cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holistic Climate Change Governance: Towards Mitigation and Adaptation Synthesis

Climate change already has begun destabilizing natural systems, prompting unprecedented heat waves, droughts, floods, and severe storms. While scientists admonish us that greenhouse gases must be cut deeply and quickly to avoid the worst impacts, past emissions have committed the planet to some further warming. Resulting physical changes will require a legal system that functions amidst extreme weather, rising seas, and scientific uncertainty about the stability of natural systems upon which we relied in designing institutions and infrastructure. An effective response requires both substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to limit the harm (“mitigation”) and significant adaptation. Scholars and policymakers have largely treated mitigation and adaptation as distinct strategies, overlooking critical interactions between the two issues. This Article addresses the resulting gap in scholarship.Adequate preparation for climate change requires fundamentally rethinking systems and infrastructure designed for more stable conditions. Part of this rethinking process includes evaluating whether legal measures designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will ultimately aid or hinder adaptation. Using a case study of one proposed mitigation measure — expanded reliance on nuclear power — this Article illustrates how disconnected approaches to adaptation and mitigation can undermine both efforts. The Article then offers a preliminary framework for holistic climate change governance that directs mitigation investment toward adaptive and adaptable infrastructure that reduces human risks, decreases reliance on complex networks, and moderates the extent of scientific uncertainty that legislators and administrative agencies will face in an unpredictable future environment.
A mixing layer theory for flow resistance in shallow streams

[1] A variety of surface roughness characterizations have emerged from nineteenth and twentieth century studies of channel hydraulics. When the water depth h is much larger than the characteristic roughness height ks, roughness formulations such as Manning's n and the friction factor f can be explicitly related to the momentum roughness height zo in the log-law formulation for turbulent boundary layers, thereby unifying roughness definitions for a given surface. However, when h is comparable to (or even smaller than) ks, the log-law need not be valid. Using a newly proposed mixing layer analogy for the inflectional velocity profile within and just above the roughness layer, a model for the flow resistance in shallow flows is developed. The key model parameter is the characteristic length scale describing the depth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz wave instability. It is shown that the new theory, originally developed for canopy turbulence, recovers much of the earlier roughness results for flume experiments and shallow gravel streams. This study is the first to provide such a unifying framework between canopy atmospheric turbulence and shallow gravel stream roughness characterization. The broader implication of this study is to support the merger of a wealth of surface roughness characterizations independently developed in nineteenth and twentieth century hydraulics and atmospheric sciences and to establish a connection between roughness formulations across traditionally distinct boundary layer types.
Theory of magic optical traps for Zeeman-insensitive clock transitions in alkali-metal atoms

Precision measurements and quantum-information processing with cold atoms may benefit from trapping atoms with specially engineered, ``magic'' optical fields. At the magic trapping conditions, the relevant atomic properties remain immune to strong perturbations by the trapping fields. Here we develop a theoretical analysis of magic trapping for especially valuable Zeeman-insensitive clock transitions in alkali-metal atoms. The involved mechanism relies on applying a magic bias $B$ field along a circularly polarized trapping laser field. We map out these $B$ fields as a function of trapping laser wavelength for all commonly used alkalis. We also highlight a common error in evaluating Stark shifts of hyperfine manifolds.
Video decimator design using a systolic array

The decimation of video signals from the National Television System Committee (NTSC) composite video format to the common interchange format (CIF) is discussed. This conversion is necessary to interface standard cameras with a new AT&T P /spl times/ 64 codec chip set. The decimator circuit is designed based on a systolic array and is implemented using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The systolic architecture aids in handling the large video bandwidth and allows the use of FPGA technology which has a relatively large propagation delay. >
An information theoretic approach to pedigree reconstruction

Network structure is a dominant feature of many biological systems, both at the cellular level and within natural populations. Advances in genotype and gene expression screening made over the last few decades have permitted the reconstruction of these networks. However, resolution to a single model estimate will generally not be possible, leaving open the question of the appropriate method of formal statistical inference. The nonstandard structure of the problem precludes most traditional statistical methodologies. Alternatively, a Bayesian approach provides a natural methodology for formal inference. Construction of a posterior density on the space of network structures allows formal inference regarding features of network structure using specific marginal posterior distributions. An information theoretic approach to this problem will be described, based on the Minimum Description Length principle. This leads to a Bayesian inference model based on the information content of data rather than on more commonly used probabilistic models. The approach is applied to the problem of pedigree reconstruction based on genotypic data. Using this application, it is shown how the MDL approach is able to provide a truly objective control for model complexity. A two-cohort model is used for a simulation study. The MDL approach is compared to COLONY-2, a well known pedigree reconstruction application. The study highlights the problem of genotyping error modeling. COLONY-2 requires prior error rate estimates, and its accuracy proves to be highly sensitive to these estimates. In contrast, the MDL approach does not require prior error rate estimates, and is able to accurately adjust for genotyping error across the range of models considered.
An Exploration of Returning Veterans' Sexual Health Issues Using a Brief Self‐Report Measure

Introduction Sexual health is an integral aspect of quality of life with important implications for satisfaction with intimate relationships, emotional well‐being, and life as a whole. Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan frequently encounter a wide range of known risk factors for sexual health concerns.
NC-06AWAKE CRANIOTOMY TO MAXIMIZE GLIOMA RESECTION: METHODS AND TECHNICAL NUANCES

OBJECTIVE: Awake craniotomy is the gold standard for the identification and preservation of functional areas. The goal of this study was to analyze a single surgeon's experience and the evolving methodology of awake language and sensorimotor mapping for glioma surgery to maximize perioperative safety. METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients from 1986-2013 undergoing awake brain tumor surgery. Perioperative risk factors and complications were assessed using 611 cases. RESULTS: Median patient age was 42 years (range, 13-84 years). Sixty percent of patients had KPS scores of 90-100, and 40% had KPS scores under 80. Fifty-five percent of patients received surgery for high-grade gliomas, 42% for low-grade gliomas, 1% for metastatic lesions, and 2% for other lesions (cortical dysplasia, encephalitis, necrosis, abscess, hemangioma). The majority of patients were ASA class 1 or 2 (mild systemic disease). Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was used in 8 patients (1%), and was most commonly used for large vascular tumors with more than 2 cm of mass effect. The most common sedation regimen was propofol plus remifentanil (PR; 54%); however, 42% required an adjustment to the initial sedation regimen before skin incision. Mannitol was used in 54% of cases. Twelve percent of patients were active smokers at the time of surgery, which did not impact intraoperative mapping procedure failure. Stimulation-induced seizures occurred in 3% of patients and were rapidly terminated with ice-cold Ringer's solution. Preoperative seizure history and tumor location were associated with an increased incidence of stimulation-induced seizures. Mapping was aborted in 3 cases (0.5%) due to intraoperative seizures and patient emotional intolerance. The overall perioperative complication rate was 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Awake brain tumor surgery can be safely performed with low complication and failure rates regardless of ASA classification, Mallampati score, body mass index, smoking status, psychiatric history, seizure history, tumor site, or tumor pathology.
Mechanisms for Trichloroethylene Vapor Sorption onto Soil Minerals

Partition coefficients were determined for trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor (P/Pₒ <2% or concentration <10 mg L⁻¹) for several minerals over a wide range of moisture contents. For oven-dried minerals, surface area was found to be a good indicator of the sorptive capacity of the solid phase. As moisture content was increased, the partition coefficients of TCE vapor decreased by several orders of magnitude, attained a minimum, and then gradually increased. Mechanisms of TCE vapor sorption were proposed corresponding to three regions of sorbent moisture content. In Region 1, from oven-dried conditions to one monolayer coverage of water on the solid surface, direct solid-vapor sorption was evident with strong competition between water and TCE for adsorption sites on the sorbents. In Region 2, between a monolayer coverage to approximately five layers of water molecules, likely interactions between TCE vapor and water include sorption of TCE onto surface-bound water and limited TCE dissolution into sorbed water with some “salting out” effects caused by water structure. In Region 3, extending from a minimum of approximately five layers of water molecules to the water retention capacity of the soil, TCE dissolution into condensed water-dominated vapor uptake along with sorption at the water solid interface. Thermodynamic data and the development of a simple model were used to interpret the above processes. Application of Henry's Law to model TCE interaction with the soil water was possible only after five layers of water molecules have formed.
The Role of α and β Chains in Ligand Recognition by β7 Integrins

Integrins αEβ7and α4β7 are involved in localization of leukocytes at mucosal sites. Although both αEβ7 and α4β7utilize the β7 chain, they have distinct binding specificities for E-cadherin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), respectively. We found that mutation of the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) in the αE A-domain (D190A) abolished E-cadherin binding, as did mutation F298A on the A-domain surface near the MIDAS cleft. A docking model of the A-domain with E-cadherin domain 1 indicates that coordination of the αE MIDAS metal ion by E-cadherin Glu31 and a novel projection of Phe298 into a hydrophobic pocket on E-cadherin provide the basis for the interaction. The location of the binding site on the αE A-domain resembles that on other integrins, but its structure appears distinctive and particularly adapted to recognize the tip of E-cadherin, a unique integrin ligand. Additionally, mutation of the β7 MIDAS motif (D140A) abolished αEβ7 binding to E-cadherin and α4β7-mediated adhesion to MAdCAM-1, and α4 chain mutations that abrogated binding of α4β1 to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin similarly reduced α4β7interaction with MAdCAM-1. Thus, although specificity can be determined by the integrin α or β chain, common structural features of both subunits are required for recognition of dissimilar ligands.
Developmental analysis and influence of genetic background on the Lhx3 W227ter mouse model of combined pituitary hormone deficiency disease.

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) diseases result in severe outcomes for patients including short stature, developmental delays, and reproductive deficiencies. Little is known about their etiology, especially the developmental profiles and the influences of genetic background on disease progression. Animal models for CPHD provide valuable tools to investigate disease mechanisms and inform diagnostic and treatment protocols. Here we examined hormone production during pituitary development and the influence of genetic background on phenotypic severity in the Lhx3W227ter/W227ter mouse model. Lhx3W227ter/W227ter embryos have deficiencies of ACTH, α-glycoprotein subunit, GH, PRL, TSHβ, and LHβ during prenatal development. Furthermore, mutant mice have significant reduction in the critical pituitary transcriptional activator-1 (PIT1). Through breeding, the Lhx3W227ter/W227ter genotype was placed onto the 129/Sv and C57BL/6 backgrounds. Intriguingly, the genetic background significantly affected viability: whereas Lhx3W227ter/W227ter animals were found in the expected frequencies in C57BL/6, homozygous animals were not viable in the 129/Sv genetic environment. The hormone marker and PIT1 reductions observed in Lhx3W227ter/W227ter mice on a mixed background were also seen in the separate strains but in some cases were more severe in 129/Sv. To further characterize the molecular changes in diseased mice, we conducted a quantitative proteomic analysis of pituitary proteins. This showed significantly lower levels of PRL, pro-opiomelanocortin (ACTH), and α-glycoprotein subunit proteins in Lhx3W227ter/W227ter mice. Together, these data show that hormone deficiency disease is apparent in early prenatal stages in this CPHD model system. Furthermore, as is noted in human disease, genetic background significantly impacts the phenotypic outcome of these monogenic endocrine diseases.
Field Measurements of Reynolds Stress near a Riverbank

The Reynolds stress field was measured near the bank of the Powder River in southeastern Montana. The measurements were made from the bank using an aluminum I-beam cantilevered over the water to support a carriage system for positioning an acoustic doppler velocimeter in a vertical plane perpendicular to 1) the bank and 2) the streamwise velocity field. During quasi-steady flow at the peak (71 ms) of the spring snowmelt runoff in May 1996, turbulent velocities were measured at 25 Hertz along six vertical locations spaced 0.5 m apart and within about 3.5 m of the riverbank. When the turbulent velocities are transformed to the ray-isovel coordinate system appropriate for this two-dimension problem, the turbulent characteristics near the bed are consistent with similar field measurements made by others for the one-dimensional problem of uniform flow over a horizontal bed far from lateral boundaries. The three turbulent intensities, 2 1 2 2 1 2 ) ( , ) ( v u ′ ′ and 2 1 2 ) ( w ′ , normalized by the local shear velocity, *, u were essentially constant with distance above the bed along a ray and the average values were 2.1, 1.4, and 1.2. Future turbulence measurements could be improved by measuring the streamwise flow first, then determining the approximate location of the rays and isovels so that the turbulence measurements could be made along the approximated rays rather than along verticals. In addition, to improve the possibility making turbulence measurements during steady, uniform flow, the site should be carefully selected to minimize local flow accelerations caused by spatial variability of the riverbank. Also, the measurements should be made at times when the stage is constant, no local erosion or deposition of sediment occurs, and when wind velocities are small. 1
Recruitment of dynamic endothelial Ca2+ signals by the TRPA1 channel activator AITC in rat cerebral arteries.

Objective Stimulation of endothelial TRP channels, specifically TRPA1, promotes vasodilation of cerebral arteries through activation of Ca2+-dependent effectors along the myoendothelial interface. However, presumed TRPA1-triggered endothelial Ca2+ signals have not been described. We investigated whether TRPA1 activation induces specific spatial and temporal changes in Ca2+ signals along the intima that correlates with incremental vasodilation. Methods Confocal imaging, immunofluorescence staining, and custom image analysis were employed. Results We found that endothelial cells of rat cerebral arteries exhibit widespread basal Ca2+ dynamics (44 ± 6 events/minute from 26 ± 3 distinct sites in a 3.6 × 104 μm2 field). The TRPA1 activator AITC increased Ca2+ signals in a concentration-dependent manner, soliciting new events at distinct sites. Origination of these new events corresponded spatially with TRPA1 densities in IEL holes, and the events were prevented by the TRPA1 inhibitor HC-030031. Concentration-dependent expansion of Ca2+ events in response to AITC correlated precisely with dilation of pressurized cerebral arteries (p = 0.93 by F-test). Correspondingly, AITC caused rapid endothelium-dependent suppression of asynchronous Ca2+ waves in subintimal smooth muscle. Conclusions Our findings indicate that factors that stimulate TRPA1 channels expand Ca2+ signal-effector coupling at discrete sites along the endothelium to evoke graded cerebral artery vasodilation.
Subduction and recycling of nitrogen along the Central American margin.

We report N and He isotopic and relative abundance characteristics of volatiles emitted from two segments of the Central American volcanic arc. In Guatemala, delta15N values are positive (i.e., greater than air) and N2/He ratios are high (up to 25,000). In contrast, Costa Rican N2/He ratios are low (maximum 1483) and delta15N values are negative (minimum -3.0 per mil). The results identify shallow hemipelagic sediments, subducted into the Guatemalan mantle, as the transport medium for the heavy N. Mass balance arguments indicate that the subducted N is efficiently cycled to the atmosphere by arc volcanism. Therefore, the subduction zone acts as a "barrier" to input of sedimentary N to the deeper mantle.
Pharmacist-led discharge counseling on subcutaneous insulin use and administration

According to guidelines issued by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for developing diabetes care plans, insulin is required in all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and should be considered in patients with type 2 diabetes
Electron Attachment to a Negative Ion: e + C 84 − ⇌ C 84 − 2

The observation of sequential attachment of two electrons to the ${\mathrm{C}}_{84}$ molecule and the subsequent autodetachment of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{84}$ dianion is reported. Remarkably, the cross section for attaching the second electron is estimated to be of the same order as that for adding the first electron. The measured lifetime for autodetachment of ${\mathrm{C}}_{84}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ $(\ensuremath{\sim}60\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{sec})$ is in accord with calculations assuming ``thermionic emission'' from the vibrationally hot dianion. The first $({\mathrm{EA}}_{1})$ and second $({\mathrm{EA}}_{2})$ electron affinities of the two low-lying ${D}_{2}$ and ${D}_{2d}$ isomers of ${\mathrm{C}}_{84}$ are calculated using density functional theory to be $+3.14$ and $+0.44\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, respectively.
Rank-Order-Selective Neurons Form a Temporal Basis Set for the Generation of Motor Sequences

Many behaviors are composed of a series of elementary motor actions that must occur in a specific order, but the neuronal mechanisms by which such motor sequences are generated are poorly understood. In particular, if a sequence consists of a few motor actions, a primate can learn to replicate it from memory after practicing it for just a few trials. How do the motor and premotor areas of the brain assemble motor sequences so fast? The network model presented here reveals part of the solution to this problem. The model is based on experiments showing that, during the performance of motor sequences, some cortical neurons are always activated at specific times, regardless of which motor action is being executed. In the model, a population of such rank-order-selective (ROS) cells drives a layer of downstream motor neurons so that these generate specific movements at different times in different sequences. A key ingredient of the model is that the amplitude of the ROS responses must be modulated by sequence identity. Because of this modulation, which is consistent with experimental reports, the network is able not only to produce multiple sequences accurately but also to learn a new sequence with minimal changes in connectivity. The ROS neurons modulated by sequence identity thus serve as a basis set for constructing arbitrary sequences of motor responses downstream. The underlying mechanism is analogous to the mechanism described in parietal areas for generating coordinate transformations in the spatial domain.
Fear, Anxiety and Perceived Control in Children of Agoraphobic Parents

Sixteen children (M = 11 years) of agoraphobic parents were compared with 16 children of parents with no history of psychopathology, matched on age, gender and socioeconomic status. The majority (68%) of children of agoraphobic parents met DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria, anxiety disorders being most common. They reported more fear and anxiety and less control over various risks than did comparison children. Group's perceptions of the prevalence and their vulnerability to these risks did not differ. Agoraphobic mothers reported more separation anxiety than did comparison mothers, and maternal separation anxiety was negatively correlated with children's perceived control. Results are related to models of anxiety transmission.
The “prime number theorem” for the periodic orbits of a Bernoulli flow

(1988). The “Prime Number Theorem” for the Periodic Orbits of a Bernoulli Flow. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 5, pp. 385-398.
Cue-dose training with monetary reinforcement: pilot study of an antiretroviral adherence intervention.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) lowers plasma levels of HIV and reduces morbidity and mortality from HIV infection.1–3 Current HAART regimens require the use of 3 or more medications, most with 2 or more daily doses. The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection is believed to depend heavily on patients' ability to adhere closely to complicated multidrug regimens. Although there has been considerable effort devoted to quantifying adherence and to establishing correlations between adherence and virologic outcomes, there has been little attempt to apply rigorous clinical research methodology to the study of interventions designed to improve adherence. In a recent review of studies to improve adherence in a number of areas, only 13 randomized, controlled clinical studies were identified.4 Although lack of adherence to treatment regimens is felt to be the most serious limitation of HAART, no intervention has been shown to improve objectively verified adherence in a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Several features of HAART pose particular problems for testing adherence interventions. First, it is difficult to define a single summary measure of adherence, given multidrug regimens and the need for adherence to dose interval as well as total daily dose. Second, although adherence interventions would optimally be targeted at nonadherent patients, there is no reliable way to identify such patients, as both provider and patient estimates of adherence overestimate true adherence.5–7 Finally, because there are no published examples of interventions to improve adherence to HAART, there is no way to predict the effect size of such interventions on adherence. Nor is there any way to predict the effect of improving adherence on downstream measures such as virologic or clinical outcomes. Recognizing these challenges, we developed an intervention that stressed adherence to dose interval (rather than total daily dose) and piloted this intervention in a randomized, controlled study enrolling any patient prescribed any antiretroviral therapy. Review of Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS; Aprex Corp., Menlo Park, Calif) and reinforcement were based upon a single “primary” antiretroviral drug, and patients were encouraged to cue other medications to this one. The primary outcome was adherence to dose and time interval for the primary drug. Secondary outcomes included adherence to other prescribed antiretrovirals and changes in HIV viral load. In a subset of patients who were prescribed zidovudine as part of their antiretorviral regimen, we also obtained zidovudine plasma levels to obtain confirmation that subjects were actually taking medication when they opened pill bottles.
So What If the Program Ain't Perfect? A Mathematical Model of AIDS Education

Given that no cure for AIDS or vaccine for HIV will be developed in the nearfuture, many have argued that AIDS education is the best approach to preventing further spread of the epidemic. However, a number of researchers have questioned the ultimate effectiveness of such educational interventions. This article constructs a mathematical model of AIDS education that explicitly acknowledges that such programs are imperfect. The model shows that such imperfect programs may serve to reduce HIV transmission significantly over time. The policy implications stemming from this result are discussed.
Dynamics of droplet breakup through a grid spacer in a rod bundle

The dynamics of droplet breakup associated with the flow of a dispersed two-phase mixture through a rod bundle grid spacer during a reflood transient in a pressurized water reactor is studied theoretically. By considering the conservation of liquid mass and the kinetic as well as the surface energies of the droplets, an expression is derived for the ratio of the Sauter mean diameters of the droplets downstream and upstream of the grid. It is found that the Sauter mean diameter could decrease appreciably as a result of the shattering of the droplets when flowing through the grid spacer, thus increasing the interfacial heat transfer surface area. The decrease in the droplet size is dependent upon the Weber number of the incoming droplets, the blockage ratio of the grid spacer, and the fraction of the kinetic energy of the incoming droplets required to convert to the surface energy of the newly generated droplets during the breakup process. Comparisons of the theoretical results are made with the experimental data obtained at the rod bundle heat transfer test facility as well as with other relevant data in the literature and found to be good.
THE INDUCTION PERIOD IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

1. Measurements on the photosynthesis of Cabomba caroliniana show an induction period at low and high light intensities and CO2 concentrations. 2. The equation which describes the data for Cabomba also describes the data obtained by other investigators on different species. The phenomenon is thus shown to be similar in plants representative of three phyla. 3. A derivation of the induction period equation is made from a consideration of the cycle of light and dark processes known to occur in photosynthesis. The equation indicates that light intensity enters as the square, and that the same light reactions are involved as those which affect the stationary state rates. However, a different dark reaction appears to limit photosynthesis during the induction period.
Microfabrication-free fused silica nanofluidic interface for on chip electrokinetic stacking of DNA

In this article, a simple but robust nanofluidic interface was introduced directly on a chip comprised of commercially available fused silica capillary with ready-made microchannel, and efficient on chip electrokinetic stacking of DNA was successfully demonstrated based on ion concentration polarization (ICP) effect. The nanofluidic interface was established by casting ion exchange polymer resin (Nafion) into a sub-microfracture (~650 nm) prepared on the capillary manually. The width of the fracture was electrically measured with the aide of a mathematic fracture model and confirmed by scanning electronic microscope. Obvious ICP effect was observed both by online microscopic fluorescent imaging and post laser induced fluorescence detection. SYBR Green I labeled dsDNA was stacked at the nanofluidic interface inside the microchannel (cathode side) with a concentration factor of 103 within 15 s. As high as 800 V was applied through the interface without any damage. The main materials are all commercially available, and no advanced microfabrication facilities are involved in the preparation of the chip.
Phased array calibration procedures based on measured element patterns

A technique to compensate for differences in the element patterns of an array antenna is presented and discussed in comparison with previously published procedures. It follows the classical approach of correcting the array output vector by multiplication by a decoupling matrix to achieve a more or less unperturbed array response. The technique is applicable to linear as well as planar arrays and allows a rather flexible choice of the calibration points. The performance is demonstrated by a simulation based on a numerical analysis with the method of moments and a practical application to a Ku-band digital beamforming array.
X-Ray Evidence for the Interaction of the Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4472 with its Virgo Cluster Environment

We analyze X-ray spatial and spectral data on the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472, the brightest galaxy in the Virgo cluster. The X-ray contours of NGC 4472 are elongated in the northeast-southwest direction, perhaps as a result of motion through the Virgo intracluster gas. A bow shock-like structure is evident on the galaxy's north side. The temperature at a given radius in this bow shock region is slightly higher than the temperature at the same radius on the galaxy's southwest side. Away from this bow shock region, the surface brightness profile of NGC 4472 can be traced out to a radius of 260 kpc in the southwest direction. Beyond 260 kpc, we find evidence for emission from both the Virgo cluster and the Galactic North Polar Spur (believed to be the rim of a hot Galactic superbubble). NGC 4472 is interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636. We do not detect any excess or deficit in the X-ray emission toward this galaxy. An H i cloud, detected previously in the 21 cm line and located midway between the two galaxies, appears to have been removed from the irregular galaxy through either tidal interaction or ram pressure stripping. We find a marginally significant hole in the ROSAT HRI and PSPC X-ray images at the position of this cloud, suggesting that the cloud lies at the front side of NGC 4472. If the hole in the X-ray images is due to soft X-ray absorption, the total gaseous mass of the cloud must be at least 1.7 × 109 M☉, far greater than its 21 cm H I mass. This suggests that the majority of the material in the cloud is molecular.
Self-perceived oral health among three subgroups of Asian-Americans in New York City: a preliminary study.

–Objectives: The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the perception of oral health among subgroups of Asian-American residents of New York City, USA. Methods: A close-ended questionnaire was administered to 255 Chinese, 134 Indian and 84 Pakistani adults, aged 18–65 years, during 1994–95. A comprehensive dental and oral examination was also performed. The associations of demographic and oral health variables with perceived oral health were evaluated using multivariate ordinal regression models. Results: When data were analyzed in a multivariate context, only ethnicity and income were significant predictors of perceived oral health, after adjusting for DMFT. The within-group multivariate analysis of the three ethnic subgroups’ results were as follows: Among the Chinese there were no significant predictors, only income was strongly suggestive; among the Indians, number of missing teeth and number of years in the USA were significant predictors; and within the Pakistani group, DMFT was the only significant predictor. Conclusions: Results suggest that there are ethnic differences in the perception of oral health status even after adjusting for clinical variables as well as for demographic variables in this particular group of Asian-American residents of New York City. Predictors associated with the perception of oral health are different for each ethnic group. When designing oral health promotion activities to diverse ethnic groups, the cultural characteristics of each subgroup should be considered.
Rnf4, a RING protein expressed in the developing nervous and reproductive systems, interacts with Gscl, a gene within the DiGeorge critical region

A yeast 2-hybrid screen was performed to identify possible transcriptional modulators interactive with goosecoid-like (gscl), a transcription factor with suppressive activity, expressed during early brain and gonad development. The screen resulted in the identification of a RING protein known as rnf4 or snrf. Gscl/rnf4 interactions were confirmed by affinity chromatography and by immunoprecipitation. Northern analysis confirmed earlier reports of ubiquitous rnf4 expression in adult tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse embryos revealed expression primarily in the developing nervous system, with strong expression in the dorsal root ganglia and developing gonads. In contrast to previous reports, both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of rnf4 was documented. The results reported here confirm and extend earlier reports of rnf4 expression. They suggest for the first time, that in addition to acting as a modulator of transcriptional activity, rnf4 may function, as do other RING proteins, to promote the formation of intracytoplasmic complexes involved in shuttling information between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Dev Dyn;218:102–111. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Empiric lidocaine: Déjà vu (all over again?)

Abstract [Cairns CB, Paradis NA. Empiric lidocaine: deja vu (all over again?). Ann Emerg Med. December 2000;36:626-627.]
Enzyme envelopes on colloidal particles.

Abstract A new method has been developed for the preparation of insoluble proteins. The method involves the adsorption of protein as a monolayer onto colloidal silica particles, followed by intermolecular crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Insoluble bovine trypsin prepared by this method was obtained in about 99% yield with 80% retention of esterase activity. This activity was only partially inhibited by protein inhibitors of trypsin (M.W. 9,000–28,000). Proteolytic activity was approximately 17% that of native trypsin. These particles are easily sedimented, but are nonetheless readily dispersible to form sols. The method appears to be of general applicability for the preparation of insoluble proteins as stable envelopes on colloidal particles.
Modeling values for telecommunications management

All decisions are made to pursue the values important to an organization. It is more likely that these values will be achieved if they are made explicit in an understandable and useful way. This paper presents details and examples of how to build a value model for telecommunications management decisions. It includes procedures for building a solid qualitative foundation for the model by identifying the relevant values and structuring them as objectives. Next, the paper describes the theory and procedures for aggregating the objectives into an objective function, and discusses the art of building such a model. The paper concludes by describing several ways in which the value model is useful during the decision-making process.
Factors influencing openness to future smoking among nonsmoking adolescents.

Background: To investigate the correlates of youth tobacco use in terms of nonsmoking adolescents’ openness to future smoking, a secondary analysis of the 2000 and 2004 Indiana Youth Tobacco Survey (IYTS) was conducted. Methods: A representative sample of 1416 public high school students in grades 9-12 and 1516 public middle school students in grades 6-8 (71.44% and 72.53% response rates, respectively) were surveyed in 2000, and 3433 public high school students and 1990 public middle school students (63.04% and 65.44% response rates, respectively) were surveyed in 2004. Results: Seventy-four percent of students in 2000 were not open to future smoking and 77% were not open in 2004. The adolescent cohort in 2004 became more exposed to antitobacco messages and less exposed to protobacco messages and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) compared with their counterpart in 2000. Whereas gender, grade, race/ethnicity, and exposure to antitobacco messages were insignificant predictors for openness to future smoking, exposure to ETS either in homes or in cars was a strong predictor for openness to future smoking (the higher the exposure to ETS, the more open to future smoking) in both unadjusted and adjusted multivariate models. Exposure to protobacco messages had a greater effect on openness to future smoking than exposure to antitobacco messages. The rate of transition from openness to future smoking to tobacco use initiation is higher among white adolescents than among minority adolescents. Conclusions: More efforts should be made to reduce adolescents’ exposure to ETS and protobacco messages.
Blood-injury-illness phobia: A review

The empirical literature that pertains to phobias of blood, injury, or illness (BII) is surveyed. BII phobia is selectively associated with a vasovagal fainting response upon exposure to phobic stimuli, and the clinical entity may represent an exaggeration of a response that is relatively prevalent in the general population. Clinical, demographic and etiological information obtained from a series of 15 BII phobics is presented, and the suggestion is made that this disorder warrants a diagnostic category separate from simple phobia.
Combustion studies of water/oil emulsion on a commercial boiler using No. 2 oil and low and high sulphur No. 6 oil☆

Abstract The effect of water/oil emulsions on soot reduction and boiler efficiency was studied using a boiler rated at 35 million Btu h −1 (10.3 MW) with steam atomization. These tests represent the first detailed efficiency studies of combustion of emulsions with an accurately instrumented commercial boiler. Water/oil emulsions were generated with 10%, 15%, and 20% water by an in-line ultrasonic emulsifier. Particulate emissions were reduced by as much as 10% and 13% when using emulsions made with low and high sulphur oils, respectively. This reduction is less than that reported elsewhere, which may have resulted in part from the use of a lower preheat temperature in this study. The results of a series of 32 separate 4 h tests showed that there was no significant improvement in thermal efficiencies using water in No. 2 and No. 6 high sulphur oil emulsions. Though there is improvement in combustion, as represented by reducing the excess air, this seems to be compensated for by the additional heat loss due to the vapourization of the added water. In addition, an 8 h test to remove sulphur dioxide from the combustion gases using an emulsion of the high sulphur oil and soda ash in water was conducted. The efficiency of SO 2 removal was very high, approaching 100%.
"DERIVATION" OF THE DE BROGLIE RELATION FROM THE DOPPLER EFFECT

Assuming particles possess wave properties, the de Broglie relation is derived by considering elastic reflection from a slowly moving massive mirror.
Quantifying Model Uncertainty Using Measurement Uncertainty Standards

There is always a deviation between a model prediction and the reality that the model intends to represent. The deviation is largely caused by the model uncertainty due to ignorance, assumptions, simplification, and other sources of lack of knowledge. Quantifying model uncertainty is a vital task and requires the comparison between model prediction and observation. This exercise is generally computationally intensive on the prediction side and costly on the experimentation side. In this work, a new methodology is proposed to provide an alternative implementation of model uncertainty quantification. With the new methodology, the experimental results are reported with expanded uncertainty terms around the experimental results for both model input and output. In other words, the experimental results are expressed as intervals. Then the model takes the experimental results of the input intervals and produces an interval prediction. The model uncertainty is then quantified by the difference between the model prediction and experimental observation, represented by an interval as well. By employing the standards for measurement uncertainty, the new methodology is easy to implement and could serve as a common framework for both model builders and experimenters.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Succession of a Southern Appalachian Mountain Wetland Six Years following Hydrologic and Microtopographic Restoration

Microtopography, which is known to play a key role in the structure and function of wetland communities, is receiving increasing attention in wetland restoration projects. One goal of the Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank, which was the first large-scale wetland restoration project in the Blue Ridge Province, was to restore the microtopography in a degraded swamp forest–bog complex. This wetland type has become increasingly rare in the southern Appalachians and is characterized by a distinct microtopography of depressions and low ridges. We examined vegetation and soils in depression and ridge plots over a 6-year period, during which the hydrology and microtopography of the floodplain were restored. Our results showed that the flora of the depression and ridge plots differed, with greater coverage by obligate wetland species in the depression plots but greater overall taxonomic richness in the ridge plots. The edaphic characteristics that we measured varied very little during the study period. Creating microtopographic relief during the restoration of this wetland seems to have provided a variety of niches and may have increased the likelihood that the site will succeed back to a swamp forest–bog complex, rather than as a forested terrace of Tulula Creek.
Galvanic Corrosion Characteristics of Aluminum Alloyed with Group IV Metals

The electrochemical behavior of aluminum alloyed with selected Group IV elements has been investigated in 0.1N sodium chloride solution. Of the group IV elements studied only tin had a major effect on aluminum; Al‐Sn alloys carried surface oxide films of very low ionic resistance, exhibited potentials more active than −1.0v on the hydrogen scale and gave very large galvanic currents when coupled to mild steel cathodes. The conditions permitting entry of a group IV alloying addition from the metal into the surface oxide film have been partly clarified.
Statistical comparison of heavy metal concentrations in various louisiana sediments.

The use of statistical ‘t’ tests were used to determine lead, zinc, and cadmium enrichment in various Louisiana sediments. Both absolute metal concentrations and trace metal/conservative metal concentration ratios were used in comparing sampled sites to a 110 m deep background core taken just off the mouth of the Mississippi River. Concentration ratios were used to reduce the effects of certain chemical and physical sediment characteristics on the quantity of metal contained in a given sediment.
The effect of post-implantation annealing temperature on the deep states present in SIMOX MOSFET's as observed using enhancement mode current DLTS

The effect of various post-implantation annealing temperatures on the deep states present in SIMOX transistors is studied using enhancement mode current DLTS. Two electron traps were detected at 0.45 eV and 0.33 eV below the conduction band edge; both were removed by post-implantation annealing at a temperature of 1275° C. The ability to anneal these states suggests that they are due to the presence of defect structures which are themselves removed during this annealing. Hole traps were also detected at 0.47 eV and 0.38 eV above the valence band edge; however these traps were not removed by high temperature annealing. It is believed that these hole traps are related to the presence of iron contamination.
Analysis of recurrent angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema.

Objective/Hypothesis: A known risk for patients taking angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACE-Is) is angioedema that can involve the face, lips, oral cavity, and larynx. Such upper airway obstruction may be severe enough to require an emergency department visit or even necessitate prompt airway intervention. Once a patient has had an episode of ACE-inhibitor induced angioedema (AIIA), certainly a thrust of continuing case management would be to avoid the occurrence of subsequent episodes of AIIA that potentially can be life-threatening. Nevertheless, recurrent episodes of AIIA do occur. This study aims to characterize a patient's risk for recurrent AIIA, determine the cause for repeat episodes of AIIA and recommend steps to be taken to minimize the recurrence of AIIA. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patient encounters at our medical center between January 1, 1991 and December 30, 2005 with a diagnosis of angioedema was performed. The documented etiology of the angioedema, comorbidities, and documentation of an “allergy” to ACE-I were noted. Observations regarding risk factors for recurrent AIIA were made. Results: Recurrent AIIA occurred in 23 patients with a recurrence rate of 6.2%. Risk factors for recurrence were categorized as patient factors, physician factors, or systems factors. Physician error with failure to document in the medical record, the suspicion of AIIA, and failure to consider risk in prescribing ACE-I after an episode of angioedema had occurred were the most common causes of recurrent AIIA. Conclusions: Angioedema can cause life-threatening airway compromise yet patients with a history of one episode of AIIA are at risk for a subsequent episode. Physicians can modify clinical practices to avert the potentially life-threatening side effects of ACE-inhibitors in patients with a prior episode of AIIA.
Synthesis and structures of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine adducts of strontium bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate) and their use in the CVD of cubic strontium-doped hafnium dioxides

Monomeric, eight-coordinate Sr(tmhd)2[HN(CH2CH2NMe2)2](EtOH) (1), where tmhd is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato, is synthesized from the reactions of HN(CH2CH2NMe2)2, H-tmhd, and Sr(OEt)2(EtOH)4. Heating compound 1 at 130 °C dissociates EtOH to form monomeric, seven-coordinate Sr(tmhd)2[HN(CH2CH2NMe2)2] (2). A combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal stability tests establishes that compound 2 is stable at temperatures below 220 °C. In a cold-wall, low-pressure CVD reactor, 2 is used as a liquid precursor at 115 to 175 °C to deposit high-κ, dielectric, strontium hafnium oxide films in combination with the use of Hf(OtBu)4. The Sr/(Sr + Hf) atomic ratios of the films range from 0 to 0.83. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that films with low Sr doping, e.g., ≤ 0.15, exhibit a crystalline phase consistent with Sr-stabilized cubic hafnia, while films with higher Sr contents are amorphous. The dielectric constants of the films increase as the proportion of the cubic phase increases. A maximum value of 25 is obtained for the film with a Sr/(Sr + Hf) ratio of 0.07.