cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race and Domestic International Law in the United States

This article explores how the 'Full Faith and Credit' Clause of Article IV affected state laws governing slavery and race before 1865 since states were not obligated to extend comity to laws which prejudiced the rights of their governments and of their citizens. However, the ease of interstate travel made slavery an issue for domestic international law. Two significant fugitive slave cases, Prigg v. Pennsylvania and Jones v. Van Zandt, held that race determined status, setting the law of slave states as the standard for American jurisprudence with fugitive slaves, free blacks in slave states, and slaves travelling through free states.
An algorithm for off-line detection of phases in execution profiles

This paper describes a method for the detection of phases in time-series data. The specific application considered is time-series data which describes an execution profile of a parallel program. The algorithm is described and examples are presented. This paper presents the problem in the broader sense of general off-line time-series analysis. In analyzing time-series data, off-line algorithms enjoy the luxury of more computationally intensive approaches than possible with on-line algorithms. This paper describes an off-line method for the analysis of time-series data which detects periods of maximum homogeneity in time-series data, specifically phases in execution profiles. The technique is applied to execution profiles from program executions on hypercube computers. This is used to provide another means of workload characterization, and has been used to predict the speedup of parallel programs.
Half-filled Landau level, topological insulator surfaces, and three-dimensional quantum spin liquids

The half-filled Landau level can support a plethora of exotic strongly correlated states. The authors interconnect a recently proposed Dirac particle theory of the half-filled Landau level with the physics of spin liquids and the surface states of topological insulators. Additionally, they suggest that composite fermions can be viewed as dipolar bound states of charge/vortex composites and show that their transport properties violate the conventional Wiedemann-Franz law.
Comparison of the fates of ingested leucine and ingested 2-ketoisocaproate in rats.

We previously reported that the ratio, R, of 14C to 3H in the leucine of whole body protein, measured 6 h after ingestion of (3H)leucine and (1-14C)2-ketoisocaproate is equal to ratio of the dose of leucine to the dose of 2-ketoisocaproate (KIC) (on a leucine-free diet) required to achieve the same rate of growth. To determine whether R is dependent on the interval between injection and sampling, R was measured at intervals in purified whole body protein after oral injection of these isotopes in groups of rats; it was constant from 1 h onward for 1 wk, averaging 0.64 +/- 0.01 (means +/- SEM). Thus, the extent of incorporation into the leucine of whole body protein of ingested KIC remains close to 64% of the incorporation of ingested leucine administered as such simultaneously, from 1 h onward for at least 1 wk.
Induction of Mammary Tumors in Aging Rats by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: Role of DNA Synthesis During Carcinogenesis

Two routes of administration were used to test the susceptibility of the mammary gland of the rat to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis in relation to age of the tissue. In one series of experiments, 60-, 70-, 90-, 120-, 150-, and 200-day-old female noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats were given DMBA iv. In parallel experiments, rats of the same ages as those above were given DMBA by local application. Mammary tumors developed in 80-90% of the 60- and 70-day-old rats and in 40% of the 90-day-old rats. Rats 120 days old and older were completely "refractory" to DMBA. In contrast, all rats, irrespective of their ages, developed tumors when DMBA was applied locally. The DNA synthesis labeling index (LI) of mammary glands of rats in two series of experiments was examined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography at 24, 48, and 72 hours after DMBA treatment. DMBA, given iv significantly inhibited DNA synthesis in mammary glands, but DMBA applied locally significantly increased the LI of the mammary glands. Thus the LI of the mammary glands in 60-day-old rats increased from 8% (control, untreated) to 16% (rats receiving local applications of DMBA), whereas the LI of the mammary glands in 150-day-old rats increased from 1.15% (control, untreated) to 8% (rats receiving local application of DMBA).
Penicillin therapy of diphtheria carriers; an analysis of 70 cases.

The diphtheria carrier problem and its importance in children is discussed. Non-penicillin therapy of diphtheria carriers is briefly reviewed and commented upon. Literature on penicillin therapy in the diphtheria carriers is reviewed. An analysis of the results of 70 cases of diphtheria carriers treated by different forms of penicillin therapy is presented and commented upon, especially in regard to the correlation between the effectiveness of the therapy and the pathology of the nose and throat. Rational treatment of diphtheria carriers is suggested in the conclusion of the paper.
Measurement of the beta-nu correlation using magneto-optically trapped 21Na.

The beta-neutrino correlation coefficient, , in is inferred from detecting the and low-energy recoil daughter nucleus. is produced at the 88-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and 800 000 atoms are maintained in a magneto-optical trap. From the measured time of flight of recoil ions in the presence of a drift electric field, we find . There may be a dependence on the trapped atom population. This and other systematic uncertainties are discussed.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Relationship between Disengagement, Exhaustion and Turnover Intention among IT Professionals Employed at a University

Employee turnover among information technology IT professionals continues to be a major issue for the IT field Armstrong & Riemenschneider, 2011; Carayon, Schoepke, Hoonakker, Haims, & Brunette, 2006; Moore, 2000a; Rigas, 2009. One reason for turnover among IT professionals is burnout that may result in turnover Armstrong & Riemenschneider, 2011; Kalimo & Toppinen, 1995; McGee, 1996; Moore, 2000a. Using the Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout as a conceptual framework, this non-experimental survey research study quantifies the relationships between exhaustion, disengagement, and turnover intention among IT professionals employed at a university located in a major metropolitan area. The online survey consisted of two survey instruments-the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory OLBI that measures the burnout dimensions of exhaustion and disengagement and the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale MOAQ-JSS that measures turnover intention. Exhaustion and disengagement were both significantly related to the two-item turnover measure. A stepwise regression model including exhaustion and disengagement explained 53% of the variance in turnover intention. Disengagement contributed significantly to the prediction of turnover intention after considering exhaustion in the regression model suggesting a unique contribution of the variable to the prediction of turnover intention. These findings underscore the importance of examining each dimension of burnout separately when predicting turnover intention among IT professionals.
Expression of the endogenous galactose‐binding protein galectin‐3 correlates with the malignant potential of tumors in the central nervous system

BACKGROUND The 31-kilodalton β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-3 has been associated with cellular transformation and metastasis. Because neural tissues contain large amounts of glycoconjugates, and endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins have been described in the human brain, the authors examined the expression of galectin-3 in human brain tumors and metastases to the central nervous system. METHODS Brain tumors were categorized by the World Health Organization system and galectin-3 expression by immunoperoxidase staining using a quantitative staining score. RESULTS Glioblastomas (Grade 4 astrocytomas) all stained strongly for galectin-3, whereas low grade astrocytomas (Grade 2) did not express the endogenous lectin. Anaplastic astrocytomas (Grade 3) exhibited intermediate expression. The staining score was significantly associated with tumor grade (P < 0.001). Normal brain tissue and benign tumors did not express galectin-3, whereas metastases to the brain were all positive for galectin-3 expression. Metastases expressed significantly more galectin-3 than the primary tumors from which they were derived (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 expression correlates with the malignant potential of tumors in the central nervous system. Cancer 1997; 80:776-87. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Respiration rate, internal atmosphere, and ethanol and acetaldehyde accumulation in heat-treated mango fruit

Mature green mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit were heated with forced-air at 46°C and 95–100% RH for 3 and 4 h or 48°C for 5 h. Respiration rate increased 312-fold and 5-fold during treatment at 46°C and 48°C, respectively. After cooling to 20°C, CO2 production remained higher in heated fruit for 4 days (46°C) or 6 days (48°C), then fell below that of control fruit. Immediately after heat treatment, the internal CO2 concentration increased to 9% (46°C) or 13% (48°C) and O2 concentration decreased to 11% (46°C) or 6% (48°C). While O2 concentration returned to control levels within 6 h after heat treatment, CO2 levels remained elevated. Acetaldehyde and ethanol concentrations increased after heat treatment at 46°C and 48°C and remained elevated 6 h after treatment in fruit treated at 48°C for 5 h. Heating mangos with hot forced-air at 95–100% relative humidity did not provide an acceptable quarantine treatment for ‘Keitt’ mangos because of internal breakdown.
Insulin secretion in relation to fatness in cattle

The insulin secretory response to tolbutamide was examined in cattle to determine: whether this agent is insulinogenic in this species, what effect age has on insulin secreting ability, and whether the insulin response is related to body fatness. Intravenous injection of sodium tolbutamide (27 mg kg−0.75) caused a three- to sevenfold rise in plasma insulin concentration, but the response was delayed and protracted in comparison with that seen in non-ruminants. The insulin response was higher at 20 than at 12 months of age. The insulin response was not related to the proportion of dissectible fat in the empty body, and it was lower in Hereford than Friesian steers despite the Herefords being slightly fatter. It was concluded that tolbutamide is insulinogenic in cattle and its effectiveness increases with age. Unlike the non-ruminant, there is no association between fatness and insulin response to tolbutamide in cattle compared at the same age.
High histamine levels in specific hypothalamic nuclei of Brattleboro rats lacking vasopressin

Abstract Histamine levels were determined in whole hypothalamus and specific hypothalamic nuclei of male 9-week-old homozygous Brattleboro rats lacking vasopressin and presenting the syndrome of diabetes insipidus (DI rats). These levels were compared to those in heterozygous Brattleboro rats with a partial deficit in vasopressin (HZ rats) and those in Long Evans control rats (LE rats). In whole hypothalamus, histamine levels in DI rats were higher than those found in HZ and LE rats. DI rats showed histamine levels higher than those present in LE rats in the nuclei supraopticus, paraventricularis and suprachiasmatis and in the area retrochiasmatica. Vasopressin replacement produced a selective decrease in histamine levels of DI rats, restricted to the area retrochiasmatica and nuclei supraopticus and paraventricularis. In contrast, vasopressin increased histamine levels in the area retrochiasmatica and eminentia mediana of HZ rats. In other areas normally rich in vasopressin such as the nuclei arcuatus and the eminentia mediana, the histamine content was not different among LE, HZ or DI rats. Our results suggest a physiological interaction between vasopressin and histamine systems in specific hypothalamic areas of the rat and support the hypothesis of a role of brain shitamine on the central control of water balance.
Microfluidic, marker-free isolation of circulating tumor cells from blood samples

The ability to isolate and analyze rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has the potential to further our understanding of cancer metastasis and enhance the care of cancer patients. In this protocol, we describe the procedure for isolating rare CTCs from blood samples by using tumor antigen–independent microfluidic CTC-iChip technology. The CTC-iChip uses deterministic lateral displacement, inertial focusing and magnetophoresis to sort up to 107 cells/s. By using two-stage magnetophoresis and depletion antibodies against leukocytes, we achieve 3.8-log depletion of white blood cells and a 97% yield of rare cells with a sample processing rate of 8 ml of whole blood/h. The CTC-iChip is compatible with standard cytopathological and RNA-based characterization methods. This protocol describes device production, assembly, blood sample preparation, system setup and the CTC isolation process. Sorting 8 ml of blood sample requires 2 h including setup time, and chip production requires 2–5 d.
Expression of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix ME1 E-protein during development and aging of the murine cerebellum

Genesis of cerebellar granule cells is controlled by key transcription factors, such as the lineage-specific basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor MATH-1, whose activity is dependent upon dimerization with bHLH E-proteins. In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms of bHLH proteins orchestrating cerebellar development, we explored the spatio-temporal expression of the ME1 E-protein. Our results reveal that ME1 expression is first detected in the cerebellar primordium and then in the rhombic lip cells at E12.5. Its expression persists in the emerging external germinal layer during embryonic expansion. In adult cerebellum, prominent ME1 expression is detected in mature granule cells located in the internal granular layer. However, ME1 expression is not sustained in aged cerebellum. A similar declined pattern of expression is also observed in the aging hippocampus.
Biphasic Effect of Dexamethasone on Urinary Prostaglandins in Rats: Relation to Alterations in Renal Medulla Triglycerides and Prostaglandin Metabolism*

This study was designed to characterize the time course of the effects of dexamethasone (2.5 mg kg-1 week-1, sc) on the renal arachidonate-prostaglandin (PG) system and to define the effect of the steroid on the interstitial cells of the renal inner medulla (RIC). The RIC are rich in triglycerides, which, due to their high content of arachidonic acid, may be a source of arachidonate for PG synthesis during conditions of phospholipase inhibition. After 1 day of dexamethasone treatment, the urinary excretion of PGE2 and PGF2a was reduced to about 50% of the control value (P < 0.05), and angiotensin IIinduced release of arachidonic acid and PGs from renal medulla slices was blunted (P < 0.05). In contrast, dexamethasone treatment did not affect ionophore A23187-induced release of PGs and arachidonic acid from renal medulla slices. By day 3 of dexamethasone treatment, urinary excretion of PGE2 and PGF2a had returned to control levels, and by days 5 and 14 the excretion rates of both were clearly increased (P ...
Low-energy γ-ray spectra of 75Se and 124Sb

Abstract The low-energy γ-ray spectra of 75Se and 124Sb have been measured using a thin-crystal scintillation spectrometer in conjunction with an absorption technique to reduce the effect of degraded high-energy y-rays. A 24.4 keV γ-ray was found in 75Se with, an intensity of 0.032 ± 0.010 relative to Iγ (265 keV) = 100. An upper limit of 0.001 photons per disintegration has been found for the intensity of a 7.7 keV γ-ray in 124Sb for which tentative evidence has previously been reported.
A clear map of the lower cranial nerves at the superior carotid triangle.

Background The lower cranial nerves must be identified to avoid iatrogenic injury during skull base and high cervical approaches. Prompt recognition of these structures using basic landmarks could reduce surgical time and morbidity. Methods The anterior triangle of the neck was dissected in 30 cadaveric head sides. The most superficial segments of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and its superior laryngeal nerves, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves were exposed and designated into smaller anatomic triangles. The midpoint of each nerve segment inside the triangles was correlated to the angle of the mandible (AM), mastoid tip (MT), and bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Results A triangle bounded by the styloglossus muscle, external carotid artery, and facial artery housed the glossopharyngeal nerve. This nerve segment was 0.06 ± 0.71 cm posterior to the AM and 2.50 ± 0.59 cm inferior to the MT. The vagus nerve ran inside the carotid sheath posterior to internal carotid artery and common carotid artery bifurcation in 48.3% of specimens. A triangle formed by the posterior belly of digastric muscle, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and internal jugular vein housed the accessory nerve, 1.90 ± 0.60 cm posterior to the AM and 2.30 ± 0.57 cm inferior to the MT. A triangle outlined by the posterior belly of digastric muscle, internal jugular vein, and common facial vein housed the hypoglossal nerve, which was 0.82 ± 0.84 cm posterior to the AM and 3.64 ± 0.70 cm inferior to the MT. Conclusions Comprehensible landmarks can be defined to help expose the lower cranial nerves to avoid injury to this complex region.
The effect of local application of homocysteine on neuronal activity in the central nervous system of the rat

Abstract Homocysteine, a monocarboxylic, sulfur-containing amino acid, produces convulsions in rats and mice when administered systemically. Convulsions and high serum concentrations of homocysteine are among the symptoms that characterize patients with homocystinuria, a hereditary disorder of amino acid metabolism. In order to evaluate the effects of homocysteine on the central nervous system directly, extracellular recordings were made from neurons in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum and midbrain during local application of homocysteine by pressure ejection or iontophoresis. Both methods of drug delivery produced dose-dependent increases in the activity of neurons in every area tested. Activity was increased by D, L-homocysteine and L-glutamate in 67 percent of cells tested with both drugs. The doses required to produce equivalent excitations in this group of cells were similar, suggesting that homocysteine is at least as potent as glutamate. The excitatory effects of both homocysteine and glutamate were antagonized by local application of betaine, a biological methyl donor which blocks convulsions produced by systematic administration of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock as well as homocysteine. The effects of local application of homocysteine were also blocked by local application of the glutamate antagonist glutamate diethylester (GDEE). In 6 of 7 cells tested, GDEE appeared to preferentially affect homocysteine-induced excitations. These data indicate that homocysteine has an excitatory action on neurons, a finding which may account for some of the symptoms associated with certain disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Fibrosis in scleroderma

Systemic sclerosis or scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease in which fibrosis of skin, vasculature, and major organs may lead to severe disability and death. The accumulation of increased extracellular matrix proteins is largely the result of increased fibroblast biosynthetic activity regulated at the gene transcriptional level. Fibroblast interactions with activated immune cells and their products (cytokines), endothelial cells, and matrix components contribute to the altered fibroblast phenotype in vivo. In addition, enhanced fibroblast responsiveness to transforming growth factor-β, differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, resistance to apoptosis, and induction of autocrine signaling pathways may lead to overgrowth or selection of high-collagen expressing fibroblasts. The final expression of an abnormal genetic profile at the cellular level may thus become independent of exogenous stimuli and contribute to the maladaptive fibrosis of scleroderma. Identification of metabolic pathways that lead to pathologic fibrosis may allow the application of targeted therapies for the disease.
The role of medial temporal lobe in retrieving spatial and nonspatial relations from episodic and semantic memory

This study examined the involvement of medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus, in processing spatial and nonspatial relations using episodic and semantic versions of a relational judgment task. Participants studied object arrays and were tested on different types of relations between pairs of objects. Three prevalent views of hippocampal function were considered. Cognitive map theory (O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. USA: Oxford University Press) emphasizes hippocampal involvement in spatial relational tasks. Multiple trace theory (Nadel and Moscovitch (1997) Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex Curr Opin Neurobiol 7:217-227) emphasizes hippocampal involvement in episodic tasks. Eichenbaum and Cohen's ((2001) From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain. USA: Oxford University Press) relational theory predicts equivalent hippocampal involvement in all relational tasks within both semantic and episodic memory. The fMRI results provided partial support for all three theories, though none of them fit the data perfectly. We observed hippocampal activation during all relational tasks, with increased activation for spatial compared to nonspatial relations, and for episodic compared to semantic relations. The placement of activation along the anterior-posterior axis of the hippocampus also differentiated the conditions. We suggest a view of hippocampal function in memory that incorporates aspects of all three theories.
A social dysfunction rating scale.

THE SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION RATING SCALE (SDRS) was developed primarily as a research tool to assess the dysfunctional aspects of adjustment. Most scales have been devised to explore the positive end of the adjustment continuum, yet normality itself is an elusive and ill-defined concept. SABSmN 1 has suggested that many of the parameters of abnormality are so much easier to measure. Some behavioral scientists have stressed the importance of coping, problem solving, and adaptive behavior as elements of adjustment. This is strongly reflected in the work of BENEDEK, 2 BmRING, 3 EVJKSON, 4 GRINI~R and SPIEGEL, 6 JANIS, 6 and GORDON. 7 Effective functioning would suggest equilibrium within the person and in his interaction with his environment. It would involve adequate and integrated satisfaction of the person's needs related to his own goals and how he sees himself as achieving them. Dysfunction, on the other hand, implies discontent and unhappiness, accompanied by negative selfregarding attitudes. It furthermore suggests handicapping anxiety and other pathological interpersonal functions that reduce flexibility in coping with stressful situations or achieving self-actualization in what is to that person a significant role. Dysfunction can therefore be concerned with such matters as meaning of life, style of life, situational factors that pose environmental stresses, and personal capacities that hinder the person in coping with his environment and achieving gratification in the usual ways and to the usual degrees. From this standpoint, dysfunction is seen as coping with either personal, interpersonal, or geographic environment in a maladaptive manner. In this respect, the SDRS seeks to quantify the objective observations of man's dysfunctional interaction with his environment.
EPR characterization of free radical intermediates formed during ultrasound exposure of cell culture media.

Abstract Free radicals and/or hydrogen peroxide produced by exposure of cells to ultrasound are potentially cytotoxic and mutagenic. The formation and type of free radical species can be substantially modulated by the chemical composition of the media in which the ultrasound exposures of cells are carried out. In the current study, we examined the free radical intermediates formed during ultrasound exposure of a typical cell culture medium (RPMI-1640); the dominant free radicals that were identified by spin trapping were derived from the hydrophobic amino acids Trp, Leu, and Phe, and were formed by hydrogen abstraction from these amino acids. Compared to exposures in phosphate-buffered saline, the yield of OH radicals and H2O2 was significantly reduced in the cell culture medium, glucose (the main organic component in the medium), and the hydrophobic amino acids (Trp, Phe, Tyr, Leu, Val, Met) being chiefly responsible for this effect. In contrast, other nonhydrophobic amino acids did not contribute significantly to the OH or H2O2 decrease. These findings are consistent with the accumulation of hydrophobic solutes at the liquid–gas interface of the collapsing cavitation bubbles resulting in increased efficiency of radical scavenging.
Tropical Atlantic variability in a coupled GCM

Abstract Summary: Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) is simulated in a coupled GCM. The TAV seems to be consistent with a dipole mode that involves both surface and subsurface oceanic dynamics. The poor correlation of the tropical North and South Atlantic SST is suggested to be distorted by the presence of a symmetric tropical Atlantic mode.
Elimination Reactions in the Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase: Bioactivation of Cytotoxic 4-Thiaalkanoic Acids†

A range of 4-thiaacyl-CoA derivatives has been synthesized to study the bioactivation of cytotoxic fatty acids by the mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and the peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase. Both enzymes catalyze α-proton abstraction from normal acyl-CoA substrates with elimination of a β-hydride equivalent to the FAD prosthetic group. In competition with this oxidation reaction, 4-thiaacyl-CoA thioesters undergo dehydrogenase-catalyzed β-elimination, providing that the corresponding thiolates are sufficiently good leaving groups and can be accommodated by the active site of the enzyme. Thus, the dehydrogenase catalyzes the elimination of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 4-nitrothiophenolate from 4-(2-benzothiazole)-4-thiabutanoyl-CoA and 4-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-thiabutanoyl-CoA, respectively. However, the 2,4-dinitrophenyl-analogue appears too bulky and the unsubstituted thiophenyl-derivative is insufficiently activated for significant elimination. Molecular modeling shows that steric interference ...
HIV-1 Vpr: Genetic Diversity and Functional Features from the Perspective of Structure

RNA viruses are well known for the enormous genetic variation. Retroviruses share this feature with other RNA viruses, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been extensively investigated in this regard. Based on the DNA sequence analysis, HIV-1 has been classified into three groups; M, N, and O, with viral subtypes in each group. While the genetic variation between viral isolates has been documented throughout the genome, specifically, the env gene exhibits high variation. Analysis of the env gene from the sequential samples from HIV-1-infected patients reveals variation in the range of 1% per year. The variation observed in individual HIV-1 genes in the form of changes at the nucleotide level, as expected, should result in one of the possible scenarios: (1) no change in the amino acid, (2) conservative change in the amino acid, (3) nonconservative change in the amino acid, and (4) premature stop codon resulting in a truncated protein. Hence, it is likely that the variation may impact on the...
NMR water mobility in xanthan and locust bean gum mixtures: possible explanation of microbial response

Abstract Molecular and structural mobility of xanthan and locust bean gum mixtures (with and without mannitol) were studied in relation to microbial stability. Molecular mobility was measured by solid state 1 H and 2 H NMR and by 2 H high resolution NMR while differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to investigate structural mobility. The NMR mobile signal was found to increase significantly with increasing moisture content and, at above 30% moisture content, the solid component disappeared with observed structural collapse. Cell survival decreased with moisture content increasing from 6 to 15% corresponding with an increasing mobile proton and deuterium signals (i.e. increased mobility). Presence of mannitol protected the cells from death at increasing moisture content and a relationship with a lower mobile 1 H signal (as compared with the control) seems to be present. A strong mannitol–water interaction, leading to a decreased mobility, is suggested to play a role. No evidence of a glassy to rubbery transition was observed from DSC and DMA analyses, suggesting that structural relaxation did not play a significant role in NMR solid-liquid transition, i.e. NMR molecular mobility.
The absence of endogenous β-endorphin selectively blocks phosphorylation and desensitization of mu opioid receptors following partial sciatic nerve ligation

Abstract Phosphorylation of specific sites in the second intracellular loop and in the C-terminal domain have previously been suggested to cause desensitization and internalization of the mu-opioid receptor (MOP-R). To assess sites of MOP-R phosphorylation in vivo , affinity-purified, phosphoselective antibodies were raised against either phosphothreonine-180 in the second intracellular loop (MOR-P1) or the C-terminal domain of MOP-R containing phosphothreonine-370 and phosphoserine-375 (MOR-P2). We found that MOR-P2-immunoreactivity (IR) was significantly increased within the striatum of wild-type C57BL/6 mice after injection of the agonist fentanyl. Pretreatment with the antagonist naloxone blocked the fentanyl-induced increase. Furthermore, mutant mice lacking MOP-R showed only non-specific nuclear MOR-P2-IR before or after fentanyl treatment, confirming the specificity of the MOR-P2 antibodies. To assess whether MOP-R phosphorylation occurs following endogenous opioid release, we induced chronic neuropathic pain by partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL), which caused a significant increase in MOR-P2-IR in the striatum. pSNL also induced signs of mu opioid receptor tolerance demonstrated by a rightward shift in the morphine dose response in the tail withdrawal assay and by a reduction in morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). Mutant mice selectively lacking all forms of the β-endorphin peptides derived from the proopiomelanocortin ( Pomc ) gene did not show increased MOR-P2-IR, decreased morphine antinociception, or reduced morphine CPP following pSNL. In contrast gene deletion of either proenkephalin or prodynorphin opioids did not block the effects of pSNL. These results suggest that neuropathic pain caused by pSNL in wild-type mice activates the release of the endogenous opioid β-endorphin, which subsequently induces MOP-R phosphorylation and opiate tolerance.
Geriatric anxiety inventory: factor structure and associations with cognitive status.

Objectives The factor structure and clinical correlates of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory were determined within a sample of patients with cognitive impairment. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected within an outpatient Memory Disorders Center. Clinical participants were diagnosed with either mild dementia (N = 45) or cognitive impairment, no dementia (N = 55). A comparison group of participants without subjective memory complaints (N = 50) was also included. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory was administered and scored as both the 20-item version and 5-item short form. Measures of cognitive status, depressive symptoms, and functioning were also completed. Results Clinical participants reported more severe anxiety than did participants in the comparison group; however, the two patient groups did not differ. Principal components analysis revealed a four-factor structure of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Item endorsement on factors characterized by excessive worry and difficulty making decisions were associated with a nearly twofold (odds ratio [OR]: 1.86) and nearly sixfold (OR: 5.70) odds of having cognitive impairment, respectively. The short-form version was composed of a single factor, and item endorsement was associated with a twofold increased odds of having cognitive impairment (OR: 2.02). Conclusion Psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory are acceptable among patients with cognitive impairment. Anxiety symptoms were common, and symptoms characterized by excessive worry and difficulty making decisions demonstrated the strongest associations with cognitive status.
Characteristic surfaces for three position motion generation with planar four bar mechanisms

Surfaces caracteristiques pour l'etude des mecanismes plans a quatre barres generant une trajectoire devant passer par trois points donnes
Analysis of Classical Root-Finding Methods Applied to Digital Maximum Power Point Tracking for Sustainable Photovoltaic Energy Generation

This paper examines the application of various classical root-finding methods to digital maximum power point tracking (DMPPT). An overview of root-finding methods such as the Newton Raphson method, Secant method, bisection method, regula falsi method, and a proposed modified regula falsi method (MRFM) applied to photovoltaic (PV) applications is presented. These methods are compared among themselves. Some of their features are also compared with other commonly used maximum power point (MPP) tracking methods. Issues found when implementing these root-finding methods based on continuous variables in a digital domain are explored. Some of these discussed issues include numerical stability, digital implementation of differential operators, and quantization error. Convergence speed is also explored. The analysis is used to provide practical insights into the design of a DMPPT based on classical root-finding algorithms. A new DMPPT based on an MRFM is proposed and used as the basis for the discussion. It is shown that this proposed method is faster than the other discussed methods that ensure convergence to the MPP. The discussion is approached from a practical perspective and also includes theoretical analysis to support the observations. Extensive simulation and experimental results with hardware prototypes verify the analysis.
Two Classes of Chromosome-Sized Molecules Are Present in Bremia lactucae

Abstract Francis, D. M., and Michelmore, R. W. 1993. Two classes of chromosome-sized molecules are present in Bremia lactucae. Experimental Mycology, 17, 284-300. The size and number of chromosomes from Bremia lactucae have been estimated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The karyotype consists of a minimum of seven chromosomes between 3.0 and at least 8 Mb and a set of polymorphic molecules between 300 kb and 1.6 Mb. Genetic and hybridization analyses confirmed the distinction between the large chromosomes and the smaller polymorphic molecules. The polymorphic molecules are linear, nonribosomal, and located in the nucleus; they are related in sequence and do not segregate in a Mendelian fashion. The polymorphic molecules are therefore either B chromosomes or large linear plasmids. Chromosomes carrying two avirulence genes and several restriction fragment length polymorphism markers have been identified.
Regulation of renal sodium calcium exchange by PTH: Alteration with age

Parathyroid hormone, when incubated with renal cells acting in vivo and in vitro, increased Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity. The effect of parathyroid hormone was specific for biologically active analogs and could be mimicked by cAMP and forskolin. Parathyroid hormone-sensitive Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity was markedly blunted in cells from senescent rats. Parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase was also decreased in aging. In contrast, forskolin-stimulated Na(+)-dependent Ca2+ efflux and adenylate cyclase did not change with senescence. Decrease of PTH binding sites was observed in cells from old rats. Further, cells from 24-month-old rats had decreased Gs and Gi proteins, as detected by ADP-ribosylation. Since serum iPTH level was elevated in the old rat and could contribute to the desensitization to PTH, we tested this hypothesis by comparing sham-operated and PTX animals. The decreases in PTH-sensitive Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity and adenylate cyclase activity in cells from 24-month-old rats could be completely negated by parathyroidectomy. Decrease in PTH binding sites and contents of Gs and Gi in cells from aged-rats was partially negated by the surgery. In conclusion, our results suggested that the age related blunting in responses of renal cells to PTH was due, at least in part, to the elevated serum iPTH level in old rats.
Effects of phosphorylcholine-lipopolysaccharide conjugates on the induction of anti-idiotype-mediated B-cell tolerance

Preincubation of BALB/c spleen cell cultures for 24 hr with phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing antigen together with antibody against the major idiotype (id) of anti-PC antibody renders them irreversibly unresponsive to subsequent stimulation with the antigen alone. In contrast, cultures preincubated for 24 hr with anti-id antibody, either alone or together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulted in an anti-PC response comparable to that induced in control cultures incubated with mock anti-id antibody. After such a 24-hr preincubation with anti-id antibody and various PC-LPS conjugates possessing intact activity for polyclonal B-cell activation, the anti-PC response was inversely proportional to the epitope (PC) density on the LPS conjugates. In addition, similar preincubation of cultures with a non-mitogenic low dose of PC-LPS in the presence of anti-id antibody induced suppression of the anti-PC response as observed with a specific antigen. These results suggest that specific epitope delivers an additional tolerogenic signal during induction of B-cell suppression by anti-id antibody. This epitope effect cannot be replaced by, and is antagonistic to, the mitogenic signal of LPS in the course of B-cell inactivation.
Predicting the onset of inappropriate compensatory behaviors in undergraduate college women.

Abstract The present study examined various factors from the interactive and sociocultural models of bulimia nervosa as predictors of the onset of compensatory behaviors. Participants (n = 237) completed a series of questionnaires assessing dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, binge eating, perfectionism, and self-esteem at two time points one year apart. Women who did not engage in compensatory behaviors at time one but did engage in compensatory behaviors at time two (n = 21) were compared to women who engaged in compensatory behaviors at both time points (n = 28) and women who did not engage in compensatory behaviors at either time point (n = 188). Body dissatisfaction and perfectionism at time one significantly predicted women who began using compensatory behaviors compared to women who did not engage in compensatory behaviors at either time point. Women who experienced an onset of compensatory behaviors also reported significantly greater body dissatisfaction at time 1 than women who engaged in compensatory behaviors for the duration of the study. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Isotopic substitution as a probe of cluster structure, aufbau and isomerism in (benzene)N, N=11–20

Isotopically substituted benzene clusters (dilute C6H6 in C6D6) in the N=11–20 range have been formed in a helium jet and interrogated through the C6H6 molecular B2u←A1g 000 and 601 transitions. The isotopic shift for perdeuterated vs hydrogenated benzene is sufficiently large that the former is spectroscopically transparent in the region of investigation. Line shapes for the singly substituted clusters are remarkably simple in appearance, being dominated by a few sharp lines at large spectral shift. This indicates that the predominant observed absorption for each size derives from the cluster’s interior site. Analysis of the data strongly corroborates the icosahedral aufbau hypothesis and, in particular, a shell closing at N=13. Some aspects of the spectral simplification offer compelling new evidence for distinct stable isomers for several cluster sizes.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Was the “One-Size-Fits-All” Approach Justified?

Does the level of discovered fraud in publicly traded companies justify the “one-size-fits-all” philosophy of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act? Especially considering the costs to implement Section 404? We know that Congress has made attempts to exempt firms with market capitalization below $75 million. Given the relatively low discovered financial fraud in companies at this level, the authors of this article believe the change may be justified. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coping After Bone Marrow Transplantation: The Predictive Roles of Optimism and Dispositional Coping

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an invasive and taxing treatment for certain cancers. This study investigated the psychological constructs of optimism and dispositional coping and their relative predictive role for situational coping. Participants were 85 cancer patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of T-cell depletion for prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) who completed baseline and 1-year interviews. Results of simultaneous regression analyses showed that optimism did not predict situational instrumental or palliative coping strategies but was negatively predictive of situational avoidant coping. Each of the three situational coping strategies was most strongly predicted by the corresponding dispositional coping strategy.
A new splice variant of the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor

Abstract In this study we have identified a new splice variant of the IP3 receptor (IP3R) transcript in a number of mouse cell lines (e.g. moust T.-lynphoma cells, mouse splenic lymphocytes and mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell lines) using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reacton. This varinet IP3 receptor (designated as IP3RV-S2, ≈ 453bp) is larger than the non-neuronal form (402 bp) but smaller than the neuronal form (522 bp) of the IP3 receptors. Nucleotide sequencing data indicate that this new isoform (IP3RV-S2) containes a 51 nucleotide insertion within the non-neuronal form of IP3R at the S2 splice site. During mitogenic stimulation by Con A, the ratio between IP3R (non-neuronal form) and IP3RV-SE (variant isoform) in mosue splenic T-lymphocytes increased approximately 1.5-fold. The change in relative amounts of these IP3 receptors isolforms during mitogenic-stimulation suggests that T-lymphocytes may have different requirements for the IP3 isoforms in order to control intracellular calcium mobilization. The selective expression of these two IP3R isoforms (IP3RV-S2 and non-neuronal IP3R) may be critically important for the onset of signal transduction and cell activation.
The distribution of the low frequency periodogram ordinates of fractionally differenced series and their inclusion in two estimators of the differencing parameter

The commonly held belief that the low freqrency ordinates of the periodogram of fractionally differenced models are unbiased for the spectral density, independent and exponentially distributed gives rise to some methods of estimating the differencing parameter d, in paricular Geweke and porter-Hudak (GPH),(1983) and Janacek(1994). Hurvich and Beltrao (1993) and Hurvich and Ray (1995) gave results on the bias ane expressions for the distribution under certain conditions which led them to suggest using a tapered periodogram and omitting the first orkinate for the GPH estimatot. In this paper we make further empirical investigations into the distribuion of both tapered and tntapered low frequency periodogram ordinates for vlues of d in the range {-2.25,2}.We then investigate which range of ordinates should be incuded in the GPH and Janacek estimators for models with a variety of short term componcnts and values of d, including nonstationary and noninvertible. Surprisingly we find that these estimators are us...
Adenosine receptor antagonist and augmented vasodilation during hypoxic exercise

We tested the hypothesis that adenosine contributes to augmented skeletal muscle vasodilation during hypoxic exercise. In separate protocols, subjects performed incremental rhythmic forearm exercise (10% and 20% of maximum) during normoxia and normocapnic hypoxia (80% arterial O2 saturation). In protocol 1 (n = 8), subjects received an intra-arterial administration of saline (control) and aminophylline (adenosine receptor antagonist). In protocol 2 (n = 10), subjects received intra-arterial phentolamine (alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist) and combined phentolamine and aminophylline administration. Forearm vascular conductance (FVC; in ml x min(-1).100 mmHg(-1)) was calculated from forearm blood flow (in ml/min) and blood pressure (in mmHg). In protocol 1, the change in FVC (DeltaFVC; change from normoxic baseline) during hypoxic exercise with saline was 172 +/- 29 and 314 +/- 34 ml x min(-1) x 100 mmHg(-1) (10% and 20%, respectively). Aminophylline administration did not affect DeltaFVC during hypoxic exercise at 10% (190 +/- 29 ml x min(-1)x100 mmHg(-1), P = 0.4) or 20% (287 +/- 48 ml x min(-1) x 100 mmHg(-1), P = 0.3). In protocol 2, DeltaFVC due to hypoxic exercise with phentolamine infusion was 313 +/- 30 and 453 +/- 41 ml x min(-1) x 100 mmHg(-1) (10% and 20% respectively). DeltaFVC was similar at 10% (352 +/- 39 ml min(-1) x 100 mmHg(-1), P = 0.8) and 20% (528 +/- 45 ml x min(-1) x 100 mmHg(-1), P = 0.2) hypoxic exercise with combined phentolamine and aminophylline. In contrast, DeltaFVC to exogenous adenosine was reduced by aminophylline administration in both protocols (P < 0.05 for both). These observations suggest that adenosine receptor activation is not obligatory for the augmented hyperemia during hypoxic exercise in humans.
Some Properties and the Field Evaluation of the Pink Bollworm Sex Attractant

The terminal 2–3 segments of the abdomens of 4- to 5-day-old females were the best source of the sex attractant of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Males readily responded to the vapors expelled from a glass pipette contaminated with the attractant. The active substance was partially purified by silicic acid column and aluminum oxide thin-layer chromatography. A test showed the attractant could be used to capture pink bollworm males in the field.