cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate Calculus Detection: Is it Possible?

An important goal of dental hygiene education is graduating clinically competent practitioners. Much of the clinical curriculum includes process and product evaluations that monitor and assess dental hygiene students9 clinical abilities, especially related to the detection and removal of subgingival calculus. The purpose of this study was to determine if dental hygiene faculty were consistent in detecting “clickable” subgingival calculus that remained after the administration of a mock clinical board (MCB). A MCB was administered to 24 dental hygiene students during their last semester before graduation. The patient criteria for the MCB matched that of the regional board, including: a quadrant with at least 6 natural teeth, including one permanent molar with a proximal contact; a minimum of 12 surfaces with heavy, subgingival calculus; a maximum of 6 deposits on anterior teeth; and no gross decay, probing depths greater than 6 mm, or other dental conditions that would interfere with calculus detection or removal. Five dental hygiene faculty members were assigned with 3 faculty in the morning MCB and three in the afternoon. The faculty members were required to attend an orientation to calibrate the procedures used during the MCB. One faculty member was assigned as a “chief examiner” for each of the 3 sections of the clinic, with 4 dental hygiene students taking the MCB. The “chief examiner” recorded the 12 areas that were evaluated for calculus upon completion of the MCB. Students were not privy to the areas being examined. Upon completion of the procedures, each patient was examined by 3 examiners. The faculty members did not have access to the other instructors9 evaluations. The 12 specified areas were examined with an 11/12 ODU explorer, and any surface that exhibited “clickable” calculus was recorded. The results were tallied to track the surfaces marked by each examiner. Two hundred eighty-eight surfaces were examined. There was total agreement of the 3 examiners on 69.8% (n=201) of areas where no calculus remained and 4.6% (n=4) where calculus remained. There were 30.2% (n=87) surfaces that were marked by 1, 2, or 3 for having “clickable” calculus. Two examiners agreed on 33.3% (n=29) surfaces with remaining calculus, while 62.2% (n=54) surfaces were marked by only one examiner. In conclusion, there seems to be more agreement on areas with no detectable deposits. Total agreement was less likely on surfaces that were evaluated as having calculus remaining. More research needs to be done to determine accurate calibration methods for clinical dental hygiene faculty. The findings presented here suggest that subgingival calculus detection may be more subjective than dental hygiene educators realize and calibration is essential.
Freshwater and Atlantic water inflows to the deep northern Barents and Kara seas since ca 13 14 C ka: . foraminifera and stable isotopes

Foraminiferal stable isotopes and assemblages from Franz Victoria and St. Anna troughs provide a valuable record of freshwater and Atlantic Water flows to the northern Barents and Kara seas from deglaciation to present. The d 18 O and d 13 C of planktonic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and benthic Elphidium excavatum were up to1.4 % lower than present at ca 13, 11.5, and 10 14 C ka (global sea-level corrected), mostly reflecting substantial freshwater inputs coincident with glacial–marine sediment deposition. Cassidulina teretis exceeded 40% of benthic foraminifera ca 13 and 10 14 C ka, indicating subsurface penetrations of Atlantic Water. The transition to postglacial marine conditions is marked by a � 1% rise in foraminiferal d 18 O and a sharp fall in % C. teretis soon after 10 14 C ka. These changes imply reduced inputs of freshwater and Atlantic Water. Subsequent isotopic and foraminiferal assemblage variations reflect changing Atlantic Water conditions ‘‘upstream’’ in the Nordic Seas and shifts between the warm Fram Strait and cold Barents Sea branches of Atlantic Water. We hypothesize that glacial-isostatically induced deepening by up to � 150 m influenced Atlantic Water inflows to the northern Barents Sea during deglaciation and the Holocene. Thus, effects of isostatic recovery have to be factored into paleoceanographic reconstructions. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fictive Family: Everyday Usage, Analytic, and Human Service Considerations

Jacobsen, Thorkild 1946 Human Origins. Series II, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Legge, A. J. 1972 Prehistoric Exploitation of the Gazelle in Palestine. In Papers in Economic Prehistory. E. S. Higgs, ed. pp. 119-124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. LeroiGourhan, Andrt 1967 Le Geste et La Parole. Paris: Albin Michel. Levi-Strauss, Claude 1968 Tristes Tropiques. New York: Atheneum.
Fine-root respiration in a loblolly pine and sweetgum forest growing in elevated CO2

Summary • The loss of carbon below-ground through respiration of fine roots may be modified by global change. Here we tested the hypothesis that a reduction in N concentration of tree fine-roots grown in an elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration would reduce maintenance respiration and that more energy would be used for root growth and N uptake. We partitioned total fine-root respiration ( R T ) between maintenance ( R M ), growth ( R G ), and N uptake respiration ( R N ) for loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) and sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) forests exposed to elevated CO 2 . •A substantial increase in fine-root production contributed to a 151% increase in R G for loblolly pine in elevated CO 2 . Root specific R M for pine was 24% lower under elevated CO 2 but when extrapolated to the entire forest, no treatment effect could be detected. • R G (< 10%) and R N (< 3%) were small components of R M in both forests. Maintenance respiration was the vast majority of R T , and contributed 92% and 86% of these totals at the pine and sweetgum forests, respectively. • The hypothesis was rejected because the majority of fine-root respiration was used for maintenance and was not reduced by changes in root N concentration in elevated CO 2 . Because of its large contribution to R T and total soil CO 2 efflux, changes in R M caused by warming may greatly alter carbon losses from forests to the atmosphere.
Against Nature: How Arguments about the Naturalness of Marriage Privilege Heterosexuality

This article examines the public debate over marriage law to investigate how arguments based on claims about what is natural privilege some relationships while stigmatizing others and justifying discriminatory policies toward sexual minorities. Articles about same-sex marriage appearing in major newspapers were content-coded according to absence or presence of four dimensions of naturalness: change over time, norms, procreation, and welfare of children. Arguments invoking change over time were most frequent (39%), and procreation appeared least (10%). The use of arguments based on the moral status of marriage was associated with the use of each of the four dimensions based on naturalness. Mentions of race, including comparisons to racial struggles, appeared in 20% of the articles, making them just as common as child welfare. Results are discussed in terms of the power of the concept of naturalness to legitimize and maintain privilege, and the intersectionality of race and sexual orientation.
Environment and luminosity of supernova remnants

The explosion of supernovae and the evolution of their remnants (SNRs) accelerate cosmic rays over a vast range of timescales. Magnetic fields can be investigated indirectly through one of the observational signatures of this acceleration, namely radio synchrotron emission. With the aim of better understanding the role of the magnetic field in supernova evolution, we explore the variation of SNR radio luminosities with physical conditions in the surrounding interstellar medium. With a data set that comprises more than 90 individual SNRs in 10 galaxies, and a range of 3000 in ISM density and 104 in radio synchrotron luminosity, we find a significant correlation between the two quantities. The observed trends support the hypothesis that adiabatic compression of magnetic fields by itself is insuf.cient to explain the radio emission of the brighter and more luminous in SNRs. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rootstocks: Diversity, Domestication, and Impacts on Shoot Phenotypes

Grafting is an ancient agricultural practice that joins the root system (rootstock) of one plant to the shoot (scion) of another. It is most commonly employed in woody perennial crops to indirectly manipulate scion phenotype. While recent research has focused on scions, here we investigate rootstocks, the lesser-known half of the perennial crop equation. We review natural grafting, grafting in agriculture, rootstock diversity and domestication, and developing areas of rootstock research, including molecular interactions and rootstock microbiomes. With growing interest in perennial crops as valuable components of sustainable agriculture, rootstocks provide one mechanism by which to improve and expand woody perennial cultivation in a range of environmental conditions.
Adverse effect of gel filtration on the function of human platelets.

SummaryHuman platelets separated by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B were tested for aggregation to ADP, collagen, and epinephrine. Normal aggregation was observed only with ADP. Associated with the lack of functional response to collagen and epinephrine was the release of abnormally small amounts of ADP and ATP. Assay of platelets after gel filtration indicated that significant amounts of ADP and ATP had been lost. By labeling platelets prior to filtration it was shown that the released adenine nucleotides came from both the metabolically active and the nonmetabolically active pool.
Balancing Stochastic Assembly Lines

Abstract This paper is concerned with balancing continuous assembly lines with stochastic work elements, The primary problem is defined as follows: “Given an initial balance, a cycle time, normally distributed work element times with given means and variances, and a precedence graph, rearrange the work elements such that the probability of one or more stations exceeding the cycle time is minimized.” Four solution procedures, Trade and Transfer, Branch and Bound, Heuristic Branch and Bound and BABTAT are evaluated.
Drowning in a Sea of Paperwork: Toward a More Patient-Centered Billing System in the United States

The current medical billing system is a common source of patient frustration with health care. Many are inundated with bills and insurance statements that are sometimes confusing or inaccurate and ...
Bank Opacity and Crash Risk

Banks are considered more opaque than non-bank firms because bank loans are privately negotiated between a bank and its customers. Information about the creditworthiness of the customers and the terms of the contracts are generally not available to outside investors. In addition, the trading assets of banks are intrinsically difficult to value given their complexity. Although it is required that a bank reports its trading assets periodically, it is difficult to impossible to determine how trading assets change between two reporting dates. Furthermore, bank managers have as strong a motivation to conceal negative news as their non-bank counterparts do. When the upper limit on how much negative news can be accumulated is reached, all negative news will be uncovered all at once, possibly leading to a stock price crash. We examine how bank assets opacity affects bank crash risk, using loans and trading assets (both measured as a percentage of total assets) as proxies for opacity. We find that opacity of assets is positively related to bank crash risk. In addition, we look at how CEO compensation affects bank crash risk since equity-based pay is blamed for motivating CEOs to engage in opportunistic behaviors such as news hoarding. However, we do not find evidence supporting the view that CEO equity-based pay is associated with higher crash risk. Our results are robust to different specifications and measures of crash risk.
Phonology at the boundary of word and phrase: The fleeting vowel of Kashaya evidentials

The verb morphology of Kashaya, a Pomoan language of northern California, includes a class of five evidential suffixes. All but one ends in the vowel /a/, whose special behavior is the focus of this paper. A central goal is to lay out the facts clearly and thoroughly, since they are not easily available in existing sources; but I also discuss several possible analyses and their theoretical implications. I first present the evidential suffixes, illustrating contexts in which the /a/ is present and absent, along with the facts of the imperative suffixes and the clitic /ʔ/ that accompanies the imperative verbs. The main point of interest is the interaction of this clitic, whose distribution depends on the position of the imperative verb in the sentence, with the evidential /a/, which has the classic properties of lexical phonology. I discuss theoretical issues that arise under various analyses, including a morpheme-specific rule of /a/ deletion, morphosyntactic feature interaction between the word and phrase, and a phrasal phonological rule that is sensitive to the presence of an Evidential Phrase boundary.
Regional Coda 2-D P and S-wave Calibration, Support, and Coda Tool Development

The following describes work completed between April 2014 through February 2016. As in past years, Dr. Mayeda is a point of contact for LLNL’s colleagues in Florida and provides calibration, troubleshooting support, integration of new coda-related products, and processing for events and regions of interest. He has been responsible for integrating new coda-related products from ongoing BAA projects with his LLNL counterparts. Over the past two years Dr. Mayeda visited with Florida scientists to spot check and validate 1-D coda calibrations for the YSKP, BARM, and Zagros regions. In addition, a new region of interest was identified and will be the subject of ongoing research into the next fiscal year. Dr. Mayeda is consulting with LLNL scientists on how best to transition and test 2-D coda calibrations for the broader Middle East region using GT source spectra as constraints. This region is laterally very complicated and initial coda studies show that variance reduction could be significant if 2-D path and envelope shape are incorporated.
Human immunodeficiency virus.

In 1981 a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii (now jiroveci) pneumonia (PCP) and Kaposi’s sarcoma seen in gay male Californians was recognized as a syndrome related to profound immunosuppression, ultimately named acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Twenty-five years later, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for a devastating global pandemic, already killing 25 million people and infecting 40 million. Heterosexual transmission is now the most common mode of infection worldwide. The AIDS epidemic ushered in a new era of medical response to an unfolding disease, forcing society to confront sexuality issues and highlighting the vast disparity in resources. HIV infection began as a primate retrovirus that crossed over to human hosts. Direct exposure to infected bodily fluids is the only means of transmission. The largest amounts of infective virus are in blood, followed by semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Saliva, tears, sweat, and urine have minimal virus and are not considered infectious unless contaminated by blood. Practices with the highest risk for infection are anal, vaginal, and receptive oral intercourse and needle sharing through intravenous (IV) drug abuse (IVDA) or tattooing. Transmission from mother to child (vertical transmission) can occur at birth or during breast-feeding. Infection can occur from transfusion with infected blood or transplantation of infected body parts. Risk per act is shown in Table 10.1. More than a million Americans are infected with HIV, and one third of them are undiagnosed. AIDS is now more prevalent among ethnic minorities. Black men who have sex with men (MSM) have a prevalence of 46% with 67% undiagnosed (see Fig. 10.2). Effective treatment has markedly reduced the number of deaths, and HIV infection is now regarded as a chronic disease. The rate of new infections has remained constant, at 20,000 to 40,000 new cases annually, contributing to the increase in patients living with infection. Complacency about the virus and increased drug usage among young gay men is contributing to an increase in new infection.
Electroencephalography Source Functional Connectivity Reveals Abnormal High-Frequency Communication Among Large-Scale Functional Networks in Depression

Abstract Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of resting-state functional connectivity have shown that major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by increased connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) and between the DMN and the frontoparietal network (FPN). However, much remains unknown about abnormalities in higher frequency (>1 Hz) synchronization. Findings of abnormal synchronization in specific frequencies would contribute to a better understanding of the potential neurophysiological origins of disrupted functional connectivity in MDD. Methods We used the high temporal resolution of electroencephalography to compare the spectral properties of resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with MDD ( n = 65) with healthy control subjects ( n = 79) and examined the extent to which connectivity disturbances were evident in a third sample of individuals in remission from depression ( n = 30). Exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography was used to compute intracortical activity from regions within the DMN and FPN, and functional connectivity was computed using lagged phase synchronization. Results Compared to control subjects, the MDD group showed greater within-DMN beta 2 band (18.5–21 Hz) connectivity and greater beta 1 band (12.5–18 Hz) connectivity between the DMN and FPN. This hyperconnectivity was not observed in the remitted MDD group. However, greater beta 1 band DMN–FPN connectivity was associated with more frequent depressive episodes since first depression onset, even after controlling for current symptom severity. Conclusions These findings extend our understanding of the neurophysiological basis of abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in MDD and indicate that elevations in high-frequency DMN–FPN connectivity may be a neural marker linked to a more recurrent illness course.
Comparison of Posterior Approach With Intramedullary Nailing Versus Lateral Transfibular Approach With Fixed-Angle Plating for Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis:

Background:A variety of operative approaches and fixation techniques have been described for tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis. The intramedullary (IM) nail and lateral, fixed-angle plating are commonly used because of ease of use and favorable biomechanical properties. A lateral, transfibular (LTF) approach allows for direct access to the tibiotalar and subtalar joints, but the posterior, Achilles tendon–splitting (PATS) approach offers a robust soft tissue envelope. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of TTC arthrodesis with either a PATS approach with IM nailing or LTF approach with fixed-angle plating.Methods:A retrospective review was performed on all patients who underwent simultaneous TTC arthrodesis with minimum 1 year clinical and radiographic follow up. Patients were excluded if they underwent TTC arthrodesis through an approach other than PATS or LTF, and received fixation without an IM nail or fixed-angle plate. Primary outcomes examined were union rate, revisions, and comp...
Teaching Students To Be Instrumental in Analysis: Peer-Led Team Learning in the Instrumental Laboratory

Many instrumental analysis students develop limited skills as the course rushes through different instruments to ensure familiarity with as many methodologies as possible. This broad coverage comes at the expense of superficiality of learning and a lack of student confidence and engagement. To mitigate these issues, a peer-led team learning model was developed to give each student in-depth experiences operating and troubleshooting six common instruments. Electronic cigarette solutions were chosen for all work because of their current relevance. Small groups became “class experts” on their assigned instrument. Students were responsible for teaching their peers how to utilize their instrument for experimentation. Each student rotated through their peer’s instruments, learned to apply the knowledge they gained from one instrument to others, while they answered questions from peers. The students developed troubleshooting and communication skills—foundational tools for chemists. This model proved successful in...
Femoroacetabular Impingement, Labral Tears, Abductor Tendon Tears, and Hip Arthroscopy

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and resultant labral tears are increasingly recognized as a cause of pre-arthritic hip pain, particularly in younger athletes. Tears of the abductor tendons increase in prevalence with age, and females are more commonly affected than males. These injuries can be both a significant source of pain and dysfunction and may be present in as many as 20% of individuals with hip degeneration. Conservative management is typically effective in management of both conditions with surgery reserved for refractory cases. Arthroscopic treatment for FAI, labral tears, and tears of the abductor tendon is a successful treatment when indicated.
Otolaryngologist adherence to the AAO-HNSF Allergic Rhinitis Clinical Practice Guideline.

Background In February 2015, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNSF) published the Allergic Rhinitis Clinical Practice Guideline (AR-CPG). The objective of this study was to assess otolaryngologists' perception of the accuracy and adherence to the AR-CPG. Methods A survey was distributed to fellows of the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy and members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. A total of 601 otolaryngologists responded. The survey evaluated otolaryngologists' demographic data, perception of the accuracy of the guideline, and adherence to the guideline action statements. Results The majority of respondents were actively practicing (544 [90.5%]), for a duration of 11-30 years (308 [51.2%]), in a private practice setting (387 [64.4%]). The cohort was largely fellowship trained (348 [57.9%]) and had reviewed the guideline (428 [71.2%]). Most respondents perceived the guideline as being correct "a great deal" (295 [69.7%]) and deviated from the guideline "only a little" (302 [71.6%]). High rates of adherence to the strong guideline recommendations were observed. Respondents "always/most of the time" recommended intranasal steroids (581 [97.6%]), and oral antihistamines (439 [74%]) as primary therapy. Otolaryngologists in practice for longer were more likely to deviate from the guideline recommendations by obtaining sinonasal imaging (p = 0.007) and recommending oral leukotriene receptor antagonists as primary therapy (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Overall perception of the correctness of and adherence to the AR-CPG was high in this cohort. Targeted education resources should be provided to otolaryngologists in practice for longer in efforts to reduce harmful or unnecessary variations in care.
Knowledge extraction based on linked open data for clinical documentation

Smart cities are becoming a reality in the near future to transform many sectors and activities in our lives. Smart cities systems such as healthcare systems will have new functionality to improve the quality of life. Electronic health records are an essential component of healthcare systems. They are valuable for medical research, but the information is recorded as unstructured free text. Knowledge extraction (KE) from unstructured text in electronic health records is a problem but still not totally resolved. KE is very challenging because medical language has ungrammatical and fragmented constructions. We have implemented a unique framework KE based on linked open data for clinical documentation (KE-LODC) that generates accurate and high quality triples transforming unstructured text from clinical documentation into well-defined and ready-to-use linked open data for diagnosis and treatment. Our framework proved to produce a large number of highly qualified triple candidates which improves the likelihood of better classification.
Mass spectrometric measurement of urinary kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio in children with and without urinary tract infection.

BACKGROUND Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the first step of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism, yielding kynurenine (Kyn) metabolites. The kynurenine-to-tryptophan (K/T) ratio is used as a surrogate for biological IDO enzyme activity. IDO expression is increased during Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI). Thus, our objective was to develop a method for measurement of Kyn/Trp ratio in human blood and urine and evaluate its use as a biomarker of UTI. METHODS A mass spectrometric method was developed to measure Trp and Kyn in serum and urine specimens. The method was applied to clinical urine specimens from symptomatic pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed UTI or other acute conditions and from healthy controls. RESULTS The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was linear to 500 μmol/L for both Trp and Kyn. Imprecision ranged from 5 to 15% for Trp and 6-20% for Kyn. Analytical recoveries of Trp and Kyn ranged from 96 to 119% in serum and 90-97% in urine. No correlation was found between the K/T ratio and circulating IDO mass (r = 0.110) in serum. Urinary Kyn and Trp in the pediatric test cohort demonstrated elevations in the K/T ratio in symptomatic patients with UTI (median 13.08) and without UTI (median 14.38) compared to healthy controls (median 4.93; p < 0.001 for both comparisons). No significant difference in K/T ratio was noted between symptomatic patients with and without UTI (p = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS Measurement of Trp and Kyn by LC-MS/MS is accurate and precise in serum and urine specimens. While urinary K/T ratio is not a specific biomarker for UTI, it may represent a general indicator of a systemic inflammatory process.
Slums, race and mental health in New York (1938–1965)

Claude Brown’s seminal 1965 memoir “Manchild in the Promised Land” appeared when Americans were trying to make sense of the Watts Rebellion of 1965. A “bildungsroman”, Brown’s autobiography details how he, a former juvenile delinquent and residential treatment center client, became a stable adult once he left his troubled Harlem neighborhood. This paper argues that Brown’s book revealed just how much liberal mid-twentieth century efforts to combat poverty and crime in segregated black communities by offering more mental health services struggled to fully grasp and address the relationship between mental health and environment. Between 1938 and 1965, officials and mental health experts with the Wiltwyck School for Boys, New York Domestic Relations Court and the New York Bureau of Child Guidance imagined that Harlem would become a more stable, law-abiding community if populated with emotionally healthier people. Methodologically, this paper compares the archival record of those programs’ goals with Brown’s memoir. Brown’s own experience as both a former charge of those institutions and a resident of Harlem led him to doubt that urban ghettoes were environmentally suited to support individuals struggling to overcome mental illness. In locating Brown’s recollection of his postwar youth within the context of local efforts to provide New York City’s black juvenile delinquents with psychiatric care in the postwar era, it becomes apparent that those liberal policies and programs were designed to produce therapeutic outcomes that proved difficult to sustain amid the challenging circumstances residents faced in socioeconomically depressed communities. As an intervention into the burgeoning literature on the US history of race and psychiatry, this research represents one of the first attempts to compare the intentions of mental health professionals seeking to improve the health care of African Americans and the perspectives of their African American clients.
Integrating learning with performance: environments for training and doing troubleshooting

My research focuses on developing on-the-job educational and training systems grounded in cognitive science principles about learning and problem solving. This research concerns simultaneously aiding both learning and performance of troubleshooting and is currently situated in the remote computer and network support domain. The demand for quality troubleshooting in the technical support industry is extremely high and growing even higher because of increasing product complexity, shorter product life cycles, the adoption of open systems, and the spreading adoption of technology products among less technical users. As a result, technical support centers are moving their troubleshooters away from performing each problem solving activity anew and towards having them create and utilize, when appropriate, re-usable, sharable solutions that can be more easily and efficiently distributed to customers. Though many technical support professionals arrive at their jobs with a detailed knowledge about the systems they will troubleshoot, they often have little skill at authoring sharable, re-usable problem solving cases and employing their knowledge in troubleshooting. Though novice troubleshooters are lack these skills and much of the technical support industry is interested in a qualitative change in what troubleshooters do, typically little time and resources are available for training troubleshooters.
Persuading to Comply: On the Deployment and Avoidance of Legal Argumentation

For those international actors seeking to promote respect for international law, persuasion -- the process of social interaction whereby one actor seeks to convince another to believe or do something through principled rational arguments and interactions, without any overt coercion -- is at the core of the enterprise. Yet the scholarship in international law and international relations is woefully thin on the content of such a communication of persuasion, and, in particular, on the role of legal argumentation. This paper constructs a theoretical model for determining when and how international actors deploy legal argumentation in contrast to other arguments that might convince a violating entity to comply. A compliance strategy can invoke a range of law, along several dimensions, and the choices regarding the argumentation to use are highly contextual. This reality contrasts with static or uni-dimensional approaches to persuasion and the role of law assumed by most scholarship on compliance. The paper first identifies the shortcomings of the debates within international law and relations on persuasion. It then offers a basic framework of factors that influence the choices of an entity seeking to effect compliance to use legal arguments (inputs), and proposes a set of modalities regarding the content of the resulting legal argumentation (outputs). These outputs consist of a legal argument's publicity, density, directness, and tone. After applying this model to one institution, the International Committee of the Red Cross, it suggest ways to generalize this rubric to others. The essay concludes with some thoughts about the priorities for international law and its advocates in terms of an effective persuasive process. It argues that efforts by international lawyers to seek "internalization" of norms ask for too much, and that nonlegal argumentation may often be the best way to achieve compliance with legal norms.
MRI Safety with Orthopedic Implants

The literature within the last 10 years on MRI use in patients with orthopedic implants is reviewed. A literature search returned 15 relevant articles. Only 2 discussed pediatric patients. Overall, significant displacement of implants was infrequent. Radiofrequency-induced heating of implants differed among the studies, but most reported increases of less than 1°C. The authors conclude MRI is safe in patients with orthopedic implants because implant displacement and heating pose little risk to patients. A risk-to-benefit ratio is warranted, however, to assess the clinical utility and necessity of the study. Further research and individual assessment of implant properties and MRI-related interactions are warranted.
Land use changes and groundwater quality in Florida

Land use changes around 26 karstic cave–spring systems in Florida were evaluated using geographic information system. Located in the unconfined or semiconfined zones of the Floridan aquifer, some of the cave–spring systems are directly connected to the surficial land use processes by sinking streams, whereas others receiving diffuse recharge are still vulnerable to contamination due to a thin sandy cover overlying the aquifer. Comparison of nitrate-producing land use practices between 2004 and 2013–2014 shows increasing risks of groundwater contamination in the Floridan aquifer. Proliferation of septic systems and wastewater treatment sites due to growing residential areas, increased use of fertilizers for farming and landscaping stand out as major causes of nitrate overload in the both surface and groundwater.
Mobile Apps for Oral Health Promotion: Content Review and Heuristic Usability Analysis.

Background: There has been an increase in consumer-facing mobile health (mHealth) apps in recent years. Prior reviews have characterized the availability, usability, or quality of popular mHealth apps targeting a range of health behaviors, but none has examined apps that promote better oral health care. Oral disease affects billions of people worldwide and mobile phone use is on the rise, so the market for well-designed and effective oral health apps is substantial. Objective: We examined the content and usability of popular oral health promotion apps to better understand the current state of these self-help interventions and inform the need and opportunity for future app development. Methods: Between February and March 2018, we identified oral health-focused apps that were designed for Android or iOS, available in English, and targeted adult consumers (as opposed to children or dental health professionals). The sample was limited to the most popular and highly rated apps on each platform. For each app reviewed, we assessed its basic descriptive characteristics (eg, platform, cost), evidence of a theoretical basis or empirical validation, key program functionality, and the extent to which the app addressed diet and tobacco and alcohol use as risk factors for oral disease. We characterized the framing (ie, gain vs loss) of all persuasive messaging and conducted a heuristic analysis to assess each app’s usability as a persuasive health technology. Results: Thirty-three apps were eligible for review based on the selection criteria. Two-thirds (22/33, 67%) were geared toward the general public as opposed to dental clinic patients, insurance plan members, or owners of specific electric toothbrushes. Most (31/33, 94%) were free to download, and a majority (19/33, 58%) were sponsored by software developers as opposed to oral health experts. None offered any theoretical basis for the content or had been empirically validated. Common program features included tools for tracking or reminding one to brush their teeth and assistance scheduling dental appointments. Nineteen apps (58%) included educational or persuasive content intended to influence oral health behavior. Only 32% (6/19) of these included a larger proportion of gain-framed than loss-framed messaging. Most of the apps did not mention diet, alcohol or tobacco—important risk factors for oral disease. Overall, the apps performed poorly on standard usability heuristics recommended for persuasive health technologies. Conclusions: The quality of the reviewed apps was generally poor. Important opportunities exist to develop oral health promotion apps that have theoretically grounded content, are empirically validated, and adhere to good design principles for persuasive health technologies.
Racial Identity, Racial Discrimination, and Classroom Engagement Outcomes Among Black Girls and Boys in Predominantly Black and Predominantly White School Districts:

This study examined the associations among racial identity beliefs (centrality and public regard), racial discrimination, and academic engagement outcomes among 1,659 African American adolescents a...
A copy number variant is associated with a spectrum of pigmentation patterns in the rock pigeon (Columba livia)

Rock pigeons (Columba livia) display an extraordinary array of pigment pattern variation. One such pattern, Almond, is characterized by a variegated patchwork of plumage colors that are distributed in an apparently random manner. Almond is a sex-linked, semi-dominant trait controlled by the classical Stipper (St) locus. Heterozygous males (ZStZ+ sex chromosomes) and hemizygous Almond females (ZStW) are favored by breeders for their attractive plumage. In contrast, homozygous Almond males (ZStZSt) develop severe eye defects and lack all plumage pigmentation, suggesting that higher dosage of the mutant allele is deleterious. To determine the molecular basis of Almond, we compared the genomes of Almond pigeons to non-Almond pigeons and identified a candidate St locus on the Z chromosome. We found a copy number variant (CNV) within the differentiated region that captures complete or partial coding sequences of four genes, including the melanosome maturation gene Mlana. We did not find fixed coding changes in genes within the CNV, but all genes are misexpressed in regenerating feather bud collar cells of Almond birds. Notably, six other alleles at the St locus are associated with depigmentation phenotypes, and all exhibit expansion of the same CNV. Structural variation at St is linked to diversity in plumage pigmentation and gene expression, and thus provides a potential mode of rapid phenotypic evolution in pigeons.
Identification of 22q11.2 microdeletion among patients with congenital heart diseases using droplet digital PCR

OBJECTIVE To develop a new method for detecting 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS) in clinical settings. METHODS Specific primers and fluorescence probes were designed to target the TBX1 gene within the 22q11.2 deletion region and a reference gene RPP30. Multiplexed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was run to detect the 22q11.2 microdeletion by calculating the ratio of positive droplet number of TBX1/RPP30. RESULTS Three cases of 22q11.2 microdeletion previously confirmed by array comparative genome hybridization were successfully identified. Subsequently, the ddPCR detected two further cases of 22q11.2 microdeletion among 14 children with congenital heart diseases. CONCLUSION The ddPCR technique has provided a rapid and cost-effective method for detecting 22q11.2 microdeletion in clinical settings.
‘Black Butterfly’ Asking the Question, Womanist Reframing, Conscientization, and Generativity A Reminder of the Contributions of Dr Katie Geneva Cannon’s Life and Work to Pastoral Theology’s Grand Metamorphosis

ABSTRACTA tribute to the life and work of Dr Katie Geneva Cannon, this article offers pastoral theologians an opportunity to reflect on the work of womanist ethicists Dr Cannon as a reminder of the...
GOOD MONEY AFTER BAD? THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF MINORITY DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS

We examine the relative efficiency of a unique set of banks, Minority Depository Institutions (MDIs). MDIs are led by minorities and typically serve minority populations. Given Social Economic Stat...
Weight bias internalization and its association with health behaviour adherence after bariatric surgery

This study tested the hypothesis that internalized weight bias (WBI) is negatively associated with health-related quality of life, weight loss and health behaviour adherence (eg, physical activity, diet, vitamin adherence) in patients who had weight loss surgery (WLS). It also tested whether self-efficacy for exercise, barriers to being active and depression were mediators between WBI and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants were recruited from online support forums. They completed an anonymous online survey assessing WBI, physical activity, health behaviour adherence, depression, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy for exercise and barriers to being physically active. Multiple regression analyses and a bootstrapping approach for mediation were used. The sample included 112 primarily white and female adults, who had surgery 1 month to 24 years prior. WBI was negatively associated with weight loss since surgery, MVPA, dietary adherence, vitamin adherence and mental health-related quality of life, and was not associated with walking, physical health-related quality of life or fluid intake adherence. Self-efficacy for exercise, barriers to being active and depression were partial mediators between WBI and physical activity. After WLS, WBI may signal poorer adherence to critical health behaviours. It also is associated with less weight loss. WBI should be assessed and treated by WLS providers.
Whither pediatric physician-scientist training in the COVID-19 era.

Author(s): Gonzalez, Fernando F; Heyman, Melvin B | Abstract: Pediatric physician-scientists play a critical role in translating research ﬁndings from basic and clinical research into new paradigms and approaches pertinent to our care for children. The United States has long been a leader in biomedical research; however, this workforce has been diminishing over many years secondary to decreases in recruitment, limited funding and protected time, and attrition during training.1 This pipeline of pediatric physician-scientists is critical not only for discovery but also for contextualizing speciﬁc ﬁndings and extrapolating those ﬁndings to understanding development and treatment strategies that can reduce disease burden and improve quality of life.
Energy and domination: contesting the fossil myth of fuel expansion

A just and sustainable energy transition will require not only new fuels, but new energy stories. The dominant, ‘fossil’ myth of energy, depoliticizes the forward march of energy intensity over hum...
Model-independent insights into the nature of the Lyman-alpha forest and the distribution of matter in the universe

Straightforward physical arguments are used to derive the properties of Lyman-alpha forest absorbers. It is shown that many aspects of the current physical picture of the forest, in particular the fact that the absorption arises in extended structures of moderate overdensities which contain a large fraction of the baryons in the universe, can be derived directly from the observations without making any specific assumptions about the presence and distribution of dark matter, the values of the cosmological parameters or the mechanism for structure formation. The key argument is that along any line of sight intersecting a gravitationally confined gas cloud, the size of the region over which the density is of order the maximum density, is typically of order the local Jeans length. This is true for overdense absorbers, regardless of the shape of the cloud and regardless of whether the cloud as a whole is in dynamical equilibrium. The simple analytic model is used to derive the mass distribution of the photoionized gas directly from the observed column density distribution. It is demonstrated that the shape of the column density distribution, in particular the observed deviations from a single power-law, and its evolution with redshift, reflect the shape of the matter distribution and can be understood in terms of the growth of structure via gravitational instability in an expanding universe.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Guided Electromagnetic Navigation for Peripheral Lung Nodules.

Background Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is a minimally invasive technology for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules. However, ENB is limited by the lack of real-time confirmation of various biopsy devices. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) could increase diagnostic yield by allowing real-time confirmation to overcome the inherent divergence of nodule location. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield of ENB plus CBCT as compared with ENB alone for biopsy of peripheral lung nodules. Method We conducted a retrospective study of patients undergoing ENB before and after the implementation of CBCT. Data from 62 consecutive patients with lung nodules located in the outer two-thirds of the lung who underwent ENB and combined ENB-CBCT were collected. Radial endobronchial ultrasound was used during all procedures as well. Diagnostic yield was defined as the presence of malignancy or benign histological findings that lead to a specific diagnosis. Results Thirty-one patients had ENB-CBCT, and 31 patients had only ENB for peripheral lung lesions. The median size of the lesion for the ENB-CBCT group was 16 (interquartile range (IQR) 12.6-25.5) mm as compared to 21.5 (IQR 16-27) mm in the ENB group (p = 0.2). In the univariate analysis, the diagnostic yield of ENB-CBCT was 74.2% and ENB 51.6% (p = 0.05). Following multivariate regression analysis adjusting for the size of the lesion, distance from the pleura, and presence of bronchus sign, the odds ratio for the diagnostic yield was 3.4 (95% CI 1.03-11.26, p = 0.04) in the ENB-CBCT group as compared with ENB alone. The median time for the procedure was shorter in patients in the ENB-CBCT group (74 min) than in those in the ENB group (90 min) (p = 0.02). The rate of adverse events was similar in both groups (6.5%, p = 0.7). Conclusions The use of CBCT might increase the diagnostic yield in ENB-guided peripheral lung nodule biopsies. Future randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm such findings.
Student Responses to Changes in Introductory Physics Learning Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

As a result of the spread of COVID-19 during spring 2020, many colleges and universities across the U.S., and beyond, were compelled to move entirely to remote, online instruction, or shut down. Due to the rapidity of this transition, instructors had to significantly—if not completely—change their instructional style on very short notice. Our purpose with this paper is to report on student experiences and reactions to the switch to emergency remote learning at two large land-grant, research-intensive universities. We aimed to explore how students have received and dealt with the shift to remote learning that began in March 2020, specifically in introductory physics and astronomy courses. By providing timely student feedback, we hope to help instructors tune their efforts to build a more effective remote learning environment.
Global Citizenship Perceptions and Practices within the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme.

This multi-case study investigated how teaching in an International Baccalaureate (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP) Individuals and Societies (I & S) classroom influenced teachers’ global citizenship (GC) perceptions and pedagogy. Results demonstrate teachers were informed by their personal experiences and district expectations, utilizing a cosmopolitan global citizenship education (GCE) that aligned with the IB MYP philosophy. A disconnect sometimes existed as teachers’ rationales for global citizenship recognized the need for multiple perspectives and a critical view, but a passive or proactive approach influenced instruction. This research effort furthers the discussion on the role an international education framework can have on a teacher’s pedagogy, where global citizenship education is situated in the curriculum, and what influences a teacher’s thinking and pedagogy. This can be helpful to us in understanding the role curriculum context can have in shaping a teacher’s ideas about global citizenship and how they enact those ideas.