cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasistatic vs. dynamic modulus measurements of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Plasma-sprayed 8wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been demonstrated to exhibit nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior by quasistatic cyclic compression and cylindrical punch indentation measurements. In particular, the instantaneous (tangential) elastic modulus increases with applied stress and exhibits significant hysteresis during cycling. Sound velocity (dynamic) measurements also show an increase in TBC modulus with applied compressive stress, but in contrast show no significant hysteresis for the modulus during cycling. The nonlinear elastic behavior of the TBCs evidenced by these tests is attributed to coating compaction and internal sliding. The differences between the quasistatic and dynamic measurements are explained by the relative absence of the effect of internal sliding in the dynamic modulus measurements. By incorporating short load reversals into the larger loading cycle and measuring the instantaneous modulus at the start of each load reversal, the effects of internal sliding can be substantially reduced in the quasistatic measurements, and the resulting modulus values show good agreement with the modulus values determined by dynamic sound velocity measurements.
Evidence for deep melting of hydrous metasomatized mantle: Pliocene high-potassium magmas from the Sierra Nevadas

[1] Phase equilibrium experiments have been conducted on a primitive Pliocene olivine leucitite (WC-1) from the central Sierra Nevada, California. The near-liquidus phase relations were determined from 1.2 to 3.4 GPa and at temperatures from 1350° to 1460°C in a piston-cylinder apparatus. The composition with ∼2% H 2 O is multiply saturated with olivine and clinopyroxene at approximately 3.1 GPa and 1460°C and with 6% water in the coexisting melt phlogopite is stable. These results indicate that the magma was derived from a hydrous source at greater than 100 km depth. Xenoliths carried by other young Pliocene lavas in the vicinity of WC-1 have yielded temperatures of equilibrium from 700° to 900°C, with one outlier at 1060°C. These xenoliths are consistent with the hypothesis that the lower lithosphere under the Sierra Nevada delaminated just prior to the Pliocene, and fluid-metasomatized mantle melted to produce the high-potassium Pliocene lavas. We suggest that subduction-derived fluids drive a reaction that consumes garnet + orthopyroxene to create clinopyroxene + phlogopite, and that the high-potassium Sierran magmas are created by melting phlogopite-clinopyroxene metasomatized peridotite.
Low-dimensional unitary representations of B~3

We characterize all simple unitarizable representations of the braid group B3 on complex vector spaces of dimension d � 5. In particular, we prove that if �1 and �2 denote the two generating twists of B3, then a simple representation � : B3 ! GL(V ) (for dimV � 5) is unitarizable if and only if the eigenvalues �1,�2,... ,�d of �(�1) are distinct, satisfy |�i| = 1 and µ
Towards interoperability in municipal government: a study of information sharing practices

Municipal governments rely heavily on the sharing of data between departments as a means to provide high-quality and timely service to its citizens. Common tasks such as parcel renovations require the involvement of multiple departments such as Building, Planning, Zoning, Assessment and Tax to achieve the ultimate goals. However, the software applications used to support the work of these departments are provided by independent software vendors and are not integrated with one another. Therefore, municipal employees rely heavily on manual methods for data sharing. We conducted a study of 12 municipal governments to understand their information sharing needs and practices. We focused on the interaction and information sharing within and between municipal departments. Our findings can be used to shape future research on e-government initiatives and interoperability of municipal applications.
Las metrópolis del siglo XXI: nuevas geografías de la teoría

Este articulo aboga por "nuevas geografias" de la imaginacion y de la epistemologia en la produccion de las teorias urbana y regional. Postula que las teorizaciones dominantes de las ciudades-region globales tienen sus raices en la experiencia euroamericana, y por tanto no son capaces de analizar las multiples formas de las modernidades metropolitanas. Con base en la experiencia urbana del Sur global, este articulo presenta nuevos vectores conceptuales para la comprension de la mundializacion1 de las ciudades, la produccion del espacio y las dinamicas de exurbanidad. Se argumenta que tales "conocimientos de areas" incrementan los recientes esfuerzos teoricos para articular un estudio relacional del espacio y del lugar
OR36 Ligands distinct to ovarian cancer Hla-A*02:01

Aim T cells recognize cancer cells via HLA/peptide complexes, and class I HLA-restricted tumor infiltrating T cells correspond to favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer, the most deadly gynecologic disease. The identification of tumor-marking HLA/peptide complexes empowers bourgeoning cancer immunotherapy strategies such as therapeutic vaccination or transgenic T cell therapy. While predictive algorithms are highly useful, a large proteomic study can both inform predictive strategies and directly identify novel cancer-associated peptides. Here, ligand elution and peptide sequencing was used to characterize ligands defining the HLA-A*02:01 of cancerous ovarian cells. Methods A secreted form of HLA-A*02:01 was stably transfected into the human ovarian cancer lines SKOV-3, A2780, OV-90 as well as the immortalized normal ovarian line FHIOSE. HLA was harvested from bioreactors of each cell line and purified by affinity chromatography. Purified peptides were fractionated by two dimensions of high-pressure liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry and PEAKS software for peptide sequencing. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and DAVID Bioinformatics Databases were used for source protein analysis. Results Over 30,000 peptides on average were identified at a 1% false discovery rate for each line, with peptide lengths matching expected frequencies. A clear overarching HLA-A*02:01 motif was observed, and novel length-specific motif nuances were detectable. Source protein enrichments were identified, and multiple novel as well as previously predicted peptides were found from characterized ovarian cancer antigens such as p53, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), mesothelin, vascular endothelial growth factor alpha (VEGFA), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Finally, a comparative analysis between cell lines revealed consistent and defining ligands among the ovarian cancer lines. Conclusions Class I HLA gathered from tumor cells in this large-scale study provided for the direct characterization of the cancerous ligandome with unprecedented breadth. This brought to light individual peptides consistent and distinct to the HLA-A*02:01 of cancerous cells, and these ligands represent candidate peptides for use in ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
The Effect of Disease-induced Mortality on Structural Network Properties

As the understanding of the importance of social contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases has increased, so has the interest in understanding the feedback process of the disease altering the social network. While many studies have explored the influence of individual epidemiological parameters and/or underlying network topologies on the resulting disease dynamics, we here provide a systematic overview of the interactions between these two influences on population-level disease outcomes. We show that the sensitivity of the population-level disease outcomes to the combination of epidemiological parameters that describe the disease are critically dependent on the topological structure of the population’s contact network. We introduce a new metric for assessing disease-driven structural damage to a network as a population-level outcome. Lastly, we discuss how the expected individual-level disease burden is influenced by the complete suite of epidemiological characteristics for the circulating disease and the ongoing process of network compromise. Our results have broad implications for prediction and mitigation of outbreaks in both natural and human populations.
User centered approach for the design of knowledge discovery: systems used in technology management

This paper presents a framework for user centered system design (UCSD), in which tasks can be defined in the context of technology innovation management. One could then design more usable systems that effectively support management decisions. UCSD is a paradigm in the design of complex systems and interfaces where design parameters are governed, to a larger extent, by the organization of work around the system, rather than by the fundamental characteristics of the technology itself.
Engineering economic assessment of whole-house residential wood heating in New York

Abstract Wood devices increasingly are being used for residential space heating in New York. Motivations include avoiding high and variable fuel costs, promoting energy independence, mitigating climate change, and stimulating local economic development. In this study, the influence of fuel prices, device costs, and device efficiencies on heating costs was examined. Lifetime costs of alternative heating technologies were calculated for a house in Syracuse, New York. Calculations were repeated to explore discount rates and fuel price projections. Combinations of wood price and device cost and efficiency were identified at which wood is competitive with other fuels. The results suggest that fuel costs drive competitiveness more than capital and installation costs. At typical wood prices, natural gas often is the least expensive option. Many rural areas do not have access to gas, however, and high-efficiency wood-heating devices can be very competitive with heat pumps, propane boilers, and fuel-oil boilers. Availability of low-cost or on-site wood can make wood the least expensive option. However, even “free” wood is not free when the equipment, labor, space and time required are considered. Furthermore, efficiencies of wood devices and their pollutant emissions can differ greatly. High emission rates have led to restrictions on use of specific wood-heating devices in some locations. Improved information and tools should be available to consumers for evaluating the suitability of wood heating for their particular situations. The work presented here is an example of such information.
Kant's "Naturalistic" History of Mankind? Some Reservations

Among many important claims, Allen Wood in Kant's Ethical ought proposes that Kant's philosophy of history can be grasped as a "naturalist" approach, grounding human nature in biology. I suggest some reservations. First, I question Kant's conception of biology as (a still emergent) science. Second, I question Kant's extension of his notion of "natural predisposition" to reason and freedom. Third, I question the naturalism of Kant's philosophy of history by suggesting the excessive role providence must play in Kant's account. The upshot is to find Kant's philosophy of history one of the less persuasive elements in his system of thought, despite Wood's energetic effort at a contemporary reconstruction.
Punishment, stuttering, and disfluency.

Punishment is accorded a prominent place in most contemporary theories in attempts to explain both the origin and the persistence of stuttering behavior. A frequent observation about stuttering is ...
Comparative Investigation of Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains for Heavy-Duty Transit Bus Applications

In recent times, diesel powered hybrid electric vehicles have attracted their fair share of attention from automakers worldwide. It is a well-known fact that diesel hybrid technology is being used increasingly to improve the performance of a number of city transit buses. The exclusive combination of advanced diesel engines and sophisticated hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technologies holds much promise for dramatic reductions in both emissions as well as fuel consumption. Currently, transit bus manufacturers incorporate the popularly accepted series or parallel hybrid electric drive train architectures for hybridization depending on specific performance demands. From the point of view of heavy-duty vehicular drive train hybridization, a major debate in the auto industry involves analyzing and comparing both the series as well as parallel HEV systems. Keeping this issue in mind, this paper aims to comprehensively investigate and evaluate series and parallel hybrid electric drive train topologies for heavy-duty diesel transit buses from the point of view of overall efficiency and parametric performance studies. In general, the vital proposal of this paper involves the depiction of suitability of parallel hybrid drive trains over series hybrid drive trains, more specific to city transit bus applications.
Conceptual implicit memory and environmental context

Changes in environmental context between encoding and retrieval often affect explicit memory but research on implicit memory is equivocal. One proposal is that conceptual but not perceptual priming is influenced by context manipulations. However, findings with conceptual priming may be compromised by explicit contamination. The present study examined the effects of environmental context on conceptual explicit (category-cued recall) and implicit memory (category production). Explicit recall was reduced by context change. The implicit test results depended on test awareness (assessed with a post-test questionnaire). Among test-unaware participants, priming was equivalent for same-context and different-context groups, whereas for the test-aware, the same-context group produced more priming. Thus, when explicit contamination is controlled, changes in environmental context do not impair conceptual priming. Context dependency appears to be a general difference between implicit and explicit memory rather than a difference between conceptual and perceptual implicit memory. Finally, measures of mood indicated no changes in affect across contexts, arguing against mood mediation for the context effects in explicit recall.
The Word Made Speculative? John Milbank's Christological Poetics

John Milbank's The Word Made Strange serves to answer many of the points raised by critics of his earlier Theology and Social Theory, in particular by developing more fully a “Trinitarian metaphysics” that take seriously the “poetic” character of human making and knowing. However, this metaphysics raises further questions regarding the underdevelopment of Milbank's Christology, Ecclesiology and Ethics. Specifically, Milbank's thin account of Jesus and the Church indicates an aversion to particularity that risks making his theology “merely speculative”, and lessens its impact on concrete Christian communities.
An algorithm defining ALGOL assignment statements

It is not possible, by testing symbol pairs only [2], to determine whether a given symbol string is consistent with the formation rules of ALGOL [1]. For example, the formula l1: l2: x[i := 5j + 3.14.159; violates four distinct formation rules of ALGOL, yet each pair of adjacent characters may appear in permissible formulae. The algorithm described here will determine, with minor restrictions, whether a particular symbol string is a permissible ALGOL assignment statement. I believe that the same technique may be extended to determine whether a given symbol string is a permissible ALGOL program or not, where a program is defined as a sequence of permissible statements separated by semicolons. The algorithm scans the formula from left to right, replacing certain character pairs by single characters. If under the allowable transformations the symbol string may be reduced to the single character S, it is a well-formed formula in ALGOL; otherwise it violates the formation rules.
Obstacles to distance training and education in corporate organizations

While distance education is on a fast growth curve currently, there are many barriers that must be overcome. The results reported here are from persons working in corporate organizations (n=448). Takes the perspective that various organizations are at different stages or levels of capabilities with regard to distance education. The research questions reported are: do distance educators in the corporate sector perceive different barriers depending upon the maturity of their organization’s capabilities in distance education; and as the organization’s distance education competency as a whole matures, will the overall number or intensity of perceived barriers to distance education be reduced? The evidence from the responses to this survey indicates that there is a relationship between an organization’s level of capability in distance education and the barriers to distance education reported by respondents for some but not all barriers. The analysis of this survey also supports the proposition that corporate trainers and educators perceive fewer, or less intense, barriers in organizations that are more capable delivering distance education.
Circadian timekeeping and output mechanisms in animals

Daily rhythms in animal behavior, physiology and metabolism are driven by cell-autonomous clocks that are synchronized by environmental cycles, but maintain ∼24 hours rhythms even in the absence of environmental cues. These clocks keep time and control overt rhythms via interlocked transcriptional feedback loops, making it imperative to define the mechanisms that drive rhythmic transcription within these loops and on a genome-wide scale. Recent work identifies novel post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that govern progression through these feedback loops to maintain a period of ∼24 hours. Likewise, new microarray and deep sequencing studies reveal interplay among clock activators, chromatin remodeling and RNA Pol II binding to set the phase of gene transcription and drive post-transcriptional regulatory systems that may greatly increase the proportion of genes that are under clock control. Despite great progress, gaps in our understanding of how feedback loop transcriptional programs maintain ∼24 hours cycles and drive overt rhythms remain.
Modified corporate capitalism: Wage earners' investment funds

We have examined some macroeconomic effects of a wage earners' investment fund. Six tentative conclusions are suggested. First, the fund redistributes wealth in labor's favor, perhaps enough to establish some degree of labor control of corporate industry. Second, the fund redistributes disposable income in labor's favor. Third, the investment wage has a weaker redistributive effect than has profit sharing. Fourth, the fund reduces the national disposable-income fraction of national output. Fifth, the Fund therefore may raise the propensity to save national output. Sixth, by narrowing the firm's opportunity for self-financing the fund may induce it to substitute less risky for moe risky investment projects.
Photoelectric monitoring of single beating heart cells in culture.

Abstract This paper characterizes a photoelectric recording system which monitors individual beating heart cells in vitro. A culture procedure which supports continued beating for up to three months without confluent overgrowth or aggregation is described.
Pulmonary functional impairment from years of arc welding.

Purpose The adverse effects of arc welding on pulmonary function have been previously documented. However, in many of these studies, the effects of welding exposure and smoking were not separated. Also, some studies did not adjust for or ignored the effects of asbestosis on pulmonary function. We assessed the long-term effects of welding on pulmonary function in welders who had no evidence of asbestosis on chest radiographs, and adjusted each individual value for height, age, and years of cigarette smoking. Patients and methods The study consisted of 226 male construction welders who had never worked in shipyards. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and flows were measured by spirometry, chest radiographs were obtained and examined for evidence of asbestosis using International Labor Office (ILO) criteria, and thoracic gas volume (TGV) was determined by planimetry. The subjects were also administered an occupational and respiratory questionnaire. Data on workers with asbestosis (ILO profusion 1/0 or greater) and pleural abnormalities were excluded. The mean age for the 226 subjects without asbestosis was 45 years, mean height was 175.7 cm, and mean duration of welding was 21.3 years. Pulmonary function measurements are presented as mean percentage of predicted (pop) and adjusted for height, age, and years of smoking. Results In 151 current cigarette smokers, mean midflows and terminal flows were decreased, FEF 25–75 to 93.2 pop and FEF 75–85 to 91.2 pop, but FVC, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), and TGV were normal. The 43 nonsmokers also had reductions in flows but normal FVC and TGV. Flows in both groups were significantly (p 1 pop, and −0.0080 for midflow pop (FEF 25–75 ) (all significant at p 75–85 pop was not significant. As calculated from regression equations, 40 years of welding would reduce FVC to 95.2 pop, FEV 1 to 92.2 pop, midflow to 79.2 pop, and FEF 75–85 to 81.7 pop. Conclusion Long-term exposure to welding gases and fumes reduced flows in small airways of welders without asbestosis.
Effects of repeated exposure to aggression and defeat on plasma and pituitary levels of luteinizing hormone in C57BL-6J mice.

Abstract Mice of the C57BL 6J strain were exposed to trained fighters twice/day for 0 (unfought controls), 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days. Twenty minutes after the last fight, the mice were killed and plasma and pituitaries were collected. Fighter mice also were killed after 16 days of fighting. Assay of plasma LH indicated increases, within four days of fighting, in exposed mice to a value of 2.94 mU/ml from a nonexposed control level of 0.78 mU/ml. Plasma LH levels remained significantly higher in exposed than in control mice. Pituitary LH exhibited minor nonsignificant fluctuation. Plasma LH of fighter mice, at 16 days, was 0.57 mU/ml, while pituitary LH was 4.21 mU/mg at the same period. It is assumed that repeated exposure to defeat produces a neural stimulation, similar to other forms of stress, that possibly may act through the hypothalamus to release neurohumoral substance(s) that release hypophysical LH in defeated mice.
Phthalazine-based dinucleating ligands afford dinuclear centers often encountered in metalloenzyme active sites.

The dinucleating ligand 1,4-bis(2,2‘-dipyridylmethyl)phthalazine (bdptz) forms stable dinuclear complexes with most of the biologically active first-row transition metal ions including manganese, iron, nickel, copper, and zinc.
Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants. VI. Carya (Juglandaceae) of North america

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine foliar surface features such as trichome types and the micro-relief formed by cell contours, cuticular patterns, and epicuticular wax in the genusCarya. The fourteen taxa native to Mexico and eastern United States were sampled throughout their geographical ranges, and are represented here by specimens that include segregate taxa, interspecific hybrids, and mature and immature leaves of each. Six trichome types are recognized in this survey: acicular, fasciculate, multiradiate, solitary, capitate-glandular, and peltate scale. There are no consistent differences between representatives of either the two Sections of the genus or the two ploidy levels. Although there is significant inter- and intra-specific variation, the use of scanning electron microscopy provides few taxonomically useful characters or character-states beyond those already available through light microscopy. Foliar surfaces of the fourteen taxa and three hybrids are illustrated.
DEGRADATION OF FLUORODIFEN-1′-14C BY PEANUT SEEDLING ROOTS

Summary. Degradation of p-nitrophenyl-α,α,α:-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether (fluorodifen) labelled with 14C in the 1 position of the p-nitrophenyl ring (1′-14C) proceeded rapidly in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Starr) seedling roots. All degradation products were present after only 2 h. The major degradation products for fluorodifen-1′-14C were the water-soluble compounds p-nitrophenol and Unknown I, a polar compound or complex which remained on the origin during thin-layer chromatography. Minor products included p-nitrophenyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2-amino-p-tolyl ether, p-aminophenyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether and traces of p-aminophenol. No p-aminophenyl-α,α,α-trinuoro-2-amino-p-tolyl ether was detected. The p-aminophenol previously reported [PL Physiol., Lancaster, 44,1397-1401 (1969)] was not p-aminophenol, but primarily Unknown I with a possible trace of p-aminophenol. Fluorodifen continued to be absorbed throughout the 72-h treatment period.
Discontinuing an implantable cardioverter defibrillator as a life-sustaining treatment.

A n informed patient’s right to discontinue life-sustaining treatment is widely accepted both ethically and legally,1-3 yet physician practice patterns appear to have lagged behind.4 We believe that such reluctance occurs in part because many physicians do not have a coherent way of approaching these situations. We begin by presenting a complex patient who requested that his implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) be discontinued to illustrate the process and its potential pitfalls. We will then explore the ethical principles that guide such requests for patients with a capacity to make decisions, and propose practical guidelines for discontinuing life-sustaining interventions such as ICDs. Mr. W. was a 67-year-old man with coronary artery disease, degenerative joint disease, osteoporosis, and emphysema who had been asking to have his ICD turned off for over 1 year. He sustained his first myocardial infarction in 197.5, and underwent coronary bypass surgery in 1976. An ICD was implanted in 1990 after multiple cardiac arrests from his severe ischemic cardiomyopathy. His ICD fired every 4 to 6 weeks, often preceded by a brief presyncopal episode. Although he feared the associated electric discharge, he knew that each shock probably prolonged his life. As the burdens of his multiple diseases increased, Mr. W.‘s activities became increasingly restricted. For the last 2 years of his life, he felt his condition to be unbearable. Although he had a devoted wife and attentive physicians, he could see no hope of improvement, and no escape from his steady decline. He had accepted his
Kinetics of the photopolymerization of tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the bulk with the use of desyl aryl sulfides as photoinitiators

Five desyl aryl sulfides were prepared for use as photoinitiators in the determination of the bulk polymerization rates of tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate at 25°C. As a first approximation, the initial rates were first-order with respect to monomer and one half-order with respect to initiator. From this, approximate initial overall rate constants were determined. The data indicate that resonance stabilization of the dissociated radical seem to affect the polymerization rate. Complications arising from the auto catalytic gel effect were discussed.
Attempt to produce sarcomas in rats from ingestion of crude wheat germ oil by ether extraction.

ConclusionsTumors have not been observed in 20 albino rats of 2 strains, Wistar and Sprague Dawley, which were fed a crude and a refined wheat germ oil for 258 days. Pkrhaps all wheat germs do not contain the sarcogenic agent. Certain nutritional conditions may influence tumor production, and there may be subtle factors, as yet unappreciated, incidental to the preparation of the crude wheat germ oil.
Markers of Systemic and Lung Inflammation in Childhood Asthma

Aim. To compare different biomarkers of inflammation in children with controlled and uncontrolled asthma and to investigate their relationship with other clinical indices of asthma control (symptoms, lung function, serum IgE, and prn beta-agonist use). Materials and Methods. A total of 62 consecutive asthmatic children (age 11 ± 3.3 years, 32 girls) with controlled ([C], n = 19) and uncontrolled asthma ([NC], n = 43) were studied. Measured lung function and inflammatory biomarkers included: spirometry, exhaled NO (FENO), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), peripheral blood white blood cells (WBC) counts, and differentials. Results. Hs-CRP was significantly higher in uncontrolled than in controlled asthma (hs-CRP, median [IQR], mg/L; 0.56 [0.60] vs 0.25 [0.34], p = 0.008). Discriminant analysis (backward stepwise) depicted hs-CRP and lymphocytes (as Z-score for absolute count) as significant discriminative factors for asthma control (F = 8.319, p = 0.0007) with 82.3% diagnostic accuracy. Divided ...
QoS Provisioning with New Effective Bandwidth/Buffer Calculation Scheme in Wireless IP Networks

The huge commercial success of mobile telephony, the phenomenal growth of Internet users, the popularity of IP-based multimedia applications are the major driving forces behind third-generation (3G), ongoing Byond 3G (B3G), and forth-genertion (4G) evolution. 3G brought wired applications, both data and multimedia, into wireless environments. It operates on IP-based infrastructures to provide wider service access capability. To support and satisfy QoS (Quality of Service) of diverse IP-based multimedia applications, traffic management, such as Connection Admission Control (CAC) and resource allocation, becomes essential. CAC and resource allocation are computationally complex when combined with QoS guarantee for traffic with different characteristics. However, CAC and resource allocation are real-time traffic control procedures. Hence, processing load should be minimized to reduce delay. At the same time, network resources should be utilized efficiently to accommodate more users. However, reducing processing load and obtaining high resource utilization efficiency has been considered to be contradictory matter. In addition, CAC and resource allocation schemes which consider multiple QoS criteria --- loss and delay --- simultaneously have not been adequately studied. Simultaneous QoS consideration is important to satisfy stringent and diverse QoS requirements of multimedia traffic. In this paper, we propose a nobel effective bandwidth/buffer calculation method based on a virtual channel/buffer analysis scheme. We show that our method can achieve high resource utilization efficiency with reduced processing load. Moreover, we show that our scheme allows for simultaneous consideration of multiple QoS criteria, loss and delay.
Sliding-block source coding

Both noiseless source coding and source coding with a fidelity criterion are traditionally accomplished via the mapping of consecutive nonoverlapping source blocks into code blocks of fixed or variable length. Here we use an easy application and interpretation of the Kolmogorov-Ornstein isomorphism theorem of ergodic theory to prove the existence of a new class of noiseless source coding techniques consisting of nonlinear time-invariant discrete-time filters. The output codes are physically stationary, are not of variable length, require no buffers except for the filter memory, are not catastrophically affected by occasional channel errors, and provide a new interpretation of noiseless source coding. An information-theoretic interpretation of an early special case of the isomorphism theorem provides an example. The noiseless sliding-block theorem is then coupled with the sliding-block source coding subject to a fidelity criterion theorem to obtain a general sliding-block source coding theorem for noiseless and almost noiseless Channels. The approach, assumptions, and results are compared and contrasted with the special cases of quantization, delta modulation, and block stationary convolutional, trellis, tree, Viterbi, and sequential source coding techniques.
Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Therapy for ALL in adults remains a tremendous challenge for clinicians. The use of pediatric-intensive regimens in young and middle-aged adults shows promise in improving outcomes. The addition of monoclonal antibody therapy to chemotherapy appears to hold great promise in lessening relapse rates. The anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, which has been of such benefit in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, now seems poised to bring significant benefit to adults with ALL. Other monoclonal antibody approaches are in earlier stages of development, but will likely be of significant benefit. The BiTE antibody, blinatumomab, represents an exciting new approach in this arena. As new molecular abnormalities are identified in ALL, these will certainly become new targets for drug development. The increasing use of MRD testing by molecular or flow cytometric techniques will also be invaluable in further refining prognostication in ALL in helping with the selection of patients most likely to benefit from BMT. Several new small molecules and chemotherapeutic agents will, it is hoped, also find a niche in the therapy for ALL. Early examples including NOTCH1 inhibitors; hypomethylating agents such as decitabine, folic acid, antagonists, flavopiridol, bortezomib, and mTOR inhibitors will all hopefully find a role in the therapy for this challenging disorder. Although many challenges remain, there is hope that the therapy for adults with ALL can make significant progress in the next few years, in comparison with the relative plateau that has been experienced over the last several decades.
Suppression of the auditory frequency following response during visual attention

Abstract Frequency-following responses (FFRs) were recorded from unanesthetized cats with electrodes chronically implanted in the cochlear nucleus and on the round window. Tone bursts of different frequencies (irrelevant stimuli) were presented repetitively (85 dB SPL, 1/sec) as background before, during, and after the presentation of a visual discrimination task (relevant stimuli) which attempted to alter the attentive state of the animals. The mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of the FFRs from the cochlear nucleus were significantly reduced in amplitude during attention to the visual discrimination stimuli when compared with the amplitudes of the pretest- and post-test-control periods. However, at the round window (cochlear microphonic) no significant differences in amplitude were observed for the same periods. Although the amplitudes of the FFRs were reduced in amplitude at all frequencies during visual attention, much greater suppression occurred at the middle frequencies (700–2000 Hz) than at higher or lower frequencies. These data suggest that during visual attention the FFRs are attenuated by a central inhibitory mechanism.
Diffusion of non-electrolytes in brain tissue.

Abstract The diffusion of urea and creatinine in brain tissue was studied in rabbits using an aqueductal-fourth ventricular perfusion system. The movement of the test solutes in brain tissue conforms approximately to Fick's law of diffusion. It is believed that the computed diffusion coefficients in brain could be similar to their free diffusion coefficients if corrected for the tortuosity of the interstitial channels and the sink effect of the brain capillary bed. The experimental results suggest that there is a relatively open path between the cerebrospinal fluid and brain although the penetration of urea and creatinine molecules during short periods of time is limited to a distance of 100 μm or less from the ependymal surface.
Reduced 125I-hGH binding by serum of dwarf pigs but not by serum of dwarfed poodles.

Abstract 1. 1. Normal and growth-deficient poodle and swine strains were characterized for serum growth hormone-binding protein (GH-BP) content as well as other growth-related hormones, and the relationship between these factors and body size was examined. 2. 2. GH-BPs were found in all strains of pigs and poodles. Concentrations of GH-BPs (as expressed by specific bindings) did not vary among the poodle breeds, but did correlate with body size in pigs. 3. 3. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II were decreased 71 and 44% respectively in miniature compared to standard size poodles. 4. 4. Only the Yucatan micro pig strain had reduced serum IGF-I concentrations compared to normal controls. 5. 5. Growth hormone concentrations however were normal to elevated in all micro and miniature pig strains. 6. 6. Serum triiodothyronine concentrations were reduced in Yucatan mini and micro pigs in spite of normal circulating levels of thyroxine. 7. 7. Body size reductions in the swine and dog strains are probably attributable to different primary defects of various growth related hormones or hormone receptors. 8. 8. Each species breed therefore could serve as a model for a different human growth-deficient condition.
Managing The Complexity Of Performance Monitoring Hardware: The Brink Andabyss Approach

Recent microprocessor advances have significantly improved the capabilities of on-chip performance monitoring hardware, as is evident in the Pentium 4 processor (Sprunt 2002a). However, the complexity of the performance monitoring hardware has also risen, making the tasks of understanding and using the performance monitoring hardware much more difficult for performance analysts and software developers. Additionally, documentation for these features is becoming increasingly cryptic (Intel Corporation a), further exacerbating the task of using these features effectively. This paper describes a new approach for managing this complexity that enables the full feature set of this hardware to be used while still providing a highlevel, easy-to-use interface. This approach augments reference manual documentation by creating XML descriptions of the performance monitoring hardware capabilities and its desired configuration. This XML-based approach was used to develop the brink and abysstools (Sprunt), which provide high-level interface to the Pentium 4 performance monitoring capabilities.
HARD X-RAY EMISSION IN KINKING FILAMENTS

We present an observational study on the impact of the dynamic evolution of kinking filaments on the production of hard X-ray (HXR) emission. The investigation of two kinking-filament events in this paper, occurring on 2003 June 12 and 2004 November 10, respectively, combined with our earlier study on the failed filament eruption of 2002 May 27, suggests that two distinct processes take place during the kink evolution, leading to HXR emission with different morphological connections to the overall magnetic configuration. The first phase of the evolution (Phase I) is characterized by compact HXR footpoint sources at the endpoints of the filament, and the second phase (Phase II) by a ribbon-like footpoint emission extending along the endpoints of the filament. The HXR emission in both the 2002 May 27 and 2004 November 10 events shows a transition from Phase I to Phase II. In the 2002 May 27 event, coronal emission was observed to be associated with EUV brightening sheaths aligned along two filament legs in Phase I, while in Phase II, it was located near the projected crossing point of the kink. The coronal emission in the 2004 November 10 event does not exhibit a clear morphological transition as in the 2002 May 27 event, probably due to the filament's relatively small size. The 2003 June 12 event mostly features a Phase I emission, with a compact footpoint emission located at one end of the filament, and an elongated coronal source oriented along the same filament leg. We propose the following scenarios to explain the different flare morphology: magnetic reconnection in Phase I occurs as a result of the interactions of the two writhing filament legs; reconnection in Phase II occurs at an X-type magnetic topology beneath the filament arch when the filament ascends and expands.
Colostomy in anorectal malformations: a procedure with serious but preventable complications.

Abstract Purpose Colostomy for patients with anorectal malformations decompresses an obstructed colon, avoids fecal contamination of the urinary tract, and protects a future perineal operation. The procedure is associated with several significant complications. Materials and Methods The medical records of 1700 cases of anorectal malformations were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 230 patients underwent reconstruction without a colostomy. Of the remaining 1470 patients, 1420 had their colostomy performed at another institution (group A) and 50 did at our institution (group B) using a specific technique with separated stomas in the descending colon. Results There were 616 complications identified in 464 patients of group A and in 4 patients in group B, an incidence of 33% vs 8% ( P Conclusions Most colostomy complications are preventable using separated stomas in the descending colon. Mislocated stomas lead to problems with appliance application, interference with the pull-through, megasigmoid, distal fecal impaction, and urinary tract infections. Loop colostomies lead to urinary tract infections, distal fecal impaction, and prolapse. Prolapse is a potentially dangerous complication that mostly occurs when the stoma is placed in a mobile portion of the colon. Recognizing this makes the complication preventable by trying to create colostomies in fixed portions of the colon or by fixing the bowel to the abdominal wall when necessary. The trend to avoid colostomies is justified; however, colostomy is the best way to prevent complications in anorectal surgery and, when indicated, should be done with a meticulous technique following strict rules to avoid complications.
Comodulation Masking Release (CMR) in Children and the Influence of Reading Status

Purpose Research suggests that children with reading disabilities (RD) have difficulty processing temporal and spectral components of sounds. Comodulation masking release (CMR) measures a listener’...
Photo-induced Holographic Surface Relief Gratings in High Tg Main-chain Azoaromatic Polymer Films

We have synthesized two classes of polyureas with mono- and diazoaromatic groups in their main chains. Holographic gratings were fabricated on the polyurea films prepared by spin-coating from solutions. Regularly spaced surface relief gratings on the polymer film were also recorded upon exposure to an interference pattern of two polarized argon laser beams.
Sniffing in infant rats during sleep and wakefulness.

Sniffing, a behavior that enhances detection and localization of odorants, is typically assumed to require behavioral arousal. In an effort to determine whether sniffing and arousal are dissociable, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) was presented to 8-day-old rats while respiration and behavioral state were monitored. Pups sniffed in response to the highest concentrations of DMDS, exhibiting a lower olfactory threshold when awake. Surprisingly, sniffing occurred even while pups remained asleep. Sniffing was mediated by the olfactory system, as evidenced by the abolition of sniffing when the lateral olfactory tracts were cut and the retention of rapid arousal in response to a trigeminal stimulant, acetic acid. Finally, sleeping pups presented with acetic acid awakened without sniffing. Thus, although olfactory threshold increases during sleep, sleeping does not preclude sniffing.
Habitat Utilization and Movement of Fish as Determined by Raido-Telemetry

Abstract The habitat utilization and movements of largenouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) were studied via radio telemetry. Habitat utilization was calculated as the percentages of a tracking day each fish occurred in each habitat, weighted by the proportionate area of each habitat. The five habitats were heavy macrophyte (H), primarily Myriophyllum sp.; light macrophyte (L), primarily Potamogeton sp.; sand (S); open water (O), having an approximate minimum depth of 6 m and no macrophytes; ecotone (E), which was defined as 1.5 m on each side of a boundary between macrophyte beds and sand or open water. Movement speeds were determined by calculating the distance between two tracked locations at five minute intervals. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in largemouth bass habitat utilization: E S H L O. There was also a significant difference (p < 0.05) in habitat utilization by bluegill H L S E O. ...
Effect of three A-ring analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on 25-OH-D3-1α-hydroxylase in isolated mitochondria and on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism in cultured kidney cells

Three A-ring analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3)--2-nor-1,3-seco-1,25(OH)2D3 (2-nor analog), 2-oxa-3-deoxy-25-OH-D3 (2-oxa analog), and A-homo-3-deoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxa-25-OH-D3 (A-homo analog)--were tested for their ability to inhibit 25-OH-D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (1 alpha-hydroxylase) in isolated mitochondria and to alter 25-OH-D3 metabolism in cultured chick kidney cells. The 2-nor and 2-oxa analogs were relatively potent (Kis of 60 and 30 nM, respectively, compared with 170 nM for 1,25(OH)2D3), whereas the A-homo analog was completely ineffective in inhibiting 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity. In contrast, all three analogs were able to repress 1 alpha-hydroxylase and induce 24-hydroxylase activity in cultured chick kidney cells, suggesting that this process is not one of direct action in the mitochondria, but is more likely to be a receptor-mediated one.
Spatial variation in timing of marine subsidies influences riparian phenology through a plant‐pollinator mutualism

Migratory animals are well-recognized for transporting energy and nutrients across habitat boundaries as resource subsidies but less is known about the secondary effects of these subsidies in supporting biodiversity in recipient ecosystems. In southwestern Alaska, fly-pollinated plants in the carrot family (Apiaceae) flower during the annual arrival of semelparous Pacific salmon to their natal streams to spawn. Blowflies (Calliphoridae) are an important consumer of salmon carcasses as larvae and pollinate Apiaceae as adults. Stable isotope analyses indicate that adult blowflies received the majority (85%) of their carbon and nitrogen from salmon carcasses and the remainder from riparian plants. A large terrestrial signature was passed maternally to blowfly eggs but quickly replaced by marine-derived resources as eggs developed into larvae on salmon carcasses. We also monitored the flowering phenology of kneeling Angelica (Angelica genuflexa) across salmon bearing streams (n = 20) that differ in the timing of salmon spawning. We found that salmon spawning date explained a substantial amount of the observed seasonal variation in peak flowering dates among streams and, when combined with longitude, explained 88% of the variation in seasonal phenology of Angelica among streams. By comparison, distance from the ocean, stream temperature, slope, aspect, and elevation in the riparian area had no relationship with Angelica bloom date. Together, these results suggest that spatial variation in salmon spawning timing is transmitted via the phenology of salmon-dependent consumers that affect the bloom timing of a common riparian plant.
The Story of Bran and Sceolang

(2007). The Story of Bran and Sceolang. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 52-61.
Quality Control in Online Courses: Using a Social Constructivist Framework

SUMMARY There has recently been increased interest in the quality of online courses. Faculty from the School of Education at Marquette University suggest using social constructivist theories in the design and development of online courses and in the training and pedagogy of online instructors to ensure quality in online courses. Quality can be designed into online courses by focusing on complex tasks, using multiple perspectives, establishing a learning community, encouraging the social negotiation of meaning and providing assistance for learners at various levels. While good design can go a long way to ensure quality in online courses, the quality of the instructor is equally critical. Training instructors to establish a supportive climate, provide constructive feedback, and ask critical and probing questions leads to high quality online instruction.