cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientation of a β-Hairpin Antimicrobial Peptide in Lipid Bilayers from Two-Dimensional Dipolar Chemical-Shift Correlation NMR

Abstract The orientation of a β -sheet membrane peptide in lipid bilayers is determined, for the first time, using two-dimensional (2D) 15 N solid-state NMR. Retrocyclin-2 is a disulfide-stabilized cyclic β -hairpin peptide with antibacterial and antiviral activities. We used 2D separated local field spectroscopy correlating 15 N- 1 H dipolar coupling with 15 N chemical shift to determine the orientation of multiply 15 N-labeled retrocyclin-2 in uniaxially aligned phosphocholine bilayers. Calculated 2D spectra exhibit characteristic resonance patterns that are sensitive to both the tilt of the β -strand axis and the rotation of the β -sheet plane from the bilayer normal and that yield resonance assignment without the need for singly labeled samples. Retrocyclin-2 adopts a transmembrane orientation in dilauroylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, with the strand axis tilted at 20°±10° from the bilayer normal, but changes to a more in-plane orientation in thicker 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphatidyl-choline (POPC) bilayers with a tilt angle of 65°±15°. These indicate that hydrophobic mismatch regulates the peptide orientation. The 2D spectra are sensitive not only to the peptide orientation but also to its backbone ( ϕ , ψ ) angles. Neither a bent hairpin conformation, which is populated in solution, nor an ideal β -hairpin with uniform ( ϕ , ψ ) angles and coplanar strands, agrees with the experimental spectrum. Thus, membrane binding orders the retrocyclin conformation by reducing the β -sheet curvature but does not make it ideal. 31 P NMR spectra of lipid bilayers with different compositions indicate that retrocyclin-2 selectively disrupts the orientational order of anionic membranes while leaving zwitteronic membranes intact. These structural results provide insights into the mechanism of action of this β -hairpin antimicrobial peptide.
Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stent Placement: Postprocedural Hemorrhage and Delayed Pseudoaneurysm Formation

The authors present a case study of a neck hematoma presenting within hours of carotid artery stent placement. Subsequently, delayed pseudoaneurysm formation was noted. The purpose of this communication is to describe this case and present the treatment options, including the clinical success of delayed surgical intervention in this patient.
The impacts of digital government on civic engagement: a typology of information technology use

This paper proposes a typology to analyze the impact of digital government on civic engagement in politics and policy processes. This framework is based on characteristics of target clients and modes of information technology use (economy, solidarity, and action modes). Major parties and candidates tend to remain in the solidarity model and reinforce advocacy of supporters. In the action model, motivated minority groups and issue-based activists are likely to use one-way and two-way communications effectively and deploy online and offline activities strategically.
Training-induced energy balance mismatch in Standardbred mares

This study tested the hypothesis that exercise training would alter feed intake (FI), body composition (BC) and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, insulin and glucose. Eight Standardbred mares (12±2 years, 509±36 kg body weight (BW), mean±SD) were trained (EX) in an equine Equi-ciser (initially 3 days per week at 60% maximal heart rate (HRmax) for 20 min and gradually increased to 5 days per week at 70% HRmax for 30 min, with a 10-min warm-up and 10-min cool-down period at the walk). Six mares (12±2 years, 537±45 kg) served as non-exercise controls (CON). All mares were unfit and had not been subjected to conditioning for 3 years before the experiment. Pre- and post-training incremental exercise tests (GXT) were run to determine HRmax and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A total mixed ration (TMR) of hay cubes was fed free choice for 16 h day-1 with the primary experiment following a 6-week diet adaptation period. Mares' FI was measured daily and reported in grams per kilogram BW of feed eaten per week. Changes in BC were assessed using BW (electronic scale) and percentage fat calculated using rump fat thickness and the Westervelt equation. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks at 15:25, before mares were given their allotment of hay cubes on a day when they did not exercise, to measure plasma hormone and glucose concentrations. Gastroscopy for gastric ulcers was performed before, during and after the trial. VO2max increased by 7.0% (P 0.05) in CON. FI decreased (P 0.05) in active ghrelin, glucose, insulin or cortisol between the groups and over time. Five out of seven EX mares developed gastric ulcers. No CON mares developed gastric ulcers. Training was associated with changes in plasma leptin concentration, an increased incidence of gastric ulcers and a disruption of the balance between required DE and actual intake.
Granulations in a Fluidized-Bed: Effect of Binders and Their Concentrations on Granule Growth and Modeling the Relationship Between Granule Size and Binder Concentration

AbstractLactose and mixture of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose (1:1) were granulated in a fluid-bed equipment using PVP, acacia and gelatin as binders. The effect of these binders, their concentrations, and volume of granulation liquid on granule growth and granule sue distribution was studied. It has been shown that individual binder and binder concentration affect granule growth and growth mechanism. Also, the volume of granulation liquid and part dissolution of excipients being granulated contribute significantly to the granule size and size distribution. On the basis of granule growth data, a mathematical relationship which relates granule size as a function of binder concentration is proposed. Granule growth constant for the binders is computed from the granule size against binder concentration data. The constant describes granule growth pattern, and is termed as binder coefficient, β. The numerical value of binder coefficient, which varies with the binder, indicates relative activity and effe...
Combining pattern classification and assumption-based techniques for process fault diagnosis

Abstract Assumption-based approaches have been proposed in recent times for the diagnosis of process malfunctions. These methods are systematic in the derivation of the knowledge base and are general in approach. However, the quantitative approaches that have been proposed in the past are compiled, difficult to develop and lack generality. Furthermore, the standard assumption-based approaches that use Boolean logic have problems with the completeness and resolution requirements. To circumvent these problems, and to improve upon pattern classification techniques, we propose the tuples method which combines assumption-based approaches with the pattern recognition techniques, using neural networks to perform real-time diagnosis. The tuples method is based on deep-level quantitative models of the process and its knowledge base is developed with relative case. The method is robust in the sense that it allows for modeling inaccuracies. It is also general in that the process model and the diagnostic method are separated. This integrated approach was found to successfully diagnose single and multiple faults including sensor faults and parameter drifts. It has good real-time speed, and gives early diagnosis of malfunctions. Our study also suggests that the generalization characteristics of a neural network can be improved by using a fully-connected network.
The longing for total revolution: Philosophic sources of social discontent from Rousseau to Marx and Nietzsche

(1988). The longing for total revolution: Philosophic sources of social discontent from Rousseau to Marx and Nietzsche. History of European Ideas: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 364-365.
Simple and complex retinal ganglion cell axonal rearrangements at the optic chiasm.

The rearrangements that retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons undergo near the optic chiasm were determined by ablating either the nasal, temporal, dorsal, ventral, or peripheral retina. The axons of the remaining intact RGCs were then labelled with cobaltous lysine. RGC axons change their relationship with respect to the axes of the brain and with respect to one another. Toward the caudal end of the optic chiasm, the optic tract begins to rotate axially such that its rostral edge ultimately becomes located medially. Thereby, the column of ventronasal RGC axons shifts from a rostral to a medial position. In addition, columns of axons from other retinal sectors move with respect to one another. Ventrotemporal RGC axons, located initially at the caudal edge of the tract, move toward and come to be positioned laterally to, the column of ventronasal RGC axons. The column of dorsonasal RGC axons moves from the rostral to the lateral side of the column of dorsotemporal RGC axons. Concurrently, the axons within each column reorganize internally. Each chronological lamina of axons within a column twists such that the nasal and temporal axons within each column invert their positions with respect to the edges of the column. All of these reorganizations take place between the caudal end of the optic chiasm and the division of the main optic tract into the optic brachia. Furthermore, the rearrangements that occur do not involve any alterations in the positions of central and peripheral RGC axons with respect to the surface of the diencephalon. The results are discussed with respects to mechanisms that might influence the organization of the visual pathways.
Mothers' social regulatory language to young children in family settings

We investigate the language mothers use to regulate social conduct in family settings with their older (4- to 5-year-old) and younger (2-year-old) children. Samples of spontaneous conversations between British mothers and their children were collected over six months. Twenty-five percent of mothers' child- directed speech was social regulatory, with significantly more such language directed to younger children. Although the most common kind of regulatory language directed to both children was imperative mands used prescriptively, our data also suggest permission statements to younger children were used often to restrict activity, whereas permission statements to older children were used largely to permit activity. We discuss results with regard to maternal sensitivity to children's developmental differences, conversational constraints in family settings, and possible cultural influences on speech styles.
Microbiological Assessment of Dental Plaque on Bovine Enamel Implants Worn Intra-orally in Children

Nine caries-active children, each from six to nine years old, wore small removable enamel implants intra-orally for four weeks as part of an effort to develop removable model systems for studying dental plaque in fissures. The implants, consisting of two enamel cubes arranged to simulate a fissural space, were cemented in box preparations in stainless steel crowns on pulpotomized primary molars. Upon removal, the fissural spaces were opened to facilitate plaque harvesting. The plaque samples were cultured, and enamel decalcification of the plaque-exposed surfaces was measured. Quantitative microbial values were compared with those of natural fissure plaque samples from both caries-active (CA) and caries-and restoration-free (CF) children, also from six to nine years old. Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguis levels of fissural insert plaque (FI) and natural fissural plaque from (CA) were similar. Both contained higher S. mutans levels than did plaque from (CF). FI harbored higher concentrations of Lactobacillus and Actinomyces species and lower concentrations of Neisseria species. Otherwise, FI plaque resembled natural fissure plaque. Microhardness of FI plaque-exposed enamel decreased significantly compared with pre-experimental values and showed a significant negative correlation with values for total lactobacilli on selective media, and for S. mutans on non-selective media.
A near optimal scheduler for switch-memory-switch routers

We present a simple and near optimal randomized parallel scheduling algorithm for scheduling packets in routers based on the Switch-Memory-Switch (SMS)architecture, which emulates 'output queuing' by using a collection of small memories within the switch to buffer packets, and which forms the basis of the fastest routers in use today. For a router with N inputs and N outputs, our algorithm computes the schedule in O(log* N) rounds, where a round is a communication of a few bits between input ports and memory together with simple local computation at the inputs and memory. Furthermore, by using an O(log* N) deep pipeline at each input, our algorithm computes the schedule in a constant number of rounds. Our pipelined algorithm is quite simple and achieves optimal (i.e.,constant) throughput with a tiny O(log* N) delay.We show that the total amount of buffer memory required by our algorithm is close to the minimum required. We also show that the number of buffer memories is within an eN additive term of 2N -- 1, for any positive constant u>0 (and is within an additive term of o(N)for the basic scheduler), where 2N -- 1 is the minimum number of memories needed under adversarial placement of packets. Furthermore we show that the number of extra memories that we use over the minimum of N that is required in the offline version, is within a constant factor of the minimum required by any on-line scheduler, even if that scheduler is allowed to fail occasionally.Our scheduling algorithm is randomized and works with high probability in N. We also prove that it has the 'self-stabilizing' property, i.e., it resumes its normal behavior if occasional lapses occur due to the probabilistic nature of the algorithm.
Microsatellite markers reveal the below ground distribution of genets in two species of Rhizopogon forming tuberculate ectomycorrhizas on Douglas fir

Summary • We have developed microsatellite markers for two sister species of Rhizopogon, R. vesiculosus and R. vinicolor (Boletales, Basidiomycota), and used selected markers to investigate genet size and distribution from ectomycorrhizal samples. Both species form ectomycorrhizas with tuberculate morphology on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). • Tuberculate ectomycorrhizas were sampled and mapped in two 10 × 10 m core plots located at Mary's Peak in the Oregon Coast Range and at Mill Creek in the Oregon Cascade Mountains, USA; additional samples were obtained from a larger area surrounding the Mary's Peak core plot. • Gene diversities at the newly described microsatellite loci ranged from 0.00 to 0.68 in R. vesiculosus, and from 0.00 to 0.43 in R. vinicolor. Both taxa appeared to be in Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibrium. The largest distance observed between tuberculate ectomycorrhizas of the same genet was 13.4 m for R. vesiculosus, but only 2 m for R. vinicolor. • This is to our knowledge the first study to differentiate fungal genets from ectomycorrhizas with great confidence using multiple codominant markers.
Tapped marchand baluns for matching applications

Compact three-terminal structures with integrated matching and balun functionality are presented. The structures are in the form of tapped Marchand baluns and possess prescribed immittance profiles at either their single-ended or balanced ports. These prescribed profiles are important in ensuring stability of active circuits. Tapping the balanced resonators of the baluns enables the realization of an extremely wide range of load-to-source impedance or admittance ratios at no increase in overall size. Designs and implementations of two tapped Marchand baluns with octave bandwidths centered at 500 MHz are presented
Adoption of Technology, Management Practices, and Production Systems by U.S. Beef Cow-Calf Producers

Using USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey data, factors leading to the adoption of technology, management practices, and production systems by U.S. beef cow-calf producers are analyzed. Binary logit regression models are used to determine impacts of vertical integration; region of the U.S.; farm size, diversification, and tenure; and demographics on adoption decisions. Significant differences were found in adoption rates by region of the U.S., degree of vertical integration, and size of operation, suggesting the presence of economies of size and vertical economies of scope. Results also indicate high degrees of complementarity among technologies, management practices, and production systems.
Colorectal Neoplasms: Prospective Comparison of Thin-Section Low-Dose Multi–Detector Row CT Colonography and Conventional Colonoscopy for Detection

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare thin-section low-dose multi–detector row computed tomographic (CT) colonography with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred five patients underwent CT colonography immediately before colonoscopy. Supine and prone CT colonographic acquisitions to image the region during a 30-second breath hold were performed. CT colonographic images were prospectively interpreted for the presence, location, size, and morphologic features of polyps. The time of image interpretation was noted. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CT colonography were calculated, with 95% CIs, by using colonoscopic findings as the reference standard. The weighted CT dose index was calculated on the basis of measurements in a standard body phantom. Effective dose was calculated by using commercially available software. RESULTS: Median CT data interpretation time was 12 minutes. One hundred thirty-two polyps in 5...
Structure and quantitative efficacy of the basic lattice stitch.

BACKGROUND The basic lattice stitch has been proposed to be a highly effective component in the repair of atrophic skin and wounds under high tension. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of the basic lattice stitch in dispersing tissue tension from the perpendicular plane of closure with that of a simple interrupted stitch. A dispersion of closure force could lead to fewer tissue tears at closure, lower wound dehiscence, less necrosis, and better wound healing. METHODS Closure forces on structural components of the basic lattice stitch in 21 repairs with closing tensions ranging from 0.3 to 4.0 N were studied and compared with the closing force of a simple interrupted stitch. RESULTS In 21 closures, the basic lattice stitch resulted in 54.4 ± 3.2% less tissue tension in the perpendicular plane of closure than a simple interrupted stitch (p<.005). CONCLUSION The basic lattice stitch distributes tissue tension away from the perpendicular plane of wound closure significantly more than a simple interrupted stitch. The basic lattice stitch should be considered in any closure under tension or for repair of atrophic skin as a means of effectively dispersing closure forces from the tissue in the perpendicular plane of wound closure. The author has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Carrying loads with springy poles

People throughout Asia use springy bamboo poles to carry the loads of everyday life. These poles are a very compliant suspension system that allows the load to move along a nearly horizontal path while the person bounces up and down with each step. Could this be an economical way to carry loads inasmuch as no gravitational work has to be done to lift the load repeatedly? To find out, an experiment was conducted in which four male subjects ran at 3.0 m/s on a motorized treadmill with no load and while carrying a load equal to 19% body wt with compliant poles. Oxygen consumption rate, vertical ground reaction force, and the force exerted by the load on the shoulders were measured. Oxygen consumption rate increased by 22%. The same increase has previously been observed when loads are carried with a backpack. Thus compliant poles are not a particularly economical method of load carriage. However, pole suspension systems offer important advantages: they minimize peak shoulder forces and loading rates. In addition, the peak vertical ground reaction force is only slightly increased above unloaded levels when loads are carried with poles.
Microwave antenna temperature of the earth from geostationary orbit

The microwave antenna temperature of the earth has been computed for the case of a communication satellite antenna viewing the earth from geostationary orbit. An earth-coverage beam is assumed and detailed computations are performed to account for varying land-ocean fractions within the field of view. Emission characteristics of the earth's atmosphere and surface are used with an accurate radiative transfer program to compute observed brightness temperatures. Values of 250 to 290 K commonly used for antenna temperature in satellite communication noise calculations are found to be over-conservative estimates, with more realistic values lying in the 60-240 K range depending on frequency and subsatellite longitude. These values also depend on assumptions concerning antenna beam coverage. Variations in atmospheric and surface conditions, and variations in antenna beam shape (as distinct from coverage), affect the computed results by less than about 10 K.
A Review of the Relationship Between Parenteral Nutrition and Metabolic Bone Disease

Metabolic bone disease (MBD) refers to the conditions that produce a diffuse decrease in bone density and strength because of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. MBD can be a potential complication in patients receiving chronic parenteral nutrition (PN) therapy and the management of this condition presents a challenge for many clinicians. The etiology of PN-associated MBD is poorly understood, but traditional risk factors can include malnutrition, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, toxic contaminants in the PN solution, concomitant medications, and presence of certain disease states. Although additional studies are warranted to further elucidate the development and management of this condition, the following review discusses some of the important factors that may play a role in the genesis of PN-associated MBD and evaluates some potential strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of this complication.
A spherical-section ultrasound phased array applicator for deep localized hyperthermia

Computer data are presented for a nonplanar phased-array proposed as an applicator for deep, localized hyperthermia. The array provides precise control over the heating pattern in three dimensions. The array elements form a rectangular lattice on a section of a sphere so that the array has a natural focus at its geometric center when all its elements are driven in phase. When compared to a planar array with similar dimensions, the spherical-section array provides higher focal intensity gain. The relative grating-lobe level (with respect to the focus) is lower for scanned foci synthesized with this array (compared to a planar array with equal center-to-center spacing and number of elements). The spherical-section array has been simulated for use as a spot-scanning applicator as well as an applicator producing directly synthesized heating patterns. >
Mutational Inactivation of STAG2 Causes Aneuploidy in Human Cancer

Most cancer cells are characterized by aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes. We have identified a clue to the mechanistic origins of aneuploidy through integrative genomic analyses of human tumors. A diverse range of tumor types were found to harbor deletions or inactivating mutations of STAG2, a gene encoding a subunit of the cohesin complex, which regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Because STAG2 is on the X chromosome, its inactivation requires only a single mutational event. Studying a near-diploid human cell line with a stable karyotype, we found that targeted inactivation of STAG2 led to chromatid cohesion defects and aneuploidy, whereas in two aneuploid human glioblastoma cell lines, targeted correction of the endogenous mutant alleles of STAG2 led to enhanced chromosomal stability. Thus, genetic disruption of cohesin is a cause of aneuploidy in human cancer.
Whatever Happened to the Exclusionary Rule? The Burger Court and the Fourth Amendment

Since his confirmation in 1969, Chief Justice Burger viewed the exclusionary rule as an unnecessary and unreasonable intrusion on law enforcement. For the greater part of his tenure he was unable to muster a majority that would entirely support his views but was only able to "chip away" at the edges of the exclusionary rule. Recently the inroads on the rule have become more substantial, or at least so it seems to the casual court watcher. In this paper the evolution of the Supreme Court's treatment of the exclusionary rule since 1969 is examined. Where empirical evidence exists on its consequences and efficacy, that is taken into account as well.
Antisense inhibition of ICAM-1 expression as therapy provides insight into basic inflammatory pathways through early experiences in IBD.

Background: Alicaforsen (ISIS 2302), an antisense to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (CD54), was designed to inhibit ICAM-1 expression. ICAM-1 seems to play a role in cell-mediated inflammation, specifically cell trafficking. For this reason, it may be useful in a variety of immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Objective: To evaluate the use of alicaforsen in clinical trials to understand its efficacy and side effects, as well as assess for evidence that may offer insight into disease pathways. Methods: We evaluate all of the available, published trials, with a focus on the prospective, randomized trials. Results/conclusions: Systemic treatment for Crohn's disease has not revealed significant effect. Topical enemas for ulcerative colitis have demonstrated some effect in secondary outcomes, and initial studies in pouchitis are promising. In general, the compound has been well tolerated and safe.
The Formation of Cooperatives: A Game-Theoretic Approach with Implications for Cooperative Finance, Decision Making, and Stability

This paper departs from the traditional organization‐oriented approach to cooperative analysis. It exploits cooperation's functional similarity to vertical integration to examine individuals' incentives to form cooperatives. A model of formation of a purchasing cooperative is presented and developed as an n‐person game with the core as a solution concept. Core existence is examined for both single‐ and multiple‐cooperative configurations, and cooperative finance methods are examined relative to finding core‐compatible allocation rules. The results provide insight into a cooperative's equilibrium output, stability, decision making, financing methods, and choice of open or restricted membership.
Oligosaccharide synthesis by the thioglycoside scheme on soluble and insoluble polystyrene supports

The solid-phase synthesis of a disaccharide via the thioglycoside approach is described. Treatment of (chloromethyl)polystyrene, either cross-linked (1-X) or linear (1-L), with the 1-thio sugar 4 gave resins (6-X, 6-L) carrying thioglycosidically bound 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranosyl groups. Alternatively, the conversion of 1-X into (mercaptomethyl)polystyrene (3-X) and reaction of this with the glucosyl chloride 5 gave 6-X. By repeated treatments with 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, a second D-glucose residue was coupled to 74–92% of the first sugar residues. The action of methyl iodide—benzyl alcohol in refluxing benzene quantitatively cleaved the sugars from the polystyrene support, forming benzyl glycosides (13, 7) and, from the unreacted monosaccharide residues, the 1,6-anhydro sugar 9. The coupling product was 92–95% α-linked. Deprotection and purification gave isomaltose.
Simulation language development for health care systems analysis

Two simulation language developments are described which facilitate the modeling of health care systems. The languages are based on a network format to promote model description and create a communications vehicle for participatory modeling. INS is a general purpose simulation language especially useful in operational environments where problems can be described as a network of queues. SLN is oriented to the modeling of decisions which can be described by a network of logical or decision processes. Both languages are well documented and written in standard FORTRAN for portability.
Aerosol Layer Properties and their Effect on Optical Depth Relations to PM2.5 Concentrations

To provide reasonable forecasts of near surface PM2.5 levels, it necessary that satellite measurements provide a reasonable estimator of PM2.5 which can be coupled to a transport model Unfortunately this requires that the aerosol be homogeneously mixed and that the extent of the PBL be sufficiently accurate. For example, the IDEA product (Infusing satellite Data into Environmental Applications) used by the EPA relies on a static relationship connecting PM2.5 to MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) which relies on a static model of the PBL aerosol height. In this paper, we show that the PBL height is far from static and by taking the variable PBL into account, a far better prediction of PM2.5 from the MODIS (AOD) measurements is obtained.
EAC: A Compiler Framework for High-Level Energy Estimation and Optimization

This paper presents a novel Energy-Aware Compilation (EAC) framework that can estimate and optimize energy consumption of a given code taking as input the architectural and technological parameters, energy models, and energy/performance constraints,. The framework has been validated using a cycle-accurate architectural-level energy simulator and found to be within 6% error margin while providing significant estimation speedup. The estimation speed of EAC is the key to the number of optimization alternatives that can be explored within a reasonable compilation time.
Disintegration of the scrophulariaceae.

A molecular systematic study of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato using DNA sequences of three plastid genes (rbcL, ndhF, and rps2) revealed at least five distinct monophyletic groups. Thirty-nine genera representing 24 tribes of the Scrophulariaceae s.l. (sensu lato) were analyzed along with representatives of 15 other families of Lamiales. The Scrophulariaceae s.s. (sensu stricto) include part or all of tribes Aptosimeae, Hemimerideae, Leucophylleae, Manuleae, Selagineae, and Verbasceae (5 Scrophularieae) and the conventional families Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae. Veronicaceae includes all or part of tribes Angelonieae, Antirrhineae, Cheloneae, Digitaleae, and Gratioleae and the conventional families Callitrichaceae, Globulariaceae, Hippuridaceae, and Plantaginaceae. The Orobanchaceae include tribes Buchnereae, Rhinantheae, and the conventional Orobanchaceae. All sampled members of Orobanchaceae are parasitic, except Lindenbergia, which is sister to the rest of the family. Family Calceolariaceae Olmstead is newly erected herein to recognize the phylogenetic distinctiveness of tribe Calceolarieae. The Calceolariaceae are close to the base of the Lamiales. The Stilbaceae are expanded by the inclusion of Halleria. Mimulus does not belong in any of these five groups.
The influence of temperature and acid scarification duration on Ipomoea obscura Hassk. seed germination

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung Germination of seed of Ipomoea obscura Hassk. (small white morning glory) was enhanced when seed coats were pricked with a needle or scarified by cone H2 SO4. When seed were incubated in moist paper towels, they germinated best following 75 min exposure to acid. Seed planted in a potting mixture of sandy clay loam, ground sphagnum moss, and sand germinated best after 90 min in acid. I. obscura seed germination was highest at 15°C, but germination at temperatures up to 35°C was not significantly lower after 144 h incubation. Influence de la temperature et de la duree de la scarification acide sur la germination des semences d'Ipomoea obscura Hassk. La germination des semences d'Ipomoea obscura Hassk. (petit liseron blanc) a ete augmentee lorsque l'enveloppe des semences a ete piquee avec une aiguille ou scarifiee par l'acide sulfurique concentre. Lorsque les semences ont ete mises a germer dans des feuilles de papier spongieux humidifie, la meilleure germination a ete obtenue apres 75 minutes de traitement acide. Les semences plantees dans un melange de limon argilo-sableux, de sphagnum et de sable ont atteint leur meilleure germination apres 90 minutes de traitement acide. La germination des semences de /. obscura a ete maximale a 15°C, mais la germination a des temperatures allant jusqu’a 35°C n'a pas ete significativement inferieure apres 144 heures d'incubation. Einfluss von Temperatur and Behandlungsdauer mil Soure auf die Keimung der Samen von Ipomoea obscura Hassk. Die Samenkeimung von Ipomoea obscura Hassk. wurde verbes-sert, wenn die Samenschale mit einer Nadel angestochen Oder die Samen mit konz. Schwefelsaure behandelt wurden. Wenn die Samen in feuchte Papierhandtucher inkubiert wurden, keimten sie am besten, wenn sie vorher 75 Minuten mit Saure behandelt worden waren. Eine gute Keimung in Topferde, bestehend aus sandigem Lehm, Sphagnum-Moos und Sand, wurde nach 90-minutiger Saurebehandlung erzielt. Die Samenkeimung von I. obscura war bei 15°C am besten. Bei einer Inkubationsdauer von 144 Stunden waren die Keimraten bei Temperaturen bis zu 35° C nicht signifikant geringer.
Stalking the "Efficient Price" in Market Microstructure Specifications: An Overview

Abstract In virtually all microstructure models, expectations of security payoffs are important determinants of prices and trading strategies. The principle that revisions to this expectation should be unpredictable implies a martingale property. This motivates empirical specifications in which the security price follows a random-walk plus transient disturbances that arise from the trading mechanism. This note is an overview of econometric approaches to characterizing the random-walk component in single- and multiple-price settings. Established techniques of random-walk decomposition provide useful characterizations of random-walk properties and (in the case of multiple markets) informational attributions. More general approaches based on the broader class of permanent/transitory decompositions suffer from problematic identification, a potential for misleading inference and lack of economic relevance.
Optical logic: an overview

Progress of optical logic has been anything but uniform or even monotonic. The hope for “all optical computers” was largely abandoned after devastating critiques by Keyes. Over time, optical logic transformed into a very viable niche activity by the needs of optical communication for “all optical” logic and the advent of a critical component: the SOA or Semiconductor Optical Amplifier. I argue that a new phase in this uneven history can be defined - linear (single photon, not multiple entangled photon) quantum optical logic. These can perform conservative, reversible logic operations without energy or time penalties, but cascading requires the irreversible act of measurement, so only single devices or single layers can deliver those advantages.
Vector Analysis on Manifolds

Two central ideas of this chapter are orientation and vector field. When we studied integrals of real-valued functions over manifolds, neither of these ideas were used. Yet orientations and vector fields often play important roles in integrals over curves, surfaces and higher dimensional manifolds. For example, when Computing work done by a particle moving along a curve C through a potential field O, we have $$\int\limits_c {(\nabla \phi ) \cdot T = \phi (terminal point)} - \phi (initial point)$$ where T is a unit tangent vector to C. Or perhaps the reader is familiar with the classical theorems of vector analysis, Green’s theorem, Gauss’ divergence theorem, and Stokes’ theorem. He or she perhaps knows something of their importance in such fields as fluid mechanics and electromagnetism.
On the global convergence rate of the gradient descent method for functions with Hölder continuous gradients

The gradient descent method minimizes an unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem with \({\mathcal {O}}(1/\sqrt{K})\), where K is the number of iterations performed by the gradient method. Traditionally, this analysis is obtained for smooth objective functions having Lipschitz continuous gradients. This paper aims to consider a more general class of nonlinear programming problems in which functions have Holder continuous gradients. More precisely, for any function f in this class, denoted by \({{\mathcal {C}}}^{1,\nu }_L\), there is a \(\nu \in (0,1]\) and \(L>0\) such that for all \(\mathbf{x,y}\in {{\mathbb {R}}}^n\) the relation \(\Vert \nabla f(\mathbf{x})-\nabla f(\mathbf{y})\Vert \le L \Vert \mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}\Vert ^{\nu }\) holds. We prove that the gradient descent method converges globally to a stationary point and exhibits a convergence rate of \({\mathcal {O}}(1/K^{\frac{\nu }{\nu +1}})\) when the step-size is chosen properly, i.e., less than \([\frac{\nu +1}{L}]^{\frac{1}{\nu }}\Vert \nabla f(\mathbf{x}_k)\Vert ^{\frac{1}{\nu }-1}\). Moreover, the algorithm employs \({\mathcal {O}}(1/\epsilon ^{\frac{1}{\nu }+1})\) number of calls to an oracle to find \({\bar{\mathbf{x}}}\) such that \(\Vert \nabla f({{\bar{\mathbf{x}}}})\Vert <\epsilon \).
A meta‐analysis of the cross‐situational consistency of communication apprehension

Parks’ (1980) criticism of the cross‐situational consistency of communication apprehension produced several studies that replicated the measures and procedures, hut found different results. A meta‐analysis of 17 studies was conducted to determine what conclusions are warranted given the available data. The meta‐analysis disclosed a large effect (combined z = 17.48, p < .0001) for cross‐situational consistency. The average r between trait‐CA and state/situational anxiety was .473. Further analysis of the “file drawer problem” showed that over 96 non‐significant tests must be unpublished in various file drawers to reduce the combined z to statistical non‐significance. Thus, the meta‐analysis warrants a strong claim for the cross‐situational consistency of communication apprehension
Spectroscopic and Fluorescence Microscopy for Isolating Fetal Nucleated Red Blood Cells from Maternal Blood

We present a combined approach for isolating fetal nucleated red blood cells from the maternal blood supply for the purpose of genetic screening. The final step, spectroscopic microscopy, identifies fetal cells with native contrast.
Persistence of Tepa in Fall Armyworm Moths

The persistence of tepa in male and female fall armyworm moths, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). was determined by radiometric and gas chromatographic (GLC) procedures. The radiometric analyses showed considerably more tepa on and in the insects than did the specific GLC analyses, an indication that C14-Iabeled fragments of the tepa molecule were being analyzed as tepa. Within 24 hours, more than 90% of the tepa disappeared from moths that ingested as much as 100 ag per moth. More than 95% disappeared within 48 hour.
AB0835 More severe expression of systemic sclerosis in men than women from an ethnic cohort followed at a single center

Background Whether systemic sclerosis (SSc) is differently expressed in men versus women has been debated. This is probably due to the fact that published information mainly derives from multi-ethnic cohorts followed at tertiary care centers, which always include patients referred for severe disease. In these cohorts the men/women ratios are higher (1/4-5) compared to ethnic cohorts (1/7-9), suggesting biases in the former cohorts due to under-representation of women with milder forms of SSc. Objectives To search for possible differences in morbidity and mortality between men and women with SSc who belong to an ethnic cohort followed at a single academic centre. Methods Demographic, clinical, and outcome data from all SSc patients who had been examined between 1995 and 2011 in our Department were retrospectively analysed. For the purpose of the present study, non-Greek patients referred to our centre were excluded. In order to identify differences in clinical expression, all disease manifestations present in consecutive 3-year intervals from disease onset were recorded for each patient. Independent sample t-tests and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to search for possible differences between men and women. Results The men/women ratio was 1/8.7 in a total of 223 patients. At the time of last evaluation the mean±SD age in men and women was 55±15 and 59±14 years, while disease duration was 9±7 and 13±10 years, respectively. Age at SSc onset (46±15 in men; 46±15 in women), diffuse skin involvement (61.3% in men; 46.4% in women) and Scl70 positivity (66.6% in men; 59.2% in women) were not significantly different between genders. Prevalence of interstitial lung disease, upper and lower gastrointestinal disease, echocardiographic findings, including estimation of pulmonary artery pressure, and joint contractures during the first through the fourth 3-year interval from disease onset were also not different. However, vasculopathy occurred earlier in men than women, since in the first three years after disease onset digital ulcers and renal crisis developed in 54 vs 31% (p=0.036) and 17 vs 3% (p=0.006), respectively. After excluding non-SSc related deaths, survival was significantly worse in men compared to women (88 vs 99% at 3 years, p=0.001; 80 vs 98%, at 6 years p=0.001; 67 vs 93%, p=0.003 at 6 years and 58 vs 91% at 12 years, p=0.002, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed the worse survival of men with SSc over women (Mantel-Cox test, p=0.002). No significant differences were identified between men and women regarding social history, including smoking, past medical history, including hypertension, or disease management, including immumomodulatory regimens and endothelin receptor antagonist. Conclusions These results, derived from a patient cohort which is representative of the SSc population in Greece, show that the clinical expression of the disease is more severe in men. Further studies to confirm that SSc-associated vasculopathy may develop earlier in men than women are warranted. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Effect of Tree Height on Density and Survival Rate of the Western Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Instar IV to Adults

In the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, population densities of instar IV, residual pupae, and adults differed in at least one of three vertical crown strata (lower, mid, and upper) between trees 7 to 12m tall and trees 20 to 30 m tall. Survival rates in the trees of different sizes were indistinguishable. Hence, survival rates from instar IV to adults in the shorter trees were representative of those in the taller ones.
Gamma Rays from the 5.9 keV Resonance in 27Al

Absolute partial radiative widths have been measured for neutron capture in the 5.9 keV p-wave resonance in 27Al. The resonance capture occurs through a negative parity state and only E1 transitions are observed with reduced widths below average values. This differs from both thermal capture and the 35 keV s-wave resonance where enhanced M1 transitions occur.
A Role for Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in the Increased Pneumonitis in Murine Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients With Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Pulmonary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection

To gain further insights in the pathogenesis of herpesvirus pneumonia in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients, transplanted mice (B10.BR --> CBA) with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and control mice (transplanted mice without GVHD and normal CBA mice) were infected intranasally with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). When compared with infected control mice, infected allogeneic transplant recipients with GVHD showed increased periluminal mononuclear cell infiltrates. However, infected allogeneic transplant recipients with GVHD showed lower virus content in the lung tissue than infected control mice. High concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) were detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of mock-infected allogeneic transplant recipients with GVHD, which increased slightly after infection. Anti-TGF-beta treatment of allogeneic transplant recipients with GVHD significantly decreased the histological evidence of pneumonitis at day 4 after HSV-1 infection. We conclude that allogeneic transplant recipients with GVHD have (1) increased pneumonia, (2) highly elevated levels of TGF-beta1 in the BAL fluid, and (3) reduced pulmonary virus content after HSV-1 infection. Our data suggest that the newly recognized dysregulation of cytokine (TGF-beta1) production may be more important than the viral load for the increased severity of HSV-1 pneumonia in allogeneic transplant recipients with GVHD.
Influence of the Tian Shan on Arid Extratropical Asia

AbstractArid extratropical Asia (AEA) is bisected at the wetter Tian Shan (a northern offshoot of the Tibetan Plateau) into east and west deserts, each with unique climatological characteristics. The east deserts (~35°–55°N, ~75°–115°E) have a summer precipitation maximum, and the west deserts (~35°–55°N, ~45°–75°E) have a winter–spring precipitation maximum. A new high-resolution (50 km atmosphere–land) global coupled climate model is run with the Tian Shan removed to determine whether these mountains are responsible for the climatological east–west differentiation of AEA. Multicentennial simulations for the Control and NoTianshan runs highlight statistically significant effects of the Tian Shan. Overall, the Tian Shan are found to enhance the precipitation seasonality gradient across AEA, mostly through altering the east deserts. The Tian Shan dramatically change the precipitation seasonality of the Taklimakan Desert directly to its east (the driest part of AEA) by blocking west winter precipitation, en...
Multiple Opiate Receptors: Different Regional Distribution in the Brain and Differential Binding of Opiates and Opioid Peptides

In rat brain membrane preparations, the parenterally and orally active peptide, [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5-ol]-enkephalin, binds to morphine receptor sites ([3H]naloxone or [3H]dihydromorphine binding sites) with an affinity higher than that for enkephalin receptor sites ([125I] [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin binding sites). [125I] [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5-ol]-enkephalin binds to morphine receptor sites stereospecifically, in a saturable manner and with characteristics similar to that of [3H]dihydromorphine; this ligand can be used as an 125I-labeled probe to measure specific binding to morphine receptor sites. Na+ decreases and Mn2+ increases the binding capacity with a concomitant reduction of affinity for [125I] [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5-ol]-enkephalin. This peptide does not bind to neuroblastoma cells with high affinity. The brain regional distribution of binding of [125I] [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5-ol]-enkephalin or [3H]naloxone and [125I] [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin are different. The differential potency of binding of opiate agonists, antagonists, mixed agonist-antagonists, enkephalins and enkephalin analogues is studied by competition of binding of [3H]naloxone or [125I] [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5-ol]-enkephalin (morphine receptor) and of [125I] [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin sites (enkephalin receptor). All of these results support the contention that there are multiple opiate receptors with differing characteristics.
Radioreceptor Assays for Neurotransmitters and Drugs

Scientific progress is inexorably linked to the development of new methodologies. In the biological sciences, the past century has witnessed a progression from gross observation and classification to detailed studies of anatomical structure and biochemical processes at a molecular level. This shift in emphasis was made possible by the development of more sensitive and specific analytical techniques.