cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thymus involution and inhibition of spleen growth accompanies streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats; possible relationship of these changes to the elevated hydrolase levels in diabetic plasma☆

Abstract Diabetes in man and rats is accompanied by increased levels of acid hydrolases in plasma and urine, the increase being reversed by insulin. In investigating possible tissue sources of the additional enzymes, the unexpected observation was made that streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats is accompanied by substantial involution of the thymus and the failure of the spleen to grow at its normal rate. One week after streptozotocin treatment, the average thymus weight of diabetic rats was 30% less than that of age-matched control rats. Eight weeks after the induction of diabetes, only 10 to 20% of the thymus remained. At that time, the spleen weight was only 50% that of age-matched controls. The organ weight changes were paralleled by changes in the organ levels of acid hydrolases. The changes were all reversed by insulin treatment. Since it appeared possible that corticosteroids might be the mediators of the streptozotocin-induced changes, the effects of streptozotocin were determined in adrenalectomized rats. The decreases in thymic and splenic weights again were observed, as well as decreases in most organ hydrolases and increases in most plasma hydrolases. Clearly, the principal streptozotocin effects are not adrenal dependent. Although analyses of hexosaminidase A and B levels in various tissues and plasma suggested that the thymus and spleen may contribute to the additional hydrolases found in diabetic plasma, other factors must also be involved.
A New Pathway for Hydroamination. Mechanism of Palladium-Catalyzed Addition of Anilines to Vinylarenes

The mechanism of the hydroamination of vinylarenes with anilines catalyzed by phosphine-ligated palladium triflates was uncovered. eta3-Arylethyl diphosphine palladium triflate complexes, which result from migratory insertion of vinylarene into a palladium hydride triflate, were shown to be the resting state of the catalytic cycle. A series of these complexes has been isolated and fully characterized. The [(R)-Tol-BINAP][1-(2-naphthyl)ethyl]palladium triflate derivative 1a was crystallographically characterized. This complex reacted with aniline to form the N-phenethylaniline product in 83% yield. Reaction of the benzylic derivative [(R)-Tol-BINAP](eta3-benzyl)palladium triflate with aniline also formed the N-benzylaniline product in a high 87% yield. Predominant inversion of configuration from the reaction between 1a, which is enantiopure, and aniline showed that external attack of the amine on the eta3-arylethyl ligand occurred to form the product. This product from reaction of aniline with 1a is the opposite enantiomer to that obtained from the catalytic process. Thus, a minor diastereomer gives the major enantiomer in the catalytic cycle, and the major diastereomer gives the minor enantiomer. Consistent with this assertion, kinetic studies showed that the major diastereomer formed product with a rate constant roughly 3.5 times slower than the rate constant for the catalytic process that contains all diastereomers.
Ambiguity of gender identity fantasies and aspects of normality and pathology in hypopituitary dwarfism and Turner's syndrome: Three cases

Three cases of short stature females are presented, two with, gonadal dysgenesis and one with hypopituitarism, all about the same age, social class, and intelligence. One of the subjects with gonadal dysgenesis was normally functional; the other depressed, but she became functional after psychotherapy. The patient with hypopituitarism was poorly adapted and failed to change on brief effort at psychotherapy, discontinuing treatment. Evidence is drawn from transference and observational material that disturbances in the mother‐child relationship may lead to persistence of unreasonable wishes to grow physically. This leads to a split in the ego which prevents adaptation to small stature because it is not acceptable to the patient. In the case which was successfully treated, it is shown that the acceptance of the defective self led to restoration of ego functions adaptive to small stature.
A Study of State-Mandated Beginning Teacher Programs

Hoffman and his colleagues report the findings from a large scale investigation of two state-mandated beginning teacher programs. The primary goal of their research was to documentthe ways in which beginning teacher programs af fect the transition from student of teach ing to regular classroom teacher. Exten sive data were collected on 16 first year teachers in two states. Data analyses fo cused on the areas of program imple mentation and program effects. The findings are discussed in terms of the research literature on teacher induction and vis-a-vis trends in state policies for teacher certification.
Predator's attack-induced phase-like transition in prey flock

Abstract As a flock of prey escapes from a predator, a phase-like transition was observed in the prey flock. This occurred from a state of the flock moving in two separated directions to a state of the prey flock moving a non-separated direction at a predator's attack angle θ = θ c . Additionally, regardless of the predator's attack speed κ, the near identical scaling of the θ c / κ against a predation risk R was present.
Long-Term Soil Water Trends across a 1000-m Elevation Gradient

There is a general consensus among climate models that the direct influence of increasing temperature on evaporative demand will result in drier soils, reduced water supply, and more frequent drought conditions. The data available to evaluate long-term soil water trends that may result from climate change are sparse. We examine soil water data collected over a 32-yr period at four sites covering a 1000-m elevation gradient in a semiarid watershed. Meteorological data from these sites have previously confirmed a significant, increasing temperature trend with no significant precipitation trend during the period of record. There are, however, well-documented climatic trends with elevation that may influence vegetative response to a warming climate. We evaluated the soil water data to: (i) determine any significant temporal trends and (ii) compare soil water among sites to evaluate spatial trends. No significant temporal trends were observed at any of the sites. There were, however, strong spatial trends with elevation and season. Two linked explanations for the lack of temporal trends emerge from the data. First, these semiarid systems are relatively insensitive to the effects of temperature increase because transpiration is limited by low leaf area, soil water content, and solar radiation for all but 4 to 5 wk per year. Second, the large degree of interannual variability of soil water during those critical weeks tends to obscure any subtle temporal trends in soil water dynamics that may be present.
Estimation of VOC Emissions from Wastewater Facilities by Volatilization and Stripping

Emissions of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from wastewater collection and treatment facilities are a potential concern to treatment plant operators, downwind receptors and regulatory personnel. The purpose of this paper is to present and review current methods to estimate VOC emissions from wastewater collection and treatment systems where the major removal mechanisms are volatilization and stripping. Many of the current methods to predict the rate at which VOCs are stripped or volatilized from wastewater are related to previous studies on oxygen transfer in wastewater. This paper reviews fundamental principles which describe liquid-gas equilibrium and mass transfer, and important parameters which may influence them. It also reviews methods to predict stripping/volatilization from sewers and conveyance channels, preliminary and primary treatment, weirs and drops, and aeration basins. The results indicate that although methods are available to estimate VOC emissions from collection and treatment facili...
Corotation Lag in Jupiter's Magnetosphere: Comparison of Observation and Theory.

Voyager 1 plasma flow data are compared with a recent theory that predicted measurable departures from rigid corotation in Jupiter9s magnetosphere as a consequence of rapid plasma production and weak atmosphere-magnetosphere coupling. The comparison indicates that the theory can account for the observed corotation lag, provided that the plasma mass production rate during the Voyager 1 encounter was rather larger than expected, namely ∼ 10 30 atomic mass units per second.
Enteral Vitamin E Supplementation Inhibits the Cytokine Response to Endotoxin

Objective: To evaluate the effect of short-term, high-dose enteral supplementation of 3 different vitamin E derivatives: free α-tocopherol (VE), α-tocopherol succinate (VES), and α-tocopherol acetate (VEA) on macrophage and monocyte activation. Design: Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 150-200 g) were assigned to 1 of 5 experimental groups: saline (control), ethanol (control), VES (100 mg/kg), VEA (100 mg/kg), or VE (100 mg/kg). Rats underwent oral gavage once per day for 5 days with 0.5 mL of their assigned solution. All vitamin E derivatives were diluted in 75% ethanol. Rats were then killed and whole-blood and peritoneal macrophages were harvested and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/mL) in vitro. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additional serum samples were analyzed for α-tocopherol concentration by high-performance lipid chromatography. Results: Whole-blood TNF production was maximal in the control groups after 3 hours of incubation and began to decline by 6 hours. Supplementation with all 3 vitamin E derivatives resulted in suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF production at both time points when compared with both ethanol and saline controls ( P P Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that a short-term, high-dose enteral supplementation of vitamin E can modulate the monocyte and macrophage response to endotoxin. These data, along with other animal studies showing a protective effect of vitamin E treatment in sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion injury, suggest a potential role for vitamin E supplementation in patients at risk of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Arch Surg. 1997;132:1337-1341
Kinetic model of zeolite paragenesis in tuffaceous sediments

The sequence of mineral reactions involving zeolites and other authigenic phases in tuffaceous sedimentary rocks can be explained by growth- and dissolution-reaction kinetics. Kinetic factors may de- termine the specific authigenic phases which form and the temporal and spatial constraints on the solution composition during irreversible dissolution and growth reactions in glass-bearing rocks. The glass phase generates a high level of supersaturation with respect to a variety of aluminosilicates in the pore fluid. The sequence of assemblages formed during a series of metastable reactions resembles an Ostwald step se- quence. Metastable reactions occur because formation of less stable phases such as gels, clays, and dis- ordered zeolites may lower the total free energy of the glass-bearing system faster than the growth of the stable assemblage including ordered feldspars, quartz, and micas. Eventually, after a series of steps, the most stable silicate assemblage for the bulk composition, temperature, and pressure may form. However, the formation of intermediate metastable phases can delay the attainment of equilibrium by as much as tens of millions of years.
TRANSIENT HYDROCEPHALUS IN PREMATURE INFANTS: TREATMENT BY LUMBAR PUNCTURES

Three premature infants with post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus were treated by removing large volumes of cerebrospinal fluid with repeated lumbar punctures. After this treatment, a computerised tomographic brain scan showed that ventricle size had decreased, and subsequent head growth was normal in all three patients. The results suggest that acquired hydrocephalus in premature infants may be transient and that ventricular shunts may not be necessary in all cases.
Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease

This article reviews the use of intraoperative echocardiography during repair of congenital heart defects. Although initial experience was generated using epicardial transducers, there has been a trend in recent years toward the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the operating room. This has encouraged increased involvement from cardiologists and anesthesiologists. New probe designs have provided biplane imaging via the TEE approach in infants weighing more than 2.5 kg. Smaller infants may still require epicardial imaging, so it is helpful for surgeons to maintain some skill in this technique. This article reviews the utility of intraoperative echocardiography for various congenital heart defects by providing examples from our experience at Duke University Medical Center since 1987 with close to 2,000 cases. Furthermore, we review and report for the first time our experience with TEE since 1993 in the operating room during infant heart surgery (493 patients). Along with this experience, we provide a review of important series in the literature to outline recommendations for the use of echocardiography during infant heart repair.
Small-Scale Filaments in Liquids and Tracks of Moving Foci

Experimental results show that the small-scale filaments in liquid, obtained with a single-mode laser, are composed of continuous series of focal spots. Many related observations are shown to be consistent with the picture of moving foci.
ED antibiotic use for acute respiratory illnesses since pneumonia performance measure inception.

Abstract Objective The study aimed to determine if emergency department (ED)–administered antibiotics for patients discharged home with nonpneumonia acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) have increased since national pneumonia performance measure implementation, including antibiotic administration within 4 hours of arrival. Methods Design: Time series analysis. Setting: Six university and 7 Veterans Administration EDs participating in the Improving Antibiotic Use for Acute Care Treatment (IMPAACT) trial (randomized educational intervention to reduce antibiotics for bronchitis). Participants: Randomly selected adult (age >18 years) ED visits for acute cough, diagnosed with nonpneumonia ARIs, discharged home during winters (November-February) of 2003 to 2007. Main outcome: Time trend in ED-administered antibiotics, adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, ED length of stay, IMPAACT intervention status, geographic region, Veterans Administration/university setting, and site and provider level clustering. Results Six thousand four hundred seventy-six met study criteria. Three hundred ninety-four (6.1%) received ED-administered antibiotics. Emergency department–administered antibiotics did not increase across the study period among all IMPAACT sites (odds ratio [OR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-1.01) after adjusting for age, congestive heart failure history, temperature higher than 100°F, heart rate more than 100, blood cultures obtained, diagnoses, and ED length of stay. The ED-administered antibiotic rate decreased at IMPAACT intervention (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69-0.93) but not nonintervention sites (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.91-1.19). Adjusted proportions receiving ED-administered antibiotics were 6.1% (95% CI, 2.7%-13.2%) for 2003 to 2004; 4.8% (95% CI, 2.2%-10.0%) for 2004 to 2005; 4.6% (95% CI, 2.7%-7.8%) for 2005 to 2006; and 4.2% (95% CI, 2.2%-8.0%) for 2006 to 2007. Conclusions Emergency department–administered antibiotics did not increase for patients with acute cough discharged home with nonpneumonia ARIs since pneumonia antibiotic timing performance measure implementation in these academic EDs.
Once Again, is Openness Good for Growth?

Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) argue that the relation between openness and growth is still an open question. One of the main problems in the assessment of the effect is the endogeneity of the relation. In order to address this issue, this paper applies the identification through heteroskedasticity methodology to estimate the effect of openness on growth while properly controlling for the effect of growth on openness. The results suggest that openness would have a positive effect on growth, although small. This result stands, despite the equally robust effect from growth to openness.
A new and highly sensitive radiotracer assay for orotate phosphoribosyltransferase.

Abstract A new radiotracer assay is described for the measurement of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. The method is based upon the separation of unreacted orotate from the newly synthesized radioactive product (orotidine 5′-phosphate). This is accomplished by thin-layer chromatography of reaction mixtures on polyethyleneimine (PEI)-cellulose using a borate-containing solvent system. Under these conditions, the radioactive product remains at the origin. Several advantages of this assay over previously available methods include its simplicity, high sensitivity, and versatility. In the latter regard, the present PEI-cellulose system is capable of measuring not only orotate but also uracil and 5-fluorouracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity. That is, both UMP and 5-fluoro-UMP are retained at the origin whereas unreacted substrates, uracil and 5-fluorouracil, respectively, are removed upon thin-layer chromatography on the above system. Unlike earlier methods, the addition of orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase is not required, although the presence of endogenous orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase does not interfere with the assay of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. The high sensitivity of the present assay (0.1 nmole of product is easily detected) permits its use with crude enzyme extracts.
Effect of mobile vacancy-impurity complexes on vacancy annealing kinetics

Abstract The kinetics of annealing of excess vacancies with mobile vacancy-impurity complex formation has been studied both analytically and with the use of a computer. The computer solutions indicate that an approximate equilibrium is maintained between free vacancies and vacancy-impurity complexes past an initial transient. When this equilibrium approximation is valid the defect concentration decreases exponentially with the annealing time. The effective rate constant of this exponential decay is a composite quantity involving the activation energies for migration of vacancies and complexes, the binding energy of the vacancy-impurity complex and the impurity concentration, which can all be determined by suitably controlled experiments. It is shown that the equilibrium approximation is a good one, for reasonable values of the energy parameters, when the impurity concentration is 5–50 times as large as the vacancy concentration. Expressions are also given for the transient and for the amount of impurities deposited at vacancy sinks.
Arthur L. Schmeltekopf Jr. (1932–2007)

Arthur Louis Schmeltekopf Jr. died of mesothelioma, a lung cancer associated with exposure to asbestos, at his home in Marshall, N.C., on 20 August 2007. He was born on 24 February 1932, in Kyle, Tex., to Arthur L. and Meta (Engelbrecht) Schmeltekopf and grew up nearby on the family farm. Art had an early interest in science. A dispute over the reactivity of alkali metals toward water led to an experiment at Kyle High School involving a chunk of sodium metal and a toilet in the boys' room. The resulting explosion shattered the toilet, creating a flood, multiple geysers and panic in the nearby girls' room, a displaced lid on the school's septic tank, and an enduring school legend.
Spectral Signatures Of Chemical Agents And Simulants

A summary of the current status of spectral information on chemical agents, their spectral simulants, and possible field interferents is presented along with comments on current programs being used to expand this spectral data base. The current programs include the collection of Raman and near-infrared spectra and various methods of obtaining the real and imaginary refractive indices (primarily in the mid-infrared spectral region). All of the spectral information will be directly accessible to qualified users on the U.S. Army Chemical Research and Development Center's Univac computer.
Thrombospondin 1—a key astrocyte-derived neurogenic factor

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), an oligomeric matrix protein, is known for its antiangiogenic activity. Recently, TSP1 has been shown to regulate synaptogenesis in the developing brain. In this study, we examine another role of TSP1 in the CNS, namely, in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We found that adult mice deficient in TSP1 exhibit reduced proliferation of NPCs in vivo [13,330±826 vs. 4914±455 (mean±se wt vs. TSP1−/−); P<0.001, Student’s t test] and impaired neuronal differentiation (1382±83 vs. 879±79; P<0.001). In vitro, NPC obtained from adult TSP1−/− mice display decreased proliferation in BrdU assay (48±8 vs. 24±3.5%; P<0.01) and decreased neuronal fate commitment (8±0.85 vs. 4.6±0.5%; P<0.05) in contrast to wild-type NPCs. Both proliferation and neuronal differentiation deficits are remediable in vitro by exogenous TSP1. Notably, conditioned medium from TSP1−/− astrocytes, unlike that from control astrocytes, fails to promote neurogenesis in wild-type NPCs, suggest...
γ-Phenylallylsuccinic Acid

γ-Phenylallylsuccinic acid product: γ-Phenylallylsuccinic acid intermediate: γ-Phenylallylsuccinic anhydride Keywords: addition, to CC–CO and CC–CN; Diels-Alder reactions; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; bath, heating, Wood's metal; flasks, sausage
Role of facilitative glucose transporters in diffusional water permeability through J774 cells

We have reported previously that in the presence of an osmotic gradient, facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) act as a transmembrane pathway for water flow. Here, we find evidence that they also allow water passage in the absence of an osmotic gradient. We applied the linear diffusion technique to measure the diffusional permeability (Pd) of tritiated water (3H-H2O) through plasma membranes of J774 murine macrophage-like cells. Untreated cells had a Pd of 30.9 +/- 1.8 microns/s; the inhibitors of facilitative glucose transport cytochalasin B (10 microM) and phloretin (20 microM) reduced that value to 15.3 +/- 1.8 (50%) and 11.0 +/- 0.7 (62%) microns/s, respectively. In contrast, no significant effect on Pd was observed in cells treated with dihydrocytochalasin B (Pd = 28.4 +/- 1.5 microns/s). PCMBS (3 mM) inhibited glucose uptake by greater than 95%, and 3H-H2O diffusion by approximately 30% (Pd = 22.9 +/- 1.5 microns/s). The combination of cytochalasin B plus pCMBS reduced Pd by about 87% (Pd = 3.9 +/- 0.3 microns/s). Moreover, 1 mM pCMBS did not affect the osmotic water permeability in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing the brain/erythroid form of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT1). These results indicate for the first time that about half of the total Pd of J774 cells may be accounted for by water passage across GLUTs. Hence, they highlight the multifunctional properties of these transporters serving as conduits for both water and glucose. Our results also suggest for the first time that pCMBS blocks glucose transport without affecting water permeation through GLUTs. Lastly, because pCMBS decreases the Pd of J774 cells, this suggests the presence in their plasma membranes of another protein(s) exhibiting water channel properties.
Process and device design of a 1000-V MOS IC

High-voltage MOS devices and logic N-MOS circuits have been integrated on the same chip by using a silicon-gate isoplanar process that is compatible with present N-MOS LSI technology. The electrical characteristics of high-voltage MOS devices are modeled and characterized in terms of channel length, drift-layer length, drift-layer ion dose, and extended source field-plate effect. The theoretical calculations of on-resistanee, saturation drain current, and pinchoff voltage agree well with the experimental results. Based on the experimental and theoretical results, the device structure and the process parameters are optimized to obtain maximum drain saturation current with a low on-resistance and a drain breakdown of 1000 V. The optimized high-voltage MOS device can perform with a saturation drain current as high as 84 mA with an on-resistance as low as 300 Ω within an area of 520 µm × 1320 µm while maintaining a drain breakdown of 1000 V.
Investigation of error rates when controlling multiple uninhabited combat aerial vehicles

As systems become more and more complex the use of automation tools becomes more important. Although automation is introduced to reduce human workload, improve situational awareness, and system reliability, increases in automation features also increase the overall complexity of the system. Despite the fact that research has been and is being conducted investigating the effects of automation on human performance, the results are often contradictory. This suggests the need for a universal way of presenting results so that trade-offs can be carried out between different studies. The purpose of this research was to investigate how a decision structure approach might be used as an aid for designers and researchers to conduct design trade-offs when designing user interfaces for uninhabited combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs).
Effects of Selection and Errors of Prediction on Relationships between Progeny Tests of Sires and Sons

Abstract Expected regressions and correlations for progeny test evaluations of sires and sons were examined to consider effects of selection and errors of sampling in evaluations of sires. The failure of evaluations for sires to be measured without error violates the condition for regression analysis of zero correlation between independent variables and deviations from regression. However, when progeny test evaluations are by selection index and in the absence of selection, son-sire regressions and correlations are consistent estimators of their respective parameters. Selection of sires has no effect on the limit, with infinite sample size, of the son-sire regression but causes under-estimation of the son-sire correlation.
Characterization of plasmids in aminocyclitol-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Electron microscopic and restriction endonuclease analysis

Abstract Plasmid species isolated from aminocyclitol-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion and electron microscopy. These plasmids can be divided into two interrelated groups; intergroup variability is due to the gain or loss of defined DNA sequences. Plasmids pSJ1 and pSJ24 are related to a staphylococcal penicillinase plasmid pI524 which was first described over 20 years ago. Both pSJ1 and pSJ24 differ from pI524 by the acquisition of 8 and 4 kbp, respectively, and encode additional resistance to the antibiotics erythromycin and kanamycin. The gain of these resistance determinants suggests that the evolution of staphylococcal resistance plasmids parallels that observed for plasmids of gram-negative bacteria and has serious implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance among the staphylococci.
Effects of congenital deafness in the cochlear nuclei of Shaker-2 mice: an ultrastructural analysis of synapse morphology in the endbulbs of Held.

It is well established that manipulation of the sensory environment can significantly alter central auditory system development. For example, congenitally deaf white cats exhibit synaptic alterations in the cochlear nucleus distinct from age-matched, normal hearing controls. The large, axosomatic endings of auditory nerve fibers, called endbulbs of Held, display reduced size and branching, loss of synaptic vesicles, and a hypertrophy of the associated postsynaptic densities on the target spherical bushy cells. Such alterations, however, could arise from the cat's genetic syndrome rather than from deafness. In order to examine further the role of hearing on synapse development, we have studied endbulbs of Held in the shaker-2 (sh2) mouse. These mice carry a point mutation on chromosome 11, affecting myosin 15 and producing abnormally short stereocilia in hair cells of the inner ear. The homozygous mutant mice are born deaf and develop perpetual circling behavior, although receptor cells and primary neurons remain intact at least for the initial 100 days of postnatal life. Endbulbs of Held in 7-month old, deaf sh2 mice exhibited fewer synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic ending, the loss of intercellular cisternae, and a hypertrophy of associated postsynaptic densities. On average, postsynaptic density area for sh2 endbulbs was 0.23 ± 0.19 μm2 compared to 0.07 ± 0.04 μm2 (p < 0.001) for age-matched, hearing littermates. These changes at the endbulb synapse in sh2 mice resemble those of the congenitally deaf white cat and are consistent with the idea that they represent a generalized response to deafness.
The Significance of the Sunni Schools of Law in Islamic Religious History

One of the more interesting phenomena in Islamic religious history is the development of the schools of law. This phenomenon has seldom failed to arouse ourinterest, though it has consistently eluded our understanding. The difficulty in grasping the significance of the schools of law is evidenced by vacillation in translating the termmadhhab. This term was first translated as ‘sect,’ then as ‘rite’ or ‘school.’ But a Sunni madhhab could not be a sect, since the term ‘sect’ is applied to a dissenting religious body, one that is heretical in the eyes of other members within the same communion. That is not the case with the Sunni madhhabs, all of which are regarded equally as orthodox. Nor is the term ‘rite’ an adequate one, since it applies to a division of the Christian church as determined by liturgy; and, unlike a transfer from one rite to another in Christianity, a transfer requiring certain formalities, the transfer in Islam is made from one madhhab to another without any formalities whatsoever. The term ‘school,’ for lack of a better term, is the most acceptable; it is the one that offers the least difficulty.
Histological changes in prostate biopsies after salvage cryotherapy: effect of chronology and the method of biopsy.

OBJECTIVES To examine changes in prostate biopsies at different intervals after salvage cryotherapy and the effect of biopsy type (transrectal ultrasonography-guided vs transurethral resection, TUR), as the sequence and extent of histological changes occurring in the prostate after salvage cryotherapy for local failure of prostate cancer treatment are unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 158 prostate biopsies from 150 patients were examined histologically after salvage cryotherapy for prostate cancer after radiotherapy had failed. Specimens were grouped by time from cryotherapy and biopsy technique. RESULTS Biopsies showed hyalinization, necrosis, inflammation and residual cancer. Hyalinization became predominant over time, most notably in biopsies with no residual cancer. Core biopsies showed more hyalinization and regenerating glands, while TUR biopsies showed more necrosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Tissue cryo-injury and reactive changes last for >1 year; more extensive cryo-injury suggests more effective cancer ablation. A long-term follow-up is necessary, as prostate cancer might remain indolent for >1 year.
Worst case Cramer-Rao bounds for parametric estimation of superimposed signals with applications

The problem of parameter estimation of superimposed signals in white Gaussian noise is considered. The effect of the correlation structure of the signals on the Cramer-Rao bounds is studied for both the single and multiple experiment cases. The best and worst conditions are found using various criteria. The results are applied to the example of parameter estimation of superimposed sinusoids, or plane-wave direction finding in white Gaussian noise, and best and worst conditions on the correlation structure and relative phase of the sinusoids are found. This provides useful information on the limits of the resolvability of sinusoid signals in time series analysis or of plane waves in array processing. The conditions are also useful for designing worst-case simulation studies of estimation algorithms, and for the design of minimax signal acquisition and estimation procedures, as demonstrated by an example. >
Neighbourhood ethnic composition and outcomes for low-income Latino and African American children

The paper investigates the impact of ethnic segregation on the life chances of low-income African American and Latino children, focusing on whether it is the ethnic composition of the neighbourhood...
A high-performance cluster storage server

An essential building block for any data grid infrastructure is the storage server. In this paper we describe a high-performance cluster storage server built around the SDSC Storage Resource Broker (SRB) and commodity workstations. A number of performance critical design issues and our solutions to them are described. We incorporate pipeline optimizations into SRB to enable the full overlapping of communication and disk I/O. With these optimizations we were able to deliver to the application more than 95% of the disk throughput achievable through a remote connection. Then we show how our approach to network-striped transport is effective in achieving aggregate cluster-to-cluster throughput which scales with the number of connections. Finally, we present a federated SRB service over MPI that allows fast TCP connections to stripe data across multiple server disks reaching 97% of the combined write capacity of multiple nodes.
Reason-based choice

This paper considers the role of reasons and arguments in the making of decisions. It is proposed that, when faced with the need to choose, decision makers often seek and construct reasons in order to resolve the conflict and justify their choice, to themselves and to others. Experiments that explore and manipulate the role of reasons are reviewed, and other decision studies are interpreted from this perspective. The role of reasons in decision making is considered as it relates to uncertainty, conflict, context effects, and normative decision rules.
From Cilia to Spruce Trees: Biomechanics as an Ecologist's Tool

Herrel, Anthony, Thomas Speck, and Nicholas P. Rowe, editors. 2006. Ecology and biomechanics: a mechanical approach to the ecology of animals and plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 334 pp. $139.95, ISBN: 0-8493-3209-5.
Rate-Dependent Fracture at Adhesive Interface

Schallamach’s theory of rate-dependent bond dissociation is used to understand the fracture of a polymer glass interface. The model system consists of an elastomeric film (20 Im thick) of poly(dimethylsiloxane), chemically bonded to a silanized glass substrate. The fracture energy of the interface varies logarithmically with velocity, which is consistent with Schallamach’s theory of forced bond scission. The activation energy (151 kJ/mol) of siloxane bond scission, as inferred from this study, is similar to that (147 -180 kJ/mol) obtained from thermal de-polymerization and stress relaxation kinetics of the siloxane polymers. It is shown that the equilibrium threshold toughness of an interface is simply the product of the areal density of the polymer chains and the energy to dissociate a single bond. The well-known Lake-Thomas amplification of fracture energy by the number of bonds per chain can be understood only on the basis of the nonequilibrium aspects of the bond dissociation phenomena.
Designing packet buffers with statistical guarantees

Packet buffers are an essential part of routers. In high-end routers, these buffers need to store a large amount of data at very high speeds. To satisfy these requirements, we need a memory with the the speed of SRAM and the density of DRAM. A typical solution is to use hybrid packet buffers built from a combination of SRAM and DRAM, where the SRAM holds the heads and tails of per-flow packet FIFOs and the DRAM is used for bulk storage. The main challenge then is to minimize the size of the SRAM while providing reasonable performance guarantees. We analyze a commonly used hybrid architecture from a statistical perspective, and investigate how small the SRAM can get if the packet buffer designer is willing to tolerate a certain drop probability. We introduce an analytical model to represent the SRAM buffer occupancy, and derive drop probabilities as a function of SRAM size under a wide range of statistical traffic patterns. By our analysis, we show that, for low drop probability, the required SRAM size is proportional to the number of flows.
Investigating feedforward mechanism in current mode control

Voltage mode control with input voltage feedforward effectively eliminates the effects of the line voltage variations in a conventional voltage mode control, and is the preferred control topology for point of load applications running in single phase without module current share requirements. One may ask: is there a "duality" type of feedforward mechanism existing in conventional current mode controls in order to improve load regulation and load transient response? The answer is quite certain, and this paper will investigate, and prove how load current feedforward can be implemented in a conventional current mode controller (Guo, 2005).
Influence of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Interactions Between Frankliniella occidentalis and Trifolium repens

Abstract Elevated CO2 concentrations can increase plant growth and change plant nutritive value for herbivores. Several reports indicate that leaf-chewing insects consume more foliage of plants grown at elevated CO2 concentrations than of plants grown at ambient CO2. Research with additional plant–pest systems is needed to determine if this phenomenon is widespread and if increased insect feeding might affect productivity. Effects of CO2 enrichment on foliar consumption and population size of Western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)]) were measured on white clover (Trifolium repens L.). White clover infested with thrips was exposed for 24 h/d to ≈396 (ambient) or 745 μLL−1 (elevated) CO2 for up to 35 d in 10 greenhouse exposure chambers. At elevated CO2, clover shoot weight and laminae weight were ≈50% greater, and laminar area was ≈20% greater than at ambient CO2. Thrips population size was not significantly affected by CO2, but laminar area scarred by thrips feeding was ≈90% greater ...
Professional Identity Development of Tenured and Tenure-Track Counselor Educators

The authors used grounded theory to explore transformational tasks related to professional identity development of 18 tenured and tenure-track counselor educators in a cross-section sample based on professoriate rank classifications (i.e., Assistant, Associate, or Full). The evolving role of relationships in supporting identity, perceived autonomy in the role of counselor educator, and responsibility in the profession of counselor education developed as the counselor educators transitioned through their careers. Implications for counselor education and the counseling profession are offered.
Assessing atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls by evergreen Rhododendron maximum next to a contaminated stream

Conifers are often used as an air passive sampler, but few studies have focused on the implication of broadleaf evergreens to monitor atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In the present study, the authors used Rhododendron maximum (rhododendron) growing next to a contaminated stream to assess atmospheric PCB concentrations. The present study area was located in a rural setting and approximately 2 km downstream of a former capacitor plant. Leaves from the same mature shrubs were collected in late fall 2010 and winter and spring 2011. Polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in the collected leaves, suggesting that rhododendron can be used as air passive samplers in rural areas where active sampling is impractical. Estimated ΣPCB (47 congeners) concentrations in the atmosphere decreased from fall 2010 to spring 2011 with concentration means at 3990 pg m(-3) , 2850 pg m(-3) , and 931 pg m(-3) in fall 2010, winter 2011, and spring 2011, respectively. These results indicate that the atmospheric concentrations at this location continue to be high despite termination of active discharge from the former industrial source. Leaves had a consistent pattern of high concentrations of tetra-CBs and penta-CBs similar to the congener distribution in polyethylene passive samplers deployed in the water column, suggesting that volatilized PCBs from the stream were the primary source of contaminants in rhododendron leaves. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2192-2198. © 2016 SETAC.
Burden of arrhythmias in peripartum cardiomyopathy: Analysis of 9841 hospitalizations.

Abstract Background Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Arrhythmogenic causes of death have been implicated in a significant number of patients. However, there is a dearth of systematic studies evaluating the burden of arrhythmias in PPCM. Methods We used the Healthcare Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2007–2012) and identified 9841 hospitalizations for women aged ≥18years with a primary diagnosis of PPCM. Frequency of arrhythmias, utilization of electrophysiologic procedures, length of stay, hospitalization costs and outcomes associated with arrhythmias were determined. Results Mean age was 30.05±6.69years. Arrhythmias were present in 18.7% of hospitalized PPCM cohort. Ventricular tachycardia was the most common arrhythmia and was noted in 4.2%. Approximately 2.2% of cases experienced cardiac arrest. Electrical cardioversion was performed in 0.3%, Catheter ablation in 1.9%, PPM implantation in 3.4% and ICD in 6.8% of hospitalizations for PPCM with arrhythmias. In-hospital mortality was 3-times more frequent in arrhythmia cohort (2.1% vs. 0.7%). Hospitalization costs were significantly higher in PPCM with arrhythmias. Elixhauser comorbidity score (adjusted OR:1.10; 95%CI:1.02–1.18; p=0.016), in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR:2.35; 95%CI:1.38–4.02; p=0.002), cardiogenic shock (adjusted OR:2.61; 95%CI:1.44–4.72; p=0.002), utilization of balloon pump (adjusted OR:13.4; 95%CI: 2.55–70.53; p Conclusions Arrhythmias were present in 18.7% of PPCM related hospitalizations. Morbidity, in-hospital mortality, length of inpatient stay, hospitalization costs and cardiac procedure utilization were significantly higher in the arrhythmia cohort.
Glycine in Broiler Nutrition

ABSTRACT SINCE the discovery of vitamin B12, it has been possible to formulate poultry feeds using vegetable products as the sole source of protein. One of the most widely used of these products is soybean oil meal. It has been shown by analysis to be deficient in methionine for the chick (Almquist, 1957). Therefore, when soybean oil meal constitutes the principle source of protein in a broiler feed, methionine becomes the first limiting amino acid. Early work using methionine supplementation of broiler feeds gave somewhat inconclusive results which have been partially explained by later work. Baldini and Rosenberg (1955) observed a relationship between the methionine requirement of the chick and the productive energy content of the diet. They concluded that the methionine requirement of the chick, expressed in percent of diet, increased as the productive energy level of diet increased. Further work by Rosenberg and Baldini (1957), indicated a relationship between . . .
Effect of number of human papillomavirus vaccine doses on guideline adherent cervical cytology screening among 19–26 year old females

Abstract Purpose Little is known about how the number of HPV vaccine doses affect adherence to screening guidelines. This study compared adherence to cervical cancer screening by the number of HPV vaccine doses received by young women and assessed whether the specialty of vaccinating providers affected behavior. Methods This retrospective cohort study using administrative insurance claims records included 24,964 19–26 year old women who received at least 1 injection of the HPV vaccine between January 2006 and November 2009. Vaccinated young women continuously enrolled in a nationally-representative private insurance plan for 6 months prior to and 37 months after HPV vaccine administration were included. Logistic regression was used to compare the odds of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing 3 years after vaccine initiation by number of vaccine doses and provider type. Results In this sample, 79.3% had a Pap test 3 years following vaccine initiation. Receiving 1 (aOR: 0.60, 95% CI 0.55–0.65) or 2 (aOR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.74–0.87) doses was associated with decreased odds of Pap testing compared to 3 doses. Many young women in our sample (16.5%) were diagnosed with cervical dysplasia prior to HPV vaccination. Patients vaccinated by non-obstetrician/gynecologists were less likely to get a Pap test following vaccination. Conclusions Women who received 1 or 2 doses of the HPV vaccine were less likely than those who received 3 doses to be screened for cervical cancer 3 years following vaccine initiation. Pediatricians and primary care physicians should convey the importance of initiating and continuing screening to HPV vaccinated patients.
Carbon materials on the production of energy-saving effects of calcium carbide

Calcium carbide production process starting to explore the calcium carbide products,one of the major raw materials(carbon materials)on the energy saving factors of calcium carbide,from which sum up a viable raw material for technical management requirements,reduce the calcium carbide production costs.
Effect of triazophos on the neurobehavior in rats

[Objective] To evaluate the effect of Triazophos on the neurobehavior in rats.[Methods] A total of 40 Spague Dawley rats weighed 60 ～80 g,male and female each half,were randomly divided into 4 groups of control,low,middle and high dosage of 0,25,100,400 mg / kg.After 16-week feeding,the rats were tested in Morris water maze for their neurobehavior.[Results] In the acquisition training,the results showed that the escape latency of male rats in middle and high dosage groups were longer than those in control group(P 0.05),while the female rats did not show this effect on them.In prob trial,average movement speed in female rats of three groups were significantly different from that in those of control group(P 0.05);activity time in target quadrant and peripheral zone of platform were significantly lower in the three dosage groups than that in control group with both male and female rats(P 0.05).[Conclusion] The result shows Triazophos exposure can decrease the neurobehavior in rats.
Low-temperature dynamic nuclear polarization at 9.4 T with a 30 mW microwave source.

Abstract Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can provide large signal enhancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) by transfer of polarization from electron spins to nuclear spins. We discuss several aspects of DNP experiments at 9.4 T (400 MHz resonant frequency for 1H, 264 GHz for electron spins in organic radicals) in the 7–80 K temperature range, using a 30 mW, frequency-tunable microwave source and a quasi-optical microwave bridge for polarization control and low-loss microwave transmission. In experiments on frozen glycerol/water doped with nitroxide radicals, DNP signal enhancements up to a factor of 80 are observed (relative to 1H NMR signals with thermal equilibrium spin polarization). The largest sensitivity enhancements are observed with a new triradical dopant, DOTOPA-TEMPO. Field modulation with a 10 G root-mean-squared amplitude during DNP increases the nuclear spin polarizations by up to 135%. Dependencies of 1H NMR signal amplitudes, nuclear spin relaxation times, and DNP build-up times on the dopant and its concentration, temperature, microwave power, and modulation frequency are reported and discussed. The benefits of low-temperature DNP can be dramatic: the 1H spin polarization is increased approximately 1000-fold at 7 K with DNP, relative to thermal polarization at 80 K.