cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partying before the party: examining prepartying behavior among college students.

Objective: The authors examined the phenomenon known to college students as prepartying, which is the consumption of alcohol prior to attending an event or activity (eg, party, bar, concert) at which more alcohol may be consumed. Participants: To explore the extent of this behavior, the authors surveyed 227 college students about each drinking event over a 1-month period. Results: Principal results revealed that 64% of participants engaged in prepartying (75% of drinkers) and that prepartying is involved in approximately 45% of all drinking events. Prepartying was predictive of more drinking throughout the day of the drinking event and alcohol-related negative consequences. Men and women engaged in this behavior at similar rates, and prepartying was most related to social reasons for drinking. Conclusion: Because prepartying is well-known among students, the authors suggest that clinicians and researchers target it to better understand college drinking and to help students understand the associated dangers.
Sulcus fixation without flaps.

Background: Numerous techniques for sulcus fixation of posterior chamber implants in the absence of capsular support have been reported. All rely on partial thickness scleral flaps or the conjunctiva to prevent the requisite polypropylene knot from eroding. The author compares their success with that of a new surgical procedure. This new technique buries the knot within the eye. Methods: One hundred scleral-sutured, sulcus-fixated cases were studied retrospectively. Each case was performed by the author or by a resident under his direction. Suture erosion was defined as the absence of scleral or conjunctival cover on part of the polypropylene suture. Results: On 60 patients, partial thickness scleral flaps were used to protect the knot from exposure. Twelve (20%) of these patients had some degree of externalization of the suture. Of the 40 patients in whom knots were buried and no scleral flap was used, no (0%) erosion was observed. Conclusion: Sulcus fixation of posterior chamber knots has been criticized for increasing the risk of endophthalmitis. The track formed by an exposed suture allows an infectious agent to pass from the external eye to the supported intraocular lens (IOL). Scleral flaps add a degree of safety, but the knot can erode after several months. The author advocates burying the knot within the eye to avoid erosion and therefore endophthalmitis.
Neandertal energetics and foraging efficiency.

Abstract Mechanical interpretations of Neandertal skeletal robusticity suggest extremely high activity levels compared to modern humans. Such activity patterns imply high energy requirements; yet it has been argued that Neandertals were also inefficient foragers. The present study addresses this apparent conflict by estimating energy needs in Neandertals and then evaluating those estimates in the context of energetic and foraging data compiled for contemporary human foragers and nonhuman primates. Energy demands for Neandertals were determined by first predicting basal metabolic rates (BMR) from body weight estimates using human standards developed by the World Health Organization [FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Export Committee, Geneva: WHO]. Total daily energy expenditure (kcal/day) was then estimated assuming high levels of physical activity (i.e., 2–3×BMR), comparable to those observed among subsistence-level populations today. These estimates of energy requirements (ranging from 3000–5500 kcal/day) were then used to determine Neandertal foraging efficiency assuming (1) minimal survival-level foraging returns, and (2) daily foraging times longer than those observed among any contemporary foraging group and comparable to a nonhuman primate. Even with these extremely conservative parameters, estimates of Neandertal foraging efficiency (∼800–1150 kcal/h foraged) were comparable to those observed among living hunter–gatherers. These results indicate that if Neandertals did have heavy activity levels, as implied by their skeletal robusticity, they would have required foraging efficiencies within the range observed among modern groups. Thus, Neandertals could have been either highly active or poor foragers, but they could not have been both.
Winter mesoscale circulation on the shelf slope region of the southern Drake Passage

Abstract An austral winter cruise in July–August 2006 was conducted to study the winter circulation and iron delivery processes in the Southern Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait. Results from current and hydrographic measurements revealed a circulation pattern similar to that of the austral summer season observed in previous studies: The Shackleton Transverse Ridge (STR) in the southern Drake Passage blocks a part of the eastward Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) which forces the ACC to detour southward, produces a Taylor Column over the STR, and forms an ACC jet within the Shackleton Gap, a deep channel between the STR and the shelf of Elephant Island. Observations show that to the west of the STR, the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) intruded onto the shelf around the South Shetland Islands while to the east of the STR, shelf waters were transported off the northern shelf of Elephant Island. Along a similar west–east transect approximately 50 km off the shelf, the northward transport of shelf waters was approximately 2.4 and 1.2 Sv in the austral winter and summer, respectively. The waters around Elephant Island primarily consist of the UCDW that has been modified by local cooling and freshening, unmodified UCDW that has recently intruded onto the shelf, and Bransfield Current water that is a mixture of shelf and Bransfield Strait waters. Weddell Sea outflows were observed which affect the hydrography and circulation in the Bransfield Strait and indirectly affect the circulation patterns in the southern Drake Passage and around Elephant Island. Two coupled Fe enrichment and transport mechanisms are proposed which operate together to firstly enrich water with iron and then transfer this water offshelf. These are an initial intrusion of UCDW onto the northern shelf region of the South Shetland Islands which occurs due to Ekman pumping driven by the prevailing westerly wind in the region, and subsequently, an offshelf transport of shelf waters which occurs east of Elephant Island due to acquisition of positive vorticity by shelf waters from horizontal mixing with ACC waters being intruded onto the shelf.
Characteristics of synaptic transmission in reinnervating rat skeletal muscle.

Synaptic transmission, and its sensitivity to the effects of 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) and the phosphatase 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), was examined for “crushed fiber” preparations of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle undergoing reinnervation after nerve crush. While mean quantal content (m) of endplate potentials (EPPs) was low early during reinnervation (10–24 days after nerve crush), elevation of temperature or extracellular calcium concentration restored m toward normal. However, m achieved control values for reinnervating preparations exposed to 3,4-DAP. 3,4-DAP also activated quiescent motor nerve terminals: after exposure to this drug, synaptic transmission was detected as early as 8 days after nerve crush. BDM too activated quiescent regenerating motor nerve terminals and increased m to normal. It also prolonged EPP and endplate current decay, suggesting a pre-synaptic effect on the synchrony of transmitter release and/or a post-synaptic effect on the open time of acetylcholine-gated endplate channels. While the effects of temperature, extracellular calcium, 3,4-DAP, and BDM suggest that regenerating nerve terminals can mobilise a reserve of quanta, this reserve is abnormally low, since hemicholinium-3 caused rapid rundown of EPP amplitude at repetitively stimulated regenerating endplates.
Large Number Hypothesis and The Matter-Dominated Universe

Dirac’s large number hypothesis (LNH), in the formG/G 0=HH 0 −1 , is applied to the matter-dominated cosmological era, using the framework of the scale covariant theory (Canuto et al., 1977). We obtain explicit expressions forR andβ a as functions ofR E , whereR andR E are the scale factors of the cosmological Robertson-Walker metric, expressed in atomic and gravitational units, respectively, andβ a is the ratio between the rates of gravitational and atomic clocks. The parameters in these expressions are\(\bar q_0 \), the deceleration parameter in gravitational units, and\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0)H 0 −1 where\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0) is the present epoch value of the derivative ofβ a with respect to atomic time. We find that a necessary condition for the LNH to be compatible with a Robertson-Walker model is that\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0)H 0 −1 ≥ 2 1 . The only experimental values for\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0) available at present are those based on the lengthening of the Moon’s period of revolution around the Earth, suggesting 0.86≥\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0)H 0 −1 ≥0.21; the more promising technique of radar ranging to the inner planets has not yet produced a value for\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0). Using the lunar data, it follows that 0≤\(\bar q_0 \)≲0.42 corresponding to an open universe (k=−1). Closed models (k=1,\(\bar q_0 \)>1/2) are not compatible with the LNH since the required values of\(\dot \beta _a \)(t 0)H 0 −1 are more than an order of magnitude above the observational upper limit.
Clinical response to alefacept: results of a phase 3 study of intravenous administration of alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis.

Background There is a current lack of safe and effective psoriasis therapies that provide patients with lasting remissions after treatment is discontinued. Alefacept, a novel and selective biological agent, has demonstrated durable efficacy in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis, and its efficacy has been correlated with reductions in memory-effector T cells. Objective To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of both one and two 12-week courses of alefacept 7.5 mg given once weekly as an intravenous (IV) bolus injection in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Methods Multicentre (51 centres in the USA and Canada), randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study comparing once-weekly alefacept 7.5 mg IV or placebo for two 12-week treatment courses. Each course had a 12-week follow-up phase. Patients were eligible for enrolment if they were ≥16 years of age, had chronic plaque psoriasis for ≥12 months involving ≥10% body surface area, and had CD4+ T-cell counts at or above the lower limit of normal. Results 553 patients received treatment in Course 1, and 449 were treated in Course 2. The cohorts were well balanced for demographic and baseline disease characteristics. During the treatment and follow-up period of Course 1, 28% of patients treated with alefacept achieved ≥75% reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), compared with 8% of placebo-treated patients (P < 0.001). Patients achieving ≥75% reduction in PASI following a single 12-week course of alefacept maintained ≥50% reduction in PASI for a median of over 7 months. Among patients who received a second course of alefacept therapy, 71% achieved ≥50% reduction in PASI, and 40% achieved ≥75% reduction in PASI over two treatment courses. One or two 12-week courses of alefacept were similarly well tolerated. Conclusions Treatment with alefacept 7.5 mg IV provided highly significant improvements in all measures of psoriasis disease activity compared with placebo. A second course of alefacept provided additional benefit.
Electromagnetic modes of an inversion layer

Abstract We have obtained the nonlocal dielectric tensor of an n-type inversion layer at a semiconductor surface on the basis of the random phase and effective mass approximations to the electronic Hamiltonian; Explicit expressions for the elements of this tensor are obtained for an inversion layer at a (001) surface of InSb, in the case that only the lowest electric sub-band is occupied. It is found that in the zero wave vector limit the xx and yy elements possess an interband contribution as well as a Drude-type contribution, while the zz element possesses only an interband contribution (z is the coordinate normal to the surface). The dielectric tensor so obtained is used to study the electromagnetic modes of p-polarization that are localized in the vicinity of the surface. The need to take into account the sub-band structure in a complete characterization of electromagnetic phenomena in inversion layers is borne out by our results.
Work-related measures of physical and behavioral health function: Test-retest reliability.

Abstract Background The Work Disability Functional Assessment Battery (WD-FAB), developed for potential use by the US Social Security Administration to assess work-related function, currently consists of five multi-item scales assessing physical function and four multi-item scales assessing behavioral health function; the WD-FAB scales are administered as Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs). Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the WD-FAB Physical Function and Behavioral Health CATs. Methods We administered the WD-FAB scales twice, 7–10 days apart, to a sample of 376 working age adults and 316 adults with work-disability. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the consistency of the scores between the two administrations. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC90) were also calculated to measure the scales precision and sensitivity. Results For the Physical Function CAT scales, the ICCs ranged from 0.76 to 0.89 in the working age adult sample, and 0.77–0.86 in the sample of adults with work-disability. ICCs for the Behavioral Health CAT scales ranged from 0.66 to 0.70 in the working age adult sample, and 0.77–0.80 in the adults with work-disability. The SEM ranged from 3.25 to 4.55 for the Physical Function scales and 5.27–6.97 for the Behavioral Health function scales. For all scales in both samples, the MDC90 ranged from 7.58 to 16.27. Conclusion Both the Physical Function and Behavioral Health CATs of the WD-FAB demonstrated good test-retest reliability in adults with work-disability and general adult samples, a critical requirement for assessing work related functioning in disability applicants and in other contexts.
Selection and ordering in optimal portfolio choice

Selection criteria for optimal portfolio choice are developed and analysed here for two specific decision situations : (a)when a small subset of a larger set of securities is to be selected ; and (b)when the minimum expected return parameter of each selected portfolio is not preassigned, but subject to change in the parameter space. Minimax, suboptimal and conditionally optimal policies are compared and evaluated.
THE CELL TRANSMISSION MODEL: A DYNAMIC REPRESENTATION OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC CONSISTENT WITH THE HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY

This paper presents a simple representation of traffic on a highway with a single entrance and exit. The representation can be used to predict traffic's evolution over time and space, including transient phenomena such as the building, propagation, and dissipation of queues. The easy-to-solve difference equations used to predict traffic's evolution are shown to be the discrete analog of the differential equations arising from a special case of the hydrodynamic model of traffic flow. The proposed method automatically generates appropriate changes in density at locations where the hydrodynamic theory would call for a shockwave; i.e., a jump in density such as those typically seen at the end of every queue. The complex side calculations required by classical methods to keep track of shockwaves are thus eliminated. The paper also shows how the equations can mimic the real-life development of stop-and-go traffic within moving queues.
Pentachloronitrobenzene effect on enzymatic activity and phenolic content of potatoes

Polyphenol oxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities and phenolic content of uncooked tubers were determined to evaluate the effect on potatoes of treating the soil in which the potatoes were grown with pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB). Red Warba potatoes grown in North Dakota in 1960 in untreated soil and in soil treated with 25 pounds PCNB per acre were examined 12 weeks after harvest and again 16 weeks after harvest. Cobbler potatoes grown in New Jersey in 1961 in untreated soil and in soil treated with 50 pounds PCNB per acre were examined 4 weeks after harvest and again 16 weeks after harvest. Potatoes grown in soil that had been treated with PCNB had higher polyphenol oxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities and lower total phenolic content than potatoes grown in untreated soil. Comparable results obtained in the two years of the study indicate that PCNB applied to the soil in which potatoes are grown does bring about changes in the metabolism of the tuber. These changes in tuber metabolism may explain the effectiveness of PCNB in the control of potato scab.
SUGGESTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS—WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM INDIAN DATA*

After giving a brief discussion of the biases that exist in the conventional estimation procedures followed in the construction of national accounts, this paper argues for restructuring of national accounts so as to treat human capital formation as investment rather than consumption and suggests that a beginning should be made in respect of schooling. The argument is based on the notion that “investment” or “capital” is that which yields future income streams and also on the rather obvious point that treating as consumption large outlays that really constitute investment distorts analyses of resource allocation, growth and income distribution, and obscures intersectoral relations. It is pointed out that the proposed restructuring of national accounts is more relevant and important for developing countries, many of which are embarked on investment planning. Another major point emphasized is that the input of students’time should be properly measured and included in the estimates of capital formation by schooling. To illustrate what these proposals imply, revision has been attempted of the estimates of (a) educational outlay (or activity in the education sector), (b) gross capital formation, and (c) gross national product, pertaining to the national accounts of a major developing country, namely India, for the years 1960–61 through 1965–66. The modified estimates, though first approximations and covering only a part of the human capital formation and having a systematically downward bias, nevertheless indicate an upward revision of the estimate of activity in the education sector by about 200 to 300 percent, of gross capital formation by about 50 percent and of the gross national product by 4 to 7 percent. These magnitudes show the substantial order of distortion involved in the conventional procedures.
Developing an Active Ankle Foot Orthosis Based on Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

This paper is on development of an active ankle foot orthosis (AAFO). This device will fill the gap in the existing research aimed at helping patients with drop foot muscle deficiencies as well as rehabilitation activities. Drop foot patients are unable to lift their foot because of reduced or no muscle activity around the ankle. The major causes of drop foot are severing of the nerve, stroke, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. There are two common complications from drop foot. First, the patient cannot control the falling of their foot after heel strike, so that it slaps the ground on every step. The second complication is the inability to clear the toe during swing. This causes the patients to drag their toe on the ground throughout the swing.© 2007 ASME
The prosodic property of lexical stress affects eye movements during silent reading

The present study examined lexical stress in the context of silent reading by measuring eye movements. We asked whether lexical stress registers in the eye movement record and, if so, why. The study also tested the implicit prosody hypothesis, or the idea that readers construct a prosodic contour during silent reading. Participants read high and low frequency target words with one or two stressed syllables embedded in sentences. Lexical stress affected eye movements, such that words with two stressed syllables took longer to read and received more fixations than words with one stressed syllable. Findings offer empirical support for the implicit prosody hypothesis and suggest that stress assignment may be the completing phase of lexical access, at least in terms of eye movement control.
Use of MicroRNA Expression Levels to Predict Outcomes in Resected Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: Despite undergoing curative resection, nearly a third of patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) die of recurrent disease. There are no reliable clinical or molecular predictors of relapse in patients with resected stage I NSCLC. Identifying patients at risk for relapse after surgical resection is one of the important challenges today. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate hundreds of genes central to maintaining a cancer phenotype. Methods: In an exploratory study, we determined whether expression of six miRNAs (let-7a, miR-7, miR-21, miR-155, miR-210, and miR-221) previously reported to correlate with invasiveness or outcome in various human malignancies were associated with tumor recurrence in patients with resected stage I NSCLC. We measured expression of these miRNAs in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from both tumor and matched normal lung in a set of 46 patients with surgically resected T1 or T2 stage I NSCLC. Results: Averaged triplicate data showed that tumors which recurred had 0.14-fold lower miR-221 expression than those which did not recur ( p = 0.0036). In addition, increased miR-221in tumor tissue when compared with adjacent normal appearing lung in the same patient also correlated with nonrecurrence ( p = 0.0011). Parallel measurement of expression of selected downstream target genes regulated by miR-221, specifically, CDKN1B , CDKN1C , paralemmin-2, and CXCL12 , showed a near significant ( p = 0.0522) down-regulation of CDKN1C in tumors of patients with no recurrent disease, consistent with increased miR-221 activity in the same group. Conclusion: If confirmed in prospective studies, miRNA expression in resected NSCLC could potentially identify those at high risk of relapse after surgery.
A hydrodynamic theory of ion conductance through ohmic pores.

Abstract A method of calculating the size of membrane pores lacking strong ionic selectivity is presented. By treating the flow of ions through a small channel as a hydrodynamic phenomenon, the electrical conductance becomes a function of the ratio of ion radius to channel radius. Thus when both the channel conductance and the ion size are known, the radius of the channel may be estimated. The method gives good agreement among radii predicted from conductances of four different alkali cations in alamethicin pores.
Photic-stimulation in three species of baboons.

Abstract A high percentage of baboons of the species Papio papio have presented evidence of photomyoclonic epilepsy (2, 3 and 4). Four of the first group of 10 from Senegal (tested in the laboratories of Dr. R. Naquet, C.N.R.S.-I.N.P. 3, Marseille, France) presented characteristic clinical and electroencephalographic signs of the syndrome (2). Later, a series including 40 animals of similar origin was described (3) in which 24 of 40 showed EEG and motor paroxysmal responses on the first test and 5 additional showed the syndrome on subsequent tests. A study of 100 Papio papio in Dakar and at the supplier's station in Kaolack, Senegal, revealed that the first exposure to light flickering at the critical frequency resulted in abnormal paroxysmal activity in 60% of the animals which had no history of dietary change, shipping stress, pharmacological intervention and the like (4). The present study represents an investigation into the inherent nature of this photosensitivity in the baboon by analysis of response to flickering light of randomly selected animals from a closed colony of Papio papio maintained at the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education and interbred through generations over a period of 20 years in captivity. These were compared to baboons of two other species (Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus) living in the same environment in San Antonio but of African origin. The animals were made available through the courtesy of Drs. Harold Vagtborg, director of the Foundation, and Robert Hummer, Director, Division of Animal Resources.
Position dependent responses to discontinuities in the retinal determination network

The development of any cell and/or tissue is dependent upon interconnections between several signaling pathways and myriad transcription factors. It is becoming more apparent that these inputs are best studied, not as individual components, but rather as elements of a gene regulatory network. Over the last decade several networks governing the specification of single cells, individual organs and entire stages of development have been described. The current incarnations of these networks are the products of the continual addition of newly discovered genetic, molecular and biochemical interactions. However, as currently envisaged, network diagrams may not sufficiently describe the spatial and temporal dynamics that underlie developmental processes. We have conducted a developmental analysis of a sub circuit of the Drosophila retinal determination network. This sub circuit is comprised of three genes, two (sine oculis and dachshund) of which code for DNA binding proteins and one (eyes absent) that encodes a transcriptional co-activator. We demonstrate here that the nature of the regulatory relationships that exist between these three genes changes as retinal development progresses. We also demonstrate that the response of the tissue to the loss of any of these three RD genes is dependent upon the position of the mutant cells within the eye field. Depending upon its location, mutant tissue will either overproliferate itself or will signal to surrounding cells instructing them to propagate and compensate for the eventual loss through apoptosis of the mutant clone. Taken together these results suggest that the complexities of development are best appreciated when spatial and temporal information is incorporated when describing gene regulatory networks.
On the interpretation and classification of mesoscale cyclones from satellite infrared imagery

Abstract Subjective interpretation of cloud imagery is commonly used to identify mesoscale cyclones in cold air streams (mesocyclones) over the southern oceans. To determine mesocyclone attributes, and evaluate the classification of their cloud vortex signatures, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP) Infrared (IR) imagery is analysed for selected transition and winter season months of 1988 and 1989. Mesocyclones occupy a statistically smaller size range compared with synoptic scale ( frontal) vortices, and have maximum frequencies of occurrence in transition season months. The mesocyclone classification scheme separates the different signature types most reliably in winter, which is also the season when they are most frequently represented on hemispheric-scale synoptic chart analyses. Characteristic patterns of cloud form and level associated with vortex types, provide insights into mesocyclone dynamics that are now being evaluated using microwave techniques.
Quenching and radiation rates of CO (a 3Π)

Abstract A photon-excited afterglow experiment in CO2 and helium yields an average radiative lifetime of 7.5 ± 1 msec for the CO(a 3Π) ν′ = 0 level. The quenching rate in CO2 is 1.2 ± 0.2 × 1011 cm3/sec.
Studies on transmural potentials in vitro in relation to intestinal absorption I. Apparent michaelis constants for Na+-dependent sugar transport

Abstract The transmural potential difference (PD) measured, in vitro, with paired everted sacs or sections of the intact wall of rat small intestine is strongly influenced by the concentration of Na+ in the mucosal medium and the presence and concentration of various sugars. As others have also found, the addition of actively transported sugars causes a rapid increase of PD to a new stable value: addition of other sugars and related compounds causes a decrease. It has now been found that the effect of graded concentrations of actively transported sugars on PD is suggestive of a saturation phenomenon which can be interpreted in terms of a postulated ternary interaction of sugar and Na+ with a mobile carrier in the brush border membrane. PD and the short-circuit current (Isc) are linearly related, stable and dependent upon the concentration of Na+ in the medium, and changes in transmural potential (ΔPD) induced by sugar can be taken as a measure of the rate of sugar-dependent entry of Na+ into the intestinal epithelial cell. Plots of I/ΔPD vs. I /sugar concentration yield straight lines from which values of apparent Km (KPDS) and vmax (ΔPDmax) for D -glucose and 6-deoxy- D -glucose have been extrapolated. The results are discussed in relation to a current hypothesis of Na+-dependent transport.
Optimal foldover plans for mixed-level fractional factorial designs

Reversing plus and minus signs of one or more factors is the traditional method to fold over two-level fractional factorial designs. However, when factors in the original design have more than two levels, the method of ‘reversing signs’ loses its efficacy. This article develops a mechanism to foldover designs involving factors with different numbers of levels, say mixed-level designs. By exhaustive search we identify the optimal foldover plans. The criterion used is the general balance metric, which can reveal the aberration properties of the combined designs (original design plus foldover). The optimal foldovers for some efficient mixed-level fractional factorial designs are provided for practical use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gendered Mental Disorders: Masculine and Feminine Stereotypes About Mental Disorders and Their Relation to Stigma

Research indicates that stereotypes can intersect. For example, the intersection of stereotypes about gender and mental disorders could result in perceptions of gendered mental disorders. In the current research, Studies 1 and 2 showed that people view specific disorders as being masculine or feminine. The masculine stereotype included antisocial personality disorder, addictions, and paraphilias. The feminine stereotype included eating disorders, histrionic personality disorder, body dysmorphia, and orgasmic disorder. In both studies, the perception of disorders as masculine was positively correlated with stigma. Study 3 showed that the positive correlation between masculinity and stigma also occurred when examining specific symptoms rather than full mental disorders. The findings provide further evidence for the intersection of stereotypes and indicate a novel factor in the understanding of stigma.
Basement membrane diversity detected by monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Human fetal membranes or pepsin solubilized proteins thereof were used as immunogens in the production of monoclonal antibodies to basement membrane-associated components. Some of the antibodies obtained reacted with all basement membranes in indirect immunofluorescent-cent microscopy, others reacted with all epithelial but not with endothelial basement membranes, and yet other antibodies reacted only with certain epithelial basement membranes in these tests. The reactivities of the antibodies demonstrate that different basement membranes are (immuno)chemically different and contain unique components in addition to ubiquitous components such as type IV collagen and laminin
Pyrazinamide/rifampin induced acute autoimmune hepatits and thyroiditis: an unusual reaction

Pyrazinamide/rifampin induced acute autoimmune hepatits and thyroiditis: an unusual reaction
ent-Isopimarane diterpenoids of the leaves from Rabdosia forrestii.

Abstract Two new diterpenes, forrestin H, ent -isopimaran-8β, 15 R , 16-triol ( 1 ), forrestin I, ent -isopimaran-16-acetoxy-8β, 15 R -diol ( 2 ) and the acetonide derivative of forrestin H were isolated from the leaves of Rabdosia forrestii . The structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic analysis and of the modified Mosher's ( 1 H) method.
Pancreatic cancer: Nursing challenges

Abstract Although pancreatic cancer is not a common tumor, the care of the person with pancreatic cancer is complex, particularly when the pancreas is resected. Nursing care can make a difference in a patient's recovery and in rehabilitation. There is a need for more documentation of the needs of this population both from clinicians who care tor persons with pancreatic cancer and from researchers. A particular need for research is in the area of preoperative cognitive and psychomotor assessment of patients undergoing resection, and their postoperative adjustment. Since this tumor is rare, such documentation could best be accomplished by multi-institutional collaboration.
An automated curriculum development process for navy technical training

The need to contain the rising costs associated with the production of goods and services has posed challenges for instructional design professionals. This problem is particularly acute within the U.S. Navy’s training commands. The outcome of this challenge has been Navy-sponsored research and development in computeraided instructional design. This article describes some of these efforts.
Translocon-independent intracellular replication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires the ADP-ribosylation domain of ExoS

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a significant cause of human morbidity and mortality, uses a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector toxins into host cells. We previously reported that P. aeruginosa uses ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPr) activity of the T3SS effector ExoS for intracellular replication. T3SS translocon (ΔpopB)-mutants, which can export, but not translocate effectors across host membranes, retained intracellular replication. We hypothesized that secreted effectors mediate translocon-independent intracellular replication. Translocon mutants of PAO1 lacking one or more of its three known effectors (ExoS, ExoT and ExoY) were used. All translocon mutants, irrespective of effectors expressed, localized to intracellular vacuoles. Translocon-effector null mutants and translocon-exoS mutants showed defective intracellular replication. Mutants in exoT, exoY or both replicated as efficiently as translocon mutants expressing all effectors. Complementation of translocon-effector null mutants with native exoS or a membrane localization domain mutant of exoS, but not the ADPr mutant exoS (pUCPexoSE381D), restored intracellular replication, correlating with increased bacteria per vacuole. Thus, P. aeruginosa is capable of intravacuolar replication that requires ExoS ADPr activity, but not the translocon. These data suggest that T3SS effectors can participate in pathogenesis without translocon-mediated translocation across host membranes, and that intracellular bacteria can contribute to P. aeruginosa pathogenesis within epithelial cells.
Too little, but not too late? Health reform in rural China and the limits of experimentalism

This article provides a preliminary evaluation of health care reforms in rural China, with particular focus on villagers’ perceptions of the quality of care and the rural health insurance programme. Based on semi-structured interviews and an original survey of villagers in three provinces, this study suggests that, although recent reforms may have somewhat reduced the out-of-pocket cost of catastrophic illness, rural health systems continue to suffer from serious deficiencies. By examining villagers’ perceptions of health care, this article argues that initial conditions and incentive structures interact with local policy styles to impede effective health care reform in rural China.
Combined use of preoperative provocative angiography and highly selective methylene blue injection to localize an occult small-bowel bleeding site in a patient with Crohn's disease: report of a case.

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Crohn’s disease presents both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The bleeding site may be difficult to localize preoperatively and multiple segments of gross disease can lead to uncertainty as to the precise source at the time of laparotomy. METHODS: We describe a patient with Crohn’s disease and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in whom the combined use of provocative angiography and highly selective methylene blue injection was used preoperatively to accurately identify the site of hemorrhage and direct bowel resection. RESULTS: Provocative angiography identified the bleeding point in the jejunum. Methylene blue, which had been injected distally into the bleeding vessel during angiography, stained the bowel wall at the bleeding site. Segmental bowel resection was subsequently performed and no further bleeding occurred during the 18-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of provocative angiography and highly selective methylene blue injection may aid in the preoperative and intraoperative localization of occult bleeding sites in patients with Crohn’s disease. This allows the bleeding lesion to be removed with a limited resection, thus preserving bowel length.
Induction of out-of-season spawning in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)

Abstract Simple environmental and hormonal treatments were used to induce out-of-season spawning in walleye Stizostedion vitreum up to 10 weeks prior to the normal reproductive season. Wild walleye were captured in the autumn, held in earthen ponds, and in late January, February, and March (approximately 10, 6, and 3 weeks prior to natural spawning), 16–20 female and 4–8 male walleye were recaptured and transferred to indoor tanks. Water temperature was raised from 2°C to 10°C over a one week period, and photoperiod held at 12 h light: 12 h dark. The females were injected with either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), des-Gly 10 [ d -Ala 6 ] LHRH-ethylamide (LHRHa), hCG and 17 α ,20 β -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P), or saline as a control. Each month, at least some females in each treatment group were successfully induced to ovulate. No control fish ovulated at any time. In January, hCG was the most effective treatment at inducing ovulation (3/5 fish). In February and March, all but one hormone-injected fish ovulated. In general, the eggs collected from fish treated with either hCG or LHRHa were of good quality with overall survival highest in hCG-treated fish. Eggs collected from 17,20-P-treated fish were small and had very low survival. In February and March, serum levels of estradiol-17 β and testosterone were different between fish treated with 17,20-P and those treated with either hCG or LHRHa. Out-of-season spawning could be used to provide walleye fry for intensive culture systems at multiple times of the year, thereby facilitating research on indoor fry culture. In addition, walleye fingerling production could be initiated as early as January, allowing public and private hatcheries to produce larger age-0 walleye fingerlings for stocking than would otherwise be possible.
Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Ostial Left Coronary Artery Stenosis

The diagnosis of ostial stenosis of the left main coronary artery is usually made by use of coronary angiography. However, positioning of the catheter across the obstruction may obscure this diagnosis during contrast injection. Although a damping of arterial pressure when the catheter enters the left coronary artery may suggest ostial stenosis, it may not be possible to make this diagnosis with certainty during cardiac catheterization. We report a series of four patients in whom the left coronary ostium and proximal left coronary arteries were visualized by means of transesophageal echocardiography. Both ostial narrowing by plaque and abnormally fast flow velocities were seen. In each case the echocardiographic findings contributed to the subsequent management of the patients. (J AM Soc ECHO 1990;3:367-73.)
Dynamic detuning in actively mode-locked semiconductor lasers

The authors describe a new limit on the achievable pulsewidth from actively mode-locked semiconductor lasers which is due to dynamic detuning. Dynamic detuning sets a higher limit on pulsewidth than the effects of finite gain bandwidth and dispersion, agreeing with experimental results which show pulsewidths much longer than expected if dynamic detuning is neglected. The dynamic detuning mechanism gives rise to the multiple-pulse output seen for all measurements of subpicosecond pulses and can lead to an unstable output waveform if a perfect antireflection coating is used. The analysis uses the traveling-wave rate equations to include a spatial variation in carrier and photon densities along the laser cavity and also includes the nonzero reflectivity on the antireflection-coated facet. The effects of phase at the antireflection-coated facet and dynamic carrier heating are included in the model. >
Characteristics and significance of the caches of eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana)

Caches from eastern woodrat ( Neotoma floridana ) dens were analyzed for plant-species composition, abundance, and energy content. Body mass and sex of den residents and the den volume were measured to determine correlations with energy content of caches. We found no difference between males and females in den volume or energy content of caches. However, a positive correlation existed between body mass of the cache owner and the amount of energy stored in the cache, such that larger individuals had a disproportionately greater reserve of energy stored in caches than did smaller individuals. The disparity suggests that small individuals are forced to forage outside the den more often than large individuals.
Simulation techniques for the QAM codes

A microcomputer-based simulation facility built to investigate the performance of bandwidth-efficient quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) codes is described. The author explores the computer simulation methodology for the primary rate integrated services digital network (ISDN). The management of large databases which hold the specific details of the subscriber loop plants and the electrical characteristics, of the cables constituting the segments of the loop are emphasized. Postprocessing of the data bases which hold the simulation results for loops in national databases is also explored. Systematic depiction of significant cluster noises in QAM signals is also presented: cross-comparing the system performance under various design options is thus feasible. >
Neural Network Control of Unknown Nonlinear Systems

A method for using neural networks to control unknown dynamic systems is presented. The method can be regarded as an adaptive controller for time-invariant nonlinear systems with completely unknown dynamics, except for the system order. A backpropagation neural network is used to model the unknown nonlinear system on-line, based on a functional representation relating plant inputs to plant outputs. The same neural network is used to generate the control signals given the measurements of the current states and the desired values of future states. Although a backpropagation network with supervised learning is used, the training is based on measurement data obatined during the system operation, so that there is no need for an outside "teacher" telling the neural controller about the correct control signals.
Robustness and efficiency properties of scatter matrices

The robustness and efficiency properties of likelihood ratio tests for functions of the population covariance matrix are studied. An alternative class of tests based upon affineinvariant M-estimates of scatter is proposed whenever the function of the covariance matrix is invariant under a common scale change. For such inferences, it is shown that a single scalar-valued index of efficiency is sufficient.
Hyperfractionated craniospinal radiation therapy for primitive neuroectodermal tumors: results of a phase II study

Abstract Purpose: To report the results of a Phase II study of hyperfractionated craniospinal radiation therapy, with and without adjuvant chemotherapy for primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors (PNETs) and malignant ependymomas. Methods and Materials: Newly diagnosed PNET or malignant ependymomas were treated with hyperfractionated craniospinal radiation therapy. The primary tumor site was treated to a dose of 72 Gy, with 30 Gy given to the rest of the craniospinal axis. The fraction size was 1.0 Gy, given twice a day. Patients with poor risk factors also received adjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU, cisplatin, and vincristine. Patients had follow-up for survival, time to tumor progression, and patterns of relapse. Results: A total of 39 patients (21 males/18 females) were treated between March 12, 1990 and October 29, 1992. The median age was 16 years (range 3–59 years). Tumor types included 25 medulloblastomas, 5 pineoblastomas, 5 cerebral PNETs, 1 spinal cord PNET, and 3 malignant ependymomas. Twenty cases were staged as poor-risk and received adjuvant chemotherapy following radiation. Three-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 60% and 63% for poor-risk and good-risk patients, respectively. Overall 3-year survival for these groups was 70% and 79%, respectively. For the 25 patients with medulloblastoma, there were 16 good-risk and 9 poor-risk patients. Three-year PFSs were 63% and 56%, respectively. The 5-year survival for good-risk medulloblastoma was 69% with 43.7% of these patients having failures outside the primary site. Conclusions: Survival in patients with good-risk medulloblastoma was no better than that seen in previous studies with single-fraction radiation, and the rate of failure outside the primary site is excessive. Those with poor-risk features had comparable survival to that seen in patients with good risk factors, but these patients were treated with chemotherapy, and the role that hyperfractionated radiation played in their outcome is uncertain.
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons regulate epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion

Brain stimulation or activation of certain reflexes can result in differential activation of the two populations of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells: those secreting either epinephrine or norepinephrine, suggesting that they are controlled by different central sympathetic networks. In urethan-chloralose-anesthetized rats, we found that antidromically identified adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) were excited by stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) with either a short (mean: 29 ms) or a long (mean: 129 ms) latency. The latter group of adrenal SPNs were remarkably insensitive to baroreceptor reflex activation but strongly activated by the glucopenic agent 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), indicating their role in regulation of adrenal epinephrine release. In contrast, adrenal SPNs activated by RVLM stimulation at a short latency were completely inhibited by increases in arterial pressure or stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve, were unaffected by 2-DG administration, and are presumed to govern the discharge of adrenal norepinephrine-secreting chromaffin cells. These findings of a functionally distinct preganglionic innervation of epinephrine- and norepinephrine-releasing adrenal chromaffin cells provide a foundation for identifying the different sympathetic networks underlying the differential regulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla in response to physiological challenges and experimental stimuli.