cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alleviating brain stress: what alternative animal models have revealed about therapeutic targets for hypoxia and anoxia

While the mammalian brain is highly dependent on oxygen, and can withstand only a few minutes without air, there are both vertebrate and invertebrate examples of anoxia tolerance. One example is the freshwater turtle, which can withstand days without oxygen, thus providing a vertebrate model with which to examine the physiology of anoxia tolerance without the pathology seen in mammalian ischemia/reperfusion studies. Insect models such as Drosophila melanogaster have additional advantages, such as short lifespans, low cost and well-described genetics. These models of anoxia tolerance share two common themes that enable survival without oxygen: entrance into a state of deep hypometabolism, and the suppression of cellular injury during anoxia and upon restoration of oxygen. The study of such models of anoxia tolerance, adapted through millions of years of evolution, may thus suggest protective pathways that could serve as therapeutic targets for diseases characterized by oxygen deprivation and ischemic/reperfusion injuries.
Residence time distribution in a holding tube.

Abstract The residence time distribution (RTD) of two Newtonian (water and 12% sucrose solution) and two non-Newtonian liquids (0·2 and 0·4% guar gum solutions), at a minimum of five different flow rates each, was determined in a holding tube consisting of 10 sections with a total length of 33 m, at 25±0·5°C. The response to a pulse of NaCl solution was detected by a conductivity transmitter and recorded. The relative variances of the experimental RTD curves were used to evaluate the dispersion and the tanks-in-series models. In general, vessel dispersion numbers were higher in laminar flow. For water in laminar flow; the number of tanks-in-series ranged between 14 and 20, whereas in turbulent flow the number was between 61 and 103. For the sugar solution the number of tanks-in-series was higher. For the 0·2% gum solution data the number of tanks was estimated to be between 18 and 34, while for the 0·4% gum solution data it was estimated to be between 7 and 12. Neither model can be said to be better than the other.
Ischaemic heart disease and fine particulate air pollution

A large and growing body of research has provided increasingly compelling evidence that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality.1 Overall, the evidence suggests that fine, combustion-related particulate pollution, measured as PM2.5 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm), is most strongly associated with adverse CVD health outcomes. Studies have evaluated day-to-day changes in mortality risk associated with short-term (one to a few days) changes in PM air pollution as reviewed elsewhere.1 One of the earliest of these studies2 evaluated daily mortality counts in London for the winters of 1958–1972, a period of time with episodes of extremely high concentrations of air pollution. Elevations in air pollution were associated with increased risk of mortality and the exposure–response relationship was non-linear across the full range of exposures: relatively steep at lower levels of exposures and flattening out at higher levels of exposures.2 Over the subsequent decades, many studies have evaluated associations between short-term changes in air …
Nonobligate Role of Early or Sustained Expression of Immediate-Early Gene Proteins c-Fos, c-Jun, and Zif/268 in Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Sprouting

Axon sprouting in dentate granule cells is an important model of structural plasticity in the hippocampus. Although the process can be triggered by deafferentation, intense activation of glutamate receptors, and other convulsant stimuli, the specific molecular steps required to initiate and sustain mossy fiber (MF) reorganization are unknown. The cellular immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos, c-jun, and zif/268 are major candidates for the initial steps of this plasticity, because they encode transcription factors that may trigger cascades of activity-dependent neuronal gene expression and are strongly induced in all experimental models of MF sprouting. The mutant mouse stargazer offers an important opportunity to test the specific role of IEGs, because it displays generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy and intense MF sprouting in the absence of regional cell injury. Here we report that stargazer mice show no detectable elevations in c-Fos, c-Jun, or Zif/268 immediate early gene proteins (IEGPs) before or during MF growth. Experimental results in stargazer, including (1) a strong IEGP response to kainate-induced convulsive seizures, (2) no IEGP response after prolongation of spike-wave synchronization, (3) no IEGP increase at the developmental onset of seizures or after prolonged seizure suppression, and (4) unaltered levels of the intracellular Ca2+-buffering proteins calbindin-D28k or parvalbumin, exclude the possibility that absence of an IEGP response in stargazer is either gene-linked or suppressed by known refractory mechanisms. These data demonstrate that increased levels of these IEGPs are not an obligatory step in MF-reactive sprouting and differentiate the early downstream molecular cascades of two major seizure types.
Dirty Liberals! Reminders of Physical Cleanliness Influence Moral and Political Attitudes

Many moral codes place a special emphasis on bodily purity, and manipulations that directly target bodily purity have been shown to influence a variety of moral judgments. Across two studies, we demonstrated that reminders of physical purity influence specific moral judgments regarding behaviors in the sexual domain as well as broad political attitudes. In Study 1, individuals in a public setting who were given a reminder of physical cleansing reported being more politically conservative than did individuals who were not given such a reminder. In Study 2, individuals reminded of physical cleansing in the laboratory demonstrated harsher moral judgments toward violations of sexual purity and were more likely to report being politically conservative than control participants. Together, these experiments provide further evidence of a deep link between physical purity and moral judgment, and they offer preliminary evidence that manipulations of physical purity can influence general (and putatively stable) political attitudes.
Microscopy and microindentation mechanics of single crystal Fe-3 wt. % Si: Part I. Atomic force microscopy of a small indentation

Atomic force microscope measurements of elastic-plastic indentation into an Fe−3 wt. % Si single crystal showed that the volume displaced to the surface is nearly equal to the volume of the cavity. The surface displacement profiles and plastic zone size caused by a 69 nm penetration of a Vickers diamond tip are reasonably represented by an elastic-plastic continuum model. Invoking conservation of volume, estimates of the number of dislocations emanating from the free surface are reasonably consistent with the number of dislocations that have formed in the plastic zone to represent an average calculated plastic strain of 0.044.
Multi-environment evaluation of peanut lines by model simulation with the cultivar coefficients derived from a reduced set of observed field data.

Abstract A major limitation of the application of a crop simulation model is the determination of cultivar coefficients, as the recommended procedure requires extensive data sampling throughout the growing season which is very impractical when a large number of lines are involved or when critical resources are limited. Our previous study has shown that a reduced set of experimental data can be used to accurately estimate the cultivar coefficients of peanut lines as used by the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model. The objectives of this study were to verify our previous finding and to evaluate the derived cultivar coefficients in assisting multi-environment evaluation of peanut lines with the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model. Nine peanut lines in a regional yield trial (Set I) and ten peanut lines in a standard yield trial (Set II) were grown during the dry and rainy seasons of 2005. Data were collected on plant growth and development following the optimum protocol from our previous study. These data were used for model calibration to derive the cultivar coefficients of the individual peanut lines. Model calibration showed simulated values of phenology and growth characteristics of the peanut lines that were close to the corresponding observed values, with the coefficient of determination (r2) and the index of agreement (d) close to optimal values of 1, and a normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) smaller than 35%. Genetic variation among lines in cultivar coefficients was also observed. The initial model evaluation with data collected in the 2004 rainy season confirmed that model prediction was good for independent data, i.e., giving high values of r2 and d; and small RMSEn. The derived cultivar coefficients were shown to enable the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model to satisfactorily mimic yield ranking and stability of peanut lines in the Set I and Set II yield trials with 10 and 8 environments, respectively. Among the top five highest yielding lines based on mean observed pod yield (upper 56% for the Set I yield trial and upper 50% for the Set II yield trial), four lines were identified by model simulation in both sets. Also, the same top yielding lines in the two sets were identified by both simulation and experimentation. The model predicted similar GGE biplot patterns as present in observed trials, and also identified the same stable lines as the observed data. It is concluded that a reduced set of field data can be used for model application in assisting the multi-environment evaluation of peanut lines.
Advances in intravesical therapy for the treatment of non‑muscle invasive bladder cancer (Review)

The knowledge of tumor biology and the biomechanical properties of the urothelium have led to significant advances in the development of intravesical therapy for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Targeted therapy improves the efficacy and decreases the side effects of antineoplastic agents. Nanoparticles that target antitumor agents to the urothelial cells have allowed for improved delivery of these agents to tumor cells. Gene therapy is another strategy that has allowed for a targeted induction of an antitumor response. Finally, engineering of the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine aimed to minimize the potential side effects associated with this treatment. These novel approaches hold promise for decreasing the rate of progression and recurrence of NMIBC.
Peritoneal dialysis catheter embedment: surgical considerations, expectations, and complications.

Abstract Background Peritoneal dialysis catheter embedment consists of implanting the catheter far in advance of anticipated need, with the external tubing buried under the skin. The catheter is externalized when initiation of dialysis is required. Details of the surgical procedure and management of associated complications are generally lacking. Methods A total of 84 catheters including conventional and extended catheters were embedded and externalized during the study period. Factors influencing duration of embedment, functionality upon externalization, and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Results Mean duration of embedment was 13.9 months (median 9.4; range .5 to 68.5). Immediate function was exhibited in 85.7% of catheters. Employing laparoscopic revision, 98.8% of embedded catheters were successfully used for peritoneal dialysis. Extended catheters and duration of embedment were important determinants of catheter functionality. Conclusions Catheters can be embedded for prolonged periods and still result in functional dialysis access when needed. Complications are few and easily managed.
Cerebrovascular Regulation in Preganglionic and Postganglionic Autonomic Insufficiency

Cerebral blood flow was measured in four subjects with chronic idiopathic autonomic insufficiency using 85Kr inhalation, cerebral A-V samples for scintillation counting, and O2 content determination. Blood pressure was varied by up or down tilting and L-norepinephrine infusion. In three patients with typical Shy-Drager syndrome and preganglionic denervation, CBF regulation to pressure and PaCOCO2 change was intact. In a fourth patient with postganglionic denervation, CBF autoregulation was absent to changes in blood pressure but was preserved normally to increases or decreases in PaCOCO2 CBF and CMRO2, at rest were normal (52.6 cc and 3.1 cc). Hyperventilation to PaCOCO2 34.3 mm failed to restore autoregulation to increased blood pressure. The results imply a functional role for postganglionic autonomic fibers in CBF autoregulation.
A Meta-Analysis of Second-Order Digital Divide Effects

This study explores the digital divide in terms of its relationship with ethnic minorities and the structural conditions they face. The central argument is that the digital divide constitutes a particularly serious problem for ethnic minorities in the United States, because they are already marginalized in terms of both education and income. The first wave of digital divide research focused mostly on inequality in access to computer and Internet technology. The second wave of digital divide research has concentrated on social and cultural aspects of the divide. In both cases, scholars and policymakers alike recommend making technology more accessible to more people to address digital inequality.This study conducts a meta-analysis of the second-wave digital divide studies, reviewing refereed academic journal articles that address social and cultural aspects of the digital divide published between 1990 and 2012. This meta-analysis focuses on various contributing cultural factors, i.e., gender, education, geographic residence, etc., that affect not just access, but the use of information and communication technologies. To date, no published meta-analysis has been conducted on this area. The results can help point to possible gaps in efforts that address digital inequality.
Increasing College Completion for Latino/as in Community Colleges: Leadership and Strategy.

This chapter discusses college completion for Latino/as who attend community colleges and the role of leadership in promoting completion. The chapter also provides a number of lessons for success drawn from the national initiative, Achieving the Dream.
Assessment of 3 anxiety reduction methods in PET/CT imaging using the Spielberger State Inventory Assessment

2614 Objectives Reduction of anxiety in PET/CT imaging can improve image quality and the overall patient experience. Previously, our group reported on the use of a patient call device to reduce anxiety. This study examines 3 methods to test patient anxiety post-injection moving towards developing the optimum methods for testing anxiety in patients undergoing PET/CT imaging. Methods Patients with various oncological indications, undergoing PET/CT imaging, were asked to participate in the study by completing a survey. Three groups of patients were given a standardized Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory assessment. Group 1 was given the standardized survey following injection and after being told that they will be given a device that improves communication. Group 2, the control group, was given the survey following injection but only told they would be taking a survey regarding anxiety. The control group not informed of or given any device. Group 3 was given the survey while undergoing the PET scan with the technologist in the room. Survey results were scored, collated, and descriptive statistics calculated and compared between groups. Results Survey results for 45 patients (15/group) were scored using the standard Spielberger scoring system. Group 1 (told of device) had an average Spielberger score of 34.9, Group 2 (not told of device) had an average score of 31.6 and Group 3 (technologist in the room) had an average score of 28.9. The 95% confidence intervals for each group were: 30-40, 26-37, and 24-34, respectively. Conclusions The data indicates that the group told of the device prior to imaging experienced greater anxiety than the other two groups. This possibly indicates that explicitly telling the patient of the device before imaging may actually increase their anxiety regarding their scan. A follow-up study examining this effect in more detail and correcting for it is presented in abstract control ID: 1926685.
A Concurrent Multiscale Method for Coupling Atomistic and Continuum Models at Finite Temperatures

A concurrent multi-scale modeling method for finite temperature simulation of solids is introduced. The objective is to represent far from equilibrium phenomena using an atomistic model and near equilibrium phenomena using a continuum model, the domain being partitioned in discrete and continuum regions, respectively. An interface sub-domain is defined between the two regions to provide proper coupling between the discrete and continuum models. While in the discrete region the thermal and mechanical processes are intrinsically coupled, in the continuum region they are treated separately. The interface region partitions the energy transferred from the discrete to the continuum into mechanical and thermal components by splitting the phonon spectrum into “low” and “high” frequency ranges. This is achieved by using the generalized Langevin equation as the equation of motion for atoms in the interface region. The threshold frequency is selected such to minimize energy transfer between the mechanical and thermal components. Mechanical coupling is performed by requiring the continuum degrees of freedom (nodes) to follow the averaged motion of the atoms. Thermal coupling is ensured by imposing a flux input to the atomistic region and using a temperature boundary condition for continuum. This makes possible a thermodynamically consistent, bi-directional coupling of the two models.
An Adaptive Fourier Filter for Relaxing Time Stepping Constraints for Explicit Solvers

Filtering is necessary to stabilize piecewise smooth solutions. The resulting diffusion stabilizes the method, but may fail to resolve the solution near discontinuities. Moreover, high order filtering still requires cost prohibitive time stepping. This paper introduces an adaptive filter that controls spurious modes of the solution, but is not unnecessarily diffusive. Consequently we are able to stabilize the solution with larger time steps, but also take advantage of the accuracy of a high order filter.
Nonsurgical Therapy; Catheters; Devices

The objectives of nonsurgical therapy in the underactive bladder are to provide low-pressure storage, preserve continence, avoid renal deterioration, minimize complications, and maintain quality of life. This chapter will discuss alternatives to surgical therapy to help optimize patient quality of life.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Thermal Aging Characteristic Parameters of Oil-paper Insulation

The oil-paper samples constituted by #25 mineral oil and ordinary Kraft paper were thermally aged at temperatures of 90°C,110°C and 130°C.The degree of polymerization of insulation paper and some aging characteristics parameters,such as furfural,dissolved gas content in oil,and acid,water content in oil,were regularly sampled and measured during the aging process.Stepwise regression analysis and factor analysis of multivariable statistical analytics were introduced to analyze various aging characteristic parameters of oil-paper insulation.Stepwise regression results on the test data indicate that a closer linear correlation exists between logarithm of furfural and DP which represents the aging condition of oil-paper insulation than the linear relationship between acid content and DP.Moreover,other characteristic parameters have no linear relationship with DP.Meanwhile,factor analysis results demonstrate that thermal aging characteristic parameters of oil-paper insulation can be grouped in two principal component factors which have not only definite physical meaning but also exponential relationship with DP of insulation paper.
Employed women, dieting, and support groups.

The results of this study suggest that dieting may fail if the dieter does not have the support of influential groups and/ or links with information networks.
Equipment available for nurseries.

This article presents a listing, with descriptions and prices, of nursery equipment items currently on the market in the United States.
Cognitive Dysfunction, Medication Management, and the Risk of Readmission in Hospital Inpatients

Objectives To determine whether cognitive dysfunction, in particular impaired executive function, may be a risk factor for early readmission in older adults independently managing their medications. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary hospital. Participants Individuals aged 65 years and older discharged to home from the medicine service of a tertiary hospital (N = 452). Measurements Participants underwent a cognitive assessment including the Short Blessed Test (SBT), the executive function component of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Trail-Making Test Part B (TMT-B). Hospital use and demographic data were obtained. A logistic regression model was used to fit the likelihood of readmission on the basis of participant characteristics, medication management, and cognitive performance. Likelihood of hospital readmission within 30 days was determined. Results For participants managing medications themselves, adjusted 30-day odds of readmission increased 13% on average with each point decrease in SBT score (P = .003) and 9% on average with each 0.01 decrease in TMT-B score (P = .02). For participants who were independent in medication management with more than seven medications, the odds of 30-day readmission increased 16% on average with each point decrease in SBT score (P = .01) and 15% on average with each 0.01 decrease in TMT-B score (P = .03). Conclusion Cognitive dysfunction, particularly executive dysfunction, is a risk factor for readmission in individuals managing their own medications. This risk is greater in individuals taking more than seven medications. The interaction of cognitive function, medication management, and number of medications may enhance risk-stratification efforts to identify individuals at risk of early readmission.
Beheading the Hydra: Counterinsurgent Violence and Insurgent Attacks in Iraq

ABSTRACTWe evaluate the effectiveness of anti-insurgent violence as a means to suppress insurgency with micro-level data from the Iraq War. Our findings suggest that while violence against insurgents increases the incidence of future insurgent attacks, the intensity of this violence can significantly influence the outcome. Rather than shifting monotonically, the effect is actually curvilinear, first rising, and then contracting. We argue that at low to moderate levels, violence against insurgents creates opportunities for these groups to signal strength and resolve, which enables them to build momentum, heighten civilian cooperation, and diminish political support for counterinsurgency efforts in these forces’ home countries. The result is an escalation in insurgent attacks. However, at higher levels, this effect should plateau and taper off as insurgent attrition rises, and as civilian fears over personal safety displace grievances that might otherwise provoke counter-mobilization. Our empirical tests on...
Should Your Older Adult Patient Be Driving

While many older adults have been driving automobiles for decades, they may face challenges in maintaining their driving skill set due to a myriad of age-related factors. Clinicians are often faced with the frequently difficult decision of whether an older adult patient is able to safely continue driving. Unfortunately, the resulting loss of a license to drive impacts the older adult in a number of ways, including isolation, depression, and loss of self-worth. This chapter provides information on issues that affect the health of older adults and can result in hazardous driving. It also offers evidence-based means of evaluating the driving ability of older adults and what clinicians should be monitoring in patients to ensure their safety behind the wheel.
Collaborative Human Task Assignment for Open Systems: (Extended Abstract)

Through gathering information, acting autonomously, learning, and behaving socially, intelligent agents provide useful interfaces between complex systems and human users. For example, agents can interact with people to discover their preferences, skills, and expertise, then find suitable tasks that exploit the users' abilities. We describe modeling environmental openness and human learning in a multiagent system for a human collaborative task assignment problem.
Design, simulation, fabrication and measurement of a multiband fractal Yagi antenna

A multiband element has been designed based on the Sierpinski sieve fractal which operates over two frequency bands. This stems from the self-similarity of the fractal. However, due to the leakage of current from one scale of the geometry to other scales, the radiation pattern can become distorted for different operating bands. A filtering element can be placed inside the Sierpinski element to achieve similar radiation patterns over various operating bands. This multiband element which achieves a spectrally stable radiation pattern in its multiple radiating bands is incorporated into the design of a Yagi antenna to achieve directive patterns over two frequency bands.
Coded aperture design for compressive X-ray tomosynthesis via coherence analysis

The design of coded apertures for compressive X-ray tomosynthesis is addressed here, based on the analysis of the coherence of the sensing matrix. It is shown that minimizing the inner products between the columns of the transfer function matrix, it is possible to obtain significant improvements with respect to the results obtained with the use of random codes. The computational cost of optimization is dramatically lower than other approaches introduced recently.
Assessing Law Enforcement Performance in Behavior-Based Threat Detection Tasks Involving a Concealed Weapon or Device.

Across 3 experiments, we assessed the ability of law enforcement officers and naive controls to detect the concealment of a weapon or device. Study 1 used a classic signal detection paradigm in which participants were asked to assess whether a target was concealing a neutered 9-mm handgun. Study 2 involved a compound signal detection paradigm in which participants assessed whether or not 1 of several individuals was concealing an unstable device in their backpack. Study 3 moved to a 2-alternative forced choice paradigm in which participants evaluated which of 2 targets was concealing an unstable device in his backpack. Across all 3 experiments we consistently found no significant differences in detection performance between law enforcement and naive controls, although participants did perform above chance levels when response bias was free to vary. Furthermore, officers' years of experience was associated with a bias toward perceiving concealment. Given the frequency with which officers are asked to assess the concealment of weapons or devices, and therein to identify threats, our findings suggest the need for additional research to explore various factors (e.g., context, race of target, operational experience, etc.) likely related to performance on such tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record
eQTL Mapping for Functional Classes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genes with Multivariate Sparse Partial Least Squares Regression

The availability of high-throughput genotyping technologies and microarray assays has enabled investigation of genetic variations that influence levels of gene expression. Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) mapping methods have been successfully used to identify the genetic basis of gene expression which in turn led to identification of candidate genes and construction of regulatory networks. One challenging statistical aspect of eQTL mapping is the existence of thousands of traits. We have recently proposed a multivariate sparse partial least squares framework for mapping multiple quantitative traits and identifying genetic variations that affect the expression of a group of genes. In this book chapter, we provide a comprehensive illustration of this methodology with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae linkage study. Data from this study involves segregants from a cross between two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Our application focuses on elucidating genomic markers that affect expression of functional yeast gene classes. We illustrate identification of eQTL regions affecting whole functional classes of genes as well as eQTL regions influencing individual genes.
Hyperglycemia during first-line R-CHOP or dose adjusted R-EPOCH chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is prevalent and associated with chemotherapy alteration – a retrospective study

High-dose glucocorticoids such as prednisone are combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in the R-CHOP or dose adjusted R-EPOCH regimens used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In this retrospective stud...
Is John Dewey's Thought "Humanist"?

This paper proposes that John Dewey’s thought is not entirely humanist, and that a dehumanist reconstruction of his philosophy opens curriculum studies toward a pragmatic, democratic engagement with the uncountable nonhumans that share the earth with those who think of themselves as “human.” The essay outlines what is meant by both humanism and dehumanism before analyzing how a cluster of keywords in Deweyan thought—habit, experience, growth, and democracy—can be put to use in ways that are not anthropocentric or exclusively human. By arguing that Dewey’s humanism (which has been taken for granted in much Deweyan scholarship) can be extracted from his potentially nonhumanist conceptualizations of democracy and pedagogy, the essay claims that Dewey’s thought can prove a pragmatic point of departure for dehumanist curriculum studies, and that Deweyan pragmatics offer nonhumanist philosophy a set of concepts for better understanding what a democracy of humans, nonhuman animals, and inhuman objects could be.
Guidelines, performance measures, and the practice of medicine: mind the gap.

Abstract Guidelines have rather quickly assumed a central role in health care delivery in the U.S. They have become the foundation on which performance measures are built and, therefore, a major player in assessing the quality of care provided by individuals and institutions, the ramifications of which involve reputation, reimbursement, and litigation. We are concerned, however, that in our enthusiasm for collectively endorsing these guidelines, we are marginalizing the importance of physician judgment and inadvertently risking the conversion of guidelines into "cookbooks." We believe that this editorial, while unequivocally acknowledging the fundamental importance of guidelines, simultaneously provides a critically important perspective on the potential for misuse of both guidelines and performance measures. Further, we hope that publication of this commentary will help temper enthusiasm for overzealous conversion of guidelines into performance measures, thereby restoring the vital role of physician judgment and insight into patient management.
Social Capital and Organizational Commitment

Organizational scientists have been investigating the role of human relationships vis-a-vis firm productivity for some years. Recently, Social Capital has been theorized to play a central part in the reduction of organizational transaction costs. We briefly position Social Capital among several theories claiming a role for interpersonal capital, review its theoretical nuances, and test this theoretical structure using a sample of 469 sales professionals from a leading medical services firm. Our findings indicate that trust, communication, and employee focus have significant direct and moderate indirect affects on organizational commitment.
Western New Guinea: Papua and West Papua Provinces of Indonesia

Abstract Western New Guinea has high mountains, large tracts of uncut tropical rain forests, tall, diverse uncut mangroves, and coral reefs that are among the most diverse in the world. The coral reefs of the Raja Ampat Islands in the west have the world’s highest documented diversity of corals, reef fish, and molluscs. The coral reefs are generally healthy, though in some areas there are signs of overfishing. It is Indonesia’s largest and least populated area, though the population is now growing rapidly mostly from transmigration. The low level of human impacts is mainly due to the low population density. The economic level for most of the people is quite low, and desperation could push more people to engage in destructive fishing, illegal logging, and to traffic in wildlife. There is an opportunity to use natural resources in a sustainable way and conserve this vast natural wealth for future generations.
Placenta Accreta: A Spectrum of Predictable Risk, Diagnosis, and Morbidity.

Objective Placenta accreta is a feared pathology, in part, because prenatal diagnosis is imperfect. It is not known whether clinical risk factors or sonographic features equally predict the entire graded pathological spectrum of placental overinvasion disease nor whether clinical outcomes differ along the spectrum. Study Design We conducted a mixed methods retrospective study of a cohort of women screened sonographically for placenta accreta, cross-referenced against cases identified by pathological diagnosis (N = 416). Demographic, diagnostic, and outcome information were compared across the spectrum of invasive placentation: percreta, increta, accreta, and focal accreta not requiring hysterectomy. The t-test, chi-square, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis across groups. Results As the depth of invasion decreased, risk factors for placental overinvasion were less common, especially placenta previa and previous cesarean. There was also reduced anticipation by sonographic examination of the placenta. Rates of adverse outcomes were lower among women with focal accreta compared with those with deeper invasion. Conclusion As the depth of invasion decreases, clinical risk factors and sonographic evaluation are less reliable in the antenatal prediction of placenta accreta. The potential for unanticipated morbidity underscores the need for improved diagnostic tools for placenta accreta spectrum.
Food insecurity associated with self-reported falls among Medicare Advantage members

Abstract More than 3 million older US adults injure themselves by falling each year. Falls are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for this population, and account for nearly $30 billion in Me...
Estimating Additive Interaction Effect in Stratified Two-Phase Case-Control Design

Background and aims There is considerable interest in epidemiology to estimate an additive interaction effect between two risk factors in case-control studies. An additive interaction is defined as the differential reduction in absolute risk associated with one factor between different levels of the other factor. A stratified two-phase case-control design is commonly used in epidemiology to reduce the cost of assembling covariates. It is crucial to obtain valid estimates of the model parameters by accounting for the underlying stratification scheme to obtain accurate and precise estimates of additive interaction effects. The aim of this paper is to examine the properties of different methods for estimating model parameters and additive interaction effects under a stratified two-phase case-control design. Methods Using simulations, we investigate the properties of three existing methods, namely stratum-specific offset, inverse-probability weighting, and multiple imputation for estimating model parameters and additive interaction effects. We also illustrate these properties using data from two published epidemiology studies. Results Simulation studies show that the multiple imputation method performs well when both the true and analysis models are additive (i.e., does not include multiplicative interaction terms) but does not provide a discernible advantage over the offset method when the analysis models are non-additive (i.e., includes multiplicative interaction terms). The offset method exhibits the best overall properties when the analysis model contains multiplicative interaction effects. Conclusion When estimating additive interaction between risk factors in stratified two-phase case-control studies, we recommend estimating model parameters using multiple imputation when the analysis model is additive, and we recommend the offset method when the analysis model is non-additive.
Mitochondrial Iron Transporters (MIT1 and MIT2) Are Essential for Iron Homeostasis and Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for virtually all organisms, where it functions in critical electron transfer processes, like those involved in respiration. Photosynthetic organisms have special requirements for Fe due to its importance in photosynthesis. While the importance of Fe for mitochondria- and chloroplast-localized processes is clear, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the trafficking of Fe to these compartments is not complete. Here, we describe the Arabidopsis mitochondrial iron transporters, MIT1 and MIT2, that belong to the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) of transport proteins. MIT1 and MIT2 display considerable homology with known mitochondrial Fe transporters of other organisms. Expression of MIT1 or MIT2 rescues the phenotype of the yeast mrs3mrs4 mutant, which is defective in mitochondrial iron transport. Although the Arabidopsis mit1 and mit2 single mutants do not show any significant visible phenotypes, the double mutant mit1mit2 displays embryo lethality. Analysis of a mit1--/mit2+- line revealed that MIT1 and MIT2 are essential for iron acquisition by mitochondria and proper mitochondrial function. In addition, loss of MIT function results in mislocalization of Fe, which in turn causes upregulation of the root high affinity Fe uptake pathway. Thus, MIT1 and MIT2 are required for the maintenance of both mitochondrial and whole plant Fe homeostasis, which, in turn, is important for the proper growth and development of the plant.
Evaluating Single-Surgeon Bias Toward Recommending Corrective Procedures for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Based on Demographic Factors and Comorbidities in a 484-Patient Cohort:

Study Design:Retrospective case series.Objectives:An increasing focus has been placed on removing implicit (unconscious) bias from the surgical selection process. In spine surgery, there is the pot...
Why Did Indian Female Labor Force Participation Decline?: Evidence From a Model of Household Labor Supply

Between 1983 and 2011, Indian married women's labor force participation (LFP) declined from 35% to 24%, even while the economy grew, educational attainment rose, and fertility fell. To study this decline in LFP, I use India's National Sample Survey to construct a unique sample of matched husband-wife pairs. The economics of household labor supply suggests that the explanation may lie in rising husbands' incomes that exert a negative income effect on wives' LFP. Two-stage least squares estimates of a model of household labor supply reveal positive wives' own-wage elasticities, rising from 0.25 in 1983 to 0.67 in 2011, and negative cross-wage elasticities, "rising" from -0.54 in 1983 to -0.75 in 2011. Estimating the model for the period as a whole, trends in wives' wages imply an increase in women's LFP of 8.6 percentage points, and trends in husbands' wages imply a decrease of 20.8 percentage points, for an overall decline of 12.2 percentage points.
Semi-rational approach to expand the Acyl-CoA Chain length tolerance of Sphingomonas paucimobilis serine palmitoyltransferase.

Abstract Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPTase), the first enzyme of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway, produces 3-ketodihydrosphingosine by a Claisen-like condensation/decarboxylation reaction of l -Ser and palmitoyl-CoA (n-C16-CoA). Previous structural analysis of Sphingomonas paucimobilis SPTase (SpSPTase) revealed a dynamic active site loop ( R PPATP; amino acids 378–383) in which R378 (underlined) forms a salt bridge with the carboxylic acid group of the PLP : l -Ser external aldimine. We hypothesized that this interaction might play a key role in acyl group substrate selectivity and therefore performed site-saturation mutagenesis at position 378 based on semi-rational design to expand tolerance for shorter acyl-CoA’s. The resulting library was initially screened for the reaction between l -Ser and dodecanoyl-CoA (n-C12-CoA). The most interesting mutant (R378 K) was then purified and compared to wild-type SpSPTase against a panel of acyl-CoA’s. These data showed that the R378 K substitution shifted the acyl group preference to shorter chain lengths, opening the possibility of using this and other engineered variants for biocatalytic C-C bond-forming reactions.
Markers of a plant-based diet relate to memory and executive function in older adults

Background: Although it is known that plant-based foods are important for physical health, little is known about the relationship between plant-based foods and cognitive health. Emerging evidence suggests that some macronutrients may influence cognition, but it is unclear which domains of cognition are involved; more importantly, it is unknown how a plant-based diet relates to cognition.Objective: To examine associations between a plant-based dietary pattern and cognitive functioning.Methods: Participants were 3,039 older adults who participated in the 2011-2014 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The present cross-sectional study used data on macronutrient intake from 24-hour dietary interviews, as well as performance on tests of long-term memory and executive function (i.e., delayed word recall, digit symbol substitution test, and animal fluency). Principal component analysis was used to extract a dietary pattern consistent with a plant-based diet.Results: Greater adherence to a dietary pattern consistent with a plant-based diet was related to better performance on all cognitive tasks. Secondary analyses indicated that the associations between a plant-based dietary pattern and executive function accounted for the association between a plant-based dietary pattern and memory. Furthermore, this same plant-based dietary pattern was associated with reduced baseline inflammation in a separate dataset.Conclusions: Experimental manipulations are needed to determine the potential causal relations of these associations, but these results suggest that a plant-based diet relates to better cognition, especially through improved executive control. Future work should also attempt to extend these results by examining potential mechanisms underlying these associations, such as reduced inflammation.
Ethics, society, and technology: A Confucian role ethics perspective

Abstract This essay provides a very brief overview of Confucian ethics that focuses on the role-based morality. It compares Confucian ethics with two dominant schools of thought in Western ethics deontology and consequentialism. This essay then discusses how Confucian ethics provides a unique way to think about social and political issues such as how the political leaders are selected and evaluated, the ethical justification of political legitimacy, the prioritization of economic, social, and cultural rights over other rights, and moral egalitarianism. Finally, this essay explores the ways in which Confucian ethics serves as a useful intellectual resource for examining the issues arising from the ethical assessment of (emerging) technologies and the professional formation of engineers. The Appendix of this essay includes some teaching resources that instructors can employ to teach students about ethics, society, and technology from a Confucian role ethics perspective.
The role of instructional materials in the relationship between the official curriculum and the enacted curriculum

We studied how the distal policy mechanisms of curricular aims and objectives articulated in official curriculum documents influenced classroom instruction, and the factors that were associated wit...
Hypothalamic Sleep Disorders

The hypothalamus has a long history of involvement in circadian rhythms, arousal, and sleep. This document will review hypothalamic systems with a role in sleep and wakefulness, emphasize the interconnections of hypothalamic nuclei with each other, and discuss the association of hypothalamic systems with other brain regions controlling alertness and consciousness. In addition, complexities in trying to pinpoint what brain systems are driving a problem with sleep or wakefulness will be presented that emphasize the adaptations that sleep systems make when normal functions are altered.
Cryo-EM structure of the B cell co-receptor CD19 bound to the tetraspanin CD81

Signaling through the CD19-CD81 co-receptor complex, in combination with the B cell receptor, is a critical determinant of B cell development and activation. It is unknown how CD81 engages CD19 to enable co-receptor function. Here, we report a 3.8-angstrom structure of the CD19-CD81 complex bound to a therapeutic antigen-binding fragment, determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structure includes both the extracellular domains and the transmembrane helices of the complex, revealing a contact interface between the ectodomains that drives complex formation. Upon binding to CD19, CD81 opens its ectodomain to expose a hydrophobic CD19-binding surface and reorganizes its transmembrane helices to occlude a cholesterol binding pocket present in the apoprotein. Our data reveal the structural basis for CD19-CD81 complex assembly, providing a foundation for rational design of therapies for B cell dysfunction.
Modified Wound Closure Technique in de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

de Quervain’s release, or first dorsal compartment release, is a commonly performed procedure. There are several approaches to surgery including transverse and longitudinal incisions. The wrist is a sensitive area, and patients often report residual pain post-release. We offer a modified technique on wound closure in de Quervain’s release to facilitate a smoother postoperative experience by taking in account the patient experience from the finish of release until the time of suture removal. Prolene™ sutures that require removal are preferred over absorbable sutures due to skin reactions that occur with absorbable sutures that may cause more scarring, pain, and irritation to the radial sensory nerve. Additionally, the placement of Steri-Strips beneath the knot and cut end of suture, as well as one on top of the construct, ensures that there is minimal opportunity for prominent, stiff knots or sharp ends of suture to bother the patient. Altogether, from suture choice to purposeful Steri-Strip placement, our simple and quick modifications place high value in patient comfort and cosmesis, leading to improved patient satisfaction.
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against Conserved Epitopes of the Hemagglutinin Head are Robustly Recalled by a Novel H1N1 Virus

Broadly neutralizing antibodies are critical for protection against drifted and novel influenza viruses. Here, we reveal humans have pre-existing immunity against two broadly neutralizing epitopes of the HA head: the lateral patch and receptor-binding site (RBS). Monoclonal antibodies generated against these epitopes are broadly neutralizing against 40+ years of H1N1 evolution and provide potent protection in vivo. First exposure to the novel 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus recalls memory B cells that target the conserved RBS and lateral patch epitopes. We identified unique repertoire, structural, and binding features of lateral patch and RBS binding antibodies including a lateral patch binding motif shared across subjects. Together, our data indicate that the conserved RBS and lateral patch epitopes are readily targeted by the human memory B cell pool and that universal vaccine strategies should aim to drive antibodies against both conserved head and stalk domain epitopes.