cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catecholamines and serotonin in the caudal medulla of the rat: Combined neurochemical-histofluorescence study

Abstract The distribution of monoamine transmitters among the nuclei of the caudal medulla was determined through the combined use of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method for cellular localization of catecholamines and serotonin and quantitative micropunch neurochemical assays of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. These combined methods permit a direct correlation between neurotransmitter levels and fluorescent fiber and perikaryal profiles. Eight medullary nuclei were sampled: 1. (1) dorsal motor nucleus of X and ventral nucleus solitarius. 2. (2) the dorsomedial reticular formation. 3. (3) the hypoglossal nucleus. 4. (4) the ventromedial reticular formation. 5. (5) the nucleus ambiguus. 6. (6) nuclei raphe obscurus and pallidus. 7. (7) the inferior olivary nucleus. 8. (8) the descending (spinal) nucleus of V. Micropunched regions containing neurons which contribute projections to or receive sensory input from the vagus nerve were found to contain relatively high levels of NE, DA and 5-HT, consistent with the high density of catecholamine and 5-HT containing terminals observed in these nuclei. The dorsal motor nucleus of X and ventral nucleus solitarius contained the highest levels of NE, DA and 5-HT (218 ± 10, 31 ± 2 and 75 ± 8 pmole / mg protein, respectively), whereas the lowest of these amines were found in the descending (spinal) nucleus of V (28 ± 1, 3.6 ± 0.8 and 32 ± 2 pmole / mg protein, respectively). In general the distribution of catecholamines and 5-HT determined by micropunch/microchemical assay agrees well with the distribution of monoamine terminals detected by fluorescence histochemical techniques.
Suppression of human lymphocyte DNA and protein synthesis in vitro by adenosine and eight modified adenine nucleosides in the presence or in the absence of adenosine deaminase inhibitors, 2′-deoxycoformycin (DCF) and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA)☆

Abstract Adenosine and eight modified adenine nucleosides in the presence or in the absence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitors, 2′-deoxycoformycin or erythro -9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine, were investigated with regard to their effects on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes in vitro . Protein and DNA synthesis were inhibited depending upon the specific nucleoside, presence or absence of ADA inhibitor, and time of addition of nucleoside to cultures. A possible role for the modified adenine nucleosides in causing in vivo immunodeficiency is proposed.
The Second Virial Coefficient and the Redlich−Kwong Equation

A two-parameter corresponding-states correlation, based upon the Redlich−Kwong equation, is proposed for the second virial coefficient at relatively high temperature (reduced temperature above 0.8). This remarkably simple correlation suggests an improvement to the venerable Redlich−Kwong equation of state, gives guidance for the high-temperature extrapolation of α-functions, and provides an independent tool to evaluate theoretical and empirical correlations for the second virial coefficient.
Mitochondrion-desmosome complexes in human hepatocytes.

Mitochondrion-desmosome complexes similar to those seen in other epithelia were observed in hepatocytes from normal and diseased human livers of children and adults. Their occurrence could not be explained by random distribution of mitochondria in the cells. The close associations of mitochondria with desmosomes supported the hypothesis that the latter might be special areas of intercellular ionic diffusion between hepatocytes.
Structural Dynamics of KirBac1.1 Probed by Fluorescent Labeling and FRET

We assessed the accessibility of fluorescent probes in purified KirBac1.1 proteins in detergent (DM) solution, to probe channel structure. Introduced cysteines at pore-lining positions in the inner cavity (A109C, T110C and I138C) were inaccessible to Alexa-Fluor-488-C5 maleimide (monitored by fluorescence incorporation). However, G-loop residues (A150C, T264C, G249C), and A180C at the external wall of the cytosolic domain, were readily modified. PIP2 activates eukaryotic channels, but inhibits KirBac1.1. Addition of C8-PIP2, reduced modification rate (∼15%) at A150C, T264C and G249C, as well as A180C (∼30%). The data indicate a major barrier to fluorophore at the inner cavity entrance, but no barrier at the G-loop. Moreover, they suggest that during PIP2-induced closure, the cytosolic vestibule ‘narrows’, and there is reduced accessibility of residues at the outside face (A180C) of the cytosolic domain. To explore conformational changes during gating, we co-labeled residues with Alexa-Fluor 488 and Alexa-Fluor 568, and examined FRET in channels reconstituted into liposomes (POPE:POPG, 3:1). In 1% PIP2, FRET efficiency was unchanged at N217C and A180C, increased at A150C, and decreased at G249C, suggesting that, during closure, there is narrowing at the bundle crossing, and widening in the cytosolic vestibule.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
FATTY ACIDS AND MEAT CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF BEEF CATTLE DEVELOPED UNDER A MANAGEMENT‐INTENSIVE GRAZING SYSTEM

Beef steers representing four biological types were evaluated for fatty acid profiles and meat characteristics in muscle tissue developed on grazed forages. Biological types included six large-framed, late maturing, nine medium-framed, late maturing, nine medium-framed, intermediate maturing, and nine medium-framed, early maturing steers. Longissimus dorsi muscles were removed and frozen after 7 days of dry aging. Tenderness and cook loss were similar between biological types. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in fatty acid profiles were found between biological types. The medium-framed, early maturing animals scored highest (P < 0.05) in marbling, had the highest (P < 0.05) concentration of total n-3 fatty acids, and had the lowest n–6/n–3 ratio at 1.03:1. All biological types had a mean n–6/n–3 ratio well below the recommended <4:1 for human cardiovascular health. Under this dietary management system, medium-framed, early maturing beef steers should be considered for producing grass-fed beef based on both carcass merit and fatty acid composition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Beef cattle that reach physiological maturity (i.e. puberty) earlier than their contemporaries should be selected for the production of grassfed beef if fully developed on forages. Those animals have the ability to deposit fat earlier than their later-maturing contemporaries. Additionally, medium-framed beef animals should be selected over larger-framed animals as skeletal frame does not contribute to meat quality but requires more nutritional input for growth and maintenance. This ability to deposit fat exclusively on forage nutrients, without energy or protein supplementation, should be exploited when developing grassfed beef. Fat deposition, particularly intramuscularly (IM), contributes positively to meat quality. Fatty acids, especially the ratio of n-6/n-3, are optimized when beef animals have been fully developed on nutrient-dense forages. Forages must be managed in such a way to capture those nutrients for animal intake and protect the plants for regrowth in a pasture setting.
Quark mixing and CP violation.

In view of the experimental indications that the top-quark mass may exceed the upper bound predicted by the Fritzsch ansatz for the quark mass matrices, we follow a phenomenological approach to find a modified form of the mass matrices to deal with quark mixing and $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in electroweak interactions. The essential feature of our mass matrices is that the diagonal elements corresponding to the light quarks $u$, $d$, and $s$ are vanishingly small, while those corresponding to the heavy quarks $c$, $b$, and $t$ are approximately equal to the observed values of their masses. By comparing our theoretical results for the Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix elements with the experimental data, we obtain for the top-quark mass and the $\mathrm{CP}$-violating phase the values ${m}_{t}^{\mathrm{phys}}\ensuremath{\le}170$ GeV and $91\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}105\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$.
Time, change, and motion: The effects of stimulus movement on temporal perception.

The effects of stimulus motion on time perception were examined in five experiments. Subjects judged the durations (6–18 sec) of a series of computer-generated visual displays comprised of varying numbers of simple geometrical forms. In Experiment 1, subjects reproduced the duration of displays consisting of stationary or moving (at 20 cm/sec) stimulus figures. In Experiment 2, subjects reproduced the durations of stimuli that were either stationary, moving slowly (at 10 cm/sec), or moving fast (at 30 cm/sec). In Experiment 3, subjects used the production method to generate specified durations for stationary, slow, and fast displays. In Experiments 4 and 5, subjects reproduced the duration of stimuli that moved at speeds ranging from 0 to 45 cm/sec. Each experiment showed that stimulus motion lengthened perceived time. In general, faster speeds lengthened perceived time to a greater degree than slower speeds. Varying the number of stimuli appearing in the displays had only limited effects on time judgments. Other findings indicated that shorter intervals tended to be overestimated and longer intervals underestimated (Vierordt’s law), an effect which applied to both stationary and moving stimuli. The results support a change model of perceived time, which maintains that intervals associated with more changes are perceived to be longer than intervals with fewer changes.
The Role of Individual Risk Attitudes on the Selection of Creative Concepts in Engineering Design

While creativity is often seen as an indispensable quality of engineering design, individuals often select conventional or previously successful options during the concept selection process due to the inherent risk associated with creative concepts. Surprisingly, prior research has shown that this preference for conventional design alternatives is often done in an unconscious manner and is attributed to people’s inadvertent bias against creativity. While we know that designers may prematurely filter out creative ideas, little is actually known about what factors attribute to the promotion or filtering of these creative concepts during concept selection. The current paper describes an empirical study conducted with 19 first-year engineering students aimed at investigating the impact of individual risk aversion and ambiguity aversion on the selection and filtering of creative ideas during the concept selection process. The results from this study indicate that individual risk attitudes are related to both creative ability and creative concept selection. However, an individual’s ability to generate creative ideas was found to be unrelated to their preference for creative ideas during concept selection. These results add to our understanding of creativity during concept selection and provide guidelines for enhancing the design process to encourage design creativity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
On Similarity and the Diagonal of a Matrix

(1969). On Similarity and the Diagonal of a Matrix. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 167-169.
Cochlear development. Some electron microscopic observations of maturation of hair cells, spiral ganglion and Reissner's membrane.

The hair cells differentiate before their nerve endings make synaptic contact in the organ of Corti. Each hair cell develops stereocilia and a cuticle prior to innervation. The ectodermal endolymphatic layer of Reissner's membrane has some features in common with fluid transport epithelia. Each spiral ganglion Schwann cell initially envelops many nerve fibers, but eventually myelinates only a single fiber.
A Cultural Analysis of the Role of Abolitionists in the Coming of the Civil War

“Any basic interpretation of American history,” one prominent historian contends, “will have to account for…the coming of the Civil War.” Yet the two basic interpretations that have dominated the study of American politics, the progressive and consensus paradigms, have spawned partial and unsatisfactory explanations for what is arguably the most central event in the American past. After briefly analyzing the insights and limitations of these approaches to the Civil War, we propose an alternative perspective: cultural theory.
Reading with a Purpose: Communicative Reading Tasks for the Foreign Language Classroom

ABSTRACT Recent reading research has shown that reading comprehension is a function of both text- and reader-based factors. This paper focuses on the reader-based factor of purpose, beginning with a review of research which demonstrates that reading texts with a particular purpose or perspective facilitates comprehension and increases reader interest. The paper suggests approaches to the teaching of texts that provide learners with purpose, including student-generated text collections, communicative tasks with reading components, and prereading tasks for readings in literature or civilization. Finally, the paper argues that the concept of purpose provides a useful organizing principle for the coordination of reading instruction across the foreign language curriculum.
RDA and the Reference Librarian: What to Expect from the New Cataloging Standard

Reference librarians' work will be affected by the upcoming change in cataloging standards from the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules to the Resource Description and Access (RDA). Reference librarians were asked to give their perceptions about RDA records. They found that RDA records were comparable in terms of quality and quantity of information. However, terms used in new fields that provide format information lacked clarity. RDA records live compatibly with their Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules counterparts but do have distinctive differences. This study sheds light on what internal users of the catalog will find familiar in the new type of records and what will require a learning curve.
Varying Body Mass Index Cutoff Points to Describe Overweight Prevalence Among U. S. Adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994)

Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) distributions are commonly reported in the scientific literature to describe weight for stature. These data are collected for various groups of subjects in local health and body composition studies, and comparisons with national distributions are often desirable. Tabular data for population prevalence estimates from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) at selected gender- and age-specific BMI levels ranging from 45.0 are presented and compared with various examples of BMI criteria reported in the scientific literature. NHANES III was a statistically representative national probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States in which height and weight were measured as part of a more comprehensive health examination. The implications of varying population prevalence estimates based on varying BMI cutoff points are briefly discussed for selected examples including World Health Organization over-weight/obesity criteria and the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The median BMI for U.S. adults aged 20 years and older is 25.5 kg/m2. Median stature and weight for men are 175.5 cm and 80.0 kg and for women are 161.6 cm and 65.6 kg, respectively. The percentage of the population with BMI or = 19.0 to or = 25.0 is 59.4% for men, 50.7% for women. An estimated 97.1 million adults have a BMI > or = 25.0. Additional prevalence estimates based on other BMI cutoff points and ages are presented.
Reorganization of the microtubule array in prophase/prometaphase requires cytoplasmic dynein-dependent microtubule transport

When mammalian somatic cells enter mitosis, a fundamental reorganization of the Mt cytoskeleton occurs that is characterized by the loss of the extensive interphase Mt array and the formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle. Microtubules in cells stably expressing GFP–α-tubulin were directly observed from prophase to just after nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) in early prometaphase. Our results demonstrate a transient stimulation of individual Mt dynamic turnover and the formation and inward motion of microtubule bundles in these cells. Motion of microtubule bundles was inhibited after antibody-mediated inhibition of cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin, but was not inhibited after inhibition of the kinesin-related motor Eg5 or myosin II. In metaphase cells, assembly of small foci of Mts was detected at sites distant from the spindle; these Mts were also moved inward. We propose that cytoplasmic dynein-dependent inward motion of Mts functions to remove Mts from the cytoplasm at prophase and from the peripheral cytoplasm through metaphase. The data demonstrate that dynamic astral Mts search the cytoplasm for other Mts, as well as chromosomes, in mitotic cells.
On the importance of image formation optics in the design of infrared spectroscopic imaging systems

Infrared spectroscopic imaging provides micron-scale spatial resolution with molecular contrast. While recent work demonstrates that sample morphology affects the recorded spectrum, considerably less attention has been focused on the effects of the optics, including the condenser and objective. This analysis is extremely important, since it will be possible to understand effects on recorded data and provides insight for reducing optical effects through rigorous microscope design. Here, we present a theoretical description and experimental results that demonstrate the effects of commonly-employed cassegranian optics on recorded spectra. We first combine an explicit model of image formation and a method for quantifying and visualizing the deviations in recorded spectra as a function of microscope optics. We then verify these simulations with measurements obtained from spatially heterogeneous samples. The deviation of the computed spectrum from the ideal case is quantified via a map which we call a deviation map. The deviation map is obtained as a function of optical elements by systematic simulations. Examination of deviation maps demonstrates that the optimal optical configuration for minimal deviation is contrary to prevailing practice in which throughput is maximized for an instrument without a sample. This report should be helpful for understanding recorded spectra as a function of the optics, the analytical limits of recorded data determined by the optical design, and potential routes for optimization of imaging systems.
Channel-optimized quantizers for decentralized detection in sensor networks

Motivated by the delay and resource constraints omnipresent in most wireless sensor network applications, we design channel-optimized scalar quantizers for a canonical decentralized detection system. Aimed at minimizing the error probability of the fusion center output, we first establish the optimality of monotone likelihood ratio partition of the observation space for the local quantizer design. We then devise an iterative algorithm to construct distributed quantizers that are person-by-person optimal. The channel-optimized approach is shown to offer better performance compared with various alternatives. It also exhibits inherent adaptivity in resource (bit) allocation in response to varying channel conditions.
'For Them it's Sink or Swim': refugee students and the dynamics of migration, and (dis)placement in school

This article focuses on qualitative research conducted with a group of refugee high school students from the Vietnamese Central Highlands living in the south-eastern region of the United States. As students with limited and/or interrupted formal education, they face linguistic, academic, and social challenges that confound their expectations for success in and beyond school. Analyzed through Bourdieu's theory of field (1977), the research shows that in spite of the students associating school with long-range aspirations, certain normative school structures and interactions prove detrimental to their language learning, their self-esteem and their motivation to succeed. The experiences of this group shed light on the education of newcomer high school refugee youth, building critical understanding for regions with growing linguistic and ethnic diversity. Possibilities for integrative linguistic and academic support for refugees with limited and/or interrupted formal education are discussed.
Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease

Mesenchymal stem cells/marrow stromal cells (MSCs) present a promising tool for cell therapy, and are currently being tested in US FDA-approved clinical trials for myocardial infarction, stroke, meniscus injury, limb ischemia, graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. They have been extensively tested and proven effective in preclinical studies for these and many other disorders. There is currently a great deal of interest in the use of MSCs to treat neurodegenerative diseases, in particular for those that are fatal and difficult to treat, such as Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proposed regenerative approaches to neurological diseases using MSCs include cell therapies in which cells are delivered via intracerebral or intrathecal injection. Upon transplantation into the brain, MSCs promote endogenous neuronal growth, decrease apoptosis, reduce levels of free radicals, encourage synaptic connection from damaged neurons and regulate inflammation, primarily through paracrine actions. MSCs transplanted into the brain have been demonstrated to promote functional recovery by producing trophic factors that induce survival and regeneration of host neurons. Therapies will capitalize on the innate trophic support from MSCs or on augmented growth factor support, such as delivering brain-derived neurotrophic factor or glial-derived neurotrophic factor into the brain to support injured neurons, using genetically engineered MSCs as the delivery vehicles. Clinical trials for MSC injection into the CNS to treat traumatic brain injury and stroke are currently ongoing. The current data in support of applying MSC-based cellular therapies to the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
Prevalence of antibodies to different avian paramyxoviruses in commercial poultry in the United States.

Abstract Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) other than Newcastle disease virus have been isolated from feral avian species and have the potential to cause clinical disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the APMV antibody prevalence in commercial poultry settings. Sera from 100 commercial, layer-type and broiler-type (broiler–breeder and broiler) chicken flocks were analyzed on a random basis. Pooled serum samples from each flock were tested for the presence of antibodies to APMV-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, and -9 by hemagluttination inhibition (HI) test. Reactions with HI titers ≥1:64 were shown by APMV-1 (71%), APMV-2 (15%), APMV-3 (35%), APMV-4 (26%), APMV-6 (45%), APMV-7 (27%), APMV-8 (31%), and APMV-9 (48%). In the presence of a high HI titer for APMV-1 (1024), we obtained positive HI titers for most of the other APMV subtypes, thus implicating that sensitive techniques need to be developed to detect the prevalence of these subtypes in commercial poultry. Abbreviations: APMVs = avian paramy...
iEDISON: an interactive statistical design tool for MOS VLSI circuits

iEDISON optimizes the transistor sizes of a circuit so that its performance is least sensitive to manufacturing process fluctuations. iEDISON considers three methods for design optimization, namely, the response surface method, the Taguchi method, and the nonnested experimental design method. These methods use experimental designs and regression models to explore the statistical performance variations. The efficiency of the system is demonstrated by an example on clock-skew minimization. >
Moment-to-moment fluctuations in fMRI amplitude and interregion coupling are predictive of inhibitory performance.

We investigated how moment-to-moment fluctuations in fMRI amplitude and interregional coupling are linked to behavioral performance during a stop signal task. To quantify the relationship between single-trial amplitude and behavior on a trial-by-trial basis, we modeled the probability of successful inhibition as a function of response amplitude via logistic regression analysis. At the group level, significant logistic slopes were observed in, among other regions, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), caudate, and putamen, all bilaterally. Furthermore, we investigated how trial-by-trial fluctuations in responses in attentional regions covaried with fluctuations in inhibition-related regions. The coupling between several frontoparietal attentional regions and the right IFG increased during successful versus unsuccessful performance, suggesting that efficacious network interactions are important in determining behavioral outcome during the stop signal task. In particular, the link between responses in the right IFG and behavior were moderated by moment-to-moment fluctuations in evoked responses in the left intraparietal sulcus. A supplemental figure for this article may be downloaded from http:// cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
Marine Multichannel Seismology Workshop

The multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection technique, developed by the oil industry for petroleum exploration in sedimentary basins, has proven to be a powerful tool for imaging subsurface geology in a wide variety of tectonic settings at a scale suitable for detailed investigations of geological structures and processes. In the ocean basins, MCS studies have provided new insight into the tectonic history of rifted and convergent continental margins, the structure of the oceanic crust and midocean ridges, and the sedimentation history and paleoceanography of deep ocean basins. MCS techniques have thus developed into an important tool for marine geological and geophysical research. The National Science Foundation recently sponsored a Workshop on the Future of Academic Marine Multichannel Seismology in the United States, held in Boulder, Colo., on March 19–20, 1984, to review the current state of marine academic MCS in the United States and to make recommendations on the facilities and funding required to meet future scientific needs. The workshop, which was convened by Brian T.R. Lewis of the University of Washington, included 19 scientists representing the major U.S. oceanographic institutions with interests in marine seismic work. This article summarizes the major recommendations developed at this workshop, which have been included in a more comprehensive report entitled ‘A National Plan for Marine Multichannel Seismology,’ which has been submitted to the National Science Foundation for future publication.
Three-Dimensional Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays and Anomalous Components in the Inner Heliosphere

Our picture of modulation in the inner heliosphere has been greatly affected by observations from the Ulysses mission, which since 1992 has provided the first comprehensive exploration of modulation as a function of latitude from 80° S to 80° N heliographic latitude. Among the principal findings for the inner heliosphere are: a) the cosmic ray intensity depends only weakly on heliographic latitude; b) for the nuclear components, and especially for the anomalous components, the intensity increases towards the poles, qualitatively consistent with predictions of drift models for the current sign of the solar magnetic dipole; c) no change in the level of modulation was observed across the shear layer separating fast polar from slow equatorial solar wind near 1 AU; d) 26-day recurrent variations in the intensity persist to the highest latitudes, even in the absence of clearly correlated signatures in the solar wind and magnetic field; e) the surface of symmetry of the modulation in 1994–95 was offset about 10° south of the heliographic equator; f) the intensity of electrons and of low energy (< ~100 MeV) protons showed essentially no dependence on heliographic latitude.
An Algorithmic Approach for Managing Orthopaedic Surgical Wounds of the Foot and Ankle

Background Wound breakdown after orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery may necessitate secondary soft tissue coverage. The foot and ankle region is challenging to reconstruct for orthopaedic and plastic surgeons owing to its complex bony anatomy and unique functional demands. Therefore, identifying strategies for plastic surgery of these wounds may help guide surgeons in defining the best treatment plan.
Acylsulfonamide-Functionalized Zwitterionic Gold Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cellular Uptake at Tumor pH

A nanoparticle design featuring pH-responsive alkoxyphenyl acylsulfonamide ligands is reported herein. As a result of ligand structure, this nanoparticle is neutral at pH 7.4, becoming positively charged at tumor pH (<6.5). The particle uptake and cytotoxicity increase over this pH range. This pH-controlled uptake and toxicity makes this particle a promising tool for tumor selective therapy.
Illinois bundleflower forage potential in the upper midwestern USA: I. Yield, regrowth, and persistence

Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan] is a warm-season perennial legume native to the central plains of the USA with potential as both a forage and grain crop. The effects of management variables on Illinois bundleflower (IBF) forage production in the upper midwestern USA have not been evaluated. We evaluated the effects of maturity at harvest, cutting height, and N fertilization on forage yield, regrowth, and persistence of three northern ecotypes of IBF. Field experiments were established at four Minnesota locations in 2000. Total-season forage yields in postestablishment years ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 Mg dry matter (DM) ha -1 across environments. First-harvest forage yield increased (P < 0.05) from 2.8 Mg DM ha -1 at early flower in mid-July to 4.2 Mg DM ha -1 at late pod in mid-August. In mid-September, within-season regrowth averaged 1.7 Mg ha -1 from plants previously cut at early flower and 0.6 Mg ha -1 from plants cut at late pod. A 35-cm cutting height resulted in 60% more regrowth yield (P < 0.05) than a 15-cm cutting height, but only in plants harvested at early flower. Plants cut at late pod in 2001 did not persist into 2002. October root total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration ranged (P < 0.05) from 244 g kg -1 in plants cut at late pod to 280 g kg -1 in plants left uncut. Complete winterkill of all treatments at all locations between 2002 and 2003, regardless of October TNC level, may have been caused by below-average snow cover. Illinois bundleflower can provide summer forage in the upper midwestern USA, but persistence in monoculture is limited, especially in harsh winters.
A side by side comparison of cytology and biomarkers for bladder cancer detection.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The identification of accurate bladder tumor markers/tests could improve diagnosis, recurrence monitoring and treatment in patients with bladder cancer. In this study we compared the efficacy of the hyaluronic acid (HA)-hyaluronidase (HAase), BTA-Stat (Bard/Bion Diagnostics, Redmond, Washington), Hemastix (Bayer Corp., Elkhart, Indiana) (hematuria detection) and UBC-Rapid (IDL Biotech, Borlanger, Sweden) tests, and cytology to detect bladder cancer. The HA-HAase test measures urinary HA and HAase levels, BTA-Stat detects complement factor-H and H related protein in urine, the Hemastix hemoglobin dipstick detects hematuria and UBC-Rapid detects cytokeratin 8 and 18 fragments in urine. Materials and Methods: A total of 138 urine specimens from 115 patients were collected at University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, including 59 with active bladder cancer and 79 with a history of bladder cancer (73) or with benign genitourinary conditions (6). Specimens were assayed by the HA-HAase test, BTA-Stat, Hemastix (hemoglobin dipstick) and UBC-Rapid. Cystoscopy and histological findings were used to make the clinical diagnosis. Cytology results were available on 92 patients. Results: In a side by side comparison the HA-HAase test, cytology, BTA-Stat, Hemastix and UBC-Rapid had 88.1%, 70.6%, 52.5%, 50.8% and 35.6% sensitivity, and 81%, 81%, 76.7%, 78.2% and 75% specificity, respectively. The accuracy, and negative and positive predictive values of the HA-HAase test were the highest (84.1%, 90.1% and 77.6%), followed by cytology (77.2%, 82.5% and 68.6%), Hemastix (66.4%, 67.8% and 63.8%), BTA-Stat (66.2%, 67.8% and 63.3%) and UBC-Rapid (57.8%, 60% and 52.5%), respectively. Conclusions: The HA-HAase test is superior to cytology, BTA-Stat, Hemastix and UBC-Rapid for detecting bladder cancer recurrence. A side-by-side comparison of tumor markers should help identify a marker for monitoring bladder cancer recurrence.
Not by technology alone: sustaining winning strategies

Purpose – Business leaders can apply key messages as early as today to begin aligning business operations with business strategy to strengthen sustainability. Principles can be applied at all levels in any organization, from the entire enterprise down to discreet product or service offerings. The article emphasizes that the enablers of profitable operations over long periods of time will be internally integrated and networked across industries.Design/methodology/approach – Challenges with sustainability in many existing strategies are explained, and case studies that illustrate both success and failure are described to illustrate key principles. Once the viewpoints are developed and supported with specific cases and research findings, actionable recommendations are made in a prescription for change.Findings – Achieving sustainable profitability and growth is increasingly difficult for many companies because of shorter product lifecycles, eroding intellectual property advantages, and other growing complexi...
Reduction in animal numbers required for antisera production using the subcutaneous chamber technique in rabbits

The purpose of this study was to determine if the subcutaneous chamber technique would reduce the number of rabbits required for antisera production by enabling serial use of individual animals for multiple antigens. Rabbits were assigned to immunization protocols against two antigens in series that involved combinations of chamber implantation, Freund's adjuvant and injection of antigen either by the subcutaneous route or by direct inoculation into the chamber. Results indicate the systemic immune response to both antigens achieved similar magnitude and duration by use of either Freund's adjuvant or direct inoculation of antigen into the chamber, suggesting that chamber use may be able to replace use of Complete Freund's adjuvant for many antigens. Rabbits re-used for a second antigen were equally successful in production of significant titres in both serum and chamber fluid without evidence of either a significant inflammatory response due to the chronic presence of the implant or a decrease in the yield of antisera harvested from the chamber. These results support the advantages of chamber use as reported by others and demonstrate that the chamber technique can significantly extend the productive life of an individual animal that would otherwise be euthanized following a single use in antisera production.
Analogical and Case-Based Reasoning: Their Implications for Education

(2002). Analogical and Case-Based Reasoning: Their Implications for Education. Journal of the Learning Sciences: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 123-126.
On the application of the process of equalization of maxima to obtain rational approximation to certain modified Bessel functions

The second Remes algorithm as originally established for polynomials, may converge or not when the approximating functions are rational. However, the few results known in this domain show how efficient the algorithm can be to obtain approximations with a small error, much more than in the polynomial case, in which the best approximation can be very nearly approached directly by a series development. The aim of this paper is to investigate the limitations of the applicability of certain extensions of the algorithm to the case where the approximations are rational as well as to present some numerical results.
Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins in Repair of Topoisomerase-Mediated DNA Damage

Topoisomerases are enzymes involved in various cellular DNA transactions (Chen and Liu 1994; Li and Liu 2001; Pommier 1996; Wang 2002) (see Chaps. 1–5). The main function of all topoisomerases is to dissipate the torsional stress (supercoiling of the DNA) generated during DNA transactions such as transcription, replication, chromosome condensation, and segregation (Castano et al. 1996; Champoux 2001; Leppard and Champoux 2005; Zhang et al. 1988, 2000). To date, four type I DNA topoisomerases have been identified and characterized in human cells: nuclear Top1 (Top1) (Liu 1983; Wang 2002), mitochondrial topoisomerase (Top1mt) (Zhang et al. 2001), Top3α (Li and Wang 1998), and Top3β (Wilson et al. 2000) (see Chap. 1). Two type II human topoisomerases have been identified: Top2α and Top2β (Nitiss 2009a). Human topoisomerase I (Top1) is a type IB topoisomerase (forms 3′-phosphotyrosyl linkage with DNA) that functions as a swivel in DNA replication, RNA transcription, and chromosome condensation and segregation (Champoux 2001; Liu 1983). Human Top3α (Top3α) is a type IA (forms 5′-DNA tyrosyl linkages) topoisomerase and is essential for early embryogenesis, as evidenced by mouse knockout studies (Li and Wang 1998). Human Top3β is also a type 1A topoisomerase; although the Top3β knockout mouse develops to maturity, its mean lifespan is reduced (Kwan and Wang 2001). Thus, it appears that Top3α and β do not complement each other despite of their very similar enzymatic characteristics.
An identification method for optical fiber sensors in sensor network applications

This research proposes an identification method of sensor reactions using the Internet standard protocol: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) in sensor networks. We have developed Optical Sensory Nerve network (OSN) with optical fiber sensors in order to solve issues on electricity and communication limitations in wireless sensor networks. Although OSN has used a commercial device with SNMP functions to detect the sensor reactions in previous research, there are issues about limited performance scalability. This paper describes SNMP Agent software using the protocol and examines whether the software can expand a scale of the OSN application.
Role of entrepreneurial support for networking in innovation ecosystems: an agent based approach

Entrepreneurial support organizations are among the most successful approaches for economic growth. There are multiple dimensions of entrepreneurial support activities such as resource provision, funding or networking support. In this paper, we present an approach for the assessment and analysis of entrepreneurial support for networking and its effects on global innovation ecosystems. The innovation ecosystem in our approach is modeled as a complex adaptive network by using an agent-based modeling methodology with a focus on entrepreneurial support organizations. A portion of the economic entities in this ecosystem is provided with entrepreneurial support of different types to assess their effects. The results highlight the positive impact of networking support on the innovation ecosystem.
Fracture mechanism of copper micro-crystals by diamond single crystal

Copper micro-crystal fracture mechanisms were discussed with the machining precisions under the several cutting conditions, such as cutting speed, cutting depth and width of grove formation by the diamond single crystal cutting tool which the scoop face of (100) crystal face. For the cutting test, the copper single at the size of 10 mm in diameter and 5 mm in height as the test piece which cut by single crystal diamond cutting tool with silicon oil on the shaper type ultra-precision cutting machine. Before groves cutting, the specimen surface was cut as flat by cutting-off tool (corner diameter; 50 mm, cutting width; 3.0 mm, scooping angle; 0 degree, and escape angle; 7.0 degree) at the work speed as 4000 mm/min and cutting depth of 5 μm. For the V-shape grove cutting, the flat copper surface was cut with the diamond-point cutting tool (V angle = 90 degree, scooping angle = 0 degree, and escape angle = 7.0 degree) at the work speed as 4–4000 m m/min and cutting depth of 0.1-10 μm for finishing machining. The cut machined surface was observed by optical microscope comparing the grove shapes. The diamond-point tool was also observed by optical microscope. As results of the cutting test of copper single crystal, the machining precision was better for the crystallographic direction of $[00\bar 1]$ than the direction of $[01\bar 1]$ under the deeper cutting profiles. The mechanisms of this fracture results considered that the slip plane of (111). On the other hand, shallow grove under 1.0 μm was better tracks scratched for the crystallographic direction of $[00\bar 1]$ than the direction of $[01\bar 1]$ . This result was also considered that the slip plane related to the fracture behavior. For copper crystal cutting in nanometric scale, the crystallographic direction was quite important.
Profound morphological changes following ulceration in the prostomach of rats.

After finding that ulcers could be produced in the prostomach of rats by protein restriction or starvation (Hoelzel and DaCosta1) our attention was directed toward determining whether such ulcers might become malignant. Marked overgrowths were seen early in ulcerated areas, but, as the work of Bullock and Rohdenburg2 indicated, this is not a malignant change. Simple overgrowths were particularly prominent in the prostomach of rats in which ulceration was produced with diets high in fat and low in protein. This corresponds to the results obtained by Fujimaki and his coworkers,3 except that these workers believed that they were dealing with cancerous changes due to disturbances in nutrition and independent of ulceration.The first indication that the changes were like Fibirger's4 came when a young rat died after 58 days on a diet of white bread. The prostomach showed numerous small nodular prominences on the outer surface. On the inner surface there was some ulceration but with only moderate overgrowth. Expe...
Efficient Agitation in the Spray Tank

In testing over 200 spray outfits the agitation in the spray tank was found to be decidedly inefficient. The propeller type agitators at speeds less than 200 rpm do not give a uniform mixture. A new type square end agitator gives excellent results at speeds from 88 to 110 rpm and a low hp consumption. It is recommended that this type of agitator replace the propeller type.
Histotripsy Liquefaction of Large Hematomas

Intra- and extra-muscular hematomas result from repetitive injury as well as sharp and blunt limb trauma. The clinical consequences can be serious, including debilitating pain and functional deficit. There are currently no short-term treatment options for large hematomas, only lengthy conservative treatment. The goal of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)-based technique, termed histotripsy, for rapid (within a clinically relevant timeframe of 15-20 min) liquefaction of large volume (up to 20 mL) extra-vascular hematomas for subsequent fine-needle aspiration. Experiments were performed using in vitro extravascular hematoma phantoms-fresh bovine blood poured into 50 mL molds and allowed to clot. The resulting phantoms were treated by boiling histotripsy (BH), cavitation histotripsy (CH) or a combination in a degassed water tank under ultrasound guidance. Two different transducers operating at 1 MHz and 1.5 MHz with f-number = 1 were used. The liquefied lysate was aspirated and analyzed by histology and sized in a Coulter Counter. The peak instantaneous power to achieve BH was lower than (at 1.5 MHz) or equal to (at 1 MHz) that which was required to initiate CH. Under the same exposure duration, BH-induced cavities were one and a half to two times larger than the CH-induced cavities, but the CH-induced cavities were more regularly shaped, facilitating easier aspiration. The lysates contained a small amount of debris larger than 70 μm, and 99% of particulates were smaller than 10 μm. A combination treatment of BH (for initial debulking) and CH (for liquefaction of small residual fragments) yielded 20 mL of lysate within 17.5 minutes of treatment and was found to be most optimal for liquefaction of large extravascular hematomas.
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients

【Objective】To investigate the distribution of vitamin D receptor gene 3'-end polymorphisms in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients in China.【Methods】 The vitamin D receptor gene 3'-end region genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 106 patients of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.【Results】The frequencies of the genotypes of vitamin D receptor gene 3'-end polymorphism of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism were as follows:allele b:94.3%,allele a:71.2%,and allele T:95.8%.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evident.There was no significant difference about the vitamin D receptor gene 3'-end polymorphism distributions between idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients and healthy volunteers.No differences in stature,weight,BMI and age of onset of each genotypes were found in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients(P0.05).【Conclusions】There was no significant difference about the vitamin D receptor gene 3'-end polymorphism distributions between idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients and healthy volunteers.No differences in BMI and age of onset of each genotypes were found in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism patients.
Open Data in Scientific Settings: From Policy to Practice

Open access to data is commonly required by funding agencies, journals, and public policy, despite the lack of agreement on the concept of "open data." We present findings from two longitudinal case studies of major scientific collaborations, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in astronomy and the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations in deep subseafloor biosphere studies. These sites offer comparisons in rationales and policy interpretations of open data, which are shaped by their differing scientific objectives. While policy rationales and implementations shape infrastructures for scientific data, these rationales also are shaped by pre-existing infrastructure. Meanings of the term "open data" are contingent on project objectives and on the infrastructures to which they have access.
Remarkable Stability of Charge Density Wave Order in La 1.875 Ba 0.125 CuO 4

The occurrence of charge-density-wave (CDW) order in underdoped cuprates is now well established, although the precise nature of the CDW and its relationship with superconductivity is not. Theoretical proposals include contrasting ideas such as that pairing may be driven by CDW fluctuations or that static CDWs may intertwine with a spatially modulated superconducting wave function. We test the dynamics of CDW order in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.825}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.125}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ by using x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy at the CDW wave vector, detected resonantly at the Cu ${L}_{3}$ edge. We find that the CDW domains are strikingly static, with no evidence of significant fluctuations up to $2\text{ }\textthreequarters{}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{h}$. We discuss the implications of these results for some of the competing theories.