cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates and clinical impact of discordant X-ray and CT imaging in transfers to a pediatric emergency department

Abstract Objectives Children are often transferred to a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) for definitive care after completion of diagnostic imaging. There is a paucity of data on the concordance rates of interpretation of imaging studies between referral and PED. Our objective is to describe the rates and clinical impact of discordant interpretation of X-rays and CT in children transferred to a PED. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients over a 12-month period from 12/1/2017–11/30/2018 with X-ray (XR) and CT performed prior to transfer to our PED. We compared referral radiology interpretations to those of pediatric radiologists to determine concordance. Encounters with discordant imaging interpretations were further evaluated for clinical impact (none, minor or major) based on need for additional laboratory workup, consultation, and changes in management and disposition. Results We analyzed 899 patient encounters. There were high rates of concordance in both XR and CT interpretation (668/743; 89.9%, 95% CI 0.87–0.91 and 205/235; 87.2%, 95% CI 0.82–0.91, respectively). XR discordance resulted in minor clinical impact in 34 patients (45%, 95% CI 0.35–0.57) and a major clinical impact in 28 patients (37%, 95% CI 0.27–0.49). CT discordance resulted in minor clinical impact in 10 patients (33%, 95% CI 0.19–0.51) of patients and major clinical impact in 15 patients (50%, 95% CI 0.33–0.67). The most common discordances with major clinical impact were related to pneumonia on XR chest and appendicitis or inflammatory bowel disease on CT abdomen. Conclusions In patients transferred to the PED, concordance of XR and CT interpretations was high. A majority of discordant interpretations led to clinical impact meaningful to the patient and emergency medicine (EM) physician. Referring EM physicians might consider the benefit of pediatric radiology consultation upon transfer, especially for imaging diagnoses related to pneumonia, appendicitis, or inflammatory bowel disease.
Vision in Night Driving: The Roles of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

Because of the low light levels that are important in night driving, it is possible that both rods and cones contribute to visual performance for drivers at night. However, little evidence has been available about the relative contributions of these classes of photoreceptors. Partly, this may be because until recently the range of light sources has been limited, and consequently the question was not of great practical importance, at least for photometry. However, there is now a much larger variety of sources in use for vehicle lighting, including high-intensity discharge (HID) and light emitting diode (LED) sources. The greater variety of sources and spectral power distributions has increased interest in how the visual response of a driver’s eyes at night varies with wavelength. New evidence indicates that the relative contributions of rods and cones may be different for different driving tasks or different aspects of a driver’s visual experience at night: detection of pedestrians—the task that is most critically affected by darkness— may depend primarily on cones, while subjective impressions of brightness, and perhaps the conspicuity of emergency signals in the visual periphery, may be strongly influenced by rods.
DETECTION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR SEROVAR O1 LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

Abstract Six hybridoma cell lines, each of which produced a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against Vibrio cholerae O1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were established. Each MAb was active serologically by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the slide agglutination test. In the ELISA, each MAb was tested against 7 O1 and 9 non-O1 LPS preparations. Three MAbs reacted with both Inaba and Ogawa serovars (A antigen), two MAbs reacted with the Ogawa serovars only (B antigen), and one MAb reacted with the Inaba serovars only (C antigen). Each MAb was also tested in the ELISA against whole-cell preparations of 37 O1 and 52 non-O1 V. cholerae serovars, 20 heterologous Vibrio species, and 37 heterologous bacterial species. The MAbs reacted with V. cholerae O1 cells only, except for one anti-A antigen MAb which reacted weakly with five V. cholerae non-O1 serovars and Serratia marcescens. Each anti-A antigen MAb was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and tested by direct immunofluorescence against selected O1 and non-O1 serovars. Each MAb-FITC conjugate, when tested alone, exhibited O1-specific fluorescence; however, mixtures of the MAb-FITC dramatically enhanced fluorescence intensity on O1 cells. This finding was also visualized by immunoelectron microscopy on both thin-sectioned and negatively stained O1 cells by using an anti-mouse immunoglobulin-colloidal gold conjugate. These results suggest that the A antigen can be described by more than one epitope and that a superior serotyping reagent can be prepared from a defined mixture of MAbs.
Providing services to Asian Americans with developmental disabilities and their families: mainstream service providers' perspective.

This survey investigated the opinions and perceptions of 44 mainstream social service providers regarding barriers to Asian Americans with developmental disabilities and their families receiving appropriate supportive services. Six main barriers were identified: (1) Language and communication difficulties; (2) Lack of knowledge concerning mainstream service delivery system; (3) Perceived cultural differences; (4) Being a “minority within a minority” in the service delivery system; (5) Individual differences within families and differences among Asian ethnic groups; and (6) Lack of resources to meet needs within the family. Implications of the interrelationships among the identified barriers were discussed.
Localization and Screening Enhancement in Asymmetric Binary Ionic Mixtures

The equation of state of binary ionic mixtures of similar ions, such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon, has been extensively studied. The study of dense asymmetric mixtures, where Z2 >> Z1, has primarily focused on mixtures of hydrogen and iron at solar conditions. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we examine the behavior of highly asymmetric binary ionic mixtures, where the coupling of the high-Z species may be orders of magnitude higher than the coupling of the low-Z species. For the conditions we have studied, we find that strong correlations and signatures of solidification occur in the high-Z species, while the low-Z species exists as a freely flowing fluid within the high-Z solid matrix. Solidification of the low-Z species is correlated with the coupling between the two components. Using the Widom expansion method, we compute the plasma screening enhancement of the nuclear reaction rates for Z = 1 in a high-Z matrix. We also provide some estimates of the coefficient of binary diffusion in the mixture. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alpha detection as a probe for counter proliferation

An indication of the presence of special nuclear material (SNM) can be obtained by the detection of alpha particles from the decay of the SNM. Current techniques for detecting alpha particles have a number of limitations. Sensitive conventional detection of SNM traces involves off-site laboratory analysis-but at the loss of an on-site confirmation. Fieldable detection instruments, on the other hand, are delicate and have poor sensitivity. New long-range alpha detection (LRAD) technology mitigates these limitations. An LRAD-based instrument relies an the detection of the hundreds of thousands of ions produced in ambient air by one emitted alpha particle. The ions can be transported to an ion detector at a distance much greater than the range of the original alpha particle. The LRAD-based monitors have the characteristics of high sensitivity, fast (real-time) response, ruggedness, and reliability. Many of the designs are quite portable. In this paper, several scenarios are identified for which particular LRAD-based detectors can provide confirmation of proliferation activity. >
Risk sensitive control with ergodic cost criteria

Stochastic control problems on an infinite time horizon with exponential cost criteria are considered. The Donsker-Varadhan large deviation rate (1975, 1976) is used as a criterion to be optimized. The optimum rate is characterized as the value of an associated stochastic differential game, with an ergodic (expected average cost per unit time) cost criterion. By taking a small-noise limit a deterministic differential game with an average cost per unit time cost criterion is obtained. This differential game is related to robust control of nonlinear systems. >
Induction of interleukin-1 in various brain regions after peripheral and central injections of lipopolysaccharide

The presence of bioactive interleukin-1 (IL-1) in various brain regions (cerebellum, cortex, brainstem, diencephalon or hippocampus) after either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intraventricular (i.c.v.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in the rat. To detect IL-1, extracellular fluid and cell lysate were fractionated by gel exclusion chromatography and fractions tested for thymocyte stimulation; presence of IL-1 was confirmed by blockade of stimulation by addition to the assay of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to IL-1 receptor. When LPS was infused i.c.v., IL-1 was detected in the brainstem and diencephalon 2 h after injection, and in all the brain regions except cerebellum 6 h after injection; IL-1 was not detected in the plasma of these animals. When LPS was injected i.p., IL-1 was detected in the plasma but not in the brain 2 h after the injection, and in all brain regions but not in the plasma 6 h after the injection. In all of these cases, IL-1 was found in extracellular fluid; in some cases (cortex, cerebellum) cell lysate of the region did not produce detectable bioactivity, thereby indicating that IL-1 in these brain regions is processed to active peptide during release, as has been reported in the periphery. In those cases where bioactivity was detected in cell lysate (brainstem, diencephalon), bioactivity was not blocked by IL-1 receptor mAb, indicating presence of a non-IL-1 stimulating factor. These results further support the idea that IL-1 is secreted by cells in the brain, and indicate that it is found in the extracellular fluid of many brain regions following an appropriate stimulus in the periphery as well as in the brain.
Dental students' treatment of anxious patients

Patients' anxiousness over treatment is an important factor in the utilization, delivery, and outcome of health care. Patient anxiety over dental treatment is widespread and is a source of stress for both patients and dentists. This paper reports a study of how dental students cope with fearful patients they treat during training, and what tactics they believe are effective. Two classes of senior dental students at a state university (n = 127) completed a brief questionnaire that asked them to describe what they had done in a previous encounter with a nervous patient, and to assess the effect of their actions. Students estimated that almost a quarter of their patients were anxious; most believed that they themselves were made nervous by such patients. Virtually all were committed to using talk plus local anesthesia rather than more extensive, drug-oriented methods. The coping repertoire was extensive. Giving reassurance was the most prominent tactic, followed by providing information about the procedure; expressing empathy or identifying patient feelings and the source of fear; and presenting a calm manner. Most students believed their actions had at least some positive, if not a dramatic, effect. In rating the effectiveness of 10 actions a dentist can take to deal with patient anxiety, the large majority of students rated every behavior as being at least somewhat effective. The behaviors rated 'very effective' by half or more of the students included having a calm manner, demonstrating that what the patient says is taken seriously, being friendly, making the patient feel welcome, and giving moral support during the procedure.
Propionate Inhibition of Succinate: CoA Ligase (GDP) and the Citric Acid Cycle in Mitochondria

Propionate inhibits oxygen consumption by rat liver mitochondria when glutamate, alpha-ketaglutarate, and succinate are substrates. Carnitine prevents this effect. The pattern of inhibition of 14CO2 release from metabolic intermediates indicates citric acid cycle inhibition between succinate:coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (GDP) and malate dehydrogenase. Propionyl CoA is synthesized from propionate in mitochondria. Propionyl CoA is a potent inhibitor of succinate:CoA ligase with positive cooperativity and half half-maximal inhibition at 2 X 10(-4) M propionyl CoA.
Responsibilities of Clinical Trial Investigators

AbstractNever has compliance with Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 312, and with good clinical practices (GCPs) been of greater importance and under more public scrutiny than today. The current regulatory environment at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has fueled a keener awareness not only of how clinical investigators are conducting their research under Investigational New Drug (IND) regulations, but also how they are documenting the research activity. Further, the present climate at the Agency is geared to enforcement of the regulations and to application of sanctions when indicated.This article describes the responsibilities that a clinical investigator legally assumes upon signing the Statement of Investigator, Form FDA 482, an interpretation of some of the regulations pertinent to IND research, and how to abide by the applicable regulations: what to do, how to do it, and what not to do.
All-dielectric, true-time-delay, planar microwave lenses

We present a new technique for designing planar microwave lenses with broadband, true-time-delay response types. The lenses examined in this work are planar structures with circular apertures populated with numerous spatial time-delay units (TDUs). Each TDU is the unit cell of an appropriately designed lowpass frequency selective surface (FSS) that provides a desired time delay over a wide frequency range. The lowpass FSSs used in this paper are all-dielectric type multi-layer structures that are composed of high-er and low-er dielectric substrates cascaded sequentially. An all-dielectric lens prototype with focal length to aperture diameter ratios (f=D) of 1.3 is designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. It is experimentally demonstrated that the fabricated lens can operate over a bandwidth of 40% without any chromatic aberrations. Moreover, the proposed lens demonstrates an excellent scanning performance with fields of views of ±60°.
An Improved Noncatalytic Coating for Thermocouples

Abstract We have developed an improved coating for Pt/Pt-13% Rh thermocouples using a commercially available high-temperature adhesive. This aluminum oxide/potassium silicate coating is non-toxic, easy to apply and more stable than the standard thermocouple coatings. Temperature profiles obtained using the coated thermocouple, corrected for radiation, and OH rotational temperatures obtained using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) are in excellent agreement, demonstrating that the coating removes the catalytic effects usually observed with uncoated thermocouples.
Quantitation of base substitutions and deletions induced by chemical mutagens during DNA synthesis in vitro

An experimental system has been developed by which base substitutions and frameshift deletions can be quantitated in vitro, using two-phase 20% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Oligodeoxynucleotides, modified site-specifically, were used as templates in primer extension reactions catalyzed by DNA polymerase alpha, polymerase beta, and the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with and without 3'-->5' exonuclease activity. Lesions studied included 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyadenosine, O6-methyldeoxyguanosine, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-(acetylamino)fluorene, and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2- aminofluorene. Products of translesional synthesis contained dC, dA, dG, or dT opposite the lesion or one- and two-base deletions and were separated using a two-phase polyacrylamide gel system. When a template containing 8-oxoguanine was used, dAMP and/or dCAMP was incorporated opposite the lesion, the relative amounts depending on the DNA polymerase used. In contrast, the nonmutagenic base, dTMP, was incorporated exclusively opposite 8-oxodA in reactions catalyzed by Klenow fragment and pol alpha. The improved resolution provided by the two-phase gel system revealed misincorporation of dGMP opposite 8-oxodA in reactions catalyzed by pol beta. dTMP and small amounts of dCMP were incorporated opposite the lesion on an O6MedG-modified template. The bulky adduct, dG-C8-AAF, principally produced deletions; in contrast, dG-C8-AF promoted incorporation of dCMP, a nonmutagenic base. This experimental system should prove useful for establishing the miscoding potential of defined lesions in DNA templates and in correlating this information with the mutagenic properties of DNA adducts observed in cells.
Structural Properties of 2/2 Hemoglobins: The Group III Protein from Helicobacter hepaticus

The e-proteobacterium Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) contains a gene coding for a hemoglobin (Hb). The protein belongs to the 2/2 Hb lineage and is representative of group III, a set of Hbs about which little is known. An expression and purification procedure was developed for Hh Hb. Electronic absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were used to characterize ligation states of the ferric and ferrous protein. The pKa of the acid/alkaline transition of ferric Hh Hb was 7.3, an unusually low value. NMR analysis of the cyanomet complex showed the orientation of the heme group to be reversed when compared with most group I and group II 2/2 Hbs. Ferrous Hh Hb formed a stable cyanide complex that yielded NMR spectra similar to those of the carbonmonoxy complex. All forms of Hh Hb were self-associated at NMR concentrations. Comparison was made to the related Campylobacter jejuni 2/2 Hb (Ctb), and the amino acid conservation pattern of group III was reinspected to help in the generalization of structure–function relationships. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(3): 197–205, 2011
p16 Ink4a Inhibits Histologic Progression and Angiogenic Signaling in Min Colon Tumors

The Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressor locus is widely inactivated in cancer but little is known about the tumor biology of its two products, p16Ink4a (p16) and Arf. Both the p16 and Arf promoters are methylated in a significant fraction of human colon carcinomas, implying a functional role. We have demonstrated previously that Ink4a/Arf-null colon tumors display increased growth and vascularity in C57Bl6 mice carrying the Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mutation. We present here an analysis in a mixed genetic background of Min colon tumors (N = 215) in mice with or without selective deficiencies in p16 or Arf, respectively. Absence of Arf did not significantly alter tumor formation. In contrast, tumors in mice lacking p16 were moderately larger and redder. Histological analysis demonstrated that these tumors contained significantly more pockets of necrosis (P = 0.02), a marker of carcinoma in situ; less apoptosis (P = 0.02); and higher red blood cell density (P = 0.02, 0.006 within vessels). Biochemical anal...
Cucurbitacin I Inhibits Cell Motility by Indirectly Interfering with Actin Dynamics

Background Cucurbitacins are plant natural products that inhibit activation of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway by an unknown mechanism. They are also known to cause changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
Diurnal variation of serum iron in infants and children.

Summary The diurnal variation of serum iron found in healthy adults was evaluated in two groups of children of different ages. No variation was found in 12 children aged 2 weeks to 20 months. In contrast, there was a significant variation of the per cent relative change of serum iron from a. m. to p. m. for a group of 12 children from 3 to 14 years of age. These results support the evidence for the late appearance of a biological “clock” in children.
Characterizing near-surface CO2 conditions before injection–Perspectives from a CCS project in the Illinois Basin, USA

Abstract The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium is conducting a large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in Decatur, Illinois, USA to demonstrate the ability of a deep saline formation to store one million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from an ethanol facility. Beginning in early 2011, CO2 will be injected at a rate of 1,000 tonnes/day for three years into the Mount Simon Sandstone at a depth of approximately 2,100 meters. An extensive Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) program has been undertaken for the Illinois Basin Decatur Project (IBDP) and is focused on the 0.65 km2 project site. Goals include establishing baseline conditions to evaluate potential impacts from CO2 injection, demonstrating that project activities are protective of human health and the environment, and providing an accurate accounting of stored CO2. MVA efforts are being conducted pre-, during, and post- CO2 injection. Soil and net CO2 flux monitoring has been conducted for more than one year to characterize near-surface CO2 conditions. More than 2,200 soil CO2 flux measurements have been manually collected from a network of 118 soil rings since June 2009. Three ring types have been evaluated to determine which type may be the most effective in detecting potential CO2 leakage. Bare soil, shallow-depth rings were driven 8 cm into the ground and were prepared to minimize surface vegetation in and near the rings. Bare soil, deep-depth rings were prepared similarly, but were driven 46 cm. Natural-vegetation, shallow-depth rings were driven 8 cm and are most representative of typical vegetation conditions. Bare-soil, shallow-depth rings had the smallest observed mean flux (1.78 μmol m−2 s−1) versus natural-vegetation, shallow-depth rings (3.38 μmol m−2 s−1). Current data suggest bare ring types would be more sensitive to small CO2 leak signatures than natural ring types because of higher signal to noise ratios. An eddy covariance (EC) system has been in use since June 2009. Baseline data from EC monitoring is being used to characterize pre-injection conditions, and may then be used to detect changes in net exchange CO2 fluxes (Fc) that could be the result of CO2 leakage into the near-surface environment during or following injection. When injection at IBDP begins, soil and net CO2 monitoring efforts will have established a baseline of near-surface conditions that will be important to help demonstrate the effectiveness of storage activities.
The function of consciousness in multisensory integration

Abstract The function of consciousness was explored in two contexts of audio–visual speech, cross-modal visual attention guidance and McGurk cross-modal integration. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 utilized a novel cueing paradigm in which two different flash suppressed lip-streams cooccured with speech sounds matching one of these streams. A visual target was then presented at either the audio-visually congruent or incongruent location. Target recognition differed for the congruent versus incongruent trials, and the nature of this difference depended on the probabilities of a target appearing at these respective locations. Thus, even though the lip-streams were never consciously perceived, they were nevertheless meaningfully integrated with the consciously perceived sounds, and participants learned to guide their attention according to statistical regularities between targets and these unconsciously perceived cross-modal cues. In Experiment 4, McGurk stimuli were presented in which the lip-streams were either flash suppressed (4a) or unsuppressed (4b), and the McGurk effect was found to vanish under conditions of flash suppression. Overall, these results suggest a simple yet fundamental principle regarding the function of consciousness in multisensory integration – cross-modal effects can occur in the absence of consciousness, but the influencing modality must be consciously perceived for its information to cross modalities.
Does open access endoscopy close the door to an adequately informed patient

Abstract Background: The use of open access endoscopy is increasing. Its effect on the adequacy of patient informed consent, procedure acceptance and the impact on subsequent communication/transfer of procedure results to the patient have not been evaluated. The aim of our study was to compare the extent of preknowledge of procedures and test explanation, patient medical complexity, information transfer and overall patient satisfaction between a patient group referred for outpatient open access endoscopy versus a patient group from a gastrointestinal (GI) subspecialty clinic. Methods: Information was obtained from all patients presenting for outpatient upper and lower endoscopy by using a 1-page questionnaire. Patients from the two groups who had an outpatient upper/lower endoscopic procedure were contacted by phone after the procedure to obtain information with a standardized questionnaire. Results: The open access patients reported receiving significantly less information to help them identify the procedure ( p p Conclusions: Patients undergoing open access procedures are less likely to be properly informed about their endoscopic procedure. Our results indicate that with open access endoscopy, a defined mechanism needs to be in place for communication of endoscopic results to the patient. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:212-7.)
Expectations and Outcomes of Gastric Feeding Tubes

Abstract Purpose To compare expected outcomes with actual outcomes from tube feeding in adult patients. Subjects and methods This prospective cohort study was conducted in two North Carolina hospitals. Surrogates were interviewed shortly after feeding tube insertion and at 3- and 6-month follow-up; chart abstraction and death certificate review also were carried out. Participants were surrogate decision-makers for consecutive adult patients who received new feeding tubes. Results There were 288 patients with surrogate decision-makers enrolled. Mean age was 65 years; 30% had a primary diagnosis of stroke, 16% neurodegenerative disorder, 20% head and neck cancer, and 30% other diagnoses. At 3 months, 21% of patients had died, and 6-month mortality was 30%. At 3 months, 38% of survivors were residing in a nursing home, and 27% had the feeding tube removed. Patients were impaired in most activities of daily living (ADLs) with little change over time. Medical complications were common: 25% of patients had decubitus ulcers at 3 months, and 24% had at least one episode of pneumonia. Perceived global quality of life was poor at 4.6 (on a 0-10 scale) at baseline, and surrogates anticipated this would improve to 8.0 with tube feeding. Family surrogates' expectations for improvement from the feeding tube were very high at baseline and remained so at 3 and 6 months. Conclusions Families' high expectations of benefit from tube feeding are in contrast to clinical outcomes. Providers and families need better information about the outcomes of this common procedure.
Photoswitching of ligand association with a photoresponsive polymer-protein conjugate.

Light-regulated molecular switches that reversibly control biomolecular function could provide new opportunities for controlling activity in diagnostics, affinity separations, bioprocessing, therapeutics, and bioelectronics applications. Here we show that site-specific conjugation of light-responsive polymers near the biotin-binding pocket of streptavidin provides control of ligand binding affinity in response to UV and visible light irradiation. Two different light-responsive polymers were utilized that display opposite photoresponsive solubility changes under UV or visible (vis) light irradiation in aqueous solutions. At 40 °C, the N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA)-co-4-phenylazophenyl acrylate (AZAA) copolymer (DMAA) was soluble under UV irradiation and precipitated under visible light, while the DMA-co-N-4-phenylazophenyl acrylamide (AZAAm) copolymer (DMAAm) was soluble under visible irradiation and precipitated under UV light. Both polymers were synthesized with a vinyl sulfone terminus and conjugated to ...
The functional morphology of caudal lamellae in coenagrionid (Odonata:Zygoptera) damselfly larvae

During their later instars, coenagrionid damselfly larvae reduce their relative investment in lamellae. Caudal lamellae play a role in swimming by allowing a larva to take advantage of its body size when at least one lamella is present, and this benefit increases with larval size. The removal of the first and/or second lamella generally results in a fixed and measurable decrease in swimming speed. When all lamellae are removed, larvae suffer a dramatic reduction in swimming speed.Ischnura posita(Hagen) andEnallagma civile(Hagen) always swim faster than equal sizedTelebasis salva(Hagen) andArgia translata(Hagen) when at least one lamella is present. The swimming speed of the three lentic formsI. posita, E. civile,andT. salvais more affected by lamella loss than the lotic formA. translata.These last three relationships do not change ontogenetically. Caudal lamellae surface area does not increase as fast ontogenetically as would be expected for a gas exchange organ. The breaking joints, which hold the lamellae to the body, do not grow isometrically with body size, but do grow isometrically with lamellar mass. This suggests that the lamellae may be retained in proportion to investment (mass).
Search for delayed gamma decays of anomalous nuclear states

It has been shown by other workers that some of the fragments of relativistic heavy-ion collisions have an anomalously short interaction length but may revert to normal nuclei within \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ sec. Lead-glass detectors were used to search for delayed high-energy $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted from projectile fragments of 940-MeV/u $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ interactions with a steel target. The present negative result casts doubt on some recent models in which anomalous states decay electromagnetically to normal nuclei.
Expressive inhibition following interpersonal trauma: An analysis of reported function

Existing research indicates veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may deliberately inhibit the expression of emotion. However, the degree to which inhibition generalizes to other trauma populations and the specific reasons survivors with PTSD inhibit expression remains unclear. The present study looked to evaluate expressive inhibition among survivors of intimate partner violence (N = 74), to determine reasons for inhibition in this population, and to examine whether any justifications for inhibition are unique to individuals with PTSD. The frequency and intensity of inhibition scores were similar to those noted in previous research although no differences were observed across women with and without PTSD. Self-reported justifications for inhibition indicated five general themes: Concern for others, Mistrust/fear of exploitation, Perception of others as indifferent/uncaring, Control/Experiential avoidance, and Situation-specific inhibition. Only mistrust/exploitation motives were uniquely associated with PTSD. Whereas expressive inhibition may be elevated within help-seeking samples, individuals who develop PTSD appear to hold unique reasons for restricting emotional expression.
The validity of selected surrogate measures of human resource value: A field study

Abstract This study dealt with the validity of proposed methods of measuring human resource value. First it tested the validity of three different surrogate measures for personnel valuation within a CPA firm using personnel evaluations as the object criterion. The surrogate measures included: (1) a replacement cost model; (2) salary; and (3) a historical cost model. The study also examined the validity of replacement cost as a surrogate using measures of economic value as a criterion. The study found that (1) replacement cost appears to be the most valid surrogate measure for personnel valuation; and (2) replacement cost tends to approximate the true economic value of an individual within a CPA firm.
Scaling legislative decision making: A methodological exercise

Previous work in American state politics shows that an accurate measure of legislative decision-making attributes can be a useful tool for empirical research. Using data from a new survey of state legislators, conducted in 1981, the present analysis includes both an improved survey item and a sophisticated scaling procedure.
Partial sequence of rat prothrombin and the activity of two related pentapeptides as substrates for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase system.

It is now established that vitamin K catalyzes the post-translational carboxylation of selected glutamyl residues in a prothrombin precursor to form y-carboxy glutamyl residues [l-3] . This modification enhances the Ca” and phospholipid binding capacity of the zymogen and permits its rapid conversion to thrombin in the presence of factors X, and V [4]. Since the vitamin K-deficient rat accumulates this precursor in its hepatic reticulum [5,6], unlike cow and man which secrete a des-y-carboxyprothrombin into the plasma [7,8], liver microsomes derived from vitamin K-deficient rats provide an ideal system for the study of vitamin K action in vitro. Shah and Suttie [9] first demonstrated the vitamin K-dependent conversion of precursor peptide to biologically active prothrombin, in liver microsomes from vitamin K-deficient rats, and this observatiorrhas been confirmed and extended in a number of laboratories [lo121. In this conversion, which requires NADH, oxygen, bicarbonate and vitamin K, H14C0i is fixed into peptide-bound r-carboxyglutamate. This membranous system has been solubilized by treatment with detergents [10,13,14] and a synthetic pentapeptide Phe-Ieu-Glu-Glu-Val, imitating residues 5-9 of bovine prothrombin precursor, has been reported to be an artificial substrate for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation reaction [ 151. In this communication we wishto report the homologous pentapeptide, se-Leu-Glu-Glu-Be, based on the corresponding sequence of the prothrom-
Interpreting indirect replies.

Abstract A model is proposed that explains how people arrive at specific interpretations of indirect replies. The model is based on Grice's (1975) conversational logic, coupled with Goffman's (1967) insights regarding face management. The model assumes that hearers, upon recognizing that a speaker has violated the relevance maxim, will generate an inference in order to make sense of the remark; this inference will then be based on the hearer's belief about why the violation occurred. Face management is assumed to be a major motivation for violating the relevance maxim, and thus it should serve as a frame for interpreting the violation. As a result, the most likely interpretation of an indirect reply is one that would be face-threatening in the situation. The results of three experiments provided support for these propositions. Specifically, relevance violations were generally interpreted as conveying nonliteral meaning. In these situations negative information was most face-threatening, and as a result the replies were usually interpreted as conveying negative information. In addition, when face management as “a reason” for a relevance violation was eliminated or contradicted, relevance violations became much more ambiguous and difficult to comprehend.
Gravitation in the light cone gauge

The formulation of gravitation theory in the light cone gauge is studied. After a brief discussion of Yang- Mills theory for purposes of illustration, tensor and scalartensor gravitation are investigated. We show that if the gauge conditions are properly chosen the constrained components of the metric tensor can be explicitly solved for by quadrature, so that the field theory can be reformulated entirely in terms of the physical transverse fields. It is also shown that the light cone gauge is useful for finding wave solutions of classical field equations. Occasional reference is made to dual models, primarily to explain our motivation, but familiarity with them is not required for an understanding of this paper.
Nuclear power system reliability: A historical perspective

The author lays out the history, current status, and predicted future of system reliability engineering in the nuclear power industry. The chief focus is on reliability in the area of public safety, with particular emphasis on the valuable contributions made by probabilistic risk assessments. The paper concludes with reflections on the benefits that reliability engineering can offer both the industry itself and the public in understanding the promise and the pitfalls of nuclear power. It is noted that with safety and reliability issues now more or less integrated into the regulatory process, the regulatory structure becomes the single most crucial factor in the effort to market an economical and safe nuclear product.
Nitric oxide production in experimental alcoholic liver disease in the rat: Role in protection from injury☆

Abstract Background & Aims: Regulation of blood flow and oxygen supply are important pathogenetic factors in alcoholic liver disease. Because nitric oxide may have an important role, its effects on alcoholic liver injury were investigated. Methods: Rats were fed ethanol intragastrically with either saturated fat or corn oil. Spontaneous production of NO by liver nonparenchymal cells was compared in the two dietary groups. Two additional groups of rats fed corn oil and ethanol were treated with either an NO inhibitor (l-NAME) or supplemented with l-arginine. Liver pathology and plasma NO production were evaluated. Results: In the corn oil and ethanol group, a progressive decrease in liver nonparenchymal cell NO production and increased plasma NO levels were associated with liver injury. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining showed increased centrilobular staining of hepatocytes in the corn oil and ethanol group and l-NAME-treated group. Moreover, l-NAME increased the severity, whereas l-arginine supplementation completely prevented liver injury. In the saturated fat and ethanol group, in which there was no liver injury, the levels of NO 2 − in nonparenchymal supernatant were 5–10-fold higher than in the corn oil and ethanol group. Conclusions: Decreased NO production by nonparenchymal cells may contribute to liver injury in ethanol-fed rats, and the compensatory increase in hepatocyte NO production may contribute to centrilobular liver injury.
Spatial and temporal location in child language

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the development of spatial and temporal location. The research was based on the distinction between mono-referential and bi-referential location, where mono-referential location involves the relationship between an object/event to-be-located and a single reference object/time with intrinsic spatial/temporal properties, and bi-referential location requires a projective/sequential relationship between two referential objects/times. A sentence-picture matching task was constructed having four types of problems combining time and space with mono-/bi-referential relationships. Twelve American children were tested at each of three age levels: 2;6, 4;6, and 6;6. At 2;6, the children failed the bi-referential problems and passed the mono-referential problems. By 4;6, children showed an advantage of space over time, and in addition to the mono-referential problems, they also passed the bi-referential space problems. At 6;6, the children passed ...
Where the Women Aren't: Gender Differences in the Use of LGBT Resources on College Campuses

LGBT campus resources are vital for many LGBT college students’ wellbeing and academic success. In this article, I explore what factors may cause different groups under the LGBT umbrella to be included in or excluded from use of LGBT campus resources. I examine patterns of participation at two college campuses: one where women wanted access to LGBT resources, but did not use the existing ones on campus or produce their own, and another with a high level of participation of women in the LGBT campus community. Drawing on in-depth interviews of 30 students and staff members, I show that two factors previously unexamined in the literature on LGBT college students produced the gender gaps in participation: (1) disparities in student group membership related to gender-blind organizing and (2) differential leadership development caused by a combination of patrimonialism and friendly-fire sexism. Based on these findings, I offer several strategies for reducing gender gaps in production and use of LGBT college res...
Increased health care utilization associated with child day care among health maintenance organization and Medicaid enrollees

Objective This study examined the association between child day care and the utilization of health care resources. It also investigated whether increased use of health care resources in day-care children is due to acute diarrheal illness or upper respiratory tract infections (URI). Sample Study subjects were recruited as day-care children (n = 435) and home-care children (n = 753) through a health maintenance organization (HMO) and a consortium of Medicaid providers in Columbia, South Carolina, and were followed bimonthly for 18 months. Method A survey was conducted to collect data on children aged 5 years or younger from their parents. The questionnaires collected familial information, individual characteristics, disease-related symptoms, and the information on physician visits, antibiotic use, and use of other medicines. The association between day care attendance and the likelihood of using health care resources was examined by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Compared with home-care children, the odds ratios for physician visits, use of antibiotics, and use of other medicines were all significantly greater for children attending day care. However, the increased likelihood of physician visits in day-care children may not be attributable to diarrheal illness or URI. Conclusions Day care attendance is associated with the increased use of health care. Antibiotics are more likely to be prescribed in day-care children than in home-care children for diarrheal illness and URI. Implications for practice Understanding the association between child day care attendance and utilization of health care resources will assist health care providers in evaluating their practice in providing medical care to children.
Noninvasive Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract This study determines whether a mathematical model can be used to assess noninvasively the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). The model was based on stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis of data obtained in 99 patients from clinical and nonhemodynamic exercise variables, or from radionuclide determination of left ventricular function at rest or during exercise, or both. The extent of CAD was assessed by a scoring system and by the number of diseased vessels. The variables selected by this method (Q-wave infarction, exercise LV ejection fraction, change in systolic blood pressure from rest to exercise, sex and diabetes mellitus) yielded a predictive accuracy of 82% for the identification of patients with extensive CAD (score ≥ 35). Slightly better results were achieved by a subgroup of 77 patients who had adequate exercise end points (exercise heart rate ≥ 120 beats/min, or angina or ST depression during exercise). In these patients, the predictive accuracy was 84%. The model also identified patients with “light” CAD (score ≤ 10) with a predictive accuracy of 82%. Thus, noninvasive assessment of the extent of CAD is possible with a stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis of clinical, electrocardiographic and left ventricular function assessed by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and during exercise. The scoring system was superior to the conventional method of classifying patients according to the number of diseased vessels.
Differential phosphorylation in vivo of cytoplasmic dynein associated with anterogradely moving organelles

Two microtubule-stimulated ATPases, cytoplasmic dynein, and kinesin, are believed to be responsible for the intracellular movement of membrane-bound organelles in opposite directions along microtubules. An unresolved component of this model is the mechanism by which cells regulate these two motors to direct various membrane-bound organelles to their proper locations. To determine if phosphorylation may play a role in the regulation of cytoplasmic dynein, the in vivo phosphorylation state of cytoplasmic dynein from two cellular pools was examined. The entire cellular pool of brain cytoplasmic dynein was metabolically labeled by the infusion of [32P]orthophosphate into the cerebrospinal fluid of rat brain ventricles. To characterize the phosphorylation of dynein associated with anterograde membrane-bound organelles, the optic nerve fast axonal transport system was used. Using a monoclonal antibody to the 74-kD polypeptide of brain cytoplasmic dynein, the native dynein complex was immunoprecipitated from the radiolabled tissue extracts. Autoradiographs of one and two dimensional gels showed labeling of nearly all of the polypeptide isoforms of cytoplasmic dynein from rat brain. These polypeptides are phosphorylated on serine residues. Comparison of the amount of 32P incorporated into the dynein polypeptides revealed differences in the phosphorylation of dynein polypeptides from the anterograde and the cellular pools. Most interestingly, the 530-kD heavy chain of dynein appears to be phosphorylated to a lesser extent in the anterograde pool than in the cellular pool. Since the anterograde pool contains inactive dynein, while the entire cellular pool contains both inactive and active dynein, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that phosphorylation regulates the functional activity of cytoplasmic dynein.
THE SOLENOIDAL TRANSPORT OPTION FOR IFE DRIVERS AND A NEAR-TERM RESEARCH FACILITY

Abstract Solenoidal magnets have been used as the beam transport system in all high current electron induction accelerators that have been built in the past several decades. They have also been considered for the front end transport system for heavy ion accelerators for Inertial Fusion Energy drivers, but this option has received very little attention in recent years. The analysis reported here was stimulated mainly by the recent effort to define an affordable “Integrated Research Experiment” (IRE) that can meet the near-term needs of the IFE program. Solenoidal transport has a very favorable scaling as the particle mass and kinetic energy are decreased (the main reason why it is preferred for electrons in the region below 50 MeV). A central contention of this paper is that a “front end” design based on solenoidal transport can form the basis of a significantly different overall driver architecture. With a solenoidal front end, we can consider drivers with a much smaller number of beam channels at low energy, and without beam combining. A fast-running code (named SALT) has been developed at LBNL to study the axisymmetric dynamics of a particle beam transported through a sequence of solenoids. The beam is modelled as a set of ringlets, with radius and momentum traced in the axial coordinate. Emittance growth, envelope matching, and phase space evolution are treated. Initial applications to IRE scale parameters are described.