cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unforeseen consequences of IL-12 expression in the eye of GFAP-IL12 transgenic mice following herpes simplex virus type 1 infection

Transgenic mice expressing interleukin-12 (IL-12) under the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter were evaluated for their sensitivity to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the cornea. There was a modest but significant decrease in the infiltration of mononuclear cells in the cornea of the GFAP-IL12 transgenic mice compared to the wild-type controls during the acute stage of infection. However, during the latent stage of infection (i.e., day 30 postinfection) GFAP-IL12 transgenic mice had significantly more infiltrating cells in the corneal stroma compared to the wild-type controls. The infiltration was exacerbated by depleting transgenic mice of either CD4+ or CD8+ cells at the time of infection. In addition, infiltration of mononuclear cells was associated with the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) by cells in the cornea. Consistent with increases in tissue associated TGF-β was the presence of anterior subcapsular cataracts in the GFAP-IL12 transgenic mice. Altho...
Energy Eigenvalues for the Coulomb Potential with Cut-Off. Part I.

In this paper, the Schr\"odinger equation is solved analytically for the Coulomb potential with horizontal cut-off. For this purpose, a detailed mathematical study of the confluent hypergeometric functions is carried out and their similarity to Bessel and Neumann functions is put on a quantitative basis. The resulting formulas for the energy levels are valid for all cases except when the energy is lying very little above the cut-off.
Mapping small DNA sequences by fluorescence in situ hybridization directly on banded metaphase chromosomes.

Abstract A procedure for mapping small DNA probes directly on banded human chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization has been developed. This procedure allows for the simultaneous visualization of banded chromosomes and hybridization signal without overlaying two separate photographic images. This method is simple and rapid, requires only a typical fluorescence microscope, has proven successful with DNA probes as small as 1 kilobase, is applicable for larger probes, and will greatly facilitate mapping the vast number of probes being generated to study genetic disease and define the human genome. Human metaphase chromosomes were prepared from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte cultures synchronized with bromodeoxyuridine and thymidine. Probes were labeled with biotin-dUTP, and the hybridization signal was amplified by immunofluorescence. Chromosomes were stained with both propidium iodide and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), producing R- and Q-banding patterns, respectively, allowing unambiguous chromosome and band identification while simultaneously visualizing the hybridization signal. Thirteen unique DNA segments have been localized to the long arm of chromosome 11 by using this technique, and localization of 10 additional probes by using radioactive in situ hybridization provides a comparison between the two procedures. These DNA segments have been mapped to all long-arm bands on chromosome 11 and in regions associated with neoplasias and inherited disorders.
THE CORE SELF‐EVALUATIONS SCALE: DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE

Despite an emerging body of research on a personality trait termed core self-evaluations, the trait continues to be measured indirectly. The present study reported the results of a series of studies that developed and tested the validity of the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES), a direct and relatively brief measure of the trait. Results indicated that the 12-item CSES was reliable, displayed a unitary factor structure, correlated significantly with job satisfaction, job performance, and life satisfaction, and had validity equal to that of an optimal weighting of the 4 specific core traits (self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, neuroti-cism, and locus of control), and incremental validity over the 5-factor model. Overall, results suggest that the CSES is a valid measure that should prove useful in applied psychology research.
The economics of regional economics associations

Abstract Membership and conference attendance trends of regional economics associations are reported and analyzed. Although membership and conference attendance grow steadily at the American Economic Association, both measures are stagnant for the regional associations. Membership elasticity for economics associations ranges from −0.25 to −0.50; conference attendance is very inelastic with respect to registration fees. While the regional associations may find it challenging to grow, they have the capacity to expand revenues if that becomes necessary to survive.
Decreasing Nicotine Content Reduces Subjective and Physiological Effects of Smoking

Objective: Assessment of the subjective and physiological effects of smoking cigarettes with different machine-smoked nicotine yields. Methods: Eight volunteers rated the characteristics of cigarettes with varying levels of nicotine (Quest®). At 30 minute intervals, participants smoked one of three different Quest® brand cigarettes in a counterbalanced order (reported machine-smoked nicotine yield: 0.6 mg, 0.3 mg, or 0.05 mg). Smoking satisfaction and sensations were measured on a cigarette evaluation questionnaire. A mood questionnaire measured self-reported subjective changes in 'happy', 'stimulated', 'anxious', 'desire to smoke', and 'desire not to smoke'. Heart rate and skin temperature were recorded continuously. Results: As nicotine yield decreased, cigarettes produced smaller changes in subjective ratings on the evaluation questionnaire with the placebo nicotine cigarette always rated lower or less potent than the other two cigarettes evaluated. Heart rate was significantly increased by the reduced nicotine cigarettes, but was not affected by the nicotine-free cigarette. Conclusion: These results indicate that machine-smoked yield is an important determinant of both the subjective and physiological effects of smoking. The use of reduced and nicotine free cigarettes in smoking cessation programs remains to be evaluated.
MEASUREMENTS ON K-PARTICLES FROM THE BEVATRON

Author(s): Chupp, Warren W.; Goldhaber, Gerson; Goldhaber, Sulamith; Goldsack, Stephen J.; Lannutti, Joseph E.; Smith, Prances M.; Webb, Francis H.
Is Discord Detrimental? Using Institutional Variation to Identify the Impact of Public Governing Board Conflict on Outcomes

Jason A. Grissom Vanderbilt University jason.grissom@vanderbilt.edu *** Few studies have examined the impact of governing board decision processes on board and organizational outcomes. This study draws on research on small work teams in the private sector to develop expectations about the relationship between outcomes and one aspect of board dynamics that affects decision-making: intra-board conflict. Using administrative and survey data from school board members and school district superintendents in California, I show a consistent pattern of negative associations between board conflict and outcomes at multiple organizational levels. An instrumental variables strategy utilizing institutional variation in board member election type confirms that board conflict can lead to negative outcomes. The findings suggest that existing conceptualizations of board roles should be broadened to incorporate the interpersonal dynamics that inform board decision-making. *** What factors lead some citizen boards to be more effective than others? This question is an
Introduction to the Symposium: The Hypothalamus

Abstract At the 67th annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association held at Clemson University, a symposium entitled “The Hypothalamus” was presented as a part of the program. The symposium was sponsored jointly by the Environment and Health, Metabolism and Nutrition, and the Physiology and Reproduction Sections of the Association. Prior to organizing the symposium, Poultry Science members from each of the disciplines, genetics, nutrition, pathology, and physiology were contacted to insure development of a symposium that would be compatible with the diverse interests within the Association. Individuals contacted were from both academia and industry. As would be expected, numerous topics were suggested, but a surprisingly large number of respondents indicated a preference for a symposium regarding biological control systems. Thus, the symposium developed, “The Hypothalamus”, was a readily apparent and a very logical choice. As noted by Philip Bard, the hypothalamus had for years remained a neglected, physiologically obscure part . . .
From exercises and tasks to problems and projects

Abstract Those interested in using computers in mathematics education stand at a crossroads. Will computers be used to reinforce existing educational practices or can they catalyze creative innovations? Educators face these turning points with directions from classroom-based research. In this article, this research corpus is reviewed. Implications are drawn from it, centering on the need to move computer use in mathematics education from the domains of exercises and tasks to engagement with problems and projects. Unique contributions of computers to problem and project-oriented pedagogical approaches are described and unique challenges that must be faced when implementing these approaches discussed.
Synthesis of 6-substituted 2′-deoxyguanosine derivatives using trifluoroacetic anhydride in pyridine

Abstract Trifluoroacetic anhydride at 0° C reacts with a pyridine suspension of deoxyguanosine to generate a polar intermediate, presumably the corresponding 6-pyridyl derivative. The reaction is complete in less than 15 minutes, and is not accompanied by degradation. From this intermediate a variety of 6-substituted deoxyguanosine derivatives can be obtained, some in excellent yields.
Identification of a Mutation in the Ileal Sodium-dependent Bile Acid Transporter Gene That Abolishes Transport Activity

The ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter plays a critical role in the reabsorption of bile acids from the small intestine. In the course of cloning and characterizing the human ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter cDNA, a dysfunctional isoform was identified in a patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease. Expression studies using hamster-human ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter cDNA chimeras narrowed the location of the defect to the carboxyl-terminal 94 amino acids. Comparison of the sequence of the dysfunctional isoform to that of a wild-type human ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter genomic clone revealed a single C to T transition resulting in a proline to serine substitution at amino acid position 290. The inheritance of this mutation in the proband's family was confirmed by single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. In transfected COS-1 cells, the single amino acid change abolished taurocholate transport activity but did not alter the transporter's synthesis or subcellular distribution. This dysfunctional mutation represents the first known molecular defect in a human sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.
Two deformable mirror concept for correcting scintillation effects in laser beam projection

A two deformable mirror concept for correcting scintillation effects in laser beam projection through the turbulent atmosphere is presented. This system uses a deformable mirror and a Fourier transforming mirror to adjust the amplitude of the wave front in the telescope pupil, similar to kinoforms used in laser beam shaping. A second deformable mirror is used to correct the phase of the wave front before it leaves the aperture. The phase applied to the deformable mirror used for controlling the beam amplitude is obtained using a technique based on the Fienup phase retrieval algorithm. Simulations of propagation through a single turbulent layer sufficiently distant from the beacon observation and laser beam transmission aperture to cause scintillation shows that, for an ideal deformable mirror system, this field conjugate approach improves the on-axis field amplitude by a factor of approximately 1.4 to 1.5 compared to a conventional phase-only correction system.
Malignant ascites of unknown origin.

To determine the clinical characteristics of patients presenting with malignant ascites, as well as means of evaluating the outcome of patients with the disease, a retrospective review was conducted of all cases of malignant peritoneal effusions diagnosed from 1978 to 1987 at a University Hospital and a Veterans Administration Hospital. Of 65 patients with malignant ascites (40 women; 25 men), the primary site was known in 51 cases (80%). Common sites in women were the ovaries, endometrium, and cervix; in men, common sites were the colon, rectum, and stomach. For five women and nine men the primary site was unknown. Median survival from diagnosis was 7.5 days (mean, 43 days; range, 1–256 days). Chest radiograph and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan did not disclose the occult primary. An occult primary was detected while the patient was alive in only two cases and at autopsy in two other patients. Due to the poor prognosis for this disease, we do not recommend an aggressive approach to malignant ascites of unknown origin, except perhaps in women, in whom ovarian cancer should be suspected.
The effect of different contraceptive treatments on the serum concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Twenty-six healthy, non-hirsute women had antecubital venous blood obtained before and during treatment with various contraceptive steroids for the measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). Six of the women were randomized to receive Ortho Novum 1/35 (O/N), 7 were assigned to Ovcon 35 (OV), and another five received Nordette (N). The 6 women ingesting O/N as well as the 7 receiving OV had significant decreases in serum concentrations of DHEA-S (p less than 0.05). The percentage of decrease in DHEA-S in the O/N group (39 +/- 6%) and in the OV group (30 +/- 5%) was not statistically different. The group receiving N showed no changes from baseline measurements. Serum samples from another 8 women who had received subcutaneous implants of levonorgestrel (1-Ng) were obtained. No significant changes occurred in serum DHEA-S between baseline and six-month samples. The data that 1-Ng alone and the combination of 1-Ng and ethinylestradiol did not change DHEA-S levels suggest that 1-Ng does not affect adrenal androgen secretion. Because N, O/N and OV contain similar quantities of ethinylestradiol, these results indicate that norethindrone, but not 1-Ng, has a major suppressive effect upon adrenal androgen secretion.
Breaking down the problem of blind video quality evaluation

Although a variety of successful no-reference (blind) picture quality analyzers have been proposed, progress on the blind video quality analysis problem has been slow. We break down the problem of perceptual blind video quality assessment (VQA) into components, which we address individually, before proposing a holistic solution. The idea is to tackle the challenges that comprise the blind VQA problem individually in order to gain a better understanding of it. Publisher’s Note: The first printing of this volume was completed prior to the SPIE Digital Library publication and this paper has since been replaced with a corrected/revised version.
Deletion of the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP-1 uncovers global reprogramming of metabolic networks.

Summary Reprogramming of metabolic pathways contributes to human disease, especially cancer, but the regulators of this process are unknown. Here, we have generated a mouse knockout for the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP-1, a regulator of bioenergetics in tumors. TRAP-1 −/− mice are viable and showed reduced incidence of age-associated pathologies, including obesity, inflammatory tissue degeneration, dysplasia, and spontaneous tumor formation. This was accompanied by global upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis transcriptomes, causing deregulated mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, impaired cell proliferation, and a switch to glycolytic metabolism in vivo. These data identify TRAP-1 as a central regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics, and this pathway could contribute to metabolic rewiring in tumors.
Where does work stress come from? A generalizability analysis of stress in police officers

Differences among workers and workplace stressors both contribute to perceiving work as stressful. However, the relative importance of these sources to work stress is not well delineated. Moreover, the extent to which work stress additionally reflects unique matches between specific workers and particular job stressors is also unclear. In this study, we use generalizability theory to specify and compare sources of variance in stress associated with police work. US police officers (N = 115) provided ratings of 60 stressors commonly associated with policing duties. Primary and secondary stress appraisal ratings reflected differences among officers in tendencies to generally perceive work stressors as stressful (14–15% officer effect), and also agreement among officers in viewing some stressors as more stressful than others (18–19% stressor effect). However, ratings especially reflected distinct pairings of officers and stressors (38–41% interaction effect). Additional analyses revealed individual difference...
Naturally occurring low biological reactivity lipopolysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants

In the USA, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvantTM is approved for use in the human papilloma virus vaccine, Cervarix®[1]. This is the first nonalum adjuvant to receive US FDA approval and is a si...
Microenvironmental Influences that Drive Progression from Benign Breast Disease to Invasive Breast Cancer

Invasive breast cancer represents the endpoint of a developmental process that originates in the terminal duct lobular units and is believed to progress through stages of increasing proliferation, atypical hyperplasia, and carcinoma in situ before the cancer acquires invasive and metastatic capabilities. By comparison with invasive breast cancer, which has been studied extensively, the preceding stages of benign breast disease are more poorly understood. Much less is known about the molecular changes underlying benign breast disease development and progression, as well as the transition from in situ into invasive disease. Even less focus has been given to the specific role of stroma in this progression. The reasons for lack of knowledge about these lesions often come from their small size and limited sample availability. More challenges are posed by limitations of the models used to investigate the lesions preceding invasive breast cancer. However, recent studies have identified alterations in stromal cell function that may be critical for disease progression from benign disease to invasive cancer: key functions of myoepithelial cells that maintain tissue structure are lost, while tissue fibroblasts become activated to produce proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix and trigger the invasive cellular phenotype. Gene expression profiling of stromal alterations associated with disease progression has also identified key transcriptional changes that occur early in disease development. In this review, we will summarize recent studies showing how stromal factors can facilitate progression of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive disease. We also suggest approaches to identify processes that control earlier stages of disease progression.
Review Article: The Vanished Ghosts in Two Hungarian Family Memoirs. Farkas, Charles. 2013. Vanished by the Danube: Peace, War, Revolution, and Flight to the West (Introduction by Margaret McMullan). Albany: Excelsior Editions, State University of New York Press. 472 pp. Illus; and Barlay, Nick. 2013. Scattered Ghosts: One Family's Survival through War, Holocaust and Revolution. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. 240 pp. Illus.

Recent personal documentary works about major historical events of the twentieth century, e.g., World War II, the Holocaust and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, offer their readers a rich and multifaceted narrative, or a history that is also "his story," "her story" and that of entire families, cohorts and communities. Often, these works are accompanied by visual artifacts such as photographs, family tress, maps etc., or supported by concise historical surveys. Thus these memoirs complete the work of historians with the lived experiences of the few that represent many. Such is the case with two 2013 books by Charles Farkas and Nick Barlay depicting their mid-twentieth century Hungarian families, one Christian and one Jewish, through two World Wars and the anti-communist uprising, culminating in their escape to the West and in the two authors looking back upon the Hungarian past of their families.
Gradient echo imaging of the lumbar spine

Journal articles have presented pro and con views of gradient recalled echo (GRE) imaging of the lumbar spine, while it has been illustrated in textbooks that have advanced its diagnostic applicability. This paper reappraises GRE in light of evolving MRI technology. The conspicuity of anatomic structures on axial T1-weighted (T1W) spin-echo (SE) images were matched with T2 GRE images in 55 patients referred for evaluation of low back pain. Disc herniations were hyperintense on GRE images and readily separable from hypointense spondylophytes.
Heme oxygenase 1, beneficial role in permanent ischemic stroke and in Gingko biloba (EGb 761) neuroprotection.

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves have been used for centuries in Asia as a traditional medicine for various diseases, and now the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) is being prescribed widely by doctors in Europe for the treatment of a range of conditions including, but not limited to: confusion; depression and anxiety, dizziness and headache, tinnitus, memory and concentration problems (Chan et al., 2007). At present, EGb 761 extract is one of the most renowned and commonly used natural compounds, and it has been used in many preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate its efficacy (Snitz et al., 2009). It contains: 24% ginkgo-flavanol glycosides; 6% terpene lactones such as ginkgolides A, B, C, J, and bilobalide; 5-10% organic acids; and >0.5% proanthocyanidins, defined as flavonoid-based polymers (van Beek, 2002). Numerous studies have shown neuroprotective properties of EGb 761 and its different constituents, but the mechanism underlying its neuroprotection has not been studied fully (Bastianetto et al., 2000, Lee et al., 2002, Chandrasekaran et al., 2003, Mdzinarishvili et al., 2007, Saleem et al., 2008). We have previously shown that HO1 is a key player for EGb 761 neuroprotection in chronic treatment and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model (Saleem et al., 2008). HO is the rate-limiting enzyme required for the conversion of deleterious heme into neuroprotective products like bilirubin, biliverdin and carbon monoxide, and it has two isoforms. HO1 is highly inducible, while HO2 is constitutively present in the brain (Ahmad et al., 2006). Under the experimental protocol, no significant difference was observed between WT and HO1-/- mice in a transient MCAO model (1 h occlusion and 23 hrs reperfusion) (Dore et al., 1999). To our knowledge, delayed ischemic effects of HO1 in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) have not been elucidated yet, as mice do not survive to longer time points with this procedure. Using permanent distal MCAO (pMCAO) ischemia model gives us an advantage as compared to the tMCAO to study the role of protective agents especially on delayed ischemic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the delayed ischemic response of HO1 by subjecting WT and HO1-/- mice to pMCAO and surviving them up to 7 days. We further questioned whether acute doses of EGb 761 and its bioactive components [Bilobalide (BB); Ginkgolide A (GA); Ginkgolide B (GB); Terpene Free Material (TFM)] may have intrinsic properties and provide protection against pMCAO-induced cortical brain injury. Finally, we investigated the HO1, HO2, VEGF and eNOS protein expression levels in brain cortices of drug and vehicle treated groups.
Ozone Phytotoxicity in Relation to Stress Ethylene Evolution and Stomatal Resistance in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Cultivars

Summary In greenhouse experiments, the ozone sensitivities of three cowpea cultivars differing in growth habits and some physiological traits were determined and related to stress ethylene production and leaf diffusive resistance. The cultivars were more sensitive at the 3-leaf than at the 2-leaf stages of growth. There was no consistent leaf injury at less than 0.50 µl/1 of ozone for 2 hr. At an ozone concentration of 1.0 µl/1 for 2 hr. the cultivar > exhibited marked leaf injury, amounting to over 80 % symptom coverage of the leaf surface, while > and > sustained leaf injury maxima of 58 and 35 %, respectively. Stress ethylene production did not differ among the cultivars. While ozone increased stomatal diffusive resistance in all cultivars, there were no significant differences among the cultivars.
Advances in laboratory testing for thrombophilia

Testing for hereditary thrombophilia typically includes tests for activated protein C resistance (APC-R) and/or factor V Leiden, protein C, protein S, antithrombin, and prothrombin G20210A. New options for these assays have become available in recent years, with different advantages and disadvantages among the currently available methods. Potential interferences for each assay type are discussed, including lupus anticoagulants, heparin, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors (such as argatroban, dabigatran, hirudin, or bivalirudin), rivaroxaban, factor deficiencies or elevations, factor V Leiden, and specific mutations that the assay(s) might not be able to detect. Causes of acquired deficiencies are also described, as these must be carefully excluded before diagnosing a hereditary deficiency of protein C, protein S, or antithrombin.
Quantifying seed germination responses to low temperatures: Variation among Lycopersicon spp.

Abstract Seed germination response to a range of low temperatures (6–20°C) was quantified for six accessions of Lycopersicon spp. representing the cultivated tomato L. esculentum (Mill.) and wild relatives L. peruvianum (Mill.) and L. chilense (Dun.). With decreasing temperatures, the onset of germination was delayed and the dispersion of germination responses over time increased in all accessions. The lognormal model for accelerated failure time analysis provided a regression analysis of seed germination responses to these quantitative treatments. This model discriminated among genotype responses and detected different genotypes by temperature interactions for germination times.
Supporting a sense of connectedness: meaningful things in the lives of new university students

We report findings from interviews with new undergraduate students, in which they identified particular items as supporting a sense of connectedness with home. We characterize ways in which artifacts underpinned a sense of connection, including by conveying the character of the parental home, supporting a sense of continuity with it, and enabling a physical presence to be maintained there. We then consider how simple affordances offered by these artifacts, such as being able to move, position and sort them, enabled participants to reinforce the meanings that were associated with them. Such actions are normally taken for granted, but we describe how they are compromised for social media especially, due to functional limitations and questions of ownership. We highlight design opportunities for making the transition from home more gradual, and supporting the archiving and display of social media.
Assessment of Gas-Surface Interaction Models in DSMC Analysis of Rarefied Hypersonic Flow

The aerothermodynamics of spacecraft entering a planetary atmosphere are sensitive to the level of gas-surface accommodation governed by the gas-surface interaction. The modeling of this interaction plays an integral role in the solid surface boundary condition of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The Maxwell, and Cercignani, Lampis and Lord (CLL) gas-surface interaction models are examined. Existing windtunnel test results of rarefied hypersonic flow over flat surfaces enable the assessment of these gassurface interaction models for DSMC simulations for this kind of flow condition. These models gave the same boundary layer velocity profiles at 50 % to full gas-surface accommodation. Approximately, 90 % gas-surface accommodation yielded the overall best agreement between the simulations and windtunnel data, reported by Cecil and McDaniel [AIAA Paper 2005-4695]. Regarding molecular velocity distributions next to the surface, the gas-surface interaction models result in similar horizontal component distributions, but distinct vertical component distributions. Molecular velocity distributions also reveal translational nonequilibrium very near the surface due to surface reflected molecules, within 5 local mean-free-paths above the surface. Within a region of significant translational nonequilibrium, the distributions are better characterized by the most probable value, rather than the mean value. Regarding scattering distributions, the Maxwell model results in distributions with unrealistic peaks due to specular reflection; however, the CLL model results in petal-shaped distributions, similar to observations of molecular beam studies. Moreover, while the Maxwell scattering distributions experienced abrupt changes with increasing accommodation and position, the CLL distributions varied smoothly. Nevertheless, both yield good agreement with the PLIF windtunnel test boundary layer velocity profiles using a proper specification of gas-surface accommodation.
Contributions of Cognitive Function to Straight- and Curved-Path Walking in Older Adults

Abstract Lowry KA, Brach JS, Nebes RD, Studenski SA, VanSwearingen JM. Contributions of cognitive function to straight- and curved-path walking in older adults. Objective To determine whether the cognitive function contribution to straight- and curved-path walking differs for older adults. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting Ambulatory clinical research training center. Participants People (N=106) aged 65 to 92 years, able to walk household distances independently with or without an assistive device, and who scored 24 or greater on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Cognitive function was assessed using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) as a measure of psychomotor speed, and Trail Making Test Parts A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B) and the Trail Making Test difference score (TMT-B-A) as executive function measures of complex visual scanning and set shifting. Gait speed recorded over an instrumented walkway was used as the measure of straight-path walking. Curved-path walking was assessed using the Figure-of-8 Walk Test (F8W) and recorded as the total time and number of steps for completion. Results Both DSST and TMT-A independently contributed to usual gait speed ( P P P Conclusions Curved-path walking, as measured by the F8W, involves different cognitive processes compared with straight-path walking. Cognitive flexibility and set-shifting processes uniquely contributed to how individuals navigated curved paths. The measure of curved-path walking provides different and meaningful information about daily life walking ability than usual gait speed alone.
Close association of erythrocytes with surface of late mouse blastocysts: SEM analysis.

SEM analysis of preimplantation mouse blastocysts reveals closely associated red blood cells on involuted surfaces of trophoblasts, an indication of the capability for initial phases of phagocytosis at an early developmental stage.
The Production of Race, Culture and State: An Anthropology

Across very wide regions of the world, small communities are experiencing a massively destructive encounter with both economic and state-orchestrated pressures. The contradictions of citizenship in modem 'democratic" states results in the precipitous current decline of rural villages. The Newfoundland example illustrates what happens under deteriorating terms of trade: a marked differentiation in standards of living, and the export of people. As a second case, a rural southeastern North Carolina county illustrates the new process of 'harnessing vulnerability" with a shift in emphasis, superficially from race to citizenship. During the 1990s, this southern county saw a massive influx of undocumented Mexican and Central American workers, a direct result of NAFTA. The author concludes that the state now assumes almost full control over the production of useful vulnerabilities, delivering these as a subsidy to capital The role of ' culture,' the central concept of anthropology and once primary in the production of vulnerabilities, is relegated to a secondary role in this process.
Cellular Superspreaders: An Epidemiological Perspective on HIV Infection inside the Body

Worldwide, more than 250 people become infected with HIV every hour [1], yet an individual's chance of becoming infected after a single sexual exposure, the predominant mode of HIV transmission, is often lower than one in 100 [2]. When sexually transmitted HIV-1 infection does occur, it is usually initiated by a single virus, called the founder strain, despite the presence of thousands of genetically diverse viral strains in the transmitting partner [3]. Here we review evidence from molecular biology and virology suggesting that heterogeneity among CD4+ T cells could yield wide variation in the capability of individual cells to become infected and transmit HIV to other cells. Using an epidemiological framework, we suggest that such heterogeneity among CD4+ T cells in the genital mucosa could help explain the low infection-to-exposure ratio and selection of the founder strain after sexual exposure to HIV. During sexual transmission, founder viral strains preferentially infect CD4+ T cells using the CCR5 coreceptor [4], [5]. At the time of initial exposure to HIV, these CD4+ T cells exhibit baseline heterogeneity due to stochasticity in cellular gene expression [6] and dynamic variation in immunological status (activated, resting, etc.) [7]. In addition, because CD4+ T cells are mobile, they are heterogeneously distributed in the genital mucosa, with varying degrees of clustering and contact [8]–[11]. In other contexts, it is well-known that heterogeneity among isogeneic cells inside the body can affect many cellular behaviors and outcomes, including infection dynamics [12], [13]. Epidemiological analyses of disease outbreaks among people indicate that heterogeneity in the ability of individuals in a population to spread disease can have a significant impact on whether a local outbreak becomes an epidemic [14]. Heterogeneity among a population of CD4+ T cells may play a similarly critical role in the establishment and spread of HIV in the genital mucosa after sexual exposure.
Dose-related effects of prenatal 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) on development of serotonin terminal density and behavior

Abstract Our previous studies with a tissue culture model of neuronal development have shown that the development of serotonin neurons is dependent, at least in part, on the stimulation of high affinity serotonin receptors. One receptor inhibits the outgrowth of neurons, while the other promotes it. The present study was therefore undertaken to replicate these findings in a whole animal model system. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated from gestational day 12 until birth with 0.1, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT). The pups were assessed for serotonin outgrowth by the selective synaptosomal uptake of [ 3 H]serotonin at postnatal days 1, 15 and 30 (D1, D15, D30). In addition, the pups were tested behaviorally for the neonatal serotonin syndrome at D5 (induced by quipazine), spontaneous alternation and open field activity at day 15 and lick suppression at day 30. At 1.0 mg/kg, the terminal outgrowth of serotonin neurons was inhibited, while the highest dose, 3.0 mg/kg, showed stimulation of outgrowth. The highest dose caused behavioral alterations which had abated by 30 days, while the intermediate dose (1.0 mg/kg) showed behavioral changes throughout. Interestingly, the lowest dose, 0.1 mg/kg, showed changes in uptake only at D1 and behavioral changes only at later timepoints, principally at D30. This suggests that serotonin not only plays a role in regulating the development of the neurons which produce it, but that it may also play a role in neurochemical imprinting—that is, changes in behavior in the adult may be due to changes in neurochemistry during development, even though that neurochemistry may have been corrected by the time the animal becomes an adult.
Optical triple-product processing in logic design

The concept of the triple-product, an extension of the discrete bilinear transform, is introduced as a tool in logic design. The resulting system operates in a fashion similar to that of a truth-table lookup processor. Optical implementation of the triple-product system using liquid crystal light valves and acoustooptic cells is presented and experimentally demonstrated as a multiple-single-instruction multiple-data operation. A multiple-instruction multiple-data operation can also be realized using the triple-product system.
Condensation Film Coefficients for Mixtures of Isobutane and Isopentane

Presented herein are data on heat-transfer film coefficients for the condensation of 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 mole-% isobutane/isopentane. For comparison, data on condensation of instrument-grade and commercial-grade isobutane are also presented. The vapor was condensed on the outside of a horizontal instrumented tube with cooling water flowing inside the tube. The tube was fitted with thermocouples imbedded inside the wall of the tube to measure tube wall temperature at five equidistant stations along the length of the tube. The vapor temperature in the shell was measured using 17 thermocouples located at 150 mm intervals and spanning the five stations. Results for the data taken, based on the difference between vapor temperature and wall temperature, indicate lower condensation film coefficient when the mole fraction of isopentane is increased in the mixture. Mole-percent values of isopentane <50% would be expected to reverse this trend.
Blockage Effects on the Aerodynamics of a Pitching Wing

The blockage effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of stationary wings have been extensively studied, both numerically and experimentally. However, the effects on flapping wing aerodynamics have not been fully explored. In this paper, the blockage effects on the aerodynamics of a pitching wing are investigated using a numerical approach. The flowfield is described by solving the Navier-Stokes equations on an overlapping grid. The wing motion is handled by a moving overlapping grid method. Force histories at different blockage ratios and reduced pitching frequencies are compared. Simulations show that the pitching motion can mitigate the blockage effects: the higher the reduced frequency, the more minimal the blockage effects. In addition, the sidewall effects are studied. It is demonstrated that sidewalls can lead to a strong spanwise variation in the flowfield, and the variation is further extenuated by the existence of a leading-edge vortex.
Regulation of TRPV1 by Phosphoinositides and other Negatively Charged Lipids

The capsaicin receptor Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal, Ca2+-permeable ion channel essential for nociception. Like most members of the TRP family, it is known to be regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Although the majority of PI(4,5)P2-regulated ion channels are activated by this phosphoinositide, TRPV1 was initially suggested to experience inhibition. Data from cellular systems support the idea that TRPV1 activity depends on the presence of phosphoinositides in the membrane. The purified TRPV1, on the other hand, was recently shown to be fully functional in artificial liposomes in the absence of phosphoinositides. We expressed the rat TRPV1 channel in Xenopus oocytes and performed patch-clamp experiments in the excised inside-out configuration. We found that in addition to PI(4,5)P2, several other negatively charged phospholipids, including phosphatidylglycerol, could also support TRPV1 activity in excised patches. When we incorporated TRPV1 into planar lipid bilayers consisting of neutral lipids, capsaicin-induced activity depended on PI(4,5)P2. We also found that TRPV1 activity in excised patches ran down upon excision and that perfusing the patch with MgATP restored channel activity. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinases or enzymatic removal of phosphatidylinositol abolished this effect, suggesting that MgATP activated TRPV1 by generating endogenous phosphoinositides. We conclude that endogenous phosphoinositides are positive cofactors for TRPV1 activity. Our data highlight the importance of specificity in lipid regulation of ion channels, and may reconcile discordant data obtained in various experimental settings.
The Aesthetics of Repentance: Re-Reading the Phenomenon of Job

In light of the phenomenological hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur, the narrative development of the Book of Job can be read in successive stages, the cumulative product of which is a new perspective on Job's paradoxical repentance (42:6). In a first reading, the disconcerting twists and turns of the tale come to be recognized as elements of an artistic "emplotment." Then, re-reading the tale in light of the divine affirmation in the Epilogue (42:7-8), we perceive Job's final utterance as the metaphorical high point of his theo-linguistics. Finally, placed again within the narrative as a whole, his repentance highlights the mystical element of biblical wisdom. The figure of Job can thereby be exalted as an "icon" for those engaged in the work of biblical theology.
Quantum Theory of Transport in Narrow Channels

The electrical conductivity in a semiconductor surface channel or a thin film is written in terms of integrals over a retarded current-current correlation function and evaluated using a Green's-function formulation of perturbation theory. The perturbation theory exhibits four new features. (1) The boundary conditions at the surfaces of the channel are expressed in terms of a fluctuation potential rather than a Fuchs reflectivity parameter. (2) The quantization of the eigenvalues for motion normal to the channel is explicitly incorporated into the theory. (3) The averaging procedure used to obtain the diagrammatic definition of the propagators and correlation functions is extended to include the effects both of screening and of graded interface impurity doping by permitting summation of multiple-scattering effects within planes of impurities parallel to the surface prior to the consideration of interference between these planes. (4) The propagators and conductivity are evaluated at arbitrary temperatures, using the Matsubara formalism. The conductivity is calculated explicitly in the quantum limit that the energy spacings $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ between the eigenvalues for motion normal to the surface satisfy $\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\gg}\mathrm{kT}$ for the occupied eigenstates. The approximations needed to reproduce the Boltzmann-equation analysis by Stern and Howard of the extreme quantum limit are delineated. The effects of dispersion and quantized-state mixing are examined for a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function model of the fluctuation potential. They are found to be significant if a quantized eigenvalue is near the Fermi energy or if the doping in the channel is highly nonuniform.
Transcription termination at the end of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli

The nature of transcription termination at the end of the trp operon of Escherichia coli has been partially characterized. Strains were constructed in which the lac genes were transposed to a chromosomal site near the trp operon. When the lac promoter is deleted from such strains, lac expression depends upon readthrough from the trp operon and can be used to detect mutations which alter normal termination of transcription of the trp operon. It was possible to isolate mutations in the region where transcription of the trp operon normally terminates, thereby allowing substantial readthrough into the lac operon. In addition, a mutation which mapped at or near the rho locus was isolated which allowed efficient readthrough from the trp operon into the lac operon, across a region of about 1800 bases beyond the terminus of the trp operon. These results suggest that rho factor is involved in normal termination of transcription of the trp operon.
Support Systems of American Urban Widowhood

The life a woman develops in marriage becomes more or less disorganized with the death of her husband. Many characteristics of a society, a community, and a woman influence the degree of disorganization of her life with the death of her husband, and the direction and form of her life that emerges after the period of mourning and heavy grief is over. Aspects of a widow's life that I and my colleagues have studied include her support systems, social roles, lifestyle, and self-concept. These aspects are built gradually, or changed dramatically, as a result of disorganizing events followed by reorganizing processes. This paper examines the support systems American urban women have developed in widowhood.
Exotic earthworms of great lakes forests: A search for indicator plant species in maple forests

The invasion of exotic earthworms in previously earthworm-free northern deciduous forests has been linked to the disappearance of forest floor litter, declines in plant species richness, and the development of monotypic stands of Carex pensylvanica. However, the impact of exotic earthworms on the regeneration of trees and understory plants is largely unknown. We examined the relationships between earthworm density, plant species richness, leaf litter accumulation, number of tree (Acer) seedlings, and cover of C. pensylvanica at 14 sites in mesic hardwood forests of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest in northern Wisconsin. Earthworm biomass, especially of the genera Lumbricus, Aporrectodea, and Octolasion was negatively associated with leaf litter mass and number of Acer seedlings. Nine plant species, including two spring ephemerals (Dicentra cucullaria and Osmorhiza claytonii), a sedge (Carex deweyana), and an invasive mint (Galeopsis tetrahit) were negatively correlated with exotic earthworm densities. Dryopteris intermedia and Allium tricoccum, on the other hand, were associated with high earthworm densities. The activities of exotic earthworms appear to have significant impacts on Acer regeneration and the persistence of many herbaceous plants. Our findings suggest that the effects of exotic earthworms on litter mass are strongly related to the observed effects on species composition. Sensitive species can be used as indicators of high and low earthworm densities and might be useful for identifying forests of high conservation value where future invasions of exotic earthworms should be prevented.
John Marshall's Kalahari Family

Throughout his career and through his films, John Marshall has embodied many representational debates in anthropology and ethnographic media production. With A Kalahari Family, Marshall has provided his most reflexive film to date as well as a comprehensive visual record of 50 years of transition among the Ju'hoansi, from lingering, hunter-gatherer subsistence to problematic and often tragic contemporary living conditions. A Kalahari Family bears witness to the negative effects a racist ideology and varied development agendas have had on an indigenous group of people, and the transformative effects they continue to have. In the film, the audience also witnesses the evolution of John Marshall himself, from naive, inexperienced teenager engaging an exotic other, with all the inherent cultural baggage of a Western perspective, to his eventual emergence as a filmmaker and a dedicated advocate for the people with whom he has become so involved.