cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘Subject-Predicate Reversal’: an Excursus on Marx’s Critique of Hegel’s Doctrine of the State

The bulk of Marx’s Critique of Hegel’s Doctrine of the State is devoted to the task of exposing the mystification suffered by an otherwise mundane subject-matter through Hegel’s ‘logicizing’ treatment of it. The mechanism of such mystification, as Marx shows in his painstakingly detailed paragraph-by-paragaph commentary, consists in the distinctively Hegelian procedure of ‘explaining’ empirical objects or circumstances as attributes of concepts which they allegedly serve to ‘realize’. (A table of contents which Marx appended to the manuscript, but left uncompleted, contains the single entry: ‘Concerning Hegel’s Transition and Explication’ [CHDS, 198/333].) This is not as simple a matter as might be supposed at first glance, since, as we have seen, every determinate concept is in Hegel’s treatment presented as but a stage in the concretization of ‘the concept’, and ‘the concept’, as we know, is itself articulated into three functional ‘moments’.
Determinants of Pluripotency in Mammals

Publisher Summary A cell is considered to be totipotent if it displays the full range of developmental capabilities when it is placed in a permissive environment. The contributive definition of totipotency depends on the cellular environment, which can either enhance or depress the survival of test cells, leading to a selection process that may not necessarily be meaningful in terms of intrinsic cell potency. As organisms were generated through processes more complex than cleavage or budding, culminating in sexual reproduction, pluripotency became essential to generate a complete body. The germ line developed as a distinct cell lineage, enabling the genetic flow from one generation to the next. The isolation of pluripotent stem cells is an important achievement in biology and medicine because these cells have widespread implications for developmental biology, drug discovery and testing, and transplantation medicine. Stem cells can help in unraveling the complex events that occur during mammalian development, thereby identifying the factors involved in the cellular decision-making process that leads to cell specialization. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells, in particular, could offer insights into the developmental events that cannot be studied directly in humans in utero or fully understood using animal models. Drug testing on cultured human embryonic stem cells could also reduce the risk of drug-related birth defects. Pluripotent cell lines have been derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of embryos at the blastocyst stage (ES cells) or isolated from aborted fetuses. SCNT is another method used to produce pluripotent stem cells. There are a wide variety of antigenic and molecular markers that—by virtue of being present in embryonic carcinoma (EC), ES, and epiblast cells—are believed to be specific to pluripotent cells.
Kundenbindung in industriellen Zuliefer-Abnehmer-Beziehungen

In this paper we consider options of suppliers to increase the probability of future orders of their industrial customers. First, we develop a typology of strategies, which can be used to strengthen their customers’ loyalty by creating economic or psychological switching barriers. We discuss value enhancing activities, process optimizing activities, reputation building activities, and flexibility increasing activities. Second, we derive hypotheses under which conditions each of these strategies is expected to be superior to others. Based upon data from a sample of German car industry suppliers we prove the effectiveness of the strategies successfully. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the results of the strategies under consideration depend on the supplier’s situation, which is determined by the supplier’s product share to his customer’s product as well as by his product’s technical superiority compared to his competitors’ alternatives.
Microbiota alteration is associated with the development of stress-induced despair behavior

Depressive disorders often run in families, which, in addition to the genetic component, may point to the microbiome as a causative agent. Here, we employed a combination of behavioral, molecular and computational techniques to test the role of the microbiota in mediating despair behavior. In chronically stressed mice displaying despair behavior, we found that the microbiota composition and the metabolic signature dramatically change. Specifically, we observed reduced Lactobacillus and increased circulating kynurenine levels as the most prominent changes in stressed mice. Restoring intestinal Lactobacillus levels was sufficient to improve the metabolic alterations and behavioral abnormalities. Mechanistically, we identified that Lactobacillus-derived reactive oxygen species may suppress host kynurenine metabolism, by inhibiting the expression of the metabolizing enzyme, IDO1, in the intestine. Moreover, maintaining elevated kynurenine levels during Lactobacillus supplementation diminished the treatment benefits. Collectively, our data provide a mechanistic scenario for how a microbiota player (Lactobacillus) may contribute to regulating metabolism and resilience during stress.
Managing Workplace Gambling—Some Cautions and Recommendations

Workplace gambling is rapidly becoming a new American addiction. It is difficult to detect, since it may show no distinguishing characteristics until it is well advanced. Most gamblers never become a problem to employers, but those who do may inflict serious damage in the form of theft, creative bookkeeping, embezzlement, low productivity and workplace disruption. Few laws, specifically control gambling, but several laws written to address other issues, may apply to gambling also. Some of these laws are in the process of being reinterpreted, and broader interpretations may include pathological gamblers. In addition to its legal aspects there are important and costly economic issues associated with workplace gambling. Well trained, observant supervisors can detect and aid workplace gamblers, saving both employer and employee time, money and anguish.
Maintenance of Oxygenation During Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department.

Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is the most common method of airway control in the emergency department (ED).1,2 Administration of an anesthetic agent and a neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) optimizes conditions for tracheal intubation and is thought to minimize the risk of aspiration.3-10 Evidence suggests that RSI improves first pass success and reduces complications in the critically ill.11-14 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Ultrasound 2D strain measurement for arm lymphedema using deformable registration: A feasibility study.

Purpose Lymphedema, a swelling of the extremity, is a debilitating morbidity of cancer treatment. Current clinical evaluation of lymphedema is often based on medical history and physical examinations, which is subjective. In this paper, the authors report an objective, quantitative 2D strain imaging approach using a hybrid deformable registration to measure soft-tissue stiffness and assess the severity of lymphedema. Methods The authors have developed a new 2D strain imaging method using registration of pre- and post-compression ultrasound B-mode images, which combines the statistical intensity- and structure-based similarity measures using normalized mutual information (NMI) metric and normalized sum-of-squared-differences (NSSD), with an affine-based global and B-spline-based local transformation model. This 2D strain method was tested through a series of experiments using elastography phantom under various pressures. Clinical feasibility was tested with four participants: two patients with arm lymphedema following breast-cancer radiotherapy and two healthy volunteers. Results The phantom experiments have shown that the proposed registration-based strain method significantly increased the signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratio under various pressures as compared with the commonly used cross-correlation-based elastography method. In the pilot study, the strain images were successfully generated for all participants. The averaged strain values of the lymphedema affected arms were much higher than those of the normal arms. Conclusions The authors have developed a deformable registration-based 2D strain method for the evaluation of arm lymphedema. The initial findings are encouraging and a large clinical study is warranted to further evaluate this 2D ultrasound strain imaging technology.
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Endotoxemia After Infant Cardiothoracic Surgery.

OBJECTIVE Infant cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) increases intestinal permeability leading to endotoxemia. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) reduces endotoxin toxicity in vitro but its effects on endotoxemia in human disease are poorly understood. We assessed the association between serum AP activity and endotoxemia in infants undergoing CPB and determined the effect of ex vivo addition of AP on endotoxemia. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 62 infants ≤120 days of age undergoing CPB. AP activity and Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) were measured pre-operatively, during rewarming, and 24 h after cardiac intensive care unit admission. In 22 subjects, EAA was measured in pre-operative and rewarming whole blood samples with/without addition of 1,600 U/L of human liver AP. RESULTS AP activity decreased during CPB (mean decrease 94.8U/L; P < 0.0001). Median EAA was 0.41 pre-operation, rose to 0.52 (P < 0.05) during rewarming, and remained stably elevated at 24 h. Subjects with low pre-operative AP activity had significantly higher pre-operative (0.47 vs. 0.36; P < 0.05) and rewarming (0.59 vs. 0.43; P < 0.01) EAA with a trend toward higher EAA at 24 h (0.52 vs. 0.45; P = 0.12). Subjects with low rewarming AP activity showed similar differences that did not reach statistical significance. Ex vivo addition of human liver AP decreased pre-operative EAA by 29% (P < 0.001) and rewarming EAA by 51% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Endotoxemia is common in infants undergoing CPB. Native AP activity and endotoxemia are inversely related and ex vivo addition of exogenous AP reduces whole blood EAA. Future research should evaluate AP as a therapy to reduce the harmful effects of endotoxemia following infant CPB.
Rate and time dependent failure of structural adhesives

Studies on two adhesives (Metlbond 1113 and 1113-2) identified as having important applications in the bonding of composite materials are presented. A testing program to ascertain stress-strain, strain-rate, time, yield, and/or failure behavior of these materials in bulk form using uniaxial tensile constant strain-rate, creep, and relaxation tests is described. The stress-strain behavior of each material is shown to be significantly rate dependent. A rate dependent stress whitening (crazing) phenomenon occurs prior to either yield or fracture. A region of linear elasticity, a region of viscoelasticity, and the onset of yielding are identified in the stress-strain behavior. The linear elastic limit and the yield point are shown to be rate dependent and agree well with an empirical equation proposed by Ludwik. A creep to failure phenomenon is shown to exist and is correlated with a delayed yield equation proposed by Crochet. Analytical predictions based on a modified Bingham model are shown to agree well with experimental stress-strain strain-rate data. Analytical predictions based on a modified Ramberg-Osgood equation are also shown for comparison purposes.
Life in the Male Cabin Groups

Cabin power was primarily controlled by one boy and his sidekick. They felt stuck with a “nurdish” cabin consisting of an oversized goon, two losers, and a whimpy follower. When asked by the cabin counselor (SW) what would make cabin life more pleasant, they replied: “There’s no way to end the conflict except to change personalities.” There were times when the constant complaining and criticizing occurring in Cabin One became difficult for everyone to bear. Never forming a compatible cabin group, the boys could not complete a cooperative squares game. One would finish his square and then laugh at the others, not realizing that he had to rearrange his pieces in order for the group to succeed.
Shocking Therapy: Uses of Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation in Dermatology

The use of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation is new to dermatologists but has a long history. A list of published applications includes use in therapy for postherpetic neuralgia, increased peripheral circulation, itching, varicose ulcers, ischemic ulcers, diabetic neuropathy, leprous neuritis, would healing, increased survival of skin flaps, Raynaud's phenomenon, scleroderma, esophageal dysmotility, and glossodynia.
Other CVD Methods for Diamond Production

Low-pressure synthesis of diamond films from a gas medium has been accomplished by many techniques, such as hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD), microwave-plasma and radio-frequency (rf) plasma, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) plasma jets, combustion flame and oxyacetylene torches, ion beams, and so on. CVD techniques provide the capability to coat various shapes and produce many forms of diamond, such as fine powders, protective coatings, epitaxial and whisker growth, and coating of particles. Although there are many ways to produce diamond films and many applications, much needs to be accomplished before the full potential of diamond CVD is realized. In these methods, the feed gases are exposed to high temperatures and/or some high-energy activation to initiate the reactions necessary for CVD. Usually, the substrates are maintained at temperatures greater than 700°C for good-quality deposits. Hydrogen atoms are usually considered essential in facilitating deposition of diamond under graphite stable conditions, so the production of hydrogen radicals is key for most of the above processes [7.1].
Workfare versus transfers in rural India

Abstract Prevailing methods for evaluating workfare schemes are inconsistent with the arguments made for workfare in poor rural economies. Those arguments emphasize the existence of higher involuntary underemployment among the poor and the fact that the type of work provided by these schemes gives disutility, deterring non-poor households from participating. To include these features, the consumption-based welfare metric used in past assessments of workfare schemes in underemployed developing countries is generalized to incorporate a welfare loss from casual manual work, while allowing the government to independently value the work done for other reasons. Using data for India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), the paper shows that the policy ranking switches in favor of a basic-income guarantee (BIG) over workfare. Allowing for a welfare loss from casual manual labor implies a more “poor-poor” targeting performance, but this is not sufficient to compensate for the direct welfare loss from the work requirement for plausible parameter values. A BIG dominates NREGS for a given total outlay on workfare wages.
Regulatory T-cells in alopecia areata.

Background Alopecia areata (AA) is believed to have an autoimmune mechanism in which the hair follicles are targeted by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Studies investigating the autoimmune mechanism of other cutaneous diseases, including vitiligo, showed that Treg is a component of cutaneous immune privilege. Our study uses immunohistochemical staining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue to examine the percentage of CD4+ FoxP3+ , CD25+ FoxP3+ , and CD8+ FoxP3+ Treg in AA in human specimens. Methods Immunohistochemical double staining for CD4+ FoxP3+ , CD25+ FoxP3+ , and CD8+ FoxP3+ was performed on 12 AA cases and 12 other autoimmune and non-autoimmune cutaneous diseases. The frequency of CD4+ FoxP3+ , CD25+ FoxP3+ , and CD8+ FoxP3+ Treg was counted and expressed as a percentage of total CD4+ , CD25+ , and CD8+ lymphocytes, respectively, in order to account for intersample inflammatory response variability. Results There was a significant reduction in the mean frequency of CD4+ FoxP3+ and CD25+ FoxP3+ in AA when compared to other autoimmune and non-autoimmune cutaneous diseases. Conclusion Treg is significantly lower in AA when compared to other cutaneous diseases. Additionally, this immunohistochemical-staining protocol may be useful to evaluate Treg in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens for other cutaneous diseases. Studies examining Treg in AA and other cutaneous diseases may have implications for future interventions.
A Commitment to the Vision of Our Journal

Welcome to Volume 11 Issue 2 of the HSS Journal. The winter of 2015 will be remembered as particularly harsh with lots of cold and snow. However, the staff of the HSS Journal® was undeterred by the weather in their efforts to continue to improve the journal as an unbiased resource for clinicians committed to musculoskeletal medicine and surgery. A retreat was held in December and attended by the hospital leadership, the editorial board and our publishers from Springer. The growth of the journal’s readership was reviewed. We renewed our commitment to keeping the journal multidisciplinary, as free of bias as possible and an efficient resource for clinicians from all musculoskeletal disciplines. This issue once again provides a wide variety of articles including new research as well as pertinent reviews. With this issue, we present a new feature. Going forward, we will be providing Evidenced Based Reviews in Orthopedics of specific topics in orthopedic surgery that are drawn from the monthly journal club run by our resident staff. The journal club typically reviews one or two articles of significant interest. The articles are presented by the resident staff and a thorough review of the literature focusing on the evidentiary contribution of the selected manuscript is performed. The presentations are notable for their quality and scholarship. I am grateful that these valuable efforts will now be shared with our readership. I hope you find the material in this issue of value. Your commentary will always be welcomed. I hope you will continue to consider the HSS Journal as resource for your ongoing study as well as a user-friendly place for publication of your work.
Using multivariate regression trees and multiobjective tradeoff sets to reveal fundamental insights about water resources systems

Abstract This paper presents the use of Multivariate Regression Trees (MRTs) to analyze Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) tradeoff sets generated from a long-term water utility planning problem. MOEAs produce large sets of non-dominated solutions, where each solution represents an observation of how multiple predictor variables (decision levers) impact performance in multiple response variables (objectives). Because they explicitly accommodate multiple response variables, MRTs can preserve the relationships between objectives revealed through MOEA-assisted optimization. We generated MRTs for two tradeoff sets that resulted from optimizing the Eldorado Utility planning problem under two climate change scenarios. A single MRT helped identify the subset of core planning decisions that led to preferred performance and demonstrated how decision preferences impacted performance in different objectives. Comparing MRTs from two scenarios revealed decisions that performed well across scenarios. The systematic and repeatable MRT approach can help water managers understand large, high-dimensional tradeoff sets and prompt additional promising analyses.
Development and Validation of a Free Carbamazepine Assay on an Automated Chemistry Analyzer

Background Carbamazepine is an effective drug for treating seizures and trigeminal neuralgia. Therapeutic drug monitoring of free carbamazepine in serum can be useful in situations that drug--protein binding is altered to guide regimen adjustment and to aid in the diagnosis of clinical toxicity. Methods Separation of the nonprotein bound carbamazepine was achieved via ultrafiltration through a molecular weight cut-off filter. A method for free carbamazepine measurement was developed on the automated cobas chemistry analyzers (Roche Diagnostics) by modifying the Carbamazepine Gen 4 assay (Roche Diagnostics). Assay performance characteristics were established including precision, accuracy, reportable range, analytical specificity, and stability. Results The intra- and inter-assay imprecision was 0%-1.4% and 2.4%-5.1%, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.3 µg/mL, and the assay was linear up to 10.0 µg/mL. A spike recovery study, using reference standard material, showed recovery was 93.5%--101.3% across the analytical measurement range. Method comparison with a reference laboratory method demonstrated equivalent performance with a slope of 1.01, intercept of 0.09, and correlation coefficient of 0.9948. Conclusion This assay provides a simple and accurate method for monitoring free carbamazepine with a fast turnaround time.
Chapter 21 – Prion Diseases

The prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), represent a unique family of rare neurodegenerative disorders. They have much in common with other neurodegenerative diseases, but they are distinguished from all others by their highly transmissible nature. In addition, the host range of prion disease (PrD) is unusual in that animals, in addition to humans, can be affected and, as demonstrated by the experience of mad cow disease, prion disease can jump between species. Although the core features of these diseases include progressive dementia, ataxia, and variable neurological and psychiatric symptoms, several clinical and histopathologic phenotypes of disease are recognized. Despite this phenotypic variation, the etiology of all is traced to the misfolded isoform of a single protein known as the prion protein (PrP), a normal constituent of the plasma membrane of cells, especially neurons. There are several fascinating aspects of these diseases, including the origins of its discovery, the nature of its biology, and the future challenges for diagnosis and treatment. From sheep to cannibals to mad cows, the prion diseases have a rich and controversial history. Deciphering the molecular nature of prion generation and propagation will be key to developing a therapeutic approach to these diseases.
CONTACT AND COLLISION SPORTS PARTICIPATION DURING ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Background:Recently, participation in contact and/or collision youth sports has received attention due to concern over exposure to repetitive head impacts. However, few studies have examined the re...
Chapter 5 – Mentoring

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the importance of mentorship. Mentoring is a term used to describe the positive interactions that occur between an experienced and trusted advisor and a less experienced individual or group of individuals that facilitate the professional and sometimes personal development of the junior person. The very nature of science requires mentorship. Often there is a senior scientist who is responsible for the overall intellectual productivity of a group of individuals. There may also be a management team associated with the implementation and/or commercialization of an idea, process, or product. At every step, information is exchanged and the knowledge is transferred. It is critical for scientists at every stage of their careers—but particularly as they begin—to understand the dynamics associated with the process of doing science in their particular fields and contexts, as well as the associated political issues. Mentoring is not the unhealthy control or domination of one person by someone with greater experience and power. It is neither the manipulation of a subordinate for professional gain nor the abuse of a connection with a person in a prominent position. While the advantages for mentees are obvious, mentors enjoy different rewards, including the satisfaction of seeing a protege succeed, and the sense of accomplishment that derives from that.
Analyzing Cybersecurity Understanding Using a Brain Computer Interface

Widespread internet device use is simultaneously increasing individual cybersecurity risk. Individual awareness of cybersecurity risk must begin early, in high school and with a curriculum that engages the student’s interest in a highly technical topic. The research project presented here explores the best way to teach cybersecurity to high school students to accomplish these goals. Researchers developed and delivered cybersecurity lectures to the students weekly, observing that each lecture and activity caused a different reaction and interest level depending on the way the topic was approached. Results from this research show the best way to engage students in cybersecurity education topics, as measured by assessment using a brain computer interface (BCI). A curriculum with eight topics was prepared, with selected subjects providing an entry point for different learning styles. Active learning activities and student outcomes show the validity of this approach, as do pre- and post-survey assessments. The results from this work can be used to further develop appropriate engaging cybersecurity education, while reducing student stress.
A COMPARISON OF CONTEMPORARY PORTABLE X-RAY SYSTEMS

Background There is substantial evidence for a cumulative dose-related response to ionizing radiation in the form of cancer development years after initial exposure. Therefore, this study focused on effective dose (E), a quantity with direct correlations to biologic risk from dental x-ray exposures. Objectives The purpose of this study was to measure doses and calculate (E) from adult full-mouth examinations (FMXs) by using handheld and conventional wall-mounted x-ray sources with both circular and rectangular collimation (RC). Materials and Methods A human tissue-equivalent phantom and optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters were used to measure dose from simulated FMXs (n = 18) at 24 head/neck tissue sites. The parameters were 70 kV/7 mA (0.84 mAs and 1.34 mAs) for Conventional Circular and RC handheld device; 60 kV/2.5 mA (2.16 mAs) for NOMAD Circular and RC handheld device; and 60 kV/2.0 mA (1.98 mAs) for Xray2 Go Circular (XTG) handheld device. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD (“honest significant difference”) statistics demonstrated significant relationships. Results The FMX E (µSv) values were: NOMAD RC (6.9); XTG (16.7); NOMAD Circular (17.4); and Conventional Circular (26.3). For circular techniques, the handheld device E was significantly lower than the conventional unit for both devices (P Discussion Handheld device E was at least 34% less than conventional circular and as much as 74% less with the use of RC. Operator exposure to the groin can increase significantly from overangulating the handheld sources; however, the addition of RC can reduce this exposure by as much as 76%.
The Influence of Limitation of Sputtered Tin Area Through Mesh Grids on Sn Whiskering

An important question in Sn whisker research concerns the role of lateral Sn diffusion in the film to the whisker root, providing the feedstock for whisker growth. In an elegant tracer experiment on diffusion in Sn films, Woodrow (2006) observed lateral atomic Sn diffusion over distances of hundreds and thousands of microns through Sn grain boundaries during whisker growth. In this work, we examine the effect of limiting the lateral extent of the Sn feedstock available during whiskering by employing extremely thin, micron-sized patterned Sn deposits, and compare to whisker growth from an comparatively large, essentially infinite (1cm x 1cm) thin Sn film. A series of metal, mesh grids of varying sizes were used as masks to define the area of sputtered tin deposited on Si substrates. The defined areas were primarily in the form of squares, with sizes ranging from7.5μm x 7.5μm to 153μm x 153μm. Sample areas also included 2 circles, with radii of 1μm and 4μm, and a rectangular strip with dimensions 46μm x 3000μm. A thickness of ~500A of sputtered Sn was deposited on each specimen. The samples were subsequently incubated for 34 days under three incubation conditions: 23oC (isothermal); 100oC (isothermal); and thermal cycling over -40oC<; T<; 125oC. Characteristically, higher whisker densities were observed as the patterned Sn area size increased, e.g., the 153μm patterns had ~ 3X more whiskers compared to the 23μm patterns under the same incubation conditions. There was a discontinuous transition in whisker density at the smallest patterned area sizes, with few whiskers found on the 7.5μm-23μm dimensioned square patterns and no whiskers found on the 1μm and 4μm patterns. Further, the whiskers obtained from micron-size areas of sputtered Sn are predominantly hillock in nature, in contrast to the high-aspect ratio whiskers normally grown from sputtered Sn on Si using standard sized films (1cm2) under identical growth conditions.
Portraits of Consumer Bankruptcy Filers in the United States

One in ten adult Americans have turned to the consumer bankruptcy system for help. For the past almost forty years, the only systematic data collection about the people who file bankruptcy comes from the Consumer Bankruptcy Project (CBP), for which we serve as co-principal investigators. In this Article, we use CBP data from 2013 to 2019 to describe who is using the bankruptcy system, providing the first comprehensive overview of bankruptcy filers in thirty years. We use principal component analysis to leverage these data to identify distinct groups of people who file bankruptcy. This technique allows us to situate the distinctions among filers’ financial and household situations within what bankruptcy laws and courts can and cannot provide. We critique the consumer bankruptcy system, based on the totality of people who have used it recently, to identify avenues for reforming bankruptcy and to underscore the broader economic, racial, and social issues that consumer bankruptcy filings highlight.
Immunologic and Virologic Factors Associated With Hospitalization in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed, Uninfected Infants in the United States.

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality than HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) infants. Few studies have examined whether particular infections and/or immune responses are associated with hospitalization among HEU infants born in the United States. METHODS We evaluated a subset of HEU infants enrolled in the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1025 and/or Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Surveillance Monitoring for ART Toxicities studies. We determined seroconversion to 6 respiratory viruses and measured antibody concentrations to 9 vaccine antigens using quantitative ELISA or electrochemiluminescence. Multivariable modified Poisson regression models were fit to evaluate associations of seroconversion to each respiratory virus/family and antibody concentrations to vaccine antigens with risk of hospitalization in the first year of life. Antibody concentrations to vaccine antigens were compared between HEU infants and HUU infants from a single site using multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS Among 556 HEU infants, seroconversion to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza was associated with hospitalization (adjusted risk ratio, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.21-3.15] and 2.30 [1.42-3.73], respectively). Antibody concentrations to tetanus toxoid, pertussis, and pneumococcal vaccine antigens were higher among 525 HEU compared with 100 HUU infants. No associations were observed between antibody concentrations with any vaccine and hospitalization among HEU infants. CONCLUSIONS RSV and parainfluenza contribute to hospitalization among HEU infants in the first year of life. HEU infants demonstrate robust antibody responses to vaccine antigens; therefore, humoral immune defects likely do not explain the increased susceptibility to infection observed in this population.
Social Isolation and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Weight.

Social isolation and loneliness have long been identified as risk factors for poorer physical and mental health and increased mortality. These factors have also been shown to impact dietary behavior and physical activity which play a role in precipitating and maintaining obesity. Less is known about the impact of social isolation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic in which social distancing is a major component of public health initiatives. This narrative review will examine the existing literature on the relationships between social isolation, loneliness, mental health, and weight as they relate to the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with obesity are at very high risk for worsening course of COVID-19, hospitalization, and death. This population may also be more significantly impacted by the dietary and physical activity consequences resulting from lockdown, social distancing, and isolation. The pandemic has led to significant lifestyle disruptions. However, early studies have largely relied upon cross-sectional studies or convenience samples. Future research will need to study the impact more rigorously, particularly among populations at greatest risk.
Immune regulation of pain: Friend and foe.

The immune system and the peripheral sensory nervous system communicate through hardwired and humoral routes using shared mediators and receptors. On the basis of studies on pain sensitivity in rod...
Differential Effects of Chronic Hypoxia on Basal and Agonist-Induced NO-Dependent Pulmonary Vasodilation in Neonatal Rats

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in neonates. However, whether basal and stimulated endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO)-dependent ...
More Failure for the Disadvantaged: Contradictory African-American Student Reactions to Compensatory Education and Urban Schooling.

This critical ethnography investigates a small group of students who have been labeled as at risk by their schools and have participated in an after-school compensatory program. The study finds that this group, made up predominantly of poor, academically unsuccessful African-American students, partially accepts and ultimately rejects the status attainment ideology promulgated within the program. The students speak a belief in this ideology but fail to act upon it for several reasons discussed in the article. The researcher concludes by positing two different ways in which adults could better represent the interests of these young people: by creating different forms of compensatory education programs or by setting up African-American alternative schools that foster the “education” of these young people.
Compact Compton scattering X-ray source for advanced cancer research

The combination of a high repetition rate (1 kHz), high power (TW-class, 100 fs) Ti:sapphire laser and a high gradient (/spl cong/75 MeV/m), high brightness (/spl epsi//spl cong/ 3 /spl pi/-mm-mrad) photoinjector/electron accelerator (15-100 MeV, /spl cong/1 nC per pulse) is predicted to produce high intensity (/spl cong/10/sup 11/ photons/sec), monoenergetic (<10% BW) X-rays tunable from 10 to 100 keV. The small source size (a/spl cong/10 /spl mu/m) permits significant magnification (up to 8/spl times/) to be employed in imaging applications.
Luminal and metabolic regulation of jejunal amino acid absorption in the rat

Studies were carried out to determine the role of luminal amino acids and metabolic balance in in vivo amino acid absorption. Previous in vitro studies have shown that adaptation of amino acid transport is a complex phenomenon. In the first series of experiments, parenterally nourished rats received a 7-day jejunal infusion of either 3% aspartic acid, glutamine, lysine, valine, or mixed amino acids. A single-pass perfusion was performed to determine the effects of infusates on 5 mM valine, aspartic acid, and lysine absorption. Compared with controls receiving luminal saline, prior glutamine infusion increased valine absorption; prior valine, glutamine, and aspartic acid infusion significantly increased aspartic acid absorption; and prior valine and lysine infusion significantly increased lysine absorption. The mixed amino acid solution had no effect. The effects of metabolic balance were examined by comparing fasted rats with parenterally fed and orally fed rats. Within 24 h fasting significantly increased valine and aspartic acid absorption, despite a significant decrease in intestinal mass.
Software Quality Modeling as a Reliability Tool

Software quality and reliability activities are important parts of software project development, and advances in related tools aim to deliver a high-quality and dependable software product. This article focuses on an effective tool in software quality engineering, namely software quality estimation models. Among existing software quality classification models, tree-based models are particularly attractive because of their model simplicity and ease in model interpretation. We perform an empirical comparative study of five tree-based software quality models. Software measurement and defect data of a very large real-world software system is used in our case study. The tree-based models are compared for model complexity, model structure, and classification accuracy. In addition, statistical analysis using ANOVA and multiple-pairwise hypothesis testing is used to evaluate the respective models based on their expected costs of misclassifica-tion. It is shown that at lower cost ratios the Sprint-Sliq model performs the best, whereas at higher cost ratios the CART model performs the best. Considering ease in model interpretation and model complexity, CART and S-PLUS are good choices. For a more robust model with good classification accuracy, Sprint-Sliq is a better tree-based model. Keywords: software quality; classification trees; software metrics; software reliability; statistical analysis
Investigating Implausible Gestational Age and High Birthweight Combinations

Background Birth certificate data overestimate national preterm births because a high percentage of last menstrual period (LMP) dates have errors. Study goals were to determine: (i) To what extent errors in transfer of birthweight and LMP date from medical records to birth certificates contribute to implausibly high birthweight-for-gestational-age births; (ii) What percentage of implausible births would be resolved if the clinical estimate (CE) from birth certificates were used instead of LMP-based gestational age, and with what degree of certainty; and (iii) Of those not resolved, what percentage had a medical explanation. Methods Medical records and birth certificates for all singleton infants with implausibly high birthweight-for-gestational-age based on LMP delivered in the Kaiser Permanente Northwest system in Oregon during 1998–2007 were examined. Percentages of implausible records resolved under various scenarios were calculated. Results A total of 100 births with implausibly high birthweight-for-gestational age combinations were identified. When LMP date and birthweight from medical records were used instead of from birth certificates, 31% of births with implausible combinations were resolved. Substituting the CE on the birth certificate for the LMP date resolved 92%. Of the latter, the clinician's gestational age estimate in the medical record was obtained in early pregnancy in 72%. Five of the eight births with unresolved implausible combinations were to mothers with diabetes; the remaining three had no documented medical explanation. Conclusions In this study, use of the birth certificate CE rather than the LMP resulted in a clinically reliable reclassification for the majority of implausible birthweight-for-gestational age deliveries.
Thermal runaway during the evolution of ONeMg cores towards accretion-induced collapse

We study the evolution of degenerate electron cores primarily composed of the carbon burning products 16 O, 20 Ne, and 24 Mg (hereafter ONeMg cores) that are undergoing compression. Electron capture reactions on A = 20 and A = 24 isotopes reduce the electron fraction and heat the core. We develop and use a new capability of the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA) stellar evolution code that provides a highly accurate implementation of these key reactions. These new accurate rates and the ability of MESA to perform extremely small spatial zoning demonstrates a thermal runaway in the core triggered by the temperature and density sensitivity of the 20 Ne electron capture reactions. Both analytics and numerics show that this thermal runaway does not trigger core convection, but rather leads to a centrally concentrated (r < km) thermal runaway that will subsequently launch an oxygen deagration wave from the center of the star. We use MESA to perform a parameter study that quanties the inuence of the
Academic publishing, Part II: where to publish your work.

It may seem like this would be a very easy topic for the Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Neurology to address: Of course the paper should go to Annals! But in fact, the choice of journals is much more complex than that. Even when advising people in my own department or laboratory about which journal to choose to submit their work, I take into account a variety of factors, including matching the manuscript with journals that publish other papers in the same subfield, at the same level of analysis, and with the same breadth of interest. Authors are also concerned about the visibility or impact factor of the journal. And then, after submission, there is the issue of how to respond when the paper comes back for revisions. . .or worse. . . In this article, we will cover these topics. In the next segment in this series, we will take up the best way to write your paper to maximize your chances of success.
THE USE OF EQUILIBRIUM NETWORK MODELS IN LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT : WITH APPLICATION TO THE U.S. COAL INDUSTRY

Abstract This paper discusses the use in logistics management of the freight network equilibrium model, developed in Harker and Friesz (1985a, b), called the Generalized Spatial Price Equilibrium Model, or GSPEM. After this discussion, computational techniques for solving this model are presented. The application of GSPEM to the analysis of the U.S. coal economy is then presented and future extensions of this line of research are discussed.
An anatomic consideration in angiography of the neck: Replacement of part of the costocervical trunk to the inferior thyroid artery

Parathyroid angiography can be hazardous because of potential cervical cord damage due to inadvertent injections into obturated branches of the costocervical trunk. Occasionally these branches may arise from the thyrocervical trunk. A case in which only the superior intercostal artery appeared to be replaced to the inferior thyroid artery illustrates one variant within the spectrum of costocervical trunk anomalies.
Using the causal domain to specify and verify distributed programs

A system for specification and proof of distributed programs is presented. The method is based directly on the partial order of local states (poset) and avoids the notions of time and simultaneity. Programs are specified by documenting the relationship between local states which are adjacent to each other in the poset. Program properties are defined by stating properties of the poset. Many program properties can be expressed succinctly and elegantly using this method because poset properties inherently account for varying processor execution speeds. The system utilizes a proof technique which uses induction on the complement of the causally precedes relation and is shown to be useful in proving poset properties. We demonstrate the system on three example algorithms: vector clocks, mutual exclusion, and direct dependency clocks.
Comparing enhanced situation awareness system computer-generated imagery approaches: symbolic to photorealistic

In this paper, the costs and technology trends associated with generating each of six candidate synthetic scene presentation format examples are compared. The evaluated formats were: (1) symbolic, using FAA Symbol Set One; (2.a) the same, but enhanced to include a ridge line; (2.b) the same, but enhanced to include more ridge line detail; (3) the same, but enhanced to include a wireframe depiction of the terrain surface; (4) a sun-angle-shaded perspective format; (5) a texture mapped format; and (6) a photo-realistic format. Cost metrics included luminance, power, computational throughput, RAM and mass storage requirements. Of the format candidates evaluated, today's cost and trend data indicate that a photo-realistic technology under development at Honeywell offers significant potential. Finally, guidelines are provided to enable the reader to assess costs for format alternatives and other costs for assumptions beyond those presented here.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finite element computation of electromagnetic fields [hyperthermia treatment]

A three dimensional finite element solution scheme is developed for numerically computing electromagnetically induced power depositions. The solution method is applicable to those problems for which it can be reasonably assumed that the magnetic permeability is homogeneous. The method employs an incident field/scattered field approach where the incident field is precalculated and used as the forcing function for the computation of the scattered field. A physically logical condition is used for the numerical boundary conditions to overcome the fact that electromagnetic problems are generally unbounded (i.e., the boundary condition is applied at infinity) but numerical models must have a boundary condition applied to some finite location. At that numerical boundary, an outgoing spherical wave is simulated. Finally, an alternate to a direct solution scheme is described. This alternate method, a preconditioned conjugate gradient solver, provides both a storage and CPU time advantage over direct solution methods. For example, a one-thousand fold decrease in CPU time was achieved for simple test cases. Unlike most iterative methods, the preconditioned conjugate gradient technique used has the important property of guaranteed convergence. Solutions obtained from this finite element method are compared to analytic solutions demonstrating that the solution method is second-order accurate. >