cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry as an in-situ probe of the growth dynamics of amorphous and epitaxial crystal silicon for photovoltaic applications

In this paper we report on our work using in-situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) to study the dynamics of hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and epitaxial crystal silicon (epi-Si) for photovoltaic applications. We utilize RTSE as both an in-situ diagnostic and a post- growth analysis tool for a-Si:H/crystalline silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells and epi-silicon films grown by HWCVD. RTSE enables precise thickness control of the 3 to 10 nm thick layers used in the SHJ devices, as well as monitoring crystallinity and surface roughness in real time. With the assistance of in-situ RTSE feedback we have achieved a photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency of 17% on an Al-backed p-type float-zone c-Si wafer. Open-circuit voltages above 650 mV indicate excellent passivation of the c-Si surface by the a-Si:H intrinsic layer. We have used RTSE to obtain information on the degree of crystallinity and the electronic and optical properties of films as a function of deposition conditions. RTSE has indirectly indicated the persistence of a hydrogen layer at the interface between the a-Si:H layer and the crystal silicon substrate. Absorption spectra determined by RTSE have provided guidance in device optimization. We are also applying in-situ RTSE to study the dynamics of HWCVD growth of epi- Si. The goal of this work is to develop low-temperature methods for growing 2–10 μm- thick layers of c-Si on c-Si seed layers on glass for solar cell applications. This study presents unique challenges for RTSE, as perfect epitaxial growth of c-Si on a c-Si wafer would produce no change at all in the RTSE spectra. We have found that by monitoring the pseudo-dielectric function in real time during growth we gain immediate feedback on the breakdown of epi-Si growth. Post-deposition analysis of the RTSE data provides quantitative information on the percent of c-Si and a-Si versus film thickness. The RTSE analysis has been confirmed by cross sectional TEM. Based on the rapid feedback provided by RTSE we have surpassed the previous HWCVD maxiumum of 200 nm of epi-Si growth, achieving a maximum thickness of 500 nm of epi-Si. TEM analysis has shown that micron-sized areas of these films achieve 1000 nm of epi-Si thickness.
The Self-Directed Learning of Women with Breast Cancer

This study examines the self-directed learning experiences of women with breast cancer. The common elements in the experiences of 13 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer within 3 years prior to the study were identified through analysis of semistructured interviews. The findings indicate that the participants' self-directed learning efforts were beneficial in a number of ways. Problems commonly encountered in self-directed learning included difficulty locating and evaluating resources and the affect of negative emotions. The study contributes to current understanding of self-directed learning in a crisis situation and provides valuable information on self-directed learning in an area at the intersection of adult education and health care.
Ways of Crossing a Spatial Boundary in Typologically Distinct Languages

Expression of spatial motion shows wide variation as well as patterned regularities across the world's languages (Talmy, 2000), and events involving the traversal of a spatial boundary impose the tightest typological constraints in the lexicalization of motion, providing a true test of cross-linguistic differences. Speakers of verb-framed languages are required by their language not to use manner verbs in marking the change of location across boundaries (Aske, 1989). Here we test the strength of the boundary-crossing constraint and ask how speakers convey motion events when the constraints imposed by the experimental task are at odds with the constraints imposed by their native language. We address this question by comparing adult speakers' description of motion scenes that involve the traversal of a spatial boundary in two typologically distinct languages: English and Turkish. Using an experimental paradigm that imposes competing demands with the semantic structure of Turkish, we compare Turkish speakers' description of boundary-crossing scenes to that of English speakers. We find strong cross-linguistic differences in speakers' verb choice (manner vs. path) and event segmentation (one vs. many), suggesting that boundary-crossing constraint can serve as a reliable test to detect the typological class of a language.
A study of teasing in the real world through the eyes of a practice‐inspired researcher

This paper centers on the process of conducting research on children’s social development through a partnership between university‐based researchers and teachers and students in an urban New England school district. It does so through the eyes of its first author, a second year graduate student who is negotiating the dual roles of researcher and teacher. In the process of investigating more about young children’s perceptions of teasing in conjunction with her research team, this student learns that theories about children’s social awareness developed in university settings virtually always require modification when examined in the real world. Ultimately, she concludes that the partnership between theorists and practitioners leads to a fine‐tuning of research protocols that elicit more complicated and variable responses from students, and that classroom climate factors, temporary or longstanding, may either facilitate or prevent effective data collection and analysis.
Dynamic behavior of a long thin electron beam beyond critical perveance

A discrete mathematical model is derived for the case of a thin infinite planar electron beam injected with symmetry between two parallel semi-infinite plane conductors separated by a distance d and joined by a third equipotential plane through which the beam is injected. The computer model is first shown correctly to reproduce the calculable space-asymptotic beam velocity for subcritical perveance and is then employed to simulate the dynamic behavior accompanying operation beyond critical perveance. Rejection of a fraction of the injected charge is shown to be an essential feature of this mode of operation, and the oscillating potential minimum is seen to exist at a distance less than d from the injection plane. A relatively simple modification of the model portrays the unstable behavior of a terminated beam only 6d long. Longitudinal potential profiles for this terminated beam are plotted at selected points in time. Oscillation frequency at a given supercritical perveance is noted to be an inverse function of transit time defined with respect to any chosen stable perveance and beam length in units of d .
The Effects of the Differential Undercount on Survey Estimates of Race Differences in Marriage

The fact that Blacks, and especially Black men, are not as well represented in survey data as Whites is well known among demographers. What is less well known is the potential impact of the differential undercount on estimates of race differences in various demographic behaviors. This research examines the potential effects of the differential undercount by race and marital status on estimates of race differences in marriage. The results show that the differential undercount has a surprisingly small effect on population distributions and on life-table estimates of race differences in marriage formation. The author concludes that underrepresentation of unmarried Black men in survey data cannot explain why the race gap in marriage is smaller among men than among women.
Making Inquiry a Habit of Mind: Learning to use inquiry to understand and improve practice

This study examines how student teachers in a 2-year graduate program used inquiry to examine the day-to-day issues that arose in their student teaching placements. Through systematic questioning, collection of data and controlled experimenting with solutions, student teachers learned to apply the technical and theoretical knowledge they were learning in education classes to their individual student teaching situations. Essential to the success of this process was collaboration with colleagues for clarifying their questions and for understanding and analyzing the data they collected. Analysis of the data shows that student teachers learned to help one another so that their teaching was focused and successful in many different ways. Confirmation of this success was noted in the supervisor evaluations and observation notes for each student teacher. Student teachers did learn to make inquiry a habit of mind, thereby initiating a long-term commitment to professional self-study.
Effects of stuttering on fundamental frequency

Abstract The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate quantitative fundamental frequency measures prior to moments of stuttering, and relate these measures to the severity and type of stuttering. A repeated readings adaptation procedure was employed to acquire samples of the stuttered and identical fluent speech of stutterers. Thirty-six utterance pairs were classified by type of stuttering (absence of phonation, prolongation, or repetition). A fundamental frequency meter was sampled by a microprocessor computer system at a rate of 256 samples/1.024 sec. Four temporal periods (each 256 msec) preceding the stuttering block were compared with the same periods in a fluently produced sample of similar speech. The analyses revealed differences relative to mean fundamental frequency, variation around the mean fundamental frequency, and the number of voiced data points contained within each temporal segment. The results of this study confirm the existence of acoustic changes in the vocal production of stutterers prior to overt blocks. These changes relate to the type of block that follows. Individual variations that emphasize the need for analyses of within subject differences were found.
The ARP2/3 complex: an actin nucleator comes of age

The cellular functions of the actin cytoskeleton require precise regulation of both the initiation of actin polymerization and the organization of the resulting filaments. The actin-related protein-2/3 (ARP2/3) complex is a central player in this regulation. A decade of study has begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which this powerful machine controls the polymerization, organization and recycling of actin-filament networks, both in vitro and in the living cell.
A mechanism for the partial insertion of protein kinase C into membranes.

Abstract We propose that the principle driving force allowing protein kinase C (PKC) to insert partway into membranes is the transient creation of an interior hydrophilic phase within the membrane. We further suggest that this phase is composed of non-bilayer-forming elements, such as diacylglycerol or phorbol esters. We used the combination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (using fluorescently labeled phospholipid molecules and the endogenous tryptophan residues of PKC) and fluorescence quenching by the water-soluble reagent potassium iodide. The experimental system used micelles and purified PKC. Our model accounts for both the established kinetic data on PKC as well as the physical requirements of protein–membrane interaction. Moreover, it establishes PKC as the first example of a partially embedded membrane protein, and provides a mechanism to account for its activation.
Submaximal heart and pulmonary evaluation: a novel noninvasive test to identify pulmonary hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Objective Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a leading cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Although right-sided heart catheterization (RHC) is the gold standard for diagnosing PH, it is an invasive test with associated risks. The submaximal heart and pulmonary evaluation (step test) is a noninvasive, submaximal stress test that could be used to identify patients with PH. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation between change in end tidal carbon dioxide (ΔPETCO2) from rest to end-exercise on the step test and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) on RHC in SSc patients. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with limited or diffuse cutaneous SSc who were evaluated in an academic cardiology practice between November 2007 and November 2011 and underwent a step test and RHC. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation test and multivariable linear regression. Results A total of 679 charts were reviewed. Nineteen SSc patients who underwent a step test and RHC were included. ΔPETCO2 was negatively correlated with mPAP (r = −0.82, P < 0.0001). In a multivariable linear regression model evaluating the relationship between ΔPETCO2 and mPAP, controlling for age, sex, and time between and order of step test and RHC, ΔPETCO2 remained the only variable statistically significantly associated with mPAP (P < 0.001). The step test had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 93.8%, and negative predictive value of 100% for the diagnosis of PH. Conclusion ΔPETCO2on the step test has a strong, statistically significant negative correlation with mPAP on RHC.
Integrated Semiconductor Chips for EIT

We review fabrication and characterization of monolithically integrated rubidium vapor cells on a chip. Mode areas of 9 mum2 and optical densities in excess of 2 are demonstrated - ideal for EIT-based nonlinear optics.
Reconstruction of a persistent random walk from exit time distributions

In this paper, we study the inverse problem of reconstructing the spatially dependent transition rate F (x) of a one-dimensional Broadwell process from exit time distributions. In such a process, an advecting particle is assumed to undergo transitions between states with constant positive (+v) and negative (−v) velocities. The goal is to reconstruct the transition rate function F (x) from the exit time distributions out of a finite interval. Using the associated backward equation, we compute the distribution of exit times and its Laplace transform, given a fixed starting position and velocity. We propose two methods (called ‘t’ and ‘s’) for finding F (x). In both methods, we represent F (x) as a linear combination of polynomials and repeatedly solve the backward equation to minimize the difference between its solution and given first exit time data. In the t-method we work in the time domain, using exit times directly and leveraging a novel series solution for the exit time distribution. In the s-method, we work with the Laplace-transformed equation and Laplace-transformed exit times. Noisy data is generated using a custom-designed algorithm to simulate the trajectories of a Broadwell process. In most cases we can find 4 coefficients to within O(10−1) accuracy from O(104) exit times, with the t-method method slightly out-performing the s-method. We also explore the effectiveness of our algorithms for a fixed number of exit times under different advection speeds and find that optimal reconstruction occurs when v = O(1).
Impact of a surgical oncologist on general surgery residency training program.

Abstract Background To assess the impact of adding a surgical oncologist to our faculty we examined the operative experience in our program before and after the addition. Methods Operative case numbers reported to the American Board of Surgery over a 10-year period were analyzed. This time period encompassed 5 years before and after the addition of a surgical oncologist to our faculty. All defined category case numbers were examined using t test analysis. Significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05. Results The overall caseload increased in the time period after the faculty addition. There was a statistically significant increase in skin/soft tissue, breast, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, live, spleen, and endocrine cases. No statistical significance was seen in head/neck, stomach, pancreas, and biliary cases. Conclusions The addition of a surgical oncologist to our faculty coincides with a statistically significant increase in areas of skin/soft tissue, breast, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, liver, spleen, and endocrine. Other areas not statistically significant may reflect referral patterns or this particular oncologist's preferences of practice.
Detection of Microorganisms in the Tracheal Aspirates of Preterm Infants by Polymerase Chain Reaction: Association of Adenovirus Infection with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Detection of Microorganisms in the Tracheal Aspirates of Preterm Infants by Polymerase Chain Reaction: Association of Adenovirus Infection with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Treatment of ophthalmic segment carotid aneurysms using the pipeline embolization device: clinical and angiographic follow-up

AbstractObjectives: Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) often present unique challenges to endovascular treatment due to their proximity to or involvement of the ophthalmic artery, and the subsequent risk of post-operative visual complications. The pipeline embolization device (PED) represents a paradigm shift and promising new therapy in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. We reviewed the ophthalmic segment ICA aneurysms treated with the PED at Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) to report outcome data, including patency of the ophthalmic artery and visual complications.Methods: The prospectively maintained BNI endovascular database was reviewed for all patients with ophthalmic segment ICA aneurysms treated with the PED since May 2011. Patient charts and digital subtraction angiograms were reviewed to report angiographic outcomes and visual complications. Only patients with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in the analysis.Results: Of 30 patients treat...
Electron microscopic studies of detergent-treated HeLa cell nuclei

Nuclei have been isolated from HeLa cells by a method involving hypotonic swelling followed by mechanical shearing and treatment with a mixture of detergents. Electron microscopy of such nuclei shows: (1) the absence of the outer nuclear membrane with its attached ribosome-like bodies; (2) the presence of recognizable nucleoli in which 10 to 20 m μ . granules are present along with dense intranucleolar strands; and (3) the absence of appreciable cytoplasmic contamination. Biochemical analysis indicates the presence of all the RNA which is a precursor to cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA, but none of the 16 s RNA characteristic of mature ribosomes.
Forest-product trade in a lowland Filipino village

Forest-product use among nonforest dwelling cultural groups in Southeast Asia is not well known, particularly in contrast to what is known about indigenous forest-product collectors. A case study in one lowland Filipino village in Leyte, Philippines, revealed that over half of village households depend upon 8 species of commercially valuable rattan and 8 species of timber as a primary source of livelihood, and that all village households collected forest-products for supplementary and emergency income. The future of the rattan and timber trade on Leyte is seriously threatened by agricultural encroachment and intensive collecting pressures in the absence of forest management.
Re-Orientation: The Chinese Azharites between Umma and Third World, 1938–55

From 1938 to 1947, a Chinese Muslim scholar named Muhammad Tawādu Pang (known in China as Pang Shiqian) lived and studied at al-Azhar, Cairo’s famed center of Islamic learning. During his time in Egypt, he produced his Arabic-language magnum opus, China and Islam , published by the Muslim Brotherhood in May 1945. In addition to introducing Arabic-speaking audiences to Chinese Islam, the book exhibited four important features. First, it sought to place Chinese Muslim history firmly within Islamic history generally. Second, it responded to the geopolitical crisis brought upon the Chinese Muslims by the Ottoman Empire’s collapse and by China’s war with Japan. Third, it equated the modern condition of Muslims in both Egypt and China and absorbed otherwise competing intellectual genealogies from al-Azhar and the Muslim Brotherhood. Fourth, it synthesized these genealogies by calling for a return to the principles of the “golden age” of Islam and a revitalization of pre-modern intra-Asian relations as the surest path to modern “progress.” While this body of thought and sentiment had little in common with modern nationalism, elements of it were nevertheless soon co-opted by the nascent Third World movement. Building on diverse fields including Chinese, Islamic, Middle Eastern, and global history, this essay seeks to decouple Chinese Muslim history from narratives of marginalization and to decouple histories of China and the Middle East from the fraught encounter between “West” and “non-West.” Through its reading of Tawād.u Pang’s China and Islam, it also attempts to recall a now unfamiliar world in which the nation-state did not yet enjoy the dominance it achieved once decolonization was fully underway.
Applications of Table Top Lasers Developed from the FEL

Discoveries made with Free-Electron Lasers in the IR and x-ray spectra open a opportunities for dedicated table-top systems. Current developments and applications of such systems for monochromatic x-rays and IR will be described.
Intrinsic erythrocyte labeling and attomole pharmacokinetic tracing of 14C-labeled folic acid with accelerator mass spectrometry.

Long-term physiologic tracing of nutrients, toxins, and drugs in healthy subjects is not possible using traditional decay counting of radioisotopes or stable isotope mass spectrometry due to radiation exposure and limited sensitivity, respectively. A physiologic dose of C-14-labeled folic acid (35 mu g, 100 nCi) was ingested by a healthy adult male and followed for 202 days in plasma, erythrocytes, urine, and feces using accelerator mass spectrometry. All samples and generated wastes were classified nonradioactive and the subject received a lifetime-integrated radiological effective dose of only II mu Sv. Radiolabeled folate appeared in plasma 10 min after ingestion but did not appear in erythrocytes until 5 days later. Approximately 0.4% of the erythrocytes were intrinsically labeled with an average of 130 C-14 atoms during erythropoiesis from the pulse of plasma [C-14]folate. An appropriate radiocarbon-labeled precursor can intrinsically label DNA or a specific protein during synthesis and obtain limits of quantitation several orders of magnitude below that of stable isotope methods. (C) 1999 Academic Press.
Organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth of AlSb-based alloys

Abstract High-quality AlGaSb and lattice-matched AlGaAsSb alloys were grown on GaSb substrates by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) using tritertiarybutylaluminum, triethylgallium, trimethylantimony, and tertiarybutylarsine. The surface morphology of all layers is excellent, and photoluminescence is observed for layers with direct-gap compositions. Nominally undoped layers exhibit p-type conductivity, which is attributed to carbon as measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. n-Type doping of AlGaSb and AlGaAsSb was achieved over the whole Al composition range by using diethyltellurium. Lattice-matched GaSb AlGaAsSb double-heterostructure diode lasers that emit at 1.75 μm operate under pulsed conditions at room temperature.
Evaluation of Augmented Reality in steel column inspection

Abstract Examples of Augmented Reality (AR) applications in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry remain in the early research and development stage. The adoption of AR in AEC will be facilitated by quantifiably demonstrating the benefits of AR in tasks with AR prototypes. In this study, an experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the benefits of inspection with an AR system prototype over a conventional method. An AR prototype system for inspection, the ARCam, has been developed in the Advanced Construction Systems Laboratory at Purdue University. This paper explains the experimental methodology employed to evaluate the benefits of inspection with the ARCam versus a conventional method and discusses the experimental results. This study focuses on steel column inspection for the experimental evaluation. The results of the experiment indicate that although the AR approach is less precise, it can satisfy standard tolerances, and the simpler and faster setup may compensate for its shortcomings. Even though there are still technical and human factors issues regarding accuracy to be addressed and advanced, the ARCam is a promising inspection device for inspecting steel columns.
Fibrin-based 3D matrices induce angiogenic behavior of adipose-derived stem cells

Engineered three-dimensional biomaterials are known to affect the regenerative capacity of stem cells. The extent to which these materials can modify cellular activities is still poorly understood, particularly for adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). This study evaluates PEGylated fibrin (P-fibrin) gels as an ASC-carrying scaffold for encouraging local angiogenesis by comparing with two commonly used hydrogels (i.e., collagen and fibrin) in the tissue-engineering field. Human ASCs in P-fibrin were compared to cultures in collagen and fibrin under basic growth media without any additional soluble factors. ASCs proliferated similarly in all gel scaffolds but showed significantly elongated morphologies in the P-fibrin gels relative to other gels. P-fibrin elicited higher von Willebrand factor expression in ASCs than either collagen or fibrin while cells in collagen expressed more smooth muscle alpha actin than in other gels. VEGF was secreted more at 7 days in fibrin and P-fibrin than in collagen and several other angiogenic and immunomodulatory cytokines were similarly enhanced. Fibrin-based matrices appear to activate angiogenic signaling in ASCs while P-fibrin matrices are uniquely able to also drive a vessel-like ASC phenotype. Collectively, these results suggest that P-fibrin promotes the angiogenic potential of ASC-based therapeutic applications.
Synthesis, structure, band gap, and electronic structure of CsAgSb4S7

Abstract The compound CsAgSb4S7 has been synthesized by the reaction of the elements in a Cs2S3 flux at 773 K. The compound crystallizes in a new structure type with eight formula units in space group C2/c of the monoclinic system in a cell at 153 K of dimensions a = 26.127 ( 2 ) A , b = 8.8599 ( 7 ) A , c = 12.100 ( 1 ) A , β = 97.650 ( 1 ) ° , and V = 2776.0 ( 4 ) A 3 . The structure contains two-dimensional ∞ 2 [ AgSb 4 S 7 ] layers separated by Cs atoms. Each ∞ 2 [ AgSb 4 S 7 ] layer is built from edge-sharing one-dimensional ∞ 1 [ AgS 3 ] and ∞ 1 [ Sb 4 S 7 ] chains. Each Ag atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to four S atoms. Each Sb3+ center is pyramidally coordinated to three S atoms to form an SbS3 group. CsAgSb4S7 is insulating with an optical band gap of 2.04 eV. Extended Huckel calculations indicate that the band gap in CsAgSb4S7 is dominated by the Sb 5s and S 3p states above and below the Fermi level.
The role of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the prevention and treatment of disease.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) play key proinflammatory roles in a variety of human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a naturally occurring structural variant of IL-1 that competitively inhibits receptor binding of IL-1. Four forms of IL-1Ra have been described: secretory IL-1Ra (sIL-1Ra) and three intracellular molecules (icIL-1Ra1, 2, and 3). Excess amounts of IL-1Ra are necessary to inhibit the biological effects of IL-1. The endogenous production of IL-1Ra plays an anti-inflammatory role, but the level of production of IL-1Ra in inflamed tissues may not be adequate to block IL-1 effectively. An allelic polymorphism in the IL-1Ra gene is associated with a variety of human diseases, largely of epithelial or endothelial cell origin. The disease associated allele IL1RN*2 may lead to a decreased production of icIL-1Ra1 by these cells, predisposing the patient to an imbalance in the IL-1 system. The therapeutic administration of IL-1Ra was found to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of RA. Intraarticular delivery of the IL-1Ra cDNA by ex vivo gene therapy in patients with RA was effective in enhancing local IL-1Ra production. This unique form of therapy is under further evaluation.
GA4+7 plus BA enhances postproduction quality in pot tulips

Abstract Previously we reported that postproduction quality of pot ‘Seadov’ tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) was significantly increased by GA4+7 plus BA in a manner dependent on the concentration and stage of flower development at application. In these experiments, we extended the survey to 20 tulip cultivars to further evaluate the effects of GA4+7 plus BA sprays for enhancing postproduction flower and leaf quality. The senescence symptom of the cultivars fell into three categories: wilting, wilting-abscission (abscission shortly after tepal wilting) and abscission (abscission without wilting), with the majority of the cultivars belonging to the wilting and wilting-abscission categories. Pots bearing six plants were sprayed with a range of GA4+7 plus BA concentrations at marketable stage and placed in a simulated consumer environment (SCE). GA4+7 plus BA significantly enhanced individual flower and postproduction longevity, but the effect was dependent upon the senescence category of the cultivar. In general, GA4+7 plus BA increased individual flower and postproduction longevity of wilting-type cultivars at concentrations above 10 mg L−1, while longevity of wilting-abscission-type cultivars was only enhanced by 50 mg L−1. Abscission-type cultivars were not affected by any concentrations of GA4+7 plus BA. Regardless of floral senescence category, leaf yellowing was significantly reduced by GA4+7 plus BA sprays in those cultivars showing postproduction leaf yellowing. GA4+7 plus BA did not induce leaf and stem elongation in most cultivars. Only ‘Yellow Baby’, the shortest cultivar, showed elongation of stem and leaf by GA4+7 plus BA at concentrations above 25 mg L−1. Spray applications of GA4+7 plus BA can be useful to enhance flower and leaf quality in pot tulips.
Management of pediatric spinal cord astrocytomas: outcomes with adjuvant radiation.

Purpose Pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors are exceedingly rare; in the United States, 100 to 200 cases are recognized annually, of these, most are astrocytomas. The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes in pediatric patients with spinal cord astrocytomas treated at a tertiary care center. Methods and Materials An institutional review board-approved retrospective single-institution study was performed for pediatric patients with spinal cord astrocytomas treated at our hospital from 1990 to 2010. The patients were evaluated on the extent of resection, progression-free survival (PFS), and development of radiation-related toxicities. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate regression model methods were used for analysis. Results Twenty-nine patients were included in the study, 24 with grade 1 or 2 (low-grade) tumors and 5 with grade 3 or 4 (high-grade) tumors. The median follow-up time was 55 months (range, 1-215 months) for patients with low-grade tumors and 17 months (range, 10-52 months) for those with high-grade tumors. Thirteen patients in the cohort received chemotherapy. All patients underwent at least 1 surgical resection. Twelve patients received radiation therapy to a median radiation dose of 47.5 Gy (range, 28.6-54.0 Gy). Fifteen patients with low-grade tumors and 1 patient with a high-grade tumor exhibited stable disease at the last follow-up visit. Acute toxicities of radiation therapy were low grade, whereas long-term sequelae were infrequent and manageable when they arose. All patients with low-grade tumors were alive at the last follow-up visit, compared with 1 patient with a high-grade tumor. Conclusion Primary pediatric spinal cord astrocytomas vary widely in presentation and clinical course. Histopathologic grade remains a major prognostic factor. Patients with low-grade tumors tend to have excellent disease control and long-term survival compared to those with high-grade tumors. This experience suggests that radiation therapy may enhance tumor control with an acceptably low risk of long-term sequelae in this sensitive patient population.
Mobile pulse power systems for electric gun tests

The authors describe the design and construction of an 11 MJ mobile pulse power unit, based on state-of-the-art components. The power supply is constructed using 0.7 J/g energy density capacitors and is designed to fire ETC (electrothermal chemical) guns with calibers ranging from 30 mm to 155 mm. The system has been used successfully to fire a 5 in ETC gun and the 60 mm rapid-fire Navy ETC gun. The different requirements in the power level, pulse shape and duration, and repetition rate between these two tests demonstrate the versatility of the system. >
Pharmacological characterization of neuropeptide Y-(2-36) binding to neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptors.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y-(2–36) has been reported by several research groups to be a more potent orexigenic agent than intact neuropeptide Y. Therefore, it has been proposed that a novel ‘Y 1 variant’ may modulate ingestive behavior. To define the receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide Y-stimulated feeding behavior, we evaluated the binding properties of neuropeptide Y-(2–36) and [ 125 I]neuropeptide Y-(2–36) in established neuropeptide Y 1 and Y 2 containing cell lines and tissues. Neuropeptide Y-(2–36) displaced [ 125 I]peptide YY binding to SK-N-MC cells (neuropeptide Y Y 1 receptors) with a K i of 3.69 nmol and SK-N-BE(2) cells (neuropeptide Y Y 2 receptors) with a K i of 3.08 nmol. Neuropeptide Y-(2–36) also displaced [ 125 I]peptide YY binding to rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb with similar affinities. To examine the brain distribution of [ 125 I]peptide YY, [ 125 I]neuropeptide Y and [ 125 I]neuropeptide Y-(2–36), adjacent sections were labeled and the binding sites detected by autoradiography. A similar distribution of binding was observed for each radioligand in all regions examined. Therefore, neuropeptide Y-(2–36) binds non-selectively to neuropeptide Y Y 1 and neuropeptide Y Y 2 receptors, but with lower affinity than neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. The increased potency and selectivity seen with neuropeptide Y-(2–36) in feeding studies cannot be explained on the basis of a unique in vitro pharmacology.
Cascading flowlines and layout modules: Practical strategies for machine duplication in facility layouts

The standard approach for design of a layout for a high-variety low-volume (HVLV) manufacturing facility has been to use either a from-to chart or a multi-product process chart to design a process layout or a cellular layout, respectively, for the facility. Considerable research has focused on making a go-no go decision to implement any one of these two traditional layouts as the preferred layout for an HVLV manufacturing facility. This paper introduces a variety of Hybrid Cellular Layouts (HCLs) which integrate the attributes of the traditional functional, cellular and flowline layouts. The mathematical models and methods for design of two HCLs—cascading flowline layout and modular layout—are discussed in detail. Unlike the standard models in the literature, the design of the cascading flowline layout introduces a novel string-to-graph aggregation and planar graph embedding method that allows machine duplication in the layout. Similarly, the design of the Modular layout introduces a substring clustering method instead of the standard method of cluster analysis to form part families using the complete routings of the parts. For each HCL, results from an industry project are presented to demonstrate the real-world viability of the concepts, methods and software developed to support the design of HCLs for high-variety low-volume manufacturing facilities.
Self-assembled linear bundles of single wall carbon nanotubes and their alignment and deposition as a film in a dc field.

A one-step process of solubilization of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in an organic solvent has enabled us to polarize them asymmetrically in a dc electric field. Quaternary ammonium ion-cap...
Genre work: Expertise and advocacy in the early bulletins of the U.S. women's Bureau

Abstract Recent scholars explain “genres”; as important sites of flux. Instances of instability or change in genres often reflect — and enact — critical power struggles. After tracing recent genre theory, 1 consider how the varied textual elements in the early bulletins of the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor reflect and enact the power struggles that emerged as a particular group of American women labor activists attempted to gain authority within the federal bureaucracy.
"Listen2dRoom": helping blind individuals understand room layouts

Over half a million Americans are legally blind. Despite much effort in assistive technology, blindness remains a major challenge to accessibility. For individuals who are blind, there has been considerable research on indoor/outdoor way finding, but there has been little research on room layout information. The purpose of the current research is to support blind individuals to understand the layout of an unfamiliar room. We found some important applications for this type of assistive technology such as safety, easy-to-use furniture and home appliances. To this end, we identified user needs and variables with blind participants, designed and evaluated prototype systems, and iteratively improved the system. The overall process, findings, and on-going future works are discussed. This effort is expected to enhance independence for persons who are blind.
An antibacterial pigment from the sponge dendrilla membranosa.

Abstract The antimicrobial component of the Antarctic sponge, Dendrilla membranosa , was identified as 4,5,8-trihydroxyquinoline-2-car☐ylic acid ( 3 ) by interpretation of spectral data and confirmed by synthesis.
The U.S. Carbon Budget: Contributions from Land-Use Change

The rates at which lands in the United States were cleared for agriculture, abandoned, harvested for wood, and burned were reconstructed from historical data for the period 1700-1990 and used in a terrestrial carbon model to calculate annual changes in the amount of carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems, including wood products. Changes in land use released 27 +/- 6 petagrams of carbon to the atmosphere before 1945 and accumulated 2 +/- 2 petagrams of carbon after 1945, largely as a result of fire suppression and forest growth on abandoned farmlands. During the 1980s, the net flux of carbon attributable to land management offset 10 to 30 percent of U.S. fossil fuel emissions.
The role of R-S∗ expectancy in discrimination and discrimination reversal learning

Abstract Four experiments assessed the role of response-reinforcement (R-S∗) expectancy as rats either learned a discrimination or a discrimination reversal. Experiment 1 showed that the higher the percentage of reinforcement during nondiscriminative pretraining the more quickly a subsequent discrimination is learned. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the overlearning reversal effect (ORE) can be obtained even though the overtraining phase consists of responses to a single neutral card. In Experiment 3 subjects were again overtrained on a single neutral stimulus under conditions of varying reinforcement. ORE was apparent under reinforcement of a high percentage of responses but was not apparent under reinforcement of a low percentage. Experiment 4 revealed that the fewer errors a subject makes prior to reversal the better its reversal performance is. Results of these studies were discussed in terms of generalized attention theories and the expectancy notions of Bolles (Psychological Review, 1972, 79(5), 394–409 .
Synthesis of 6- and 7- hydroxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and their binding affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters.

Cocaine is a potent stimulant of the central nervous system. Its reinforcing and stimulant effects are related to its ability to inhibit the membrane bound dopamine transporter (DAT). Inhibition of the DAT causes an increase of dopamine in the synapse with a resultant activation of postsynaptic receptors. The rapid onset and short duration of action of cocaine contribute to its high addictive potential. Consequently, the design of tropane analogues of cocaine that display longer onset times on the DAT and extended duration of action is driven by the need to develop cocaine medication. This study extends the exploration of bridge hydroxylated azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (tropanes). A series of 6- and 7-hydroxylated tropanes was prepared and evaluated biologically. Structure activity relationships lead to the following conclusions. Bridge hydroxylated tropanes retain biological enantioselectivity but display higher DAT versus SERT selectivity, particularly for the 3α-aryl compounds as compared with the 3β-aryl...
Thematic minireview series on glycobiology and extracellular matrices: glycan functions pervade biology at all levels.

Abstract Glycans represent one of the four fundamental building blocks of life, and they are the most abundant biological molecules on our planet. Only in recent years, have we begun to appreciate how deeply glycan functions pervade all aspects of organismic biology, molecular biology and biochemistry. A recent National Academy Science report ( http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13446 ) has concluded that a better understanding of glycoscience is critical to advancing human health and for sustainability on this planet. The report further concludes that efforts to study this key area of biochemistry/biology have substantially lagged behind investments in other biological molecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry continues to be the leader in publication of glycoscience research. In this special issue of the Journal, five Mini-Reviews, authored by leaders in glycobiology, illustrate the remarkable diversity of the biological functions of glycans.
Resolution of Plastic Bronchitis with Atrial Pacing in a Patient with Fontan Physiology

We describe a 5-year-old boy with Fontan physiology and a ventricular pacemaker who developed severe plastic bronchitis. Evaluation by cardiac catheterization revealed profoundly altered hemodynamics, which improved with atrial pacing. Following implantation of an atrial pacemaker, which restored atrioventricular (A-V) synchrony, the patient’s hemodynamics greatly improved and his plastic bronchitis resolved.
Characterization and comparison of poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) synthesis and DNA synthesis in nucleotide-permeable cells

Using eukaryotic cells that have been rendered permeable to exogenously supplied nucleotides, we have characterized the activity of the poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) (poly(ADPR)) synthesis system and compared it to the DNA synthesis complex. The synthesis of poly(ADPR) is dependent on the presence of NAD and Mg2+. It does not require ATP, NaF or a monovalent cation. It is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The reaction product conforms to the nuclease susceptibilities expected for poly(ADP ribose) in that it is degraded by venom phosphodiesterase but not by DNAase or RNAase. A comparison of the effects of inhibitors of poly(ADPR) synthesis and DNA synthesis clearly distinguishes between the two enzymatic systems. Nicotinamide, 5-methyl nicotinamide, thymidine, 5-bromo deoxyuridine, adenosine diphosphoribose, caffeine and formycin all inhibit poly(ADPR) synthesis but not DNA synthesis. In contrast, araCTP, cytembena and phosphonoacetic acid all inhibit DNA synthesis but not poly(ADPR) synthesis. Addition of DNAase to the permeable cells causes a marked stimulation of poly(ADPR) synthesis. L cells in logarithmic growth were found to have high levels of activity of the DNA synthesis complex and low levels of activity of the poly(ADPR) synthesis system. In contrast, cells at plateau phase density demonstrate a decrease in the activity of the DNA synthesis complex and a marked increase in activity of the poly(ADPR) synthesis system. When examined in the presence of added DNAase, the activity of the poly(ADPR) synthesis system is the same in cells obtained from log or plateau phase cultures. This indicates that the physiologic activity of the enzyme varies while the total amount of enzyme remains constant. When the permeable cells are allowed to synthesize both poly(ADPR) and DNA simultaneously, the synthesis of one polymer has no effect on the rate of synthesis of the other.
Temporary atrial ischemia in a case of histus hermia

Abstract A case of acute transient ischemia to the atrium is presented. This condition was believed to be produced by acute pressure of the stomach on the posterior wall of the heart following paraesophageal hiatal herniation.
Calcium and sodium exchange during hydrothermal alteration of calcic plagioclase at 400°C and 400 bars

A series of experiments were conducted to measure the effect of plagioclase composition on the composition of coexisting Cl-dominated hydrothermal fluids. Assemblages containing quartz and natural plagioclase with a composition of either An60 or An82 were reacted with Na-Ca-Cl fluids at 400°C and, 400 bars using flexible cell hydrothermal facilities. Plagioclase remained homogeneous during these experiments despite the fact that homogeneous solid solutions with intermediate compositions are likely metastable with respect to mechanical mixtures at these conditions. It was found that Ca and Na exchange between fluids and minerals appears to be reversible, and highly dependent on plagioclase composition but mCa++m2Na+ ratios remained constant with increasing Cl for a given plagioclase composition. In fact, a solid solution model which approaches ideal behavior appears to account best for the chemistry of fluids coexisting with An60 and An82 plagioclase. These data may have a direct bearing on hydrothermal alteration processes responsible for the chemistry of hot spring fluids at mid-ocean ridges, which appear to have equilibrated with metastable plagioclase solid solutions of composition An60 to An70.
Comparing the Relationships between Different Types of Self-Efficacy and Physical Activity in Youth

A preliminary study was conducted to compare the relationships between different types of self-efficacy and youth physical activity. Two samples of sixth- and seventh-grade students (Sample 1: N= 57; Sample 2: N= 49) reported their confidence to be physically active (physical activity efficacy), to overcome barriers to physical activity (barriers efficacy), to ask others to be active with them (asking efficacy), and to find and create environments that support physical activity (environmental-change efficacy). Physical activity was measured by averaging three 24-hour recalls of physical activity. Regression analyses were used to test the relationships between the types of self-efficacy and youth physical activity. Compared with the other types of self-efficacy, environmental-change efficacy had the strongest relationship with youth physical activity. This suggests that strengthening young persons' belief in their ability to find and create environments that support physical activity might promote increases in their physical activity.