cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topology and Serial Section Cinematography Editor’s Note

As stated in the Introduction, serial section cinematography invented by Dr. Hegre and perfected by him and by Dr. Postlethwait is much more than a tool for teaching and embryological, histological and botanical research. It is an important device for topological research. Dr. Rhines, in his lecture on topology as well as Dr. Gurland, Dr. Steel and Drs. Kronsbein and Steele emphasized the necessity of serial sectioning for the determination of topological parameters. They photograph the surface of the remaining block after etching it to create contrast. Drs. Hegre and Postlethwait are going a step further recording the sections on motion picture film, thus being able to re-synthesize the total structure, substituting time for height. While identification of identical structures in serial still photographs is still a laborious process, the motion picture film keeps every spot identifed: and the recognition of topologically related parts is neuro-physiologically or psychologically automatic.
Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal II: Anhedonia—A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION When animals undergo nicotine deprivation, rewards become less rewarding (ie, anhedonia occurs). We searched for tests of whether anhedonia occurs in abstinent smokers. METHODS The major inclusion criterion was a within-participants comparison of behavioral measures of reward sensitivity or self-reported anhedonia during smoking versus during abstinence among daily smokers. A computerized search of PubMed, PsychInfo, and Cochrane databases and other methods located 13 studies. All but one were laboratory studies. RESULTS The number of studies and participants were small and the results mixed. In terms of anticipatory anhedonia (ie, wanting a reward), abstinence appeared to decrease willingness to work for immediately available rewards, but did not appear to influence how much adding rewards to a task increased responding. Abstinence also appeared to produce small increases in self-reported anticipatory anhedonia. In terms of consummatory anhedonia (ie, liking a reward), self-report measures found anhedonia decreased pleasure from rewards in some but not all tests. In terms of learning (ie, learning to choose a more frequent reward), abstinence did not reliably decrease allocating responding to high versus low frequency reward options. CONCLUSIONS Although results were mixed, abstinence appears to increase anticipatory anhedonia. It is unclear if abstinence increases consummatory or reward learning-based anhedonia. Further studies of anhedonia in clinical settings are needed (1) to estimate the reliability and clinical significance of anhedonia as a symptom of tobacco withdrawal, (2) to assess if effects represent withdrawal versus offset processes, and (3) to assess if anhedonia interferes with the ability to stop smoking. IMPLICATIONS Anticipatory anhedonia appears to be a symptom of tobacco withdrawal and should be added to tobacco withdrawal checklists and diagnostic criteria. Further study of consummatory and learning-based anhedonia is warranted.
Implantation of a Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulator Paddle Electrode and Generator Under General Anesthesia With Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Spinal cord stimulation is a well-established and effective therapy in the treatment of pain. Proper patient selection and accurate lead placement are paramount in its success. Placement is a multifaceted process requiring proper paddle placement, a well thought out generator placement and appropriate means to limit complications and enhance success. Several intraoperative techniques maximize outcomes, including removal of the superior portion of the inferior level's spinous process for paddle access into the epidural space, generator pocket placement in a location that limits patient discomfort, a strain relief loop at the thoracic incision to prevent lead fractures and allow for full spinal flexibility, generator placement parallel to the body and secured in the pocket to prevent unwanted movement, and intraoperative neuromonitoring for patient comfort and more accurate lead placement compared to X-ray alone or awake placement. This case demonstrates these key elements of intraoperative technique in a candidate with the most common indication for spinal cord stimulator placement-postlaminectomy syndrome-underscoring the ease and viability of this procedure in the appropriate patient population in a means that reduces future complications and adverse events while maximizing success. Full patient consent for video-recording and subsequent use for research purposes was attained. All patient identifiers have been removed for the purpose of patient confidentiality.
Top-Down Indoor Localization with Wi-Fi Fingerprints Using Deep Q-Network

The location-based services for Internet of Things (IoTs) have attracted extensive research effort during the last decades. Wi-Fi fingerprinting with received signal strength indicator (RSSI) has been widely adopted in vast indoor localization systems due to its relatively low cost and the potency for high accuracy. However, the fluctuation of wireless signal resulting from environment uncertainties leads to considerable variations on RSSIs, which poses grand challenges to the fingerprint-based indoor localization regarding positioning accuracy. In this paper, we propose a top-down searching method using a deep reinforcement learning agent to tackle environment dynamics in indoor positioning with Wi-Fi fingerprints. Our model learns an action policy that is capable to localize 75% of the targets in an area of 25000m2 within 0.55m.
The Young Karl Marx

“The Young Karl Marx” written by Raoul Peck and Pascal Bonitizer, directed by Raoul Peck. Passion River Studio, DVD – The Orchard. Running time 118 minutes.This ambitious film explores the path tak...
Encephalopathy of Unknown Origin in a Baclofen Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background Encephalopathy is reported to have affected 250,000 people in the United States over the last decade, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-B agonist that acts on the central nervous system, is the drug most widely used to treat spasticity. Baclofen overdose is a potentially deadly condition that can cause encephalopathy and can result from multiple etiologies. Renal disease can contribute to baclofen overdose and encephalopathy, and there are currently no dosing recommendations for patient's on baclofen with renal impairment. Case Description We report an unusual case of a man aged 35 years who presented with persistent fevers, seizures, and normal mentation. The patient presented with intrathecal baclofen use and prior exposure to West Nile Virus. He developed acute kidney injury at hospital secondary to vancomycin use, and mental status declined. Conclusions This case highlights that patients with baclofen overdose can initially appear to have serious brain injury, however, full patient recovery can occur in
Big cannabis in the UK: is industry support for wider patient access motivated by promises of recreational market worth billions?

The BMJ has uncovered links between companies, campaign groups, and individuals lobbying for wider patient access to cannabis for medical use and a parallel campaign to create a lucrative recreational market for the drug in the UK, Jonathan Gornall reports
Michelangelo in 1964: The Critical Model as Dialectical Image in Bruno Zevi’s Renaissance Architecture

In 1964 Bruno Zevi and Paolo Portoghesi launched an ambitious retrospective of Michelangelo’s oeuvre to commemorate the fourth centenary of his death. Held at Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome, the...
Patterns of Dose Escalation Among Patients With Esophageal Cancer Undergoing Definitive Radiation Therapy: 2006-2016.

Abstract Purpose Although single-institution series suggest potential benefit to dose escalation in definitive radiation therapy for esophageal cancer, randomized trials including intergroup-0123 and the recently presented A Randomized Trial of Dose Escalation in definitive Chemoradiotherapy for patients with Oesophageal cancer (ARTDECO) trial showed no improvement in outcomes with higher radiation therapy dose. As such, there may be significant variation in radiation dose for definitive treatment of esophageal cancer. Methods and Materials The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients who received a diagnosis of nonmetastatic T2+ esophageal cancer between 2006 and 2016 who did not receive definitive surgery and were treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy doses between 41.4 and 74 Gy. Multivariable logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of receipt of >50.4 Gy, including year of diagnosis (2006-2013 vs 2014-2016) ∗ histology (squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] vs adenocarcinoma) and year of diagnosis (2006-2013 vs 2014-2016) ∗ disease site (cervical esophagus vs noncervical esophagus) interaction terms, to assess whether the effect of diagnosis year on dose varied by histology and disease site, respectively. Results Among 14,517 patients, the most common dose was 50.4 Gy, used for 6955 (47.9%) patients. Dose escalation above 50.4 Gy was observed in 4440 (30.6%) patients and declined by year, from 42.2% in 2006 to 23.5% in 2016. Patients with SCC versus adenocarcinoma had higher odds of dose escalation (39.3% vs 23.8%; AOR 1.46; P Conclusions Dose escalation in definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer declined over time, particularly for adenocarcinoma histology and noncervical primary site. Given the recent results of ARTDECO, our findings can serve as a benchmark from which to measure future shifts in practice patterns.
Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate: Report of Outcomes of Localized Disease Using the National Cancer Database.

Abstract Background Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is a rare but aggressive prostate cancer histology. We studied the reported comparative outcomes of the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) versus surgery for nonmetastatic SCCP. Methods The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for nonmetastatic disease diagnosed from 2004 to 2015 as SCCP (defined as having a component of SCCP) receiving a single definitive local control modality (RT or surgery). Results A total of 243 patients were included (177 RT and 66 surgery). A total of 142 patients received chemotherapy (CHT). Mean age was 68 years. One hundred forty patients had adenocarcinoma concurrently with the SCCP while 103 patients had pure histology. For pure histology, multivariable analysis (MVA) showed nonacademic facility, stage 4 disease, and poorly differentiated grade were associated with worse survival. On MVA, receipt of CHT (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84, P = .644) or receipt of androgen deprivation therapy (HR = 0.88, P = .715) did not affect overall survival. Receipt of RT was nonsignificant compared to surgery (HR = 0.75, P = .475). For mixed histology, MVA showed receipt of CHT and prostate-specific antigen > 20 ng/mL were associated with worse survival. Receipt of androgen deprivation therapy (HR = 1.35, P = .414) did not affect overall survival. Receipt of RT was also nonsignificant compared to surgery (HR = 1.42, P = .344). Conclusion RT and surgery for nonmetastatic SCCP yield comparable options as local therapies.
“Optimize user experience”: optimization techniques and the simulation of life, from the model to the algorithm

This article takes up the issue of optimization to consider the relationship between predictive algorithms and platform user experience. Corporate data analytic practices increasingly rely on machi...
Papillary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Endolymphatic Sac: A Rare Middle Ear Neoplasm.

Glandular neoplasms of the temporal-mastoid region and endolymphatic sac (ELS) are rare, and it is quite challenging to differentiate between an adenoma and an adenocarcinoma. ELS tumors (ELST) usually present with papillary, follicular, or solid patterns and can be further distinguished histologically and through immunohistochemistry. The microscopic features and clinical course of this neoplasm have been comprehensively explained by Heffner, who considered it "low-grade adenocarcinoma of likely ELS origin." The papillary form more commonly affects females, and it is a more aggressive form of ELST that is destructive and exhibits extensive local spread. The tumor usually has a close association with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, but 11%-30% of the ELST cases develop in individuals without a VHL mutation. ELSTs manifest with headaches, hearing loss, ear discharge, and cranial nerve palsies. Currently, the only available curative therapeutic intervention consists of wide local excision and long-term follow-up. Because of the sensitive location of this tumor, the adjuvant radiotherapy options are still questionable. In this case report, the author presents a 74-year-old woman with a past medical history of Schneiderian papilloma and was diagnosed with papillary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ELS not associated with VHL disease.
Practical Colostrum Evaluation

Provision of high quality colostrum is an essential feature of a successful calf rearing program, providing immunoglobulins, non-antibody immune factors, protein, energy, fat, vitamins and minerals. A successful colostrum feeding program reduces calf mortality to less than 5%, improves resistance to enteric disease and promotes weight gain the first four days of life. Careful evaluation of several important aspects of a colostrum feeding program is essential when these goals are to be achieved.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Subpopulations and Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models of Elastin Insufficiency.

Objective: Using a mouse model of Eln (elastin) insufficiency that spontaneously develops neointima in the ascending aorta, we sought to understand the origin and phenotypic heterogeneity of smooth...
Relativism, Revisionism, Aboriginalism, and Emic/Etic Truth: The Case Study of Apocalypto

Popular film depictions of varied cultures, ranging from the Chinese, Africans, and Native Americans have repeatedly provided a variant perception of the culture. In works of fiction, this flaw cannot only provide us with entertainment, but with insights and motives in the ideological, social, or economic agendas of the authors and/or directors as well as those of the critics. Mel Gibson’s Maya epic Apocalypto has provided an interesting case study depicting indigenous warfare, environmental degradation, and ritual violence, characteristics that have been derived from multidisciplinary research, ethnohistoric studies, and other historical and archaeological investigations. The film received extraordinary attention from the public, both as positive feedback and negative criticism from a wide range of observers. Thus, the elements of truth, public perception, relativism, revisionism, and emic/etic perspectives coalesced into a case where truth, fiction, and the virtues and vices of the authors and director of the film as well as those of critics were exposed. A fictional movie such as Apocalypto can provide entertainment and/or evoke moods and thoughts that usually extend beyond the “normal” as a work of art. In documentaries and academic publications and presentations, however, such flaws are much more serious, and provide distortions and misrepresentations of the “truth” that are (equally) perpetuated in literature and popular perceptions.
Projection: Benders’ Decomposition

A generic structure found in many distribution, routing, and location applications is $$\min {{c}^{T}}x + {{f}^{T}}$$ (10.1) $$s.t.Ax + Byb$$ (10.2) $$y \in Y$$ (10.3) $$x0$$ (10.4) where the decision variables have been partitioned into two sets of variables x ∈ ℜ{sun1} and y ∈ ℜ{sun2}. In particular, assume that the A matrix has very special structure so the problem in the x variables only, is a relatively “easy” problem. For example, if the y variables are fixed at y = y, Ax ≥ b — By might be the constraint set for a transportation problem. See model (TLP) in Subsection 1.3.5 of Chapter 1. The constraint set y ∈ Y, might be a polyhedron, but it could also be a set with discrete variables, or a set with nonlinearities.
A roadscape analysis system of vehicle mounted camera-image

A roadscape analysis system was developed that can analyze images captured by a camera mounted on a vehicle. The system divides images into cells, calculates five features of each cell, and distinguishes between "town," "forest," and "plain" automatically.
The gravitational interaction between N-body (star clusters) and hydrodynamic (ISM) codes in disk galaxy simulations

In summary, development and testing of a combined hydrodynamic and N-body code are now underway. The work here at Maine is necessarily on a small grid because of the limitations of the computers available. It is already clear that physically meaningful results will require much finer grids, more N-body particles (250,000 vs 5,000 now), faster throughput, and better output devices. We will be performing this upgrade on the Cray computer at Nasa-Ames in the near future.
Trends in Fracture Incidence: A Population‐Based Study Over 20 Years

To assess recent trends in fracture incidence from all causes at all skeletal sites, we used the comprehensive (inpatient and outpatient) data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to estimate rates for Olmsted County, MN, USA, residents in 2009 to 2011 compared with similar data from 1989 to 1991. During the 3-year study period, 2009 to 2011, 3549 residents ≥50 years of age experienced 5244 separate fractures. The age- and sex-adjusted (to the 2010 US white population) incidence of any fracture was 2704 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 2614 to 2793) and that for all fractures was 4017 per 100,000 (95% CI 3908 to 4127). Fracture incidence increased with age in both sexes, but age-adjusted rates were 49% greater among the women. Overall, comparably adjusted fracture incidence rates increased by 11% (from 3627 to 4017 per 100,000 person-years; p = 0.008) between 1989 to 1991 and 2009 to 2011. This was mainly attributable to a substantial increase in vertebral fractures (+47% for both sexes combined), which was partially offset by a decline in hip fractures (−25%) among the women. There was also a 26% reduction in distal forearm fractures among the women; an increase in distal forearm fractures among men aged 50 years and over was not statistically significant. The dramatic increase in vertebral fractures, seen in both sexes and especially after age 75 years, was attributable in part to incidentally diagnosed vertebral fractures. However, the fall in hip fracture incidence, observed in most age groups, continues the steady decline observed among women in this community since 1950. More generally, these data indicate that the dramatic increases in the incidence of fractures at many skeletal sites that were observed decades ago have now stabilized. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Human myeloid leukemia cell lines: a review

Several human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines were recently established. These lines provide model systems to study the control of differentiation in human myelogenous leukemia and, in a broader framework, the controls of normal myeloid development. The K562 line is composed of undifferentiated blast cells that are rich in glycophorin and may be induced to produce fetal and embryonic hemoglobin in the presence of hemin. The KG-1 cell line is composed predominantly of myeloblasts and promyelocytes. A unique characteristic of the KG-1 cells is their almost complete dependence on colony-stimulating factor for proliferation in soft-gel culture. The HL-60 is a promyelocytic leukemia cell line. In the presence of DMSO, the cells mature into granulocytes. Both the KG-1 and HL-60 cells differentiate into nondividing mononuclear phagocytes when exposed to phorbol esters. Investigations with these cell lines, and selected variants should provide important insights into the cell biology and perhaps therapy of human leukemia.
Attention Coordination and Anticipatory Control

The coordination of the direction of selective attention is an adaptive function that may be one of the many anticipatory tools under cerebellar control. This chapter presents neurobehavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging data to support our hypothesis that the cerebellum plays a role in attentional functions. We discuss the idea that the cerebellum is a master computational system that anticipates and adjusts responsiveness in a variety of brain systems (e.g., sensory, attention, memory, language, affect) to efficiently achieve goals determined by cerebral and other subcortical systems.
[4] Molecular techniques for detection of gene expression in neuroimmunology

Publisher Summary The methods described in this chapter allow the analysis of gene expression in a bulk population of cells. The technique of in situ hybridization essentially takes the information obtainable from Northern blotting down to the single-cell level. By doing so, one has the ability to examine the expression of a particular gene and identify the particular cells in which that gene is being expressed. Typically, this is done using sections of paraffin-embedded tissue that are mounted on a glass slide. Transcripts for the gene of interest are identified by hybridization with probes and cell types are identified with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell specific markers.
Utilizing Peer Nominations in Middle School: A Longitudinal Comparison Between Complete Classroom-Based and Random List Methods

Although peer nominations provide invaluable data on social status and reputations of classmates, the large size and organizational structure of secondary schools pose a practical challenge to utilizing nomination methods. Particularly problematic is determining the appropriate reference group when students are no longer in self-contained classrooms. In the current study, we compared a random list method as an alternative to complete classroom-based or grade list peer nominations. In a 3-year longitudinal study of 2,307 middle school students, the temporal stability and construct validity of the method were assessed regarding peer acceptance, rejection, coolness, aggression, and victimization. The findings suggested that the random list procedure provides a feasible method to study large peer groups in secondary school settings.
Tobacco Use and Cancer

Although considerable advances have been achieved in tobacco control, the use of tobacco products continues to be an immense problem worldwide. There are about 1200 million smokers in the world and hundreds of millions of smokeless tobacco users. The link between tobacco use and cancer is unguestionable, with cigarette smoking causing about 30% of all cancer mortality in developed countries. Experimental studies have firmly established the cancer causing properties of tobacco products in laboratory animals. Carcinogens in tobacco products have been identified and their mechanisms of action are well understood. Biomarkers related to these carcinogens have been developed and widely applied. Collectively, the currently available data provide a strong framework for further mechanistic understanding leading to continued progress in tobacco control and prevention of tobacco-induced cancer. Keywords: tobacco use; cancer; carcinogens; tobacco carcinogen biomarkers; epidemiology; tumour induction in animals
Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and Function by RGS2

Regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2) controls G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by acting as a GTPase-activating protein for heterotrimeric G proteins. Certain Rgs2 gene mutations have been linked to human hypertension. Renal RGS2 deficiency is sufficient to cause hypertension in mice; however, the pathological mechanisms are unknown. Here we determined how the loss of RGS2 affects renal function. We examined renal hemodynamics and tubular function by monitoring renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expression and localization, and pressure natriuresis in wild type (WT) and RGS2 null (RGS2-/-) mice. Pressure natriuresis was determined by stepwise increases in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) and blood flow, or by systemic blockade of nitric oxide synthase with L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Baseline GFR was markedly decreased in RGS2-/- mice compared to WT controls (5.0 ± 0.8 vs. 2.5 ± 0.1 μl/min/g body weight, p<0.01). RBF was reduced (35.4 ± 3.6 vs. 29.1 ± 2.1 μl/min/g body weight, p=0.08) while renal vascular resistance (RVR; 2.1 ± 0.2 vs. 3.0 ± 0.2 mmHg/μl/min/g body weight, p<0.01) was elevated in RGS2-/- compared to WT mice. RGS2 deficiency caused decreased sensitivity and magnitude of changes in RVR and RBF after a step increase in RPP. The acute pressure–natriuresis curve was shifted rightward in RGS2-/- relative to WT mice. Sodium excretion rate following increased RPP by L-NAME was markedly decreased in RGS2-/- mice and accompanied by increased translocation of ENaC to the luminal wall. We conclude that RGS2 deficiency impairs renal function and autoregulation by increasing renal vascular resistance and reducing renal blood flow. These changes impair renal sodium handling by favoring sodium retention. The findings provide a new line of evidence for renal dysfunction as a primary cause of hypertension.
Clinical and laboratory observations on eclampsia

Abstract Sixty-nine consecutive patients with eclampsia have been cared for at Parkland Memorial Hospital using magnesium sulfate to control convulsions followed soon by appropriate steps to accomplish delivery. Apresoline was given intravenously if hypertension was quite severe. Morphine, large doses of barbiturates, tranquilizers, alkaloidal vasodepressors, diuretics, and hypertonic solutions of dextrose, mannitol, urea, and sodium chloride were avoided. All the mothers survived. The perinatal salvage rate was 79 per cent for all fetuses and 89 per cent for those weighing 1,000 grams or more. All fetuses alive when eclampsia was diagnosed and weighing 2,000 grams or more survived. None of the commonly performed laboratory tests proved to be uniquely essential to the successful treatment of eclampsia.
Invisible disasters: the effects of Israeli occupation on Palestinian gender roles

Women's participation in the First Intifada allowed for increased gender equality in Palestine. However, the weakness of the Palestinian Authority, established by the Oslo Accords, created space for non-state actors (dominated by the Islamist political organization Hamas) to emerge and gain popularity. Likewise, during the post-Oslo period conservative positions on gender resurged. This paper re-examines the structural factors that facilitated increased gender inequality and argues that the nature of the occupation itself serves as the greatest force for gender inequality in Palestine. To develop and test our theory, we draw on original, large-n survey data and in-depth interviews.
Injury patterns related to ultralight aircraft crashes.

Abstract Purpose Flying ultralight aircraft is a popular and growing form of recreation. However, there is considerable risk involved in this activity. This study was undertaken to catalogue the injury patterns, surgical procedures, and complications of patients involved in ultralight crashes in southwest Michigan. Basic procedures The trauma registry at Bronson Methodist Hospital was used to retrospectively identify all ultralight crashes between 1983 and 2006. All patients who survived to the hospital were included in the study. Main findings Seventeen patients were identified, all males with a mean age of 48.5 years. Mean injury severity score was 23, with all patients sustaining multiple injuries. Mortality was 17%. Lower extremity fractures were most common, followed by head/neck/facial injuries. Orthopedic extremity procedures were most commonly performed. Principal conclusions Ultralight crashes result in complex high-energy injury patterns. These patients are likely to require the resources of designated trauma centers. Increased oversight may help prevent ultralight-related injuries.
The occurrence of some histochemically demonstrable dehydrogenases in cercariae of Cloacitrema michiganensis (trematoda: philophthalmidae)

1. 1. The occurrence and distribution of twelve dehydrogenases have been studied histochemically in the megalurous marine cercaria of Cloacitrema michiganensis McIntosh, 1938 from the naturally infected snail, Cerithidea californica. 2. 2. Strong to moderate activity was demonstrated at various sites in the cercariae for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), NADH diaphorase (NADHD) and NADPH diaphorase (NADPHD). 3. 3. No activity was observed for alcohol dehydrogenase (ALDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (beta-HBDH). 4. 4. The results indicate the possibility that the three major energy-producing pathways (pentose-phosphate shunt, glycolysis and Krebs cycle) and electron transport system may be available to this parasite during its free-living existence.
A consistency monitor for radiation therapy treatments

A thin, large area transparent transmission chamber mounted below the accessory tray is described and its suitability for daily treatment delivery consistency is investigated. The sensitivity of the detector to changes in monitor unit setting, field size, wedge size, missing blocks, and wedges is presented. Some of the other potential applications are also discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.}
The mechanism of iron atom production in the multiphoton dissociation of organometallic iron complexes

An examination of the reaction pathway in the 2+1 multiphoton dissociation of a series of related iron tricarbonyl organometalliccomplexes is reported. The study includes the use of pressure-dependent measurements and the application of RRKM theory to explore the reaction mechanism. It is concluded on the basis of the relative intensities of the observed iron electronic transition and the statistical calculations, that ground-state molecular fragments are produced via a statistical, stepwise pathway and that the Fe final product states result from further direct excitation to a dissociative channel. This conclusion contrasts with recent studies of Cr(CO)6 which indicate that two different mechanisms are active, leading to different product quantum states.
OPTIMAL UNION WAGE SETTING BEHAVIOUR, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SHORT-RUN MONETARY STABLIZATION POLICY

A model of union wage setting behavior is developed in which monetary stabilization policy is generally effective, at least in the short-run. Because of asymmetries in union objective functions, their choice of nominal wage rates depends on the confidence they have in their forecasts of the price level. This confidence is represented by the variance of the forecast. Since monetary changes, even if fully anticipated, can affect the variance of optimal forecasts, this allows the monetary authorities to systematically influence real wages, and output, with the result that policy is effective in the short-run. In the long-run stabilization policy is likely to lead to increasing levels of monetary and price instability. Copyright 1991 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia
ON THE RELEASE OF LATENT HEAT AS A FACTOR IN LARGE SCALE ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS

Abstract A mathematical formulation is made of a quasi-geostrophic numerical weather prediction model which includes the heat released during the condensation process. One set of 12 and 24-hour predictions is presented and discussed. Included are predictions made with and without the release of latent heat. While predictions were made at six pressure surfaces, figures only include height of the l000-, 500-, and 200-mb surfaces, the vertical motion at the 800-, 600-, 400-, and 200-mb surfaces, and precipitation during 6- and 24-hour periods. The forecasts are compared with the observed distributions and the differences in the forecast patterns due to the release of latent heat are discussed. It is concluded that the release of latent heat causes significant differences in the cyclone-scale pressure, vertical motion, and precipitation distributions during forecasts of one day.
Association of basal-lamina defects with epidermal and dermal T6-positive cells: Evidence of Langerhans-cell migration

We observed the apparent migration of Langerhans cells across the basal lamina of normal human skin by immunoelectron microscopy using monoclonal anti-T6 antibody. This technique made it possible to visualize cytoplasmic processes of Langerhans cells not normally detectable by routine transmission electron microscopy, and therefore facilitated the documentation of the migratory process. Although events early in the migratory sequence were not observed, perhaps as the result of the evanescent nature of this phase, the association of Langerhans cells with focal disruptions in the epidermal basal lamina was documented. The basal lamina adjacent to these langerhans cells was electron lucent, granular in character, and thinned, or intact, suggesting sequential reassembly after disruption. This study provides ultrastructural documentation supporting the hypothesis of ongoing migration of Langerhans cells across epidermal membranes, and suggests that this process is mediated by the disruption and reconstitution of the epidermal basal lamina.
The Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Cochlear Function in Older Adults

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relation between self-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cochlear function in older adults. The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) is an ongoing population-based study of hearing loss and its risk factors in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. As part of the EHLS questionnaire, participants were asked about their cardiovascular medical history. CVD history was determined from questions regarding history of angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Questions about the use of antihypertensive medication and blood pressure measurements determined the presence or absence of hypertension. Among the audiologic measures completed were distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Cochlear function was measured using DPOAEs and participants were categorized as having (a) cochlear impairment, (b) possible cochlear impairment, or (c) no cochlear impairment. There were 1,501 participants with complete CVD and DPOAE data from the 1998-2000 examination phase. Women with a self-reported history of MI were twice as likely (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-3.46) to have cochlear impairment than women without a history of MI. This association was not significant in men (age-adjusted OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.61-1.58). Additionally, no other CVD variables were associated with cochlear impairment. This study provides data on a possible sex-specific association between CVD and DPOAEs in older adults.
The anatomy and adequate stimulation of a chordotonal organ in the antennae of a hermit crab

Abstract 1. 1. A chordotonal organ in the basal segment of the antennal flagellum of the hermit crab, Petrochirus californiensis , is described. 2. 2. Adequate stimulation is flexion or intrascolopidial compression of the dendrites. Stretch of the dendrites inhibits responses from the bipolar sensory cells. 3. 3. A theory for the adequate stimulation of the flagellar chordotonal organ is applied to periopod elastic strand stretch receptors. A mechanism that results in flexion of the dendrites in response to strand stretch or relaxation is proposed to account for the responses obtained from the other chordotonal organs. 4. 4. It is suggested that movement of responses, most position responses and responses that are intermediate could arise from a single type of cell, and would depend only on the physical arrangement of the dendrites within the strand.
Sealed crucible technique for thermal analysis of volatile compounds up to 2500 °C: Melting points of EuO, EuS, EuSe and EuTe

Abstract Thermal analysis and crystal growth are particularly difficult for compounds that have vapor pressures above a few Torr or melting points above 2000 °C. A technique utilizing welded refractory metal crucibles has been developed for performing these operations. The metals tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium are suitable for this technique, since they have melting points exceeding 2600 °C, do not react with compounds of the more active metals, can be obtained in crucible form, are easily welded and are relatively inexpensive. For thermal analysis, a crucible with a thermocouple well is mounted on a tungsten-tungsten (0.26 Re) thermocouple in a resistance-heated furnace, and the thermal arrest of the compound on melting or freezing is observed. The method was tested by measuring the melting point of Al 2 O 3 . The melting point, 2044 ± 5 °C, agrees well with 2045 ± 6 °C recently measured in a tungsten crucible. This method has been used to determine the previously unreported melting points of EuO, EuS, EuSe and EuTe (1976, 2558, 2215 and 2183 °C respectively), as well as those of several other compounds.
Short stature and pubertal delay in male adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Androgen treatment.

• We evaluated the growth rate and pubertal status of 54 adolescent and young adult men with cystic fibrosis and assessed the efficacy of short-term androgen therapy in promoting growth and pubertal development. Thirty-nine percent were below the fifth percentile in height and 8/28 (28%) between the ages of 14 and 18 had delays in pubertal development. Five male adolescents aged 13 years 8 months to 18 years 3 months were treated with testosterone and their conditions were prospectively evaluated. Growth rate increased from an entry mean of 2.2 cm/yr (range 0 to 4 cm/yr) to 7.2 cm/yr (3 to 10 cm/yr). We conclude that a brief course of testosterone appears to be a safe, effective means of improving growth rate in male adolescents with cystic fibrosis with delay of puberty. ( AJDC 1984;138:388-391)
Teaching the Human Dimensions of Care in Clinical Settings

Despite repeated calls to emphasize the humanistic dimensions of care during medical education, these are few known techniques for effective teaching of humanism. We describe the barriers that inhibit humanistic teaching and suggest pragmatic teaching methods to overcome such barriers and teach humanistic care in clinical settings. We began by asking participants at a conference on patient-physician communications sponsored by the American Academy on Physician and Patient in June 1998, “What can we do in the patient’s presence to improve and teach the human dimensions of care? Please provide one or more examples of approaches you found to be effective.” We augmented this information with suggestions from a number of colleagues in other settings. In a series of iterations, we analyzed all their suggestions to identify key teaching methods. We found that barriers to teaching humanism largely consist of elements of the informal and hidden curricula in medical schools. We then defined methods to help teachers overcome these barriers. Specific methods fall into the 3 categories of taking advantage of seminal events, role modeling, and using active learning skills. We believe that formal courses and other well-motivated endeavors that take place away from patients fail to foster humanistic care. In contrast, we present pragmatic teaching methods that can be used in the fast-paced setting of the clinical environment.
Cost effective and high-performance thin film Si solar cell towards the 21st century

Abstract Research and development of thin film Si solar cells are reviewed. By combining a poly-Si cell with an a-Si cell, both of which are fabricated by plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at low temperature, a stabilized efficiency of 12% has been reached for a-Si:H/poly-Si/poly-Si cell structure. A stabilized efficiency of 11.3% has been reached for a 5×5 cm2, 10-segment monolithically series interconnected a-Si/poly-Si tandem cell.
Introduction to the DSS Minitrack on Modeling Technologies and Information Systems

This m initrack focuses on the interdependency between the technologies which have evolved in support of mathematical modeling and those which are used as the mainstay of information systems development. What we have discovered over fifteen years of research in model management is that there are a lot more similarities than differences in these respective areas. Conceptual modeling, in particular, is an activity which is integral to both activities and we find, for example, that structured model representations of mathematical models are not all that different from entity-relationship models of application environments. Similarly, process models which now seem to dominate the IS application landscape in this era of reengineering are actually a simplified form of a discrete event simulation model. Other examples could be proffered as well but sufftce it to say that modeling is a universal activity whether it be in the service of database design, software engineering, or operations research. This year, we have three excellent papers which in one way or another are directed at the design and generation of decision support systems based upon mathematical models. Basu and Blanning continue to expand upon their original work involving metagraphs as a vehicle for conceptualizing models, data, and rules. In previous papers, the authors have introduced and explained this new graph-theoretic construct in an attempt to “develop a mathematical foundation for decision processes and decision support based on graph theory”. Their paper in this m initrack focuses upon the advantages of a metagraph-based DSS analysis workbench which can serve as a “front end” to existing DSS for database design and model analysis. Bhargava and Downs are working similar territory in their paper but their approach is from a DSS generator perspective. Their paper discusses a generalized procedure for extending representations in an executable modeling language (EML) such as GAMS to incorporate more features that are typically associated with decision support systems. They show how to derive from a GAMS representation an underlying data model and primitive user interface that gives the user more flexibility in representing and manipulating model inputs and outputs, greater data integrity control, and improved interpretation and views of model outputs. Coullard and Fourer attack the difficult problem of how to design an EML which is sufficiently flexible to capture the many facets of combinatorial optimization (CO). The problem is intensified because of the stronger coupling in CO between model representations and solvers than in the typical case of linear programming. The authors synthesize from three alternative representations popularly applied to CO models: algebraic modeling languages, constraint programming languages, and netforms, to suggest desirable properties for a general purpose EML for CO.
Some practical and theoretical aspects of the Calderon-preconditioned EFIE

The Calderon identities have recently gained attention by providing a way to analytically precondition the electric field integral equation (EFIE). In their current state, however, these pre-conditioners are not perfect, having both nonobvi-ous practical difficulties and explicitly stated theoretical limitations. An example of the former is the difficulty in discretizing the preconditioner, while the latter include problems with nonsmooth surfaces and internal resonance. This paper will discuss and illustrate, through numerical examples, how some of these issues have been resolved and how others provide opportunities for future research work.
Anthropometrics to Identify Overweight Children at Most Risk for the Development of Cardiometabolic Disease.

Background. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) is a novel anthropometric that correlates more strongly with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and cardiometabolic disease risk in adults compared with body mass index (BMI). However, little research has evaluated this measurement in children. Objective. To evaluate SAD as a measure of cardiometabolic risk compared with other anthropometrics in overweight/obese children. Methods. This study was a cross-sectional subset analysis of 8- to 12-year-old overweight/obese children. SAD was compared to BMI, waist circumference (WC), BMI z-score, and percent body fat to determine which measurement was most closely associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. A total cardiometabolic risk score comprising all biochemical markers and blood pressure was also compared to these same anthropometrics. Results. Overweight/obese children (n = 145, mean age 10 ± 1.4 years, mean BMI percentile 97.9 ± 0.02) were included in the analysis. SAD correlated with the greatest number of bioc...
High performance polymers and composites. IV: Copolymers containing benzoxazole units

Several new copolymers have been synthesized. Initial polycondensation of mixtures of aryl and arylalkyl carboxylic acids containing aromatic hydroxyl and amine substituents led to random copolyamides. Thermal cyclization of these prepolymers (inherent viscosities of about 0.2 dL/g) gave copolybenzoxazoles with inherent viscosities of about 1.4 dL/g. Thermal stability as measured by TGA was similar for the 1:1 copolymers and the homopolymers containing hydrocinnamic units; i.e., catastrophic decomposition occurred at 450°C. Copolymers with lower ratios of the hydrocinnamic units displayed greatly improved thermal stability while maintaining good molecular weight.
Optical coherence imaging of hemodynamics, metabolism, and cell viability during brain injury

Pre-clinical quantitative imaging endpoints have been challenging in mouse models of cerebrovascular disease. Here we present optical coherence imaging platforms that can quantify blood flow, capillary perfusion, cellular status, and oxygen extraction based on intrinsic scattering signatures.
Correlation between model observer and human observer performance in CT imaging when lesion location is uncertain

The purpose of this study is to investigate how well model observer can correlate with human observer in the lesion detection and localization task when the location of lesion is uncertain in CT imaging. A 35 × 26 cm oblong-shaped water phantom was scanned with and without two cylindrical rods (3 mm and 5 mm diameters) to simulate lesions with - 15HU contrast. Scans were repeated 100 times with the rods and 100 times without for each of 4 dose levels. Signal and background images were generated by selecting ROIs with 128x128 pixels, with the location of signal in each ROI randomly distributed. Human observer studies were conducted as three medical physicists identified the presence or absence of lesion, indicated the lesion location in each image and scored confidence level with a 6-point scale. ROC curves were fitted and area under curve (AUC) was calculated. The same data set was also analyzed using a Channelized Hottelling model observer with Gabor channels. Internal noise was added to the test variables for model observer study. AUC of ROC and LROC curves were calculated using non-parametric approach. The performance of human observer and model observer was compared. The Peason's product-moment correlation coefficients were 0.994 and 0.998 for 3mm and 5mm diameter lesions in ROC analysis and 0.987 and 0.999 in LROC analysis, indicating that model observer performance was highly correlated with the human observer performance for different size of lesions and different dose levels when signal location is uncertain. These results provide the potential of using model observer that correlates with human observer to assess CT image quality, optimize scanning protocol and reduce radiation dose.