cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoinduction of cataracts in rat lens in vitro. Preventive effect of pyruvate

Intact rat lenses were incubated in riboflavin-containing Tyrode solution or medium-199, generating photochemically active species of oxygen and the oxidative stress measured in terms of the decrease in active accumulation of rubidium, and the fall in the levels of glutathione and ATP. Addition of pyruvate to the medium prevented the tissue against oxidative damage as evidenced by a greater accumulation of rubidium and higher levels of glutathione and ATP. Pyruvate was thus found to be effective against the toxicity of oxygen derivatives, particularly the hydrogen peroxide. In dark experiments also, conducted in glucose-free medium, the uptake of rubidium was substantially greater in the presence of pyruvate. The levels of ATP were also higher. These results, therefore, suggest that this ketoacid is beneficial to the tissue through its ability to decompose H2O2 as well through providing a metabolic support. The development of in vitro cataract under the photochemical effects of riboflavin and oxygen was also effectively thwarted by pyruvate. The results are thus potentially useful from the point of view of developing pyruvate and similar compounds as effective anticataract agents.
Contingent reinforcement of group participation versus abstinence in a methadone maintenance program

This study compared the effectiveness of 2 types of contingency management interventions on reducing unauthorized drug use among methadone maintenance patients.
Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis/focal periapical osteopetrosis: Radiographic patterns

Forty-one histologically documented instances of focal sclerosing osteomyelitis and focal periapical osteopetrosis have been evaluated for radiomorphologic characteristics. These reactive lesions exhibit five distinct patterns that include periapical focal opacifications, target lesions, radiolucencies, multiconfluent configurations, and opacifications with concomitant root resorption. While an irritational origin can usually be detected in chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, the cause of focal periapical osteopetrosis remains enigmatic.
High acceleration quiescent-interval single shot magnetic resonance angiography at 3T in patients with peripheral artery disease

Background Quiescent-Interval Single Shot (QISS) non-contrast MR angiography (QISS-MRA) is an emerging technique with growing evidence for its use in the evaluation of peripheral artery disease (PAD) at 1.5T [1,2]. The use of 3 Tesla MRI scans is becoming more common in clinical practice and offers the main advantage of roughly double the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than that of 1.5 Tesla MRI. Improvements in B1 field inhomogeneity along with fast (parallel) imaging make QISS-MRA a viable technique on state-of-the-art 3T scanners. A prior study from this group investigated the potential to accelerate imaging at 3T using higher parallel imaging acceleration (PAT) factors on healthy volunteers [3]. With this technique optimized, we report preliminary results in clinical patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic quality of QISS at 3T in patients with PAD using contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) as the reference standard. Methods With IRB approval, eight patients (5 males, age 58-78 yrs; 3 females age 37-82) with symptoms of chronic lower extremity PAD were recruited prospectively and underwent imaging on a 3T scanner (MAGNETOM Skyra; Siemens Healthcare, Germany) using an ECG-gated QISSMRA sequence (PAT factor of 3); CE-MRA was acquired at 3T for each patient at the time of visit. The degree of stenosis was evaluated using a 5-point scale for 31 predefined arterial segments (from infra-renal aorta through to bilateral run-off vessels) on both QISS- and CE-MRA. The sensitivity and specificity of QISS-MRA at 3T for the determination of clinically significant (≥50%) versus nonsignificant (<50%) stenosis were calculated with CE-MRA as the reference standard; time-resolved acquisitions were included in the analysis.
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN ADULT AND FETAL RED BLOOD CELL ARGINASE: A POSSIBLE DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR ARGINASE DEFICIENCY

Hyperargininemia due to arginase deficiency results in a syndrome of progressive neurological and intellectual deterioration and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Arginase activity is deficient in liver and red and white blood cells. Its activity in normal skin fibroblasts is barely detectable and is undetectable in amniotic fluid cells. Heparinized blood was obtained from five healthy fetuses between 14 and 20 weeks gestation at the time of therapeutic abortion by hysterotomy. Normal adult blood specimens were used as controls. The specific activity for the fetal specimens was 0.35-5.20 mmoles urea/gm Hb/hr compared to 3.00 in adult samples. The pH maximum of one fetal and one adult blood with Mn++ activation was 9.5-10.0. In the fetal samples, the activity with Co++ as the divalent cation was 83% that of Mn++ at pH 7.5 and 44% at pH 9.5. The comparable figures for adult blood were 96% and 63%. Activity with Ca++ and Mg++ was minimal for all specimens at pH 9.5. The apparent Km for arginine at pH 9.5 with Mn++ was 14×10−3M for two adult samples and ranged from 10-19×10−3M for four fetal specimens. Arginase in adult and fetal red cells may be specified by a single genetic locus. Therefore, fetal blood may be a suitable tissue for prenatal diagnosis of this disease.
Space Optimization on Counters for FPGA-Based Perl Compatible Regular Expressions

With their expressiveness and simplicity, Perl compatible regular expressions (PCREs) have been adopted in mainstream signature based network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) to describe known attack signatures, especially for polymorphic worms. NIDSs rely on an underlying string matching engine that simulates PCREs to inspect each network packet. PCRE is a superset of traditional regular expressions, and provides advanced features. However, this pattern matching becomes a performance bottleneck of software-based NIDSs, causing a big portion of their execution time to be dedicated to payload inspection, which results in an unacceptable packet drop rate. The penetration of these unexamined packets creates a security hole in such systems. Over the past decade, hardware acceleration for the pattern matching has been studied extensively and a marginal performance has been achieved. Among hardware approaches, FPGA-based acceleration engines provide great flexibility because new signatures can be compiled and programmed into their reconfigurable architecture. As more and more malicious signatures are discovered, it becomes harder to map a complete set of malicious signatures specified in PCREs to an FPGA chip. One of the space consuming components is the counter used in the constrained repetitions for PCREs. Therefore, we propose a space efficient SelectRAM counter for PCREs that use counting. The design takes advantage of the basic components contained in a configurable logic block, and thus optimizes space usage. A set of basic PCRE blocks has been built in hardware to implement PCREs. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing designs by at least fivefold.
Thermo-ductile composites: new materials for 21st Century manufacturing — micro-perforated thermoplastic composites

Abstract Affordable lightweight structures will acquire increasing importance in the 21st Century as improved performance and energy saving become mandatory requirements for all manufacturers of products with moving parts. Highly aligned fibre reinforced composites are capable of providing adequate specific stiffness, but existing fabrication techniques are unsuitable and too costly for volume manufacturing. A central problem is the lack of composite ductility, which reduces their value as semi-finished materials. Previous material developments aimed at enhancing composite formability are reviewed and compared with new novel micro-perforated thermoplastic composites, which exhibit significant temperature-dependent ductility. The potential of these materials for cost-effective, volume manufacturing of lightweight structures is briefly outlined.
Global health: neglected diseases and access to medicines.

Neglectedtropicaldiseases(NTDs)shareseveralcommonfeatures,themostprofound being that the affected population is ravaged by poverty. These ancient diseases are endemic in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, 1 and are believed to cause the death of a million people annually. The major impact of NTDs on public health stems from chronic conditions that result in disfigurement, and lifelong disability and morbidity, afflicting thelives ofmorethanabillion peopleworldwide. 2,3 Despite NTDsbeing coendemic with AIDS and malaria, and morbidity resulting from NTDs being additive to morbidity inflicted by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, and tuberculosis, 2 andimpedingtherealizationoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals, 4,5 NTDs,arerecognized as other diseases by the developed economies. This recognition is shown by NTDs receiving less than 1% of the more than 7.7 billion US dollars spent by the G8 summit, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Global Funds, and PEPFAR and PMI initiatives on HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. 6 No safe, single-dose, or approved vaccines are available for control of NTDs. 7 The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a 5-prong approach against NTDs, including preventive chemotherapy; intensified case management; vector control; the provision of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene; and veterinary public health. 8 This 5-prong strategy is based on scientific evidence and targets control and prevention of NTDs and even elimination of several NTDs. Evidence suggests that effective
Biofeedback, brief psychotherapy and tension headache.

SYNOPSIS The present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of broadly-based biofeedback and brief eclectic psychotherapy in alleviating tension headache. Twenty-four patients diagnosed as suffering from this disorder were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: biofeedback, brief psychotherapy, biofeedback plus brief psychotherapy and waiting-list control. Results indicated the equivalent effectiveness of the three active treatments in ameliorating various behavioral and psychophysiological aspects of tension headache. Contrary to expectation, broad-gauged biofeedback produced more psychological gains than brief eclectic psychotherapy, The behavioral and psychophysiological findings are discussed in terms of a shared symptom-removal focus, whereas the unexpected psychological findings are considered in light of headache patients' characteristic resistance to the psychological explanations of their illness afforded by psychotherapy.
Tracking multiple topics for finding interesting articles

We introduce multiple topic tracking (MTT) for iScore to better recommend news articles for users with multiple interests and to address changes in user interests over time. As an extension of the basic Rocchio algorithm, traditional topic detection and tracking, and single-pass clustering, MTT maintains multiple interest profiles to identify interesting articles for a specific user given user-feedback. Focusing on only interesting topics enables iScore to discard useless profiles to address changes in user interests and to achieve a balance between resource consumption and classification accuracy. Also by relating a topic's interestingness to an article.s interestingness, iScore is able to achieve higher quality results than traditional methods such as the Rocchio algorithm. We identify several operating parameters that work well for MTT. Using the same parameters, we show that MTT alone yields high quality results for recommending interesting articles from several corpora. The inclusion of MTT improves iScore's performance by 9% in recommending news articles from the Yahoo! News RSS feeds and the TREC11 adaptive filter article collection. And through a small user study, we show that iScore can still perform well when only provided with little user feedback.
Evaluation of the Dynamic Environment of an Asteroid: Applications to 433 Eros

Methods of analysis to quickly and systematically evaluate the dynamical environment close to an asteroid are presented, concentrating on the effect of the asteroid’s gravity  eld and rotation state on a spacecraft orbit. Such an analysis is useful and needed for missions to small solar system bodies such as asteroids and comets, where the true mass, gravity  eld, and rotation state will not be known until after the spacecraft rendezvous with the body and these quantities are estimated. Generally, after these quantities have been estimated, the complete mission pro le must be redesigned in accordance with the actual values found at the asteroid. An integral part of this redesign is the characterization of dynamics close to the asteroid, speci cally the computation of orbit stability close to the body and the practical limits on how close the spacecraft can  y to the body before large perturbations are experienced. Numerical computationsof such an evaluationapplied to the asteroid 433 Eros, the target of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission, using preliminary models of the asteroid obtained during NEAR’s December 1998  yby of Eros are presented.
Integrated Teaching of Structure-Based Drug Design and Biopharmaceutics: A Computer-Based Approach.

Rational drug design requires expertise in structural biology, medicinal chemistry, physiology, and related fields. In teaching structure-based drug design, it is important to develop an understanding of the need for early recognition of molecules with “drug-like” properties as a key component. That is, it is not merely sufficient to teach students how to design an effective inhibitor for a particular protein; instead, it is important to convey the need for simultaneous consideration of biopharmaceutical properties that will optimize the chances of the inhibitor becoming a drug. These are advanced concepts, but they can be addressed through computer-based methods. Here, an educational approach using a case study is described in which students “design” a potential drug through use of software, most of which is Web-based and freely available.
Illustrated breast MR lexicon.

Summary A group of international breast MRI experts is currently working on a definitive lexicon for breast MRI that will incorporate both morphologic and kinetic features of lesions identified on breast MRI. The work to develop the lexicon is supported currently by the American College of Radiology (ACR). This article is aimed at introducing this material and should not be used as a definitive guide as the breast MRI lexicon is a work in progress. It is hoped that radiologists will use the terms and concepts presented here as a template to which future lexicon terminology can be added.
Integrated Modeling and Control for the Large Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment Facility

A software package which integrates model reduction and controller design is applied to design controllers for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Large Spacecraft Control Laboratory experiment facility. Modal cost analysis is used for the model reduction, and various output covariance constraints are guaranteed by the controller design. The main motivation is to find the controller with the best performance with respect to output covariances. It is shown that by iterating on the reduced-order design model, the controller designed does have better performance than that obtained with the first model reduction, demonstrating an effective strategy for integrating modeling and control design.
Communication in financial markets with several informed traders

This paper investigates the incentives for informed traders in financial markets to reveal their information truthfully to the public. In the model, a subset of traders receive noisy signals about the value of a risky asset. The signals are composed of a directional component (“high” vs. “low”) as well as a precision component that represents the quality of the directional component. Between trading periods, the informed agents make public announcements to the uninformed traders. With a sufficiently large number of informed traders, an equilibrium exists in which the directional components are credibly revealed, but not the precision components. Even though the informed traders retain some of their rivate information, the post-communication estimate of the asset value converges in probability to the full-information estimate as the number of informed traders increases.
On the distribution of permanents of matrices over finite fields

Abstract For a prime power q, we study the distribution of permanents of n × n matrices over a finite field F q of q elements. We show that if A is a sufficient large subset of F q then the set of permanents of n × n matrices with entries in A covers all (or almost) F q ∗ . When q = p is a prime, and A is a subinterval of [ 0 , p − 1 ] of cardinality | A | ≫ p 1 / 2 log p , we show that the number of matrices with entries in A having permanent t is asymptotically close to the expected value. We also study this problem in more general settings.
Regulation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase II.

Abstract Evidence was provided that in rat liver synthase II activity, amount and turnover were regulated primarily by insulin. When rats were starved, synthase II activity and the immunotitratable enzyme amount markedly decreased; refeeding restored enzyme activity and amount to normal range. The changes in activity and amount were paralleled with alterations in the level of circulating insulin in the plasma. When starved rats were treated with anti-insulin serum before and during refeeding, the animals consumed the food, but the rise in synthase II activity was prevented. In diabetic rats, the activity and amount of synthase II in the liver markedly decreased and insulin treatment restored them to normal range. Actinomycin treatment prevented the refeeding and the insulin-induced rise in synthase II activity and amount. Study of the turnover of synthase II showed that in starvation the rate of synthesis decreased and refeeding restored the enzyme synthetic and degradation rates to normal range. In the diabetic rat, synthase II synthetic rate markedly decreased, and the degradation rate increased. Insulin returned the synthetic and catabolic rates to normal livers. In rapidly growing rat hepatoma 3924A, synthase II activity and amount were elevated 9- to 10-fold. Turnover studies showed that the synthetic rate in hepatoma 3924A was approximately 10-fold higher than that of normal liver. The catabolic rates of synthase II were similar in the liver and hepatoma. Thus, the increased activity and amount of synthase II in the hepatoma was due primarily to an increased rate of enzyme biosynthesis. Evidence was presented that in starvation and diabetes and on refeeding and insulin administration there is very little or no change in the enzymic activity, amount and turnover of hepatoma synthase II. The marked contrast between the turnover rate of hepatoma 3924A synthase II activity and that of the normal liver enzyme in starvation and in diabetes is under investigation. This overview of the behavior of activity, amount and turnover of synthase II in liver and hepatoma 3924A provides evidence of the important role of insulin in regulation of liver synthase II and of the apparent lack of responsiveness of the hepatoma enzyme to insulin concentrations. The precise details of the experimental procedures and the enzymic results will be published elsewhere.
“Just Teasing...”: Personality Effects on Perceptions and Life Narratives of Childhood Teasing

This study investigated how personality affects individuals’ life narratives of teasing and their perceptions of childhood teasing events. Participants viewed videotaped interactions of a childhood teasing incident in which victim responses to teasing were varied. Personality and teasing history information was collected and life narratives of past teasing experiences were elicited from participants. Personality strongly affected participants’ reactions to the videotaped teasing incident; many of these personality effects occurred in interactions between personality and situational cues (victim responses). Personality also affected life narratives of teasing. Structural equations modeling (SEM) using a levels of analysis approach suggested that the effects of personality on life narratives were both direct and mediated by teasing history.
Feedback loops from the Hubble Space Telescope data processing system

This paper presents an overview of the history and technology by which tools placed in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data processing pipeline were used to feedback information on observation execution to the scheduling system and observers. Because the HST is in a relatively low orbit, which imposes a number of constraints upon its observations, it operates in a carefully planned, fully automated mode. To substitute for direct observer involvement available at most ground-based observatories and to provide rapid feedback on failures that might affect future visits, the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) gradually evolved a system for screening science and engineering products during pipeline processing. The highly flexible HST data processing system (OPUS) allows tools to be introduced to use the content of FITS keywords to alert production staff to potential telescope and instrument performance failures. Staff members review the flagged data and, if appropriate, notify the observer and the scheduling staff so that they can resolve the problems and possibly repeat the failed observations. This kind of feedback loop represents a case study for other automated data collection systems where rapid response to certain quantifiable events in the data is required. Observatory operations staff can install processes to look for these events either in the production pipeline or in an associated pipeline into which the appropriate data are piped. That process can then be used to notify scientists to evaluate the data and decide upon a response or to automatically initiate a response.
Early development in some sciuridae

The early developmental history of Sciuridae (squirrel family), from the ovarian egg to the establishment of the germ layers, was studied in fixed material comprising ova and embryos from six species of five genera. No significant differences were noted in the major processes of development in the six species. Continuous diminution in the size of the ova occurs from the beginning of follicular vesiculation up to the early blastocyst stages. Corpora haemorrhagica are present in most of the recently ruptured follicles of all the species. Cleavage is regular, though adequal, up to the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres clustering into a compact mass. There is desquamation of cellular material from the periphery of the ovum between morula and blastocyst stages. At the same time cells within the blastocyst degenerate to add to the cavity originally formed by confluence of intercellular spaces. The cavity forms among the inner cells, an inner cell mass being left at one pole and an anti-embryonic mass at the other. The anti-embryonic cells produce much of the yolk-sac entoderm and contribute to the implantation mass. The latter mass forms a temporary attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine mucosa in these species. The definitive entoderm arises by migration and delamination of certain of the inner cell mass cells. A transitory notochordal canal, passing in a vertical plane through Hensen's node, is strongly suggested.
A biomimic shape memory polymer based self-healing particulate composite

Abstract In a previous study, a biomimic two-step self-healing scheme (close-then-heal (CTH)) by mimicking human skin has been proposed for self-healing structural-length scale damage [Li and Uppu. Composites Science and Technology 2010; 70: 1419–1427]. The purpose of this study is to validate this idea by fabricating a composite with thermoplastic particles (Copolyster) dispersed in a shape memory polymer matrix ( Veriflex Polystyrene). In this particulate composite, the confined shape recovery of the shape memory matrix is utilized for sealing (closing) cracks and the thermoplastic particles are used for molecular-length scale healing. In this study, 6% by volume of thermoplastic particles was used. Beam specimens were prepared and programmed by compression in the longitudinal direction to 6.7% of pre-strain. Structural-length scale damage was then created by producing a notch in the programmed beam specimens per ASTM D 5045. The notched beam specimens were then tested to fracture. The fractured specimens were healed per the close-then-heal mechanism and tested again to fracture. This fracture-healing test lasted for 5 cycles. The healing efficiency was evaluated per the peak-bending load. SEM was used to examine healed cracks at micro-length scale while EDS was used to evaluate molecular-length scale healing. It is found that over 65% of the peak bending load can be repeatedly recovered and the structural-length scale damage (notch) is healed at molecular-length scale.
The determination of absolute gravitational potential

The scope for determining absolute gravitational potential φ is discussed. It is shown by two quite distinct methods, one relying on data from electron g-factor measurements and the other on the 3K cosmic background data, that the absolute value of φ at the Earth’s surface is only 8% greater than that due to the mass of the solar system. It is inferred that gravitation has a range of action limited to a distance of a few hundred light years.
2′(3′)-O-L-Aminoacyl derivatives of “bridged” adenine ribonucleosides as substrates for ribosomal peptidyltransferase

Summary 2′(3′)-O-L-Phenylalanyl- and -leucyl derivatives of 1,2-di(adenosin-N 6 -yl)ethane ( 1b ) and ( 1c ) are substrates for E. coli ribosomal peptidyltransferase. Thus, compound 1b at 5×10 −4 M has ca. 80% acceptor activity of A-Phe as measured by the ribosome-catalyzed transfer of Ac-Phe from N-Ac-Phe-tRNA. Activity of the leucyl derivative 1c is lower and amounts to ca. 38% of that of A-Leu. In both cases the reaction products 1e and 1f were identified by paper electrophoresis before and after alkaline hydrolysis. The transfer of Ac-Phe to 1b is inhibited by chloramphenicol. The N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative 1d is-a weak inhibitor of the ribosome-catalyzed transfer of Ac-Phe from N-Ac-Phe-tRNA to puromycin.
The Role of Moral Intensity in Ethical Decision Making A Review and Investigation of Moral Recognition, Evaluation, and Intention

An empirical investigation found that the dimensions of moral intensity were related to the recognition of moral issues, moral evaluations (i.e., utilitarian, deontological, procedural, and distrib...
Physical-Layer Identification of Wired Ethernet Devices

This work sets forth a systematic approach for the investigation and utilization of the signal characteristics of digital devices for use in a security context. A methodology, built upon an optimal detector, the matched filter, is proposed that allows for the reliable identification and tracking of wired Ethernet cards by use of their hardware signaling characteristics. The matched filter is found to be sensitive enough to differentiate between devices using only a single Ethernet frame; an adaptive thresholding strategy employing prediction intervals is used to cope with the stochastic nature of the signals. To demonstrate the validity of the methodology, and to determine which portions of the signal are useful for identification purposes, experiments were performed on three different models of 10/100 Ethernet cards, totaling 27 devices in all. In selecting the cards, an effort was made to maximize intramodel similarity and thus present a worst-case scenario. While the primary focus of the work is network-based authentication, forensic applications are also considered. By using data collected from the same devices at different times, it is shown that some models of cards can be reidentified even after a month has elapsed since they were last seen.
Health-Related Quality of Life Is Better for Cardiac Arrest Survivors Who Received Citizen Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Background— This study evaluated the prehospital factors associated with better health-related quality of life for survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods and Results— This prospective, 20-community, cohort study involved consecutive, adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who survived to 1 year. Patients were contacted by telephone and evaluated for the Health Utilities Index Mark III (HUI3), which describes health as a utility score on a scale from 0 (dead) to 1.0 (perfect health). The 8091 cardiac arrest patients had overall survival rates of 5.2% to hospital discharge and 4.0% to 1 year. We successfully contacted and evaluated 268 of 316 (84.8%) of known 1-year survivors. The median HUI3 score was 0.80 (interquartile range, 0.50 to 0.97), which compares well with age-adjusted values for the general population (0.83). Logistic regression identified 2 factors independently associated with very good quality of life (HUI3 >0.90) and their odds ratios (95% CIs), as follows: age 80 years...
Trajectories of exchangeable sequences: Large and moderate deviations results

In this paper we prove large and moderate deviations for the distribution of the trajectories of a sequence of r.v.'s w.r.t. a measure which is the mixture of certain sequences of p.m.'s. These results give large and moderate deviations for the trajectories of an exchangeable sequence.
Hyperoxia during one lung ventilation: inflammatory and oxidative responses.

Background It is common practice during one lung ventilation (OLV) to use 100% oxygen, although this may cause hyperoxia- and oxidative stress-related lung injury. We hypothesized that lower oxygen (FiO2) during OLV will result in less inflammatory and oxidative lung injury and improved lung function.
In situ hybridization in wholemounted lamprey spinal cord: localization of netrin mRNA expression

The lamprey has been used as a model for the study of vertebrate neuronal circuitry and spinal cord regeneration. One of the advantages of this preparation is the ability to view the entire CNS in wholemount, including several identified neurons and neuron groups. However, because of difficulties in penetration of molecular reagents past the dense meninx primitiva and glia limitans, there has been no reliable method for in situ hybridization in spinal cord wholemounts. We now describe a protocol that accomplishes this while preserving the structural integrity of the cord. In order to enhance penetration of probes and antibodies, the m. primitiva was surgically stripped from the spinal cord after incubation of the fresh tissue in 0.1% collagenase I. Additional modifications that enhanced hybridization signal include (a) increasing the amount of Tween-20 in the hybridization mix to 2%, instead of the typical 0.2%; (b) carrying out the hybridization for 36 h and applying the anti-digoxigenin antibody to the tissue for 48 h. Using this protocol, we showed that netrin mRNA is expressed in dorsal cells, in medium sized neurons of the lateral gray matter and in the glial/ependymal cells of the spinal cords of lampreys. This method will help to study the expression of molecules of interest in identified neurons and neuronal groups without the need for serial section reconstruction.
Ong and Derrida on presence: A case study in the conflict of traditions

Ong and Derrida are concerned with presence—for Ong the presence of the other; for Derrida the presence of the signified. These seemingly disparate epistemological meanings of ‘presence’ actually share some striking similarities, but differ about how reason should be figured, that is, what metaphors should be used to conceptualize reason. This disagreement is fundamentally about what Ong called ‘analogues for intellect.’ After describing the history of Ong's and Derrida's concept of presence, we indicate how the ethical and religious implications Ong and Derrida draw from ‘presence’ proceed logically from the analogues for intellect that each assumes. We will conclude, first, that these implications reveal a conflict of traditions—philosophy and rhetoric—but we also indicate how Ong's own rhetoric may permit dialogue between traditions
Understanding midcarpal instability

This article outlines the historical development of midcarpal instability observations and terminology and places them in the broader context of currently accepted theories of wrist pathomechanics. Such an understanding may help resolve the following questions: Are there 1 or more entities under the current designation of midcarpal instability? What are the underlying pathogenesis and pathomechanics of the disorder(s)? What are the recommended treatment options? What further research needs to be done to better answer these questions?
The vascular response of oral tissues to brief severe hemorrhage

Abstract The peripheral resistance of the vascular bed supplied by the mandibular artery was measured before and after hemorrhage of 20 per cent of the blood volume. Blanching of the gingiva and oral mucosa was seen during the hemorrhage and for some time following restoration of the blood volume by retransfusion. The PRU of the mandibular vascular bed dropped slightly following hemorrhage and increased by about 25 per cent following retransfusion. The period immediately following hemorrhage was characterized by blanching (and presumably vasconstriction) in the oral mucosa while the peripheral resistance of the mandibular vascular bed was reduced. Increased artery-to-artery or artery-to-vein shunting is offered as a possible explanation.
Bladder detrusor endometriosis mimicking interstitial cystitis

Endometriosis involving the muscular wall of the bladder may cause symptoms similar to those of interstitial cystitis. Vesical endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of interstitial cystitis, especially in patients with a history of prior gynecologic or pelvic surgery.
A Model for Cathodic Protection of Materials and Its Application to Multiple Chloride Environments

Abstract A simple technique is presented to predict the materials degradation rate as a function of the applied cell voltage in a cathodically protected system. A number of alloys were studied in three chloride-containing solutions using a potentiodynamic polarization technique. The experimentally generated data were used with the model developed in this study to predict the extent of cathodic protection needed to prevent materials degradation. As compared to the simulated seawater, it was found that the cathodic protection of alloys is more difficult in the chloride-containing solutions from a coal preparation plant. The rates of degradation of materials in three different deaerated solutions were analyzed by computing their exchange current densities for hydrogen reduction and metal dissolution. It appears that the former exchange current density determines the corrosion properties of most alloys investigated.
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease in a Renal Allograft: Probable Recurrent Disease in a Patient Without Myeloma

A case in which monoclonal IgG-ϰ deposition in the glomeruli of a renal allograft apparently resulted in graft failure is described. Review of biopsy material obtained from the patient's native kidney biopsy indicates a high probability that this glomerulopathy represents recurrent disease in the allograft. The reported transplantation experience with this entity (monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease; light-chain nephropathy) is limited; this case indicates the potential for disease recurrence even in the absence of a systemic lymphoplasmacytic disorder.
Covalent Cross-linking of Fibronectin to Fibrin Is Required for Maximal Cell Adhesion to a Fibronectin-Fibrin Matrix

In a blood clot, fibrin and plasma fibronectin (pFN) are covalently cross-linked by activated factor XIII (factor XIIIa) to form pFN-fibrin multimers. To determine the functional significance of covalent pFN-fibrin interactions, we have developed anin vitro model which allows the incorporation of recombinant FN (recFN) molecules into a covalently cross-linked recFN-fibrin matrix. Using the baculovirus expression system, we have expressed recFN monomers composed of the amino-terminal 70-kDa region and the first 11 type III repeats (WT) with mutations in the glutamines at positions 3 and 4 (Q2) or at 3, 4, and 16 (Q3). Examination of the covalent incorporation of these recFNs into fibrin clots confirms that glutamines 3 and 4 are major participants in FN-fibrin cross-linking as the mutation of these sites reduces cross-linking efficiency by 65%. Additional mutation of the glutamine at position 16, however, eliminates >99% of cross-linking suggesting that it also may be factor XIIIa reactive. When the Q3 recFN-fibrin clots were used as substrates for cell adhesion, there was a decrease in both cell attachment and spreading when compared with the WT recFN-fibrin clots. These data demonstrate that for maximal cell attachment to a FN-fibrin clot, FN must be cross-linked to fibrin by factor XIIIa.
Alcohol use biomarkers predicting cognitive performance: a secondary analysis in veterans with alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder.

ABSTRACTObjective: We conducted a secondary analysis of baseline data from a recently completed pharmacological pilot clinical trial among 30 veterans with alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This trial included baseline measures of alcohol use biomarkers, both indirect (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, GGT [γ-glutamyltransferase], mean corpuscular volume, AST [aspartate aminotransferase], alanine aminotransferase) and direct (ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate), as well as neurocognitive measures (Trail Making Test parts A and B, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, Delay Discounting Task). Methods: Two regression models were estimated and tested for each neurocognitive measure (dependent measure). The first model included the alcohol use biomarker alone as the predictor. The second model included the alcohol use biomarker along with the following 3 additional predictors: Beck Depression Inventory, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, and receiving med...
Reproducibility of Static and Dynamic 18 F-FDG, 18 F-FLT, and 18 F-FMISO MicroPET Studies in a Murine Model of HER2+ Breast Cancer

Purpose The objective of this study is to determine the reproducibility of static 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG), 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine (18F-FLT), and [18F]-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) microPET measurements, as well as kinetic parameters returned from analyses of dynamic 18F-FLT and 18F-FMISO data.
The significance of the “active” E-rosette-forming cell

Abstract The kinetics of normal lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and carbachol were studied by cytofluorography and membrane receptor analysis. Both PHA- and carbachol-stimulated lymphocytes behaved like active rosette-forming cell (ARFC). PHA-induced lymphoblast transformation (LBT) was decreased in ARFC-depleted cultures compared to unfractionated cultures but was not increased in either ARFC-enriched or carbachol-treated cultures. Further, no correlation was observed between numbers of ARFC and mitogen responsiveness (phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) in lymphocytes obtained from 20 anergic patients. We conclude that: (i) The ARFC assay does not identify a mitogen-responsive subpopulation of T lymphocytes; (ii) activated T cells behave like ARFC; and (iii) the ARFC subpopulation of ERFC contains the PHA-responsive T cell, but not all ARFC are PHA responsive. The significance of these observations is discussed.
The Personal and Impersonal Dimensions of Benevolence

The aim of this paper is to advance our understanding of the value of wellbeing. Specifically, I want to lay the groundwork for a theory of the value of well-being by identifying some of the most fundamental principles relevant to evaluating outcomes in terms of well-being.' As a guide to formulating these principles, I will attempt to describe an individual who has a proper concern for well-being. Let us refer to such an individual as benevolent. The principles will be formulated to reflect the attitudes and motivations of the benevolent individual.
Series solution of unsteady heat or mass transfer to a translating fluid sphere

Abstract A recently developed analytical technique of solving unsteady heat or mass transfer equations is applied to the case of a translating fluid sphere with the explicit purpose of scrutinizing the mathematical accuracy of the method. It is demonstrated that the technique could not only yield the surface response characteristics with high accuracy but also the details of the transient temperature or concentration field as well. Certain features of the solution, not previously recognized, are pointed out.
Characteristics of topographical heterogeneity of articular cartilage over the joint surface of a humeral head.

Abstract Objective To investigate the topographical variations among the morphological and physical properties of articular cartilage over a canine humeral head. Design Nine side-by-side specimens from a canine humeral head were used in the combined polarized light microscopy (PLM) and microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI). Sixteen images were acquired from each specimen in μMRI. Subsequently, ten to fourteen histological slices were prepared at the location of the μMRI slice from each specimen. Four optical images were acquired from each histological slice. Using these images, the images of the T 2 relaxation, the optical retardation, and the collagen-fiber orientation were constructed in two dimensions. Results Along the medial/lateral direction of the humeral head, we have observed a number of topographical variations. These include the total thickness of the cartilage tissue, the thickness of the individual histological zones, the depth of the minimum optical retardation in the tissue, and the depth of the maximum T 2 relaxation in the tissue. We found that the depth of the minimum retardation from PLM occurs at the geometric middle point of the transitional zone in histology, and that the depth of the maximum T 2 relaxation from μMRI is closely correlated with the minimum retardation depth in PLM. In addition, although the thickness of the total tissue increases approximately by the same amount on both the lateral and medial sides of the joint, a slight asymmetry exists between the measurements from the medial and lateral halves of the humerus. Conclusions Cartilage from different sites over a single joint could have different properties, possibly the consequence of the variation in load-bearing status. Because of these topographical variations, one must keep in mind that a different sampling site within a relatively small area of the same joint may significantly influence the results of the study. Copyright 2002 OsteoArthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
SANDWICH AND MIXED SANDWICH COMPLEXES OF THE CESIUM ION WITH CROWN ETHERS IN NITROMETHANE

Cesium-133 nuclear magnetic resonance was used as a probe of the interaction of the Cs+ ion with the crown ethers 18C6, 15C5, 12C4, and with HMHCY (hexamethyl hexacyclen) in nitromethane solution with thiocyanate as the counterion. A study of the 133Cs chemical shift as a function of crown to Cs+ mole ratio showed that the complexation reactions occur stepwise. Formation of a 1:1 complex is followed by the addition of a second complexant molecule to form a sandwich cation. In the case of 18C6, there is strong evidence for the intermediate formation of a 3:2 adduct. The formation constants of sandwich complexes that contain two molecules each of 18C6, 15C5, and HMHCY and various mixed sandwiches of these complexants (and also 12C4) in solution were evaluted from the mole ratio data. The crystal structure of the mixed sandwich salts Cs+(18C6)(12C4)SCN-·2(CH3OH) and Rb+(18C6)(12C4)I-·H2O were also determined.
TIN2 is a tankyrase 1 PARP modulator in the TRF1 telomere length control complex

Telomere length in humans is partly controlled by a feedback mechanism in which telomere elongation by telomerase is limited by the accumulation of the TRF1 complex at chromosome ends. TRF1 itself can be inhibited by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity of its interacting partner tankyrase 1, which abolishes its DNA binding activity in vitro and removes the TRF1 complex from telomeres in vivo. Here we report that the inhibition of TRF1 by tankyrase is in turn controlled by a second TRF1-interacting factor, TIN2 (ref. 6). Partial knockdown of TIN2 by small hairpin RNA in a telomerase-positive cell line resulted in telomere elongation, which is typical of reduced TRF1 function. Transient inhibition of TIN2 with small interfering RNA led to diminished telomeric TRF1 signals. This effect could be reversed with the PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide and did not occur in cells overexpressing a PARP-dead mutant of tankyrase 1. TIN2 formed a ternary complex with TRF1 and tankyrase 1 and stabilized their interaction, an effect also observed with the PARP-dead mutant of tankyrase 1. In vitro, TIN2 protected TRF1 from poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by tankyrase 1 without affecting tankyrase 1 automodification. These data identify TIN2 as a PARP modulator in the TRF1 complex and can explain how TIN2 contributes to the regulation of telomere length.
VHF Echoes from the High-Latitude Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: Observations and Interpretations

Abstract Recently published data (Ecklund and Balsley) describing VHF radar echo characteristics from the Arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere show a remarkable seasonal dependence of both the echo height and echo intensity: during the three-month period around the summer solstice, intense and nearly continuous echoes are returned from a narrow (±2 km half-power) region centered at 86 km; during the remainder of the year, however, the echoes are much weaker, more sporadic and occur at a much lower altitude (70 km ± 9 km). In this paper, we present additional data that suggest that the summer echoes are primarily the result of shear instability of low-frequency (tidal) motions in the region of high stratification above the Arctic summer mesopause, while the winter echoes arise from the nonlinear breakup of upward-propagating gravity waves.