information prior to making prior purchases was also a significant predictor.
Matching Asymmetry of Tremor with Asymmetry of Postmortem Cerebellar Hemispheric Changes in Essential Tremor

Although the number of postmortem studies in essential tremor (ET) has grown in recent years, clinical-pathological correlations remain limited. We are unaware of a study that has assessed whether the pathological changes in ET, if asymmetric, lateralize to the cerebellar hemisphere that is ipsilateral to the arm with more severe action tremor, as one would predict if the lesions were tremor producing. We compared postmortem changes in the right vs. left cerebellar hemispheres in ET and examined how these correlated with asymmetry of tremor on neurological examination. Action tremor in each arm was quantified using a reliable and valid clinical rating scale. Cases were divided into three clinical groups: tremor more severe on right, tremor more severe on left, and tremor symmetric. Calbindin D28k immunohistochemistry was performed on 100 μm vibrotome sections from a standard tissue block of both right and left neocerebellums to quantify Purkinje cell linear density, torpedo counts, and a group of previously described changes in Purkinje cell axonal shape (thickened axonal profiles) and connectivity (axon recurrent collaterals, axonal branching, terminal axonal sprouting, arciform axons, extent of recurrent collateral plexus). ET cases were divided into three postmortem groups: findings greatest on right, findings greatest on left, and findings symmetric. In 18 (72.0 %) of 25 ET cases, clinical and pathological features were concordant (i.e., both clinically and pathologically right-predominant (one case), both clinically and pathologically left-predominant (five cases), or both clinically and pathologically symmetric (12 cases), p = 0.007). In the remaining seven (28.0 %) ET cases, clinical and pathological data were not concordant, and in none were they completely discordant (i.e., tremor was more severe on the right, and postmortem cerebellar changes were paradoxically more severe on the left or vice versa). Among the seven ET cases with >20 % side-to-side difference in tremor severity, six cases (85.7 %) had the expected pathological asymmetry, with quantified postmortem cerebellar changes more marked ipsilateral to the more clinically affected side. We also created continuous measures of asymmetry. For the entire sample, there was a positive correlation between the clinical asymmetry index and the pathological asymmetry index = 0.52, p = 0.01 (i.e., the right-left difference in clinical asymmetry was correlated with the right-left difference in postmortem changes). For the seven ET cases with clear clinical asymmetry, the correlation was even more robust (r = 0.78, p = 0.039). Clinical-pathological correlations are important in terms of understanding the significance of observed pathological changes. The correlation between clinical laterality or symmetry of tremor and pathological changes in the majority of ET cases provides additional evidence that the pathological changes in the cerebellum in ET are of patho-mechanistic importance.
Morality and Economics: Public Assessments of the Adult Entertainment Industry

In this article, the authors examine citizen attitudes toward the adult entertainment industry. Using the results of a public opinion survey of a northeastern American city, the authors find that morality is more important than economics in attitudes about adult entertainment. The authors look at assessments regarding the number of adult entertainment clubs, the overall regulatory environment, and specific policy remedies for dealing with the industry (police raids, higher taxes, tighter zoning, or clustering establishments). On nearly every one of these factors, religion and morality are more important to people's attitudes than their views about the economic contributions of the industry. These results have important implications for theories emphasizing the economic basis of public policy making.
Hallucal grasping in Nycticebus coucang: further implications for the functional significance of a large peroneal process

Euprimate grasping feet are characterized by a suite of morphological traits, including an enlarged peroneal process on the base of the first metatarsal, which serves as the insertion site of the peroneus longus muscle. In prosimians, a large process has typically been associated with a powerful hallucal grasp via the contraction of the peroneus longus to adduct the hallux. Recent electromyography (EMG) studies have documented that peroneus longus does not contribute substantially to hallucal grasping in lemurids (Boyer et al., 2007). However, non-lemurid prosimians have a I-V opposable grasp complex that is morphologically different and phylogenetically more primitive than the I-II adductor grasp complex of the lemurids previously studied. Therefore, it is possible that peroneus longus did function during grasping in early euprimates, but lost this function in large-bodied lemurids. The present study tests the hypothesis that a large peroneal process is related to powerful grasping ability in primates displaying the more primitive I-V grasp complex. We use EMG to evaluate the recruitment of peroneus longus, other crural muscles, and adductor hallucis in static and locomotor grasping activities of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). Results show that peroneus longus is active during grasping behaviors that require the subject to actively resist inversion of the foot, and likely contributes to a hallucal grasp in these activities. Peroneus longus activity level does not differ between grasping and power grasping activities, nor does it differ between grasping and non-grasping locomotor modes. Conversely, the digital flexors and hallucal adductor are recruited at higher levels during power grasping and grasping locomotor modes. Consequently, we reject the hypothesis that an enlarged peroneal process represents an adaptation specifically to enhance the power of the I-V grasp, but accept that the muscle likely plays a role in adducting the hallux during grasping behaviors that require stabilization of the ankle, and suggest that further work is necessary to determine if this role is sufficient to drive selection for a large peroneal process.
Ultraconservation identifies a small subset of extremely constrained developmental enhancers

Extended perfect human-rodent sequence identity of at least 200 base pairs (ultraconservation) is potentially indicative of evolutionary or functional uniqueness. We used a transgenic mouse assay to compare the embryonic enhancer activity of 231 noncoding ultraconserved human genome regions with that of 206 extremely conserved regions lacking ultraconservation. Developmental enhancers were equally prevalent in both populations, suggesting instead that ultraconservation identifies a small, functionally indistinct subset of similarly constrained cis-regulatory elements.
Political Theory: Truth and Consequences

Bertrand de Jouvenel is one of a very small group of writers in our own time who make a serious effort to develop political theory in the grand style. In the English-speaking world, where so many of the interesting political problems have been solved (at least superficially), political theory is dead. In the Communist countries it is imprisoned. Elsewhere it is moribund. In the West, this is the age of textual criticism and historical analysis, when the student of political theory makes his way by rediscovering some deservedly obscure text or reinterpreting a familiar one. Political theory (like literary criticism) is reduced to living off capital—other people's capital at that.
Unemployment equilibrium in an economy with linked prices

Wage inflexibility has been widely regarded in modern writing as a cause of unemployment. Almost any Keynesian or non-Walrasian equilibrium which involves equilibrium excess supplies also contain some form of wage or price inflexibility. Yet the micro mechanism of wage inflexibility, its causes and form remains somewhat a mystery. In this paper we study the allocation of resources in an economy in which prices of some goods or services are linked to other goods or services. This is not wage “rigidity” in the traditional sense but it is a form of rigidity which is widely observed. Following the recent literature on non-Walrasian equilibrium (see, for example, Dreze (1975), Barro and Grossman (197 l), Grandmont and Laroque (1976), Malinvaud (1977) and many others) one would expect the allocation to be attained via a set of quantity constraints on net trades. We show in this paper, however, that the allocation mechanism in the economy will not require a general set of limitations on excess supplies and excess demands but rather will tend to have the following two properties:
An apparatus for the specific heat measurement of undercooled liquids

This paper describes a drop calorimeter with an electromagnetic levitator that was specifically built for enthalpy measurements of undercooled liquids, including high-melting-point metals. Design diagrams of this device and of a furnace for making a suspended drop are presented together with results of measurements on an aluminum sample.
Modelling of the effects of porosity and particle size on the steady-state wave velocity in combustion synthesis

A simple model has been developed for steady-state combustion wave velocity which takes into account the effects of porosity, pore size and powder particle size. This model uses a unit-cell approximation for a characteristic porous compact geometry and also a description of heterogeneous reaction is utilized as an approximation to explicitly include the effect of particle size. Parametric studies indicate that as the porosity increases the combustion propagation rate decreases. It is also inferred that the pore size plays an important role in this behaviour and it can even reverse this trend at high values of pore size. As observed in combustion experiments, the model also correctly predicts the increase in combustion velocity with decreasing particle size.
SU-FF-T-50: A Quantitative Dose Attenuation Analysis Around Fletcher-Suite Device Due to Stainless Steel Tube for HDR Brachytherapy: Monte Carlo Calculations and MOSFET Measurements

Current intracavitary therapy planning system for brachytherapy treatment of cervical and endometrial cancers using Fletcher‐Suite Device (FSD) typically implements Manchster point system for dosedelivery. Also, all available treatment planning systems neglect the attenuation effect from stainless steel (SS) tube, leading to potential inaccuracies in dose distributions. Previous publications only reported the dose reduction from the cylinder SS tube. To the best of our knowledge, the attenuation effect of SS tube from Fletcher‐Suite Device has not yet been reported. This investigation uses Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP) to construct a typical geometry of FSD and compare the dosesdelivered to Point A in Manchester System with and without SS tube. This will delineate quantitatively the inaccuracies in dose distributions in three‐dimensional space. The source geometry was that of the VariSource wire model VS2000. The Fletcher‐Suite Device was that of the Varian medical system. In this case, the bending angles of tandem and colpostats are 15° and 120° respectively. We assign 10 dwell positions to the tandem and 4 dwell positions to right and left colpostats each. Measurements using MOSFET were performed in water, using a water equivalent jig for precision positioning of FSD and other instruments. Typical dosedelivered to point A were determined according to Manchester System. Based on our preliminary computations, the dose reduction to point A was shown to be at least 3%. So this effect of FSD on patient dose is of concern. Good agreement was observed between simulations and measurements to within the acceptable error for MOSFETdosimetry (0.9%∼2.8%). Techniques used to develop the FSD design in MCNP in 3D space and dosimetry results obtained for FSD system and vaginal cylindrical tube will be presented.
Associations between age specific mortality and fecundity rates in mammals

Abstract As in Drosophila melanogaster , age specific fecundity and, among females, variation in fecundity, vary in parallel with age specific survivorship and death rate, respectively, in many small mammals. The seeming ubiquity of such parallelisms in the light of the fact that schedules of death rate are usually Gompertzian (Sacher, 1977) lends weight to the theory that senescence is an ongoing process involving a general decrementation in vitality.
Indirect responses to loaded questions

Casual users of Natural Language (NL) computer systems are typically inexpert not only with regard to the technical details of the underlying programs, but often with regard to the structure and/or content of the domain of discourse. Consequently, NL systems must be designed to respond appropriately when they can detect a misconception on the part of the user. Several conventions exist in cooperative conversation that allow a speaker to indirectly encode their intentions and beliefs about the domain into their utterances, ("loading" the utterances), and allow (in fact, often require) a cooperative respondent to address those intentions and beliefs beyond a literal, direct response. To be effective, NL computer systems must do the same. The problem, then, is to provide practical computational tools which will determine both when an indirect response is required, and wh-~ that response should be, without requiring that large amounts of domain dependent world knowledge be encoded in special formalisms. This paper will take the position that distinguishing language driven inferences from domain driven inferences provides a framewor-~r a s--~ution to this problem in the Data Base (DB) query domain. An implemented query system (CO-OP) is described that uses this distinction to provide cooperative responses to DB queries, using only a standard (CODASYL) DB and a lexicon as sources of world knowledge.
Growth hormone secretory profiles: variation on consecutive nights.

To evaluate the reproducibility of overnight growth hormone (GH) testing and the effect of daytime administration of levodopa and clonidine on overnight GH secretion, we examined consecutive 12-hour overnight GH profiles of 48 short subjects, ages 5 to 16 years, who had GH stimulation testing with levodopa and clonidine. In six subjects (12%) the overnight pool GH concentration on the second night increased by >100% from the first-night result (night-to-night changes of +1.2 to +5.2 ng/ml). In the remaining subjects, night-to-night changes in pool GH concentrations ranged from −1.2 to +1.8 ng/ml (−60% to +88% changes from the first night value). Night-to-night changes were
MRI Guidance for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation in Prone Position: Imaging Protocol Design and Evaluation

Purpose To design and evaluate a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol to be incorporated in the simulation process for external beam accelerated partial breast irradiation. Methods and Materials An imaging protocol was developed based on an existing breast MRI technique with the patient in the prone position on a dedicated coil. Pulse sequences were customized to exploit T1 and T2 contrast mechanisms characteristic of lumpectomy cavities. A three-dimensional image warping algorithm was included to correct for geometric distortions related to nonlinearity of spatially encoding gradients. Respiratory motion, image distortions, and susceptibility artifacts of 3.5-mm titanium surgical clips were examined. Magnetic resonance images of volunteers were acquired repeatedly to analyze residual setup deviations resulting from breast tissue deformation. Results The customized sequences generated high-resolution magnetic resonance images emphasizing lumpectomy cavity morphology. Respiratory motion was negligible with the subject in the prone position. The gradient-induced nonlinearity was reduced to less than 1 mm in a region 15 cm away from the isocenter of the magnet. Signal-void regions of surgical clips were 4 mm and 8 mm for spin echo and gradient echo images, respectively. Typical residual repositioning errors resulting from breast deformation were estimated to be 3 mm or less. Conclusions MRI guidance for accelerated partial breast irradiation with the patient in the prone position with adequate contrast, spatial fidelity, and resolution is possible.
Neural control of head rotation: Electromyographic evidence

Abstract Electromyograms, representing sample of neurological control signals, can be used to predict head rotation that can be either time optimal or non-time optimal, depending upon a given subject's intent. Kinematic factors such as operating levels in terms of horizontal and vertical position of the head from which horizontal rotations are made, importantly influence the tonic and phasic aspects of the EMG signal. Pairs of head-rotating muscles, splenius and sternocleido-mastoideus muscles, demonstrate reciprocal innervation, particularly for time optimal head rotations. Head rotations of the same amplitude but different velocities correlate with pulse height and pulse width of envelopes of the rectified EMG. Rise of the agonistic EMG correlates in detail with rise of the acceleration transient for a given fast or slow head rotation. Our data demonstrate both the optimal control of details of head movements and the influence of the stretch reflex that strongly relates to initial head position and the velocity of the movement. Influence of the stretch reflex appears to be greatly diminished in very fast head movements around the primary position. The results support the idea of higher level programmed control of head rotation in human subjects.
Cross-sectional shape of flexible tubes.

Differential equations are derived whose solution gives the cross-sectional shape of a flexible tube as a function of the transmural pressure. These equations are solved digitally to produce a series of closed curves, each curve representing the shape of a cross section for a particular set of conditions. These are then applied to the case of systemic arteries, pulmonary arteries, and large veins. The results predict that systemic arteries must always be circular, even when the internal and external pressures are equal. In veins, a small positive internal pressure causes them to become circular, regardless of their initial state, with negligible stretching. Further increases in internal pressure cause the area of the cross section to increase due only to stretching, the shape remaining essentially circular. With pulmonary arteries, known to be noncircular, changes in the cross-sectional area result from a combination of stretching and changes of shape.
Revisiting concepts of topicality and novelty - A new simple graph model that rewards and penalizes based on semantic links

Research in Information Retrieval (IR) experienced a paradigm shift from first having too few documents to search from to now having way too many of them. When users have trouble finding relevant documents, they tend to become frustrated and give up searching. Scholars have attempted to reduce instances of search frustration via query expansion, information filtering, and incorporating user feedback. However, these approaches are not effective as users still experience a period of frustration before getting more relevant results. The aim of this conceptual paper is to explore possible improvements to the field by revisiting two fundamental concepts: topicality and novelty. First, we elaborate various issues with existing IR models in capturing these two concepts. Second, we illustrate a potential improvement to these issues: namely, a new simple graph space model with new topicality and novelty measures that can better capture these features of a document based on rewards and penalties for corresponding matching and missing semantic links. Lastly, we demonstrate a walk-through example using the new graph-based IR model.
How ‘grievous’ was the biblical famine?

Abstract I take the data from the story of Joseph’s interpretation of the Pharaoh’s dream in Genesis and use information on the Pharaoh’s likely rate of time preference to infer the seriousness of the famine that is described. Its severity is compared to that of modern famines in developing nations, with the conclusion that the Biblical famine was no deeper, but was longer than modern famines.