cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced Implicate Tries with Updates

The reduced implicate trie, introduced in Murray and Rosenthal (2005, Vol. 3702 of Lecture Notes in Artifical Intelligence, pp. 231–244), is a data structure that may be used as a target language for knowledge compilation. It has the property that, even when large, it guarantees fast response to queries. Specifically, a query can be processed in time linear in the size of the query regardless of the size of the compiled knowledge base. The knowledge compilation paradigm typically assumes that the ‘intractable part’ of the processing be done once, during compilation. This assumption could render updating the knowledge base infeasible if recompilation is required. The ability to install updates without recompilation may therefore considerably widen applicability. In this article, several update operations not requiring recompilation are developed. These include disjunction, substitution of truth constants, conjunction with unit clauses, reordering of variables and conjunction with arbitrary clauses.
Calculation of mass transfer in geochemical processes involving aqueous solutions

Abstract Differential equations providing for simultaneous dissolution of multiple reactant minerals, precipitation of mineral assemblages, variable activity of H 2 O, oxidation-reduction reactions, binary solid solution, and changes in activity coefficients in both open and closed systems are incorporated in a grand matrix equation describing mass transfer in geochemical processes. Computer evaluation of this equation affords quantitative prediction of the extent to which minerals are produced and/or destroyed as well as changes in the composition of phases and distribution of species in geologic systems in which an irreversible reaction takes place between a given mineral or mineral assemblage and an aqueous solution at constant temperature and pressure. Computers and thermodynamic data currently available permit mass transfer calculations to be carried out for systems involving more than 60 components, phases, and chemical species at temperatures up to 300°C.
Transformer ratio and pulse shaping in laser wakefield accelerator

Abstract We show that, in complete analogy to the electron-beam driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA), an optimal transformer ratio can be attained in the laser driven Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA), by properly shaping the longitudinal profile of the driving laser pulse. The concept of transformer ratio in LWFA is introduced and the optimal laser pulse shape is derived in the linear regime of laser–plasma interaction. We show that in the linear regime of plasma perturbation the requirement for the laser pulse shape and the resultant optimal transformer ratio are identical for LWFA and PWFA concepts.
A subsized fatigue specimen

A subsized fatigue specimen has been designed to overcome the difficulty of machining a full-sized specimen from cast superalloy components. A finite element analysis confirmed that the stress was maximum at the gauge section for any given set of clamping and tensile loads, and that the stresses developed due to clamping forces were negligible compared with those due to tensile or compressive loads. Fatigue data generated using subsized specimens of AISI 4130 steel, 2024-T4 aluminum alloy and 6Al-4V titanium alloy compared well with those available in the literature for full-sized specimens.
Simultaneous Determination of Temperatures, Heat Fluxes, Deformations, and Tractions on Inaccessible Boundaries

A finite element method formulation for the detection of unknown steady boundary conditions in heat conduction and linear elasticity and combined thermoelasticity continuum problems is presented. The present finite element method formulation is capable of determining displacements, surface stresses, temperatures, and heat fluxes on the boundaries where such quantities are unknown or inaccessible, provided such quantities are sufficiently overspecified on other boundaries. Details of the discretization, linear system solution techniques, and sample results for two-dimensional problems are presented.
Contact relationships in the southeastern Trondheim Nappe complex, central-southern Norway: Implications for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Scandinavian Caledonides

Abstract The Upper Allochthon, a composite thrust complex containing elements of an accreted terrane, has long been a controversial feature in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Although final emplacement of the Upper Allochthon occurred during the Siluro-Devonian Scandian orogeny, the complex experienced an intricate and still debatable early Paleozoic history. In the central Norwegian Caledonides, the Upper Allochthon comprises the Trondheim Nappe Complex, which contains an enigmatic axial unit of metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks flanked by oceanic crustal sequences to the east and west. Determination of the nature of internal contacts and timing of assembly of the Trondheim Nappe Complex has been hampered by wide variations in lithology, strain and metamorphic grade, and scanty age constraints in some rock units. In the Lake Savalen area, southeastern Trondheim Nappe Complex, a polydeformed continental margin quartzite/schist sequence occurs in the core of the Einunnfjellet dome. These rocks, which can be linked to the Baltoscandian miogeocline, were overthrust by oceanic crust and pelagic sediment, then eroded and unconformably succeeded by polymict conglomerates and fine-grained clastic sediments. Early thrust and unconformable contacts were later overprinted by Scandian deformation and metamorphism. The garnet isograd cuts across lithologie contacts, and does not appear to be folded or interrupted by faulting within the 250-km 2 map area. Regional correlations indicate the widespread occurrence of tectonostratigraphic relationships similar to the Einunnfjellet-Savalen area, and imply that prior to the Scandian orogeny, portions of the Upper Allochthon were assembled into a composite mass consisting of: 1. (1) a lower Baltoscandian miogeoclinal sequence 2. (2) a thrust complex of fragmented oceanic terranes 3. (3) an unconformable succession that overstepped both (1) and (2). This mass was subsequently thrust eastward, imbricated, and metamorphosed during Scandian orogenesis. As a result of the pervasive Scandian overprint, pre-Scandian faults and unconformable contacts in the Upper Allochthon are commonly cryptic.
Reaction Cross Section for Low-Energy Alpha Particles on Co 59

The reaction cross sections for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles in the energy range 12.5-18.7 MeV with $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ were determined by summing measurements of the cross sections for the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, n$) reaction and those for charged-particle emission. These results are then combined with other reported investigations to obtain the reaction cross sections for incident $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies 8-25 MeV. Comparison of these results with those from an optical-model calculation gives excellent agreement.
Wealth, weather risk, and the composition and profitability of agricultural investments

Despite the growing evidence that farmers in low-income environments are risk-averse, there has been little empirical evidence on the importance of risk in shaping the actual allocation of production resources among farmers differentiated by wealth. The authors use panel data on investments in rural India to examine how the composition of productive and nonproductive asset holdings varies across farmers with different levels of total wealth and across farmers facing different degrees of weather risk. Income variability is a prominent feature of the experience of rural agents in low-income countries. The authors report evidence, based on measures of rainfall variability, that the agricultural investment portfolio behavior of farmers in such settings reflects risk aversion, due evidently to limitations on consumption-soothing mechanisms such as crop insurance or credit markets. The authors' results suggest that uninsured weather risk is a significant cause of lower efficiency and lower average incomes: a one-standard-deviation decrease in weather risk (measured by the standard deviation of the timing of the rainy season) would raise average profits by up to 35 percent among farmers in the lowest wealth quartile. Moreover, rainfall variability induces a more unequal distribution of average incomes for a given distribution of wealth. Wealthier farmers are willing to absorb significant risk without giving up profits to reduce production risk. Smaller farmers have to invest their limited wealth in ways that reduce their exposure to risk at the cost of lower profit rates. The authors found that at high levels of rainfall variability, differences in rates of profit per unit of agricultural assets were similar across classes of wealth. But over the sample range of rainfall variability, these rates of profit were always higher for the poorer farmers than for the wealthier ones, suggesting that the disadvantages of small farmers in risk diffusion are more than offset by their labor cost advantage.
A staggered mesh finite difference scheme for the computation of compressible flows

A simple high resolution finite difference technique is presented to approximate weak solutions to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. The method does not rely on Riemann problem solvers and is therefore easy to extend to a wide variety of problems. The overall performance (resolution and CPU requirements) is competitive, with other state-of-the-art techniques offering sharp nonoscillatory shocks and contacts. Theoretical results confirm the reliability of the approach for linear systems and nonlinear scalar equations.
Test-retest reliability of cardinal plane isokinetic hip torque and EMG.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to establish test–retest reliability of isokinetic hip torque and prime mover electromyogram (EMG) through the three cardinal planes of motion. Thirteen healthy young adults participated in two experimental sessions, separated by approximately one week. During each session, isokinetic hip torque was evaluated on the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer at a velocity of 60deg/s. Subjects performed three maximal-effort concentric and eccentric contractions, separately, for right and left hip abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and internal/external rotation. Surface EMGs were sampled from the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, adductor, medial and lateral hamstring, and rectus femoris muscles during all contractions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC – 2,1) and standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated for peak torque for each movement direction and contraction mode, while ICCs were only computed for the EMG data. Motions that demonstrated high torque reliability included concentric hip abduction (right and left), flexion (right and left), extension (right) and internal rotation (right and left), and eccentric hip abduction (left), adduction (left), flexion (right), and extension (right and left) (ICC range=0.81–0.91). Motions with moderate torque reliability included concentric hip adduction (right), extension (left), internal rotation (left), and external rotation (right), and eccentric hip abduction and adduction (right), flexion (left), internal rotation (right and left), and external rotation (right and left) (ICC range=0.49–0.79). The majority of the EMG sampled muscles ( n =12 and n =11 for concentric and eccentric contractions, respectively) demonstrated high reliability (ICC=0.81–0.95). Instances of low, or unacceptable, EMG reliability values occurred for the medial hamstring muscle of the left leg (both contraction modes) and the adductor muscle of the right leg during eccentric internal rotation. The major finding revealed high and moderate levels of between-day reliability of isokinetic hip peak torque and prime mover EMG. It is recommended that the day-to-day variability estimates concomitant with acceptable levels of reliability be considered when attempting to objectify intervention effects on hip muscle performance.
Habitat and Community Patterns of Tropical Australian Hydradephagan Water Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Noteridae)

Water beetle communities have been investigated in northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere but similar studies have not been conducted within the tropics. Thus, a study was undertaken to describe patterns of water beetle co-occurrence in a tropical environment and to compare these with water beetle community structure in temperate regions. Hydradephagan water beetles (Dytiscidae, Noteridae and Gyrinidae) were sampled quantitatively and qualitatively from a variety of habitats in the Atherton Tableland region of tropical Queensland from September 1990 to February 1991. Principal component analysis (PCA), using species occurrence in samples, supported a primary classification of sites as lotic, lentic and closed-forest lotic. Closed-forest lotic sites were tightly grouped in the PCA ordination, whereas the lotic and lentic groups of sites were more diffuse. Through analysis of species distributions in the PCA ordination it was inferred that factor 1 corresponded to habitat stability (e.g. permanence, water level fluctuation), especially among lotic sites, whereas factor 2 corresponded to the interrelated variables of water flow, substratum and vegetation. Quantitative samples taken from the shorelines of reservoirs showed that water beetle densities dropped sharply from the dry to the wet times of the year. Also, densities decreased and faunal mix changed with distance from shoreline. Quantitative samples from rice fields and a temporary pond demonstrated that a suite of species were quick to colonise and breed in newly formed habitat. Many of these species breed before other predators such as fish or Odonata become established. the lack of defined communities is due largely to the high mobility of many species which retreat to watered refuges during dry periods and opportunistically colonise new habitat as it is available. This mobile element obscures community boundaries, although characteristic species occur in certain habitat types such as closed-forest streams, permanent vegetation-rich ponds and particular regions along habitat continua. Patterns in size and habits of species of permanent habitats, and colonisation patterns of species occurring in temporary habitats, suggest that these represent mechanisms that reduce predation from other aquatic predators.
Cation self-diffusion in UN1+x

Tracer diffusion of 233U into large-grained polycrystalline UN has been investigated by the alphaenergy degradation method. This is a nondestructive technique in which the diffusion coefficient is deduced from the shape of the energy spectrum of the 233U alpha-particles emitted from the surface of the sample after diffusion. In the ranges of 1600 to 1850 °C and 0.1 to 200 torr nitrogen overpressure, the diffusion coefficient is a strong function of nitrogen pressure and almost independent of temperature at a given nitrogen pressure. These results and those of Holt and Almassy for nitrogen diffusion in UN are in qualitative but not quantitative accord with a simple defect chemistry calculation.
Patterns of Spatial Distribution and Seed Dispersal among Bottomland Hardwood Tree Species

ABSTRACT Patterns of tree species distributions in bottomlands are a result of various environmental and biological factors, including flood tolerance, seed dispersal, and species interactions. We evaluated the patterns of distribution and seed dispersal of tree species in a naturally regenerating bottomland hardwood forest in northeast Louisiana. We used nearest neighbor analysis to determine distribution patterns of the following canopy-dominant tree species: Carya aquatica, Celtis laevigata, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gleditsia triacanthos, and Quercus nigra. Results indicated an aggregated distribution pattern for Q. nigra, G. triacanthos, D. virginiana, and Ce. laevigata, while Ca. aquatica and F. pennsylvanica had random distributions in the study area. Additionally, we designed and used three types of seed traps to assess the seed dispersal of tree species. Modeled patterns of seed dispersal for F. pennsylvanica, Ca. aquatica, and Crataegus viridis indicated aggregated seed dispe...
A production system model of first language acquisition

AMBER is a model of first language acquisition that improves its performance through a process of error recovery. The model is implemented in ACTG, an adaptive production system language. AMBER starts with the ability to say only one word at a time, but adds rules for inserting additional words in the correct order, based on comparisons between predicted and observed sentences. These insertion rules may be overly general and lead to errors of commission; in turn, these lead to more conservative rules with additional conditions. AMBER's learning mechanisms account for many of the developments observed in children's speech.
Using note-taking appliances for student to student collaboration

Student collaboration is important in courses that utilize project-based learning. The authors describe how they tried to enhance this collaboration by testing electronic note-taking appliances along with the NotePals system. NotePals is a note-sharing system that captures and provides access to handwritten notes and documents of interest to a workgroup. Notes can be shared with other group members by synchronizing with a shared note repository that can be viewed using desktop-based web browsers. Students will only be able to take advantage of shared notes when note taking devices are inexpensive and pervasive. Consequently, the authors have developed note-taking applications that run on inexpensive personal digital assistants (PDAs) and other ink-based capture devices. This paper gives an overview of the NotePals system and describes the early usage of the system for note taking by students.
Directional modulation and coding in arrays

Directional modulation (DM), a type of array beamforming that scrambles signals in unwanted transmit directions, is applied to coded signals to examine the security benefit. With coding, there is a pronounced SNR threshold below which no useful information can be recovered. Compared to conventional phased arrays, DM is shown to require a higher SNR to decode a signal in unwanted transmit directions while not requiring any additional SNR gain to recover the signal in the desired transmit direction. An optimization method of solving for array weights and simulated examples are given.
Fast accurate MEG source localization using a multilayer perceptron trained with real brain noise.

Iterative gradient methods such as Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) are in widespread use for source localization from electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. Unfortunately, LM depends sensitively on the initial guess, necessitating repeated runs. This, combined with LM's high per-step cost, makes its computational burden quite high. To reduce this burden, we trained a multilayer perceptron (MLP) as a real-time localizer. We used an analytical model of quasistatic electromagnetic propagation through a spherical head to map randomly chosen dipoles to sensor activities according to the sensor geometry of a 4D Neuroimaging Neuromag-122 MEG system, and trained a MLP to invert this mapping in the absence of noise or in the presence of various sorts of noise such as white Gaussian noise, correlated noise, or real brain noise. A MLP structure was chosen to trade off computation and accuracy. This MLP was trained four times, with each type of noise. We measured the effects of initial guesses on LM performance, which motivated a hybrid MLP-start-LM method, in which the trained MLP initializes LM. We also compared the localization performance of LM, MLPs, and hybrid MLP-start-LMs for realistic brain signals. Trained MLPs are much faster than other methods, while the hybrid MLP-start-LMs are faster and more accurate than fixed-4-start-LM. In particular, the hybrid MLP-start-LM initialized by a MLP trained with the real brain noise dataset is 60 times faster and is comparable in accuracy to random-20-start-LM, and this hybrid system (localization error: 0.28 cm, computation time: 36 ms) shows almost as good performance as optimal-1-start-LM (localization error: 0.23 cm, computation time: 22 ms), which initializes LM with the correct dipole location. MLPs trained with noise perform better than the MLP trained without noise, and the MLP trained with real brain noise is almost as good an initial guesser for LM as the correct dipole location.
Irradiation of CI Disperse Yellow 23 and Disperse Orange 29 in an Ester Environment 1

The title compounds, both disazo dyes, were found to undergo photoisomerism in dimethylphthalate solution and in films cast from a mixture of dye and cellulose acetate. Light-induced isomerism did not occur, however, in PET film that had been extruded, oriented, and dyed with the same two colorants. The prolonged irradiation of disperse yellow 23 in either solution or a polymer matrix produced azobenzene and some mono-substituted azobenzenes. Disperse orange 29 underwent photodegradation to produce a mixture of disubstituted monoazobenzenes, a partially reduced disazo- benzene, and para-nitroaniline.
Maximizing Temporary Housing Safety after Natural Disasters

In the aftermath of large-scale natural disasters, emergency management organizations are expected to provide safe temporary housing for a large number of displaced families and to ensure that these housing arrangements are not located in hazardous areas. Potential postdisaster hazards can take many forms such as earthquake aftershocks, landslides, postearthquake soil liquefaction, flooding, hazardous material releases, etc. This paper presents the development of a multiobjective optimization methodology to support decision- makers in emergency management organizations in optimizing postdisaster temporary housing arrangements. The developed methodology incorporates 1 a safety model to measure and quantify temporary housing safety in the presence of multiple potential postdisaster hazards; 2 a cost model to minimize total public expenditures on temporary housing; and 3 a multiobjective optimization model to simultaneously maximize temporary housing safety and minimize public expenditures on temporary housing. An application to a large region is presented to illustrate the use of the models and demonstrate their capabilities in optimizing postdisaster temporary housing arrangements. DOI: 10.1061/ASCEIS.1943-555X.0000018 CE Database subject headings: Optimization; Housing; Natural disasters; Safety; Temporary structures. Author keywords: Optimization; Temporary housing; Postdisaster hazards; Housing safety; Postdisaster recovery.
Sample overloading effects in polymer characterization by field‐flow fractionation

There are two subtechniques of field-flow fractionation (FFF), thermal FFF and flow FFF, that have been successfully employed for polymer fractionation and characterization. These techniques are primarily analytical in nature, yielding accurate polymer characteristics from small sample loads (∼ 10 μg or less, depending on detection sensitivity). In this study the effects of increasing sample size are examined. Modest increases in load are found to result in shifts toward higher retention volumes. These modest loads also result in some broadening of the sample peaks without a major loss of peak symmetry. Excessive loading, by contrast, appears to give rise both to skewed peaks and to new artifact peaks at higher levels of retention. These observations are discussed in terms of the concentration dependence of various properties (viscosity, diffusivity, thermal diffusivity) which influence polymer transport through the FFF channel. The results are used to indicate upper limits to suitable sample concentrations.
A separable combination of wheeled rover and arm mechanism: (DM)/sup 2/

We present a novel mobile manipulator concept called the dual-use mobile detachable manipulator, or (DM)/sup 2/, for early construction and maintenance tasks in lunar stations. The robot consists of a wheeled rover, or mobile base and a detachable manipulator arm. The arm is symmetric, with a gripper at each end. When the arm attaches to the mobile base by grasping a handle with one of its grippers, the robot becomes a mobile manipulator and can perform exploration tasks such as collecting soil samples, surveying the lunar surface, and transporting tools and supplies. When the robot nears a lunar center structure such as a manufacturing center or a fuel tank, the manipulator arm can detach from the base and walk hand-over-hand, by grasping a series of handles on the structure, to perform tasks such as structure inspection, parts delivery, and simple assembly tasks. The paper discusses the concept and its advantages, the system under development, and its software architecture.
Pathways of change experienced by people aging with disability: a focus group study

Purpose. To examine the issues related to aging with disability from the perspective of the person with the disabilities. Method. Twelve community-dwelling adults with spinal cord injury (SCI), post-polio syndrome (PPS) or multiple sclerosis (MS) participated in focus groups where they were asked open-ended questions about changes related to aging with disability, accommodations made and perspectives on the future. Results. Results of qualitative analysis suggested five major themes related to aging with a disability: (1) Participant identity, including comments about how participants described themselves and their lives with a long-standing disability; (2) Physical pathways including comments about the progression of physical symptoms; (3) Psychosocial pathways, including descriptions of adaptations to disability, the development of emotional well-being and strategies to deal with disability; (4) Changing health care, reflecting improvement noted over time in health care services; and (5) Concerns about the future, including comments reflecting participant uncertainty about the potential course of disability. Conclusions. The process of aging with disability was characterised by multiple pathways. Some, including positive psychosocial adjustment and medical advancements, were favourable, while others, including physical decline, were not. The co-existence of high quality of life in the presence of physical decline is consistent with a larger literature in older adults, and future research should focus on identifying aging factors that may contribute to the buffering the psychological impact of physical decline.
Conditions Influencing the Efficacy of Vaccination with Live Organisms against Leishmania major Infection

Numerous experimental vaccines have been developed with the goal of generating long-term cell-mediated immunity to the obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania major, yet inoculation with live, wild-type L. major remains the only successful vaccine in humans. We examined the expression of immunity at the site of secondary, low-dose challenge in the ear dermis to determine the kinetics of parasite clearance and the early events associated with the protection conferred by vaccination with live L. major organisms in C57BL/6 mice. Particular attention was given to the route of vaccination. We observed that the rapidity, strength, and durability of the memory response following subcutaneous vaccination with live parasites in the footpad are even greater than previously appreciated. Antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing T cells infiltrate the secondary site by 1.5 weeks, and viable parasites are cleared as early as 2.5 weeks following rechallenge, followed by a rapid drop in IFN-gamma(+) CD4(+) cell numbers in the site. In comparison, intradermal vaccination with live parasites in the ear generates immunity that is delayed in effector cell recruitment to the rechallenge site and in the clearance of parasites from the site. This compromised immunity was associated with a rapid recruitment of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing CD4(+) T cells to the rechallenge site. Treatment with anti-IL-10-receptor or anti-CD25 antibody enhanced early parasite clearance in ear-vaccinated mice, indicating that chronic infection in the skin generates a population of regulatory cells capable of influencing the level of resistance to reinfection. A delicate balance of effector and regulatory T cells may be required to optimize the potency and durability of vaccines against Leishmaniasis and other intracellular pathogens.
Interconnect performance and energy-per-bit for post-CMOS logic circuits: Modeling, analysis, and comparison with CMOS logic

To overcome the energy dissipation limit facing virtually all field-effect devices including CMOS switches, there is a global search for devices using alternate state variables as the token of information. In this paper, physical models for latency and energy dissipation associated with various transport mechanisms are reviewed. Using stochastic wire length distribution models based on Rent's rule, the dependence of the average interconnect delay and energy dissipation on the number of gates in a circuit is obtained for alternative post-CMOS logic circuits. Further, it is demonstrated that the required number of repeaters increases rapidly with the circuit size if the token of information decays as it propagates (e.g. spin relaxation for electron spin). This puts an upper bound on the circuit size. For a spin relaxation length of L s =2µm, the maximum circuit size for random logic is limited to 40 gates if less than 10% of the switches are to be used as interconnect repeaters and if the signal amplitude at the driver is twice the receiver's threshold. This maximum circuit size increases to 2000 gates if the spin relaxation length is increased to 8µm at the same signal amplitude.
State Aid and City Needs: An Examination of Residual State Aid to Large Cities

Dye and Hurley's (1978) conclusion that the states are somewhat more responsive to city needs than the federal government was questioned on methodological grounds by Ward (1981). The point of contention was Dye and Hurley's use of per capita measures of state/federal aid and urban needs. The research reported here examines state aid to the forty-seven largest U.S. cities, and employs residual measures of state aid allocations before and during the urban crisis. Multiple regression of residual state aid on social, economic, or fiscal need indicators shows the states to have been very responsive to city needs over time, and lends substantial support to the findings of Dye and Hurley.
Teaching Students About Audit Reports: An Interactive Approach

SUMMARY: This instructional case provides an interactive approach to teach students about various components of the audit report as well as different types of reports. The materials in this case provide instructors with a diverse set of publicly available audit reports that can be used to illustrate several reporting issues in an undergraduate or graduate class. After gaining an appreciation for the existing structure of audit reports, students are asked to apply critical-thinking skills to determine whether the information communicated in these reports is informative to various interest groups. To facilitate classroom discussion on the topic, the case incorporates information from recent regulatory proposals that would significantly change existing audit report disclosures.
Applications of capacitive array sensors to nondestructive evaluation

The capacitive array sensor is a versatile and promising device for nondestructive evaluation of dielectric material. Responding to the complex dielectric constant of the interrogated material, the device is sensitive to detection of surface and subsurface features in dielectric materials and to surface features in conductive materials.
Comparison of Multivariate Regression Methods for the Analysis of Phenolics in Wine Made from Two Vitis vinifera Cultivars

The quantification of key phenolic classes during different stages of red wine production has important industrial applications. Decisions of this nature require greater speed and economy than current bench or instrumental methodologies offer. Efforts to create rapid analysis have used models created from multivariate regression of easily obtained spectra (ultraviolet (UV)/visible or near infrared) and referenced phenolic measurements. For this experiment, reference measures of phenolics and UV/visible spectra were gathered from 100 samples each of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah red wine throughout fermentation to create a model that could rapidly predict several phenolic classes in red wine must. The reference method, UV/visible spectra sample dilution, and multivariate regression method were all varied to determine which combination gave the greatest predictive power. Ridge regression unanimously outperformed the other regression methods tested when calibrated with the modified assay at pH 7 and UV/visible sample dilution at 10-fold for only the Cabernet Sauvignon samples. Correlation coefficients obtained for anthocyanins, small and large polymeric pigments, tannins, and total iron reactive phenolics were 0.83, 0.78, 0.76, 0.92, and 0.90, respectively. When the same multivariate regression evaluation was performed for Syrah, none of the methods tested gave accurate predictions, suggesting some cultivar specificity.
Review: Use Matters: An Alternative History of Architecture by Kenny Cupers, ed.

Kenny Cupers, ed. Use Matters: An Alternative History of Architecture London: Routledge, 2014, 280 pp., 140 b/w illus. $39.95 (paper), ISBN: 9780415637329 In Use Matters , Kenny Cupers gathers a group of talented historians and practitioners to reflect on the historical origins of the “user” and its implications for contemporary design practice. The book’s fifteen concise essays explore architectural manifestos, design handbooks, buildings, urban design, and landscape architecture in pursuit of an alternative to existing histories of twentieth-century architecture. In this effort, the volume joins a growing body of scholarship—including the collections Anxious Modernisms , edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Rejean Legault, and Modern Architecture and the Mediterranean , edited by Jean-Francois Lejeune and Michelangelo Sabatino—that breaks down rigid characterizations of iconic architectural movements, styles, and figures.1 Use Matters extends beyond earlier collections that focus almost exclusively on revisionist accounts of modernism to analyze use and users in postmodern and contemporary framings and sites. Each essay touches lightly on famous figures, key schools of thought, and doctrinal cities/sites, spinning off into narratives that offer novel and complex readings. The book’s title explicitly references the work of Jonathan Hill, whose edited volume Architecture: The Subject Is Matter brings architecture into contact with debates on new materialism.2 Contributing to a tradition of scholarship that advocates for relational interpretations, Cupers, like Hill, extends the definition of architecture to include elements typically excluded from formal analyses. Though it never directly cites Doreen Massey, the collection is also reminiscent of her directive “Space matters.”3 Just as Massey argues for a relational idea of space, one that puts people and their stories above absolute and static readings, Cupers encourages his readers to see the user as “not a universal, but a historically constructed category of twentieth-century modernity that continues to inform architectural practice and thinking in often unacknowledged ways” (2). Ultimately, the collection’s position is more timid than either Hill’s or Massey’s. It offers …
Institutions of economic freedom and generalized trust: evidence from the Eurobarometer surveys

ABSTRACTWe investigate the correlation between institutions of economic freedom and generalized trust. The data we use are derived from the Eurobarometer surveys and measure how trustworthy nationals of a particular country are in the eyes of nationals of other countries. By using these data we avoid the presence of double causality between institutions of economic freedom and generalized trust that has been recognized as a major challenge in the literature. Indeed, external perceptions of trustworthiness are exogenous to the internal institutional building process. We find that during the 1980s and 1990s a 10% increase in the Economic Freedom of the World Index was associated with a 2.5% increase in generalized trust in the countries in our sample.
Investigating the Right to Counsel Under Rwandan Criminal Proceedings

The right to counsel is one of the constitutional rights of the accused person. This right is enshrined in Rwandan domestic law, regional and international human right treaties ratified by Rwanda. These include inter alia, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, etc. Besides, Rwanda also signed declarations and resolutions that create obligations against all members of international community in matter of the rights of the accused person. According to these international instruments, the accused person should have the right to counsel from the very early stages of the proceedings, at least immediately upon arrest, in order to guarantee that his other rights are respected throughout the criminal proceedings. Thus, it is the purpose of this article to consider whether Rwandan courts act in compliance with Rwanda’s obligations arising from global and regional human rights standards and domestic law. This Article analyses cases which demonstrate that the right to counsel for the accused person was allegedly violated. It suggests a number of recommendations that could be implemented in order to strengthen the respect and protection of the rights of the accused, particularly the right to be assisted with a counsel of his/her choice or the right to have an assigned counsel.
Distributed Laboratory Computing: Integration of a Laboratory Computer into a Hospital Information System

The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, a large teaching hospital and tertiary care referral center, has implemented a vendor-supplied laboratory computer package operating on a dedicated minicomputer. A high-speed communications link allows the laboratory computer to share patient administrative, census, and test result data with the central hospital information system on an interactive basis. Operational characteristics of the system are discussed, and special attention is given to the critical problems and advantages of interfacing two computers.
Inhibitors of the ROCK serine/threonine kinases: key effectors of the RhoA small GTPase.

Abstract Aberrant activation of the RhoA small GTPase has been implicated in cancer and other human diseases. Therefore, inhibitors of RhoA may have important therapeutic value. However, similar to the Ras small GTPases, RhoA itself is not considered a tractable target and is currently considered to be “undruggable.” While recent efforts suggest that direct inhibitors of the Ras oncoprotein may yet be developed, the most promising directions for anti-Ras inhibitors involve inhibitors of protein kinases that are activated downstream of Ras. By analogy, protein kinases activated downstream of RhoA may provide more attractive directions for the development of anti-RhoA inhibitors. Among the multitude of RhoA effectors, the ROCK serine/threonine kinases have emerged as attractive targets for anti-RhoA drug discovery. In this review, we summarize the current status of the development of small molecule inhibitors of ROCK.
Cutaneous manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: a single institutional study of non‐neoplastic biopsies over 13 years

Background Skin is commonly affected by extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but a controlled, systematic histopathologic analysis of cutaneous lesions is lacking. Methods A total of 4147 classified IBD [Crohn disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC); 2000–2013] resections were cross referenced with skin biopsies. Associated non-neoplastic skin biopsies were categorized by basic reaction pattern and neutrophilic vs. granulomatous. Results Of 4147 patients, 133 had non-neoplastic skin biopsies (106/2772, 3.7% CD; 27/1375, 2% UC). Overall, miscellaneous > nodular and diffuse dermal > spongiotic dermatitides were most common (31.6, 21.8 and 15%, respectively). Spongiotic dermatitis, vasculitis, panniculitis and infections showed CD bias. Psoriasiform, perivascular, nodular/diffuse dermal and bullous categories, as well as neutrophilic processes, showed UC bias. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, panniculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum were exclusive to CD and psoriasis vulgaris to UC. One CD patient had inverse psoriasis. Conclusions Our findings show the majority of dermatopathologic manifestations of IBD to have overlapping histology or pathophysiology to intestinal disease; with a wider spectrum of histologic patterns than typically discussed. Diseases ‘classically’ associated with IBD are relatively rare biopsy specimens. Cutaneous manifestations of IBD are more common in CD than UC and should be considered when reviewing an unexplained skin lesion in an IBD patient.
Compressive Behavior of Idealized Granules for the Simulation of Composition C‐4

In the most common approach to detect trace explosives at security checkpoints, any illicit residues must first be removed from the surface of interest (contact sampling) before they are delivered to a detector, such as an ion mobility spectrometer. Contact sampling involves applying a compressive shearing load to dislodge the residue from a surface. Optimizing this step requires an understanding of the properties of the residues and their effect on residue behavior. This study seeks to evaluate the previously unstudied effect of the binder mechanical properties and particle size distributions on the behavior of Composition C-4. Composition C-4 demonstrates complex granular behavior, and contains a highly viscous, non-Newtonian binder. In addition to studies of real C-4, simulated C-4 was created with mechanical properties very similar to the real composite. The results with the live and simulated C-4 indicate that – while highly important – the binder is not the only driving parameter controlling granule deformation under load; to create an effective simulant the binder must be combined with particles of an appropriate bimodal particle size distribution.
The Finite Province of Religious Meaning: Form of Spontaneity, Experience of Self, Sociality, and Time-Perspective

Continuing with the six features of the cognitive style of the province of religion, this chapter describes the prevalent form of spontaneity in religion, in which the transcendent assumes a priority in the system of relevances, compatible with secondary relevances and freeing religious adherents from the fear of not succeeding at them. In the religious sphere, the fundamental anxiety is relaxed but not eliminated, and bodily actions in ritual assume more importance than in the province of theory. One experiences oneself as distanced from the working self, and the transcendent is appresented in one’s unique history, though this raises questions of the problem of evil. Religious adherents typify the transcendent and typify the way the transcendent typifies them in such a way that they can be freed from the anxieties and pathologies of working. The form of sociality appears clearly in rituals that modify the everyday structures of the social world and provide opportunities for the social and individual appresentation. In addition with the religious province intergroup typifications can be challenged and ethical sensitivities to others fostered. This philosophical understanding of sociality differs from the sociological approach of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Temporality in this province is distinctive in “ritual time” when groups reenact past events beyond simply remembering them, and living in the present assume preeminence over the future that is fraught with pragmatic anxiety, according to Kierkegaard. The pathologies and dangers in religion require critique from the province of theory, ethical sensitivities, and resistance to pragmatic mastery.
Plan integration for resilience scorecard: evaluating networks of plans in six US coastal cities

Planning for hazard mitigation is frequently detached from other planning activities that influence development patterns in hazardous areas. Consistent integration of mitigation reduces hazard vuln...
A heuristic approach to program inversion

A notation is given for describing the inverse of multiple functions and of functions of multiple arguments. A technique based upon this notation is presented for taking a program written in pure LISP and automatically deriving a program which computes the inverse function of the given program. This technique differs from previous such methods in its use of heuristics to invert conditionals.
Evaluation of clinician accuracy in describing gunshot wound injuries.

A large series of gunshot wounds is analyzed to determine, first, whether the wounds were described with enough detail to estimate the distance and direction of fire; and second, to utilize the autopsy description to determine accuracy. All of the University of Miami-Jackson Medical Center (UMJMC) records coded as gunshot wounds and treated during calendar year 1995 were included in this study. The analysis is of 566 shootings from bullets in which 1259 wounds were described in the hospital records. Of the 1259 bullet wounds, the size and/or shape was described in only 63 (5%) and only four wounds (0.3%) had any indication of distance of fire. The location of the wound could be determined to within 3 cm in 655 (52%) and only 39 (3%) of the wounds were measured from some landmark. Directionality was neither indicated nor determinable in 897 (71%) of the wounds examined. Fifty-five (9%) cases resulted in death and were compared with medical examiner autopsies. Clinical information was inadequate for comparison in three (6%) of these cases. In 22 cases that were said to have one wound, only 14 (64%) of these were correctly documented. Of 16 cases with 2 wounds, 9 (56%) were correctly identified by the clinicians. When greater than 2 wounds were present (14), the clinicians were wrong 93% of the time. This study demonstrates that clinicians responsible for treating gunshot-wounded persons do not adequately document or interpret these wounds.
Bispectral Characterization of Ocean Acoustic Time Series: Nonlinearity and Non-Gaussianity

Previous research into the Gaussianity of ocean acoustical time series has examined univariate marginal densities. In this paper we present research which examines this issue from a time series point of view. Even series which previously passed univariate tests for normality are shown to be non-Gaussian time series. Additionally, these time series are shown to be nonlinear time series, so that such acoustical series must be modeled in a nonlinear fashion.