cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveillance and drug resistance of bacterial dysentery in Shunyi district,Beijing from 2006 to 2012

Objective:To study the predominant strains of shigella that caused dysentery and their sensitivity to different drugs in Shunyi district of Beijing from 2006 to 2012,so as to adopt targeted measures for prevention of antibiotics abuse. Methods:Shigella was identified and grouped according to WS287-2008 and GB16002-1995,and K-B method was used to determine their sensitivities to 11 antibiotics. Results:Of the 818 samples from the patients,fifty-seven samples were found positive(6. 97%),including 31 strains of Shigella Sonnet(54. 39%)and 26 strains of Shigella Flexneri(45. 61%). Shigella had different levels of resistance to all the drugs. 82. 46%of the strains were found resistant to 3 or more than 3 kinds of antibiotics. Nalidixic acid had the highest resistance rate,up to 92. 98%,while Oflocaxin had the highest sensitivity rate of 78. 94 %. Conclusion:Shigella Sonnet is the dominant strain of shigella infection in Shunyi district,followed by Shigella Flexneri. Shigella is generally resistant to many antibiotics,with serious multi-drug resistance. Due to the various characteristics of different shigella strains,drug combination and differential drug use should be considered in clinic to improve the therapy effect of antibiotics.
On Influences of Education Policies in Ming and Qing Dynasties on Science and Technology of China

The science and technology in ancient China took the leading role in the world,but During Ming and Qing Dynasties they declined and gradually lagged behind the West.One of the most important reasons was the backward education,and especially education policies in Ming and Qing Dynasties restricted the development of science and technology.As the education policies,characterized by adoring sages and supremacy of confucian,focused on "moral cultivation' and " talents development",they limited the advancement of science and technology of China.And imperial examinations which regulated the school education repulsed the science and technology education.
Satisfactory Results of the Exeter Revision Femoral Stem Used for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The Exeter cemented femoral stem has demonstrated excellent clinical and radiographic outcomes as well as long-term survivorship free from aseptic loosening. A shorter revision stem (125 mm) with a 44 offset became available for the purpose of cement-in-cement revision situations. In certain cases, this shorter revision stem may be used for various primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) where the standard length stem would require distally reaming the femoral canal. We sought to report on the early to midterm results of this specific stem when used for primary THA regarding (1) clinical and radiographic outcomes, (2) complications, and (3) survivorship. Methods Twenty-nine patients (33 hips) underwent a hybrid THA using the smaller revision Exeter cemented femoral stem. Twenty-five patients (28 hips) had at least 2 years of follow-up and were assessed for clinical and radiographic outcomes. All 33 hips were included in the analysis of complications and survivorship. The Kaplan-Meier survivorship was performed using revision for all causes and for aseptic loosening as the end points. Results The average clinical follow-up was 4 years (range, 2-7). Harris Hip Scores improved from a mean preoperative value of 56 (range, 23-96) to 90 (range, 51-100) at the latest follow-up. All patients demonstrated superior cement mantles with no signs of loosening. One patient suffered a B2 periprosthetic fracture and 1 patient experienced 2 episodes of instability. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier survivorship was 96.7% for all causes of revision and was 100% using aseptic loosening as the end point. Conclusion The shorter Exeter revision cemented femoral stem has favorable early to midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes when used for primary THA with a low complication rate and is a viable option in patients with narrow femoral canals where uncemented stem fixation is not desired.
Evolution of Thylakoid Structure

Photosynthesis, an ancient process, originated among the earliest forms of life. Its broad distribution through at least half of the eubacterial phyla is an indication of this antiquity and, as stated by Woese (1987), the complexity of this process deems it unlikely that such a process arose on multiple occasions. This chapter summarizes and compares the structure of reaction centers of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, purple bacteria, green bacteria and heliobacteria. Though there are two different types of contemporary photochemical reaction centers, recent comparative studies of structure and function revealed remarkable similarities that led to speculation of a common ancestor. A feature common to reaction centers is their association with a pigment bed that serves as a light-harvesting antenna. Evolutionary relationships of peripheral light-harvesting antenna complexes in chloroplasts also suggest a monophyletic origin of the organelle.
Acute Operative Intervention for Intracranial Hemorrhage in Adult Patients with Ventricular Assist Device Therapy Associated with Fatal Outcomes

Objective: Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are utilized more frequently in the management of patients with advanced heart failure due to benefits in survival and quality of life. Intracranial hemorrhagic injuries (HI) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality in VAD patients. The aim of this investigation was to describe prognostic variables in VAD patients with HI, describe the outcomes after neurosurgical intervention, and find indications for surgery. Methods: The records of 160 patients who underwent VAD implantation from 2007 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Data was abstracted to identify risk factors for the development of HI. Premorbid patient data and demographics were considered. Risk factors for increased mortality were investigated within the HI group. Detailed investigations were performed on patients undergoing operative intervention. Results: Twenty-three HIs were identified in 23 of the 156 VAD patients. A prior history of stroke and increased length of VAD therapy were found to be risks for HI. The 30-day mortality after HI was 69.6%. A presenting GCS 30mL, and increasing cerebral midline shift were significant risk factors for increased 30-day mortality. Six of 7 patients undergoing surgery died within the immediate post-operative period. The lone surviving patient underwent delayed operative intervention 11 days after HI. Conclusion: Despite improvements in morbidity with VAD implantation and survival after implant, HI remains a significant source of morbidity. This study has identified several potential risks for the development of HI and for increased mortality after HI. Acute operative interventions for HI were found to have limited success.
An Empirical Model and Ethnic Differences in Cultural Meanings Via Motives for Suicide

Objective The importance of cultural meanings via motives for suicide – what is considered acceptable to motivate suicide – has been advocated as a key step in understanding and preventing development of suicidal behaviors. There have been limited systematic empirical attempts to establish different cultural motives ascribed to suicide across ethnic groups. Method We used a mixed methods approach and grounded theory methodology to guide the analysis of qualitative data querying for meanings via motives for suicide among 232 Caucasians, Asian Americans, and Latino/a Americans with a history of suicide attempts, ideation, intent, or plan. We used subsequent logistic regression analyses to examine ethnic differences in suicide motive themes. Results This inductive approach of generating theory from data yielded an empirical model of 6 cultural meanings via motives for suicide themes: intrapersonal perceptions, intrapersonal emotions, intrapersonal behavior, interpersonal, mental health/medical, and external environment. Logistic regressions showed ethnic differences in intrapersonal perceptions (low endorsement by Latino/a Americans) and external environment (high endorsement by Latino/a Americans) categories. Conclusion Results advance suicide research and practice by establishing 6 empirically based cultural motives for suicide themes that may represent a key intermediary step in the pathway toward suicidal behaviors. Clinicians can use these suicide meanings via motives to guide their assessment and determination of suicide risk. Emphasis on environmental stressors rather than negative perceptions like hopelessness should be considered with Latino/a clients.
Regulation of Exercise-Induced Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle.

Physical exercise is a highly effective method to prevent several pathogenic conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, largely due to metabolic adaptations induced by exercise in skeletal muscle. Yet how exercise induces the beneficial effects in muscle remains to be fully elucidated. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that regulates nutrient recycling, energy production, and organelle quality control. The autophagy pathway is upregulated in response to stress during exercise and muscle contraction, and may be an important mechanism mediating exercise-induced health benefits. A number of studies have indicated that physical exercise induces non-selective autophagy and selective mitophagy in skeletal muscle in animal models and humans. The AMPK-ULK1 and the FoxO3 signaling pathways play an essential role in the activation of the upstream autophagy machinery in skeletal muscle during exercise. The autophagy activity is required for health benefits of exercise, as in different autophagy-deficient mouse lines exercise-induced effects are abolished. This review aims to summarize and highlight the most recent findings on the role of autophagy in muscle maintenance, the molecular pathways that upregulate autophagy during exercise, and the potential functions of exercise-induced autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal muscle.
Selective intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children is justified.

Abstract Aims Intraoperative cholangiograms (IOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy have been advocated to detect biliary anomalies and intraductal calculi. However, IOC increases operative time and patient irradiation, and therefore is not universally used. We hypothesise selective IOC may be a valuable tool in children. Methods A retrospective case note review was performed of all children who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a single institution by a single surgeon between January 2011 and March 2017. Demographics, radiological imaging, indications for surgery and IOC, and clinical outcomes were collected. Chi-Squared and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used for comparisons. Results Sixty-two patients were reviewed. Median follow-up was 2 months (0.1–60), and 53 (85%) had complete symptom resolution following surgery. Twenty-two patients underwent IOC. Six (27%) had anomalies undetected by preoperative imaging. IOC identified common bile duct (CBD) stones in 2 patients which were cleared at laparoscopy. One patient required subsequent ERCP for impacted stones. One patient has a long common channel and pancreatitis. Two patients have CBD strictures. These last 3 are awaiting biliary reconstruction. Presence of CBD dilatation or ductal stones on preoperative ultrasound were significantly associated with positive findings at IOC. No complications resulted from IOC. Patients who did not undergo IOC did not represent with missed anomalies. Conclusions Despite using multimodal preoperative imaging, IOC detected biliary anomalies requiring further treatment in 6/62 (10%) of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Our data support the use of IOC in selective patients with CBD dilatation or suspicion of ductal stones on preoperative imaging. Level of evidence Study of Diagnostic Test: Level III.
Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity

Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity reactions are not infrequent; however, serious acute-onset, presumably IgE-mediated or IgG and complement-mediated anaphylactic or serious delayed-onset T cell-mediated systemic reactions are considered extremely rare. Hypersensitivity can occur because of either the active vaccine component (antigen) or one of the other components. Postvaccination acute-onset hypersensitivity reactions include self-limited localized adverse events and, rarely, systemic reactions ranging from urticaria/angioedema to full-blown anaphylaxis with multisystem involvement. Risk of anaphylaxis after all vaccines is estimated to be 1.31 (95% CI, 0.90-1.84) per million vaccine doses, respectively. Serious hypersensitivity reactions after influenza vaccines are particularly important because of the large number of persons vaccinated annually. Influenza vaccines are unique in requiring annual changes in the vaccines' antigenic composition to match the predicted circulating influenza strains. Recently, novel influenza vaccine types were introduced in the United States (recombinant vaccines, some with higher antigen content and a new adjuvanted vaccine). Providers should be aware of changing recommendations on the basis of recent published evidence for persons with a history of egg allergy to receive annual influenza vaccination. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology and risk factors for reported vaccine-associated adverse events. Further research is also needed to determine whether repeated annual inactivated influenza vaccination, the number of vaccine antigens administered at the same time, and the current timing of routine infant vaccinations are optimal for overall population well-being.
A FETI Method for a Class of Indefinite or Complex Second- or Fourth-Order Problems

The FETI-DP domain decomposition method is extended to address the iterative solution of a class of indefinite problems of the form (K − σ 2 M)x = b, and a class of complex problems of the form (K − σ 2 M + iσ D)x = b, where K, M, and D are three real symmetric positive semi-definite matrices arising from the finite element discretization of either second-order elastodynamic problems or fourth-order plate and shell dynamic problems, i is the imaginary complex number, and σ is a positive real number.
Oxydation of Carbohydrates With Periodate. Quantitative Spectrophotometric Determination

Periodate oxidation is one of the most valuable procedures for structural analysis in carbohydrate chemistry. It was observed by Malaprade (1928) that periodate ions have a selective oxidizing power on adjacent hydroxyl functional groups (vicinal diols such as -CHOH-CHOH-) in acidic, neutral, or weakly alkaline solutions at room temperature, Periodate does not oxidize monohydroxyl compounds or those hydroxylated derivatives in which the hydroxyl-carrying carbon atoms are separated from each other by other atoms. It has been observed that quantitative consumption of 1 mol of periodate by one pair of adjacent hydroxyl groups takes place in this reaction. The stoichiometric relationship of the oxidation of D-glucose by IO4 - is as follows: Open image in new window
Strength and fracture behavior of diffusion bonded joints

Current high temperature alloy systems for turbines and powerplant heat exchangers are typically titanium-, nickel- or iron-based. The extreme performance environments in these applications demand exacting control of both alloy composition and microstructure. This can be problematic when fabrication or repair requires the joining of multiple parts. Traditional welding processes destroy the desirable microstructure in the region of the weld and may lead to the formation of undesirable phases. Diffusion bonding has been gaining increasing interest in this area as a means of both preserving the joint microstructure and controlling second phase formation. The current paper presents the results of initial experimental studies on diffusion bonding of commercially pure titanium, iron and nickel samples.
Limits to Ponderosa Pine Regeneration Following Large High-Severity Forest Fires in the United States Southwest

High-severity fires in dry conifer forests of the United States Southwest have created large (>1000 ha) treeless areas that are unprecedented in the regional historical record. These fires have reset extensive portions of Southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forest landscapes. At least two recovery options following high-severity fire are emerging. One option is for post-fire successional pathways to move toward a return to the pre-fire forest type. Alternatively, an area may transition to persistent non-forested ecosystems. We studied regeneration patterns of ponderosa pine following eight fires in Arizona and New Mexico, USA, that burned in dry conifer forests dominated by ponderosa pine during a recent 18-year regional drought period, 1996 to 2013. Our a priori hypotheses were: 1) the most xeric areas within these severely burned dry conifer forests are least likely to regenerate to the pre-fire forest type due to persistent post-fire moisture stress; and 2) areas farther away from conifer seed sources have a lower likelihood of regeneration, even if these areas are climatically favorable for post-fire ponderosa pine establishment. We evaluated our hypotheses using empirical data and generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that low-elevation, xeric sites are more limiting to conifer regeneration than higher-elevation mesic sites. Areas >150 m from a seed source are much less likely to have ponderosa pine regeneration. Spatial interpolations of modeled post-fire regeneration of ponderosa pine across the study landscapes indicate expansive areas with low likelihood of pine regeneration following high-severity fire. We discuss multiple post-fire successional pathways following high-severity fire, including potentially stable transitions to non-forest vegetation types that may represent long-term type conversions. These findings regarding landscape changes in Southwest forests in response to fires and post-fire regeneration patterns during early-stage climate warming contribute to the development of better-informed ecosystem management strategies for forest adaptation or mitigation under projected hotter droughts in this region.
INCIDENCE OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION AND THE ROLE FOR IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) causes acute coronary syndrome among young women and presents as sudden cardiac death (SCD) in 3-11% of patients. There are limited data regarding the use of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) in this population. Our study aimed to identify
Room Temperature Formation of Carbon Onions via Ultrasonic Agitation of MoS2 in Isopropanol

Ultrasonic agitation is a proven method for breaking down layered materials such as MoS2 into single or few layer nanoparticles. In this experiment, MoS2 powder is sonicated in isopropanol for an extended period of time in an attempt to create particles of the smallest possible size. As expected, the process yielded a significant quantity of nanoscale MoS2 in the form of finite layer sheets with lateral dimensions as small as a few tens of nanometers. Although no evidence was found to indicate a larger the longer sonication times resulted in a significant increase in yield of single layer MoS2, the increased sonication did result in the formation of several types of carbon allotropes in addition to the sheets of MoS2. These carbon structures appear to originate from the breakdown of the isopropanol and consist of finite layer graphite platelets as well as a large number of multi-walled fullerenes, also known as carbon onions. Both the finite layer graphite and MoS2 nanoplatelets were both found to be heavily decorated with carbon onions. However, isolated clusters of carbon onions could also be found. Our results show that liquid exfoliation of MoS2 is not only useful for forming finite layer MoS2, but also creating carbon onions at room temperature as well.
Improved Diagnosis of Induction Motor's Rotor Faults using the Papoulis Window

This paper discusses the rotor faults diagnosis in induction motors through stator current analysis based on the estimation of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) using the Periodogram technique. This approach is the most used technique in industry thanks to its simplicity of programming and its relatively low computation time compared to high resolution signal processing methods. However, this method has some disadvantages such as a frequency resolution depending on acquisition time and an almost impossible identification of low harmonics (case of incipient faults). This second disadvantage is due to the side lobes effect related to the selected weighting window, such as Blackman, Hamming, Hanning or Kaiser. To reduce this effect, a new weighting window named Papoulis window is proposed in this paper. To highlight the performance of this new window in rotor faults diagnosis of induction motors, several simulation tests are achieved and discussed.
Residual Recurrent Neural Network for Speech Enhancement

Most current speech enhancement models use spectrogram features that require an expensive transformation and result in phase information loss. Previous work has overcome these issues by using convolutional networks to learn the temporal correlations across high-resolution waveforms. These models, however, are limited by memory-intensive dilated convolution and aliasing artifacts from upsampling. We introduce an end-to-end fully recurrent neural network for single-channel speech enhancement. The network structured as an hourglass-shape that can efficiently capture longrange temporal dependencies by reducing the features resolution without information loss. Also, we use residual connections to prevent gradient decay over layers and improve the model generalization. Experimental results show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in six quantitative evaluation metrics.
Selective CO2 reduction towards a single upgraded product: a minireview on multi-elemental copper-free electrocatalysts

Electrocatalytic conversion of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to liquid fuels or upgraded chemicals is a critical strategy to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Selectivity for one product at high activity and stability is the main obstacle for economic viability as a successor technology. We highlight the key challenges in CO2 reduction electrocatalysis, review quantitative performance data of metal-containing multi-elemental copper-free materials, and outline observed trends, with the aim to accelerate the development of advanced, high-performance CO2 reduction catalysts.
Assessing the Accuracy, Quality, and Readability of Patient Accessible Online Resources Regarding Ocular Gene Therapy and Voretigene Neparvovec.

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy, quality, and readability of online information regarding the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ocular gene therapy voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna, Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA). Methods Ten online resources about voretigene neparvovec were assessed in this cross-sectional study. A novel 25-question assessment was created to evaluate the information most relevant to patients. Each article was assessed by independent graders using the assessment and the DISCERN instrument. An online readability tool, Readable, was used to assess readability. Accountability was evaluated using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks. Results The average questionnaire score for all the articles was 33.93 (SD 11.21, CI 95% ±6.95) out of 100 possible points with significant variation in the content accuracy and quality between the articles (P=0.017). EyeWiki achieved the highest score and MedicineNet the lowest. The mean reading grade for all articles was 12.88 (SD 1.93, CI 95% ±1.19) with significant variation between articles (P=0.001). Wikipedia was the most readable, and the FDA website was the least. None of the articles achieved all four JAMA benchmarks, and only one of the ten articles, EyeWiki, achieved three of the four JAMA benchmarks. Conclusion The information available online regarding this FDA-approved ocular gene therapy is generally of low quality, above the average reading level of the general population, and varies significantly between sources. The articles provide incomplete information that is not entirely accurate or easy to read, and as a result, the material would not support patients adequately in their medical decisions and questions about this new therapeutic option.
Risk factors for postoperative sepsis in laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Postoperative sepsis is a rare but serious complication following elective surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the rate of postoperative sepsis following elective laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGBP) and to identify patients’ modifiable, preoperative risk factors. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried from 2005 to 2013 for factors associated with the development of postoperative sepsis following elective LGBP. Patients who developed sepsis were compared to those who did not. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon two-sample test for continuous variables. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to calculate adjusted odds ratios for factors contributing to sepsis. During the study period, 66,838 patients underwent LGBP. Of those, 546 patients developed postoperative sepsis (0.82 %). The development of sepsis was associated with increased operative time (161 ± 77.8 vs. 135.10 ± 56.5 min; p < 0.0001) and a greater number of preoperative comorbidities, including diabetes (39.6 vs. 30.6 %; p < 0.0001), hypertension requiring medication (65.2 vs. 54 %; p < 0.0001), current tobacco use (16.7 vs. 11.5 %; p = 0.0002), and increased pack-year history of smoking (8.6 ± 18.3 vs. 5.6 ± 14.2; p = 0.0006), and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (0.51 ± 0.74 vs. 0.35 ± 0.57, p < 0.0001). Sepsis resulted in an increased length of stay (10.1 ± 14.4 vs. 2.4 ± 4.8 days; p < 0.0001) and a 30 times greater chance of 30-day mortality (4.03 vs. 0.11 %, p < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that current smokers had a 63 % greater chance of developing sepsis compared to non-smokers, controlling for age, race, gender, BMI, and CCI score (OR 1.63, 95 % CI 1.23–2.14; p = 0.0006). Laparoscopic gastric bypass is uncommonly associated with postoperative sepsis. When it occurs, it portends a 30 times increased risk of death. A patient history of diabetes, hypertension, and increasing pack-years of smoking portend an increased risk of sepsis. Current smoking status, a preoperative modifiable risk factor, is independently associated with the chance of postoperative sepsis. Preoperative patient optimization and risk reduction should be a priority for elective surgery, and patients should be encouraged to stop smoking prior to gastric bypass.
UnSCom: A Standardized Framework for the Specification of Software Components

This paper proposes a standardized framework for the specification of components, which focuses on providing the information necessary to facilitate component development, discovery, and composition. To be applicable in all these fields, the Unified Specification of Components (UnSCom) framework ties together a mix of different specification aspects and unifies the specification of components using a single, coherent approach. The framework is based on the notion of design by contract which it extends to component-based software engineering by introducing service and composition contracts. It supports the specification of composition contracts, which describe the required and provided interfaces of components on various contract levels. These contract levels are thematically grouped into colored pages: white pages contain general and commercial information, yellow pages comprise component classifications, blue pages describe the required and provided functionality, green pages comprise the architectural design of the required and provided interfaces, and grey pages describe the required and provided quality.
Free Rider – A Justification for Mandatory Medical Insurance Under Health Care Reform?

Section 1501 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act added section 5000A to the Internal Revenue Code to require most individuals in the United States to purchase a minimum level of medical insurance. This requirement, which is enforced by a penalty imposed on those who fail to comply, is sometimes referred to as the “individual mandate.” A frequently stated defense of the individual mandate is that there are a vast number of persons who do not purchase medical insurance and then obtain free medical care when the need arises, and the individual mandate will require those persons (often referred to as “free-riders”) to pay their share. It is the significance of this free-rider justification that we question. We conclude that the free-rider problem, if it existed at all, likely was of minor significance and can hardly be said to justify the adoption of the new health care program. The actual congressional reason for adopting the program seems to rest on an entirely different purpose, and the debate over the desirability of the program should focus on the merits of that other purpose.
National Report: Greece

The purpose of the present report is to provide insight in regards to the provisions of Greek law on same-sex marriage. As in many other jurisdictions, a more comprehensive work than a simple analysis on the (in)existence of same-sex marriage is required. Indeed, the statement that contemporary Greek family law excludes the possibility of same-sex marriage would not explain to what extent the law so stands today, why it came to be so, or what the future beholds. Similarly, since family law is affected by provisions from other legal fields on both the domestic and the international levels, it should be presented in conjunction to any such provisions. Finally, the application of law should be assessed in light of its construction by scholarly writing and the courts. Based on the above, an introductory section provides information on the structure of the Greek State and the underpinnings of the domestic legal system (Part II); the main part of the report sets out an analysis on focal provisions of the Constitution and international conventions (Part III) and then illustrates how the difference of sex is perceived in the context of the Civil Code provisions on marriage on the one hand, and in the newlyestablished rules on the cohabitation pact on the other hand (Part IV); it then proceeds with a presentation of recent case law on same-sex marriage regulation (Part V). The report concludes with short remarks on what prospects lie ahead (Part VI). In this report, use of terminology relating to couples, marriages, unions, etc. as of the ‘same-sex’ and/or the ‘opposite sex’—instead of the commonly applied pair of ‘homosexual’ and/or ‘heterosexual’ characterisations—is deliberate. If the law qualifies or disqualifies any such relations it is not on the basis of sexual orientation or preference, but rather on the basis that relations between people of the same sex, i.e. between two women or two men, may or may not be legally recognised. To state the
Partial Resolution of the Enzymes Catalyzing Photophosphorylation XIV. RECONSTITUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL-DEFICIENT VESICLES CATALYZING PHOSPHATE-ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE EXCHANGE

Abstract 1. Extraction of chloroplasts with cholate yielded a fraction which contained chloroplast coupling factor 1, lipids, and other proteins, but was depleted in chlorophyll and cytochromes. Dialysis of the cholate extract reconstituted a vesicular preparation which catalyzed Pi-ATP exchange and ATPase activities. 2. The Pi-ATP exchange activity was inhibited by uncouplers of photophosphorylation such as gramicidin or atebrin and by energy transfer inhibitors such as DIO-9 or N', N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Both Pi-ATP exchange and ATPase activities were also inhibited by an antiserum against chloroplast coupling factor 1. 3. An ammonium sulfate fraction obtained from the cholate extract also catalyzed Pi-ATP exchange which was, however, insensitive to uncouplers.
Earring Aspiration and Other Jewelry Hazards

Jewelry wearing among very young children is increasing. Ear piercing is being practiced even in neonates. Accompanying these phenomena is the ever-present risk of ingestions and aspirations of small jewelry items, notably earring pieces. We present two cases that illustrate some of the real and potential hazards of these small jewelry pieces. Relatively safe jewelry items and specific safety measures are discussed.
Practical Issues in Equating

Many of the practical issues that are involved in conducting equating are described in this chapter. We describe major issues and provide references that consider these issues in more depth. The early portions of this chapter focus on equating dichotomously scored paper-and-pencil tests. In later portions, the focus broadens to include practical issues in other contexts, including computerized testing and performance assessments. Various articles have been written that review practical issues in equating (Brennan and Kolen, 1987b; Cook and Petersen, 1987; Harris, 1993; Harris and Crouse, 1993; Skaggs, 1990a; and Skaggs and Lissitz, 1986b) in greater depth than those provided in this chapter.
Thinking About Presidents

Why are some Presidents great and others not? Does their attitude toward the Constitution have anything to do with it? What do legal scholars have to contribute to presidential studies? This paper reviews and uses data from the book "Presidential Leadership" to suggest possible relationships between presidential success and their approach to constitutional interpretation. It argues that the formalist versus functionalist debate over the separation of powers has reached a stalemate, and that constitutional law can gain by study of political science approaches to the Presidency. It also suggests that presidential studies, which views reliance on a president's constitutional powers as a sign of failure, can gain new insights by examining a President's use of his formal legal authorities.
Nature of ribonucleic acid stimulated by streptomycin in the absence of protein synthesis.

Abstract Freda, Celia E. (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia), and Seymour S. Cohen. Nature of ribonucleic acid stimulated by streptomycin in the absence of protein synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 92:1680–1688. 1966.—The ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesized in a thymineless, arginineless, uracil-less Escherichia coli strain 15 in the absence of arginine was characterized by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. About 60% of this RNA had sedimentation rates in the range between 4S and 16S, and the remainder was comprised of the 23S and 16S ribosomal components. On addition of streptomycin for 1 hr in the absence of the amino acid, there was an inhibition of synthesis of material of 4S to 16S, whereas 16S RNA was slightly stimulated. Between 1 and 3 hr after addition of the antibiotic, during the precipitous killing of the bacteria in the arginine-deficient culture, the synthesis of 16S ribosomal RNA was specifically and sharply stimulated.
Suboptimal pregnancy outcome among women with prior abortions and premature births.

Abstract Data from 25,958 consecutive UCLA deliveries were analyzed to determine the effect of prior abortions and premature births on current pregnancy outcome. Perinatal death rate, combining stillbirths and neonatal deaths, in reased more than threefold among women with at least one prior premature birth and at least one prior abortion and approached 18 per cent of current deliveries when there were three or more prior premature births. Abnormal live births, defined as infants with either birth weight under 2,501 grams, gestational age less than 37 weeks, or congenital anomalies, significantly increased as the number of prior abortions and premature births increased, each in a range of 0 through 3 or more. For example, among women with at least three prior premature births, there were greater than 50 per cent abnormal live births. The risk was mostly that of low birth weight and low gestational age, although there was a slight increase in congenital anomalies. The risk was reduced considerably when there were previous term births and was influenced variably by race, clinic classification, maternal illness, and prior pregnancy complications. This empirical data on pregnancy outcome should be useful in reproductive counseling among women with pregnancy losses and premature births.
Nucleotide sequence of an Rts1 fragment causing temperature-dependent instability.

Abstract Rts1 is a multiphenotypic drug resistance plasmid which is eliminated from host bacteria at 42 degrees C but not at 32 degrees C. This phenotype has been called temperature-dependent instability (Tdi). We determined the nucleotide sequence of the Rts1 DNA b' segment which causes this phenotype. Within this 786-base-pair segment, several open reading frames (ORFs) were found, including one which encodes a protein with a molecular weight of 16,000. A protein approximately corresponding to this protein is expressed in Escherichia coli minicells harboring plasmids containing the b' segment. In addition, we found the chi sequence at 112 bases proximal to this ORF. Temperature-dependent elimination due to this segment was not observed in the RecA strain of E. coli, but the RecB protein was not required for expression of this phenotype. We constructed various deletion derivatives and found that three portions, the region containing the chi (nucleotides 1 to 24), ORF (nucleotides 25 to 546), and tail (nucleotides 631 to 786) sequences are necessary for Tdi activity. Site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that ORF I is required for Tdi expression.
Pseudo-BCK Algebras

BCK algebras were introduced originally by K. Iseki with a binary operation ∗ modeling the set-theoretical difference and with a constant element 0, that is, a least element. Another motivation is from classical and non-classical prepositional calculi modeling logical implications. Such algebras contain as a special subfamily the family of MV-algebras where some important fuzzy structures can be studied. Pseudo-BCK algebras were introduced by G. Georgescu and A. lorgulescu as algebras with “two differences”, a left- and right-difference, instead of one ∗ and with a constant element 0 as the least element. Nowadays pseudo-BCK algebras are used in a dual form, with two implications, → and ⇝ and with one constant element 1, that is, the greatest element. Thus such pseudo-BCK algebras are in the “negative cone” and are also called “left-ones”. More properties of pseudo-BCK algebras and their connection with other fuzzy structures were established by A. lorgulescu. In this chapter we prove new properties of pseudo-BCK algebras with pseudo-product and pseudo-BCK algebras with pseudo-double negation and we show that every pseudo-BCK algebra can be extended to a good one. Examples of proper pseudo-BCK algebras, good pseudo-BCK algebras and pseudo-BCK lattices are given and the orthogonal elements in a pseudo-BCK algebra are characterized. Finally, we define the maximal and normal deductive systems of a pseudo-BCK algebra with pseudo-product and we study their properties.
Artificial intelligence for explosive ordnance disposal system (AI-EOD)

The artificial intelligence explosive ordnance disposal system (AI-EOD), developed in support of the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Center, is a neural network AI-based multiple-incident identification, recording, and tracking system featuring state-of-the-art search, retrieval, and image and text management. It is concluded that the AI-EOD has proven itself by meeting the goals established for it. The system separates the reasoning engine from the data. Using the system augments the abilities of both the less experienced and the seasoned technician. The AI-EOD does not require new training of veteran units and can be used in the training of new recruits. The maintenance ease and portability of the CD-ROM overcomes the problems with microfiche and paper. Testing and evaluation have shown that using the microfiche/paper-based identification system requires approximately 9.6 min to make a correct identification, while the AI-EOD system takes an average of only five minutes. >
Cretaceous to early Tertiary paleogeography in the hinterland of the Sevier thrust belt, east-central Nevada

The Cretaceous to early Tertiary hinterland of the Sevier thrust belt in east-central Nevada underwent two periods of sedimentary basin development. The older (Early Cretaceous) episode is characterized by basins that formed coeval with deformation within a belt of contractional structures. Basins were characterized by periods of through-flowing fluvial drainage. The younger (Late Cretaceous to Eocene) episode of basin development was characterized by internally drained alluvial basins that subsequently expanded into more regional lacustrine basins. Basal alluvial detritus indicates that basin inception occurred as a result of rapid development of topographic relief. Syn-sedimentary tectonism was characterized by horizontal extension due to attainment of equilibrium topography in response to crustal thickening.
Magnetic pinch compression of silica glass

SiO2 glass has been irreversibly densified by pressures up to 250 kbar produced in a magnetic pinch apparatus. The threshold for significant densification was about 60 kbar. The recovered densities agree better with published shock wave results than with static results.
GreenDSS tool for data center management

As society shifts towards the Internet to conduct a greater share of communications and commerce, the demand for storage and processing of information is increasing. This is represented by the growth in data centers and energy usage. Traditionally, energy usage with respect to the greening of data centers has been a secondary concern. However, with the escalating total cost of ownership, and the ability to use smart meters this has become more important to monitor for increased savings. This paper describes the research conducted leading to the development of a software tool called GreenDSS (Decision Support System for Green Data Centers). The paper presents the research and development of this decision support system from an interdisciplinary perspective. It proposes and tests relevant hypotheses, explains knowledge discovery through data mining techniques and concludes with strategies towards a more sustainable operation of data centers in organizations for enhanced energy management.
Restorying the Defendant's Life: Using Narrative to Revise Juror Viewpoint in Capital Cases

Abstract Research identifies prejudices that operate in juries in death penalty cases involving defendants from minority groups. Jury bias is a likely manifestation of unconscious intrapsychic and institutionalized racism originating in cultural dominance and manifested as “White privilege.” Consequently, the likelihood that the fate of death penalty defendants from minority groups is decided by either juries “of their peers” or actual representatives of community standards is highly suspect in death penalty cases. This article describes and advocates use of a social work intervention, the narrative, in capital trials. Focusing on death penalty cases involving African American defendants from lower socio-economic strata, where justice problems stand in boldest relief, this article explains how use of narratives could (1) prove therapeutic for defendants; (2) encourage jurors' self-awareness, in turn, mitigating bias and prejudice; (3) add to a trend toward therapeutic jurisprudence; and (4) encourage a sy...
Nanoscale temperature mapping in operating microelectronic devices

Modern microelectronic devices have nanoscale features that dissipate power nonuniformly, but fundamental physical limits frustrate efforts to detect the resulting temperature gradients. Contact thermometers disturb the temperature of a small system, while radiation thermometers struggle to beat the diffraction limit. Exploiting the same physics as Fahrenheit's glass-bulb thermometer, we mapped the thermal expansion of Joule-heated, 80-nanometer-thick aluminum wires by precisely measuring changes in density. With a scanning transmission electron microscope and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we quantified the local density via the energy of aluminum's bulk plasmon. Rescaling density to temperature yields maps with a statistical precision of 3 kelvin/hertz(-1/2), an accuracy of 10%, and nanometer-scale resolution. Many common metals and semiconductors have sufficiently sharp plasmon resonances to serve as their own thermometers.
Prostate Cancer Screening and Health Care System Distrust in Philadelphia

Objective: We aim to examine whether distrust of health care system (hereafter distrust) is associated with prostate cancer screening and whether different dimensions of distrust demonstrate similar relationships with prostate cancer screening. Method: With data on 1,784 men aged 45 to 75 from the Philadelphia metropolitan area, we first applied factor analysis to generate factor scores capturing two distrust subscales: competence and values. We then implemented logistic regressions to estimate the relationships between distrust and prostate cancer screening, controlling for covariates related to demographics (e.g., race and age), socioeconomic status (e.g., poverty status and education), health care resources (e.g., insurance status), and health status (i.e., self-rated health). Results: Without considering any other covariates, both competence and values distrust were negatively associated to the receipt of prostate cancer screening. After accounting for other covariates shown above, values distrust rem...
Hierarchically partitioned solution strategy for CFD applications Part I—Theory

Abstract This two-part paper presents the results of a benchmarked analytical-numerical investigation into the operational characteristics of a unified parallel processing strategy for implicit fluid mechanics formulations. This Hierarchical Poly Tree (HPT) strategy is based on multilevel substructural decomposition. The Tree morphology is chosen to minimize memory, communications and computational effort. The methodology is general enough to apply to existing finite difference (FD), finite element (FEM), finite volume (FV) or spectral element (SE) based computer programs without an extensive rewrite of code. In addition to finding large reductions in memory, communications and computational effort associated with a parallel computing environment, substantial reductions are generated in the sequential mode of application. Such improvements grow with increasing problem size. Along with a theoretical development of general 2-D and 3-D HPT, several techniques for expanding the problem size that the current generation of computers are capable of solving, are presented and discussed. Among these techniques are several interpolative reduction methods. It was found that by combining several of these techniques that a relatively small interpolative reduction resulted in substantial performance gains. Several other unique features/benefits are discussed in this paper. Along with Part I's theoretical development, Part II presents a numerical approach to the HPT along with four prototype CFD Applications. These demonstrate the potential of the HPT strategy.