cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis and morbidity of autoantibody syndromes in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

A number of autoantibody syndromes have been identified that are mediated by monoclonal macroglobulins. Chronic cold agglutinin disease (CAD), mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), and various polyneuropathies produce symptoms and signs such as cold sensitivity and sensorimotor neuropathies that bring the patients to attention ("the patients tell you"). Many of these patients would be classified as having monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) were it not for the consequences of antigen-antibody interaction. Other patients with autoantibody syndromes have overt Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). These individuals present at an earlier stage than WM patients who do not have evident antibody activity. Thus the presence of autoreactive antibodies influences clinical presentation and natural history of the disorder. The frequency of monoclonal IgMs with functional antibody activity is unknown. The principal problem is detection. New methods have been described which may more precisely identify the antigens reacting with M-proteins. Some "autoimmune" disorders may represent cross-reactions to exogenous antigens. Elucidation of antigens reacting with monoclonal IgM proteins may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of WM.
Automatic generation of trajectory planners for industrial robots

The control of industrial robots is usually divided into several sequential stages. Trajectory planning is an important off-line stage which is concerned with the generation of a time history of a robot's joint position, velocity, acceleration, and input torques. A number of trajectory planning methods have been developed [1], [4]-[6], [10], [11], [13], which usually entail complex computations and algebraic manipulations. Programming this sort of trajectory planners is very complex and error-prone, thereby limiting their applicability. To remove this limitation, we have begun the development of software for automating the trajectory planning, called the Automatic Trajectory Planner Generator (ATPG). This paper describes important components of the ATPG: three trajectory planners, data structures for describing geometric paths, generation of the robot's dynamic equations and constraint functions, and ancillary software. A large portion of the ATPG has been completed, and the remaining portion is currently under development.
Initial Therapy With Radical Prostatectomy for High Risk Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose: This study provides a perspective on initial treatment in select patients with high risk, localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A select literature review was done with commentary on the philosophy of initial surgery followed by adjuvant or salvage therapies.Results: Early detection and associated stage migration identify a cadre of men with unfavorable but apparently localized prostate cancer who historically would not have been viewed as appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy. Decreased morbidity from radical prostatectomy and data demonstrating improved outcomes in some patients treated with multimodal therapy protocols provide a rationale for including radical prostatectomy as part of an aggressive treatment plan to achieve optimal local elimination of cancer. Data suggest that radical prostatectomy and adjuvant or possibly even salvage radiation therapy may provide the best elimination of large local cancers. Whether such an approach provides results that are better than...
Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in South Korea, 1983-2005

We sequenced the envelope (E) gene of 17 strains of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) isolated in South Korea in 1983-2005 and compared the sequences with those from previously reported strains. Our results show the remarkable genetic stability of the E gene sequence in Korean JEV strains. Five pairs of E gene sequences from 10 Korean strains were identical, despite geographical differences and a maximum five-year time span. Sequence comparisons with other Asian strains revealed that the Korean strains are closely related to those from China, Japan, and Vietnam. Genotype 3 strains were predominant in Korea before 1993, when genotype 1 strain K93A07 was first isolated. The two genotypes were detected simultaneously in 1994 but since then, only genotype 1 has been isolated in South Korea. Thus, the genotype change occurred according to the year of isolation rather than the geographical origin.
How to manage vaccinations in children with cancer

The optimal use of routine childhood immunizations in children with malignancy is still a matter of debate. Despite their higher risk of contracting vaccine preventable diseases and of suffering important complications, there is little understanding of the magnitude of the possible benefit of administering active immunization in this population due to a paucity of clinical trial data. Our review focuses on the management of children with cancer and offers some suggestions regarding their vaccination schedules.
Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences

Abstract Recent phylogenetic analyses of the Dipsacales strongly support a Caprifolieae clade within Caprifoliaceae including Leycesteria, Triosteum, Symphoricarpos, and Lonicera. Relationships within Caprifolieae, however, remain quite uncertain, and the monophyly of Lonicera, the most species-rich of the traditional genera, and its subdivisions, need to be evaluated. In this study we used sequences of the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and five chloroplast non-coding regions (rpoB–trnC spacer, atpB–rbcL spacer, trnS–trnG spacer, petN–psbM spacer, and psbM–trnD spacer) to address these problems. Our results indicate that Heptacodium is sister to Caprifolieae, Triosteum is sister to the remaining genera within the tribe, and Leycesteria and Symphoricarpos form a clade that is sister to a monophyletic Lonicera. Within Lonicera, the major split is between subgenus Caprifolium and subgenus Lonicera. Within subgenus Lonicera, sections Coeloxylosteum, Isoxylosteum, and Nintooa are nested within the paraph...
Population Studies of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper

A color-banded population of Spotted Sandpipers (Actitis macularia) was studied over a 10-yr period on Little Pelican Island, Leech Lake, Minnesota. A total of 75 females and 107 males bred for 144 9  yr and 200 ccyr. The observed skew in the population sex ratio was due primarily to behavioral exclusion of inexperienced females. Density appeared to limit population size and productivity. Locally hatched chicks account- ed for 31% and 40% of the breeding females in the final 2 yr. Females laid eggs for 1.35- 2.06 males per year. Experienced females had significantly more mates, eggs, chicks, and fledglings than did inexperienced females. Locally hatched chicks accounted for 21% and 19% of the breeding males in the final 2 yr. Males mated with 1.0-1.4 females per year. Experienced males had more mates and received more replacement eggs than did inexpe- rienced males; in contrast to females, however, inexperienced males had no less hatching or fledging success than did experienced males. Thirty-eight marked females and 16 marked males tried unsuccessfully to enter the population, and 6 females and no males were ob- served to be nonbreeders all season long. Of 1,142 eggs, 442 hatched and 256 fledged. Experienced birds returned to breed more often in subsequent years than did inexperienced ones (61% vs. 50%). Return rates of successful birds were consistently higher than those of unsuccessful birds, the difference decreasing with age. Young males appeared to be less site-faithful than were females and older males. Successfully breeding females lived an average of 3.7 yr. Relative to other scolopacids with multipurpose territories, the Spotted Sandpiper is considered a pioneering species that quickly and frequently colonizes new sites, emigrates in response to reproductive failure, breeds first at an early age, lives a relatively short time, lays many eggs per female per year, and has relatively low nest success. Received 11 May 1982, accepted 11 November 1982.
Effi ciency Animals: Efficiency as an Engineering Value

In the literature on the study of engineers and engineering practice, the pursuit of efficiency is often claimed to be a prime directive for engineers. The objective of this chapter is to examine that claim. It starts with an exploration of the concept of efficiency, which has a multitude of meanings, some very technical and precise, and some more broad and equivocal. Some important philosophical distinctions are made, such as between the notions of efficiency as an instrument of conservation and efficiency as an instrument of growth, between efficiency at a micro-scale and efficiency at a macro-scale, and between efficiency and effectiveness. Questions of how the concept of efficiency relates among the arenas of technology, nature, and economics are also addressed.
Diagnostic Use of Urinary Thromboxane B2

Although radioimmunoassy (RIA) for prostaglandins has been employed for a decade, the clinical diagnostic use of any of the arachidonic acid metabolites has not been described until recently [1]. The discovery by Fichman et al. [2] that patients with Bartter’s Syndrome had elevated plasma and urine prostaglandins concentrations encouraged many nephrologists, including ourselves [3], to take an interest in the clinical utility of such prostaglandin measurements. The clinical diagnosis of Bartter’s Syndrome, however, is not based on prostaglandin analyses, and consequently there is no requirement for the assay other than for the purpose of diagnostic confirmation. We have, for the first time, found potential diagnostic validity for one of the arachidonic acid metabolites, namely,thromboxane B2 (TXB2). This compound is a stable product of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) which is chemically labile with a half-life at pH 7.4 of 30 sec [4]. Thromboxane B2 has little biological activity, but large doses reduce the inactivation of PGE2 by pulmonary transit in dogs [5]. In contrast TXA2 is a powerful spasmogenic agent on all four classes of smooth muscle and aggregates both platelets and leukocytes which implies that TXA2 is likely to have a deleterious effect on the microcirculation.
Biological dosimetry of bone marrow for incorporated yttrium-90.

The biological response of bone marrow to incorporated radionuclides depends on several factors such as absorbed dose, dose rate, proliferation and marrow reserve. The determination of the dose rate and absorbed dose to bone marrow from incorporated radionuclides is complex. This research used survival of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFCs) as a biological dosimeter to determine experimentally the dose rate and dose to bone marrow after administration of 90 Y-citrate. Methods: The radiochemical 90 Y-citrate was administered intravenously to Swiss Webster mice. Biokinetics studies indicated that the injected 90 Y quickly localized in the femurs (0.8% ID/femur) and cleared with an effective half-time of 62 hr. Subsequently, GM-CFC survival was determined as a function of femur uptake and injected activity. Finally, to calibrate GM-CFC survival as a biological dosimeter, mice were irradiated with external 137 Cs gamma rays at dose rates that decreased exponentially with a half-time of 62 hr. Results: Femur uptake was linearly proportional to injected activity. The survival of GM-CFCs was exponentially dependent on both the initial 90 Y femur activity and the initial dose rate from external 137 Cs gamma rays with 5.1 kBq/femur and 1.9 cGy/hr, respectively, required to achieve 37% survival. Thus, 90 Y-citrate delivers a dose rate of 0.37 cGy/hr to the femoral marrow per kBq of femur activity and the dose rate decreased with an effective half-time of 62 hr. Conclusion: Survival of GM-CFCs can serve as a biological dosimeter to experimentally determine the dose rate kinetics in bone marrow.
Communication Patterns of Cloud Computing

This paper surveys the literature to reveal the communication patterns associated with cloud computing. The literature includes a number of studies that although are not specific to cloud computing do provide insight into one class of communication for cloud computing: the communication between cloud clients (CCs) and cloud service provider (CSP) facilities. In addition, a few studies focus on the communication patterns within and among CSP facilities (i.e., data centers). Using this information, we: (1) develop a taxonomy of cloud computing communication, which includes client-CSP, intra- CSP, and inter-CSP facility communication; (2) discuss the communication patterns representative of the various categories in the taxonomy and communication techniques to accommodate those patterns; and (3) provide a road-map for future traffic studies. This paper makes it clear that there is much work that is required to attain a full understanding of the potentially unique nature of the communication patterns associated with cloud computing applications.
Standard States for Adsorption on Solid Surfaces: 2D Gases, Surface Liquids, and Langmuir Adsorbates

Standard states are utilized to compare thermodynamic data obtained from different experiments and calculations, and this ability to compare thermodynamic data plays an important role in science and society. For molecules adsorbed on surfaces, there are currently no universally accepted standard states. Here, standard states are proposed for the different types of molecular adsorbate phases, with the intent to enable physical insight to be gained by tabulating experimental/calculated values, such that comparison between different systems and existing societal tabulations of chemical standard state tabulated values can be done directly. A “density based” standard state is proposed for 2D gases, and a “relative coverage based” standard state is proposed for immobile adsorbates and nonislanding 2D liquids. These units are chosen based upon the units which the activity depends on. The standard states recommended here are chosen due to the entropies associated with them, such that physical insight can be gaine...
Some Effects of Thiotepa on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen

Thiotepa (tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine sulfide) in the food sterilizes larvae, and applied topically or in vapor form sterilizes adult flies of Drosophila melanogaster . The duration of sterility increases with dosage. Adult males may be sterilized irreversibly while retaining motility of the sperm, but without reducing mating aggressiveness, longevity, acceptability by the females, or fecundity. Complete sterility of newly emerged males was obtained by topical application of 0.5 ‘g per fly or exposure to thiotepa vapors (1 mg per 200 ml flask) for 2 hours at 32°C. Newly emerged females required 1.0 ‘g per fly or 3 hours' exposure to vapors for complete sterility. The 24-hour LD50 by topical application was between 2.5 and 5.0 μg per fly for mixed sexes. Inseminated females are made sterile with lower topically applied dosages than that required to produce irreversible sterility in the newly emerged female. When treated 15 minutes or 2½ hours after mating, no viable eggs were produced. When treated 48 hours after mating a few viable eggs were laid during the first few hours after treatment and only nonviable eggs thereafter up to 8 hours of observation. The sperm from treated males did not appear to compete for storage space in the female as successfully as the sperm from untreated males.
Measurement of cardiac output by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography: application to patients with hypertension.

The development of echocardiography has permitted non-invasive estimation of left ventricular stroke volume wid cardiac output, albeit with some limitations. These approaches are particularly suited to hypertensive patients.
Testing for Uranium Deuteride Initiation in Liquid Deuterium

This report offers a description of the testing related to Uranium foil and its interaction with liquid deuterium.
Orthotic devices for the foot.

Abstract Orthotic devices have a multitude of applications. To properly prescribe them, one must have a clear understanding of the biomechanics of the lower limbs. These devices can support, correct, and prevent many pathologic conditions. The author has had experience with 235 patients, utilizing stance-phase, molded, thermoplastic orthotic devices. One hundred seventy-six patients responded to a questionnaire. Almost 80% of the patients experienced at least 50% improvement of their symptoms. With careful analysis, these devices not only can improve lower-segment malalignment syndromes in the athletic population but can also give relief to the patient with a painful foot and prevent serious ulcerations in the diabetic or rheumatoid patient.
Role of Endolysosomes in Skeletal Muscle Pathology Observed in a Cholesterol-Fed Rabbit Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Deficits in skeletal muscles contribute not only to the functional decline in people living with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but also to AD pathogenesis. We have shown that endolysosome dysfunction plays an important role in the development of AD pathological features in a cholesterol-fed rabbit model of AD. Interestingly we observed in skeletal muscle from the rabbit AD model increased deposition of Aβ, phosphorylated tau, and ubiquitin. Here, we tested the hypothesis that endolysosome dysfunction commonly occurs in skeletal muscle and brain in this rabbit model of AD. In skeletal muscle of rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet for 12 weeks we observed the presence of abnormally enlarged endolysosomes, in which were increased accumulations of free cholesterol and multiple AD marker proteins subject to misfolding and aggregation including Aβ, phosphorylated tau, and ubiquitin. Moreover, in skeletal muscle of rabbits fed the cholesterol-enriched diet we observed decreased specific activities of three different lysosome enzymes. Our results suggest that elevated levels of plasma cholesterol can disturb endolysosome structure and function as well as promote the development of AD-like pathological features in skeletal muscle and that these organellar changes might contribute to the development of skeletal muscle deficits in AD.
Lithographic technologies that haven't (yet) made it: lessons learned (Plenary Paper)

Since the introduction of the integrated circuit we have been inventing ways to extend the feature resolution beyond the optical limit. Using a focused electron beam linewidths of less than 100nm were demonstrated in 1960 and a mere three years later we achieved a 10nm feature. In the 1970's and 80's several semiconductor manufacturers undertook programs to introduce electron beam lithography (EBL) and X-ray lithography (XRL) based primarily on the rationale that both had superior resolution. Those programs consumed many millions of dollars and yielded, and continue to yield, very imaginative systems but have failed to displace deep ultraviolet lithography (DUVL) despite its inferior resolution. One lesson learned is an old one: to displace an established technology the new must be 10x better than the old. Thus it is irrational that even today a form of XRL employing 13nm X-rays is still being pursued despite showing performance inferior to that of DUVL. What constitutes 'better' depends on the application and thus there are niche markets for forms of lithography other than DUVL. But for mainstream semiconductor chip manufacturing there is no prospect within the next decade of displacing optical lithography which can be stretched even to 10nm features by applying novel techniques coupled with massive computation.
Evaluation-Time Bias in Quasi-Generational and Steady-State Asynchronous Evolutionary Algorithms

A number of papers have emerged in the last two years that apply and study asynchronous master-slave evolutionary algorithms based on a steady-state model. These efforts are largely motivated by the observation that, unlike traditional (synchronous) EAs, asynchronous EAs are able to make maximal use of many parallel processors, even when some individuals evaluate more slowly than others. Asynchronous EAs do not behave the same as their synchronous counterparts, however, and as of yet there is very little theory that makes it possible to predict how they will perform on new problems. Of some concern is evidence suggesting that the steady-state versions tend to be biased toward regions of the search space where fitness evaluation is cheaper. This has led some authors to suggest a so-called `quasi-generational' asynchronous EA as an intermediate solution that incurs neither idle time nor significant bias toward fast solutions. We perform experiments with the quasi-generational EA, and show that it does not deliver the promised benefits: it is, in fact, just as biased toward fast solutions as the steady-state approach is, and it tends to converge even more slowly than the traditional, generational EA.
Use of CUDA for the Continuous Space Language Model

The training phase of the Continuous Space Language Model (CSLM) was implemented in the NVIDIA hardware/software architecture Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). Implementation was accomplished using a combination of CUBLAS library routines and CUDA kernel calls on three different CUDA enabled devices of varying compute capability and a time savings over the traditional CPU approach demonstrated.
Surgical Alignment Goals for Adult Lumbar Scoliosis

Surgical management of adult spinal deformity is associated with substantial improvements in health-related quality-of-life scores; provided it is indicated appropriately, a reasonable surgical approach has been selected, and major complications avoided. Parameters to consider in surgical decision-making include clinical presentation, disability level, prior response to nonoperative treatment, and radiographic characteristics of the deformity, and baseline health status of the patient. Coronal and sagittal alignment targets have been conventionally defined based on radiographic correlation with health-related quality-of-life scores. However, recent research shows age-related changes exist in the radiographic alignment of the spine, which is distinct from pathologic degenerative changes. Therefore, an individualized approach for alignment targets is optimal. Mathematical methods can be helpful to predict postoperative radiographic results, but they should be used cautiously because of their inherent limitations. To achieve the goals of alignment restoration, surgery for adult spinal deformity generally consists of three elements: decompression, realignment, and fusion. All three can be performed with various techniques and approaches.
One- Versus Two-Muscle Surgery for Presumed Unilateral Fourth Nerve Palsy Associated With Moderate Angle Hyperdeviations.

Purpose To compare 1-muscle vs 2-muscle surgery for moderate-angle hyperdeviations owing to presumed unilateral fourth nerve palsy. Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Seventy-three patients (aged 5–86 years) underwent either 1- or 2-muscle surgery at our institution for moderate hyperdeviation owing to presumed unilateral fourth nerve palsy, measuring 14–25 prism diopters (PD) in straight-ahead gaze at distance fixation. Six-week and 1-year motor success was defined as zero vertical deviation or 1–4 PD undercorrection at distance, overcorrection as any reversal of hypertropia, and undercorrection as >4 PD. Diplopia success was defined as no diplopia, or only rarely for distance straight ahead and reading. Results Twenty-eight patients underwent 1-muscle surgery, and 45 patients underwent 2-muscle surgery. Motor success was similar (64% vs 67%, P > .99 at 6 weeks; 47% vs 55%, P = .8 at 1 year, n = 46), but there were more undercorrections at 6 weeks with 1-muscle surgery (36% vs 16%, P = .09) and more overcorrections at 6 weeks with 2-muscle surgery (0% vs 18%, P = .02). Diplopia success was also somewhat similar between 1- and 2-muscle surgery at 6 weeks (73% vs 60%, P = .5) and 1 year (45% vs 59%, P = .5). Conclusion For moderate-angle hyperdeviations owing to presumed unilateral fourth nerve palsy, there appears no clear advantage of 2-muscle surgery for motor outcomes. Diplopia success was similar between 1- and 2-muscle surgery, owing to a greater number of less symptomatic undercorrections with 1-muscle surgery and a smaller number of more symptomatic overcorrections with 2-muscle surgery.
Nanoclusters of Silicon and Germanium

Synthetic routes for the preparation of Si or Ge nanoclusters as gaseous species, colloids, supported composites, or as unsupported powders are reviewed along with selected characterization data. The optical properties of these and related materials, such as porous Si, are summarized with particular emphasis on photo- or electroluminescence phenomena. Research opportunities related to Si and Ge cluster chemistry are suggested.
The Leaky Gut and Altered Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease results in disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as profound changes in the gut microbial flora. These events are largely mediated by (1) heavy influx of circulating urea to the gut lumen and (2) dietary restrictions of foods containing high fiber (such as fruits and vegetable) and symbiotic organisms (such as yogurt and cheese) imposed to mitigate hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia. Collectively, these factors promote systemic inflammation and cardiovascular morbidity by mediating microbial dysbiosis, disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and translocation of endotoxin, bacterial fragments, and uremic toxins across the "leaky gut" into the bloodstream. Strategies aimed at increasing dietary fiber and lowering urea burden may help to attenuate uremia-induced microbial dysbiosis and epithelial barrier breakdown, and thereby improve systemic inflammation.
The Technological Self in India: From Tech-savvy Farmers to a Selfie-tweeting Prime Minister

In this paper, I propose that ICTD in India has been defined and promoted by an aspirational discourse of modernity that is not necessarily tied to the outcomes of actual projects in this space, but rather exists independently and has wide-ranging implications, including in mainstream politics. I highlight cases from specific ICTD projects, or the way they have been portrayed in the public sphere, to establish ways in which the symbolic value of technology has been an important driver of their purchase in public consciousness. Using these to foreground the discourse of technology in India, I examine the brand imaging of Narendra Modi, the current prime minister of India, and propose that he both understood and ably used the aspirational sentiment toward technology to craft an image of technocrat modernizer, obscuring a longer-standing image as a sectarian politician. I propose that Modi's is a beneficiary of an ICTD wave of thinking in India, and at the same time, his own careful curation of an online persona brings finesse to the notion of a technological self in politics. In this, the citizen-state relationship is mediated by the imagination of an enlightened, tech-savvy politician leading people who are themselves legitimated as citizens by their relationship to the technologies they use.
A C-band wide locking range injection locked oscillator based phase shifter

Limited locking range in injection locked oscillator based phase shifter (ILPS) is of main concern when used in the local oscillator (LO) path of phased-array systems. This severely limits their use due to failure to lock the free-running oscillator. To overcome this limitation this paper proposes a wide locking range ILPS in the C-band (4 to 8 GHz). The design is aimed to achieve wide locking range at low injection power. Wide locking range is achieved by means of self injection in a CMOS cross-coupled oscillator which reduces oscillator power in a controlled way. The ILPS achieves a locking-range of 3 GHz at 5.3 GHz center frequency under fundamental injection at 0 dBm input power. The ILPS is implemented in a 90-nm RF CMOS process and consumes only 25mW DC power under a 1.8V supply.
Hypopituitarism After Single-Fraction Pituitary Adenoma Radiosurgery: Dosimetric Analysis Based on Patients Treated Using Contemporary Techniques.

PURPOSE To analyze factors associated with post-stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) hypopituitarism among radiation-naive patients with pituitary adenomas who underwent single-fraction SRS between 2007 and 2014. METHODS AND MATERIALS This was a retrospective review of 97 patients having single-fraction SRS from 2007 until 2014. Eligible patients had no history of prior radiation, normal age- and sex-specific pituitary function before SRS, and at least 24 months of endocrine follow-up. Forty patients (41%) had hormone-secreting tumors; 57 patients had nonsecreting tumors (59%). The median prescription isodose volume was 2.8 cm3 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.3-4.7); the median tumor margin dose was 20 Gy (IQR, 15-25 Gy). RESULTS The median follow-up after SRS was 48 months (IQR, 34-68 months). Twenty-seven patients (28%) developed pituitary insufficiency at a median of 22 months (IQR, 12-36 months) after SRS. The rate of new endocrine deficits was 17% at 2 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 10%-25%) and 31% at 5 years (95% CI 20%-42%). Male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 2.38, 95% CI 1.05-5.26, P = .04), smaller pituitary gland volume (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99-0.99, P = .01), and higher mean pituitary gland dose (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.16-1.47, P < .001) were associated with post-SRS hypopituitarism in multivariable analysis. The rate of hypopituitarism for patients with a mean gland dose of <11.0 Gy at 2 years was 2% (95% CI 0%-4%) and at 5 years was 5% (95% CI 0%-11%), whereas rate of hypopituitarism for patients with a mean gland dose of ≥11.0 Gy at 2 years was 31% (95% CI 17%-43%) and at 5 years was 51% (95% CI 34%-65%). CONCLUSIONS Hypopituitarism after pituitary adenoma SRS increases in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Reducing the radiation exposure to the identifiable gland to a mean dose < 11.0 Gy whenever feasible may lower the incidence of new hormonal deficits after pituitary adenoma SRS.
Ring theoretic aspects of quandles

Abstract We associate to every quandle X and an associative ring with unity k, a nonassociative ring k [ X ] following [3] . The basic properties of such rings are investigated. In particular, under the assumption that the inner automorphism group I n n ( X ) acts orbit 2-transitively on X, a complete description of right (or left) ideals is provided. The complete description of right ideals for the dihedral quandles R n is given. It is also shown that if for two quandles X and Y the inner automorphism groups act 2-transitively and k [ X ] is isomorphic to k [ Y ] , then the quandles are of the same partition type. However, we provide examples when the quandle rings k [ X ] and k [ Y ] are isomorphic, but the quandles X and Y are not isomorphic. These examples answer some open problems in [3] .
Understanding Characteristics of High Performers in Two-Sided Competitive Crowdsourcing

This study seeks to understand how professionals’ (creative) Adaption-Innovation behaviors and prior knowledge influence successful participation in two-sided competitive crowdsourcing. Using Kirto...
Early Platforms, Early Plazas: Exploring the Precursors to Mississippian Mound-and-Plaza Centers

Platform mounds and plazas have a 5000-year-long history in the eastern United States but are often viewed through the lens of late prehistoric and early historic understandings of mound use. This review approaches the history of these important landscape features via a forward-looking temporal framework that emphasizes the variability in their construction and use through time and across space. I suggest that by viewing platform mounds in their historical contexts, emphasizing the construction process over final form, and focusing on nonmound sites and off-mound areas such as plazas, we can build a less biased and more complex understanding of early Native American monumentality.
A Plant Biologist’s Toolbox to Study Translation

Across a broad range of species and biological questions, more and more studies are incorporating translation data to better assess how gene regulation occurs at the level of protein synthesis. The inclusion of translation data improves upon, and has been shown to be more accurate than, transcriptional studies alone. However, there are many different techniques available to measure translation and it can be difficult, especially for young or aspiring scientists, to determine which methods are best applied in specific situations. We have assembled this review in order to enhance the understanding and promote the utilization of translational methods in plant biology. We cover a broad range of methods to measure changes in global translation (e.g., radiolabeling, polysome profiling, or puromycylation), translation of single genes (e.g., fluorescent reporter constructs, toeprinting, or ribosome density mapping), sequencing-based methods to uncover the entire translatome (e.g., Ribo-seq or translating ribosome affinity purification), and mass spectrometry-based methods to identify changes in the proteome (e.g., stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture or bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging). The benefits and limitations of each method are discussed with a particular note of how applications from other model systems might be extended for use in plants. In order to make this burgeoning field more accessible to students and newer scientists, our review includes an extensive glossary to define key terms.
Ciprofloxacin inhibition of experimental fracture healing.

Background: Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, have an adverse effect on growing cartilage and endochondral ossification in children. This study was carried out to determine whether ciprofloxacin also has an adverse effect on the healing of experimental fractures. Methods: Sixty male 300-gram Wistar rats were divided equally into three groups, which received ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, or no treatment for three weeks, beginning seven days after production of a closed, nondisplaced, bilateral femoral fracture. The serum concentrations of the ciprofloxacin and the cefazolin were 2.4 and 146 micrograms per milliliter, respectively. Radiographic, histological, and biomechanical studies were used to evaluate fracture-healing. Results: Radiographs revealed significantly more advanced healing of the control fractures compared with the fractures in the ciprofloxacin-treated group (average stage, 2.1 compared with 1.5, p = 0.01). The cefazolin-treated group was not different from the controls with respect to radiographic healing (average stage, 1.8 compared with 2.1, p = 0.18). Torsional strength-testing of fracture callus exposed to ciprofloxacin revealed a 16 percent decrease in strength compared with the controls (284 compared with 338 newton-millimeters, p = 0.04) and a 49 percent decrease in stiffness (twenty compared with thirty-nine newton-millimeters per degree, p = 0.001). The biomechanical strength in the cefazolin-treated group was not different from that of the controls. Fracture calluses in the animals treated with ciprofloxacin showed abnormalities in cartilage morphology and endochondral bone formation and a significant decrease in the number of chondrocytes compared with the controls (0.77 x 104 compared with 1.3 x 104 cells per square millimeter, p = 0.004). Conclusions: These data suggest that experimental fractures exposed to therapeutic concentrations of ciprofloxacin in serum demonstrate diminished healing during the early stages of fracture repair. The administration of ciprofloxacin during early fracture repair may compromise the clinical course of fracture-healing.
Family Theory: Feminist–Economist Critique

The critique from feminist economics of economic family theory has largely been directed at the version developed in neoclassical economics, often referred to as the ‘new home economics,’ though Marxist economic approaches to the family have also come in for their share of the criticism. Feminist economics challenges nearly every aspect of neoclassical economics. First, feminist economics challenges the limited role accorded the family of household, noting that caring labor is a large part of social reproduction. Second, the neoclassical economics model assumes choice by individuals of different relative productivities exercising their individual preferences, but it fails to explain why domestic labor is most often performed by women. It offers no convincing explanation of why this would be so. Third, it is hard to see whose utility is being maximized, since nothing in economic theory suggests that two adults often have identical utility functions. An example of a feminist model is used to demonstrate how the traditions of neoclassical, institutional, and Marxist economics are all challenged and incorporated in changed forms.
Values-based and acceptance-based intervention to promote adoption and maintenance of habitual physical activity among inactive adults with overweight/obesity: a study protocol for an open trial

Introduction Despite the importance of regular moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) for health benefits and long-term weight management, current comprehensive lifestyle interventions have focused on providing MVPA prescriptions and goals but with only minimal and intermittent focus on psychosocial theoretical constructs and novel strategies, perhaps explaining the often modest impact on adoption and maintenance of higher levels of MVPA. An intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) targeting the increase of values-based autonomous motivation could improve the adoption and maintenance of habitual MVPA among insufficiently active overweight or obese adults in a brief intervention format. Methods and analysis The overall aim of this study is to develop and test the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of an ACT-based brief workshop intervention for increasing bouted MVPA for inactive adults with overweight/obesity using a single-arm design. A total of 48 inactive adults with overweight/obesity will be recruited and attend a 4-hour, ACT-based workshop followed by weekly emails and monthly phone calls for 3 months. The workshop will teach values clarification and acceptance-based skills to increase values-based autonomous motivation and bouted MVPA. Participants will self-monitor minutes of MVPA and personal values and report on progress via weekly emails and monthly phone calls. Assessments will be conducted at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. Ethics and dissemination Study procedures have been approved by the Institutional Review Board. Consent is given in writing and in person. Data collection and storage separates study data from personally identifying information. Two safety officers who are not connected to the study monitor study progress and participant safety. Trial registration number NCT03565731; Pre-results.
Metabolic Implications of Diet and Energy Intake during Physical Inactivity

ABSTRACTPurposePhysical inactivity is associated with disruptions in glucose metabolism and energy balance, whereas energy restriction may blunt these adverse manifestations. During hypocaloric feeding, higher-protein intake maintains lean mass which is an important component of metabolic health. Th
Antibiotic Prescription in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Respiratory Failure and Associated Outcomes

Objectives:To describe antibiotic prescribing practices during the first 2 days of mechanical ventilation among previously healthy young children with respiratory syncytial virus–associated lower respiratory tract infection and evaluate associations between the prescription of antibiotics at onset o
The role of cyclical climate oscillations in species distribution shifts under climate change

Abstract Anthropogenic warming impacts the survival rates, spatial distributions, and phenology of marine species. Additionally, cyclical climate oscillations influence species presences and must be considered when predicting the impacts of ocean warming on species distributions. This chapter highlights several studies that document the influence of cyclical climate oscillations on species distributions and focuses on one study that examines the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on species distributions in the South Atlantic Bight in the southeast United States continental shelf. The case studies suggest that, for some species, the influence of bottom temperature and salinity on species’ presence depends on the phase of the NAO. This suggests that some species’ responses to climate change will largely depend on the phase of the cyclical oscillation. Considering the impacts of ocean warming as well as cyclical climate oscillations on species distributions is imperative for accurate management responses to anthropogenic climate change.
Attributes of successful undergraduate research projects

Successful research projects completed by undergraduate students in Computer Science can improve retention and graduation rates. These students are more motivated than others to pursue graduate school and research-related careers. Although undergraduate research can vary widely, some characteristics appear commonly across successful projects. The panelists will share their experiences involving successful undergraduate research projects and programs. We anticipate audience discussion and resource sharing for at least half the time allocated to the presentation. Some of the panelists will share their successes through handouts of the following materials: (1) statement of expectations provided by the students, (2) progress and status reports provided by the students, and (3) other materials used by faculty and students in project management. Others will share their experiences in supervising successful REU (Research Experiences for Undergraduates) programs.
Phenotyping Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Using Temporal Trends in Critically Ill Children

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is one of the most common causes of death in critically ill children. However, despite decades of clinical trials, there are no comprehensive approaches to the management of MODS or effective targeted therapies that have consistently improved outcomes. Better understanding the heterogeneity of MODS and characterizing subgroups of MODS patients could improve our understanding of the syndrome and help us develop new management strategies. We analyzed a cohort of 5,297 children with MODS from two children's hospitals and used subgraph-augmented non-negative matrix factorization (SANMF) to identify unique temporal patterns in organ dysfunction across four novel subgroups. We demonstrate that these subgroups are composed of patients with distinct clinical characteristics and are independently predictive of clinical outcomes. Our work suggests that these subgroups represent four relevant phenotypes of pediatric MODS that could be used to identify novel management strategies.
CM93, a novel covalent small molecule inhibitor targeting lung cancer with mutant EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have provided successful targeted therapies for patients with EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Osimertinib (AZD9291) is a third-generation irreversible EGFR TKI that has received regulatory approval for overcoming resistance mediated by the EGFR T790M mutation as well as a first-line treatment targeting EGFR activating mutations. However, a significant fraction of patients cannot tolerate the adverse effect associated with AZD9291. In addition, brain metastases are common in patients with NSCLN and remain a major clinical challenge. Here, we report the development of a novel third-generation EGFR TKI, CM93. Compared to AZD9291, CM93 exhibits improved lung cancer targeting and brain penetration and has demonstrated promising antitumor efficacy in mouse models of both EGFR-mutant NSCLC orthotopic and brain metastases. In addition, we find that CM93 confers superior safety benefits in mice. Our results demonstrate that further evaluations of CM93 in clinical studies for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and brain metastases are warranted.
High school students' use of JUUL pod flavors before and after JUUL implemented voluntary sales restrictions on certain flavors in 2018.

Objectives In November 2018, JUUL, Inc. restricted sales of mango, fruit medley, creme brulee, and cucumber pods to its website. Physical/online sales of tobacco, menthol, and mint pods continued. We examined rates of adolescent JUUL device and flavored pod use before and after restrictions were implemented to examine their potential impact. Methods Students from 4 Connecticut high schools completed cross-sectional surveys in 2018 (N = 3170) and 2019 (N = 3074). Results Compared to 2018, current (past-month) JUUL use decreased in 2019 (30.2–25.6%). Among current JUUL users, restricted flavor use (mango [62.8–36.9%]; cucumber [27.7–11.9%]; fruit [23.5–11.4%]; creme brulee [12.3–5.0%]) and the total number of flavors used (2.09[SD = 1.71]-1.51[SD = 1.33]) decreased (p-values < .001), while mint pod use increased (62.0–68.6%, p < .01). Tobacco and menthol pod use remained stable. Conclusions Following voluntary sales restrictions implemented by JUUL, Inc., restricted flavor use and the total number of flavors used decreased among JUUL users while mint use increased. Results suggest flavor restrictions may impact adolescents’ e-cigarette use. While 2020 Food and Drug Administration restrictions on mint pods may further limit youth JUUL use, research is needed to determine where youth acquire restricted flavors and if restrictions prompt increased popularity of unrestricted devices/e-liquids.
Using Portfolio Theory to Design Better Exams

The mathematics behind many psychometric measures is similar to the mathematics in portfolio theory. Faculty often build exams based on judgment and experience and only use psychometric tools after an exam is administered. An obvious question is, can portfolio optimization models be used to design exams with desirable psychometric outcomes and content coverage? Although underlying variables (stock returns versus exam question scores) differ fundamentally, a portfolio approach to exam development can be used. The objective functions and underlying constraints will differ, but many faculty can readily apply the principles of portfolio theory to design more optimal exams. In this paper we contrast the objectives and mechanics of portfolio and exam development and use an integer programming model to develop the optimal set of exam questions given a realistic example.
Forecasting Undergraduate Majors Using Academic Transcript Data

Committing to a major is a fateful step in an undergraduate's education, yet the relationship between courses taken early in an academic career and ultimate major choice remains little studied at scale. We analyze transcript data capturing the academic careers of 26,892 undergraduates at a private university between 2000 and 2020. We forecast students' terminal major on the basis of course-choice sequences beginning at university entry. We represent course enrollment history using natural-language methods and vector embeddings. We find that a student's very first enrolled course predicts their terminal major thirty times better than random guessing and more than a third better than majority class voting.
Ligand switchable site selectivity in C–H alkenylation of thiophenes by turnover-limiting step control

The origin of switchable site selectivity during Pd-catalysed C–H alkenylation of heteroarenes has been examined through More O’Ferrall–Jencks, isotope effect, and DFT computational analyses, which indicate substitution of ionic thioether for pyridine dative ligands induces a change from selectivity-determining C–H cleavage to C–C bond formation, respectively.
Impact of a hospital specialty pharmacy in partnership with a free-standing care coordination organization on time to delivery and receipt of oral anticancer drugs.

43Background: Most oral anti-cancer drugs (OACD) prescriptions require extensive coordination between providers and payers, which can delay drug receipt. Specialty pharmacies are intended to facili...