cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing International Threats During and After the Cold War

Threat assessment is a key element in carrying out foreign policy — or life, for that matter. It involves determining what the dangers out there are and deciding what needs to be done to deal with them. For the most part, this has been done badly by the United States for national security threats at least in the period since World War II. Not all threats that could potentially have been seized upon have evoked anxiety. However, every threat in the last several decades that has come to be accepted as significant has then been unwisely inflated.1 This essay first explores two important instances of threat inflation. One concerns the exaggeration during the Cold War about the degree to which international Communism presented a direct military threat as well as a subversive one. The other assesses the exaggeration after the Cold War, and particularly after 9/11, about the degree to which international terrorism presented a threat. The essay then concludes with a comparison of the Cold War with the current international situation in which China and Russia are perceived as presenting a substantial threat to U.S. security. As with the Cold War, it appears that we are making the same mistake: becoming transfixed by threats that either do not exist or are likely destined to self‐​destruct.
Neuronal and glial cell number is altered in a cortical layer-specific manner in autism.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and repetitive behaviors. Changes in the number of specific cell types in the cerebral cort...
PCR-DGGE analysis of bacterial community dynamics in kava beverages during refrigeration.

Aims: Kava beverages are highly perishable even under refrigerated conditions. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial community dynamics in kava beverages during refrigeration. Methods and Results: Four freshly made kava beverages were obtained from kava bars and stored at 4°C. On days 0, 3 and 6, the aerobic plate count (APC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count and yeast and mould count (YMC) of the samples were determined. Meanwhile, bacterial DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Moreover, species-specific PCR assays were employed to identify predominant Pseudomonas spp. involved in kava spoilage. Over the storage period, the APC, LAB count and YMC of the four kava beverages all increased, whereas their pH values decreased. The DGGE profile revealed diverse bacterial populations in the samples. LAB, such as Weissella soli, Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus lactis, were found in the kava beverages. Species-specific PCR assays detected Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens in the samples; Ps. fluorescens became dominant during refrigeration. Conclusions: LAB and Pseudomonas may play a significant role in the spoilage of kava beverages. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides important information that may be used to extend the shelf life of kava beverages.
Progress in integrated fluid/structure/controls computations using high fidelity equations

The progress made in multidisciplinary computations using high-fidelity flow and structural equation is summarized. Given the power of super computers it has been demonstrated that it is practical to use high fidelity equations to accurately model aeroelasticity associated with complex flows involving shock-waves, vortices and separation. It is observed that most of the progress made is based on the domain decomposition approach that uses finite-difference schemes for fluids and finite element schemes for structures. High end applications of technology to areas such as active controls are discussed.
Predictors of mortality in adult trauma patients: the physiologic trauma score is equivalent to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score.

Abstract Background: Several statistical models (Trauma and Injury Severity Score [TRISS], New Injury Severity Score [NISS], and the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision-based Injury Severity Score [ICISS]) have been developed over the recent decades in an attempt to accurately predict outcomes in trauma patients. The anatomic portion of these models makes them difficult to use when performing a rapid initial trauma assessment. We sought to determine if a Physiologic Trauma Score, using the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score in combination with other commonly used indices, could accurately predict mortality in trauma. Study Design: Prospective data were analyzed in 9,539 trauma patients evaluated at a Level I Trauma Center over a 30-month period (January 1997 to July 1999). A SIRS score (1 to 4) was calculated on admission (1 point for each: temperature >38°C or 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute, neutrophil count > 12,000 or Results: The study cohort of 9,539 trauma patients (of which 7,602 patients had complete data for trauma score calculations) had a mean ISS of 9 ± 9 (SD) and mean age of 37 ± 17 years. SIRS (SIRS score ≥ 2) was present in 2,165 of 7,602 patients (28.5%). In single-variable models, TRISS and ISS were most predictive of outcomes. A multiple-variable model, Physiologic Trauma Score combining SIRS score with Glasgow Coma Score and age (Hosmer-Lemenshow chi-square = 4.74) was similar to TRISS and superior to ISS in predicting mortality. The addition of ISS to this model did not significantly improve its predictive ability. Conclusions: A new statistical model (Physiologic Trauma Score), including only physiologic variables (admission SIRS score combined with Glasgow Coma Score and age) and easily calculated at the patient bedside, accurately predicts mortality in trauma patients. The predictive ability of this model is comparable to other complex models that use both anatomic and physiologic data (TRISS, ISS, and ICISS).
A design tool for hardware and software for multiprocessor DSP systems

Gabriel is a retargetable software system for the development of assembly code and microcode for single or multiple programmable DSPs. A description is given of the mechanism used to target multiprocessor DSP systems. Programs are automatically partitioned for parallel execution. A Thor-based hardware simulator integrated into the system stimulates the execution of programs on architectures using any number of Motorola DSP56001 processors. >
Verrucous lesions of the female genitalia. I. Giant condylomata.

Abstract Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma that often presents as a large cauliflower-like lesion with localy destructive growth. A high index of suspicion on the part of the clinician and pathologist is needed for an accurate diagnosis since the pathologic findings may be benign on an individual cell basis or may even resemble those of a condyhloma. Deep biopsy that includes the base of the lesion is needed for accurate histologic diagnosis, and the pathologist should be aware of the aggressive nature of lesion. The treatment of choice is surgical, with wide local excision being sufficient in most cases. Radiotherapy often fails to eradicate the lesion and may even cause it to become more anaplastic.
Immunohistochemical classification of de novo, transformed, and relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma into germinal center B-cell and nongerminal center B-cell subtypes correlates with gene expression profile and patient survival

Abstract Context.—Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be assigned to prognostic subgroups, including germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell subgroups, by using gene expression profiling and, reportedly, immunohistochemistry for CD10, Bcl-6, and multiple myeloma-1/interferon regulatory factor-4 (MUM1/IRF4). Objective.—To compare 2 commercial MUM1/IRF4 antibody formulations for accuracy in subtyping DLBCL against gene expression profiling, compare subtyping to patient survival, and evaluate the usefulness of GCB and non-GCB subtyping in relapsed and transformed DLBCL. Design.—Evaluation of 2 commercial MUM1/IRF4 antibodies, ICSTAT/M17 and Mum-1p, by using 40 cases of de novo, relapsed, and transformed DLBCL; and comparison of the results obtained with gene expression profiling and survival. Results.—Immunohistochemistry predicted the gene expression profiling subtype 71.8% and 69.2% of the time overall with use of the Mum-1p and ICSTAT/M17 antibodies, respectively, and 100% and 91.7% of the...
Longitudinal Analysis of Time, Engagement, and Achievement in At-Risk versus Non-Risk Students

This longitudinal study investigated the effects of time spent in academic instruction and time engaged on elementary students' academic achievement gains. Three groups were compared over grades as follows: (a) an at-risk experimental group of low-socioeconomic status (SES) students for whom teachers implemented classwide peer tutoring (CWPT) beginning with the second semester of first grade continuing through Grade 3; (h) an equivalent at-risk control group; and (c) a non-risk comparison group of students of average- to high-SES. In both the control and comparison groups, teachers employed conventional instructional practices over Grades 1 through 3. Results indicated significant group differences in the time spent in academic instruction, engagement, and gains on the subtests of the Metropolitan Achievement Test that favored the experimental and comparison groups over the control group. Implications include the effectiveness of CWPT for at-risk students and the continuing vulnerability of at-risk studen...
Measuring Engagement Impact on Communities: Challenges and Opportunities.

This article describes the author’s reflections on a servicelearningcourse at Penn State Lehigh Valley, a campus of ThePennsylvania State University. The author provides backgroundabout the university, the community need, and the servicelearningcourse. Reflections from assessing two semesters of theservice-learning course are provided.
QDMR: an efficient QoS dependent multicast routing algorithm

Many real time applications, such as video conferencing, require the transmission of messages from a sender to multiple receivers subject to Quality of Service (QoS) delivery constraints (e.g. bounded delay). This requires the underlying multicast protocol to find a QoS constrained minimum cost communication path (tree). However, finding such a tree is known to be computationally expensive. We present a fast heuristic, called QDMR, for generating delay constrained low cost multicast routing trees. A salient feature of QDMR is that it dynamically adjusts its low cost tree construction policy based on how far the current on-tree node is from violating the QoS delay bound. This QoS dependent (adaptive) tree construction, together with the capability to merge least delay paths into the low cost tree in case of stringent delay requirements, lead to the following properties: (1) QDMR guarantees to find a feasible multicast tree if such tree exists; (2) this delay bounded multicast tree is very rapidly generated; and (3) the tree has low cost. Through analysis and extensive simulations, we confirm the premise of QDMR by comparing it to many existing multicast algorithms.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels Functionalized With Organic Boundary Lubricant for Use as a Low Friction Cartilage Substitute

To solve the materials selection and tribological problems of compatibility, tissue damage, and wear resulting from sports injuries in younger and active populations where total joint replacement is highly undesirable, alternate biomaterials are being developed to repair or replace focal defects in articular cartilage so that the natural life of an articulating joint can be extended. The tribological concerns are most pressing. Articulating joints are not continuously separated by a fluid film. During motionless periods and impact loading conditions, and even in select individuals during the normal gait cycle, the contacting surfaces are not separated by a fluid film and are in the boundary lubrication (BL) regime. Research has shown that BL must occur at some point in time, if not during the majority of the motion cycle [1]. In this regime, the load is supported mainly by a molecular-scale boundary film and the surface asperities. Thus, failure of a synthetic replacement, or the cartilage itself on which it potentially articulates, would occur under BL conditions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Verbal Measures of Cognitive Ability: The Gifted Low SES Student's Albatross.

This study examines test bias as it affects the identification of low socioeconomic status (SES) children for placement in gifted programs. A battery of cognitive abilities tests was administered to students recommended for consideration for gifted placement. Students were divided into two groups, students from low SES backgrounds and students from average to above average SES backgrounds. Test scores were compared to determine if differences in test scores existed between the two groups. Analysis of the test scores indicated that the primary reason low SES students did not meet criteria for gifted placement was low test scores on the verbal subtests.
Triple-pulse amperometric detection of carbohydrates after chromatographic separation

Abstract Triple pulse amperometry at a platinum wire electrode is demonstrated for chromatographic separations of carbohydrate mixtures on two commercially available “carbohydrate columns” and the performances of the columns are compared. The effect of detector temperature is described; an increase from 35 to 85°C resulted in an increase of sensitivity by a factor of 1.5–2.1. A consideration of errors is presented and dilution is recommended for samples of high concentration to minimize relative error. Results are given for determination of dextrose, fructose, glycerol, and ethanol in three wines with relative uncertainties of approximately 10% or better, calculated at the 90% confidence level.
The Houdini Transformation: True, but Illusory

Molenaar (2003, 2011) showed that a common factor model could be transformed into an equivalent model without factors, involving only observed variables and residual errors. He called this invertible transformation the Houdini transformation. His derivation involved concepts from time series and state space theory. This article verifies the Houdini transformation on a general latent variable model using algebraic methods. The results show that the Houdini transformation is illusory in the sense that the Houdini-transformed model remains a latent variable model. Contrary to common knowledge, a model that is a path model with only observed variables and residual errors may, in fact, be a latent variable model.
Using Wordprocessing to Teach EFL Composition.

Abstract Until recently most software interested scientists more than humanists. It processed numerical data in batches. The users had to wait hours for results. The arrival of microcomputers and affordable terminals popularized interactive writing on computers. Full-screen editors appeared for microcomputers and soon afterward the mainframe computers. Their search and replace functions offered writers two powerful tools. Recent editors can split the terminal screen into several independent screens called windows. IBM's “EDITING IN THE ROUND” allows users to switch entire screens in and out to view, edit, or move text. Ancillary writing software can check spelling and simple grammar. Spelling checkers are a boon in teaching English composition to foreign students. Apart from Bell Laboratories “WRITERS' WORKBENCH”, not many grammar checking programs exist for mainframes. However, using the search and replace functions, mainframe users can create some grammar and style exercises. Electronic mail facilities can help foreign students to communicate in written English. They show the students the true purpose in writing—to communicate. Since most students enjoy chatting on the computer, this is a pleasant way to make them communicate in another writing system. Using all of the software available on the mainframe computer, foreign students should be able to write and revise much more than by traditional methods. The best way to learn how to write is to write and write and write.
A modification of the Stern—Geary linear polarization equation

Abstract An exact equation for the slope of the current—voltage curve at the corrosion—potential is derived. While the Stern—Geary equation is a valid approximation only if the corrosion—potential lies far from the reversible potentials of the oxidation and reduction processes which determine the corrosion process, two new formulae proposed here are valid approximations under all conditions. For given Tafel-constants these approximations introduce no error greater than 30 per cent, while the error accompanying the Stern—Geary method increases without limit as the corrosion—potential approaches either of the reversible potentials. The proposed formulae include the cases of the corroding Zn electrode in strong alkaline solution and the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ -couple on stainless steel. Large discrepancies between corrosion rates determined by electrochemical and weight loss techniques reported recently are analyzed.
Toward a taxonomy of design genres: fostering mathematical insight via perception-based and action-based experiences

In a retrospective analysis of my own pedagogical design projects over the past twenty years, I articulate and compare what I discern therein as two distinct activity genres for grounding mathematical concepts. One genre, "perception-based design," builds on learners' early mental capacity to draw logical inferences from perceptual judgment of intensive quantities in source phenomena, such as displays of color densities. The other genre, "action-based design," builds on learners' perceptuomotor capacity to develop new kinesthetic routines for strategic embodied interaction, such as moving the hands at different speeds to keep a screen green. Both capacities are effective evolutionary means of engaging the world, and both bear pedagogical potential as epistemic resources by which to build meaning for mathematical models of, and solution processes for situated problems. Empirical studies that investigated designs built in these genres suggest a two-step activity format by which instructors can guide learners to reinvent conceptual cores. In a primary problem, learners apply or develop non-symbolic perceptuomotor schemas to engage the task effectively. In a secondary problem, learners devise means of appropriating newly interpolated mathematical forms as enactive, semiotic, or epistemic means of enhancing, explaining, and evaluating their primary response. Whereas my analysis distills activities into two separate genres for rhetorical clarity, ultimately embodied interaction may interleave and synthesize the genres' elements.
Financing Retirement: The Private Sector

Since 1980, there has been a rapid shift from employerbased, defined benefit pensions to employee-controlled personal retirement accounts. This paper documents the shift and explores the conventional wisdom that this shift increases risk for retirees and will result in lower accumulation of retirement assets. In particular, it focuses on personal retirement accounts and considers the options available for retirees to contain risk and assess the likely outcomes over alternative options, including life cycle allocations. It concludes that personal retirement accounts are likely to lead to higher retirement accumulations that are also less risky than would be the case under defined benefit plans.
Fatalism and cardio-metabolic dysfunction in Mexican-American women.

Background Mexican-American women are disproportionately vulnerable to cardio-metabolic dysfunction and related health conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Research shows that low socioeconomic status contributes to this populations excess vulnerability to cardio-metabolic dysfunction, but little is known about the contribution of cultural factors to these associations.
Effects of heat and β-lactoglobulin on distribution of fluorescently labeled tissue-and urokinase-type plasminogen activators in a model milk system

Abstract A fluorescent labeling method was developed to determine the effects of heat and β -lactoglobulin (BLG) on the concentration distribution of added fluorescently labeled tissue-type (tPA-647) and urokinase-type (uPA-546) plasminogen activators (PAs) in a model milk system. Prior to heating, the majority of the added PAs (87% of tPA-647, 72% of uPA-546) became associated with casein micelles and could be dissociated by acidification or NaCl. Addition of 0.5% BLG to the unheated system had no significant effect on the distribution of PAs. Heat-induced binding of uPA-546 to micelles was shown by an increase of uPA-546 from 72% to 88% or 95% in the micelle fraction of systems without or with BLG, respectively. Although heat alone had little effect on the total amount of tPA-647 associated with caseins (88%), addition of BLG to a heated system shifted 32% of the tPA-647 to a non-sedimentable casein fraction. After heating, casein–PA interactions became more complex.
Comparison of commercial supercapacitors and high-power lithium-ion batteries for power-assist applications in hybrid electric vehicles: I. Initial characterization

Abstract Commercial supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, from Saft, Maxwell, Panasonic, CCR, Ness, EPCOS, and Power Systems were tested under constant current and constant power discharges to assess their applicability for power-assist applications in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Commercial lithium-ion batteries from Saft and Shin-Kobe were also tested under similar conditions. Internal resistances were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as well as by the “ iR drop” method. Self discharge measurements were also recorded. Compared with earlier generations of supercapacitors, the cells showed improved current and power capability. However, their energy densities are still too low to meet goals set by Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) for HEV propulsion. Cells that use acetonitrile as the electrolyte solvent yield better performance, although safety issues need to be addressed. New high-power lithium-ion batteries show high energy densities, with high power capabilities.
Selection of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against autologous human melanoma from lymph nodes with metastatic melanoma using repeatedin vitro sensitization

Our goal was to determine the cytotoxic activity of effector cells in lymph nodes with metastatic melanoma. Lymphocytes contained within tumor cells from metastatic lymph nodes of two patients were allowed to proliferate in recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2, 100-1,000 units/ml) after 14–21 days of culture. Each set of lymphocytes showed cytotoxicity against autologous melanoma (AM, mean 72%) at effector to target ratio of 20∶1 and K562 cells (mean 60%) using 4-h chromium-51 release assay. Using unlabeled AM and K562, each AM could partially block the activity against K562, but K562 could not block the activity against AM. These activated lymphocytes underwentin vitro sensitization (IVS) with irradiated AM cells and rIL-2 at 2-week intervals. After repeated IVS over about 50 days, each patient's lymphocytes showed cytotoxicity against AM (mean 54%) but not K562 (mean 5%,P < 0.001). These results indicate that different cytotoxic effector cells were present in the early and late phase of lymphocyte tumor culture. Repeated IVS resulted in the selection of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cold target inhibition assay demonstrated that melanoma cells contained common and individual AM-associated antigen in addition to K562-associated antigens.
Calibration of the AVHRR visible and near-IR bands by atmospheric scattering, ocean glint and desert reflection

A method for calibrating satellite sensors (such as the AVHRR visible and NIR bands) is proposed by which the sensors are calibrated using well-known physical characteristics of the atmosphere, ocean, and deserts, as well as the digital satellite imagery. The approach, independent of ground support, used the following three phenomena: molecular scattering over the ocean for absolute visible band calibration; ocean glint, to transfer the calibration from the visible band to the NIR band; and desert reflectance to monitor, independently, the stability of the visible and NIR bands. The method was applied to NOAA-7, -9, and -11 sensors. The results of the ocean and the desert calibration methods were found to differ in the brightness range and the spectral response of the radiance source (molecular scattering over the ocean versus the desert reflectance).
Carbohydrate components of the glycopeptides of ovine lutropin

Abstract The three tryptic glycopeptides from ovine lutropin, in which two were from the α-subunit (α-56 and α-82 glycopeptides) and one from the β-subunit (β-13 glycopeptide), have been isolated and their carbohydrate compositions analyzed. The results indicate that the α-56 glycopeptide has the highest amount of carbohydrate, whereas the β-13 glycopeptide has the least. In general, each of the glycopeptides has similar distribution of various sugars, i.e. high in mannose and glucosamine and low in fucose, sialic acid, galactose and galactosamine. Within the limit of experimental error, the sum of their carbohydrate composition is in agreement with the published data on the intact hormone or separated subunits.
Behavior of tellurium on silicon (100)

Abstract The adsorption of tellurium on Si(100) was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and LEED. Tellurium was evaporated onto the clean silicon (100)2 × 1 surface at ≈ 25°C. Coverages ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 ML were investigated. Atom-resolved images reveal that low coverages of Te deposited at room temperature adsorb on top of the silicon 2 × 1 dimer rows with a minimum spacing of 2a where a = 3.84 A is the width of a 1 × 1 surface unit cell. There is a slight preference for growth along the silicon dimer rows. This surface saturates at 0.25 ML. When the low coverage sample is subsequently annealed for 10 min at 300°C, trenches perpendicular to the silicon dimer rows appear with tellurium decorating the trench edge. At ⩾ 1 ML Te coverage, the surface consists of rows of Te with a spacing of a with missing rows of atoms at a maximum interval of 5–6 rows.
Differentiation as a Basis for Explaining Customer Satisfaction across Industries

Abstract The paper uses the differentiation of offerings as a basis for explaining differences in aggregate, industry level customer satisfaction in the annual Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer. The results reveal that differentiated industries have higher aggregate levels of perceived performance and subsequent customer satisfaction, and that a large portion of variance in customer satisfaction across industries can be explained by the impact of differentiation (via perceived performance). These findings suggest that it is indeed possible to make meaningful comparisons of customer satisfaction across different industries.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy of zonular anatomy in clinically unilateral exfoliation syndrome

. Purpose: To evaluate the ability of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to detect abnormalities in the zonular apparatus in unaffected eyes of patients with clinically unilateral exfoliation syndrome (XFS) using a standardized grading system. Methods: The affected and unaffected eyes of 17 patients with clinically unilateral XFS and 17 eyes of 17 control subjects underwent UBM. Radial sections detailing the lens and zonules at 12:00, 1:30, 3:00, 4:30, 6:00, 7:30, 9:00 and 10:30 clock hours were obtained. The images were graded by a masked, experienced UBM observer using a standardized scoring system based on the zonular appearance (0, none; 1 and 2, uneven or disrupted zonules with or without patchy deposits; 3, diffuse granulation, thick zonules or both; 4, total zonular disruption). Affected meridians were compared by the Friedman test, while distributions of unaffected and affected eyes were compared using the Student t-test. Results: In the control group, 15/17 eyes showed normal zonules; the remaining two eyes showed grade 1 changes in some meridians. The mean grade score was 0.33 [standard deviation (SD) 0.84]. Eyes with XFS had a higher score than control eyes, with a mean score of 14.35 (SD 7.14, P < 0.001, Student t-test). In clinically unaffected fellow eyes, the mean score was 10.53 (SD 7.44), and was less than that of XFS eyes (P = 0.008, Student t-test). Twelve XFS eyes (71%) and six unaffected fellow eyes (35%) had grade 3 or 4 in at least one meridian (P = 0.07, Friedman test). Conclusion: Bilateral zonular involvement is present in subjects with clinically unilateral XFS. These zonular changes may be extensive in fellow eyes without clinically evident exfoliation material. UBM assessment of zonular status in fellow eyes prior to cataract extraction may aid in surgical planning.
Developing a design system to help reduce design cycle time

In this paper, we introduce the RDS system that is used by Skyworks' design community to perform design tasks. Integration of EDA tools, design kits, and environment infrastructure is introduced. A centralized computing pool to leverage computing power with effective cost structure is discussed. We elaborate on multi-site and project data management to ensure data integrity. We also describe the PDK concept and optimized hybrid design flows used by Skyworks' design teams.
Nanodot formation induced by femtosecond laser irradiation

The femtosecond laser generation of ZnSe nanoscale features on ZnSe surfaces was studied. Irradiation with multiple exposures produces 10–100 nm agglomerations of nanocrystalline ZnSe while retaining the original single crystal structure of the underlying material. The structure of these nanodots was verified using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The nanodots continue to grow hours after irradiation through a combination of bulk and surface diffusion. We suggest that in nanodot formation the result of ultrafast laser induced point defect formation is more than an order of magnitude below the ZnSe ultrafast melt threshold fluence. This unique mechanism of point defect injection will be discussed.
Hadron production in heavy ion collisions: Fragmentation and recombination from a dense parton phase

We discuss hadron production in heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We argue that hadrons at transverse momenta ${P}_{T}l5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$ are formed by recombination of partons from the dense parton phase created in central collisions at RHIC. We provide a theoretical description of the recombination process for ${P}_{T}g2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$. Below ${P}_{T}=2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$ our results smoothly match a purely statistical description. At high transverse momentum hadron production is well described in the language of perturbative QCD by the fragmentation of partons. We give numerical results for a variety of hadron spectra, ratios, and nuclear suppression factors. We also discuss the anisotropic flow ${v}_{2}$ and give results based on a flow in the parton phase. Our results are consistent with the existence of a parton phase at RHIC hadronizing at a temperature of $175\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$ and a radial flow velocity of $0.55c$.
Extending Physician ReACH: Influencing patient activation and behavior through multichannel physician communication

Abstract Objective Despite evidence-based recommendations, physical activity as a self-management technique is underutilized. Many physical activity interventions require significant resources, ranging from repeated phone follow-up with nursing staff to intensive sessions with cooperating physical therapists. This intervention, Extending Physician ReACH (Relationship And Communication in Healthcare), examined physician to patient communication tactics for promoting walking exercise to patients with type 2 diabetes, using limited clinic time and financial resources. Methods This was a single-site, six-month prospective intervention, which implemented theoretically driven, evidenced-based information factor strategies. Of the 128 volunteers who participated in the initial clinic visit, 67 patients with type 2 diabetes completed the six-month intervention. Results Significant intervention effects were detected risk perception, social norms, and patient activation. Conclusions This study was designed to identify information factors that could affect physician success in motivating patients with type 2 diabetes to enact the ADA physical activity recommendations. Practice implications The success of this intervention models a strategy through which clinicians can reach beyond “one-shot” persuasion without placing onerous time and resource demands on physicians.
GRW: A Case Study in Quantum Ontology

This article provides an overview of the philosophical literature on the GRW theory of quantum mechanics, and argues for a particular position regarding that literature. Much of the literature is ontological; it attempts to defend a conception of what the world is like according to the GRW theory against perceived competitors. I argue that there is no real debate here, since these supposedly conflicting positions are better regarded as alternative and compatible ways of describing the world of the GRW theory.
Effects of feeding and drinking on acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hippocampus of freely behaving rats

Extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), striatum (STR), and hippocampus (HIPP) using microdialysis in 30-min intervals before, during, and after free-feeding in 20-h food-deprived rats. The effects on ACh in the NAC and STR were also observed in response to water intake in 20-h water-deprived animals. Neostigmine was used in the perfusate to improve ACh recovery. Basal ACh was sensitive to tetrodotoxin and low calcium, and therefore largely neuronal in origin. Feeding caused a 38% increase in extracellular ACh in the NAC and no change in the STR or HIPP. Dopamine was also increased in the NAC (48%) and to a lesser extent in the STR (21%) following feeding. Drinking caused 18-20% increases in ACh release in both the NAC and STR. In a separate experiment, ACh release in the NAC was monitored in 10-min intervals during free-feeding; ACh increased in the interval immediately following maximal food intake. These results suggest a site-specific increase in ACh release following feeding that cannot be solely attributed to the activation associated with this behavior.
Introduction: Navigating the global private equity frontier: Tumultuous and opportunistic times

At the Fifth Annual Global Private Equity Investing Conference on Thunderbird's campus in Glendale, Arizona, held in late March 2009, it was made clear the economic crisis not only has shown the world that economic globalization has come, but it also brings with it many new and surprising opportunities. For private equity in particular, globalization is imperative. This issue of the Thunderbird International Business Review offers an in-depth look into several key topics for private equity in these tumultuous times, including how to structure a successful private equity portfolio, tools for reaching liquidity, and opportunities in the secondary and distressed debt markets. Katharina Lichtner of Capital Dynamics, Hans Swildens of Industry Ventures, Roger Wittlin of Silver Lake, and Sebastien Burdel of Coller Capital explore these timely topics in the following pages. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of intravenous hyperosmotic sodium bicarbonate on arterial and cerebrospinal fluid acid-base status and cardiovascular function in calves with experimentally induced respiratory and strong ion acidosis.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of hyperosmotic sodium bicarbonate (HSB) administration on arterial and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance and cardiovascular function in calves with experimentally induced respiratory and strong ion (metabolic) acidosis. Ten healthy male Holstein calves (30‐47 kg body weight) were instrumented under halothane anesthesia to permit cardiovascular monitoring and collection of blood samples and CSF. Respiratory acidosis was induced by allowing the calves to spontaneously ventilate, and strong ion acidosis was subsequently induced by IV administration of L-lactic acid. Calves were then randomly assigned to receive either HSB (8.4% NaHCO3; 5 ml/kg over 5 minutes, IV; n 5 5) or no treatment (controls, n 5 5) and monitored for 1 hour. Mixed respiratory and strong ion acidosis was accompanied by increased heart rate, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, cardiac contractility (maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure), and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Rapid administration of HSB immediately corrected the strong ion acidosis, transiently increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P CO2), and expanded the plasma volume. The transient increase in arterial PCO2 did not alter CSF PCO2 or induce paradoxical CSF acidosis. Compared to untreated control calves, HSB-treated calves had higher cardiac index and contractility and a faster rate of left ventricular relaxation for 1 hour after treatment, indicating that HSB administration improved myocardial systolic function. We conclude that rapid IV administration of HSB provided an effective and safe method for treating strong ion acidosis in normovolemic halothane-anesthetized calves with experimentally induced respiratory and strong ion acidosis. Fear of inducing paradoxical CSF acidosis is not a valid reason for withholding HSB administration in calves with
Share Your Experience and I'll Lend You My Ear: Older Adult Outcomes of an Intergenerational Service-Learning Experience

Intergenerational service learning is frequently used in gerontology courses. However, research usually focuses on the experience of the younger (e.g., children, youth, adolescents, students) rather than older participants, or older adults who are in poor health. Using a focus group methodology, this study explored the experience of active older volunteers who participated in an intergenerational service-learning project with college students. Results indicated older adults positively experienced the project and found the relationships with their partners meaningful. They appreciated students listening to their life stories and documenting them through memoirs. The study shows that active older adults can benefit from an intergenerational service-learning experience.
A four-coordinate Fe(III) porphyrin cation

The free four-coordinate Fe(III) porphyrin cation has not been previously observed due to its extreme electrophilicity. In order to isolate this very reactive species, we have synthesized a highly sterically hindered bis-pocket siloxyl porphyrin which has a top opening of only 2 A. NMR studies of this Fe(III) porphyrin cation with different weakly coordinating anions all give the same porphyrin proton chemical shifts in CD2Cl2, suggesting that no anion coordination to the iron occurs in solution. In the solid state, the four-coordinate Fe(III) bis-pocket porphyrin can be isolated with the bulky and weakly coordinating hexabromocarborane as the counterion: the single-crystal X-ray structure confirms the absence of axial ligation to the iron. In contrast, with smaller anions (e.g., triflate), the Fe(III) bis-pocket porphyrin complexes are five-coordinate in the solid state, due probably to the smaller size and loss in the solid state of stabilization from anion solvation. Full characterization (EPR, Mossba...
Self-triggered best-response dynamics for mobile sensor deployment

The coordination of large numbers of autonomous agents has lead to the development of novel theoretical tools for the analysis and design of practical control algorithms with performance guarantees. Aligned with this research, this paper investigates the adaptation of classical best-response dynamics to achieve coverage control by a mobile sensor network subject to communication constraints. To do this, we first formulate a 1-D deployment scenario as a continuous-time-space potential game with a componentwise concave potential function. Making use of the stability theory for non-smooth dynamical systems, we characterize how the set-valued, best-response dynamics can converge to the set of Nash equilibria under some general conditions. This allows us to guarantee that sensor trajectories converge toward positions that maximize the covered area. We then modify the best-response dynamics to account for a self-triggered communication strategy that decreases the multi-agent communication effort while ensuring convergence to the equilibrium set. Finally, we present some simulations that demonstrate the performance of the proposed strategy.
Regional reward differences within the ventral pallidum are revealed by microinjections of a mu opiate receptor agonist

The ventral pallidum receives a major projection from the nucleus accumbens, a heavily studied terminus of the mesolimbic dopamine system that is known to be involved in a variety of reward and behavioral functions. Recently, ventral pallidum microinjections of the mu opiate receptor agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO) have been shown to increase motor activity while ventral pallidum lesions have been shown to reduce opiate and cocaine self-administration behaviors. These results suggest a possible continuation of the mesolimbic reward/motor circuit from the nucleus accumbens into the ventral pallidum. This study investigated the effects of ventral pallidum DAMGO microinjections on reward and motor/performance through the use of the intracranial self-stimulation rate-frequency curve-shift paradigm. Microinjections of DAMGO (vehicle, 0.03 nmol, and 0.33 nmol) were administered bilaterally in a random dose order with a minimum of 3 days between injections. Rats were tested over three consecutive rate-frequency curves immediately following the opiate microinjections to investigate the time course of drug effects. DAMGO microinjections in the rostral ventral pallidum produced decreases in reward and motor/performance when compared to normal baseline activity or vehicle microinjections. In contrast, DAMGO microinjections into the caudal ventral pallidum produced increases in reward and motor/performance. These data confirm a role for the ventral pallidum in limbic function and extend it to intracranial self-stimulation reward. They also suggest reward modulation in the ventral pallidum is a regionally heterogeneous function and that the rostral ventral pallidum may be a transition area between the nucleus accumbens and the ventral pallidum.
Volunteers in probation: A research note on evaluation

Abstract Despite the widespread adoption of volunteers in courts, probation, and parole, surprisingly little hard evidence exists demonstrating their effectivenes. Several studies are reviewed and one is reported on here. These studies suggest that volunteers are not effective. The reason for this may be that volunteers compete unsuccessfully with other aspects of clients' environment. Reasons for the adoption of volunteer programs may include selection biases that falsely tend to make volunteers seem effective. Recommendations for definitive study of volunteer programs are made.
Computer-Based Intervention for Anxious and Depressive Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Population

This research was designed to examine the efficacy of a brief cognitive-behavioral psychoeducation model as an intervention for depressive and anxious symptoms, based on the Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP). One hundred fifty two participants were randomly assigned to the control and prevention groups. These participants completed symptom ratings of depression and anxiety at baseline, and again eight weeks later. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) revealed a significant effect of group, with the intervention group showing lower symptom scores at the follow-up session. The implications of this study include the development of the CBASP method as a computer-based prevention and intervention strategy.
Reconsidering the denominator of the attributable proportion for interaction.

A number of measures have been proposed to assess interaction on the additive or risk difference scale between the effects of two exposures. Assessing such additive interaction is desirable because it allows one to assess whether it would be better to target an intervention to certain subgroups if resources are limited [1–3]. Additive interaction also allows one to assess evidence for mechanistic interaction within the sufficient cause or potential outcomes frameworks [2–5]. One of the measures that has been proposed to assess additive interaction is what is sometimes referred to as the attributable proportion [6]. We will consider the properties of two different definitions of this attributable proportion measure.
Relational Autonomy in Assisted Living: A Focus on Diverse Care Settings for Older Adults

Consistent with Western cultural values, the traditional liberal theory of autonomy, which places emphasis on self-determination, liberty of choice, and freedom from interference by others, has been a leading principle in health care discourse for several decades. In context to aging, chronic illness, disability, and long-term care, increasingly there has been a call for a relational conception of autonomy that acknowledges issues of dependency, interdependence, and care relationships. Although autonomy is a core philosophy of assisted living (AL) and a growing number of studies focus on this issue, theory development in this area is lagging and little research has considered race, class, or cultural differences, despite the growing diversity of AL. We present a conceptual model of autonomy in AL based on over a decade of research conducted in diverse facility settings. This relational model provides an important conceptual lens for understanding the dynamic linkages between varieties of factors at multiple levels of social structure that shape residents' ability to maintain a sense of autonomy in this often socially challenging care environment. Social and institutional change, which is ongoing, as well as the multiple and ever-changing cultural contexts within which residents are embedded, are important factors that shape residents' experiences over time and impact resident-facility fit and residents' ability to age in place.
1132 NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE: EVALUATION OF A TECHNIQUE

In 1976 a new technique for measuring intracranial pressure transcutaneously across the anterior fontanel using an aplanation fiberoptic methodology was introduced. The present study attempted to duplicate the previous work. Materials and methods: 4 infants with open fontanels and suspected increased intracranial pressure were studied. The Ladd Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Device (model 1700, Roche Medical Electronics) was applied to the anterior fontanel as per the original authors. Continuous digital and graphic displays of measured pressures were obtained. Results: A pressure range of 10-26 cm H2O was obtained by altering tension applied to the straps which hold the transducer in place. Manipulation of the straps did not result in a reproduciple baseline. Pressures measured represented the sum of intracranial (transfontanel) pressure and externally applied pressure and interpretation of data became impossible. Conclusion: Previous results using this technique could not be duplicated. The application of an aplanation transducer to measure pressure across a deformable membrane necessitates establishment of co-planarity of transducer and membrane and the introduction of external pressure into the system. The technique under study does not quantify the amount of external pressure required to achieve co-planarity and thus cannot give meaningful data.