cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competing Sound Sources Reveal Spatial Effects in Cortical Processing

Why is spatial tuning in auditory cortex weak, even though location is important to object recognition in natural settings? This question continues to vex neuroscientists focused on linking physiological results to auditory perception. Here we show that the spatial locations of simultaneous, competing sound sources dramatically influence how well neural spike trains recorded from the zebra finch field L (an analog of mammalian primary auditory cortex) encode source identity. We find that the location of a birdsong played in quiet has little effect on the fidelity of the neural encoding of the song. However, when the song is presented along with a masker, spatial effects are pronounced. For each spatial configuration, a subset of neurons encodes song identity more robustly than others. As a result, competing sources from different locations dominate responses of different neural subpopulations, helping to separate neural responses into independent representations. These results help elucidate how cortical processing exploits spatial information to provide a substrate for selective spatial auditory attention.
A hypothesis testing approach for microwave breast imaging in conjunction with CT

The recent findings of high heterogeneity of human breast tissue and much lower than predicted dielectric contrast between tumors and their host tissue have raised questions about the potential utility of stand-alone microwave breast imaging techniques. Multimodal approaches that employ microwaves together with other imaging techniques seem more promising. This study investigates a CT-microwave combination in which microwave detection makes use of prior information obtained from volumetric CT scans and knowledge of tissue dielectric properties. In particular, a detailed patient-specific tissue distribution is first obtained from a 3D-CT scan of the breast under exam. It is assumed that from this scan a limited suspect region is identified. Then from recent research results on the dielectric properties of breast tissue, complex permittivity (dielectric constant and conductivity) maps of the breast can be constructed under the hypotheses of normal and cancerous tissue in the suspect region. These in turn can be used with electromagnetic (EM) simulation software to generate empirical distributions for the microwave system observations under each hypothesis. Microwave detection is then performed. Instead of trying to recover a complete dielectric image of the breast from the microwave scan, the question of interest in this approach is simply which hypothesis is more consistent with the observed electromagnetic response of the microwave system. A hypothesis testing method based on the likelihood ratio for the empirical distributions and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) optimization is proposed. The results from a simple idealized test case show good potential and invite further study.
Mucin Granule Intraluminal Organization

Mucus secretions have played a central role in the evolution of multicellular organisms, enabling adaptation to widely differing environments. In vertebrates, mucus covers and protects the epithelial cells in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, visual, and auditory systems, amphibian's epidermis, and the gills in fishes. Deregulation of mucus production and/or composition has important consequences for human health. For example, mucus obstruction of small airways is observed in chronic airway diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. The major protein component in the mucus is a family of large, disulfide-bonded glycoproteins known as gel-forming mucins. These proteins are accumulated in large, regulated secretory granules (the mucin granules) that occupy most of the apical cytoplasm of specialized cells known as mucous/goblet cells. Since mucin oligomers have contour dimensions larger than the mucin granule average diameter, the question arises how these highly hydrophilic macromolecules are organized within these organelles. I review here the intraluminal organization of the mucin granule in view of our knowledge on the structure, biosynthesis, and biophysical properties of gel-forming mucins, and novel imaging studies in living mucous/goblet cells. The emerging concept is that the mucin granule lumen comprises a partially condensed matrix meshwork embedded in a fluid phase where proteins slowly diffuse.
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer arrays for minimally invasive medical ultrasound

This paper reviews the minimally invasive capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays for medical diagnosis and therapy. While piezoelectric transducers dominate today's medical ultrasound market, the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer has recently emerged as a promising alternative which delivers a comparable device performance to its piezoelectric counterparts, is compatible with front-end circuit integration, allows high-density imager integration and is relative easy in miniaturization. Utilizing MEMS technology, the substrate of CMUT arrays can be micromachined into miniature platforms with various geometrical shapes, which include needles, three-dimensional prisms, as well as other flexible-substrate configurations. These arrays are useful for reaching deep inside the tissue or an organ with a minimally invasive approach. Due to the close proximity of the transducers to the target organ/tissue, a higher resolution/accuracy of diagnostic information can be achieved. In addition to pulse-echo and photoacoustic imaging, high-power CMUT devices capable of delivering ultrasounds with a pressure greater than 1.0 MPa have been monolithically integrated with imager CMUTs for image-guided therapy (IGT). Such miniature devices would facilitate diagnostic and therapy interventions not possible with conventional piezoelectric transducers.
New methods for investigation of neuronal migration in embryonic brain explants

Background Proper migration of neurons is essential for the formation and normal functioning of the nervous system. Defects in neuronal migration underlie a number of neurologic diseases in humans. Although cell migration is crucial for neural development, molecular mechanisms guiding neuronal migration remain to be elucidated fully. Newborn neurons from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate a long distance dorsally in the developing brain, giving rise to several types of interneurons in the neocortex.
A PHASE RULE STUDY OF THE PROTEINS OF BLOOD SERUM: THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN CERTAIN VARIABLES.

Changes were studied in the standard solubility curve of fresh serum proteins by alterations in pH, temperature, concentration of protein, and nature of the salt used for precipitation. The principal factor affecting the precipitation of protein fractions was a change in temperature. In order to investigate the proteins in their original states low temperatures are necessary. Protein fraction A is altered by a change in pH and with the use of (NH4)2SO4 as a precipitant, fraction B by a change in pH and temperature, and use of (NH4)2SO4, C by a change in temperature and concentration of the protein, and D by a change in temperature and pH. The solubility of D is independent of the amount of protein in solution in high concentrations of salt.
Effect of Elastomeric Snubber Properties on Seismic Response of Vibration-Isolated Mechanical Equipment: An Experimental Study

Abstract Earthquake-simulator experiments were conducted on a liquid centrifugal chiller supported by four isolation/restraint systems with built-in elastomeric snubbers. The test plan incorporated variations of input motion amplitudes and snubber properties to investigate their effect on three response quantities: peak dynamic forces induced into the snubbers, peak acceleration, and peak relative displacement response of the equipment. The elastomeric snubbers limited the displacement responses of the vibration-isolated equipment at the expense of excessive dynamic forces and amplification of the equipment acceleration response. The snubber gap size was the most influential property on the response quantities. For high-amplitude input motions, all the response quantities increased with an increase of the gap size. Due to the compressibility of the snubber elastomeric contact-surface, the actual gap size was always larger than the nominal gap size. Even with a nominal gap size less than 0.25 in., the seis...
Forced vibrations of finite, transversely isotropic rods

Abstract The three-mode approximate theory which governs axisymmetric motions in transversely isotropic rods, is employed to study forced vibrations of a rod of finite length. For establishing the solution a mode superposition technique is used which exploits the orthogonality property of the modes of free vibration. First, the solution is given in terms of an arbitrary input and, following this, a specific problem is described and solved. The specific problem is one of finding the response of an isotropic rod of finite length when a normal force vibrating at a specified frequency is imposed at one end of the rod.
A tunable bus encoder for off-chip data buses

Off-chip buses constitute a significant portion of the total system power in embedded systems. Past research has focused on encoding contiguous bit positions in data values to reduce the transition activity in the off-chip data buses. In this paper, the authors proposed tunable bus encoding (TUBE) scheme to reduce the power consumption in the data buses, which exploits repetition in contiguous as well as non-contiguous bit positions in order to encode data values. Problems of keeping just one control signal for the codec design were also solved. The results were compared with some of the already existing best schemes such as frequent value encoding (FVE) and FV-MSB-LSB encoding schemes. It is found that the scheme achieves an improvement of 21 % on average and up to 28% on some benchmarks over the FVE scheme and up to 84% over unencoded data. In comparison to FV-MSB-LSB encoding scheme, the presented scheme improves the energy savings by 10% on average and up to 21% for some media applications at the expense of minimal 0.45% performance overhead. A hardware design of the codec was presented and a detailed analysis of the hardware overhead in terms of area, delay and energy consumption were provided. It is again found that the codec can be easily implemented in an on-chip memory controller with small area requirement of 0.0521 mm/sup 2/.
Dialysis‐Associated Hypoxemia: Insights into Pathophysiology and Prevention

Summary It is clear that much research continues in an attempt to better understand DAH. A reasonable synthesis scenario based on current knowledge is as follows. Within the first 5–10 minutes of dialysis with a cellulosic membrane, blood contact leads to complement activation, generation of anaphylatoxins, leukoagglutination, and pulmonary microleukoaggregates. In addition, release of thromboxane in the lung occurs and causes pulmonary hypertension. This series of events causes mild hypoxemia and is preventable when noncellulosic membranes are used. As dialysis proceeds subsequent hypoxemia is dependent on the dialysate composition. With acetate dialysate, outward CO2 dialysance occurs concomitant with inward acetate dialysance. This leads to reflex hypoventilation, increased oxygen consumption (which lowers RQ), and possibly direct central respiratory suppression. These changes account for the late hypoxemia seen. With bicarbonate dialysate, the above events do not occur. If rapid alkalinization ensues, however, because of a high dialysate bicarbonate concentration, hypoventilation and hypoxemia may be seen. A clear understanding of these pathophysiologic mechanisms provides a framework from which the preventative measures outlined can be understood and applied. Future research should focus on a better understanding of the sequence of events following blood-membrane interaction, particularly in regard to activation of prostenoids. In addition, a more precise method is needed to determine the appropriate bath bicarbonate concentration for individual patients to avoid rapid alkalinization and hypoxemia. Finally, methods of identification of patients at risk of serious consequences from DAH need to be developed as well as noninvasive means of monitoring such individuals during dialysis. Much progress has been made in these areas in the past 10 years, but there is still more to learn.
Stylar glycoproteins bind to S‐RNase in vitro

Summary S-RNases determine the specificity of S-specific pollen rejection in self-incompatible plants of the Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. They are also implicated in at least two distinct types of unilateral interspecific incompatibility in Nicotiana. However, S-RNase itself is not sufficient for most types of pollen rejection, and evidence for its direct interaction with pollen tubes is limited. Thus, non-S-RNase factors also are required for pollen rejection. As one approach to identifying such factors, we tested whether SC10-RNase from Nicotiana alata would bind to other stylar proteins in vitro. SC10-RNase was immobilized on Affi-gel, and binding proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. In addition to SC10-RNase and a small protein similar to lily chemocyanin, the most prominent binding proteins include NaTTS, 120K, and NaPELPIII, these latter three being arabinogalactan proteins previously shown to interact directly with pollen tubes. We also show that SC10-RNase and these glycoproteins migrate as a complex in a native PAGE system. Our hypothesis is that S-RNase forms a complex with these glycoproteins in the stylar ECM, that the glycoproteins interact directly with the pollen tubes and thus that the initial interaction between the pollen tube and S-RNase is indirect.
Help Wanted: Champions for Breastfeeding Success in Newborns With Ankyloglossia

Newborn Care Poster Presentation Background Ankyloglossia refers to a tethered frenulum that restricts the movement of the tongue or lips. When too restrictive, the newborn may ineffectively suckle at the breast. Breastfeeding difficulties such as long periods nursing or damaged nipples may indicate treatment, and referrals can be made to pediatricians and surgeons. Historically, formula gained popularity in the United States due to cultural influences. Frenulectomy was not needed to enable sucking on a bottle. The procedure was viewed as unnecessary trauma for the newborn. However, for many infants, breastfeeding can be preserved only with timely treatment of ankyloglossia. Parents should be educated about their options and have their decisions supported. A team approach with lactation consultants can empower nurses to champion for the necessary medical evaluation and possible intervention. Case In one case, a second time mother concerned over her newborn's tongue‐tie status informed the maternity nurse that despite intending to fully breastfeed her first child, she did not reach her goal. The first child had difficulty latching, was not satisfied with a feed, and lost excessive weight. A painful latch resulted in bleeding nipples. The nurse suspected ankyloglossia, however, the pediatrician opted for delay in surgical intervention hoping the tongue “would come out on its own.” The doctor recommended formula bottles to rest the nipples initially. During breastfeeding attempts several times over the next 2 months, the first infant lost weight. Finally, she was referred to an oral surgeon, but by this time, the disappointed mother had given up hopes of breastfeeding and ceased her efforts. In contrast, with her second child, the mother's concerns were acknowledged by the maternity nurse who had gained knowledge of ankyloglossia from the hospital‐based lactation consultant. The nurse instructed the mother on breast pumping and ordered an early lactation consult. Upon confirming ankyloglossia with a digital exam, the consultant collaborated with the nurse for early intervention. This time, the pediatrician ordered an immediate, in‐hospital evaluation by an oral surgeon. A frenulectomy was performed within 24 hours of the newborn's birth. The mother breastfed immediately after the bedside procedure and continued successfully breastfeeding her son. Conclusion Recognizing that a tight frenulum affects breastfeeding allows nurses to collaborate for timely breastfeeding interventions. Involving an interdisciplinary team can maximize breastfeeding success. Nurses can ensure that all mothers reach their breastfeeding goals by championing newborns whose ankyloglossia prevents them from effectively nursing.
Solvent recovery targeting

One of the environmental challenges faced by the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries is the widespread use of organic solvents. With a solvent-based chemistry, the solvent necessarily has to be separated from the product. Chemical species in waste-solvent streams typically form multicomponent azeotropic mixtures, and this often complicates separation and, hence, recovery of solvents. A design approach is presented whereby process modifications proposed by the engineer to reduce the formation of waste-solvent streams can be evaluated systematically. This approach, called solvent recovery targeting, exploits a recently developed algorithm for elucidating the separation alternatives achievable when applying batch distillation to homogeneous multicomponent mixtures. The approach places the composition of the waste-solvent mixture correctly in the relevant residue curve map and computes the maximum amount of pure material that can be recovered via batch distillation. Solvent recovery targeting is applied to two case studies derived from real industrial processes.
Gender Identification Moderates Social Identity Threat Effects on Working Memory

This investigation examined whether gender identification moderates women’s working memory following exposure to situations that threaten the integrity of their gender group. Young adults read sentences that either threatened women’s gender identity (in the social identity threat condition) or did not threaten this identity (in the control condition). During this sentence-reading task, participants were also asked to remember numerous neutral words. Women who were more strongly gender-identified recalled fewer of the neutral words when these words were presented in conjunction with sentences that threatened women’s gender identity compared to when the words were presented with non-identity threatening sentences. More weakly gender-identified women, as well as men, did not show working memory impairments when exposed to threatening as compared to nonthreatening sentences. This study provides insight into who is most vulnerable to experiencing working memory impairments following a threat to their social id...
Adolescent Sexual Activity and Mildly Deviant Behavior Sibling and Friendship Effects

This article addresses the relationship between two related behavioral domains in adolescents: sexual activity and mildly deviant behavior (defined as behaviors of which parents would disapprove, but which are not illegal). Previous work has demonstrated overlap between these behavioral domains. We use a unique data set - the data from the Carolina Population Center's Adolescent Sexuality (ADSEX) Project which contain linkable responses of siblings, best friends, and other friends - to quantify the degree of overlap and separation between sexuality and mild deviance. We cast our work in a conceptual context identifying the prominent members of a respondent's environment, including siblings, same-sex friends (best friends and other friends) and opposite-sex friends (best and other friends). Results support previous research showing overlap between sexuality and mild deviance; however, the two domains are also distinguishable. Furthermore, theoretical predictions generated by the conceptual framework - by c...
A new crosslinked protein fiber from gliadin and the effect of crosslinking parameters on its mechanical properties and water stability

BACKGROUND: Although several cereal proteins have been used to develop fibers and films, it has not been possible to obtain protein materials with good mechanical properties and water stability, even after crosslinking. Previously, high concentrations of glutaraldehyde were used to improve the mechanical properties of protein fibers but the effect of crosslinking conditions on the properties of the crosslinked materials has not been studied in detail. RESULTS: Low concentrations of glutaraldehyde can be used to improve the mechanical properties and water stability of gliadin fibers. Quantitative relationships that can predict the breaking tenacity of the fibers at various crosslinking conditions are developed. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking is more resistant to hydrolysis in neutral pH than under acidic conditions in terms of increasing and retaining the breaking tenacity. The crosslinked fibers show improved resistance to hydrolysis over poly(lactic acid) fibers in aqueous dispersions at pH = 4 and 7 at 50 and 90 °C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that low concentrations of glutaraldehyde can impart excellent mechanical properties to gliadin fibers. The quantitative relationships developed can be used to select the crosslinking conditions such low glutaraldehyde concentration and high temperature or vice versa to obtain the desired improvement in mechanical properties or water stability. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
On the use of explicit speech modeling in microphone array applications

This paper addresses the limitations of current approaches to distant-talker speech acquisition and advocates the development of techniques which explicitly incorporate the nature of the speech signal (e.g. statistical non-stationarity, method of production, pitch, voicing, formant structure, and source radiator model) into a multi-channel context. The goal is to combine the advantages of spatial filtering achieved through beamforming with knowledge of the desired time-series attributes. The potential utility of such an approach is demonstrated through the application of a multi-channel version of the dual excitation speech model.
Low-Cycle Fatigue of Ultra-Fine-Grained Cryomilled 5083 Aluminum Alloy

The cyclic deformation behavior of cryomilled (CM) AA5083 alloys was compared to that of conventional AA5083-H131. The materials studied were a 100 pct CM alloy with a Gaussian grain size average of 315 nm and an alloy created by mixing 85 pct CM powder with 15 pct unmilled powder before consolidation to fabricate a plate with a bimodal grain size distribution with peak averages at 240 nm and 1.8 μm. Although the ultra-fine-grain (UFG) alloys exhibited considerably higher tensile strengths than those of the conventional material, the results from plastic-strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests demonstrate that all three materials exhibit identical fatigue lives across a range of plastic strain amplitudes. The CM materials exhibited softening during the first cycle, similar to other alloys produced by conventional powder metallurgy, followed by continual hardening to saturation before failure. The results reported in this study show that fatigue deformation in the CM material is accompanied by slight grain growth, pinning of dislocations at the grain boundaries, and grain rotation to produce macroscopic slip bands that localize strain, creating a single dominant fatigue crack. In contrast, the conventional alloy exhibits a cell structure and more diffuse fatigue damage accumulation.
Accessibility of oxygen with respect to the heme pocket in horseradish peroxidase

Oxygen and other molecules of similar size take part in a variety of protein reactions. Therefore, it is critical to understand how these small molecules penetrate the protein matrix. The protein system studied in this case is horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We have converted the native HRP into a phosphorescent analog by replacing the heme prosthetic group by Pd-mesoporphyrin. Oxygen readily quenches the phosphorescence of Pd porphyrins, and this can be used to characterize oxygen diffusion through the protein matrix. Our measurements indicate that solvent viscosity and pH modulate the accessibility of the heme pocket relative to small molecules. The binding of the substrate benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) to the protein drastically impedes oxygen access to the heme pocket. These results indicate that, first, the penetration of small molecules through the protein matrix is a function of protein dynamics, and second, there are specific pathways for the diffusion of these molecules. The effect of substrate and pH on protein dynamics has been investigated with the use of molecular dynamics calculations. We demonstrate that the model of a "fluctuating entry point," as suggested by Zwanzig (J Chem Phys 1992;97:3587-3589), properly describes the diffusion of oxygen through the protein matrix.
Conspecific and heterospecific cues override resource quality to influence offspring production.

Animals live in an uncertain world. To reduce uncertainty, animals use cues that can encode diverse information regarding habitat quality, including both non-social and social cues. While it is increasingly appreciated that the sources of potential information are vast, our understanding of how individuals integrate different types of cues to guide decision-making remains limited. We experimentally manipulated both resource quality (presence/absence of cactus fruit) and social cues (conspecific juveniles, heterospecific juveniles, no juveniles) for a cactus-feeding insect, Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae), to ask how individuals responded to resource quality in the presence or absence of social cues. Cactus with fruit is a high-quality environment for juvenile development, and indeed we found that females laid 56% more eggs when cactus fruit was present versus when it was absent. However, when conspecific or heterospecific juveniles were present, the effects of resource quality on egg numbers vanished. Overall, N. femorata laid approximately twice as many eggs in the presence of heterospecifics than alone or in the presence of conspecifics. Our results suggest that the presence of both conspecific and heterospecific social cues can disrupt responses of individuals to environmental gradients in resource quality.
Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 1: Overview.

This is the first article in a series reviewing the extensive experience of the Oncology Section of the Skin and Cancer Unit, from 1955 through 1982, with 5755 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) treated by curettage-electrodesiccation, surgical excision, or x-ray therapy. Recurrence rates were calculated by three methods for each of the treatment modalities: 1) by the raw recurrence rate method; 2) by the "strict" 5-year recurrence rate method; and 3) by modification of the life-table method. Our analyses show that the last method best approximates the true recurrence rate. Primary (previously untreated) BCCs had a 5-year recurrence rate of 10.6% (standard error 0.6%), and previously treated BCCs had a rate of 15.4% (standard error 1.3%) (P = .0002). The greatest risk for recurrence of treated primary BCCs occurred 1 to 4 years after therapy. It is concluded that recurrence rates of primary BCCs should be reported separately from those of previously treated BCCs and that the modified life-table method is best suited to calculate 5-year recurrence rates.
Evolving Large and Complex Brains

During the Mesozoic (∼250 million to 65 million years ago), two distantly related groups of reptiles—the cynodont (or mammal-like) reptiles and the coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs—gave rise to mammals and birds, respectively. Both mammals and birds evolved brains some 10 times as large, relative to a given body weight, as those of their ancestors ( 1 ). In both groups, these brains contributed to the evolution of the ability to control body temperature (endothermy) and complex social interactions, including parental care and a reliance on learning that even involves tool use ( 2 , 3 ). The size of most parts of the brain increased in birds and mammals, but the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, both of which are involved in sensory and motor integration, underwent particularly spectacular development (see the figure). Although mammals and birds evolved from distantly related groups of reptiles, the higher integrative centers and circuitry of their cerebral hemispheres are very similar, and comparative neurobiologists continue to vigorously debate whether these centers evolved from the same ancestral neural centers ( 4 , 5 ) or from different ones ( 6 – 8 ). Speculation about the evolutionary steps leading to large and complex mammalian and avian brains is equally contentious and unresolved, in part because of the rarity of fossil skulls and, until recently, the need to destroy such skulls in order to expose the endocasts (casts molded by the cranial cavity). Typically, endocasts are the only record of the brain's outward appearance in a transitional form, because brains themselves are rarely fossilized.
A two-stage MSK-type detector for low-BT GMSK signals

As a very bandwidth-efficient modulation format, Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) with a low bandwidth-time (BT) product value is important for bandwidth-limited satellite communications. The MSK-type linear detector, which works well for GMSK signals with BT values greater than 0.25, has a large performance degradation when detecting low-BT GMSK signals when compared with the optimum Viterbi equalizer. After decomposing the differential precoded low-BT GMSK signal into a linear component and a nonlinear component with significant signal energy, we propose a two-stage MSK-type detector for low-BT GMSK signals in a coded system. Tentative decisions are generated in the first stage and then used to cancel the interfering nonlinear component in the received signal. The second detection stage deals only with the linear component and a very small amount of the nonlinear component due to the decision errors in the first stage. The detector design methodology is presented. Simulations have been performed using BT=0.143 GMSK example systems and the two-stage MSK-type detector shows significant improvement over the conventional one-stage linear detector in coded systems.
Validity of Psychiatric Diagnoses in Patients With Substance Use Disorders: Is the Interview More Important Than the Interviewer?

Although structured diagnostic interviews are increasingly being used in substance abuse treatment settings, there has been limited systematic evaluation of their ability to enhance reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnoses. The present report provides data on the concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity of current substance use disorders and common comorbid diagnoses in a sample of 100 substance abuse patients. Diagnoses formulated primarily by master's-level clinicians in the usual course of their duties were compared with diagnoses formulated by research technicians using a semistructured interview. Results indicated that the validity of clinician diagnoses was good for substance use disorders, moderate for personality disorders, and poor for anxiety disorders and major depression. Greater validity was observed for substance abuse diagnoses formulated by research technicians using the semistructured interview. Based on these findings, we conclude that psychiatric diagnosis in substance abuse patients may be improved by adding elements of structured interviews to the clinician's usual assessment.
Development and Initial Examination of the School Psychology Multicultural Competence Scale

This study reports on the initial development and examination of the School Psychology Multicultural Competence Scale (SPMCS), a 45-item self-report measure for evaluating school psychologists’ multicultural competence in the primary domains of school psychology practice (i.e., assessment, consultation, intervention). A sample of 312 school psychology graduate students was recruited by outreach to school psychology training programs and email listservs to complete the SPMCS and a questionnaire about previous multicultural/diversity coursework and practicum with culturally and linguistically diverse clients. The results from principal axis factoring indicated that 28 of the 45 SPMCS items contributed to a four-factor solution with subscales identified as cultural skills, cultural knowledge, cultural appreciation, and cultural awareness. Internal consistency for each subscale was moderate to high. Overall, completion of multicultural/diversity courses and completion of practicum with culturally and linguistically diverse clients were associated with higher self-reported scores of multicultural competence. The SPMCS can potentially be used as one component to evaluate the extent to which training programs develop the multicultural competence of their trainees. Additionally, these findings provide additional insight into the conceptualization of multicultural competence.
Engineering controls for safe and effective manual materials handling

This paper combines the traditional engineering and managerial approach in materials transport with Ergonomics/Human Factors findings and principles. The transport of materials should be systematically and purposely designed to be automatically part of the process and, as such, not becoming a "handling problem". If full automatism cannot be achieved, human controlled and operated equipment can be used. For its efficiency and safety, it must be carefully designed, selected, and operated according to human engineering principles. "Manual" materials "handling" is a last resort, indicating failure on the side of the engineer to assign a transport task to machines. Language: en
The Sovereign Immunity of States in Their Own Courts

Under Seminole Tribe v. Florida, Congress cannot use Article I to authorize private actions against unconsenting States in federal court. Congress can still use Article I, however, to impose substantive obligations on the States, such as an obligation to pay their employees a minimum wage. The unresolved question is whether Congress can compel the state courts to hear private actions against their own State to enforce those obligations. Professor Seamon argues that Congress cannot do so. He bases that conclusion primarily on the "anticommandeering principle" of the Tenth Amendment. He explains that the Supremacy Clause, of its own force, compels state courts to hear certain actions despite state law to the contrary. The Supremacy Clause, however, does not override neutral state laws of judicial administration, including neutral laws giving States immunity in their own courts. The anticommandeering principle prevents Congress from using Article I to require state courts to hear private actions that the Supremacy Clause would not, of its own force, require them to hear. There are nonetheless limits on the States' immunity from private actions in their own courts. The Supremacy Clause requires a state court to hear a private, federal action against its own State if the court has power to hear state-law actions against the State that arise from the same facts. Moreover, the Due Process Clause empowers Congress to compel state courts to hear private actions directly against their own States under certain circumstances. Specifically, Congress can do so under the same circumstances as those under which it can abrogate the States' Eleventh Amendment immunity in federal court.
Use of the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) in Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Case Example.

Purpose Nurses who specialize in rehabilitation frequently assess and treat patients with pressure ulcers. The purpose of this case study is to describe the use of the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH), which has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, to assess, monitor progress, and guide clinical decision-making during inpatient rehabilitation. Methods The psychometric properties, clinical utility, and data that can be used to interpret the results of the PUSH instrument are presented. Application of the instrument in clinical practice is also described. Findings and Conclusions Systematic measurement of a pressure ulcer using the PUSH has potential to demonstrate change in pressure ulcer status that results from clinical treatment. This case provides an example of how results of a clinical assessment can effectively guide clinical decisions.
Epilogue: Workshop Discussions and Future Directions

The preceding papers were written in preparation for the workshop. For the purposes of a published volume like this, they can stand alone as contributions to the growing literature on self-report approaches to crime and delinquency, and particularly to the relatively sparse literature on comparative criminology. However, for the workshop participants these papers and others not included in this volume served another function. Distributed and read by all participants prior to the workshop, they were supplemented by first-day technical presentations on recent advances in self-report technology (Elliott), measurement issues (Olweus), issues of comparative legal codes (Albrecht), and longitudinal considerations (Le Blanc). Together, the papers and presentations made it possible to provide a common core of knowledge and concepts for a highly diverse set of scholars.
Changes in left ventricular dimensions after pulmonary artery banding and Jatene operation in children with complete transposition of the great arteries. Echocardiographic study.

Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) dimensions in patients with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA's) were measured before and after the Jatene procedure and/or pulmonary artery banding (PAB). The LV posterior wall thickness at enddiastole (LVPWTD) increased from 3.5±0.4 to 4.9±0.9mm (mean±1SD) (p 4.0mm, (a/b)s ratio>0.5, and LVSF between 0.2 and 0.56 in patients younger than 16 months.
Testing Study on A Side Slope Deformation Body Rock-Soil Mass Physical Properties and Strength Characteristics

With field and laboratory tests to a side slope deformation body rock-soil mass,the physical properties and mechanical parameters indexes of the rock-soil mass were gained.The results of the tests show that the natural density of the slide zone soil is 2.27 g/cm3,and the porosity ratio is 0.15.The main particle composition of the slide zone soil is silty gravel which has capillarity,good water permeability and weak coupling force of particles.The slide zone soil cohesion of original sample C0=23.065 kPa,while the internal friction coefficient f0=0.245.The rock mass of the side slope deformation body get the internal friction angle =30.63°,and cohesion C for 101.3 kPa.The parameters obtained from the tests which provides important datum for stability calculation of the side slope.In addition,these tests results will perform great significant for project construction,as well as work area geological hazard prevention and geological environment protection.
Rethinking deduplication scalability

Deduplication, a form of compression aiming to eliminate duplicates in data, has become an important feature of most commercial and research backup systems. Since the advent of deduplication, most research efforts have focused on maximizing deduplication efficiency--i.e., the offered compression ratio--and have achieved near-optimal usage of raw storage. However, the capacity goals of next-generation Petabyte systems requires a highly scalable design, able to overcome the current scalability limitations of deduplication. We advocate a shift towards scalability-centric design principles for deduplication systems, and present some of the mechanisms used in our prototype, aiming at high scalability, good deduplication efficiency, and high throughput.
Introducing a reflective activity into the design process in an advanced computer programming course

This paper contains a description of an effort to introduce a reflective activity into software design in an advanced computer programming class. Students were required to produce preliminary UML class diagrams of their programs before implementing the programs. For the final project submission, students had to submit the preliminary design, a final design for the program as-written and a document describing what had changed and why those changes were necessary. Content analysis was used to categorize and assess the nature of the changes the students described. This study yielded actionable insights into why preliminary designs might be deficient, and methods that will foster better reflection on software design.
Hemiarch: The Real Operation for Ascending Aortic Aneurysm

The extent and technique of resection for ascending aortopathies remains debated. The 2 main camps are divided into those who believe in the hemiarch resection utilizing hypothermic circulatory arrest and those who feel that the same goal can be accomplished with just an ascending aortic resection with an aortic cross clamp. While this debate continues to happen within groups and in some cases even in the same hospital, it certainly has not happened in the literature. There are no studies directly comparing the safety and efficacy of these 2 ideologies. The aim of this review is to present the little data that do exist and to ultimately show that the hemiarch technique is superior after careful deliberation.
Synthesis of lens capsule in long-term culture of human lens epithelial cells.

PURPOSE This study examined the extent to which human lens epithelial (HLE) cells in tissue culture retain the potential for differentiation, expression of lens-specific marker proteins, and the synthesis of lens capsule, the major characteristics of lens epithelium in vivo. METHODS Primary cultures of HLE cells were maintained for up to 450 days. Transmission and immunoelectron microscopy were used to study the thickness of the synthesized capsule and the formation of type IV collagen and laminin, two major protein components of the basement membrane of lens capsule in vivo. RESULTS In a long-term HLE culture system, without subcloning, lens fiber differentiation and capsular synthesis were maintained over a period of 450 days. In these cultures, the cell sheet showed three distinct zones: (1) a central zone with tight monolayer; (2) a mild peripheral zone with irregularly aggregated multilayer; and (3) a peripheral zone with loose monolayer. The basement membrane-like material was synthesized in the central zone and lentoids, which serve as a model for fiber differentiation, developed primarily in the mid peripheral zone. No capsular material or lentoids were observed in the peripheral zone. The capsule-like material was 2 to 2.5 microns thick and showed the presence of type IV collagen and laminin, as detected by antibody reaction. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time that HLE cells in long-term cultures synthesize a continuous sheet of capsule-like material. The findings also suggest that reformation of a tight cell-to-cell relationship or generation of high cell density similar to that found in vivo may be an important factor for the synthesis of lens capsule.
Initial clinical experience with the Medtronic Micro Vascular Plug™ in transcatheter occlusion of PDAs in extremely premature infants

OBJECTIVES To describe the early multicenter, clinical experience with the Medtronic Micro Vascular Plug™ (MVP) for the occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants. BACKGROUND The MVP is a large diameter plug that can be delivered through a microcatheter for occlusion of abnormal blood vessels. METHODS A Retrospective review of PDA embolization procedures performed in two centers using the MVP was performed. RESULTS Fifteen premature infants underwent attempted PDA occlusion using the MVP. The gestational age and birth weight were 25.6 ± 2.5 weeks and 735 ± 251 g, respectively. The median weight and age at the time of the procedure were 1,210 g (700-3,500 g) and 4.5 weeks (2-12 weeks), respectively. Median procedure and fluoroscopy times were 45 and 6.5 min, respectively. The median radiation and contrast doses were 19.7 mGy and 2.4 mL/kg, respectively. Antegrade occlusion was successfully achieved in 13 patients 2 kg had arterial access and attempted retrograde occlusion; one of which was unsuccessful due to the PDA being short and wide. Complete closure was observed in 13 of 14 successful procedures (93%), with one patient having a small residual shunt that was not seen on follow-up. There were no complications related to the procedure or noted during follow-up (Median 11 months). CONCLUSIONS The MVP is a new, large-diameter vascular embolization device that may be useful for the occlusion of PDA in extremely small, premature infants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of free space optical channels for terrestrial and maritime air conditions

The efforts to increase the capacity of free space optical (FSO) channels are strongly dependent on the air conditions in atmosphere. It is well known that absorption and scattering in atmosphere will cause attenuation of the light intensity, while clear-air atmospheric turbulence will eventually induce the wave-front distortions and intensity fluctuations. Both the intensity attenuation and fluctuations are observed differently in terrestrial and maritime air conditions and will impose the limits to both the transmission distance and achievable bit rates. In this paper we characterize the impact of terrestrial and maritime air conditions and evaluate performance of high-speed systems operating through terrestrial and maritime FSO channels.
Serum lipids and mortality in an American Indian population: A longitudinal study

Abstract Background In Caucasians, lower triglycerides (TG), total or LDL cholesterol and high HDL cholesterol are generally associated with lower mortality. However, low cholesterol is associated with higher mortality in some Asian populations. This study examines the relationship between serum lipids and mortality in American Indians. Methods 2125 American Indians aged ≥ 40 years were examined biennially between 1993 and 2007. Vital status was determined through 2011. Mortality rates, adjusted for age, sex and diabetes, were calculated using Poisson regression. Results The median baseline age was 46 years and 61% were women. Over a median follow-up of 10.1 years, 522 deaths occurred. Relationships between baseline lipids, except for HDL cholesterol, and all-cause mortality were negative and linear in persons without diabetes and U-shaped in persons with diabetes. For HDL cholesterol, the relationship was U-shaped in the total cohort. Cardiovascular mortality was positively associated with total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol whereas lower lipid concentrations were adversely associated with mortality from liver disease or external causes, except for HDL cholesterol, where associations were positive. Conclusion The common belief that low cholesterol and TG are beneficial for health is not universally observed; evidence suggests increased mortality at both ends of the cholesterol and TG distributions.
The flight operations history of the Cassini X-Band TWTAs

The Cassini spacecraft launched in October 1997 on a mission to study Saturn, its rings and moons. The spacecraft arrived in the Saturn system in July 2004. in September 2017, the mission operations team terminated the mission by plunging the Cassini spacecraft into Saturn 's atmosphere. 20 Watt X-Band TWTAs returned Cassini's engineering data and copious science data to Earth. Other than a brief period, this responsibility was carried by the primary X-Band TWTA. Over the course of the very nearly 20 years of operation between launch and the end-of-mission, the prime Cassini X-Band TWTA operated without problem and with remarkable stability. The authors will present the 20- year data set that illustrates that stability.
Eclipse of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Natural History of a Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5] A 90-year-old man presented with a fall-related femur fracture in 2011. He had a right aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva (SVA) first reported in 1999 ( A, [Online Video 1][5]). Pre-surgical transthoracic