cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Odor memory and odor learning in rats with lesions of the lateral olfactory tract and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.

Abstract Rats with posterior transection of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD), or with combined lesions of these structures were tested for retention of a preoperatively learned multiple odor discrimination task, acquisition of 3 simple 2-odor discrimination problems, and reversal of the last problem of the series. Compared to controls, rats with transection of the LOT had no deficits in any task. Those with MD lesions had no deficits in retention but moderate deficits in acquisistion of novel odor discriminations and a severe deficit in reversal learning. Rats with combined LOT and MD lesions had no retention of the preoperatively learned task but their performance on the remaining problems was similar to that of rats with only MD lesions. These results suggest that neither the olfactory thalamocortical projections nor those to the periamygdaloid or entorhinal cortex are essential for storage and/or recall of an olfactory procedural memory task. Performance on the postoperative acquisition tests indicate that the thalamocortical but not the limbic olfactory projections play an important role in olfactory discrimination learning.
Marriage mobility and perceived status of U.S. Presidents

Intraclass courtship and marriage is prevalent in the United States. When marriage mobility occurs, the pattern is generally for a woman to marry a man of higher status (i.e., hypergamy) rather than a man of lower status (i.e., hypogamy). This reflects a sexist tradition in which women are evaluated according to their husband’s social status rather than their lineage or accomplishments (Leslie, 1982; Whyte, 1990).
Polymer adhesion by ultrasonic welding

This paper discusses the weldability of similar and dissimilar thermoplastics with the use of ultrasonic welding and compares the experimental results with those obtained previously by using the heated tool method. Theoretical discussions presented on the effects of diffusion, solubility parameter, surface tension, contact pressure, thermal expansion, thermal dissipation, and vibration transmissibility are used for comparing weldability. Weld strength-to-bulk strength ratios and the ultimate extension values for the welded specimens are compared for assessing the weld efficiency, and therefore the quality of autohesion (self-adhesion), and adhesion. In experiments with ultrasonic welding, the horn down speed is varied to assess, indirectly, the effect of contact force during welding. A sandwich weld structure and the effects of specimen length on the weld strength are also studied for ultrasonic applications to assess these geometrical effects. It is shown that a threshold length exists for weld specimens...
The argan tree argania sideroxylon sapotaceae a desert source of edible oil

The argan tree, Argania sideroxylon Roem. & Schult. (A. spinosa (L.) Maire), of the family Sapotaceae, essential to the dwellers of southwestern Morocco and long admired by explorers and travelers, has remained little known to botanists and horticulturists outside its natural area. It is slow growing and long lived on calcareous soil. The young seedlings furnish almost the only forage for goats and other herbivores during several months of the year and the animals relish the flesh of the abundant fruits. The ejected seeds yield a yellow oil commonly consumed as human food. Among its constituents are four sterols, two methylsterols, and five triterpenic alcohols. The wood is hard, prized locally, and much used for fuel. Excessive exploitation of the tree has stimulated local moves toward conservation and cultivation. Argan seedlings are being grown experimentally at the U.S.D.A. Subtropical Horticulture Research Unit, Miami, and by Victor Wynne in Haiti, with a view to trial in semi- arid regions of near- Mediterranean climate. In English greenhouse culture, vegetative propagation has been achieved by cuttings and layers.
Selection and migration in two distinct phenotypes of Littorina saxatilis in Sweden

Two distinct phenotypes of the marine snail L. saxatilis, the ‘E morph’ from exposed rocky habitats, and the ‘S morph’ from nearby sheltered boulder shores, were released and survivors recaptured at 3-monthly intervals. Survival rate of E morphs was significantly higher than that of S morphs in the exposed habitat, whilst the revers was true for the sheltered site. When released in an environment intermediate between the exposed and sheltered habitats, both morphs survived equally well. However, snails native of this area, ‘I morphs’, survived better than both E and S morphs here. Recapture rates were highest in spring. Large snails of both phenotypes were selected against in the exposed habitat. In the sheltered environment, small E morph snails survived better than large ones, and both sizes of S morphs survived equally well. E morph individuals transplanted to a different exposed locality than their native one, had lower survival rates compared to native individuals. This effect was not found among transplanted S morph snails.
Mechanism of Tetracycline Phototoxicity

Studies were made to determine factors important in the phototoxicity mechanism of 7 clinically used tetracyclines (TC). The clinical phototoxicity, the rates of photochemical degradation, and the in vitro phototoxicity of the TCs were qualitatively but not quantitatively correlated. Phototoxicity in vitro was partially oxygen-dependent and possibly singlet oxygen is involved. The contribution of photoproducts to the phototoxic process may be the basis for the reported differences between the in vivo action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of demethylchlorotetracycline. A mechanistic model for in vivo phototoxicity is proposed where the absorption of UVA radiation by TC leads to at least two main processes: (i) photosensitization by the drug of biologic molecules to cause phototoxicity; (ii) production of one or more photoproducts which photosensitize by absorption of visible radiation.
Departure process in a mixed fork-join synchronization network

In this article we consider a mixed fork-join synchronization Markovian queueing network consisting of two input buffers, B"1 and B"2, fed by arrivals from two populations. The first is a finite population of size K and second population is infinite. The first population feeds the first buffer and the second population feeds the second finite buffer. As soon as there is one part in each buffer, two parts one from each buffer are joined and exit immediately. We provide model analysis, performance measures, and characterization of the departure process; in particular we provide the marginal distribution of inter-departure times.
Bio-compatibility in selection of materials for implantation.

In this paper the factors which contribute importantly to incompatibility and functional failure of implant materials are examined. The interaction of these criteria in the etiology of implant failure is discussed in terms of the host response to an inert implant and the modulation of this response in the presence of cytotoxic sequellae. Cellular injury either of traumatic or biochemical origin is seen to stimulate sequestration of the offending implant by fibrous tissue. Difficulties associated with routine quantification of such response by animal implantation studies have led to development of rapid in vitro techniques to predict the quantity and cytotoxicity of moeities released by an implant. These techniques are based on infrared analysis and primary mammalian tissue culture with a pseudo body fluid to which materials are exposed at elevated temperature. The protocols allow formulation of rational criteria for rejection of candidate materials for clinical implantation and acceptance for definitive preclinical animal implant studies. The procedures are applicable for routine monitoring of materials accepted for fabrication of prototype or production implants and of fabricated prostheses.
Tritium target fabrication for the rotating target neutron source

Abstract The Isotope Research Materials Laboratory (IRML) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) prepares tritium targets that are used to produce an intense beam of 14.5 MeV neutrons by the 1 3 H( 1 2 H, 0 1 n) 2 4 He reaction. The intense beams of 14.5 MeV neutrons are used in programs involving cancer research, materials evaluation, and materials identification. Many of the tritium targets prepared by IRML for the past four years have been used in support of the Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS) programs at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The tritium targets are prepared by the vacuum evaporation of titanium from a rod-fed electron beam gun. The resulting vapor-condensed titanium layers are exposed to a tritium atmosphere to form titanium tritide. A summary of tritium target development at IRML with an emphasis on the RTNS programs is presented.
Global structural change and its de‐materialization implications

Employing World Bank data, this article finds that the observed worldwide transition from industrial to service activity has an insignificant long‐term impact on global de‐materialization. Unlike earlier studies that focus on actual material flows for specific sectors, this study considers economy‐wide sectoral composition changes from 1960 to 1998 for 206 countries, and infers some future scenarios based on observed trends. Sensitivity analysis under alternative assumptions about technological change and average industry material intensity indicates that, unless de‐materialization is “weakly” defined, a leveling off of world gross domestic product at some time this century will probably be required to achieve it.
Functional Analysis of Glycoprotein L (gL) from Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus in Epstein-Barr Virus-Mediated Cell Fusion Indicates a Direct Role of gL in gB-Induced Membrane Fusion

Glycoprotein L (gL), which complexes with gH, is a conserved herpesvirus protein that is essential for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry into host cells. The gH/gL complex has a conserved role in entry among herpesviruses, yet the mechanism is not clear. To gain a better understanding of the role of gL in EBV-mediated fusion, chimeric proteins were made using rhesus lymphocryptovirus (Rh-LCV) gL (Rh gL), which shares a high sequence homology with EBV gL but does not complement EBV gL in mediating fusion with B cells. A reduction in fusion activity was observed with chimeric gL proteins that contained the amino terminus of Rh gL, although they retained their ability to process and transport gH/gL to the cell surface. Amino acids not conserved within this region in EBV gL when compared to Rh gL were further analyzed, with the results mapping residues 54 and 94 as being functionally important for EBV-mediated fusion. All chimeras and mutants displayed levels of cell surface expression similar to that of wild-type gL and interacted with gH and gp42. Our data also suggest that the role of gL involves the activation or recruitment of gB with the gH/gL complex, as we found that reduced fusion of Rh gL, EBV/Rh-LCV chimeras, and gL point mutants could be restored by replacing EBV gB with Rh gB. These observations demonstrate a distinction between the role of gL in the processing and trafficking of gH to the cell surface and a posttrafficking role in cell-cell fusion.
NDE Technique for Detection and Characterization of Porosity

The purpose of the work described in this paper is the development of an ultrasonic measurement technique which provides a convenient way to detect dilute porosity conditions in materials and to extract certain properties of the flaw distribution which are important in failure prediction. Use has been made entirely of ultrasonic backscatter measurements; thus, the technique differs considerably from other investigations which lead to porosity determinations in that no reliance is placed upon either attenuation measurements or precise ultrasonic velocity measurements [1,2]. The technique thus possesses a distinct advantage for practical implementation, i.e., it is a “one-sided” measurement which does not require ultrasonic echo returns from an opposite face of the sample in order to be useful. At present, the work is limited to dilute porosity concentrations. Reasons for this limitation will become clear in the paper. With additional effort it is expected that this limitation can be removed and the work extended to larger concentrations.
FEDSS: a 2D semiconductor fabrication process simulator

The main features of the finite element semiconductor process simulator FEDSS are described, with emphasis on a recently added capability for generalized 2D oxidation with impurity redistribution in oxide and silicon. Examples are given that demonstrate the ability of the program to oxidize various structures using a model based on steady-state oxidant diffusion and incompressible viscous oxide flow. Impurity profiles and contours are also shown in both neutral and oxidizing ambients, along with several comparisons with data or with the program SUPREM II.
Mumford-Shah on the Move: Region-Based Segmentation on Deforming Manifolds with Application to 3-D Reconstruction of Shape and Appearance from Multi-View Images

We address the problem of estimating the shape and appearance of a scene made of smooth Lambertian surfaces with piecewise smooth albedo. We allow the scene to have self-occlusions and multiple connected components. This class of surfaces is often used as an approximation of scenes populated by man-made objects. We assume we are given a number of images taken from different vantage points. Mathematically this problem can be posed as an extension of Mumford and Shah's approach to static image segmentation to the segmentation of a function defined on a deforming surface. We propose an iterative procedure to minimize a global cost functional that combines geometric priors on both the shape of the scene and the boundary between smooth albedo regions. We carry out the numerical implementation in the level set framework.
Neurons of the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Contribute to Obesity-Induced Hypertension in Rats

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension. The present study sought to determine whether sympathetic regulatory neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to the elevated blood pressure in obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350 to 425 g) were placed on a moderately high-fat diet (32% kcal as fat) or a low-fat (LF) diet (10.6% kcal as fat). After 13 weeks, rats fed the moderately high-fat diet segregated into obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) groups based on their body weight (OP: 839+/-22 g; OR: 668+/-15 g; LF: 680+/-18 g; n=15 for all groups; P<0.01). Under isoflurane anesthesia, baseline mean arterial blood pressure was significantly elevated in the OP rats versus the OR and LF rats (OP: 108+/-2 mm Hg; OR: 100+/-2 mm Hg; LF: 97+/-3 mm Hg; n=7; P<0.05). Inhibition of the rostral ventrolateral medulla with bilateral microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol (200 pmol/100 nL) decreased mean arterial blood pressure to similar levels across the groups (OP: 49+/-1 mm Hg; OR: 50+/-2 mm Hg; LF: 49+/-1 mm Hg), but the magnitude of this decrease was significantly greater in the OP versus the OR and LF rats (OP: -58+/-2 mm Hg; OR: -49+/-1 mm Hg; LF: -48+/-3 mm Hg; P<0.01). These differences in mean arterial blood pressure cannot be explained by changes in vascular reactivity as the ED(50) in response to phenylephrine and norepinephrine was similar across the groups. The present findings suggest that the elevated sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure in obese rats depends on the tonic activity of rostral ventrolateral medulla sympathetic neurons.
Effects of planting stock quality and browse protection-type on height growth of northern red oak and eastern white pine

Abstract The interaction of seedling quality and type of browse protection on height growth of northern red oak and eastern white pine was examined in plots established on abandoned agricultural land and on recent clearcuts with moderate-to-high deer densities (18–21 deer/km2). One-year-old seedlings were sorted by size, transplanted, and protected with plastic mesh or fabric sleeves, or tree shelters. Seedling heights were measured in the autumn of each year for 7 years after transplanting. Seven-year northern red oak seedlings in tree shelters were 80% taller than those in other treatments. Tree shelters increased early growth of eastern white pine, but not tree height in the seventh year. Temperature and light transmission was measured for different tree protection devices. Tree shelters increased maximum temperature by up to 10°C and decreased light intensity by 50% or more. The initial rate of height growth was faster in tree shelters, despite the apparent greater environmental stress than in mesh or fabric sleeves. Stem length, number of twigs, root collar diameter (RCD), and number of first-order lateral roots (FOLR) were measured prior to planting. When protected by tree shelters, red oaks with ≥8 FOLR prior to planting were 55% taller than seedlings with ≤2 FOLR, and 213% taller than seedlings not protected by tree shelters with ≤2 FOLR. Seven-year height of unprotected white pine was significantly correlated with root collar diameter. White pine seedlings with RCD ≥8 mm before planting were 75% taller after 7 years than seedlings with RCD ≤4 mm. Planting higher quality seedlings would permit time previously spent on planting inferior seedlings to be reallocated to vegetation control or browse protection. Therefore, severe grading of seedlings should increase planting efficiency and reforestation success.
Emerging role of dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection

Respiratory viral infections are a major health problem, especially in the immunocompromised, young, and elderly. In order for the host to effectively clear viral infections, a productive adaptive immune response must be developed. Crucial to the initiation of the adaptive response is the dendritic cell, which induces the proliferation and activation of T cells early in an antiviral response. This review examines the role of lung dendritic cells in the immune response to respiratory viruses. The phenotypic and functional differences between conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells are discussed, as are the mechanisms behind homeostatic recruitment of these cells in the normal lung. Focusing on respiratory syncytial virus and influenza, the role of the two dendritic cell subsets during an antiviral response is explored. Through evolution, viruses have developed several mechanisms to interfere with the normal function of dendritic cells and prevent appropriate induction of an adaptive immune response, which are also discussed. Finally, we identify potential targets for future therapeutic strategies to ameliorate disease caused by respiratory virus infection.
Role of phagocytosis in the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process that leads to the internalization of foreign particles into phagocytic cells. Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, are characterized by their ability to express a series of phagocytic receptors designed to recognize,
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study of protein transport and dynamic interactions with clustered‐charge peptide adsorbents

Ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) relies on electrostatic interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate, and is used extensively in protein purification. Conventional IEX utilizes ligands that are singly charged and randomly dispersed over the adsorbent, creating a heterogeneous distribution of potential adsorption sites. Clustered-charge ion exchangers exhibit higher affinity, capacity, and selectivity than their dispersed-charge counterparts of the same total charge density. In the present work, we monitored the transport behavior of an anionic protein near clustered-charge adsorbent surfaces using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. We can resolve protein free diffusion, hindered diffusion and association with bare glass, agarose-coated, and agarose-clustered peptide surfaces, demonstrating that this method can be used to understand and ultimately optimize clustered charge adsorbent and other surface interactions at the molecular scale.
Language Containment Checking with Nondeterministic BDDs

Checking for language containment between nondeterministic ?-automata is a central task in automata-based hierarchical verification. We present a symbolic procedure for language containment checking between two Buchi automata. Our algorithm avoids determinization by intersecting the implementation automaton with the complement of the specification automaton as an alternating automaton. We present a fix-point algorithm for the emptiness check of alternating automata. The main data structure is a nondeterministic extension of binary decision diagrams that canonically represents sets of Boolean functions.
Natural Killer-like T-Cell Lymphoma of the Small Intestine With a Distinct Immunophenotype and Lack of Association With Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy

c We report the case of a large natural killer (NK)‐like Tcell lymphoma that involved the ileum and displayed a distinct immunophenotype and complex karyotype. The patient exhibited no evidence of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease) or any other type of enteropathy as determined by clinical history, endoscopy, and serology for immunoglobulin A (IgA) antiendomysial and IgG antigliadin antibodies. Molecular studies demonstrated a clonal T-cell receptor g chain gene rearrangement. Immunophenotype analysis showed expression of intestinal epithelium-homing receptor CD103, CD7, cytoplasmic CD3«, CD56, and CD16 but no other T- or NK-cell markers. Cytogenetic analysis of the malignant cells revealed multiple chromosomal abnormalities indicative of a biologically advanced, high-grade lymphoma. A novel subset of normal intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, bearing a similar phenotype, has been described; moreover, this subset diminishes, rather than expands, in gluten-sensitive enteropathy. This case supports the notion that lymphomas involving the small intestine represent a heterogeneous group of lymphomas with diverse pathogenetic mechanisms. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:e142‐e146)
Accurate diagnosis of multiple faults

In this paper, we propose a diagnostic test generation method in conjunction with an efficient sequential SAT-based diagnosis procedure to precisely identify multiple defective signals which can jointly explain the circuit's faulty behavior. This method can be applied after any existing state-of-the-art diagnosis process to further improve the diagnosis resolution. The proposed diagnosis method generates limited-cycle sequential tests for SAT-based diagnosis which results in significantly higher diagnosis accuracy for multiple faults. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Three Phases of Bourdieu’s U.S. Reception: Comment on Lamont

This essay responds to Lamont’s (2011) article How Has Bourdieu Been Good to Think With? The Case of the United States,’’ which appears in this issue.
LIGHT INJURY AND INHIBITION IN ANTARCTIC FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTON1

Inhibition and injury of the photosynthetic mechanism resulting from high light intensities in the 24-hr Antarctic summer daylight were studied using Cl4 in two small lakes on Cape Evans, Ross Island. The diel rates of carbon fixation were completely out of phase with light intensity, the effect being more pronounced at the surface than at depth. This inhibition could be quantitatively reduced by exposing the plankton to incident light passing a graded series of neutral density filters. A maximum rate was found at 20% of incident photosynthetic light at noon (0.10 langley/min), while photosynthetic efficiency in another experiment had decreased down to 0.06 langley/min close to the previous midnight. The effect of temperature increase upon the photosynthetic uptake in highly inhibited plankton was investigated, and a Qlo of about 7 determined. Benthic and noninhibited phytoplankton both had an average Qlo of about 2. A brief sunlight exposure of plankton kept in dim artificial light brought about a reversible depression of photosynthetic rate. The ecological importance of these results to phytoplankton production under the severe Antarctic conditions is discussed. The inhibitory effects of sunlight above INTRODUCTION 0.2 langley/min upon photosynthesis in natural waters (Talling 1961) and algal cultures (Sorokin and Krauss 1958) are well known. This inhibition is expressed as a depression of carbon uptake at the surface, with a subsurface maximum where the light intensity has decreased to an optimum value. It has also been noted that exposure to bright sunlight injured the subsequent in sitzl photosynthetic processes tremely low light conditions beneath a of phytoplankton populations living in excover of ice and snow ( Goldman 1963). A distinction between “inhibition” and “injury,” as exemplified by these two cases, will be made in this paper. F;ZTater selectively absorbs larger proportions of the ultraviolet and infrared radiation than of the central part of the visible spectrum, and available evidence suggests that these extravisible wavelengths are the cause of lower photosynthetic rates. The damaging or inhibitory effects of ultraviolet and infrared light upon cellular organization at all levels is an area of investigation presently receiving much attention. Energy absorption by pigments in the near infrared is held responsible for photoinhibition of photosynthesis by Govindjee, Cederstrand, and Rabinowitch ( 1961). The l The authors wish to acknowledge the U. S. Antarctic Research Program-National Science Foundation Grant G-18020, and the logistic support of ground and air personnel of Navy Task Force 43. Valuable assistance with the manuscript was given by K. C. Green. z Present address: Unilever Research Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford, Eng-
Course of intraatrial thrombi resolution using transesophageal echocardiography.

Thromboembolic events are associated with atrial fibrillation and with cardioversion to sinus rhythm. Although studies have demonstrated the risk of this complication is reduced by a 3-week period of anticoagulation prior to cardioversion, limited data have suggested a longer period of anticoagulation is necessary for thrombus resolution. We identified and followed 25 patients noted to have intraatrial thrombi on an initial transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) who subsequently had a follow-up TEE. The majority of patients had a single thrombus, often but not uniformly located in the left atrial appendage with the largest found in those patients with mitral stenosis. Repeat TEE was performed at a mean of 4 ± 6 months and persistent thrombus was noted in 19 of 25 patients (76%). Seven of 19 patients with persistent thrombi were cardioverted and one of these patients had a neurologic event following the procedure (14%). The only findings associated with persistent thrombus were the presence of mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation.. Our findings suggest that intraatrial thrombi do not generally resolve following several weeks of anticoagulation and that persistent left-sided intraatrial thrombi may be associated with an increased risk for events following cardioversion. Given that a TEE-guided approach to cardioversion is being utilized more frequently, it may be important to determine thrombus characteristics on follow-up that would be predictive of embolic events following cardioversion. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, February 2003)
Response of Pleistocene coral reefs to environmental change over long temporal scales

SYNOPSIS. TWO studies from the Pleistocene coral reef fossil record demonstrate the sensitivity of reef communities to both local environmental parameters and habitat reduction. In the first study, Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from Papua New Guinea show pronounced constancy in taxonomic composition and species diversity between 125 and 30 ka (thousand years). Spatial differences in reef coral community composition during successive high stands of sea level were greater among sites of the same age than among reefs of different ages, even though global changes in sea level, atmospheric CO 2 concentration, tropical benthic habitat area, and temperature varied at each high sea level stand. Thus, local environmental variation associated with runoff from the land had greater influence on reef coral community composition than variation in global climate and sea level. Proportional sampling from a regional species pool does not explain the temporal persistence and local factors likely played a major role. Examination of coral reef response to global change should not only involve regional diversity patterns but also local ecological factors, and the interactive effects of local and global environmental change. In the second study, Pleistocene extinction of two widespread, strictly insular species of Caribbean reef corals, Pocillopora cf. palmata (Geister, 1975) and an organ-pipe growth form of the Montastraea "annularis" species complex, was natural and did not involve gradual decrease in range and abundance, but was sudden (thousands of years) throughout the entire range. One explanation is that sea level drop at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM—18 ka) resulted in a threshold of habitat reduction, and caused disruption of coral metapopulation structure. Threshold effects predicted by metapopulation dynamics may also explain the apparent paradox of the large amount of degraded modern reef habitat without any known modern-day reef coral extinctions. The rapid extinction of widespread Pleistocene species emphasizes the vulnerability of reef corals in the face of present rapid environmental and climatic change.
Prey use and nutritional differences between reproductive states and age classes in Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) in the Bahamas

Nutritional quality of prey is a significant driver of predator foraging patterns. In mammals, nutritional needs are known to change across ontogeny and reproductive state; however, little is known about nutrition in marine mammals. For this study, we used observational data of diurnal foraging events, collected annually from 1992 to 2009, to investigate nutrition and prey use in Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) on Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas, between reproductive states (lactating, pregnant, nonreproductively active [NRA]. We also investigated the impact of age class association (various calf age groups [ages 1–6], older “noncalf” juveniles, and adults) on foraging group nutrition and prey use. To obtain representative nutrient values, we measured calories, lipids, proteins, and moisture in common prey. Using nutritional values and observational data, we investigated the influence of nutritional value on prey use. Results indicated that specific nutrients were targeted by different reproductive states and age class groups. Nutritional intake of all nutrients was higher for lactating females than pregnant females, but lower than NRA females. Investigation of age group associations revealed that nutritional intake of all four nutrients was higher for noncalf than calf-associated groups. This study represents one of the first investigations of intraspecific prey use and nutritional differences in cetaceans.
Thrills, chills, frissons, and skin orgasms: toward an integrative model of transcendent psychophysiological experiences in music.

Music has a unique power to elicit moments of intense emotional and psychophysiological response. These moments – termed “chills,” “thrills”, “frissons,” etc. – are subjects of introspection and philosophical debate, as well as scientific study in music perception and cognition. The present article integrates the existing multidisciplinary literature in an attempt to define a comprehensive, testable, and ecologically valid model of transcendent psychophysiological moments in music.
Sperm Mobility: Phenotype in Roosters (Gallus domesticus) Determinedby Concentration of Motile Sperm and Straight Line Velocity

Previous research demonstrated that sperm mobility, i.e., the net movement of a sperm population, is a quantitative trait of the domestic fowl. However, the cellular basis for this trait was unknown. In the present work, individual motile sperm were evaluated with a Hobson SpermTracker in order to identify one or more properties of motile sperm that could account for variation in sperm mobility observed among males. A method was validated for assessing sperm motion over an erythrocyte monolayer at body temperature. A small-scale experiment with roosters from the tails and center of a normal distribution of sperm mobility phenotypes (n = 33 roosters) demonstrated that straight line velocity (VSL) and motile concentration were critical to expression of phenotype. The importance of these variables was confirmed with a large-scale experiment using a representative subpopulation (n = 100 roosters). VSL of individual sperm at 41 degrees C ranged between 5 and 100 microm/sec. VSL averaged 32, 39, and 40 microm/sec for low, average, and high sperm mobility phenotypes. Sperm were diluted to 1.2 x 10(6)/ml for motion analysis. Mean motile concentrations were 0.52, 0.84, and 0.95 x 10(6)/ml for low, average, and high sperm mobility phenotypes. Motile concentration was correlated with sperm mobility (r = 0.71). VSL appeared to have an additive effect as it was correlated with straightness of sperm cell trajectory (r = 0.79).
These Gods Got Swagger: Avatars, Gameplay, and the Digital Performance of Hip Hop Culture in Machinima

This paper expands the topography of contexts in which research on hip hop and religion takes place by investigating the ways in which video game engines and video editing software are used by game players to produce films within virtual environments. My investigation highlights the online dramatic form of "machinima" (machine-cinema) - a creative, often unintended user adaptation of video game engines and movie-making software. I argue that ‘swagger’, a collective of black cultural expressions that signify confidence, success, rhythmic body movements, and highly stylized appearance, is reconfigured by gamers for virtual environments, resulting in the creation of highly stylized virtual worlds, the modding (modifying) of simulated characters, and the re-composing of the game’s narrative architecture into player-created storylines. In this regard, this article proposes that digital performances and emergent authorship have multiple implications for the study of African American religions.
Education Waivers as Reform Leverage in the Obama Administration: State Implementation of ESEA Flexibility Waiver Request

Seeing a dim possibility of ESEA reauthorization in the near future, the Obama Administration invited state applications for waivers in meeting the original No Child Left Behind goals of attaining 100% student proficiency by 2014. Waiver applications were also required to meet the federal assurances on state and local education reform. By June 2014, about 80% of all states received federal approval on their NCLB/ESEA waivers. As the ESEA flexibility waiver has been in placed in many states for 2-3 years, this paper aims at understanding the state implementation of ESEA flexibility waiver requests. First, we discuss the ESEA waiver in the context of the Obama Administration’s education reform agenda. We argue that ESEA flexibility waiver, as a policy design, aligns with the administration’s efforts to incentivize state agencies to meet federal expectations on systemic improvement, including the implementation of evaluation systems on teachers and principals and a differentiated approach to support low performing schools. Second, the paper highlights the 18 key elements that the federal government requires states to demonstrate progress in exchange for ESEA flexibility. We then examine the extent to which these federal expectations are met by the state, using data from the U.S. Department of Education’s state-by-state reports on “ESEA Flexibility Part B Monitoring Report” for a sample of 16 states. In addition to the overall patterns, our sample of 16 states offers an opportunity to consider interstate variation in their waiver implementation. In particular, we are interested in the extent to which state governance (divided versus unified) and academic performance may have affected the degree of waiver implementation. The concluding section provides several observations on the policy and politics of ESEA flexibility waiver.
Needs of Patients’ Family Members in an Intensive Care Unit With Continuous Visitation

Background Although many critical care experts and national organizations support open visitation in intensive care units (ICUs), most ICU visiting policies do not allow unrestricted presence of patients' family members. Objective To describe how well the needs of family members were met in an adult neuroscience ICU with a continuous visitation policy and an adjoining private suite for patients' family members. Methods An exploratory, descriptive study design was used to identify the effects of continuous family visitation in the neuroscience ICU on patients' family members and their needs and experiences during their time in the unit. A convenience sample of consenting family members completed a survey of family need items 72 hours after the patient was admitted to the unit. Results The most important needs identified by the 45 family members surveyed were items relating to information about the patient, visiting the patient, being given hope, talking with a doctor each day, and being assured that the best care is being given to the patient. Least important items were related to physical comforts for the family members. The vast majority of family members rated their needs as being met for all of the items in the survey and reported a high level of satisfaction with care. Conclusion In a neuroscience ICU with an open visitation policy and a private suite for patients' family members, family members rated their needs as being met at a high level, unlike in prior studies in units with limitations on family visitation. The rank order of the importance of each need in the survey was similar to rankings in prior studies in a variety of critical care units.
Population Dynamics of the Strawberry Aphid in Southwestern Washington

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) was studied to determine the factors regulating its populations. Fertilizers, irrigation, defoliation to stimulate production of new leaves, and removal of blossoms had only temporary effects or none on populations. Aphid populations were much larger on plants covered by cages in the field, indicating that predators were an important controlling factor. However, parasitized aphids were never found. Populations became even larger in an unheated greenhouse and remained large through the winter, even at subfreezing temperatures, whereas populations became low in field cages. Wind and rain probably are detrimental to the aphids. The field population always declined in the late summer, even in cages. Analysis of strawberry foliage showed that populations of this aphid tend to correlate with the concentration of nonreducing sugars (probably mostly sucrose). Decline in nutritional value of the leaves coupled with increasing predator populations are probably the prime reasons for the rapid drop in population size in mid- to late summer each year.
The Consumer and the Maintenance of Resale Prices

M UCH HAS been written about the present status of resale price maintenance in the United States. Most marketing men know that "fair trade" laws are in effect in 43 out of the 48 states; that federal legislation has been enacted to legalize contracts between parties living in different states having such laws. It is equally well known that the usual law makes the issuance of one contract tantamount to the issuance of contracts to all. That is to say, the legislation from the point of view of the proponents seems to be free from "bugs"; should be, from their point of view, quite effective. The scope of "fair trade" legislation has also received some attention. Fortunately-from the consumer's point of view-its provisions are limited to the sale of identified commodities, which means that produce, secondhand goods, and all other types of goods sold without benefit of brands are without the scope of "fair trade" legislation. Indeed, actually, goods containing a high degree of the fashion element and those which are highly competitive are not easily subject to price control either. Consequently, probably not more than io%at the most I5%'-of retail sales has any possibility of coming within the scope of resale price maintenance laws. Indeed, at present the bulk of contracts are in books, liquors and drugs and cosmetics.2 Moreover-as shall be brought out later-because of the existence of more or less fixed patronage habits only a portion of the consumer body in any line is immediately affected in a material way by the inauguration of such legislation. However, no bad piece of legislation should be condoned on the ground that only a small proportion of the public is affected by its provisions. Question is: What is the effect of price maintenance on the several classes of consumers? Fortunately, there are now available results of a number of objective studies. From these the impact of price maintenance legislation can be deduced. The now-classic study made by Professor Grether of California still is outstanding. As most people in the field know, Grether found (granting the representativeness of the sample) that after the inauguration of effective legislation in California prices of contractual items in the drug field increased about 30% in cut-rate establishments, but declined slightly-probably not over 2% -in the same period in the small city or neighborhood type of outlet.I Right in line with these findings are those recently published by Dun's Review. In this study4 the investigators
Abstract 2958: Cyclin D1 regulates the ARF and INK4a promoters

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Cyclin D1 is a member of cyclin protein family, which drives the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. The cyclin D1 protein is overexpressed in ∼50% of human breast cancers and is associated with short survival of patients when the gene is amplified. Cyclin D1 forms holoenzymes with cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) 4 and 6, and the Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex phosphorylates and inactivates the pRb retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, releasing E2F transcriptional factors from Rb inhibition. The pRb phosphorylation is blocked by p16INK4a, encoded by the CDKN2A locus, which inhibits the kinase activity of Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex. The CDKN2A locus also encodes another tumor suppressor protein named p14ARF (p19Arf in mouse), which stabilizes p53 by inhibiting MDM2-dependent degradation. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that the cyclin D1 collaborated with the Dmp1 (cyclin D binding myb-like protein 1) tumor suppressor to activate the Arf promoter. To further demonstrate the effect of cyclin D1 on p19Arf and p16Ink4a promoter activity, NIH 3T3 cells and MEF cells were transfected a construct expressing the luciferase reporter gene linked with the Arf promoter together with vector or cyclin D1. Using luciferase reporter assay, we found that the Arf promoter was activated upon cyclin D1 overexpression in both cell lines, and the activation was abrogated when cells were co-transfected with E2F-DB, which displaces endogenous E2Fs and acts in a dominant-negative manner. Consistent with reporter assays, the Arf mRNA was increased in MEFs overexpressing cyclin D1, compared to those infected with vector only. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation in tumors of mammary gland from MMTV-neu transgenic mice that overexpress cyclin D1, we found that cyclin D1 can interact with the Arf promoter although it cannot directly bind to the Arf promoter region in electrophoretic mobility shift assay using recombinant cyclin D1 protein. To identify the effect of cyclin D1 on p16Ink4a promoter, we performed luciferase reporter assay in NIH 3T3 cells by co-transfecting Ink4a promoter together with vector or cyclin D1. We found that the Ink4a promoter activity was increased upon cyclin D1 overexpression, and the activation was not abrogated when cells were transfected with cyclin D1-K114E that does not bind to CDK4. Taken together, our data suggest that overexpression of cyclin D1 activates both p19Arf and p16Ink4a promoters to prevent neoplastic growth of incipient cancer cells, and the activation is mediated by indirect binding of cyclin D1 to the promoter regions. We are currently mapping the cyclin D1-responsive elements on the Arf and Ink4a promoters to identify transcription factors responsible for Arf/Ink4a induction by cyclin D1. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2958. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2958
Regurgitant Commissure Flow Through a Closed Polymeric Heart Valve

While heart valve prostheses have been used successfully since 1960, outcomes are far from ideal. The underlying problem with bioprostheses is a limited life from structural changes such as calcification and leaflet wear, leading to valve failure. The underlying problem with mechanical heart valves is the presence of flow disturbances which necessitate anticoagulation. A polyurethane valve has the potential to improve upon the shortcomings of existing valves and ultimately improve patient survival.© 2010 ASME
Development of an autonomous unmanned aerial system for atmospheric data collection and research

This paper addresses the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to carry out atmospheric data collection and studies. An important area of research is the study of the chemistry and physics of Earth's planetary boundary layer (PBL). The PBL, also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behavior is directly influenced by its contact with the planetary surface. Sampling of the PBL is performed in a timely and periodic manner. Currently, sensors and uncontrollable balloons are used to obtain relevant data and information. This method is cumbersome and can be ineffective in obtaining consistent environmental data. This paper proposes the use of autonomous UAS’ to study the atmosphere in an effort to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the sampling process. The UAS setup and design is provided, and preliminary data collection information is shared.
Rapid Determination of Common Sweeteners in Milk Beverage by HPLC

To establish a rapid analysis method for determination of common sweeteners such as acesulfame potassium, saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate, aspavtame, and alitame in milk beverage by HPLC. After the pretreatments of dilution, protein precipitation, and high-speed centrifugation, the sample was separated by Symmetry C18 column with phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) and acetonitrile as mobile phase, eluted gradiently, and detected at the UV wavelength of 205 nm. The analysis of one sample costs 12 min, and all five sweeteners could be well separated. The average spike recoveries of the above five sweeteners were 86.0% to 102%, and the RSDs were 2.1% to 5.6% (n = 6). This method is simple, quick, and of good reproducibility and selectivity, therefore it is an effective way to determine sweeteners in milk drink.