cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional Sports Attendance as a Proxy for New Stadium Spillover Benefits

One of the most interesting issues in state and local public finance over the last 10-15 years has been the debate over state and local contributions to professional sports stadiums. Despite a large amount of empirical evidence indicating that state and local governments receive very little, if any economic benefit from the stadiums they help build, for some reason they keep building them (Bade, Rosentraub). Much research has gone into this issue, and essentially the same result was found each time: stadiums are poor investments for governments. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol9/iss1/16
Examining performance enhancement of p-channel strained-SiGe MOSFET devices

We examine performance enhancement of p-channel SiGe devices using our particle-based device simulator that takes into account self-consistently the bandstructure and the quantum mechanical space-quantization and mobility enhancement effects. We find surface roughness to be the dominant factor for the bad performance of p-channel SiGe devices when compared to conventional bulk p-MOSFETs at high bias conditions. At low and moderate bias conditions, when surface-roughness does not dominate the carrier transport, we observe performance enhancement in the operation of p-channel SiGe MOSFETs versus their conventional Si counterparts.
Inference for a Population Mean II

You have studied in a preliminary fashion the application of confidence intervals and significance tests to measurement variables for which the population mean is the parameter of interest. You will apply these procedures to a variety of genuine applications in this topic. You will also discover the paired comparisons design as a convenient and useful method of comparing two treatments, and you will see how to use these inference techniques to analyze data collected with such a design.
Nerve cell density in submucous plexus throughout the gut of cat and opossum

Quantitative differences in submucous plexus density were sought in cat and opossum gut by examining full-thickness whole mounts of the submucosa stained with silver, and counting ganglia per square centimeter and nerve cell bodies per ganglion in order to compute density of innervation (nerve cell bodies per square centimeter). In the cat, the nerve cell bodies per square centimeter in the 12 named regions were as follows: proximal esophagus, 0; mid-esophagus, 0; distal esophagus, 0; fundus, 84; gastric antrum, 18; duodenum, 5831; jejunum, 4632; ileum, 3191; proximal colon, 1275; mid-colon, 689; distal colon, 359; rectum, 144. In the opossum, values were as follows: proximal esophagus, 37; mid-esophagus, 52; distal esophagus, 84; duodenum, 1812; jejunum, 2234; ileum, 1488; proximal colon, 206; mid-colon, 197; distal colon, 121; rectum, 61. Adequate specimens could not be obtained from opossum stomach. Differences were due more to variations in distribution density of ganglia than in ganglionic size. The relatively dense submucous plexus of the intestine probably is related to the capacity of the intestinal mucosa for peptide secretion as well as to its absorptive function.
The Rise and Fall of the Ultra Vires Doctrine in United States, United Kingdom, and Commonwealth Caribbean Corporate Common Law: A Triumph of Experience Over Logic

In free market economies, corporate laws change over time. Modernization of corporate law is also crucial to commercial growth and to free market economies. The author argues that concepts that have outlived their utility, such as the ultra vires doctrine, should be promptly eliminated where feasible. He proposes a thorough and complete reformation of the ultra vires doctrine in England, where change is only partially complete at this point, to mirror the United States reformation.After the introduction, the author generally discusses the formation of companies in common law jurisdictions, identifies similarities in this process globally, and highlights differences with regard to individual jurisdictions. He then analyzes the ultra vires doctrine and discusses its development in England and in the United States, identifies pertinent factors that have led to its progressive reform in England, the United States and other Common Law Jurisdictions globally, and ends by articulating the doctrine’s current status in modern corporate law.
An Evaluation of Hydrated Lime and Predator Sunfish as a Combined Chemical–Biological Approach for Controlling Snails in Aquaculture Ponds

Abstract Aquatic snails are vectors for several species of digenetic trematodes that infest many commercially cultivated fish. Most research on methods of controlling snails in aquaculture ponds has centered on the application of chemical solutions to pond margins and the stocking of mollusk-eating fish. We sought to evaluate both methods separately and in tandem as treatments for snails in research ponds under simulated commercial food fish production conditions. Application of hydrated lime (Ca[OH]2) slurry at a rate of 31.7 kg/30.5 m of linear shoreline in a 1-m-wide swath produced a 99% reduction in estimated snail densities. However, in several ponds the snail densities rebounded within 2 months of application. Ponds stocked with redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus and hybrid crosses of redear and green sunfish L. cyanellus at 494 fish/ha experienced a gradual decline in snail densities over 4 months, resulting in a 95% overall reduction at the end of the trial period (4 months). Ponds treated with bo...
Design of housing and mesh spacer supports for salinity gradient hydroelectric power generation using pressure retarded osmosis

Pressure retarded osmosis is a technique for recovering salinity gradient energy, and new technology proposed as a renewable energy resource. Two water bodies with differing salt concentrations are separated by a membrane which is permeable to water but not to salt, and water is driven toward the section of high salinity, where its hydraulic pressure can be recovered as hydroelectric power. This paper briefly describes PRO development, and describes the design of a simple custom-built bench-scale PRO demonstration module. The feasibility of the process is confirmed and experimental results are compared with those of other researchers and with theoretical predictions. A cellulose membrane is used to separate the feed (fresh water) and draw (saline water) solutions, supported by a steel mesh. The geometry and relative opening area of this mesh spacer is investigated for its effect on water transport and calculated power density. This work lays a foundation for optimization of the mesh spacer for desired membrane performance, and for improved understanding of the fluid and molecular dynamics at the membrane interface.
Reexamination of the high field susceptibility of dilute Pt(Co) alloys

Abstract The magnetization versus field of dilute Pt(Co) alloys has been extended to 150 kG. The high field susceptibility is lower than reported by Gibson and Moody and is consistent with published band calculations.
Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation type I demonstrated by CT metrizamide myelography.

Abstract In an adult with Arnold-Chiari malformation type I, herniation of the cerebellar tonsils was demonstrated by the new technique of computerized tomographic metrizamide myelography.
Auditory pathways to the hypothalamus in ranid frogs.

Abstract Three multisynaptic pathways from the midbrain auditory center (torus semicircularis) of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana , to the infundibular hypothalamus were found using the axonal tracer wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase. Toral neurons project to the secondary visceral nucleus of the isthmus and to the central and anterior thalamic nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. All 3 of these nuclei project to the infundibular hypothalamus. These findings indicate multiple connections between two centers presumed important for reproductive behavior in frogs, a midbrain sensory region processing acoustic communication signals and a hypothalamic endocrine control area regulating gonadotropin and gonadal steroid secretion.
Multiple splice defects in ABCA1 cause low HDL-C in a family with hypoalphalipoproteinemia and premature coronary disease.

Background Mutations at splice junctions causing exon skipping are uncommon compared to exonic mutations, and two intronic mutations causing an aberrant phenotype have rarely been reported. Despite the high number of functional ABCA1 mutations reported to date, splice variants have been reported infrequently. We screened DNA from a 41 year-old male with low HDL-C (12 mg/dL [0.31 mmol/L]) and a family history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis.
AMORPHOUS MoS 3 AND WS 3

Abstract MoS 3 and WS 3 are examples of a group of transition metal chalcogenides which have only been prepared in amorphous form. Recently these compounds have been found to show interesting properties as cathode materials in ambient temperature alkali metal batteries. In particular, MoS 3 reacts readily and reversibly with lithium, giving a battery system with a high theoretical energy density. In this paper, we report results of structural studies of amorphous MoS 3 and WS 3 using X-ray radial distribution analysis, EXAFS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements and vibrational spectroscopies. The results reveal that these amorphous compounds have a chain-like structure similar to that of the crystalline trichalcogenides of the neighboring IVB and VB elements. However, the combined formations of the metal dimers and polysulfide bonds along the chains are structural features unique to these amorphous compounds. The possible implications of this structure to the observed electrochemical behavior will be discussed.
Relative validation of a beverage frequency questionnaire in children ages 6 months through 5 years using 3-day food and beverage diaries

Abstract Objective To determine the relative validity of a quantitative beverage frequency questionnaire in assessing beverage, calcium, and vitamin D intakes using 3-day food diaries for reference. Design Parents were asked to complete questionnaires for the preceding week and diaries for the following week for their children. Calcium and vitamin D intakes were estimated from human milk, infant formulas, and cow's milk (″beverages") for questionnaires and diaries and from ″all foods and beverages" for diaries. Data collected at 6 and 12 months and 3 and 5 years of age as part of the Iowa Fluoride Study (N=700) were analyzed cross-sectionally. Subjects Children (N=240); 60 randomly selected from each quartile of energy intake at 6 months of age. Statistical analyses Spearman correlation coefficients, weighted κ statistics, and percentages of exact agreement were used to assess associations between tools. Results Correlations between mean daily beverage intakes estimated from questionnaires and diaries ranged from 0.95-0.99 for human milk, 0.84-0.85 for infant formula, 0.63-0.86 for cow's milk, 0.54-0.69 for juice/drinks, 0.26-0.59 for liquid soft drinks, 0.35-0.74 for powdered soft drinks and 0.54-0.70 for water. Correlations between mean daily nutrient intakes estimated from questionnaires and diaries ″beverages" ranged from 0.64-0.74 for calcium and 0.60-0.80 for vitamin D; and between questionnaires and diaries ″all foods and beverages" ranged from 0.41-0.63 for calcium and 0.43-0.80 for vitamin D. Applications A quantitative beverage frequency questionnaire can provide a relative estimate of beverage, calcium, and vitamin D intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:714-720.
Intraoperative MIDCABG arteriography via the left radial artery: a comparison with doppler ultrasound for assessment of graft patency

Abstract Background . Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting involving beating heart left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending coronary artery anastomoses are performed with increasing frequency. Controversy exists regarding the need for intraoperative assessment of graft patency. Methods . We designed a technique to perform arteriography of the left internal mammary artery by using left radial artery access and standard fluoroscopy to evaluate patency in the operating room. The last 50 of 87 minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting operations were evaluated by intraoperative arteriography and Doppler ultrasound. Angiograms were performed by the surgeon and involved cannulation and direct injection of contrast medium into the origin of the left internal mammary artery via the left radial artery. Results . Total procedure time was less than 15 minutes. No injuries to the left internal mammary artery were identified. Anastomotic occlusions were identified in 4 cases (8%), 2 of which involved sequential diagonal and left anterior descending anastomoses. These were corrected at the time of surgery with 2 cases requiring conversion to standard coronary artery bypass grafting. Qualitative assessment of grafts with Doppler ultrasound failed to definitively identify these occlusions. There were no deaths and no perioperative infarctions. Conclusion . Intraoperative arteriography of the left internal mammary artery can be performed by the surgeon, and a significant number of anastomotic problems may be identified and corrected by using this technique. Therefore, a 100% early graft patency rate may be attainable.
Microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy 7150

A study has been made to understand the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture characteristics of aluminium alloy 7150. Detailed optical and transmission electron microscopical observations were used to analyse the intrinsic microstructural features of the alloy in the T77 condition. The alloy was deformed to failure over a range of strain rates in environments of 3.5% sodium chloride solution and laboratory air. The environment was found to have little influence on strength of the alloy. The strength only marginally increased with an increase in strain rate. However, for all strain rates, the ductility of the alloy degraded in the aggressive environment. The ratio of strain to failure in sodium chloride solution to that in laboratory air indicates that the alloy is only mildly susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. The fracture behaviour was different in the two environments. However, in a given environment the fracture behaviour was essentially the same. In the aggressive environment fracture was predominantly intergranular while fracture revealed a ductile transgranular failure in laboratory air. An attempt is made to discuss the kinetics of the fracture process in terms of competing mechanistic effects involving intrinsic microstructural features, matrix deformation characteristics, environment and strain rate.
Transitional care in pediatric urology

The transition from childhood to adolescence and into adulthood occurs as a natural component of human development. As children progress through school and gain independence, health care practitioners must facilitate a parallel transition from pediatric to adult providers. Modern medicine has succeeded in extending the life expectancy for many children with complex conditions, and adult providers are participating in their medical care through adulthood. Transitioning pediatric urology care to adult urology care is unique to every individual and his or her underlying condition, while the transition process is universal. The objectives of all pediatric urologists include preservation of the kidneys and lower urinary tracts, safe urine storage, safe urine drainage, urinary continence, fertility, sexual function, and genital cosmesis. For some children, these objectives can be attained during childhood, while other children require lifelong maintenance and management. Children with posterior urethral valves, exstrophy-epispadias complex, cloaca, vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, disorders of sex development, cancer, hypospadias, nephrolithiasis, undescended testes, varicoceles, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, solitary kidney, and upper tract anomalies all require long-term evaluation and management. The obstacles of altering a patient and caregiver paradigm, locating adult urologists with special expertise, coordinating care with other adult specialties such as nephrology, and navigating the adult health care environment can impede the transition process.
Oxidative fluorination and oxygenation of bis(trifluoromethylthio)methane and ethyltrifluoromethylsulfide

Abstract Chloride monofluoride fluorinates (CF3S)2CH2 to (CF3SF4)2CH2 and CH3SF4CH2F, and CF3SC2H5 to trans-CF3SF4C2H5. Mono-chloroperbenzoic acid with the same reactants gives either CF3SCH2S(O)CF3 or CF3SCH2SO2CF3, and CF3S(O)C2H5 and CF3SO2C2H5.
Stimulation of midbrain raphé neurons: behavioral effects of serotonin release.

Abstract Awake, unrestrained rats were stimulated electrically via chronic electrodes implanted in the region of serotonin-containing neurones in the midbrain raphe. Behavioral observations showed a failure of the usual habituation to reptitive sensory stimuli (as indicated by a persistence of the startle response) without any evidence of motor excitation, or somnolence. Para-chlorophenylalanine and reserpine abolish this effect of raphe stimulation. Rental temperatures showed a rise of 1 – 1.5°C during the course of stimulation.
Aberrant transmission of RAPD markers in haploids, doubled haploids, and F1 hybrids of peach : observations and speculation on causes

Abstract Genetic analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers can be complicated by the sensitivity of the RAPD-PCR procedure and the dominant nature of the markers. Using a unique system of six doubled haploid peach parents and their seven resulting F 1 hybrid populations, we found that 18% of the 50 scorable bands from 25 primers did not follow expected inheritance patterns. Bands present in parents were not transmitted to the progeny, or non-parental bands appeared in the progeny. Differences in RAPD patterns were also observed between haploids and spontaneous diploid bud sports on the same tree. Because peach is a long-lived clonally propagated crop, it is possible that somatic rearrangements occur which would lead to this unexpected inheritance of RAPD markers. Such anomalous patterns indicate that RAPD markers should be used cautiously in peach mapping and genetic diversity studies.
On the choice of reference orbit, canonical variables, and perturbation method in satellite theory

The author's second-order artificial satellite theory (Aksnes, 1970) is reviewed and compared with that of Kozai (1962). These theories differ in that the former makes use of: (1) an intermediate orbit, being a rotating ellipse instead of a fixed ellipse, (2) Hill variables instead of Delaunay variables, and (3) Hori's perturbation method in Lie series rather than Von Zeipel's method in Taylor series.
Swarming UAVs mission design strategy

This paper uses a behavioral hierarchy approach to reduce the mission solution space and make the mission design easier. A UAV behavioral hierarchy is suggested, which is derived from three levels of behaviors: basic, individual and group. The individual UAV behavior is a combination of basic, lower level swarming behaviors with priorities. Mission design can be simplified by picking the right combination of individual swarming behaviors, which will emerge the needed group behaviors. Genetic Algorithm is used in both lower-level basic behavior design and mission design.
A two-dimensional analog VLSI circuit for detecting discontinuities in early vision

A large number of computer vision algorithms for finding intensity edges, computing motion, depth, and color, and recovering the three-dimensional shape of objects have been developed within the framework of minimizing an associated "energy" or "cost" functional. Particularly successful has been the introduction of binary variables coding for discontinuities in intensity, optical flow field, depth, and other variables, allowing image segmentation to occur in these modalities. The associated nonconvex variational functionals can be mapped onto analog, resistive networks, such that the stationary voltage distribution in the network corresponds to a minimum of the functional. The performance of an experimental analog very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit implementing the nonlinear resistive network for the problem of two-dimensional surface interpolation in the presence of discontinuities is demonstrated; this circuit is implemented in complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology.
Spin of the 673 keV level and multipolarity of transitions in 105Pd

Abstract Gamma-gamma directional correlation experiments were performed on five cascades in 105Pd populated from the electron capture decay of 105Ag(40 d). Two Ge(Li) detectors in a coincidence arrangement were used in this measurement. The directional correlation coefficients for the 393 keV−280 keV γ-γ cascade, together with previously determined conversion coefficients, give a unique spin 1 2 + assignment for the 673 keV level. The E2/M1 mixing ratios determined for the transitions in 105Pd are δ(280) = 0.132±0.008, δ(319) = −(0.110−0.061+0.024), δ(370) = 0−0.05+0.01), δ(393) = 0−0.05+0.01. The 645 keV transition was found to be E1 + ≦ 0.02 % M2 character.
Finite Difference Numerical Analysis of Phase‐Boundary Reaction Models for Cesium Penetration Into Glass

Abstract : Experimental data for the phase-boundary reaction and subsequent diffusion occurring when glass surfaces are exposed to aqueous cesium (Cs) have been theoretically analyzed. Partial differential equations resulting from a surface reaction followed by three possible modes of penetration, a) simple diffusion, b) interdiffusion, and c) double diffusion of Cs, were numerically solved by means of a finite-difference technique. A model in which aqueous Cs+ is assumed to react rapidly with a time-dependent number of glass surface sites, followed by double-diffusion penetration, produced the best agreement with experiment. Cs diffusion coefficients of 2 x 10 to the -16th power and 3 x 10 to the -17th power sq cm/s were obtained. The value of the finite-difference solution technique is also discussed.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of normal and malignant terminal B (plasma) cells.

A number of antigens (Ags) are expressed on normal and malignant terminal B (plasma) cells, including plasma-cell, earlier B-cell, and non-B cell-Ags. These Ags, coupled with indirect and dual fluorochrome labelling techniques, permit characterization of normal and malignant in vitro and in vivo terminal B-cell differentiation. The majority (90%) of B cells within spleen bear B1 and lack PCA-1 Ags. As B cells differentiate to pokeweed mitogen in vitro, immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion precedes the appearance of cell surface PCA-1 and plasmacytoid morphology. Dual fluorescence cell sorting permits characterization of in vivo B-cell differentiation: B1 + PCA-1 + cells are more “differentiated” since they are more prevalent in lymph node than spleen, exhibit plasmacytoid morphology and maximal Ig secretion, and no longer respond to triggers of B-cell proliferation; in contrast, B1 + PCA-1- cells are lymphoid in morphology and may respond to triggers of B-cell proliferation as “resting” B cells. Similar studies of myeloma cells demonstrated that they may also include cells expressing plasma-cell, earlier B, and non-B cell Ags. Although they neither proliferated nor secreted Ig in vitro to G/M-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-1, IL-1B, IL-2, or IL-4, proliferation without Ig secretion (Stimulation Index ≥ 3.0) was induced to IL-6 in 6 of 10 patients (pts); to IL-3 (2 pts) and to IL-5 (2 pts). Myeloma cells which proliferated to the greatest extent to IL-6 have plasmablast morphology and appear to express an earlier B-cell phenotype (B4±CALLA±B1 + PCA-1 ±) than those cells which either did not or only weakly responded (B4-CALLA -B1±PCA -1±). Phenotypic definition of growth factor-responsive myeloma cells may both facilitate their biological characterization in vitro and permit enhanced understanding of aberrant B-cell differentiation in vivo.
Clinical characteristics and long-term clinical outcomes of Japanese heart failure patients with preserved versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: A prospective cohort of Shinken Database 2004–2011

Abstract Background Clinical data on the mortality and morbidity of unselected Japanese patients with heart failure (HF) are limited. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of Japanese HF patients with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Methods and results We used a single hospital-based cohort from the Shinken Database 2004–2011 that comprised all new patients ( n = 17,517) visiting the Cardiovascular Institute Hospital. A total of 1,525 patients diagnosed with symptomatic HF at the initial visit were included in the analysis. Of these, 1121 patients (74%) exhibited a preserved LVEF (>50%) and 404 patients (26%) had a reduced LVEF (≤50%). HF patients with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) were older and more often female than patients with reduced LVEF (HFrEF). Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test results showed that HFpEF patients had a better prognosis than HFrEF patients. However, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between HFpEF and HFrEF patients when the analysis was limited to inpatients. Cox regression analysis showed that HFpEF patients had a significantly lower risk of all-cause death ( p = 0.027; hazard ratio, 0.547, 95% confidence interval, 0.321–0.933). Multivariate analyses performed separately showed that the independent predictors of all-cause death in HFrEF were advanced age, lower body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and the absence of statin treatment, whereas those for HFpEF were advanced age, absence of dyslipidemia, anemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusions This prospective cohort study identified the clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of Japanese HF patients with reduced and preserved ejection fractions in a real-world clinical setting.
Seasonal variability of bio-optical and physical properties in the Arabian Sea: October 1994-October 1995

Abstract A mooring instrumented with optical and physical sensors within the upper 300 m was deployed for two consecutive 6-month periods (October 15, 1994 through October 20, 1995; sampling intervals of a few minutes) in the central Arabian Sea (15°30′N, 61°30′E). Both the Northeast Monsoon (November 1, 1994–February 15, 1995) and Southwest Monsoon (June 1– September 15, 1995) were observed. During the NE Monsoon, wind speeds averaged 6 m s-1 and reached up to 15 m s-1 during the SW Monsoon. Intermonsoon periods (Spring February 16–May 31, 1995; and Fall September 16–October 15, 1995) were characterized by weak and variable winds. Shortwave radiation and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) displayed half-yearly cycles, peaking during the Intermonsoon periods. Two mixed-layer depth definitions have been used to describe our results. The first is based on a temperature difference of 0.1°C of the surface temperature, MLD0.1°C, and the second is based on a difference of 1.0°C, MLD1.0°C. The maximum Winter mixed layer depth (MLD1.0°C∼110 m) was deeper than the Summer mixed layer (MLD1.0°C∼80 m), primarily because of surface cooling and convection. A half-yearly cycle in chlorophyll a was evident with greater values occurring during each Monsoon and into the Intermonsoon periods. High chlorophyll a values associated with cool mesoscale features were also apparent during each Monsoon. These mesoscale features and others have been identified using remotely sensed sea-surface height anomaly maps. Time-series of the 1% light level depth, h1%, tracked the depth-integrated chlorophyll a. In general, h1% was deeper than MLD1.0°C during the latter half of the Spring Intermonsoon (SIM) (with low chlorophyll a periods) and shallower than MLD1.0°C during the latter portions of the Monsoons (high chlorophyll a periods). During the SIM, the penetrative components of net solar radiation at the base of the mixed layers, En(MLD1.0°C) and En(MLD0.1°C), reached values of ∼40 and 75 W m-2, respectively, when the net surface heat flux was 120 W m-2. The highest mixed layer radiant heating rates occurred during the Intermonsoon periods with peak values greater than 0.2 and 0.1°C d-1 for MLD0.1°C and MLD1.0°C, respectively. Our results indicate that biological variability is significant for the upper ocean heat budget of the central Arabian Sea during the SIM. The present results, in conjunction with those presented in Marra et al. (1998) and Honjo et al. (1998), demonstrate strong coupling of upper ocean biological processes with deep ocean particulate organic carbon fluxes. These collective results suggest that the timing and amplitudes of phytoplankton blooms associated with both seasonal stratification and eddies are quite well-correlated with relatively rapid export flux of organic carbon to the deep ocean.
Differential Apoptosis in Mucosal and Dermal Wound Healing.

Objectives: Dermal and mucosal healing are mechanistically similar. However, scarring and closure rates are dramatically improved in mucosal healing, possibly due to differences in apoptosis. Apoptosis, nature's preprogrammed form of cell death, occurs via two major pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic, which intersect at caspase3 (Casp3) cleavage and activation. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the predominant pathways of apoptosis in mucosal and dermal wound healing. Approach: Wounds (1 mm biopsy punch) were made in the dorsal skin (n=3) or tongue (n=3) of female Balb/C mice aged 6 weeks. Wounds were harvested at 6 h, 24 h, day 3 (D3), D5, D7, and D10. RNA was isolated and analyzed using real time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Expression levels for genes in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were compared in dermal and mucosal wounds. Results: Compared to mucosal healing, dermal wounds exhibited significantly higher expression of Casp3 (at D5; p<0.05), Casp7 (at...
Molecular modeling of structure development upon quenching of a polymer solution

We simulate on the computer the kinetics of structure formation upon quenching a polymer solution inside a two-phase region. Our description is on a mesoscopic scale, and the polymer is represented by a chain of beads on a cubic lattice. The results presented are for a 10% solution of polyethylene with a monodisperse molecular weight M = 140 000. We find that the polymer structure grows in two stages. In the first stage, a bicontinuous percolated microstructure is formed through spinodal decomposition and the sizes of the phase domains increase linearly with time. Within that stage, deep quenches lead to lacy structures made of fine and dense fibrils, whereas shallow quenches form wide ribbons with many voids. At the percolation-to-cluster transition, a second stage occurs in which the polymer network breaks into isolated aggregates by diffusive coarsening and sizes grow more slowly as R4 ∼ Kt.
Underwater Photographic Instrumentation Design

Limited space and all weather working conditions are requiring the Pascagoula Fisheries Station of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to design a special line of underwater photographic instrumentation systems. Light metals and plastics are being explored in a continuing effort to develop lightweight yet strong and corrosion proof underwater housings. Designs are selected which offer maximum protection from accidental con tact with the sea bottom and the ship's hull. Color is used to enhance or subdue the underwater visibility of both photographic and test gear.
Reflexive domains and fixed points

In a recent paper in this journal, J. Soto-Andrade and F. J. Varela draw attention to the fact that ifR is a retract of a reflexive domain in a suitable category thenR has the fixed point property. They suggest [1], pp. 1 and 18, that conversely every structure with the fixed point property is a retract of a reflexive domain. In this note it is shown that ifR is a retract of a reflexive domain thenR R has the fixed point property. This leads to counterexamples to the suggestion of Soto-Andrade and Varela in the categoryPo of partially ordered sets and monotone maps.
The electrophysiological effects of neurotensin on spontaneously active neurons in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo study.

Considerable evidence obtained from neuroanatomical and neuro- chemical studies suggests an interaction between the endogenous tridecapeptide neu- rotensin (NT) and central nervous system dopamine (DA) neurons. Centrally adminis- tered NT blocks many of the actions of synaptic DA in limbic brain areas; the specific mechanism and receptors involved remain under investigation. The electrophysiologi- cal effects of NT were studied using extracellular recording techniques and iontopho- retic application in 243 spontaneously active neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), with a positive/negative waveform. NT was directly applied to 208 neurons in a pulsa- tile fashion by iontophoresis (21 6 1 nA). NT had no effect on the firing rate of 120 neurons ((0.31 6 0.72)%), decreased the firing rate in 51 neurons ((� 27.87 6 1.52)%), and increased the firing rates of 37 neurons ((33.38 6 2.6)%). One hundred ninety nine (81.9%) of the neurons studied were sensitive to iontophoretically applied DA (>15% decrease in firing rate). The effects of continuous NT application on DA-induced inhibitions were studied in 169 neurons. NT attenuated neuronal responses to directly applied DA by (49.95 6 4.52)%, with antagonism in the ''core'' subregion (n ¼ 96) of (33.416 7.75)% when compared with antagonism in the ''shell'' subregion (n ¼ 71) of (61.39 6 5.2)%. The effects of NT on DA were consistent and independent of the effects of NT alone. These data provide further evidence that NT functions as a true neuro- modulator in the NAc, exerting minimal direct effects, but blocking the actions of DA. Synapse 58:165-172, 2005. V C 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantum Dots in Imaging [In the Spotlight]

Biotechnology reported the successful development of a self-illuminating type of quantum dot that can reveal its presence without the need for an external light source. In this article, we describe the major techniques for producing quantum dots and applications of the two classes of quantum dots (colloidal and epitaxial) in imaging.
Low temperature thermal conductivity of twinned and untwinned indium-thallium alloys

The low-temperature lattice thermal conductivity of twinned and untwinned, martensitic and non-martensitic, indium-thallium alloys has been measured to probe the effect of twin boundaries on phonon thermal transport. The phonon scattering by electrons, sample surfaces, dislocations, and thallium “impurities” is accounted for adequately by existing theoretical models. The reduced lattice thermal conductivity seen in twinned samples is attributed to additional phonon scattering by twin boundaries and, for the polycrystalline samples, by grain boundaries. Phonon scattering by twin boundaries is much weaker than that generally reported for grain boundaries, and is well represented by an acoustic-mismatch model.
Effect of Heat Treatments on the Meltability of Cheeses

The effect of heat treatments on the meltability of cheese was investigated. Cheddar cheeses of different composition and low-moisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheese were studied at 1, 3, 6, and 12 wk of aging. Cheese samples were heated to 60 degrees C and held for 0, 10, and 20 min before allowing the melted cheese to flow. Mean meltabilities, over all ages, of both Cheddar and Mozzarella cheeses decreased significantly as holding time increased. Meltability of young cheese was scarcely affected by the holding time, in sharp contrast to that of the old cheese where increasing the holding time greatly reduced meltability.
Serum concentrations of steroid hormones in the mature male bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo.

Abstract The male bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, undergoes an annual cycle of spermatogenesis and testicular regression and recrudescence. In southwestern Florida populations, testicular development and spermatogenesis begin in late spring and peak in late summer, with mating not taking place until about 2 months after the peak. Steroid hormones, some of which are known to play influential, essential roles in spermatogenesis, were measured in the serum during a full annual cycle in mature males from a wild population. Serum 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), progesterone (P 4 ), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum T, DHT, and P 4 concentrations followed the pattern of testicular development and regression, with all three steroid hormones attaining the highest significant levels ( P 2 concentrations showed significant changes ( P 2 ( P P 4 ( P 4 showed a significant correlation to the stress behavior ( P = 0.0447), but the significance was much lower than the significant correlation of P 4 by month ( P
A prospective assessment of moderate alcohol intake and major chronic diseases.

Abstract In this paper the relation between alcohol intake assessed on the 1980 Nurses' Health Study questionnaire and subsequent risk of major chronic diseases in this cohort of middle-aged is reviewed. An increased risk of breast cancer among women consuming as little as 3 to 9 drinks per week is consistent with findings in other prospective studies. This same level of intake is inversely related to coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke; however, the risk of hemorrhagic stroke is increased. Alcohol intake is also inversely related to a risk of gall stones and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in this cohort.
Examination Of The Mechanism Of The Post Exposure Bake Effect

The mechanism of the post exposure bake effect, PEB, was studied in detail on several model photoresist compositions containing well defined PAC structures and novolak resins. Under standard processing conditions, reduction of standing waves was found to be dependent on the PAC functionality, PAC molecular size, resin glass transition temperature and on the solvent retained in the photoresist film. These results are all consistent with diffusion as the dominant mechanism of the PEB effect. PAC size was varied from 366 to over 1800 Daltons and resins were selected with glass transition temperatures, Tg, below and above the PEB temperature. Above the resin Tg, the PEB effect was found to be strongly relates to PAC size, with very large PAC molecules showing miniml standing wave reduction. When the PEB temperature is below the resin Tg, standing waves are eliminated only in photoresists containing the smaller PACs. Solvent retention enhances the PEB effect. PAC thermal decomposition, with or without indenecarboxylic acids, was found to be an insignificant contributor to standing wave reduction in normal PEB processing. Furthermore, experimental and simulation results indicate that the initial size of standing waves depends on the PAC functionality and the dissolution selectivity of the resist system. The dependence of diffusion on PAC size has important implications for lithographic modeling, particularly for resist compositions containing mixtures of PAC's of different sizes and degree of esterification. Resist compositions with very large PAC's or very high Tg resins may show limitations with respect to the range of practical PEB processes.
Sensitive Immunosensor for Cancer Biomarker Based on Dual Signal Amplification Strategy of Graphene Sheets and Multienzyme Functionalized Carbon Nanospheres

A novel electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of cancer biomarker α-fetoprotein (AFP) is described that uses a graphene sheet sensor platform and functionalized carbon nanospheres (CNSs) labeled with horseradish peroxidase-secondary antibodies (HRP-Ab2). Greatly enhanced sensitivity for the cancer biomarker is based on a dual signal amplification strategy: first, the synthesized CNSs yielded a homogeneous and narrow size distribution, which allowed several binding events of HRP-Ab2 on each nanosphere. Enhanced sensitivity was achieved by introducing the multibioconjugates of HRP-Ab2-CNSs onto the electrode surface through “sandwich” immunoreactions. Second, functionalized graphene sheets used for the biosensor platform increased the surface area to capture a large amount of primary antibodies (Ab1), thus amplifying the detection response. On the basis of the dual signal amplification strategy of graphene sheets and the multienzyme labeling, the developed immunosensor showed a 7-fold increas...
Short stature. Part I.

SXATUR~, the quantitative measure of height, varies widely within each ethnic group with a fairly normal distribution. Of the numerous patients whom the physi, clan encounters because of short stature, relatively few are pathologically small in the context of family and ethnic background. Thus it is imperative that the physician be able to differentiate pathologic short stature from the lower end of the normal curve before embarking on a complex diagnostic evaluation. We shall provide a pathophysiologic background for the evaluation of short stature by outlining the normal human growth curve, the physiologic mechanisms that participate in the growth process, and the manner in which these processes can be disturbed. NORMAL HUMAN GROWTH A growth curve, common to all individuals, has characteristics which are shared by many other primates I ~ (Fig. 1); it is characterized by rapid fetal growth, quick deceleration of growth following birth, a period of relatively
Photoproduction of Neutral Pions at Energies 600 to 800 Mev

The photoproduction of neutral π mesons from hydrogen has been studied at the California Institute of Technology Synchrotron Laboratory by detecting recoil protons from a liquid hydrogen target irradiated by the synchrotron bremsstrahlung beam. The recoil protons were detected by a five-counter telescope. Data were taken at proton laboratory angles of 19°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° at proton energies corresponding to photon energies of 600, 700, and 800 Mev. Angular distribution data are produced at these three energies and fitted with functions of the form: A+Bcosθπ′+Ccos^2θπ′. These functions are qualitatively like those at lower energies; B is small and -A/C is roughly 1.25. The total cross section is found to have a minimum at about 600 Mev, being slightly larger at 700 and 800 Mev.
β-Adrenergic Regulation of the L-Type Ca2+ Channel CaV1.2 by PKA Rekindles Excitement

When we are frightened, our hearts beat more rapidly and forcefully so we can fight more intensely or run away faster. This fight-or-flight response is triggered by the release of norepinephrine from neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Norepinephrine activates the classic β-adrenergic receptor-heterotrimeric G(s) protein-adenylyl cyclase-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade. One of the main PKA targets implicated in this response is the L-type Ca2+ channel Ca(V)1.2, which mediates Ca2+ influx into cardiomyocytes. Because of its central function in regulating heartbeat, and because the underlying molecular mechanism has remained elusive, understanding the regulation of Ca(V)1.2 has been considered the holy grail for the field of channel regulation. New evidence from the quest to solve the mystery of Ca(V)1.2 regulation has revealed that reproducible reconstitution of this regulation in heterologous cells requires a perfect balance of the ratio of Ca(V)1.2 to A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs). Proteolytic processing of the cytosolic C terminus of the central, pore-forming α₁1.2 subunit of Ca(V)1.2 contributed to its regulation by PKA, and Ser(1700) in the C terminus of the α₁1.2 subunit emerged as the relevant PKA phosphorylation site.
Retinoic acid synthesis in normal and Alzheimer diseased brain and human neural cells

Retinoids play fundamental roles in CNS development, but their distribution, metabolism, and function within the mature human CNS are unknown. In these studies, extracts of autopsy tissues recovered from histopathologically confirmed control and Alzheimer diseased brains were tested for their ability to synthesize retinoic acid. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RLDH), the enzyme that forms retinoic acid from retinaldehyde, was present in hippocampus, frontal cortex, and parietal cortex. The RLDH activity of hippocampus and parietal cortex from Alzheimer diseased brains was 1.5- to 2-fold higher (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. In contrast, the RLDH activity of frontal cortex was the same for both Alzheimer diseased and control groups. A cultured human glioblastoma (U251) and neuroblastoma (LA-N-5) cell line synthesized retinoic acid from retinaldehyde or retinol, suggesting that a variety of neural cell types possess this activity. LA-N-5 cells grown in vitamin A-depleted medium had higher (p < 0.05) RLDH activity (0.35 +/- 0.04 nmol/mg/h) than LA-N-5 cells grown in vitamin A-replete media (0.15 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg/h). This difference was lost when retinol was added back to the medium, confirming that a reduction in vitamin A supply can induce RLDH activity in neural cells. However, this feedback mechanism does not appear to explain the higher RLDH activity of Alzheimer diseased hippocampus and parietal cortex, because the overall vitamin A status as indicated by serum retinol and carotenoid levels and by hippocampal retinoid content was similar for the Alzheimer diseased and control groups. These studies establish the presence of retinoids and RLDH activity in human brain tissues, and indicate that retinoic acid synthesis is modulated in some regions of Alzheimer diseased brain.
The Role of Firm Status in Appointments of Accounting Financial Experts to Audit Committees

ABSTRACT: Since 1999 regulators have attempted to improve the monitoring of financial reporting by exerting significant pressure on firms to appoint accounting financial experts (AFEs) to their audit committees. Yet, many firms have been reluctant to do so, which has made these firms more prone to financial reporting problems. We examine appointments of AFEs to the audit committees of S&P 1500 firms during the period 1999–2008 to explore whether concerns about the status of these experts discouraged firms from appointing them. We find that typical AFEs (CFOs and retired audit partners) have lower director status (board seats, trusteeships, social club memberships, and elite education) than other types of directors, and that this status gap is greater for higher status firms (larger, better connected, and more admired firms). Moreover, we find that higher status firms are less likely to appoint AFEs, suggesting that status-related concerns reduce the demand for accounting financial expertise on audit commi...
Progress and Pitfalls in the Study of Political Violence

The study of political violence has undergone dramatic changes in its orientation, scope, and empirical approach over the last twenty years. The increasing availability of micro-level data and the growing methodological sophistication of researchers have led to a proliferation of high quality studies on different types of political violence, such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, inter-state war, insurgency, civil war, and repression. However, the cost of this increased sophistication has been fragmentation of the field into highly specialized studies of types of political violence, themselves often divided by theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches. As a way of encouraging the cross-pollination of ideas across the study of political violence, this special edition has asked leading scholars in the field to produce “state of the field” survey pieces on each type of political violence and to identify directions for future research. This introduction lays out the rationale for this special edition...
Special suicide and suicide prevention section of the Journal of American College Health.

On July 8, 2004, the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Act was introduced to the 108th Congress of the United States by Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT). The bill amended the Public Health Service Act to, ...