cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evangelization and Popular Piety in Europe

The Catholic Reform as well as the Protestant Reformation took as a primary goal to evangelize, or christianize, ordinary people. This always implied adaptation to their situation. Evangelization meant raising the level of religious knowledge and practice, and it was closely related to confessionalism. Ultimately, both Catholic Reform and Reformation sought to deepen religious belief, but belief is still more difficult to measure than knowledge or practice, and in the last instance is known only to God. Yet knowledge and practice probably do usually reflect belief. Evaluated from the perspective of christianization, the Catholic Reform was undoubtedly successful by the early decades of the eighteenth century, especially if one also considers its educational efforts, to be taken up in the following chapter.
Microbiological and Sensory Evaluation of Fresh Fish Packaged in Carbon Dioxide for Retail Outlets in the Midwest.

Fresh fish obtained from a commercial packaging plant were evaluated for microbial content and sensory changes during 3 weeks of storage. Fish were packaged in (a) nylon-Surlyn bags and backflushed with approximately 80% CO2, (b) in nylon-Surlyn bags with no alternation of gaseous environment, or (c) over-wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film. After packaging, fish were stored at 1°C. Two types of fish (ocean perch and sea trout) were analyzed. The data indicate that fish packaged in the nylon-Surlyn bag with CO2 had the smallest increase in microbial numbers followed by the fish packaged without CO2. An increase in the bacterial lag phase was observed for the fish packaged in CO2 when compared with fish packaged without CO2 or over-wrapped. The fish packaged in CO2 maintained a lower pH during storage compared with fish packaged without CO2. The highest microbial load was found in fish packaged with the polyvinyl chloride over-wrap.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH LESS CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND LOWER MORTALITY

Background: There is a controversy regarding the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a cardio-protective agent in postmenopausal women. We aim to examine the effect of HRT treatment on coronary artery calcium (CAC) and on mortality in a large retrospective cohort of post-menopausal women
Volterra kernels extraction from frequency-domain data for weakly non-linear circuit time-domain simulation

Volterra series have been popular in non-linear system analysis and modeling for a long time. Volterra representation adapts the convolution concept from linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, generalizes it to “super convolutions” and, hence, are able to characterize the dynamical behavior of non-linear circuits using familiar LTI techniques. It is extensively used in white-box verification problems where small order distortion terms occur such as transistor circuits. This paper presents an experiment with finite order non-linear circuits and uses frequency-domain data obtained from Harmonic Balance (HB) simulation to extract Volterra kernels.
An FPGA-in-the-loop approach for HDL motor controller verification

This paper presents a solution to address verification-related challenges during the design and validation for motor control applications that call for joint simulation of the control algorithm and the motor. One method used previously involved playback of a prerecorded motor response in order to get around a lack of an HDL model for the motor, resulting in erroneous results. To circumvent this, we present a workflow approach using FPGA-in-the-Loop simulation (FIL), which configures an FPGA with the HDL design and uses it as a computation block for closed-loop simulation. The approach is illustrated to implement, test, and validate two control schemes: a vector based Field Oriented Control (FOC) and the scalar voltage by frequency (V/f) algorithms on a permanent magnet synchronous machine. The proposed approach is useful to provide validation before hardware implementation.
Bliskość Pawła wobec Tesaloniczan w 1 Tes 2,7b-12

In one of the earliest documents of Christianity, in a highly patriarchal society, when addressing Gentile Christians, Paul did not hesitate to liken himself not only to a father, but also to a woman who cares for her own children. In contrast to itinerant philosophers, he did not only preach, but by the example of his life showed love for them, even to the point of sacrificing his being. The metaphor of the mother relates among other things with the admonition to avoid prostitution and the koinonia of all during and after the Last Judgment. In the oldest document of Christianity, Paul speaks to Christians of all nations and does not stop, in a upmost Patriarchal society, trying to assimilate himself with the image of a woman in the way she nurtures and cares for her own children. He does not simply preach, but unlike the wandering philosophers, he has such calmness, compassion and love for them in which he gives his soul, his being. Simultaneously, he is a father, since with his example and sayings, he teaches everyone, individually, to stay away from iniquity and prays unceasingly. The presentation of the sender as a mother and father of the recipients, brothers of the newborn Church of Thessaloniki, relates to the call to stay away from harlotry and that everybody will coexist during and after the Second Coming of our Lord. Translation by: Nikolaos Georgantonis
Consensus Guided Multi-View Clustering

In recent decades, tremendous emerging techniques thrive the artificial intelligence field due to the increasing collected data captured from multiple sensors. These multi-view data provide more rich information than traditional single-view data. Fusing heterogeneous information for certain tasks is a core part of multi-view learning, especially for multi-view clustering. Although numerous multi-view clustering algorithms have been proposed, most scholars focus on finding the common space of different views, but unfortunately ignore the benefits from partition level by ensemble clustering. For ensemble clustering, however, there is no interaction between individual partitions from each view and the final consensus one. To fill the gap, we propose a Consensus Guided Multi-View Clustering (CMVC) framework, which incorporates the generation of basic partitions from each view and fusion of consensus clustering in an interactive way, i.e., the consensus clustering guides the generation of basic partitions, and high quality basic partitions positively contribute to the consensus clustering as well. We design a non-trivial optimization solution to formulate CMVC into two iterative k-means clusterings by an approximate calculation. In addition, the generalization of CMVC provides a rich feasibility for different scenarios, and the extension of CMVC with incomplete multi-view clustering further validates the effectiveness for real-world applications. Extensive experiments demonstrate the advantages of CMVC over other widely used multi-view clustering methods in terms of cluster validity, and the robustness of CMVC to some important parameters and incomplete multi-view data.
Acute autoimmune hepatitis presenting with peripheral blood eosinophilia

Peripheral blood eosinophilia has been described in a broad variety of allergic, infectious, neoplastic and autoimmune diseases. To the best of our knowledge blood eosinophilia has never previously been reported in association with isolated autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the absence of other autoimmune conditions. Herein we report an interesting case of an 18 year old man who presented to our hospital with an acute autoimmune hepatitis diagnosed on the basis of clinical features, serology and histopathology. He was noted to have a moderate peripheral eosinophilia at diagnosis which resolved within days of initiation of corticosteroids for treatment of the AIH. Given the absence of other systemic conditions or drugs which may have produced the eosinophilia and its rapid resolution with treatment of the underlying liver disease, we wished to highlight this rather novel presentation of AIH.
Glycoprotein IIb Leu214Pro Mutation Produces Glanzmann Thrombasthenia With Both Quantitative and Qualitative Abnormalities in GPIIb/IIIa

Glanzmann thrombasthenia is an inherited bleeding disorder due to a functional reduction or absence of platelet GPIIb/IIIa (alphaIIbbeta3) integrin receptors. Based on a prolonged bleeding time and absence of platelet aggregation in response to physiologic agonists, a 55-year-old white man was diagnosed as having Glanzmann thrombasthenia. The patient's platelet fibrinogen level was approximately 5% of normal. As judged by complex-dependent monoclonal antibody (MoAb) binding, surface expression of platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptors was less than 5.5% of normal, whereas the binding of an anti-GPIIIa specific MoAb (7H2) was approximately 12% of normal. Immunoblot analysis of the patient's platelet lysates showed approximately 35% of normal levels of GPIIIa, approximately 30% of normal levels of GPIIb, and an abnormally migrating fragment of GPIIb. Biotinylation of the surface proteins on the patient's platelets followed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed only GPIIb and GPIIIa subunits of normal size. Surface expression of platelet alphavbeta3 receptors was 192% of normal, suggesting that the patient's' defect was in GPIIb. Sequence analysis of the patient's GPIIb cDNA identified a T to C transition at nucleotide 643, predicting a Leu214Pro substitution. Direct sequencing of GPIIb exon 6 indicated that the patient is homozygous for the mutation. The nature of the Leu214Pro mutation was analyzed by expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. As judged by subunit-specific MoAb binding, surface expression of mutant receptors was approximately 60% of normal, but these receptors were not recognized by the complex-dependent monoclonal antibodies, 10E5 and 7E3. In addition, mutant receptors pretreated with the ligand-induced binding site MoAb AP5 were not recognized by the activation-dependent MoAb PAC-1 and mutant expressing CHO cells did not adhere to immobilized fibrinogen. These data suggest that the Leu214Pro mutation in GPIIb disrupts the structural conformation, and either directly or indirectly, the ligand binding properties of the heterodimeric complex. This is in accord with studies from other integrins that have implicated a beta-turn in a homologous region as important in ligand binding. Thus, the Leu214Pro mutation appears to produce the Glanzmann thrombasthenia phenotype by both qualitative and quantitative abnormalities. In addition, the mutation appears to confer susceptibility of the GPIIb subunit to proteolysis.
Policing perception: postpolitics and the elusive everyday

ABSTRACTThis piece argues that urban postpolitical scholarship should pay greater attention to the everyday lives of urban residents and the everyday spaces of contemporary cities. Recent debates i...
Long-term trends (2005–2016) of source apportioned PM2.5 across New York State

Abstract The United States has experienced substantial air pollutant emissions reductions in the last two decades. Among others, emissions produced by electricity generation plants and industries were significantly lowered. Ultralow (
Torsion in Tensor Products over One-Dimensional Domains

Over a one-dimensional Gorenstein local domain R, let E be the endomorphism ring of the maximal of R, viewed as a subring of the integral closure \(\overline R\). If there exist finitely generated R-modules M and N, neither of them free, whose tensor product is torsion-free, we show that E must be local with the same residue field as R.
Price of Anarchy in Networks with Heterogeneous Latency Functions

We address the performance of selfish network routing in multicommodity flows where the latency or delay function on edges is dependent on the flow of individual commodities, rather than on the agg...
Theorizing urban agriculture: north–south convergence

Few topics have been addressed through as large a range of perspectives and interests as urban agriculture (UA), yet the literature has been loosely characterized by a divergence and disconnect between research conducted in the global north (GN), and that in the global south (GS). In cities of the global south, UA is widely analyzed through a productivist lens, focusing on food production and individual or household-level contributions of urban farming to food security, household income, and livelihoods. Meanwhile, in cities of the global north, engagement with UA also speaks to food production and food security but is just as often focused on environmental and social movements, civic engagement and justice, and more recently urban sustainability and resiliency. We argue that productivist and post-productivist dichotomies are somewhat displaced as differences between the GN/GS are becoming less pronounced. Furthermore, such a dichotomy reinforces assumptions about the nature of urbanization itself, eliding both the commonalities among urban spaces and specificities that come from each place. By examining how UA is approached and written about in different contexts, we hope to highlight the gaps, but also to illustrate convergent themes, particularly those that increasingly characterize contemporary UA research. After elaborating on these tensions, we will build on the increasing relevance of the convergences by suggesting some potentially fruitful future directions for UA research. We conclude with ideas about how novel theoretical concepts might be used to identify overlapping themes in useful and insightful ways, and to increase the significance and reach of UA research.
SHGAPE Presidential Address: Mind the GAPE: Globality and the Rural Midwest

This essay, originally delivered as the SHGAPE Presidential Address in April 2019, takes as a starting point the fiftieth anniversary of William Appleman Williams's The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society. It finds that Williams's claims about the agrarian roots of the modern American empire remain an important corrective to imperial denial, including to the stubborn idea of the American heartland as a locus of isolationist impulses, as a place better characterized as endangered by global forces than as a wellspring of power. Broadening out beyond Williams's export-centered analysis, this essay highlights some of the multi-directional links that connected the rural heartland to the wider world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By turning a seemingly local history inside out, it draws attention to longer histories of settler colonialism, the import side of trade ledgers, transimperial solidarities, and the networks of anticolonial resistance that emerged in land grant colleges. In addition to reframing nationalist mythologies more precisely as white nationalist mythologies, it concludes that there is no going back to the heartland of myth because it never existed in the first place.
Identifying factors impacting the efficacy of postmastectomy radiotherapy in patients with early-stage breast cancer and one to two positive lymph nodes.

Introduction In women with T1-2 breast cancer and one to two positive axillary lymph nodes (LN) at low risk for recurrence, postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) may provide insufficient benefit to justify its toxicity. This study evaluated the interaction of factors associated with overall survival (OS) after PMRT in these patients. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for women with T1-2 breast cancer undergoing mastectomy with one to two positive LN identified on lymphadenectomy. Patients were grouped according to number of positive LN and then stratified by PMRT use. Differences in OS were evaluated. Results Multivariable modeling demonstrated an interaction effect of age on the efficacy of PMRT. In patients more than or equal to 60 years old, PMRT was associated with improved survival when adjusting for age and tumor grade in patients with 1 to 2 positive LN (risk ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval = 0.40-0.93, P = .018). In patients less than 60 years old, tumor size and grade, but not PMRT, were associated with improved OS. Conclusion For women with T1-2 breast cancer and one to two positive LN, PMRT's association with OS is influenced by age, tumor grade, and number of positive LN. PMRT appears to be associated with improvements in OS in older patients, but not younger patients, regardless of tumor size or nodal status.
2010: A BEACON Odyssey

Life often follows a peculiar and winding path. This paper connects some events in my life with how I got to know Erik Goodman and how the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action came into being. Some of these events are from memory, while others were recorded in emails. Of course, BEACON has had many participants and so there are many narrative threads, which together are woven into the tapestry of BEACON and our lives.
Infrequent but adaptive outsourcing in recognition memory

Abstract After a to-be-remembered event occurs, individuals may receive additional information that alters their memory for that event. When this external information is misleading, it can result in memory “contamination.” When this external information is accurate, individuals can benefit (e.g., seeing a hint at retrieval). Notably, it appears that even if this external information is only sometimes accurate, individuals can still benefit if they restrict use of that information to conditions where their own memory is particularly poor. This is known as low-confidence outsourcing. Existing work supporting this account has provided participants with unavoidable recognition cues that mark test items as “likely old” or “likely new”. However, this makes it difficult to see how individuals choose to use those cues. The present work gives participants the opportunity to seek out or avoid external cues, which allows for a higher resolution look at when and how individuals integrate external information into the recognition decision. In two single-item recognition studies we demonstrate that individuals improved recognition performance when they had the opportunity to seek out valid external cues. However, they only used those cues on about a quarter of trials where cues were available, and tended to use those cues most often when memory quality was poor. When individuals did acquire this information, they were heavily influenced by it. These results support accounts of low-confidence outsourcing.
Quantifying oxygen induced surface enrichment of a dilute PdAu alloy catalyst

Dilute PdAu alloys are promising catalysts for selective oxidation and hydrogenation reactions. However, the surface composition and active site density of the minority metal, Pd, is unknown. In this study, we quantitatively determine a three-fold increase in the Pd site density on the surface of a dilute Pd0.08Au0.92 alloy catalyst after oxygen activation by titrating the oxidized surface with quantified pulses of CO.
Association Between Glycemic Gap and In-hospital Outcomes in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction: Glycemic gap (GG), as determined by the difference between glucose and the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-derived estimated average glucose (eAG), is associated with poor outcomes in various clinical settings. There is a paucity of data describing GG and outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Our main objectives were to evaluate the association of admission glycemic gap (aGG) with in-hospital mortality and with poor composite outcome and to compare aGG’s predictive value to admission serum glucose. Secondary outcomes were the associations between aGG and neurologic complications including vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia following aSAH. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 119 adult patients with aSAH admitted to a single tertiary care neuroscience ICU. Spearman method was used for correlation for non-normality of data. Area under the curve (AUC) for Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate prediction accuracy of aGG and admission glucose on outcome measures. Multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the value of aGG in predicting in-hospital poor composite outcome and death. Results: Elevated aGG at or above 30mg/dL was identified in 79 (66.4%) of patients. Vasospasm was not associated with the elevated aGG. Admission GG correlated with admission serum glucose (r=0.94, p<0.01), lactate (r=0.41, p<0.01), procalcitonin (r=0.38, p<0.01), and Hunt and Hess score (r= 0.51, p<0.01), but not with HbA1c (r=0.02, p=0.82). Compared to admission glucose, aGG had a statistically significantly improved accuracy in predicting inpatient mortality (AUC mean±SEM: 0.77±0.05 vs. 0.72±0.06, p=0.03) and trended towards statistically improved accuracy in predicting poor composite outcome (AUC: 0.69±0.05 vs. 0.66±0.05, p=0.07). When controlling for aSAH severity, aGG was not independently associated with delayed cerebral ischemia, poor composite outcome, and in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Admission GG was not independently associated with in-hospital mortality or poor outcome in a population of aSAH. An aGG ≥30mg/dL was common in our population, and further study is needed to fully understand the clinical importance of this biomarker.
Basic Protein of Myelin and Its Role in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a distinct form of autoimmune disease. It was produced as early as 1933 by repeated injection of brain emulsion into monkeys.(1) Some 14 years later, Kabat, Wolf, and Bezer(2) produced EAE with one injection of whole brain with Freund’s adjuvant. This and subsequent reports provided a detailed description of the pathological and some of the immunological aspects of the disease. Soon, however, it was recognized that the injection of whole neural tissue would not answer the crucial question of whether or not the antigenic response was due to the same compound which elicited the neurological defect. The brain has many high molecular weight compounds which, although antigenic, are not encephalitogenic. Efforts were concentrated therefore, on the identification of the disease-producing encephalitogenic antigen and its immunological action. The results of these investigations have been reviewed in several publications and in symposia.(3–8)
The everyday lives of video game developers: Experimentally understanding underlying systems/structures

This essay examines how tensions between work and play for video game developers shape the worlds they create. The worlds of game developers, whose daily activity is linked to larger systems of experimentation and technoscientific practice, provide insights that transcend video game development work. The essay draws on ethnographic material from over 3 years of fieldwork with video game developers in the United States and India. It develops the notion of creative collaborative practice based on work in the fields of science and technology studies, game studies, and media studies. The importance of, the desire for, or the drive to understand underlying systems and structures has become fundamental to creative collaborative practice. I argue that the daily activity of game development embodies skills fundamental to creative collaborative practice and that these capabilities represent fundamental aspects of critical thought. Simultaneously, numerous interests have begun to intervene in ways that endanger these foundations of creative collaborative practice.
Role of T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Recovery from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Calves

The role of T-cell subsets in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was investigated by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to selectively deplete gnotobiotic calves of CD4+, CD8+, or WC1+ gamma delta T-cell receptor+ lymphocytes. Injection of these MAbs produced specific reductions of the target cell populations in the circulation and tissues. Ten days after RSV infection, immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1, and IgA antibodies were detected in sera and lung washings from control calves. Depletion of CD8+ T cells had no effect on either the serum or local antibody responses to RSV, whereas depletion of CD4+ T cells suppressed the antibody responses in two of three calves. The IgM and IgA responses were significantly increased in the lung washings of calves from which WC1+ T cells were depleted. Depletion of CD4+ or WC1+ T cells caused no significant delay in virus clearance, although an increase in the extent of pneumonic consolidation was observed in anti-CD4-treated calves. Nasopharyngeal excretion of RSV was prolonged in calves depleted of CD8+ T cells, and virus was isolated in high titers from lung washings of these animals 10 days after infection, whereas virus had been cleared from lung washings of all other animals. The delayed virus clearance was associated with an increase in the severity of pneumonic consolidation in three of four of the calves from which CD8+ T cells were depleted. This study shows that CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in the recovery of calves from RSV infection.
The Sexual Dysfunctions

Affirmation of individual sexuality and sexual functioning has gained a unique importance in American society. Although increasingly dissociated from procreational concerns, sexual behavior has come to internalize the Protestant work ethic, so that performance and satisfaction within the sexual sphere are now measured by standards of achievement once thought applicable only to work. Critics might remark that sex is just another example of how our society transforms recreation into “laborious” play (Lewis & Brissett, 1967), but this effect seems to have been mediated by a concerted sequence of social change within the professional and lay communities (see Gagnon, 1975, for an interesting expose): Beginning in the 1920s and culminating in the work of Kinsey in the 1940s and 1950s, a tradition of social bookkeeping began focusing on the sexual behavior of relatively normal persons. Methodologically such studies moved away from the case history and from populations who were defined as criminal or neurotic. At the same time, general social changes were occurring that were directly affecting the rates and directions of sexual conduct in the society. The work of Alfred Kinsey charted these changes and in turn influenced public attitudes, public policy, and research interests during the 1950s and 1960s. (Gagnon, 1975, p. 111)
Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After Perinatal Loss in a Population-Based Sample

Abstract Introduction: Perinatal loss is often a traumatic outcome for families. While there are limited data about depressive outcomes in small populations, information about depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among large racially and economically diverse populations is sparse. Methods: We collaborated with the Michigan Department of Community Health to conduct a longitudinal survey of bereaved mothers with stillbirth or infant death under 28 days of life and live-birth (control) mothers in Michigan. The study assessed 9-month mental health outcomes including self-reported symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder along with information about demographics, pregnancy and loss experience, social support, and past and present mental health and treatment. Results: Of 1400 women contacted by the State of Michigan, 609 completed surveys and were eligible to participate for a 44% response rate (377 bereaved mothers and 232 control mothers with live births). In multivariable analysis, be...
The Effect of Runway Surface and Braking on Shuttle Orbiter Main Gear Tire Wear

In 1988, a 1067 m long touchdown zone on each end of the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) was modified from its original heavy-broom finish with transverse grooves configuration to a longitudinal corduroy surface texture with no transverse grooves. The intent of this modification was to reduce the spin-up wear on the Orbiter main gear tires and provide for somewhat higher crosswind capabilities at that site. The modification worked well, so it was proposed that the remainder of the runway be modified as well to permit even higher crosswind landing capability. Tests were conducted at the NASA Langley Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility (ALDF) to evaluate the merit of such a modification. This paper discusses the results of these tests, and explains why the proposed modification did not provide the expected improvement and thus was not implemented. Also, in an ongoing program to evaluate the origin of various tire wear phenomenon, a series of tests was conducted to evaluate the effect of braking on tire wear. Finally, a modified tire is discussed in terms of its wear performance under rollout and braking operations.
Onset of irreversibility and chaos in amorphous solids under periodic shear.

A fundamental problem in the physics of amorphous materials is understanding the transition from reversible to irreversible plastic behavior and its connection to yield. Currently, continuum material modeling relies on phenomenological yield thresholds, however in many cases the transition from elastic to plastic behavior is gradual, which makes it difficult to identify an exact yield criterion. Here we show that under periodic shear, amorphous solids undergo a transition from repetitive, predictable behavior to chaotic, irregular behavior as a function of the strain amplitude. In both the periodic and chaotic regimes, localized particle rearrangements are observed. We associate the point of transition from repetitive to chaotic behavior with the yield strain and suggest that at least for oscillatory shear, yield in amorphous solids is a result of a ``transition to chaos.''
Effect of adsorbent heat and mass transfer resistances on performace of an open-cycle adiabatic desiccant cooling system

Abstract A mathematical model describing the heat and mass transfer processes that occur during sorption of water vapor in a dehumidifier consisting of parallel channels lined on either side width desiccant felt, is presented. The model includes both gas-side and solid-side resistances for thermal and mass transport. The moisture transport in the desiccant is expressed by considering both gas phase diffusion and surface diffusion. The heat and mass transfer in the desiccant matrix occurs simultaneously and is coupled by an equilibrium sorption relation which is applied locally within the desiccant. Solutions are obtained by using an explicit finite-difference scheme. The effect of heat and mass transfer Biot numbers and other system parameters on the performance of an adiabatic open-cycle cooling system are investigated.
Variations in Nimbus-7 Cloud Estimates. Part II: Regional Changes

Abstract Regional estimates of low, middle, high, and total cloud amounts derived from bispectral measurements from Nimbus-7 have been analyzed for the six-year period April 1979 through March 1985. Fractional cloud cover for the three height categories was used to calculate a proxy mean cloud-top height. Intra- and interannual standard deviations of total cloud amount and mean cloud height show realistic patterns throughout most of the globe except at very high latitudes. Over much of the cash, intra-annual and interannual variations in total cloud amount are strongly positively correlated with variations in cloud height. Furthermore, both total cloud amount and cloud height variations are moderately correlated with sea surface temperature variations. The strongest correlations are positive in the tropics for both intra-annual and interannual variations. In middle latitudes, moderate negative correlations are positive with intra-annual variations, whereas moderate positive correlations occur on interannu...
Disiloxane bridged indenyl metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerizations

Abstract Two new disiloxanyl-bridged bis(indenyl) Group 4 metallocenes, [ rac -1,3-bis( η 5 -indenyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane]dichlorotitanium ( 2 ) and -zirconium ( 3 ), have been synthesized from the corresponding ligand 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-bis(indenyl)disiloxane ( 5 ), which in turn was obtained by the hydrolysis of (1-indenyl)chlorodimethylsilane ( 4 ). Both 2 and 3 exhibit unusual and unexpected catalysis behaviors for olefin polymerization. They polymerize ethylene only when activated by methyl aluminoxane (MAO) but not by Ph 3 C + B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 − -tri-isobutylaluminum ( 7 ). The Ti precursor 2 does not polymerize propylene with either cocatalyst, whereas the Zr precursor 3 exhibited moderate activity to produce atactic polypropylene, even though 3 is C 2 symmetric. The propylene polymerization activities of 3 -MAO increased strongly while that of 3–7 decreased slightly with the increase in T P . These catalytic behaviors may be the result of σ donation from oxygen atom of the siloxane bridge to metal center.
Masculinity-Femininity in Children's Self-Concepts: The Relationship to Teachers' Judgments of Social Adjustment and Academic Ability, Classroom Behaviors and Popularity.

This study explored the response of peers and teachers to children who differed in the extent to which their self-concepts included traits which children view as masculine or feminine. It was hypothesized that teachers would judge relatively more masculine children to be inferior in (1) academic ability and (2) social adjustment compared to more feminine children, and that these relationships would be independent of IQ. Relationships between masculine—feminine self-concept and observable classroom behaviors were examined, particularly the impact of classroom behavior on teachers' evaluations of masucline versus feminine children. Finally, the relationship between masculine—feminine self-concept and popularity was studied. Subjects were 64 middle-class fourth and fifth graders. For boys, the hypotheses were supported for evaluations made by seven women teachers. Evaluations made by one man teacher did not support the hypotheses. Neither hypothesis was supported for girls. Among boys, relative masculinity was associated with a distinctive pattern of classroom behavior, and this statistically accounted for women teachers' negative evaluations of the more masculine boys. For boys, the relationship between popularity and masculine—feminine self-concept differed significantly between classroom settings; while for girls there were no significant relationships. Methodological issues, sex differences in the importance of sex-typing of self-concept, teacher sex differences, and implications for mental health are discussed.
Dilemmatic experiences of young migrants in Accra, Ghana: The merciless hands of pirate urbanization and landlordism

The general pattern of internal migration in Ghana has been north to south. While a number of studies have focused on the vulnerabilities and urban problems associated with this pattern, the dynamics of internal migration with emphasis on young people in a slum setting have not been explored. To accomplish the goal of understanding the dynamics of internal migration among young people from the north of Ghana to Old Fadama, an Accra slum in the south, two specific objectives have been pursued. First, I explore the housing and environmental stressors encountered by young migrants at the destination and their proposed strategies to deal with these stressors and second, I explain how government policies are lagging behind to deal with these stressors. I use insights from the concepts of pirate urbanization and landlordism to show that substandard structures and the monetization of equity (property) among the relatively more privileged in the slum exacerbate the predicaments of these migrants. Drawing on the concepts of sovereign power and non-sovereign power, I suggest that lessons from the elements of these concepts (such as ethnic net-like organizations and governmental agencies) provide entry points for programmatic and policy directions aimed toward these young migrants in a high-risk environment. I use a mixed-methods approach to examine the objectives of this work. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with young migrants (aged 10–29) in Old Fadama. I find that the major stressors faced by these young people include poor shelter, lack of sanitation, poor health outcomes, and human right violations, and these are exacerbated by the privatization of squatting.
Overview of naturally occurring Earth materials and human health concerns

Abstract The biosphere and the Earth’s critical zone have maintained a dynamic equilibrium for more than 3.5 billion years. Except for solar energy, almost all terrestrial substances necessary for life have been derived from near-surface portions of the land, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. If aggregate biological activities are less than the rate of nutrient supply and/or resource renewal, sustained population growth is possible. Where the replenishment rate of a life-sustaining Earth material is finite, usage may reach a condition of dynamic equilibrium in which biological consumption equals but on average cannot exceed the overall supply. Although large, most natural resources are present in finite abundances; for such commodities, excessive present-day human utilization reduces future availability, and thus the ultimate planetary carrying capacity for civilization. Intensive use of Earth materials has enhanced the quality of life, especially in the developed nations. Still, natural background levels, and Earth processes such as volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities involving agriculture, construction, and the extraction, refining, and transformation of mineral resources have led to harmful side effects involving environmental degradation and public health hazards. Among naturally and anthropogenically induced risks are bioaccessible airborne dusts and gases, soluble pollutants in agricultural, industrial, and residential waters, and toxic chemical species in foods and manufactured products. At appropriate levels of ingestion, many Earth materials are necessary for existence, but underdoses and overdoses have mild to serious consequences for human health and longevity. This overview briefly sketches several natural resource health hazards. Included are volcanic ash + aerosols + gases, mineral dusts, non-volcanic aerosols + nanoparticles, asbestos + fibrous zeolites, arsenic, fluorine, iodine, uranium + thorium + radium + radon + polonium, selenium, mercury, copper, lead, chromium, and cadmium. Also noted are health effects of natural disasters, and an obligatory future sustainable consumption of natural resources. Not treated are the overwhelming adverse effects of malnutrition, lack of potable water, inadequate sanitation, fossil fuel usage, mining, manufacturing, and agricultural pollution, or environmental pathogens, nor are the important impacts of complex mixtures of Earth materials considered. With rise of the worldwide information network, economic globalization, and the industrial thrust of Developing Nations, the achievement of natural resource sustainability has emerged as a strategic imperative. Accompanying increased rates of Earth materials consumption and attendant environmental change, substantially improved, universal public health will require a major global effort, integrating collaborations among geoscientists, medical researchers, and epidemiologists. Governments and NGOs must provide important support of such cooperative efforts, and both health and Earth scientists must cross disciplinary and national boundaries.
Substance P binds to the formylpeptide chemotaxis receptor on the rabbit neutrophil.

Abstract Substance P, a potent vasodilatory and smooth muscle contracting agent, binds specificially to the formyl peptide receptor on the rabbit neutrophil. Substance P stimulates chemotaxis and induces lysosomal enzyme secretion in concentrations which similarily inhibit f Met-Leu-(3H)Phe receptor binding. Competitive antagonists of the formyl peptide receptor also inhibit the activity of Substance P. The finding of a naturally occurring eukaryotic peptide interacting with the neutrophil formyl peptide receptor is of importance.
Effect of source and obstacle strengths on yield stress: A discrete dislocation study

The combined effect of dislocation source strength tau(s), dislocation obstacle strength tau(obs), and obstacle spacing L(obs) on the yield stress of single crystal metals is investigated analytically and numerically. A continuum theory of dislocation pileups emanating from a finite-strength source and impinging on asymmetric obstacles gives a closed-form expression for the yield stress. A 2d discrete dislocation model for a single-source/obstacle problem agrees well with the analytic model over a wide range of material parameters. Discrete dislocation simulations for a full tensile bar with statistically distributed sources and obstacles show that the distribution of obstacles plays a significant role in controlling the yield stress. Over a wide range of parameters, the simulations agree well with the analytic model using an effective obstacle spacing L(obs) chosen to capture the strength-controlling statistically weaker pileup configurations. The analytic model can thus be used to guide the choice of source and obstacle parameters to obtain a desired yield stress. The model also shows how different combinations of internal source and obstacle parameters can generate the same macroscopic yield stress, and points to several internal length scales that could relate to size-dependent plasticity phenomena. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Consistency of an estimator of the number of changes in binomial observations

Abstract Assuming the observations are independent, binomial random variables, the estimator of the unknown number of changes in the parameters is proposed via Schwarz' criterion. The weak consistency of this estimator is established.
Selective down-regulation of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.

Author(s): Burns, David M; Ying, Weihai; Kauppinen, Tiina M; Zhu, Keqing; Swanson, Raymond A | Abstract: BackgroundThe formation of ADP-ribose polymers on target proteins by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases serves a variety of cell signaling functions. In addition, extensive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a dominant cause of cell death in ischemia-reperfusion, trauma, and other conditions. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) degrades the ADP-ribose polymers formed on acceptor proteins by PARP-1 and other PARP family members. PARG exists as multiple isoforms with differing subcellular localizations, but the functional significance of these isoforms is uncertain.Methods / principal findingsPrimary mouse astrocytes were treated with an antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO) targeted to exon 1 of full-length PARG to suppress expression of this nuclear-specific PARG isoform. The antisense-treated cells showed down-regulation of both nuclear PARG immunoreactivity and nuclear PARG enzymatic activity, without significant alteration in cytoplasmic PARG activity. When treated with the genotoxic agent MNNG to induced PARP-1 activation, the antisense-treated cells showed a delayed rate of nuclear PAR degradation, reduced nuclear condensation, and reduced cell death.Conclusions/significanceThese results support a preferentially nuclear localization for full-length PARG, and suggest a key role for this isoform in the PARP-1 cell death pathway.
Patterns of E.coli leucine tRNA isoacceptors following bacteriophage MS2 infection.

Abstract The RNA extracted from MS2 phage particles can accept radioactive leucine and serine in the presence of tRNA activating enzymes. Leucine acceptance is due to the presence of E. coli leucine tRNA that binds very tightly to the virus particle. RPC-5 column chromatography shows that the pattern of virus associated leucyl-tRNA isoacceptors is different from that of normal E. coli leucyl-tRNA. It is also different from the pattern of host leucyl-tRNA isoacceptors found in E. coli lysate following MS2 phage infection. The RPC-5 pattern of the latter tRNA shows several new peaks of leucine tRNA isoacceptors. The possibility that these tRNAs are some modified forms of normal leucine tRNA isoacceptors is suggested.
A modeling solution for predicting (a) dry rock bulk modulus, rigidity modulus and (b) seismic velocities and reflection coefficients in porous, fluid-filled rocks with applications to laboratory rock samples and well logs

Abstract The velocity of sound in porous, fluid-saturated rocks can be predicted using the Biot–Geertsma–Gassmann (BGG) and shear-wave velocity equations. However, two of the needed input parameters, the bulk modulus ( K b ) of the empty, porous rock and the shear modulus ( μ ) of the rock are very difficult to obtain in situ. In the past, these values were typically chosen a priori and input into the BGG and shear-wave equations in a forward modeling mode. In addition to K b and μ , it is also essential to input rock-matrix and fluid parameters that reflect in situ conditions. In this paper, the BGG and shear-wave equations are inverted to generate values for K b and μ , respectively, by using available velocity and porosity data obtained from well logs and/or cores for water/brine-saturated rocks. These values of K b and μ , along with reasonable in situ estimates of rock-matrix and fluid parameters generated from the Batzle–Wang [Batzle, M., Wang, Z., 1992. Seismic properties of pore fluids. Geophysics 57, 1396–1408.] formulation, are then used to predict compressional and shear-wave velocities, compressional-shear wave ratios, and reflection coefficients at the interfaces between host rocks and fluid-saturated rocks, either fully or partially saturated with hydrocarbons, as a function of depth and/or porosity. Although generally similar to the approach of Murphy et al. [Murphy, W.F., Reischer, A., Hsu, K., 1993. Modulus decomposition of compressional and shear velocities in sand bodies. Geophysics 58, 227–239.], our method of inversion to determine K b and μ , coupled with our input of in situ estimates of rock-matrix and fluid parameters as a function of depth from the Batzle–Wang formulation, forms a novel solution for predicting in situ velocities. A modeling program has been developed to perform these calculations and plot the velocity and reflection coefficient information as a function of depth, porosity, and water saturation. The resulting relationships between porous rock parameters provide valuable information for imaging and interpreting seismic data, interpreting well log data, aiding in the direct detection of subsurface fluids, and in developing reasonable models of the subsurface geology to assist with exploration and exploitation decisions. When our modeling program is applied to water-saturated reservoir rocks (sandstones and limestones) under controlled laboratory conditions, the percentage error between velocities predicted by our modeling program and values measured in the laboratory are typically less than 10% for both sandstone and limestone samples. When applied to well logs to predict sonic travel times and/or velocities for hydrocarbon-saturated rocks in the uninvaded formation, the predictions correlate with interpretations from other well logs and with hydrocarbon production from zones of interest.
The effects of load variability in short-term memory task'

Six groups of Ss viewed briefly exposed arrays of letters, half designated high-valued and half low-valued. Immediately after each exposure Ss wrote down as many of the stimuli as they could remember. For three groups, the number of letters in each exposure was constant from trial to trial; for the remaining three groups, the number of letters in each exposure varied from trial to trial. This tested the hypothesis that load variability influences the development of an efficient response strategy which, in turn, affects the processing of information stored in short-term memory. The data supported this hypothesis. Performance was superior under the constant load condition due to the ability of these Ss to correctly report both high- and low-valued letters. Poor performance was observed under the variable load condition because of a decrease in the number of low valued letters correctly reported.