cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpolation in Multiple Dimensions

In Chapter 3 we discussed interpolation in one dimension (1D). In this chapter we use some of the ideas introduced there to extend interpolation to two and three dimensions. In one dimension, there is no room to choose the shape of the domain. That is, in the domain x ∈ [−1, +1] we are constrained to line elements. However, in two dimensions this door is flung wide open and we are now free to choose all sorts of polygons as the basic building blocks of our interpolation.
Comprehensive Analysis of Different Contemporary Barley Genotypes Enhances and Expands the Scope of Barley Contributions to Beer Flavor

Recent research has demonstrated contributions of barley genotype to beer flavor based on the progeny of a cross between an heirloom and a more contemporary barley variety. To advance this line of ...
Fluorescence Detection of Type III Secretion Using a Glu-CyFur Reporter System in Citrobacter rodentium

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major cause of infantile diarrhea worldwide. EPEC and the closely related murine model of EPEC infection, Citrobacter rodentium, utilize a type III secretion system (T3SS) to propagate the infection. Since the T3SS is not essential for the bacteria to survive or propagate, inhibiting the virulence factor with a therapeutic would treat the infection without causing harm to commensal bacteria. Studying inhibitors of the T3SS usually requires a BSL-2 laboratory designation and eukaryotic host cells while not indicating the mechanism of inhibition. We have designed a BSL-1 assay using the murine model C. rodentium that does not require mammalian cell culture. This CPG2-reporter assay allows for more rapid analysis of secretion efficiency than Western blotting and is sensitive enough to differentiate between partial and total inhibition of the T3SS. Here we present our method and the results of a small collection of compounds we have screened, including known T3SS inhibitors EGCG, regacin, and aurodox and related quorum sensing inhibitors tannic acid and ellagic acid. We have further characterized EGCG as a T3SS inhibitor and established its IC50 of 1.8 ± 0.4 μM. We also establish tannic acid as a potent inhibitor of the T3SS with an IC50 of 0.65 ± 0.09 μM.
In the Interest of Time: Psychological Theory of Interest and Rent

This chapter discusses the theory of rent and interest developed by Frank Fetter and Irving Fisher that pushes the application of subjective and marginalist theory of distribution one step further. Irving Fischer and Frank Fetter independently developed the pure time preference theory of interest, purging it of all the remnants of the old productivity analysis inherited from Bohm-Bawerk. The chapter reviews classical Ricardian theory of rent, with Marshallian limited revision, and continues with Fetter’s criticisms of both Marshall and Ricardo and his positive theory of rent. This theory abolishes the division of income into three categories and redefines rent as a unit price of a factor service, offering a unified theory of factor pricing and erasing the economic difference between land and capital. Any durable good that will earn income in the future is paid its full rental price, discounted by the social rate of time preferences (which is the pure or “originary” interest rate). This way Fetter developed a theory of rent as a theory of factor price determination, embracing all three factors of production within it (land, labor and capital). Fetter’s analytical separation of rent as a consequence of marginal factor productivity (where Bohm’s roundaboutness is relevant) and interest as a consequence of marginal time evaluation (where it is not) are emphasized throughout the chapter, as well as Fischer’s early pure time preference theory, unfortunately abandoned in his later works.
Intermediate Commitment, Temptation, and Central Banks

Traditionally, models of central banks assume they either ignore past constraints (discretion) or completely integrate them (commitment) into today's decision making. I show how the temptation to ignore the past can be taken seriously to produce intermediate behavior. I ground the analysis in micro-theoretic treatment of temptation for a two-period model. Then, I develop an extension of recursive contracts that accommodates a broad class of intermediate decision-making processes. Next I develop a particular example of "scaled commitment." It can model central banks succumbing to stabilization bias after the zero lower bound, but resisting inflation bias. Finally, I provide a general derivation of the recursive approach for any problem with a forward-looking constraint.
Synthesis-guided Adversarial Scenario Generation for Gray-box Feedback Control Systems with Sensing Imperfections

In this paper, we study feedback dynamical systems with memoryless controllers under imperfect information. We develop an algorithm that searches for “adversarial scenarios”, which can be thought of as the strategy for the adversary representing the noise and disturbances, that lead to safety violations. The main challenge is to analyze the closed-loop system's vulnerabilities with a potentially complex or even unknown controller in the loop. As opposed to commonly adopted approaches that treat the system under test as a black-box, we propose a synthesis-guided approach, which leverages the knowledge of a plant model at hand. This hence leads to a way to deal with gray-box systems (i.e., with known plant and unknown controller). Our approach reveals the role of the imperfect information in the violation. Examples show that our approach can find non-trivial scenarios that are difficult to expose by random simulations. This approach is further extended to incorporate model mismatch and to falsify vision-in-the-loop systems against finite-time reach-avoid specifications.
An Enhanced User Authentication Framework in Cloud Computing

Recently, there are several studies have proposed user authentication frameworks to defend against different types of attacks such as phishing, replay attack, man in the middle attack and denial of service attack, etc. Most of these frameworks consist of three main phases, which are the registration phase, login phase, and authentication phase. Most of them have the changing password process as an additional activity. Many problems have been noticed in the performance of these frameworks. For example, the registration phase is valunerable to internal attack such as SYN flood attack. In this work, we aim to propose a robust user authentication framework that overcomes the previous framework shortages. The proposed framework provides many security aspects such as remote authentication, mutual authentication, session key establishment, to mention a few. Besides, to ensure the security through all phases of this framework, we add a new phase called a Service Access Authentication Phase (SAAP).This phase is resposable of the internal verification .
Sex-based Differences in Hamstring Injury Risk Factors

Hamstring injuries (HSI) are common in a number of different sports and can confer a significant burden to both male and female athletes. Though research on HSIs in the female athlete population is lacking, current literature suggests male athletes are between two to four times more likely than female athletes to sustain an HSI. Despite this discrepancy, the role of intrinsic sex differences in HSI risk factors has not been previously explored. This review aims to summarize these sex-based differences in HSI risk factors and their influence on the lower rate of HSIs seen in female athletes as compared to male athletes. Women exhibit increased hamstring flexibility and decreased hamstring musculotendinous stiffness as compared to men; women are also shown to be more resistant to skeletal muscle fatigue. Sex differences in the hamstring to quadriceps ratio and certain lower limb morphologies may also contribute to the sex discrepancy in HSI rates. This remains an area for future research in order to understand the multifaceted nature of HSI injury risk factors and optimize HSI rehabilitation and prevention programs for both male and female athletes.
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Contents: Introduction Part I The Persian Letters: Personality and politics in the Persian Letters, Orest Ranum The idea of nature in the Lettres Persanes, Ronald Grimsley Montesquieu's story of the troglodytes: its background, meaning and significance, Allessandro S. Crisafulli. Part II Roman History: The design of Montesquieu's considerations: Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline, David Lowenthal Christianity and politics in Montesquieu's Greatness and Decline of the Romans, Richard Myers. Part III The Methodology of The Spirit of Laws: Montesquieu and the problem of 'la diversitA(c)', C.P. Courtney Montesquieu's methodology: holism, individualism, and morality, David Young Montesquieu's method, Emile Durkheim Montesquieu's science of politics: absolute values and ethical relativism in L'Esprit des Lois, George Klosko. Part IV Republics: Montesquieu and the classics: republican government in The Spirit of the Laws, David Lowenthal Virtuous republics and glorious monarchies: 2 models in Montesquieu's political thought, Nannerl O. Keohane Not so virtuous republics: Montesquieu, Venice, and the theory of aristocratic republicanism, David W. Carrithers The confederate republic in Montesquieu, Christopher Wolfe. Part V Monarchies: The politics of distinction and disobedience: honor and the defense of liberty in Montesquieu, Sharon Krause A rhetoric of aristocratic reaction? Nobility in De l'Esprit des Lois, Johnson Kent Wright Montesquieu and the concept of civil society, Melvin Richter. Part VI Despotisms: Montesquieu's comparative analysis of Europe and Asia: intended and unintended consequences, Melvin Richter Montesquieu's view of despotism and his use of travel literature, David Young Fearing monarchs and merchants: Montesquieu's 2 theories of despotism, Roger Boesche. Part VII England: Montesquieu, Bolingbroke, and the separation of powers, Robert Shackleton Montesquieu, M.J.C. Vile Montesquieu and the separation of powers, Pierre Manent. Part VIII Religion: Montesquieu's religious ideas, Roger B. Oake Of believers and barbarians: Montesquieu's enlightened toleration, Diana Schaub. Part IX Commerce, Economics and International Relations: Montesquieu and the wealth of nations, Nicos E. Devletoglou Commerce, power and justice: Montesquieu on international politics, Stephen J. Rosow. Part X Philosophy of History: Montesquieu's historical pessimism, Gilbert Chinard Montesquieu's philosophy of history, David Carrithers Name Index.
Fundamentals of Qualitative Research

Chapter 1: Genres, Elements, and Styles of Qualitative Research Chapter 2: A Survey of Qualitative Data Collection Methods Chapter 3: Qualitative Research Design Chapter 4: A Survey of Qualitative Data Analytic Methods Chapter 5: Writing and Presenting Qualitative Research Chapter 6: Additional Readings and Resources in Qualitative Research
Characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B expression and regulation by nuclear signaling pathways in HepaRG cells (1141.6)

HepaRG cells are bipotent human liver progenitor cells that can be differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells that retain important liver functions. We evaluated the expression and regulation of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B subfamily of conjugating enzymes (UGT2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17, and 2B28) in HepaRG cells. During proliferative culture conditions, expression of all UGT2Bs increased with cell confluency. After 2% DMSO-induced differentiation, expression of UGT2B7and 2B17 initially decreased, but levels of all UGT2B mRNAs increased with continued differentiation. Treatment of differentiated HepaRG cells with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonist, phenobarbital, increased expression of all UGT2B genes except UGT2B17. Rifampicin (PXR) increased expression of all UGT2B genes except UGT2B7. CITCO (CAR) increased UGT2B15 and decreased UGT2B17. GW3965 (liver X receptor) decreased all UGT2Bs except UGT2B11, while GW4064 (farnesoid X receptor) incre...
The competence progression model in CHO-K1 cells: The relationship between protein kinase C and immediate early gene expression in the insulin mitogenic signal

Abstract CHO-K1 cells grow in a defined medium with insulin, at physiological concentrations, as the only hormone. IGF-I can substitute for insulin. Quiescent cells require a 9–10-h lag, subsequent to the addition of insulin, to synthesize DNA. The phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradeconoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), cannot support growth of these cells, is a more effective inducer than insulin of c-fos, c-myc, c-jun, jun-B, Krox-20, Krox 24, fra-1 and JE, and induces fra-1, JE and c-myc with different kinetics from those of insulin. The addition of insulin + TPA to quiescent cells produces a synergistic effect on DNA synthesis but not on the expression of immediate early genes. Pretreatment of these cells with TPA or insulin decreases the required lag time for DNA synthesis by 3 h in a protein-synthesis-independent manner. These results, together with other experiments, demonstrate that [1] the insulin signal is independent of PKC, [2] insulin acts as a weak competence and a strong progression factor, while TPA behaves as a strong competence factor, and [3] the 9–10-h lag is made up of a 3-h period which is independent of protein synthesis, advancing the cells to a post-Go state of ‘competence’.
Wireless Communication System Architectures

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fundamental Considerations Link Budget Analysis Propagation Effects Interface Planning Superheterodyne Architecture Low IF Architecture Direct Conversion Architecture Two-Stage Direct Conversion Current-Mode Architecture Subsampling Architecture Multiband Direct Conversion Radio Polar Modulator Harmonic Reject Architecture Practical Considerations for Transceiver Integration Conclusion References ]]>
Problems in Current Text Simplification Research: New Data Can Help

Simple Wikipedia has dominated simplification research in the past 5 years. In this opinion paper, we argue that focusing on Wikipedia limits simplification research. We back up our arguments with corpus analysis and by highlighting statements that other researchers have made in the simplification literature. We introduce a new simplification dataset that is a significant improvement over Simple Wikipedia, and present a novel quantitative-comparative approach to study the quality of simplification data resources.
The leukemogenic potential of an enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus varies with the route of inoculation.

We previously showed that the Mo+PyF101 variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) is poorly leukemogenic when inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) into neonatal mice. We recently found that intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of neonatal mice with the same virus significantly enhanced its leukemogenicity. In this study, infections of neonatal mice by the two different routes of inoculation were compared. We studied replication of the virus in vivo to identify critical preleukemic events. These would be observed in mice inoculated i.p. by Mo+PyF101 M-MuLV but not when inoculation was s.c. Infectious center assays indicated that regardless of the route of inoculation, Mo+PyF101 M-MuLV showed delayed infection of the thymus compared with wild-type M-MuLV. On the other hand, i.p.-inoculated mice showed more rapid appearance of infectious centers in the bone marrow than did s.c.-inoculated animals. Thus, the enhanced leukemogenicity of i.p. inoculation correlated with efficient early infection of the bone marrow and not with early infection of the thymus. These results suggest a role for bone marrow infection for efficient leukemogenesis in Mo+PyF101 M-MuLV-infected mice. Consistent with this notion, if bone marrow infection was decreased by injecting 10- to 12-day-old animals i.p., leukemogenicity resembled that of s.c. inoculation. Thus, two cell types that are critical for the induction of efficient leukemia were implicated. One cell delivers virus from the site of s.c. inoculation (the skin) to the bone marrow and is apparently restricted for Mo+PyF101 M-MuLV replication. The second cell is in the bone marrow, and its early infection is required for efficient leukemogenesis.
Enzymatic Sulfation of Glycosphingolipids in Rat Parotid Salivary Glands

The results of this study demonstrate that sulfatoglycosphingolipids of rat parotid salivary glands consist of galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide sulfates. The enzyme activity which catalyzes the formation of these compounds in vitro via transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to galactosyl- and lactosylceramide is located in the microsomal fraction of parotid glands. This sulfotransferase exhibits its optimum activity at pH 6.8 and requires the presence of Triton X-100, Mg2+, and F1-.
Protein Transport Through the Anthrax Toxin Channel: Molecular Mechanisms

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, produced a toxin composed of a translocase heptameric channel, (PA63)7, which allows its two substrate proteins, lethal and edema factor (LF and EF), to translocate across a host cell's endosomal membrane, disrupting the cell's normal function. Protein translocation through the channel, reconstituted in lipid bilayers, is driven (N-terminal end first) by a proton electrochemical potential gradient. The (PA63)7 channel strongly disfavors the entry of negatively charged residues on proteins, and hence the acidic side chains on LFN (the N-terminal 263 residues of LF) enter protonated; these protons are released into the trans solution upon exiting the channel, thereby making this a proton-protein symporter. Consistent with this idea, a single SO3-, which is essentially not titrateable, introduced at most positions in LFN, drastically inhibited voltage-driven LFN translocation. The lumen of the (PA63)7 14-strand β barrel is ∼15 A wide and can barely accommodate an alpha-helix with its side chains. Translocation through the lumen thus requires the substrates to unfold. Here we present an approach using biotin-streptavidin chemistry to determine the length of the translocating polypeptide chain within the channel as it is traversing the (PA63)7 channel lumen, with the goal of shedding light on the structure of the polypeptide chain as it crosses the channel. We created a stopper at the LFN C terminus and attached a biotin at the N terminus. Translocation proceeds until the C terminus reaches the channel's cis entrance, and binding of the N-terminal biotin with streptavidin added to the trans side of the membrane, locks the polypeptide chain within the channel. By reducing the distance between the N-terminal biotin and the C-terminal stopper by deletion constructs, we can determine the minimum length that allows streptavidin to grab the N-terminal biotin.
Parametric neurocognitive task design: a pilot study of sustained attention in adolescents with bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Disruption in attention is one of the core features of bipolar disorder (BP). Therefore, neurocognitive paradigms assessing brain function in response to tasks of increasing attentional difficulty may be useful to clarify the neurophysiology of bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to obtain pilot performance data using a parametric task of sustained attention that might be useful as an experimental paradigm for future functional neuroimaging studies. We hypothesized that task performance would worsen as task difficulty increased in manic and euthymic bipolar and healthy subjects. Additionally, we hypothesized that the groups would exhibit a similar decline in task performance as level of task difficulty increased and that within each level of task difficulty there would be similar performance among groups. Methods A novel parametric Continuous Performance Task-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) version was administered to manic (N=10) and euthymic (N=10) adolescents with bipolar disorder and healthy controls (N=10). Results There were no statistically significant group differences in task performance as measured by discriminability, percent correct, false positive hits, and reaction time. However, within each group, performance on all measures worsened with increased attentional difficulty (p Limitations Larger studies examining the effects of specific medication classes on task performance are necessary. Conclusions The results of this pilot study suggest that manic and euthymic BP patients do not exhibit attentional dysfunction as compared to healthy adolescents using a novel parametric version of the CPT-IP. Furthermore, our parametric CPT-IP version may be useful as a novel parametric neurocognitive paradigm for future functional neuroimaging studies of bipolar adolescents.
Numerical Analysis of Surface Chemistry in High-Enthalpy Flows

The effects of surface-chemistry processes of a graphite sample exposed to a subsonic high-enthalpy nitrogen flow are investigated using a coupled computational fluid-dynamics/surface-chemistry mod...
THE EFFICACY OF SILDENAFIL CITRATE FOLLOWING RADIATION THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER: TEMPORAL CONSIDERATIONS

ABSTRACTPurpose: Erectile dysfunction is a recognized complication of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Sildenafil citrate is a well-known management strategy for erectile dysfunction that has been found to be efficacious across a wide spectrum of comorbidities, including post-radiation erectile dysfunction. We defined the efficacy of sildenafil citrate in patients with erectile dysfunction following radiation therapy for prostate cancer and assessed the impact of the interval after radiation on the success of this therapy.Materials and Methods: Baseline and followup data on 110 patients presenting with erectile dysfunction secondary to radiation for prostate cancer was obtained. A total of 68 patients underwent 3-dimensional conformal external beam irradiation (CRT), while 42 underwent brachytherapy (BT) without androgen deprivation. All patients were considered to have erectile dysfunction after radiotherapy, as assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and they were prescrib...
Kleine geladene Heterocyclen

Die Darstellung stabiler Aziridiniumsalze und ihre wichtigen Reaktionen werden in diesem Aufsatz beschrieben. Die stabileren Azetidiniumsalze, deren Verhalten dem der Aziridiniumsalze gleicht, sind ebenfalls untersucht worden. Durch polare und dipolare Cycloadditionen entstehen heterocyclische Ringsysteme. Diese Ringerweiterungen konnen als und Prozesse aufgefast werden.
Combined immunofluorescent staining for the simultaneous detection of anti-DNP antibody and immunoglobulin class in the same cell.

Abstract A technic was presented combining direct and indirect immunofluorescent staining (IFS) to identify cells containing anibody to a haptenic group and the immunuoglobulin (Ig) class of that antibody. Fluorescein isothiocyanate or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate were conjugated with IgG prepared from various antisera by precipitation with 1.4 M (NH4)2SO4 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The reagent in the first staining step contained rhodamine-conjugated antibodies to a specific Ig class and dinitrophenylated human γ-globulin. After washing, the tissue section was stained with fluorescein-conjugated IgG prepared from an antiserum to dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin. Fluorescence microscopy revealed either Ig class or antibody to DNP or both in the same cell. Combined IFS was simpler and required less time to obtain results than other technics previously used to identify antibody and Ig class in a single cell.
Potential impact of improvements in radiation therapy on quality of life and survival.

The NCI goal for the U.S. is to reduce the cancer mortality rate to one-half by the year 2000. Part of this improvement will be due to use of state of art treatment on a population wide basis and in addition, major improvements in efficacy of treatment. More effective radiation therapy will result in fewer local failures, increased survival, reduced treatment associated morbidity, and less frequent complications of treatment. The latter two aspects are very important to quality of life. If radiation combined with other modalities (e.g., sensitizers) were to become of greatly enhanced efficacy, then the number of patients requiring cystectomy, abdominal perineal resection, pneumonectomy, amputation, etc., would come down. The beneficial consequence would be fewer patients subjected to permanent ileostomy, colostomy, etc. The increase in survival if local failure were eliminated was estimated to be the decrease in local failure less the same loss in the new local controls due to DM as obtained in the local control patients after conventional treatment. For all sites, patients experience higher survival rates if they do not have local failure. For those sites where loss due to metastasis is not high, more effective local therapy would result in numerically impressive gains in survival.
On the measurement of diffuse support: Some evidence from Mexico

A large body of theoretical research suggests a strong association between diffuse support for the political system and political stability. Yet, empirical research has paid little attention to the measurement of diffuse support, preferring instead to rely uncritically upon the Trust in Government index devised many years ago. This paper seeks to test a new measure, Political Support-Alienation with data from Mexico. The alternative measure is shown to have greater reliability and validity than the standard measure. Important implications for the interpretation of levels of diffuse support in Mexico emerge from the analysis. Data from the United states and Costa Rica are introduced to provide comparative perspective.
Online and Uncivil? Patterns and Determinants of Incivility in Newspaper Website Comments

Incivility in public discussions has received increasing attention from academic and popular commentators in recent years. In an effort to better understand the nature and determinants of such incivility, this study examined a 3-week census of articles and comments posted to a local newspaper’s website—totaling more than 300 articles and 6,400 comments. The results of the content analysis show that incivility occurs frequently and is associated with key contextual factors, such as the topic of the article and the sources quoted within the article. We also find that, contrary to popular perceptions, frequent commenters are more civil than are infrequent commenters, and uncivil commenters are no less likely than civil commenters to use evidence in support of their claims.
Gradient field microscopy of unstained specimens: reply to comment

We reply to the comment written by Ferrari and Ayubi on our recent paper, Kim et al. [Opt. Express, 20, 6737 (2012)]. We maintain that our use of Fourier filtering methods lead to valuable intrinsic contrast live cell imaging. Judging by their comments regarding the limit sin(x)~x, it seems that the authors overlooked Fig. 2 in our paper, where we show results with sinusoidal masks of different periods.
Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, and political preference.

Investigation of the political behavior of 293 Wisconsin adults in a gubernatorial election suggests that, while authoritarianism has some effect on political behavior, this is small and attenuated...
Effect of β-adrenergic antagonists on experimentally induced drinking in female rats

Abstract The nonspecific β-adrenergic antagonist d, l propranolol, the specific β 1 -adrenergic antagonist atenolol, and the specific β 2 -adrenergic antagonist butoxamine were administered intraperitoneally (IP) to ovariectomized female rats in order to determine the role of β-adrenergic receptors in drinking. D, l propranolol and atenolol administered at doses of 6, 12, and 18 mg/kg significantly attenuated the one-hour water intakes of rats administered angiotensin II (200 μg/kg, SC) and the water intakes of rats deprived of water for 24 hours. D propranolol, which has little β-adrenergic blocking ability, administered at doses of 6 and 12 mg/kg, and butoxamine, administered at doses of 25 and 35 mg/kg, had no significant effects on the water intakes of angiotensin II treated or water deprived rats. Regardless of the dose, d, l propranolol, atenolol, and butoxamine failed to significantly alter the water intakes of rats administered 1.0 M NaCl (10 ml/kg, IP) The results provide evidence that β 1 -adrenergic receptors, but not β 1 -adrenergic receptors, are involved in mediating the increased water intakes induced by angiotensin II and water deprivation. On the other hand the increased water intake due to administration of hypertonic saline does not appear to mediated by β-adrenergic receptors.
Propeller sheet cavitation predictions using a panel method

A boundary element method is used to predict the time-dependent cavitation on a propeller subject to nonaxisymmetric inflow. The convergence of the method is studied. The predicted cavities agree well with those observed in CAPREX, an experiment performed at MIT's variable pressure water tunnel. The method is modified so that prediction of cavities detaching at mid-chord regions is possible. An algorithm for predicting the cavity detachment location on the blade is described and applied on a blade geometry which exhibits mid-chord cavitation
Impact of Energy Gain and Subsystem Characteristics on Fusion Propulsion Performance

Rapid transport of large payloads and human crews throughout the solar system requires propulsion systems having very high specific impulse (I(sub sp) > 10(exp 4) to 10(exp 5) s). It also calls for systems with extremely low mass-power ratios (alpha 100.
Constrictive Pericarditis: Old Disease, New Approaches

Constrictive pericarditis is a disorder of cardiac filling caused by an inelastic pericardium. This treatable cause of heart failure should be considered in all patients with unexplained right heart failure symptoms or signs, especially when the left ventricular ejection fraction is preserved. Diagnosing constrictive pericarditis remains challenging, and the most effective tools are designed to identify its unique pathophysiologic mechanisms: dissociation of intrathoracic and intracardiac pressures and enhanced ventricular interaction. The cornerstone of the diagnostic work-up remains comprehensive echocardiography with Doppler, but cross-sectional imaging and invasive hemodynamic assessment may be necessary in some cases. Cardiac MRI is particularly helpful in identifying those patients who may have inflammatory constriction that would resolve with anti-inflammatory therapy. Complete surgical pericardiectomy remains the only definitive treatment for patients with chronic constriction.
All-back-contact ultra-thin silicon nanocone solar cells with 13.7% power conversion efficiency

Thinner Si solar cells with higher efficiency can make a Si photovoltaic system a cost-effective energy solution, and nanostructuring has been suggested as a promising method to make thin Si an effective absorber. However, thin Si solar cells with nanostructures are not efficient because of severe Auger recombination and increased surface area, normally yielding 80% EQEs at wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm in a sub-10-μm-thick Si solar cell, resulting in 13.7% power conversion efficiency. This significant improvement was achieved with an all-back-contact design preventing Auger recombination and with a nanocone structure having less surface area than any other nanostructures for solar cells. The device design principles presented here balance the photonic and electronic effects together and are an important step to realizing highly efficient, thin Si and other types of thin solar cells.
Dynamics and Control of Fluidized Catalytic Crackers. 3. Designing the Control System: Choice of Manipulated and Measured Variables for Partial Control

In this paper is presented an evaluation of different control structures for a fluidized catalytic cracker. A systematic methodology for evaluating such structures was developed which is suitable for complex nonlinear processes in which the number of manipulated variables is smaller than the number of variables that are part of the specifications. It is shown that the choice of the control structure and the variables entering it is far more important than that of the multivariable algorithms to be used. Criteria for the choice of the measured and manipulated variables entering the dynamic structure are presented. The role of additional so-called slow variables in steady state control is discussed and demonstrated by examples. It is shown that linear algorithms are sufficient for dynamic control but nonlinear considerations dominate the choice of the control structure. This paper is one of the first that thoroughly discusses the compromises and choices a designer faces in designing a control system for a complex nonlinear system. Areas in need of further research are outlined.
On Being Human

LL TOO OFTEN IN THE PAST humanists have responded to attacks on their faith with greater faith. They have sung the praises of the species by pointing to its achievements, individual and collective. Today, however, that refuge is being denied them for, it is being asked, what if humankind's final and most glorious achievement will be the creation of a species more perfect than its own? How then to defend humankind? And why bother? Why not confess to species-centricism and retire from the field? On this question social critics as disparate as B. F. Skinner and Teilhard de Chardin seem to agree. In this essay, we shall inquire into what it might mean to be human and to indicate why a certain melancholy is not out of keeping with the chance of a humanless future. In general we shall argue that:
Timing of exposures in ultrasonic hemorrhage of murine lung

Pressure thresholds for lung hemorrhage by exposure to low-temporal-average-intensity, pulsed ultrasound are of the order of 1 MPa. Earlier evidence suggested that ultrasound modifies the tissue over short periods of time in such a way that the nonthermal action of ultrasound is enhanced. Measurements of thresholds (1) for hemorrhage and (2) for penetration of the hemorrhage through the murine lung in which a given "on-time" was presented to the tissue over periods of time up to 3 min support the hypothesis.
Thermodynamic Properties of Manganese and Molybdenum

This work reviews and discusses the data on the various thermodynamic properties of manganese and molybdenum available through March 1985. These include heat capacity, enthalpy, enthalpy of transitions and melting, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization. The existing data have been critically evaluated and analyzed. The recommended values for the heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy function from 0.5 to 2400 K for manganese and from 0.4 to 5000 K for molybdenum have been generated, as have heat capacity values for supercooled β‐Mn and for γ‐Mn below 298.15 K. The recommended values for vapor pressure cover the temperature range from 298.15 to 2400 K for manganese and from 298.15 to 5000 K for molybdenum. These values are referred to temperatures based on IPTS‐1968. The uncertainties in the recommended values of the heat capacity range from ±3% to ±5% for manganese and from ±1.5% to ±3% for molybdenum.
Reversible Dark-Induced Senescence of Soybean Root Nodules

In previous communications (1,2) it was demonstrated that dark stress of soybean plants caused a d eterioration of both nodule and shoot tissue which was markedly similar to that of naturally senescing plants. Specifically, plants kept in total darkness for 4 days completely lost their capacity to reduce acetylene. A significant reduction in cytosolic protein was evident in 4 days and in 8 days total darkness leghemoglobin was absent and total protein was only 35% the level of controls. Concomitant with the loss of cytosol protein was a 4 to 5 fold increase in cytosolic endopeptidase activity. When plants were dark-stressed for 8 days, then returned to a 14 hr photoperiod, they recovered and all the metabolic parameters measured returned to normal levels. Separate experiments demonstrated that detached nodules from recovered plants reduced acetylene at normal rates, but that detached nodules from 8 day dark stressed plants did not reduce acetylene (1). While these experiments demonstrated dramatic metabolic changes in cytosolic constituents during stress, changes in bacteroid proteins and enzyme activities, other than whole plant acetylene reduction, were not measured. This report presents results which suggest that bacteroids from nodules of dark stressed plants do not senesce concomitant with tissue of plant origin.
Air mass modification due to change in surface characteristics

Abstract A simple empirical model is developed based on physical and dimensional considerations to predict the height of air mass modification due to a change in surface characteristics. Most of the input parameters can be obtained from surface weather maps. The results of the empirical model are found to be in good agreement with observations made in the atmosphere over ocean with cooler downwind temperatures. The model is then used with appropriate parameters to predict flow modification over a heated surface in a wind tunnel for different upwind and downwind surface conditions.
Unusual nonlinear response of some metallic materials

Abstract An anomalous material response has been observed under the action of compressive loads in fibrous silicon carbide/titanium (both Ti-6242 and Ti-15-3 alloys) and the nickel-base alloy Inconel 718 in the aged (precipitation hardened) condition. The observed behavior is an increase, rather than a decrease, in the instantaneous Young's modulus with increasing load and is referred to as stiffening. This increase is small, but can be significant in yield surface tests where an equivalent offset strain on the order of 10 μe (10 × 10 −6 m/m) is being used. Stiffening has been quantified by calculating offset strains from the linear elastic loading line. The offset strains associated with stiffening during compressive loading are positive and of the same order as the target offset strains in yield surface tests. Stiffening appears to be nonlinear elastic and for SiC/Ti-15-3 decreases as the test temperature increases, suggesting a temperature-dependent mechanism. No stiffening occurred in SiC/Ti-15-3 above approximately 500°C. In addition, the tensile response of aged Inconel 718 exhibits a nonlinear elastic response (not stiffening) prior to the initiation of plastic deformation. The nonlinear elastic response in both tension and compression agrees with a second order stress–strain relation. The higher order terms may be important due to constraint interactions associated with a strengthening second phase such as precipitates or fibers.
Regulation of PaCO2 during rest and exercise: A modeling study

A nonlinear mathematical model of the CO2 control system was used to examine a number of issues concerning the regulation of PaCO2 during rest and exercise. To gain insight to the regulatory properties of the respiratory system, the open loop gain (Gl) and closed loop sensitivities Si=ξPaCO2/ξPiCO2 and $$Sv = \partial PaCO_2 /\partial \dot Vco_2$$ were calculated. Gl indicates the ability of a control system to regulate the controlled variable, PaCO2 in the model. Si and Sv represent the change in PaCO2 to unit changes in PiCO2 and $$\dot Vco_2$$ , respectively. Model predications were obtained for rest and various intensities of exercise for the following challenges to the respiratory system: (a) CO2 inhalation, (b) i.v. CO2 loading, (c) application of an external dead space, and (d) a shift in the resting operating point. Increasing exercise intensity produced a substantial decrease in Gl and increase in Si consistent with the hypothesis that exercise degrades the ability of the respiratory system to regulate PaCO2. However, Sv decreased indicating that the respiratory system would actually be better able to regulate PaCO2 if there were fluctuations in $$\dot Vco_2$$ . Thus, Gl does not completely describe the regulatory characteristics of the respiratory control system. It is demonstrated that the regulatory characteristics of the respiratory system as described by Gl, Si, and Sv are complex and depend on the nature of the challenge. Techniques for systematically describing the regulatory properties of the CO2 control system are described.
Vernonia amygdalina-Induced Growth Arrest and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cells

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths of women in the United States. Fortunately, the mortality rate from breast cancer has decreased in recent years due to an increased emphasis on early detection and more effective treatments. Although great advancements have been made in the treatment and control of cancer progression, significant deficiencies and room for improvement remain. The central objective of this research was to further determine the in vitro mechanisms of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaf extracts as an anticancer candidate for the treatment of breast cancer. To achieve our objective, MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations of VA for 24 hand 48 h. Cell viability, live and dead cells were determined by the means of trypan blue exclusion test. Live and dead cells were further evaluated by propidium iodine (PI) assay using the Cellometer Vision. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry assessment using annexin V/PI kit. Data obtained from the trypan blue test demonstrated that VA treatment reduces cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Result of the PI assay showed a gradual increase in the population of necrotic cells (fluorescence positive cells) in VA-treated cells compared to the control cells (fluorescence negative cells). Treatment of these cancer cells (MCF-7) for 48 h at concentrations ranging from 250 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL caused early signs of apoptosis resulting from phosphatidylserine externalization as judged by annexin V assay. We observed a strong concentration-response relationship with regard to VA exposure and annexin V/PI positive cells. In summary, our finding demonstrates that VA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells involve phosphatidylserine externalization accompanied by secondary necrotic cell death. With previous findings in our laboratory, the data generated in the present study confirms that VA is a valuable botanical therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
Principles of organization of a cerebro-cerebellar circuit. Micromapping the projections from cerebral (SI) to cerebellar (granule cell layer) tactile areas of rats.

We defined spatial patterns of organization of projections from somatosensory cerebral cortex (SI) to the somatosensory cerebellar cortex of anesthetized albino rats using microelectrode (stimulation
Yersinia enterocolitica type III secretion: an mRNA signal that couples translation and secretion of YopQ

Pathogenic Yersinia species export Yop proteins via a type III machinery to escape their phagocytic killing during animal infections. Here, we reveal the type III export mechanism of YopQ. In the presence of calcium, when type III secretion was blocked, yopQ mRNA was not translated. The signal of YopQ sufficient for the secretion of translationally fused reporter proteins was contained within the first 10 codons of its open reading frame. Some frameshift mutations that completely altered the peptide sequence specified by this signal did not impair secretion of the reporter protein. Exchanging the upstream untranslated mRNA leader of yopQ for that of E. coli lacZ also did not affect secretion. However, removal of the first 15 codons abolished YopQ export. Pulse-labelled YopE, but not YopQ, could be secreted after the polypeptide had been synthesized within the cytoplasm of Yersinia (post-translational secretion). Thus, YopQ appears to be exported by a mechanism that couples yopQ mRNA translation with the type III secretion of the encoded polypeptide.
Continuing Investigations into the Stone Tool-making and Tool-using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus)

A long-term collaborative study by palaeolithic archaeologists and cognitive psychologists has continued in its investigations into the stone tool-making and tool-using abilities of a captive bonobo (a 180 pound male, named Kanzi, aged 12 years at the time of experiments reported here). A major focus of this study has been examination of the lithic reduction strategy over time and detailed analysis of the artefacts Kanzi has produced in 2 years of experimentation since our original report. Kanzi has exhibited marked improvement in his stone-working skills, although to date the artefacts he has produced still contrast with early hominid-produced artefacts in a number of attributes. Statistical analysis revealed that Kanzi is clearly preferentially selecting larger, heavier pieces of debitage (flakes and fragments) for use as tools.
Convexity of the Lyapunov exponent

Abstract Let γ ( p ) be the maximal Lyapunov exponent for an independently and identically distributed (i.i.d). random product of matrices where each factor equals A with probability p and B with probability 1− p . Counterexamples show that the two conjectures of E. Key on the convexity and concavity of the function γ in the interval (0,1) are too general. Under suitable assumptions on A , B convexity and concavity of γ are proved.
Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopy, and Reactivity of a Neutral Iridathiabenzene

Treatment of the cationic iridathiabenzene (3) with sodium tert-butylthiolate leads to the production of a stable neutral iridathiabenzene, (4). Compound 4 exists in solution as an equilibrating mixture of two square pyramidal isomers, “cis” 4a and “trans” 4b. When 4 is cooled to −30 °C in acetonitrile, it precipitates as an acetonitrile adduct, (6), featuring an iridathiacyclohexa-1,3-diene ring system. Compound 6 reverts back to 4 upon redissolving and warming to room temperature. Treatment of 4 (or 6) with excess PMe3 results in addition of PMe3 to the iridium center and replacement of the bulky PEt3 ligands with PMe3's, producing (7) as a mixture of equilibrating isomers, “cis” 7a and “trans” 7b. Compound 7, like 6, includes a nonaromatic iridathiacyclohexa-1,3-diene ring. When 4 in acetonitrile solvent (or 6) is reacted with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, protonation occurs at the thiolate sulfur, causing loss of thiol. The resulting cationic fragment dimerizes to produce (8), in which the two iridiu...
The Lithuanian definite adjective as syntax and as semiotic

The Definite Adjective (Def Adj) is repeatedly cited in Generative Phonology literature in explicating Phonological Rules, but strangely enough there is no exhaustive treatment of the category itself. In this paper it will be shown that the usual GP model of the Def Adj is inadequate as a model of speaker competence, and a different interpretation of this category will be advanced.1 At this point let us consider the Adj declensions. Below are five "simple" Adj paradigms, the declension of the pronoun fis , and the five corresponding Def Adj paradigms.