cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatially selective electrochemical deposition of composite films of metal and luminescent Si nanoparticles

We report on a procedure for selective deposition of Si nanoparticles using an electrochemical process. A conducting substrate is immersed in alcohol in which the particles are suspended. Biasing the substrate positively relative to a platinum electrode draws the Si particles to the substrate. Thin particle coatings on metal, foil, or silicon substrates are demonstrated. Fluorescent spectroscopy shows that the deposited particles retain the high luminescence efficiency and spectral distribution characteristic of the dispersed state. The process is used to deposit composite thin films of metal and Si nanoparticles. Dielectric masking allowed selective area deposition. These processes have implications for flat panel or flexible particle-based displays.
Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract purpose: To determine the frequency with which the diagnosis of tuberculosis is delayed in patients with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and to identify reasons for such delays. patients and methods: We reviewed medical records of 52 consecutive HIV-infected patients with culture-proven tuberculosis seen at a 1,900-bed general hospital serving a predominantly indigent population in Los Angeles, where the prevalences of HIV infection and tuberculosis are high. The late-treatment (LT) group consisted of 25 patients in whom tuberculosis was untreated prior to death (n = 6) or treated more than 22 days after presentation (n = 19). The early-treatment (ET) group comprised 27 patients in whom antituberculous therapy was begun less than 16 days after presentation. results: Symptoms, physical and laboratory findings, chest roentgenographic abnormalities suggestive of tuberculosis (hilar adenopathy, pleural effusion, miliary pattern, cavitation, predominant upper lobe infiltrate), and frequencies of concomitant nontuberculous disease were similar in LT and ET groups. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis was attributable to errors in management in 21 (84%) of 25 LT group patients. The most common error was failure to obtain at least three sputum samples for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture in patients with clinical and chest roentgenographic findings compatible with tuberculosis (15 cases). Acid-fast sputum smears were positive in 25 (61%) of 41 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Acid-fast smears of stool were positive in eight (42%) of 19 cases. Blood cultures yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 18 (38%) of 48 cases. conclusions: Delayed therapy of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients at our medical center was common and was not due to atypical manifestations of tuberculosis. In most cases, delays could have been avoided if adequate numbers of sputum samples for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture had been obtained, and if empiric antituberculous therapy had been given to symptomatic patients in whom chest roentgenographic findings were suggestive of mycobacterial disease.
Implementing Global Performance Measurement Systems: A Cookbook Approach

This article presents a review of the book “Implementing Global Performance Measurement Systems: A Cookbook Approach,” by Ferdinand Tesoro and Jack Tootson.
U.S. congressional caucus examines risks from natural hazards

Two recent disastrous earthquakes—the magnitude 7.6 quake in El Salvador on January 13, and the magnitude 7.7 quake felt throughout much of the Indian subcontinent on January 26—are among the latest natural hazards to rattle the public out of any misperceptions that the Earth is a quiet and uneventful planet. Occurring in between these two deadly events, the bipartisan Natural Hazards Caucus of the U.S. Congress held a hearing on January 22 in Washington, D.C. to discuss ways to deal more effectively with natural hazards within the country and internationally, through preventative measures to reduce risk, and through improved mitigation, and disaster relief efforts.
Increased sodium ion influx is necessary to initiate rat hepatocyte proliferation

Serum-free media containing 10-50 ng insulin, glucagon and epidermal growth factor (EGF) ml-1 stimulate adult rat hepatocyte proliferation in 10-15 day old primary liver cell cultures. The kinetics of this response simulate hepatocellular transitions that accompnay liver regeneration after 67% hepatectomy. Amiloride, a Na+ influx inhibitor, reversibly blocks these transitions in vitro (ID50 approximately 0.02 mM) and in vivo (ID50 approximately 25 mg kg-1). Inhibition is observed with other cation flux modulators, including ouabain (ID50 approximately 0.2 mM), 0.2 microM monensin and 0.2 microM nigericin, but not with 0.3 mM furosemide or tetrodotoxin. The prereplicative interval in culture (0-12 hr) is characterized by preferential cellular responsiveness to EGF (0-3 hr) followed by insulin plus glucagon (3-12 hr). Parallel culture and animal studies show that the amiloride-sensitive and prereplicative intervals coincide. In culture, a "burst" of 22Na+ influx, stimulated by peptide-supplemented media within 1 min but decreased later at 12 hr, is retarded by amiloride. This drug also blocks delayed prereplicative events involving increased amino acid "A" transport system function at 4-8 hr, and 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation into RNA and protein, respectively, at 8-12 hr. These findings suggest that at least two time-ordered processes are necessary to initiate hepatic growth fully: first, activation of Na+ flux systems by peptides similar or identical to EGF; and second, potentiation of these and subsequent cellular events by the combined action of insulin plus glucagon. [Amiloride: N-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxamide; furosemide: 4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid; AIB: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; ID50: administered dose giving 50% inhibition of a maximal response; dFBS: dialyzed fetal bovine serum; L.I.: 3H-dT nuclear labeling index.]
Comment on the possible origin of an anomalous isotope effect in hydrogen bonds

Abstract It is shown that the electrical anharmonicity in H-bonds which was assumed as an explanation of the observed anomalous isotope effect cannot be due only to the dynamical coupling between the high and low energetic modes in an H-bond. This anharmonicity must therefore be intrinsically connected with the large enhancement of the total intensity of the infrared spectrum as was suggested elsewhere.
Modeling and minimizing interference from corneal birefringence in retinal birefringence scanning for foveal fixation detection

Utilizing the measured corneal birefringence from a data set of 150 eyes of 75 human subjects, an algorithm and related computer program, based on Muller-Stokes matrix calculus, were developed in MATLAB for assessing the influence of corneal birefringence on retinal birefringence scanning (RBS) and for converging upon an optical/mechanical design using wave plates (“wave-plate-enhanced RBS”) that allows foveal fixation detection essentially independently of corneal birefringence. The RBS computer model, and in particular the optimization algorithm, were verified with experimental human data using an available monocular RBS-based eye fixation monitor. Fixation detection using wave-plate-enhanced RBS is adaptable to less cooperative subjects, including young children at risk for developing amblyopia.
Validity of Health Self-Disclosure Importance Ratings:

Validity of the importance rating scale on Dawson's Patient Self-Disclosure Instrument (PSDI) was addressed by examining predictions about differences in ratings between medical and mental health patients, and correlations between the PSDI and Jourard's SD-25. Results supported the predictions, attesting to the validity of the PSDI.
Stable transfection and overexpression of metallothionein isoform 3 inhibits the growth of MCF-7 and Hs578T cells but not that of T-47D or MDA-MB-231 cells.

The third isoform of metallothionein (MT-3) is overexpressed in some breast cancers and its expression is associated with a poor disease outcome. In the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line, MT-3 expression has been shown to inhibit cell growth and increase drug resistance. The goal of the present study was to determine if MT-3 overexpression would influence the growth of human breast cancer cell lines. To determine this, the coding sequence of the MT-3 gene was stably transfected into two estrogen receptor positive (MCF-7 and T-47D) and two estrogen receptor negative cell lines (Hs578T and MDA-MB-231) having no basal expression of MT-3. Cell growth was determined by counting DAPI-stained nuclei, cadmium resistance by the colony formation assay, MT mRNA expression by RT-PCR, and MT protein by immuno-blot. It was demonstrated that MCF-7 and Hs578T cells that overexpress the MT-3 gene were growth inhibited compared to untransfected cells. In contrast, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cells that overexpress MT-3 were not growth inhibited. Stable transfection of the MT-1E gene had no effect on the growth of any of the four cell lines. It was also demonstrated that the overexpression of both MT-3 and MT-1E only increased the resistance of MCF-7 cells to Cd+2. In all instances, stable transfection of the MT-3 or MT-1E gene had no effect on the expression of the other MT isoforms. The study shows that MT-3 can influence the growth of some breast cancer cell lines.
Neoliberalism and income distribution in Latin America

Abstract This paper reviews the principal neoliberal policy measures instituted in Latin America in the last decade and their impact on equity. It first emphasizes the difficulty of separating the impact of liberalization measure from the necessary fiscal adjustments of the 1980s, and their transitional vs longrun effects, and then places the observed movements in distribution in global and historical context. The second part places several innovations of neoliberal regimes in historical perspective and argues that their overall impact is unlikely to be regressive, and that previous regimes were probably not especially progressive. Over the long run, developments in factor markets — the demand side, driven by reoriented industrial growth and the increasing importance of the service sector, interacting with the relative supplies of skilled and unskilled labor — are likely to be of overriding importance in determining the evolution of the distribution of income.
Opposite regulation of KCNQ5 and TRPC6 channels contributes to vasopressin-stimulated calcium spiking responses in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract Physiologically relevant concentrations of [Arg8]-vasopressin (AVP) induce repetitive action potential firing and Ca2+ spiking responses in the A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cell line. These responses may be triggered by suppression of KCNQ potassium currents and/or activation of non-selective cation currents. Here we examine the relative contributions of KCNQ5 channels and TRPC6 non-selective cation channels to AVP-stimulated Ca2+ spiking using patch clamp electrophysiology and fura-2 fluorescence measurements in A7r5 cells. KCNQ5 or TRPC6 channel expression levels were suppressed by short hairpin RNA constructs. KCNQ5 knockdown resulted in more positive resting membrane potentials and induced spontaneous action potential firing and Ca2+ spiking. However physiological concentrations of AVP induced additional depolarization and increased Ca2+ spike frequency in KCNQ5 knockdown cells. AVP activated a non-selective cation current that was reduced by TRPC shRNA treatment or removal of external Na+. Neither resting membrane potential nor the AVP-induced depolarization was altered by knockdown of TRPC6 channel expression. However, both TRPC6 shRNA and removal of external Na+ delayed the onset of Ca2+ spiking induced by 25 pM AVP. These results suggest that suppression of KCNQ5 currents alone is sufficient to excite A7r5 cells, but AVP-induced activation of TRPC6 contributes to the stimulation of Ca2+ spiking.
Sex Ratios and Retardation of Gonadal Development in Chronically Gamma-Irradiated Chinook Salmon Smolts

Abstract The gonads of 4,405 premigratory smolts from eight year classes of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), were inspected to determine sex. Nearly half of the smolts of seven of the year classes had been irradiated for their first 80 days of life by exposure to the gamma rays of cobalt-60 at rates that increased almost exponentially from 0.5 R/day the first year to a maximum of 50 R/day the last year. Sex ratios were unaffected by 5 R/day or less, but at 10 or more R/day gonadal development was retarded.
Julian Huxley and the end of evolution

Huxley (J.) estime que l'evolution est parvenue a sa fin, et que toutes les especes specialisees sont dominees par l'ordre superieur des humains
Diagnostics of a Nonlinear Pendulum Using Computational Intelligence

A novel method has been presented in this paper for the diagnostics of nonlinear systems using the features of the nonlinear response and capabilities of computational intelligence. Four features of the phase plane portrait have been extracted and used to characterize the nonlinear response of a nonlinear pendulum. An artificial neural network has been created and trained using the numerical data for the estimation of parameters of a defective nonlinear pendulum setup. The results show that, with appropriately selected features of the nonlinear response, the parameters of the nonlinear system can be estimated with an acceptable accuracy.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
How Sublime (and Prolific) was Byron? What the Reviewers Said

Cet article propose un survol des livres, des articles et des critiques (et lettres) ecrits sur Lord Byron et son oeuvre de son vivant et peu de temps apres sa mort, soit de 1807 a 1830 environ, de sorte a determiner a quel point les contemporains de Byron le trouvaient « sublime ». Walter Scott, en faisant le compte rendu de Childe Harold 4, affirmait avec enthousiasme qu’il s’agissait de « la poesie la plus sublime », mais d’autres, comme William Hazlitt, etaient d’avis que « l’auteur de Childe Harold et de Don Juan est… un poseur, encore qu’il soit provoquant et sublime ». En parlant de Don Juan, John Wilson Croker s’exclamait quant a lui : « Quelle sublimite! quelle legerete! quelle audace! quelle tendresse! quelle majeste! quelle insignifiance! quelle variete! quel ennui!1 ». Ma discussion sur un grand nombre de ces jugements sur l’oeuvre de Byron par ses contemporains nous permettra de determiner si le terme « sublime » definit adequatement l’esprit de la poesie de Byron, surtout ce « sublime » tel qu’il a ete compris par Longin, Burke et d’autres.
Lymphomas and High-Level Expression of Murine Leukemia Viruses in CFW Mice

Historically, Swiss Webster mice of the CFW subline, both inbred and random-bred stocks, have been considered to have a low spontaneous occurrence of hematopoietic system tumors, and previous reports of infectious expression of murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) have been rare and unremarkable. In marked contrast, in the present study of CFW mice from one source observed by two laboratories over a 2-year period, nearly 60% developed tumors, 85% of which were lymphomas, the majority of B-cell origin. All tumors tested expressed ecotropic MuLVs, and most expressed mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) MuLVs. Among normal mice of weanling to advanced age, over one-half were positive for ecotropic virus in tail or lymphoid tissues, and MCF virus was frequently present in lymphoid tissue, less often in tail. Patterns of ecotropic proviral integration indicated that natural infection occurred by both genetic and exogenous routes. Lymphomas were induced in NIH Swiss mice infected as neonates with tissue culture-propagated MuLVs isolated from normal and tumor tissue of CFW mice.
Short loop feedback control of the estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in pigs.

This study examines whether hCG will block the estradiol-induced LH surge in ovariectomized gilts. Twenty postpuberal cross-bred gilts were ovariectomized at 6–7 months of age. Approximately 2 months later, the experiment was conducted, and all gilts were given estradiol benzoate (EB; 10 μg/ kg, im) at 0 h. Controls (n = 6) received im saline 24 and 48 h after EB. Two groups of gilts received 2000 IU hCG im, at 24 h (hCG24; n = 5) or 48 h (hCG48; n = 5) after EB. The fourth group (n = 4) received hCG at 48 h and was then given iv a LHRH agonist (des-Gly10, [D-Ala6]LHRH ethylamide) in 100- ng boluses hourly from 54–96 h after EB. Blood samples for determination of LH and FSH were collected every 6 h from 0–96 h. In controls, EB alone suppressed LH from 3.9 ±1.9 ng/ml at 0 h to 1.0 ± 0.2 during 6–48 h (negative feedback), but LH then increased to 4.5 ± 0.5 between 54 and 96 h (positive feedback), with the peak of the surge (6.7 ± 1.6) occurring at 72 h. Treatment with hCG did not alter LH during the negativ...
Function of the mandibular tooth comb in living and extinct mammals

Among the most interesting mammalian dental specialization is the mandibular 'tooth comb' or 'tooth scraper' that evolved independently in certain primates and other mammals. Its occurrence is most widely known in lemurs and lorises, where it is comprised of the long, slender, procumbent incisors (one or two pairs) and incisiform canines (Fig. 1). In non-primates to canines are not incorporated into the comb. Some tree shrews (Tupaiidae) possess a tooth comb consisting of the four central incisors, and some early Tertiary arctocyonid condylarths had a similar structure composed of all six lower incisors. The extant flying lemurs (Dermoptera: Cynocephalus) also have a dental 'comb' but it is very different from the ones already mentioned, consisting of two pairs of pectinate incisors, each tooth modified into a comb with as many as 15 tines. This condition, although sometimes said to be similar to that in lemurs, is unique to Cynocephalus. One of the principal functions of the tooth comb in primates is to comb the fur, and we present here indirect evidence that condylarths used this structure in the same way, millions of years before tooth combs evolved in prosimians. We also show that the comb-like incisors of Cynocephalus, contrary to popular belief, probably do not function to comb the fur.
LXXVII.A new radiant emission from the spark

(1910). LXXVII. A new radiant emission from the spark. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 20, No. 118, pp. 707-712.
Delineation of the development of T lymphocytes from leukemic null lymphocytes upon induction by conditioned medium

Abstract Null lymphocytes, lacking B- and T-lymphocyte markers, were isolated from PBL of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Upon culture in the presence of medium produced from PHA-stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes, induction of these cells to T lymphocytes occurred. Within 18 hr, they acquired the capacity to form SRBC rosettes and bind complement components, IgG or IgM. This differentiation, as supported by cell cycle kinetic analysis, was accompanied by lymphocyte activation, inferable from warm SRBC rosetting. Capping of these rosettes was identified as indicative of early T lymphocytes. During T-lymphocyte development subclasses bearing complement receptors, followed by IgG and finally IgM receptors appeared. The emergence of subclasses, functionally expressed by a gain in MLC responsiveness and stimulatory capacity reflected T-lymphocyte maturation. Simultaneous with the later decrease of the subclasses was a decrease in MLC reactivity. This elucidation of T-lymphocyte development may help in dissection of the lymphoid system.
950-95 Enhanced Detection of Endocardial Motion by Spatiotemporal Fourier Filtration of 2-D Echocardiographic Acoustic Quantification Images

Automated detection of endocardial borders by 2-D echocardiography can be useful for the assessment of regional wall motion. Although Acoustic Quantification (AQ) currently provides on-line endocar...
Boreal forest and tundra ecosystems as components of the climate system

The effects of terrestrial ecosystems on the climate system have received most attention in the tropics, where extensive deforestation and burning has altered atmospheric chemistry and land surface climatology. In this paper we examine the biophysical and biogeochemical effects of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems on atmospheric processes. Boreal forests and tundra have an important role in the global budgets of atmospheric CO2 and CH4. However, these biogeochemical interactions are climatically important only at long temporal scales, when terrestrial vegetation undergoes large geographic redistribution in response to climate change. In contrast, by masking the high albedo of snow and through the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat, boreal forests have a significant impact on the seasonal and annual climatology of much of the Northern Hemisphere. Experiments with the LSX land surface model and the GENESIS climate model show that the boreal forest decreases land surface albedo in the winter, warms surface air temperatures at all times of the year, and increases latent heat flux and atmospheric moisture at all times of the year compared to simulations in which the boreal forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra. These effects are greatest in arctic and sub-arctic regions, but extend to the tropics. This paper shows that land-atmosphere interactions are especially important in arctic and sub-arctic regions, resulting in a coupled system in which the geographic distribution of vegetation affects climate and vice versa. This coupling is most important over long time periods, when changes in the abundance and distribution of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems in response to climatic change influence climate through their carbon storage, albedo, and hydrologic feedbacks.
Ignition of ethane, propane, and butane in counterflow jets of cold fuel versus hot air under variable pressures

Abstract This study investigates experimentally the nonpremixed ignition of ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane in a configuration of opposed fuel versus heated air jets. For each of these fuels we explore the effects of inert dilution, system pressure, and flow strain rate, for fuel concentrations ranging between 3–100% by volume, pressures between 0.2 and 8 atm, and strain rates of 100–600 s−1. Qualitatively, these fuels share a number of characteristics. First, flame ignition typically occurs after an interval of mild oxidation, characterized by minimal heat release, fuel conversion, and weak light emission. The temperature extent of this regime decreases with increasing the fuel concentration, the ambient pressure, or the flow residence time. Second, the response to strain rate, pressure, and fuel concentration is similar for all investigated fuels, in that the ignition temperatures monotonically decrease with increasing fuel content, decreasing flow strain, and increasing ambient pressure. The C4 alkanes, however, exhibit three distinct p-T ignition regimes, similar to the homogeneous explosion limits. Finally, at 1 atm, 100% fuel, and a fixed flow strain rate the ignition temperature increases in the order of ethane
The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids

Abstract Regular fruit consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, which has been attributed in part to fruit-derived antioxidant flavonoids. However, flavonoids are poorly absorbed by humans, and the increase in plasma antioxidant capacity observed after consumption of flavonoid-rich foods often greatly exceeds the increase in plasma flavonoids. In the present study, six healthy subjects consumed five Red Delicious apples (1037 ± 38 g), plain bagels (263.1 ± 0.9 g) and water matching the carbohydrate content and mass of the apples, and fructose (63.9 ± 2.9 g) in water matching the fructose content and mass of the apples. The antioxidant capacity of plasma was measured before and up to 6 h after food consumption as ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), without or with ascorbate oxidase treatment (FRAP AO ) to estimate the contribution of ascorbate. Baseline plasma FRAP and FRAP AO were 445 ± 35 and 363 ± 35 μM trolox equivalents, respectively. Apple consumption caused an acute, transient increase in both plasma FRAP and FRAP AO , with increases after 1 h of 54.6 ± 8.7 and 61.3 = 17.2 μM trolox equivalents, respectively. This increase in plasma antioxidant capacity was paralleled by a large increase in plasma urate, a metabolic antioxidant, from 271 ± 39 μM at baseline to 367 ± 43 μM after 1 h. In contrast, FRAP and FRAP AO time-dependently decreased after bagel consumption, together with urate. Consumption of fructose mimicked the effects of apples with respect to increased FRAP, FRAP AO , and urate, but not ascorbate. Taken together, our data show that the increase in plasma antioxidant capacity in humans after apple consumption is due mainly to the well-known metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids.
Effects of polyester-poor phase microstructures on viscosity development of polymer blends

The viscosity development associated with the microstructure of various crystallizable polymer blends has been investigated. All binary blends, consisting of crystallizable polyester and noncrystallizable polyether, exhibit liquid/liquid phase-separated structures with polyester-rich and polyester-poor phases. The dispersed domains−continuous matrix morphology was observed in blends with 10−40 wt% polyester, while the 50 wt% polyester blend exhibits bicontinuous morphology. Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were employed to characterize crystallization features of each phase. “Curve-leaf”-shaped crystallites were formed in the polyester-poor phase in all blends studied. The viscoelastic physical gelation of the phase-separated blends with low polyester content of 10−40 wt% was found to be dominated by crystallization in the polyester-poor phase. The unusually high viscosity of the polyester-poor phase is due to the percolated morphology of “curved leaf”-shaped crystallites.
Pulmonary circulation pulmonary atresia associated with the asplenia cardiac syndrome

AbstractObjective. The goal of this study was to determine the patterns of the pulmonary circulation in patients with pulmonary atresia and asplenia.Background. The asplenic cardiac syndromes chara...
Modeling Nucleation and Coagulation Modes in the Formation of Particulate Matter inside a Turbulent Exhaust Plume of a Diesel Engine

This paper presents the results from a study that is aimed at predicting the nucleation, coagulation, and dynamics of particulate matter (PM) emissions from on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The PM concentration is predicted from the composition of fuel, and operating and ambient conditions. A numerical algorithm for simultaneously solving the coagulation, condensation, and nucleation equations is developed. The effect of relative humidity on the nucleation rate and the nucleus size is also discussed. In addition, the effect of the ambient air dilution on PM size distribution is numerically predicted for a diesel-powered truck operating in a controlled environment at NASA Langley wind-tunnel facility. The particle size distribution and concentration are measured at four different locations in a turbulent plume from the diesel exhaust in the tunnel, and an excellent agreement between the measured and predicted PM concentration values at these locations inside the tunnel is observed.
The Laboratory in Perspective: Teachers, Strategies, Outcomes.

form of recombined dialogs, in moving the students toward the instructional objective of listening comprehension. The fourth implication is that we must restructure our language programs to accommodate all types of learners. The slower students tended to discontinue language study and to become less favorably disposed towards its values. In an effort to reach these students, more schools might investigate means of bringing a larger proportion of students to a predefined level of mastery, perhaps through ability grouping or through teaching to specific objectives.' The fifth implication of the study is that we must distinguish between the physical installation which we term a language laboratory (or electronic classroom) and the use we make of that laboratory. It would appear that the laboratory fails to demonstrate its educational potential if it is merely used as a lock-step adjunct to the classroom. The challenge to the classroom teacher (and to the publishers of taped materials) is to consider the laboratory as a teaching assistant who can individualize instruction rather than as an indefatigable drill sergeant. The sixth implication is that we must investigate in greater detail the relationship between teacher proficiency and teacher competence. First we must ask ourselves whether the MLA Proficiency Tests for Teachers and Advanced Students are truly valid and reliable measures of proficiency. Moreover, we should, in examining the role of the teacher in the learning process, consider additional factors, such as the teacher's ability to motivate students, classroom interaction, and the effect of teacher attitudes. We are still not certain which factors determine teacher competence, that is, the teacher's ability to guide students to predetermined levels of achievement. Finally, the findings of the Pennsylvania Project bring into focus the changes which have occurred in the foreign language profession over the past four years. When the project was conceived, the staff and the foreign language educators who served as consultants reflected the "state of the art" prevalent in 1965. It was widely assumed that the "traditional" texts had not evolved since the 1930's, that the MLA Cooperative Tests were appropriate measures of student achievement after one and two
Identifying and Utilizing Spiritual Content in Dream Reports

The question posed by this investigation was whether the spiritual content of dreams could be identified. The Casto Spirituality Scoring System (CSSS) was used to identify spiritual elements in 1,666 dream reports obtained in dream workshops in six countries. The CSSS considers the adjective “spiritual” as a hypothetical construct referring to one's focus on, and/or reverence, openness, and connectedness to something of significance believed to be beyond one's full understanding and/or individual existence. The research question was answered affirmatively. All dream reports were scored by two judges working independently for spiritual objects, settings, activities, emotions, and experiences, with an overall reliability of no less than .90 per item. The collection of dream reports with the highest percentage of spiritual content came from Brazil. This investigation includes quantitative analyses and examples of dream reports in each of the categories identified. It also discusses the therapeutic use of dreams with spiritual content.
Preliminary assessment of metal toxicity in the middle tisza river (Hungary) flood plain

Cyanide and heavy metals were accidentally released from a mine waste lagoon in Romania into tributaries ultimately draining into the Tisza River. Within two months of the cyanide accident two subsequent heavy metal waste spills further contaminated the Tisza River, followed by severe spring flooding, which potentially spread the contamination to soils adjacent to the river. Flood plain soils and shoreline sediments were sampled from two locations on the middle Tisza River and a reference site to conduct a preliminary assessment of metal content and toxicity. Ten-day sediment toxicity tests were conducted with the amphipod,Hyalella azteca and 24 h soil toxicity tests were conducted with the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans). High concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and arsenic were detected in soil and sediment samples. However, no mortality was observed inHyalella exposed to Tisza River sediments and only up to 27% mortality of C.elegans was observed in flood plain soils. Low mortalities are attributed to reduced metal bioavailability caused by high soil cation exchange capacities and possible interactions with sediment organic matter or sulfides. Future studies should focus on factors that alter metal bioavailability and their relationship to potential toxicity of organisms exposed to Tisza River sediments and flood plain soils.
From user interface design to the support of intelligent and adaptive interfaces: an overhaul of user interface software infrastracture

Research on adaptive interfaces in the past has lacked support from user interface tools which allow interfaces to be easily created and modified. Also, current user interface tools provide no support for user models which can collect task-oriented information about users. Developing an adaptive interface requires a user model and an adaptation strategy. It also, however, requires a user interface which can be adapted. The latter task is often time-consuming, especially in relation to more sophisticated user interfaces. The paper presents a user interface design environment, UIDE, which has a different software infrastracture. Designers use high-level specifications to create a model of an application and links from the application to various interface components. The model is the heart of all the design and run-time support in UIDE, including automatic dialog sequencing and help generation. UIDE provides automatic support for collecting task-oriented information about users, by the use of its high-level specifications in its application model as a basic construct for a user model. Some examples of adaptive interfaces and adaptive help are presented that use the information that is collectable in UIDE.
The Association Between Sexual Aggression and HIV Risk Behavior in Heterosexual Men

Perpetrating sexual coercion and rape can be conceptualized as a form of sexual risk taking. In this study, the authors evaluated the relationship between sexual aggression and other risky sexual behaviors (e.g., intercourse without a condom) using an online convenience sample of 1,240 heterosexual men. Sexually aggressive men engaged in more sexual risk taking (i.e., sex with multiple partners, unprotected sex, and one-night stands) than nonaggressive men, and almost half of the reported incidents of sexual aggression were unprotected (i.e., no condom was worn). Thus, sexual aggression was found to be part of a larger pattern of sexual risk taking. Regression analyses revealed that sexual aggression was associated with greater alcohol use and lower sexual inhibition—two variables that have consistently been found to be related to other forms of sexual risk taking.
Raman spectra of NF compounds—II Raman spectrum of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride

Abstract The Raman spectrum of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride has been studied. All four fundamentals have been observed at 500 cm −1 ( E ), 649 cm −1 ( A 1 ), 910 cm −1 ( E ) and 1035 cm −1 ( A 1 ). The vibration species were assigned on the basis of polarization data and line shape.
Tunable atomic line molecular (TALM) spectrometer

Abstract A highly specific technique for real time monitoring of simple and complex molecules is described. This technique depends on using the Zeeman effect to tune an atomic emission line to coincide with a sharp molecular absorption feature and has been named TALMS (Tunable Atomic Line Molecular Spectroscopy). Results are presented on the determination of di-atomic (NO), tri-atomic (NO2, SO2), tetra-atomic (H2CO) and more complex molecules. An explanation is offered for the ability of this technique to determine complex molecules, which suggests that the method should be highly specific. It is concluded that work in this area will lead to instrumentation that will be valuable for process control or environmental monitoring.
The specific copper surface areas in Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts by oxygen and carbon monoxide chemisorption: evidence for irreversible CO chemisorption induced by the interaction of the catalyst components

Abstract The chemisorption of oxygen and carbon monoxide has been employed to determine the copper metal surface areas of Cu ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts in the compositional range Cu ZnO = 0 100 to 100 0 . The total, reversible and irreversible adsorption capacities for oxygen and carbon monoxide have been measured at 78 and 293 K, respectively. The reversible CO capacities show good linearity with the irreversible O 2 capacities and lie on a line connecting the capacity for pure copper with that, at zero intercept, of pure zinc oxide. Thus, the crystalline copper surface areas in these biphase catalysts have been evaluated from the specific irreversible adsorption of O 2 on pure copper having surface stoichiometry Cu:O = 2:1. The reversible CO Chemisorption also is a measure of the copper metal surface area but irreversible CO Chemisorption is associated with defect sites, attributed to nonmetallic copper species in zinc oxide. A critical comparison with another traditionally employed method, N 2 O decompositive Chemisorption, shows that the low temperature adsorption of O 2 is the preferred, reliable technique for the determination of crystalline copper surface areas.
Using the Force–Time Curve to Determine Sincerity of Effort in People with Upper Extremity Injuries

Abstract This was a prospective cohort study. In a previous study, the slopes of the force–time (F–T) curve were shown to differentiate between maximal and submaximal grip effort in healthy participants. The objective of the study was to examine if the slopes of the F–T curve can determine the sincerity of effort in people with upper extremity injuries. Forty participants with unilateral upper extremity injury performed maximal and submaximal grip efforts. The F–T curve was recorded, and the slopes of the force-generation and force-decay phases were calculated. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significantly steeper slopes for maximal than those for submaximal efforts. However, receiver operating characteristic curves showed that, at best, the slope of the force-generation phase yielded overall error rates of 55% for women and 60% for men. Therefore, sensitivity and specificity values were insufficient to effectively differentiate maximal from submaximal efforts. The slopes of the F–T curve did not validly measure the sincerity of effort in participants with upper extremity injury, perhaps, because they were protective of their injured hand and, thus, exerted only submaximal effort even at their best grip attempt. Level of Evidence Not applicable.
Siliceous Spiculites as Shoreline Indicators in Deltaic Sequences

Lithic and faunal properties and stratigraphic relationships of three Pennsylvanian silica–cemented spiculites in the Appalachian Plateau lead to inferences about the time and specific environmental conditions of spiculite formation. Fauna within spiculite and associated cherty beds indicate a normal Pennsylvanian marine environment, whereas excellent preservation of shells, as well as associated uncompacted silicified coal, indicate early introduction of silica cement. Coal and seat rock closely overlying and underlying the spiculites suggest that the silicified beds represent transgressive elements along a swampy shoreline receiving little detritus. Rapid lateral disappearance of spicule material into thick marine–brackish equivalent detrital strata indicates that sponge colonies were excluded from areas of rapid detrital influx. In the landward direction from paleo–shorelines, spiculites grade into coal and desilicated seat rock which may have provided an immediate nearby source for silica. Absence of spiculite and cherty sediments from Pennsylvanian shorelines where a wide brackish zone separates marine environments from the shoreline suggests that abundant sponge colonies could develop only where marine water closely approached the strand.
Flux-Coupled Direct Feedback in a SQUID Amplifier

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) employs DC Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Series Array Amplifiers (SSAAs) in its phonon readout system. These amplifiers are in a transresistance topology utilizing feedback from room-temperature electronics. The input coil of each SSAA is in series with a phonon sensor composed of many parallel transition edge sensors (TES's). The SSAA consists of 100 individual SQUIDs, each surrounded by planar input and feedback coils with an electrically isolated flux-focusing washer, which increases the inductive coupling between the SQUID and each coil. A room-temperature gain stage completes the feedback loop between the SSAA output voltage and the feedback coil current. We report on a significant mutual inductance that exists directly between the feedback and input coils, on its impact on the feedback network of the amplifier, and on the resulting transfer function. The consequent effects include a partial nulling of the input coil's self-inductance, as well as resonant peaking in the closed-loop response that depends on the impedance of the input coil circuit.
Adipose and Muscle Tissue Gene Expression of Two Genes (NCAPG and LCORL) Located in a Chromosomal Region Associated with Cattle Feed Intake and Gain

A region on bovine chromosome 6 has been implicated in cattle birth weight, growth, and length. Non-SMC conodensin I complex subunit G (NCAPG) and ligand dependent nuclear receptor corepressor-like protein (LCORL) are positional candidate genes within this region. Previously identified genetic markers in both genes were associated with average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in a crossbred population of beef steers. These markers were also associated with hot carcass weight, ribeye area and adjusted fat thickness suggesting that they may have a role in lean muscle growth and/or fat deposition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the transcript abundance of either of these genes in cattle adipose and muscle tissue was associated with variation in feed intake and average daily gain phenotypes. Transcript abundance for NCAPG and LCORL in adipose and muscle tissue was measured in heifers (adipose only), cows and steers using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the adipose tissue from cows and heifers, a negative correlation between LCORL transcript abundance and ADFI were detected (P = 0.05). In the muscle tissue from cows, transcript abundance of NCAPG was associated with ADG (r = 0.26; P = 0.009). A positive correlation between LCORL transcript abundance from muscle tissue of steers and ADFI was detected (P = 0.04). LCORL protein levels in the muscle of steers were investigated and were associated with ADFI (P = 0.01). These data support our earlier genetic associations with ADFI and ADG within this region and represent the potential for biological activity of these genes in the muscle and adipose tissues of beef cattle; however, they also suggest that sex, age and/or nutrition-specific interactions may affect the expression of NCAPG and LCORL in these tissues.
Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III. Tissue proximate, fatty acid, vitamin, and cholesterol content.

Angus-cross steers (n = 198; 270 kg of BW; 8 mo) were used in a 3-yr study to assess the ef- fects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on LM proximate, fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin, and mineral composition. During the winter months (De- cember to April), steers were randomly allotted to 3 stocker growth rates: low (0.23 kg/d), medium (0.45 kg/d), or high (0.68 kg/d). At the completion of the stockering phase, steers were allotted randomly within each stocker growth rate to a high concentrate (CONC) or pasture (PAST) finishing system and finished to an equal time endpoint. Winter stocker growth rate did not alter (P > 0.05) proximate, cholesterol, or vitamin content of the LM. All interactions among winter stock- er growth rate and finishing system were nonsignifi- cant, indicating that supplementation systems during winter stocker period did not influence beef composi- tion after finishing on PAST or CONC. Finishing steers on CONC decreased (P 0.05) between finishing systems. α-Tocopherol and β-carotene content of the LM were 288 and 54% greater, respectively, for PAST-finished cattle than CONC. B-vitamins, thiamine and ribofla- vin, were also present in greater (P = 0.001) concen- trations for PAST than CONC. Calcium, Mg, and K contents of the LM were greater (P 0.05) among PAST and CONC. Concentrations of all n-3 fatty acids (li- nolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, doco- sahexaenoic) were greater (P = 0.01) for PAST than CONC. Total n-6 PUFA percentages were unchanged (P > 0.05) among finishing systems. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids was 4.84 for CONC and 1.65 for PAST. Beef from CONC finished has a greater total, satu- rated, and monounsaturated fat content; in contrast, beef from PAST finished has less total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat content with greater contents of n-3 fatty acids and a decreased n-6 to n-3 ratio. Beef from PAST finished also has greater contents of B-vita- mins and antioxidants (vitamin E and β-carotene).
Masculinity impediments: Internalized masculinity contributes to healthcare avoidance in men and women:

Gender beliefs contribute to men's healthcare avoidance, but little research examines these outcomes in women. This article models healthcare avoidance related to masculine contingencies of self-worth in men and women. Nested path modelling tested relationships between social role beliefs, masculine contingencies of self-worth, barriers to help seeking and avoidance of health care in university and non-university-student adult samples. Results indicated social role beliefs predicted masculine contingencies of self-worth in men but not in women. Regardless of gender, masculine contingencies of self-worth predicted barriers to help seeking, which predicted healthcare avoidance in both men and women. Thus, masculine contingencies of self-worth have downstream consequences for men and women through barriers to help seeking.
Characterization of differential Toll-like receptor responses below the optical diffraction limit.

Many membrane receptors are recruited to specific cell surface domains to form nanoscale clusters upon ligand activation. This step appears to be necessary to initiate signaling, including pathways in innate immune system activation. However, virulent pathogens such as Yersinia pestis (the causative agent of plague) are known to evade innate immune detection, in contrast to similar microbes (such as E. coli) that elicit a robust response. This disparity has been partly attributed to the structure of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the bacterial cell wall, which are recognized by the innate immune receptor TLR4. As such, we hypothesized that nanoscale differences would exist between the spatial clustering of TLR4 upon binding of LPS derived from Y. pestis and E. coli. Although optical imaging can provide exquisite details of the spatial organization of biomolecules, there is a mismatch between the scale at which receptor clustering occurs ( 400 nm). The last decade has seen the emergence of super-resolution imaging methods that effectively break the optical diffraction barrier to yield truly nanoscale information in intact biological samples. This study reports the first visualizations of TLR4 distributions on intact cells at image resolutions of <30 nm using a novel, dual-color stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) technique. This methodology permits distinction between receptors containing bound LPS from those without at the nanoscale. Importantly, we also show that LPS derived from immuno-stimulatory bacteria resulted in significantly higher LPS-TLR4 cluster sizes and a nearly two-fold greater ligand/receptor colocalization as compared to immuno-evading LPS.