cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of submaximal isometric handgrip on left ventricular size and wall motion

To evaluate the effects of sustained submaximal isometric handgrip exercise on the left ventricle in patients with previous myocardial infarction, we utilized the noninvasive techniques of radarkymographic video tracking, measurement of the left heart dimension and calculation of systolic time intervals to assess alterations in wall motion and left ventricular size and function during handgrip exercise performed at a tension level of 15 percent of maximal voluntary contraction. In 9 of 12 patients with dyskinesis or asynchrony at rest the mean amplitude and velocity of systolic outward movement increased during handgrip exercise (P < 0.05), whereas in 11 patients with initially hypokinetic areas mean amplitude and velocity decreased (P < 0.05); in 3 patients dyskinesis was produced de novo. In all 12 patients both amplitude and velocity decreased in areas of normal wall motion (P < 0.05); similar changes occurred in 5 normal control subjects. Alterations in systolic time intervals during handgrip exercise were variable, and no consistent patterns were observed in either patients or control subjects. In seven patients whose left heart dimension increased during handgrip exercise, wall motion abnormalities were more severe at rest than in the five patients whose left heart dimension decreased. The five control subjects showed a decrease in left heart dimension during handgrip exercise. We conclude that the normal response to submaximal isometric handgrip exercise at 15 percent of maximal voluntary capacity is a decrease in left ventricular size and a reduction in both the amplitude and velocity of left ventricular wall motion. Furthermore, in patients with previous myocardial infarction sustained isometric handgrip exercise is a useful maneuver for the intensification or induction of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. By contrast, no consistent alterations in systolic time intervals were observed during handgrip exercise either in normal subjects or in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Thus, systolic time intervals do not appear to be useful for evaluating the left ventricular response to submaximal handgrip exercise in individual patients.
RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTI-ARTICULATED OFFSHORE TOWERS

Abstract Compliant offshore platforms are designed to allow controlled movement of the platform as an alternative to near-rigid resistance to wind, wave and current loading by fixed platform designs. The equations of motion, valid for both single and multi-articulated towers, are derived using a Lagrange equation approach. The resulting equations are then used to study the sensitivity of a tri-articulated tower to select design parameters. A tension-restrained articulated platform (TRAP) proposed by the offshore industry for use in 914 m (3000 ft) of water is used for comparison in the sensitivity studies. Dimensionless parameters are developed and used to identify the roles of several key variables in altering the natral periods of tower vibration in order to avoid regions of significant environmental excitation.
Phosphoric acid imidazolium dihydrogenphosphate

The title compound, H3PO4·C3H5N2+·H2PO4−, was synthesized during an investigation of the inter­calation of imidazole into a series of VOPO4 compounds. The asymmetric unit contains two phosphate species, which are disordered H2PO4− and H3PO4, and one imidazolium cation, and has significant hydrogen bonding.
How much energy saving does topology control offer for wireless sensor networks? - A practical study

Topology control is an important feature for energy saving, and many topology control protocols have been proposed. Yet, little work has been done on quantitatively measuring practical performance gains that topology control achieves in a real sensor network. This is because many existing protocols either are too complex or make too impractical assumptions for a practical implementation and analysis. A rule of thumb or a practical upper bound on the energy saving gains achievable by topology control would assist engineers in estimating the overall energy budget of a real sensor system. This paper proposes a new topology control protocol simple enough to permit a straightforward stochastic analysis and also a real implementation in Mica2. This protocol is currently deployed in our testbed network of 42 Mica2 nodes. Our contribution is not on the novelty of this protocol but on a practical performance bound we can study using this protocol. The stochastic analysis reveals that topology control can achieve a power gain proportional to network density divided by a factor of eight to ten. Our experiment result from the real testbed tests confirms this finding. We also find a tradeoff in terms of throughput loss due to reduced density by topology control which amounts to about 50% throughput loss. These performance figures represent rough rules of thumb on energy efficiency achievable even by a very simple, unoptimized protocol.
Role of frozen section analysis of testicular/paratesticular fibrous pseudotumours: A five-case experience

Background: Fibrous pseudotumours of the testicular and paratesticular tissues are fibroinflammatory reactive lesions that can clinically mimic neoplasms. Very little is known about the role of frozen section analysis (FSA) for these lesions in terms of intraoperative surgical management. Methods: We recently experienced 5 patients with testicular/paratesticular fibrous pseudotumours in whom frozen sections were used to demonstrate its non-neoplastic nature prior to the decision for radical surgery. Results: In 2 cases, FSA resulted in testicular-sparing surgery. In contrast, the remaining 3 cases ultimately underwent radical orchiectomy, due to questionable viability of the testicle involved by inflammatory/infiltrative lesions and in 1 case a slight possibility of lymphoproliferative malignancy. Conclusion: Urologists should be aware of this entity and its gross features, such as firm masses and diffuse fibrous proliferation encasing the testicle to help determine intraoperative management. In select cases, intraoperative FSA is helpful in obviating radical orchiectomy.
The Response of Tropical Cyclone Statistics to an Increase in CO2 with Fixed Sea Surface Temperatures

AbstractThe effects on tropical cyclone statistics of doubling CO2, with fixed sea surface temperatures (SSTs), are compared to the effects of a 2-K increase in SST, with fixed CO2, using a 50-km resolution global atmospheric model. Confirming earlier results of Yoshimura and Sugi, a significant fraction of the reduction in globally averaged tropical storm frequency seen in simulations in which both SST and CO2 are increased can be thought of as the effect of the CO2 increase with fixed SSTs. Globally, the model produces a decrease in tropical cyclone frequency of about 10% due to doubling of CO2 and an additional 10% for a 2-K increase in SST, resulting in roughly a 20% reduction when both effects are present. The relative contribution of the CO2 effect to the total reduction is larger in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. The average intensity of storms increases in the model with increasing SST, but intensity remains roughly unchanged, or decreases slightly, with the increase in CO2 alone. A...
Comprehensive Approach to Coregistration of Autoradiography and Microscopy Images Acquired from a Set of Sequential Tissue Sections

Histopathologic validation of a PET tracer requires assessment of colocalization of the tracer with its intended biologic target. Using thin tissue section autoradiography, it is possible to visualize the spatial distribution of the PET tracer uptake and compare it with the distribution of the intended biologic target (as visualized with immunohistochemistry). The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an objective methodology for deformable coregistration of autoradiography and microscopy images acquired from a set of sequential tissue sections. Methods: Tumor-bearing animals were injected with 39-deoxy39- 18 F-fluorothymidine ( 18 F-FLT), 14 C-FDG, and other markers of tumor microenvironment including Hoechst 33342 (bloodflow surrogate). After sacrifice, tumors were excised, frozen, and sectioned. Multiple stacks of sequential 8 m ms ections were collected from each tumor. From each stack, the middle (reference) sections were used to obtain images of 18 F-FLT and 14 CFDG uptake distributions using dual-tracer autoradiography. Sections adjacent to the reference were used to acquire all histopathologic data (e.g., images of cell proliferation, hematoxylin and eosin). Hoechst images were acquired from all sections. To correct for deformations and misalignments induced by tissue processing and image acquisition, the Hoechst image of each nonreference section was deformably registered to the reference Hoechst image. This transformation was then applied to all images acquired from the same tissue section. In this way, all microscopy images were registered to the reference Hoechst image. The Hoechst-to-autoradiography image registration was done using rigid point-set registration based on external markers visible in both images. Results: The mean error of Hoechst to 18F-FLT autoradiography registration (both images acquired from the same section) was 30.8 6 20.1 mm. The error of Hoechst-based deformable registration of histopathologic images (acquired from sequential tissue sections) was 23.1 6 17.9 mm. Total error of registration of autoradiography images to the histopathologic images acquired from adjacent sections was evaluated at 44.9 mm. This coregistration precision supersedes current rigid registration methods with reported errors of 100–200 mm. Conclusion: Deformable registration of autoradiography and histopathology images acquired from sequential
A search for diffuse interstellar bands in the ultraviolet

The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) Satellite was used to collect interstellar extinction curves for 58 moderately reddened lines of sight. Spectral types of the background stars ranged from O7 to A0. All luminosity classes are represented, but early B main-sequence stars predominate. E(B-V) reddening values ranged from 0.14 to 1.13 mag, with an average of 0.63 mag. These extinction curves, less some 10 curves judged of lower quality, were co-added in order to reduce the random and fixed-pattern noise of the instrument. The resulting averaged curve was examined for evidence of small-scale structure, with negative results. The 2-sigma limits were found to be 0.09 mag for wavelengths between 1150 A and 2000 A, and 0.16 mag for wavelengths between 2000 A and 2300 A. Because of mismatch errors in weak stellar lines, it is unlikely that much improvement in these results is possible. The implications of these negative results are discussed with particular reference to the MgO theory of interstellar grains and diffuse bands. 41 references.
The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia

(1998). The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 561-578.
Interactive Exploration of Microarray Gene Expression Patterns in a Reduced Dimensional Space

The very high dimensional space of gene expression measurements obtained by DNA microarrays impedes the detection of underlying patterns in gene expression data and the identification of discriminatory genes. In this paper we show the use of projection methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) to obtain a direct link between patterns in the genes and patterns in samples. This feature is useful in the initial interactive pattern exploration of gene expression data and data-driven learning of the nature and types of samples. Using oligonucleotide microarray measurements of 40 samples from different normal human tissues, we show that distinct patterns are obtained when the genes are projected on a two-dimensional plane spanned by the loadings of the two major principal components. These patterns define the particular genes associated with a sample class (i.e., tissue). When used separately from the other genes, these class-specific (i.e., tissue-specific) genes in turn define distinct tissue patterns in the projection space spanned by the scores of the two major principal components. In this study, PCA projection facilitated discriminatory gene selection for different tissues and identified tissue-specific gene expression signatures for liver, skeletal muscle, and brain samples. Furthermore, it allowed the classification of nine new samples belonging to these three types using the linear combination of the expression levels of the tissue-specific genes determined from the first set of samples. The application of the technique to other published data sets is also discussed.
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G-protein coupled receptor activates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

KSHV is a tumorigenic γ-herpesvirus that has been identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a multifocal highly vascularized neoplasm that is the most common malignancy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The virus encodes a constitutively active chemokine receptor homologue, vGPCR that possesses potent angiogenic and tumorigenic properties, and is critical for KSHV pathobiology. To date, a number of signaling pathways have been identified as key in mediating vGPCR oncogenic potential. In this study, we identify a novel pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is dysregulated by vGPCR expression in endothelial cells. Expression of vGPCR in endothelial cells enhances the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, that correlates with an increase in β-catenin transcriptional activity. Activation of β-catenin signaling by vGPCR is dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway, as treatment of vGPCR-expressing cells with a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K, leads to a decreased activation of a β-catenin-driven reporter, a significant decrease in expression of β-catenin target genes, and reduced endothelial tube formation. Given the critical role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, the findings from this study suggest a novel mechanism in KSHV-induced malignancies.
The comparative enzymology of lactic dehydrogenases. 3. Properties of the H4 and M4 enzymes from a number of vertebrates.

General procedures for preparation of lactic dehydrogenases of only the H4 and M4 types are presented. These purified enzymes have only one enzyme band on starch gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of these enzymes are 140,000 to 150,000 g and the sedimentation constants of all the enzymes are in the same range, s020,w = 7.2 to 7.7. It has been concluded that the molecular weights are very similar for all of the enzymes. Amino acid analyses of the enzymes indicate that the H4 and M4 proteins from the same organism are significantly different from each other. Furthermore, there is a close relationship between the amino acid content of either the H4 or M4 enzymes from closely related species. Catalytic properties of the enzymes indicate larger differences among various M4 enzymes than noted previously, although the M4 enzymes were consistently distinct from the H4 enzymes in turnover numbers and Michaelis constants. Optical rotatory dispersion data indicate that the enzymes have similar, but not identical, helical content. Peptide mapping gives patterns consistent with the tetrameric polypeptide structure proposed by several authors.
Role of Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-Inducible, Beta in Alcohol-Drinking Behaviors.

Background The contribution of epigenetic factors, such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation, to the regulation of alcohol-drinking behavior has been increasingly recognized over the last several years. GADD45b is a protein demonstrated to be involved in DNA demethylation at neurotrophic factor gene promoters, including at brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) which has been highly implicated in alcohol-drinking behavior. Methods DNA methyltransferase-1 (Dnmt1), 3a, and 3b, and Gadd45a, b, and g mRNA were measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental areas of high ethanol (EtOH) consuming C57BL/6J (C57) and low alcohol consuming DBA/2J (DBA) mice using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the NAc, GADD45b protein was measured via immunohistochemistry and Bdnf9a mRNA using in situ PCR. Bdnf9a promoter histone H3 acetylated at lysines 9 and 14 (H3K9,K14ac) was measured using chromatin immunoprecipitation, and 5-methylcytosine (5MC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5HMC) using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation. Alcohol-drinking behavior was evaluated in Gadd45b haplodeficient (+/−) and null mice (−/−) utilizing drinking-in-the-dark (DID) and 2-bottle free-choice paradigms. Results C57 mice had lower levels of Gadd45b and g mRNA and GADD45b protein in the NAc relative to the DBA strain. C57 mice had lower NAc shell Bdnf9a mRNA levels, Bdnf9a promoter H3K9,K14ac, and higher Bdnf9a promoter 5HMC and 5MC. Acute EtOH increased GADD45b protein, Bdnf9a mRNA, and histone acetylation and decreased 5HMC in C57 mice. Gadd45b +/− mice displayed higher drinking behavior relative to wild-type littermates in both DID and 2-bottle free-choice paradigms. Conclusions These data indicate the importance of the DNA demethylation pathway and its interactions with histone posttranslational modifications in alcohol-drinking behavior. Further, we suggest that lower DNA demethylation protein GADD45b levels may affect Bdnf expression possibly leading to altered alcohol-drinking behavior.
Bone Graft Extenders

The goal of spinal arthrodesis is to eliminate pathologic motion between adjacent vertebral segments. Several spinal conditions which are managed and treated operatively after failure of conservative measures require surgical intervention such to achieve a solid fusion. Presently at the time of surgery intervention, spinal instrumentation is often used to further stabilize adjacent levels, but true arthrodesis is independent of the hardware and requires growth of bone across the immobilized spinal segments forming one unified structure. The use of autologous bone grafting has been shown to significantly improve the rate of spinal fusion [1–4]. However, presently, a wide variety of materials are used due to the morbidity of autologous bone graft harvesting either alone or in combination to facilitate fusion; these include autogenous graft, allogenic graft, dematerialized bone matrix, bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), synthetic graft extenders, and synthetic cages. In this chapter we will focus on bone graft extenders.
The Impact of the Recession on Employment-Based Health Benefits: The Case of Union Membership

This paper examines the relationship between health benefits and union status and the impact of the recent recession on that relationship. Since union workers account for a declining share of the working population in the private sector, further erosion of unionization is likely to coincide with overall erosion in the percentage of workers with employment-based health benefits, despite the fact that union workers are more likely than nonunion workers to have health coverage through their job. Furthermore, any future decline in the size of the public sector that is unionized, or declines in the public sector in general in response to lower tax revenues, will only exacerbate the overall erosion in the percentage of workers with employment-based health benefits. Union workers are much more likely to have employment-based health benefits than nonunion workers. In 2009, 80.4 percent of union workers were covered by health benefits through their own job, compared with 52.2 percent of nonunion workers. Overall, 91 percent of union workers had coverage either through their own job or as a dependent, while 70.6 percent of nonunion workers had any employment-based coverage. In 2009, 5.6 percent did not have any health insurance coverage. Among nonunion workers, 20.2 percent were uninsured in 2009. Both union workers and nonunion workers were affected by the recession, but it affected nonunion workers more than union workers. Union workers covered through their own job fell from 82 percent to 80.4 percent between 2007 and 2009, a 2 percent decline. In contrast, the percentage of nonunion workers with coverage through their own job fell from 55.9 percent to 52.2 percent, a 6.5 percent decline. Overall, the percentage of union workers with any employment-based coverage fell from 93.4 percent to 91 percent (a 2.6 percent decline), while among nonunion workers it fell from 74.3 percent to 70.6 percent (a 5 percent decline). Differences in reasons for being uninsured are also examined for union and nonunion workers. The analysis ends with a discussion of trends in premiums. The PDF for the above title, published in the July 2011 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another July 2011 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Capping Tax-Preferred Retirement Contributions: Preliminary Evidence of the Impact of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform Recommendations.”
Anomaly based intrusion detection for network monitoring using a dynamic honeypot.

ANOMALY BASED INTRUSION DETECTION FOR NETWORK MONITORING USING A DYNAMIC HONEYPOT Jeff Hieb November 10, 2004 This thesis proposes a network based intrusion detection approach using anomaly detection and achieving low configuration and maintenance costs. A honeypots is an emerging security tool that has several beneficial characteristics, one of which is that all traffic to it is anomalous. A dynamic honeypot reduces the configuration and maintenance costs of honeypot deployment. An anomaly based intrusion detection system with low configuration and maintenance costs can be constructed by simply observing the egress and ingress to a dynamic honeypot. This thesis explores the design and implementation of a dynamic honeypot using a variety of publicly available tools. The main contributions of the design consist of a database containing network relevant information and a dynamic honeypot engine that generates honeypot configurations from the relevant network information. The thesis also explores a simple intrusion detection system built around the dynamic honeypot. These systems were experimentally implemented and preliminary testing identified anomalous traffic, though in some cases it was not necessarily intrusive. In one instance the dynamic honeypot based intrusion detection system identified an intrusion, which was not detected by conventional means.
Dissipative dynamics of the rabi model in the quasi-degenerate qubit and ultra-strong coupling regime

We study the dissipative dynamics of a coupled qubit-oscillator system. We restrict our analysis to the quasi-degenerate qubit and ultra-strong coupling regime.
Potassium acetate inhibition of Lactobacillus casei. II. Strain differences.

SummaryThe stock culture of L. casei 7469 carried in this laboratory contained 6 to 45% (in different experiments) of forms resistant to inhibition by potassium acetate, yet inocula containing up to 12% of the resistant forms were markedly inhibited by potassium acetate apparently because of complex interactions between the resistant and sensitive varieties. Sensitive strains were found to be α-hydroxy acid-dependent (formerly this characteristic has been ascribed only to “mutant” strains). Sensitive strains, although predominating in the authors' stock culture, were not found among 60 isolates from either of two outside cultures of L. casei 7469.
Abstract 4885: mTOR complex 2 is involved in regulation of c-FLIP stability and sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine kinase related tightly to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase family, acts as a central molecule in regulation of cell proliferation and survival through forming two complexes primarily with raptor (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1) or rictor (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2). Compared with the mTORC1, relatively little is known about the biological functions of mTORC2. However, it is clear that both of the mTOR signaling pathways are dysregulated in human cancers, including lung cancer. Accordingly, novel ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors such as PP242 that inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2 have been developed for cancer therapy. In this study, we focus on addressing whether mTORC2 regulates apoptosis, particularly induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a potential cancer therapeutic protein tested in clinical trials. We found that PP242 synergized with TRAIL to augment apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. PP242 reduced the level of the short form of c-FLIP (FLIP S ) and survivin with minimal effects on the expression of DR4 and DR5. Enforced expression of FLIP S , but not survivin, attenuated PP242/TRAIL-induced apoptosis; this suggests that FLIP S downregulation contributes to synergistic induction of apoptosis by the PP242 and TRAIL combination. Mechanistic studies revealed that PP242 decreased FLIP S stability, increased FLIP S ubiqutination and facilitated FLIP S degradation, suggesting that PP242 decreases FLIP S levels through promoting its degradation via an ubiqutination and proteasome-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, knockdown of rictor, but not raptor, mimicked PP242 in decreasing FLIP S levels and sensitizing cells to TRAIL. Moreover, rictor knockdown decreased the stability of FLIP S . These data together suggest that it is mTORC2 inhibition that mediates FLIP S downregulation and subsequent sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Our findings hence provide the first evidence showing that mTORC2 positively regulates FLIP S expression, thereby, connecting mTORC2 signaling to regulation of the death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway. (This study was supported by the Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholar award and NIH/NCI R01 CA118450. FR Khuri and SY Sun are Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholars) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4885. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4885
Adolescents' intention and self-efficacy to follow Pap testing recommendations after receiving the HPV vaccine

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are recommended in the US for girls and women 11-26 y of age. Because these vaccines do not prevent all cervical cancers, Papanicolaou (Pap) screening is still recommended after vaccination. Young women who have been vaccinated may perceive themselves at lower risk for HPV infection and cervical cancer, which could lead to lower intention and self-efficacy to follow cervical cancer screening guidelines, and subsequent nonadherence to Pap testing. The aim of this study was to examine whether perceived risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) after vaccination and other factors are associated with adolescents' intention and self-efficacy to get Pap testing after HPV vaccination. Women 13-21 y of age (N = 339) receiving their first HPV vaccine dose completed a survey. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between perceived risk of HPV and intention/self-efficacy to get a Pap test while adjusting for other factors. Approximately half of participants reported high intention and half reported high self-efficacy to get a Pap test. Factors significantly associated with high intention were Pap testing history and knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccines; factors significantly associated with high self-efficacy included insurance plan, Pap testing history, communication with clinician about needing a Pap test after vaccination, lifetime number of male sexual partners, and recent smoking. In conclusion, educating adolescents about HPV/HPV vaccines and the need for Pap testing may increase self-efficacy/intention to get a Pap test after vaccination.
Coherence synthesis with Spatial Light Modulators

We demonstrate a simple method for designing local coherence effects in 4D, by using time and space multiplexing on a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) acting as a dynamic diffuser element. Results are measured experimentally in 4D phase space via the spectrogram.
Investigation on tobacco use status and related issues of adolescents in Daxing District of Beijing City in 2011

[Objective]To understand and master the tobacco use status and related recognition and attitude of primary and secondary school students in Daxing District of Beijing City in 2011,to monitor tobacco use and exposure related factors,such as family,school,social environment,tobacco promotion and advertisement.,and provide basic evidence for tobacco control policy-making.[Methods]In accordance with the principles of multi-stage cluster sampling,a total of 1 504 students from 41 classes in primary school,secondary school,high school and vocational high school were recruited for investigation.[Results] Totally 1 462 valid questionnaires(97.21%)were obtained,the attempt smoking rate,current smoking rate and smoking rate,passive smoking rate of past 7 d and 30 d was 23.12%,9.85%,4.59%,45.62% and 46.50%,male student was higher than female student.In primary school,secondary school,high school and vocational high school,the above rates increased gradually.The differences were significant.The awareness rate of hazards of smoking and secondhand smoke was 84.56% and 89.16%,respectively,male higher than female.In primary school,secondary school,high school and vocational high school,they increased gradually.All differences were significant.About half of the students chose to dissuade their friends from smoking,most were female and primary school students,with significant differences.12.28% and 18.09% students had psychological expectation of smoking in next 12 months and after growing up,male were more than female,increasing gradually in primary school,secondary school,high school and vocational high school,with significant differences.11.71% students could obtain tobacco through various channels,with" buying their own" as main channel which occupied 50.80% of all channels.12.74% students succeeded in tobacco purchase with the help of tobacco sellers who knew they were too young to buy tobaccos,male were more than female,increasing gradually in primary school,secondary school,high school and vocational high school,with significant differences.[Conclusion]The tobacco use status is serious among students.Most of them have correct cognition of smoking harmfulness.The smoking related KAP of primary school students is better than that of secondary school students,female student is better than male student.Tobacco is easy to purchase.Family and school is not a smoke-free environment.It is necessary to strengthen health education of tobacco knowledge,to form good living habits of students,to actively create smoking-free schools and smoking-free family,and strengthen supervision and management of tobacco sellers.
Museum of Mormon History in Mexico

With two new publications, the Museum of Mormon History in Mexico has firmly established itself as a leading venue for the production of Mormon history in Mexico. The Spanish translation and English commentary on Part 1 of F. LaMond Tulllis's Mormons in Mexico is a significant contribution to both Spanish and English readers. This text, published through Deseret Book, makes a valuable resource available to Spanish speakers. It also offers an impressive correction of documentary errors in Tullis's interpretation and historical data. A second significant contribution to the literature on the same subject is a series of four articles available in Spanish or English by Fernando R. Gomez Paez (museum president). Read side by side, the translation of Tullis's book and this new selection of articles by the museum's president will provide a worthwhile and balanced introduction to Mexican Mormon history. Readers will recognize that Mormon history in Mexico extends well beyond the colonies in Chihuahua and Sonora. The most interesting stories may very well come from central Mexico. Mexican Mormons now have a significant voice in the writing of their own Mormon histories.
122 How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training

Background Pedestrian injuries are a leading cause of child death, and they may be reduced by training children to cross streets more safely. Training is most effective when children receive repeated practice at the complex cognitive-perceptual task of judging moving traffic and selecting safe crossing gaps, but limited data inform how much practice is required for children to reach adult levels of functioning. Using existing data, we examined how children’s pedestrian skills changed over the course of six pedestrian safety training sessions. Methods As part of a randomised controlled trial on pedestrian safety training, 59 children ages 7–8 crossed streets within a semi-immersive virtual pedestrian environment 270 times over a 3-week period (6 sessions of 45 crossings each). Feedback was provided after each crossing, and traffic speed and density advanced as children’s skills improved. Baseline and post-intervention pedestrian behaviours were assessed in the virtual environment. Results Over the course of training, children entered traffic gaps more quickly and chose tighter gaps to cross within; their crossing efficiency appeared to increase. Post-intervention performance was superior to baseline and by the end of training, some aspects of children’s pedestrian behaviour were comparable to adult behaviour (e.g., attention to traffic; start delay – the time between safe traffic gaps appearing and children’s entry into those gaps). However, other aspects were not (e.g., collisions with oncoming vehicles). Conclusions Repeated practice in a simulated pedestrian environment helps children learn aspects of safe and efficient pedestrian behaviour. Six twice-weekly training sessions of 45 crossings each were insufficient for children to fully reach adult pedestrian functioning, however, suggesting longer or more intense training may be needed. Future research should continue to study the trajectory and quantity of training needed for children to become competent pedestrians.
Social media as a tool for antimicrobial stewardship

Background To increase the reach of our antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), social media platforms, Facebook and Twitter, were used to increase internal medicine residents' (IMRs') antibiotic (Abx) knowledge and awareness of ASP resources. Methods Fifty-five of 110 (50%) IMRs consented to participate; 39 (71%) completed both pre- and postintervention surveys and followed our ASP on social media. Along with 20 basic Abx and infectious diseases (IDs) questions, this survey assessed IMR awareness of ASP initiatives, social media usage, and attitudes and beliefs surrounding Abx resistance. Over 6 months, IMRs received posts and Tweets of basic Abx/IDs trivia while promoting use of educational tools and clinical pathways on our ASP Web site. To compare pre- and postsurvey responses, McNemar test or Stuart-Maxwell test was used for categorical variables, and paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for continuous variables, as appropriate. Results Of the IMRs, 98% and 58% use Facebook and Twitter, respectively. To compare pre- and postintervention, median scores for Abx knowledge increased from 12 (interquartile range, 8-13) to 13 (interquartile range, 11-15; P = .048); IMRs knowing how to access the ASP Web site increased from 70% to 94%. More IMRs indicated that they used the clinical pathways "sometimes, frequently, or always" after the intervention (33% vs 61%, P = .004). Conclusions Social media is a valuable tool to reinforce ASP initiatives while encouraging the use of ASP resources to promote antimicrobial mindfulness.
Parental Limit Setting as a Moderator of Adolescent Paid Work and Alcohol Use

Highlighted within this paper is an examination of whether parental limit setting moderates the relationship between paid work and alcohol use during adolescence. The sample included 1,001 10th and 11th grade students from public high schools in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States surveyed in the spring of 2007. Results indicated that parental limit setting significantly moderated the relationships between paid work and frequency of alcohol use for girls and paid work and quantity of alcohol consumption for girls and boys. In general, adolescents who spent less time working and had more parental limits drank the least, whereas adolescents who spent more time working and had less parental limits drank the most. Findings from this study suggest that parental limit setting may protect working adolescents from substance use involvement.
Patterns of Emotional Availability between Mothers and Young Children: Associations with Risk Factors for Borderline Personality Disorder.

Emotional availability (EA) characterizes a warm, close relationship between caregiver and child. We compared patterns (clusters) of EA on risk factors, including those for borderline personality disorder (BPD). We sampled 70 children aged 4 to 7 years from low socio-economic backgrounds: 51% of whose mothers had BPD. We coded filmed interactions for EA: mothers' sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, non-hostility, and children's responsiveness to, and involvement of, mothers. We additionally coded children's over-responsiveness and over-involvement. Using person-centred analyses, we identified four clusters: high functioning, low functioning, asynchronous (mothers above average on two of four dimensions and children below), and below average. Mothers in the low-functioning cluster had lower income, less social support, more of the borderline feature of negative relationships, and more depression than did mothers in the high-functioning cluster. The children in the low-functioning group had more risk factors for BPD (physical abuse, neglect, and separation from, or loss of caregivers, and negative narrative representations of the mother–child relationship in their stories) than did children in the high-functioning group. The asynchronous group included older girls who were over-responsive and over-involving with their mothers in an apparent role reversal. Interventions targeting emotional availability may provide a buffer for children facing cumulative risks and help prevent psychopathology. Highlights This paper investigated how mother-child emotional availability (warmth and closeness) relates to risk factors for borderline personality disorder, including mother-child role reversal. In filmed mother-child interactions, low emotional availability was associated with risk for borderline personality disorder and role reversal was more likely for older girls. Findings support the cumulative risk hypothesis and may inform interventions to improve mother-child emotional availability to prevent the development of psychopathology.
Joking about cancer as an avoidance strategy among US adults.

Findings from years of research on fear appeals suggest that individuals with low efficacy utilize avoidance strategies when they perceive a significant threat-a process called fear control. Some research suggests that joking could be an avoidance strategy. The current study identifies conditions in which people are more likely to joke about colorectal cancer and explores how this behavior may be associated with screening avoidance. Older adults (N = 209) recruited from eight different worksites completed a survey measuring fear appeal constructs and enactment of colorectal cancer-related joking. Results of a moderated mediation analysis suggest that men were more likely to joke about colorectal cancer than women, particularly if they perceived significant threat but had limited self-efficacy, signifying fear control. Results support prior fear appeal research, suggesting that an increase in joking behavior concerning colorectal cancer may be indicative of screening avoidance, and describe belief-based mechanisms that explain differences between biological sex and joking.
A community of singers: employing exploratory cluster analysis to reveal profiles of psychosocial characteristics among members of a street choir for homeless and formerly homeless individuals

This exploratory study employed cluster analysis to identify profiles of resilience, social support, stress, and mental health among members of a homeless and formerly homeless street choir; we exa...
African Indigenous Entrepreneurship Determinants of Resurgence and Growth of Igbo Entrepreneurship During the Post-Biafra Period

ABSTRACT The study has two principal objectives: (1) to examine the evolution and transformation of Igbo entrepreneurship since the Biafran war (Nigerian civil war of 1967-1970); (2) to determine what factors explain the phenomenal resurgence and growth of Igbo entrepreneurship. The essay uses a deterministic approach and the theories of entrepreneurship to explain the resurgence of Igbo entrepreneurship since Biafra. The study goes beyond the neoclassical explanation of entrepreneurship and adopts a more eclectic approach that considers economic, historical, political, sociocultural, and external factors. The essay concludes that Igbo entrepreneurship surged in the post-Biafra period because of factors inherent in the Igbo society and culture and because of the political and economic realities that the Igbos face in Nigeria. Because of the spontaneous nature of its emergence, Igbo entrepreneurship is less sensitive to shocks such as wars, economic downturns, and political instability. Despite its phenome...
The Structural Interactions Between T Cell Receptors and MHC-Peptide Complexes Place Physical Limits on Self-Nonself Discrimination

The activation and expansion of T cells in an antimicrobial immune response is based on the ability of T cell receptors (TCR) to discriminate between MHC-bound peptides derived from different microbial agents as well as self-proteins. However, the specificity of T cells is constrained by the limited number of peptide side chains that are available for TCR binding. By considering the structural requirements for peptide binding to MHC molecules and TCR recognition of MHC-peptide complexes, we demonstrated that human T cell clones could recognize a number of peptides from different organisms that were remarkably distinct in their primary sequence. These peptides were particularly diverse at those sequence positions buried in pockets of the MHC binding site, whereas a higher degree of similarity was present at a limited number of peptide residues that created the interface with the TCR. These T cell clones had been isolated from multiple sclerosis patients with human myelin basic protein, demonstrating that activation of such autoreactive T cells by microbial peptides with sufficient structural similarity may contribute to the disease process. Similar findings have now been made for a variety of human and murine T cell clones, indicating that specificity and cross-reactivity are inherent properties of TCR recognition. The observations that particular TCR are highly sensitive to changes at particular peptide positions but insensitive to many other changes in peptide sequence are not contradictory, but rather the result of structural interactions in which a relatively flat TCR surface contacts a limited number of side chains from a peptide that is deeply embedded in the MHC binding site.
Road Damage Detection Using RetinaNet

Road damage detection is of importance to road maintenance, which typically requires huge amount of manual efforts. In this work, we leverage deep learning models to analyze the road images to detect road damages efficiently. Specifically, we train and test different deep learning methods to identify efficient models with high accuracy. Although two-stage detector, applied object classification and bounding-box regression on proposed regions, can achieve high accuracy in object detection, it runs slow due to its high computational cost. Instead, we adopt one-stage detectors, classification and bounding-box regression at a single stage, because they are faster than two-stage detectors. In this work, we have trained and tested several one-stage models and found a fast model called RetinaNet can detect road damages with relatively high accuracy. A user guide of the source code and predicted examples of trained model have been provided as a markdown document and jupyter notebook, respectively1.
Brazilian boys riding Indonesian waves: orientalism and fratriarchy in a recent Brazilian surf movie

In this article, I discuss the 2016 Brazilian surf movie Um Filme de Surfe by Bruno Zanin and Leandro Dora, featuring surfers Yago Dora, Yuri Goncalves and Lucas Silveira. This small group of Brazi...
Comparison of Localization Techniques for Prostate Radiotherapy

The aim of this study is to compare three methodologies of prostate localization. Daily prostate localization using cone beam CT (CBCT) or orthogonal kV imaging has been performed at UT Southwestern Medical Center since 2006. Prostate patients are implanted with gold seeds, which are matched with the planning CT or DRR before treatment. More recently, a technology using electromagnetic transponders implanted within the prostate was introduced into our clinic (Calypso®). With each technology, patients are localized initially using skin marks and the room lasers. In this study, patients were localized with Calypso and either CBCT or kV orthogonal images in the same treatment session, allowing a head-to-head comparison of the technologies. Localization difference distributions were determined from the difference in the offsets determined by CBCT/kV imaging and Calypso. CBCT-Calypso and kV imaging-Calypso localization data were summarized from over 160 and 100 fractions each, respectively.
Structures and Oxidation States of MN in Several S-States of Photosystem II Determined by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

X-ray spectroscopy employing synchrotron radiation has been applied to the study of the Mn clusters associated with the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II. We have shown earlier that the edge energies can be used to indicate oxidation state(s) and the EXAFS used to determine the local structure about Mn. [1a, b] Since our first use this method both the quality of the biological preparations and the physical methodology have improved sufficiently to permit studies of PS II membranes in four of the five S-states postulated by Kok. (2]. Here we present a brief resume of our results on samples in the dark adapted S1 state, the S2 state formed by illumination at 190K, the S3 state formed by a double turnover [3a,c] and an S0-like state formed by illumination of dark adapted samples containing 40–60 uM hyudroxylamine. [3b,c]
The Controversy of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy With Intravenous Contrast: What Is the Risk?

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has long been observed in both experimental and clinical studies. However, recent observational studies have questioned the prevalence and severity of CIN following intravenous contrast exposure. Initial studies of acute kidney injury following intravenous contrast were limited by the absence of control groups or contained control groups that did not adjust for additional acute kidney injury risk factors, including prevalent chronic kidney disease, as well as accepted prophylactic strategies. More contemporary use of propensity score–adjusted models have attempted to minimize the risk for selection bias, although bias cannot be completely eliminated without a prospective randomized trial. Based on existing data, we recommend the following CIN risk classification: patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) ≥ 45mL/min/1.73m2 are at negligible risk for CIN, while patients with eGFRs
Diasporic slippages: accent and dialect in translation

This paper takes up the question of linguistic multiplicity in Arabic to include accents and dialects as mechanisms that disrupt a cohesive logic of language in the postcolonial landscape. Through ...
Fraud and Abuse Schemes in the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program

AbstractThe Office of Inspector General has recently investigated many fraud cases in the disadvantaged business enterprise (DBE) program of the USDOT. The DBE program was established by the USDOT ...