cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic energy within the human plantar aponeurosis contributes to arch shortening during the push-off phase of running

During locomotion, the lower limb tendons undergo stretch and recoil, functioning like springs that recycle energy with each step. Cadaveric testing has demonstrated that the arch of the foot operates in this capacity during simple loading, yet it remains unclear whether this function exists during locomotion. In this study, one of the arch׳s passive elastic tissues (the plantar aponeurosis; PA) was investigated to glean insights about it and the entire arch of the foot during running. Subject specific computer models of the foot were driven using the kinematics of eight subjects running at 3.1m/s using two initial contact patterns (rearfoot and non-rearfoot). These models were used to estimate PA strain, force, and elastic energy storage during the stance phase. To examine the release of stored energy, the foot joint moments, powers, and work created by the PA were computed. Mean elastic energy stored in the PA was 3.1±1.6J, which was comparable to in situ testing values. Changes to the initial contact pattern did not change elastic energy storage or late stance PA function, but did alter PA pre-tensioning and function during early stance. In both initial contact patterns conditions, the PA power was positive during late stance, which reveals that the release of the stored elastic energy assists with shortening of the arch during push-off. As the PA is just one of the arch׳s passive elastic tissues, the entire arch may store additional energy and impact the metabolic cost of running.
Axillary reverse mapping (ARM): initial results of phase II trial in preventing lymphedema after lymphadenectomy.

INTRODUCTION Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is unproven in preventing lymphedema. The purpose of this study is to evaluate lymphedema rates with ARM added to lymphadenectomy. METHODS In this IRB approved study, 156 cases of SLNB/ALND from May 2007 to March 2010 were prospectively accrued to the study. Patients with an increase in arm volume greater than 20% over the contralateral side were considered to have lymphedema. Data was collected on identification and variations in lymphatic drainage, nodal status, ARM lymphatics preservation rate, adjuvant treatment (XRT, chemo) and lymphedema rate. RESULTS 114 patients underwent SLNB only and 42 patients underwent ALND after SLNB, with a SLN identification rate of 100%. Median age was 56.9(±12.5) and BMI was 29.4(±6.9). Mean follow up was 14.6±9.4 months. ARM lymphatics were near or in the SLN field in 45/114 (39%) of the SLNB cases and in 34/42 (81%) of the ALND. ARM nodes were preserved in 92.3% of the cases (144/156). A total of 12 ARM nodes were resected because of crossover or suspicious appearance. The 2 ARM nodes involved by malignancy were in heavily positive axilla (>5 positive nodes). Lymphedema was diagnosed in 3.5% (4/114) of the SLNB cases and 7%(3/42) of the combined SLNB+ALND cases. 2.9% (4/140) of the patients who had the ARM lymphatics preserved and 18.7%(3/16) who had it transected developed clinical lymphedema. No regional recurrences were seen. CONCLUSION Preserving the ARM nodes is safe and resulted in a low incidence of postoperative lymphedema after SLNB and ALND.
Recent Trends in Investor–State Dispute Settlement

Systematic data about investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) are increasingly important to our understanding of modern relations between states and multinational corporations. This article updates Susan Franck’s ‘Empirically Evaluating Claims about Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2007) and complements Thomas Schultz and Cedric Dupont’s ‘Investment Arbitration: Promoting the Rule of Law or Over-empowering Investors? A Quantitative Empirical Study’ (2015). I use a political science lens to explore data on the modern incarnation of ISDS, from 1990 to 2014. The article addresses topics including: (i) the industry, nationality and other characteristics of arbitration filers; (ii) win, loss, settlement and annulment rates; and (iii) trends in amounts claimed and amounts awarded. It also serves to introduce the accompanying data set. A central takeaway is that users of the de facto ISDS regime are incredibly diverse. Nonetheless, both proponents and detractors of ISDS may find fodder for their positions in recent developments.
Understanding political participation in West Africa: the relationship between good governance and local citizen engagement

Strengthening citizen participation in West Africa is an increasingly important aspect of democratic development – especially in mitigating setbacks arising from poor governance. This article uses ...
Sparse representation for the ISAR image reconstruction

In this paper, a sparse representation of the data for an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) system is provided in two dimensions. The proposed sparse representation motivates the use a of a Convex Optimization that recovers the image with far less samples, which is required by Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem to increases the efficiency and decrease the cost of calculation in radar imaging.
Clinical and epidemiological features of 48 cases of malaria in the City of Weihai,Shandong Province

Forty-eight cases of malaria were reported in the City of Weihai from 2004 to 2008.Thirty-seven of the cases were vivax malaria,6 were falciparum malaria,and 5 were malaria of an undetermined type.Of the 48 cases,31 involved males while 17 involved females.In 37 cases of vivax malaria,26 patients had a fever every day(70.27%,26/37),8 had a fever every other day,and 3 had a fever at irregular intervals.All 6 patients with falciparum malaria had returned from Africa;5 patients had a fever every day while 1 continued to run a high fever.Symptoms were more serious than those of vivax malaria.In 5 cases of malaria of an undetermined type,4 patients had a fever every day and 1 had a fever at irregular intervals.Dihydroartemisinin piperaquine tablets are a truly effective method of treating falciparum malaria.
Localization of fibrinolytic activity in uterine cancer

Four specimens of invasive endometrial adenocarcinoma and five specimens of locally invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were studied for fibrinolytic activity by Todd’s histochemical technique. Only squamous cell cancer revealed activator activity. This was associated with the advancing front of the tumor and with local metastasis. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium showed activity comparable to that of proliferate endometrium.
Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .01...
Molecular digital pathology: progress and potential of exchanging molecular data

Many of the demands to perform next generation sequencing (NGS) in the clinical laboratory can be resolved using the principles of telepathology. Molecular telepathology can allow facilities to outsource all or a portion of their NGS operation such as cloud computing, bioinformatics pipelines, variant data management, and knowledge curation. Clinical pathology laboratories can electronically share diverse types of molecular data with reference laboratories, technology service providers, and/or regulatory agencies. Exchange of electronic molecular data allows laboratories to perform validation of rare diseases using foreign data, check the accuracy of their test results against benchmarks, and leverage in silico proficiency testing. This review covers the emerging subject of molecular telepathology, describes clinical use cases for the appropriate exchange of molecular data, and highlights key issues such as data integrity, interoperable formats for massive genomic datasets, security, malpractice and emerging regulations involved with this novel practice.
Lascars and Indian Ocean seafaring, 1780–1860: shipboard life, unrest and mutiny

During the Age of Sail, a composite maritime culture and society developed in the Indian Ocean aboard European-commanded ships with largely Asian crews. Aaron Jaffer’s fine book, published in the p...
Jung for Feminists

The excluded Other remains so because of the possibility of contagion, for the curious thing about marginalization is that usually one such group will avoid others that have also been stigmatized. It is as if the one group fears that they will be judged to deserve their exclusion after all: they will be doubly polluted. Yet there can be great power released if these groups join, sharing their various experiences gained as a result of being considered taboo.
Conceptual Correlates of Counting: Children’s Spontaneous Matching and Tracking of Large Sets Reflects Their Knowledge of the Cardinal Principle

The acquisition of counting is a major milestone for children. A central question is how children’s non-verbal number concepts change as they learn to count. We assessed children’s verbal counting knowledge using the Give-N task and identified children who had acquired the cardinal principle (Cardinal Principle Knowers, or CP-knowers) and those who had not (Subset-Knowers, or SS-knowers). We compared their performance on two tests of nonverbal numerical cognition. We report comparable performance between SS- and CP-knowers for matching and tracking small sets of objects up to four, but disparate performance for sets between five and nine, with CP-knowers outperforming SS-knowers. These results indicate that the difference between CP- and SS-knowers extends beyond their knowledge of the verbal number system to their non-verbal quantitative reasoning. The findings provide support for the claim that children’s induction of cardinality represents a conceptual transition with concurrent, qualitative changes in numerical representation.
Use of Educational Technologies in the Age of Design Thinking

Design thinking has proven to be an effective methodology to create impactful learning experiences. Centered on the learner, this methodology is based on collaboration, creativity, critical thinking, and communication to solve complex educational problems in a thoughtful and fun way. Based on design thinking, this presentation will focus on strategies to create an effective learning environment using educational technologies.
In Situ Performance Assessment and Evaluation of Hydrophobic and Ultraviolet Protective Treatments for Historic Log Structures

Beginning in the summer of 2015, research was conducted on protective wood coatings and accelerated weathering testing methods for architectural log and timber. A rack for supplementary natural weathering testing of hydrophobic and ultraviolet protective surface treatments for logs was also erected as a subsequent phase at Grand Teton National Park. This laboratory and field research is part of an ongoing project to develop an appropriate treatment for historic log structures in the region that will preserve their original fabric while maintaining the intended historic appearance of the buildings, i.e., unpainted. The weathering rack will be in place for upwards of five years to verify the lab-based results from Phase I and to determine the long-term durability of the chosen treatments on already aged materials in situ. This report addresses the methods and materials for preparation of the weathering rack and samples as well as the methods being used to monitor their progress and initial results. Readings will be taken yearly to monitor the effects of weathering on each treatment.
Crofton, Sir Walter

Sir Walter Crofton's Irish penal system has been attributed as the forerunner of modern-day indeterminate sentencing and parole. Crofton's ideals and implementations to Ireland's prison system were greatly influenced through the work of Alexander Maconochie's “marks system.” Crofton used Maconochie's works, factoring in a system which included both punishment and reform, using a three-stage systematic approach as a model for penal reform. The three stages of Crofton's reform system included a major punishment stage, followed by two institutional incentive stages. Expanding on Crofton's Irish system, the New York legislators created statutes allowing institutions in the state to release any inmate early when they had completed the majority of their sentences and while portraying good behavior. Keywords: community corrections; jail; labor; offender re-entry; prison; reform movements
Transcriptional profiling reveals gland-specific differential expression in the three major salivary glands of the adult mouse

RNA-Seq was used to better understand the molecular nature of the biological differences among the three major exocrine salivary glands in mammals. Transcriptional profiling found that the adult mu...
Zona Pellucida Chimeric Peptide Vaccine

Immunization with the zona pellucida (ZP) antigens elicits antibodies that confer anti-fertility effect, but also a CD4 T cell response that induces autoimmune ovarian disease. The complication of antoimmune ovarian disease induction has been overcome by the use of the chimeric peptide (CP) ZP vaccine. The CP is composed of a linear native B cell epitope of ZP3 or ZP2 in tandem with a foreign T cell epitope, and it induces antibody response to ZP without a concomitant T cell response to the ZP antigen. In this study, we describe our experience in the design of ZP CP vaccine, summarize the structure and immune responses to the CP with the murine and primate ZP3 and ZP2 B cell epitopes, and demonstrate the anti-fertility effect of CP vaccination. The result suggests that the multiple subunit CP vaccine design will likely lead to the formulation of a safe and effective ZP vaccine.p
Viscous Streaming Near an Oscillating and Pulsating Spherical Cavity

This paper considers theoretically the viscous streaming from a spherical bubble undergoing small lateral and radial oscillations simultaneously. Assuming the oscillations are of comparable magnitude, it is shown that the radial oscillations greatly enhance the streaming. The form of the flow at large distances is a “Stokeslet”, a steady viscous flow which may however take some time to establish. The sign of the streaming depends on the phase-difference between the two types of oscillation. It should reverse in direction if the phase-difference passes through zero.
Newlands ‘Walk-Off’: Politics and Players

This chapter explores the events surrounding and succeeding the Newlands’ walk-off of 1971 when both sides left the field in protest at the Government’s interference in the selection process of teams representing South Africa. It incorporates a detailed account of the day itself as well as subsequent reactions of the South African and international media in dealing with the ramifications of an event that the Government regarded as open revolt from within. The effects of this protest orchestrated by leading cricketers were felt throughout South Africa and around the world. In the short term, it probably contributed towards the sporting isolation of the country, but in the long term, it came to be seen as a stepping stone towards a policy of non-discrimination in sport.
An ecosystem perspective for the design of sustainable power systems

Abstract The evolution of power systems has recently seen a strong increase in renewable energy integration. This evolution has resulted in bidirectional pathways with two-way exchanges between the grid and consumers that is beginning to resemble the cyclic organization of food webs. Ecologically-similar cycling of materials and energy in industrial networks has previously been shown to improve network efficiency and reduce costs. The cyclic organization of food webs is proposed here as a design principle to quantify the effectiveness of two-way connections between the grid and consumers. The presence of ecosystem-like cycling in traditional power grid networks is investigated using the ecological metrics cyclicity and cycling index. Two hypothetical 5-bus grids are modified to replicate the two-way exchanges of real power systems with consumer renewable energy generation. The results show a positive correlation between increased structural cycling in grids and reliability improvements measured by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) standard N-1 contingency analysis. These results suggest that the metrics cyclicity and cycling index can play a role in quantifying and improving the sustainability of power grids.
Morphology and Lexical Semantics

Morphology and Lexical Semantics explores the meanings of morphemes and how they combine to form the meanings of complex words, including derived words (writer, unionise), compounds (dog bed, truck driver) and words formed by conversion. Rochelle Lieber discusses the lexical semantics of word formation in a systematic way, allowing the reader to explore the nature of affixal polysemy, the reasons why there are multiple affixes with the same function and the issues of mismatch between form and meaning in word formation. Using a series of case studies from English, this book develops and justifies the theoretical apparatus necessary for raising and answering many questions about the semantics of word formation. Distinguishing between a lexical semantic skeleton that is featural and hierarchically organised and a lexical semantic body that is holistic, it shows how the semantics of word formation has a paradigmatic character.
The lysosomal aminopeptidase tripeptidyl peptidase 1 displays increased activity in malignant pancreatic cysts

Incidental detection of pancreatic cysts has increased dramatically over the last decade, but risk stratification and clinical management remain a challenge. Mucinous cysts are precursor lesions to pancreatic cancer, however, the majority are indolent. Current diagnostics cannot identify mucinous cysts that harbor cancer or reliably differentiate these lesions from nonmucinous cysts, which present minimal risk of malignant progression. We previously determined that activity of two aspartyl proteases was increased in mucinous cysts. Using a global protease activity profiling technology, termed multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS), we now show that aminopeptidase activity is also elevated in mucinous cysts. The serine aminopeptidase, tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), was detected by proteomic analysis of cyst fluid samples and quantitation using targeted MS demonstrated that this protease was significantly more abundant in mucinous cysts. In a cohort of 110 cyst fluid samples, TPP1 activity was increased more than 3-fold in mucinous cysts relative to nonmucinous cysts. Moreover, TPP1 activity is primarily associated with mucinous cysts that harbor high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma. Although only 59% accurate for differentiating these lesions, measurement of TPP1 activity may improve early detection and treatment of high-risk pancreatic cysts when used in conjunction with other promising biomarkers.
Preventive War: Shortcomings Classical and Contemporary

The prohibition against the first use of force is defeasible, but under what conditions? Proponents of preventive war, both classical and contemporary, suggest that potential threats suffice to def...
Overland Wave Propagation and Load Distribution among Arrays of Elevated Beachfront Structures

Abstract A series of laboratory experiments and high-fidelity numerical modeling were conducted to study the effects of the lowest floor elevation on the flow and loading patterns resulting from th...
On Second-Order Detection of Webcam Spyware

Second-order detection of malware is frequently more effective than traditional malware detection in that it operates on the basis of a heavily influenced malware behavior. In this paper, we advance second-order detection of webcam spyware through an approach that aims at reaching their behavior at a greater than before depth. We propose decoy user space activity, along with a case study of it, namely a decoy security protocol, to involve malware in a series of interactions that lead them towards accessing a decoy I/O device, i.e. a decoy webcam in this case. In practical terms, decoy user space activity is delivered by a coherent ensemble of decoy I/O devices and decoy processes. This work makes decoy user space activity and decoy I/O indistinguishable from their real counterparts, and therefore increases uncertainty in malware operations on a compromised machine to benefit their detection.
Small soft tissue tension changes do not affect patient-reported outcomes one year after primary TKA.

Adequate soft tissue tension and balance is paramount to achieve favourable outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Implant manufacturers offer 1-mm liner increments to fine-tune ligament tension and balance. In this study, we assessed if soft tissue tension changes introduced by minimal changes in liner thicknesses affect early patient reported outcomes. Eighty-nine patients undergoing 99 primary, elective TKAs by a single surgeon were included. After achieving adequate ligament balance, the first 50 knees received an insert that would allow 2–3 mm of medial and lateral opening (control group), whereas the last 49 received an insert which was 1 mm thicker, resulting in a slight increase in ligament tension (study group). Sensor technology was used to record compartmental loads. Knee Society Score (KSS), KOOS Jr., and ROM were recorded pre-operatively, six weeks, four and 12 months post-operatively. The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) was administered four and 12 months post-operatively. No differences were observed in demographic variables, pre-operative outcome scores, and ROM measures between groups. Six weeks post-operatively, there was no statistically significant difference in the outcome variables. Four months post-operatively, statistically significant differences were only observed in KOOS Jr. (79 and 73.6; p = 0.05), and FJS (59.9 and 45.5; p < 0.01); all of which favoured the control group. There was no difference in the outcome variables at 12 months. Minor changes in soft tissue tension induced by 1-mm changes in liner thickness resulted in clinically meaningful differences favouring the control group four months post-operatively, but in no clinically noticeable differences 12 months post-operatively. It is possible that lower soft tissue tension may lead to transient improvement in patient-reported early outcomes.
The contributions of everyday and major experiences of racial discrimination to current alcohol use and regular smoking in Black adults: Considering variation by demographic characteristics and family history.

Abstract Background: Racial discrimination has consistently been linked to elevated alcohol use and smoking in Black adults, but the independent contributions of everyday and major experiences of discrimination have rarely been investigated. The present study aimed to identify variation in magnitude of the links between each type of racial discrimination with current frequency of alcohol use and regular smoking by demographic characteristics and family history of problem drinking/regular smoking in Black adults in the U.S. Methods: Data were drawn from 4462 adults (29.40% Afro Caribbean, 70.60% African American; 63.20% female) in a nationally representative sample of Black Americans. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict current frequency of alcohol use and regular smoking using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) and Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale (MEDS), testing for interactions with demographic characteristics and family history. Results: In the alcohol model, an EDS by education level interaction was observed: OR = 1.04 (CI:1.02–1.07) for
Collecting Narrative Data on Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Summary Memory researchers collect data using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT). Despite numerous reports documenting the reliability of data collected on this web site, no study of its uses for narrative memory research has been published. Participants reported narratives of stressful events and were recruited via AMT and in various formats with college students, including completing Internet surveys, typing in the presence of an experimenter, and verbal reports to the experimenter. Data were compared on linguistic indicators, event type reported, and questionnaire responses about these event narratives. AMT participants reported shorter event narratives than all groups of college students but reported stressful events that they self-reported as more difficult than college students reporting via the Internet and used proportionally more negative emotion terms than college students reporting verbally to an experimenter. Factors such as context and demographics are considered, and recommendations are made for researchers using this web site. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Rains May Be A-Comin'

The Southwest Asian monsoon affects nearly half the world9s population in any given year. Yet little is known about its natural variability on decadal to centennial time scales. In his Perspective, Black highlights the report by Anderson et al., who shed light on the monsoon9s variability over the past 1000 years.
Land Surface Processes and Climate—Surface Albedos and Energy Balance

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of land surface processes and climate-surface albedos, and attempts to bridge the gap between disciplinary studies of atmospheric versus surface climate. The chapter describes physical processes involving the land surface that are of concern to scientists interested in modeling the global climate system. It looks at the physics of land surface albedos by presenting a conceptual basis for understanding the basic concepts. Physical reasoning and simple mathematical models are used to summarize how these factors determine surface albedos. Some of the aspects of surface energy balance considerations that are important for global climate models are summarized. Factors that are important for determining the albedos and energy balance of land surfaces are also outlined. The mathematical theory of plant canopy albedos is presented, and a summary of parameters determining plant canopy albedo is provided. Concepts related to snow albedos, soil albedos, and surface albedos for climate models are discussed. Modeling temperature of a transpiring canopy, and modeling energy exchange over a snow surface are also described.
El concepto de «persona» de María Zambrano y su pensamiento sobre la mujer

El pensar sobre la mujer en algunos de sus ensayos publicados entre 1928 y los anos cuarenta le sirvio a Maria Zambrano como un importante paso en el desarrollo de su concepto de «persona» que articularia plenamente en Persona y democracia de 1958. Al considerar la situacion social y ontologica de la mujer, Zambrano pudo distinguir sus ideas sobre la «persona» de las del fenomenologo Max Scheler cuya filosofia le proporciono unos conceptos fundamentales sobre el ser humano y tambien de las de su amiga y contemporanea Rosa Chacel, quien asimismo se servia de Scheler para forjar sus teorias sobre la mujer.
Stray light characterization of the Limb Ozone Retrieval Experiment

One retrieval technique of ozone profiles using scattered light from the limb of the atmosphere utilizes measurements made high in the atmosphere as a reference. While this procedure relaxes the radiometric accuracy required, it accentuates the need for stray light characterization. In addition, when the entire limb (all altitudes of interest) is imaged simultaneously, as done by the Limb Ozone Retrieval Experiment (LORE) with a linear diode array, the stray light must be characterized for the reference altitude to within 1.0e-04 of the maximum signal in the field of regard (typically at the lowest altitudes). For this system this further translates into the need to know the spatial point-spread function over 5-6 orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the use of pre-flight laboratory instrument characterization, in flight observations and radiative transfer modeling to characterize the stray light of LORE during STS107.
Physical and Psychological Correlates of Disability among a Cohort of Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis.

Bien que les correlats physiques de la gonarthrose soient bien documentes, certains aspects du fonctionnement psychologique pouvant avoir un effet sur les conditions generales et fonctionnelles le sont moins bien. Le present article decrit les resultats d’une analyse transversale ayant porte sur la force de la relation entre des facteurs psychologiques selectionnes et la capacite de marcher des adultes souffrant de gonarthrose. Les variables etudiees etaient la douleur, la depression, le degre d’autoefficacite de la gestion de la douleur et d’autres symptomes, l’endurance a la marche, la vitesse de marche, et l’effort percu lors de la marche. L’echantillon, qui comprenait 57 personnes presentant une gonarthrose unilaterale et 43 personnes presentant une gonarthrose bilaterale, radiographique et symptomatique, dont l’âge moyen etait de 69,9 ans ±1 an, a fait l’objet d’une evaluation standard lors d’un seul essai a l’aide de plusieurs questionnaires valides et d’une serie d’essais de marche sur terrain plat. Des analyses de regression multiples et bidimensionnelles ont revele que 1) des scores d’autoefficacite plus elevesen matiere de douleur et d’autres symptomes etaient associesa des degres de douleur plus faibles (r = -0,29, -0,20.); a l’effort percu pendant la marche (r = -0,29, -0,31) et a la depression (r = -0,46, -0,54) (p While the physical correlates of knee osteoarthritis are well documented, less well documented are aspects of psychological functioning that may affect overall health and functional status. This paper describes the findings of a cross-sectional analysis that examined the strength of the relationship between selected psychological factors and the walking ability of adults with knee joint osteoarthritis. The variables assessed were pain, depression, levels of self-efficacy for pain and other-symptoms management, walking endurance, walking speed, and perceived exertion when walking. The sample, including 57 persons with unilateral and 43 persons with bilateral radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, mean age, 69.9 ± 1 years, underwent standard assessment procedures on a single test occasion using several validated questionnaires and a series of walking tests on level ground. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses revealed that (a) higher pain and other-symptoms self-efficacy scores were associated with lower levels of pain (r = 0.29, -0.20.), perceived exertion during a walking task (r = -0.29, -0.31), and depression scores (r = -0.46, -0.54) (p
Built-In Potential in Conjugated Polymer Diodes with Changing Anode Work Function: Interfacial States and Deviation from the Schottky–Mott Limit

We use electroabsorption spectroscopy to measure the change in built-in potential (VBI) across the polymer photoactive layer in diodes where indium tin oxide electrodes are systematically modified using dipolar phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with various dipole moments. We find that VBI scales linearly with the work function (Φ) of the SAM-modified electrode over a wide range when using a solution-coated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative as the active layer. However, we measure an interfacial parameter of S = eΔVBI/ΔΦ < 1, suggesting that these ITO/SAM/polymer interfaces deviate from the Schottky–Mott limit, in contrast to what has previously been reported for a number of ambient-processed organic-on-electrode systems. Our results suggest that the energetics at these ITO/SAM/polymer interfaces behave more like metal/organic interfaces previously studied in UHV despite being processed from solution.
Maximum likelihood identification of Gaussian autoregressive moving average models

SUMMARY Closed form representations of the gradients and an approximation to the Hessian are given for an asymptotic approximation to the log likelihood function of a multidimensional autoregressive moving average Gaussian process. Their use for the numerical maximization of the likelihood function is discussed. It is shown that the procedure described by Hannan (1969) for the estimation of the parameters of one-dimensional autoregressive moving average processes is equivalent to a three-stage realization of one step of the NewtonRaphson procedure for the numerical maximization of the likelihood function, using the gradient and the approximate Hessian. This makes it straightforward to extend the procedure to the multidimensional case. The use of the block Toeplitz type characteristic of the approximate Hessian is pointed out.
Electrode-shaping for the excitation and detection of permitted arbitrary modes in arbitrary geometries in piezoelectric resonators

This paper reports theoretical analysis and experimental results on a numerical electrode shaping design technique that permits the excitation of arbitrary modes in arbitrary geometries for piezoelectric resonators, for those modes permitted to exist by the nonzero piezoelectric coefficients and electrode configuration. The technique directly determines optimal electrode shapes by assessing the local suitability of excitation and detection electrode placement on two-port resonators without the need for iterative numerical techniques. The technique is demonstrated in 61 different electrode designs in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film on silicon RF micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) plate, beam, ring, and disc resonators for out-of-plane flexural and various contour modes up to 200 MHz. The average squared effective electromechanical coupling factor for the designs was 0.54%, approximately equivalent to the theoretical maximum value of 0.53% for a fully electroded length-extensional mode beam resonator comprised of the same composite. The average improvement in S21 for the electrode-shaped designs was 14.6 dB with a maximum improvement of 44.3 dB. Through this piezoelectric electrodeshaping technique, 95% of the designs showed a reduction in insertion loss.
Testing and Evaluation of Used Automobile Tires and Recycled Tire-Derived Materials for Low-Cost Crash Cushions

Approximately 30% of all vehicle related fatalities that occur each year are caused by a single vehicle leaving the road and striking a fixed object; the most common objects struck being trees, guardrails, and utility poles. In many cases, current crash cushion systems are too expensive to be installed on such hazards and may also require recurring maintenance. This makes the development of a less expensive crash cushion a necessity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the material properties of used tires and recycled tire-derived materials (TDMs) for use in low-cost, reusable crash cushions. The used tires and TDMs were tested statically and dynamically to evaluate their suitability as crash cushion materials. The test specimens were able to sustain high loads and proved to be durable, making them good candidates for use in a crash cushion.
Antiproliferative Effects of IFN-α Correlate with the Downregulation of Nuclear Factor-κB in Human Burkitt Lymphoma Daudi Cells

Interferon-α (IFN-α) is known to exhibit antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms still not fully understood. Nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a major role in viral replication, cell proliferation, and immune response. Whether antiproliferative effects of IFN are mediated through suppression of NF-κB is not known. We, therefore, examined the relationship between the antiproliferative effects of IFN-α and NF-κB activity in a human Burkitt lymphoma Daudi cell line. These cells were found to constitutively express high levels of active NF-κB that cannot be further activated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Treatment of cells with IFN-α suppressed the activated NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner, with an optimum effect at 10 U/ml in 72 h. Suppression of NF-κB correlated with a concomitant decrease in the cytoplasmic levels of IκBα, the inhibitory protein of NF-κB, known to be regulated by NF-κB. Downregulation of constitutive NF-κB activity correlated with a d...
SU-E-T-109: Development of An End-To-End Test for the Varian TrueBeamtm with a Novel Multiple-Dosimetric Modality H&N Phantom

Purpose: To develop a comprehensive end-to-end test for Varian's TrueBeam linear accelerator for head and neck IMRT using a custom phantom designed to utilize multiple dosimetry devices. Methods: The initial end-to-end test and custom H&N phantom were designed to yield maximum information in anatomical regions significant to H&N plans with respect to: i) geometric accuracy, ii) dosimetric accuracy, and iii) treatment reproducibility. The phantom was designed in collaboration with Integrated Medical Technologies. A CT image was taken with a 1mm slice thickness. The CT was imported into Varian's Eclipse treatment planning system, where OARs and the PTV were contoured. A clinical template was used to create an eight field static gantry angle IMRT plan. After optimization, dose was calculated using the Analytic Anisotropic Algorithm with inhomogeneity correction. Plans were delivered with a TrueBeam equipped with a high definition MLC. Preliminary end-to-end results were measured using film and ion chambers. Ion chamber dose measurements were compared to the TPS. Films were analyzed with FilmQAPro using composite gamma index. Results: Film analysis for the initial end-to-end plan with a geometrically simple PTV showed average gamma pass rates >99% with a passing criterion of 3% / 3mm. Film analysis of a plan with a more realistic, ie. complex, PTV yielded pass rates >99% in clinically important regions containing the PTV, spinal cord and parotid glands. Ion chamber measurements were on average within 1.21% of calculated dose for both plans. Conclusion: trials have demonstrated that our end-to-end testing methods provide baseline values for the dosimetric and geometric accuracy of Varian's TrueBeam system.
GROWTH RESPONSES OF BARLEY SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO POTASSIUM AND SODIUM NUTRITION.

potassium, using the same general method, and to do further work on the calcium-magnesium relationship which has been reported for other plants (4). As will be noted, these original plans were later changed owing to the pronounced growth response of the plants to the substitution of sodium for potassium in the nutrient solution. Work was then done to study the relationship of potassium and sodium in the nutrition of barley plants.
The role of moral intensity and moral philosophy in ethical decision making: a cross-cultural comparison of China and the European Union

The present study uses cross-cultural samples of marketing practitioners from two European Union (EU) nations (the United Kingdom and Spain) and China to examine the relationships between moral intensity, personal moral philosophies and ethical decision making. Additionally, cross-cultural comparisons were made regarding intentions, personal moral philosophies and moral intensity. Results indicate that both samples tend to use the perceived harm construct (e.g. magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy and concentration of effect) to determine intentions in situations involving ethical issues. However, social consensus tends to be situation-specific for both groups and proximity seems not to be used at all when making decisions in situations involving ethics. As for personal moral philosophies, idealism is only used by the EU sample; however, for both samples, the use of relativism depends upon the specific situation.
Current concepts in normal and abnormal puberty.

8 a y q h b A P uberty is a time of immense developmental change. From the early work of Marshall and Tanner, we know that the process occurs in a redictable sequence of events in both girls and oys. In girls, the first sign of puberty is usually reast development, followed by growth of pubic hair, linear growth spurt, and last, menarche. In boys, the rst sign of puberty is testicular enlargement, which is ollowed by thinning of the scrotum, penile growth, ubic hair development, and last, a linear growth purt. When comparing genders, peak height velocity nd secondary sexual development occur later in boys han in girls. On average, both girls and boys complete econdary sexual development in about 3 to 4 years. Normal puberty is initiated through activation of the ypothalamus to release pulsatile gonadotropin releasng hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the gonadorophes of the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing ormone (LH). LH is the predominant gonadotropin nvolved in puberty. In males, LH stimulates the eydig cells to produce testosterone and maintain permatogenesis, while FSH stimulates the Sertoli ells and initiates spermatogenesis. In females, LH timulates the theca cells to produce androstenedione nd testosterone, while FSH stimulates the granulosa ells to produce estrogens through aromatization of ndrogens. The exact trigger that initiates puberty in girls and oys is unknown, but is thought to be influenced by a omplex interplay of factors including genetics, nutriion, neurotransmitters, and hormones. Puberty may be hought of as one stage in a continuum of hypotha-
An Ultrastractural Study of the Trophozoite and Cyst Stages of Protostelium pyriformis Olive & Stoianovitch, 1969 (Eumycetozoea, Protosteliia)1

ABSTRACT. Electron microscope observations of the trophic and cyst stages of the protostelid Protostelium pyriformis Olive & Stoianovitch, 1969 indicate a perinuclear golgi-vesicular region in the amoeboid cell. Within this region is a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and associated microtubules which radiate into the cytoplasm. The cyst wall is revealed as having three distinct regions, certain areas of the wall possibly corresponding to exit pores. Protostelium pyriformis shares many similarities in trophic cell structure with other eumycetozoans and members of the non-mycetozoan family Acanthamoebidae.
Synthesis of a carbon‐14 labeled 1‐(indole‐6‐carbonyl‐D‐phenylglycinyl)‐4‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐4‐YL)piperazine‐[carbonyl‐14C], LY517717‐[14C], a factor Xa inhibitor

Human Factor Xa is a trypsin-like serine protease, which serves a critical role in blood coagulation events. LY517717 is currently under clinical investigation as a Factor Xa inhibitor. To support the ADME studies, LY517717 was synthesized using D-phenylglycine with a carbon-14 labeled carboxyl moiety. This key component, D-phenylglycine-[carboxyl-14C], was synthesized by a Strecker synthesis on benzaldehyde with potassium [14C]cyanide, followed by a resolution of DL-phenyl-glycine methyl ester-[carbonyl-14C] with (+)-tartaric acid in the presence of benzaldehyde. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital filtering of on-line evoked potentials.

Abstract Evoked potentials recorded automatically at frequent intervals are a useful adjunct for monitoring head injury patients; however, unaveraged residual noise due to patient movement and synchronization of the stimulus to harmonics of the line frequency is sometimes present. A frequency analysis was performed on 23 records with varying degrees of unaveraged noise and the results were used to design a digital filter. The frequency content of the records analyzed was largely contained in a band from D.C. to 200 Hz. A zero phase shift lowpass digital filter with a cutoff frequency of 200 Hz eliminated the majority of noise. Despite the low frequency content, a wide-band amplifier is still required to avoid waveform distortion, particularly latencies. Digital filters can then be applied without causing distortion.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Ni+(C2H2)n Complexes: Evidence for Intracluster Cyclization Reactions

Ni+(C2H2)n ion−molecule complexes are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source. These ions are mass analyzed and size-selected with a reflectron time-of-flight spectrometer. Infrared excitation with a pulsed OPO/OPA laser induces photodissociation of these complexes that proceeds by sequential loss of C2H2 molecules. IR resonance-enhanced photodissociation (IR-REPD) spectra are measured in the C−H stretch region for Ni+(C2H2)n complexes (n = 3−6). The C−H stretch vibrations are shifted to lower frequencies than those in free acetylene, consistent with the formation of metal cation π-complexes. At the cluster sizes of n = 5 and larger, new bands are measured attributed to surface acetylene molecules. Additional red-shifted bands at n = 5 and beyond are assigned to an intracluster cyclization reaction, forming π-bonded cyclobutadiene.
Downward Social Comparison in the Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Test of a Self‐Enhancement Interpretation1

We tested some implications of Wills' (1981) downward comparison interpretation of ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup paradigm. Based on a self-enhancement interpretation of ingroup bias, we predicted that subjects who expected to succeed on a task for dispositional reasons and subsequently failed would be most threatened by the feedback and hence, would engage in downward social comparison strategies. The results did not support the self-enhancement interpretation, but a number of interesting findings emerged. First, downward social comparison involving favorable comparisons of the ingroup relative to the outgroup was pervasive and not mediated by self-esteem. Second, ingroup bias was greatest when individuals' outcomes were consistent with their expectations; ingroup bias was mitigated when subjects received feedback that was inconsistent with their expectations. Third, although low self-esteem subjects rated members of the outgroup more negatively than did high self-esteem subjects, high self-esteem subjects engaged in more downward social comparison by enhancing the self relative to both members of the outgroup and their own ingroup. Finally, self-enhancement strategies were affected by performance expectations, attributions, and chronic self-esteem: People who expected to perform well because of stable, dispositional reasons and who were high in self-esteem showed the greatest tendency to engage in self-enhancing comparisons with others. This was true regardless of whether subjects ultimately succeeded or failed on the important task and regardless of whether the comparison others were members of the outgroup or the ingroup.
Reconstitution of DNA Segregation Driven by Assembly of a Prokaryotic Actin Homolog

Multiple unrelated polymer systems have evolved to partition DNA molecules between daughter cells at division. To better understand polymer-driven DNA segregation, we reconstituted the three-component segregation system of the R1 plasmid from purified components. We found that the ParR/parC complex can construct a simple bipolar spindle by binding the ends of ParM filaments, inhibiting dynamic instability, and acting as a ratchet permitting incorporation of new monomers and riding on the elongating filament ends. Under steady-state conditions, the dynamic instability of unattached ParM filaments provides the energy required to drive DNA segregation.