cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development Cycle Modeling: Transdisciplinary Implications

This paper argues that development (product, system, software, etc.) is an inherently transdisciplinary activity. Development is defined as the conversion of ideas into their manifestations. This conversion is often characterized by development phases, e.g., concept, requirements, design, implementation, and evaluation/testing (CRDIE). Iterative sequences of these phases form development cycles. Development cycles drive new product creation as well as product quality and cost and utility. Consequently, understanding development cycles is important. Models can provide insight; however, end-to-end quantitative development cycle models are, at best, rare. This paper outlines such a model, the Statistical Agent-based Model of Development and Evaluation (SAbMDE). For purposes of this paper, transdisciplinarity is defined as a developer’s holistic view of reality as filtered by that developer’s sensory input and perception of that reality. The model builds its mathematical and logical structures on a foundational concept that includes and describes this sensory and perceptual integration. Because the proposed model has this transdisciplinary characteristic, the model's use and results will have transdisciplinary implications. One implication: Ideas are discovered, not created. Another: A developer must first adjust their perception to see the development path that leads to a desired end product before they can traverse that path. A third: The ordering of information in a development space must be maintained.. This paper defines a minimal SAbMDE model that logically and mathematically reveals these and other SAbMDE transdisciplinarity implications.
Rate-time forecasting of gas reservoirs with significant transient flow: A density-based method

Abstract Early transient flow corresponds to the period before the effect fluid depletion has reached the nearest reservoir no-flow boundary. Production from unconventional reservoirs tends to exhibit extended periods of early transient flow because of their low permeabilities. Massive flow areas are generated, typically through the creation of multiple fractures in horizontal wells, to feasibly produce hydrocarbons from these formations at economic rates. The presence of these fractures leads to a series of non-radial flow regimes, which may continuously change before reservoir no-flow boundaries are reached, with linear flow being one of the dominant regimes. One of the significant challenges in this area has been devising a proper production analysis technique applicable to the analysis of early transient flow data. Progress has been made in the area through the use of the concept of the region of influence, which accounts for the portion of reservoir volume responsible for early transient production. In this study, we propose to implement a density-based approach to analyze early transient production data. In the density-based approach, rate-time responses of gas reservoir system are predicted by rescaling the responses of liquid system with depletion driven variables. The density-based technique has previously proven applicable to boundary-dominated radial-flow, and has been extended to analyze boundary-dominated linear-flow behavior. In this work, we show that early transient flow behaviors can be analyzed using the density-based method that incorporates region of influence concept into rescaling variables, λ ¯ - β ¯ calculations. A density-based procedure is proposed to analyze early transient production data and its applicability is verified using simulated rate-time data. Results show that the proposed method can effectively predict Contacted Gas In-Place and the fracture half-length and square root of permeability product. The density-based methodology provides an alternative and reliable means to model and analyze data from gas reservoirs exhibiting extended early transient production.
A partnership that delivers

Alzheimer disease mutations in the presenilins alter the intracellular trafficking of β–catenin, hinting that the presenilins may also determine the fate of other proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (pages 164–169).
“Let me make this clear”: creating high trust organizations

Purpose – This paper aims to show the relationship between trust and clear communication and why it is essential for organizations to develop these high trust firms.Design/methodology/approach – Current research and case examples are used to highlight key elements.Findings – The paper describes what several organizations are doing to create these high trust organizations.Practical implications – The article has a focus on practical applications for managers in creating better communication and development trust within organizations.Social implications – It is hoped that decision makers will take stock of the research and tools recommended and begin creating high trust open communication organizations. It is these types of organizations which are best positioned for future success.Originality/value – The paper is original, bringing together practical tools for better management within organizations.
From Countermemory to Collective Memory: Acknowledging the “Mississippi Burning” Murders

Sociologists have long been interested in collective representations of the past, as well as the processes through which individuals, groups, or events have been excluded from those representations. Despite this rich body of literature, few studies have examined the processes through which long-silenced countermemory becomes integrated within “official” public memory. This study examines two instances of silence breaking in Philadelphia, Mississippi—the town notorious for the silence, denial, and collective obstruction of justice surrounding the 1964 “Mississippi Burning” murders. By reconstructing and comparing the event structure of the twenty-fifth and fortieth anniversary commemorations—both interracial community-wide events unique for having punctuated Philadelphia's prevailing silence on the murders—this article finds that commemorability and mnemonic capacity are necessary but insufficient factors for “silence breaking” commemorations to emerge. This study identifies two additional criteria necessary for commemorations that publicly acknowledged long-silenced pasts: pressure from external forces, and the convergence of interests between those previously opposed to and those in favor of acknowledgment.
Plasma vitamins and trace metal changes during teen-age pregnancy

Abstract Blood samples were obtained from 244 pregnant teen-agers upon their initial visit to the prenatal clinic. The subjects sampled represented young women at varying stages of gestation from the tenth to fortieth week of pregnancy. The plasma levels of the metals iron, zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium were determined; as well as the plasma levels of vitamins A, C, and the total carotenes. These changes were not altered significantly when the individual values were expressed as a ratio to their individual hematocrit value as an expression of hemodilution effect during pregnancy. A product-moment correlation study at all the measurements divided by the hematocrit disclosed statistical interrelationships with a very significant level of probability between plasma levels of copper, magnesium, and calcium; as well as lower levels of confidence in the statistical relationships between other minerals and vitamins.
Geometrical Optics via electromagnetic wave quantization

The basic laws of geometrical optics can be deduced from energy-momentum conservation for electromagnetic waves, without other wave concepts. However, the concept of quanta is required; it arises naturally, hence such a hypothesis could have arisen earlier than it did historically. Measurements to determine the angles of reflection and refraction demand that each incident quantum be either reflected or refracted; such a separation is central to the experimental results.
Immunoreactivity of MIC2 (CD99) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in bone marrow clot and core specimens of acute myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes.

Abstract Context.—MIC2 (“thymus leukemia”) antigen has been shown to be expressed by T cells and monocytes, as well as B cells and granulocyte-lineage cells. It is most intensely expressed by the most immature thymus T-lineage cells and is more intensely expressed by CD34-positive/CD33-positive myeloid cells (compared to more mature myeloid cells) and the earliest CD34-positive/CD10-positive B-cell precursor cells (compared to cells of later B-cell precursor stages). CD99 (MIC2) is characteristically expressed in precursor B- and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas/leukemias, as well as in Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (ES/PNET). It has also been shown to be expressed in a few terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)–positive myeloid processes, but has been uniformly negative in TdT-negative myeloid processes. A more recent study showed that 43% of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) and 55% of chloromas express CD99, concluding that CD99 is commonly expressed in AML and rarely seen in myeloprol...
Bub1 overexpression induces aneuploidy and tumor formation through Aurora B kinase hyperactivation

High expression of the protein kinase Bub1 has been observed in a variety of human tumors and often correlates with poor clinical prognosis, but its molecular and cellular consequences and role in tumorigenesis are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of Bub1 in mice leads to near-diploid aneuploidies and tumor formation. We found that chromosome misalignment and lagging are the primary mitotic errors responsible for the observed aneuploidization. High Bub1 levels resulted in aberrant Bub1 kinase activity and hyperactivation of Aurora B kinase. When Aurora B activity is suppressed, pharmacologically or via BubR1 overexpression, chromosome segregation errors caused by Bub1 overexpression are largely corrected. Importantly, Bub1 transgenic mice overexpressing Bub1 developed various kinds of spontaneous tumors and showed accelerated Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Our results establish that Bub1 has oncogenic properties and suggest that Aurora B is a critical target through which overexpressed Bub1 drives aneuploidization and tumorigenesis.
Interaction of muscle glycogen phosphorylase with pyridoxal 5'-methylenephosphonate.

Abstract Rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) was reconstituted with pyridoxal 5′-methylenephosphonate with ca. 25% restoration of enzymatic activity. The modified enzyme has very similar chemical and physical properties to native phosphorylase including UV and fluorescence spectra, quaternary structure, high energy of activation in the reconstitution reaction, optimum pH and susceptibility to phosphorylase kinase in the b to a conversion. While V max is reduced to ca. one-fifth, affinities for the substrate glucose 1-P and the effector AMP are increased. This is the first analog of pyridoxal 5′-P modified in the 5′-position found to restore catalytic activity to apophosphorylase.
The Effect of Placing Vortex Generators Above Ribs in Ribbed Ducts on the Flow, Flow Temperature, and Heat Transfer Behavior

Flow temperature and laser-Doppler velocity measurements are presented to understand better the flow and heat transfer behavior resulting from the placement of vortex generators above the first and fifth ribs in a ribbed duct airflow (Re = 3450) and as a benchmark for comparing model predictions. Because the generator-rib spacing, at the smallest spacing (s/h = 0.25), was too small for the flow to pass through it, the generator-rib pair functioned as a single element with an increased effective height, comprising the rib height, the generator-rib space, and the generator proper, which resulted in a downstream shift in the flow reattachment and peak Nusselt number locations. At s/h = 0. 75, the flow expanded as it passed through the generator-rib space. Dictated by the upstream flow conditions, the expansion resulted in a vertical downward flow behind the first generator-rib configuration and no vertical downward flow behind the fifth.
Autonomic failure: observations of a physician–patient

Here I describe the clinical symptoms of autonomic failure that I began experiencing when I turned 80, a treatment combination that has been remarkably effective, and the recent finding of high titers of antibodies against the ganglionic nicotinic receptor.
The Baltic republics: Renaissance now?

O n June 1, 1991, I departed Bloomington, Indiana for a two-week trip to the notso-sunny Baltic destination of Riga, Latvia. While other academic brethren were departing for the likes of Hawaii and the Bahamas at their own expense, I was headed instead for a tiny spot in the northwest corner of the Soviet Union as part of the Hudson Institute's International Baltic Economic Commission (IBEC). The heads of the three Baltic republics-Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania--had asked the Hudson Institute to form a team ofinternational consultants to advise them on how best to transform their economic systems. Hudson has put together nine working groups to deal with issues from taxes to social policy. I was asked to be a member of Working Group 6, along with my Indiana University School of Business colleagues Michele Fratianni and Jtirgen von Hagen, Working Group 6 will make initial recommendations about monetary and fiscal policy by October 1991. The project is scheduled to conclude toward the end of 1992. A review of Francis Ford Coppola's movie Apocalypse Now described it as a bizarre plot in search of an ending. This depiction also fits the situation in the Baltic republics. They proclaim their independence and make plans accordingly. Yet even as they introduce and implement new legislation that moves them closer to nat ionhood and a market economy, they face swift and ugly physical and economic blackmail from the Soviet Union. The republics continuously stare into the insanity of Catch 22. They are allowed to plan to be independent and free of the ball and chain of the central planning system if they only try not to be free. But if they implement real freedoms, tanks will roll and the economic blockade will tighten. Though this might seem like a depressing situation to us in the West, the people we met are filled with hopes and plans. After 50 years or so under the firm grip of a socialist dictatorship, the peoples of the Baltic republics now clearly see the light of freedom at the end of the tunnel. While they are striving for economic improvement, the engine driving them forward is a deep desire for political freedom and independence. It will be apocalypse or renaissance for the Baltics; Western attitudes will help determine which.
Theory and modeling of light interactions with metallic nanostructures

Metallic nanostructures such as systems containing metal nanoparticles or nanostructured metal films are intriguing systems of much current interest. Surface plasmons, i.e., special electronic excitations near the metallic surfaces, can then be excited in these systems. Surface plasmons can be intense and localized, and correctly describing their behavior in complex systems can require numerically rigorous modeling techniques. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is one such technique. This review discusses results obtained mostly with the FDTD method concerning (i) local surface plasmon excitations of metal nanoparticles, (ii) surface plasmon polariton propagation on layered structures, (ii) and periodic hole arrays in metal films.
Marine fisheries as ecological experiments

There are many examples of ecological theory informing fishery management. Yet fisheries also provide tremendous opportunities to test ecological theory through large-scale, repeated, and well-documented perturbations of natural systems. Although treating fisheries as experiments presents several challenges, few comparable tests exist at the ecosystem scale. Experimental manipulations of fish populations in lakes have been widely used to develop and test ecological theory. Controlled manipulation of fish populations in open marine systems is rarely possible, but fisheries data provide a valuable substitute for such manipulations. To highlight the value of marine fisheries data, we review leading ecological theories that have been empirically tested using such data. For example, density dependence has been examined through meta-analysis of spawning stock and recruitment data to show that compensation (higher population growth) occurs commonly when populations are reduced to low levels, while depensation (the Allee effect) is rare. As populations decline, spatial changes typically involve populations contracting into high-density core habitats while abandoning less productive habitats. Fishing down predators may result in trophic cascades, possibly shifting entire ecosystems into alternate stable states, although alternate states can be maintained by both ecological processes and continued fishing pressure. Conversely, depleting low trophic level groups may affect central-place foragers, although these bottom–up effects rarely appear to impact fish—perhaps because many fish populations have been reduced to the point that they are no longer prey limited. Fisheries provide empirical tests for diversity–stability relations: catch data suggest that more diverse systems recover faster and provide more stable returns than less diverse systems. Fisheries have also provided examples of the tragedy of the commons, as well as counter-examples where common property resources have been managed successfully. We also address two barriers to use of fisheries data to answer ecological questions: differences in terminology for similar concepts and misuse of records of fishery landings (catch data) as a proxy for biomass trends.
Constituents of human meconium--I. Identification of 3-hydroxy-etianic acids.

Abstract The monohydroxylated fraction of bile acids of human meconium was analyzed by capillary GC-MS. In the sulfate-glucuronide fraction three saturated, and one unsaturated C 20 steroidal acids were found. These acids were identified as 3α-hydroxy-5α-, 3α-hydroxy-5β-,3β-hydroxy-5α-androstane-17β-carboxylic, and 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17β-carboxylic based on the unequivocal GC-MS comparison with standards of all possible epimers at C-3, 5 and 17. The amount of the major C 20 acid, 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstane-17β-carboxylic, in meconium was 0.2 nmol/g, i.e. 5 to 10 times the amount of lithocholic acid. To prevent the oxidation of 21-hydroxy-20-oxopregnanes to C 20 acids meconium was extracted in the presence of sodium borohydride. In the absence of this reducing agent the amount of 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17β-carboxylic acid was increased and its 17α-epimer could be detected. This indicates partial artifactual formation of this C 20 acid from 21-hydroxypregnenolone, which is known to be present in human meconium. The amount of the saturated C 20 acids was unaffected by the presence of sodium borohydride in the extraction medium, and their native occurence in human meconium was further confirmed by the absence of their 17α-epimers in extracts obtained both with and without borohydride. The probable metabolic origin of C 20 acids in the fetal-placental-maternal unit is discussed.
Solid solubilities of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen in yttrium

Abstract The solid solubilities of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen in yttrium metal have been investigated and a partial diagram is proposed for the Y-YN system. The temperature dependence of the solubility of each solute in α yttrium was fitted empirically to Arrhenius-type equations, and the heats of solution for the co-existing oxide, carbide or nitride phase were found to be 6.8 ± 0.4, 8.0 ± 1.0 and 11.6 ± 1.3 kcal/mole, respectively.
High sensitivity metamaterial based bi-material terahertz sensor

We report on the fabrication of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based bi-material terahertz (THz) detector integrated with a metamaterial structure to provide high absorption at 3.8 THz. The absorbing element of the sensor was designed with a resonant frequency that matches the quantum cascade laser illumination source, while simultaneously providing structural support, desired thermomechanical properties and optical read-out access. It consists of a periodic array of aluminum squares separated from a homogeneous aluminum (Al) ground plane by a silicon-rich silicon oxide (SiO x ) layer. The absorbing element is connected to two Al/SiO x microcantilevers (legs), anchored to a silicon substrate, which acts as a heat sink, allowing the sensor to return to its unperturbed position when excitation is terminated. The metamaterial structure absorbs the incident THz radiation and transfers the heat to the legs where the significant difference between thermal expansion coefficients of Al and SiO x causes the structure to deform proportionally to the absorbed power. The amount of deformation is probed optically by measuring the displacement of a laser beam reflected on the Al ground plane of the metamaterial absorber. Measurement showed that the fabricated absorber has nearly 95% absorption at 3.8 THz. The responsivity and time constant were found to be 1.2 deg/μW and 0.65 s, respectively. The minimum detectable incident power including the readout noise is around 9 nW. The obtained high sensitivity and design flexibility indicate that sensor can be further tuned to achieve the required parameters for real time THz imaging applications.
Libel Reconsidered: The Troubled Legacy of "New York Times V. Sullivan.".

The article examines developments in libel law since New York Times v. Sullivan (1964). Drawing upon the concept of pendulum swings, the article looks at the expansion and contraction of constitutional and procedural standards for libel. The analysis presented here views the New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) as a paradigm case, but it argues that libel historically has undergone major fluctuations in doctrine while attempting to maximize either reputation or freedom of expression. This article contends that the law of libel has had a troubled and uneven development in the aftermath of New York Times v. Sullivan. The article also discusses libel cases in cyberspace and the controversial role of an Internet service provider.
Scattering without scattering operator

Abstract For potential scattering with long-range forces and for scattering with creation of massless particles, no S matrix can be properly defined. It is necessary to return to prime principles to establish the theoretical counterpart of the observed scattering probabilities. This paper proposes an interpretative principle that leads to the following statement: Given a ray representation of the Poincare group isomorphic to the Fock space representation of massive noninteracting particles, with a one-particle subspace H 1 = ⊕ N H i 1 of irreducible representation spaces Hi1, and a net of local subalgebras, scattering raises the problem of finding a map P ↦ n (P) from projections P in H1 to quasi-number operators n (P) with the properties that (1) n is self-adjoint, (2) the restriction of n (P) to H1 is P, and it annuls the vacuum Ψ0, (3) n (P 1 ) + n (P 2 ) = n (P 1 + P 2 ) , if P1P2 = 0, and (4) the bounded functions of n (P) are quasi-local if Tr P E[ n i (Δ k )] of quasi-number operators of particles of type i and momenta in the interval Δk defined by s.lim t→±∞ e iHt E[ n i (Δ k )] e− iHt = E[n i IN (Δ k )] exist and commute with each other. These limits are related simply to probabilities of scattering events.
Aerial video reconnaissance using large sensor arrays (updated June 11, 2008)

The goal of an imaging sensor with nearly constant response, constant image quality, with a focal plane array of pixels whose overlap can be scaled, that can still provide a nearly hemispherical field-of-view has been demonstrated. The topic of this paper is the optical design of just such a sensor. A flow down of these performance constraints to hardware specifications is bounded by information theory, diffraction theory, plus practical matters that constrain the overlap of focal plane arrays. A set of performance goals for a sensor are the ability to observe features ≤25 μr features in size within a 45° scene using >1 G pixels.
Antiviral Responses: Different Roles for Different Tolls

In this issue of Immunity, Town et al. (2009) show the interplay between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines during West Nile virus infection and define a role for TLR-mediated production of interleukin-23 in immune cell homing and pathogenesis.
p-p and p-n final-state interactions in several three-body reactions

Evidence for a strong final-state interaction between the two protons in the reaction ^3He(d,t)2p has recently been obtained by several groups [1-3]. The observed triton spectra have the same form at forward angles as is predicted by the sequential-decay formalism of Watson [4] or of Migdal [5] using the s-wave proton-proton scattering phase shifts.
Nonrelativistic K-shell auger rates and matrix elements for 4 < z ≤ 54*

The Auger matrix elements and the rates for the K-LL Auger transitions for a vacancy in the K -shell are presented along with the fluorescence yields found with LS coupling. Numerical calculations have been performed using the Hartree-Fock-Slater approach with the exchange approximation of Kohn and Sham and Gaspar. The results will be useful in the calculation of the Auger rates in the intermediate coupling scheme.
Improper use of regression equations in earth sciences

A regression equation used to estimate a variable is appropriately used only to estimate the dependent variable of that equation; the equation is inappropriately used when solved for an independent variable. Examples given here of this misuse of regression equations are based on actual cases in sedimentologic, geomorphologic, and paleohydrologic literature. The error involved can amount to several hundred percent.
Joint imaging and change detection for robust exploitation in interrupted SAR environments

Modern radar systems equipped with agile-beam technology support multiple modes of operation, including, for example, tracking, automated target recognition (ATR), and synthetic aperture radar imaging (SAR). In a multimode operating environment, the services compete for radar resources and leave gaps in the coherent collection aperture devoted to SAR imaging. Such gapped collections, referred to as interrupted SAR, typically result in significant image distortion and can substantially degrade subsequent exploitation tasks, such as change detection. In this work we present a new form of exploitation that jointly performs imaging and coherent change detection in interrupted environments. We adopt a Bayesian approach that inherently accommodates different interrupt patterns and compensates for missing data via exploitation of 1) a partially coherent model for reference-pass to mission-pass pixel transitions, and 2) the a priori notion that changes between passes are generally sparse and spatially clustered. We employ approximate message passing for computationally efficient Bayesian inference and demonstrate performance on measured and synthetic SAR data. The results demonstrate near optimal (ungapped) performance with pulse loss rates up to ∼ 50% and highlight orders of magnitude reduction in false alarm rates compared to traditional methods.
PLASMA AND TISSUE PROTEINS PRODUCED BY NON-HEPATIC RAT ORGANS AS STUDIED WITH LYSINE-ε-C14: GAMMA GLOBULINS THE CHIEF PLASMA PROTEIN FRACTION PRODUCED BY NON-HEPATIC TISSUES

The non-hepatic tissues in a perfused "carcass" (caudal half of the rat) maintain some physiological functions for as long as 5 to 6 hours of perfusion, including good clearance of lysine-e-C14 and glucose from the perfusate, and synthesis of both tissue and plasma proteins. The perfused "carcass" tissues incorporate only small amounts of lysine-e-C14 into the plasma proteins to an extent not markedly affected by the presence of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, or kidneys. This activity is found only in the globulin fraction obtained by sodium sulfate fractionation. No significant activity was detected in the plasma fibrinogen or albumin fractions. C14-labeled plasma proteins obtained from the eviscerated surviving rat 6 hours after intravenous lysine-e-C14 have been separated by zone electrophoresis. The gamma globulins contain most of the C14 activity, with small but measurable activity in the beta and alpha globulins, and no activity in the albumin fraction.
Bilateral mandibular supernumerary premolars

Abstract An unusual case of four mandibular supernumerary premolars, bilaterally paired, in a 14-year-old Negro girl is reported. Clinical examination revealed three normal-appearing premolars in the left mandible. Roentgenograms disclosed an additional unerupted supernumerary premolar on the left side as well as two unerupted supernumerary premolars on the right side. Neither the parents nor the brother of the patient showed any clinical or radiographic evidence of supernumerary teeth.
Treatment of nonadiabatic interactions in polyatomic molecules by the frame transformation method: Application to the methyl iodide spectrum

The frame transformation for an s-wave electron in the field of a degenerate symmetric top molecular ion core is used to interpret the results of a series of rotational bandshape fittings of one- and two-photon absorption spectra of methyl iodide in the region of the lowest Rydberg transitions. The frame transformation is defined between alternative representations of the total wavefunction in which the spin of the Rydberg electron is successively decoupled from the molecular frame to the laboratory frame. It is shown that uncoupling of the spin from the molecular axis is essentially complete in the 6s states of CH3I. Calculations are also presented which indicate that the dynamic Jahn-Teller interaction leds to substantial angular momentum quenching in some vibronic levels of this molecule.
Access to deposit insurance, insolvency rules and the stock returns of financial institutions

Abstract This paper analyzes how access to deposit insurance affects the common stock returns of financial institutions during periods of financial distress. During periods of distress the definition of insolvency used by insuring agencies may be modified to avoid a substantial number of bank failures. These modifications can increase the value of future deposit guarantees and affect the behavior of stock returns of banks and S&Ls. This hypothesis is examined using S&L data for the 1976 through 1983 period. Modification of insolvency rules applied to S&Ls appears to have reduced significantly the co-movement of S&L stock returns with S&L portfolio holdings.
Atomic and molecular fluorescence as a stratospheric species monitor

The results of an investigation are presented evaluating the potential of atomic and molecular fluorescence as a stratospheric monitor of the concentrations of any one of 18 minor species: Cl, Cl2, ClO, ClO2, CO, H2, HCHO, HCl, HNO2, HNO3, H2S, NH3, NO, NO2, N2O, O, OH, and SO2. All spectral regions from the vacuum ultraviolet through the infrared were included. It was found that suitable systems can be constructed for the stratospheric monitoring of CO (5 ppb), NO2 (less than 1 ppb), OH (0.2 ppt), and O (50-200 ppt). The fluorescence sensitivities for Cl (0.5-1.0 ppt), H2 (0.2 ppm at 10 torr) and SO2 (1-10 ppb) are marginally insufficient with current technology.
Dry/wet wire reflectivities at 10.6 μm

Power cable reflectivities have been measured for both dry and wet conditions using a 10.6 micrometers coherent CO2 laser radar. Measurements were made at a range of 620 m using two types of cable: 1-in.-diameter Grosbeak and 3/8-in. Grouse, at +/- 60 degree(s) aspect angles relative to the normal in increments of 10 degree(s). The cables were both artificially sprayed, in an effort to simulate realistic rainfall rates, as well as being exposed to light rain. Results show that the drop in reflectivity of wet cables compared to dry cables is a function of aspect angle with a mean drop for the Grosbeak and Grouse cables of -5 dB and -1.3 dB, respectively. Measurements of the drying rates of the cables showed a return to the dry state reflectivity in approximately 100 sec after being liberally doused.
Snap loads and torsional oscillations of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge

In 1940, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was completed on June 10 and opened to traffic on July 1. On November 7, the deck collapsed. Before that day, significant vertical oscillations had occurred, but no torsion. The bridge as built was stable with respect to torsional motion under the winds of November 7 and previous winds with higher speeds. However, snap loads in the diagonal ties attached to the north midspan cable band helped to loosen the band, and the frictional resistance between the band and the north suspension cable passing through it was overcome. The cable began to slip through the band. For this new structural system, with longitudinal motion of the north cable, the wind speed was higher than the critical speed for torsional flutter, and torsional motion was initiated. Approximately 700 cycles of torsional oscillations occurred during the hour prior to the collapse. In the present study, the snap loads on the cable band are discussed first. Then a continuum model of the central span (deck, cables, and hangers) is formulated. The longitudinal motions of the cables are included, so that the slippage can be incorporated. Known information from the observed steady-state torsional motion is utilized with assumed forms of the vertical cable displacements, and the governing equations provide the horizontal cable displacements, the dynamic tensions in the cables, the vertical and torsional motions of the deck, and the resultant lift force and pitching moment (including damping) acting on the deck during its final hour.
The role of volatiles and atmospheres on Martian impact craters

Many questions remain about what Martian impact craters reveal about the planet's environment at the time of the impact and about the subsequent processes that have modified these craters. In particular, questions remain about the role of near-surface or “target” volatiles (volatiles within the upper few kilometers of the surface) and the planets variable carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere on ejecta formation and modification. A recent meeting, “Workshop on the Role of Volatiles and Atmospheres on Martian Impact Craters,” helped to better define these questions and review current understandings. The workshop was sponsored by the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Mars Crater Consortium, NASA, Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory, and the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group.
Finite-size results for SU(3) gauge theory.

We give the semiclassical evaluation of the energy of electric flux in units of the ${0}^{++}$ glueball mass for SU(3) gauge theory and predict a crossover in this quantity around $z=1.6$. The parameter $z$ is the length of the sides of a cubic volume (the three-torus) in units of the inverse glueball mass. We discuss lattice gauge theory in the context of a finite volume and compare our analytic prediction with recent SU(3) Monte Carlo results.
Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L): A neuroanatomical tracer for electron microscopic analysis of synaptic circuitry in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) is a plant lectin that is anterogradely transported by neurons in the central nervous system. PHA-L is selectively taken up by cells at iontophoretic injection sites and, when immunohistochemically demonstrated, labels individual neurons completely, including their dendrites, axons, and terminal boutons. PHA-L is generally not taken up by fibers passing through the injection site and, because it produces a Golgi-like staining of even very fine axons over long distances, it is sometimes possible to light microscopically reconstruct individual neurons and their entire axon terminal arbors. When prepared for electron microscopy, the PHA-L-labeled terminals are densely and completely stained, allowing their synaptic relationships to be defined. These properties make PHA-L advantageous for studying the patterns of projection and the modes of termination of select groups of neurons in their target nuclei. We used PHA-L to study the extraretinal innervation of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, a thalamic visual center. Although much is known about the retinal contribution to geniculate synaptic circuitry, relatively little is known about other sources of innervation, even though these provide the majority of synaptic terminals in the nucleus (Guillery: Z. Zellforsch., 96:1-38, 39-48, 1969; Wilson et al.: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.], 221:441-436, 1984). We used both light and electron microscopy to describe synaptic circuitry from three extraretinal sources of projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus: the visual cortex, the perigeniculate nucleus, and the parabrachial region of the brainstem. Cortical terminals labeled with PHA-L were small and formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts onto small-caliber dendrites of geniculate neurons. Perigeniculate terminals formed symmetrical synaptic contacts primarily onto small-caliber dendrites, but some synapses were also formed onto the proximal, retinorecipient portions of geniculate dendrites. Parabrachial terminals synaptically contacted the retinorecipient portions of dendritic appendages and shafts, small-caliber dendrites, and the specialized dendritic (F2) terminals of geniculate interneurons. The symmetry of the parabrachial synaptic contacts was variable and was related to the postsynaptic target. Contacts onto dendritic appendages were asymmetrical while those onto dendritic shafts and F2 terminals were symmetrical. Our data suggest that in unlabeled material these brainstem terminals would be difficult to distinguish from cortical or perigeniculate profiles. The positioning of the parabrachial input onto the retinorecipient portions of geniculate dendrites indicates that this projection is well situated to control primary retinal transmission through the nucleus, while the location of most cortical and perigeniculate innervations implicates them in secondary feedback interactions or other aspects of geniculate function.
Modeling hemodynamic responses in auditory cortex at 1.5 T using variable duration imaging acoustic noise

A confound for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), especially for auditory studies, is the presence of imaging acoustic noise generated mainly as a byproduct of rapid gradient switching during volume acquisition and, to a lesser extent, the radiofrequency transmit. This work utilized a novel pulse sequence to present actual imaging acoustic noise for characterization of the induced hemodynamic responses and assessment of linearity in the primary auditory cortex with respect to noise duration. Results show that responses to brief duration (46 ms) imaging acoustic noise is highly nonlinear while responses to longer duration (>1 s) imaging acoustic noise becomes approximately linear, with the right primary auditory cortex exhibiting a higher degree of nonlinearity than the left for the investigated noise durations. This study also assessed the spatial extent of activation induced by imaging acoustic noise, showing that the use of modeled responses (specific to imaging acoustic noise) as the reference waveform revealed additional activations in the auditory cortex not observed with a canonical gamma variate reference waveform, suggesting an improvement in detection sensitivity for imaging acoustic noise-induced activity. Longer duration (1.5 s) imaging acoustic noise was observed to induce activity that expanded outwards from Heschl's gyrus to cover the superior temporal gyrus as well as parts of the middle temporal gyrus and insula, potentially affecting higher level acoustic processing.
Thermoforming triangular troughs

This analysis for thermoforming triangular troughs focuses on the manufacturing process speed and follows the method of Kershner and Giacomin for thermoforming cones. We distinguish between what happens before and after (free versus constrained forming) the melt touches the prismatic mold. Neither free nor constrained forming yields analytical solutions for the required forming time. Our analysis is restricted to the fabrication of triangular troughs from nearly Newtonian melts, the second simplest relevant problem in commercial thermoforming. The simplest relevant problem, thermoforming cones, yielded analytical solutions for the forming time. Whenever we thermoform straight edges into rigid packaging, the problem of a melt stretching into a triangular trough arises. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Abstract 3588: Treatment differences are associated with black-white disparities in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

Background: Racial differences in survival for ovarian cancer are well documented. Previous research suggests that black-white mortality disparities are partially explained by more advanced disease among black women. Whether differences in receipt of guideline recommended care (including both surgery and chemotherapy) also explain mortality differences between black and white women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer is not known. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) linked to Medicare claims for 1997-2007, we identified a cohort of 4363 women age 65 and older with histologically confirmed stage III or IV epithelial ovarian cancer. We evaluated long-term survival for black and white women in the entire fee-for-service Medicare population, and then in patients matched by propensity score to create two similar cohorts for comparison with Kaplan-Meier analysis. We investigated the association between race, stage, and survival among women who received guideline recommended care and those who received incomplete care. Adjusted analyses were conducted using Cox modeling. Results: Overall, black women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer were more likely to die than white women; unadjusted hazard ratio (HR):1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.48). Black women were more likely than white women to present with stage 4 disease (40% vs. 32%, p=0.02) and comorbid conditions (55% vs. 36%, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3588. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3588
Regulatory considerations on the role of general pharmacology studies in the development of therapeutic agents

In contrast to the well-defined regulatory requirements for the conduct of animal toxicology studies, FDA regulations and guidelines for nonclinical pharmacodynamic studies are relatively general and do not require that any specific studies be conducted. General pharmacology studies are conducted to identify actions of a new agent in addition to those associated with the primary therapeutic utility. General pharmacology studies aimed at determining drug effects on cardiovascular, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, respiratory and pulmonary, renal, endocrine and metabolism, autonomic nervous system, and drug-receptor functions were among the types of general pharmacology studies included in a sample of recent investigational new drug application (IND) and new drug application (NDA) submissions. Assessment of drug effects on cardiovascular, autonomic nervous system, and drug-receptor interactions were given the greatest individual importance in identifying drug effects relevant to the assessment of a product's safety at the initial IND stage. At the NDA stage, general pharmacology studies find their greatest value in predicting drug-drug interactions, defining mechanisms of action, characterizing the pharmacological correlates of drug-overdose, identifying dose-limiting effects for the chronic toxicity studies, and associating animal toxicity findings with known pharmacotoxic effects. General pharmacology studies provide valuable information to complement animal toxicity studies for evaluating a drug's potential risk to humans.
Major Agricultural Regions of the Earth

(1936). Major Agricultural Regions of the Earth. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 199-240.
Inhibition of Functional Hyaluronan-CD44 Interactions in CD133-positive Primary Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells by Small Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides

PURPOSE: CD44 is one of the most common markers used for identification of highly tumorigenic subpopulations of human carcinoma cells, but little is known about the function of CD44 or its major ligand, hyaluronan, in these cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of hyaluronan and its interaction with CD44 in the properties of a tumorigenic subpopulation of primary ovarian carcinoma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A tumorigenic subpopulation was identified in ascites fluids from ovarian carcinoma patients by expression of high CD133 levels. Treatment with small hyaluronan oligosaccharides, which dissociate constitutive hyaluronan polymer-CD44 interactions, was used to test the importance of hyaluronan-CD44 interaction in assembly of multidrug and monocarboxylate transporters and receptor tyrosine kinases in the plasma membrane of cells with high CD133 levels, and in the tumorigenic capacity of the CD133-high subpopulation. RESULTS: Although total CD44 levels were similar in cells with high or low CD133 expression, CD44 was present in close association with transporters, receptor tyrosine kinases, and emmprin (CD147) in the plasma membrane of cells with high CD133 levels. Treatment with small hyaluronan oligosaccharides reduced association of the transporters and receptor tyrosine kinases with CD44 in the plasma membrane, diminished drug transporter activity, and inhibited i.p. tumorigenesis in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hyaluronan-CD44 interaction plays an important role in the properties of highly tumorigenic cells by stabilizing oncogenic complexes in their plasma membrane, and that treatment with hyaluronan-CD44 antagonists provides a logical therapeutic approach for abrogating the properties of these cells. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7593-601).
Transient diffusion in solids with a bipore distribution

Transient diffusion of n-butane, iso-butane, and 1-butene in synthetic CaX(Na) spherical pellets is studied in a constant volume, well-stirred system. The intracrystalline diffusion coefficients are in the order of 10−14 cm2/s, and the activation energy is about 7.0 Kcal/g-mole. Experimental data agree well with a mathematical model developed to describe transient diffusion.