cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edge enhanced spatio-temporal constrained reconstruction of undersampled dynamic contrast enhanced radial MRI

There are many applications in MRI where it is desirable to have high spatial and high temporal resolution. This can be achieved by undersampling of k-space and requires special techniques for reconstruction. Even if undersampling artifacts are removed, sharpness of the edges can be a problem. We propose a new technique that uses the gradient from a reference image to improve the quality of the edges in the reconstructed image along with a spatio-temporal constraint to reduce aliasing artifacts and noise. The reference is created from undersampled dynamic data by combining several adjacent frames. The method was tested on undersampled radial DCE MRI data with little respiratory motion. The proposed method was compared to reconstruction using the spatio-temporal constrained reconstruction. Sharper edges and an increase in the contrast was observed by using the proposed method.
Tending to the Emotions of Children: Predicting Parental Performance of Emotion Work with Children

Scholars, recognizing emotion work as a type of domestic labor, have examined whether domestic labor theories explain emotion work. Few studies, however, have investigated the predictors of emotion work with children. In this study, the authors examine the usefulness of 3 domestic labor theories (i.e., time availability, relative resources, and gender ideology) in explaining relative emotion work with children. Data are from a random sample of couples with children (N = 96 couples). The results suggest that men's labor force hours are negatively related to men's relative performance of emotion work with children and positively related to women's relative performance. Further, women's traditional gender ideologies are related to increased relative emotion work performance with children for women and decreased relative performance for men. Relative income is also a significant predictor of women's performance of emotion work with children. The authors discuss the implications of the study.
Evaluation of materials for EPR power generation

Abstract The blanket materials employed for heat generation in the Argonne Experimental Power Reactor (EPR) are evaluat, ed. The EPR blanket consists of annealed Type 316 stainless steel sections cooled by pressurized water and Inconel 718 sections cooled by steam. The predicted lifetimes of the two different blanket sections is approximately 2 years of normal operation for the Inconel 718 sections and approximately 3.5 years for Type 316 stainless steel sections. The lifetime of annealed Type 316 stainless steel is limited by swelling considerations, while the lifetime of Inconel 718 is limited by ductility considerations.
Serum-stimulated changes in calcium transport and distribution in mouse 3T3 cells and their modification by dibutyryl cyclic AMP.

Serum stimulation of quiescent 3T3 cells returns the cells to a proliferative state. Changes in Ca content, transport and distribution during the transition through G1 and S phase have been investigated following serum stimulation of these cells. 45Ca exchange data indicate at least two kinetically defined cellular compartments for Ca; a rapidly exchanging component presumably representing surface Ca which is removable by EGTA and a slowly exchanging component presumably representing cytoplasmically located Ca. Previous studies (Tupper and Zorgniotti, 1977) indicate that the approach to quiescence in the 3T3 cells is characterized by a large increase in the surface Ca component. The present data demonstrate that this component is rapidly lost following serum stimulation. Furthermore, the serum induces an 8-fold increase in Ca influx into the cytoplasmic compartment and a reduction in the unidirectional efflux rate coefficient for Ca. The increased Ca uptake peaks at approximately six hours (mid G1) and is accompanied by a parallel increase in cellular Ca. Prior to entrance of the cells into S phase (10—12 hours), Ca uptake declines. This is followed by a slower decline in cytoplasmic Ca levels. Simultaneous addition of fresh serum plus 0.5 mM dibutyryl cAMP inhibits the entrance of the cells into S phase. Under these conditions the loss of surface Ca is not blocked. However, the presence of 0.5 mM dibutyryl cAMP inhibits the increase in Ca uptake and, in turn, diminishes the increase in cellular Ca following serum stimulation. In contrast, a low level of dibutyryl cAMP (0.1 mM) enhances progression through G1 phase but also reduces both Ca uptake and Ca content of the cells. The data suggest that the serum induced changes in Ca content and transport are linked to intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and progression through G1 phase and that extracellular cAMP elevating agents may enhance or inhibit these interactions in a concentration dependent manner.
Pregnancy Intendedness, Maternal Psychosocial Factors and Preterm Birth

Objectives: This study examined associations between reported pregnancy intendedness and several maternal psychosocial factors in relation to preterm birth (<37 weeks' completed gestation). Methods: Women were recruited into a prospective cohort study between the 24th and 29th weeks of pregnancy in central North Carolina from 1996 to 2000. Prior to delivery, participants responded to questions about pregnancy intendedness, life events impacts, depressive symptoms, and coping style. Results: Women who reported not intending their pregnancy had increased odds of reporting low, medium and high levels of perceived stress during pregnancy (OR = 1.4 [95% CI: 1.1, 1.9], OR = 2.2 [95% CI: 1.7, 2.8], and OR = 3.4 [95% CI: 2.6, 4.5], respectively, relative to very low), medium and high levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 2.2 [95% CI: 1.8, 2.9] and OR = 3.1 [95% CI: 2.4, 3.9], respectively), and medium and high levels of several coping styles. Reporting not intending the pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of preterm birth (Risk Ratio [RR] = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.1), but reporting the highest quartile of perceived stress (RR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.3) and the highest tertile of distancing coping style (compared with lowest quartile) was associated with preterm birth (RR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9). Interactions between pregnancy intendedness and the psychosocial variables perceived stress, depression or coping style did not modify the psychosocial variable's associations with preterm birth. Conclusions: Pregnancy intendedness remains an important concept in the reproductive health literature integrally tied to indicators of maternal mental health, but not necessarily to pregnancy outcomes.
Application of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) analysis in the numerical taxonomic determination of bacterial guild structure

Comparative numerical taxonomic analyses, using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles and phenetic characteristics, were conducted to examine bacterial guild structure in freshwater sediments. Both approaches were used to examine a subset of 60 OTUs obtained from a previously well characterized microbial community in sediments of a shallow fast flowing stream. For both classifications, greater than 80% of the OTUs were recovered in 11 and 12 major groups for FAME and phenetics approaches. However, there was not complete correspondence for the groupings of the 2 classifications, with most FAME groups being distributed among the phenetic groups and 2 phenetic groups not providing usable characteristics for FAME analysis. The results did demonstrate significant taxonomic variation in bacteria capable of occupying the same or a similar fundamental niche.
Engraftment of donor cells with germ-line integration of HHV6 mimics HHV6 reactivation following cord blood/haplo transplantation.

To the editor: Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection occurs in >95% of the population before the age of 2 years and remains latent in adults.[1][1] Although HHV-6 reactivation commonly occurs following cord-blood transplantation, the majority of cases are self-limiting. A minority who reactivate
Teacher Education as Adult Development.

V. Lois Erickson Department of Psychoeducational Studies University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota I n presenting this paper, we wish to first express our strong belief that the issues addressed, the research pursued, and the programs designed during this crucial transition phase of teacher education will critically shape the direction of schooling for children in the future. As educational psychologists who have taken a long hard look at life span developmental psychology, we have come to see the underlying issue of teacher education as one of adult development. The teacher's own development as an interpreter and constructor of classroom events has been overlooked in both educational practice and research. It is this perspective which provides the central theme of our paper. The need for a conceptual paradigm for viewing teacher education in all of its complexity is first stressed, and structural-developmental theories are then set forth as a map for human development that will help tie together the separate constructs being researched in teacher education today. We focus on Loevinger's theory of ego development as a "conceptual lens" through which teachers' conceptions of teaching and human development in relation to their actual teaching behavior can be viewed. Examples from two case studies are then discussed. Finally, we argue for instructing teachers in methods of analyzing and researching their own teaching as an important focus for inservice education.
Coffee Tourism in Chiapas: Recasting Colonial Narratives for Contemporary Markets

In contrast to specialty coffee marketing, which tends to overlook the history and political economic position of real coffee producers, coffee tourism provides producers with the opportunity to shape their own self-image in the marketplace. This article employs two coffee tourism projects in the Mexican state of Chiapas as case studies, one that is managed by a cooperative of small coffee farmer organizations and another that is situated on a plantation that is one stop on a coffee tourism route. Both projects actively work to differentiate their coffee within an increasingly competitive specialty coffee market by recasting colonial narratives. In the case of the plantation, which is recast as a family farm, the historical exploitation of laborers is framed as patronage, whereas the smallholders are represented by the cooperative as savvy businessmen who have overcome inequitable power relations through self-organization and the entry into direct markets. The comparison is used to initiate a conversation within anthropology about the understudied, yet rapidly expanding, domain of agritourism. Consequently, the article concludes with a discussion of some of the important questions the comparison raises.
Half-integral Vibrational Quantum Numbers in the Magnesium Hydride Bands

THE new quantum mechanics predicts1 that both the rotational and vibrational quantum numbers in band spectra should have half-integral values. Numerous examples of half-integral rotational quantum numbers have been reported in recent work, but as yet only one case where the evidence is in favour of half-integral vibrational quantum numbers has been recorded. Mulliken has shown2 that the magnitude of the isotope effect in the BO bands is such as to argue for the adoption of half-vibrational quantum numbers. Indeed, accurate observations of isotope effects apparently constitute the only available method for getting evidence on this point.
Male Courtship Displays, Ornaments and Female Mate Choice in Captive Red Jungle Fowl

We studied the role of male courtship behaviour in female mate choice in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), the ancestor of domestic chickens. The traits most highly correlated with behavioural displays were those most relied upon by females in making mate choice decisions. These traits (comb length, comb colour, eye colour, and spur length) are highly condition-dependent in jungle fowl. Females chose males that displayed at a greater overall intensity in the period after the female was allowed to interact with the males (post-release), but were indifferent to displays during the period before the female could approach the roosters (pre-release). After accounting for the effect of morphology on mate choice, waltzes were the only display that explained a significant amount of variation in male mating success. Chosen and rejected males had different display rates even when the female was not present. Plasma testosterone level was correlated with pre-release behaviours, but not with post-release behaviours or mating success.
Expression of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase isozymes in lymphohemopoietic precursor cells and normal and neoplastic lymphoid populations

Abstract Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) isozyme profiles were analyzed in rat lymphoid cell populations at differing developmental stages. Day 12 fetal liver and Day 16 fetal thymocytes, both of which are composed of large, basophilic precursor cells, had a single ADA isozyme whereas newborn thymocytes, young adult thymocytes, and all peripheral lymphocytes contained a primary and two secondary ADA isozymes. In contrast, PNP isozyme profiles were virtually identical in all tissues examined, one primary and one secondary isozyme band. A 5-day organ culture of Day 16 fetal thymus resulted in the expression of the primary and two secondary ADA isozyme bands; this finding indicates that secondary ADA isozyme expression during thymocyte development occurs in the differentiated progeny of Day 16 fetal thymocytes which originally expressed only the primary ADA isozyme band. Thus, T-lymphocyte differentiation in the rat is accompanied by the appearance of secondary ADA isozymes whereas PNP isozymes remain essentially unchanged. Gross virus-induced thymic lymphomas such as fetal liver and fetal thymus expressed only the primary isozyme band. Moreover, the thymic lymphomas and Day 16 fetal thymocytes both displayed identical, unique cell-surface antigenic phenotypes. These results support a thymocyte precursor origin for Gross virus-induced thymic lymphomas in the rat.
Self-Regulation of Adrenocorticotropin Secretion by Mouse Pituitary Tumor Cells in Culture*

A clonal strain of mouse pituitary tumor cells, AtT20/D16, has synthesized and secreted ACTH during 15 years in continuous culture. When cultures were studied over a period of about 1 month, ACTH accumulation/ml culture medium/24 h reached a plateau during the late exponential phase of cell growth so that ACTH production per cell declined as the cultures approached the stationary phase of growth. The time-course of ACTH accumulation in medium was rapid. (50% of maximum ACTH concentration was attained within 10 min) and reached a hormone concentration within 30 min which changed little during the ensuing 24 h of incubation. Three sequential medium changes at 15-min intervals resulted in a 3-fold enhancement of ACTH accumulation over that seen in cultures in which the medium was removed and simply returned to the same dishes three successive times. ACTH accumulation per cell increased as the volume of incubation medium was increased. Porcine ACTH added to cultures inhibited enodgenous ACTH secretion at 30 a...
Rabbit liver membrane phosphoprotein phosphatase.

An investigation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity in rabbit liver membrane using 32P-labeled histone and phosphorylase as substrates has shown that the activity is inhibited by preincubation in a phosphorylating system containing ATP or GTP as well as in the presence of physiological concentrations of inorganic phosphate. Kinetics of inhibition by both ATP and inorganic phosphate are noncompetitive. Phosphatase activity has a broad pH optimum of 7.5–9.0 and is not stimulated by Mg2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+.
Technological Aspects of Knowledge Systems

The objective of this mini-track is to develop the architecture of knowledge management systems to support organizations facing changing environments.
Mössbauer studies of cobaltous oxide at high temperatures: Evidence for relaxation valence averaging and phase transitions about iron impurities☆

Abstract We have carried out studies on 57 Co doped cobaltous oxide in the temperature interval from 1150°C to room temperature. While we see two distinct Mossbauer lines for 57 Fe in cobaltous oxide at low temperature ( T curve. In the region where the Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ components are distinct we find that the intensity of each component depends in a striking way on the oxygen partial pressure with indications that there may be another phase change occurring around 300°C. Diffusion broadening of the Mossbauer line at the very highest temperature of our experiment is indicated.
Transcutaneous Noninvasive Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Tension

We evaluated the accuracy of a new device for continuous noninvasive measurement of cutaneous Pco 2 . The Hewlett-Packard capnometer (model 47210/HA) works by means of an infrared transducer applied to the forearm over an area of skin that has been stripped of the stratum corneum. Capnometer transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (CPco 2 ) was compared with arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO 2 ) during 60 simultaneously obtained measurements in 13 hemodynamically stable patients. Each patient was studied for 1½ to 5 hours, and a wide range of PaCO 2 values (21 to 82 mm Hg) was represented. The data show a clinically significant relationship whereby PaCO 2 = CPco 2 – 4.13, with a SE of ± 2.19 mm Hg. Clinical usefulness of noninvasive cutaneous CO 2 monitoring can be foreseen in patients whose ventilatory support is being tapered, in those with respiratory depression caused by various neuromuscular disorders, and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure. Our results indicate that continuous transcutaneous CPco 2 measurements are safe and accurate and strongly suggest that they can be of clinical usefulness in a select group of hemodynamically stable patients.
Aconitase regulation of erythropoiesis correlates with a novel licensing function in erythropoietin-induced ERK signaling.

Background Erythroid development requires the action of erythropoietin (EPO) on committed progenitors to match red cell output to demand. In this process, iron acts as a critical cofactor, with iron deficiency blunting EPO-responsiveness of erythroid progenitors. Aconitase enzymes have recently been identified as possible signal integration elements that couple erythropoiesis with iron availability. In the current study, a regulatory role for aconitase during erythropoiesis was ascertained using a direct inhibitory strategy. Methodology/Principal Findings In C57BL/6 mice, infusion of an aconitase active-site inhibitor caused a hypoplastic anemia and suppressed responsiveness to hemolytic challenge. In a murine model of polycythemia vera, aconitase inhibition rapidly normalized red cell counts, but did not perturb other lineages. In primary erythroid progenitor cultures, aconitase inhibition impaired proliferation and maturation but had no effect on viability or ATP levels. This inhibition correlated with a blockade in EPO signal transmission specifically via ERK, with preservation of JAK2-STAT5 and Akt activation. Correspondingly, a physical interaction between ERK and mitochondrial aconitase was identified and found to be sensitive to aconitase inhibition. Conclusions/Significance Direct aconitase inhibition interferes with erythropoiesis in vivo and in vitro, confirming a lineage-selective regulatory role involving its enzymatic activity. This inhibition spares metabolic function but impedes EPO-induced ERK signaling and disturbs a newly identified ERK-aconitase physical interaction. We propose a model in which aconitase functions as a licensing factor in ERK-dependent proliferation and differentiation, thereby providing a regulatory input for iron in EPO-dependent erythropoiesis. Directly targeting aconitase may provide an alternative to phlebotomy in the treatment of polycythemia vera.
Substance P immunoreactive astrocytes are present in multiple sclerosis plaques.

Substance P (SP)-like immunoreactive cells were identified in postmortem white matter tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Labelled cells, which by morphologic criteria could be identified as astrocytes, were located at the edge of both active (e.g. inflammatory) and inactive (e.g. non-inflammatory) MS lesions. By contrast, SP-immunoreactive astrocytes were not found in normal controls and were only occasionally present in other conditions associated with astrogliosis. These data suggest that SP, a potent mediator of vasodilatation and local immune responses, may play a role in the genesis of the MS plaque. These results also extend the repertoire of potential interactions which may occur between astrocytes and cells of the immune system.
Intracellular processing of metalloprotease disintegrin ADAM12.

ADAM12 has been implicated in cell-cell interactions in myogenesis and cancer, but the structure of the mature form of ADAM12 is not known, and its localization on the cell surface has been questioned. In this report, we show that full-length ADAM12 isN-glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and proteolytically processed in the trans-Golgi network to an ∼90-kDa form. The ∼90-kDa form, which lacks the prodomain, was the predominant form present at the cell surface. Replacement of Leu73 in the putative α-helical region in the prodomain with proline resulted in retention of ADAM12 in the ER and a complete lack of its processing. However, deletion of the entire pro- and metalloprotease domains did not affect the processing and trafficking of ADAM12. In contrast, replacement of the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12 with that of ADAM9 or adding a c-Myc tag at the C terminus led to a significant increase in transport of the protein to the cell surface. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12 plays an important role in regulating ADAM12 exit from the ER. We conclude that properly folded mouse ADAM12, after passing a rate-limiting step of exit from the ER, is processed in the secretory pathway and reaches the cell surface, where it can mediate adhesion-mediated signaling.
High light extraction efficiency light-emitting diodes grown on bulk GaN and sapphire substrates using vertical transparent package

High light extraction efficiency (LEE) of 75.86% and 77% for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on free-standing GaN and patterned sapphire substrates, respectively, are demonstrated using novel vertical transparent LED (VT-LED) package. Compared to conventional silver header package with consistent external quantum efficiency (EQE) and LEE, enhancement of ∼14% and ∼12% for GaN and sapphire chips, respectively, are also demonstrated up to 100 A/cm2 under DC operations without any current crowding issues. Also, using high refractive index materials (n∼2.1) between LED and ZnO stand, LEE of 81% and 82% for blue and green GaN chips can be achieved.
Lack of herpes virus DNA in choroidal tissues of a patient with serpiginous choroiditis

Abstract Objective To investigate the role of herpes viruses in the etiology of serpiginous choroiditis. Design Interventional case report. Participant A 59-year-old male patient with long-term history of serpiginous choroiditis. Intervention The patient's affected eye was obtained during autopsy. Polymerase chain reaction was performed in the microdissected choroidal tissues. Results Histopathologic examination demonstrated active inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration of the choroid. No viral DNA was amplified using pairs of herpes simplex virus (HSV) P1/P2 (for HSV-1, HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], cytomegalovirus [CMV] and human herpes virus [HHV]-8), and varicella–zoster virus [VZV] P1/P2 (for VZV, HHV-6, HHV-7) in the infiltrating lymphocytes or choroidal tissues. Conclusions The current observation suggests a lack of a role for herpetic viral etiology in the etiopathogenesis of serpiginous choroiditis.
Colonic Ischemic Necrosis Following Therapeutic Embolization

Transcatheter embolization of the middle colic artery for diverticular bleeding was followed by ischemic necrosis in the transverse colon at the site of previous anastomosis and stricture formation. This is a potential complication of intra-arterial embolization for colonic bleeding.
Dependence of Heat Transfer in a Circular Tube with Prescribed Wall Flux on Peclet Number and on Heating Length

Solutions for the arithmetic average of the temperatures over the cross-section of a circular tube at each axial position are presented for elliptic heat transfer problems with a Neumann wall boundary condition and a finite heating section. Using the Green's function method, solutions in the form of simple expressions are derived. Although these solutions are only approximations to the available exact solutions, they do not require the solution of an eigenvalue problem and are reasonably accurate under conditions for which the temperature field is approximately radially uniform. This new approach and the straightforward way of determining how the average temperature field depends on the Peclet number and on the length of the heating section allow for computation of temperature fields for lower values of the Peclet number and for higher values of heating length than have been reported using analytical solutions. Peclet number bounds are also given for the importance of axial conduction.
Thoracic radiation therapy in limited stage small-cell lung cancer: timing is everything...isn't it?

Over the last 20 years, there have been three significant advances in the treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. These are the inclusion of thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) to decrease local recurrences, 1 the routine use of prophylactic cranial radiation (PCI) in complete responders to minimize CNS metastases, 2 and the use of twice-daily TRT 3 to improve survival. Each of these changes in therapy is associated with a small improvement in survival, and there are unresolved controversies associated with all three. Twice-daily TRT has never caught on, perhaps because of the inconvenience to patients and facilities or because of the high incidence of esophagitis, which, although largely reversible, is distinctly more severe than the usual adverse effects associated with standard TRT. PCI may cause late neuropsychological adverse effects, the prospect of which frightens some patients and physicians. The use of TRT is generally accepted without debate, but the issue of its timing, early or late, remains disputed, perhaps because there is so little progress on other fronts that there is little else to discuss. In this issue, Spiro et al 4 of the London Lung Cancer Group have attempted to replicate the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) study that found a significant advantage with early TRT (administered with cycle 2 of chemotherapy) compared with late TRT (administered with cycle 6). 4,5 The entry criteria for both of these trials were similar, and the staging in both series did not routinely include computed tomography scans of the thorax and brain. In fact, less than 50% of patients in the London study had brain scans at any time. In addition, Spiro et al 4 did not routinely perform the pulmonary function tests and bone marrow sampling required by the NCIC. Patients in both studies had to be younger than 75 years of age and could have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of up to 3. The chemotherapy was the same in the NCIC and London studies, with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine every 3 weeks alternating with etoposide and cisplatin (EP), for a total of six cycles. TRT was administered with the first EP cycle in one arm and with the third EP cycle (cycle 6) in the second arm. TRT consisted of 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks using cobalt or a linear accelerator. PCI, at a dose of 25 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks, was administered to responding patients after the completion of TRT and chemotherapy. The two groups were balanced according to baseline characteristics. Unlike the NCIC study, the study by Spiro et al 4 showed no
Validity of the Spanish Preschool Language Scale-3 for Use With Bilingual Children

This study evaluated the validity of the Spanish edition of the Preschool Language Scale-3 (I. L. Zimmerman, V. G. Steiner, & R. E. Pond, 1993). As a preliminary step, the authors reviewed the test...
Lyapunov-based semistability analysis for discrete-time switched network systems

In this paper, we address semistability analysis of a class of distributed iterative algorithms for discrete-time switched network systems. Semistability is the property whereby every solution that starts in a neighborhood of a Lyapunov stable equilibrium converges to a (possibly different) Lyapunov stable equilibrium. To this end, we use a Lyapunov-based approach to develop a series of sufficient conditions for semistability of discrete-time switched systems. This technique gives us a new perspective to design distributed numerical iterative algorithms for network systems from a dynamical systems viewpoint. Despite the fact that distributed iterative algorithms in general are not dynamical systems, the methods we used for proving convergence of dynamical systems are somehow valid for a large class of distributed iterative algorithms in network systems. The motivation of this paper exactly follows from this general observation. Part of the effort by this paper can be viewed as an attempt to analyze distributed numerical algorithms for network systems from a control perspective.
The alternative carboxyl termini of avian cardiac and brain sarcoplasmic reticulum/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases are on opposite sides of the membrane.

The sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum slow-twitch or cardiac Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2) is expressed as two forms (SERCA2a and SERCA2b) which vary at their extreme carboxyl termini. SERCA2a and SERCA2b are derived from alternatively spliced primary transcripts of the same gene. These two alternative carboxyl termini are highly conserved in mammals (Eggermont, J. A., Wuytack, F., De Jaegere, S., Nelles, L., and Casteels, R. (1989) Biochem. J. 260, 757-761; Lytton, J., and MacLennan, D. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15024-15031) and birds (Campbell, A. M., Kessler, P. D., Sagara, Y., Inesi, G., and Fambrough, D. M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 16050-16055). The topology of SERCA2a is believed to be identical to the fast-twitch Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA1) with 10 membrane-spanning domains. Based on hydropathy analysis, the extended carboxyl terminus of SERCA2b is predicted to span the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane an additional (i.e. 11th) time. We have added the human c-myc epitope, a 10-amino acid sequence recognized by monoclonal antibody 9E10, onto the carboxyl termini of SERCA2a and SERCA2b to test whether or not their carboxyl termini are on the same side of the ER membrane. The added epitopes do not appear to disrupt topology as judged from unaltered Ca2+ transport. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrate that SERCA2a and SERCA2b have their carboxyl termini on opposite sides of the ER membrane; SERCA2a's is in the cytosol and SERCA2b's is in the ER lumen.
An Intersectional Approach to Understanding Stigma Associated with Male Sexual Assault Victimization

Throughout popular media, there are stories about people being victimized because they are seen as different from the majority of people in society. Although there is a stigma aspect to these stories, the role that stigma plays in victimization is never truly examined. This paper uses an intersectional framework to discuss the role stigma plays in victimization. Through the discussion of male sexual assault victims, this paper sheds light on the varying construction of masculinity and how this meshes with the stigma process creating varying experiences for male victims. Issues associated with being a male victim of sexual assault are discussed, including a comparison with female victims and a discussion of how the construction of masculinity varies in different communities to illustrate how the experiences of male victims changes depending on their race, class, and sexuality. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how a better understanding of male sexual assault victims could provide needed assistance for them.
Asymmetric fabry-perot modulators with millimeter-wave (37 GHz) frequency response

Summary form only given. AFPMs (asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulators) with good DC operating characteristics (20 dB contrast, 1.5 dB insertion loss) which also are capable of operating in the mm-wave regime have been designed and fabricated. Measurements are presented attesting that these AFPMs roll off at 37 GHz, a speed far higher than that of any other transverse modulators to date and competitive with even the fastest traveling-wave modulators. The calibrated response shows the expected 3-dB bandwidth of 37 GHz for equivalent CW (continuous wave) incident optical powers less than about 100 mu W, and a transit-limited 18 GHz for higher optical intensities. These high-speed AFPMs should open possibilities of smart interconnection and switching systems with extremely high aggregate bit rates. >
Electronic Transition-Related Optical Absorption in Vanadia Films

Vanadium pentoxide (vanadia) is a wide band gap semiconductor. Its layered orthorhombic structure consists of alternating sublayers of V+O atoms and O atoms (vanadyl O) alone aligned perpendicular to the b-axis. This unique structure makes vanadia a useful host for alkali atom intercalation for electrochromic applications, and therefore, an understanding of its optical properties is important. Here, we study the optical absorption characteristics of vanadia in the incident photon energy range E=2.5-6.0 eV (7n=490-200 nm). The material is in the form of 0.1μm thick films sputter deposited in Ne/O2 discharges. Two types of films were studied: single-oriented films with the b-axis perpendicular to the substrate, and amorphous films with an oxygen deficiency. The optical absorption coefficient, α(E), was determined and interpreted in terms of the structure of the V 3d conduction band. Amorphous, O-deficient vanadia were examined for room temperature aging and were found to oxidize and increase in transmittance in the photon energy range studied.
Estimation of Total Usual Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes in the United States

Our objective in this study was to estimate calcium intakes from food, water, dietary supplements, and antacids for U.S. citizens aged >or=1 y using NHANES 2003-2006 data and the Dietary Reference Intake panel age groupings. Similar estimates were calculated for vitamin D intake from food and dietary supplements using NHANES 2005-2006. Diet was assessed with 2 24-h recalls; dietary supplement and antacid use were determined by questionnaire. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual nutrient intake from dietary sources. The mean daily nutrient intake from supplemental sources was added to the adjusted dietary intake estimates to produce total usual nutrient intakes for calcium and vitamin D. A total of 53% of the U.S. population reported using any dietary supplement (2003-2006), 43% used calcium (2003-2006), and 37% used vitamin D (2005-2006). For users, dietary supplements provided the adequate intake (AI) recommendation for calcium intake for approximately 12% of those >or=71 y. Males and females aged 1-3 y had the highest prevalence of meeting the AI from dietary and total calcium intakes. For total vitamin D intake, males and females >or=71, and females 14-18 y had the lowest prevalence of meeting the AI. Dietary supplement use is associated with higher prevalence of groups meeting the AI for calcium and vitamin D. Monitoring usual total nutrient intake is necessary to adequately characterize and evaluate the population's nutritional status and adherence to recommendations for nutrient intake.
Georgia’s Commute Atlanta Value Pricing Program: Recruitment Methods and Travel Diary Response Rates

The Commute Atlanta program is an instrumented vehicle research program funded by the FHWA Value Pricing Program and the Georgia Department of Transportation. A major objective for the multiyear program is to assess the effects of converting fixed automotive costs into variable driving costs. The main research hypothesis is that given a per mile pricing system, participants will modify their driving patterns in an effort to reduce their total costs, pocketing the savings. The Commute Atlanta project includes the parallel collection of instrumented vehicle data, household sociodemographic surveys, 2-day travel diaries, and employer commute options surveys. The research team will monitor the changes in driving patterns and will use statistical analyses of household characteristics, vehicle travel, and relevant employer survey data to examine the relationships between the incentives offered and subsequent travel behavior changes. This paper focuses on the recruitment methods and travel diary response rates for the 2-day diary surveys conducted in February and March 2004. As in other instrumented vehicle studies, researchers collected data that allow the comparison of reported diary travel with monitored vehicle travel. However, this paper focuses on a new type of comparison. Because the households had been recruited into the study 8 months before the diary study and their vehicles were transmitting activity data, the research team could examine whether there were differences in household vehicle activity between that 77% of households that completed the diary data collection and the 23% that did not. The differences were significant at both the high and low ends of the travel-reporting spectrum and may have some major implications for evolving household travel survey methods.
Endoscopic molecular imaging of human bladder cancer using a CD47 antibody.

A combination of optical imaging technologies with cancer-specific molecular imaging agents is a potentially powerful strategy to improve cancer detection and enable image-guided surgery. Bladder cancer is primarily managed endoscopically by white light cystoscopy with suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. Emerging optical imaging technologies hold great potential for improved diagnostic accuracy but lack imaging agents for molecular specificity. Using fluorescently labeled CD47 antibody (anti-CD47) as molecular imaging agent, we demonstrated consistent identification of bladder cancer with clinical grade fluorescence imaging systems, confocal endomicroscopy, and blue light cystoscopy in fresh surgically removed human bladders. With blue light cystoscopy, the sensitivity and specificity for CD47-targeted imaging were 82.9 and 90.5%, respectively. We detected variants of bladder cancers, which are diagnostic challenges, including carcinoma in situ, residual carcinoma in tumor resection bed, recurrent carcinoma following prior intravesical immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and excluded cancer from benign but suspicious-appearing mucosa. CD47-targeted molecular imaging could improve diagnosis and resection thoroughness for bladder cancer.
Severity of Disability and Income as Predictors of Parents' Satisfaction with Their Family Quality of Life During Early Childhood Years.

The field of early intervention has recognized a growing need to study contributingfactors offamily outcomes such as family quality of life (FQOL). This study of 130 fathers and 234 mothers of families in early childhood programs explores the associations between family income and severity of disability, and fathers' and mothers' satisfaction with their FQOL. The results reveal that severity of disability is a significant predictor of fathers' and mothers' satisfaction ratings of FQOL; that family income is a significant predictor of mothers' satisfaction ratings of their FQOL, but not of fathers; and that there is no interaction effect of family income and severity of disability with respect to fathers' and mothers' satisfaction ratings of FQOL. DESCRIPTORS: parents' satisfaction, family quality of life, income, predictors, early childhood
Supervised Parametric Classification of Aerial LiDAR Data

In this work, we classify 3D aerial LiDAR height data into roads, grass, buildings, and trees using a supervised parametric classification algorithm. Since the terrain is highly undulating, we subtract the terrain elevations using digital elevation models (DEMs, easily available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)) to obtain the height of objects from a flat level. In addition to this height information, we use height texture (variation in height), intensity (amplitude of lidar response), and multiple (two) returns from lidar to classify the data. Furthermore, we have used luminance (measured in the visible spectrum) from aerial imagery as the fifth feature for classification. We have used mixture of Gaussian models for modeling the training data. Model parameters and the posterior probabilities are estimated using Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. We have experimented with different number of components per model and found that four components per model yield satisfactory results. We have tested the results using leave-one-out as well as random \frac{n}{2} test. Classification results are in the range of 66%-84% depending upon the combination of features used that compares very favorably with. train-all-test-all results of 85%. Further improvement is achieved using spatial coherence.
Placing exurban land-use change in a human modification framework

Emerging research on human-modified ecosystems can better inform land-use planning by integrating information from ecological and social science. In particular, low-density land use beyond the urban fringe (exurban) has been poorly defined and under-studied. Here I develop the human modification framework that characterizes landscapes by the degree to which natural processes are free or controlled and landscape patterns are natural or artificial. Ecologists are encouraged to explicitly place their researchwithin such a framework using quantitative metrics. As society's concern over ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity grows, ecologists must recognize that research on human-modified landscapes, particularly beyond the urban fringe, is not just an unexploited opportunity, but is critical to protecting biodiversity on private land.
ALES: a framework for land evaluation using a microcomputer

. ALES, the Automated Land Evaluation System, is a microcomputer program that allows land evaluators to build their own knowledge-based systems with which they can compute the physical and economic suitability of land map units, in accordance with the FAO's Framework for Land Evaluation. The economic suitability of a land mapping unit for a land utilization type is determined from the predicted annual gross margin per unit area. Increasing limitations result in increased costs of production, decreased yields, or both. Evaluators build decision trees to express inferences from land characteristics to land qualities, from land qualities to predicted yields, and from land qualities to overall physical suitability. A representative model is described.
Optimal initial value compensation for fast settling times in mode-switching control systems

This paper presents an approach to state initialization of heterogeneous mode-switching controllers. It is shown how the controller initialization that achieves the minimal settling time for the closed-loop system can be computed via convex optimization. Algorithms are given that minimize the worst-case settling time for all initial values in a polytope or an ellipsoid. The approach can also account for state and control constraints. Special attention is given to systems with bias disturbance and it is shown how the worst-case settling time can be minimized also when the exact value of the bias is not known. Finally, we show how the settling times can be improved further by adding an impulsive control at the switching instant. The impulsive control can be optimized jointly with the initial value compensator to achieve a minimal settling time.
Indications for Invasive Conventional Mechanical Ventilation

The spectrum and severity of respiratory illness in the newly born has been changing over the past three decades with the introduction of antenatal steroids, improved management of the fetus during preterm labor and birth, and postnatal exogenous surfactant administration. Early pulmonary parenchymal failure requiring invasive ventilation occurs less frequently. Moderately preterm infants who received invasive mechanical ventilation in the past can often be managed nowadays with noninvasive respiratory support. There is, however, a “new generation” of surviving extremely small infants who depend on early initiation of invasive ventilation and who stay on the ventilator for extended periods of time with substantial risks for ventilator-induced lung injury. Such infants often require invasive ventilation for reasons other than surfactant deficiency. These comprise, among others, respiratory pump failure and intermittent failure of the immature respiratory rhythm generator and control of breathing. Diverse invasive mechanical ventilation strategies and modalities have been developed to better address these problems; however, evidence of their effectiveness is still scarce. Therefore, the clinician’s expertise in some of the basic invasive ventilation techniques and devices probably remains the key determinant of a successful application.
Angiographic Cystoid Macular Edema and Outcomes in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials.

Purpose To describe morphologic and visual outcomes in eyes with angiographic cystoid macular edema (CME) treated with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Design Prospective cohort study within a randomized clinical trial. Participants A total of 1185 CATT study subjects. Methods Baseline fluorescein angiography (FA) images of all CATT study eyes were evaluated for CME. Grading of other characteristics on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photographic images at baseline and during 2-year follow-up was completed by readers at the CATT Reading Centers. Three groups were created on the basis of baseline CME and intraretinal fluid (IRF) status: (1) CME, (2) IRF without CME, (3) neither CME nor IRF. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity (VA) and total central retinal thickness (CRT) on OCT at baseline, year 1, and year 2. Results Among 1131 participants with images of sufficient quality for determining CME and IRF at baseline, 92 (8.1%) had CME, 766 (67.7%) had IRF without CME, and 273 (24.1%) had neither. At baseline, eyes with CME had worse mean VA (letters) than eyes with IRF without CME and eyes with neither CME nor IRF (52 vs. 60 vs. 66 letters, P P P Conclusions In CATT, eyes with CME had worse baseline and follow-up VA, although all groups showed similar rates of improvement in VA during 2 years of follow-up. Cystoid macular edema seems to be a marker for poorer visual outcomes in nAMD because of underlying baseline retinal dysfunction and subsequent scarring.
The Refugee/Asylum Seeker

Abstract This chapter discusses the research in economics on refugees and asylum seekers. Section 1 describes the trends in asylum seeking by source and host country. Section 2 presents a conceptual framework on why refugees might differ from other types of immigrants, and provides a new analysis comparing refugees to other immigrants in the United States using a sample of immigrants recently granted legal permanent residency. Section 3 describes a conceptual framework on why investments in host-country-specific human capital might differ between refugees and other immigrants, and presents a new analysis of refugee economic integration in the United States using synthetic panel data. Section 4 synthesizes the literature on the impact of refugees on sending and receiving communities. Section 5 discusses some political economy issues surrounding refugees, and their implications for modeling host nations’ asylum policy choices. The chapter closes in Section 6 with suggestions for further research.