cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The excitement in parallel computing

The almost simultaneous emergence of multicore chips and petascalecomputers presents multidimensional challenges and opportunities for parallelprogramming. Machines with hundreds of TeraFLOP/S exist now, with at leastone having crossed the 1 PetaFLOP/s rubicon. Many machines have over 100,000processors. The largest planned machine by NSF will be at University of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign by early 2011. At the same time, there are already hundredsof supercomputers with over 1,000 processors each. Adding breadth, multicoreprocessors are starting to get into most desktop computers, and this trend isexpected to continue. This era of parallel computing will have a significant impacton the society. Science and engineering will make breakthroughs based on computationalmodeling, while the broader desktop use has the potential to directlyenhance individual productivity and quality of life for everyone. I will review thecurrent state in parallel computing, and then discuss some of the challenges. Inparticular, I will focus on questions such as: What kind of programming modelswill prevail? What are some of the required and desired characteristics of suchmodel/s? My answers are based, in part, on my experience with several applicationsranging from quantum chemistry, biomolecular simulations, simulation ofsolid propellant rockets, and computational astronomy.
Economic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for periodic optimal operation of gas pipeline networks

Abstract We study a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) formulation for optimizing the operational costs of gas pipeline networks. The major operating cost comes from running the compressors, which compensate for the frictional pressure loss as gas flows over long distances. We use an economic NMPC formulation, which directly considers the compressor operating cost as the controller objective. Due to diurnal gas demands, the optimal operation is a cyclic steady state. The controller objective and terminal constraints are suitably defined to ensure asymptotic convergence and closed-loop stability of the cyclic steady state. It is shown through simulations that the performance of the economic NMPC formulation is better than a tracking NMPC. The inherent robustness of the formulation also ensures convergence to a region around the cyclic steady state when demand forecasts are inaccurate. The large scale NLP is also solved within a reasonable CPU time making it practical for online application.
Toward synthetic analogues of linked redox and catalytic multimetal sites in proteins: A model of the histidine-cysteine bridged dicopper array

Contiguous HisCys residues link a type 1 Cu electron-transfer site to a catalytic Cu-containing site in nitrite reductase and the multicopper oxidases. In efforts to understand the role of the linker in these multimetallic arrays and to design new catalysts, a mixed-valent dicopper complex comprising a bridging thiolate/N-donor ligand that models the CuHisCysCu motif was prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Comparison of spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetry data to those of the mononuclear analogues of each portion of the complex, LCuSCPh3 and LCu(py) (L = β-diketiminate, py = pyridyl), confirmed retention of the dicopper structure in solution.
Development of a wireless control and monitoring system for wave energy converters

The Ocean, inherently unstable and uncertain, is one of the harshest environments to test engineering designs; and with the increasing interest in ocean renewable energies, methods and tools must be developed for faster, reliable, low cost, and effective evaluation of the ocean energy technologies. This paper proposes one such tool/system, a small-scale, portable, wireless and universal Power Control and Monitoring Unit (PCMU) for the design and performance evaluation of wave energy converters (WECs). A prototype PCMU system was successfully deployed on June 8th, 2012 with wave energy convertor systems developed at Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech).
Evolution: Different paths to the same end

Genetic dissection of a yeast gene-regulatory pathway shows that the logical output of such a pathway can remain the same even though the molecular mechanisms underlying the output have diverged remarkably.
Novel mechanisms of EBV-induced oncogenesis

Epstein-Barr virus is an etiologic factor in multiple types of cancer that primarily develop in lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The tumors are latently infected yet express distinct subsets of viral proteins that are essential for transformation. The viral oncogenes may be expressed in a subset of cells and are transferred through exosomes to many cells to induce growth and alter the tumor environment. In some of the viral cancers, viral proteins are not expressed, however, the viral miRNAs can alter growth by decreasing expression of negative regulators of cell growth such as tumor suppressors and cellular proteins that induce apoptosis.
Novel macrocyclic heterodinuclear catalase-like model complex CuMnL and CuZnL (L=BDBPH): synthesis, stability and catalytic properties

The macrocyclic ligand BDBPH was used as a dinuclear chelating ligand to synthesize the heterodinuclear complexes Cu(II)M(II)BDBPH [M(II)=Zn(II) and Mn(II)]. Titration experiments show that different heteronuclear species CuM(II)(OH)n (n=1–2) co-exist in water solution at a pH range of 7–12. Catalytic experiments reveal that these complex systems can dismutate H2O2 to O2 effectively in basic water solution. Mechanism studies by means of electronic spectra and ESR show that the active center of these catalysts is a dimer structure. The substrate H2O2 molecules are dismuted through a homo-cleaving pathway. The catalytic activity of Cu(II) can be greatly enhanced by the other phenol bridged metal ions in the same complex molecule. A novel inter- and intra-molecular cooperation mechanism was proposed to illustrate the efficient catalytic process.
Technology: illegal, immoral, or fattening?

We are all aware that advancements in new technologies are reshaping the world we live in. The rate at which science and technology are beginning to restructure our society is fast out pacing our ability to assess their impact on our culture, environment, and everyday lives. There are many different sides to the discussion on legal and moral (ethical) uses of computers. In some interpretations, the morality of a particular use of a computer is up to the individual to decide. Thus, absolute laws (legal) about ethical (moral) computer usage are almost, but not entirely, impossible to define. The central aim of computer ethics - and this paper - is to help formulate guidelines to direct individual and collective action in the development, management, and use of information technology. It is part of the task of computer ethics to define, develop, and modify existing moral theory when existing theory is insufficient or inadequate in light of new demands generated by new practices involving technology. What are we to do? Or is this whole concept just plain fattening? In this paper, find out what one Midwestern university's approach is to teaching this concept to technical support staff.
Spinal cord ischemia-induced elevation of amino acids: extracellular measurement with microdialysis.

Excitatory amino acids have been implicated in the production of calcium mediated neuronal death following central nervous system ischemia. We have used microdialysis to investigate changes in the extracellular concentrations of amino acids in the spinal cord after aortic occlusion in the rabbit. Glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, asparagine, glycine, taurine, valine, and leucine were measured in the micordialysis perfusate by high pressure liquid chromatography. The concentrations of glutamate, glycine, and taurine were significantly higher during ischemia and reperfusion than controls. Delayed elevations in the concentrations of asparagine and valine were also detected. The elevation of glutamate is consistent with the hypothesis that excitotoxins may mediate neuronal damage in the ischemic spinal cord. Increased extracellular concentrations of asparagine and valine may reflect preferential use of amino acids for energy metabolism under ischemic conditions. The significance of increased concentrations of inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters is unclear.
Dissociation of organic acid secretion from macrophage mediated bone resorption

Abstract A prevailing concept in the literature on bone resorption suggests that the removal of calcium crystals from the bone matrix is the result of the secretion of lactic and/or citric acid. In the present study, we have reassessed this concept using an in vitro bone resorption system consisting of thioglycolate elicited rat peritoneal macrophages co-cultured, for up to 96 hours, with devitalized 45 Ca-labeled bone particles. In these combined cultures, medium lactate concentration increased linearly for the first 48 hours of culture and remained at a plateau thereafter. Medium citrate concentration, on the other hand, remained constant and at very low levels throughout incubation. In contrast to both citrate and lactate, bone resorption, measured as 45 Ca release, began a few hours after the onset of culture and increased at a constant rate for the balance of the 96-hour culture period. Alteration of resorptive activity by the addition of 10 −6 M cortisol (which stimulates 45 Ca release) or the interposition of a filter between cells and bone (which inhibits resorption) was not paralleled by similar shifts in lactate or citrate concentration. These experiments indicate that mobilization of the bone mineral can occur in the absence of a concurrent, generalized release of lactic and citric acid by sesorbing cells. On the other hand, the data do not exclude a possible role for these compounds under circumstances where they are secreteo into a “closed” compartment at the cell-bone interface or, in the case of lactate, during the initial period of resorptive activity.
Grand challenges and opportunities for molecular psychiatry research: a perspective.

Molecular psychiatry is a still nascent field, aspiring to imitate the great development of revolutionary tools and techniques achieved elsewhere. The rapid development of new methods such as high-throughput genomic and bioinformatics technologies has greatly advance our understanding of the pathology and etiology of most, if not all, psychiatric disorders, far beyond what we would have expected a few years ago.
Mechanics of syneresis II. Experimental study

Abstract The theory presented in Part I is applied to data for shrinkage of silica gels undergoing syneresis. The dependence of shrinkage rate on sample size, and the shape of the contraction curve, are predicted to depend on the permeability and the viscoelastic properties of the gel network. Measured shrinkage curves are in reasonable agreement with curves calculated from the theory using independently measured values for the permeability, modulus, and viscosity of the gel.
Development of polarized and monochromatic x-ray beams from tube sources

The development of sources and optics has allowed the migration of techniques originally developed for synchrotron beam lines to field, industrial and clinical applications. For example, monochromatic beams produced with synchrotron sources are known to give higher contrast for mammography than clinical broadband sources. However, clinical sources with very narrow energy bandwidth, produced for example with flat monochromator crystals, tend to have limited intensity and field of view. Doubly curved crystal x-ray optics can provide intense focused monochromatic fan beams from laboratory x-ray tube sources. These optics are routinely employed in crystallography and x-ray fluorescence, however, careful analysis is required to assess whether the focused beam creates unacceptable divergence and hence poor spatial resolution in imaging. The intensity and resolution of the focused beam were measured and compared to simulation results. The measurements and simulations were in good agreement, allowing for system design to provide the required resolution. High efficiency collimating optics coupled with diffracting crystals also can produce relatively high intensity and resolution. For both methods, monochromatization occurs before the patient, resulting in a potential dose reduction as well as significant measured contrast enhancement. If the diffraction angle is chosen at 90 degrees, a polarized monochromatic beam is produced. While synchrotron sources are naturally polarized, polarized beams have been less accessible for field and clinical applications. Development has begun of polarized beam sources using very low power x-ray tubes coupled to polycapillary optics. The choice of the polarizing and analyzing crystals is a tradeoff between intensity and sensitivity to depolarization effects. Intensity and rocking curve measurements have been performed with matched silicon crystals and graphite crystals.
Does part reproductive history predict competitive interactions and male mating success in pupfish

Abstract Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of past territoriality and mating success on subsequent dominance and ability to attract females. First, in 14 staged, pair-wise encounters, the development of nuptial coloration and agonistic behaviour was examined in two types of males: previously territorial (PT) and previously non-territorial (PNT) males. Previously territorial males developed a more intense nuptial coloration and won all contests. Second, to test the males' ability to attract females, other factors were controlled that could have affected female mate choice, such as male size, quality of breeding substrate and male-male interactions. In 40 trials, PT males were more active, developed a more intense nuptial coloration, courted females more vigorously, spawned sooner and had a higher mating success than PNT males. Thus, in pupfish, Cyprinodon pecosensis , previous reproductive history is a good indicator of both dominance and mating success. Only males in good physical condition achieve high mating success, and both intra- and inter-sexual selection are important in maintaining the close correlation between expression of nuptial coloration, a second sexual trait, and other male attributes, such as physical condition and vigour, that allow a male to secure and defend a territory against rivals and to attract and spawn with females.
Diamondlike Carbon as a Moisture Barrier and Antireflecting Coating on Optical Materialst

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) is amorphous, hard, semitransparent, and is under consideration for use as a coating material for infrared optics DLC is also designated as a-C:H to indicate its amorphous nature as well as to indicate the presence of large (20 to 55 percent) amounts of hydrogen in the film.
Timing Fluctuations Due to Beam Steering in Prism-Compensated Kerr-Lens Mode-Locked Lasers

Variation in the round-trip group delay through an intracavity prism pair is studied as a function of index variation in the gain medium. The resulting sensitivity to index perturbation gives insight into the degree to which pump noise will transfer to timing instability through this mechanism. General expressions for group-delay time change and slope are derived. It is found that thermal and nonlinear index changes in the gain crystal result in group-delay time sensitivities of 4.34 × 10-17 s/K and 1.25 × 10- 26 s·cm2/W, respectively, for a conventional 100-MHz Kerr-lens mode-locked laser. For a nominal temperature fluctuation of 1 K and a peak intensity variation of 5 × 108 W/m2, this implies round-trip timing variation of 5 × 10-17 s, which is very small, but not insignificant in today's clock technology.
Postmarketing surveillance by patient self-monitoring: Trazodone versus fluoxetine

This article presents incidence estimates and relative risks for a number of adverse clinical events reported by outpatients being treated with either trazodone or fluoxetine. Data were collected via an innovative method of patient self-monitoring. Many of the suggested differences between the two drugs are quite consistent with expected adverse drug reactions documented in both the package insert data for outpatients and with reports in the literature. Findings not so readily anticipated for trazodone, however, include higher relative frequencies for muscle weakness or soreness, skin swelling, and urinary complaints compared with fluoxetine; for fluoxetine, data are presented indicating a higher incidence of various psychologic/psychiatric adverse clinical events, including delusions and hallucinations, aggression, and suicidal ideation. Other possible interpretations of the results are discussed.
MR imaging of supra-acetabular insufficiency fractures

Objective. Diagnosis of insufficiency fractures in the pelvis is difficult, especially in patients with prior malignancy, irradiation, steroid therapy or osteoporosis. This report shows the MR imaging appearance of supra-acetabular insufficiency fractures and how they can be differentiated from metastatic disease. Design and patients. Twelve patients (four men, eight women, average age 72.8 years) at risk for pelvic insufficiency fractures and who had pelvic or hip pain were studied with MR imaging. Indications were possible recurrent tumor or previous radiation to the pelvis (7 patients); osteoporosis from steroid use in rheumatoid arthritis (two patients); to exclude osteonecrosis of the hip (two patients); or to rule out a hip fracture (one patient). Results. A characteristic linear region of low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences was found in the supra-acetabular region paralleling the superior acetabulum in a curvilinear arc in 92% (11/12) of cases, and oblique in origin in 8% (1/11). Diffuse bands of high signal on T2-weighted images indicated surrounding edema. In two cases, MR findings obviated biopsy. One patient underwent a biopsy prior to the imaging studies being reviewed. All patients were treated conservatively and did well. Discussion. Attention to insufficiency fractures has previously focused on characteristic locations in the sacrum and pubic bones. Supra-acetabular insufficiency fractures also occur and are difficult to diagnose without a high degree of suspicion. MR imaging is a useful tool for diagnosing supra-acetabular insufficiency fractures. The characteristic MR imag-ing appearance of these fractures can preclude additional diagnostic studies and therapy in most instances.
Nearly room-temperature type-II quantum-well lasers at 3–4 mm

We report optically pumped four-constituent InAs/InGaSb/InAs/AlSb type-II quantum-well lasers emitting at 3.2–4.1 μm. Lasing was observed up to 350K under pulsed operation, with a characteristic temperature T0 up to 68K at temperatures above ambient.
Responses of Spring Wheat Cultivars to Nutrient Solutions Containing Additional Potassium Chloride

ABSTRACT Hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars each respond differently to chloride fertilizer under field conditions. The objective of this research was to investigate cultivar-specific chloride responses under controlled environments. Plants were grown in sand culture ± additional chloride (±20 mM KCl) nutrient solutions for four weeks. Of cultivars given additional chloride, ‘Butte,’ ‘Sharp,’ ‘Ingot,’ ‘Oxen,’ ‘Forge,’ and ‘Ember’ had significantly greater shoot chloride uptake than ‘Marshall.’ In soil-grown plants given 0, 20, 80, or 160 mM KCl from planting to heading, seed number remained constant, while individual seed weight and total yield decreased at higher KCl treatment levels in ‘Butte.’ Individual seed weight remained constant, while seed number and total yield increased in ‘Marshall.’ It was concluded that chloride fertilizer response in ‘Marshall’ under field conditions may have been mediated by reduced chloride uptake, which in turn resulted in decreased chloride toxicity ...
On-the-fly decoder for multiple byte errors

Multiple-error-correcting Reed-Solomon or BCH codes in GF(2 b ) can be used for correction of multiple burst errors in binary data. However, the relatively long time required for decoding multiple errors has been among the main objections to applying these schemes to high-performance computer products. In this paper, a decoding procedure is developed for on-the-fly correction of multiple symbol (byte) errors in Reed-Solomon or BCH codes. A new decoder architecture expands the concept of Chien search of error locations into computation of error values as well, and creates a synchronous procedure for complete on-the-fly error correction of multiple byte errors. Forney's expression for error values is further simplified, which results in substantial economies in hardware and decoding time. All division operations are eliminated from the computation of the error-locator equation, and only one division operation is required in the computation of error values. The special cases of fewer errors are processed automatically, using the corresponding smaller set of syndromes through a single set of hardware. The resultant decoder implementation is well suited for LSI chip design with pipelined data flow. The implementation is illustrated with an example.
Barley stripe mosaic virus in sperm and vegetative cells of barley pollen.

Abstract Virions of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) were observed in sperm and vegetative cells of barley pollen when thin sections of infected pollen grains were examined in the electron microscope. The tubular structures within the pollen were identified as virions of BSMV on the basis of their morphology, staining characteristics and size. Such particles were unique to pollen shown to be infected with the virus by serological assay. Intraspermal virions occurred as aggregates in the cytoplasm or as single virions, or small aggregates, in the nucleus. Within the vegetative cell, loose aggregates of virions or viral inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm, and individual particles or small clusters of virions were present in the nucleus. None of the virions appeared to be in close association with any specific cellular component and no cytological differences were observed between infected and BSMV-free pollen.
Wave-front autoionization: Classical decay of two-electron atoms.

When a rapidly decaying, autoionizing Rydberg series is excited with a short pulse, it may decay in a series of discrete ``stair steps,'' separated in time by the classical Rydberg orbit period. A rapid core transition can generate a Rydberg shock front which itself produces stair-step changes in the core dipole moment each time the shock front passes. These core excitations significantly reduce the laser power and bandwidth requirements compared to those used in one-electron-like-atom wave-packet studies, while many of the same effects may be observed.
Nephrectomy in impaired renal function.

Abstract Nephrectomy was performed in 2 elderly patients despite a significant reduction in over-all renal function. Both exhibited a surprising degree of increase in function in the remaining kidney, as measured by serial clearance studies. These findings may be important in considering ablative renal surgery in patients with preexisting diminution of renal function.
Estimation of the time-dependency of values of travel time and its reliability from loop detector data

Although the effects of travel time and its reliability have been addressed in a variety of papers concerning pricing policies, most of the existing research is based on the assumption that travelers’ preferences are static over a given time interval, such as the morning commuting period. Here, we relax this assumption, assuming rather that travelers’ tastes toward the travel time and its reliability vary with time, and examine their time-dependent effects on traveler’s route choice decisions. We adopt a mixed logit formulation of route choice behavior as a function of travel time, reliability, and cost. To uncover the values of travel time and its reliability, we introduce an alternative approach to the use of traveler surveys to estimate the model coefficients by determining the parameter set that produces the best match between the aggregated results from the travelers’ route choice model and the observed time-dependent traffic volume data from loop detectors. We apply the methodology to loop detector data obtained from the California State Route 91 value-pricing project, and use a genetic algorithm to identify the parameters. The time-dependent values of travel time and values of reliability for the morning commuting period are estimated and their implications on the toll pricing policy are discussed. The results indicate that, under the time-dependent formulation, travel-time savings may be more important than uncertain travel time when departure time is close to such time constraints as work-start time. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Use of Poly(Sodium N-Undecanoyl-l-Leucylvalinate), Poly(Sodium N-Undecanoyl-l-Leucinate) and Poly(Sodium N-Undecanoyl-l-Valinate) Surfactants as Chiral Selectors for Determination of Enantiomeric Composition of Samples by Multivariate Regression Modeling of Fluorescence Spectral Data

Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to investigate the use of chiral polymeric surfactants as chiral selectors in chiral analysis by multivariate regression modeling of spectral data. Partial-least-squares regression modeling (PLS-1) was used to correlate changes in the fluorescence spectral data of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BOH), 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine (BNA), or 2,2,2-trifluoroanthrylethanol (TFA) in the presence of poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-leucylvalinate), poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-leucinate) or poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-valinate) as the enantiomeric composition of the chiral analytes was varied. The regression models produced from the spectral data were validated by determining the enantiomeric composition of independently prepared test solutions. The ability of the model to correctly predict the enantiomeric composition of future samples was evaluated using the root-mean-square percent-relative error (RMS%RE) of prediction. In terms of RMS%RE, the ability of the model to accurately predict the enantiomeric composition of future samples was dependent on the chiral analyte, the polymeric surfactant used, and the surfactant medium, and ranged between 1.57 and 6.10%. Chiral analyte concentrations as low as 5×10−6 M were found to give regression models with good predictability.
FREELY PROPAGATING WAVES IN ELASTIC CABLES

Abstract This paper analyzes structural waves that propagate freely along an elastic and sagging cable. Results highlight the controlling role played by equilibrium cable curvature, a role not captured in previous studies of cable wave propagation that employ a simple taut string model. The investigation begins with a mathematical model governing the three-dimensional non-linear response of a long elastic cable. An asymptotic form of this model is presented for linear wave propagation along cables. An asymptotic form of this model is presented for linear wave propagation along cables having small equilibrium curvature. Upon linearization, structural waves lying within the equilibrium plane decouple from those orthogonal to this plane. The out-of-plane waves are non-dispersive and are well described using the taut string approximation. By contrast, the in-plane waves are dispersive and result in coupled longitudinal/transverse cable deflections. Attention focuses on these coupled in-plane waves for which spectral and dispersion relations are derived. Two qualitatively distinct in-plane wave forms exist. One wave type induces mainly longitudinal deformations and propagates with a speed close to that associated with an elastic rod. The other wave type induces mainly transverse deflections and propagates with a speed close to that associated with a taut string. Free response results demonstrate that significant tension waves may follow from purely transverse initial deflections.
An instrument for assessing content themes in group interaction

A method of classifying group interaction content themes wasdeveloped which operationalized an analytic paradigm taken from Talcott Parsons. Results of data analysis for two independent observers showed the method to be reliable. Additional analyses showed that groups studied exhibited a well defined distributional thematic structure but less articulated sequential thematic structure.
Pore Size Distribution And Ultrasonic Velocities of Compacted Na-montmorillonite Clays

Shale exhibits dual-porosity structure and has more complex pore-structure than that of sandstones and limestones. The predominant gas flow occurs through the interconnected fracture network system and this system is recharged by the gas flowing through the matrix. Shale matrix has predominantly microto meso-pores (pore-size below 50 nm as per IUPAC classification). Another unique aspect of these sediments is the high pore surface area to pore volume ratio. Clays are layered–sheet silicate minerals of extremely small grain size which contributes to the large surface areas. The gas molecules attach themselves to these large surface areas by adsorption.
Photocurable Pillar Arrays Formed via Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities

Low viscosity, photocurable liquids are demonstrated as ideal materials for the formation of pillar arrays generated spontaneously by field-assisted assembly. Pillars form spontaneously via electrohydrodynamic instabilities that arise from the force imbalance at a film−air interface generated by an applied electric field. Conventional polymer films form pillars slowly as a result of their relatively large viscosities and are often process-limited by a requirement of heat to modulate rheological properties. In contrast, low viscosity liquids require no heat and form pillars orders of magnitude faster, as predicted by theory. The resulting structures are preserved by photopolymerization, eliminating the lengthy heating−cooling cycle necessary to process most polymers. The combination of nearly instantaneous formation and rapid photocuring at room temperature is ideal for patterning. Epoxy, vinyl ether, acrylate, and thiol-ene systems were evaluated for pillar formation. Relevant material properties were cha...
Parental perceptions of overweight counseling in primary care: the roles of race/ethnicity and parent overweight.

Objective: To examine parental perceptions of primary care efforts aimed at childhood obesity prevention Methods and Procedures: We interviewed 446 parents of children, aged 2–12 years, with an age- and sex-specific BMI ≥85th percentile; interviews occurred within 2 weeks of their child's primary care visit. We assessed parental ratings of the nutrition and physical activity advice received. Using children's clinical heights and weights and parents' self-reported heights and weights, we classified children into three categories: BMI 85th–94th percentile without an overweight parent, BMI 85th–94th percentile with an overweight parent (adult BMI ≥25 kg/m2), and BMI ≥95th percentile. Results: In multivariate analyses, compared to parents of children with BMI ≥95th percentile, overweight parents with children whose BMI was 85th–94th percentile were more likely to report receiving too little advice on nutrition and physical activity (odds ratio (OR) 3.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49, 6.25) and to rate as poor or fair the quality of advice they received (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.18, 4.24). Independently, African-American (OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.18, 5.51) and Hispanic/Latino (OR 2.78; 95% CI 1.27, 6.10) parents were more likely than white parents to rate as poor or fair the quality of advice they received. Discussion: Parental overweight is associated with low subjective ratings of overweight counseling in pediatric primary care. Our findings of poorer perceived quality among racial/ethnic minority parents need further investigation.
Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model

Abstract While many (and more on the way) ocean color satellite sensors presently provide routine observations of ocean biological processes, limited concrete effort has taken place to demonstrate how these data can be used together in any systematic way. One obvious way is to merge these data streams together to provide robust merged climate data records with measurable uncertainty bounds. Here, we present and implement a formalism for merging global satellite ocean color data streams to produce uniform data products. Normalized water-leaving radiances (LwN(λ)) from SeaWiFS and MODIS are used together in a semianalytical ocean color merging model to produce global retrievals of 3 biogeochemically relevant variables (chlorophyll, combined dissolved and detrital absorption coefficient, particulate backscattering coefficient). The model-based merging approach has various benefits over techniques that blend end products, such as chlorophyll concentrations; (1) merging at the level of water-leaving radiance ensures simultaneity and consistency of the retrievals, (2) it works with single or multiple data sources regardless of their specific bands, (3) it exploits band redundancies and band differences, (4) it can account for the uncertainties of the incoming LwN(λ) data streams and, (5) it provides confidence intervals for the derived products. These features are illustrated through several examples of ocean color data merging using SeaWiFS and MODIS Terra and Aqua LwN(λ) imagery. Compared to each of the original data source, the products derived from the merging procedure show enhanced global daily coverage and lower uncertainties in the retrieved variables.
Expression of TWIK-related acid sensitive K+ channels in capsaicin sensitive and insensitive cells of rat dorsal root ganglia

Previous reports have demonstrated that small- to medium-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells in rats can be subgrouped into individual cell types by patterns of voltage-activated currents. These cell types have consistent responses to algesic compounds and maintain characteristic histochemical phenotypes. Using immunocytochemical methods, we have now examined expression of TWIK (tandem of P domains in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channel)-related acid sensitive K+ (TASK) channels, TASK-1, TASK-2 and TASK-3, in nine electrophysiologically identified small- to medium-diameter DRG cell types. The immunoreactivity in DRG cells was diverse, with all nine cell types expressing one to all three TASK channels. Some cells expressed TASK-1 (types 1, 4, 6 and 9), some TASK-2 (types 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9), and some TASK-3 (types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8). The co-expression of TASK-1 and TASK-3 in cell types 1, 4 and 6 suggests that these sensory afferents might contain functional heterodimeric channels. In peripheral sensory afferents, TASK channels have been implicated in the pain sensory transduction pathway, and can be modulated by anesthetics and neuroprotective agents. This study seeks to identify TASK channel populations in electrophysiologically characterized populations of putative nociceptive afferents.
Association between intracranial plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma: clinicopathological outcome study.

OBJECTIVE: Intracranial plasmacytomas are rare lesions that can arise from the calvarium, dura, or cranial base and exhibit a benign course unless associated with myeloma. Attention has recently been focused on the role of the cell adhesion molecules CD56 and CD31 in the pathogenesis of myeloma. No such information is available for intracranial plasmacytomas and myeloma-associated lesions. METHODS: We investigated the relationship between CD56 and CD31 expression, intracranial location, and progression to myeloma for a series of nine intracranial plasmacytomas (three dural, one calvarial, and five cranial base lesions). These parameters were also correlated with proliferation indices, as assessed by MIB-1 immunostaining of the histological sections. A single pathologist (AO) performed immunohistochemical analyses and reviewed all slides. RESULTS: Intracranial plasmacytomas presented more commonly in female patients (89%). The three dural lesions were CD56- and CD31-negative and exhibited MIB-1 staining of less than 10%; no patient developed myeloma or recurrence. Of the five cranial base lesions, three were CD56-positive, none was CD31-positive, and two exhibited MIB-1 labeling of more than 45%, with plasmablastic morphological features. Compared with other intracranial plasmacytomas, five of five patients with cranial base lesions developed bone marrow biopsy-proven myeloma (P < 0.05) within 8 months. The calvarial lesion was CD56- and CD31-positive, and the patient developed myeloma soon after diagnosis. Both of the two highly proliferative plasmablastic lesions recurred, one after gross total resection without radiotherapy and the other after a biopsy and 2000-cGy radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Among intracranial plasmacytomas, cranial base location was the strongest predictor of the development of multiple myeloma. Expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD31 and CD56 was not predictive of outcome. Extramedullary dural-based lesions were CD56-negative and were not associated with myeloma. A high proliferation index and plasmablastic morphological features were predictive of a short time to recurrence and aggressive behavior. We recommend 4050- to 5040-cGy fractionated radiotherapy for all intracranial plasma cell neoplasms and gross total resection for non-cranial base lesions.
Mathematics and Molecules: Exploring Connections via Programming

Abstract This article examines the self-directed activity of two students who learned about molecular structure by writing computer programs. The students wrote programs to display the solution of a mathematics problem and then extended their programs to represent several classes of organic molecules. In the course of this activity, the students learned the standard system for naming organic molecules while maintaining a sense of ownership of their project. We discuss ways to enhance the mathematical connections to chemistry education.
Neurotransmitters and motor activity: Effects on functional recovery after brain injury

There are complex relationships among behavioral experience, brain morphology, and functional recovery of an animal before and after brain injury. A large series of experimental studies have shown that exogenous manipulation of central neurotransmitter levels can directly affect plastic changes in the brain and can modulate the effects of experience and training. These complex relationships provide a formidable challenge for studies aimed at understanding neurotransmitter effects on the recovery process. Experiments delineating norepinephrine-modulated locomotor recovery after injury to the cerebral cortex illustrate the close relationships among neurotransmitter levels, brain plasticity, and behavioral recovery. Understanding the neurobiological processes underlying recovery, and how they might be manipulated, may lead to novel strategies for improving recovery from stroke-related gait impairment in humans.
Claiming Health and Culture as Human Rights

In this article, I examine the gendered politics of the Yakama Reservation food economy. Drawing from ethnographic data, I discuss the importance of culture and health as human rights. My analysis reveals that indigenous people's health and well-being deteriorates as traditional cultural practices are undermined within a globalized and neo-colonial context; however, I also find that indigenous women are resisting the social, political and economic forces that limit Yakama people's rights to culture and health. Traditional cultural teachings place women in a position of power, as they control an important source of wealth: the food supply of the people. Today, women are reclaiming this position of power as they resist widely available convenience and fast foods to nurture their families and provide for a healthier next generation on the reservation. In doing so, our people are able to resist the hegemony of the capitalist food system, which supplies most of the food on the reservation and allows us to begi...
The role of psychodynamic concepts in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder

This review examines the role of psychodynamic concepts in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. The author discusses the current status of psychodynamic diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and outlines those psychodynamic features of borderline personality upon which most contemporary theorists agree. Psychodynamic concepts add essential dimensions to the diagnostic process in the following ways: (1) they give coherence to seemingly unconnected behavioral phenomena in a way that the descriptive approach to diagnosis does not, (2) they predict clinical dilemmas that arise in working with individuals with borderline personality disorder that are not predicted by DSM-III-R criteria, and (3) they explain important limitations inherent in the diagnostic process that may prevent accurate diagnosis in an initial assessment.
Removal of methyl tert-butyl ether from water by pervaporation using ceramic-supported polymer membranes

Abstract Pervaporation removal of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from dilute aqueous solutions was demonstrated using ceramic-supported polymer (CSP) membranes. These membranes were created by the free radical graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto a vinyl trimethoxysilane-activated porous silica substrate having a native average pore size of 500 A. The resulting membranes consisted of poly(vinyl acetate) chains terminally and covalently anchored to the membrane surface. These pervaporation membranes performed with separation factors ranging from about 68 to 577 at total permeate fluxes of 0.31–0.70 kg/m2 h over feed concentrations of 74–7400 ppm (0.01–1%, v/v). MTBE flux was controlled by the feed-side concentration boundary layer, while water permeation was controlled by the membrane resistance. The primary effect of the grafted PVAc in these CSP membranes was to increase separation by rejecting water, as opposed to increasing the flux of MTBE.
Fair value accounting for liabilities: The role of disclosures in unraveling the counterintuitive income statement effect from credit risk changes

Abstract When liabilities are accounted for at fair value, a deterioration of a company’s credit risk results in the reporting of an income statement gain; an improvement in a company’s credit risk results in a loss. Many argue that these income statement effects are counterintuitive and that financial statement-users are likely to misinterpret fair value gains as positive signals and fair value losses as negative signals. Utilizing an experiment with CPAs as participants, we find that these arguments are indeed valid. Specifically, we find that over 70% of the participants incorrectly assess a company’s credit risk as improving (deteriorating) when a fair value gain (loss) is recognized. We also find that disclosures that explicitly specify the relation between the direction of the credit risk change and the income statement effect significantly reduce participants’ misinterpretations, and are more beneficial when fair value gains versus losses are recognized. These findings provide empirical evidence in the debate over the recognition of company-specific credit risk changes and offer direction for improving disclosures in the area of fair value accounting.
Dislocation density reduction in GaN using porous SiN interlayers

The influence of a thin porous SiN x interlayer on the growth of GaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been studied. The interlayer is deposited on a GaN template by introducing silane in the presence of ammonia into the MOCVD chamber, and a GaN overlayer is deposited on the interlayer. The SiN x interlayer produces inhomogeneous nucleation and lateral growth of the overlayer, causing bending of dislocations towards facet walls, and it also blocks some dislocations from entering the overlayer. The dislocation density for a GaN overlayer grown on a SiN x interlayer was reduced to 7 × 10 8 cm -2 , which is an order of magnitude less than that for a control sample grown without an interlayer.
Supramolecular polymer chemistry: self-assembling dendrimers using the DDA.AAD (GC-like) hydrogen bonding motif.

Heterocyclic unit 2 containing complementary donor−donor−acceptor (DDA) and acceptor−acceptor−donor (AAD) hydrogen bonding arrays at an angle of about 60° was designed to self-assemble into a hexamer. To investigate whether this unit could self-assemble dendrimers, the 2,8-diamino-2-N-ethylpyrimido-(4,5-b)(1,8)naphthyridine-3H-4-one subunit was synthesized with a first (2a), second (2b), and third generation (2c) Frechet-type dendron attached to the 8-amino group. The synthesis of 2a−c was accomplished in 11 steps beginning with 2,6-diaminopyridine and the corresponding dendron bromide. Studies using 1H NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) support the cooperative formation of cyclic hexamers in apolar solvents. The stability of the self-assembled dendrimers is dependent on the size of the attached dendron, and mixing studies with 2a−c indicate their usefulness in constructing dynamic combinatorial libraries.
Differential output of the high‐sensitivity rod photoreceptor: AII amacrine pathway

In the mammalian retina, the scotopic threshold of ganglion cells is in part dependent on how rod inputs are summed by their presynaptic cone bipolar cells. For ON cone bipolar cells, there are two anatomical routes for rod signals: 1) cone photoreceptors receive inputs via gap junctions with the surrounding, more numerous rods; and 2) ON cone bipolar cells receive highly convergent input via gap junctions with AII amacrine cells, which each receive input from hundreds of rods. Rod-cone coupling is thought to be utilized at higher photon fluxes relative to the AII-ON cone bipolar pathway due to the impedance mismatch of a single small rod driving a larger cone. Furthermore, it is widely held that the convergence of high-gain chemical synapses onto AIIs confers the highest sensitivity to ON cone bipolar cells and ganglion cells. A lack of coupling between one or more types of ON cone bipolar cells and AIIs would obviate this high-sensitivity pathway and explain the existence of ganglion cells with elevated scotopic thresholds. To investigate this possibility, we examined Neurobiotin and glycine diffusion from AIIs to bipolar cells and found that approximately one-fifth of ON cone bipolar cells are not coupled to AIIs. Unlike AII-AII coupling, which changes with ambient background intensity, the fraction of noncoupled ON cone bipolar cells was unaltered by dark or light adaptation. These data suggest that one of five morphologically distinct ON cone bipolar cell types is not coupled to AIIs and suggest that AII-ON cone bipolar coupling is modulated differently from AII-AII coupling.
An X-ray induced block preventing cell degeneration and accompanying an inhibition of cell division in yeast.

Growing yeast cells given a low dose of x radiation adequate to inhibit cell division were found after a period of starvation to be more viable and also more capable of taking up P/sup 32/ and oxygen and producing carbon dioxide than were unirradiated cells. The possibility was discussed that the action of radiation was somehow to stabilize the cell membrane or a component structure and thus preserve these capacities through the period of starvation, as well as prevent a loss of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds such as occurred from unirradiated cells. The starvation responses occurred in young cells, but not in old cells. In addition, a reduced potassium retentivity and rate of endogenous respiration were observed immediately after irradiation. (auth)
Cardiac connections--the antiarrhythmic solution?

Inducing skeletal myoblasts to express a gap-junction protein prevents arrhythmias when these myoblasts are used to treat myocardial infarction.