cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

ABSTRACT Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is an intensive and potentially curative therapy for patients with hematologic malignancies. Patients admitted for HCT experience a prolonged, isolating hospitalization and endure substantial physical and psychological symptoms. However, there is a paucity of research on the impact of HCT on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in transplant recipients. This secondary analysis of 250 patients who underwent autologous and allogeneic HCT examined PTSD using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian measured at 6 months after HCT. We used the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Bone Marrow Transplant, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess quality of life (QOL) and depression and anxiety symptoms at the time of admission for HCT, week 2 during hospitalization, and 6 months after HCT. We used multivariate regression models to assess factors associated with PTSD symptoms. Given collinearity between QOL, depression, and anxiety symptoms, we modeled these separately. The rate of clinically significant PTSD symptoms at 6 months after HCT was 18.9% (39/206). Participants with clinically significant PTSD symptoms experienced hypervigilance (92.3%), avoidance (92.3%), and intrusion (76.9%) symptoms. Among patients without clinically significant PTSD symptoms, 24.5% had clinically significant hypervigilance symptoms and 13.7% had clinically significant avoidance symptoms. Lower QOL at time of HCT admission (B = −0.04, P = .004) and being single (B = −3.35, P = .027) were associated with higher PTSD symptoms at 6 months after HCT. Higher anxiety at time of HCT admission (B = 1.34, P
Tight Tardiness Bounds for Pseudo-Harmonic Tasks Under Global-EDF-Like Schedulers

The global earliest-deadline-first (GEDF) scheduler and its variants are soft-real-time (SRT) optimal for periodic/sporadic tasks, meaning they provide bounded tardiness so long as the underlying platform is not over-utilized. Although their SRT-optimality has long been known, tight tardiness bounds for these schedulers have remained elusive. In this paper, a tardiness bound, that does not depend on the processor or task count, is derived for pseudo-harmonic periodic tasks, which are commonly used in practice, under global-EDF-like (GEL) schedulers. This class of schedulers includes both GEDF and first-in-first-out (FIFO). This bound is shown to be generally tight via an example. Furthermore, it is shown that exact tardiness bounds for GEL-scheduled pseudo-harmonic periodic tasks can be computed in pseudo-polynomial time.
Advances in detector-integrated filter coatings for the far ultraviolet

We report on the continued development of multilayer optical coatings on back-illuminated silicon imaging sensors in order to enhance the functionality of such systems at ultraviolet wavelengths. This includes the development metal-dielectric filter structures to enable solar-blind operation, and graded thickness coatings to tune the spatial response of a detector system to the dispersion of a spectrometer. Such systems can maintain the high internal quantum efficiency afforded by the delta-doping process utilized at NASA JPL, while also providing long-wavelength rejection or a spatially optimized efficiency (or both). We present the characterization of CCD and CMOS image sensors incorporating these processes, and describe the atomic layer deposition coating processes. Such detectors are currently being developed for ground-based high energy physics applications as well as NASA orbital astrophysics instruments operating at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm.
5D cooling and torque detection with optically levitated nanoparticles

An optically levitated nonspherical particle in a vacuum is great for torque sensing and rotational quantum mechanics. Recently, we optically levitated silica nanodumbbells in a vacuum and drove them to rotate beyond 5 GHz. With an optically levitated nanorotor, we demonstrated a torque sensor with a record-high sensitivity [Nature Nanotechnology, 15, 89 (2020)]. Such an ultrasensitive torque sensor will have the potential to detect the long-sought quantum vacuum friction. We also demonstrated 5D cooling and observed nonlinear dynamics of an optically levitated nanodumbbell in a vacuum. This work is an important step towards full quantum control of the rigid-body motion of a levitated nonspherical particle.
A Review of “The Restaurants Book: Ethnographies of where we Eat”

Motivated by the enthusiastic response to a call for conference papers on “Restaurants,” David Beriss and David Sutton compiled this edited volume of mostly anthropological studies of eating establ...
NRD Trustees: To What Extent Are They Truly Trustees?

Several federal environmental statutes have empowered the federal government to appoint executive branch agencies to act as trustees on behalf of the public to oversee the process of collecting damages from responsible parties, and restoring natural resources that have been damaged on public lands. This Note will focus on the question of whether these natural resource damages (NRD) trustees created by federal statute have a common law fiduciary duty to the public, some lesser obligation, or no fiduciary duty at all. This Note concludes that courts have not held executive branch NRD trustees to a common law fiduciary duty, but instead have granted them typical agency deference. Finally, this Note suggests that courts should hold NRD trustees to an enforceable fiduciary duty, similar to the one applied to government trustees under the Indian trust doctrine.
Cosmological constraints from the cosmic microwave background and Lyman α forest revisited

The WMAP team has recently highlighted the usefulness of combining the Lya forest constraints with those from the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This combination is particularly powerful as a probe of the primordial shape of the power spectrum. Converting between the Lyα forest observations and the linear mass power spectrum requires a careful treatment of nuisance parameters and modelling with cosmological simulations. We point out several issues which lead to an expansion of the errors, the two most important being the range of cosmological parameters explored in simulations and the treatment of the mean transmitted flux constraints. We employ a likelihood calculator for the current Lya data set based on an extensive six-dimensional grid of simulations. We show that the current uncertainties in the mean transmission and the flux power spectrum define a degeneracy line in the amplitude-slope plane. The CMB degeneracy owing to the primordial power spectrum shape follows a similar relation in this plane. This weakens the statistical significance of the primordial power spectrum shape constraints based on combined CMB+Lyα forest analysis. Using the current data, the simplest n = 1 scale-invariant model with dn/dlnk = 0 and no tensors has a ΔΧ 2 = 4 compared with the best-fitting model in which these three parameters are free. Current data therefore do not require relaxing these parameters to improve the fit.
Matched field processing: source localization in waveguides

Matched field processing (MFP), a generalized beamforming method which uses the complexity of an acoustic file in the ocean to localize sources in range, depth, and azimuth and to estimate parameters of the waveguide itself, is discussed. MFP exploits the coherence of the modal/multipath structure of the signals by using the full-field Green's function for the signal propagation. It is especially effective at low frequencies where the ocean supports very coherent propagation over very long ranges. It has been successfully demonstrated in several experiments with sources localized with accuracies exceeding by two orders of magnitude the Rayleigh limit for depth and the Fresnel limit for range by two orders. >
Regulation of glutamine transport in Escherichia coli

Abstract The formation of the high-affinity (Km equal to 0.2 muM) L-glutamine transport system of Escherichia coli strain 7 (Lin) appears to be subject to the same major control as the glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) of this gram-negative organism. Culture of cells under nitrogen-limited conditions provides maximum derepression of both the glutamine synthetase and the glutamine transport system. Nutritional conditions providing a rich supply of ammonium salts or available sources of nitrogen, i.e., conditions which repress the formation of glutamine synthetase, provide three- and 20-fold repression, respectively, of the glutamine transport system. Culture of cells with glutamine supplements of 2 mM does not increase the repression of high-affinity glutamine transport system beyond the level observed in the absence of glutamine. A second kinetically distinct low-affinity component of glutamine. A second kinetically distinct low-affinity component of glutamine uptake is observed in cells cultured with a glutamine-depleted nutrient broth. This second component is associated with the appearance of glutaminase A (EC 3.5.1.2) and asparaginase I (EC 3.5.1.1), a periplasmic enzyme. Parallel changes were observed in the levels of the high-affinity glutamine transport system and the glutamine synthetase when cells were cultured with the carbon sources: glucose, glycerol, or succinate.
Statistics of Coulomb Blockade Peak Spacings

Distributions of Coulomb blockade peak spacings are reported for large ensembles of both unbroken (magnetic field $B\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$) and broken ( $B\ensuremath{\ne}0$) time-reversal symmetry in GaAs quantum dots. Both distributions are symmetric and roughly Gaussian with a width of $\ensuremath{\sim}2%--6%$ of the average spacing, with broad, non-Gaussian tails. The distribution is systematically wider at $B\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ by a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. No even-odd spacing correlations or bimodal structure in the spacing distribution is found, suggesting an absence of spin degeneracy. There is no observed correlation between peak spacing and peak height.
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF RESOURCE INJURIES IN NATURAL RESOURCE LIABILITY SUITS

Several major federal environmental statutes enacted in the 1970s designate federal, state, and tribal resource management agencies as trustees of natural resources on behalf of the public and enable the trustees to recover damages for injuries to public resources. The measure of damages in the statutes is the cost of restoring the resources to baseline conditions, plus the interim loss in value from the time of the incident until full recovery of the resources. The statutory restriction limiting use of the monies to enhancing or creating natural resources motivated the development of an alternative measure for interim losses—the cost of compensatory restoration actions providing in-kind compensation. In this paper alternative measures of damages are outlined and approaches and methods for scaling compensatory restoration are discussed. Two basic scaling approaches are presented: a simplified in-kind trading procedure and the more general valuation approach, in which a variety of economic methods may be employed to assess the trade-offs between gains from proposed actions and interim losses from the injuries. Experience indicates that natural resource liability actions represent a potent tool for federal and state resource managers to address injuries to public resources.
Image Enhancement Applications At The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

A diverse set of digital image processing applications exists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. While many of these include some sort of image analysis or restoration, virtually all of them require image enhancement procedures. In this paper we describe the principal image processing facility at the Laboratory, followed by a discussion of several of the major image processing application areas.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AS DESIGN: A CASE STUDY

Object-oriented analysis is the activity of understanding a problem domain and developing a specification for it within an object-oriented paradigm. In this paper we propose object-oriented analysis can be viewed as a design task that consists of analysis, synthesis and internal and external completeness and consistency checking. We postulate a blackboard based design framework and propose several alternative theories within this framework. Data from an expert analyst is collected and analyzed for relative explanatory power of the alternative theories. Basic findings are that viewed as a design activity, object-oriented analysis is neither top-down nor completely opportunistic in nature, Rather, (1) analysis (the process of finding objects and processes) and synthesis (constructing the object model and state-transition diagrams) are complementary activities while internal completeness and consistency checking is coupled with synthesis and (2) construction of objects and processes are cyclic and complementary processes. The findings are compared with both descriptive and normative research in automated software design.
Sicklepod Surface Wax Response to Photoperiod and S-(2,3-Dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate (Diallate).

Sicklepod ( Cassia obtusifolia L.) leaflet epicuticular fatty acid, fatty alcohol, and hydrocarbon contents were measured by gas-liquid chromatography from plants grown under 10-, 12-, 14-, or 16-hour photoperiods and treated with S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate (diallate) (0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12 kilograms per hectare). As diallate concentration increased, epicuticular fatty acid content decreased. Fatty alcohol content was maximal in plants treated with 0.28 kilograms per hectare diallate and was reduced from that level at herbicide concentrations above or below this rate. Hydrocarbon content patterns were similar to those of the fatty alcohols except that the hydrocarbons at 0.28 kilograms per hectare were 61% of that present in the control, whereas the concentration of fatty alcohols increased to 200% of the control in treatments of 0.28 kilograms per hectare diallate. Photoperiodic influence on the various epicuticular lipid classes showed increased fatty acid and hydrocarbon contents as the photoperiod was lengthened. Fatty alcohols were maximal under 16-hour photoperiods and minimal under 12-hour photoperiods. Photoperiod-diallate concentration interactions were demonstrated in the epicuticular fatty acid, fatty alcohol, and hydrocarbon contents of sicklepod leaflets. The amount of each lipid class present per gram leaf fresh weight was influenced by the rate of diallate applied and the photoperiod under which the plants were grown. Each lipid class responded differently to the combination of treatments.
Electrical and optical performance of InAs/GaSb superlattice LWIR detectors

InAs/GaSb superlattices are a promising technology for long-wave and very-long-wave infrared photodetectors. Present detectors at these wavelengths are mostly built using bulk HgCdTe (MCT) alloys, where the bandgap is controlled by the mercury-cadmium ratio. In contrast, InAs/GaSb heterostructures control the bandgap by engineering the widths of the layers making up the superlattice. This approach is expected to have important advantages over MCT, notably the tighter control of bandgap uniformity across a sample and the suppression of Auger recombination. InAs/GaSb superlattices have a potential advantage in temperature of operation, uniformity and yield. To realize their inherent potential, however, superlattice materials with low defect density and improved device characteristics must be demonstrated. Here, we report on the growth and characterization of a 9.7 μm cutoff wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice detector, with a resistance-area product of R 0 A = 11 Ωcm 2 at 78 K, and an 8.5 μm cutoff diode with a resistance-area product of R 0 A = 160 Ωcm 2 at 78 K. The devices are p-i-n diodes with a relatively thin intrinsic region of depth 0.5 μm as the active absorbing region. The measured external quantum efficiencies of 7.1% and 5.4 % at 7.9 μm are not yet large enough to challenge the incumbent MCT technology, but suggest scaling the intrinsic region could be a way forward to potentially useful detectors.
Intensity-Based Skeletonization of CryoEM Gray-Scale Images Using a True Segmentation-Free Algorithm

Cryo-electron microscopy is an experimental technique that is able to produce 3D gray-scale images of protein molecules. In contrast to other experimental techniques, cryo-electron microscopy is capable of visualizing large molecular complexes such as viruses and ribosomes. At medium resolution, the positions of the atoms are not visible and the process cannot proceed. The medium-resolution images produced by cryo-electron microscopy are used to derive the atomic structure of the proteins in de novo modeling. The skeletons of the 3D gray-scale images are used to interpret important information that is helpful in de novo modeling. Unfortunately, not all features of the image can be captured using a single segmentation. In this paper, we present a segmentation-free approach to extract the gray-scale curve-like skeletons. The approach relies on a novel representation of the 3D image, where the image is modeled as a graph and a set of volume trees. A test containing 36 synthesized maps and one authentic map shows that our approach can improve the performance of the two tested tools used in de novo modeling. The improvements were 62 and 13 percent for Gorgon and DP-TOSS, respectively.
1980 CANDE committee activities

The Computer Aided Network Design (CANDE) subcommittee of the Circuits and Systems Society was involved in a number of activities during 1980. These activities supported the basic charter of providing a forum for supporting the investigation and discussion of topics associated with the use of computer aids in the design, analysis, and verification of electrical circuit design with emphasis on LSI and VLSI circuits.
Nanotechnology in concrete – A review

Abstract This paper reviews the state of the field of nanotechnology in concrete. Definitions of nanotechnology, including nanoscience and nano-engineering in concrete, are provided. The impact of recent advances in instrumentation and computational materials science and their use in concrete research is discussed. Recent progress in nano-engineering and nanomodification of cement-based materials is presented.
Diet-induced obesity suppresses expression of many proteins at the blood-brain barrier.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a regulatory interface between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. However, BBB changes in obesity and metabolic syndrome have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that obesity reduces energy metabolism in the cerebral microvessels composing the BBB, reflected by downregulation of protein expression and function. We performed comparative proteomic analyses in enriched microvessels from the cerebral cortex of mice 2 months after ingestion of a high-fat diet or regular rodent chow. In mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO), there was downregulation of 47 proteins in the cerebral microvessels, including cytoskeletal proteins, chaperons, enzymes, transport-related proteins, and regulators for transcriptional and translational activities. Only two proteins, involved in messenger RNA (mRNA) transport and processing, were upregulated. The changes of these proteins were further validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining of freshly isolated microvessels, in samples obtained from different batches of mice. The predominant downregulation suggests that DIO suppresses metabolic activity of BBB microvessels. The finding of a hypometabolic state of the BBB in mice at the chronic stage of DIO is unexpected and unprecedented; it may provide novel mechanistic insight into how obesity influences CNS function via regulatory changes of the BBB.
Effects of DksA and ClpP protease on sigma S production and virulence in Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhimurium responds to a variety of environmental stresses by accumulating the alternative sigma factor sigmaS. The repertoire of sigmaS -dependent genes that are subsequently expressed confers tolerance to a variety of potentially lethal conditions including low pH and stationary phase. The mechanism(s) responsible for triggering sigmaS accumulation are of considerable interest, because they help to ensure survival of the organism during encounters with suboptimal environments. Two genes associated with regulating sigmaS levels in S. typhimurium have been identified. The first is clpP, encoding the protease known to be responsible for degrading sigmaS in Escherichia coli. The second is dksA, encoding a protein of unknown function not previously associated with regulating sigmaS levels. As predicted, clpP mutants accumulated large amounts of sigmaS even in log phase. However, dksA mutants failed to accumulate sigmaS in stationary phase and exhibited lower accumulation during acid shock in log phase. DksA appears to be required for the optimal translation of rpoS based upon dksA mutant effects on rpoS transcriptional and translational lacZ fusions. The region of rpoS mRNA between codons 8 and 73 is required to see the effects of dksA mutations. This distinguishes the role of DksA from that of HF-I (hfq ) in rpoS translation, as the HF-I target area occurs well upstream of the rpoS start codon. DksA appears to be involved in the expression of several genes in addition to rpoS based on two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-cell proteins. As a result of their effects on gene expression, mutations in clpP and dksA decreased the virulence of S. typhimurium in mice, consistent with a role for sigmaS in pathogenesis.
Idiomatic Communication in the Stages of Coming Together and Falling Apart

Idiomatic communication is a strategic and unique form of communication that is indicative of a close relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between idiomatic communication with solidarity and satisfaction to validate Social Penetration Theory using Knapp's stages of escalation and de-escalation. The results of the study (N = 275) found that couples in de-escalation stages report less idioms, and use idioms with less frequency, than couples in the escalation stages. Couples in de-escalating stages use confrontation, nickname, and teasing insult idioms with more negative effects than escalating couples. Finally, the use of idiomatic communication is significantly related to solidarity and relational satisfaction.
Bilateral glossopharyngeal neuralgia after excision of a solitary cervico-medullary haemangioblastoma: Case report

A man presenting with sleep apnoea was found to have a haemangioblastoma at the cervico-medullary junction. The associated hydrocephalus and syringomyelia resolved after excision of the tumour. Postoperatively the patient developed transient bilateral glossopharyngeal neuralgia, presumably due to surgical damages to the tractus solitarius. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case with transient bilateral glossopharyngeal neuralgia following resection of a haemangioblastoma of the cervico-medullary junction.
Effects of poisoning and sintering on the pore structure and diffusive behavior of platinum/alumina catalysts in automotive converters

Abstract Fresh, sintered (heat treated) and lead poisoned spherical Pt Al 2 O 3 pellets were investigated by ultrahigh pressure mercury porosimetry measurements and by hydrogen-nitrogen static counterdiffusion. The relationship between the effective diffusivity of these pellets and their pore structure was analyzed using the random pore diffusivity model. Poisoning and sintering were found to have opposing effects on the diffusivity. These effects may counterbalance each other in catalytic converters during the aging process so that it is possible that no net observable change in the diffusivity of H 2 in N 2 is recorded during diffusivity measurements on samples from these converters. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of the changes in the pore structure of the catalysts during poisoning and sintering.
Water exchange and effect of water vapour activity on metabolic rate in the dust mite, Dermatophagoides.

Abstract Oxygen consumption by Dermatophagoides farinae was found to vary with temperature and water vapour activity. The relationship between temperature and O 2 consumed/hr per mite was first order. Q 10 's were equal to exp (k 10°C) and were found to be 3·04 and 2·49 for 1 to 6 and 6 to 22 hr monitoring periods respectively. A significant difference between O 2 consumed/hr per mite for 1 to 6 and 6 to 22 hr monitoring periods was found. Inactivity of mites explained 29·6 and 31·8 per cent of this reduction. Dehydrating conditions and reduced permeability of the water and gas exchange surface explained a further reduction to 58·7 and 60·8 per cent.
Mechanism of failure in the treatment of type II endoleak with percutaneous coil embolization.

Purpose: Type II endoleak after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is a failure of aneurysm sac exclusion with unknown long-term consequences. Elevated aneurysm sac pressures documented in these patients have led us to aggressively treat type II endoleaks with percutaneous transluminal coil embolization (PTCE). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results and the mechanisms of failure of PTCE for type II endoleak. Methods: One hundred ninety-one patients underwent endograft repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms. Twenty-three of 28 patients with persistent primary (>3 months) or secondary (new-onset) endoleak underwent angiography; 14 of these patients had type II endoleaks. We reviewed our endovascular registry data, hospital charts, and radiologic studies of patients with type II endoleaks and analyzed the results in those treated with PTCE of the inflow vessel. Results: All 14 patients with type II endoleaks were men, with a mean age of 76.7 years and a mean preoperative maximal aneurysm diameter of 5.7 ± 1.0 cm. The type II endoleak was primary in 12 patients (86%) and secondary in two patients (14%) and iliolumbar in 11 patients (78%) and mesenteric in three patients (21%). Although a dominant affluent collateral channel (inosculation) was apparent in eight patients (57%), six patients (43%) showed a network of collateral vessels (retiform anastomosis). In six patients (43%), angiography revealed a second or “outflow” vessel indicative of a complex endoleak. In four patients with retiform iliolumbar type II endoleaks, PTCE was not attempted because of the retiform nature of the endoleak. The remaining 10 patients underwent PTCE, with coil deployment in all 10 and apparent initial technical success in nine patients. Follow-up computed tomographic scans revealed persistent endoleaks in six patients (60%). Mechanisms of failure included persistent flow through the coils in the treated vessel in two patients, development of a retiform anastomosis around the coiled vessel in three patients, and development of a new mesenteric endoleak after successful occlusion of an iliolumbar endoleak in one patient. Two patients underwent repeat PTCE with successful aneurysm sac exclusion in one. Internal iliac artery injury complicated one of the 12 PTCEs, and the resulting pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with PTCE. Angiographic visualization of an outflow vessel (complex endoleak) was associated with PTCE failure (P = .008). Conclusion: PTCE of type II endoleaks has a high failure rate because of multiple anatomic mechanisms. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:485-91.)
Potential impact of releases from a new molybdenum-99 production facility on regional measurements of airborne xenon isotopes.

Abstract The monitoring of the radioactive xenon isotopes 131m Xe, 133 Xe, 133m Xe, and 135 Xe is important for the detection of nuclear explosions. While backgrounds of the xenon isotopes are short-lived, they are constantly replenished from activities dominated by the fission-based production of 99 Mo used for medical procedures. At present, one of the most critical locations on earth for the monitoring of nuclear explosions is the Korean peninsula where the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) has announced that it conducted three nuclear tests between 2006 and 2013. This paper explores the backgrounds that would be caused by the medium to large scale production of 99 Mo in the region of the Korean peninsula.
Double-label analysis of GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit retina

Rabbits were injected intravitreally with colchicine and the retinas were subsequently processed for simultaneous visualization of GAD-like and GABA-like immunoreactivity (LIR) at the light microscopical level. The use of specific antisera from unrelated species minimized the possibility of crossreactivity between the two markers. Colocalization of GABA-LIR and GAD-LIR was observed in approximately 32% of somata on the inner border of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and roughly 15% of the somata in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). All GAD-positive cells were double labeled whereas 15% of the GABA-LIR cells in the INL and 52% of those in the GCL were negative for GAD-LIR. Both markers were seen throughout the inner plexiform layer. In addition, processes coursing through the OPL, perhaps from interplexiform cells, and horizontal cell bodies were double-labeled with these GABAergic probes.
Surface receptor mobilization in complement-mediated neutrophil activation: Characterization and effects of methylprednisolone

Complement-mediated neutrophil activation (CMNA) is an important host defense mechanism that is essential for effective neutrophil (PMN) proinflammatory activity. It has also been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism contributing toward the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Utilizing zymosan-activated serum pretreatment as an in vitro model for CMNA, we characterized the effects of CMNA on PMN superoxide (SO) production and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) receptor status. CMNA was associated with a 132 +/- 38% increase in FMLP-induced SO generation and a 110 +/- 30% increase in FMLP receptor expression. Methylprednisolone pretreatment prevented both the FMLP receptor mobilization and the SO priming effects of CMNA. These data support a concept that FMLP receptor mobilization is an important element in the PMN activation process. In addition, blocking this phenomenon may have clinical significance in attempts to modulate the potential damaging effects of the increased PMN oxidative metabolism associated with CMNA.
Identifying Foxp3-expressing suppressor T cells with a bicistronic reporter

Regulatory T cells are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and to negatively regulate immune responses. Foxp3 is a regulatory T cell-specific transcription factor that functions as the master regulator of the development and function of regulatory T cells. Here, we report the generation of a mouse model, in which a bicistronic reporter expressing a red fluorescent protein has been knocked into the endogenous Foxp3 locus. Using this mouse model, we assessed Foxp3 expression in various lymphocyte compartments and identified previously unreported Foxp3-expressing cells. In addition, we showed that de novo Foxp3 expression along with suppressive function were induced by TGF-β in activated CD4 T cells in vitro. Finally, we demonstrated that non-Foxp3-expressing CD4 T cells could not be converted into Foxp3-expressing cells upon adoptive transfer into immunodeficient hosts. This Foxp3 bicistronic reporter knockin mouse model should greatly enhance the study of regulation and function of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells.
WE-D-ValA-03: Radiofrequency-Based Localization

Intra‐fraction and inter‐fraction motion have continued to be areas where much study is needed in order to accurately target areas for radiation treatment. Many modalities have been explored that allow the user to evaluate the patient location from day to day, as well as during a single treatment session. Most of these applications are image‐related, including, both planar X‐rays (either KV or MV), CT scanning (KV or MV), as well as ultrasound. Each imaging modality has its unique set of issues including, time involvement, radiation exposure, and subjectivity in registration). Non‐tomographic methods to deal with inter and intra‐fraction motion have been explored. For many years optical tacking with the use of infrared cameras have been used for radiosurgery and radiotherapy. These systems will be discussed in brief, but they are limited to external information and offer little information on internal organ motion. They are important in many applications related to target motion in that they can be used to create a model between the patient surface and internal motion. They can also be useful in monitoring other devices within the room. Another non‐tomographic method of aligning a patient relies on radiofrequency signals in order to track an implanted transponder. The Calypso® 4D tracking system is a system that provides RF tracking of Beacon® transponders that can be implanted or placed an immobilization device. Some befits of RF tracking include nearly real‐time (10 HZ frequency) update in location, accurate and objective coordinate information, and non‐ionizing radiation signals. This lecture will provide an overview of non‐tomographic patient alignment techniques that can allow real‐time positioning. It will also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of such technology compared to tomographic modalities and specific concerns in radiation therapy. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand some common concerns in inter and intra‐radiation fraction motion. 2. Understand the differences between tomographic and non‐tomographic means of patient motion evaluation. 3. Understand the strengths and weaknesses of an RF tracking system in radiation therapytreatments.
Evaporation from a Drying Soil

Abstract A combination formula for evaporation that uses the surface temperature measured by infrared thermometers as a boundary condition is successfully tested against the evaporation obtained from a detailed energy balance and Bowen ratio measurements. The transfer coefficients used in the combination formula are obtained from aerodynamic similarity and include the effect of the diabatic turbulence. Two simple resistive models which attempt to account for the reduction of evaporation due to the water vapor desaturation of the soil surface are analyzed, but fail to describe correctly the transfer processes through the dry upper layer of the soil.
SU‐E‐T‐873: Dosimetric Difference Between Direct Dose Mapping and Energy/Mass Transfer Mapping for 4D Dose Accumulation

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric difference between two dose warping methods for 4D dose accumulation: direct dose mapping and energy/mass transfer mapping. Method and Materials:Ten lungcancer patients with varied tumor motion amplitude (between 0.4 and 1.9 cm) and 10 phase 4DCT acquisition were selected for the study. Optimized treatment plans for ITV plus 3 mm margin were created on the 50% phase images (CT50) and applied to other phases for dose calculation with AAA. The other phase doses were warped to CT50 using deformable image registration and two mapping algorithms. With direct dose mapping, voxel doses in source image were tri‐linearly interpolated to image grid and then transferred to the destination image grid, and interpolated back to dose grid. With energy/mass mapping, the dose on source image was converted to energy first and then transferred to the destination along with the mass. The energy and mass to dose voxel were calculated by summing up the contributions from the image grids that intersect with it, allowing accurate calculation of voxel dose by dividing energy by mass. The mapped individual phase doses were finally accumulated with weighting proportional to beam‐on time spent on each phase. Results: With 2.5 mm dose grid, the difference in mean PTV dose between the two dose mapping methods was −0.8%∼1.0% (0.0+/−0.5% of mean+/−SD), and for ITV it was −0.4%∼0.8% (0.0+/−0.3%). However, for the regions extending 2 cm superiorly/inferiorly outsides the PTV surface a mean dose difference 8% (0.2+/−2.7%) was found. Coarser dose grid sizes caused the differences to be greater. Conclusion: PTV mean dose differences between the two dose mapping methods are generally small in uniform dose regions; minimum dose differences were much greater. Dose/density gradients cause the differences to be significantly larger. Increasing the dose grid resolution caused greater differences between the two methods.
The centrality of thematic relations in Japanese text

This paper examines three ways in which thematic relations are realized in Japanese text. Scholars in the past have focused on limited cases of thematization in Japanese — mostly realized by the thematic particle wa from the given-new information perspective. Following and advancing this tradition, in this paper I analyze three cases of thematic relations; (1) the staging effect realized by thematization and non-thematization in narrative discourse, (2) the expressive effect of the nominal predicate n(o) da which possesses thematic structural properties, and (3) the poetic effect of thematic suspension realized by thematic (interrogative) clauses. I emphasize that thematization is a phenomenon which pervades every aspect of the Japanese language. The three types of thematic relations explored in this study — although constituting only the tip of the iceberg — provide evidence for the claim that the nature of the Japanese language is theme-centered in contrast to the subject-predicate-prominent nature of Indo-European languages.
Differing gender roles: women in mining and fishing communities in Northumberland, England, 1880–1914

Synopsis This paper, which deals with two groups of women in Northumberland, England in the period 1880–1914—miners' wives and inshore fishermen's wives—reveals how different economic and social structures could affect the experience of women and could undermine existing gender ideologies. In addition, it shows the striking differences in the experiences of these two groups: one, miners' wives who were restricted to a non-economic, domestic role; the other, fishermen's wives who played an important role in the economic life of the family. Yet, it also illustrates how even the “domestic” miners' wives crossed gender lines: by forging a public role in the male preserve of politics. Thus, both groups of women had agency.
Pile Neutron Absorption Cross Sections

Neutron absorption cross sections for over 50 elements have been measured in the neutron flux of the Argonne heavy water reactor. Measurements were made by observing the oscillating component of reactor power as a neutron absorber sample was oscillated in and out of the central flux of the pile. Calibration was effected with boron.
Neutron decay of the 2.43 Mev and 3.03 MeV states in 9Be to 8Be(g.s.)

Abstract Neutron decay from states at 2.43 MeV and 3.03 MeV in 9Be has been investigated by populating the states with the reaction 7Li(3He, p)9Be and measuring p-n time-of-flight coincidences. The 2.43 MeV, 5 − 2 level decays 7.5 ± 1.5% to the ground state of 8Be while the 3.03 MeV level decays nearly 100 % by this mode. The l = 3 neutron reduced width of the 2.43 MeV level for the ground state of 8Be (in units of h 2 mR 2 ) is (2.1 ± 0.6) × 10−2, when R has the value 4.35 fm. The non-zero transition probability for the decay of the 2.43 MeV level to 8Be(g.s.) can be explained by assuming that the 2.43 MeV state in 9Be is deformed.
Corresponding state relations for the Newtonian viscosity of polymer solutions. II. Further systems and concentrated solutions

In earlier work we have indicated a superposition principle for moderately concentrated mixtures (c ≲ 2/[η]) in good and poor solvents. By an examination of data on a number of vinyl polymers and cellulose derivatives in good as well as poor solvents, the validity of this principle is extended to concentrated solutions (c ≲ 50%). The characteristic concentration factor γ is proportional to M over the whole concentration range, with 0.47 ≤ a1 ≤ 1.10 being larger for good than for poor solvents, the result obtained earlier. Significant deviations from this relationship are noted in good solvents for those low molecular weights at which deviations from the usual intrinsic viscosity relationship occur. This may be related to the expansion factor of the polymer coil. On the basis of these results, the concentration and molecular weight dependence of the viscosity in the concentrated solution can be related to each other in terms of the parameter a1 and thus to thermodynamic characteristics. In this manner a bridge between the relatively dilute and concentrated regions is established. Currently used semiempirical expressions are analyzed in terms of these results. For the polystyrene–cyclohexane systems and θ − 9 ≦ T ≦ θ + 3, γ can be identified with the critical concentration for phase separation. Provided an “entanglement” concentration ce exists, in the neighbourhood of which the concentration dependence of the viscosity changes reapidly, γ can alternatively be shown to be proportional to ce, or ce ∝ M. The temperature reduction scheme suggested earlier remains to be investigated.
The incorporation and migration of protons in Nd-doped BaCeO3

Abstract A detailed study of protonic conductivity in Nd-doped BaCeO3 is made using water-uptake and galvanic-cell measurements to supplement the conductivity results. Samples were pretreated at 900°C at different PH2O atmospheres and the conductivity measured with a frozen-in proton concentration. Isotope effect (D2O versus H2O) measurements were also made. The results show that interstitial protons enter the lattice as compensators for the dopant, replacing oxygen-ion vacancies, and migrate by hopping between adjacent O2- ions with a low migration energy of 0.54 eV. Comparison with other acceptor-doped perovskite oxides is made in order to better understand the origin of the high protonic conductivity in this material.
Nocturnal teeth-grinding: a reassessment for dentistry

Three dentists independently diagnosed subjects as bruxist or nonbruxist. Ratings were compared with polygraph recordings made in the sleep laboratory. Intense masseter electromyographic activity was found to be associated with diagnosis of severe bruxism.
Charge separation and transport in conjugated polymer/cadmium selenide nanocrystal composites studied by photoluminescence quenching and photoconductivity*

We study the processes of charge separation and transport in composite materials formed by mixing cadmium selenide nanocrystals with the conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl)-hexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV). When the surface of the nanocrystals is treated so as to remove the surface ligand, we find that the polymer photoluminescence is quenched, consistent with rapid charge separation at the polymer/nanocrystal interface. Transmission electron microscopy (JEM) of these quantum dot/conjugated polymer composites shows clear evidence for phase segregation, providing a large area of interface for charge separation to occur. Thin-film photovoltaic devices using the composite materials show quantum efficiencies which are significantly improved over those for pure polymer devices, consistent with improved charge separation. At high concentrations of nanocrystals, where both the nanocrystal and polymer components provide continuous pathways to the electrodes, we find short circuit quantum efficiencies of up to 12 %.
HUMAN NATURE, COMMUNICATION AND TRUST

**: The facts that people can sometimes commit to fulfill promises even when there are no binding penalties and that kind and trusting acts are often reciprocated by trustworthy ones make possible forms of group action that might be ruled out in a hypothetical world of perfectly opportunistic individuals. I discuss some new experiments with a modified Berg,Dickhaut and McCabe (1995)‘trust game’ that provide evidence that most subjects adhere to non-binding agreements, that many are prepared to rely on trust rather than use binding but moderately costly contracts, that the possibility of exchanging words rather than mere numerical proposals enhances trusting and trustworthiness, and that subjects are drawn to fair and efficient exchanges despite the self-interest model's prediction of outcomes more favorable to first-movers.
Different levels of [3H]MK-801 binding in long-sleep and short-sleep lines of mice

The long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice were selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. Several studies suggest that excitatory amino acid receptor systems are involved in these genetically determined differences in sensitivity to ethanol. The experiments described in this article examine further the potential role of NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in genetically determined differences in hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol by measuring [3H]MK-801 binding in eight brain regions of LS and SS lines of mice. Significantly greater levels of binding were found in SS hippocampus and striatum. Binding levels in the remaining brain regions revealed no significant between-line differences. Affinity differences between regions were seen but no between-line differences in affinity were found in any brain region. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that differences in NMDA receptor systems are part of the genetically determined biochemistry that produces differential hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol in LS and SS mice.
The IKK NF-kappa B system: a treasure trove for drug development.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Rel transcription factors have been suspected since their discovery to play a pivotal role in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. It now seems that aberrant regulation of NF-κB could also underlie autoimmune diseases and different types of cancer. Recently, NF-κB and the signalling pathways that regulate its activity have become a focal point for intense drug discovery and development efforts. Given the large number of major ailments in which aberrant regulation of NF-κB has been observed or is suspected, such efforts seem well justified. This review will discuss recent progress in the development of drugs that inhibit NF-κB activation, and consider their potential applications in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as cancer.
The fundamental theorems of welfare economics without proper preferences

Abstract We present versions of the fundamental theorems of welfare economics in a very general setting without assuming that the positive cone has a non-empty interior or that preferences are uniformly proper. We establish that an allocation in a production economy is weakly Pareto optimal if and only if it can be approximately price supported in the sense that consumers' expenditures are approximately minimized and producers' profits are approximately maximized.
The entropic cost of polymer confinement.

The confinement of a polymer into a small space is thermodynamically unfavorable because of the reduction in the number of conformational states. The entropic penalty affects a variety of biological processes, and it plays an important role in polymer transport properties and in microfluidic devices. We determine the entropic penalty for the confinement of elastic polymer of persistence length P in the long-chain limit. We examine three geometries: (1) parallel planes separated by a distance d (a slit); (2) a circular tube of diameter d; and (3) a sphere of diameter d. We first consider infinitely thin (ideal) chains. As d/P drops from 100 to 0.01, TΔS rises from ∼5 × 10–4kT to ∼30kT per persistence length for cases (1) and (2), with the entropic penalty for case (2) being consistently about twice that for case (1). TΔS is ∼5kT per persistence length for confinement to a sphere when d = P, about twice the value predicted by mean field theory. For all three geometries, in the limit d/P ≫ 1, the asymptotic ...