cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Einfluss langfristig unterschiedlicher düngung auf p‐fraktionen und p‐sorption einer tieflehm‐fahlerde und sandlehm‐braunschwarzerde

Unterschiedliche Dungeintensitat (ungedungt, N‐K, NPK) und Form der Dungung (organisch oder mineralisch) wirkt sich in beiden untersuchten Boden auf den Gesamt‐P‐Gehalt und den Gehalt unterschiedlicher P‐Fraktionen sowie auf die P‐Sorptionspara‐meter aus. Das durch NaOH losliche organische P wird als einziger der ermittelten P‐Werte nicht beeinflust. Insgesamt sind im Thyrower Sandboden das anorganische NaOH‐P und besonders das CaCl2‐P und die P‐Gleichgewichts konzentration der Bodenlosung starker differenziert als im Hallenser Lehmboden. Langjahrig negative P‐Bilanz fuhrt zur Verringerung des DL‐ und NaOH‐extrahierbaren anorganischen Phosphates, jedoch nicht eindeutig zu einer Mobilisierung des biologisch schwerverfugbaren Rest‐P. Im Vergleich zur vollig ungedungten Variante fuhrt hoher P‐Entzug durch N‐K‐Dungung zu einer weiteren Abnahme der pflanzenverfugbaren P‐Reserve (DL‐P + NaOH‐Panorg) und vermutlich zu einer Veranderung der P‐Sorptionsbedingungen, so das sich trotz der Verarmung an Phosphat weder...
Effect of ion binding on protein transport through ultrafiltration membranes.

Electrostatic interactions can have a significant impact on protein transmission through semipermeable membranes. Experimental data for the transport of bovine serum albumin (BSA) through a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane were obtained in different salt solutions over a range of pH and salt concentrations. Net BSA charge under the same conditions was evaluated from mobility data measured by capillary electrophoresis. The results show that specific ionic composition, in addition to solution pH and ionic strength, can strongly affect the rate of protein transport through semipermeable ultrafiltration membranes. The effects of different ions on BSA sieving are due primarily to differences in ion binding to the protein, which leads to significant differences in the net protein charge at a given pH and ionic strength. This effect could be described in terms of an effective protein radius, which accounts for the electrostatic exclusion of the charged protein from the membrane pores. These results provide important insights into the nature of the electrostatic interactions in membrane systems.
High pressure liquid chromatography for the analysis of soluble carbohydrates in defatted oilseed flours

The soluble carbohydrate content of four defatted oilseed flours (cottonseed, soybean, peanut, and sun-flower) was determined by using high pressure liquid chromatography. The best method of separating the sugars from the other components of water extracted flour was found to be thin layer chromatography. Plates of Silica Gel H with a running solvent of iso-propanol-water-ehtyl acetate (54:26:20) gave good isolation of the sugars. The μ BONDAPAK/ Carbohydrate column was used to analyze the sugars. An eluting solvent of acetonitrile and water (75:25 and 72:28) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min gave the best resolution of the carbohydrates. The major carbohy-drates in the oilseed flours were glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Small amounts of trehalose and an unidentified disaccharide were found in the flour of sunflower.
The Relevance of Critical Race Theory to Educational Theory and Practice

Critical Race Theory (CRT) has its origins in legal analysis but increasingly has been used by educational researchers to analyse the continued salience of institutional racism in educational settings. After providing a brief overview of the history of CRT and the educational issues addressed by critical race theorists, I review two books that explicitly engage critical race theory (CRT). Delgado and Stefancic's (2001) primer on the CRT literature provides an important backdrop for situating Guinier and Torres' (2002) ambitious argument for building grassroots social movements around the concept of political race.
Probability distributions of water-wave slopes under conditions of short fetch

Slope probability distributions were measured for a fetch of about 15 inches, using a small wind tunnel containing a water boundary. For this very short fetch, the meansquare slope was found to be higher than previous longer-fetch data for wind velocities greater than about 10 kn. At 18 kn the short-fetch mean-square slope was 70 pct higher. Evidence of peakedness of the slope distributions was found in the short-fetch data. The mean value of the distributions was measured to reach a maximum in the downwind direction and was about 1.5° in the region of 18 kn.
Creativity and cognition some implications for arts education

Abstract: This study explored the relationships between creativity and cognitive skills, and the implications for arts education. The primary hypotheses were (a) that the creative arts career orientation is a valid personality construct, correlating with multiple domains of creative behavior; (b) that this orientation would be correlated with certain cognitive skills, including logical, divergent, and creative thinking; and (c) that these skills are themselves correlated with creative behaviors. Sixty‐five high school seniors were given the ACT Interest Inventory, several tests of logical, insightful, divergent, and creative thinking, and a modified version of the Creative Behavior Inventory. Results included significant correlations of the arts orientation with five domains of creative behawior and three cognitive skills. However, these skills were only correlated with two domains of creative behavior (literature and art). Discussion centered on fundamental implications for methods of arts education.
The effects of secondary structure and O2 on the formation of direct strand breaks upon UV irradiation of 5-bromodeoxy-uridine-containing oligonucleotides

Background 5-Bromodeoxyuridine is a radiosensitizing agent that is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as an adjuvant in the treatment of a variety of cancers. γ-Radiolysis and UV irradiation of oligonucleotides containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine result in the formation of direct strand breaks at the 5′-adjacent nucleotide by oxidation of the respective deoxyribose. We investigated the effects of DNA secondary structure and O 2 on the induction of direct strand breaks in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-containing oligonucleotides. Results The efficiency of direct strand break formation in duplex DNA is dependent upon O 2 and results in fragments containing 3′-phosphate and the labile 3′-ketodeoxyadenosine termini. The ratio of the 3′-termini is also dependent upon O 2 and structure. Deuterium product isotope effects and tritium-transfer studies indicate that hydrogen-atom abstraction from the C1′- and C2′-positions occurs in an O 2 - and structure-dependent manner. Conclusions The reaction mechanisms by which DNA containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine is sensitized to damage by UV irradiation are dependent upon whether the substrate is hybridized and upon the presence or absence of O 2 . Oxygen reduces the efficiency of direct strand break formation in duplex DNA, but does not affect the overall strand damage. It is proposed that the σ radical abstracts hydrogen atoms from the C1′- and C2′-positions of the 5′-adjacent deoxyribose moiety, whereas the nucleobase peroxyl radical selectively abstracts the C1′-hydrogen atom from this site. This is the second example of DNA damage amplification by a nucleobase peroxyl radical, and might be indicative of a general reaction pattern for this family of reactive intermediates.
Diversity: An Answer to the Nursing Shortage

Profound changes are occurring in nursing and the health care world. Two of the changes that are the most profound are the nursing shortage and the changing image of nursing. Although we must retain our current nursing workforce, we also must work diligently to recruit young men and women of diversity into our profession. Faculty will have to respond to the academic needs of the diverse students and will have to develop new and creative nontraditional teaching strategies to meet the students' needs. It is within the shared integrity of learning that diversity is recognized and acknowledged by educators and students and that valuable learning takes place. It will only be with improvements in recruitment and education that nursing will incorporate the much-needed diverse nurses into our profession to help meet the nursing shortage and to facilitate improvements in the changing image of nursing.
An investigation of photocurrent loss due to reflectance and absorption in CdTe/CdS heterojunction solar cells

An attempt is made to understand, quantify, and reduce the reflectance and photocurrent loss in CdTe solar cells. Model calculations are performed to determine the optimum thicknesses of CdS and SnO2 films and anti-reflection (AR) coating on glass that can minimize the reflectance and enhance the performance of CdTe/CdS/SnO2/glass solar cells. Photocurrent loss due to absorption in CdS films is also calculated as a function of CdS thickness. It was found that the current loss due to reflectance ando absorption is more sensitive to the CdS film when its thickness falls below 1500A. Model calculations show that reducing the CdS thickness from 1500 to 600A increases short-circuit current density ( Jsc) by 3 mA/cm2 because of reduced reflectance as well as absorption. Further decrease in CdS thickness below 600A increases reflectance but results in higher Jsc, because current gain due to reduced absorption in thin CdS offsets the current loss due to higher reflectance. Model calculations also indicate that Jsc is not sensitive to SnO2 thickness above 4000A. Finally, an optimum thickness for single layer MgF2 AR coating on glass was calculated to be 1100A, which should provide an additional increase of 0.7 mA/cm2 in Jsc. Some of these results are also experimentally validated in this paper.
An overview of radiation-induced interface traps in MOS structures

The authors focus on radiation-induced interface traps, describing first how they fit into the overall radiation response of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures. Detailed measurements of the time, field and temperature dependences of the build-up of radiation-induced interface traps indicate three processes by which the build-up occurs. The largest of these is the slow two-stage process described by McLean and co-workers (1989) which is rate-limited by the hopping transport of hydrogen ions. Two other faster processes also contribute small interface trap build-ups in gate oxides. The processes seem to be controlled by hole transport to the Si/SiO2 interface and by neutral hydrogen diffusion respectively. They also discuss several models which fall into three classes, corresponding roughly to the three processes observed experimentally. Other topics discussed briefly are dose dependence, field oxide effects, chemical and processing dependences and scaling effects.
Solvent isotope effects and the nature of electrophilic catalysis m the action of the lactate dehydrogenase of bacillus stearothermophilus

Deuterium oxide at atom fractions of deuterium from 0.0 to 0.97 has an effect of less than 20% on the kinetic term kcat/KmB (believed to reflect the transition state for the hydride-transfer step) for the reduction of pyruvic acid by NADH at 55 degrees C, with catalysis by the tetrameric form of the lactate dehydrogenase of Bacillus stearothermophilus. This observation suggests that the hydride-transfer event is not assisted by protonic bridging to the carbonyl group being reduced. The results are consistent with protonic bridging only if an opposing isotope effect is present, for example from a generalized conformation or solvation change. The results are consistent with other forms of electrophilic catalysis.
Cardiovascular Complications in CKD Patients: Role of Oxidative Stress

Starting with the early stages, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience higher burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, CVD complications are the major cause of mortality in CKD patients as compared with complications from chronic kidney failure. While traditional CVD risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, may be more prevalent among CKD patients, these factors seem to underestimate the accelerated cardiovascular disease in the CKD population. Search for additional biomarkers that could explain the enhanced CVD risk in CKD patients has gained increasing importance. Although it is unlikely that any single nontraditional risk factor would fully account for the increased CVD risk in individuals with CKD, oxidative stress appears to play a central role in the development and progression of CVD and its complications. We will review the data that support the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CVD in patients with chronic kidney failure.
Color correction using principle components

Abstract \Vhit.e I)Oiflt 1i1a)ping COlOr correction is conipared a iiiel 110(1 v1uc1) 1)erfor11s color corrction using kuov1etge of the spctra1 reflectance (listributioll in the image. 'I!ie methods are conipared using chroniaticity I)lOts and the ('IE L*a*If E nieasureieiit. 1 Introduction Illutiunation affects the color of ohserve(1 aiid scaiined O1)CCtS. \Vhen an image is 1ecor(Ie(t, the effect of the il1uiiina.ni on th( color wi 11 I)e present in the recorded iluage. After the color image is recorded it nuay be desirable to corrcttii i11age so that it WOlLl(l appear to have been scalule(I tiiider a different ilIi.niinant. if the spectral refiectances inthe inage are known. then the colors in the iiiage will he known for all il1iiiinatiiig conditions. \Vliite point iliappingis a coiiiinoii method of color correct ion which involves forcing a reference white recorded un(ier one illuiuinant toappear white under a diffreiit illuiiiiiiant. Au alternate color correction method is 1)1eSetlted here which involvesestiiiating the spectral ieflectances in the image from the color data contained in the image.
FIVE YEARS AFTER THE REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON PEDIATRIC EDUCATION - HAVE THINGS CHANGED?

In its 1978 report the Task Force on Pediatric Education recommended a number of changes in residency training programs. These changes included: mandatory 3 years of training; limitation of any one subspecialty area to 6 months; expansion of training opportunities in child development, management of chronic handicaps, and the “New Morbidity,” behavioral problems, school failure and adolescent medicine. In an attempt to determine if residency programs have really changed as a consequence of the report, a representative cross-section of residency programs was surveyed and the current content of programs was compared to that in the same institutions in the 1972-1975 era. Changes that were documented included: expansion of house staff numbers by 25-50%, elimination of “pyramid,” increase in house staff salary by 60%, increase in vacation time, decrease in night call, increase in mandatory experiences in continuity of care. Little change could be found in the distribution of resident time between out-patient, in-patient, and nursery rotations. Mandatory rotations in adolescent medicine, child development, behavioral pediatrics have not increased as a result of the Report. Despite the Task Force Report, the content of residencies has not yet changed to prepare residents to cope with the "New Morbidity".
Confucian Ethics, Public Policy, and the Nurse-Family Partnership

The Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), a thirty-year program of research in the United States focused on early childhood preventive intervention, offers a powerful example of the kinds of programs and public policies that Confucian understandings of parent–child relationships and moral cultivation might recommend in contemporary societies today. NFP findings, as well as its theoretical foundations, lend empirical support to early Confucian views of the role of parent–child relationships in human moral development, the nature and possibility of moral self-cultivation, and the task of creating and sustaining a good society, which gives philosophers who are interested in ethical claims that reflect and inform actual practice good reasons to take Confucian ethics seriously. Additionally, the evidence provided by the NFP and early Confucian accounts can both be used to promote social change, which highlights how the sciences and the humanities can work together in complementary ways to address societal problems.
COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF POLYMER FLOW IN MICROCAVITIES THROUGH A MICROSCREEN

This paper investigates a new technique for rapid replication of electroforming micromolds with integral microscreens. The process is based on injection molding or hot embossing of plastic replicates with integral metallic screens onto a LIGA-fabricated master microtool, to produce sacrificial electroforming molds in which the metallic screen acts as the conducting base and the plastic features provide insulating sidewalls for electrodeposition of the desired metallic micropart. A computational model is developed for the polymer flow during the fabrication of electroforming micromolds incorporating the temperature dependent, non-Newtonian rheology of the polymer melts. The model is used to analyze the effects of the process parameters and micro-feature geometry on the polymer flow patterns.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Differential Mitogenic Effects of Single Chain Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/Scatter Factor and HGF/NK1 following Cleavage by Factor Xa

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in many normal as well as pathological conditions. HGF/NK1, a splice variant of HGF/SF, has been reported to have either antagonistic or agonistic effects with regard to c-Met signaling depending on the cell type. In these experiments, we have determined that HGF/NK1 is a potent mitogen for rat hepatocytes in culture. Furthermore, we have found that coagulation factor Xa (fXa) is capable of cleaving HGF/NK1 and single chain HGF/SF (scHGF/SF). The products resulting from cleavage of HGF/NK1 or scHGF/SF by fXa appear as single bands under non-reducing conditions. The reaction products from the digestion of HGF/NK1 by fXa were separated under reducing conditions, and the cleavage site, as determined by N-terminal sequencing, was located C-terminal to arginine 134. Previous work established that the heparin-binding domain for HGF/SF is located in the N domain of HGF/SF. Additionally, the dimerization of the HGF/SF receptor (c-Met) by the ligand HGF/NK1 is facilitated by heparin and related sulfonated sugars on the cell surface, whereas heparin is not required for HGF/SF-mediated dimerization. Cleavage of single chain HGF/SF or HGF/NK1 by factor Xa does not alter the affinity of the respective molecules for heparin, but it did variably affect the associated mitogenic activity of these factors. The associated mitogenic activity of HGF/NK1 was reduced by more than 90%, whereas the mitogenic activity of scHGF/SF was unaffected. This suggests mandatory maintenance of a steric interaction of the N domain and the first kringle domain for HGF/NK1 to act as an agonist for rat hepatocyte growth but is not required by full-length HGF/SF.
Detection on surfaces and in Caco-2 cells of Campylobacter jejuni cells transformed with new gfp, yfp, and cfp marker plasmids.

We have developed two sets of Campylobacter shuttle vectors containing either the gfp (green fluorescent protein), yfp (yellow fluorescent protein), or cfp (cyan fluorescent protein) reporter gene. In one set, the reporter gene is fused to a consensus Campylobacter promoter sequence (Pc). The other set contains a pUC18 multicloning site upstream of the reporter gene, allowing the construction of transcriptional fusions using known promoters or random genomic fragments. C. jejuni cells transformed with the Pc fusion plasmids are strongly fluorescent and easily visualized on chicken skin, on plant tissue, and within infected Caco-2 cells. In each C. jejuni strain tested, these plasmids were maintained over several passages in the absence of antibiotic selection. Also, in many C. jejuni strains, >91% of the cells transformed with the Pc fusion plasmids remained fluorescent after several days. Experiments with yellow fluorescent and cyan fluorescent C. jejuni transformants suggest that aggregates containing two or more strains of C. jejuni may be present in an enrichment broth culture. Colonies arising from these aggregates would be heterologous in nature; therefore, isolation of a pure culture of C. jejuni, by selecting single colonies, from an environmental sample may not always yield a single strain.
Increasing the Transparent Page Sharing in Java

Improving memory utilization is important for improving the efficiency of a cloud datacenter by increasing the number of usable VMs. Memory over-commitment is a common technique for this purpose. Transparent Page Sharing (TPS) is a technique to improve the utilization by sharing identical memory pages to reduce the total memory consumption. For a cloud datacenter, we might expect TPS will reduce memory usage because VMs often execute the same OS and middleware and thus they may have many identical pages. However, TPS is less effective for Java-based middleware because the Java VM finds it difficult to manage the layouts of internal data structures that depend on the execution of Java programs. This paper presents detailed breakdowns of the memory usage of KVM guest VMs executing a Java-based Web application server. Then we propose increasing the amount of page sharing by utilizing a class sharing mechanism in the Java VM. Our approach reduced the measured physical memory for class metadata by up to 89.6% when using the Apache DayTrader benchmark running on four guest VMs in a KVM host machine.
Regional anaesthesia for outpatient surgery

Abstract Regional anaesthesia is an ideal anaesthetic technique for many outpatient surgery procedures. With proper preparation, selection and planning, regional anaesthesia will provide excellent operating conditions for the surgeon and a very satisfactory anaesthetic state for the patient in a cost-effective way. Its minimum effect on major organ functions, intense sensory blockade, low potential for postoperative side effects, and its ability to provide postoperative pain control, offers an excellent set up for these patients who will go home soon after the surgery.
Interviewer anger and patient dropout in walk-in clinic.

Abstract Within the setting of a walk-in psychiatric clinic, interviewer attitudes such as “liking” and “anger” for patient-applicants during their initial consultation were examined. Among the group of applicants assigned “extended diagnostic” at the end of their consultation, it was found that when an interviewer felt angry toward an applicant there was an increased probability that the applicant would not return for a second interview. This group of “dropouts” was distinguished from the remaining population by a greater percentage of women, non-Caucasians and members of the lower socioeconomic classes.
Thalidomide—A new nonbarbiturate sleep-inducing drug

Abstract Thalidomide has been evaluated in the treatment of insomnia in medical and surgical inpatients. The performance of 100-mg. doses was not significantly different from that of placebo. Doses of 200 mg., however, proved effective in inducing and maintaining sleep in the majority of patients and were significantly better in these regards than either placebo or 100-mg. doses. Administration of drug was associated with a higher incidence of side effects than was administration of placebo.
Etoposide: four decades of development of a topoisomerase II inhibitor

Podophyllin-containing materials have been used as folk medicines for centuries. In the 1950s, scientists began a search to identify a more effective podophyllotoxin derivative. These efforts eventually resulted in the development of a new class of antineoplastic agents which target the DNA unwinding enzyme, topoisomerase II. The history of the development of one of the first identified topoisomerase II inhibitors, etoposide, is reviewed in this paper. Critical developments in etoposide's mechanism of action, pharmacology and administration schedule are summarised. The clinical benefits of the recently marketed etoposide prodrug, etoposide phosphate (Etopophos) are also detailed. The current status of other clinically approved anticancer agents which target topoisomerase II is briefly reviewed.
The fate of upwelled waters in the Great Whirl, August 1995

Abstract The Great Whirl is a large, anticyclonic gyre that develops off the northern Somali coast during the Southwest Monsoon. In August 1995 the NOAA Ship Malcolm Baldrige surveyed the seaward edge of the upwelling zone associated with this gyre. The fate of recently upwelled water was followed by mapping surface property distributions along a cool surface feature that extended seaward along the northern edge of the Great Whirl. Surface properties (T, S, and chlorophyll a), surface velocity (ADCP), and XBT and CTD casts were interpreted in relation to the trajectories of three instrumented surface drifters deployed in the feature. Cool surface waters correspond in space to the shoaling of the upper thermocline and offshore advection from the coast. Surface chlorophyll a concentrations decreased from 2 to 3 μg l−1 in the upwelling zone to 0.5–1.5 μg l−1 in the surface feature and contiguous waters. Maximum surface velocities in the Great Whirl were 250 cm s−1 with velocities> 100 cm s−1 along the northern perimeter of the gyre. Decorrelation time-scales for u and v velocity components, and chlorophyll a fluorescence, from the drifters were on the order of 4 to 7 days. These times are comparable to those over which the drifters were ejected from the Great Whirl into the Socotra Gyre. Decorrelation times for sea-surface temperature were somewhat longer (10 days). All three platforms passed between the Somali coast and Socotra within a week of their deployment and then traveled east into the northern Arabian Sea.
Henry Steel Olcott and “Protestant Buddhism”

L'A. presente le cas d'un homme largement influent en tant que protestant bouddhiste. Il montre que dans le cas d'Henry Steel Olcott, le bouddhisme protestant ne se limite pas a un amalgame entre le bouddhisme Theravada traditionnel et le protestantisme de Weber decrit par Obeyesekere, mais a un melange de bouddhisme Theravada et de trois autres elements: modernisme protestant, rang social et orientalisme academique. Le bouddhisme protestant est marque par la laicisation, l'ascetisme, le rationalisme meme si ces trois elements ne le constituent pas a proprement parler
Survey of Current High-Speed Rail Planning Efforts in the United States:

Characteristics of the corridors being considered by state and regional agencies for high-speed rail service (HSR) in the United States were surveyed. Through use of a data set of 21 systems at various stages of development, the study shows that initiatives under way involve 64 corridors, tracks of 21 freight railroads, and 15,552 unique mi of route. Findings show that these corridors reach 163 of the 250 largest metropolitan areas in the continental United States. More than 87% of the existing railroad mileage identified for high-speed service is operated by freight-oriented railroads, with 74% being single track. The choice of technology and the need to acquire nonrailroad land to support the development of corridors differ sharply between interstate and intrastate routes. These and other findings illustrate the many opportunities—and challenges—facing proponents of HSR throughout the country.
Theoretical considerations of scission and endlinking reactions in irradiated polymers

Abstract The pros and cons of the experimental and theoretical techniques used for following the crosslinking and scission reactions in irradiated polymers are briefly discussed. Special emphasis is given to the role of the reactions of main chain scission and endlinking and its influence on the analysis based on gelation theories. It is shown that increased initial scission could have a significant effect as well as the restricted or unlimited endlinking reaction which is not distinguished from the conventional reaction of crosslinking. Modified theoretical concepts could bring more insight into the nature of radiation induced reactions in polymers.
Analysis of STEM images on a RISC workstation with an APL interface

We have developed a stand-alone image processing system with an interface to an APL interpreter on a second generation RISC workstation to analyze digital images from our scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM). The system is UNIX based and utilizes the X-Windows system to display images and to toggle between different environments.
Tracking alloreactive cell division in vivo.

Background. The study of alloimmune responses has been limited by a lack of assays that can track the behavior of alloreactive lymphocytes in vivo. Here we utilize an experimental system that allows the identification and study of alloreactive CD4 + lymphocytes responding to major histocompatibility antigens in vivo. Methods. Responder mouse lymphocytes were labeled with a fluorescein-based dye, adoptively transferred into irradiated allogeneic stimulator mice, and recovered at serial time points for analysis by flow cytometry. Results. Discrete generations of CD4 + responder lymphocytes proliferating specifically in response to allogeneic MHC class II were distinguished by fluorescein intensity. Successive division of alloreactive CD4 + lymphocytes was traced up to six generations after 60 hr. Conclusions. This experimental system provides information on the division kinetics of alloreactive CD4 + cells. Other applications include immunophenotyping of alloreactive lymphocyte subsets. Further study of systems such as this will allow the detailed characterization of how alloimmune responses are initiated and proceed in vivo.
Brauer–Clifford equivalence of full matrix algebras

Abstract The Brauer–Clifford group was introduced to describe the Clifford theory for finite groups. It was proved that it has a natural homomorphism into a Brauer group, and the kernel of this homomorphism is the set of all equivalence classes of G -algebras which are full matrix algebras. In this paper, we prove that this kernel is isomorphic to a second cohomology group. In the Clifford theory for finite groups situation, we characterize families of characters which yield elements in the full matrix subgroup of the Brauer–Clifford group as those where an appropriate character has Schur index one. We also show, in this case, how to compute the element of the second cohomology group associated with this family of characters.
Reperfusion injury significantly impacts clinical outcome after pulmonary transplantation

Abstract Background . Reperfusion injury after pulmonary transplantation can contribute significantly to postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. We hypothesized that posttransplantation reperfusion injury would result in an increase in both in-hospital mortality and morbidity. We also hypothesized that the incidence of reperfusion injury would be dependent upon the cause of recipient lung disease and the interval of donor allograft ischemia. Methods . We performed a retrospective study of all lung transplant recipients at our institution from June 1990 until June 1998. One hundred patients received 120 organs during this time period. We compared two groups of patients in this study: those experiencing a significant reperfusion injury (22%) and those who did not (78%). Results . In-hospital mortality was significantly greater in patients experiencing reperfusion injury (40.9% versus 11.7%, p p p p p p Conclusions . Clinically significant pulmonary reperfusion injury increased in-hospital mortality and morbidity resulting in prolonged ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and cost of hospitalization. The incidence of reperfusion injury was not dependent upon the duration of donor organ ischemia but increased with the presence of preoperative pulmonary hypertension. These findings suggest that recipient pathophysiology and donor allograft quality may play important roles in determining the incidence of reperfusion injury.
Deformation of Cotton and Bacterial Cellulose Microfibrils

The morphology and substructure of cotton and bacterial cellulose microfibrils have been studied in the electron micro scope following deformation by ultrasonication and by stretching on a Mylar substrate. Cotton microfibrils, which have an average width of about 250A, were shown by negative staining to be broken down by ultrasonication into "elementary fibrils" with a width of ∼35A. Bacterial cellulose microfibrils ranged in width from 140-200A; the 140A width is thought to represent the best packing of the elementary fibrils in the microfibril. Elementary fibrils were observed at bends and kinks in the unsonicated microfibrils. The results for microfibrils from both sources which had been deformed by stretch ing on Mylar were consistent with complete breakdown into elementary fibrils, similar to previous reports of deformation for Valonia cellulose.
The structure of penalties in environmental enforcement: An economic analysis

The enforcement of environmental laws has undergone some rather dramatic changes over the last decade. Civil and criminal monetary penalties have been imposed more frequently on violators and the size of the penalties has increased.’ Individuals, both corporate employees and officers, have become more common targets for penalties.2 Finally, incarceration has not only become a more commonly imposed sanction,3 but the resulting jail sentences are longer.4 Despite this trend toward increased use of individual sanctions in the form of fines or incarceration, the efficiency implications of this trend have received little attention. The related work that has been published falls into two categories. The first considers the relative impacts or merits of holding firms liable for the actions of their employees, a principle known as “vicarious liability” [31, 32, 11, 29, 151. Arguments in favor of vicarious liability presume that the firm can sanction employee malfeasance internally through compensation schemes that are tied to
New microcrystalline phases in the NbNi and TaNi systems

Abstract Utilizing the splat-cooling technique, Nb-Ni alloys with 33–78 at.% Ni and Ta-Ni alloys with 55–67 at.% Ni were rapidly quenched from the melt. The thin foils or flakes obtained were investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction. The diffraction patterns exhibited only broad maxima instead of relatively sharp crystalline peaks. Computer calculations based on several microcrystalline models were able to account for the features of the diffraction pattern in the region of the first maximum; best agreement was attained by assuming microcrystals of about 150 atoms in a body-centered-cubic W-A2 type configuration (equivalent to spherical microcrystals 15–16 A dia.). The microcrystalline structure persists for 1 hr at 600°C; at higher temperatures it decomposes into the equilibrium phases. In the Nb-Ni decomposition, a crystalline transition phase is first formed. The transformation of the microcrystalline Ta-Ni phase to TaNi2 is regarded as an ordering reaction, combined with particle growth. A crystal-chemical relationship of the new microcrystalline phases to α-Fe may exist.
Conservation of Indigenous Heritage in the United States: Issues and Policy Development

Conservation of indigenous heritage is closely associated with the political and social position of the indigenous people in society. In order to understand the ongoing debate and changing perspectives on indigenous heritage, study of the growth of American Indian communities and their relationships with the U.S. government is crucial. Therefore, this article examines the federal policies and programs and the political dynamics presented in conserving indigenous heritage by reviewing Indian policy developments within the past two decades. American Indians did not possess ownership of their own cultural heritage and could not participate in the administration and formation of legal protection for heritage conservation. Policy changes have been influenced by the evolving roles of American Indian communities; this article explains how tribes finally became a partner in heritage conservation efforts.
Effects of ethylenediurea (EDU) on ozone-induced acceleration of foliar senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the anti-ozonant ethylenediurea (EDU) and chronic ozone (O 3 ) exposure on leaf physiology and senescence in an O 3 -sensitive potato cultivar ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Norland). A dose-response experiment showed that an EDU concentration of 15 mg l −1 soil (given as a soil drench) provided complete protection from accelerated foliar senescence induced by exposure to 0.1 μl l −1 O 3 for 5 h day −1 for 11 days. EDU doses of 45 and 75 mg active ingredient l −1 soil also gave protection but were associated with symptoms of toxicity and delayed senescence. In further experiments, plants were given 0 or 15 mg EDU l −1 soil and exposed to clean air or 0.1 μl l −1 O 3 for 5 h day −1 for 14 days. Chronic O 3 exposure in the absence of EDU resulted in accelerated foliar senescence, characterized by early declines in net photosynthesis and Rubisco quantity in O 3 -treated plants relative to controls. EDU in the presence of O 3 gave complete protection against symptoms of accelerated senescence. Senescence was not delayed in plants that received EDU in the absence of O 3 , and no symptoms of EDU toxicity were evident. The results suggest that EDU-induced tolerance to O 3 was not based on ‘anti-senescent’ properties of this anti-ozonant.
Vascular trauma on the rise

Trauma is the leading cause of death in people under the age of 45. Guns, drugs, and street violence contribute to this growing epidemic. As a result, there is an increased incidence of lower extremity vascular trauma. The most common cause of vascular injury is gunshot wounds. This article presents two case studies to illustrate the complex nursing management of this patient population. It is important for nurses to be aware of the physiologic and psychological treatment of these patients. A detailed nursing plan of care is also included.
Who Regulates Phones, Television, and the Internet? What Makes a Communications Regulator Independent and Why It Matters

More political scientists should engage in the debates surrounding regulation of communications networks, the infrastructure on which telecom, media, and Internet services ride. In 1990 there were 14 communications regulators worldwide, by 2007 there were 148. To fulfill World Trade Organization Agreement on Basic Telecommunications commitments, many countries aim to create regulatory agencies that are “independent.” What characterizes independence? Regulators are embedded in a political context that includes three main constituencies : other government institutions, industry, and consumers. Independent regulators are able to take action autonomously from other government institutions and industry while serving as advocates for consumers. In a survey of 18 countries, several traits emerge; a leader who cannot be dismissed arbitrarily, regulatory authority clearly distinct from policymaking, independent funding, minimal staff exchange between regulator and regulated firm, and dedicated support for consumers. It is usually easier for a regulator to be independent if operators are privatized. In a study of 4 countries, independent regulators follow decision-making procedures that give the public notice about proposed rule changes, opportunities to provide comments, and final decisions with explanation. Also, independent regulators have gift, conflict of interest, and post-employment rules, which set ethical standards and expectations for staff.
Propagation-decay characteristics of locally ionized microplasma packets in arrays of microchannels

Summary form only given. Plasma propagation and its decay properties in an array of microscale channels has been investigated at atmospheric pressure in He and Ar. Microplasmas in channels having a width of 200-300 μm, a length to width aspect ratio of up to ~ 103: 1, and a volume of 1-50 mm3 have been generated by micromachining and wet chemical processes, these channels are situated in a dielectric barrier structure fabricated in 125-250 μm thick Al foil. Spatiotemporally-resolved optical emission profiles, recorded with a gated CCD camera and a telescope, reveal a plasma optical interaction with neighboring channels and propagation speed (and direction of excited emission along the microchannel) which varies with gas mixture. In Ar 760 Torr, propelled by the accumulation of charge on the microchannel wall, packets of low temperature, nonequilibrium plasma propagate at a uniform velocity of ~20 km-s-1. The dominant mechanism for volumetric electron loss to be dissociative recombination.
Races of Puccinia graminis identified in the United States during 2003

Stem rust of small grain cereals, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a major disease of wheat, barley, and oat. In order to effectively utilize stem rust resistance in the improvement of small grain cereals, it is necessary to monitor the virulence composition and dynamics in the stem rust population. Races of P. graminis from barberry, wheat, barley, and oat were surveyed across the United States during 2003. Aecial infections on barberry were primarily due to P. graminis f. sp. secalis, as inoculations using aeciospores failed to produce infection on wheat and oat. Race QFCS of P. graminis f. sp. tritici was the most common race identified from wheat and barley. Race QFCS has virulence on stem rust resistance genes Sr5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, and 21 that are used for race identification. Race TTTT was identified in 2003. This race possesses virulence to all 16 stem rust resistance genes present in the wheat stem rust differentials and should be targeted in breeding for stem rust resistance. Race QFCN appeared to be a new race in the U.S. stem rust population. Races QCCJ and MCCF were identified, but at low frequencies. Seven races of P. graminis f. sp. avenae were identified from oat, and races NA-27, NA-29, and NA-67 were the predominant races. Race NA-76 was identified for the first time in the United States.
High power lasers: achievements, challenges, and opportunities

Lasers with ever increasing high powers, CW as well as pulsed, have been targets for research and developments from the very invention of the laser. Availability of high powers facilitate many practical applications in industry, medicine and research in quantum electronics. This presentation will summarize some of the key advances that have occurred since early 1960's and provide a guide for what can be expected in the future.
Do theories of suicide play well together? Integrating components of the hopelessness and interpersonal psychological theories of suicide.

Given that suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, there has been considerable research on theories of suicide risk. Despite the volume of such research, each theory is largely investigated in isolation and there has been little attempt to integrate them. Thus, the goal of the present study is to integrate two theories of suicide risk, Alloy and Abramson’s hopelessness theory of suicide (HT) and Joiner’s interpersonal psychological theory of suicide (IPTS), into one mediational model where the effects of the risk associated with the HT variables (i.e., a negative cognitive style) on suicidal ideation are transmitted by the IPTS (i.e., perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belonging) variables. Participants were 245 young adults with elevated levels of depressive symptoms who completed self-report measures of suicide risk at baseline and a measure of suicidal ideation eight weeks later. The results of a mediated model supported our hypothesis. The effects of the HT variables on suicidal ideation were mediated by the IPTS variables. Furthermore, results did not support the reverse model, suggesting specificity of the direction of our hypotheses. These findings imply that there may be merit in attempting to integrate theories of suicide risk rather than studying them in isolation.
44.3: Flexible Electrophoretic Displays with Jet‐Printed Backplanes

Flexible electrophoretic displays are demonstrated using all-additive solution-processed active-matrix backplanes. The conducting traces and the organic semiconductor for the pixel circuit were deposited by inkjet printing. Printed backplanes with smaller pixel size are desirable and the consequences of increasing the display resolution from 37 ppi to 74 ppi are discussed. Novel fabrication approaches for printed multi-layer pixel designs are presented.
New directions in large-scale systems

Results in many areas of Large-Scale Systems Theory depend on strict conditions on the functions characterizing the elements of the system, which we call the "local" properties of the system. We feel that the structural properties of a large system (which we call the "global" properties) may enable us to make statements without requiring stringent conditions on the local properties. This greatly extends the applicability of some techniques. Our ideas are illustrated by some recent results.
Regulation of the depth and composition of airway surface liquid.

The airways are lined with a film of liquid about 10 µm deep that is in two layers. Around the cilia is the watery periciliary sol. Over this is a mucous blanket that traps inhaled particles. The low viscosity of the periciliary sol allows the cilia to beat and propel the mucous blanket to the mouth. In large airways, mucus comes predominantly from the mucous glands but also from goblet cells in the surface epithelium. Water is added to the airway surface by gland secretion that is driven by active Cl secretion by serous cells. During inflammation elevation of the subepithelial hydrostatic pressure may also add significant volumes of water to the airway lumen. Water is removed by active Na transport across the surface epithelium. In airway diseases, the balance is shifted from water secretion to mucus secretion. In bronchitis and asthma this is due mainly to conversion of gland serous to mucous cells. In cystic fibrosis, gland serous cells cannot secrete water because they lack functioning CFTR in their apical membranes (CFTR is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, a Cl channel that is abundant in serous cells). In all three diseases, the result is secretion of excessively concentrated gland secretions that are poorly moved by the cilia and accumulate. Altered salt and water transport by the surface epithelium may also contribute to the pathology of cystic fibrosis.
Temperature controlled shape change of grafted nanofoams

We demonstrated that nanoscale-level actuation can be, in principle, achieved with grafted polymer nanofoams by forces associated with conformational changes of stretched macromolecular chains. The nanofoams are fabricated via a two-step procedure. First, the “grafting to” technique is used to obtain a 20–200 nm anchored and cross-linked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) film. Second, the film is swollen in solvent and freeze dried until the solvent is sublimated. The grafted nanofoam possesses the behavior of a shape-memory material, exhibiting gradual mechanical contraction at the nanometer scale as temperature is increased. Both the thickness and shape-recovery ratio of the nanofoam have a close to linear dependency on temperature. We also demonstrated that by modification of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanofoam with grafting low molecular weight polymers, one can tune an absolute nanoscale mechanical response of the porous polymer film.