cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HiCOO: Hierarchical cooperation for scalable communication in Global Address Space programming models on Cray XT systems

Global Address Space (GAS) programming models enable a convenient, shared-memory style addressing model. Typically this is realized through one-sided operations that can enable asynchronous communication and data movement. With the size of petascale systems reaching 10,000s of nodes and 100,000s of cores, the underlying runtime systems face critical challenges in (1) scalably managing resources (such as memory for communication buffers), and (2) gracefully handling unpredictable communication patterns and any associated contention. For any solution that addresses these resource scalability challenges, equally important is the need to maintain the performance of GAS programming models. In this paper, we describe a Hierarchical COOperation (HiCOO) architecture for scalable communication in GAS programming models. HiCOO formulates a cooperative communication architecture: with inter-node cooperation amongst multiple nodes (a.k.a multinode) and hierarchical cooperation among multinodes that are arranged in various virtual topologies. We have implemented HiCOO for a popular GAS runtime library, Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI). By extensively evaluating different virtual topologies in HiCOO in terms of their impact to memory scalability, network contention, and application performance, we identify MFCG as the most suitable virtual topology. The resulting HiCOO architecture is able to realize scalable resource management and achieve resilience to network contention, while at the same time maintaining or enhancing the performance of scientific applications. In one case, it reduces the total execution time of an NWChem application by 52%.
Diabetes Issues in Women and Children: Polycystic ovary syndrome

At the American Diabetes Postgraduate Course in New York, NY, on 12 January 2003, a number of important topics relating women’s health and diabetes were reviewed. Andrea Dunaif, Chicago, IL, discussed the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pointing out its frequency in the population and association with type 2 diabetes. PCOS is associated with a 40% decrease in insulin sensitivity (1) and with evidence of relative β-cell dysfunction (2). PCOS is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes in adolescents (3) and in premenopausal women (4), with ∼40% of individuals with PCOS developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes, a rate similar to that seen among Pima Indians. Among women with oligomenorrhea (menses ≤6/year), 77% have PCOS and 33% (vs. 7.7% of control subjects) have glucose intolerance. Using menstrual cycle length ≥40 days as a proxy marker, the Nurses Health Study data showed a 2.18-fold increase in risk of diabetes among women with long cycles (5). The same dataset showed a menstrual cycle ≥40 days to be associated with a 1.53-fold increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (6). Thus, the disease “has substantial health consequences” and represents an important target population for diabetes prevention. Dunaif humorously suggested that as PCOS represents an expression of the metabolic syndrome in women, it should be called “Syndrome XX.” The mechanisms of insulin resistance may include specific genetic abnormalities. Postbinding abnormality in insulin signaling can be shown, with abnormal autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor and of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1. Tyrosine phosphorylation is decreased and serine phosphorylation increased at both of these receptors, leading to a decrease in the metabolic actions of insulin. Dunaif noted that cytochrome P450c17 is involved in ovarian androgen synthesis and activated by a serine kinase that may play a role in the abnormal insulin receptor and …
Photoelectron spectroscopy of [CH(AsF5)0.1]x☆

Abstract We have studied pure and various stages of AsF 5 -doped polyacetylenes by X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), as well as X-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES). Spectra on the doped polymers are analyzed by comparison with corresponding spectra on the model molecules AsF 3 and AsF 5 in both the gaseous and condensed phases. The chemical composition of the dopant species can be addressed by interpretation of spectra on the basis of escape depths of the photoelectrons. The degree charge transfer from the host polymer to the dopant molecules results from an analysis of the chemical shifts of the C(1s) spectra of the doped polymers.
Relative effects of calcium and acidity of the soil on the occurrence of potato scab

In these rather simple exploratory tests, no reason was found for believing that lime has any effect on potato scab other than through its effect on the alkalinity of the soil. The general relation of acidity of the soil to scab was similar to that previously reported from a field survey. The amount of scab was reduced by extremely heavy applications of lime giving pH values of the soil (about 9.0) higher than those found on the survey (8.0–8.3) where scab was not troublesome.
Animal manures as feedstuffs: Cattle manure feeding trials

Abstract The utilisation of ‘as-collected’ and processed beef cattle and dairy cow manure, manure screenings and anaerobically digested cattle manures was evaluated on the basis of the results of feeding trials reported in the literature. The maximum level of incorporating these manures into animal feed rations, i.e. that level that neither enhanced nor adversely affected animal performance as compared with the controls, was low, with many of the levels at, or close to, zero. A possible exception was the replacement of corn with ensiled beef cattle manure. The use of beef cattle manure as a feedstuff frequently resulted in poor animal performance and its economic value as a feedstuff was generally less than its value as a fertiliser.
A correlation study of small silver clusters

The formalisms of many body perturbation theory and coupled cluster theory have been used to study the electronic and geometric structures of neutral, cationic, and anionic small silver clusters. Hay-Wadt relativistic effective core potentials replacing the twenty-eight core electrons and a Gaussian basis set have been used. Topologically different clusters and clusters belonging to different symmetry groups have been identified and studied in detail. Full geometry optimizations have been carried out at four different correlated levels of theories. Ionization potentials, electron affinities, and fragmentation energies of the optimized clusters have been compared with other experimental and theoretical results available in the literature. No convergence problems are encountered at the various levels of correlated theories. This is noteworthy since it has been claimed in the literature that for d elements the MP series does not converge very well.
Quantifier Scope Disambiguation Using Extracted Pragmatic Knowledge: Preliminary Results

It is well known that pragmatic knowledge is useful and necessary in many difficult language processing tasks, but because this knowledge is difficult to acquire and process automatically, it is rarely used. We present an open information extraction technique for automatically extracting a particular kind of pragmatic knowledge from text, and we show how to integrate the knowledge into a Markov Logic Network model for quantifier scope disambiguation. Our model improves quantifier scope judgments in experiments.
Zwanziger-Landau gauge in regularized gauge theory

The Green functions of Zwanziger-gaugefixed and continuum-regularized gauge theory are finite and transverse to all orders as the Zwanziger parameter α goes to zero.
Finite-size effects and phase transition in the three-dimensional three-state Potts model

The three-state Potts model in three dimensions is studied by Monte Carlo and finite-size scaling techniques. Using a histogram method recently proposed by Ferrenberg and Swendsen, the finite-size dependence for the maximum of the specific heat is found to scale with the volume of the system, indicating that the phase transition is of first order. The value of the latent heat per spin and the correlation length at the transition are estimated.
An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Imports in Three CARICOM Member Countries: An Application of the Bounds Test for Cointegration

This paper provides fresh estimates of income and price elasticities of import demand in Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago using a bounds test for cointegration. In addition, the paper also provides estimates of the consumption, investment, and exports elasticities of import demand. These latter elasticities were all found to be positive and statistically significant with values ranging from 0.16 to 0.55 in the long-run.
AMPK protects proximal tubular cells from stress-induced apoptosis by an ATP-independent mechanism: potential role of Akt activation

We examined the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in modulating the viability of cultured kidney proximal tubular cells subjected to metabolic stress induced by either dextrose deprivation, inhibition of glycolysis, or inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. We used BU.MPT cells, a conditionally immortalized kidney epithelial cell line derived from the proximal tubules of transgenic mice bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation of the simian virus 40 large-tumor antigen. All three forms of metabolic stress increased the phosphorylation and activity of AMPK. Activation of AMPK led to changes in the phosphorylation of two downstream targets of AMPK, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and p70 S6 kinase. Inhibition of AMPK, either pharmacologically with compound C (CC) or by gene silencing, significantly increased the amount of apoptosis in response to all three forms of metabolic stress. Although the amount of apoptosis was directly related to the severity of ATP depletion, inhibition of AMPK had no effect on cellular ATP levels. Notably, metabolic stress increased the phosphorylation and activity of Akt. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK, with CC or gene silencing, abrogated the ability of metabolic stress to activate Akt. The augmentation of apoptosis induced by inhibition of AMPK was comparable to that induced by inhibition of Akt. We conclude that activation of AMPK following acute metabolic stress plays a major role in promoting the viability of cultured proximal tubular cells. Protection by AMPK appears to be due not to AMPK-mediated conservation of cell energy stores, but rather, at least in part, to AMPK-mediated activation of Akt.
Carbon diffusivity in Mo2C from 800 to 1000 °C

Abstract The diffusivity of carbon in Mo2C has been determined from the growth kinetics of the carbide. A thermogravimetric apparatus was utilized to investigate the carbidization of molybdenum (purity, 99.999%) at 800, 900 and 1000 °C as a function of carbon activity. The parabolic rate constant kp was calculated from the weight gain data, and these kp values were utilized to calculate the diffusivity Dc of carbon in Mo2C as a function of the carbon activity ac at each temperature. The Dc values obtained at a carbon activity of unity are 8.51×10−15cm2s−1, 3.55×10−13cm2s−1 and 2.24×10−11cm2s−1 at 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C respectively. The temperature dependence of the carbon diffusivity at unit carbon activity is given by D c = 3.89 × 10 6 exp − 462.2 kJ RT cm 2 s −1 Dc is shown to be proportional to the carbidizing activity; thus the carbon probably moves by an interstitial or interstitialcy mechanism.
Thermal analysis of wildfires and effects on global ecosystem cycling

Biomass combustion plays an important role in the earth's biogeochemical cycling. The monitoring of wildfires and their associated variables at global scales is feasible and can lead to predictions of the influence of combustion on biogeochemical cycling and tropospheric chemistry. Remote sensing data collected during the 1985 California wildfire season indicate that the information content of key thermal and infrared/thermal wave band channels centered at 11.5 microns, 3.8 microns, and 2.25 microns are invaluable for discriminating and calculating fire related variables. These variables include fire intensity, rate-of-spread, soil cooling recovery behind the fire front, and plume structure. Coinciding Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data provided information regarding temperature estimations and the movement of the smoke plume from one wildfire into the Los Angeles basin.
Instanton induced periodic potentials in non-linear sigma models

Abstract It is shown that topologically stable instantons in the theory of a free antisymmetric tensor in four euclidian dimensions induce a cosine potential in the effective lagrangian of the associated scalar mean field. It is then proven that related stable instantons can exist in a certain class of non-linear sigma models and that such theories have a natural, topologically induced cosine potential.
Misgivings about Aids Transmission: An Informal Look

Researchers asked 45 medical doctors who were attending a conference on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) if they would eat chocolate chip cookies baked and sent to them by an appreciative patient who had recently been discharged from the hospital after a lengthy stay for the treatment of AIDS (1). Only 23% said "yes." This result is rather surprising, particularly in the case of physicians, for casual exposure has been studied and dismissed as a route of infection, a finding that has been widely disseminated. To gather some insight as to whether such a response is commonplace among others, an informal inquiry was conducted in the winter of 1989-70. The study was run ar a large public business college in the northeast using a convenience sample of 450 freshmen drawn from a popi~l;~tion of approximately 1750 first-year students, of whom about 60% were women and 40% men, 70% nationals and 30% foreign, and 7% 17 years of age or under, 84% 18 to 20 years, and 9% over 21 years old. The characteristics of those in the sample were as follows: 59% women and 41% men; 55% nationals and 45% foreign; and 4% 17 years of age or under, 67% 18 to 20 years old, 15% 21 to 23 years old, and 14% over 23 years old. Four hundred thirty-five responded to a written question as to whether or not they would eat cookies baked by a friendly AIDS patient who was recently released from a long stay in the hospital. Answering in the affirmative were 36% of the women, 33% of the men, 39% of the nationals, and 29% of the foreign. By age, 44% of those 17 years of age or under answered "yes," as did 38% of those 18 ro 20 years old, 25% of the 21 to 23 year olds, and 39% of those over 23 years old. While there were some differences between groupings, they do appear ro be marked. That the students seemed to be more accepting than the physicians might well suggest that students are more trusting of the findings of the medical profession; they are less disturbed by the seriousness of the disease; and, they have a comparatively higher level of acceptable risk-taking. There appears to be considerable uncertainty across the population as to how AIDS is transmitted. Thls might well be attributable to a swamping of available knowledge by sensationalism and emotionalism: glands overriding the brain. Unfortunately, such a stare of the world is not exactly the best setting in which to cope with this significant health issue.
Racial, Cultural and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Mental Health: Toward Theory and Research at Community Levels

We need to further develop theoretically informed, empirically grounded bodies of knowledge on how community structures, norms, and processes operate in local communities and how they affect human well-being, especially in culturally diverse and ethnic minority communities. Scholars pursuing this agenda will benefit from "population thinking" which focuses attention on human aggregates and on equilibrium processes and social and community mechanisms of change. They will benefit too from considering a promising body of theory and research on social capital. Community level knowledge has profound intervention-related implications at policy levels: such knowledge figured prominently in initiatives associated with 2.5 million residents leaving poverty neighborhoods during the decade 1990-2000. It continues to figure in crucial policy debates and provides a knowledge base on which future federal reports, like 2001s Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity-A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, can draw.
The theoretical small signal impedance of the frog node, Rana pipiens.

The small signal impedance of the frog node is calculated for frequencies from 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz and transmembrane potentials from −80 mV to −30 mV by linearizing the voltage clamp equations of Dodge [7] and Hille [8]. The modulus of the impedance is presented for the total system, and separately for the potassium and sodium systems as a function of frequency and voltage. There is a broad resonance in the total impedance with a voltage-dependent peak frequency. At 22°C, in the range −75 mV to −45 mV, the peak frequencies occur between 50 and 500 Hz. Removing the potassium system leaves a relatively shapr resonance centered around 200 Hz at −45 mV.
On romantic love—An analysis of open system economic behavior

Romantic love is characterized by a preoccupation with a deliberately restricted set of perceived characteristics in the love object which are viewed as means to some ideal ends. In the process of selecting the set of perceived characteristics and the process of determining the ideal ends, there is also a systematic failure to assess the accuracy of the perceived characteristics and the feasibility of achieving the ideal ends given the selected set of means and other pre-existing ends.
Development and use of alefacept to treat psoriasis.

Abstract Activated memory T cells, expressing CD2, are key components in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Alefacept binds to CD2, blocks co-stimulatory signaling, and selectively induces apotosis of pathogenic T cells. Our objective is to present safety and efficacy results which lead to the new drug application (NDA) of alefacept for the treatment of psoriasis. We reviewed the key phase II and III trials in over 1300 patients and found that during treatment and follow-up of patients receiving 12 weekly intramuscular or intravenous injections of alefacept, about 1/3 will achieve a reduction in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) of ≥75% and nearly 2/3 a reduction in PASI of ≥50%. Patients who achieved a ≥75% reduction from baseline PASI during or after a single course maintained a ≥50% reduction in PASI for a median duration of >7 months. Among patients who received 2 courses of alefacept, 40% and 71% of patients achieved a ≥75% and ≥50% reduction in PASI, respectively and duration of effect was prolonged. Adverse events in the placebo and active treatment arms did not differ. We conclude that alefacept significantly improves psoriasis and produces durable clinical improvement with a very favorable safety profile.
EFFECTS OF HERBIVORE SIZE AND HUNGER LEVEL ON PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES1

The effects of herbivore size and hunger level were tested on lotic periphyton community structure and ash-free dry mass (AFDM). My hypotheses were 1) that small herbivores would remove more periphyton per unit biomass than large herbivores of the same species because of energetic demands and 2) that within the same size class, starved herbivores would remove more periphyton than nonstarved herbivores. The herbivore used was the prosobranch snail Elimia clavaeformis Lea. Seven treatments were employed: 1) no snails (control); 2) small “starved” snails; 3) large “starved” snails; 4) small and large “starved” snails; 5) small fed snails; 6) large fed snails; and 7) small and large fed snails. Although snails removed significant amounts of periphyton AFDM relative to controls, neither snail size nor degree of starvation had a significant effect on loss of total AFDM. Small snails removed significantly more erect forms of Stigeoclonium tenue (C. A. Ag.) Kutz. than large snails, but snail size had no other significant effect. Starved snails removed significantly more Cocconeis placentula Ehr. than fed snails, suggesting that after the more susceptible growth forms (e.g. erect Stigeoclonium) were removed, Cocconeis cells became more vulnerable to grazing by hungry snails. When small and large snails were combined in chambers, large snails gained weight over time, whereas small snails lost weight. These results suggest that intraspecific competition may occur within populations of Elimia.
Existence theorems for abstract multidimensional control problems

In the present paper, the author discusses an abstract formulation of control problems involving general operators ℒ :S →V, ℳ :S →Y from a Banach spaceS into spaceV andY of vector functions in a fixed domain with components inL p ,p⩾1. For this general formulation, the author states closure theorems, lower closure theorems, and existence theorems for an optimal solution. It is then shown that the problems of control involving Dieudonne-Rashevski partial differential equations previously considered by the author are particular cases of the present formulation. Finally, it is shown by examples that problems of control involving usual partial differential equations, linear or not, as well as other functional relations, can be framed in the present formulation. The present work concerns problems withdistributed controls. Work concerning problems withdistributed as well as boundary controls is forthcoming.
Four-Year Review of Burns as an Etiologic Factor in the Development of Long Bone Fractures in Pediatric Patients

Reduced bone density has been documented in children after burns. This loss of bone may place children at heightened risk for fractures. The medical records of all acutely injured patients with burns in excess of 40% TBSA burn admitted to our institution between January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2000, were reviewed for fracture incidence. Patients with fractures sustained during the course of initial trauma were not included in the review. One hundred four records were reviewed. These patients had a mean age of 6.7 +/- 0.51 years, (range, 0.2 to 18.0) and a mean %TBSA burn of 59.9 +/- 1.60 (range, 40 to 98) with a mean full-thickness %burn of 51.7 +/- 2.16 (range, 0 to 95). Fifteen long bone fractures were documented in six patients during the review time frame. All fractures were initially suspected by physical therapy personnel upon regularly scheduled therapy sessions and subsequently verified by x-ray. All fractures identified by this review occurred in children less than 3 years of age. Most fractures were noted during the rehabilitation phase of injury (range, 73 to 283 days after burn) once wounds were more than 95% healed, except for one child, who sustained multiple fractures during the acute recovery phase at a referring hospital. A 5.8% incidence of fractures was noted in patients with burns in excess of 40% (6 of 104 admissions). The etiology of the fractures is unknown, although the hormonal milieu postburn, depressed vitamin D status, inadequate protein intake, and decreased weight-bearing activity are potential contributory factors. In addition, infants and toddlers tend to provide more resistance to therapy because of an inherent lack of cognition. This may account for the increased breaks in this population.
Cycles through three vertices in 2-connected graphs

Let Gbe a 2-connected graph with minimum degree d and let {x, y, z} be a set of three vertices contained on some cycle ofG. ThenG ishamiltonian or {x, y, z} is contained on a cycle of length at least 2d inG.
Early Evolution of Avian Flight and Perching: New Evidence from the Lower Cretaceous of China

Fossil bird skeletons discovered in Lower Cretaceous lake deposits in China shed new light on the early evolution of avian flight and perching. The 135 million-year-old sparrow-sized skeletons represent a new avian, Sinornis santensis, n. gen. n. sp., that preserves striking primitive features such as a flexible manus with unguals, a footed pubis, and stomach ribs (gastralia). In contrast to Archaeoperyx, however, Sinornis exhibits advanced features such as a broad sternum, wing-folding mechanism, pygostyle, and large fully reversed hallux. Modern avian flight function and perching capability, therefore, must have evolved in small-bodied birds in inland habitats not long after Archaeopteryx.
Ion charge states in halo coronal mass ejections : What can we learn about the explosion?

We describe a new modeling approach to develop a more quantitative understanding of the charge state distributions of the ions of various elements detected in situ during halo coronal mass ejection (CME) events by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite. Using a model CME hydrodynamic evolution based on observations of CMEs propagating in the plane of the sky and on theoretical models, we integrate time-dependent equations for the ionization balance of various elements to compare with ACE data. We find that plasma in the CME core typically requires further heating following filament eruption, with thermal energy input similar to the kinetic energy input. This extra heating is presumably the result of posteruptive reconnection. Plasma corresponding to the CME cavity is usually not further ionized, since whether heated or not, the low density gives freeze-in close the Sun. The current analysis is limited by ambiguities in the underlying model CME evolution. Such methods are likely to reach their full potential when applied to data to be acquired by STEREO when at optimum separation. CME evolution observed with one spacecraft may be used to interpret CME charge states detected by the other.
The temporal power spectrum of atmospheric fluctuations due to water vapor

Irregular variations in the refractivity of the atmosphere cause fluctuations in the phase measured by interferometers, limiting the spatial resolution that can be obtained. For frequencies up to the far infrared, water vapor is the dominant cause of the variations. The temporal power spectrum of the phase fluctuations is needed to assess correction schemes such as phase referencing using a nearby calibrator and water vapor radiometry. A model is developed for the temporal power spectrum of phase fluctuations measured by an interferometer through a layer of Kolmogorov turbulence of arbitrary thickness. It is found that both the orientation of the baseline with respect to the wind direction and the elevation of the observations can have a large effect on the temporal power spectrum. Plots of the spectral density distribution, where the area under the curve is proportional to phase power, show that substantial contributions from length scales as long as 100 times the interferometer baseline are possible. The model is generally consistent with data from the 12-GHz phase monitor at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, and allows the data to be extrapolated to an arbitrary baseline, observing frequency and elevation. There is some evidence that there can be more than one component of turbulence present at a given time for the Owens Valley. The validity of the frozen turbulence assumption and the geometrical optics approximation is discussed and found to be reasonable under most conditions. The models and data presented here form the basis of an analysis of phase calibration and water vapor radiometry (Lay 1997).
An analytic study of the performance of electronic tracking feeds in a beam waveguide antenna

The authors present the results of an analytic study of implementing an electronic tracking feed in a beam waveguide (BWG) antenna environment. The emphasis is on a ground antenna supporting a high-data-rate space-to-ground communication (telemetry) link at a distance of several astronomical units. This means that the tracking feed hardware must be designed to provide optimal front-end gain-over-noise-temperature ratio (G/T) in the sum channel. At the same time, it should have high sensitivity in the error channels. Particular reference is made to the NASA/JPL 34-m research and development antenna for the Deep Space Network, which is a BWG antenna. >
Enhancing Change Process in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy by Utilizing Couple Enactments

Solution building is a central change process utilized in solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to focus on intrinsic abilities and strengths of clients in order to effect change. Enactments, defined as couple-focused interaction coached by the therapist, have been identified as a core therapeutic skill designed to address issues within the natural context of the couple relationship, thereby yielding increased couple self-reliance and interactional confidence. Although the solution-building process as carried out in SFBT does not discourage the making of new meaning through direct couple interaction, no scholarly work has addressed the idea of enhancing the solution-building process by utilizing an enactment framework. This article aims to integrate the processes of solution building and enactments by providing a conceptual justification and an operational description.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Parent Support for Early Decision Making

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a life threatening congenital cardiac anomaly. After a child has been diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, parents must make life or death decisions within days of birth. Healthcare providers must provide appropriate education so that parents are able to make informed, timely decisions. Information regarding the diagnosis, treatment options, and parental decision making process for initial decision making for hypoplastic left heart syndrome are provided to guide nurses who work with these families. The challenging decision making process that parents must go through after diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome will be described.
Understanding nurse manager stress and work complexity: factors that make a difference.

Objective:This study provided insight into nurse manager stress and coping experiences.Background:Overwork and stress have been implicated in today's nursing shortage. Although nurse managers play a pivotal role in creating work environments that retain staff nurses, little is known about nurse mana
DEVELOPING PHOTOACTIVATED LOCALIZATION MICROSCOPY (PALM)

In conventional biological imaging, diffraction places a limit on the minimal xy distance at which two marked objects can be discerned. Consequently, resolution of target molecules within cells is typically coarser by two orders of magnitude than the molecular scale at which the proteins are spatially distributed. Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) optically resolves selected subsets of protect fluorescent probes within cells at mean separations of <25 nanometers. It involves serial photoactivation and subsequent photobleaching of numerous sparse subsets of photoactivated fluorescent protein molecules. Individual molecules are localized at near molecular resolution by determining their centers of fluorescent emission via a statistical fit of their point-spread-function. The position information from all subsets is then assembled into a super-resolution image, in which individual fluorescent molecules are isolated at high molecular densities. In this paper, some of the limitations for PALM imaging under current experimental conditions are discussed.
Intracellular Na+ regulation in cardiac myocytes.

Intracellular [Na+] ([Na+]i) is regulated in cardiac myocytes by a balance of Na+ influx and efflux mechanisms. In the normal cell there is a large steady state electrochemical gradient favoring Na+ influx. This potential energy is used by numerous transport mechanisms, including Na+ channels and transporters which couple Na+ influx to either co- or counter-transport of other ions and solutes. Six sarcolemmal Na+ influx pathways are discussed in relatively quantitative terms: Na+ channels, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, Na+/H+ exchange, Na+/Mg2+ exchange, Na+/HCO3- cotransport and Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport. Under normal conditions Na+/Ca2+ exchange and Na+ channels are the dominant Na+ influx pathways, but other transporters may become increasingly important during altered conditions (e.g. acidosis or cell volume stress). Mitochondria also exhibit Na+/Ca2+ antiporter and Na+/H+ exchange activity that are important in mitochondrial function. These coupled fluxes of Na+ with Ca2+, H+ and HCO3- make the detailed understanding of [Na+]i regulation pivotal to the understanding of both cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and pH regulation. The Na+/K+-ATPase is the main route for Na+ extrusion from cells and [Na+]i is a primary regulator under physiological conditions. [Na+]i is higher in rat than rabbit ventricular myocytes and the reason appears to be higher Na+ influx in rat with a consequent rise in Na+/K+-ATPase activity (rather than lower Na+/K+-ATPase function in rat). This has direct functional consequences. There may also be subcellular [Na+]i gradients locally in ventricular myocytes and this may also have important functional implications. Thus, the balance of Na+ fluxes in heart cells may be complex, but myocyte Na+ regulation is functionally important and merits focused attention as in this issue.
Structural and Metamorphic Evolution of the Otter River Area, West-Central Piedmont, Virginia

The rocks in the vicinity of Otter River, in the west-central Piedmont of Virginia, consist mainly of ottrelite-graphite phyllites, micaceous schists, micaceous gneisses, hornblend gneisses, and a highly schistose zone of chlorite-tremolite schist. The structural deformation of these rocks is shown to have occurred in three phases. The dominant foliation and its associated lineation were developed during a phase of flow folding. The foliation and lineation were subsequently deformed by a mid-phase of flexural folding which resulted in the development of a new cleavage and a crenulation lineation. A late-phase of concentric folds deformed, but did not alter appreciably the general orientation of, the pre-existing foliation and cleavage. The gradual increase in metamorphic grade across the area is due to the progressive metamorphism of a supracrustal assemblage. This metamorphism was initiated during the phase of flow folding and its intensity is related to the level at which it took place in the earth9s crust. The restriction of pegmatite bodies to a belt two miles wide is the result of preferential mobilization of the feldspathic constituents during and toward the end of the phase of flow folding. The three phases of deformation are here considered to have developed during a period of crustal disturbance affecting a supracrustal assemblage.
Attenuated nitric oxide synthase activity and protein expression accompany intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

Abstract Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) leads to bowel impairment via the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil infiltration. In addition to modulating intestinal integrity, nitric oxide (NO•) inhibits neutrophil activation and scavenges ROS. Attenuated endogenous NO• formation may result in the accrual of these deleterious stimuli. Therefore, we determined nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in anesthetized rats subjected to 1 h of superior mesenteric ischemia or ischemia followed by reflow. NOS activity was measured in intestinal tissue homogenates as the conversion rate of 3H-L-arginine to 3H-L-citrulline. Our results demonstrate that intestinal ischemia leads to a decrease in NOS activity indicating lower NO• formation in the animal model. The attenuation in NOS activity was not reversed following 4 h of reperfusion. Western blot analysis revealed that the decline in enzyme activity was accompanied by reduced intestinal NOS III (endothelial constitutive NOS) expression. These findings provide biochemical evidence for impaired NO• formation machinery in intestinal I/R injury.
Dynamic round-robin task scheduling to reduce cache misses for embedded systems

Modern embedded CPU systems rely on a growing number of software features, but this growth increases the memory footprint and increases the need for efficient instruction and data caches. The embedded operating system will often juggle a changing set tasks in a round-robin fashion, which inevitably results in cache misses due to conflicts between different tasks. Our technique reduces cache misses by continuously monitoring CPU cache misses to grade the performance of running tasks. Through a series of step-wise refinements, our software system tunes the round-robin ordering to find a better temporal sequence for the tasks. This tuning is done dynamically during program execution and hence can adapt to changes in work load or external input stimulus. The benefits of this technique are illustrated using an ARM processor running application benchmarks with different cache organizations and round-robin scheduling techniques.
Trade Dress and Consumer Perception of Product Similarity

A study was conducted to determine the level of perceived similarity by consumers among college students viewing two products with similar trade dress—the recently litigated Kendall-Jackson “Vintne...
Children's understanding of factive presuppositions: an experiment and a review

This paper presents a study of children's ability to recognize the presuppositions of sentences with factive and nonfactive verbs, and a review of recent research on the acquisition of factive presuppositions. In the present study, subjects in grades K, 2, 5 and 8, and adults, were asked to judge the truth of the complement clauses of sentences of the form ‘Doctor Fact (verb) that the ball is (is not) blue.’ The task was presented in the context of a television quiz show, with subjects as putative contestants. A tendency was found among younger subjects to overgeneralize the scope of negation of complement verbs into the main clauses of factive sentences. A gradual increase in comprehension of factive and nonfactive verbs was found, extending into adolescence. In a comparison of the present results with those of several recent studies, marked differences were found in the age of acquisition of factivity. These differences are discussed in terms of variations in task requirements and assessment techniques. It is concluded that acquisition proceeds on a verb-by-verb basis, rather than as a unitary process.
The use of immunofluorescence for identification of yeastlike fungi in human infections.

The use of immunofluorescence in the field of mycology has been successfully applied by Gordon to the identification of Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsvlatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis in pure cultures. This approach was used in experimental infections of mice with C. albicans by Kemp and Solotorovsky. Using tissue strains, they were able to demonstrate Candida in tissues with more clarification than that achieved in the conventional histologic identification. Eveland and associates found that the specificity of immunofluorescence was not affected by formalin fixation of tissues containing Cryptococcus neojormans, and in further studies on C. neojormans Kase and Marshall found that the size of the capsule did not affect the intensity of the fluorescence in either pure cultures or the affected tissues. In 1961 Kaufman and Kaplan made a conjugated ant\-Histoplasma capsulatwn serum with fluorescein isothiocyanate which stained 6 strains of / / . capsulatwn, but also had cross-reactions with 18 heterologous species of yeasts in the 11 genera tested. They were able to eliminate this cross-reaction by adsorption of the antiserums, either with B. dermatitidis or Coccidioides immilis. In 1962, Lynch and Plexico applied the conjugated anti-Histoplasma serum to the identification of / / . capsulatwn in 2S patients with proved or suspected pulmonary histoplasmosis. They compared the fluorescent antibody technic with the more accepted culture methods and found that 22 of 25 culturally positive specimens manifested good reactions with the fluorescent antibody staining. In addition, 7 culturally negative specimens in histologically proven histoplasmosis yielded positive reactions with the fluorescent antibody method. Procknow and associates applied this technic to
Digital Movies at One Simple Price: The Effect on Competition

The ability to digitize information goods such as music and movies and the growing accessibility of the Internet has led to the emergence of a new class of retailers that specialize in digital downloads. The digital retailers have changed the dynamics of the information goods distribution channel. The competition between online and traditional retailers has led to interesting pricing policies. Online retailers (e.g., iTunes Store) tend to prefer uniform pricing where all "products" in the same category (e.g. "New Releases") carry a single price, while traditional retailers do not have a policy of uniform prices. It is important to understand why one retailer should choose a single, uniform price and what impact it has on the competing retailer who chooses multiple prices. I focus specifically on the impact that single price policy adopted by digital retailer has on the traditional retailer. I also analyze the choice of uniform vs. differentiated pricing by modeling the competition between online and traditional retailers for vertically differentiated information goods. Importantly, I demonstrate how the asymmetric equilibrium we observe in the market today can change systematically with the nature of competition between the retailers.
Microwave communication links for brain interface applications

Recent experiments have demonstrated the ability of neuroscientists to gain direct access to neural signals in real time, and decode the resulting information to control various prosthetic devices. This — along with deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and a variety of other conditions — extrapolates to a premise that widespread "brain interface" medical device technologies are a real (if long term) possibility. This paper will summarize the various approaches that have been introduced specifically to wirelessly communicate with the brain, including microelectronics technology constraints, power limits, data compression and rate issues.
Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder in childhood: A systematic review of the literature and an additional case report.

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder in childhood: A systematic review of the literature and an additional case report
An Application of Non-Linear Goal Programming in Electrodischarge Machining of Composite Material

This paper reports on the investigation that was carried out on the application of Nonlinear Goal Programming to an R-C circuit based Electrical Discharge Machining of ceramic composites. The model was developed from the EDM machining experimental data on ceramic composites. This process utilizes the modified Hookes and Jeeves search technique to obtain the optimal operating conditions.
The Effect upon Pulse Rate of Various Cadences in the Step-Up Test

(1946). The Effect upon Pulse Rate of Various Cadences in the Step-Up Test. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 263-269.
The Battle of Narratives: The Real Central Front against AI Qaeda

One year after the attacks of September 11, the Bush administration released an updated National Security Strategy of the United States of America, its policy conceptualization of the “war against terrorism” that the president declared hours after al Qaeda had successfully attacked the U.S. homeland.1
Molecular Mechanisms of Adverse Health Effects Associated With Excess Phosphorus Intake

Excess phosphorus intake has always been a concern in patients with chronic kidney disease because of their impaired ability to excrete phosphorus loads and the known association between excess phosphorus and health complications, including cardiovascular disease, in this population. More recently, large epidemiological studies suggest that mild elevations of serum phosphate still within the normal range are associated with cardiovascular disease risk in healthy populations without evidence of kidney disease. In healthy adults with functional kidneys, phosphorus balance is achieved when serum concentrations are maintained in a very narrow range, which requires a sustained balance between urinary loss and net phosphorus absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. This balance is carried out through a complex organ network, the bone–kidney–intestine network, which operates through complex, ordered endocrine negative feedback loops involving parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23, Klotho, and vitamin D and several tissue-specific cellular phosphate transporters. Disruption of this ordered endocrine regulation has been shown to result in the type of tissue damage associated with some chronic disease risks. Excess phosphorus consumption, well beyond the level of required nutrient intake, is a key suspect in the possible disruption of the endocrine regulation of phosphorus balance and may be associated with chronic disease risk in adults with normal renal function. The increased cumulative use of phosphorus ingredients in food processing in modern society together with our increasing knowledge about new endocrine pathways that may connect phosphorus intake and pathology raises the issue of the potential toxicity of an essential mineral such as phosphorus when taken in excess. This chapter summarizes what is currently known about phosphate homeostasis, the mechanisms involved in its regulation, and related pathologies in patients with chronic kidney disease as well as in the general population.
Physicists size up dna molecules

Techniques normally applied in the semiconductor industry are finding an increasing number of uses in biological research. In one recent application, a team of researchers from the California Institute of Technology has built a microfabricated device to measure the size of single DNA molecules (H Chou et al.1999 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 96 11). The research may be a small step towards the development of "biology labs on a chip"-devices that could have the same impact on microbiology as the integrated circuit did on the world of electronics and computers.
Desenvolvimento Local: a experiência de Rafaela, Santa-Fé (Argentina)

Resumo: as politicas de desenvolvimento local podem ser definidas como respostas para uma mudanca abrupta de modelo de acumulacao de capital. Em funcao disso, desenvolvem acoes visando a incorporacao de inovacoes tecnologicas e organizativas no entorno territorial inovador e promotor da incorporacao de vantagens competitivas para aumentar a produtividade, eficiencia e competitividade. No presente estudo se analisou as instituicoes do desenvolvimento local que integram a estrutura produtiva de Rafaela-Argentina, no quadro do apoio que estas dao ao setor produtivo, integrada pelas micro, pequenas e medias empresas. Constatou-se a presenca de variadas entidades que oferecem servicos de desenvolvimento empresarial aos agentes da regiao. Isto, somado com um plano estrategico que conta com a participacao dos atores locais, explicando parte do sucesso da experiencia em Rafaela na Argentina. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Local. Instituicoes. Rafaela. Santa-Fe-Argentina.
Heliostat size optimization for central receiver solar power plants

Abstract: This chapter presents a parametric analysis of heliostat cost as a function of area for a representative solar central receiver power plant. Results show that heliostats in the range of approximately 25 to 40 m2 have a substantially lower cost per unit area than the current base line 148 m2 heliostat considered by the US Department of Energy (DOE), based on their cost data. The analysis is based on allocating costs into three categories: a constant cost per unit area; a cost per unit area that is dependent on the imposed load on the structure, drive units, etc., as a function of area; and a cost that is essentially fixed, irrespective of heliostat size.