cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child Care and Child Health: Use of Population Surveys

While the health of children in the US has been a long-standing issue, concern has heightened as children are increasingly found in some type of child-care arrangement. Trends in a number of social forces in the US have resulted in more children spending greater amounts of time in the care of someone other than their parents. As children move out of the home into group-care settings such as day-care centers on preschools, they are in contact with many more children and the possibility of exposure to a variety of infectious diseases. Several studies have examined childhood disease within the context of center-based care.1-3 However, most preschool children are not in center-based care.4 A more general study of the health of children in child care requires an approach that provides data on children in a variety of child-care arrangements and covers a broader age range than that found in most day-care centers. This paper argues that the population-based sample-survey approach to the study of the health of children in child care provides the necessary breadth. However, there is a clear need for improving measurement of critical variables. SOCIAL TRENDS While researchers increasingly have become concerned with the child-care arrangements of children of nonemployed women, it is the revolution in women9s labor-force participation that has driven the increase in use of child care in the last two decades. Among children under 6 years of age, the percentage with mothers in the labor force has increased from 29% in 1970 to 53% in 1990.5,6
The taxonomic distribution of invasive angiosperm plants: Ecological insights and comparison to agricultural weeds

Abstract Global data sets of serious agricultural weeds (1348 species), widespread agricultural weeds (1041 species), and threatening natural area invaders (381 species) were assembled, and taxonomic patterns among these data sets were compared to gain insights into how these groups differ ecologically. Angiosperm taxonomic groups (families, orders and subclasses) were tested for over- and under-representation using resampling tests, and ecological characteristics of plant families were correlated with the prominence of each family in the data sets. As predicted by Baker's previously proposed attributes of ‘ideal’ weeds, many over-represented families among agricultural weeds contained primarily herbaceous, rapidly reproducing, abiotically dispersed species. The natural area invaders, in contrast, were represented by a more ecologically diverse range of families and were over-represented by more largely woody families. Families with at least some abiotically pollinated species averaged significantly higher proportions of natural area invaders (p = 0·001) and agricultural weeds (p
Signal Transduction Molecules as Targets for Cancer Prevention

Environmental and life-style aspects are major contributors to human carcinogenesis and, therefore, many human cancers may be preventable. Cancer is the end result of defects in cellular signaling processes that play a key role in the control of cell growth, survival, division, and differentiation. Therefore, identifying molecular and cellular targets critical in cancer development and prevention is an area of intensive research, driving the development of highly specific small-molecule inhibitors. A major idea today is that cancer may be prevented or treated by targeting the products of specific cancer-related genes, frequently encoding signaling proteins or transcription factors. Participants in these joint conferences discussed their latest findings in the identification of promising molecular targets and the development of agents directed against these targets with the goal of effectively transitioning these into the clinical setting.
Catecholamines can induce adenosine receptor-mediated protection of the myocardium but do not participate in ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit.

The role of catecholamines in ischemic preconditioning is unclear. Accordingly, the effects of tyramine-induced norepinephrine release and alpha 1-receptor blockade were examined. Ischemic preconditioning with a 5-minute coronary occlusion 10 minutes before a 30-minute ischemic interval resulted in only 7.7 +/- 3.1% infarction of the risk area, significantly less than that in control rabbits with isolated 30-minute coronary occlusions (34.4 +/- 3.2%, P < .01). Intravenous infusion of tyramine 10 minutes before 30 minutes of ischemia also protected the heart from infarction to an extent similar to that seen with ischemic preconditioning (6.9 +/- 2.4% infarction). This protection observed with tyramine infusion was eliminated by alpha 1-receptor blockade with BE 2254 (36.8 +/- 2.6% infarction) but was unaffected by beta-blockade with propranolol (10.5 +/- 2.4% infarction). Furthermore, the protection was unaffected when the tyramine-induced hypertension was attenuated by allowing blood to flow into a volume reservoir (3.9 +/- 0.8% infarction, P < .01 vs control value). The nonselective adenosine-receptor blocker PD 115,199 also eliminated tyramine-induced protection (40.2 +/- 5.6% infarction), indicating that adenosine is involved in adrenergic-mediated protection. BE 2254 could not block ischemic preconditioning (3.9 +/- 1.1% infarction, P < .01 vs control value). Therefore, catecholamine release before prolonged ischemia can protect the heart from infarction via the alpha 1-receptor, but adenosine receptor stimulation is also involved. alpha-Adrenergic stimulation does not appear to be critical to the protection observed after ischemic preconditioning.
Safety and efficacy of an insulin infusion protocol designed for the non-intensive care setting.

Objective: To determine whether glycemic control can be safely achieved with use of a simplified insulin infusion protocol in hospitalized patients who are not in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: We developed a novel intravenous insulin protocol specifically designed for use in the non-ICU setting. We then collected clinical data on the first 30 patients treated with use of this protocol. Our study focused on safety and glycemic control. Results: The insulin infusion protocol was used in 30 patients for a total of 634 hours. A single hypoglycemic episode (glucose level <60 mg/dL) occurred in 3 patients. The target mean glucose level of <150 mg/dL was achieved in 9 hours. Once the glucose target had been achieved, the mean and median glucose concentrations were 156 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: Use of a simple intravenous insulin protocol can safely and effectively control the blood glucose level in patients in a non-ICU setting. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:682-688)
CaDAnCE: A Criticality-Aware Deployment and Configuration Engine

Predictable deployment and configuration (D&C) of components in response to dynamic environmental changes or system mode changes is essential for ensuring open distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) system real-time QoS. This paper provides three contributions to research on the predictability of D&C for component-based open DRE systems. First, we describe how the dependency relationships among different components and their criticality levels can cause deployment order inversion of tasks, which impedes deployment predictability. Second, we describe how to minimize D&C latency of mission-critical tasks with a multi-graph dependency tracing and graph recomposition algorithm called CaDAnCE. Third, we empirically evaluate the effectiveness of CaDAnCE on a representative open DRE system case study based on NASA Earth Science Enterprise's Magnetospheric Multi-Scale (MMS) mission system. Our results show that CaDAnCE avoids deployment order inversion while incurring negligible (<1%) performance overhead, thereby significantly improving D&C predictability.
Low temperature heat capacity of scandium and alloys of scandium

The heat capacity of three electrotransport purified scandium samples has been measured from 1 to 20/sup 0/K. The resultant electronic specific heat constant and Debye temperature are 10.337 +- 0.015 mJ/gm-atom K/sup 2/ and 346.7 +- 0.8/sup 0/K respectively, and these values are believed to be truly representative of intrinsic scandium. Alloying studies have also been carried out to investigate the band structure of scandium based on the rigid band model, with zirconium to raise the electron concentration and magnesium to lower it. The results are then compared to the theoretical band structure calculations. Low temperature heat capacity measurements have also been made on some dilute Sc-Fe alloys. An anomaly is observed in the C/T vs. T/sup 2/ plot, but the C vs. T curve shows no evidence of magnetic ordering down to 1/sup 0/K, and electrical resistance measurement from 4 to 0.3/sup 0/K also indicates that no magnetic ordering took place.
Cisplatin neuropathy. Risk factors, prognosis, and protection by WR‐2721

A prospective study of patients receiving cis-diaminedichloroplatin II (DDP) was carried out to determine if risk factors could be identified related to the patient's living habits or past medical history that would predict in which patients DDP neuropathy might develop. Sixty-nine patients receiving six different combinations of chemotherapeutic agents, including DDP were examined. Twenty-eight of these patients received DDP in combination with the radioprotective agent S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphosporothioic acid (WR 2721). No risk factors were identified relating to personal habits or past medical history of the patients. However, patients receiving DDP (40 mg/m2) on 5 consecutive days had a significantly higher incidence of neuropathy. Patients receiving DDP in combination with WR 2721 had a significantly lower incidence of neuropathy, and the mean dose at onset was significantly higher than the mean dose at onset of neuropathy for all other groups. In addition, five of six patients who were available for long-term follow-up demonstrated nearly complete reversal of the signs and symptoms of neuropathy.
Structural Evaluation of WIPP Disposal Room Raised to Clay Seam G

An error was discovered in the ALGEBBRA script used to calculate the disturbed rock zone around the disposal room and the shear failure zone in the anhydrite layers in the original version. To correct the error, a memorandum of correction was submitted according to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Quality Assurance program. The recommended course of action was to correct the error, to repeat the post-process, and to rewrite Section 7.4, 7.5, 8, and Appendix B in the original report. The sections and appendix revised by the post-process using the corrected ALGEBRA scripts are provided in this revision. The original report summarizes a series of structural calculations that examine effects of raising the WIPP repository horizon from the original design level upward 2.43 meters. Calculations were then repeated for grid changes appropriate for the new horizon raised to Clay Seam G. Results are presented in three main areas: (1) Disposal room porosity, (2) Disturbed rock zone characteristics, and (3) Anhydrite marker bed failure. No change to the porosity surface for the compliance re-certification application is necessary to account for raising the repository horizon, because the new porosity surface is essentially identical. The disturbed rock zone evolution and devolution aremore » charted in terms of a stress invariant criterion over the regulatory period. This model shows that the propagation of the DRZ into the surrounding rock salt does not penetrate through MB 139 in the case of both the original horizon and the raised room. Damaged salt would be expected to heal in nominally 150 years. The shear failure does not occur in either the upper or lower anhydrite layers at the moment of excavation, but appears above and below the middle of the pillar one day after the excavation. The damaged anhydrite is not expected to heal as the salt in the DRZ is expected to.« less
Isolation of uvh1, an Arabidopsis mutant hypersensitive to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation

A genetic screen for mutants of Arabidopsis that are hypersensitive to UV light was developed and used to isolate a new mutant designated uvh1. UV hypersensitivity in uvh1 was due to a single recessive trait that is probably located on chromosome 3. Although isolated as hypersensitive to an acute exposure to UV-C light, uvh1 was also hypersensitive to UV-B wavelengths, which are present in sunlight that reaches the earth9s surface. UV-B damage to both wild-type and uvh1 plants could be significantly reduced by subsequent exposure of UV-irradiated plants to photoreactivating light, showing that photoreactivation of UV-B damage is important for plant viability and that uvh1 plants are not defective in photoreactivation. A new assay for DNA damage, the Dral assay, was developed and used to show that exposure of wild-type and uvh1 plants to a given dose of UV light induces the same amount of damage in chloroplast and nuclear DNA. Thus, uvh1 is not defective in a UV protective mechanism. uvh1 plants were also found to be hypersensitive to ionizing radiation. These results suggest that uvh1 is defective in a repair or tolerance mechanism that normally provides plants with resistance to several types of DNA damage.
How Large Are Teacher Effects

It is widely accepted that teachers differ in their effectiveness, yet the empirical evidence regarding teacher effectiveness is weak. The existing evidence is mainly drawn from econometric studies that use covariates to attempt to control for selection effects that might bias results. We use data from a four-year experiment in which teachers and students were randomly assigned to classes to estimate teacher effects on student achievement. Teacher effects are estimated as between-teacher (but within-school) variance components of achievement status and residualized achievement gains. Our estimates of teacher effects on achievement gains are similar in magnitude to those of previous econometric studies, but we find larger effects on mathematics achievement than on reading achievement. The estimated relation of teacher experience with student achievement gains is substantial, but is statistically significant only for 2nd-grade reading and 3rd-grade mathematics achievement. We also find much larger teacher e...
Control of a Visual Keyboard Using an Electrocorticographic Brain–Computer Interface

Objective. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are devices that enable severely disabled people to communicate and interact with their environments using their brain waves. Most studies investigating BCI in humans have used scalp EEG as the source of electrical signals and focused on motor control of prostheses or computer cursors on a screen. The authors hypothesize that the use of brain signals obtained directly from the cortical surface will more effectively control a communication/spelling task compared to scalp EEG. Methods. A total of 6 patients with medically intractable epilepsy were tested for the ability to control a visual keyboard using electrocorticographic (ECOG) signals. ECOG data collected during a P300 visual task paradigm were preprocessed and used to train a linear classifier to subsequently predict the intended target letters. Results. The classifier was able to predict the intended target character at or near 100% accuracy using fewer than 15 stimulation sequences in 5 of the 6 people te...
Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the most variable component of energy expenditure, can account for differential capacities for human weight gain. Also highly variable, spontaneous physical activity (SPA) may similarly affect weight balance in animals. In the following study, we utilized the rat model of obesity, the diet-induced obese (DIO) rat, as well as the diet-resistant (DR) rat strain, to investigate how access to a high-fat diet alters SPA and the associated energy expenditure (i.e., NEAT). DIO and DR rats showed no differences in the amount of SPA before access to the high-fat diet. After 29 days on a high-fat diet, the DIO rats showed significant decreases in SPA, whereas the DR rats did not. Next, we wanted to determine whether the DIO and DR rats showed differential sensitivity to microinjections of orexin into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Unilateral guide cannulae were implanted, aimed at the PVN. Orexin A (0, 0.125, 0.25, and 1.0 nmol in 500 nl) was microinjected through the guide cannula into the PVN, then SPA and energy expenditure were measured for 2 h. Using the response to vehicle as a baseline, the DR rats showed significantly greater increase in NEAT compared with the DIO rats. These data indicate that diet-induced obesity is associated with decreases in SPA and a lack of increase in NEAT. A putative mechanism for changes in NEAT that accompany obesity is a decreased sensitivity to the NEAT-activating effects of neuropeptides such as orexin.
An integrated signal processing framework for multiuser CDMA communications

The major signal processing challenges in wireless CDMA systems stem from time-varying multipath propagation effects, multi-access interference (MAI), and the complexity of the DSP algorithms. We propose a framework based on canonical multipath-Doppler coordinates for addressing these issues in an integrated fashion. The canonical coordinates are derived from a fundamental characterization of channel propagation dynamics in terms of discrete multipath-delayed and Doppler-shifted copies of the transmitted waveform. These delayed and Doppler-shifted spreading waveforms constitute a natural fixed basis and dictate a canonical low-dimensional processing. In addition to providing a robust vehicle for channel modeling and estimation the framework facilitates exploitation of dispersion effects for MAI suppression via subspace-based processing in the canonical coordinates. Finally, the low-dimensional subspace formulation affords a direct handle on the complexity of the DSP algorithms.
Somatic motor axons can innervate autonomic neurones in the frog heart

1. The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart rate in frogs were tested after hearts were reinnervated with a somatic motor nerve. When frogs were vagotomized and hypoglossal axons were redirected to the heart for 8 or more weeks, stimulating the redirected hypoglossus nerve produced a parasympathetic-like inhibition of the heart. Stimulating sympathetic rami of the anastomosed hypoglossus nerve produced cardiac acceleration. 2. Individual parasympathetic neurones received synaptic input from hypoglossal terminals. The excitatory post-synaptic potentials evoked by hypoglossal stimulation were much smaller than those evoked by vagal stimulation in control or vagal-reinnervated ganglia. However, hypoglossal axons innervated most (71%) of the ganglion cells and this level of innervation persisted for at least 60 weeks. 3. Hypoglossal axons formed networks of varicose terminals within cardiac ganglia and established axo-axonic synapses with parasympathetic neurones. Hypoglossal terminals did not reinnervate the neuronal perikarya, in contrast to vagal axons in control or vagal-reinnervated ganglia. 4. Axo-axonic synapses from redirected hypoglossal axons were identified in cardiac ganglia by bathing isolated hearts in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and stimulating the redirected nerve. Electron micrographs showed that axo-axonic synapses contained HRP-labelled presynaptic vesicles. 5. The source of foreign innervation in experimental cardiac ganglia was confirmed to be hypoglossal motoneurones (a), by comparing the conduction velocity of the redirected presynaptic axons (1·32 m/sec) with regenerating vagal preganglionic fibres (< 0·3 m/sec), and (b), by retrograde HRP-labelling of large motoneurones in the hypoglossal nucleus after applying peroxidase to the axons which had grown into the heart.
Compartmentation in the turtle thyroid: water and iodide distribution.

The penetration of 3H2O, [14C]antipyrine, [14C]-inulin, and 125I- into the whole gland and follicular luminal fluid of the turtle thyroid was studied by measuring the whole thyroid tissue and sampling the colloid in the lumen by micropipettes. 3H2O equilibrated in the luminal water within 0.5 h. Linear regression analysis of the long half-life component of the 3H2O uptake curve of whole thyroid gland showed that this component had a t½ of 10.7 min and a y-intercept of 51.9%; it is a measure of the luminal volume. The [14C]inulin interstitial space was 13.8%. The difference (27.8%) between the slow component intercept value of the 3H2O uptake curve and the total water content is a measure of the combined interstitial and cellular water volumes; the cellular volume is thus 14% (27.8–13.8%). Analysis of the uptake curves for 125I- penetration into the luminal fluid of methimazole-treated turtles demonstrated that there was only one component, with a t½ of 9.2 h for control and 10.5 h for TSH-treated animals....
Reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospirosis

Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Leptospira spp. are two of the common pathogenic organisms responsible for reproductive losses in cattle worldwide. Both can be come endemic in herds resulting in chronic low-grade reproductive losses or they can be introduced into relatively naive herds, resulting in substantial reproductive losses over a short period of time. Both organisms are a differential diagnoses for common reproductive losses that veterinarians investigate, including low conception rates and abortions.
Regulation of Phosphorylation of the GluR1 AMPA Receptor in the Neostriatum by Dopamine and Psychostimulants In Vivo

The activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates the physiological activity of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. In this study, phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 at Ser845 was increased in neostriatal slices by activation of D1-type dopamine receptors and by inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1/protein phosphatase 2A. In contrast, Ser831, a residue which, when phosphorylated by protein kinase C or calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, increases AMPA receptor channel conductance, was unaffected by either D1 or D2 receptor agonists in neostriatal slices. The phosphorylation of Ser845, but not Ser831, was strongly increased in neostriatum in vivo in response to the psychostimulants cocaine and methamphetamine. The effects of dopamine and psychostimulants on the phosphorylation of GluR1 were attenuated in dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoproteinMr 32 kDa (DARPP-32) knock-out mice. These results identify DARPP-32 and AMPA-type glutamate receptors as likely essential cellular effectors for psychostimulant actions.
Selective phosphorus regeneration of sinking marine particles: evidence from 31P-NMR

Phosphorus (P) regeneration and transformation in the oceanic water column and in marine sediments depends on the chemical nature of the sinking particulate P pool. For the first time, we have characterized the molecular composition of this pool, in various oceanic settings and water depths, using 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Both inorganic P (orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and polyphosphate) and organic P compounds (orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters, and phosphonates) were identified. The inorganic P is present predominantly as orthophosphate with small amounts (<10%) of pyro- and polyphosphates. These inorganic compounds may be at least partially of biological origin. The relatively high abundance of inorganic P suggests that considerable transformation from the organic to the inorganic pool occurs in the water column. Some of this inorganic P may be present in association with mineral phases (apatite, clays, and oxyhydroxides) and thus may not be bioavailable. The distribution of organic P compounds in the sinking particulate matter pool is generally similar in composition to phytoplankton and significantly different than in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Results indicate that in most oceanic regions the majority of P regeneration occurs at very shallow depths. However, in the Ross Sea, a significant fraction of organic P is exported to depth below the euphotic zone. Hydrolysis of P compounds continues throughout the water column as indicated by a decrease in total particulate P with depth and a relative decrease in the organic P fraction at some sites. Orthophosphate monoesters dominate the organic P pool at all locations, followed by orthophosphate diesters. Phosphonates are present in a few samples but never contribute more than 6% of total extractable P compared to 25% abundance in the dissolved organic P (DOP) pool. This work shows that considerable spatial and temporal variability in the molecular composition of sinking particulate P exists. A more systematic study is needed to assess the different environmental parameters that affect the composition of particulate P and result in this variability. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
3D waveguide technologies for generation, detection, multiplexing/ demultiplexing orbital angular momentum optical waves

We will discuss 3D photonic integrated circuits for arbitrary beam forming and spatial division multiplexing using orbital angular momentum states (OAM). We will demonstrate free-space communication and signal processing utilizing OAM Mux/Demux and switching.
IPPS Get Vammoed in Texas

In this paper we discuss incentives for generation capital expansion, particularly focusing on the incentives provided by transmission tariffs. We discuss the important role of congestion pricing and then exemplify how a choice of tariff can have inappropriate incentives. There are a number of tariffs being implemented in the United States that do not have incentives for unloading congested lines. For example, as the title of this paper suggests, the tariff in place in Texas does not have a congestion component. The Texas tariff provides poor incentives for efficient generation capital expansion and the deleterious effects of this tariff will mostly be felt by independent power producers building generation in demand-centers.
Selected Applications and Processing for Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic

Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic technology has proven itself in microelectronics, microsystems (including microfluidic systems), sensors, radio frequency (RF) features, and various other non-electronic applications. We will discuss selected applications and the processing associated with those applications. We will then focus on our recent work in the area of electromagnetic isolation (EMI) shielding using full tape thickness features (FTTF) and sidewall metallization. The FTTF is very effective in applications with −150 dB isolation requirements, but presents obvious processing difficulties in full-scale fabrication. The FTTF forms a single continuous solid wall around the volume to be shielded by using sequential punching and feature-filling. Sidewall metallization provides another method for shielding. We discuss the material incompatibilities and manufacturing considerations that need to be addressed for such structures and show preliminary implementations.
Erudite and accessible primary source of the 1950sAfrica South: Viewpoints, 1956-1961, M.J. Daymond and C. Sandwith (Eds.) : book review

This admirable book is part of a growing trend to better capture, edit and (re)publish primary sources on the South African past. It is not that the historiography is bereft of such sources, for we have had the Van Riebeeck Society series since 1918 and the James Stuart Archive has been chugging along since 1976, to name two of those most widely used. Rather this recovery was, like South African society in general, lop-sided so it poorly served black history. This has been changing with, for example, the fine volumes of translations by literary scholars like Jeff Opland and Liz Gunner, collections of SADET interviews, and the forthcoming second edition of the notable Carter/ Karis/ Gerhart volumes. But the gaps remain wide, and one can think of many a newspaper, magazine, or long-out-of-print book much in need of resuscitation in anthology.
Validation of a Method for the Determination of Narasin in the Edible Tissues of Chickens by Liquid Chromatography

Maxiban® and Monteban® are 2 products marketed by Elanco Animal Health. They contain narasin and are used for the prevention of coccidiosis in chickens. Products used in the European market must be regularly re-registered with new data to support label claims. This study was undertaken as part of such a re-registration effort. A method for the determination of narasin in poultry tissue was previously registered with the authorities; however, a method with more environmentally friendly solvents was desired. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency accomplished this goal and published an improved method. In order to register the method with European authorities as the official Elanco method for determination of narasin, Elanco scientists were required to provide validation data for all edible poultry tissues. This paper shows the validation of the method to detect residues of narasin using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatographic analysis utilizing post-column derivatization.
A Fluidically Tunable, Dual-Band Patch Antenna With Closely Spaced Bands of Operation

We present a new technique for designing a dual-band patch antenna with closely spaced bands of operation, whose response can be changed dynamically using a fluidic tuning mechanism. Using this technique, a dual-band tunable patch antenna operating at around 2.5 GHz is designed and fabricated using 3-D printing. Two oil-filled channels are placed in the substrate of the antenna along the nonradiating edges of the patch and filled with movable metal cylinders. As the cylinders are introduced underneath the patch, it starts to exhibit a dual resonant behavior with both resonances having a similar electric current distribution. The separation between the two resonant frequencies is a function of the relative position of the metallic cylinders underneath the patch antenna. As the overlap volume between the metal cylinders and the patch increases, the frequency of the first band, f 1 , starts to decrease and that of the second band, f 2 , increases. The maximum separation between f 1 and f 2 is achieved when half of the lengths of the metallic cylinders are underneath the patch. The prototype device designed in this work can achieve frequency ratios in the range of f 2 /f 1 = 1.08-1.30. The antenna demonstrates similar radiation characteristics at both bands of operation.
Equipment for Mechanically Harvesting Eggs of Heliothis Virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

An improved Heliothis virescens F. egg harvester was designed, constructed, and evaluated. The machine automatically removes eggs oviposited on screens, recycles the wash solution (sodium hypochlorite) for reuse, and rinses the eggs with tap water. Results showed that H. virescens eggs removed mechanically with the egg harvester hatched as well as eggs removed manually. Daily collection rates over a 60-d test period averaged 360,000 eggs. On peak day of egg collection, ≈700,000 eggs were collected in ≈20 min. The improved machine has built-in features for limiting the time eggs are exposed to the sodium hypochlorite solution, immediately rinsing the eggs with tap water, and a feature to prevent harvest of eggs if the collection screen is not properly in place.
Distinguishing subglacial till and glacial marine diamictons in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica: Implications for a last glacial maximum grounding line

Analyses of lithology, stratigraphy, and tephra from marine sediment cores collected from the western Ross Sea during cruises Eltanin 32 and 52 and Deep Freeze 80 and 87 indicate that subglacial till does not extend to the continental shelf edge. Subglacial till occurs as the lowest unit in most cores landward (south) of approximately 74°S, while seaward of approximately 74°S, the lowest diamicton units are glacial marine diamictons. Glacial marine diamictons are distinguished from subglacial tills by the presence of higher and more variable total organic carbon content downcore, distinct tephra layers, stratification, higher diatom and foraminifera abundances, higher sand content, and radiocarbon dates in chronological order downcore. Sand-sized tephra layers from two cores on the outer continental shelf are interpreted as single eruptive events, one likely to have been derived from the Mount Melbourne volcano and the other from the Pleiades volcano. Radiocarbon dates from sediment above and below the tephra layer in one of these cores (Df87-32) show that deposition indicative of open-water conditions occurred between 22 and 26 ka in the western Ross Sea.
Fast Dynamic Programming for Elastic Registration of Curves

Curve registration problems in data analysis and computer vision can often be reduced to the problem of matching two functions defined on an interval. Dynamic Programming (DP) is an effective approach to solve this problem. In this paper, we propose a DP algorithm that runs in O(N) time to compute optimal diffeomorphisms for elastic registration of curves with N nodes. This algorithm contrasts favorably with other DP algorithms used for this problem: the commonly used algorithm of quadratic time complexity, and the algorithm that guarantees a globally optimal solution with O(N4) time complexity. Key to our computational efficiency is the savings achieved by reducing our search space, focusing on thin strips around graphs of estimates of optimal diffeomorphism. Estimates and strips are obtained with a multigrid approach: an optimal diffeomorphism obtained from a lower resolution grid using DP is progressively projected to ones of higher resolution until full resolution is attained. Additionally, our DP algorithm is designed so that it can handle nonuniformly discretized curves. This enables us to realize further savings in computations, since in the case of complicated curves requiring large numbers of nodes for a high-fidelity representation, we can distribute curve nodes adaptively, focusing nodes in parts of high variation. We demonstrate effectiveness of our DP algorithm on several registration problems in elastic shape analysis, and functional data analysis.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia immunoglobulins display bacterial reactivity that converges and diverges from auto-/poly-reactivity and IGHV mutation status

ABSTRACT Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable leukemia of unknown etiology. Multiple studies suggest that the structure of the variable domains of the surface IGs on these cells, and signaling through them, play key roles in developing the disease. Hence, CLL appears to be driven by antigen–BCR interactions, and identifying the selecting antigens involved in this process is an important goal. We studied the antigen-binding characteristics of 23 CLL-derived, recombinantly-expressed IGs with 5 pathogenic bacteria, determining that CLL IGs differ in bacterial reactivity based on IGHV gene use, mutation status, and association with IGHD and IGHJ genes (“stereotypy”). Although most bacterial-reactive IGs followed the paradigm that IGHV-unmutated IGs were more auto-/poly-reactive, several did not. In addition, some CLL IGs were bacterial mono-reactive, and these displayed IGKV use biases. These findings are consistent with CLL B cells being driven into the leukemogenic process by bacterial as well as auto- antigens.
Nausea and Vomiting Related to Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting from gastroparesis and cyclic vomiting syndrome often involves autonomic pathways. Nongastrointestinal disorders such as orthostatic intolerance and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome also present with nausea and vomiting. Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists and neurokinin NK1 antagonists are medications to treat nausea and vomiting that also work on autonomic pathways. Gastric electrical stimulation used to treat medically refractory nausea and vomiting modulates autonomic nervous system activity. Treatment of documented orthostatic intolerance alleviates nausea and vomiting. Complete autonomic testing or simpler office-based testing may help to identify autonomic abnormalities and to help guide management in these patients.
Combined group process-psychoeducation model for psychiatric clients and their families.

Recent studies have been conducted to examine the efficacy of a combined group process and psychoeducation model for psychiatric clients and their families, and have found the combined model to be both cost and time efficient for inpatient and outpatient treatment settings. Psychiatric advanced practice nurses (APNs) are in a key position to lead these combined groups because of their dual training in group process and psychoeducation. However, although many APNs have expertise leading either type of group, most may not have expertise in combining the two. The purpose of this article is to familiarize APNs with the skill sets needed to manage group process and its inherent conflicts, while simultaneously teaching didactic material in the combined model.
Location Privacy in Mobile Edge Clouds

In this paper, we consider user location privacy in mobile edge clouds (MECs). MECs are small clouds deployed at the network edge to offer cloud services close to mobile users, and many solutions have been proposed to maximize service locality by migrating services to follow their users. Co-location of a user and his service, however, implies that a cyber eavesdropper observing service migrations between MECs can localize the user up to one MEC coverage area, which can be fairly small (e.g., a femtocell). We consider using chaff services to defend against such an eavesdropper, with focus on strategies to control the chaffs. Assuming the eavesdropper performs maximum likelihood (ML) detection, we consider both heuristic strategies that mimic the user's mobility and optimized strategies designed to minimize the detection or tracking accuracy. We show that a single chaff controlled by the optimal strategy can drive the eavesdropper's tracking accuracy to zero when the user's mobility is sufficiently random. The efficacy of our solutions is verified through extensive simulations.
Laser-Driven Plasma Accelerators Operating in the Self-Guided, Blowout Regime

In this paper, some recent developments in the area of laser-driven plasma wakefield accelerators are reviewed. In particular, we discuss the acceleration of electrons by laser-induced plasma wakes in the so-called blowout regime. In this regime, the laser pulse is sufficiently intense to completely blowout all the plasma electrons and create a cavity or a bubble comprising plasma ions. The plasma electrons are attracted back toward the axis of propagation and form a thin sheath around the ions. The transverse and longitudinal electric fields of this cavity have desirable characteristics for accelerating a high-quality electron beam. In this blowout regime, the laser pulse can be self-guided by the wake it creates over tens of Rayleigh lengths until it is fully pump depleted. The mechanisms for producing such nonlinear wakes in plasmas, injecting electrons into the wakes so that they can be accelerated, competing instabilities that can adversely affect the beam quality, and recent experimental progress are discussed.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Osteochondral lesions of the talus occur in 2%-6% of ankle sprains and may present with concurrent ankle sprains as a result of an inverted ankle. Lesions that are chronic in nature, have failed conservative management, or have displaced fragments or a complete fracture are amenable to surgical intervention. Arthroscopic surgery is the mainstay of evaluation and treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. The use of adjunctive biologic treatment has shown great early results as well, and has become increasingly useful to advance healing and return to activity.
Beyond Concurrent Chemoradiation: The Emerging Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Stage III Lung Cancer

Concurrent chemoradiation (cCRT) with platinum-based chemotherapy is standard-of-care therapy for patients with stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although cCRT is potentially curative, 5-year overall survival has hovered around 20%, despite extensive efforts to improve outcomes with increasing doses of conformal radiation and intensification of systemic therapy with either induction or consolidation chemotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in patients with stage IV NSCLC. In addition, preclinical and early clinical evidence suggests that chemotherapy and radiation may work synergistically with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy to promote antitumor immunity, which has led to the initiation of clinical trials testing these drugs in patients with stage III NSCLC. A preliminary report of a randomized phase III trial, the PACIFIC trial, demonstrated an impressive increase in median progression-free survival with consolidative durvalumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor, compared with observation after cCRT. Here, we discuss the clinical and translational implications of integrating PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the management of patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1271-6. ©2018 AACR.
Racial/ethnic disparities in waitlisting for deceased donor kidney transplantation 1 year after implementation of the new national kidney allocation system.

The impact of a new national kidney allocation system (KAS) on access to the national deceased-donor waiting list (waitlisting) and racial/ethnic disparities in waitlisting among US end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is unknown. We examined waitlisting pre- and post-KAS among incident (N = 1 253 100) and prevalent (N = 1 556 954) ESRD patients from the United States Renal Data System database (2005-2015) using multivariable time-dependent Cox and interrupted time-series models. The adjusted waitlisting rate among incident patients was 9% lower post-KAS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-0.93), although preemptive waitlisting increased from 30.2% to 35.1% (P < .0001). The waitlisting decrease is largely due to a decline in inactively waitlisted patients. Pre-KAS, blacks had a 19% lower waitlisting rate vs whites (HR: 0.81; 95% CI, 0.80-0.82); following KAS, disparity declined to 12% (HR: 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.90). In adjusted time-series analyses of prevalent patients, waitlisting rates declined by 3.45/10 000 per month post-KAS (P < .001), resulting in ≈146 fewer waitlisting events/month. Shorter dialysis vintage was associated with greater decreases in waitlisting post-KAS (P < .001). Racial disparity reduction was due in part to a steeper decline in inactive waitlisting among minorities and a greater proportion of actively waitlisted minority patients. Waitlisting and racial disparity in waitlisting declined post-KAS; however, disparity remains.
Theories on the Causation of Partner Abuse Perpetration

Abstract The key to effective dating abuse prevention is choosing determinants to address from an empirically supported theoretical model to design the strategy. In the past century, dozens of theories about causes of partner abuse perpetration have been proposed and tested. In this chapter, 20 theories are reviewed and summarized, prefaced by a brief discussion of definitional considerations and typologies of partner abuse and of partner abuse perpetrators. The implications of these theories for prevention programming are discussed.
Combinatoral Optimization in Clustering

Clustering is a mathematical technique designed for revealing classification structures in the data collected on real-world phenomena. A cluster is a piece of data (usually, a subset of the objects considered, or a subset of the variables, or both) consisting of the entities which are much “alike”, in terms of the data, versus the other part of the data. The term itself was coined in psychology back in thirties when a heuristical technique was suggested for clustering psychological variables based on pair-wise coefficients of correlation. However, two more disciplines also should be credited for the outburst of clustering occurred in the sixties: numerical taxonomy in biology and pattern recognition in machine learning. Among relevant sources are Hartigan (1975), Jain and Dubes (1988), Mirkin (1996). Simultaneously, industrial and computational applications gave rise to graph partitioning problems which are touched below in 6.2.4.
Amino acids of the Murchison meteorite. II - Five carbon acyclic primary beta-, gamma-, and delta-amino alkanoic acids

The five-carbon acyclic primary beta, gamma, and delta amino alkanoic acids of the Murchison meteorite are studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ion exchange chromatography. The chromatograms reveal that alpha is the most abundant monoamino alkanoic acid followed by gamma and beta, and an exponential increase in the amount of amino acid is observed as the carbon number increases in the homologous series. The influence of frictional heating, spontaneous thermal decomposition, and radiation of the synthesis of amino acids is examined. The data obtained support an amino acid synthesis process involving random combination of single-carbon precursors.
Dietary Modulation of Lipid Rafts

Other chapters in this book describe emerging findings concerning the roles of lipid rafts in physiological and pathological processes. The lipid components of rafts not only define their structure, but also influence the various signaling pathways associated with the rafts. It is well known that the lipid composition of cell membranes can be modified by various dietary lipids (Field et al., 1989). If raft lipids are subject to modification by diet, then presumably the signaling functions of the rafts are also affected by the diets. Although there is considerable evidence that dietary cholesterol and (to a lesser extent) sphingolipids can affect the functions of a variety of cell types, there have been few if any studies specifically addressing the effects of dietary lipids on raft-based signaling. However, given the multitude of signaling processes that involve lipid rafts (Fig. 1), it is important for investigators in a diverse array of fields to design studies aimed at establishing how dietary factors affect raft-based signaling in various cell types. The data obtained in such studies will have important implications for human health. In this chapter, I therefore consider a few ways in which dietary lipids and other dietary factors might affect lipid rafts in the context of cell types and signal transduction pathways involved in several prominent diseases.
Engineering the Modern Administrative State, Part I: Political Accommodation and Legal Strategy in the New Deal Era

Administrative constitutionalism in the United States has been characterized by tension and accommodation. The tension reflects the unsettled nature of our constitutional scheme, especially with regard to separation of powers, and also the concern with agency discretion and performance. Still and all, we have accommodated administrative constitutionalism in fundamental ways, through a constitutional jurisprudence that, in the main, accepts broad delegations of regulatory power to the bureaucracy and an administrative law that oversees agency actions under procedural and substantive guidelines. This was not always the case. In this paper, part one of a larger project, we revisit the critical New Deal period to look at the strategies the Congress and the Supreme Court used to resolve controversies over the emerging administrative state. We see the political and legal accommodation as a product of a (mostly) coherent interbranch dialogue, iterative and fueled by strategy. Having surmounted some important roadblocks in the first New Deal, this effort ultimately resulted in a scheme that enabled the federal government to accomplish their three critical objectives: to deploy national power to solve new economic problems, to create delegations appropriate to modern needs, and to craft novel administrative instruments to carry out legislative aims – all of which required a due amount of legal accommodation, given extant legal doctrine and the interests of the courts.