cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging domains with words: Opinion analysis with matrix tri-factorizations

With the explosion of user-generated web2.0 content in the form of blogs, wikis and discussion forums, the Internet has rapidly become a massive dynamic repository of public opinion on an unbounded range of topics. A key enabler of opinion extraction and summarization is sentiment classification: the task of automatically identifying whether a given piece of text expresses positive or negative opinion towards a topic of interest. Building high-quality sentiment classifiers using standard text categorization methods is challenging due to the lack of labeled data in a target domain. In this paper, we consider the problem of cross-domain sentiment analysis: can one, for instance, download rated movie reviews from rottentomatoes.com or IMBD discussion forums, learn linguistic expressions and sentiment-laden terms that generally characterize opinionated commentary and then successfully transfer this knowledge to the target domain, thereby building high-quality sentiment models without manual effort? We outline a novel sentiment transfer mechanism based on constrained non-negative matrix tri-factorizations of termdocument matrices in the source and target domains. The constrained matrix factorization framework naturally incorporates document labels via a least squares penalty incurred by a certain linear model and enables direct and explicit knowledge transfer across different domains. We obtain promising empirical results with this approach.
Optimization of high heat flux components for DIII-D neutral beam upgrades

Abstract Upgrade of the DIII-D neutral beams leads to enhanced heat loads on many components, such as calorimeter, collimator, and pole shields which protect neutral beam magnets. Power increase from 2.6 MW to 3.2 MW per source leads to a normal heat flux loads of up to 55 MW/m2 for the calorimeter. The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory is responsible for the design and manufacturing of the upgrades of these components. Heat flux distribution on neutral beam components is very uneven and leads to significant thermal stresses. High heat flux density impact requires surface optimization to reduce surface heat flux projection, and avoid localized melting. Several new design features were introduced to accommodate increased heat loads, such as molybdenum inserts for the pole shields, two-dimensional shaping for the calorimeter, and three-dimensional shape optimization and replaceable copper inserts for the collimator. Additionally, all three components include an optimized cooling system design featuring peripheral cooling of copper components. The optimization process included applying analytical relations for the transient temperature distributions on the high heat flux components. These relations were confirmed by previous DIII-D experimental results. To validate the designs, numerical simulations were performed. Results of the design optimization and numerical simulations will be presented.
Towards automatic software lineage inference

Software lineage refers to the evolutionary relationship among a collection of software. The goal of software lineage inference is to recover the lineage given a set of program binaries. Software lineage can provide extremely useful information in many security scenarios such as malware triage and software vulnerability tracking. In this paper, we systematically study software lineage inference by exploring four fundamental questions not addressed by prior work. First, how do we automatically infer software lineage from program binaries? Second, how do we measure the quality of lineage inference algorithms? Third, how useful are existing approaches to binary similarity analysis for inferring lineage in reality, and how about in an idealized setting? Fourth, what are the limitations that any software lineage inference algorithm must cope with? Towards these goals we build ILINE, a system for automatic software lineage inference of program binaries, and also IEVAL, a system for scientific assessment of lineage quality. We evaluated ILINE on two types of lineage-- straight line and directed acyclic graph--with large-scale real-world programs: 1,777 goodware spanning over a combined 110 years of development history and 114 malware with known lineage collected by the DARPA Cyber Genome program. We used IEVAL to study seven metrics to assess the diverse properties of lineage. Our results reveal that partial order mismatches and graph arc edit distance often yield the most meaningful comparisons in our experiments. Even without assuming any prior information about the data sets, ILINE proved to be effective in lineage inference--it achieves a mean accuracy of over 84% for goodware and over 72% for malware in our data sets.
Food ofthe Redbilled Teal in Rhodesia

The food of the red billed teal at three localities in Rhodesia is descriptionbed from 108 gizzard contents. Three categories were identified: seeds and fruits (Polygonum, Potamogeton, Cyperaceae and Gramineae); other plant material; and animals (Annelida, Insecta, Arachnida and Mollusca). At the end of the dry season (October), i?½other plant materiali?½ predominated in the gizzards, while teal in reproductive condition (December) showed an increased frequency of animals in the diet. A high frequency of oligochaete cocoons and Chironomidae larvae was characteristic of samples from one locality.
LGBTQ Youth + Video Artivism: Arts-Based Critical Civic Praxis

In 2005, digital media artist/activist Liv Gjestvang founded a nonprofit organization, Youth Video OUTreach (YVO), to teach lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) youth skil...
In medical inpatients at nutritional risk, individualized nutritional support reduced adverse clinical outcomes

Source Citation Schuetz P, Fehr R, Baechli V, et al. Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2019;393:2312-21. 31030981
Máscaras de Teotihuacan. Una tipología preliminar

Se presenta un panorama general de los materiales, metodos y herramientas que se emplearon en la produccion de las mascaras de piedra teotihuacanas registradas, resultado de examinar una gran seleccion procedente de colecciones mas o menos documentadas. Mediante la creacion de una linea de base de datos, se establecieron criterios para juzgar la autenticidad de mascaras de piedra en colecciones de museos de procedencia desconocida
Does Your Vote Count? When Firms Bypass Shareholder Approval of Board Appointments

Although U.S. state corporate laws require shareholders to elect the firm's directors, under certain circumstances managers can circumvent this requirement and appoint new directors without shareholder approval. The appointment of directors without shareholder approval usually occurs simultaneously with the private placement of financial securities. In this study we examine the causes and consequences of this appointment of directors without a shareholder election, a phenomenon that remains unexamined in the literature. The 'bundling' of board seats with the purchase of corporate securities that is characteristic of some private issues serves as a unique environment in which to assess the importance of shareholder voting rights. Our analysis of the effect of circumvention of shareholder approval on the nature of the directors subsequently appointed contributes to the policy controversy regarding the need for external regulation to strengthen the position of independent directors. In particular, our study is relevant to the current debate over the SEC's recent proposal to provide shareholders with the power to directly place director candidates on the corporate ballot in certain circumstances. Further, since this research examines the effects resulting from the nullification of a basic shareholder right, it helps to establish the impact that the violation of one share-one vote rules might have on the corporate governance for firms in countries with weak shareholder protection. By analyzing a sample of U.S. firms that appoint directors in combination with private offerings between 1995 and 2000, we find that firms in which agency costs are higher are more likely to nullify shareholder approval of board appointments at the time of the private placement. Firms that bypass shareholders are also less likely to appoint independent directors or to elect an independent director as chairman of the board. We also find that the stock market reacts more positively to the announcement of the private offering when the firm submits the board candidates for shareholder approval. Further, we show that firms that bypass shareholder approval significantly underperform after the private offering when compared to firms seeking shareholder approval. We conclude from our findings that the firm's decision to circumvent shareholder ratification is most consistent with the entrenchment hypothesis.
Education and Learning: Lifespan Perspectives

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by M.J.A. Howe, volume 6, pp. 4189–4192, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
How Does the Presence of a Surgical Trainee Impact Patient Outcomes in Lumbar Fusion Surgery

ABSTRACT Background: While the impact of trainee involvement in other surgical fields is well established, there is a paucity of literature assessing this relationship in orthopaedic spine surgery. The goal of this study was to further elucidate this relationship. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was initiated on patients undergoing 1–3 level lumbar spine fusion at a single academic center. Operative reports from cases were examined, and patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether a fellow or resident (F/R) or a physician9s assistant (PA) was used as the primary assist. Patients with less than 1-year follow-up were excluded. Multiple linear regression was used to assess change in each patient-reported outcome, and multiple binary logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of revision, infection, and 30- or 90-day readmission. Results: One hundred and seventy-two patients were included in the F/R group compared with 178 patients in the PA group. No differences existed between groups for total surgery time, length of stay, 30- or 90-day readmissions, infection, or revision rates. No differences existed between groups in terms of patient-reported outcomes preoperatively or postoperatively. In addition, presence of a surgical trainee was not a significant predictor of patient outcomes or rates of infection, overall revision, or 30- and 90-day readmission rates. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate the presence of an orthopaedic spine F/R does not increase complication rates and does not affect short-term patient-reported outcomes in lumbar decompression and fusion surgery. Level of Evidence: 3.
Detecting the prevalence of bacterial colonization on tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters using quantitative PCR targeting 16S rRNA and scanning electron microscopy

Background and objectives:Tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters (TCC) get colonized by microorganisms, increasing risk for catheter related bacteremia (CRB). Our objective was to detect the preval...
Intrinsic properties of primary hippocampal neurons contribute to PIP2 depletion during nsEP-induced physiological response.

Abstract High-energy, short-duration electric pulses (EPs) are known to be effective in neuromodulation, but the biological mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Recently, we discovered that nanosecond electric pulses (nsEPs) could initiate the phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion in non-excitable cells identical to agonist-induced activation of the Gq11 coupled receptors. PIP2 is the precursor for multiple intracellular second messengers critically involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and plasma membrane (PM) ion channels responsible for the control of neuronal excitability. In this paper we demonstrate a novel finding that five day in vitro (DIV5) primary hippocampal neurons (PHNs) undergo significantly higher PIP2 depletion after 7.5 kV/cm 600 ns EP exposure than DIV1 PHNs and day 1–5 (D1-D5) non-excitable Chinese hamster ovarian cells with muscarinic receptor 1 (CHO-hM1). Despite the age of development, the stronger 15 kV/cm 600 ns or longer 7.5 kV/cm 12 µs EP initiated profound PIP2 depletion in all cells studied, outlining damage of the cellular PM and electroporation. Therefore, the intrinsic properties of PHNs in concert with nanoporation explain the stronger neuronal response to nsEP at lower intensity exposures. PIP2 reduction in neurons could be a primary biological mechanism responsible for the stimulation or inhibition of neuronal tissues.
Introduction: Law and Its Unintended Consequences

Introduction to this special issue of American Behavioral Scientist by coauthors Frederick W. Preston and Roger I. Roots. Preston and Roots introduce the issue with an overview of unintended consequences behind past and contemporary social policy.
Constrained Listening, Audience Alignment, and Expert Communication

We consider a cheap talk setting with two senders and a continuum of receivers with heterogenous preferences. Receivers listen to just one sender, but can choose which sender to listen to. We determine that: (i) full communication is possible for a large set of sender preferences; (ii) both senders attract listeners only if they are oppositional and not too polarized; and (iii) senders with preferences that are closer to the average receiver preference are listened to by a greater proportion of receivers. In extensions, we endogenize the senders’ preferences and investigate the effects of an entertainment benefit derived by receivers.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Fracture Behaviors of Steel Fiber–Reinforced Rubber Self-Compacting Concrete

AbstractThis paper presents the experimental and numerical studies of flexural-fracture behaviors of steel fiber–reinforced rubber self-compacting concrete (SRSCC) materials. The scrap-tires rubber...
Small hole inner profile measurement methods

It is very difficult to measure the inner profile geometry of small holes of less than a millimeter in size, yet that geometry may be important for some manufacturing operations. This paper will present a method to measure key dimensional parameters of small holes used in a variety of applications from cooling to lubrication. Precision shaped holes can consist of a hole at some angle to the surface of the part and an area around the entrance to the hole for the purpose of diffusing the air or lubricant across the surface of the part to achieve the most effective performance. The drive towards smaller and more complex hole geometries means that previous methods such as conventional touch probes do not provide a good mapping in a time that can be used as part of production. The advanced designs of the holes means simple pin gages do not provide enough information. This paper will discuss tests of various methods considered for mapping small hole inner diameters, and present some sample results of a possible solution.
Improving P/E Estimation Accuracy

I show that a more accurate price/earnings (P/E) estimation can be obtained by utilizing an improved measure for P/E. This improved P/E measurement is calculated as a value-weighted average of market securities. A regression using treasury yield data as a proxy for P/E yields a model which is more accurate (i.e., statistically significant) than previous models. Furthermore,this accuracy is obtained without employing P/E smoothing techniques or analyst estimates as do previous models.
RSR: Reduced-State Routing in the Internet

November 2004. In today's Internet core, routers store forwarding state proportional to the number of edge networks. As the Internet grows and core line rates increase, routers require memories that are increasingly fast and large--and are correspondingly increasingly expensive and difficult to engineer. In this paper, we present Reduced-State Routing (RSR), in which core routers require state only concerning the network topology within a two-hop radius, and thus of a size independent of the total number of Internet edge networks. RSR achieves this feat by routing geographically using two sets of node addresses: virtual coordinates, that are assigned to reflect the link costs within an autonomous system; and geographic coordinates, that correspond to nodes' physical locations. RSR routes greedily on virtual coordinates, and falls back to face routing on geographic coordinates when greedy progress is impossible on virtual coordinates. Unlike previous geographic routing schemes, RSR works on Internet-like graphs (rather than only on wireless-like graphs), and supports policy routing. By simulating RSR on real tier-1 ISP topologies, we demonstrate that RSR achieves low path stretch, comparable to that caused by policy routing in today's Internet.
A Model-Object based Supervisory Expert System for Fault Tolerant Chemical Reactor Control

MOBECS is a supervisory expert system designed to tailor the process control system for a tubular autothermal reactor in response to process or control system faults, and changes in the process behavior. Specific functions include control system performance monitoring and troubleshooting, controller tuning, control system restructuring and state estimation. The process monitoring and instability detection rules have been tested by simulating the inputs to the expert system. At the present time, experimental validation of the MOBECS prototype is being undertaken. Once the MOBECS prototype has been fully tested, incorporation of fault diagnosis, state estimation, sensor placement and controller restructuring tools will be initiated.
Treatment of infantile spasms: the ideal and the mundane.

Over 150 years after the description of infantile spasms (IS, 1), fifty years after the delineation of hypsarrhythmia (2), and forty years after the coining of the term “west syndrome” (3), there is little progress in understanding and effectively treating this disorder.
Simulation of Delta - Sigma modulators using behavioral models

A Delta - Sigma modulator (DSM) simulator developed to aid in rapid evaluation of the design tradeoffs among different DSM topologies is discussed. Circuit nonidealities are parameterized in the simulator by using behavioral models for the loop filter and comparator. The accuracy and speed of the approach are shown to compare favorably with those of circuit simulation. It is shown that the transient response of a switched-capacitor integrator can be approximated with some accuracy with a straightforward set of explicit equations. >
Serotonin Syndrome in a Patient on Trazodone and Duloxetine Who Received Fentanyl following a Percutaneous Liver Biopsy

Serotonin syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction resulting from the use or overuse of serotonergic medications alone or in combination. Mild symptoms, overlapping features with similar conditions and clinician lack of awareness are the major reasons for an often missed diagnosis. Not surprisingly, this condition is significantly underreported as a potential complication of endoscopy if serotonergic medications are used periprocedurally for sedation and analgesia. Here we report the case of a patient with relapsed chronic hepatitis C on antidepressant medications who developed signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome after a percutaneous liver biopsy. Review of the patient's medication list suggested a possible interaction between her home antidepressants and the post-procedure use of fentanyl for abdominal pain. The patient required monitoring in the medical intensive care unit and stabilized after the administration of benzodiazepines and temporary discontinuation of her home medications. We propose that clinicians need to be aware of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome in the outpatient endoscopy setting, particularly with the wider use of serotonergic antidepressants now available and the repeated number of liver biopsies being performed for management of patients with chronic liver disease.
The double life of a bacterial lipoprotein

It has been known for many years that the small lipoprotein Lpp, which is the most abundant protein in E. coli, exists in two forms. The 'bound' form of the protein is tethered to the outer membrane (OM) by its N-terminal lipid moiety and covalently attached to the cell wall by its C-terminal lysine residue. The exact location of the 'free' form, however, has never been determined. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Cowles et al. demonstrate that the free form of Lpp is an integral OM protein whose C-terminus is exposed on the cell surface. The new study provides the first example of a lipoprotein that has a dual localization and adds to a growing body of evidence that lipoproteins can span the OM despite the lack of an obvious transmembrane segment. Furthermore, the new results raise intriguing questions about the assembly of both lipoproteins and other types of OM proteins.
CRH Effects on Central Noradrenergic Neurons: Relationship to Stress

The stress response is generally considered to be composed of endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic components, coordinated in such a way that it mobilizes the organism to best respond to a stressful stimulus and ultimately return to a homeostatic state. It is now well established that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the primary neurohormone responsible for initiating the endocrine component of the stress response, i.e., release of ACTH from anterior pituitary cells1,2,3. Evidence supporting this role is summarized in other chapters of this series. An additional, broader, role for CRH may also be hypothesized; as a neurotransmitter acting in extrahypothalamic circuits to initiate an integrated CNS response to stress that includes the behavioral and autonomic components. To support such a role, several criteria should be met. For example, CRH should be localized in CNS regions whose potential function is to modify behavior or autonomie acitivity. It should alter activity of neurons in these target regions, and a mechanism should exist to translate CRH electrophysiological effects to appropriate behaviors or autonomic responses that are normally observed in the stress response. Most importantly, it should be demonstrated that stressful stimuli elicit release of CRH in these extrahypothalamic circuits resulting in subsequent changes in neuronal activity and the appropriate behaviors or autonomic responses.
Peering through a dirty window: a Bayesian approach to making mine detection decisions from noisy data

For several reasons, Bayesian parameter estimation is superior to other methods for extracting features of a weak signal from noise. Since it exploits prior knowledge, the analysis begins from a more advantageous starting point than other methods. Also, since "nuisance parameters" can be dropped out of the Bayesian analysis, the description of the model need not be as complete as is necessary for such methods as matched filtering. In the limit for perfectly random noise and a perfect description of the model, the signal-to-noise ratio improves as the square root of the number of samples in the data. Even with the imperfections of real-world data, Bayesian approaches this ideal limit of performance more closely than other methods The article discusses the application to mine detection using sensor fusion.
DNP-specific/class I MHC-restricted suppressor molecules bear determinants of the T cell receptor alpha- and beta-chains. The V beta 8+ chain dictates restriction to either K or D.

To examine in greater detail the relationship between DNP-specific/class I MHC-restricted suppressor molecules (SSF) that inhibit contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and the receptors on the T cells that produce them, we have generated two T cell hybridomas that can be induced to produce and secrete these molecules. In order to become activated to produce SSF, the Ts 15.15 and 15.31 cells required recognition of complexes of DNP/Dd on presenting cells. The suppressor molecules produced by each of the Ts hybrids had the same specificity, recognizing DNP/Dd on cells in the immune lymph node cell target population. The activation of the Ts hybrids was blocked when the cells were treated with the anti-V beta 8 antibody F23.1 before coculture with the DNP-presenting cells. Reduction of the 15.15 and 15.31 SSF followed by affinity chromatography on DNP-bovine-gamma-globulin-Sepharose beads indicated that these molecules are dimers and that one of the chains (Ag-binding(AgB] binds to cellfree DNP and one (non-Ag-binding (NAgB) chain) does not. The AgB chain was found to express an epitope bound by a mAb specific for a TCR alpha-chain-constant region determinant. Alternatively, the NAgB chain expressed an epitope bound by the anti-V beta 8 mAb F23.1. Active hybrid suppressor molecules were generated by combining the NAgB chain from a DNP-specific/H-2Kd-restricted SSF (produced by Ts hybridoma 3-10) with the AgB chain from Ts 15.31 and by combining the NAgB chain from Ts cell 15.15 with the 3-10 AgB chain. In each case, the class I MHC element (i.e., Kd or Dd) restricting the activity of these hybrid SSF correlated with the source of the V beta 8+, NAgB chain. Thus, these secreted immunoregulatory molecules have the Ag/MHC specificity of the T cells producing them and are structurally and serologically related to the TCR-alpha/beta. The results further suggest that for some hapten-specific/class I MHC-restricted TCR, the alpha-chain may have avidity for the hapten and the beta-chain may dictate the MHC restriction element (K or D) recognized by the receptor.
The Effects of Integrated Science, Technology, and Engineering Education on Elementary Students' Knowledge and Identity Development

This study examines the effects of integrated science, technology, and engineering (STE) education on second-, third-, and fourth-grade students' STE content knowledge and aspirations concerning engineering after validation of the measures. During the 2009–2010 school year, 59 elementary school teachers, who attended a week-long engineering teacher professional development (TPD) program, implemented STE integrated lessons in schools in a large, south-central U.S. school district. At the beginning and end of the school year, the Student Knowledge Tests (SKTs) and the Engineering Identity Development Scale (EIDS) were administered to 831 students either in classrooms with the STE integrated lessons (treatment) or without (control). Item and confirmatory factor analyses provided sufficient reliability and validity evidence of the SKTs. Significant differences between treatment and control groups for all three grades on the post-SKTs indicate the impact of STE integration on students' content knowledge. The EIDS showed no significant group differences on the academic subscale, while the engineering career subscale showed that treatment group students scored significantly higher than control group students in all three grades. Those significant changes in the treatment group in knowledge and aspirations are strong evidence for the potential impact of STE integration.
Thermal conductivity of diatomic gases: Liquid and gaseous states

After an extensive literature survey the experimental thermal-conductivity data for twelve diatomic gases were utilized to produce an accurate and expedient means of predicting values over extensive ranges of temperature and pressure. Plotting values of k* against TR on logarithmic coordinates produced similarities pointing to the existence of corresponding states behavior for this family of substances with the exception of hydrogen. Because hydrogen cannot be included in a correlation generalized for the diatomic gases, it has been eliminated from this study. Based on atmospheric pressure data, ratios of k*/k*Tc produced a unique relationship with reduced temperature. To include the effect of pressure, residual thermal conductivities were correlated with density for nitrogen and oxygen, the only substances for which high-pressure data exist. These relationships enabled the determination of the thermal conductivity at the critical point. When the value kc = 8.55 × 10−5 cal./sec. cm. °K. for nitrogen was used, au extensive reduced thermal-conductivity correlation was constructed against reduced temperature for parameters of constant reduced pressure. This chart, extending to reduced pressures of 100 and to reduced temperatures of 85, is recommended for the diatomic gases in their gaseous and liquid states. The developed correlation reproduces experimental nitrogen data to within 1.39%. For the other diatomic gases experimental agreement extends from 1.00 to 3.20%. Such agreement indicates that this correlation is more reliable for the diatomic gases than are other generalized plots presented in the literature.
Effect of oxygen tension on the generation of alkanes and malondialdehyde by peroxidizing rat liver microsomes

Abstract The alkanes, ethane and pentane, are often used as indices of lipid peroxidation. Because it has been indicated that O 2 tension can affect the yield of these compounds, a systematic study of this was carried out. Rat liver microsomes were peroxidized using an iron-ascorbate system. The incubations were carried out in sealed flasks at 37° under N 2 and various concentrations of O 2 up to 100%. Ethane and pentane production were measured by gas chromatography, and malondialdehyde was measured by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. Microsomal fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were lost during lipid peroxidation. There was no loss of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. Loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids correlated with O 2 tension in the flask. Half-maximal losses of docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and linoleic acid occurred at 3, 5, and 35% O 2 respectively. Malondialdehyde formation reflected polyunsaturated fatty acid loss at all O 2 concentrations. Alkane formation reflected polyunsaturated fatty acid loss below 5% O 2 but not above it. The ratio of alkane formed to precursor polyunsaturated fatty acid lost decreased progressively as O 2 concentration was increased above 5%. For example, the molar yield of pentane formed per precursor polyunsaturated fatty acid lost was 0.3% at 5% O 2 but only 0.003% at 100% O 2 . This indicates that quantitation of lipid peroxidation using alkane formation requires consideration of O 2 tension at the site of alkane formation.
Massive diurnally modulated photoreceptor membrane turnover in crab light and dark adaptation

1. Effects of light and dark adaptation on the photoreceptor membranes of the rock crabGrapsus have been quantitatively studied using light and electron microscopy to document changes in rhabdom size and their fine structural basis. Some comparative data were also obtained for the ghost crabOcypode. Animals in the laboratory were maintained on a daily light (L)-dark (D)cycle 12L∶12D. Periods of adaptation ranged from 3–28 h (Table 1) and light adaptation was effected at one moderate intensity equal to the light period in the daily sequence. 2. Massive rapid reversible changes in rhabdom size (Fig. 1) comprising mainly diameter modulation (Figs. 2, 3) and some alteration in length, normally resulted in maximum increases in receptor organelle volume of about 20× between a thinner, shorter fully light adapted condition (2×290 μm) to the fully dark adapted state (7.9× 336 μm). 3. Rhabdom growth during dark adaptation (Table 2) was due mainly (Fig. 8) to microvillus elongation (+154%) as well as substantial increase (+117%) in the number of microvilli present in cross sections (Figs. 2, 3, 10); microvillus diameter (Figs. 4, 5, 9) also increased (+14%) but accounts for only a minor part of the overall change commensurate with observed differences in rhabdom length (+16%). Calculation shows that from fully light adapted to fully dark adapted state the area of photoreceptor membrane increased nearly 20× in a few hours. 4. Although duration of adaptation affected its amplitude, six hours of either light or darkness evoked the maximum changes documented; shorter and longer periods had less effect (Figs. 6, 7). 5. Time of day had a strong periodic influence on the amplitude of membrane adaptation produced by a given exposure to dark or light. Thus maximum dark adaptation occurred with 6 h of darkness terminating at midnight and maximum light adaptation with 6 h of light ending at noon of the diurnal light cycle (Fig. 11). 6. Direct effects of light and dark on synthesis and degradation of photoreceptor membrane must therefore be superimposed on indirect or direct cyclic neuroendocrine control presumably coupled to an entrained circadian oscillator.
BIOGENESIS OF THE POSTERIOR POLE IS MEDIATED BY THE EXOSOME/MICROVESICLE PROTEIN-SORTING PATHWAY

Biogenesis of the posterior pole is critical to directed cell migration and other polarity-dependent processes. We show here that proteins are targeted to the posterior pole on the basis of higher order oligomerization and plasma membrane binding, the same elements that target proteins to exosomes/microvesicles (EMVs), HIV, and other retrovirus particles. We also demonstrate that the polarization of the EMV protein-sorting pathway can occur in morphologically non-polarized cells, defines the site of uropod formation, is induced by increased expression of EMV cargo proteins, and is evolutionarily conserved between humans and the protozoan Dictyostelium discoideum. Based on these results, we propose a mechanism of posterior pole biogenesis in which elevated levels of EMV cargoes (i) polarize the EMV protein-sorting pathway, (ii) generate a nascent posterior pole, and (iii) prime cells for signal-induced biogenesis of a uropod. This model also offers a mechanistic explanation for the polarized budding of EMVs and retroviruses, including HIV.
Differences in the fate of neuronal acetylcholine receptor protein expressed in neurons and stably transfected cells

Ligand-gated ion channels are structurally complex transmembrane proteins that all neurons must synthesize for rapid chemical synaptic transmission. The most abundant nicotinic acetylcholine receptor serving as a ligand-gated ion channel in the nervous system is a species that contains alpha7 subunits, binds alpha-bungarotoxin, and has a high relative permeability to calcium. The ability of neurons to make such receptors was compared with that of non-neuronal cells stably transfected with an alpha7 cDNA to determine whether neuron-specific machinery is likely to aid in their assembly or stabilization. Transfected cells expressed alpha7 protein and assembled it into a species that was indistinguishable in size and pharmacology from native receptors, but much of the alpha7 protein they synthesized was rapidly degraded without becoming receptor. Neurons were not only more efficient than the best transfectants at assembling the receptors but also produced a subpopulation of receptors on the cell surface that was relatively stable and resistant to solubilization. This subpopulation, which was absent from transfected cells, may be tethered to cytoskeletal elements in the neurons. The results support the contention that neurons contain components that facilitate the production and stabilization of ligand-gated ion channels.
Hydrolysis of nucleoside di- and triphosphates by crystalline preparations of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase

Abstract 1. 1. Crystalline preparations of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase catalyze phosphate liberation from ATP and ADP, as well as from pyrophosphate, in the presence of zinc ions. 2. 2. A variety of other nucleoside di- and triphosphates are hydrolyzed in the presence of zinc ions and pyrophosphatase, and manganous and cobaltous ions can partially substitute for zinc in effecting ATP hydrolysis. 3. 3. Although several lines of evidence suggest that a single protein possesses Mg++-pyrophosphatase and Zn++-ATPase activities, the possibility cannot be eliminated that a different protein, present in small amounts, accounts for the ATPase activity. 4. 4. Evidence has been obtained that the hydrolysis of ATP occurs primarily between the β- and γ-phosphate groups to yield ADP, which is then converted to AMP.
Chicken Skillet-Fried or Roasted With and Without an Edible Coating

Abstract PALATABILITY and yield of cooked poultry are affected by a number of factors such as application of batter or breading, cooking method and end cooking temperature as noted by Mostert and Stadelman (1964), Hanson and Fletcher (1963), Mickelberry and Stadelman (1962), Goertz et al. (1960), Hoke et al. (1968) and Hoke and Kleve (1966). However, the use of coatings or films to prevent losses has received limited investigation. The effectiveness of an acetylated monoglyceride coating to prevent evaporative losses during storage has been investigated by Zabik and Dawson (1963), Dawson et al. (1962) and Woodmansee and Abbott (1958). Hale and Goodwin (1968) deepfat fried chicken pieces dredged in batter containing hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or egg white and reported no significant differences existed in sensory evaluations of poultry cooked with the two batter formulations. In their study on methods of cooking frozen stuffed turkeys, Esselsen et al. (1956) reported that covering…
Real-time intravascular ultrasound imaging in humans

The capability of obtaining cross-sectional, high resolution images of arteries with the use of ultrasound catheters has recently been demonstrated in animal studies. In this study the in vivo feasibility of intravascular ultrasound imaging in humans was evaluated. In 26 patients who had undergone diagnostic cardiac catheterization or iliofemoral arteriography, 1 of 3 different models of 20-MHz ultrasound catheters was advanced retrograde, into the iliac arteries and aorta or anterograde into the femoral arteries and real-time cross-sectional images of the arteries were obtained in all. In 10, the iliac arteries were normal and appeared circular and pulsatile with a 3-layered wall and crisply defined lumens. In 7 patients with nonobstructive plaques, the plaque was easily identified in the ultrasound image as a linear, bright, adynamic echo-dense structure. In 4 with obstructive disease in the iliac artery, the arterial lumen appeared irregular, bordered by a thickened, nonpulsatile wall. Variable grades of atheromatous abnormalities in the wall could be visualized. In all 5 patients with arteriographic evidence of obstructive disease of the femoral artery, intravascular ultrasound displayed reduced lumens and irregular borders with protruding high-intensity echoes in the wall. In all patients, the arterial lumen and the normal or abnormal wall were well visualized in the ultrasound images. There were no complications. This study thus demonstrates the feasibility of intravascular ultrasound imaging of arterial circulation in humans. With further improvements in catheter design and image quality, this imaging approach is likely to have a number of potential applications in the assessment of peripheral and coronary arterial diseases and in guiding interventional therapeutic procedures.
EFFECTS OF TALLOW SUPPLEMENTATION ON BEEF LONGISSIMUS FATTY ACID DISTRIBUTION1

Fatty acid (FA) distribution of the longissimus muscle from steers supplemented with either 0, 4 or 6% tallow for 45 and 75 days were evaluated. Primal ribs were removed (48h, PM), vacuum packaged and stored 21 days at 0 C. After storage, ribs were blast frozen (-32 C) and then stored at -23C until analyses. A significant interaction between level of tallow (LOT) and time on feed (TOF) for the percentage of myristoleic (C 14:1), palmitoleic (C 16:1), linoleic (C 18:2), and linolenic (C 18:3) was present in the longissimus subcutaneous fat. Tallow feeding (4%) for 45 days increased the percentage of C 14:1 and C 16:1 while decreasing the percentage of C 18:2 and C 18:3 when compared to the 0 and 6% tallow diets at 45 days. Treatments had no effect on any other FAs detected in the longissimus subcutaneous fat (P<.05). Among the longissimus intramuscular FAs there was an interaction (P<.05) between the LOT and TOF. The percentage of C 14:1, oleic (C 18:1) and C 18:2 was greater for the 4% tallow diet at 45 days than either the 0 or 6% diets at 45 days. TOF increased the percentage of myristic (C 14:0) and n-pentadecanoic (C 15:0) while decreasing the percentage of stearic (C 18:0) and n-nanodecanoic (C 19:0, P<.05).
The Future of Educational Research Part II

Im not going to say anything here that's controversial. I will outline what I think are the most influential, mostly methodological, developments of the past 5 to 10 years, developments that may have significant if not great influence on educational research during the 1980s. The first is the general idea of trait-treatment or aptitude-treatment interaction. But because I am quite uncertain and doubtful of the wisdom of the expression and the research directed toward interaction research, I will only say that it will be influential, but I am not sure that the influence will be a good one. The second, and this, I think, will be a very good one, is what is loosely called cognitive psychology. I'm thinking particularly of the cognitive psychology that's pertinent to educational research, and I think of such persons, and their work, as Wittrock and DiVesta, and others. And my esteemed colleague, Frank Farley. The third development is the exciting idea behind the theoretical structural development known as analysis of covariance structures, and theoretical models and testing theoretical models. These developments are associated with the name of a Swedish methodologist named Jbreskog, and with some Americans: David Wiley, Peter Bentler, and others. I will talk mostly about this development now. But I would like to say before I begin that this development fits in very nicely with the developme ts in cognitive psychology. Now, I'm a little chagrined and also very pleased, because I thought when I talked about this that it would not appear on an AERA program for some 3 to 5 years. And to my considerable surprise, it is on the present program twice. There are two well-organized programs, parts of which I attended, on analysis of covariance structures, under somewhat different names. Analysis of covariance structures is an expression that means the conception and analysis of the varying together of variables that are in a structure dictated by theory, or by practical considerations. I want to make it clear that I am not talking just about basic research, although I think it will be more influential there. I am also talking about applied research and I will mention a recently published example somewhat later. If you will conceive, to give a rough idea, of a set of observed variables, independent variables on your left and a set of observed dependent variables on your right (e.g., socioeconomic status, father's occupation, tests of intelligence, aptitude, etc.), and between these what we call unobserved or latent variables. Such variables as fluid and crystallized intelligence would be two such unobserved variables, achievement motivation would be
Economic Production Lot Sizing with Periodic Costs and Overtime

Traditional approaches for modeling economic production lot-sizing problems assume that a single, fixed equipment setup cost is incurred each time a product is run, regardless of the quantity manufactured. This permits multiple days of production from one production setup. In this paper, we extend the model to consider additional fixed charges, such as cleanup or inspection costs, that are associated with each time period's production. This manufacturing cost structure is common in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries, where process equipment must be sanitized between item changeovers and at the end of each day's production. We propose two mathematical problem formulations and optimization algorithms. The models' unique features include regular time production constraints, a fixed charge for each time period's production, and the availability of overtime production capacity. Experimental results indicate the conditions under which our algorithms' performance is superior to traditional approaches. We also test the procedures on a set of lot-sizing problems facing a national food processor and document their potential economic benefit.
is all affiliation the same? facilitation or complementarity?

the authors regard opiates as the primary neural substrate for social attachment, and peptide hormones as subsidiary. one may instead conclude from their evidence that oxytocin, vasopressin, and opiates play complementary roles in attachment. oxytocin and vasopressin relate to different aspects of emotional experience, and opiates to quiescence from long-term attachment. this is related to intimacy versus affiliation.
Homoleptic Selenolates of Vanadium(II), -(III), and -(IV): Generation, Trapping, and Disproportionation of Tris[tris(trimethylsilyl)silylselenolate]vanadium

Homoleptic selenolates of V(II) and V(IV) are prepared by selenolysis of the amide ligands in [(Me3Si)2N]2VSeSi(SiMe3)3 with 2 equiv of HSeSi(SiMe3)3. The products were isolated by fractional cryst...
Breakdown damages of photoconductive silicon at high fields

Different types of damages induced in photoconductive silicon at high fields are discussed on the basis of the corresponding physical processes developed in the semiconductor - ambient dielectric system. Catastrophic damages produced at high fields by surface flashover or total bulk breakdown are compared with surface filaments developed in certain conditions in the prebreakdown stage. A physical mechanism of nonohmic conduction inducing surface filaments is proposed. A new high field limitation, well before total breakdown, is defined in the dark condition by the onset field of the nonohmic regime. Below this field the device operation is safe and stable, while beyond this limit, a surface filament, distinctly different from the surface flashover tracks, may appear on the surface of the device, permanently degrading the device quality. Along with the surface filaments, contact damages may also appear in the device in this nonohmic regime. The semiconductor damages are observed using SEM and optical micrographs. The mechanisms leading to these damages are discussed using electrical and optical characteristics at high fields, as well as the localization of light emissions. The practical importance of the new nondamaging high field limitation is discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies on the development of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and fatty acid oxidation in liver mitochondria of neonatal pigs.

Abstract Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) levels were determined in liver mitochondria from 24-h-old fed and fasted, and 24-day-old piglets. After 24 h of age, carnitine palmitoyltransferase levels were more than double the level at birth and were about equal to the level at 24 days. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity increased faster in fed than in fasted animals. In contrast, the capacity of liver mitochondria from fed and fasted 24-h-old animals to oxidize added palmitoyl-coenzyme A in the presence of (−)-carnitine was only one-half that of 24-day-old animals. Evidence is presented that the distribution of carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity is about the same on each side of the long-chain acyl-coenzyme A barrier for liver mitochondria from newborn 1-day- and 5-day-old piglets. Calculations, based on the carnitine palmitoyltransferase levels and palmitoyl-coenzyme A oxidation rates, indicate that the dehydrogenase steps of fatty acid oxidation could provide sufficient electrons to maintain State -3 respiration rates of fatty acid oxidation in 1-day-old piglets. This indicates that carnitine palmitoyltransferase levels do not necessarily limit the rate of fatty acid oxidation in livers of 1-day-old piglets. Carnitine levels in several tissues from fed and fasted piglets were determined. After birth, liver carnitine levels double in 24 h in fed but not fasted animals. This increase is probably due to ingestion of sow's milk which contains 0.13 mM (−)-carnitine.