cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of radiation on the structure of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene

Abstract Radiation sterilization of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) was recently found to cause changes in crystallinity, contradicting earlier observations on linear polyethylene of lower molecular weight. In this study, UHMW-PE (Hercules 1900) was gamma-irradiated up to 21 Mrad. Changes in melting and crystallization temperatures, enthalpies of melting and of crystallization, determined by differential scanning calorimetry, are reported. In particular, the temperature at the onset of crystallization provided a clearer view of the radiation damage to the polymer chains. A mechanism based on chain scission is proposed to explain the observed increase in crystallinity in agreement with recent findings. The crystallization temperature may be useful as an indicator of radiation and/or other damage to the UHMW-PE.
Accuracy estimation for quasi-Monte Carlo simulations

The conventional Monte Carlo approach to integration and simulation is a useful alternative to analytic or quadrature methods. It has been recognized through theory and practice that a variety of uniformly distributed sequences provide more accurate results than a purely pseudorandom sequence. The improvement in accuracy depends on the number of dimensions and the discrepancy of the sequence, which are known, and the variation of the function, which is often not known. Unlike pseudorandom methods, the accuracy of a quasirandom simulation cannot be estimated using the sample variance of the evaluations or by bootstrapping. The improvement in time-to-accuracy using quasirandom methods can be as large as several orders of magnitude, so even an empirical accuracy estimator is worth pursuing. In this paper, we discuss several methods for quasirandom empirical accuracy estimation and evaluate a modified empirical technique that appears to be useful.
The vertex-adjacency dual of a triangulated irregular network has a Hamiltonian cycle

Triangulated irregular networks (TINs) are common representations of surfaces in computational graphics. We define the dual of a TIN in a special way, based on vertex-adjacency, and show that its Hamiltonian cycle always exists and can be found efficiently. This result has applications in transmission of large graphics datasets.
The dependence of DNA supercoiling on solution electrostatics.

Abstract We develop an elastic–isotropic rod model for twisted DNA in the plectonemic regime. We account for DNA elasticity, electrostatic interactions and entropic effects due to thermal fluctuations. We apply our model to single-molecule experiments on a DNA molecule attached to a substrate at one end, while subjected to a tensile force and twisted by a given number of turns at the other end. The free energy of the DNA molecule is minimized subject to the imposed end rotations. We compute values of the torsional stress, radius, helical angle and key features of the rotation–extension curves. We also include in our model the end loop energetic contributions and obtain estimates for the jumps in the external torque and extension of the DNA molecule seen in experiments. We find that, while the general trends seen in experiments are captured simply by rod mechanics, the details can be accounted for only with the proper choice of electrostatic and entropic interactions. We perform calculations with different ionic concentrations and show that our model yields excellent fits to mechanical data from a large number of experiments. Our methods also allow us to consider scenarios where we have multiple plectonemes or a series of loops forming in the DNA instead of plectonemes. For a given choice of electrostatic and entropic interactions, we find there is a range of forces in which the two regimes can coexist due to thermal motion.
Scalable modular self-reconfigurable robots using external actuation

This paper presents a method for scaling down the size and scaling up the number of modules of self- re configurable systems by focusing on the actuation mechanism. Rather than developing smaller actuators, the main actuator is removed entirely. Energy instead comes from the environment to provide motion in prescribed synchronous ways. Prescribed synchronous motions allow much faster assembly times than random Brownian motion which has been used before. An instantiation of this idea is presented using a motion platform to induce motions based on the inertial properties of the modules and the timed actuation of small latching mechanisms.
Factory as Home and Family: Female Workers in the Moroccan Garment Industry

This study explored how Moroccan female factory workers in Fez have made the workplace in the garment industry into a home. Fieldwork and interviews were conducted during August 1994 to August 1995. The study site was a factory called "Confection" with about 150 employees. The author worked in the packaging department. The experience exposed her to everyday work routines the nature of the work process staff hierarchies and personal interactions. Garment workers struggle to retain a view of themselves as family members or daughters in patriarchal households. Women view themselves as subservient and dutiful. Factory owners are identified as concerned fathers. Factory owners capitalize on these worker roles in order to maximize production and increase profit. Garment factories employ close to 25% of all Moroccan factory workers. The industry quadrupled during 1981-91 and shifted from male to female employees. The small size of each factory usually means lack of legal regulation. Women comprise about 36% of national economic activity despite the popular view of womens Islamic role in the home. Most of Fezs garment factories are privately owned by an elite. Garment factory girls are viewed as having males who are unable to support and protect them. Factory workers wear traditional clothing. Women supervisors are viewed as elder sisters. Women only resist the authority of women. The gender hierarchy within the factory follows the hierarchy within the domestic sphere. These young unmarried girls accept low pay long hours and unpaid overtime as an important source of household support.
The Five-Factor Model personality assessment for improved student design team performance

Researchers have long noted the correlation of various personality traits and team performance. Studies relating aggregate team personality traits to team performance are scattered in the literature and may not always be relevant to engineering design teams. This paper synthesizes the results from applicable Five-Factor Model (FFM)-based personality studies related to engineering design team performance, into a form that can be readily used by non-experts—engineering faculty and students. In addition, an approach is presented where aggregate data is visually presented to recognize patterns that correspond to strength and existence of personality traits within the team as measured by the FFM model while maintaining student confidentiality. With this approach, identification of team strengths and weaknesses stemming from the personality trait distribution is simplified. An assessment of the usability of the approach—completed in two first-year engineering courses—is presented to demonstrate its potential.
DOES PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY FOR ADULT SIZE VERSUS FOOD LEVEL IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER EVOLVE IN RESPONSE TO ADAPTATION TO DIFFERENT REARING DENSITIES

Recent studies with Drosophila have suggested that there is extensive genetic variability for phenotypic plasticity of body size versus food level. If true, we expect that the outcome of evolution at very different food levels should yield genotypes whose adult size show different patterns of phenotypic plasticity. We have tested this prediction with six independent populations of Drosophila melanogaster kept at extreme densities for 125 generations. We found that the phenotypic plasticity of body size versus food level is not affected by selection or the presence of competitors of a different genotype. However, we document increasing among population variation in phenotypic plasticity due to random genetic drift. Several reasons are explored to explain these results including the possibility that the use of highly inbred lines to make inferences about the evolution of genetically variable populations may be misleading.
In anticipation of grief: using insights from social epidemiology to improve quality of care.

Death of a partner ranks first among the major life stressors.1 Centuries of literature and extensive quantitative research document the link between grief and adverse changes in physical and mental health.2–4 All-cause mortality risk and cause-specific mortality from accidents, cancer, heart disease, and suicide increase after spousal bereavement.3–6 Although it was long thought that perhaps the widowhood effect was a reflection of shared lifestyle and risk factors for spouses, increasingly rigorous controls for shared risk factors make this explanation unlikely. There is also growing recognition that in the period leading up to spousal death, there are often profound emotional and physical stressors that may affect the health of the surviving spouse. These stressors include caregiving and grief related to the illness and impending loss of a loved one, as well as financial worries for many spouses. Indeed, a major challenge in research on caregiving is distinguishing the mental and physical health effects of providing care from the effects of having a loved one who needs care, for example, a spouse with severe illness. Article see p 2745 Although the association between bereavement and mortality, sometimes dubbed “the widowhood effect,” has long been recognized, it has not been clear how to translate this empirical association into better health for the surviving spouse. As with many findings on social or psychosocial determinants of health, it is easy to dismiss the widowhood effect as unfortunate but inevitable. The article by Shah et al7 in this issue of Circulation upends this perspective by providing compelling evidence on modifiable mechanisms that elevate the cardiovascular risk of surviving spouses. This work fits within the social epidemiology translation framework, which notes that evidence on social risk factors for disease can be used to guide interventions to reduce the incidence …
Acute Ethanol Intoxication in a 7-Month-old Infant

7-Month-old Infant KUDAKWASHE CHIKWAVA, DARLA R. LOWER, SUSAN H. FRANGISKAKIS, JORGE L. SEPULVEDA, MOHAMED A. VIRJI, AND KALIPATNAPU N. RAO* Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
The World Polity and Deforestation A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis

Over the past decade, there has been a growth in international organizations concerned with environmental matters. These organizations include international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), and treaties. This article presents cross-national models examining the effects of these variables on deforestation. In doing so, I use data for up to 73 nations to examine the determinants of deforestation from 1990 to 2000. I fi nd substantial support for world polity hypotheses that all these organizations reduce deforestation. I also fi nd support for world system arguments that economic dependency relationships based upon commodity concentration increase deforestation. Finally, I fi nd that economic growth decreases deforestation and population growth increases deforestation. I conclude with some brief policy recommendations and directions for future research.
The Second-Quantized Theory of Spin-1/2 Particles in the Nonrelativistic Limit

The second-quantized Dirac Hamiltonian for free electrons is transformed by a canonical transformation to a representation in which the positive and negative energy wave operators are separately represented by two-component operators. The transformation employed is the second-quantized analog of the one derived by Foldy and Wouthuysen in their discussion of the one-particle Dirac theory and its nonrelativistic limit. This transformation is then applied to the wave operators and the Hamiltonian in the second-quantized, charge-conjugate formalism for Dirac particles. The wave operators for positrons and electrons become linearly-independent two-component operators, and the Hamiltonian separates into an electron and a positron part, each of which contains only the corresponding two-component wave operators.It is also shown that by means of an appropriate, readily determinable sequence of canonical transformations, Hamiltonians for fields of spin-\textonehalf{} particles interacting via intermediary fields can also be reduced to nonrelativistic form. This is accomplished by transforming the Hamiltonian to a representation in which it is exhibited effectively as a series expansion in powers of the Compton wavelength of the spin-\textonehalf{} particle. Illustration of the method is provided by detailed examination of the case of nucleons interacting via the pseudoscalar meson field.
Making Sense of Student Written Comments

Written comments from students frustrate most faculty who read them. There are ways to interpret the information and use it to improve teaching.
Ficin-Catalyzed Reactions. Hydrolysis of α-N-Benzoyl-l-Arginine Ethyl Ester and α-N-Benzoyl-l-Argininamide

The effect of pH on the hydrolysis of α-N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and α-N-benzoyl-l-argininamide (BAA) by a proteolytic enzyme component purified from Ficus carica var. Kadota latex has been studied in detail over the pH range of 3 to 9.5. kcat (lim) values for the hydrolysis of BAEE and BAA were essentially identical (5.20 and 5.01 sec−1, respectively at 30°). kcat values for hydrolysis of BAEE and BAA were dependent on prototropic groups with apparent pK values of 4.24 and 8.53 and 4.10 and 8.59, respectively. kcat (lim) values for tht hydrolysis of BAEE and BAA were essentially identical (5.20 and groups of pK 4.33 and 8.60 and 4.55 and 8.51, respectively. Thus the pH optimum is 6.5 for both substrates. Km (app) values for BAEE and BAA were 3.32 × 10−2m and 6.03 × 10−2m respectively over the pH range of 3.9 to 8.0. These data are interpreted in terms of the involvement of a carboxyl and a sulfhydryl group in the active center of the enzyme. The data do not support the concept that deacylation of the acyl-enzyme is completely the rate controlling step in the hydrolyses. Rather, it appears that the magnitude of k2 and k3 are not greatly different.
Impact of Initiative on Collaborative Problem Solving

Even though collaboration in peer learning has been shown to have a positive impact for students, there has been little research into collaborative peer learning dialogues. We analyze such dialogues in order to derive a model of knowledge co-construction that incorporates initiative and the balance of initiative. This model will be embedded in an artificial agent that will collaborate with students.
TESTING THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS IN THE 2002 WORLD CUP

Trading data from the gambling market for the 2002 World Cup provide a unique window through which to test theories of market efficiency. This market provides many of the benefits of a laboratory experiment, but with much higher stakes, experienced participants, and a naturally-occurring environment. The primary drawback of the data is the relatively small number of trades. The evidence concerning market efficiency is mixed. Although markets respond strongly to goals being scored, there is some evidence that prices continue to trend higher for 10-15 minutes after a goal. We also observe systematically negative returns for bets on the pre-game favorite, consistent with the biases seen in wagering on other sports. We document the endogenous emergence of market makers. These market makers are involved in a large share of trades. Increasing from two active market makers to five or more market makers does not appear to improve the functioning of the market. On average, the market makers earn slightly negative returns, implying that other traders are able to identify situations in which market makers are setting inefficient prices
Fair Queueing Based Packet Scheduling for Buffered Crossbar Switches

Recent development in VLSI technology makes it feasible to integrate on-chip memories to crossbar switching fabrics. Switches using such crossbars are called buffered crossbar switches, in which each crosspoint has a small exclusive buffer. The crosspoint buffers decouple input ports and output ports, and reduce the switch scheduling problem to the fair queueing problem. In this paper, we present the fair queueing based packet scheduling scheme for buffered crossbar switches, which requires no speedup and directly handles variable length packets without segmentation and reassembly (SAR). The presented scheme makes scheduling decisions in a distributed manner, and provides performance guarantees. Given the properties of the actual fair queueing algorithm used in the scheduling scheme, we calculate the crosspoint buffer size bound to avoid overflow, and analyze the fairness and delay guarantees provided by the scheduling scheme. In addition, we use WF2Q, the fair queueing algorithm with the tightest performance guarantees, as a case study, and present simulation data to verify the analytical results.
Some Remarks on the Interpretation of Natural and Magnetically Induced Optical Activity Data

1. Introduction—A classification for optically active chromophores One of the most useful concepts that emerges from the perturbation approach to the theory of natural optical activity is that of the ‘rotational strength’ of a transition (Condon 1937). This signed quantity conveniently and effectively measures how strongly a particular transition contributes to both the dispersive and absorp­tive aspects of the optical activity of a molecule (Moscowitz 1962); it is obtainable experimentally from either the pertinent partial optical rotatory dispersion curve or the partial circular dichroism curve (Djerassi 1960), and it is amenable to theo­retical calculation for homogeneous isotropic media as the following scalar product (Condon 1937; Moscowitz 1962; Djerassi 1960; Rosenfield 1928). R ba = I {( a | μ e | b ). ( b | μ m | a )}. Here ( a | μe | b ) and ( b | μm | a ) are the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments, respectively, connecting the ground state a and the excited state b , and I means imaginary part. Accessible as such to both theory and experiment, the rotational strength provides one of the most suitable foundations on which to build quanti­tative correlations between optical activity data and molecular structure.
Reply to F. Bellati et al

The antitumor activity of trastuzumab in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –positive breast cancer has been ascribed to both immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms. It is unlikely that any one of these mechanisms alone is responsible for the antitumor activity of trastuzumab. We thank Bellati et al for pointing out the importance of the adaptive immune response as another mechanism involved in mediating trastuzumab antitumor activity. We agree with Bellati et al that HER2-based vaccines represent a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of breast cancer. Our group is conducting an ongoing study combining lapatinib with a HER2-directed vaccine to further understand the role of the immune system in HER2-directed therapy antitumor activity (ClinicalTrials .gov Identifier: NCT00952692). As we have previously shown in preclinical models, total HER2 blockade using anti-HER2 antibodies generated in response to various HER2 vaccines in combination with lapatinib results in enhanced antitumor activity compared with either treatment alone. These experiments were conducted in cell culture without the addition of immune effector cells, which further implicates the role of nonimmunologic mechanisms in the antitumor activity. The clinical validation of these studies was recently demonstrated in a randomized phase III clinical trial in women with advanced stage HER2-positive breast cancer who had progressed on trastuzumab-containing therapy, where we showed the clinical benefit of combining trastuzumab with lapatinib compared with lapatinib treatment alone. This should dispel some of the concern about possible antagonistic effects of combining trastuzumab with small molecule inhibitors of ErbB2 tyrosine kinase activity. In addition, the article referenced in the correspondence of Bellati et al described the binding of lapatinib to epidermal growth factor receptor by x-ray crystallography, not HER2. To our knowledge, similar x-ray crystallographic studies of lapatinib interaction with HER2 have not been reported. Finally, we completely agree with Bellati et al and Winer and Burstein in their Editorial that greater insight into predictors of response to targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab, is needed. Quantitative HER2 status alone has clearly not been sufficient to predict for clinical response to trastuzumab. To more effectively treat individuals with HER2-positive breast cancer, a greater understanding of the tumor profile and patient immunological status that predict for clinical response to trastuzumab and potentially other HER2-targeted therapies is needed.
The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism

In the aftermath of a potentially demoralizing 2008 electoral defeat, when the Republican Party seemed widely discredited, the emergence of the Tea Party provided conservative activists with a new identity funded by Republican business elites and reinforced by a network of conservative media sources. Untethered from recent GOP baggage and policy specifics, the Tea Party energized disgruntled white middle-class conservatives and garnered widespread attention, despite stagnant or declining favorability ratings among the general public. As participant observation and interviews with Massachusetts activists reveal, Tea Partiers are not monolithically hostile toward government; they distinguish between programs perceived as going to hard-working contributors to US society like themselves and “handouts” perceived as going to unworthy or freeloading people. During 2010, Tea Party activism reshaped many GOP primaries and enhanced voter turnout, but achieved a mixed record in the November general election. Activism may well continue to influence dynamics in Congress and GOP presidential primaries. Even if the Tea Party eventually subsides, it has undercut Obama's presidency, revitalized conservatism, and pulled the national Republican Party toward the far right.
XLVIII. Thickness of the black spot in liquid films

(1899). XLVIII. Thickness of the black spot in liquid films. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 47, No. 289, pp. 501-522.
Extracting Value from P2P Content Delivery

The Internet has enabled sharing of data on an unprecedented scale. Data of all forms and shapes is becoming easily accessible. Peer-to-peer content delivery approaches enable massive scale in the amount of data volume that can be efficiently delivered. The openness of delivery demands adaptive and robust management of intellectual property rights. In this paper we propose a framework to address the central issues in content delivery: a scalable peer-to-peer-based content delivery model, paired with an access control model that balances trust in end users with a risk analysis to the data provider. Our framework will enable data providers to extract the maximum amount of return, i.e. value, from making their original content available. We provide a tool to leverage the greatest amount of reward from the intellectual property that is released to the Internet.
Fourier ptychographic microscopy for filtration-based circulating tumor cell enumeration and analysis

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are recognized as a candidate biomarker with strong prognostic and predictive potential in metastatic disease. Filtration-based enrichment technologies have been used for CTC characterization, and our group has previously developed a membrane microfilter device that demonstrates efficacy in model systems and clinical blood samples. However, uneven filtration surfaces make the use of stan- dard microscopic techniques a difficult task, limiting the performance of automated imaging using commercially available technologies. Here, we report the use of Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) to tackle this chal- lenge. Employing this method, we were able to obtain high-resolution color images, including amplitude and phase, of the microfilter samples over large areas. FPM's ability to perform digital refocusing on complex images is particularly useful in this setting as, in contrast to other imaging platforms, we can focus samples on multiple focal planes within the same frame despite surface unevenness. In model systems, FPM demonstrates high image quality, efficiency, and consistency in detection of tumor cells when comparing corresponding microfilter samples to standard microscopy with high correlation (R 2 ¼ 0.99932). Based on these results, we believe that FPM will have important implications for improved, high throughput, filtration-based CTC analysis, and, more generally, image analysis of uneven surfaces. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-Positive Cells in Human Tonsils

To study the possible cellular origin of recently recognized indolent terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-positive T-lymphoblastic proliferations of the tonsils and oropharynx, we studied normal human tonsils for the presence of TdT-positive cells. TdT-positive cells were readily demonstrated in the tonsils from 15 children and adults by immunohistochemical staining. TdT-positive cells were distributed in discrete foci at the periphery of lobules of lymphoid tissue and adjacent to fibrous septa and had the morphologic features of small to medium-sized lymphocytes. Double-antibody staining indicated the TdT-positive cells had the phenotype of uncommitted early lymphoid precursors (CD3-, CD79a-, CD10-). Foci of TdT-positive cells were not identified in 6 reactive lymph nodes studied as controls. These studies indicate that tonsils, like bone marrow and thymus, are sites of lymphopoiesis. The presence of TdT-positive precursor cells in human tonsils may be a factor in the pathogenesis of recently described indolent T-lymphoblastic proliferations involving the tonsils and oropharynx. The presence of TdT-positive cells in human tonsils should not be misinterpreted as evidence of lymphoblastic lymphoma or leukemia.
Interpolated Forehead and Melolabial Flaps

Facial reconstruction is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. The interpolated forehead and melolabial flaps are well-established methods for facial restoration, especially for the repair of nasal defects following excision of cutaneous malignancies. Repair of facial defects using interpolation flaps requires an appreciation of variations in skin thickness, facial contours, and functional concerns at the donor and recipient sites. A detailed review of flap design, modifications, and implementation is provided for the forehead and melolabial flaps.
The Effects of Repeated Readings and Attentional Cues on Reading Fluency and Comprehension

The failure of some researchers to find improved reading comprehension with increased fluency may result from the assumption that readers automatically shift attention to comprehension when fluency...
T Cell–Mediated Host Immune Defenses in the Lung

Evidence has increasingly shown that the lungs are a major site of immune regulation. A robust and highly regulated immune response in the lung protects the host from pathogen infection, whereas an inefficient or deleterious response can lead to various pulmonary diseases. Many cell types, such as epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and B and T lymphocytes, contribute to lung immunity. This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding how T lymphocytes mediate pulmonary host defenses against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens.
Cross-Kingdom Amplification Using Bacteria-Specific Primers: Complications for Studies of Coral Microbial Ecology

PCR amplification of pure bacterial DNA is vital to the study of bacterial interactions with corals. Commonly used Bacteria-specific primers 8F and 27F paired with the universal primer 1492R amplify both eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNA genes. An alternative primer set, 63F/1542R, is suggested to resolve this problem.
Application of Smart Infrastructure Systems approach to precision medicine

All biological variation is hierarchically organized dynamic network system of genomic components, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, families, populations and metapopulations. Individuals are axial in this hierarchy, as they represent antecedent, attendant and anticipated aspects of health, disease, evolution and medical care. Humans show individual specific genetic and clinical features such as complexity, cooperation, resilience, robustness, vulnerability, self-organization, latent and emergent behavior during their development, growth and senescence. Accurate collection, measurement, organization and analyses of individual specific data, embedded at all stratified levels of biological, demographic and cultural diversity – the big data – is necessary to make informed decisions on health, disease and longevity; which is a central theme of precision medicine initiative (PMI). This initiative also calls for the development of novel analytical approaches to handle complex multidimensional data. Here we suggest the application of Smart Infrastructure Systems (SIS) approach to accomplish some of the goals set forth by the PMI on the premise that biological systems and the SIS share many common features. The latter has been successfully employed in managing complex networks of non-linear adaptive controls, commonly encountered in smart engineering systems. We highlight their concordance and discuss the utility of the SIS approach in precision medicine programs.
Structures and Dynamics of Glass-Forming Colloidal Liquids under Spherical Confinement

Recent theories predict that when a supercooled liquid approaches the glass transition, particle clusters with a special "amorphous order" nucleate within the liquid, which lead to static correlations dictating the dramatic slowdown of liquid relaxation. The prediction, however, has yet to be verified in 3D experiments. Here, we design a colloidal system, where particles are confined inside spherical cavities with an amorphous layer of particles pinned at the boundary. Using this novel system, we capture the amorphous-order particle clusters and demonstrate the development of a static correlation. Moreover, by investigating the dynamics of spherically confined samples, we reveal a profound influence of the static correlation on the relaxation of colloidal liquids. In analogy to glass-forming liquids with randomly pinned particles, we propose a simple relation for the change of the configurational entropy of confined colloidal liquids, which quantitatively explains our experimental findings and illustrates a divergent static length scale during the colloidal glass transition.
The artifacts of standard uptake value (SUV) on FDG PET/CT in different clinical setting

1357 Learning Objectives 1. Highlight the importance of SUV errors identification in FDG PET/CT imaging. 2. How to check the validity of the SUV result in FDG PET/CT studies. 3. Describe the different origins of the errors and the protocols to prevent SUV errors. 4. The educational review will help to provide a more reliable qualitative and quantitative interpretation of FDG PET/CT imaging. The imaging and the SUV values presented in front of you may not be the correct imaging with corrected SUVs. FDG PET/CT is often associated with SUV values errors and artifacts. If un-identified, these artifacts may lead to false positive, false negative interpretations and inaccurate quantitative data. It is extremely important for the PET/CT physician to become familiar with them so that they can be easily recognized, corrected and more importantly prevented.
Cis-7-Dodecen-1-ol, a Potent Inhibitor of the Cabbage Looper Sex Pheromone

The capture of male Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) in traps baited with virgin female cabbage loopers or their synthesized pheromone, Cis -7-dodecen-1-ol acetate is greatly reduced when Cis -7-dodecen-1-ol is dispensed simultaneously from the same trap. This alcohol was isolated from a commercial lot of pheromone that had proved to be a poor attractant in field tests.
Energy-Conscious Warm-Up of Li-Ion Cells From Subzero Temperatures

Lithium (Li)-ion battery cells suffer from significant performance degradation at subzero temperatures. This paper presents a predictive control-based technique that exploits the increased internal resistance of Li-ion cells at subzero temperatures to increase the cell’s temperature until the desired power can be delivered. Specifically, the magnitude of a sequence of bidirectional currents is optimized such as to minimize total energy discharged. The magnitude of current is determined by solving an optimization problem that satisfies the battery manufacturer’s voltage and current constraints. Drawing bidirectional currents necessitates that a temporary energy reservoir for energy shuttling, such as an ultracapacitor or another battery, be available. When compared with the case when no penalty on energy withdrawn is imposed, simulations indicate that reductions of up to 20% in energy dispensed as heat in the battery as well as in the size of external storage elements can be achieved at the expense of longer warm-up operation time.
Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of Cr-DLC Nanocomposite Films

Cr-diamondlike carbon (Cr-DLC) nanocomposite films with the Cr content varying up to 27 at. % were synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering. Their microstructure and tribological properties were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and pin-on-disc experiments, respectively. Electron diffraction and high- resolution TEM studies show that the films, with ∼ 9 at. % Cr, deposited using low (−200 V) and high (−1000 V) specimen bias during processing are composed of nanocrystalline metallic Cr and face-centered cubic chromium carbide, respectively surrounded by an amorphous matrix. The Cr-DLC film deposited at high bias exhibited enhanced adhesion to Si substrate and wear resistance compared to those deposited at low bias with the same Cr content. Wear rate of the films deposited at high bias is relatively independent of Cr content up to about 10 at. % (of the order of 10−7 mm3/N-m) and then increases with increasing Cr content. The coefficient of friction for the films with a Cr content less than 19 at. % is low and remains between 0.1-0.16.
Intangible cultural heritage and the better angels of folklore’s nature

AbstractFolklore research in the United States typically is completed either through academic departments or in organisations designed to create public presentations of traditional expressive culture. These two approaches are termed ‘academic folklore’ and ‘public folklore’. The intellectual history of both approaches has recently been critiqued. One result of this deconstruction is an ambivalence over the historical legacy of key concepts in the study of folklore. Assessing elements of the critical study of folklore’s history – in both academe and the public sector – suggests opportunities for reconstituting the study of traditional culture to establish a more socially responsive approach that is relevant to ways that heritage professionals assess folklore as intangible culture heritage.
Thrust and Probe: The Phallic Blade, The Physician and the Voyeuristic Pleasures of Violent Penetration

The 1960 film, Peeping Tom, opens with the close-up of an eye stretched wide as it gazes frenetically upon a prostitute working in front of a lingerie store window. A hand switches on a half-hidden camera cradled in the killer’s arms, and we follow the woman to her front door, penetrating first the hallway, then her apartment. Still safe behind the cross-hairs of the camera, we hear the erection of a tripod leg, which we later learn is equipped with a blade. The camera thrusts forward and the woman is violently penetrated, murdered in her own bed. The scene then plays again, this time through the lens of a projector in the murderer’s private screening room where he savours his crime in pornographic detail; he has become a voyeur to his own crime just as we have, hidden in the darkness of our own living rooms, safe from prying eyes, savouring the assault. In seeking and deriving sexual pleasure from the clandestine observation of vulnerable and exposed bodies, the voyeur is driven by his scopophilia, his desperate and erotic longing to luxuriate in images that lead to arousal and to probe them with his penetrating stare. In stealing what is otherwise private, the voyeur obscured in the shadows asserts power over the object of his vision through Freud’s “controlling and curious gaze”;1 through this, the body viewed becomes the body objectified, violated and possessed.
Introduction of the Soper lecturer, William H. Foege.

During the last 4 days, we have immersed ourselves in a wide range of detailed laboratory investigations concerning parasites and viruses and the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases caused by them. Now, at this point in the meeting, it may be useful to step back and look at how our activities fit into the big picture of priorities on the international health scene. This is the 12th annual Soper Lecture, which commemorates the memory of one of America's great workers in the field of tropical public health, Dr. Fred Soper. This lectureship, presented at these meetings of our Society, was initiated and is funded by the Gorgas Memorial Institute. Before introducing this year's lecturer, Dr. William Foege, it is proper to make a few comments as to why Soper has been honored in this way. Newcomers and younger members of the Society may not know of him.
Assessing food intake of hospital patients.

The problem of what hospital patients actually eat is constantly the concern of the dietitian. In this study, an attempt teas made to develop practical and usable methods to determine the acceptability of hospital food by patients, as indicated by consumption of food served
AN AD HOC SOR METHOD1

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an ad hoc successive over relaxation (SIR) method. The SIR method is the second simplest iterative method to implement second only to the Gauss Seidel–method, and not by much. The problem with the SIR method is the determination of the relaxation factor, ω. The ad hoc SIR matches or betters the convergence rate of other techniques for finding a different ω for each point. It is found that for certain problems, the theoretical optimal ω may not produce the smallest number of iterations. The theoretical ωb was determined by finding the eigenvalues of the Jacobi matrix using EISPAK.
Proliferative Breast Disease

The term benign breast disease (BBD) encompasses a group of histologically diverse pathologic diagnoses. It is quite common, although data regarding the prevalence is limited. Autopsy data demonstrates significant variation in prevalence rates, ranging from 5 to 60 %. It is estimated that approximately 50 % of women will develop some sort of BBD after age 20 [1].
Application of a low polyphenol or low ellagitannin dietary intervention and its impact on ellagitannin metabolism in men

cope : Plant polyphenols are widespread in the American diet, yet estimated intake is uncertain. We examine the application of the Polyphenol Explorer® (PED) to quantify polyphenol and ellagitannin (ET) intake of men with prostate cancer and tested the implementation of diets restricted in polyphenols or ETs. Methods and results : Twenty-four men enrolled in a 4-week trial were randomized to usual, low-polyphenol or low-ET diet. Estimated polyphenol and ET intakes were calculated from 3-day diet records utilizing the PED. Urine and plasma metabolites were quantified by UPLC-MS. Adherence to the restricted diets was 95% for the low-polyphenol and 98% for low-ET diet. In the usual diet, estimated dietary polyphenol intake was 1568 ± 939 mg/day, with coffee/tea beverages (1112 ± 1028 mg/day) being the largest contributors and estimated dietary ET intake was 12 ± 13 mg/day. The low-polyphenol and low-ET groups resulted in a reduction of total polyphenols by 45% and 85%, respectively and omission of dietary ETs. UPLC analysis of urinary host and microbial metabolites reflect ET intake. Conclusion : PED is a useful database for assessing exposure to polyphenols. Diets restricted in total polyphenol or ET intake are feasible and UPLC assessment of ET metabolites is reflective of dietary intake. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Nonpolar Solvation Free Energy from Proximal Distribution Functions.

Using precomputed near neighbor or proximal distribution functions (pDFs) that approximate solvent density about atoms in a chemically bonded context one can estimate the solvation structures around complex solutes and the corresponding solute–solvent energetics. In this contribution, we extend this technique to calculate the solvation free energies (ΔG) of a variety of solutes. In particular we use pDFs computed for small peptide molecules to estimate ΔG for larger peptide systems. We separately compute the non polar (ΔGvdW) and electrostatic (ΔGelec) components of the underlying potential model. Here we show how the former can be estimated by thermodynamic integration using pDF-reconstructed solute–solvent interaction energy. The electrostatic component can be approximated with Linear Response theory as half of the electrostatic solute–solvent interaction energy. We test the method by calculating the solvation free energies of butane, propanol, polyalanine, and polyglycine and by comparing with traditio...
The relationship between media portrayals and crime: perceptions of fear of crime among citizens

Fear of crime has been an area of increasing concern in criminological research in recent years. This is a study of (1) the relationship between media portrayals of crime and the prevalence of fear of crime, and (2) the key demographic correlates of fear of crime in the study community. The study resulted in three key findings. Results indicate several weak but positive relationships between media influence and fear of crime. Theoretical, research, and policy implications are discussed.
Threading and Mapping Theories in the Field of Arts Administration: Thematic Discussion of Theories and Their Interdisciplinarity

ABSTRACTThis article examines theories used in articles in The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society from 1990 to 2014. Using methodologies of literature review and qualitative content analysis, the article identified more than sixty theories from nine different disciplinary traditions. This diversity demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of arts administration that is conceptualized as a community of many different, interconnected disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is a strength of the field that integrates diverse expertise, perspectives, and methodologies of related disciplines. The article calls for further integration of knowledge among different institutions toward solving common problems together.
Making Sense: Meaning in Life in a Cognitive Context

Meaning in life is an important contributor to psychological and physical health. In this chapter, we consider how this aspect of well-being relates to constructs within social psychology and social cognition that describe people’s attempts to make sense of their existence and social environment. We first review the relationship between the experience of meaning in life and information processing styles. Next, we distinguish between proximal and more distal variables that influence the experience of meaning. Proximal social cognitive variables include positive affect and the detection of environmental regularities. We then describe more distal sources of meaning, such as religious and secular worldviews, and consider additional potential distal sources that have not yet been examined. We close by considering intriguing research directions for the role of cognition in the experience of meaning.
‘A process where we’re all at the table’: community archives challenging dominant modes of archival practice

Community archives have compelled shifts in dominant archival management practices to reflect community agency and values. To analyse these shifts, we ask: In what ways do community archives and their staff challenge traditional archival modes of practice? Do community archives work within or against dominant frameworks for institutional sustainability? Do community archives challenge or replicate dominant custody practices? Based on semi-structured interviews with 17 founders, staff and volunteers at 12 Southern California community archives, this research examines the diverse models of practice utilised by community archives practitioners that diverge from and challenge standard practices in the field. By addressing these questions, our research uncovers a variety of models of practice employed by communities in Southern California to autonomously create and sustain their archives.
Von der Energie zum Service oder was ist Smart an Smarter Energy

Energiewende – das Schlagwort schlechthin wenn es um den Wandel in der Energieversorgungsbranche geht. Es zeichnet sich aber schon seit einiger Zeit eine notwendige Entwicklung am Markt ab, welche nicht erst durch die Ereignisse in Japan in 2011 initiiert wurden.
Ecological Approaches in the Study of Racial and Ethnic Differentiation and Inequality

Ethnic differentiation and inequality have been central concerns in human ecological theory and research since inception of the field. Leading figures in “classical” ecology considered race and ethnic issues at length and made many significant contributions to the study of racial and ethnic relations (e.g., Burgess 1928; Cressey 1938; McKenzie [1931]1968; Park 1950; Park and Burgess 1925; Wirth 1928). The works of these classical ecologists continue to influence the sociology of race and ethnicity in many different ways. Contemporary research on ethnic residential segregation, for example, directs attention to ecological processes of succession, resegregation, and spatial assimilation (Massey and Mullan 1984; Massey and Denton 1993; Bean and Tienda 1987) and is grounded in the classical assumption that spatial patterns of residential distribution reflect social distance (Massey 1985; White 1987). Continuity between classical and contemporary ecological studies also is evident in analyses that focus on themes of intergroup competition (Hannan 1979; Olzak 1986; Olzak and Nagel 1986; Lieberson 1970) and processes of assimilation (Niedert and Farley 1985; Farley and Frey 1994; Massey and Mullan 1984). Likewise, recent research emphasizing the segregation, centralization, and concentration of ethnic minority and poverty populations (Massey and Eggers 1990; Wilson 1987; Kasarda 1985; White 1987) draws on notions of urban structure that resonate with the principles of urban spatial organization that classical ecology first advanced.2