cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arteriovenous Malformations Treated With Frameless Robotic Radiosurgery Using Non-Invasive Angiography: Long-Term Outcomes of a Single Center Pilot Study.

Objective CT-guided, frameless robotic radiosurgery is a novel radiotherapy technique for the treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that serves as an alternative to traditional catheter-angiography targeted, frame-based methods. Methods Patients diagnosed with AVMs who completed single fraction frameless robotic radiosurgery at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital between July 20, 2006 - March 11, 2013 were included in the present study. All patients received pre-treatment planning with CT angiogram (CTA) and MRI, and were treated using the CyberKnife radiosurgery platform. Patients were followed for at least four years or until radiographic obliteration of the AVM was observed. Results Twenty patients were included in the present study. The majority of patients were diagnosed with Spetzler Martin Grade II (35%) or III (35%) AVMs. The AVM median nidus diameter and nidal volume was 1.8 cm and 4.38 cc, respectively. Median stereotactic radiosurgery dose was 1,800 cGy. After a median follow-up of 42 months, the majority of patients (81.3%) had complete obliteration of their AVM. All patients who were treated to a total dose of 1800 cGy demonstrated complete obliteration. One patient treated at a dose of 2,200 cGy developed temporary treatment-related toxicity, and one patient developed post-treatment hemorrhage. Conclusions Frameless robotic radiosurgery with non-invasive CTA and MRI radiography appears to be a safe and effective radiation modality and serves as a novel alternative to traditional invasive catheter-angiography, frame-based methods for the treatment of intracranial AVMs. Adequate obliteration can be achieved utilizing 1,800 cGy in a single fraction, and minimizes treatment-related side effects.
How Surfaces Affect Hybridization Kinetics

Hybridization between nucleic acid strands immobilized on a solid support with partners in solution is widely practiced in bioanalytical technologies and materials science. An important fundamental aspect of understanding these reactions is the role played by immobilization in the dynamics of duplex formation and disassembly. This report reviews and analyzes literature kinetic data to identify commonly observed trends and to correlate them with probable molecular mechanisms. The analysis reveals that while under certain conditions impacts from immobilization are minimal so that surface and solution hybridization kinetics are comparable, it is more typical to observe pronounced offsets between the two scenarios. In the forward (hybridization) direction, rates at the surface commonly decrease by one to two decades relative to solution, while in the reverse direction rates of strand separation at the surface can exceed those in solution by tens of decades. By recasting the deviations in terms of activation barriers, a consensus of how immobilization impacts nucleation, zipping, and strand separation can be conceived within the classical mechanism in which duplex formation is rate limited by preassembly of a nucleus a few base pairs in length, while dehybridization requires the cumulative breakup of base pairs along the length of a duplex. Evidence is considered for how excess interactions encountered on solid supports impact these processes.
Antimonopolism as a Symptom of American Political Dysfunction

Contemporary American interest in using antitrust law to address wealth inequality is a symptom of American political dysfunction rather than a reflection of any intellectual advance regarding the sources of inequality. Indeed, both the original American progressives of a century ago, as well as Thomas Piketty, whose work sparked contemporary intellectual interest in inequality, agree that inequality’s source is scarcity, rather than monopoly, and so will persist even in perfectly competitive markets. The only real solution is taxation, not a potentially destructive campaign of breakup. There are two causes of contemporary American antimonopolism. The first is American anti-statism, which has closed off tax policy as a viable political solution to inequality, forcing scholars and activists to seek a second- or third-best workaround in antitrust policy. The second is the American press, which is actively promoting antimonopolism as a way of fighting back against Google and Facebook, two companies that have badly outcompeted the press for advertising dollars in recent years. Given these idiosyncratic roots of contemporary American antimonopolism, other jurisdictions seeking to address inequality may have little to gain from following the American example, particularly if taxation remains a viable policy option for them.
Nasopharyngeal Codetection of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Outcomes in Children.

BACKGROUND The role of nasopharyngeal bacteria on RSV disease has been underestimated. We measured the frequency and quantitative detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of infants with RSV infection over seven respiratory seasons, and their impact on clinical outcomes. METHODS Children <2 years old with mild (outpatients; n=115) or severe (inpatients; n=566) RSV infection, and matched healthy controls (n=161) were prospectively enrolled. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained for RSV, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, M. catarrhalis, and H. influenzae detection and quantitation by PCR. Multivariable models were constructed to identify variables predictive of severe disease. RESULTS S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis, but not S. aureus, were detected more frequently in RSV-infected children (84%) than healthy controls (46%; p<0.001). Detection of S. pneumoniae and/or H. influenzae was associated with fever, more frequent antibiotic treatment, worse radiologic findings, and higher neutrophil counts (p<0.01). In adjusted analyses S. pneumoniae/H. influenzae co-detection was associated with greater odds (OR; 95% CI) of hospitalization (2.25 [1.07-4.74), higher disease severity scores (1.93 [1.14-3.26]), prolonged oxygen administration (2.23 [1.01-4.91]), and longer hospitalization (2.53 [1.33-4.79]). CONCLUSIONS Nasopharyngeal co-detection of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in infants with RSV infection is associated with increased disease severity.
Extramedullary Manifestations in World Health Organization-Defined Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: Clinical, Molecular and Prognostic Correlates

Abstract Background: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an aggressive myeloid neoplasm with overlapping myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic features. Extramedullary manifestations (EMM) include splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, leukemia cutis, gingival infiltrates, central nervous system (CNS) and testicular involvement and myeloid sarcomas. We carried out this study to i) define clinical and laboratory correlates of EMM in CMML, ii) to assess the prognostic impact of EMM, and iii) to document survival outcomes. Methods: Four hundred and fifty-two patients with WHO-defined CMML were included in the study. All morphological and cytogenetic assessments at baseline were performed at the Mayo Clinic, MN. Bone marrow (BM) DNA at diagnosis was available in 229 (50%) patients and was subjected to a 29 gene panel next generation sequencing analysis. EMM for the purpose of this study were defined as: palpable splenomegaly, palpable hepatomegaly, palpable lymphadenopathy, clinical/radiological or biopsy proven leukemia cutis, gingival infiltrates, testicular involvement, CNS involvement, and myeloid sarcomas. EMM were included if present either at the time of CMML diagnosis, or within six months of stable disease following diagnosis. Standard statistical tests and measures were utilized. Results: Three hundred and seventy-three (82%) patients had an exam documented at the time of diagnosis, or within six months of diagnosis, and were included in the analysis. The median age was 69 years (range, 18-95), 66% were male and 176 (47%) had a “proliferative CMML phenotype.” 1. Clinical correlates: One hundred and nineteen (32%) patients had at least one EMM at diagnosis. This included; palpable splenomegaly 91 (76%), hepatomegaly 48 (40%), lymphadenopathy 19 (15%), leukemia cutis 7 (6%), gingival infiltrates 4 (3%), myeloid sarcomas 2 (2%), and 1 each with testicular and CNS involvement (1%). Thirty two (27%) had non hepatosplenic EMM, 102 (86%) had palpable hepato and/or splenomegaly, whereas 54 (45%) and 11 (9%) had isolated palpable splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. In comparison to CMML patients without EMM, those with, were more likely to be younger (p 2. Prognostic impact: At last follow up (median 14 months), 249 (67%) deaths and 69 (18%) leukemic transformations were documented. Median survival (OS) was 13 months for patients with non hepatosplenic EMM, 13.2 months for those with palpable hepatosplenomegaly, and 25 months for those without EMM (Figure 1). On univariate analysis, survival was adversely affected by, male sex (p 0.03), low hemoglobin (p Conclusion: The current study demonstrates a prognostically-relevant frequent occurrence of hepatosplenomegaly in CMML; the study also provides the spectrum and frequency of extramedullary manifestations and correlations with mutations. Download : Download high-res image (117KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Upregulation of miR-21 Restores Cardioprotection under Diabetic Conditions

Introduction: Anesthetic preconditioning (APC) has been shown to decrease myocardial infarct size following ischemia reperfusion injury. This protective effect is attenuated under diabetic conditio...
Statistically Based Weight Pruning in Feed-Forward Neural Networks

A statistically-based algorithm for pruning weights from feed-forward networks is presented. This algorithm relies upon the Generalized Wald and t-test statistics to determine which weights to remove from the network. Because both of these tests use the exact Hessian matrix, an algorithm for learning the exact Hessian matrix for a feed-forward neural network using a single backward pass through the data is presented when the L2 norm is minimized in the energy function. The pruning algorithm is then applied in two simulations: The first simulation investigates the relationship between neural networks and linear regression (Ordinary Least Squares), and the weight covariance matrix is found to be asymptotically equivalent to the White (1980) standard error corrections for heterogeneity of variance. The final simulation applies the algorithm to a network solving the sunspot data and compares the results to those found in the literature, with mixed results.
Susceptibility to involution of the thymus-dependent lymphoid system and autoimmunity.

Antibodies against cellular antigens appear during aging in some strains of mice but not others. In susceptible strains, manifestations of autoimmunity include development of Coombs positive hemolytic anemia, circulating anti-DNA and anti-desoxynucleoprotein antibodies, positive LE cells, and immunologically based renal and cardiac lesions. Neonatal thymectomy may accelerate development of these autoimmune phenomena. The autoimmune susceptible strains are prone to lose immune capacities (particularly cell-mediated immune responses) with aging. Thymectomy accelerates the development of immune deficiency and autoimmunity. Reconstitution with a sufficient number of postthymic immune competent cells can reverse not only the evidence of immune deficiency, but also wasting and autoimmune phenomena. In some strains not susceptible to development of autoimmunity with aging, there is increased evidence of autoimmunity of lesser degree and frequency than that observed in autoimmune strains after thymectomy. These findings suggest that involution of the thymic system is related to autoimmunity and that genetic factors are involved in the involution of the thymus dependent system. This hypothesis is supported by experiments in which spleen cells from old mice of autoimmune susceptible strains have decreased ability to reconstitute immunologically neonatally thymectomized mice; spleen cells from old mice of autoimmune nonsusceptible strains still can reconstitute neonatally thymectomized mice.
Induction of p53R2 by dFdCyd does not prevent R2 expression

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2972 Gemcitabine (2’, 2’-difluoro-2’-deoxycytidine; dFdCyd) is a clinically effective chemotherapeutic agent and radiation sensitizer. These properties require intracellular phosphorylation of dFdCyd to its di- and triphosphate metabolites. dFdCyd triphosphate is incorporated into DNA and is primarily responsible for cytotoxicity, whereas inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dFdCyd diphosphate correlates with radiosensitization. Ribonucleotide reductase is a tetrameric protein consisting of two regulatory subunits (R1) and two catalytic subunits (R2). Recently, a novel ribonucleotide reductase subunit, p53R2, was discovered. p53R2 is a homologue of the ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit, and it was shown to be induced in a p53-dependent fashion following DNA damage by ionizing radiation with a concomitant decrease in R2. These results suggested that ribonucleotide reductase utilizes R2 to produce dNTPs for DNA replication whereas p53R2 is necessary to produce dNTPs for repair of DNA damage. We wished to determine whether other DNA damaging agents, such as dFdCyd, would produce effects similar to ionizing radiation on expression of p53R2 and R2. In addition, we determined whether dFdCyd could produce DNA damage in the form of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by immunostaining for phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX), a novel histone that is rapidly phosphorylated and accumulated at the site of DSBs to form discrete foci. Wild-type p53 expressing MCF-7 cells were incubated for 24 hr with dFdCyd at the IC50 or IC90 or treated with 5 Gy. Cells were then evaluated for expression of p53, p53R2 and R2 by Western blot analysis or γ-H2AX foci formation by confocal microscopy. The results demonstrated that p53 and p53R2 expression were induced slowly during the 24 hr incubation with dFdCyd, with persistent expression of R2. In contrast, cells treated with 5 Gy exhibited induction of p53 and p53R2 within 2 hr, and expression of these proteins was apparent for at least 24 hr afterward. By 4 hr after irradiation expression of R2 decreased dramatically. Measurement of the formation of γ-H2AX foci demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in DSBs following a 24 hr incubation with dFdCyd at concentrations ranging from IC25 to IC90. In response to 5 Gy, γ-H2AX foci were observed within 15 min and exceeded the number that formed after 24 hr incubation with dFdCyd at the IC90. These results demonstrate that cytotoxic concentrations of dFdCyd produced significant DNA damage and induced p53R2 expression, but did not prevent expression of R2. It is possible that the higher amount of DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation was responsible for the more rapid induction of p53R2 as well as the decrease in R2 expression. These data suggest that both p53R2 and R2 participate in maintenance of dNTP pools following treatment of cells with dFdCyd.
The role of sirtuin 3 in the differential pro-oxidant effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in oral cells (261.4)

Dietary approaches may play an important role in reducing oral cancer burden. The green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been reported to have cancer preventive effects. Previously, we found that EGCG induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis in oral cancer cells but exerted antioxidant effects in normal oral cells. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), an important mitochondrial redox balance regulator, in EGCG-induced differential pro-oxidant effects in oral cells. We found 100 µM EGCG significantly decreased SIRT3 mRNA (15%-56%; 1-12 h) and protein levels (17%-34%; 6-24 h), as well as, activity (58%; 12 h) in SCC-25 oral squamous carcinoma cells. By comparison, there was no significant effect of EGCG on SIRT3 mRNA and protein levels, but a remarkable increase of SIRT3 activity (7.5-fold; 12 h) in HGF-1 human gingival fibroblast cells. The estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) regulates transcription of SIRT3. EGCG significan...
The algebra of equality proofs

Proofs of equalities may be built from assumptions using proof rules for reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Reflexivity is an axiom proving x=x for any x; symmetry is a 1-premise rule taking a proof of x=y and returning a proof of y=x; and transitivity is a 2-premise rule taking proofs of x=y and y=z, and returning a proof of x=z. Define an equivalence relation to hold between proofs iff they prove a theorem in common. The main theoretical result of the paper is that if all assumptions are independent, this equivalence relation is axiomatized by the standard axioms of group theory: reflexivity is the unit of the group, symmetry is the inverse, and transitivity is the multiplication. Using a standard completion of the group axioms, we obtain a rewrite system which puts equality proofs into canonical form. Proofs in this canonical form use the fewest possible assumptions, and a proof can be canonized in linear time using a simple strategy. This result is applied to obtain a simple extension of the union-find algorithm for ground equational reasoning which produces minimal proofs. The time complexity of the original union-find operations is preserved, and minimal proofs are produced in worst-case time $O(n^{\textit{log}_2 3})$, where n is the number of expressions being equated. As a second application, the approach is used to achieve significant performance improvements for the CVC cooperating decision procedure.
Subclinical thyroid disorders and cognitive performance among adolescents in the United States

Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in the growth and function of the central nervous system. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between the status of subclinical thyroid conditions and cognition among adolescents in the United States. Study sample included 1,327 adolescents 13 to 16 years old who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured and subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and euthyroid groups were defined. Cognitive performance was assessed using the subscales of the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). The age-corrected scaled scores for arithmetic, reading, block design, and digit span were derived from the cognitive assessments. Subclinical hypothyroidism was found in 1.7% and subclinical hyperthyroidism was found in 2.3% of the adolescents. Cognitive assessment scores on average tended to be lower in adolescents with subclinical hyperthyroidism and higher in those with subclinical hypothyroidism than the score for the euthyroid group. Adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism had significantly better scores in block design and reading than the euthyroid subjects even after adjustment for a number of variables including sex, age, and family income level. Subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with better performance in some areas of cognitive functions while subclinical hyperthyroidism could be a potential risk factor.
Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity and its significance in ovarian cancer

Abstract Acceptance of the functional role of this pathway for dissemination of ovarian tumor by way of the diaphragmatic lymph-collecting system makes it advisable to ensure that appropriate measures are taken for staging ovarian carcinoma. The clinician is obligated to inspect the undersurface of the diaphragm for metastases at the time of the primary exploratory laparotomy, even if the disease initially seems localized to one or both ovaries. Given the anatomy and physiology of the peritoneal lymphatic system, early metastases to the diaphragmatic surface are fully predictable. Routine inspection of this region will undoubtedly reveal that a significant number of patients whose disease would be classified otherwise as Stage I or II are actually Stage III. It is not inconceivable that many reported therapeutic failures in cases with ostensibly early lesions could be explained by the presence of unappreciated and untreated diphragmatic metastases.
Advancing Human Geography at the Commencement du Siecle

Human geography today exhibits unprecedented vitality and diversity. This survey first charts some major lines of research in the field in light of the ascendancy of critical theory, political economy, and poststructuralist thought, including feminism, the cultural turn, consumption, urban geography, and globalization. Next, it focuses on several “cutting-edge” issues, such as race, postcolonialism, the social construction of nature, representations of space, and cyberspace. Finally, the article turns an eye toward the future, offering comments on the discipline's likely trajectories with regard to the blurring of traditional dualisms, methodological integration, and the lacunae of public policy and geographic education.
Determination of propranolol and its major metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography without solvent extraction

Abstract Fast, reliable, specific and sensitive methods are reported to accurately quantitate unchanged propranolol in plasma, and its major metabolites in plasma and urine after enzymatic hydrolysis without the need for solvent extraction. These methods enable the analyst to process a large number of propranolol samples in one working day and should prove valuable to clinical laboratories demanding both speed and specificity in an assay.
ABUNDANT ADRENAL-SPECTI IC TRANSCRIPTION OF THE P450c21A PSEUDOGENE—IMPLICATIONS FOR CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

21-hydroxylase is encoded by the 21B gene in the HLA locus on chromosome 6. The duplicated 21A gene is generally regarded as being a non-functional pseudogene, because it has several mutations that would prevent it from encoding P450c21 protein, and because others have reported that it is not transcribed into RNA. Through the use of cDNA cloning and sequencing, RNA-based PCR, and RNase protection experiments, we now show that the 21A and 21B genes are actively transcribed into a family of four large, stable, previously undescribed adrenal-specific mRNAs. These transcripts, termed “Y” RNAs, do not encode P450c21. YA transcripts use the 21A promoter and cap site, and encompass all of the coding region plus the first two introns of 21 A. The short YA RNA (3.0 kb) is spliced from a point in the 3′ untranslated region of 21A to another three exons beginning 4.5 kb downstream; the long YA RNA (7.5 kb) retains this 4.5 kb, which comprises all of the opposite strand of the XA gene. The short and long forms of YB arise from the 21B promoter in the same fashion. We designed a riboprobe spanning the splices 4.5 kb XA region of the short YA and extending 3′ past the A/B gene duplication junction, permitting the display of the four Y RNAs and 21B RNA as five discrete products in an RNase protection assay showing that the long forms of YA and YB predominate over the short forms, and that these are about 20% of the abundance of 21B mRNA. RNase protection experiments also show that expression of Y RNAs is confined to the adrenal. The 21/X/Y system is the first reported example of three overlapping genes in a eukaryotic organism. Transcription of YA exposes 21A gene sequences to single-stranded nicking, possibly explaining the very high incidence of 21A/21B gene conversions that cause 85% of cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Empirical bases for constraints in current-imaging algorithms.

One of the most important technical problems in biomagnetism research is the development of algorithms for transforming the measured magnetic field into a distribution of currents in the tissue being studied. If such a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w e r e pos s ib l e for magne toen cephalographic (MEG) signals one can obtain a currentdensity image of the neuronal activity as a function of time. However, this inverse problem based on surface measurements alone has no unique solution without some constraints (Helmholtz 1853). In the early phase of MEG research rather strong constraints were imposed on the solution; namely the generator was assumed to be a single, focal, current-producing neuronal tissue and was modeled as a current dipole tangential to the overlying portion of the skull (e.g., Brenner et al. 1978; Hari et al. 1980; Williamson and Kaufman 1981). The source was embedded in a spherical homogeneous volume conductor rather than a realistically shaped head (Cuffin and Cohen 1979). In such a case the unique solution can be found. Today there are attempts to remove some of these
Growth Cones Contain a Dynamic Population of Neurofilament Subunits

Neurofilaments (NFs) are classically considered to transport in a primarily anterograde direction along axons, and to undergo bulk degradation within the synapse or growth cone (GC). We compared overall NF protein distribution with that of newly expressed NF subunits within NB2a/d1 cells by transfection with a construct encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) conjugated NF-M subunits. GCs lacked phosphorylated NF epitopes, and steady-state levels of non-phosphosphorylated NF subunits within GC were markedly reduced compared to those of neurite shaft as indicated by conventional immunofluorescence. However, GCs contained significant levels of GFP-tagged subunits in the form of punctate or short filamentous structures that in some cases exceeded that visualized along the shaft itself, suggesting that GCs contained a relatively higher concentration of newly synthesized subunits. GFP-tagged NF subunits within GCs co-localized with non-phosphorylated NF immunoreactivity. GFP-tagged subunits were observed within GC filopodia in which steady-state levels of NF subunits were too low to be detected by conventional immunofluorescence. Selective localization of fluorescein versus rhodamine fluorescene was observed within GCs following expression of NF-M conjugated to DsRed1-E5, which shifts from fluorescein to rhodamine fluorescence within hours after expression; axonal shafts contained a more even distribution of fluorescein and rhodamine fluorescence, further indicating that GCs contained relatively higher levels of the most-recently expressed subunits. GFP-tagged structures were rapidly extracted from GCs under conditions that preserved axonal structures. These short filamentous and punctate structures underwent rapid bi-directional movement within GCs. Movement of GFP-tagged structures within GCs ceased following application of nocodazole, cytochalasin B, and the kinase inhibitor olomoucine, indicating that their motility was dependent upon microtubules and actin and, moreover, was due to active transport rather than simple diffusion. Treatment with the protease inhibitor calpeptin increased overall NF subunits, but increased those within the GC to a greater extent than those along the shaft, indicating that subunits in the GC undergo more rapid turnover than do those within the shaft. Some GCs contained coiled aggregates of GFP-tagged NFs that appeared to be contiguous with axonal NFs. NFs extended from these aggregates into the advancing GC as axonal neurites elongated. These data are consistent with the presence of a population of dynamic NF subunits within GCs that is apparently capable of participating in regional filament formation during axonal elongation, and support the notion that NF polymerization and transport need not necessarily occur in a uniform proximal-distal manner.
Staphylococcal protein A purification of rodent IgG1 and IgG2 with particular emphasis on syrian hamsters.

Abstract The IgG1 and IgG2 classes of the Syrian hamster have been difficult to isolate by conventional techniques but can be readily separated by differential acid elution from protein A-Sepharose. IgG2 and IgG1 were selectively eluted at pH 5.9 and 5.3 respectively. The IgG classes of six other rodents were tested for a comparable differential elution from protein A-Sepharose and a spectrum of elution profiles was found. IgG1 of the Chinese hamster, guinea pig and mouse was eluted prior to IgG2 with decreasing pH. In contrast, Calomys IgG2 (similar to the Syrian hamster) eluted at a higher pH than IgG1 and the two IgG isotypes of the deer mouse eluted in a coincident fashion. Cotton rat IgG complexed poorly with protein A as no binding of IgG2 and only partial IgG1 binding was detected. As detected by acid elution, considerable heterogeneity of IgG isotype binding exists within the Rodentia, although IgA and IgM were consistently nonreactive with protein A.
A 10-Year Retrospective of Research in Health Mass Media Campaigns: Where Do We Go From Here?

Mass media campaigns have long been a tool for promoting public health. How effective are such campaigns in changing health-related attitudes and behaviors, however, and how has the literature in this area progressed over the past decade? The purpose of the current article is threefold. First, I discuss the importance of health mass media campaigns and raise the question of whether they are capable of effectively impacting public health. Second, I review the literature and discuss what we have learned about the effectiveness of campaigns over the past 10 years. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of possible avenues for the health campaign literature over the next 10 years. The overriding conclusion is the following: The literature is beginning to amass evidence that targeted, well-executed health mass media campaigns can have small-to-moderate effects not only on health knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes, but on behaviors as well, which can translate into major public health impact given the wide reach of mass media. Such impact can only be achieved, however, if principles of effective campaign design are carefully followed.
Selection of Variates for the Two-Group Multinomial Classification Problem

Abstract A sample-based procedure for selecting an optimal subset of variables for the two-group multinomial classification problem is presented. Based on the work of Glick, we examine two variations of a procedure which looks at differences in discriminant scores as a method for assessing worthiness of various subsets of variables. Two examples illustrate the methods.
Reaction of tert-butoxy radicals with phenols. Comparison with the reactions of carbonyl triplets

Tert-butoxy radicals generated in the photodecomposition of di-tert-butyl peroxide react efficiently with phenols to yield the corresponding phenoxy radicals. Typical rate constants in benzene at 22/sup 0/C are 3.3 x 10/sup 8/ and 1.6 x 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ for phenol and p-methoxyphenol, respectively. The process is considerably slower in polar solvents; e.g., when pyridine is used as cosolvent, the rate constant for phenol drops to 4.1 x 10/sup 6/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ as a result of strong hydrogen bonding which decreases the reactivity of the phenolic O-H group. Isotope effects (H/D) are typically in the 3 to 5 range. 5 figures, 4 tables.
Network Position, Research Funding and Interdisciplinary Collaboration among Nanotechnology Scientists: An Application of Social Network Analysis

The social dimensions of nanotechnology have aroused widespread interests in recent years. In US, for example, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) mandates that a large amount of funding resources to be allocated for studying the societal implications of nanotechnology. Since NNI took effect in 2001, teaching and research in the social dimensions of nanotechnology have grown tremendously [1]. Advances in social network analysis have opened up new research opportunities to understand nanotechnology research and development. In particular, understanding scientific collaboration can help researchers and entrepreneurs better strategize and exploit research opportunities in nanotechnology. Moreover, social network analysis relies heavily on quantitative measures. This feature may serve as a bridge between natural and social scientists to jointly investigate the future directions of nanotechnology research and development (R&D). Using a social network analysis framework, this paper examines the patterns of intra- and inter-disciplinary collaborations among nanotechnology scientists. As an exploratory study, I discuss three methodological issues after reporting some descriptive results. First, the collaborative density used in this study is only one structural measure among many others. When investigating network positions, researchers can utilize other network measures according to specific purposes. Second, generalization may be methodologically problematic for network data. Accordingly, researchers should ascertain the plausibility of probability assumptions. Finally, Bayesian estimates allow researchers to combine beliefs about prior distribution and sample likelihood. Assuming a beta-binomial model, I present a set of Bayesian estimates.
The Influence of Abusive Supervision and Job Embeddedness on Citizenship and Deviance

This paper draws from the turnover and emotions literatures to explore how job embeddedness, in the context of abusive supervision, can impact job frustration, citizenship withdrawal, and employee deviance. Results indicate that employees with abusive supervisors were more likely to be frustrated with their jobs and engage in more deviance behaviors. And yet, the relationship between abusive supervision and job frustration was moderated by job embeddedness such that the relationship was weaker and negative for those higher in job embeddedness and stronger and positive for those lower in job embeddedness. In other words, contrary to our original predictions, individuals who were more embedded in their jobs with an abusive supervisor were actually less likely to experience job frustration or engage deviance behaviors. Important implications for management research and practice are discussed.
COMPARISON OF WIGGLER-AVERAGED AND NON-WIGGLER-AVERAGED FREE-ELECTRON LASER SIMULATIONS

Abstract Two distinct types of free-electron laser simulations are in general use. In “wiggler-averaged” simulation codes such as FRED and TDA, the Lorentz force equations are averaged over a wiggler period. A reduced orbit analysis is obtained requiring integration only of equations for the energy and ponderomotive phase for each electron. In contrast, “non-wiggler-averaged” such as MEDUSA use the complete three-dimensional Lorentz force equations. A direct comparison of the two techniques is discussed in this paper using the MEDUSA and TDA codes.
A Novel Prediction Method for Electric Power Demand Based on Markov Chain Model with a Fuzzy Probability

In this study, a novel prediction method for electric power demand based on markov chain model with a fuzzy probability has been developed. The model improves upon the existing prediction methods with advantages in uncertainty reflection, such as the uncertainties in electric power system which reflect the vague and ambiguous during the process of power load forecasting through allowing uncertainties expressed as fuzzy parameters and discrete intervals. The developed model is applied to predict the electric power demand of a virtual city from 2011 to 2016. Different satisfaction degrees of fuzzy parameters are considered as different levels of detail of the statistic data. The results indicate that the model can reflect the high uncertainty of long term power demand, which could support the programming and management of power system.
Parental Status and Punitiveness: Moderating Effects of Gender and Concern About Crime

Previously identified predictors of public punitiveness include attitudinal, experiential, background, and demographic characteristics. Given the influence of parenthood on certain attitudes and beliefs, it may also affect how strongly individuals endorse harsh punishment for criminals. Few studies have explored how parenthood influences general policy preferences or support for criminal justice measures specifically, and findings have been mixed. The author estimated linear ordinary least squares regression equations, using national random telephone survey data, to test for direct effects of parenthood on measures of punitive attitudes toward juveniles and adults and overall. Two- and three-way interactions with gender and concern about crime were also estimated, and although the additive effects of parenthood on punitiveness were significant only for attitudes toward adult offenders, gender and concern about crime moderated its effects on punitive policy support, with fathers and parents for whom crime was less salient being more punitive. These findings suggest that research testing only linear influences may overlook more complex relationships.
Protest and profanation: Agrarian revolt and the little tradition, Part II

Perhaps one reason why political scientists and historians generally overlook the moral and political ideas of the little tradition is that both, unlike the anthropologist, tend to concentrate on the written record-the product, par excellence, of the great tradition. The little tradition achieves historical visibility only at those moments when it becomes mobilized into dissident movements which pose a direct threat to ruling elites. It is for this reason that I have had to rely so heavily on evidence from millenial revolts in constructing my argument. Yet it seems to me that there is a “shadow history” which remains to be written for almost every mass movement in the Third World.
Abnormal microRNA-16 locus with synteny to human 13q14 linked to CLL in NZB mice

New Zealand black (NZB) mice with autoimmune and B lymphoproliferative disease (B-LPD) are a model for human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A genomewide linkage scan of the NZB loci associated with lymphoma was conducted in F1 backcrosses of NZB and a control strain, DBA/2. Of 202 mice phenotyped for the presence or absence of LPD, surface maker expression, DNA content, and microsatellite polymorphisms, 74 had disease. The CD5+, IgM+, B220dim, hyperdiploid LPD was linked to 3 loci on chromosomes 14, 18, and 19 that are distinct from previously identified autoimmunity-associated loci. The region of synteny with mouse D14mit160 is the human 13q14 region, associated with human CLL, containing microRNAs mir-15a16-1. DNA sequencing of multiple NZB tissues identified a point mutation in the 3′ flanking sequence of the identical microRNA, mir-16-1, and this mutation was not present in other strains, including the nearest neighbor, NZW. Levels of miR-16 were decreased in NZB lymphoid tissue. Exogenous miR-16 delivered to an NZB malignant B-1 cell line resulted in cell-cycle alterations and increased apoptosis. Linkage of the mir-15a/16-1 complex and the development of B-LPD in this spontaneous mouse model suggest that the altered expression of the mir-15a/16-1 is the molecular lesion in CLL.
Dietary fiber in foods: options for diabetes education.

Diet therapy for the treatment of diabetes often dictates that individuals limit their intake of foods high in fats or sugars. The addition of fibrous foods may be appealing to this population. During the past two decades, clinical investigations have attempted to characterize the benefits of dietary fiber for diabetes. Interpretation of the data and implications for practical application have sometimes been controversial. As results ofmore clinical trials appear in the literature, a convergent validity is emerging. Evidence that soluble dietary fibers are a food component associated with health benefits is supported by recent investiga tions. A flexible approach for inclusion of dietary fiber in the diets of individuals with diabetes may be used.
A mechanism and kinetics of silicon growth

Abstract A postulated mechanism of silicon growth based on ad-species of SiH2 and SiCl2 is used to arrive at the intrinsic growth kinetics applicable not only to the silicon growth from SiH4 but also to the growth from SiH2Cl2. Since the kinetics could also be applicable to the growth from SiCl4, the kinetics presented here provide the general framework with which the silicon growth can be described whether the starting material is SiH4, Si2H2Cl2, or possibly SiCl4. The kinetics can also account for the effects of adding HCl to carrier gas and of mixing the usual hydrogen carrier gas with an inert gas. The intrinsic growth kinetics are shown to represent quite well the behavior of silicon growth from SiH2Cl2 both in H2 and N2. The silicon growth from SiH2Cl2 as affected by the presenc e of HCl and of N2 in hydrogen carrier gas is shown to be well predicted by the growth kinetics. The growth due to the ad-species of SiH2, the growth due to the ad-species of SiCl2, and etching by HCl can clearly be delineated from the kinetics.
Slow Neutron Velocity Spectrometer Studies. IV. Au, Ag, Br, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn

The spectrometer has been improved, enlarged, and all the operational factors re-evaluated. The principal resonance in gold has been redetermined as ${E}_{0}=4.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ ev, and in silver as 5.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 ev. Resonances are found in Br at 35.7, 54, 104, and 136 ev. Transmission dips are also observed at higher energies which are probably due to unresolved levels. The thermal cross section of iron is well matched by the relation $\ensuremath{\sigma}=(11.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.33{E}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}})$. Crystal interference effects are observed in the thermal region with the Debye-Scherrer rings at 2.3A and 2.8A resolved. The cut-off wavelength predicted to be at 4.04A is in good agreement with experiment. No strong resonances are observed in iron at high energies. Resonances are observed in cobalt at 126 ev and 5000 ev. Ni shows crystal interference effects in the thermal region. No strong resonances were detected at high energies. The thermal cross section of Zn is well matched by the relation $\ensuremath{\sigma}=3.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14{E}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ with crystal interferences effects observed in the thermal region. Resonances in Zn occur at 520 ev, 1100 ev, and 3800 ev.
Toward remote ion-ion entanglement with barium

We present work toward remote entanglement of barium ions in traps separated by a few meters. A new version of an ion trap specialized for remote entanglement is introduced. The new trap allows for highly efficient collection of ion fluorescence while simultaneously minimizing ion micromotion and aligning the trap position precisely to the focus of an in-vacuum parabolic mirror by using a set of bias electrodes and a piezoelectric micro-positioning system. The success rate of the remote entanglement procedure depends strongly on the efficiency with which ion fluorescence can be coupled into an optical fiber. Characterization of our system in terms of ion fluorescence collection and fiber coupling efficiency is presented. Results demonstrating entanglement between a single barium ion and single spontaneously emitted photons are shown. The entanglement fidelity of the ion-photon state is measured to be 0.84(1) and a CHSH Bell signal of 2.303(36) finds violation of the CHSH version of the Bell inequality by over eight standard deviations. Barium’s relatively long wavelength transitions make it an ideal candidate for our longer term goal of remote entanglement of ions separated by a kilometer or more. Such long distance remote entanglement should allow for a loophole-free verification of the violation of the Bell inequality.
Biomimetic assembly of porous lamellar silica molecular sieves with a vesicular particle architecture

A direct biomimetic assembly approach to the synthesis of lamellar silicas is demonstrated based on the hydrolysis and condensation of a neutral silicon alkoxide precursor (TEOS) in the multilamellar regions of vesicle structure directors formed from a neutral diamine bolaamphiphile. The biomimetic nature of the synthetic approach is manifested by the fact that the neutral diamine template functions not only as a framework precursor and supramolecular template but also as a multilamellar vesicular ‘nanoreactor’ governing the direction of framework growth and the particle architecture. In contrast to the bilayer surfactant assembly approaches, which afforded thermally unstable, as-synthesized, lamellar MCM-50 products, this method affords porous lamellar silicas (denoted MSU-V) with vesicular particle architecture, significant thermal stability (up to 800°C), a high degree of framework cross-linking and unusually high specific surface area and pore volume. The MSU-V derivative assembled from the C12 bolaamphiphile exhibits gallery-confined micropore size of 1.3 nm and properties similar to pillared lamellar materials, but the derivative prepared from the longer C18 diamine shows gallery-confined mesopore size of 2.7 nm and sorption properties analogous to MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves. Due to the absence of electrostatic surfactant-silica interactions the neutral template can be subjected to efficient and environmentally benign recovery and recycling from the MSU-V product by simple solvent extraction. This approach circumvents the need for a separate pillaring step in building porosity into a lamellar host structure, and offers new opportunities for the direct fabrication of adsorbents, catalyst supports and nanoscale devices. Because of their simple, one-step preparation, significant thermal stability and unique sorption properties MSU-V silicas can be expected to augment the pillared lamellar materials and the M41S mesoporous molecular sieves for a number of adsorption, ion-exchange and catalytic processes.
A Compilation of Two Decades of Mutagenicity Test Results with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Cell Mutation Assays

As previously reported [Cameron, T. P., Rogers-Back, A. M., Lawlor, T. E., Harbell, J. W., Seifried, H. E., and Dunkel, V. C. (1991) Gentoxicity of multifunctional acrylates in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay and mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 17, 264-271], the National Cancer Institute (NCI) shares the responsibility of selecting the most significant chemicals for carcinogenicity testing by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and has used data from Salmonella and mouse lymphoma mutagenicity assays to aid in the selection and prioritization of chemicals to be further evaluated in chronic 2 year rodent studies. In addition, a number of antineoplastic and anti-AIDS drugs in preclinical evaluation were tested for the NCI's Division of Cancer Treatment Toxicology Branch. In the NCI/NTP chemical selection process, it is no longer necessary to test chemicals prior to sending them to the NTP so the NCI program has ceased performing mutagenicity tests. Some of the testing data has been made available in summary form in the Chemical Carcinogenisis Research Information System (CCRIS), which is searchable on the NLM TOXNET system. The limitations in using this source are that only summary results are available and many negative test results are not included. A summary table that presents the results for each compound is provided in the Appendix with raw data provided in the Supporting Information. The Appendix table contains the compound name, CAS number, and a summary of the data from the Ames test and the mouse lymphoma assay.