cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic and extrinsic defects in a family of coal-derived graphene quantum dots

In this letter, we report on the high frequency (239.2 and 336 GHz) electron spin resonance (ESR) studies performed on graphene quantum dots (GQDs), prepared through a wet chemistry route from three types of coal: (a) bituminous, (b) anthracite, and (c) coke; and from non-coal derived GQDs. The microwave frequency-, power-, and temperature-dependent ESR spectra coupled with computer-aided simulations reveal four distinct magnetic defect centers. In bituminous- and anthracite-derived GQDs, we have identified two of them as intrinsic carbon-centered magnetic defect centers (a broad signal of peak to peak width = 697 (10−4 T), g = 2.0023; and a narrow signal of peak to peak width = 60 (10−4 T), g = 2.003). The third defect center is Mn2+ (6S5/2, 3d5) (signal width = 61 (10−4 T), g = 2.0023, Aiso = 93(10−4 T)), and the fourth defect is identified as Cu2+ (2D5/2, 3d9) (g⊥ = 2.048 and g‖ = 2.279), previously undetected. Coke-derived and non-coal derived GQDs show Mn2+ and two-carbon related signals, and no Cu2+...
Der Bindungsbereich am Antikörper als Hilfe bei der Strukturaufklärung antigener Determinanten

Im vorhergehenden Kapitel wurden Grose und Form des Bindungsbereiches am Antikorper ergrundet, wobei die antigene Determinante als Molekularsonde verwendet wurde. Auf gleiche Weise kann man vorgehen, um Einblick in die Struktur von Determinanten komplexer Molekule zu erhalten. Fast alle Ergebnisse auf diesem Gebiet wurden mit Polysacchariddeterminanten erhalten. Um die zugrundeliegenden Prinzipien zu verdeutlichen, werden im folgenden einige ausgewahlte Beispiele gegeben.
Solar Array Degradation in a High-Fluence, High-Temperature Environment

Spacecraft powered by solar arrays are at risk of significant degradation when operating in high-irradiance, high-temperature environments on extended missions. Testing of common solar array adhesives in the John Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory Combined Environment Test Chamber has identified a potential degradation mechanism. In addition, the APL testing separates the effects of thermal, UV, and charged particle fluence. Experimental design and experimental results are discussed in detail with funding support from the NASA Solar Probe Plus project.
Functional Analysis of Alternative Transcripts of the Soybean Rj2 Gene That Restricts Nodulation With Specific Rhizobial Strains

The Rj2 gene is a TIR-NBS-LRR-type resistance gene in soybean (Glycine max) that restricts root nodule symbiosis with a group of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains including USDA122. Rj2 generates two distinct transcript variants in its expression profile through alternative splicing. Alternative splicing of Rj2 is caused by the retention of the 86-bp intron 4. Inclusion of intron 4 in mature mRNA introduces an in-frame stop codon; as such, the alternative transcript is predicted to encode a truncated protein consisting of the entire portion of the TIR, NBS and LRR domains but missing the C-terminal domain of the full-length Rj2 protein encoded by the regular transcript. Since alternative splicing has been shown to be essential for full activity of several plant R genes, we attempted to test whether the alternative splicing is required for Rj2-mediated nodulation restriction. Here we demonstrated that the Rj2-mediated nodulation restriction does not require the combined presence of the regular and alternative transcripts, and the expression of the regular transcript alone is sufficient to confer nodulation restriction.
Vertical Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Forests as Plasmonic Heat Pipes

High thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (NTs) is attractive for the heat removal applications. However, the problem of efficient thermal coupling to the heater/cooler still needs to be resolved. We study near-field electromagnetic tunneling as a mechanism of heat transfer across the interface. We report interface thermal (Kapitza) conductance between a low-density vertical metallic single-wall NT forest and a quartz substrate on the order of 50 MW/Km2 and explain it by strong electromagnetic interaction and near-field entanglement between the surface phonon–polaritons in the polar dielectric and the NT plasmons. We predict that the thickness of the NT film can be tweaked to the resonance wavelength of these entangled modes for performance optimization of nanocarbon thermal interconnects.
Stories told but yet unfinished: Challenges facing African-American libraries and special collections in historically black colleges and universities

Summary Practices of discrimination based on race forced the creation of “separate and unequal” colleges and universities with similarly separate and unequal libraries. Even the Morrill Land Grant Acts of 1860 and 1890, which were not intended to discriminate based on race, did in fact discriminate, leading to the creation of separate and unequal land-grant institutions. It was Brown vs. Board of Education that challenged successfully this “separate and unequal” custom and prompted the first major change in the composition of dominant institutions. By that time, however, many of the predominantly African-American institutions, although weak in library resources as a whole, had established outstanding collections on the history, literature, and art of persons of African descent. This article examines the historical context of these issues, and makes clear that, despite inadequate resources, many of these libraries had created significant collections for education, research, and services. But there is Still...
The Effect of Lye on the Incidence of Fluorescent Spoilage in Washed Eggs

Abstract BACTERIAL infection of shell eggs has long been a serious problem, especially in washed eggs. Hadley and Caldwell (1916) reviewed much of the earlier work. Some of the more recent work was reviewed by Haines (1940) and later by Lorenz and Starr (1952) who also reported that washing increased the bacterial spoilage of eggs regardless of the original condition of the eggs. Bryant and Sharp (1934) reported that cleaning eggs with one-tenth normal H2SO4 or NaOH did not reduce bacterial infection. The use of NaOH as an effective cleaning and bactericidal agent for dirty eggs was reported by Funk (1938). Dirty eggs washed in a one percent solution kept equally as well as unwashed eggs in cold storage. Winter and Clements (1956) found that a solution containing 200 p.p.m. of a germicide was most satisfactory for washing eggs. The work reported here was conducted to clarify the use of lye …
Metabolic Cost of Running Barefoot Versus Shod: Is Lighter Better?

PURPOSE Based on mass alone, one might intuit that running barefoot would exact a lower metabolic cost than running in shoes. Numerous studies have shown that adding mass to shoes increases submaximal oxygen uptake (V˙O(2)) by approximately 1% per 100 g per shoe. However, only two of the seven studies on the topic have found a statistically significant difference in V˙O(2) between barefoot and shod running. The lack of difference found in these studies suggests that factors other than shoe mass (e.g., barefoot running experience, foot strike pattern, shoe construction) may play important roles in determining the metabolic cost of barefoot versus shod running. Our goal was to quantify the metabolic effects of adding mass to the feet and compare oxygen uptake and metabolic power during barefoot versus shod running while controlling for barefoot running experience, foot strike pattern, and footwear. METHODS Twelve males with substantial barefoot running experience ran at 3.35 m·s with a midfoot strike pattern on a motorized treadmill, both barefoot and in lightweight cushioned shoes (∼150 g per shoe). In additional trials, we attached small lead strips to each foot/shoe (∼150, ∼300, and ∼450 g). For each condition, we measured the subjects' rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and calculated metabolic power. RESULTS V˙O(2) increased by approximately 1% for each 100 g added per foot, whether barefoot or shod (P < 0.001). However, barefoot and shod running did not significantly differ in V˙O(2) or metabolic power. A consequence of these two findings was that for footwear conditions of equal mass, shod running had ∼3%-4% lower V˙O(2) and metabolic power demand than barefoot running (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Running barefoot offers no metabolic advantage over running in lightweight, cushioned shoes.
Cystic neck growth in children

The treatment of cystic neck lesions in 105 patients hospitalized in our institution over last 5 years was analyzed retrospectively in this study. The most frequent lesion was medial cyst of the neck, manifesting in almost 50% of patients. Lateral cysts, dermoid cysts and cystic hygroma were found in 25%, 10% and 8%, respectively. Although congenital in origin, clinical manifestation of medial cervical cyst occurs usually in preschool and particularly in school period (average 6 year). Cysts of the neck were present in male and female equally. The most frequent complication in early postoperative period was hematoma. During three-year follow-up there was neither recurrence nor malignant alteration.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Invasion through Ear Cartilage

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the ear represents a high-risk tumor location with an increased risk of metastasis and local tissue invasion. However, it is uncommon for these cancers to invade through nearby cartilage. Cartilage invasion is facilitated by matrix metalloproteases, specifically collagenase 3. We present the unusual case of a 76-year-old man with an auricular squamous cell carcinoma that exhibited full-thickness perforation of the scapha cartilage. Permanent sections through the eroded cartilage confirmed tumor invasion extending to the posterior ear skin.
Early Dominance of Pioneer Hardwood After Clearcutting and Removal of Advanced Regeneration

Clearcut openings were created in mixed stands of southern New England hardwoods, hemlock, and white pines to observe the development of new stands in which all species started simultaneously. All pre- existing woody plants, except beech root-suckers and very small seedlings of red oak and hemlock, were eliminated. Natural seedfall was augmented by direct seeding of some species. The main result, after 2 decades, was replacement of the predominant hardwood species of the old stand by black, paper, and yellow birch. Pin cherry and gray birch were initially prominent, especially near the centers of openings, but had died or become moribund. Hemlocks and white pines from new seed persisted in the bottom strata. Except for the birches and black cherry, the hardwood species of the previous stand showed little or no capacity to develop from seed that
Evaluation of Cu-64-anti-RAGE scFv for assessment of pancreatic cancer-associated RAGE expression

1197 Objectives Noninvasive detection of early pancreatic cancer could improve patient survival, as this disease is notorious for poor prognosis. Despite extensive efforts, there are very few specific biomarkers available for diagnosis or targeted therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Over-expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been identified as a novel biomarker for neoplastic lesions and PDAC. In this study, a RAGE-specific antibody fragment (scFv) was developed as a specific imaging agent for pancreatic cancer with PET. Methods An anti-RAGE scFv was expressed from a humanized anti-RAGE mAb (3B4) sequence. A non-binding scFv, M4, was prepared by grafting the complementarity determining regions of 3B4 to a different framework. Both scFvs were functionalized with sulfo-Cy5 and a radioisotope metal chelator (NOTA). Cu-64-NOTA-3B4 and Cu-64-NOTA-M4 were administered in a syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic cancer (Panc02) to evaluate receptor mediated tumor uptake relative to normal tissues. Results Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated high affinity for 3B4 and its conjugates and also demonstrated that M4 did not bind RAGE. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that 3B4 bound RAGE expressed on mouse pancreatic adenocarcinoma Panc02. In tissues known to be enriched in RAGE, which include liver, kidney, and spleen, there were statistically significant differences in uptake of Cu-64-NOTA-3B4 relative to the non-binding control Cu-64-NOTA-M4. However, there were no significant differences in tumor uptake. Conclusions Due to rapid blood clearance typical of scFvs, tumor uptake of Cu-64-NOTA-3B4 was relatively low but resulted in statistically significant tumor/blood ratios relative to the non-binding control (3B4: 1.65 ± 0.45, M4: 0.64 ± 0.15, p
Dorsal clitoral nerve injury following transobturator midurethral sling.

INTRODUCTION Transobturator slings can be successfully used to treat stress urinary incontinence and improve quality of life through a minimally invasive vaginal approach. Persistent postoperative pain can occur and pose diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Following a sling procedure, a patient complained of pinching clitoral and perineal pain. Her symptoms of localized clitoral pinching and pain became generalized over the ensuing years, eventually encompassing the entire left vulvovaginal region. AIM The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical utility of conventional pain management techniques used for the evaluation and management of patients with postoperative pain following pelvic surgery. METHODS We described a prototypical patient with persistent pain in and around the clitoral region complicating the clinical course of an otherwise successful sling procedure. We specifically discussed the utility of bedside sensory assessment techniques and selective nerve blocks in the evaluation and management of this prototypical patient. RESULTS Neurosensory assessments and a selective nerve block enabled us to trace the source of the patient's pain to nerve entrapment along the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. We then utilized a nerve stimulator-guided hydrodissection technique to release the scar contracture. CONCLUSION This case demonstrates that the dorsal nerve of the clitoris is vulnerable to injury directly and/or indirectly. Assimilation of a time-honored pain management construct for the evaluation and management of patients' pain may improve outcomes while obviating the need for invasive surgery.
Modeling and Validation of a Passive Resettable Stiffness Damper

AbstractThe resetting semiactive stiffness damper (RSASD) has been shown to be effective at controlling vibrations in civil structures in the presence of near-field earthquakes. Although it has the advantages of being mechanically simple and relatively inexpensive, the RSASD requires a multicomponent feedback control system consisting of sensors, a microcontroller, a servo valve, and a battery to operate, rendering it less reliable during a seismic event. In the present work, the resetting passive stiffness damper (RPSD) is presented as an improvement to the RSASD, whereby the RSASD feedback control system is replaced by a novel mechanism to achieve resetting of the damper force. The results of laboratory studies on a small-scale RPSD demonstrate that the resetting mechanism performs as proposed. Results of numerical simulations performed for a five-story base-isolated building subject to four benchmark earthquakes indicate that the RPSD is capable of a similar control performance as the RSASD. Furthermor...
A Decade of Earth in the Mix: A Bibliometric Analysis of Emergent Scholarly Research on Sustainability Education and Ecopsychology in Higher Education

As part of understanding methodological approaches which aim to integrate the topic of sustainability in the curriculum of universities, the intersection of ecopsychology with education for sustainable development marks an emergent methodological and curricular bridge. Using Bayesian probablistic modeling of related topics, called latent Dirichlet allocation, an analysis of theses and dissertations published since the advent of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development revealed a substantial volume of higher education research regarding ecopsychology and sustainability education in higher education (using Proquest Database). Within that larger field, several hundred works existed at the intersection of ecopsychology and education for sustainable development/sustainability education. This research reported on findings from analyzing titles, abstracts and keywords of this data set of theses and dissertations to identify emergent trends in topics within the research scholarship. Initial findings indicated directions for viable inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration in order to extend and integrate the reach of sustainability education across the university curriculum. Research from the field suggested such inter- and transdisciplinary curricular approaches to the “wicked” problems of sustainability are requisite to cultivate the next generation of sustainability innovators and educators.
Characterization and Management of Patients with Heroin versus Nonheroin Opioid Overdoses: Experience at an Academic Medical Center.

tudy Objectives To characterize the differences between patients who had heroin and nonheroin opioid overdoses and to determine whether there were any significant differences in their management with regard to the naloxone use. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Large academic medical center. Patients A total of 923 patients admitted to the medical center who were identified for overdose by heroin or other opiate-related narcotics between January 2010 and September 2015; 480 patients experienced a nonheroin opioid overdose event, and 443 patients experienced a heroin overdose event. Measurements and Main Results Patients presenting with heroin overdose tended to be younger and male, with higher rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection compared with those presenting with nonheroin opioid overdose (p<0.05). Patients in the heroin group were also more likely to have a previous overdose event, history of injection drug use, and history of prescription opioid abuse compared with the nonheroin group (p<0.05). Those presenting with heroin overdose were more likely to receive naloxone in the prehospital setting (p<0.05) but were less likely to receive naloxone once admitted (p<0.05). Patients with nonheroin opioid overdoses required more continuous infusions of naloxone (p<0.05) and admission to the intensive care unit (p<0.05). Of all 923 patients, 178 (19.3%) had a repeat admission for any reason, and 70 (7.6%) were readmitted over the course of the study period for another overdose event with the same drug. The proportion of patients presenting with a heroin overdose steadily increased from 2010–2015; the number of patients presenting to the emergency department with nonheroin opioid overdoses steadily decreased. As rates of heroin overdose increased each year, the incidence of HCV infection increased dramatically. Conclusion This study indicates that the incidence of heroin overdoses has significantly increased over the last several years, and the rates of HCV infection 4-fold since the start of the study period. Patients admitted for nonheroin opioid overdose were more likely to be admitted to the hospital and intensive care unit compared with those admitted for heroin overdose. The rise in overdose events only further illustrates a gap in our understanding of the cycle of addiction, drug abuse, and overdose events.
How much money could passengers earn if the U.S. had European airline consumer protection laws

Whereas a deregulated marketplace for airline transportation has provided consumer benefits in reduced airfares, and options for amenities and quality of service, it has not exhibited improvements in the reliability of the transportation service with regard to on-time gate arrivals. For example, in 2016, U.S. domestic operations exhibited an 81 % on-time performance. Of the 27% of the flights that operated but were not on-time, 28% were attributed to “carrier delays.” These are disruptions that cannot be attributed to Extra-ordinary Circumstances (EoCs) such as extreme weather, national airspace system congestion, late arriving aircraft, or security.
Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road dust on human health. A PubMed search was used to extract references that included the words "road dust" and "health" or "fugitive dust" and "health" in the title or abstract. A total of 46 references were extracted and selected for review after the primary screening of 949 articles. The respiratory system was found to be the most affected system in the human body. Lead, platinum-group elements (platinum, rhodium, and bohrium), aluminum, zinc, vanadium, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the components of road dust that were most frequently referenced in the articles reviewed. Road dust was found to have harmful effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. To determine the complex mechanism of action of various components of road dust on the human body and the results thereof, the authors recommend a further meta-analysis and extensive risk-assessment research into the health impacts of dust exposure.
Soil Properties for Shear Wave Propagation

All methods of analyzing the dynamic response of soil/rock, including seafloor materials, depend ultimately on the parameters used to characterize the soil/rock. In the last 25 years much has been learned about the properties which affect dynamic response and wave propagation and ways to measure those properties. For analysis and design of structures and for interpretation of wave propagation phenomena, the key soil/rock properties are shear modulus, material damping and unit weight. This paper describes nine important parameters which affect shear modulus and damping of soil and rock.
The present and future treatment of pediatric type 2 diabetes

Introduction: Treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents is particularly challenging. Metformin monotherapy is the standard initial treatment for youth with T2D, once metabolic ...
New uses of old technology: Can nurse-pagers improve communication between resident-physicians and nurses.

Abstract Background Alphanumeric paging is underutilized, despite being the standard mode of communication between physicians and nurses at many hospitals across the United States. Objective We hypothesized that an educational program designed to teach optimal alphanumeric paging behavior in conjunction with providing nurses with alphanumeric pagers would improve the quality and efficiency of nurse pages. Methods We implemented an educational program to teach nurses about optimal alphanumeric paging, defined as including four important components—patient identification, clinical scenario, sender identification, and callback number. We also provided each nurse with their own unique pager. Alphanumeric paging logs were reviewed prior to the intervention (baseline study period), and again following implementation of the intervention (intervention study period). Questionnaires were also completed by resident-physicians and nurses before and after implementation. Results During the intervention period, the percentage of ideal pages increased, and the percentage of suboptimal pages decreased. Compared to baseline, pages during the intervention period more often included patient identity, clinical scenario, and page-sender. Resident-physicians rated the paging-system's impact on patient care and job satisfaction more highly, and reported that disruptions and nurse accessibility were less of a problem during the intervention period compared to baseline. Nurses reported less problems with disruptions, ignored pages, miscommunication, and contentious relationships with resident-physicians. Conclusions This study underscores the importance of two-way communication, which can be achieved without expensive technology. Creative use of old technology, such as providing nurses with traditional pagers, can improve communication and workflow, and potentially quality of care and patient safety.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES TO ALCOHOL CHALLENGE IN INDIVIDUALS POLYMORPHIC AT ADH1B LOCI

Background The ADH Class 1 is the major group for metabolizing alcohol in humans. Subunits which constitute class 1 ADH are encoded by the three genes ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C, giving rise to A, B, and C subunits. Genetic polymorphisms, occur at ADH1B to give rise to ADH1B1, ADH1B2, and ADH1B3 subunits. Concerning the ADH1B gene, individuals with the ADH1B3 genotype appear to be more resistant to the stimulating effects of alcohol, possibly due to a faster-metabolizing capacity of this variant compared to the wild-type (ADH1B1). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ADH1B polymorphisms on electroencephalography, using the alcohol clamp technique. We hypothesize that individuals heterozygous for the ADH1B3 allele will have lower alpha power in frontoparietal electrodes, suggesting less relaxation effect during alcohol ingestion compared to those homozygous for ADH1B1. Methods A pilot sample of individuals (N=28) genotyped at the ADH1B locus received continuous EEG recording during infusion, using the alcohol clamp technique. The collected EEG data was analyzed using EEGLAB, an open source electrophysiological data analysis software application. The data was preprocessed using FASTER, an EEGLAB plugin for Automated EEG artifact Rejection. The FASTER process applies independent component analysis and statistical thresholds for artifact rejection. The accepted EEG epochs were then submitted to the pwelch FFT implementation using the inbuilt functions of EEGLAB, which computed the power of the EEG in 0.24 Hz steps over a total range of 1.5 – 40 Hz. The power spectra were averaged over epochs and averaged amplitude peaks extracted. The estimates of power within the delta (1.5–3.2 Hz), theta (3.8– 7.02 Hz), alpha (7.8–12.5 Hz), and slow (13.2–18.75 Hz) and fast (19.5–39.8 Hz) beta frequency bands were computed as the area under the PSD curve. Results Subjects with ADH1B1/1 have increased alpha power in CZ, FZ and PZ leads during baseline (i.e. pre-alcohol exposure) eye-closed resting EEG, with the greatest difference (between ADH1B1/1 and ADH1B1/3 observed in the PZ leads (P Discussion Based on rich evidence from neurophysiological studies, increased alpha power is indicative of hypoarousal; therefore, our data subjects more evidence for cortical hypoarousal in anticipation of alcohol challenge among individuals with ADH1B1/1 polymorphism.
Computed Tomography (CT)

Computed Tomography (CT) is a critical tool in the pain practitioners’ armamentarium. This imaging modality provides outstanding anatomic characterization of bony structures. Injection of intrathecal contrast (CT myelography) can greatly improve visualization of the intraspinal soft tissues. CT imaging is rapidly acquired and easily performed with negligible patient discomfort. Ionizing radiation doses have decreased dramatically with newer and more sophisticated techniques.
Low-Pressure Dynamic Compression Response of Porous Materials

At low pressures, of the same order as the strength of the underlying material, the removal of porosity is the dominant aspect controlling the behavior of shock-loaded porous materials. In this chapter, we discuss experimental approaches used in this regime including sample configuration and characterization, instrumentation, and error analyses for the results. We follow this with discussion of modeling approaches utilized at both the continuum and the mesoscale. Building upon these fundamentals, we consider several phenomena that are specific to the low-pressure dynamic behavior of porous materials. Finally, we discuss some of the outstanding issues in the behavior and treatment of porous materials in this regime.
Cultivating a research imperative: Mentoring mathematics at Stockholms Högskola, 1882–1887

Abstract Though the central role of Gosta Mittag-Leffler in the promotion of specialized, research-oriented mathematics at Stockholms Hogskola is widely acknowledged, the specific social and technical means by which he sought to cultivate a fledgling research community there during the early- to mid-1880s have received little attention. In particular, a detailed study of the relationship of his own research activity to that of his first Swedish students is absent from the existing literature. Through the juxtaposition of their research activities and unpublished correspondence, this paper explores Mittag-Leffler's active and deliberate efforts to engage his students Ivar Bendixson and Edvard Phragmen in open problems within his own research agenda, support them through his institutional connections, and instill within them norms concerning research ideologies, practices of communication and criticism, and frameworks for shared knowledge. It also illuminates the extent to which his teachings took root in at least one student to emerge from his program, who would perpetuate the mathematical practices set in place by his teacher and set forth on the international stage to promote his newly-acquired system of values.
Relationship Quality in the Context of Cyber Dating Abuse: The Role of Attachment:

Cyber dating abuse can lead to negative outcomes for the message receiver and for the relationship. Extending previous research examining problematic technology-based behavior and attachment securi...
The LSAT Sweepstakes

This morning started out as any other morning. I got up, made some coffee, and went downstairs to get my New York Herald. Boy did I love that newspaper. Yeah it had its ups and downs-its pseudo-liberalism caused it to get race issues wrong, but who can ever get race issues right? The New York Herald was still, in my opinion, the best there was.I settled down with my coffee, turned on the television to Good Morning Today!, and picked up my New York Herald.Nothing could have prepared me for what was to follow. I couldn't believe my eyes. The headline read, "Blacks Outscore Whites on LSAT: Lawsuit Threatened."
Weak nonleptonic Ω− decay in chiral perturbation theory

Abstract We calculate the weak nonleptonic decay of the Ω − baryon to octet final states in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT). We include the one-loop leading logarithmic effects and show that this improves the universality of the HBChPT constants.
Nanoscale limits of angular optical scatterometry

Angular scatterometry is a fast, in-line, noncontact, and nondestructive nanoscale metrology tool that is widely used in manufacturing processes. As scatterometry is a potential metrology technique for next generation semiconductor manufacturing and for other emerging large-area (roll-to-roll) nanotechnology products such as wire grid polarizers (WGPs) and nanostructured metamaterials, it is necessary to study its fundamental sensitivity and accuracy limitations. Two different samples are simulated using rigorous coupled-wave analysis. One is a high index contrast aluminum WGP structure, and the other is a low-index contrast resist grating on a polycarbonate substrate. During modeling, the sample structure is scaled by simultaneously scaling both the line width and the height of the grating with a fixed pitch and all linear dimensions, including pitch, line width, and grating height, of the structure. Two metrics are chosen to define the limits: the first is the comparison with experimental limits, that is, if the reflection difference for a 5% scaling variation is larger than the experimental noise floor, scatterometry has sufficient resolution to recover the metrology information; the second is the comparison with effective medium models, that is, if the simulated angular scatterometry signature differs from an effective medium model signature, again within experimental noise limits, scatterometry is judged to have sufficient resolution to determine the feature parameters. Using a 405 nm source, scatterometry provides sufficient information to analyze a 20 nm pitch WGP structure using a 405 nm laser source (wavelength/pitch = 20), while the minimum pitch resist grating is ∼24 nm (wavelength/pitch = 16.8).
MENTAL STRESS-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AS A MARKER FOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AFTER MI

Young and middle-aged adults with a myocardial infarction (MI) represent an understudied group potentially with unique risk indicators such as emotional stress. We sought to investigate if mental stress induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI), a marker of cardiovascular vulnerability to psychological
Proton collisional excitation in the ground configurations of Fe/+12/ and Fe/+13/. III - Transitions between magnetic sublevels

Values of proton collisional cross-sections at coronal energies have been computer for all transitions between magnetic sublevels of the Fe(+12) and Fe(+13) ground configurations. Semiclassical Coulomb excitation theory was used with the resulting truncated Schroedinger equations being directly integrated. The corresponding rate constants for coronal temperatures are presented and comparison is made with previous results.
Mitochondrial physiology varies with parity and body mass in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus)

The life-history patterns that animals display are a product of their ability to maximize reproductive performance while concurrently balancing numerous metabolic demands. For example, the energetic costs of reproduction may reduce an animal's ability to support self-maintenance and longevity. In this work, we evaluated the impact of parity on mitochondrial physiology in laboratory mice. The theory of mitohormesis suggests that modest exposure to reactive oxygen species can improve performance, while high levels of exposure are damaging. Following this theory, we hypothesized that females that experienced one bout of reproduction (primiparous) would display improved mitochondrial capacity and reduced oxidative damage relative to non-reproductive (nulliparous) mice, while females that had four reproductive events (multiparous) would have lower mitochondrial performance and greater oxidative damage than both nulliparous and primiparous females. We observed that multiple reproductive events enhanced the mitochondrial respiratory capacity of liver mitochondria in females with high body mass. Four-bout females showed a positive relationship between body mass and mitochondrial capacity. In contrast, non-reproductive females showed a negative relationship between body mass and mitochondrial capacity and primiparous females had a slope that did not differ from zero. Other measured variables, too, were highly dependent on body mass, suggesting that a female's body condition has strong impacts on mitochondrial physiology. We also evaluated the relationship between how much females allocated to reproduction (cumulative mass of all young weaned) and mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the multiparous females. We found that females that allocated more to reproduction had lower basal respiration (state 4), lower mitochondrial density, and higher protein oxidation in liver mitochondria than females that allocated less. These results suggest that, at least through their first four reproductive events, female laboratory mice may experience bioenergetic benefits from reproduction but only those females that allocated the most to reproduction appear to experience a potential cost of reproduction.
A Flexible Quasioptical Input System for a Submillimeter Multiobject Spectrometer

We present a conceptual design for the input optical system for a multiobject spectrometer operating at submillimeter wavelengths. The "Mirror MOS" is based on a sequence of mirrors that enables low-loss propagation of beams from selected positions distributed throughout the focal plane to the spectroscopic receiver inputs. This approach should be useful for observations of sources that have a relatively low density on the sky, for which it is inefficient to use a traditional array receiver with uniformly spaced, relatively closely packed beams. Our concept is based on assigning a patrol region to each of the receivers, which have inputs distributed over the focal plane of the telescope. The input to each receiver can be positioned at any point within this patrol region. This approach, with only four reflections, offers very low loss. The Gaussian beam optical system can be designed to produce frequency-independent illumination of the telescope, which is an important advantage for broadband systems such those required for determination of redshifts of submillimeter galaxies.
Reading Eye Movements Performance on iPad vs Print Using a Visagraph.

This study investigated reading comprehension, reading speed, and the quality of eye movements while reading on an iPad, as compared to printed text. 31 visually-normal subjects were enrolled. Two of the passages were read from the Visagraph standardized text on iPad and Print. Eye movement characteristics and comprehension were evaluated. Mean (SD) fixation duration was significantly longer with the iPad at 270 ms (40) compared to the printed text (p=0.04) at 260 ms (40). Subjects’ mean reading rates were significantly lower on the iPad at 294 words per minute (wpm) than the printed text at 318 wpm (p=0.03). The mean (SD) overall reading duration was significantly (p=0.02) slower on the iPad that took 31 s (9.3) than the printed text at 28 s (8.0). Overall reading performance is lower with an iPad than printed text in normal individuals. These findings might be more consequential in children and adult slower readers when they read using iPads.
Cortisol dysregulation among American Sign Language interpreters in different work settings: Confirmation of occupational health risks:

Cumulative motion injuries and burnout contribute to an international shortage of signed language interpreters (SLIs). Studies using the Job Content Questionnaire, a well-validated measure of occup...
Non-Surgical Correction of Congenital Ear Anomalies: A Critical Assessment of Caretaker Burdens and Aesthetic Outcomes

Congenital ear anomalies result from cartilage and skin compression in utero. They can be corrected in infancy before the cartilage hardens and loses its malleability. Caretaker burden of ear molding and its impact on esthetic outcomes has not been studied. Demographic and procedural variables were retrospectively collected for infants who underwent ear molding. Parents were surveyed regarding their experience, caretaker burden, and esthetic outcome. Outside physicians were provided with pre- and post-treatment photographs and asked to rate outcomes. A Likert scale was developed for responses and converted to a numeric score from 1 to 5 with 5 as the most desirable. Seventy-four patients comprising 121 ears were included. Mean age at treatment was 20.1 ± 21.4 days with treatment duration of 21.1 ± 7.7 days. Parental participation in the survey was 70.1%. Questions that queried parents’ experiences revealed a “very positive” experience with minor burden related to bathing and cleaning (Mean Likert Score 4.1, Range 1–5). Favorable parent-reported outcomes were obtained regarding anticipated social distress (4.28, 1–5), satisfaction with results (4.27, 1–5), and perception of final appearance (4.18, 1–5). Physician assessments of esthetic outcomes were slightly lower, but favorable between “somewhat effective” and “very effective” (3.46, 1–5). Earlier treatment trended favorably, but did not reach significance. Ear malformations had higher parent-reported satisfaction than ear deformations (4.75 ± 0.46 vs 4.21 ± 1.25, p = 0.025). Despite the additional obligation for new parents, infant ear molding is rated low in terms of caretaker burden. Esthetic outcomes are excellent as assessed by parents and physicians. However, caretakers reported higher esthetic outcomes than physician evaluations. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266
Evaluating the role of volatiles in bedrock chute formation on the moon and mars

Abstract Steep channel-like landforms—referred to here as bedrock chutes—line the rocky walls of some craters on the Moon and Mars. The role of volatiles, such as H₂O or CO₂, or dry rockfall in the formation of bedrock chutes is unknown on either planetary body. To test whether bedrock chute formation on Mars involved volatile activity, we used digital elevation models of Mars generated from HiRISE and CTX stereo-imagery to survey 4–9 km diameter craters globally and measure chute morphology as a function of latitude and orientation—properties that might co-vary with volatile activity. We also analyzed bedrock chutes on the Moon, which is presumably devoid of significant erosion due to volatile activity, using LROC NAC data, to serve as a volatile-free endmember for comparison with Mars. Martian bedrock chutes occur at all latitudes and have median values of chute spacing (wavelength) of ~300 m, relief of ~15 m, and slope of ~33o. Chutes on the Moon are less common and are generally steeper (~41o) with less relief (~5 m) as compared to Mars. While dry rockfall might have formed bedrock chutes on both the Moon and Mars, martian chutes are systematically deeper on pole-facing slopes between 10°S- 30°S indicating a likely role for volatile activity in chute formation. Bedrock chutes are also deeper where they co-occur with well-incised martian gully channels. The latitude-dependence for deeper bedrock chutes on pole-facing slopes extends to lower latitudes than gullies—within the contemporary tropics—indicating the potential for volatile-related activity closer to the equator than documented for gullies or other ice-related features on Mars. Chutes carved into bedrock likely form slowly compared to gully channels, which are incised into more erodible ice-cemented sediment, and therefore might provide a longer record of environmental conditions over larger swaths of Mars.
Quantitative analysis of the most hypometabolic foci on PET brain scan using MIMneuro software and correlation with electroencephalography

1819 Objectives About one-third of patients with epilepsy are refractory to medications and may require resective brain surgery. Many are non-lesional on brain MRI and the challenge for surgical planning is the identification of the seizure onset zone. We postulate that the most hypometablic foci on PET may correlate with the seizure onset zone and provide a target for epilepsy surgery. The primary aim of this proof of concept study is to evaluate most hypo-metabolic foci on brain PET using MIMneuro (software for quantitative analysis of neurological disorders by PET) and comparing them with the potential epileptogenic region determined by scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Methods We retrospectively reviewed a sample of 24 PET scans of the brain for adult patients requiring evaluation for epilepsy surgery at Emory University Hospital in the past 2 years. Using MIMneuro we identified the most hypo-metabolic foci, if present, on the PET. We then compared the location of the focus with the reported location of the inter-ictal epileptiform discharges on the EEG performed during the PET scan. Results The 24 patients’ ages ranged from 17 to 60 years (mean age 30 years, 14 female). MIMneuro identified 23 patients (96%) with hypometabolic foci. The one patient without a hypometabolic focus had a normal EEG. Of those 23 with hypometabolic foci detected, 14 had an abnormal EEG with epileptiform discharges (the other 9 had a normal EEG). All 14 (100%) had hypometabolic foci by MIMneuro that correlated with the regional location of the epileptiform discharges. Conclusions Based on this pilot data, we conclude there is a potential correlation between the most hypometabolic foci on brain PET using MIMneuro and the epileptogenic zone represented by surface EEG. Further analysis with larger sample sizes and comparison with intracranial surgical EEG monitoring is warranted.
Endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump expression and control of cell growth.

Intracellular Ca2+ pump expression and Ca2+ pool function are shown to be closely associated with growth and proliferation of DDT1MF-2 hamster smooth muscle cells. The Ca2+ pump blocker thapsigargin induces sustained Ca2+ pool emptying and entry of cells into a quiescent G0-like state (Short, A. D., Bian, J., Ghosh, T. K., Waldron, R. T., Rybak, S. L., and Gill, D. L. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 4986-4990). Using DDT1MF-2 cells growth-arrested by exposure to 3 microM thapsigargin for 24 h, treatment with 20% serum for 6 h without thapsigargin induced expression of functional Ca2+ pump protein detected as a 110-kDa thapsigargin-sensitive phosphorylated intermediate; 2.5% serum treatment resulted in no functional pump expression. Western analysis revealed only a slight serum-induced increase in total Ca2+ pump protein. New functional Ca2+ pump protein could be detected within 1 h of high serum treatment of thapsigargin-arrested cells, increasing over a 6-h period and correlating with the appearance of new Ca2+ pools. Induction of Ca2+ pools required serum at 10% or higher; no pools appeared with 5% serum or less. Significantly, high serum was required for only a brief but precise period of time. Exposure of thapsigargin-arrested cells to a 45-min pulse of 20% serum followed by continued culture in 2.5% serum was sufficient for full induction of new functional Ca2+ pump protein and Ca2+ pools; in contrast, no pumps or pools were detected after a 30-min serum pulse. A 40-min high serum pulse resulted in arrested cells reentering the cell cycle, synthesizing DNA, and resuming normal proliferation; in contrast, 35 min of serum treatment resulted in cells remaining totally quiescent. The results provide important evidence for the necessity of functional endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pumps in serum-induced cell growth and reflect a remarkably precise signaling period during which quiescent cells become committed to a progression of events including Ca2+ pump expression, Ca2+ pool function, reentry into the cell cycle, and cell division.
Class, Cognition, and Face‐to‐Face Interaction

Social class—one's relative socioeconomic rank in society—plays a vital role in shaping individuals' future educational and occupational attainment, job satisfaction, and overall mental and physical well-being. Although sociologists have studied macrolevel aspects of class formation and reproduction for over a century, how class distinctions are produced and reproduced on the ground in everyday social interactions has received far less empirical attention. Like other forms of stratification, class inequalities are driven not only by differential access to material resources but also how we fundamentally perceive ourselves, others, and appropriate behavior. Yet, the social sciences have yet to develop a clear and convincing theory of the microdynamics of social class. In this essay, I integrate contemporary research across disciplines to illuminate how social perception and interaction shape and are shaped by social class. I review classical and cutting-edge research on the microdimensions of social class, discuss outstanding issues, and highlight promising directions for future research. Keywords: social class; cognition; culture; inequality; interpersonal evaluation