cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical aspects of application of electric equipment in coal preparation plants

The increased cleaning required to provide coal which will meet present-day market requirements has greatly expanded the use of processing equipment in coal preparation plants. This places increased emphasis on the selection of the electric equipment to obtain the utmost in safety, reliability, and efficiency. The various phases of the electric system should be considered early in the planning stages so that the location of the mechanical and electric equipment may be properly co-ordinated.
Embedded System Design with the Atmel AVR Microcontroller:Part I

This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers an advanced treatment of the Atmel AVR microcontroller. This book is intended as a follow-on to a previously published book, titled Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing. Some of the content from this earlier text is retained for completeness. This book will emphasize advanced programming and interfacing skills. We focus on system level design consisting of several interacting microcontroller subsystems. The first chapter discusses the system design process. Our approach is to provide the skills to quickly get up to speed to operate the internationally popular Atmel AVR microcontroller line by developing systems level design skills. We use the Atmel ATmega164 as a representative sample of the AVR line. The knowledge you gain on this microcontroller can be easily translated to every other microcontroller in the AVR line. In succeeding chapters, we cover the main subsystems aboard the microcontroller, providing a short theory section followed by a description of the related microcontroller subsystem with accompanying software for the subsystem. We then provide advanced examples exercising some of the features discussed. In all examples, we use the C programming language. The code provided can be readily adapted to the wide variety of compilers available for the Atmel AVR microcontroller line. We also include a chapter describing how to interface the microcontroller to a wide variety of input and output devices. The book concludes with several detailed system level design examples employing the Atmel AVR microcontroller. Table of Contents: Embedded Systems Design / Atmel AVR Architecture Overview / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing / System Level Design
Laboratory and modelling investigation of a Colorado oil-shale block heated to 900 °C☆

A cylinder of oil-shale, 17.2 by 17.0 cm diameter, was heated in a retort from 23 to 900 °C at a rate of 18 °C h−1. Total mass loss, oil yield and evolution of individual products are monitored. A one-dimensional model is developed to simulate the heating of the cylinder of oil-shale and the chemistry occurring as the oil-shale is pyrolysed. This model, containing the heat-transport equation and laboratory kinetic data, of ten occurring chemical reactions provides a good estimation of the experimental results. Only the extent of evolution of CO differed significantly from the experiment. The model is used to investigate thermal gradients in large cylinders heated at 1 and 3 °C min−1 and to determine extents of heat transfer into the walls of an in-situ retort.
The first annulus of otoliths: a tool for studying intra-annual growth of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

We quantified the growing season of yearling walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and related it to annual cycles of water temperature and day length. The study was restricted to members of the 2000 year class and thereby controlled for inter-annual variability. Juveniles were sampled from the year class during 10 cruises in the western Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Fifty percent of juveniles exhibited an annulus on 16 March 2001 (± 11 days 95% confidence interval). No regional difference was detected in the timing of annulus formation or in post-annulus growth trajectories. A model, derived from growth trajectories, estimated that the growing season lasted 204 days (22 March to 13 October 2001) and that growth rate peaked at 0.59 mm day−1 on 2 July 2001. Growth rate increased with day length and water temperature during spring and decreased in late summer possibly due to thermal stress. Secondarily, we explored the utility of otolith size at the first annulus as a natural tag to identify nursery area, but this potential was curtailed by overlap in length among regions. Our results indicate that the first annulus can be used to advance our understanding of climate forcing on marine fish growth by providing fine temporal resolution of the growing season.
Advanced treatment strategies for acute pulmonary embolism, including thrombolysis and embolectomy

The optimal treatment strategy for acute pulmonary embolism relies upon a multidisciplinary team that rapidly assesses available data, performs additional testing if necessary, weighs treatment options, and recommends an appropriate therapeutic plan to the patient and family. Round-the-clock availability is imperative. Centers that specialize in pulmonary embolism management offer a wide range of therapeutic options. Hospitals with more limited facilities should establish pulmonary embolism patient referral and transfer contingency plans that can be activated at a moment's notice. Management options include anticoagulation alone, thrombolysis plus anticoagulation, insertion of an inferior vena caval filter, catheter embolectomy, or surgical embolectomy. The decision-making process requires accurate risk stratification, which is comprised of several crucial components: clinical evaluation that includes history and physical examination, biomarker measurement especially of troponin, as well as assessment of right ventricular size and function based upon chest CT scanning and echocardiography. The 'old school' approach of declaring a benign prognosis based solely upon the presence of normal systemic arterial pressure can delay advanced therapy until after the onset of irreversible cardiogenic shock. We have now formulated a more contemporary, comprehensive, and multifaceted strategy to prognosticate. Our 'new approach' uses advanced treatment strategies in addition to anticoagulation for those pulmonary embolism patients deemed to be at high risk for a poor outcome.
Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Elongation in Brain of Normal and Quaking Mice

Microsomal enzyme systems from mouse brain that catalyze, respectively, the elongation of palmitoyl-coenzyme A (palmitoyl-CoA), stearoyl-CoA, or arachidyl-CoA appear and reach maximal activity at different times after birth of the animal. A specific C20-CoA elongating system exists in mouse brain in addition to the previously recognized C16-CoA and Cl8-CoA elongating enzymes. The C20-CoA elongation system is severely reduced in the mutant quaking mouse.
Task-Resource Capability Alignment: Discerning Staffing and Service Issues in Software Maintenance

The effective management of software maintenance processes involves decisions about workforce levels, skill and expertise mix of developers, assignment of defect resolution tasks, and monitoring key system performance measures. This research uses a queuing based simulation approach to study these managerial issues. Using the data archives of a large global software organization, an empirical study of the historical defect reports and management decisions is conducted. A task-resource capability alignment scheme is developed that captures the defect complexity and skill/experience capabilities of software maintainers. The results of the empirical-computational study show that the defect arrival/reporting process affects the resource utilization and the time a defect spends in the system. The results also highlight the role of dedicated and shared resources on the system performance and indicate that replacing an experienced and skilled developer requires a significant order of magnitude increase in the maintenance workforce.
Intensity generalization with positively reinforcing intracranial stimulation.

Abstract Rats were implanted with electrodes in positively reinforcing areas of the septal region or medial forebrain bundle. Rewarding brain stimulation, at an intermediate intensity, was established as a conditioned stimulus for a shuttle box avoidance response. When the avoidance response was learned, test trials were run using stimulation intensities 10 and 20 μa above or below the original CS intensity. Later, self-stimulation rates were collected at each current level employed in the generalization tests. The degree of stimulus intensity generalization correlated highly with changes in “reinforcement strength” demonstrating that the latter can be a salient perceptual dimension.
O(n) layout-coloring for multiple-patterning lithography and conflict-removal using compaction

The use of multiple patterning optical lithography for sub-20nm technologies has become inevitable with delays in adopting the next generation of lithography systems. The biggest technical challenge of multiple patterning is failure to reach a manufacturable layout-coloring solution, especially in dense layouts. This paper offers a post-layout solution for the removal of conflicts, i.e., patterns that cannot be colored without violations. The proposed method consists of three steps essentially: layout coloring, exposure layers and geometric rules definition, and, finally, layout legalization using compaction and multiple-patterning rules as constraints. The method is general and can be used for different multiple-patterning technologies including LELE double-patterning (DP), tripe/multiple-patterning (i.e., multiple litho-etch steps), and self-aligned double patterning (SADP). For demonstration purposes, we apply the proposed method in this paper to remove conflicts in DP. We offer an O(n) layout-coloring algorithm for DP, which is up to 200X faster than the ILP-based approach, and extend it for multiple-patterning (MP). The conflict-removal problem is formulated as a linear program (LP), which permits an extremely fast run-time (less than 1 minute in real time for macro layout). The method was tested on cells from a commercial 22nm library designed without any multiple-patterning awareness; for many cells, the method removes all conflicts without any area increase; for some complex cells, the method still removes all conflicts but with a modest 6.7% average increase in area.
New Atypical Antipsychotics Experience and Utility in the Elderly

The atypical antipsychotics are a new class of agents with great promise for use in the elderly because of their reduced propensity to cause acute extrapyramidal adverse effects. Treatment of older patients with these agents, however, needs to take into consideration age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and the risks of drug-drug interactions. Additionally, current evidence of their efficacy in late-life psychoses is derived largely from case series and from the extrapolation of results obtained in studies of younger patients with schizophrenia. Controlled clinical studies of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients are urgently needed.
Alfvén waves in the solar atmosphere

The linearized propagation of axisymmetric twists on axisymmetric vertical flux tubes is considered. Models corresponding to both open (coronal hole) and closed (active region loops) flux tubes are examined. Principal conclusions are: Open flux tubes: (1) With some reservations, the model can account for long-period (T ≈ 1 hr) energy fluxes which are sufficient to drive solar wind streams. (2) The waves are predicted to exert ponderomotive forces on the chromosphere which are large enough to alter hydrostatic equilibrium or to drive upward flows. Spicules may be a consequence of these forces. (3) Higher frequency waves (10 s ≲ T ≲ few min) are predicted to carry energy fluxes which are adequate to heat the chromosphere and corona. Nonlinear mechanisms may provide the damping. Closed flux tubes: (1) Long-period (T ≈ 1 hr) twists do not appear to be energetically capable of providing the required heating of active regions. (2) ‘Loop resonances’ are found to occur as a result of waves being stored in the corona via reflections at the transition zones. The loop resonances act much in the manner of antireflectance coatings on camera lenses, and allow large energy fluxes to enter the coronal loops. The resonances may also be able to account for the observed fact that longer coronal loops require smaller energy flux densities entering them from below. (3) The waves exert large upward and downward forces on the chromosphere and corona.
Behavioral stress modifies hippocampal plasticity through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation

Behavioral stress has detrimental effects on subsequent cognitive performance in many species, including humans. For example, humans exposed to stressful situations typically exhibit marked deficits in various learning and memory tasks. However, the underlying neural mechanisms by which stress exerts its effects on learning and memory are unknown. We now report that in adult male rats, stress (i.e., restraint plus tailshock) impairs long-term potentiation (LTP) but enhances long-term depression (LTD) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, a structure implicated in learning and memory processes. These effects on LTP and LTD are prevented when the animals were given CGP39551 (the carboxyethylester of CGP 37849; DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid), a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, before experiencing stress. In contrast, the anxiolytic drug diazepam did not block the stress effects on hippocampal plasticity. Thus, the effects of stress on subsequent LTP and LTD appear to be mediated through the activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors. Such modifications in hippocampal plasticity may contribute to learning and memory impairments associated with stress.
Cells of origin of the afferent fibers to the median eminence in the rat.

The cell bodies of origin of axons terminating in the median eminence have been identified by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or 125I-wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The tracers were injected into the median eminence by pressure and under direct visual control, using a ventral surgical approach. The retrogradely labeled cells are exclusively located within the hypothalamus. The most heavily labeled cells are parvocellular neurons in the arcuate nucleus, the periventricular area, the medial part of the paraventricular nucleus, and the rostral paraventricular nucleus; a few cells are also located in the rostral part of the preoptic area immediately lateral and dorsal to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). Less heavily labeled cells are found in the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei, including the lateral parts of the paraventricular and rostral paraventricular nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus, and the accessory magnocellular nuclei. Retrogradely labeled cells are not found in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, except for a few lightly labeled cells in the posterior division of the nucleus. However, if the injected tracer spreads into the arcuate nucleus, labeled cells are present throughout the ventromedial nucleus. Labeled cells are not found in other parts of the hypothalamus, including lateral and posterior portions of the preoptic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or in catecholaminergic cell groups of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Control injections of HRP into the posterior pituitary and the ventromedial nucleus produce patterns of cell labeling which are very distinct from that seen with injections into the median eminence. Following injections into the posterior pituitary, the cells of the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei are all heavily labeled, but small cells in the parvocellular neuronal groups are not labeled. Direct injections into the ventromedial nucleus resulted in labeled cells in widespread parts of the hypothalamus, as well as in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the lateral septum, in parts of the amygdaloid complex and the subiculum, and in several cell groups in the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Pulsed Laser Modification of the Growth of Ge Quantum Dots on Si(100)-(2x1)

Ge quantum dots were grown on Si(100)-(2x1) using pulsed laser deposition while the laser is also exciting the substrate during film growth. The growth mode and morphology was probed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Epitaxial growth at a substrate temperature of ∼250 °C was achieved by using laser excitation of the substrate. The morphology of the quantum dots changed with increased laser excitation energy density although the faceting of the individual quantum dots remained the same. A purely electronic mechanism of enhanced surface diffusion of the Ge adatoms is proposed.
Ecological Mural as Community Reconnection.

Murals are particularly visually captivating forms of public art due to their size and accessibility. Mural images also capture public attention and provoke viewers to explore layers of meaning and find hidden stories. They are often in places that people come to visit, study, play, congregate and discuss matters that may relate to the content of the mural. To this end, murals can be effective tools for helping communities think about their environmental issues. This article discusses the Mystic River mural project in Somerville, Massachusetts, USA. It addresses how the local art councils, mural artists, local students, community members and non-profit organisations collaborated to carry out this ongoing mural project. The purpose of this research is to examine how Mystic River eco-murals were created, what challenges and benefits the eco-murals provided, how local social concerns were represented through the eco-murals, how eco-murals can continue to promote environmental awareness and inspire youth about their community and the local environment, and how the mural can continue to reflect or affect the meaning of the place. This process can serve as an example for other communities that seek to address their environmental concerns through public art.
Soft Magnetic FeNi-X (X=CuO, NiO, and CoO) Exchange Coupled Nanocomposites Prepared via Ball Milling

Exchange coupled magnetic nanocomposite powders were obtained by mechanically milling ferromagnetic (FM)-antiferromagnetic (AFM) powders. A shift in the field cooled (FC) hysteresis loop and the coercivity (Hc) enhancement of the FM phase resulting from exchange bias anisotropy was observed. A model based on Preisach hysteresis model was used to calculate the interfacial energy between FM and AFM particles. The calculated interfacial energies were in good agreement with those reported for polycrystalline AFM thin films.
Differential Expression of HLA-DR Antigens in Subsets of Human CFU-GM

Expression of HLA-DR surface antigens by granulocyte/monocyte colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) may be important in the regulation of proliferation of these cells. Using immunological techniques to enrich for progenitor cells, we investigated the expression of HLA-DR in subsets of CFU-GM. "Early" (day 14) CFU-GM express higher levels of HLA-DR than do "late" (day 7) CFU-GM. Among late CFU-GM, cells destined to form monocyte (alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase-positive) colonies express higher levels of HLA-DR than do CFU-GM destined to form granulocyte (chloroacetate esterase-positive) colonies. Because high-level expression of DR antigen was a marker for monocyte differentiation, we examined several lymphokines for their effects on both DR expression and in vitro commitment to monocyte differentiation by myeloid precursor cells. DR antigen density could be increased by more than twofold over 48 hours upon exposure to gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), whereas colony-stimulating factors had no effect. This was associated with a dose-dependent inhibition of total CFU-GM number, and a relative, but not absolute, increase in the ratio of monocyte colonies to granulocyte colonies. Similarly, in day 7 suspension cultures of purified myeloid precursor cells, gamma-IFN inhibited cell proliferation and increased the ratio of monocytes to granulocytes. Thus, despite the induction of high levels of HLA-DR antigen on precursor cells (a marker of monocyte commitment), the dominant in vitro effect of gamma-IFN was inhibition of granulocyte differentiation.
Novel Components of the Toxoplasma Inner Membrane Complex Revealed by BioID

ABSTRACT The inner membrane complex (IMC) of Toxoplasma gondii is a peripheral membrane system that is composed of flattened alveolar sacs that underlie the plasma membrane, coupled to a supporting cytoskeletal network. The IMC plays important roles in parasite replication, motility, and host cell invasion. Despite these central roles in the biology of the parasite, the proteins that constitute the IMC are largely unknown. In this study, we have adapted a technique named proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) for use in T. gondii to identify novel components of the IMC. Using IMC proteins in both the alveoli and the cytoskeletal network as bait, we have uncovered a total of 19 new IMC proteins in both of these suborganellar compartments, two of which we functionally evaluate by gene knockout. Importantly, labeling of IMC proteins using this approach has revealed a group of proteins that localize to the sutures of the alveolar sacs that have been seen in their entirety in Toxoplasma species only by freeze fracture electron microscopy. Collectively, our study greatly expands the repertoire of known proteins in the IMC and experimentally validates BioID as a strategy for discovering novel constituents of specific cellular compartments of T. gondii. IMPORTANCE The identification of binding partners is critical for determining protein function within cellular compartments. However, discovery of protein-protein interactions within membrane or cytoskeletal compartments is challenging, particularly for transient or unstable interactions that are often disrupted by experimental manipulation of these compartments. To circumvent these problems, we adapted an in vivo biotinylation technique called BioID for Toxoplasma species to identify binding partners and proximal proteins within native cellular environments. We used BioID to identify 19 novel proteins in the parasite IMC, an organelle consisting of fused membrane sacs and an underlying cytoskeleton, whose protein composition is largely unknown. We also demonstrate the power of BioID for targeted discovery of proteins within specific compartments, such as the IMC cytoskeleton. In addition, we uncovered a new group of proteins localizing to the alveolar sutures of the IMC. BioID promises to reveal new insights on protein constituents and interactions within cellular compartments of Toxoplasma.
Generalization of the Wiener-Khinchin theorem

We generalize the concept of the autocorrelation function and give the generalization of the Wiener-Khinchin theorem. A full generalization is presented where both the autocorrelation function and power spectral density are defined in terms of a general basis set. In addition, we present a partial generalization where the density is the Fourier transform of the characteristic function but the characteristic function is defined in terms of an arbitrary basis set. Both the deterministic and random cases are considered.
Semi-meiosis as an evolutionary mechanism

The definitive germ cells in various vertebrate classes do not arise from homologous sites. Correlated with these nonhomologies are nonhomologous mechanisms of sex determination indicating that sexual reproduction has independently evolved in the animal kingdom. A presexual mode of reproduction is proposed consisting of a semi-meiotic mechanism involving only the first meiotic division. This mechanism is admirably suited to the mandatory production of gene rearrangements as paired homologues in a single step. Indirect and direct evidence for the semimeiotic mechanism is presented as well as a hypothetical scenario for macroevolution.
Tinkering with Translation: Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Cells

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and their replication requires host cell functions. Although the size, composition, complexity, and functions encoded by their genomes are remarkably diverse, all viruses rely absolutely on the protein synthesis machinery of their host cells. Lacking their own translational apparatus, they must recruit cellular ribosomes in order to translate viral mRNAs and produce the protein products required for their replication. In addition, there are other constraints on viral protein production. Crucially, host innate defenses and stress responses capable of inactivating the translation machinery must be effectively neutralized. Furthermore, the limited coding capacity of the viral genome needs to be used optimally. These demands have resulted in complex interactions between virus and host that exploit ostensibly virus-specific mechanisms and, at the same time, illuminate the functioning of the cellular protein synthesis apparatus.
Frequency characteristics of wavelets

Wavelets detect and locate time of disturbances successfully, but for measurement of power/energy they also have to estimate and classify them accurately. This paper investigates the factors on choice of a certain wavelet function and qualitatively shows how the number of coefficients of the wavelets is an important number that affects output decomposition and energy distribution leakage. Wavelets provide an output in terms of the time-frequency scale. The frequency bandwidth characteristics of these individual wavelet levels provide better understanding of the wavelets. The sampling frequency and the number of data points are important parameters and must be carefully selected to avoid the frequency of interest falling into the end regions.
Evaluating the delay robustness of interconnected passive systems with a frequency-dependent integral quadratic constraint

We consider interconnections of output strictly passive systems and study their robustness in the presence of delay. We establish a new integral quadratic constraint (IQC), which captures the magnitude roll-off at high frequencies. The benefit of the roll-off IQC is exemplified in a study of the stability of a cyclic interconnection structure. When used in conjunction with the IQC describing passivity, we obtain a stability bound on the gain that depends on the size of the delay and relaxes a small-gain bound.
An extensible enterprise content management system with Service Component Architecture

Automation of document tracking and lifecycle management using content management systems is getting more and more momentum as large enterprises attempt to streamline business processes and improve productivity. Traditionally, these systems are built as monolithic, stand-alone applications that lack the dynamicity support and are difficult to scale and interoperate with other enterprise systems. In order to tackle these issues, a novel service-oriented approach is introduced for the implementation of a distributed enterprise content management system that is composed from a number of basic service components. These service components are designed based on service component architecture (SCA), and consist of a content repository service, a document workflow service, a document search service, a notification service, a security service, an execution log service, and an integration service. To ensure availability of application services, a runtime dependency model and a bootstrapping mechanism based on graph traversal algorithm are introduced. In this paper, the overall system architecture, the design of each service, the approach to assemble the services into higher-level composite services, and the component runtime dependency model are explained in details. A practical implementation shows that our design is able to support extensible on-demand management services and is capable to scale up for large enterprises without costly development efforts.
Unipolar charge sensing with coplanar electrodes-application to semiconductor detectors

A novel method to perform preferential sensing of single-polarity charge carriers in ionization detectors is presented. It achieves the same function as Frisch grids commonly employed in gas ion chambers but uses a coplanar electrode configuration suitable for semiconductor detectors. Through the use of this method, good energy resolution can be obtained from room-temperature compound semiconductor detectors despite their poor hole-collection characteristics. Experiments using a CdZnTe detector demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique. Schemes to correct for electron trapping and to obtain position information are also described. >
Modification of the Argonne FN Tandem

The Argonne FN tandem now uses Pelletron chains for its charging system and a closed corona system for the voltage distribution along the column. This change has improved the stability of machine operation significantly. The maximum voltage on the terminal is now 9.8 MV compared to 8.6 MV attainable previously in normal operation. The voltage fluctuations in the terminal have decreased by an order of magnitude.
On the spatial correlations of Abell clusters

If rich clusters formed where the primordial density enhancement, when averaged over an appropriate volume, was unusually large, then they give a biased measure of the large-scale density correlation function determiend by the probability distribution of the density fluctuations on a rich cluster mass scale. If this distribution was Gaussian, the correlation function is amplified. The amplification for rich clusters is estimated to be eaual about ten and predicted trend of amplification with richness agrees qualitatively with that observed. Some implications of these results for the large-scale density correlations are discussed.
Seasonal Food Habits of Anolis Limifrons

The seasonal food habits of Anolis limifrons, an iguanid lizard, were studied by examining the stomachs of 512 individuals collected on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, during three periods. Frequency and length of prey and length of predators were determined. Frequency distributions of different size classes of potential prey were obtained from leaf litter and low vegetation samples. The lizards selected larger size classes of potential prey. All size classes of predators captured the smaller size classes of prey, but the larger prey were taken by larger predators. More female than male lizards had food in their stomachs. There was no wet season—dry season difference in frequency of food found in the stomachs.
Analyzing Electroencephalograms Using Cloud Computing Techniques

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) allow users to interact with a computer via electroencephalogram (EEG) signals generated by their brain. The BCI application that we consider allows a user to initiate actions such as keyboard input or control the motion of their wheelchair. Our goal is to be able to train the neural network and classify the EEG signals from multiple users to infer their intended actions in a distributed environment. The processing is developed using the Map-Reduce framework. We use our cloud runtime, Granules, to classify these EEG streams. One of our objectives is to be able to process these EEG streams in real-time. The BCI software has been developed in R, which is an interpreted language designed for the fast computation of matrix multiplications, making it an effective language for the development of artificial neural networks. We contrast our approach of using Granules with a competing approach that uses an R package â€“ Snowfall that simplifies execution of R computations in a distributed setting. We have performed experiments to evaluate the costs introduced by our scheme for training the neural networks and classifying the EEG signals. Our results demonstrate the suitability of using Granules to classify multiple EEG streams in a distributed environment.
Influence of Respiratory Acidosis on Circulatory Effect of Epinephrine in Dogs

The circulatory depressant effects of respiratory acidosis and the relation between acidosis and the circulatory effects of epinephrine were studied in anesthetized intact dogs after sympathetic and parasympathetic block. Respiratory acidosis invariably depressed myocardial contractile force, cardiac rate, and mean arterial pressure, but only the fall, in contractile force showed a relation with the degree of acidosis. The effect of epinephrine on myocardial contractile force decreased with decreasing arterial pH, but no correlation was found between pH and the effect of epinephrine on arterial blood pressure and on cardiac rate. During continuous infusion of epinephrine, arterial pressure continued to rise after the contractile force had reached its maximum. With repeated periods of epinephrine infusion in the same animal, the response of the myocardial contractile force declined, while the response of the arterial blood pressure was unchanged. Such "differential tachyphylaxis" may occur under clinical conditions with prolonged infusions of vasopressor agents.
Sustaining ‘truth’: changes in youth tobacco attitudes and smoking intentions after 3 years of a national antismoking campaign

This study examines how the American Legacy Foundation's 'truth' campaign and Philip Morris's 'Think. Don't Smoke' (TDS) campaign have influenced youth's tobacco-related attitudes, beliefs and intentions during the first 3 years of the truth campaign. We use data from eight nationally representative cross-sectional telephone surveys of 35 074 12- to 17-year olds to estimate cross-sectional time series logistic regressions that assess the association between recall of truth and TDS and attitudes, beliefs, and intentions toward smoking. An alternative measure of exposure to TDS was also used. Findings indicate that exposure to truth advertisements (ads) was associated with steady positive changes in attitudes, beliefs and intentions to smoke, whereas exposure to Philip Morris ads was associated with more favorable beliefs and attitudes toward the tobacco industry. Our findings suggest that well-executed antismoking campaigns can positively and consistently change youth's beliefs and attitudes, whereas a tobacco industry-sponsored campaign can have a counterproductive influence.
Changing pattern of organ donation and utilization in the USA.

Background: Organ transplantation has proven highly effective in the treatment of various forms of end-stage organ failure. However, organ shortage is still the greatest challenge facing the field of organ transplantation. Objective: To assess the pattern of organ donation and utilization during the past decade in the USA. Methods: We studied OPTN/UNOS database for organ donation between January 2000 and December 2009. The retrieved records were then categorized into two time periods—from January 2000 to December 2004 (era 1), and from January 2005 to December 2009 (era 2). Results: There were 65,802 living and 71,401 deceased donors in the US from 2000 to 2009, including 66,518 (93.2%) brain-dead donors and 4,883 (6.8%) donation after cardiac death. Comparing two periods—from January 2000 to December 2004 (era 1) and from January 2005 to December 2009 (era 2), the number of deceased donors increased by 25% from 31,692 to 39,709 and living donors decreased by 7.6%. Donation after cardiac death increased from 3.5% to 9.3%. The portion of donors older than 64 years increased from 6.9% in era 1 to 11.3% in era 2 (p=0.03). The number of donors with a body mass index of >35 kg/m2 was also increased from 6.8% to 11.2%. A significant increase in the incidence of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular as cause of death was also noted from 38.1% in era 1 to 56.1% in era 2 (p<0.001), as was a corresponding decrease in the incidence of death due to head trauma (34.9% vs. 48.8%). The overall discard rate also increased by 41% from 13,411 in era 1 to 19,516 in era 2. This increase in discards was especially more prominent in donation after cardiac death group which rose by 374% from 440 in era 1 to 2,089 in era 2. The discard rate for livers and kidneys increased by 31% and 68%, respectively, comparing era 1 and era 2. We noted a 78% increase for discarded donation after cardiac death livers and 1,210% for discarded donation after cardiac death kidneys. Conclusion: We detected significant changes in the make-up of the donor pool over the past decade in the US. Over time, donor characteristics have changed with increased numbers of elderly donors and donors with comorbidities, especially donors who died of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease. The incidence of donation after cardiac death has increased significantly; brain-dead donors have only increased slightly and living donors have decreased. As the result, the discard rates have increased. The transplant community and policy makers should consider every precaution to safeguard the donor pool and prevent the decay of organ quality in favor of quantity.
Electronic band structure of Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7

We report results of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements performed on the bilayered material Sr{sub 3}Ru{sub 2}O{sub 7} in the range of emission angles spanning the whole Brillouin zone (BZ), and at photon energies h{nu}=20.4{endash}53.4 eV. We utilize a technique based on estimation of an angular dependence of ARPES integrated spectral weight to determine the Fermi surface. At the same time, modifications to the technique allowed us to trace the dispersive ARPES features throughout the BZ to obtain a dispersion of the electronic energy bands below the Fermi energy as well as to check a self-consistency of the Fermi-surface determination. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Observation of a hot-phonon bottleneck in lead-iodide perovskites

We study the carrier dynamics in planar methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite films using broadband transient absorption spectroscopy. We show that the sharp optical absorption onset is due to an exciton transition that is inhomogeneously broadened with a binding energy of 9 meV. We fully characterize the transient absorption spectrum by free-carrier-induced bleaching of the exciton transition, quasi-Fermi energy, carrier temperature and bandgap renormalization constant. The photo-induced carrier temperature is extracted from the transient absorption spectra and monitored as a function of delay time for different excitation wavelengths and photon fluences. We find an efficient hot-phonon bottleneck that slows down cooling of hot carriers by three to four orders of magnitude in time above a critical injection carrier density of ∼5 × 1017 cm−3. Compared with molecular beam epitaxially grown GaAs, the critical density is an order of magnitude lower and the relaxation time is approximately three orders of magnitude longer. Hot carriers in perovskites experience slow cooling.
Identification of phosphorylation sites in βPIX and PAK1

βPIX (PAK1-interacting exchange factor beta, encoded by ARHGEF7 ) and PAK1 (p21 activated kinase) are interacting proteins that form a signaling module that mediates a number of cellular activities pertinent to cell migration ([Kim et al., 2001][1]; [Koh et al., 2001][2]; [Webb et al., 2002][3]).
Solid-state and solution-state coordination chemistry of lanthanide(III) complexes with α-hydroxyisobutyric acid.

Despite the wide range of applications of α-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) in biochemical processes, pharmaceutical formulations, and group and elemental separations of lanthanides and actinides, the structures and geometries of lanthanide–HIBA complexes are still not well understood. We reacted HIBA with lanthanides in aqueous solution at pH = 5 and synthesized 14 lanthanide–HIBA complexes of the formula [Ln(HIBA)2(H2O)2](NO3)·H2O (Ln = La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3), Nd (4), Sm (5), Eu (6), Gd (7), Tb (8), Dy (9), Ho (10), Er (11), Tm (12), Yb (13), Lu (14)), isolating single crystals (1–7, 10, and 11) and powders (8, 9, and 12–14). Both single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies reveal a two-dimensional extended structure across the entire lanthanide series. The environment around the eight-coordinated Ln(III) atom is best described as a distorted dodecahedron, where HIBA acts as a monoanionic tridentate ligand with one carboxylato oxygen atom and one hydroxyl oxygen atom chelating to one Ln(III) cente...
Applying Machine Learning for Run-time Bug Detection in Aviation Software

Modern commercial aircraft are heavily dependent on large software systems for many of their essential functions. However, bugs may cause software failure and endanger the lives of passengers and crew. Software development processes in aviation emphasize near exhaustive testing but not all bugs can be found. Additionally, current bug detection methods, including assertion-based methods, are not suitable for bugs that appear during run-time as they produce complex relationships between program variables. In this paper, we investigated a machine learning approach for detecting bugs at run-time. Our preliminary results show that our approach can detect the presence of injected software bugs with high specificity. This technique shows promise in meeting the high standards of aviation reliability.
Full three-dimensional approach to the design and simulation of a radio-frequency quadrupole

We have developed a new full 3D approach for the electromagnetic and beam dynamics design and simulation of a radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ). A detailed full 3D model including vane modulation was simulated, which was made possible by the ever advancing computing capabilities. The electromagnetic (EM) design approach was first validated using experimental measurements on an existing prototype RFQ and more recently on the actual full size RFQ. Two design options have been studied, the original with standard sinusoidal modulation over the full length of the RFQ; in the second design, a trapezoidal modulation was used in the accelerating section of the RFQ to achieve a higher energy gain for the same power and length. A detailed comparison of both options is presented supporting our decision to select the trapezoidal design. The trapezoidal modulation increased the shunt impedance of the RFQ by 34%, the output energy by 15% with a similar increase in the peak surface electric field, but practically no change in the dynamics of the accelerated beam. The beam dynamics simulations were performed using three different field methods. The first uses the standard eight-term potential to derive the fields, the second uses 3D fields from individual cell-by-cell models, and the third uses the 3D fields for the whole RFQ as a single cavity. A detailed comparison of the results from TRACK shows a very good agreement, validating the 3D fields approach used for the beam dynamics studies. The EM simulations were mainly performed using the CST Microwave-Studio with the final results verified using other software. Detailed segment-by-segment and full RFQ frequency calculations were performed and compared to the measured data. The maximum frequency deviation is about 100 kHz. The frequencies of higher-order modes have also been calculated and finally the modulation and tuners effects on both the frequency and field flatness have been studied. We believe that with this new full 3D approach, the enhanced computing capabilities and the calculation precision the electromagnetic design software offer, we may be able to skip the prototyping phase and build the final product at once, although we recognize that prototyping is still needed to establish and validate the fabrication procedure.
Protein influence on charge-asymmetry of the primary donor in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers containing a heterodimer: effects on photophysical properties and electron transfer.

The substantial electronic distinctions between bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and its Mg-free analogue bacteriopheophytin (BPh) are exploited in two sets of Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction center (RC) mutants that contain a heterodimeric BChl–BPh primary electron donor (D). The BPh component of the M-heterodimer (Mhd) or L-heterodimer (Lhd) obtains from substituting a Leu for His M200 or for His L173, respectively. Lhd-β and Mhd-β RCs serve as the initial templates in the two mutant sets, where β denotes that the L-side BPh acceptor (HL) has been replaced by a BChl (due to substituting His for Leu M212). Three variants each of Lhd-β and Mhd-β mutants were constructed: (1) a swap (denoted YF) of the native Phe (L181) and Tyr (M208) residues, which flank D and the nearby M- and L-side monomeric BChl cofactors, respectively, giving Tyr (L181) and Phe (M208); (2) addition of a hydrogen bond (denoted L131LH) to the ring V keto group of the L-macrocycle of D, via replacing the native Leu at L131 with His; (3) the ...
Failure to obtain pseudocondltioning in a shuttlebox

In two shuttlebox experiments, rats were given a series of shocks, then tested for pseudoconditioning in the presence of a light. Virtually no pseudoconditioned responses were obtained. These findings contradict a prediction derived from the stimulus generalization hypothesis for pseudoconditioning.
Uptake and Killing of Mima polymorpha and Herellea vaginicola by the Reticuloendothelial System of Neonatally Thymectomized Nonwasted Mice

Phagocytosis and killing of Mima polymorpha and Herellea vaginicola by the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys from neonatally thymectomized nonwasted mice and their sham-thymectomized litter mates were compared. The removal of M. polymorpha from blood by these organs, measured 2 and 4 hr after intravenous injection of bacteria, was not affected by thymectomy. Because significantly fewer viable organisms persisted in the liver, spleen, and kidneys, it is concluded that bacterial killing increased after thymectomy. Phagocytosis of M. polymorpha by peritoneal macrophages increased in thymectomized mice. Removal of H. vaginicola from the blood by the lungs was greater after thymectomy. Thymectomy did not affect the killing of H. vaginicola by the liver, spleen, lungs, or kidneys. Killing of H. vaginicola by the kidney was less than that by other organs, although this was not affected by thymectomy. Chronic reticuloendothelial stimulation associated with infection was not an adequate explanation for these findings because no wasting syndrome was encountered.