cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal pharyngeal distention — Is it a normal component of fetal swallowing?

Fetal swallowing is one of the main mechanisms of amniotic fluid circulation. Swallowing mechanisms were studied in 34 healthy fetuses using modern ultrasound technology. The fetal lips and mouth, as well as tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea and esophagus were surveyed in serial sagittal planes. Fetal swallowing movements were recorded and subsequently analyzed from the videotapes. All neonates were born at term in a satisfactory condition. Twenty-nine infants were breastfed, and five were bottle fed. No feeding problems were reported in these neonates. In 85% of fetuses, swallowing activity started with suckling movements followed by wide opening of the mouth. Next, low frequency tongue movements propelled the fluid bolus into the hypopharynx. In 15% of fetuses, this activity was associated with prolonged pharyngeal dilatation. Prolonged pharyngeal dilatation does not signify fetal neurological compromise as judged by good neonatal outcome and probably represents a normal variant of fetal swallowing.
The Social Nature of Demeanor

Goffman argues that individuals offer themselves to the group through well demeanored appearance for which they are granted deference. In this paper, I try to expand Goffman's insights by focusing directly on demeanor itself. From observations in Intensive Care Units, I find that demeanor is an achievement, a cooperative social accomplishment, and a form of deference. It is normatively a working ideal by which individuals gain acceptance as competent group members. A well de-meanored appearance makes interaction more pleasant; it permits others to antici pate that one will try to conform to interactional norms; it facilitates whatever task is at hand; it validates the deference that an individual grants; and it is itself a form of deference. It does not remain the responsibility of the individual, and we must therefore examine how groups constitute individuals. From the analysis, I derive explanations of the level of demeanor in a given setting, and propositions predicting the behavior of individuals within a setting.
New Models from Old: Forecasting Product Adoption by Hierarchical Bayes Procedures

A method for obtaining early forecasts for the sales of new durable products based on Hierarchical Bayes procedures is presented. The Bass model is implemented within this framework by using a nonlinear regression approach. The linear regression model has been shown to have numerous shortcomings. Two stages of prior distributions use sales data from a variety of dissimilar new products. The first prior distribution describes the variation among the parameters of the products, and the second prior distribution expresses the uncertainty about the hyperparameters of the first prior. Before observing sales data for a new product launch, the forecasts are the expectation of the first stage prior distribution. As sales data become available, the forecasts adapt to the unique features of the product. Early forecasting and the adaptive capability are the two major payoffs from using Hierarchical Bayes procedures. This contrasts with other estimation approaches which either use a linear model or provide reasonable forecasts only after the inflection point of the time series of the sales. The paper also indicates how the Hierarchical Bayes procedure can be extended to include exogenous variables.
Vision Screening for Children 36 to <72 Months: Recommended Practices

ABSTRACTPurposeThis article provides recommendations for screening children aged 36 to younger than 72 months for eye and visual system disorders. The recommendations were developed by the National Expert Panel to the National Center for Children’s Vision and Eye Health, sponsored by Prevent Blindne
Conductivity Studies of Suspension Systems in Different States of Aggregation

The electrical conductivity effects of dispersed, coagulated, and flocculated systems were investigated using sulfamerazine powder, an insoluble, hydrophobic drug to prepare the suspension systems. For the dispersed systems, a peak in conductivity was observed at a drug concentration between 5 and 15%. The critical coagulating concentration was defined as the concentration of drug at which a maximum in specific conductance was observed. At this concentration, a maximum number of charged particles were in the system. Coagulated suspensions showed higher conductance values than the dispersed systems at equivalent concentrations; however, the critical coagulating concentration value appeared to be the same. For flocculated suspensions there was an increase in conductance with drug concentration with no perceptible peak conductance value.
The breeding system of wild red ruffed lemurs ( Varecia rubra ): a preliminary report

Captive studies have shown that ruffed lemurs (Varecia) have an unusual suite of reproductive traits combined with extremely high maternal reproductive costs. These traits include the bearing of litters, nesting of altricial young, and absentee parenting. To characterize the breeding system of this enigmatic lemur, reproductive traits must be contextualized in the wild. Here, I provide a preliminary report of mating and infant care in one community of wild red ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra). Observations span a 15-month period covering two birth seasons and one mating season on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Factors that are not possible to replicate in captivity are reported, such as mating pattern, natality and mortality rates, the location of nests within the home range, and the structuring of infant care within a natural community. V. rubra at Andranobe have a fission-fusion, multifemale-multimale grouping pattern and a polygamous mating system. They do not mate monogamously or live strictly in family-based groups as suggested by previous workers. During the first 2 months of life, nests and infant stashing localities are situated within each mother’s respective core area, and inhabitants of each core area within the communal home range provide care for young. As part of their absentee parenting system, infants are left in concealed, protected, and supportive spots high in the canopy, while mothers travel distantly. This practice is termed ‘infant stashing’. Alloparenting appears to be an integral part of V. rubra’s overall reproductive strategy in the wild, as it was performed by all age-sex classes. Among the alloparental behaviors observed were infant guarding, co-stashing, infant transport, and allonursing. Alloparenting and absentee parenting may mitigate high maternal reproductive costs. Furthermore, V. rubra may have a breeding system in which genetic partners (i.e., mating partners) do not always correspond to infant care-providers. Combined with recently available information on the behavioral ecology of wild ruffed lemurs, this preliminary report suggests directions for in-depth studies on Varecia’s breeding system.
Abnormal fibroblast microtubule response in familial Alzheimer disease

There is increasing evidence that cytoskeletal changes, in particular perturbation of the microtubule (MT) system, play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). The reappearance of the cytoplasmic MT network following treatment with the MT disrupting agent colchicine was investigated in commercially available (Human Genetic Cell Repository, Camden, NJ) fibroblasts derived from 11 patients with familial AD and 11 controls. The AD cells revealed a significant delay in the reappearance of that network following release from treatment with colchicine. Further research with larger samples is needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this finding for AD as well as research into the underlying bases for the observed differences.
Optical requirements for projection lithography

Abstract An image modulation criterion is proposed as a simple optical performance parameter for lithography using positive photoresist. The modulation, or contrast, is defined in terms of the maximum and minimum intensity in the image of a line/space pattern as (IMAX − IMIN)/(IMAX + IMIN). For lithography directly on integrated circuit wafers, a contrast in the range of 80–90% gives acceptable linewidth control. Universal curves are derived showing image contrast for diffraction-limited optical systems with partially coherent illumination and including defocus error. The allowable defocus is derived as a function of the contrast requirement and pattern linewidth. Based on these optical considerations, and the properties of positive photoresists, the useful resolution of state-of-the-art projection systems are shown to be in the neighborhood of 1.25 μm, and progress to a useful resolution of about 0.5 μm is forseeable.
Prebiotic chemistry in clouds

In the traditional concept for the origin of life as proposed by Oparin and Haldane in the 1920s, prebiotic reactants became slowly concentrated in the primordial oceans and life evolved slowly from a series of highly protracted chemical reactions during the first billion years of Earth's history. However, chemical evolution may not have occurred continuously because planetesimals and asterioids impacted the Earth many times during the first billion years, may have sterilized the Earth, and required the process to start over. A rapid process of chemical evolution may have been required in order that life appeared at or before 3.5 billion years ago. Thus, a setting favoring rapid chemical evolution may be required. A chemical evolution hypothesis set forth by Woese in 1979 accomplished prebiotic reactions rapidly in droplets in giant atmospheric reflux columns. However, in 1985 Scherer raised a number of objections to Woese's hypothesis and concluded that it was not valid. We propose a mechanism for prebiotic chemistry in clouds that satisfies Scherer's concerns regarding the Woese hypothesis and includes advantageous droplet chemistry.
ON BEING OUTSIDE ‘THE PROJECT’

For feminists, it is moral and political, rather than scientific discussion that has served as the paradigm - though a problematic one - of rational discourse. Sandra Harding (1986: 251)
Photoelastic Analysis of Plates Subjected to Restrained Shrinkage

Techniques have been developed to cast photoelastic materials in molds or about inserts and allow them to bond at the interfaces or remain free, at will. The birefringence associated with the restrained shrinkage developed in the process of curing can be analyzed in a polariscope. This paper deals with the stress-and-strain problems that can be studied using this method and with the interpretation to be given to the results obtained. To solve two-dimensional problems, it is suggested that a method be used to minimize the “pinching” effect or restrained shrinkage transverse to the plate plane at bonded boundaries. Applications to plates of complicated shapes with several discontinuities, with and without inserts, are shown.
Treatment of an Oil/Grease Wastewater Using Ultrafiltration: Pilot-Scale Results

Abstract Wastewater containing about 0.5% oil and grease (O/G) from a metal industry was treated by tubular ultrafiltration using membranes having a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 120,000 and a negative surface charge (P membrane) and of 100,000 and no surface charge (M membrane). Permeate flux decreased dramatically during the first several hours of operation and then leveled-off for the remainder of semibatch operation. The average P membrane flux was significantly higher than the M membrane (38 versus 27 gal/ft 2.d) because of its higher MWCO and negative surface charge. Increasing the transmembrane pressure and crosstlow velocity increased the permeate flux for both membranes. O/G concentrations less than 50 mg/L and total suspended solids (TSS) levels less than 25 mg/L were common for both membranes. O/G removal efficiencies (rejections) averaged 98% for the M membrane and 97% for the P membrane. TSS rejections were approximately 97% for both membranes. Effluent O/G concentration and turbidity fro...
Thermal conductivity of nineteen igneous rocks, II estimation of the thermal conductivity of rock from the mineral and chemical compositions☆

Abstract The experimental study given in part I of this paper has demonstrated that the effect of rock texture on thermal conductivity is negligibly small for nonporous, macroscopically isotropic and homogeneous rocks. The thermal conductivity of such rock is essentially determined by volume fractions of constituent rock-forming minerals. Schemes are developed to estimate thermal conductivity of igneous rocks from mineral and chemical compositions.
Previous cesarean section and risk of urinary tract injury during laparoscopic hysterectomy: a meta-analysis.

Today laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) can be performed safely and effectively, even for women with a previous history of cesarean section (CS). However, it is unclear whether the risk of urinary tract injury increases with previous CS during LH. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for all studies on previous history of CS and risk of urinary tract injuries during and after LH. Reference lists of the identified studies, reviews, and other relevant publications were also searched. Urinary tract injuries or related complications were the outcomes of interest. Meta-analysis was conducted using an inverse-variance weighted random-effects model. A total of 7 studies including 3,191 patients were identified in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled relative risk (RR) and the corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) of urinary tract injury were 3.48 (1.86–6.50) for previous CS compared with no previous CS. However, only two studies reported sufficient data on ureteral injury, and the combined RR was 1.83 (95 % CI 0.19–17.26). All seven studies reported the outcomes of bladder injury, and the pooled RR was 3.75 (95 % CI 1.96–7.17). Stratified analyses showed a basically consistent result with the overall analysis except for that by 1–2 times of previous CS (RR 2.32, 95 % CI 0.56–9.56). Previous CS is significantly associated with development of bladder injury during LH. No significant association was found yet between previous CS and risk of ureteral injury. Given the limited number of studies, more future studies are required to confirm the associations.
Chemical and mechanical properties of UV-cured nanoimprint resists and release layer interactions

UV-curable nanoimprint resist characteristics and performance are key to controlling resist-related defects formed during template removal due to cohesive failure and strong resist-template adhesion. The debonding process is governed by both the chemical bonds that form between the template and the resist during cure, and by the structure of the resist itself which determines its elastic-plastic response under load. To gain insight to contributions from resist composition to the debonding process we examine the connection between mechanical and chemical properties of a family of methacrylate polyfunctionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (mPSS) containing resists to their adhesion to fluoroalkyl silane release layers. We also survey debonding of one of the mPSS formulations, an acrylate formulation and a vinyl ether formulation from as series of metal oxide and metal nitride release layers. The results show that while intrinsic storage modulus of a cured material is important, interfacial segregation of reactants in fluid resists can influence adhesive properties as well. The metal-containing release layers are shown to have generally much lower adhesion to cured resists than does a fluoroalkyl silane release layer. They present a useful alternative for template release treatments.
Treatment effects monitoring committees and early stopping in large clinical trials.

Background Treatment effects monitoring is a process carried out over the course of a trial to determine whether it should continue unaltered. The purpose of monitoring is to protect persons enroll...
Noise in one-dimensional diffusion models

Abstract The low-frequency voltage noise for charged particlesm moving in one-dimensional system in which the motion is dominated by thermally activated hopping over defect-induced barriers is determined. This is a model for certain ionic conductors. The low-frequency noise is anomalous and diverges if there is a significant distribution of high barriers.
The formation, transport properties and microstructure of 45° [001] grain boundaries induced by epitaxy modification in YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films

Abstract Tilt grain-boundary junctions with a 45° [001] misorientation were formed in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) thin films grown by pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy on (100) MgO substrates. The junctions were introduced at predetermined locations due to a modification of the orientation relation between the thin film and substrate following a low-energy argon ion irradiation of specific areas of the substrate surface prior to film deposition. Rutherford backscatter spectrometry and certain surface features observed by atomic force microscopy indicate that implantation of ions is necessary to cause the modified epitaxy. The low-temperature transport characteristics of individual isolated grain boundaries were determined by electromagnetic characterizations of the junction behavior. The same grain boundaries were examined by transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy and it was found that the boundaries are for the most part free of precipitates and well structured at the atomic scale. Regardless of the average grain boundary inclination, asymmetric (110)(100) facets dominate the microstructure of the junctions. Possible mechanisms for epitaxy modification and the transport properties in relation to the observed microstructure are discussed.
Impact of data distribution on the parallel performance of iterative linear solvers with emphasis on CFD of incompressible flows

A parallel data structure that gives optimized memory layout for problems involving iterative solution of sparse linear systems is developed, and its efficient implementation is presented. The proposed method assigns a processor to a problem subdomain, and sorts data based on the shared entries with the adjacent subdomains. Matrix---vector-product communication overhead is reduced and parallel scalability is improved by overlapping inter-processor communications and local computations. The proposed method simplifies the implementation of parallel iterative linear equation solver algorithms and reduces the computational cost of vector inner products and matrix---vector products. Numerical results demonstrate very good performance of the proposed technique.
Hair Follicle Nevus: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The study of hair follicle tumors can be confusing, and hair follicle nevi are no exception. Analogous lesions frequently have divergent appellations. We evaluated the English-language literature on hair follicle nevi and histologic equivalents from 1921 to 1994. In addition, we reviewed four standard dermatopathology textbooks for further examples. We found 20 published valid cases of hair follicle nevi. Two of the cases were called congenital vellus hamartoma. Hair follicle nevi are rare, benign, often congenital hamartomas composed of multiple vellus hairs. They are typically on the face. We present an infant girl with a hair follicle nevus and review the histologic features and nomenclature of the lesion.
Effect or temperature on red cell survival in the alligator.

SummaryImmature American alligators were maintained at temperatures of 16°-17°C or 31°-32°C for periods of 6 to 7 months. Red cell life spans were measured with P32 or tritium labelled diisopropylfluorophosphate. Calculated red cell life spans corrected for changes in total red cell volume were prolonged by a factor of at least 3 at the lower temperature. Erythropoiesis was markedly depressed at low environmental temperature.
Dansyl-containing fluorogenic calixarenes as optical chemosensors of hazardous metal ions: a mini-review

Fluorescent chemosensors serve as an efficient tool for selective detection of toxic metal ions (Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, etc.) in the environment. This review is focused on optical metal ion recognition with employment of calixarene-based sensors containing one or more dansyl fluorophore groups. The effect of structural variations, including the mode of dansyl unit attachment, calixarene scaffold type and conformation, as well as the identity and pattern of upper- and lower-rim substituents on the selectivity and sensitivity of these fluoroionophores towards hazardous metal ions is discussed.
Catalytic hydroliquefaction of North Dakota lignite part I. Effects of process variables on product distribution

Abstract Finely ground North Dakota lignite slurried in anthracene oil was hydrogenated in a continuous stirred tank reactor in the presence of a cobalt-molybdenum catalyst. Effects on product distribution of process variables such as H 2 pressure, temperature, space time, lignite concentration in anthracene oil, and catalyst concentration have been investigated. Results indicate that 80% of maf lignite can be converted into gaseous and liquid products with an oil yield of about 35% on the same basis.
Synthesis and screening of a random dimeric peptide library using the one-bead-one-dimer combinatorial approach.

Large combinatorial libraries of random peptides have been used for a variety of applications that include analysis of protein−protein interactions, epitope mapping, and drug targeting. The major obstacle in screening these libraries is the loss of specific but low affinity binding peptides during washing steps. Loss of these specific binders often results in isolation of peptides that bind nonspecifically to components used in the selection process. Previously, it has been demonstrated that dimerizing or multimerizing a peptide can remarkably improve its binding kinetics by 10- to 1000-fold due to an avidity effect. To take advantage of this observation, we constructed a random library of 12 amino acid dimeric peptides on polyethylene glycol acrylamide (PEGA) beads by modifying the ‘one-bead−one-compound' approach. The chemical synthesis of 100 000 peptides as dimers can be problematic due to steric and aggregation effects and the presence of many peptide sequences that are difficult to synthesize. We ha...
Alhazen, Leonardo, and the late-medieval speculation on the inversion of images in the eye.

Summary No one before Platter and Kepler proposed retinal reception of an inverted visual image. The dominant tradition in visual theory, especially that of Alhazen and his Western followers, subordinated the intra-ocular geometry of visual rays to the requirement for an upright image and to preconceptions about the precise nature of the visual spirit and its part in vision. Henry of Langenstein and an anonymous glossator in the late Middle Ages proposed alternatives to Alhazen, including the suggestion of double inversion of the image. Leonardo da Vinci was aware of both Alhazen's theory and Henry's contradiction, but perhaps not of the anonymous hypothesis of double inversion. Leonardo's visual ‘theory’ has more the character of a critique than of a theoretical alternative, and he did not transcend the medieval concept of visual spirit.
Matroids over fp which are rational excluded minors

For a given prime p, we construct a collection of 2p matroids Gp,a with (1) ?pf(Gp,a)={p}, and (2) Gp,a is an excluded minor for rational representability. The motivating construction (Section 2) disproves a conjectures of Reid 4, using relatively high-rank, high cardinality matroids. The general construction (Section 3) makes use of ordered partitions (?pf(G) denotes the prime-field characteristic set of G, i.e., the set of prime fields over which G may be represented, while G can be represented over fields of no other characteristic.) Finally, Section 4 offers another construction with the same properties?a kind of projective dual to Section 2.
"Fatal attractions" of proteins. A comprehensive hypothetical mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abnormal protein-protein interactions that result in the formation of intracellular and extracellular aggregates of proteinacious fibrils are common neuropathological features of many, albeit diverse, neurodegenerative disorders, such as sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion encephalopathies. Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that abnormal protein-protein interactions and/or the lesions that result from the aggregation of pathological protein fibrils could play a mechanistic role in the dysfunction and death of neurons or glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we propose that "fatal attractions" between brain proteins are the key pathological events underlying Alzheimer's disease and a large number of other seemingly diverse neurodegenerative disorders. This hypothesis predicts that the abnormal interaction between normal brain proteins alters their conformation and promotes the assembly of these pathological conformers into filaments that progressively accumulate as intracellular or extracellular fibrous deposits in the central nervous system. Further, the transformation of the normal proteins into pathological conformers is predicted to result in losses of critical functions, and the disease proteins or their progressive accumulation into filamentous aggregates are predicted to acquire neurotoxic properties, all of which culminate in the dysfunction and death of affected brain cells. Thus, the "fatal attractions" hypothesis describes a plausible unifying mechanism that accounts for the onset/progression of Alzheimer's disease and a large number of other seemingly unrelated neurodegenerative disorders characterized neuropathologically by filamentous brain lesions formed by different proteins.
Spatial Query Integrity with Voronoi Neighbors

With the popularity of location-based services and the abundant usage of smart phones and GPS-enabled devices, the necessity of outsourcing spatial data has grown rapidly over the past few years. Meanwhile, the fast arising trend of cloud storage and cloud computing services has provided a flexible and cost-effective platform for hosting data from businesses and individuals, further enabling many location-based applications. Nevertheless, in this database outsourcing paradigm, the authentication of the query results at the client remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we focus on the Outsourced Spatial Database (OSDB) model and propose an efficient scheme, called VN-Auth, which allows a client to verify the correctness and completeness of the result set. Our approach is based on neighborhood information derived from the Voronoi diagram of the underlying spatial data set and can handle fundamental spatial query types, such as k nearest neighbor and range queries, as well as more advanced query types like reverse k nearest neighbor, aggregate nearest neighbor, and spatial skyline. We evaluated VN-Auth based on real-world data sets using mobile devices (Google Droid smart phones with Android OS) as query clients. Compared to the current state-of-the-art approaches (i.e., methods based on Merkle Hash Trees), our experiments show that VN-Auth produces significantly smaller verification objects and is more computationally efficient, especially for queries with low selectivity.
Evaluation of a new super-long-pulsed 810 nm diode laser for the removal of unwanted hair: the concept of thermal damage time.

background. Laser hair removal is based on the dual concepts of selective photothermolysis and thermal relaxation time. In most laser hair removal systems, light with emitted pulse durations of 2–50 msec targets hair follicles. A novel concept of laser hair removal uses the thermal damage time rather than the thermal relaxation time of the hair follicle. The follicle's thermal damage time is the amount of time required for diffusion of delivered laser energy from the treated hair to follicular-associated hair stem cells. This can range from 170 to 1000 msec. objective. To investigate the theory of thermal damage time, we performed a pilot study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and side effect profile of a modified 810 nm diode laser device operating in a super-long-pulse mode (200–1000 msec). methods. Ten female subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types I–VI received either one or two laser treatments at eight test sites. Super-long pulse durations of 200–1000 msec were evaluated with delivered fluences ranging from 23 to 115 J/cm2. Subjects were followed for 6 months after the first treatment. Subjects were evaluated for hair removal efficiency, optimal pulse duration and delivered fluence, and associated complication rate. results. The clinical results show that safe hair removal in all skin types can be accomplished with an 810 nm diode laser delivering super-long pulse durations. Pain and complications were greatest at the highest pulse duration (1000 msec) and the highest fluence (115 J/cm2). Optimal hair reduction at 6 months (31%) was achieved at a thermal diffusion time of 400 msec (46 J/cm2). conclusion. The super-long pulsed 810 nm diode laser can safely remove unwanted hair in a full variety of skin types. Pain and increased risk of complications may preclude the use of the laser at very high fluences and pulse duration in the range of 1000 msec.
A synopsis of present day practices concerning decision support systems

Abstract Selecting a decision support system that fits specific needs, both technically and financially, is a difficult task. The marketplace has been flooded with software bearing the “DSS” label. To provide a clearer picture, the article examines a number of popular DSS definitions and its development. DSS are broken into groups with similar characteristics to examine current software and applications. These groups include Personal Support Systems, DSS and Local Area Networks, DSS and Emulation, Timesharing Systems, Commercial Data Base Systems, and Integrated System. Within each group, current software and practices are reviewed. The potential buyer has the opportunity to compare DSS packages and possible applications. In addition, a list of important questions to ask when choosing DSS Software is included.
Brain-associated theta antigen: reactivity of rabbit anti-mouse brain with mouse lymphoid cells.

Abstract Immunization of rabbits with mouse brain (which is known to contain Θ antigen) results in a potent anti-Θ-like antiserum. This antiserum termed “anti-brain-associated Θ”, BAΘ, is cytotoxic to thymus cells but not marrow cells, inhibits the primary in vitro response to RBC, does not affect antibody-forming cells which are of marrow origin, and inhibits the graft-versus-host reaction. It serves as a convenient means of obtaining large quantities of anti-thymus antiserum.
Phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of avian sarcoma virus polypeptide p19

Abstract The major avian sarcoma virus phosphoprotein, p19, was found in virions in a phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated form. Both forms of p19 were immunoprecipitated with antiserum from hamsters bearing ASV-induced tumors, supporting previous claims that p19 is a viral RNA-encoded polypeptide. In addition, both forms contained the same methionine-labeled tryptic peptides. Antiserum raised against p27 was used to specifically immunoprecipitate [ 32 P]- or [ 32 S]methionine-labeled polypeptides from extracts of cells. A phosphoprotein which was specifically precipitated from extracts of infected cells comigrated with a similarly precipitated [ 35 S]methionine-labeled polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 76,000. Moreover, the 76,000 MW phosphoprotein contains the same tryptic phosphopeptide as p19. The significance of these observations is discussed.
An apolipoprotein CIII haplotype protective against hypertriglyceridemia is specified by promoter and 3' untranslated region polymorphisms.

Abstract Five DNA polymorphisms were detected in the promoter of the apolipoprotein CIII gene of a type III hyperlipidemic subject with severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). The polymorphic sites were C-641-->A, G-630--> A, T-625-->deletion, C-482-->T, and T-455-->C, with the previously reported base at each site designated allele 1 and the variant base designated allele 2. The sites were in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other and with a polymorphic Sst I site in the apolipoprotein CIII 3' untranslated region whose presence (S2 allele) has previously been shown to be associated with HTG. The distribution of haplotypes of the form -625 -482 Sst I among 78 normolipidemic adults and 79 adults with severe HTG was estimated by maximum likelihood analysis. The 211 haplotype was estimated to be 3.8-fold more common in normal subjects than in HTG subjects (estimated proportions, 0.186 and 0.049, respectively). This haplotype was associated with reduced HTG risk (relative risk, 0.28; P = 0.005) when compared with other haplotypes lacking the Sst I site (S1 allele). The 222 haplotype was estimated to be present on 48 of the 54 S2-containing chromosomes observed and was associated with increased risk for HTG (relative risk, 3.14; P < 0.0025). These results support the existence of apolipoprotein CIII promoter/Sst I haplotypes conferring either protection against or susceptibility to severe HTG.
Low‐Fat Ground Beef from Desinewed Shanks With Reincorporation of Processed Sinew

Six shank treatments (one at 7% and five at 10% fat) and two ground round controls (10 and 20% fat) were used to compare sensory properties of low-fat ground beef from shanks with and without sinew reincorporated. Five shank treatments were desinewed with a commercial de-sinewer; the other was whole ground shank. Four desinewed shank treatments had 7% flaked sinew reincorporated; the fifth had none. Patties with flaked sinew had more (P < 0.05) collagen than controls or those with desinewed shank only. Control patties had lower pH (P < 0.05) than shank patties (5.80 vs 6.07). Desinewed-shank patties had fewer (P < 0.05) connective tissue particles and were more (P < 0.05) juicy than whole-ground-shank patties. Shank patties were lighter red but less stable in color than the controls.
s-d Interaction in Transition Metals

S-D interaction in electronic band structure of transition metals represented by model Hamiltonian, treating copper band structure
The Relationship between Wind Speed and Precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ.

Abstract The relationship between wind speed and precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ is analyzed using 4 yr of daily Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) satellite passive microwave retrievals averaged over 2.5° boxes. Throughout the ITCZ, at high-column relative humidities (conditions under which deep convection is likely to occur), faster winds are associated with substantially more precipitation, explaining a small, but highly statistically significant fraction of daily rainfall variability. The slope of this relationship varies geographically and rapidly increases as the atmosphere becomes moister. Analysis of other data sources, including vector mean winds computed from QuikSCAT and area-averaged radar-derived precipitation estimates from Kwajalein Island, shows that the wind speed–precipitation correlation is robust. This relation provides a test of large-scale forecast models and insight into conceptual models of deep convection...
Detecting the Presence and Absence of Causal Relationships between Expression of Yeast Genes with Very Few Samples

Inference of biological networks from high-throughput data is a central problem in bioinformatics. Particularly powerful for network reconstruction is data collected by recent studies that contain both genetic variation information and gene expression profiles from genetically distinct strains of an organism. Various statistical approaches have been applied to these data to tease out the underlying biological networks that govern how individual genetic variation mediates gene expression and how genes regulate and interact with each other. Extracting meaningful causal relationships from these networks remains a challenging but important problem. In this paper we use causal inference techniques to infer the presence or absence of causal relationships between yeast gene expressions in the framework of graphical causal models. We evaluate our method using a well studied dataset consisting of both genetic variation information and gene expressions collected over yeast strains. Our predictions of causal regulators are consistent with previously known experimental evidence. In addition, our method can distinguish between direct and indirect effects of variation on a gene expression level.
Restraint alters temperature responses to cocaine in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The body temperature responses to intraperitoneal (IP) or intravenous (IV) cocaine in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were examined under restrained and freely moving conditions. Resting values for rectal temperature (RT), in ambient temperatures of 22–24°C, were significantly (p<0.01) higher in SHR than in WKY rats, under both restrained (39.19 ± 0.07 vs. 38.01 ± 0.06°C) and freely moving (39.39 ± 0.08 vs. 38.08 ± 0.06°C) conditions. Resting RT did not differ between restrained and freely moving conditions within a strain. An heterogeneity of RT response to both IV and IP cocaine was expressed by restraint in SHR. The SHR could be divided into animals which demonstrated hyperthermia to cocaine (SHRH) and those in which RT fell (SHRL). However, cocaine produced hyperthermia in all freely moving SHR, regardless of the route of administration. The effects of IV cocaine in restrained WKY rats were similar to those in freely moving SHR, whereas IP cocaine decreased RT in all restrained WKY rats. Under conditions of restraint, divergent RT responses to cocaine were demonstrated following IV and IP administration in WKY rats, but not in SHR. These results indicate that restraint stress can significantly modify the body temperature responses to acute cocaine administration in both SHR and WKY rats.
An automated procedure to measure DNA synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos

This paper describes a sensitive, reproducible, and automated procedure to measure DNA synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos. Conditions for the DNA synthesis assay have been optimized as follows: (1) 4 μCi/ml3H-thymidine (sp. act. 20 Ci/immole); (2) a labeling period from 2 to 7 hours; (3) a 3-hour preincubation period for blastocysts and from 0 to 7 hours preincubation for 8-cell embryos; and (4) from 1 to 64 embryos per assay. The amount of DNA synthesis per embryo was found to be directly proportional to the number of cells (nuclei) per embryo. The described assay should be useful for future studies on the effect of synthetic and natural compounds on the development of preimplantation mouse embryos, as measured by perturbations in embryonic DNA synthetic activity.
The relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in a metropolitan aggregate, 1989–1991

This paper presents the results of an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status in a metropolitan aggregate comprised of seven of the larger cities in Ohio during the three years centering on the 1990 census. Using a summary income score derived for the census tract of mother's usual residence, the census tracts in the seven metropolitan centers were divided into broad income groupings and three-year average infant mortality rates were computed for each area, by age, sex, race, and selected causes of death. The most important conclusion to be drawn from the data is that in spite of some remarkable declines in overall levels of infant mortality during the past few decades, there continues to be a very clear and pronounced inverse association between income status and infant mortality. The general inverse association is observed for both sexes, for whites and nonwhites, and for all major causes of infant death. At the same time, the data reveal notable differences in the magnitude of the relationship by sex, and especially by age at death, race, and cause of death. Explanations of these differences are suggested, and a conclusion notes some of the difficulties encountered in developing programs aimed at closing the infant mortality gap between the richest and poorest segments of the society.
Adding to the Effectiveness of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Treating Acute Stroke

Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) remains the only approved therapy for acute ischemic stroke with demonstrated effectiveness in phase 3 clinical trials.1 Unfortunately, the utilization of this treatment is limited by a 6% risk of symptomatic brain hemorrhage2 and a brief 3-hour time window of efficacy from symptom onset to treatment.3 Furthermore, its effectiveness is limited for several reasons; intravenously administered rt-PA often fails to lyse large clots,4,5 arteries reocclude in about a third of cases,5 flow may remain stagnant in the microcirculation despite clot lysis,6,7 and cellular injury may continue despite reperfusion.8 See p 2837 Attempts to augment the effect of IV rt-PA have so far been only partially successful. The most promising results have occurred with endovascular techniques that deliver smaller doses of lytic drugs, energy-producing catheters, or mechanical devices directly into the clot to achieve more complete lysis. …
Dioxins formation in salt-laden power boilers: A mass balance

Abstract Stack dioxins emissions at a coastal pulp mill burning salt-laden wood waste in its power boiler, at typical steam production rates, were found to be 0.089 ng/m 3 (in terms of toxicity equivalents (TEQs)). These levels are well within the guideline of 0.5 ng/m 3 recommended for municipal solid waste incinerators by the Canadian Council of Ministers for Environment. Stack emissions accounted for less than 1 % of all dioxin TEQs generated by the power boiler. While some dioxins appear to have been generated within the particulate collection devices, the excellent TEQ removal efficiency of these units confirms their essential role in controlling stack dioxins emissions. The TEQ contribution from high temperature (>600°C) dioxins formation appears to have been minimal, less than 15% of the total. This suggests that in power boilers fuelled with salt-laden wood waste, dioxins formation occurs primarily at low temperatures. Consequently, temperature quenching could be relatively effective as a potential control strategy.
Century: Automated Aspects of Patient Care

Remote health monitoring affords the possibility of improving the quality of health care by enabling relatively inexpensive out-patient care. However, remote health monitoring raises new a problem: the potential for data explosion in health care systems. To address this problem, the remote health monitoring systems must be integrated with analysis tools that provide automated trend analysis and event detection in real time. In this paper, we propose an overview of Century, an extensible framework for analysis of large numbers of remote sensor-based medical data streams.
Opus in the Classroom: Striking CoRDS with Content-Related Digital Storytelling

Writing personal narratives provides students with additional techniques for making deeper connections to subject matter. Content-related narrative development offers a departure from the traditional methods of teaching and learning and enables students to construe meaning individually and make deeper connections with subject matter content. By purposefully integrating storytelling into the curriculum, teachers promote academic- and self-efficacy, empowerment, and community-building opportunities and advance their own professional development. The Content-Related Digital Storytelling (CoRDS) model provides teachers with a pedagogical tool that works in concert with other subject matter approaches and allows students to access their analytical and creative faculties to demonstrate understanding or reveal gaps in their knowledge. When creative works that result from the CoRDS process are shared, they become authentic, reusable classroom artifacts. Storytelling is a time-honored global custom that allows people to share personal and cultural accounts and perspectives in ways that are unique and individual yet have the potential of being transsituational and transcultural (e.g., see the YouTube video "I Saw A Hole In the Man" ~ A Mayan Story of Why Humanity Suffers). [Editor’s Note: URLs for videos can be found in Resources section at the end of this paper.] As evidenced by the hieroglyphics of Egypt (PBS, 2007), Greek mythology (Tufts University, n.d.), the West African tribal historians known as griots (Lott, 2002), Aborigine rock art stories (see Rock Art), and Native American elders and wisdom keepers (PBS, n.d.), storytelling has always been used in societies to enculturate its newest members and preserve its history. Storytelling remains an accepted tradition inherent in the social and informal education practices of every culture, and the benefits of the personal narrative in formal academic settings are now being explored and asserted. As preservice and practicing teachers and their students participate in contentrelated storytelling that is coupled with digital-age technologies (see YouTube video Did You Know), the pedagogical, cultural, and professional development advantages are amplified.
Online Multi-Task Learning for Policy Gradient Methods

Policy gradient algorithms have shown considerable recent success in solving high-dimensional sequential decision making tasks, particularly in robotics. However, these methods often require extensive experience in a domain to achieve high performance. To make agents more sample-efficient, we developed a multi-task policy gradient method to learn decision making tasks consecutively, transferring knowledge between tasks to accelerate learning. Our approach provides robust theoretical guarantees, and we show empirically that it dramatically accelerates learning on a variety of dynamical systems, including an application to quadrotor control.
Quantification of S. aureus adhesion to fibronectin using optical tweezers

Biomaterial infection, a common cause of medical device failure, is initiated by bacterial adhesion to an adsorbed protein layer on the implant surface. This adhesion is thought to be mediated by specific molecules present on the bacterial cell surface. We have used optical tweezers to measure the adhesive force between a single bacterium and a protein-coated surface. A bacterium was optically trapped and brought in contact with a 10-/spl mu/m diameter polystyrene microsphere coated with fibronectin. The minimum force required to detach the cell from the bead was determined over a range of fibronectin concentrations. The detachment forces were integer multiples of a 25-pN base value that was independent of coating concentration; we propose that the variation in force is related to the number of bonds formed.
Distribution system design optimization for cold load pickup

This paper presents a study on the optimal design of power distribution systems. Distribution substation transformer size and feeder sectionalizing switches are selected such that a cold load pickup situation can be handled while minimizing an annual cost function. The cases of a distribution substation with one or more transformer(s) are considered. In the latter case, the optimisation problem is formulated based on the worst-case scenario of having one of the transformers out of service.