cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State—Civil Society Relations

Although most African regimes welcome the flood of money and development introduced into African economies by NGOs (indigenous and international), they are less hesitant to embrace overly political or advocacy-oriented NGOs. They have embraced NGOs as partners in development but also seek to control NGOs through some form of legislation, administrative co-optation or political appropriation (Fowler, 1991, pp. 65–8). This reflects World Bank and IMF polices towards NGOs: they are supposed to fit into the broader governmental development schemes which mirror gap-filling and service-provision roles. The political climate for non-state actors varies according to regime and the nature of the non-state actor but, overall, states tend to be suspicious of overly political or aggressive NGOs.
A Comment on Salamon and Anheier's “Social Origins of Civil Society”

In this paper we examine Salamon and Anheier's characterization and testing of alternative theories of the size and scope of the nonprofit sector in different countries. We identify various nuances and refinements of these theories, and we suggest ways in which their validation through statistical testing can be extended and improved. Finally, we offer additional avenues of research that could productively exploit the important cross-national data set assembled by the Johns Hopkins Project.
Acceptability of Chairside Screening for Racial/Ethnic Minority Older Adults: A Qualitative Study.

An aging and more racially and ethnically diverse population, coupled with changes in the health care policy environment, is demanding that the dental profession both redirect and expand its focus....
WearLock: Unlocking Your Phone via Acoustics Using Smartwatch

Smartphone lock screens are implemented to reduce the risk of data loss or compromise given the fact that increasing amount of person data are accessible on smartphones nowadays. Unfortunately, many smartphone users abandon lock screens due to the inconvenience of unlocking their phones many times a day. With the wide adoption of wearables, token-based approaches have gained popularity in simplifying unlocking and retaining security at the same time. To this end, we propose to take advantage of the smartwatch for easy smartphone unlocking. In this paper, we have designed WearLock, a system that uses acoustic tones as tokens to automate the unlocking securely. We build a sub-channel selection and an adaptive modulation in the acoustic modem to maximize unlocking success rate against ambient noise only when those two devices are nearby. We leverage the motion sensor on the smartwatch to reduce the unlock frequency. We offload smartwatch tasks to the smartphone to speed up computation and save energy. We have implemented the WearLock prototype and conducted extensive evaluations. Results achieved a low average bit error rate (BER) as 8% in various experiments. Compared to traditional manual personal identification numbers (PINs) entry, WearLock achieves at least 18% unlock speedup without any manual effort.
Dogs, Santa Claus, and Sun Wukong: Children’s Understanding of Nonhuman Minds

This chapter reviews the cognitive development that influences children’s understanding of nonhuman minds. A summary of prior research is introduced and followed by an overview of two competing hypotheses. The anthropomorphism hypothesis argues that children’s understanding of nonhuman minds generally parallels their understanding of human minds, whereas the preparedness hypothesis posits that young children generally attribute super ability to all agents and only begin to apply limitations as they develop. We argue that recent cross-cultural evidence from a study administered in China and Ecuador supports the preparedness hypothesis. Results from this study indicate that younger children attributed perception and knowledge to all agents similarly, even though these children were themselves ignorant concerning correct responses. Older children differentiated between agents with super ability and agents with limitations. The implications of this study as they relate to religious education and religious studies in China are then discussed.
Erratum for Halpin et al., "Finished Whole-Genome Sequences of Clostridium butyricum Toxin Subtype E4 and Clostridium baratii Toxin Subtype F7 Strains".

Volume 5, no. 29, e00375-17, 2017, [https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00375-17][1]. Page 1; line 22: “was found within the pNPD4_2 plasmid” should read “was found within the chromosome.” [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/genomeA.00375-17
Toward an affective phenomenology of discourse: BDSM and the Fifty Shades phenomenon

The Fifty Shades trilogy is often associated with BDSM, yet practitioners of BDSM typically disavow the trilogy. Previous research highlights how mechanics of BDSM such as agency and consent are misrepresented in the trilogy; this study highlights differences in affect. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among BDSM practitioners in Berlin, Germany, this paper considers reception beyond reading as evidence of BDSM’s affective phenomenology. The paper combines an Ortner-inspired “cultural ethnography through discourse” with close reading: it compares discourse and affect observed in the field with that in the novels, and suggests that the portrayal of BDSM in the novels and portrayals of the novels as representations of BDSM misinterpret the affective phenomenology of BDSM. Through attention to language, this study shows how affect and situated discourse become mutually constitutive in shaping the legibility of phenomenological experience, suggesting that playful reterritorializations of semiotic forms can counter mimetic perpetuations of symbolic violence.
Red Alert: Infrared Thermography for Esophageal Monitoring.

See Article by Daly et al Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) remains the cornerstone for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF).1 Although atrioesophageal fistula is a known but rare complication, with an estimated incidence of <0.25% after conventional radiofrequency ablation, it is highly morbid and often fatal.2–4 Given that ablation of AF is an increasingly used modality of treatment, and ablation over the posterior wall is an essential and unavoidable aspect of catheter ablation of AF, the risk of atrioesophageal fistula will continue to be a feared complication in the care of these patients. Multiple methods have been developed and used with the intent of reducing esophageal injury (Figure). Ablation strategies have been used to avoid ablation directly over the esophagus, including visualization of the esophagus based on computerized tomography, topographical tagging with an electroanatomic mapping system, barium paste, and intracardiac echocardiography. However, the esophagus can change position and, at times, ablation over the esophagus is necessary, making these strategies difficult and requiring continuous imaging or visualization to account for motion. Higher power and greater depth of tissue heating are associated with increased risk of esophageal injury; therefore, reduction in power, ablation duration, and contact force has been used to reduce depth of ablation lesions. Active cooling of the esophagus, mechanical movement, and pharmacological prophylaxis with use of proton pump inhibitors are other methods that have been used, but large-scale safety studies are lacking, and these all remain unproven.5–7 Figure. Strategies of reducing esophageal injury during catheter ablation . 3D indicates 3-dimensional. Finally, luminal esophageal temperature monitoring has been performed with the intent of identifying heating within the esophagus. Using this approach, ablation can be interrupted if temperature rises, typically with a cutoff of >1 to 2°C rise or above an absolute value of 39 …
Three brain states in the hippocampus and cortex.

Contemporary brain research seeks to understand how cognition is reducible to neural activity. Crucially, much of this effort is guided by a scientific paradigm that views neural activity as essentially driven by external stimuli. In contrast, recent perspectives argue that this paradigm is by itself inadequate and that understanding patterns of activity intrinsic to the brain is needed to explain cognition. Yet, despite this critique, the stimulus-driven paradigm still dominates-possibly because a convincing alternative has not been clear. Here, we review a series of findings suggesting such an alternative. These findings indicate that neural activity in the hippocampus occurs in one of three brain states that have radically different anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates, together implying different functional roles in cognition. This three-state framework also indicates that neural representations in the hippocampus follow a surprising pattern of organization at the timescale of ∼1 s or longer. Lastly, beyond the hippocampus, recent breakthroughs indicate three parallel states in the cortex, suggesting shared principles and brain-wide organization of intrinsic neural activity.
In vitro evaluation of granulocyte differentiation of diffusion chamber inocula.

Abstract The semi-soft agar colony assay permits an in vitro analysis of committed myeloid stem cell (CFU-c) proliferation capacities. In this paper this procedure has been used in combination with prior diffusion chamber culturing to determine the effect of host influences upon this committed stem cell population. This “double-seeding” procedure of first culturing bone marrow cells in diffusion chambers and then re-seeding them in agar furnishes data suggesting a relationship between in vivo diffusion chamber transitional lymphocytes and in vitro CFU-c seeding capacities. Diffusion chamber culturing offers a means of monitoring granulopoiesis and selects for enrichment of stem cell numbers. Detection and quantification of diffusion chamber stem cell enrichment is easily assessed by seeding chamber contents into the agar colony assay.
Common dental emergencies. Evaluation and management for emergency physicians.

Summary Dental pain and disfigurements cause patients to seek care from the Emergency Department of hospitals. It is important for physicians to understand dental disease and trauma in order to diagnose, treat, and refer patients with dental emergencies efficiently. Many common dental problems have been discussed in clinical terms. Treatment and referral options were offered. Techniques for local dental anesthesia and avulsed tooth splinting were described.
Bayesian models of cognition

For over 200 years, philosophers and mathematicians have be en using probability theory to describe human cognition. While the theory of prob abilities was first developed as a means of analyzing games of chance, it quickly took on a larger and deeper significance as a formal account of how rational agents should reason in situations of uncertainty (Gigerenzer et al., 1989; Hacking, 1975). Our goal in this ch apter is to illustrate the kinds of computational models of cognition that we can build if we assume that human learning and inference approximately follow the principles of Bayesian probabilistic inference, and to explain some of the mathematical ideas and techniques underlying those models
Abstract 5143: Characterization of the cervicovaginal, endometrial and anorectal microbiota and mycobiota of post-menopausal women with endometrioid and serous endometrial cancers

Objectives: Dysbiosis is thought to promote endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation, resulting in many chronic human diseases including cancer. This pilot study sought to characterize the cervicovaginal, endometrial and anorectal micro- and mycobiota of post-menopausal women with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC), uterine serous carcinoma (USC), and controls without cancer. Methods: Post-menopausal patients undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial cancer or non-cancerous disease were enrolled after informed consent. Women were excluded if they reported history of prior cancer, recent urinary or gynecologic infection, antibiotic or probiotic use. Microbial swabs were obtained from the cervicovaginal, the anorectal, and the endometrial cavity after removal of the uterus. DNA was extracted and PCR amplified using barcoded 16SV4 (bacterial) and ITS1 (fungal) primers. Next generation libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq 2x300. Sequence reads were processed using our internally developed bioinformatics pipeline and publically available software. Results: Next-generation sequencing of bacterial and fungal DNA revealed substantial differences of cervicovaginal, endometrial and anorectal microbiota in patients with USC (n= 8) compared to those with EAC (n= 13) or benign disease (n= 6). Uterine fungal reads were much higher in patients with USC than EAC (average of 3237 reads versus 938 reads respectively, p = 0.05 Wilcox test). Candida species were reduced, but not eliminated in cervicovaginal samples, and there was a dominance of Malassezia restrica in USC and EAC. A non-significant predominance of Porphyromonas species was noted in USC specimens compared to EAC specimens (p = 0.063). Conclusions: Alpha-diversity of 16S bacterial rRNA and fungal species of the cervicovaginal microbiome was significantly associated with endometrial cancer in our study. USC had a fundamentally different microbiome from control samples and demonstrated a predominance of Porphyromonas species. Further sampling and analysis is needed to confirm these results and to identify rare pathogens. Characterization of microbiota in women with endometrial cancer may help identify risk factors for gynecologic malignancy, and drive investigation regarding preventative and therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Gregory M. Gressel, Marina Frimer, Christine P. Zolnik, Mykhaylo Usyk, Devin T. Miller, Eirwen M. Miller, D. Y.S. Kuo, Robert D. Burk. Characterization of the cervicovaginal, endometrial and anorectal microbiota and mycobiota of post-menopausal women with endometrioid and serous endometrial cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5143.
Motives for prescription stimulant use by patterns of non-medical use.

Background: Understanding motivations behind non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) is important to prevent such use.Methods: Adult participants from St. Louis, MO, who endorsed NMUPS o...
The use of telehealth to increase mental health services access and promote medication adherence in rural locations

Background Fifteen million residents living in rural locations in the United States struggle with mental illness, substance dependence, or comorbid conditions, and are not receiving adequate health care (CDC, 2017). Approximately 55% of the 3,075 rural communities in the United States lack psychiatric providers. Local problem A specialty mental health treatment facility in northeast Florida cannot meet the needs of the patients because of limited psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) on site. By design, patients are expected to be seen in the clinic every three months. Methods A pilot project was initiated using telehealth as a venue for patient care as an alternative to a face-to-face consultation with a PMHNP. The project was implemented with adults diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and/or substance abuse. Interventions A 3-month pilot of telehealth consultations with a remote PMHNP tracking access, medication adherence at 30 and 60 days after the consultation, appointment follow-up, and patient satisfaction. Results Access increased from 4.86% to 10.19% following implementation of the telehealth model. Medication adherence was 82% at 30 days and 77.5% at 60 days, compared to a benchmark of 80%. In addition, 89% of patient responses indicated comfort with telehealth and a willingness to continue to see PMHNPs in this venue. Conclusions Telehealth with PMHNPs was shown to be a viable option in rural locations to meet the needs of mental health and dual diagnosis patients. Because of this project, the facility increased to three remote PMHNPs in the telehealth role.
Rubrics for Assessing Hands-On Laboratory Skills

This communicaton shares with the chemistry education community the rubrics used to evaluate student videos associated with using a pipet, using a buret, and making a solution in a volumetric flask that were part of a digital badging project. The rubrics were used across multiple general chemistry courses, hundreds of teaching assistants, and thousands of students. Guidelines for implementation of the rubrics, including the training of teaching assistants or groups of graders, are provided.
Role of transmembrane spanning domain 1 in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator folding

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that disrupt its folding pathway. The most common mutation causing CF is a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (ΔF508). CFTR contains five domains that each form cotranslational structures that interact with other domains as they are produced and folded. CFTR is comprised of two transmembrane spanning domains (TMDs), two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) and a unique regulatory region (R). The first domain translated, TMD1, forms interdomain interactions with the other domains in CFTR. In TMD1, long intracellular loops extend into the cytoplasm and interact with both NBDs via coupling helices and with TMD2 via transmembrane spans (TMs). We examined mutations in TMD1 to determine the impact on individual domain and multidomain constructs. We found that mutations in a TM span or in the cytosolic ICLs interfere with specific steps in the hierarchical folding of CFTR. TM1 CF-causing mutants, G85E and G91R, directly affect TMD1, whereas most ICL1 and ICL2 mutant effects become apparent in the presence of TMD2. A single mutant in ICL2 worsened CFTR trafficking in the presence of NBD2, supporting its role in the ICL2-NBD2 interface. Mutation of hydrophobic residues in ICL coupling helices tended to increased levels of pre-TMD2 biogenic intermediates but caused ER accumulation in the presence of TMD2. This suggests a tradeoff between transient stability during translation and final structure. NBD2 increased the efficiency of mutant trafficking from the ER, consistent with stabilization of the full-length constructs. While the G85E and G91R mutants in TM1 have immediately detectable effects, most of the studied mutant effects and the ΔF508 mutant are apparent after production of TMD2, supporting this intermediate as a major point of recognition by protein quality control.
A Deep Transfer Learning Approach to Modeling Teacher Discourse in the Classroom

Teachers, like everyone else, need objective reliable feedback in order to improve their effectiveness. However, developing a system for automated teacher feedback entails many decisions regarding data collection procedures, automated analysis, and presentation of feedback for reflection. We address the latter two questions by comparing two different machine learning approaches to automatically model seven features of teacher discourse (e.g., use of questions, elaborated evaluations). We compared a traditional open-vocabulary approach using n-grams and Random Forest classifiers with a state-of-the-art deep transfer learning approach for natural language processing (BERT). We found a tradeoff between data quantity and accuracy, where deep models had an advantage on larger datasets, but not for smaller datasets, particularly for variables with low incidence rates. We also compared the models based on the level of feedback granularity: utterance-level (e.g., whether an utterance is a question or a statement), class session-level proportions by averaging across utterances (e.g., question incidence score of 48%), and session-level ordinal feedback based on pre-determined thresholds (e.g., question asking score is medium [vs. low or high]) and found that BERT generally provided more accurate feedback at all levels of granularity. Thus, BERT appears to be the most viable approach to providing automatic feedback on teacher discourse provided there is sufficient data to fine tune the model.
Nuclear Medicine Radiation Exposure and COVID-19Pertaining to V/Q Lung Studies;A TechnologistPerspective

Objectives: Nuclear medicine technologists experience various exposures throughout a typical workday. However, the introduction of Covid-19 to the work environment has produced a new hazard that needs to be addressed.Occupational exposure is currently limited to 50 mSv per year according to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) which can be received from a source or machine. Conversely, there is no limit on COVID-19 exposure and the guidelines on proper personal protective equipment (PPE) usage are continually being updated during thecurrent pandemic. One of the most common studies in Nuclear Medicine is the Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Lungscan which also poses as one of the biggest exposure risks to nuclear medicine technologists regarding bothradiation and COVID-19. Patient cooperation is key to a proper ventilation study. If the patient is unable to tolerate the mask or there is not a sufficient seal on the mask, the leaking radiotracer not only adds to the technologist'sradiation burden but also COVID-19 exposure. In addition, the contamination of the Xenon delivery system has prompted new SNMMI guidelines during the pandemic to forego the ventilation portion of the exam. At ourinstitution, the ventilation portion of the study is no longer performed during the pandemic and have switched toperfusion images with SPECT/CT as our new standard of care protocol. The purpose of the study is to review thisalternative lung study and compare imaging time, radiation and COVID-19 exposure. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the current institutional imaging protocols and SNMMIrecommendations for V/Q studies. The imaging protocols were reviewed and measurements of the total imagingtime, radiation exposure and COVID-19 exposure were assessed. Perfusion SPECT protocol parameters are 15seconds a stop for 120 stops, acquiring on both heads. The CT portion has the low-dose screening chest CTprotocol. Results: The traditional standard protocol at our institution utilized 5 mCi of Tc-99m MAA for the perfusionportion of the study (2.035 mSv) and 20 mCi Xe-133 (0.54 mSv) for a total of 2.575 mSv. Taking advantage of thenew cameras and technology at our institution, we reduced the perfusion dose to 4 mCi of Tc-99m MAA for theperfusion portion of the study (1.63 mSv) and the low-dose CT adds 1.0 mSv for a total of 2.63 mSv. The totalimaging time is < 18 mins for the SPECT/CT and 30-60 mins for the traditional V/Q study. Conclusion: Eliminating the ventilation portion of the exam and performing SPECT/CT provides for a considerably faster exam time with comparable radiation exposure to the patient. Furthermore, it significantly reduces the radiation exposure to atechnologist by decreasing the time spent with the patients, is less reliant of patient cooperation and provides fortechnically better-quality studies. The additional major benefit is reducing the COVID-19 exposure to technologistsduring the pandemic.
Latinx Students’ Knowledge of and Inclination to Attend Public HBCUs

This qualitative study explored Latinx students’ knowledge of and inclination to attend historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Current research on Latinx students at HBCUs primarily explores the experiences of current students. The study sought to understand what might interest Latinx students in HBCUs. The author conducted three focus group interviews of Latinx high school and community college students. Findings indicate that Latinx students are not as knowledgeable about HBCUs as they are about predominately White institutions in the same city. Academic programs and proximity to home can attract Latinx students to HBCUs. Admissions and diversity staff will benefit from the implications of this study.
Clinical Reasoning: A Teenager With Shortness of Breath and Difficulty Walking

A 13-year-old boy presented to an urgent care clinic with 4 days of fatigue, vomiting, shortness of breath, and difficulty ambulating. Aside from a recent viral upper respiratory infection, he was healthy. He was sent to the emergency department, where weakness was noted in his lower extremities and right arm. Within hours, he declined, was emergently intubated for respiratory distress, and was transferred to a children's hospital.
5′-Phosphorylation Strengthens Sticky-End Cohesions

Sticky-end cohesion plays a critical role in molecular biology and nucleic acid nanotechnology. Although free energy calculations and molecular mechanics can predict these interactions, chemical modification would compromise such predictions. Herein, we have used rationally designed 3D DNA crystals as a tool to experimentally investigate the modulation of 5'-phosphorylation on sticky-end cohesions. We have found that 5'-phosphorylation strengthens the sticky-end cohesion: in a DNA crystal self-assembled exclusively via sticky-end cohesions, 5'-phosphorylation not only promotes the crystallization process, in general, but also accelerates the crystal growth along designed directions. Such a finding allows the fine-tuning of DNA crystallization kinetics and the control of DNA crystal morphology. It also suggests a potential difference in self-assembly kinetics between natural DNA (with 5'-phosphorylation) and synthetic DNA (without 5'-phosphorylation).
Artificial Intelligence and the Challenges of Workplace Discrimination and Privacy

Employers are increasingly relying on artificially intelligent (AI) systems to recruit, select, and manage their workforces, raising fears that these systems may subject workers to discriminatory, invasive, or otherwise unfair treatment. This article reviews those concerns and provides an overview of how current laws may apply, focusing on two particular problems: discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics like race, sex, or disability, and the invasion of workers’ privacy engendered by workplace AI systems. It discusses the ways in which relying on AI to make personnel decisions can produce discriminatory outcomes and how current law might apply. It then explores how these data-driven systems may threaten workers’ interests in privacy and autonomy, and considers the extent to which existing legal frameworks address these concerns. Finally, it briefly describes the European Union’s much more restrictive regime of data protection as a useful comparator. This article argues that the growing use of AI at work raises significant policy concerns about discrimination, privacy, and autonomy that are not adequately addressed by current U.S. law.
Digital filter equalization of analog gain and phase mismatch in I-Q receivers

Gain and phase mismatch between the two signal processing paths of an I-Q receiver are responsible for artifacts which limit the dynamic range of a communication system. We describe and demonstrate a technique to adaptively balance the gain and phase of the I-Q paths with DSP based balancing loops which operate as background tasks while processing input data.
The Decline of Life: Within workhouse walls: indoor relief for the elderly

Changes in poor relief to the elderly were not confined to the arena of relief “out of doors.” Although poor relief in the eighteenth century was never dominated by indoor assistance, the workhouse was an important tool for reformers and also a potent symbol of oppression to the poor. Moreover, the impact of the workhouse takes on new relevance when one focuses on the elderly poor; both small, parochial workhouses and large, incorporated houses of industry played a disproportionately large role in the lives of the aged poor. In fact, workhouses increasingly supplemented outdoor relief for the elderly in many parishes. Here, we examine in depth the policies followed in Terling's and Ovenden's workhouses and the quality of care offered therein, and we trace some of the reasons for the increasing institutionalization of the elderly. Both houses played an important role in their communities' system of welfare provisions for the aged, and in Terling, in particular, we can see that the workhouse replaced outdoor relief for many of the elderly in the 1790s. The image of the workhouse has lurked darkly in the imagination of the English people for centuries. An object of fear and loathing, it has been associated with Dickensian cruelty to children and has served as the ultimate symbol of neglect and despair for old men and women sunk in poverty and abandoned by their families.
On the Characterization of Energy-Momentum Tensors

It is shown that the form of the gravitational field equations is predetermined for a wide class of field theories by the choice of the external field equations.
Isolation of Primary Cilia by Shear Force

The cell's primary cilium is both a mechanical and chemical sensor involved in many signaling pathways. In order to ascertain protein enrichment in the primary cilium or study sub-ciliary localization of various proteins, it is advantageous to remove the primary cilium from the cell body. The protocol described here gives detailed instructions on purifying primary cilia by separating them from the cell body using shear force. This simple technique avoids using harsh purification conditions that may affect signaling proteins in the cilium or cause the ciliary membrane to disintegrate. In addition, as the cell body remains mostly intact, contamination of the isolated cilia by proteins from the cell body is minimized. This protocol is ideally suited for isolating cilia from renal cell lines, as primary cilia in these cells grow to greater lengths than in other cell types (up to 50-µm long in Xenopus A6 toad kidney cells as opposed to 1 to 5 µm in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells).
Studies of the perfusion technique for colonic absorption.

Development of steady state conditions was studied during colonic perfusion at different rates by sequential analysis of rectal fluids. The duration of perfusion required to establish steady state conditions varied widely and was affected by rates of infusion into the cecum. However, a simple procedure that monitors development of the steady state was developed. Relationships between colonic transit, volume, and absorption were established by dye-dilution curves at different rates of perfusion. Reflux of perfusion solution from cecum to ileum and contamination of the colon by fasting ileal content were measured.
Assessing Participation in the State‐Sponsored Local Government Investment Pool during the Recession: An Examination of North Carolina Counties

This study examines county government participation in the state-sponsored investment pool, the North Carolina Capital Management Trust (NCCMT), during the recession years. Using panel data of all 100 counties in North Carolina with additional survey data from finance officers concerning annual practices between fiscal years 2008–2011, findings suggest that county sales taxes were the most influential revenue stream on NCCMT cash portfolio participation while the accumulation of alternative revenue sources decreased participation. The findings also determined that the NCCMT was the safest investment option for idle local government funds during the recession.
Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Mahmood Mamdani. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 353 pp.
Altered Dopamine Release and Uptake Kinetics in Mice Lacking D2 Receptors

Dysregulation of dopamine transmission is thought to contribute to schizophrenic psychosis and drug dependence. Dopamine release is regulated by D2 dopamine autoreceptors, and D2 receptor ligands are used to treat psychosis and addiction. To elucidate the long-term effects of D2 autoreceptor activity on dopamine signaling, dopamine overflow evoked by single or paired-pulse stimulation was compared in striatal slices from D2-null mutant and wild-type mice. Quinpirole, a D2/D3 receptor agonist, had no effect on evoked dopamine release in D2 mutant mice, indicating that D2 receptors are the only releaseregulating receptors at the axon terminal. Dopamine release inhibition by GABAB receptor activation was unchanged in D2 mutant mice, suggesting that other G-protein-coupled pathways remained normal in the absence of D2 autoreceptors. Paired-pulse stimulation revealed that autoinhibition of dopamine release was maximal 500 msec after stimulation and lasted 5 sec. In D2-null mutants, dopamine overflow in response to single stimuli was severely decreased. Experiments with the uptake inhibitor nomifensine indicated that this was caused by enhanced dopamine uptake rather than reduced release. Analysis of dopamine overflow kinetics using a simulation model suggested that the enhanced uptake was caused by an increase in the maximal velocity of uptake, Vmax. These results from D2-null mutant mice support the suggestion that D2 autoreceptors and dopamine transporters interact to regulate the amplitude and timing of dopamine signals.
Propofol-associated Rhabdomyolysis with Cardiac Involvement in Adults: Chemical and Anatomic Findings

Propofol, a central-acting sedative agent, has been implicated in the development of rhabdomyolysis in children. We describe two adults who developed rhabdomyolysis after receiving high rates of propofol infusion. Rhabdomyolysis of both skeletal and cardiac muscle was suggested in both patients by marked increases of creatine kinase (>170 000 U/L) and cardiac troponin I (11 and 46 microg/L in patients one and two, respectively). Creatine kinase and cardiac troponin I values were highly correlated in each patent (r = 0.786 and 0.988 in patients one and two, respectively). Autopsy of one patient confirmed the diagnosis of skeletal and cardiac rhabdomyolysis.
Absence of sympathetic sprouting in the rat olfactory bulb after cholinergic denervation

Sympathetic axons have been shown to invade the rat hippocampal formation after lesions of the septohippocampal (cholinergic) projection. To test the generality of this type of transmitter-specific sprouting within the central nervous system, lesions were placed within the horizontal limb of the diagonal band in order to denervate the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of its cholinergic innervation. Some animals also received autologous transplants of the superior cervical ganglion to the region of the MOB. There was no evidence of sympathetic axon growth into the MOB under any circumstance as assessed with qualitative fluorescence histochemistry. In addition, retrograde fluorescent dye studies demonstrated that the basal forebrain neurons projecting to the neocortex, where sympathetic sprouting has also been reported, are a separate population from those which project to the MOB. Although it is difficult to unequivocally interpret negative results, these data indicate that cholinergic denervation does not induce sympathetic sprouting throughout the central nervous system. The availability of a brain region where sympathetic sprouting does not occur may provide clues to understanding the conditions which permit such neuronal plasticity in the hippocampal formation.
Synthesis of precursors of the agalacto (exo) fragment of the quartromicins via an auxiliary-controlled exo-selective Diels-Alder reaction

A direct synthesis of the α-hydroxyaldehyde exo-5, a precursor of the exo-spirotetronate subunit of the quartromicins, was achieved through an exo-selective Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels−Alder reaction of dienophile 12a and diene 1.
The faltering safety net in a reluctant nation: Women's economic security at risk in America

Synopsis While the U.S. has always been a reluctant welfare state, political opposition to the safety net is at an all-time high. Many safety net programs in the U.S. have either been downsized or eliminated or are being threatened with such. Women are especially at risk. The safety net is an essential source of support for them, especially women with children, poor and working class women, and women of color. In this paper we describe the U.S.'s long-standing ambivalence towards the safety net and its impact on women. We explore how a romanticized devotion to “traditional” work and family norms, complicated by class and race, influence and shape public attitudes, and continue to be inscribed in the design and delivery of safety net programs. We also review proposed changes and evaluate their potential to either help or undermine women's control over their lives and their ability to achieve economic security.
An integrated tracer kinetics system for studying carbon uptake and allocation in plants using continuously produced11CO2

An integrated approach to study the effects of environmental factors on plants is described. The central theme of the system is the use of CO2 labelled with11C supplied continuously to the plant and following the emitted radiation in vivo in the leaf, the phloem and the various sinks. The system consists of six components and with minor changes can be used for other tracers such as13N for nitrogen fixation studies. Because of the short half life of the isotope, several experiments can be carried out on the same plant under the same environmental conditions without disturbing the plant. A host of ecologically, agriculturally and genetically important questions can be answered using this technique.
Studies of cultivated plants in Choco dwelling clearings, Darien, panama

Useful plants and techniques of their cultivation were studied in and around dwelling clearings of Choco Indians in tropical rain forests of Darien, Panama. The population sampled consisted of 115 adult Chocos living at 26 sites along the banks of the Rio Chucunaque and two of its tributaries, the Rio Tuquesa and Rio Chico. The Rio Chico had a higher population density per linear mite of river bank, but less dwelling area per person was kept clear of vegetation. A map of each clearing allowed comparison of the frequency and spatial distributions of useful plants. These data are statistically treated elsewhere. A decrease in both numbers and variety of native plants occurred as commercially important plants were established on a larger scale. Creation of open niches by means of trash heaps became more definite as distance from the riverbank increased; edible plants were often growing in such locations. Present-day agricultural techniques among the Choco may illustrate their agricultural history. A comparison is made with several extant theories of early agriculture. Small-scale, more intensive gardening was noted in village clearings; groups of dwellings may thus have been a cause rather than a result of field agriculture.
Plasma Vasopressin Levels and Urinary Sodium Excretion during Cardiopulmonary Bypass with and without Pulsatile Flow

The use of pulsatile perfusion during bypass should create a more physiological milieu and thus attenuate the vasopressin stress response. To determine this, 20 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass operation were studied in two groups. Group 1 had a standard nonpulsatile perfusion, and in Group 2 a pulsatile pump was used. Measurements were made before and after anesthesia, after surgical incision, and at 15 and 30 minutes during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. In both groups, vasopressin levels were significantly elevated after sternotomy (4.5 +/- 1.5 to 37 +/- 10 pg/ml in Group 1 and 3.1 +/- 1.2 to 33 +/- 9 pg/ml in Group 2, p less than 0.05) and during bypass (198 +/- 19 pg/ml in Group 1 and 113 +/- 16 pg/ml in Group 2) but were higher in Group 1 (p less than 0.05). With comparable perfusion pressures in both groups, Group 2 required higher flow (4.2 +/- 0.2 versus 3.5 +/- 0.3 L/min, p less than 0.05) and had lower resistance (1,351 +/- 182 versus 1,841 +/- 229 dynes sec cm-5, p less than 0.05) and higher urine Na+ (123 +/- 5 versus 101 +/- 8 mEq/L, p less than 0.05). These data demonstrate that pulsatile flow can significantly attentuate the vasopressin stress response to bypass. Since vasopressin, at these concentrations, is a potent vasoconstrictor and is capable of producing a Na+ diuresis, this may partially explain the higher flow requirements and the decrease in Na+ excretion.
Selection for abamectin resistance in colorado potato beetle (coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

There was no difference in dose response to abamectin between a laboratory strain of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say))from North Carolina and a multiple resistant strain from Massachusetts (LD50= 1.95 and 1.98 ng larva−1, respectively). Two abamectin-resistant strains were generated by separate means. The mutagen, ethyl methanesulfonate, was used to generate an abamectin-resistant strain (LD50= 29.4 ng larva−1) from the susceptible laboratory strain. The other resistant strain (LD50 = 45.3 ng larva−1) was generated through an intense selection with abamectin of a field strain contained in cages set up in existing potato fields. Resistance ratios calculated from LD50values for the two abamectin-resistant strains were 15-fold and 23-fold, respectively. Resistance ratios calculated from LD97values (21-fold and 38-fold, respectively) were higher than those calculated at LD50. Also, there were larvae in both resistant strains which were capable of surviving doses up to 100 ng larva−1, while the susceptible strain had no survivors at 10 ng larva−1. Although the logit mortality regression analysis produced statistically different lines for the two abamectin-resistant strains, the slopes of each appear to be the same. Both resistance factors were determined to be autosomal and incompletely recessive (0.26 to 0.4, respectively) via reciprocal F1crosses to the susceptible laboratory strain.
Efficient performance in two agent bargaining

Abstract This paper concerns ex ante incentive efficient performance in the bargaining of one buyer and one seller over a single item. For any element in a specified class of distributions of the buyer's and the seller's valuations of the item, all of the (interim) individually rational and efficient allocation rules are characterized. It is also shown that the “buyer's bid” and the “seller's price” double auctions are efficient for all distributions in the specified class. These results are obtained by studying efficiency as a linear programming problem.
Properties of epinephrine-induced activation of cardiac adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase

The effects of epinephrine on cyclic AMP content and protein kinase activity were examined in an in situ rat heart preparation. Bolus injection of epinephrine into the superior vena cava caused an increase in the activity ratio (—cyclic AMP/+cyclic AMP) of 12 000 × g supernatant protein kinase. The increase was significant within 5 s and maximal in 10 s. Epinephrine produced a dose-dependent increase in both protein kinase activity ratio and cyclic AMP content. The increases in both parameters exhibited a high degree of correlation. The increase in protein kinase activity ratio observed with low doses of epinephrine (less than or equal to 1 μg/kg) resulted from an increase in independent protein kinase activity (—cyclic 2 AMP) without a change in total protein observ activity (+cyclic AMP). However, the increase in the activity ratio observed with higher doses of epinephrine (greater than 1 μg/kg) was due mainly to a decrease in total protein kinase activity rather than a further increase in independent protein kinase activity. The loss of supernatant total protein kinase activity could be accounted for by an increase in activity associated with particulate fractions obtained from the homogenates. A similar redistribution of protein kinase could be demonstrated by the addition of cyclic AMP to homogenates prepared from hearts not stimulated with epinephrine. These results demonstrate that epinephrine over a wide dose range produces a parallel increase in the content of cyclic AMP and the activation of soluble protein kinase. The findings also suggest that protein kinase translocation to particulate material may depend on the degree of epinephrine-induced enzyme activation.
Sources of variability in Ames Salmonella typhimurium tester strains: Analysis of the International Collaborative Study on ‘Genetic drift’

Data from 38 laboratories using 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538) were analyzed to determine sources and magnitudes of test data variability. Each laboratory tested the mutagenicity of 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide by the same protocol, using both its in-house cultures and a set of reference cultures provided to all laboratories. It was found that neither plate-to-plate nor day-to-day variability within a laboratory differed substantially between the in-house and reference cultures for any strain; this indicated no difference in the laboratories' handling of the two cultures. Not surprisingly, on average, plate-to-plate variability was substantially smaller than day-to-day variability within a laboratory, which, in turn, was substantially smaller than inter-laboratory variability. The solvent DMSO was found to have a small (6–7%) but statistically significant depressive effect on the spontaneous mutant frequency for the two plasmid-containing strains, TA98 and TA100, but not for the other three strains. When the mean value and variance of all laboratories for the in-house culture were compared with the corresponding reference culture values for each dose and strain, no major differences were seen. Any increase in mean or variance in the distribution of laboratory means in one of the two cultures could be ascribed largely to a small number of laboratories. Laboratories that reported ‘high’ or ‘low’ levels of spontaneous or induced revertants per plate tended to deviate in the same direction for most strains and for both in-house and reference cultures. If ‘genetic drift’ contributed to the inter-laboratory variability in this collaborative study, it was a minor component that went undetected in our analyses.
Superconductivity at high pressure in the A15 compounds

The superconducting transition temperature for a number of A15 compounds has been determined as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 25 kbar. The observed pressure dependences are compared with the predictions of a number of correlations between Tc and volume derived from zero-pressure data. The limitations of the theoretical models used to calculate Tc for the transition metals and their alloys when applied to a description of the pressure dependence are discussed.
Rhetoric and Risk

The discoveries of science and technology are accelerating. The choice of how to regulate and react to scientific and technological innovations relies heavily on the notion of risk. The emergence nature contemporary science and technology (i.e., complex systems that are not reducible to the simple physical and chemical processes from which they arose) confounds risk studies (Goodenough & Deacon, 2006). Indeed, whether to embark on a particular path of scientific inquiry or proceed with a technological development depends on the ability to calculate the amount of risk associated with the endeavor. We are, however, ill-equipped to resolve the demands of risk analysis with certainty.