cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threefolds with vanishing hodge cohomology

We consider algebraic manifolds Y of dimension 3 over C with H i (Y, Ω j Y ) = 0 for all j ≥ 0 and i > 0. Let X be a smooth completion of Y with D = X - Y, an effective divisor on X with normal crossings. If the D-dimension of X is not zero, then Y is a fibre space over a smooth affine curve C (i.e., we have a surjective morphism from Y to C such that the general fibre is smooth and irreducible) such that every fibre satisfies the same vanishing condition. If an irreducible smooth fibre is not affine, then the Kodaira dimension of X is -oc and the D-dimension of X is 1. We also discuss sufficient conditions from the behavior of fibres or higher direct images to guarantee the global vanishing of Hodge cohomology and the affineness of Y.
Bank financing of SMEs in five Sub-Saharan African countries : the role of competition, innovation, and the government

This paper provides an overview of the state of access to bank financing for SMEs in five Sub-Saharan African countries and analyzes the drivers behind banks' involvement with SMEs. The paper builds on data collected through five in-depth studies in Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, and Tanzania between 2010 and 2012. The paper shows that the share of SME lending in the overall loan portfolios of banks varies between 5 and 20 percent. Reasons for this finding vary, but key contributing factors are the structure and size of the economy and the extent of Government borrowing, the degree of innovation mainly as introduced by foreign entrants to financial sectors, and the state of the financial sector infrastructure and enabling environment.
The SHIFT Programming Language and Run-time System for Dynamic Networks of Hybrid Automata

SHIFT is a programming language for describing and simulating dynamic networks of hybrid automata. Such Systems consist of components that can be created, interconnected and destroyed as the system evolves. Components exhibit hybrid behavior, consisting of continuous-time phases separated by discrete-event transitions. Components may evolve independently, or they may interact through selected state variables and events. The interaction network itself may evolve. SHIFT is currently used in two applications: automated highway Systems and coordinated submarine Systems. The SHIFT model offers the proper level of abstraction for describing these and other applications such as air traffic control Systems and robotic shop-floors whose dynamic reconfigurations cannot be captured easily by conventional models. We have implemented a Compiler and a run-time system for SHIFT. The Compiler translates a SHIFT program into a C program, which, when run, simulates the design specified in the SHIFT source program. More Information about SHIFT can be found at www.path.berkeley.edu/ shift.
An Exploration of Rights Management Technologies Used in the Music Industry

In late October, 2005, a computer programmer discovered that Sony/BMG had been installing "root kits" on music CDs that rendered computers susceptible to viruses, prompted a warning from the Homeland Security Agency, resulted in lawsuits from several States Attorneys General, and eventually led to a recall of 4 million CDs. These cases mark the entry of Digital Rights Management into the courts system and legal parlance, inviting a thorough look at the history and possible consequences of Digital Rights Management systems. This article traces the history of rights management technologies starting with the player piano and the phonograph, through the era of Digital Audio Tapes and the Audio Home Recording Act, and culminating with discussions of the Super Audio CD, DVD-Audio, iTunes and modern technological protection measures used in the music industry. The article further discusses trends in music media distribution and suggests effects the music industry's issues with rights management technologies may yield for the movie, video, software, and publishing industries. Finally, this article provides a suggestion that would help preserve the rights of copyright holders and help encourage the growth of the intellectual property industries through a controlled, universal, and flexible Digital Rights Management System.
Asymmetry in Isolated, Morphologically Normal Sa Galaxies

We have examined the morphological and dynamical H I symmetry properties of a sample of moderately inclined Sa galaxies classified as morphologically normal. The sample galaxies were known a priori to exhibit kinematic peculiarities ranging from warps to independent, wholly decoupled disks and are possibly the remnants of minor mergers. We compare the asymmetry of the rotation curves to global kinematic asymmetry and find a relationship between rotation curve asymmetry and the kinematic n = 2 mode. We have also examined the kinematics of these galaxies following the discussion of Briggs and find that the warps observed in the H I disks of these galaxies deviate significantly from the simple rules for warps that commonly apply.
Health Care Utilization and Behavior, Models of†

Models of health care utilization provide guidance for defining variables, specifying the relationships between them, and evaluating programs and policies concerned with access to and utilization of health care services. This chapter reviews four major types of utilization models: (a) models of patient decision making, grounded in sociological theory and research; (b) the health belief model, based in psychological theory; (c) economic models of the demand for medical care; and (d) the behavioral model of health services utilization that has guided much health services research on access to and utilization of health care services. Keywords: patient decision making; health belief model; consumer demand; behavioral model; utilization; utilization models; access; health services research
Causality in Macroeconomics

1. The problem of causality in macroeconomics 2. The notion of causal structure 3. Representing causal structure 4. Articulating causal structure 5. The reality of macroeconomic structures 6. Causality and macroeconomic constraints 7. Macroeconomics and causality 8. Inferring causal direction 9. Case study I: the causal direction between taxes and government spending in the postwar period 10. Case study II: the causal direction between money and prices 11. Causality and macroeconomics.
Parallel implementations of irregular problems using high-level actor language

We present our experience in implementing several irregular problems using a high-level actor language. The problems studied require dynamic computation of object placement and may result in load imbalance as the computation proceeds, thereby requiring dynamic load balancing. The algorithms are expressed as fine-grained computations providing maximal flexibility in adapting the computation load to arbitrary parallel architectures. Such an algorithm may be composed of different partitioning and distribution strategies (PDSs) to result in different performance characteristics. The PDSs are implemented for specific data structures or algorithms and are reusable for different parallel algorithms. We demonstrate how our methodology provides portability of algorithm specification, reusability and ease of expressibility.
Higher derivative terms, toroidal compactification, and Weyl anomalies in six-dimensional (2, 0) theories

We systematically analyze the effective action on the moduli space of (2, 0) superconformal field theories in six dimensions, as well as their toroidal compactification to maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories in five and four dimensions. We present a streamlined approach to non-renormalization theorems that constrain this effective action. The first several orders in its derivative expansion are determined by a one-loop calculation in five-dimensional Yang-Mills theory. This fixes the leading higher-derivative operators that describe the renormalization group flow into theories residing at singular points on the moduli space of the compactified (2, 0) theories. This understanding allows us to compute the a-type Weyl anomaly for all (2, 0) superconformal theories. We show that it decreases along every renormalization group flow that preserves (2, 0) supersymmetry, thereby establishing the a-theorem for this class of theories. Along the way, we encounter various field-theoretic arguments for the ADE classification of (2, 0) theories.
Total Lagrangian Finite Element Formulation of the Flory-Rehner Free Energy Function

The total Lagrangian finite element implementation of the Flory-Rehner free-energy function in the framework of a hyperelastic material model is addressed. It is explicitly given all the equations required to implement this material model in an implicit nonlinear finite element analysis, particularly, it is shown how to derive the so-called algorithmic or consistent linearized tangent moduli in the Lagrangian description. Some analytical and numerical results for different boundary-value problems are presented to validate the implementation.
Effects of selection and covariance on X-ray scaling relations of galaxy clusters

We explore how the behaviour of galaxy cluster scaling relations are affected by flux-limited selection biases and intrinsic covariance among observable properties. Our models presume log-normal covariance between luminosity (L) and temperature (T) at fixed mass (M), centred on evolving, power-law mean relations as a function of host halo mass. Selection can mimic evolution; the L–M and L–T relations from shallow X-ray flux-limited samples will deviate from mass-limited expectations at nearly all scales while the relations from deep surveys (10−14 erg s−1 cm−2) become complete, and therefore unbiased, at masses above ∼2 × 1014 h−1 M⊙. We derive expressions for low-order moments of the luminosity distribution at fixed temperature, and show that the slope and scatter of the L–T relation observed in flux-limited samples is sensitive to the assumed L–T correlation coefficient. In addition, L–T covariance affects the redshift behaviour of halo counts and mean luminosity in a manner that is nearly degenerate with intrinsic population evolution.
On the economic performance of nascent entrepreneurs

Abstract This paper assesses the R&D performance of nascent and established technology-based small firms that receive a Phase II R&D award from the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. Our empirical analysis is based on a two-stage selection probit model, which is used to estimate the probability of commercialization conditional on the Phase II project having not failed. Our model predicts, and our analysis confirms, that nascent firms are more likely to fail in their SBIR-supported R&D endeavors. Further, we find that nascent firms that do not fail have a higher probability of commercializing their developed technology.
The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom

1. Why is Russia different? Culture, geography, institutions 2. Voshchazhnikovo: a microcosm of nineteenth-century Russia 3. Household structure and family economy 4. The rural commune 5. Land and property markets 6. Labour markets 7. Credit and savings 8. Retail markets and consumption 9. The institutional framework of Russian serfdom.
Behavioral Genetics and the Forensic Mental Health Provider: An Overview

The area of behavioral genetics has sufficiently entered the area of forensic mental health work that providers should have some working knowledge of the strengths and limitations of these exciting technical advances. Using MAOA as an example, this essay reviews some of the recurring themes in forensic behavioral genetics and suggests additional ways in which the technology might be used in legal matters.
Priors for Random Count Matrices Derived from a Family of Negative Binomial Processes

ABSTRACTWe define a family of probability distributions for random count matrices with a potentially unbounded number of rows and columns. The three distributions we consider are derived from the gamma-Poisson, gamma-negative binomial, and beta-negative binomial processes, which we refer to generically as a family of negative-binomial processes. Because the models lead to closed-form update equations within the context of a Gibbs sampler, they are natural candidates for nonparametric Bayesian priors over count matrices. A key aspect of our analysis is the recognition that although the random count matrices within the family are defined by a row-wise construction, their columns can be shown to be independent and identically distributed (iid). This fact is used to derive explicit formulas for drawing all the columns at once. Moreover, by analyzing these matrices’ combinatorial structure, we describe how to sequentially construct a column-iid random count matrix one row at a time, and derive the predictive d...
Space Shuttle Stiffener Ring Foam Failure Analysis, a Non-Conventional Approach

The Space Shuttle Program made use of the excellent properties of rigid polyurethane foam for cryogenic tank insulation and as structural protection on the solid rocket boosters. When foam applications de-bond, classical methods of failure analysis did not provide root cause of the failure of the foam. Realizing that foam is the ideal media to document and preserve its own mode of failure, thin sectioning was seen as a logical approach for foam failure analysis to observe the three dimensional morphology of the foam cells. The cell foam morphology provided a much greater understanding of the failure modes than previously achieved.
Photoionization of atomic iodine and atomic tellurium

Mass-analyzed photoionization spectra have been obtained from beams of atomic iodine and atomic tellurium from their respective ionization thresholds to approx.19 eV. In each instance, the ionization thresholds are confirmed. For iodine, most of the features in the autoionization resonance spectrum have been identified and assigned to several s- and d-like Rydberg series converging to the higher-ionization limits /sup 3/P/sub 0/, /sup 3/P/sub 1/, /sup 1/D/sub 2/, and /sup 1/S/sub 0/ of the 5s/sup 2/5p/sup 4/ configuration. For tellurium we also observe autoionization resonance features assigned to s- and d-like Rydberg series converging to the higher-ionization limits /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/, /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/, /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/, and /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ of the 5s/sup 2/5p/sup 3/ configuration. In addition, a window-resonance series and additional peaks have been assigned as converging to the 5s5p/sup 4/ /sup 4/P/sub 5/2/ state of Te/sup +/, with quantum defect of approx.0.5 (modulo 1). In both elements, the d-like series exhibits anomalous resonance profiles similar to those in the heavier noble gases, with quantum defects of approx.0.4 (modulo 1). The s-like series has quantum defects of approx.0.0 (modulo 1). Some comparisons are made with many-body calculations on the related chlorine atom.
Morbidity and mortality associated with mode of delivery for breech periviable deliveries

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the odds of morbidity and death that are associated with cesarean delivery, compared with vaginal delivery, for breech fetuses who are delivered from 23-24 6/7 weeks’ gestational age. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of state-level maternal and infant hospital discharge data that were linked to vital statistics for breech deliveries that occurred from 23-24 6/7 weeks’ gestation in California, Missouri, and Pennsylvania from 2000-2009 (N = 1854). Analyses were stratified by gestational age (23-23 6/7 vs 24-24 6/7 weeks' gestation). Results Cesarean delivery was performed for 46% (335 fetuses) and 77% (856 fetuses) of 23- and 24-week breech fetuses. In multivariable analyses, overall survival was greater for cesarean-born neonates (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.24–7.06; AOR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.76–4.81, respectively). When delivered for nonemergent indications, cesarean-born survivors were more than twice as likely to experience major morbidity (intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, asphyxia composite; AOR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.37–5.84; AOR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.11–3.86 at 23 and 24 weeks’ gestation, respectively). Among intubated neonates, despite a short-term survival advantage, there was no difference in survival to >6-month corrected age (AOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 0.83–3.74; AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.81–2.76, respectively). There was no difference in survival for intubated 23-week neonates who were delivered by cesarean for nonemergent indications or cesarean-born neonates who weighed Conclusion Cesarean delivery increased overall survival and major morbidity for breech periviable neonates. However, among intubated neonates, despite a short-term survival advantage, there was no difference in 6-month survival. Also, cesarean delivery did not increase survival for neonates who weighed
Prolonged Correction of Serum Phosphorus in Adults With X-Linked Hypophosphatemia Using Monthly Doses of KRN23

Context: In X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) decreases the renal tubular maximum reabsorption rate of phosphate/glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) and serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi), resulting in rickets and/or osteomalacia. Objective: The objective was to test the hypothesis that monthly KRN23 (anti-FGF23 antibody) would safely improve serum Pi in adults with XLH. Design: Two sequential open-label phase 1/2 studies were done. Setting: Six academic medical centers were used. Participants: Twenty-eight adults with XLH participated in a 4-month dose-escalation study (0.05–0.6 mg/kg); 22 entered a 12-month extension study (0.1–1 mg/kg). Intervention: KRN23 was injected sc every 28 days. Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome measure was the proportion of subjects attaining normal serum Pi and safety. Results: At baseline, mean TmP/GFR, serum Pi, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] were 1.6 ± 0.4 mg/dL, 1.9 ± 0.3 mg/dL, and 36.6 ± 14.3 pg/mL, respectively. ...
Weathering of Roofing Materials-An Overview

An overview of several aspects of the weathering of roofing materials is presented. Degradation of materials initiated by ultraviolet radiation is discussed for plastics used in roofing, as well as wood and asphalt. Elevated temperatures accelerate many deleterious chemical reactions and hasten diffusion of material components. Effects of moisture include decay of wood, acceleration of corrosion of metals, staining of clay, and freeze-thaw damage. Soiling of roofing materials causes objectionable stains and reduces the solar reflectance of reflective materials. (Soiling of non-reflective materials can also increase solar reflectance.) Soiling can be attributed to biological growth (e.g., cyanobacteria, fungi, algae), deposits of organic and mineral particles, and to the accumulation of flyash, hydrocarbons and soot from combustion.
Inertial Vibration Damping of a Flexible Base Manipulator

A rigid (micro) robot mounted serially to the tip of a long, flexible (macro) manipulator is often used to increase reach capability, but flexibility in the macromanipulator can make it susceptible to vibration. A rigid manipulator attached to a flexible but unactuated base was used to study a scheme to achieve positioning of the micromanipulator combined with enhanced vibration damping of the base. The interaction forces and torques acting between the robot and its flexible base were modeled and studied. Simulated and measured interactions generated at the base of a three degree of freedom rigid robot are compared. Simulated and experimental results are included that demonstrate with the proper control of these interactions, damping can be added to the base.
ANNEXATION AND THE MID-SIZE METROPOLIS: NEW INSIGHTS IN THE AGE OF MOBILE CAPITAL

Metropolitan regions are led by their central cities. They want and need to grow, but the suburban sprawl and municipal fragmentation that growth produces stand in the way. Fragmentation handicaps the central city’s ability to effectively coordinate responses to regional issues. Mid-size regions are especially vulnerable to the effects of fragmentation, as they face unique economic development and sociological challenges. First, mid-size regions lack many of the assets necessary to compete globally for mobile capital. Second, social inequality plays out differently in mid-size regions, which are spatially constrained and have pervasive low-density land use patterns. Municipal boundaries reflect these divisions and determine who gets to participate in the redistribution of the community’s resources. Of the many urban policy options available for addressing these challenges, annexation is both the most potent and the most controversial. This article explores how the growth ambitions of mid-size central cities are affected by their respective state annexation regimes. The article examines annexation battles in Mississippi, Tennessee, and North Carolina to observe how different annexation regimes help or hinder midsize central cities. Ultimately the article finds that mid-size central cities need annexation regimes that help them to address social inequality while maximizing their economic competitiveness. * Assistant Professor of Law at the Paul M. Hebert Law Center at Louisiana State University; B.A., Howard University; M.P.P., Harvard Kennedy School; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center. I would like to thank Brittan Bush, Barry Edwards, Joseph Manning, Riean Norman, and Hansford Wogan for excellent research assistance. I would also like to thank the participants of the 2011 John Mercer Langston Writing Workshop, the 2011 Southeastern Association of Law Schools New Scholars Workshop, Mitch Crusto, Charlton Copeland, Ray Diamond, Ed Richards, Christopher Odinet, and Judith Wegner for extremely useful suggestions and for reading previous drafts of this article. U N I V E R S I T Y O F P I T T S B U R G H L A W R E V I E W P A G E | 5 0 6 | V O L U M E 7 3 ( 2 0 1 2 )
Tandem chain extension–iodomethylation reactions: formation of α-functionalized γ-keto carbonyls

Sequential exposure of a zinc-organometallic intermediate, generated through a zinc carbenoid-mediated chain extension reaction of a β-keto carbonyl, to trimethylsilylchloride and iodine provided regioselective formation of an α-iodomethyl-γ-keto carbonyl. The iodomethyl functionality can be further manipulated to provide side chains that are potential mimics of α-amino acid side chains.
A Short History of Dapsone, or an Alternative Model of Drug Development

From 1936 until 1996, the drug dapsone treated a diverse array of diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, and AIDS-related pneumonia. This article explores how dapsone transformed from a cure for one disease into a treatment for a totally different malady. This process of reinvention in the clinic represents an alternative model of drug development that the historical literature, focused on success in the laboratory, has largely ignored. The core of the paper discusses the reinvention of dapsone as an antimalarial in the Vietnam War through trials led by Robert J. T. Joy, a physician and military officer. As a case study, it offers a fresh perspective on the clinic-as-laboratory approach that other scholars have addressed in a civilian context. Viewing the randomized clinical trial (RCT) through a military prism will demonstrate how a combat environment combined with the regimentation of the armed forces affected the standard methodology of the RCT.
Lis1 mediates planar polarity of auditory hair cells through regulation of microtubule organization

The V-shaped hair bundles atop auditory hair cells and their uniform orientation are manifestations of epithelial planar cell polarity (PCP) required for proper perception of sound. PCP is regulated at the tissue level by a conserved core Wnt/PCP pathway. However, the hair cell-intrinsic polarity machinery is poorly understood. Recent findings implicate hair cell microtubules in planar polarization of hair cells. To elucidate the microtubule-mediated polarity pathway, we analyzed Lis1 function in the auditory sensory epithelium in the mouse. We show that conditional deletion of Lis1 in developing hair cells causes defects in cytoplasmic dynein and microtubule organization, resulting in planar polarity defects without overt effects on the core PCP pathway. Lis1 ablation during embryonic development results in defects in hair bundle morphology and orientation, cellular organization and junctional nectin localization. We present evidence that Lis1 regulates localized Rac-PAK signaling in embryonic hair cells, probably through microtubule-associated Tiam1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac. Lis1 ablation in postnatal hair cells significantly disrupts centrosome anchoring and the normal V-shape of hair bundles, accompanied by defects in the pericentriolar matrix and microtubule organization. Lis1 is also required for proper positioning of the Golgi complex and mitochondria as well as for hair cell survival. Together, our results demonstrate that Lis1 mediates the planar polarity of hair cells through regulation of microtubule organization downstream of the tissue polarity pathway.
All Things Great and Small: Organizational Size, Boundaries of the Firm, and a Changing Environment

AbstractResearch findings have established a relationship between organizational size and a substantial set of organizational outcomes, resulting in size's distinction as “perhaps the most powerful explanatory organizational covariate in strategic analysis”. We draw on the theory of the firm to provide a theory-driven definition of firm size and as a framework to organize the diverse research on firm size. We examine studies over the last 20 plus years since the last review of research on organizational size that have expanded our understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of larger firms, the environmental factors that have changed the merits of firms relative to markets, the managerial bias to pursue growth, and the most recent findings on the performance implications of organizational size. In doing so, the review provides extensions to our understanding of the theory of the firm, by integrating contingency theory, the resource-based theory of the firm, leadership theories, and the knowledge-bas...
An estimation procedure for the Linnik distribution

We propose estimators for the parameters of the Linnik L(α, γ) distribution. The estimators are derived from the moments of the log-transformed Linnik distributed random variable, and are shown to be asymptotically unbiased. The estimation algorithm is computationally simple and less restrictive. Our procedure is also tested using simulated data.
The Positive Fundamental Group of Sp(2) and Sp(4)

Abstract In this paper, we examine the homotopy classes of positive loops in Sp (2) and Sp (4) . We show that two positive loops are homotopic if and only if they are homotopic through positive loops.
Why Is the Fraction of Four-Image Radio Lens Systems So High?

We investigate the frequency of two- and four-image gravitational lens systems in the Jodrell-VLA Astrometric Survey (JVAS) and Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey and the possible implications for dark matter halo properties. A simple lensing statistics model, which describes lens galaxies as singular isothermal ellipsoids with a projected axis ratio distribution derived from the surface brightness ellipticities of early-type galaxies in the Coma Cluster, is ruled out at the 98% level since it predicts too few four-image lenses (quads). We consider a range of factors that may be increasing the frequency of radio quads, including external shear fields, mass distributions flatter than the light, shallow lensing mass profiles, finite core radii, satellite galaxies, and alterations to the luminosity function for faint flat-spectrum radio sources. We find that none of these mechanisms provide a compelling solution to the quad problem on their own while remaining consistent with other observational constraints.
New N = 1 superconformal field theories in four dimensions

We construct a large new family of four-dimensional $ \mathcal{N}=1 $ superconformal field theories by coupling Gaiotto’s T N theories to $ \mathcal{N}=1 $ vector multiplets. In particular, we consider theories in which various T N blocks are linked together via bifundamental and adjoint chiral superfields, with no superpotential. We find that while some of these constructions appear to give new strongly coupled SCFTs and can be realized via RG flows, others lead to violations of the a-theorem.
Underinvestment, Debt Financing, and Long-Term Supplier Relations

Prior studies have documented that in firm-supplier relations where the firm makes an investment up-front, the profits are exposed to expropriation by the supplier and result in underinvestment. We analyze such a firm-supplier relation in a bargaining framework and show that the bargaining power of the firm is positively related to the resale value of its investment and negatively related to the product-market surplus generated by the investment. In this scenario, debt financing is advantageous to the firm since since it shields some wealth away from the supplier. We also demonstrate that allowing the firm to issue debt and retire equity subsequent to the investment decision mitigates the underinvestment problem. This result obtains even when the debtholders are forced to participate in the negotiations. However, this efficiency property of debt is lost if the investment is made by the supplier and not by the firm. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
PERTURBATIONS OF INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLES ON STELLAR ORBITS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER

We study the short- and long-term effects of an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) on the orbits of stars bound to the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the center of the Milky Way. A regularized N-body code including post-Newtonian terms is used to carry out direct integrations of 19 stars in the S-star cluster for 10 Myr. The mass of the IMBH is assigned one of four values from 400 Msun to 4000 Msun, and its initial semi-major axis with respect to the SMBH is varied from 0.3-30 mpc, bracketing the radii at which inspiral of the IMBH is expected to stall. We consider two values for the eccentricity of the IMBH/SMBH binary, e=(0,0.7), and 12 values for the orientation of the binary's plane. Changes at the level of 1% in the orbital elements of the S-stars could occur in just a few years if the IMBH is sufficiently massive. On time scales of 1 Myr or longer, the IMBH efficiently randomizes the eccentricities and orbital inclinations of the S-stars. Kozai oscillations are observed when the IMBH lies well outside the orbits of the stars. Perturbations from the IMBH can eject stars from the cluster, producing hypervelocity stars, and can also scatter stars into the SMBH; stars with high initial eccentricities are most likely to be affected in both cases. The distribution of S-star orbital elements is significantly altered from its currently-observed form by IMBHs with masses greater than 1000 Msun if the IMBH/SMBH semi-major axis lies in the range 3-10 mpc. We use these results to further constrain the allowed parameters of an IMBH/SMBH binary at the Galactic center.
SketchBio: a scientist’s 3D interface for molecular modeling and animation

Because of the difficulties involved in learning and using 3D modeling and rendering software, many scientists hire programmers or animators to create models and animations. This both slows the discovery process and provides opportunities for miscommunication. Working with multiple collaborators, a tool was developed (based on a set of design goals) to enable them to directly construct models and animations. SketchBio is presented, a tool that incorporates state-of-the-art bimanual interaction and drop shadows to enable rapid construction of molecular structures and animations. It includes three novel features: crystal-by-example, pose-mode physics, and spring-based layout that accelerate operations common in the formation of molecular models. Design decisions and their consequences are presented, including cases where iterative design was required to produce effective approaches. The design decisions, novel features, and inclusion of state-of-the-art techniques enabled SketchBio to meet all of its design goals. These features and decisions can be incorporated into existing and new tools to improve their effectiveness.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis and inhibitory properties of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-bissulfonamide

Summary 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2,5-bissulfonamide was prepared from 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, by a modification of the reported literature procedure, ie, via the sulfenamide. This compound is the lead molecule for designing important classes of pharmacological agents, such as benzothiadiazine diuretics, and it seems to behave as a strong inhibitor of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). Here we prove that the title compound is actually a weak CA inhibitor and try to explain why previous investigators obtained erroneous data.
Investigation of Galilean invariance of multi-phase lattice Boltzmann methods

Abstract We examine the Galilean invariance of standard lattice Boltzmann methods for two-phase fluids. We show that the known Galilean invariant term that is cubic in the velocities, and is usually neglected, is a major source of Galilean invariance violations. We show that incorporating a correction term can improve the Galilean invariance of the method by up to two orders of magnitude for large velocities. We found that this is true in particular for methods in which the interactions are incorporated through a forcing term. Methods in which interactions are incorporated through a non-ideal pressure tensor only benefit for large velocities.
The relationship between crustal tectonics and internal evolution in the moon and Mercury

Abstract Faulting and volcanism on a planetary surface can be closely related to the thermal evolution of the planetary volume. Interior warming leads to global expansion, surface extensional tectonics and a crustal stress system that aids surface volcanism. Interior cooling leads to contraction, compressional tectonics and crustal stresses that act to shut off surface volcanism. Limits on the sign and magnitude of the change in volume of Mercury and the moon since the period of heavy bombardment on both bodies restrict possible early thermal histories. Mercury began hot throughout most of its volume, in order to have completed core-mantle differentiation in the first 0.6 b.y., and has cooled and contracted since. Solidification of an inner core in Mercury of up to 60% of the outer core radius is permitted by current limits on total contraction of the planet. The moon began with a 200–300 km thick outer shell at near melting conditions and a relatively cold deep interior, resulting in modest expansion for the first 2 b.y. and subsequent slight contraction. The duration of plains volcanism on a planet may be controlled by the length of the period of volumetric expansion and crustal extension in the planet's history. On this basis the youngest major units of plains volcanics on Mercury are predicted to be older than the youngest major mare units on the moon.
K-L and L-K Vacancy Sharing in Ion-Atom Collisions

The molecular model has been very successful in explaining the production of atomic vacancies in low energy ion-atom collisions. One area of active investigation involves the sharing of inner-shell vacancies between two collision partners. The sharing results when a vacancy, which has been produced at some smaller internuclear distance, is transferred from one molecular orbital (MO) to another during the separation of the two collision partners. K-shell vacancy sharing in near symmetric collisions due to radial coupling between the 1s? and 2p? MOs has been studied extensively. Meyerhof derived a simple formula using a parameterization of the Demkov formalism, which was very successful in explaining a large body of data on K-K vacancy sharing. In this paper I will summarize the current situation involving sharing of K and L vacancies in highly asymmetric collisions (Z1/Z2 ? 2).
Transition in a Separation Bubble

In the interest of being able to predict separating-reattaching flows, it is necessary to have an accurate model of transition in separation bubbles. An experimental investigation of the process of turbulence development in a separation bubble shows that transition occurs within the separated shear layer. A comparison of simultaneous velocity traces from probes separated in the lateral direction suggests that Kelvin-Helmholtz waves, which originate in the laminar shear layer, do not break down to turbulence simultaneously across their span when they proceed to agglomerate. The streamwise development of intermittency in this region can be characterized by turbulent spot theory with a high dimensionless spot production rate. Moreover, the progression of intermittency along the centerline of the shear layer is similar to that in attached boundary layer transition. The transverse development of intermittency is also remarkably similar to that in attached boundary layers. The parameters obtained from these measurements agree with correlations previously deduced from turbulence intensity measurements.
Nonstoichiometry and Mixed Conduction in α-Ta2O5

Electrical conductivity of single-crystal and polycrystalline Ta2O5 was measured as a function of composition, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure (PO2) by both dc and ac complex impedance methods. A defect model based on the assumption of predominant disorder on the oxygen sublattice is proposed to explain the observed nonstoichiometry of α-Ta2O5. The defect model is consistent with the observed PO2-independent ionic conductivity and the P−1/4O2-dependent electronic conductivity. Blocking of the ionic component was observed at low PO2. Both the electronic and ionic components of conductivity were found to decrease with time. This aging phenomena is related to destabilization of the a phase.
Assessing the Partisan Effects of Redistricting

The purpose of this paper is to assess the reality behind the politician's perception that redistricting matters. There are, of course, many dimensions to that perception since redistricting has many effects. This paper will focus on the impact that boundary changes have on the partisan composition of seats. In order to do this, it will be necessary to specify what the expected partisan effects of redistricting are and how they can be measure. Thus, the paper first explains how the impact of redistricting will vary with the strategy of particular plans. Following this, there is an exploration of some techniques for measuring the partisan impact of boundary changes, and then a detailed analysis of the most important Congressional redistricting in 1982—the Burton plan in California.
In situ click chemistry: probing the binding landscapes of biological molecules

Combinatorial approaches to the discovery of new functional molecules are well established among chemists and biologists, inspired in large measure by the modular composition of many systems and molecules in Nature. Many approaches rely on the synthesis and testing of individual members of a candidate combinatorial library, but attention has also been paid to techniques that allow the target to self-assemble its own binding agents. These fragment-based methods, grouped under the general heading of target-guided synthesis (TGS), show great promise in lead discovery applications. In this tutorial review, we review the use of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of organic azides and alkynes in a kinetically-controlled TGS approach, termed in situ click chemistry. The azide–alkyne reaction has several distinct advantages, most notably high chemoselectivity, very low background ligation rates, facile synthetic accessibility, and the stability and properties of the 1,2,3-triazole products. Examples of the discovery of potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases, carbonic anhydrase, HIV-protease, and chitinase are described, as are methods for the templated assembly of agents that bind DNA and proteins.
Treatment choice under ambiguity induced by inferential problems

This paper describes the author's research connecting the empirical analysis of treatment response with the normative analysis of treatment choice under ambiguity. Imagine a planner who must choose a treatment rule assigning a treatment to each member of a heterogeneous population of interest. The planner observes certain covariates for each person. Each member of the population has a response function mapping treatments into a real-valued outcome of interest. Suppose that the planner wants to choose a treatment rule that maximizes the population mean outcome. An optimal rule assigns to each member of the population a treatment that maximizes mean outcome conditional on the person's observed covariates. However, identification problems in the empirical analysis of treatment response commonly prevent planners from knowing the conditional mean outcomes associated with alternative treatments; hence planners commonly face problems of treatment choice under ambiguity. The research surveyed here characterizes this ambiguity in practical settings where the planner may be able to bound but not identify the relevant conditional mean outcomes. The statistical problem of treatment choice using finite-sample data is discussed as well.
Regularity of Schramm-Loewner evolutions, annular crossings, and rough path theory

When studying stochastic processes, it is often fruitful to understand several different notions of regularity. One such notion is the optimal Holder exponent obtainable under reparametrization. In this paper, we show that chordal $\mathrm{SLE}_\kappa$ in the unit disk for $\kappa \le 4$ can be reparametrized to be Holder continuous of any order up to $1/(1+\kappa/8)$. From this, we obtain that the Young integral is well defined along such $\mathrm{SLE}_\kappa$ paths with probability one, and hence that $\mathrm{SLE}_\kappa$ admits a path-wise notion of integration. This allows us to consider the expected signature of $\mathrm{SLE}$, as defined in rough path theory, and to give a precise formula for its first three gradings. The main technical result required is a uniform bound on the probability that an $\mathrm{SLE}_\kappa$ crosses an annulus $k$-distinct times.
Equivariant maps and bimodule projections

We construct a counterexample to Solel's [B. Solel, Contractive projections onto bimodules of von Neumann algebras, J. London Math. Soc. 45 (2) (1992) 169–179] conjecture that the range of any contractive, idempotent, MASA bimodule map on B(H) is necessarily a ternary subalgebra. Our construction reduces this problem to an analogous problem about the ranges of idempotent maps that are equivariant with respect to a group action. Such maps are important to understand Hamana's theory [M. Hamana, Injective envelopes of C∗-dynamical systems, Tohoku Math. J. 37 (1985) 463–487] of G-injective operator spaces and G-injective envelopes.
Above-threshold double-ionization spectroscopy of argon

We have measured the above-threshold ionization (ATI) electron spectrum from nonsequential double ionization of Ar, and compare our results to the single-ionization ATI spectrum. A variation on the coincidence-tagging technique enables the subtraction of contamination associated with single ionization, revealing an excess of higher energy electrons with measured kinetic energies up to approximately ${2U}_{p}.$ We also find an excess of very low energy photoelectrons, not previously observed. Implications for the rescattering model are discussed.
On an iterative general-order perturbation method for multiple structural damage detection

A general order perturbation method involving multiple perturbation parameters is developed for eigenvalue problems with changes in the stiffness parameters. The perturbation solutions and eigenparameter sensitivities of all orders are derived explicitly. The perturbation method is used iteratively in conjunction with an optimization method to identify the stiffness parameters of structures. The generalized inverse method is used efficiently with the first order perturbations, and the gradient and quasi-Newton methods are used with the higher order perturbations. Numerical simulations on discrete and continuous structural systems demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm in detecting the locations and extent of small to large levels of damage. The effects of measurement noise and reduced measurements on the performance of the algorithm are evaluated.
Use of Satellite Images for Observational and Quantitative Analysis of Urban Heat Islands Around the World

Urban heat island intensity (UHII) is calculated as the spatially averaged temperature difference between an urban and its surrounding rural area. This concept, however, provides an umbrella for a range of diversified ideas that include the temperature difference between the densely developed urban area and least developed area or between two different built-up areas. There are also averages for the season, for the year, for multiple years, etc., and UHII quoted for the day and another for the night. The objective of this work is to examine the urban heat island effect for cities around the world, using readily available data. The innovation is in using data from the Landsat satellites for different cities previously not studied. Thermal images of the Earth were obtained and analyzed to produce surface-temperature maps. These maps showed that the temperature in the urban environments were significantly higher than the temperature in the surrounding countryside, a defining characteristic of urban heat island. Furthermore, the urban and rural areas in the images were separated and analyzed individually to quantitatively measure the temperature difference. It was found that the UHII could be 0.3–5.1 °C for the eleven cities investigated. Miami and Shenzen are two cities which seem to have been missed in previous studies because they were limited in their scope and responsibilities, and their methods required much more resources for the longer term studies. It is not the claim here that a UHI is definitively established by the analysis presented of the Landsat satellite data. The present work demonstrates the use of a possible planning tool in terms of understanding where urban areas may be subjected to additional heat. Our use of the method shows that a UHI is probably taking place at the time of observation, and precautionary notices should be sent out to the community to take preventative measures to ensure their health and wellbeing. The minimal resources required is the demonstration shown by our work of the usefulness of this method.
Optical magnetometer array for fetal magnetocardiography

We describe an array of spin-exchange-relaxation-free optical magnetometers designed for detection of fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG). The individual magnetometers are configured with a small volume with intense optical pumping, surrounded by a large pump-free region. Spin-polarized atoms that diffuse out of the optical pumping region precess in the ambient magnetic field and are detected by a probe laser. Four such magnetometers, at the corners of a 7 cm square, are configured for gradiometry by feeding back the output of one magnetometer to a field coil to null uniform magnetic field noise at frequencies up to 200 Hz. We present the first measurements of fMCG signals using an atomic magnetometer.
Efficient syntheses of new classes of regiochemically pure benzoporphyrin derivatives

Starting from rhodoporphyrin-SV dimethylo ester 4 and phylloerythrin methyl ester 5 new classes of isomerically pure benzoporphyrin analogues 7, 8, 11–17 were synthesized in high yields. These compounds have strong long wavelength absorptions in the red region and demonstrate activity against a transplanted mouse tumor.