cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Spectra of Neon in the Extreme Ultraviolet

Increased dispersion and resolving power have made possible a revision and extension of previous work on the spectra of neon in the extreme ultraviolet. Lists of classified lines are given for Ne I, Ne II, Ne III and Ne IV in the range from $\ensuremath{\lambda}2000$ to $\ensuremath{\lambda}282$. No new lines were found for Ne I but the accuracy of the wave-lengths is considerably improved. For the other stages of ionization the number of lines identified or resolved has been doubled. Term tables are given for Ne II, Ne III and Ne IV including in them the results of other workers, notably de Bruin, from investigations in the more accessible portion of the spectrum.
IP-based design methodology

Summary form only given. In this presentation we will cover the bottom-up and top-down approaches to IP-based design technology in the semiconductor industry and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. We will start with requirements for IP-based design, explain the obstacles to success for IP community, and identify problems to be solved to remove those obstacles. We will review briefly the present status and make some prediction for the future in conclusion.
Beyond the Mediterranean to global observations of coastal lagoons

The United Nations has begun addressing the detection and prediction of global and large-scale change through the development of observing systems. The three observing systems are the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS); the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS); and the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS). Each of these is designed to be a ‘8user-driven, end-to-end’ system, providing measurements of selected variables and indicators, management and communication of these, and their analysis and synthesis into products for users. The interface between the land and ocean provides complexities that affect the capabilities of the three global observing systems. Understanding the complex interactions between natural and human systems at various scales is central to successful management of the coast in the face of change. Both GOOS and GTOS have organized initiatives for the coast with the GOOS initiative (CGOOS) being more developed. CGOOS is built upon a global network, which focuses on a limited number of phenomena and their associated variables, and regional programs that contribute to the global network and focus on other phenomena. CGTOS (coastal GTOS) has identified a few key phenomena for the development of the future mature system. These phenomena are linked to a framework that incorporates socio-economic variables into the program. To establish proof of concept and early success by CGTOS, four priority products have been identified that address (1) transport of materials, (2) functional typology, (3) integrated assessments of cultural and conservation sites, and (4) assessment of human populations and land use and land cover. The coastal observing systems are in the stages of developing implementation plans and should be operable in coming years.
Transport, Analyte Detection, and Opto-Electronic Response of p-Type CuO Nanowires

In this article, we introduce and provide details on a large-scale, cost-effective pathway to fabricating ultrahigh dense CuO nanowire arrays by thermal oxidation of Cu substrates in oxygen ambient. The CuO nanowires that are produced at ∼500 °C for ∼150 min feature an average length and diameter of ∼15 μm and ∼200 nm, respectively. The room temperature device-related characteristics such as transport, analyte detection and opto-electronic response of individual CuO nanowires have been probed by fabricating single CuO nanowire devices with the use of lift-off photolithographical techniques. The experiments confirm that as-grown nanowires are of p-type, have a band gap of ∼1.4 eV, and show strong sensitivity to both NO2 and NH3 gases. The devices also showed strong response to white light with device responsivity approaching ∼8 A/W for optical power densities of only ∼1 mW/cm2. Additionally, a complex interaction of photoproduced electron−hole pairs with the surface-originating chemisorbed agents including...
Update in Pulmonary Medicine

Pulmonary diseases, including chronic lung disease and pneumonia, are the third leading cause of death in the United States. This Update summarizes articles in six areas: chronic obstructive pulmon...
Role of serine proteases in inflammation: Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) as a potential therapy for autoimmune diseases

Serine proteases, a sub-category of the protease family, participate in various physiologic and pathologic conditions. Serine proteases are involved in different arms of the immune system and play an important role in inflammation. They have been evaluated as therapeutic targets in several inflammatory diseases. The Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI), a soybean-derived serine protease inhibitor, is resistant to temperature and acidic conditions. These characteristics make it a good candidate for oral administration, with no major side effects. In addition, the therapeutic effect of BBI has been shown in inflammatory diseases and cancer. We have demonstrated the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of BBI in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Here we review the role of serine proteases in inflammatory diseases, with emphasis on the potential of BBI as a novel oral therapy for multiple sclerosis.
Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics, Manning Marable, Second Edition, London: Verso, 2009

Abstract The new edition of Manning Marable’s Beyond Black and White seeks to explain the course of black politics in the United States over the last thirty years. Marable argues that this history shows the failure of liberal and nationalist politics to address the problems facing black Americans. Though Marable attempts to chart a course beyond these ideologies, his alternative of ‘transformative politics’, shorn of the revolutionary Marxism that defined his earlier writings, is no more capable of confronting racial inequality than the strategies it seeks to replace.
A Genetic Mutation in Pparγ Is Associated with Enhanced Fat Cell Differentiation: Implications for Human Obesity

Human obesity may have genetic causes, but determining the specific genes involved has been difficult. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) gene encodes a protein that plays an important role in the differentiation of fat cells. A mutation has been discovered in this gene which leads to a receptor that cannot be inactivated. This mutation, while probably rare, is associated with extreme obesity.
The effectiveness of a patient‐applied tooth desensitizing gel A pilot study

Potassium nitrate has been found to be an effective ingredient for reducing dentinal hypersensitivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient-applied 10% potassium nitrate glycerine-based gel in decreasing dentinal sensitivity on cold on teeth with exposed dentin apical to the cemento-enamel junction, 12 patients, each having 3 hypersensitive teeth, were tested. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: group 1 was treated with a glycerine-based 10% potassium nitrate gel: group 2 was treated with a glycerine gel without potassium nitrate; and group 3 received no gel and no treatment (control). Following brushing and flossing, groups 1 and 2 applied the gel to the test teeth using custom-made soft acrylic trays, for a period of 5 min/day for 4 weeks. Patient responses to cold water stimuli of 20 degrees C, 10 degrees C and 0 degrees C, were measured at baseline (week 0), then at 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-week intervals. Group 1 patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to cold at week 2 only. The group 2 patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to cold after 3 and 4 weeks. A statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was noted between group 2 and group 3 patients at week 3. The most sustained decrease in sensitivity to cold was found on teeth treated with plain glycerine.
Dynamic channel management in MIMO OFDM cellular systems

We consider dynamic channel management (DCM), more specifically power control and channel allocation, in multi-carrier multi-antenna wireless cellular systems. A quasi-static channel model is assumed such that the channels remain approximately time-invariant within each packet. On a packet-by-packet basis, the mobile station (MS) receivers feed back the DCM parameters to the corresponding base station (BS) transmitters in order to minimize the transmission power and strive to satisfy every individual user's data-rate request. While optimum, centralized DCM for all active cells typically requires solution of a non-convex optimization problem (which is subject to local minima) and requires intense channel feedback to a central controller. We instead consider sub-optimal distributed DCM, where each individual cell locally optimizes its own performance based on the local channel information. In particular, we compare three distributed DCM schemes, namely the two-dimensional DCM, which jointly adjusts both spatial and frequency sub-channels of each BS–MS link, the one-dimensional DCM, which adjusts only the frequency sub-channels and the scalar DCM, which adjusts each BS–MS link by one scalar power coefficient. These DCM schemes are investigated in multi-cell environments with realistic parameters; and it is seen that due to the multiple antennas, the maximum supportable rate (i.e. the rate supported by practically finite transmission power) is significantly increased, for example by a factor of two for users using four antennas and close to cell boundary. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral cortical registration of subliminal visceral stimulation

Background & Aims: Although brain registration of subliminal somatic stimulations such as masked visual stimuli and their influence on electrical and hemodynamic measures of cerebral activity have been reported previously, there have been no reports on cerebral cortical registration of subliminal visceral stimulation. Because studies evaluating the consequences of subliminal somatic stimulation have shown that subliminal stimulation can effect behavior, it is conceivable that such subliminal messages from the intestine could potentially influence intestinal sensory/motor function or effect the perception/interpretation of sensory signals originating from the gut. Methods: We studied the cerebral cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to subliminal, liminal, and supraliminal rectal distention in healthy volunteers. Results: Study findings indicate that subliminal afferent signals originating from the gut are registered in the cerebral cortex without reaching the level of awareness. Locations of cortical activity caused by intestinal subliminal stimulation are similar to those of liminal and supraliminal stimulation but their intensity and volume are significantly lower (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Subliminal afferent signals originating from the gut are registered in the cerebral cortex and induce changes in measures of brain activity, such as hemodynamic changes detectable by fMRI.
The Neonatal Ventromedial Hypothalamus Transcriptome Reveals Novel Markers with Spatially Distinct Patterning

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a distinct morphological nucleus involved in feeding, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity. It is essentially unknown how VMH circuits underlying these innate responses develop, in part because the VMH remains poorly defined at a cellular and molecular level. Specifically, there is a paucity of cell-type-specific genetic markers with which to identify neuronal subgroups and manipulate development and signaling in vivo. Using gene profiling, we now identify approximately 200 genes highly enriched in neonatal (postnatal day 0) mouse VMH tissue. Analyses of these VMH markers by real or virtual (Allen Brain Atlas; http://www.brain-map.org) experiments revealed distinct regional patterning within the newly formed VMH. Top neonatal markers include transcriptional regulators such as Vgll2, SF-1, Sox14, Satb2, Fezf1, Dax1, Nkx2-2, and COUP-TFII, but interestingly, the highest expressed VMH transcript, the transcriptional coregulator Vgll2, is completely absent in older animals. Collective results from zebrafish knockdown experiments and from cellular studies suggest that a subset of these VMH markers will be important for hypothalamic development and will be downstream of SF-1, a critical factor for normal VMH differentiation. We show that at least one VMH marker, the AT-rich binding protein Satb2, was responsive to the loss of leptin signaling (Lep(ob/ob)) at postnatal day 0 but not in the adult, suggesting that some VMH transcriptional programs might be influenced by fetal or early postnatal environments. Our study describing this comprehensive "VMH transcriptome" provides a novel molecular toolkit to probe further the genetic basis of innate neuroendocrine behavioral responses.
Household insolvency: A review of household debt repayment, delinquency, and bankruptcy

Abstract This review paper explores the issues related to the meaning and measurement of insolvency within the domain of household finances. Conceptual and empirical evidence to explain the onset of insolvency is reviewed. Predictive models and financial ratios are presented as techniques for identifying insolvent households. Implications for monitoring of solvency by households and responses to insolvency are presented.
HPLC Determination Of Transition Metal Ions By Chemiluminescence Detected With A Charge-Coupled Device

A solid-state two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) is found to offer several advantages to the detection of chemiluminescence from luminol. To study these benefits, measurements of luminol emission with hydrogen peroxide and transition-metal ions were made in a continuous flow mode. A mixture of metal ions separated by cation-exchange chromatography was also observed with chemiluminescence. A new technique, simultaneous variable binning, applied to the transient light emission leads to outstanding dynamic range. Excellent linearity and detection limits are obtained for Co2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, and H202.
Sculpin Predation on Lake Trout Eggs in Interstices: Skull Compression as a Novel Foraging Mechanism

Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) spawn in fall and hatch in spring; to protect their eggs over the winter they spawn on rocky reefs, where the eggs settle deeply into interstices. Uptake of water swells the eggs, further protecting them by lodging in crevices. Freshwater sculpin (Cottidae), the primary predator of salmonid eggs, are small, benthic fishes with malleable bodies and large heads. To acquire the lipid-rich resource contained in eggs, sculpin must penetrate deeply into interstices, and have a method to extract lodged eggs. We placed Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) into a tunnel containing a sequence of funnels with progressively smaller openings to determine the smallest hole they could enter. Forty-three of 138 Slimy Sculpin (31%) moved through openings up to 19.7% smaller than the maximum width of their head, indicating that they compressed their skull to move through the opening. We examined egg acquisition behavior by placing Lake Trout eggs into holes drilled in a Plexiglass plate. Holes ...
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Carbon Supported Nickel Nanoparticles (Ni/C) With Renewable Carbon Source

Carbon supported nickel nanoparticles, nickel/carbon (Ni/C) nanocomposite, have niche applications in the area of catalysts, fuel cells, and electrodes. As a catalyst, nickel can be used in many catalysis reactions replacing the more expensive catalysts, palladium and platinum. Coating the nickel nanoparticles with carbon can stabilize the reactive nickel nanoparticles. Herein a new improved method of synthesizing highly dispersed nickel nanoparticles in a carbon matrix by utilizing a rapid heating from microwave irradiation is described. This method is an easy, fast, and economical route in synthesizing carbon coated nickel nanoparticles.
Ectopic neuroblastoma of the thoracic wall: A case report

A case of thoracic neuroblastoma arising at the anterior mammillary line from the inner surface of the second and third right rib in a 17-month-old male child is reported. Primary surgery allowed excision of the mass. According to the histologic, histochemical, and molecular features of the tumor, all consistent with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma stage 2, the patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and, after 2 years, he is alive and disease free at follow-up. In view of different clinical and therapeutical approaches, only a strict adherence to histopathologic criteria allows differentiation of neuroblastoma, even in a very unusual anatomical site, from other small-cell, peripheral neoplasms presumably arising from the embryonic neural crest, such as Askin's tumor, neuroepithelioma, and ectomesenchymoma. The site of origin of these tumors is an important diagnostic clue but can be misleading: only careful microscopic evaluation and molecular analysis lead to incontrovertible diagnosis and yield correct clinical management.
Providing Care and Facing Death: Nursing During Ebola Outbreaks in Central Africa:

Few studies have focused on describing the experiences of health care workers during rapid killing epidemics. In this article, the views and experiences of nurses during three outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) in Central Africa are examined. These three outbreaks occurred in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC, 1995); Gulu, Uganda (2000-2001); and Republic of Congo (ROC, 2003). Open-ended and semistructured interviews with individuals and small groups were conducted during the outbreaks in Uganda and ROC; data from DRC are extracted from published sources. Three key themes emerged from the interviews: (a) lack of protective gear, basic equipment, and other resources necessary to provide care, especially during the early phases of the outbreaks; (b) stigmatization by family, coworkers, and community; and (c) exceptional commitment to the nursing profession in a context where the lives of the health care workers were in jeopardy.
A Meiosis-Specific Form of the APC/C Promotes the Oocyte-to-Embryo Transition by Decreasing Levels of the Polo Kinase Inhibitor Matrimony

Oocytes are stockpiled with proteins and mRNA that are required to drive the initial mitotic divisions of embryogenesis. But are there proteins specific to meiosis whose levels must be decreased to begin embryogenesis properly? The Drosophila protein Cortex (Cort) is a female, meiosis-specific activator of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We performed immunoprecipitation of Cortex followed by mass spectrometry, and identified the Polo kinase inhibitor Matrimony (Mtrm) as a potential interactor with Cort. In vitro binding assays showed Mtrm and Cort can bind directly. We found Mtrm protein levels to be reduced dramatically during the oocyte-to-embryo transition, and this downregulation did not take place in cort mutant eggs, consistent with Mtrm being a substrate of APCCort. We showed that Mtrm is subject to APCCort-mediated proteasomal degradation and have identified a putative APC/C recognition motif in Mtrm that when mutated partially stabilized the protein in the embryo. Furthermore, overexpression of Mtrm in the early embryo caused aberrant nuclear divisions and developmental defects, and these were enhanced by decreasing levels of active Polo. These data indicate APCCort ubiquitylates Mtrm at the oocyte-to-embryo transition, thus preventing excessive inhibition of Polo kinase activity due to Mtrm's presence.
Increase in nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA at syncytial blastoderm in Drosophila melanogaster embryos

Abstract Levels of poly(A)-containing RNA in embryonic nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster were related to the morphological events of nuclear migration and cell formation. Poly(A)-containing RNA was detected by in situ hybridization of [ 3 H]poly(U) to cytological preparations of ruptured embryos. Increased levels of [ 3 H]poly(U) binding were observed in nuclei that had migrated to the cortical cytoplasm. Ribonuclease-treated preparations indicated that increased poly(U) binding was RNA dependent. Pole cells, which are the first cells formed, did not show this increase in binding. We interpret these data as evidence that transcriptional activation of informational sequences occurs shortly after nuclei have migrated to the cortical cytoplasm and before cell membranes are completed. The absence of this activation in nuclei of pole cells may result from repressor activity in the polar plasm.
Provider roles in the recruitment of underrepresented populations to cancer clinical trials

BACKGROUND. Providers play a vital role in the successful recruitment of underrepresented patients to cancer clinical trials because they often introduce the opportunity of clinical trials. The purpose of the current systematic review was to describe provider-related factors influencing recruitment of underrepresented populations to cancer clinical trials. METHODS. To find original studies on the recruitment of underrepresented populations to cancer clinical trials, electronic databases from January 1966 to December 2005 were searched; hand-searched titles in 34 journals from January 2003 to January 2006; and reference lists were examined of eligible articles. Title and abstract reviews were conducted to identify relevant studies. Potential articles were then abstracted using a structured instrument and a serial review process by 2 investigators. RESULTS. Eighteen studies were eligible for review: 13 targeted healthcare providers, 3 targeted patients/participants, and 2 targeted both providers and patients. The study designs included randomized controlled trial, concurrent controlled trial, case-control, descriptive, and qualitative. A lack of available protocols and/or a lack of provider awareness about clinical trials prevented providers from discussing the opportunity of clinical trials in 2 studies. In 14 studies, patient accrual was affected by provider attitudinal barriers relating to patient adherence to the study protocol, patient mistrust of research, patient costs, data collection costs, and/or patient eligibility. Providers' communication methods were barriers in 5 studies and promoters in 1 study. CONCLUSIONS. A heterogeneous body of evidence suggests that several provider-related factors influence recruitment of underrepresented groups to clinical trials. Future recruitment efforts should address these factors. Cancer 2007;109:465–476. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Wittgenstein on Being and Time

This paper is an attempt to understand Wittgenstein’s conception of time during the different periods of his philosophical activity. This concept offers a highly interesting perspective on Wittgenstein’s philosophy in general. Among other things, it played a crucial role in the development of Wittgenstein’s philosophy. In particular, Wittgenstein’s ideas about time were instrumental in shaping his changing concept of object. I will also try to put Wittgenstein’s ideas about time in a wider (and deeper) theoretical perspective.
Triacylglycerol turnover in Tetrahymena pyriformis relation to phospholipid synthesis

The metabolic function of triaclyglycerol in Tetrahymena pyriformis was investigated by prelabeling endogenous lipid with a 14C-labeled short chain fatty acid, and then following the disappearance of radioactivity from triacylglycerol and its appearance in other products. In 90 min, up to 85% of the label in triacylglycerol turns over, and although some radioactivity appears in CO2 and glycogen, most of the label appears in phospholipid. Starvation of the cells, as well as resuspension in enriched medium or provision of acetate all block triacylglycerol breakdown, while supplementation of the medium with pyruvate does not. Prelabeling lipid with [3H]glycerol shows that some of the transfer of material from triacylglycerol to phospholipid involves transfer of the glycerol backbone, although transfer of triacylglycerol fatty acids directly to phospholipid probably also occurs. In addition, the catabolism of triacylglycerol occurs by a “last-in-first-out” mechanism, indicating some form of compartmentation of triacylglycerol in this cell. The results demonstrate an important metabolic interrelationship between triacylglycerol catabolism and phospholipid synthesis and raise the question, in this cell at least, of the validity of considering triacylglycerol only as a fuel storage form.
Adventitious shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants of rapid-cycling fast plants of Brassica rapa L

Rapid-cycling fast plants (Brassica rapa; RCBr) is also known as Wisconsin Fast Plant and is widely used in K-12 and undergraduate studies. RCBr has a short generation time (seed-to-seed in 30–60 days), which allows for the completion of experiments in a semester. Previous studies have shown that cotyledonary explants with attached petioles are capable of generating shoots. However, there is no published adventitious shoot regeneration protocol to date. Sterile cotyledonary explants were excised; all edges and petioles were removed. Five-day-old cotyledonary explants produced shoots on a Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1.5 mg/L thiadiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (FPM I) at a mean rate of 8.8%. This rate increased to 14.8% in explants placed on FPM I medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L silver nitrate (AgNO3) (SRM 2). The rate increased to 32.5% when 5-day-old explants, excised from the part of the cotyledon nearest to the petiole, were placed adaxial side up on SRM 2 medium. The shoot regeneration rate increased to 44.5% using 4-day-old cotyledonary explants. A shoot regeneration rate of 23% was observed among 9-day-old leaf explants. Shoots from cotyledonary explants were elongated on basal medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA, rooted on basal medium, and later acclimatized. This is the first report of shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants of rapid-cycling Brassica rapa without pre-existing meristematic tissues.
Finite supermodular design with interdependent valuations

Abstract This paper studies supermodular mechanism design in environments with arbitrary (finite) type spaces and interdependent valuations. In these environments, the designer may have to use Bayesian equilibrium as a solution concept, because ex-post implementation may not be possible. We propose direct (Bayesian) mechanisms that are robust to certain forms of bounded rationality while controlling for equilibrium multiplicity. In quasi-linear environments with informational and allocative externalities, we show that any Bayesian mechanism that implements a social choice function can be converted into a supermodular mechanism that also implements the original decision rule. The proposed supermodular mechanism can be chosen in a way that minimizes the size of the equilibrium set, and we provide two sets of sufficient conditions to this effect. This is followed by conditions for supermodular implementation in unique equilibrium.
Successful embolization of hepatocelluar carcinoma with yttrium-90 glass microspheres prior to liver transplantation.

We report a case of a patient with end-stage liver disease secondary to hepatitis C, complicated by a large hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of the size of the tumor exceeded the Milan criteria, he was not a candidate for liver transplantation. However, after two treatments with yttrium-90 glass microsphere infusions, the tumor became smaller and the patient's α-fetoprotein level dropped to normal range. He was listed for transplantation and subsequently received a deceased donor liver transplant. Two years after his transplantation, he remains tumor free and has normal α-fetoprotein levels. This is the first reported case in the literature of using yttrium-90 microspheres as a bridge to liver transplantation in a patient with a large hepatocellular carcinoma. This therapy should be considered in patients with cirrhosis and large hepatocellular carcinomas exceeding current size criterion, who would otherwise be good candidates for transplantation.
A Fault-Tolerant Routing Algorithm in Hypercubes

Fault-tolerant communication mechanism for multicomputer systems is an important feature to reliability-critical applications. In this paper, we will present a fault-tolerant routing algorithm that has a better performance than a previous work in the sense that it requires less message overhead and the message header needs to be updated at fewer intermediate nodes. A comparison between the algorithms and a previous work is given.
Dinner, dancing, and tennis, anyone?

Introduction In August 1996 the United States Tennis Association (USTA) had a problem. They had just conducted the men's draw for the annual U.S. Open tournament, but, contrary to previous years' procedure, the draw was made before the seedings were determined for the top 16 of the 128 players. Worse yet, the seedings announced did not follow the standard computer rankings for the top players, as had long been the policy. Americans Michael Chang and Andre Agassi, for example, were ranked third and eighth, but were seeded second and sixth, respectively. Amid allegations that the seedings were rigged to promote late-round match-ups between high-visibility players, the USTA conceded that this unusual procedure had created at least the appearance of impropriety, and agreed to redo the draw, this time after the seedings had been announced. This unprecedented re-draw did not satisfy all of the critics, particularly those who felt that the seedings favored Americans, but it did quiet talk of a boycott from several players. It also raised some interesting questions about probability. In the first draw, Andrei Medvedev of the Ukraine was pitted against Jean-Philippe Fleurian of France. In the re-draw, these same two unseeded players were scheduled to meet in the first round. A USTA official found this a remarkable coincidence, and contacted the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at nearby St. John's University to inquire about the probability of such an event. I happened to field the phone call. It took some time to determine just what the official was asking. For example, consider the difference between the following two questions:
Game Theory and the Spiral Model

When one state engages in a military buildup, other states sometimes take this as a sign that it is more aggressive or expansionist than they previously thought. Some argue that such increases in mutual suspicion can drive arms races and even lead to war. Psychological bias is often invoked to explain this pattern of growing suspicions leading to hostility. This article presents an incomplete information model of an arms race and investigates when escalations should rationally generate increased fears and when, in order to reduce such fears, security seekers can refrain from building. It shows that escalations rationally provoke fear even in the absence of bias and that weak states and states facing high costs of arms racing and war will be especially likely to refrain from building as a way of signaling benign intentions.
Effect of metal counterions on the stereoselectivity of aldol reactions used to assemble the seco acid backbone of erythromycin b

Abstract The diastereofacial selectivity of the aldol reactions of the enolates derived from the ketones 11 , 15 , and 19 with the aldehyde 2a depended upon whether the counterion was lithium or titanium. For lithium enolates the stereoselectivity appeared to be controlled by the stereochemistry alpha to the carbonyl group of the aldehyde partner, whereas the stereochemistry at the α′-carbon of the enolate was important for the titanium enolate.
Health as a fundamental right for all children.

The UN Childrens Fund has worked closely with other UN agencies to shape the global consensus that the education and health of children are essential for human development. In 1990 the World Summit for Children achieved specific agreements to reduce infant and maternal mortality ensure universal access to clean water and sanitation promote education and protect children in vulnerable situations. Also 191 member states have ratified the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. Today infant mortality rates are down but under-five mortality rates have not improved; primary school enrollment has increased but millions of girls are out-of-school and drop-out rates are too high; and vaccine-preventable deaths and deaths from diarrhea are down but gains are threatened by malnutrition malaria and HIV/AIDS. Almost all countries are close to achieving universal access to clean water but not to sanitation and violence against women and children is increasing while high maternal mortality rates continue unabated. To improve we must create a public demand for change. UNICEF believes such change is possible and has documented the lessons learned from countries that have invested in basic social services despite low levels of gross national product have stuck to this choice in hard economic times have also invested in basic education (especially for girls) and basic health services have ensured that impoverished citizens gain access to these services have supported public policy with legislation and budgetary commitments and have allowed local and community governments to serve as links with central governments and communities.
Development of patterns for nanoscale strain measurements: I. Fabrication of imprinted Au webs for polymeric materials

A method is presented for patterning polymers with nanoscale gold networks and using the pattern to measure strain in the polymer. A gold film is first coated on a porous alumina template. After coating, the template is impressed into a polymer, and the template is dissolved to leave a continuous metal network on or slightly below the surface of the polymer. The network has a random structure and is electrically conductive and has potential applicability to structural health monitoring. We show that it can be used as a means of measuring deformation through changes in electrical conductivity and continuity and also as a means to measure local material response during controlled loading.
Expression Analysis of Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytomas by Oligonucleotide Microarray Reveals Two Potential Subgroups

Deleted in liver cancer (DLC1) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene recently isolated from human hepatocellular carcinoma. Structurally, DLC1 protein contains a conserved GTPase-activating protein for Rho family protein (RhoGAP) domain, which has been thought to regulate the activity of Rho family proteins. Previous studies indicated that DLC1 was frequently inactivated in cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the tumor suppressor roles of DLC1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. We showed that DLC1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and in vivo tumorigenicity when stably expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Moreover, DLC1 expression greatly reduced the motility and invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. With RhoGAP-deficient DLC1 mutant (DLC1-K714E), we showed that the RhoGAP activity was essential for DLC1-mediated tumor suppressor function. Furthermore, the 292- to 648-amino acid region and the steroidogenic acute regulatory related lipid transfer domain played an auxiliary role to RhoGAP and tumor suppressor function of DLC1. Taken together, our findings showed that DLC1 functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma and provide the first evidence to support the hypothesis that DLC1 suppresses cancer cell growth by negatively regulating the activity of Rho proteins.
Generation and segmentation of motion trajectories

Presents an algorithm for selecting and linking interesting flow vectors across a sequence of frames for computing motion trajectories. The authors track tokens which have both interesting pixel gray values in the spatial domain and in the optical flow field in the temporal domain. This and operation effectively removes some redundant trajectories. Due to errors introduced during the computation of optical flow, and the linking of such flow vectors across a sequence of frames, the resultant trajectories are not always smooth. The authors discuss a Kalman filtering based approach for smoothing the trajectories. This approach is also able to deal with the occlusion of feature points. The authors also present a simple algorithm for segmenting motion trajectories. >
The biology of human sex differences.

There are marked sex-based differences in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, course, and treatment of disease. Although very few of these differences are understood in molecular or cellular terms, explanations must derive from the fundamental biologic differences between the sexes. This article reviews the current understanding of hormonal and genetic differences between the sexes.
Nucleus-basal body connector in Chlamydomonas: evidence for a role in basal body segregation and against essential roles in mitosis or in determining cell polarity

In the unicellular biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii each basal body is linked to the nucleus by a fibrous nucleus-basal body connector (NBBC) that contains the calcium-binding protein centrin. (Wright et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 101:1903–1912.; Salisbury et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 107:635–642; Huang et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 107:121–131). In order to explore the cellular function of the NBBC we used antiserum directed against centrin to examine a number of mutants known to be defective for basal body assembly and/or localization. Of three variable flagella-number mutants examined, one, vfl-2, is dramatically defective with respect to the NBBC in that (1) the union between basal bodies and nucleus is very labile, (2) there is no detectible centrin in the NBBC region, and (3) total cellular centrin levels are reduced 75–80% relative to wild type. The existence of these defects in a mutant incapable of maintaining normal flagellar number supports the view that the NBBC plays an important role in determining proper basal body localization and/or segregation. In contrast to vfl-2, the mutants vfl-1, vfl-3, uni-1, and bald-2 contain approximately normal levels of centrin and possess stable NBBCs. The observation of NBBCs in the mutant bald-2, which lacks all but very rudimentary basal bodies, indicates that the assembly of the NBBC does not require fully formed basal bodies and that such assembly may not require basal bodies at all. Finally, the possibility that the NBBC is required for induction of gene expression following deflagellation was tested by examining vfl-2 for such induction. Results indicate that the connector does not play a necessary role in the induction process.
Detecting rare, abnormally large grains by x-ray diffraction

Bimodal grain structures are common in many alloys, arising from a number of different causes including incomplete recrystallization and abnormal grain growth. These bimodal grain structures have important technological implications, such as the well-known Goss texture which is now a cornerstone for electrical steels. Yet our ability to detect bimodal grain distributions is largely confined to brute force cross-sectional metallography. The present study presents a new method for rapid detection of unusually large grains embedded in a sea of much finer grains. Traditional X-ray diffraction-based grain size measurement techniques such as Scherrer, Williamson–Hall, or Warren–Averbach rely on peak breadth and shape to extract information regarding the average crystallite size. However, these line broadening techniques are not well suited to identify a very small fraction of abnormally large grains. The present method utilizes statistically anomalous intensity spikes in the Bragg peak to identify regions where abnormally large grains are contributing to diffraction. This needle-in-a-haystack technique is demonstrated on a nanocrystalline Ni–Fe alloy which has undergone fatigue-induced abnormal grain growth. In this demonstration, the technique readily identifies a few large grains that occupy <0.00001 % of the interrogation volume. While the technique is demonstrated in the current study on nanocrystalline metal, it would likely apply to any bimodal polycrystal including ultrafine grained and fine microcrystalline materials with sufficiently distinct bimodal grain statistics.
Coproduction and Privatization: Exploring the Relationship and its Implications

The use of privatization and coproduction are among the most frequently proposed methods of responding to fiscal stress in local government as well as to dissatisfac tion with the performance of the public sector. Conservatives offer reduction in the role of government and more reliance on the private sector as a means of increasing efficiency and an ideological end in itself. Liberals look to the use of citizens as coproducers of public goods and services to gain greater flexibility and innovation, responsiveness and cost reductions in government. This article identifies three models of privatization, examines their relationship to coproduction, and considers the implications of increased use of privatization for coproduction and public policy more generally.
Where music helps: community music therapy in action and reflection

Where music helps: community music therapy in action and reflection, by Brynjulf Stige, Gary Ansdell, Cochavit Elefant, and Mercedes Pavlicevic, Farnham, Ashgate, 2010, 364 pp., £65 (hardback), ISB...
Aripiprazole: An Antipsychotic with a Novel Mechanism of Action

Objective: To evaluate aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia, including a comparison of available agents, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, assessment of clinical trials, and adverse effects. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1962-March 2003) was conducted for primary and secondary sources. Search terms included OPC-14597, aripiprazole, typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and schizophrenia. The Review and Evaluation of Clinical Data from NDA 21-436 was accessed from the FDA Web site. Study Selection: All articles retrieved were evaluated, and the most appropriate studies were selected. Relevant poster presentations were included. Data Synthesis: Aripiprazole is a potent partial agonist/antagonist at the dopamine D 2 receptor, as well as a partial agonist at the serotonin 5-HT 1 A receptor and an antagonist at the 5-HT 2 A receptor. Clinical trials were assessed for information on dosing, side effects, and adverse drug reactions. Conclusions: Aripiprazole appears to be superior to placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia, with a favorable adverse effect profile.
Electron Microscopy Study of the LiFePO4 to FePO4 Phase Transition

The mechanism by which LiFePO 4 is transformed into isostructural FePO 4 has been elucidated using electron microscopy on large, hydrothermally grown LiFePO 4 crystals following chemical delithiation. Lithium is extracted at narrow, disordered transition zones on the ac crystal surface as the phase boundary progresses in the direction of the a-axis. The substantial lattice mismatch along a (ca. 5%) causes crack formation in the bc plane. Despite considerable disorder in the transition zone, the general structural arrangement is preserved, leading to good crystallinity in the newly created FePO 4 domains. Implications for improved electrode performance are discussed.
The impact of the experimenter expectancy effect on the measurement of self‐esteem and communication anxiety

On a etudie les consequences des attentes de l'experimentateur, sur deux echelles standard: estime de soi et anxiete sociale. Le premier jour, les experimentateurs ignoraient les hypotheses, mais pas le deuxieme jour. Aucune difference n'apparut, ni sur le score total, ni sur les scores individuels; en outre, la fonction discriminante etait non significative. La comparaison des matrices de covariance de l'anxiete sociale permet de conclure que les deux administrations etaient significativement proches, mais qu'il y avait quelques differences entre les matrices de covariance de l'estime de soi
Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak: Basis and roles in cardiac dysfunction

Synchronized SR calcium (Ca) release is critical to normal cardiac myocyte excitation-contraction coupling, and ideally this release shuts off completely between heartbeats. However, other SR Ca release events are referred to collectively as SR Ca leak (which includes Ca sparks and waves as well as smaller events not detectable as Ca sparks). Much, but not all, of the SR Ca leak occurs via ryanodine receptors and can be exacerbated in pathological states such as heart failure. The extent of SR Ca leak is important because it can (a) reduce SR Ca available for release, causing systolic dysfunction; (b) elevate diastolic [Ca]i, contributing to diastolic dysfunction; (c) cause triggered arrhythmias; and (d) be energetically costly because of extra ATP used to repump Ca. This review addresses quantitative aspects and manifestations of SR Ca leak and its measurement, and how leak is modulated by Ca, associated proteins, and posttranslational modifications in health and disease.
Neural Networks: The Early Days

A short account is given of various investigations of neural network properties, beginning with the classic work of McCulloch & Pitts. Early work on neurodynamics and statistical mechanics, analogies with magnetic materials, fault tolerance via parallel distributed processing, memory, learning, and pattern recognition, is described.
On Learning New Primitives in the Language of Thought: Reply to Rey

A theory of conceptual development must provide an account of the innate representational repertoire, must characterize how these initial representations differ from the adult state, and must provide an account of the processes that transform the initial into mature representations. In Carey, 2009 (The Origin of Concepts), I defend three theses: 1) the initial state includes rich conceptual representations, 2) nonetheless, there are radical discontinuities between early and later developing conceptual systems, 3) Quinean bootstrapping is one learning mechanism that underlies the creation of new representational resources, enabling such discontinuity. I also claim that the theory of conceptual development developed in The Origin of Concepts addresses two of Fodor's challenges to cognitive science; namely, to show how learning could possibly lead to an increase in expressive power and to defeat Mad Dog Nativism, the thesis that all concepts lexicalized as mono-morphemic words are innate. A recent article by Georges Rey (Mind & Language, 29.2, 2014) argues that my responses to Fodor's challenges fail, because, he says, I fail to distinguish concept possession from manifestation and I do not confront Goodman's new riddle of induction. My response is to show that, and how, new primitives in a language of thought can be learned, that there are easy routes and hard ones to doing so, and that characterizing the learning mechanisms involved is the key to understanding both concept possession and constraints on induction.
Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the insulin content of the rat's pancreas.

SummaryTreatment with purified adrenocorticotropic hormone for 14 days has been found to increase the insulin content of the pancreas of hypophysectomized rats. The previously observed action of the lactogenic hormone has been confirmed.