cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical care nursing: workforce issues and potential solutions.

Objective To review the history and development of critical care nurses, the supply and demand issues related to critical care nursing, critical care nursing's contribution to patient outcomes, and recommendations to ensure a steady and strong workforce. Data source and selection Information presented in this article is based on a review of past and current literature including international and U.S. government reports, professional publications, monographs, newspapers, and journal articles identified by MEDLINE and CINAHL databases. The Internet was used to contact international and national professional organizations and specialists. Data extraction and synthesis Original and selected review articles and guideline documents were reviewed for references to critical care nurses and their role on the multiprofessional critical care team. Conclusions Critical care nurses are an essential and vital aspect of the critical care team. Nurses contribute to improved patient outcomes, reduced morbidity and mortality, reduced complications and errors, and reduced overall costs. More than 400,000 nurses practice in critical care, and additional opportunities exist and will develop. The challenge is to ensure an adequate supply of appropriately trained staff.
Elevated levels of enkephalin in morphine-dependent rats

NUMEROUS theories propose mechanisms regulating opiate dependence. Hughes1,2 elegantly identified a morphine-like factor “enkephalin” which mimics effects of morphine on nerve, plexus in smooth muscle in a fashion that can be antagonised by opiate antagonists, while a compound with the same properties has been identified in brain extracts by competition for opiate receptor binding3–6. Enkephalin activity has a regional and subcellular distribution similar to that of the opiate receptor7,8 and was first shown to be a mixture of two peptides H–Tyr–Gly–Gly–Phe–Met–OH and H–Tyr–Gly–Gly–Phe–Leu–OH by Hughes et al.9 with a preponderance of the methionine peptide in pig brain9. Independently, we identified the same two peptides in bovine brain but with four times more of the leucine than of the methionine peptide10,11. Brain enkephalin differs from substances in pituitary gland and hypothalamic extracts which mimic morphine12,13.
Generating a residual intersection

Let I be an ideal of height g > 0 in a commutative noetherian ring R, and let 2I be a proper sub-ideal of I generated by $3 g elements. If the ideal J= (21 : I) has height at least s, then J is called an s-residual intersection of I. (See Artin and Nagata [1], Huneke [19], or Huneke and Ulrich [22].) The case s = g corresponds to the theory of linkage, and is well understood, at least from the homolo~cal point of view. The cornerstone of this theory is that, if I is perfect, then a free resolution of R/J can be produced from a free resolution of R/Z and the Koszul complex on a set of generators of Cu. Very little is known about resolutions of s-residual intersections for s> g. A few special cases have been resolved [S, 10, 301; and the end of the resolution, or, in other words, a set of generators for the canonical module of R/J, has been described [22]. However, in general, even the generators of J remain unknown. Here, we show that J can be approximated by a “sum of links” of I if s = g + 1, and we give conditions under which this approximation in fact gives a full set of generators of J. Since these generators arise from comparison maps from Koszul complexes to known resolutions (at least assuming that the resolution of R/I is in some sense known), it is feasible to count them, compute their degrees in the graded case, or even to give explicit formulas for them. After stating our main results (Theorem 2.15 and 2.16 and Corollary 2.18) precisely in Section 2, we lay out the argument in Sections 3, 4, and 5. In Section 6, we are concerned with the question of when a (g -t 1 )-residual intersection J is
Analysis of the relaxation of a nonequilibrium gas or plasma in a nozzle

An economical and consistent, in mathematical respects, method of analyzing the flow of a relaxing gas or plasma in a supersonic nozzle is developed. The method is used in analyzing the vibrational relaxation of a two-phase mixture in the nozzle of a combustion gasdynamic laser. It is shown that the use of the Gear method in the numerical integration stage permits passage of the near-equilibrium sections with a large spacing, which substantially cuts down the computing time.
Tracing retail cannabis in the United States: Geographic origin and cultivation patterns

Abstract Background Although cannabis is the most readily available and widely used illicit drug in the United States, there remains significant uncertainty about the importance of different production regions and trafficking patterns. Methods We analysed 628 "retail" cannabis seizures from over 50 municipalities across the United States for hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios to predict their growth locations and environments. Results Results are presented for 22 consolidated retail locations across the United States. Evaluation of specimens from within these retail areas suggested that cannabis seizures had region-dependent origins, often from both domestic and foreign sources, and although indoor growth was common in many areas, there was also regional dependence in the proportions cultivated under indoor versus outdoor conditions. Conclusion Street-available cannabis exhibits region-specific trafficking patterns, both Mexican- and Canadian-grown cannabis are apparently widely available, and indoor-grown cannabis appears to be cultivated and trafficked in both warm and cool weather localities throughout the United States.
Psychophysical measurement and the validity of the modern economic approach: A presentation of methods and preliminary experiments

Abstract The modern economic approach to human behavior and social interaction argues that people maximize the subjective theoretical quantity utility. This primary presupposition has resisted all empirical tests and a consensus has developed that it is unfalsifiable. A promising new approach to the problem is introduced in the paper through research on the psychophysical measurement of the marginal utility of money and commitment. The research reported here suggests that the utility function for money conforms to the power law and has an exponent of about .43. The paper also examines the advisability of broadening the utility function to cover social variables. An operationalization of the concept of commitment was examined using psychophysical techniques with the result that people appear to have utility for commitment, that a power function is involved, and that the exponent is in the vicinity of .36.
Raman scattering from pyrite structure AuSb2

Abstract Raman measurements on pyrite structure AuSb2 are reported. Four of the five Raman-active phonons are observed. In addition, a resonant enhancement of the Ag phonon intensity is observed for incident laser light of wavelengths between 5145 A and 4579 A.
Characterization of epoxy coatings on steel by reflection/absorption fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. I. Effects of film thickness and angle of incidence

Films of amine-cured epoxy coating of varying thicknesses from 100 A to 2.5 μm on steel have been studied by reflection/absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-RA). The shape and frequency of several strongly absorbed bands of epoxy have been examined as a function of film thickness and angle of incidence. Compared to transmission spectra, reflection/absorption spectra of epoxy coating on steel show band shifts and distortions of the bands at 1510, 1247, and 1040 cm−1. These effects are more pronounced at increased thickness and at grazing angles. For thin films ( < 100 nm), RA spectral intensity increases with increasing angle of incidence. For thicker films, the relationship is quite complex. The relationship between film thickness and FTIR-RA spectral peak height of an amine-cured epoxy coating on steel has also been established.
Chiral condensate in the quenched Schwinger model

A numerical investigation of the quenched Schwinger model on the lattice using the overlap Dirac operator points to a divergent chiral condensate.
The Effect of Te Substitution for Sb on Thermoelectric Properties of Tetrahedrite

We present the study of the effect of Te substitution on the thermoelectric properties for Sb in Cu12Sb4−xTexS13 tetrahedrite compounds with x ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 in the temperature range of room temperature to 723 K. Powder x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy results indicate a successful homogenous substitution without the alteration of the crystal structure or the introduction of secondary phases. Thermoelectric property measurements show that the excess electrons from Te during the substitution fill the unoccupied levels near the top of the valence bands in pure Cu12Sb4S13 compound, moving the Fermi level closer to the top of the valence bands. This leads to an enhancement in thermopower but also to an increase in electrical resistivity. Overall, the reduction in total thermal conductivity gives rise to improved ZT values in all substituted samples. The highest ZT value obtained in this study is 0.92 at 723 K for x = 1, which is comparable to that of other p-type bulk thermoelectric materials.
A polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase promoter is associated with an increase in autonomic imbalance in patients with congestive heart failure.

Background In addition to its well-recognized role in the regulation of vascular tone, nitric oxide modulates sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activities. Abnormalities of both autonomic control and nitric oxide synthase activity are known to occur in patients with congestive heart failure. Recently, a polymorphism of the promoter of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene has been associated with a reduction of eNOS activity. This study tested the hypothesis that patients with congestive heart failure who are homozygous for this polymorphism will have a more advanced imbalance of autonomic activity. Methods Patients who have congestive heart failure were tested for the presence of an eNOS promoter polymorphism (thymidine to cytosine transition [T −786 C]). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability was performed to quantify sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic activity, which were compared between subjects homozygous for the polymorphism and all other subjects. Results Patients homozygous for the polymorphism of the eNOS promoter had a greater autonomic imbalance as reflected by significant differences in high- and low-frequency heart rate variability. These differences in autonomic function were noted in the absence of intergroup differences in patterns of respiratory variability, demographic features, and despite a higher mean ejection fraction in patients homozygous for the polymorphism. Conclusions Patients with congestive heart failure who are homozygous for this polymorphism of the eNOS promoter were found to have a more advanced autonomic imbalance. This polymorphism may serve as a marker for patients at increased risk for sudden death and more rapid progression of disease.
High mortality rate in patients with advanced liver disease independent of exposure to general anesthesia

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the survival of patients with advanced liver disease to determine if known exposure to general anesthesia within a 5-year period has a measurable effect on mortality. Design Retrospective survival analysis of male veterans with advanced liver disease. Setting Tertiary referral VA Medical Center and university-affiliated teaching hospital. Measurements One hundred twenty-seven patients with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis and documented hepatitis C infection and stable platelet counts were identified and then divided into 3 groups. The 5-year survival rates in all 3 groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Main Results Ninety patients had marked thrombocytopenia ( 3 ). Their survival rates with and without known exposure to general anesthesia were compared with those of control subjects with alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis C infection but with platelet counts greater than 100000/mm 3 . The 5-year survival rate of 57% in the group that received general anesthesia was comparable to the 58% rate observed in the group without this exposure. Both groups' rates were statistically lower than the 5-year survival rate of 77% in the group with advanced liver disease but without thrombocytopenia. Conclusion Comparably high mortality rates were observed in patients with advanced liver disease with or without exposure to general anesthesia. Higher survival rates were noted in patients with advanced liver disease who were not thrombocytopenic.
Near-normal glycemia for critically ill patients receiving nutrition support: fact or folly.

Purpose of review In critically ill patients, nutrition support may be a life-saving intervention, but is not without risk. Adverse metabolic changes including hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia are common. Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes, in particular infection. Four major studies have addressed whether near normal-glycemia (80–110 mg/dl) in this clinical setting improves outcomes compared to blood sugars of ~150mg/dl. The purpose of this review is to determine if tight glycemic control is superior to moderate glycemic control (150mg/dl) in critically ill patients receiving nutrition support.
Combined Influences of Genes, Prenatal Environment, Cortisol, and Parenting on the Development of Children’s Internalizing Versus Externalizing Problems

Research suggests that genetic, prenatal, endocrine, and parenting influences across development individually contribute to internalizing and externalizing problems in children. The present study tests the combined contributions of genetic risk for psychopathology, prenatal environments (maternal drug use and internalizing symptoms), child cortisol at age 4.5 years, and overreactive parenting influences across childhood on 6-year-old children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. We used data from an adoption design that included 361 domestically adopted children and their biological and adopted parents prospectively followed from birth. Only parenting influences contributed (independently) to externalizing problems. However, genetic influences were indirectly associated with internalizing problems (through increased prenatal risk and subsequent morning cortisol), and parenting factors were both directly and indirectly associated with internalizing problems (through morning cortisol). Results suggest that prenatal maternal drug use/symptoms and children’s morning cortisol levels are mechanisms of genetic and environmental influences on internalizing problems, but not externalizing problems, in childhood.
Neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis by the human protooncogene MYC.

Abstract Damage to the protooncogene MYC has been implicated in the genesis of diverse human tumors, but the tumorigenic potential of the isolated gene has been disputed. Here we report the use of a retroviral vector to test the potency of human MYC for neoplastic transformation in avian cells. We found that sustained and abundant expression of MYC can transform both embryonic fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells and elicit granulocytic leukemias in chickens. Transformation by MYC is accompanied by changes in diverse aspects of cellular phenotype, including morphology, ability to grow in suspension, rate of proliferation, the structure of the cytoskeleton, and the composition of the extracellular matrix. Nevertheless, the biological potency of MYC is inherently constrained when compared to that of the retroviral oncogene v-myc. Our findings enlarge on previous descriptions of neoplastic transformation by MYC and sustain the view that ungoverned expression of the gene can contribute to the genesis of human tumors.
The effect of nitrobenzene and aminobenzoic acids on the hydration of tricalcium silicate: a conduction calorimetric study

Abstract The hydration of tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) in the presence of 0.004, 0.008 and 0.016 mol.% (with respect to 100 g of the silicate) of benzole acid, o -, m - and p -nitrobenzoic and aminobenzoic acids, was followed by conduction calorimetry. Benzoic acid at 0.004 and 0.008 moles behaved as a delayed accelerator of hydration, whereas at a dosage of 0.016 moles it performed as an accelerator by decreasing the onset of the induction period and promoting the earlier appearance of the main exothermic peak. The m - and p -nitrobenzoic acids accelerated the hydration of C 3 S, whereas o -nitrobenzoic acid acted as a retarder. Both m -and p -aminobenzoic acids retarded the hydration by delaying the appearance of the main exothermal peak. o -Aminobenzoic acid showed a similar effect to that of the reference at early times by not affecting the induction period and the maximum rate-of-heat peak. However, it increased slightly the amplitude of the main exothermic peak. The compounds that promoted the appearance of a heat peak at periods of 1 h or earlier exhibited an acceleration effect. In the presence of retarders this peak did not appear.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Fertility of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite and Its Progeny

Females of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.), mated to gamma-irradiated males produced fewer female progeny and more nonviable eggs as the dosage of radiation increased. At a dosage of 32 kr there were male progeny and nonviable eggs but no female progeny. Virgin females exposed to gamma radiation and mated to untreated males produced fewer males and females as the dosage increased from 1 to 24 kr, and after exposure to 32 kr produced only nonviable eggs. Surviving female progeny of males irradiated at 8 kr or more were incapable of reproduction, and female progeny of males irradiated at 2 or 4 kr produced fewer males and females and more nonviable eggs than female progeny of untreated parents. Evidence for sperm inactivation or death was observed at doses of 96 kr and above.
Femtosecond excited state relaxation of dye molecules in solution

Abstract The bleaching dynamics of organic dye molecules in solution have been investigated using 70 fs pulses from a colliding pulse mode-locked ring dye laser. In addition to ground state relaxation on a nanosecond time scale, a fast partial recovery is observed. For the dyes Nile blue, oxazine 720, cresyl violet and rhodamine 640, this recovery is exponential, with relaxation times in the range 190–480 fs.
Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. From drug design to clinical studies.

Abstract The discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors is an example in which pharmacokinetic evaluation was implemented early in the discovery phase to obtain optimal pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. Currently, three HIV protease inhibitors, saquinavir, indinavir and ritonavir are clinically available. As a family, these HIV protease inhibitors are characterized pharmacologically by their ability to inhibit the viral protease enzyme. Pharmacokinetically, they are quite different due to their dissimilarity in physicochemical properties. Bioavailability appears to be limited with saquinavir, but not with indinavir and ritonavir. Although all three drugs are metabolized extensively by cytochrome P-450, saquinavir and indinavir are high clearance drugs while ritonavir is a low clearance drug. Despite their significant differences in elimination clearance, all three HIV proteases are given at high oral doses (600–800 mg) either twice or three times daily. These HIV protease inhibitors show superior therapeutic activity and a more favorable safety profile than those reported for the established reverse transcriptase inhibitors. However, the potential for interactions with other drugs metabolized by the CYP 3A4 isoform appears to be considerable. In addition, repeated administration of enzyme inducers results in a substantial decrease of plasma concentrations of protease inhibitors. Therefore, co-administration of drugs, such as rifampicin and rifabutin, must be avoided. HIV protease inhibitors are promising in the treatment of AIDS. Although they are not a cure, they can significantly inhibit that viral replication and improve the quality of life for people who have HIV infection.
Dynamic core-hole screening effects in the C-KVV Auger line shape of graphite

Evidence is presented for the presence of a "shakedown" satellite near threshold in the $\mathrm{C}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{KVV}$ Auger spectrum of graphite. Its origin is shown to be an electron in a relatively long-lived valence-core excitonic level (populated as a result of dynamic core-hole screening) which participates in the Auger decay. Modeling of the shakedown contribution considerably improves agreement in the threshold region between the experimental line shape and a simple one-electron model and represents the first report of Auger intensity resulting from this type of excitonic configuration.
Parallel Comparison of Sandwich and Direct Label Assay Protocols on Cytokine Detection Protein Arrays

This study describes a systematic comparison of the preparation, sensitivity, and response of direct label and sandwich fluoroimmunoassay protein arrays for parallel detection of cytokines and growth factors. Five model analytes were examined, IL-1β, TNF-α, VEGF, MIP-1β, and TGF- β1, as well as four different array printing slides. Each slide was printed with four identical anti-cytokine arrays, two arrays employed for direct labeling and two for sandwich assays. All five target cytokines assayed using the sandwich format significantly outperformed the corresponding direct label assays in terms of background-subtracted fluorescent intensity, although the extent varied for different cytokines, growth factors, and slides examined. Binding of target protein by immobilized capture antibody was examined by Biacore surface plasmon resonance with and without labeling of the target protein. A major explanation for the superior performance of the sandwich assay protocol was the dilution of the labeled target cytok...
Spherical harmonics approach to parabolic partial differential equations

This paper is devoted to extend the spherical harmonics technique to the solution of parabolic differential equations and to integro-differential equations. The heat equation and the Black–Scholes equation are solved by using the method of spherical harmonics.
A study of nonisothermal austenite formation and decomposition in Fe-C-Mn alloys

Experiments using a hot-stage confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) have been carried out to observe phase transformations in two steels: Si-killed resulfurized Fe-0.38 wt pct C-1.43 wt pct Mn and Al-killed Fe-0.20 wt pct C-0.87 wt pct Mn. Austenite formation during continuous heating was investigated on the surface of samples that were etched to reveal the ferrite and pearlite regions. It was found that the austenite precipitated first at the pearlite colonies and subsequently in the ferrite phase. The measured advance rates of the γ/pearlite front were roughly twice those of the γ/α front and both interfaces were found to be curved. The γ/pearlite migration rate was found to be in qualitative agreement with published rate equations for isokinetic austenite formation where diffusion is the rate-limiting step. Austenite decomposition was studied during cooling. Widmanstatten ferrite laths precipitate as distinct colonies from the existing allotriomorphic ferrite phase but then also at MnS precipitates. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that all of the laths in a particular colony exhibit similar orientation to one another but a slightly different orientation than the parent allotriomorph, supporting a sympathetic nucleation mechanism. The growth rate of the laths was found to vary widely within a range of 1.5 to 11 μm/s. The ferrite formation is finally halted by impingement with other advancing fronts. The results are presented in a phenomological discussion, with some quantitative analysis of the transformation kinetics.
Evil lurks in the heart of man: cardiac paraganglioma presenting as recurrent dyspnoea and chronic cough

A man in his 60s presents with chronic dyspnoea and cough for 3 years. EKG and nuclear stress test were not diagnostic. An echocardiogram revealed moderate pericardial effusion. His symptoms improved with ibuprofen temporarily and a repeat echocardiogram showed resolution of the effusion. However, when his symptoms recurred, re-imaging showed a large intracardiac tumour causing right ventricular outflow obstruction. Subsequent histological examination revealed metastatic paraganglioma. He was found to carry a germline mutation in the SDHB gene which is associated with higher malignant risk. Knowledge of his underlying mutation allowed the patient and his family to receive appropriate gene-specific counselling and surveillance.
Gas absorption in packed columns: Liquid phase resistance in the loading region

Data on liquid phase-controlled gas absorption in the loading regime are presented. Carbon dioxide was desorbed from water by using a 6-in. Diameter tower and 1/2- and 3/4-in. Ceramic rings. Below the loading point, HL increases approximately as the 0.25 power of the liquid rate and is independent of gas rate. In the loading regime, however, it was found that at high gas rates HL increases less rapidly and may even decrease with increase in liquid rate. At intermediate gas rates, the effect of liquid rate on HL is intermediate. These effects are explained on the basis of the interaction of the gas and liquid flow rates and the effect of this interaction on KL and a. The results suggest that in some cases tower capacity may be increased without increasing HL.
Antisense Expression of the CK2 α-Subunit Gene in Arabidopsis. Effects on Light-Regulated Gene Expression and Plant Growth

The protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) is thought to be involved in light-regulated gene expression in plants because of its ability to phosphorylate transcription factors that bind to the promoter regions of light-regulated genes in vitro. To address this possibility in vivo and to learn more about the potential physiological roles of CK2 in plants, we transformed Arabidopsis with an antisense construct of the CK2 α-subunit gene and investigated both morphological and molecular phenotypes. Antisense transformants had a smaller adult leaf size and showed increased expression of chs in darkness and of cab and rbcS after red-light treatment. The latter molecular phenotype implied that CK2 might serve as one of several negative and quantitative effectors in light-regulated gene expression. The possible mechanism of CK2 action and its involvement in the phytochrome signal transduction pathway are discussed.
Intervention for infants with brain injury: Results of a randomized controlled study

A randomized clinical trail (RCT) employed a 12-month individualized cognitive/sensorimotor stimulation program to look at the efficacy of the intervention on 62 infants with suspected brain injury. The control group infants received the State-funded follow-up program provided by the Los Angeles (LA) Regional Centers while the intervention group received intensive stimulation using the Curriculum and Monitoring System (CAMS) taught by public health nurses (PHNs). The developmental assessments and outcome measures were performed at 6, 12 and 18 months corrected age and included the Bayley motor and mental development, the Home, mother-infant interaction (Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) and Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS)), parental stress and social support. At 18 months, 43 infants remained in the study. The results indicate that the intervention had minimal positive effects on the Bayley mental and motor development scores of infants in the intervention group. Likewise, the intervention did not contribute to less stress or better mother-infant interaction at 12 or 18 months although there were significant differences in the NCAFS scores favoring the intervention group at 6 months. There was a significant trend, however, for the control group to have a significant decrease over time on the Bayley mental scores. Although the sample was not large and attrition was at 31%, this study provides further support to the minimal effects of stimulation and home intervention for infants with brain injury and who may have more significant factors contributing to their developmental outcome.
THE CELLULAR, METABOLIC, AND SYSTEMIC CONSEQUENCES OF AGGRESSIVE FLUID RESUSCITATION STRATEGIES

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that aggressive crystalloid-based resuscitation strategies are associated with cardiac and pulmonary complications, gastrointestinal dysmotility, coagulation disturbances, and immunological and inflammatory mediator dysfunction. As large volumes of fluids are administered, imbalances in intracellular and extracellular osmolarity occur. Disturbances in cell volume disrupt numerous regulatory mechanisms responsible for keeping the inflammatory cascade under control. Several authors have demonstrated the detrimental effects of large, crystalloid-based resuscitation strategies on pulmonary complications in specific surgical populations. Additionally, fluid-restrictive strategies have been associated with a decreased frequency of and shorter time to recovery from acute respiratory distress syndrome and trends toward shorter lengths of stay and lower mortality. Early resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with predominately saline-based regimens has been associated with cardiac dysfunction and lower cardiac output, as well as higher mortality. Numerous investigators have evaluated potential risk factors for developing abdominal compartment syndrome and have universally noted the excessive use of crystalloids as the primary determinant. Resuscitation regimens that cause early increases in blood flow and pressure may result in greater hemorrhage and mortality than those regimens that yield comparable flow and pressure increases late in resuscitation. Future resuscitation research is likely to focus on improvements in fluid composition and adjuncts to administration of large volume of fluid.
Impact of green stadium initiatives on donor intentions toward an intercollegiate athletic programme

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among potential athletic donors' beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on donor intentions toward green stadium initiatives (GSI). Research participants were university students (N = 186) who responded to a questionnaire designed to measure these related concepts. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that attitude and subjective norm mediated the impacts of behavioural beliefs and normative beliefs on donor intentions toward GSI. These findings support the applicability of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) in nurturing donation behaviours in the collegiate athletic context. The discussion is focused on developing educational and promotional programmes to enhance beliefs, generate positive attitudes, and develop supportive norms. Implications for practitioners are further presented.
Protection from parasite-induced weight loss by the vaccination of calves with excretory-secretory products of larval Oesophagostomum radiatum

Abstract Excretory-secretory products (ESP) were collected from in vitro maintained Oesophagostomum radiatum larvae during the period in which the larvae molt from the third to fourth larval stage. The ESP were used to immunize 13 uninfected calves which were subsequently challenged with 1.7×104 infective O. radiatum larvae. Worm recoveries from immunized calves were reduced 23% compared to 12 unimmunized controls, while the number of intestinal nodules was 72% greater compared to unimmunized controls; however, neither difference was statistically significant. Immunized calves had enhanced serum IgG and IgA anti-ESP antibody responses upon challenge. No differences in serum IgG2 or IgM antibody or cellular immune responsiveness, as determined by in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, were seen. Vaccination with ESP did significantly protect calves from the weight loss seen in non-immunized calves. Unimmunized calves ceased gaining weight ∼5 weeks after challenge and by 10 weeks after challenge had lost an average of 4 lbs. per calf. Over the same time interval (i.e., 5–10 weeks after challenge), the immunized calves gained an average of 23 lbs. per calf. These results strongly suggest that vaccination with ESP conferred an advantage to calves that is not correlated solely with the number of worms developing from challenge infection.
BASIS FUNCTIONS FOR AB INITIO CALCULATIONS

A compilation and basis function analysis are given for existing ab initio molecular eigenfunctions in which a direct solution of the Schrodinger equation is attempted and all integrals are rigorously evaluated; thus, calculations using Mulliken integral approximations or electrostatic models are omitted. The survey is also limited to molecular wave functions that involve more than two electrons and employ one-electron basis orbitals. (D.L.C.)
Foreign body simulating a palatal lesion: report of case

A 23-month-old child required hospitalization for a “palatal lesion.” Over a period of three weeks, the “lesion” had confounded the child’s parents and several pediatricians. It proved to be a concave piece of thin pink plastic which had been part of an artificial flower petal.
Orientation-dependent Influence of an Intergenic Enhancer on the Promoter Activity of the Divergently Transcribed Mouse Shsp/αB-crystallin andMkbp/HspB2 Genes

The mouse Shsp/αB-crystallin andMkbp/HspB2 genes are closely linked and divergently transcribed. In this study, we have analyzed the contribution of the intergenic enhancer toShsp/αB-crystallin and Mkbp/HspB2promoter activity using dual-reporter vectors in transient transfection and transgenic mouse experiments. Deletion of the enhancer reducedShsp/αB-crystallin promoter activity by 30- and 93-fold and Mkbp/HspB2 promoter activity by 6- and 10-fold in transiently transfected mouse lens α-TN4 and myoblast C2C12 cells, respectively. Surprisingly, inversion of the enhancer reduced Shsp/αB-crystallin promoter activity by 17-fold, but did not affect Mkbp/HspB2 promoter activity in the transfected cells. In contrast, enhancer activity was orientation-independent in combination with a heterologous promoter in transfected cells. Transgenic mouse experiments established the orientation dependence and Shsp/αB-crystallin promoter preference of the intergenic enhancer in its native context. The orientation dependence and preferential effect of theShsp/αB-crystallin enhancer on theShsp/αB-crystallin promoter provide an example of adaptive changes in gene regulation accompanying the functional diversification of duplicated genes during evolution.
Identifying subsystems in information systems analysis

Abstract The paper discusses five main criteria for the construction of subsystems of an information system. The criteria are flexibility/changeability, separability, comprehensibility, integrability and data usage and/or creation. Two procedures based on the data usage and/or creation criterion are described. These procedures are used to determine the composition of each subsystem, keeping the other four criteria in focus. An application of the methodology to a sample data is presented.
Just green enough: contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn

While sustainability and green urbanism have become buzzwords in urban policy circles, too little analysis has focused on who gets to decide what green looks like. Many visions of the green city seem to have room only for park space, waterfront cafes, and luxury LEED-certified buildings, prompting concern that there is no place in the “sustainable” city for industrial uses and the working class. We will use the case study of Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, New York, to explore how different visions for the green city are enacted through activism and policy-making. Neighbourhood residents and business owners seem to be advocating a strategy we call “just green enough”, in order to achieve environmental remediation without environmental gentrification. Following the crash of both the financial and real estate markets, attempts to construct a sustainable city that is economically diverse and socially just seem to be taking hold. We interrogate how urban sustainability can be used to open up a space for diversity ...
Genetic analysis of monoclonal antibody and HIV binding sites on the human lymphocyte antigen CD4

Saturation mutagenesis and a complement fixation selection have yielded CD4 point mutants with impaired antibody and human immunodeficiency virus binding. The patterns of amino acid substitution, in conjunction with previous antibody cross-blocking data, affirm the similar tertiary structures of the CD4 amino-terminal domain and immunoglobulin variable regions. Single residue substitutions affecting virus binding and syncytium formation are observed over an eight residue segment located in a portion of the molecule homologous to the second hypervariable region of an antibody combining site.
Swinburne's argument from consciousness

In The Existence of God, the second book in his trilogy on issues in philosophical theology, Richard Swinburne presents a sequence of inductive arguments for God's existence.1 In this paper I try to refute one interesting but hitherto overlooked member of this sequence, viz., "The Argument From Consciousness."2 Here is the plan I follow. Section I is a brief characterization of the general program Swinburne adopts in The Existence of God: I describe therein his overarching goal, define what he calls "C" and "P" inductive arguments, give a roughand-ready account of his terminology, and cite certain of his presuppositions. Section II contains an explicit version of the argument from consciousness, and a rough summary of the attack I bring against it. In HI I begin this attack: I search for but fail to find a needed sub-argument for a premise in the argument presented in II. But instead of ending this section with a rejection of Swinburne's argument, I postpone a decision about the truth or falsity of the premise he apparently doesn't support. In IV I sketch a theory of events, and then use that theory to develop with tolerable precision what Swinburne calls the "Mind-Brain Identity Theory." In V I consider and ultimately reject Swinburne's arguments against this theory. But then I assume, for the sake of argument, that Swinburne's attack on the Mind-Brain Identity Theory succeeds. I proceed to show, in VI, that his argument from consciousness fails even under this assumption. In VII, the final section, I briefly summarize my refutation, and then offer a few suggestions for building a stronger version of Swinburne's argument.
Sampling at controlled relative humidity with a cascade impactor

Abstract The design and function of a device that regulates the relative humidity of an ambient aerosol sample is described. We use this RH controller upstream of MOUDI impactors to permit sampling at relative humidities in the 70–80% range. Humidity control is achieved by allowing the aerosol to approach equilibrium with a saturated salt solution. Benefits to sampling with impactors in this relative humidity range include greatly reduced bounce of fine, hygroscopic particles, minimal flow-induced sizing errors, and minimization of uncertainties in measured size distributions due to diurnal variations in relative humidity during sampling. Data from field measurements in a humid environment (Look Rock, TN) and arid environments (Las Vegas, NV and Meadview, AZ) are discussed.
Large bore percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy using the Russell technique

In 1984 Russell et aU introduced a new and simpli­ fied technique of percutaneous endoscopic gastros­ tomy insertion that required only a single passage of the gastroscope compared with the technique of Gau­ derer et a1. 2 Although this technique is easy to perform, well tolerated by patients, and accompanied by a low complication rate, we found, at our institution, that the 16 F Russell introducer allowing placement of a 14 F Foley catheter with its small inside diameter was accompanied by an unacceptably high rate of tube clogging. Clogging was seen even when canned nutri­ tional supplements were used and was especially com­ mon when crushed pill fragments were administered. We now report our experience using the Russell tech­ nique and a 20 F introducer sheath allowing the place­ ment of an 18 F Foley catheter.
Code-Clip electrodes

A method of attaching EKG electrodes during cardiac emergencies is described. The Code-Clips were so named as their advantages were most apparent during cardiac arrest resuscitation procedures; Cardiac arrest being paged as "Code 7" at Phelps Memorial Hospital. Ease and speed of application and re-application are the main advantages found during the three years they have been used. Other advantages include economy and comfort. When used on the battery-operated Lifepak 2, Physio-Control Corporation, it has been found that only two electrodes are necessary, eliminating the ground lead.
The Adsorption of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate onto Sand, Clay, and Iron Oxide Surfaces

Fluorinated anionic surfactants have drawn considerable attention due to recent work showing significant concentrations in surface waters and biota from around the globe. A detailed understanding of the transport and fate of fluorinated surfactants through soil and like media must include an elucidation of mineral surface chemistry. Five materials were equilibrated with solutions of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to characterize adsorption: kaolinite, Ottawa sand standard, synthetic goethite, Lake Michigan sediment, and iron-coated sand from Mappsville, VA. Aqueous and adsorbed PFOS was quantified with LC/MS (mass balance average: 101 ± 12 %, n = 37). The materials showed a near linear increase in adsorption as the equilibrium concentrations increased. Isotherms and calculated solid/solution distribution ratio experiments indicated that PFOS adsorption is significant but smaller than hydrocarbon analogues or organic compounds of similar molecular weight. Surface area normalized adsorption increased fo...
Genetics, Biomarkers, Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Diagnosis, Heterogeneity and Treatment: A Review

Molecular genetic pathways that drive the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of hereditary colorectal cancer also can affect response to chemotherapy and chemoprevention. These mutations also can alter patients’ response to therapy. Environmental differences can affect this highly complex conundrum. We will use Lynch syndrome as a model to explore this issue. However, to begin with, after more than a century of documentation, we must ask what is meant by the eponym “Lynch syndrome”. Germline mutations may act as drivers of chemoprevention and chemotherapy and therein may act positively or conversely they may have a negative effect in terms of inhibiting the inactivation of cancer-causing germline mutations. A relatively new field of hereditary cancer therapeutics has significantly impacted cancer care, from the standpoint of the sensitivity or resistance to a particular form of chemotherapy and/or chemoprevention. The question for the diagnostician and therapist must always concern what is the best possible management approach for the patient, particularly when he or she harbors a cancer-causing germline mutation, which, in this case, causes Lynch syndrome. Continued molecular genetic research might yield a more tailored effective treatment for Lynch syndrome. The ultimate goal of such hereditary oncologic research is to better understand the mutation’s therapeutic task, namely, its potential to benefit the patient in terms of its treatment goal, thereby fulfilling the essence of personalized medicine. However, this goal may be exceedingly complicated. For example, in the natural clinical and molecular genetic history of hereditary forms of cancer, there will be a predominance of early-onset cancers of multiple anatomic sites. In our Lynch syndrome model, these will be most commonly colorectal, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. Attention must initially be focused upon cancer’s early age of onset coupled with the tendency to multiple primary cancers so that, in the case of CRC, colonoscopic screening must be initiated by age 20–25 years and repeated every other year until age 40 years and then annually thereafter. However, screening will be of limited efficacy in the gynecologic cancers (endometrial and ovarian) so that once the family is completed, particularly by age 35–40 years, careful attention must be given to the option of prophylactic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Given issues of tumor heterogeneity, selected Lynch syndrome families may show an excess of urologic cancers or cancers of the small bowel, and highly targeted screening should be given serious consideration for these as well as cancers of other anatomic sites in such high-risk, cancer-prone patients.
An improved method for quantifying sedimentary charcoal via a volume proxy

In charcoal analysis, number and area of charcoal particles are the most commonly measured parameters. However, neither measurement is precise as charcoal fragments can be broken into smaller pieces during preservation and laboratory processing, and then both number and apparent area will increase. Volume is a more reliable parameter than area to represent charcoal amount but is difficult to measure. However, a simple approximation provides a stable and reliable proxy estimate of charcoal volume. By applying the formula CIA3/2 (where C is a constant, Ai is area of a charcoal particle, and I means sum), measures of area are shown to be convertible to volume. The constant may be estimated empirically if enough experimental data are available. Even if C is not precisely quantifiable, the application of XA312 as a stable parameter provides a good first approximation to measurements of convert area to estimates of volume. Empirical experiments demonstrate that volume estimates reduce the error induced by fragm...
Influence of Laser Illumination Geometry on the Power Distribution Advantage

The power distribution advantage, used to limit surface optical damage by distributing laser power over a wide area, is found to depend not only on the area but also on the geometry of the illuminated region. This is demonstrated by using both theoretical heat transport calculations and experimental laser optical damage measurements. For a circular or rectangular illumination region, the power distribution advantage is a strongly nonlinear function of illumination area. For long irradiation times typical of those used in Raman imaging applications, the power required to reach a specified damage threshold temperature scales as the square root of the illumination area. However, for illumination times that are short in comparison with the ratio of the illumination area to the thermal diffusivity of the sample, the power distribution advantage is a more linear function of illumination area. Experimental measurements of the melting threshold of black plastic as a function of laser spot size confirm the theoretical predictions in both the long and short irradiation time limits.
The use of secondary electron emission in photographic film dosimetry.

Abstract The characteristics of secondary electrons emitted by various thicknesses of different metals when irradiated at a number of photon energies ranging from 35 to 1250 keV were investigated The photographic effect produced by a given dosage was increased by a factor of 3 or more when the secondary electrons from the metal were allowed to reach the film. A film badge designed to utilize this phenomenon should be a considerable improvement over those in current use.