cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the effects of angling-induced barotrauma on rockfish (Sebastes)

The physical consequences of barotrauma on the economically important rockfish (Sebastes) were evaluated with a novel method using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with image segmentation and analysis. For this pilot study, two fishes were captured on hook-and-line from 100 m, euthanized, and scanned in a 3 Tesla human MRI scanner. Analyses were made on each fish, one exhibiting swim bladder overinflation and exophthalmia and the other showing low to moderate swim bladder overinflation. Air space volumes in the body were quantified using image segmentation techniques that allow definition of individual anatomical regions in the three-dimensional MRIs. The individ- ual exhibiting the most severe signs of barotrauma revealed the first observation of a gas-filled orbital space behind the eyes, which was not observable by gross dissection. Severe exophthalmia resulted in extreme stretching of the optic nerves, which was clearly validated with dissections and not seen in the other individual. Expanding gas from swim blad- der overinflation must leak from the swim bladder, rupture the peritoneum, and enter the cranium. This MRI method of evaluating rockfish following rapid decompression is useful for quantifying the magnitude of internal barotrauma associ- ated with decompression and complementing studies on the effects of capture and discard mortality of rockfishes. Resume´ : Nous avons evalueles consequences physiques des barotraumatismes sur les sebastes du genre Sebastes, des poissons d'importance economique, al'aide d'une methode inedite utilisant l'imagerie par resonance magnetique (MRI) pondereee nT2 en combinaison avec la segmentation et l'analyse des images. Dans cette etude pilote, nous avons capture´ deux poissons ala ligne aune profondeur de 100 m et les avons euthanasies et analyses dans un scanner a 3 teslas pour
Multi-Keyholes and Measure of Correlation in MIMO Channels

Keyhole MIMO channels were predicted theoretically and also observed experimentally. However, they are not often encountered in practice since the assumption of a single propagation eigenmode is only a rough approximation of real propagation environments. This paper presents an extension to the single-keyhole channel model, termed a "multi-keyhole channel", which includes a number of statistically independent keyholes. Correlated full-rank and rank-deficient multi-keyhole channels are considered in detail. Under some general conditions the full-rank multi-keyhole channel is asymptotically Rayleigh fading if the number of keyholes is large. When the number of both Tx and Rx antennas is large, the capacity of a rank-deficient multi-keyhole channel is a sum of the capacities of the equivalent single-keyhole channels. The outage capacity distribution of both full-rank and rank-deficient multi-keyhole channels is asymptotically Gaussian. Based on the asymptotic capacity analysis, full ordering scalar measures of MIMO channel correlation and power imbalance are introduced
Differential antifungal and calcium channel-blocking activity among structurally related plant defensins.

Plant defensins are a family of small Cys-rich antifungal proteins that play important roles in plant defense against invading fungi. Structures of several plant defensins share a Cys-stabilized α/β-motif. Structural determinants in plant defensins that govern their antifungal activity and the mechanisms by which they inhibit fungal growth remain unclear. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seed defensin, MsDef1, strongly inhibits the growth of Fusarium graminearum in vitro, and its antifungal activity is markedly reduced in the presence of Ca2+. By contrast, MtDef2 from Medicago truncatula, which shares 65% amino acid sequence identity with MsDef1, lacks antifungal activity against F. graminearum. Characterization of the in vitro antifungal activity of the chimeras containing portions of the MsDef1 and MtDef2 proteins shows that the major determinants of antifungal activity reside in the carboxy-terminal region (amino acids 31–45) of MsDef1. We further define the active site by demonstrating that the Arg at position 38 of MsDef1 is critical for its antifungal activity. Furthermore, we have found for the first time, to our knowledge, that MsDef1 blocks the mammalian L-type Ca2+ channel in a manner akin to a virally encoded and structurally unrelated antifungal toxin KP4 from Ustilago maydis, whereas structurally similar MtDef2 and the radish (Raphanus sativus) seed defensin Rs-AFP2 fail to block the L-type Ca2+ channel. From these results, we speculate that the two unrelated antifungal proteins, KP4 and MsDef1, have evolutionarily converged upon the same molecular target, whereas the two structurally related antifungal plant defensins, MtDef2 and Rs-AFP2, have diverged to attack different targets in fungi.
Self-supervised segmentation of river scenes

Here we consider the problem of automatically segmenting images taken from a boat or low-flying aircraft. Such a capability is important for autonomous river following and mapping. The need for accurate segmentation in a wide variety of riverine environments challenges the state of the art vision-based methods that have been used in more structured environments such as roads and highways. Apart from the lack of structure, the principal difficulty is the large spatial and temporal variations in the appearance of water in the presence of nearby vegetation and with reflections from the sky. We propose a self-supervised method to segment images into ‘sky’, ‘river’ and ‘shore’ (vegetation + structures) regions. Our approach uses assumptions about river scene structure to learn appearance models based on features like color, texture and image location which are used to segment the image. We validated our algorithm by testing on four datasets captured under varying conditions on different rivers. Our self-supervised algorithm had higher accuracy rates than a supervised alternative, often significantly more accurate, and does not need to be retrained to work under different conditions.
Glass Science and Glassmaking: A Personal Perspective

This paper demonstrates how glass has provided one of the earliest, and still rare, examples of controlled use of science at the nanolevel in a well-established gigatechnology. The glass community—from the Venetian glass makers (and the science of luminaries such as Michael Faraday and Isaac Newton) down through major industrial successes such as glass–ceramics—are examples of excellent nanoengineers practicing clever applications of manipulation of matter at the nano and subnano scale. This paper describes the evolution of the understanding of nanoheterogeneity of the structure (and composition of virtually all useful glasses) that has been the key evolutionary “invention” in this process. It then makes the case that glass (and polymer) technology has an enormous advantage over all of the nanomaterial technologies that are confronted with the enormous barrier of assembling large numbers of very small particles into useful products on a large scale, as recognized by the recently anointed patron saint of the present nanofever, Richard Feynman, in his only paper in the field. Finally, this paper introduces glass scientists to a radically new opportunity via a totally new way to convert crystalline matter into glasses (noncrystalline solids)—for all scientists interested in the glassy state.
Political Orientation and Ideological Inconsistencies: (Dis)comfort with Value Tradeoffs

People are often inconsistent in the way they apply their values to their political beliefs (e.g., citing the value of life in opposing capital punishment while simultaneously supporting abortion rights). How do people confront such inconsistencies? Liberals were more likely to say that issues that could draw on several competing values were complex issues that required value tradeoffs, whereas conservatives were more likely to deny the comparability of the issues. We argue that this difference is rooted in the distinct ways that liberals and conservatives represent political issues. Additional evidence suggested that conservatives’ higher need for closure leads them to represent issues in terms of salient, accessible values. Although this may lead conservatives’ attitudes to be more situationally malleable under some circumstances, such shifts do serve to protect an absolutist approach to one’s moral values and help conservatives to deny the comparability of potentially inconsistent positions.
The search for Bridey Murphy: Implications for modern hypnosis.

The 1956 publication of The Search for Bridey Murphy was a noteworthy event for the field of hypnosis. This internationally best selling book, written for lay readers, described several recorded sessions of alleged time-regression to a prior life nearly two centuries before 1956. While subsequent investigations disproved that claim, there were a number of important implications for the science and practice of hypnosis. Although it was concluded that the Bridey Murphy interviews were products of cryptomnesia, the book was a significant factor associated with a resurgence of public and professional interest in the modality.
Social Network Influence on Online Behavioral Choices: Exploring Group Formation on Social Network Sites

Social media communication is characterized by reduced anonymity and off-to-online social interactions. These characteristics require scholars to revisit social influence mechanisms online. The current study builds on social influence literature to explore social network and gender effects on online behavior. Findings from a quasi-experiment suggest that both network-related variables and gender are significantly associated with online behavior. Perceived social environment, measured by personal network exposure rate, is more significant than objective reality, measured by frequency of received social messages, in determining behavior. We discuss the implications of social contagion effects on web-based strategic communication—including advertising, political campaigns, and social mobilization. Data limitations and the difficulty of measuring social network influence via social media are also discussed.
Reply to D. Braun et al

We thank Braun et al for their thoughtful comments regarding our recent publication. In particular, we look forward to the possibility that ovarian cancer histology will be included in future versions of BRCAPRO, given that our results do suggest that this would improve model calibration. In addition, they are correct in their assumption that we did not verify family history with medical record review but rather relied on the patient’s self-reported family history, and we appreciate their recognition that this is the reality of clinical practice. It is therefore exciting to see their proposed correction to the model to account for the possibility of misreporting of cancer family history in the clinical setting. We would also like to emphasize again that, given the exceptionally high prevalence of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic testing is recommended for all women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, regardless of family history. Molly S. Daniels and Karen H. Lu The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Role of ATP dependent potassium channels in myocardial ischaemia.

Recently, a class of potassium (K) channels has been discovered which are regulated by the intracellular level of ATP. These channels have been termed ATP dependent K channels (KATP) and have been found to exist in the heart, skeletal muscle, pancreatic β cells, brain, and smooth muscle. In this article, we discuss the function of the KATP channel in the ischaemic myocardium and present evidence to suggest that activation of these channels may, on the one hand, result in a marked cardioprotective effect from reversible or irreversible electrical, functional or biochemical damage or, on the other hand, have the potential to produce electrical instability and a proarrhythmic effect. The therapeutic potential of potassium channel modulators is also discussed. Cardiovascular Research 1992; 26 :1011-1016
Dual redundant arm system operational quality measures and their applications: dynamic measures

Dual-arm dynamic operation quality measures are presented which quantify the efficiency and capability of generating Cartesian accelerations by two cooperative arms based on the analysis of dual-arm dynamic interactions. Dual-arm dynamic manipulability is defined as the efficiency of generating Cartesian accelerations under the dynamic and kinematic interactions between individual arms and an object under manipulation. The analysis of dual-arm dynamic interactions is based on the so-called Cartesian space agent model of an arm. The Cartesian space agent model of an arm makes it possible to derive the dynamic and kinematic constraints involved in the transport, assembly and grasping modes of dual-arm cooperation. A task-oriented operational quality measure, (TOQ/sub d/) is defined by evaluating dual-arm dynamic manipulability in terms of given task requirements. A complete set of forward dynamic equations for a dual-arm system is derived, and dual-arm dynamic operational quality measures for various modes of dual-arm cooperation allowing sliding contacts are established. >
A channel matching approach for estimating electromechanical mode shape and coherence

A method of estimating a power system's electromechanical mode shape and coherence from time synchronized phasor measurements is presented. The approach uses a parametric estimate of the transfer function (TF) between signals at different buses throughout the power system. The relationship between the TF and mode shape and coherence is reviewed. A non-causal autoregressive exogenous (ARX) model is used in a least squares (LS) minimization to estimate the TF parameters and to estimate the magnitude squared coherence function. The method is applied to both a simulated system and measured data from the western North American power system and is compared to the traditional Welch periodogram averaging approach.
An optimal decision model for disposal of perishable inventories

SUMMARY A decision model is presented for optimally timing the disposal of perishable inventories under conditions of fixed lifetime perishability and stochastic demand. The method has the important feature of keying on expected remaining time until item demand occurs, instead of on inventory levels. In addition, the decision process is independent of the stock replenishment policy and of profit contribution, salvage value, and inventory holding cost estimates. Disposal probabilities for fresh items subject to Poisson demand are derived.
Response of the developing embryo to light.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Attempts by this laboratory to grow chick embryos outside the shell were met with limited success (Boone, 1963). Among the environmental factors altered by the in vitro method of growing embryos was exposure to light. Boone (1969) found that average livability was 3.7 and 2.7 days in black painted and ordinary beakers respectively. That research involved three separate trials and a total of 112 embryos. Literature concerning the effect of light on the chick embryo is limited and conflicting. Shutze et al. (1962) exposed Leghorn eggs to light, and caused chicks to hatch one day earlier than controls. Hatchability of fertile eggs was not adversely affected by using lights in the incubator. The light intensity was less important than the mere presence of light. Voitle (1970) indicated that the longer the eggs were exposed to light, the faster the chicks hatched. Continuous light improved maturation of the navel as…
Forty years of microbial photosynthesis research: Where it came from and what it led to

What follows is a very personal account of my professional life and the early years that preceded it. I have described the social and economic conditions in America and how the nineteen twenties and thirties nurtured our scientific future. The description of the early part of post-World War II research covers my experience in the areas of nutritional biochemistry, biochemical genetics and proceeds to photosynthesis. The latter era lasted around 35 years. For me the most memorable research accomplishments in which I was a participant during this period was the first demonstration of the primary carboxylation enzyme in an in vitro system in algal and higher plants as well to show that it was structurally associated with the chloroplast.Our group while at Oak Ridge and the University of Massachusetts assembled data that described the complete macromolecular assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus of the unusual photosynthetic green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus and created a model of that system which differed greatly from the chomatophore system for the purple bacteria. For the last decade, my scientific journey, with numerous new colleagues has turned to the exciting area of biomaterials.We characterized and modeled the completely new bacterial intracellular inclusions responsible for the synthesis and degredation of biosynthetic, biodegradable and biocompatible bacterial polyesters in the cytoplasm of Pseudomonads.
The simple genetic algorithm and the walsh transform: Part ii, the inverse

This paper continues the development, begun in Part I, of the relationship between the simple genetic algorithm and the Walsh transform. The mixing scheme (comprised of crossover and mutation) is essentially “triangularized” when expressed in terms of the Walsh basis. This leads to a formulation of the inverse of the expected next generation operator. The fixed points of the mixing scheme are also determined, and a formula is obtained giving the fixed point corresponding to any starting population. Geiringer's theorem follows from these results in the special case corresponding to zero mutation.
A Damage- and Fault-Tolerant Input/Output Network

A damage-and fault-tolerant input/output (I/O) network is presented as an alternative to I/O buses. Such a network differs most significantly from telecommunications networks (such as the ARPA net) in that the nodes of this net are very simple and do not perform such tasks as message or packet switching and buffering. Data routing through the net is directly controlled by a centralized processor with control algorithms being implemented in software. Descriptions of both the network hardware and the most vital points of the control software are provided. It is believed that this network construction represents both an economically viable alternative to data buses and a significant improvement in reliability and survivability, particularly in those applications where physical damage to elements of the I/O system is a possibility, such as in aircraft, shipboard, rapid transit, and industrial situations.
New plutonium isotope: 231 Pu

The new plutonium isotope, ${}^{231}\mathrm{Pu},$ was produced by the ${}^{233}\mathrm{U}{(}^{3}\mathrm{He}{,5n)}^{231}\mathrm{Pu}$ reaction. After chemical separation, the ${}^{231}\mathrm{Pu}$ decay modes were studied using $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-spectrometry. The isotope, ${}^{231}\mathrm{Pu},$ was unequivocally identified by the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay of the chain members from its $\ensuremath{\alpha}$- and electron-capture daughters using the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$-correlation technique. The half-life of ${}^{231}\mathrm{Pu}$ was determined to be $(8.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)$ min. An $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-group with an energy of $(6.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)$ MeV was assigned to ${}^{231}\mathrm{Pu}.$
The Development and Implementation of a Bundled Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce Inappropriate Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis

Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) with acid suppressive therapy is often inappropriately prescribed in the intensive care setting. Acid suppressive therapy, including proton pump inhibitors and histam...
A naïve Bayesian classifier for identifying plant microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulatory molecules in eukaryotic organisms. Existing methods for the identification of mature miRNA sequences in plants rely extensively on the search for stem-loop structures, leading to high false negative rates. Here, we describe a probabilistic method for ranking putative plant miRNAs using a naive Bayes classifier and its publicly available implementation. We use a number of properties to construct the classifier, including sequence length, number of observations, existence of detectable predicted miRNA* sequences, the distribution of nearby reads and mapping multiplicity. We apply the method to small RNA sequence data from soybean, peach, Arabidopsis and rice and provide experimental validation of several predictions in soybean. The approach performs well overall and strongly enriches for known miRNAs over other types of sequences. By utilizing a Bayesian approach to rank putative miRNAs, our method is able to score miRNAs that would be eliminated by other methods, such as those that have low counts or lack detectable miRNA* sequences. As a result, we are able to detect several soybean miRNA candidates, including some that are 24 nucleotides long, a class that is almost universally eliminated by other methods.
Optical Modulation Using Depletion-Mode PN-Junctions in Thin Silicon-On-Insulator Waveguides

We report on depletion-mode pn-junction based silicon optical modulation in thin silicon- on-insulator material. A change in effective index of approximately-2×10−5 was measured in a fabricated device and compared with simulations.
VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 pathway promotes myocyte hypertrophy and survival in the infarcted myocardium.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that in addition to angio/lymphangiogenesis, the VEGF family is involved in other cellular actions. We have recently reported that enhanced VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in the infarcted rat myocardium, suggesting the paracrine/autocrine function of VEGF-C on cardiac remodeling. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that VEGF-C regulates cardiomyocyte growth and survival in the infarcted myocardium. Methods and results: Gene profiling and VEGFR-3 expression of cardiomyocytes were assessed by laser capture microdissection/microarray and immunohistochemistry in the normal and infarcted myocardium. The effect of VEGF-C on myocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis during normoxia and hypoxia was detected by RT-PCR and western blotting in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. VEGFR-3 was minimally expressed in cardiomyocytes of the normal and noninfarcted myocardium, while markedly elevated in the surviving cardiomyocytes of the infarcted myocardium and border zone. Genes altered in the surviving cardiomyocytes were associated with the networks regulating cellular growth and survival. VEGF-C significantly increased the expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANP), brain natriuretic factor (BNP), and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC), markers of hypertrophy, in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Hypoxia caused neonatal cardiomyocyte atrophy, which was prevented by VEGF-C treatment. Hypoxia significantly enhanced apoptotic mediators, including cleaved caspase 3, 8, and 9, and Bax in neonatal cardiomyocytes, which were abolished by VEGF-C treatment. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 pathway exerts a beneficial role in the infarcted myocardium by promoting compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival.
Ureterocalicostomy: Indications and Results in 21 Patients

AbstractUreterocalicostomy was performed in 21 patients for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Ten patients had failed pyeloplasty, 10 had anomalies of renal fusion, ascent or rotation in conjunction with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and 1 had failed prior ureterocalicostomy. Patient age at operation ranged from 6 months to 17 years and averaged 9 years. Of the 21 patients in this series 19 had excellent results after ureterocalicostomy with decrease or total elimination of hydronephrosis. There were 2 postoperative complications in 2 patients: prolonged anastomotic urinary leakage in 1 and a Candida perinephric abscess in 1.Ureterocalicostomy should be considered in selected patients with previous unsuccessful pyeloplasty, ureteropelvic junction obstruction associated with anomalies of renal fusion, rotation or ascent, an intrarenal pelvis or a short ureter. Although endopyelotomy or ureteropelvic junction dilation should be considered in patients who fail pyeloplasty, ureterocalicostomy continues...
In defense of abstract conceptual representations

An extensive program of research in the past 2 decades has focused on the role of modal sensory, motor, and affective brain systems in storing and retrieving concept knowledge. This focus has led in some circles to an underestimation of the need for more abstract, supramodal conceptual representations in semantic cognition. Evidence for supramodal processing comes from neuroimaging work documenting a large, well-defined cortical network that responds to meaningful stimuli regardless of modal content. The nodes in this network correspond to high-level “convergence zones” that receive broadly crossmodal input and presumably process crossmodal conjunctions. It is proposed that highly conjunctive representations are needed for several critical functions, including capturing conceptual similarity structure, enabling thematic associative relationships independent of conceptual similarity, and providing efficient “chunking” of concept representations for a range of higher order tasks that require concepts to be configured as situations. These hypothesized functions account for a wide range of neuroimaging results showing modulation of the supramodal convergence zone network by associative strength, lexicality, familiarity, imageability, frequency, and semantic compositionality. The evidence supports a hierarchical model of knowledge representation in which modal systems provide a mechanism for concept acquisition and serve to ground individual concepts in external reality, whereas broadly conjunctive, supramodal representations play an equally important role in concept association and situation knowledge.
TH‐CD‐207B‐02: An Automated Technique to Measure Spatial Resolution in Clinical CT Images: Application to Patient Data

Purpose: To evaluate an automated technique for measuring spatial resolution across a database of clinical CT exams. Methods: A fully automated algorithm was developed to extract a CT resolution index (RI) analogous to the modulation transfer function from clinical CT images by measuring the edge-spread function (ESF) across the patient's skin and converting the results into scalar values, frequency at 50% RI, f50. The program was previously validated against observer data. This algorithm was applied to a database of CT images from our hospital that were reconstructed with different reconstruction algorithms (filtered back-projection and iterative) and reconstruction kernels (soft and hard). The results were analyzed in terms of mean and variability within reconstruction methods and kernel aspects of the protocols. Results: The automated algorithm successfully measured the RI index from all of the clinical datasets examined. The measured f50 values increased with harder kernels for both FBP and iterative reconstruction. The mean f50 was 0.30 ± 0.02 mm-1 and 0.42 ± 0.03 mm-1 for images reconstructed with soft and hard kernels, respectively, using filtered back-projection. The corresponding values for iterative reconstructions were 0.34 ± 0.02 mm-1 and 0.39 ± 0.03 mm-1, respectively. Overall, there was more variability in the f50 measurements made on datasets reconstructed with a hard kernel. The differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Clinically-informed, patient-specific spatial resolution can be measured from clinical datasets. The method is sufficiently sensitive to reflect changes in spatial resolution due to different reconstruction parameters. The method can be applied to automatically assess the spatial resolution of patient images and quantify dependencies that may not be captured in phantom data.
Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology: The principle of double effect in palliative care: euthanasia by another name?

Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders developed in response to the realization that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not appropriate for all patients, particularly those with terminal illness and otherwise dismal prognosis. Pediatric patients may or may not have the capacity to participate in medical decision making. Parents function as surrogate decision-makers, acting in the overall best interest of the child. This chapter explains CPR, citing the case study of a 4-year-old boy with metastatic neuroblastoma undergoing stem cell transplantation following intensive chemotherapy and radiation. CPR became a nearly ubiquitous final procedure for all hospitalized patients experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest, regardless of circumstances. Automatic suspension of DNR orders in the setting of anesthesia and surgery does not sufficiently recognize patients' rights to self-determination. When patients or their surrogate decision-makers, such as parents, do not wish to suspend DNR orders in the setting of surgery, few ethical arguments support ignoring their wishes.
Regulatory Guide on Conducting a Security Vulnerability Assessment

This document will provide guidelines on conducting a security vulnerability assessment at a facility regulated by the Radiation Protection Centre. The guidelines provide a performance approach assess security effectiveness. The guidelines provide guidance for a review following the objectives outlined in IAEA NSS#11 for Category 1, 2, & 3 sources.
What kind of artist is an urban designer

Stephen Marshall (2016) asks us to consider the kind of art urban design is. His title reminds us of ‘The Kind of Problem a City Is’, the heading for the concluding chapter of Jane Jacobs’ The Deat...
Comparative techno‐economic analysis and process design for indirect liquefaction pathways to distillate‐range fuels via biomass‐derived oxygenated intermediates upgrading

This paper presents a comparative techno-economic analysis (TEA) of five conversion pathways from biomass to gasoline-, jet-, and diesel-range hydrocarbons via indirect liquefaction with a specific focus on pathways utilizing oxygenated intermediates. The four emerging pathways of interest are compared with one conventional pathway (Fischer-Tropsch) for the production of the hydrocarbon blendstocks. The processing steps of the four emerging pathways include biomass-to-syngas via indirect gasification, syngas clean-up, conversion of syngas to alcohols/oxygenates followed by conversion of alcohols/oxygenates to hydrocarbon blendstocks via dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation. Conversion of biomass-derived syngas to oxygenated intermediates occurs via three different pathways, producing: (i) mixed alcohols over a MoS2 catalyst, (ii) mixed oxygenates (a mixture of C2+ oxygenated compounds, predominantly ethanol, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate) using an Rh-based catalyst, and (iii) ethanol from syngas fermentation. This is followed by the conversion of oxygenates/alcohols to fuel-range olefins in two approaches: (i) mixed alcohols/ethanol to 1-butanol rich mixture via Guerbet reaction, followed by alcohol dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation, and (ii) mixed oxygenates/ethanol to isobutene rich mixture and followed by oligomerization and hydrogenation. The design features a processing capacity of 2000 tonnes/day (2205 short tons) of dry biomass. The minimum fuel selling prices (MFSPs) for the four developing pathways range from $3.40 to $5.04 per gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE), in 2011 US dollars. Sensitivity studies show that MFSPs can be improved with co-product credits and are comparable to the commercial Fischer-Tropsch benchmark ($3.58/GGE). Overall, this comparative TEA study documents potential economics for the developmental biofuel pathways via mixed oxygenates. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Frequency of marine heatwaves in the North Atlantic and North Pacific since 1950

Extreme and large-scale warming events in the ocean have been dubbed marine heatwaves, and these have been documented in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This paper examines the intensity, duration, and frequency of positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans over the period 1950–2014 using an objective definition for marine heatwaves based on their probability of occurrence. Small-area anomalies occur more frequently than large-area anomalies, and this relationship can be characterized by a power law distribution. The relative frequency of large- versus small-area anomalies, represented by the power law slope parameter, is modulated by basin-scale modes of natural climate variability and anthropogenic warming. Findings suggest that the probability of marine heatwaves is a trade-off between size, intensity, and duration and that region specific variability modulates the frequency of these events.
Can the Arts Get Under the Skin? Arts and Cortisol for Economically Disadvantaged Children

This within-subjects experimental study investigated the influence of the arts on cortisol for economically disadvantaged children. Participants were 310 children, ages 3–5 years, who attended a Head Start preschool and were randomly assigned to participate in different schedules of arts and homeroom classes on different days of the week. Cortisol was sampled at morning baseline and after arts and homeroom classes on two different days at start, middle, and end of the year. For music, dance, and visual arts, grouped and separately, results of piecewise hierarchical linear modeling with time-varying predictors suggested cortisol was lower after an arts versus homeroom class at middle and end of the year but not start of the year. Implications concern the impact of arts on cortisol for children facing poverty risks.
Limits of Visibly Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators

Visibly transparent solar harvesting surfaces are an exciting new approach to harvesting solar energy around buildings and mobile electronics to improve their efficiency and autonomy without impacting their appearance. The recent demonstration of ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) selective light harvesters have enabled transparent luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) that boast unparalleled scalability, flexibility, aesthetic quality, and affordability. Consequently, the question of the efficiency limits has emerged in these new systems. In this perspective, the theoretical efficiency limits of these concentrator systems are reviewed and practical considerations are outlined to approach these limits. For UV and UV/NIR selective harvesting single-junction transparent LSCs are constrained thermodynamically to 21%, which increases to over 35% in fully transparent multipanel devices with light trapping. In deriving these limits, key material and engineering challenges are identified to fully optimize transparent solar concentrators that can push them towards commercial reality.
From Fuzzy to Function: The New Frontier of Protein–Protein Interactions

Conformationally heterogenous or “fuzzy” proteins have often been described as lacking specificity in binding and in function. The activation domains, for example, of transcriptional activators were labeled as negative noodles, with little structure or specificity. However, emerging data illustrates that the opposite is true: conformational heterogeneity enables context-specific function to emerge in response to changing cellular conditions and, furthermore, allows a single structural motif to be used in multiple settings. A further benefit is that conformational heterogeneity can be harnessed for the discovery of allosteric drug-like modulators, targeting critical pathways in protein homeostasis and transcription.
Complications status post damage control for the general surgeon

Damage control laparotomy is widely practiced as a temporizing measure to salvage surgical patients whose physiologic derangements do not permit the completion of an intended operation. The more complete description of the development and evaluation of damage control laparotomy following severe trauma is outlined in Chaps. 1 and 2. However, it is worth briefly reviewing the genesis of the procedure in light of developing of early and late complications. The technique was popularized in the early 1980s by Stone and associates for surgical treatment of coagulopathic trauma patients. Stone described the technique of packing, control of hemorrhage, bowel resection without anastomosis or stoma formation to control contamination, and biliary or pancreatic drainage if necessary. Patients returned to the operating room for definitive operative repair of injuries following correction of coagulopathy. As the widespread use of non-warfarin anticoagulants, many with no or complicated reversal agents, is increasingly encountered in patients with emergent surgical conditions, the need for damage control for uncontrolled coagulopathy will not be an uncommon event.
Optimal Production of Secreted Protein

Abstract Based upon an experimentally verified model, the optimal operational stragegy for fed-batch fermentation was developed to maximize the amount of foreign secreted protein produced. An on-line identification system was developed for process monitoring and a new model-based optimal regulatory control scheme implemented in order to regulate the system on predetermined optimal singular arcs.
Online Incivility and Public Discourse

This chapter explores the concept of deliberative democracy specifically in the context of online discussions across a broad range of topics. I argue that deliberation—including online disagreement—is vital to the vigorous public debate that is a hallmark of a democratic society. It allows all people to take part in the discussions that may shape decision-making in society, rather than a mere few. I argue that this form of communication takes on greater urgency online because the computer-mediated sphere offers more opportunity for people to speak out, so more informed voices might be drowned out. As a result, there is a greater need to create an online space that is open to a wide variety of viewpoints.
Frequency Dependence of Heavy-Ion-Induced Single-Event Responses of Flip-Flops in a 16-nm Bulk FinFET Technology

Integrated circuits fabricated at advanced technology nodes are expected to operate in gigahertz range of frequencies. At these frequencies, single-event transient (SET)-induced errors result in significant increases in single-event (SE) cross section for flip-flop (FF) designs. For FinFET transistors, the physical structure has changed significantly from planar structure. These changes have resulted in significantly less collected charge than that for planar technologies for the same ion strike, leading to shorter SET pulse generation. These results have necessitated the evaluation of SE cross section for FF designs as a function of frequency for accurate SE predictive capability. Circuit-level simulations and heavy-ion experiments were carried out to investigate frequency dependence of SE cross section for a hardened dual-interlocked cell-based FF design with different spacing options in a 16-nm bulk FinFET technology.
Theory and Applications of Universal Phase-shifting algorithm

Phase shifting technique provides a fully automatic analysis for fringe pattern or interferogram processing. In practice, due to the imperfections of phase shifter, optical elements, experimental setup and other various reasons, typical phase-shifted interferograms generally contain nonlinear phase shifting errors, variations and fluctuations of background intensities and modulation amplitudes, optical nonlinearities between intensities and phases, and so on. These errors in practice severely violate the assumptions in the principles of the existing phase shifting algorithms. To cope with these problems in applications, this paper presents a simple, rigorous, precise yet unveiled universal phase-shifting algorithm for retrieving desired phase distributions with ultrahigh accuracies from actual interferograms. The algorithm is based on a least-squares approach and a generic governing equation for the description of practical interferograms. Computer simulation shows a perfect performance of the universal algorithm, and applications to selected experiments demonstrate its validity and practicability.
Examination of tantalum monocrystal tips by means of a field emission microscope

We examined by means of a field emission microscope the degassing process of tantalum tips and the deformation of pure tips, on the one hand under the influence of heating only, and on the other under the influence of both heating and electric field. In the former case we observed a behaviour similar to that of tungsten, in the other case a behaviour different from it. We observed also the formation of twin crystals under the influence of heat.
In Vitro and In Vivo Biologic Activities of Vibrio Fluvialis and its Toxic Products

Vibrio fluvialis sp. nov. (15) is a halophilic bacterium which was originally isolated in 1975 from a patient with diarrhea from Bahrain from whom no other bacterial enteric pathogens could be isolated (8) and was first called group F (8,11,13,14) or EF-6 (10). V. fluvialis is widely distributed in marine and estuarine environments and has been repeatedly isolated from humans exhibiting severe diarrheal disease (4,8,10,15,17,19,20). The clinical features of the disease closely resemble cholera, except that 75% of the patients examined during a V. fluvialis-associated diarrheal outbreak in Bangladesh in 1976–1977 had blood and mucus in their stools (10). Reports on the enteropathogenicity of this organism have yielded conflicting results ranging from negative reports of enterotoxin production (4, 10, 17, 20) to reports that whole cultures and sterile culture filtrates cause fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops as well as cytotoxic and cytotonic responses in tissue culture (1, 19). However, no toxin has been found to be associated with these effects. These observations prompted us to investigate the possibility that V. fluvialis produces toxin(s) which might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease attributed to this organism.
The Politics of Donations: Are Red Counties More Donative Than Blue Counties?:

This article integrates parallel literatures about the determinants of redistribution across place. Using regression-based path analysis, we explore how tax burden mediates the relationship between...
Archives of Labor: Working-Class Women and Literary Culture in the Antebellum United States, by Lori Merish: Duke UP, 2017

The notion of a classless society was, for much of the twentieth century, a defining element of American exceptionalism. A challenge to this “myth” was thus a favorite gambit for scholars embarking...
The Emerging Role of Surgery for Patients With Advanced Melanoma Treated With Immunotherapy.

Abstract Background The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has improved survival for patients with metastatic melanoma. The types of disease-response patterns to ICI therapy can be more complex relative to traditional chemotherapy and include mixed responses, pseudoprogression, and oligoprogression. The potential benefit of surgery after incomplete response to ICI therapy has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to explore outcomes of surgery after ICI therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at two centers and included patients with melanoma who underwent surgery after treatment with monotherapy or combination therapy with anti–programmed cell death protein (PD) 1 and/or anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein (CTLA)-4 checkpoint blockade. Results Of 25 patients, nine received anti–CTLA-4 therapy, eight received anti–PD-1 therapy, and eight received both anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1 therapies before surgery. Five patients were treated in the adjuvant setting and developed new lesions, whereas 20 patients were treated for metastatic disease and underwent surgery for persistent disease on imaging after ICI therapy. Twenty-five patients underwent 30 operations without complications. Twenty-seven of 30 masses were confirmed to be melanoma on pathology, one was a desmoid tumor and two were necrosis. At a median follow-up of 14.2 months, 2 patients died, 8 were alive with a known disease, and 15 continued to have no further evidence of disease. Conclusions Surgery was well tolerated in this cohort of patients receiving ICI therapy for melanoma. Surgery may benefit select patients with an oligoprogressive disease after ICI therapy. After a mixed response, surgery remains the only definitive method to render some patients free of disease.
INDICATIONS, MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME OF LONG TERM POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION IN DOGS AND CATS: 152 CASES (1991–2001)

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the indications, management and outcome of 152 cases of long-term positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Methods: Medical records of patients maintained on PPV for 24 hours or longer, from 1991 to 2001 were reviewed. All cases were categorized into 3 groups according to the reason they required PPV: animals with pulmonary parenchymal disease that were not adequately oxygenating (1), animals with neuromuscular or large airway disease that were not adequately ventilating (2), or animals with both inadequate oxygenation and ventilation (3). Results: A total of 152 ventilator episodes were identified represented by 124 dogs and 24 cats. The median duration of ventilation was 49 hours (range 24–356 hours). Overall, 41.4% of cases were weaned, and 27% of cases survived to discharge. There were 78 cases with inadequate oxygenation (Group 1), of which 37.2% were weaned and 20.5% survived to discharge. There were 62 cases with inadequate ventilation (Group 2), of which 50% were weaned and 38.7% survived to discharge. In Group 3, 10 cases were identified; 25% were weaned and 8.3% survived to discharge. Arterial blood gases were collected in 61.2% of cases prior to PPV. Venous blood gases were collected in 10.5% of cases and an SpO2 was recorded on 2% of cases. In 26.3% of cases, no blood gas or SpO2 measurements were performed prior to PPV. The mean PaCO2 prior to PPV was 46.9±15.5 mmHg in Group 1, 72.6±26.9 mmHg in Group 2, and 64.3±14.1 mmHg in Group 3. In Groups 1, 2 and 3, the mean PaO2/FIO2 ratio was 101.7±67.6, 262.6±210.9 and 115.7±75.9, respectively. Pentobarbital, with or without diazepam, was the most common induction (28.9%) and maintenance (61.8%) agent utilized. Most cases (91.4%) were initially stabilized with volume or pressure control. Of the animals weaned from PPV, synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation was used in 46% of cases and continuous positive airway pressure was used in 22.2%. Complications included pneumothorax (6.6%), oral ulceration (5.9%), and corneal ulceration (3.9%). Conclusion: Long-term PPV can be both practical and successful in veterinary medicine. Patients that require PPV due to pulmonary parenchymal disease had lower weaning and survival rates than those without.
Forecasting New Jersey's Electricity Demand Using Auto-Regressive Models

Forecasting is an important tool in planning and policy making. Electricity load forecasting is necessary for power systems planning, efficient dispatching of electricity in the grid and to forecast other macro-economic trends. This paper summarizes and presents auto-regressive techniques/processes as a practical tool in forecasting electricity demand. This paper attempts to model the long-term electricity demand for New Jersey using three different auto-regression models: ARMAX (autoregressive moving average with exogenous variables) model, Vector auto-regressions (VAR) and Bayesian VAR (BVAR). The application of VAR/BVAR to electricity demand forecasting is relatively new and untested. The forecasting performance of each model is assessed using different forecast error metrics. For the given case study, the VAR model produced the best forecast.