cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Spectrum of Decision-Support in Oncology with a Case Report of a Real World System

Clinical decision-support opportunities in oncology are numerous. Application programs may assist the diagnostic process, help define the proper therapy and adjust it to the patient's characteristics, streamline the delivery and follow-up of the treatments, provide tools for patient tracking and outcome measurements, and support patient care in the community. The authors and their colleagues have extended a novel general-purpose direct care-provider order entry system to take into account the particular aspects of chemotherapy ordering and decision-support. This new approach takes advantage of the infrastructure and functions of the integrated medical information system.
Lysis and lysogenization of groups A, C, and G streptococci by a transducing bacteriophage induced from a group G Streptococcus

A temperate bacteriophage, designated GT-234, was isolated from a group G Streptococcus after ultraviolet irradiation. After several single-plaque passages in a group G indicator strain, this phage formed plaques in 3 of 14 group A strains, in 3 of 15 group C strains, and in 4 of 13 group G strains-but not in some representatives of several other serogroups. After propagation in each of the sensitive strains, the progeny from each was shown to be the same phage by (i) adsorption and plaque formation in each of the other groups, (ii) lysogenization in each of the other groups, (iii) high titers on infection of each serogroup, regardless of the group of propagating strain, and (iv) neutralization of infection in each of the other groups by antiserum against the phage propagated in group G. Phage GT-234 is serologically related to virulent group A phage A25, from which it is morphologically indistinguishable. Like A25, it is a transducing phage. Other studies showed that A25, as well as a group A temperate transducing phage (AT-298), could also infect strains of group C and G. These results indicate a need for reassessment of group specificity and phage receptors among streptococci of groups A, C, and G and raise possibilities for intergroup transduction.
The synthesis of arbitrary stable dynamics in non-linear neural networks. II. Feedback and universality

A parametrized family of higher-order, gradient-like neural networks that have known arbitrary equilibria with unstable manifolds of known specified dimension is described. Any system with hyperbolic dynamics is conjugate to one of the systems in a neighborhood of the equilibrium points. Prior work on how to synthesize attractors using dynamical systems theory, optimization, or direct parametric fits to known stable systems is nonconstructive, lacks generality, or has unspecified attracting equilibria. More specifically, a parameterized family of gradient-like neural networks is constructed with a simple feedback rule that will generate equilibrium points with a set of unstable manifolds of specified dimension. Strict Lyapunov functions and nested periodic orbits are obtained for these systems and used as a method of synthesis to generate a large family of systems with the same local dynamics. This work is applied to show how one can interpolate finite sets of data on nested periodic orbits. >
Murine Astrocytes Express a Functional Chemokine Receptor

Elevated levels of chemokines have been observed in various diseases of the CNS. Little is known, however, about how these chemokines affect parenchymal cells of the CNS. The current studies examine astrocyte chemotaxis to the mouse chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha). Murine astrocytes demonstrate directed migration along a chemical gradient in response to 10(-10)-10(-8) M MIP-1alpha. Peak chemotactic responses are noted at 10(-9) M. MIP-1alpha-induced astrocyte migration is specifically inhibitable with pertussis toxin, suggesting a role for Galphai proteins in the signaling process. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization were used to identify expression of the murine CCR1 MIP-1alpha receptor on astrocytes. Astrocytes contain mRNA for CCR1, but messages for CCR4 and the orphan chemokine receptor MIP-1alphaR-like#1 were not detected. The combined results suggest that a functional chemokine receptor is expressed on resident cells of the CNS. We speculate that the interactions of chemokines with astrocytes are involved in inflammatory reactions of the CNS.
A Comprehensive E-Learning Model

In e-learning, people are involved in the process of creating e-learning materials and making them available to a speciﬁed audience. The People-Process-Product Continuum or P3 Model (Figure 1) can be used to map a comprehensive picture of e-learning (Khan, 2004, in press). For example, people involved in e-learning can be referred to as the E-Learning Team responsible for producing e-learning materials (Figure 1). In this article, I discuss the stages of the e-learning process in terms of people responsible for providing various e-learning and blended learning products. The e-learning process can be divided into two major phases: (1) content development, and (2) content delivery and maintenance (Figure 2). A typical e-learning process has planning, design, development, evaluation, delivery, and maintenance stages. The e-learning process is iterative in nature. Although evaluation is a separate stage of the e-learning process, shown in Figure 1, ongoing formative evaluation for improvement (i.e., revision) should always be embedded within each stage of the e-learning process. Individuals involved in various stages of the e-learning process should be in contact with each other on a regular basis and revise materials whenever needed. Based on the size and scope of the project, the number of individuals involved in various stages of an e-learning project may vary. Some roles and responsibilities may overlap, as many e-learning tasks are interrelated and interdependent. A large-sized e-learning project requires the involvement of various individuals. In a small or medium-sized e-learning project, some individuals will be able to perform multiple roles. When an e-learning course is completely designed, developed, taught, and managed by a single individual, it is clear that the same individual has performed the role of content expert, instructional designer, programmer, graphic artist, project manager, etc. This is an example of a small-size e-learning project. Many of my colleagues have had experiences in developing their online courses by themselves, with intermittent staff support from their institutions.
Studies on effect of shape of cut on growth-stress induced cracking in cut timber—Part I: Three dimensional stress analysis

Naturally-occurring growth stress patterns in timber are modified by cutting. Stresses in cut timber may cause destructive cracks and splits. This research uses a three-dimensional finite element method to study how non-axisymmetric cuts affect the stress pattern. The results show that some oblique cuts reduce high stresses near the pith. Experimental work supports the calculations.
CRITERIA FOR COLOR CONSTANCY IN TRICHROMATIC BILINEAR MODELS

We examine conditions under which the spectral properties of lights and surfaces may be recovered by a trichromatic visual system that uses bilinear models. We derive criteria for perfect recovery, formulated in terms of invariant properties of model matrices, for situations in which either two or three lights are shown sequentially on a set of surfaces.
When Race, Gender, and the Media Intersect: Campaign News Coverage of Minority Congresswomen

The news media often serves as an intermediary between elected officials and constituents, informing voters of the ways in which they are being represented. While the media plays a critical role in allowing representatives to communicate with constituents, previous research indicates that coverage of women and minority members of Congress may be unfavorable. Contrary to previous research, I find that being either a woman or a minority alone does not negatively impact coverage. However, faced with the “double barrier” of race and gender, minority congresswomen often receive more negative and less frequent media coverage than all other representatives.
Analysis of temperature-history data at different angular positions of a horizontal tube immersed in a gas-solid fluidized bed

Fluidization experiments have been conducted at ambient conditions in air-glass bead beds equipped with a specially designed heat-transfer probe. The temperature history is recorded in each case for a period of 92 s at different angular positions on the probe surface. The data are statistically analyzed to compute the local heat-transfer coefficient, standard deviation of surface temperature, and major frequency from the power spectral density function. The variations of these quantities as a function of fluidization number are employed to characterize the bed-quality fluidization. Three sizes of glass beads of average diameters 296, 986 and 2093 μm are used as bed materials. Bed properties capable of discriminating the different fluidization regimes are identified.
Biographical Sketch: Frank Wild Holdsworth, FRCS (1904–1969)

This biographical sketch on Frank Holdsworth corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: Dislocation and fracture-dislocation of the pelvis (1948), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2423-3.
TOF-SIMS evidence of intercalated molecular gases and diffusion-limited reaction kinetics in an α particle-irradiated PTFE matrix

The chemical evolution of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) that is brought about by increasing levels of irradiation with α particles is accompanied by the emergence and proliferation of functionalized moieties. Families of reaction products specifically identified in the α-irradiated polymer matrix include hydride-, hydroxide-, and oxide-functionalized fluorocarbons. The data also indicate the emergence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrazine (N2H4), but no distinct evidence suggesting the formation of perfluorinated amines, amides, or cyanogens is found. In this article we substantiate the speciation of emergent species and reveal evidence of intercalated molecular gases with which α particle-generated radicals may react to form the observed products. Furthermore, we present evidence to suggest that the kinetics of α particle-induced reaction is limited by the diffusion of radicals within the polymer matrix. That is to say, chemical additives in the polymer matrix are shown to be scavengers of H·, O·,...
Effects of denervation on the composition and synthesis of sarcolemmal proteins

Abstract In vitro synthesis of proteins and changes in polypeptide composition of sarcolemma were studied in innervated and denervated extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat. A technique of evacuating myoplasm from muscle slices was used as a preliminary step in the preparation of three membrane fractions, M, H and S, containing sarcolemma. On the basis of findings from the previous study and the present investigation, it was concluded that the M fraction was most enriched with extrajunctional sarcolemma. In vitro incorporation of [3H]leucine into membrane proteins of the M fraction showed an apparent linear increase in the rate of protein synthesis from 1–10 days after denervation. The relative increase at 10 days was 137% greater than that of innervated controls. Fractions H and S showed a smaller relative increase. Polypeptide composition of M, H and S fractions based on SDS gel electrophoresis of innervated and denervated muscle, showed qualitative and quantitative changes. The most striking difference was a nominal 29 000 component in M that constituted a disproportionately large peak. Following 10 days of denervation the M fraction underwent significant compositional changes in its electrophoretic profile, the most dramatic of which was a large reduction in the proportion of the 29 000 component. The denervation-induced compositional change is discussed in light of known alterations in the chloride conductance of the muscle plasmalemma.
Intestinal Invertase: Precocious Development of Activity after Injection of Hydrocortisone

Injection of rats aged 3 to 9 days with hydrocortisone causes precocious development of invertase activity in the small intestine. The enzyme becomes fully active about 72 hours after injection of hydrocortisone. Invertase activity is also detectable when hydrocortisone is added to organ culture of intestine derived from 5-to 6-day old rats. Hydrocortisone does not appear to affect the activity of lactase, suggesting that it does not act solely by hastening the normal maturation process.
The Ontological Status of Persons

Chisholm held that persons are essentially persons. The Constitution View affords a non-Chisholmian way m defend the thesis that persons are essentially persons. The Constitution View shows how persons are constituted by-but not identical to-human animals. On the Constitution View, being a person determines a person's persistence conditions. On the Animalist View, being an animal determines a person's persistence conditions. Things of kind K have ontological significance if their persistence conditions are determined by their being members of K. On Chisholm's view, persons have ontological significance, but animals do not. On Animalism, animals have ontological significance, but persons do not. After explaining the notion of ontological significance, this article argues that persons do have ontological significance, and hence that Animalism is not true
Herbal Medicines as Adjuvants for Cancer Therapeutics

In the United States, many patients, including cancer patients, concurrently take prescription drugs and herbal supplements. Co-administration of prescription medicines and herbal supplements may have negative outcomes via pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions. However, multiple constituents in botanicals may also yield beneficial pharmacological activities. Botanicals could possess effective anticancer compounds that may be used as adjuvants to existing chemotherapy to improve efficacy and/or reduce drug-induced toxicity. Herbal medicines, such as ginseng, potentiated the effects of chemotherapeutic agents via synergistic activities, supported by cell cycle evaluations, apoptotic observations, and computer-based docking analysis. Since botanicals are nearly always administrated orally, the role of intestinal microbiota in metabolizing ginseng constituents is presented. Controlled clinical studies are warranted to verify the clinical utility of the botanicals in cancer chemoprevention.
Poly(ethyleneoxide) for high-resolution and high-speed separation of DNA by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with polyacrylamide gels has already been demonstrated to allow single-base resolution of single-stranded DNA. However, linear polyacrylamide is not an ideal matrix because of a high viscosity and difficulties in preparing the polymer with well defined pore sizes. Alternatively, poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) with a large range of molecular masses from 300 000 to 8 000 000 is available commercially. In addition, it is easy to prepare homogeneous solutions to provide highly reproducible separation performance with sufficient resolution. Single-base resolution of double-stranded DNA between 123 and 124 base pairs can be achieved by the use of homogeneous matrices prepared from PEO (2.5% M r 8 000 000), and even better resolution is achieved by using mixed polymer matrices. With further work, it should be possible to change the fractions and the total amounts of polymers to achieve even higher resolution for different samples with different size ranges of fragments. Another advantage of mixed polymer matrices is that relatively high resolution can be obtained while maintaining a relatively low viscosity compared to linear polyacrylamide with identical contents of formamide and urea, which makes it easier to fill these matrices into small capillaries.
Seasonal, Diel, and Landscape Effects on Resource Partitioning between Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Columbia River Estuary

The objective of this study was to determine if exploitative competition between between juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) reduces the foraging opportunity of juvenile Chinook salmon in tidal channels of the Columbia River estuary. We sampled Chinook salmon and stickleback diets monthly and over a diel cycle in spatially distinct emergent marshes of the Columbia River estuary. Diets of the two fish species did not differ among marsh systems, but both fish species exhibited diel and seasonal differences in diet composition. Diet overlap between the two fish species was greatest in March and June. Exploitative competition was unlikely based on a comparison between consumption rates and estimated invertebrate production.
Delirium: Comparison of four predictive models in hospitalized critically Ill elderly patients

Delirium, a cognitive and behavioral disorder affecting more than one third of all hospitalized elderly patients, is often misdiagnosed or unrecognized by caregivers, leading to higher patient morbidity and mortality rates. Prediction of the disorder, based on known predisposing and precipitating risk factors, can be used to target susceptible patients for prevention and early intervention. Predictive models need to be evaluated for clinical application and predictive value. Therefore, in this study, four predictive models were applied on a case-by-case basis to an elderly sample of 10 delirious patients and 10 nondelirious patients to determine sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in a critical care setting. Results indicated six individual significant variables in these models: age, infection, dementia, blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio, severe illness, and comorbidity. A final multivariate model, derived from all variables, exhibited a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90% in predicting delirium in this study. Further studies are needed to substantiate these results. Then, identified risk factors can be incorporated into delirium prevention protocols for use by nurses at the bedside.
SU-FF-J-89: MV Portal Imaging with Sub-MU Exposure

Purpose: To acquire megavoltage portal images for radiation therapy verification with less than 1 MU. Method and Materials: Portal images were acquired using the 6 MV beam from a Varian 2100 EX accelerator and a prototype Varian 4030HE electronic portal imager(EPID). The EPID has an 8mm thick, pixelated CsI scintillating layer, allowing good quality images with less than 1 MU. A synchronization circuit reduced the dose to one beam pulse/image (up to 30 images/s can be acquired). Image noise was improved by averaging several images. We acquired images of an aluminum contrast‐detail (Las Vegas) phantom and calculated the contrast‐to‐noise ratios of the indentations in it. The noise inside an open field was plotted as a function of the number of averaged frames. We also acquired weekly gated orthogonal localization images of the thorax for five lungcancer patients for physician review. Results: Good quality images were acquired with an average of 10 one‐beam‐pulse images, corresponding to 0.3 MU. The CNS of the portal images of the Las Vegas phantom using the 4030HE and 0.3 MU was as good as that using the aS500 and 4 MU; the noise levels in the open field were also the same. Image quality and discernibility of of anatomic features in the patient images were deemed by the physician to be comparable to those from a standard 4MU portal image.Conclusion: The new EPID can produce portal images with the same quality as the aS500, with a fraction (0.3 MU) of the dose conventionally used (usually 4 MU/image in our department). The imager also works with the Varian RPM respiratory gating system, allowing us to acquire gated portal images for verification of respiratory gated radiotherapy. This work was supported in part by U.S. National Institutes of Health grant P01‐CA59017 and by Varian Medical Systems.
Pooling of Visual Evoked Signals from Humans-a Demonstration of Components above 100 Hz

Signals in the 70 to 500 Hz pass-band which are time-locked and positively correlated in amplitude with the visual evoked response (0.1–20 Hz) can be recorded on the human scalp over the visual area. Highly consistent responses have been produced between independent samples of normal humans by pooling signals within groups.
Libelous Language Post Lawrence: Accusations of Homosexuality as Defamation

Whether language has that tendency [to be defamatory] depends, among other factors, upon the temper of the times, the current of contemporary public opinion, with the result that words, harmless in one age, in one community, may be highly damaging to reputation at another time or in different place (Mencher v. Chesley 100).
Structural and spectroscopic studies of reduced [Re(bpy-R)(CO)3]−1 species relevant to CO2 reduction

Abstract Spectroscopic and structural comparisons are made between the rhenium anions with bpy-R ligands spanning a wide range of electron-withdrawing and donating abilities (R = CF3, H, Me, tBu, OMe). The synthesis and characterization of the rhenium anions [Re(bpy-R)(CO)3]−1 (bpy-R = 4,4′-disubstitued-2,2′-bipyridine; R = CF3, Me, OMe) are reported. The anions [Re(bpy-R)(CO)3]−1 (R = Me and OMe) were structurally characterized. X-ray characterization of [Re(bpy-CF3)(CO)3]−1 was unsuccessful. However, the structure of a mono-reduced complex, [Re(bpy-CF3)(CO)3Cl][K(18-crown-6)] was obtained. This compound is a rare example of a structurally characterized “19e−” intermediate formed in the chemical and electrochemical reduction of a Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl species.
Societal QOL is More than the Sum of QOL of Individuals: The Whole is Greater than the Sum of the Parts

I submit that we are too focused on individual-level happiness research at the expense of societal level QOL research. That is, societal QOL cannot be simply treated as the sum of the happiness of individual citizens. In making this assertion I review and discuss Abott Ferris’ latest book: Approaches to Improving the Quality of Life (published by Springer, 2010).
Finding errors in multithreaded GUI applications

To keep a Graphical User Interface (GUI) responsive and active, a GUI application often has a main UI thread (or event dispatching thread) and spawns separate threads to handle lengthy operations in the background, such as expensive computation, I/O tasks, and network requests. Many GUI frameworks require all GUI objects to be accessed exclusively by the UI thread. If a GUI object is accessed from a non-UI thread, an invalid thread access error occurs and the whole application may abort. This paper presents a general technique to find such invalid thread access errors in multithreaded GUI applications. We formulate finding invalid thread access errors as a call graph reachability problem with thread spawning as the sources and GUI object accessing as the sinks. Standard call graph construction algorithms fail to build a good call graph for some modern GUI applications, because of heavy use of reflection. Thus, our technique builds reflection-aware call graphs. We implemented our technique and instantiated it for four popular Java GUI frameworks: SWT, the Eclipse plugin framework, Swing, and Android. In an evaluation on 9 programs comprising 89273 LOC, our technique found 5 previously-known errors and 5 new ones.
Nitrogen allocation in ponderosa pine seedlings exposed to interacting ozone and drought stresses

summary Nitrogen (N) resorbed from foliage before leaf abscission is a significant source of N for new leaves. The widely distributed photochemical air pollutant ozone (O3) accelerates foliar senescence and leaf abscission and therefore could interfere with the process of N resorption. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of O. and drought stress on the N economy of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), a species highly susceptible to O Potted ponderosa pine trees (2-yr-old) were exposed for 3 yr to three concentrations of O3 and two soil water regimes in open-top chambers in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. One-third of the trees was harvested at the end of each exposure season and each age class of needles, branches, stems, coarse roots, fine roots, and leaf litter was analysed for N. Exposure to a seasonal O3 mean of 88 ppb increased N concentrations in pine foliage, particularly in current-year needles. Current-year foliage from well-watered (WW) trees exposed to elevated O averaged 34% higher N than that from trees in charcoal-filtered (CF) chambers. Drought-stressed (DS) trees from all O3 treatments averaged 10% higher N in current-year needles than WW seedlings. Resorbed N from older age classes of needles from WW trees increased from 32% of current-year needle N in CF seedlings to 51% of current-year N in the high O3 treatment. Nitrogen resorbed from older needles of DS trees increased from 15% in CF to 38% of current-year N in the high O3 treatment. Thus O3-injured ponderosa pine seedlings increased resorption of N from older needles and increased partitioning of N to current-year foliage. The increased N in current-year needles facilitated increased rates of photosynthesis in these needles, thus partly compensating for the O3-induced loss of older leaves.
“On-line” beta-recoil mass spectrometry (maggie)☆

Abstract A new approach to “on-line” mass identification of short-lived nuclides is described. The method is based on a time-of-flight measurement of β-recoil ions accelerated from near rest to a fixed kinetic energy. Results have been obtained for flight paths ranging from 25 to 800 cm. The shorter flight lengths give a resolution sufficient for adjacent mass identification and the longest flight path may be used to measure atomic masses of the β-recoils.
Comprehensive Analytical Method for the Determination of Hydrophilic Metabolites by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

A method for the comprehensive analysis of hydrophilic metabolites, based on a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, is described. We evaluated three types of stationary phases to achieve the separation of highly hydrophilic metabolites. Good chromatographic retention and separation of these metabolites were achieved on a pentafluorophenylpropyl-bonded silica column with gradient elution, using 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The optimized conditions allowed the comprehensive determination of the standard 49 kinds of amino acids, 6 kinds of amines, 45 kinds of organic acids, 18 kinds of nucleic bases, 5 kinds of nucleosides, and 14 kinds of nucleotides, and then the linearity, dynamic range, detection limit, and precision of the retention time and the peak area were validated. We applied this method for the targeted analysis of the components in soy sauce. The results from the quantitative determination of amino acids were compared to t...
Phylogenetic relationships of the African egg-eating snake Dasypeltis scabra

The unusual morphological adaptations associated with specialization on a diet of eggs have been used as evidence to justify familial or subfamilial status for the egg-eating snakes, including the African genus Dasypeltis. We evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Dasypeltis scabra by comparing albumin evolution in Dasypeltis and available representative colubrine taxa using the quantitative immunological technique of micro-complement fixation. We find that Dasypeltis scabra is included among a large colubrine assemblage containing racers (Coluber, Masticophis, Spalerosophis, and Ptyas), the ratsnake Elaphe, and the kingsnake Lampropeltis. Further, these data suggest that Dasypeltis is genetically most similar to some members of a racer lineage and arose from an ancestral colubrine stock as early as ten million years ago.
Biotic and Abiotic Conditions in Michigan Prairie Fen Invaded by Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus)

ABSTRACT: Prairie fens are unique in their high plant and animal diversity; however, many are currently threatened by the invasion of exotic glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus). Land managers and conservationists have observed a variety of qualitative changes in prairie fen after F. alnus invasion, but these observations have not been previously quantified. Here, we contrast abiotic and plant community parameters in areas of a Michigan prairie fen invaded by buckthorn with that of uninvaded references sites within the same fen. Our results document a variety of significant differences including: lower soil pH, fewer vegetative hummocks, less light availability, lower plant coefficient of conservatism, less total plant cover, and lower graminoid relative abundance in invaded versus uninvaded areas. We also investigated the buckthorn invasion process by examining abiotic and plant community differences within partially invaded plots. In such plots, F. alnus-invaded areas had significantly greater percent soil...
"You're the Anthropologist…You know What to Write": Collaborations with the Maya Community of New Bedford, Massachusetts

Last year, my collaborator Adrian Ventura, director of the Centro Comunitario de Trabajadores (Workers' Community Center, or CCT), asked me to write a letter to an elected official on the organization's behalf. Adrian is a Maya K'iche', the largest of the 22 Maya ethnicities in Guatemala, and the CCT is an immigrant workers' rights organization in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He wanted to ensure that the letter clearly explained the organization's analysis of why Central American immigrants, and especially the Guatemalan Maya, had come to the United States.1 "We didn't come for the American dream," he reminded me. I asked him what, specifically, he wanted in the letter. "Ah, Lisa," he responded, with a bit of exasperation. "You're the anthropologist. You've been with us so long, you know what to write."
In situ TEM observation of two-step martensitic transformation in aged NiTi shape memory alloy

Abstract Martensitic transformation was investigated in an aged NiTi alloy with DSC and a temperature controllable TEM specimen stage to observe the influence of Ti 11 Ni 14 precipitates and R-phase on martensitic transformation in situ. The R-phase, conventional martensitic twins, and a new morphology of interwoven austenite/martensitic structure were observed.
Excitation of an elastic half-space by a buried line source of conical waves

Abstract A formal solution is obtained to the problem of a buried line source of conical waves propagating at a constant phase velocity c in an isotropic elastic half space. By applying the boundary conditions at the free surface, it is determined that the reflected field, in addition to the incident field, requires addition of a scalar potential and two components of the vector potential. The latter is in contrast to the case of cylindrical waves where only one component of the vector potential is needed. The formal solution for the conical wave source goes over to that for the two dimensional cylindrical wave case in the limit of infinite phase velocity c.
A survey on vision-based fall detection

Falls are a major cause of fatal injury for the elderly population. To improve the quality of living for seniors, a wide range of monitoring systems with fall detection functionality have been proposed over recent years. This article is a survey of systems and algorithms which aim at automatically detecting cases where a human falls and may have been injured. Existing fall detection methods can be categorized as using sensors, or being exclusively vision-based. This literature review focuses on vision-based methods.
Moisture Equilibrium in Apples at Several Temperatures: Experimental Data and Theoretical Considerations

Moisture equilibrium data for desorption of water from apples was determined at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° and 60°C. The rehydration 40°C isotherm was also found. The experimental procedure was a gravimetric dynamic method. Sorptive capacity decreases as temperature increases. Rehydration of the dried material results in hysteresis. The data are interpreted in thermodynamic terms. Specific surface and monolayer concentrations are also found. Pore size distribution studies show that the most frequent pore radius at 20°C and 40°C are, respectively, 26 A and 22 A. Hysteresis data are compared with what would be expected from the cellulose wall, indicating that solubility and other effects increase sharply the sorptive capacity of the fruit. A comparison of desorption and adsorption characteristics shows that dehydration results in serious damage of the fruit structure.
Mechanism of Ribonuclease A Endocytosis: Analogies to Cell-Penetrating Peptides

Pancreatic-type ribonucleases can exert toxic activity by catalyzing the degradation of cellular RNA. Their ability to enter cells is essential for their cytotoxicity. Here, we determine the mechanism by which bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) enters human cells. Inhibiting clathrin-dependent endocytosis with dynasore or chlorpromazine decreases RNase A-uptake by ∼70%. Limited colocalization between RNase A and transferrin indicates that RNase A is not routed through recycling endosomes. Instead, vesicular staining of RNase A overlaps substantially with that of nona-arginine and the cationic peptide corresponding to residues 47–57 of the HIV-1 TAT protein. At low concentrations (<5 μM), internalization of RNase A and these cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) is inhibited by chlorpromazine as well as the macropinocytosis inhibitors cytochalasin D and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride to a similar extent, indicative of common endocytic mechanism. At high concentrations, CPPs adopt a nonendocytic mechanis...
A new procedure for synthesis of 3-keto derivatives of sphingolipids and its application for study of fatty acid composition of brain ceramides and cerebrosides containing dihydrosphingosine or sphingosine

Abstract 3-Keto derivatives were prepared in good yield by the oxidative procedure with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone from N -acetyl sphingosine, N -palmitoyl sphingosine, N -lignoceroyl sphingosine, and N -lignoceroyl psychosine. None of these 3-keto derivatives, except the one from N -acetyl sphingosine, have been previously reported. Ceramides were isolated from a calf brain and reacted with 2,3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Ceramides containing sphingosine (4-sphingenine) were converted to 3-keto derivative, while those containing dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine) remained intact under these conditions. The 3-keto ceramides were then separated from the ceramides containing dihydrosphingosine by preparative thin layer chromatography. Similarly cerebrosides from the same calf brain were oxidized and fractionated to 3-ketocerebrosides (from cerebrosides containing sphingosine) and unreacted cerebrosides (cerebrosides containing dihydrosphingosine). The fatty acid composition of these four sphingolipids were determined. Both the ceramides and the cerebrosides containing sphingosine had more unsaturated fatty acids than the corresponding dihydrosphingosine-containing compounds. The ratio of C 16 -C 20 fatty acids to C 22 -C 26 acids was higher in the ceramides containing sphingosine than in ceramides containing dihydrosphingosine, while the ratio was reversed in cerebrosides. The possible precursor-product relationship among these lipids is discussed.
On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis.

Abstract Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) responding to diuresis reveal marked augmentation of the QRS complexes (AUG-QRS) in their electrocardiograms (ECGs). Recently, such change in the ECG has been observed in patients with anasarca (AN) of varying etiology commensurate with partial alleviation of the volume overload; similar ECG change has been noted in patients with end-stage renal failure after hemodialysis. The mechanism for the AUG-QRS in patients with CHF has been debated, and many have ascribed this ECG change to the “Brody effect,” linking the AUG-QRS to reduction of intracardiac blood volumes resulting from diuresis. However, the Brody effect (a theoretical formulation not fully validated by experimentation and associated with controversy in its clinical implementation) has not provided a satisfactory explanation for the AUG-QRS in patients with CHF. In contrast, the described association between amelioration of AN in a diverse patient population and AUG-QRS suggests that this ECG change in patients with CHF is due to an increased electrical resistance of the passive body volume conductor, resulting from water loss effected by diuresis. This thesis is supported by theoretical work, animal experimentation, and clinical evidence.
Polarization of Jovian decametric radiation

Abstract Decametric radiation from Jupiter impinging on the Earth's ionosphere is not in a magnetoionic base mode. If one assumes, as most researchers in the field do, that the radiation is generated at Jupiter in the extraordinary base mode, one must conclude that coupling has occurred somewhere near Jupiter. It is shown here that coupling does not occur in Jupiter's ionosphere but further out in the Jovian magnetosphere. The lack of observed Faraday rotation within Jupiter's ionosphere and magnetosphere cannot be used to rule ou ta hot, dense ionosphere and magnetosphere as was suggested previously. It is also shown that the radiation emerging from Jupiter should be elliptically polarized with an axial ratio varying between 0.4 and 0.9. The orientation of the polarization ellipse varies as a function of emitting longitude.
Transgenic expression of constitutively active RAC1 disrupts mouse rod morphogenesis.

PURPOSE: Dominant-active RAC1 rescues photoreceptor structure in Drosophila rhodopsin-null mutants, indicating an important role in morphogenesis. This report assesses the morphogenetic effect of activated RAC1 during mammalian rod photoreceptor development using transgenic mice that express constitutively active (CA) RAC1.METHODS: Transgenic mice were generated by expressing CA RAC1 under control of the Rhodopsin promoter, and morphological features of the photoreceptors were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Function was evaluated by electroretinography. Potential protein partners of CA RAC1 were identified by co-immunoprecipitation of retinal extracts.RESULTS: Constitutively active RAC1 expression in differentiating rods disrupted outer retinal lamination as early as postnatal day (P)6, and many photoreceptor cell nuclei were displaced apically into the presumptive subretinal space. These photoreceptors did not develop normal inner and outer segments and had abnormal placement of synaptic elements. Some photoreceptor nuclei were also mislocalized into the inner nuclear layer. Extensive photoreceptor degeneration was subsequently observed in the adult animal. Constitutively active RAC1 formed a complex with the polarity protein PAR6 and with microtubule motor dynein in mouse retina. The normal localization of the PAR6 complex was disrupted in CA RAC1-expressing rod photoreceptors.CONCLUSIONS: Constitutively active RAC1 had a profound negative effect on mouse rod cell viability and development. Rod photoreceptors in the CA RAC1 retina exhibited a defect in polarity and migration. Constitutively active RAC1 disrupted rod morphogenesis and gave a phenotype resembling that found in the Crumbs mutant. PAR6 and dynein are two potential downstream effectors that may be involved in CA RAC1-mediated defective mouse photoreceptor morphogenesis.
Characterization problems for graphs, partially ordered sets, lattices, and families of sets

A standard problem in combinatorial theory is to characterize structures which satisfy a certain property by providing a minimum list of forbidden substructures, for example, Kuratowski's well known characterization of planar graphs. In this paper, we establish connections between characterization problems for interval graphs, circular are graphs, comparability graphs, planar lattices, 0–1 matrices, interval orders, partially ordered sets with dimension at most two, partially ordered sets with interval dimension at most two, and related problems involving the representation of families of finite sets by points or intervals of the real line. We use these connections to determine the collection of all 3-irreducible posets. We are then able to determine the collection of all 3-interval irreducible posets of height one and the set of all forbidden subgraphs with clique covering number two in the characterization of circular are graphs.
The need for including data security topics in the college business curriculum

The past decade has indeed witnessed the rapid development and proliferation of computers in organizations of all sizes and types. Increasingly, it has been recognized that computing systems can be compromised, resulting in various forms of damage and loss to organizations. The issue of data security becomes even more paramount and complex as our present office environment becomes increasingly automated. Managers will have to be versatile and innovative in "juggling" the demands of technology, information and people. The threats to security become even more numerous as systems increase in complexity.
Synthesis of polypropylene‐co‐p‐methylstyrene copolymers by metallocene and Ziegler–Natta catalysts

This paper discusses the copolymerization reaction of propylene and p-methylstyrene (p-MS) via four of the best-known isospecific catalysts, including two homogeneous metallocene catalysts, namely, {SiMe2[2-Me-4-Ph(Ind)]2}ZrCl2 and Et(Ind)2ZrCl2, and two heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts, namely, MgCl2/TiCl4/electron donor (ED)/AlEt3 and TiCl3. AA/Et2AlCl. By comparing the experimental results, metallocene catalysts show no advantage over Ziegler–Natta catalysts. The combination of steric jamming during the consective insertion of 2,1-inserted p-MS and 1,2-inserted propylene (k21 reaction) and the lack of p-MS homopolymerization (k22 reaction) in the metallocene coordination mechanism drastically reduces catalyst activity and polymer molecular weight. On the other hand, the Ziegler–Natta heterogeneous catalyst proceeding with 1,2-specific insertion manner for both monomers shows no retardation because of the p-MS comonomer. Specifically, the supported MgCl2/TiCl4/ED/AlEt3 catalyst, which contains an internal ED, produces copolymers with high molecular weight, high melting point, and no p-MS homopolymer. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2795–2802, 1999
Combining retiming and recycling to optimize the performance of synchronous circuits

Recycling was recently proposed as a system-level design technique to facilitate the building of complex system-on-chips (SOC) by assembling pre-designed components. Recycling allows us to model the communication patterns among the components, analyze the impact of interconnect latency on the overall data processing throughput, and manage computation/communication tradeoffs to optimize the performance of the system. In this paper, we present recycling as a circuit-level design technique for optimizing the performance of sequential circuits beyond what can be achieved by retiming. We also provide a theoretical framework to guide the simultaneous application of the two techniques. Our model identifies the conditions under which an optimally-retimed synchronous circuit can be further sped-up and determines the amount of the resulting performance gain.
Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Minnesota soil as related to tillage, residue and nitrogen management

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are directly influenced by tillage, residue return and N fertilization management practices. Soil samples for SOC and N analyses, obtained from a 23-year field experiment, provided an assessment of nearequilibrium SOC and N conditions. Crops included corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)]. Treatments of conventional and conservation tillage, residue stover (returned or harvested) and two N fertilization rates were imposed on a Waukegan silt loam (fine-silty over skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludoll) at Rosemount, MN. The surface (0‐ 20 cm) soils with no-tillage (NT) had greater than 30% more SOC and N than moldboard plow (MB) and chisel plow (CH) tillage treatments. The trend was reversed at 20‐25 cm soil depths, where significantly more SOC and N were found in MB treatments (26 and 1.5 Mg SOC and N ha � 1 , respectively) than with NT (13 and 1.2 Mg SOC and N ha � 1 , respectively), possibly due to residues buried by inversion. The summation of soil SOC over depth to 50 cm did not vary among tillage treatments; N by summation was higher in NT than MB treatments. Returned residue plots generally stored more SOC and N than in plots where residue was harvested. Nitrogen fertilization generally did not influence SOC or N at most soil depths. These results have significant implications on how specific management practices maximize SOC storage and minimize potential N losses. Our results further suggest different sampling protocols may lead to different and confusing conclusions regarding the impact of tillage systems on C sequestration. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The effectiveness of Coriolis dampening of convection during aircraft high-g arcs

Directional solidification data for metal samples in KC-135 parabolic maneuvers are examined to determine evidence for Coriolis dampening of convection. Microstructural and materials properties data are examined for iron carbon, immiscible, and superalloy systems. By comparison of low-g data and high-g data with those of one-g control samples, it is determined that there is no evidence that Coriolis dampening of convective flow is effective during the 1.8 g KC-135 high-g maneuvers. A first approximation model for the high-g arc is proposed. The model yields a centrifugal radius of 20,480 ft and an angular speed of 0.397 RPM. Comparison to centrifugal solidification experiments (for an equal acceleration) where Coriolis melt growth stabilization is significant indicates that the KC-135 high-g arc is less effective in dampening convection by a factor of 100. This large difference in Coriolis dampening of convection might be taken advantage of for experiments where separation of centrifugal acceeration and Coriolis acceleration is desirable.
The B lymphocyte is the immune cell target for 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine

2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine (ddA) is a nucleoside analogue with anti-HIV activity and one of its metabolic products, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), has shown promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Because AIDS viruses target the immune system, it is important to understand the potential effects of anti-AIDS drugs, including natural nucleosides, on the immune system. Previous immunotoxicological studies have shown that 22 treatments with ddA to female B6C3F1 mice over a period of 30 days had no effect on cell-mediated immunity, including the mixed lymphocyte reaction and response to mitogenic signals, but suppressed in vitro IgM plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells. The present studies show that suppression of the IgM PFC response was dose dependent with a 96% reduction in IgM PFCs/10(6) spleen cells at the highest dose (350 mg/kg). The in vivo IgM PFC response to DNP-Ficoll and the in vitro IgM PFC response to lipopolysaccharide, both T-independent antigens, were also suppressed in the spleens of ddA-treated mice. The analysis of splenocyte subtypes shows no change in the percentage of B cells (surface immunoglobulin positive cells), T helper cells (L3T4 positive cells), and T suppressor cells or T cytotoxic cells (Lyt-2 positive cells) in the spleens of ddA-treated mice. In vitro separation and reconstitution studies in which the IgM PFC response was monitored indicated that the B lymphocyte rather than the T lymphocyte or antigen-presenting cell is the primary cell targeted by ddA. This information provides a data base for further mechanistic study and may reflect on the clinical use of other nucleoside analogues, e.g., ddI by providing the clinician with information indicating the potential decrease in humoral immunity.