cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A LOOK AT ‘THE ORCHID BOOK’ IN CELEBRATION OF CHARLES DARWIN’S 200TH BIRTHDAY

On February 12, 2009, the world celebrated the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin. His contributions to the study of evolution and human origins are well known, but his botanical research is underappreciated. Darwin published nine different books that focused on domesticated plants, insectivorous plants, climbing plants, and other botanical subjects, but his study on orchids is the most notable because it was the first book he published after the Origin of Species (1859). Darwin’s book On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862) was a systematic overview of both temperate and tropical orchid groups and their pollinators. The nine chapters treated members of Orchideae, Arethuseae, Neottieae, Vanilleae, Malaxideae, Epidendreae, Vandeae, Cymbidieae (especially Catasetum ), and Cypripedioideae. Orchid flowers were described and illustrated by Darwin in great detail, careful observations on pollinator behavior were recorded, and a healthy dose of speculation was presented. Our understanding of the phylogeny, pollination, physiology, and overall natural history of these orchid groups has advanced tremendously in the last 150 years. Few people realize that “the orchid book” is subtitled, “. . . and on the Good Effects of Intercrossing .” That subject was of great concern to Darwin, and the orchids provided concrete examples necessary to substantiate his theory. Even today, orchids and Darwin’s orchid book continue to inspire evolutionary biologists and exemplify the power of natural selection.
The specific heat and the heat of compression of human red cells, sickled red cells, and paracrystalline rat red cells.

The investigation of two thermal properties of red cells throws some light on whether sickling is a process involving the crystallization of a relatively insoluble hemoglobin. These properties are the specific heat and the heat of compression, both of which would be expected to become numerically less if the hemoglobin of the red cell were to crystallize. In the case of paracrystalline rat red cells, which give spacings at 45 A and 58 A by x-ray diffraction, the specific heat is reduced to 85 per cent of that of the normal red cells, and the heat of compression is only about 75 per cent of that found for the normal red cell. In the case of the red cell sickled by a reduction of the O2 tension, the specific heat and the heat of compression are substantially the same as found for the normal red cell. This is an argument against sickling being the result of a crystallization process, and supports the observation that sickled cells do not give x-ray spacings. The result is compatible, on the other hand, with sickling being the result of the formation of an oriented and birefringent gel.
Assembly and Establishment of Membrane-Cytoskeleton Domains During Differentiation

The multifunctional capability of the eukaryotic cell is expressed and regulated, to a great extent, by the cell type-specific biophysical properties of the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is essentially a barrier comprising a phospholipid bilayer structure which acts also as a matrix onto which and into which a variety of specific proteins are attached. It is these proteins which selectively modify the structure and properties of the plasma membrane to create a wide variety of domains of distinctive morphology and function.
Initiation on the divergent Type I cadicivirus IRES: factor requirements and interactions with the translation apparatus

Cadicivirus (CDV) is unique amongst picornaviruses in having a dicistronic genome with internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) preceding both open reading frames. Here, we investigated initiation on the 5'-terminal IRES. We report that the 982-nt long 5'UTR comprises 12 domains (d1-d12), five of which (d8-d12, nts 341-950) constitute a divergent Type I IRES. It comprises central elements (the apex of d10, d11 and the following polypyrimidine tract) that are homologous to corresponding elements in canonical Type 1 IRESs, and non-canonical flanking domains (d8, d9 and d12). In vitro reconstitution revealed that as with canonical Type I IRESs, 48S complex formation requires eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) 1, 1A, 2, 3, 4A, 4B and 4G, and the poly(C) binding protein 2 (PCBP2), and starts with specific binding of eIF4G/eIF4A to d11. However, in contrast to canonical Type I IRESs, subsequent recruitment of 43S ribosomal complexes does not require direct interaction of their eIF3 constituent with the IRES-bound eIF4G. On the other hand, the CDV IRES forms a 40S/eIF3/IRES ternary complex, with multiple points of contact. These additional interactions with translational components could potentially stimulate recruitment of the 43S complex and alleviate the necessity for direct eIF4G/eIF3 interaction.
Testing Arbitrage Models Without Adding an Error Model: An Application to Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross

We demonstrate a simple procedure to test arbitrage models without adding an auxiliary error model. Our tests rely on the dynamics of the model to draw inference through out-of-sample forecasting. As an illustration, we estimate the Cox et al. model with a rolling sample to forecast zero-coupon yields from 1994 to 2007. We use these forecasts to test the model as both a candidate return generating process and to assess its efficacy as part of a forecasting method. The model is soundly rejected. Since our empirical design maintains the model's stochastic singularity, the affine term structure model's poor empirical performance cannot be blamed on an unfortunate choice of an auxiliary error model. Unlike earlier studies, the traditional expectations hypothesis holds in our sample, and the model cannot reproduce this feature of the data.
Room-Temperature Defect Tolerance of Shape Engineered Quantum Dot Structures

A quantum dot (QD) medium is expected to demonstrate superior performance in various devices when compared with quantum wells (QWs). One area of interest has been the improved defect tolerance of QD media, though it was demonstrated at low temperatures so far. In this study, the defect tolerance of shape-engineered QD structures is compared with that of a QW structure at temperatures up to 300 K. To create high defect densities both QD and QW structures were irradiated with high energy (1.5 MeV) protons (with doses up to 3×1014 cm−2). Then, the relative luminescence efficiency was measured by variable temperature photoluminescence. The shape-engineered QD structure withstood two orders of magnitude higher defect density than the QWs at room temperature. This improvement is correlated with the activation energy for thermal evaporation of 390 meV, acquired through a kinetic model.
Hierarchical, Hybrid Framework for Collision Avoidance Algorithms in the National Airspace

In this paper, a hierarchical, hybrid framework is proposed for representing and analyzing the interaction of multiple aircraft operating under dierent collision avoidance and separation assurance regimes. The model is broken down by the three dierent collision avoidance regimes: immediate collision avoidance, midterm collision avoidance and separation assurance. These schemes are classied by the time scale in which they operate. Even though each collision avoidance scheme is independently safe, when they are combined the entire system can become unsafe. In this paper, backwards reachable sets are used to analyze the interaction between the immediate and midterm collision avoidance schemes resulting in provable safety conditions. The vertical reachable set is also used to analyze the Trac Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), a specic immediate collision avoidance scheme.
Efficacy of sildenafil in erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy.

Radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) is an important cause of iatrogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). While sildenafil has been widely used since its introduction as a new treatment option for ED, its efficacy in post-RRP patients has not been extensively studied. We retrospectively compared the efficacy of sildenafil in post-RRP and non-surgical patients with ED (NSED) using a subset of questions from the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and correlated results with their specific etiology of ED based on penile blood flow study (PBFS). A brief questionnaire regarding satisfaction with sildenafil was administered to 72 consecutive post-RRP patients (nerve sparing status unknown) and 32 consecutive NSED patients who had previously undergone PBFS with pharmacotesting as part of their evaluation for ED. PBFS diagnoses were arterial insufficiency (AI) for peak systolic velocity (PSV) or = 35 cm/sec, mixed vascular for PV > 25 but < 35 cm/sec and resistive index (RI) < 0.9; a vascular normal diagnosis (neurogenic impotence) required excellent rigidity sustained for 20 min. Differences in the IIEF subscores for the different groups of patients were assessed. Success with sildenafil was defined as moderate or excellent improvement (3/4 or 4/4) with ability for penetration. No differences were found among the different subgroups of RRP patients with respect to IIEF scores or success rates with sildenafil. NSED patients had both significantly higher post-treatment IIEF scores (3.6/3.4 vs 2.5/2.2; t=4.50, P<0.0001) and success rates (63% vs 31%; t=3.11, P < 0.01) with sildenafil treatment than RRP patients. We found that sildenafil is significantly less effective in impotent RRP patients than in age-matched patients with ED (31% vs 63%). We had postulated that sildenafil would be least effective among RRP patients with excellent sustained rigidity to PGE1, as this subgroup is likely to have neurogenic impotence. We found that sildenafil response rates among subgroups of RRP patients were statistically similar regardless of PBFS diagnosis. IIEF scores for the RRP subgroups were similar but statistically lower than in men with ED and no history of RRP. While individuals with normal vascular responses to PGE1 have an increased likelihood of having neurogenic impotence, in RRP patients, we were unable to demonstrate any difference in efficacy of sildenafil, regardless of the PBFS diagnosis.
Origins and implications of the ordering of oxygen vacancies and localized electrons on partially reduced CeO 2 ( 111 )

In this study, we use density functional theory to explain the preferred structure of partially reduced CeO2(111). Low-energy ordered structures are formed when the vacancies are isolated (maximized intervacancy separation) and the size of the Ce3+ ions is minimized. Both conditions help minimize disruptions to the lattice around the vacancy. The stability of the ordered structures suggests that isolated vacancies are adequate for modeling more complex (e.g., catalytic) systems. Oxygen diffusion barriers are predicted to be low enough that O diffusion between vacancies is thermodynamically controlled at room temperature. The O-diffusion-reaction energies and barriers are decreased when one Ce f electron hops from a nearest-neighbor Ce cation to a next-nearest-neighbor Ce cation, with a barrier that has been estimated to be slightly less than the barrier to O diffusion in the absence of polaron hopping. In conculsion, this indicates that polaron hopping plays a key role in facilitating the overall O diffusion process, and depending on the relative magnitudes of the polaron hopping and O diffusion barriers, polaron hopping may be the kinetically limiting process.
Inter and intraobserver variability of total skin thickness score (modified Rodnan TSS) in systemic sclerosis

Objective. Assessment of the inter and intraobserver variability of the modified Rodnan (m-Rodnan) total skin thickness score by clinical palpation [a commonly used outcome measure in trials of systemic sclerosis (SSc)]. Methods. Skin thickness was assessed by clinical palpation of 17 body areas on a 0 to 3 scale (normal, mild, moderate, severe). The m-Rodnan total skin thickness score was derived by summation of the scores from all 17 body areas. Using the m-Rodnan, 6-7 investigators assessed skin thickness in 5-6 patients with SSc (22 patients and 23 examiners total) at each of 4 sessions for the determination of interobserver variability (accuracy). In addition 21 of the investigators then assessed m-Rodnan in 2-3 patients each (60 patients total) 3 times over a 2-8 week period to quantitate intraobserver variability (reliability). Results. Interobserver and intraobserver mean ± within patient standard deviations (SD) for the m-Rodnan were found to be 17.7 ± 4.6 and 20.7 ± 2.45, respectively. Conclusion. The m-Rodnan total skin thickness score is at least as reliable for measuring skin thickness in SSc as are the ARA and Ritchie joint tenderness counts for assessing joint disease in rheumatoid arthritis. These data are useful for the determination of sample size and for the definitions of clinically meaningful response. Assessment of skin score is sufficiently reproducible to include as a measure of disease outcome, especially if patients are serially evaluated by the same investigator. (J Rheumatol 1995 ;22 :1281-5)
Evaluating the Demand for a New Service

Many service organizations contemplate the introduction of a new service for which the demand is uncertain. Surveys may be used to forecast reactions of the market. This case study of a credit union’s introduction of share draft accounts indicates that some types of survey information may be useful in predicting adoption of new services.
Drosophila seizure disorders: genetic suppression of seizure susceptibility

Various Drosophila models of human disease have recently received increased interest. The main goal is to uncover the fundamental biological basis for human pathology taking advantage of the power of Drosophila genetics. This review examines a set of Drosophila seizure-sensitive mutations that model human seizure disorders, especially epilepsy. Also described is a novel set of mutations that act as seizure-suppressors that ameliorate epilepsy phenotypes in double mutant combinations.
Proliferation of Antibody-Forming Cells

I want to stress two things in my brief comments. First, it is clear that cell division is essential to the process of antibody formation, just as it is to the maturation of most cells. Second, I want to stress that we know very little else about the cellular dynamics of antibody formation. However, there are a few interesting things about what we don’t know, and these I would like to mention.
Rater Agreement on IQ and Achievement Tests Effect on Evaluations of Learning Disabilities

Abstract Protocols from 110 evaluations utilizing the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) and the Woodcock/Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised (W/J-R) were scored by two different raters to determine (a) whether subtests with more difficult levels of scoring yield lower interrater correlation coefficients, (b) whether scoring errors on subtests affect broad score estimates, (c) the effect of expertise of rater on scoring errors, and (d) whether scoring errors affect a learning disability determination based on IQ/achievement discrepancy. Scoring errors were found on almost 25% of Comprehension and Vocabulary subtests; however, the effect of these scoring errors was minimal. About 42% of Writing Samples subtests had scoring errors, resulting in a mean change of 1.75 points on the Broad Written Language Cluster subtest. On the WISC-III, but not the W/J-R, there were significantly more errors made by inexperienced testers. Scoring errors resulted in two cases in which learning disability determination would be changed. Overall, the study corroborates previous findings of strong interrater reliability on most subtests of common IQ and achievement tests and indicates that novice scorers are not likely to make scoring mistakes that will significantly impact an IQ/achievement discrepancy-based documentation of learning disability.
Abstract 2126: Androgen receptor expression is associated with sunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma models

Background: Androgen receptor (AR) expression has been reported in renal cell carcinoma but its biological role remains elusive. Sunitinib is a potent anti-angiogenic drug approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, eventually RCC tumors develop drug resistance. We have hypothesized that tumor cells resistance to sunitinib is associated with kinome reprograming and anti-apoptotic genes upregulation. To date, there is no report on the association between AR expression and resistance to TKI such as sunitinib in RCC. Our study was designed to investigate the role of AR in sunitinib resistance in RCC. We used our previously reported sunitinib resistant ccRCC cells and patient derived xenograft models. Methods: Human RCC cell lines; 786-0, 786-0R (sunitinib resistant), C2, C2R (sunitinib resistant), ACHN and Caki 2 were utilized to determine sensitivity or resistance to sunitinib. Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models of advance and metastatic RCC and RCC cell lines, sensitive and resistant tumors were used to detect AR expression by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) was used to assess 249 protein including AR in sunitinib sensitive and resistant tumors. Results: Our qRT-PCR data showed an increase by 1000 folds in mRNA levels of AR in our sunitinib resistant cell lines. Similarly, RPPA data revealed AR to be increased in sunitinib resistant RCC PDX tumors. This observation was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Conclusion: Overall our data suggest the potential role of AR and its association with resistance to sunitinib. Ongoing studies are testing the in vitro and in vivo combination treatment of RCC models with sunitinib and AR antagonists. Citation Format: Remi M. Adelaiye-Ogala, Sreenivasulu Chintala, Ashley Orillion, Piergiorgio Pettazzoni, May Elbanna, Bennett Elzey, Kiersten Marie Miles, Chinghai Kao, Giulio F. Draetta, Roberto Pili. Androgen receptor expression is associated with sunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2126.
Inscription and Subversion of the Road Movie in Inés de Oliveira Cézar’s Cassandra (2012)

This chapter claims that Ines de Oliveira Cezar’s Cassandra (Argentina, 2012) inscribes and subverts the generic conventions of the road movie, the female Bildungsroman, and even neorealism. While the road trip favors character development and female independence, the protagonist, a journalist whose job is to denounce the deforestation that deprives indigenous peoples of their ancestral lands in the Argentine northeast, does not turn out to be a successful journalist, since she becomes extremely aware of the limitations of language and representation. In this film, cultural critique is represented narratively and the deictic pointers typical of neorealism are ambiguous. Instead of the expected overt political messages denouncing the plight of indigenous peoples, Cassandra makes us to reflect upon the limitations of objective representation as well as the unfeasibility of speaking for the subaltern.
Electrically Conductive Materials for Nerve Regeneration

In order to achieve complete functional recovery of an injured neural tissue, approaches seek to develop a material construct that combines several cues to modulate cell behavior, whether it be to guide regenerating axons to reconnect with target tissue or to elicit migration and growth factor release by support cells. Cells respond to cues in the microenvironment. Topographical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical cues have all separately (and in limited combination) been shown to guide and direct these behaviors (Fig. 5.1) (Wrobel 2013; Rodriguez and Schneider 2013). Ideally, multiple cues could be presented spatially and temporally during the regeneration process.
The Effects of a New College Mathematics Curriculum on High School Mathematics

The title is too narrow by half. It suggests the influence will go all one way, with changes at the college level filtering down to the secondary. Perhaps in the long run that will be true, but in the short run, to the extent that the interface between the two levels is now carefully synchronized, what is presently taught at one level constrains what changes can be made unilaterally at the other. Even in the long run, if changes at the college level demand major changes at the secondary level for which secondary teachers are not ready because of training and philosophy, then changes at the secondary level will be very slow.
Lurkers, creepers, and virtuous interactivity: From property rights to consent and care as a conceptual basis for privacy concerns and information ethics

Exchange of personal information online is usually conceptualized according to an economic model that treats personal information as data owned by the persons these data are ‘about.’ This leads to a distinct set of concerns having to do with data ownership, data mining, profits, and exploitation, which do not closely correspond to the concerns about privacy that people actually have. A post-phenomenological perspective, oriented by feminist ethics of care, urges us to figure out how privacy concerns arrive in fundamentally human contexts and to speak to that, rather than trying to convince people to care about privacy as it is juridically conceived and articulated. By considering exchanges of personal information in a human-to-human online informational economy — being friends on social networking sites — we can identify an alternate set of concerns: consent, respect, lurking, and creepiness. I argue that these concerns will provide a better guide to both users and companies about prudence and ethics in information economies than the existing discourse around ‘privacy.’
From Barcelona to New York: 15 years of transition of sepsis performance improvement

Sepsis is a major health crisis effecting more than 1.5 million Americans each year, with an annual cost over $20 billion (1,2). Sepsis is also the highest condition driving readmissions and a leading contributor to healthcare costs (3).
Dietary Sodium to Potassium Ratio and Risk of Stroke in a Multiethnic Urban Population: The Northern Manhattan Study.

Background and Purpose— There is growing evidence that increased dietary sodium (Na) intake increases the risk of vascular diseases, including stroke, at least in part via an increase in blood pressure. Higher dietary potassium (K), seen with increased intake of fruits and vegetables, is associated with lower blood pressure. The goal of this study was to determine the association of a dietary Na:K with risk of stroke in a multiethnic urban population. Methods— Stroke-free participants from the Northern Manhattan Study, a population-based cohort study of stroke incidence, were followed-up for incident stroke. Baseline food frequency questionnaires were analyzed for Na and K intake. We estimated the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of Na:K with incident total stroke using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results— Among 2570 participants with dietary data (mean age, 69±10 years; 64% women; 21% white; 55% Hispanic; 24% black), the mean Na:K ratio was 1.22±0.43. Over a mean follow-up of 12 years, there were 274 strokes. In adjusted models, a higher Na:K ratio was associated with increased risk for stroke (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.1) and specifically ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.1). Conclusions— Na:K intake is an independent predictor of stroke risk. Further studies are required to understand the joint effect of Na and K intake on risk of cardiovascular disease.
Creating and Implementing Effective Active Learning Experiences

This chapter provides guidance on how to create and implement effective active learning experiences for the flipped classroom. The active learning experiences are organized into four categories: group work, peer tutoring, discussions, and individual work. Research on the effectiveness of group work, peer tutoring, and discussions is examined with special emphasis placed on identifying which of the six learning domains (e.g. higher-order thinking, affective learning, educational and professional skills) are supported by the active learning experiences. Evidence-based advice for effectively facilitating and monitoring group work, peer tutoring, and discussions is also provided. Finally, examples of other effective active learning experiences for each category (group work, peer tutoring, discussions, and individual work) are provided along with any research related to the activity/experience.
The effects of diets enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on systemic vaccinia virus infection

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, n-3 fatty acids), the key components of fish and flaxseed oils, are increasingly consumed by the public because of their potential health benefits and are available by prescription for hypertriglyceridemia. However, numerous studies have shown that these compounds are immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive and thus may increase susceptibility to infection. In this study, we tested the effects of the amount of fat and the types of fatty acid in the diet on infection by vaccinia virus, an acute infection that begins in the respiratory tract and spreads by viremia to internal organs. Male C57Bl6 mice (~5 week old) were fed for 3 weeks prior to infection and continuing during infection and recovery one of the following: 1) a normal low fat (13% kcal) diet, 2) a low fat diet containing n-3 PUFAs, 3) a high fat (41% kcal) diet rich in n-3 PUFAs, 4) a high fat n-6 PUFA diet, or 5) a high fat monounsaturated diet. We found no statistically significant differences in the susceptibility of mice to viral infection, morbidity, viral organ titers, recovery time, or mortality with these diets, indicating that, over this approximately 6-week time period, dietary fats did not substantially affect responses to poxviral infection.
Effects of Enhanced Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Yield, and Disease Incidence and Severity for Wheat Under Field Conditions

The influence of enhanced UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) on wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Florida 301’) yield, and disease incidence and severity was investigated for two growing seasons under field conditions. Three levels of UV-B enhancement, simulating 8, 12, and 16% stratospheric ozone reduction, were employed during 1982, and two levels of UV-B radiation enhancement, simulating 12 and 16% ozone depletion, were used during 1983. At each level of UV-B enhancement during 1982, no significant direct effect upon yield was observed. However, in 1983, there was an indication that UV-B radiation was interacting with other parameters because there was a significant bimodal response on plant and seed dry weights. As determined by incidence survey, during 1982 the incidence of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), leaf spot (Helminthosporium sativum), and glume blotch (Septoria nodorum) were not significantly affected by the enhanced levels of UV-B radiation. During 1983, specific small plots were used to test for leaf rust severity on a resistant and a susceptible cultivar. Leaf rust on the resistant cultivar ‘Florida 301’ decreased with plant age, but control and UV-treated plants were not different. With increased UV-B irradiation of the susceptible but tolerant cultivar ‘Red Hart’ severity increased with age, and all plots exposed to increased levels of UV-B radiation were significantly different from the control. However, these small plot tests did not allow us to determine if yield was influenced.
Life Prediction for Resin-Matrix Composite Materials

Abstract Available methods for predicting the fatigue life of resin–matrix composite materials are reviewed. These include empirical, residual strength degradation, stiffness degradation, and actual damage state based theories. The residual strength degradation fatigue theories are discussed in detail. They are shown to possess a damage metric that can be summed cycle-by-cycle to give cumulative damage theories. Moreover, they exhibit the sudden death behavior observed in some experimental data. The stiffness degradation theories are shown to be logical generalizations of the residual strength degradation fatigue theories. Statistically rigorous procedures for determining how well particular fatigue theories fit experimental data are presented. Their use for checking for panel-to-panel fabrication variability and different fatigue theory fits is illustrated. Finally, a procedure for determining whether a particular theory is statistically valid is discussed and used to show that the residual strength degradation based fatigue models may not be valid for composite materials.
Effects of unilateral castration and unilateral cryptorchidism of the Holstein bull on plasma gonadotropins, testosterone and testis anatomy.

The effects of unilateral castration (UC) and induced unilateral cryptorchidism (CR) on plasma hormones and testis anatomy were studied in 36 Holstein bulls altered at either 3, 6 or 9 mo of age (n = 12). Plasma hormone concentrations were determined in six samples collected at hourly intervals on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30, and then at monthly intervals through 6 mo after gonadal manipulation. Although plasma testosterone (T) showed a transient decrease (P less than .05) immediately after treatment, mean plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and T were unaffected by UC or CR over the 6-mo period (P greater than .05). Both hormones increased (P less than .05) in concentration with advancing age. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration was greater (P less than .05) in UC than in intact (IN) bulls overall, while FSH in CR bulls did not differ (P greater than .05) from either group. At slaughter, 11 mo after gonadal alteration, mean testis weight, ratio of testis weight to body weight and mean testis sperm cell numbers were increased (P less than .05) in UC bulls compared with mean testis values in intact (IN) bulls. Unilateral castration increased (P less than .05) seminiferous tubuler diameter and seminiferous epithelial cell height from basement membrane to the border of the lumen, but did not alter the ratio of tubuler to interstitial space within the testis. Seminiferous tubuler diameter and epithelial cell height were increased (P less than .05) in CR compared with IN bulls. Unilateral gonadal alteration at 3 mo of age caused a greater (P less than .05) hypertrophy of the scrotal testis in both UC and CR bulls than alteration at 6 or 9 mo of age. Results indicate that unilateral gonadal disruption is followed by rapid compensation in testis T production, little change in systemic LH and a rapid increase in secretion of FSH in the bull within those ages investigated. Further, UC elicits a greater compensatory hypertrophy than CR and the pituitary-testis endocrine axis is more responsive to alteration at 3 mo than at 6 or 9 mo of age in the bull.
Recent Progress in the Theory of the Trojan Asteroids

This paper summarizes the author’s previous publications on the subject in the light of the numerical integrations by Deprit and Henrard. The period of libration is expressed as a function of the mass parameter and the normalized Jacobian constant. Brown’s conjecture regarding the termination of the tadpole branch of the family at L3is refined, and a heuristic proof of its validity is offered.
Justice Formation from Generation to Generation: Atticus Finch and the Stories Lawyers Tell Their Children

This article entwines the story of To Kill a Mockingbird with the supremacist stories told and used by segregationist lawyers in the Deep South. Juxtaposing these stories reveals how stories about race and justice have been deliberately used to “affect [the] hearts and minds” of children “in a way unlikely ever to be undone.” The shaping of a generation’s hearts and minds, through stories told to socialize and educate its children, produces in those children a vision of what a just world looks like. When that generation reaches adulthood, the stories its parents tell their children will replicate the vision anew. This process of intergenerational justice formation through storytelling affects the justice system itself, because each generation’s lawyers and judges have the power to inscribe their vision of justice into the law. Thus, storytelling’s power over justice formation poses dangers to justice: if, as in the case of race and justice storytelling, the dominant story is one that promotes a vision of justice that is in fact unjust, the law will fall prey to that vision. In that situation, restoring justice to the system depends upon the telling of counterstories that will promote a truer vision of justice.
Do Nonprofit Missions Vary by the Political Ideology of Supporting Communities? Some Preliminary Results

Nonprofit missions reflect the values of those that create, manage, and support them. We know that the U.S. population has undergone a “big sort” that has resulted in increased community homogeneit...
Extracting INT8 Multipliers from INT18 Multipliers

With the advent of machine learning as perhaps the most high-profile application area for FPGAs, there is a compelling reason to improve the provision of smaller precision arithmetic on these devices. INT8 is commonly used for AI inferencing, and along with some additional soft logic for exponent handling, can be an effective solution for training as well. This paper describes techniques for efficiently extracting INT8 multipliers from commonly available INT18 multipliers found in many modern FPGAs. A small amount of soft logic - as little as 7 ALMs per INT8 multiplier - is required to provide pre or post multiplier correction to calculate two INT8 multiplies from a single 18x18 multiplier. We present two configurations for both signed and unsigned representations where two multiplications share one input operand. In addition to the individual INT8 variants, we present full device cases of 22,400 INT8 multipliers organized as DOT32 product arrays, with the soft logic tightly bound to the INT18 based DSP Blocks. A majority of the soft logic and routing in the device is left untouched, and available for application development.
Firms Responding to the Voice on CEO Compensation

This study examines empirically the change of CEO compensation distribution of the companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Index in response to the public voice expressed in media during the period in 1992- 2015. The compensations converge to the central location as the shape of distribution changes from the right-skewed toward a symmetric form with less extremely higher compensations and smaller differences in the CEO compensation amounts. The changes of CEO compensation distribution in response to the public voice indicate the identity as a viable long-term governance mechanism to lessen pay without performance problem.
Mathematical modeling on obligate mutualism: Interactions between leaf-cutter ants and their fungus garden

We propose a simple mathematical model by applying Michaelis–Menton equations of enzyme kinetics to study the mutualistic interaction between the leaf cutter ant and its fungus garden at the early stage of colony expansion. We derive sufficient conditions on the extinction and coexistence of these two species. In addition, we give a region of initial condition that leads to the extinction of two species when the model has an interior attractor. Our global analysis indicates that the division of labor by worker ants and initial conditions are two important factors that determine whether leaf cutter ants’ colonies and their fungus garden can survive and grow or not. We validate the model by comparing model simulations and data on fungal and ant colony growth rates under laboratory conditions. We perform sensitive analysis of the model based on the experimental data to gain more biological insights on ecological interactions between leaf-cutter ants and their fungus garden. Finally, we give conclusions and discuss potential future work. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Multiscale collection and analysis of submerged aquatic vegetation spectral profiles for Eurasian watermilfoil detection

The ability to differentiate a non-native aquatic plant, Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil or EWM), from other submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) using spectral data collected at multiple scales was investigated as a precursor to mapping of EWM. Spectral data were collected using spectroradiometers for SAV taken out of the water, from the side of a boat directly over areas of SAV and from a lightweight portable radiometer system flown from an unmanned aerial system (UAS). EWM was spectrally different from other SAV when using 651 spectral bands collected in ultraviolet to near-infrared range of 350 to 1000 nm but does not provide a practical system for EWM mapping because this exceeds the capabilities of available airborne hyperspectral imaging systems. Using only six spectral bands corresponding to an available multispectral camera or eight wetlands-centric bands did not reliably differentiate EWM from other SAV and assemblages. However, a modified version of the normalized difference vegetation index (mNDVI), using a ratio of red-edge to red light, was significantly different among dominant vegetation groups. Also, averaging the full range of spectral to 65 10-nm wide bands, similar to available hyperspectral imaging systems, provided the ability to identify EWM separately from other SAV. The UAS-collected spectral data had the lowest remote sensing reflectance versus the out-of-water and boatside data, emphasizing the need to collect optimized data. The spectral data collected for this study support that with relatively clear and calm water, hyperspectral data, and mNDVI, it is likely that UAS-based imaging can help with mapping and monitoring of EWM.
Generation of Coherent Signals for the Verification of Signal Processing Algorithms in Radio Astronomy

Next generation radio telescopes (e.g. SKA, ngVLA) are required to meet stringent requirements in signal quality. Simulation methods have been extensively used for both design and verification of the signal chains of these telescopes. A key aspect of the simulation methods is the generation of coherent ‘noise-like’ test sequences that mimic celestial radiation and the variation of propagation delays to the different receptors due to the rotation of the Earth. The large decimation factors associated with the signal chains of these radio telescopes require the generation of long sequences of coherent wideband signals. An efficient method based on the chirp-z transform (CZT) for generating wideband coherent pseudo-random test sequences is presented in the following.
Abstract P406: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Stroke Symptoms in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Background: AF-related thromboembolism increases risk of stroke. Stroke symptoms in the absence of a stroke diagnosis may represent “whispering strokes,” but their association with AF has not been ...
Theory and phase-field simulations of electrical control of spin cycloids in a multiferroic

Cycloidal spin orders are common in multiferroics. One of the prototypical examples is ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$ (BFO) which shows a large polarization and a cycloidal antiferromagnetic (AFM) order at room temperature. Here, we employ Landau theory and phase-field simulations to analyze the coupled switching dynamics of polarization and cycloidal AFM orders in BFO. We identify 14 types of transitional spin structures between two cycloids and nine electric-field-induced spin switching paths. We demonstrate the electric-field-induced rotation of wave vectors of the cycloidal spins and discover two types of cycloidal spin switching dynamics: fast local spin flips and slow rotation of wave vectors. Also, we construct roadmaps to achieve the switching between any two spin cycloids through multistep applications of electric fields. This paper provides a theoretical framework for the phenomenological description of spin cycloids and a fundamental understanding of the switching mechanisms to achieve electrical control of magnetic orders.
Perceptions by employed accounting students of ethical leadership and political skill: Evidence for including political skill in ethics pedagogy

Abstract Using a sample of 703 full- or part-time employed students from two U.S. universities, we conducted an empirical investigation of the relation between perceptions of ethical leadership and perceptions of political skill. The sample was composed of 141 accounting majors and 562 non-accounting students. The results indicated that the two concepts were highly correlated. Our findings also indicate that perception of both ethical leadership and political skill significantly dropped with age and work experience. Moreover, accounting seniors who had previously completed a standalone ethics course had higher perceptions than their counterparts on both constructs, which were still highly correlated. This finding suggests that the ethics education of these students may not have positively impacted their discernment in the area of ethical sensitivity. Thus, accounting students may enter the workforce with inadequate ethical sensitivity, and entry-level accountants may therefore be prone to cognitively confuse the leadership attributes of political skills and ethics. The ability of accountants to differentiate between the ethical leadership and the political skill of leaders, and/or knowledge of how the political skills of leaders could mask their unethical guidance, is posited as an area of ethical sensitivity worthy of inclusion in accounting ethics pedagogy.
Abstract P312: Sensitivity to Mental Illness and Life Enjoyment (smile) After Stroke

Background: After experiencing a life changing stroke, survivors are often faced with a challenging journey back to wellness. This is particularly trying for those with depression and poor access t...
Overexpression and surface localization of HPRT in prostate cancer provides a potential target for cancer specific antibody mediated cellular cytotoxicity.

Abstract We chose to evaluate Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) as a possible biomarker for prostate cancer due to its involvement in nucleotide synthesis and cell cycle progression. We utilized two prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU145) along with patient tissue and knockdowns to evaluate overall HPRT expression. The surface localization of HPRT was determined utilizing flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy followed by ADCC to evaluate targeting potential. We found significant upregulation of HPRT within malignant samples with approximately 47% of patients had elevated levels of HPRT compared to normal controls. We also observed a significant association between HPRT and the plasma membrane of DU145 cells (p = 0.0004), but found no presence on PC3 cells (p = 0.14). This was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. ADCC experiments were performed to determine whether HPRT could be used as a target antigen for selective cell-mediated killing. We found that DU145 cells treated with HPRT antibodies had a significantly higher incidence of cell death than both isotype treated samples and PC3 cells treated with the same concentrations of HPRT antibody. Finally, we determined that p53 had a significant impact on HPRT expression both internally and on the surface of cancer cells. These results suggest HPRT as a possible biomarker target for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer.
Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Cerebellum Cortex Fractional Anisotropy in Pre-Adolescents.

Introduction: Cerebellum cortex fractional anisotropy is a proxy of the integrity of the cerebellum cortex. However, less is known about how it is shaped by race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental education and household income. Purpose: In a national sample of American pre-adolescents, this study had two aims: to test the effects of two SES indicators, namely parental education and household income, on cerebellum cortex fractional anisotropy, and to explore racial differences in these effects. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we analyzed the diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) data of 9565, 9–10-year-old pre-adolescents. The main outcomes were cerebellum cortex fractional anisotropy separately calculated for right and left hemispheres using dMRI. The independent variables were parental education and household income; both treated as categorical variables. Age, sex, ethnicity, and family marital status were the covariates. Race was the moderator. To analyze the data, we used mixed-effects regression models without and with interaction terms. We controlled for propensity score and MRI device. Results: High parental education and household income were associated with lower right and left cerebellum cortex fractional anisotropy. In the pooled sample, we found significant interactions between race and parental education and household income, suggesting that the effects of parental education and household income on the right and left cerebellum cortex fractional anisotropy are all significantly larger for White than for Black pre-adolescents. Conclusions: The effects of SES indicators, namely parental education and household income, on pre-adolescents’ cerebellum cortex microstructure and integrity are weaker in Black than in White families. This finding is in line with the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), defined as weaker effects of SES indicators for Blacks and other racial and minority groups than for Whites.
Rhetoric and the Animal Turn: Concluding Thoughts on the Benefits of the Cross-Species Study of Persuasion

In the last chapter of the book, I address some future directions for the cross-species study of persuasion and manipulation. There is much work to do, but this chapter reflects on some ways to inspire more thoughtful attitudes about animal communication and animal welfare. Overcoming anthropocentrism is an ambitious step that can lead us to value the lives of all creatures, despite their differences. We are all related to some degree, and we all suffer when we hurt, so unrestricted anthropocentric thought gives us license to hurt and kill when we should think carefully before wielding such power. If we can diminish hierarchical thinking and recognize it and point out its harm, then we can come one step closer to living in a world that minimizes suffering rather than compounds it.
Silica in Soils1

Publisher Summary Silica in free and combined forms is a dominant component of the solid material of many soils, and dissolved silica is commonly a major solute of soil solutions. Breakdown of primary silicates, translocation of silica in solution, and deposition of secondary silica-containing substances are involved in the development of soils. Ions essential for the growth of plants are released to the soil solution as silicates weather, and these ions may be held against leaching at exchange sites on other silicates. Silica is absorbed in appreciable quantities by some plants and is returned to the surface of the soil as the plants decay. The nature and transformations of silica and silicates in soil are, thus, fundamental to an understanding of many aspects of soil and plant sciences.