cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right and left atrial pressures in successive stages of oligemic and normovolemic shock.

Summary and Conclusions1. Simultaneous changes in right and left atrial pressures together with aortic pressure pulses were successfully recorded through the experiments in 6 out of 16 dogs which were submitted to standardized procedures of bleeding and reinfusion developed in this laboratory. 2. An analysis of the results supports previous observations from this laboratory that myocardial depression can supervene during the circulatory failure which develops after prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension and subsequent reinfusion of the withdrawn blood. It extends these observations in showing that such myocardial failure may affect either the left or right ventricle dominantly.
SCLEROTIUM PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS ON CORN KERNELS

Sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus were produced during the moist chamber incubation of kernels from corn that was either naturally infested in the field or artificially inoculated in a plant growth room. Initial inspection of the kernels used in these experiments revealed no sclerotia. Sclerotia of A. flavus formed on autoclaved inoculated kernels that were incubated (21 da, 25 C) on sterile washed sand, sterilized (autoclaved) soil, or non-sterile garden soil. Treatments incorporating exposure to light or incubation on non-sterile soil resulted in a reduction in the numbers of sclerotia produced. Because A. flavus-infested kernels commonly reach the soil surface in the form of downed ears or through spillage at harvest, sclerotia may represent an important source of A. flavus inoculum in field soils where corn is grown. Sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus Link have not been reported to occur in nature even though the large majority of strains isolated from naturally occurring substrates produce sclerotia when cultured in the laboratory (Wicklow and Cole, 1982). The importance of A. flavus as a colonist of preharvest cereals and other agricultural produce makes it imperative that we understand the role of the sclerotium in the life cycle of A. flavus. Sclerotia could represent a principal source of overwintering inoculum in cereal agroecosystems. Some plant pathogenic fungi (e.g., Claviceps spp.) produce sclerotia on plant parts above ground, whereas others develop sclerotia or other resistant resting
Control Effect of Occupational Hazards in Construction Project of Chip Package

Objective To evaluate the occupational hazards in construction project of chip package,so as to provide the basis for the inspection by health administrative departments.Methods According to the related data,occupational hygienic investigation was carried out,occupational hazards factors were detected and both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were applied.Results The main occupational hazard factors in the chip package production were noise,poisonous chemicals and power frequency.Four noise sites for patrol inspection exceed the standard with the L ex8h intensities noise of 77.7dB(A).Poisonous chemicals,power frequency were in accord with the occupational exposure standards.Conclusion The project is a common construction project,the occupational hazard prevention facilities and control measures basically come up to the national occupational health requirements.
A Multi-stage Graph Approach for Efficient Clustering in Self-Organized Wireless Sensor Networks

With the rapid increase in applications utilizing the current advancements of wireless sensor networks, a number of problems related to self-organization, energy-awareness and network organizations have attracted many researchers in the field. Various groups have proposed grouping the sensors into clusters and design communication routes in two levels as a way to improve communication cost and better organize networks of large sensors. In this paper, we propose a new approach to cluster wireless sensors and identify cluster heads using multi-stage graph algorithms. The approach takes advantage of the optimally associated with finding matching solutions in multi-stage graph networks. The proposed solution is designed to accommodate networks with different sizes and levels of density. We tested the algorithm using different types of networks and measure the quality of the key parameters as compared to those obtained by traditional greedy heuristics. Obtained results show that the multi-stage graph approach produces better network organization and better cluster head selection which leads to be more efficient self-organized networks.
Converters in power grid

The electrical power system forms the essential backbone of the energy system that enables modern livelihood and supports a comfortable lifestyle for people who have access to it. It is commonly segmented into generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization systems. While electrical power converters have a role to play across all of these segments, their application in generation and utilization systems is rather specific in nature, as has been discussed in various other chapters in this book. The focus of discussion in this chapter is on their application in electrical transmission and distribution system, which are often referred together as the power grid. Since the power grid is largely operated as a three-phase ac system, the discussion in this chapter is mainly focused on three-phase power converters. An outline of different power converters that are used the power grid classified into different categories is presented in Section 16.2. In the discussion, the focus is mainly placed on the circuit configuration of the constituent components, and not on their control, modulation, switching strategy, or design aspects. Such a discussion is beyond the scope of this volume, and may be found in specialized texts, monographs, and references. Various specific applications of these converters in transmission and distribution systems are illustrated in Section 16.3. A brief description of application is restricted to the functional details. Again, detailed discussion of the operation and capabilities of the converters may be found in reference documents. The summary in the concluding section includes a brief discussion of the state of the technology and emerging trends, followed by a list of references.
CEO International Experiences and Their Effects on Strategic Change and Performance

Drawing upon managerial cognitive and experiential learning theory, we suggest that the extent to which different types of international experiences affect executives’ cognitive ability to make str...
Modified frailty index predicts postoperative outcomes in older gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Background and Objectives Frailty disproportionately impacts older patients with gastrointestinal cancer, rendering them at increased risk for poor outcomes. A frailty index may aid in preoperative risk stratification. We hypothesized that high modified frailty index (mFI) scores are associated with adverse outcomes after tumor resection in older, gastrointestinal cancer patients. Methods Patients (60-90 years old) who underwent gastrointestinal tumor resection were identified in the 2005-2012 NSQIP Participant Use File. mFI was defined by 11 previously described, preoperative variables. Frailty was defined by an mFI score >0.27. The postoperative course was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results 41 455 patients (mean age 72.4 years, 47.4% female) were identified. The most prevalent form of cancer was colorectal (69.3%, n = 28 708) and 2.8% of patients were frail (n = 1,164). Frail patients were significantly more likely to have increased length of stay (11.7 vs 9.0 days), major complications (29.1% vs 17.9%), and 30-day mortality (5.6% vs 2.5%), (all P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified mFI as an independent predictor of major complications (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.39-1.65, P < 0.001) and 30-day mortality (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.24-1.75, P < 0.001). Conclusions mFI was associated with the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality in older surgical patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
Risk Factors for Pregnancy-Associated Stroke in Women With Preeclampsia.

Background and Purpose—Preeclampsia affects 3% to 8% of pregnancies and increases risk of pregnancy-associated stroke (PAS). Data are limited on which women with preeclampsia are at highest risk fo...
On-chip training of recurrent neural networks with limited numerical precision

Training of neural network can be accelerated by limited numerical precision together with specialized low-precision hardware. This paper studies how low precision can impact on entire training of RNNs. We emulate low precision training for recently proposed gated recurrent unit (GRU) and use dynamic fixed point as a target numeric format. We first show that batch normalization on input sequences can help speed up training with low precision as well as high precision. We also show that the overflow rate should be carefully controlled for dynamic fixed point. We study low precision training with various rounding options including bit truncation, round to nearest, and stochastic rounding. Stochastic rounding shows superior results than the other options. The effect of fully low precision training is also analyzed by comparing partial low precision training. We show that the piecewise linear activation function with stochastic rounding can achieve comparable training results with floating point precision. Low precision multiplier and accumulator (MAC) with linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) is implemented with 28nm Synopsys PDK for energy and performance analysis. Implementation results show low precision hardware is 4.7x faster, and energy per task is up to 4.55x lower than that of floating point hardware.
Microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis: Implementation and applications

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the progress toward novel microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis (μCAE)) devices capable of fully integrated, high-throughput genotyping and DNA sequencing. These integrated bio processors lead the way to the next generation of DNA analysis devices. Initial capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) efforts utilized bundles of drawn, fused-silica capillaries that provide significant advantages in analysis time, sample volume, and process automation over conventional slab gels. A modified design was presented in which 12 capillaries were bundled into a ∼1.1 mm region to facilitate scanned sample interrogation. The ability to fabricate dense array devices reproducibly in an industry-standard wafer format facilitates the continued evolution toward integrated bio processors containing not only arrays of high-performance DNA separation columns, but also thermal-cycling reaction and sample purification chambers. Continued progress on this trajectory can yield devices capable of performing the most sophisticated genetic assays in a completely integrated format.
Characterization of cellulose crystallinity after enzymatic treatment using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

Cellulase activity on insoluble cellulose substrates declines as the substrate is modified. The role of structural changes that result in substrate recalcitrance, such as changes to cellulose crystallinity, requires further investigation. Crystallinity of cellulose samples with varying extents of digestion can only be compared meaningfully using a high throughput - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HTS-FTIR) technique when the many variables involved are carefully controlled. Hence, changes to the HTS-FTIR sample preparation methods previously described in literature were necessary in order to obtain clean raw spectra and reliable measures of cellulose crystallinity. The sample preparation methods of residual cellulose after digestion by individual cellulases and a complex cellulase mixture from T. fusca were improved to remove extraneous overlapping signals, provide accurate extent of digestion, and correct errors caused by varying concentrations. These improved preparation methods enabled measurement of crystallinity index values of residual cellulose which did not show a correlation between cellulose crystallinity and the decline in cellulase activity.
Phenomenological Physics of Hot Carriers in Semiconductors

Preparing a review on a topic developing as rapidly as nonlinear transport is a complicated problem. The material should be comprehensive for those new in the field and at the same time interesting in the sense that the basic principles are covered in the most efficient form. Also future applications should be pointed out whenever possible. In the past, the largest impetus to hot electron research came from device applications such as transistor characteristics, interface transport, and above all the Gunn effect. It is easy enough to guess that the largest impact in the future will come from very large scale integration (VLSI), which necessarily involves high electric fields, and from studies of multilayer heterojunction structures. It is not clear which of the hot electron effects will be important for these applications. Current device concepts are based on drift, diffusion, and generation-recombination. Therefore, I will concentrate in this review on the effects of hot electrons arising from these three basic mechanisms. It is my intention not only to give an introduction to hot carrier effects, but also to supply a complete “recipe” on how hot carrier effects can be calculated within the so-called carrier temperature model. In addition, I will discuss the cases of the largest deviations from this model.
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION

Over the past decade, high frequency ventilation (HFV) has been shown to produce adequate respiratory gas exchange in laboratory (1–5) and clinical (6–11) trials. Although the mechanism of gas exchange operative during HFV is unclear, this technique of ventilatory support presents several potential advantages in clinical settings relative to conventional positive pressure ventilation (CV) (12) ,including diminished pulmonary barotrauma, improved ventilation/perfusion matching, and suppression of asynchronous respiratory efforts during mechanical ventilation.
Interesting Applications from Three Decades of Biostatistical Consulting

Details of several interesting applications from 30 years of biostatistical consulting are presented. One application involves using a parallel design instead of a crossover design in a bioequivalence trial of several formulations. This trial also incorporated blinded sample size re-estimation—before there was a literature on the subject. Two other applications, one of a fixed combination drug for treating allergic rhinitis and the other of a dose comparison trial in duodenal ulcer, reflect using bivariate plots of two primary response measures to illustrate simultaneously drug/dose effects. The dose comparison duodenal ulcer trial also reflects logistical aspects of interim analyses procedures aimed initially at dropping the placebo arm and later dose discrimination, as well as illustrating the need to carefully define the trial objective. The last example provides an overview of assessing whether evidence exists from two Phase II trials of angina to support conducting a Phase III trial at either a b.i.d. or t.i.d. drug.
Symptom management pathways to reduce ED visits and hospitalizations for patients with cancer.

302Background: At our academic medical center, acute on chronic pain, gastrointestinal symptoms and fever led to most preventable ED visits and hospitalizations amongst cancer patients on chemotherapy. We developed management pathways to target these symptoms. Methods: Existing symptom management algorithms and internal expert consensus of multidisciplinary stakeholders, including palliative care and infectious disease, contributed to initial symptom management algorithms. After iterative revisions, the pathways were finalized by hematology/oncology physician and nursing leadership. We identified outpatient, non-oral, cancer directed treatment events using pharmacy billing data. These events included traditional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy. We then identified any ED visit or hospitalization at our medical center within 30 days of the event. We plan a pre-post analysis to determine change in 30-day ED visits and hospitalizations for any reason and for our target symptoms. Results: We ...
Solution Structure of a MYC Promoter G-Quadruplex with 1:6:1 Loop Length.

The important MYC oncogene is deregulated in many cancer cells and comprises one of the most prominent G-quadruplex (G4) forming sequences in its promoter regions, the NHE III1 motif. Formation of G4s suppresses MYC transcription and can be modulated by drug binding, establishing these DNA structures as promising targets in cancer therapy. The NHE III1 motif can fold into more than one parallel G4s, including 1:2:1 and 1:6:1 loop length conformers, with the 1:2:1 conformer shown as the major species under physiological conditions in solution. However, additional factors such as protein interactions may affect the cellular folding equilibrium. Nucleolin, a protein shown to bind MYC G4 and repress MYC transcription, is reported herein to preferably bind to the 1:6:1 loop length conformer suggesting a physiological significance of this species. The high-resolution NMR solution structure of the 1:6:1 conformer is determined, which reveals a 5′-capping structure distinctive from the 1:2:1 form, with the 6 nt c...
The psychology of socio-technical systems: Professionalism, power, and personality in the electricity sector

Abstract Taken as a whole, the electric power sector is one of the largest machines ever built, and as such, running it efficiently requires a specific operational approach: a commitment to highly ordered, interlocking, authoritarian systems. In this sense, it embodies a distinct sociotechnical structure that may be expected to select for, reward, and perpetuate energy professionals whose personalities compliment and further these underlying structures. Given that the sector has an over-representation of men, this perspective proposes that the differences in labor force participation between men and women might be at least partly a function of personality differences between men and women and that the personality diversity in the electric power sector may be worse than the current sex imbalance indicates. Furthermore, the field of personality psychology has shown that sex differences in personality are expected to widen as societies become more egalitarian, a shift that could potentially exacerbate the sex imbalance in the electric power sector. By redesigning the technical aspects of the sector so that it elicits a more balanced sociotechnical expression, it may be possible to simultaneously create a more balanced workforce and an industry more capable of achieving a sustainable future.
A testbed for quantum communication and quantum networks

We introduce the NIST Platform for Quantum Network Innovation (PQNI) – a new testbed on the NIST campus to accelerate the integration of quantum systems into a real life, active network in a controlled scientific setting. The testbed will be used to evaluate quantum scale devices and components such as single photon sources, detectors, memories and interfaces within various quantum network protocols and configurations for performance, optimization, synchronization, loss compensation, error correction, compatibility with conventional network traffic (often referred to as co-existence), continuity of operations and more.
Proximity without consensus in online multi-agent optimization

We consider stochastic optimization problems in multi-agent settings, where a network of agents aims to learn decision variables which are optimal in terms of a global objective, while giving preference to locally and sequentially observed information. To do so, we formulate a problem where each agent minimizes a global objective while enforcing network proximity constraints, which includes consensus optimization as a special case. We propose a stochastic variant of the saddle point algorithm proposed by Arrow and Hurwicz to solve it, which yields a decentralized algorithm that is shown to asymptotically converge to a primal-dual optimal pair of the problem in expectation when a diminishing algorithm step-size is chosen. Moreover, the algorithm converges linearly to a neighborhood when a constant step-size is chosen. We apply this method to the problem of sequentially estimating a correlated random field in a sensor network, which corroborates these performance guarantees.
Trauma in pregnancy and severe adverse perinatal outcomes.

Background: Trauma, including accidental and violent trauma, is a rare but severe complication of pregnancy. The incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies affected by traumatic injury ...
Successful Mastectomy and Chemotherapy in a Patient with Breast Cancer and Active Generalized Pyoderma Gangrenosum.

Introduction Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, ulcerating neutrophilic dermatosis often associated with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and myeloproliferative disorders. The classic description of PG includes irregularly shaped ulcers with undermined edges with a gun-metal gray or violaceous hue. The etiology remains unclear but appears to be related to genetically predisposed dysregulation of the innate immune system. Diagnosis of PG can be difficult as it can present with symptoms similar to cutaneous infections including erythema, edema, ulceration, fever and leukocytosis. Surgical procedures are generally contraindicated in patients with PG due to the risk of pathergy, excessive cutaneous injury, or ulceration in response to trauma. Case report The authors report the development of PG with the initiation of chemotherapy in a 46-year-old woman with breast cancer. The patient had a complicated clinical course after multiple surgical debridements due to an initial misdiagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. The patient's rapid onset of post-procedural ulceration was consistent with the pathergy of PG. The diagnosis of PG was confirmed by skin biopsy, which revealed a diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate, and with the patient's negative cultures and response to steroids. The patient was treated with perioperative prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulin prior to a mastectomy for her breast cancer. The surgery was not complicated by pathergy. Conclusions This unique case highlights the challenging aspects in the medical and perioperative management of active PG in a patient with breast cancer.
Historic Redlining and Urban Health Today in U.S. Cities

This study explores the potential associations between historic redlining and urban health outcomes in nine U.S. cities: Atlanta, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Oakland, San Fran...
Rationale, Development, and Description of a Brief Family-Centered Service Provision Model for Addressing Children's Severe Behavior.

For families with children with autism that engage in severe behavior, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that functional assessment and management of environmental variables contributin...
Dynamic multimerization of Dab2-Myosin VI complexes regulates cargo processivity while minimizing cortical actin reorganization.

Myosin VI ensembles on endocytic cargo facilitate directed transport through a dense cortical actin network. Myosin VI is recruited to clathrin-coated endosomes via the cargo adaptor Dab2. Canonically, it has been assumed that the interactions between a motor and its cargo adaptor are stable. However, it has been demonstrated that the force generated by multiple stably attached motors disrupts local cytoskeletal architecture, potentially compromising transport. In this study, we demonstrate that dynamic multimerization of myosin VI-Dab2 complexes facilitates cargo processivity without significant reorganization of cortical actin networks. Specifically, we find that Dab2 myosin interacting region (MIR) binds myosin VI with a moderate affinity (184 nM) and single-molecule kinetic measurements demonstrate a high rate of turnover (1 s-1) of the Dab2 MIR-myosin VI interaction. Single-molecule motility shows that saturating Dab2-MIR concentration (2 μM) promotes myosin VI homodimerization and processivity with run lengths comparable with constitutive myosin VI dimers. Cargo-mimetic DNA origami scaffolds patterned with Dab2 MIR-myosin VI complexes are weakly processive, displaying sparse motility on single actin filaments and "stop-and-go" motion on a cellular actin network. On a minimal actin cortex assembled on lipid bilayers, unregulated processive movement by either constitutive myosin V or VI dimers results in actin remodeling and foci formation. In contrast, Dab2 MIR-myosin VI interactions preserve the integrity of a minimal cortical actin network. Taken together, our study demonstrates the importance of dynamic motor-cargo association in enabling cargo transportation without disrupting cytoskeletal organization.
The Wikipedia Global Consciousness Index: a measurement of awareness and meaning of the world as one place

To supplement current globalization indexes, I propose a new index, the Wikipedia Global Consciousness Index (WikiGCI). The WikiGCI, defined as a measure of awareness and meaning of the world as on...
Summertime low clouds mediate the impact of the large-scale circulation on Arctic sea ice

The rapid Arctic sea ice retreat in the early 21st century is believed to be driven by several dynamic and thermodynamic feedbacks, such as ice-albedo feedback and water vapor feedback. However, the role of clouds in these feedbacks remains unclear since the causality between clouds and these processes is complex. Here, we use NASA CERES satellite products and NCAR CESM model simulations to suggest that summertime low clouds have played an important role in driving sea ice melt by amplifying the adiabatic warming induced by a stronger anticyclonic circulation aloft. The upper-level high pressure regulates low clouds through stronger downward motion and increasing lower troposphere relative humidity. The increased low clouds favor more sea ice melt via emitting stronger longwave radiation. Then decreased surface albedo triggers a positive ice-albedo feedback, which further enhances sea ice melt. Considering the importance of summertime low clouds, accurate simulation of this process is a prerequisite for climate models to produce reliable future projections of Arctic sea ice. Summertime low clouds in the Arctic play an important role in inducing sea ice melt as they amplify warming from high pressure systems aloft through radiative effects and feedbacks, according to analyses of observations and model simulations.
Distributed Threshold-based Offloading for Large-Scale Mobile Cloud Computing

Mobile cloud computing enables compute-limited mobile devices to perform real-time intensive computations such as speech recognition or object detection by leveraging powerful cloud servers. An important problem in large-scale mobile cloud computing is computational offloading where each mobile device decides when and how much computation should be uploaded to cloud servers by considering the local processing delay and the cost of using cloud servers. In this paper, we develop a distributed threshold-based offloading algorithm where it uploads an incoming computing task to cloud servers if the number of tasks queued at the device reaches the threshold, and processes it locally otherwise. The threshold is updated iteratively based on the computational load and the cost of using cloud servers. We formulate the problem as a symmetric game, and characterize the sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the Nash Equilibrium (NE) assuming exponential service times. Then, we show the convergence of our proposed distributed algorithm to the NE when the NE exists. Finally, we perform extensive simulations to validate our theoretical findings and demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed distributed algorithm under various practical scenarios such as general service times, imperfect server utilization estimation, and asynchronous threshold updates.
The radiation and scattering properties of the split-ring and other resonators

In this paper we consider the fundamental radiation and scattering properties of the split-ring resonator (SRR) and compare these to the radiation and scattering properties of other resonators that are based on both dipole and loop structures. We show that as ka→0, the SRR radiates as an electric dipole not a magnetic dipole. In the receiving or scattering mode, like all antennas or scattering elements, the SRR responds to both the incident electric and magnetic fields. That is, it does not have an independent response to only the incident magnetic field. Furthermore, as a scatterer, the SRR will only behave as a magnetic dipole when ka→0 and where it is resonated with capacitance, in which case its configuration is simply that of the well-known small tuned loop resonator.
A Review of “Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the Lives of Giants”

This book is the result of a 7-year-long investigation of sauropod biology by a consortium of more than 30 researchers from disciplines as diverse as animal nutrition, biomechanics, computer modeli...
Coordination of growth with cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Yeast cell growth and cell division are normally coordinated. The mechanism of this coordination can be examined by attempting to dissociate the two processes. We have arrested division (with the use of temperature-sensitive cell division cycle mutants) and observed the effect of this arrest on growth, and we have limited growth (by nutritional deprivation) and observed the effect of this limitation on division. Mutants blocked at various stages of the cell cycle were able to continue growth, as evidenced by increases in cell volume, mass, and protein content. Cells that had initiated cell cycles were able to complete their cycles and arrest in G1 even when growth was very severely restricted. Under these conditions the daughter cells produced were abnormally small. Such abnormally small cells did not initiate new cell cycles (i.e., did not bud or complete any of the three known gene-controlled steps ( cdc 28, cdc 4, cdc 7) in G1) after nutrients were restored until growth to a critical size had occurred. We have also prepared abnormally large cells (by arresting division temporarily with the appropriate mating pheromone); when such cells were allowed to bud, the buds produced were much smaller than the mother cells when cytokinesis occurred. We propose that the normal coordination of cell growth with cell division is a consequence of the following two relationships. (1) Growth, rather than progress through the DNA-division cycle, is normally rate-limiting for cell proliferation. (2) A specific early event in G1, at or before the event controlled by the cdc 28 gene product, cannot be completed until a critical size is attained.
MLLR adaptation techniques for pronunciation modeling

Multiple regression class MLLR (maximum likelihood linear regression) transforms are investigated for use with pronunciation models that predict variation in the observed pronunciations given the phonetic context. Regression classes can be constructed so that MLLR transforms can be estimated and used to model specific acoustic changes associated with pronunciation variation. The effectiveness of this modeling approach is evaluated on the phonetically transcribed portion of the SWITCHBOARD conversational speech corpus.
Metabolism of C14 labeled glycine, L-histidine, L-leucine, and L-lysine.

A study of the rates of incorporation in vivo of labeled amino acids into tissue proteins was undertaken to find the best time at which intermediates in the process might be found. The rates observed were so fast that we decided to investigate the process in some detail. The amino acids were L-α-aminoadipic-6-C14 acid, glycine-1-C14, L-histidine-2-C14-imidazole, L-leucine-1-C14, and L-lysine-1-C14.
Variation in the Fine Structure of a Marine Achromobacter and a Marine Pseudomonad Grown Under Selected Nutritional and Temperature Regimes

Certain features of the fine structure of a marine achromobacter and a marine pseudomonad were dependent upon the conditions of growth. Cells of achromobacter grown at 10 C in a low peptone-seawater (SW) medium displayed the characteristic morphology of the achromobacter: a regularly undulant outer element of the cell wall and a planar inner element, tightly packed ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles in the cytoplasm, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) disposed in a lobate manner, and dense inclusion bodies. Few mesosomes, however, were seen. Cells of achromobacter grown at 10 C in a high peptone-SW medium had larger and more highly organized mesosomes. At 22 C, in a low peptone-SW medium, no mesosomes were seen, but the inclusions were more frequently seen and were larger in the achromobacter cells. At 22 C, in a high peptone-SW medium, these cells revealed the greatest variation in cellular morphology. They contained both small and large mesosomes, or no mesosomes, and both small and large inclusions, or no inclusions. Pseudomonad cells at 10 C in a low peptone-SW medium revealed a typical gram-negative morphology: double-layered, irregularly undulant cell wall; more nearly planar cytoplasmic membrane; densely stained, lightly packed RNP particles; finely fibrillar, axially disposed DNA; simple mesosomes. At 10 C, in a high peptone-SW medium, pseudomonad cells revealed associated strands of material and intracytoplasmic ringlike structures. At 22 C, in a low peptone-SW medium, pseudomonad cells had a more undulant cell-wall and a more nearly planar cytoplasmic membrane. At 22 C, in a high peptone-SW medium, these cells revealed prominent blebs of the cell wall. Images
When is it justifiable to ignore explanatory variable endogeneity in a regression model

Abstract The point of empirical work is commonly to test a very small number of crucial null hypotheses in a linear multiple regression setting. Endogeneity in one or more model explanatory variables is well known to invalidate such testing using OLS estimation. But attempting to identify credibly valid (and usefully strong) instruments for such variables is an enterprise which is arguably fraught and invariably subject to (often justified) criticism. As a modeling step prior to such an attempt at instrument identification, we propose a sensitivity analysis which quantifies the minimum degree of correlation between these possibly-endogenous explanatory variables and the model errors which is sufficient to overturn the rejection (or non-rejection) of a particular null hypothesis at, for example, the 5 % level. An application to a classic model in the empirical growth literature illustrates the practical utility of the technique.
Image fusion for remote sensing using fast, large-scale neuroscience models

We present results with large-scale neuroscience-inspired models for feature detection using multi-spectral visible/ infrared satellite imagery. We describe a model using an artificial neural network architecture and learning rules to build sparse scene representations over an adaptive dictionary, fusing spectral and spatial textural characteristics of the objects of interest. Our results with fast codes implemented on clusters of graphical processor units (GPUs) suggest that visual cortex models are a promising approach to practical pattern recognition problems in remote sensing, even for datasets using spectral bands not found in natural visual systems.
Causal Analysis to Enhance Creative Problem-Solving: Performance and Effects on Mental Models

In recent years, it has become apparent that knowledge is a critical component of creative thought. One form of knowledge that might be particularly important to creative thought relies on the mental models people employ to understand novel, ill-defined problems. In this study, undergraduates were given training in the use of causal relationships in applying mental models in creative problem-solving. A pre-post design was used to assess the effects of this training on mental models and creative problem-solving. It was found that causal analysis training resulted in the acquisition of better mental models (in terms of subjective and objective attributes) and better solutions (in terms of quality, originality, and elegance) to problems calling for creative thought among high-ability participants. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of mental models in creative problem-solving are discussed.
Bisphosphonates and Oral Health: Primer and an Update for the Practicing Surgeon

Oral and intravenous bisphosphonates have been in clinical use for two decades for the treatment of patients with malignancy, osteoporosis, and other diseases affecting bone metabolism. The purpose of this article is to review the features of these drugs, their effect on the diseases they treat, the oral findings associated with their use, and the assessment of osteonecrosis incidence, pathophysiology, with some insights into treatment.
Combined Ultrasound and MR Imaging to Guide Focused Ultrasound Therapies in the Brain

Several emerging therapies with potential for use in the brain, harness effects produced by acoustic cavitation?the interaction between ultrasound and microbubbles either generated during sonication or introduced into the vasculature. Systems developed for transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thermal ablation can enable their clinical translation, but methods for real-time monitoring and control are currently lacking. Acoustic emissions produced during sonication can provide information about the location, strength and type of the microbubble oscillations within the ultrasound field, and they can be mapped in real-time using passive imaging approaches. Here, we tested whether such mapping can be achieved transcranially within a clinical brain MRgFUS system. We integrated an ultrasound imaging array into the hemisphere transducer of the MRgFUS device. Passive cavitation maps were obtained during sonications combined with a circulating microbubble agent at 20 targets in the cingulate cortex in three macaques. The maps were compared with MRI-evident tissue effects. The system successfully mapped microbubble activity during both stable and inertial cavitation, which was correlated with MRI-evident transient blood?brain barrier disruption and vascular damage, respectively. The location of this activity was coincident with the resulting tissue changes within the expected resolution limits of the system. While preliminary, these data clearly demonstrate, for the first time, that it is possible to construct maps of stable and inertial cavitation transcranially, in a large animal model, and under clinically relevant conditions. Further, these results suggest that this hybrid ultrasound/MRI approach can provide comprehensive guidance for targeted drug delivery via blood?brain barrier disruption and other emerging ultrasound treatments, facilitating their clinical translation. We anticipate that it will also prove to be an important research tool that will further the development of a broad range of microbubble-enhanced therapies.
Cyclic GMP Causes Ca2+ Desensitization in Vascular Smooth Muscle by Activating the Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase

Abstract Using permeabilized, arterial smooth muscle strips where membrane-associated pathways remain intact but intracellular Ca2+ stores are depleted, we investigated mechanism(s) for the Ca2+ desensitization of contractile force by cGMP. The nonhydrolyzable analog 8-bromo-cGMP, when applied to these strips with submaximal Ca2+ levels clamped, dramatically and reversibly reduced the steady state levels of phosphorylation at 20-kDa myosin light chain and contractile force, with a nanomolar concentration required to obtain 50% reduction. Supramaximal concentrations of 8-bromo-cGMP (10 μM), however, did not change the steady state relationship between phosphorylation and force. When light chain phosphatase activity was blocked at pCa 6.7, 10 μM 8-bromo-cGMP did not affect the rates of rise of light chain phosphorylation and contractile force. When light chain kinase activity was blocked, 10 μM 8-bromo-cGMP significantly accelerated light chain dephosphorylation and force relaxation from the maximal contraction steady state. The light chain phosphorylation time course of a pCa 6.0-induced contraction in the presence of 8-bromo-cGMP exhibited kinetics that are predictable from a mathematical model in which only light chain phosphatase activity is increased. The results of this study strongly suggest that cGMP indirectly activates light chain phosphatase, the first proposed mechanism for cGMP-induced Ca2+ desensitization in vasodilatation.
Bringing religious traditions into educational theory: Making an example of Joseph Smith, jr.

Educational theorists should engage more deeply with normative religious traditions because people often consult their traditions for guidance about education. Projects that work within such traditions, however, often seem irrelevant or irrational to those on the outside. In contrast, I argue that there are at least three intellectually respectable approaches to religious engagement in mainstream educational theory. I focus on what I call the “educational religious criticism” approach, and, as an example, I offer an analysis of Joseph Smith, Jr., the Mormon prophet. I discuss the controversial question of whether Joseph Smith brings forward any resources for living in a pluralistic society. I draw a parallel between Mormonism and American pragmatism and show (1) that Joseph's thought is, in many ways, radically pluralistic, (2) that he attempts to find unity in this plurality in mediating “deliberative councils,” and (3) that education should be aimed at developing the ethos of council. After developing this example, I offer some reflections on the function of “religious criticism” in educational theory.
Multiple aortic aneurysms: The results of surgical management

Abstract During the past 2 decades 102 consecutive patients (77 men and 25 women) with multiple aortic aneurysms underwent 201 aortic reconstructions. These procedures (174 elective and 27 emergent) represented 3.4% of the 5837 aortic aneurysm operations performed. Seventy-five (30.9%) of the 243 aneurysms occurred in the infrarenal aorta, 65 occurred in the descending aorta (26.7%), 56 occurred in the thoracoabdominal aorta (23.0%), and 47 occurred in the ascending aorta or arch (19.3%). Ages ranged from 20 to 81 years (mean 63.3 years). Smoking history and abnormal electrocardiographic tracings were present in 84.3% of the patients, hypertension was present in 77.5%, and obstructive lung disease was present in 60.8%. Multiple aortic aneurysms were present at the time of the first repair in 55 patients (53.9%). Twelve patients had one procedure, 81 had two, and nine had three. Sixteen (17.8%) of the 90 patients who had multiple operations had a subsequent operation for complications of the unrepaired aneurysm (rupture 12, symptoms 4). Fourteen perioperative deaths occurred among the 174 elective repairs (8.0%), and 11 occurred among the 27 emergent procedures (40.7%). Procedure mortality increased with the ordinal number of elective operations and was 4.4% for the first, 10.4% for the second, and 33.3% for the third. Seven of 21 patients (33.3%) who had simultaneous repair of at least two aortic aneurysms died in the perioperative period. Overall, 77 of the 102 patients (75.5%) survived all surgical procedures to repair their multiple aortic aneurysms; of these, 63 had complete resection of all known aneurysms. Follow-up was complete in all patients and averaged 6.3 years (ranges: 1 month to 19 years). There were 30 late deaths; the most frequent cause was myocardial infarction. Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival including perioperative deaths for all patients after the first operation was 76% and after the last operation 40%. We conclude that multiple aortic aneurysms can be safely managed, usually with staged repairs, and that long-term survival is probable. After the first aortic operation the presence of multiple aneurysms mandates close observation with timely surgical intervention. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:19-28.)
Chapter 6 - Alkynyliodonium Salts in Organic Synthesis

The (almost) unique combination of nucleofugacity and polarizability of the iodide atom has made alkyl (sp 3 ) iodides, particularly, vulnerable to displacement by (polarizable) carbon nucleophiles. Carbon–iodide bond characteristics have been parleyed into a range of transition metal-mediated carbon–carbon bond forming processes utilizing alkenyl- or aryl (sp 2 ) iodides. This chapter discusses the prospects for alkynyl (sp) iodides in carbon–carbon bond forming reactions. The introduction of the more electrophilic alkynyliodonium salts triggered an upsurge in interest in carbon–carbon bond-forming transformations via the (sp)-carbon–I bond. These organoiodine species participate in nucleophilic addition reactions. The chapter also discusses the amine substituents that brought the nitrogen's nucleophilicity within the acceptable range for alkynyliodonium salt addition to be in a position to develop new strategy-level transformations that could be applied to alkaloid synthesis. One implicit benefit of such a strategy is convergency because only the alkynyliodonium salt approach to reactive alkylidenecarbene intermediates permits the introduction of the carbene's substituents from different sources.
The Relationship between Personality and Achievement Variables in the Elementary School

Scores on the following variables were obtained for 68 fifth-grade students: IQ (Otis Quick Scor ing Mental Abilities Test); school achievement (re port card grades); standardized test achievement (Stanford Achievement Test); personal and social adustment (California Test of Personality). Zero-order and partial correlations indicated, as predicted, that personality adjustment is more strongly related to teachers' grades than to stand ardized achievement scores. This suggests that personality factors may be related to scholastic achievement because teachers tend to assign grades on the basis of adjustment as well as accomplish ment, although other explanations are possible. The data also indicate that it is erroneous to as sume that personal adjustment and social adjust ment sections of the California Test of Personality are truly measuring different aspects of adjustment.
Ewing's sarcoma of the hand.

The hand is an uncommon location for Ewing’s sarcoma [i -7]. When Ewing’s sarcoma does occur in the hand or foot, its radiographic features often differ from the more typical appearance of this tumor in other locations [5]. We report a case of Ewing’s sarcoma of the hand with unusual radiographic features and illustrate the findings from a second patient.
Calcium requirements and recommended dietary allowances.

Calcium plays an essential role in the regulation of many metabolic processes, in neuromuscular events and in bone health. A number of proteins exist that specifically bind calcium, and calcium markedly influences the activities of many enzymes involved in cellular metabolism and differentiation. Recommended dietary allowances or intakes for calcium vary two-fold, in nearly all age categories in various countries throughout the world. The recommended dietray intake in Japan for most ages is somewhat lower than that in the United States. Median intakes of calcium in the United States decrease after 10 to 20 years of age. Whereas the median calcium intake of adult men approximates the RDA in the United States, that of adult women is considerably lower. The absorption and excretion of calcium are markedly affected, both by physiological and by dietary factors. Calcium intakes required to provide a balanced state in adults vary four-fold, depending on age, sex, diet and hormonal status. Dairy products are the best dietary source of bioavailable calcium. Inasmuch as the median calcium intake of elderly women in the United States is only 60 percent of the RDA, and the same group is highly susceptible to osteoporosis, the calcium intake in this group should probably be increased.