cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of decision making on landing mechanics as a function of task and sex

Abstract Background Factors that contribute to sex-differences in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among athletes are not well understood. Of interest is whether decision making during landing influences biomechanical factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. This study examined the effects of decision making on the mechanics of two-footed landing tasks in women and men. Methods Twenty-nine healthy young adults (13 women, 16 men) completed drop landings and drop-jumps under preplanned and decision-making conditions. Biomechanical data were collected and effects of decision making on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were examined as a function of task and sex. Findings Landing mechanics were influenced by decision-making condition, task, and sex. During drop-jumps, participants exhibited lesser hip flexion (− 3.3°), lesser knee flexion (− 5.1°), and greater knee abduction (+ 1.0°) at initial contact under decision-making conditions. Under decision-making conditions, no differences were observed in these variables between tasks or with respect to preplanned drop landings. Across tasks and sexes, participants exhibited greater ankle plantarflexion at initial contact (+ 1.6°), greater peak knee external rotation (+ 1.5°), lesser peak knee internal rotation (− 1.0°), and smaller hip adduction moments (− 0.2% body weight × height) under decision-making conditions. Women but not men exhibited smaller ankle inversion moments (− 0.1% body weight × height) under decision-making conditions. Interpretation Modifications in landing mechanics suggest a default towards the preplanned drop landing strategy under decision-making conditions. Across sexes, drop landings and drop-jumps may be no more dangerous under decision-making conditions, with respect to anterior cruciate ligament loading, than preplanned drop landings.
Evaluation of postoperative fever: usefulness and cost-effectiveness of routine workup.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine which investigative tools are of most clinical benefit in a routine postoperative fever workup and to describe which postoperative patients require closer investigation at the time of fever. Study Design: We performed a retrospective analysis of 676 patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for a gynecologic condition who had a fever of 38.0°C (100.4°F) or higher. Charts were reviewed for independent variables related to their diagnosis and surgery in addition to any workup for fever. An estimate of the total charge of a routine workup was performed. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows, version 10.1. Results: We found 194 patients (29%) had a postoperative temperature of 38.0°C or higher. A laboratory/radiographic workup for the fever was performed in 119 women (61%). Only 15% of urinalyses, 14% of urine cultures, 7% of blood cultures, 14% of chest radiographs, and 17% of sputum cultures were positive. There were several significant differences between those with and without serious infections that can guide management of postoperative patients. The total charge for laboratory/radiographic workup was $48,432 or $2201 per serious infection diagnosed. Conclusion: Approximately 29% of women undergoing laparotomy by gynecologists have a fever of 38.0°C (100.4°F) or higher. We found the majority of fever workups were of low clinical yield and added moderate cost. Significant infection is associated with surgery for malignancy, bowel resection, number of febrile days, higher fever, and moderately increased white blood cell count. Only patients with these characteristics are most likely to benefit from laboratory and/or radiographic workup of fever. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1642-7.)
Accommodating Sensor Bias in MRAC for State Tracking

The problem of accommodating unknown sensor bias is considered in a direct model reference adaptive control (MRAC) setting for state tracking using state feedback. Sensor faults can occur during operation, and if the biased state measurements are directly used with a standard MRAC control law, neither closed-loop signal boundedness, nor asymptotic tracking can be guaranteed and the resulting tracking errors may be unbounded or unacceptably large. A modified MRAC law is proposed, which combines a bias estimator with control gain adaptation, and it is shown that signal boundedness can be accomplished, although the tracking error may not go to zero. Further, for the case wherein an asymptotically stable sensor bias estimator is available, an MRAC control law is proposed to accomplish asymptotic tracking and signal boundedness. Such a sensor bias estimator can be designed if additional sensor measurements are available, as illustrated for the case wherein bias is present in the rate gyro and airspeed measurements. Numerical example results are presented to illustrate each of the schemes.
History and Activity of OCLC in Canada

ABSTRACT Canada has always been an important and natural trading partner for the United States, and this was reflected within the library field when a Canadian library, the Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) became an Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) member in 1979. This was OCLC's first member library outside the United States.
The effect of varnish on dentinal bonding strength of five dental cements

1. The following dental cements are listed in order of decreasing mean bonding strenghts on varnish-free dentin: polycarboxylate, zinc phosphate, EBA, Fynal, and CBA. 2. The application of either Copalite or Varnal decreased the dentinal bonding strength of polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements. There was no change for CBA cement. 3. The application of Copalite and Varnal increased the dentinal bonding strength for Fynal to the level of zinc phosphate cement on varnish-free dentin. 4. The dentinal bonding strength of EBA cement increased with the application of Varnal but not with Copalite.
Periodontal disease is prevalent among adults in France.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Epidemiology of periodontal status in dentate adults in France, 2002-2003 Bourgeois D, Bouchard P, Mattout C. J Periodontal Res 2007;42(3):219-27 Level of Evidence 4 Purpose/Question To assess the prevalence and extent of periodontal disease among adults in France, and to describe the disease distribution by age groups, gender, and type of teeth affected. Source of Funding French government and industry. Type of Study/Design Survey
A Test of Simpson’s “Rule of the Survival of the Relatively Unspecialized” Using Fossil Crinoids

Abstract: Temporally long‐ranging (=long‐lived) taxa have been postulated to have unusual properties that aid their prolonged geologic survival. Past studies have examined dispersal capabilities, geographic ranges, and single‐character morphological adaptations as factors that may contribute to geologic longevity. Here, I test whether long‐lived fossil crinoid taxa are morphologically unusual using a whole suite of morphological characters. I define long‐lived taxa in several explicit, comparative ways. I find that long‐lived crinoid genera and families are often less distant from mean morphologies of their crinoid orders than their shorter‐lived relatives; that is, they are relatively less specialized. I also compare the morphology of crinoid genera relative to basal members of their respective orders; mean morphological distances of long‐lived genera from basal morphologies are seldom distinct from those of their shorter‐lived relatives. I observe that long‐lived crinoid genera are less distant from mea...
Cauchy's problem for a class of fourth order elliptic equations in two independent variables

Integral operator techniques are used to construct the solution to Cauchy's problem for a class of fourth order elliptic equations in two independent variables. If the Cauchy data is prescribed along an arbitrary analytic arc C, then approximate solutions can be obtained on compact subsets of domains which are conformally symmetric with respect to C. This improves upon results previously obtained by Henrici, Pucci, and Colton.
A Polyhedral Object's CSG-Rep Reconstruction From a Single 2D Line Drawing

The interpretation of a 2D line drawing as a 3D scene is an important area of study within the fields of artificial intelligence and machine vision. In the area of CAD/CAM, research has focused on the reconstruction of a 3D solid from its engineering drawings, either with two views or three views, or from its wireframe representation. We have been working on the problem of automatically reconstructing a 3D solid object's Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) representation from a single 2D line drawing of the object. This paper describes our approach as well as some preliminary results. We validate our approach on a restricted set of objects consisting of simple rectilinear polyhedra. Using the Huffman-Clowes labeling scheme we are able to successfully identify the primitive blocks necessary for the CSG tree generation, as well as the set operations that must be applied to them. Extension to general polyhedra is also discussed.
Ewing's sarcoma metastatic at diagnosis results and comparisons of two intergroup Ewing's sarcoma studies

Two Pediatric Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma studies of patients with metastatic disease (IESS-MD) have used multimodal therapy consisting of intensive combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy (XRT) to areas of gross disease detected at the time of diagnosis. In IESS-MD-I, conducted from 1975 to 1977, 53 eligible patients were entered and received the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), cyclophosphamide, and dactinomycin with concomitant XRT (VACA + XRT). In IESS-MD-II, conducted from 1980 to 1983, 69 eligible patients were entered and received 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in addition to the chemotherapeutic agents of IESS-MD-I; initial intensive chemotherapy was given and XRT was delayed until week 10 (VACA + 5FU, delayed XRT). The best response rate (complete and partial remissions combined) was 73% in IESS-MD-I and 70% in IESS-MD-II, so there was no statistical evidence of a difference in response rates (P = 0.62). The length of best response also was similar between studies (P = 0.79), with approximately 30% of the patients on both studies remaining in remission at 3 years. The percentage of patients surviving 5 years or more was 30 on the first study and 28 on the second study (P = 0.49). The major sites of relapse after a response were lung and bone, each occurring with nearly equal frequency. The age of the patient was related to both best response rate and survival: patients 10 years of age or younger had substantially higher response and survival rates than patients 11 years of age or older. The favorable prognosis for younger patients might be explained by a more favorable distribution of primary sites at diagnosis; 39% of patients 10 years of age or younger had rib primary sites, compared with only 16% for patients older than 10 years of age (P = 0.05). The frequency of life-threatening toxicity was substantially higher in IESS-MD-I (30%) than in IESS-MD-II (9%), but the frequency of fatal toxicity was similar (6% to 7%). Fatal complications included Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, unspecified pneumonitis, and sepsis. The most common toxicity and complications were leukopenia and infections.
International migration and the politics of admission and exclusion in postwar Europe.

Abstract Although nation-states assume territorial, political and cultural boundedness, their boundaries are not uniform barriers, but rather are characterized by varying degrees of openness and closure to international migrants. The manipulation of the permeability of these boundaries constitutes the politics of admission and exclusion. There are two dimensions to such a politics: a geographic one, allowing foreign migrants access to residence and work in the national territory; and a civic one, allowing foreign migrants access to citizenship. This paper provides a discussion of the complex economic, political and social forces impinging on the politics of admission and exclusion and an analysis of how these forces have been operating in a particular historical and geographical context to determine the admission of international migrants into national territory and community. Throughout the postwar period the prosperous countries of Western Europe have willingly accepted foreign migrants as temporary labor, but have been less willing to provide them access to the civil and political rights of citizenship, illustrating how economic self-interest and exclusionary nationalist and racist ideologies are combined in the admission policies of advanced industrialized countries. There are signs that the integration of nation-states into regional blocs such as the EC is shifting the politics of admission and exclusion practised by the dominant member countries to the supra-national scale.
Some remarks on ill-posed problems for viscous fluids

Abstract Many of the problems encountered in continuum mechanics lead to ill-posed initial and/or boundary value problems for partial differential equations primarily because the data required to make these problems well posed, are not available. In this paper we consider two ill-posed problems arising from attempts to solve the Navier-Stokes equations backward in time. Using a logarithmic convexity argument and appropriately constraining solutions we establish continuous dependence on the “final” data and on the “final” time geometry for the standard boundary value problem. Continuous dependence on the final data was established previously by Knops and Payne [4] but under a somewhat more restrictive constraint requirement.
An Empirical Bayes Approach to Reliability

A Bayesian reliability estimation technique known as the ``empirical Bayes approach'' is developed which uses previous experience nce to get a Bayesian point estimator. The techniques require no knowledge of the form of the unknown prior distribution and are robust to assumptions about its form. Empirical Bayes techniques are applicable to situations in which prior, independent observations of the random variable X from the random couple (?, X) are available where ? is the observed parameter of interest distributed in accordance with the unknown prior distribution. Performance comparisons of the empirical Bayes and other well established techniques are developed by examples for the binomial, exponential, Normal, and Poisson situations which often occur in reliability problems. In all cases the empirical Bayes estimator performed better than the classical estimator in minimizing the average squared error.
Unexpected Square Symmetry Seen by Atomic Force Microscopy in Bilayer Films of Disk-Like Molecules

Thin films of disk-shaped molecules are expected to display anisotropic optical and transport properties, leading to applications in optical display or sensor technologies. Bilayer Langmuir-Blodgett films of monomeric triphenylene mesogens have been studied by atomic force microscopy. The triphenylene cores of the constituent molecules tend to promote the formation of columnar structures in the plane of the substrate and along the direction of deposition of the film. Atomic force microscopy images of bilayer Langmuir-Blodgett films revealed two types of structure, one corresponding to an aligned columnar structure and the other to an unusual square lattice, which may result from the superposition of columnar structures in adjacent layers that intersect at near right angles. Annealing such bilayers near the melting point of the bulk compound improved the structural ordering by reducing the angular spread of orientations associated with the well-developed columnar structure in some areas and by producing a more distinct square lattice in other areas of the sample.
High-power ridge-waveguide AlGaAs GRIN-SCH laser diode

AlGaAs ridge single-quantum-well graded-index separate confinement heterostructure (SQW GRIN-SCH) lasers with typical threshold currents of 9 mA and differential quantum efficiencies between 80% and 85% for 0.4 mm-long cavities have been fabricated with molecular beam epitaxy. Continuous-wave light output increases linearly with the drive current up to approximately 15 times the threshold current. The lasers fail catastrophically at power levels between 65 mW/facet and 85 mW/facet, corresponding to power densities between 2.6 MW/cm2 and 3.4 MW/cm2.
The ultrastructure of the germinal epithelium of the mouse ovary

It was demonstrated that the germinal (surface) epithelium around the mouse ovary consists of simple squamous, cuboidal and columnar arrangements of cells. With the electron microscope it was shown that these cells have the usual cytoplasmic constituents such as the Golgi complex, mitochondria, ergastoplasm, and free ribosomes. Their nuclei are surrounded by a bilamellar envelope with coarse granular masses of nuclear material being distributed along its inner surface. From the surface of these cells extend numerous microprojections which usually are irregular in squamous cells, but are villus-like on the cuboidal and columnar forms. These microvilli appear to be simply extensions of the cell surface and apparently reflect the capacity of mesothelium for such specialization at its free surface. The intercellular boundaries are seen to consist of wavy, downward extensions of the plasma membrane or a complex irregular interdigitation of coarse lateral processes. The latter form is especially prominent between squamous cells. A membrane is present at the basal cell surface. The observations concerning the presence of microprojections and the nature of the intercellular boundaries were discussed in the light of the controversies on these subjects which appear in the early literature. The possible permeability of the germinal epithelium and its functional significance during maturation of the ovary were also discussed.
Cultivating Tomorrow's Clinician Scientists: We Reap What We Sow.

Radiation oncology (RO) is enjoying a renaissance period as a highly sought after specialty attracting highly talented candidates. Those who succeed in entering have impressive track records and even more impressive future potential. Today’s academic climate is increasingly harsh in terms of availability of resources for game-changing research projects; it is especially challenging for trainees to obtain the necessary support, from mentorship and guidance to time and funding. We shed some light on the perceived problem and offer possible solutions.
Jet analysis in Higgs search

In high energye+e− annihilations, events with jets dominate. Since heavy quark jets often contain undetectable neutrinos, methods of jet analysis are needed to study such events. A simple procedure is presented here and illustrated by applying to the search for the neutral Higgs bosonH0 produced at LEP at the center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV.
A High-Volume Sampler for the Determination of Particle Size Distributions in Ambient Air

A size selective particle sampler has been developed for continuous sampling of the urban aerosol over periods ranging from hours to weeks, providing relatively large sample weights. The system, which is now operating in New York City, uses a parallel array of two-stage samplers. The cyclones used as the first stage collectors have 50% particle retention at 3.5,2.5,1.5 and 0.5 µm aerodynamic diameter, respectively. Undersize particles which pass through the cyclones are captured on glass fiber filters. Equal intake velocities are assured by using flow equalizers on the inlets to the cyclones. Accurate control of the flow through the cyclones is obtained by the use of an integrated circuit pressure transducer in conjunction with a specially designed feedback control circuit. The collection efficiencies of the cyclone were calibrated using monodisperse ferric oxide test aerosols tagged with Tc-99m. Mass balances of the par-ticulates collected on the cyclones and filters are obtained for the five sampling st...
Teacher Preparation and Development

(This issue is addressed by Tucker and by Duff in this review.) These three assumptions frame two clusters of research issues, the first of which concerns teacher knowledge (Johnson, 1999): 1. How is ESOL teacher knowledge formed both over time and in particular settings? How, in turn, does such knowledge shape classroom practices? How do teachers' prior knowledge and experience shape new professional learning?
Aortopathy in pregnancy

Up to half of all aortic dissections and ruptures in women younger than 40 years are associated with pregnancy. In pregnancy, women with aortic disease such as arteritis and aortitis are at significant risk of aneurysmal formation and dissection with potential for catastrophic outcomes. Pregnancy places predisposed women at an increased risk of dissection due to physiological and hormonal changes that occur, particularly those with connective tissue disorders, genetic syndromes, congenital heart disease, and other heritable and acquired conditions involving the aorta. Thus, preconception counseling and preparation are advised to determine which patients may cautiously pursue pregnancy, to optimize medical management prior to conception (antihypertensive medications and anticoagulants in the setting of mechanical valves), to identify women in whom aortic root repair should occur prior to pregnancy, and lastly, those in whom pregnancy is contraindicated. Additionally, discussion of the heritable nature of many aortic conditions and associated syndromes is indicated. Preconception and genetic counseling, management by a multidisciplinary team, along with close echocardiographic surveillance and medical management, are recommended if precursors of dissection are identified.
The right not to be eaten

The current debate over the rights of animals has not been wholly satisfactory. Those who believe that animals have no rights argue that it is not conceivable that creatures without human capabilities could possess rights. Those who defend the rights of animals argue that such claims are ‘speciesist’, resemble racist and sexist claims, and bear the marks of moral complacency. Both sides have assumed that the issue can ultimately be settled through an analysis of the concept of rights in isolation from other factors. In this paper I argue that the issue can be discussed more satisfactorily in the context of classical teleological ethical theory which provides a basis for favoring the maximum development of all the more highly organized beings consistent with the diversification of nature. The conclusion is that wild animals have the right not to be eaten and that we should discontinue the wasteful practice of domesticating animals for the purpose of meat production.
Brain blood flow and ventilatory response to hypoxia in sedated newborn piglets.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the relationship between brain blood flow and ventilatory response to hypoxia, seventeen sedated, spontaneously breathing newborn piglets were studied. Minute ventilation (VE) was measured by pneumotachograph, cardiac output by thermodilution and total brain and brain stem blood flows with radiolabeled microspheres. Measurements were performed while the animals were breathing room air and after 10 min of hypoxia induced by breathing 10% O2. Two patterns of ventilatory response to hypoxia were observed in the study animals. All animals increasedVE during the 1st min of hypoxia, but nine (mean ± SD; age 5 ± 1.3 d; wt 1828 ± 437 g) sustained increased VE after 10 min of hypoxia (↑VE group). The remaining eight animals (age 5 ± 1.2 d; wt 1751 ± 168 g) had decreased VE at 10 min of hypoxia to values less than their room air baseline (↓VE group). The decrease in PaO2 during hypoxia was similar in both groups, however the PaCO2 decreased significantly only in the ↑VE group. Although cardiac output increased significantly during hypoxia in both groups, the values during normoxia and hypoxia were lower in the ↓VE group (p <0.001). Arterial blood pressure increased significantly during hypoxia only in the ↑VE group. The increase in total brain and brain stem blood flows with hypoxia was similar in both groups, despite the two different patterns of ventilatory response to hypoxia. These data suggest that in this animal model the distinct patterns of ventilatory response to hypoxia are not related to the changes in total brain or brain stem blood flows that occur during hypoxia.
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits aldosterone biosynthesis in cultured bovine zona glomerulosa cells.

Transforming growth factors (TGF beta s) are emerging as possible autocrine regulators of steroidogenesis in a variety of steroid hormone-producing cells. Our laboratory has recently shown that TGF beta 1 is a potent inhibitor of basal and ACTH- and (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated aldosterone production. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGF beta 1 on potassium- and angiotensin-II (A-II)-stimulated aldosterone and the mechanisms by which TGF beta 1 inhibits aldosterone biosynthesis. Cultured zona glomerulosa cells were incubated in serum-free PFMR-4 medium in the presence and absence of TGF beta 1. To investigate the effects of TGF beta 1 on the early pathway of aldosterone biosynthesis, we studied the production of pregnenolone in the presence of the cyanoketone derivative WIN 19,578, which blocks the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. TGF beta 1 inhibited pregnenolone production from 133.9 +/- 30.1 to 68.7 +/- 25.4 ng/10(6) cells.h, and the ACTH-stimulated production of pregnenolone was inhibited from 764.6 +/- 127.7 to 141.0 +/- 2.2 ng/10(6) cells.h. In contrast, TGF beta 1 did not inhibit 25-hydroxycholesterol-stimulated pregnenolone production. To study the late pathway of aldosterone production, we added the steroid precursors deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone. TGF beta 1 significantly inhibited deoxycorticosterone- and corticosterone-stimulated aldosterone production by over 50%. TGF beta 1 inhibited the AII- and potassium-induced synthesis of aldosterone. These observations show that TGF beta 1 inhibits AII- and potassium-induced aldosterone synthesis and the early pathway of aldosterone biosynthesis by interfering with the transport of cholesterol across the mitochondrial membrane as well as inhibiting the late pathway of aldosterone biosynthesis.
GPS Antenna Calibration at the National Geodetic Survey

The precise point whose position is being measured when a GPS baseline is determined is generally assumed to be the phase center of the GPS antenna. However, the phase center of a GPS antenna is neither a physical point nor a stable point. For any given GPS antenna, the phase center will change with the changing direction of the signal from a satellite. Ideally, most of this phase center variation depends on satellite elevation. Azimuthal effects are only introduced by the local environment around each individual antenna site. These phase center variations affect the antenna offsets that are needed to connect GPS measurements to physical monuments. Ignoring these phase center variations can lead to serious (up to 10 cm) vertical errors. This article will describe the procedure by which the National Geodetic Survey is calibrating GPS antennas and how this information may be obtained and used to avoid problems from these antenna variations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What we talk about when we talk with medical students

In this article, we review how we interact with medical students in our efforts to teach blood pressure regulation and systemic cardiovascular control along with related elements of respiratory and...
Single beam analysis of damaged beams verified using a strain energy based damage measure

Analytical expression of a new damage measure which relates the strain energy, to the damage location and magnitude, is presented in this paper. The strain energy expression is calculated using modes and natural frequencies of damaged beams that are derived based on single beam analysis considering both decrease in mass and stiffness. Decrease in mass and stiffness are a fallout of geometric discontinuity and no assumptions regarding the physical behavior of damage are made. The method is applicable to beams, with notch like non-propagating cracks, with arbitrary boundary conditions. The analytical expressions derived for mode shapes, curvature shapes, natural frequencies and an improved strain energy based damage measure, are verified using experiments. The improvement in the damage measure is that it is not assumed that the bending stiffness of the damaged beam is constant, and, equal to that of undamaged beam when calculating the strain energy of the entire beam. It is also not assumed that the bending stiffness of the element in which the damage is located is constant.
Fiber-to-chip coupler based on transformation optics

An integrated silicon photonics coupler for fiber to waveguide conversion was designed employing a transformation optics approach. The coupler exhibits a factor of 2 improvement over the benchmark performance of an inverse nanotaper design.
De-noising of dynamic magnetic resonance images by the combined application of wavelet filtering and Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT)

Methods The proposed approach combines 2D spatial wavelet filtering with 1D temporal Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT). The KLT is first applied to create a series of “eigenimages” in which important signal information is concentrated into only a few eigenimages. Then a 2D spatial wavelet filter is applied to each of the individual eigenimages. An adaptive threshold is used to define the wavelet filter strength for each of the eigenimages based on the noise variance and standard deviation of the signal, resulting in stronger filtering of the eigenimages that primarily contain noise. After wavelet filtering, the de-noised eigenimages are transformed back into image space. The performance of this filtering approach was tested over a range of wavelet filter strengths (1x to 4x adaptive threshold) for noise reduction and edge sharpness in a digital phantom. SNR improvement was also evaluated in real-time stress cine image series acquired in five normal volunteers. SNR was calculated in phantom and human images by finding the mean signal value and noise variance in a region-of-interest (ROI) within each frame. The sharpness in phantom images was measured as the distance between 20% and 80% of the total rise/fall for a moving edge.
LACK OF PROLONGED EFFECT OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ON THE RENIN‐ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IN THE DOG

SUMMARY 1. The effects of maximally antidiuretic, subpressor antidiuretic hormone (ADH) administration on the renin-aldosterone system were studied in dogs during 4 days of continuous intravenous infusion of ADH at a rate of 0.067 mU/kg per min. Water intake was limited to 700 ml/day to avoid changes in fluid volume status. 2. At the conclusion of the four-day study, plasma sodium concentration had fallen from 140.3 ± 0.8 to 137.2 ± 2.0 mmol/l, plasma potassium concentration, 22Na space, and mean arterial pressure remained within the control ranges. 3. Neither plasma renin activity nor plasma aldosterone concentration showed any tendency to change in response to the ADH infusion. 4. The results indicate that physiologic levels of ADH have no prolonged, direct effect on the renin-aldosterone system.
The kagomé net: Band theoretical and topological aspects

Abstract The Kagome net (a two-dimensional hexagonal network comprising triangles and hexagons) is a building block of a number of intermetallic compounds. In order to understand the electronic characteristics of such an array of atoms, extended Huckel tight binding calculations have been performed on a Kagome net of boron atoms. Comparisons have been drawn with other hexagonal nets, namely the graphite net and the close packed triangular net, and topological relationships between these nets are used to explain similarities in their band spectra. It is shown that simple Huckel theory can be used to obtain a rough estimate for the energies of the bands at specific high symmetry k-points, and a way of representing and evaluating energies of crystal orbitals with complex coefficients is discussed. A moments-based analysis of the relative energies of the three nets as a function of electron count is also presented. The effect on its band structure of trigonally distorting the Kagome net is investigated. Finally, substituted ABC and AB2 derivatives of the Kagome net are discussed.
Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts: Tunable Activity, Stability, and Self-Healing Properties

Platinum monolayer-nanostructured electrocatalysts were developed principally for the oxygen reduction reaction starting with fundamental studies on single-crystal substrates, supported by theoretical treatments, synthesizing nanoparticles, followed by scale-up syntheses and fuel cell tests. These catalysts consist of nanometer-scale core–shell particles with monolayers of platinum that are supported by metal, metal alloy, or nanostructured noble metal/non-noble metal cores. In addition to an ultralow Pt content (one monolayer) and high Pt utilization (all atoms are on the surface and can participate in the reaction), these catalysts are characterized by very high activity and stability induced by supporting nanoparticles cores, by the ability to tune the catalytic activity of a Pt monolayer depending on the properties of the top atomic layer of the cores, and by a self-healing property. The latter two properties, which open particularly broad possibilities for applications of these catalysts, will be briefly analyzed in this article. Examples of tunable activity include electrocatalysts consisting of a Pt monolayer on smooth core surfaces, Pd tetrahedral nanoparticles, Pd nanowire, and hollow Pd nanoparticle cores. The self-healing properties are illustrated by stability tests involving potential cycling. Possible future research involving these catalysts is discussed.
A laminar planetary jet

A theory of a jet in a rotating, viscous fluid is developed. It is suggested that it may be related to a jet observed in an experiment with a rotating spherical shell of liquid and, in addition, may partly explain the existence of the subsurface equatorial current in the Pacific Ocean. The fundamental physical idea is that of a balance of vorticity brought into the jet by advection and diffused by friction. The necessary approximations are borrowed from boundary-layer theory. The linear case is solved completely and inferences about the non-linear jet are obtained by dimensional reasoning.
Pseudotumoral sarcoid granulomatous nephritis in a child: case presentation with sonographic and CT findings

Granulomatous nephritis with renal masses is a very uncommon complication of sarcoidosis. Renal sonography in a patient with pathologically proven granulomatous nephritis demonstrated echogenic masses. CT demonstrated low-density lesions with mottled contrast enhancement.
What, why, and for whom: couples interventions: a deconstruction approach.

Abstract This paper provides a commentary on the special series on universal processes and common factors in couple therapy (Halford & Snyder, this issue). The authors in this section share their insights, from varying perspectives, about what it is in couples therapy and relationship education programs that work, why they work, and for whom they work best. In so doing, these articles address specific elements of couples interventions—in effect, taking a couples approach apart in order to understand it better. However, as a collection, this section takes this approach to understanding one step further. It puts the elements back together again, making the process of couples therapy/relationship education more accessible and easier to customize based upon the couple, the presenting complaints, the therapist, and the context. The term “deconstruction” is used to describe how the specific elements of couples interventions are understood and reassembled in new, theoretical, and empirically validated ways. It is argued here that once it is understood that a couples intervention works, why it works, and for whom it works, we are able to individualize our approach to specific couples in an effort to make couples therapy better at improving relationships and keeping them improved.
Nodulation of actinorhizal plants by Frankia strains capable of both root hair infection and intercellular penetration

A morphological analysis of the initiation and development of root nodules ofElaeagnus angustifolia andMyrica cerifera inoculated with pure-culturedFrankia strains DDB 011610 or DDB 020110 was undertaken. From ultrastructural observations it was determined that both of theseFrankia strains can infectElaeagnus by an intercellular penetration mechanism andMyrica by the root hair infection mechanism. This indicates that both of these strains have the ability to infect host plant roots by either of two mechanisms. The reverse, thatElaeagnus orMyrica could be infected by both mechanisms, was not observed. The infection and nodule development processes of these two plants in combination with these strains were similar to observations made in previous studies (Miller andBaker 1985,Torrey andCallaham 1979). However, one exception was identified in the development of the prenodule ofMyrica when infected with strain 011610, in that endophytic hyphae developed vesicles within the cells of the prenodule. This event has not been described before for any of the actinorhizal genera and may be an indication of less than optimal compatibility between the host plant and the symbiont.
Opioid-like discriminative stimulus properties of Benzomorphans in the pigeon: Stereospecificity and differential substitution patterns

Abstract Pigeons were trained to discriminate the kappa-opioid agonist bremazocine (BREM) or the mu-opioid agonist fentanyl (FENT) from water. During tests of stimulus substitution, FENT and BREM failed to substitute for each other. The (−)-isomers of cyclazocine, pentazocine and ketocyclazocine substituted for the FENT but not the BREM stimulus. The (+)-isomers of these compounds, as well as the isomers of naallylnormetazocine, failed to substitute for either the FENT or BREM stimulus. In FENT- and BREM-trained pigeons, the (−)-isomers of cyclazocine, pentazocine, n-allylnormetazocine and ketocyclazocine were more potent than their respective (+)-isomers in decreasing rates of responding. These results indicate that in the pigeon there is an isomeric separation of the discriminative stimulus properties of cyclazocine, pentazocine and ketocyclazocine and that the FENT-like stimulus effects of these drugs reside in their (−)-isomers. In addition, the present findings establish further that the classification of the discriminative stimulus effects of mu and kappa opioid compounds in the pigeon differ from those in rat and monkey.
The mechanisms of wear of cast iron in dry sliding

Abstract The present study has been made on the mechanisms of wear of cast iron in dry sliding. The results of the study show that under mild wear conditions plastic deformation occurs in the sliding surface. Under heavy wear conditions destruction of the sliding surface by thermal shock takes place. Maintaining the wear condition in such a state that oxidative wear would occur at the initial stage of wear, it has been found that the phenomenon of adhesive wear becomes increasingly evident with increase in the sliding length.
Human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and pre-receptor regulation: Insights into inhibitor design and evaluation

Abstract Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) represent a major class of NAD(P)(H) dependent steroid hormone oxidoreductases involved in the pre-receptor regulation of hormone action. This is achieved by HSDs working in pairs so that they can interconvert ketosteroids with hydroxysteroids resulting in a change in ligand potency for nuclear receptors. HSDs belong to two protein superfamilies the aldo–keto reductases and the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases. In humans, many of the important enzymes have been thoroughly characterized including the elucidation of their three-dimensional structures. Because these enzymes play fundamental roles in steroid hormone action they can be considered to be drug targets for a variety of steroid driven diseases, e.g. metabolic syndrome and obesity, inflammation, and hormone dependent malignancies of the endometrium, prostate and breast. This article will review how fundamental knowledge of these enzymes can be exploited in the development of isoform specific HSD inhibitors from both protein superfamilies. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
Basic Biological Sciences Virus-associated Submandibular Gland Duct Cell Cytomegaly in a European Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus L

Cytomegaloviruses undergo the classical morphologic stages of replication in hedgehog submandibular gland duct cells. A profound cytomegaly is associated with the infection. These features indicate that the hedgehog may be an excellent model in which to study the biology of cytomegalovirus-salivary gland interactions.
Transonic Flow of Moist Air Around a Thin Airfoil with Equilibrium Condensation

The two-dimensional and steady transonic e ow of atmospheric moist air with equilibrium condensation around a thin airfoil is investigated. The study is based on an asymptotic analysis and numerical simulations. A smalldisturbance model is developed to explore the nonlinear interactions between the near-sonic speed of the e ow, the small thickness ratio and angle of attack of the airfoil, and the small amount of mass of water vapor in the air. The condensation process of water vapor in the air is assumed to be isentropic. The similarity parameters that govern the e ow problem are provided. The e owe eld may be described by a modie ed transonic small-disturbance (TSD)equation that includes parameters that are related to the condensation process. Murman and Cole’ smethod (Murman, E. M., and Cole, J. D., “ Calculation of Plane Study Transonic Flows,” AIAA Journal , Vol. 9, No. 1, 1971, pp. 114 ‐121.)is used for the numerical solution of the modie ed TSD problem. The results show that the e ow of moist air is similar to the e ow of dry air with an effective freestream Mach number that is greater than the freestream Mach number of moist air. The present approach is used to study the aerodynamic performances of airfoils in atmospheric transonic e ight with humidity.
Novel bimodal effects of the G-protein tissue transglutaminase on adrenoreceptor signalling

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a novel G-protein that previous studies showed can couple ligand-bound activated alpha(1B) adrenoreceptors to phospholipase C-delta, resulting in phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis. In human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells we found that although endogenous tTG can facilitate alpha(1B) adrenoreceptor-stimulated PI hydrolysis, its contribution is minor compared with the classical heterotrimeric G-protein G(q/11). Further, we show that the alpha(1B) adrenoreceptor recruits tTG to the membrane and that this recruitment is enhanced by agonist occupancy of the receptor. In addition, the effects of tTG on signalling are bimodal. At low expression levels, tTG enhanced alpha(1B) adrenoreceptor-stimulated PI hydrolysis, whereas at higher expression levels tTG attenuated significantly this response. These findings are the first to demonstrate that a protein can both facilitate and attenuate receptor-stimulated PI hydrolysis.
On the angular dependence of Bremsstrahlung x-ray emission

The angular probability distribution of x-rays from a single interaction of a high energy electron with a target atom is a function of the incident-electron energy, direction and target material. This distribution can be quite directional, which suggests that x-ray tube efficiency might be increased if this effect was used. This can be important for novel tubes that use scanning electron beams or carbon nanotubes that have low output flux. We performed Monte Carlo(MC) simulations for studying how this angular distribution is affected by the interactions in thick targets. The theoretical distribution for single-atom interaction was verified using a 4nm tungsten (W) sphere. Contributions of the various processes undergone by the electrons and x-ray photons were analyzed individually. The angular distributions of x-rays generated by electrons incident normally and at a grazing angle to a 4mm thick target were calculated. The results for a 12μm transmission target were also simulated. For single interactions, the theoretical peak for 120keV electron at 28° was measured to be 29° for the MC simulations. The transmission target was found to have 26% higher x-ray output in the forward direction compared to a conventional tube for E≥30keV. When x-ray flux per unit heat was considered for E≥30, grazing incidence of electrons and the associated reflection beam was found to be 41% more efficient than a conventional tube.
Mixed Leukocyte Reactions and Histocompatibility in Rats

Mixed leukocyte culture tests have been carried out on two hetero geneous but genetically defined backcross populations of rats to determine whether the reactions observed can provide the basis for histocompatibility matching. The experiments were designed so that only-one-way reactions could occur. Only when the donors of individual leukocyte mixtures differed at the important Ag-B histocompatibility locus was there any in vitro reactivity, and differences at this locus were invariably associated with the prompt rejection of skin homografts. Determination of compatibility at this locus proved to be important in that it facilitated the prolongation of survival of skin homografts by immunosuppressive therapy.
Rainfall Assimilation through an Optimal Control of Initial and Boundary Conditions in a Limited-Area Mesoscale Model

Abstract To assess the impact of rainfall observations on short-range forecasts of precipitation, and to improve our understanding of the physical processes responsible for the development of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) associated with the dryline that occurred on 10 April 1979 in the midwestern United States, a series of four-dimensional variational data assimilation experiments was conducted based on the special dataset collected in the Severe Environmental Storm and Mesoscale Experiment. A nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (MM5) with a relatively simple moist physics and its adjoint were used for both the model simulation and data assimilation. A previous numerical simulation of this MCS, based on conventional initialization procedures, failed to correctly simulate the location and intensity of the observed rainfall. This is attributed to the lack of mesoscale details in the model's initial conditions for the low-level moisture convergence and the upper-level disturbances related to the upper-leve...
“A Moving-Picture of Democracy”: President Obama and African American Film History Beyond the Mirror Screen

According to a thesis widely-repeated during the late stages of the 2008 presidential campaign, African American presidents in movies and on television deserve substantial “credit” for making Barac...