cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversation in information-seeking contexts: A test of an analytical framework

Abstract This article develops an analytical framework to support the analysis of conversations in information-seeking contexts. The framework brings together linguistic and sociolinguistic issues such as vocabulary, cohesion, coherence, turn taking, turn allocation, overlaps, gaps, openings, closings, frames, repairs, role specification, and stylistic features. These issues serve as viewpoints for exploring how information-seeking conversations differ from casual conversation and conversations in restricted conversational domains (e.g., teacher-student, and physician-patient). A sample of nine conversations from two information-seeking contexts (i.e., school library media center, and public library) is used to test the utility of the analytical framework and explore possible characteristics of information-seeking conversations. The findings support the utility of the framework for various purposes including: training of information specialists, feedback on their performance, design of human-computer dialogues, elicitation of decision-making processes during information seeking, and support for natural language processing.
Integration of polygenic and individual SNP effects in genome-wide association analyses

The lack of consideration of polygenic effects in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may bias the results in complex traits controlled by multiple genes. The goal of this study is to develop a composite-GWAS model that identifies individual SNPs while adjusting for polygenic effects. The complex trait residual feed intake (RFI), an indicator of the feed efficiency based on maintenance and growth, was modeled. RFI and genotypic data (5,910 SNPs from chromosomes 3, 11 and 24) from 1,387 steers from different breeds and receiving different diets were analyzed, with and without the additive polygenic effect. The model included the fixed effects of days of feed, diet, breed and interaction between diet and breed, and the random effects of contemporary group and additive polygenic effect. A total of 69 and 141 SNPs were detected (P-value < 0.01) with the model including and excluding polygenic effects, respectively. The higher number of SNPs identified by the second model confirms that ignoring polygenic effects in GWAS of multi-gene traits can lead to false positives due to linkage disequilibrium. Seven SNPs (P-value < 0.001), four in chromosomes 3, two in chromosome 11 and one in chromosome 24, were detected using the polygenic model. Two SNPs, one from chromosome 3 and one from 11 are located within coding gene regions. Our results demonstrate the need to use composite-GWAS that include polygenic effects in complex multi-gene traits. These results indicated that the genetic improvement of feed efficiency in beef cattle may be accelerated by the incorporation of these markers in genomic selection strategies.
A graph theoretic approach to anomaly detection in hyperspectral imagery

For many applications in spectral image analysis, the quantitative model used to describe the data is based on first and second order statistics, linear mixture models (i.e., the convex hull), and / or linear subspaces. An example of this for anomaly detection is the well known RX algorithm, a statistical measure of the anomalousness of individual pixels when compared to the mean and covariance of the image. While these models perform well for several applications, as sensor resolution improves, and thus, complex clutter in the image has a stronger impact, the simple assumptions behind these algorithms are not necessarily well-met. Here, we propose a novel approach to spectral image processing that instead models the data using the concept of a high dimensional graph. The pixels are considered in the spectral space as the nodes (vertices) of the graph and edges are created connecting them if two nodes satisfy some similarity criterion. Given this spectral graph, there are several metrics that can be computed related to the overall graph connectivity, as well as the connectivity of individual pixels to the graph. This latter metric is used here as the anomaly detection metric. A hyperspectral image is tiled (thus providing a computational advantage in addition to a spatially adaptive background model) and the graph computed per tile. Each pixel in the tile is then assigned an anomalousness score based on its weighted vertex volume, or connectivity, to the graph. Results are presented for a reflective hyperspectral image with known targets and are shown to be comparable to the RX algorithm.
Management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the home. The role of portable sleep apnea recording.

Unattended four-channel sleep apnea recording has been shown to be an accurate tool in the diagnosis of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea. We selected 11 patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea who had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) determined by unattended sleep apnea recording. The mean AHI was 41 (SD, 17.5). We began nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) at home empirically with 5 cm to 7.5 cm of pressure for several nights. We then adjusted the level of NCPAP after telephone interview with the patients and their significant others. The level of NCPAP was increased by 2.5-cm increments until the patients reported cessation of snoring and symptom improvement. The mean NCPAP was 8.0 cm (SD, 1.4). We repeated the overnight sleep apnea recording while on NCPAP in all patients at home to determine their response to therapy. All 11 patients had documented return of their AHI to normal (mean AHI, 2.4; SD, 1.6). Statistically significant improvement was noted in the number of obstructive apneas, hypopneas, total respiratory events, and the AHI. Follow-up data confirmed that patients had improvement in their symptoms and remained compliant with therapy (mean follow-up = 18 months; SD, 10.2). No serious complications were encountered when NCPAP was introduced in an unattended setting. We were able to diagnose and treat these patients in an entirely outpatient setting. (Chest 1993; 104:19-25)
Differentiating Formation Compressibility and Water-Influx Effects in Overpressured Gas Reservoirs

Numerous authors have presented studies of overpressured gas reservoirs that are based on a particular model. Effects of pressure- and time-dependent formation compressibility, shale or aquifer water influx, or solution gas in the water are usually included, with varying degrees of emphasis and simplifying assumptions. However, a straightforward method to evaluate performance from overpressured gas reservoirs has never been presented. The authors present a rearranged form of the material-balance equation that provides such a method. Roach arranged the material-balance equation that includes the effect of formation compressibility for an overpressured gas reservoir in a new form. References cited in this paper showed the utility of this method to predict future performance. Field case history studies illustrated the usefulness of this plotting technique when studying partial-waterdrive gas reservoirs. In this paper, the authors show how this technique may be used not only to estimate OGIP, effective compressibility, and water-influx values but also to interpret how each of these variables affects the reservoir performance history.
Regulation of flagellin synthesis in the cell cycle of Caulobacter: Dependence on DNA replication

Abstract Synthesis of the two filament proteins (flagellin A and flagellin B) of the Caulobacter crescentus flagellum was measured during the cell cycle. Synchronous cells were pulse-labeled with 35 S-methionine, and flagellin proteins were isolated from crude extracts by radioimmune precipitation. The results showed that both proteins are maximally induced during the G2 period and that their induction requires de novo transcription. Flagellin A, however, continues to be made in the progeny swarmer cells after flagellin B synthesis has stopped. This discoordination in flagellin A and B synthesis and the relative abundance of the two proteins may result in part from the longer functional half-life of the flagellin A messenger RNA. Analysis of temperature-sensitive DNA chain elongation mutants suggests that the periodicity of flagellin A and B synthesis in the cell cycle is controlled by a late cell cycle event, presumably the completion of chromosome replication.
The Noncustodial Parent: Dilemmas and Interventions

This article focuses on the often overlooked group of people, usually men, who are noncustodial parents. The authors discuss 10 common dilemmas of parents in this position and delineate what can be done by individual and family counselors to enhance the ability of these parents to maintain parenting relationships with their children.
Enhancement of multi-pass 3D circular SAR images using sparse reconstruction techniques

This paper demonstrates image enhancement for wide-angle, multi-pass three-dimensional SAR applications. Without sufficient regularization, three-dimensional sparse-aperture imaging from realistic data-collection scenarios results in poor quality, low-resolution images. Sparsity-based image enhancement techniques may be used to resolve high-amplitude features in limited aspects of multi-pass imagery. Fusion of the enhanced images across multiple aspects in an approximate GLRT scheme results in a more informative view of the target. In this paper, we apply two sparse reconstruction techniques to measured data of a calibration top-hat and of a civilian vehicle observed in the AFRL publicly-released 2006 Circular SAR data set. First, we employ prominent-point autofocus in order to compensate for unknown platform motion and phase errors across multiple radar passes. Each sub-aperture of the autofocused phase history is digitally-spotlighted (spatially low-pass filtered) to eliminate contributions to the data due to features outside the region of interest, and then imaged with l 1 -regularized least squares and CoSaMP. The resulting sparse sub-aperture images are non-coherently combined to obtain a wide-angle, enhanced view of the target.
Automated 20 kpsi RPLC-MS and MS/MS with Chromatographic Peak Capacities of 1000−1500 and Capabilities in Proteomics and Metabolomics

Proteomics analysis based-on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is widely practiced; however, variations providing cutting-edge RPLC performance have generally not been adopted even though their benefits are well established. Here, we describe an automated format 20 kpsi RPLC system for proteomics and metabolomics that includes on-line coupling of micro-solid phase extraction for sample loading and allows electrospray ionization emitters to be readily replaced. The system uses 50 μm i.d. × 40−200 cm fused-silica capillaries packed with 1.4−3-μm porous C18-bonded silica particles to obtain chromatographic peak capacities of 1000−1500 for complex peptide and metabolite mixtures. This separation quality provided high-confidence identifications of >12 000 different tryptic peptides from >2000 distinct Shewanella oneidensis proteins (∼40% of the proteins predicted for the S. oneidensis proteome) in a single 12-h ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. The protein identification reproducibi...
The Reconcentration of Poverty: Patterns of Housing Voucher Use, 2000 to 2008

In theory, housing choice vouchers provide low-income families with increased neighborhood options. However, previous research is mixed regarding whether the program promotes integration. Examining the 50 most populous U.S. metropolitan areas, I find that households using vouchers are more economically and racially segregated than an extremely low-income comparison group. However, voucher households in areas with source-of-income protection laws are less racially segregated than voucher households in areas without such laws.
Valuing flexible manufacturing facilities as options

Models for valuing an option to exchange one commodity for another, or any combination of n input commodities for some combination of m outputs, are applied to the capital budgeting problem-making it possible to draw sound conclusions about the valuation effects of flexibility and innovativeness. New algorithms enable practical application of the model to complex flexible manufacturing facilities. Careful attention to estimating the matrix of correlations among the prices of potential inputs and outputs involves explicit integration of financial analysis and strategic analysis-especially the influence of substitutes and the anticipated reactions of competitors, suppliers, and potential new entrants.
Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by basic fibroblast growth factor

The development of a functional network of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the central nervous system requires a series of complex regulatory mechanisms, presumably mediated in part by neurotrophic factors. The difficulty in studying factors regulating the development of GnRH neurons stems from their paucity and scattered distribution in the brain; as a result, little was known about the role of neurotrophic factors in the development of the mature GnRH neuronal network. Recent utilization of immortalized GnRH neuronal cell lines (GT1) has enabled us to identify and study specific neurotrophic factors and their functions in vitro. The potent neurotrophic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the presence of a high abundance of receptors for bFGF in GT1 cells have led to the hypothesis that bFGF may be an important regulator of GnRH neuron expansion, survival, migration, and connectivity.
Oxygen Transport in Liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic Filled Cavity by Natural Convection

This paper numerically analyzes the oxygen transport in an active oxygen controlled lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) system. Corrosion in near wall areas and oxide-layer formations on container surfaces are included. Simulations are carried out on a simplified rectangle container. Different temperature boundary conditions are added to the container to induce pure natural-convection LBE flows. The strength of the flows is measured by the Rayleigh number (Ra). Three laminar cases: (a) heated from the bottom and cooled from the top of the container; (b) heated from the sidewalls and cooled from the top of the container; (c) one sidewall heated and the opposite wall cooled, and one fully turbulent case with one sidewall heated and the opposite sidewall cooled are selected and analyzed in detail. In each case, the characteristic velocity and oxygen diffusion time are estimated, the change of oxygen distribution with time are obtained, and the bulk concentration of oxygen and the efficiency of oxide layer formation on different liquid-solid interfaces are calculated. Based on the analysis, several conclusions are finally obtained.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effect of Injectate Temperature and Thermistor Position on Reproducibility of Thermodilution Cardiac Output Determinations

Study objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermistor position with varying injectate temperatures on the reproducibility of thermodilution cardiac output determination. The key hypothesis to be tested was that the positioning of the proximal thermistor at the right atrial port would improve the reproducibility of thermodilution cardiac output determination, independent of injectate temperature. Design Prospective randomized trial. Setting The study was performed in the cardiac catherization laboratory of the West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants Twenty consecutive patients undergoing right and left heart catherizations were enrolled in the study. Interventions Each patient underwent triplicate determination of thermodilution cardiac output measurements under four experimental conditions: (1) ambient or room temperature injectate using an external thermistor in the injectate reservoir; (2) iced injectate using an external thermistor; (3) room temperature injectate using an internal right atrium (RA) thermistor; and (4) iced injectate using an RA thermistor. Reproducibility was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of the mean percent (SEM%), of the triplicate measurements. Measurements and results Using an internal RA thermistor improved the reproducibility of cardiac output determinations independent of injectate temperature. Using room temperature injectate, the CV was 12.8 percent using an external thermistor and 7.9 percent using an internal RA thermistor (p Conclusions Reproducibility of thermodilution cardiac output determinations is improved when injectate temperature is measured internally, at the RA, as opposed to externally in the reservoir. This has clinical implications for determining significant changes in serial cardiac output determinations.
The metabolism of d-galacturonic acid and its methyl ester in the detached ripening strawberry☆

Abstract d -Galacturonic acid-1-C14 is metabolized by the detached ripening strawberry fruit to l -ascorbic acid-6-C14, l -galactonic acid-6-C14, galactaric acid containing C14 in the carboxyl carbon, and d -xylosc-1-C14. In addition, it is incorporated into pectin as anhydro units of d -galacturonic acid-1-C14. The methyl ester of d -galacturonic acid-U-C14 is utilized by the strawberry for l -ascorbic acid synthesis and pectin formation. The relative metabolic distribution of C14 from the free acid and its methyl ester are compared.
AN AGENT‐BASED EVENT DRIVEN FORAGING MODEL

. A game-theoretic foraging model is developed in an agent-based framework. The animal's environment is described in terms of agents representing prey, predators and the habitat. The animal has two modes of behavior for each agent: tactical mode behaviors alter the outcomes of the events and strategic mode behaviors alter the probability of future events. Possible event outcomes are represented as utilities which have both benefit and cost components. The probabilities of successful behaviors are tracked via short-term (tactical), intermediate-term (strategic) and long-term (reference) memories. Probabilities change continually through the moment-to-moment events, and switches in behavior occur when the expected utility of one behavior exceeds that of another. At the switch point, the expected utilities of the behaviors are equivalent; through this property the model parameters can be calibrated from behavioral experiments. A bluegill foraging study on giving-up time is used to calibrate the model and then habitat foraging is simulated. Problems with interpreting behavioral studies without fully characterizing the multiple scales of interactions with agents are discussed.
The Effect of Decentralized Governance on Timber Extraction in European Russia

“Good” governance is often promoted for economic growth, but its impact on natural resource use in developing and transitional economies is not well understood. For example, many scholars promote improved governance as a means to slow resource use, whereas others have found that better governance increases extractive resource activities. In this paper we use within-country variation in Russia to test the impact of governance on timber harvesting. Using a reduced form fixed-effects model and satellite-based estimates of forest cover we find a statistically significant and non-linear effect of governance on the area of timber harvested: for a marginal improvement in governance timber harvesting increases, but this effect decreases at high levels of governance. These results are robust to alternative specifications and when instrumenting for economic growth. Governance could impact timber harvesting in Russia through ownership risk (i.e., tenure security), through the costs of doing business (i.e., bribes), or both. Nonparametric regressions and qualitative evidence suggest that both factors are at play in Russia. This analysis provides additional evidence that improving governance may increase natural resource extraction. This has important implications for policy prescriptions that suggest “good” governance will slow resource use in developing and transitional economies.
In Situ Measurement of Pinna nobilis Shells for Age and Growth Studies: A New Device

. Pinna nobilis Linnaeus 1758 is an endemic bivalve mollusc in the Mediterranean Sea, where it inhabits seagrass meadows, especially Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. It is the largest bivalve in the Mediterranean, reaching lengths up to 120 cm. In its natural habitat, P. nobilis lives with the anterior part of the valve buried in the seabed, attached to Posidonia rhizomes by byssus threads. This habit makes it impossible to measure its total length directly in situ. As the only way to determine the individual age is the relationship between age and total length, several equations have been proposed to estimate total length by relating it to the unburied parts of the shell. Such measurements are essential to ecological studies that consider age, growth, and population dynamics, and that evaluate the environmental factors that affect this species. Accurately estimating total length depends on the accuracy and precision of the method employed to measure the unburied shell parts. In this paper, we point out the lack of precision of the instruments and methods used until now; we also demonstrate the reason for this imprecision. A new device to measure unburied parts of Pinna nobilis with a precision comparable to that obtained when measuring extracted valves is described. This device is unaffected by substratum type and reduces measurement time. The latter is a very important feature, because these procedures are usually performed whilst SCUBA diving. Finally, a growth equation has been fitted to the measurements obtained with the new device from a population located in Moraira (Alicante, western Mediterranean).
Failure prediction for autonomic management of networked computer systems with availability assurance

Networked computer systems continue to grow in scale and in the complexity of their components and interactions. Component failures become norms instead of exceptions in these environments. Failure occurrence as well as its impact on system performance and operation costs are becoming an increasingly important concern to system designers and administrators. To achieve self-management of failures and resources in networked computer systems, we propose a framework for autonomic failure management with hierarchical failure prediction functionality for large coalition systems, such as coalition clusters and compute grids. It analyzes node, cluster and system wide failure behaviors and forecasts the prospective failure occurrences based on quantified failure dynamics. Failure correlations are inspected by the predictor. Experimental results in a computational grid on campus show the offline and online predictions by our predictors accurately forecast the failure trend and capture failure correlations in the production environment.
Standard criteria for an acceptable donor heart are restricting heart transplantation

Background. The lack of satisfactory donor organs limits heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the criteria for suitability of donors may be safely expanded. Methods. One hundred ninety-six heart transplantations were performed on 192 patients at our institution from January 1992 to 1995 and were divided into two groups. Group A donors (n = 113) conformed to the standard criteria. Group B donors (n = 83) deviated by at least one factor and consisted of the following: 16 hearts from donors greater than 50 years of age, 33 with myocardial dysfunction (echocardiographic ejection fraction=0.35 ± 0.10, dopamine level exceeding 20 μ g · kg −1 · min −1 , and resuscitation with triiodothyronine), 33 undersized donors with donor to recipient weight ratios of 0.45 ± 0.04, 48 with extended ischemic times of 297.4 ± 53.6 minutes, 25 with positive blood cultures, 16 with positive hepatitis C antibody titers, and 7 with conduction abnormalities (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, prolonged QT interval, bifascicular block). Results. Thirty-day mortality was 6.2% (7/113) in group A and 6.0% (5/83) in group B. Mortality in group A was attributed to 3 patients with myocardial dysfunction, 2 with infection, 1 with acute rejection, and 1 with pancreatitis; group B had 2 with myocardial dysfunction, 1 with infection, 1 with aspiration, and 1 with bowel infarction. At 12 months, survival and hemodynamic indices were similar between the groups. Of the 16 recipients with hepatitis C-positive hearts, 5 have become hepatitis C positive with mild hepatitis (follow up, 6 to 30 months). Conclusions. Expanding the criteria for suitability of donor hearts dramatically increases the number of transplantations without compromising recipient outcome.
Tumor Distribution and Survival in Six Patients with Brain Metastases from Cervical Carcinoma

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns of brain involvement and the outcome of patients with brain metastases from cervical carcinoma. Methods. Between January 1982 and November 1999, 1279 patients with brain metastases were treated at the Cleveland Clinic. Six of them had brain metastases from cervical carcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed the patient and tumor characteristics at the time of the primary diagnosis as well as at the time of the brain metastases diagnosis. Results. Brain metastases from cervical carcinoma were rarely accompanied by systemic disease, but they were commonly accompanied by uncontrolled local–regional disease. The median interval from the appearance of the primary carcinoma to the detection of brain metastases in 5 patients was 12 months. Multiple brain lesions developed in 4 of 6 patients and consisted of multiple tumors distributed in the cerebral hemispheres (2 patients) or both the cerebral and the cerebellar hemispheres (2 patients). Only 2 patients had a single lesion confined to a cerebral hemisphere. One patient was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery alone, 3 with surgery followed by whole brain radiation therapy, 1 with whole brain radiotherapy, and 1 each with whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. Patients treated with surgery had a median survival of 8.25 months, while patients treated with whole brain radiotherapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery had a median survival of 3.75 months. The 1 patient treated with stereotactic radiosurgery alone survived for 22.5 months. Conclusion. Although the number of the patients was too small to detect definitive patterns of brain metastases from cervical carcinoma, the results of our review suggest that, in contrast to previous reports, extended survival can occur with more aggressive treatment such as surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery.
Predicting organ space surgical site infection with a nomogram.

We hypothesized that organ space surgical site infections (organ space SSI) are a unique type of surgical site infection and therefore are associated with a unique set of risk factors. The aim of this study was to create a predictive model for organ space SSI after small bowel, colon, or rectal operations. The 2006 American College of Surgeons—National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) sample (N = 12,373) was used to identify current procedural terminology codes for small bowel, colon, and rectal laparoscopic or open surgical procedures. The following variables were used to build a predictive model of organ space SSI within 30 days post-op: age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, smoking, diabetes, steroid use, 30 days previous radiotherapy or surgery, preoperative serum creatinine and albumin, laparoscopic surgery, wound class, perioperative transfusion, operative time, and surgical site. Patients on chronic mechanical ventilation, dialysis, wound infection, or sepsis preoperatively were excluded. Our organ space SSI model achieved a concordance index of 0.65 when validated in 2007 ACS-NSQIP patients (N = 9,521). A risk calculator designed based upon our model is available at www.clinicriskcalculators.com . This novel and validated nomogram is useful to predict organ space SSI associated with small bowel, colon, and rectal surgical procedures. It may also be useful for risk stratification and risk modification.
The Effect of Relative Humidity on Particle Adhesion and Removal

Abstract The removal of small particles is vital for contamination-free manufacturing. In humid environments liquid can condense between the particle and substrate and give rise to a very large capillary force, which increases the total force of adhesion. The removal and adhesion forces of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles and pigmented coating chips were measured on silicon, polyethylene terephthalate, metallized and polyester coating substrates as a function of humidity. The results indicate that the capillary force is significant at a relative humidity above 50% and dominates at a relative humidity above 70%. At relative humidity below 45%, the electrostatic force becomes significant. The adhesion forces varied depending on the particles and substrates used, but the trend of high adhesion at high and low relative humidity was observed for all PSL particles/substrate systems. The pigmented coating chips/substrate system however, exhibited high adhesion at high relative humidity and low adhesion at low r...
Coronary artery bypass grafts: increased flow in the early postoperative period.

Abstract The long-term outcome of coronary artery bypass operations is contingent upon the patency of aortocoronary bypass grafts. Flow measurements taken at operation may not truly reflect the capacity of the graft to carry flow because the heart may not have fully recovered from the consequences of ischemic arrest, despite the protective effects of hypothermic cardioplegia. During a three-year period, we observed increases of up to 200% in the flow rate of 8 of 11 saphenous vein grafts in 7 patients who underwent reoperation for bleeding or cardiac tamponade in the early postoperative period. At initial operation, flow rates ranged from 25 ml/min to 130 ml/min (mean value, 66.8 ± 10.3 ml/min [standard error of the mean]). At reexploration, flow measurements ranged from 0 ml/min (graft clotted) to 260 ml/min (mean value, 110 ± 22.8 ml/min). This difference was statistically significant ( p
Problems in the Interpretation of “Experimental Neurosis”

Because of their emotional character and avoidant topography, “experimental neurosis” and other aversively controlled animal behaviors have an appealing face validity as analogues of human psychopa...
Monopoles and dyons in the SU(5) model

The spherically symmetric monopoles and dyons of the SU(5) model of grand unification (without quarks and leptons) are discussed. It is shown that such monopoles and dyons can exist only in the sectors corresponding to magnetic charges m= +- 1/2e, +- 1/e, +- 3/2e, and +- 2/e, where e is the charge of the positron. We investigate in detail the properties of the dyons with the smallest possible magnetic charge ( vertical-barmvertical-bar=1/2e). By semiclassical reasoning we show that apart from the magnetic charge the properties of the dyons are described by two quantum numbers n and k. The dyons come in families, denoted by n=0,1,2,..., with electric charge q/sub n/=n(-4e/3), baryon minus lepton number =n(-2/3), and the kth member of the nth family (k=0,1,2,...) transforms according to the (n+k,k) for n > or = 0 or the (k,vertical-barnvertical-bar+k) for n or = 0, or vertical-barnvertical-bar 3's, for n<0. Interesting processes involving monopoles and dyons are discussed; we show, for example, that the presence of a dyon strongly enhances baryon-number-violating processes. Finally, a less detailed discussion of poles with the other possible magnetic charges is included.« less
Factors determining headache at onset of acute ischemic stroke

Headache is a frequent accompaniment of acute ischaemic stroke. The predisposing factors and underlying mechanisms are currently incompletely defined. We analysed prospectively collected data relevant to headache occurring at ischaemic stroke onset in consecutive patients included in the Henry Ford Hospital Stroke Data Bank. Patients with headache (HA+) and without headache (HA-) were compared for demographic factors, medical history, medications, examination findings, laboratory findings, and stroke localization and subtype. Group comparisons for categorical data were performed with chi(2) test, and for continuous variables with two-sample t-tests. Stepwise logistic regression analysis, including all variables with P<0.25, was used to define the independent predictors of onset headache. Three hundred and seventy-five patients had complete headache and clinical datasets and were included in the analysis (HA+, N=118; HA-, N=257). Multivariate analysis revealed that the independent predictors of HA+ were: infarct in the distribution of the posterior circulation [P=0.0076, odds ratio (OR) 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23, 3.77], absence of history of hypertension (P=0.0106, OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27, 0.84), and treatment with warfarin at the time of the index stroke (P=0.0135, OR 4.89, 95% CI 1.39, 17.21). The occurrence of headache at onset of ischaemic stroke is determined by posterior circulation distribution of the ischaemic event, absence of history of hypertension and treatment with warfarin at the time of the index stroke. These results suggest that preserved elasticity and maintenance of the intracranial vasculature in a relaxed state, in combination with coagulation system derangements, and activation of dense perivascular afferent nerves, play a role in the pathogenesis of onset headache.
Blood pressure, obesity and cognitive function: the answers lie in the literature

We thank Van Boxtel and co-workers for their interest in our work. We agree that the most likely explanation for our discrepant findings is methodological differences between our investigations. Given the space constraints of the letter format, we hope that the authors will choose to publish their work as a full or brief report so that more extensive consideration can be given to the issues raised. In this way, their data can contribute further to the literature by inclusion in future reviews or meta-analyses.
Acoustic fall detection using a circular microphone array

Falling is a common health problem for elderly. It is reported that more than one third of adults 65 and older fall each year in the United States. To address the problem, we are currently developing an acoustic fall detection system, FADE, which automatically detects a fall and reports it to the caregiver. In a previous version, FADE used a 3-microphone linear array to eliminate the false alarms produced by sounds produced well above the floor level. To improve the fall detection in noisy and reverberant environments, we replaced the linear array by an 8-microphone circular array that can provide a better 3-D estimation of the sound location. Preliminary experiments show that the sound location estimation performed by the circular array is reliable and robust to interference. We obtained encouraging classification results on a pilot dataset with 55 falls and 120 non-fall sounds.
Case Article---Introductory Integrative Cases on Airline Revenue Management

This case article summarizes two case series. Each case series includes three subcases and has an associated teaching note. These six short cases introduce many of the concepts that underlie the practice of airline revenue management: protection levels, overbooking, customer buy-up and buy-down behavior, network controls, bid prices, and the spiral-down effect. The cases are integrative in the sense that they reinforce many of the fundamental concepts taught in business programs, such as the formulation of statistical models, customer segmentation, the meaning of shadow prices in optimization, and the impact of model errors on real-world decisions. The cases also use many of the basic skills and tools taught in business programs: data analysis and forecasting, simulation, and optimization. By applying these tools, the cases move students quickly beyond the standard newsvendor-style formulation of the revenue management problem. Because the cases require students to apply these tools to interesting and relatively complex revenue management problems, the tools themselves gain more credibility among the students. Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with omega-3 fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acid therapy is a promising intervention for the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). Omega-3 fatty acids have properties that promote atherosclerotic plaque stability and decrease the incidence of ischemia-driven cardiac arrhythmias. A large number of clinical trials conducted in patients with CAD or prior myocardial infarction (MI) have examined hard cardiovascular end points, including total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, sudden death, and nonfatal MI. Several intermediate cardiovascular end-point studies have also examined whether ventricular arrhythmias can be suppressed in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Significant reductions in total mortality and sudden death—20% to 50%—have been found in studies using doses of 0.85 to 4.0 g/day, with treatment durations from 12 to 42 months. Favorable trends toward reduction in the incidence of arrhythmic events have been demonstrated in some, but not all, ICD studies. Omega-3 fatty acid therapy shows a general positive trend toward benefit in reducing life-threatening events after MI and in patients with ICDs who have ischemic arrhythmias. Results of the recent Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) in a large cohort (N = 18,645) of Japanese men and women suggest significant benefits in the reduction of unstable angina and nonfatal coronary events. The totality of evidence supports a strong role for omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish oil in secondary prevention through a presumptive role as an antiarrhythmic agent and through an ability to promote plaque stabilization.
Differential effect of dexamethasone on replication of ecotropic and xenotropic mouse type C viruses.

Abstract Dexamethasone has been shown to enhance substantially the replication of the xenotropic class of mouse endogenous type C viruses (MuLV) in mammalian cells, particularly the mouse,and the FMR laboratory strains of ecotropic MuLV in rat cells. The steroid has only a slight effect on replication in either rodent cell of the endogenous AKR ecotropic MuLV. These results suggest that the xenotropic and FMR subgroups of MuLV may have a common genome component which is sensitive to the action of dexamethasone, or the steroid suppresses production of intracellular proteins which affect replication of these two subtypes of MuLV.
Lung cancer excess in an abandoned lead-zinc mining and smelting area.

Abstract Analysis of cancer mortality in whites has revealed a significant excess in both males and females in an old lead/zinc mining and smelting area. This area consists of three rural contiguous counties: Cherokee County, Kansas, Jasper County, Missouri, and Ottawa County, Oklahoma. The lung cancer excess has persisted for at least 28 years for males and 5 years for females. A pilot case/control study is underway in Cherokee County to assess the influence of cigarette smoking, occupation, and residence on the lung cancer excess. Analysis will incorporate the histologic findings. From an environmental perspective, there are numerous mine tailings containing lead, zinc, cadmium, sulfur, germanium, and other chemicals. Considerable dust is airborne. Numerous openings (sink holes and bore holes) connect the old mines with the surface. Radium 226 has been detected in the untreated groundwater.
Higher-Order Correlation Properties of a Laser Beam

The intrinsic third-order intensity correlation function of a laser beam has been measured by a digital correlation technique, for a He: Ne laser operating near threshold. The results are compared with some recent calculations of Cantrell, Lax, and Smith and are found to be in good agreement.
Power consumption of a whey-corn mash as compared to a full corn mash during liquefaction

Three mash formulas were investigated for power consumption and viscosity during liquefaction. The use of cheese whey replaced 26% of the corn required for a 16% w/v carbohydrate level. Comparison of the power consumption for the whey-corn mash to a full corn mash at the same carbohydrate content showed a 20% reduction in power for the whey-corn mash. The maximum apparent viscosity for the whey-corn mash was 72.3 cp and was equal to a 12% starch corn mash while the full corn mash displayed a maximum viscosity of 286.5 cp.
TU-G-220-01: Quantitative Elasticity Imaging with Acoustic Radiation Force Induced Shear Waves

Purpose: Shear waves can be generated in soft tissues using impulsive acoustic radiation force (ARFI), and the resulting shear wave speeds (SWS) can be related to the shear moduli (G) by SWS = sqrt(G/rho). Time‐of‐flight (TOF) algorithms can be used to track shear wave positions through time to estimate SWS. The spatial resolution of these methods is inherently limited by the size of the regression kernel, and, improved spatial resolution comes at the cost of increased variance in the SWS estimate. Here existing methods are reviewed, and a novel SWS reconstruction method that employs a spatial homogeneity constraint (SHC method) to obtain improved spatial resolution in ARFI‐based SWS images is presented. Methods: The SHC SWS reconstruction method performs an iterative maximum a posteriori estimation that weights each TOF SWS estimate in the image based upon its similarity to surrounding pixels. Next, ARFI images of relative tissue stiffness are used to identify homogeneous regions for which TOF based SWS estimates are expected to be accurate and precise in matched datasets. These regions are then used to derive a nonlinear mapping between the quantitative SWS estimates, and the the higher spatial resolution ARFI image. Both FEM simulations and experiments were performed to compare the SHC and TOF methods. Results: The spatial resolution of SWS estimates was directly related to the reconstruction kernel size in TOF methods, and the precision increased with increasing kernel size. The spatial resolution of the combined SHC images was comparable to that in the ARFI images, and was significantly better than that in the TOF SWS images.Conclusions: ARF‐induced TOF based SWS estimation methods provide quantitative stiffness information with spatial resolution that is dictated by the ARF shear wavelength, and the reconstruction kernel size. Improved accuracy and precision is obtained with larger reconstruction kernels in homogeneous media. The SHC reconstruction method provides improved contrast over qualitative ARFI images, and improved spatial resolution over TOF based quantitative SWS images. Learning objectives: 1. Define acoustic radiation force phenomenon 2. Describe its use for elasticityimaging 3. Explain tissue response 4. Describe wave arrival time and shear wave speed estimation methods 5. Provide examples of clinical use
Social desirability scale values of locus of control scale items.

Summaiy: Three groups of subjects rated each item in Rotter's I-E Scale for its social desirability value. Social desirability scale values (SDSV) of paired items were compared with one another. Results indicated that paired items are not sufficiently similar in their SDSVs, thus enabling subjects to respond on the basis of social desirability. All three groups rated internal items as being significantly more socially desirable than external items. The correlations between the SDSV ratings of the three groups were highly significant. The results indicate that the scale, as it is currently used, is seriously deficient.
Testing for cross‐level interactions: An empirical demonstration

This study considers the challenge of cross-level interactions within multilevel analytical models. It illustrates the importance of examining such interactions by expanding upon previous research involving a social interaction variable, peer group interaction (PGI). Results indicate the presence of a cross-level interaction between individualand aggregate-level PGI for individual job performance. Implications of this finding are discussed in terms of both the organizational context in which it occurred and multilevel research generally.
Initial results of a longitudinal primary care program's influence on specialty choice

Background: Several medical schools examined the influence of a longitudinal primary care experience on students’ specialty choices. Most suggested that such experiences increase the numbers of students who select primary care specialties. In this article we argue that these programs are flawed in one way or another. Description: We report the initial results of the influence of an uninterrupted, 3‐year, longitudinal primary care experience on students’ specialty choices. Evaluation: Although the number of graduates in this program was small, they selected primary care specialties at a rate almost 40% greater than did the remainder of the graduating class. The primary care preceptor was viewed as the most important influence in a student's choice of a primary care field. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that both a longitudinal primary care experience and positive primary care preceptors are important factors influencing a student's choice of primary care careers.
Photothermal Optical Coherence Tomography for Molecular Contrast Imaging

Photothermal optical coherence tomography with laser-heated gold nanorods as the photothermal source is proposed as a novel molecular imaging technique. A description of the technique and validation experiments are reported.
Genomic analyses of the RNA-binding protein Hu antigen R (HuR) identify a complex network of target genes and novel characteristics of its binding sites.

The ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein Hu antigen R (HuR) or ELAVL1 is implicated in a variety of biological processes as well as being linked with a number of diseases, including cancer. Despite a great deal of prior investigation into HuR, there is still much to learn about its function. We take an important step in this direction by conducting cross-linking and immunoprecipitation and RNA sequencing experiments followed by an extensive computational analysis to determine the characteristics of the HuR binding site and impact on the transcriptome. We reveal that HuR targets predominantly uracil-rich single-stranded stretches of varying size, with a strong conservation of structure and sequence composition. Despite the fact that HuR sites are observed in intronic regions, our data do not support a role for HuR in regulating splicing. HuR sites in 3′-UTRs overlap extensively with predicted microRNA target sites, suggesting interplay between the functions of HuR and microRNAs. Network analysis showed that identified targets containing HuR binding sites in the 3′ UTR are highly interconnected.
The volatile Dufour's gland components of the harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and P. barbatus

Abstract The volatile Dufour's gland components of Pogonomyrmex rugosus and P. barbatus have been examined and found to be hydrocarbons. Homologous families of alkanes from this gland consisted of normal hydrocarbons ranging from n-dodecane to n-pentadecane and three types of methyl-branched homologues of the general formula C n H 2 n +1 CH(CH 3 )C m H 2 m +1 , where n is 2, 4, or 5 and the sum of n and m is 10, 11, 12, or 13. The dimethyl-branched hydrocarbons 3,5-dimethyldodecane and 3,4-dimethyltridecane were also observed.