cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The morphology of the genital epithelia, with special reference to differentiation anomalies

Abstract In this paper I have described the occurrence of certain differentiation anomalies in the epithelium of the various segments of the genital canal. Among them are the occurrence in the tube, of definite endometrial tissue; the occurrence in the ovary of either an endometrial or tubal type of tissue, and even, on the ovarian surface, of stratified squamous areas; the occurrence in the endometrium of either squamous areas or of patches of tubal epithelium; and, finally the frequent presence in the normally columnar cell regions of the cervix of stratified squamous “metaplasia” and the occasional presence of a tubal type of epithelium. Such anomalies illustrate the tendency toward intermutability of these genital epithelia under certain conditions, a tendency obviously dependent upon their common origin from the same mother tissue, the coelomic epithelium. Cognizance of this fundamental fact must be taken in the interpretation of many pathologic lesions, such as endometriosis. In the latter, direct transformation of germinal epithelium into either a tubal or an endometrial type can be demonstrated histologically, so that it seems unnecessary to invoke the doctrine of implantation in explaining this lesion. All types of differentiation transitions may be seen in ovarian endometriosis, that is, a tubal epithelium with or without stroma, a uterine epithelium with or without glands and with or without stroma, an endometrium with or without physiologic reactivity, with or without hemorrhage. Among other things, the study of these ovarian epithelia lends strong support to the germinal epithelium origin of serous cystadenomas, for they are often lined by epithelium indistinguishable from that of the tube. The application of such studies to the problem of tubal pregnancy is also discussed in the paper.
Maturation of peptide-positive synaptic arbors in the medicinal leech requires rhythmic target activity

The formation and refinement of synaptic connections are dependent on the activity that emerges from nascent synaptic connections. Such activity has the effect of regulating the production and release of specific neurotransmitters. To determine the role of activity in regulating the production of peptide-positive synapses, we used antibodies against Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH₂ and acetylated α-tubulin as well as intracellular injections of Neurobiotin to examine varicosities belonging to heart excitor (HE) neurons on the heart tubes of medicinal leeches, Hirudo spp. We found that the production of peptide-positive varicosities increased considerably during the last week of embryogenesis, which coincided with the emergence of rhythmic activity of the heart tube. When we compromised central input to HE neurons with bicuculline or by surgical ablation of the central pattern generator during early embryogenesis, we found that activity in the heart tubes and its rhythmicity were greatly diminished. Furthermore, the activity of HE neurons had also lost its rhythmicity and appeared tonic, and production of peptide-positive varicosities was substantially reduced as well. Partial surgical ablations that preserved rhythmic activity in the heart tube while disrupting heart tube innervation by some HE neurons still resulted in peptide-positive varicosity production. Taken together, our results suggest that postsynaptic rhythmic activity of the heart tube is necessary and sufficient for the development and maturation of peptide-positive synapses.
Assimilatory Sulfur Metabolism in Marine Microorganisms: Sulfur Metabolism, Protein Synthesis, and Growth of Alteromonas luteo-violaceus and Pseudomonas halodurans During Perturbed Batch Growth

The antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol specifically blocked the incorporation of [S]sulfate into the residue protein of two marine bacteria, Pseudomonas halodurans and Alteromonas luteo-violaceus. Simultaneous inhibition of total protein synthesis occurred, but incorporation of S into low-molecular-weight organic compounds continued. A. luteo-violaceus rapidly autolyzed, with similar reduction in cell counts, total culture protein and cellular sulfur, whereas P. halodurans remained viable. Treatment with chloramphenicol, growth during nitrogen and carbon limitation, and the carbon and energy sources used for growth did not alter the sulfur content of P. halodurans protein. The mean value (1.09%, by weight), representing a wide variety of environmentally relevant growth conditions, was in agreement with model protein composition. The variability of cellular composition of P. halodurans and A. luteo-violaceus is discussed with respect to the measurement of bacterial growth in natural environments. Total carbon and nitrogen per cell varied greatly (coefficient of variation, ca. 100%) depending on growth conditions. Variation in total sulfur and protein per cell was much less (coefficient of variation, <50%), but the least variation was found for sulfate incorporation into residue protein (coefficient of variation, ca. 15%). Thus, sulfate incorporation into residue protein can be used as an accurate measurement of de novo protein synthesis in these bacteria.
Investigation of the Nucleon Deuteron System

To the extent that off shell effects may be neglected, a reasonably good description of Nucleon-Deuteron elastic scattering in the forward hemisphere should be possible when one knows the deuteron wave and the two nucleon amplitudes. The upper limit of knowledge of the N-N amplitudesl lies at present slightly above the onset of inelasticity (∿0.7 Gev). For high enough bombarding energy it seems physically reasonable that to a good approximation no target constituent will be hit more than once during an elastic scattering process. This idea is already contained in the eikonal approximation so that the success of such calculations2 lends support to it. In terms of the multiple scattering expansion this implies neglect of triple and higher order contributions.3 On the other hand, at law enough energies this approximation is clearly invalid.4 Thus there exists a transition energy above which things simplify considerably in that the multiple scattering series may be truncated and one computes only four types of terms; (1) single scattering, (2) (direct) double scattering, (3) double charge exchange, (4) pickup. This transition energy may be reasonably supposed to be in the neighborhood ≲ 0.2 Gev.
A Formal Study of Backward Compatible Dynamic Software Updates

We study the dynamic software update problem for programs interacting with an environment that is not necessarily updated. We argue that such updates should be backward compatible. We propose a general definition of backward compatibility and cases of backward compatible program update. Based on our detailed study of real world program evolution, we propose classes of backward compatible update for interactive programs, which are included at an average of 32 % of all studied program changes. The definitions of update classes are parameterized by our novel framework of program equivalence, which generalizes existing results on program equivalence to non-terminating executions. Our study of backward compatible updates is based on a typed extension of W language.
Differences in generosity between smokers and nonsmokers in an upcoming smoking ban

The stigmatization of smokers has become a social norm as new information about its health effects continues to be uncovered. This study investigated smokers in terms of their generosity as a means of stigma management. A field study was undertaken in which the experimenters frequented local establishments in the eight days prior to the 2010 Michigan antismoking legislation taking effect. Experimenters, sometimes while smoking and sometimes while not smoking, approached patrons of the establishments who were either smokers or nonsmokers and asked them for a dollar. Results indicated smokers were more likely to give a dollar than nonsmokers, regardless of whether or not the experimenters were smoking. This was interpreted as a strategy smokers use to combat social stigma.
N-3 fatty acids and cognitive and visual acuity development: methodologic and conceptual considerations

Several randomized clinical studies in infants born preterm and at term have explored the effects on visual acuity development of postnatal supplementation with various sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Higher visual acuity after DHA supplementation is a consistent finding in infants born preterm. For infants born at term, the results are less consistent and are better explained by differences in sensitivity of the visual acuity test (electrophysiologic tests being more sensitive than subjective tests) or by differences in the amount of DHA included in the experimental formula. Differences in the sensitivity of the test may also be relevant in discussions of whether the effects of DHA on visual acuity are transient or persistent. A smaller number of studies have attempted to study the effects of DHA on cognitive development. The major focus of this article is to review the types of methods that have been used to evaluate the effects of DHA on cognition and to provide the rationale for measures that are a better conceptual fit. Research is needed (1) to probe the effects of variable DHA exposure on infant and child development, (2) to measure outcomes that better relate to preschool and school-age cognitive function, and (3) to reinforce, and in some cases demonstrate, links between specific infant and preschool measures of cognitive development. We strongly encourage collaborations with developmental cognitive neuroscientists to facilitate these research goals.
Spin Trapping Studies of Alcohol-Initiated Radicals in Rat Liver: Influence of Dietary Fat

We conducted spin trapping experiments to test the effects of acute and chronic alcohol consumption in livers from rats that had been fed either high fat (35% of energy) or low fat (12% of energy) liquid diets. Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane, the spin trapping agent POBN [alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butylnitrone] was administered by intravenous injection, and bile samples were collected for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses. Two different types of EPR spectra were observed in bile from the animals in these studies. One set of spectral lines was from the 1-hydroxyethyl radical adduct of POBN, which was conclusively identified by injecting the rats with [1-13C]ethanol. The EPR signals of a second type of radical adduct in bile could be observed both before and after acute administration of ethanol. Although the radical(s) responsible for this second series of signals could not be conclusively identified, it is likely that lipid radicals were formed under these conditions and trapped by POBN. For both types of radical adducts, the most intense EPR signals were observed in rats that had been fed alcohol in combination with a high fat diet for 2 wk before the experiments. These results confirm and extend previous data indicating that high levels of dietary fat enhance alcohol-associated free radical formation in the liver.
Tymieniecka’s Metaphysics of Life

In her treatise “First Principles of the Metaphysics of Life Charting the Human Condition”, Tymieniecka declares to have discovered the Archimedian point of the meaning of life. For her, the new metaphysics, which she proposes, must be characterized by: 1) the key point of the theme in question as related to the philosophical sciences and to knowledge in general; 2) the importance of its declarations for all fields of knowledge, theoretical, contemplative or practical; 3) the value of the investigation of the basic questions which reason can conceive (theoretical, practical-contemplative); 4) the absolute evidence with which its discoveries must be declared; therefore a discovery which intends to reveal a whole labyrinth of entities: world, life, cosmos, human destiny; 5) finally, the idea of the concatenation of the forms, expression of every future metaphysics, requires the element of necessity by which to project the developments of an integral philosophical construction.
Pathology of ulcerative colitis.

This is a disease which exhibits periods of activity with ulceration, mucosal congestion, and pus formation alternating with periods of remission when mucosal healing and fibrosis take place. Macroscopic appearances at any particular time, therefore, show considerable variations and for the purposes of description, we have found it convenient to place them into three groups. The breakdown of our cases into these groups is seen in table 1, and the relationship of the groups to length of history is shown in table 2.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the streptavidin gene

Using synthetic oligonucleotides as probes we have cloned the streptavidin gene from a genomic library of Streptomyces avidinii. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that a 2 Kb DNA-fragment contained the entire coding region, a signal peptide region and the 3' and 5' flanking regions of the gene. The deduced amino acid sequence shows several interrupted blocks of homology with the amino acid sequence of chicken egg-white avidin. Analysis of the secondary structure suggests a high content of beta-structure in both proteins and considerable overall structural similarity between them.
Self-formation of sub-60-nm half-pitch gratings with large areas through fracturing

Periodic micro- and nanostructures (gratings) have many significant applications in electronic, optical, magnetic, chemical and biological devices and materials. Traditional methods for fabricating gratings by writing with electrons1, ions2 or a mechanical tip are limited to very small areas and suffer from extremely low throughput. Interference lithography can achieve relatively large fabrication areas, but has a low yield for small-period gratings3,4. Photolithography5, nanoimprint lithography6,7, soft lithography8,9 and lithographically induced self-construction10 all require a prefabricated mask, and although electrohydrodynamic instabilities11 can self-produce periodic dots without a mask, gratings remain challenging. Here, we report a new low-cost maskless method to self-generate nano- and microgratings from an initially featureless polymer thin film sandwiched between two relatively rigid flat plates. By simply prising apart the plates, the film fractures into two complementary sets of nonsymmetrical gratings, one on each plate, of the same period. The grating period is always four times the thickness of the glassy film, regardless of its molecular weight and chemical composition. Periods from 120 nm to 200 µm have been demonstrated across areas as large as two square centimetres.
Revascularización celíaca en el síndrome del ligamento arcuato

El sindrome del ligamento arcuato medio (SLAM) es un proceso poco frecuente y a menudo mal interpretado, caracterizado por la compresion de la porcion proximal del tronco celiaco por el ligamento arcuato medio. La existencia del sindrome, tambien llamado “sindrome de compresion del tronco celiaco” o “sindrome de Dunbar”, se ha cuestionado porque, con frecuencia, la compresion se demuestra en la aortografia efectuada en pacientes asintomaticos. Por otra parte, la estenosis aislada del tronco celiaco puede compensarse con la circulacion colateral de la arteria mesenterica superior. Pese a estos razonamientos discrepantes, existen muchos casos de pacientes con este sindrome cuyos sintomas se han resuelto con la seccion quirurgica del ligamento medio. Describimos el caso de una paciente con sintomas similares no solo para proporcionar una confirmacion adicional de la validez de este sindrome sino tambien para destacar la necesidad decisiva de revascularizacion una vez se desarrollan cambios patologicos en el tronco celiaco.
Inefficacy of Carnitine as a Substitute for Choline for Normal Reproduction in Japanese Quail

An experiment was conducted to determine if DL-carnitine could partially or completely substitute for choline for maintaining normal reproduction in Japanese quail. Adding 2800 mg. choline chloride per kg. to a purified diet significantly increased egg production and egg weight and improved hatchability, but adding a similar level of carnitine failed to improve any of the parameters measured. Likewise, performance of quail fed 1400 mg. carnitine per kg. in combination with 1400 mg. choline chloride was no better than that obtained with quail fed choline chloride (1400 mg./kg.) alone.
Bacterial Endocarditis in the Antibiotic Era

Since the introduction of penicillin therapy for bacterial endocarditis in 1944 there have been 228 patients with this disease at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 53 instances it was of the acute form, and in 175 it was subacute. The immediate outcome and the ultimate fate of these patients have been studied. Acute bacterial endocarditis remains an ominous and often fatal disease. In only 21 patients was the presence of an acute bacterial infection on the heart valve recognized before death; 8 of these survived. Even when the disease was recognized clinically, death often ensued before an adequate antibiotic program could be instituted. In the subacute group 119 patients (68 per cent) recovered and 56 (32 per cent) died. Postmortem examination in 48 of the 56 revealed that the principal cause of death in one half the cases was either rupture of a mycotic aneurysm or valve cusp or an embolus to a cerebral or coronary vessel. In the postmortem group the presence of bacterial endocarditis was unsuspect...
Reducing patients' unmet concerns in primary care: the difference one word can make.

Context In primary, acute-care visits, patients frequently present with more than 1 concern. Various visit factors prevent additional concerns from being articulated and addressed.
Ability of cell-sized beads bearing tumor cell membrane proteins to stimulate LAK cells to secrete interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α1☆

Abstract We recently reported that lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells were stimulated to release both interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) when stimulated by a variety of tumor cells. We proposed then that the released cytokines may play a role in mediating tumor cell regression in vivo . In this paper, we provide further information on the nature of the signals, provided by the tumor cells (K562 erythroleukemia), that stimulate LAK cells to secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α. Using a previously published protocol for coating tumor-membrane molecules onto cell-sized hydrophobic beads (also called pseudocytes), we demonstrate that the signal provided by the tumor cell is membrane associated. Beads coated with K562 membranes stimulated LAK cells to release IFN-γ and TNF-α. The pretreatment of these beads with trypsin and sodium periodate eliminated the ability of these pseudocytes to stimulate cytokine release in LAK cells. The glycoproteins that stimulate LAK cells to secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α were further enriched by their ability to bind concanavalin A (Con A, Jack Bean). To determine if the tumor-associated molecules that stimulate LAK cells to release IFN-γ and TNF-α are also the molecules involved in mediating tumor cell lysis, we tested the ability of the Con A binding and nonbinding proteins to inhibit the LAK cell-mediated lysis of K562 cells. Our results demonstrate that molecules that inhibited LAK cell-mediated cytotoxicity were not enriched by Con A. These results are therefore consistent with the conclusion that different sets of tumor-associated molecules are involved in the stimulation of LAK cells to secrete cytokine and in the induction of LAK cells to mediate tumor cell cytolysis.
Cysteine is not an obligatory intermediate in the biosynthesis of cysteate byCytophaga johnsonae

Abstract A cysteine auxotroph ofCytophaga johnsonae was able to incorporate sulfur from sulfate into cysteate, and thus into sulfonolipid, in the absence of cysteine synthesis. This indicates that cysteine is not an obligatory intermediate of the cysteate biosynthetic pathway even though cysteine sulfur can be utilized for cysteate synthesis.
A Fast Recursive Algorithm for Constructing Matrices with Prescribed Eigenvalues and Singular Values

The Weyl--Horn theorem characterizes a relationship between the eigenvalues and the singular values of an arbitrary matrix. Based on that characterization, a fast recursive algorithm is developed to construct numerically a matrix with prescribed eigenvalues and singular values. Besides being of theoretical interest, the technique could be employed to create test matrices with desired spectral features. Numerical experiment shows this algorithm to be quite efficient and robust.
Calibrating zooming cameras from multiple images without feature extraction

This work presents a new approach to the problem of calibrating a zoomable camera. The calibration of zooming cameras is central for tasks which employ zoom to improve feature detection and correspondence, such as 3D stereo reconstruction. Our method solves for the parameters of a camera model using a global optimization technique on a sequence of images of a known calibration target obtained for different mechanical zoom settings. This approach addresses two primary weaknesses in classical camera calibrations. First, the process avoids the difficulties of explicit feature detection. Feature localization is instead included as part of the error measure used in the optimization. Second, images are not calibrated independently, as in previous efforts. Rather, the optimization process considers all images simultaneously, representing the final calibrated camera as a function of zoom. We compute a starting point for the optimization using the measured mechanical zoom settings for the images, and certain features identified by either a high-level process or a human operator. This paper describes the details of our approach, showing initial experimental results on real data.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Definitions and Evaluation of Religion and Spirituality Items by Religious Professionals: A Pilot Study

In an effort to clarify the concepts of religion and spirituality religious professionals (Imams, Ministers, Priests, and Rabbis) defined the terms religion and spirituality and responded to whether the concepts religion and spirituality were different (i.e. non-overlapping), the same, or overlapping. Additionally, they rated each item from the five measures (purportedly to assess religion or spirituality) for the extent to which the items assess the construct of religion and/or spirituality. Content analysis of definitions revealed religion as objective, external, and ritual or organizational practices that one performs in a group setting and that guide one’s behavior; while spirituality was defined as internal, subjective, and divine experience or direct relationship with God. Primarily the concepts were viewed as overlapping. Analysis for item ratings revealed few within group differences and relatively few between group differences for ratings of item relevance to assess religion and spirituality. Factor analysis of item ratings revealed one factor named religion/spirituality.
The Math Essential Skills Screener--Upper Elementary Version (MESS-U): Studies of Reliability and Validity.

The Math Essential Skills Screener - Upper Elementary Version (MESS-U) is part of a series of screening tests designed to help identify students ages 9-11 who are at risk for mathematics failure. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, item analysis, decision efficiency, convergent validity and factorial validity of the MESS-U were studied using four independent samples of students aged 9 to 11. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were both .90 (N = 200 & 123, respectively). The MESS-U yielded validity coefficients (N = 200) of r = .80, .78, and .77 with standard scores of the WJ-R Math Cluster, WRAT-R Arithmetic subtest, and KeyMath-Revised Operations Area, respectively. Results of an exploratory factor analysis indicated that a single dimension likely underlies the MESS-U items.
In every marriage there are two marriages

While investigators often have commented about discrepancies in the way a husband and a wife view the same marriage, little attention has been devoted to the implications such discrepancies have for marital and family therapy. As part of a continuing study of the differences between couples who seek marital therapy and those who seek sexual dysfunction therapy, this report examines these two clinical populations on the dimension of discrepant views of the marriage. Our results suggest that overall discrepancy scores may be an important indicator of stress between partners. In particular areas, however, such as rating the quality of the marriage, specific complaints about the marriage, and concerns about male sexual difficulties, marital therapy patients obtained significantly higher discrepancy scores than sexual therapy patients.
Properties of vector and axial-vector mesons from a generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model

Abstract We construct a generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio lagrangian including scalar, pseudoscalar, vector and axial-vector mesons. We specialize to the two-flavor case. The properties of the structured vacuum as well as meson masses and coupling constants are calculated giving an overall agreement within 20% of the experimental data. We investigate the meson properties at finite density. In contrast to the mass of the scalar σ-meson, which decreases sharply with increasing density, the vector meson masses are almost independent of density. Furthermore, the vector-meson-quark coupling constants are also stable against density changes. We point out that these results imply a softening of the nuclear equation of state at high densities. Furthermore, we discuss the breakdown of the KFSR relation on the quark level as well as other deviations from phenomenological concepts such as universality and vector meson dominance.
Neither “bourgeois” nor “communist” science: Sociology in communist and post-communist Albania

Abstract In most parts of communist Eastern Europe there has been some tradition of sociology. This was not the case in Albania where sociology was totally excluded from the university curriculum, as well as from the foci of scientific research, during the years of communist authoritarian rule. The beginning of the democratic movement in Albania in 1990 that was followed by the establishment of a multiparty system and the first free elections in 1991 raised many hopes for social scientists and seemed to provide new opportunities for sociological research and for sociology to develop as an academic discipline. However, the four-to-five year term of the new Democratic administration has, so far, given little proof that things can become ordered easily and quickly. On the contrary, there is plenty of evidence that ideas reminiscent of the old communist days are prevailing and a new form of authoritarian rule is emerging, putting the democratization process at risk. Once “outlawed” by the communists as a bourgeois science, sociology in Albania is again “outlawed,” today regarded by the anti-communists as a “communist” science. The closing of the newly-formed Faculty of Sociology by the current government in 1992 was an unfortunate, undemocratic, and misplaced effort to politicize the very fragile system of higher education, and social studies in particular, in the aftermath of the fall of communism in Albania.
Ion-Specific Electrode Study of Copper Binding to Serum Albumins

The binding of copper to bovine, human, rabbit, rat, and porcine albumin has been studied using a cupric ion-specific electrode. The results were analyzed in terms of Scatchard expression assuming two classes of independent binding sites. The high-affinity constants for copper binding to the albumin show the same trend as the first association constants for nickel binding, namely, rabbit > human > rat > pig. Despite the similarity in the primary amino acid sequence for human and bovine serum albumin, the former has only one high-affinity site for copper, while the latter has more than three sites.
Shear stress effects on bacterial adhesion, leukocyte adhesion, and leukocyte oxidative capacity on a polyetherurethane

Infection of implanted cardiovascular biomaterials still occurs despite inherent host defense mechanisms. Using a rotating disk system, we investigated Staphylococcus epidermidis and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion to a polyetherurethane urea (PEUU-A′) under shear stress (0–17.5 dynes/cm2) for time periods up to 6 h. In addition, the superoxide (SO) release capacity of PMNs after transient exposure to PEUU-A′ under shear stress was determined. Bacterial adhesion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) showed a linear shear dependence, decreasing with increasing shear stress. Overall adhesion in PBS decreased with time. However, bacterial adhesion in 25% human serum was similar for all time points up to 360 min. Adhesion was observed at all shear levels, displaying no shear dependence. In contrast, PMN adhesion demonstrated a strong shear dependence similarly for times up to 240 min, decreasing sharply with increasing shear stress. Although PMNs preexposed to shear stress showed a slightly diminished SO release response compared to fresh cells for all stimuli, it was not statistically significant regardless of the stimulus. We conclude that circulating leukocytes are unable to adhere in regions of high shear which may contain adherent bacteria. In addition, exposure to PEUU-A′ and shear stress (in the range 0–18 dynes/cm2) is insufficient to cause a depression in the oxidative response of PMNs. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 46, 511–519, 1999.
Optimization of glass-ceramic crystallization based on DTA exotherm analysis

Abstract Objectives . Crystallization of glass-ceramics is traditionally achieved through a two-stage heat treatment consisting of an isothermal nucleation stage followed by an isothermal growth stage. A method for determining a more efficient heat treatment schedule for a glass-ceramic material using a thermal analysis technique is proposed. The goal of an optimized heat treatment schedule is the production of a glass-ceramic with a desired microstructure (number of crystals per volume) in the shortest amount of time. Methods . The proposed method involves differential thermal analysis (DTA) to measure glass crystallization exotherm characteristics which are correlated with the population density of growing crystals, and therefore, to the effectiveness of any prior heat treatment. Traditional thermal processing parameters were investigated and optimized. A method for generating a more efficient heat treatment schedule composed of a series of increasing heating rates was also demonstrated. Results . The thermal analysis method measured a significant effect upon the number density of crystals generated as a function of several experimental variables. Micrographs from samples crystallized with a more time-efficient heat treatment schedule were shown to have equivalent crystal number densities compared to those crystallized with a more time consuming, traditional schedule. Significance . This work demonstrated that a rapid thermal analysis method was capable of measuring the relative effectiveness of heat treatment schedules to generate crystalline populations. A novel heat treatment schedule was developed based on progressive adjustment of processing heating rates to generate the maximum crystal population in the shortest amount of time.
Fine-grained lexical semantic representations and compositionally-derived events in Mandarin Chinese

Current lexical semantic representations for natural language applications view verbs as simple predicates over their arguments. These structures are too coarse-grained to capture many important generalizations about verbal argument structure. In this paper, I specifically defend the following two claims: verbs have rich internal structure expressible in terms of finer-grained primitives of meaning, and at least for some languages, verbal meaning is compositionally derived from these primitive elements. I primarily present evidence from Mandarin Chinese, whose verbal system is very different from that of English. Many empirical facts about the typology of verbs in Mandarin cannot be captured by a "flat" lexical semantic representation. These theoretical results hold important practical consequences for natural language processing applications.
Suicidal ideation during interferon-α2b and ribavirin treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C

Abstract Psychiatric and substance use disorders affect most patients with chronic hepatitis C and are the most common reasons for exclusion from antiviral therapies. Suicidal ideation (SI) is often cited as a reason to exclude patients from interferon-based treatment or to terminate antiviral treatment that is in progress. This study examines SI in hepatitis C patients untreated and treated with interferon-α2b, a medication commonly associated with depression. Fifty-five subjects with chronic hepatitis C were followed for 24 weeks with three measures of depression, each containing one item assessing SI. A total of 15/55 (27%) subjects reported SI while not on interferon therapy. Of the 42 patients treated with interferon, 18 (43%) endorsed SI at some point during antiviral treatment. However, 17/18 (94%) finished at least a 6-month course of interferon therapy. No subjects attempted suicide. Although SI in some form is common in hepatitis C patients, in most cases it is mild in nature. With adequate support most patients can successfully complete a full course of antiviral treatment.
Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the regulation of many physiologic processes, mediated by supraspinal control from centers in the central nervous system. The role of autonomic dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injuries is crucial to understand because many aspects of the altered physiology seen in these individuals are directly caused by ANS dysregulation.
The utility of perspecta 3D volumetric display for completion of tasks

This paper explores the hypothesis that the depth cues and display quality of a 3D volumetric display provides advantages for learning simple tasks. Experimental data generated by human subjects using the Perspecta 3D Volumetric Display are compared to like data generated using a 2D flat screen liquid crystal display (LCD). These data show that the Perspecta display provides advantages over the LCD display with respect to peak performance of simple tasks.
Killing horizons and dragging of the inertial frame about a uniformly accelerating particle

The structure of Killing horizons in the static vacuum $C$ metric which represents the gravitational field of a uniformly accelerating Schwarzschild-type particle is studied. It is shown that for ${A}^{2}{m}^{2}l\frac{1}{27}$ there exist two physically meaningful horizons. One horizon is analogous to the Schwarzschild surface and the other is similar to a flat surface in Euclidean space traveling at the speed of light along the axis of symmetry. This second surface is called the Rindler surface because of its analogy with the Rindler surface in the limit that geometry becomes Euclidean. As the acceleration increases, the Schwarzschild surface distorts from its original spherical shape. Its shape becomes teardroplike with the pointed end oriented in the direction of the acceleration. In the forward direction the Schwarzschild surface moves outward from the origin as the acceleration continues to increase in accordance with the principle of equivalence. In the backward direction the surface shrinks from its original Schwarzschild surface as the acceleration increases for relatively small values of the acceleration. This is also expected from the principle of equivalence. As the acceleration reaches $A=\frac{1}{\sqrt{54}m}$ the Schwarzschild surface in the backward direction reaches a minimum distance from the origin at $r=\sqrt{3}m$ and as the acceleration further increases it reverses its direction of motion and grows outward until it reaches the original Schwarzschild surface at $r=2m$. This behavior is an apparent violation of the principle of equivalence. As the acceleration increases, the Rindler surface moves inward approaching the Schwarzschild surface, and finally when $A=\frac{1}{\sqrt{27}m}$ the two surfaces unite and produce a naked singularity. Radial geodesic and nongeodesic motions are also investigated. It is shown that for small accelerations the results are in agreement with the principle of equivalence and the effects of dragging of the inertial frame due to the rectilinear acceleration.
Modified ocular prosthesis impression technique.

Abstract A method for obtaining a functional impression for the fabrication of an ocular prosthesis has been described. The functional impression wax procedure using a baseplate wax conformer as the nucleus will fill the socket comfortably to a normal appearance and, most often, near normal movement. Rehabilitation of a patient who has had an ocular loss should return the patient to a normal cosmetic appearance. Refinement in the impression technique to provide a better fitting prosthesis will improve the patient's psychological and physical outlook and sense of well-being.
Functional properties of striatal fast-spiking interneurons.

Striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) have a major influence over behavioral output, and a deficit in these cells has been observed in dystonia and Tourette syndrome. FSIs receive cortical input, are coupled together by gap junctions, and make perisomatic GABAergic synapses onto many nearby projection neurons. Despite being critical components of striatal microcircuits, until recently little was known about FSI activity in behaving animals. Striatal FSIs are near-continuously active in awake rodents, but even neighboring FSIs show uncorrelated activity most of the time. A coordinated “pulse” of increased FSI firing occurs throughout striatum when rats initiate one chosen action while suppressing a highly-trained alternative. This pulse coincides with a drop in globus pallidus population activity, suggesting that pallidostriatal disinhibition may have a important role in timing or coordinating action execution. In addition to changes in firing rate, FSIs show behavior-linked modulation of spike timing. The variability of inter-spike intervals decreases markedly following instruction cues, and FSIs also participate in fast striatal oscillations that are linked to rewarding events and dopaminergic drugs. These studies have revealed novel and unexpected properties of FSIs, that should help inform new models of striatal information processing in both normal and aberrant conditions.
Reactivation of an appetitive discrimination memory following retroactive interference

The present experiment employed an appetitive spatial discrimination response to examine alleviation of forgetting induced by retroactive interference. For separate groups of rats, a footshock that had occurred during acquisition contingent upon a correct response was tested for its effectiveness as a reactivation treatment. The results indicated that the footshock effectively alleviated forgetting, but only for rats experiencing the shock stimulus during original learning. These results suggest that a reactivation treatment may arouse affective or stimulus properties in common with the target memory to elicit retrieval of that memory.
UPS at the beginning

Abstract In this brief article, some of my more vivid personal recollections of working, over a quarter century ago, as a graduate student with David Turner in the formative years of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy are presented, together with an extrapolation to my present interests.
Scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying.

There has been recent, renewed interest in studies of gastric emptying due in part to the introduction of new therapies for peptic ulcer disease and attempts to better understand gastric physiology. Of the methods available for studying gastric emptying patterns, nuclear medicine techniques are optimal due to their noninvasive character, reproducibility and quantitative ability. The modulation of gastric emptying is multifactorial, and includes motor control, electrical activity, hormonal influences, and the composition of the meal itself: liquid vs solid; protein, carbohydrate and fat content; fiber or particle size; osmolality; pH; and pharmacologic agents. Because of the ease of performing gastric emptying studies using radiolabled physiologic meals, these tests are being employed with increasing frequency in the evaluation of patients with disorders such as diabetic gastroparesis, postgastrectomy gastroparesis or dumping syndrome, and in the study of normal gastric physiology in man. Present data suggests that combined liquid-solid, dual radionuclide studies afford the greatest information regarding simultaneous gastric emptying patterns of liquid and solid components of a meal, and that single radionuclide, solid tests of gastric emptying are the more sensitive technique for determining subtle abnormalities of gastric emptying, when only a single tracer is employed.
SU-E-I-17: Characterization of Rotating Source MicroCT for Evaluating in Vivo Murine Trabecular Bone

Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the optimal physical parameters of the Inveon Multi‐modality microCT to assess the trabecular bone of mice. Methods: The x‐ray Source‐to‐Axis Distance is increased from 100mm to 183mm to 263mm. Similarly, combining local pixels, or binning, is examined from no binning to 2 to 4. Energy is varied from 40kVp to 80kVp in 10kVp increments and filter thickness is changed from no filtration to 1.5mmAl in 0.5mmAl increments. A lucite phantom with six different density‐equivalent rods is used to measure changes in Hounsfield Units (HU) and calibrate Bone Mineral Density estimation. Mice are scanned at four different magnification and binning combinations to evaluate dose and microstructure changes of high to low resolution images. Results: An increase in magnification and decrease in binning results in an effective pixel size ranging from 95μm to 9μm. This decreases the signal to noise ratio from 19.2 to 1.7HU and density estimation from 1585 to 1383mg/cc for 1250mg/cc equivalent material. Increasing the average energy of the radiation beam also decreases HU estimation from 1466HU to 1132HU. Higher resolution scans extend the scan time and absorbed dose from 5.1 to 13.4min and 3.9 to 125cGy respectively. An 18 micron pixel provides distinguishable trabecular bone surface from cortices with a 4.2HU signal to noise ratio. Conclusions: A high magnification, binning of 2, 80kVp beam with a 0.5mmAl filter are the optimal parameters to evaluate the trabecular bone of mice for the Inveon MM microCT unit. This work was supported by the National Institute of Health grants ( 1R01CA154491‐ 01, 1R03AR055333‐01A1 and 1K12‐HD055887‐01). This work was also supported by PHS Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA77398. This work was also supported by PHS Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA77398. Susanta K Hui is a scholar of the BIRCWH (Building Interdisciplinary Careers in Women's Health) program. Luke Arentsen is supported by the Grant in Aid funding from the Universit
Developing a case-based knowledge system for AIDS prevention

: Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving paradigm where past experiences are used to guide problem-solving. This paradigm shows a great deal of promise for use in intelligent systems. Recent work in intelligent systems focusing on AIDS prevention reflects a growing interest in the case-based paradigm because AIDS prevention experts rely heavily on memory of previous cases when assessing subjects that exhibit AIDS-risky behaviors. If an AIDS prevention expert has seen a subject with similar AIDS-risky behavior previously, he or she is likely to draw on that experience to propose a solution to the new case at hand. This paper describes a CBR system that functions as an AIDS prevention expert. The inputs are risk behavior descriptions and the subject's test results. The system employs fuzzy mathematical algorithms to retrieve and select previous cases, thereby assessing the subject's risk.
Effect of puromycin and salicylate on biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins in bovine heart valve.

Abstract Two isotopes ( 3 H-glucosamine and 14 C-threonine) were used simultaneously to study the effects of puromycin and salicylate on the in vitro biosynthesis of hexosamine-containing substances in bovine heart valves. Papain digests of fragmented valve tissue incubated with precursors 14 C-threonine and 3 H-glucosamine were divided into mucopolysaccharide and glycopeptide fractions by gel filtration, and the radioactivities of 3 H and 14 C in the two fractions were determined in order to compare the individual biosynthetic activities of the carbohydrate and peptide moieties in them. Puromycin (9 × 10 −4 M ) inhibited completely the uptake of 14 C-threonine and also the uptake of 3 H-glucosamine considerably; the inhibition in the glycopeptide fraction was more marked than in the mucopolysaccharide fraction; moreover, labeling of glucosamine was less than it was for galactosamine in the mucopolysaccharide fraction. The implication is that the synthesis of the polysaccharide chain depends upon the basic or prior formation of the protein backbone. In the presence of salicylate (1.5 × 10 −2 M ), the incorporation of both labeled substrates was less for the mucopolysaccharide than for the glycopeptide fraction; also labeling of galactosamine was largely inhibited in both fractions. Salicylate seems to act at several possible sites in the synthesis of the carbohydrate-protein complex in addition to its effect on the amino sugar formation; therefore, the biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharide, especially galactosamine-containing substances, is inhibited more by salicylate, possibly because of this multiplicity of potential sites of action in its more complicated biosynthesis.
African Families and the Crisis of Social Change

African Families and the Crisis of Social Change. THOMAS S. WEISNER, CANDICE BRADLEY, and PHILIP L. KILBRIDE, eds. Westport, CT. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. xxxii + 369 pp. illustrations, notes, references, index, contributors.
Further studies on the liver principle which is effective against burn shock

Abstract These experiments demonstrate that liver extract, which has significant antiburn shock activity, either when administered parenterally, as in previous work,1 or orally, as in the present study, is without comparable activity in the shock states which follow hind-leg ischemia or bacterial infection. It has been demonstrated that the mechanism of tourniquet shock in rats is complicated by several factors which are difficult to control. Before a final conclusion regarding the ineffectiveness of liver extract in this type of shock could be drawn, it would appear necessary that complicating factors be controlled. The negative results obtained with liver extract after acute exsanguination permit no conclusions to be drawn regarding liver activity in hemorrhagic shock. The fact that liver is effective in burn shock, but not in tourniquet or bacterial shock, is further evidence for the concept that there are different mechanisms responsible for various types of shock, although all may give rise to a similar terminal picture. It further indicates that therapeutic measures must be evaluated individually for each type of shock, and that results obtained with one type of shock cannot be justifiably transferred to other types of shock.