cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional support for the infant with extrahepatic biliary atresia

Some infants with biliary atresia obtain dramatic improvement for prolonged periods after the performance of hepatic portoenterostomy. Such infants may have life styles not substantially different from those of normal children. In others, the benefit from this operation, if any, is short lived. These infants are very vulnerable to the debilitating effects of severe, prolonged malabsorption and ultimately require orthotopic liver transplantation to sustain life. The physician caring for infants awaiting liver transplantation can do much, not only to prolong survival but to maintain satisfactory growth and development. The key consideration is to provide adequate nitrogen and nonnitrogen calories, liberally utilizing modern methods of enteral alimentation when necessary. In addition, attention must be directed toward several vitamin and mineral deficiencies, particularly those of the fat-soluble vitamins, that inevitably accompany severe malabsorption in children. Management of extrahepatic biliary atresia in infants is difficult and requires meticulous attention to details. Nevertheless, the long-term cure of this disorder provided by liver transplantation makes their care a rewarding experience.
Is Religion Taboo in Gerontology?: Systematic Review of Research on Religion in Three Major Gerontology Journals, 1985-1991.

The authors conducted a systematic review of research on religion in three major gerontology journals and found that from 1985 to 1991, 78 of 2,127 (3.6%) quantitative studies included a religious variable. In most cases (71%), measures consisted only of a single question, usually on religious denomination. Only 18% of the studies with a religious variable cited previously published religious research. There was a greater proportion of studies with a religious variable in the gerontology literature than in the psychiatry literature (χ2 = 5.01, df = 1, P = 0.025). Publications in gerontology were also significantly more likely than psychiatry to use a multidimensional measure.
Tritium labeling of opiate receptor ligands lofentanil and (-)-bremazocine

Opiate receptor ligands lofentanil 1 and (-)-bremazocine 4 have been labeled with tritium at high specific activity, becoming useful tools to study subclasses of the opiate receptor family.
Rapid direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometric detection of juvenile hormone III and its terpene precursors

Direct analysis in real time (DART) is a plasma-based ambient ionization technique that enables rapid ionization of small molecules with high sample throughput. In this work, DART was coupled to an orthogonal (oa) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer and the system was optimized for analyzing a vital hormonal regulator in insects, juvenile hormone (JH) III and its terpene precursors, namely, farnesol, farnesoic acid, and methyl farnesoate. Optimization experiments were planned using design of experiments (DOE) full factorial models to identify the most significant DART variables contributing to JH III analysis sensitivity by DART-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The optimized DART-TOF MS method had femtomole to sub-picomole detection limits for terpene standards, along with mass accuracies below 5 ppm. Finally, the possibility of distinguishing between two farnesol isomers by in-source-collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the first differentially pumped region of the oaTOF mass spectrometer was investigated. DART-MS enabled high-throughput, sensitive analysis with acquisition times ranging from 30 s to a minute. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the application of DART-MS to the detection and identification of volatile or semi-volatile insect terpenoids, and on the use of DOE approaches to optimize DART-MS analytical procedures.
Transporting the incubator: effects upon a region of the adoption of guidelines for high-risk maternal transport.

Objective To inventory maternal transport practices and develop regional transport guidelines. Study design A survey was administered to perinatal nursing directors of nine community hospitals in a rural region of Virginia. Items included personnel, training, equipment, vehicle, communication, and protocols. Following the survey, regional guidelines were developed using a collaborative process. Their use was promoted in the region. A post-intervention survey documented changes in transport practices. Results The pre-intervention survey showed wide variability in training and number of personnel and in availability of emergency equipment. Communication was via radio to a dispatcher. No hospital had standing orders or protocols for transport. Guidelines were developed, which included recommendations for personnel, equipment, vehicle, communication methods, and care protocols. Eight of nine hospitals endorsed the guidelines. A follow-up survey revealed practice changes for standing orders/protocols, communication, and equipment. Conclusion Regionwide practice changes can be successfully implemented. Guidelines may be helpful for other regions using primarily one-way maternal transports.
The cytology of the vitellogenic stages of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Ultrastructural investigations on the origin of protein yolk spheres

The cytology of the vitellogenic stages in the development of the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster is described following an electron microscopic study of sections of plastic-embedded ovaries and single egg chambers. One of the first morphological manifestations of yolk deposition is an infolding of the plasma membrane of the oocyte and the abscission of membranous tubules and vesicles. The protein (alpha) yolk spheres originate along the oocyte periphery from membranous sacs to which are attached membranous tubules. It is assumed that the majority of the protein within the alpha sphere is synthesized by neighboring tubular, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The other organelles in the ooplasm are described, and their origin and possible roles in vitellogenesis are examined. The relative importance of intra- and extra-ovarian synthesis of yolk protein in different insect species is discussed.
High-performance liquid chromatography of myosin's subfragment 1 and light chains on Spherogel TSK-type columns.

Abstract Myosin's subfragment 1 and three light chains were chromatographed rapidly at room temperature on Spherogel TSK-type columns, recently developed for steric-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, with no adsorption of the proteins to the columns or loss of enzymic activity. Crude preparations of subfragment 1 were extensively purified on Spherogel TSK SW-3000 columns. Unresolved α-chymotryptic-subfragment 1 was separated into its two isoenzymes despite only a small difference in molecular weights, presumably because of conformational differences. Light chain 2 was purified from a mixture of all three light chains by chromatography on a Spherogel TSK SW-2000 column; light chains 1 and 3 eluted as two distinct complexes having ratios of 2:1 and 1:1.
Conversion of Ethanol to Hydrocarbons on Hierarchical HZSM-5 Zeolites

Abstract This study reports synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of the nano-size hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolite with high mesoporosity produced via a solvent evaporation procedure. Further, this study compares hierarchical zeolites with conventional HZSM-5 zeolite with similar Si/Al ratios for the ethanol-to-hydrocarbon conversion process. The catalytic performance of the hierarchical and conventional zeolites was evaluated using a fixed-bed reactor at 360 °C, 300 psig, and a weight hourly space velocity of 7.9 h −1 . For the low Si/Al ratio zeolite (∼40), the catalytic life-time for the hierarchical HZSM-5 was approximately 2 times greater than the conventional HZSM-5 despite its coking amount deposited 1.6 times higher than conventional HZSM-5. For the high Si/Al ratio zeolite (∼140), the catalytic life-time for the hierarchical zeolite was approximately 5 times greater than the conventional zeolite and the amount of coking deposited was 2.1 times higher. Correlation was observed between catalyst life time, porosity, and the crystal size of the zeolite. The nano-size hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites containing mesoporosity demonstrated improved catalyst life-time compared to the conventional catalyst due to faster removal of products, shorter diffusion path length, and the migration of the coke deposits to the external surface from the pore structure.
Group-based social skills treatment: A methodological review

Abstract Group-based social skills training (SST) is a common treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). There has been exponential growth in group-based SST in recent years. This review evaluated the SST literature published between 2000 and 2012 on a number of methodological variables. Key quality indicators included conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT), having a well-characterized sample, using a manualized intervention, and using validated outcome measures. We identified a total of 48 studies. Thirteen studies (27%) were RCTs. Twenty-two studies (46%) had well-characterized samples, but only four (8%) explicitly allowed eligibility for individuals with intellectual disability. Eighteen (38%) had 10 or fewer participants in each active treatment condition. Most studies used or adapted a manual (71%), and had validated outcome measures (92%). Several rating scales and performance measures have seen widespread use. Methodological rigor has been improving as the field grows, especially with regard to the key quality indicators. We provide additional recommendations for future trials regarding study design, expanding participant characterization, statistical methods and analyses, and outcome measures.
Selective fetal malnutrition: the effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde upon in vitro uptake of alpha amino isobutyric acid by human placenta.

Abstract Uptake of alpha amino isobutyric acid was measured in human placental villus tissue exposed in vitro to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) (0.3 g/dl–2 g/d1) or acetaldehyde (50 μM-20 mM). Ethanol and acetaldehyde significantly inhibited uptake of amino acid at higher, pharmacologic concentrations (2 g/dl and 2–20 mM respectively). Inhibition by 10 mM acetaldehyde was partially reversible. The results suggest that the human placenta is resistant to acute ethanol-associated effects upon amino acid transport in vitro . However, both ethanol and its major circulating metabolite, acetaldehyde, may still alter placental function during in vivo chronic exposure.
Genetic Counseling and Congenital Anomalies

As the role of the pediatrician changes, less time will be devoted to routine care and more time will be spent in other areas such as genetics and birth defects. Approximately 5% of all newborn babies have a significant birth defect requiring the care of a pediatrician. Structural abnormalities such as meningomyelocele, cleft palate, limb abnormalities, and other obvious defects usually do not present any diagnostic problems. However, there may be difficulty in diagnosis of the child who has nonspecific findings such as an unusual facial appearance and/or minor congenital anomalies. In this situation, the pediatnician must first decide whether the child is normal or abnormal; at times this may be difficult. If abnormal, then the correct diagnosis must be ascertained in order to provide the family with genetic counseling, a prognosis, and treatment when available. Complicated medical gadgetry may be helpful in making a diagnosis, but a thorough history and physical examination remain the clinician9s key to unlocking a diagnostic dilemma. A family pedigree should be constructed listing any significant illnesses, birth defects, chromosomal abnormalities, consanguinity, and mental retardation. A complete pregnancy history should always be obtained; what took place during the mother9s pregnancy also affected the boarding fetus. Queries should be made concerning exposure to drugs, alcohol, infections, environmental contaminants, and radiation.
Social networks and speed of new venture internationalization during institutional transition: A conceptual model

This paper examines the role of social networks in the internationalization process of new ventures in the context of transition economies. We introduce a conceptual model in which the relationship between various dimensions of an entrepreneur’s network and new venture internationalization speed is contingent upon a country’s stage of institutional transition. We theorize that strong national ties and weak international ties, accessible through brokers, contribute to speedier new venture internationalization in contexts characterized by fundamental institutional upheaval. We also theorize that the value of various structural aspects of an entrepreneur’s network changes as transition progresses.
Bold, shy, and persistent: Variable coyote response to light and sound stimuli

Abstract To improve frightening device technology for managing predation, we examined variation in coyote ( Canis latrans ) response to visual, auditory, and combined stimuli using a behavior-contingent programmable frightening device. We hoped to gather information on the relative effectiveness of light, sound, and combined stimuli for deterring coyotes from a food resource. We exposed five pairs of captive coyotes each to one of three stimuli during a 10-day treatment period. Coyotes habituated to the three stimuli differentially ( χ 2 = 7.8, d.f. = 2, P = 0.02). Four of five coyote pairs habituated to sound treatment, one of five pairs habituated to light stimulus, and none of five pairs habituated to combined stimuli. We further examined variability in coyote response to the device and determined that social status predicted boldness; 67% (S.E. = 12%) and 33% (S.E. = 12%) of subordinate and dominant coyotes attempted to eat the protected food respectively. Similarly, 60% (S.E. = 15%) and 20% (S.E. = 18%) of subordinate and dominant coyotes habituated and ate respectively. Our findings suggest that light may be the most important component of a frightening device for coyotes, but because coyotes can be bold or persistent, significant numbers of coyotes are expected to overcome a frightening device's long-term effectiveness.
Some analyses of forgetting of pictorial material in amnesic and demented patients.

Three experiments evaluating the rate of forgetting of pictorial stimuli in amnesic, demented, and normal control subjects are reported. When prolonged exposures of pictorial material were used to equate recognition performance after a 10-min delay, alcoholic Korsakoff (AK) patients and patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) demonstrated normal rates of forgetting over a 1-week period. In addition to replicating previous findings with AK patients, these results are consistent with recent suggestions that retrieval, not storage, deficiencies characterize the HD patients' memory problems. The second experiment explored whether the AK and HD patients learned as much about the features of the pictorial stimuli as did the normal subjects. After the subjects viewed a series of pictorial stimuli, recognition was assessed 10 min later using the whole pictures, isolated main features of the pictures, or isolated peripheral features of the pictures. The results showed that, with prolonged exposure times, the two patient groups did not differ from the normal control group in terms of the features of the stimuli they analyzed and remembered. The third experiment evaluated the rate of forgetting of pictorial material of two groups ("young" and "old") of normal subjects, one group ("old") having viewed each picture for 1 s and the other group ("young") for .5 s. Although the two groups did not differ in recognition performance 10 min after presentation, the young subjects who viewed each picture for .5 s showed more rapid forgetting over a 1-week period. This finding indicates that similar recognition scores do not necessarily signify equal learning under all exposure conditions.
Physiologic assessment of ostial left circumflex coronary artery disease using a Doppler guidewire before and after rotational atherectomy facilitated angioplasty

Intravascular Doppler assessment of coronary flow velocity has demonstrated the physiologic significance of intermediate stenoses and the success of coronary interventions. We describe a patient where Doppler evaluation confirmed the significance of an intermediate left circumflex ostial stenosis. We also describe the Doppler flow velocity characteristics after successful rotational atherectomy facilitated angioplasty © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc...
Mid-infrared As 2 Se 3 chalcogenide glass-on-silicon waveguides

We report the fabrication and characterization of high-index-contrast AssSe3 chalcogenide glass waveguides on silicon. Guided mode optical transmission are measured at 5.27 ?m mid-infrared wavelength with low optical loss.
Schistosoma mansoni: Colchicine and vinblastine effects on schistosomule digestive tract development in vitro

Abstract The drugs colchicine and vinblastine inhibit the ingestion of red blood cells by schistosomules of Schistosoma mansoni grown in vitro . Inhibition of feeding was accompanied by a concomitant accumulation of granules within the cells comprising the esophageal gland. No granules were observed in the lumen of the digestive tract. In control animals, microtubules were observed in the tegument and subtegumental cells of the esophagus. Following colchicine or vinblastine treatment, microtubules disappeared from these sites; in the latter instance, vinblastine-induced crystals were observed in the esophageal gland. The inhibition of secretion by colchicine and vinblastine is consistent with the theory of microtubular-directed secretory activities.
Child-Animal Interaction: Nonverbal Dimensions

Examples of child-animal interactions from a year-long ethnographic study of preschoolers are examined in terms of their basic nonverbal processes and features. The contingency of interactions, the nonhuman animal's body, its patterns of arousal, and the history of child-animal interactions played important roles in determining the course of interactions. Also, the children flexibly accommodated their interactive capacities to the differences in these features which the animals presented. Corresponding to these observable features of interaction, we argue that children respond to variations in animals' agency, coherence, affectivity, and continuity. Recent research shows infants also respond to these dimensions in interactants. The implications are that for the young child, animals are social others that present intrinsically engaging degrees of discrepancy from human social others; and that the child's sense of self takes shape in the available interspecies community. Interacting with animals may be more primary than human-centered factors (such as cultural meanings, anthropomorphism, social facilitation, or psychodynamic processes) in the child's experience and developing understanding of self and animal other. Implications for the theories of social development are discussed.
Clostridium difficile in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have more than doubled over the past decade, leading to increased hospitalization rates and length of stay, with significant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that the financial burden of CDI on the health care system in the United States costs billions of dollars. Recent studies have demonstrated that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) are at an increased risk for developing CDI and experience increased morbidity and mortality, as well as an increased need for emergent colectomy. CDI may mimic an IBD flare, even in patients who have had a colectomy ( C difficile enteritis); thus, a high suspicion should be maintained, as prompt diagnosis and treatment have been shown to improve outcomes. Currently, oral metronidazole is the treatment of choice for mild to moderate CDI, with oral vancomycin being reserved for patients with severe CDI. At this time, there are no clear guidelines for treatment of CDI in patients with IBD; prospective randomized control trials are needed. In this article, we summarize the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, and treatment (both medical and surgical) of CDI in patients with IBD.
Isolation of specific lymphocyte receptors by high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography.

Abstract Isolation of antigen-specific lymphocyte receptors can be achieved by high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography, using immobilized monoclonal anti-bodies directed against the antigen. Primed lymphocytes are allowed to react with their target antigen prior to disruption and membrane solubilization. The bound antigen acts both as a preservative for the receptor and as a ligand on which the immobilized antibody captures the antigen-receptor complex. Dissociation of the antigen-antibody complex also releases the antigen from the receptor, and both antigen and receptor can be separated and recovered for further study.
Visibly queer: body technologies and sexual politics.

Queer body modification is a site for investigating the possibilities and limitations of agency in body practices. This article considers the use of new and recirculated body modification technologies-many of them modeled after practices of indigenous, non-Western groups-by members of gay, lesbian, and transgendered communities. Through presenting and interpreting the interview-gathered narratives of six body modifiers, I deseribe body modifieation as a practice imbued with agency by subjects. By creating anomalous bodies that provoke shock and consternation, body modifiers not only underscore the body's symbolic significance as a site of public identity but also conceive it as a resource for opposing (hetero) dominart culture. Body modification, even though it tests social tolerance, is not guarantced in its subversive effects. I approach the narratives from a perspective informed by feminist poststructuralism, and I understand body modifiers agency as limited by and constituted within regulatory regimes of power, such as heteronormativity, pathologization, and colonialism. I describe how such deployments engage symbols embedded in historic systems of representation and thus raise important questions regarding agency
Understanding the drug treatment community's ambivalence towards tobacco use and treatment.

Abstract Background Most clients in drug treatment smoke cigarettes, but few facilities provide treatment for tobacco dependence. We identify subjective experiences and social processes that may influence facility adoption of tobacco treatment policies and practices. Methods Cross-sectional, semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff, directors and clients of 8 drug treatment facilities in the Midwestern U.S. We assembled a purposive sample stratified by ownership, methadone provision, and treatment service provision. We conducted in-person interviews with clinic directors and 54 staff and clients and employed a mixed-method analytic approach. Results Facility policies and philosophy related to tobacco differed from those regarding alcohol and other drugs. Participants suggested facilities may not treat tobacco dependence because it does not create legal and social problems that force clients into treatment. Tobacco dependence treatment falls outside of a core function of drug treatment, which is to help clients fix legal problems caused by their drug use. Moreover, proactively treating clients for tobacco dependence creates strong ambivalence amongst staff and directors. On the one hand, staff smoking would violate core principles of drug treatment (i.e., the importance of staff abstinence from drugs of abuse); on the other, staff who smoke feel their personal rights and jobs are threatened. This situation creates strong incentives for staff to resist adoption of tobacco dependence treatment. Unlike other studies, the fear of jeopardising clients' abstinence from other drugs did not emerge as a downside for treating tobacco dependence. Conclusions International and national trends will probably increase the pressure to treat tobacco dependence during drug treatment. However, the U.S. context of drug treatment, as a patchwork, under-funded industry with high employee turnover, may undermine true adoption. At present, many facility staff resolve their ambivalence by reporting they "offer" treatment, but actually providing none. To facilitate dissemination of service provision, it may be useful to identify incentives for U.S. facilities that are closely aligned with the criminal justice system, help facilities define policies and treatment roles for staff who smoke, and better define the role of facilities in preventing morbidity and mortality.
Numerical study of incompressible flow about fixed cylinder pairs

Abstract A comprehensive numerical investigation of incompressible flow about fixed cylinder pairs is performed. Cylinder arrangements include tandem, side-by-side, and staggered and Reynolds numbers of 80 and 1000 are considered. A second order Streamline Upwind Petrov–Galerkin projection scheme is used along with routines for interactive steering and dynamic meshing to solve the 2-D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations efficiently on a large number of different configurations. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with published experimental data are made which show the ability of the present numerical method to capture complex, unsteady flow features. Experimentally observed flow physics such as hysteresis effects in tandem arrangements and bistable biased gap flow in tandem arrangements have been reproduced by the present numerical method. Furthermore, an extensive series of staggered simulations in experimentally classified interference regimes has been performed.
Preliminary results on the use of the humoral immune response as a serum marker in patients with bladder tumors.

An immunoassay using a human bladder tumor tissue culture cell line (J-82) as antigen and a modified avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) method were used to examine human serum samples. Optical density (OD) of 25 serum samples obtained from 19 patients with bladder tumors had a mean OD of 458+/-71 SD (328–570). This is significantly higher (p<0.0005) when compared to the mean OD of 172+/−49 SD (107–301) found in serum samples from 28 patients with tumors other than bladder cancer and to the mean OD of 207+/−48 SD (136–310) of serum samples from 25 healthy donors. Thirty-one serum samples from 21 patients who had a bladder tumor surgically removed 1 to 36 months before were, with 2 exceptions, also higher than 320 (mean 412 [248–550]). All serum samples of patients with presence of a bladder tumor above the cut-off point of 320 and those from the 2 control groups below it shows, thus far, a high sensitivity as well as specificity of the method used and encourages further assessment of its potential usefulness as a serum marker assay in patients with bladder cancer.
The radiative charmed baryon decay Ξc20∗ å Ξc10γ

Abstract U-spin symmetry (s ↔ d symmetry) forbids the radiative decay Ξ c2 0∗ a Ξ c1 0 γ in the SU(3) limit. The quark mass term breaks U-spin symmetry and the leading nonanalytic contribution to the radiative decay amplitude is computable in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. The radiative decay branching ratio is determined by the coupling constant g2 and at leading order in chiral perturbation theory is given by Br c2 (Ξ 0∗ a Ξ c1 0 γ) = 1.0 × 10 −3 g 2 2 . Measurement of this branching fraction will determine ∥g2∥.
Interstitial hyperthermia and iridium-192 treatment alone vs. interstitial iridium-192 treatment/hyperthermia and low dose cisplatinum infusion in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck malignancies

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether the addition of low dose platinum infusional chemotherapy adds to the effectiveness of interstitial hyperthermia/iridium-192 management of locally advanced head and neck malignancies. Methods and Materials: From 1987 to 1993, 36 patients with locally advanced head and neck malignancies were treated locally with interstitial hyperthermia and iridium-192 as part of all of their management. Twenty-two of the above-mentioned patients also received low dose infusional cisplatinum chemotherapy at 20 mg/M 2 per day during the time of the implant. No patient received greater than 100 mg/M 2 total dose. Implant times ranges from 38.5 to 134h and total doses delivered with the radiation implants ranges from 15 to 39.9 Gy. Average implant volume was 50 cc. Twenty-three patients received external beam irradiation supplementation in a dose range from 25.2 to 64 Gy. Results: Median follow-up for the entire group was 8, months with 7 months for the chemotherapy group vs. 12 months for the no-chemotherapy group. Freedom from relapse rates for the chemotherapy group vs. the no-chemotherapy group were 70% at 41 months vs. 63% at 60 months, p = not significant ( p = NS). Overall survival by Life Table Analysis was 28% for the chemotherapy group at 41 months vs. 31% for the no-chemotherapy group at 60 months ( p = NS). Complete response (CR) rates were 93% for the chemotherapy group vs. 86% for the no-chemotherapy group. Seven patients in the chemotherapy group had recurrent disease and four patients in the no-chemotherapy group were being treated for recurrent disease. Complication rates were similar in both group, with two patients in the chemotherapy arm requiring hyperbaric oxygen treatments and one patient in the no-chemotherapy arm requiring hyperbaric oxygen treatments (for soft tissue necrosis). Conclusions: It appears that low dose platinum infusional chemotherapy can be added safely to patients receiving interstitial iridium-192 implants along with interstitial hyperthermia for head and neck malignancies. Although there appears to be a trend toward better freedom from relapse by adding chemotherapy, a larger trial and longer follow-up will be necessary to prove statistical significance. Further research in these areas is recommended in the form of a randomized prospective study.
Cross-disciplinary education: the use of interactive case studies to teach geophysical exploration

Abstract Cross-disciplinary training in the earth sciences is a difficult issue that has elicited concerns in academia and industry. Many problems associated with cross-disciplinary training stem from the fact that the earth sciences have evolved as a collection of loosely related, poorly coordinated specialties with little communication or interaction between them. As a result, when asked to teach across disciplinary boundaries, our instinctive reaction is to provide a watered-down version of the details that we teach our own students rather than the conceptual understanding that will help others work with us. This makes it difficult for earth scientists to provide the public with a coherent education in the fundamentals of earth science, and it has impeded the development of a common foundation for interaction between earth-science specialists. We have designed a computer-based learning environment for use in cross-disciplinary, earth-science education. This environment entails more than simply providing traditional course materials in an electronic form. Rather, the relevant material is conveyed through the use of a generalization of the case-study approach we refer to as the interactive case study approach. Through the use of computer simulations, students are allowed to interact with all aspects of the case, thereby helping them to become comfortable with the thought processes employed by a specialist and develop an intuitive understanding of the underlying physics. This educational model has been applied to the development of an introductory course in geophysical exploration geared toward upper-level undergraduate students not majoring in geophysics. The cases used in the course are couched in terms of a request for bid (RFB) requiring the use of a specific geophysical technique to solve a specific geologic or engineering problem. In responding to this RFB, students must write proposals, design geophysical surveys, interpret data derived from these surveys, and report on their results. All of these activities are supported through an interactive World Wide Web-based environment, and all are aimed at helping students develop an intuitive understanding of the nature of geophysical exploration and the subsurface constraints that can be derived from geophysical observations. The materials associated with the course are available for public use by all at a .
Transient expression of tyrosine hydroxylase promoter/reporter gene constructs in the olfactory epithelium of transgenic mice.

Maturation and survival of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are hypothesized to depend on trophic support from the olfactory bulb during both development and regeneration of the olfactory epithelium (OE). The current study characterized transgene expression in two independently derived transgenic mouse lines in which 9 kb of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter was utilized to drive either enhanced green fluorescent protein (TH/eGFP) or LacZ (TH/β-gal) reporters. Transgene expression, found primarily on dorsal aspects of the OE, the dorsal septum and endoturbinate II, resembled the Zone one distribution of olfactory receptor genes. Labeled cells were ovoid to fusiform with dendrites that projected to the epithelial surface but only rarely exhibited discernable cilia. Axons were short and did not extend beyond the basal lamina. As only a subpopulation of the cells contained olfactory marker protein, indicative of ORN maturation, the transgene expressing cells were likely immature neuronal precursors. Demonstration of transgene expression without either TH mRNA or protein was consistent with low basal level transcriptional activity of endogenous TH that may reflect differences between TH and reporter protein stability. Molecules identifying specific olfactory-derived cell populations, PDE2 and LHRH, also did not co-localize with either reporter. A higher than predicted proportion of apoptotic neonatal transgene-expressing cells accounted for their apparent paucity in adult mice. These studies support the concept that transgene expressing cells exhibiting morphological and biochemical characteristics of presumptive ORNs are unable to mature and undergo apoptotic cell death possibly because they lack trophic support.
The Relativity of Simultaneity

In connection with the special theory of relativity, Einstein made use of a now familiar thought experiment1 involving two lightning flashes, a railway train, and an embankment. Whether he used it merely to help explain the theory to others or whether it played a role in the theory's very generation as well is perhaps a matter of conjecture. However, physicist Richard Feynman, for one, believes that Einstein first conceived his theories in the visualizations of thought experiments and developed their mathematical formulations afterwards. According to a recent magazine essay, ‘Einstein came to an understanding about relativity by imagining people going up in elevators and beaming light back and forth between rocket ships.
The Art of Referral in a University Mental Health Center

Abstract With the growth of managed care into university mental health settings, clinicians there often find themselves in unfamiliar role of “gatekeeper,” deciding who shall receive psychotherapy and referring those clients to an outside clinician for psychotherapy. However, the rates for client follow-through on these referrals are often low. Based on the experience of one clinician and his supervisees, the present discussion presents a framework for understanding the referral process with university students and for improving rates of follow-through. It is assumed that the psychodynamic forces, including transference and countertransference, operative during long-term therapy, are also at play during the referral process. When unanalyzed, many of these forces can interfere with follow-through. On the other hand, attention to these psychodynamics can increase the probability of follow-through by informing the referral process in relation to timing, interpretation, and the creation for the client of a tr...
Amphetamine Mechanisms and Actions at the Dopamine Terminal Revisited

Amphetamine (AMPH) exerts its rewarding and reinforcing effects by elevating extracellular dopamine (DA) and prolonging DA receptor signaling in the striatum. Traditionally, AMPH has been characterized as a DA releaser that elevates DA by three major mechanisms. First, it is a substrate for the DA
Proximal Adsorption of Cationic Surfactant on Silica at Equilibrium

The equilibrium force between a glass particle and a silica sheet in aqueous solution was measured as a function of the separation and chemical potential of the surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium ...
Advanced flight computing technologies for validation by NASA's new millennium program

Abstract The New Millennium Program (NMP) consists of a series of Deep-Space and Earth Orbiting missions that are technology-driven, in contrast to the more traditional science-driven space exploration missions of the past. These flights are designed to validate technologies that will enable a new era of low-cost highly miniaturized and highly capable spacebome applications in the new millennium. In addition to the series of flight projects managed by separate flight teams, the NMP technology initiatives are managed by the following six focused technology programs: Microelectronics Systems, Autonomy, Telecommunications, Instrument Technologies and Architectures, In-Situ Instruments and Micro-electromechanical Systems, and Modular and Multifunctional Systems. Each technology program is managed as an Integrated Product Development Team (IPDT) of government, academic, and industry partners. In this paper, we will describe elements of the technology roadmap proposed by the NMP Microelectronics IPDT. Moreover, we will relate the proposed technology roadmap to existing NASA technology development programs, such as the Advanced Flight Computing (AFC) program, and the Remote Exploration and Experimentation (REE) program, which constitute part of the on-going NASA technology development pipeline. We will also describe the Microelectronics Systems technologies that have been accepted as part of the first New Millennium Deep-Space One spacecraft, which is an asteroid fly-by mission scheduled for launched in July 1998.
Study on the supramolecular system of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin with cyclodextrins and its analytical characteristics

Abstract The supramolecular systems of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin (p-HTClPP) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD), carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) and sulfurbutylether-β-CD (SBE-β-CD) have been investigated by means of absorption, fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The formation of inclusion complexes has been confirmed on the base of changes of spectroscopy properties. “The double reciprocal method” has been used to determine the stoichiometry and the inclusion constants of p-HTClPP with the four cyclodextrins (CDs). The results show that p-HTClPP can form 1:1 inclusion complexes with the four CDs. Compared with parent native β-CD, the inclusion abilities of modified β-CDs with p-HTClPP are stronger. It indicates that the hydrophobic effect plays an important role in the inclusion procedure. The mechanism of inclusion interaction was examined by 1H NMR technique. During the study of p-HTClPP–TM-β-CD supramolecular complex, an efficient enhancement of fluorescence intensity was observed. Based on this phenomenon, fluorometric method for the determination of p-HTClPP was developed. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and the concentration of p-HTClPP is linear from 1.0 × 10−9 to 7.0 × 10−6 mol L−1. The limit of detection is 8.3 × 10−10 mol L−1 and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) is 1.3% (n = 8). This research will provide useful information for further application of p-HTClPP.
Smooth operator: Smoothing seismic interpretations and attributes

As seismic interpreters, we regularly smooth our interpretations to iron out the noise. But do you ever think about the filter you use? It's probably a black box called “Smooth,” and you may not know exactly what it does. Indeed, you might be better off with a Gaussian or a Kuwahara filter, or maybe one of the dozens of others. This brief review of some common smoothing filters, and some less common ones, will help you make the right choice.
The Death of the Duke of Gandía: Historical Memory and Invention in a Judeo-Spanish Ballad

Abstract La muerte del duque de Gandia is a late romance noticiero , which recounts events surrounding the assassination of Juan Borja (Giovanni Borgia) in Rome in 1497. During the sixteenth century, this romance appeared in printed ballad collections and circulated in chapbooks. Eventually, it became part of the Judeo-Spanish oral tradition, in which it is called El pexkador . Between 1890 and 1973, numerous versions were collected in Sephardic communities around the Mediterranean and in the United States. This article poses two questions: 1) When a historical narrative underlies the story being told by a ballad, how faithful does the oral tradition remain in its memory of those events? 2) As the historical events become increasingly distant in space and time, how do the forces of invention operate on these texts? The sixteenth-century text is anti-Borgia in sentiment; it suggests the involvement of other family members in the murder. In the modern oral texts, the political message disappears. Some eleme...
Rhetorical Practices in Technical Work

Engineers' use of rhetoric differs from that of scientists because of the material objects engineers work with and the material conditions under which they act. For engineers, “publication” takes t...
Complexity and unambiguity of context-free grammars and languages

Four of the criteria of complexity of the description of context-free languages by context-free grammars are considered. The unsolvability of the basic problems is proved for each of these criteria. For instance, it is unsolvable to determine the complexity of the language generated by a given grammar, or to find out the simplest grammar, or to decide whether a given grammar is the simplest one and so on. Next, it is shown that in some cases one can obtain unambiguity only by increasing complexity. Namely, for each of the four criteria, in any complexity class there are unambiguous languages, all simplest grammars of which are ambiguous. As one would expect, it is unsolvable whether for an arbitrary grammar G there are unambiguous grammars within the simplest grammars for the language generated by G.
New geranyl stilbenes from Dalea purpurea with in vitro opioid receptor affinity.

Three new geranyl stilbenes, pawhuskins A, B, and C (1, 2, and 3), were isolated from organic extracts of Dalea purpurea. The structures of the three compounds were determined by NMR and HRMS methods. The activities of these compounds, along with that of the known compound petalostemumol (4), were evaluated in an opioid receptor assay in vitro. Pawhuskin A (1) exhibited the strongest activity of the four compounds with a Ki value of 0.29 ± 0.11 μM.
An examination of the taxonomic status of the fragmentary mandible Sangiran 5, (Pithecanthropus dubius), Homo erectus, “Meganthropus”, or Pongo?

Abstract There are 12 known mandibular fossils from the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of Java, all but two from the Sangiran Dome region. All of these have been assigned at various times to Homo erectus, but the same specimens have been said by others to represent as many as four different hominoid taxa. This is not, however, the finding of this paper. In the case of Sangiran 5, even its hominid status has been disputed. Here, I provide detailed descriptions and comparisons with fossil hominids and great apes that show that the morphology of Sangiran 5 is well beyond the known range of any H. erectus. Sangiran 5 (S5) shows traits only found in orangutans and must be a pongid.
Multiparticle production in reggeon field theory

Abstract In the framework of reggeon field theory it is shown that multiparticle production processes with repeated Pomeron exchange satisfy unitarity constraints and avoid decoupling problems, for a small enough P P P coupling. For a large P P P coupling, the existence of a two-Pomeron bound state at j>1 is discussed. We also find that the leading contribution to σn(s) behaves like σel(s).
Hong Kong Regime Transformation at the Crossroads: From the Politics–Administration and Social Capital Perspectives

Abstract After Hong Kong returned to China, it experienced both subtle and significant changes in various arenas including its bureaucratic system, its politics, and in its civil society. These changes gradually lead to regime transformation. This article examines regime transformation in Hong Kong from two theoretical perspectives: politics–administration relations and state–civil society relations. Two cases which constitute salient issues today, the Right of Abode and the Falun Gong cases, were selected to illustrate the direction of Hong Kong regime transformation from both theoretical perspectives. The two cases suggest a possibility that Hong Kong might be gradually coming under more political/party influence from the Beijing government. They also suggest the institutionalization of a more centralized political system in Hong Kong, while it continues to maintain a relatively high level of social capital development with significant civil group activities.
Reliability and Information Functions for Percentile Ranks

number-right score; and (b) for easy or difficult tests composed of highly discriminating items, the percentile rank often yields unacceptably low reliability and information relative to the number-right score. These results suggest that standardized scores that are linear transformations of the number-right score (e.g., z scores) are much more reliable and informative indicators of the relative standing of a test score than are percentile ranks. The findings reported here demonstrate that there exist situations in which the percent of items known by examinees can be accurately estimated, but that the percent of persons falling below a given score cannot. The familiar percentile rank is often reported for standardized tests as a measure of relative standing. This popular measure of relative performance is a function of the percentage of scores below a particular score, and is, in general, a nonlinear transformation of the number-right score-as opposed to linear transforms such as z scores. Since percentile ranks have probability distributions, the possibility exists for computing means, variances, reliability coefficients, and information functions. In short, the percentile rank may properly be viewed as a test score. When the observed scores are integers (as in number-right scoring), the equation for the corresponding percentile rank (with correction for continuity) is given by
Biological functions of the unusual guanine nucleotidebinding protein Gα h : transglutaminase II

Regulation of cellular response to external stimuli, hormones and neurotransmitters, is an important mechanism for controlling cellular functions. The transmembrane signaling of the hormone receptors is regulated by GTP-binding proteins and their associated proteins. A new class of GTP-binding protein, Gαh is a bifunctional enzyme possessing two biological functions, namely GTPase and transglutaminase (TGase) activity. This bifunctional Gαh mediates the α1B-adrenoceptor signal to an 85- kDa phospholipase C-δ1 (PLC-δ1) and associates with a -50 kDa protein (Gβh) which regulates the the GTP/GDP binding affinity of Gαh. Gh, the holoenzyme is thus a heterodimer, and the subunits dissociate from each other upon activation with GTP or its analogues. The GTPase and TGase activities of Gαh are regulated by two reciprocal activators, Ca2+ and GTP. The GTP-binding subunit, Gαh directly interacts with the α1B-adrenoceptor and stimulates PLC-δ1. Gβh, however, neither interacts with the receptor nor stimulates PLC-δ1. Therefore, Gβh functions as a counterpart to the receptor for the activation of Gαh.