cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary assessment of domoic acid exposure: What can be learned from traditional methods and new applications for a technology assisted device

Abstract Three Tribal Nations in the Pacific Northwest United States comprise the members of the CoASTAL cohort. These populations may be at risk for neurobehavioral impairment, i.e., amnesic shellfish poisoning, from shellfish consumption resulting in repeated, low-level domoic acid (DA) exposure. Previous work with this cohort confirmed a high proportion of clam consumers with varying levels of potential exposure over time. Since clams are an episodically consumed food, traditional dietary records do not fully capture exposure. Frequency questionnaires can capture accumulated doses over time and this data can be used to examine dose–response relationships with periodic studies of memory and learning. However, frequency questionnaires cannot be used to assess consumption and memory response in real time. To address this shortcoming, a modified technology assisted dietary assessment (TADA) iPod application was developed to capture images of the clam meal, sourcing data, and associated memory functioning within 24 h and seven days after consumption. This methodology was piloted with razor clam meals consumed by members from the CoASTAL cohort. Preliminary findings suggest that the TADA iPod application is potentially useful in collecting real-time data with respect to razor clam consumption, as well as one day and seven day memory outcome data. This technology holds promise for addressing the challenges of other HAB related dietary exposure outcome studies.
Ramsey numbers of odd cycles versus larger even wheels

Abstract The generalized Ramsey number R ( G 1 , G 2 ) is the smallest positive integer N such that any red–blue coloring of the edges of the complete graph K N either contains a red copy of G 1 or a blue copy of G 2 . Let C m denote a cycle of length m and W n denote a wheel with n + 1 vertices. In 2014, Zhang, Zhang and Chen determined many of the Ramsey numbers R ( C 2 k + 1 , W n ) of odd cycles versus larger wheels, leaving open the particular case where n = 2 j is even and k j 3 k ∕ 2 . They conjectured that for these values of j and k , R ( C 2 k + 1 , W 2 j ) = 4 j + 1 . In 2015, Sanhueza-Matamala confirmed this conjecture asymptotically, showing that R ( C 2 k + 1 , W 2 j ) ≤ 4 j + 334 . In this paper, we prove the conjecture of Zhang, Zhang and Chen for almost all of the remaining cases. In particular, we prove that R ( C 2 k + 1 , W 2 j ) = 4 j + 1 if j − k ≥ 251 , k j 3 k ∕ 2 , and j ≥ 212299 .
Invited Lecture “Pioneering the Future: From Transplant to Device Development”

One of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the modern era has been the ability to support or replace the failing heart. Heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) are now so widely accepted that it is easy to forget what a short history they have. However, the concept of cardiac support and replacement is not new. It may even have been foreshadowed by the biblical prophet Ezekiel, who said, “A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh” [1].
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in Parkinson's disease: a case series.

Chronic insomnia is common in patients with Parkinson’s disease. There are limited data to guide its treatment in this patient population, especially in regards to non-pharmacologic interventions, some of which are highly effective in the non-Parkinson’s disease population. The aim of this study is to describe a series of Parkinson’s disease patients who underwent cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi). Parkinson’s disease patients who had undergone a baseline and at least one follow-up CBTi session were identified. Electronic medical records and pre-treatment and post-treatment patient sleep diaries were reviewed. Sleep measures of interest included wake time after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and total sleep time. Pre-treatment and post-treatment values were compared within subjects using paired t-test. Five patients were included. Patients attended an average of eight sessions of CBTi (range 5–12). Significant increases in sleep efficiency (p = 0.02) and decreases in number of awakenings per night (p = 0.02) were found. Our data provide preliminary evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for insomnia in Parkinson’s disease, and is well tolerated and well received by patients. Given the limited data supporting use of medications to treat chronic insomnia in Parkinson’s disease, combined with their risks, randomized trials to demonstrate the efficacy of CBTi in Parkinson’s disease are warranted.
The Effect of Intra-articular Cocktail Versus Femoral Nerve Block for Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy.

Purpose To compare clinical efficacy and complication rate as measured by postoperative falls and development of peripheral neuritis between intra-articular blockade and femoral nerve block in patients undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery. Methods An institutional review board approved retrospective review was conducted on a consecutive series of patients who underwent elective arthroscopic hip surgery by a single surgeon, between November 2013 and April 2015. Subjects were stratified into 2 groups: patients who received a preoperative femoral nerve block for perioperative pain control, and patients who received an intra-articular "cocktail" injection postoperatively. Demographic data, perioperative pain scores, narcotic consumption, incidence of falls, and iatrogenic peripheral neuritis were collected for analysis. Postoperative data were then collected at routine clinical visits. Results A total of 193 patients were included in this study (65 males, 125 females). Of them, 105 patients received preoperative femoral nerve blocks and 88 patients received an intraoperative intra-articular "cocktail." There were no significant differences in patient demographics, history of chronic pain ( P = .35), worker's compensation ( P = .24), preoperative pain scores ( P = .69), or intraoperative doses of narcotics ( P = .40). Patients who received preoperative femoral nerve blocks reported decreased pain during their time in PACU ( P = .0001) and on hospital discharge ( P = .28); however, there were no statistically significant differences in patient-reported pain scores at postoperative weeks 1 ( P = .34), 3 ( P = .64), and 6 ( P = .70). Administration of an intra-articular block was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of postoperative falls ( P = .009) and iatrogenic peripheral neuritis ( P = .0001). Conclusions Preoperative femoral nerve blocks are associated with decreased immediate postoperative pain, whereas intraoperative intra-articular anesthetic injections provide effective postoperative pain control in patients undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery and result in a significant reduction in the rate of postoperative falls and iatrogenic peripheral neuritis. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
The Effectiveness of Internet- and Field-Based Methods to Recruit Young Adults Who Use Prescription Opioids Nonmedically.

ABSTRACTBackground: Nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) use is a problem among young adults, yet young NMPO users are a diverse population that has been challenging to engage in overdose preventi...
Effect of Particle Morphology on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation is sensitive to the size, composition, and morphology of aerosol particles of <200 nm. By controlling the particle morphology of internally mixed samples (i.e., homogeneous versus phase separated), we have probed the effect of morphology on CCN activity using model organic aerosol systems, where ammonium sulfate was mixed with either pimelic acid or succinic acid in a 50:50 mixture by weight. Surprisingly, for systems of the same composition but distinct morphology, we observe a noticeable impact on CCN activity. Specifically, a phase-separated morphology results in activation diameters close to that of ammonium sulfate, while a homogeneous morphology yields an activation diameter in between the pure inorganic and organic components. Our results suggest that morphology-resolved CCN data may be an important parameter to consider in cloud microphysics models to improve predictions of CCN activity of complex organic aerosols. For laboratory CCN studies, it is import...
Case Analysis II: Quine’s Disquotational Approach in the Linguistic Project

In this chapter, I intend to explore some significant aspects of the linguistic project of the philosophical concern with truth and its relation to its metaphysical project through a case analysis of Quine’s disquotational approach in the linguistic project. A strategic line in carrying out this case analysis is to relate this analysis to my analysis of multiple facets of a widely addressed speech-act equivalence thesis concerning ‘true’ to whic
Imbedding velocity autocorrelation into simulators for constituent transport through porous media

Simulation based on the traditional advection-dispersion equation often is inadequate for making fate-transport predictions. The dominant process in transport through porous media is differential advection, which can be characterized statistically through spatial and temporal correlations in the velocity field. A particle tracking scheme that contains appropriate velocity statistics predicts realistic contaminant plumes. A particular generating scheme for random correlated velocities is introduced that can be mathematically transformed to a system of transport equations for parallel media whereby each equation transports a fraction of the contaminant mass, each with its characteristic advection velocity. The rate of transport among the parallel media determines the spectrum of length scales represented. The formulation of a continuum, multi-scale transport model thus follows naturally from the particle tracking scheme. This resulting computational scheme is one familiar to some fracture flow modelers—the multiple-interacting continuum approach. This discussion ties together the correlated random walk, non-local, and multiple-interacting continuum approaches and provides a means for model calibration.
Auctions and Pricing in E-Marketplaces

By offering high-speed communication and tight connectivity, advances in information technology have opened new venues for companies to create flexible supply chains. Today, many companies, from the electronics, pharmaceutical, to the automotive industry, are focusing on their core competencies and outsourcing significant portions of their business operations. As supply chains become more decentralized upstream, the pricing of intermediate goods is no longer a formality used between departments — but rather the key to a company’s survival. Strangely enough, while companies have spent millions of dollars to help them reduce their operating costs, the majority continue to use crude techniques in deciding what price to charge for their products Anthes, 1999.
Characterization of the spinel phase in a diphasic mullite gel using dynamic X-ray diffraction

Dynamic X-ray diffraction (DXRD) has been used in an effort to identify the specific phase changes which are responsible for observed thermal events at ∼980 °C in mullite gel precursors. Specifically, changes in the evolution of the common and strongest diffraction peak (d = 0.139 nm) corresponding to both transient alumina phases and the Al-Si spinel were followed in order to descriminate between these two phases. Results which compare the DXRD results for a diphasic mullite gel and a boehmite gel are presented and suggest that the Al-Si spinel phase forms at ∼980 °C in diphasic gels along with δ- and/or γ-Al2O3. These results are corroborated by separate TEM measurements which indicate the presence of both phases in samples quenched from 1000 °C.
Cardioprotective actions of relaxin

Relaxin is a hormone of pregnancy first discovered for its ability to induce ligament relaxation in nonpregnant guinea pig and is important for softening of the birth canal during parturition, decidualization, implantation, nipple development and increased maternal renal perfusion, glomerular filtration, and cardiac output. Subsequently, relaxin has been shown to exert multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects during pathological events such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and myocardial infarction, including suppression of arrhythmia and inflammation, and reversal of fibrosis. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms underlying relaxin's effects are not well understood. Relaxin signals primarily through its G protein coupled receptor, the relaxin family peptide receptor-1, to activate multiple signaling pathways and this review summarizes our understanding of these pathways as they relate to the cardioprotective actions of relaxin, focusing on relaxin's anti-fibrotic, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory properties. Further, this review includes a brief overview of relaxin in clinical trials for heart failure and progress in the development of relaxin mimetics.
Informed Consent Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Survey Study.

OBJECTIVE The practice of obstetrics and gynecology poses specific ethical challenges for informed consent (IC). Data regarding resident confidence with the IC process are lacking. Our objective was to evaluate obstetrics and gynecology residents’ education, experience, and confidence related to IC. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional survey of obstetrics and gynecology residents. Descriptive analyses were performed using mean and standard deviation or frequency expressed as a percentage. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and Student t or Mann-Whitney U tests, as appropriate, for continuous variables; all results yielding p SETTING Electronic survey. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-one trainees completed the survey. The majority of participants were female (84.3%) and from an academic training program (65.1%). Two hundred seventy-seven trainees (98.6%) reported that they had obtained IC for operating room procedures; the majority had first done this in the first postgraduate year (PGY) (n = 258, 91.8%). Trainees most commonly obtain IC for resident and general gynecology attending cases. Most trainees primarily learn how to obtain IC via observation of their coresidents and attendings. Nearly 90% of trainees have obtained IC for a procedure for which they were unsure of all the risks. One hundred seventy-three trainees (61.6%) reported that they would like to have more training in IC. Increasing PGY was significantly associated with increasing confidence in obtaining IC for gynecologic, obstetric, and office procedures (all p CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this survey study, education related to the IC process is warranted and curriculum development should be the focus of future study.
The Power of Ignorance

Socially constructed ignorance hides important features of the social world. It also has roots in a modernism that willfully and purposively overlooks the epistemic and moral agency of those neither male nor white. Such overlooking has consequences for how power is distributed in our world. We often invisibly retain an unwillingness to see the structural inequalities that make knowledge white and male. Opening the circle of epistemic authority to wider groups of epistemic agents requires, first, understanding the requirements of knowledge-sharing and, second, coming to terms with the situatedness of our knowledge practices. It also requires a means of opening our ears to hear what less advantaged groups are saying. This cannot be had without genuinely understanding the social reality of those different from ourselves.
The quaternion minimum error entropy algorithm with fiducial point for nonlinear adaptive systems

Abstract In this paper, we develop a kernel adaptive filter for quaternion domain data, based on information theoretic learning cost function which could be useful for quaternion based kernel applications of nonlinear filtering. The new algorithm is based on error entropy function with Fiducial point and is referred to as the quaternion minimum error entropy with fiducial point (QKMEEF) algorithm. In our previous work we developed quaternion kernel adaptive filter based on minimum error entropy referred to as the quaternion KMEE (QKMEE) algorithm [1]. Since entropy does not change with the mean of the distribution, the algorithm may converge to a set of optimal weights without having zero mean error. Traditionally, to make the zero mean output error, the output during testing session was biased with the mean of errors of training session. However, for non-symmetric or heavy tails error PDF the estimation of error mean is problematic. The minimum error entropy criterion, minimizes Renyi’s quadratic entropy of the error between the filter output and desired response or indirectly maximizing the error information potential. Here, the approach is applied to quaternions. Adaptive filtering in quaterion domain intrinsically incorporates component-wise real valued cross-correlation or the coupling within the dimensions of the quaternion input. We apply generalized Hamilton-real (GHR) calculus that is applicable to Hilbert space for evaluating the cost function gradient to develop the Quaternion Minimum Error Entropy Algorithm with Fiducial points. Simulation results are used to show the behavior of the new algorithm (QKMEEF) when signal is non-Gaussian in presence of unimodal noise versus bi-modal noise distributions. Simulation results also show that the new algorithm Quat-KMEEF can track and predict the 4-Dimensional non-stationary process signals where there are correlations between components better than quadruple real-valued KMEEF and Quat-KLMS algorithms.
Predictors of benefits to chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A meta-analysis.

e20595Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed the landscape of NSCLC therapy. In previous study, gender, smoking history, and PD-L1 status were found to influence the efficacy ...
Recent advances in the selective membrane for aqueous redox flow batteries

Abstract Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained intensive attention and are regarded as the ideal choice for large-scale energy storage owing to their attractive features such as excellent electrochemical reversibility, long life, high efficiency, and decoupling of energy and power density. Ion-exchange membranes in the flow battery act as a physical barrier to separate the positive and negative half-cell and allow migration of charge-balancing ions from one side to the other to complete the internal circuit of the cell. Certainly, the overall performance of the RFBs heavily depends on the properties of the ion-exchange membranes. To prevent power loss and minimize the crossover of the active species, it is essential for the ion-selective membrane to acquire high ionic conductivity to ensure low area specific resistance and high selectivity. This review summarizes recent research advances on improvement methods to enhance the selectivity of membranes in RFBs, mainly including the modifications on the pore size, hydrophilicity, and some other aspects. The relationship between performances and structures of these membranes is analyzed, and the advantages and limitations are discussed. Based on the recent advances, corresponding perspectives on future development in this field are also discussed.
Horticultural Therapy as an Intervention for Schizophrenia: A Review

Abstract Background: Schizophrenia is a mental illness that impacts multiple domains of a person's functioning therefore requiring multiple methods of treatment, which can become time consuming and...
Non-Invasive Venous Waveform Analysis but Not Thoracic Impedance Correlates with Diuresis in Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients

Background During hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), diuresis is guided by weight change, net fluid output, exam and laboratory values with the goal of estimating hemodynamic decongestion. In this study, we compared the novel technology N on- I nvasive V enous waveform A nalysis (NIVA), which provides an estimate of PCWP, to thoracic impedance to determine correlation with diuresis in patients hospitalized for ADHF. Hypothesis Change in NIVA score correlates with changes in fluid balance and weight better than thoracic impedance ADHF patients. Methods Patients were recruited on admission for ADHF. Demographics, vital signs, fluid balance, physical exam and laboratory data were collected. NIVA and ZOE measurements were obtained on a daily basis. The clinical providers caring for the patients were blinded to the NIVA signal data and the ZOE® readings. Results NIVA value was captured in 30 patients with an average age of 64 years old, of which 57% were female, and 23% black. Fifteen patients had systolic heart failure, of which 12 patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction 35%. Two patients withdrew prior to discharge. Average fluid balance was negative 13,427mL (16,395) and average weight loss was 6.9kg (9.7). Change in NIVA score correlated with change in weight normalized to discharge weight (r= 0.29, p=0.02). Change in ZOE score did not correlate with change in discharge normalized weight (r=0.02, p=0.87) (Figure 1). NIVA score significantly decreased with diuresis (p Conclusions This observational study shows that change in NIVA value correlates with change in weight in patients admitted for ADHF with greater reliability than thoracic impedance measures. We also demonstrated that the use of NIVA technology is feasible in a hospital setting.
Logistics Network Modeling

Logistics is the lifeblood of any organization and especially so for organization in the Department of Defense. Logistics has been defined by individuals such as Jomini, as “the art of moving armies,” which includes providing for their supplies and establishing lines of supplies. The objective of keeping these organizations supplied is a critical component for successful operations and is just as critical in military operations as it is in conducting business. Network models provide the foundation structure that enables the development of efficient and rapid solution techniques for various logistics-related scenarios. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the underlining characteristics of network models, establish examples of these models, and provide one approach to solving these models to gain insights into potential solutions for making decisions.
Antimicrobial resistance trends from a hospital and diagnostic facility in Lahore, Pakistan: A five-year retrospective analysis (2014-2018)

Objective: Observing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends is critical to identify emerging pathogens and potential disease outbreaks. Determining these trends also allows for policy evaluations and development of interventions. We performed a retrospective analysis of microbiological testing results from a hospital and diagnostic facility in Lahore, Pakistan that represents country-wide sampling. Within this analysis, data was disaggregated by nationality, as it has been suggested that migration increases the burden of AMR. We sought to determine any trends in AMR among populations, which are often at-risk, while contributing to AMR surveillance in Pakistan, which currently does not have a national surveillance network. Methods: Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility records from 2014 to 2018 from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre (SKMCH&RC) in Lahore, Pakistan was performed. All positive microbiological cultures from patients was analyzed to assess antibiotic resistance rates of the most common bacterial isolates and incidence of ESKAPE pathogens and emerging outbreaks among adults and children. Results: For all years, data for a total of 12,702 and 78,130 bacterial and fungal isolates from children and adults, respectively, with Pakistani nationality were analyzed. For all years, data for 597 and 2470 bacterial and fungal isolates for children and adults, respectively, with Afghan nationality were analyzed. AMR rates largely did not vary between populations, but rather followed similar trends. AMR rates also largely agreed with the World Health Organization Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System results for Pakistan. Conclusion: Pakistan requires increased AMR surveillance to identify emerging resistance infections and outbreaks.
Longitudinal Associations Between Contact Frequency with Friends and with Family, Activity Engagement, and Cognitive Functioning.

Objectives Social engagement may be an important protective resource for cognitive aging. Some evidence suggests that time spent with friends may be more beneficial for cognition than time spent with family. Because maintaining friendships has been demonstrated to require more active maintenance and engagement in shared activities, activity engagement may be one underlying pathway that explains the distinct associations between contact frequency with friends versus family and cognition. Methods Using two waves of data from the national survey of Midlife in the United States (n = 3707, Mage = 55.80, 51% female at baseline), we examined longitudinal associations between contact frequency with friends and family, activity engagement (cognitive and physical activities), and cognition (episodic memory and executive functioning) to determine whether activity engagement mediates the relationship between contact frequency and cognition. Results The longitudinal mediation model revealed that more frequent contact with friends, but not family, was associated with greater concurrent engagement in physical and cognitive activities, which were both associated with better episodic memory and executive functioning. Conclusion These findings suggest that time spent with friends may promote both cognitively and physically stimulating activities that could help to preserve not only these social relationships but also cognitive functioning.
On Becoming "Chinese Americans": The Complexity of Navigating Two Worlds.

By sharing the lived experiences of Chinese descendants who grew up in the United States, this article highlights the complex and dynamic interactions that occur when navigating between Chinese and...
Sensitivity and reliability of zinc transporter and metallothionein gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as indicators of zinc status: responses to ex vivo zinc exposure and habitual zinc intake in humans

Zn is an essential nutrient for humans; however, a sensitive biomarker to assess Zn status has not been identified. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and sensitivity of Zn transporter and metallothionein (MT) genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to Zn exposure ex vivo and to habitual Zn intake in human subjects. In study 1, human PBMCs were cultured for 24 h with 0-50 µm ZnSO4 with or without 5 µm N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), and mRNA expression of SLC30A1-10, SLC39A1-14, MT1 subtypes (A, B, E, F, G, H, L, M and X), MT2A, MT3 and MT4 mRNA was determined. In study 2, fifty-four healthy male and female volunteers (31·9 (sd 13·8) years, BMI 25·7 (sd 2·9) kg/m2) completed a FFQ, blood was collected, PBMCs were isolated and mRNA expression of selected Zn transporters and MT isoforms was determined. Study 1: MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1L, MT1M, MT1X, MT2A and SLC30A1 increased with increasing concentrations of Zn and declined with the addition of TPEN. Study 2: Average daily Zn intake was 16·0 (sd 5·3) mg/d (range: 9-31 mg/d), and plasma Zn concentrations were 15·5 (SD 2·8) μmol/l (range 11-23 μmol/l). PBMC MT2A was positively correlated with dietary Zn intake (r 0·306, P = 0·03) and total Zn intake (r 0·382, P 0·05 for both). Findings suggest that MT2A mRNA in PBMCs reflects dietary Zn intake in healthy adults and may be a component in determining Zn status.
Expert Perspective: An Evidence-Based Approach to Refractory Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can present with a variety of skin manifestations and have a dramatic effect on a patient's quality of life. Effective treatment options for this disease are limited, and the efficacy of these treatments is often supported by low levels of evidence. This makes the treatment of refractory disease especially challenging, as it is difficult to achieve a consensus on the appropriate progression of treatment beyond first- and second-line treatment options. The treatment of refractory CLE often involves some degree of immunosuppression, which carries some risk for patients and requires a thoughtful approach to the selection of medications. Some treatments that have proven to be effective in systemic disease may not be as effective in cutaneous disease, making it difficult to extrapolate from the available evidence on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ultimately, the increased use of objective skin measurements in SLE clinical trials is necessary to understand drug efficacy in CLE and develop new treatments for this challenging disease. Here, we provide clinical examples of the challenges involved in treating refractory CLE, examine the evidence currently available for treatment options, and provide an algorithmic approach to the treatment of refractory disease based on this evidence. Novel therapies under development for CLE are also discussed, as they may soon be part of the accepted treatment regimen for refractory CLE.
Low-Power SiN Thermo-Optic Phase Modulator Operating in Red Visible Wavelength Range

We demonstrate a geometrically-optimized, silicon nitride, thermo-optic phase modulator, with a record-low P 2π = 10.7 mW, operating in the red visible wavelength range that is fabricated in a commercial foundry silicon photonics process.
Improving eye screening practice among pediatric rheumatology patients receiving hydroxychloroquine.

ObjectiveHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is commonly used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases related to its many benefits and favorable safety profile. Although HCQ retinopathy was considered...
A theoretical assessment of the feasibility of potential Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter radio occultation observations of the lunar ionosphere

Abstract The existence of a “dense” lunar ionosphere has been controversial for decades. Positive ions produced from the lunar surface and exosphere are inferred to have densities that are ≲ 10 6 – 10 7 m−3 near the surface and smaller at higher altitudes, yet electron densities derived from radio occultation measurements occasionally exceed these values by orders of magnitude. For example, about 4% of the single-spacecraft radio occultation measurements from Kaguya/SELENE were consistent with peak electron densities of ~ 3 × 10 8 m−3. Space plasmas should be neutral on macroscopic scales, so this represents a substantial discrepancy. Aditional observations of electron densities in the lunar ionosphere are critical to resolving this longstanding paradox. Here we theoretically assess whether radio occultation observations using two-way coherent S-band radio signals from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft could provide useful measurements of electron densities in the lunar ionosphere. We predict the uncertainty in a single LRO radio occultation measurement of electron density to be ~ 3 × 10 8 m−3, comparable to occasional observations by Kaguya/SELENE of a dense lunar ionosphere. Thus an individual profile from LRO is unlikely to reliably detect the lunar ionosphere; however, averages of multiple ( ~ 10) LRO profiles acquired under similar geophysical and viewing conditions should be able to make reliable detections. An observing rate of six ingress occultations per day ( ~ 2000 per year) could be achieved with minimal impact on current LRO operations. This rate compares favorably with the 378 observations reported from the single-spacecraft experiment on Kaguya/SELENE between November 2007 and June 2009. The large number of observations possible for LRO would be sufficient to permit wide-ranging investigations of spatial and temporal variations in the poorly understood lunar ionosphere. These findings strengthen efforts to conduct such observations with LRO.
In Search of Entertainment-Education’s Effects on Attitudes and Behaviors

This chapter describes my journey through a series of research projects that sought to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of entertainment-education in different contexts. In study after study, I find enduring effects concerning the specific norms or behaviors that are modeled in video or radio dramas, but I seldom see transformative effects whereby audience members change their general outlook. For example, dramatizations that call attention to the tragic consequences of violence against women do change audience members’ willingness to help victims and to report incidents to local leaders, but they do not change overarching views about whether husbands have a right to beat their wives or whether wife-beating should be against the law. Either we need to redouble our research and development efforts to craft transformative entertainment-education through systematic testing or resign ourselves to making the most of the incremental gains that are typical of this kind of social intervention.
Standards and the Form of Agreement

Contract stipulations tend to be subject to commodity standards. Standards make it clearer what transactors have agreed upon. They also bring stipulations from different contracts under a common denominator. The lower the cost of measuring an attribute and the wider the range of its application, the higher the likelihood that the attribute will become subject to new standards. New standards are predicted to increase the role of contracts in agreements and to reduce that of long-term relations; to lower the prices of the commodities that use the standards; to increase the rate of theft of these commodities; and, by making it clearer what it is that parties exchange, to reduce the level of vertical integration. Finally, new standards propel markets toward perfect competition.
Clinical variants of myocardial involvement in COVID-19-positive patients: a cumulative experience of 2020.

Myocardial injury, diagnosed by troponin elevation, is common in COVID-19 patients, but cardiac involvement with clinical manifestations occurs less frequently. We analyzed the literature on COVID-19 (2020) and systematically reviewed the cases where individual patient data were presented. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for “COVID,” “COVID-19,” and “coronavirus” in combination with “myocarditis,” “heart failure,” “takotsubo,” “cardiomyopathy,” and “cardiogenic shock.” We identified 90 cases of COVID-19 with myocardial involvement, mean age 52.9 ± 18.3 years, 54.5% males. Of them, 55 survived (61.1%), 20 died (22.2%), and in 15 (16.7%) the outcome was unknown at the time of publication. Among patients with known outcome, mortality was 26%. The nadir LVEF was 31.7 ± 13.1% and recovered to 50.1 ± 16.0%. Pericardial effusion was a common finding, reported in 21 (23.3%) of patients, including moderate size effusion in 8.9% and large in 7.8%. The effusion caused tamponade in 11 (12.2%) of patients. Out of 83 patients who experienced a decrease in LVEF, 30 could be classified as takotsubo syndrome. The takotsubo patients were older than those with myocarditis, and with relatively high proportion of males. About one third of the cases was complicated by cardiogenic shock. Myocardial involvement in COVID-19 patients most often presents as a new, rapid decrease in LVEF, although normal LVEF or takotsubo-like wall motion pattern does not rule out myocarditis. Moderate and large pericardial effusion is common, and cardiac tamponade occurs in 12.2% of patients. Cardiogenic shock develops in one third of the patients. Mortality appears to be high at 26%.
Twelve-Month Outcomes of the First 1000 Days Program on Infant Weight Status.

OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of the First 1000 Days intervention on the prevalence of infant overweight and maternal postpartum weight retention and care. METHODS Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluated the effects of the First 1000 Days program among 995 term, low-income infants and their mothers receiving care in 2 intervention community health centers and 650 dyads in 2 comparison health centers. The program includes staff training, growth tracking, health and behavioral screening, patient navigation, text messaging, educational materials, and health coaching. Comparison centers implemented usual care. Infant outcomes were assessed at 6 and 12 months, including weight-for-length z score and overweight (weight for length ≥97.7th percentile). We also examined maternal weight retention and receipt of care 6 weeks’ post partum. RESULTS The mean birth weight was 3.34 kg (SD 0.45); 57% of infants were Hispanic; 66% were publicly insured. At 6 months, infants had lower weight-for-length z scores (β: −.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −.39 to −.15) and lower odds of overweight (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.76) than infants in comparison sites; differences persisted at 12 months (z score β: −.18; 95% CI: −.30 to −.07; adjusted OR for overweight: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.92). Mothers in the intervention sites had modestly lower, but nonsignificant, weight retention at 6 weeks’ post partum (β: −.51 kg; 95% CI: −1.15 to .13) and had higher odds (adjusted OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.94) of completing their postpartum visit compared with mothers in the comparison sites. CONCLUSIONS An early-life systems-change intervention combined with coaching was associated with improved infant weight status and maternal postpartum care.
ACM KDD AI4Cyber: The 1st Workshop on Artificial Intelligence-enabled Cybersecurity Analytics

Despite significant contributions to various aspects of cybersecurity, cyber-attacks remain on the unfortunate rise. Increasingly, internationally recognized entities such as the National Science Foundation and National Science & Technology Council have noted Artificial Intelligence can help analyze billions of log files, Dark Web data, malware, and other data sources to help execute fundamental cybersecurity tasks. Our objective for the 1st Workshop on Artificial Intelligence-enabled Cybersecurity Analytics (half-day; co-located with ACM KDD) was to gather academic and practitioners to contribute recent work pertaining to AI-enabled cybersecurity analytics. We composed an outstanding, inter-disciplinary Program Committee with significant expertise in various aspects of AI-enabled Cybersecurity Analytics to evaluate the submitted work. Significant contributions to the half-day workshop were made in the areas of CTI, vulnerability assessment, and malware analysis.
Teacher Attrition and Mobility Over Time

We use 35 years of data on public school teachers in Washington to calculate several different measures of teacher attrition and mobility. We explore how these rates vary over time and their relati...
Space Groups and Their Representations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the space groups and their representations. Space groups are special groups of operators of the type {α|}. They are characterized by the fact that they possess an invariant subgroup of translations of particular form. Once one knows that a space group corresponds to a given crystal class one gains information about the possible invariant subgroups of primitive translations that it can possess. Crystals occur naturally and are recognized by the fact that they are bounded by plane faces. The plane faces are an outward indication of the underlying regular arrangement of the atoms and molecules in the crystal. In spite of this regularity, it is well known that a crystal of a given substance is not an exact scale model of another crystal of the same substance. It is also well known that the external macroscopic symmetry of the crystal of a given substance may not display the symmetry of the point group associated with the space group to which the substance belongs.
Alphaherpesvirus Latency: Its Role in Disease and Survival of the Virus in Nature

Publisher Summary Herpesviruses have been identified that infect nearly all groups of vertebrates. This chapter focuses on the latency of α-herpesviruses. Several mammalian viruses belong to this group: equine herpes virus 1( EHV-l ), pseudorabies virus (PRV), bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Although most latency studies have been performed using HSV-1, significant contributions have been made using the animal viruses, and thus studies related to BHV-1 are included in this chapter. In general, it is believed that sensory neurons within ganglia are the primary site of latency. In latently infected sensory neurons, the only abundant viral gene product that is transcribed is LAT (latency-associated transcript; HSV-1 or HSV-2) or LRT (latencyrelated transcript; BHV-1). Consequently, it has been hypothesized that LAT or LRT regulates some aspect of latency. Although VZV is a member of the α-herpesvirus family, it appears that its program of latency is unique with respect to HSV and BHV-1. VZV is present in many sensory ganglia throughout the body and the central nervous system.
High-power 1.5-/spl mu/m InGaAsP slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers and lasers

This study demonstrates that the large-mode slab-coupled optical waveguide concept can be applied to semiconductor optical amplifiers as well as to lasers. The (slab-coupled optical waveguide laser) SCOWL concept is extended to 1.5 /spl mu/amplifiers with mode-sizes that are compatible with standard SMF-28 fiber for simplified coupling. The performance of these initial devices is primarily limited by reduction in efficiency at high current. This limitation can be reduced through improved design of the heterobarriers that provide carrier confinement.
Kierkegaard and Liberal Education as a Way of Life

INTRODUCTION The ideal of liberal education proposes rich possibilities for what an education ought to be. The many colleges and universities that currently offer a liberal education attest to its enduring value. Part of its appeal is that it aspires to offer an education for freedom, typically through the acquisition of critical thinking skills necessary for the attainment of individual autonomy.
Radical Transformation: The Role of the Judiciary in Post-Apartheid Transitional South Africa

After decades of violent racial segregation under Apartheid, the early 1990s saw a dramatic shift in South Africa’s political and social structure. Much has already been written regarding the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; however there is significantly less scholarship on the contribution of the Constitutional Court to South Africa’s emergence as a democracy founded on respect for human rights. Part I of this paper will provide a brief historical background and trace the progression from a system of Apartheid and racial segregation to a representative democracy. Part II will identify the important role of the judiciary both during Apartheid and after the institution of the interim constitution by discussing several important cases heard by either the Apartheid era’s Appellate Division or the contemporary Constitutional Court. Lastly, Part III will identify several key features of South Africa’s judicial approach to instituting the rule of law following a dramatic political and social upheaval, and their potential universal applicability.
Tropospheric delay statistics measured by two site test interferometers at Goldstone, California

[1] Site test interferometers (STIs) have been deployed at two locations within the NASA Deep Space Network tracking complex in Goldstone, California. An STI measures the difference of atmospheric delay fluctuations over a distance comparable to the separations of microwave antennas that could be combined as phased arrays for communication and navigation. The purpose of the Goldstone STIs is to assess the suitability of Goldstone as an uplink array site and to statistically characterize atmosphere-induced phase delay fluctuations for application to future arrays. Each instrument consists of two ~1 m diameter antennas and associated electronics separated by ~200 m. The antennas continuously observe signals emitted by geostationary satellites and produce measurements of the phase difference between the received signals. The two locations at Goldstone are separated by 12.5 km and differ in elevation by 119 m. We find that their delay fluctuations are statistically similar but do not appear as shifted versions of each other, suggesting that the length scale for evolution of the turbulence pattern is shorter than the separation between instruments. We also find that the fluctuations are slightly weaker at the higher altitude site.
Genetic Engineering of Signaling Molecules

Publisher Summary To expand the capabilities of biosensors, there is a need to develop new signaling molecules. This chapter focuses on molecules, produced through genetic engineering, that combine the recognition element with a signaling element (such as a fluorophore) in an effort to optimize the signal caused by the binding of the analyte to the recognition element. These systems, while not necessarily originally developed for an optical fiber, can be immobilized at the tip of the fiber either through chemical attachment or entrapment behind a membrane. Three different systems will be examined: fluorophore-labeled binding proteins, FRET-based systems, and bacteria-based sensors. These systems use optical signaling methods to reveal the binding event, taking advantage of molecular biological techniques to optimize the signal. This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each system as well as the current state of the art of these biosensors.
Weaving culture: The many dimensions of the Yup’ik Eskimo mingqaaq

Il est courant de penser que les arts dits touristiques sont considerablement simplifies et moins etroitement lies aux cultures autochtones qui les ont produits que les formes d’art «traditionnel». Dans cet article, je soutiens que le panier en colombin (mingqaaq) des Yupiit, une forme d’art qui s’est developpee pour etre specifiquement vendue aux etrangers, est en fait etroitement lie a la culture yup’ik d’aujourd’hui par le biais de l’usage de certaines matieres premieres (joncs de plage ou de seigle et boyaux de mammifere marin). Son apparition recente sur divers supports mediatiques a travers l’Alaska—sur la couverture du bottin telephonique, comme logo d’une societe autochtone, comme accessoire de podium a cote d’un leader autochtone defendant la cause des activites de subsistance pour n’en nommer que certains—suggere que le mingqaaq, la forme d’art yup’ik la plus largement vendue aujourd’hui, a peut-etre embrasse le role de symbole politique dans le debat tres controverse du droit a la subsistance des Autochtones d’Alaska.
Racial Frequencies in Congenital Heart Disease

A retrospective population study of racial frequencies in three congenital heart malformations, transposition of the great vessels, coarctation of the aorta, and aortic atresia with left heart hypoplasia, indicated no significant difference in incidence among Negroes and Caucasians in the Baltimore metropolitan area.