cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics and the emergence of molecular biology: a history of cognitive and political synergy.

Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 23, no. 3 (Fall 1990), pp. 389-409. ? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 1. See, e.g., Pnina Abir-Am, "The Discourse of Physical Power and Biological Knowledge in the 1930's: A Reappraisal of the Rockefeller Foundation's 'Policy' in Molecular Biology," Soc. Stud. Sci., 12 (1982), 341-382; idem, "Beyond Deterministic Sociology and Apologetic History: Reassessing the Impact of Research Policy upon New Scientific Disciplines (reply to Fuerst, Bartels, Olby, and Yoxen)," Soc. Stud. Sci., 14 (1984), 252-263; Ditta Bartels, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Funding Policy for Molecular Biology: Success or Failure," ibid, pp. 238-243; Donald Fleming, "'migr6 Physicists and the Biological Revolution," Perspect. Amer. Hist., 2 (1968), 152-189; John A. Fuerst, "The Role of Reductionism in the Development of Molecular Biology: Peripheral or Central?" Soc. Stud. Sci., 12 (1982), 241-278; idem, "The Definition of Molecular Biology and the Definition of Policy: The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation's Policy for Molecular Biology," Soc. Stud. Sci., 14 (1984), 225-237; Lily Kay, "The Secret of Life: Niels Bohr's Influence on the Biology Program of Max Delbruck," Riv. Stor. Sci., 2 (1985), 487-510; idem, "Molecular Biology and Pauling's Immunochemistry: A Neglected Dimension," Hist. Phil. Life Sci., 10 (1988), 51-72; Robert Kohler, "The Management of Science: The Experience of Warren Weaver and the Rockefeller Foundation Programme in Molecular Biology," Minerva, 14 (1976), 279-306; Robert Olby, The Path to the Double Helix (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974); idem, "The Sheriff and the Cowboys: Or, Weaver's Support of Astbury and Pauling," Soc. Stud. Sci., 14 (1984), 244-247; Edward J. Yoxen, "Where Does Schrodinger's 'What Is Life?' Belong in the History of Molecular Biology?" Hist. Sci., 17 (1979), 17-52; idem, "Giving Life a New Meaning: The Rise of the Molecular Biology Establishment," Sociol. Sci., 6 (1982), 123-143; idem, "Scepticism about the Centrality of Technology Transfer in the Rockefeller Foundation Programme in Molecular Biology," Soc. Stud. Sci., 14 (1984), 248252.
Microphysical Processes Affecting Stratospheric Aerosol Particles

Physical processes which affect stratospheric aerosol particles include nucleation, condensation, evaporation, coagulation and sedimentation. Quantitative studies of these mechanisms to determine if they can account for some of the observed properties of the aerosol are carried out. It is shown that the altitude range in which nucleation of sulfuric acid-water solution droplets can take place corresponds to that region of the stratosphere where the aerosol is generally found. Since heterogeneous nucleation is the dominant nucleation mechanism, the stratospheric solution droplets are mainly formed on particles which have been mixed up from the troposphere or injected into the stratosphere by volcanoes or meteorites. Particle growth by heteromolecular condensation can account for the observed increase in mixing ratio of large particles in the stratosphere. Coagulation is important in reducing the number of particles smaller than 0.05 micron radius. Growth by condensation, applied to the mixed nature of the particles, shows that available information is consistent with ammonium sulfate being formed by liquid phase chemical reactions in the aerosol particles. The upper altitude limit of the aerosol layer is probably due to the evaporation of sulfuric acid aerosol particles, while the lower limit is due to mixing across the tropopause.
Export behavior of firms: Relevance of firm size

Abstract The export behavior of small- and medium-sized manufacturers in Pennsylvania is examined. Export products, target markets, export performances, and export related needs of both groups of firms are investigated. A survey was conducted with 210 manufacturing firms, and discriminant analyses were used to generate results. Research findings indicate that no substantial difference occurs between small- and medium-sized firms from the standpoint of export products and target markets served, but the firms are differentiated in terms of export performance and needs. Recommendations are made for managers of small- and medium-sized firms and policy makers to improve export marketing.
Interpretation of Anaphoric Dependencies in Russian-Speaking Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder

We examined anaphora resolution in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) to clarify whether 1) DLD is best understood as missing knowledge of certain linguistic operations/elements or as unreliable performance and 2) if comprehension of sentences with anaphoric expressions as objects and exceptionally case marked (ECM) subjects supports a particular theoretical account of anaphora. Fifty-four native-Russian-speaking children (age M = 7;6, SD = 1;9) were tested on a picture selection task. Children with DLD (n=18) underperformed overall, but displayed similar patterns to the typically developing (TD) group with respect to the extra difficulty of the ECM relative to the transitive and ECM pronouns relative to all other conditions. However, whereas pronouns were more difficult than reflexives for the TD children, this effect was not significant for the DLD group, whose reduced accuracy on reflexives washed out the effect of pronouns in that group. These results are consistent with performance-level vulnerability in DLD, arguably related to weaknesses in lexical processing and with the Reflexivity framework of Binding phenomena.
International Efforts Directed at Attacking the Problem of COPD

COPD is the only leading cause of death that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. The lack of international standardization in the diagnosis of COPD means that intercountry comparisons are difficult. This review highlights the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease, a program aimed at focusing attention on the importance of COPD as a global health problem, and designing and implementing consistent international strategies for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Trade politics in the American Congress

Abstract Political geography plays an important role in influencing how industries build coalitions to secure desired trade benefits in American politics. The political geography of an industry is defined as the intersection of its economic geography, i.e. the location of its means of production, and the institutional structure of the political system in which it operates. In the case of the United States, trade-sensitive industries lobby the bicameral Congress and the executive branch for beneficial trade policies, and their geographic location strongly influences the strategies they adopt. Industries concentrated across heavily populated states will be more powerful in the House of Representatives than in the Senate. They will therefore ground their efforts in the House and form coalitions with industries that are powerful in the Senate. Industries that are concentrated across less populated states will be stronger in the Senate and will seek to form coalition partners that are strong in the House. A theory of political geography is used to explain the behavior of import/export sensitive industries in the 1980s and 1990s. The findings suggest that these industries choose coalition partners who bolster their political weakness in the House or Senate by extending, rather than replicating, their geographic base of support.
Remembrance of Things Past

In the original article on pages 3–4, the author cites the following quotation: “Public health teaches us that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated through individual treatment or by increasing the number of therapists” (Albee, 2005, p. 37). This section of text should read: “Public health teaches us that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated through individual treatment” (Albee, 2006, p. 449) or by increasing the number of therapists. The correct citation is: Albee, G. W. (2006). Historical overview of primary prevention of psychopathology: Address to The 3rd World Conference on the Promotion of Mental Health and Prevention of Mental and Behavioral Disorders September 15–17, 2004, Auckland, New Zealand. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(5), 449–456.
Kinetic and structural consequences of replacing the aspartate bridge by asparagine in the catalytic metal triad of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract In each subunit of the homodimeric enzymeEscherichia colialkaline phosphatase, two of the three metal cofactors, Zn2+and Mg2+, are bound by an aspartate side-chain at position 51. Using site-specific mutagenesis, Asp51 was mutated both to alanine and to asparagine to produce the D51A and D51N enzymes, respectively. Over the range of pH values examined, the D51A enzyme did not catalyze phosphate ester hydrolysis above non-enzymic levels and was not activated by the addition of millimolar excess Zn2 +or Mg2 +. Replacement of Asp51 by asparagine, however, resulted in a mutant enzyme with reduced activity and a higher pH optimum, compared with the wild-type enzyme. At pH 8.0 the D51N enzyme showed about 1% of the activity of the wild-type enzyme, and as the pH was raised to 9.2, the activity of the D51N enzyme increased to about 10% of the value for the wild-type enzyme. Upon the addition of excess Mg2+at pH 9.2, the D51N enzyme was activated in a time-dependent fashion to nearly the same level as the wild-type enzyme. The affinity for phosphate of the D51N enzyme decreased tenfold as the concentration of Mg2+increased. Under optimal conditions, thekcat/Kmratio for the D51N enzyme indicated that it was 87% as efficient as the wild-type enzyme. To investigate the molecular basis for the observed kinetic differences, X-ray data were collected for the D51N enzyme to 2.3 A resolution at pH 7.5, and then to 2.1 A resolution at pH 9.2 with 20 mM MgCl2. The two structures were then refined. The low magnesium, low pH D51N structure showed that the third metal site was unoccupied, apparently blocked by the amide group of Asn51. At this pH the phosphate anion was boundviaone oxygen atom, between the zinc cations at the first and second metal sites, which strongly resembled the arrangement previously determined for the D153H enzyme at pH 7.5. In the high magnesium, high pH D51N structure, the third metal site was also vacant, but the phosphate anion bound closer to the surface of the enzyme, coordinated to the first metal site alone. Electron density difference maps provide evidence that magnesium activates the D51N enzyme by replacing zinc at the second metal site.
Primary Endobronchial Actinomycosis in Association with Foreign Body Aspiration

A 66-year-old diabetic man presented with a bilobar pneumonia two months after aspiration of a chicken bone. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy demonstrated a mass in the bronchus intermedins. Histologic examination of endobronchial biopsy specimens revealed bone fragments, vegetable matter, and sulfur granules containing Actinomyces organisms. The patient responded to bronchoscopic removal of the foreign body and penicillin therapy. To our knowledge, the association of actinomycotic infection with an aspirated endobronchial foreign body has not previously been reported.
Structural characterization of glycoproteins

The structural characterization of glycoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is often difficult because of microheterogeneity of their oligosaccharide groups. To investigate this phenomenon, a series of human plasma glycoproteins of known amino acid sequence and carbohydrate structure was subjected to comparative study by HPLC. Methods for the isolation of singly glycosylated glycopeptides were developed. The chromatographic behavior in reversed-phase HPLC of mono-, di-, and multiglycosylated glycopeptides was compared with that of unglycosylated peptides of known amino acid sequence. Glycopeptides tended to be eluted earlier than non-glycopeptides, but the major factor governing retention was hydrophobicity. As shown by comparative study of five plasma glycoproteins by four chromatographic methods, microheterogeneity of the oligosaccharides affects chromatographic characterization of glycoproteins. In anion-exchange HPLC, carbohydrate charge heterogeneity is reflected by the broadening or asymmetry of peaks. Hydroxyapatite chromatography is useful for the purification of several forms of ceruloplasmin and other glycoproteins. The effect of carbohydrate is small in reversed-phase chromatography, but some proteins are denatured by the stringent conditions. Carbohydrate does not have much effect in hydrophobic interaction chromatography, which is more gentle. Because the chromatographic behavior of a glycoprotein may vary significantly with the procedure applied, several types of HPLC methods should be used for the characterization of glycoproteins.
Entering the information age: implications for developing countries

The author moves from a relatively restricted view of established telecommunications services and institutions to a wider conception of information technology and considers implications for developing countries. He notes that a particularly intractable set of policy issues arises in this field. The introduction of computers and information services and their convergence with telecommunications, broadcasting, publishing, and other traditionally separate activities offer important potential gains even to very underdeveloped economies. Achieving these gains, however, requires an approach that cuts across traditional sectors and institutions and may require government guidance and initiative. Formulating and implementing such policy is much more difficult than in the traditional telecommunications sector, because informatics does not conform to established divisions of responsibility and is a relatively new field in which experience is limited. The author outlines and discusses key policy issues and offers suggestions on how they can initially be addressed. >
The impacts of adolescent beliefs in performing a cardiorespiratory fitness test

This study examined the relations among expectancy-value constructs, self-efficacy, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) test performance in adolescents. The participants were 141 middle school students, including 74 girls. The students completed the Expectancy-Value Questionnaire and the Self-Efficacy Scale, and then performed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run in physical education class. Correlation analysis revealed that expectancy-related beliefs, intrinsic value, and self-efficacy were moderately related to CRF performance. Path analysis identified that the prediction from expectancy-related beliefs to CRF was partially mediated by self-efficacy, in total explaining 51% of the variance in CRF performance. The findings suggest that it is important to nurture middle school students with strong beliefs about the prospect of becoming successful and provide successful learning experiences that could enable them to feel self-efficacious. Taking into account these psychological factors gen...
Complex varus elbow instability: a terrible triad model.

Hypothesis The terrible triad is a debilitating injury that involves elbow dislocation with injury to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex, the radial head, and the coronoid process. This study investigated the role of these components in varus stability of the elbow. Materials and methods We investigated the role of these components in varus stability of the elbow using 10 cadaveric fresh frozen upper extremities. The testing order allowed each of four states to be tested (intact, LCL complex deficient or repaired, radial head resected or replaced) at two flexion angles and multiple coronoid resection levels. Values for restraining load (newtons [N]) at 1.5 cm of varus displacement were obtained on a materials testing machine. Results Beyond a 50% loss of the coronoid process, neither repair of the LCL nor replacing the radial head alone resulted in a statistically significant increase in varus stability. For a loss of the coronoid process between 67-75%, repair of the LCL and replacement of the radial head showed improved stability over repair alone, or radial head replacement alone. For loss of the coronoid beyond 75%, even repair of the LCL and replacement of the radial head did not improve varus stability of the elbow. Conclusion These findings provide a biomechanical basis for aggressive treatment of coronoid fractures as a component of the terrible triad injury. Levels of evidence Basic science study.
Redatuming through a salt canopy and target-oriented salt-flank imaging

We describe a new shortcut strategy for imaging the sediments and salt edge around a salt flank through an overburden salt canopy. We tested its performance and capabilities on 2D synthetic acoustic seismic data from a Gulf of Mexico style model. We first redatumed surface shots, using seismic interferometry, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile survey as if the source and receiver pairs had been located in the borehole at the positions of the receivers. This process creates effective downhole shot gathers by completely moving surface shots through the salt canopy, without any knowledge of overburden velocity structure. After redatuming, we can apply multiple passes of prestack migration from the reference datum of the bore-hole. In our example, first-pass migration, using only a simple vertical velocity gradient model, reveals the outline of the salt edge. A second pass of reverse-time, prestack depth migration using full two-way wave equation was performed with an updated velocity model that consisted of the velocity gradient and salt dome. The second-pass migration brings out dipping sediments abutting the salt flank because these reflectors were illuminated by energy that bounced off the salt flank, forming prismatic reflections. In this target-oriented strategy, the computationally fast redatuming process eliminates the need for the traditional complex process of velocity estimation, model building, and iterative depth migration to remove effects of the salt canopy and surrounding overburden. This might allow this strategy to be used in the field in near real time.
Protonation of cationic hydride and alkyl complexes of Ir(III)

Reaction of HBF4·OEt2 with IrH2(MeCN)P3+ (1) (P = PMe2Ph) in the presence of MeCN gives rapid conversion to cis, mer-IrH(MeCN)2P32+ and H2. The corresponding reaction with cis,mer-IrMe2(MeCN)P3+ is much slower, but gives the corresponding product, cis,mer-IrMe(MeCN)2P32+. In the absence of added MeCN, HBF4·OEt2 transforms the dihydride cation 1 to equimolar cis,mer-IrH(MeCN)2P32+ and IrH4P3+; 0.5 mol of acid suffices to effect this reaction. In the absence of added MeCN, the protonation of the dimethyl cation leads to the ether complex mer-IrMe(Et2O)(MeCN) P32+, which is subsequently scavenged by adventitious water to yield mer-IrMe(H2O)MeCN)P32+. The crystal structure of this aquo complex, as its BF4 salt, shows a chain of BF4− /IrMe(H2O)(MeCN)P32+ units held together by two hydrogen bonds to each water molecule. Crystallographic data for [IrMe(H2O)(NCMe)(PMe2Ph)3](BF4)2 (at − 169°C): a = 10.709(3) A, b = 15.645(4), c = 10.481(2), β = 106.49(1)° with Z = 2 in space group P1.
Estimating the number of loci determining skin colour in a hybrid population.

SummaryA model developed by Stern to estimate the number of loci determining human skin colour in African-European hybrid populations is tested on recently collected reflectance data. Despite improved measurement scales and admixture estimates, and the use of statistical goodness-of-fit tests, contradictory results are obtained. It is shown that previous authors' use of visual inspection to compare expected and observed phenotype distributions introduced considerable bias into their results.
The low temperature water formation reaction on Pt(111): A static SIMS and TDS study

Abstract The formation of water by the reaction of preadsorbed oxygen with hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface has been characterized, using secondary ion mass spectroscopy, below the desorption temperature of H 2 O (180 K). The concentration of chemisorbed water was monitored during the reaction by following the SIMS H 3 O + signal. Reaction profiles were measured over a temperature range of 120 to 153 K, and an H 2 pressure range of 10 -9 to 10 -6 Torr. Under all conditions the reaction profiles were characterized by an induction time, a region of rapid reaction, and finally a steady decline in the rate. In the rapid region, an overall activation energy of 2.9 ± 0.3 kcal mol -1 and a half-order H 2 pressure dependence were observed. At low initial oxygen concentrations the induction time increased and the maximum rate decreased. The reaction was slow in the absence of gas phase hydrogen, even when the surface coverage of hydrogen was relatively high. Water and hydrogen thermal desorption spectra, measured after stopping the reaction by removal of gas phase hydrogen, were complex functions of the H 2 exposure, exhibiting several peaks between 170 and 400 K. However, after an exposure large enough to drive the reaction to completion, only one H 2 O peak at 173 K and one H 2 peak at 350 K were observed. The results indicate that only a fraction of the total H(a) on the surface was readily available for reaction during H 2 exposure at T ⩽ 153 K . the remainder either recombined to form H 2 or reacted with O(a) during the thermal desorption ramp. There is good evidence for a surface rearrangement during the induction period. A model is proposed which involves the formation of water clusters that accelerate the rate.
Atmospheric corrections for improved satellite passive microwave snow cover retrievals over the Tibet Plateau.

Abstract Since 1978, satellite passive microwave data have been used to derive hemispheric-scale snow cover maps. The seasonal and inter-annual variability of the microwave snow maps compares reasonably well with simultaneous maps of snow cover derived from satellite-based, visible-wavelength sensors. In general, the microwave-derived maps tend to underestimate snow extent during fall and early winter, due to a weak signal from shallow and intermittent snow cover. During the early snow season the microwave may underestimate by as much as 20%, decreasing to a few percent during mid-winter and spring. The Tibet Plateau is the only large geographic region where microwave retrievals tend to consistently overestimate snow-covered area compared to the visible data. This has been noted in limited case studies comparing visible and microwave snow data. The persistence of the microwave overestimate is also demonstrated in multi-year climatologies. Current microwave algorithms used to derive snow cover are based on ground or aircraft measurements that are later fine-tuned to match satellite retrievals. In this way, the algorithms have implicitly accounted for the presence of an atmosphere, because the surface or scene brightness values applied in the algorithms have actually passed through the atmosphere along their path to reach the satellite sensor. These methods are reasonably accurate when applied as a global algorithm to most snow-covered regions. However, a thinner atmosphere between the surface and satellite is likely the source of the consistent snow extent overestimate on the Tibet Plateau, where elevations range from 3200 to 5000 m. Wang and Manning (2003) have suggested that adjustments to ground or aircraft microwave measurements are needed to compare with satellite-based measurements. Based on their work, we propose a methodology to adjust satellite-based microwave brightness temperatures as a function of the observed surface elevation, thereby reducing the microwave snow cover overestimate on the Tibet Plateau. We include comparisons to snow maps derived from selected visible-wavelength products. We estimate that the adjusted microwave algorithm reduces the Tibet Plateau area of disagreement with the visible products by approximately 17% (468,000 km2) over the snow season.
Molecular Dynamics of DOT1L and Modeling of EZH2

Histone methyltransferases are enzymes that modify histone proteins via methylation of lysine or arginine residues. These epigenetic modifiers, such as DOT1L and EZH2, have been found to play important roles in leukemogenic processes.Crystallographic and docking methods studied interactions within the DOT1L binding site. Crystal structures of DOT1L also demonstrated variance in the binding mode of ligands, possibly due to rearrangement in the DOT1L binding site. We investigated this possibility by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and confirmed significant rearrangement of the substrate binding and activation loops of DOT1L upon binding to competitive inhibitors. The druggability and volume fluctuations of the binding pocket over time were determined.The EZH2 methyltransferase is of interest due to its aberrant activity in many cancers. Because there is no published crystal structure of EZH2, we used homology modeling with homologous proteins as templates. This model provides structural information regarding the binding modes of the S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) cofactor and potential inhibitors of EZH2. Through the synergistic combination of in silico drug design, organic synthesis and biochemical assays, our modeling efforts for DOT1L and EZH2 will guide the chemical syntheses of potent and selective inhibitors of these enzymes.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The GIS/SA interface for substantive research(ers): A critical need

This paper is concerned with the intersection of GIS and spatial analysis, its accessibility for scientists who may be less methodologically oriented than others, and its use in substantive research driven by theoretical, conceptual, and empirical issues central to one's discipline. GIS/SA use in this manner has lagged considerably. The case is documented, that there may be shifts in this trend is noted, and suggestions for moving ahead more quickly are put forth. These include instructional efforts, software development, and substantive research that will provide a demonstration effect, guide, and direction for others.
Early cell-mediated immune responses to Marek's disease virus in two chicken lines with defined major histocompatibility complex antigens

N2a and P2a chickens, resistant and susceptible to Marek's disease (MD), respectively, were used to examine relationships between major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK)-like cell activity with resistance to infection with Marek's disease virus (MDV). Ten-day-old chickens were infected with MDV and euthanatized at selected times to evaluate for NK cell and MHC-restricted cytotoxicity. The N2a MDV-infected chickens had an early cell-mediated immune response characterized by a sustained NK-like cytotoxicity that coincided with a measurable MHC-cytotoxicity that was lower than controls. Although MHC-restricted and NK cell cytotoxicity was demonstrated in P2a MDV-infected chickens at 8 dpi, both abruptly decreased and remained low for the remainder of the 20-day experiment. The critical time point that may determine the resistance to MD appears to be within the first 2 weeks post-infection. Improvement of the chicken NK cell activity may be a good candidate for both selection and immunomodulation MD control programs.
Structural and transport properties of InAs/AlSb superlattices

Abstract We report the demonstration of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown InAs/AlSb superlattices with properties suitable for cladding layer materials in semiconductor diode lasers operating in the 2–5 μm spectral range. X-ray rocking curves of these superlattices reveal excellent structural quality and small lattice mismatch (Δa/a = 1.2 × 10−3) with respect to a GaSb substrate. Hall measurements reveal that controllable n-type doping of InAs/AlSb superlattices can be achieved by selectively codepositing silicon during growth of InAs layers. p-Type doping is performed by codepositing beryllium during growth of AlSb layers. InAs/AlSb superlattice p-n junctions have been fabricated and tested, yielding classical p-n diode current-voltage behavior. A simple double heterojunction diode laser, incorporating InAs/AlSb superlattice cladding layers and a GaxIn1−xAsySb1−y active layer, is demonstrated. The emission wavelength of the laser is 2.42 μm (2.50 μm) at 95 K (180 K).
Hook Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda

Summarizing the major findings of literature on hook-up culture, we propose a new research agenda focusing on when and why this sexual subculture emerged. We explore a series of hypotheses to explain this sexual paradigm shift, including college and university policies, the gender distribution of students, changes in the nature of alcohol use, access to and consumption of pornography, the increased sexual content of non-pornographic media, rising self-objectification and narcissism, new marriage norms, and perceptions of sexual risk. We then recommend new directions for research, emphasizing the need to explore structural and psychological as well as cultural factors, the role of discrete events alongside slowly emerging social change, the need for intersectional research and studies of non-college-attending and post-college youth, and the benefits of longitudinal and cross-college designs.
Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and coronary heart disease risk factors among southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic.

SUMMARY The National Cholesterol Education Program's guidelines for the detection, evaluation, and treatment of high serum cholesterol in adults were employed in screening 155 Southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic in Seattle, Washington. In order to determine the need for a therapeutic intervention, information also was collected on the presence of other coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. Male gender (39%), cigarette smoking (27%) and hypertension (26%) were the most common CHD risk factors; diabetes mellitus, obesity, a family or prior history of CHD or cerebral/peripheral vascular disease were each noted in less than 10%. The mean serum total cholesterol was 194 mg/dl. Thirty–seven (24%) patients required further lipoprotein analysis based on cholesterol level, history of CHD and risk factors for CHD. Twenty–one (66%) of 32 patients who underwent lipoprotein analysis (14% of all patients) were candidates for a therapeutic intervention for hypercholesterolaemia. Additionally, 14 (44%) patients undergoing lipoprotein analysis had depressed high–density lipoprotein levels (< 35 mg/dl). We conclude that CHD risk factors including hypercholesterolaemia are common in Southeast Asian refugee clinic patients and that in many, a therapeutic intervention may well be justified. Southeast Asian refugees should be routinely screened for hypercholesterolaemia and other CHD risk factors in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program's guidelines.
Primary treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancer†

Operations for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma should be individualized on the basis of the pathologic variety and clinically demonstrated extent of carcinoma. Although precise studies have not been carried out specifically to provide treatment plans for various clinical situations, experience does provide management policies to follow currently. The basic operation is thyroid lobectomy. This appears adequate for minimal carcinoma, small (under 1.5 cm diameter) carcinoma, and low grade encapsulated follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. Extent of operation for other clinical patterns of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is individualized to permit control of the disease in the neck. If well-differentiated carcinoma is recognized only postoperatively, a decision for reoperation can relate to evidence of multicentricity. Improvements in autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue and diagnostic needle biopsy have permitted improvements in therapy in recent years.
Lysosomal hydrolases in reproductive organs during estrous cycle of the hamster

Changes in the total protein content and the activities of lysosomal hydrolases (arylsulfatase, acid phosphatases, β-glucuronidase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, α-L-fucosidase, and β-galactosidase) of the hamster genital tract during the 4 days of estrous cycle and in hormonally superovulated hamsters were measured. Levels of lysosomal hydrolases in uteri and uterine fluid changed significantly during the cycle. Similar changes were observed in uterine wet weight and uterine proteins. The pattern of enzyme activities in both the ovary and the oviduct were different from those in uteri. In the ovary, most enzyme activities and the total protein concentration remained elevated after ovulation. Protein concentration and enzyme activities were significantly higher in the ovary, oviduct, and uteri of superovulated hamsters as compared to controls.
Cleanup after Katrina: an analysis on policy, process, priorities, problems, and politics

Purpose – Following a natural disaster the cleanup process usually takes place before reconstruction or rebuild can actually be implemented. Effectiveness of cleanup process determines the possible level of speed for implementing rebuild and reconstruction process. This paper aims to focus on providing guidelines to help plan for future natural disaster management.Design/methodology/approach – This study analyses a cleanup process after Hurricane Katrina in terms of governing policy, implementing process, problems associated with process, priorities for cleanup, and politics.Findings – The study finds policies governing the cleanup process, problems associated with the cleanup process, priorities areas in the cleanup work and politics of the disasters.Research limitations/implications – The research focuses only on three states where Hurricane Katrina hit, namely Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.Practical implications – This paper explains policies governing the cleanup, the process, the prioritized wo...
Accuracy of design data for microstrip of unequal widths in an inhomogeneous medium

The purpose of the letter is to present numerical data for the characteristic impedance of microstrip of unequal widths in an inhomogeneous medium to ascertain the accuracy of existing design data. Comparisons are made with published data for the case of a homogeneous medium in an effort to determine the region validity of this data.
Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock calculation of the photoionization of the Cs 7d excited state.

The numerical multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method is used to calculate the photoionization cross section for the Cs 7{ital d} excited state. The electron correlation and the dynamical core-polarization effects, which are very important for photoionization-cross-section calculations of the cesium atom, have been taken into account in an {ital ab} {ital initio} manner through the configuration-interaction procedure. A minimum has been found in the total photoionization cross section. The calculation of the photoionization angular-distribution asymmetry parameter is proved to be an excellent test to determine the existence and location of the minimum in the cross section. The length and velocity forms of the cross section and the asymmetry parameter are found to be in excellent agreement over the entire incident photon energy range considered, suggesting that converged results may be obtained in this interval with the present approach. The results obtained are compared with the recent experimental measurements of the absolute photoionization cross section and are found to be in good agreement.
Liquid-solid partition ratios in nickel-base alloys

The equilibrium partition ratios of Al, Ta, and Cr in Ni-rich alloys of the Ni-Al-Ta-Cr system were experimentally determined by isothermally holding at a temperature in the liquid-solid range of the alloys followed by quenching. The partition ratios apply to equilibria between metls and γ phase (fcc) in the range of 1615 to 1694 K. It was found that the equilibrium partition ratios in this system depend mainly on the concentration of Ta. The equilibrium partition ratio of Ta varies from approximately 0.6 at dilute Ta to 0.85 at 17 wt pct Ta. For the same range of Ta contents, less variability is seen in the partition ratios of Al and Cr, which range from about 0.92 to 0.96. In addition to the partition ratios, the liquidus temperatures of the liquid in equilibrium with γ in the Ni-Al-Ta-Cr system were estimated with a multidimensional regression analysis. The experimental results reported herein are complemented by a compilation of partition ratios of many solutes in binary and multicomponent Ni-base alloys.
Coronary calcium, race, and genes

Measurement of coronary calcium has become a useful tool in the investigation of coronary disease and coronary risk, as evidenced by the companion articles in this issue examining the relationship of race and genetic factors to coronary calcium.1,2⇓ Newman et al1 report racial differences in coronary calcium measures in older adults participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Among 471 white and 143 black participants with an average age of 80 years, median coronary calcium scores were lower in blacks than in whites, particularly in men, even after adjustment for other black-white differences. Black men were only 20% as likely, and black women 71% as likely, as whites to have increased calcium scores. In the small subgroup of participants with myocardial infarction, who might be expected to be more similar, calcium scores still were lower among blacks than whites. See pages 418 and 424 This is not the first study to demonstrate racial differences in coronary calcium prevalence; Tang et al3 reported lower calcium prevalence in the 87 black participants of the largely self-referred South Bay Heart Watch. Interestingly, short-term follow-up of that cohort showed blacks to have higher risk of clinical coronary events despite their lower scores,4 raising the question of whether the relationship of calcium to subsequent events differs by race. Another small study of young adults did not identify but did not exclude the possibility of racial differences in coronary calcium.5 These findings may cause us to question the premise that coronary calcium and clinically overt coronary disease have common antecedents, but other explanations should first be considered. More limited access to medical care and less aggressive risk factor management in blacks might be expected to produce more, rather than less, coronary disease in blacks, …
The rocks and the garden: The limits of illusion in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale

Les deux images centrales du conte comme fondatrice d'un monde d'illusion et son exorcisme a la fin du poeme
Media processing using streams

Media applications are characterized by large amounts of available parallelism, little data reuse, and a high computation to memory access ratio. While these characteristics are poorly matched to conventional microprocessor architectures, they are a good fit for modern VLSI technology with its high arithmetic capacity but limited global bandwidth. The stream programming model, in which an application is coded as streams of data records passing through computation kernels, exposes both parallelism and locality in media applications that can be exploited by VLSI architectures. The Imagine architecture supports the stream programming model by providing a bandwidth hierarchy tailored to the demands of media applications. Compared to a conventional scalar processor, Imagine reduces the global register and memory bandwidth required by typical applications by factors of 13 and 21 respectively. This bandwidth efficiency enables a single chip Imagine processor to achieve a peak performance of 16.2GFLOPS (single-precision floating point) and sustained performance of up to 8.5GFLOPS on media processing kernels.
The Meanings of Home in the Stories of Older Women

The concept of home emerged as a theme in the stories of inner strength told by older women. In this study, 12 women over the age of 65 (7European American and SAfrican American) were asked to tell...
Trace metal uptake by three species of mollusks.

Investigation of trace metal accumulation by bivalve mollusks in artificial systems is important to determine the mode of uptake by these animals. It is desirable to know if bivalves: 1) accumulate metal directly from seawater; 2) obtain it from their food; or 3) take it up from the bottom sediment inwhich they reside. If seawater is the prime source of the metal, removing metals from the waterways may result in relatively rapid depuration of metals from the tissues of these marine animals. On the other hand, if food or sediment is the source, a longer depuration period may be required. In the present study we examined only the first mode.
Effects of intrahypothalamic testosterone implants on LHRH levels in the preoptic area and the medial basal hypothalamus.

Abstract Following castration LHRH levels in the MBH but not in the POA decreased. Testosterone implants in the medial POA following castration failed to alter the LHRH activity either locally in the POA or in remote sites in the MBH. On the contrary, similar T implants in the MBH blocked castration-induced depletion of MBH LHRH stores without affecting either the POA LHRH content or the post-castration hypersecretion of pituitary LH. These findings identify the MBH as the focal site of T action in the regulation of hypothalamic LHRH activity.
Prairie growth, PAR albedo and seasonal distribution of energy fluxes.

Abstract Year-round measurements of surface energy fluxes, supporting meteorological parameters, soil moisture, and leaf foliage area were made at a tallgrass prairie site in north-central Oklahoma. Here we present the results of the first year (August 1996 to early September 1997) of the study. Non-limiting soil moisture and generally moderate atmospheric conditions throughout the measurement period provided a unique opportunity to observe the role of the prairie canopy in influencing energy fluxes. The periods of vegetation activity are determined by employing two approaches: the conventional approach using green foliage area, and a modified approach using photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) albedo in conjunction with the green foliage area. Performance of the two approaches is examined in explaining the seasonal variation in energy fluxes. The conventional approach failed to detect several periods of vegetation activity (e.g., the end of peak growth in 1996, the entire pre-growth and post-burn periods in 1997). Use of the modified approach, on the other hand, allowed us to determine such periods more accurately and in greater detail. Within each of eight periods determined via the modified approach, energy fluxes varied in a manner consistent with the vegetation activity. On an annual basis, evapotranspiration was the main sink of the energy, consuming about 58% of the net radiation. Evapotranspiration was largest during the peak growth period of 1997 (late May to late August: 388 mm, 37% of the annual ET of 1040 mm). Energy fluxes during other periods (e.g., senescence, post-senescence, pre-growth, early growth) were smaller, but still substantial in magnitude as well as in their relative contributions to the annual energy budget.
Chromium as reactant for solar thermochemical synthesis of ammonia from steam, nitrogen, and biomass at atmospheric pressure

Abstract Ammonia for fertilization plays a crucial role in agriculture. It is an important commodity chemical, and it can serve as a fuel for combustion engines or as a carrier molecule for hydrogen. Global NH3 production of over 100 million metric tons per year relies almost entirely on natural gas for energy and hydrogen. About 2% of the world’s energy budget is spent to produce NH3. Experiments towards a solar thermochemical cycle for NH3 synthesis at near atmospheric pressure using a transition metal reactant and a Fresnel-lens solar furnace are reported here: reacting Cr metal powder with gaseous N2 to Cr nitride, hydrolyzing Cr nitride powder with steam to NH3 and Cr2O3, and finally reducing Cr2O3 powder back to Cr with mixtures of H2, CO, and N2. At about 1000 °C it was found that Cr readily fixes N2 from the gas phase as Cr nitride (4.13 × 10−2 mol N2/mol Cr/min, 85 ± 4 mol% of hexagonal Cr2N after 5.6 min). Cr2N converts over time to a cubic CrN phase. Corrosion of Cr nitride with steam at 1000 °C and about 1 bar forms Cr2O3 and CrO while liberating 53 ± 11 mol% of the nitrogen contained in the solid Cr nitride in 60 min. Of the N liberated, 0.28 ± 0.07 mol% forms the desired NH3. This results in a yield of 0.15 ± 0.02 mol% NH3 relative to the N in the nitride (1.07 × 10−4 mol NH3/mol Cr/min). Addition of CaO/Ca(OH)2 powder or quartz wool to provide more reactive sites and promote protonation of N increased the yield of NH3 only slightly (0.24 ± 0.01 or 0.39 ± 0.03 mol% NH3 relative to the N in the nitride respectively). The thermochemical cycle is closed by heating Cr2O3 to 1200–1600 °C with a reduction yield near the surface of the particles of approximately 82.85 mol% (40 min at 1600 °C) in a gas stream of H2 and CO (2.7 × 10−3 mol Cr/mol Cr2O3/min). An unreacted core model was applied to estimate the activation energy of Cr2O3 reduction with 128 ± 4 kJ/mol. Cr appears promising to promote nitridation and oxide reduction as a basis for a future custom-designed reactant with high specific surface area enabling sustainable and more scalable NH3 production from N2 and H2O at ambient pressure without natural gas consumption.
Development Of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy In Premature Infants. † 106

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in the infant of the diabetic mother is thought to result from increased fetal insulin production during the third trimester. The purpose of this study is to examine whether iatrogenic HCM in premature infants might be induced by the routine neonatal therapies including the administration of hyperalimentation, dexamethasone or insulin infusion. Infants with gestational age < 32 weeks and birth weights < 1250 grams were studied. Echocardiographic and metabolic analyses were performed before 48 hours of age (enrollment), and at one, two, three, five and twelve weeks thereafter. Infants of diabetic mothers were excluded.
Observations on chromosome loss detection by multiple recessive marker expression in strain D61.M of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Since chromosomes of fungi are difficult to observe directly, strains have been developed in which chromosome loss can be detected by the use of genetic markers. In the diploid D61.M strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the loss of a copy of chromosome VII that carries 3 dominant wild-type alleles is measured by expression of 3 recessive mutant alleles carried on the other remaining copy of chromosome VII. We have tested the hypothesis that expression of the 3 recessive alleles might be due to 3 simultaneous independent genetic events other than chromosome loss, such as mutation or recombination. We have measured, when possible, the frequencies of expression for each of these recessive alleles, independently and in combination one with another, under both selective and non-selective conditions. Our results show that simultaneous expression of these 3 recessive alleles is attributable to chromosome loss (> 98%). Similarly, at least 99% of the nocodazole-induced events are attributable to chromosome loss. In contrast, most if not all of the apparent chromosome loss induced by ethyl methanesulfonate is due to multiple events of mutation or recombination.