cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare syndrome characterized by intra-alveolar accumulation of surfactant components and cellular debris, with minimal interstitial inflammation or fibrosis. The condition has a variable clinical course, from spontaneous resolution to respiratory failure and death due to disease progression or superimposed infections. The standard of care for alveolor proteinosis therapy is represented by whole lung lavage. Important discoveries have been made in the last decade with respect to disease pathogenesis and therapy of both congenital and acquired forms of the disease. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) pathway has been shown to be involved in the disease pathogenesis of both acquired and congenital disease. Furthermore, anti-GM-CSF blocking autoantibodies have been found in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and seem to interfere with the surfactant clearance by alveolar macrophages in many acquired cases. In the congenital form, the most common defects identified to date are several mutations of the genes encoding GM-CSF receptor subunits or surfactant proteins. Using GM-CSF as a therapeutic tool has also been shown to be effective in at least half of the acquired cases treated, while the importance of quantitative determination of anti-GM-CSF antibodies before and during the course of the therapy, as well as the autoantibody titer-GM-CSF dose relationship are to be elucidated. The congenital form of the disease does not respond to therapy with GM-CSF, consistent with the known primary defects and differences in disease pathogenesis.
A WCDMA HBT Power Amplifier Module with Integrated Si DC Power Management IC for Current Reduction under Backoff Operation

This paper presents a WCDMA power amplifier (PA) module which integrates a GaAs HBT MMIC PA and a Si BiCMOS DC power management IC in a compact 3times5 mm2 package. The all-in-one approach is suitable for handset applications. A closed-loop controlled DC-DC buck converter allows the power management IC to adaptively optimize the PA collector voltage as a function of output power and thereby reduce current consumption under backoff operation. In addition, the IC contains a low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) which supplies an internally regulated voltage for the PA mirror bias with an enable function compatible with future baseband chipset control requirement. The PAM achieves excellent current reduction over a wide range of output power (Pout) up to 27.5 dBm, while maintaining ACLR1 below -40 dBc. At 16 dBm and 24 dBm Pout, the current consumptions are reduced from 162 mA and 370 mA to 75 mA and 257 mA respectively, compared to the PA with constant collector bias.
Using electroporation and lipid‐mediated transfection of GFP‐expressing plasmids to label embryonic avian cells for vital confocal and two‐photon microscopy

Fluorescent proteins have emerged as an ideal fluorescent marker for studying cell morphologies in vital systems. These proteins were first applied in whole organisms with established germ-line transformation protocols, but now it is possible to label cells with fluorescent proteins in other organisms. Here we present two ways to introduce GFP expressing plasmids into avian embryos for vital confocal and two-photon imaging. First, electroporation is a powerful approach to introduce GFP into the developing neural tube, offering several advantages over dye labeling. Second, we introduce a new lipid-based transfection system for introducing plasmid DNA directly to a small group of injected cells within live, whole embryos. These complementary approaches make it possible to transfect a wide-range of cell types in the avian embryo and the bright, stable, uniform expression of GFP offers great advantages for vital fluorescence imaging.
Inferring Unseen Components of the Internet Core

Despite many efforts over the past decade, the ability to generate topological maps of the Internet at the router-level accurately and in a timely fashion remains elusive. Mapping campaigns commonly involve {t traceroute}-like probing that are usually non-adaptive and incomplete, thus revealing only a portion of the underlying topology. In this paper we demonstrate that standard probing methods yield datasets that implicitly contain information about much more than just the directly observed links and routers. Each probe yields information that places constraints on the underlying topology, and by integrating a large number of such constraints it is possible to accurately infer the existence of unseen components of the Internet (i.e., links and routers not directly revealed by the probing). Moreover, we show that this information can be used to adaptively re-focus the probing in order to more quickly discover the topology. These findings suggest radically new and more efficient approaches to Internet mapping. Our work focuses on the discovery of the core of the Internet. We define "Internet core" as the set of routers that is roughly bounded by ingress/egress routers from stub autonomous systems. We describe a novel data analysis methodology designed to accurately infer (i) the number of unseen core routers, (ii) the unseen hop-count distances between observed routers, and (iii) unseen links between observed routers. We use a large experimental dataset to validate the proposed methods. For our data set, we show that our methods can predict the number of unseen routers to within a 13% error level, estimate 60% of the unseen distances between observed routers to within a one-hop error, and robustly detect over 35% of the unseen links between observed routers. Furthermore, we use the information extracted by our inference methodology to drive an adaptive active-probing scheme. The adaptive probing method allows us to generate maps on our data set using 50% fewer probes than standard non-adaptive approaches.
Image compression via adaptive self-quantization of wavelet subtrees

Fractal compression schemes do not fit into the standard transform coder paradigm and have proven difficult to analyze. The theory of iterated function systems motivates a broad class of fractal schemes but does not give much guidance for their implementation. We introduce a wavelet-based framework for analyzing fractal block coders which simplifies these schemes considerably. We show that fractal block coders are Haar wavelet subtree quantization schemes, and we thereby place fractal schemes in the context of conventional transform coders. We derive a wavelet-based analog of fractal compression, the self-quantization of subtrees (SQS) scheme. SQS compression outperforms the best fractal schemes in the literature by roughly 1 dB in PSNR across a broad range of compression ratios and has performance comparable to some of the best conventional wavelet schemes. We describe a fast SQS decoding scheme which suffers from none of the convergence problems of fractal decoders.
Haemophilia, human immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis

In July 1982, the occurrence of three cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in men with haemophilia was an immediate signal to Oscar Ratnoff that AIDS was transmissible through blood products. Work that he led provided important and clear indication that the AIDS agent was transmissible through pooled plasma products and had rapidly infected many men who had haemophilia. Before the blood supply was protected, the risk for infection in haemophilia was related directly to the intensity of therapy with pooled anti-haemophilic factor concentrates. Studies performed among the small proportion of haemophiliacs who remained uninfected despite heavy exposure to these plasma products revealed that the rare protective genotype – homozygosity for the 32 base pair deletion in the CCR5 gene was heavily concentrated in this population. Among those who did not have this protective genotype, a state of diminished immune activation distinguished these high risk uninfected haemophiliacs from haemophiliacs who later acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and from healthy uninfected controls. Immune activation state may not only predict risk for HIV acquisition but also appears to be an important predictor and likely determinant of HIV disease progression. The potential drivers of immune activation in chronic HIV infection include HIV itself, other co-infecting pathogens, homeostatic responses to cytopenia as well as the recently recognised phenomenon of translocation of microbial products across a damaged gut mucosal surface. This latter process is particularly compelling as clinical studies have shown a good relationship between indices of microbial translocation and markers of both immune activation and T cell homeostasis in chronic HIV infection. More recently, we have also found evidence that these microbial products also may drive a heightened tendency to thrombus formation in HIV infection via induction of monocyte tissue factor expression. Thus systemic exposure to microbial elements that are translocated through a gut mucosa damaged in the first few weeks of HIV infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of both immune deficiency and the heightened risk for vascular events that have been noted in persons with HIV infection.
The influence of leaf-atmosphere NH3(g ) exchange on the isotopic composition of nitrogen in plants and the atmosphere.

The distribution of nitrogen isotopes in the biosphere has the potential to offer insights into the past, present and future of the nitrogen cycle, but it is challenging to unravel the processes controlling patterns of mixing and fractionation. We present a mathematical model describing a previously overlooked process: nitrogen isotope fractionation during leaf-atmosphere NH3(g) exchange. The model predicts that when leaf-atmosphere exchange of NH3(g) occurs in a closed system, the atmospheric reservoir of NH3(g) equilibrates at a concentration equal to the ammonia compensation point and an isotopic composition 8.1‰ lighter than nitrogen in protein. In an open system, when atmospheric concentrations of NH3(g) fall below or rise above the compensation point, protein can be isotopically enriched by net efflux of NH3(g) or depleted by net uptake. Comparison of model output with existing measurements in the literature suggests that this process contributes to variation in the isotopic composition of nitrogen in plants as well as NH3(g) in the atmosphere, and should be considered in future analyses of nitrogen isotope circulation. The matrix-based modelling approach that is introduced may be useful for quantifying isotope dynamics in other complex systems that can be described by first-order kinetics.
Staggering gait in medical history.

Drunkenness and senility were recognized early as the basis of a staggering gait. To these were added venereal excesses, hence syphilis. Medical and scientific concerns began to be focused on "locomotor ataxia" in the 19th century with the systematic development of neuroanatomy and physiology. Rolando and Flourens were followed by Romberg and Todd, and later Friedreich, who all gave the spinal cord temporal precedence as a culprit over the cerebellum--and there were some forerunners. New spinal sensory pathways were delineated by Goll, Flechsig, and Gowers. In France, we must specially credit Duchenne as well as Bouillaud, and later Babinski, Marie, and Dejerine, for correcting, differentiating, extending, and underpinning current concepts. Failures of input and output, of conduction and central coordination were invoked and explained, among them the vestibular apparatus, as well as the causation by neoplasms, demyelination, degeneration, and infarction affecting even the frontal lobe, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Clinical testing was brought up to 20th-century standards essentially by Sherrington and Barany, followed by Dandy, the neurosurgeon who showed how to replace ventricular fluid by air, more recently made obsolete by modern roentgenographic procedures. And tabes dorsalis, once the chief culprit, has practically become a medical anachronism thanks to penicillin.
Validation of the timeline follow-back in the assessment of adolescent smoking

The timeline follow-back instrument (TLFB) is a valid and reliable method of quantifying alcohol use patterns. The use of this instrument has been expanded to assess other behaviors, such as drug use, sexual behavior, binge eating, and panic attacks. Some evidence for the validity and reliability of this assessment instrument has emerged in the area of adult smoking. However, to date, there is no published evidence of its reliability and validity in the assessment of adolescent smoking. The purpose of this study is to present early evidence of the utility of the TLFB to collect information on adolescent smoking behavior. Through secondary data analysis of four studies on adolescent smokers, we examined the associations between the TLFB and measures of dependence, smoking history, respiratory symptoms, and saliva cotinine. Moreover, we examined the stability of the TLFB data across two 15-day time periods. Results provide preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of the TLFB in the assessment of adolescent smoking. In particular, the TLFB instrument offered important data on the heterogeneity of adolescent smoking patterns beyond a global measure of cigarettes per day, and the reduction of digit bias. Implications of these findings for the assessment of adolescent smoking are discussed.
Forest disturbance accelerates thermophilization of understory plant communities

Summary 1. Climate change is likely to shift plant communities towards species from warmer regions, a process termed ‘thermophilization’. In forests, canopy disturbances such as fire may hasten this process by increasing temperature and moisture stress in the understory, yet little is known about the mechanisms that might drive such shifts, or the consequences of these processes for plant diversity. 2. We sampled understory vegetation across a gradient of disturbance severity from a large-scale natural experiment created by the factorial combination of forest thinning and wildfire in California. Using information on evolutionary history and functional traits, we tested the hypothesis that disturbance severity should increase community dominance by species with southern-xeric biogeographic affinities. We also analysed how climatic productivity mediates the effect of disturbance severity, and quantified the functional trait response to disturbance, to investigate potential mechanisms behind thermophilization. 3. The proportion of north-temperate flora decreased, while the proportion of southern-xeric flora increased, with greater disturbance severity and less canopy closure. Disturbance caused a greater reduction of north-temperate flora in productive (wetter) forests, while functional trait analyses suggested that species colonizing after severe disturbance may be adapted to increased water stress. Forests with intermediate disturbance severity, where abundances of northern and southern species were most equitable, had the highest stand-scale understory diversity. 4. Synthesis: Canopy disturbance is likely to accelerate plant community shifts towards species from warmer regions, via its effects on understory microclimate at small scales. Understory diversity can be enhanced by intermediate disturbance regimes that promote the coexistence of species with different biogeographic affinities.
Relationship of Height to Lung Volume in Healthy Men

Measurements of vital capacity and total lung capacity were made on healthy men of heights up to 206 cm. (81 inches), extending previous measurements on boys and men of average height. In the range between 120 and 206 cm. of height, lung volumes are closely related to the third power of height, as shown by others. The prediction formula of Bateman, relating volume to the cube of height, is applicable over greater ranges of height than are other linear equations in current clinical use for estimating the normal lung volumes from height.
Therapeutic angiogenesis for critical limb ischemia: microvascular therapies coming of age.

Despite progressive insights into the pathologies underlying coronary, cerebral, and peripheral artery atherosclerosis, these conditions continue to cause critical tissue ischemia and disability on an epidemic scale. For the past several decades, research and therapeutic development have focused on preventing or reversing occlusive disease in conduit vessels. The ultimate failure of macrovessel-targeted therapies is never more evident than in peripheral arterial disease, in which progressive disease leads to amputation at rates that have not changed significantly in 30 years. Despite modern therapy, up to 8 million Americans with peripheral arterial disease are devastated by immobility, intractable ischemia, ulceration, impaired wound healing, or amputation,1 and the lack of additional treatment options leaves many patients with little hope for relief. Article p 58 The concept of therapeutic angiogenesis evolved from pioneering work in the 1970s by Folkman,2 who observed that the development and maintenance of an adequate microvascular supply is essential for the growth of neoplastic tissue. His hypothesis that the inhibition of “tumor angiogenic factors” would be effective against solid tumors was met with widespread skepticism, but 30 years of persistent research led to the development and approval of antiangiogenic treatments that now constitute a significant portion of the anticancer armamentarium. Soon after the identification of angiogenic growth factors, cardiovascular investigators began testing the hypothesis that stimulating angiogenesis could improve perfusion and function in ischemic tissues independent of macrovessel manipulation.3 Abundant preclinical data supported the safety and clinical potential of therapeutic angiogenesis that used growth factors or cellular-based strategies.4,5 Ac
Atmospheric Response Patterns Associated with Tropical Forcing

Abstract Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing are examined with general circulation models driven by global sea surface temperature (SST) variations during 1950–99. Specifically the sensitivity of midlatitude responses to the magnitude and position of tropical SST anomalies is explored. This controversial problem, spanning more than a quarter century now, centers on whether response patterns over the Pacific–North American region are affected or changed by inter–El Nino variability in tropical forcing. Ensemble methods are used in this study to reliably identify the signals related to various tropical SST forcings, and the sensitivity is determined from analysis of four different climate models. First, the fraction of Pacific–North American (PNA) wintertime 500-hPa height variability that is potentially predictable and is linked to interannual variations in the global SSTs is identified. This SST-forced component accounts for as much as 20%–30% of the total seasonal mean height v...
Nanoindentation Models With Realistic AFM Tip Geometries

In this paper, a three-dimensional computational model for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) based nanoindentation processes is being developed. Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Finite Element (FE) techniques are used to model and simulate mechanical indentation at the nanoscale. The correlation between the indentation conditions, including applied force and tip radius, and defect mechanism in substrate is investigated. The tip geometries used in the model are the same as those used in the experiments. The MD simulations of nanoindentation process are performed on different crystal orientations of single-crystal gold substrate, Au(100), Au(110), and Au(111). In MD simulation, the material deformation is extracted from the final locations of atoms, which are displaced by the rigid indenter. The simulation also allows for the prediction of forces at the interface between the indenter and substrate. In addition to the modeling, an AFM is used to conduct actual indentation at the nanoscale, and provide measurements to which the simulation predictions are compared.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Limits of medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerol utilization by neonatal piglets

Fifteen unsuckled neonatal piglets from three litters were fasted for 2 h after birth then allotted within litter to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments and given by stomach tube 2.36, 4.91 or 11.32 g of either (1-14C)-triolein or (1-14C)-trioctanoin/BW (kg).75. The hourly 14CO2 production was measured for 12 h for estimating the oxidation rate of dosed triacylglycerols. The contents of each segment of the digestive tract were collected for 14C and lipid analyses for calculating absorption of the dosed triacylglycerols. Grams of trioctanoin absorbed (P less than .01) and oxidized (P less than .001) by piglets were higher than grams of triolein. The maximum amounts of trioctanoin and triolein absorbed in 12 h were 2.77 +/- .29 and 1.83 +/- .36 g/BW (kg).75, respectively. The maximum amounts of trioctanoin and triolein oxidized in 12 h were 1.60 +/- .14 and .33 +/- .17 g/BW (kg).75, respectively. The maximum amounts of trioctanoin and triolein oxidization during 1-h periods were .231 +/- .017 and .049 +/- .021 g/BW (kg).75, respectively. The calculated maximum percentage of piglets' daily maintenance energy needs supplied by trioctanoin oxidation was 42.0%, compared with 10.6% from triolein. The maximum utilization of trioctanoin occurred at the intermediate dose. Results indicated that trioctanoin was used more effectively than triolein; it may be useful as a source of supplemental energy to improve the survival of piglets. A single dose should provide about 6 g/body wt (kg).75.
NGS-Based Clinical Diagnosis of Genetically Heterogeneous Disorders

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed genomic research by decreasing the cost of sequencing and increasing the throughput. NGS platforms have evolved to provide an accurate and comprehensive means for the detection of molecular mutations, and the recent focus is on using NGS technology in clinical diagnosis. NGS analysis has three major components: enrichment, sequencing, and analysis. In the last several years, enrichment technologies based on hybridization or amplification principles have emerged. Similarly, sequencing platforms have continued to improve by increasing the sequencing output and decreasing the sequencing time and cost. Various enrichment and sequencing platform combinations have been utilized for the diagnosis of genetically heterogeneous disorders, and it is the topic of discussion for this chapter. We describe the employment of NGS approaches to the diagnosis of genetically heterogeneous disorders and mention advantages and challenges of these technologies in a clinical laboratory setting.
Designing for Improvement in Professional Development for Community College Developmental Mathematics Faculty

More than 60% of the nation’s 14 million community college students are required to complete at least one developmental mathematics class before enrolling in college-credit courses; however, 80% of...
The Image is (Not) the Event: Negotiating the Pedagogy of Controversial Images

In recent years, there have been a number of high-profile cases of professors using controversial images and displays in their classrooms. In this essay, we ask not why but how professors go about presenting potentially controversial images in the context of their course. To what extent do they frame these images for their students? What are their selection criteria? Are students required to view the images? Are they even presented with a choice? Through these larger framing questions, we then analyze the why outside the constraints of debates around free choice and gratuitousness, seeking to understand the stakes for the use of these images as essential components of learning, debate, provocation, and knowledge acquisition in the university context.
Evidence of Conspecific Nest Parasitism and Egg Discrimination in the Sora

Conspecific nest parasitism (CNP) is relatively frequent among precocial species and several hypotheses for this pattern have been suggested (Rohwer and Freeman 1989, Lyon and Eadie 1991, Sorenson 1992). I report here observations made at the nest of a Sora, Porzana carolina, which suggest both the occurrence of CNP as well as very fine egg discrimination in this species. Recognition and rejection of parasitic eggs is a well documented defense in some hosts of obligate brood parasites (e.g., Rothstein 1975, Davies and Brooke 1989) but may also evolve as a response to CNP (Freeman 1988; Jackson, in press). Intraspecific egg discrimination, however, has been verified in very few species (Arnold 1987). The following observations were made near Minnedosa, Manitoba, an area characterized by high densities of small wetlands and breeding waterfowl (see Kiel et al. 1972). On 25 June 1986, I found a Sora nest in dense whitetop grass, Scholochloa festucacea, in 20 cm of water along the edge of a small (0.65 ha), shallow wetland. Twelve eggs were visible in a single layer in the nest bowl whereas three additional eggs were partially buried in the nest material under the rest of the clutch. These three eggs were slightly different in appearance from the other 12, having fewer and smaller spots, a slightly lighter background color, and less glossy appearance. The latter was perhaps a consequence of having been buried and not in contact with the plumage of the incubating bird. The three buried eggs were also the smallest in the nest, ranging from 8.49 to 8.61 cm3 compared to 8.80 to 9.37 cm3 for the other 12 eggs (volume calculated as 0.51 x LW2, Hoyt 1979). The three buried eggs were distinctly cooler to the touch than the other 12. I immediately suspected that these eggs were laid by another female, but because of the very slight differences in egg color and markings, I carried out the following series of impromptu experiments.
PL3STRESS AND ADDICTIONS: NEUROBIOLOGIC INTERFACE

The relationship between stress and addictions is complex. Early life adversity is a well-known risk factor for the development of addiction and stress is associated with relapse vulnerability. Preclinical research demonstrates that stress exposure enhances drug self-administration and reinstates drug seeking in drug-experienced animals. There are common neurobiologic systems involved in the stress response and in addictions including corticotropin releasing factor, the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (CRF/HPA), extrahypothalamic CRFand noradrenergic systems. In this presentation, neurobiologic relationships at the interface of stress and addictions and treatment implications will be explored.
Imprimeries officielles en Afrique

Il y a une liste d’imprimeries officielles en Afrique dans la section de langue anglaise, ci-dessus, pp. 46-48. Dans certains cas, ou il n’y a, apparemment, pas d’imprimerie officielle, l’organisation qui publie ou diffuse le journal officiel se trouve sur la liste. Dans beaucoup de pays africains, particulierement les etats africains d’expression francaise, l’imprimerie officielle publie seulement un petit nombre de publications officielles. La plupart des documents gouvernementaux sont roneotypes et diffuses par les agences du gouvernement interesse.
Febrication of Ni-PSZ FGM by Pulse Discharge Sintering and Observation of its Internal Defects

Functionally graded materials (FGM), composed of zirconia and nickel system, were sintered from laminated mixtures by the pulse discharge sintering method (PDS). The partially stabilized zirconia (Y2O3-3mol%, size; 0.8μm) and nickel (size; 5μm) were mixed at 90, 80, 60, 40vol%PSZ in a ceramic ball mill for 2 hours with ethanol. These mixtures and two pure materials were laminated in a mold made of graphite. The designed thickness of each layer varies from 0.2mm to 2mm. The different thickness FGM specimens were sintered. These were evaluated by the ultrasonic imaging, and also observed by the optical microscope at the cross section. By the microscope, it was found that the matrix of the FGM specimens consisted of zirconia and very fine nickel particles dispersed in the matrix. In some FGM, ultrasonic images showed no clear defect in all interfaces at just after sintering, however after about 2 weeks, slight defect images were recognized, then the defect changed to the crack image after about 2 months. To know the mechanism of the change, 3 kinds of 2 layers sintered samples (90/80, 80/60, 90/60vol%PSZ) were fabricated, these samples were examined by ultrasonic imaging after each thermal treatment. As the results, it was observed that some of defects gradually propagated to inside, then finally changed to large cracks or a delamination.
An MRI Method for Identifying Striosome and Matrix Compartments in the Human Striatum In Vivo (P2.014)

Objective: To identify striosome and matrix compartments in the human striatum, in vivo Background: The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia, and has efferent and afferent connections with the majority of cortical and subcortical structures. Tract tracing and immunohistochemical characterization have demonstrated that the striatum is divided into two compartments with different connectivity: striosome and matrix. In animal models, selective lesions to striosome or matrix produce distinct motor and behavioral phenotypes. Characterization of striosome and matrix compartments in humans has been restricted to post-mortem samples, as identifying these pools has required immunohistochemical techniques. The lack of an in vivo method for characterizing striosome and matrix has prevented investigation of these compartments in human disease and development. We present a connectivity-based method for identifying voxels as striosome-like or matrix-like. Methods: We acquired high-resolution whole brain DTI sequences on a 3T MRI in thirty-six healthy volunteers. We generated probabalistic diffusion tractography using the FSL tool probtrackx2, classification targets mode, to determine the differential probability of connection of each striatal voxel with striosome-weighted or matrix-weighted target masks (defined using animal tract tracing studies). Striatal voxels exceeding 0.75 connection probability were categorized as “striosome-like” or “matrix-like.” After parcellating all striatal voxels into striosome-like, matrix-like, or mixed-connectivity pools, a second tier of tractography using independent cortical and subcortical targets (also from animal studies) was utilized to assess parcellation accuracy. Results: Imaging-derived striosome-like and matrix-like voxels in the human striatum were distributed as predicted by prior animal and human histochemical characterization. Cortical/subcortical connectivity with striosome-like and matrix-like voxels was also highly-similar to that demonstrated by animal tract tracing studies. Conclusions: Our diffusion MRI method identifies individualized patterns of striosome-like and matrix-like voxels in the human striatum, a first step in determining the role of the striosome and matrix in human disease. Disclosure: Dr. Waugh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Makris has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sharma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Breiter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blood has nothing to disclose.
A Vision of Modernity: Menglong Poetry from 1978–1983

The Menglong poetry (Misty Poetry) movement is associated with the inauguration of Chinese literary modernism in the post-Mao era. However, whether Menglong poetry is self-aware modernism or misunderstood romanticism is an unsettled case both in the debate of the 1980s and in later literary criticism.
Marketplace Advocacy by the U.S. Fossil Fuel Industries: Issues of Representation and Environmental Discourse

This study used the circuit of culture to examine advertisements and websites of U.S.-based industry trade groups representing the energy industries of coal (American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity) and petroleum (American Petroleum Institute). Using a census of all advertisements available through the trade groups’ websites during spring 2014, the study identified 4 prominent narratives created by the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity and American Petroleum Institute to enhance public support for the industries while fostering uncertainty around climate change and reducing concern for climate initiatives. The research reveals the power inequities surrounding climate discourse by suggesting that wealthy industry trade groups employ a discursive practice of distraction and appropriation of U.S cultural values and mores, essentially shifting public dialogue from climate change and potential environmental policies to how these policies would hurt the industries and adversely affect the aver...
Health-Care Facilities

US Department of Energy report shows the inpatient medical facilities (2.45 billion square foot) in 2015 use 0.51 quadrillion BTUs of energy with an intensity of 208.2 thousands BTUs per square foot. With such a high level of usage and intensity it can easily be claimed that the health-care industry is one of the most energy-consuming applications in building industry.
Deposition Conditions and Some Properties of Ion-Plated Aluminum Coatings

Aluminum films of 1-20 μm in thickness were ion-plated on steel substrates under various plating conditions using a diode system with electron beam heating of source materials.Graphite hearth liner mounted on water cooled copper crucible for melting of aluminum source material was particularly useful for producing thick aluminum coatings.Ion-plated aluminum films at process pressure above 5 × 10-3 Torr showed considerable amounts of preferred orientation in (200) plane. The decrease of porosity resulted in a increase in film thickness and any pin-holes were not detected in films of approximately 20 μm in thickness. The ion-plated aluminum coatings above 3μm in thickness required the spray time in excess of 48 hours for rust starting in salt spray testing and thus the satisfactory corrosion resistance was confirmed. The ion-plated aluminum coatings showed far more excellent adhesion to the steel substrates than the coatings obtained by conventional vacuum vapor deposition.
On the Impact of Measurement Errors on Power System Automatic Generation Control

In this paper, we propose a framework to evaluate the impact on power system dynamic performance of different types of errors in the measurements utilized by the automatic generation control system. To address the random nature of these errors, stochastic system analysis methods are utilized to evaluate the statistics of system state variables. By examining the convergence properties of these statistics, errors that cause instability are identified. A reduced-order model, obtained by using singular perturbation arguments, is also formulated; this model enables us to provide analytical expressions for capturing the impact of the errors. The proposed method is illustrated and verified through several case studies with different types of errors on a simplified New England/New York system model.
Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Equity Financing

We develop a theoretical model of the interaction between investors and entrepreneurs in a stylized private-equity market. Analysis of the entrepreneur's and the investor's optimization problems leads to the derivation of the equilibrium ownership share accruing to the investor; comparative-static analysis of variation in this share then motivates four central hypotheses. We test these using unique data from a professionally-conducted survey of high-technology managers of start-up firms. Empirical analysis confirms the model's prediction of an inverse relationship between the ownership share yielded to the investor and the level of entrepreneurial profitability, productivity, and resources. Results also confirm a predicted positive association between ownership share and investor costs.
Identifying Patterns of Social and Economic Hardship Among Structurally Vulnerable Women: A Latent Class Analysis of HIV/STI Risk.

Women who are structurally vulnerable are at heightened risk for HIV/STIs. Identifying typologies of structural vulnerability that drive HIV/STI risk behavior is critical to understanding the nature of women’s risk. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify exotic dancers (n = 117) into subgroups based on response patterns of four vulnerability indicators. Latent class regression models tested whether sex- and drug-related risk behavior differed by vulnerability subgroup. Prevalence of vulnerability indicators varied across housing instability (39%), financial insecurity (39%), limited education (67%), and arrest history (36%). LCA yielded a two-class model solution, with 32% of participants expected to belong to a “high vulnerability” subgroup. Dancers in the high vulnerability subgroup were more likely to report sex exchange (OR = 8.1, 95% CI, 1.9–34.4), multiple sex partnerships (OR = 6.4, 95% CI, 1.9–21.5), and illicit drug use (OR = 17.4, 95% CI, 2.5–123.1). Findings underscore the importance of addressing inter-related structural factors contributing to HIV/STI risk.
Sex Differences in Chronic Stress: Role of Estradiol in Cognitive Resilience

Stress is associated with psychiatric disorders which show sex differences in expression. Application of chronic stressors to rodents has been used as a model for understanding the bases of these sex differences and for developing new treatments. Female rats are more resilient than males to chronic restraint stress in the cognitive domain, and estradiol, of both ovarian and neural origin, contributes to this resilience. For anxiety, chronic stress appears anxiogenic in both sexes, and limited information suggests that estradiol does not alter anxiety responses to stress. Depression in males is enhanced following different chronic stressors, but a lack of studies in females limits determining whether females are more resilient or susceptible to stress-dependent depression. These findings are presented and discussed within the framework of making the animal models more consistent with the behavioral phenotype of human females and for improving future research.
SEASONAL TRENDS IN SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: A STUDY FROM THE LARGEST INPATIENT DATABASE

Background: Sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) are important clinical end points to assess the outcomes of many cardiovascular conditions. Examination of seasonal variation of certain diseases has led to new insights into pathophysiologic triggers. We assessed the seasonal variations in SCD. Methods: The
Causal Inference with Observational Multilevel Data: Investigating Selection and Outcome Heterogeneity

Causal inference with observational data is challenging, as the assignment to treatment is not random, and people may have different reasons to receive or be assigned to the treatment. The multilevel structure adds complexity to the issue, as the assignment to treatment can be determined by various sources across levels. In multilevel analysis, it is critical to account for both the nested structure of the data and potential heterogeneity in selection processes and treatment effects. This study presents methodology for classifying level-1 and level-2 units into homogeneous groups called “classes” with regard to class-specific selection and outcome models. The classification into homogeneous groups can take place at a cluster level or at the lowest level, depending on the main sources of heterogeneity in the selection and outcome mechanisms. This chapter introduces the methods, examines their properties, and provides recommendations for their proper use.
Prenatal treatment of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

Abstract Purpose of study Patients with neonatal urea cycle defects (UCDs) typically experience severe hyperammonemia during the first days of life, which results in serious neurological injury or death. Long-term prognosis despite optimal pharmacological and dietary therapy is still poor. The combination of intravenous sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate (Ammonul®) can eliminate nitrogen waste independent of the urea cycle. We report attempts to improve outcomes for males with severe ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD), a severe X-linked condition, via prenatal intravenous administration of Ammonul and arginine to heterozygous carrier females of OTCD during labor. Methods used Two heterozygote OTCD mothers carrying male fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of OTCD received intravenous Ammonul, arginine and dextrose-containing fluids shortly before birth. Maintenance Ammonul and arginine infusions and high-caloric enteral nutrition were started immediately after birth. Ammonul metabolites were measured in umbilical cord blood and the blood of the newborn immediately after delivery. Serial ammonia and biochemical analyses were performed following delivery. Summary of results Therapeutic concentrations of Ammonul metabolites were detected in umbilical cord and neonatal blood samples. Plasma ammonia and glutamine levels in the postnatal period were within the normal range. Peak ammonia levels in the first 24–48 h were 53 mcmol/l and 62 mcmol/l respectively. The boys did not experience neurological sequelae secondary to hyperammonemia and received liver transplantation at ages 3 months and 5 months. The patients show normal development at ages 7 and 3 years. Conclusion Prenatal treatment of mothers who harbor severe OTCD mutations and carry affected male fetuses with intravenous Ammonul and arginine, followed by immediate institution of maintenance infusions after delivery, results in therapeutic levels of benzoate and phenylacetate in the newborn at delivery and, in conjunction with high-caloric enteral nutrition, prevents acute hyperammonemia and neurological decompensation. Following initial medical management, early liver transplantation may improve developmental outcome.
Microbial hazards during harvesting and processing at an outdoor United States cannabis farm

ABSTRACTCannabis cultivation is an emerging industry within the United States. Organic dust derived in part from naturally occurring microorganisms is known to cause byssinosis in the hemp industry. In this pilot study, bacteria and fungi encountered by workers at an outdoor cannabis farm that utilized organic practices were elucidated by 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region sequencing, respectively. Area (n = 14) and personal air samples (n = 12) were collected during harvesting and processing activities. 16 S rRNA and ITS regions of extracted bacterial and fungal genomic DNA were amplified and sequenced using Sanger sequencing. Bacterial sequencing resolved 1,077 sequences that were clustered into 639 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and predominantly placed in the phylum, Actinobacteria (46%). Personal air samples revealed higher bacterial and Actinobacteria diversity compared to outdoor area samples collected within the facility (p < 0.05). A high degree of dissimil...
Addiction and Stigmas: Overcoming Labels, Empowering People

Stigmas associated with addiction and being labeled a “drug addict” or “alcoholic” can serve as barriers to care, cost people their lives, destroy communities and families, and create levels of shame and despair. In this chapter, we will explore how stigmas have had a negative impact on the lives of people with substance use disorder and examples of programs that focus on destigmatization. Stigmas run deep when it comes to addiction. Whether it is the person in recovery constantly is being asked why she doesn’t drink or the person who is addicted to opioids, but isn’t ready to seek help because he couldn’t possibly be a “drug addict.” Because of stigmas, people often wait years before admitting they have a problem. Recovery should be a source of pride and serve as an example to others seeking help for addiction. The opposite has happened however. Misinformation, misunderstanding, and a complex mix of stereotypes play a role in creating stigmas in the addiction population. Armed with better understanding and advocacy, mental health professionals can play a key role in destigmatizing addiction and substance use.
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Spectroscopy of Condensed Matter

In Chap. 1, we observed that understanding the excitation spectrum of a solid allows to reveal the elusive GS properties of the solid itself. Within this framework, the field of spectroscopy holds a huge promise for the future of condensed matter physics.
How a New Bond Can Greatly Improve Retirement Security

There is a growing retirement crisis and most of the focus has been on the fact that individuals are not saving enough for retirement, may not have access to pension schemes, or are financially illiterate. However, the bigger issue might be that the assets/financial products available to investors, including those that offer legal protection to plan sponsors, may not be appropriate for the typical individual saving for retirement. As Merton (2014) notes, the model adopted to plan for retirement for the majority of the population focuses on wealth at retirement as opposed to the level of retirement income that an individual can earn. As a result, current assets and products are risky from a retirement income perspective. All else equal, individuals retiring a few years apart can have vastly different retirement income outcomes (making retirement outcome a function of one’s conception date). A new bond has been proposed to improve retirement security – with a forward-start (tied to date of retirement), income-only (as individuals need steady income), real cash flow stream (linked to appropriate indices), for a fixed period (tied to average life expectancy). This paper examines standard portfolio choices (60/40, target date funds), along with holding this new bond in isolation, from a retirement income perspective to demonstrate how this new bond, either individually or when used in standard portfolio choices could greatly improve retirement outcomes. The paper concludes with a Monte-Carlo simulation that further validates the value of this new bond given the potential risks to all investment choices given future equity, interest rate and inflation scenarios.
Time Efficiency, Written Feedback, and Student Achievement in Inquiry-Oriented Biology Labs

Abstract We examined how different styles of written feedback by graduate-student teaching assistants (GTAs) incollege intro biology lab (USA) influenced student achievement and related the different styles to timeefficiency. We quantified GTA feedback on formative lab reports and student achievement on two differenttypes of assessments, a quiz in 2010 and a summative lab report in 2011. We evaluated the extent to whichthree categories of written feedback impacted student achievement (grade discrepancy between actual andideal, short direct comments, and in-depth explanatory comments). Student achievement was best explainedby both grade discrepancy and short direct comments in 2010 and grade discrepancy only in 2011. In-depthexplanations were not part of the best-fit models in either year. Results also indicated that GTAs provided littleencouraging feedback, most feedback was targeted and asked students to expand on explanations. Results arediscussed in relation to relative time efficiency and GTA training.