cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioural plasticity modulates temperature-related constraints on foraging time for a montane mammal

Contemporary climate change is altering temperature profiles across the globe. Increasing temperatures can reduce the amount of time during which conditions are suitable for animals to engage in essential activities, such as securing food. Behavioural plasticity, the ability to alter behaviour in response to the environment, may provide animals with a tool to adjust to changes in the availability of suitable thermal conditions. The extent to which individuals can alter fitness-enhancing behaviours, such as food collection, to proximately buffer variation in temperature, however, remains unclear. Even less well understood are the potential performance advantages of flexible strategies among endotherms. We examined the degree to which individuals altered rates of food collection in response to temperature, and two potential benefits, using the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a temperature-sensitive, food-hoarding mammal, as a model. From July-September 2013-2015, we used motion-activated cameras and in situ temperature loggers to examine pika food-caching activity for 72 individuals across 10 sites in the central Rocky Mountains, USA. We quantified % nitrogen by cache volume as a metric of cache quality, and the number of events during which pikas were active in temperatures ≥25°C as a measure of potential thermoregulatory stress. We found a strong negative effect of temperature on the rate at which pikas cached food. Individual responses to temperature varied substantially in both the level of food-collecting activity and in the degree to which individuals shifted activity with warming temperature. After accounting for available foraging time, individuals that exhibited greater plasticity collected a comparable amount of nitrogen, while simultaneously experiencing fewer occasions in which temperatures eclipsed estimated thermal tolerances. By varying food-collection norms of reaction, individuals were able to plastically respond to temperature-driven reductions in foraging time. Through this increased flexibility, individuals amassed food caches of comparable quality, while minimizing exposure to potentially stressful thermal conditions. Our results suggest that, given sufficient resource quality and availability, plasticity in foraging activity may help temperature-limited endotherms adjust to climate-related constraints on foraging time.
Selective Fin Trimming after Dummy Gate Removal as the Local Fin Width Scaling Approach for N5 and Beyond

Selective fin trimming after dummy gate removal is proposed as the local fin width scaling approach for further FinFET extension. In this approach, local fin trimming is selectively performed for the channel region after dummy gate removal in the replacement metal gate (RMG) module while preserving the original source and drain (S/D) fin width, in order to avoid the parasitic resistance increase that results from the global fin trimming approach. TCAD simulation shows clearly that the local fin trimming can improve gate electrostatics with narrower fins, while also providing the benefits of lower S/D resistance and PMOS high channel stress. Although, fin height reduction and parasitic capacitance increases are not preferable, overall gate delay is improved due to strong $I_{\text{on}}-I_{\text{off}}$ boost. Selectra™ etch fin trimming results are also presented demonstrating good fin width controllability and smaller variations without any critical fin damages. This local fin trimming is promising for N5 and beyond to further extend FinFET technology.
Number of Implants May Not Significantly Affect Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Complete-Arch Implant-Supported Prosthesis.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Optimal number of implants for complete-arch implant-supported prostheses with a follow-up of at least 5 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. de Luna Gomes JM, et al. J Prosthet Dent 2019;121(5):766-774.e3. Source of Funding Information not available. Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
Abstract P015: Factors Altering Luminal Succinate Effect Blood Pressure

Luminal succinate (Suc) has been reported to activate its receptor Sucnr1, stimulate renin release and increase BP in certain contexts. NaDC1 (Na+ dicarboxylate cotransporter), located only on apic...
Health behaviors of funeral directors in the US: a needs assessment.

Objectives: Little is known about the health-risk behaviors of funeral directors. We undertook a study to examine their health behavior risks by assessing perceived health behaviors. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of a sample of funeral directors in the US as of September 2018. We used online survey software to disseminate a multi-wave survey to funeral directors. Results: Overall, we received 132 completed surveys (16.5% response rate). Overall, funeral directors rated themselves as healthy, but 61% reported that their mental health was not good in the previous 30 days due to stress, depression, or problems with emotions. We found that 23% reported that their poor physical or mental health keep them from doing their daily activities such as self-care, work, or recreation in the last 30 days. Other behaviors such as screenings, weight management, stress management, and substance use were found to be concerns in this population. Conclusions: Public health efforts should focus on health promotion programming with an emphasis on improving the overall health and well-being of funeral directors in the US.
Local Semicircle Law in the Bulk for Gaussian β -Ensemble

We use the tridiagonal matrix representation to derive a local semicircle law for Gaussian beta ensembles at the optimal level of n−1+δ for any δ>0. Using a resolvent expansion, we first derive a semicircle law at the intermediate level of n−1/2+δ; then an induction argument allows us to reach the optimal level. This result was obtained in a different setting, using different methods, by Bourgade, Erdos, and Yau in arXiv:1104.2272 [math.PR] and Bao and Su in arXiv:1104.3431 [math.PR]. Our approach is new and could be extended to other tridiagonal models.
Asymptotic symmetries and Weinberg's soft photon theorem in Mink d+2

We show that Weinberg’s leading soft photon theorem in massless abelian gauge theories implies the existence of an infinite-dimensional large gauge symmetry which acts non-trivially on the null boundaries ± of (d + 2)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. These symmetries are parameterized by an arbitrary function e(x) of the d-dimensional celestial sphere living at ±. This extends the previously established equivalence between Weinberg’s leading soft theorem and asymptotic symmetries from four and higher even dimensions to all higher dimensions.
Lipid Rafts Interaction of the ARID3A Transcription Factor with EZRIN and G-Actin Regulates B-Cell Receptor Signaling.

Several diseases originate via dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton. The ARID3A/Bright transcription factor has also been implicated in malignancies, primarily those derived from hematopoietic lineages. Previously, we demonstrated that ARID3A shuttles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, where it localizes within lipid rafts. There it interacts with components of the B-cell receptor (BCR) to reduce its ability to transmit downstream signaling. We demonstrate here that a direct component of ARID3A-regulated BCR signal strength is cortical actin. ARID3A interacts with actin exclusively within lipid rafts via the actin-binding protein EZRIN, which confines unstimulated BCRs within lipid rafts. BCR ligation discharges the ARID3A–EZRIN complex from lipid rafts, allowing the BCR to initiate downstream signaling events. The ARID3A–EZRIN interaction occurs almost exclusively within unpolymerized G-actin, where EZRIN interacts with the multifunctional ARID3A REKLES domain. These observations provide a mechanism by which a transcription factor directly regulates BCR signaling via linkage to the actin cytoskeleton with consequences for B-cell-related neoplasia.
Design of management and preventive strategies for neonatal calf diarrhea in beef systems

Neonatal calf diarrhea outbreaks in beef herds are a common clinical entity that involves a complex association of factors. Calf treatments, diagnostic investigations, and prevention are frequent outcomes of involvement of veterinary practitioners. Preventive interventions to address immediate and future outbreaks are often management related and more difficult to implement. Evidence-based recommendations can be accomplished by addressing research derived risk factors that are known to impact likelihood for outbreaks. The Sandhills Calving System is 1 intervention option. Implementation of preventive strategies requires knowledge that includes, but is not limited to, client priorities, decision making, and risk tolerance. Client communication and understanding are keys to implementation. Thorough understanding of the system, including potential impacts of any interventions, is very important to insure successful implementation of preventive strategies.
How mice can help cattle

More remarkable discoveries have been made in science during my adult lifetime than in all of recorded history. When the atom was split (at the time of World War II), those of us who were in our 20’s thought that it was excitement enough for one lifetime. But discovery after discovery has occurred, utilizing new instrumentation, radioactive-labeled substances and remarkable new techniques. Molecular biology was born and blossomed. And now we’re beginning to really appreciate the flowers that are blossoming all around us. Rivaling the splitting of the atom and its many beneficial consequences is what has come to be called genetic engineering and related technology. Terms like genesplitting and recombinant DNA are becoming almost household words. In our laboratories (and many others), we are utilizing many of the new techniques involving monoclonal antibodies and hybridomas which are somewhat less than household words. There is renewed excitement about the prospects of remarkable advances to be made in the future. By splicing genetic material and reshuffling hereditary material, we are at the threshhold of using bacteria to manufacture many life-saving substances for people and animals.
Opening Borders. Peru's Expected Utility on Venezuelan Immigration: A Social Network Analysis.

An exodus, a consequence of political, economic, and social dissatisfaction, has driven more than 4.6 million of Venezuelans to leave their country since 2016. The spillover effect of this humanitarian crisis has impacted neighboring countries in South America which now face unprecedented migratory influx. Peru’s robust economic growth of the last decade has drawn Venezuelans over the border in search of better living standards. At the same time, Peru’s recent political scandals with corruption, impeachments, and graft probes have created economic turmoil. Venezuelan immigration has exacerbated this instability, and Peruvians, law makers, media, and international stakeholders have not yet found agreement in how to respond. The application of Social Network Analysis, Spatial Bargaining, and Game Theory reveals the Expected Utility of Peru’s political agenda concerning migration. As anticipated, the power of influential states and the potential economic benefit that a developing country such as Peru could gain from migration will influence future political decision making on this issue even if this response refuses to support popular demand.
Engines of Innovation: The Entrepreneurial University in the Twenty-First Century

In "Engines of Innovation," Holden Thorp and Buck Goldstein make the case for the pivotal role of research universities as agents of societal change. They argue that universities must use their vast intellectual and financial resources to confront global challenges such as climate change, extreme poverty, childhood diseases, and an impending worldwide shortage of clean water. Combining their own experiences cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset within one of the nation's elite public universities with detailed descriptions of the approaches taken by others, Thorp and Goldstein provide not only an urgent call to action but also a practical guide for our nation's leading institutions to become major players in solving the world's biggest problems. The result is a provocative and thoughtful beginning to an important conversation among educators, their supporters and trustees, policymakers, and the public at large as to how the American research university can best meet its societal responsibilities.
TH‐C‐BRD‐00: Optimization of CT Planning Imaging and Techniques to Reduce Radiation Dose Resulting From Daily Imaging Guidance Procedures

IGRT has significantly improved the accuracy of radiation treatment by utilizing CT scans for contouring target and organ during treatment planning and x-ray imaging devices integrated to treatment units for patient positioning during radiation delivery. A significant progress has been made recently to improve CT image quality in treatment planning and to reduce daily imaging guidance dose. This course is designed to provide educational guidance on these two important imaging issues. I) Optimization of CT Simulation Imaging. This part will provide guidance on optimizing CT image quality in radiation therapy. There have been many publications on optimizing CT protocols for diagnostic imaging purposes. However, the effort to optimize CT protocols for imaging applications in radiation therapy has been limited. Although some lessons we learn from diagnostic CT imaging can be applied to CT imaging in radiation therapy, there should be more emphasis on task-based image quality. In addition, there are imaging features widely used in diagnostic CT imaging (e.g., metal artifact reduction) may not be well known in radiation therapy community but can play critical roles for accurate radiation treatment planning. This part of the session will feature a conversation between a radiation therapy physicist and a diagnostic imaging physicist focusing on the needs specific to CT simulation imaging in radiation therapy and the approaches to address these needs. II) Techniques to reduce radiation dose resulting from daily imaging guidance procedures. This part will provide an overview of radiation dose to patients resulting from different image devices used in image-guided procedures and provide guidance on the techniques available to reduce imaging dose resulting from daily imaging guidance procedures. Depending on the image modality including MV and kV imaging devices, a variety of techniques are available to significantly reduce daily imaging guidance dose to organs at risk. Different methods of accounting for the imaging doses will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand CT image quality needs specific to imaging applications in radiation therapy 2. Learn the imaging acquisition and reconstruction optimization for CT imaging applications in radiation therapy 3. Discuss appropriate approaches to optimize CT protocols in radiation therapy; 4. Briefly review the typical radiation dose to patients resulting from different image-guided procedures MV and kV imaging modalities; 5. Understand the techniques available to reduce imaging dose 6. Discuss different methods of accounting for the imaging doses
Epistemology as Information Theory: From Leibniz to Omega

In 1686 in his Discours de metaphysique, Leibniz points out that if an arbitrarily complex theory is permitted then the notion of "the- ory" becomes vacuous because there is always a theory. This idea is developed in the modern theory of algorithmic information, which deals with the size of computer programs and provides a new view of Godel's work on incompleteness and Turing's work on uncomputabil- ity. Of particular interest is the halting probability , whose bits are irreducible, i.e., maximally unknowable mathematical facts. More generally, these ideas constitute a kind of "digital philosophy" related to recent attempts of Edward Fredkin, Stephen Wolfram and others to view the world as a giant computer. There are also connections with recent "digital physics" speculations that the universe might actually be discrete, not continuous. This systeme du monde is presented as a coherent whole in my book Meta Math!, which will be published this fall.
Marital Disruption, Step Children, and Transfers to the Elderly

Contact information: Liliana E. Pezzin, Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI 53226, phone: (414) 456-8862, lpezzin@mcw.edu; Robert A. Pollak, Department of Economics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, phone:(314) 935-4918, pollak@wustl.edu; Barbara Steinberg Schone, Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Rockville, MD, 20850, phone: (301):427-1661, bschone@ahrq.gov .
A case study in military ration foods: the Quasi-chemical model and a novel accelerated three-year challenge test.

Abstract: Maple-filled French toast (MFFT) enrobed sandwiches are intermediate moisture (IM) bi-layered foods formulated with ‘hurdles’ to prevent the growth of Staphylococcus aureus for product shelf-life (3 years at T = 80 °F ≈ 27 °C). A novel approach to accelerate microbial challenge testing was investigated. The Quasi-chemical model’s secondary model (‘growth-no-growth boundary’) was used to guide the formulation of the MFFT. The novel 3-year test protocol used a five-strain cocktail of S. aureus to challenge MFFT with variations in storage temperature, product formulation, and packaging atmosphere. The inactivation kinetics were evaluated with the modified Quasi-chemical model and determined to be more rapid at T = 35 °C than at T = 25 °C. Removing the oxygen scavenger did not promote S. aureus growth. These results provide a basis for standardizing accelerated microbial challenge tests for new varieties of IM enrobed sandwiches in the pipeline to save time, money, and labor, while ensuring food safety.
Institutional Roots of Authoritarian Rule in the Middle East: Civic Legacies of the Islamic Waqf

In the pre-modern Middle East the closest thing to an autonomous private organization was the Islamic waqf. This non-state institution inhibited political participation, collective action, and rule of law, among other indicators of democratization. It did so through several mechanisms. Its activities were essentially set by its founder, which limited its capacity to meet political challenges. Being designed to provide a service on its own, it could not participate in lasting political coalitions. The waqf’s beneficiaries had no say in evaluating or selecting its officers, and they had trouble forming a political community. Thus, for all the resources it controlled, the Islamic waqf contributed minimally to building civil society. As a core element of Islam’s classical institutional complex, it perpetuated authoritarian rule by keeping the state largely unrestrained. Therein lies a key reason for the slow pace of the Middle East’s democratization process.
Mesenteric vasoconstriction in cardiogenic shock in pigs

Abstract The quantitative impact of mesenteric vasoconstriction on the systemic hemodynamic response to cardiogenic shock induced by pericardial tamponade was evaluated. Graded increases in pericardial pressure produced corresponding decreases in cardiac output to 44% ± 2% and arterial pressure to 64% ± 3% of baseline and increases in total peripheral vascular resistance to 131% ± 4% of baseline. Total mesenteric blood flow decreased disproportionately, to 28% ± 3% of baseline, because of a disproportionate increase in mesenteric vascular resistance to 223% ± 6% of baseline. Nonmesenteric vascular resistance increased only to 119% ± 4% of baseline. Thus mesenteric vasoconstriction accounted for 42% of the increase in total peripheral resistance. Prior blockade of the renin-angiotensin axis ablated this response and eliminated the mesenteric contribution to systemic vascular resistance, while confirmed blockade of the α-adrenergic system or vasopressin system had no effect. Without shock, central intravenous infusions of angiotensin II (but not norepinephrine or vasopressin) closely mimicked this selective vasoconstriction. Angiotensin-mediated selective mesenteric vasoconstriction accounts for more than 40% of the overall increase in systemic vascular resistance in cardiogenic shock.
Treatment of canine oral squamous cell carcinomas with photodynamic therapy

Eleven dogs with naturally occurring oral squamous cell carcinomas were treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Photochlor (HPPH) as the photosensitizer. The largest length of the tumours measured in a two-dimensional plane ranged from 0.9 to 6.8 cm. Seven of the tumours invaded underlying bone as determined by radiograph appearance. Photochlor was injected intravenously at a dose of 0.3 mg kg–1. Forty-eight hours later the tumours were treated. Tumours with a surface to base depth of greater than 1 cm were surgically reduced to less than 1 cm. Irradiation with 665 nm light with an energy density of 100 J cm–2was administered. Eight dogs were considered cured with no tumour recurrence for at least 17 months after treatment. Local treatment of oral squamous cell carcinomas with PDT appears to give results similar to those obtained with surgical removal of large portions of the mandible or maxilla. The cosmetic results with PDT are superior to those of radical surgical removal. The new sensitizer, Photochlor, appears effective for oral squamous carcinomas with results similar to those reported for other sensitizers. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the ADH7 gene encoding human class IV (sigma) ADH.

The ADH7 gene encoding human Class IV ({sigma}) alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was cloned from a Caucasian genomic DNA library and characterized. It has nine exons and eight introns that span about 22 kb, and its intron insertion is identical to that of the other ADH genes (ADH1 to ADH5). The nucleotide sequences of the exons encoding 374 amino acids are identical to the previously reported cDNA sequence of {sigma} ADH. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that ADH7 is located on human chromosome 4q23-q24, close to the ADH cluster locus (4q21-q25). These data are consistent with the view that Class IV ADH is a member of the ADH family and is phylogenetically close to the other ADHs. 15 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Essay Review: Crossing Borders/Shifting Paradigms: Multiculturalism and Children's Literature

If we lived in a democratic state our language would have to hurtle, fly, course and sing, in all the undeniable and representative and participating voices of everybody here. We would make our language conform to the truth of our many selves and we would make our language lead us into the quality of power that a democratic state must represent. (Jordan, 1987, p. 24)June Jordan's words bring forth a utopian vision of a future in which issues of language, voice, truth, power, and democracy all come together in the creation of a culturally diverse democratic world. She speaks in the language of a critical multiculturalism, one in which words such as representation, many selves, power, and democracy are integral. In this article, I develop a broad understanding of the basic epistemological positions underlying the discourse of multicultural education and, in particular, multiculturalism in children's literature.
X‐ray crystallography

Since the late 1950s, X-ray crystallography has been used to determine the structure of proteins with known functions. With the dawn of proteomics, protein-structure determination is now being carried out in order to shed light upon proteins of unknown function, with the hope that knowledge of the structure itself will allow, or at least assist in, the identification of possible protein action. This article describes the stages of protein-structure determination by X-ray crystallography, the basic requirements and considerations at each step, and how crystallography can be applied and is being adapted to benefit the structural-genomics community. Keywords: crystallization; structure determination; model building; phasing; refinement; X-ray diffraction
Overview of “Imprisonment and crime: Can both be reduced?”

Research Summary This study argues that it is a realistic possibility that crime, prison costs, and imprisonment numbers can be reduced simultaneously if policy makers shift from a primary reliance on severity-based policies, mandating lengthy prison terms, to a more effective use of police to make the risks of crime clearer and the consequences of criminal activity faster and more certain. We make the following basic claims:
Reorganization of somatic sensory function in the human thalamus after stroke

A patient with a thalamic stroke underwent a microelectrode-guided stereotactic thalamic exploration during surgery for control of tremor. The results of somatic sensory mapping in this patient were compared with explorations carried out during stereotactic surgery for the control of essential tremor (70 patients). There was evidence both of somatotopic reorganization and of anatomic reorganization of the representation of deep structures in the principal somatic sensory nucleus of the thalamus and the nuclei located anterior to it. This case demonstrates that thalamic reorganization can occur after a thalamic stroke and may play a role in recovery from such a stroke.
Correcting the literature following fraudulent publication

To gain a better understanding of the problem of dealing with publications whose integrity is subsequently challenged, experience in a well-documented case of research fraud was reviewed. At the University of California San Diego, a faculty committee evaluated 135 publications of Robert Slutsky, MD, and reported to each of the corresponding 30 journals whether each article was valid , questionable, or fraudulent , requesting publication of the criteria and the conclusions. Journals responded slowly to this request; half required additional letters over a 2-year period to elicit a reply. Of the 13 journals that had only valid articles, 5 printed a statement to that effect. Statements concerning 46 of 60 nonvalid articles were eventually published. Journals' inconsistent identification of published statements made it difficult to retrieve them by electronic searching. Only 7 notices covering 15 articles were found by searching under the Medical Subject Heading "Retraction of Publication"; scanning the entire bibliography retrieved 18 articles with retraction notations. A poll showed that journals rarely have written procedures for responding to allegations of research misconduct; in our experience, journals were reluctant to accept authorized retractions or corrections when coauthors failed to act. ( JAMA . 1990;263:1416-1419)
S -Adenosylmethionine in a Neuroblastoma

Soluble extracts of a neuroblastoma did not require additional methyl donor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), for maximal catechol O-methltransferase activity. Prior dialysis of the extract resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity which could be partially recovered by addition of SAM to the reaction mixture. Tritiated normetanephrine was formed from DL-norepinephrine-7-3H in the presence and absence of added SAM. Using ion exchange and thin layer chromatography a compound was isolated from a deproteinized extract of the tumor which migrated and reacted as authentic SAM in three different chromatographic solvent systems. Examination of tissue from a metastatic tumor in the same patient, obtained following radiation and chemotherapy, revealed similar catechol O-methyltransferase specific activity which was strictly dependent upon added SAM. No SAM was detectable in deproteinized extracts of this tissue. Urine from the patient did not contain detectable quantities of cystathionine, SAM, or S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine at any time. The urine did contain homocysteine as well as a prominent ninhydrin-positive spot which has not yet been identified. Demonstrable SAM in a neuroblastoma from a patient without cystathioninuria suggests that although methionine metabolizm may be active in the tumor the metabolites elaborated in the urine are not constant and presumably mirror variable enzymatic activities in the tumor. A difference can also be found between primary and metastatic tumor; an alteration possibly due to treatment.
Radiation scattering by apertures in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser cavities and its effects on mode structure

Microcavities with subwavelength features, such as oxide apertures and etched-mesa edges, suffer wide-angle scattering that cannot be captured by the paraxial propagation limit; hence the scattering cannot be fully accounted for by index guiding or by lenslike phase shifts. We present a systematic treatment by using the Born approximation in the vector Maxwell equations. We then introduce the scattering losses in the cavity round-trip matrix, by using a Gauss–Laguerre representation of the cavity modes. Optimization of the round-trip coefficient including confinement, diffraction, and scattering losses yields the mode waist in laterally open vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) cavities. A simple equation relating the current aperture to mode spot size is obtained. The analytic results are applied to etched-mesa and oxide-confined VCSEL designs. Predictions for the mode waist and threshold current are comparable with experimental results in oxide-confined VCSELs.
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets for Vaccination

Protective immunity results from the interplay of antigen (Ag)-nonspecific innate immunity and Ag-specific adaptive immunity. The cells and molecules of the innate system employ non-clonal recognition pathways such as lectins and TLRs. B and T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system employ clonal receptors recognizing Ag or peptides in a highly specific manner. An essential link between innate and adaptive immunity is provided by dendritic cells (DCs). As a component of the innate immune system, DC organize and transfer information from the outside world to the cells of the adaptive immune system. DC can induce such contrasting states as active immune responsiveness or immunological tolerance. Recent years have brought a wealth of information regarding DC biology and pathophysiology that shows the complexity of this cell system. Thus, presentation of antigen by immature (non-activated) DCs leads to tolerance, whereas mature, antigen-loaded DCs are geared towards the launching of antigen-specific immunity. Furthermore, DCs are composed of multiple subsets with distinct functions at the interface of the innate and adaptive immunity. Our increased understanding of DC pathophysiology will permit their rational manipulation for therapy such as vaccination to improve immunity.
Forced oscillations of two-dimensional, nonlinear systems

Some previously established existence theorems for periodic solutions of nonlinear, two-diminsional systems contain a hypothesis which requires inversion of the given system and is generally difficult to establish. This difficulty is eliminated for certain subclasses of systems. Further, some results due to Cronin concerning the number of such solutions and the characterization of hyperbolic sectors about critical points are shown to apply to the systems considered
HPLC Determination of Dacarbazine, Doxorubicin, and Ondansetron Mixture in 5% Dextrose Injection on Underivatized Silica with an Aqueous-Organic Mobile Phase

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography procedure has been developed for the assay of a dacarbazine, doxorubicin, and ondansetron mixture in 5% dextrose injection. The separation and quantitation are achieved on an 22-cm underivatized silica coiumn at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of 60:40 v/v 6.25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 -acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min with detection of all three analytes at 216 nm. The separation is achieved within 10 min with sensitivity in the ng/ml range for each analyte. It was shown that the predominant mechanism of retention for the analytes on silica was cation exchange. The method showed linearity for dacarbazine, doxorubicin, and ondansetron in the 0.79-7.90, 0.08-1.60, and 0.06-6.00 μg/ml ranges, respectively. Accuracy and precision were in the 0-7% and 0.4-6% ranges, respectively, for all three compounds. The limits of detection for dacarbazine, doxorubicin, and ondansetron were 12.5, 10.0 and 8.0 ng/mi, respectively, based on a signal to n...
Crystal structure of DCoH, a bifunctional, protein-binding transcriptional coactivator

DCoH, the dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1, stimulates gene expression by associating with specific DNA binding proteins and also catalyzes the dehydration of the biopterin cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The x-ray crystal structure determined at 3 angstrom resolution reveals that DCoH forms a tetramer containing two saddle-shaped grooves that comprise likely macromolecule binding sites. Two equivalent enzyme active sites flank each saddle, suggesting that there is a spatial connection between the catalytic and binding activities. Structural similarities between the DCoH fold and nucleic acid-binding proteins argue that the saddle motif has evolved to bind diverse ligands or that DCoH unexpectedly may bind nucleic acids.
Analysis of Or-parallel execution models

We discuss fundamental limitations of or-parallel execution models of nondeterministic programming languages. Or-parallelism corresponds to the execution of different nondeterministic computational paths in parallel. A natural way to represent the state of (parallel) execution of a nondeterministic program is by means of an or-parallel tree. We identify three important criteria that underlie the design of or-parallel implementations based on the or-parallel tree: constant-time access to variables, constant-time task creation, and constant-time task switching, where the term constant-time means that the time for these operations is independent of the number of nodes in the or-parallel tree, as well as the size of each node. We prove that all three criteria cannot be simultaneously satisfied by any or-parallel execution model based on a finite number of processors but unbounded memory. We discuss in detail the application of our result to the class of logic programming languages and show how our result can serve as a useful way to categorize the various or-parallel methods proposed in this field. We also discuss the suitability of different or-parallel implemenation strategies for different parallel architectures.
An Occupational Perspective on Cultural Evolution

Culture has received increasing attention in recent occupational science research. The emphasis has been on the influence of culture on occupational choice, yet individuals’ occupational choices influence culture through the process of cultural evolution. Culture initially emerged as activities that successfully addressed basic needs were transformed into rituals. Cultural evolution occurs when some aspects of a culture change or disappear. This can happen as a result of chance, or change in the surrounding world, through social unrest or planned intervention. It is important to recognize the possibility that occupational choices have broad societal implications, and to address that possibility in a thoughtful and planned fashion.
Unterscheidungskriterium Partizipationssatz bei der Aktienindexgebundenen Lebensversicherung

Unterscheidungskriterium Partizipationssatz bei der Aktienindexgebundenen Lebensversicherung In vorliegender Arbeit wird eine Klasse moglicher Erlebensfalleistungen fur die Aktienindexgebundene Lebensversicherung mit garantierter Mindestverzinsung vorgestellt und systematisiert. Es wird erlAutert, wie im Rahmen eines zinsdeterministischen Kapitalmarktmodells der Indexpartizipationssatz berechnet wird. Fur 42 konkrete Produkte – dies beinhaltet einige GlAttungsvarianten - wird dieser unter verschiedenen Kapitalmarkszenarien bestimmt. Die AbhAngigkeit des Partizipationssatzes vom Produktdesign wird ausfuhrlich erlAutert. Au\erdem ordnen wir die in Deutschland angebotenen Produkte in unsere Systematisierung ein. The Rate of Index Participation as a Distinguishing Feature of Guaranteed Equity-Linked Life Insurance Policies In the present paper, we define a rich class of possible payoff patterns for guaranteed equity-linked life insurance contracts. We show, how the fair rate of index participation can be calculated within a model for the economy where the short rate is deterministic. For a great variety of 42 different products - including several averaging variants - we calculate the participation rate under different market scenarios and discuss the dependency of the rate of index participation on the product design in great detail. Furthermore, we show how the products offered in Germany fit into our class of products.
A fix to modeled biases in rainfall microphysical process rates

Much of the uncertainty in global climate models stems from issues involved in accurately representing cloud properties. The difficulty arises in parameterizing the small-scale physical interactions that turn water vapor to cloud to rain.
Central Nervous System Tumors

Central nervous system tumors are relatively common in the United States, with more than 40,000 cases annually. Although more than half of these tumors are benign, they can cause substantial morbidity. Malignant primary brain tumors are the leading cause of death from solid tumors in children and the third leading cause of death from cancer in adolescents and adults aged 15 to 34 years. Common presenting symptoms include headache, seizures, and altered mental status. Whereas magnetic resonance imaging helps define the anatomic extent of tumor, biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment depends on the histologic diagnosis. Benign tumors are usually curable with surgical resection or radiation therapy including stereotactic radiation; however, most patients with malignant brain tumors benefit from chemotherapy either at the time of initial diagnosis or at tumor recurrence. Metastases to the brain remain a frequent and morbid complication of solid tumors but are frequently controlled with surgery or radiation therapy. Unfortunately, the mortality rate from malignant brain tumors remains high, despite initial disease control. This article provides an overview of current diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors.
Fermi theory of nuclear β decay and heavy neutrino searches

We examine the data analysis of nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, $^{14}\mathrm{C}$, $^{35}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{63}\mathrm{Ni}$, using a relativistic Fermi function for a Hulthen screened field. This Fermi function does not differ much from that used by Hime, Jelley, and Simpson in the cases of light nuclei, but in the cases of sulfur and nickel reduces significantly the claimed spectral excess and, hence, the mixing of the heavy neutrino. We also discuss radiative corrections to $^{35}\mathrm{S}$ data.
Diet-specific social support among rural adolescents.

Abstract Objective The relationships among primary sources of social support in adolescents’ environments (family and friends) and eating behaviors (fat and fiber consumption) were examined in a sample of rural adolescents. Design Cross-sectional baseline health surveys were administered in classrooms as part of a larger randomized trial evaluating a cancer education program. Setting Data were collected in middle schools drawn from 22 rural counties in Virginia and New York. Participants 1942 sixth graders with a modal age of 12 years, roughly equal gender distribution, and racially diverse (53% white, 37% black). Main Outcome Measure Variables included a 10-item scale of social support from family and friends for healthy eating, a brief food frequency questionnaire estimating daily grams of fat and fiber intake, and demographics (age, gender, race). Analysis Hierarchical multiple regressions and analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Results Controlling for demographics, family and friend support were found to significantly predict fat (P Implications for Research and Practice Support for healthful eating was related to healthful dietary practices and differed among racial subgroups. Identifying and fostering sources of positive support for healthful eating is critical to developing effective health promotion programs targeting high-risk adolescents.
White matter organization and neurocognitive performance variability in schizophrenia

Background White matter alterations in schizophrenia are associated with deficits in neurocognitive performance. Recently, across task within-individual variability (WIV) has emerged as a useful construct for assessing the profile in cognitive performance in schizophrenia. However, the neural basis of WIV has not been studied in patients with schizophrenia.
DELINQUENT PEERS, BELIEFS, AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: A LONGITUDINAL TEST OF INTERACTIONAL THEORY*

Three theoretical models of the interrelations among associations with delinquent peers, delinquent beliefs, and delinquent behavior are examined. The socialization model views delinquent peers and beliefs as causally prior to delinquent behavior, whereas the selection model hypothesizes that associations with delinquent peers and delinquent beliefs are a result of delinquent behavior. The interactional model combines aspects of both the socialization and the selection models, positing that these variables have bidirectional causal influences on one another over time. Data to test for reciprocal causality are drawn from three waves of the Rochester Youth Development Study. Results suggest that simple unidirectional models are inadequate. Associating with delinquent peers leads to increases in delinquency via the reinforcing environment of the peer network. Engaging in delinquency, in turn, leads to increases in associations with delinquent peers. Finally, delinquent beliefs exert lagged effects on peers and behavior, which tend in turn to “harden” the formation of delinquent beliefs.
Carbohydrate-binding protein 35: molecular cloning and expression of a recombinant polypeptide with lectin activity in Escherichia coli

Affinity-purified antibodies directed against carbohydrate-binding protein 35 (CBP35), a galactose-specific lectin, were used to screen a lambda gt 11 expression library derived from mRNA of 3T3 fibroblasts. This screening yielded several putative clones containing cDNA for CBP35, one of which was characterized in terms of its expression of a fusion protein containing beta-galactosidase and CBP35 sequences. Limited proteolysis of lysates containing the fusion protein, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with anti-CBP35, yielded a peptide mapping pattern comparable to that obtained from parallel treatment of authentic CBP35. Such a limited proteolysis followed by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose column coupled with galactose also yielded a 30-kDa polypeptide that exhibited carbohydrate-binding activity. This polypeptide can be immunoblotted with anti-CBP35, but not with antibodies directed against beta-galactosidase. These results indicate that we have identified a cDNA clone for CBP35 that yields a recombinant polypeptide with lectin activity produced in Escherichia coli. Using this cDNA clone as a probe, Northern-blot analysis showed an increased expression of the CBP35 gene when quiescent 3T3 cells were activated by the addition of serum growth factors.
Simple changes improve sample throughput for determination of low concentration uranium isotope ratios in small volumes of urine

An increase in the solid phase extraction column wash volume, change of internal standard, magnet mass, and use of an instrumental mass offset has permitted the elimination of digestion and cutting the sample preparation time of the previously published method in half (50 min) without cost to 235U/238U ratio accuracy.
Instituting the Arts.

Education officials are emphasizing and placing resources in art education but are schools ready to respond to this call? The authors discuss four approaches to the arts in education: discipline-based, interdisciplinary, utilitarian, and transformational art education. They do this by highlighting a successful arts education institute, the Aesthetic Education Institute of Colorado (AEIC), that helps educators meet their own ends in any of the aforementioned approaches to the arts. To that end, the authors offer a framework, the ecology of schools, for evaluating which approach might work best for a particular school's needs. The Institute encourages educators to awaken their artistic sensibilities and then to experiment with a variety of implementation ideas.
Mechanism of action of estrogen on cancellous bone balance in tibiae of ovariectomized growing rats: Inhibition of indices of formation and resorption

Ovariectomy results in cancellous osteopenia in rat long bones, a condition that is prevented by treatment with estrogens. The purpose of these studies was to clarify the effects of estrogen on cancellous bone turnover using dynamic bone histomorphometry. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with diethylstilbestrol (DES) reduced the mineral apposition rate, double-label perimeter, osteoblast number, and osteoclast number, suggesting that the hormone had inhibitory effects on bone formation as well as bone resorption. However, we could not estimate the bone formation rate because of rapid resorption of tetracycline-labeled bone in the ovariectomized rat. The magnitude of loss was documented by a time course study: 58% of the tetracycline initially incorporated into the secondary spongiosa of the tibial metaphysis was resorbed after 11 days and 89% was resorbed after 22 days. Similarly, cancellous bone area was decreased by 67% after 11 days and by 88% after 22 days. Administration of either DES or tamoxifen (TAM) dramatically reduced resorption of tetracycline as well as the decrease in cancellous bone area. These results demonstrate that (1) estrogen prevents osteopenia in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, in part by inhibiting bone turnover, (2) TAM is an estrogen agonist on bone resorption, and (3) resorption of tetracycline-labeled bone leads to serious underestimation of the bone formation rate in OVX rats.
Relationships between particle precipitation and auroral forms

The paper discusses recent measurements pertaining to the relationship between high-latitude particle (electron) precipitation and auroras. The discussion covers three topics: the large-scale relationships between auroral forms and the particle populations of the magnetosphere as determined from satellite measurements; (2) the relationship between satellite and sounding-rocket observations, particularly field-aligned pitch-angle distributions and upward field-aligned currents measured in the vicinity of auroral forms; and (3) recent results on the interaction of auroral electrons with the atmosphere.