cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical adsorption of vapors on ice. IV. Carbon dioxide

Abstract Carbon dioxide adsorbs rapidly, reversibly, and very weakly on ice powder at 195°K up to P P 0 about 0.5. At this relative pressure, an onset of massive uptake sets in, the pressure drops to 0.25 P P 0 , and remains at this value for up to 30 nominal monolayers of adsorbed carbon dioxide. This last pressure, as well as its temperature dependence, is essentially the same as that for the ice-carbon dioxide clathrate equilibrium, and it therefore appears that the massive uptake is due to clathrate formation. The adsorption and desorption processes are slow for the ice-clathrate system, the desorption being found to obey first-order kinetics. Further, after prolonged desorption, a residual, unremovable amount of carbon dioxide is present, corresponding to about a monolayer; this may represent surface carbonic acid formation.
Posterior atlantoaxial dislocation without odontoid fracture

We report a case of posterior atlantoaxial dislocation without a fracture of the odontoid in a 35-year-old woman. There have been nine reported cases of similar injury in the English literature. The integrity of the transverse ligament following posterior atlantoaxial dislocations has not been well documented in these reports. In the present case, MRI revealed an intact transverse ligament, which probably contributed to the stability of the C1-C2 complex following closed reduction.
Cardiac allografts in mice congenic at non-H-2 histocompatibility loci

Neonatal mouse heart fragments were grafted under the ear skin of adult recipients. Cardiac allograft survival was evaluated by visual observation of pulsation, electrocardiography, and histology. Employing a series of congenic resistant strains differing from C57BL/10Sn at theH-1, H-3,H-4, H-7, H-8, H-9, H-10, H-11, andH-12 loci, the median survival times of the heart grafts to and from C57BL/10Sn were obtained. The various interallelic combinations resulted in a wide variation of graft survival. Reciprocal transplants frequently showed different survival times.H-1 c grafts were rejected by B10.129(5M)/nSn female mice with a median survival time of 90 days.H-1 b grafts were not rejected by C57BL/10Sn mice for the experiment's duration of 200 days. The weaker the histocompatibility barrier, the more variable the survival times and the smaller the ratio of rejected to total grafted heart fragments. Female recipients were observed to reject their grafts more rapidly and to reject a higher proportion than males of the same strain. Although the strength of the different non-H-2 barriers generally paralleled that determined by skin transplants, the rankings of the strongest minor barriers were not the same for both tissues.
A method for automatic edge detection and volume computation of the left ventricle from ultrafast computed tomographic images.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Detection of endocardial and epicardial borders of the left ventricle (LV) using various imaging modalities is time-consuming and prone to interpretive error. An automatic border detection algorithm is presented that is used with ultrafast computed tomographic images of the heart to compute cavity volumes. METHODS The basal-level slice is identified, and the algorithm automatically detects the endocardial and epicardial borders of images from the basal to the apical levels. From these, the ventricular areas and chamber volumes are computed. The algorithm uses the Fuzzy Hough Transform, region-growing schemes, and optimal border-detection techniques. The cross-sectional areas and the chamber volumes computed with this technique were compared with those from manually traced images using canine hearts in vitro (n = 8) and studies in clinical patients (n = 27). RESULTS Though the correlation was good (r = .88), the algorithm overestimated the LV epicardial area by 4.8 +/- 6.4 cm2, though this error was not statistically different from zero (P > .05). There was no difference in endocardial areas (r = .95, P > .05). The algorithm tended to underestimate the end-diastolic volume (r = .94) and the end-systolic volume (r = .94), although these errors were not statistically different from zero (P > .05). The algorithm tended to underestimate the ejection fraction (r = .80), although this error was not statistically different from zero (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Automatic detection of myocardial borders provides the clinician with a useful tool for calculating chamber volumes and ejection fractions. The algorithm, with the corrections suggested, provides an accurate estimation of areas and volumes. This algorithm may be useful for contour border identification with ultrasound, positron-emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other imaging modalities in the heart, as well as other structures.
On edge-disjoint spanning trees in hypercubes

In this note we give a construction for obtaining the maximum number of edge-disjoint spanning trees in a hypercube. The result has applications to multicast communication in wormhole-routed parallel computers.
General relativistic MHD simulations of black hole accretion disks and jets

Accretion disks orbiting black holes power high-energy systems such as X-ray binaries and Active Galactic Nuclei. Observations are providing increasingly detailed quantitative information about such systems. This data has been interpreted using standard toy-models that rely on simplifying assumptions such as regular flow geometry and a parameterized stress. Global numerical simulations offer a way to investigate the basic physical dynamics of accretion flows without these assumptions and, in principle, lead to a genuinely predictive theory. In recent years we have developed a fully three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation code that evolves time-dependent inflows into Kerr black holes. Although the resulting global simulations of black hole accretion are still somewhat simplified, they have brought to light a number of interesting results. These include the formation of electro-magnetically dominated jets powered by the black hole’s rotation, and the presence of strong stresses in the plunging region of the accretion flow. The observational consequences of these features are gradually being examined. Increasing computer power and increasingly sophisticated algorithms promise a bright future for the computational approach to black hole accretion.
Method for implementing distributed control of a communication system

Abstract An implementation of a model for a distributed switching system and its internal communication is proposed. The implementation has a hierarchical structure, which contains the upper level control and the peripheral controllers. The first implementation step is based on conventional microprocessors (80286, 80186, 8051). Due to a drawback of this implementation, another control structure, based on the Intel iAPX 432 family, is proposed. This implementation was further improved to enable a cooperative relationship between the upper level control and the Inter-system communication coordinator. This opens a window for future improvement of the hardware/software relationship in the proposed distributed system.
The Japanese in the United States

(1931). The Japanese in the United States. Religious Education: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 138-141.
Vestigial expression in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system.

The Drosophila central nervous system is an excellent model system in which to resolve the genetic and molecular control of neuronal differentiation. Here we show that the wing selector vestigial is expressed in discrete sets of neurons. We track the axonal trajectories of VESTIGIAL-expressing cells in the ventral nerve cord and show that these cells descend from neuroblasts 1-2, 5-1, and 5-6. In addition, along the midline, VESTIGIAL is expressed in ventral unpaired median motorneurons and cells that may descend from the median neuroblast. These studies form the requisite descriptive foundation for functional studies addressing the role of vestigial during interneuron differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 237:2483–2489, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Haplotype phase inference

Most of the information being collected on DNA variation among people does not identify which of the two parents transmitted which of the two copies of each gene. Even worse, the parent of origin is often scrambled for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that is identified, so that each gene may be represented by hundreds of pairs of SNP vectors or haplotypes. Collection of a population sample of this kind of genotype data, however, does contain information about these haplotypes, and inference of the haplotype pairs from this kind of data is referred to has haplotype phase inference. The problem has a rich geometric representation, and has spawned a wealth of algorithms that span graph theoretic to Bayesian approaches. Good solutions to this problem are strongly motivated by the efforts seeking to identify genes that underlie complex genetic disorders. The latest efforts in this area will be described and reviewed.
4H-SiC power bipolar transistors with common emitter current gain >50

Silicon carbide (SiC) is an attractive material for semiconductor power devices because of its superior physical and electrical properties. Prototype devices built on SiC have demonstrated performance well in excess of the best silicon devices. Among SiC power switching devices, bipolar transistors (BJTs) show excellent on-state characteristics at both room temperature and elevated temperatures (S.-H. Ryu et al., IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 22, pp. 124-126, 2001; Y. Tang et al, ibid., vol. 22, pp. 119-120, 2001). However, power BJTs require substantial base drive current given by J/sub ON///spl beta/. This base current can be minimized by developing high-voltage BJTs with higher /spl beta/. In this paper we report high-voltage 4H-SiC BJTs with /spl beta/ greater than 50 (the highest values reported to date for a SiC BJT).
Energy, Entropy and the Environment (How to Increase the First by Decreasing the Second to Save the Third)

Energy is the lifeblood of civilization, but inexpensive, high energy density sources are rapidly being depleted and their exploitation is severely degrading the environment. This paper explores a radical solution to this energy-environmental dilemma. In the last 10-15 years, the universality of the second law of thermodynamics has fallen into serious theoretical doubt (1-3). Should it prove experimentally violable, this would open the door to a nearly limitless reservoir of ubiquitous, clean, recyclable energy. If economical, it could precipitate paradigm shifts in energy production, utilization and politics. In this paper, recent challenges to the second law are reviewed, with focus given to one for which laboratory experiments are planned. Possible consequences of its violation for technology, society and the environment are explored.
Association of loblolly pine xylem development gene expression with single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Variation in the expression of genes with putative roles in wood development was associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using a population of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) that included individuals from much of the native range. Association studies were performed using 3938 SNPs and expression data obtained using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR) for 106 xylem development genes in 400 clonally replicated loblolly pine individuals. A general linear model (GLM) approach, which takes the underlying population structure into consideration, was used to discover significant associations. After adjustment for multiple testing using a false discovery rate correction, 88 statistically signifi cant associations (Q < 0 .05) were observed for 80 SNPs with the expression data of 33 xylem development genes. Thirty SNPs caused nonsynonymous mutations, 18 resulted in synonymous mutations, 11 were in 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs), 1 was in a 5′ UTR and 20 were in introns. Using AraNet, we found that Arabidopsis genes with high similarity to the loblolly pine genes involved in 21 of the 88 statistically significant associations are connected in functional gene networks. Comparisons of gene expression values revealed that in most cases the average expression in plants homozygous for the rare SNP allele was lower than that of plants that were heterozygous or homozygous for the abundant allele. Although there are association studies of SNPs and expression profiles for humans, Arabidopsis and white spruce, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of such an association genetic study in pines. Functional validation of these associations will lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of phenotypic differences in wood development among individuals in conifer populations.
Conformal external beam radiation or selective internal radiation therapy-a comparison of treatment outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Non-operative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has expanded significantly with the use of selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT) mostly with yttrium 90 (90Y) tagged microspheres and highly conformal external beam radiation therapy such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to treat unresectable liver tumors for local tumor control. SBRT is a noninvasive procedure using external radiation source under image guidance, while SIRT delivers radioactive particles by transarterial radioembolization (TARE). However, the survival benefits of SBRT versus SIRT have never been compared. The aim of the present study is to compare the outcomes of overall and disease specific survival (DSS) using SIRT versus SBRT to treat HCC. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry database [2004-2011] was queried for cases of unresectable HCC. Patients with missing data and those who received surgery were excluded from the study. A total of 189 patients with unresectable HCC were identified and used for statistical analysis, with 112 receiving SBRT and 77 receiving SIRT. Overall and disease-specific survival was compared using multivariable cox proportional hazard models. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors (age at diagnosis, gender, race, grade, stage, AFP level and type of surgery), there were no significant difference in overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR), 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49-1.07; P=0.1077] and DSS (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.46-1.05; P=0.0880) for SIRT compared to SBRT. However, patients with elevated AFP level were associated with higher death risk (P=0.0459) and disease specific death risk (P=0.0233) than those with AFP within normal limits in both treatment groups. Conclusions: The retrospective analysis serves as the first comparison of SIRT to SBRT in treatment of unresectable HCC. Our findings suggest both treatment approaches result in similar outcomes in overall and disease-specific survival benefit. Future prospective randomized trials are needed to better evaluate and compare the two radiation modalities, as well as other non-operative therapies used in the treatment of HCC.
Links between orogenic wedge deformation and erosional exhumation: Evidence from illite age analysis of fault rock and detrital thermochronology of syn-tectonic conglomerates in the Spanish Pyrenees

Abstract We present new geochronologic data illuminating the tectonic and erosional history of the orogenic wedge exposed in the south-central Pyrenees, Spain. We interpret illite-age analyses from four fault gouges that record thrust-belt development and document the importance of out-of-sequence thrusting. Fault activity occurs in pulses, with slip occurring contemporaneously on multiple faults throughout the wedge. New apatite fission-track data from syn-orogenic sediments of the Sis Conglomerate body reveal ages of 48 to 42 Ma, with no consistent variation upsection in strata deposited from 41 to 30 Ma. We interpret these data, as well as thermal modeling of track-length distributions, to imply rapid cooling in the interior of the Pyrenean wedge during the Middle Eocene. The record of fault activity and erosion suggests that orogenic wedges may not evolve in a steady fashion, but generally exhibit significant changes in rates of deformation and exhumation. The observed correlation in the timing of tectonism and erosional exhumation provides evidence for links between tectonic and surface processes.
The relationship of argumentativeness to verbal aggression

This study investigated: (1) whether high, moderate, and low argumentatives differ in how easily they are provoked by an obstinate opponent to select verbally aggressive messages; and, (2) whether the sexes differ in preference for verbal aggression. The results indicated that persons who scored high on a measure of argumentativeness were least provoked to prefer verbal aggression. This finding supports the view that verbal aggression is mainly a result of a lack of argumentative skill. The study also found that situational variables affect the difference between the sexes in verbal aggression. Thus, earlier observations of differences in verbal aggression between the sexes may be exaggerated.
A Scaling Study of a Corridor Subject to a Room Fire

Abstract A study was made of the thermal and flow environment within a corridor subject to a room fire of intensities of 300 to 1500 kW approximately. A corresponding model study was done under 1/7th geometric scale. Dimensionless groups were derived from the conservation equations governing the gas and solid phases. A subset of dimensionless groups was identified as significant to establish criteria to maintain partial dynamic scaling between the model and prototype experiments. Good results were achieved between the model and prototype for the convective process, i.e., gas temperature, velocity and convective heat transfer. Radiant heat transfer did not scale, but an analysis of the data explains the lack of agreement in terms of dimensionless groups that were not preserved in scaling. A secondary result yielded corridor convective heat transfer coefficients which could be correlated by a general relationship.
Xylitol and Dental Caries: An Overview for Clinicians

An overview of studies about xylitol and dental caries suggests potential clinical dental applications for xylitol. Xylitol is a naturally occurring, low-calorie sugar substitute with anticariogenic properties. Data from recent studies indicate that xylitol can reduce the occurrence of dental caries in young children, schoolchildren, and mothers, and in children via their mothers. Xylitol, a sugar alcohol, is derived mainly from birch and other hardwood trees. Short-term consumption of xylitol is associated with decreased Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and plaque. Aside from decreasing dental caries, xylitol may also decrease the transmission of S. mutans from mothers to children. Commercial xylitol-containing products may be used to help control rampant decay in primary dentition. Studies of schoolchildren in Belize and Estonia, along with data from the University of Washington, indicate that xylitol gum, candy, ice pops, cookies, puddings, etc., in combination with other dental therapies, are associated with the arrest of carious lesions. A prospective trial in Finland has demonstrated that children of mothers treated with xylitol had lower levels of S. mutans than children of mothers treated with chlorhexidine or fluoride varnish. Food products containing xylitol are available commercially and through specialized manufacturers, and have the potential to be widely accessible to consumers.
Differential adhesion, activity, and carbohydrate: Protein ratios ofPseudomonas atlantica monocultures attaching to stainless steel in a linear shear gradient

Biofilm formation on metallic surfaces in marine and freshwater environments often precedes corrosion and other biofouling conditions. Attachment is mediated by such environmental factors as the presence of surface conditioning films, fluid dynamics, bulk-phase nutrient levels, and surface chemistry. In this study, we utilized a Fowler Cell Adhesion Measurement Module to demonstrate that the changes in cellular concentration and composition of a monoculture ofPseudomonas atlantica biofilms on stainless steel were a function of the applied shear force. At shear forces in the range of 3–10 dynes cm−2 (1.0 liter min−1), attachment as measured by acridine orange direct microscopic counts was greatest at the higher shear forces.14C-Acetate uptake activity on the stainless steel surfaces increased with shear stress. Acetate incorporation ranged from 1×10−5 to 19×10−5μmol cm−2 between 0.15 and 30 dynes cm−2 for 30 min uptake periods. On a per cell basis, however, activity decreased with shear, indicating a shift in metabolism. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that protein and carbohydrate concentrations also increased with the applied shear. Increased biofilm C∶N ratios and total fatty acids were associated with the higher shear stresses. Neither radius of interaction nor biofilm age appeared to significantly influence the relationship between fluid shear and attachment and cellular composition ofP. atlantica biofilms in the range of 1–10 dynes cm−2.
Spatial Distribution of Actin and Mechanical Cycle of Myosin are Different in Right and Left Ventricles of Healthy Mouse Hearts

The contraction of the right ventricle (RV) expels blood into the pulmonary circulation, and the contraction of the left ventricle (LV) pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta. The respective afterloads imposed on the LV and RV by aortic and pulmonary artery pressures create very different mechanical requirements for the two ventricles. Indeed, differences have been observed in the contractile performance between left and right ventricular myocytes in muscle growth, in dilated cardiomyopathy, in congestive heart failure, and in energy usage and speed of contraction at light loads in healthy hearts. In spite of these functional differences, it is commonly believed that the right and left ventricular muscles are identical because there were no differences in stress development, twitch duration, work performance and power among the RV and LV in dogs. This report shows that on a mesoscopic scale (when only a few molecules are studied (here 3-6 molecules of actin in ex-vivo ventricular myofibrils), the two ventricles in rigor differ in the degree of orientational disorder of actin within thin filaments, and during contraction they differ in the kinetics of the cross-bridge cycle.
Quality of life after housing first for adults with serious mental illness who have experienced chronic homelessness

This 1-year longitudinal study of adults who have recently transitioned from homelessness to Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) focuses on quality of life as a primary outcome of interest. Eighty of 103 new tenants participated in structured interviews at the time of entry into their new home and at 12-months post-housing. t-tests assessed differences in community participation and quality of life measures at the 2 time points. Mixed effects models examined the impact of community participation on quality of life. Results show that time in independent housing was significantly associated with several domains of quality of life. Symptom severity was also significantly and negatively related to quality of life domains. Community participation was significantly related to frequency of social contacts only. These findings suggest that community participation is not critical to improving quality of life, and that despite concerns that individuals may feel isolated and lonely when living independently, satisfaction with one׳s living situation and family relationships nevertheless improves with housing tenure.
Controlled collapse reflow chip joining

Solder reflow connection of semiconductor devices to substrates has been shown to be a reliable, effective, and readily automated technique. Rigid copper spheres, which remain rigid during solder reflow, have been used successfully for some timae as major element of the contact joint. However, to expand the capability of such joints to larger devices such as multiple-transistor chips in hybrid components, ductile metallic joining pads can be used on the devices instead of the copper spheres to reduce mechanical strains andp ermit multi-pad devices to make proper contactt o module lands during reflow. This paper describes a technique that prevents these solder pads from collapsing and permits large scale production. Termed "controlled collapse," the method is based on limiting the solderable area of the substrate lands and chip contact terminals so that surface tension in the molten pad and land solder supports the device until the joint solidifies. The result is a sturdy, testable connection of high reliability (bond strength30-50 gm, pilot-production yields exceeding 97%, predicted failure rate-based on laboratory tests-considerably lower than that of copper ball contacts). The process is economically adaptable to automation and offers considerable latitude in fabrication and control tolerances.
Stability of voids formed in cavities at liquid-solid interfaces.

Abstract A thermodynamic model is developed of the free energy of gas-filled voids formed within cavities on solid surfaces covered by a liquid. Capillary effects are assumed to be the only important contributions to the free energy, and expressions are derived for the free energy of the system as a function of the void size, the relative surface free energy densities involved, and the geometry of the cavity. The results of the model are (1) construction of a stability diagram that maps the most stable void configuration versus the wetting properties of the various solid surfaces involved, and (2) rough estimates of the work required to liberate a void of a given size and position. The model can give qualitative insight into the stability of coating defects on uneven surfaces, and also can be used to prescribe possible surface treatments for reducing the work required to remove voids from the system.
Complexity reduction for C4 compression for implementation in maskless lithography datapath

Achieving the throughput of one wafer per minute per layer with a direct-write maskless lithography system, using 25 nm pixels for 50 nm feature sizes, requires data rates of about 10 Tb/s. In previous work, we have shown that lossless binary compression plays a key role in the system architecture for such a maskless writing system. Recently, we developed a new compression technique Context-Copy-Combinatorial-Code (C4) specifically tailored to lithography data which exceeds the compression efficiency of all other existing techniques including BZIP2, 2D-LZ, and LZ77. The decoder for any chosen compression scheme must be replicated in hardware tens of thousands of times in any practical direct write lithography system utilizing compression. As such, decode implementation complexity has a significant impact on overall complexity. In this paper, we explore the tradeoff between the compression ratio, and decoder buffer size for C4. Specifically, we present a number of techniques to reduce the complexity for C4 compression. First, buffer compression is introduced as a method to reduce decoder buffer size by an order of magnitude without sacrificing compression efficiency. Second, linear prediction is used as a low-complexity alternative to both context-based prediction and binarization. Finally, we allow for copy errors, which improve the compression efficiency of C4 at small buffer sizes. With these techniques in place, for a fixed buffer size, C4 achieves a significantly higher compression ratio than those of existing compression algorithms. We also present a detailed functional block diagram of the C4 decoding algorithm as a first step towards a hardware realization.
Protesting War and Hegemonic Masculinity in Music Videos: Audioslave's “Doesn't Remind Me”

This essay considers Audioslave's music video “Doesn't Remind Me” as an antiwar protest text that challenges the construction of hegemonic masculinity essential during eras of U.S. military conflict. I argue that the video offers a masculine feminist worldview that depicts the tension between the benefits society receives from hegemonic masculinity (the production of men willing to fight) and the negative effects the construction of hegemonic masculinity has on individuals (including loss of loved ones, isolation, emotional repression, and death). Using allusions, narrative, and juxtaposition, the video (1) makes the socialization process of hegemonic masculinity obvious; (2) connects it to military violence; and (3) encourages the audience to challenge its participation in this harmful socialization process. The analysis points to the possibilities for popular culture in general and music videos in particular to make public arguments that protest specific policies and criticize the damaging socialization...
Singlet Fission in a Covalently Linked Cofacial Alkynyltetracene Dimer

Singlet fission is a process in which a singlet exciton converts into two triplet excitons. To investigate this phenomenon, we synthesized two covalently linked 5-ethynyl-tetracene (ET) dimers with differing degrees of intertetracene overlap: BET-X, with large, cofacial overlap of tetracene π-orbitals, and BET-B, with twisted arrangement between tetracenes exhibits less overlap between the tetracene π-orbitals. The two compounds were crystallographically characterized and studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy in solution, in PMMA and neat thin films. The results show that singlet fission occurs within 1 ps in an amorphous thin film of BET-B with high efficiency (triplet yield: 154%). In solution and the PMMA matrix the S1 of BET-B relaxes to a correlated triplet pair 1(T1T1) on a time scale of 2 ps, which decays to the ground state without forming separated triplets, suggesting that triplet energy transfer from 1(T1T1) to a nearby chromophore is essential for producing free triplets. In support ...
Words, Trust, and Cultural Experiences Can Affect Involvement in an Organization

Readers of this section will encounter three separate sets of effects regarding when and how we become involved with or avoid people and organizations. The explanations range from trust to verbal a...
Near-Optimal BFS-Tree Construction in Radio Networks

This letter presents the first improved construction of a breadth first search-tree (BFS-tree) in the radio network model . Computing a BFS-tree, or the hop-distance to a source, was one of the first problems solved in the radio network model. Particularly, more than 20 years ago, Bar-Yehuda et al. showed how to compute a BFS-tree in $O(D \log^2 n)$ rounds in any $n$ -node network of diameter $D$ . Since then this BFS-tree algorithm has been used extensively for constructing a substrate over which communications can be coordinated efficiently. However, the $O(D \log^2 n)$ dependence on the diameter has become a running time bottleneck in many of these applications, and no faster construction was found. Recently, trying to circumvent this barrier, approximate variants of BFS-trees were introduced which can be used in a similar manner but be computed faster. Still, the question whether exact BFS-tree could be computed faster remained open. Here, we present a simple randomized distributed algorithm that computes a BFS-tree in $O(D\log n \log \log n + \frac{\log^3 n}{\log \log n})$ rounds, with high probability. This running time is optimal up to an $O(\log \log n)$ factor for most values of $D$ , in particular for all $D \in [\log^2 n, n^{1-\epsilon}]$ for any constant $\epsilon > 0$ .
In-vivo in-vitro correlation of extended release oral dosage forms

"Guidance for Pharmaceutical Researches on Extended Release Oral Dosage Forms" refers to the expression "In-vivo in-vitro correlation(IVIVC)" in several lines with few explanations.This article intends to assist applicants have a better understanding on the guidance by introducing the concepts,developments,evaluations,and applications of IVIVC,the feasibility of IVIVC and the role of IVIVC in bio-waiver and dissolution specification.
Growth-dependent regulation of system A in SV40-transformed fetal rat hepatocytes

Fetal RLA209-15 hepatocytes, transformed with a temperature-sensitive SV40 mutant, behave like fully differentiated cells at the growth-restrictive temperature of 40 degrees C. Conversely, incubation at the growth-permissive temperature of 33 degrees C results in a transformed phenotype characterized by rapid cell division and decreased production of liver-specific proteins. The results presented here demonstrate that the cells at 33 degrees C exhibited high rates of system A transport, but transfer to 40 degrees C reduced the activity greater than 50% within 24 h. This decline in transport was independent of cell density, although the basal rate of uptake was inversely proportional to cell density in rapidly dividing cells. Transfer of cells from 40 to 33 degrees C resulted in an enhancement of system A activity that was blocked by tunicamycin. Plasma membrane vesicles from cells maintained at either 33 or 40 degrees C retained uptake rates proportional to those in the intact cells; this difference in transport activity could also be demonstrated after detergent solubilization and reconstitution. Collectively, these data indicate that de novo synthesis of the system A carrier is regulated in conjunction with temperature-dependent cell growth in RLA209-15 hepatocytes.
Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for elite athletes

Despite a growing body of literature demonstrating a positive relationship between sleep and optimal performance, athletes often have low sleep quality and quantity. Insufficient sleep among athletes may be due to scheduling constraints and the low priority of sleep relative to other training demands, as well as a lack of awareness of the role of sleep in optimizing athletic performance. Domains of athletic performance (e.g., speed and endurance), neurocognitive function (e.g., attention and memory), and physical health (e.g., illness and injury risk, and weight maintenance) have all been shown to be negatively affected by insufficient sleep or experimentally modeled sleep restriction. However, healthy adults are notoriously poor at self-assessing the magnitude of the impact of sleep loss, underscoring the need for increased awareness of the importance of sleep among both elite athletes and practitioners managing their care. Strategies to optimize sleep quality and quantity in athletes include approaches for expanding total sleep duration, improving sleep environment, and identifying potential sleep disorders.
Isotopic Labeling of Glycans for Quantitative Glycomics

Publisher Summary The repertoire of glycans on glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans and free glycans varies qualitatively and quantitatively with every cell type and with different bodily fluids. A major goal of glycomics is the characterization of such glycosylation differences. This chapter highlights the different approaches to stable isotope labeling of glycans for comparative and/or quantitative glycomics and indicates how they can be used to explore major questions in the glycomics field. The modern approach for characterizing differences in glycosylation between two samples takes its cue from proteomic approaches using isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT) and mass spectrometry. Such differential isotopic labeling of proteins using ICAT has revolutionized proteomic studies. A major advantage of isotope tags for glycan analysis is that multiple samples can be analyzed simultaneously and compared with an internal standard. New developments of isotope-labeling strategies for comparative and quantitative glycomics aim to revolutionize the field in terms of high-throughput screening for comparative glycomics. Modern mass spectroscopy approaches utilizing isotope-based tags are invaluable in proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics. The various methods available for quantitative glycomics are discussed, depending on the type of sample, amounts, the question asked, and the rigor needed. Most of the strategies of stable isotope-labeling methods are ideal for comparative glycomics of relatively similar samples.
PET Analysis Using a Variance Stabilizing Transform

Two random-field analysis methods based on either z-field or t-field statistics are currently in use, differing, respectively, by whether a spatially homogeneous error variance is assumed. A third method is proposed, which estimates and applies a variance stabilizing transform (VST) prior to estimating the z-field. This study investigates the feasibility and performance of this new method relative to the two currently used methods and an approximation method that assumes separate homogeneous variance within gray matter and white matter / cerebrospinal fluid regions, which were segmented using coregistered magnetic resonance images. Intersubject mean standard deviation (SD) images were formed from coregistered [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans of 32 subjects. Various polynomial functions of the mean were fitted to the plot of pixel means versus pixel SDs to construct a VST. Residual error analysis found a simple power function adequate, resulting in a VST ∝x1−b∝x1−b, with b = 0.246. The relative performance of the four methods in the analysis of drug-induced changes in regional cerebral metabolism of glucose was assessed in 13 normal subjects. The t-field method detected < 1% of the pixels identified in the z-field as statistically significant (p = 0.1 per volume). VST and segmentation methods detected similar fractions each (47.5 and 56.0%), validating the transformation concept. The number of pixels identified in z-statistic images was considered inflated because the global SD underestimated the regional SDs in gray matter, where all significant pixels were located. Hence, the VST corrects for overly optimistic results produced by z statistics without requiring segmentation, whereas t statistics incur an unacceptably large loss of statistical power for typical study sizes.
Becoming American, becoming obese? A systematic review of acculturation and weight among Latino youth

Summary Latino youth have the highest rate of overweight and obesity across ethnic and racial groups, placing these individuals at increased risk for a variety of negative immediate and long-term health outcomes. Many studies have shown that acculturative factors play a role in this process for adults, while less is known about the impact of these factors for children and adolescents. This study systematically reviews the current literature on acculturative factors and obesity among Latino children. Three hundred and seventy-nine studies were independently reviewed by two coders for eligibility. Twenty-nine studies met eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. Results indicated that relations between acculturation and obesity among Latino children are equivocal. Across studies reviewed, the significance and directionality of this relation differed. Heterogeneity across studies reviewed, including age, specific population and measures used for assessing acculturation, likely contributed to the mixed results. To provide greater clarity on the role of acculturative factors on obesity, future studies should (i) utilize a longitudinal design; (ii) control for potential confounding factors such as socioeconomic status; and (iii) examine potential moderating and mediating influences.
Elektrometallurgie des Eisens

Fur die Gewinnung eines Metalles aus seinen Erzen kommen sowohl elektrolytische als auch elektrothermische Verfahren zur Verwendung. Elektrolytische Verfahren sind solche, bei welchen der Strom eine elektrolytische Zersetzung von Salzen und eine Ausfullung des Metalles bewirkt; dagegen verwenden die elektrothermischen Verfahren den Strom aussenliesuch als Warmequelle, um die zum Schmelzen der Stoffe oder zur Durchfuhrung chemischer Reaktionen notige hohe Temperatur hervorzubringen.
Transmission and reflection properties of interior walls

Reports on measurements made of the transmission and reflection at interior walls made of gypsum board mounted on metal studs, and at walls constructed of concrete blocks in the 2.5 GHz ISM band. Measurements were made using directive horn antennas in order to evaluate the transmission coefficients of the specular components, as well as the scattering into nonspecular directions. In the case of gypsum board walls, the specular components were found to be primarily responsible for carrying the incident energy away from the wall. However, in the case of a concrete block wall, the periodicity associated with the internal webs and voids was found to result strong diffraction into nonspecular components. These measurements are compared to a simplified theory for gypsum board walls that neglects the metal studs, and to a rigorous theory for a periodic concrete block wall. >
A Critical Assessment of Online Survey Tools

This paper provides an overview of the functionality of online assessment tools from a practitioner’s standpoint. Basic services of these tools are described as well as a comparative review of several representative tools. We also provide the reader with a set of guidelines for making their own decisions about such tools as well as discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these tools in helping to facilitate high-quality assessment. Introduction In the climate of “No Child Left Behind”, limited resources and the overall drive for accountability of all public programs the need for assessment has never been greater. Assessment refers to gathering data and/or information that measure the impact of a certain activity relative to its objectives (Scriven, 1991). The purposes of assessment are varied and depend on one’s perspective (Dietel, Herman and Knuth, 1991; Linn, 1993; Nitko, 2001; Scriven, 1991). Assessment takes many forms depending on the outcomes that one wishes to assess. For instance educational policymakers use assessment to set standards, monitor the quality of education, or formulate policies, while teachers may use assessment to perform individual diagnosis of performance problems, monitor overall student progress and to plan and improve curriculum and teaching. Administrators of pre-college and college level STEM (science, technology, engineering or mathematics) outreach programs may use assessment to measure whether activities meet stated goals, monitor the quality of programming, and to plan and improve continuing activities. Undergraduate students in an engineering curriculum may be assessed on their ability to provide solutions to a design problem; high school students that participate in an orientation to STEM careers may complete pre and post selfreport instruments designed to assess their motivation to pursue a STEM career and their knowledge of STEM careers. The latter example would likely be implemented via a participant self-report survey. Although the assessment process has many components (e.g. defining the objectives of the activity / intervention to be assessed, developing assessment instrumentation in alignment with those objectives), developing, distributing and collecting those data are a significant portion of the process. The expense can be prohibitive for small programs or activities. The recent advent of online assessment survey tools can facilitate the data gathering aspects of the process.
Macromolecule Surface Coating for Preventing Bacterial Adhesion

One of the most serious complications in implant surgeries is infection, which may lead to complete failure of the implanted device.3,6 Bacterial contamination of prostheses or bacterial adherence to biomaterial surfaces during implantation surgery (through air or direct contact) or during the postoperative period (hematogenously) is an important step in the pathogenesis of prosthetic infection.4 It is thought that certain strains of bacteria, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS, a major bacteria for prosthetic infection) secrete bacterial slime which forms a biofilm on implants. Once the adhesion occurs on the implant surface, the bacteria make themselves less accessible to the human defense system and significantly increase antibiotic resistance.
Immunochemical characteristics and preparative application of agarose-based immunosorbents

The physical and chemical properties of immunosorbents prepared from Sepharose 4B have been studied, with the objective of improving their utility in preparative applications. The most significant factors influencing efficient use of these immobilized reagents are loss of immunochemical reactivity with increasing protein substitution and the restrictions imposed by the porous nature of the support. Similar effects are observable with controlled-pore glass matrices, but they are of less significance when solid, nonporous supports are used. Considerable improvements in operational efficiencies have been obtained by limiting the amount of protein immobilization and restricting reaction to the more accessible surface regions of the porous supports. Improved operating protocols based on these principles have been adapted to automated chromatographic systems, resulting in a fourfold increase in productive capacity. With the addition of the continuous dialysis and concentration system described here, routine daily production of gram quantities of specific antibodies from antisera becomes possible. Similarly, with a knowledge of the basic characteristics of these immunosorbents, it has been possible to increase greatly the efficiency of small-scale separations and purifications of immunological reagents from limited sources. The general approach toward the practical exploitation of immunosorbents for preparative applications is discussed in the context of these findings.
Heat conduction across an array of cylinders

Abstract Heat transport through an infinite medium across a one-dimensional array of cylinders consisting of another conductive material is considered with the objective of assessing the effective thermal conductivity of the cylinder band. The formulation accounts for the thermal contact resistance of the interface between two materials in imperfect contact. The effective conductivity is expressed in terms of the displacement of the temperature profile far from the cylinder band with respect to that prevailing in a homogeneous medium. Integral representations involving single-layer potentials are developed to describe the temperature field in the presence of the cylinders, pertinent integral equations are derived, and numerical results based on a boundary-element method are presented to illustrate the effect of the cylinder size and conductivity ratios on the effective conductivity of the array.
Discussion on Alumina Dissolution and Diffusion in Commercial Aluminum Reduction Cell

Dissolution model for smelting grade alumina (SGA) in the commercial reduction cell should take into account both thermodynamic and kinetic factors because of the specific dissolution environment in the cell referring to bath chemistry condition and feeding strategy. Earlier dissolution model are mainly focused on the dissolution mechanism and laboratory kinetics, while few considerations on the effects of industrial dissolution kinetics. This paper presents measurements on the velocity (by adding traceable element—strontium ‘Sr’) of the bath were carried out on two 400 kA commercial cells, and the effects on the SGA dissolution rate are discussed to support an initial investigation for the establishment of an advanced dissolution model for alumina.