cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunological Tolerance in Amphibians

SYNOPSIS. A state of immunological tolerance, or specific unresponsiveness to foreign antigen, can be induced in amphibians by joining two nonsibling embryos in parabiotic union. The induced tolerance is immunologically specific; the co-partners are tolerant of each other' santigens but do respond to unrelated antigens from third parties. The parabionts are blood-cell chimeras; each contains blood elements of the type proper to the other. The degree of chimerism wanes in the later life of the parabionts, which may be the consequence of the appearance of a new clone of uninhibited reactive cells derived from the bone marrow. Tolerance to a particular antigen is interpreted as arising by the deletion of the population of competent lymphocytes capable of responding to that antigen. The breakdown of tolerance occurs through the emergence of a new population of antigen-reactive cells. In essence, a tolerant cell as a discrete entity does not exist.
The Consequences of Improving Dissemination in Garbage-Can Decision Processes Insights from a Simulation Model

Although overlooked to date, computer simulation represents a potentially fruitful research approach for contributing to our understanding of the effectiveness of strategies for increasing the use of policy analysis. In this article an initial step is taken toward tapping this potential. Specifically, the "garbage-can" model of decision making developed by Cohen, March, and Olsen (1972) is modified so that it reflects a possible contribution of policy analysis to decision making. This model is then used to obtain insights concerning the impacts of one category of strategies for increasing the use of policy analysis, namely, those concerned with dissemination, on organizational decision making. While insights concerning the impacts of dissemination strategies on organizational decision making are certainly important in their own right, a more general purpose of this article is to demonstrate the role that simulation models can play in developing knowledge concerning the effectiveness of strategies for incr...
Assisting Teachers' Thinking and Participation Online

This study examines online messages in a discussion forum that a group of K-12 history teachers used to discuss curriculum implementations as part of their professional development. It has 3 main r...
Communication Is Vital [From the Editor's Desk]

Communication is vital for engineers. You probably became an engineer because technical work is fun and interesting. But much of the work we do can have a tangible, concrete, and beneficial impact on society as well—if we can get the word out clearly.
Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere.

FEW (if any) recent studies on the atmospheric cycle of trace metals have considered the flux of the metals into the atmosphere on a global scale. Information on worldwide emissions is needed to assess the transboundary movement of pollutant metals and to validate models of the global atmospheric circulation patterns. The worldwide inventories of the natural and anthropogenic sources and emissions of airborne cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc are presented here. The data summarised here are taken from very detailed studies published elsehwere1–5.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Biosynthesis by Rat Hypothalamic Fragments in vitro

Biosynthesis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-proline amide) in vitro was studied. Rat hypothalamic fragments were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer that contained either (14)C-labeled proline, histidine, or glutamic acid (the three probable precursor amino acids,) and for control purposes each of 16 other naturally occurring amino acids. A number of labeled peptides were synthesized. With the use of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone, detected by the Pauly reagent or with (125)1-labeled thyrotropin-releasing hormone as a marker, thin-layer chromatograms, paper electrophoresis, and carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography revealed that only proline, histidine, and glutamic acid were consistently incorporated into peptides associated with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone region. This synthesizing activity was found in stalk median eminence, ventral hypothalamus. and dorsal hypothalamus but not in neural lobe or cerebral cortex. Because the biosynthetic peptide has identical properties with L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-proline amide, it is probable that rat thyrotropin-releasing hormone is similar or identical to both bovine and porcine thyrotropin-releasing hormone and that the native material is present in the pyroglutamyl form in tissues.
Reconfigurable Antenna for Simultaneous Multi-Service Wireless Applications

Extensive efforts are currently underway to develop universal wireless receivers to address multi-band, multi-service, and multi-standard operation. There are four options for the design of the associated antennas. Reconfigurable antennas, however, would have potential in providing such great versatility, offering a compact size, low cost, and high performance. Nevertheless, they have certain limitations, including the presence of higher order resonances (spurious resonances) and the need to simultaneously serve multiple services at the same time, but these impediments can be easily circumvented. Relatively wide band filters could follow/cascade these reconfigurable antennas to eliminate any spurious higher order resonances and block out their associated added noise. The use of these filters typically adds minimal insertion loss, but they would drastically reduce the stringent requirements of the currently used expensive RF front-end filters. The use of reconfigurable antennas developed for switchable services can be extended to allow mixed services (i.e. providing more than one service at one time)
Diurnal variations of vegetation canopy structure

The significance and magnitude of diurnal variations of vegetation canopy structure are reviewed. Diurnal leaf inclination-azimuth angle distributions of a soybean and cotton canopy were documented using a simple measurement technique. The precision of the measurements was on the order of + or -5 deg for the inclination and + or -14 deg for the azimuth. The experimental results and a review of the literature showed that this distribution can vary significantly on a diurnal basis due to vegetation type, heliotropic leaf movement, environmental conditions, and vegetation stress. The study also showed that it is erroneous to treat two separate distributions of azimuth and inclination angles rather than one three-dimensional distribution of leaf orientation. The latter distribution needs to be routinely collected in studies which document variations of diurnal spectral reflectance with changes in solar zenith angle.
Testing CMAQ chemistry sensitivities in base case and emissions control runs at SEARCH and SOS99 surface sites in the southeastern US

Abstract CMAQ was run to simulate urban and regional tropospheric conditions in the southeastern US over 14 days in July 1999 at 32, 8 and 2 km grid spacings. Runs were made with either of two older mechanisms, Carbon Bond IV (CB4) and the Regional Acid Deposition Model, version 2 (RADM2), and with the more recent and complete California Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, version 1999 mechanism (SAPRC99) in a sensitivity matrix with a full emissions base case and separate 50% control scenarios for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Results from the base case were compared to observations at the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study (SEARCH) site at Jefferson Street in Atlanta, GA (JST) and the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS) Cornelia Fort Airpark (CFA) site downwind of Nashville, TN. In the base case, SAPRC99 predicted more ozone (O3) than CB4 or RADM2 almost every hour and especially for afternoon maxima at both JST and CFA. Performance of the 8 km models at JST was better than that of the 32 km ones for all chemistries, reducing the 1 h peak bias by as much as 30 percentage points; at CFA only the RADM2 8 km model improved. The 2 km solutions did not show improved performance over the 8 km ones at either site, with normalized 1 h bias in the peak O3 ranging from 21% at CFA to 43% at JST. In the emissions control cases, SAPRC99 was generally more responsive than CB4 and RADM2 to NOX and VOC controls, excepting hours at JST with predicted increased O3 from NOX control. Differential sensitivity to chemical mechanism varied by more than ±10% for NOX control at JST and CFA, and in a similar range for VOC control at JST. VOC control at the more strongly NOX- limited urban CFA site produced a differential sensitivity response of
Electric and magnetic observations of the structure of standing waves in the magnetosphere

Electric and magnetic field instruments on the DE 1 spacecraft provided observations of toroidal standing wave oscillations of magnetic shells in 1981 and 1982. The amplitude and nodal structure of these waves, as a function of increasing magnetic latitude, was studied and compared with model calculations of these waves. Eight pulsation events were selected for study. The pulsations in these events ranged in period from 20 to 300 s. They were observed at L values between 2.8 and 9.7 and at magnetic latitudes from the equator to 48 deg. The duration of these pulsation events was 20 to 30 min, and they usually consisted of a 5- to 10-min growth in amplitude, a 5- to 10-min interval of fluctuating amplitude, and a 5- to 20-min interval of decreasing amplitude. The relative E and B amplitudes and the phase relations between the E and B waves could be qualitatively explained by the nodal structure of the waves predicted by model calculations. Detailed quantitative comparisons of E and B amplitudes were in agreement with more recent model calculations. In a few cases, electron densities were also available as derived from plasma frequency observations; in these cases the standing wave periods calculated were reasonably close to, but somewhat less than, the observed periods.
Mass lumping models of the linear diffusion equation

Abstract The nodal domain integration method is used to develop a numerical model of the linear diffusion equation. The nodal domain integration approach is shown to represent an infinity of finite element mass matrix lumping schemes including the Galerkin and subdomain integration versions of the weighted residual method and an integrated finite difference method. Neumann, Dirichlet and mixed boundary conditions are accommodated analogous to the Galerkin finite element method. In order to reduce the overall integrated approximation relative error, a mass matrix lumping formulation is developed which is based on the Crank-Nicolson time advancement approximation. The optimum mass lumping factors are found to be strongly related to the model timestep size.
Surfactant Solutions as Test Liquids for Measurement of Critical Surface Tension

Contact angles of various liquids and surfactant solutions on polytef and paraffin were measured. Critical surface tension values were obtained by extrapolation of plots of cosine of the contact angles versus corresponding surface tension values. Contact angles measured using polyoxyethylene octylphenols produced linear Zisman plots and yielded critical surface tensions that agreed with accepted values. This liquid series provides a reasonable approach to the measurement of critical surface tension for solid drugs that are soluble in organic liquids but relatively insoluble in water.
Immunosuppressive Activity of Concanavalin A

Two strains of mice (C-57 B] and DBA) were given skin allografts from Swiss ICR/HA mice and were treated with varying doses of concanavalin A; the dosage ranged from only two injections of 25 micrograms during the experiment to daily doses of 1000 micrograms intraperitoneally. Immullosuppression was present at all dosages, the most prolonged and consistent effect being observed at 300 micrograms per day. Grafts survived for 14 to 21 days at this dosage compared to 4 to 9 days for controls.
European Securitization: A GARCH Model of Secondary Market Spreads

Asset-backed securitization is a highly flexible yet complex refinancing technique that involves the issuance of contingent claims with varying seniority on the cash flow performance of a designated pool of asset exposures. Efficient risk management of ABS obligations requires both investors and issuers to thoroughly understand the inherent spread dynamics in this growing segment of fixed income markets. We model the heteroskedasticity of weekly secondary market spreads of European CDO, MBS, and Pfandbrief transactions in a multi-factor GARCH process for valuation and forecasting purposes. We find that expected spread changes follow a positive trend with asymmetric mean reversion depending on the direction of past spread changes. A statistically and economically stronger contribution by negative first moments of past spreads on mean spread changes indicates stronger difference stationarity when spreads are tightning. However, we observe a random stochastic process if spreads widen over several consecutive period. Also most of the conditional spread volatility is informed by negative past innovations, which constitute most of the economic significance of a positive general GARCH effect. These spread dynamics over our sample period imply that a higher risk premium from a sudden contraction of spreads seems to induce higher spread volatility at times when widening spread levels testify to negative investor sentiment.
Adopting water-conserving irrigation technology: the case of surge irrigation in Arizona.

Abstract Surge-flow irrigation technology is a potential means for increasing irrigation efficiencies in desert agriculture. An economic analysis of the adoption decision for Arizona farmers reveals that an investment in surge irrigation is only economically viable when developing new agricultural lands or where gated pipe is already in use. Since the majority of the agricultural land in Arizona is furrow irrigated using ditches and syphon tubes, the potential for high adoption rates on existing farmland is rather limited. The analysis indicates that water costs, under conservative but realistic assumptions, would have to rise to US$ 0.08/m 3 (US$ 100 per acre foot) before surge irrigation would be economically viable as a substitute for open ditch furrow irrigation. Further research is needed on potential labor savings and management efficiencies related to surge irrigation in order to measure potential profitability more accurately.
A resilient and secure software platform and architecture for distributed spacecraft

A distributed spacecraft is a cluster of independent satellite modules flying in formation that communicate via ad-hoc wireless networks. This system in space is a cloud platform that facilitates sharing sensors and other computing and communication resources across multiple applications, potentially developed and maintained by different organizations. Effectively, such architecture can realize the functions of monolithic satellites at a reduced cost and with improved adaptivity and robustness. Openness of these architectures pose special challenges because the distributed software platform has to support applications from different security domains and organizations, and where information flows have to be carefully managed and compartmentalized. If the platform is used as a robust shared resource its management, configuration, and resilience becomes a challenge in itself. We have designed and prototyped a distributed software platform for such architectures. The core element of the platform is a new operating system whose services were designed to restrict access to the network and the file system, and to enforce resource management constraints for all non-privileged processes Mixed-criticality applications operating at different security labels are deployed and controlled by a privileged management process that is also pre-configuring all information flows. This paper describes the design and objective of this layer.
A bromomethanetriboronic ester

Abstract Tetrakis(dimethoxyboryl)methane, C[B(OMe) 2 ] 4 , reacts with pinacol to form the corresponding pinacol boronic ester, C(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 4 , which on treatment with alkyllithium yields the corresponding triborylmethide anion, − C(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 3 , which with bromine gives the bromomethanetriboronic ester, BrC(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 3 . Alkyllithium abstracts a boronic ester group from the bromomethanetriboronic ester to form the carbanion, − CBr(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 2 , which has been brominated to yield the dibromomethanediboronic ester, Br 2 C(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 2 , and has also been treated with triphenyltin chloride to form the tin derivative, Ph 3 SnCBr(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 2 . Sodium acetate converts the dibromomethanediboronic ester to the diacetate, (AcO) 2 C(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 2 , but the bromomethanetriboronic ester appeared to be inert toward nucleophilic displacement reactions. The bromomethanediboronic ester BrCH(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 2 has also been made.
Vapor Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds from Clay Soil: A Long‐Term Field Pilot Study

A vapor-extraction method was evaluated for remediation of clay soil contaminated by a paint thinner, consisting of a mixture of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural clays have low permeability to liquid or gas flow, and remediation by in situ methods is usually considered inappropriate. However, successful vapor flow through the clay was predicted on the basis of laboratory studies showing increased clay porosity and fracturing in the presence of organic solvents. A vapor extraction pilot study was conducted in a test area containing an estimated 1780 kg of paint thinner. The site was instrumented with vapor extraction wells and numerous soil vapor and pressure monitoring wells to delineate the zone of reduced pressure and sample the soil gases within the test site. Monitoring for eight months indicated that the contaminated clay was permeable to air and vapor flow with an effective range of influence extending 20 ft from the vapor extraction well and that 19% of the initial paint thinner was removed.
Experimental Study of Collision Detection Schema Used by Pilots During Closely Spaced Parallel Approaches

An experimental flight simulator study was conducted to examine the mental alerting logic and thresholds used by subjects to issue an alert and execute an avoidance maneuver. Subjects flew a series of autopilot landing approaches with traffic on a closely-spaced parallel approach; during some runs, the traffic would deviate towards the subject and the subject was to indicate the point when they recognized the potential traffic conflict, and then indicate a direction of flight for an avoidance maneuver. A variety of subjects, including graduate students, general aviation pilots and airline pilots, were tested. Five traffic displays were evaluated, with a moving map TCAS-type traffic display as a baseline. A side-task created both high and low workload situations. Subjects appeared to use the lateral deviation of the intruder aircraft from its approach path as the criteria for an alert regardless of the display available. However, with displays showing heading and/or trend information, their alerting thresholds were significantly lowered. This type of range-only schema still resulted in many near misses, as a high convergence rate was often established by the time of the subject's alert. Therefore, the properties of the intruder's trajectory had the greatest effect on the resultant near miss rate; no display system reliably caused alerts timely enough for certain collision avoidance. Subjects' performance dropped significantly on a side-task while they analyzed the need for an alert, showing alert generation can be a high workload situation at critical times. No variation was found between subjects with and with out piloting experience. These results suggest the design of automatic alerting systems should take into account the range-type alerting schema used by the human, such that the rationale for the automatic alert should be obvious to, and trusted by, the operator. Although careful display design may help generate pilot/automation trust, issues such as user non-conformance to automatically generated commands can remain a possibility.
Comparison of Enterococcus quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis results from Midwest U.S. river samples using EPA Method 1611 and Method 1609 PCR reagents.

Enterococci target sequence density estimates from analyses of diluted river water DNA extracts by EPA Methods 1611 and 1609 and estimates with lower detection limits from undiluted DNA extracts by Method 1609 were indistinguishable. These methods should be equally suitable for comparison with U.S. EPA 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria values.
Adsorption of phosphorus acids on alumina

Abstract Vibrational spectra of several phosphorus acids adsorbed on oxidized aluminum surfaces have been measured using inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. From analysis of the spectra, it is concluded that these acids chemisorb on alumina by a condensation reaction in which resonance stabilized structures are formed involving deprotonated hydroxilic and phosphoryl oxygen atoms. These structures are symmetric PO 2 groups in the case of phosphinic acid, whereas for phosphonic acids, they are symmetric PO 3 groups. In the spectrum of the hydration inhibitor N[CH 2 P(O)(OH) 2 ] 3 adsorbed on alumina, unexpected bands attributable to P-H motions appeared. It is therefore inferred that this material dissociates upon adsorption. The various phosphonic acids produced in this decomposition subsequently adsorb as symmetrical tridentate species.
The Power of Patterns and Pattern Recognition When Developing Information-Based Strategy

Just as scientists in other disciplines use experience and a small set of frequently occurring problems to structure unfamiliar situations, information strategy and economics provides its own patterns to guide and structure the use of experience in managerial settings. These patterns emerged through case studies, theoretical derivations, and empirical analyses of company, industry, and national data sets. The six most frequently observed patterns identified here are (1) newly vulnerable markets experience opportunistic pickoff; (2) transparency of product attributes increases informedness, enabling resonance marketing and increasing the benefits from offering truly differentiated products and services; (3) changes in transaction costs have changed the boundary of the firm; (4) unique resources endowments can confer or sustain competitive advantage; (5) the geometry of distribution determines power and affects profitability; and (6) network-based advantages can form the basis of platformenvelopment strategies. Finally, prospects for the future of information, strategy, and economics over the coming two decades are reviewed.
Equal access for all students: A reply to Commons and Rodriguez

Abstract Commons and Rodriguez agree with much of my analysis concerning the relevance of empirical evidence to legal questions concerning the status of voluntary student religious groups in public schools. They indicate, however, that they disagree with me on certain key psychological issues concerning adolescents, development, assessment, and the atmosphere of public schools. In this reply, I clarify certain aspects of my position. I conclude that Commons/Rodriguez and I are even closer to full agreement than they realize and attempt to shed some light on the remaining differences.
Metabolic Parameters in Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer

The metabolic mechanism for increased circulating free fatty acids in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer was investigated. Hormone and metabolic response to glucose and growth hormone were compared in cancer patients and control subjects; thyroid, adrenal and pituitary function were evaluated. The results of these studies indicated that breast cancer patients had glucose intolerance and delayed and prolonged insulin secretion, increased basal growth hormone levels and insensitivity of adipose tissue to growth hormone. Cortisol and protein-bound iodine levels were normal and there was no lipolytic factor in the sera of breast cancer patients. The changes observed in breast cancer patients were not attributable to age, obesity, inanition or stress. These metabolic abnormalities may characterize host susceptibility to breast cancer or be effects of tumor.
Compilation of wind energy assessment software and wind energy assessment in the northwest of Iran

Development trend of wind data assessment software, Visual WIDA ® , is discussed in this paper. In the beginning, theories and standards required for wind energy assessment which are used in the software are introduced and some methods provided by the writers for the calculation of the main parameters are described. Afterwards, capabilities of Visual WIDA are illustrated in detail. In this research, wind data recorded in wind masts over a period of one year has been analysed by the software to evaluate the feasibility of constructing wind power plants in seven regions in northwest Iran. As an instant, results of annual wind data analysis in Saeen (Sarab) wind masts have been fully investigated. Moreover, results of wind data analysis in the above-mentioned regions have been compared with each other and ultimately, the seven regions have been ranked for wind power plant construction regarding wind energy potential.
Chlorpromazine consumption of rats under stress

Animals under electric shock stress selected a diet of dry food mixed with a chlorpromazine solution in greater proportion than a dry food-water diet, while non-stress animals selected the non-chlorpromazine diet, when a moderate (55 mg chlorpromazine/100 cc water) solution was used. Both shocked and non-shocked Ss preferred a weak (30 mg) mixture, and both groups rejected a strong (80 mg) mixture when the alternative was the water solution.
High Accuracy Molecular Heats of Formation and Reaction Barriers: Essential Role of Electron Correlation

We demonstrate that the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methodology (i) provides barrier heights and heats of formation within {approximately}0.05 eV of experimental values, (ii) confirms recent measurements for the ring inversion of cyclo-octatetraene, and (iii) enables us to predict quantities not yet measured. Density functional methods show a mixed performance in achieving the accuracy required for predictive calculations. Further comparisons show that QMC is competitive in accuracy with the best correlated wave function methods while being applicable to much larger systems because of more favorable scaling. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The nature of rainfall variability in Africa South of the Equator

The spatial patterns of rainfall variability over southern and equatorial Africa are examined using a regionally averaged data set comprising approximately 700 station records. Seasonal persistence of anomalies is also considered. Typical rainfall departure patterns, or anomaly types, are derived using a linear correlation method to assess the similarity of annual departure maps for the years 1901 to 1973. Six basic types describe most of the variability in the area 0 to 35°S. These indicate a remarkable spatial coherence of anomalies, but with a strong tendency for opposition between the equatorial and subtropical latitudes. The results are given an interpretation in terms of circulation features and synoptic situations affecting southern Africa.
THE DIABETES OF BEARDED WOMEN

THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX is rapidly becoming an important rival of the anterior hypophysis for attention, primarily because of the unusual effects caused by disturbances in its function. Yet this widespread interest is of relatively recent origin, for, although the association between hypertrichosis, adiposity, and adrenal tumor was established as early as 1756, it was only 30 years ago that the subject was brought into prominence, especially by Broster (1) of the Charing Cross Hospital, London. More recently the suprarenogenital syndrome has been the subject of extensive investigations throughout the world. In a recent article, Broster (2) has suggested classifying the patients who present this symptom-Complex (as evidenced by the appearance of secondary male sex characters in the female), into three groups: those with pseudohermaphroditism, those with virilism, and the Achard Thiers syndrome.
“Don’t Look Now”: The Role of Self-Focus in Sexual Dysfunction:

Couples and family counselors are in a position to aid in the remedy of sexual dysfunction when it has a cognitive or psychological basis. One important source of sexual dysfunction is cognitive distraction that results from certain forms of self-focus during sexual activity with a partner, a phenomenon sex therapists have labeled spectatoring. I briefly describe the various ways such self-consciousness is associated with sexual dysfunction and the vicious cycle that often results. I also introduce sensate focus, the primary therapeutic intervention that has been promoted for spectatoring. Although often overlooked, spectatoring and sensate focus may not be equivalent for men and women. Accordingly, shortcomings in applying the standard techniques to all cases are highlighted, and alternative interventions are described.
Evaluating the merit and worth of sales training: Asking the right questions

Training programs and results are strengthened when evaluators take care to ask the right questions.
Ion mobility detection after supercritical fluid chromatography

Using a unidirectional flow ion mobility detector, non-selective detection, tunable selective detection, and complete Fourier transformed ion mobility spectra were successfully obtained after supercritical fluid chromatography on compounds with higher molecular weights than have been previously investigated. In the most selective mode, single oligomers from polymeric material could be independently detected. Using the Fourier transform capabilities of this instrument, complete ion mobility spectra for each oligomer could be obtained in a single chromatographic separation. The collection of individual ion mobility spectra of the components of polymeric material has not been possible prior to the technique described in this paper. Only complex ion mobility spectra of polymeric mixtures are available in the literature. The spectra obtained in this study are all simple, uncomplicated spectra consisting of only one or two product ion peaks. Ko values reported in this work range from 0.633 to 1.61, which are some of the lowest values ever reported in ion mobility spectrometry. With the unidirectional flow design of the detector, the supercritical fluid mobile phase, carbon dioxide, was efficiently eliminated from the detector so that the ion mobility spectrometer could be operated in its normal manner. The fact that CO2 did not interfere with normal ion mobility operation indicates that other supercritical fluids may also be compatible with this sensitive and versatile detection method.
Experimental Determination of the Extinction Coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS Nanocrystals

The extinction coefficient per mole of nanocrystals at the first exitonic absorption peak, e, for high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals was found to be strongly dependent on the size of the nanocrystals, between a square and a cubic dependence. The measurements were carried out using either nanocrystals purified with monitored purification procedures or nanocrystals prepared through controlled etching methods. The nature of the surface ligands, the refractive index of the solvents, the PL quantum yield of the nanocrystals, the methods used for the synthesis of the nanocrystals, and the temperature for the measurements all did not show detectable influence on the extinction coefficient for a given sized nanocrystal within experimental error.
The role of microstructure on the optical performance of neutron irradiated dielectric mirrors

Abstract Dielectric mirrors of HfO 2 /SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 designed for optimum reflectivity at 248 nm with 11 and 30 bi-layer coatings, respectively, survived irradiation to 0.1 dpa at 448 K without film cracking or delamination from their sapphire substrates. Subsequent annealing of the irradiated samples resulted in a loss of reflectivity in the HfO 2 /SiO 2 mirror, while the Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 type remained unaffected. Microstructural changes that correlate to optical property changes of the mirror are investigated. The amorphous layers of the Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 mirror provide greater stability despite increased Al and Si interdiffusion across the film interfaces with increasing dose and post-irradiation annealing temperature. This interdiffusion may have limited the densification of SiO 2 in the Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 mirror, but no interdiffusion was observed for the HfO 2 /SiO 2 mirror. The thickness changes in the SiO 2 layers of the HfO 2 /SiO 2 mirror resulted in a shifting of the peak reflectivity to lower wavelengths. The formation of an amorphous Al–O layer within the substrate is observed in the 0.1 dpa irradiated HfO 2 /SiO 2 mirror, which on further annealing at 573 and 673 K resulted in a buckling-type delamination failures in the mirrors producing a loss in reflectivity.
Influence of Composition and Processing on Sensory Properties of Nonfat Milk

Abstract Variations in pasteurization temperature and increases of 1 and 2% solids-not-fat resulted in significant detection of differences by trained judges in triangle testing of nonfat milk. Pasteurization, particularly at 79.4 and 85 C, produced a heated flavor which decreased in intensity during storage (9 days). Changes in fat content within the range studied (.1 to .5%) did not produce detectable flavor or mouthfeel differences, nor did variations in homogenization pressure. Judges detected differences between samples with and without 200 and 300 ppm additions of stabilizers when the milk was pasteurized at 85 C, but not at 73.8 C. The ability of judges to detect 400 ppm additions of emulsifiers depended upon the composition of the nonfat milk, with .5% fat inhibiting detection of added emulsifiers. Addition of stabilizers increased viscosity, but addition of emulsifiers did not.
Acoustic fatigue - A Monte Carlo approach

The present paper reviews the basic concepts of nonlinear structural response to surface flow and acoustic pressure inputs. A time domain solution and the Monte Carlo method are utilized to estimate the required statistics of the nonlinear response. Simulation procedures of multi-dimensional and multi-variate random processes are discussed. Application of these procedures to acoustic fatigue of flight structures are considered. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the applicability of this method for the solution of nonlinear problems.
A multi-level model of information seeking in the clinical domain

Objective: Clinicians often have difficulty translating information needs into effective search strategies to find appropriate answers. Information retrieval systems employing an intelligent search agent that generates adaptive search strategies based on human search expertise could be helpful in meeting clinician information needs. A prerequisite for creating such systems is an information seeking model that facilitates the representation of human search expertise. The purpose of developing such a model is to provide guidance to information seeking system development and to shape an empirical research program. Design: The information seeking process was modeled as a complex problem-solving activity. After considering how similarly complex activities had been modeled in other domains, we determined that modeling context-initiated information seeking across multiple problem spaces allows the abstraction of search knowledge into functionally consistent layers. The knowledge layers were identified in the information science literature and validated through our observations of searches performed by health science librarians. Results: A hierarchical multi-level model of context-initiated information seeking is proposed. Each level represents (1) a problem space that is traversed during the online search process, and (2) a distinct layer of knowledge that is required to execute a successful search. Grand strategy determines what information resources will be searched, for what purpose, and in what order. The strategy level represents an overall approach for searching a single resource. Tactics are individual moves made to further a strategy. Operations are mappings of abstract intentions to information resource-specific concrete input. Assessment is the basis of interaction within the strategic hierarchy, influencing the direction of the search. Conclusion: The described multi-level model provides a framework for future research and the foundation for development of an automated information retrieval system that uses an intelligent search agent to bridge clinician information needs and human search expertise.
The university as a social economy: Jane Smiley’sMoo

Jane Smiley's novel, Moo, is reviewed for the models of social economy portrayed therein. The models are those of the faculty, university governance, and the students, as well as the total social economy and valuation process to which the foregoing contribute. The basic story, portrayed in part through tales of the lives and foibles of individuals, is one of resource allocation, organization and control, distribution of gains and sacrifices, and the working out of the purposes, values, and objectives of an institution. Also covered is the tale of a faculty economist who lives his life along the lines of the self-interested rationality model.
Learning in 2010: Instructional Challenges for Adult Career and Technical Education

Decades of research into learning have demonstrated that learners are diverse, changing, and adaptable. In this regard, the practice as educators must become flexible and adaptive to meet the wide variation of learning needs. A general consensus exists among educators, businesses, and other stakeholders that there is a significant gap between the knowledge and skills needed for success in life and the current state of education in schools throughout the world (The Conference Board et al., 2006). The internet, social networking, and distance education have created learners with a different set of characteristics, incoming skills, needs, desires, and goals. To meet the learning challenges of the 21st century, instructors must serve as catalysts of change by encouraging classrooms of open dialogue and developing the ability to effectively and efficiently use online communications. Through the process of learning from one another through problem-based activities, students and instructors improve the student-instructor relationship, encounter challenges, and solve them collaboratively.
Nearly-degenerate frequency technique for simultaneous measurement of n(2) and α(2), and four-wave mixing gain coefficients in waveguides

Abstract We describe an experimental technique that allows the simultaneous measurement of the nonlinear refractive index n (2) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient α (2) in waveguides. With minor modifications in the experimental setup, the four-wave mixing gain coefficient can also be measured. Measurements are demonstrated in AlGaAs waveguides.
Recognition hypermnesia: the growth of recognition memory (d') over time with repeated testing.

Abstract This study sought to determine whether recognition hypermnesia (unforgetting) might be obtained over time with repeated testing of recognition memory. Four types of stimuli were investigated: pictures or words (captions) from configured (funny) or non-configured (non-funny) cartoons. Three recognition tests, each comprising the same stimulus and distractor items, were successively administered after the presentation of a large set of captioned cartoons. Silent think intervals of 5 min were interpolated between recognition tests. Recognition hypermnesia, measured by increasing d' estimates of accessible recognition memory, was obtained with the pictures from configured (funny) cartoons but not with any of the other groups.
Variations of Depression Treatment Among Women With Hypertension

The objective was to examine depression treatment among non-pregnant women, aged 22 and older, with hypertension, utilizing cross-sectional data from the 2006 and 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Depression treatment patterns by demographic, socioeconomic, health care access, and health characteristics were analyzed utilizing chi-square tests and logistic and multinomial logistic regressions. Overall, 23.9% had no depression treatment, 56.8% had antidepressant use only, and 19.3% had psychotherapy with or without antidepressants. African Americans (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.47), Latinas (AOR = 0.46), and uninsured women (AOR = 0.39) were significantly less likely to report any treatment for depression compared with Whites and those with private insurance.
The nature of the excited states of adsorbates and their decay mechanisms

Presentation des spectres de perte d'energie d'electrons dans le cas de gaz rares sur des metaux et dans le cas de CO chimisorbe. A partir de ces spectres, on discute la nature des etats excites de ces systemes et leurs processus de desexcitation
Paleomagnetism of the Puente Piedra Formation, Central Peru

Abstract Paleomagnetic samples were collected from 15 sites in the early Cretaceous Puente Piedra Formation near Lima, Peru. This formation consists of interbedded volcanic flows and marine sediments and represents the oldest known rocks of the Andean coastal province in this region. The Puente Piedra Formation is interpreted as a submarine volcanic arc assemblage which along with an overlying sequence of early Cretaceous clastic and carbonate rocks represents a terrane whose paleogeographic relationship with respect to the Peruvian miogeocline in pre-Albian time is unknown. Moderate to high coercivities, blocking temperatures below 320°C, and diagnostic strong-field thermomagnetic behavior indicate that pyrrhotite is the dominant magnetic phase in the Puente Piedra Formation. This pyrrhotite carries a stable CRM acquired during an event of copper mineralization associated with the intrusion of the Santa Rosa super-unit of the Coastal Batholith at about 90 ± 5 m.y. B.P. The tectonically uncorrected formation mean direction of: D = 343.2°, I = −28.6°, α 95 = 3.4° is statistically concordant in inclination but discordant in declination with respect to the expected direction calculated from the 90-m.y. reference pole for cratonic South America. The observed declination indicates approximately 20° of counterclockwise rotation of the Puente Piedra rocks since about 90 m.y. This is consistent with other paleomagnetic data from a larger crustal block which may indicate modest counterclockwise rotation during the Cenozoic associated with crustal shortening and thickening in the region of the Peru-Chile deflection.
Binding and signaling of surface-immobilized reagentless fluorescent biosensors derived from periplasmic binding proteins.

Development of biosensor devices typically requires incorporation of the molecular recognition element into a solid surface for interfacing with a signal detector. One approach is to immobilize the signal transducing protein directly on a solid surface. Here we compare the effects of two direct immobilization methods on ligand binding, kinetics, and signal transduction of reagentless fluorescent biosensors based on engineered periplasmic binding proteins. We used thermostable ribose and glucose binding proteins cloned from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and Thermotoga maritima, respectively. To test the behavior of these proteins in semispecifically oriented layers, we covalently modified lysine residues with biotin or sulfhydryl functions, and attached the conjugates to plastic surfaces derivatized with streptavidin or maleimide, respectively. The immobilized proteins retained ligand binding and signal transduction but with adversely affected affinities and signal amplitudes for the thiolated, but not the biotinylated, proteins. We also immobilized these proteins in a more specifically oriented layer to maleimide-derivatized plates using a His2Cys2 zinc finger domain fused at either their N or C termini. Proteins immobilized this way either retained, or displayed enhanced, ligand affinity and signal amplitude. In all cases tested ligand binding by immobilized proteins is reversible, as demonstrated by several iterations of ligand loading and elution. The kinetics of ligand exchange with the immobilized proteins are on the order of seconds.
New thiohydrazones for complexation and chromatographic determination of metal ions

Abstract A general scheme is outlined for rapid determination of metal cations by complexation and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatographic separation. The synthesis and general properties are described for several new thiohydrazone complexing reagents. Solubility considerations suggest that the metal complexes have a positive charge. Excellent chromatographic separations are obtained for mixtures of up to seven metal ion complexes. Addition of a positively charged additive to the eluent is shown to have a significant effect on both the retention times and sharpness of the chromatographic peaks. Separation of the metal complexes on resins with a permanent charge is also shown to be feasible.
Developmental and Behavioral Questionnaire for Autism Spectrum Disorders

The validity of the Parental Concerns Questionnaire, a brief screening checklist assessing the presence and severity of 13 developmental and behavioral concerns expressed by parents of children with autism spectrum disorders, was determined in 53 children ages 4 to 10 years with a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and 48 age-matched typically developing controls. Parents completed the Parental Concerns Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist, the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and either the Repetitive Behavior Scale or the Compulsive Behavior Checklist. A clinical examiner administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale. The Parental Concerns Questionnaire demonstrated high internal consistency in the autism spectrum disorder subgroup. Reliability and stability over time were demonstrated. Analyses showed variability in item responses for each child indicating that parents were not globally answering all items as concerns. Comparison of Parental Concerns Questionnaire item scores to scores for similar multiquestion domains on standardized parent-rated and clinician-administered assessment tools demonstrated external validity with other parent-rated and clinician-rated instruments. The Parental Concerns Questionnaire is a reliable screening instrument to assess parentally reported developmental and behavioral symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Analysis of Fd antigen in gamma and Mu paraproteins with shared idiotypy.

SummaryThe carboxy half of Fd of IgG has previously been shown to be an antigen common to IgG proteins. In this report the antigenic determinants were not found in an IgM paraprotein with a region of idiotypy similar to that of an IgG paraprotein which contained them. The available data suggest that the antigenic determinants are contained between residue Nos. 120 and 216, the CH1 region of IgG.
Realistic and affordable lo-fidelity model for learning bronchoscopic transbronchial needle aspiration

Background Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is used to sample mediastinal abnormalities and lymph node stations for diagnostic purposes and lung cancer staging. The procedure is underused, operator dependent, and reputed to have a steep learning curve. Other difficulties arise from a bronchoscopist’s failure to insert the needle satisfactorily into the target node. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the realism and helpfulness of a lo-fidelity, easily constructed hybrid model used for learning and practicing TBNA.