cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-Contact Binary Stars

A group of close binary stars named near-contact binaries is defined. They are divided according to their physical characteristics into to two subclasses: V1010 Ophiuchi binaries and FO Virginis binaries. A list of members of the group, their current observational status, and their physical and evolutionary relationship to W Ursa-Majoris binaries is discussed. The photometric asymmetries in their light curves (the O’Connell effect) are explained by mass transfer from the larger, hot star to the smaller, cool star.
On to Germany

In this chapter we learn about Leipzig University’s offer of a professorship to Van der Waerden, and the assistance Peter Debye provided to the young Dutchman. While at Leipzig, Van der Waerden befriends physicists Werner Heisenberg and Carl-Friedrich von Weizsacker.
A Change Tracking Framework for Financial Documents

Businesses need to adhere to certain regulations to remain compliant. They want to expand or move to a new geography and find itself subject to a slightly different set of regulations. Also, regulations themselves change over time and force the business to change its internal working to remain compliant. When a compliance officer is presented with a new regulatory document, he has to manually compare corresponding sentences between previous and the new version. While most studies in text mining have focused on measuring textual similarity, textual entailment detection and paraphrase identification etc., there has been very little focus on the problem of change tracking (CT). Change tracking can be defined as the task of identifying the phrase pair(s) that captures the semantic difference between two given sentences, and plays an important role in domains such as financial regulatory compliance where core changes introduced by regulators to existing regulations need to identified quickly. Naturally, the change tracking has to satisfy the minimality and comprehen-siveness requirements even in presence of complex language structure, context dependence and paraphrasing between com-pared sentences. In this paper, we address these challenges and devise a graph-based approach called DeepAntara1 and show its performance for change tracking task over multiple sentence pairs extracted from different versions of publicly available financial CRS treaties.
Food impaction: etiology over 35 years and association with eosinophilic esophagitis.

With the emergence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) as a common cause of food impaction (FI) and a presumed increase in incidence of EoE in the population, the effect on the incidence of FI has not been well described. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of FI and endoscopic findings in these patients and the association with EoE. A population-based retrospective chart review of the Rochester Epidemiology Project database was performed to identify all patients within Olmsted County that presented with FI from 1976 to 2012. A review of all endoscopic findings, biopsy results, and demographic data was performed. 497 patients were identified with FI from 1976 to 2012. The overall incidence of FI has changed from 1976 to 2012 (Fig. 1) (P < 0.001). The peak incidence of 17.12 per 100,000 people occurred in the time period 1995 to 2000. Both the incidence of comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increased over the time period of the study (P < 0.001 for both). Of these patients, 188 (46.7%) had no abnormalities on their endoscopy. The most common endoscopic finding was stricture in 71 (17.6%) patients followed closely by Schatzki's ring in 68 (16.9%) patients. 139 patients had biopsies performed within 2 years of FI and 50 (36.0%) of those were diagnosed with EoE. We present for the first time the changing incidence of FI over the last 35 years in a population-based setting. We also demonstrate the rise of EoE as an important clinical consideration in patients with FI.
Human Capital Matters: Market Valuation of Training and the Role of Complementary Assets

This paper empirically examines the economic value to firms of investing in the training of their employees and firm-level factors that influence how much they benefit. In particular, event study m...
Assessing the Effects of Instructional Set Size on Learning

Research evaluating the variables that influence learning has devoted inadequate attention to the influence of the amount of new material presented at one time. The current study evaluated the impa...
The perceived importance and objective measurement of walkability in the built environment rating

The built environment plays an important role in shaping physical activities and furthering a healthy lifestyle. An obesogenic environment, which promotes obesity through uninviting neighborhood de...
Proton versus photon-based radiation therapy for prostate cancer: emerging evidence and considerations in the era of value-based cancer care

Advances in radiation technology have transformed treatment options for patients with localized prostate cancer. The evolution of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have allowed physicians to spare surrounding normal organs and reduce adverse effects. The introduction of proton beam technology and its physical advantage of depositing its energy in tissue at the end-of-range maximum may potentially spare critical organs such as the bladder and rectum in prostate cancer patients. Data thus far are limited to large, observational studies that have not yet demonstrated a definite benefit of protons over conventional treatment with IMRT. The cost of proton beam treatment adds to the controversy within the field. We performed an extensive literature review for all proton treatment-related prostate cancer studies. We discuss the history of proton beam technology, as well as its role in the treatment of prostate cancer, associated controversies, novel technology trends, a discussion of cost-effectiveness, and an overview of the ongoing modern large prospective studies that aim to resolve the debate between protons and photons for prostate cancer. Present data have demonstrated that proton beam therapy is safe and effective compared with the standard treatment options for prostate cancer. While dosimetric studies suggest lower whole-body radiation dose and a theoretically higher relative biological effectiveness in prostate cancer compared with photons, no studies have demonstrated a clear benefit with protons. Evolving trends in proton treatment delivery and proton center business models are helping to reduce costs. Introduction of existing technology into proton delivery allows further control of organ motion and addressing organs-at-risk. Finally, the much-awaited contemporary studies comparing photon with proton-based treatments, with primary endpoints of patient-reported quality-of-life, will help us understand the differences between proton and photon-based treatments for prostate cancer in the modern era.
Oiling of the continental shelf and coastal marshes over eight years after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

Abstract We measured the temporal and spatial trajectory of oiling from the April, 2010, Deepwater Horizon oil spill in water from Louisiana's continental shelf, the estuarine waters of Barataria Bay, and in coastal marsh sediments. The concentrations of 28 target alkanes and 43 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in water samples collected on 10 offshore cruises, in 19 water samples collected monthly one km offshore at 13 inshore stations in 2010 and 2013, and in 16–60 surficial marsh sediment samples collected on each of 26 trips. The concentration of total aromatics in offshore waters peaked in late summer, 2010, at 100 times above the May, 2010 values, which were already slightly contaminated. There were no differences in surface or bottom water samples. The concentration of total aromatics declined at a rate of 73% y−1 to 1/1000th of the May 2010 values by summer 2016. The concentrations inside the estuary were proportional to those one km offshore, but were 10–30% lower. The oil concentrations in sediments were initially different at 1 and 10 m distance into the marsh, but became equal after 2 years. Thus, the distinction between oiled and unoiled sites became blurred, if not non-existent then, and oiling had spread over an area wider than was visible initially. The concentrations of oil in sediments were 100–1000 times above the May 2010 values, and dropped to 10 times higher after 8 years, thereafter, demonstrating a long-term contamination by oil or oil residues that will remain for decades. The chemical signature of the oil residues offshore compared to in the marsh reflects the more aerobic offshore conditions and water-soluble tendencies of the dissolved components, whereas the anaerobic marsh sediments will retain the heavier molecular components for a long time, and have a consequential effect on the ecosystems.
A Theoretical Connection Between Statistical Physics and Reinforcement Learning.

Sequential decision making in the presence of uncertainty and stochastic dynamics gives rise to distributions over state/action trajectories in reinforcement learning (RL) and optimal control problems. This observation has led to a variety of connections between RL and inference in probabilistic graphical models (PGMs). Here we explore a different dimension to this relationship, examining reinforcement learning using the tools and abstractions of statistical physics. The central object in the statistical physics abstraction is the idea of a partition function $\mathcal{Z}$, and here we construct a partition function from the ensemble of possible trajectories that an agent might take in a Markov decision process. Although value functions and $Q$-functions can be derived from this partition function and interpreted via average energies, the $\mathcal{Z}$-function provides an object with its own Bellman equation that can form the basis of alternative dynamic programming approaches. Moreover, when the MDP dynamics are deterministic, the Bellman equation for $\mathcal{Z}$ is linear, allowing direct solutions that are unavailable for the nonlinear equations associated with traditional value functions. The policies learned via these $\mathcal{Z}$-based Bellman updates are tightly linked to Boltzmann-like policy parameterizations. In addition to sampling actions proportionally to the exponential of the expected cumulative reward as Boltzmann policies would, these policies take entropy into account favoring states from which many outcomes are possible.
Ideology Versus Reality in the Lunchroom: A Comparative Study of Three School Nutrition Programs

American children are becoming increasingly overweight and inactive; consequently, the school lunch room is fast becoming an ideological battle ground. Legislators, medical professionals, school districts, parents, and the media are focusing intense scrutiny on school nutrition programs, and sweeping changes to these programs are federally mandated to occur before July, 2006. However, equal scrutiny has not been focused on the actual operations, logistics, or requirements of these programs. Through interviews, on-site visits, and participant observations, this eight week study focuses on current (April through June 2005) conditions in three economically disparate public school nutrition programs in one California county. This study asks if school nutrition programs can implement the numerous changes required under new cultural (informal) and upcoming federal (formal) mandates. The conclusion in this instance is that no, public schools are under too much existent financial, physical plant-related, and personnel-related strain to be able to easily or effectively retool their nutrition programs to match the burgeoning ideology. This study provides recommendations and considerations for schools, parents, and legislators – not from an ideological elevation, but from the actual locations within which our children are being fed.
Endoscopic and Histological Assessment, Correlation, and Relapse in Clinically Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis (MARQUEE)

Objective It is difficult to predict relapse in quiescent ulcerative colitis (UC), but newer endoscopic and histological indices could improve this. This study aimed to determine in UC patients in clinical remission (1) the prevalence of active endoscopic and histological disease; (2) the correlation between endoscopic and histological scores; and (3) the predictive power of these scores for clinical relapse. Design This multicenter prospective cohort study conducted by the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation Clinical Research Alliance included 100 adults with UC in clinical remission undergoing surveillance colonoscopy for dysplasia. Endoscopic activity was assessed using the Mayo endoscopic score (MES), ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS), and ulcerative colitis colonoscopic index of severity (UCCIS). Histology was assessed with the Riley index subcomponents, total Riley score, and basal plasmacytosis. Results Only 5% of patients had an MES of 0, whereas 38% had a score of 2 to 3; using the UCEIS, the majority of patients had at least mild activity, and 15% had more severe activity. Many patients also had evidence of histological disease activity. The correlations among endoscopic indices, histological subcomponents, and total score were low; the highest correlations occurred with the subcomponent architectural irregularity (ρ = 0.43-0.44), total Riley score (ρ = 0.35-0.37), and basal plasmacytosis (ρ = 0.35-0.36). Nineteen patients relapsed clinically over 1 year, with the subcomponent architectural irregularity being the most predictive factor (P = 0.0076). Conclusions This multicenter prospective study found a high prevalence of both endoscopic and histological disease activity in clinically quiescent UC. The correlations between endoscopy and histology were low, and the power to predict clinical relapse was moderate.
Preschool executive control predicts social information processing in early elementary school

Abstract Social-information processing (SIP) theory is a well-established framework for understanding the cognitive processes that underlie children’s social competence and has been linked to maladaptive outcomes, especially aggression. The current study examines preschool executive control, higher-order cognitive functions controlling attention and goal-oriented behavior, as a predictor of subsequent SIP abilities in early elementary school. 313 typically developing children (51% female) completed a battery of 9 rigorous, developmentally appropriate executive control tasks at age 5 years, 3 months and completed measurements of SIP in first grade (M age = 6.57). Results indicate that preschool executive control was predictive of two steps of SIP, encoding and response generation, after controlling for sex, age, and income-to-needs ratio. Findings suggest that poor executive control in early childhood may be an important risk factor for deficits in specific SIP steps and points to executive control as a potential target for intervention to prevent the development of later social problems.
Judges' Misuse of Contempt in Criminal Cases and Limits of Advocacy

This article examines the conduct of Judge Julius Hoffman and the defense lawyers, William Kunztler and Leonard Weinglas, in the Chicago Eight Trial. The article presents lessons from the Chicago Eight Trial about the limits of a judge's contempt authority against defense lawyers in criminal matters, and how far a defense lawyer may go in advocating for a client without being liable for contempt of court.
ATHENA: A unique radiation environment platform at the National Ignition Facility

Abstract This paper describes the ATHENA platform, an energy tuning assembly, which was developed to spectrally shape the National Ignition Facility (NIF) deuterium–tritium fusion neutron source to a thermonuclear (fusion) plus prompt fission neutron spectrum with a capability to act as a short-pulse neutron source. This unique, otherwise inaccessible radiation environment complements existing experimental facilities and capabilities. The flexible ATHENA irradiation positions were modeled using an ensemble of Monte Carlo simulations with stochastic sampling of the nuclear cross-sections to characterize the radiation environments and uncertainty for the platform. Validation of the internal neutron spectrum produced from fielding ATHENA at NIF occurred through neutron flux unfolding with 20 measured activation products. The STAYSL unfolded neutron flux resulted in a reduced χ 2 value of 1.4 with a larger contribution from 46 Ti(n,2n) reaction channel. The total ionizing dose was measured to be 515 ± 7.9% rad(TLD-400), whereas the modeled values indicated a lower value of 290 ± 4.6% rad(TLD-400). The NIF experiment demonstrated that ATHENA is capable of producing a thermonuclear and prompt fission neutron spectrum with a 50 nanosecond pulse width and a 1-MeV equivalent neutron fluence of 3 . 6 × 1 0 12 n c m 2 with strong radial uniformity over the sample volume. Example case studies of ATHENA for integral experiments and microelectronic device responses are also presented.
Parent-child physiological synchrony: Concurrent and lagged effects during dyadic laboratory interaction.

This study investigated whether parents and kindergarten children show concurrent and time-lagged physiological synchrony during dyadic interaction. Further, we tested whether parent-child behavioral co-regulation was associated with concurrent and time-lagged synchrony, and whether synchrony varied by the type of interaction task. Participants were 94 children (Mage = 5.6 years, 56% female) and their parents. We simultaneously measured parent and child respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during four dyadic interaction tasks: free play, clean up, problem-solving, and puzzle teaching. We found that synchrony varied by task. Concurrent synchrony occurred only during the puzzle teaching task, such that parent and child RSA were significantly and positively associated with each other simultaneously. Time-lagged synchrony occurred only during the problem-solving task, such that parent RSA was positively associated with child RSA 30 seconds later, and child RSA was negatively associated with parent RSA 30 seconds later. Although behavioral co-regulation and physiological synchrony have been conceptualized as markers of responsive parent-child interactions, our study finds no evidence that physiological synchrony is associated with between-dyad differences in behavioral co-regulation.
Evidence of acrolein in synovial fluid of dogs with osteoarthritis as a potential inflammatory biomarker.

BACKGROUND Acrolein is a known pro-inflammatory toxic aldehyde, propagating cellular damage and tissue inflammation in humans and animal models of various diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) has a significant inflammatory component; however, presence of acrolein in synovial fluid of joints with OA has not been previously reported. The first aim of this study was to evaluate evidence of acrolein in the synovial fluid of dogs with OA as well as in Control joints. The second aim was to determine if evidence of acrolein can be detected in synovial fluid samples that have been in a frozen state for long periods of time. METHODS In this pilot clinical study, synovial fluid samples were prospectively collected (i.e., New samples) from a single joint of both clinically healthy (New Control, n = 5) and dogs with OA (New OA, n = 16) and frozen until the time of analysis. Additionally, frozen synovial fluid samples from a biobank (i.e., Old samples) were used to evaluate ability to detect evidence of acrolein in long-term stored samples (median of 4.89 years) in Old Control (n = 5) and Old OA (n = 5) samples. Measurements of acrolein in all synovial fluid samples was based on detection of its major protein adduct, N e - (3-formyl-3, 4-dehydropiperidino)lysine (FDP-lysine), using the western blot method. Synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was measured in all samples using the western blot method as a positive control of OA inflammation. RESULTS Acrolein-lysine adduct was detected in both Control (n = 10) and OA (n = 21) groups in both Old and New samples. Acrolein-lysine adduct and MMP2 were detectable at a lower level in the Old compared to New synovial fluid samples; however, the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.1). The measured MMP2 levels were significantly higher in the OA compared to Control group samples (p = 0.033), but not for acrolein-lysine adduct (p = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed evidence of acrolein in canine synovial fluid of both OA and Control groups. Freezing of synovial fluid for up to 5 years does not appear to significantly affect the ability to detect acrolein-lysine adduct and MMP2 in these samples.
Perioperative Management of Ehlers-Danlos Type III Syndrome Associated With Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder of connective tissue with common clinical features of skin hyperelasticity, joint hypermobility, and easy bruising. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) refers to more than three months of a sustained increase in heart rate of more than 30 beats per minute and symptoms of orthostatic intolerance within 10 minutes of assuming a standing position without associated hypotension. These medical conditions can be associated with each other, potentially creating significant perioperative challenges. This paper describes two cases of young women with POTS and EDS hypermobility type (III) who presented for surgery under general anesthesia. The anesthesiologist performed an extensive preoperative evaluation, provided adequate preoperative hydration, ensured careful positioning during anesthetic induction, and avoided neck hyperextension during intubation. Gentle emergence and extubation were practiced with vigilance towards complications of cervical subluxation and airway mucosal injury. Robust communication between postoperative caregivers was prioritized. All these considerations facilitated the achievement of good outcomes. Here, a literature review and subsequent flow diagram of the anesthetic management and perioperative considerations for these patients is purposed.
Right to Know and Behavioral Responses to Hazard Warnings

Survey data on consumer and worker responses to labels for hazardous products suggest that there are many rational aspects to economic behavior, particularly with respect to precautions. Nevertheless, there is evidence that consumers may overreact to low probability events. In addition, assessed risk perceptions appear to be quite sensitive to the framing of risk-related survey questions. The format in which the risk information is presented on labels is also instrumental.
ShotWeave: A Shot Clustering Technique for Story Browsing for Large Video Databases

Automatic video segmentation is the first and necessary step for organizing a long video file into several smaller units for subsequent browsing and retrieval. The smallest basic unit is shot. Since users of a video database management system are more likely to recall important events or stories rather than a particular frame or shot, relevant shots are typically grouped into a high-level unit called scene. Each scene is part of a story. Browsing these scenes unfolds the entire story of the film, allowing the users to locate their desired video segments quickly and efficiently. Existing scene definitions are rather broad, making it difficult to evaluate the scene results and compare existing techniques. This paper first gives a stricter scene definition and presents ShotWeave, a novel technique for clustering relevant shots into a scene for narrative films. The crux of Shot Weave is its feature extraction and comparison. Features are extracted from carefully selected regions of representative frames of shots. These regions capture essential information needed to maintain viewers' thought in presence of shot breaks guided by common continuity-editing techniques used in film making. The experimental results show that ShotWeave performs well, and is more robust than a recent shot clustering technique on full-length films consisting of a wide range of camera motions and a complex composition of related shots.
Community Forest Management in Southern Malawi: Solution or Part of the Problem?

We investigated performance of a committee-led community natural resources management (CNRM) model in managing common-pool eucalyptus and miombo forest resources in southern Malawi. We argue that CNRM policies that ignore internal power relations attract unintended consequences that undermine achievement of conservation and social goals. Both CNRM concept and implementation created new elites (forest committees) who largely operated as corrupt, unaccountable “village bureaucracies,” alienating communities from CNRM. Widespread forest degradation and institutional breakdown ensued. Community management became committee management, and part of the problem. Rare “success” was associated with idiosyncratic leadership qualities of village heads, suggesting need for enhancing roles and leadership skills of traditional leaders in balancing the exercise of power among CNRM stakeholders, and for broad-based community empowerment so that members can demand accountability from local leaders. Eucalyptus was perceived...
A Landscape Level Analysis of Potential Excess Nitrogen in East-Central North Carolina, USA

The objective of this research was to arrive at an assessment of potential excess nitrogen (N) under different land cover categories in the Neuse River Basin (North Carolina, USA) on a seasonal basis. Data on five processes (atmospheric N deposition, fertilization, net soil N mineralization, plant uptake, and denitrification) that contribute to potential excess N under different land cover categories were obtained from a literature review. Factors were also estimated to apportion annual N fluxes among different seasons of the year. Potential excess N was calculated as the difference between inputs to and outputs from an inorganic N pool. If inputs exceeded outputs, then the difference was assumed to represent N at risk of loss from the landscape to surface receiving waters and groundwaters. Land covers that were classified as potential N sources were influenced by soil N inventories and rates of net soil N mineralization (which is a natural process). The results indicated that there are large land areas in the Neuse River Basin that could be classified as either a N source or a N sink. Such areas are potentially sensitive because future changes in land use, or small alterations in N fluxes, could convert areas that are essentially in balance with respect to N biogeochemistry into the N source or N sink category. In this respect, model predictions indicate that the timing of N inputs and outputs on the landscape can be a critical determinant of potential excess N.
Enterprise resource planning and efficiency: Evidence from the Korean Property/Casualty insurance companies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of Korean insurers that have adopted enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to improve their efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with several inputs and outputs to measure both technical and scale efficiency. With the efficiency measures and using the ordinary least square with the hetereoscedacity consistent standard errors, the study further investigates the factors affecting efficiency, and the association between ERP and efficiency. Findings – This study finds a strong positive association between ERP implementation and the insurers’ efficiency and profitability. However, firms may experience a decrease in efficiency and profitability during the first and second year after ERP implementation. Research limitations/implications – Although the findings of this study are consistent with extant studies, the study’s findings may lack generalizability because the samples are limited sm...
Lazy functional Meta-CASE programming

This paper proposes the use of a lazy functional programming language, such as Miranda or Haskell, as embedded language in meta-CASE tools. Functional programming saves time and effort, because method engineers write programs on the appropriate level of abstraction, without any concern about the order of computations. As a consequence, method engineers build more reliable tools for application engineers to work with. The argument is exemplified by a meta-CASE program, which defines the well known Entity-Relationship modeling technique. Two different semantics are presented to demonstrate typical use: one is the transformation to a relational model and the other is SQL code generation. The full Haskell program to do this is presented, showing the conciseness and the simplicity of that program. This illustrates the type of programming that is done by a method engineer to specify customized modeling techniques. This paper is written for designers of CASE and meta-CASE tools. The work is also interesting for functional programmers who wish to see an appropriate application of lazy evaluation.
Biomass and chemical amendments for enhanced phytoremediation of mixed contaminated soils

Abstract Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of biomass amendments (biochar, compost and nutrient solution) and chemical amendments (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Igepal CA-720) on the phytoremediation of soil co-contaminated with organic and metal contaminants by Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Avena sativa (oat plant). Mixed contaminated soil was prepared by mixing clean soil with naphthalene, phenanthrene, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). To study the biomass amendments, soil was amended with biochar, compost, or a nutrient solution. To study chemical amendments, plants raised in contaminated soils were amended with a solution of EDTA, Igepal CA-720 or both. The combination of biomass and chemical amendments were studied by treating composted soil with either EDTA or Igepal CA-720. The results showed that the biochar and compost amendments improved the growth characteristics and biomass of the plants. Growth improvement was best observed for sunflower plants in composted soil. Average maximum plant height of sunflower in contaminated soil was increased by 115% with the addition of compost. Cd and Pb removal was best in the presence of biochar and compost amendments, but Cr removal was unaffected by the use of amendments. The best removal rate was observed for Pb by oat plant in compost amended soil, with average final Pb concentration decreased by 57.8% with the addition of compost to soil. Nutrient solution amendment did not improve the removal of the metal contamination from the soil. The overall growth and biomass were less for plants grown in soil that was treated with chemical amendments. A combination of compost and chemical amendments also did not provide positive results on the plant growth or contaminant dissipation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation improved in the presence of all of the amendments studied. The results suggest that biochar and compost amendments can improve the plant growth characteristics and enhance phytoremediation of mixed contaminated soils.
Resistance of Aluminum-Base Alloys to 20-Year Atmospheric Exposure

THE PERTINENT DATA OBTAINED ON WROUGHT ALUMINUM-BASE ALLOYS AFTER ATMOSPHERIC WEATHERING EXPOSURE PERIODS OF 1, 3, 6, 10 AND 20 YEARS HAVE BEEN TABULATED AND ALSO ARRANGED GRAPHICALLY TO ILLUSTRATE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC INTEREST, SUCH AS (1) EFFECT OF NATURAL AGING ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF SPECIMENS STORED INDOORS FOR 20 YEARS, (2) RATING OF THE CORROSIVITY OF THE SEVEN ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS EMPLOYED, AND (3) THE RATE OF WEATHERING OF THE FIVE ALUMINUM ALLOYS. THESE IMPORTANT DATA HAVE BEEN FURTHER ENHANCED BY CORRELATING THEM WITH EQUALLY LONG-TIME DATA OBTAINED BY THE ALUMINUM RESEARCH LABORATORIES ON SIMILAR ALLOYS IN OTHER ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS, AND ON NEWER ALUMINUM ALLOYS WHICH NOW COMPLEMENT OR SUPERSEDE THE ALLOYS WHICH HAD BEEN IN THE ASTM INVESTIGATION. /AUTHOR/
Characteristics and outcomes of injured patients presenting by private vehicle in a state trauma system.

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated lower mortality among patients transported to single urban trauma centers by private vehicle (PV) compared with Emergency Medical Services (EMS). We sought to describe the characteristics and outcomes of injured patients transported by PV in a state trauma system compared to patients transported by EMS. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of state trauma registry data for patients admitted to all Pennsylvania trauma centers over 5 years (1/2003 to 12/2007). Our primary exposure of interest was prehospital mode of transport and our primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Unadjusted analyses were performed as were adjusted analyses controlling for injury severity. Data are presented as percents, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals. Results Of the 91132 patients analyzed, 9.6% were transported to the emergency department by PV and 90.4% by EMS. Overall Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 13.3 ± 11.0 (ISS for EMS 13.7 ± 11.3, PV 9.2 ± 7.1, P P 15, ISS >25) subgroups. Conclusions Nearly 10% of injured patients arrive at trauma centers by private vehicle. Transport of injured patients by EMS was associated with higher mortality than PV transport. This may reflect the effects of prehospital time, prehospital interventions, or other confounders.
Toxicology and hazard assessment of 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II).

Abstract Potential adverse health effects from occupational exposure to 1.3-dichloropropene (DCP) are reviewed and hazards assessed. Further toxicologic evaluations should be conducted using only high-purity material that is free from possibly confounding impurities and stabilizers. Safety considerations when handling the material are included.
Dispersion analysis in homogeneous lakes

This paper is devoted to a comparison of the relative accuracy of two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional finite element representations of contaminant dispersion in shallow lakes. Formulations of both types are developed, followed by numerical calculations of a hypothetical lake. The results indicate that for typical lakes a two-dimensional dispersion analysis can be employed in the absence of a significant advective contribution. With significant advection the two-dimensional approach is not sufficiently accurate. A two-dimensional dispersion analysis requires approximately the same computational resources as a three-dimensional circulation analysis.
Characteristics of monoamine oxidase activity in the hypothalamus of Carassius auratus as assayed by a fluorometric technique

Abstract 1. A fluorometric assay using kynuramine as a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in the basal medial lobe of the goldfish hypothalamus was verified. 2. Product formation (4-hydroxyquinoline) was found to be linear with respect to both time and homogenate volume. 3. The Michaelis constant for the enzyme was determined to be 4.5 × 10 −5 M for fish maintained on a 16L/8D, 11°C regime. 4. Pargyline, a common MAO inhibitor, dramatically reduced MAO activity at doses of 10 and 50 ng per incubation volume (1.75 ml). 5. Monoamine oxidase activity, when assayed at several incubation temperatures, did not depend on the acclimation temperature of the fish. The Q 10 for MAO activity was determined to be 2.0 for both acclimation groups.
Theoretical issues in Korean linguistics

Introduction Young-Key Kim-Renaud Part I. Phonology and Morphology: 1. On peripherality: a molecular approach Sang-Cheol Ahn 2. Verbal compounds in Korean Young-mee Yu Cho 3. Post-obstruent tensification in Korean and geminate inalterability Young-mee Yu Cho and Sharon Inkelas 4. A prosodic analysis of Korean compounding Eunjoo Han Liquid representation in Korean Gregory K. Iverson and Hyang-Sook Sohn The status of the lenis stop voicing rule in Korean Sun-Ah Jun On the obligatory contour principle related to sonority Hyunsoon Kim Onset analysis of Korean on-glides Yongsung Lee A re-analysis of consonant cluster simplification and s-neutralization Mira Oh Variation of vowel length in Korean Jeong-Woon Park The thematic nature of agentive Eykey in Korean Sung-Ho Ahn and Jung-Tag Lee The semantics of conditionals Sung-Yun Bak Functional projections and verb movement Dong-In Cho On scrambling: reconstruction, crossover and anaphor binding Jai-Hyoung Cho Syntactic WH-movement in Korean and licensing Hyon Sook Choe A non-spurious account of 'spurious' Korean plurals Yookyung Kim Definite/specific and case marking in Korean Chungmin Lee An event-structure analysis of the stative/non-stative distinction in periphrastic causative and Mit-type verb constructions in Korean Myung-Kwan Park Korean classifiers Barbara Unterbeck Pseudo-double negation Jae-Hak Yoon Part II. Historical Linguistics: Aspiration and voicing in old Sino-Korean obstruents Ik-sang Eom On the relation between Hyangchal and Kwukyel Pung-hyun Nam The accentuation of nominal stems in proto-Korean John B. Whitman Part III. Discourse, Pragmatics and Acquisition: The grammar of null arguments in early child Korean Sook Whan Cho Information flow and relative-clause constructions in Korean discourse Alan Hyun Oak Kim and Hyon-Sook Shin 'Speech-act' adverbial clauses in Korean Haeyeon Kim Discourse-pragmatic functions of sentence-type suffixes in informal discourse in Korean Hyo Sang Lee Contributors Index.
Software component composition: a subdomain-based testing-theory foundation

Composition of software elements into assemblies (systems) is a fundamental aspect of software development. It is an important strength of formal mathematical specification that the descriptions of elements can be precisely composed into the descriptions of assemblies. Testing, on the other hand, is usually thought to be ‘non-compositional.’ Testing provides information about any executable software element, but testing descriptions have not been combined to describe assemblies of elements. The underlying reason for the compositional deficiency of testing is that tests are samples. When two elements are composed, the input samples (test points) for the first lead to an output sample, but it does not match the input test points of the second, following element. The current interest in software components and component-based software development (CBSD) provides an ideal context for investigating elements and assemblies. In CBSD, the elements (components) are analysed without knowledge of the system(s) to be later assembled. A fundamental testing theory of component composition must use measured component properties (test results) to predict system properties. This paper proposes a testing-based theory of software component composition based on subdomains. It shows how to combine subdomain tests of components into testing predictions for arbitrarily complex assemblies formed by sequence, conditional, and iteration constructions. The basic construction of the theory applies to functional behaviour, but the theory can also predict the system's non-functional properties from component subdomain tests. Compared with the alternative of actually building and testing a system, theoretical predictions are computationally more efficient. The theory can also be described as an exercise in modelling. Components are replaced by abstractions derived from testing them, and these models are manipulated to model system behaviour. This article replaces a previously published version. DOI: 10.1002/stvr.368. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1α,25(OH)2Vitamin D3‐Regulated Expression of the Eukaryotic Genome

1α,25(OH)2vitamin-D3, [1α,25(OH)2D3] is a potent steroid hormone that produces a wide array of biologic effects in a variety of target tissues within the body through its ability to modulate gene transcription of specific target genes. Evidence for transcription regulation of a specific gene typically includes 1α,25(OH)2D3-induced modulation in mRNA levels. Additionally, evidence may include measurements of transcription and or the presence of a vitamin D response element within the promoter region of the gene. To date, over 50 genes have been reported to be transcriptionally regulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3- We present a current list of these genes and the evidence supporting their inclusion on the list.
Impulsivity and phase of illness in bipolar disorder

Background: Impulsivity is prominent in bipolar disorder, but there is little quantitative information relating it to phase of illness. Methods: We measured impulsivity in patients with bipolar disorder who had not met episode criteria for at least 6 months, patients who were manic, and healthy control subjects. Impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and performance on the computerized Immediate Memory-Remote Memory Task (IMT-DMT), based on the Continuous Performance Test, which has been shown to reflect risk of impulsivity in other populations. Results: BIS scores in euthymic and manic bipolar subjects were identical, and were significantly elevated compared to controls. Commission errors (impulsive responses) on the IMT-DMT were elevated in manic subjects but were identical to controls in euthymic subjects. Measures of impulsivity did not appear related to depressive symptoms. Limitations: The number of subjects was too small for detailed investigation of the role of comorbidities; subjects were receiving pharmacological treatments. Conclusions: Impulsivity has state- and trait-related aspects in bipolar disorder.
Formanilide and carbanilide from aniline and carbon dioxide

Abstract Earlier syntheses of formamides from the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 in the presence of amines were only successful for the preparation of dialkylformamides. After an analysis of the reason for the failure of the reaction using aniline as a starting material, formanilide has been prepared, for the first time, from CO2, H2 and aniline with the use of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. Omission of the H2 reductant causes the selectivity to switch to the production of carbanilide (1,3-diphenylurea).
Adenovirus E1A Down-regulates LMP2 Transcription by Interfering with the Binding of Stat1 to IRF1

The LMP2 gene, which encodes a protein required for efficient presentation of viral antigens, requires both unphosphorylated Stat1 and IRF1 for basal expression. LMP2 expression is down-regulated by the adenovirus protein E1A, which binds to Stat1 and CBP/p300, and by the mutant E1A protein RG2, which binds to Stat1 but not to CBP/p300, but not by the mutant protein Δ2–36, which does not bind to either Stat1 or CBP/p300. Stat1 and IRF1 associate in untreated cells and bind as a complex to the overlapping ICS-2/GAS element of the LMP2 promoter. E1A interferes with the formation of this complex by occupying domains of Stat1 that bind to IRF1. These results reveal how adenovirus infection attenuates LMP2 expression, thereby interfering with the presentation of viral antigens.
Anthropology peirce‐eived

Singer, Milton. Man's Glassy Essence: Explorations in Semiotic Anthropology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. xi + 222 pp. including notes, bibliography, and index. $25.00 cloth.
Kinetics of formation for n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers onto gold in aqueous micellar solutions of C12E6 and C12E7

We have investigated the kinetics of formation for n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto gold from aqueous micellar solutions of hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E6) and heptaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E7). Micelles provide hydrophobic domains to solubilize the alkanethiols in aqueous solution and facilitate their delivery to the gold surface. The kinetics of SAM formation depends on the micellar size, the concentration of solubilized thiol, and the alkanethiol chain length. The kinetics data for SAM formation in aqueous micellar solutions of C12E6 and C12E7 are best fit by a diffusion-limited, second-order Langmuir adsorption model that accounts for diffusion of the thiol-laden micelles and release of the alkanethiols from the micelles. The observed rate constant for SAM formation decreases exponentially with alkanethiol chain length, consistent with an activated diffusion process for the release of the alkanethiol from the micelle. The activation energy for release o...
Optimal allocation of shunt dynamic Var source SVC and STATCOM: a survey

Optimal allocation of Var source involves optimal location and determination of the size of the Var source. The purpose is to find the right tradeoff between the investment cost of the new Var source and the benefits in system operation derived from the presence of the additional reactive compensators. Traditionally, the locations for placing new Var sources were either simply estimated or directly assumed. This paper categorizes the literature relevant to optimal allocation of shunt dynamic Var source SVC and STATCOM, based on the voltage stability analysis tools used. Those tools include static voltage stability analysis ones such as P-V and V-Q curve analysis, continuation power flow (CPF), optimization methods (OPF), modal analysis, saddle-node bifurcation analysis, and dynamic voltage stability analysis ones such as Hopf bifurcation analysis and time-domain simulation. Static voltage stability analysis techniques are also used in dynamic Var planning. At the end of the paper, the advantages of static and dynamic voltage stability analysis tools are summarized. (7 pages)
Restoring the remodeled enlarged left ventricle: experimental benefits of in vivo porcine cardioreduction in the beating open heart.

Conceptual models have been used to assess the efficacy of cardioreduction (i.e., Batista procedure) because in vivo models were not available. This study reproduces an experimental angiographic model of heart failure by placing a large pericardial patch to sphericalize the left ventricle. Patch removal restored an elliptical normal cardiac shape. Cardioreduction was evaluated in 20 mini-pigs on cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial protection with a beating open method was used and cardioplegia was not used. Studies were made after an LV incision (i.e., circumflex marginal artery occlusion with the Batista incision). A large pericardial patch sphericalized the left ventricle, and LV closure by patch removal restored normal cardiac shape (ellipse). Ventricular function was evaluated by inscribing Starling curves to fill the heart systolic elastance (Ees, conductance catheter), and surface echocardiogram for fiber shortening. After defining LV function in normal hearts on bypass only, an LV incision to divide the median ramus circumflex artery was made. This ventriculotomy reduced stoke work (SW) 37% +/- 4%, but did not change elastance (Ees) or SW/end-diastolic volume (EDV) significantly. Using the LV incision function as control, patch placement reduced SW 33% +/- 4%, Ees 40% +/- 3%, and SW/EDV 44% +/- 7% and decreased fiber shortening 43% +/- 5% by echocardiogram. Patch removal restored stroke work, SW/EDV, and Ees, and echocardiograms returned to normal values after LV incision. Ventricular function after patch removal was unchanged when the beating open cardioprotective technique was used. We conclude that sphericalization of left ventricular dimensions by pericardial patch placement causes cardiac failure that is relieved by restoring the ellipsoid shape by patch removal. These findings support the value of restoration of an elliptical shape by surgical cardioreduction, when the beating open ventricle is used for myocardial protection.